bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Gold‐Catalyzed Generation of Phenyl Cations from 1,5‐Diynes
Authors: Wurm Thomas , Bucher Janina , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: March 2017

cis‐Enediyne systems bearing two non‐terminal alkyne functionalities were transformed in the presence of a gold catalyst. A selective 6‐endo‐dig‐cyclization generates mono‐aurated phenyl cation intermediates, high energy species that are able to activate even primary sp3‐C–H‐bonds. Via insertion into intramolecularly offered, unactivated C–H‐bonds, penta‐substituted benzene derivatives are obtained as final products. In most cases selective insertions into the γ‐sp3‐C—H bonds of the offered tethers were observed.

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Effectiveness of a One‐minute Self‐retraining for Chest Compression‐only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Nishiyama Chika , Shimamoto Tomonari , Kiyohara Kosuke , Kawamura Takashi , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Iwami Taku
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Although cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) skills decay after training, little is known about appropriate retraining methods. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 1‐minute self‐retraining (with automated assessment and feedback) at 3 months after the initial 45‐minute chest compression–only CPR training in a simulated randomized controlled trial.

Methods

After the initial 45‐minute chest compression–only CPR training, participants were randomly assigned to either a 1‐minute self‐retraining group or a control group. Three months after the initial training, the self‐retraining group individually attended the 1‐minute self‐retraining with a self‐training device. The participants’ resuscitation skills were evaluated by a 2‐minute case‐based scenario test 6 months after the initial training. The primary outcome was the number of correct chest compressions with appropriate depth.

Results

A total of 109 subjects participated in this study. With regard to the primary outcome, the number of chest compressions performed at the appropriate depth, there was not a statistically significant difference between groups (136.5 [39.8–204.5] in the self‐retraining group versus 88.0 [8.5–162.0] in the control group, p = 0.66). The number of total chest compressions in the self‐retraining group was 214.0 (186.5–236.0), which was significantly greater (p = 0.01) than that of the control group (177.0 [117.5–215.0]). The time without chest compressions was significantly shorter in the self‐retraining group (0 [0–5.3] seconds vs. 23.0 [0.5–47.0] seconds, p = 0.01).

Conclusions

The 1‐minute self‐retraining program with hands‐on practice appears to help preserve certain chest compression skills. Further efforts to provide methods to maintain CPR skills should be considered.
Ergonomic analysis of the surgical position in functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Milam Benjamin M.
Published: March 2017

Background

Ergonomics is the methodologic study of people's efficiency in their work environment and is based on anatomy, physiology, psychology, and engineering. Although highly studied in other work environments, little attention has been paid to surgeons until the landmark survey by Park et al in 2010. Many unique aspects of endoscopic surgery amplify task‐related physical discomfort, and, because of these issues, we aimed to study the physical fatigue effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) performed in the standing and sitting positions.

Methods

Bilateral FESS was performed in 8 cadaver heads (4 in the standing position, 4 in the sitting position), following established ergonomic principles. Physical fatigue was assessed using a 27‐point physical discomfort questionnaire, surface electromyography (EMG), and the NASA Task Load Index Survey. Paired and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Physical fatigue was noted after FESS performed in both positions. An overall similar task burden was seen when comparing the 2 positions, although the sitting position was more “frustrating” (p < 0.05). Discomfort after FESS in the standing position was worse in the legs and low back, whereas, in the sitting position, it was seen predominantly in the upper back and arms (p < 0.05). Mean power frequency EMG measurements demonstrated fatigue of major muscle groups in both positions.

Conclusion

Significant physical fatigue is reported after a single FESS operation, with measurable EMG changes. Surgeons should be aware of the short‐ and long‐term physical implications of their daily tasks, and should use this information to be proactive in decision‐making for their longevity.
Catalytic Ester and Amide to Amine Interconversion: Nickel‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Amination of Esters and Amides by C−O and C−C Bond Activation
Authors: Yue Huifeng , Guo Lin , Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Cai Yunfei , Zhu Chen , Rueping Magnus
Published: March 2017

An efficient nickel‐catalyzed decarbonylative amination reaction of aryl and heteroaryl esters has been achieved for the first time. The new amination protocol allows the direct interconversion of esters and amides into the corresponding amines and represents a good alternative to classical rearrangements as well as cross coupling reactions.
Noble‐Metal‐Free Janus‐like Structures by Cation Exchange for Z‐Scheme Photocatalytic Water Splitting under Broadband Light Irradiation
Authors: Yuan Qichen , Liu Dong , Zhang Ning , Ye Wei , Ju Huanxin , Shi Lei , Long Ran , Zhu Junfa , Xiong Yujie
Published: March 2017

Z‐scheme water splitting is a promising approach based on high‐performance photocatalysis by harvesting broadband solar energy. Its efficiency depends on the well‐defined interfaces between two semiconductors for the charge kinetics and their exposed surfaces for chemical reactions. Herein, we report a facile cation‐exchange approach to obtain compounds with both properties without the need for noble metals by forming Janus‐like structures consisting of γ‐MnS and Cu7S4 with high‐quality interfaces. The Janus‐like γ‐MnS/Cu7S4 structures displayed dramatically enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production rates of up to 718 μmol g−1 h−1 under full‐spectrum irradiation. Upon further integration with an MnOx oxygen‐evolution cocatalyst, overall water splitting was accomplished with the Janus structures. This work provides insight into the surface and interface design of hybrid photocatalysts, and offers a noble‐metal‐free approach to broadband photocatalytic hydrogen production.
Morphological Integration of the Human Pelvis with Respect to Age and Sex
Authors: Mallard Angela M. , Savell Kristen R. R. , Auerbach Benjamin M.
Published: March 2017

Considerable research has shown that modern human pelvic dimensions, especially of the birth canal, are sexually dimorphic. Studies also suggest that females with younger ages‐at‐death have narrower canal dimensions than those who die at older ages, possibly due to continued independent growth of the pubis. A recent examination of this pattern argued that it is unlikely that these differences relate to mortality, but the source of the difference in pelvic dimensions with age remains unresolved. We use pelvic dimensions to assess differences in magnitudes of morphological integration between adult females and males across ages‐at‐death. We first ascertain whether the sexes have different strengths of integration, and then assess if differences in magnitudes of integration are associated with age‐at‐death. Pelvic dimensions of all groups were moderately integrated. Females and males have similar magnitudes of integration, and there is no change in the strength of integration with age. Examining individual regions of the pelvis indicates that the ilium, pubis, and pelvic inlet and outlet have stronger integration than the overall pelvis. This was particularly true of the pelvic outlet, which demonstrated the strongest integration. Our findings suggest that regions of the pelvis are more strongly integrated internally, and less integrated with each other, which would allow for proportional growth among regions of the pelvis with age that do not affect its overall integration. No single region of the pelvis appears to be motivating the difference in pelvic dimensions between age groups. We further consider the implications of these findings on evolutionary constraints. Anat Rec, 300:666–674, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Anti–Carbamylated Protein Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Are Reactive With Specific Epitopes of the Human Fibrinogen β‐Chain
Authors: Jones Jonathan D. , Hamilton B. JoNell , Rigby William F. C.
Published: March 2017

Objective

Anti–carbamylated protein (anti‐CarP) antibodies are associated with the risk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and are primarily directed against fibrinogen. The lack of understanding of anti‐CarP antibody reactivity has limited analysis of the immunopathogenic associations in RA. To address this shortcoming, we mapped anti‐CarP antibody epitope reactivity in RA patient sera.

Methods

Immunoblotting identified a patient serum sample with specific reactivity to the carbamylated human fibrinogen β‐chain. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) identified sites of homocitrullines (carbamylated lysines) present in the human fibrinogen β‐chain. The reactivity of an anti‐CarP antibody–positive cohort to specific peptides containing carbamylated lysines was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, through direct binding (n = 63 sera) and by competition assays (n = 40 sera).

Results

Serum with specific reactivity to carbamylated, but not citrullinated, fibrinogen β‐chain was identified in a specimen obtained from an RA patient. LC‐MS identified carbamylation of 9 of 34 lysines in the human fibrinogen β‐chain. Mapping of immunoreactivity to tryptic peptide fragments demonstrated several candidate carbamylated epitopes that were confirmed by competition experiments. Peptides containing a homocitrulline at position 83 appeared to be an immunodominant epitope in some RA patient sera, with additional reactivity to peptides containing homocitrullines at positions 52, 264, 351, 367, and 374.

Conclusion

Anti‐CarP antibodies appear to preferentially target specific regions of the human fibrinogen β‐chain that contain homocitrullines. Interestingly, humoral immunoreactivity appears to be relatively restricted in some patients, which may enable detection of specific relationships with disease phenotype.
Proinflammatory Cytokine Environments Can Drive Interleukin‐17 Overexpression by γ/δ T Cells in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Kessel Christoph , Lippitz Katrin , Weinhage Toni , Hinze Claas , Wittkowski Helmut , Holzinger Dirk , Fall Ndate , Grom Alexei A. , Gruen Niklas , Foell Dirk
Published: March 2017

Objective

Systemic‐onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is speculated to follow a biphasic course, with an initial systemic disease phase driven by innate immune mechanisms and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) as a key cytokine and a second chronic arthritic phase that may be dominated by adaptive immunity and cytokines such as IL‐17A. Although a recent mouse model points to a critical role of IL‐17–expressing γ/δ T cells in disease pathology, in humans, both the prevalence of IL‐17 and the role of IL‐17–producing cells are still unclear.

Methods

Serum samples from systemic JIA patients and healthy pediatric controls were analyzed for the levels of IL‐17A and related cytokines. Whole blood samples were studied for cellular expression of IL‐17 and interferon‐γ (IFNγ). CD4+ and γ/δ T cells isolated from the patients and controls were assayed for cytokine secretion in different culture systems.

Results

IL‐17A was prevalent in sera from patients with active systemic JIA, while both ex vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that γ/δ T cells overexpressed this cytokine. This was not seen with CD4+ T cells, which expressed strikingly low levels of IFNγ. Therapeutic IL‐1 blockade was associated with partial normalization of both cytokine expression phenotypes. Furthermore, culturing healthy donor γ/δ T cells in serum from systemic JIA patients or in medium spiked with IL‐1β, IL‐18, and S100A12 induced IL‐17 overexpression at levels similar to those observed in the patients' cells.

Conclusion

A systemic JIA cytokine environment may prime γ/δ T cells in particular for IL‐17A overexpression. Thus, our observations in systemic JIA patients strongly support a pathophysiologic role of these cells, as proposed by the recent murine model.
Technological innovation systems for biorefineries: a review of the literature
Authors: Bauer Fredric , Coenen Lars , Hansen Teis , McCormick Kes , Palgan Yuliya Voytenko
Published: March 2017

The concept of a bioeconomy can be understood as an economy where the basic building blocks for materials, chemicals, and energy are derived from renewable biological resources. Biorefineries are considered an integral part of the development toward a future sustainable bioeconomy. The purpose of this literature review is to synthesize current knowledge about how biorefinery technologies are being developed, deployed, and diffused, and to identify actors, networks, and institutions relevant for these processes. Several key findings can be obtained from the literature. First, investing more resources in R&D will not help to enable biorefineries to cross the ‘valley of death’ toward greater commercial investments. Second, while the importance and need for entrepreneurship and the engagement of small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) is generally acknowledged, there is no agreement how to facilitate conditions for entrepreneurs and SMEs to enter the field of biorefineries. Third, visions for biorefinery technologies and products have focused very much on biofuels and bioenergy with legislation and regulation playing an instrumental role in creating a market for these products. But there is a clear need to incentivize non‐energy products to encourage investments in biorefineries. Finally, policy support for biorefinery developments and products is heavily intertwined with wider discussions around legitimacy and social acceptance. The paper concludes by outlining current knowledge gaps. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Study Exploring the Effects of Daily Supplementation with 400 μg of Folic Acid on the Nutritional Status of Folate in Women of Reproductive Age
Authors: Arias Laidy D. , Parra Beatriz E. , Muñoz Angélica M. , Cárdenas Diana L. , Duque Tiffany G. , Manjarrés Luz M.
Published: March 2017

Background

This investigation determines the nutritional state of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration and their relation with intake of folate, B6,and B12, with serum vitamin B12, and with genetic variants after provision of 400 μg/day of folic acid for 3 months to a group of 34 Colombian women of reproductive age.

Methods

We evaluated nutrient intake using 24‐hr recall, assessing the levels of serum folate, RBC folate, serum B12, and homocysteine, as well as determining genetic variants of the enzyme MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) and CβS (844ins68pb).

Results

The results show that following intake of 400 μg/day of folic acid, the risk of folate deficiency as seen in regular dietary intake disappears and the nutritional status of this nutrient is increased (p < 0.001). With respect to vitamin B12, the risk of serum deficiency with folic acid consumption increased slightly, and those that were found to be B12 deficient after supplementation also had decreased levels of serum homocysteine. Genetic factors did not influence the nutritional status of folate, although an association was found between the intake of nutrients and biochemical indicators.

Conclusion

Given the results of our study, subsequent studies evaluating folic acid supplementation should also consider evaluating the status of B12 and B6, and serum and RBC folate, as they participate interdependently in the cycle of folate and methionine and in homocysteine metabolism.Birth Defects Research 109:564–573, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mindless resistance to persuasion: Low self‐control fosters the use of resistance‐promoting heuristics
Authors: Janssen Loes , Fennis Bob M.
Published: March 2017

In our consumer society, people are confronted on a daily basis with unsolicited persuasion attempts. The present research challenges the prevailing view that resisting persuasion is more likely to fail when consumers have low self‐control. Four experiments tested the hypothesis that impaired self‐regulation may actually facilitate resistance to persuasion when the influence context contains resistance‐promoting heuristics. Indeed, participants with low self‐control were less likely to comply with a persuasive request (Experiments 1 and 3), reported a less favourable attitude towards an advertised product (Experiment 2), and generated more negative responses towards a persuasive message (Experiment 4) than participants with high self‐control, when they could rely on resistance‐promoting heuristics: a violation of the norm of reciprocity (Experiments 1 and 3), an advertisement disclaimer (Experiment 2), or negative social proof (Experiment 4). Together, these studies demonstrate that contextual cues can bolster resistance when one does not carefully scrutinize an influence attempt.
Percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting for unprotected left main coronary artery disease
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed N. , Elgendy Islam Y. , Mentias Amgad , Saad Marwan , Ibrahim Walid , Mojadidi Mohammad K. , Nairooz Ramez , Eshtehardi Parham , David Anderson R. , Samady Habib
Published: March 2017

Background

Recent trials comparing PCI with CABG for unprotected left main disease yielded discrepant evidence.

Objectives

To perform an updated meta‐analysis of randomized trials comparing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease.

Methods

Randomized trials comparing PCI versus CABG for patients with unprotected left main coronary artery disease were included. Summary estimates risk ratios (RRs) were performed with a DerSimonian and Laird model at short‐term, intermediate and long‐term follow‐up periods (i.e., 30‐days, 1‐year, and >1‐year). Outcomes evaluated were major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization and stent thrombosis or symptomatic graft occlusion.

Results

Six trials with 4,700 patients and a mean SYNTAX score of 23 were included. At short‐term follow‐up, the risk of MACCE was lower with PCI (RR 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39‐0.76) driven by the lower risk of myocardial infarction (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46‐0.99), and stroke (RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16‐0.90). The risk of MACCE was similar at the intermediate follow‐up (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.97‐1.51). At long‐term follow‐up, PCI was associated with a higher risk of MACCE (RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01‐1.41), due to a higher risk of revascularization (RR 1.62, 95% CI 1.34‐1.94), while the risk of all‐cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke were similar.

Conclusions

In patients with unprotected left main coronary disease and low to intermediate SYNTAX score, PCI might be an acceptable alternative to CABG. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Targeting the safe zone: A quality improvement project to reduce vascular access complications
Authors: Mignatti Andrea , Friedmann Patricia , Slovut David Paul
Published: March 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a quality improvement (QI) program in reducing vascular complications during cardiac catheterization.

Background

Vascular access complications during cardiac catheterization are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We implemented a QI program focused on using micropuncture techniques and targeting the “safe zone,” an area below the inferior border of the inferior epigastric artery and above the inferior border of the femoral head, for femoral artery puncture.

Methods

Our catheterization laboratory implemented a protocol that required all operators to use micro puncture technique during diagnostic and/or percutaneous coronary interventions and to document arteriotomy in the “safe zone.” We also encouraged use of vascular ultrasound, radial artery approach, and increased use of vascular closure devices (VCDS). We analyzed data on 3120 patients (2013, pre‐QI cohort) and 3222 patients (2014, QI cohort). Data on vascular complications were prospectively collected and compared with the rate of complications that occurred during the same time one year prior when the QI project was not in effect.

Results

Baseline characteristics of two cohorts of patients were similar. Compliance with the protocol was excellent. Appropriate documentation of the wire exiting the needle was observed in 95% of cases. VCD use increased from 35% in 2013 to 60% in 2014 (P < 0.001) There were no significant differences in the overall number of complications after implementation of the QI project (1.03% complications before QI implementation and 0.96% after QI implementation. P = 0.79) but there was an absolute reduction in the number of hematomas (0.77 vs. 0.40% in 2013 vs. 2014, respectively, P = 0.06) and of pseudoaneurysms (0.35 vs. 0.19% P = 0.20). Correlates of major vascular complications included), age > 75 years (HR 3.1, P < 0.0001), and PCI (vs. diagnostic cath).

Conclusions

Micropuncture technique in association with “safe zone targeting “did not significantly reduce vascular complications in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, but a trend toward decrease of hematomas and pseudoaneurysms was noted. Factors such as age and type of procedure (PCI vs. diagnostic) play a significant role in the occurrence of vascular complications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multicenter randomized trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of a novel vascular closure device to manual compression in anticoagulated patients undergoing percutaneous transfemoral procedures: The CELT ACD trial
Authors: Wong Shing Chiu , Laule Michael , Turi Zoltan , Sanad Wasiem , Crowley James , Degen Hubertus , Bennett Kathleen , Coleman Jim E. , Bergman Geoffrey
Published: March 2017

Objectives

This study compared the performance of Celt ACD®, a novel stainless steel based vascular closure device versus manual compression (MC) for femoral arteriotomy site hemostasis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures.

Background

Optimal access site management after percutaneous transfemoral procedures remains controversial.

Methods

Patients enrolled in this multicenter, randomized open label trial underwent 6‐F diagnostic or interventional procedures and were assigned 2:1 to Celt ACD® versus MC. All patients were on full anticoagulation. The primary efficacy end point was time to hemostasis (TTH) and the primary safety end points were 30‐day incidence of major procedural and access site related complications.

Results

The trial allocated 207 patients to Celt ACD® (n = 148) versus MC (n = 59) at 5 investigational sites. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. Median TTH was 0 (Interquartile range (IQR): 0, 0.33) in the Celt ACD® compared to 8 min (IQR: 0, 20; P < 0.0001) in the MC group. Procedural success was 99.3% in the Celt ACD® versus 98.1% in the MC group (P = NS). There was a single major adverse event due to device maldeployment and embolization with successful percutaneous retrieval. The 30‐day major complication rate was 0.7% in the Celt ACD® and 0% in the MC group (P = NS).

Conclusions

After 6‐F percutaneous invasive procedures in fully anticoagulated patients, TTH was significantly reduced in patients assigned to Celt ACD® compared to patients managed with MC. The 30‐day rates of vascular complications were similarly low in both groups. (CELT ACD Trial; NCT01600482) © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fracture with the newer bioresorbable vascular scaffolds
Authors: Elwany Mostafa , Di Palma Gaetano , Cortese Bernardo
Published: March 2017

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) are being increasingly used in complex, real‐world lesions. The possibility of strut fractures is a rare entity with the use of drug eluting stents (DES), but has not yet been adequately described for the BVS technology. In this report, we present a case of scaffold fracture of DEsolve BVS (Elixir Medical Corporation, USA) that was diagnosed both angiographically and by optical coherence tomography(OCT). Scaffold fracture with the newer BVS is a new Achilles' heel in the BVS technology. This gap in knowledge about the etiology such as over‐expansion and potential predictors of strut fracture need to be deeply investigated before a widespread use of such technologies is adopted. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Broad Spectral Response of Se‐Doped SnS Nanorods Synthesized through Electrodeposition
Authors: Jamali‐Sheini Farid , Niknia Farhad , Cheraghizade Mohsen , Yousefi Ramin , Mahmoudian Mohammad Reza
Published: March 2017

Un‐ and Se‐doped nanostructured SnS thin films were synthesized (deposited) on FTO‐coated glass substrates using an electrodeposition method. A study of the crystallinity indicated an orthorhombic phase with a grain size of 54–75 nm. Morphological features of the films showed a well‐developed rod structure (less than 100 nm). Optical energy band gaps in the range of 1.26–1.46 eV were estimated for the deposited films. The effect of Se as a dopant on the determination of the optoelectronic and conductivity conversion from p‐ to n‐type nanostructured SnS thin films was investigated. In addition, an n‐type Se‐SnS film was obtained at lower concentrations of Se. This technique is suggested to control the electrical conductivity of deposited films to be applied in photoswitching‐based devices.
Luminescent Ni0 Diisocyanide Chelates as Analogues of CuI Diimine Complexes
Authors: Büldt Laura A. , Larsen Christopher B. , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: March 2017

The first two homoleptic Ni0 isocyanide complexes that exhibit photoluminescence from long‐lived excited states are presented. Electrochemical studies indicate that in one of the complexes significant geometrical distortion occurs upon metal oxidation. The observation of luminescence, even though currently restricted to low temperatures, is an important proof‐of‐concept in the search for earth‐abundant alternatives to photoactive complexes made from precious metals. The prospect of using Ni0 isocyanide complexes as luminophores, photoredox catalysts, or dyes in solar cells, is highly attractive.
Ring‐Expansion Reactions in the Synthesis of Macrocycles and Medium‐Sized Rings
Authors: Donald James R. , Unsworth William P.
Published: March 2017

Functionalised macrocycles and medium‐sized rings have applications in a number of scientific fields, ranging from medicinal chemistry and supramolecular chemistry, to catalysis and nanotechnology. However, their value in these areas can be undermined by a simple, but important limitation: large ring systems are very often difficult to make. Traditional end‐to‐end cyclisation reactions of long linear precursors are typically unpredictable and impractical processes, mainly due to unfavourable enthalpic and entropic factors. Most published methods to make large rings focus on minimising the damage inflicted by performing the difficult cyclisation step; in contrast, ring‐expansion reactions enable it to be avoided altogether. In this Review article, it is highlighted how “growing” rings from existing cyclic systems via ring expansion can expedite the efficient, practical and scalable synthesis of macrocycles and medium‐sized rings.
A Planar Ti2P2 Core Assembled by Reductive Decarbonylation of −O−C≡P and P−P Radical Coupling
Authors: Grant Lauren N. , Pinter Balazs , Manor Brian C. , Suter Riccardo , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: March 2017

The complex [(nacnac)Ti(OAr)]2(μ2:η2,η2‐P2) (1) is formed via reductive decarbonylation of the phosphaethynolate ion −[OCP], which serves as a P atom source. Complex 1 is the first structurally characterized Group 4 transition metal P2 complex and its structure reveals the rhombic Ti2P2 core is essentially planar with short bond lengths suggesting some degree of multiple bonding character between the Ti–P and P–P sites. Computational studies of 1 provide an understanding of the Ti2P2 core as well as the origin of the highly downfield 31P NMR spectroscopic signal.
Kinetic mechanism of conjugated linoleic acid esterification and production of enriched glycerides as functional oil
Authors: Yazdi Zahra Kouchak , Alemzadeh Iran
Published: March 2017

Experimental determination of the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and glycerol on the rate of enzymatic transesterification were studied to propose suitable mechanistic steps and generate a kinetic model. CLA was suggested due to its purported health benefits and application in preparation of functional foods. CLA, glycerol, and sunflower oil blends with varying concentrations were reacted using a 1, 3‐specific immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor mehei. Scrutiny for mass transfer effects showed that esterification reaction was kinetically controlled. The reaction rate was determined, which showed that affinity of enzyme to CLA is lower than to glycerol. The transesterified lipids were analyzed by gas chromatography for composition of fatty acids and were evaluated for the free fatty acids (FFA). The esterification reaction kinetic follows the Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism with competitive full (dead end) inhibition by acyl acceptors characterized by the Vmax, KmCOOH, KmG, and KIG values of 0.328 (mol/L/h), 0.342 (mol/L), 0.04526 (mol/L), and 0.329 (mol/L), respectively. Kinetic model study results indicated how FFAs (CLA and other FFAs) and triacylglycerols (sunflower molecules) can participate as the first substrate in the reaction to produce enriched triacylglycerols as the functional oil.
Cognitive and metacognitive predictors of symptom improvement following treatment for social anxiety disorder: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nordahl Henrik , Nordahl Hans M. , Hjemdal Odin , Wells Adrian
Published: March 2017

Cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD) based on the Clark and Wells model emphasizes negative beliefs about the social self and self‐consciousness as central causal factors. However, Wells' metacognitive model proposes that metacognitive beliefs are central to pathology universally. The relative importance of cognitive and metacognitive beliefs in the treatment of SAD is therefore an important research question. This study examined change in negative cognitive and negative metacognitive beliefs as independent correlates of symptom improvement in 46 SAD patients undergoing evidence‐based treatments. Both types of beliefs decreased during treatment. However, change in metacognitive belief was the only consistent independent predictor across all outcomes and change in cognitive beliefs did not significantly predict outcomes when change in self‐consciousness was controlled. The implication of this finding is that metacognitive change might be more important than cognitive belief change in symptom outcome and recovery in SAD.

Key Practitioner Message

Cognitive and metacognitive beliefs decreased during treatment of SAD.

Change in self‐consciousness predicted symptom improvement.

Change in metacognition predicted symptom improvement over change in cognition.

Change in metacognition was a more reliable predictor than change in cognition.
Pharmacology and Therapeutics Education in the European Union Needs Harmonization and Modernization: A Cross‐sectional Survey Among 185 Medical Schools in 27 Countries
Authors: Brinkman DJ , Tichelaar J , Okorie M , Bissell L , Christiaens T , Likic R , Mačìulaitis R , Costa J , Sanz EJ , Tamba BI , Maxwell SR , Richir MC , van Agtmael MA ,   for the Education Working Group of the European Association for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EACPT)
Published: March 2017

Effective teaching in pharmacology and clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT) is necessary to make medical students competent prescribers. However, the current structure, delivery, and assessment of CPT education in the European Union (EU) is unknown. We sent an online questionnaire to teachers with overall responsibility for CPT education in EU medical schools. Questions focused on undergraduate teaching and assessment of CPT, and students' preparedness for prescribing. In all, 185 medical schools (64%) from 27 EU countries responded. Traditional learning methods were mainly used. The majority of respondents did not provide students with the opportunity to practice real‐life prescribing and believed that their students were not well prepared for prescribing. There is a marked difference in the quality and quantity of CPT education within and between EU countries, suggesting that there is considerable scope for improvement. A collaborative approach should be adopted to harmonize and modernize the undergraduate CPT education across the EU.
Artificial Photosynthesis of Alcohols by Multi‐Functionalized Semiconductor Photocathodes
Authors: Zhang Yuqian , Han Bo , Xu Yanjie , Zhao Dongning , Jia Yongjian , Nie Rong , Zhu Zhouhe , Chen Fengjuan , Wang Jianguo , Jing Huanwang
Published: March 2017

Novel artificial photosynthesis systems are devised as cells of dye/Pd/NR‐MOx (M=Ti, Zn)∥CoPi/W:BiVO4 that convert efficiently CO2 to alcohols. The photocathodes are aminofunctionalized, palladium‐deposited, and in situ sensitized nano‐TiO2 or ZnO/FTO (FTO: fluorine‐doped tin oxide) electrodes that are characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), TEM, XRD, UV/Vis spectra, and evaluated by electrochemical techniques. The cell of dye/Pd/S‐TiO2∥CoPi/W:BiVO4 uniquely generates ethanol under irradiation of 200 mW cm−2, reaching 0.56 % quantum efficiency (QE) at −0.56 V and 0.13 % QE without external electron supply. The cell of dye/Pd/ N‐ZnO∥CoPi/W:BiVO4 produces solely methanol at a rate of 42.8 μm h−1 cm−2 at −0.56 V of a Si solar cell, which is far less than the electrochemical voltage of water splitting (1.23 V). Its QE reaches to 0.38 %, which is equal to plants. The isotopic labeling experiments confirm the carbon source and oxygen releasing. The selectivity for alcohols of multi‐functionalized semiconductors is discussed.
Functional diversity response to hardwood forest management varies across taxa and spatial scales
Authors: Murray Bryan D. , Holland Jeffrey D. , Summerville Keith S. , Dunning John B. , Saunders Michael R. , Jenkins Michael A.
Published: March 2017

Contemporary forest management offers a trade‐off between the potential positive effects of habitat heterogeneity on biodiversity, and the potential harm to mature forest communities caused by habitat loss and perforation of the forest canopy. While the response of taxonomic diversity to forest management has received a great deal of scrutiny, the response of functional diversity is largely unexplored. However, functional diversity may represent a more direct link between biodiversity and ecosystem function. To examine how forest management affects diversity at multiple spatial scales, we analyzed a long‐term data set that captured changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of moths (Lepidoptera), longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and breeding birds in response to contemporary silvicultural systems in oak–hickory hardwood forests. We used these data sets to address the following questions: how do even‐ and uneven‐aged silvicultural systems affect taxonomic and functional diversity at the scale of managed landscapes compared to the individual harvested and unharvested forest patches that comprise the landscapes, and how do these silvicultural systems affect the functional similarity of assemblages at the scale of managed landscapes and patches? Due to increased heterogeneity within landscapes, we expected even‐aged silviculture to increase and uneven‐aged silviculture to decrease functional diversity at the landscape level regardless of impacts at the patch level. Functional diversity responses were taxon‐specific with respect to the direction of change and time since harvest. Responses were also consistent across patch and landscape levels within each taxon. Moth assemblage species richness, functional richness, and functional divergence were negatively affected by harvesting, with stronger effects resulting from uneven‐aged than even‐aged management. Longhorned beetle assemblages exhibited a peak in species richness two years after harvesting, while functional diversity metrics did not differ between harvested and unharvested patches and managed landscapes. The species and functional richness of breeding bird assemblages increased in response to harvesting with more persistent effects in uneven‐ than in even‐aged managed landscapes. For moth and bird assemblages, species turnover was driven by species with more extreme trait combinations. Our study highlights the variability of multi‐taxon functional diversity in response to forest management across multiple spatial scales.
Acoustic telemetry and fisheries management
Authors: Crossin Glenn T. , Heupel Michelle R. , Holbrook Christopher M. , Hussey Nigel E. , Lowerre‐Barbieri Susan K. , Nguyen Vivian M. , Raby Graham D. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: March 2017

This paper reviews the use of acoustic telemetry as a tool for addressing issues in fisheries management, and serves as the lead to the special Feature Issue of Ecological Applications titledAcoustic Telemetry and Fisheries Management. Specifically, we provide an overview of the ways in which acoustic telemetry can be used to inform issues central to the ecology, conservation, and management of exploited and/or imperiled fish species. Despite great strides in this area in recent years, there are comparatively few examples where data have been applied directly to influence fisheries management and policy. We review the literature on this issue, identify the strengths and weaknesses of work done to date, and highlight knowledge gaps and difficulties in applying empirical fish telemetry studies to fisheries policy and practice. We then highlight the key areas of management and policy addressed, as well as the challenges that needed to be overcome to do this. We conclude with a set of recommendations about how researchers can, in consultation with stock assessment scientists and managers, formulate testable scientific questions to address and design future studies to generate data that can be used in a meaningful way by fisheries management and conservation practitioners. We also urge the involvement of relevant stakeholders (managers, fishers, conservation societies, etc.) early on in the process (i.e., in the co‐creation of research projects), so that all priority questions and issues can be addressed effectively.
Population genomics meet Lagrangian simulations: Oceanographic patterns and long larval duration ensure connectivity among Paracentrotus lividus populations in the Adriatic and Ionian seas
Authors: Paterno Marta , Schiavina Marcello , Aglieri Giorgio , Ben Souissi Jamila , Boscari Elisa , Casagrandi Renato , Chassanite Aurore , Chiantore Mariachiara , Congiu Leonardo , Guarnieri Giuseppe , Kruschel Claudia , Macic Vesna , Marino Ilaria A. M. , Papetti Chiara , Patarnello Tomaso , Zane Lorenzo , Melià Paco
Published: March 2017

Connectivity between populations influences both their dynamics and the genetic structuring of species. In this study, we explored connectivity patterns of a marine species with long‐distance dispersal, the edible common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, focusing mainly on the Adriatic–Ionian basins (Central Mediterranean). We applied a multidisciplinary approach integrating population genomics, based on 1,122 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from 2b‐RAD in 275 samples, with Lagrangian simulations performed with a biophysical model of larval dispersal. We detected genetic homogeneity among eight population samples collected in the focal Adriatic–Ionian area, whereas weak but significant differentiation was found with respect to two samples from the Western Mediterranean (France and Tunisia). This result was not affected by the few putative outlier loci identified in our dataset. Lagrangian simulations found a significant potential for larval exchange among the eight Adriatic–Ionian locations, supporting the hypothesis of connectivity of P. lividus populations in this area. A peculiar pattern emerged from the comparison of our results with those obtained from published P. lividus cytochrome b (cytb) sequences, the latter revealing genetic differentiation in the same geographic area despite a smaller sample size and a lower power to detect differences. The comparison with studies conducted using nuclear markers on other species with similar pelagic larval durations in the same Adriatic–Ionian locations indicates species‐specific differences in genetic connectivity patterns and warns against generalizing single‐species results to the entire community of rocky shore habitats.
Ecohydrological controls on plant diversity in tropical South America
Authors: Bonetti Sara , Feng Xue , Porporato Amilcare
Published: March 2017

Plant species distribution is dominated by abundance and fluctuations of the available resources. Although diversity patterns along rainfall, latitudinal, and altitudinal gradients have been thoroughly examined, the role of hydrological processes in sustaining the resource availability critical to species richness is still poorly understood. Adopting soil moisture as a main limiting factor driving plant diversity in the tropics besides elevation, we propose a minimalist species richness model based on stochastic soil water balance and information theory. This work provides a novel approach to plant diversity modeling through a quantitative representation of the soil water balance, demonstrating the role of different modes of soil moisture temporal variability in the creation of ecohydrological niches. Using a single calibration parameter, the model captures the observed biodiversity patterns in tropical South America, effectively synthesizing the impacts of energy and water balances on species richness. We show that soil water abundance and variability are the strongest predictors of plant diversity in tropical South America besides elevation, with latitude and seasonal variation in potential evapotranspiration having a secondary effect. Excluding soil moisture abundance, seasonal and intraseasonal variability reduces model accuracy by 50, 48, and 64%. The importance of atmospheric humidity as an additional plant water resource creating niches for canopy species is also highlighted. Our results suggest that accounting not only for water abundance but also its variability is key to predicting biodiversity trends under future rainfall regimes.
TranslatiOnal Registry for CardiomyopatHies (TORCH) – rationale and first results
Authors: Seyler Claudia , Meder Benjamin , Weis Tanja , Schwaneberg Thea , Weitmann Kerstin , Hoffmann Wolfgang , Katus Hugo A. , Dösch Andreas
Published: March 2017

Aims

Non‐ischemic cardiomyopathies (CMPs) comprise heart muscle disorders of different causes with high variability in disease phenotypes and clinical progression. The lack of national structures for the efficient recruitment, clinical and molecular classification, and follow‐up of patients with non‐ischemic CMPs limit the thorough analysis of disease mechanisms and the evaluation of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This paper describes a national, prospective, multicenter registry for patients with non‐ischemic CMPs. The main objective of this registry is to create a central hub for clinical outcome studies, a joint resource for diagnostic and therapeutic trials, a common biomaterial bank, and a resource for detailed molecular analyses utilizing patients' biomaterials.

Methods and results

A comprehensive characterization of the register population and patients' subgroups is planned. First analyses will include descriptive methods evaluating the distribution of outcome variables and possible risk factors followed by test statistics in a cross‐sectional design. The aim of the current study is to recruit 2300 patients all over Germany. Eligible participants are patients with primary non‐ischemic cardiomyopathies, including hereditary and inflammatory dilated CMP (DCM), left‐ventricular noncompaction CMP (LVNC), hypertrophic CMP (HCM), arrhythmogenic right‐ventricular CMP (ARVC), myocarditis, and amyloidosis. Of already recruited patients 70% are male and 30% female. With 56% of patients included, DCM is most common.

Conclusion/Outcome

The primary outcome is all‐cause death. Key secondary endpoints are cardiovascular death, adequate ICD shock, survived sudden cardiac death, syncope, documented potentially life‐threatening arrhythmia, cardiac transplantation, hospitalization due to worsening of heart failure (HF), and any non‐elective cardiovascular hospitalization.
The effects of short‐term omission of daily medication on the pathophysiology of heart failure
Authors: Dovancescu Silviu , Pellicori Pierpaolo , Mabote Thato , Torabi Azam , Clark Andrew L. , Cleland John G.F.
Published: March 2017

Aims

Pharmacological therapies for heart failure (HF) aim to improve congestion, symptoms, and prognosis. Failing to take medication is a potential cause of worsening HF. Characterizing the effects of short‐term medication omission could inform the development of better technologies and strategies to detect and interpret the reasons for worsening HF. We examined the effect of planned HF medication omission for 48 h on weight, echocardiograms, transthoracic bio‐impedance, and plasma concentrations of NT‐proBNP.

Methods and results

Outpatients with stable HF and an LVEF <45% were assigned to take or omit their HF medication for 48 h in a randomized, crossover trial. Twenty patients (16 men, LVEF 32 ± 9%, median NT‐proBNP 962 ng/L) were included. Compared with regular medication, omission led to an increase in NT‐proBNP by 99% (from 962 to 1883 ng/L, P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure by 16% (from 131 to 152 mmHg, P < 0.001), and left atrial volume by 21% (from 69 to 80 mL, P = 0.001), and reductions in transthoracic bio‐impedance by 10% (from 33 to 30 Σ, P = 0.001) and serum creatinine by 8% (from 135 to 118 µmol/L, P = 0.012). No significant changes in body weight, heart rate, or LVEF were observed.

Conclusions

The characteristic pattern of response to short‐term medication omission is of increasing congestion but, in contrast to the pattern reported for disease progression, with a rise in blood pressure and improved renal function. In stable HF, weight is not a sensitive marker of short‐term diuretic omission.
IL‐17 and IL‐22 in immunity: Driving protection and pathology
Authors: Eyerich Kilian , Dimartino Valentina , Cavani Andrea
Published: March 2017

IL‐17 and IL‐22 are tissue‐signaling cytokines that favor protection and regeneration of barrier organs such as the skin, lung, and gastrointestinal system. Both cytokines share cellular sources, signaling pathways, and functional aspects; however, taking a closer look they differ, e.g. in their pro‐inflammatory or regenerative potential. An imbalance of the carefully orchestrated tissue‐signaling system might result in autoimmune diseases, promote cancer growth, or predispose to infectious diseases. This review highlights recent understandings in cellular sources, signaling mechanisms, physiologic as well as pathogenic role of the double‐faceted cytokines IL‐17 and IL‐22.