bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complex multicomponent patterns rendered on a 3D DNA-barrel pegboard
Authors: Wickham Shelley F. J. , Auer Alexander , Min Jianghong , Ponnuswamy Nandhini , Woehrstein Johannes B. , Schueder Florian , Strauss Maximilian T. , Schnitzbauer Jörg , Nathwani Bhavik , Zhao Zhao , Perrault Steven D. , Hahn Jaeseung , Lee Seungwoo , Bastings Maartje M. , Helmig Sarah W. , Kodal Anne Louise , Yin Peng , Jungmann Ralf , Shih William M.
Published: November 2020

DNA origami, in which a long scaffold strand is assembled with a many short staple strands into parallel arrays of double helices, has proven a powerful method for custom nanofabrication. However, currently the design and optimization of custom 3D DNA-origami shapes is a barrier to rapid application to new areas. Here we introduce a modular barrel architecture, and demonstrate hierarchical assembly of a 100 megadalton DNA-origami barrel of ~90 nm diameter and ~250 nm height, that provides a rhombic-lattice canvas of a thousand pixels each, with pitch of ~8 nm, on its inner and outer surfaces. Complex patterns rendered on these surfaces were resolved using up to twelve rounds of Exchange-PAINT super-resolution microscopy. We envision these structures as versatile nanoscale pegboards for applications requiring complex 3D arrangements of matter, which will serve to promote rapid uptake of this technology in diverse fields beyond specialist groups working in DNA nanotechnology.
Tesserae on Venus may preserve evidence of fluvial erosion
Authors: Khawja S. , Ernst R. E. , Samson C. , Byrne P. K. , Ghail R. C. , MacLellan L. M.
Published: November 2020

Fluvial erosion is usually assumed to be absent on Venus, precluded by a high surface temperature of ~450 °C and supported by extensive uneroded volcanic flows. However, recent global circulation models suggest the possibility of Earth-like climatic conditions on Venus for much of its earlier history, prior to catastrophic runaway greenhouse warming. We observe that the stratigraphically oldest, geologically most complex units, tesserae, exhibit valley patterns morphologically similar to the patterns resulting from fluvial erosion on Earth. Given poor topographic resolution, we use an indirect technique to recognize valleys, based on the pattern of lava flooding of tesserae margins by adjacent plains volcanism. These observed valley patterns are attributed to primary geology, tectonic deformation, followed by fluvial erosion (and lesser wind erosion). This proposed fluvial erosion in tesserae provides support for climate models for a cool, wet climate on early Venus and could be an attractive research theme for future Venus missions.
Characterization of the pathoimmunology of necrotizing enterocolitis reveals novel therapeutic opportunities
Authors: Cho Steven X. , Rudloff Ina , Lao Jason C. , Pang Merrin A. , Goldberg Rimma , Bui Christine B. , McLean Catriona A. , Stock Magdalena , Klassert Tilman E. , Slevogt Hortense , Mangan Niamh E. , Cheng Wei , Fischer Doris , Gfroerer Stefan , Sandhu Manjeet K. , Ngo Devi , Bujotzek Alexander , Lariviere Laurent , Schumacher Felix , Tiefenthaler Georg , Beker Friederike , Collins Clare , Kamlin C. Omar F. , König Kai , Malhotra Atul , Tan Kenneth , Theda Christiane , Veldman Alex , Ellisdon Andrew M. , Whisstock James C. , Berger Philip J. , Nold-Petry Claudia A. , Nold Marcel F.
Published: November 2020

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe, currently untreatable intestinal disease that predominantly affects preterm infants and is driven by poorly characterized inflammatory pathways. Here, human and murine NEC intestines exhibit an unexpected predominance of type 3/TH17 polarization. In murine NEC, pro-inflammatory type 3 NKp46−RORγt+Tbet+innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are 5-fold increased, whereas ILC1 and protective NKp46+RORγt+ILC3 are obliterated. Both species exhibit dysregulation of intestinal TLR repertoires, with TLR4 and TLR8 increased, but TLR5-7 and TLR9-12 reduced. Transgenic IL-37 effectively protects mice from intestinal injury and mortality, whilst exogenous IL-37 is only modestly efficacious. Mechanistically, IL-37 favorably modulates immune homeostasis, TLR repertoires and microbial diversity. Moreover, IL-37 and its receptor IL-1R8 are reduced in human NEC epithelia, and IL-37 is lower in blood monocytes from infants with NEC and/or lower birthweight. Our results on NEC pathomechanisms thus implicate type 3 cytokines, TLRs and IL-37 as potential targets for novel NEC therapies.
Lithography-free IR polarization converters via orthogonal in-plane phonons in α-MoO3 flakes
Authors: Abedini Dereshgi Sina , Folland Thomas G. , Murthy Akshay A. , Song Xianglian , Tanriover Ibrahim , Dravid Vinayak P. , Caldwell Joshua D. , Aydin Koray
Published: November 2020

Exploiting polaritons in natural vdW materials has been successful in achieving extreme light confinement and low-loss optical devices and enabling simplified device integration. Recently, α-MoO3 has been reported as a semiconducting biaxial vdW material capable of sustaining naturally orthogonal in-plane phonon polariton modes in IR. In this study, we investigate the polarization-dependent optical characteristics of cavities formed using α-MoO3 to extend the degrees of freedom in the design of IR photonic components exploiting the in-plane anisotropy of this material. Polarization-dependent absorption over 80% in a multilayer Fabry-Perot structure with α-MoO3 is reported without the need for nanoscale fabrication on the α-MoO3. We observe coupling between the α-MoO3 optical phonons and the Fabry-Perot cavity resonances. Using cross-polarized reflectance spectroscopy we show that the strong birefringence results in 15% of the total power converted into the orthogonal polarization with respect to incident wave. These findings can open new avenues in the quest for polarization filters and low-loss, integrated planar IR photonics and in dictating polarization control.
CHD7 and 53BP1 regulate distinct pathways for the re-ligation of DNA double-strand breaks
Authors: Rother Magdalena B. , Pellegrino Stefania , Smith Rebecca , Gatti Marco , Meisenberg Cornelia , Wiegant Wouter W. , Luijsterburg Martijn S. , Imhof Ralph , Downs Jessica A. , Vertegaal Alfred C. O. , Huet Sébastien , Altmeyer Matthias , van Attikum Haico
Published: November 2020

Chromatin structure is dynamically reorganized at multiple levels in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Yet, how the different steps of chromatin reorganization are coordinated in space and time to differentially regulate DNA repair pathways is insufficiently understood. Here, we identify the Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 7 (CHD7), which is frequently mutated in CHARGE syndrome, as an integral component of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) DSB repair pathway. Upon recruitment via PARP1-triggered chromatin remodeling, CHD7 stimulates further chromatin relaxation around DNA break sites and brings in HDAC1/2 for localized chromatin de-acetylation. This counteracts the CHD7-induced chromatin expansion, thereby ensuring temporally and spatially controlled ‘chromatin breathing’ upon DNA damage, which we demonstrate fosters efficient and accurate DSB repair by controlling Ku and LIG4/XRCC4 activities. Loss of CHD7-HDAC1/2-dependent cNHEJ reinforces 53BP1 assembly at the damaged chromatin and shifts DSB repair to mutagenic NHEJ, revealing a backup function of 53BP1 when cNHEJ fails.
Characterization of neutralizing antibody with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Wang Shuang , Peng Yun , Wang Rongjuan , Jiao Shasha , Wang Min , Huang Weijin , Shan Chao , Jiang Wen , Li Zepeng , Gu Chunying , Chen Ben , Hu Xue , Yao Yanfeng , Min Juan , Zhang Huajun , Chen Ying , Gao Ge , Tang Peipei , Li Gang , Wang An , Wang Lan , Zhang Jinchao , Chen Shuo , Gui Xun , Yuan Zhiming , Liu Datao
Published: November 2020

Efficacious interventions are urgently needed for the treatment of COVID-19. Here, we report a monoclonal antibody (mAb), MW05, with SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity by disrupting the interaction of receptor binding domain (RBD) with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Crosslinking of Fc with FcγRIIB mediates antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activity by MW05. This activity is eliminated by introducing the LALA mutation to the Fc region (MW05/LALA). Potent prophylactic and therapeutic effects against SARS-CoV-2 are observed in rhesus monkeys. A single dose of MW05/LALA blocks infection of SARS-CoV-2 in prophylactic treatment and clears SARS-CoV-2 in three days in a therapeutic treatment setting. These results pave the way for the development of MW05/LALA as an antiviral strategy for COVID-19.
Synergistic biodegradation of aromatic-aliphatic copolyester plastic by a marine microbial consortium
Authors: Meyer-Cifuentes Ingrid E. , Werner Johannes , Jehmlich Nico , Will Sabine E. , Neumann-Schaal Meina , Öztürk Başak
Published: November 2020

The degradation of synthetic polymers by marine microorganisms is not as well understood as the degradation of plastics in soil and compost. Here, we use metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics to study the biodegradation of an aromatic-aliphatic copolyester blend by a marine microbial enrichment culture. The culture can use the plastic film as the sole carbon source, reaching maximum conversion to CO2and biomass in around 15 days. The consortium degrades the polymer synergistically, with different degradation steps being performed by different community members. We identify six putative PETase-like enzymes and four putative MHETase-like enzymes, with the potential to degrade aliphatic-aromatic polymers and their degradation products, respectively. Our results show that, although there are multiple genes and organisms with the potential to perform each degradation step, only a few are active during biodegradation.
Machine learning with physicochemical relationships: solubility prediction in organic solvents and water
Authors: Boobier Samuel , Hose David R. J. , Blacker A. John , Nguyen Bao N.
Published: November 2020

Solubility prediction remains a critical challenge in drug development, synthetic route and chemical process design, extraction and crystallisation. Here we report a successful approach to solubility prediction in organic solvents and water using a combination of machine learning (ANN, SVM, RF, ExtraTrees, Bagging and GP) and computational chemistry. Rational interpretation of dissolution process into a numerical problem led to a small set of selected descriptors and subsequent predictions which are independent of the applied machine learning method. These models gave significantly more accurate predictions compared to benchmarked open-access and commercial tools, achieving accuracy close to the expected level of noise in training data (LogS ± 0.7). Finally, they reproduced physicochemical relationship between solubility and molecular properties in different solvents, which led to rational approaches to improve the accuracy of each models.
Seasonal impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource availability and light on the group-specific growth rates of coastal Mediterranean bacterioplankton
Authors: Sánchez Olga , Ferrera Isabel , Mabrito Isabel , Gazulla Carlota R. , Sebastián Marta , Auladell Adrià , Marín-Vindas Carolina , Cardelús Clara , Sanz-Sáez Isabel , Pernice Massimo C. , Marrasé Cèlia , Sala M. Montserrat , Gasol Josep M.
Published: November 2020

Estimation of prokaryotic growth rates is critical to understand the ecological role and contribution of different microbes to marine biogeochemical cycles. However, there is a general lack of knowledge on what factors control the growth rates of different prokaryotic groups and how these vary between sites and along seasons at a given site. We carried out several manipulation experiments during the four astronomical seasons in the coastal NW Mediterranean in order to evaluate the impact of grazing, viral mortality, resource competition and light on the growth and loss rates of prokaryotes. Gross and net growth rates of different bacterioplankton groups targeted by group-specific CARD-FISH probes and infrared microscopy (for aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs, AAP), were calculated from changes in cell abundances. Maximal group-specific growth rates were achieved when both predation pressure and nutrient limitation were experimentally minimized, while only a minimal effect of viral pressure on growth rates was observed; nevertheless, the response to predation removal was more remarkable in winter, when the bacterial community was not subjected to nutrient limitation. Although all groups showed increases in their growth rates when resource competition as well as grazers and viral pressure were reduced, Alteromonadaceae consistently presented the highest rates in all seasons. The response to light availability was generally weaker than that to the other factors, but it was variable between seasons. In summer and spring, the growth rates of AAP were stimulated by light whereas the growth of the SAR11 clade (likely containing proteorhodopsin) was enhanced by light in all seasons. Overall, our results set thresholds on bacterioplankton group-specific growth and mortality rates and contribute to estimate the seasonally changing contribution of various bacterioplankton groups to the function of microbial communities. Our results also indicate that the least abundant groups display the highest growth rates, contributing to the recycling of organic matter to a much greater extent than what their abundances alone would predict.
Rapid fabrication of silver–cuprous oxide core–shell nanowires for visible light photocatalysts
Authors: Yan Siyi , Yue Qiaohui , Ma Jiangang
Published: November 2020

This work reports a novel method that enables facile fabrication of Ag–Cu2O core–shell nanowires (Ag@Cu2O NWs) for visible light photocatalysts.
Intermetallic transfer of unsymmetrical borylene fragments: isolation of the second early-transition-metal terminal borylene complex and other rare species
Authors: Macha Bret B. , Dhara Debabrata , Radacki Krzysztof , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger
Published: November 2020

We report the synthesis of group 6 borylene complexes by the salt elimination method and study their borylene transfer capability to other transition metal fragments, providing new borylene complexes that are inaccessible by other routes.
Lithium-activated SnS–graphene alternating nanolayers enable dendrite-free cycling of thin sodium metal anodes in carbonate electrolyte
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Zidong , Zhang Zheng , Jiang Pingxian , Chen Yungui , Paek Eunsu , Wang Yixian , Mitlin David
Published: November 2020

Lithium activated SnS–graphene nanocomposite membrane is employed as an artificial Li-based SEI layer, allowing cyclability of record-thin 100 μm Na metal foils.
Digital droplet infusion
Authors: Fang Zecong , Li Andrew I. , Liu Hong , Pan Tingrui
Published: November 2020

A low-cost portable digital droplet infusion system can be modularized and implemented for high-precision infusion drug delivery.
Introducing electrical conductivity to metal–organic framework thin films by templated polymerization of methyl propiolate
Authors: Sen Beren , Santos Jaciara C. C. , Haldar Ritesh , Zhang Qiang , Hashem Tawheed , Qin Peng , Li Ying , Kirschhöfer Frank , Brenner-Weiss Gerald , Gliemann Hartmut , Heinke Lars , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Knebel Alexander , Wöll Christof
Published: November 2020

Conductive SURMOF-composite thin films were successfully obtained by Pd-catalyzed polymerization of methyl propiolate and deeply investigated, finding evidence for depot release effects.
Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression profiles identified S100A9 as a potential biomarker in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Su Shasha , Kong Wenjie , Zhang Jing , Wang Xinguo , Guo Hongmei
Published: November 2020

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prevalent relapsing-remitting inflammatory bowel disease whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, colonic biopsies samples from three UC patients treated in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital and three healthy controls were obtained. The genome-wide mRNA and lncRNA expression of the samples were profiled through Agilent gene expression microarray. Moreover, the genome-wide DNA methylation dataset of normal and UC colon tissues was also downloaded from GEO for a collaborative analysis. Differential expression of lncRNA (DELs) and mRNAs (DEMs) in UC samples compared with healthy samples were identified by using limma Bioconductor package. Differentially methylated promoters (DMPs) in UC samples compared with controls were obtained through comparing the average methylation level of CpGs located at promoters by using t-test. Functional enrichment analysis was performed by the DAVID. STRING database was applied to the construction of gene functional interaction network. As a result, 2090 DEMs and 1242 DELs were screened out in UC samples that were closely associated with processes related to complement and coagulation cascades, osteoclast differentiation vaccinia, and hemorrhagic diseases. A total of 90 DEMs and 72 DELs were retained for the construction of functional network for the promoters of their corresponding genes were identified as DMPs. S100A9, HECW2, SOD3 and HIX0114733 showed high interaction degrees in the functional network, and expression of S100A9 was confirmed to be significantly elevated in colon tissues of UC patients compared with that of controls by qRT-PCR that was consistent with gene microarray analysis. These indicate that S100A9 could potentially be used as predictive biomarkers in UC.
MR1-restricted T cells: the new dawn of cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Zhiding , Wang Mengzhen , Chen Jinghong , Zhang Linlin , Zhang Li , Yu Li
Published: November 2020

Cancer immunotherapy has recently undergone rapid development into a validated therapy for clinical use. The adoptive transfer of engineered autologous T cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has been remarkably successful in patients with leukemia and lymphoma with cluster of differentiation (CD)19 expression. Because of the higher number of antigen choices and reduced incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) than CAR-T cells, T cell receptor (TCR)-T cells are also considered a promising immunotherapy. More therapeutic targets for other cancers need to be explored due to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted recognition of TCR-T. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), class I-related (MR1)-restricted T cells can recognize metabolites presented by MR1 in the context of host cells infected with pathogens. MR1 is expressed by all types of human cells. Recent studies have shown that one clone of a MR1-restricted T (MR1-T) cell can recognize many types of cancer cells without HLA-restriction. These studies provide additional information on MR1-T cells for cancer immunotherapy. This review describes the complexity of MR1-T cell TCR in diseases and the future of cancer immunotherapy.
Evaluation of Acoustic Analyses of Voice in Nonoptimized Conditions
Authors: van der Woerd Benjamin , Wu Min , Parsa Vijay , Doyle Philip C. , Fung Kevin
Published: November 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the fidelity and accuracy of a smartphone microphone and recording environment on acoustic measurements of voice.

Method

A prospective cohort proof-of-concept study. Two sets of prerecorded samples (a) sustained vowels (/a/) and (b) Rainbow Passage sentence were played for recording via the internal iPhone microphone and the Blue Yeti USB microphone in two recording environments: a sound-treated booth and quiet office setting. Recordings were presented using a calibrated mannequin speaker with a fixed signal intensity (69 dBA), at a fixed distance (15 in.). Each set of recordings (iPhone—audio booth, Blue Yeti—audio booth, iPhone—office, and Blue Yeti—office), was time-windowed to ensure the same signal was evaluated for each condition. Acoustic measures of voice including fundamental frequency (

f
o

), jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio (HNR), and cepstral peak prominence (CPP), were generated using a widely used analysis program (Praat Version 6.0.50). The data gathered were compared using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Two separate data sets were used. The set of vowel samples included both pathologic (
n
= 10) and normal (
n
= 10), male (
n
= 5) and female (
n
= 15) speakers. The set of sentence stimuli ranged in perceived voice quality from normal to severely disordered with an equal number of male (
n
= 12) and female (
n
= 12) speakers evaluated.

Results

The vowel analyses indicated that the jitter, shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on microphone choice and shimmer, HNR, and CPP were significantly different based on the recording environment. Analysis of sentences revealed a statistically significant impact of recording environment and microphone type on HNR and CPP. While statistically significant, the differences across the experimental conditions for a subset of the acoustic measures (viz., jitter and CPP) have shown differences that fell within their respective normative ranges.

Conclusions

Both microphone and recording setting resulted in significant differences across several acoustic measurements. However, a subset of the acoustic measures that were statistically significant across the recording conditions showed small overall differences that are unlikely to have clinical significance in interpretation. For these acoustic measures, the present data suggest that, although a sound-treated setting is ideal for voice sample collection, a smartphone microphone can capture acceptable recordings for acoustic signal analysis.
The active lives of stars: A complete description of the rotation and XUV evolution of F, G, K, and M dwarfs
Authors: Johnstone C. P. , Bartel M. , Güdel M.
Published: November 2020

Aims. We study the evolution of the rotation and the high energy X-ray, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), and Ly-α emission for F, G, K, and M dwarfs, with masses between 0.1 and 1.2 M⊙, and provide a freely available set of evolutionary tracks for use in planetary atmosphere studies.

Methods. We develop a physical rotational evolution model constrained by observed rotation distributions in young stellar clusters. Using rotation, X-ray, EUV, and Ly-α measurements, we derive empirical relations for the dependences of high energy emission on stellar parameters. Our description of X-ray evolution is validated using measurements of X-ray distributions in young clusters.

Results. A star’s X-ray, EUV, and Ly-α evolution is determined by its mass and initial rotation rate, with initial rotation being less important for lower mass stars. At all ages, solar mass stars are significantly more X-ray luminous than lower mass stars and stars that are born as rapid rotators remain highly active longer than those born as slow rotators. At all evolutionary stages, habitable zone planets receive higher X-ray and EUV fluxes when orbiting lower mass stars due to their longer evolutionary timescales. The rates of flares follow similar evolutionary trends with higher mass stars flaring more often than lower mass stars at all ages, though habitable zone planets are likely influenced by flares more when orbiting lower mass stars.

Conclusions. Our results show that single decay laws are insufficient to describe stellar activity evolution and highlight the need for a more comprehensive description based on the evolution of rotation that also includes the effects of short-term variability. Planets at similar orbital distances from their host stars receive significantly more X-ray and EUV energy over their lifetimes when orbiting higher mass stars. The common belief that M dwarfs are more X-ray and EUV active than G dwarfs is justified only when considering the fluxes received by planets with similar effective temperatures, such as those in the habitable zone.
Mandibular tori interfering with the mobility of the lingual frenulum: a short case report
Authors: Casenave Théo , Raynaud Natacha , Muret Marjorie , Torres Jacques-Henri
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Tori are benign hamartoma-like bone excrescences, usually asymptomatic. Their removal should not be systematic. Observation: A 62-year-old patient showed bilateral tori only leaving a 1.5 mm space for the lingual frenulum path between them. The direct functional consequence was a frequent blockage of the salivary caruncles below the tori. Tori resection was performed under local anaesthesia. Surgical outcome was simple with conventional analgesic treatment and oral care. Comfort and function were immediately restored. Discussion: The originality of this case does not lie in the nature of the lesions but in the uncommon size of their hypertrophy, which caused a lingual functional impairment. We have not found a similar case described in the literature.
Controlling oscillator coherence by multiple delay feedback
Authors: Goldobin Denis S. , Shklyaeva Elizaveta V.
Published: November 2020

We consider the implementation of a weak feedback with two delay times for controlling the coherence of both deterministic chaotic and stochastic oscillators. This control strategy is revealed to allow one to decrease or enhance the coherence, which is quantified by the phase diffusion constant, by 2–3 orders of magnitude without destruction of the chaotic regime, which is by an order of magnitude more than one can achieve with a single delay time. Within the framework of the phase reduction, which is a rough approximation for the chaotic oscillators and rigorous for the stochastic ones, an analytical theory of the effect is constructed.
A new soft computing algorithm based on cloud theory for dynamic facility layout problem
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Shamsodin , Azimi Parham , Sharifi Mani , Zandieh Mostafa
Published: November 2020

This paper deals with dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) in a plant which is concerned with determining the best position of machines in the plant during a multi-period planning horizon. The material handling costs and machines rearrangement costs (MRC) are used to determine the best layout. In addition to the positions of machines, the details of transportation such as type of transporters and sequence of transportation operations have a direct effect on material handling costs (MHC). Therefore, it is more realistic to consider the transportation details during DFLP optimization. This paper proposes a new mathematical model to simultaneously determine the best position of machines in each period and to plan the transportation operations. Minimizing sum of MHC and MRC is considered as the objective function. A new hybrid meta-heuristic approach has been developed by combining modified genetic algorithm and cloud-based simulated annealing algorithm to solve the model. Finally, the proposed methodology is compared with two meta-heuristics on a set of test problems.
Von der Diät bis zu Lipoproteinapherese
Authors: Schettler Volker J.J.
Published: November 2020

Es ist unstrittig, dass eine erhöhte LDL-C-Konzentration (LDL-C: Low-Density-Lipoprotein-Cholesterin) ein kausaler Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse ist 1. Es ist daher nachvollziehbar, wenn mit einer therapeutischen LDL-C-Absenkung auch parallel weitere kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse vermindert werden 2. Interessant ist dabei, dass offensichtlich weniger der therapeutische Weg der LDL-C-Absenkung, sondern primär die so erreichte LDL-C-Konzentration, der LDL-C-Zielwert, zu einer Reduktion von kardiovaskulären Ereignissen führt 3.
Therapieresistente Hypertonie in einer Dialysepopulation
Authors: van der Giet Markus
Published: November 2020

Eine unkontrollierte Hypertonie trotz des Einsatzes von 3 antihypertensiv wirksamen Medikamenten oder eine Hypertonie, die nur mit mindestens 4 antihypertensiv wirksamen Medikamenten behandelt wird, wird als behandlungsresistente Hypertonie bezeichnet. Gerade bei einer Hämodialysepopulation ist dies ein häufig vorkommendes Problem. Jedoch ist bis heute nicht klar, wie häufig dieses Phänomen bei Dialysepatienten vorkommt.
Blutdruck bei Niereninsuffizienz
Authors: Zidek Walter
Published: November 2020

Die Blutdruckbehandlung bei Niereninsuffizienz hat die beiden Ziele, unabhängig von der Nierenfunktion kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse zu verhindern und das Voranschreiten einer chronischen Niereninsuffizienz zu verlangsamen. Die Datenlage zur Festlegung eines Zielblutdruckwerts ist derzeit nicht befriedigend. Auch unter Berücksichtigung dieser Unsicherheit scheint es derzeit sinnvoll, bei Niereninsuffizienz einen Zielblutdruckwert von unter 130/80 mmHg anzustreben, sowohl bei nichtdiabetischen als auch bei diabetischen Patienten. Bei signifikanter Proteinurie ist möglicherweise auch ein niedrigerer Zielblutdruckwert sinnvoll.
Molecular Profiling of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Comparison to Hepatocytes: Reflection on Which Cell Type Should Be the Target for Gene Therapy
Authors: El-Maarri Osman , Jamil Muhammad Ahmer , Oldenburg Johannes
Published: November 2020

Human factor VIII (FVIII), which deficiency leads to hemophilia A, is largely synthesized and secreted by the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). However, the characteristics of these cells that secrete FVIII are not well known. We have previously reported that based on genome-wide expression and CpG methylation profiling, LSECs have a distinct molecular profile that distinguishes them from other endothelial cells. Hepatocytes are targeted by gene therapy protocols to treat hemophilia A. However, the hepatocyte is not the natural site for FVIII synthesis and current gene therapy protocols are eliciting immune responses that require immune suppression with corticosteroid therapy in a fairly high proportion of patients over a significant period of time. Cellular stress because of ectopic FVIII expression and codon optimization are discussed as potential underlying mechanisms. Here, we highlight the molecular differences between LSECs and hepatocytes.
Die psychische Gesundheit von Pflegenden (Teil 1)
Authors: Wiederhold Dietmar
Published: November 2020

Die individuelle psychische Gesundheit von Menschen wird v. a. durch das Vorhandensein von Stress beeinflusst. Stress gilt heutzutage als eine der größten Gefahren des 21. Jahrhunderts. Insbesondere Pflegeberufe erleben durch die zunehmende Arbeitsverdichtung und weitere Ursachen ein hohes Maß an Belastungen. Dennoch werden nicht alle Menschen, die Stress ausgesetzt sind, auch psychisch krank. Manche Menschen werden als resilient bezeichnet, das heißt, sie können erfolgreich mit belastenden Lebensumständen und negativen Stressfolgen umgehen. In dieser Artikelserie wird ausgehend von den Grundbegriffen (Teil 1) die psychische Gesundheit Pflegender (Teil 2) untersucht. Anhand von exemplarischen Methoden und einer gesundheitsförderlichen Perspektive werden anschließend in Teil 3 und Teil 4 der Serie effektive Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie Pflegende ihre individuellen Ressourcen und Kompetenzen im Bereich von Stressbewältigung und Resilienz stärken können.
Der Nationale Aktionsplan Gesundheitskompetenz geht in die zweite
Phase der Umsetzung
Authors: Schaeffer Doris , Gille Svea , Hurrelmann Klaus
Published: November 2020

In Deutschland existiert seit gut 2 Jahren ein Nationaler Aktionsplan (NAP) zur
Förderung der Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung 1. Er ist in kurzer Zeit zu einem viel zitierten
Referenzwerk für Theorie und Praxis geworden. Der Plan mit 15 detailliert
ausgearbeiteten Empfehlungen wurde anders als in anderen Ländern nicht von
einer von der Regierung eingesetzten Kommission erarbeitet, sondern von einer
zivilgesellschaftlichen Initiative: einem Expertenkreis von Wissenschaftlern
unterschiedlicher Disziplinen, einigen Vertretern der Praxis und einigen
Repräsentanten der Politik.
Faszien als sensomotorisches Netzwerk und deren Beziehung zu chronischen Rückenschmerzen
Authors: Bitterlich Kathrin , Anders Christoph
Published: November 2020

Ziel Ziel dieser Literaturübersicht ist es das fasziale Netzwerk im Zusammenhang mit der Entstehung von Rückenschmerzen zu betrachten, mögliche Einflussfaktoren zu analysieren und diagnostische Möglichkeiten aufzuzeigen, mit denen Veränderungen in faszialen Strukturen bei Rückenschmerzpatienten verdeutlicht werden können.

Methode Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche mit den Schlagworten Faszien, Sensomotorik, unspezifischer Rückenschmerz, creep, Schmerz und Diagnostik durchgeführt. Von etwa 400 Artikeln wurden die Abstracts gesichtet, etwa 150 wurden gelesen und ausgewertet. Am Ende flossen 86 Artikel in die Erstellung dieses narrativen Reviews ein.

Ergebnis Faszien können sich aufgrund der enthaltenen Fasern gut an eine Zugbelastung anpassen. Ab einer Dehnung der Fasern zwischen 3–8% kommt es zu ersten irreversiblen Gewebeveränderungen, die einen Beitrag zu unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen leisten können (creep-Effekt). Durch Mikroverletzungen können die in den Faszien enthaltenen Fibroblasten aktiviert werden und die Steifigkeit der Faszien erhöhen, was den möglichen Bewegungsradius einschränken kann und die Faszienvorspannung erhöht. Somit sinkt die Toleranz auf eine angelegte Zugspannung. Durch die Ultraschallelastografie ist die reduzierte Beweglichkeit in den Faserschichten der Faszien zu erkennen. Außerdem spielen Faszien durch ihre starke Innervation bei der Propriozeption, Exterozeption, Interozeption und Nozizeption eine maßgebliche Rolle.

Schlussfolgerung Ob das fasziale Netzwerk mit der Entstehung von unspezifischen Rückenschmerzen in Verbindung steht, kann aufgrund der derzeit immer noch lückenhaften Erkenntnisse über die funktionellen Zusammenhänge noch nicht geklärt werden. Außerdem stehen noch keine diagnostischen Mittel zur Verfügung, die die Funktionalität der Faszien sicher bewerten können. Dennoch sollten die Faszien als sensomotorisches Netzwerk verstanden werden, das in seiner Komplexität mit allen Strukturen des menschlichen Körpers wechselwirkt und somit einen Einfluss auf Rückenschmerzen haben kann.
Chiral Auxiliaries for Stereoselective Electrophilic Aromatic Substitutions
Authors: Schneebeli Severin T. , Sharafi Mona , Campbell Joseph P. , Murphy Kyle E. , Osadchey Brown Reilly
Published: November 2020

Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are of profound importance for the synthesis of biologically active compounds and other advanced materials. They represent an important means to activate specific aromatic C–H bonds without requiring transition-metal catalysts. Surprisingly, few stereoselective variants are known for electrophilic aromatic substitutions, which limits the utility of these classical reactions for stereoselective synthesis. While many electrophilic aromatic substitutions lead to achiral products (due to the planar nature of aromatic rings), there are important examples where chiral products are produced, including desymmetrization reactions of aromatic cyclophanes and of prochiral substrates with multiple aromatic rings. This Synpacts article now illustrates how chiral arms, when placed precisely above and underneath delocalized carbocations, can act as chiral auxiliaries to convert classical electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions into powerful diastereo- and enantioselective transformations.
Loose Fibrin Clot Structure and Increased Susceptibility to Lysis Characterize Patients with Central Acute Pulmonary Embolism: The Impact of Isolated Embolism
Authors: Ząbczyk Michał , Natorska Joanna , Janion-Sadowska Agnieszka , Metzgier-Gumiela Agnieszka , Polak Mateusz , Plens Krzysztof , Janion Marianna , Skonieczny Grzegorz , Mizia-Stec Katarzyna , Undas Anetta
Published: November 2020

Background Prothrombotic fibrin clot properties are associated with higher early mortality risk in acute pulmonary embolism (PE) patients. It is unknown whether different types of PE are associated with particular clot characteristics.

Methods We assessed 126 normotensive, noncancer acute PE patients (median age: 59 [48–70] years; 52.4% males), who were categorized into central versus peripheral PE with or without concomitant deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Plasma fibrin clot permeability (K s), clot lysis time (CLT), thrombin generation, platelet-derived markers, and fibrinolytic parameters were measured on admission. Plasma fibrin clot morphology was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results Patients with central PE (n = 76; 60.3%) compared with peripheral PE (n = 50; 39.7%) had 17.8% higher K s and 14.3% shortened CLT (both p < 0.01 after adjustment for potential confounders including fibrinogen), with no differences between segmental and subsegmental PE. SEM analysis demonstrated larger fibrin fiber diameter and pore size in central PE compared with peripheral PE (both p < 0.01). For isolated PE, there was 23.3% higher K s in central PE than in peripheral PE (n = 24; 19%) with no differences in other variables. Central PE combined with DVT (n = 45; 35.7%), as compared with central isolated PE (n = 31; 24.6%), was associated with shortened CLT (all p < 0.05).

Conclusion Our findings suggest that looser fibrin networks composed of thicker fibers with increased susceptibility to lysis characterize patients with central PE, suggesting that fibrin clot phenotype affects the size of thrombi occluding the pulmonary arteries, highlighting the role of fibrin structures in thrombus formation and stability.
Exome Sequencing Identifies Abnormalities in Glycosylation and ANKRD36C in Patients with Immune-Mediated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Basu Malay Kumar , Massicano Felipe , Yu Lijia , Halkidis Konstantine , Pillai Vikram , Cao Wenjing , Zheng Liang , Zheng X. Long
Published: November 2020

Background Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a potentially fatal blood disorder, resulting from autoantibodies against ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13). However, the mechanism underlying anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibody formation is not known, nor it is known how genetic aberrations contribute to the pathogenesis of iTTP.

Methods Here we performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of DNA samples from 40 adult patients with iTTP and 15 local healthy subjects with no history of iTTP and other hematological disorders.

Results WES revealed variations in the genes involved in protein glycosylation, including O-linked glycosylation, to be a major pathway affected in patients with iTTP. Moreover, variations in the ANKRD gene family, particularly ANKRD36C and its paralogs, were also more prevalent in patients with iTTP than in the healthy controls. The ANKRD36 family of proteins have been implicated in inflammation. Mass spectrometry revealed a dramatic alternation in plasma glycoprotein profile in patients with iTTP compared with the healthy controls.

Conclusion Altered glycosylation may affect the disease onset and progression in various ways: it may predispose patients to produce ADAMTS13 autoantibodies or affect their binding properties; it may also alter clearance kinetics of hemostatic and inflammatory proteins. Together, our findings provide novel insights into plausible mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of iTTP.
Surgical Candidacy in Skull Base Paragangliomas: An Institutional Experience
Authors: Bhuskute Govind , Manogaran Ravi Sankar , Keshri Amit , Mehrotra Anant , Singh Neha , Mathialagan Arulalan
Published: November 2020

Objective The aim of the study is to determine the surgical candidacy and nuances of skull base paraganglioma surgery in the era of radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods This was a retrospective observational study conducted in patients who presented with skull base paragangliomas between January 2017 and December 2019. Primary data, including indication for surgery, the approach used, the extent of resection, complications, and postoperative lower cranial nerve status were studied.

Results A total of 21 cases of skull base paragangliomas were analyzed, including seven cases of tympanic paraganglioma, 10 cases of jugular foramen paraganglioma, three cases of multiple paragangliomas, and one case of vagal paraganglioma. Indications for surgery were young age, bleeding from ear, neck mass with upper aerodigestive pressure symptoms, lower cranial nerve paralysis, and patients with intracranial pressure symptoms. Total excision was done in 11 patients, near-total excision in five patients, subtotal in three patients, and surgery was not done in two patients. Facial nerve paralysis was the most common complication observed, followed by bleeding and flap necrosis. Radiotherapy was considered as adjuvant treatment wherever indicated.

Conclusion A thorough knowledge and understanding of the pathophysiology of the skull base paragangliomas and its management strategies can help to achieve excellent results in terms of tumor clearance and reduction in complications. A multidisciplinary team approach and meticulous skull base surgical techniques have a significant role to play in the management of paragangliomas, especially in developing countries where availability of radiosurgery is still a challenge.
A highly sensitive, large area, and self-powered UV photodetector based on coalesced gallium nitride nanorods/graphene/silicon (111) heterostructure
Authors: Zulkifli Nur 'Adnin Akmar , Park Kwangwook , Min Jung-Wook , Ooi Boon S. , Zakaria Rozalina , Kim Jongmin , Tan Chee Leong
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we demonstrate an ultraviolet photodetector (UV-PD) that uses coalesced gallium nitride (GaN) nanorods (NRs) on a graphene/Si (111) substrate grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. We report a highly sensitive, self-powered, and hybrid GaN NR/graphene/Si (111) PD with a relatively large 100 mm2 active area, a high responsivity of 17.4 A/W, a high specific detectivity of 1.23 × 1013 Jones, and fast response speeds of 13.2/13.7 μs (20 kHz) under a UV light of 355 nm at zero bias voltage. The results show that the thin graphene acts as a perfect interface for GaN NRs, encouraging growth with minimum defects on the Si substrate. Our results suggest that the GaN NR/graphene/Si (111) heterojunction has a range of interesting properties that make it well-suited for a variety of photodetection applications.
Injection charge dynamics on the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 surface by scanning probe microscopy
Authors: Wang Jin-Jin , Ma Ru-Ru , Guan Zhao , Ren Zhong-Qi , Zhong Ni , Xiang Ping-Hua , Duan Chun-Gang
Published: November 2020

The origin of an injected charge and its temperature dependence in ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films is studied by multimode scanning probe microscopy. During the poling process in scanning probe microscope (SPM) measurement, which is a local bias applied by using a conductive tip on a film’s surface to induce polarization orientation, a strong charge injection is always observed in oxide ferroelectric films; therefore, the surface potential is dominated by injection charge rather than polarization and screening charge. The surface potential shows an increase with the increase in the applied bias and saturation at a higher bias, which is much higher than the coercive field in PZT films. The positive surface potential shows a clear increase after oxygen plasma treatment, suggesting that the injection behavior is significantly enhanced. Subsequent heating could recover the surface condition to the initial state. Charge injection could be weakened but could not be completely eliminated by heat treatment. The current results suggest that charge injection behavior could not be easily relaxed, and a careful control of the localized poling process using an SPM conductive tip is required especially for studying the charge state on the surfaces of ferroelectric thin films.
Structures of liquid jets in supersonic crossflows in a rectangular channel with an expansion section
Authors: Zhao Jiafeng , Tong Yiheng , Ren Yongjie , Zhu Yangzhu , Chen Zhi , Lin Wei , Nie Wansheng
Published: November 2020

The structures of liquid jets in supersonic crossflows (LJISC) are characterized by using high-speed photography and shadowgraph techniques. These flow structures substantially interfere with the atomization and mixing of the jet. Experimental studies on flow and spray fields are performed under various Mach numbers, injection positions, and injection angles. The results establish that (1) the evolution process of LJISC in the expansion section can be divided into three stages, namely, aerodynamic induced liquid column fracturing, expansion wave promoted spray accelerating, and compression wave disturbed spray blending, and (2) increasing the injection angle or the incoming Mach number effectively improves the penetration depth of the jet spray and enhances the gas–liquid mixing efficiency. However, the position of injection has little effect on the penetration depth. This research provides a critical and deep understanding about the atomization process of injection in an air-breathing engine with a combustion chamber with an expansion section.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the conjugacy of Smale regular homeomorphisms
Authors: Zhuzhoma E. V. , Medvedev V. S.
Published: November 2020

The class of Smale regular homeomorphisms of closed topological manifolds, with nonwandering set consisting of a finite number of periodic orbits of hyperbolic type, is considered. This class contains the Morse-Smale diffeomorphisms of smooth closed manifolds. For two Smale regular homomorphisms necessary and sufficient conditions for being conjugate are presented.

Bibliography: 26 titles.
Maximal Lie subalgebras among locally nilpotent derivations
Authors: Skutin A. A.
Published: November 2020

We study maximal Lie subalgebras among locally nilpotent derivations of the polynomial algebra. Freudenburg conjectured that the triangular Lie algebra of locally nilpotent derivations of the polynomial algebra is a maximal Lie algebra contained in the set of locally nilpotent derivations, and that every maximal Lie algebra contained in the set of locally nilpotent derivations is conjugate to the triangular Lie algebra. In this paper we prove the first part of the conjecture and present a counterexample to the second part. We also show that under a certain natural condition imposed on a maximal Lie algebra there is a conjugation taking this Lie algebra to the triangular Lie algebra.

Bibliography: 2 titles.
On the phenomenon of the support shrinking of a solution with a time delay and on the extinction of the solution
Authors: Degtyarev S. P.
Published: November 2020

The phenomenon of support shrinking with a time delay for the solution of a doubly nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation is studied in the case of slow diffusion and strong absorption. For a nonnegative solution, a sufficient condition for support shrinking beginning with some moment of time is deduced in terms of the local behaviour of the mass of the initial datum. It is also proved that the solution vanishes identically in finite time.

Bibliography: 21 titles.