bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooled Spray Technology for Particulate Reduction in a Heavy-Duty Engine
Authors: Klingbeil Adam , Tinar Tristen , Ellis Scott
Published: April 2024

Cooled spray (CS) technology passively reduces particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines compared to non-CS-equipped diesel engines. CS inserts are mounted near the injector nozzle and control mixing so that the fuel and air can premix while limiting combustion near fuel-rich zones, thereby reducing the formation of particulate matter. CS components contain no moving parts and could be installed as a retrofit or built into new engines. However, CS technology is early in its development, and further investigations are needed to understand the overall performance implications and practicality of the technology. In this paper, we investigate several important aspects of CS, providing a clearer picture of some challenges and potential benefits of CS. Two alignment techniques are used to characterize measurement ease and bias, namely, an optical alignment and spray-plug impact alignment. While the optical technique facilitates alignment more easily, a bias was measured between the optical and spray-plug techniques, suggesting the optical technique may have insufficient accuracy without additional corrections. We also evaluate the engine performance of a well-aligned and poorly aligned CS insert, compared to the baseline configuration. The poorly aligned insert shows slower combustion than the baseline and mixed overall performance. However, the well-aligned insert shows faster combustion than the baseline and PM emission reduction at most operating conditions, with some conditions showing PM reduction up to 80%. The results of this paper highlight the alignment challenges of CS technology as well as the potential PM reduction benefit of the technology.
Tribocorrosion Evaluation of AISI 431 Coated With Tungsten Oxynitride
Authors: Garcia Ramos Tania , Zeinert Andreas , Muhl Stephen , Lejeune Michaël , Chevallier Eddy , Barroy Pierre
Published: April 2024

Tribocorrosion is a phenomenon present in a wide variety of processes; hence, understanding the tribocorrosion behavior of different systems is essential to being able to design robust and reliable systems. This has led us to investigate the tribocorrosion behavior of AISI 431 steel, a stainless steel commonly used for manufacturing mechanical pieces. The response to tribocorrosion was evaluated for the AISI 431 steel in contact with an aqueous solution of citric acid, a solution commonly used in the food industry. The tests were carried out using samples of steel uncoated and coated with tungsten oxynitride in a pin-on-disc configuration using a tailored tribocorrosion cell. The uncoated AISI 431 presented good wear and corrosion resistance but presented tribocorrosion degradation, where the growth of the passivation film and the mechanical removal of such film were the driving factors for the tribocorrosion process. Furthermore, when the steel was coated with the tungsten oxynitride film, we found that the surface presented a better resistance to wear, corrosion, and tribocorrosion. Such findings open a great opportunity for the use of these types of coatings to protect systems against tribocorrosion.
Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase and Hormonal Contraceptives on Resting Metabolic Rate and Body Composition
Authors: Kuikman Megan A. , McKay Alannah K.A. , Minahan Clare , Harris Rachel , Elliott-Sale Kirsty J. , Stellingwerff Trent , Smith Ella S. , McCormick Rachel , Tee Nicolin , Skinner Jessica , Ackerman Kathryn E. , Burke Louise M.
Published: April 2024

The cyclical changes in sex hormones across the menstrual cycle (MC) are associated with various biological changes that may alter resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition estimates. Hormonal contraceptive (HC) use must also be considered given their impact on endogenous sex hormone concentrations and synchronous exogenous profiles. The purpose of this study was to determine if RMR and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates change across the MC and differ compared with HC users. This was accomplished during a 5-week training camp involving naturally cycling athletes (n = 11) and HC users (n = 7 subdermal progestin implant, n = 4 combined monophasic oral contraceptive pill, n = 1 injection) from the National Rugby League Indigenous Women’s Academy. MC phase was retrospectively confirmed via serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations and a positive ovulation test. HC users had serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations assessed at the time point of testing. Results were analyzed using general linear mixed model. There was no effect of MC phase on absolute RMR (p = .875), relative RMR (p = .958), or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates (p > .05). There was no effect of HC use on absolute RMR (p = .068), relative RMR (p = .309), or fat mass estimates (p = .766), but HC users had a greater fat-free mass and lean body mass than naturally cycling athletes (p = .028). Our findings suggest that RMR and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition estimates do not significantly differ due to changes in sex hormones in a group of athletes, and measurements can be compared between MC phases or with HC usage without variations in sex hormones causing additional noise.
The Relationship Between Childhood Trauma, Exercise Addiction, Emotion Regulation Difficulties, and Basic Psychological Needs in Türkiye
Authors: Gültekin Arayici Sema , Tekinsav Sutcu Serap
Published: April 2024

Exercise addiction manifests as a behavioral compulsion where physical activity becomes excessively pursued, leading to potential harm to both physical and mental well-being, as well as interpersonal connections. This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between childhood trauma and exercise addiction. The study sample consisted of 386 regular exercisers who completed several questionnaires, including the Childhood Trauma Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale, Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale. The results of the analyses revealed that basic psychological needs and emotion regulation difficulties were significant predictors of exercise addiction symptoms, and they mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and exercise addiction. The findings contribute to the understanding of the factors that may lead to exercise addiction and have implications for prevention and treatment. In this context, the results and limitations are discussed in light of the relevant literature.
A dual fluorescent herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant reveals divergent outcomes of neuronal infection
Authors: Domanico Luke F. , Dunn Gary P. , Kobiler Oren , Taylor Matthew P.
Published: April 2024

Critical stages of lytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication are marked by the sequential expression of immediate early (IE) to early (E), then late (L) viral genes. HSV-1 can also persist in neuronal cells via a non-replicative, transcriptionally repressed infection called latency. The regulation of lytic and latent transcriptional profiles is critical to HSV-1 pathogenesis and persistence. We sought a fluorescence-based approach to observe the outcome of neuronal HSV-1 infection at the single-cell level. To achieve this goal, we constructed and characterized a novel HSV-1 recombinant that enables discrimination between lytic and latent infection. The dual reporter HSV-1 encodes a human cytomegalovirus-immediate early (hCMV-IE) promoter-driven enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) to visualize the establishment of infection and an endogenous mCherry-VP26 fusion to report lytic replication. We confirmed that viral gene expression, replication, and spread of infection are not altered by the incorporation of the fluorescent reporters, and fluorescent protein (FP) detection virtuously reports the progression of lytic replication. We demonstrate that the outcome of HSV-1 infection of compartmentalized primary neurons is determined by viral inoculating dose: high-dose axonal inoculation proceeds to lytic replication, whereas low-dose axonal inoculation establishes a latent HSV-1 infection. Interfering with low-dose axonal inoculation via small molecule drugs reports divergent phenotypes of eYFP and mCherry reporter detection, correlating with altered states of viral gene expression. We report that the transcriptional state of neuronal HSV-1 infection is variable in response to changes in the intracellular neuronal environment.

IMPORTANCE

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects approximately 67% of the global human population. HSV-1 invades the peripheral nervous system, where latent HSV-1 infection persists within the host for life. Immunological evasion, viral persistence, and herpetic pathologies are determined by the regulation of HSV-1 gene expression. Studying HSV-1 gene expression during neuronal infection is challenging but essential for the development of antiviral therapeutics and interventions. We used a recombinant HSV-1 to evaluate viral gene expression during infection of primary neurons. Manipulation of cell signaling pathways impacts the establishment and transcriptional state of HSV-1 latency in neurons. The work here provides critical insight into the cellular and viral factors contributing to the establishment of latent HSV-1 infection.
QCD challenges from pp to AA collisions: 4th edition
Authors: Altmann Javira , Andres Carlota , Andronic Anton , Antinori Federico , Antonioli Pietro , Beraudo Andrea , Berti Eugenio , Bianchi Livio , Boettcher Thomas , Capriotti Lorenzo , Christiansen Peter , Contreras Nuño Jesus Guillermo , Cunqueiro Mendez Leticia , da Silva Cesar , Dainese Andrea , Dembinski Hans Peter , Dobrigkeit Chinellato David , Dubla Andrea , Faggin Mattia , Flett Chris , Greco Vincenzo , Grishmanovskii Ilia , Holguin Jack , Kanakubo Yuuka , Kim Dong Jo , Lea Ramona , Lee Su Houng , Mariani Saverio , Matyja Adam , Mazeliauskas Aleksas , Minissale Vincenzo , Morsch Andreas , Oliva Lucia , Orusa Luca , Paakkinen Petja , Pablos Daniel , Paić Guy , Pierog Tanguy , Plumari Salvatore , Prino Francesco , Rossi Andrea , Sestini Lorenzo , Skands Peter , Soloveva Olga , Soramel Francesca , Soto Ontoso Alba , Spousta Martin , Stahl Leiton Andre Govinda , Sun Jiayin , Takacs Adam , Trogolo Stefano , Turrisi Rosario , Verweij Marta , Vislavicius Vytautas , Wang Jing , Werner Klaus , Zaccolo Valentina , Zhang Mingyu , Zhu Jianhui , Zuliani Davide
Published: April 2024

This paper is a write-up of the ideas that were presented, developed and discussed at the fourth International Workshop on QCD Challenges from pp to AA, which took place in February 2023 in Padua, Italy. The goal of the workshop was to focus on some of the open questions in the field of high-energy heavy-ion physics and to stimulate the formulation of concrete suggestions for making progresses on both the experimental and theoretical sides. The paper gives a brief introduction to each topic and then summarizes the primary results.
An NS-NS basis for odd-parity couplings cm at order $$\alpha '^3$$
Authors: Garousi Mohammad R.
Published: April 2024

In this study, we thoroughly investigate the covariant and B-field gauge invariant odd-parity NS-NS couplings at order $$\alpha '^3,$$

α

′
3

,

while considering the removal of field redefinitions, Bianchi identities, and total derivative freedoms. Our comprehensive analysis reveals the existence of 477 independent couplings. To establish a specific basis, we construct it in such a way that none of the couplings contain terms involving structures such as R,  $$R_{\mu \nu },$$

R

μ
ν

,

$$\nabla _\mu H^{\mu \alpha \beta },$$

∇
μ

H

μ
α
β

,

$$\nabla _\mu \nabla ^\mu \Phi ,$$

∇
μ

∇
μ

Φ
,

or terms with more than two derivatives, except for one term that possesses three derivatives on H. Interestingly, the mentioned coupling with the four-derivative on the B-field is rendered zero by the sphere-level three-point S-matrix element. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the remaining 476 parameters in type II superstring theory are fixed to zero by imposing the requirement that the circular reduction of the couplings remains invariant under $$O(1,1,{\mathbb {Z}})$$

O
(
1
,
1
,
Z
)

T-duality transformations. This result is consistent with our expectations and highlights the crucial role played by the $$O(1,1,{\mathbb {Z}})$$

O
(
1
,
1
,
Z
)

symmetry in constraining the parameter space of the classical effective actions in string theory.
China’s Digital Silk Road
Authors: BAARK Erik
Published: April 2024

What were the driving forces and policies that supported the Digital Silk Road (DSR) scheme? How are they linked to Chinese domestic innovative capabilities in the digital economy? This article presents an analysis of policies promoting DSR infrastructure and facilities in different regions in Asia and Africa. It also discusses key concepts such as digital sovereignty and geopolitics in their historical contexts.
The Politics of Australian Responses to the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: HE Baogang , STOKES Geoffrey , HUNDT David
Published: April 2024

This article traces Australia’s evolving position on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from 2016 to 2020, and its interrelated justifications for rejecting the BRI. The authors demonstrate that debate over the BRI disrupted a long-standing consensus about the centrality of free trade and investment to Australian foreign economic policy. They argue that the BRI signifies Australia’s shift from an enthusiastic support for global free trade in the past to a more qualified security-sensitive approach.
Evolution of the Lao PDR’s External Debt since Its Reform and Opening Up
Authors: ZOU Chunmeng , FENG Xuemei
Published: April 2024

As the least developed country with an extreme lack of financial resources, borrowing is an inevitable way for Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR or Laos) to develop its economy. However, in recent years, due to a deteriorating external environment, Laos’ economic activity has been weighed down and has faced considerable external debt servicing risks. This article analyses the development and evolution characteristics of Laos’ external debt since the reform and opening up.
A Birth–Death Toy Model for a Measure of Consciousness
Authors: Canessa Enrique
Published: April 2024

The ancient Ouroboros symbolism (one who eats oneself) is here integrated into a simple birth–death clustering process that needed nothing but itself for a transition from indistinguishable phases to a sort of higher-level “conscious” phases. Birth and death coefficients are formulated in terms of odd and even exponentials used to represent a suitable form for conscious states via the internal transfer of information. This toy model may ideally quantify conscious states having inner causes via an Ouroboros index [Formula: see text]. The value [Formula: see text] = 0 lends to infinite loops and the limiting values [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] 1 disclose transformation into awareness. Relationships with physics theories of consciousness and the use of the Ouroboros index to discern about conscious-like states in Artificial Intelligence systems are discussed. Consciousness and freedom of will may go side-by-side in the model when [Formula: see text] is extended to be a complex number modulus.
The Effect of Ligand Field on Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of NO Reduction Under Applied Potential
Authors: Wu Zhi-Jun , Zhang Xue-Long , Zhang Xian-Jie , Fang Shui-Yang , Chen Wen-Xian , Wang Meng-Di , Zhuang Gui-Lin
Published: April 2024

We employed density functional theory to investigate Co-N4/Gra single-atom catalysts, focusing on the modification of axial ligand (X=-F, -CN and -C3H4N2) and examined the influence of ligand field and electric potential on eNORR. Our results demonstrate that Co-N4[X]/Gra exhibit favorable thermodynamic adsorption (ΔG
*NO < 0) and remarkable activation activity toward NO molecules. Co-N4/Gra demonstrates a limiting potential of −0.13 V with the potential-determining step (PDS) of *NH3 → * + NH3(g). Notably, under the introduction of ligands, Co-N4[F]/Gra achieves the most favorable overpotential of −0.07 V, superior to most of NORR electrocatalysts, and meanwhile shows an exceptional selectivity of 99.99% for eNORR compared to competitive hydrogen evolution reaction. Under the solvent environment, Co-N4/Gra features the triggering potentials of −0.33 V for a pH of 1, −0.71 V for a pH of 7, and −1.10 V vs RHE for a pH of 13, respectively. Additionally, the potential reduces the desorption energy and adsorption energy of NH3, facilitating the accessibility of the NH3 desorption step (PDS) and promoting NO reduction. Thus, under realistic conditions, the Co ion’s active site displays variable valence electrons and forms a dynamic interplay with the ligand field effect, rendering a crucial effect on the adsorption of reaction species during the eNORR.
Hypoxic perfusion of pulmonary arterial vasa vasorum increases pulmonary arterial pressure
Authors: Heise Emma L. , Salman Jawad , Webs Karolin S. , Höffler Klaus , Brandenberger Christina , Böthig Dietmar , Mühlfeld Christian , Haverich Axel
Published: April 2024

Hypoxic perfusion of the vasa vasorum of the pulmonary artery directly increased pulmonary arterial pressure in an ex vivo lung perfusion setup. This suggests that the function of pulmonary arterial vasa vasorum and wall ischemia may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension.
Cattle Reproductive Disorders Documented from Gaushalas of Nepal
Authors: Pun Meena , Bhatt Bhuwan Raj , Shah Shambhu , Neupane Narayan , Kaphle Krishna
Published: April 2024

Cow is the national animal of Nepal, yet it is one of the most abused animal species here. Under realized utilities of cow that is nonlactating or pregnant is the reason for demonic cruelty. Since the Vedic period, gaushalas have been caring for cows. At present, most gaushalas have responsibility to rescue, offer refuge, and treat poorly treated or confiscated cattle from smuggling rackets in Nepal. It is no surprise that these abused animals suffer from many health issues and compromised reproductive ability. This study was conducted to know about husbandry practice and to determine prevalence of reproductive disorders in cows of Gaushala from Nepal. Altogether, 27 gaushalas were visited throughout the study period and cows (≥2 years) (n = 2959) were included for the study. From the study, respondents from 14.81% Gaushala admitted indigenous cattle only, 11.11% admitted any breed (indigenous and crossbreed), 44.44% admitted stray animals only, and 29.63% admitted all types (indigenous, crossbreed, and stray animals). The study revealed that among (n = 2959) animals examined, 5.54% (n = 164) were affected by either one or more reproductive problems. The major reproductive disorders identified in study area were repeat breeding 0.47%, cervico‐vaginal and uterine prolapse 0.34%, retention of placenta 2.13%, dystocia 0.61%, and abortion 1.66%. Herd size of Gaushala had a significant difference (P < 0.05) on the overall prevalence of reproductive problems in cows of Gaushala. The main issues with gaushalas included a lack of resources like adequate fund, feeds, fodder, and water, shortage of grazing acreage, veterinary services, and difficulties in managing male cattle. To mitigate the issues and welfare related to gaushalas strict adherence to disease surveillance and biosecurity rules, avoidance of unlimited reproduction in cows, and separation of males and females, fund raising and resource management, collaboration with local government and NGOs, veterinary hospital, clinics, research, and innovation with veterinary institution and universities.
Positive Effect of a Cooling Cap on Functional Performance in Thermosensitive People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Novotna K. , Dedinova K. , Menkyova I. , Uher T. , Kubala Havrdova E. , Angerova Y.
Published: April 2024

Background. Up to 80% of people with MS experience worsening of their condition upon an increase in body temperature. Therefore, various options of cooling are being evaluated to help improve physical performance in people with MS. Most previous studies used active cooling methods. Our aim was to study the effect of simple device providing passive cooling. Methods. A randomized crossover study was conducted in 21 thermosensitive people with mild to moderate disability. Subjects were tested immediately before and after intervention (experimental or sham cooling). The assessment included timed 25‐foot walk test, the 2‐ and 6‐minute walk test, nine‐hole peg test, and symbol digit modalities test. Results. A significant improvement was found in the experimental group in timed 25‐foot walk test (p = 0.011) and in nine‐hole peg test for dominant hand (p = 0.033). No significant improvement was found in the control group (sham cooling). Conclusions. Wearing cooling cap can improve short‐term functional performance (walking and fine motor skills) in thermosensitive people with MS. This passive cooling method can be considered as a symptomatic treatment for some people with MS. This trial is registered with ISRCTN56350227.
Optimal PMU Placement for Fault Classification and Localization Using Enhanced Feature Selection in Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Faza Ayman , Al-Mousa Amjed , Alqudah Rajaa
Published: April 2024

Machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used in power systems applications. One important application is the classification and localization of various types of transmission line faults. Using voltage and current measurements from phasor measurement units (PMUs), a number of useful features can be extracted, which can form the basis of a ML‐based prediction of the fault type, line, and distance on the line. This paper proposes a technique to find the optimal number and placement of PMUs by performing thorough feature selection. The features are selected to maximize the accuracy of the ML classification and regression algorithms. The results show that for the IEEE 14 bus system, the use of only five PMUs is sufficient to obtain high levels of accuracy. For example, a testing accuracy of 99.0% and 97.1% can be achieved for the fault type and fault line location, respectively. As for the fault distance along the line, the testing MAE of 3.1% can be obtained along with an R2 score of 94.4%. Adding more PMUs does not provide any additional value in terms of accuracy.
Enhancing Quality of Life in Pediatric Palliative Care: Insights, Challenges, and Future Directions—A Systematic Review
Authors: Riera-Negre Laia , Rosselló Maria Rosa , Verger Sebastià
Published: April 2024

Pediatric palliative care (PPC) programs are essential in encompassing not only the affected children but also their family system and the healthcare and educational professionals involved. Despite the field’s significance, there is a notable scarcity in current literature, which underscores the pressing need for further research into the attributes of PPC programs that effectively enhance the quality of life (QoL) for pediatric patients. This study particularly emphasizes the pivotal role of schools as key community resources within this framework, highlighting the crucial aspect of educational integration in PPC. Through a systematic review of relevant literature and applying stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, we identified pertinent studies across various databases. Of these, 30 articles met our criteria and were subject to a thorough qualitative analysis. Our findings indicate that while PPC programs may vary in their methodologies, they consistently share certain core elements that significantly boost the QoL for pediatric patients. These include a holistic approach that addresses the physical, emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual facets of care; encourages the active involvement of the patient in decision‐making processes; and ensures timely access to PPC services. Importantly, our analysis identified the critical role of educational settings in enhancing QoL, shedding light on the vital need for educational inclusion and the integration of schools into the broader spectrum of PPC services. The distinct individual perceptions of QoL and the varied international practices in PPC underscore the imperative to tailor successful strategies to specific local contexts, thereby fostering the global well‐being of pediatric palliative care patients.
Beyond Single Diagnosis: Exploring Multidiagnostic Realities in Pediatric Patients through Genome Sequencing
Authors: Guo Fen , Liu Ruby , Pan Yinghong , Colasanto Mary , Collins Christin , Hegde Madhuri
Published: April 2024

Recent advancements in the next-generation sequencing have illuminated the occurrence of multiple genetic diagnoses (MGD). While exome sequencing has provided insights, genome sequencing (GS), the most comprehensive diagnostic tool, remains underexplored for studying MGD prevalence. We retrospectively analyzed 1487 pediatric cases from our laboratory, employing GS to investigate the incidence of single definitive genetic diagnosis (SDD) and MGD in children suspected of having a genetic disease. Of these patients, 273 received at least one definitive diagnosis, including 245 with SDD (16.5%) and 28 with MGD (1.9%). Diagnostic yield was consistent across genders and unaffected by previous testing in SDD cases. Notably, prior testing significantly increased the diagnostic yield in MGD cases to 2.7% overall and 14.4% among diagnosed cases, compared to 1.1% for those with GS as a first-tier test. Age was a significant factor in diagnostic outcome for both SDD and MGD cases with neonates showing the highest diagnostic yield of 24.5% in SDD and a notably higher yield in MGD at 4.9%, representing 16.7% of the diagnosed cases. Of the 28 MGD cases, 17 exhibited distinct phenotypes, 9 had overlapping features, and 2 presented a mix, underscoring the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within this group. This study is the first to exclusively use GS to assess MGD prevalence. Our findings highlight the complexity of rare diseases and emphasize the importance of comprehensive, genome-level diagnostics. Clinicians must ensure that diagnoses fully account for the observed phenotypes to inform optimal therapeutic strategies and management.
The Impact of Statin Treatment Duration on the Risk of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Recurrent Vascular Events in Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Linked Data Analysis
Authors: Kim Tae Jung , Lee Ji Sung , Yoon Jae Sun , Oh Mi Sun , Kim Ji-Woo , Park Soo-Hyun , Yu Kyung-Ho , Lee Byung-Chul , Ko Sang-Bae , Yoon Byung-Woo
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Although statin therapy reduces cardiovascular events, statin use is associated with the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus (NODM). Using a linked dataset, we evaluated the effect of statin treatment on vascular outcomes and NODM development in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: From the dataset, we identified 20,250 patients with acute ischemic stroke who had neither a prior history of DM nor a previous history of statin use before the index stroke. Patients were divided into statin users and non-users. The outcomes were NODM and vascular outcomes, including recurrent ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: Of the 20,250 patients, 13,706 (67.7%) received statin treatment after the index stroke. For the risk of NODM, a time-response relationship was observed between the use of statins and NODM; a longer post-stroke follow-up duration substantially increased the risk of NODM. Among those with ischemic strokes exceeding 3 years, statin users had an approximately 1.7-fold greater risk of NODM than statin non-users. Statin therapy significantly reduced the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke by 54% (HR 0.46, 95% CI, 0.43–0.50, p < 0.001) across all stroke subtypes. Conclusion: Statin therapy following ischemic stroke increased the occurrence of NODM in patients over a period of 3 years. Despite the increased risk of NODM, statin therapy shows a beneficial effect in reducing major cardiovascular events such as recurrent ischemic stroke and AMI in patients with ischemic stroke.
Toward Personalized Orthopedic Care: Validation of a Smart Knee Brace
Authors: McPherson Annah , McDaid Andrew J. , Ward Sarah
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Wearable technology offers a promising solution to advance current rehabilitation strategies for post-operative orthopedic care. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement and concurrent validity of a smart knee brace compared to the gold standard measurement system GAITRite® for assessing lower limb gait parameters. Methods: Thirty-four healthy participants were fitted with the smart knee brace (Digital Knee®) on their dominant limb. Gait parameters (stride length, stride time, and gait velocity) were measured simultaneously using the Digital Knee® and the GAITRite® electronic walkway. Two walks were performed at a comfortable speed and two at a fast-walking speed. Results: At a comfortable walking speed, stride time was moderately valid (ICC2,1 = 0.66 s), and stride length and gait velocity demonstrated poor validity (ICC2,1 = 0.29; ICC2,1 = 0.41). All gait parameters demonstrated poor validity at a fast-walking speed (ICC2,1 = −0.16 to −0.01). Bias ranged from −0.08 to 0.28, with more clinically acceptable percentage errors at a comfortable walking speed (14.1–30%) versus at a fast-walking speed (26.4–42.6%). Gait velocity and stride length had substantially higher biases in the fast-walking speed compared to the comfortable walking speed (0.28 ± 0.39 m s−1 vs. 0.02 ± 0.21 m s−1; 0.15 ± 0.23 m vs. −0.04 ± 0.17 m). Limits of agreement were considered narrower for stride time compared to stride length and gait velocity. Conclusion: The Digital Knee® is a promising approach to improving post-operative rehabilitation outcomes in patients with osteoarthritis. The Digital Knee® demonstrated good agreement and moderate concurrent validity for measuring gait metrics at a comfortable walking speed. These findings highlight the opportunity of the wearable sensor as an intervention for post-operative orthopedic care. This was a laboratory-based study; thus, further research is required to validate the wearable sensor in real-world contexts and in patients with knee pathologies. Further, refinement of the algorithm for measuring gait metrics at slow- and fast-walking speed with the Digital Knee® is warranted.
Optimizing Recovery: A Systematic Scoping Review of Upper Extremity Exercise Immediately after Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Implantation
Authors: Jayaprabha Surendran Praveen , Jacob Prasobh , Loureiro Diaz Javier , Selvamani Dinesh Kumar , Mathew Gigi , Swaminathan Narasimman
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), including pacemakers, defibrillators, and resynchronization devices, significantly enhance patient outcomes, reduce sudden cardiac death, and improve health-related quality of life. CIED implantation is associated to persistent shoulder dysfunction in a considerable number of patients one-year post-implantation. This may result in disability, diminished quality of life, work absenteeism, and negative psychological effects. Restoring upper extremity function after CIED implantation should be a standard of cardiovascular care. Our systematic scoping review aimed to summarize available evidence, addressing vital questions about safety, effectiveness, exercise type, and time of exercise initiation immediately after CIED implantation. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in 5 electronic databases for original research in English, and a manual search on the references of included studies. We used Rayyan web application for study selection, and PRISMA-ScR to conduct and report the review. We assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists. Results: This review included 6 studies that used upper extremity pendular, range of motion, stretching and strengthening exercises. Initiation time varied from the first postoperative day to the second postoperative week. All studies showed significant association between active upper extremity exercise and reduced dysfunction and disability after CIED implantation. There were no significant differences in complication rates between control and experimental groups. Conclusion: A limited number of low-to-average quality studies suggest active upper extremity exercise immediately after CIED implantation is safe, effective at reducing dysfunction, and improves quality of life. Higher-quality studies are needed to validate these findings.
Morfologia e histologia do trato digestivo de Protopolybia Exígua Exígua (Hym., Vespidae) e suas estruturas excretoras anexas
Authors: Caetano Flávio Henrique , Machado Vera Ligia Letizio
Published: April 2024

The digestive tract, Malpighian tubules and rectal pads of Protopolybiae. eigua are very similar to the tract of other Hymenoptera, no variation being observed among the castes studied.
Gêneros Stizocera Audinet-Serville, Nesostizocera Linsley e Parastizocera Linsley: chaves para espécies, descrições, notas e sinonímias
Authors: Martins Ubirajara R. , Napp Dilma Solange
Published: April 2024

.
Herpetofauna das dunas interiores do Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brasil. I. Introdução à área e descrição de um novo gênero de Microteiideos (Calyptommatus) com notas sobre sua ecologia, distribuição e especiação (Sauria, Teiidae)
Authors: Rodrigues Miguel Trefaut
Published: April 2024

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Abstract 4162: Cardiovascular Event Reduction Associated with Achieving Optimal Values for Multiple Lipids
Authors: Karas Richard , Cziraky Mark J , Quimbo Ralph , Charland Scott L , Insull William , Davidson Michael H , Stanek Eric J
Published: April 2024

Introduction
: We hypothesized that achievement of optimal lipid values would significantly reduce the risk of CV event relative to patients with combined non-optimal lipid profiles, across patients with specific lipid abnormalities.

Methods
: Retrospective analyses were conducted in patients ≥18 y/o with a lipid panel between 01/00–12/01 and ≥1 f/u panel through 06/04, ≥12 months continuous data pre- and post-initial lipid panel, and without dyslipidemia associated drug therapy. Optimal lipid values were defined as (mg/dL): LDL-C <100/<130 per CV risk level; HDL-C >40 men/>50 women; TG <200. Three cohorts were constructed -Cohort 1: non-optimal LDL-C; Cohort 2: non-optimal LDL-C and either non-optimal TG or HDL-C; and Cohort 3: non-optimal LDL-C, HDL-C, and TG. The primary outcome was risk of CV event, defined as any emergency or inpatient visit with ICD-9 codes corresponding to ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and stroke/TIA. The relative risk of CV events in patients achieving versus not achieving combined optimal lipid values were determined using adjusted Cox proportional-hazards models, adjusted for age, sex, CV comorbidities, and dyslipidemia treatment.

Results
: Events (3,956 total) were recorded over an average of 2.7 years in 23,234 at risk patients with suboptimal baseline lipid values. Decreasingly lower percentages of combined optimal lipid values were attained across cohorts as the number of suboptimal baseline lipid values increased (all p<0.001). While correction of baseline lipids with achievement of combined optimal lipid values was infrequent, it was associated with a significant CV risk reduction of 25% in patients with abnormal LDL-C only and 46% in patients with LDL-C + HDL-C and/or TG abnormalities.

Conclusion
: Lifestyle and pharmacotherapy interventions sufficient to render LDL-C, HDL-C and TG optimal may substantially improve CV outcomes in patients with both simple and multiple lipid abnormalities.
Abstract 191: Analysis Of Conduction Block During Ventricular Fibrillation In Langendorff Perfused Explanted Human Hearts.
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar Rajesh , Masse Stephane , Sevaptsidis Elias , Asta John , Ross Heather , Rao Vivek , Cusimano Robert , Delgado Diego , Thavandiran Nimalan , Nanthakumar Kumaraswamy
Published: April 2024

Purpose
Rotors in Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) are known to occur in distinct domains identified by dominant frequency (DF). It has been postulated that VF is driven by these domains of excitation with fibrillatory propagation to adjacent domains with conduction blocks. If the dominant domain hypothesis is applicable to human VF, we postulated that minimally during VF, areas blocks in a DF map should localize at boundaries of DF domains.

Methods
Explanted hearts from 4 patients undergoing cardiac transplant were perfused with Krebs-Henseilet solution. The epicardial and endocardial mapping was constructed with 112 electrodes disposed on an extensible sock and balloon array. The electrodes were organized in 14 rows of 8 electrodes disposed radially around the apex. 12 episodes of VF from the 4 hearts were analyzed. Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis was performed with a resolution of 0.25 Hz. DF domain was defined as a region on the DF map with uniform DF. Double peak (DP) an estimate of conduction block, was identified at a time point if a secondary peak was present in the power spectrum of an FFT that was within a maximum separation of 80% of the dominant (highest) peak frequency and that had an amplitude of at least 20% of the amplitude of the dominant peak.

Results
The average DF was 4.64±1.20 Hz. The mean percentage of blocks was 26.13±12.19 %. The average number of domains per DF map were 9.25±3.77. The mean percent block per domain was 2.95±1.27.The number of domains per map correlated significantly to areas with blocks. (r = 0.49, p=0.014). When the hearts were individually analyzed, the correlation was greater than when analyzed together. Higher occurrence of block is seen with increasing number of DF domains.

Conclusions
During human VF, areas of blocks in a DF map localize at boundaries of DF domains.
Abstract 4190: Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery Normalizes Aortic Distensibility and Left Ventricular Function in Subjects with Morbid Obesity: A 3-year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Ikonomidis Ignatios , Mazarakis Andreas , Patsouras Nikolaos , Papadopoulos Costas , Lekakis John , Kalfarentzos Fotis , Kremastinos Dimitrios T , Alexopoulos Dimitrios
Published: April 2024

Mordid obesity is associated with high incidence of heart failure. Aortic distensibility (AoD) is an important determinant of left ventricular (LV) function. We investigated whether a) increased body mass index (BMI, kg/m
2
) is associated with impaired AoD and LV function b) weight loss after bariartic surgery (gastric by-pass) is associated with changes of AoD and LV function in subjects with morbid obesity after 3 and 36 months of follow-up.

Methods
: We studied 60 subjects (mean age 35±11 years) with morbid obesity (BMI>40 kg/m2) by 2D, and Doppler Echocardiography. AoD was calculated using the formula 2 x (pulsatile change in aortic diameter)/[diastolic aortic diameter x (aortic pulse pressure)](normal range:2.4 – 4.4 cm2xdyn(−1)x10(−6)).Aortic diameters were measured 3cm above the aortic valve by 2D guided M-mode echocardiography and aortic pulse pressure was obtained simultaneously by cuff sphygmo-manometry 3 and 36 months after surgery.

Results
: All patients had normal systolic function before and after surgery. Aortic distensibility was severely impaired before surgery (table

). Increasing BMI was related to decreasing AoD (r=0.43,p<0.01) and increased interventicular septum (IVS) and posterior (PW) wall thickness (IVS: r=0.57, PW: r=0.58, p<0.01) before surgery. Decreasing AoD was related to prolonged IVRT (r=0.43, p<0.01) and DT (r=0.40, p<0.05). Three months after surgery, BMI, LV diastolic diameter (LVDmm), IVS(mm), PW(mm), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT sec) and decelaration time ( DTsec) were reduced whereas AoD was increased. (table

, p<0.01). After 36 months, there was a further improvement in AoD and BMI The decrease of BMI was related to improvement of AoD at 36 months of f/u (r=0.40 p=0.008).

Conclusion.
. Weight reduction after bariatric surgery normalises aortic distensibility, reduces LV hypertrophy and thus, improves LV diastolic function early and 36 months after surgery.
Abstract 572: Deletion of iNOS in Mice Overexpressing Calcineurin Improves Cardiovascular Phenotype
Authors: Somers Julie R , Lees-Miller James P , Beck Paul L , Duff Henry J
Published: April 2024

Previous studies have reported that overexpression of calcineurin (CN) in mouse myocytes produces cardiac hypertrophy followed by dilation, systolic dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis and sudden cardiac death due to high degree heart block and eventual asystole. In a number of cell types, calcineurin mediates iNOS expression. Since overexpression of iNOS in mice generates phenotypes quite similar to that seen in calcineurin mice, we assessed the hypothesis that deletion of iNOS (iNOS null mice) would improve the cardiovascular phenotype of mice transgenically overexpressing CN.

Methods:
A complementary breeding program generated CN/iNOS −/− mice. These were compared to CN mice.

Results:
Similarities exist between the two groups of mice: indices of cardiac hypertrophy as assessed by echocardiography (septal and posterior wall dimension and LV mass index) and heart weight/body weight index were similar. The histologic extent of fibrosis (Masson trichrome) was similar, as was the frequency of episodes of ventricular tachycardia on telemetry monitoring at 14 weeks. However, significant differences were also noted. CN/iNOS −/− mice had significantly greater survival (Kaplan Meier p<0.0003). Fifty percent of CN mice die by 19 weeks compared to 34 weeks in CN/iNOS −/− mice. In addition, at 14 weeks CN/iNOS −/− mice had fewer episodes of high degree AV block; significant and substantial improvements in metrics of systolic wall motion (fractional shortening, LV internal dimension at the end of systole); smaller serum concentrations of TNFα; less interstitial apoptosis as assessed by Tunnel staining; and increased responsiveness of contractility to β1 stimulation with isoproterenol. Activation of iNOS in CN transgenic mice contributes to the cardiovascular phenotypes.

Conclusion:
While iNOS deletion almost doubles survival and improves most metrics of cardiovascular performance at 14 weeks, it delays, but does not abrogate the consequences of overexpressing calcineurin.
Abstract 594: Identification of Cell Cycle Regulatory and Inflammatory Genes as Predominant Targets of p38 MAPK in the Heart
Authors: Rysa Jaana , Tenhunen Olli , Ilves Mika , Soini Ylermi , Ruskoaho Heikki , Leskinen Hanna
Published: April 2024

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate cardiomyocyte growth and apoptosis in response to extracellular stimulation, but the downstream effectors that mediate their pathophysiological effects remain poorly understood. We determined the targets and role of p38 MAPK in the heart in vivo by using local adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of constitutively active upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3b (MKK3bE) and wild-type p38α in rats. DNA microarray analysis of animals with cardiac-specific overexpression of p38 MAPK revealed that 264 genes were upregulated and 2 genes were down-regulated more than 2-fold. A large number of previously unknown p38 target genes were found, such as cell cycle regulators cyclins A2, and B1 as well as transcription factors Runx1 and Krox20. Many fundamental inflammation-associated genes like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-2 as well as cell adhesion genes selectin E and osteopontin were also elevated in p38 MAPK overexpressing hearts. The complete list of 266 differentially expressed genes was loaded into PathwayAssist to build the interaction map showing potential connections among genes regulated by p38 MAPK overexpression in the heart. A central signaling molecule in this pathway was IL-6, which has been implicated in the regulation of 20 genes found to be affected by p38 MAPK. Further, using gel mobility shift assays we identified several cardiac transcription factors including serum response factor (SRF), activator protein-1 (AP-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) that were directly activated by p38 MAPK overexpression. Finally, we determined the functional significance of the altered cardiac gene expression profile by histological analysis and echocardiographic measurements, which indicated that p38 MAPK overexpression induced gene expression results in myocardial cell proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis. In conclusion, we defined the novel target genes and transcription factors as well as the functional effects of p38 MAPK in the heart. Our results demonstrate that the pathophysiological consequence of p38 MAPK overexpression is myocardial cell proliferation and inflammation associated with fibrosis in the adult heart.
Abstract 595: Cardioprotective Effects of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in Rats with Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis
Authors: Mitsuma Wataru , Ito Masahiro , Kodama Makoto , Tanaka Koumei , Fuse Koichi , Okamura Kazuki , Hanawa Haruo , Nakazawa Mikio , Aizawa Yoshifusa
Published: April 2024

Background and Purpose:

Erythropoietin (EPO) has been known to have cytoprotective effects on several tissues, presumably through modulation of apoptosis and inflammation. The effect of EPO on myocardial inflammation, however, has not been yet clarified. We investigated the cardioprotective effects of EPO in rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM).

Methods and Results:

Seven-week-old Lewis rats immunized with cardiac myosin were treated with either EPO (500 IU/day intraperitoneally once a day from day 0 to day 21, n=9) or vehicle (n=8), and were examined on day 22. In EPO treated group, the myocarditis area, which was determined with a color image analyzer, was significantly attenuated compared with in vehicle group (26.6 ± 4.1 % versus 40.5 ± 4.1 %; p < 0.01). Echocardiogram demonstrated significant improvement of left ventricular fractional shortening in EPO treated group than in vehicle group (48 ± 3.2% versus 33.4 ± 2.5%; p < 0.01). These improvements in EPO treated group were along with suppression of mRNAs of tumor necrosis factor- α and interleukin -6 in the hearts (p < 0.05 versus vehicle) by assessing quantitative RT-PCR. EPO also decreased myocyte apoptosis, as assessed by TUNEL staining, significantly (p < 0.05 versus vehicle). Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for EPO receptor revealed that cardiomyocytes were faintly stained in healthy age-matched rats, while strongly stained in rats with EAM.

Conclusions:

EPO, which is widely used in the clinical field, ameliorated the progression of EAM by modulating myocardial inflammation and myocyte apoptosis. The present study may suggest the beneficial effects of EPO for patients with inflammation-related cardiac diseases.