bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redes entre dos mares: cofradías y armadores en los caladeros atlántico y mediterráneo de Andalucía
Authors: Maya Jariego Isidro , Holgado Ramos Daniel , Florido del corral David , Martínez de Alba: Inmaculada
Published: July 2016

Describimos la red organizativa del sector extractivo en los enclavespesqueros andaluces. Para ello evaluamos 6 tipos de relacionesinformales e institucionales entre 30 cofradías y asociaciones dearmadores de 21 puertos pesqueros de Andalucía. Las redes analizadasresponden a una estructura centro-periferia, con un rol central de lascofradías. Con el procedimiento QAP diferenciamos dos contextos parala formación de relaciones: los encuentros informales y la red de gestiónde asuntos pesqueros, que se corresponde con encuentros formales,tales como las mesas de pesca, las asambleas de puerto o lanegociación de cuotas pesqueras. Comprobamos la existencia dedinámicas de homofi lia por caladero de pesca y por tipo deorganización.
Diadismo en los fundamentos sociológicos de Luhmann y Latour: comunicación y asociación comparadas
Authors: Pignuoli Ocampo: Sergio
Published: July 2016

Este trabajo aborda los programas de la Teoría General de SistemasSociales (TGSS) de Niklas Luhmann y la Actor-Network Theory (ANT) deBruno Latour desde una perspectiva sistemática basada en lacomparación de equivalencias funcionales relativas a los problemasfundamentales de la sociología. Nos proponemos confrontar tresconceptos específi cos de las bases teóricas de dichos programas, asaber: la defi nición de la unidad de análisis de la sociología y susrelaciones con el factor unitario del orden social y con el factorsecuencial del cambio social. La hipótesis sugiere que, si bien divergenen matices y acentos, ambos programas convergen en la defi nicióndiádica de la unidad de análisis sociológica.
"Framing" de las crisis humanitarias en los medios de comunicación españoles: una aproximación inductiva
Authors: Ardèvol-Abreu Alberto
Published: July 2016

Los medios de comunicación son actores fundamentales en el manejo yresolución de las crisis humanitarias, tanto en el país que sufre la crisiscomo en el resto del mundo. A partir de una aproximación inductiva a unamuestra de noticias publicadas en cuatro periódicos españoles, se analizanlos encuadres noticiosos usados en la cobertura de las crisis humanitarias.Los resultados muestran que, con ciertas diferencias entre países, laprensa española encuadra las crisis humanitarias en términos de guerra yviolencia, terrorismo islamista y delincuencia. Desde una perspectivateórica, los resultados sugieren que los encuadres noticiosos no deben serclasifi cados de manera dicotómica como «genéricos» o «específi cos», sinoque deben ser situados en un continuum cuyos extremos sean losencuadres puramente genéricos o puramente específi cos.
Can lymphovascular invasion replace the prognostic value of lymph node involvement in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy?
Authors: Yoo Eun Sang , Ha Yun-Sok , Lee Jun Nyung , Kim Bum Soo , Kim Bup Wan , Byun Seok-Soo , Choi Young Deuk , Kang Ho Won , Yun Seok-Joong , Kim Wun-Jae , Kim Jeong Hyun , Kwon Tae Gyun
Published: July 2016

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate whether lymphovascular invasion (LVI) can replace lymph node (LN) involvement as a prognostic marker in patients who do not undergo lymph node dissection (LND) during surgery in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).

Methods: A total of 505 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) were recruited from four academic centres and divided into four groups: node negative (N0, Group 1); node positive (N+, Group 2); no LND without LVI (NxLVI-, Group 3); and no LND with LVI (NxLVI+, Group 4).

Results: Patients in Group 2 had larger tumours, a higher incidence of left-sided involvement, more aggressive T stage and grade, and a higher positive surgical margin rate than patients in other groups. Pathological features (T stage and grade) were poorer in Group 4 than in Groups 1 and 3. Compared to other groups, Group 2 had the worst prognostic outcomes regarding locoregional/distant metastasis-free survival (MFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS). LVI and LN status in Group 4 was not associated with MFS in multivariate analysis. Among Nx diseases, LVI was not an independent predictor of MFS or CCS. The small number of cases in Groups 2 and 4 is a major limitation of this study.

Conclusions: Clinical outcomes according to LVI did not correlate with those outcomes predicted by LN involvement in patients with UTUC. Therefore, LVI may not be used as a substitute for nodal status in patients who do not undergo LND at the time of surgery.
Structured assessment and followup for patients with hereditary kidney tumour syndromes
Authors: Lattouf Jean-Baptiste , Pautler Stephen E. , Reaume M. Neil , Kim Raymond H. , Care Melanie , Green Jane , So Alan , Violette Philippe D. , Saliba Issam , Major Philippe , Silver Shane , Leicht Richard , Basiuk Joan , Tanguay Simon , Jewett Michael A.S. , Drachenberg Darrel
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Optimal clinical assessment and subsequent followup of patients with or suspected of having a hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndrome (hRCC) is not standardized and practice varies widely. We propose protocols to optimize these processes in patients with hRCC to encourage a more uniform approach to management that can then be evaluated.

Methods: A review of the literature, including existing guidelines, was carried out for the years 1985‒2015. Expert consensus was used to define recommendations for initial assessment and followup.

Results: Recommendations for newly diagnosed patients’ assessment and optimal ages to initiate followup protocols for von Hippel Lindau disease (VHL), hereditary papillary renal cancer (HPRC), hereditary leiomyomatosis with renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC), Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), familial paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndromes (PGL-PCC), and tuberous sclerosis (TSC) are proposed.

Conclusions: Our proposed consensus for structured assessment and followup is intended as a roadmap for the care of patients with hRCC to guide healthcare providers. Although the list of syndromes included is not exhaustive, the document serves as a starting point for future updates.
Tegenstrijdig belang bij een vriendelijk openbaar bod
Authors: van den Bosch T.W. , Meijs A.J.C.M.
Published: July 2016

Tegenstrijdig belang bij een vriendelijk openbaar bod. Een bespreking aan de hand van het openbaar bod op Koninklijke Ten Cate N.V.

In de periode voorafgaand aan het vriendelijk openbaar bod op alle aandelen in de beursgenoteerde vennootschap Koninklijke Ten Cate N.V. is veel commotie ontstaan over de rol van een van haar bestuurders. Deze bestuurder werd onder meer belangenverstrengeling verweten. Aan de hand van deze overname wordt de problematiek omtrent het tegenstrijdig belang besproken, met name ten aanzien van bestuurders van beursgenoteerde vennootschappen. Aan de hand van de wet, Corporate Governance Code en jurisprudentie wordt besproken of de omstandigheden zoals die gedurende dit overnameproces aan de orde waren, kwalificeren als een tegenstrijdig belang.
Vennootschappelijk belang en doeloverschrijding
Authors: Viëtor D.A. , Speyart H.M.H.
Published: July 2016

Vennootschappelijk belang en doeloverschrijding. Art. 2:7 BW richtlijnconform uitgelegd

Art. 2:7 BW heeft een Unierechtelijke achtergrond. Het is gebaseerd op de Eerste Richtlijn Vennootschapsrecht. Een richtlijnconforme uitleg van art. 2:7 BW brengt mee dat bij rechtshandelingen van een rechtspersoon art. 2:7 BW geen ruimte biedt voor enige derogerende werking van het vennootschappelijk belang en er onder normale omstandigheden evenmin sprake is van een onderzoeksplicht voor de wederpartij van de rechtspersoon naar het doel van die rechtspersoon.
Conducting Sensitive Interviews: A Review of Reflections
Authors: Melville Angela , Hincks Darren
Published: July 2016

Conducting Sensitive Interviews: A Review of Reflections

Sensitive interviews involve emotionally difficult topics which require participants to face issues that are deeply personal and possibly distressing. This paper draws together reflections concerning how researchers manage the challenges of conducting sensitive interviews, including the author’s own reflections concerning interviewing clinical negligence claimants. First, it examines the ethical guidelines that regulate sensitive research, and the challenges of obtaining informed consent and maintaining confidentiality. Ethical guidelines, however, provide limited assistance for ensuring the emotional care of research participants, and we also consider challenges that are not usually formally regulated. These include preparing for the interview, and then ensuring the emotional care of participants both during and after the interview itself. Sensitive research also raises deeper ethical issues concerning the negotiation of relations between researcher and participant, especially when this relationship is unequal. Finally, while previous research has generally focused on the need to take emotional care of research participants, less attention has been given to the emotional needs of researchers. It is argued that support systems for researchers are too often ad hoc, and that providing support is often not a priority of granting bodies, grant holders or supervisors, and that formal systems need to be put in place.
Validation of the Biofish-300 HIS Enzymatic Biosensor for the Detection of Histamine in Fishery Products
Authors: Salleres Sandra , González Irune , Arantzamendi Alai , González Roberto , Maza Sonia , Jaureguibeitia Arrate , Hungerford James M , DeWitt Christina A , Benner Ronald A
Published: July 2016

The Biofish-300 HIS method is a simple, reliable, and specific enzymatic biosensor for the detection of histamine. This technology is highly specific and selective and allows quantification of histamine in fishery products (fresh/frozen and processed) in a short time frame (2–3 min). Histamine in raw tuna, raw mackerel, raw sardine, raw anchovy, boiled tuna, canned tuna in water, canned tuna in oil, canned mackerel in tomato sauce, canned pickled sardine, and canned salted anchovy was analyzed using a water-based extract. Matrix-specific assay procedures and calibration curves were used to enable analyses to be carried out across multiple sample types. The performance of this assay was examined using samples that were naturally contaminated (reference materials and interlaboratory studies) and spiked with histamine. All data were judged against previously established acceptance criteria. Performance measures were evaluated for linearity, selectivity, matrix, lot consistency, and robustness. Results produced in all performance measures, except robustness, were within acceptable ranges. Out-of-range robustness results reflected deviation in sample volume compared to the standard assay procedures. Positive interferences from the presence of agmatine were shown.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Modulate the Functional Properties of Microglia via TGF-β Secretion
Authors: Noh Min Young , Lim Su Min , Oh Ki-Wook , Cho Kyung-Ah , Park Jinseok , Kim Kyung-Suk , Lee Su-Jung , Kwon Min-Soo , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: July 2016

The regulation of microglial cell phenotype is a potential therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative disease. Previously, we reported that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) could be used as potential biological markers to predict the effectiveness of autologous MSC therapy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism of TGF-β in MSCs was not fully elucidated in determining the functional properties of microglia. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of TGF-β that is involved in MSC effectiveness, especially focusing on microglia functional properties that play a pivotal role in neuroinflammation. We found that MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) inhibited proinflammatory cytokine expression, restored alternative activated microglia phenotype markers (fractalkine receptor, mannose receptor, CD200 receptor), and enhanced phagocytosis in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. In addition, TGF-β in MSC-CM played a major role in these effects by inhibiting the nuclear factor-κB pathway and restoring the TGF-β pathway in LPS-stimulated microglia. Recombinant TGF-β also induced similar effects to MSC-CM in LPS-stimulated microglia. Therefore, we propose that MSCs can modulate the functional properties of microglia via TGF-β secretion, switching them from a classically activated phenotype to an inflammation-resolving phenotype. The latter role may be associated with the inhibition of neuroinflammatory processes in neurodegenerative disorders.

Significance

The results of this study showed that microglia functional properties may be modulated depending on the composition and quantity of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-secreting factors. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is proposed as a modulator of microglia functional properties among MSC-secreting factors, and this study aligns with a previous clinical study by these same authors. TGF-β releasing capacity could be an important factor enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs in clinical trials.
Externally Applied Static Magnetic Field Enhances Cardiac Retention and Functional Benefit of Magnetically Iron-Labeled Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Infarcted Hearts
Authors: Wang Jian , Xiang Bo , Deng Jixian , Lin Hung-Yu , Zheng Dayang , Freed Darren H. , Arora Rakesh C. , Tian Ganghong
Published: July 2016

Although adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) hold the promise of effective therapy for myocardial infarction, low cardiac retention of implanted ASCs has hindered their therapeutic efficiency. We investigated whether an externally applied static magnetic field (SMF) enhances cardiac localization of "magnetic" cells and promotes heart function recovery when ASCs are preloaded with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. The influence of SMF (0.1 Tesla) on the biological activities of SPIO-labeled ASCs (SPIOASCs) was investigated first. Fifty-six female rats with myocardial infarction underwent intramyocardial injection of cell culture medium (CCM) or male SPIOASCs with or without the subcutaneous implantable magnet (CCM-magnet or SPIOASC-magnet). Four weeks later, endothelial differentiation, angiogenic cytokine secretion, angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cell retention, and cardiac performance were examined. The 0.1-Tsela SMF did not adversely affect the viability, proliferation, angiogenic cytokine secretion, and DNA integrity of SPIOASCs. The implanted SPIOASCs could differentiate into endothelial cell, incorporate into newly formed vessels, and secrete multiple angiogenic cytokines. Four weeks after cell transplantation, the number of cardiac SPIOASCs was significantly increased, vascular density was markedly enlarged, fewer apoptotic cardiomyocytes were present, and heart contractile function was substantially improved in the SPIOASC-magnet treated rats in comparison with the SPIOASC-treated rats. The SPIOASCs could differentiate into endothelial cells, incorporate into vessels, promote angiogenesis, and inhibit ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis. An externally applied SMF offered a secure environment for biological properties of SPIOASCs, increased the cardiac retention of implanted magnetic SPIOASCs, and further enhanced heart function recovery after myocardial infarction.

Significance

This pilot proof-of-concept study suggests that a 0.1-Tesla static magnetic field does not adversely affect the viability, proliferation, angiogenic cytokine secretion, or DNA integrity of the superparamagnetic iron oxide-labeled adipose-derived stem cells (SPIOASCs). Implantation of adipose-derived stem cells promotes myocardial neovascularization and inhibits ischemic cardiomyocyte apoptosis through endothelial differentiation, incorporation into vessels, and paracrine factor secretion. An externally applied static magnetic field enhanced myocardial retention of intramyocardially injected "magnetic" SPIOASCs and promoted cardiac function recovery after myocardial infarction. With further preclinical optimization, this approach may improve the outcome of current stem cell therapy for ischemic myocardial infarction.
In Pursuit of Authenticity: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for Clinical Applications
Authors: Miyagishima Kiyoharu J. , Wan Qin , Corneo Barbara , Sharma Ruchi , Lotfi Mostafa R. , Boles Nathan C. , Hua Fang , Maminishkis Arvydas , Zhang Congxiao , Blenkinsop Timothy , Khristov Vladimir , Jha Balendu S. , Memon Omar S. , D’Souza Sunita , Temple Sally , Miller Sheldon S. , Bharti Kapil
Published: July 2016

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be efficiently differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), offering the possibility of autologous cell replacement therapy for retinal degeneration stemming from RPE loss. The generation and maintenance of epithelial apical-basolateral polarity is fundamental for iPSC-derived RPE (iPSC-RPE) to recapitulate native RPE structure and function. Presently, no criteria have been established to determine clonal or donor based heterogeneity in the polarization and maturation state of iPSC-RPE. We provide an unbiased structural, molecular, and physiological evaluation of 15 iPSC-RPE that have been derived from distinct tissues from several different donors. We assessed the intact RPE monolayer in terms of an ATP-dependent signaling pathway that drives critical aspects of RPE function, including calcium and electrophysiological responses, as well as steady-state fluid transport. These responses have key in vivo counterparts that together help determine the homeostasis of the distal retina. We characterized the donor and clonal variation and found that iPSC-RPE function was more significantly affected by the genetic differences between different donors than the epigenetic differences associated with different starting tissues. This study provides a reference dataset to authenticate genetically diverse iPSC-RPE derived for clinical applications.

Significance

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for maintaining visual function. RPE derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE) offer a promising cell-based transplantation therapy for slowing or rescuing RPE-induced visual function loss. For effective treatment, iPSC-RPE must recapitulate the physiology of native human RPE. A set of physiologically relevant functional assays are provided that assess the polarized functional activity and maturation state of the intact RPE monolayer. The present data show that donor-to-donor variability exceeds the tissue-to-tissue variability for a given donor and provides, for the first time, criteria necessary to identify iPSC-RPE most suitable for clinical application.
О неопходности развијања апстрактног мишљења у оквиру наставе ликовне културе
Authors: Вуковић Драгана
Published: July 2016

Апстрактно мишљење представља напреднији и виши ниво мишљења који је, у доброј мери, био запостављен у досадашњем образовном систему, или му, у најмању руку, није придаван одговарајући значај у настави ликовне културе. Намера је да се у раду укаже на неопходност развијања и усавршавања апстрактног мишљења у оквирима савремене наставе ликовне културе. Актуелна настава ликовне културе, између осталог, има задатак да уклони неприродни бедем који се створио између публике и апстрактне уметности, а који је настао услед вишедеценијског нагомилавања наноса међусобног неразумевања и педагошког немара да се процес разумевања ликовног говора и комуникација учине проточним и виталним. Апстрактно мишљење је једина спона и мост којим се може премостити понор неразумевања ликовног дела, било да га сагледава дете, било да је реч о одраслој индивидуи. Оно помаже и омогућава да се одреди суштина, значење и вредност уметничког дела и пружа поуздани критеријум за правилно естетско усмеравање ликовног васпитања.
Портрет краља Милутина
Authors: Пантелић Милорад Б.
Published: July 2016

У раду је дат осврт на животни лик и дело краља Милутина и на његове живописе. Краљ Милутин је у току своје владавине подигао и обновио велики број цркава, што није успело ни једном српском владару. Скоро да ни једна од подигнутих и обновљених цркава није била без његовог лика.Он се појављује и тамо где краљево ктиторство није извесно. Рад даје иконографски преглед портрета од Милутинове младости у Ђурђевим Ступовима до дубоке старости у Грачаници и Хиландару. Да би нам слика краља Милутина била јаснија издвојили смо портрете у скупине.
ДВА СРПСКА ВЕЛИКА ЖУПАНА ИЗ XIV ВИЈЕКА: АЛТОМАН И АНДРИЈА ГРОПА
Authors: Смиљанић Аранђел
Published: July 2016

У овом раду се говори о титули великог жупана и двојици њених носилаца из XIV вијека – Алтоману и Андрији Гропи. У уводном дијелу рада аутор саопштава осврт на титуле жупана и великог жупана, односно њен развојни пут од владарске титуле до локалног достојанства. Централни и највећи дио рада посвећен је навођењу података из живота и активности Алтомана и Андрије Гропе. У том дијелу, поред већ познатих чињеница, аутор доноси нове податке и претпоставке о њиховој улози у оновременим збивањима. Рад завршава покушајем одређивања начина и времена добијања титуле великог жупана Андрије Гропе.
ЧЕТИРИ ПИСМА СРПСКОМ МИТРОПОЛИТУ МИХАИЛУ ИЗ 1878. И 1879. ГОДИНЕ
Authors: Бранковић Бошко М.
Published: July 2016

Српски митрополит Михаило био је привржен идеји о ослобођењу свих Срба од турске власти и уједињењу у једну државу. Политички је био привржен и сарадњи са Русијом. Након подизања српског устанка у Босни и Херцеговини 1875. године изабран је на чело Главног одбора за помагање устанка. Јако поштован од стране српских устаника, трудио се да им помогне и кад су сви подигли руке од њих. Устаници су му остали вјерни до задњег, тражећи од њега савјете и помоћ почетком 1878. године, као и послије аустроугарске окупације 1879. године. У тексту ћемо објавити четири нова писма, пронађена у личном фонду Митрополита Михаила у Архиву Српске православне цркве у Београду.
NEZAPOSLENOST U SAVREMENOM DRUŠTVU: SREDIŠNJI DRUŠTVENO-EKONOMSKI PROBLEM
Authors: Šijaković Ivan , Vilić Dragana
Published: July 2016

U radu se analizira nezaposlenost kao središnji društveno-ekonomski problem u savremenom društvu. Ona ima dalekosežne posljedice na pojedince, na privredu i na društvo u cjelini (nemanje prihoda, siromaštvo, gubitak profesionalnih i socijalnih vještina, neiskorišćenost ljudskih resursa, narušavanje socijalne stabilnosti i sl.). Od 70-tih godina prošlog vijeka određene promjene u razvijenim društvima (prelazak na postindustrijsku ekonomiju, globalizacija i velike demografske promjene) uticale su na tržište rada i na povećanje nezaposlenosti (brz rast uslužnih djelatnosti, rast informacionih tehnologija, velika pokretljivost kapitala, povećanje starog stanovništva i sl.). Smanjivanjem globalnih privrednih aktivnosti koje je prouzrokovala ekonomska kriza iz 2007. godine, došlo je do rasta nezaposlenosti, a što je prouzrokovalo i socijalne posljedice (smanjenje kvaliteta života pojedinaca i zajednica, sužavanje mogućnosti za zadovoljavanje različitih potreba građana, slabljenje socijalne kohezije i sl.). Da li se s rizikom nezaposlenosti suočavaju sve kategorije stanovništva u savremenom društvu? Koji su načini za prevazilaženje ovog problema?
УЛОГА ПСИХОЛОГА У ПРЕВЕНЦИЈИ, ДИЈАГНОЗИ И ТРЕТМАНУ АЛЦХАЈМЕРОВЕ БОЛЕСТИ
Authors: Радукић Андријана , Димитријевић Страхиња , Суботић Синиша
Published: July 2016

У раду су приказани послови које може да обавља психолог који ради с обољелим од Алцхајмерове болести. Детаљније су обрађени задаци у којима је улога психолога нарочито значајна: (а) проучавање Алцхајмерове болести, израда и примјена дијагностичких инструмената, (б) рад с обољелим лицима у почетним стадијумима болести, (ц) рад са породицама обољелих, (д) превенција. Приказ је направљен на основу рецентне литературе и личне комуникације са иностраним експертима. Посебно је истакнута превентивна улога коју могу имати психолози који не раде директно с обољелим особама (нпр. психолози који раде у школама).
TESTING LOAD THEORY OF ATTENTION: IGNORING IRRELEVANT DISTRACTOR
Authors: Gvozdenović Vasilije , Milisavljević Marija
Published: July 2016

Load theory of attention suggests that insufficient capacity for processing prevents subjects from perceiving irrelevant distractor in high perceptual load tasks (LaVie et al, 2004). The aim of our research was to test the proposed theory in visual search task, sinceLavie et al used choice response task in their research. Participants were asked to search for the oblique line among horizontal or vertical ones, while ignoring irrelevant distractor. The independent variables were target presence, task difficulty (depending on the angle of rotation of the target), distractor (there was either no distractor, or the distractor was oriented in the same direction as the target or in the opposite direction) and set size. The dependent variable was reaction time. Only target-present sets were analyzed. Significant effects of the task difficulty (F(1,11)=118.05, p=.000) and distractor (F(2,22)=17.436, p<.01) factors were obtained, as well as significant interaction of task difficulty and distractor (F(2,22)=17.281, p<.01). Analysis showed that in simple tasks there was no effect of irrelevant distractors. In difficult tasks, reaction times were the shortest when there was no irrelevant distractor and the longest when the distractor was rotated in the opposite direction from that of the target. The obtained results suggest that irrelevant distractor disturbs performance only in high perceptual load task, which is not in line withthe assumptions of the load theory.
The anticancer natural product ophiobolin A induces cytotoxicity by covalent modification of phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Chidley Christopher , Trauger Sunia A , Birsoy Kıvanç , O'Shea Erin K
Published: July 2016

Phenotypic screens allow the identification of small molecules with promising anticancer activity, but the difficulty in characterizing the mechanism of action of these compounds in human cells often undermines their value as drug leads. Here, we used a loss-of-function genetic screen in human haploid KBM7 cells to discover the mechanism of action of the anticancer natural product ophiobolin A (OPA). We found that genetic inactivation of de novo synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) mitigates OPA cytotoxicity by reducing cellular PE levels. OPA reacts with the ethanolamine head group of PE in human cells to form pyrrole-containing covalent cytotoxic adducts and these adducts lead to lipid bilayer destabilization. Our characterization of this unusual cytotoxicity mechanism, made possible by unbiased genetic screening in human cells, suggests that the selective antitumor activity displayed by OPA may be due to altered membrane PE levels in cancer cells.
How smartphone usage correlates with social anxiety and loneliness
Authors: Gao Yusong , Li Ang , Zhu Tingshao , Liu Xiaoqian , Liu Xingyun
Published: July 2016

Introduction:Early detection of social anxiety and loneliness might be useful to prevent substantial impairment in personal relationships. Understanding the way people use smartphones can be beneficial for implementing an early detection of social anxiety and loneliness. This paper examines different types of smartphone usage and their relationships with people with different individual levels of social anxiety or loneliness.

Methods:A total of 127 Android smartphone volunteers participated in this study, all of which have agreed to install an application (MobileSens) on their smartphones, which can record user’s smartphone usage behaviors and upload the data into the server. They were instructed to complete an online survey, including the Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) and the University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS). We then separated participants into three groups (high, middle and low) based on their scores of IAS and UCLA-LS, respectively. Finally, we acquired digital records of smartphone usage from MobileSens and examined the differences in 105 types of smartphone usage behaviors between high-score and low-score group of IAS/UCLA-LS.

Results:Individuals with different scores on social anxiety or loneliness might use smartphones in different ways. For social anxiety, compared with users in low-score group, users in high-score group had less number of phone calls (incoming and outgoing) (Mann-Whitney U= 282.50∼409.00,p< 0.05), sent and received less number of text messages in the afternoon (Mann-Whitney U= 391.50∼411.50,p< 0.05), used health & fitness apps more frequently (Mann-Whitney U= 493.00,p< 0.05) and used camera apps less frequently (Mann-Whitney U= 472.00,p< 0.05). For loneliness, users in low-score group, users in high-score group had less number of phone calls (incoming and outgoing) (Mann-Whitney U= 305.00∼407.50,p< 0.05) and used following apps more frequently: health & fitness (Mann-Whitney U= 510.00,p< 0.05), system (Mann-Whitney U= 314.00,p< 0.01), phone beautify (Mann-Whitney U= 385.00,p< 0.05), web browser (Mann-Whitney U= 416.00,p< 0.05) and social media (RenRen) (Mann-Whitney >U= 388.50,p< 0.01).

Discussion:The results show that individuals with social anxiety or loneliness receive less incoming calls and use healthy applications more frequently, but they do not show differences in outgoing-call-related features. Individuals with higher levels of social anxiety also receive less SMSs and use camera apps less frequently, while lonely individuals tend to use system, beautify, browser and social media (RenRen) apps more frequently.

Conclusion:This paper finds that there exists certain correlation among smartphone usage and social anxiety and loneliness. The result may be useful to improve social interaction for those who lack social interaction in daily lives and may be insightful for recognizing individual levels of social anxiety and loneliness through smartphone usage behaviors.
Behavioral flexibility in an invasive bird is independent of other behaviors
Authors: Logan Corina J.
Published: July 2016

Behavioral flexibility is considered important for a species to adapt to environmental change. However, it is unclear how behavioral flexibility works: it relates to problem solving ability and speed in unpredictable ways, which leaves an open question of whether behavioral flexibility varies with differences in other behaviors. If present, such correlations would mask which behavior causes individuals to vary. I investigated whether behavioral flexibility (reversal learning) performances were linked with other behaviors in great-tailed grackles, an invasive bird. I found that behavioral flexibility did not significantly correlate with neophobia, exploration, risk aversion, persistence, or motor diversity. This suggests that great-tailed grackle performance in behavioral flexibility tasks reflects a distinct source of individual variation. Maintaining multiple distinct sources of individual variation, and particularly variation in behavioral flexibility, may be a mechanism for coping with the diversity of novel elements in their environments and facilitate this species’ invasion success.
Shades of yellow: interactive effects of visual and odour cues in a pest beetle
Authors: Arnold Sarah E.J. , Stevenson Philip C. , Belmain Steven R.
Published: July 2016

Background:The visual ecology of pest insects is poorly studied compared to the role of odour cues in determining their behaviour. Furthermore, the combined effects of both odour and vision on insect orientation are frequently ignored, but could impact behavioural responses.

Methods:A locomotion compensator was used to evaluate use of different visual stimuli by a major coleopteran pest of stored grains (Sitophilus zeamais), with and without the presence of host odours (known to be attractive to this species), in an open-loop setup.

Results:Some visual stimuli—in particular, one shade of yellow, solid black and high-contrast black-against-white stimuli—elicited positive orientation behaviour from the beetles in the absence of odour stimuli. When host odours were also present, at 90° to the source of the visual stimulus, the beetles presented with yellow and vertical black-on-white grating patterns changed their walking course and typically adopted a path intermediate between the two stimuli. The beetles presented with a solid black-on-white target continued to orient more strongly towards the visual than the odour stimulus.

Discussion:Visual stimuli can strongly influence orientation behaviour, even in species where use of visual cues is sometimes assumed to be unimportant, while the outcomes from exposure to multimodal stimuli are unpredictable and need to be determined under differing conditions. The importance of the two modalities of stimulus (visual and olfactory) in food location is likely to depend upon relative stimulus intensity and motivational state of the insect.
Retracing the in vivo haematopoietic tree using single‐cell methods
Authors: Perié Leïla , Duffy Ken R.
Published: July 2016

The dynamic process by which self‐renewing stem cells and their offspring proliferate and differentiate to create the erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages of the blood system has long since been an important topic of study. A range of recent single cell and family tracing methodologies such as massively parallel single‐cell RNA‐sequencing, mass cytometry, integration site barcoding, cellular barcoding and transposon barcoding are enabling unprecedented analysis, dissection and re‐evaluation of the haematopoietic tree. In addition to the substantial experimental advances, these new techniques have required significant theoretical development in order to make biological deductions from their data. Here, we review these approaches from both an experimental and inferential point of view, considering their discoveries to date, their capabilities, limitations and opportunities for further development.
Impact of a stochastic sequential initiation of fractures on the spatial correlations and connectivity of discrete fracture networks
Authors: Bonneau François , Caumon Guillaume , Renard Philippe
Published: July 2016

Stochastic discrete fracture networks (DFNs) are classically simulated using stochastic point processes which neglect mechanical interactions between fractures and yield a low spatial correlation in a network. We propose a sequential parent‐daughter Poisson point process that organizes fracture objects according to mechanical interactions while honoring statistical characterization data. The hierarchical organization of the resulting DFNs has been investigated in 3‐D by computing their correlation dimension. Sensitivity analysis on the input simulation parameters shows that various degrees of spatial correlation emerge from this process. A large number of realizations have been performed in order to statistically validate the method. The connectivity of these correlated fracture networks has been investigated at several scales and compared to those described in the literature. Our study quantitatively confirms that spatial correlations can affect the percolation threshold and the connectivity at a particular scale.
Temporal variability of aerosol optical thickness vertical distribution observed from CALIOP
Authors: Toth Travis D. , Zhang Jianglong , Campbell James R. , Reid Jeffrey S. , Vaughan Mark A.
Published: July 2016

Temporal variability in the vertical distribution of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from the 0.532 µm aerosol extinction coefficient is described using Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) observations over 8.5 years (June 2006 to December 2014). Temporal variability of CALIOP column‐integrated AOT is largely consistent with total column AOT trends from several passive satellite sensors, such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, and the Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor. Globally, a 0.0002 AOT per year positive trend in deseasonalized CALIOP total column AOT for daytime conditions is attributed to corresponding changes in near‐surface (i.e., 0.0–0.5 km or 0.5–1.0 km above ground level (agl)) aerosol particle loading, while a −0.0006 AOT per year trend during nighttime is attributed to elevated (i.e., 1.0–2.0 km or >2.0 km agl) aerosols. Regionally, increasing daytime CALIOP AOTs are found over Southern Africa and India, mostly due to changes in aerosol loading at the 1.0–2.0 km and 0.0–0.5 km agl layers, respectively. Decreasing daytime CALIOP AOTs are observed over Northern Africa, Eastern U.S., and South America (due mostly to elevated aerosol loading), while the negative CALIOP AOT trends found over Eastern China, Europe, and Western U.S. are due mostly to aerosol layers nearer the surface. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide both a globally comprehensive estimation of the temporal variation in aerosol vertical distribution and an insight into passive sensor column AOT trends in the vertical domain.
Biogeochemical and microbial seasonal dynamics between water column and sediment processes in a productive mountain lake: Georgetown Lake, MT, USA
Authors: Parker Stephen R. , West Robert F. , Boyd Eric S. , Feyhl‐Buska Jayme , Gammons Christopher H. , Johnston Tyler B. , Williams George P. , Poulson Simon R.
Published: July 2016

This manuscript details investigations of a productive, mountain freshwater lake and examines the dynamic relationship between the chemical and stable isotopes and microbial composition of lake bed sediments with the geochemistry of the lake water column. A multidisciplinary approach was used in order to better understand the lake water‐sediment interactions including quantification and sequencing of microbial 16S rRNA genes in a sediment core as well as stable isotope analysis of C, S, and N. One visit included the use of a pore water sampler to gain insight into the composition of dissolved solutes within the sediment matrix. Sediment cores showed a general decrease in total C with depth which included a decrease in the fraction of organic C combined with an increase in the fraction of inorganic C. One sediment core showed a maximum concentration of dissolved organic C, dissolved inorganic C, and dissolved methane in pore water at 4 cm depth which corresponded with a sharp increase in the abundance of 16S rRNA templates as a proxy for the microbial population size as well as the peak abundance of a sequence affiliated with a putative methanotroph. The isotopic separation between dissolved inorganic and dissolved organic carbon is consistent with largely aerobic microbial processes dominating the upper water column, while anaerobic microbial activity dominates the sediment bed. Using sediment core carbon concentrations, predictions were made regarding the breakdown and return of stored carbon per year from this temperate climate lake with as much as 1.3 Gg C yr−1 being released in the form of CO2 and CH4.
Crop yield changes induced by emissions of individual climate‐altering pollutants
Authors: Shindell Drew T.
Published: July 2016

Climate change damages agriculture, causing deteriorating food security and increased malnutrition. Many studies have examined the role of distinct physical processes, but impacts have not been previously attributed to individual pollutants. Using a simple model incorporating process‐level results from detailed models, here I show that although carbon dioxide (CO2) is the largest driver of climate change, other drivers appear to dominate agricultural yield changes. I calculate that anthropogenic emissions to date have decreased global agricultural yields by 9.5 ± 3.0%, with roughly 93% stemming from non‐CO2 emissions, including methane (−5.2 ± 1.7%) and halocarbons (−1.4 ± 0.4%). The differing impacts stem from atmospheric composition responses: CO2 fertilizes crops, offsetting much of the loss induced by warming; halocarbons do not fertilize; methane leads to minimal fertilization but increases surface ozone which augments warming‐induced losses. By the end of the century, strong CO2 mitigation improves agricultural yields by ∼3 ± 5%. In contrast, strong methane and hydrofluorocarbon mitigation improve yields by ∼16 ± 5% and ∼5 ± 4%, respectively. These are the first quantitative analyses to include climate, CO2 and ozone simultaneously, and hence, additional studies would be valuable. Nonetheless, as policy makers have leverage over pollutant emissions rather than isolated processes, the perspective presented here may be more useful for decision making than that in the prior work upon which this study builds. The results suggest that policies should target a broad portfolio of pollutant emissions in order to optimize mitigation of societal damages.
Observed three‐dimensional structure of ocean cooling induced by Pacific tropical cyclones
Authors: Wang Guihua , Wu Lingwei , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Ling Zheng
Published: July 2016

Sea surface cooling along tropical cyclone (TC) tracks has been well observed, but a complete understanding of the full three‐dimensional structure of upper ocean TC‐induced cooling is still needed. In this study, observed ocean temperature profiles derived from Argo floats and TC statistics from 1996 to 2012 are used to determine the three‐dimensional structure of TC‐induced cooling over the northwest Pacific. The average TC‐induced sea surface temperature change derived from Argo reaches −1.4°C, which agrees well with satellite‐derived estimates. The Argo profiles further reveal that this cooling can extend to a depth of ~30 m and can persist for about 20 days. The time scale of cooling recovery is somewhat longer in subsurface layers between a depth of ~10–15 m. Over the ocean domain where the mixed layer is shallower (deeper), the cooling is stronger (weaker), shallower (deeper), and more (less) persistent. The effect of initial MLD on the cooling derived from Argo observations may be only half of the idealized piecewise continuous model of tropical cyclone. These findings have implications for the total upper ocean heat content change induced by northwest Pacific TCs.
The self‐secondary crater population of the Hokusai crater on Mercury
Authors: Xiao Zhiyong , Prieur Nils C. , Werner Stephanie C.
Published: July 2016

Whether or not self‐secondaries dominate small crater populations on continuous ejecta deposits and floors of fresh impact craters has long been a controversy. This issue potentially affects the age determination technique using crater statistics. Here the self‐secondary crater population on the continuous ejecta deposits of the Hokusai crater on Mercury is unambiguously recognized. Superposition relationships show that this population was emplaced after both the ballistic sedimentation of excavation flows and the subsequent veneering of impact melt, but it predated the settlement and solidification of melt pools on the crater floor. Fragments that formed self‐secondaries were launched via impact spallation with large angles. Complex craters on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars probably all have formed self‐secondaries populations. Dating young craters using crater statistics on their continuous ejecta deposits can be misleading. Impact melt pools are less affected by self‐secondaries. Overprint by subsequent crater populations with time reduces the predominance of self‐secondaries.
The marine hydrological cycle: The ocean's floods and droughts
Authors: Gordon Arnold L.
Published: July 2016

The sea surface salinity (SSS) displays fluctuations that are not solely in response to local air‐sea flux of freshwater but also reflect ocean circulation and mixing processes. Ponte and Vinogradova (2016), using Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean output, estimate the relative roles of these forces for the global ocean. They find that the governing forces vary greatly across ocean regimes. Their research identifies features that will be addressed with enhanced SSS observations from orbiting satellites and in situ global arrays, which promise new insight into the marine water cycle and its place in the global hydrological system.
Signal propagation time from the magnetotail to the ionosphere: OpenGGCM simulation
Authors: Ferdousi Banafsheh , Raeder Joachim
Published: July 2016

Distinguishing the processes that occur during the first 2 min of a substorm depends critically on the correct timing of different signals between the plasma sheet and the ionosphere. To investigate signal propagation paths and signal travel times, we use a magnetohydrodynamic global simulation model of the Earth magnetosphere and ionosphere, OpenGGCM‐CTIM model. By creating single impulse or sinusoidal pulsations in various locations in the magnetotail, the waves are launched, and we investigate the paths taken by the waves and the time that different waves take to reach the ionosphere. We find that it takes approximately about 27, 36, 45, 60, and 72 s for waves to travel from the tail plasma sheet at x =− 10,−15,−20,−25, and −30RE, respectively, to the ionosphere, contrary to previous reports. We also find that waves originating in the plasma sheet generally travel faster through the lobes than through the plasma sheet.
Right‐hand polarized 4fce auroral roar emissions: 1. Observations
Authors: LaBelle J. , Chen Y.
Published: July 2016

A receiving system installed at Sondrestrom, Greenland, was used to monitor all detectable auroral radio emissions at the fourth harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency (called 4fce roar emissions) between May 2015 and March 2016. Of 88 events detected, 86 occurred during daylit conditions and were left‐hand polarized. Two occurred during darkness conditions and were right‐hand polarized. The left‐hand and right‐hand polarized events had entirely different frequency distributions. One of the right‐hand polarized 4fce emissions occurred at the same time as and at exactly twice the frequency of a second harmonic emission (2fce roar). The occurrence rate of 4fce emissions during premidnight hours under daylit conditions at Sondrestrom is 5%, comparable to previously reported occurrence rates of 2fce roar in darkness conditions at optimum latitudes of occurrence, but the occurrence rate of 4fce emissions during dark conditions is much lower, suggesting that if the right‐hand polarized events arise from coalescence of 2fce waves, only for a small fraction of nighttime 2fce roar emissions does such a process yield 4fce emissions detectable at ground level.
Reduced Arctic air pollution due to decreasing European and North American emissions
Authors: Mackie Anna R. , Palmer Paul I. , Barlow James M. , Finch Douglas P. , Novelli Paul , Jaeglé Lyatt
Published: July 2016

Atmospheric transport of midlatitude pollutant emissions to the Arctic can result in disproportionate impacts on the receptor region. We use carbon monoxide (CO), a tracer of incomplete combustion, to study changes in pollutant transport to the Arctic. Using a wavelet transform, we spectrally decompose CO mole fraction measurements from three Arctic sites (Alert, Barrow, and Zeppelin) collected by NOAA over the past 20–25 years. We show that CO concentrations have decreased by −1.0 to −1.2 ppb/yr. We find that the dampened seasonal cycle (−1.2 to −2.3 ppb/yr) is mostly due to a reduction in peak concentrations (−1.5 to −2.4 ppb/yr), which we attribute to reduced source emissions. We find no evidence to support a persistent increase in hydroxyl radical concentration. Using the GEOS‐Chem global 3‐D chemistry transport model, we show that observed decreases are consistent with reductions in fossil fuel usage from Europe and North America.