bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Models for Cytochrome P450�Mediated Catalysis
Authors: Lewis David F.V.
Published: March 2005

This review focuses on the structural models for cytochrome P450 that are improving our knowledge and understanding of the P450 catalytic cycle, and the way in which substrates bind to the enzyme leading to catalytic conversion and subsequent formation of mono-oxygenated metabolites. Various stages in the P450 reaction cycle have now been investigated using X-ray crystallography and electronic structure calculations, whereas homology modelling of mammalian P450s is currently revealing important aspects of pharmaceutical and other xenobiotic metabolism mediated by P450 involvement. These features are explored in the current review on P450-based catalysis, which emphasises the importance of structural modelling to our understanding of this enzyme's function. In addition, the results of various QSAR analyses on series of chemicals, which are metabolised via P450 enzymes, are presented such that the importance of electronic and other structural factors in explaining variations in rates of metabolism can be appreciated.
Localization of T and B Lymphocytes to the White Pulp of the Spleen is Independent of L-, E-, and P-Selectin
Authors: Grayson Mitchell H. , Chaplin David D.
Published: March 2005

T and B cell interactions are thought to be of prime importance in the generation of a humoral immune response. These interactions are thought to take place in the secondary lymphoid organs. The largest of which is the spleen. While the pathways involved in lymphocyte migration into other secondary lymphoid organs have been unraveled, very little is understood about T and B cell migration to the spleen. We report that adoptively transferred T lymphocytes appear more rapidly within the lymphoid compartment of the spleen than do B lymphocytes. Indeed, half of the transferred T lymphocytes in the spleen appear within the white pulp by 1.4 hours. B lymphocytes take nearly 4.3 hours to achieve the same level of accumulation. In addition, T lymphocyte arrival is fucoidan sensitive, while B cells are not affected by this polysaccharide. Finally, we show that neither L-, E-, or P-selectin appears to play a significant role in the accumulation of lymphocytes in the white pulp.)
Protocols for 16S rDNA Array Analyses of Microbial Communities by Sequence-Specific Labeling of DNA Probes
Authors: Rudi Knut , Treimo Janneke , Nissen Hilde , Vegarud Gerd
Published: March 2005

Analyses of complex microbial communities are becoming increasingly important. Bottlenecks in these analyses, however, are the tools to actually describe the biodiversity. Novel protocols for DNA array-based analyses of microbial communities are presented. In these protocols, the specificity obtained by sequence-specific labeling of DNA probes is combined with the possibility of detecting several different probes simultaneously by DNA array hybridization. The gene encoding 16S ribosomal RNA was chosen as the target in these analyses. This gene contains both universally conserved regions and regions with relatively high variability. The universally conserved regions are used for PCR amplification primers, while the variable regions are used for the specific probes. Protocols are presented for DNA purification, probe construction, probe labeling, and DNA array hybridizations.
Protein Folding: Search for Basic Physical Models
Authors: Torshin Ivan Y. , Harrison Robert W.
Published: March 2005

How a unique three-dimensional structure is rapidly formed from the linear sequence of a polypeptide is one of the important questions in contemporary science. Apart from biological context ofin vivoprotein folding (which has been studied only for a few proteins), the roles of the fundamental physical forces in thein vitrofolding remain largely unstudied. Despite a degree of success in using descriptions based on statistical and/or thermodynamic approaches, few of the current models explicitly include more basic physical forces (such as electrostatics and Van Der Waals forces). Moreover, the present-day models rarely take into account that the protein folding is, essentially, a rapid process that produces a highly specific architecture. This review considers several physical models that may provide more direct links between sequence and tertiary structure in terms of the physical forces. In particular, elaboration of such simple models is likely to produce extremely effective computational techniques with value for modern genomics.
Stable Isotope Food Web Analysis of a Large Subtropical Lake: Alternative Explanations for15N Enrichment of Pelagic vs. Littoral Fisheries
Authors: Havens Karl E. , Gu Binhe , Fry Brian , Kendall Carol
Published: March 2005

The food webs of littoral, pelagic, and littoral-pelagic ecotone (interface) regions of a large subtropical lake were investigated using stable isotope ratio methods, expanding the focus of a previous fish-only study to include other food web components such as primary producers and invertebrates. In these food webs, δ13C increased ~4o/oo and δ15N increased ~10o/oo from primary producers to fish. The δ15N of fish was ~9o/oo in the littoral zone, ~10 o/oo in the ecotone, and ~12o/oo in the pelagic zone. The cross-habitat enrichment in fish15N corresponded with both an increase in the size of fish and an increase in the δ15N of primary consumers (mollusks). Despite larger body size in the pelagic zone, fish in all three habitats appear to occur at the same average trophic level (TL = 4), assuming an enrichment factor of 3.4o/oo per trophic level, and normalizing to the δ15N of primary consumers.
Computer-Assisted Reconstruction and Motion Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Cell
Authors: Soll David R. , Wessels Deborah , Heid Paul J. , Voss Edward
Published: March 2005

Even though several microscopic techniques provide three-dimensional (3D) information on fixed and living cells, the perception persists that cells are two-dimensional (2D). Cells are, in fact, 3D and their behavior, including the extension of pseudopods, includes an important 3D component. Although treating the cell as a 2D entity has proven effective in understanding how cells locomote, and in identifying defects in a variety of mutant and abnormal cells, there are cases in which 3D reconstruction and analysis are essential. Here, we describe advanced computer-assisted 3D reconstruction and motion analysis programs for both individual live, crawling cells and developing embryos. These systems (3D-DIAS, 3D-DIASemb) can be used to reconstruct and motion analyze at short time intervals the nucleus and pseudopodia as well as the entire surface of a single migrating cell, or every cell and nucleus in a developing embryo. Because all images are converted to mathematical representations, a variety of motility and dynamic morphology parameters can be computed that have proven quite valuable in the identification of mutant behaviors. We also describe examples of mutant behaviors in Dictyostelium that were revealed through 3D analysis.
Measurement of Quality of Life III. From the IQOL Theory to the Global, Generic SEQOL Questionnaire
Authors: Ventegodt Soren , Merrick Joav , Andersen Niels Jorgen
Published: March 2005

The Danish Quality of Life Survey is based on the philosophy of life known as the integrative quality-of-life (IQOL) theory. It consists of eight different quality-of-life concepts, ranging from the superficially subjective via the deeply existential to the superficially objective (well being, satisfaction with life, happiness, meaning in life, biological order, realizing life potential, fulfillment of needs, and objective factors [ability of functioning and fulfilling societal norms]).This paper presents the work underlying the formulation of the theories of a good life and how these theories came to be expressed in a comprehensive, multidimensional, generic questionnaire for the evaluation of the global quality of life � SEQOL (self-evaluation of quality of life) � presented in full length in this paper. The instruments and theories on which the Quality of Life Survey was based are constantly being updated. It is an on-going process due to aspects such as human development, language, and culture. We arrived at eight rating scales for the quality of life that, guided by the IQOL theory, were combined into a global and generic quality-of-life rating scale. This was simplified to the validated QOL5 with only five questions, made for use in clinical databases. Unfortunately, the depth of human existence is to some extent lost in QOL5.We continue to aim towards greater simplicity, precision, and depth in the questions in order to explore the depths of human existence. We have not yet found a final form that enables us to fully rate the quality of life in practice. We hope that the several hundred questions we found necessary to adequately implement the theories of the Quality of Life Survey can be replaced by far fewer; ideally, only eight questions representing the eight component theories. These eight ideal questions have not yet been evaluated, and therefore they should not form the basis of a survey. However, the perspective is clear. If eight simple questions can accurately rate the quality of life as well as its depth, we have found an instrument of immense practical scope.
Measurement of Quality of Life IV. Use of the SEQOL, QOL5, QOL1, and Other Global and Generic Questionnaires
Authors: Ventegodt Soren , Merrick Joav , Andersen Niels Jorgen
Published: March 2005

Quality-of-life (QOL) rating scales can be used to measure and describe the quality of life of a specific population or patient group. Many decisions can be taken and policies implemented when we know more about a group or population. The global quality-of-life concept may help in expressing the objective of the initiatives taken to benefit specific groups. The objective may be that we hope the efforts will increase their quality of life by a certain percentage. This explicit expectation will force the decision makers to stand by their noble intentions. They are obliged to evaluate their efforts and will have to learn something from it.A questionnaire thus constitutes a useful scientific instrument, as databases based on comprehensive and thorough questionnaire surveys that seek to encompass all aspects of life can provide valuable and precise information. The value of such a database depends on the correct use of the questionnaires and this paper examines some examples of how quality-of-life rating scales can be used.We identified at least ten ways to use the quality-of-life questionnaire: describing the quality of life of a population or patient group; formulating an objective for support, treatment, or care; screening or identifying individuals who need treatment; evaluating treatment and care; facilitating communication between physician and patients; involving the patient in the decision-making process; allocating resources; investigating the causal relation between the quality of life and ill health in prospective studies; creating an awareness of the quality of life and health promotion; and helping the practitioner to accumulate knowledge.Enhancing the quality of life is therefore a determining factor in the process of increasing awareness and responsible conduct in relation to the environment, natural resources, the working environment, and the structure of society. Putting the quality of life on the agenda inherently has a constructive and positive effect on the life and functioning of the individual and society.
Health Needs of Adults with Intellectual Disability Relevant for the Family Physician
Authors: Merrick Joav , Kandel Isack , Morad Mohammed
Published: March 2005

People with developmental disability, mental retardation, or intellectual disability are living longer and becoming prone to age-related health problems and diseases of old age much like the general population. This worldwide trend is also seen in Israel, where today 39.8% of persons with intellectual disability in residential care are 40 years old and above. There is a need for service and staff providers to receive training; a need for more research and better service for this aging population. This review presents health concerns for older persons with different levels of intellectual disability, health concerns in persons with Down syndrome, and persons with epileptic seizures and cerebral palsy in relation to general practice and family medicine. The review is concluded with recommendations on health and aging in adults with intellectual disabilities and the call for formalized training in the topic for specialists in family medicine.
Visceral Afferent Pathways and Functional Brain Imaging
Authors: Derbyshire Stuart W.G.
Published: March 2005

The application of functional imaging to study painful sensations has generated considerable interest regarding insight into brain dysfunction that may be responsible for functional pain such as that suffered in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). This review provides a brief introduction to the development of brain science as it relates to pain processing and a snapshot of recent functional imaging results with somatic and visceral pain. Particular emphasis is placed on current hypotheses regarding dysfunction of the brain-gut axis in IBS patients. There are clear and interpretable differences in brain activation following somatic as compared with visceral noxious sensation. Noxious visceral distension, particularly of the lower gastrointestinal tract, activates regions associated with unpleasant affect and autonomic responses. Noxious somatic sensation, in contrast, activates regions associated with cognition and skeletomotor responses. Differences between IBS patients and control subjects, however, were far less clear and interpretable. While this is in part due to the newness of this field, it also reflects weaknesses inherent within the current understanding of IBS. Future use of functional imaging to examine IBS and other functional disorders will be more likely to succeed by describing clear theoretical and clinical endpoints.
Use of Antenatal Services in Kampung District, Cambodia
Authors: Zafar Ahmed A. , Ehiri John E. , Anyanwu Ebere C.
Published: March 2005

This study was conducted to assess factors that influence use of antenatal care services with both quantitative and qualitative designs. Methods used were structured questionnaire interviews and focus group discussions in the Kampung District, Kampot Province in Cambodia with a volunteer sample of 260 postnatal mothers. The outcome measure was factors influencing use of antenatal care services. The results showed that first-time mothers (primigravidas) were more likely to use antenatal services than multiparous mothers (OR = 1.87; p = 0.001). Mothers with some school education used antenatal services more than those with no school education (OR = 2.0; p = 0.01). Mothers engaged in professional occupations by virtue of their higher levels of educational attainment were more likely to use antenatal services than those engaged in agriculture (OR = 2.54; p = 0.001). Use of antenatal care services was higher in the districts whose health centers were supported by a foreign nongovernmental organization as compared to other districts with no such support (OR = 2.44; p = 0.001). Although services were generally inadequate, those that existed were underutilized by the mothers. Major factors influencing use of services include distance, lack of transport, and lack of awareness of the benefits of antenatal care by the mothers, thus resulting in a general notion that antenatal care is only important when problems occur during pregnancy. It is concluded that for remote villages, mobile antenatal clinics should be provided to improve access, and greater emphasis should be placed on health educating the mothers about the potential benefits of antenatal care, with special attention to multiparous mothers and those from the lower socio-economic class, among whom use of antenatal services was lowest.
Adenosine Receptors and Wound Healing
Authors: Cronstein Bruce N.
Published: March 2005

Recent studies have demonstrated that application of topical adenosine A2Areceptor agonists promotes more rapid wound closure and clinical studies are currently underway to determine the utility of topical A2Aadenosine receptor agonists in the therapy of diabetic foot ulcers. The effects of adenosine A2Areceptors on the cells and tissues of healing wounds have only recently been explored. We review here the known effects of adenosine A2Areceptor occupancy on the cells involved in wound healing.
Snoezelen: Children with Intellectual Disability and Working with the Whole Family
Authors: Nasser Karim , Cahana Carmit , Kandel Isack , Kessel Shlomo , Merrick Joav
Published: March 2005

Snoezelen, or controlled multisensory stimulation, was first introduced in Israel in 1993. This paper presents a new concept of working with the whole family in the Snoezelen room with the participation of a social worker. The purpose was to facilitate family encounters with the child, to enable parents and siblings to become better acquainted with the resident through his/her strengths and special abilities, to encourage parental involvement in the care, to encourage increased visits, to improve quality of life (QOL) for the resident, and to reinforce a better relationship between resident, family, and home. Sessions were divided into two major parts. The first segment (duration 20—40 min) was free activity and the second was more structured (duration 15—30 min). Case stories are presented to illustrate the positive effects of this approach. Snoezelen can be used with the entire family with the participation of a social worker and can add new dimensions to communication.
Long-Term Evaluation of the Use of the Transdermal Contraceptive Patch in Adolescents
Authors: Logsdon Stephanie , Richards Jessica , Omar Hatim A.
Published: March 2005

The transdermal contraceptive patch, Ortho Evra™, was approved in December 2001 and released on the market in June 2002. In this study, we reviewed clinical data of young women who started the patch between June 2002 and December 2003 in the adolescent medicine clinic at a university-based outpatient center. A total of 62 patients started the patch in that period and two of them were lost to follow-up. Mean age of patients was 17.9 years and mean length of use was 10 cycles. Only 10 patients (16.7%) discontinued use. Reasons for discontinuation were moderate to severe skin irritation (3 patients, 5%), complete detachment (3 patients, 5%), and economic reasons (4 patients, 6.7%). Compliance was excellent overall and the side-effects profile was good. No pregnancies occurred during this period. These results confirmed that the transdermal contraceptive patch is easy to use and an effective method of birth control that may be better tolerated by young women. It also seemed to improve contraceptive compliance in this population.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Pisick Evan , Jagadeesh Simha , Salgia Ravi
Published: March 2005

Lung cancer is a deadly disease with high mortality and morbidity. Most cases of lung cancer are due to non-small cell carcinoma, with 16% of cases being small cell carcinoma. The biology at a cellular level is of interest at many levels. Knowing cellular pathways helps to further enhance our knowledge of how lung cancer cells survive, proliferate, and metastasize. The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) located at the cellular membrane are becoming of great interest as sites for targeted therapies for lung cancers. This review will discuss the RTKs that are involved in lung cancers and the newer therapies that are being tested. We will specifically discuss receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor, c-Kit receptor, VEGF receptor, c-Met receptor, insulin growth factor receptor, and Eph receptor. The inhibitors against the specific RTKs are in various preclinical and clinical trials, and this will be detailed.
Detection and Characterization of β-Lactam Resistance inBacillus cereusPTCC 1015
Authors: Behravan Javad , Rangsaaz Zeinab
Published: March 2005

In the present study, detection, isolation, and characterization of β-lactamases fromBacillus cereusPTCC 1015 were investigated.B. cereuswas inoculated in nutrient broth containing ampicillin (50 μg.ml−1) for 24 h (35°C, 200 rpm). Activity measurements were carried out against ampicillin (0.1 mg.ml−1) and cephalexin (0.08 mg.ml−1) by a spectrophotometric method at different conditions (pH 6–10, temperatures 2545°C).Maximum penicillinase and cephalosporinase activity was observed at pH 7. The optimized temperatures for penicillinase and cephalosporinase activity were 30 and 40°C, respectively. At the above conditions, maximum enzymatic activity was calculated as 0.89 ± 0.014 and 0.037 ± 0.001 units against ampicillin and cephalexin.
A Combination of Gestalt Therapy, Rosen Body Work, and Cranio Sacral Therapy did not help in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) - Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ventegodt Søren , Merrick Joav , Andersen Niels J. , Bendix Tom
Published: March 2005

The chronic state of whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) might be understood as a somatization of existential pain. Intervention aimed to improve quality of life (QOL) seemed to be a solution for such situations. The basic idea behind the intervention was holistic, restoring quality of life and relationship with self, in order to diminish tension in the locomotion system, especially the neck. A psychosomatic theory for WAD is proposed. Our treatment was a short 2-day course with teachings in philosophy of life, followed by 6 to 10 individual sessions in gestalt psychotherapy and body therapy (Rosen therapy and Cranio Sacral therapy), followed by a 1-day course approximately 2 months later, closing the intervention. Two independent institutions did the intervention and the assessments. In a randomized, clinically controlled setting, 87 chronic WAD patients were included with a median duration of 37 months from their whiplash accidents. One patient never started. Forty-three had the above intervention (female/male = 36/7, ages 2249, median 37 years) and another 43 were assigned to a nontreated control group (female/male = 35/8, ages 1848, median 38). Six had disability pension and 27 had pending medicolegal issues in each group. Effect variables were pain in neck, arm, and/or head; measures of quality of life and daily activities; as well as general physical or mental health. Wilcoxon test for between-groups comparisons with intention-to-treat analyses was conducted; the square curve paradigm testing for immediate improvements of health and quality of life was also used. The groups were comparable at baseline. From the intervention group, 11 dropped out during the intervention (4 of those later joined the follow-up investigation), 22 of the remaining 32 graduated the course, and 35 of the 43 controls did as well. Approximately 3 months later, we found no clinically relevant or significant increase in any effect measure. The above version of a quality of life intervention based on alternative therapy had no effect on patients with chronic WAD.
Estimation of the Cellular Antioxidant Response to Chromium Action Using ESR Method
Authors: Kartvelishvili Tamar , Abuladze Marina , Asatiani Nino , Akhvlediani Joseph , Kiziria Eugene , Asanishvili Lali , Lejava Lia , Holman Hoi-Ying N. , Sapojnikova Nelly
Published: March 2005

In the present study, the antioxidant capacity of chromium-treated L-41 (human epithelial-like cells) was investigated by the ESR spin-trapping technique. The crude cell extracts of the cells grown in the presence of 2 µM (nontoxic) and 20 µM (toxic) chromium (VI) concentrations were tested in the model Fenton system with and without catalase-inhibitor sodium azide. The presented approach using the ESR technique along with inhibitors lets us discern cell extract defense capacity connected with the enzymatic activity in viable cells and the catabolic activity in dying cells.
Management of Nitrogen Through the Use of Leaf Color Chart (LCC) and Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) or Chlorophyll Meter in Rice Under Irrigated Ecosystem
Authors: Maiti Debtanu , Das D. K. , Karak Tanmoy , Banerjee Mahua
Published: March 2005

A field experiment was conducted in a farmers field in the district of Nadia, West Bengal, India to study the management of N through leaf color chart (LCC) and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) or chlorophyll meter in rice (cv. IET-4094) during the Kharif (wet season) of 20012002 and 20022003 by taking the treatment combinations based on different levels of N at fixed schedule and through LCC and SPAD. The experimental soil (015 cm) had pH 7.33; organic C 0.43%; available N 408.70 kg ha−1; available P 6.92 kg ha−1; and available K 66.31 kg ha−1. The results of LCC and SPAD or chlorophyll meter for the N management in rice show that values of both LCC and SPAD significantly increased with an increasing level of N. The mean values of LCC and SPAD varied from 3.195.31 and 27.3639.26, respectively, in rice. The results show that the amount of N can be saved as 2042.5 and 27.547.5 kg N ha−1through the use of LCC and SPAD in rice over the fixed-timing N treatment T7where 150 kg N ha−1was applied in three (3) splits without reduction in the yield. The SPAD- and LCC-treated N plot showed higher N-use efficiency over fixed-scheduling N treatment in rice. The results further show that SPAD value of 37 and LCC value of 5 have been proved to be superior treatments over SPAD (35) and LCC (4) for the best management of N in rice in an Inceptisol.
Induction of Biomolecules in Mature Leaves of Terminalia arjuna Due to Feeding of Antheraea mylitta Drury
Authors: Abraham G. , Thomas G. , Babu C.R.
Published: March 2005

Terminaliaarjunais an important food plant of the tasar silkworm,Antheraea mylittaDrury. In this study, we investigated the induction of biomolecules in mature leaves of these plants subjected to insect feeding. Increase in total tannin content, lipid peroxidation, and trypsin inhibitor activity have been observed in mature leaves damaged by the insects. The growth rate of Vth instar larvae ofA. mylittafed on previously damaged foliage reduced by 87.1%. Induction of biomolecules for defense mechanisms in relation to herbivore damage has been discussed.
Artificial Radionuclides Database in the Pacific Ocean: HAM Database
Authors: Aoyama Michio , Hirose Katsumi
Published: March 2005

The database “Historical Artificial Radionuclides in the Pacific Ocean and its Marginal Seas”, or HAM database, has been created. The database includes90Sr,137Cs, and239,240Pu concentration data from the seawater of the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas with some measurements from the sea surface to the bottom. The data in the HAM database were collected from about 90 literature citations, which include published papers; annual reports by the Hydrographic Department, Maritime Safety Agency, Japan; and unpublished data provided by individuals. The data of concentrations of90Sr,137Cs, and239,240Pu have been accumulating since 19571998. The present HAM database includes 7737 records for137Cs concentration data, 3972 records for90Sr concentration data, and 2666 records for239,240Pu concentration data. The spatial variation of sampling stations in the HAM database is heterogeneous, namely, more than 80% of the data for each radionuclide is from the Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, while a relatively small portion of data is from the South Pacific. This HAM database will allow us to use these radionuclides as significant chemical tracers for oceanographic study as well as the assessment of environmental affects of anthropogenic radionuclides for these 5 decades. Furthermore, these radionuclides can be used to verify the oceanic general circulation models in the time scale of several decades.
Clinical Holistic Medicine: Metastatic Cancer
Authors: Ventegodt Søren , Solheim Elin , Saunte Mads E. , Morad Mohammed , Kandel Isack , Merrick Joav
Published: March 2005

We believe that the consciousness-based/holistic medical toolbox has a serious additional offer to cancer patients and, as a consequence, designed a treatment for the patient with metastasized cancer. From a holistic perspective, cancer can be understood as a simple disturbance of the cells, arising from the tissue holding on to a trauma with strong emotional content. This is called “a blockage”, where the function of the cells is allocated from their original function in the tissue to a function of holding emotions. We hope to be able not only to improve the quality of life, but also to improve survival and in some cases even induce spontaneous remission of the metastasized cancer. This paper describes how work with a patient with metastasized cancer can be done in the holistic clinical practice in 14 days on an individual basis, helping the patient to recover her human character, purpose of life, coherence, and will to live, thus improving quality of life and possibly also survival time. The holistic therapeutic work includes (1) teaching existential theory, (2) working with life perspective and philosophy of life, (3) helping the patient to acknowledge the state of the disease and the feelings connected to it, and finally (4) getting the patient into the holistic state of healing: (a) feeling old repressed emotions, (b) understanding why she got sick from a holistic point of view, and finally (c) letting go of the negative beliefs and decisions that made her sick according to the holistic theory of nongenetic diseases. The theory of the human character, the quality of life theories, the holistic theory of cancer, the holistic process theory of healing, the theory of (Antonovsky) coherence, and the life mission theory are the most important theories for the patient to find hope and mobilize the will to fight the cancer and survive. The patient went through the following phases: (1) finding the purpose of life and hidden resources; (2) confronting denial; (3) taking responsibility for being very ill; (4) severe existential crises with no wish to live while still fighting; (5) integration of many repressed feelings and negative decisions thus rehabilitating character; (6) confronting lack of intimacy and trust in others and this way rehabilitating the ability to love; (7) rehabilitating the will to live, breaking through and falling in love with life; (8) assuming responsibility for the social relations; and sometimes (9) quality of life is improved radically with indications of spontaneous remission of the liver tumors.
Assessing the Health Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in the Control of Malaria in Endemic Regions
Authors: Anyanwu Ebere C. , Ehiri John E. , Kanu Ijeoma , Morad Mohammed , Ventegodt Soren , Merrick Joav
Published: March 2005

Malaria is a protozoan disease caused in humans by the genus Plasmodium of which four species are known:P. falciparum,P. vivax,P. ovale, andP. malariae. It is transmitted through the bite of infected female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Malaria is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high fever, sweating, shaking chills, and anemia. Approximately 40% of the world's population, mostly those living in the poorest nations, are at risk. Much of the deaths due to malaria occur in Africa, mostly among children. The search for prevention and control interventions that are effective and sustainable remains an abiding challenge for national governments and international health agencies. To this end, the World Health Organization and several nongovernmental organizations are investing in the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) as a viable option. Trials of ITMNs in the 1980s and 1990s showed that they reduce deaths in young children by an average of 20% and multilateral agencies, spearheaded by Roll Back Malaria (RBM), seek to have 60% of the populations at risk sleeping under ITMNs by 2005. All pesticides are toxic by nature and present risks of adverse effects that depend on toxicity of the chemical and the degree of exposure. While there is agreement that ITMNs can be effective in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality under field trials, a number of factors relating to their sustainability and contribution to health improvement in less-developed countries have yet to be determined. In particular, the adverse effects associated with their long-term use and misuse has yet to be fully evaluated. Although this paper examines potential neurotoxic and neurobehavioral effects of long-term use of ITMNs and discusses priority public health actions for protecting the health of users, it forms the basis for further research.
Design and Implementation of a Multinational Computerized Patient Survey: The European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society Down Syndrome Survey
Authors: Steinberg David M. , Kaplan Moshe , Merrick Joav , Wientroub Shlomo
Published: March 2005

In 1997, the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS) initiated an international survey of musculoskeletal problems in individuals with Down syndrome. The goals of the study were far-reaching and ambitious in order to obtain a clear picture of the variety of orthopedic problems associated with Down syndrome, to relate their occurrence to other medical conditions, and to record and compare methods of treatment. The survey was to be international in scope, including orthopedic surgeons and departments across Europe and outside Europe. The study was coordinated from the Tel Aviv University in Israel as a multicenter study using electronic technology. This paper describes the organization and implementation of the EPOS Down Syndrome Survey, with special emphasis on the sophisticated electronic data entry instrument that was developed especially for the survey. It is concluded that computerized data entry forms like the one that we developed for the EPOS Down Syndrome Survey are valuable tools for medical surveys. They are especially important for multicenter and multinational studies.
Trace Explosives Detection by Photoluminescence
Authors: Menzel E. Roland , Bouldin Kimberly K. , Murdock Russell H.
Published: March 2005

Some field tests in counter-terrorism efforts to detect explosive traces employ chemistries that yield colored products. We have examined a test kit of this kind, ETKPlus, based on widely used chemistries and employed extensively by the Israel Police. Our investigation focuses on the prospect of gaining sensitivity by replacing the normal colorimetric modality with photoluminescence detection, which, to our knowledge, has not been explored to date. We find two or more orders of magnitude sensitivity gains for all explosives studied, using field-worthy photoluminescence techniques. We have also investigated a general lanthanide-based photoluminescence approach which shows promise and the ability to photoluminescence-detect trace explosives in the presence of intense background color and/or background fluorescence by time-resolved imaging.
Antioxidant Capacity of Cultured Mammalian Cells Estimated by ESR Method
Authors: Kartvelishvili Tamar , Abuladze Marina , Asatiani Nino , Akhvlediani Joseph , Asanishvili Lali , Holman Hoi-Ying N. , Sapojnikova Nelly
Published: March 2005

In the present study, the antioxidant capacity against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of the stress-inducing agents, was investigated in two distinct cell lines: L-41 (human epithelial-like cells) and HLF (human diploid lung fibroblasts), which differ in tissue origin, life span in culture, proliferate activity, and special enzyme system activity. The cell antioxidant capacity against H2O2was estimated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping technique in the Fenton reaction system via Fe+2ion action with H2O2resulting in hydroxyl radical generation. The effects of catalase inhibitors, such as sodium azide and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, on the antioxidant capacity of cells were tested. Based on our observation, it can be concluded that the defensive capacity of cells against H2O2depends on the ratio between catalase/GPx/SOD and H2O2, especially at high-stress situations, and the intracellular balance of these enzymes are more important than the influence of the single component.
The Prognostic Importance of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Monitoring Patients Undergoing Maximum Androgen Blockage for Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kiper Ahmet , Yiğitbasi Orhan , Imamoglu Abdurrahim , Tuygun Can , Turan Celaleddin
Published: March 2005

The changes in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations can be used as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing maximum androgen blockage for metastatic prostate cancer. A total of 149 patients followed in our department were classified into 4 groups on the basis of PSA changes: group 1, those with normalisation of PSA levels within the first 3 months; group 2, those with normalisation of PSA between months 3 and 6; group 3, those with a decrease in PSA, but not reaching normal range; group 4, those with no decrease. The gleason scores and the number of bone metastases were also compared between the groups. Again time to progression in patients with Gleason scores 5-7 (grade 2) and over 7 (grade 3) whose PSA levels decreased between first and 3rd months (mean 21.2 months) were significantly longer than the patients with same gleason scores whose PSA levels decreased between 3rd and 6th months (mean 13.4 months) (p < 0.001). The decrease in PSA level is more important than gleason scores in determining the time to progression. Early normalisation of PSA delays the time to progression and when combined with gleason scores, PSA is an important prognostic factor in predicting the success of the therapy.
ON KNOWLEDGE GRID AND GRID INTELLIGENCE: A SURVEY
Authors: Cheung William K. , Liu Jiming
Published: March 2005

The next generation Web Intelligence (WI) aims at enabling users to go beyond the existing online information search and knowledge queries functionalities and to gain, from the Web, practical wisdom for problem solving. To support such a Wisdom Web, we envision that a grid‐like computing infrastructure with intelligent service agencies is needed, where these agencies can interact, self‐organize, learn, and evolve their course of actions, identities, and interrelationships for new knowledge creation, as well as scientific and social evolution. In this paper, we first provide an overview of recent development in WI and Semantic/Knowledge Grid. Then, the fundamental capabilities of the Wisdom Web as well as the conceptual architecture of an intelligent Grid for supporting it are described. Technical challenges for realizing Grid Intelligence are highlighted and the recent advancements in related research areas are reviewed.
Severe gastritis in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Recavarren‐Arce S , Ramirez‐Ramos A , Gilman R H , Chinga‐Alayo E , Watanabe‐Yamamoto J , Rodriguez‐Ulloa C , Miyagui J , Passaro D J , Eza D
Published: March 2005

Objective : To compare the Helicobacter pylori‐associated pathology in gastric biopsies taken from patients living at sea level with those taken from patients living at high altitude.

Methods and results : We included 38 patients from a hospital in the Andean city of La Oroya, Peru, located at 3700 m in altitude, and 40 control patients taken from Comas Clinic located in the city of Lima at sea level. Fibrepanendoscopy and multiple biopsies were performed in all the patients followed by histopathological examination. In the antrum, patients from the Andean town had a higher prevalence of glandular lymphoid adherence lesions, active germinal centres, moderate to severe chronic atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and moderate to severe total deep gland loss, than did patients from the coastal town. Furthermore, the severity of the histological lesions seen in the gastric body and cardia was significantly greater in the high‐altitude patients than in those from sea level.

Conclusion : This study suggests that the severity of H. pylori‐associated gastric lesions seen on histopathological examination is greater in patients living at high altitude, the cause of which is most probably multifactorial but nonetheless principally altitude related.
Why Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with asthma and other chronic conditions? Suggestions from a survey in unselected 9 yr old schoolchildren
Authors: Ronchetti Roberto , Biscione Gian Luca , Ronchetti Francesco , Ronchetti Maria Paola , Martella Susy , Falasca Carlo , Casini Carolina , Barreto Mario , Villa Maria Pia
Published: March 2005

Despite numerous studies demonstrating an association between asthma and many other chronic conditions and signs of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) infection, the role of Cp in the pathogenesis of these illness remain still unclear. We investigated the prevalence of Cp antigen in the upper airways and the prevalence of detectable Cp serum antibodies in an unselected population of 207 9‐yr‐old schoolchildren. We also sought the presence of asthma, chronic or recurrent respiratory symptoms by means of questionnaire completed by the parents. Nasal aspirate, blood sampling and allergen skin prick tests were also performed. None of the children had obvious signs of acute infection at physical examination. Cp DNA was detected in nasal aspirates from 20 of the 207 children tested and serum IgG antibodies for Cp in 68 children. No association was found between atopy or history of atopic illness and the presence of Cp DNA or antibody production. This finding is explained by the fact that our study was conducted in an unselected childhood population, inherently including few children with asthma. A strong association between the status of antigen carrier and the presence of detectable Cp serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G or IgM suggests that subjects with detectable Cp antibodies have an impaired ability to eliminate this pathogen when infected. Because Cp eradication requires a strong Th1 lymphocyte response, the previously proven association between Cp and asthma, might reflect the known association of asthma with Th2‐oriented lymphocytic activity.
FtsH proteases in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria
Authors: Adam Zach , Zaltsman Adi , Sinvany‐Villalobo Galit , Sakamoto Wataru
Published: March 2005

FtsH is a membrane‐bound ATP‐dependent metalloprotease complex found in prokaryotes and organelles of eukaryotic cells. It consists of one or two trans‐membrane helices at its amino‐terminus, a highly conserved ATPase domain, which relates it to the AAA protein family, and a zinc‐binding domain towards its carboxy‐terminus that serves as the proteolytic site. Most bacteria contain a single FtsH gene, but the cyanobacterium Synechocystis has four. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains 12 genes encoding FtsH proteins, nine of them can be targeted to chloroplasts, whereas the other three are mitochondrial. Chloroplast FtsH protease is located in the thylakoid membrane, where it forms complexes, most likely hexamers, whose ATPase and proteolytic domains are exposed to the stroma. It is involved in the degradation of the D1 protein of photosystem II reaction centre during its repair from photoinhibition, as well as in the degradation of unassembled proteins in the thylakoid and the stroma. In Arabidopsis, FtsH2 is the most abundant isomer, followed by FtsH5, 8 and 1. This hierarchy is well reflected in the severity of the variegated phenotype of mutants in these genes.
Death by proteases in plants: whodunit
Authors: Rotari Vitalie I. , He Rui , Gallois Patrick
Published: March 2005

Several studies have shown that protease inhibitors can suppress programmed cell death in various plant species and plant tissues. This is especially true of caspase inhibitors that can block programmed cell death and its marker DNA laddering. There are up to six different caspase‐like activities that can be measured in plant extracts, the most prominent being caspase1‐like and caspase3‐like. These activities can be located in vacuoles and also in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. This represents a striking apparent similarity with animal programmed cell death. Because there are no caspase orthologue in plant genomes, a major challenge is to identify these proteases. Recently two proteases with caspase‐like activities have been recognized as belonging to two different protease families that are not closely related to animal caspases. Various other protease families have been implicated and this suggests that complex protease networks have been recruited for the plant cell demise.
Ultrastructural and Rheological Properties of Bovine Vaginal Fluid and its Relation to Sperm Motility and Fertilization: a Review
Authors: Rutllant J , López‐Béjar M , López‐Gatius F
Published: March 2005

Contents

The tubular genital organs of the mammalian female reproductive tract provide different luminal microenvironments that can act as an aid or a barrier to gamete transport and the first steps of embryonic development. The mechanism of sperm transport through the genital tract has not been fully established but, first of all, sperm cells encounter and need to overcome mucous‐like secretions to reach the site where fertilization occurs. One of these secretions, vaginal fluid, is a complex biological product, which is mainly derived from cervical mucus. In this review, we focus on recent studies that describe the relationships between the ultrastructural and rheological properties of bovine vaginal fluid and sperm motion. In the light of this, we propose bovine vaginal fluid as a morphofunctional model for the study of sperm transport in mammals.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Unique Freezing Technology for Bovine Spermatozoa Cryopreservation
Authors: Cotter PZ , Goolsby HA , Prien SD
Published: March 2005

Contents

Artificial insemination (AI) and semen cryopreservation has significantly improved the breeding potential of male animals. However, current freezing techniques commonly result in reduced semen quality. Ten years ago, a unique freezing technology (UFT) was developed for the freezing of foodstuffs and other materials. Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated the UFT to be a superior method of freezing for a number of cell types. In a preliminary study, the UFT was compared with the conventional freezing methodology of bovine semen. Semen samples were collected from an angus (Bull A) and a gelbivich bull (Bull B), prepared using a conventional bovine cryoprotectant, and frozen in the UFT or in liquid nitrogen (LN) mist. The samples were stored in LN before being thawed and assessed for the semen parameters of motility and forward progression. Preliminary results suggest the UFT is equivalent to current techniques in the cryopreservation and recovery of bovine semen, and with modification, possibly a superior technique for semen freezing. Further studies using larger sample populations, and using a CASA system to evaluate motility, forward progression and linearity are merited.