bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Monte Carlo Background Covariance Localization Method for an Ensemble–Variational Assimilation System
Authors: Pasmans Ivo , Kurapov Alexander L.
Published: September 2017

Spurious long-distance correlations in estimates of the background error covariance can deteriorate the performance of ensemble-based data assimilation methods. In this study, a localization method, called Monte Carlo (MC) localization, is presented to remove these correlations. It is particularly useful for use in high-dimensional ensemble–variational data assimilation systems. In this method, raw ensemble members are truncated by multiplying them with functions having compact support. This creates a larger ensemble, in which points spaced farther apart than the size of the compact support have zero correlation. The localized background error covariance is then estimated as the sample covariance of this larger ensemble. It is hypothesized that this localized background error covariance can be approximated by the MC approximation method using a limited set of the truncated ensemble members. This hypothesis is tested here on a grid with 1001 grid points and assuming a Gaussian true background error covariance. It is found that the mean relative error has an upper bound that scales with the inverse square root of the number of truncated ensemble members. In the case studied the size of the support for which the localized background covariance best approximates the true background covariance increases with increasing number of raw ensemble members and is close to 4 times the standard deviation of the Gaussian when 20 raw ensemble members are used. In the Fourier space the localization manifests itself as a convolution resulting in smoothing of the power spectral density of the ensemble members.
The Psychological Structure of Creative Writing
Authors: Biggs J. B. , Collis K. F.
Published: September 2017

Creative writing is defined as an open-end prose or poetic construction, that is intended to entertain rather than to impart information. Two aspects of writing are distinguished: the process of writing, and the quality of the product.

Composition is conceptualized in information-processing terms, and the components of writing are used as a basis for the main concern of the present paper, product evaluation.

The SOLO Taxonomy is proposed by the authors to evaluate the quality of learning, in terms of the structural complexity of the product. Five levels of writing structure are referred to: incoherent, linear, conventional, integrated, and metaphoric. Samples of creative writing of high school students are selected to illustrate each level. This analysis has implications for both the psychology and the teaching of writing.
Self Measures and Achievement: Comparing a Traditional Review of Literature with a Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hattie J. A. , Hansford B. C.
Published: September 2017

The question as to the relationship that exists between measures of self and performance/achievement has long been the focus of research endeavour. This study compares the conclusions drawn from a traditional review of literature relating to self and performance with those arising from a meta-analysis of the same area.
Social Change and the Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood: A Study of Three Generations of Australians
Authors: O'loughlin Mary Ann , Sinclair Kenneth E.
Published: September 2017

The study focuses attention on the different patterns of transition to adulthood experienced by the members of a hypothetical three-generation Australian family consisting of grandparents, parents and their adolescent children. For each of these three generations data from the Bureau of Census and Statistics were examined to determine the age at which they left school and entered a job, married, and began a family. The data indicate that when the transition to adulthood is measured in terms of these variables the process of growing up was accomplished by the most recent adolescent generation in a shorter space of time, at a younger age, and by a greater proportion of the cohort than for either the parent or grandparent generations.
Emerging Methodologies for Understanding Internal Processes Governing Children's Mathematical Behaviour
Authors: Hunting Robert P.
Published: September 2017

Recent developments of the clinical interview and of the teaching experiment are described. Applications and extensions are discussed in the context of developing models of cognitive mechanisms in a constructivist framework. Purposes for which the clinical method has been adopted are described, and problems associated with it are discussed in relation to these purposes. A teaching experiment designed to reveal constructive mechanisms that children use in establishing knowledge of numeration and addition and subtraction is exemplified. Connections between these two methodologies are examined.
A Reply to Malcolm Skilbeck
Authors: Keeves J. P.
Published: September 2017

Several review articles on the reports on Education and Change in South Australia have been submitted to be considered for publication in The Australian Journal of Education. The editorial panel has selected Professor Skilbeck's article and has given me the opportunity to reply.
Preoperational to Operational: Some Implications for the Development of the Self-concept
Authors: Paull Stephen L. , Kafer Norman F.
Published: September 2017

The relationship between children's levels of cognitive development and their formation of a self-concept was examined. Three comparisons were made between 30 preoperational boys and girls (mean age 6 years 4 months) and 30 operational boys and girls (mean age 8 years 2 months). These comparisons were of: (a) relative abilities to identify and classify two areas of behaviour – schoolwork-oriented and sporting behaviour; and (b) relative abilities to differentiate between four minor self-concept areas. The results suggest that the acquisition of operational thought enhances the ability of the child to self-reflect and to differentiate between sources and categories of self-information.
Students, Teachers, and the Assessment of Attitudes to School
Authors: Schibeci R. A.
Published: September 2017

This paper describes the validation of a set of attitude scales developed by Keeves (1972) for use with Australian school students. The four scales are: Motivation to Achieve in School Learning; Respect and Confidence in Self; Attitudes towards School and School Learning; and Attentiveness in Science Lessons. In particular, the use of teachers’ ratings as a method for validating such scales is examined.
The Factor Structure of Expressed Preferences for School Subjects
Authors: Care Esther , Naylor Frank
Published: September 2017

This study reports the factor structure of preferences for 31 school subjects expressed by 952 females and 862 males enrolled in Year 10 in 30 Australian schools. Within each sex, six principal factors were rotated to an oblique solution. The rotated factor structure of the preferences was interpreted within the framework of Holland's (1973) typology of persons and environments (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional — RIASEC). The data were consistent with Holland's model at the level of interpretation in terms of RIASEC themes. The correlations between the factors revealed apparent sex differences in the relationships between interest themes that were not predictable from Holland's hexagonal model of the relationships. These results suggest a srong association between interests in school subjects and occupational interests. They also provide an empirical basis for classifying school subjects in terms of RIASEC interest themes.
Technical and Psychological Issues in Microcomputer Based External Teaching
Authors: Morrison Perry R.
Published: September 2017

A proposal is presented advocating the use of microcomputers as the prime learning tool of external students. Using the AUSTPAC Packet switching communications scheme, it would be possible to deliver course notes, receive submitted assignments from students, provide feedback, and allow communication between students, thereby eliminating the costly and clumsy mail-based liaison currently provided by many tertiary institutions. Attention is primarily devoted to the advantages and disadvantages of the proposal, in both technical and psychological terms. It is concluded that the scheme is a viable alternative provided that suitable software is provided and that consideration is given to initial attitudes of students, peculiarities in communication via computers, and the low predictive power of psychological tests in computer-based learning.
Research into the Climates of Australian Schools, Colleges and Universities: Contributions and Potential of Need-Press Theory
Authors: Genn J. M.
Published: September 2017

In the 25 years since the explicit formulation of need-press theory by Pace and Stern (1958), much research has been conducted in Australia, using this theory and associated instrumentation and methodologies to study the origins, nature, and influence of the climates or press of educational environments. This review provides the first systematic description and evaluation of this Australian work, indicating its conceptual and methodological achievements, difficulties, and challenges. Climates studied in this research have largely been at what is sometimes termed the school level — that is, the climates are those’ of the whole school or college or university (or their major departmental kinds of sub-environments) as perceived by students. This review explains need-press theory, notes the primacy and pre-eminence of the theory as a vehicle and stimulus for environmental social psychological studies in education, and links the school-level need-press climate research to cognate, but hitherto rather separate, Australian research into classroom climate and organizational climate.
The Social Construction of Identity: The Aboriginal Problem
Authors: Jordan Deirdre F.
Published: September 2017

Aboriginal people assert that a crucial contemporary problem for them is the need, after centuries wherein their culture has been destroyed, to build an Aboriginal identity. This study set out to examine some aspects of the construction of identity from a sociology of knowledge approach. It attempted to map the ‘worlds’ within which Aboriginal people locate themselves and to examine the theorizing through which these worlds were objectivated. Three sites were selected for study: one city, one country, and one tradition-oriented. Interview data revealed that reality definers in each group projected fundamentally different models of Aboriginal society. Within these worlds, the school was a sub-structure providing a locus for theorizing with which students interact to form their identity. Reality-definers within the school situation were found to project positive theorizing about Aboriginal identity which was formulated differently from one site to another; this theorizing legitimated the model of worlds proposed by Aboriginal people. In the case of students, incipient theorizing on the part of non-Aborigines typified Aborigines negatively. Aborigines, however, while also typifying Aborigines in general negatively, interacted with the theorizing, not of other students, but of reality-definers and typified themselves positively. The rudimentary theorizing of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal students about the world of schooling was positive.
The Use of Structural Equation Modelling to Investigate Hierarchical Organization in Learning and Cognition
Authors: Hill P. W.
Published: September 2017

The use of structural equation modelling in testing a range of theories of learning and cognition involving the concept of a hierarchy of variables of increasing complexity is discussed. To illustrate this approach, Jöreskog's LISREL method is applied to data for Bloom's taxonomy to test the theoretical assumption of hierarchical organization.
The Early Career Patterns of Men and Women in Australian Universities
Authors: Over Ray , Lancaster Sandra
Published: September 2017

The career development of men and women who took up lectureships in Australian universities within four disciplinary groupings (behavioural sciences, education, humanities, social sciences) in 1962–64 or in 1975–76 was studied. Attrition and mobility rates were similar for the two sexes. However, proportionately more men than women gained early promotion. For the 1962-64 cohort, 68 per cent of men but only 30 per cent of women were senior lecturers within seven years of initial appointment. For the 1975–76 cohort, the comparable values were 48 per cent and 30 per cent. Multivariate analysis showed that the likelihood of promotion varied with sex even when allowance was made for research output and for level and place of qualification. However, even though sex differences in career development exist, it is difficult to identify the specific processes through which women have been disadvantaged.
Marxist Educational Theory: Reflections on Cambodia
Authors: Kaminsky James S.
Published: September 2017

Marxist educational thinkers have produced, in recent years, a powerful humanist critique of educational practice and theory. Yet, the Cambodian Government's assault upon its own people, the obliteration of those deemed to have ‘higher knowledge’, and the sack of Cambodia's educational establishment belies the humanism of the Marxism in general and the Marxist educational critique in particular. It is intellectually disingenuous to argue that the unsavoury actions of Marxist governments is unrelated to Marxism; that it is an unfortunate consequence of activism; or that it is unrelated to Marxism as an intellectual enterprise. It is argued that the grammar of the Marxist Weltanschauung bifurcates into two interacting grammars. The domain of these two grammars constitutes the language of Marxism. And within this domain we find the intellectual threads that suggest the ‘thinkability’ of Marxist humanism and the contemptuous anti-humanism evident in the recent events of Cambodia's history.

Marxist educational theory is interesting in so far as it implies a means for realizing the humanism of Marxist thought without mortgaging political and social evolution to a 19th century romantic faith in the purifying effects of social violence. It is argued that Marxist educational theory fails because it offers no plausible method of transcending capitalist ideology. All Marxist educational theories, despite all the rhetoric about ‘theories of reproduction’, ‘hegemonic-state reproduction models’, and ‘theories of resistance’, leave those who toil precisely where they began - enmeshed within ideology from which there is no means of escape. Technically speaking, Marxist theories of education fail because they are based upon a general failure of knowledge demonstrated in Marx's theory of ideology. The theory of ideology fails because, as Wittgenstein demonstrates, there is no such project. It is argued that the appeal of Marx's theory of ideology and Marxist educational theory is mostly attributable to its ad hominem attack upon liberal versions of knowledge.
The Emergence of Teacher Unionism in Queensland 1884-1893
Authors: Spaull Andrew
Published: September 2017

Until recently, theories of trade union development have been absent from historical studies of teacher unions. However, a recent modification to American labour development theories has been useful in explaining in comparative terms the early growth of teachers’ unions. In this essay the same framework is employed to explain the emergence of teacher unionism in nineteenth-century Queensland. The existence of three separate but interrelated growth factors: ‘teachers’ work situation’, ‘union leadership’ and ‘favourable socio-political climate’ provides a framework for understanding the origins, formation and initial strength of the Queensland Teachers’ Union, Australia's oldest teachers’ union.
Identification of Cis-DNA Regions Controlling Bmp4 Expression during Tooth Morphogenesis in vivo
Authors: Feng J.Q. , Zhang J. , Tan X. , Lu Y. , Guo D. , Harris S.E.
Published: September 2017

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are required for tooth formation. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) is a crucial signaling molecule during this process. For better understanding of the role of the Bmp4 gene during tooth development, we studied the mechanisms that control its temporal and spatial expression during development. Using a transgenic approach, we determined that the domains which controlled Bmp4 expression in epithelium-derived ameloblasts were located in the region between 0.26 kb and 1.1 kb of the murine Bmp4 promoter. In contrast, the domains controlling Bmp4 expression in mesenchyme-derived odontoblasts and pulp cells existed in other regions of the Bmp4 gene. We have also demonstrated that the domains controlling Bmp4 expression in primordial tooth cells differ from those controlling Bmp4 expression in mature tooth tissues. The determination of unique domains by controlling the expression of the Bmp4 gene suggests that different transcriptional factors regulate the Bmp4 level at different stages during tooth morphogenesis.
Bone-resorbing Activity from Cholesterol-exposed Macrophages due to Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-lα
Authors: Sjögren U. , Mukohyama H. , Roth C. , Sundqvist G. , Lerner U.H.
Published: September 2017

The presence of cholesterol crystals, macrophages, and foreign giant cells has been associated with impaired bone healing of periapical lesions. Therefore, we investigated whether macrophages exposed to cholesterol crystals can release factors changing the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Mouse peritoneal macrophages treated with cholesterol crystals in vitro produced factor(s) that stimulated the release of, 45Ca and 3H from mouse calvariae pre-labeled with 45Ca(CaCl2) or [3H]-proline, respectively. No bone-resorbing activity was released by epithelial cells, fibroblasts, or osteoblasts exposed to cholesterol crystals. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein and antiserum neutralizing mouse interleukin-1α (IL-1α) inhibited 45Ca release induced by cholesterol-activated Macrophages. The addition of cholesterol to the macrophages augmented the release of IL-1α protein and the expression of IL-1α mRNA. These findings indicate that frustrated phagocytosis by macrophages exposed to cholesterol crystals results in release of factors stimulating osteoclastic bone resorption, primarily due to increased transcription of the IL-1α gene.
Regulation of TNF-α-induced IL-6 Production in MG-63 Human Osteoblast-like Cells
Authors: Webb S.J. , Mcpherson J.R. , Pahan K. , Koka S.
Published: September 2017

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulates osteoblast production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), an inflammatory cytokine implicated in osteoclastic bone resorption. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that TNF-α-induced IL-6 production in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells occurs via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. TNF-α activated p38 MAPK and stimulated IL-6 secretion by MG-63 cells, and inhibitor abrogated TNF-α-dependent IL-6 secretion. Transfection of IL-6 full-length and 5'-deletion gene promoter reporter constructs indicated that p38 MAPK activation by TNF-α enhanced IL-6 gene expression, and that the p38 MAPK-responsive region resided in the proximal 260-bp segment. Transfection of NFκB and C/EBPβ-sensitive reporter promoter constructs demonstrated that NFκB activity was enhanced and that constitutive C/EBPβ was inhibited by TNF-α, with both effects being p38 MAPK-dependent. In conclusion, although p38 MAPK activation by TNF-α stimulates IL-6 secretion by MG-63 cells, it has opposing effects on c/EBPβ and NFκB activity.
The Microbiota of Young Children from Tooth and Tongue Samples
Authors: Tanner A.C.R. , Milgrom P.M. , Kent R. , Mokeem S.A. , Page R.C. , Riedy C.A. , Weinstein P. , Bruss J.
Published: September 2017

This study determined the frequency with which 38 microbial species were detected in 171 randomly selected children from 6 to 36 months of age. Children were sampled and dental caries measured. Oral samples were assayed by means of a checkerboard DNA probe assay. The detection frequencies from tongue samples in children under 18 mos were: S. mutans 70%, S. sobrinus 72%, P. gingivalis 23%, B. forsythus 11%, and A. actinomycetemcomitans 30%, with similar detection frequencies in children over 18 mos. Thus, S. mutans and the periodontal pathogens, P. gingivalis and B. forsythus, were detected even in the youngest subjects. Species associated with caries included S. mutans (children ages 18-36 mos) and A. israelii (children ages < 18 mos), the latter species possibly reflecting increased plaque in children with caries. Species detection from tooth and tongue samples was highly associated, with most species detected more frequently from tongue than from tooth samples in children under 18 mos, suggesting that the tongue was a potential microbial reservoir.
Higher Risk of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight in Women with Periodontal Disease
Authors: López N.J. , Smith P.C. , Gutierrez J.
Published: September 2017

Pregnant women with periodontal disease (PD) may be at increased risk for having preterm low-birth-weight (PLBW) children. We investigated whether the maintenance of the mothers’ periodontal health after 28 weeks’ gestation reduces the risk of PLBW. Of the 639 women studied, 406 had gingivitis and received treatment before 28 weeks’ gestation, and 233 had PD and were treated after delivery. Data about previous and current pregnancies and known risk factors were obtained from patients’ medical records. Primary outcomes were delivery before 37 weeks’ gestation or an infant with birth weight below 2500 g. The incidence of PLBW was 2.5% in periodontally healthy women, and 8.6% in women with PD (p = 0.0004, relative risk = 3.5, 95% CI, 1.7 to 7.3). Risk factors significantly associated with PLBW were previous PLBW, PD, fewer than 6 prenatal visits, and low maternal weight gain. PD was associated with both preterm birth and low birth weight, independent of other risk factors.
Elongated Growth of Octacalcium Phosphate Crystals in Recombinant Amelogenin Gels under Controlled Ionic Flow
Authors: Lijima M. , Moriwaki Y. , Wen H.B. , Fincham A.G. , Moradian-Oldak J.
Published: September 2017

Amelogenin proteins constitute the primary structural entity of the extracellular protein framework of the developing enamel matrix. Recent data on the interactions of amelogenin with calcium phosphate crystals support the hypothesis that amelogenins control the oriented and elongated growth of enamel carbonate apatite crystals. To exploit further the molecular mechanisms involved in amelogenin-calcium phosphate mineral interactions, we conducted in vitro experiments to examine the effect of amelogenin on synthetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP) crystals. A 10% (wt/vol) recombinant murine amelogenin (rM179, rM166) gel was constructed with nanospheres of about 10- to 20-nm diameter, as observed by atomic force microscopy. The growth of OCP was modulated uniquely in 10% rM179 and rM166 amelogenin gels, regardless of the presence of the hydrophilic C-terminal residues. Fibrous crystals grew with large length-to-width ratio and small width-to-thickness ratio. Both rM179 and rM166 enhanced the growth of elongated OCP crystals, suggesting a relationship to the initial elongated growth of enamel crystals.
A case of multiple myeloma with navicular bone involvement
Authors: Yildizhan Esra , Kaynar Leylagul , Tiren Nicolette , canoz Ozlem , Eser Bulent
Published: September 2017

Multiple myeloma is a haematological disease caused by proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow. It frequently has lytic bone lesions. However, involvement of the small bones of the hands and feet is extremely rare. We report a unique multiple myeloma patient with first recurrence in navicular bone after allogenic stem cell transplantation.
Dithering method for reproducing smoothly changing tones and fine details of natural images on woven fabric
Authors: Igarashi Tetsuya , Toyoura Masahiro , Mao Xiaoyang
Published: September 2017

This paper introduces novel methods to improve the aesthetic appearance of rendered grayscale digital images on woven fabric by smoothly changing tones and improving the reproducibility of fine details. The methods are based on stepping dithering, a recently developed dithering method for automatically generating jacquard weave patterns for arbitrary given images. The existing stepping dithering method suffers from two problems. The first problem is the visually unappealing repetition of patterns for input images containing low frequency, smooth gradation regions. The second problem is the low reproducibility of small structures with high frequency relative to mask size. This paper proposes new methods for faithfully rendering arbitrary natural images on jacquard fabric by solving the pattern repetition and low reproducibility problems. The new methods combine two approaches. The first problem is addressed by optimizing the distribution of thresholds in dither masks, while the second problem is addressed by adopting a dynamic binarizing process for an appropriate area of the stepping dither mask. The experiments described herein show that the proposed method successfully improves the appearance of the resulting woven fabric.
Sound absorptive light comprising nanofibrous resonant membrane applicable in room acoustics
Authors: Kalinova Klara
Published: September 2017

Room acoustic solutions are based on measurements of the acoustic power of the room and acoustic elements with different functions (absorption tiles, absorption ceilings, absorption bodies, diffusers, barriers). This work is focused only on absorption elements with an emphasis on addressing lower-middle frequencies. The design of the material is based on broad band noise. Damping of lower frequencies is restricted to a certain extent by the final thickness of the acoustic material. Nanofibrous resonant membranes will be used in the design to achieve higher sound absorption at lower frequencies in comparison with commercially available materials. The principle of the acoustic system is to use combination of a perforated sheet covered by a nanofibrous resonant membrane, which is brought into forced vibration upon impact of sound waves of low frequency.

Practical application:To absorb sounds of high frequencies, porous materials are used. To absorb sounds of low frequencies, resonant membranes are employed. However, these structures absorb only sounds of certain frequency. Nanofibrous layers have unique acoustic properties due to the large specific surface area of the nanofibres, where viscous losses may occur, and also the ability to resonate at its own frequency. The advantage of this technology is the space between the acoustic element with a thickness of 1–2 mm and the wall/ceiling, which can be used for the installation of lighting/audio speakers, etc. The acoustic light prototype has been made.
Short-term interval training alters brain glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin resistance
Authors: Honkala Sanna M , Johansson Jarkko , Motiani Kumail K , Eskelinen Jari-Joonas , Virtanen Kirsi A , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Knuuti Juhani , Nuutila Pirjo , Kalliokoski Kari K , Hannukainen Jarna C
Published: September 2017

Brain insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) is increased in obese and insulin resistant subjects but normalizes after weight loss along with improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to study whether short-term exercise training (moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) or sprint interval training (SIT)) alters substrates for brain energy metabolism in insulin resistance. Sedentary subjects ( n = 21, BMI 23.7–34.3 kg/m2, age 43–55 y) with insulin resistance were randomized into MICT ( n = 11, intensity≥60% of VO2peak) or SIT ( n = 10, all-out) groups for a two-week training intervention. Brain GU during insulin stimulation and fasting brain free fatty acid uptake (FAU) was measured using PET. At baseline, brain GU was positively associated with the fasting insulin level and negatively with the whole-body insulin sensitivity. The whole-body insulin sensitivity improved with both training modes (20%, p = 0.007), while only SIT led to an increase in aerobic capacity (5%, p = 0.03). SIT also reduced insulin-stimulated brain GU both in global cortical grey matter uptake (12%, p = 0.03) and in specific regions ( p < 0.05, all areas except the occipital cortex), whereas no changes were observed after MICT. Brain FAU remained unchanged after the training in both groups. These findings show that short-term SIT effectively decreases insulin-stimulated brain GU in sedentary subjects with insulin resistance.
Clinical and Immunological Evaluation of Oral Ribavirin Administration in Recurrent Herpes simplex Infections
Authors: Palmieri G. , Ambrosi G. , Ferraro G. , Agrati A. M. , Palazzini E.
Published: September 2017

A total of 38 out-patients with recurrent oral or genital Herpes simplex virus infections received either oral ribavirin (800–1600 mg/day for 7 days) or placebo following a randomized and balanced protocol. Clinical and laboratory parameters, including haematological, metabolic and immunological tests, were checked in order to estimate tolerance to and efficacy of ribavirin on recurrent Herpes simplex virus infection and on the number of recurrences during the 12 months following treatment. Ribavirin showed definite superiority in the treatment of recurrent Herpes simplex virus 1, when compared to placebo, its efficacy being enhanced if treatment is started as soon as possible after infection has started. No significant modification of the parameters used to assess tolerance was noted; moreover there was no modification of the immunological parameters evaluated.
Analysis of an elastic elliptical inclusion in an infinite elastic plate under uniform remote tension based on the solution of the corresponding cavity problem
Authors: Amstutz Hans , Vormwald Michael
Published: September 2017

The method applied to the analysis of an elastic elliptical inclusion in an infinite elastic plate under uniform remote tension is based on the special deformation characteristics of the inclusion geometry. A precise solution to the general inclusion problem with variable stiffness can be obtained on the solution to a plate with an elliptical hole by the superposition of a specific inner stress field.
Are Low Intakes and Deficiencies in Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iodine of Public Health Concern in Ethiopian, Kenyan, Nigerian, and South African Children and Adolescents?
Authors: Harika Rajwinder , Faber Mieke , Samuel Folake , Mulugeta Afework , Kimiywe Judith , Eilander Ans
Published: September 2017

Objective:

To perform a systematic review to evaluate iron, vitamin A, zinc, and iodine status and intakes in children and adolescents (0-19 years) in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa.

Method:

Both national and subnational data published from the year 2005 to 2015 were searched via MEDLINE, Scopus, and national public health websites. For each micronutrient and country, status data from relevant studies and surveys were combined into an average prevalence and weighted by sample size (WAVG). Inadequate intakes were estimated from mean (SD) intakes.

Results:

This review included 55 surveys and studies, 17 from Ethiopia, 11 from Kenya, 12 from Nigeria, and 16 from South Africa. The WAVG prevalence of anemia ranged from 25% to 53%, iron deficiency from 12% to 29%, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) from 14% to 42%, zinc deficiency from 32% to 63%, and iodine deficiency from 15% to 86% in children aged 0 to 19 years from 4 countries. Generally, children <5 years had higher prevalence of anemia (32%-63%), VAD (15%-35%), and zinc deficiency (35%-63%) compared to children aged 5 to 19 years. Studies with intake data indicated that inadequate intakes ranged from 51% to 99% for zinc, 13% to 100% for iron, and 1% to 100% for vitamin A. Households failing to consume adequately iodized (>15 ppm) salt ranged from 2% in Kenya to 96% in Ethiopia.

Conclusion:

With large variation within the 4 African countries, our data indicate that anemia and vitamin A, zinc, and iodine deficiencies are problems of public health significance. Effective public health strategies such as dietary diversification and food fortification are needed to improve micronutrient intake in both younger and older children.
Hypericum Treatment of Mild Depressions with Somatic Symptoms
Authors: Hübner W.-D. , Lande S. , Podzuweit H.
Published: September 2017

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 39 patients with depression with somatic symptoms were treated with hypericum extract LI 160. The therapy lasted for 4 weeks; the dosage was 300 mg three times daily. At the onset of the study as well as after 2 and 4 weeks, the following criteria were analyzed: HAMD, B-L, CGI, and vegetative symptoms. The results show a significant improvement in the active treatment group at the 5% level as compared to placebo. Seventy percent of the patients treated with LI 160 were free of symptoms after 4 weeks. Typical symptoms of the depression such as lack of activity, tiredness, fatigue, and disturbed sleep, were especially responsive. In no case were any undesirable side effects observed.
Hypericum in the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorders
Authors: Martinez B. , Kasper S. , Ruhrmann S. , Möller H.-J.
Published: September 2017

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) represents a subgroup of major depression with a regular occurrence of symptoms in autumn/winter and full remission in spring/summer. Light therapy (LT) has become the standard treatment of this type of depression. Apart from this, pharmacotherapy with antidepressants also seems to provide an improvement of SAD symptoms. The aim of this controlled, single-blind study was to evaluate if hypericum, a plant extract, could be beneficial in treating SAD patients and whether the combination with LT would be additionally advantageous. Patients who fulfilled DSM-III-R criteria for major depression with seasonal pattern were randomized in a 4-week treatment study with 900 mg of hypericum per day combined with either bright (3000 lux, n = 10) or dim (< 300 lux, n = 10) light condition. Light therapy was applied for 2 hours daily. We found a significant (MANOVA, P < .001) reduction of the Hamilton Depression Scale score in both groups but no significant difference between the two groups. Our data suggest that pharmacologic treatment with hypericum may be an efficient therapy in patients with seasonal affective disorder.
Benefits and Risks of the Hypericum Extract LI 160: Drug Monitoring Study with 3250 Patients
Authors: Woelk H. , Burkard G. , Grünwald J.
Published: September 2017

Effectiveness and acceptance of a 4-week treatment with hypericum extract LI 160 were investigated by 663 Private practitioners. The results of the 3250 patients (76% women and 24% men), were recorded using data sheets. The age of the patients ranged from 20 to 90 years (mean 51 years). Of the patients, 49% were mildly depressed, 46% intermediate, and 3% severely depressed. In about 30% of the patients, the situation normalized or improved during the therapy. Undesired drug effects were reported in 79 (2.4%) patients and 48 (1.5%) discontinued the therapy. Most frequently noted side effects were gastrointestinal irritations (0.6%), allergic reactions (0.5%), tiredness (0.4%), and restlessness (0.3%).
Effects of Hypericum Extract on the Expression of Serotonin Receptors
Authors: Müller W.E.G. , Rossol R.
Published: September 2017

The influence of hypericum extract LI 160 on the expression of serotonin receptors was investigated using a neuroblastoma cell line to establish a model for the regulation of neurotransmitters by immunologically active compounds such as cytokines. The cells were incubated with hypericum extract LI 160 in kinetic form for 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours, then washed. The serotonin receptor expression analysis was compared to that of a placebo control solution. The neuroblastoma cells showed a clearly reduced expression of the serotonin receptors under treatment with hypericum extract. First stimulation experiments with interleukin-1 (IL-1) and hypericum extract suggest that a further reduction of the serotonin receptors is possible when IL-1 is added.
Family Ownership and Firm Performance in Chile: A Note on Martinez et al.'s Evidence
Authors: Bonilla Claudio A. , Sepulveda Jean , Carvajal Mariela
Published: September 2017

The authors revisit the evidence presented in Martinez et al. using new data and estimation techniques that take into account unobserved firm heterogeneity. The results of the earlier study are found to be robust to the new procedures because performance of family-controlled firms continues to be superior to that of nonfamily firms. The authors then add the risk dimension to the earlier analysis using a risk-adjusted return on assets (ROA) variable, and family-controlled firms again performed better. A test of the standard deviations of ROA for both firm categories revealed that family-controlled firms not only perform better but also show less volatility in their returns.
Championing Family Business Issues to Influence Public Policy: Evidence from Australia
Authors: Craig Justin B. , Moores Ken
Published: September 2017

This article proposes a strategy for the family firm sector to gain the attention of policy makers. The strategy builds through influencing social expectations, creating political issues, and developing legislative actions that are subsequently implemented and regulated. To achieve this, the authors suggest that the family business sector must achieve salience as a community's definitive stakeholders in which capacity they possess, or are perceived to possess, attributes of power, legitimacy, and urgency. Experiences from Australia to illustrate the introduced processes are included.
Patient-led partner referral enhances sexually transmitted disease service delivery in two towns in the Central African Republic
Authors: Koumans E H , Barker K , Massanga M , Hawkins R V , Somse P , Parker K A , Moran J
Published: September 2017

In Bambari and Bria, 2 towns in the Central African Republic (CAR), we analysed a patient-led partner referral programme within enhanced sexually transmitted disease (STD) services. New (index) patients received syndromic management, counselling about notifying and treating contacts, and vouchers for distribution. From October 1993 to February 1996, 5232 and 4320 patient visits, of which 1814 (35%) and 4320 (30%) were contact referral visits, were logged in Bambari and Bria, respectively. Vouchers were distributed for at least 90% of contacts. Index and contact patients had similar age and sex distributions. In both towns, having a spouse (Bambari: odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–1.7; Bria: OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.3) was a factor associated with successful referral of a partner. Successful referral was accomplished by both male and female patients. Appropriate counselling techniques and vouchers facilitated partner referral. Further research on how to reach casual partners would enhance STD control efforts using patient-led partner referral.
Quality of life in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: impact of social support, coping style and hopelessness
Authors: Swindells Susan , Mohr Jeffrey , Justis Janice C , Berman Stephen , Squier Cheryl , Wagener Marilyn M , Singh Nina
Published: September 2017

We aimed to determine whether the quality of life (QOL) in the patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was influenced by satisfaction with social support, coping style and hopelessness.

One hundred and thirty-eight HIV-infected patients were prospectively studied in this multicentre, longitudinal study. The QOL was assessed by Medical Outcome Study Health Survey SF-36, social support by Sarason Social Support Questionnaire, hopelessness by Beck Hopelessness Scale, and coping by Billing and Moos Inventory of coping with illness.

The QOL did not correlate with age, sex, race, HIV risk factor, education or marital status. Employment (P=0.0001), higher income (P=0.03), satisfaction with social support (P=0.04), regardless of the source of that support, and problem-focused coping (P=0.03) were associated with a significantly better QOL, while, emotion-focused coping (r= −0.19, P=0.04), avoidant coping (r=0.40, P=0.0001), hopelessness (r= −0.64, P=0.0001) and AIDS (P=0.09) were predictors of poorer QOL. Physical functioning correlated positively with employment (P=0.0001), and inversely with AIDS (P=0.0002), hopelessness (P=0.03), avoidant coping (P=0.03), and age (P=0.10). At 6 months follow up, QOL score had changed in 20% of the patients; older age (P=0.01), and lesser satisfaction with social support (P=0.15) were associated with a decline in QOL, while adherence with antiretroviral therapy (P=0.006) was associated with an increase in QOL score. Seven of 138 patients died during follow up; these patients had significantly lower QOL at baseline than all other patients (P=0.003).

Interventions to alleviate hopelessness, maladaptive coping, and enhancement of satisfaction with social support may improve overall QOL in HIV-infected patients. Older patients with HIV were less satisfied with their social support, were more likely to utilize unhealthy coping styles, and experienced a greater decline in QOL over time.
Universal prophylaxis for Chlamydia trachomatis and anaerobic vaginosis in women attending for suction termination of pregnancy: an audit of short-term health gains
Authors: Blackwell A L , Emery S J , Thomas P D , Wareham K
Published: September 2017

A previous study of infection and morbidity in 400 women attending for termination of pregnancy (TOP) had shown that 32 (8%) harboured cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and 112 (28%) had anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis (AV). Fifty-three per cent of the women with preoperative C. trachomatis had AV. Thirty of the 32 women with chlamydial infection were followed up and 19 (63%) of these developed post-abortion upper genital tract infection, 7 of whom needed readmission1. In view of the high morbidity in women with chlamydial infection attending for TOP, anti-bacterial prophylaxis with metronidazole suppositories and oral oxytetracycline was introduced for women attending for suction termination of pregnancy (STOP). An audit of the clinical and financial benefits and/or losses was carried out. The audit of 1951 consecutive patients attending for STOP revealed that 132 (6.8%) had chlamydial infection with equivocal results reported in a further 2 patients. One hundred and eight of the 134 women responded to recall. Full genital tract infection screening was carried out in 105 of the 108 recalled patients of whom 5 had repeat positive cervical swabs for C. trachomatis, one had Trichomonas vaginalis, 24 had candidiasis and 17 had anaerobic vaginosis, none had gonorrhoea. Thirteen (12%) of the 108 women had pelvic infection as previously defined1, none of whom required re-admission. At least £20,000 has been saved each year in our Trust following the introduction of pre-abortion chlamydial screening and universal antichlamydial and anti-anaerobe prophylaxis.

The introduction of universal prophylaxis against C. trachomatis and AV has profoundly reduced morbidity in patients attending for TOP and has also resulted in substantial financial savings.
An audit of diagnostic coding in genitourinary medicine clinics
Authors:   The Trent Region Genitourinary Medicine Audit Group, Carlin E M , Rogstad K E
Published: September 2017

The KC60 diagnostic code information provides an epidemiological monitor of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and a means of standardizing clinical workload in genitourinary medicine (GUM) departments.

We aimed to assess the coding process and its uniformity within the Trent region by means of a confidential self-administered coding exercise with simulated case presentations.

The correct coding for STIs ranged from 59.4% to 100% in different scenarios. Difficulty was identified in the coding of vulvitis and balanitis where no organism was isolated, as represented by a wide range of codes. HIV pre-test counselling without testing was coded by only 57.8% of respondents. Over 95% indicated correctly the first hepatitis B vaccine dose but 21% failed to code once only for the course.

Coding practice also varied within individual sites with a 21–100% discordance.

In parts diagnostic accuracy was good but there were areas of non-uniformity both within sites and cross-regionally. Regional discussions have resulted in increased training opportunities and guidelines have been developed to increase uniformity and achieve consensus in uncertain areas.
Exploring the Relationship between Country Risk and Foreign Private Investment Inflows in Pakistan
Authors: Ullah Assad , Qingxiang Yang , Ali Zahid , Hidayat Nadia
Published: September 2017

Secure investment climate of the host country can augment the inflows of foreign investment and vice versa. This article examines the relationship between country risk and foreign private investment (FPI) in Pakistan. The study utilises the technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing to co-integration over the period 1990–2013. Stationarity property of the series has been checked via Phillips–Perron unit root test. The study confirms presence of co-integration among country risk, trade openness, military expenditure and FPI, thereby giving validation of long-term association among the variables. The study transpires a negative and significant link between country risk and FPI in the long-run whereas, in the short run, the result came out to be inconclusive. Openness in the economy has significant positive relationship with FPI inflows both in the long and short run. Finally, military expenditure has a significant negative effect on FPI inflows in the long run while, in the short run, the result is otherwise. According to modified WALD (MWALD) test, a unidirectional causality is running from country risk, military expenditure and trade openness to FPI in Pakistan. To entice more inflows of FPI, concerned authorities in Pakistan need to control sectarian violence and other terrorist activities. In this regard, the policymakers need to design robust strategic plans and systems beside the traditional security measures.
Caste and Class
Authors: Nandwani Bharti
Published: September 2017

This article revisits the question of intersection of caste and class in India by employing the concept of cross-cuttingness. Using five rounds of the National Sample Survey, we find that disadvantaged groups are heavily concentrated in the lower economic class category and this pattern has changed only marginally over time. Results also show that disadvantaged castes possess smaller landholdings and mainly reside in rural areas, which offer less economic opportunities as compared to urban. These findings point that for some caste groups in India access to economic opportunities is still correlated with their caste, even after decades of affirmative action. However, an encouraging finding is that the impact of caste on education outcomes is progressively falling over time. This has the potential to lower the influence of caste on the attainment of future economic opportunities.
A History of Australian Social Work Practice Research
Authors: Crisp Beth R.
Published: September 2017

This article documents the place of practice research in Australian social work from 1929 to the present by examining practice research publications as well as the professional discourse concerning the place of research in social work generally. It is concluded that practice research has historically occupied a marginal place in Australian social work but that this has been changing rapidly in the 1990s.