bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação de métodos de controle da infecção pelo vírus da leucose enzoótica bovina
Authors: Braga Fátima Machado , van der Laan Carlos Willi , Halfen Daniza Coelho , Vidor Teimo
Published: May 2008

Foram avaliadas três alternativas de controle da infecção pelo vírus da Leucose Bovina: a) eliminação dos animais soropositivos: b) segregação dos animais soropositivos: c) manejo misto dos animais, com adoção de medidas recomendadas para evitar a transmissão do vírus. O primeiro teste sorológico realizado em oito propriedades leiteiras revelou a presença da infecção com índices que variaram entre 2,5% (1/40) e 58,1% (18/31). Duas propriedades com baixo nível de infecção inicial (<10%) optaram pela eliminação total dos animais positivos. Uma dessas propriedades apresentou resultados imediatos, com taxa de incidência nula (0/39) durante o período de doze meses, enquanto a outra, que não eliminou prontamente o animal positivo, apresentou incidência de 20,0% (3/15) no mesmo período. A eliminação dos animais reagentes, nas propriedades que apresentaram um baixo nível de infecção, demonstrou ser uma forma eficiente para a erradicação da infecção. A segregação dos animais soropositivos, com a formação de dois rebanhos, foi implantada em uma propriedade, onde apenas um animal soroconverteu durante o experimento, observando-se uma incidência de 4,5% (1/22) ao final do estudo. As propriedades que adotaram o programa de controle através do manejo misto de animais infectados e não infectados apresentaram resultados muito variados, demostrando índices de soroconversão entre 2,6% (1/38) a 50,0% (4/8), indicando que esse tipo de controle necessitaria de um tempo maior para alcançar os objetivos. Foi possível a obtenção de descendentes soronegativos através da substituição ou motivação pelo calor do leite materno administrado aos torneiros. A redução dos níveis de infecção em um rebanho, sem a necessidade do descarte imediato dos animais infectados, é possível a partir da substituição de ventres pelas novilhas da própria granja.
Desempenho em confinamento, do desmame ao abate aos quatorze meses, de bovinos inteiros ou castrados, produzidos por vacas de dois anos
Authors: Restle João , Flores Jorge Luis Carvalho , Vaz Fabiano Nunes , Lisboa Renan Augusto
Published: May 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de machos Hereford, inteiros ou castrados, filhos de vacas de dois anos, confinados por 193 dias do desmame aos sete meses até o abate aos quatorze meses, quando atingiram em média 205kg de carcaça. A relação volumoso/concentrado foi decrescente, iniciando em 70/30 e finalizando em 40/60. Os volumosos utilizados foram a silagem de sorgo forrageiro, cana-de-açúcar e feno de aveia. Os animais inteiros apresentaram um maior ganho de peso médio diário (1,23 contra l,09kg) e uma melhor conversão alimentar (5,8 contra 6,8) em relação aos castrados. A eficiência de conversão expressa em Mcal de energia digestível para cada quilograma de ganho de peso, também foi melhor nos animais inteiros (16,0 contra 18,6 Mcal/kg). O consumo de matéria seca e de energia digestível, ambos ajustados para unidade de tamanho metabólico foram de 109,1 contra 106,1 g e 299,1 contra 29l,2Kcal, para castrados e inteiros, respectivamente.
Labor flexibilization and deregulation for nursing workers in Brazil: the profae case
Authors: Baraldi Solange , Car Marcia Regina
Published: May 2008

This study analyzed the flexibilization process of labor relations in the PROFAE Professionalization Project of Nursing Workers (Projeto de Profissionalização dos Trabalhadores da Área de Enfermagem - PROFAE) in Brazil. This qualitative study used dialectical and historical materialism as the theoretical-methodological framework. Data were collected through directed interviews with open-ended questions, and answers were submitted to discourse analysis. The obtained results evidence the flexibilization and deregulation process of labor relations in the health area in Brazil, characterized by the following elements: payment by production; fragmented labor division; criteria for variable wage payment; qualified and versatile professionals; perceived professional freedom; reduced governability and power to make decisions; multiple jobs; activity planning as a substitute for planning models, and the massive systematic operationalization of actions.
Cultural adaptation and validation of the "Diabetes Quality of Life for Youths" measure of Ingersoll and Marrero into Brazilian culture
Authors: Novato Tatiana de Sá , Grossi Sonia Aurora Alves , Kimura Miako
Published: May 2008

The aim of this study was to adapt the "Diabetes Quality of Life for Youths (DQOLY)" measure into Brazilian culture and to analyze its psychometric properties. The cross-cultural adaptation included the phases of translation, backtranslation, committee review, and pretesting. The adapted instrument was applied to 124 type 1 diabetes mellitus´adolescents. The reliability results showed adequate Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.8695 for Satisfaction domain, 0.8658 for Impact, 0.8387 for Worries and 0.9333 for total), with the exclusion of 3 inconsistent items. The test-retests showed no significant difference between two instrument's applications in different periods (p>0.05). The validity was demonstrated by the strategies: content, convergent, factorial and discriminant. All subscales showed positive correlations between itselves (p<0.001) and with the adolescents' self-perception of their health status (p<0.001). The present study suggests that this version of the DQOLY is a reliable and valid measure for its use in Brazil.
Risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Carolino Idalina Diair Regla , Molena-Fernandes Carlos Alexandre , Tasca Raquel Soares , Marcon Sonia Silva , Cuman Roberto Kenji Nakamura
Published: May 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the risk factors of type 2 diabetic patients through sociodemographic data, habits of health, anthropometric and biochemist profiles, assisted at a basic public health care unit in Maringá, Paraná. Sixty-six patients, 56 women aged over than 50 years-old were interviewed. High prevalence factors for cardiovascular risk were observed, such as: overweight and obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, sedentariness and inadequate diet. Data suggested the need for multidisciplinary intervention programs in health care units associated to educative programs, adjusted diet intake and regular physical activity for these diabetic patients.
Social reproduction and anemia in infancy
Authors: Fujimori Elizabeth , Duarte Luciane Simões , Minagawa Áurea Tamami , Laurenti Daniela , Montero Rosali Maria Juliano Marcondes
Published: May 2008

This study assessed the relationship between anemia in infancy and the social reproduction profile of the families. It was conducted with a representative sample of 254 children of the city of Itupeva, SP. Hemoglobin < 11g/dL, determined by portable hemoglobin analyzer, was used to define anemia. Profiles of social reproduction had been built by 2 groups of indicators: working and living conditions. Three social homogeneous groups had been defined: upper, intermediate, lower. Anemia was prevalent in 41.7%, and more frequent in lower social groups (13.2%; 40.6%; 46.2%), but with no significant difference (p>0.05). However, profile of social reproduction of anemic families showed significant difference (p<0.05). Occurrence of anemia was related to poor working conditions in lower social groups and consequently inappropriate living conditions.
The meanings of quality of life: interpretative analysis based on experiences of people in burns rehabilitation
Authors: Costa Maria Cristina Silva , Rossi Lídia Aparecida , Lopes Lívia Mara , Cioffi Caroline Lopes
Published: May 2008

This research aimed to interpret the meanings of quality of life, taking into consideration the meanings attributed by those who have undergone serious burns, their experiences and social/cultural background. We used the ethnographic method based on modern hermeneutics. Nineteen patients with burn sequelae, already discharged from the Burns Unit of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School Clinical Hospital participated in this study, along with their relatives. Participants belong to the working class, are between 18 to 50 years old and have been in rehabilitation for at least a year. Data were collected by direct observation and semi-structured interviews. The analysis was processed through the identification of units of meanings and construction of thematic nucleuses. Patients and relatives reported that quality of life had changed because of physical and psychological limitations caused by the burns. The meanings of quality of life are associated with the performance of social roles and are guided by family, work, normality, autonomy and social integration.
Use and cost of medication in low risk pregnant women
Authors: Maeda Sayuri Tanaka , Secoli Sílvia Regina
Published: May 2008

The objective of the present study is to assess the use of medication by pregnant women; classify them regarding therapy group and its risk category; and identify the cost of these drugs. The sample is formed by 47 pregnant women, in the 20 to 29 year-old age group, from July 2001 to June 2003, in the city of São Paulo. A specific instrument was used for data collection in family charts and others from the Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica (Primary Care System Information). Average of medications used by pregnant woman was 3.63. Iron sulfate was the most commonly used, followed by antibiotics (78.7%). Regarding risk category, 34.1% of medications belonged to category B and 16.5% to category C. In the calculation of total costs of care, expenses with medication accounted for 11.13%. We have seen the need for assessing further the criteria for use, especially of medications of category C. The higher costs were related to antimicrobials for the treatment of infections.
Avaliação dos métodos diagnósticos para onicomicose
Authors: Zanardi Daniela , Nunes Daniel Holthausen , Pacheco Alexsandra da Silva , Tubone Mariana Quirino , Souza Filho Jorge José de
Published: May 2008

FUNDAMENTOS: As onicomicoses são infecções fúngicas responsáveis por 15 a 40% das doenças ungueais. Apesar do pleno conhecimento de seus agentes etiológicos e do surgimento de inúmeros medicamentos antifúngicos, mantêm-se as dificuldades para se estabelecer diagnóstico correto. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o exame micológico direto, o histopatológico e a cultura dos pacientes com suspeita de onicomicose e verificar a sensibilidade e especificidade de cada método. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados 40 pacientes com suspeita clínica de onicomicose e avaliados os três métodos diagnósticos. Calculou-se para cada exame: sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos, positivo e negativo. RESULTADOS: O exame micológico direto foi positivo em 29 pacientes (72,5%), o histopatológico em 14 (35%), a cultura em 22 (55%). As especificidades foram: exame micológico direto 78,6%, histopatológico 92,9% e cultura 100%. As especificidades não apresentaram diferença significativa (p > 0,05). Na análise dos valores preditivos positivo e negativo, a cultura e o exame micológico direto obtiveram maior eficácia, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O exame micológico direto foi o mais confiável para seu resultado negativo. A cultura mostrou-se específica quando positiva. Quanto à biópsia, não se mostrou sensível e apresentou especificidade equivalente à dos outros exames.
Dermatite artefacta simulando vasculite necrotizante
Authors: Araújo Júnia Maria Fernandes , Oliveira Ana Rosa Magaldi Ribeiro de , Carvalho Maria Teresa Feital de , Gamonal Shirley , Gamonal Aloísio
Published: May 2008

A dermatite artefacta é síndrome psicossomática, constituída por lesões cutâneas produzidas pelo paciente e propositadamente negadas, considerada projeção na pele de uma doença mental. As lesões podem ser únicas ou múltiplas, de aparecimento abrupto, localizadas nas partes mais acessíveis ao alcance da mão. Apresentamos caso de dermatite artefacta com diagnóstico e terapêutica difíceis, simulando clinicamente vasculite necrotizante.
O ensino de química e a formação do educador químico, sob o olhar bachelardiano
Authors: Lôbo Soraia Freaza
Published: May 2008

Apresentam-se alguns elementos da epistemologia histórica do filósofo Gaston Bachelard para a discussão de aspectos relativos ao ensino de Química e à formação do educador químico. Com base em alguns aspectos relativos ao processo de produção da ciência Química, procura-se mostrar como determinadas concepções epistemológicas, como o realismo ingênuo, o substancialismo e o racionalismo clássico, foram historicamente superadas e, no entanto, ainda estão presentes no ensino de Química. Nesta perspectiva, o artigo apresenta alguns conceitos da epistemologia bachelardiana, como o de polaridade epistemológica, vigilância epistemológica e perfil epistemológico e os insere em questões que têm sido, atualmente, discutidas para o ensino e a formação do professor, com destaque para a noção de perfil conceitual de Mortimer e sua utilização como recurso didático no ensino de ciências.
Fatores associados à obesidade global e à obesidade abdominal em mulheres na pós-menopausa
Authors: França Ana Paula , Aldrighi José Mendes , Marucci Maria de Fátima Nunes
Published: May 2008

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a prevalência de obesidade global e obesidade abdominal, em mulheres pós-menopausa, segundo o grau de instrução, nível de atividade física, uso de terapia hormonal na menopausa (THM) e paridade. MÉTODOS: foram entrevistadas 157 mulheres na pós-menopausa, atendidas em dois ambulatórios públicos da cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. A obesidade foi determinada segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC > 30,0) e segundo o percentual de gordura corporal (%GC > 37%). A obesidade abdominal foi determinada pela relação cintura-quadril (RCQ > 0,85). RESULTADOS: a prevalência de obesidade global foi 34,4% (segundo o IMC) e de 40,1% (segundo o %GC). A prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi de 73,8%. Grande parte das entrevistadas referiu até sete anos de instrução formal (47,8%), foi considerada sedentária ou insuficientemente ativa (52,3%) e nunca tinha utilizado THM oral ou tinha utilizado por menos de 12 meses (72,0%). Foi constatada maior prevalência de obesidade global no grupo de mulheres sedentárias ou insuficientemente ativas e no grupo de não usuárias de THM (p<0,05). Quanto à obesidade abdominal, fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV), apenas o grau de instrução mostrou-se associado à RCQ (p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: mulheres após a menopausa, fisicamente ativas e usuárias de THM exibiram menor prevalência de obesidade global, porém a prevalência de obesidade abdominal foi alta e ainda maior nas mulheres com menor grau de instrução.
Avaliação da assistência pré-natal e puerperal desenvolvidas em região do interior do Estado de São Paulo em 2005
Authors: Parada Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima
Published: May 2008

OBJETIVOS: avaliar estrutura e processo da assistência pré-natal e puerperal desenvolvidas na Direção Regional de Saúde (DIR) XI - Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: avaliaram-se recursos existentes e atividades desenvolvidas durante assistência pré-natal e puerperal em 20 municípios da Regional que aderiram ao Programa de Humanização do Pré-natal e Nascimento até 2003, através de entrevista com gestores municipais e análise de 385 prontuários, considerando-se recomendações do Ministério da Saúde. RESULTADOS: a análise da estrutura evidencia atendimento centrado no trabalho médico. Equipamentos e instrumentais básicos estão disponíveis. Iniciaram o pré-natal com até 120 dias de gestação 85,2% das mulheres e 75,9% realizaram pelo menos seis consultas na gestação. A busca ativa de gestantes faltosas e a existência de estratégias de captação precoce estavam presentes em 30% e 50% dos municípios, respectivamente. Indicadores de processo evidenciaram que 3,6% das gestantes realizaram seis consultas de pré-natal, a consulta de puerpério, todos os exames básicos e foram imunizadas contra o tétano. A cobertura de registro da idade gestacional, pressão arterial e peso foi próxima a 90%, realizaram revisão de parto 58,7% das mulheres e 31,5% delas foram vacinadas. CONCLUSÕES: a realização do conjunto das atividades constitui um desafio da atenção pré-natal na DIR XI.
Awakening an Old Field—A Case Study of a Refracturing Program in the Greater Green River Basin
Authors: Shaefer Mark
Published: May 2008

Restimulation of wells completed in the Frontier Formation, a low-permeability (e.g., 0.01–0.05 md) gas sand, has proved to be successful in the Fontenelle Field. The field is east of the Fon-tenelle reservoir, on the LaBarge Platform in the western part of the Greater Green River Basin in southwestern Wyoming. In this area the majority of hydrocarbon reserves in the Second Frontier are produced from the massive shoreface sandstones locally known as the Second Bench of the Second Frontier (Kf22b).

To date, Berco Resources, LLC has increased reserves in the Fontenelle Field by restimulating four wells producing from the Frontier Formation with massive hydraulic fracturing treatments. Because of the success of these treatments, another operator in an offset area to the north has also successfully implemented a Frontier refracturing program. This paper summarizes the refracturing program and the success which Berco Resources, LLC has realized. The candidate selection process is examined, as well as operational considerations when restimulating old wells. The stimulation treatments and fluid systems are also investigated. Daily/monthly production data consisting of gas, condensate, and water rates along with well head pressures are evaluated for all cases with fractured well type curves, the pseudoradial flow specialty plot (Δp/q vs. log t), and a production simulator comparing actual versus modeled production rates. Finally, the impact of the refrac-turing treatments on economic return is presented. The success of the refracture treatments has led to a new drilling/completion program in the Fontenelle Field in 2006 by an operator that recently acquired theBerco Resources, LLC properties.
Modeling Nonisothermal Rapid Multiphase Flow in Wells Under Nonequilibrium Conditions
Authors: Michel Guillermo , Civan Faruk
Published: May 2008

An improved nonisothermal mathematical model considering the nonequilibrium effects involved during rapid multiphase flow in wells is presented. The extent of the nonequilibrium effect on deviation from the equilibrium-model predictions is delineated at various flow rates, fluid saturations, and temperatures. Applications for twophase (oil/gas) and three-phase (oil/water/gas) systems are presented. The model presented here can be coupled with reservoir simulation for accurate representation of the well-fluid hydraulics under non-equilibrium- and nonisothermal-flow conditions.
Fracture Acidizing: What Role Does Formation Softening Play in Production Response?
Authors: Nasr-El-Din H. A. , Al-Driweesh S. M. , Metcalf A. S. , Chesson J. B.
Published: May 2008

Fracture acidizing of carbonates has yielded increases in production in many areas of the world, but depending on rock strength and reservoir closure pressure, this response may be lower than expected. Also, as a result of rock strength and closure pressure, production may decline at a higher rate than following a proppant fracture treatment.

Laboratory results are presented describing the effect of various acid systems on the strength reduction of limestone and dolomite-formation rock samples. Formation samples were dry or saturated with 2-wt% potassium chloride brine before testing. Samples were exposed to neat, emulsified, gelled, and crosslinked 15-wt% hydrochloric acids (HCl) and each exhibited a differing effect on rock-strength reduction. In addition, production responses are presented and compared with regard to the type of acid system used for stimulation.

On the basis of the results obtained, acid-system choices made a significant difference in the degree of rock softening of carbonates. Emulsified acid caused the least softening effect on limestone and dolomite cores. Softening effects were greater on limestone than on dolomite rocks. Production responses from emulsified-acid treatments were best.
Formation Damage Through Asphaltene Precipitation Resulting From CO2 Gas Injection in Iranian Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Kalantari Dahaghi Amirmasoud , Gholami Vida , Moghadasi Jamshid , Abdi R.
Published: May 2008

Although carbon dioxide (CO2) injection is one of the most common enhanced-oil recovery methods that is widely used in many reservoirs, it may change the reservoir-fluid properties and cause problems such as asphaltene precipitation that will result in reduction of injectivity and productivity of oil wells and plugging of wellbores and production facilities.

This paper describes the effect of a miscible CO2 flood on asphaltene precipitation in the Bangestan reservoir of the Kupal field in southwest Iran. The amount of asphaltene precipitation in the mixture of oil and CO2 gas was measured by means of a PVT (pressure/volume/temperature) test, and the mechanism of precipitation under reservoir conditions was obtained by a high-pressure coreflood test. Then, the experimental results were compared with those obtained from available asphaltene-precipitation models.
Location Contributions Determined via GGE Biplot Analysis of Multienvironment Sugarcane Genotype‐Performance Trials
Authors: Glaz Barry , Kang Manjit S.
Published: May 2008

Selection for productive sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) cultivars in Florida has been more successful for organic than for sand soils. The objectives of this study were to assess the contributions of a sand‐soil location to the final stage of multienvironment testing of sugarcane genotypes in Florida, and to identify locations with organic soils that, if replaced with a sand‐soil location, would be least likely to compromise superior cultivar selection for organic soils in Florida. Sixteen genotypes were harvested in two or three crop cycles from 2002 to 2005 at nine locations. Traits analyzed were cane and sucrose yields (Mg ha−1) and theoretical recoverable sucrose (TRS) (g kg−1). The sand‐soil location, Lykes, was generally neither highly representative of locations nor highly discriminating of genotypes. Results revealed the desirability of replacing an organic‐soil location with a sand‐soil location in the final testing stage of this sugarcane breeding and selection program. Caution must be exercised, however, to ensure that such action would not compromise genotype discrimination for TRS and sucrose yield. Ability to identify productive cultivars on organic soils by the Florida sugarcane selection program would be least compromised by replacing either Osceola or Knight with a sand‐soil location.
Hardness Locus Sequence Variation and Endosperm Texture in Spring Barley
Authors: Turuspekov Y. , Beecher B. , Darlington Y. , Bowman J. , Blake T.K. , Giroux M.J.
Published: May 2008

The Hardness (Ha) locus contains the Hina, Hinb‐1, Hinb‐2, and Gsp genes and was shown to be associated with grain hardness and dry matter digestibility (DMD) variation. In this study, 73 spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) accessions selected for DMD variation were assessed for variation in DMD, seed quality, and Hardness (Ha) locus component gene alleles. To determine whether Ha is associated with grain quality traits, we assessed the relationship of the Ha locus in the presence or absence of head type (two or six row) variation. To accomplish this, the barley Ha locus component genes (Hina, Hinb‐1, Hinb‐2, and Gsp) were sequenced from each accession and sorted by prevalence. The most common Ha haplotype (HINA, HINB‐1, HINB‐2 alleles) was present in 42 accessions with the remaining 39 dispersed over 24 haplotypes. Seeds from two‐row accessions with the most common Ha haplotype were significantly softer in grain texture (P < 0.001) and had increased starch content (P < 0.001) and DMD (P < 0.05). We used quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to measure Hina, Hinb‐1, Hinb‐2, and Gsp expression levels in developing seeds of 19 Ha locus haplotypes. The expression levels of all four genes were positively correlated with DMD. The results indicate that selection for individual Ha locus haplotypes may be useful in modifying seed size, DMD, and starch content in two‐row barley.
A Comparison of Growth and Sucrose Metabolism in Sugarcane Germplasm from Louisiana and Hawaii
Authors: Lingle Sarah E. , Tew Thomas L.
Published: May 2008

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp. hybrids) genotypes bred in Hawaii are selected for maximum tonnage in a 2‐yr production cycle and contain S. robustum germplasm. Genotypes bred in Louisiana are selected for high early sucrose yield after a 9‐mo growing season, and contain S. spontaneum germplasm. We compared growth, sugar concentration, and enzymes of sucrose metabolism in four internodes of four Hawaii (HI) and two Louisiana (LA) genotypes during grand growth and ripening. On average, Sucrose concentrations were higher in LA than HI genotypes, especially at ripening. Fresh weight activities of soluble acid invertase (SAI) and neutral invertase (NI) were not different among genotypes at either growth stage. Significant differences in activities of sucrose synthase (SuSy), sucrose‐phosphate synthase (SPS), and cell wall acid invertase (CWIN) among genotypes were not consistent between types. Sucrose concentration, total sugar concentration, and sucrose:total sugar ratio in the internodes were negatively correlated with water content, SAI activity, and NI activity, and positively correlated with the difference between SPS and SAI activity. These correlations seem to be a function of internode maturity. The consistent differences in sucrose content between LA and HI genotypes indicate the Louisiana and Hawaii breeding programs have produced very different genotypes, but these differences cannot be explained by differences in enzyme activities.
Genetic Correlation between Corn Performance in Organic and Conventional Production Systems
Authors: Lorenzana Robenzon E. , Bernardo Rex
Published: May 2008

Cultivars bred under conventional production systems may not be optimum for organic production systems. Our objective was to determine if, on the basis of quantitative genetic parameters, separate corn (Zea mays L.) breeding programs are needed for organic and conventional production systems. Testcrosses of 119 intermated B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbreds were evaluated in organic and conventional systems in both Waseca and Lamberton, MN, in 2006. Differences in trait means between the two production systems were significant for grain moisture, plant height, and ear height but not significant for grain yield, root lodging, stalk lodging, and stay green. The organic system led to a smaller testcross genetic variance for grain yield and higher testcross genetic variances for all other traits. The organic system led to a lower heritability for grain yield and a higher heritability for root lodging, stay green, and ear height. Genetic correlations for performance in the two production systems were 0.84 for grain yield; greater than 0.90 for grain moisture, plant height, and ear height; and about 0.50 for root lodging and stay green. The predicted ratio between the correlated response and direct response to selection in the organic system was near 1.0 for grain yield and moisture and considerably less than 1.0 for other traits. These results suggest that high‐yielding cultivars for organic systems can be developed largely by screening conventional inbreds and hybrids for their performance under organic systems.
Breeding Strategy for Faba Bean in Southern Europe based on Cultivar Responses across Climatically Contrasting Environments
Authors: Annicchiarico Paolo , Iannucci Anna
Published: May 2008

Expanding grain legume cropping is desirable but is hindered by low yields. Seventeen faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivars belonging to four germplasm types—Mediterranean (from Sicily or Syria), semi‐Mediterranean (from continental Italy or Spain), winter, and spring (from France or Germany)—were grown in two climatically contrasting sites (Lodi, subcontinental; Foggia, Mediterranean), two years per site and two sowing times per year, to support breeding strategies by assessing genotype × environment (GE) interactions and their relationship with spatial and temporal factors, germplasm type, and morphophysiological traits. Crossover GE interaction was large and mainly due to the geoclimatic area and the germplasm type. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction modeling showed (i) the superiority of Mediterranean material across Foggia's environments (all autumn sown), (ii) a trend toward better performance of winter germplasm in Lodi under autumn sowing, and (iii) the similar performance of winter, spring, and semi‐Mediterranean types in Lodi under late‐winter sowing. Adaptation to each site was related to different and partly incompatible traits, owing mainly to site‐specific optima of earliness of cycle and stress tolerance. The results support the specific breeding for each geoclimatic area based on distinct genetic bases and selection environments.
Seed Source Affects Field Emergence of Low‐Phytate Soybean Lines
Authors: Anderson Brian P. , Fehr Walter R.
Published: May 2008

Seed production in subtropical environments is commonly used by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders to reduce the number of years for cultivar development. Low‐phytate (LP) soybean lines with the mips allele had substantially reduced field emergence when planted with seed from a subtropical source. The objective of this study was to determine if seed source also would impact the field emergence of low‐phytate lines with the pha1 and pha2 alleles. Seed of six BC3F4‐derived LP lines, the LP donor parent CX1834‐1‐6 (CX1834), and the normal‐phytate (NP) recurrent parent B01769B019 (B019), was harvested from the field at Ames, IA, in 2005 (IA‐2005), at Ponce, PR, in January 2007 (PR‐Jan), and at Ponce, PR, in May 2007 (PR‐May). The three seed sources of the eight lines were evaluated at three Iowa locations in 2007. The mean field emergence of LP lines was 77.6% for the IA‐2005 source, 70.1% for the PR‐Jan source, and 25.4% for the PR‐May source while that of B019 ranged from 80.3 to 82.0% for the three sources. The seed source used to plant lines with the pha1 and pha2 alleles can have a significant influence on their field emergence, which can impact the development and evaluation of LP lines and on seed increases for commercial production.
Fenugreek, an Alternative Crop for Semiarid Regions of North America
Authors: Acharya S. N. , Thomas J. E. , Basu S. K.
Published: May 2008

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) is extensively used as a spice in India and the Mediterranean region and is known to possess a number of medicinal properties. Steroidal sapogenins and mucilaginous fibers present in the seed and leaves of this legume plant contribute to anti‐diabetic and hypocholesterolaemic properties attributed to the plant. In recent years selected genotypes of this species have formed a niche crop that produces high yields of bloat‐free forage that can increase both beef and milk production in semiarid regions of western Canada. Fenugreek genotypes tested in western Canada have demonstrated genetic variability for biomass production and nutraceutical properties indicating that there is much potential for enhancing the properties desired by agricultural and nutraceutical industries in this region. This paper reviews the history, culture and documented medicinal, agronomic and environmental value of fenugreek as well as discusses future potential of this crop for use in semiarid regions of North America.
Evaluation of Sugarcane × Saccharum spontaneum Progeny for Biomass Composition and Yield Components
Authors: Wang Li‐Ping , Jackson Phillip A. , Lu Xin , Fan Yuan‐Hong , Foreman John W. , Chen Xue‐Kuan , Deng Hai‐Hua , Fu Cheng , Ma Li , Aitken Karen S.
Published: May 2008

Saccharum spontaneum L. has contributed important traits to modern sugarcane (S. spp. L.) cultivars such as adaptation to environmental stress and ratooning ability. There is interest in further use of S. spontaneum in sugarcane improvement for sugar or energy‐from‐biomass production systems. In this study, parents and progeny from 43 biparental crosses between sugarcane and S. spontaneum clones were evaluated in field trials in China and Australia, along with several commercial cultivars. The S. spontaneum clones were from diverse geographic origins in China. Measurements were made on biomass composition (% dry matter, brix and pol in juice and cane, purity, fiber content) and yield components. Moderate to high (>0.7) broad‐sense heritabilities and high genetic variances were observed for most traits. About half the total genetic variance was retained as among‐family variance for the biomass composition traits, but this proportion was generally <25% for biomass yields. Midparent values in an independent trial predicted biomass composition traits reasonably well (generally, r > 0.6), but less so for cane and biomass yield (0 < r < 0.4). Genetic correlations between performance of families evaluated in different countries were strong, providing preliminary evidence that results in one country could be used for identifying elite families in the other. Strategies for efficient development and selection of elite clones from S. spontaneum are suggested.
Phenotyping Parents of Mapping Populations of Rice for Heat Tolerance during Anthesis
Authors: Jagadish S. V. K. , Craufurd P. Q. , Wheeler T. R.
Published: May 2008

Seed set of rice (Oryza sativa L.) is highly sensitive to short episodes of high temperature at anthesis events that are likely to be more frequent in future climates. Breeding for tolerance is therefore an essential component of adaptation to climate variability and change. Experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 at optimum (30°C daytime) and high (35 and 38°C) air temperature using parents of some prominent mapping populations (i) to determine whether there were differences in the daily flowering pattern and hence a potential heat avoidance mechanism, and (ii) to identify rice genotypes having true heat tolerance during anthesis, that is, high seed set in spikelets exposed to high temperature. Rice cultivar CG14 (O. glaberrima) reached peak anthesis earlier in the morning (1.5 h after dawn) under both control (30°C) and high (38°C) temperature conditions than O. sativa genotypes (≥3 h after dawn). Exposure to high temperature (centered on the time of peak anthesis) for 6 h reduced spikelet fertility more than exposure for 2 h, and fertility was lower at 38°C than at 35°C. Genotypic ranking for spikelet fertility at 35 and 38°C was highly correlated in both 2003 and 2004. Fertility was also highly correlated across years, suggesting a consistent and reproducible response of spikelet fertility to temperature. The check cultivar N22 was the most heat tolerant genotype (64–86% fertility at 38°C) and cultivars Azucena and Moroberekan the most susceptible (<8%).
Denitrification with Carbon Addition—Kinetic Considerations
Authors: Dold P. , Takács I. , Mokhayeri Y. , Nichols A. , Hinojosa J. , Riffat R. , Bott C. , Bailey W. , Murthy S.
Published: May 2008

The Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (Washington, D.C.) uses methanol as an external carbon source in a postdenitrification process, to achieve low effluent total nitrogen concentrations. This becomes more difficult in winter, at lower mixed liquor temperatures and higher flows, as a consequence of the kinetic behavior of the methanol‐utilizing heterotrophs. The paper reports on an experimental batch test study conducted on Blue Plains postdenitrification sludge to investigate (1) the maximum specific growth rate of methanol‐utilizing heterotrophs (μ METH); (2) the temperature dependency of the growth rate; and (3) the efficacy of alternate substrates (ethanol, acetate, and sugar). A limited number of tests were conducted on sludge from two other treatment plants with methanol addition.
The Changing Relations between Education Professionals, the State and Citizen Consumers in Europe: Re-Thinking Restructuring as Capitalisation
Authors: Beach Dennis
Published: May 2008

This article focuses on research about welfare state restructuring in education and its implications for the teaching profession. Several things are described and discussed. However, amongst the most important are pan-European developments in the social relations of production in education over the past 50 years with respect to the socialisation, habituation and commercialisation of education labour, and a suggested lowering of general standards of public education and increasing class differences in the amount and quality of education consumed by citizens. The idea expressed about this is that neo-liberal restructuring is leading to the creation of apparatuses through which education is objectified for economic accumulation through an outsourcing of functions that were formerly carried out within first domestic and voluntary, and then state arrangements to capitalist enterprises. This is part of a successive privatisation of education services for processes of capitalisation. It consists of an updating of the moral and legal determination of education services by the prevailing standards of market capitalism and an abdication of responsibility for the plight of negatively affected individuals, who, nevertheless, in some intriguing way still often support the system of transformation in question.
From Symbols to Numbers: The Shifting Technologies of Education Governance in Europe
Authors: Grek Sotiria
Published: May 2008

This article focuses on the changing nature of education governance in Europe. It looks at the shifting discourses and policy practices in the ways in which the European Commission has aligned itself to education and discusses the reasons for what is presented as a substantial shift in the tools and resources for governing the European education space. The article suggests that, alongside other significant developments, the knowledge economy has had two significant effects on education governance in Europe: first, a rapid change of policy discourse and practice, moving from constructing a European ‘culture’ to a Europe of learning governed by numbers; and second, education is slowly moving from the margins of European governance to the very centre of its policy making. The article discusses the new technologies of governance that have powered this shift and makes a case for the significance of recognising and studying them further.
T-Cell Promiscuity in Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Li Li , Wang Bo , Frelinger Jeffrey A. , Tisch Roland
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVE—It is well established that the primary mediators of β-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes are T-cells. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for recognition of β-cell–specific epitopes by pathogenic T-cells remains ill defined; we seek to further explore this issue.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To determine the properties of β-cell–specific T-cell receptors (TCRs), we characterized the fine specificity, functional and relative binding avidity/affinity, and diabetogenicity of a panel of GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cell clones established from unimmunized 4- and 14-week-old NOD female mice.

RESULTS—The majority of GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cells isolated from 4- and 14-week-old NOD female mice were specific for peptides spanning amino acids 217–236 (p217) and 290–309 (p290). Surprisingly, 31% of the T-cell clones prepared from 14-week-old but not younger NOD mice were stimulated with both p217 and p290. These promiscuous T-cell clones recognized the two epitopes when naturally processed and presented, and this dual specificity was mediated by a single TCR. Furthermore, promiscuous T-cell clones demonstrated increased functional avidity and relative TCR binding affinity, which correlated with enhanced islet infiltration on adoptive transfer compared with that of monospecific T-cell clones.

CONCLUSIONS—These results indicate that promiscuous recognition contributes to the development of GAD65-specific CD4+ T-cell clones in NOD mice. Furthermore, these findings suggest that T-cell promiscuity reflects a novel form of T-cell avidity maturation.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring: The Future of Diabetes Management
Authors: Burge Mark R. , Mitchell Stephen , Sawyer Alison , Schade David S.
Published: May 2008

In Brief

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has the potential to revolutionize diabetes care in the near future because of the real-time feedback it provides about therapeutic interventions and variations in lifestyle or dietary intake. In short, CGM has made the attainment of near-normal blood glucose concentrations an achievable goal for most patients with diabetes. Several challenges remain to be addressed, however, including the high cost of the devices, limitations in approved clinical uses, and insurance coverage for the technology. This article reviews the CGM technology currently available in the United States, its approved uses, and its limitations.
Diabetes Technology During the Past 30 Years: A Lot of Changes and Mostly for the Better
Authors: Deeb Larry C.
Published: May 2008

In Brief

During the past 30 years, diabetes management has witnessed changes in glucose measurement, insulin administration, and types of insulins. These changes have improved the lives of people with diabetes. This article is a critical review of these changes and an assessment of the current state of diabetes care and technology.
Religiosity, Health, and Well-Being among Kuwaiti Personnel
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: May 2008

In a sample of 424 Kuwaiti personnel (219 men, 205 women; M age = 37.6 yr., SD = 8.9; M age = 33.4 yr., SD=7.9, respectively), self-ratings of religiosity were significantly and positively correlated with the self-ratings of physical health, mental health, and happiness, as well as the Oxford Happiness Inventory, the Love of Life Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale among men and women. Principal components analysis of the correlation matrix yielded only one salient factor labeled “Well-being, health and religiosity” that explained 52.7% and 56.5% of the variance for men and women, respectively. Religiosity is an important element in the lives of the majority of the present sample of Kuwaiti Muslim employees.
Environmental Risk: Perception and Target with Local versus Global Evaluation
Authors: Fleury-Bahi Ghozlane
Published: May 2008

This research addressed environmental risk perception depending on the target evaluated and on the category of hazard (technological and chemical hazards, climate change, loss of biodiversity). Correlations between environmental risk assessment and pro-environmental behavioural intentions were also tested. In a sample of 113 French adults, 15 different environmental risks were evaluated for four different risk targets (oneself, the inhabitants of the town, the inhabitants of the country, and humanity). As expected, environmental hazards were perceived as a greater risk for larger areas. Moreover, risks difficult to conceptualise, which contain both high uncertainty and long-term consequences (climate change, loss of biodiversity) are perceived as less risk to oneself and to the inhabitants of the town and the country of residence than more concrete and immediate risks (technological and chemical). Only the technological and chemical hazards significantly predict pro-environmental behavioural intentions.
Comparison of Four Factors Related to Embarrassment in Nontypical Situations
Authors: Higuchi Masataka , Fukada Hiromi
Published: May 2008

To assess the particularities of four factors in assessing embarrassment (i.e., apprehension of social evaluation, inconsistency with self-image, disruption of social interaction, and loss of self-esteem) in four nontypical situations in Japan (i.e., nervousness about others, uneasiness with others, self-consciousness, and sexual circumstances), 109 university students were presented descriptions of 8 scenes and rated 17 items to measure factors related to embarrassment. Analysis indicated that disruption of social interaction was rated as characteristic of every situation. This result suggests that disruption of social interaction model is a valid premise of embarrassment in nontypical situations.
Personality Variables Related to Shyness
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: May 2008

Shyness has been a very common Finnish characteristic as social skills are manifest. Shy people may have a good empathetic listening but self-disclosure, another aspect of empathetic communication, is missing. Shyness refers to poor social skills more than a personality trait, which would have a more genetic background, as Finns have been genetically isolated for a long time. Shy persons show a mediocre empathy (good empathetic listening and sensitivity but poor self-disclosure), weak self-esteem, weak narcissism, and sometimes more burnout.
Survey of Organizational Job Stress among Physical Education Managers
Authors: Rahimi Eskandar
Published: May 2008

To explore job stress among the 115 male managers in physical education from Fars province in Iran, participants completed the Job Stress Survey by Spielberger and Vagg. Analysis indicated that these managers experienced high frequency and severity of job stress, especially for an inadequate salary. Lack of organizational support contributed more to the variability of job stress among participants than job pressure.
Improving Teachers’ Assessment Practices Through Professional Development: The Case of National Board Certification
Authors: Sato Mistilina , Wei Ruth Chung , Darling-Hammond Linda
Published: May 2008

This study examines how mathematics and science teachers’ classroom assessment practices were affected by the National Board Certification process. Using a 3-year, longitudinal, comparison group design, evidence of changes in teachers’ classroom practice were measured on six dimensions of formative assessment. The National Board candidates began the study with lower mean scores than the comparison group on all six assessment dimensions; had higher mean scores on all dimensions by the second year, with statistically significant gains on four of the dimensions; and continued to demonstrate substantially higher scores in the third year. Pronounced changes were in the variety of assessments used and the way assessment information was used to support student learning. National Board candidates attributed changes in practice to the National Board standards and assessment tasks. Comparison group teachers who showed noticeable changes in practice described professional development experiences similar to those supported by the National Board Certification process.
Animal Handling as an Integrated Component of Animal and Veterinary Science Programs at the University of Queensland
Authors: Cawdell-Smith A. Judith , Pym Robert A.E. , Verrall Rodney G. , Hohenhaus Mark A. , Tribe Andrew , Coleman Glen T. , Bryden Wayne L.
Published: May 2008

Students in animal science and veterinary science at the University of Queensland (UQ) have similar introductory courses in animal handling in year 1 of their degree programs. Veterinary students take animal-handling instruction in farm and companion animals, whereas animal science students are instructed in handling farm animals, horses, and rodents. Veterinary students are introduced to rodents, and animal science students to dogs and cats, in subsequent years of the curriculum. Both cohorts receive additional training, with clinical emphasis for veterinary students in years 3, 4, and 5 of their five-year curriculum. The introductory course is well received by students; both student cohorts appreciate the opportunity provided and the effort that goes into the animal-handling classes. Undergraduates realize that acquiring animal-handling skills will increase their proficiency in their subsequent careers; veterinary graduates recognize that their handling prowess will give their clients confidence in their abilities. Most clients cannot judge the competence of a veterinarian's diagnosis or treatment but will judge their ability based on their handling skills. Ongoing practice allows students to become competent in animal handling.