bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Consciousness of Kazakhstan in Ethical and Aesthetic Measurement
Authors: Соловьева Грета
Published: January 2021

Ethical and aesthetic consciousness is considered in the article as a single phenomenon with a priority of the ethical component. The analysis is carried out in comparative studies of two methods: consideration of the topic in the mirror of modern literature of Kazakhstan as a form of public consciousness and study of the same problem in the mirror of sociological material. These approaches complement each other and make it possible to identify two levels of social consciousness in the ethical and aesthetic dimension: the existing and the due. Sociology enables analysis at the first level. Literature combines both the one and the other, emphasizing the level of due, transformation of reality and resolution of the indicated contradictions.As a result, it was found that the key construct of the ethical and aesthetic consciousness of Kazakhstanis is the idea of cohesion and unity of all ethnic groups with the leading role of the Kazakh people. This idea has the deepest moral meaning and at the same time has the status of beauty, i.e. character aesthetic. Discord is always ugly. Whereas, unity in its essence is beautiful, showing a combination of good and beauty.
ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ETHICAL IDEAS IN AL-FARABI AND ABAI KUNANBAEV’S WORKS
Authors: Raissov Kazbek , Altayev Zhakipbek
Published: January 2021

Great thinkers’ scientific works play the important role in public opinion formation in the development of society. There are well-known people in the humankind history, who have made significant contributions to the development of various fields of knowledge, moreover, they were the founders of Philosophy not only at the level of a domes-tic culture, but also in a global scale. This article denotes that the significance of al-Farabi and A. Kunanbaev’s legacy is determined by the fact that many of their positions in the field of Philosophy, Sociology, Logics, Ethics, Aesthetics, natural scientific ideas had a great influence on the subsequent development of social and philosophical thought of the people not only in the East, but also in Europe. These philosophers can be regarded as treasures of world, who during the searching of knowledge and truth, managed to overcome the existing differences in ethnic, cultural, linguistic, religious grounds. The proof of this is the fact that the philosophers despite being a native of the Turkic lands became famous as Arab-Muslim culture’s philosophers that deeply comprehended and popularized European philosophy.It is certain that the works of the great scientists such as al-Farabi and Abai in the field of science and education attracted the attention not only of us, but of the whole world. Their works have been translated into English, French, Persian, German, Russian and introduced into scientific circulation. The 2020th year has the historical spiritual sig-nificance for the entire people due to the 1150th anniversary of al-Farabi and the 175th anniversary of Abay.
ТӘҢІРШІЛДІК, ШАМАНИЗМ ЖӘНЕ БАСҚА ДА СЕНІМДЕР ЖҮЙЕЛЕРІНДЕГІ ЕРКІНДІК ТҮСІНІГІНІҢ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ
Authors: Нусипова Гульнар , Әбуов Әміреқұл
Published: January 2021

Дін тарихын білмей белгілі бір аймақта тұратын халықтардың өмірін терең түсіну мүмкін емес, яғни кез келген ұлттық мәдениеттің рухани ба-стауларын, оның менталитеті мен дүниетанымын түсіну, діни жүйелерді зерттеудің маңызы зор. Ежелгі Қазақстан жеріндегі сенімдер тәңіршілдіктен бастап, исламның келуіне дейінгі кезеңді қамтиды, көптеген діни ілімдер Тәңірге табыну, Жер-Су, Ұмай, Митраға табыну, шамандық пен пұтқа табынушылық, буддизм, манихейлік, несториандық ағымдағы христиандық, зороастризм концепциялары тарала отырып, олар белгілі бір аспектілерде этика мен мәдениеттің негізін құрады және осы уақытқа дейін біздің дүниетанымымызда сақталып қалды. Дін ежелгі руханияттың ажыра-мас бөлігі екенін ескерсек, өткен тарихта мәдениет пен өркениеттің барлық сала-ларын қамтыды. Олар халықтың салт-дәстүрлерінде, дүниетанымдық рәміздерінде, дүниені түйсініп, қабылдануында сақталды. Сондай ақ, діни көзқараста еркіндіктің абсолютті бастауы – Құдай болғандықтан, адам өз еркін Құдайға бағындырса, онда ол жоғары еркіндікке ие болады.
ISSUES OF MAINTENANCE OF NATIONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY AT THE STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN KAZAKHSTANI SOCIETY
Authors: Zhanabayeva Dinara , Dauletova Gulzer
Published: January 2021

Since the last century, the formation and stabilization of national identity has been one of the main topics of theoretical and empirical research in the social sciences. The urgency of this issue has become even more relevant in the context of globalization, which violates the national cultural, economic and political boundaries. In this regard, the establishment of national and cultural identity in modern Kazakhstan society is one of the most important issues. The scientific article is devoted to the preservation of national and cultural identity at the stage of development of modern Kazakhstan society. In the process of development of independent Kazakhstan, economic, socio-political stability, religious tolerance, state security are important values for our society. For ethos, social groups, a large-scale issue for a person is cultural identity, because each subject of culture seeks to realize its potential in social and cultural interaction with subjects of other cultures. Here, each of them, along with cultural innovation, strives to preserve and further develop their cultural traditions and values. Therefore, this article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the formation and preservation of Kazakhstan’s identity in the development of the country, identifies and formulates the goals of these processes
“Ymage del mon”: o corpo e o mundo no Atlas Catalão de Cresques Abraham, 1375
Authors: Silveira Aline Dias da , Schmitt Bianca Klein
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo pretende compreender as inter-relações espaciais presentes no Atlas Catalão (1375) entre o corpo microcosmo e o macrocosmo, utilizando como fundamento a visão de mundo manifesta na própria fonte sobre a relação interdependente e espelhada entre ambos, a considerar que essa relação consiste em uma perspectiva amalgamada a partir dos entrelaçamentos transculturais e transtemporais. Para nossa análise, primeiramente, apresentaremos o contexto político e social da produção do Atlas Catalão e a situação específica de seu autor, o judeu Cresques Abraham (1375). Na sequência, analisaremos a representação do homem zodiacal no fólio I da fonte, utilizando o método iconológico, com o suporte teórico de Aby Warburg, Erwin Panofsky e John Brian Harley. O homem zodiacal é uma figura recorrente em iluminuras medievais, compreendida por nós como vetor entre o macrocosmo e o corpo humano, no entanto, chegamos ao resultado de que há especificidades desta representação no Atlas Catalão que o diferenciam de outros de sua época: os gestos de seus pés, mãos e olhos, bem como outras características, como a performance corporal, tamanho de barba e cabeleira, apontam para uma profunda presença da mística judaica ibérica construída a partir de confluências culturais ao longo de séculos.
The future of utopias and dystopias in presentist times
Authors: Bentivoglio Julio
Published: January 2021

In this article, I try to answer some concerns raised by Patrícia Vieira’s article about the place of utopias and dystopias in the contemporary world. I underline the need to think of these historical categories based on the problems of historical consciousness and temporality from the perspective of Reinhart Koselleck, in order to locate contents and meanings emanating from these temporal representations. With Hayden White, I suggest the usefulness of evaluating the links between historical imagination and textual creation to connect the meaning of texts and social expectations. Finally, mobilizing the concept of presentism and the idea of closing the future, I try to understand this particular temporal experience of the beginning of millennium with the expansion of dystopias and the permanence of old and new utopias.
Training & Development, Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intentions in SMEs
Authors: Nandi Veena Tewari Nandi , Khan Shehla , Qureshi Muhammad Azeem , Ghias Saqib
Published: January 2021

Training and development is an important tool for motivating employees and increasing organizational performance. Therefore, we have developed a new model in which we have empirically tested four direct relationships, three mediating relationships, and one moderating effect. We have collected the data from selected SMEs in Karachi. A total of 410 questionnaires were distributed, and 385 valid responses were available. The instrument was adapted from earlier studies. We have used Smart PLS for data analysis. Of the four direct hypotheses, we found support for two of them. Similarly, we only found support for one indirect hypothesis and no support for the moderating relationship. The study found that antecedents “availability of training and managerial support for training” stimulate organizational commitment. However, we did not find any support for the “association between motivation to learn and organizational commitment” in Karachi SMEs. In contrast to earlier literature, we found that “organizational commitment stimulates turnover intentions.” Organizational commitment mediates (1) availability of training and turnover intentions, and (2) managerial support and turnover intentions. However, the study did not support organizational commitment’s mediating role on motivation to learn and turnover intentions. Similarly, constituent attachment did not have a moderating effect in our study.
ÖRTÜLÜ KAZANÇ DAĞILIMI İLE HAKİM ŞİRKETİN BAĞLI ŞİRKETE VERMİŞ OLDUĞU TALİMATLAR DOĞRULTUSUNDA ŞİRKETİN KAYBA UĞRAMASI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ
Authors: Bulgur Meltem Hayat
Published: January 2021

Birden çok sermaye şirketinin, hâkimiyet ilişkileri bağlamında, önceden belirlenmiş ve somut politikalara göre yönetilmesi amacıyla oluşturulan grup şirketler topluluğu Türk Hukukunda ilk defa 6120 sayılı Türk Ticaret Kanunu ile düzenlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda makalede, şirketler topluluğunun ne demek olduğu, hâkim ve bağlı şirket kavramları açıklanarak bağlı şirketin, hâkim şirketin talimatıyla yaptığı işlemler sebebiyle uğradığı zararlar açısından sorumluluk kavramı açıklanmıştır. Türk Ticaret Kanunu, MK. Md. 2 dürüstlük kuralı gereğince hâkim şirketin sorumlu olacağını ve bağlı şirketin uğradığı kayıp açısından denkleştirme talep edebileceğini hüküm altına almıştır. Diğer yandan makalede, şirketlerin sık sık yaptığı “örtülü kazanç dağıtımı” açıklanmış ve böyle bir durum sebebiyle bağlı şirkete ek vergi tahakkuku, gecikme faizi ve/veya zammı yansıtılması durumunda sorumlunun kim olacağı üzerinde durulmuştur. Burada ikili bir ayrım yapılarak Ticaret Hukuku açısından, sorumlunun hakim şirket olması gerektiği; Vergi Hukuku açısından ise her şirketin ayrı bir tüzel kişilik olması nedeniyle işbu vergileri bağlı şirketin ödeyeceği ve denkleştirme talep edemeyeceği belirtilmiştir. Makalenin sonuç bölümünde bu iki görüşün karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır.
Background conditions for an urban greenhouse gas network in the
Washington, D.C. and Baltimore metropolitan region
Authors: Karion Anna , Lopez-Coto Israel , Gourdji Sharon M. , Mueller Kimberly , Ghosh Subhomoy , Callahan William , Stock Michael , DiGangi Elizabeth , Prinzivalli Steve , Whetstone James
Published: January 2021

Abstract. As city governments take steps towards establishing emissions reduction targets, the atmospheric research community is increasingly able to assist in tracking emissions reductions. Researchers have established systems for observing atmospheric greenhouse gases in urban areas with the aim of attributing greenhouse gas concentration enhancements (and thus, emissions) to the region in question. However, to attribute enhancements to a particular region, one must isolate the component of the observed concentration attributable to fluxes inside the region by removing the background, which is the component due to fluxes outside. In this study, we demonstrate methods to construct several versions of a background for our carbon dioxide and methane observing network in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD metropolitan region. Some of these versions rely on transport and flux models, while others are based on observations upwind of the domain. First, we evaluate the backgrounds in a synthetic data framework, then we evaluate against real observations from our urban network. We find that backgrounds based on upwind observations capture the variability better than model-based backgrounds, although care must be taken to avoid bias from biospheric carbon dioxide fluxes near background stations in summer. Model-based backgrounds also perform well when upwind fluxes can be modeled accurately. Our study evaluates different background methods and provides guidance determining background methodology that can impact the design of urban monitoring networks.
A Survey on High-energy Protons Response to Geomagnetic Storm in
the Inner Radiation Belt
Authors: He Zhaohai , Xu Jiyao , Roth Ilan , Wang Chi , Dai Lei
Published: January 2021

Abstract. RBSPA observations suggest that the inner radiation belt high energy proton fluxes drop significantly during the storm main phase and recover in parallel to as the SYM-H index [Xu et al., 2019]. A natural problem arises: are these storm‐time proton flux variations in response to the magnetic field modifications adiabatic? Based on Liouville's theorem and conservation of the first and third adiabatic invariants, the fully adiabatic effects of high energy protons in the inner radiation belt have been quantitatively evaluated. Two case studies show that theoretically calculated, adiabatic flux decreases are in good agreement with RBSPA observations. Statistical survey of 67 geomagnetic storms which occurred in 2013–2016 has been conducted. The results confirm that the fully adiabatic response constitutes the main contribution 90 % to the changes in high energy protons in inner radiation belt during the storm main and recovery phases. It indicates that adiabatic invariants of the inner belt high energy protons are well preserved for majority of storms. Phase space density results also support adiabatic effect controls the varication of high energy protons especially for small and medium geomagnetic storms. Non-adiabatic effects could play important role for the most intense storms with fast changes in magnetic configuration.
Polar lows – moist-baroclinic cyclones developing in four different vertical wind shear environments
Authors: Stoll Patrick Johannes , Spengler Thomas , Terpstra Annick , Graversen Rune Grand
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Polar lows are intense mesoscale cyclones that develop in polar marine air masses. Motivated by the large variety of their proposed intensification mechanisms, cloud structure, and ambient sub-synoptic environment, we use self-organising maps to classify polar lows. The method is applied to 370 polar lows in the north-eastern Atlantic, which were obtained by matching mesoscale cyclones from the ERA-5 reanalysis to polar lows registered in the STARS dataset by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. ERA-5 reproduces most of the STARS polar lows. We identify five different polar-low configurations which are characterised by the vertical wind shear vector, the change in the horizontal-wind vector with height, relative to the propagation direction. Four categories feature a strong shear with different orientations of the shear vector, whereas the fifth category contains conditions with weak shear. This confirms the relevance of a previously identified categorisation into forward- and reverse-shear polar lows. We expand the categorisation with right- and left-shear polar lows that propagate towards colder and warmer environments, respectively. For the strong-shear categories, the shear vector organises the moist-baroclinic dynamics of the systems. This is apparent in the low-pressure anomaly tilting with height against the shear vector and the main updrafts occurring along the warm front located in the forward-left direction relative to the shear vector. These main updrafts contribute to the intensification through latent heat release and are typically associated with comma-shaped clouds. Polar-low situations with a weak shear, which often feature spirali-form clouds, occur mainly at decaying stages of the development. We thus find no evidence for hurricane-like intensification of polar lows and propose instead that spirali-form clouds are associated with a warm seclusion process.
Development Processes of the East Asian Cyclones over the Korean
Peninsula
Authors: Kang Joonsuk M. , Son Seok-Woo
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The development processes of the extratropical cyclones passing the Korean Peninsula during the period of 1979–2017 are quantitatively evaluated in the potential vorticity (PV) perspective. A feature tracking algorithm is applied to the ERA-Interim reanalysis data to objectively identify the distinct northern- and southern-track (NT and ST) cyclones affecting the region in the cold season. The dynamic and thermodynamic contributions to the development of these two categories of cyclones are then comparatively assessed in terms of the relative vorticity tendency resulting from the PV tendency inversion. It is quantified through inversion that the NT cyclones develop 87.9 % dynamically and 6.2 % thermodynamically. In contrast, the respective contributions to the ST cyclones are 71.8 % and 43.5 % for the ST cyclones, with negative effects from non-explicit processes. In both NT and ST cyclones, the zonal PV advection in the upper troposphere is the most influential for the dynamic development, while nonlinear advection being more important in the former. The larger thermodynamic contribution of the latter is attributed to more latent heating being involved in the development, which produces more lower-level PV and reduces damping from vertical PV advection. These results indicate that East Asian cyclones passing the Korean Peninsula have different development processes depending on their tracks.
Intervención logopédica naturalista con familias de hablantes tardíos: efectos en el lenguaje infantil y en los intercambios adultos
Authors: Moreno Rebeca , Nieva Silvia
Published: January 2021

El objetivo del presente artículo es valorar la eficacia de un programa de intervención logopédica de corte naturalista. Fueron seleccionadas 16 familias monolingües españolas con hijos/as hablantes tardíos/as de entre 24 y 29 meses de edad, y, posteriormente, asignadas a dos condiciones experimentales (intervención y control). Las familias pertenecientes al grupo de intervención se beneficiaron de un programa logopédico de intervención naturalista en el que las rutinas familiares se utilizaron para estimular el desarrollo comunicativo y lingüístico de los/as niños/as y para desarrollar estilos conversacionales ajustados a su nivel de comunicación y lenguaje. Con las familias del grupo control se empleó la estrategia “wait and see” (esperar y ver). Pasados cuatro meses de intervención naturalista, los resultados informaron de que las familias del grupo de intervención usaban más conductas ajustadas y sus hijos presentaban un vocabulario más extenso y producían más combinaciones de palabras frente al grupo control.
El proyecto del NaNoWriMo: creatividad colectiva desde las desorganizaciones
Authors: Terreros Debora Quiroga
Published: January 2021

El NaNoWriMo (acrónimo de National Novel Writing Month) es un proyecto en el que escritores de todo el mundo se ponen de acuerdo para escribir durante el mes de noviembre una novela de 50.000 palabras (175 páginas aproximadamente). Existe una página web oficial en la que todos los participantes deben formalizar su inscripción e ir añadiendo las palabras escritas por un contador. Sin embargo, el desarrollo del NaNoWriMo se realiza a caballo entre el mundo online y el offline, ya que a través de los foros oficiales se fomentan las reuniones de seguidores para sesiones de escritura colectiva en distintos puntos del planeta. En ellas, además de adelantar y compartir el desarrollo de su novela, se crean retos y juegos que se van incorporando a la trama de sus historias. En cierta manera, recupera las tradicionales tertulias literarias, con intercambios de información, ayuda mutua, etc., a la vez que incorpora la dimensión de juego y diversión. Lo importante no es la consecución de la obra literaria, sino la participación. Para comprender las características definitorias del NaNoWriMo y poder enmarcarlo dentro de las características enunciadas por Lash (2005) sobre las desorganizaciones, se realizaron una serie de observaciones participantes en las reuniones y eventos del NaNoWriMo en Madrid y en Ciudad de México. El objetivo era aprehender cómo este movimiento a nivel mundial permite estudiar cuestiones de crítica cultural como el concepto de autor, la creatividad colectiva o el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en el ámbito de la escritura.
An Examination Into the Causal Links Among Inward FDI Determinants: Empirical Evidence From Jordan
Authors: Mugableh Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: January 2021

This paper examined the causal links between inward foreign direct investments (FDI) and its determinants (i.e., gross domestic product, education, trade openness, infrastructure, and technological abilities) for Jordan over (the period 1980 – 2018). The paper used vector error correction model. The results of the study considered that gross domestic product, trade openness, education, infrastructure, and technological abilities are primary engine of inward FDI in (long term and short term). Thus, the results have vital role for the policy makers in Jordan to formulate domestic and foreign policies. This study relied on three essential parts. Firstly, FDI is a significant source of capital that promotes economic growth. Secondly, the question of what are the leading drivers of FDI remains inadequate in the literature. Finally, this research adds to the literature by using different econometrics techniques and long span of yearly time series data.
Ways to Increase the Competitiveness of Agricultural Consumer Cooperatives in Modern Conditions
Authors: Chumarina Gulnara Raisovna , Shipshova Olga Alexandrovna
Published: January 2021

This paper explores the problem of developing agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises and increasing their competitiveness. According to the authors, the development of agricultural cooperation can give an impetus to increasing the potential of rural areas, will solve the food security problem of the Russian Federation, and stimulate the development of national agriculture. The study identifies the main problems that hinder the development of agricultural cooperation in Russia, including the low competitiveness of these enterprises, insufficient knowledge and poor motivation of the population to create a cooperative movement, the lack of effective state support for agricultural producers from the regional and federal authorities, as well as policies pursued by large retailers, which are mainly aimed at increasing imports of agricultural products. The authors propose a comprehensive approach to solve these problems by highlighting several key priority areas. At the same time, the priority task is to increase the competitiveness of consumer cooperation enterprises and their products. The paper analyses the activities of agricultural consumer cooperation enterprises in the Republic of Tatarstan and offers recommendations to improve the competitiveness of consumer societies, in particular, by creating a wholesale distribution and logistics link for cooperation, reducing costs, and optimizing the assortment.
Fourier Transform Infrared and Solid State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Characterization of Defatted Cottonseed Meal-Based Biochars
Authors: He Zhongqi , Guo Mingxin , Fortier Chanel , Cao Xiaoyan , Schmidt-Rohr Klaus
Published: January 2021

Conversion to biochar may be a value-added approach to recycle defatted cottonseed meal, a major byproduct from the cotton industry. In this work, complete slow pyrolysis at seven peak temperatures ranging from 300 to 600°C in batch reactors was implemented to process cottonseed meal into biochar products. Elemental analysis, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy and quantitative solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were applied to characterize raw meal and its derived biochar products. The biochar yield and organic C and total N recoveries decreased as the peak pyrolysis temperatures was elevated. However, most of the mineral elements including P in cottonseed meal were retained during pyrolysis and became enriched in biochar as a result of the decreased mass yield. The spectral data showed that pyrolysis removed the functional groups of biopolymers in cottonseed meal, producing highly aromatic structures in biochars. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, alkyl structures decreased progressively in the biochar products and became negligible at higher temperatures (550 and 600°C). Quantitative analysis of FT IR data revealed that the values of a simple 3-band (1800,1700, and 650 cm-1)-based R reading of the biochars were linearly related to the pyrolysis temperature, and showed strong correlations with decreasing aromaticity and increasing alkyl, aliphatic C-O/N and carbonyl signal intensities in the 13C NMR spectra. Therefore, the cheaper and faster FT-IR measurement could be used as a routine conversion indicator of pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass instead of the more expensive and time-consuming NMR spectroscopy.
Ground Pressure Changes Caused by MHT 8002HV Crawler Harvester Chassis
Authors: Kormanek Mariusz , Dvořák Jiří
Published: January 2021

Ground contact pressures exerted by elements of the machine chassis on the ground in the forest are associated with the machine impact on the soil during its operation. In the case of a crawler system, determining the ground contact pressure appears simple, which is not entirely true. The aim of the study was to analyze the loads on the ground (forest soil) exerted by the MHT 8002HV crawler harvester chassis. The measurements were made in Forest School Enterprise in Kostelec nad Černými Lesy, Central Bohemia Region in the Czech Republic, on brown soil made of clay on stony formations, fresh mixed mountain forest (FMMF), with the use of a hydraulic scale when extending the harvester crane forward along and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the machine. The calculations were carried out with a simulated load of the crane on the tree in question, assuming that the impact on the ground of the crawler system is heterogeneous and that the point impact comes from the crawler support wheels. As it was shown, the average ground contact pressures under the crawler track of the analyzed harvester generally do not exceed 70 kPa. The crane extension with a simulated load, which would have caused the crawler track to act on the ground with an average pressure exceeding 70 kPa, was limited by machine stability. On the other hand, high ground contact pressures may occur under a more loaded section of the crawler track if the active length of the crawler track is shortened. As it was shown in the case of a weak track tension, the course of ground contact pressures exerted on the soil deviates from the assumed usually homogeneous impact over the entire length of the crawler.
Study of the Red Iron Paints for Rubrics and Miniatures: Accelerated Aging and Analytical Data
Authors: ČIULADIENĖ Aušra , BEGANSKIENĖ Aldona , SENVAITIENĖ Jūratė , KAREIVA Aivaras
Published: January 2021

In this study, the red iron paints used in ancient manuscripts for rubrics and miniatures were fabricated and investigated. The commercial three different iron pigments (red ochre (Fe2O3), red bolus (Fe2O3.xSiO2.yAl2O3), and hematite (Fe2O3)) and three binding media (gum Arabic, fish glue and parchment glue) were used for the preparation of analogous to historical red iron paints. The obtained model red iron paints were analyzed with the aim to create a short data library which could be used for the characterization of different model compositions of red paints as well as real historical and archaeological red paints. The obtained red paints and binding media were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermal (TG/DSC) analysis techniques. The accelerated aging test was also applied for the analogous to historical red iron paints. These results are useful to develop red paint guidelines for the storage and display for improved conservation and accessibility of manuscripts.
Höhere Durchlässigkeit bei steigenden Bildungsbedarfen: aktuelle Trends und Herausforderungen im deutschen Bildungswesen
Authors: Kühne Stefan , Maaz Kai , Mank Svenja , Ordemann Jessica , Schulz Stefan M.
Published: January 2021

Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit den im Bericht „Bildung in Deutschland 2020“ identi­fizierten Entwicklungslinien im Bildungswesen, verdeutlicht diese exemplarisch an Befunden aus dem schulischen Bereich, und beschreibt die sich daraus ergebenden Herausforderungen. Besondere Berücksichtigung erfährt dabei das aktuelle Schwerpunktthema: Bildung in einer di­gitalisierten Welt.
Kommunen als Träger von Ersatzschulen?
Authors: Ennuschat Jörg
Published: January 2021

Das Grundgesetz trennt deutlich zwischen öffentlichen Schulen und Privatschulen. Kommunen sind öffentliche Schulträger und dürfen keine Privatschulen gründen und betreiben. Ebenso un­zulässig ist die beherrschende kommunale Beteiligung an einem Träger einer privaten Schule.
Leniency Policies in the Prosecution of Economic Crimes and Corruption
Authors: Schertel Mendes Francisco
Published: January 2021

Based on empirical research, the book develops a critical analysis of the use of leniency policies in Brazil. Drawing on a comparative perspective with German Law, the book shows how the current practice of leniency policies in Brazil jeopardizes fundamental guarantees of criminal procedure. The book also draws on a growing body of economic literature to assert that leniency agreements have serious – albeit unnoticed – side effects and may lead to significant negative externalities. The book rejects the association of leniency policies with the ideal of “consensual justice” and affirms that these mechanisms represent a form of privatization of investigative and prosecutorial activities, exploring the expectations and risks of this process.
Immune Function Response Following a Low-carbohydrate, High-fat Diet (LCHFD) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Breukelman Gerrit Jan , Shaw Brandon Stuwart , Basson Albertus Kotze , Djarova Trayana Gueorguieva , Millard Lourens , Shaw Ina
Published: January 2021

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that can result in micro- and macrovascular complications and is complicated by an impaired healing process. Research suggests that both dietary factors and habitual physical activity influence the hemostatic system through several pathways. Objectives: The study attempted to investigate if a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD), on its own or in conjunction with physical activity, could alter hematologic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Participants (n = 39; 31 - 71 y.) were assigned into three groups, which included either a 16 week continuous physical activity program with the consumption of an LCHFD (ExDG) (n = 13; 41 - 71 y), consuming only a LCHFD group (DietG) (n = 13; 31 - 71 y.), or a control group (ConG) (n = 13; 44 - 69 y). Participants in the ExDG were advised only to consume a diet high in fat and not consume more than 50 g of carbohydrates per day. Furthermore, participants had to walk a minimum of 10000 steps per day. The DietG were instructed to only consume a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, where the ConG continued with their normal daily routine. Results: No significant changes (P > 0.05) were observed in white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelets, red blood cell distribution width, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and C-reactive protein following ExDG, DietG or in the ConG. Conclusions: A LCHFD on its own or in conjunction with physical activity does not have any effect on the measured hematologic variables in patients with type 2 diabetes. This may be due to the current popular recommendation of LCHFD not being useful in type 2 diabetics and 10000 steps being of insufficient intensity to improve hematologic parameters in type 2 diabetics.
Assessment Question Characteristics Predict Medical Student Performance in General Pathology
Authors: Hernandez Tahyna , Magid Margret S. , Polydorides Alexandros D.
Published: January 2021

Context.—

Evaluation of medical curricula includes appraisal of student assessments in order to encourage deeper learning approaches. General pathology is our institution's 4-week, first-year course covering universal disease concepts (inflammation, neoplasia, etc).

Objective.—

To compare types of assessment questions and determine which characteristics may predict student scores, degree of difficulty, and item discrimination.

Design.—

Item-level analysis was employed to categorize questions along the following variables: type (multiple choice question or matching answer), presence of clinical vignette (if so, whether simple or complex), presence of specimen image, information depth (simple recall or interpretation), knowledge density (first or second order), Bloom taxonomy level (1–3), and, for the final, subject familiarity (repeated concept and, if so, whether verbatim).

Results.—

Assessments comprised 3 quizzes and 1 final exam (total 125 questions), scored during a 3-year period, (total 417 students) for a total 52 125 graded attempts. Overall, 44 890 attempts (86.1%) were correct. In multivariate analysis, question type emerged as the most significant predictor of student performance, degree of difficulty, and item discrimination, with multiple choice questions being significantly associated with lower mean scores (P = .004) and higher degree of difficulty (P = .02), but also, paradoxically, poorer discrimination (P = .002). The presence of a specimen image was significantly associated with better discrimination (P = .04), and questions requiring data interpretation (versus simple recall) were significantly associated with lower mean scores (P = .003) and a higher degree of difficulty (P = .046).

Conclusions.—

Assessments in medical education should comprise combinations of questions with various characteristics in order to encourage better student performance, but also obtain optimal degrees of difficulty and levels of item discrimination.
A Postmortem Portrait of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: A Large Multi-institutional Autopsy Survey Study
Authors: Hooper Jody E. , Padera Robert F. , Dolhnikoff Marisa , da Silva Luiz Fernando Ferraz , Duarte-Neto Amaro Nunes , Kapp Meghan E. , Lacy J. Matthew , Mauad Thais , Saldiva Paulo Hilario Nascimento , Rapkiewicz Amy V. , Wolf Dwayne A. , Felix Juan C. , Benson Paul , Shanes Elisheva , Gawelek Kara L. , Marshall Desiree A. , McDonald Michelle M. , Muller William , Priemer David S. , Solomon Isaac H. , Zak Taylor , Bhattacharjee Meenakshi B. , Fu Lucy , Gilbert Andrea R. , Harper Holly L. , Litovsky Silvio , Lomasney Jon , Mount Sharon L. , Reilly Stephanie , Sekulic Miroslav , Steffensen Thora S. , Threlkeld Kirsten J. , Zhao Bihong , Williamson Alex K.
Published: January 2021

Context.—

This study represents the largest compilation to date of clinical and postmortem data from decedents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It will augment previously published small series of autopsy case reports, refine clinicopathologic considerations, and improve the accuracy of future vital statistical reporting.

Objective.—

To accurately reflect the preexisting diseases and pathologic conditions of decedents with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection through autopsy.

Design.—

Comprehensive data from 135 autopsy evaluations of COVID-19–positive decedents is presented, including histologic assessment. Postmortem examinations were performed by 36 pathologists at 19 medical centers or forensic institutions in the United States and Brazil. Data from each autopsy were collected through the online submission of multiple-choice and open-ended survey responses.

Results.—

Patients dying of or with COVID-19 had an average of 8.89 pathologic conditions documented at autopsy, spanning a combination of prior chronic disease and acute conditions acquired during hospitalization. Virtually all decedents were cited as having more than 1 preexisting condition, encompassing an average of 2.88 such diseases each. Clinical conditions during terminal hospitalization were cited 395 times for the 135 autopsied decedents and predominantly encompassed acute failure of multiple organ systems and/or impaired coagulation. Myocarditis was rarely cited.

Conclusions.—

Cause-of-death statements in both autopsy reports and death certificates may not encompass the severity or spectrum of comorbid conditions in those dying of or with COVID-19. If supported by additional research, this finding may have implications for public health decisions and reporting moving forward through the pandemic.
Lived experience and the Holocaust: spaces, senses and emotions in Auschwitz
Authors: Wachsmann Nikolaus
Published: January 2021

This article examines lived experience during the Holocaust, focusing on Auschwitz, the most lethal Nazi concentration camp. It draws on spatial history, as well as the history of senses and emotions, to explore subjective being in Auschwitz. The article suggests that a more explicit engagement with individual spaces�prisoner bunks, barracks, latrines, crematoria, construction sites, SS offices�and their emotional and sensory dimension, can reveal elements of lived experience that have remained peripheral on the edges of historical visibility. Such an approach can deepen understanding of Auschwitz, by making the camp more recognisable and by contributing to wider historiographical debates about the nature of Nazi terror.
El Banco de Santander, 1857-1934: las particularidades de un banco local
Authors: Hoyo Aparicio Andrés
Published: January 2021

Este artículo tiene por objetivo identificar las razones que pueden explicar cómo un modesto banco local, fundado por un grupo de comerciantes que desempeñaban su actividad en el puerto de Santander en los años centrales del siglo XIX, pudo mantenerse en el tiempo hasta, avanzado ya el siglo XX, lograr estar en condiciones de entrar a formar parte en el selecto club de los “siete grandes” de la banca española. Se concluye que fueron los fuertes vínculos familiares y de amistad instrumental entre sus gestores, junto con el diseño de una política financiera con marcada aversión al riesgo, y el talante proteccionista, los que conforman los tres principales rasgos a tener en consideración para explicar el porqué de su longevidad y prolongado acomodo al ámbito de lo local a lo largo del periodo considerado. Estos rasgos caracterizadores empezaron a perfilarse ya en sus orígenes como banco emisor.

This paper aims to identify the reasons can help us to explain how a modest local bank, founded by a group of merchants that carried out their activity in the port of Santander in the central years of the 19th century, was able to sustain over time until joining the select club of the “big seven” of Spanish banking. It is concluded that three distinctive features should take into account in order to explain its longevity and prolonged accommodation to the local sphere throughout this long period: the strong family ties and instrumental friendship between its managers, the design of a financial policy with marked risk aversion and a protectionist attitude, against all competition. These distinctive features began to emerge in its very origins as an issuing bank.
Sensibilidad intercultural, clima escolar y contacto intergrupal en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile
Authors: Lahoz i Ubach Sònia , Cordeu Cuccia Cecilia
Published: January 2021

En este estudio se evaluó la sensibilidad intercultural, el clima escolar y contacto intergrupal de 1729 adolescentes de escuelas municipales de la comuna de Santiago, 74,4% de los cuales nacidos en Chile. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal, con cuestionarios autoadministrados, analizando luego los datos con t de Student, ANOVA y análisis regresión múltiple. Los resultados dan cuenta de que el alumnado presenta niveles aceptables de sensibilidad intercultural sin diferenciarse por edad. Las adolescentes y el alumnado extranjero presentan mayor sensibilidad intercultural que sus pares. Los resultados también indican que la presencia de estudiantes de distintas nacionalidades, por sí sola, no favorece la sensibilidad intercultural. Es el clima escolar, a través del apoyo al pluralismo cultural en las escuelas, las interacciones positivas y negativas entre estudiantes, junto con el contacto intergrupal en forma de tareas conjuntas, las dimensiones que inciden en la sensibilidad intercultural, explicando un 23% de su varianza. Los resultados son concordantes con estudios internacionales y suponen un insumo para el desarrollo de intervenciones en aulas multiculturales enfocadas a favorecer la comunicación intercultural entre estudiantes de distintas nacionalidades.

In this study the intercultural sensitivity was assessed together with school climate and intergroup contact of 1729 primary and secondary students from Santiago de Chile, 74,4% were born in Chile. The study was a cross-sectional quantitative study with self-administered questionnaires. Data was analysed using T-Students, ANOVA and multiple linear regression. The results show that students have intercultural sensitivity with no difference by age. At the same time, girls and foreign-born children present more intercultural sensitivity than their peers. The results also show that the mere presence of students from different nationalities does not favour intercultural sensitivity. It is the school climate, especially through support to cultural pluralism, positive and negative interactions with peers, together with intercultural contact in the form of doing homework together, that affect intercultural sensitivity, explaining 23% of its variance. The results are in line with international studies and are an input for multicultural classrooms focused in intercultural communication between students of different nationalities.
Recent progress of frame nucleic acids studies towards atomic fabrications
Authors: Yang Bei , Li Qian , Liu Hua-Jie , Fan Chun-Hai ,   Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China,   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the technology of traditional integrated circuit fabrication is facing a huge challenge. As the top-down lithography gradually approaches to its size limit, the development of atomic-scale precise fabrication for functional devices has already become a major scientific issue at present and might become a breakthrough in the development of information technology in the future. With the reference of the bottom-up self-assembly, which is the basic principle of constructing various advanced structures in living systems, the integrated assembly of atoms can be gradually constructed through a series of operations such as capturing, positioning, and moving atoms. The advent of framework nucleic acids (FNAs) happens to provide a new platform for manipulating single atom or integrating multiple atoms. As is well known, the nucleic acids are not only the carriers of genetic information, but also biological building blocks for constructing novel microscopic and macroscopic materials. The FNAs represent a new type of framework with special properties and features, constructed by nucleic acids’ bottom-up self-assembly. With the improvement of chemical synthesis and modification method of nucleic acids, various molecules and materials, such as fluorophores, nanoparticles, proteins, and lipids, can be spatially organized on FNAs with atomic precision, and these functionalized FNAs have been widely explored in the fields of biosensing, biocomputing, nano-imaging, information storage, nanodevices, etc. Based on the features of precise addressability, superior programmability and tailorable functionality, FNAs can be used for implementing the artificial self-assembly of objects with atomic precision to realize the precise arrangement in spatial and functional integration of basic assembly units, and even prompt the development of device fabrication from atomic scale to macroscopic scale. This review focuses on the intersection of FNAs and atomic fabrication, giving a systematically description of the feasibility and advantages of precisely atomic fabrication with FNAs from three aspects. First, the DNA/RNA nanoarchitectures from static state to dynamic state and general strategies for programmable functionalization of FNAs are briefly introduced. Then the applications of FNAs in device fabrication are highlighted, including single molecule reactors, single molecule sensors, nanodevices for cargo loading and transporting, nanophotonics, nanoelectronics and information processing devices. Finally, an outlook of the future development of atomic fabrication with FNAs is given as well.