bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and cervical cancer screening in the Netherlands: Implications for future impact on prevention
Authors: Steens Anneke , Wielders Cornelia C.H. , Bogaards Johannes A. , Boshuizen Hendriek C. , de Greeff Sabine C. , de Melker Hester E.
Published: June 2012

Several countries recently added human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination to cervical cancer screening in the effort to prevent cervical cancer. They include the Netherlands, where both programs are free. To estimate their combined future impact on cancer prevention, information is needed on the association between participation in vaccination now and in screening in the future and on what groups are at risk for nonparticipation. We studied the association between participation in screening by mothers and in vaccination by their daughters. Girls' vaccination status was matched by house‐address with their mothers' screening participation. We estimated the effect on cancer incidence by means of computer simulation. We investigated risk groups for nonparticipation using multivariable multilevel logistic regression and calculated population‐attributable fractions. Our results, based on 89% of girls invited for vaccination in 2009 (n = 337,368), show that vaccination status was significantly associated with mothers' screening participation (odds ratio: 1.54 [95% confidence interval: 1.51–1.57]). If a mother's screening is taken as proxy of a girl's future screening, only 13% of the girls will not participate in either program compared to 23% if screening alone is available. The positive association between vaccination and screening resulted in slightly lower model estimates of the impact of vaccination on cancer incidence, compared to estimates assuming no association. Girls with nonwestern ethnicities, with young mothers, who live in urban areas with low socioeconomic status, are at risk for nonparticipation. A significant part of potential nonscreeners may be reached through HPV vaccination. Estimates made before vaccination was introduced only slightly overestimated its impact on cervical cancer incidence.
Modelling runoff in a Swiss glacierized catchment—Part II: daily discharge and glacier evolution in the Findelen basin in a progressively warmer climate
Authors: Uhlmann Bastienne , Jordan Frédéric , Beniston Martin
Published: June 2012

In the context of global warming, hydrological regimes in mountain areas are likely to be modified and will therefore result in significant impacts to the supply mechanisms for hydropower and other end‐uses of water, both in the mountains themselves and in the lowland regions downstream. The main objective here is to attempt a fine and continuous analysis of the impacts of such changes on runoff and glaciers in a largely ice‐covered catchment in the Swiss Alps: the Findelen watershed. The simulated daily discharge values have been obtained with a semi‐distributed hydrological model called Routing System 3 (RS3.0). A stochastic weather generator has been used to generate a 110 year sequence of meteorological input data—described in a companion article—that have been further perturbed in order to simulate a progressively warmer climate by the end of the century. The amplitude of atmospheric change is suggested by regional climate model simulations, under the A2 greenhouse‐gas emissions scenario. Results show at first an increase of discharge (19.4% in about 60 years) due to the rapid melt of the glacier, followed by a large decrease in runoff at the end of the period (−28% from the beginning to the end of the studied timeframe), primarily due to the depletion of the solid water reservoir. The glacier is indeed projected to lose 91% of its surface area. In parallel, a seasonal shift in flow patterns is also observed: the discharge values are high earlier in spring due to advanced snow and ice melt, while the rest of the curve flattens out. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Isolated limb perfusion with the tumor‐targeting human monoclonal antibody–cytokine fusion protein L19‐TNF plus melphalan and mild hyperthermia in patients with locally advanced extremity melanoma
Authors: Papadia Francesco , Basso Valeria , Patuzzo Roberto , Maurichi Andrea , Di Florio Annabella , Zardi Luciano , Ventura Elisa , González‐Iglesias Reinerio , Lovato Valeria , Giovannoni Leonardo , Tasciotti Annaelisa , Neri Dario , Santinami Mario , Menssen Hans D. , De Cian Franco
Published: June 2012

Background

L19‐TNF is a tumor‐targeting immunocytokine composed of the human L19 antibody binding to extra domain B (ED‐B) of fibronectin of newly formed blood vessels, and of human TNF. This exploratory trial evaluates safety and clinical activity of L19‐TNF plus melphalan‐containing isolated limb perfusion (ILP) in extremity melanoma patients.

Methods

Seven and 10 patients received 325 µg and 650 µg of L19‐TNF, respectively, during the ILP. Patients were studied for safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of this experimental L19‐TNF ILP procedure.

Results

Non‐hematologic toxicity of L19‐TNF ILP was very low, but severe myelosuppression was seen in four patients. Although L19‐TNF was administered at a TNF‐equivalent dose of only 3.13 and 6.25% of the approved TNF (Beromun®) dose of 4 mg, L19‐TNF ILP induced objective responses in 86 and 89% of patients, respectively, including a complete response (CR) in 5/10 patients treated with L19‐TNF ILP at 650 µg that was durable at 12 months in four patients. No CR was seen at 325 µg of L19‐TNF.

Conclusions

ILP with L19‐TNF had a favorable safety and a promising activity profile at a dose of 650 µg of L19‐TNF, supporting the exploration of higher L19‐TNF doses and a Phase II trial comparing L19‐TNF ILP with standard melphalan‐containing ILP. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:173–179. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic variation in utilization of sentinel lymph node biopsy for intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Martinez Steve R. , Shah Dhruvil R. , Maverakis Emanual , Yang Anthony D.
Published: June 2012

Background and Objectives

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard for evaluation of the draining lymphatic basin for intermediate thickness melanoma. Despite this, SLNB has not been uniformly adopted. We hypothesized that there are geographic areas of the United States where patients are less likely to receive SLNB.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was queried for patients who underwent surgery for intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma (Breslow thickness 1.00–4.00 mm) from 2004 to 2008. Patients were categorized according to geographic area based on the reporting registry. Multivariate logistic regression models predicted use of SLNB.

Results

Entry criteria were met by 8,957 patients. On multivariate analysis, patients from the South were less likely (OR 0.54, CI 0.48–0.62; P < 0.001) to receive a SLNB. Additional factors associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving a SLNB included head and neck primary tumor site, high or unknown serum LDH, Asian, Hispanic, Native American or unknown race, and increasing age.

Conclusions

Patients from the South were less likely to receive a SLNB for an intermediate thickness cutaneous melanoma. This report of geographic disparities on a national level should be confirmed locally to better guide interventions aimed at eliminating these disparities. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:807–810. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolation of bitter acids from hops (Humulus lupulusL.) using countercurrent chromatography
Authors: Dahlberg Clinton J. , Harris Guy , Urban Jan , Tripp Matthew L. , Bland Jeffrey S. , Carroll Brian J.
Published: June 2012

Commercially available hops (Humulus lupulus L.) bitter acid extracts contain a mixture of three major congeners (co‐, n‐, and ad‐) in addition to cis/trans diastereomers for each congener. Individual isomerized α‐acids were obtained by the consecutive application of two separate countercurrent chromatography methods. First, individual isomerized α‐acid congeners as a mixture of cis/trans diastereomers were obtained using a solvent system consisting of hexane and aqueous buffer. The second purification, capable of separating cis/trans diastereomers, was accomplished using a quaternary solvent system; an alternative procedure using β‐cyclodextrin followed by countercurrent chromatography was also investigated. The NaBH4 reduction of the purified isomerized α‐acid compounds followed by countercurrent chromatography purification resulted in individual ρ iso α‐acids (>95%). Similarly, catalytic hydrogenation of the purified isomerized α‐acid compounds followed by countercurrent chromatography purification produced individual tetrahydro isomerized α‐acids (>95%). Reported herein is a widely applicable approach that focuses on three critical variables – solvent system composition, pH, and buffer‐to‐sample ratio – that enable the efficient purification of individual bitter acids (≥95%) from commercially available hops extracts.
Controlled Synthesis and Ti—O Bond Stability of Star‐Shaped Biodegradable Polyesters via Titanate‐Initiated ROP of Cyclic Esters at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Fan Jun‐Bing , Long Feng , Aldred Matthew P. , Li Ya‐Jing , Liang Zhi‐Wu , Zhu Ming‐Qiang
Published: June 2012

Four‐arm star‐shaped PCL polymers are synthesized using iPT as initiator for the controlled ROP of CL at 25–40 °C. The number‐average molecular weights of the star‐shaped Ti(O‐PCL)4 with narrow molecular weight distributions are proportional to the molar ratios of monomer to initiator. The four‐branch star‐shaped structures of Ti(OPCL)4 are confirmed through polymer hydrolysis monitoring by GPC, which indicates that the stability of the Ti—O bond in the core of the star‐shaped polymer chain increases with the increase of polymer molecular weights. The star‐shaped Ti(O‐PCL)4 can act as a macroinitiator for successive block copolymerization with d,l‐Lactide in bulk at 60 °C.
Loose‐Fit Polypseudorotaxanes Fabricated by γ‐CDs Threaded Onto a Single PNIPAAm‐PEG‐PNIPAAm Chain in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Jin , Wang Pei‐Jing , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐Ying , Feng Zeng‐Guo
Published: June 2012

When γ‐CDs are added to an aqueous solution of PNIPAAm‐b‐PEG‐b‐PNIPAAm block copolymer, they are threaded onto the polymer chains to give loose‐fit polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs). The inclusion complexation shows a marked dependence on the length of the PNIPAAm blocks although the threaded γ‐CDs are preferably located on the central PEG block. The structure of the resulting PPRs is characterized by using XRD, 1H and 13C CP/MAS NMR, TGA FTIR, and DSC analyses. Because of the mismatched fit between the guest polymer chain and the cavity of the host γ‐CDs, these PPRs may be promising in applications as solid stimuli‐responsive materials.
Brain amyloid and cognition in Lewy body diseases
Authors: Gomperts Stephen N. , Locascio Joseph J. , Marquie Marta , Santarlasci Andrea L. , Rentz Dorene M. , Maye Jacqueline , Johnson Keith A. , Growdon John H.
Published: June 2012

Many patients with PD develop PD with dementia (PDD), a syndrome that overlaps clinically and pathologically with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); PDD and DLB differ chiefly in the relative timing of dementia and parkinsonism. Brain amyloid deposition is an early feature of DLB and may account, in part, for its early dementia. We sought to confirm this hypothesis and also to determine whether amyloid accumulation contributes to cognitive impairment and dementia in the broad range of parkinsonian diseases. Twenty‐nine cognitively healthy PD, 14 PD subjects with mild cognitive impairment (PD‐MCI), 18 with DLB, 12 with PDD, and 85 healthy control subjects (HCS) underwent standardized neurologic and neuropsychological examinations and Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) imaging with PET. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotypes were obtained in many patients. PiB retention was expressed as the distribution volume ratio using a cerebellar tissue reference. PiB retention was significantly higher in DLB than in any of the other diagnostic groups. PiB retention did not differ across PDD, PD‐MCI, PD, and HCS. Amyloid burden increased with age and with the presence of the ApoE ε4 allele in all patient groups. Only in the DLB group was amyloid deposition associated with impaired cognition. DLB subjects have higher amyloid burden than subjects with PDD, PD‐MCI, PD, or HCS; amyloid deposits are linked to cognitive impairment only in DLB. Early amyloid deposits in DLB relative to PDD may account for their difference in the timing of dementia and parkinsonism. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Novel fabrication of magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers via melt extrusion of immiscible blends
Authors: Wang Dong , Wang Kai , Xu Weilin
Published: June 2012

A novel technique of fabricating magnetic thermoplastic nanofibers by the control of the phase separation of immiscible polymer blends during melt extrusion was presented. The magnetic poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) (PVA‐co‐PE)/Fe3O4 composite nanofibers were prepared via the melt extrusion of cellulose acetate butyrate matrix and PVA‐co‐PE preloaded with different amounts of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The morphologies of magnetic composite nanofibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The uniform dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in nanofiber matrixes and crystal structures were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to quantify the exact loading amount of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the composite nanofibers. The magnetic measurements showed that composite nanofibers displayed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. With increasing content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization of the magnetic composite nanofiber significantly improved. The prepared magnetic composite nanofibers might have found potential applications in the sensors and bio‐molecular separation fields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined effect of β‐nucleating agent and processing melt temperature on the toughness of impact polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Luo Feng , Xu Chenlong , Ning Nanying , Wang Ke , Deng Hua , Chen Feng , Fu Qiang
Published: June 2012

The phase morphology and toughening behavior of impact polypropylene copolymer (IPC) with and without nucleating agent (NA), prepared at different processing melt temperatures (Tp), were investigated. Interestingly, three different structures can be formed in the IPC samples by adding NA or tuning Tp. A well‐defined core–shell structure is obtained in samples with α‐NA or without NA prepared at all Tp. A developing multilayered structure is mainly formed at high Tp with added β‐NA, while an incomplete phase separation structure with interpenetrating chains is the dominant structure for IPC samples prepared at low Tp with added β‐NA. In this case, because of the synergistic effect between phase morphology and relatively high β‐form crystal content, the chain interaction among the components and chain mobility of the amorphous portion of IPC are distinctly improved, resulting in a largely improved toughness under 0 °C. This improvement in toughness is very important for applications. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermionic emission characterization of boron‐doped microcrystalline diamond films at elevated temperatures
Authors: Paxton William F. , Wade Travis , Howell Mick , Tolk Norman , Kang Wang P. , Davidson Jim L.
Published: June 2012

A boron‐doped polycrystalline diamond film was deposited on a molybdenum substrate and resistively heated in a high vacuum environment. The thermally excited emission current as a function of cathode temperature was measured. This phenomenon, known as thermionic emission, is characterized by electron emission arising from a surface at elevated temperatures and is described by the Richardson equation. The observed thermionic emission current from the diamond sample followed the Richardson equation from which a work function of 4.43 eV and a Richardson constant of ∼60 A/cm2K2 were observed. This indicates boron‐doped polycrystalline diamond behaves as an interesting thermionic emitter for possible energy conversion and other electron emission applications.
Investigation of the thermal‐transport properties for silicon nanofilm covered with graphene via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics
Authors: Gao Yufei , Jing Yuhang , Meng Qingyuan , Zhang Lu , Liu Jiaqiu , Qin Xian
Published: June 2012

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) is used to investigate the thermal‐transport properties of a silicon nanofilm covered with graphene (Gr/Si/Gr nanofilm). The investigation results demonstrate that graphene can enhance the thermal‐transport properties and weaken the ballistic characteristics of silicon nanofilm. Under the action of a small strain, the thermal conductivity decreases with the growth of tensile and compressive strain, respectively. In addition, the higher‐frequency phonons in graphene give more contributions to the variation of thermal conductivity of Gr/Si/Gr nanofilm under strain. The thermal conductivity of Gr/Si/Gr nanofilm increases linearly with the increase of temperature in the lower‐temperature regime due to the quantum effect, and begins to clearly decrease when the temperature exceeds a definite value.
Young children's analogical reasoning in science domains
Authors: Haglund Jesper , Jeppsson Fredrik , Andersson Johanna
Published: June 2012

This exploratory study in a classroom setting investigates first graders' (age 7–8 years, N = 25) ability to perform analogical reasoning and create their own analogies for two irreversible natural phenomena: mixing and heat transfer. We found that the children who contributed actively to a full‐class discussion were consistently successful at making analogical comparisons between known objects provided by a researcher and that some of the children could come up with their own analogies for the abstract natural phenomena with which they interacted. The use of full‐class and small‐group settings, shared laboratory experiences of the phenomena and children's drawings as different kinds of scaffolding was found to be helpful for the children's analogical reasoning. As an implication for science education, self‐generated analogies are put forward as a potential learning tool within a constructivist approach to education. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:725–756, 2012
A fuzzy binary clustered particle swarm optimization strategy for thermal unit commitment problem with wind power integration
Authors: Chakraborty Shantanu , Senjyu Tomonobu , Saber Ahmed Yousuf , Yona Atsushi , Funabashi Toshihisa
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a fuzzy‐logic‐based binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) method for solving short‐term thermal unit commitment problem integrated with an equivalent wind–battery system. As a renewable power source, wind power is injected stochastically with the model. To handle the uncertainty and intermittency due to the wind power integration, the trivial crisp problem formulations are modified by introducing fuzzy logic. Moreover, since it is also forecast, load demand along with the spinning reserve and production cost are taken under fuzzification. The potential solutions are distributed among several clusters based on a clustering scheme which exploits their associated fitness values. The fitness value is functionalized by combining the objective function, penalty function, and the aggregated fuzzy membership function. After clustering, each solution is updated according to the velocity and position BPSO refinement functions. The clustering scheme inherently introduces multipopulation‐based search space exploration in PSO. Therefore, this algorithm allows the particles to explore a larger search space in the problem domain by diversification of particles. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method by scrutinizing two different power systems. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visitors or Visits? An Examination of Zoo Visitor Numbers Using the Case Study of Australia
Authors: Smith* Liam
Published: June 2012

Usually cited in reference to the potential reach of zoo education, one of the popular figures for global zoo visitation is that 600 million people visit zoos annually. However, this number needs clarification on two fronts. First, there are many zoo visitors who are not included in the calculation because they visited a zoo that was not included in the count. Second, it does not take into consideration the people visit either the same or different zoos more than once annually. Using data collected from several sources, including zoo visitors themselves, this article focuses on one country—Australia—that contributes 15.6 million to the visitation total, and contends that the correct number of unique annual zoo visitors to Australian zoos is likely to be between 8 and 10 million. However, rather than suggesting an overemphasis on the potential of zoos for educating visitors, having regular repeat visitors represents a distinct advantage for zoos, allowing for progressive education opportunities. Zoo Biol. 32:37‐44, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of alfuzosin on sexual function in Taiwanese men with benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Hwang Thomas I.S. , Chu Sheng‐Hsien , Lin Mao‐Sheng , Chen Chih‐Shou , Lee Liang‐Ming , Chang Hong‐Chiang , Yeh Shauh‐Der , Chen Wen‐Hsiang , Chiang Po‐Hui
Published: June 2012

To assess the effect of alfuzosin (XATRAL) 10 mg once daily on sexual function in men with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), patients with suggestive symptomatic BPH, an International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) >8 (range of scores, 0–35), and sexual attempts at least once per month were enrolled. All patients received alfuzosin 10 mg once daily for 24 weeks and were asked to complete the IPSS test and Male Sexual Health Questionnaire at weeks 0 (baseline), 1, 4, 12, and 24. Other assessments included the International Index of Erectile Function—five‐item version (range of scores: 5–25), as well as onset of action and peak urinary flow rate (Qmax). From September 2006 to May 2008, 279 patients were enrolled from nine centers in Taiwan. At 24 weeks, alfuzosin effectively improved LUTS and quality of life, as demonstrated by a reduction in the IPSS total score (17.3 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001) and the IPSS bother score (3.8 vs. 2.5, p < 0.001). The majority (85%) of patients perceived an improvement of urinary symptoms within 1 month of administration. In patients with an International Index of Erectile Function—five‐item version score of ≤16, alfuzosin significantly improved erectile disorder and satisfaction subscores at each time point (p ≤ 0.02). Prolonged‐release alfuzosin effectively improved LUTS, quality of life, erectile function, and sexual satisfaction in men with BPH and mild to severe erectile dysfunction. Alfuzosin is an effective treatment option for the management of patients with BPH/LUTS and concomitant sexual dysfunction.
It Pays to Follow the Leader: Acquiring Targets Picked by Private Equity
Authors: Dittmar Amy , Li Di , Nain Amrita
Published: June 2012

This paper examines the impact of financial sponsor competition on corporate buyers. We find that corporate acquirers who purchase targets that financial buyers also bid on outperform corporate acquirers who buy targets bid on by corporate firms only. Deal characteristics, acquirer abilities, and observable target characteristics cannot explain this difference in returns. Corporate acquirers have higher returns when they follow a first bid by a financial buyer rather than a first bid by another corporate buyer. The results suggest that financial bidders identify targets with high potential for value improvement and winning corporate bidders are competent in exploiting this potential.
Does God know what it's like not to know?
Authors: LOVERING ROB
Published: June 2012

The topic of divine omniscience is well-trodden ground, with philosophers and theologians having asked virtually every question there is to ask about it. The questions regarding God's omniscience to be addressed here are as follows. First, is omniscience best understood as maximal propositional knowledge along with maximal experiential knowledge (both to be defined shortly)? I argue that it is. Second, is it possible for God to be essentially omniscient? I argue that it is not.
Modeling of annular-laser-beam-driven plasma jets from massive planar targets
Authors: Kmetík V. , Limpouch J. , Liska R. , Váchal P.
Published: June 2012

Production of sharply collimated high velocity outflows – plasma jets from massive planar targets by a single laser beam at PALS facility is clarified via numerical simulations. Since only a few experimental data on the intensity distribution in the interaction beam near the focus are available for the PALS facility, the laser beam profile was calculated by a numerical model of the laser system and the interaction optics. The obtained intensity profiles are used as the input for plasma dynamic simulations by our cylindrical two-dimensional fluid code PALE. Jet formation due to laser intensity profile with a minimum on the axis is demonstrated. The outflow collimation improves significantly for heavier elements, even when radiative cooling is omitted. Using an optimized interaction beam profile, a homogeneous jet with a length exceeding its diameter by several times may be reliably generated for applications in laboratory astrophysics and impact ignition studies.
Allez donc sortir des sentiers battus!La production de l'effet de sensextraordinaireparalleretvenir
Authors: BRES JACQUES , LABEAU EMMANUELLE
Published: June 2012

Cet article s'attache à l'analyse approfondie de la périphraseauxiliaire aller / venir + V. infinitifdans un emploi peu documenté que la tradition nommeallure extraordinaire. Il prend appui sur un corpus de 500 occurrences relevé dans divers genres du discours (journalistique, littéraire, conversationnel, électronique). On propose dans un premier temps une description générale du fonctionnement de l’extraordinaire; on explicite ensuite précisément cet effet de sens, avant d'expliquer le mécanisme de sa production.
Crustal deformations in the epicentral area of the West Bohemia 2008 earthquake swarm in central Europe
Authors: Schenk Vladimír , Schenková Zdeňka , Jechumtálová Zuzana , Pichl Richard
Published: June 2012

In West Bohemia, central Europe, during October 2008 an earthquake swarm of 25,000 shocks with a maximum event of ML ∼ 3.7–3.8 occurred at depths of 7–11 km. In 2007, annual GPS campaigns were launched. During the co‐seismic phase, displacements of a few centimeters were detected at GPS sites. Maximum displacement was revealed at the KOPA site, which subsided by 167 mm. The epicentral area is covered by eluvium of 4–10 m thick, and is located in undulating pastures and well‐forested valleys where visible surface soil effects could not be observed. To test possible fault manifestations, rough geomorphologic, geoelectric, and geochemical surveys were performed. GPS and seismic data, with geologic materials, were used to build a forward model for surface displacements, crustal deformations, and shear and normal stress fields. The fields enabled us to better determine crustal deformations and stresses that appeared within the seismic cycle, during the pre‐, co‐, and post‐seismic phases. During the co‐seismic phase, modeled fault motions along N‐S faults located within the epicentral zone reached 0.6–1 mm/day. Possible structural block rotations were comprised of these motions. A dominant role for stress accumulation, release, and relaxation was assigned to the Mariánské Lázně fault zone and the Nový Kostel zone. Strain loads slowly, and when local PT conditions with an action of deep magmatic fluids reach instability, the strain is released and stress balancing occurs. The process leads to the reversible motions known for silent earthquakes. A forward crustal deformation model for West Bohemia is also presented within.
A technique for mapping Fe/Mg‐rich phyllosilicates on Mars using THEMIS multispectral thermal infrared images
Authors: Viviano Christina E. , Moersch Jeffrey E.
Published: June 2012

We present a method for mapping exposures of Fe/Mg‐rich phyllosilicates on the Martian surface using THEMIS daytime multispectral thermal infrared images. The primary utility of this technique comes from the fact that THEMIS coverage is near‐global at 100 m/pixel, so it offers the opportunity to extend and improve upon phyllosilicate maps created using CRISM and/or OMEGA near‐infrared data alone. The spectral index formulation used for this mapping consists of a sum of spectral band ratios, weighted in different proportions. An initial formulation of the index was determined using a suite of synthetic spectra containing varying proportions of a Martian basalt spectrum and a laboratory phyllosilicate spectrum. A scene‐specific formulation was then optimized by exploiting the correlation between pixels the initial formulation flags in each THEMIS scene as containing phyllosilicates and those identified in overlapping CRISM data. Once the optimal formulation of the index is determined, it is applied to the entire THEMIS scene, extending the map of phyllosilicates beyond the area of overlapping CRISM coverage. The method is illustrated using 12 THEMIS scenes from the Mawrth Vallis and Nili Fossae regions. The new THEMIS‐derived maps of Fe/Mg‐rich phyllosilicates in these two regions have approximately double the coverage provided by CRISM data. The cross‐wavelength and cross‐instrument approach we use to derive phyllosilicate indices for THEMIS data could potentially be used to define spectral indices for mapping other compositions of interest on Mars that possess spectral features in more than one spectral region.
The Green–Ampt limit with reference to infiltration coefficients
Authors: Triadis D. , Broadbridge P.
Published: June 2012

Recent progress with an analytic nonlinear model has provided the exact infiltration coefficients for realistic soil behaviors with nonsingular hydraulic functions, as well as their exact delta‐function diffusivity limits. After some correction and reinterpretation of the approximate analytical method, the exactly solvable model validates some previously obtained approximate infiltration functions. The Green–Ampt infiltration function follows from a delta‐function diffusivity limit with a hydraulic conductivity that may be, among other possibilities, a linear function of water content. Just as a linear conductivity function is an overestimate for a realistic soil, the second Philip infiltration coefficient S1 in the Green–Ampt infiltration function is too large due to conductivity being overestimated. Better agreement with experiment (halving the value of S1) is obtained from the analytic nonlinear model, with a limiting delta‐function diffusivity and a matching Gardner exponential hydraulic conductivity function. In general, infiltration behavior is determined by the limiting forms of the diffusivity and conductivity relative to one another at the saturated water content, or alternatively, the relationship between the conductivity and soil moisture potential. A new infiltration model demonstrates the possible range of S1 for physically valid limiting conductivity functions. We show that in the delta‐function diffusivity limit, the solution behaves as if the potential at the wet front were time dependent, decreasing in magnitude from an initial value at the traditional Green–Ampt level.
Is “rich‐get‐richer” valid for Indian Ocean and Atlantic ITCZ?
Authors: Hsu Pang‐chi , Li Tim
Published: June 2012

Climate models often project an increase of rainfall under global warming over the climatologic wet regions from the global zonal‐mean perspective. However, this “rich‐get‐richer” mechanism is not valid on a basin scale. In this study by analyzing climate change experiment outputs from an idealized atmospheric general circulation model with uniform sea surface warming and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, we note that the intertropical convergence zones along the equatorial Indian Ocean and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean exhibit a very different response to anthropogenic forcing. In the present‐day climate in boreal summer (winter), the tropical Indian (Atlantic) Ocean exhibits two pronounced rainbands, with one branch located over the Indian monsoon (Amazon) region and the other located near the equator. In future warmer climate, the two rainbands compete through a local Hadley circulation; as a result, only the stronger branch becomes wetter while the weaker one affected by anomalous descending motion and moisture divergence becomes drier. Thus, on a basin scale, the wet does not always get wetter.
A first-principles study of helium storage in oxides and at oxide–iron interfaces
Authors: Erhart Paul
Published: June 2012

Density-functional theory calculations based on conventional as well as hybrid exchange-correlation functionals have been carried out to study the properties of helium in various oxides (Al2O3, TiO2, Y2O3, YAP, YAG, YAM, MgO, CaO, BaO, SrO) as well as at oxide-iron interfaces. Helium interstitials in bulk oxides are shown to be energetically more favorable than substitutional helium, yet helium binds to existing vacancies. The solubility of He in oxides is systematically higher than in iron and scales with the free volume at the interstitial site nearly independently of the chemical composition of the oxide. In most oxides, He migration is significantly slower and He–He binding is much weaker than in iron. To quantify the solubility of helium at oxide-iron interfaces two prototypical systems are considered (Fe—MgO, Fe—FeO—MgO). In both cases, the He solubility is markedly enhanced in the interface compared to either of the bulk phases. The results of the calculations allow to construct a schematic energy landscape for He interstitials in iron. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of helium sequestration in oxide dispersion strengthened steels, including the effects of interfaces and lattice strain.
Structural, electronic, and polarization properties of Bi2ZnTiO6 supercell from first-principles
Authors: Dai Jian-Qing , Fang Zhong
Published: June 2012

First principles calculations were used to investigate the lattice dynamics, electronic property, and spontaneous polarization of Bi2ZnTiO6 10-atom supercell. We explore the ground structure from the highest P4/mmm phase by successively freezing in the unstable polar modes. We find that the ground structure is in the Cm symmetry instead of the P4mm symmetry, and the spontaneous polarization is not as large as that of previous belief. Finally, we suggest possible routes by which the energy of metastable P4mm phase may be close to the Cm ground phase to enable a practical realization for polarization rotation.
Effect of first row transition metals on the conductivity of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube networks
Authors: Wang Feihu , Itkis Mikhail E. , Bekyarova Elena B. , Tian Xiaojuan , Sarkar Santanu , Pekker Aron , Kalinina Irina , Moser Matthew L. , Haddon Robert C.
Published: June 2012

We demonstrate the ability of first row transition metals to form electrically conducting interconnects between semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by constructive rehybridization between sidewall benzene rings as a result of the formation of bis-hexahapto-metal-bonds [(η6-SWNT)M(η6-SWNT)], which bridge adjacent SWNTs. Metal deposition on SWNT films enhances the conductivity by three distinct mechanisms: physisorption of gold leads to the formation of a non-interacting gold film and a monotonic conductivity increase; ionic chemisorption of lithium strongly increases the conductivity due to charge transfer to the SWNTs; covalent chemisorption of first row transition metals leads to an abrupt change in conductivity due to formation of (η6-SWNT)M(η6-SWNT) interconnects.
Suppression of the precessional motion of magnetization in a nanostructured synthetic ferrimagnet
Authors: Min Lee Jong , Ho Lim Sang
Published: June 2012

The suppression of the precessional oscillation of magnetization is investigated in a nanostructured synthetic ferrimagnet. Both the duration and magnitude of an applied magnetic field pulse play an important role in suppressing the precessional motion. This is in contrast to a single magnetic layer, where efficient suppression can be done by controlling the pulse duration only. The reason for this is that the precessional motion of the two magnetizations in the synthetic ferrimagnet is strongly coupled and, at the conditions of current interest, the coupled precessional motion occurs in the optic mode, where the two magnetizations oscillate in opposite directions.
Cdc28 kinase activity regulates the basal transcription machinery at a subset of genes
Authors: Chymkowitch Pierre , Eldholm Vegard , Lorenz Susanne , Zimmermann Christine , Lindvall Jessica M. , Bjørås Magnar , Meza-Zepeda Leonardo A. , Enserink Jorrit M.
Published: June 2012

The cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc28 is the master regulator of the cell cycle in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Cdc28 initiates the cell cycle by activating cell-cycle–specific transcription factors that switch on a transcriptional program during late G1 phase. Cdc28 also has a cell-cycle–independent, direct function in regulating basal transcription, which does not require its catalytic activity. However, the exact role of Cdc28 in basal transcription remains poorly understood, and a function for its kinase activity has not been fully explored. Here we show that the catalytic activity of Cdc28 is important for basal transcription. Using a chemical-genetic screen for mutants that specifically require the kinase activity of Cdc28 for viability, we identified a plethora of basal transcription factors. In particular,
CDC28
interacts genetically with genes encoding kinases that phosphorylate the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, such as
KIN28
. ChIP followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) revealed that Cdc28 localizes to at least 200 genes, primarily with functions in cellular homeostasis, such as the plasma membrane proton pump
PMA1
. Transcription of
PMA1
peaks early in the cell cycle, even though the promoter sequences of
PMA1
(as well as the other Cdc28-enriched ORFs) lack cell-cycle elements, and
PMA1
does not recruit Swi4/6-dependent cell-cycle box-binding factor/MluI cell-cycle box binding factor complexes. Finally, we found that recruitment of Cdc28 and Kin28 to
PMA1
is mutually dependent and that the activity of both kinases is required for full phosphorylation of C-terminal domain–Ser5, for efficient transcription, and for mRNA capping. Our results reveal a mechanism of cell-cycle–dependent regulation of basal transcription.
Repeat associated small RNAs vary among parents and following hybridization in maize
Authors: Barber Wesley T. , Zhang Wei , Win Hlaing , Varala Kranthi K. , Dorweiler Jane E. , Hudson Matthew E. , Moose Stephen P.
Published: June 2012

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are hypothesized to contribute to hybrid vigor because they maintain genome integrity, contribute to genetic diversity, and control gene expression. We used Illumina sequencing to assess how sRNA populations vary between two maize inbred lines (B73 and Mo17) and their hybrid. We sampled sRNAs from the seedling shoot apex and the developing ear, two rapidly growing tissues that program the greater growth of maize hybrids. We found that parental differences in siRNAs primarily originate from repeat regions. Although the maize genome contains greater number and complexity of repeats compared with
Arabidopsis
or rice, we confirmed that, like these simpler plant genomes, 24-nt siRNAs whose abundance differs between maize parents also show a trend of down-regulation following hybridization. Surprisingly, hybrid vigor is fully maintained when 24-nt siRNAs are globally reduced by mutation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 2 encoded by
modifier of paramutation1
(
mop1
). We also discovered that 21–22-nt siRNAs derived from a number of distinct retrotransposon families differentially accumulate between B73 and Mo17 as well as their hybrid. Thus, maize possesses a unique source of genetic variation for regulating transposons and genes at a genomic scale, which may contribute to its high degree of observed heterosis.
Anomalous diffusion and dynamical correlation between the side chains and the main chain of proteins in their native state
Authors: Cote Yoann , Senet Patrick , Delarue Patrice , Maisuradze Gia G. , Scheraga Harold A.
Published: June 2012

Structural fluctuations of a protein are essential for a protein to function and fold. By using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the model α/β protein VA3 in its native state, the coupling between the main-chain (MC) motions [represented by coarse-grained dihedral angles (CGDAs)
γ

n

based on four successive C

α

atoms (
n
 - 1,
n
,
n
 + 1,
n
 + 2) along the amino acid sequence] and its side-chain (SC) motions [represented by CGDAs
δ

n

formed by the virtual bond joining two consecutive C

α

atoms (
n
,
n
 + 1) and the bonds joining these C

α

atoms to their respective C

β

atoms] was analyzed. The motions of SCs (
δ

n

) and MC (
γ

n

) over time occur on similar free-energy profiles and were found to be subdiffusive. The fluctuations of the SCs (
δ

n

) and those of the MC (
γ

n

) are generally poorly correlated on a
ps
time-scale with a correlation increasing with time to reach a maximum value at about 10 ns. This maximum value is close to the correlation between the
δ

n

(
t
) and
γ

n

(
t
) time-series extracted from the entire duration of the MD runs (400 ns) and varies significantly along the amino acid sequence. High correlations between the SC and MC motions [
δ
(
t
) and
γ
(
t
) time-series] were found only in flexible regions of the protein for a few residues which contribute the most to the slowest collective modes of the molecule. These results are a possible indication of the role of the flexible regions of proteins for the biological function and folding.
The Organisation and Work of the National Coal Board Translation Section
Authors: Readett A.G.
Published: June 2012

I. Abstracts
Articles for abstracting are selected by the Technical Editor of the Production Department and the Head of the Scientific Intelligence Section, in consultation with the Head of the Translation Section when necessary.
The finished abstracts are distributed in two bulletins. The first, known as Production Abstracts, is distributed to the Board's Engineers at Headquarters and throughout the country. Some 350 copies of each issue are sent out every month; the number of abstracts in a given issue is from 25 to 35, and appropriate illustrations are included. Most of these abstracts are informative in character, that is, they contain the "meat" of an article and are intended to make a full translation unnecessary.
The second bulletin, entitled Scientific Abstracts, consists principally of indicative abstracts, which are not illustrated. The intention, in this case, is to bring to the notice of the Board's Scientific and Research staff articles dealing with their own special fields. Some 200 copies of this bulletin are issued every two months, and each issue contains between 30 and 40 abstracts.
Specialization in Technical and Scientific Translation
Authors: Citroen I.J.
Published: June 2012

Résumé
1. Les traductions de textes concernant des sujets scientifiques et techniques compliqués ne peuvent être faites d'une manière convenable que par des traducteurs spécialisés.
2.
Les bons traducteurs spécialisés sont rares. On se tire souvent d'affaire par une méthode d'improvisation, quelquefois même sans savoir que ce n'est qu'une improvisation. Les études consacrées à la traduction automatique sont une tentative de combattre le manque de traducteurs techniques.
3.
La solution tout indiquée — la formation professionnelle de traducteurs spécialisés— n'a été adoptée que dans certains cas isolés, notamment par quelques entreprises industrielles. La formation professionnelle constitue la seule manière de résoudre définitivement le problème de la traduction scientifique et technique.
4.
Les écoles de traducteurs ou/et les étudiants devraient être renseignés sur les sujets spéciaux à étudier. D'autre part, il faudra que les intéressés sachent trouver les traducteurs spécialisés. A cet effet, il faudrait créer une organisation dans chaque pays. Les tâches de ces organisations se résument comme suit:
a) Tenir à jour un registre de tous les traducteurs spécialisés.
b) Servir d'intermédiaire pour que les commandes soient adressés à des traducteurs compétents, spécialisés dans la matière du texte qu'on désire faire traduire.
c) Faire un planning du besoin futur de traducteurs spécialisés.
5.
Les textes à traduire devraient être remaniés, s'il y a lieu, avant la traduction, pour qu'ils ne contiennent plus d'ambiguïtés, ni passages obscurs et pour qu'ils soient corrects au point de vue de la langue et du style.
Une bonne révision permet au traducteur d'obtenir un meilleur résultat et rend le texte mieux lisible.
An Immunocytochemical Procedure for Protein Localization in Various Nematode Life Stages Combined with Plant Tissues Using Methylacrylate-Embedded Specimens
Authors: Vieira Paulo , Banora Mohamed Youssef , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , Rosso Marie-Noëlle , Engler Gilbert , de Almeida Engler Janice
Published: June 2012

Plant-parasitic nematodes possess a large number of proteins that are secreted in planta, allowing them to be successful parasites of plants. The majority of these proteins are synthesized mainly in the nematode subventral and dorsal glands as well as in other organs. To improve the immunovisualization of these proteins, we adapted a methacrylate embedding method for the localization of proteins inside nematode tissues, and extracellularly when secreted in planta or within plant cells. An important advantage is that the method is applicable for all nematode stages: preparasitic as well as parasitic stages, including large mature females. Herein, the method has been successfully applied for the localization of four nematode secreted proteins, such as Mi-MAP-1, Mi-CBM2-bearing proteins, Mi-PEL3, and Mi-6D4. In addition, we could also localize 14-3-3 proteins, as well as two cytoskeletal proteins, by double-immunolabeling on preparasitic juveniles. Superior preservation of nematode and plant morphology, allowed more accurate protein localization as compared with other methods. Besides excellent epitope preservation, dissolution of methacrylate from tissue sections unmasks target proteins and thereby drastically increases antibody access.