bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined Thallium‐201 and Dynamic Iodine‐123 Iodophenylpentadecanoic Acid Single‐Photon Emission Computed Tomography in Patients after Acute Myocardial Infarction with Effective Reperfusion
Authors: Richter Wolf–S. , Cordes Michael , Schuppenhauer Torsten , Munz Dieter L. , Beckmann Stephan , Schartl Michael
Published: February 2009

Background: Considerable derangements of energy metabolism are to be expected during ischemia and reperfusion. In ischemic myocardium, the oxidative degradation of carbohydrates is shifted toward the anaerobic production of lactate and the oxidation of fatty acids is suppressed.

Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to examine the uptake and metabolism of iodine‐123 (123I) iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (IPPA) in stunned myocardium.

Methods: In 15 patients, SPECT with 201T1 and 123I IPPA as well as echocardiography with low‐dose dobutamine stimulation were performed 12 ± 5 days after myocardial infarction with reperfusion. Follow‐up echocardiography was carried out 24 ± 8 days later for documentation of functional improvement. Uptake of 201T1 and 123I IPPA were obtained in five left ventricular segments, and dynamic SPECT imaging was used for calculation of the fast and the slow components of the biexponential myocardial 123I IPPA clearance.

Results: Wall motion improved in 14 of 26 dysfunctional segments (54%). Stunned segments were characterized by a reduced 123I IPPA extraction, a shorter half‐life of the fast, and a longer half‐life of the slow clearance component. All parameters of the combined 201T1/123I IPPA study predicted functional recovery with similar accuracies (area under the receiver operator characteristic curves between 0.68 and 0.76; p = NS). Analysis of 201T1 uptake alone could not predict functional recovery in this study.

Conclusions: Stunned myocardium is characterized by a disturbance of fatty acid metabolism. For prediction of functional improvement, 123I IPPA imaging added significant diagnostic information.
Momentum/continuity coupling with large non‐isotropic momentum source terms
Authors: Franklin J. D. , Lee Joon Sang
Published: February 2009

Pressure‐based methods such as the SIMPLE algorithm are frequently used to determine a coupled solution between the component momentum equations and the continuity equation. This paper presents a colocated variable pressure correction algorithm for control volumes of polyhedral/polygonal cell topologies. The correction method is presented independent of spatial approximation. The presence of non‐isotropic momentum source terms is included in the proposed algorithm to ensure its applicability to multi‐physics applications such as gas and particulate flows. Two classic validation test cases are included along with a newly proposed test case specific to multiphase flows. The classic validation test cases demonstrate the application of the proposed algorithm on truly arbitrary polygonal/polyhedral cell meshes. A comparison between the current algorithm and commercially available software is made to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is competitively efficient. The newly proposed test case demonstrates the benefits of the current algorithm when applied to a multiphase flow situation. The numerical results from this case show that the proposed algorithm is more robust than other methods previously proposed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid scheme based on finite element/volume methods for two immiscible fluid flows
Authors: Wan Tian , Aliabadi Shahrouz , Bigler Christopher
Published: February 2009

We have successfully extended our implicit hybrid finite element/volume (FE/FV) solver to flows involving two immiscible fluids. The solver is based on the segregated pressure correction or projection method on staggered unstructured hybrid meshes. An intermediate velocity field is first obtained by solving the momentum equations with the matrix‐free implicit cell‐centered FV method. The pressure Poisson equation is solved by the node‐based Galerkin FE method for an auxiliary variable. The auxiliary variable is used to update the velocity field and the pressure field. The pressure field is carefully updated by taking into account the velocity divergence field. This updating strategy can be rigorously proven to be able to eliminate the unphysical pressure boundary layer and is crucial for the correct temporal convergence rate. Our current staggered‐mesh scheme is distinct from other conventional ones in that we store the velocity components at cell centers and the auxiliary variable at vertices. The fluid interface is captured by solving an advection equation for the volume fraction of one of the fluids. The same matrix‐free FV method, as the one used for momentum equations, is used to solve the advection equation. We will focus on the interface sharpening strategy to minimize the smearing of the interface over time. We have developed and implemented a global mass conservation algorithm that enforces the conservation of the mass for each fluid. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kerr Enda , Craig David , McGuinness Bernadette , Dynan Kevin B. , Fogarty Damian , Johnston Janet A. , Passmore A. Peter
Published: February 2009

Objectives

Renal disease is increasingly regarded as an independent risk factor for vascular disease which in itself is believed to influence risk of AD. Alterations in amyloid homeostasis via reduced renal clearance of peripheral beta‐amyloid (A|*beta*|) may represent another potential role for variation in renal function leading to increased risk of AD. We sought to examine estimates of glomerular filtration rate in AD and control groups.

Methods

AD patients were randomly recruited from the Memory Clinic of the Belfast City Hospital (n = 83). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral leucocytes and was genotyped for Apolipoprotein E using standard methods. Using creatinine values, age and gender, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates (eGFR) were calculated using the isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)‐traceable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation (using the United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UKNEQAS) correction factor). IDMS eGFR values were then compared between AD and control groups.

Results

Significant baseline differences in age, diastolic blood pressure, education level attained and APOE |*epsilon*|4 carriage were noted between cases and controls. The AD group had a significantly lower eGFR versus controls (69 vs 77 ml/min) which persisted after adjustment for possible confounders (p = 0.045).

Conclusions

This case‐control analysis suggests that using a relatively accurate estimate of renal function, patients with AD have greater renal impairment than cognitively normal controls. This may reflect impaired renal clearance of peripheral A|*beta*| or be a marker of shared vascular processes altering cerebral and renal functioning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exogenous thioredoxin prevents ethanol-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in mouse liver #
Authors: Cohen Jessica I. , Roychowdhury Sanjoy , DiBello Patricia M. , Jacobsen Donald W. , Nagy Laura E.
Published: February 2009

Ethanol-induced liver injury is characterized by increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, and cell death by necrosis and apoptosis. Thioredoxin (Trx), a potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory molecule with antiapoptotic properties, protects animals from a number of inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of ethanol on Trx or its role in ethanol-induced liver injury are not known. Female C57BL/6 mice were allowedad libitumaccess to a Lieber-deCarli ethanol diet with 5.4% of calories as ethanol for 2 days to acclimate them to the diet, followed by 2 days with 32.4% of calories as ethanol or pair-fed control diet. Hepatic Trx-1 was decreased by ethanol feeding; daily supplementation with recombinant human Trx (rhTrx) prevented this ethanol-induced decrease. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that administration of rhTrx during ethanol exposure would attenuate ethanol-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine production, and apoptosis. Mice were treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of either 5 g/kg of rhTrx or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).Conclusion:Ethanol feeding increased accumulation of hepatic 4-hydroxynonenal protein adducts, expression of hepatic tumor necrosis factor α, and resulted in hepatic steatosis and increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. In ethanol-fed mice, treatment with rhTrx reduced 4-hydroxynonenal adduct accumulation, inflammatory cytokine expression, decreased hepatic triglyceride, and improved liver enzyme profiles. Ethanol feeding also increased transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling-positive cells, caspase-3 activity, and cytokeratin-18 staining in the liver. rhTrx treatment prevented these increases. In summary, rhTrx attenuated ethanol-induced increases in markers of oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine expression, and apoptosis. (Hepatology 2009.)
MicroRNA-21 is overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinoma and regulates programmed cell death 4 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 #
Authors: Selaru Florin M. , Olaru Alexandru V. , Kan Takatsugu , David Stefan , Cheng Yulan , Mori Yuriko , Yang Jian , Paun Bogdan , Jin Zhe , Agarwal Rachana , Hamilton James P. , Abraham John , Georgiades Christos , Alvarez Hector , Vivekanandan Perumal , Yu Wayne , Maitra Anirban , Torbenson Michael , Thuluvath Paul J. , Gores Gregory J. , LaRusso Nicholas F. , Hruban Ralph , Meltzer Stephen J.
Published: February 2009

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are aggressive cancers, with high mortality and poor survival rates. Only radical surgery offers patients some hope of cure; however, most patients are not surgical candidates because of late diagnosis secondary to relatively poor accuracy of diagnostic means. MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in every cancer examined, but they have not been evaluated in primary CCA. In this study, miR arrays were performed on five primary CCAs and five normal bile duct specimens (NBDs). Several miRs were dysregulated and miR-21 was overexpressed in CCAs. miR-21 differential expression in these 10 specimens was verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To validate these findings, qRT-PCR for miR-21 was then performed on 18 additional primary CCAs and 12 normal liver specimens. MiR-21 was 95% sensitive and 100% specific in distinguishing between CCA and normal tissues, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.995. Inhibitors of miR-21 increased protein levels of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3). Notably, messenger RNA levels of TIMP3 were significantly lower in CCAs than in normals. Conclusions: MiR-21 is overexpressed in human CCAs. Furthermore, miR-21 may be oncogenic, at least in part, by inhibiting PDCD4 and TIMP3. Finally, these data suggest that TIMP3 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in the biliary tree. (Hepatology 2009.)
A bimodal four‐parameter lognormal linear model of soil water repellency persistence
Authors: Regalado C. M. , Ritter A.
Published: February 2009

Soil water repellency may be characterized in terms of the delayed infiltration time of a water droplet resting on the soil surface, which is, water drop penetration time (WDPT), or repellency persistence. Such repellency persistence varies nonlinearly with soil water content (θg), although no models have been proposed to reproduce the variation of WDPT with θg in soils. Dynamic factor analysis (DFA) is used to identify two common patterns of unexplained variability in a scattered dataset of WDPT versus θg measurements. A four‐parameter lognormal distribution was fitted to both common patterns obtained by DFA, and these were combined additively in a weighted multiple linear bimodal model. We show how such an empirical model is capable of reproducing a large variety of WDPT versus θg curve shapes (N = 80) both within a wide range of measured WDPTs (0–17 000 s) and for samples with organic matter content ranging from 21·7 to 80·6 g (100 g)−1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heterogeneous characteristics of streambed saturated hydraulic conductivity of the Touchet River, south eastern Washington, USA
Authors: Leek Randal , Wu Joan Q. , Wang Li , Hanrahan Timothy P. , Barber Michael E. , Qiu Hanxue
Published: February 2009

Traditionally a streambed is treated as a layer of uniform thickness and low saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) in surface‐ and ground‐water studies. Recent findings have shown a high level of spatial heterogeneity within a streambed and such heterogeneity directly affects surface‐ and ground‐water exchange and can have ecological implications for biogeochemical transformations, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and reproduction of gravel spawning fish. In this study a detailed field investigation of K was conducted in two selected sites in Touchet River, a typical salmon spawning stream in arid south eastern Washington, USA. In‐stream slug tests were conducted to determine K following the Bouwer and Rice method. For the upper and lower sites, each 50 m long and 9 m wide and roughly 20 m apart, a sampling grid of 5 m longitudinally and 3 m transversely was used. The slug tests were performed for each horizontal coordinate at 0·3–0·45, 0·6–0·75, 0·9–1·05 and 1·2–1·35 m depth intervals unless a shallower impenetrable obstruction was encountered. Additionally, water levels were measured to obtain vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG) between each two adjacent depth intervals. Results indicated that K ranged over three orders of magnitude at both the upper and lower sites and differed between the two sites. At the upper site, K did not differ significantly among different depth intervals based on nonparametric statistical tests for mean, median, and empirical cumulative distribution, but the spatial pattern of K varied among different depth intervals. At the lower site, K for the 0·3–0·45 m depth interval differed statistically from those at other depth intervals, and no similar spatial pattern was found among different depth intervals. Zones of upward and downward water flow based on VHG also varied among different depth intervals, reflecting the complexities of the water flow regime. Detailed characterization of the streambed as attempted in this study should be helpful in providing information on spatial variations of streambed hydraulic properties as well as surface‐ and ground‐water interaction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constructions for rotational Steiner quadruple systems
Authors: Feng Tao , Chang Yanxun , Ji Lijun
Published: February 2009

A direct construction for rotational Steiner quadruple systems of order p+ 1 having a nontrivial multiplier automorphism is presented, where p≡13 (mod24) is a prime. We also give two improved product constructions. By these constructions, the known existence results of rotational Steiner quadruple systems are extended. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 353–368, 2009
Negative Latin square type partial difference sets and amorphic association schemes with Galois rings
Authors: Polhill John
Published: February 2009

A partial difference set (PDS) having parameters (n2, r(n−1), n+r2−3r, r2−r) is called a Latin square type PDS, while a PDS having parameters (n2, r(n+1), −n+r2+3r, r2 +r) is called a negative Latin square type PDS. There are relatively few known constructions of negative Latin square type PDSs, and nearly all of these are in elementary abelian groups. We show that there are three different groups of order 256 that have all possible negative Latin square type parameters. We then give generalized constructions of negative Latin square type PDSs in 2‐groups. We conclude by discussing how these results fit into the context of amorphic association schemes and by stating some open problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 266‐282, 2009
Embedding in a perfect code
Authors: Avgustinovich Sergey V. , Krotov Denis S.
Published: February 2009

A binary 1 ‐error‐correcting code can always be embedded in a 1 ‐perfect code of some larger length. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 419–423, 2009
Sensitizer immobilization in photochemistry: evaluation of a novel green support
Authors: Santos Diego T. , Albarelli Juliana Q. , Joyce Kieran , Oelgemöller Michael
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, refers to environmentally friendly chemicals and processes that result in reduced waste, elimination of costly end‐of‐the‐pipe treatments; safer products, and reduced use of energy and resources. In this context this study aims to evaluate a novel green sensitizer support for photochemistry use. For this propose, Rose Bengal (RB) and juglone production were chosen as a model sensitizer and a model photoreaction, respectively.

RESULTS: The results showed that the RB‐alginate beads prepared using a solution of 20% CaCl2 had better stability in the solvent t‐amyl alcohol. Comparing all the immobilized systems a larger reaction yield (57.5%) was obtained when the proportion of the beads in the photoreactor flask was 5% (v/v). Although when using suspended RB the reaction yield was better (62%) the environmental friendly attributes and economical advantages of immobilized systems overcome it.

CONCLUSIONS: The potentiality of this new kind of sensitizer immobilization was demonstrated and a mechanism based on immobilization of cells was proposed. Furthermore the use of this novel green support presents a greater efficiency and potentially lower costs than the commercial supported RB Sensitox. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Genetic and morphometric variability in Caiman latirostris (broad‐snouted caiman), Reptilia, Alligatoridae
Authors: Amavet Patricia , Vilardi Juan César , Rosso Esteban , Saidman Beatriz
Published: February 2009

Caiman latirostris (broad‐snouted caiman) is a crocodilian species from Argentina subject of management plans. The goal of this study was estimating the distribution of genetic variability using RAPD markers and quantitative traits in wild populations of C. latirostris from Santa Fe province, Argentina. We sampled animals from four populations to obtain DNA and morphometric measurements. Eight RAPD primers were used and PCR products were analyzed on 4% polyacrylamide gels stained with silver nitrate. Eleven allometric measurements were obtained in animals within 48 hr after birth. We were able to reveal a relatively high number of variable markers in the studied populations. Our estimates of polymorphism and heterozygosity are higher than recorded values in other crocodilians using isozymes, the studied populations showed low levels of gene flow and some population subdivision. The study of quantitative traits conducted by nested analysis of variance and principal component analysis indicated higher levels of variance among nests within populations than among populations. We found that some head measurements have the highest contribution to morphological differences among populations; this fact could support the role of these traits in reproductive or feeding behavior. Estimated genetic differentiation value (FST) among populations was higher than quantitative trait differentiation value (QST), suggesting a higher contribution of neutral than adaptive loci to the genetic differentiation among populations. Quantitative traits are probably more related with fitness and the differentiation among populations remained relatively lower. The high heritability estimated for some traits indicates great potential to improve them in management plans. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:258–269, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor gene based therapy for acute limb ischemia in a mouse model
Authors: Sacramento Chester Bittencourt , Cantagalli Vanessa Dionisio , Grings Mariana , Carvalho Leonardo Pinto , Baptista‐Silva José Carlos Costa , Beutel Abram , Bergamaschi Cassia Toledo , de Campos Junior Ruy Ribeiro , de Moraes Jane Zveiter , Takiya Christina Maeda , Samoto Vívian Yochiko , Borojevic Radovan , da Silva Flavia Helena , Nardi Nance Beyer , Dohmann Hans Fernando , Junior Hamilton Silva , Valero Valderez Bastos , Han Sang Won
Published: February 2009

Background

Granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is a pleiotropic factor for hematopoiesis that stimulates myeloblasts, monoblasts and mobilization of bone marrow stem cells. Therefore, the GM‐CSF gene is a potential candidate for vessel formation and tissue remodeling in the treatment of ischemic diseases.

Methods

A new mouse limb ischemia was established by surgery and gene transfer was performed by injection of 100 µg of a plasmid carrying GM‐CSF. Muscle force and weight, histology, capillary density, circulating stem cells and monocytes were determined after 3–4 weeks.

Results

More than 60% of nontreated ischemic animals showed gangrene below the heel after 4 weeks, whereas the GM‐CSF gene‐treated animals showed only darkening of nails or toes. These animals demonstrated a full recovery of the affected muscles in terms of weight, force and muscle fiber structure, but the muscles of nontreated ischemic animals lost approximately 50% weight, 86% force and their regular structure. When the GM‐CSF gene was injected into the contralateral limb, only partial loss was observed, demonstrating a distant effect of GM‐CSF. The capillary density in the GM‐CSF‐treated group was 52% higher in relation to the nontreated group. Blood analysis by flow cytometry showed that the GM‐CSF‐treated group had 10–20% higher levels of circulating monocytes and Sca‐1+.

Conclusions

We conclude that the direct administration of GM‐CSF gene in limb ischemia had a strong therapeutic effect because it promoted the recovery of muscle mass, force and structure by mobilizing therapeutic cells and augmenting the number of vessels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐analyte imprinting capability of OMNiMIPs versus traditional molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Meng Andrew C. , LeJeune Jason , Spivak David A.
Published: February 2009

One monomer molecularly imprinted polymers (OMNiMIPs) have enhanced binding and selectivity properties versus traditionally formulated ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)/methacrylic acid (MAA) imprinted polymers. Further comparison was investigated toward multi‐analyte imprinting capability of these two imprinted materials. Two templates, (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol and BOC‐L‐tyrosine were simultaneously imprinted in the polymers, and the enantioselectivity compared to polymers imprinted with one template at a time. The simultaneously imprinted OMNiMIP exhibited only 6.3 and 21.1% loss in enantioselectivity for (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol and BOC‐L‐tyrosine respectively, versus the singly imprinted OMNiMIPs. For the EGDMA/MAA imprinted polymer, enantioselectivity was only found for (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol, with 59.1% loss in enantioselectivity found for the multiple‐template imprinted polymer versus the (R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol singly imprinted polymer. It was also shown that imprinting two templates simultaneously leads to better enantioselective performance than mixing the particles of singly imprinted polymers. For example, the enantioselectivity of the R enantiomer of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐binapthol on the simultaneously imprinted OMNiMIP gave a separation factor (α) value of 4.4, while the mixed‐particle column gave an α value of 2.6. In addition, it was found that mixing an imprinted polymer with a non‐imprinted polymer resulted in complete loss of chromatographic enantioselectivity in all cases (except the one that still showed severe loss of selectivity). Collectively, the results illustrate that imprinting mixtures of templates simultaneously is the method of choice, especially for OMNiMIPs, for producing multi‐analyte molecular recognition in imprinted polymers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis of the energy cycle of the South American rainy season
Authors: Ramirez Gutierrez Enver , Silva Dias P. L. , Veiga J. A. , Camayo R. , dos Santos A.
Published: February 2009

The South American (SA) rainy season is studied in this paper through the application of a multivariate Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis to a SA gridded precipitation analysis and to the components of Lorenz Energy Cycle (LEC) derived from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis. The EOF analysis leads to the identification of patterns of the rainy season and the associated mechanisms in terms of their energetics. The first combined EOF represents the northwest–southeast dipole of the precipitation between South and Central America, the South American Monsoon System (SAMS). The second combined EOF represents a synoptic pattern associated with the SACZ (South Atlantic convergence zone) and the third EOF is in spatial quadrature to the second EOF. The phase relationship of the EOFs, as computed from the principal components (PCs), suggests a nonlinear transition from the SACZ to the fully developed SAMS mode by November and between both components describing the SACZ by September–October (the rainy season onset). According to the LEC, the first mode is dominated by the eddy generation term at its maximum, the second by both baroclinic and eddy generation terms and the third by barotropic instability previous to the connection to the second mode by September–October. The predominance of the different LEC components at each phase of the SAMS can be used as an indicator of the onset of the rainy season in terms of physical processes, while the existence of the outstanding spectral peaks in the time dependence of the EOFs at the intraseasonal time scale could be used for monitoring purposes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Phonon–phonon interactions in Ce0.85Gd0.15O2−δ nanocrystals studied by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Aškrabić S. , Dohčević‐Mitrović Z. D. , Radović M. , Šćepanović M. , Popović Z. V.
Published: February 2009

Phonon–phonon interactions and phase stability of Gd‐doped ceria nanocrystals were examined over the temperature range 293–1100 K by Raman spectroscopy. The phonon confinement model (PCM) based on size, inhomogeneous strain and anharmonic effects was used to properly describe the anharmonic interactions in this system. The interplay between size and anharmonic effects influenced different phonon decay channels in nano grains than in larger grains. After the gradual cooling down to room temperature (RT), the Raman study revealed the phase separation in this system pointing to the phase instability of Ce0.85Gd0.15O2−δ nanocrystals after heat treatment. The concentration of extrinsic (intrinsic) oxygen vacancies was also studied by Raman spectroscopy during the heat treatment of the Ce0.85Gd0.15O2−δ nanocrystalline sample. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy for gastric precancer diagnosis
Authors: Teh Seng Khoon , Zheng Wei , Ho Khek Yu , Teh Ming , Yeoh Khay Guan , Huang Zhiwei
Published: February 2009

Raman spectroscopy is a molecular vibrational spectroscopic technique that is capable of optically probing the biomolecular changes associated with neoplastic transformation. The purpose of this study was to apply near‐infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy for differentiating dysplasia from normal gastric mucosa tissue. A total of 65 gastric mucosa tissues (44 normal and 21 dysplasia) were obtained from 35 patients who underwent endoscopy investigation or gastrectomy operation for this study. A rapid NIR Raman system was utilized for tissue Raman spectroscopic measurements at 785‐nm laser excitation. High‐quality Raman spectra in the range of 800–1800 cm−1 can be acquired from gastric mucosa tissue within 5 s. Raman spectra showed significant differences between normal and dysplastic tissue, particularly in the spectral ranges of 850–1150, 1200–1500 and 1600–1750 cm−1, which contained signals related to proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. The diagnostic decision algorithm based on the combination of Raman peak intensity ratios of I875/I1450 and I1208/I1655 and the logistic regression analysis yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 90.9% for identification of gastric dysplasia tissue. This work demonstrates that NIR Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with intensity ratio algorithms has the potential for the noninvasive diagnosis and detection of precancer in the stomach at the molecular level. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐structural characterization of red decorations of red and green color porcelain (Honglvcai) in China
Authors: Wang Lihua , Zhu Jian , Yan Yan , Xie Yaning , Wang Changsui
Published: February 2009

Red and green color porcelain (Honglvcai) is an important type of polychrome porcelains invented in North China during Song and Jin Dynasties. One of its great successes is its red decoration painted on the surface of glaze and fired at low temperature. Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) at Fe K‐edge, were used to characterize the microstructure of red decorations from Song and Jin Dynasties to Ming Dynasty. The analyzing results on eight samples showed that hematite (α‐Fe2O3) was the main chromogenic substance in red decorations from different dynasties, which indicated a similar technological skill among the investigated samples. The oxidation state of iron in red decorations was determined to be mainly trivalent, indicating that red decorations were fired under oxidizing atmosphere. Besides, it was found that the hematite (α‐Fe2O3) in red decorations had a distorted structure, which was presumed to be an important factor influencing the color of red decorations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of adsorption isotherms by means of HPLC: Adsorption mechanism elucidation and separation optimization
Authors: Marchetti Nicola , Cavazzini Alberto , Pasti Luisa , Dondi Francesco
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this review is to illustrate the most important techniques for isotherm determination by means of HPLC. Starting on the traditional Frontal Analysis approach, Frontal Analysis by Characteristic Point, Elution by Characteristic Point, Perturbation Method in its different applications will be considered to conclude with the most recent Inverse Method approach. Since many of these techniques are based on the fundamentals of nonlinear chromatography, a short overview of the theory of nonlinear chromatography is presented. Emphasis is given to the most recent applications of these techniques for pharmaceutical applications, characterization of binding mechanisms, bioaffinity studies, molecular and chiral recognition processes.
Capturing coping with symptoms in people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia: introducing the MACS‐24
Authors: Bak Maarten , Delespaul Philippe , Krabbendam Lydia , Huistra Karola , Walraven Wil , van Os Jim
Published: February 2009

In order to assess coping with psychotic symptoms, the Maastricht Assessment of Coping Strategies (MACS), 24 symptom version, was developed as a refinement of the previous MACS‐13. Associations between type of coping and the experienced level of control over psychotic symptoms were examined using MACS‐24.

MACS‐24 was administered to 32 individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. For each of 24 symptoms, experience of distress, type of coping and the resulting degree of perceived control were assessed. Coping types were reduced to two contrasting coping factors: symptomatic coping and non‐symptomatic coping (combining active problem solving, passive illness behaviour, active problem avoiding, and passive problem avoiding).

Mean level of distress and perceived control (range: 1–7) were, respectively, 4.2 [standard deviation (SD) = 1.9] and 4.2 (SD = 1.9). The association between distress and perceived control was negative [β = −0.28; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) = −0.41 to −0.15]. Type of coping interacted with perceived control (p = 0.005), in that symptomatic coping was negatively associated with perceived control [odds ratio (OR) over seven levels = 0.82, 95%CI = 0.71–0.94], whereas for non‐symptomatic coping a positive association was apparent (OR over seven levels = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.03–1.19).

Previous contrasts between symptomatic and non‐symptomatic coping were replicated using MACS‐24, suggesting clinical validity and utility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a computer‐adaptive test for the assessment of depression (D‐CAT) in clinical application
Authors: Fliege Herbert , Becker Janine , Walter Otto B. , Rose Matthias , Bjorner Jakob B. , Klapp Burghard F.
Published: February 2009

In the past, a German Computerized Adaptive Test, based on Item Response Theory (IRT), was developed for purposes of assessing the construct depression [Computer‐adaptive test for depression (D‐CAT)]. This study aims at testing the feasibility and validity of the real computer‐adaptive application.

The D‐CAT, supplied by a bank of 64 items, was administered on personal digital assistants (PDAs) to 423 consecutive patients suffering from psychosomatic and other medical conditions (78 with depression). Items were adaptively administered until a predetermined reliability (r ≥ 0.90) was attained. For validation purposes, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES‐D) scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered. Another sample of 114 patients was evaluated using standardized diagnostic interviews [Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)].

The D‐CAT was quickly completed (mean 74 seconds), well accepted by the patients and reliable after an average administration of only six items. In 95% of the cases, 10 items or less were needed for a reliable score estimate. Correlations between the D‐CAT and the HADS, CES‐D, and BDI ranged between r = 0.68 and r = 0.77. The D‐CAT distinguished between diagnostic groups as well as established questionnaires do.

The D‐CAT proved an efficient, well accepted and reliable tool. Discriminative power was comparable to other depression measures, whereby the CAT is shorter and more precise. Item usage raises questions of balancing the item selection for content in the future. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee absenteeism measures reflecting current work practices may be instrumental in a re‐evaluation of the relationship between psychological distress/mental health and absenteeism
Authors: Hilton Michael F. , Sheridan Judith , Cleary Catherine M. , Whiteford Harvey A.
Published: February 2009

Absenteeism rates are the cornerstone metrics guiding corporate policy for health care investment in employees. However, traditional absenteeism measures do not reflect the contemporary workplace milieu. It is accepted practice that employees work evenings or weekends to makeup time. Using a hours‐based absenteeism measure, that accounts for time made‐up as well as time lost, this paper evaluates the impact of psychological distress on employee absenteeism.

Psychological distress and absenteeism data were collected from 54,264 full‐time employees. Consistent with traditional approaches, employees indicated how many days they were absent. Hours based absenteeism was formulated from the ratio of how many hours the employees worked and how many hours were they expected to work in the past seven‐days.

Concordant with previous concinnous evidence, traditional absenteeism computation indicated that elevated psychological distress is associated with increasing absenteeism. Using the hours‐based method psychological distress did not significantly influence absenteeism.

Traditional calculations of absenteeism do not reflect the current work practices of the majority of employees. Employees with psychological distress may take time off work but it appears that they make up for lost time possibly to stay up to speed with task driven occupations and avoid performance review. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphical disclosures by charities: clarification or distortion? The case of the Netherlands
Authors: Bonga Juliette , Jegers Marc
Published: February 2009

The literature on graph use and graphical distortions in nonprofit organisations is reviewed, highlighting measurement issues. A sample of 50 disclosed annual reports of Dutch charities containing graphs is analysed, leading to the observation of significant graphical distortions. These distortions seem to be related to organisational efficiency, though not in the way one might expect: better performing charities ‘embellish’ the data in their graphical representations, whereas the opposite seems to be the case for the less performing charities.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic flammability and thermal stability of polypropylene/aluminum trihydroxide/Fe‐montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Kong Qinghong , Hu Yuan , Song Lei , Yi Chengwu
Published: February 2009

In the present study, polypropylene/aluminium trihydroxide/Fe‐montmorillonite (PP/ATH/Fe‐MMT) nanocomposites were prepared by melt‐intercalation method. This was been designed to determine whether the presence of structural iron in the matrix could enhance the thermal stability and flammability of nanocomposites. In order to prove the effect of Fe3+ in the structural silicate layers, samples of PP/ATH and PP/ATH/Na‐MMT (no Fe3+ in structural silicate layers) were prepared under the same conditions. Fe‐MMT and Na‐MMT were modified by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB). The nanocomposite structures were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was applied to test the thermal properties of nanocomposites. In addition, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of PP/ATH/Fe‐MMT nanocomposites was increased, and no dripping phenomenon was found through the UL‐94 vertical burning test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High molecular weight biodegraded poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐ε‐caprolactam) copolymer: direct polycondensation of lactic acid, glycolic acid and ε‐caprolactam using Sn(II)‐organic anhydride as catalysts
Authors: Lu De‐Dai , Yuan Jian‐Chao , Lei Zi‐Qiang
Published: February 2009

High molecular weight poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐ε‐caprolactam) (PLGC) copolymer was synthesized by simply heating a mixture of DL‐lactic acid aqueous, glycolic acid, and ε‐caprolactam (CLM) using organic anhydride and tin (II) chloride dihydrate (SnCl2 · 2H2O) or metal powder as catalysts without organic solvents. At the same time, in order to investigate the effects of the structure of amino acid on the properties of copolymers, poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐glycine) (PLGG), poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐L‐alanine) (PLGA‐1), poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐β‐alanine). (PLGA‐2), poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐γ‐aminobutyric acid) (PLGA‐3), and poly(lactic acid‐glycolic acid‐L‐phenylalanine) (PLGP) were synthesized under the same conditions, respectively. The structure of PLGC was confirmed by FT‐IR and NMR spectra. The average molecular weight of PLGC was determined by the Ubbelohde model (corrected by 1H‐NMR end‐group analysis). The results indicated that compounds of organic anhydride and SnCl2 · 2H2O were active, and the highest average molecular weights could achieve 9800 Da. The thermal properties were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results indicated that the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) of polyesteramide increased with the increase in the carbon atom numbers between carboxyl and amino‐groups of amino acid. The Tgs were higher when α‐carbon atom of amino acid linked with a “rigid” group than a “soft” group. The solubility and hydrolytic degradation of PLGC copolymers were investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion transfer in composite membranes based on MF‐4SC incorporating nanoparticles of silica, zirconia, and polyaniline
Authors: Yaroslavtsev A. B. , Stenina I. A. , Voropaeva E. Yu. , Ilyina A. A.
Published: February 2009

The composite membranes based on MF‐4SC incorporating nanoparticles of silica, zirconia, and polyaniline were synthesized. The transport phenomena in obtained membranes were studied with the help of different techniques. It was shown that the composite membranes had the higher proton conductivity than the initial membrane. The diffusion permeability of HCl and NaCl solutions was found to decrease for MF‐4SC/ZrO2 composite membranes and increase for MF‐4SC membranes incorporating silica or polyaniline. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of liquid crystalline polymer and recycled PET as minor blending components on rheological behavior, morphology, and thermal properties of thermoplastic blends
Authors: Kayaisang Supattra , Amornsakchai Taweechai , Saikrasun Sunan
Published: February 2009

In this study, the potential of recycled poly(ethylene terepthalate) (rPET) as a well‐defined reinforcing material for the in situ microfibrillar‐reinforced composite (iMFC) was investigated in comparison with that of liquid crystalline polymer (LCP). Each dispersed phase (LCP or rPET) was melt blended with high density polyethylene (PE) by using extrusion process. The rheological behavior, morphology, and the thermal stability of LCP/PE and rPET/PE blends containing various dispersed phase contents were investigated. All blends and LCP exhibited shear thinning behavior, whereas Newtonian fluid behavior was observed for rPET. The incorporation of LCP or rPET into PE significantly improved the processability. A potential of rPET as a processing lubricant by bringing down the melt viscosity of the blend system was as good as LCP. The elongated LCP domains were clearly observed in as‐extruded strand. Although the viscosity ratio of the rPET/PE system was lower than that of the LCP/PE blend system, most rPET domains appeared as small droplets. An addition of LCP and rPET into the PE matrix improved the thermal resistance significantly in air but not in nitrogen. The obtained results suggested the high potential of rPET as a processing aid and good thermally resistant material similar to LCP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonoembryology and early prenatal diagnosis of neural anomalies
Authors: Blaas H.‐G. K. , Eik‐Nes S. H.
Published: February 2009

In the following review, the early development of the central nervous system (CNS), as described by embryologists and anatomists in modern embryological textbooks, is compared with sonoanatomic descriptions from two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound studies, week by week in the first trimester. The anatomic descriptions are limited to details that are of interest for the understanding of ultrasound examinations. Further, the detection of main CNS anomalies including spina bifida during the first trimester are presented and discussed. Empty or enlarged brain cavities, or abnormal contours of the head and spine are important diagnostic markers for the detection of CNS anomalies in the very early pregnancy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The SN3–SN2 spectrum. Rate constants and product selectivities for solvolyses of benzenesulfonyl chlorides in aqueous alcohols
Authors: Bentley T. William , Jones Robert O. , Kang Dae Ho , Koo In Sun
Published: February 2009

Rate constants for a wide range of binary aqueous mixtures and product selectivities (S) in ethanol–water (EW) and methanol–water (MW) mixtures, are reported at 25 °C for solvolyses of benzenesulfonyl chloride and the 4‐chloro‐derivative. S is defined as follows using molar concentrations: S = ([ester product]/[acid product]) × ([water solvent]/[alcohol solvent]). Additional selectivity data are reported for solvolyses of 4‐Z‐substituted sulfonyl chlorides (Z = OMe, Me, H, Cl and NO2) in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol–water. To explain these results and previously published data on kinetic solvent isotope effects (KSIEs) and on other solvolyses of 4‐nitro and 4‐methoxybenzenesulfonyl chloride, a mechanistic spectrum involving a change from third order to second order is proposed. The molecularity of these reactions is discussed, along with new term ‘SN3–SN2 spectrum’ and its connection with the better established term ‘SN2–SN1 spectrum’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate with Nanocrystals of Binary Transition Metal Ferrites
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Kapoor Inder Pal Singh , Dubey Shalini , Siril Prem Felix
Published: February 2009

Binary transition metal ferrite (BTMF) nanocrystals of formula MFe2O4 (M=Cu, Co, Ni) were prepared by the coprecipitation method and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). XRD patterns gave average particle size by using Scherrer's equation for CuFe2O4 (CuF), CoFe2O4 (CoF), and NiFe2O4 (NiF) as 39.9, 27.3, and 43.8 nm, respectively. The catalytic activity measurements on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP) were carried out by using thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and ignition delay studies. Isothermal TG data up to a mass loss of 45% have been used to evaluate kinetic parameters by using model fitting as well as isoconversional method. The order of catalytic activity was found to be:
Effect of Habit Modifiers on Morphology and Properties of Nano‐HNS Explosive in Prefilming Twin‐Fluid Nozzle‐Assisted Precipitation
Authors: Huang Hao , Wang Jingyu , Xu Wenzheng , Xie Ruizheng
Published: February 2009

In order to investigate the effect of crystal habit modifiers (CHM) on morphology, purity, thermal properties, and short duration shock pulses sensitivity of HNS, nanocrystalline HNS was recrystallized from ultra‐pure water by the prefilming twin‐fluid nozzle‐assisted precipitation (PTFN‐P) method with two different CHMs and without CHM. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC‐Na) and white dextrine (WD) were selected as CHMs. The particles were characterized using SEM, BET, HPLC, DSC, and electrically exploded metal‐foil driven flyer plate. The morphology of HNS explosive without modifiers was demonstrated to be short plate‐like. However, in the presence of CMC‐Na and WD as modifiers, long plate‐like and ellipsoid morphologies were observed, respectively. The nanocrystalline HNS prepared with CMC‐Na was more receptive to high velocity flyer impact than samples produced under the other two conditions. Its sensitivity to short duration shock waves was elevated to twice the value of HNS obtained in the absence of modifiers. CMC‐Na was found to be a better modifier.
Complexes of HIV‐1 integrase with HAT proteins: Multiscale models, dynamics, and hypotheses on allosteric sites of inhibition
Authors: Di Fenza Armida , Rocchia Walter , Tozzini Valentina
Published: February 2009

A new and very promising strategy for HIV drug discovery consists in blocking the multiple functional interactions between HIV‐1 integrase (IN) and its cellular cofactors. At present, this line of action is hindered by the absence of three‐dimensional structures of IN in complex with any of them. In this article, we developed a full‐length three‐dimensional structure of IN, including the highly flexible terminal residues 270–288, which are not experimentally solved. Additionally, we built models of IN complexed to the human acetyltransferases GCN5 and p300 based on available structural and mutagenesis data. Then, we studied the dynamical behavior of these models by means of the Coarse‐Grained Molecular Dynamics (CGMD) and Essential Dynamics (ED) to locate and characterize the nature of the largest collective motions. We found correlated motions involving distant regions of IN. Moreover, we found that these are influenced by the binding with the acetyltransferases (HATs). Taken together these findings suggest a way to affect the acetyltransferase binding by an allosteric type of inhibition and provide an important new approach for the drug design against HIV disease. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.