bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AGAMA KATOLIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QUANTUM TEACHING PADA SISWA KELAS V SDK WAEPANA KECAMATAN SOA, KABUPATEN NGADA TA 2018/2019
Authors: Yasinta Dai
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peningkatan hasil belajar Agama Katolik  siswa kelas V SDK Waepana  dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Quantum Teaching. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian Kemmis dan Taggart yang terdiri atas dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri atas perencanaan, pelaksanaan tindakan dan observasi serta refleksi. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas V SDK Waepana   yang berjumlah 40 orang . Objek penelitian ini adalah hasil belajar Agama Katolik dan model Pembelajaran Quantum Teaching. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan teknik tes dan instrumen penelitian berupa tes obyektif,  dan data dianalisis dengan menggunakan statistik kuantitatif. Rata – rata hasil belajar yang dicapai siswa pada siklus I sebesar 62,25%, dengan ketuntasan klasikal 17,5%  dan rata – rata hasil belajar pada siklus II sebesar 81,25% dan ketuntasan klasikal 87,5%.  Berarti telah terjadi peningkatan hasil belajar Agama Katolik  dari siklus I ke Siklus II sebesar 18,99%  dan  pingkatan hasil belajar ini sudah melebihi KKM yang ditetapkan  yaitu 75. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model Pembelajaran  Quantum  Teaching dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar Agama Katolik  siswa kelas V SDK Waepana Tahun Pelajaran 2018/2019
KEBIJAKAN PEMERINTAH TENTANG PENYEDIAAN SARANA DAN PRASARANA OLAHRAGA PENDIDIKAN DI SMP NEGERI SE-KECAMATAN BAJAWA
Authors: Natal Yanuarius Ricardus
Published: February 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kebijakan pemerintah tentang penyediaan sarana dan prasarana olahraga pendidikan di SMP Se-Kecamatan Bajawa yang di tinjau dari aspek, ketersediaan serta ketercukupan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP Negeri di wilayah Kecamatan Bajawa. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala bidang SMP/MTs, kepala SMP Negeri di Kecamatan Bajawa, guru-guru penjas dan siswa/i. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan naturalistik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yakni berupa observasi, wawancara mendalam dan dokumen pencatatan. Teknik validitas yang digunakan adalah trianggulasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah  analisis model interaktif melalui tiga komponen yaitu reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Pemerintah daerah dalam hal ini oleh pemerintah kecamatan Bajawa melalui dinas terkait telah membuat kebijakan policy as spesific proposals berupa usulan-usulan ke atas botton-up dengan mekanisme laporan dari sekolah melalui unit pelaksana teknis dinas kecamatan selanjutnya ke dinas pendidikan dan ke pemerintah daerah maupun pemerintah pusat dibahas dan dianggarkan untuk diberi bantuan sarana dan prasarana olahraga. Bantuan tersebut berupa barang maupun berupa dana yang nantinya dibelanjakan lewat sekolah melalui dana alokasi khusus, namun untuk beberapa tahun ini mengalami ketiadaan dana tersebut sehingga sekolah hanya bersandar dari dana bantuan operasional sekolah yang cukup terbatas di dalam pengelolaannya. Ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana olahraga pendidikan di SMP Negeri di Kecamatan Bajawa telah memenuhi standar minimum berdasarkan standar sarana dan prasarana olahraga di SMP/MTs meliputi peralatan pendidikan, media dan sumber belajar,tempat berolahraga serta tempat bermain dan rekreasi yang diperlukan untuk proses pembelajaran yang teratur dan berkelanjutan. Ketercukupan sarana dan prasarana olahraga pendidikan di SMP Negeri se-kecamatan Bajawa secara umum telah memiliki prasarana yang baik (lapangan dan area berolahraga),akan tetapi untuk sarana seperti alat-alat olahraga masih kurang yang berbanding terbalik dengan rasio jumlah siswa di setiap kelasnya. Rata-rata siswa perkelas untuk rombel kelas VII-IX jumlahnya sebanyak 35-40 siswa, sementara sarana dan fasilitas olahraga jumlahnya sebanyak 10 buah untuk tiap set alat tersebut tidak termasuk dengan yang telah rusak atau tidak layak pakai
TABUNG SUNTIK UNTUK HUKUM BOYLE, SIMULASI PENGUKURAN TEKANAN UDARA DENGAN REAL WORLD PROBLEM SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMECAHAN MASALAH
Authors: Kua Maria Yuliana
Published: February 2021

Telah dilakukan eksperimen untuk membuat sebuah alat sederhana berbasis hukum dasar termodinamika. Teori dasar yang digunakan berdasar hukum Boyle dan konsep gas ideal. Tujuan dari pembuatan alat ini adalah untuk menunjukkan fenomena dalam hukum Boyle ketika suhu gas yang berada dalam suatu wadah tertutup dipertahankan konstan, maka tekanan gas akan berbanding terbalik dengan volume. Alat yang dimaksud berupa sebuah wadah yang dibuat hampa udara dan diletakkan sebuah balon di dalamnya. Pada tutup wadah diletakkan beberapa selang plastik yang dihubungkan dengan tabung suntik untuk memanipulasi besar volume udaranya. Dipasang pula sebuah manometer untuk mengukur besar tekanan udaranya. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan memberi gaya pada piston tabung suntik untuk memanipulasi besar volume yang akan memberikan pengaruh pada balon yaitu mengembang dan mengempis serta perubahan tekanan udara yang terbaca pada manometer. Media pembelajaran fisika ini didesain untuk membantu peserta didik memahami konsep termodinamika secara sederhana menggunakan real world problem sebagai alternatif pemecahan masalah.
PENERAPAN SUPERVISI AKADEMIK UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KOMPETENSI GURU DALAM MENYUSUN RENCANA PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN HARIAN DI TK/PAUD SE-GUGUS 3 BAJAWA, KECAMATAN BAJAWA, KABUPATEN NGADA
Authors: Meka Pulheria Meo
Published: February 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru-guru TK/PAUD Gugus  Bajawa 3,  Kecamatan Bajawa  dalam menyusun Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Harian melalui pelaksanaan supervise akademik. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan sekolah. Kegiatan dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas tahapan perencanaan tindakan, pelaksanaan tindakan,observasi, dan refleksi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Tempat penelitian di TK/PAUD Gugus Bajawa 3 ,  Kecamatan Bajawa, Kabupaten Ngada. Yang menjadi subyek dalam penelitian  ini adalah  guru  - guru TKK/PAUD  di Gugus  Bajawa 3  yang berjumlah 13 orang, yang diambil dari 4 sekolah yang mewakili 7 sekolah yang ada di gugus  Bajawa 3.  Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik waawancara, obeservasi kelas, dan diskusi. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis deskriptif komparatif. Data kuantitatif yang diperoleh dideskripsikan dalam bentuk kata-kata atau penjelasan. Selanjutnya dilakukan komparasi data untuk memastikan ada tidaknya peningkatan kemampuan guru dalam penilaian menyusun rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran harian (RPPH).  Dari rata-rata nilai supervise akademik guru dalam menyusun RPPH  pada kondisi awal diperoleh 62,61 % . Pada ahir Siklus I rata – rata nilai  yang diperoleh 71,23%, di akhir siklus II  diperoleh  87,77%, dan dari kondisi awal sampai dengan akhir siklus II nilai supervisi akademik meningkat sebesar 25,16%.  Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa dengan Pelaksanaan Supervisi akademik , maka dapat meningkat kompetensi guru dalam menyusun RPPH di TK/PAUD  Gugus Bajawa 3, Kecamatan Bajawa, TA 2018/2019
SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: AN APPROACH FROM BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Moya-Clemente Ismael , Ribes-Giner Gabriela , Chaves-Vargas Joana Carolina
Published: February 2021

Researchs on issues of Sustainable Entrepreneurship are gaining traction in recent years, with this trend being aligned to the achievement of sustainable development goals set by the UN in 2030. The purpose of this paper is to carry out a bibliometric analysis on research on the subject of sustainable entrepreneurship. The information gathered is extracted from the main collection of the Web of Science (WoS) database since 1999 up to December 2019. Nvivo and VOSviwer software are used to perform initial analysis and citation analysis, co-citations, bibliographic coupling, coauthoring, among others. This study presents advances associated with the main authors, journals and countries, the general and annual citation structure and the development of this field. The results show that the publication trend increases from 2015 onwards, however 2018 and 2019 have seen the greatest production of articles. In relation to the most influential countries, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, England and Spain are the most representative. It was also found that the most influential journals are the Journal of Cleaner Production and Sustainability. The main contribution is to show the evolution of this topic, so that researchers can use it in their theoretical frameworks and research.
Multiwavelength Photometry Derived from Monochromatic Kepler Data
Authors: Hedges Christina , Luger Rodrigo , Dotson Jessie , Foreman-Mackey Daniel , Barentsen Geert
Published: February 2021

The Kepler mission has provided a wealth of data, revealing new insights in time-domain astronomy. However, Kepler’s single bandpass has limited studies to a single wavelength. In this work we build a data-driven, pixel-level model for the pixel response function (PRF) of Kepler targets, modeling the image data from the spacecraft. Our model is sufficiently flexible to capture known detector effects, such as nonlinearity, intrapixel sensitivity variations, and focus change. In theory, the shape of the Kepler PRF should also be weakly wavelength-dependent, due to optical chromatic aberration and a wavelength-dependent detector response functions. We are able to identify these predicted changes in shape of the PRF using the residuals between Kepler data and our model. In this work, we show that these PRF changes correspond to wavelength variability in Kepler targets using a small sample of eclipsing binaries. Using our model, we demonstrate that pixel-level light curves of eclipsing binaries show variable eclipse depths, ellipsoidal modulation, and limb darkening. These changes at the pixel level are consistent with multiwavelength photometry. Our work suggests that each pixel in the Kepler data of a single target has a different effective wavelength, ranging from ≈550 to 750 nm. In this proof of concept, we demonstrate our model, and discuss possible uses for the wavelength-dependent PRF of Kepler. These uses include characterizing variable systems, and vetting exoplanet discoveries at the pixel level. The chromatic PRF of Kepler is due to weak wavelength dependence in the optical systems and detector of the telescope, and similar chromatic PRFs are expected in other similar telescopes, notably the NASA TESS telescope.
Protoplanetary Disk Rings as Sites for Planetesimal Formation
Authors: Carrera Daniel , Simon Jacob B. , Li Rixin , Kretke Katherine A. , Klahr Hubert
Published: February 2021

Axisymmetric dust rings are a ubiquitous feature of young protoplanetary disks. These rings are likely caused by pressure bumps in the gas profile; a small bump can induce a traffic-jam-like pattern in the dust density, while a large bump may halt radial dust drift entirely. The resulting increase in dust concentration may trigger planetesimal formation by the streaming instability (SI), as the SI itself requires some initial concentration of dust. Here we present the first 3D simulations of planetesimal formation in the presence of a pressure bump modeled specifically after those seen by Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We place a pressure bump at the center of a large 3D shearing box, along with an initial solid-to-gas ratio of Z = 0.01, and we include both particle back-reaction and particle self-gravity. We consider millimeter-sized and centimeter-sized particles separately. For simulations with centimeter-sized particles, we find that even a small pressure bump leads to the formation of planetesimals via the SI; a pressure bump does not need to fully halt radial particle drift for the SI to become efficient. Furthermore, pure gravitational collapse via concentration in pressure bumps (such as would occur at sufficiently high concentrations and without the SI) is not responsible for planetesimal formation. For millimeter-sized particles, we find tentative evidence that planetesimal formation does not occur. If this result is confirmed at higher resolution, it could put strong constraints on where planetesimals can form. Ultimately, our results show that for centimeter-sized particles planetesimal formation in pressure bumps is extremely robust.
New Ritz Wavelengths and Transition Probabilities of Parity-forbidden [Mn II] Lines of Astrophysical Interest
Authors: Liggins Florence S. , Pickering Juliet C. , Nave Gillian , Kramida Alexander , Gamrath Sébastien , Quinet Pascal
Published: February 2021

We report a comprehensive list of accurate Ritz wavelengths and calculated transition probabilities for parity-forbidden [Mn ii] lines. Ritz wavelengths have been derived from experimentally established energy level values resulting from an extensive analysis of a high-resolution Fourier-transform emission spectrum of singly ionized manganese. Our analysis includes transitions between all known metastable and other long-lived levels of Mn ii giving a total of 1130 [Mn ii] Ritz wavelengths. Our entire list of derived Ritz wavelengths for [Mn ii] lines ranges between 237 nm and 170 μm (42,125–58 cm−1). The accurate Ritz wavelengths and calculated transition probabilities for forbidden lines in this paper are useful in the study and diagnostics of nebulae and other low-density astrophysical plasmas.
Milky Way Tomography with the SkyMapper Southern Survey. II. Photometric Recalibration of SMSS DR2
Authors: Huang Yang , Yuan Haibo , Li Chengyuan , Wolf Christian , Onken Christopher A. , Beers Timothy C. , Casagrande Luca , Mackey Dougal , Da Costa Gary S. , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Stello Dennis , Nordlander Thomas , Ting Yuan-Sen , Buder Sven , Sharma Sanjib , Liu Xiaowei
Published: February 2021

We apply the spectroscopy-based stellar-color regression (SCR) method to perform an accurate photometric recalibration of the second data release from the SkyMapper Southern Survey (SMSS DR2). From comparison with a sample of over 200,000 dwarf stars with stellar atmospheric parameters taken from GALAH+ DR3 and with accurate, homogeneous photometry from Gaia DR2, zero-point offsets are detected in the original photometric catalog of SMSS DR2, in particular for the gravity- and metallicity-sensitive uv bands. For the uv bands, the zero-point offsets are close to zero at very low extinction, and then steadily increase with E(B − V), reaching as large as 0.174 and 0.134 mag respectively, at E(B − V) ∼ 0.5 mag. These offsets largely arise from the adopted dust term in the transformations used by SMSS DR2 to construct photometric calibrators from the ATLAS reference catalog. For the gr bands, the zero-point offsets exhibit negligible variations with the E(B − V) of Schlegel et al. due to their tiny coefficients on the dust term in the transformation. Our study also reveals small but significant spatial variations of the zero-point offsets in all uvgr bands. External checks using Strömgren photometry, WD loci, and the SDSS Stripe 82 standard-star catalog independently confirm the zero-points found by our revised SCR method.
Construction of Explicit Symplectic Integrators in General Relativity. I. Schwarzschild Black Holes
Authors: Wang Ying , Sun Wei , Liu Fuyao , Wu Xin
Published: February 2021

Symplectic integrators that preserve the geometric structure of Hamiltonian flows and do not exhibit secular growth in energy errors are suitable for the long-term integration of N-body Hamiltonian systems in the solar system. However, the construction of explicit symplectic integrators is frequently difficult in general relativity because all variables are inseparable. Moreover, even if two analytically integrable splitting parts exist in a relativistic Hamiltonian, all analytical solutions are not explicit functions of proper time. Naturally, implicit symplectic integrators, such as the midpoint rule, are applicable to this case. In general, these integrators are numerically more expensive to solve than same-order explicit symplectic algorithms. To address this issue, we split the Hamiltonian of Schwarzschild spacetime geometry into four integrable parts with analytical solutions as explicit functions of proper time. In this manner, second- and fourth-order explicit symplectic integrators can be easily made available. The new algorithms are also useful for modeling the chaotic motion of charged particles around a black hole with an external magnetic field. They demonstrate excellent long-term performance in maintaining bounded Hamiltonian errors and saving computational cost when appropriate proper time steps are adopted.
Measuring Black Hole Masses from Tidal Disruption Events and Testing the MBH–σ* Relation
Authors: Zhou Z. Q. , Liu F. K. , Komossa S. , Cao R. , Ho L. C. , Chen Xian , Li Shuo
Published: February 2021

Liu and collaborators recently proposed an elliptical accretion disk model for tidal disruption events (TDEs). They showed that the accretion disks of optical/UV TDEs are large and highly eccentric and suggested that the broad optical emission lines with complex and diverse profiles originate in a cool eccentric accretion disk of random inclination and orientation. In this paper, we calculate the radiation efficiency of the elliptical accretion disk and investigate the implications for observations of TDEs. We compile observational data for the peak bolometric luminosity and total radiation energy after peak brightness of 18 TDE sources and compare these data to the predictions from the elliptical accretion disk model. Our results show that the observations are consistent with the theoretical predictions and that the majority of the orbital energy of the stellar debris is advected into the black hole (BH) without being converted into radiation. Furthermore, we derive the masses of the disrupted stars and the masses of the BHs of the TDEs. The BH masses obtained in this paper are also consistent with those calculated with the M
BH–σ
* relation. Our results provide an effective method for measuring the masses of BHs in large numbers of TDEs to be discovered in ongoing and next-generation sky surveys, regardless of whether the BHs are located at the centers of galactic nuclei or wander in disks and halos.
Stratified and Vertically Shearing Streaming Instabilities in Protoplanetary Disks
Authors: Lin Min-Kai
Published: February 2021

Under the right conditions, the streaming instability between imperfectly coupled dust and gas is a powerful mechanism for planetesimal formation as it can concentrate dust grains to the point of gravitational collapse. In its simplest form, the streaming instability can be captured by analyzing the linear stability of unstratified disk models, which represent the midplane of protoplanetary disks. We extend such studies by carrying out vertically global linear stability analyses of dust layers in protoplanetary disks. We find that the dominant form of instability in stratified dust layers is the one driven by the vertical gradient in the rotation velocity of the dust−gas mixture, but also requires partial dust−gas coupling. These vertically shearing streaming instabilities grow on orbital timescales and occur on radial length scales  ∼ 10−3
H
g, where H
g is the local pressure scale height. The classic streaming instability, associated with the relative radial drift between dust and gas, occurs on radial length scales  ∼ 10−2
H
g, but has much smaller growth rates than vertically shearing streaming instabilities. Including gas viscosity is strongly stabilizing and leads to vertically elongated disturbances. We briefly discuss the potential effects of vertically shearing streaming instabilities on planetesimal formation.
The Multipolar Magnetic Field of the Millisecond Pulsar PSR J0030+0451
Authors: Kalapotharakos Constantinos , Wadiasingh Zorawar , Harding Alice K. , Kazanas Demosthenes
Published: February 2021

Modeling of the NICER X-ray waveform of the pulsar PSR J0030+0451, aimed at constraining the neutron star mass and radius, has inferred surface hot spots (the magnetic polar caps) that imply significantly nondipolar magnetic fields. To this end, we investigate magnetic field configurations that comprise offset dipole-plus-quadrupole components using a static vacuum field and force-free global magnetosphere models. Taking into account the compactness and observer angle values provided by Miller et al. and Riley et al., we compute geodesics from the observer plane to the polar caps to compute the resulting X-ray light curve. We explore, through Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques, the detailed magnetic field configurations that can reproduce the observed X-ray light curve and have discovered degeneracies, i.e., diverse field configurations, which can provide sufficient descriptions of the NICER X-ray waveforms. Having obtained the force-free field structures, we then compute the corresponding synchronous γ-ray light curves following Kalapotharakos et al.; these we compare to those obtained by Fermi-LAT, to provide models consistent with both the X-ray and the γ-ray data, thereby restricting further the multipole field parameters. An essential aspect of this approach is the proper computation of the relative phase between the synchronous X- and γ-ray light curves. We conclude with a discussion of the broader implications of our study.
The Relativistic Jet Orientation and Host Galaxy of the Peculiar Blazar PKS 1413+135
Authors: Readhead A. C. S. , Ravi V. , Liodakis I. , Lister M. L. , Singh V. , Aller M. F. , Blandford R. D. , Browne I. W. A. , Gorjian V. , Grainge K. J. B. , Gurwell M. A. , Hodges M. W. , Hovatta T. , Kiehlmann S. , Lähteenmäki A. , Mcaloone T. , Max-Moerbeck W. , Pavlidou V. , Pearson T. J. , Peirson A. L. , Perlman E. S. , Reeves R. A. , Soifer B. T. , Taylor G. B. , Tornikoski M. , Vedantham H. K. , Werner M. , Wilkinson P. N. , Zensus J. A.
Published: February 2021

PKS 1413+135 is one of the most peculiar blazars known. Its strange properties led to the hypothesis almost four decades ago that it is gravitationally lensed by a mass concentration associated with an intervening galaxy. It exhibits symmetric achromatic variability, a rare form of variability that has been attributed to gravitational milli-lensing. It has been classified as a BL Lac object, and is one of the rare objects in this class with a visible counterjet. BL Lac objects have jet axes aligned close to the line of sight. It has also been classified as a compact symmetric object—objects that have jet axes not aligned close to the line of sight. Intensive efforts to understand this blazar have hitherto failed to resolve even the questions of the orientation of the relativistic jet and the host galaxy. Answering these two questions is important because they challenge our understanding of jets in active galactic nuclei and the classification schemes we use to describe them. We show that the jet axis is aligned close to the line of sight and PKS 1413+135 is almost certainly not located in the apparent host galaxy, but is a background object in the redshift range 0.247 < z < 0.5. The intervening spiral galaxy at z = 0.247 provides a natural host for the putative lens responsible for symmetric achromatic variability and is shown to be a Seyfert 2 galaxy. We also show that, as for the radio emission, a “multizone” model is needed to account for the high-energy emission.
The X-Ray Bursts of XTE J1739–285: A NICER Sample
Authors: Bult Peter , Altamirano Diego , Arzoumanian Zaven , Bilous Anna V. , Chakrabarty Deepto , Gendreau Keith C. , Güver Tolga , Jaisawal Gaurava K. , Kuulkers Erik , Malacaria Christian , Ng Mason , Sanna Andrea , Strohmayer Tod E.
Published: February 2021

In this work, we report on observations with the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer of the known neutron star X-ray transient XTE J1739–285. We observed the source in 2020 February and March, finding it in a highly active bursting state. Across a 20 day period, we detected 32 thermonuclear X-ray bursts, with an average burst recurrence time of

. A timing and spectral analysis of the ensemble of X-ray bursts reveals homogeneous burst properties, evidence for short-recurrence time bursts, and the detection of a 386.5 Hz burst oscillation candidate. The latter is especially notable, given that a previous study of this source claimed a 1122 Hz burst oscillation candidate. We did not find any evidence of variability near 1122 Hz and instead find that the 386.5 Hz oscillation is the more prominent signal of the two burst oscillation candidates. Hence, we conclude it is unlikely that XTE J1739–285 has a submillisecond rotation period.
A Heavy Molecular Weight Atmosphere for the Super-Earth π Men c
Authors: Muñoz A. García , Fossati L. , Youngblood A. , Nettelmann N. , Gandolfi D. , Cabrera J. , Rauer H.
Published: February 2021

Strongly irradiated exoplanets develop extended atmospheres that can be utilized to probe the deeper planet layers. This connection is particularly useful in the study of small exoplanets, whose bulk atmospheres are challenging to characterize directly. Here, we report the 3.4σ detection of C ii ions during a single transit of the super-Earth π Men c in front of its Sun-like host star. The transit depth and Doppler velocities are consistent with the ions filling the planet’s Roche lobe and moving preferentially away from the star, an indication that they are escaping the planet. We argue that π Men c possesses a thick atmosphere with abundant heavy volatiles (≳ 50% by mass of atmosphere) but that needs not be carbon rich. Our reasoning relies upon cumulative evidence from the reported C ii detection, the nondetection of H i atoms in a past transit, modeling of the planet’s interior, and the assumption that the atmosphere, having survived the most active phases of its Sun-like host star, will survive another 0.2–2 Gyr. Depending on the current mass of atmosphere, π Men c may still transition into a bare rocky core. Our findings confirm the hypothesized compositional diversity of small exoplanets, and represent a milestone toward understanding the planets’ formation and evolution paths through the investigation of their extended atmospheres.
Joint Association of Moderate-to-vigorous Intensity Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior With Incident Functional Limitation: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Master Hiral , Thoma Louise M. , Dunlop Dorothy D. , Christiansen Meredith B. , Voinier Dana , White Daniel K.
Published: February 2021

Objective

To examine the joint association of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior with the risk of developing functional limitation 4 years later in adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Using 48-month (baseline) accelerometry data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, we classified participants as Active-Low Sedentary (≥ 1 10-min bout/week of MVPA, lowest tertile for standardized sedentary time), Active-High Sedentary (≥ 1 10-min bout/week of MVPA, top 2 tertiles for standardized sedentary time), Inactive-Low Sedentary (zero 10-min bouts/week of MVPA, lowest tertile for standardized sedentary time), and Inactive-High Sedentary (zero 10-minute bouts/week of MVPA, top 2 tertiles for standardized sedentary time) groups. Functional limitation was defined as > 12 seconds for the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test (5XSST) and < 1.22 m/s gait speed during the 20-meter walk test. To investigate the association of exposure groups with risk of developing functional limitation 4 years later, we calculated adjusted risk ratios (aRR; adjusted for potential confounders).

Results

Of 1091 and 1133 participants without baseline functional limitation, based on the 5XSST and 20-meter walk test, respectively, 15% and 21% developed functional limitation 4 years later. The Inactive-Low Sedentary and Inactive-High Sedentary groups had increased risk of developing functional limitations compared to the Active-Low Sedentary and Active-High Sedentary groups. The Inactive-Low Sedentary group had 72% (aRR 1.72, 95% CI 1.00–2.94) and 52% (aRR 1.52, 95% CI 1.03–2.25) more risk of developing functional limitation based on the 5XSST and 20-meter walk test, respectively, compared to the Active-Low Sedentary group.

Conclusion

Regardless of sedentary category, being inactive (zero 10-min bouts/week in MVPA) may increase the risk of developing functional limitation in adults with knee OA.
Why and how central Europe's largest logistics complex developed on a brownfield site
Authors: Krzysztofik Robert , Kantor-Pietraga Iwona , Spórna Tomasz , Dragan Weronika , Szymonowicz Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is to explain the dependence on key factors and development path in the expansion process of the largest Central European logistics complex situated on postmining brownfield. Here, a highly original example is the city of Sosnowiec in the Katowice conurbation (Poland). In the article, the development of this complex and its model of spatial diffusion, with an indication of both facilitating and restricting aspects of its further expansion is discussed. The following issues are also brought to light: spatial location, urban policy, transport accessibility and local labour market. In the article, the development of this complex is discussed according to model of spatial diffusion.
Daily mobility of the elderly: An example from Łódź, Poland
Authors: Borowska-Stefańska Marta , Wiśniewski Szymon , Kowalski Michał
Published: February 2021

Recently, numerous countries have been facing the issue of population ageing, which poses a formidable challenge for many sectors, including transportation. Alas, there are no detailed or insightful studies that involve the analysis of the elderly, which is why the authors of this paper decided to research the issue to determine which features of mobility are common among senior citizens (aged 60+). In our study, we focused on Bałuty, a district located in Łódź. The applied research tool was an interview questionnaire which consisted of eight questions. Since transportation is a fundamental human need, maintenance of the mobility of the elderly at an acceptable level is crucial as it directly impacts the quality of their life. What is more, a change of motivation and mode of transport is recommended for this age group.
Land cover changes in protected areas of Slovakia between 1990 and 2018
Authors: Žoncová Michaela
Published: February 2021

As a country with abundant natural resources, Slovakia has legislation to protect significant parts of nature and landscape. The paper aimed to identify the extent and nature of land cover changes in large protected areas in Slovakia and to determine how had these changes impacted the diversity and ecological stability of the landscape. We used the CORINE Land Cover data from 1990 and 2018 to identify landscape changes and analyzed them spatially and statistically. Overall, 21.7% of the total area was changed. In terms of landscape changes, nine dominant sub-processes within five »land cover flows« were identified. In terms of changes in landscape diversity and stability the most significant changes occurred in the NP Nízke Tatry.
Decolonizing Guam With Poetry
Authors: Szucs Anna Erzsebet
Published: February 2021

Craig Santos Perez, poet and activist from Guam, uses his poetry to call attention to the negative effects of colonialism and militarization on his homeland and the Pacific. He reminds his readers of the mistreatment of his people the Chamorros, the special “unincorporated” status of Guam and the land that is taken over little by little by the US Army. His poems reveal information about the life circumstances of the author's community and respond to, as well as critique, the colonial conditions of Guam. This study looks at everyday objects mentioned in Perez's poetry and seeks to unfold the “mission” of these objects. “Everyday objects” do not only refer to traditional objects, but also, to modern objects (borrowed from western culture) which relate to the everyday life of the Indigenous people of Guam. The argument of this research is that ordinary objects, which have significance in Pacific culture, are deliberately placed in the poems by Perez. They convey the message of resistance, decolonial protest and pursuit of survival and can be considered as representations of activism.
A Qualitative Study of Native American Higher Education and Student Resiliency
Authors: Peralez Elizabeth
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the degree to which Native American culture impacts the resiliency of Native American students earning degrees at three tribal colleges in the southwestern part of the United States. This is a qualitative case study that was based on the following research question: “How does Native American culture contribute to the resiliency of Native American students who are earning a degree at a tribal college?” This chapter focuses on the concerns of Native American students, and the cultural events they may have encountered during their educational journey. The research data were collected from interviews of 18 Native American students who were in their last year of college. Themes surrounding culture, resiliency, tribal colleges, academics, and Native American role models were discovered and used to determine the impact Native American culture has on the resiliency of Native American students.
Land, Rights, and Tenure Insecurity on Customary Land in Zambia
Authors: Munshifwa Ephraim Kabunda , Jain Niraj , Chileshe Roy Alexander , Mushinge Anthony
Published: February 2021

Land is a key asset in the lives of village communities in Zambia. It is thus at the centre of their livelihood strategies as it provides social, economic, and financial benefits to these communities. The paradox though is that despite acknowledging its importance in the lives of village communities, tenure on this land is poorly protected by the state resulting in high insecurity for its occupants. In many instances, there are no clear regulations on its use and alienation while traditional authorities are also ill-equipped for the task of administering this land. The question then that emerges is: In this perceived absence of state protection, how are village communities protecting themselves from threats of dispossession by foreign investors, urban elites, and the state's own actions? This study found that village communities are using various means to protect themselves, including issuance of local land holding certificates.
A Critical Review of the Native American Tradition of Circle Practices
Authors: Reed Thomas
Published: February 2021

This chapter is a critical review of circle practices. The author first examines the philosophical underpinnings behind similar practices of restorative justice, circles, circle practices, and talking circles. Then, the author explores the description of protocol and procedures of talking circles in the literature by various others. Thirdly, this literature review examines talking circles used in practice in the literature. This chapter synthesizes and critiques existing literature, as well as video resources and oral tradition. Circle practices are a traditional Native American practice of communication and community which has a strong spiritual core as a means for restorative justice. For some Native American people during talking circles, it is believed the person holding the eagle feather or talisman cannot tell a lie.
Dancing With the Dreamweavers
Authors: Hernani Emmanuel Villoria , Hernani Ma Rosita Ampoyas , Dulay Delmo Amfan
Published: February 2021

This chapter revolves around the impact of socio-political diaspora to the concept of tribal-ancestral land, which is sacred to the community and the cultural identity of the T'boli, an ethno-linguistic group. A narrative discourse approach is used to illustrate the tribe's struggles to the existing hegemony, particularly with the dynamics between the tribe and other inhabitants, the intrusions of other values and exploitations of their ancestral domains as explored across a changing sociocultural milieu. In an attempt to provide understanding of cultural identity amidst the changing social landscapes, the authors describe, identify, explore, and interpret the subject. Hence, the chapter provides the worldview of T'boli people and offers a narrative juxtaposition of the three opuses from three different fields. Further research is needed to ensure protection and preservation of the T'boli culture and its identity and indigenous significance within Southeast Asia and, specifically, the Philippines to better understand this land-based culture.
Nanoparticles for the Enhancement of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Herbal Formulations
Authors: Ali Mohammad Irfan , Dayma Jyotsna , Moin Sarmad
Published: February 2021

Nano dosage forms the drug delivery method of herbal formulation used for improving the efficacy and overwhelming the problems related to plant medicines. Therefore, incorporation of the nano-sized carrier in conventional plant-derived medicine is essential to cure more chronic and lifestyle diseases. Several nano dosage forms like polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, nano-emulsion, proliposomes, etc. has great advantages for herbal medicine including bioavailability, enhancement of solubility, improvement of pharmacological activity, protection from toxicity, stability enhancement, sustained delivery, improving the distribution of macrophages, protection from chemical, and physical degradation. The chapter focused on the advantages of nano herbal formulations over traditional herbal formulations.
Herbal Medicine and Its Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Hepatitis B
Authors: Tung Bui Thanh , Nhung Nguyen Hong , Hang Ta Thi Thu , Linh Vu Khanh
Published: February 2021

Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. Some common approved drugs bring about dose-dependent adverse effects or drug resistance. Therefore, safe and useful new HBV therapeutics are essential. Medicinal plants have particular benefits to treat HBV-infected patients. Traditional medicines have many bioactive compounds that are effective as antiviral candidates including esculetin, helioxanthin, oxymatrine, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, wogonin, alkaloids, polysaccharides, etc. In this chapter, the authors summarize the pathogenesis and protein targets for the treatment of hepatitis B disease. They also indicate several medicinal plants and isolated compounds which are used for preventing and reduce symptoms of this disease.
Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Management and Treatment of Gout
Authors: Tung Bui Thanh
Published: February 2021

Gout is a complex form of arthritis which is characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness in the joints. Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that is triggered by the crystallization of uric acid within the joints and is often associated with hyperuricemia. Natural products offer many options to reduce the progress and symptoms of diseases, including gout. Natural compound structure including lignans, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and alkaloids have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and XO activities. In this chapter, the authors present medicinal plants and isolated compounds which are used to prevent and reduce the pathogenesis of gout.
Introduction of African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT)/Nagana
Authors: Maichomo Monicah W. , Orenge Caleb Oburu , Gamba Daniel Ochieng
Published: February 2021

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT), a livestock disease, also known as Nagana, tsetse fly disease, or tsetse disease, is a widespread tsetse-borne disease complex caused by unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. It is one of the major constraints to the expansion of livestock rearing and livestock-based industries in Africa. It also constrains mixed farming, human health, and livelihood in tropical Africa. The tsetse fly is the major vector of the disease. Acute disease is characterized by marked depression, intermittent fever, anorexia, anemia, blood-tinged diarrhea, and adenopathy, sometimes petechiae on mucosa, abortion, and death if not treated. Diagnosis is made by observing trypanosome parasites by direct microscopic examination of blood, lymph nodes, edema fluid, or tissues. Treatment is by chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis. Control is achieved through vector control treatment using available molecules and use of a few available trypanotolerant breeds of animals.
Use of Trypanotolerant Breeds
Authors: Maichomo Monicah W. , Orenge Caleb Oburu , Mbuku Samuel Mwanzia
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes the meaning of trypanotolerance and its implication as used with trypanotolerant livestock that are known and studied for many years in West Africa. This trait is observed in many West African breeds of cattle that survive in areas of tsetse fly challenge where the humped zebu cannot. Small ruminants and wildlife also exhibit increased resistance to infection with trypanosomes. Trypanotolerance is viewed as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to control of trypanosomiasis given the limitations of the present methods of control and lack of vaccine. Little work has been conducted with East African cattle breeds. The Kenyan Orma Boran (OB) has been studied since 1983 to enhance its conservation and utilization in East African region. Nucleus breeding herd of superior genotypes was multiplied in Galana Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) and disseminated to trypanosomosis endemic areas of Kenya. On evaluation, performance of the crosses was comparable to that of other Borans. Challenges of adoption in pastoral area are presented.
An Overview of Hard and Soft Ticks and Their Control Methods
Authors: Inyagwa Charles Muleke , Obonyo Frederick Ojiambo , Mukolwe Donald Lubembe , Mungube Eric O.
Published: February 2021

Ticks are important ectoparasites of livestock in tropical and sub-tropical countries. They are responsible for the enormous economic losses both through the direct effects of blood sucking and indirectly as vectors of disease pathogens and toxins. Morphologically, ticks are classified into two families known as Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks). In this chapter, the authors provide a description of the soft and hard ticks. Emphasis is laid on the genera morphology, species, mammalian hosts, and distribution and the diseases transmitted by the ticks species. Various methods for controlling ticks and tick-borne diseases using chemicals are described. A broad range of chemical acaricides used for the control of ticks on livestock are described. Conventional methods and unconventional methods for applying acaricides to protect livestock against ticks are described. Alternative methods for tick control are described. Only the most important hard and soft ticks and associated diseases are discussed within the limits of this review.
East Coast Fever
Authors: Ndungu Sammy Gichuhi , Waruri Sebastian K. , Wanjohi James M.
Published: February 2021

East coast fever, a disease of cattle caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the three-host tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (the brown ear tick), is a major constraint to cattle production in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. In Kenya it is the most important tick-borne disease and a major constraint in cattle productivity. This is due to the high morbidity and mortality it causes in susceptible herds, the cost of control of the vector ticks, and the cost of treatment of clinical cases. Animals that recover from the disease also suffer from reduced productivity which can be long term. The limited distribution of the tick and the disease to only East, Central and Southern Africa also means that the market for therapeutic drugs and acaricides is small. Therefore, drug companies are not keen on funding research and development of new drug and acaricide molecules when resistance occurs.
Heartwater and Control
Authors: Wanjohi James M. , Waruri Sebastian K. , Ndungu Sammy Gichuhi , Khaluhi Leonard Muchenditsi , Mungube Erick M. , Olum Moses Okoth
Published: February 2021

Heartwater (HW) is an acute, febrile, tick-borne disease of cattle, sheep, goats, and wild ruminants characterized by nervous signs and high mortality. The disease is caused by a rickettsia agent, Erlichia ruminantium, formally classified as Cowdria ruminantium. The disease is transmitted by several ixodid ticks of the genus Ambylomma. Chemoprophylaxis has been used as a method to facilitate the movement of heartwater susceptible stock into heartwater endemic areas while allowing them to acquire immunity by limited tick exposure.
Tick Borne Viruses
Authors: Olum Moses Okoth , Muthamia Michael Kiraithe
Published: February 2021

Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV) is a one of the viruses transmitted by tick vectors and causes Nairobi sheep disease (NSD) – a disease of small ruminants. The disease was first identified as a problem in sheep and goats in Kenya in 1910. The virus belongs to the genus Nairovirus and family Bunyaviridae. An equally pathogenic variant of NSDV is Ganjam virus, which is found in India and Sri Lanka. Both viruses are closely related to the human pathogen Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a fever transmitted through infected tick bites or through contact with infected animal blood or tissues during and immediately after slaughter. Other members of the genus include Dugbe virus, Hazara virus, and Kupe virus, isolated from cattle ticks in East Africa. The virus is spread by hard (Ixodid) ticks and appears to be dependent on the tick vector for dissemination, with no direct transmission between animals. The transmission of tick-borne viruses (TBV) occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents.
Depopulation Means Land Abandonment?
Authors: Barrena González Jesús , Lozano Parra Javier , Garrido Velarde Jacinto , Pulido Fernández Manuel
Published: February 2021

Navezuelas is a good example of the rural area from Inner Spain that is experiencing serious problems of depopulation (862 inhabitants in 1990 vs. 637 inhabitants in 2019) although its land surface covered by fruit trees has increased twofold since the year 2000 (from 475 ha to 886 ha). So, the authors have analyzed data from Corine Land Cover (CLC) and Official Agrarian Censuses and interviewed key agents to understand what is behind this “illogical” cause-effect relationship. The results have shown a reduction in the number of farms below 20 ha in size. Also, the number of farmers has been drastically reduced, particularly in the intervals under 34 years old and between 35 and 54. Finally, the amount of hectares utilized for agriculture has increased both by property as land tenure and by share-cropping. Some of the possible reasons for these figures given by the experts have been the mechanization within the farms and a good tendency in the price of chestnuts since it is the main fruit collected in the municipality.
Climate Smart Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Loures Luis , Ferreira Paulo , Loures Ana , Barradas Vera
Published: February 2021

Careful management of agricultural ecosystems is considered a vital procedure to ensure both environmental health and the sustainability of this sector, particularly when, besides all the argumentative used by farmers, there are no globally accepted sustainable management solutions for agriculture. This scenario poses several challenges for the agricultural sector all over the world, especially on an increasing climate change situation, in which extreme weather phenomena tend to be gradually more severe, as is the case of floods and draughts. Still, considering that the last decades were marked by great developments in agricultural management systems as is the case of precision agriculture, hi-tech-agriculture, organic farming, conservation agriculture, sustainable agriculture, smart farming, among others, it is crucial to assess specific case studies, in which the application of predetermined sustainable farming principles and/or procedures contributed to increase their resilience to climate change on a sustainable manner.