bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histological Analysis Of The Cleaning Capacity Of Nickel‐Titanium Rotary Instrumentation With Ultrasonic Irrigation In Root Canals
Authors: Ferreira Rafael Brandão , Alfredo Edson , De Arruda Marcos Porto , Sousa Yara Teresinha Correia Silva , Sousa‐Neto Manoel D.
Published: February 2010

This study evaluated, histologically and morphometrically, the cleaning capacity of rotary instrumentation in root canals using the Profile system with ultrasonic irrigation. Twelve single‐rooted mandibular incisors were divided randomly into three groups according to the irrigation method tested. The canals in the teeth were instrumented using Orifice Shapers, taper 0.6 and 0.4 in the cervical third, and up to a #35 file in the apical third. One per cent sodium hypochlorite was used as the irrigating solution. Group 1: canals were irrigated with 5 ml of solution, using a Luer‐Lok syringe, between each file. Group 2: canals were irrigated with the solution and instrumented using ultrasound for 1 min between each file. Group 3: canals were irrigated with 5 ml of solution with Luer‐Lok syringe, between each file, and final irrigation using ultrasound for 3 min. After chemo‐mechanical preparation, the apical thirds of the teeth were submitted for histological processing. Morphometric analysis was performed using an optical microscope with 40× magnification and a grid. The results showed statistical difference at the 5% level between the methods used for irrigation. Rotary instrumentation with Profile system NiTi files and ultrasonic irrigation for 3 min was more effective in cleaning root canals when the different methods were compared.
Considerations In Intracoronal Bleaching
Authors: Lim K.C.
Published: February 2010

Intracoronal bleaching is a simple, useful procedure for restoring the colour of discoloured root‐filled teeth that are not extensively restored. It is important to minimise the extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide, as excessive levels of hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with existing inflammatory changes in the periodontium predispose the tooth to external root resorption. To keep the levels of extraradicular diffusion of hydrogen peroxide below the safety limit, it is imperative that an effective intermediate base cement of at least 2 mm be placed at the level of the buccal cemento‐enamel junction over the root‐filling prior to bleaching. The use of 35% carbamide peroxide as the intracoronal bleaching agent seems to combine the safety of sodium perborate together with the efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide. As bleaching agents may reduce the composite‐tooth bond of some adhesive systems, the post‐bleaching composite restoration should be delayed for at least three weeks.
Discuss The Prevention And Management Of Procedural Errors During Endodontic Treatment
Authors: Duigou Christopher
Published: February 2010

Procedural errors in endodontics, or alternatively, any mistake that occurs at some point in the process of root canal treatment of a tooth can be a result of factors which the operator has both control, as well no control over. For the majority of these mistakes the operator is at fault, either through lack of operator knowledge or concentration during treatment. This is fortunate in the sense that this means these errors are, in the main, preventable. Keeping in mind that dentists, being human, will commit errors at some point in their career, knowledge as to how to manage these situations is indispensable. As there exists a multitude of possible procedural errors, the areas that are going to be focused on are those which occur more commonly, and those with more disastrous sequelae. These include: diagnosis, radiography, canal access, instrumentation, obturation, tooth isolation and coronal seal.
Intentional Replantation Of A Lower Premolar
Authors: Ward Jeff
Published: February 2010

Intentional replantation is the purposeful extraction of a tooth to perform extraoral endodontic treatment, curettage of apical soft tissue when present and the replacement of the tooth in its socket. This paper demonstrates the use of intentional replantation as a technique to successfully treat a case where conventional endodontic retreatment and apical surgery were considered unfeasible.
Conservative Endodontic Management Of Teeth Associated With Extensive Periapical Pathology: Report Of Two Cases
Authors: Lee Michael T.
Published: February 2010

Traditionally, long‐term calcium hydroxide dressings have been recommended for the conservative management of large periapical lesions. However, calcium hydroxide therapy has some disadvantages such as variability of treatment time, difficulties with patient follow‐up and prolonged treatment periods that increase the risk of root canal contamination via microleakage and crown fractures. This paper reports the healing of large periapical lesions following conservative non‐surgical treatment with calcium hydroxide dressings.
Endodontics And Pulp Biology: The Impact Clinically
Authors: Goodis Harold E.
Published: February 2010

Endodontists in clinical practice are uniquely situated to lead the effort of transferring translational laboratory and clinical research to their practices. This paper reviews the investigations presently being conducted around the world. The work presented is an overview of the progress being made to ensure retention of teeth with various forms of pulpal and periradicular diseases.
An Energy‐Dispersive X‐ray Analysis And SEM Study Of Debris Remaining On Endodontic Instruments After Ultrasonic Cleaning And Autoclave Sterilization
Authors: Parirokh Masoud , Asgary Saeed , Eghbal Mohammad Jafar
Published: February 2010

This study was carried out to investigate metallic and non‐metallic debris remaining on endodontic files after ultrasonic cleaning and autoclave processing. Forty‐eight unused rotary and hand endodontic files, including eight different brands, were tested. Instruments were cleaned with ultrasound, autoclaved and before and after each step were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adherent debris was analysed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA). All of the instruments before ultrasound cleaning were contaminated with metallic and non‐metallic debris. Although most non‐metallic debris was removed by ultrasonic cleaning, most of the metallic debris remained even after the final step of sterilization.
Comparison Of The Root‐end Sealing Ability Of MTA And Portland Cement
Authors: Islam Intekhab , Chng Hui Kheng , Yap Adrian U. Jin
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro sealing ability of ProRoot MTA, ProRoot MTA (Tooth‐Coloured Formula), ordinary Portland cement and white Portland cement when used as root‐end filling materials. Twenty‐four single‐rooted human premolars were prepared and obturated using standard techniques, then retrofilled with the test materials. The prepared teeth were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye for 72 hours and then assessed for dye leakage. The depth of dye penetration was measured and expressed as a percentage of the length of the retrofilling. Data was analysed using ANOVA and Fisher's Least Significant Test (LSD) (p < 0.05). None of the teeth in any of the test groups showed leakage beyond the retrofillings. Given the low cost and apparently similar sealing ability of the cements, it is reasonable to consider Portland cement as a possible substitute for MTA as a root‐end filling material. However, further tests, especially in vivo biocompatibility tests, need to be conducted before Portland cement can be recommended for clinical use.
The Influence Of Smear Layer On Coronal Leakage Of Roth 801 And AH26 Root Canal Sealers
Authors: Khayat Akbar , Jahanbin Anahita
Published: February 2010

The aim of this in vitro study was to examine the effect of removal of smear layer on the coronal seal of two commonly used root canal sealers: Roth 801, a zinc oxide‐eugenol‐based sealer and AH26, an epoxy resin‐based sealer. Ninety‐six single‐rooted human teeth were used. The teeth were instrumented and assigned to four experimental groups of 20 teeth each, with 10 teeth as controls and the remaining six teeth examined under a scanning electron microscope.

The teeth in the experimental groups (80 teeth) were divided into four sub‐groups and were obturated by laterally condensed gutta‐percha with the two sealer cements as follows: Group A***l: smear layer left intact and AH26 cement used as sealer; Group A2: smear layer left intact and Roth 801 cement used as sealer; Group B***l: smear layer removed and AH26 cement used as sealer; and Group B2: smear layer removed and Roth 801 cement used as sealer.

Coronal microleakage was evaluated by measuring the distance of dye penetration. The data was statistically evaluated using a two‐way ANOVA test.

The results showed that removal of the smear layer resulted in a statistically significant reduction of microleakage values in the groups obturated with AH26 compared with the groups obturated with Roth 801 sealer. It was concluded that the removal of smear layer has a significant influence on the degree of microleakage in obturated root canals.
Treatment Of Invasive Cervical Resorption With MTA: Case Report
Authors: Baratto‐Filho Flares , Limongi Orlando , Araújo Cristina de Jesus Reiss , Neto Manoel Damião Sousa , Maia Sandra Maria Alves Sayão , Albuquerque Diana Santana
Published: February 2010

This paper presents a case report of a maxillary lateral incisor affected by invasive cervical resorption. The tooth was submitted to a 21‐day treatment with calcium hydroxide followed by root canal filling. The area of resorption was sealed with MTA followed by glass ionomer cement and restored with composite resin. Two‐year radiographic follow‐up showed stability of the resorption site and normal coronal colour and depth of gingival sulcus.
Histological Observations Of Periradicular Healing Following Root Canal Treatment
Authors: Khayat Akbar
Published: February 2010

The purpose of this study was to observe histologically the sequence of events leading to resolution of periradicular tissues, with a view to advancing the perception of periapical healing. Our material consisted of periapical specimens obtained from 15 single‐rooted, endodontically treated teeth of patients aged 25–40 years. All the teeth required extraction because of complicated crown‐root fracture following trauma, iatrogenic aetiology (cervical root resorption following bleaching) or extensive carious lesions. The patients were informed that, based on their clinical condition, surgical procedures should be performed under flap reflection in order to extract the fractured root. Informed consent, which was necessary for the surgery, was obtained in all cases. A small block section containing the apical root tip and surrounding periapical tissues was removed prior to root extraction. The results of histological examination revealed osteoblastic activty and osteoid bone formation six days after the root canal instrumentation. Periapical tissue healing was observed despite the presence of overfilled material. The lining epithelium was infiltrated with chronic inflammatory cells and surrounded by collagen bundles and newly formed bone.
Myofascial Pain And Toothaches
Authors: Kim Seung Tae
Published: February 2010

Despite improved understanding of orofacial pain in recent years, accurate diagnosis of pain is still challenging in modern dentistry. Many disorders in the head and neck region are known to refer pain to dental structures and imitate dental pain. Due to the location of the perceived pain dental clinicians are often involved in the diagnosis and management of the pain. Myofascial pain (MFP) is widely believed to be the most frequently occurring orofacial pain of non‐odontogenic origin. It has long been known that MFP could mimic pulpitic symptoms. Past studies have shown that MFP is a relatively prevalent condition among the general population and the one that is most often misdiagnosed by dentists. Despite its prevalence and the potential for misdiagnosis, there has been little investigation into this old problem, and information about myofascial pain remains fragmented and poorly understood.

In this article some of the features associated with myofascial pain will be highlighted. The interrelationship between myofascial pain and toothaches will also be examined and suggestions made in the areas of diagnosis and management of the condition. It is hoped that dental clinicians will be able to differentiate and manage the conditions effectively when dealing with them in the future.
Tissue Engineering In Endodontics
Authors: Nakashima Misako
Published: February 2010

The key elements of the regeneration of dentine‐pulp complex are stem cells, morphogens and a scaffold of extracellular matrix. The pulp stem cells have the potential to differentiate into odontoblasts in response to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). However, the use of BMPs in vivo has been restrained by lack of a suitable scaffold. Therefore, two alternative approaches, in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy were performed. BmpII/GdfII gene was directly transferred into amputated pulp by sonoporation and the reparative dentine formation was stimulated in vivo. However, there should be enough responsive stem cells in the pulp. Therefore, the isolated progenitor stem cells from pulp were transfected with BmpII/GdfII by electroporation and implanted onto the amputated pulp. This ex vivo gene therapy stimulated reparative dentine formation more optimally and rapidly compared with the in vivo gene therapy. These results suggest the possible clinical use of gene therapy of BMPs for endodontics.
Comparing The Quality Of Anaesthesia In Normal And Inflamed Teeth By Pulp Testing
Authors: Modaresi Jalil , Mozayeni Mohamad Ali , Dianat Omid
Published: February 2010

Failure to achieve complete anaesthesia of teeth with acutely inflamed pulps is a well‐known clinical symptom. In this study, we compared the quality of anaesthesia in intact and inflamed mandibular teeth by using an electric pulp tester.

Thirty patients with inflamed lower teeth, which had spontaneous or night pain, were selected; two healthy teeth in the same quadrant were used as control teeth. Electric pulp testing and thermal tests were made on each inflamed and control tooth. Teeth were then anaesthetised by inferior alveolar nerve block and electric pulp tests were repeated on inflamed and control teeth.

Significant differences were found between electrical stimulation of inflamed and intact pulp (p ˜ 0). There was no significant difference between the responses of inflamed teeth to electric pulp testing before and after anaesthesia (p = 0.327), which showed that the teeth could become resistant to anaesthesia due to the inflammation.
Endodontic Treatment Of Dens Invaginatus With A Periradicular Lesion: Case Report
Authors: De Martin Alexandre Sigrist , Bueno Carlos Eduardo da Silveira , Cunha Rodrigo Sandhes , de Araújo Roberta Aranha
Published: February 2010

A left maxillary lateral incisor with Type III dens invaginatus with a periradicular lesion was treated non‐surgically. Pulp involvement and periapical abscess subsequent to contamination through the invagination space were observed. The signs (sinus tract) and symptoms ceased after treatment. Complete healing of the periradicular lesion was observed at the one‐year follow‐up examination.
Erythemal Ultraviolet Exposure of Cyclists in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Serrano María Antonia , Cañada Javier , Moreno Juan Carlos ,   Members of the Research Group of Solar Radiation of Valencia
Published: February 2010

UV exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational or recreational activities. Outdoor athletes such as cyclists receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). The aim of this work was to quantify UVER exposure of amateur cyclists over the course of several days in their training schedules. To quantify UVER exposure of this group, dosimeters (Viospor) were attached at the top of the helmet in the course of their training. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June to July 2008 and February to March 2009, and involved a group of five cyclists over a period of 4 days for each period. The mean 2‐day personal UV exposure was 32.24 ± 4.14 SED (standard erythema dose) in summer and 11.30 ± 5.36 SED in the winter period. One SED is defined as an effective radiant exposure of 100 J m−2 when weighted with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) erythemal response function. The mean exposure ratio (ER) of cyclists was 0.37 ± 0.04 in summer and 0.40 ± 0.11 in winter. The cyclists received the highest UVER exposure in the summer period, but in both training periods UVER exposure was in excess of occupational and recreational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are very necessary.
Characteristics of individuals with hydrocephalus and their dental care needs
Authors: De Morais Gallarreta Fernanda Weber , Bernardotti Fernanda Pierobon Lopes , De Freitas Aldevina Campos , De Queiroz Alexandra Mussolino , Faria Gisele
Published: February 2010

Hydrocephalus is considered a congenital disease affecting the central nervous system, and is characterized by accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the lateral ventricles of the brain causing progressive ventricular dilatation. This review paper reports on the oral characteristics of persons with hydrocephalus and discusses their dental care needs. It has been reported that patients with hydrocephalus can present chronological changes in the eruption of their teeth, changes in the occlusion, greater accumulation of plaque, and have a higher caries prevalence. Regular dental visits are needed to control caries as well as to educate the caretakers about oral hygiene for children with hydrocephalus. In addition, the dental practitioner should be careful not to put pressure on the ventricular‐peritoneal drainage tube during dental treatment. Special devices are available to support the patient's head if they have macrocephally.
Oral mutans streptococci levels following use of a xylitol mouth rinse: a double‐blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Hildebrandt Gary , Lee Ignatius , Hodges James
Published: February 2010

Xylitol‐sweetened chewing gum has cariostatic properties, but is not suitable for all patients. This study evaluated the effect of xylitol rinse on mutans streptococci (MS) levels in the mouth.

One hundred and five subjects with high salivary MS levels were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Subjects in the positive control group (N = 35) chewed two xylitol gum pellets for at least 5 minutes three times daily (xylitol dose: 4.3g/day). The experimental group (N = 36) rinsed with 20 mL of an aqueous solution of xylitol twice daily for 60 seconds (dose: 4.4g/day). The negative control group (N = 34) used neither product. No attempt was made to change the subjects’ diet.

Mean MS levels at baseline were 5.6 (0.1) in positive control, 5.4 (0.1) in experimental, and 5.5 (0.1) in negative control groups. After 3 months, MS levels were 4.4 (0.2), 4.4 (0.2), and 4.9 (0.2), respectively. Differences between groups were not significant by ANOVA (p = .2); however, MS levels tended to be lower in the experimental and positive control groups. Xylitol rinse and chewing gum caused a similar but statistically insignificant reduction in MS levels in the mouth.
Bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw,with healing after teriparatide:a review of the literature and a case report
Authors: Narongroeknawin Pongthorn , Danila Maria I. , Humphreys Jr Lewis G. , Barasch Andrei , Curtis Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2010

This paper reports the case history of a patient who had bisphosphonate‐associated osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) in which adjunctive treatment with teriparatide was used. The patient was treated for 5 years with alendronate for osteoporosis and developed ONJ after extraction of maxillary teeth. An implant was placed at the site of the extracted teeth. The pathology report confirmed the clinical diagnosis of ONJ; treatment was changed from alendronate to teriparatide and the ONJ resolved. To our knowledge, this is the third case history reported in the literature in which teriparatide was successfully used as adjunct therapy in ONJ because it has an anabolic effect and presumed role in accelerating bone healing. ONJ is a serious but infrequent condition that has been recently associated with nitrogen‐containing bisphosphonate therapy. Teriparatide may be a useful adjunctive therapy when ONJ develops.
Winner’s Curse in Initial Public Offering Subscriptions with Investors’ Withdrawal Options
Authors: Lin Dennis K. J. , Kao Lanfeng , Chen Anlin
Published: February 2010

Contrary to fixed‐priced initial public offering (IPO) subscribers in many other countries, IPO subscribers in Taiwan own the option to withdraw from their IPO allocations after learning the allocation rate (ALLOC). Investors’ option to withdraw reduces the information asymmetry between informed investors and uninformed investors but increases the firm‐commitment underwriting risk. We show that under investors’ option to withdraw, uninformed investors can improve their performance by learning from the ALLOC and/or the withdrawal rate. Consequently, firm‐commitment underwriters will absorb more overpriced shares. Unless underwriters are compensated directly by issuers, IPOs should be more underpriced to compensate underwriting activities under investors’ option to withdraw.
Risk Management Lessons from ‘Knock‐in Knock‐out’ Option Disaster*
Authors: Khil Jaeuk , Suh Sangwon
Published: February 2010

Currency knock‐in knock‐out (KIKO) options had been widely used for hedging exchange rate risks in Korean financial markets. However, as the Korean won moved in an unexpected direction during the global financial crisis period of 2007 and 2008, the hedging instruments incurred huge losses to the option holders. In this paper, we analyze the event from the viewpoint of risk assessment and management. We find that, first, if the option holders had assessed the risk levels with and without the KIKO options by using standard risk measures like value‐at‐risk or conditional value‐at‐risk, then many KIKO option contracts would not have been justifiable from the beginning. Second, having a proper view on the exchange rate dynamics turned out to be crucial for risk assessment and management. If the companies had a proper view instead of a myopic view on the exchange rate movement, then the KIKO options might not have been chosen. Finally, ‘hedge‐and‐forget’ behavior proved to be very costly and reckless. If the companies had continuously assessed and managed their risks, then the losses from the KIKO options could have been significantly mitigated. Some relevant pricing issues are also investigated. We find that most KIKO option contracts under study might not be significantly overpriced. However, potential impacts of the possible mispricing could be considerable in some cases. Nonetheless, the risk management failure proved to be more important for the KIKO option losses than the possible mispricing problem.
Vibrio cholerae
VpsT Regulates Matrix Production and Motility by Directly Sensing Cyclic di-GMP
Authors: Krasteva Petya V. , Fong Jiunn C. N. , Shikuma Nicholas J. , Beyhan Sinem , Navarro Marcos V. A. S. , Yildiz Fitnat H. , Sondermann Holger
Published: February 2010

Decoding a Second-Messenger's Message

Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria on a surface often associated with increased resistance to antibiotics and stress. In
Vibrio cholerae
, the bacterial species that causes cholera, biofilm formation is promoted by the bacterial second-messenger cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) and involves the transcription regulator, VpsT.

Krasteva
et al.

(p.
866
) show that VpsT is itself a receptor for c-di-GMP and that binding of the small signaling molecule promotes VpsT dimerization, which is required for DNA recognition and transcriptional regulation. As well as activating components of the biofilm pathway, VpsT also down-regulates motility genes in a c-di-GMP–dependent manner.
Sea-Level Highstand 81,000 Years Ago in Mallorca
Authors: Dorale Jeffrey A. , Onac Bogdan P. , Fornós Joan J. , Ginés Joaquin , Ginés Angel , Tuccimei Paola , Peate David W.
Published: February 2010

Standing High

Sea-level rises and falls as Earth's giant ice sheets shrink and grow. It has been thought that sea level around 81,000 years ago—well into the last glacial period—was 15 to 20 meters below that of today and, thus, that the ice sheets were more extensive.

Dorale
et al.

(p.
860
; see the Perspective by
Edwards
) now challenge this view. A speleothem that has been intermittently submerged in a cave on the island of Mallorca was dated to show that, historically, sea level was more than a meter above its present height. This data implies that temperatures were as high as or higher than now, even though the concentration of CO
2
in the atmosphere was much lower.
Multiple Functional Groups of Varying Ratios in Metal-Organic Frameworks
Authors: Deng Hexiang , Doonan Christian J. , Furukawa Hiroyasu , Ferreira Ricardo B. , Towne John , Knobler Carolyn B. , Wang Bo , Yaghi Omar M.
Published: February 2010

Many Mixed Linkers in MOFs

Crystallization can separate different molecules because different molecules cannot generally be accommodated equally well in the same crystal lattice. However, in metal-organic framework (MOF) compounds, the organic linkers do not pack closely to other parts of the lattice, so it may be possible to mix several linkers that are derivatives of a parent compound with the same end groups.

Deng
et al.

(p.
846
) show that zinc-based MOFs can be made that mix 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate and up to eight of its derivatives in a random fashion. The effects of such mixing on porosity and absorption characteristics is nonlinear; in one case, a mixed-linker compound was four times better for selecting CO
2
versus CO compared with the best MOF bearing only one of the component linkers.
A Genetic Variant BDNF Polymorphism Alters Extinction Learning in Both Mouse and Human
Authors: Soliman Fatima , Glatt Charles E. , Bath Kevin G. , Levita Liat , Jones Rebecca M. , Pattwell Siobhan S. , Jing Deqiang , Tottenham Nim , Amso Dima , Somerville Leah H. , Voss Henning U. , Glover Gary , Ballon Douglas J. , Liston Conor , Teslovich Theresa , Van Kempen Tracey , Lee Francis S. , Casey B. J.
Published: February 2010

Of Mice and Men

Just how closely must mouse models replicate the known features of human disorders to be accepted as useful for mechanistic and therapeutic studies?

Soliman
et al.

(p.
863
, published online 14 January) compared mice that vary only in their allelic composition at one position within the gene encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with humans exhibiting the same range of allelic variation. Individuals (mice and humans) carrying the allele that codes for a methionine-containing variant of BDNF retained a fearful response to a threatening stimulus even after its removal in comparison to those with the valine variant. Furthermore, in both cases, this linkage was mediated by diminished activity in the ventral-medial region of the prefrontal cortex. This deficit in extinction learning may contribute to differential responses to extinction-based therapies for anxiety disorders.
Neptune's Daughter

The Coral Thief
by Rebecca Stott

Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 2009. 233 pp. £14.99. ISBN 9780297851370. Spiegel and Grau, New York, 2009. 301 pp. $25. ISBN 9780385531467.
Authors: Milner Richard
Published: February 2010

Natural history collections, Cuvier, Lamarck, and the significance of coral reefs feature in Stott's blend of science history and historical fiction.
Sustainability and Global Seafood
Authors: Smith Martin D. , Roheim Cathy A. , Crowder Larry B. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Turnipseed Mary , Anderson James L. , Asche Frank , Bourillón Luis , Guttormsen Atle G. , Khan Ahmed , Liguori Lisa A. , McNevin Aaron , O'Connor Mary I. , Squires Dale , Tyedmers Peter , Brownstein Carrie , Carden Kristin , Klinger Dane H. , Sagarin Raphael , Selkoe Kimberly A.
Published: February 2010

Tight coupling to ecosystems and dependence on common-pool resources threaten fisheries and aquaculture.
African Green Revolution Needn’t Be a Mirage
Authors: Ejeta Gebisa
Published: February 2010

Africa missed out on the scientific breakthroughs that revolutionized agriculture in Asia. However, with locally developed and locally relevant technologies, a built-up human and institutional capacity, and supportive national policy and leadership, an African Green Revolution can be a reality.
IPCC Seeks 'Broader Community Engagement' to Correct Errors
Authors: Kintisch Eli
Published: February 2010

Science
excerpts a 5 February phone interview with ecologist Christopher Field of the Carnegie Institution for Science, one of the volunteer leaders of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Down-to-Earth Science Fiction
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

In his first—and, he says, last—novel,
Anthill
, Harvard University biologist Edward O. Wilson reaches into his ant drawer and his Alabama past to save an ecosystem.
Racing Crash-Happy Cockroaches
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

At the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology meeting, roboticists described experiments with high-speed cameras that showed that cockroaches run up walls by crashing into them headfirst.
Rattan Stuck in a Growth Mode
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

At the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology meeting, botanists reported that rattan palms must continue growing in order to remain attached to the trees they climb.
Koalas Calling
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

The bellows of male koalas are mating calls and not territorial calls as had been thought, ecologists reported at the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology meeting.
Lights! Camera! Science?
Authors: Enserink Martin
Published: February 2010

Science film festivals are popping up around the world. But does
Avatar
belong on the same screen as a documentary about stem cells?
From One Farmer, Hope—and Reason for Worry
Authors: Vince Gaia
Published: February 2010

In Uganda, agricultural research is improving food security for some, but not all farmers are prospering.
Getting More Drops to the Crops
Authors: Vince Gaia
Published: February 2010

Getting more crop per drop, particularly in areas where water could become scarcer due to climate change, will be essential to achieving food security worldwide, scientists say.
Sowing the Seeds for the Ideal Crop
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2010

Researchers' wish list includes traits that could boost plant productivity. New technologies are needed to make some of these advances possible.
Holding Back a Torrent of Rats
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: February 2010

Rodent losses are a perennial problem worldwide. Agriculture agencies across Asia are now spreading the word about some relatively simple rat countermeasures.
Spoiling for a Fight With Mold
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: February 2010

Mold spoils some 10% of the world's annual harvests, and many fungi produce poisonous chemicals that can accumulate in human tissues. Mycologists are studying possible solutions to drive out toxin-producing strains.
Quantification of
Burkholderia coxL
Genes in Hawaiian Volcanic Deposits
Authors: Weber C. F. , King G. M.
Published: February 2010

Isolation of multiple carbon monoxide (CO)-oxidizing
Burkholderia
strains and detection by culture-independent approaches suggest that
Burkholderia
may be an important component of CO-oxidizing communities in Hawaiian volcanic deposits. The absolute and relative abundance of the bacteria in these communities remains unknown, however. In this study, a quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) approach has been developed to enumerate
Burkholderia coxL
genes (large subunit of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase). This represents the first attempt to enumerate
coxL
genes from CO oxidizers in environmental samples.
coxL
copy numbers have been determined for samples from three sites representing a vegetation gradient on a 1959 volcanic deposit that included unvegetated cinders (bare), edges of vegetated sites (edge), and sites within tree stands (canopy). Q-PCR has also been used to estimate copy numbers of
Betaproteobacteria
16S rRNA gene copy numbers and total
Bacteria
16S rRNA.
coxL
genes could not be detected in the bare site (detection limit, ≥4.7 × 10
3
copies per reaction) but average 1.0 × 10
8
± 2.4 × 10
7
and 8.6 × 10
8
± 7.6 ×10
7
copies g
−1
(dry weight) in edge and canopy sites, respectively, which differ statistically (
P
= 0.0007). Average
Burkholderia coxL
gene copy numbers, expressed as a percentage of total
Bacteria
16S rRNA gene copy numbers, are 6.2 and 0.7% for the edge and canopy sites, respectively. Although the percentage of
Burkholderia coxL
is lower in the canopy site, significantly greater gene copy numbers demonstrate that absolute abundance of
coxL
increases in vegetated sites and contributes to the expansion of CO oxidizer communities during biological succession on volcanic deposits.
Characterization of the
Aspergillus nidulans
Monodictyphenone Gene Cluster
Authors: Chiang Yi-Ming , Szewczyk Edyta , Davidson Ashley D. , Entwistle Ruth , Keller Nancy P. , Wang Clay C. C. , Oakley Berl R.
Published: February 2010

Deletion of
cclA
, a component of the COMPASS complex of
Aspergillus nidulans
, results in the production of monodictyphenone and emodin derivatives. Through a set of targeted deletions in a
cclA
deletion strain, we have identified the genes required for monodictyphenone and emodin analog biosynthesis. Identification of an intermediate, endocrocin, from an
mdpH
Δ strain suggests that
mdpH
might encode a decarboxylase. Furthermore, by replacing the promoter of
mdpA
(a putative
aflJ
homolog) and
mdpE
(a putative
aflR
homolog) with the inducible
alcA
promoter, we have confirmed that MdpA functions as a coactivator. We propose a biosynthetic pathway for monodictyphenone and emodin derivatives based on bioinformatic analysis and characterization of biosynthetic intermediates.
Comparison of Three Automated Immunoassay Methods for the Determination of Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Berth Mario , Bosmans Eugene
Published: February 2010

In this study we compared the performances of three commercially available Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immunoglobulin M (IgM) assays on highly automated immunoassay platforms: BioPlex 2200 (Bio-Rad Laboratories), Immulite 2000 (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics), and Liaison (DiaSorin). As a confirmatory method, immunoblotting was performed. The specificity of the three EBV IgM assays was evaluated by testing 293 selected sera from patients with various infectious and noninfectious diseases. After the exclusion of 30 samples, the specificities were 96.2% for Liaison, 98.1% for Immulite, and 97.0% for BioPlex. For evaluation of the sensitivity, samples from 70 consecutive patients with a positive heterophile antibody test were examined, irrespective of clinical or biological findings. After the exclusion of six samples, the sensitivities were 89.1% for Liaison, 84.4% for Immulite, and 89.1% for BioPlex. Finally, in a prospective study performed with 500 samples obtained from consecutive patients and sent in by general practitioners, we also determined Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen IgG and viral capsid antigen IgG in a two-phase approach. Concordance of the EBV serologic status was 96.2% between Liaison and Immulite, 96.4% between Immulite and BioPlex, and 97.8% between BioPlex and Liaison. The three EBV IgM immunoassays that we evaluated have acceptable and comparable performances.
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Strains Expressing a Nontoxic Shiga-Like Toxin 2 Derivative Induce Partial Protective Immunity to the Toxin Expressed by Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Rojas Robert L. G. , Gomes Priscila A. D. P. , Bentancor Leticia V. , Sbrogio-Almeida Maria E. , Costa Sérgio O. P. , Massis Liliana M. , Ferreira Rita C. C. , Palermo Marina S. , Ferreira Luís C. S.
Published: February 2010

Shiga-like toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(referred to as EHEC or STEC) strains are the primary etiologic agents of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which leads to renal failure and high mortality rates. Expression of Stx2 is the most relevant virulence-associated factor of EHEC strains, and toxin neutralization by antigen-specific serum antibodies represents the main target for both preventive and therapeutic anti-HUS approaches. In the present report, we describe two
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium
aroA
vaccine strains expressing a nontoxic plasmid-encoded derivative of Stx2 (Stx2ΔAB) containing the complete nontoxic A2 subunit and the receptor binding B subunit. The two
S
. Typhimurium strains differ in the expression of flagellin, the structural subunit of the flagellar shaft, which exerts strong adjuvant effects. The vaccine strains expressed Stx2ΔAB, either cell bound or secreted into the extracellular environment, and showed enhanced mouse gut colonization and high plasmid stability under both
in vitro
and
in vivo
conditions. Oral immunization of mice with three doses of the
S
. Typhimurium vaccine strains elicited serum anti-Stx2B (IgG) antibodies that neutralized the toxic effects of the native toxin under
in vitro
conditions (Vero cells) and conferred partial protection under
in vivo
conditions. No significant differences with respect to gut colonization or the induction of antigen-specific antibody responses were detected in mice vaccinated with flagellated versus nonflagellated bacterial strains. The present results indicate that expression of Stx2ΔAB by attenuated
S
. Typhimurium strains is an alternative vaccine approach for HUS control, but additional improvements in the immunogenicity of Stx2 toxoids are still required.
A Novel Surface Antigen of Relapsing Fever Spirochetes Can Discriminate between Relapsing Fever and Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Lopez Job E. , Schrumpf Merry E. , Nagarajan Vijayaraj , Raffel Sandra J. , McCoy Brandi N. , Schwan Tom G.
Published: February 2010

In a previous immunoproteome analysis ofBorrelia hermsii, candidate antigens that bound IgM antibodies from mice and patients infected with relapsing fever spirochetes were identified. One candidate that was identified is a hypothetical protein with a molecular mass of 57 kDa that we have designatedBorreliaimmunogenic protein A (BipA). This protein was further investigated as a potential diagnostic antigen forB. hermsiigiven that it is absent from theBorrelia burgdorferigenome. ThebipAlocus was amplified and sequenced from 39 isolates ofB. hermsiithat had been acquired from western North America.bipAwas also expressed as a recombinant fusion protein. Serum samples from mice and patients infected withB. hermsiiorB. burgdorferiwere used to confirm the immunogenicity of the recombinant protein in patients infected with relapsing fever spirochetes. Lastly,in silicoand experimental analysis indicated that BipA is a surface-exposed lipoprotein inB. hermsii. These findings enhance the capabilities of diagnosing infection with relapsing fever spirochetes.
Relevance of DNA Alkylation Damage Repair Systems in
Salmonella enterica
Virulence
Authors: Àlvarez Gerard , Campoy Susana , Spricigo Denis A. , Teixidó Laura , Cortés Pilar , Barbé Jordi
Published: February 2010

Systematic inactivation of pathways involved in DNA alkylation damage repair demonstrated that inactivation of the
ada
,
ogt
,
tag
,
uvrA
, and
mfd
genes is required to detect a
Salmonella enterica
virulence decrease. Furthermore, the fitness of
S. enterica
, defective in these genes, is lowered only when the bacterium is orally, but not intraperitoneally, inoculated.
Distribution of Melioidosis Cases and Viable
Burkholderia pseudomallei
in Soil: Evidence for Emerging Melioidosis in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yao-Shen , Lin Hsi-Hsun , Mu Jung-Jung , Chiang Chuen-Sheue , Chen Chang-Hsun , Buu Leh-Mia , Lin Yusen E. , Chen Ya-Lei
Published: February 2010

A survey for the prevalence if
Burkholderia pseudomallei
in soil in Taiwan found that its incidence is comparable to that in other regions of the world where melioidosis is endemic. The presence of identical genetic patterns among the clinical and environmental isolates evaluated suggested a link between the pathogens present in contaminated soil and the emergence of indigenous melioidosis.
Aspergillus PCR: One Step Closer to Standardization
Authors: White P. Lewis , Bretagne Stéphane , Klingspor Lena , Melchers Willem J. G. , McCulloch Elaine , Schulz Bettina , Finnstrom Niklas , Mengoli Carlo , Barnes Rosemary A. , Donnelly J. Peter , Loeffler Juergen
Published: February 2010

PCR has been used as an aid in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis for almost 2 decades. A lack of standardization has limited both its acceptance as a diagnostic tool and multicenter clinical evaluations, preventing its inclusion in disease-defining criteria. In 2006, the European
Aspergillus
PCR Initiative was formed. The aim of the initiative was to provide optimal standardized protocols for the widespread clinical evaluation of the
Aspergillus
PCR to determine its diagnostic role and allow inclusion in disease diagnosis criteria. Quality control panels were developed and circulated to centers for evaluation of the existing methodology before recommendations based on the initial results were proposed for further panels. The centers were anonymously classified as “compliant” or “noncompliant,” according to whether they had followed the proposed recommendations before the performance parameters were determined and meta-regression analysis was performed. Most PCR amplification systems provided similar detection thresholds, although positivity was a function of the fungal burden. When PCR amplification was combined with DNA extraction, 50% of the centers failed to achieve the same level of detection. Meta-regression analysis showed positive correlations between sensitivity and extraction protocols incorporating the proposed recommendations and the use of bead beating, white cell lysis buffer, and an internal control PCR. The use of elution volumes above 100 μl showed a negative correlation with sensitivity. The efficiency of the
Aspergillus
PCR is limited by the extraction procedure and not by PCR amplification. For PCR testing of whole blood, it is essential that large blood volumes (≥3 ml) be efficiently lysed before bead beating to disrupt the fungal cell and performance of an internal control PCR to exclude false negativity. DNA should be eluted in volumes of <100 μl.
Serotype and Genotype Replacement among Macrolide-Resistant Invasive Pneumococci in Adults: Mechanisms of Resistance and Association with Different Transposons
Authors: Calatayud Laura , Ardanuy Carmen , Tubau Fe , Rolo Dora , Grau Immaculada , Pallarés Román , Martín Rogelio , Liñares Josefina
Published: February 2010

The aim of this study was to analyze trends in adult invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) due to macrolide-resistant strains and to study the evolution of serotypes, genotypes, and macrolide-resistant determinants of strains collected in a prospective study between 1999 and 2007 in Barcelona, Spain. IPD due to macrolide-resistant strains of serotypes included in the 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) decreased from 2.16/100,000 (pre-PCV7 period, 1999 to 2001) to 0.80/100,000 (late-PCV7 period, 2005 to 2007) (
P
= 0.001), whereas IPD due to macrolide-resistant strains of non-PCV7 serotypes increased from 1.08/100,000 to 2.83/100,000 (
P
< 0.001). These changes were related to a fall of clones of PCV7 serotypes (ST81 [
P
< 0.05], ST90, ST315, and ST17) and an increase in new clones of serotypes 19A and 24F (ST230) and 33F (ST717) in the late-PCV7 period. The most common phenotype was MLS
B
(90.9%), related to the
erm
(B) gene. The frequent association between MLS
B
phenotype and tetracycline resistance [
tet
(M) gene], was related to transposons of the Tn
916
-family such as Tn
6002
or Tn
3872
. In conclusion, overall adult IPD rates due to macrolide-resistant pneumococci stabilized between 1999 and 2007 in Barcelona. The decrease in macrolide-resistant PCV7 pneumococci was balanced by the increase in macrolide-resistant non-PCV7 pneumococci.
Novel Hot Spot of IS
6110
Insertion in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kim Elizabeth Y. , Nahid Payam , Hopewell Philip C. , Kato-Maeda Midori
Published: February 2010

We describe a hot spot for the insertion of IS
6110
in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
located in the area of region of difference 724 (RD724). Because RD724 defines sublineage 724 of
M. tuberculosis
, caution must be exercised when screening for RD724, as different polymorphisms can be observed in this region.
Genetic Variability of Respiratory Syncytial Viruses (RSV) Prevalent in Southwestern China from 2006 to 2009: Emergence of Subgroup B and A RSV as Dominant Strains
Authors: Zhang Zhi-yong , Du Li-na , Chen Xin , Zhao Yao , Liu En-mei , Yang Xi-qiang , Zhao Xiao-dong
Published: February 2010

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most commonly identified viral agent in young children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) and often causes repeated infections throughout life. This study investigated the genetic variability of the attachment (G) protein gene among RSV strains prevalent in southwestern China. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for a fragment of the RSV G gene was performed with nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from children with ARIs hospitalized in Chongqing Children's Hospital, Chongqing, China. A total of 1,387 NPA specimens were collected from April 2006 to March 2009, and 439 (31.7%) were positive for RSV. During the study period, subgroup A and B viruses accounted for 79.5% (349/439) and 19.8% (87/439) of the total positive samples, respectively. Both subgroup A and B viruses were identified in three samples. Subgroup A viruses were predominant during two epidemic seasons (2006 to 2008), while subgroup B strains prevailed during the 2008-2009 epidemic season. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all 30 group A strains could be clustered into one genotype, genotype GA2, and 30 group B strains could be clustered into three genotypes, genotypes GB1, GB3, and BA, among which 17 genotype BA strains were detected from 23 group B strains selected during the 2008-2009 epidemic season. The G gene of genotype BA was predicted to encode proteins of five different lengths. These data suggest that group A RSV likely predominated in southwestern China and that a new genotype of subgroup B with a 60-nucleotide insertion, named BA-like virus, became the dominant genotype in the 2008-2009 epidemic season.
Antagonism of CD317 Restriction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Particle Release and Depletion of CD317 Are Separable Activities of HIV-1 Vpu
Authors: Goffinet Christine , Homann Stefanie , Ambiel Ina , Tibroni Nadine , Rupp Daniel , Keppler Oliver T. , Fackler Oliver T.
Published: February 2010

Vpu antagonizes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particle release inhibition by CD317/BST-2/Tetherin. Whether this Vpu activity strictly requires cellular depletion of the restriction factor is unclear. Here, we characterized CD317 variants with mutations in putative sorting or ubiquitination motifs. All mutants still potently impaired release of Vpu-defective HIV-1 and remained sensitive to Vpu-mediated release enhancement. Importantly, this virological antagonism correlated with surface downregulation of CD317 mutants by Vpu, while intracellular pools of these mutants, which were consistently depleted of the wild-type protein, were highly variable or even enhanced. Thus, Vpu can efficiently antagonize virion tethering in the absence of CD317 degradation.