bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF SWIMMING COPEPODS
Authors: Vlymen William J.
Published: March 2010

The deceleration patterns following a leap by the calanoid copepod, Labidocera trispinosa were used to determine the parameters k and n in the proposed drag law Cd =k(Re)−n where Cd is the drag coefficient and Re is the Reynolds number. This relation was used to calculate the rate of energy expenditure in constant velocity swimming and in accelerating from rest to a given velocity. At the velocities and accelerations observed, assuming 100% metabolic and propulsive efficiency, the rate of energy expenditure is slightly greater than 0.1% of the basal metabolic rate. It was also shown that at the swimming speeds observed during vertical migrations, the rate of energy expenditure is slightly less than 0.3% of the basal metabolic rate.
ON NITROGEN DEFICIENCY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEANIC PHYTOPLANKTON: PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARAMETERS IN POOR AND RICH WATER1
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: March 2010

Assimilation ratios and dark uptake of 14CO2 were measured in phytoplankton from nutrient‐poor water from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and compared statistically with the same parameters in algae from nutrient‐rich water. Of these parameters, only assimilation ratios decreased significantly in poor water as compared with rich water, and the difference was not great; the other did not differ significantly. It is concluded that phytoplankton from poor water arc not extremely nitrogen deficient and that levels of ammonium (which include some amino nitrogen) are high enough to maintain the algae in a fairly healthy state.
EFFECT OF AMMONIUM AND NITRATE CONCENTRATION ON CHLOROPHYLL INCREASES IN NATURAL TROPICAL PACIFIC PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS1
Authors: Thomas William H.
Published: March 2010

Samples of nutrient‐poor water from the eastern tropical Pacific were enriched with a complete mixture of nonnitrogenous nutrients and with varying concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. They were then incubated in natural light on the deck of the ship and phytoplankton growth was measured daily by means of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. Growth rates were calculated from increases in fluorescence, and final yield of fluorescence as a function of nitrogen added was also calculated. In two out of four experiments plots of rates against concentration of nitrate or ammonium were hyperbolic and the concentrations giving a half‐maximal rate were about 1.5 µg‐atom/liter for ammonium and about 0.75 µg‐atom/liter for nitrate. In two other experiments a maximal growth rate was not achieved even at 10 µg‐atom/liter of added nitrogenous nutrient. The mean yield of chlorophyll for all experiments was 0.22 µg per µm of nitrogen added. Growth rates calculated from ammonium concentration at two of these experimental stations agreed well with growth rates calculated from 14C productivity and chlorophyll concentrations.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN SEAWATER SAMPLES INCUBATED UNDER TWO TYPES OF LIGHT ATTENUATOR1
Authors: Kiefer D. , Strickland J. D. H.
Published: March 2010

A comparative study was made of the photosynthetic efficiency of seawater samples incubated under either neutral density filters or under blue glass filters which were used to simulate the absorption of ocean water. In the first set of experiments, the two types of filters were matched to transmit the same irradiance of light as measured by a selenium photocell and VG9 green glass filter. In the second set of experiments, water samples were incubated under filters that had been matched with a radiometer, so that they transmitted equal irradiances of visible light. The results of the first set of experiments showed that photosynthesis in seawater samples under the two filters was about the same. In the second set of experiments, the rate of photosynthesis for samples under the blue filters was about 66% higher than that of samples under the neutral density filters. The importance of these findings to primary productivity measurements is discussed.
SEASONAL COMPOSITION OF TEMPERATE PLANKTON COMMUNITIES: FATTY ACIDS1
Authors: Jeffries H. Perry
Published: March 2010

Fatty acid composition of the plankton in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, varies in relation to the seasonal succession and productivity of populations. The ratio of palmitoleic acid to palmitic acid declines during vernal warming from 2.0 to ca. 0.3, reflecting the change in dominance from diatoms to flagellates. In the zooplankton, the ratio is twice as high in Acartia clausi, the winter dominant copepod, as in the summer species, Acartia tonsa.

Palmitoleic acid and palmitic acid vary reciprocally throughout the year; so do oleic and stearidonic acids. If palmitic and oleic acids, the less saturated members of each covariate pair, arc related by multiple linear regression to zooplankton standing crop, 52% of the variation over an annual cycle is explained.

During a poor year for Calanus finmarchicus in Rhode Island Sound, the fatty acids vary independently of each other, in agreement with previous findings for free amino acids.
THE INFLUENCE OF PLANKTON DISCHARGES FROM AN UPSTREAM RESERVOIR ON STANDING CROPS IN A MISSOURI RIVER RESERVOIR
Authors: Cowell Bruce C.
Published: March 2010

The influence of discharges from an upstream reservoir, Lake Francis Case, on the standing crops in Lewis and Clark Lake, 71 km down the Missouri River, was assessed by automatic plankton samplers installed in the powerhouses. Composite samples were collected weekly from January 1966 through December 1967. Densities of total Copepoda and Cladocera were significantly greater in the upstream reservoir; populations downstream were dependent on upstream discharges. Discharge and water exchange rates in Lewis and Clark Lake were too rapid for significant development of Copepoda and Cladocera; only three species showed population increases between powerhouses. In contrast, phytoplankton and rotifers were more abundant downstream, especially in summer when introductions from the Niobrara River and production within Lewis and Clark Lake produced marked differences between reservoirs.

Phytoplankton and zooplankton populations in both reservoirs were exceptionally low during summer. Low concentrations of nutrients and low photosynthetic rates in the upstream reservoir appear to be the limiting factors.
DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC CARBON IN LAKE WATER
Authors: JOHNSON MURRAY G. , MICHALSKI MICHAEL F. P.
Published: March 2010

A method is described for isolation and concentration of inorganic carbon (bicarbonate and free CO2) for the accurate and precise (to 0.1 mg C liter−1) analysis required in the determination of primary productivity by the 14C method in extremely soft waters. Lake water was acidified to pH 3.0 and inorganic carbon was absorbed quantitatively in base (about 0.02 n NaOH) in a rubber balloon suspended within the sample bottle. Inorganic carbon in the absorbant was analyzed by back‐titration with acid and with a carbon analyzer; results of the two methods differed by only 6.5%. Improved precision may be achieved by increasing the ratio of lake water to absorbant.
CALCIUM CARBONATE SATURATION IN SEAWATER: EFFECTS OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER1
Authors: Chave Keith E. , Suess Erwin
Published: March 2010

Surface seawater is generally supersaturated with CaCO3; but carbonate will not precipitate from natural seawater in convenient experimental times. If the supersaturation is increased by the addition of Ca2+ or CO32− ions, precipitation can occur in minutes or hours.

Seawater, with 0.1 m Na2CO3 solution added to give a pH of 9.5, will begin rapid CaCO3 (aragonite) precipitation in as little as 15 min. The length of time between the addition of the Na2CO3 and rapid precipitation increases with an increase in the dissolved organic content of the water. If CaCl2, which produces no pH increase, is added to seawater, CaSO4·2H2O (gypsum) is the only precipitate that will form within 12 hr.
DISTRIBUTION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF VITAMIN B12 AND THIAMINE IN THE SUBARCTIC PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: NATARAJAN K. V.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of vitamin B12 and thiamine was investigated in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean extending from Kodiak Island to the Pribilof Islands. Vitamin B12 concentration was found to range from undetectable levels up to 3.39 ng/liter and thiamine from undetectable levels up to 445 ng/liter. Vitamin B12 was present in 86% of the samples and thiamine in 74%. High concentrations, especially of thiamine, were found in low nutrient areas. Thiamine showed a fair negative correlation with PO4‐P, NO3‐N, and SiO3‐Si concentrations whereas vitamin Bu had no significant correlation with anything else measured. Enrichment experiments showed that thiamine increased the relative uptake of 14C whereas vitamin B12 had no significant effects.
THE SYNTHESIS OF EXTRACELLULAR MACROMOLECULES AND MEMBRANES BY A POPULATION OF THE PHYTOFLAGELLATE OCHROMONAS DANICA1
Authors: Aaronson S.
Published: March 2010

The freshwater phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, secretes a variety of membranous vesicles and macromolecules including carbohydrate, nucleic acidlike molecules, protein (including enzymes), and lipid into its environment. This secretion is confirmed by chemical, spectral, ultrastructural, and differential centrifugal techniques. The significance of this secretion in nature is discussed and another source for the occurrence of organic aggregates in natural waters is suggested.
THE FEASIBILITY OF USING CONTINUOUS DYE INJECTION FOR UNDERWATER FLOW VISUALIZATION1
Authors: HALE ALAN M.
Published: March 2010

The feasibility of using dye, continuously injected below the water surface, for flow visualization is assessed. Qualitative assessment of ambient turbulence can be made, and with refinements in technique, quantitative assessments will be obtainable. The thermocline structure can be studied by this approach, and it may be the only approach that will lead to an understanding of certain phenomena occurring in this region.
ALUMINUM OXIDE AS ADSORBENT FOR NATURAL WATER‐SOLUBLE YELLOW MATERIAL1
Authors: MOED J.R.
Published: March 2010

For two types of freshwater investigated, under the conditions given, adsorption of soluble organic yellow material to aluminum oxide was about 98% on the basis of OD at 270 mµ. Elution of yellow material could be realized up to recoveries of 66–80% using phosphate buffers at pH = 7. At phosphate concentrations of 0.008 m and 0.3 and pH = 7 several fractions of yellow material could be eluted.
DIVERSITY, UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES, AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION IN SPIALLOW‐WATER MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF TROPICAL OCEANIC ISLANDS1
Authors: Kohn Alan J.
Published: March 2010

Important features of the inshore marine benthic invertebrate fauna of tropical islands are very high species diversity and the geomorphological role of reef‐building and sediment‐generating animals in contributing the structural framework of habitats. The former is due to the adaptive radiation and persistent co‐occurrence of large numbers of species in a number of genera, particularly of molluscs, echinoderms, and crustaceans. Among the molluscs, epifaunal gastropod genera contribute importantly to the high species diversity. On tropical Indo‐West Pacific island shores and coral reefs, 80% of prosobranch gastropods belong to genera having more than three sympatric species; in diverse temperate faunas the corresponding figure is 20%.

Features of the environment and of the animals tending to promote both speciation and high faunal diversity are listed: environmental heterogeneity and ecological and behavioral specialization are the most approachable. In a representative gastropod genus (Conus) with available quantitative ecological data, topographically complex, climatically equable subtidal coral reefs support more species, lower population density, and animals of larger size than do intertidal marine benches that are topographically uniform but subject to more severe weather conditions. Recurrent group analysis shows strong affinity among six common species on reefs and three on benches spanning most of the longitudinal extent of the Indo‐West Pacific region, demonstrating wide species distribution and constancy of species composition in these habitat types.

Degree of specialization and overlap in resource utilization by co‐occurring congeneric species are discussed with reference to the theory of limiting similarity. Conus species are demonstrated to specialize more to different prey species than to substrate type. A more general hypothesis, that co‐occurring, ecologically similar predator species tend to adopt this strategy, while detritus feeders are more likely to specialize to microhabitat than food type, is only partially supported by the limited data available on other benthic invertebrate taxa.
A Comparison of Geiger‐Mueller and Liquid Scintillation Counting Methods in Estimating Primary Productivity1
Authors: Ward F. J. , Nakanishi Masami
Published: March 2010

Primary productivity estimated from liquid scintillation counts of the radioactivity of wet 14C‐labeled algae on membrane filters was about 30% greater than an estimate from Geiger‐Mueller (G‐M) counts of comparable algae and filters that had been desiccated. A subsequent estimate from recounts of the G‐M filters by the scintillation procedure was 21% less than that obtained from scintillation counts of wet filters. Most of the difference between the two methods is probably caused by the drying procedure required in sample preparation for G‐M counting. The remaining difference, about 9%, may have been caused by variability in estimates of the specific activity of 14C added to the incubation bottles (±7%) and errors associated with estimating zero‐thickness activity of 14C‐BaCO3 precipitates.
PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH AND COMPOSITION IN SHIPBOARD CULTURES SUPPLIED WITH NITRATE, AMMONIUM, OR UREA AS THE NITROGEN SOURCE1
Authors: Eppley R. W. , Carlucci A. F. , Holm‐Hansen O. , Kiefer D. , McCarthy J. J. , Venrick Elizabeth , Williams P. M.
Published: March 2010

Coastal surface seawater off southern California was enriched with phosphate, silicate, vitamins B12, B1, and biotin, a chelated trace metal mixture, and with nitrogen as nitrate, ammonium, or urea, and the cultures were incubated on deck in daylight. Natural phytoplankton present in the seawater served as inoculum. Samples were taken every 6 hr, once the cultures were established. Diel periodicity was noted in diatom cell division, in nitrate and ammonium assimilation rate, in phosphate assimilation rate, and in photosynthetic rate measured at intervals under constant, artificial irradiance, but not in the rate of chlorophyll a synthesis. The chemical composition of the crops was influenced by the nitrogen source used for growth and by diel periodicity in assimilation rates. Most of the vitamin Bi content of the crop was synthesized by the organisms, only a small proportion being supplied initially from the medium. Some species known to require vitamins continued to grow after vitamin depletion from the medium, their requirements apparently satisfied by vitamins released by other species.
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN SOME MODERN CORALS1
Authors: Livingston H. D. , Thompson Geoffrey
Published: March 2010

Thirty‐four scleractinian coral samples, including both hermatypic and ahermatypic varieties, have been analyzed for trace elements. Acid leaching has been used to infer the distribution of elements between the coral skeleton (acid‐soluble fraction) and detrital phases (acid‐insoluble).

Sr, U, Ba, Cu, B, Li, and Zn are generally present in the coral skeleton. Sr and U concentrations, relative to Ca and to Ca in seawater, show only little discrimination but small variations do exist between species from the same environment, indicating species‐specific controls. Larger differences are found between hermatypic and ahermatypic corals. The concentrations of Sr and U are independent of temperature and may be a function of the coral metabolism and rate of skeletogenesis. Ba is not discriminated against, but there is marked discrimination against B and Li. Zn is generally discriminated against but some ahermatypic species show high Zn concentrations. Si, Ti, and Cr are mostly present in the detrital phase associated with the corals; the nature of the detritus often reflects the local environment. Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Pb, and Sc are distributed variously between the detrital and nondetrital phases. High concentrations are found in ferromanganese‐stained pelagic corals and in nearshore corals containing much detritus. The concentrations of these elements in clean, fresh corals indicate that they are discriminated against with respect to Ca uptake from seawater.
INGESTION, ASSIMILATION, SURVIVAL, AND REPRODUCTION BY DAPHNIA PULEX FED SEVEN SPECIES OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE1,2
Authors: Arnold Dean E.
Published: March 2010

Daphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was fed the blue‐green algae (Cyanophyceae) Anacystis nidulans, Synechococcus elongata, S. cedrorum, Merismopedia sp., Anabaena flosaquae, Synechocystis sp., and Gloeocapsa alpicola. The green algae (Chlorophyceae) Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Chlorella vulgaris were used for comparison. Direct observations were made of D. pulex feeding in depression slides filled with the test food. Food labeled with 14C was used to determine ingestion and assimilation. Life tables were constructed for cohorts fed blue‐greens, greens, and no food, and survivorship (lx), net reproductive rate (Ro), median age of death, and intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) were calculated.

In all cases, ingestion, assimilation, survivorship, and reproduction of D. pulex fed blue‐green algae were lower than of those fed green algae, although there were differences among the blue‐greens in their effects on these parameters. Anacystis nidulans, Merismopedia sp., and Synechocystis sp. showed some toxicity or inhibition towards D. pulex. Although some blue‐green algae can be ingested and assimilated by D. pulex, few if any of those tested provide sufficient nutrition to support a population that does not have other food available.
COMPARISON OF A GRAB SAMPLER AND LARGE VOLUME CORER1
Authors: SMITH K. L. , HOWARD JAMES D.
Published: March 2010

Sampling efficiencies of the Smith‐McIntyre grab and the USNEL spade corer were compared based on macrofaunal abundance, biomass, and size. The spade corer’s efficiency was greater than that of the grab sampler; this is attributed to its greater depth penetration.
A ROTARY SYSTEM FOR CALIBRATING FLOWMETERS USED FOR PLANKTON SAMPLING1
Authors: HARRISON STANLEY M. , BÉ ALLAN W. H.
Published: March 2010

A calibration system is described consisting of a circular tank with a rotating arm from which a flowmeter is suspended and towed at speeds that can be varied up to 250 cm/sec (5 knots). The velocity of the water movement that is generated by the friction of the moving flowmeter is measured and subtracted from the flowmeter speed to arrive at the correct calibration factor.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE SURFACE VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF LAKE CURRENTS1
Authors: TERRELL ROBERT E. , GREEN THEODORE
Published: March 2010

Aerial photography and radiative temperature measurements, coordinated with measurements from a surface vessel, were used to obtain quantitative information on surface velocities associated with a strong seasonal current in central Lake Michigan and with a nearshore thermal plume.
ORIENTATION AND GROWTH FORM OF SEA FANS
Authors: Grigg Richard W.
Published: March 2010

The comparison of field measurements of the orientation of branching planes of several species of sea fans with the magnitude and direction of water motion due to several types of currents indicates that fan‐shaped gorgonians orient at right angles to dominant current flow and may be useful as indicators of the average direction of water motion. The mechanism by which orientation is achieved may be related to mechanical forces associated with water movement. Fans were transplanted to various flow regimes and subsequently studied for signs of damage and reorientation. Differences in branchlet diameter and spicule length in Muricea appear to be associated with water motion, in ways that may represent structural adaptations enabling the organisms to withstand large forces caused by waves in shallow water.
RAPID VARIATIONS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE PERSIAN GULF AS RECORDED BY NIMBUS 2 HRIR
Authors: SZEKIELDA K.‐H. , SALOMONSON V. , ALLISON L.J.
Published: March 2010

Nimbus 2 high resolution infrared radiometer (HRIR) observations over the Persian Gulf have been analyzed for cloud‐free nights from June to November 1966. The spatial distribution of sea surface temperatures as observed by the satellite radiometer responded to the prevailing surface winds. Satellite radiometric observations can be used to locate large‐scale air—sea interaction features.
THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLES IN THE OCEAN1
Authors: Sheldon R. W. , Prakash A. , Sutcliffe W. H.
Published: March 2010

Frequency distributions of particle size between sizes of about 1 and 100 µ are given for both surface and deep water of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The form of the size spectra varies predictably both geographically and with depth. A hypothesis is presented to show that, to a first approximation, roughly equal concentrations of material occur at all particle sizes within the range from 1 µ to about 108 µ, i.e. from bacteria to whales.
MODIFICATIONS OF SHIELDED NET RADIOMETERS TO MEASURE SOLAR RADIATION PROFILES IN WATER1
Authors: IDSO SHERWOOD B.
Published: March 2010

Five specific and successful modifications of polyethylene‐shielded net radiometers to measure solar radiation underwater were developed and tested for use in determining both downwelling and upwelling radiation. A field trial of the instruments indicated that they yielded a logarithmic extinction relation in very turbid water with the upwelling radiation being equal to about 2.2% of the downwelling radiation at any level.
CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THE IN SITU ORIGIN OF MARINE HUMIC SUBSTANCES1,2
Authors: Nissenbaum Arie , Kaplan I. R.
Published: March 2010

Humic and fulvic acids were extracted from marine and nonmarine Recent sediments and from soils. These acids are shown to be major components of the organic matter from marine and nonmarine sediments—some marine sediments may contain 70% of their organic carbon in the humic and fulvic acid fraction. Marine and terrestrial humic acids have similar carbon and hydrogen content, but the former generally contain more sulfur and nitrogen. δ34S values of marine humic acid indicate that the sulfur is introduced into the organic matter as hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate reduction. Marine humates have a rather constant δ13C value of −20 to −22%, whereas the δ13C of soil humic acid is related to its plant source material and usually ranges around −25 to −26%. The evidence shows that marine humic acids can be formed in situ from degradation products of plankton and are not necessarily transported from the continent. The suggested pathway of marine humic acid formation and transformation in the sediment is (1) degraded cellular material→ (2) water‐soluble complex containing amino acids and carbohydrates→ (3) fulvic acids→ (4) humic acids→ (5) kerogen.
PHOSPHATE NUTRITION OF THE AQUATIC AGIOSPERM, MYRIOPHYLLUM EXALBESCENS FERN1
Authors: WILSON D. O.
Published: March 2010

Growth and tissue phosphorus concentrations were measured in algal‐free Myriophyllum exalbescens Fern. plants grown in nutrient solutions with phosphate maintained at concentrations from 0.1–100 µm. No major growth differences were observed over 5 weeks. Tissue phosphorus concentrations (dry‐wt basis) ranged from 0.062–1.38% with no apparent signs of phosphorus deficiency or toxicity. This species can store large quantities of phosphorus which it then uses when external sources are low.

A method is described for obtaining algal‐free vegetative segments of M. exalbescens based on a difference in tolerance to sodium hypochlorite between it and algae.
NITROGEN FIXATION IN CLEAR LAKE, CALIFORNIA. II. SYNOPTIC STUDIES ON THE AUTUMN ANABAENA BLOOM1
Authors: Horne Alexander J. , Dillard J. E. , Fujita D. K. , Goldman C. R.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen fixation at three stages of an autumnal bloom of Anabaena circinalis was measured after almost simultaneous collection at up to 32 stations in Clear Lake and algal heterocysts, phytoplankton cell numbers, NO3‐N, NH4‐N, dissolved organic‐N, PO4‐P, Fe, primary production, particulate carbon, and chlorophyll a were also measured. Nitrogen fixation was significantly and positively correlated to Anabaena heterocyst numbers (P > 0.001), negatively correlated to NO3‐N (P > 0.01), and positively correlated to dissolved organic‐N (P > 0.01) and PO4‐P (P > 0.05). A negative correlation with NH4 is probable; no significant relationship was found with the other variables measured. An explanation of the apparent restriction of substantial cyanophycean N2 fixation to nonoligotrophic waters is proposed. The results are consistent with the theory that heterocysts are responsible for N2 fixation in situ under oxic conditions.
PREPARATION OF MEMBRANE FILTER SAMPLES FOR DIRECT EXAMINATION WITH AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: HARRIS JOHN E. , MCKEE THOMAS R. , WILSON RAYMOND C. , WHITEHOUSE U. GRANT
Published: March 2010

A simple apparatus is described for transferring samples of suspended matter collected on Millipore filters to specimen grids for examination with an electron microscope. The apparatus is made from glassware available in most laboratories and is relatively inexpensive. Distributions of nanoorganism remains and clay minerals have been studied using samples prepared by this method.
EFFECTS OF SIZE AND CONCENTRATION OF FOOD PARTICLES ON THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF THE MARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPOD CALANUS PACIFICUS1
Authors: Frost B. W.
Published: March 2010

When adult females of Calanus pacificus are fed on monospecific cultures of centric diatoms which grow as single cells, a predictive relationship is found between feeding behavior of the copepods and size and concentration of food particles. Ingestion rate of copepods increases linearly with cell concentration up to a maximal rate. This maximal ingestion rate, expressed as carbon, is the same for copepods feeding on diatoms ranging in diameter from 11–87 µ. As the size of food particles increases, the carbon concentration at which this ingestion rate is achieved decreases. Thus females of C. pacificus can obtain their maximal daily ration at relatively low carbon concentrations of large cells.
Complex attributes of the magnetic signal for multiple sources: Application to signals from buried ditches
Authors: Milea Christian M. , Hansen Richard O. , Tsokas Gregory N. , Papazachos Constantinos B. , Tsourlos Panagiotis I.
Published: March 2010

Complex attributes of the magnetic signal are computed using a multiple source approach. Polygonal bodies are considered and the attributes of each corner are summed to produce the overall response; that is a decomposition of the polygonal body into magnetized steps to simulate the vertices. The method is tested on synthetic examples of buried ditches, as well as on real magnetic data. This type of target was selected because it comprises a common objective in ‘archaeological geophysics’. The resolution of the method in detecting the edges of the buried ditches depends on their lateral dimensions with respect to the sampling interval used. In general, the signal of the shallowest edges of the buried targets obscures the signal from the deeper corners, thus prohibiting their detection. In some extreme cases, the signals from the deeper corners posed a recognizable signature. The analytic signal may be seen as an anomaly rectification technique. In this context, it is suitable for the presentation of ‘archaeological prospection’ data since it provides an image that resembles the plane view of the buried antiquities better than the total field anomaly itself. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychopathy—an approach to neuroscientific research in forensic psychiatry
Authors: Müller Jürgen L.
Published: March 2010

“Psychopathy” is a construct that has come into vogue again in science and practice. In line with the growing impact, different diagnostic approaches have been used to investigate forensically relevant social behavior as well as involved brain functions and structures. Research on psychopathy has become of major importance for empirical research in forensic psychiatry. An overview on the development of the concept of psychopathy is given; the heterogeneity of the diagnostic tools is addressed, focusing critically on the characteristics of the included samples. Neurobiological findings on psychopathy are presented, focusing in particular on structural and functional imaging data. Limitations and further requirements of neuroimaging research in psychopathy are discussed. In order to emphasize the limitations of lesion studies, in particular in a forensic context, a case report on pseudoneurasthenia following orbitofrontal brain damage without any change in behavior is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do early therapeutic alliance, motivation, and stages of change predict therapy change for high‐risk, psychopathic violent prisoners?
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L. , Ross Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2010

Background Examination of the extent of offenders' engagement in change, and in rehabilitation programmes, is important to understanding success or failure following rehabilitation. In treatment programmes, the alliance between therapist and offender, and the therapy process itself appear central to progress offenders make that may reduce their criminal risk. But research with offenders seldom has measured therapeutic alliance and clinical writing suggests that it is difficult to form an alliance with those not ready to change their behaviour; especially with higher risk and psychopathic offenders.

Aims and Methods This study outlines the course of the therapeutic alliance in an 8‐month treatment programme for high‐risk, PCL‐psychopathic violent prisoners. It examines relationships between early‐treatment therapeutic alliance, therapists' global ratings of motivation to change, and initial stage of change on dynamic risk factors. In addition, it investigates which factors best predict who will complete treatment and change behaviourally during treatment.

Conclusion In this challenging, high‐needs client group, early‐programme stage of change, therapists' perceptions of motivation, therapeutic alliance and psychopathy did not predict how much change prisoners made. Regardless of initial levels, prisoners whose alliance increased the most over the course of treatment made the most change. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal aspirations and concerns inventory for offenders: Developments in the measurement of offenders' motivation
Authors: Campbell Jacqui , Sellen Joselyn L. , McMurran Mary
Published: March 2010

Background It is important to attend to offenders' motivation for treatment and behaviour change, either as a treatment selection criterion or a pre‐treatment need. One measure of motivation that has been used with forensic populations is the Personal Concerns Inventory (PCI) and a PCI‐Offender Adaptation (PCI‐OA). As well as demonstrating promise in measuring offenders' motivation, the administration of the PCI and PCI‐OA shows potential as a motivation enhancer. However, a number of potentially useful changes to the PCI‐OA that may maximise its potential have been identified. These are described here.

Method The rationale and process of abridgement and further development of the PCI‐OA into the Personal Aspirations and Concerns Inventory for Offenders (PACI‐O) are described. Results of a pilot study with 22 prisoners are reported. The pilot study aimed to assess the acceptability of the PACI‐O with an offender population.

Results Findings demonstrated that the interview took less time, although similar concerns were still identified, consistent with the previous PCI‐OA.

Conclusion Consistency with previous evidence, together with positive feedback, suggests that the PACI‐O was acceptable with an offender population. Future research is required to assess the psychometric properties of the PACI‐O, and to evaluate its potential as an assessment of offender motivation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment readiness, treatment engagement and behaviour change
Authors: McMurran Mary , Ward Tony
Published: March 2010

Background Non‐completion of treatment is a common occurrence in correctional contexts. Non‐completion compromises service cost‐efficiency, impacts adversely on staff and service user morale and may limit the effectiveness of therapy. Attention needs to be paid to enhancing offenders' readiness for treatment, and developing and maintaining their engagement.

Argument In this paper, we state that research and practice in offender treatment readiness and engagement need to be driven in four major ways: (1) the construction of models of engagement that are theoretically based and empirically evidenced that can underpin assessments and treatments; (2) the development of psychometrically robust assessments of treatment readiness, motivation and engagement that can be used to select offenders for treatment or measure change over time; (3) the design, implementation and evaluation of pre‐treatment preparation procedures that can promote treatment engagement and completion; and (4) the development of strategies that address barriers to engagement as an integral part of treatment.

Conclusions This special issue contains contributions from leading researchers on the assessment of engagement, effects of engagement and non‐engagement on outcomes, offenders' reasons for non‐completion of treatment programmes, and the development of a measure of offenders' current concerns and life aspirations. These studies will improve research and practice in offender treatment readiness and engagement, and this could lead to better outcomes in terms of reduced re‐offending. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint subcarrier and power allocation for uplink relay‐enhanced OFDM systems
Authors: Fan Bin , Wang Wenbo , Wu Wenjun , Zheng Kan
Published: March 2010

There has been a lot of research works considering the resource allocation of the downlink multihop orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. However, due to the distributed nature of the uplink power constraints, the resource allocation in the uplink multihop systems, where multiple mobile stations transmit to one base station with the aid of one or many relay stations, has much difference and has not been well investigated so far. In this paper, we originally study the joint subcarrier and power allocation problem for the uplink dual‐hop transmission with the aim to maximize the system transmit rate. The resource allocation problem is approximated to be a concave maximization problem. By using mathematical decomposition techniques, the problem is first decoupled and solved by the proposed near‐optimal method, which has low‐computation complexity. Then, our algorithm is extended to the case with subcarrier matching on the dual hops. Numerical results show that our proposed algorithm improves the system transmission rate. Compared with the equal power allocation schemes, our algorithm can achieve significant gain in system transmit rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activity of essential oils on the growth of Leishmania infantum promastigotes
Authors: Machado M. , Santoro G. , Sousa M. C. , Salgueiro L. , Cavaleiro C.
Published: March 2010

In order to contribute to the search for new therapeutic agents for leishmaniasis, we report the effect of several essential oils on the growth of Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Eight of the tested essential oils revealed activity below 150 µg/ml, the most active being Cymbopogon citratus, Juniperus oxycedrus berries and Thymus capitelatus oils, with 50% effective concentration values in the range 16–51 µg/ml. The results support the concept that several essential oils or some of their constituents can become useful in the research of new therapeutic agents for leishmaniasis and in the clinical management of this parasitic disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marine biotic events in the Lopingian succession and latest Permian extinction in the Southern Alps (Italy)
Authors: Posenato Renato
Published: March 2010

The Upper Permian in the eastern Southern Alps consists of an overall transgressive sedimentary succession of continental red beds (Val Gardena Sandstone), which are overlain and interfingered by the marine Bellerophon Fm, consisting of sulphate evaporites, dolomites and neritic limestones. In the western Dolomites, a key‐area for analysing the stratigraphic framework and biotic events connected with the Permian‐Triassic boundary and related mass extinction studies, the Bellerophon Fm is followed by oolitic limestone of the Werfen Fm, where the end‐Permian mass extinction and the erathem boundary, are located a few centimetres and a few metres, respectively, above the formational contact.

The marine events presented here are located in three historical sections in the western Dolomites (Bletterbach, Seceda‐Monte Balest and Putia). Bioevents mostly concern brachiopod and cephalopod assemblages, discussed herein in terms of biodiversity changes and bio‐chronostratigraphic value. Recent data on cephalopod and conodont biostratigraphy have improved significantly the chronostratigraphic framework of the upper part of the succession and its correlation with other Tethyan localities. As far as nautiloids are concerned, theTirolonautilusbeds (T. cruxandTirolonautilus sebedinuslineage zone) are Changhsingian in age; while, all theComelicania‐bearing brachiopod beds are late Changhsingian in age.

The extinction pattern of the Dolomites is compared with that which occurred in the GSSP Meishan (South China) section. In both regions, the main extinction phase is probably synchronous, whereas the ultimate extinction of relicts is slightly diachronous. However, in the Dolomites the extinction seems to have been more catastrophic, because of the lack of the Chinese prelude phase, which is also characterized by miniaturization. On the other hand, the supposed coeval Dolomites assemblages have a high biodiversity, both in richness and abundance, and include gigantic brachiopod species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatty Liver Is Associated With Dyslipidemia and Dysglycemia Independent of Visceral Fat: the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Speliotes Elizabeth K. , Massaro Joseph M. , Hoffmann Udo , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Meigs James B. , Sahani Dushyant V. , Hirschhorn Joel N. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Fox Caroline S.
Published: March 2010

Obesity is not uniformly associated with the development of metabolic sequelae. Specific patterns of body fat distribution, in particular fatty liver, may preferentially predispose at-risk individuals to disease. In this study, we characterize the metabolic correlates of fat in the liver in a large community-based sample with and without respect to visceral fat. Fatty liver was measured by way of multidetector computed tomography of the abdomen in 2,589 individuals from the community-based Framingham Heart Study. Logistic and linear regression were used to determine the associations of fatty liver with cardio-metabolic risk factors adjusted for covariates with and without adjustment for other fat depots (body mass index, waist circumference, and visceral adipose tissue). The prevalence of fatty liver was 17%. Compared with participants without fatty liver, individuals with fatty liver had a higher adjusted odds ratio (OR) of diabetes (OR 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.12-4.21), metabolic syndrome (OR 5.22, 95% CI 4.15-6.57), hypertension (OR 2.73, 95% CI 2.16-3.44), impaired fasting glucose (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.32-3.75), insulin resistance (OR 6.16, 95% CI 4.90-7.76); higher triglycerides, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP); and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and adiponectin levels (

P

< 0.001 for all). After adjustment for other fat depots, fatty liver remained associated with diabetes, hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, metabolic syndrome, HDL, triglycerides, and adiponectin levels (all

P

< 0.001), whereas associations with SBP and DBP were attenuated (

P

> 0.05).

Conclusion:

Fatty liver is a prevalent condition and is characterized by dysglycemia and dyslipidemia independent of visceral adipose tissue and other obesity measures. This work begins to dissect the specific links between fat depots and metabolic disease. (Hepatology 2010;)
Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management: ISI journal and proceeding citations, and research issues from most‐cited papers
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E.
Published: March 2010

This paper analyses the citations from Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management that have occurred in ISI's Web of Knowledge in February 2010. I found roughly 1000 citations to the journal under 10 different journal name abbreviations, with roughly 25% of the citations occurring during 2008–2009, associated with 27 of the more frequently cited papers. Using that citation data, the H‐index and the 40 (42 with ties) most‐cited papers are presented. I found that ISI's new proceedings data appear to have a different citation pattern than ISI's journal citation data, resulting in citations to more sources, but fewer citations per source. I also examine the research methodologies and applications of the most‐cited papers in an attempt to determine what areas have been cited most and where there are potential gaps in the research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterated herbicidal ZJ0273, ZJ0702, ZJ0777, and SIOC0163
Authors: Yang Zheng‐Min , Lu Long
Published: March 2010

ZJ0273 (propyl 4‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate), ZJ0702 (isopropyl 4‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzylamino)benzoate), ZJ0777 (2‐bromo‐N‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzyl)aniline), and SIOC0163 (5‐bromo‐N‐(2‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yloxy)benzyl)pyridin‐2‐amine) are active ingredients in oilseed rape herbicides. The middle aromatic ring‐deuterated form of ZJ0273 was synthesized from (2H6)phenol and have been successfully used as tracer in its metabolism and degradation study. The methoxyl‐deuterated forms of four ingredients were synthesized from (2H4)methanol, respectively, and they could be used as internal standards in quantitation of herbicide residue in rapeseed and its downstream foodstuff by using HPLC‐MS/MS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An observational study of the exceptional ‘Ottery St Mary’ thunderstorm of 30 October 2008
Authors: Clark M. R.
Published: March 2010

A small but intense convective system affected parts of east Devon during the early hours of 30 October 2008, producing an estimated 200 mm of precipitation, including locally over 20 cm of hail, within a 3 h period. This exceptional storm and its environment are studied here from an observational perspective. Upper air and satellite observations show that the storm developed within an environment characterized by a trend for increasing instability and dynamic forcing for ascent, associated with an approaching upper level cold pool and small positive potential vorticity anomaly. Analysis of surface observations reveals that convective development was strongly focussed by localized, persistent low‐level convergence and moisture convergence in the vicinity of a mesoscale surface low pressure area, which rapidly deepened before becoming slow moving over east Devon. Radar, wind profiler and other available observations are used to describe the development and evolution of the convective system, and to identify some additional factors contributing to the exceptional rain‐ and hail‐fall totals. Finally, the role that real‐time, simultaneous analysis of these various observation types could play in nowcasting of localized, extreme rainfall events is discussed. © Crown Copyright 2010. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Numerically determined enrichment functions for the extended finite element method and applications to bi‐material anisotropic fracture and polycrystals
Authors: Menk Alexander , Bordas Stéphane P. A.
Published: March 2010

Strain singularities appear in many linear elasticity problems. A very fine mesh has to be used in the vicinity of the singularity in order to obtain acceptable numerical solutions with the finite element method (FEM). Special enrichment functions describing this singular behavior can be used in the extended finite element method (X‐FEM) to circumvent this problem. These functions have to be known in advance, but their analytical form is unknown in many cases. Li et al. described a method to calculate singular strain fields at the tip of a notch numerically. A slight modification of this approach makes it possible to calculate singular fields also in the interior of the structural domain. We will show in numerical experiments that convergence rates can be significantly enhanced by using these approximations in the X‐FEM. The convergence rates have been compared with the ones obtained by the FEM. This was done for a series of problems including a polycrystalline structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adherence to recommended dosing and monitoring for mitoxantrone in patients with multiple sclerosis: a healthcare claims database study supplemented with medical records—the RETRO study
Authors: Funch Donnie , Norman Heather , Wong Judy , Bennett Randy , Hillier Jill , Al‐Sabbagh Ahmad , Seeger John D
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Mitoxantrone was approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in October 2000. Monitoring and dosing guidelines in the product labeling accompanying this indication include blood counts, liver function, and pregnancy tests at each administration. Due to potential cardiotoxicity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) testing prior to initial infusion and all infusions at a cumulative dose ≥100 mg/m2 was recommended until April 2005 when LVEF testing before all infusions was recommended in the approved labeling. We sought to estimate provider adherence to dosing and monitoring guidelines and the effect of changes in LVEF monitoring guidelines.

Methods

MS patients who received mitoxantrone between October 2000 and June 2006 were selected from the claims of a large US health insurer. Claims for infusions and for specified tests prior to an infusion determined adherence to guidelines, with medical records providing additional information for a subset.

Results

There were 1827 mitoxantrone infusions to 548 eligible patients; medical records were obtained for 261 patients (1096 infusions). Most mitoxantrone recipients were 30–59 years of age and 73% were female. Adherence to recommended dosing was higher than for recommended monitoring. Blood counts were conducted for most infusions (78–83%), while liver function tests (LFT) were performed less often (47–54% of infusions). Pregnancy tests were performed for 10% or fewer of the infusions administered to reproductive age women. Adherence with LVEF testing guidelines improved following labeling changes.

Conclusions

Adherence to recommended monitoring was incomplete, but amenable to change. Automated assessment through insurance claims supplemented with medical record data provides a balanced means for studying adherence to recommendations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.