bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value of annular M‐mode displacement vs tissue Doppler velocities to assess cardiac function in intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Cruz‐Lemini M. , Crispi F. , Valenzuela‐Alcaraz B. , Figueras F. , Sitges M. , Gómez O. , Bijnens B. , Gratacós E.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To compare the ability of two different methods for longitudinal annular motion measurement, M‐mode and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), to demonstrate cardiac dysfunction in intrauterine‐growth‐restricted (IUGR) fetuses.

Methods

Cardiac longitudinal annular motion in the basal free wall of the left ventricle (mitral annulus), interventricular septum and tricuspid annulus was assessed in 23 early‐onset IUGR cases and 43 controls by TDI (annular peak velocities) and M‐mode (displacement).

Results

All annular parameters were significantly decreased in the IUGR group with respect to controls using both methods. M‐mode showed a trend towards equal performance as classifier between cases and controls, as compared to TDI, mainly in the tricuspid annulus.

Conclusions

Both M‐mode and TDI demonstrate annular motion changes and consequently cardiac dysfunction in IUGR fetuses. M‐mode imaging is simpler to perform and could be as sensitive as TDI for detecting subtle changes. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The role of local knowledge in adaptation to climate change
Authors: Naess Lars Otto
Published: December 2012

Evidence from recent research suggests that local knowledge may contribute to adaptation to climate change in a number of ways. At the same time, there are concerns over its relevance for future adaptation amidst other challenges. This article aims to shed light on some of the key potentials and challenges for the application of local knowledge for adaptation, drawing on recent studies as well as findings from semi‐arid Tanzania. This article illustrates how the role of local knowledge at the local level is determined by interaction between informal and formal institutions at the local level. It suggests that assessments of the role of local knowledge for adaptation need to give more consideration to local power relations and the interaction with government strategies, while also addressing structural constraints to the use of local knowledge across scales. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:99–106. doi: 10.1002/wcc.204

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Cannabinoid activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors: an update and review of the physiological relevance
Authors: O'Sullivan Saoirse Elizabeth
Published: December 2012

Since 2002, evidence has been building that cannabinoids, including endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid‐like compounds, phytocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoid ligands, bind to and activate the different isoforms of the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs; α, β, and γ). This has been shown through the use of reporter gene assays, binding studies, the use of antagonists and knockout animals. Increasing use of tools to assess a potential role for PPAR activation in underpinning the physiological effects of cannabinoids means that a picture is emerging of the relevance of PPAR activation by cannabinoids. There is now evidence that activation of PPARα and γ mediate some of the anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects of cannabinoids, sometimes in combination with activation of the more traditional target sites of action such as CB1, CB2, and TRPV1. There is also a role for PPARα activation by cannabinoids in some of their central effects including memory acquisition, reward processing, food intake and body weight regulation. Activation of PPARγ plays a role in the apoptotic effects of cannabinoids. However, much further work is required to fully establish the profile of cannabinoid compounds at all isoforms of the PPAR family and the relevance of this in normal physiology and pathological situations. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2013, 2:17–25. doi: 10.1002/wmts.73

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Conflict of interest: The author declare no conflict of interest.
Signal‐to‐noise ratios in forensic glass analysis by micro X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Ernst T. , Berman T. , Buscaglia J. , Eckert‐Lumsdon T. , Hanlon C. , Olsson K. , Palenik C. , Ryland S. , Trejos T. , Valadez M. , Almirall J. R.
Published: December 2012

Micro X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) spectrometry using an energy dispersive X‐ray (EDS) detector is capable of detecting certain major, minor, and trace elements that permit potential discrimination of glass fragments in forensic cases on the basis of differences in elemental composition. Often, elements used for discrimination are present at concentrations near the detection limit of the EDS system, and the decision whether to utilize these minor peaks in a comparative analysis has generally been left to the discretion of the examiner. The use of signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) of spectral peaks provides additional objectivity in peak identification/label decisions and in the selection of elements in semiquantitative ratio comparisons. In addition, the use of SNRs enables calculations of limits of detection and limits of quantitation and the monitoring of instrument performance, and facilitates performance comparisons of different μ‐XRF configurations. This paper demonstrates a practical method for applying the concepts of SNR, limits of detection, and limits of quantitation to μ‐XRF generated EDS‐based spectra, discusses the implications of such determinations, addresses spectral features that must be considered when making the calculations, and illustrates the application of these concepts to the example of forensic examination and comparison of glass samples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Activity of Copper(II)‐Aroylhydrazone Complexes
Authors: Hosseini‐Monfared Hassan , Pousaneh Elaheh , Sadighian Somayeh , Ng Seik Weng , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: December 2012

Two CuII complexes of tridentate Schiff base ligands, [Cu(L1)(CH3OH)2]NO3·CH3OH (1) and [Cu2(L2)2(CH3OH)2](NO3)2 (2), were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods [H2L1 = (E)‐N‐(4‐hydroxy benzoic acid (2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide, and H2L2 = (E)‐N‐4‐hydroxy benzoic acid (5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide]. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 were established by X‐ray crystallography. The complex cation in 1 is based on a square pyramid with the uninegative Schiff base coordinating in a tridentate mode via O, N, O′‐donor atoms with the remaining sites being occupied by two methanol oxygen atoms with one of these in the axial position. By contrast, the Schiff base coordinates in a tridentate ligand fashion in dinuclear compound 2 as the phenoxide oxygen atom bridges two central copper atoms. The NO4 coordination donor set is completed by a methanol oxygen atom, which occupies an axial position in the distorted square pyramidal arrangement. Complexes 1 and 2 are very active catalysts in clean epoxidation reactions using aqueous hydrogen peroxide and acetonitrile. The effects of reaction parameters such as solvent and oxidant in the epoxidation of cis‐cyclooctene were investigated and showed that cyclooctene and cyclohexene were oxidized efficiently to their corresponding epoxide with 100 and 31 % selectivity, respectively, in the presence of catalyst 2. This catalytic system showed also excellent selectivity in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol.
Stabilization of Decatellurium Molecules in Isolated and Concatenated Clusters
Authors: Günther Anja , Isaeva Anna , Ruck Michael
Published: December 2012

Black, shiny crystals of the molecular cluster compounds (Te10)[M(TeX4)(TeX3)]2 (M/X = Rh/Cl (1), Ir/Br (2)), (Te10)[Ru(TeI4)(TeI2)]2 (3), (Te10)[M(TeI4)(TeI2)]2(TeI4)(Te2I2) (M = Rh (4), Ir (5)) as well as the one‐dimensional cluster polymer (Te10I2)[Ir(TeI4)]2(Te4)I2 (6) were synthesized by melting reactions of an electron‐rich transition metal M (M = Ru, Rh, Ir) with tellurium and TeX4 (X = Cl, Br, I). X‐ray diffraction on single‐crystals revealed that the compounds crystallize in the triclinic space group type P$\bar{1}$. 4 and 5 show [3+1]‐dimensional modulations of their structures. All compounds contain binuclear complexes with central μ‐η4:η4‐bridging Te10 units and terminal halogenidotellurate(II) groups. Each of the transition metal cations is in a slightly distorted octahedral coordination by six tellurium atoms; the two [MTe6] octahedra share a common edge. With the tellurium atoms acting as electron‐pair donors, the 18 electron rule is fulfilled for the electrophilic M atoms. The central tricyclo[5.1.1.13, 5]‐decatellurium molecule consists of two ecliptically stacked Te4 rings, which are linked through two tellurium atoms. The symmetric or asymmetric 3c4e bonds along these almost linear bridges are in analogy to polyanionic forms of tellurium, while the tricyclic conformation is stabilized by the strong bonding to the transition‐metal cations. Multi‐center bonding (3c4e) is also present in the terminal square [Te+IIX4]2– and the T‐shaped [Te+IIX3]– groups. The crystal structures of 4 and 5 are organized in layers of (Te10)[M(TeI4)(TeI2)]2n+ clusters (n ≤ 2) that are quite robust upon oxidation or reduction as shown by molecular calculations. These clusters alternate with incommensurately modulated layers that probably consist of TeI42– anions and a previously unknown Te2I2 molecule. The uncertainty arises primarily from equal scattering powers of I and Te atoms as well as from the known flexibility of the electron count of the Te10 unit. In 6, neutral Te4 rings concatenate (Te10I2)[Ir(TeI4)]2 clusters into chains, which run parallel to the a axis.
Gold(III) Carboxylate Complexes with N, N‐Chelating Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Features of IR Spectra
Authors: Akhmadullina Nailya S. , Borissova Aleksandra O. , Garbuzova Irina A. , Retivov Vasiliy M. , Sandu Roman A. , Kargin Yuri F. , Shishilov Oleg N.
Published: December 2012

New gold(III) carboxylate complexes [(L)Au(RCO2)2]BF4 (R = CH3, CMe3, CF3) with N, N‐chelating ligands L (L = phenanthroline, 2, 2′‐bipyridine), were obtained by the treatment of corresponding chloride complexes [(L)AuCl2]BF4 with silver(I) carboxylates. The structure of [(bipy)Au(CF3CO2)2]BF4 complex was determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. When five‐coordinate gold(III) complexes [(L)AuCl3] (L = 2, 9‐dimethyl‐1, 10‐phenanthroline, 2, 2′‐biquinoline) were used as starting materials the same reaction led to unstable products, which could not to be isolated and characterized. The reactivity of chloride complexes towards different carboxylates as well as properties of resulting carboxylate compounds depends on the nature of substitute R in carboxylate groups as it was predicted by us earlier using quantum‐chemical calculations. In order to explain a difference in behaviors of four‐ and five‐coordinate gold(III) complexes infrared and far‐infrared spectra of chlorides and carboxylates were studied.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Antimony(III) Complexes With a Bis(amino)silane Ligand
Authors: Ma Xiaoli , Ding Yi , Roesky Herbert W. , Sun Shuai , Yang Zhi
Published: December 2012

Bis(amino)silane bearing bulky substituents on nitrogen, LH2 [L = Me2Si(NDipp)2, Dipp = 2, 6‐diisopropylphenyl] was reacted with nBuLi (ratio 1:1 and 1:2) in toluene. The Me2Si(LiNDipp)2 was treated with SbCl3 in a 1:1 ratio to yield the four‐membered SiN2Sb ring compound of composition [η2(N,N)‐Me2Si(NDipp)2SbCl] (1). The mono lithiated bis(amino)silane was used to synthesize the monodentate heterotetraatomic complex [(η1‐Me2SiNDipp)NHDippSbCl2] (2) by the reaction with SbCl3. The complexes were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, IR, and single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.
Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of a New Metal‐Organic Framework containing Meso‐Helices
Authors: Fan Linlin , Chen Haiyan , Xiao Dongrong , Wang Enbo
Published: December 2012

The new metal‐organic framework [Cd(bqdc)(phen)]n (1) (bqdc = 2, 2′‐biquinoline‐4, 4′‐dicarboxylate, phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline) was hydrothermally synthesized by hetero‐ring carboxylate ligand and N‐containing auxiliary ligand. The structure of 1 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, and TG analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis shows that complex 1 is an infinite two‐dimensional framework containing aesthetic meso‐helix. These two‐dimensional coordination networks are interconnected through aromatic π–π stacking and C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions to afford a 6‐connected (412.63) three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture. Furthermore, the photoluminescent property of complex 1 was studied.
Metastable Phase Formation of Indium Monochloride from an Amorphous Feedstock
Authors: Bach Andreas , Fischer Dieter , Jansen Martin
Published: December 2012

We have studied the structural evolution of crystalline InCl starting from an amorphous deposit, generated by PVD on a sapphire substrate kept at –196 and –228 °C. The first crystalline modification occurred at heating up to –100 °C and was identified as β‐InCl, the high temperature modification. Formation of metastable β‐InCl at the conditions given can only be rationalized by assuming control of phase formation by more efficient nucleation of the metastable, low density polymorph in accordance with the Ostwald‐Vollmer rule. At 70 °C the system becomes sufficiently activated that the equilibrium polymorph α‐InCl occurs, which in a reversible process finally transforms to β‐InCl. During subsequent cooling to room temperature the α‐InCl is recovered.
Berry and Kohn's Operating Room Technique, 12th Edition
Authors: Mower Juliana
Published: December 2012

Berry and Kohn's Operating Room Technique, Nancymarie Phillips, 12th Edition, 2013, Elsevier Mosby, 1031 pages, hardcover
Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence‐Based Practice: Model and Guidelines, 2nd Edition
Authors: Philbrick Violet
Published: December 2012

Sandra L. Dearholt, Deborah Dang, Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence‐Based Practice: Model and Guidelines, 2nd Edition, 2012, Sigma Theta Tau International, 264 pages, softcover
Using a Best‐Practice Perioperative Governance Structure to Implement Better Block Scheduling
Authors: Heiser Randy
Published: December 2012

Achieving, developing, and maintaining a well‐functioning OR scheduling system requires a well‐designed perioperative governance structure. Traditional OR/surgery committees, consisting mainly of surgeons, have tried to provide this function but often have not succeeded. An OR governance model should be led by an OR executive committee that functions as a board of directors for the surgery program and works closely with the surgery department medical director and an OR advisory committee. Ideally, the OR executive committee should develop a block schedule that includes a mix of block, open, and urgent or emergent OR access, because this combination is most effective for improving OR use and adapting to changes in surgical procedure volume.
Hybrid OR 101: A Primer for the OR Nurse
Authors: Schaadt Jennifer , Landau Bruce
Published: December 2012

A hybrid OR incorporates fixed imaging in a sterile OR setting. Because demand for procedures that can be performed in a hybrid OR is increasing, many institutions are considering or are in the process of building a hybrid OR. Currently, no standards exist relative to a hybrid OR's location, design, procedure volumes, patient types, staffing requirements, skill sets, or workflow. The unique technology and equipment inherent to a hybrid OR affects the OR workflow. The ability to successfully plan, design, and implement a hybrid OR program requires strategic vision and the cohesive efforts of a multidisciplinary team, of which the OR nurse is a key member.
Structural studies of cerebral cavernous malformations 2 (CCM2) reveal a folded helical domain at its C‐terminus
Authors: Fisher Oriana S. , Zhang Rong , Li Xiaofeng , Murphy James W. , Demeler Borries , Boggon Titus J.
Published: December 2012

CCM2
and
CCM2
bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Calmodulin‐induced structural changes in endothelial nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Persechini Anthony , Tran Quang-Kim , Black D.J. , Gogol Edward P.
Published: December 2012

We have derived structures of intact calmodulin (CaM)‐free and CaM‐bound endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) by reconstruction from cryo‐electron micrographs. The CaM‐free reconstruction is well fitted by the oxygenase domain dimer, but the reductase domains are not visible, suggesting they are mobile and thus delocalized. Additional protein is visible in the CaM‐bound reconstruction, concentrated in volumes near two basic patches on each oxygenase domain. One of these corresponds with a presumptive docking site for the reductase domain FMN‐binding module. The other is proposed to correspond with a docking site for CaM. A model is suggested in which CaM binding and docking position the reductase domains near the oxygenase domains and promote docking of the FMN‐binding modules required for electron transfer.
Meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of cryotherapy in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Sauvaget Catherine , Muwonge Richard , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy
Published: December 2012

Background

Cryotherapy can be used for the ablation of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

Objectives

To provide an updated and comprehensive estimate of the efficacy of cryotherapy for CIN.

Search strategy

A literature search identified original studies (randomized controlled trials and clinical reports).

Selection criteria

Studies reporting cure rates, acceptability, and safety of cryotherapy were included in the analysis.

Data collection and analysis

Number of persistent or recurrent lesions at follow‐up, adverse events, and complications were recorded. Quality of the methodology was also assessed. Meta‐analyses were performed according to CIN thresholds, geographic region, study year, setting, study design, presence of endocervical involvement, freezing method, duration of follow‐up, and status of the cryotherapy provider.

Main results

A total of 146 articles were retrieved; 77 papers—equivalent to 28 827 cases of treated CIN—were included in the meta‐analysis. Cryotherapy achieved cure rates of 94.0% (CIN1), 92.0% (CIN2), and 85.0% (CIN3). Use of the double‐freeze method and absence of endocervical involvement significantly increased cure rates. Minimal complications were reported as adverse effects.

Conclusions

Cryotherapy is an effective, safe, and acceptable treatment for CIN. It has been shown to be successful in low‐resource settings, enabling availability and accessibility of early detection services.
Comparative accuracies of two common screening instruments for classification of Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy aging
Authors: Roalf David R. , Moberg Paul J. , Xie Sharon X. , Wolk David A. , Moelter Stephen T. , Arnold Steven E.
Published: December 2012

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the utility and diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a clinical cohort.

Methods

Three hundred twenty‐one AD, 126 MCI, and 140 older adults with healthy cognition (HC) were evaluated using the MMSE, the MoCA, a standardized neuropsychologic battery according to the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD‐NB), and an informant‐based measure of functional impairment, the Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS). Diagnostic accuracy and optimal cut‐off scores were calculated for each measure, and a method for converting MoCA to MMSE scores is presented.

Results

The MMSE and MoCA offer reasonably good diagnostic and classification accuracy as compared with the more detailed CERAD‐NB; however, as a brief cognitive screening measure, the MoCA was more sensitive and had higher classification accuracy for differentiating MCI from HC. Complementing the MMSE or the MoCA with the DSRS significantly improved diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusion

The findings support recent data indicating that the MoCA is superior to the MMSE as a global assessment tool, particularly in discerning earlier stages of cognitive decline. In addition, we found that overall diagnostic accuracy improves when the MMSE or MoCA is combined with an informant‐based functional measure. Finally, we provide a reliable and easy conversion of MoCA to MMSE scores. However, the need for MCI‐specific measures is still needed to increase the diagnostic specificity between AD and MCI.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival rate in advanced urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Tsai Chia‐Chun , Huang Chun‐Hsiung , Huang Chun‐Nung , Wu Wen‐Jeng , Yeh Hsin‐Chih , Li Wei‐Ming , Li Ching‐Chia , Lee Mei‐Hui
Published: December 2012

Radical surgery (RS) with adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) or radiotherapy has been conventionally used for patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (AUC). Recent research has indicated that systemic neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) with RS yields better outcomes than RS alone for patients with locally advanced bladder cancer. However, there are no reports indicating whether NC or AC would be beneficial for patients with AUC. The present study compared the survival rate for AUC patients receiving NC or AC. A retrospective analysis was conducted using data for 64 patients with AUC who underwent RS and systemic chemotherapy at our institution between March 2002 and March 2011. Of the 64 patients, 30 received NC before RS and 34 received RS followed by systemic AC. Pathologic stages (p = 0.002), grades (p = 0.018) and lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.047) were significantly lower in the patients who received NC first than in those who received RC first. Furthermore, analysis of the surgical specimens revealed that 26.7% of patients who received NC before RS had complete remission. There were no significant differences in demographic data, surgical complications, and chemotoxicity between the two patient groups. The progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients who received initial NC were significantly better than those of patients who received initial RC (p = 0.002 and 0.018, respectively). Our results indicate that NC administration before RS significantly improved the PFS and OS of AUC patients, without increasing surgical complications and chemotoxicity. Further prospectively controlled trials need to be conducted to confirm the effectiveness of NC for AUC patients.
Relationship between low‐density lipoprotein levels on admission and 1‐year outcome in patients with acute ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Sun Yu‐Jiao , Li Yu‐Ze , Jiang Da‐Ming , Zhang Bo , Gao Yuan , Zhang Zhi‐Hong , Qi Guo‐Xian
Published: December 2012

This study assessed the relationship between low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels on admission and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute ST‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI). Patients with ASTEMI who had a lipid profile tested within 24 hours of symptom onset were enrolled. They were stratified into high and low LDL‐C groups according to whether their LDL‐C was above (n = 501) or below (n = 575) the median level, respectively. The incidence of MACE, cardiovascular death, non‐fatal MI, revascularization, and stroke was compared between the groups at 1 month, 6 months, and 1 year. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazard analysis were performed. In‐hospital use of beta blockers was better in the high than in the low LDL‐C group (76.6% vs. 69.7%, p = 0.01). Statin use was significantly higher in the high than in the low LDL‐C group during follow‐up (86.8% vs. 80.0%, p = 0.003 at1 month; 71.6% vs. 62.4%, p = 0.002 at 6 months; 67.8% vs. 61.2%, p = 0.03 at 1 year). The incidence of MACE on follow‐up at 1 month was higher in the low than in the high LDL‐C group (12.0% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.04). At 1 year, survival was not significantly different between the groups. Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated that the incidence of MACE was significantly associated with hypertension, current smoking, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), in‐hospital use of beta blockers, and statin use on follow‐up (p < 0.01). LDL‐C levels on admission in patients with ASTEMI had no significant effect on the 6‐month and 1‐year incidence of MACE, but the incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the low LDL‐C group at 1 month. It would be relevant to further investigate the HDL‐C level on admission, in‐hospital use of beta blockers, and statin use during follow‐up in relation to MACE.
Mechanisms of apple polyphenols‐induced proliferation inhibiting and apoptosis in a metastatic oral adenoid cystic carcinoma cell line
Authors: Zheng Chao‐Qun , Qiao Bin , Wang Miao , Tao Qian
Published: December 2012

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is characterized by intensive local invasion and high incidence of distant metastases. Conventional chemotherapy for ACC produces a poor result. We aimed to evaluate the effect of apple polyphenols (APs), a novel nutraceutical agent, on the proliferation and apoptosis levels in a metastatic oral ACC cell line. A metastatic ACC (ACC‐M) cell line and control cells (MRC‐5 cells derived from normal lung tissue) were treated with APs at different concentrations. MTT assay was used to determine the in vitro cytotoxicity. The cell cycle distribution and apoptosis levels were measured by flow cytometry. To evaluate the mechanism of APs, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2) and caspase‐3 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels were evaluated by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blots, respectively. After cells were cultured for 24 hours or 48 hours, the critical concentration of cytotoxicity of APs in MRC‐5 cells was found to be 250 μg/mL. In contrast, in the concentration range of 100–250 μg/mL, the cytotoxicity of APs in ACC‐M cells was time‐ and dose‐dependent: ACC‐M cell proliferation declined at 100 μg/mL when cultured for 48 hours, whereas growth was not inhibited at the concentrations of APs below 200 μg/mL when cultured for 24 hours. In selected time and dose patterns (ACC‐M cells cultured at the concentrations of 150 and 250 μg/mL for 48 hours), the flow cytometry performance showed that apoptosis and necrosis occurred in APs‐treated ACC‐M cells. Also, in these patterns, VEGFR‐2 mRNA and protein levels decreased whereas the levels of caspase‐3 increased. In summary, APs could inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in ACC‐M cells in vitro. These effects may be related to the downregulation of VEGFR‐2 expression and the activation of caspase‐3 expression.
Essential concepts necessary to consider when evaluating the efficacy of quantitative easing
Authors: Putnam Bluford H.
Published: December 2012

The economic impact from quantitative easing (QE) may be much less than assumed by the Federal Reserve. One focus is on the effectiveness of QE to stabilize a failing banking system, and the judgment here is largely positive. A second focus, especially in the US, is on evaluating subsequent rounds of QE that were implemented after the economy had resumed growth and after the banking sector had recapitalized and returned to profitability. For these subsequent rounds of QE, the reviews are decidedly mixed and heavily dependent on the assumptions embedded in the economic models used by the researchers. Researchers willing to assume that the US is a closed domestic economy tend to find a large impact on long‐term interest rates from QE. If the US is part of a highly integrated global economy, a smaller effect is presumed. Then there is the more important and controversial evaluation of whether there is any impact on real GDP growth and job creation from QE once the economy is growing again, even if unemployment rates remain historically elevated. What one chooses to ignore or assume does not exist can be more important to the conclusions of QE evaluations than may meet the eye. Inappropriate assumptions can lead to poor decisions.
Depositional processes of reworked tephra from the Late Pleistocene Youngest Toba Tuff deposits in the Lenggong Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Gatti Emma , Saidin Mokhtar , Talib Khairunnisa , Rashidi NurAsikin , Gibbard Philip , Oppenheimer Clive
Published: December 2012

Two fundamental issues for tephrostratigraphic work are the differentiation of primary from reworked tephra and the characterization of reworking mechanisms. We study the depositional processes of four deposits of Youngest Toba Tuff in the Lenggong valley, Malaysia. We focus on site stratigraphy, particle-size distributions, magnetic susceptibility and mineralogical associations. Reworked tephra display variable sedimentological characteristics including polymodal and unimodal, very fine to coarse-grained distributions, and variable concentrations of ash. Particle-size distributions from this study are similar to published analyses for primary deposits, demonstrating that particle size alone cannot distinguish primary from secondary tephra. The tephra sequences are associated with fluvial and colluvial deposition. Three facies are identified: flood flow, mudflow and slumping. The ash accumulated rapidly, over a period of a few days to months. In this valley the ideal site for paleoenvironmental reconstructions is Kampung Luat 3, where ash accumulated at least in two distinct phases. Despite the rapid accumulation, the Lenggong sites are not well-suited for paleoenvironmental studies of the YTT impact. The time lag between the primary deposition and the floods is unknown and the records could have been modified by site-specific characteristics. Such variables should be considered when proposing paleo-environmental reconstructions based on reworked tephra.
Veränderungen psychischer Belastung durch die Förderung von rechenschwachen Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Lambert Katharina , Spinath Birgit
Published: December 2012

Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die Effekte der Förderung rechenschwacher Kinder mit der Wasserglasmethode im Vergleich zu konventioneller Nachhilfe. Methodik: In einem Prä-Post-Kontrollgruppendesign wurden N = 46 Kinder im Alter von 7 bis 12 Jahren und deren Eltern hinsichtlich Prüfungsangst, Schulunlust, Manifester Angst, Aufmerksamkeitsproblemen sowie internaler und externaler Auffälligkeiten befragt. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich, dass Kinder, die mit der Wasserglasmethode behandelt wurden, eine stärkere Reduktion von Prüfungsangst, Schulunlust und Aufmerksamkeitsproblemen, tendenziell auch im CBCL-Gesamtwert zeigten. Diese Veränderungen waren durch die Verbesserung der mathematischen Leistung mediiert. Darüber hinaus ließ sich feststellen, dass überzufällig viele Kinder zu Beginn der Intervention im internalen Störungsspektrum klinisch relevante Störungen aufwiesen. Schlussfolgerungen: Eine dyskalkuliespezifische Intervention bei Rechenschwäche wirkt sich positiv auf das psychische Funktionsniveau der Kinder aus. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um die Wirkmechanismen und den Einfluss auf die mathematische Leistungsfähigkeit zu überprüfen.
Preparatory Studies to a Population-Based Survey of Suicide-Bereaved Parents in Sweden
Authors: Omerov Pernilla , Steineck Gunnar , Runeson Bo , Christensson Anna , Kreicbergs Ulrika , Pettersén Rossana , Rubenson Birgitta , Skoogh Johanna , Rådestad Ingela , Nyberg Ullakarin
Published: December 2012

Background: There is a need for evidence-based guidelines on how professionals should act following a suicide. In an effort to provide empiric knowledge, we designed a nationwide population-based study including suicide-bereaved parents. Aim: To describe the process from creating hypotheses through interviews to the development of a population-based questionnaire. Method: We used interviews, qualitative analysis and various means of validation to create a study-specific questionnaire to be used in a nonselected nationwide population of suicide-bereaved parents and a control population of nonbereaved (N = 2:1). The Swedish Register of Causes of Death and the Multigeneration Register were used to identify eligible individuals. All presumptive participants received a letter of invitation followed by a personal contact. Results: We developed a questionnaire covering the participants’ perception of participation, their daily living, psychological morbidity, professional actions, and other experiences in immediate connection to the time before and after the suicide. Almost three out of four parents (bereaved = 666, nonbereaved = 377) responded to the questionnaire. Conclusions: By involving parents early in the research process we were able to create a questionnaire that generated a high participation rate in a nationwide population-based study that might help us to answer our hypotheses about bereavement after suicide.
The International Association for Suicide Prevention
Authors: Goldney Robert D. , Davis Anthony T. , Scott Vanda
Published: December 2012

Background: The International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) was established in Vienna in 1960 and celebrated its 50th year in 2010. Aim: To review its 50 years of progress. Method: An historical and current review of activity. Results: The IASP has members in over 50 countries and is today the key nongovernment organization in official relations with the World Health Organization in addressing the topic of suicide. It has increased communication and collaboration in suicide prevention worldwide and promoted the development of collaborative suicide prevention efforts, research, and program evaluation. Limitation: It is acknowledged that this is not an exhaustive review, and that other good work has probably been undertaken, but not referred to. Conclusion: The IASP has not only brought global attention to the unacceptable loss of approximately 1 million people worldwide who die each year by suicide, but it has been instrumental in establishing suicide prevention research and program evaluation in an increasing number of countries.
Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge
Authors: Atkins Whitmer Dayna , Woods David Lauren
Published: December 2012

Background: The Golden Gate Bridge (GGB) is a well-known “suicide magnet” and the site of approximately 30 suicides per year. Recently, a suicide barrier was approved to prevent further suicides. Aims: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed suicide barrier, we compared the proposed costs of the barrier over a 20-year period ($51.6 million) to estimated reductions in mortality. Method: We reviewed San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge suicides over a 70-year period (1936–2006). We assumed that all suicides prevented by the barrier would attempt suicide with alternative methods and estimated the mortality reduction based on the difference in lethality between GGB jumps and other suicide methods. Cost/benefit analyses utilized estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) used in highway projects. Results: GGB suicides occur at a rate of approximately 30 per year, with a lethality of 98%. Jumping from other structures has an average lethality of 47%. Assuming that unsuccessful suicides eventually committed suicide at previously reported (12–13%) rates, approximately 286 lives would be saved over a 20-year period at an average cost/life of approximately $180,419 i.e., roughly 6% of US Department of Transportation minimal VSL estimate ($3.2 million). Conclusions: Cost-benefit analysis suggests that a suicide barrier on the GGB would result in a highly cost-effective reduction in suicide mortality in the San Francisco Bay Area.
An Intervention and Follow-Up Study Following a Suicide Attempt in the Emergency Departments of Four General Hospitals in Shenyang, China
Authors: Wei Shengnan , Liu Li , Bi Bo , Li Haiyan , Hou Jinglin , Tan Shanyong , Chen Xu , Chen Wei , Jia Xiaoju , Dong Guanghui , Qin Xiaoxia , Liu Ying
Published: December 2012

Background: Studies on the effects of interventions in patients who have attempted suicide in China have not reported so far. Aims: To describe the basic situation surrounding the interventions and follow-up of patients who have attempted suicide and to determine whether the interventions would be effective in reducing repeat suicide attempts. Method: 239 patients who had attempted suicide were evaluated in the emergency departments of four general hospitals. They were randomized into three groups: cognitive therapy group, telephone intervention group, and control group. Postintervention the participants were evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months separately by the following measurements: a detailed structured questionnaire, Beck Suicide Ideation Scale (SIS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), and a quality-of-life scale. Results: After 12 months, the cumulative dropout rate was 69.5% (n = 57) for the cognitive therapy group, 55.0% (n = 44) for the telephone intervention group, and 64.9% (n = 50) for the control group. One patient (1.2%) in the cognitive therapy group, one patient (1.3%) in the telephone intervention group, and five patients (6.5%) in the control group made at least one subsequent suicide attempt. The rates of repeated attempted suicide among the three groups were not significantly different (χ² = 5.077, p = .08). Five patients (6.1%) received cognitive therapy, and 60 patients (75.0%) received telephone intervention. There were no differences regarding the score of HAMD, a quality-of-life scale, and the rates of subsequent suicide attempt and suicide ideation among the three groups at follow-up. Conclusions: The dropout rates were higher than those reported in developed countries. Most participants in the cognitive therapy group refused to receive cognitive therapy so that the effect of cognitive therapy for these patients cannot be evaluated. The participants in the telephone intervention group had good compliance, but the effect of telephone intervention could not be confirmed, so that more studies are needed in the future. Consequently, interventions cannot be evaluated accurately in their preventing suicide attempts for patients who have attempted suicide in China at present.
Suicidal Traits in Marilyn Monroe’sFragments
Authors: Fernández-Cabana M. , García-Caballero A. , Alves-Pérez M. T. , García-García M. J. , Mateos R.
Published: December 2012

Background: Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC), a computerized method for text analysis, is often used to examine suicide writings in order to characterize the quantitative linguistic features of suicidal texts. Aims: To analyze texts compiled in Marilyn Monroe’s Fragments using LIWC, in order to explore the use of different linguistic categories in her narrative over the years. Method: Selected texts were grouped into four periods of similar word count and processed with LIWC. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess changes in language use across the documents over time. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to compare means between periods and for each of the 80 LIWC output scores. Results: Significant differences (p < .05) were found in 11 categories, the most relevant being a progressive decrease in the use of negative emotion words, a reduction in the use of long words in the third period, and an increase in the proportion of personal pronouns used as Monroe approached the time of her death. Conclusions: The consistently elevated usage of first-person personal singular pronouns and the consistently diminished usage of first-person personal plural pronouns are in line with previous studies linking this pattern with a low level of social integration, which has been related to suicide according to different theories.
Are Liberals Agreeable or Not?
Authors: Osborne Danny , Wootton Liz W. , Sibley Chris G.
Published: December 2012

Documenting the relationship between Agreeableness and political conservatism has proven elusive. We address this anomaly by showing that two aspects of Agreeableness – politeness and compassion – have countervailing relationships with political conservatism through right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). To test this, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of New Zealanders (N = 4,553). Politeness was positively, but compassion was negatively, correlated with political conservatism. Consistent with the differential mediation hypothesis derived from the dual process model of ideology and prejudice, these opposing relationships were differentially mediated by RWA and SDO. This attenuated the bivariate relationship between the higher-order trait of Agreeableness and political conservatism. These results demonstrate the complex relationship between personality and political orientation.
The Effect of Spatial Elevation on Respect Depends on Merit and Medium
Authors: Schubert Lisa , Schubert Thomas W. , Topolinski Sascha
Published: December 2012

Five experiments investigated the effects of spatial elevation on person perception in both a computer setup and actual encounters, determining the moderating role of additional verbal information about the target. In accordance with prior findings, spatial elevation increased respect in a computer setting, especially when the target was described as nonachieving. Liking toward the target was not affected. In an actual encounter the results were reversed: When actually facing the target, spatial elevation decreased respect when it was not legitimized by achievements of the target. We discuss the implications of our findings for the elicitation of respect and experimental approaches to investigate it.
Chaos in neurons and its application: Perspective of chaos engineering
Authors: Hirata Yoshito , Oku Makito , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: December 2012

We review our recent work on chaos in neurons and its application to neural networks from perspective of chaos engineering. Especially, we analyze a dataset of a squid giant axon by newly combining our previous work of identifying Devaney’s chaos with surrogate data analysis, and show that an axon can behave chaotically. Based on this knowledge, we use a chaotic neuron model to investigate possible information processing in the brain.
Nonlinear channelizer
Authors: In Visarath , Longhini Patrick , Kho Andy , Neff Joseph D. , Leung Daniel , Liu Norman , Meadows Brian K. , Gordon Frank , Bulsara Adi R. , Palacios Antonio
Published: December 2012

The nonlinear channelizer is an integrated circuit made up of large parallel arrays of analog nonlinear oscillators, which, collectively, serve as a broad-spectrum analyzer with the ability to receive complex signals containing multiple frequencies and instantaneously lock-on or respond to a received signal in a few oscillation cycles. The concept is based on the generation of internal oscillations in coupled nonlinear systems that do not normally oscillate in the absence of coupling. In particular, the system consists of unidirectionally coupled bistable nonlinear elements, where the frequency and other dynamical characteristics of the emergent oscillations depend on the system's internal parameters and the received signal. These properties and characteristics are being employed to develop a system capable of locking onto any arbitrary input radio frequency signal. The system is efficient by eliminating the need for high-speed, high-accuracy analog-to-digital converters, and compact by making use of nonlinear coupled systems to act as a channelizer (frequency binning and channeling), a low noise amplifier, and a frequency down-converter in a single step which, in turn, will reduce the size, weight, power, and cost of the entire communication system. This paper covers the theory, numerical simulations, and some engineering details that validate the concept at the frequency band of 1–4 GHz.
Low-power, miniature 171Yb ion clock using an ultra-small vacuum package
Authors: Jau Y.-Y. , Partner H. , Schwindt P. D. D. , Prestage J. D. , Kellogg J. R. , Yu N.
Published: December 2012

We report a demonstration of a very small microwave atomic clock using the 12.6 GHz hyperfine transition of the trapped 171Yb ions inside a miniature, completely sealed-off 3 cm3 ion-trap vacuum package. In the ion clock system, all of the components are highly miniaturized with low power consumption except the 369 nm optical pumping laser still under development for miniaturization. The entire clock, including the control electronics, consumes <300 mW. The fractional frequency instability of the miniature Yb+ clock reaches the 10−14 range after a few days of integration.
Perspective: Alchemical free energy calculations for drug discovery
Authors: Mobley David L. , Klimovich Pavel V.
Published: December 2012

Computational techniques see widespread use in pharmaceutical drug discovery, but typically prove unreliable in predicting trends in protein-ligand binding. Alchemical free energy calculations seek to change that by providing rigorous binding free energies from molecular simulations. Given adequate sampling and an accurate enough force field, these techniques yield accurate free energy estimates. Recent innovations in alchemical techniques have sparked a resurgence of interest in these calculations. Still, many obstacles stand in the way of their routine application in a drug discovery context, including the one we focus on here, sampling. Sampling of binding modes poses a particular challenge as binding modes are often separated by large energy barriers, leading to slow transitions. Binding modes are difficult to predict, and in some cases multiple binding modes may contribute to binding. In view of these hurdles, we present a framework for dealing carefully with uncertainty in binding mode or conformation in the context of free energy calculations. With careful sampling, free energy techniques show considerable promise for aiding drug discovery.
Nonlinear hydrodynamic damping of sharp-edged cantilevers in viscous fluids undergoing multi-harmonic base excitation
Authors: Facci Andrea L. , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we investigate finite amplitude polychromatic flexural vibration of a thin beam oscillating in a quiescent viscous fluid. We consider a cantilever beam with rectangular cross section undergoing periodic base excitation in the form of a triangular wave. Experiments are performed on centimeter-size beams in water to elucidate the effect of the amplitude and the frequency of the base excitation on the fluid structure interaction. The fundamental frequency of the excitation is selected to induce structural resonance and the shape of the cantilevers is parametrically varied to explore different flow regimes. Experimental results demonstrate the presence of a frequency-dependent nonlinear hydrodynamic damping which tends to enhance higher frequency harmonics as compared to the fundamental harmonic. Such filtering effect produced by the encompassing fluid increases with both the frequency and amplitude of the base excitation. Experimental results are interpreted through available theoretical models, based on the notion of the complex hydrodynamic function, and pertinent computational fluid dynamics findings.