bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder in the USA: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions
Authors: GRANT BRIDGET F. , HASIN DEBORAH S. , STINSON FREDERICK S. , DAWSON DEBORAH A. , JUNE RUAN W. , GOLDSTEIN RISË B. , SMITH SHARON M. , SAHA TULSHI D. , HUANG BOJI
Published: October 2005

Background. This study addressed the prevalences, correlates, co-morbidity and disability of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other psychiatric disorders in a large national survey of the general population, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's (NIAAA) National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The study presents nationally representative data, for the first time, on prevalence, correlates, co-morbidity, and comparative disability of DSM-IV GAD.

Method. Data are taken from a large (n=43093) representative sample of the adult USA population.

Results. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime GAD were 2·1% and 4·1%. Being female, middle-aged, widowed/separated/divorced, and low income increased risk, while being Asian, Hispanic, or Black decreased risk. GAD was highly co-morbid with substance use, and other anxiety, mood, and personality disorders. Co-morbidity in GAD was not substantially greater than for most other Axis I and II disorders. Disability and impairment in pure GAD were equivalent to pure mood disorders, but significantly greater than in pure substance use, and other anxiety and personality disorders. Individuals co-morbid for GAD and each mood disorder were more disabled than those with pure forms of GAD or each mood disorder. When co-morbid with GAD, nicotine dependence and other anxiety and personality disorders were not associated with increased disability over that associated with pure GAD, but GAD did show increased disability over that due to each of these disorders in pure form.

Conclusions. Associations between GAD and Axis I and II disorders were strong and significant, with variation among specific disorders. Results strongly support GAD as an independent disorder with significant impairment and disability.
comment: can china rise?
Authors: zha daojiong
Published: October 2005

first, ‘peaceful rise’ was the theme of a keynote speech to a regional policy forum created by the chinese government, aptly named the bo’ao forum for asia, then it was an emphatic point made by china’s premier wen jiabao in a speech at harvard university, and still later it was a key feature in china’s president hu jintao’s talk at a gathering to mark the 110th anniversary of mao zedong’s birth. the phrase ‘peaceful rise’ (heping jueqi) has caught the imagination both inside china and abroad partly because all three events took place within a short two-month period beginning at the end of 2003. the chinese leadership seems to have a well-coordinated campaign to officially present the notion to the country and the world.
Effects of biomass extraction on vegetation structure, diversity and composition of forests in Sariska Tiger Reserve, India
Authors: KUMAR RAMAN , SHAHABUDDIN GHAZALA
Published: October 2005

Despite the fact that tropical dry forests are being exploited on a large scale for various forest products, there has been limited evaluation of the accompanying ecological impacts. In particular, there is no information on the effects of widespread biomass extraction such as grazing and firewood collection. A study was carried out in Sariska Tiger Reserve in northern India, to investigate the effects of biomass extraction on forest vegetation composition, diversity and structure. Biomass extraction caused significant changes in forest vegetation structure and species composition in the tree layer but the extent of these changes varied across the three major vegetation types found in the Reserve. Anogeissus-dominated slope forest showed significantly lower mean canopy cover, tree density, tree basal area and height of trees in disturbed sites in comparison to undisturbed sites. Riparian forest showed lower mean canopy cover, tree basal areas and number of recorded tree species in disturbed sites. Scrub forest had lower mean canopy cover, tree basal area and tree height. There were fewer tall trees but greater number of short trees in disturbed sites of all three vegetation types. Girths of trees similarly shifted towards lower values in riparian and scrub forest. In Anogeissus-dominated forest, disturbed and undisturbed sites did not differ in proportions of trees in various girth-classes. Tree species richness was substantially lower in disturbed sites of Anogeissus-dominated and riparian forest in comparison to undisturbed sites, but was not affected by disturbance in scrub forest. Understorey species richness was higher in disturbed sites of all three vegetation types but understorey changed structurally only in Anogeissus-dominated forest. Overall tree and understorey species composition was significantly different between disturbed and undisturbed sites of Anogeissus-dominated forest, but was unchanged in scrub and riparian forest. Observed changes in vegetation structure, diversity and composition of the different vegetation types due to biomass extraction have implications for biodiversity conservation in tropical dry forest ecosystems, and need to be addressed in future forest management planning.
Clusters of autochthonous hepatitis A cases in a low endemicity area
Authors: GUIS H. , CLERC S. , HOEN B. , VIEL J. F.
Published: October 2005

At the University Hospital of Besançon (département of Doubs, France), an unusually high number of patients were hospitalized for hepatitis A during the 1999–2000 period, some of whom had not travelled abroad. This prompted us to conduct an investigation on a population basis and search for clusters of cases possibly related to local sources of contamination. Accordingly, case definition was restricted to autochthonous cases. During the 1999–2002 period, 45 autochthonous cases were classified as possibly originating from local environmental sources. A space–time scan statistic detected one most likely cluster (standardized incidence ratio 20·63, 95% confidence interval 10·6–37·1), consisting of 11 persons (of whom five children had attended the same swimming pool). It remained significant in a sensitivity analysis, strongly supporting the hypothesis of an environmental source of contamination. This study reveals the necessity of regular surveillance for hepatitis A and raises the issue of virological surveys of pool waters.
Chemotaxis between Vibrio cholerae O1 and a blue-green alga, Anabaena sp.
Authors: ISLAM M. S. , GOLDAR M. M. , MORSHED M. G. , BAKHT H. B. M. , ISLAM M. S. , SACK D. A.
Published: October 2005

The chemotactic response of Vibrio cholerae O1 towards the mucilaginous sheath of Anabaena sp. was investigated by capillary tube method using a virulent strain of V. cholerae O1, El Tor, Ogawa (3083-T) and its isogenic mutant (HAP-1-T) that lacks the hap gene, which codes for mucinase (HA/protease). Homogenates of Anabaena sp. and purified mucin were used in this study as chemoattractants. Results showed 5·7% bacterial accumulation of wild-type V. cholerae O1 towards 4% homogenates of Anabaena sp. whereas, its mutant (hap−) showed 2·9% accumulation after 90 min. The higher percentage of attraction of wild-type V. cholerae O1 than the mutant (hap−) towards mucin and the homogenates of Anabaena sp. might be due to the activity of mucinase. These results indicate the role of mucinase in the chemotactic motility of V. cholerae O1 towards Anabaena sp.
Toward a unified model of vertebrate rod phototransduction
Authors: HAMER R.D. , NICHOLAS S.C. , TRANCHINA D. , LAMB T.D. , JARVINEN J.L.P.
Published: October 2005

Recently, we introduced a phototransduction model that was able to account for the reproducibility of vertebrate rod single-photon responses (SPRs) (Hamer et al., 2003). The model was able to reproduce SPR statistics by means of stochastic activation and inactivation of rhodopsin (R*), transducin (Gα), and phosphodiesterase (PDE). The features needed to capture the SPR statistics were (1) multiple steps of R* inactivation by means of multiple phosphorylations (followed by arrestin capping) and (2) phosphorylation dependence of the affinity between R* and the three molecules competing to bind with R* (Gα, arrestin, and rhodopsin kinase). The model was also able to account for several other rod response features in the dim-flash regime, including SPRs obtained from rods in which various elements of the cascade have been genetically disabled or disrupted. However, the model was not tested under high light-level conditions. We sought to evaluate the extent to which the multiple phosphorylation model could simultaneously account for single-photon response behavior, as well as responses to high light levels causing complete response saturation and/or significant light adaptation (LA). To date no single model, with one set of parameters, has been able to do this. Dim-flash responses and statistics were simulated using a hybrid stochastic/deterministic model and Monte-Carlo methods as in Hamer et al. (2003). A dark-adapted flash series, and stimulus paradigms from the literature eliciting various degrees of light adaptation (LA), were simulated using a full differential equation version of the model that included the addition of Ca2+-feedback onto rhodopsin kinaseviarecoverin. With this model, using a single set of parameters, we attempted to account for (1) SPR waveforms and statistics (as in Hamer et al., 2003); (2) a full dark-adapted flash-response series, from dim flash to saturating, bright flash levels, from a toad rod; (3) steady-state LA responses, including LA circulating current (as in Koutalos et al., 1995) and LA flash sensitivity measured in rods from four species; (4) step responses from newt rods (Forti et al., 1989) over a large dynamic range; (5) dynamic LA responses, such as the step-flash paradigm of Fain et al. (1989), and the two-flash paradigm of Murnick and Lamb (1996); and (6) the salient response features from four knockout rod preparations. The model was able to meet this stringent test, accounting for almost all the salient qualitative, and many quantitative features, of the responses across this broad array of stimulus conditions, including SPR reproducibility. The model promises to be useful in testing hypotheses regarding both normal and abnormal photoreceptor function, and is a good starting point for development of a full-range model of cone phototransduction. Informative limitations of the model are also discussed.
Regularity and packing of the horizontal cell mosaic in different strains of mice
Authors: RAVEN MARY A. , STAGG STEPHANIE B. , REESE BENJAMIN E.
Published: October 2005

The present study describes the relationships between mosaic regularity, intercellular spacing, and packing of horizontal cells across a two-fold variation in horizontal cell density in four strains of mice. We have tested the prediction that mosaic patterning is held constant across variation in density following our recent demonstration that intercellular spacing declines as density increases, by further examination of that dataset: Nearest-neighbor and Voronoi-domain analyses were conducted on multiple fields of horizontal cells from each strain, from which their respective regularity indices were calculated. Autocorrelation analysis was performed on each field, from which the density recovery profile was generated, and effective radius and packing factor were calculated. The regularity indexes showed negative correlations with density rather than being held constant, suggesting that the strong negative correlation between intercellular spacing and density exceeded that required to produce a simple scaling of the mosaic. This was confirmed by the negative correlation between packing factor and density. These results demonstrate that the variation in the patterning present in the population of horizontal cells across these strains is a consequence of epigenetic mechanisms controlling intercellular spacing as a function of density.
Stratification of alpha ganglion cells and ON/OFF directionally
selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina
Authors: ZHANG JIAN , LI WEI , HOSHI HIDEO , MILLS STEPHEN L. , MASSEY STEPHEN C.
Published: October 2005

The correlation between cholinergic sensitivity and the level of
stratification for ganglion cells was examined in the rabbit retina. As
examples, we have used ON or OFF α ganglion cells and ON/OFF
directionally selective (DS) ganglion cells. Nicotine, a cholinergic
agonist, depolarized ON/OFF DS ganglion cells and greatly enhanced
their firing rates but it had modest excitatory effects on ON or OFF α
ganglion cells. As previously reported, we conclude that DS ganglion cells
are the most sensitive to cholinergic drugs. Confocal imaging showed that
ON/OFF DS ganglion cells ramify precisely at the level of the
cholinergic amacrine cell dendrites, and co-fasciculate with the
cholinergic matrix of starburst amacrine cells. However, neither ON or OFF
α ganglion cells have more than a chance association with the
cholinergic matrix. Z-axis reconstruction showed that OFF α
ganglion cells stratify just below the cholinergic band in sublamina
a while ON α ganglion cells stratify just below cholinergic
b. The latter is at the same level as the terminals of calbindin
bipolar cells. Thus, the calbindin bipolar cell appears to be a prime
candidate to provide the bipolar cell input to ON α ganglion cells in
the rabbit retina. We conclude that the precise level of stratification is
correlated with the strength of cholinergic input. Alpha ganglion cells
receive a weak cholinergic input and they are narrowly stratified just
below the cholinergic bands.
Molecular diversity and biomass of epilithic biofilms from intertidal rocky shores in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Narváez-Zapata J. , Tebbe C. C. , Ortega-Morales B. O.
Published: October 2005

Epilithic biofilms play key roles in rocky shore ecosystems. The diversity and biomass of epilithic biofilms were determined along a subtropical intertidal rocky shore at Xpicob, Southern Gulf of Mexico (Campeche, Mexico). Biofilm diversity was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of partial 16 S rRNA genes using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Triplicate 2 cm×2 cm biofilm samples per site were taken randomly from 0.6 m×0.6 m quadrats located in two sampling sites, established 20 m apart within a homogeneous calcareous intertidal platform. Twenty-two partial rRNA sequences, belonging to four bacterial divisions (Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria), were recovered from these biofilms; of these, cyanobacteria were the most abundant (41%). The occurrence of cyanobacterial sequences in most samples, along with the detection of high levels of chlorophyll a and phycobiliprotein, indicates that these organisms are dominant within the biofilms. Consistent with previous reports, thick-sheathed cyanobacteria such as those found in this study (Xenococcus, Myxosarcina and Chroococcidiopsis) are typical in habitats in intertidal zones. In addition, most of the detected organisms from other bacterial lineages had closest relatives displaying biofilm phenotypes that suggested stressful conditions (i.e. desiccation) prevailed in the intertidal shores; this was selecting for biofilm-forming or thick-sheathed organisms as an ecological adaptation to withstand the conditions. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis of SSCP profiles indicated that there was significant spatial heterogeneity in biofilm community composition across different scales of analysis and that this heterogeneity was related to the distance at which samples were taken. This analysis showed that certain organisms appeared to be station specific and that the biofilm community structure varied even on a small scale (1 cm). Since no significant differences in bulk sea water or substratum physicochemistry were observed, these results suggest that small-scale variability of environmental conditions, surface properties and/or biological interactions (i.e. allelopathy) may be important factors structuring these biofilm communities.
The extracellular polymeric substance of the green alga Penium margaritaceum and its role in biofilm formation
Authors: Domozych D. S. , Kort S. , Benton S. , Yu T.
Published: October 2005

The desmid Penium margaritaceum is a common resident of biofilms of shallow Adirondack wetlands in New York State, USA. It was isolated and grown in the laboratory where it readily formed biofilms and produced large amounts of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). The EPS was separated into two fractions: an EPS gel and soluble EPS. Both fractions were rich in xylose, fucose and glucuronic acid. The EPS gels contained large amounts of 3-linked, 4-linked and 3,4-linked fucose, 3,4-linked glucuronic acid and terminal xylose linkages. The EPS gel consisted of a fibrillar matrix that linked cells and cell substrate together. Immunofluorescence analysis using an anti-EPS antibody revealed that EPS secretion occurs in several different modes, which contributes to initial adhesion, capsule formation and gliding.
Effect of Various Freezing Parameters on the Immediate Post‐Thaw Membrane Integrity of Adipose Tissue Derived Adult Stem Cells
Authors: Thirumala Sreedhar , Zvonic Sanjin , Floyd Elizabeth , Gimble Jeffrey M. , Devireddy Ram V.
Published: October 2005

The effect of four thermal parameters on post‐thaw membrane integrity of adipose tissue derived adult stem (ADAS) cells after controlled‐rate freezing was investigated with the help of a two‐level four‐parameter (24) experimental design. The four thermal parameters studied were cooling rate (CR), end temperature (ET), hold time (HT), and thawing rate (TR). Several passages, including Passage‐0 (P0), Passage‐1 (P1), Passage‐2 (P2), Passage‐3 (P3), and Passage‐4 (P4), obtained from the suspended culture of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of the ADAS cells were used for this study. The two levels (low and high) of the four parameters [CR (1 and 40 °C/min); ET (–80 and –20 °C); HT (1 and 15 min); and TR (10 and 200 °C/min)] are chosen in such a way that they enclosed all parameter values possible using commercially available controlled‐rate freezing equipment. Individual effect of each parameter on the immediate post‐thaw membrane integrity was determined through the calculation of parameter effect values (E), and any synergy among the parameters on post‐thaw membrane integrity was assessed through the calculation of two or more parameter interaction effect values (I). Nonlinearity in the experimental results was represented through the calculation of curvature value (CV). The results suggest that for 99% confidence level the parameters CR and ET have considerable effect on post‐thaw membrane integrity of all passages of ADAS cells. A significant individual effect of TR was observed with P3 and P4 cells and a significant two‐parameter interaction was observed between CR‐ET for all passages. These observed results will be used as a basis to further develop freezing storage protocols of ADAS cells.
Development of Industrial‐Medium‐Required Elimination of the 2,3‐Butanediol Fermentation Pathway To Maintain Ethanol Yield in an Ethanologenic Strain of Klebsiellaoxytoca
Authors: Wood Brent E. , Yomano L. P. , York S. W. , Ingram L. O.
Published: October 2005

Fermentation efficiency and nutrient costs are both significant factors in process economics for the microbial conversion of cellulosic biomass to commodity chemicals such as ethanol. In this study, we have developed a more industrial medium (OUM1) composed of 0.5% corn steep liquor (dry weight basis) supplemented with mineral salts (0.2%), urea (0.06%), and glucose (9%). Although the growth of strain P2 was vigorous in this medium, approximately 14% of substrate carbon was diverted into 2,3‐butanediol and acetoin under the low pH conditions needed for optimal cellulase activity during simultaneous saccharification. Deleting the central region of the budAB genes encoding α‐acetolactate synthase and α‐acetolactate decarboxylase eliminated the butanediol and acetoin coproducts and increased ethanol yields by 12%. In OUM1 medium at pH 5.2, strain BW21 produced over 4% ethanol in 48 h (0.47 g ethanol per g glucose). Average productivity (48 h), ethanol titer, and ethanol yield for BW21 in OUM1 medium (pH 5.2) exceeded that of the parent (strain P2) in rich laboratory medium (Luria broth).
Orientierung im Raum
Authors: Janzen Gabriele , Hawlik Michaela
Published: October 2005

Zusammenfassung. Durch bekannte und fremde Raumkonstellationen zu navigieren, ist ein entscheidender Teil unseres täglichen Lebens. Wir müssen neue Wege suchen und schon bekannte wiederfinden. Entscheidungspunkte als Orte, an denen ein falscher Weg gewählt werden kann, spielen demnach eine wichtige Rolle. Einfluss auf erfolgreiche Navigation haben die Repräsentation und die konfigurale Beschaffenheit von Entscheidungspunkten. Ein Überblick zu Befunden zur neuronalen Repräsentation von Entscheidungspunkten zeigt, dass navigationsrelevante Information im räumlichen Gedächtnis gespeichert und automatisch wieder aktiviert wird. Reaktionszeiten und Augenbewegungen zu schief- und rechtwinkligen Entscheidungspunkten zeigen zum einen besondere Wegfinde-Schwierigkeiten bei schiefwinkligen Kreuzungen und zum anderen, dass auch die Perspektive beim Betreten einer Kreuzung Einfluss auf die Wegfindeleistung hat.
Monitoring of Internal and External Error Signals
Authors: Ehlis Ann-Christine , Herrmann Martin J. , Bernhard Achim , Fallgatter Andreas J.
Published: October 2005

Abstract: In the present study, a modified version of the Eriksen Flanker Task has been used to study event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by correct responses, response errors, and invalid negative response feedback following correct button presses (“PC-error trials”). Conventional error potentials (error related negativity [ERN/Ne]; error-positivity [Pe]) were observed after incorrect button presses but not following negative response feedback in PC-error trials. Furthermore, a late positive deflection occurred specifically after PC-errors (Late positivity [PL]), which might reflect a conscious processing of these unexpected events. The results imply some restrictions for the notion that the ERN/Ne reflects the activity of a general and “generic” neural error-detection system in the human brain. Furthermore, the existence of an “event-detection system” is indicated, which might be involved in the processing of events that violate learned expectations.
Event-Related Potentials in a Decision-Making Task with Delayed and Immediate Reward Conditions
Authors: Heldmann Marcus , Rüsseler Jascha , Münte Thomas F.
Published: October 2005

Abstract: We investigated performance monitoring of a group of healthy normal subjects in a delay of gratification paradigm. Focusing on response-locked event-related brain potentials we observed an Ne-Pe-like complex in all conditions. While there was no modulation of the Ne-like component, the subsequent Pe-like positivity was largest in conditions in which subjects went for the largest immediate reward, regardless of whether this was disadvantageous (i.e., foreclosed a larger delayed reward) or not. We interpreted the positivity as mainly reflecting the size of the immediate reward.
Aging and Error Processing
Authors: Kolev Vasil , Falkenstein Michael , Yordanova Juliana
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Objectives: To determine age-related changes in the frequency content, temporal dynamics, and functional reactivity of error-related potentials. Methods: Two groups of subjects, young (mean age 22.5 years) and older (mean age 58.3 years) were studied with a four-choice reaction time task. Response-related potentials (RRPs) to correct and error responses were decomposed by means of wavelet transform. Time-frequency (TF) components of correct and error responses were identified. Effects of aging were evaluated for the phase-locked TF power at FCz. Results: (1) Error-related potentials in both groups were characterized by phase-locked activity from the delta (1.5-3.5 Hz) frequency band that was error-specific and was significantly enhanced for errors. (2) In contrast to young adults, no pronounced phase-locked theta (4-7 Hz) RRP components were generated at FCz for either correct or error responses, nor did the theta power manifest any sensitivity to error processing in older subjects. Conclusion: In older subjects, RRPs at FCz do not contain a theta TF component, thus, demonstrating that the frequency content of error-related potentials changes with aging. A common error-specific delta component is present in the two age groups, but its reactivity is significantly reduced and delayed with aging. These qualitative and quantitative differences between young and older subjects may reflect a functional suppression of the underlying frontomedial structures involved in performance and movement monitoring.
Altered Response Evaluation
Authors: de Bruijn Ellen R.A. , Hulstijn Wouter , Verkes Robbert J. , Ruigt Gé S.F. , Sabbe Bernard G.C.
Published: October 2005

Abstract: Recently, D-amphetamine was shown to increase the error negativity, the so-called “response Ne/ERN,” after incorrect choices of hand. We investigated whether this stimulation of action monitoring would also be present in the monitoring of late responses, reflected in the “late Ne/ERN.” Twelve healthy volunteers performed a speeded choice-reaction task on two separate occasions on which either D-amphetamine or a placebo was administered. The results showed a clear late Ne/ERN following too late (TL) responses, but the amplitude of this late Ne/ERN was not affected by treatment condition. An error positivity (Pe) was present after the late Ne/ERN in the placebo condition, but not in the amphetamine condition. Also, P2a amplitudes following TL feedback were larger after administration of amphetamine compared to placebo. Questionnaires filled in by participants showed that they overrated their own speed and accuracy after administration of amphetamine. Overall, this suggests that the stimulating aspects of amphetamine lead to changes in affective and motivational evaluation of errors and performance in general. Therefore, along with the established cognitive contributions, the current results provide evidence for an important role of affective processes in action monitoring and the effects they have on accompanying ERP components.
An Electromyographic Examination of Response Execution and Inhibition in Between-Hand Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Tandonnet Christophe , Tandonnet Christophe , Burle Borís , Vidal Franck , Hasbroucq Thierry
Published: October 2005

Abstract: In between-hand choice reaction time (RT) tasks, the activation of the cerebral motor structures involved in the required response is accompanied by an inhibition of the structures involved in the alternative response. The objectives were (1) to check whether the inhibition observed at the central level can be accompanied by signs of deactivation at the peripheral level during response execution and (2) to assess whether time preparation affects response execution. Surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the first dorsal interosseus was recorded during the performance of a between-hand choice visual RT task in which the foreperiod duration was manipulated. The contraction of the muscle involved in the required response was accompanied by a reduction in the EMG activity of the muscle involved in the nonrequired response. The foreperiod duration influenced this EMG pattern. The findings reveal peripheral signs of a deactivation of the non-required response and suggest that time preparation influences the activity of the muscles involved in both the required and the nonrequired response. The present results are compatible with the view that, at least in between-hand choice RT tasks, the motor command specifies both the activation of the central structures involved in the required response and the inhibition of the central structures involved in the nonrequired response. They further indicate that time preparation affects the activity of the response agonists.
The Big Five Personality Dimensions, Work-Family Conflict, and Psychological Distress
Authors: Rantanen Johanna , Pulkkinen Lea , Kinnunen Ulla
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The Big Five personality dimensions were examined as possible risk, resource, vulnerability, or protective factors in the link between work-family conflict and psychological distress. Data were derived for 75 men and 80 women from the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS), in which the NEO Personality Inventory was completed at age 33, and work-family conflict and psychological distress were assessed at age 36. Neuroticism was positively linked to work-to-family conflict (WFC), family-to-work (FWC) conflict, and psychological distress in both genders. Neuroticism was also a moderator strengthening the link between WFC and psychological distress in women. Openness to Experience was positively linked to FWC in men, and Agreeableness was negatively linked to psychological distress in both genders.
Voyager spectra of density turbulence from 1 AU to the outer heliosphere
Authors: Bellamy Beau R. , Cairns Iver H. , Smith C. W.
Published: October 2005

Power spectral analyses of the plasma density measured by the Voyager 2 spacecraft are used to investigate the spectral characteristics and fluctuation level of density turbulence from 1 to 60 AU, corresponding to the period 1977 to 1999. Only periods without clear discontinuities, with less than 10% missing data, and at least 256 samples are selected, strongly limiting the number and coverage of intervals analyzed. Typically, the power spectra have a dual power law form, with a closely Kolmogorov component at higher frequencies and a steeper component (∝ f−2) at lower frequencies, consistent with observations inside 1 AU. The spectral indices remain approximately constant with heliocentric distance R ≲ 30 AU, with weak evidence for a decrease toward the Kraichnan index at larger R for the h component. For R ≲ 20 AU the fluctuation level (δn)2(R) decreases approximately as R−3±1 but then flattens out in the region 20–30 AU before increasing slowly for R ≳ 30 AU. This injection of energy into density turbulence beyond 20–30 AU is not a heliolatitude effect and is contrary to the R−4 behavior for (δn)2(R) predicted on the basis of observations inside 1 AU. It is interpreted as the result of charge‐exchange and pickup of interstellar neutral atoms for R > 1 AU driving enhanced MHD turbulence and associated density variations. The results provide independent support that observations of proton heating and enhanced magnetic turbulence levels beyond about 20 AU are both real and associated with pickup ions. They also suggest that existing calculations of angular scattering of the 2–3 kHz radiation observed by the Voyagers in the outer heliosphere must be redone and provide opportunities to test turbulence theories by comparing density and magnetic turbulence as a function of R in the outer heliosphere. Owing to limitations on the coverage and quality of data, confirmation of these results using nonspectral methods is desirable.
A further study on the stability of a baroclinic flow in cyclostrophic balance
Authors: Takagi M. , Matsuda Y.
Published: October 2005

Stability of a baroclinic basic flow in gradient wind balance is examined for a very wide range of parameters. When the Rossby number is sufficiently small, it is found that the baroclinic instability occurs not only in the basic flow in geostrophic regime, but also in that in cyclostrophic one. As the Rossby number increases, the baroclinic instability disappears in the nearly geostrophic regime. However, the unstable mode appears again when the dynamic balance changes into the cyclostrophic one; its growth rate is fairly larger than that of the baroclinic instability in the geostrophic regime. It is shown that the baroclinic instability problem in the Venus cloud layer (45–70 km) is not so deviated from that in the terrestrial troposphere, while the cyclostrophic balance is essential in a situation of the Venus lower atmosphere, where the unstable baroclinic wave is predicted to appear.
Long‐term tracking of climate change by underground temperatures
Authors: Beltrami Hugo , Ferguson Grant , Harris Robert N.
Published: October 2005

Underground temperatures contain a record of past changes in the energy balance at the Earth's surface, such that borehole temperature data can be used to reconstruct long‐term trends of ground surface temperature (GST) changes. In addition to surface air temperature, however, GST is the response of the ground to other near surface processes that govern the surface energy balance. In order to compare GST histories constructed from geothermal data with surface air temperature (SAT) data, it is necessary to ascertain the relationship between these quantities. Here we jointly interpret four borehole temperature logs within a small area and SAT records from a nearby station. The subsurface temperature anomalies are consistent with the SAT data even in the presence of a variable snow regime, and different surface conditions. Our results indicate that borehole records are robust long‐term paleoclimatological indicators.
P‐waves from cross‐correlation of seismic noise
Authors: Roux Philippe , Sabra Karim G. , Gerstoft Peter , Kuperman W. A. , Fehler Michael C.
Published: October 2005

We present results from the cross‐correlations of seismic noise recordings among pairs of stations in the Parkfield network, California. When performed on many station pairs at short ranges, the noise correlation function (NCF) is the passive analog to a shot gather made with active sources. We demonstrate the presence of both a P‐wave and a Rayleigh wave in the NCF. A time‐frequency analysis allows us to separate the two wave packets that are further identified through their polarization. Arrival times were estimated from the NCF and they compared favorably with predictions using ray tracing in a regional velocity model and with the velocity gradient across the San Andreas Fault.
Modeling of multiphase fluid motion in fracture intersections and fracture networks
Authors: Huang Hai , Meakin Paul , Liu Moubin , McCreery Glenn E.
Published: October 2005

A two‐dimensional volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate liquid movement within unsaturated fracture intersections and fracture networks. Fragmentation and merging of liquid interfaces are automatically handled, without resorting to adaptive mesh refinement or interface repairing algorithms. Wetting effects are modeled by imposing different contact angles depending on whether the liquid interface is advancing, receding, or essentially stationary. The numerical examples and experimental validation presented in this study clearly demonstrate the potential value of the VOF method for the modeling of liquid motion in unsaturated fractures, fracture junctions and fracture networks.
Incoherent scatter radar measurements and modeling of high‐latitude solar photoionization
Authors: Doe R. A. , Thayer J. P. , Solomon S. C.
Published: October 2005

A 9‐year database of sunlit E region electron density altitude profiles (Ne(z)) measured by the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar (ISR) has been partitioned over a parameter space of 10.7 cm solar radio flux (F10.7) and solar zenith angle (χ) to investigate long‐term solar and thermospheric variability and to validate a contemporary EUV photoionization model. A two‐stage filter, which rejects Ne(z) profiles with large Hall‐to‐Pedersen conductance ratio and incorporates an MLT‐dependent correction factor for low‐energy precipitation, is used to mitigate auroral contamination. Resultant filtered mean sunlit Ne(z) is compared with subauroral Ne measured for the same F10.7 and χ conditions at the Millstone Hill ISR in order to confirm adequate high‐energy auroral rejection. Mean Ne, as expected, increases with solar activity and decreases with large χ. Radar model comparison indicates that across all parameter space and for altitudes from 105 to 180 km, the GLOW model estimates are within 5% of the ISR mean with the contribution from photoelectrons accounting for 30 to 50% of equilibrium ion density. Above 180 km, the GLOW model slightly overestimates the height of the F1 layer. Radar model comparison also reveals a low‐altitude Ne enhancement for high solar activity at altitudes commensurate with 3 to 7 nm XUV and H Lyman‐β radiances. The variance of the ISR mean Ne is shown to be greatest at low F10.7 (solar minimum). Simulated Ne variance envelopes, given by perturbing the GLOW model neutral atmosphere input by the measured Ap, F10.7, and Te extrema, are narrower than ISR derived geophysical variance envelopes at solar minimum. We find no evidence for solar cycle control of low‐energy precipitation and thus we attribute the observed Ne variance at solar minimum to variability in solar EUV flux. In order to address estimation of Ne at altitudes where GLOW model photochemical equilibrium assumptions are invalid, we provide an empirical model for Sondrestrom quiet time photoionization Ne(z) as a function of F10.7 and χ.
An empirical estimate of the heliospheric termination shock location with time with application to the intensity increases of MeV protons seen at Voyager 1 in 2002–2005
Authors: Webber W. R.
Published: October 2005

In search of an explanation for the continuing high intensities of ∼1 MeV particles observed at the V1 spacecraft over an extended time period from 2002 to 2005 as this spacecraft was moving outward in the heliosphere from ∼85 to ∼95 AU, we will explore the possibility that V1 did first have a near encounter with the heliospheric termination shock (HTS) at about 2002.6 (assumed to be 1.0 AU inside the shock) and has been moving outward in close correspondence with this shock for the ensuing 2.5 years. We use data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology plasma experiment on the V2 Web site to calculate the solar wind ram pressure and then use this pressure to calculate the location of the HTS based on pressure balance with the interstellar plasma and fields. We quantify these pressure changes in terms of short term 26‐day variations plus longer‐term 6–12 month variations. We then use earlier estimates of the response of the HTS to both the long‐term and short‐term pressure variations. From this we construct a time history of the nominal HTS distance near the solar apex. This distance is found to vary from ∼85 to ∼100 AU between 1978 and 2005 when we normalize this distance to the location of V1 of 85.5 + 1.0 AU at 2002.6 (e.g., V1 is just 1 AU inside the shock at this time). Specifically, the HTS distance is found to move outward from ∼85 to ∼95 AU between 2002 and 2005 at an average speed just slightly larger than the V1 spacecraft. Thus if V1 did come close to the shock at 2002.6, it will have moved outward in close proximity to it in the ensuing time period. Short‐term variations in this shock distance of ±2–3 AU, occurring when pressure waves observed at V2 later encounter the HTS, mean that it is possible that V1 could have had several close encounters with this shock during this time period. After ∼2005.0, V1 should have, for the first extended period of time, moved beyond the HTS and be moving further away from it.
B. F. Skinner and Psychotechnology: The Case of the Heir Conditioner
Authors: Benjamin Ludy T. , Nielsen-Gammon Elizabeth
Published: October 2005

To relieve some of the work of caring for an infant and to create a better environment for the infant, B. F. Skinner invented the baby tender, or aircrib, in 1944. The public first learned of this invention in a 1945 article published in the popular magazine Ladies' Home Journal. The authors discuss the public reactions to that article, the subsequent attempts to mass produce the aircrib, and the several unpublished surveys of aircrib users. The history, development, and ultimate commercial failure of the aircrib are discussed in the context of public attitudes toward certain behavioral technologies. The article concludes with a brief discussion of Skinner's commitment to human betterment.
An Ecological and Phenomenological Perspective on Consciousness and Perception: Contact with the World at the Very Heart of the Being of Consciousness
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: October 2005

Owing to the intentional nature of consciousness, people possess a special kind of contact with the real world. They apprehend part of it in a qualitative and cognitive manner at the ontological level suitably described as corresponding to the psychological. At the core of the visual system's molar activities, a stream of visual awareness flows and is the very form wherein direct visual reference to the world is accomplished. Also a function of the visual system, when it is operating in the mode called “viewing” or “reflective seeing,” is one's immediate apprehension of visual perceptual experience per se. Using an approach that draws on both ecological and phenomenological thought, the author seeks to make progress toward a conceptual structure for consciousness.
The Theory of Successful Intelligence
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: October 2005

This article presents a theory of successful intelligence. The opening addresses some general issues of problems with conventional thinking about intelligence. The rest of the article is divided into 4 main sections. The 1st argues that conventional and some other notions of intelligence are, at best, incomplete and, at worst, wrong. The 2nd section suggests an alternative notion of successful intelligence that expands on conventional notions of intelligence. The 3rd section discusses how we have gotten to the point in psychology and society in which we draw heavily on theories and tests that are inadequate. The final section draws some conclusions about the nature of intelligence. The main conclusion is that it is time to replace conventional notions of intelligence and especially the notion of a general factor of intelligence.
Barriers to and Facilitators of HIV–STD Behavior Change: Intrapersonal and Relationship-Based Factors
Authors: Canin Lisa , Dolcini M. Margaret , Adler Nancy E.
Published: October 2005

This article draws on clinical, cognitive, and health psychology literature to explore a range of barriers to sexual risk behavior change. It is divided into 5 sections, each of which presents obstacles and solutions to address them. The first 4 sections are organized around antecedent factors commonly addressed in models of risk behavior. Barriers related to effective information, risk perception, attitudes and intentions, and behavioral skill acquisition are discussed. The 5th section focuses on barriers related to the psychological and social context of sexual encounters, factors relatively underexplored in traditional approaches to risk reduction. It is believed that future intervention programs will be strengthened by incorporating a more integrative and comprehensive approach to intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of sexual behavior.
Chinese Authority-Directed Orientation and Japanese Peer-Group Orientation: Questioning the Notion of Collectivism
Authors: Dien Dora Shu-fang
Published: October 2005

This article describes the differing socialities of 2 of the cultural groups of East Asia, the Chinese and the Japanese, both of which have been characterized as “collectivistic” or “interdependent” in a great deal of research, and questions the wisdom of such categorizations. Rooted in the familial environment and kinship relationships supported by the ideology of Confucianism, the Chinese have developed a particular form of authority-directed orientation while retaining a strong sense of individuality. The Japanese, on the other hand, have developed a different pattern of peer-group orientation by virtue of their different social and historical circumstances. These culture-specific patterns are nurtured by child-rearing and educational practices and sustained by other institutional settings. Future research needs to be directed toward uncovering such qualitative differences among cultural groups of the East as well as those of the West.
Attachment Theory as an Organizing Framework: A View from Different Levels of Analysis
Authors: Pietromonaco Paula R. , Feldman Barrett Lisa
Published: October 2005

In recognition of the broad influence of attachment theory, the articles in this issue cut across diverse areas of psychology and multiple levels of analysis. T. R. Insel (2000) focuses on the molecular level, discussing the complex link between neurobiology and attachment behavior in nonhuman animals. The three articles by J. Cassidy (2000) , R. C. Fraley and P. R. Shaver (2000) , and P. R. Pietromonaco and L. Feldman Barrett (2000) present midlevel analyses, incorporating ideas about the links between mental representations and relationship thoughts, feelings, and behavior. C. Hazan and L. M. Diamond (2000) take a macro approach by applying a broad evolutionary perspective to understand the basis for attachment in adult pair bonds. The discussion focuses on unifying themes, including the interplay between attachment, caregiving, and sexual behavior; attachment functions in adult relationships; evolutionary processes; the operation of internal working models; and continuity in attachment across the life span.
The Place of Attachment in Human Mating
Authors: Hazan Cindy , Diamond Lisa M.
Published: October 2005

Application of the principles of evolution and natural selection to the phenomena of human mating does not lead inevitably to a single theoretical model. According to the standard evolutionary model, formally known as sexual strategies theory ( D. M. Buss & D. P. Schmitt, 1993 ), biologically based sex differences in parental investment have resulted in hard-wired sex differences in mate preferences and mating strategies. A critical analysis of the logical and empirical foundations of the theory reveals several weaknesses and limitations. This article demonstrates how attachment theory ( J. Bowlby, 1969/1982 , 1973 , 1979 , 1980 , 1988 ) can be used to integrate a diverse set of ideas and research findings and provide a more grounded account of human mating.
Bcr is a negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway
Authors: Ress Angelika , Moelling Karin
Published: October 2005

The Wnt signalling pathway can activate transcription of genes such as c‐myc through β‐catenin. Here, we describe the protein breakpoint cluster region, Bcr, as a negative regulator of this pathway. Bcr can form a complex with β‐catenin and negatively regulate expression of c‐Myc. Knockdown of Bcr by short interfering RNA relieves the block and activates expression of c‐Myc. Expression of Bcr in the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT116, which has a high level of endogenous β‐catenin, leads to reduced c‐Myc expression. The negative effect is exerted by the amino terminus of Bcr, which does not harbour the kinase domain. Bcr‐Abl, the oncogene protein expressed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), does not bind to β‐catenin. It phosphorylates Bcr in the first exon sequence on tyrosines, which abrogates the binding of Bcr to β‐catenin. The inhibitor of the Bcr–Abl tyrosine kinase, STI‐571 or Gleevec, a drug against CML, reverses this effect. Our data contribute to the understanding of Bcr as a tumour suppressor in the Wnt signalling pathway, as well as in CML.
Monte Carlo study of interfacial properties of associating fluids
Authors: Orea P.
Published: October 2005

Canonical Monte Carlo Simulations have been performed to calculate liquid-vapor properties of the associating square well and Lennard-Jones fluids with one and two sites. Simulations were carried out by using several values of reduced temperatures and association energies. The orthobaric densities, as well as the surface tension of associating square well fluids, were calculated and compared with those reported previously in literature; a good agreement was found among them. Results of surface tension of two-sites associating Lennard-Jones fluids are presented here for the first time.