bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic Pattern in Keats's Odes
Authors: McLuhan Herbert Marshall
Published: March 2013

Less than justice has been done to the great odes of Keats since they lend themselves so easily to the uses of his biographers. They have been so much quoted for casual illumination of his moods that few people are able to think of them as anything but self-expression. The highly successful labours of the editors and biographers, which no careful reader will ignore, have impressively established the fact that there is scarcely a mood or impression or image in the great odes which cannot be paralleled again and again in the least interesting of Keats's poems. There has, however, been only a small effort to point the obvious corollary from this fact; namely, that the high place which the odes have held in the regard of those who care for poetry is owing to qualities which they do not share with the bulk of Keats's poems-qualities of intense organization arising from the strict discipline of a critical intelligence. It is not the themes themselves, nor their private significance for Keats, but their immediate and successful realization in these odes, which is of decisive interest. The object of this paper is to show that the odes rise far above the level of self-expression, that they are fully realized works of art, and that each of them is organized upon its own independent principle. The Ode to a Nightingale, which is the most intensely organized of the group, is also the most difficult and varied, and so necessarily draws the main amount of attention here.
Poetry
Authors: Brown
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1942.
Notes on Milton's Early Development
Authors: Woodhouse
Published: March 2013

Any study of the pattern of Milton's early development must almost inevitably be a set of footnotes to Professor J. H. Hanford's great essay “The Youth of Milton,” and to later treatments of the subject, which register agreement, disagreement or partial agreement with it.
Kierkegaard and the Levels of Existence
Authors: MacCallum Reid
Published: March 2013

Blanketing the summit of thought in the 1830's there lay a great glacier, the System of Hegel. Within it were held in suspension, and in alleged reconciliation, the ideal and the actual, what ought to be and what is, the inner and the outer, God, Nature, and the life of men and nations.
Reviews
Authors: Underhill Frank , Brett  , Harrison  , McInnis Edgar
Published: March 2013

Sumner Welles, The Time for Decision, reviewed by Frank Underhill

Walter Lippmann, U.S. Post War Aims, reviewed by Frank Underhill

James T. Shotwell, The Great Decision, reviewed by Frank Underhill

Hugh Gibson, The Road to Foreign Policy, reviewed by Frank Underhill

Georges Gurvitch, Sociology of Law, reviewed by G. S. Brett

G. G. Coulton, Fourscore Years: An Autobiography, reviewed by G. B. Harrison

Charles Callan Tansill, Canadian-American Relations, 1875-1911, reviewed by Edgar McInnis

C. T . Prouty, ed., George Gascoigne's A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres, reviewed by N. J. E.

Frederick L. W. Wood, Understanding New Zealand, reviewed by A. B.

Walter Nash, New Zealand: A Working Democracy, reviewed by A. B.
What Kind of Post-War Security?
Authors: Mallory
Published: March 2013

The kind of peace-keeping machinery men want will depend upon what they think are the causes of war. The Peace Conference which followed the last war revealed two widely different schools of thought, the chief exponents of which were on the one hand Clemenceau and on the other Wilson. The establishment of the League of Nations was a triumph for the Wilsonian view, but the enormous and unworkable reparations payments represented the demands of Clemenceau. The resulting peace was therefore a compromise between two irreconcileable ideas as to the cause and nature of the war. On the one hand the reparations demands, the attempt to make Germany pay the cost of the war though her trade was so crippled that full payment was impossible, were the result of a determination to impose the whole responsibility for the war upon Germany. On the other hand, it was implicit in the whole structure of the League of Nations that the cause of war lay elsewhere than in the villainy of any particular nation. The League Covenant was a vehicle for saving the nineteenth-century capitalist state from itself. It was the product of a generation which realized that war was bad for trade and a source of economic woe to both victor and vanquished. Clearly, therefore, war was contrary to the best interest of all states. Each state, however, in pursuing its own interest as it sees it, is sometimes driven to war through, as it were, the imperfection of its own environment.
The San Francisco Conference: Old Worlds for New?
Authors: Hodgetts
Published: March 2013

Voltaire's injunction, “let us take care of our gardens,” appears to have been uppermost in the minds of the delegates representing the leading nations at the San Francisco Conference, for, scarcely a week after the opening ceremonies, the most important delegates returned home to cultivate and fence their own political plots. The exit of the most colourful characters from the stage (use of the San Francisco Opera House justifies this analogy) partly explains the decline of public interest in the proceedings. Moreover, public opinion which has accustomed itself to blitz tactics in war and has been recently satiated with amply illustrated atrocity-stories is far too jaded to retain a continuous and lively interest in the ambling gait of a diplomatic conference. Opinions of the masses united by the positive, glowing symbols of war, tend to disintegrate when the insipid and often conflicting symbols of peace are substituted. These factors help to explain the pessimism and outright apathy with which many have viewed the proceedings at San Francisco.
Luther and Germany
Authors: Coper R.
Published: March 2013

The fourth centenary of Dr. Martin Luther's death (February 18) finds his beloved Germany in a state of prostration surpassed only by her chaos in 1648. That chaos had been the result of the Thirty Years' War which was in part an expression of the German social revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; but owing to the Reformation, the work of Luther, this revolution assumed largely the form of religious struggles. Today there are voices that ascribe a share in recent events also to Luther's influence. It was his teaching, these voices say, that contributed to make the Germans aggressive.
The Commonwealth
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: March 2013

>“The British Empire,” remarked the Inter-Imperial Relations Committee of the Imperial Conference in 1926, “is not founded upon negations. It depends essentially, if not formally, on positive ideals.“ The remark was no idle apology with respect to the self-governing portions of the Empire. The ideological foundations of dominion life have rested in parliamentary democracy, gradual reform, liberal nationalism, and economic progress in the Western tradition, although each community has been peculiarly shaped by physical environment as well as by intellectual inheritance. The concept of liberal nationalism in particular has been emphasized by the miscellaneous forces which made the Dominions distinct communities. The idea of economic progress has been dynamic because these countries have originally been extensions of the British economic system, quickened in growth by the presence of abundant natural resources and by a singular security which made development of their resources possible.
Reviews
Authors: Underhill Frank , Woodhouse A. S. P. , Sirluck Ernest
Published: March 2013

John Bartlet Brebner, North Atlantic Triangle: the Interplay of Canada, the United States and Great Britain, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

David Dallin, The Big Three, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

Crane Brinton, The United States and Britain, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

Nathaniel Peffer, America's Place in the World, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

George Soule, America's Stake in Britain's Future, reviewed by Frank H. Underhill

Denis Saurat, Milton, Man and Thinker [2nd edition, revised], reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

C. M. Bowra, From Virgil to Milton, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Douglas Bush, Paradise Lost in Our Time: Some Comments, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

G. Rostrevor Hamilton, Hero or Fool? A study of Milton's Satan, reviewed by A. S. P. Woodhouse

Ross Munro, Gauntlet to Overlord: the Story of the Canadian Army, reviewed by Ernest Sirluck
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1945.
Keats the Apollinian: The Time-and-Space Logic of his Poems as Paintings
Authors: Stallman Robert Wooster
Published: March 2013

The soul of a Keats poem is intelligible only by having regard to the poet's conception of time. Time is Keats' cardinal theme, figuring either as the total intention of his poems or as the obsessive motif of his minute particulars. His basic motivating intention, as disclosed within the framework of his poems, was to arrest in formed orders of meaning this fundamental of philosophic thought. It is time that is tragic, Spengler writes, and it is by the meaning a culture intuitively attaches to time that one culture is differentiated from another. The same principle holds, I believe, for the artist or poet: it is the artist's conception of time that singularly differentiates him. Of the two poets in Keats—the poet who most passionately affirms, and the poet who most passionately denies, time—it is the intensely time-conscious poet who has affinities with Hardy and Shakespeare.
Drama
Authors: Tovell Vincent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1946.
The Interaction of Religion and Philosophy
Authors: McCreary John
Published: March 2013

Precise definitions are always difficult, yet for clearness we must attempt, to differentiate philosophy, religion, and the philosophy of religion. Conceivably one could have a philosophy which was non-religious, and a religion which was non-philosophical. This assertion may surprise some persons, yet historically we see a sharp division between philosophy and religion which may be illustrated in the thought of, say, Aristotle and Luther. (We might think also of the strange combination of two contradictory strains in Augustine, the philosophical and the theological. Yet again, in Athanasius, we find a religious rather than a philosophical passion.) Now the philosophy of religion stands as a third factor, as it were, between the other two. It is seen to exist and function in the most varied types of philosophy, seeking to extract a religion from those philosophies or to construct one in consequence of their doctrines or yet again to relate such doctrines to a religion already recognized.
John Dewey's Conception of Nature
Authors: Savan D. B.
Published: March 2013

There are two quite opposite poles in philosophy, and most philosophers gravitate toward one or the other. Around the one cluster the philosopher's philosophers, the men like Aristotle and Kant, whose thought is like a carefully planned building. The structure is visible for some distance as we approach, and there are obvious evidences of strenuous endeavours after order and careful design. The proportions are exactly measured. The foundations and walls are solid, sturdy, and simple. There are no vain and frivolous ornaments, no wings or extensions added as afterthoughts. The very size and strength of the building give it grandeur. Obviously it will stand firm for many years against weather and fashion. Many who approach turn back without entering, because the doors will open only to one who has learned a long string of strange harsh passwords. And anyhow, the exterior of the building leads most people to suppose that there can be nothing very exciting inside.
Shakespeare and William Poel
Authors: Sprague Arthur Colby
Published: March 2013

On May 2, 1881, Othello was magnificently revived in London. Irving had invited Edwin Booth, who was playing with a weak company elsewhere, to visit him at the Lyceum, and the two great actors alternated in the parts of Iago and the Moor; with Ellen Terry as Desdemona. One hears of the “tumultuous applause” which they received, of the hard-shoving throng at the pit door, the many artists and authors who were present, the factions of “Boothites,” “Irvingites,” and “Terryites.” It was a production which could be cited with pride as evidence “that this nineteenth century of ours ... is not wholly unworthy to enjoy the heritage of Shakespeare”.
Poetry
Authors: Brown E.K.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1947.
Browning the Simple-Hearted Casuist
Authors: Fairchild Hoxie
Published: March 2013

Has any English poet of comparable historical interest and intrinsic merit received so small an amount of respectable critical attention as Robert Browning? Now that the nineteenth-century spate of “inspirational” eulogy and exegesis has dwindled to the merest trickle, there is need and opportunity for disinterested re-examination of his work. One result of such a study will be our awareness of a paradox. Though by no means a profound philosopher, Browning was a man of much intellectual subtlety. He was fascinated by the difficulties and ambiguities of thought, its sinuous twistings and turnings and casuistical rationalizations. But his deeply convoluted brain could never dismiss the obligation to satisfy the demands of his healthy and almost boyishly simple heart. On the one hand, the truth was many-sided, relative, shadowy; on the other hand, it was single, absolute, and plain as a pikestaff. Brain-truth was of man; heart-truth was of God. The poet, who must faithfully render all the tangled phenomena of mental life, must also apprehend God's truth and impart it to others.
Henry James and The Outcry
Authors: Edel Leon
Published: March 2013

Early in 1909 the American producer, Charles Frohman, began to lay plans for a repertory season in London at the Duke of York's Theatre. The moving spirit behind the plan was J. M. Barrie. He enlisted the aid of those men who had contributed to the success of the repertory movement in England which, even before the turn of the century, had begun to breathe new life into the British stage. Harley Granville-Barker, whose management with John E. Vedrenne of the Court Theatre had played an eminent role in establishing the reputation of Bernard Shaw and had introduced several new playwrights to the British public (including Granville-Barker himself), joined their ranks. They engaged the discriminating services of Allan Wade, who had worked with Granville-Barker and, at the moment, was in charge of the Abbey Theatre's season in London. Shaw, John Galsworthy, Somerset Maugham, John Masefield, and Henry James were invited to write plays. Shaw wrote Misalliance , Galsworthy Justice , Henry James The Outcry , while Granville-Barker contributed The Madras House . Barrie wrote two one-act plays, The Twelve-Pound Look and Old Friends , and arranged George Meredith's unfinished comedy, The Sentimentalists , for the stage.
Reviews
Authors: Wilson H.S/ , Wallace Malcolm , Roper Gordon , Saunders Doris
Published: March 2013

J.W.H. Atkins, English Literary Criticism: The Renascence, reviewed by H.S. Wilson

Basil Mathews, Booker T. Washington: Educator and Interracial Interpreter, reviewed by Malcolm W. Wallace

Robert Cantwell, Nathaniel Hawthorne: The American Years, reviewed by Gordon Roper

W.K. Wimsatt, Jr., Philosophic Words: A Study of Style and Meaning in the RAmbler and Dictionary of Samuel Johnson, reviewed by Gordon Roper
Religious Difficulties in Science
Authors: Stewart
Published: March 2013

Conflict between religion and science is notorious. That there have been a great many conflicts between the two, in certain forms of their presentation, is a matter of plain record. Huxley summed it up in his remark about every new science having round its cradle the remains of slaughtered theologians, "like the strangled snakes round the infant Hercules.” But it is not of theologians, it is of religion that I write in this article. My question is whether conflict belongs to the nature of religion as such and that of science as such. The blame is certainly not all on one side in this dispute, as the secularist press so glibly pretends. Scientists, like theologians, have sometimes made monstrous claims for an inquiry which was perfectly sound and valuable despite their exaggeration of what it meant. That the historic conflicts in this matter belong to the essential nature of the two, that the religious account means necessarily denial of the scientific, and vice versa, needs to be shown otherwise than by enumeration of particular cases of quarrel.
Fanny Burney: Playwrite
Authors: Hemlow Joyce
Published: March 2013

Many items about Fanny Burney's dramatic ventures may be excerpted from the printed diaries and letters, and most of her biographers have known about a tragedy Edwy and Elgiva produced at Drury Lane in 1795; a comedy Love and Fashion, accepted by the manager of Covent Garden in 1800; and an earlier comedy The Witlings written at the encouragement of Murphy and Sheridan, but condemned by Dr. Burney and Mr. Crisp. What is less generally known is that Cerulia, mentioned in the diary of 1797, refers to the five-act play Hubert De Vere, two manuscripts of which still exist; that besides the tragedies Hubert De Vere and Edwy and Elgiva, she completed the five-act blank-verse tragedy The Siege of Pevensey and had drafted out Elberta; and finally, that besides The Witlings and Love and Fashion, she had constructed two five-act comedies, A Busy Day and The Woman-Hater, and had begun another dramatic piece about Fanny Simper. None of these plays has been printed, but they survive in neat, perfectly legible holograph manuscripts, sometimes in one, often in two, drafts. These, together with some 700 scraps of paper showing various stages of composition, throw a vivid light on Fanny Burney's methods of work, and on her mind, purposes, and abilities.
The Meanings of the White Whale
Authors: Watters R. E.
Published: March 2013

“To produce a mighty book,” wrote Herman Melville, “you must choose a mighty theme. No great and enduring volume can ever be written on the flea, though many there be who have tried it.”. Everybody will now grant that Moby Dick is a mighty book on a mighty theme—even though there is little agreement about the definition of that theme.
Reviews
Authors: Abrams M.H. , Buchanan M.A. , Wilkins Ernest , Strakhovsky Leonid
Published: March 2013

Kathleen Coburn, ed., The Philosophical Lectures of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, reviewed by M. H. Abrams

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote de la Mancha, Complete in Two Parts, reviewed by M. A. Buchanan

J. E. Shaw, Guido Cavalcanti's Theory of Love: The Canzone d'Amore and Other Related Problems, reviewed by Ernest H. Wilkins

Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Poltical Biography, reviewed by Leonid I. Strakhovsky
An Eminent and Unconventional Victorian Mary Henrietta Kingsley, 1862–1900
Authors: Cook Albert
Published: March 2013

Fifty years ago, when Mary Kingsley died on June 3, 1900, the journals of the English-speaking world, which had reviewed her three books on West Africa and published articles and letters from her pen, paid tribute to the life and work of a young woman who, in eight years of activity, achieved a remarkable reputation as a traveller, ethnologist, and critic of British colonial administration. Today her personality and writings are overshadowed by those of her uncle, the Reverend Charles Kingsley, but the social passion which characterized his early novels Alton Locke and Yeast was matched by her championship before the British public of the African native and her determination to make known his nature and his needs and to destroy the ignorance and apathy which she felt were to be found not only in unofficial circles but in the Colonial Office itself. Interest today in the condition of under-developed countries and the welfare of native peoples gives pertinence to the views on these matters of one who gave them much careful and anxious thought half a century ago.
The Character and Performance of Chaucer's Franklin
Authors: Lumiansky
Published: March 2013

Chaucerians have long been aware of a dramatic principle which Chaucer seems to have used in the writing of The Canterbury Tales. This principle is that a tale is suited to its teller; or, more exactly, that a pilgrim's performance in the body of The Canterbury Tales should be read in the light of that pilgrim's character as presented in the General Prologue, and of the circumstances surrounding the performance. Chaucer's subtlety and the unfinished state of the Tales leave room for wide difference of opinion as to the degree and the fashion in which this dramatic principle operates in tbe performances by a number of the pilgrims. Nevertheless, the majority of recent critics have borne in mind Professor Kittredge's forceful warning that when Chaucer seems in The Canterbury Tales to have nodded to the extent of forgetting his dramatic principle, there is the ever present possibility that the critic is nodding for lack of knowledge or perception. Thus, within the last few years we have seen articles pointing to hitherto unrecognized possibilities of dramatic suitability. For example, the Miller-Reeve antagonism is said to be motivated by the Miller's having been in his youth the Robin of his own tale, and thereby having heard of the Reeve's cuckolding; and we are shown that the Man of Law's Tale fittingly includes legal phraseology from canon law concerning marriages between Christians and Mohammedans; further, it seems likely that the Second Nun's calling herself “unworthy son of Eve” was a not unusual utterance for nuns in Chaucer's day; and there are those who argue that the Merchant's marital experience was similar to January's. True, such arguments often will not be unanimously approved, but they must be given serious consideration by any critic concerned with the workings of the dramatic principle in The Canterbury Tales, and the advantage should rest with the critic who finds artistic consistency, so long as his theory is firmly based upon Chaucer's text itself and upon our knowledge of Chaucer's times.
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1950.
Theophile Gautier and The Conception of Decadence
Authors: Carter A. E.
Published: March 2013

Like all authors who write too much and too long, Theophile Gautier survives in fragments. Two novels (Mademoiselle de Maupin and Le Capitaine Fracasse), half a dozen short stories, a few pages of the “2000 feuilletons,” a phrase or two, usually quoted out of context (“Jé'ai toujours préféré la statue à la femme et Ie marbre à la chair”; “Je suis un homme des temps homériques”), and some poems of a Parnassian character (“Symphonie en blanc majeur”; “L'Art”) which every student of nineteenth-century literature is expected to read: this is about all; and, considering the mass of print Gautier produced in nearly half a century of labour, it is not much. Of course his modest glory is secure: as a forerunner of the Parnassian school he will always have a place in the anthologies. Yet if there is little else in his work that deserves attention as literature, there is much that merits study as influence. For Gautier's influence was immense, and not only on the Parnassians. He had more to do than any other single writer with the fonnation of what is known as the fin de siecle or Decadent school of the eighties and nineties. In this role, he is much more important than as the poetaster of Emaux et camées.
The Cantos of Mutability: Spenser's Last Testament of Faith
Authors: Stampfer Judah
Published: March 2013

The Cantos of Mutability have presented a problem to critics since they were appended to the 1609 edition of the Faerie Queene as a fragment entitled “Two Cantos of Mutability: Which, both for Forme and Matter, appeare to be parcell of some following Booke of the Faerie Queene, under the legend of Constancie. Never before imprinted.” We do not know how the material came into the hands of Matthew Lownes, the publisher, nor do we know when the Cantos were written or how they were intended by Spenser to be related to the Faerie Queene. In this paper I shall argue that the Cantos were written during the few weeks of Spenser's last visit to England, between the fall of 1598 and January 13, 1599, when he passed away in Westminster, and that they were intended as a brief philosophical poem to complete his otherwise fragmentary epic, the Faerie Queene.
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1951.
Fiction
Authors: Bissell Claude
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1951.
Reviews
Authors: Wasteneys H. , Underhill F. H. , Goudge T. A. , Knox R. S.
Published: March 2013

B. P. Babkin, Pavlov: A Biography, reviewed by H. Wasteneys

Julian Amery, The Life of Joseph Chamberlain. Volume IV, 1901-1903, At the Height of His Power, reviewed by F. H. Underhill

H. J. Paton, In Defence of Reason, reviewed by T. A. Goudge

David Daiches, Robert Burns, reviewed by R.S. Knox
Contemporary "Synthetic" Scots
Authors: Wagner Geoffrey
Published: March 2013

It was in La Revue Anglo-Américaine for April, 1924, that Denis Saurat, then of Bordeaux, first used the word “renaissance” in connection with the contemporary literary movement in Scotland. This has often been thought a rather appropriate locale for the first recognition of a cultural movement that aimed to put poetry in Scots back into the main stream of European letters. In fact there is a reference to a “rebirth” (though not “renaissance”) in the Scottish Chapbook for January, 1923, a periodical published in Montrose by C. M. Grieve. In the next three months, Grieve contributed his now famous “Causerie” columns to this periodical, suggesting a ”Theory of Scots Letters“ he was soon to implement so vigorously himself as “Hugh MacDiarmid.” References to a Scottish renaissance soon followed, both in and out of the country, until in 1926 this literary risorgimento can be seen to have attracted wide European (including Icelandic) attention.
Poetic Wave and Poetic Particle
Authors: Blissett William
Published: March 2013

Literary criticism has long borrowed its terms from other fields of inquiry: however sure its practitioners have been of their particular judgments, they have in more general matters usually been more sure of something else—of the truths of theology or of the sciences and social sciences. This is now most apparent when political and psychological vocabulary and values are applied in literary judgment, when works of literature are approached, explained, and all too often dismissed in terms of psychoanalysis of their author or a calculation of their probable impact on society. But even when an attempt is made to see the object as in itself it really is, the critics of poetry have employed as if unnoticed terms, concepts, images belonging to a most unlikely science, physics.
Ireland and the Twelfth-Century Renaissance
Authors: Dunn Charles
Published: March 2013

Students of Western civilization will always remain indebted to Charles Homer Haskins for his remarkable study, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, not merely because it reached conclusions about the development of European culture that were new when the book was published in 1927 but also because it raised fresh questions that still remain unanswered today. One particularly significant question, briefly stated, is this. Haskins showed that there was a widespread revival of interest in classical culture, especially that portion of it available through Latin. What happened, however, to the native traditions and the vernacular literatures of the West in the twelfth century? For France or Germany scholars have supplied material ample to provide a detailed and intelligible answer; but for the British Isles or—to use a more inclusive and less misleading medieval name—the Western Corner, much important work still remains to be done.
Poe's "Ligeia" and the English Romantics
Authors: Griffith Clark
Published: March 2013

More than any of his major American contemporaries, Edgar Allan Poe shifted facilely and readily from one vein of prose fiction directly into another. There simply were no well-defined stages in Poe's writing, no set periods during which he concentrated exclusively upon some particular aspect of his prose material. Even the early, abortive Folio Club project was designed for a combination of humorous sketches and Gothic tales. And later as Poe's interests broadened to include satire, philosophy, and ratiocinative themes, he proved quite capable of composing, all within the space of a few months, a characteristic horror story, a burlesque, an analytical tale, and a metaphysical dialogue.
The Teaching of Literature: A Reply to Mr. Eliot
Authors: Bateson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of periodicals published in English in Canada—with the exception of those that are scientific, professional, technical, and of poetry.
The Future of Canadian Universities
Authors: Smith Sidney
Published: March 2013

Josh Billings once said: “Never prophesy unless you know.” It is rash to forecast the future of any institution, even an institution like the university, which is popularly represented as being highly resistant to change. It is particularly rash if one is so close to the subject that details obscure the perspective. One may, however, mark a few dots on the graph, and leave it to more detached observers to discern the pattern (if any) that emerges.
Some Problems of the Graduate School
Authors: Thomson David
Published: March 2013

The decentralization of advanced postgraduate studies in Canada has been a striking feature of the last few years. Not so long ago, the Ph.D. degree was virtually confined to Toronto and McGill, and, of course, to the French-Canadian universities; of the latter I shall have nothing more to say, beyond remarking that in scientific subjects their doctorates, in principle and procedure, are constantly approaching closer and closer to the “standard” North American pattern. Today the Ph.D. is being offered in several fields by the universities of the four western provinces, by Western Ontario, McMaster, and Queen's, and occasionally in the Maritimes; and the migrations of graduate students are much more various than they were. It would be interesting to know how far the new Ph.D. curricula have used Toronto and McGill as models, and how far they have been influenced by the universities of the United States, especially those (such as Minnesota, Wisconsin, Chicago, Cornell, Brown) to which Canadian students have so often turned: but I believe that this question has not been studied. In any case, the trend towards decentralization is marked, and likely to continue; and some consideration of the problems of a graduate school may be timely. Decentralization is, of course, but one facet of a larger question, that of the increasing number of graduate students throughout North America; in three generations or so, this number has increased from less than one hundred to more than two hundred thousand.
American Doctoral Dissertations on Education in Canada
Authors: Eells Walter Crosby
Published: March 2013

During the present century more than 130,000 doctoral dissertations have been accepted by American universities. More than 15,000 of these have been in the field of education. As would be expected, most of the latter have been concerned with various phases of education in the United States, but more than one thousand have dealt with education in foreign countries. The main purpose of this article is to list the authors, titles, institutions, and dates of the 111 dissertations which have been written on education in Canada during the past forty years.
Reviews
Authors: Whalley George , Grant Douglas , Thomas W. Keith
Published: March 2013

Roberta Florence Brinkey, Coleridge on the Seventeenth Century, reviewed by George Whalley

James L. Clifford, Young Sam Johnson, reviewed by Douglas Grant

Lilian Haddakin, The Poetry of Crabbe, reviewed by W. Keith Thomas
The Literary Pattern in Australia
Authors: Hope
Published: March 2013

A man who looks at his own country and tries to give a picture of it for foreign eyes is bound to find a good many of his countrymen disagreeing with him and saying that they have been misrepresented. But an attempt to be quite objective may be as colourless as a personal view may be biased. A man will usually give you a better account of his family if he does not try to be "objective" about the members of it but speaks from the heart. I am encouraged to give a personal view of the condition of literature in Australia by the fact that an admirably objective account of it bas already appeared in the issue of the QUARTERLY for January 1956. Professor C. T. Bissell's succinct sketch of the historical development of Australian writing relieves me, moreover, of the task of tracing the roots and the stages of its growth.
Goethe's Last Letter
Authors: Fairley Barker
Published: March 2013

The last letter Goethe wrote was dated March 17, 1832, and was addressed to Wilhelm van Humboldt. Humboldt, by this time well known as diplomat, man of letters, and founder of Berlin University, had been a close friend of Schiller's before the turn of the century and had been in correspondence with Goethe ever since that time, chiefly on literary topics. The circumstances attending their final exchange of letters are not unknown and can be quickly recalled. In a previous letter to Humboldt, three and a half months earlier, on December 1, 1831, Goethe had allowed himself to be drawn out on the subject of his Faust, which he had just completed, or at any rate brought as near to completion as he was able to bring it, and which he had sealed up and put away, not intending to break the seal. It is true that he had published Part I of Faust in fragmentary form in 1790 and then in full in 1808, but he felt that Part II was ahead of his readers, as it proved to be, and had better wait till after his death for publication.
Belief and Disbelief
Authors: Abrams
Published: March 2013

Nominally the current preoccupation with the role of belief in literature goes back only some thirty-five years, to the issue as raised by I. A. Richards and debated by T. S. Eliot, Middleton Murry, and the many other critics and philosophers who took up the challenge. In fact Richards' theory is a late stage in a perennial concern about the clash between what poets say and what their readers believe to be true. The problem of belief, in one or another formulation, is no less ancient than criticism, and it has always been argued in terms of "knowledge," "truth," and "reality," which are the cruxes of all philosophical disagreement. In retrospect, there seems greater weight than comfort in T. S. Eliot's weary conclusion that "the problem of belief is very complicated and probably quite insoluble." But a review of the conditions of this endless debate may itself offer some possibility of headway. For we have inherited from the past not only the problem, but the largely unvoiced aims and assumptions which control the way it is posed and answered. To know how we got where we are may help us to decide where we go from here.
Introduction
Authors: Jeanneret
Published: March 2013

This symposium on "Quebec Today" will correct many popular misconceptions. The French Canadian will turn out to be a much more complex character than hitherto imagined, and un pays où rien ne change will no longer be accepted as an accurate description of his province.
Social Science and the Political Trend
Authors: Knight Frank
Published: March 2013

This is not a “political” discussion. Our concern is solely with the study of political phenomena, the possibility of knowledge and understanding, and incidentally, the prospect that knowledge may result in changing and improving the phenomena themselves. No criticism, or even critique, of any political personage or method or act is to be read in to the argument. To say this emphatically at the outset is in order because to talk about political phenomena at all, even with a purely descriptive intent, one has to use terms which have what the late Professor Veblen called “honorific” implications (and this includes the “dishonorific”). But the question whether men as scientists can understand the behaviour of men as statesmen and citizens is closely connected with the question how far the latter's behaviour is itself of an in telligent or understanding sort; and such issues are hard to discuss in purely descriptive terms.
Henry James and Zola's Roman expérimental
Authors: Powers Lyall
Published: March 2013

Edmund Gosse and W.C. Frierson agree that Henry James's The American inaugurated the experimental novel in English. Frierson correctly attributes this development to the influence of the Flaubert cirele, but The American is surely too Hawthornesque and has too much of the cape-and-sword atmosphere to qualify seriously as an experimental novel. I would suggest that the French naturalists' influence on James is not clearly discernible until the decade of the eighties: James's first period ends with The Portrait of a Lady, while his "naturalist period" begins with "The Art of Fiction" and ends with The Tragic Muse. The works of that period seem to offer substantial evidence of the influence of the cercle Flaubert generally, and of the ideas set forth in Zola's Roman expérimental in particular. The Bostonians, The Princess Casamassima, and The Tragic Muse are very nearly "experimental" in Zola's sense, as they seem to adhere closely to his principles regarding the role of heredity and environment and the force of determinism.
Sydney Dobell and the Victorian Epic
Authors: Preyer Robert
Published: March 2013

In 1857 Sydney Dobell, author of The Roman, Balder, Part One, and England in Time of War, delivered a major address before the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution. Entitled "The Nature of Poetry," this three- or four-hour address appears to have been received with no enthusiasm whatever. It appeared once again in a posthumous collection of Dobell's Thoughts on Art, Philosophy, and Religion (1876), but by this time few reviewers were interested in the warmed-over lucubrations of the once notorious leader of the Spasmodic School. This was an unfortunate, if not unprecedented, oversight. In its printed form the address is an impressive and significant document for the literary historian and theorist and it has, as well, considerable interest for anyone who concerns himself with the cultural history of the period. It documents in a remarkable way the impact of linguistic and anthropological studies on the mind of a Victorian poet and is filled with references to the latest theories in several branches of the natural sciences. Thus, to defend the proposition that "an organized aggregation of small poems" constitutes the proper structure for the Victorian epic, Dobell employed an ingenious argument taken from his reading in, of all things, optics. Physiology provided a criterion for the selection of metres; physics and electromagnetism were called in to explain the way synaesthesia worked, and to account for the possibility of preexisting relationships between phenomena which were normally thought of as belonging to different categories of ideas. (Dobell contended that these relationships were recognized and presented to consciousness through the "metaphorical identifications" found in the arts.) We are dealing with a virtuoso of the New Learning.
Richardson on Pope and Swift
Authors: Carroll John
Published: March 2013

Samuel Richardson's claim to being the first English novelist may be disputed by admirers of Defoe, but, so far as I am able to determine, Richardson was the first English author who was a vegetarian and the fmt who took his exercise on a mechanical horse. Richardson owed these little-known distinctions to the advice of Dr. George Cheyne, with whom he corresponded from 1733 to 1743. After putting Cheyne's The English Malady through the press in 1733, Richardson sought medical counsel by mail on a nervous condition which Cheyne eventually diagnosed as "Scurbutico Nervose from a sedentary studious Life." The advice was valued so highly that Richardson had copies of the letters made and bound them into a small volume, which is now in the Edinburgh University Library. The vegetarian diet and the "chamber horse" apparently had little effect on Richardson's hyper-sensitive nerves, but his esteem for Cheyne's perspicacity was unabated. When Richardson began the second part of Pamela, he turned to the physician, who had admired the first two volumes, for help in contriving incidents to enliven the continuation. Cheyne was even less helpful as a literary adviser than as a doctor. His own hobby-horse led him to suggest that an epidemic, a famine, and the breaking ofa few limbs might offer dramatic situations in which Pamela's benevolence could be displayed. Presumably these incidents would be useful in teaching young wives how to handle domestic catastrophes. Richardson rejected the advice, explaining that he aimed at instruction only "in a genteel and usual Married Life."
Alcuin as a Poet: Rhetoric and Belief in his Latin Verse
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: March 2013

Much has been written in our century about the question of belief in poetry, and much about the question of rhetoric. I hope in this article to deal with both these aspects of convention (nomos) or habit: rhetoric being considered as linguistic convention or habit, and belief as a habituation of the mind. Style, which begins as a mode of persuasion or appeal to belief. eventually becomes transfixed in an exploration of linguistic habit for its own sake; but a period subjected to appreciable cultural and social change will ultimately come to look back upon this fixation of language as mannered and oppressive. To harmonize our inner and outer habituations, a readjustment of rhetoric and belief is called for. This occurred, for example, during the Romantic Revival, and many have called for it in our own time. I propose to study Alcuin, not just as a poet in his own right, but as an example of such a readjustment. In his age as in our own, language, the great conservative medium of a culture (in which all is convention and only the habitual survives) had become a problematic and challenging link with a largely alienated past.
The Structure of George Herbert's Temple: A Reconsideration
Authors: Endicott Annabel
Published: March 2013

One of the more prolific symbols which Christian commentators tool over from the Jewish religion was that of the Temple in Jerusalem. Some of the traditional exegesis on this building was recently brough to light in an article by J. D. Walker, who invoked it in an interpretation of George Herbert's Temple. The division of Herbert's book into "The Church Porch," "The Church," and "The Church Militant," it was suggested, can be explained by the Hebraic Temple's tripartite division into porch, holy place, and holy of holies. The purpose of my article is partly negative—to deny emphatically the structural analogy between Herbert's Temple and the Hebrew one; and partly positive—to provide some additional knowledge about the use of this symbol in the Renaissance, and to show that Herbert would almost certainly have been aware both of its complexities and its disadvantages.
In Memoriam: An Aspect of Form
Authors: Mays
Published: March 2013

The form of In Memoriam is not an academic question only. Here, as in other cases, to speak of the form of the poem is to describe its total effect. It is to describe our conclusions On the experience of reading the entire thing.
The Mannerist Element in English Literature
Authors: Daniells Roy
Published: March 2013

In a recent exhibition based on the Rothschild collection of the Louvre it was possible to see Jacopo de Barberi's early engraving "Apollo and Diana," executed about 1500, and to become aware how the full appeal of Mannerism can sublimate itself from a single small work. Apollo is shown taking his stand in the zodiac, ready to loose his arrow from a strenuously drawn bow. Behind him, Diana retires in to space with her diminished moon, her stag accompanying her. The grace and strength of Apollo and the tenderness of line rendering the body of the goddess reveal a profound indebtedness to classical forms. But the whole design reflects a new feeling for space. A multitude of fine rays emanate from Apollo in concentric ovals, a form repeated in the demi-arc of his bow, the contour of his thigh, the turning flank of the goddess; and in finely etched curves suggesting meridians of the celestial sphere or paths of remote stars. Piercing this array of trajectories are bursts of solar and lunar rays, the aimed arrow, the antlers of the stag, and the luminous hair of both god and goddess blowing in "the great wind of the world." While the eye is engaged with the design, the imagination responds to this conjunction of the last enchantments of the Hellenic world with the new science, the new celestial mechanics. It is typical of the technique of Mannerism, in its first purity, that the burin was used with so nne a touch as to make possible only a few perfect prints before the texture of the line became impaired. In the contemplation of works of this kind, appealing so powerfully to a twentieth-century sensibility, the reason for our renewed appreciation of Mannerism becomes apparent.
The Caandian Railway Problem
Authors: McDougall John
Published: March 2013

This article will attempt to show what the railway problem of the country now is and to indicate some of the more important things that may be done about it. It will argue that the extreme seriousness of the financial situation is not in its essence a railway problem at all: it is merely another index of the gravity of the current depression and can be reduced to manageable proportions only by a restoration of traffic and revenues. The problem is a financial problem, not a problem of practical operation. It is certainly bad enough as it is; but if the railways were unable to move readily the traffic offered them, then the money losses to, and the partial disorganization of the commercial community wou1d make our present difficulties look very puny indeed.
On The Understanding of the Past
Authors: Cerf Walter
Published: March 2013

The understanding of the past is a very general subject. There is a constant danger in philosophy of being too general too early. In the main, I am going to discuss philosophy's relation to its past; and I want to be rather specific. I want to present in some detail examples of two quite different ways of philosophy's understanding of its past.
Spenser and the Renaissance Orpheus
Authors: Cain Thomas
Published: March 2013

No poet of the Renaissance is more attuned to mythopoeic creation than is Spenser. He can invent a figure like Florimell by fusing the myths of Psyche, Persephone, and the chaste Helen and still create something abundantly fresh and mysterious. Throughout his poems his imagination turns to the two figures of myth that sixteenth-century peets found most useful: Hercules the archetype of the hero, the active protagonist of the good; and Orpheus the artist-magician, celebrated in Henry VIII in the song,
The Way of the World and Morally Serious Comedy
Authors: Corman Brian
Published: March 2013

In these passages Crane has isolated a particular kind of comedy, which Sheldon Sacks calls 'morally serious' comedy. It differs from amiable comedy in that it takes place in a world in which good does not everywhere win out over evil, from punitive comedy in that the evil in it does not dominate the action, and from sentimental comedy in that it eschews special pleading to the emotions and last-minute conversions. Instead, the creation of 'real' characters (characters who behave credibly and consistently) existing in a 'real' world (which necessarily is not the best of possible worlds) and the subordination of both to a comic plot result in a work of great moral seriousness which fully maximize[s] the aesthetic effects possible to comedy.' When successful, a comedy of this sort is a 'moral comedy' which avoids the kind of melodrama that Northrop Frye describes as 'comedy without humor ... which achieves its happy ending with a self-righteous tone.'