bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoniazid‐resistance conferring mutations inMycobacterium tuberculosisKatG: Catalase, peroxidase, and INH‐NADH adduct formation activities
Authors: Cade Christine E. , Dlouhy Adrienne C. , Medzihradszky Katalin F. , Salas‐Castillo Saida Patricia , Ghiladi Reza A.
Published: January 2010

Mycobacterium tuberculosiscatalase‐peroxidase (KatG) is a bifunctional hemoprotein that has been shown to activate isoniazid (INH), a pro‐drug that is integral to frontline antituberculosis treatments. The activated species, presumed to be an isonicotinoyl radical, couples to NAD+/NADH forming an isoniazid‐NADH adduct that ultimately confers anti‐tubercular activity. To better understand the mechanisms of isoniazid activation as well as the origins of KatG‐derived INH‐resistance, we have compared the catalytic properties (including the ability to form the INH‐NADH adduct) of the wild‐type enzyme to 23 KatG mutants which have been associated with isoniazid resistance in clinicalM. tuberculosisisolates. Neither catalase nor peroxidase activities, the two inherent enzymatic functions of KatG, were found to correlate with isoniazid resistance. Furthermore, catalase function was lost in mutants which lacked the Met‐Tyr‐Trp crosslink, the biogenic cofactor in KatG which has been previously shown to be integral to this activity. The presence or absence of the crosslink itself, however, was also found to not correlate with INH resistance. The KatG resistance‐conferring mutants were then assayed for their ability to generate the INH‐NADH adduct in the presence of peroxide (t‐BuOOH and H2O2), superoxide, and no exogenous oxidant (air‐only background control). The results demonstrate that residue location plays a critical role in determining INH‐resistance mechanisms associated with INH activation; however, different mutations at the same location can produce vastly different reactivities that are oxidant‐specific. Furthermore, the data can be interpreted to suggest the presence of a second mechanism of INH‐resistance that is not correlated with the formation of the INH‐NADH adduct.
Enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins by alkylamines and polyamines
Authors: Yasui Kazutoshi , Uegaki Masamichi , Shiraki Kentaro , Ishimizu Takeshi
Published: January 2010

Around 25% of proteins in living organisms are membrane proteins that perform many critical functions such as synthesis of biomolecules and signal transduction. Membrane proteins are extracted from the lipid bilayer and solubilized with a detergent for biochemical characterization; however, their solubilization is an empirical technique and sometimes insufficient quantities of proteins are solubilized in aqueous buffer to allow characterization. We found that addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer containing a detergent enhanced solubilization of membrane proteins from microsomes. The solubilization of polygalacturonic acid synthase localized at the plant Golgi membrane was enhanced by up to 9.9‐fold upon addition of spermidine to the solubilization buffer. These additives also enhanced the solubilization of other plant membrane proteins localized in other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane as well as that of an animal Golgi‐localized membrane protein. Thus, addition of alkylamines and polyamines to solubilization buffer is a generally applicable method for effective solubilization of membrane proteins. The mechanism of the enhancement of solubilization is discussed.
Methylation of a single intronic CpG mediates expression silencing of the PMP24 gene in prostate cancer
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Wu Mengchu , Xiao Hong , Lee Ming‐Tsung , Levin Linda , Leung Yuet‐Kin , Ho Shuk‐Mei
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND

We previously demonstrated that a putative anti‐tumor gene, peroxisomal membrane protein 4, 24 kDa (PMP24 or PXMP4), is silenced via DNA methylation of a CpG island in its 5′ flanking region (5′‐CGI) in prostate cancer (PCa) cells.

METHODS

To identify demethylation hypersensitive site(s) in PMP24 5′‐CGI, PC‐3 cells with methylated 5′‐CGI were treated with a low‐dose of 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dC) just sufficient to reactivate gene expression, referred as the limited demethylation approach. Gel shift assays and promoter analyzes were performed to demonstrate the role of the hypersensitive site in PMP24 gene regulation. Transfection of a methylated oligonucleotide corresponding to the hypersensitive site was conducted to determine the effect of site‐specific methylation on the gene expression. Bisulfite sequencing analysis was performed to reveal the methylation status of PMP24 promoter in cultured cells and microdissected samples. In situ hybridization was applied to determine expression positivity of PMP24 mRNA.

RESULTS

A 5‐aza‐dC hypersensitive site encompasses two CpG dinucleotides in intron 1 was identified. Methylation of the first, but not the second, CpG dinucleotide of this site disrupted DNA–protein interactions and suppressed the gene expression. Using archival specimens, we found the first CpG dinucleotide of the hypersensitive site is hypermethylated with a loss of PMP24 mRNA expression in microdissected PCa cells when compared to normal prostatic epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support a critical role for a single intronic CpG dinucleotide in PMP24 gene regulation through DNA methylation. The data suggest that methylation‐mediated silencing of PMP24 is a molecular event associated with prostate carcinogenesis. Prostate 70: 765–776, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dystroglycan is not required for maintenance of the luminal epithelial basement membrane or cell polarity in the mouse prostate
Authors: Esser Alison K. , Cohen Michael B. , Henry Michael D.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND

Dystroglycan is a cell‐surface receptor for extracellular matrix proteins including laminins and perlecan. Prior studies have shown its involvement in assembly and/or maintenance of basement membrane structures, cell polarity and tissue morphogenesis; and its expression is often reduced in prostate and other cancers. However, the role of dystroglycan in normal epithelial tissues such as the prostate is unclear.

METHODS

To investigate this, we disrupted dystroglycan expression in the prostate via a conditional gene targeting strategy utilizing Cre recombinase expressed in luminal prostate epithelial cells.

RESULTS

Contrary to expectations, deletion of dystroglycan in luminal epithelial cells resulted in no discernable phenotype as judged by histology, basement membrane ultrastructure, localization of dystroglycan ligands, cell polarity or regenerative capacity of the prostate following castration. Dystroglycan expression remains in keratin‐5‐positive basal cells located in the proximal ducts where dystroglycan expression is elevated in regenerating prostates.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that dystroglycan in luminal epithelial cells is not required for the maintenance of basement membranes, cell polarity or prostate regeneration. However, it is possible that persistent dystroglycan expression in the basal cell compartment may support these or other functions. Prostate 70: 777–787, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the Missouri River shallow water habitat using a 2D‐hydrodynamic model
Authors: Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Elhakeem Md. , Dermisis D. , Young N.
Published: January 2010

Many of the Upper Missouri River dikes have been notched to create additional shallow water habitat (SWH, operationally defined as areas in the stream with depth < 1.5 m, and velocity < 0.75 m s−1) for fish populations. The goal of this study was to quantify the additional SWH gained from notching these dikes and to evaluate their performance under different flow conditions. A coupled field and numerical study was performed on a reach of the Missouri River, near Nebraska City, NE, which contains a number of dikes notched in 2004. The numerical simulations showed that the SWH criterion for depth was more difficult to satisfy in the study reach than the SWH criterion for velocity. Notching the dikes resulted in a slight shift of the bankline due to local erosion in the vicinity of the dikes and the formation of scour holes downstream of the notches. Results from the study suggested that notching the dikes had limited impact on the SWH because the area gained from the bankline shift was offset by the area lost from the scour holes formation. The performance of the notched dikes in sustaining the minimum habitat suitability conditions for the Missouri River ecosystem was also investigated. These conditions corresponded to discharges < 709 m3 s−1 for the period from mid‐July to mid‐August, or equivalently SWH areas > 5225 m2 dike−1 during the same period. Analysis of the Missouri River annual discharge records at the study site showed that the dikes can provide the minimum required SWH for mean annual discharges < 667 m3 s−1. For mean annual discharges > 667 m3 s−1, new alternative structures or restoration facilities were needed, in addition to the existing dikes, to sustain the minimum required SWH. The dikes were not effective in providing any SWH for mean annual discharges > 2000 m3 s−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fish assemblage patterns across a gradient of flow regulation in an Australian dryland river system
Authors: Balcombe S. R. , Arthington A. H. , Thoms M. C. , Wilson G. G.
Published: January 2010

Hydrological regime, physical habitat structure and water chemistry are interacting drivers of fish assemblage structure in floodplain rivers throughout the world. In rivers with altered flow regimes, understanding fish assemblage responses to flow and physico‐chemical conditions is important in setting priorities for environmental flow allocations and other river management strategies. To this end we examined fish assemblage patterns across a simple gradient of flow regulation in the upper Murray–Darling Basin, Australia. We found clear separation of three fish assemblage groups that were spatially differentiated in November 2002, at the end of the winter dry season. Fish assemblage patterns were concordant with differences in water chemistry, but not with the geomorphological attributes of channel and floodplain waterholes. After the summer‐flow period, when all in‐channel river sites received flow, some floodplain sites were lost to drying and one increased in volume, fish assemblages were less clearly differentiated. The fish assemblages of river sites did not increase in richness or abundance in response to channel flow and the associated potential for increased fish recruitment and movement associated with flow connectivity. Instead, the more regulated river's fish assemblages appeared to be under stress, most likely from historical flow regulation. These findings have clear implications for the management of hydrological regimes and the provision of environmental flows in regulated rivers of the upper Murray–Darling Basin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Expands Hematopoietic Stem Cells with Radioprotective Capacity
Authors: Muramoto Garrett G. , Russell J. Lauren , Safi Rachid , Salter Alice B. , Himburg Heather A. , Daher Pamela , Meadows Sarah K. , Doan Phuong , Storms Robert W. , Chao Nelson J. , McDonnell Donald P. , Chute John P.
Published: January 2010

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity and ALDH is a selectable marker for human HSCs. However, the function of ALDH in HSC biology is not well understood. We sought to determine the function of ALDH in regulating HSC fate. Pharmacologic inhibition of ALDH with diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) impeded the differentiation of murine CD34−c-kit+Sca-1+lineage− (34−KSL) HSCs in culture and facilitated a ninefold expansion of cells capable of radioprotecting lethally irradiated mice compared to input 34−KSL cells. Treatment of bone marrow (BM) 34−KSL cells with DEAB caused a fourfold increase in 4-week competitive repopulating units, verifying the amplification of short-term HSCs (ST-HSCs) in response to ALDH inhibition. Targeted siRNA of ALDH1a1 in BM HSCs caused a comparable expansion of radioprotective progenitor cells in culture compared to DEAB treatment, confirming that ALDH1a1 was the target of DEAB inhibition. The addition of all trans retinoic acid blocked DEAB-mediated expansion of ST-HSCs in culture, suggesting that ALDH1a1 regulates HSC differentiation via augmentation of retinoid signaling. Pharmacologic inhibition of ALDH has therapeutic potential as a means to amplify ST-HSCs for transplantation purposes.
Paracetamol Reduces Postoperative Pain and Rescue Analgesic Demand After Robot‐Assisted Endoscopic Thyroidectomy by the Transaxillary Approach
Authors: Hong Jeong‐Yeon , Kim Won Oak , Chung Woong Youn , Yun Joo Sun , Kil Hae Keum
Published: January 2010

Background

Postoperative pain following endoscopic thyroidectomy, although less severe than after open methods, is still a source of marked discomfort and surgical stress. This clinical trial was conducted to determine if repeated intravenous paracetamol could decrease postoperative pain and rescue analgesic requirements after robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy via the transaxillary approach.

Materials and methods

This prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, and placebo‐controlled study enrolled 124 women 21–60 years of age who were scheduled for elective gasless robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy via the transaxillary approach. The patients were given placebo or 1 g of paracetamol as a 100 ml solution infused over 15 min 1 h before the induction of anesthesia, and then at 6‐h intervals for the following 24 h.

Results

Postoperative pain scores were significantly lower at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after surgery in the paracetamol group than in the placebo group. Significantly fewer patients in the paracetamol group received rescue analgesics compared to the placebo group (9.5% vs. 65.6%, respectively). First analgesic time was similar in the two groups. Postoperative nausea (44.3% vs. 22.2%) and vomiting (21.3% vs. 6.3%) were more frequent in the placebo group than in the paracetamol group. Other postoperative side effects, including sedation, confusion, and pruritus, were similar in the two groups.

Conclusions

We concluded that repeated administration of 1 g of intravenous paracetamol over 24 h is easy, effective, safe, and well tolerated for pain management in patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain after gasless robot‐assisted endoscopic thyroidectomy performed via the transaxillary approach.
Significance of Lavage Cytology in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients
Authors: Fukagawa Takeo , Katai Hitoshi , Saka Makoto , Morita Shinji , Sasajima Yuko , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Sano Takeshi , Sasako Mitsuru
Published: January 2010

Background

Lavage cytology positive (Cy1) is well known as a poor prognostic factor in advanced gastric cancer patients. However, the optimal therapeutic strategy for patients with Cy1 has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of Cy1 for the purpose of establishing a suitable therapeutic strategy.

Methods

The data of 996 consecutive advanced gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy between 1992 and 1998 at the National Cancer Center Hospital were retrospectively studied.

Results

The 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates of the patients who underwent gastrectomy without any other noncurative factors besides Cy1 were 25.3 and 7.8%, respectively. When the analysis was limited to type 4 advanced gastric cancer patients, none of the patients with Cy1 survived for more than 40 months.

Conclusions

The prognosis of gastric cancer patients with Cy1 is very poor. Some patients show long survival after standard gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection; however, the prognosis of type 4 gastric cancer patients with Cy1 is so poor that multimodality therapy, including perioperative chemotherapy, is essential.
Correlation Between Preoperative Endoscopic and Intraoperative Findings in Localizing Colorectal Lesions
Authors: Louis Martine Adam , Nandipati Kalyana , Astorga Rakel , Mandava Anupa , Rousseau Carl‐P. , Mandava Neil
Published: January 2010

Background

Colonoscopy findings compared with findings at time of surgery have a discrepancy rate of 3–21%. The objective of our study was to investigate this discrepancy and provide potential resolutions.

Methods

In this retrospective study, we identified 400 patients who underwent colonoscopy followed by colon resection at our community hospitals in 1999–2006. Discrepancies between colonoscopy and intraoperative findings were noted. Each discrepancy was classified as major if the surgical procedure had to be altered, the lesion was missed, an unnecessary segment was removed, or the incision was extended. A discrepancy was classified as minor if there was no alteration in planned surgery.

Results

Of the 400 cases, 160 (40%) were located in the right colon, 13 (3%) were in the transverse colon, 185 (46%) were in the left colon, and 42 (11%) were in the rectum. A total of 48 (12%) discrepancies between colonoscopy and intraoperative findings were identified: 26 (54%) were major and 22 (46%) were minor. Thirteen (27%) were in the proximal colon (3 major and 10 minor discrepancies), 3 (6.3%) were in the transverse colon (all major), 22 (46%) were in the distal colon (17 major and 5 minor), and 10 (21%) were in the rectum (3 major, 7 minor). Major discrepancies were significantly higher in the left colon (17 of the 185 left‐sided lesions; 9.1%) than in the right colon (3/160; 1.9%; P = 0.045).

Conclusions

In our study, colonoscopy has an error rate of 12% when used to localize tumors; more than half of these patients require significant unanticipated changes in their surgery. The discrepancies are significantly higher in left side of colon.
CT Scan for Suspected Acute Abdominal Process: Impact of Combinations of IV, Oral, and Rectal Contrast
Authors: Hill Brian C. , Johnson Scott C. , Owens Emily K. , Gerber Jennifer L. , Senagore Anthony J.
Published: January 2010

Background

There are limited data available on the ability of computed tomography (CT) to accurately diagnose abdominopelvic pathology in acutely ill inpatients suspected of having an acute abdominal process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of abdominal/pelvic CT with varying use of contrast agents in hospitalized patients.

Methods

A retrospective review of all hospital inpatients (3/1/07–5/31/07) who underwent urgent or emergent abdominal/pelvic CT with any combination of contrast, intravenous (IV), oral, rectal, or unenhanced for a suspected acute abdominal process was performed. Data collected included demographics, combination of contrast used, CT diagnosis, time from CT scan to subsequent intervention, intervention type, and actual diagnosis of the acute abdominal process. Accuracy of CT was compared between enhanced and unenhanced imaging using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

A total of 661 patients were identified. Use of IV contrast alone was found in 54.2% of CT scans and was correct in 92.5% of cases. IV and oral contrast was used in 22.2% of CT scans and was 94.6% correct. Unenhanced imaging was performed in 16.2% and was correct in 92.5%. Oral contrast alone was used in 7.0% and was 93.5% correct. There was no significant difference in the ability to correctly diagnose a suspected acute abdominal process when enhanced CT imaging was compared to unenhanced (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

CT contrast administration in critically ill hospitalized patients is not necessary to accurately diagnose an acute abdominal process. Eliminating the use of contrast may improve patient comfort, decrease patient risk, and minimize financial cost.
Views of Discrimination among Individuals Confronting Genetic Disease
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: January 2010

Though the US passed the Genetic Information Non‐Discrimination Act, many questions remain of how individuals confronting genetic disease view and experience possible discrimination. We interviewed, for 2 hours each, 64 individuals who had, or were at risk for, Huntington's Disease, breast cancer, or Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency. Discrimination can be implicit, indirect and subtle, rather than explicit, direct and overt; and be hard to prove. Patients may be treated “differently” and unfairly, raising questions of how to define “discrimination”, and “appropriate accommodation”. Patients were often unclear and wary about legislation. Fears and experiences of discrimination can shape testing, treatment, and disclosure. Discrimination can be subjective, and take various forms. Searches for only objective evidence of it may be inherently difficult. Providers need to be aware of, and prepared to address, subtle and indirect discrimination; ambiguities, confusion and potential limitations concerning current legislation; and needs for education about these laws. Policies are needed to prevent discrimination in life, long‐term care, and disability insurance, not covered by GINA.
Effects of water level on sleeping‐site selection and inter‐group association in proboscis monkeys: why do they sleep alone inland on flooded days?
Authors: Matsuda Ikki , Tuuga Augustine , Higashi Seigo
Published: January 2010

A one‐male group (BE‐Group) of proboscis monkeys was studied along the Menanggul River, a tributary of the Kinabatangan River, Sabah, Malaysia, from May 2005 to 2006. It has generally been assumed that proboscis monkeys only set up their sleeping sites along the riverbank; however, when more than 1 m of water covered the forest floor for more than 700 m inland from the riverbank during the seasonal flood, the BE‐Group slept inside the forest. It seems that the sleeping‐site selection of the BE‐Group was not influenced by food availability during the flooded months because the food availability by the vegetational survey did not vary much between flooded and non‐flooded months. In addition, feeding behaviors of the focal monkey in the BE‐Group also did not vary much between flooded and non‐flooded days. On the other hand, the water level statistically influenced the sleeping‐site selection. The proboscis monkeys remained in inland forest during the flooded days because of the reduced predation threat, as terrestrial predators such as clouded leopards are prevented from foraging by deep water covering the forest floor. On non‐flooded days when the BE‐Group slept at the riverbank, they frequently slept close to other one‐male groups on the riverside trees. Contrastingly, when the group slept inside the forest on flooded days when the water level was high, they slept away from other groups. This difference in the need for one‐male groups to sleep close to each other might be attributed to the decreased predation threat during high water level in the flooded days.
Application of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Furfural in Crude Palm Oil
Authors: Loi Chia Chun , Boo Huey Chern , Mohamed Abdulkarim Sabo , Ariffin Abdul Azis
Published: January 2010

Processing of vegetative material containing pentoses has been shown to result in the formation of furfural. Furfural exhibits a spectrophotometric absorption peak at 518 nm when complexed with aniline acetate. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method has been successfully used to confirm the presence of furfural in crude palm oil (CPO). Solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber composed of divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/PDMS/CAR) was used to absorb the volatiles in the headspace of the oil. The isolated compounds from the fiber was desorbed and separated on a capillary polar column of a gas chromatograph. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the SPME fiber condition for maximum absorption of furfural from CPO. The optimized temperature and time for furfural extraction onto the SPME fiber are 70 °C for 40 min. Oils obtained from the mill were found to contain between 2 and 13% furfural.
Anaesthesia for microlaryngeal and laser laryngeal surgery: impact of subglottic jet ventilation
Authors: Barakate M , Maver E , Wotherspoon G , Havas T
Published: January 2010

Objective:

Over the past 20 years, jet ventilation techniques have been developed to enable safe and controlled microlaryngoscopy and the accurate treatment of laryngeal pathology. This study examined how advances in jet ventilation tube design have facilitated safe endolaryngeal surgery.

Study design:

The study documented the development and use of the Jockjet subglottic jet ventilation tube system at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney. The new system consisted of two components: a Teflon tube with an outer diameter of 4 mm at the larynx, and a companion ventilator. The facility for end-tidal carbon dioxide and distal airways pressure monitoring was incorporated via dedicated channels. The Venturi jet was produced via a covered tip to prevent trauma to the tracheal mucosa.

Setting:

The Prince of Wales and Sydney Children's Hospitals, incorporated with The University of New South Wales.

Patients:

From June 2002 to March 2008 inclusive, 1000 consecutive patients underwent microlaryngeal surgery at this institution. Subglottic jet ventilation, via the Jockjet tube, was employed for 332 patients.

Main outcome measures:

Anaesthetic safety and intra-operative surgical access.

Results:

In all the 332 patients observed, surgical access was optimised and no adverse anaesthetic outcomes were encountered.

Conclusion:

Subglottic jet ventilation facilitates safe airway management during microlaryngeal and laser laryngeal surgery.
A rare cause of Horner syndrome
Authors: Costello D , Salmon J , Milford C , Pretorius P
Published: January 2010

Objectives:

To demonstrate the importance of thorough investigation of patients with Horner syndrome, and to explain the relevant anatomy.

Case report:

A 46-year-old man presented with right-sided Horner syndrome. No other abnormality was found. Magnetic resonance imaging showed calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, with a pseudoarthrosis in the mid-portion of the ligament. This pseudoarthrosis was displacing and compressing the internal carotid artery and the adjacent sympathetic chain, causing Horner syndrome.

Conclusion:

In this case, magnetic resonance imaging was invaluable in elucidating the cause of the Horner syndrome. This is the first described case of pseudoarthrosis of a calcified stylohyoid ligament causing Horner syndrome.
The Tale of Suto and Tato: Kurdish Text with Translation and Notes
Authors: Nikitine B. , Soane E. B.
Published: January 2010

The story of Suto and Tato is in no way fiction, it is a lively reality, and anyone even slightly acquainted with these far-distant, but beautiful and picturesque countries and their inhabitants, will confirm my statement. The principal actors, Shaikh Muhammad Sadiq, the Shaikh of Barzan, Tato, Osman—Suto's elder son, are no longer alive. I am not certain about Suto himself. This old man, a perfect type of a Kurdish chief ruling over the most impregnable region of Central Kurdistan, may yet be alive. At any rate, in 1918 he was. Mulla Said, the narrator, was murdered in Urumia in July, 1918, by his countrymen. Peace be on him!
“Bhasa's Works”—Are They Genuine?
Authors: Pisharoti A. Krishna , Pisharoti K. Rama
Published: January 2010

In the Trivandrum Sanskrit Series are included thirteen dramas which the learned editor, Mahāmahōpādhyāya T. Gaṇapati Śāstri, has assigned to Bhāsa, the predecessor of Kālidāsa. The various arguments advanced by him in support of his theory may be summed up thus:—

The thirteen dramas, which we shall hereafter term the T.B. dramas, display a similarity of structure as regards the prologue and poetic merit, and have some common passages. It is, therefore, assumed that they are the works of one and the same author. Rājaśēkhara says that Bhāsa has written many dramas, one of which is Svapna-vāsavadatta; and Bāṇa says that Bhāsa's dramas open with a speech by the Sūtradhāra. Since one of the T.B. plays is named Svapna-vāsavadatta, and since they all open with a speech by the Sūtradhāra, it is inferred that Bhāsa is the author of all of them. The question whether their language is antique enough to justify their ascription to a predecessor of Kālidāsa is also discussed. The presence of archaisms, the simplicity of the Sanskrit, and the ‘freshness” of the Prakrit are urged as arguments for an answer in the affirmative. It is also claimed they have such poetic merits as to offer even Kālidāsa a model. This position is apparently substantiated by pointing out various ideas common to both these dramas and the works of Kālidāsa.
The Tones of Yoruba
Authors: James A. Lloyd
Published: January 2010

It has hitherto been assumed that the Tone system of the Yoruba language comprised four tones, viz.—a high tone, a middle tone, a low tone, and a so-called compound tone. An examination of the phonetic structure of the language has led to the conclusion that there are other significant tónes which must be understood. The purpose of this article is to explain the Tone system of the language as viewed in the light of recent investigations. The observations and transcriptions are based upon the pronunciation of Mr. A. Baptist, a native Yoruba, to whom I am considerably indebted for his patience and his zealous interest in the subject.
The Inscription of Sthiratattva at Khajuri
Authors: Barnett L. D.
Published: January 2010

Khajuri, in Sanskrit Kharjūrikā, is the name of (inter alia) a small village about 2 miles to the west of Guḍā (Gooda), and some 44 miles to the west of Indargaṛh, in Rajputana. Among its ruins is the inscription which I now edit from an estampage recently sent to me by Pandit Gopāl Lāl Vyās, the learned and energetic Curator of the Darbar Archæological Museum at Jhalrapatan, who has also very kindly supplied me with some notes on the topography.
The Relations between Indian Painting and Culture
Authors: Goetz Hermann
Published: January 2010

There is an old and widespread opinion that India is the “Country without a History”. And this idea is one of the reasons of its having become wrapped in that veil of mystic twilight in which the Romantic Period of the last century saw it, given up only to religious and philosophical speculation. Perhaps this veil has not yet fallen from the whole of its antiquity. It is true research has enabled us to attain some knowledge of the history of many dynasties, wars and social revolutions, religious struggles and literary feuds; nevertheless, all this seems to be merely a ripple on the surface, a waving of billows above the calm depth of a population that never changes its manner of life. Again and again we are told that much of the oldest tradition has survived in India up to the present day. And this is certainly true, for there is no land so fitted to serve as a place of refuge for past forms of civilization and culture as this country is, great as a small continent, with all its contrasts of plains, deserts, and sultry jungle, of mild hill climate and exuberant tropical vegetation. But this statement evades the essential facts. In every country, side by side with the latest forms of civilization, its oldest traditions are still alive, and though they may be of interest to the folklorist, it is not the task of the historian to trace cultural developments in their atavist remains, but in the beginnings and the culminating points of their evolution; and these have always been supported by the leading classes, and the history of them has been more or less that of the reigning civilization of their time.
The Influence of “Hlonipa” On the Zulu Clicks
Authors: Faye C. U.
Published: January 2010

Oertel, in Lectures on the Study of Language, writes (in the footnote on p. 304): “The effect of taboo on the lexicon of savage tribes deserves further investigation.”
Notes on the dialect and way of life of the Āl Wahība bedouin of Oman
Authors: Webster Roger
Published: January 2010

Between 1985 and 1987 the present writer took part in a multi-disciplinary study of the Wahiba Sands organized by the Royal Geographical Society. During this time I was able to travel extensively through and around the Sands to visit many bedouin families of the Āl Wahība, who inhabit the greater part of the area, and other tribes including the Āl ،Amr, Āl Bū ،Īsa, Ḣikmān, Hishm and Janaba who are found in certain enclaves, particularly to the east and north of the main sand desert. The purpose of my research was to make a social and ethnographic survey rather than a purely linguistic one, but in the process I was able to record some dialect speech including the text presented below.

Very little was known about the bedouin of this part of Oman prior to the Wahiba Sands Project. Holes has recently published examples of some related dialects and has proposed a classification scheme as the basis for a dialect geography of Northern Oman (Holes, 1989). Bedouin dialects of central and eastern Arabia have been more extensively described and classified (Holes, 1983; Ingham, 1982(a), 1982(b), 1986; Johnstone, 1961, 1964, 1965, 1967). Comparative studies of the distribution of certain features of present-day dialects have been shown to shed light on the population movements of the past, often supporting the written histories and oral traditions of the area.
Religion and state in Khumainī's Kashf al-asrār
Authors: Martin Vanessa
Published: January 2010

Āyatullāh Ruhullāh Khumainī's first major political work, Kashf al-asrār (The revealing of secrets), was published in about 1943, its purpose being according to the author, to repudiate attacks upon the ‘ulamā’ by writers in the press and printed leaflets during the Riḍā Shāh period, and to rectify the misconceptions that had arisen among the public as a result of the dissemination of these views. It would seem that the book, however, was primarily a refutation of one work, Asrār-i hizār sāla by ‘Alț Akbār Ḥakamțzāda, also published in 1943. Ḥakamțzāda accused the ‘ulamā’ of encouraging superstitious practice amongst their following in order to perpetuate their own power, and cited as examples belief in the intercession of the Prophet and his descendants, designated as shirk, and non-recognition of the legitimacy of the temporal power.
The original sin in Arabic poetics
Authors: Sanni Amidu
Published: January 2010

Scholarly assemblies in the Arabic intellectual tradition served as forums not only for entertainment butalso for spectacular events of both literary and historical significance. Al-Sīrāfī (d. 368/979) related how at one such literary seance, which was organized at the instance of Ibn Durayd (d. 321/933), a participant read these verses, attributed to Adam, the progenitor of mankind, lamenting the murder of Abel by Cain:

The land and all those on it have altered the face of the earth has turned dusty and vile. Anything of beautyand splendour has altered and the smile of the lovely face has waned.

The observation that the rhyme letter carries, in breach of the standard rule, different desinential vowels, namely, ḍamma in one line and kasra in the other, provoked a reaction from Ibn Durayd who said ‘This is a poem said at the beginning of the world, yet iqwā' was committed in it.’

But of course in Arabic historical lore, Ishmael, the son of Abraham, is said to have been the first to speak Arabic; and Adam is believed to have spoken Syriac. Factors which encouraged false ascriptions and the outright forgery of poetry have been discussed in various published works and the subject need not detain us here: suffice it to say that the foisting of these lines on Adam, and indeed the entire anecdote, might well be seen in terms of myth, in the sense defined by Jolles (Wahrsage), invented for the sake of a historical perspective.
Notes on an English translation of the Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa
Authors: Gelblum Tuvia
Published: January 2010

The recent publication of the complete translation of the Yogasūtrabhāṣyavivaraṇa (also known as Pātañjalayogaśastrabhāṣyavivaraṇa and Bhagavatpadīya; henceforth abbreviated as Vivaraṇa) into English by Trevor Leggett is the latest contribution to the study of this intriguing and significant Sanskrit philosophical text. Prior to this publication (whose first two chapters were separately published already in 1981 and 1983 respectively) only a few excerpts thereof have been translated by Hajime Nakamura, into Japanese. It is a measure of the growing interest in the original text that it has attracted several astute preliminary studies, notably by P. Hacker, T. Vetter, W. Halbfass and A. Wezler in the West, and H. Nakamura in Japan.

As it stands, the title of the printed English translation reads: ‘The complete commentary by Ṥaṅkara on the Yoga Sūtra-s-a full translation of the newly discovered text.’ This is regrettably likely to be misleading in more than one way.
The Bamboo Annals revisited: problems of method in using the Chronicle as a source for the chronology of Early Zhou. Part 2: The congruent mandate chronology in Yi Zhou shu
Authors: Pankenier David W.
Published: January 2010

The account given of the Bamboo Annals pre-Conquest chronology in Part 1 of this paper bears comparison with the internally consistent chronological sequence found in Yi Zhou shu, whose coherence has not been fully appreciated by those attempting to reconstruct the chronology. As we saw in the discussion of King Wu's reign in Part 1, Yi Zhou shu ‘Da kuang’ and ‘Wen zheng’ chapters are correct in dating the appointment of King Wu' s siblings as viceroys in the former Shang domain, which event we know took place in the Conquest year, to the 13th year of the Mandate, a finding that is fundamentally incompatible with Chou Fa-kao's, David Nivison' s, and Edward Shaughnessy' s account. The same two chapters in combination with ‘Zuo luo’ are also correct in implying that King Wu died in the 14th year. Furthermore, ‘Wen zhuan’ chapter of Yi Zhou shu correctly dates King Wen' s demise to the ‘9th year of the Mandate’ in those very words.
Hausa glottalic consonants: a laryngographic study
Authors: Lindsey Geoffrey , Hayward Katrina , Haruna Andrew
Published: January 2010

The Chadic (Afroasiatic) language Hausa, spoken mainly in Nigeria and the Republic of Niger, has a series of ‘glottalic’ obstruents. This includes both ejectives ([k’], [s’] or [ts’]; orthographic κ,ts) and two other consonants which have often been described as ‘implosives’ and are represented by the IPA symbols for implosives in Hausa orthography (б,d). In addition, there is a ‘laryngealized’ palatal glide (orthographic ‘y). The description of orthographic б,das implosive has been called into question, however. Ladefoged, in his well-known work on the phonetics of West African languages (Ladefoged (1964: 16)), suggested that, while these sounds may on occasion show the ingressive air flow characteristic of implosives, their most consistent characteristic is a distinctive mode of vocal fold vibration (phonation type) known as creaky voice or laryngealization; thus, Hausa б anddshould be labelled ‘laryngealized stops’ rather than ‘implosives’. One implication of this change in descriptive label is that, at least from a phonetic point of view, б anddshould be grouped with ‘y.
Some lexiographical problems of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
Authors: Macuch Rudolf
Published: January 2010

Previous dictionaries of Jewish Aramaic (JA) have pursued practical rather than strictly linguistic aims and tried to include lexical material from the whole of Rabbinic literature written in East and West Aramaic as well as in post-Biblical Hebrew. Given that (1) Rabbinic literature is thoroughly infused with Hebrew passages and words commonly used in JA, (2) that the Jewish literary ‘diglossia’ in (East and West) Aramaic may even have developed into ‘pentaglossia’ (i.e. two spoken and literary Aramaic dialects and Hebrew), (3) and that Jewish copyists were more used to the language of the Talmudic Babylonian Aramaic (TBA) and altered many original Palestinian forms accordingly—to mention just three main reasons—it is obvious that earlier lexicographers of JA were entangled in a complex of problems which they were forced to solve practically rather than linguistically. Their works will stand as the great achievements of JA lexicography before the later classifications of JA dialectology took effect.

TheAltmeisterof Aramaic studies, Th. Nöldeke, who is quoted by Michael Sokoloff, author of this first dictionary of Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (JPA), said more than a century ago:

One could doubt the propriety of a dictionary of the entire old Rabbinic literature. Namely, it is anathema for linguists to find Hebrew and Aramaic together in one lexicon. But on the other hand, this entire literature, as diverse as it is, stands together.
The dating of the ‘Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year’ of 749 C.E. in Palestine
Authors: Tsafrir Yoram , Foerster Gideon
Published: January 2010

In the mid eighth century, towards the end of the Umayyad regime, a major earthquake occurred in Palestine and the East, of which we know from Christian, Jewish and Muslim sources. Archaeologists relate to destruction by this earthquake layers in several sites, such as Jerusalem, Gerasa in Arabia, and sites mostly along the Jordan valley, among them Kh. Mefjer near Jericho, Pella, Capernaum, Sussita-Hippos, and recently, Bet Shean-Scythopolis (see below).

The exact date of this earthquake is controversial; some scholars date it to 746, others to 747 or 748, In 1960, M. Margaliot suggested that the earthquake took place in 749. In this article we present new archaeological and numismatic evidence in support of this later date (see below p. 234, and pl.II).
The nature of the Akhbārī/Uṣūlī dispute in late Ṣafawid Iran, Part 2: The conflict reassessed
Authors: Newman Andrew J.
Published: January 2010

The main purpose of this two-part essay is to reconsider the interpretation Western scholarship has generally placed on the Akhbārī/Uṣūlī confrontation in Twelver Shī‘ism. To this end, Part 1 (BSOAS, LV, 1, 1991, 22–51) presented an edition and translation of the relevant section of ‘Abdallāh al-Samāhijī's twelfth/eighteenth-century treatise, ‘Munyat al-Mumārisīn’. The importance of this text to the present discussion is twofold. First, Western scholars have considered this treatise to be a summary of the main points of Akhbārī/Uṣūlī disagreement, the Akhbārī element generally being understood as having been given its earliest discrete form only a century earlier by Muḥammad Amīn al-Astarābādī; and secondly, discussion of al-Samāhijī's treatise has relied primarily on an abridged version of the text written nearly two centuries later.
Shang and Zhou period bronze musical instruments from south China
Authors: Zhixi Gao
Published: January 2010

A large number of bronze musical instruments of the Shang and Zhou periods (thirteenth–ninth centuries B.C.E.) which display pronounced regional characteristics have been unearthed in south China. As systematic research on these was relatively late in getting under way, their importance in terms of archaeology and the history of music has not yet been nearly sufficiently recognized. Many divisions remain among scholars on issues of typology, periodization and the origins of yongzhong bells, and on the question of the relationship of these artifacts to central plains culture. In this article I intend to discuss my own views on these questions.
On the dating and nature of verb agreement in Tibeto-Burman
Authors: LaPolla Randy J.
Published: January 2010

This paper is part of an ongoing investigation into the nature of grammatical relations in the Sino-Tibetan language family. The ultimate goal of this investigation is to develop a hypothesis on the typological nature of word order and grammatical relations in the mother language which gave rise to all of the many languages within the Sino Tibetan language family. As the verb agreement (pronominalization) systems of Tibeto-Burman have been said to be a type of ergative marking, and to have been a part of Proto-Tibeto-Burman grammatical relations, the questions of the dating and nature of the agreement systems in Tibeto-Burman are relevant to the discussion of the nature of grammatical relations in Proto-Sino-Tibetan.
Lurching towards ergativity: expressions of agency in the Niya Documents
Authors: Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: January 2010

The Niya Documents are a collection of some 760 or so texts, on wood, paper, leather, silk, etc., which were found (primarily) by Sir Aurel Stein in his Central Asian expeditions of 1900–01, 1906 07, 1913–14, at several ruined sites around Niya on the southern Silk Route. They are short texts, ranging from sentence fragments and brief lists to well-preserved connected texts of up to long lines, and they contain administrative records (deeds, bills of sale, etc.) and administrative correspondence (about criminal and civil complaints, tax collection, governmental management, and dangers from without) of the kingdom of Shan-Shan or Kroraina. One of their remarkable features to an indologist is that they are more or less securely datable, to a period of approximately 90 years in the third century A.D.
TheWomë-nopoem ofHarima Fudokiand residual orality in ancient Japan
Authors: Palmer Edwina
Published: January 2010

In modern English the pun as a form of word-play tends to be associated with wit and humour. It has long been recognized that Japanese literature of various genres abounds in the punning type of word-play, although it is not necessarily humorous. A typical example would bematsu‘pine tree’ andmatsu‘to wait’, often neatly translated into English as ‘pine’ in both senses. This pun is so frequent in classical Japanese literature that the mere mention of a pine tree can connote yearning for or missing a loved one without further overt reference. The pun thus even creates a metonym.
The Kitāb al-Taswi'a or Book of Reprobation by Jonah ibn Janāḥ. A revision of J. and H. Derenbourg's edition
Authors: Gallego María A.
Published: January 2010

Abū I-Walīd Jonah ibn Janāḥ is undoubtedly one of the greatest Hebrew grammarians. Born in Al-Andalus at the end of the tenth century he was active during the eleventh century, but his exact dates are not known. His best known works, a grammar, Kitāb al-Lumaՙ (The book of variegated flowerbeds) and a dictionary of biblical Hebrew, Kitāb al-'Uṣūl (The book of roots), represented the most important development in the knowledge of Hebrew of the Middle Ages. Other important works on grammar include Kitāb al-Taswi'a (The book of annexation), a short grammatical treatise which he composed as a response to critics of a previous work entitled Kitāb al-Mustalḥaq (The book of annexation).
Proto-Afro-Asiatic origin of ‘gum’?
Authors: Takács Gábor
Published: January 2010

Our European words ‘gum’ go back to one common source, cf. English gum, German Gummi, French gomme, Italian gomma, Russian σýΜΜИ, etc. As is well known, this source is Latin commi ∼ cummi, vulgar Latin gummi ∼ gumma, which was borrowed from Greek κ⋯μμι.
Sūrdās: poet and text in the Sikh tradition
Authors: Deol Jeevan
Published: January 2010

Pre-twentieth century Sikh tradition says that Bhāī Gurdās, the scribe of Guru Arjanās text of the Adi Granth, was troubled by a major doubt as he wrote the words the Guru dictated to him: faced with poems attributed to figures like Kabīr and Nāmdev (collectively known as bhagats in the tradition), Gurdās began to wonder whether Guru Arjan was not composing the poems himself and ascribing them to the bhagats. Realizing what was troubling Bhāī Gurdās, the Guru instructed the scribe to rise early the next morning and wait outside the tent where the dictation of the Granth took place every day. When he did, Gurdās was surprised to see the Guru conversing with a number of the ībhagats in ‘spiritual form’. The bhagats, it turned out, came to the tent every morning to ensure that their compositions were included in Guru Arjan's Granth. Gurdās was suitably impressed by the display and acknowledged without further question the authenticity of their compositions.