bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Damage to Cabbage by the Clover Cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii (Rott.) (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)
Authors: Cass L. M.
Published: January 2010

The clover cutworm, Scotogramma trifolii (Rott.), has been recorded from a wide variety of host plants, but there are few records in the literature associating it with cole crops. Riley (1893) recorded it from cabbage in Maryland. Gibson (1915) recorded it from turnip and cabbage in Canada. Forbes (1951) and Frost (1955) listed cabbage as a host plant in New York and Pennsylvania, respectively. In 10 years' studies on caterpillars on cabbage in the Ottawa VaIley, 1949 to 1958, numbers of the clover cultworm on cabbage were almost always negligible. However, in the early summer of 1956 it occurred throughout the area in significant numbers, and in a study field of early cabbage at Merivale, Ontario, caused sufficient damage to affect the market value of the crop.
Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), in Ontario
Authors: Watson W. Y. , Arthur A. P.
Published: January 2010

The European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), was introduced accidentally into Ontario about 1925, and has since spread throughout the southwestern part of the province south of a line from the south shores of Georgian Bay on the west to Brockville on the east (Fig. 1). Damage to the host is done by the larvae, the feeding of which results in the deformation of the branches and main stems, reducing the potential value of the trees as timber and, in heavy infestations, making young trees unsuitable for the Christmas tree trade. Several species of exotic and native pines are attacked; red pine, Pinus resinosa hit,, Scots pine. P. sylvestris L., and Mugho pine, P. mugho Turra, being the most susceptible. Because of the extensive planting of Scots and red pine in southern Ontario, especially during the last 25 years, the increasing numbers of European pine shoot moth in this area present a problem of great importance. Contributing to an understanding of this important pest, this paper presents a detailed review of the parasites obtained in Ontario since 1954, with some notes on earlier surveys.
A Revision of the Genus Ephemerella (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae): I. The Subgenus Timpanaga
Authors: Allen Richard K. , Edmunds George F.
Published: January 2010

1927–Needham – Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., 20: 108.

1935–Traver – Biol. Mayflies, 565 (hecuba group).

1954–Edmunds and Traver – Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 56: 238.

1954– Demoulin – Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 90: 324.

The subgenus Timpanoga of the genus Ephemerella contains but a singIe species,Ephmerella hecuba Eaton. Needham (1927) derived the name for this subgenus from Mt. Timpanogos in north central Utah, after collecting specimens of Ephemerella hecuba in the nearby Provo River. He based the subgenus on the nymph which shows remarkable morphological distinction with its broad entire frontal shelf and its extremely flattened body.
A Technique for Estimating Tamarack Foliage Production, A Basis for Detailed Population Studies of the Larch Sawfly
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: January 2010

This paper is one in a series on sampling techniques used in population studies of the larch sawfly (Ives, 1955; Ives and Prentice, 1958). The technique has been developed to provide bases for comparing the intensity of sawfly infestations in stands of different compositions, and for studying the effect of the insect upon its host. A preliminary study demonstrated the feasibility of developing a sampling method for estimating foliage weight, but also indicated that the foliage weight increased as the season progressed (Ives, 1958). Foliage sampling in stands infested by the larch sawfly must be completed before defoliation becomes prevalent, and the foliage weight may increase considerably after sampling. In 1956 an intensive sampling program was carried out on tamarack in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve, Manitoba, to determine the sample size needed to obtain statistically acceptable estimates of foliage production and to study the nature of changes in foliage weight during the season.
Termination of Diapause in the Douglas-Fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), as an Aid to Continuous Laboratory Rearing
Authors: Ryan Roger B.
Published: January 2010

The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk., is a constant threat to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests because of its ability to kill large quantities of this important timber tree. In the search for more effective control of this pest the need for experimental insects frequently exceeds the supply from natural sources. Laboratory rearing can alleviate this shortage.
Mortality of Cocoons of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), in Relation to Distance from Small-Mammal Tunnels
Authors: Buckner C. H.
Published: January 2010

The relationship between the fate of cocoons of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), and distance from small-mammal tunnels was studied during 1958 in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve of eastern Manitoba. The objects were to determine the distance that small mammals can detect cocoons and to observe possible effects of the interactions of small-mammal predation and other natural mortality factors of the insect. Additional analyses of the data provided information on the behaviour of the predators and the ecology of the prey insect.
The Larva of Profenusa alumna (MacG.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Watson W. Y.
Published: January 2010

Among the numerous insects attacking the leaves of birch in North America are Profenusa alumna (MacG.) and Fenusa pusilla (Lep.), both of which are leaf-miners belonging to the tribe Fenusini. Various attempts have been made to separate the known fenusine larvae, all of which are very similar (Yuasa, 1922; Ripper, 1931; Lorenz and Kraus, 1957; Lindquist, 1959), but the larval morphology of F. pusilla only has been described in detail (Friend, 1933; Daviault, 1937). In this paper the larval morphology of P. alumna is described from material collected some 60 miles north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, in 1955.
First Record ofPerilitus coccinellae(Schrank) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Parasite ofCoccinella novemnotataHbst. andColeomegilla maculata lengiTimb. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Canada
Authors: Hudon Marcel
Published: January 2010

In 1955 and 1956, while sampling corn stalks for larvae of the European corn borer in experimental plots at St. Jean, the author noted 23 adults ofColeomegilla maculata lengiTimb. and two adults ofCoccinella novemnotataHbst. that were parasitized and attached to the upper surfaces of corn leaves. Each beetle was astride a freshly formed cocoon and was held by a network of silk; many were alive when found. The parasite cocoons and the hosts were placed in closed petri dishesfor observation. The parasites that emerged were identified by Dr. W. R. M. Mason, Entomology Division, Ottawa,asPerilitus coccinellae(Schrank) (=Dinocampus terminatus(Nees).
The Pales Weevil, Hylobius pales (Hbst.), in Southern Ontario
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: January 2010

The pales weevil, Hylobius pales, was described in 1797 by Herbst (9), but it was not until 1916 that its importance in limiting the regeneration of white pine, Pinus strobus L., in cut-over areas was established by Carter (4). H e reported that up to 70 per cent of young reproduction trees might be killed by adults feeding on thc bark of young seedlings during the first two years following clear cutting of white pine. He concluded that it was unwise to plant white pine during the two seasons follouring cutting because seedlings in the vicinity of the stumps, in which the Weevil breeds. would be subjected to heavy feeding, and the resulting loss of trees would produce open areas in the planting. In 1921, Peirson (10) recorded in broad terms the seasonal history, distribution, host plants, habits,and control of the weevil, based primarily on a study of the insect in Massachusetts. More recently, Beal and McClintick (1), Bess (2), Savely (11), Sentell (12), and Wells (16) have emphasized the continued importance of the weevil as a forest pest and have recorded its presence in most of the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Florida, and in Canada from Nova Scotia to Manitoba. Friend and Chamberlin (8) and Ebel and Speers (5) have discussed population levels of the weevil in relation to cutting practices, and Speers (13, 14, 15) has discussed its control through the use of sprays and dips.
Status in Ontario of Collyria calcitrator (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and of Pediobius beneficus (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) as Parasites of the European Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus pygmaeus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Smith R. W.
Published: January 2010

Collyria calcitrator (Grav.) is an important parasite of the wheat stem sawflies Cephus pygmaeus (L.) and C. (Trachelus) tabidus (F .) in Europe (Salt, 193 1). It was imported from England and released against the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., in the Prairie Provinces, especially Saskatchewan, from 1930 to 1939. One of its usual hosts, the European wheat stem sawfly, C. pygmaeus, first reported in Ontario in a meadow near Ottawa in 1887 (Harrington, 1890), was first recorded as damaging wheat in Ontario in the counties of Hastings, Prince Edward, and York in 1938. I t was a serious pest in New York and Pennsylvania in the early 1920's (Ries, 1926). As C. cinctus was a major pest of wheat in Western Canada and C. pygmaeus a pest in New York and Pennsylvania, the discovery of moderate to heavy infestations of C. pygmaeus in several localities in south-central Ontario in 1939 by Mr. G. H. Hammond, Entomology Field Station, Marmora, caused concern about the future importance of the sawfly as a pest of wheat in Ontario. C. calcitrator was being imported from England for release against C. cincctus in Western Canada at the time and advantage was taken of the opportunity to release the parasite in Ontario as a possible aid in control.
Rearing Black Flies in the Laboratory (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: January 2010

The culture of black flies in the laboratory has been investigated by a number of workers in recent years. Attempts to establish continuous colonies failed, but adults were reared from eggs or first-instar larvae of Simulium aureum Fries and S. erythrocephalum (Deg.) by Puri (1925), of S. ornatum Meig. by Smart (1934), of S. trivittatum Mall., S. callidum (D. & S.), S. metallicum Bell., and Gigantodax wrighti V., Mand D. by Vargas (1945) and Dalmat (1955), of S. ornatipcs Skuse by Maclrerras and Mackerras (1948), and of S. salopiense Edw. by Zivkovic (1951). Flowing water for the larvae was provided by bubbling compressed air through the water or by using a natural stream. Food consisted of algae, skim milk powder, powdered yeast, or “ground purina”.
Abdominal Characters of Dioryctria Pupae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from British Columbia
Authors: Ross D. A.
Published: January 2010

The following is an illustrated discussion of pupal abdominal characters observed in British Columbia species of Dioryctria, a genus containing some of the most economically important cone-feeding and wood-boring Lepidoptera. Species examined and referred to herein are: cambiicola (Dyar), zimmermani (Grote), abietivorella (Grote), auranticella (Grote), rossi Munroe, reniculella (Grote), and pseudotsugella Munroe. Dioryctria reniculella and pseudotsugella are defoliators, but they may occasionally feed on cones.
Note on a Method of Comparing Diets for the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R.
Published: January 2010

The pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., has been successfully reared in the laboratory on a number of different foods (Jacobson and Blakeley, 1958; McGinnis and Kasting, 1959). Initial evaluation of the nutritional adequacy of diets for the cutworm has been achieved by comparing growth curves based on mean weights of the groups of larvae on test (McGinnis and Kasting, 1959). This note shows that the relative value of diets for the larvae of the pale western cutworm can be established more simply by comparing growth curves based on mean weights recorded two days after each moult.
Some Factors Influencing the Occurrence and Size of the Midsummer Flight of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Mutchmor J. A.
Published: January 2010

In southwestern Ontario the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.), produces two flights annually. The first flight, beginning in June, consists of moths from larvae that have overwintered. The midsummer, or second, flight begins late in July or early in August, and its moths are the progeny of the first flight. Until about 20 years ago the borer produced only one annual flight and was thought to be univoltine. The change in the seasonal history of the borer in Ontario was described by Wressell (1953) and Miller (1956). The literature describing similar changes in parts of the United States has been reviewed by Lees (1955) and Everett et al. (1958). Wressell (1953) summarized light trap collection data of moth flights in the Chatham, Ontario, area for the years 1932 to 1951. The summary includes the percentage of the moths that were from the midsummer flight, and it is evident that the size of this flight varies greatly from year to year. Aside from its intrinsic interest, it would be of some economic value to know what governs the size of the midsummer flight. This is a report of studies undertaken to examine the case, and to relate the findings to the larger problem of why the borer now produces a second flight where formerly it produced only one.
Revisional Notes on the Provancher Types of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Heinrich Gerd H.
Published: January 2010

During November, 1958, I studied the Provancher types of Ichneumoninae in the Provincial Museum of Quebec. My work was very much facilitated by the kind assistance of subdirector Noel-M. Comeau, who has arranged the once badly neglected historical specimens in a most exemplary way, securing them against any further damage as well as saving the time of the visiting specialist. I have only to regret that the revision of all Provancher types, which Mr. Comeau has accomplished by many years' endeavour, is not yet published and therefore not available yet to scientific workers.
Note on the Effect of Spring Flooding on a Population of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Fox C. J. S.
Published: January 2010

Old grassland in Nova Scotia frequently harbours comparatively high populations of wireworms. One such field near Hall's Harbour, Kings County, was found to be mainly infested with the wheat wireworm, Agriotes mancus (Say), with Hypolithus abbreviatus (Say), Dalopius pallidus Brown, and Ctenicera cylindriformis (Herbst) forming three, one, and 0.5 per cent of the total population respectively. During 1953-58, for various reasons, a total of 1,216 samples of soil each six by six by eight inches deep with adhering sod were taken from this field. The samples were sifted through ¼-inch mesh screen and the number of wireworms found in each was recorded. The number taken from an area flooded by melted snow and rain for at least three weeks each spring was compared with the number from the surrounding unflooded area. It was found that the average number per square foot in the flooded area was 11.8 and that in the unflooded was 9.2; the difference is significant at the one per cent level of probability. Rather scant records showed that carabid larvae were less numerous in the flooded area and it may be possible that a reduced number of these predators permits a greater survival of wireworms.
Life History and Behavior of the Bramble Leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Raine J.
Published: January 2010

Since 1947, when the bramble leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (rubi Hardy, misella 13011.), was first reported in North America near Victoria, B.C., it has become a serious pest in cane fruit plantings on southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. Hoth nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves, producing a white stippling on the upper surfaces (Fig. 1). In a dry season a severe infestation causes many leaves to become curled and appear burned. The canes lack vigor and the size of the fruit is reduced. This is a report on a study of the life history and behavior of the species conducted at Victoria from 1953 to 1957.
New Oriental Trogini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Heinrich Gerd H.
Published: January 2010

Type.-Neofacydes sinensis n.sp.

Flagellum.—Female flagellum moderately long, lanceolate, widened beyond the middle and strongly attenuated at the apex; basal segments of the male flagellum cylindric, at the apes however obliquely cut and overlapping, becoming gradually more distinct nodose bevond the seventh segment.

Head.—Occiput hardly emarginate, sloping down steeply behind the ocelli and eyes; cheek profile strongly narrowed with straight outline; median field of the face well defined; clypeus normal with straight apical border; frons concave; mandibles normal with small teeth.

Thorax.—Mesoscutum moderately convex, a little longer than wide; scutellum pyramidal; propodeum as in Trogus Panzer, the area posteromedia wide, parallel-sided, the upper border arched; areae posteroexternae with strong lateral carinae.

Legs.—Relatively long and slender.

Abdomen.—Female abdomen oxypygous, similar in appearance to a Coelichneumon abdomen; surface of tergites 1-5 strongly aciculated, tergites 1-5 strongly separated, sometimes with sharp lateral edges, but not bulging laterally; postpetiolus with aciculate median field; gastrocoeli deep, transverse.
On the Embryology of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
Authors: Stairs G. R.
Published: January 2010

Although the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), has received much attention as a result of its economic importance, little is known about its internal morphology and development. In this paper some features of the embryonic development will be described and compared with those of other Lepidoptera.
Observations on the Life History, Distribution, and Abundance of Two Species of Cecidomyia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) on Jack Pine in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Reeks W. A.
Published: January 2010

The occurrence of midges on jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in Manitoba has been reported by Lejeune (4), Barker and Wong (1), and Prentice and Hildahl (5, 6). The Forest Insect Survey also reported a species of Retinodiplosis on jack pine in Ontario, and Barnes (2) suggested that this may have been R. resinicola (Osten Sacken). This name was also provisionally assigned to a species found near Stead, Manitoba, in 1956 (7). Vockeroth (8) now shows that Retinodiplosis Kieffer is a synonym of Cecidomyia Meigen, which is represented by at least two species on jack pine in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. These are C. reeksi and C. banksianae. The former is the more common and undoubtedly was the species most frequently represented in the early reports of pine midges in Manitoba.
New Tropical Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Wings, legs and antenna unmodified; frons flat and oblique, yellowish buff dorsally, fuscous on sides; labial palpus fuscous laterally with some orange scaling, yellowish buff dorsally, whitish buff at base beneath; maxillary palpus prominent, fuscous tipped with orange; proboscis orange-scaled at base; eye fuscous brown; antenna light brown; vertex rough-scaled, light yellowish brown; thorax above light yellowish brown abdomen ahove light buff, with some yellowish scaling; body beneath whitish buff, darker posteriorly; legs yellowish buff above, whitish buff beneath. Forewing above translucent dull yellow; an oblique fuscoits dash at base; an orange, inwardly and outwardly fuscous-bordered, outwardly oblique sub-basal band, beginning at R, indistinct in cell; an antemedial band, parallel to the sub-basal band, beginning at R, orange, bordered inwardly and outwardly with fuscous; a fuscous dot in anterior parr of cell beyond antemedial line; an oiange, inwardly and outwardly fuscous-bordered band on each side of discocellular, beginning at R, briefly fusing behind angle of cell, then diverging in an oval loop, converging to fuse with postmedial band near posterior margin; some specimens with an oval fuscous spot in the loop; postmedial band arising at R4, well bevond cell; orange, bordered inwardly and outwardly with fuscous, broad and erect anteriorly, narrower and somewhat bowed outwards between M2, and Cu2, weakly retracted and broadened at junction with the two medial lines; subterminal line broad, orange, diffusely bordered inwardly and, except anterior to M1, outwardly with fuscous, parallkl to outer margin, a wedge-shaped excision of inner border in cell R4; a prominent, blackish-fuscous terminal line; fringe yellowish brown, with a darker line in basal half. Hind wing ahove translucent dull yellow; an orange, fuscous-bordered discocellular bar; an orange, inwardly and outwardly fuscous-bordered postmedial band, beginning at Rs,, retracted on Cu2, nearly to angle of cell, then sinuous to anal margin; a broad subterminal band, parallel to margin, orange, diffusely bordered on both sides with fuscous; terminal line and fringe as on forewing. Wing heneath translucent dull yellow, markings of upper surface very weakly repeated on hind wing and basal half of forewing, somewhat more strongly repeated on distal half of forewing. Expanse 21 to 24 mm.
Two New Species of Cyrtinus LeConte (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Howden Henry F.
Published: January 2010

In a recent paper (1959), I described two new species of Cyrtinus and gave a key to the New World species of the tribe Cyrtinini. Two additional new species have been discovered, one from Jamaica and one from the Big Bend region of Texas. The Jamaican species is most closely related to Cyrtinus sandersoni Howden, while the Texas species appears to be near Cyrtinus pygmaeus (Haldeman).
A Roll-Up Field Cage for Insects
Authors: Nicholls C. F.
Published: January 2010

Most conventional field cages are bulky and difficult to handle, even when they can be partially disassembled. Consequently, a cage that has little weight and is easily collapsed and rolled into a small bundle would be advantageous. This paper describes such a cage that weighs only three pounds and is easily rolled into a bundle about four inches in diameter.
A Simple Freeze-Drying Apparatus for Preserving Plant Materials Treated with Insecticides
Authors: McDonald S. , Hall N. W.
Published: January 2010

Freeze-drying equipment at this station capable of handling bulk quantities of fresh plant material was designed as a single unit and was therefore unsatisfactory for use with plant materials having insecticide residues because decontamination was difficult and quantitative recovery of the condensate after each run was almost impossible. The condensate may contain a considerable portion of the insecticide and contamination could influence assay results. To overcome these problems a simple apparatus, modified after the Cole-Palmer bulk freeze-dryer (Cole-Palmer Instrument and Equipment Company, Chicago, Illinois), was constructed from readily available materials with a minimum of machine-shop labor.
A New Genus of Pyralidae and its Species (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: January 2010

Frons somewhat flattened and oblique; labial palpus upturned, second joint with a deep, compressed carina of scales anteroventrally, third joint short and blunt, concealed in scaling of second; body moderately robust; praecinctorium prominently bilobed; anal tuft of male prominent. Forewing rather narrow, outer margin sinuate, apex acute; R1, from hefore apex of cell; R3, from apex, closely approximated to R3 + 4; R3 and R4, stalked for about three-fifths of their length; R5, straight and well-separated from R3 + 4; M1 from behind anterior angle of cell; discocellular weakly angulate; M2, M3 and Cu1, arising fairly close together around posterior angle of cell; M3 and Cu1, weakly approximated basally; Cu2 from cell rather close to angle; anal loop large and complete. Hind wing with outer margin weakly sinuated; Sc and Rs, strongly anastomosed; Rs, hardly stalked with M1; cell short, discocellular weakly angled in middle; M2, M3 and Cu1 from posterior angle of cell, approximated basally; Cu2 from very close to angle of cell; three anal veins present.
New Nearctic Species of the Genus Pristiphora Latreille (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Wong H. R. , Ross H. H.
Published: January 2010

Since the last revision of the genus Pristiphora Latreille by Marlatt (1896), several new species of this genus have come to the attention of the authors. The following descriptions of these are essential to the development of other studies concerning the biology of individual species, and a study of the evolution of the genus by the senior author.
Outbreaks of the Forest Tent Caterpillar,Malacosoma disstriaHbn., and Their Effects on Stands of Trembling Aspen in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Hildahl V. , Reeks W. A.
Published: January 2010

Stands of trembling aspen in Manitoba and Saskatchewan are frequently attacked by the forest tent caterpillar,Malacosoma disstriaHbn. The recent history of attack is reviewed in this paper to determine if there is evidence of a consistent pattern of outbreaks and if the latest of these had any appreciable effect on aspen stands in the two provinces.
Taxonomy of Cocoons and Puparia, and their Contents, of Canadian Parasites of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Finlayson Thelma
Published: January 2010

This is the first of a danned series of pauers on the taxonomy of the cocoons and puparia, cast larval skins, and other remains of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera that are found in or near the remains of parasitized hosts after the parasites have emerged. The study is based. at least initially, on the host species so that the keys and descriptions may be of use to those who work on the host species as such and who wish to name parasite remains they encounter. The parasites of Diprionidae will be dealt with first, because of the economic significance of these sawflies. The present paper deals with the known Canadian parasites of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.), and includes descriptions of the structures that are of taxonomic significance and of the methods used in their study; these descriptions will be in general applicable to the species to be discussed in subsequent papers.
A New Species of Monellia Oestlund, with a Synopsis of the Aphids Attacking Hickory and Walnut in Canada
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

The walnut and hickory aphids comprise the genera Chromnaphis Walker, Monellia Oestlund and a somewhat aberrant species of Myzocallis Passerini. Chromaphis contains a single species that occurs widely on walnut in Europe and North America. Monellia is larger, is restricted to North-America, and has been recorded from both walnut and hickory. Four species of Monellia occur in Canada, one of which is herein described as new.
Immature Stages, Life Histories, and Behaviour of Two Hymenopterous Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Juillet J. A.
Published: January 2010

Orgilus obscurator (Nees) (Braconidae) and Temelucha interruptor (Grav.) (Ichneumonidae), parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), were imported from Europe and released in Waterloo County Reforestation Area, near Elmira, Ontario, from 1955 to 1959.

O. obscurator is the only braconid of known economic importance as a parasite of the shoot moth in Europe (Thorpe, 1930). Recent importations showed that it is also the most abundant parasite of this host throughout Europe. The species was first imported from England in 1928, but was present in Canada earlier (Watson and Arthur, 1959) which suggests an earlier accidental introduction with the host. A total of 8,878 adults were released in Ontario in 1928 to 1949 (Coppel and Arthur, 1954) and 7,912 in 1955 to 1959.
Spathimeigenia spinigera Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae), a Parasite of Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Authors: Tripp Howard A.
Published: January 2010

The sawfly Neodiprion swainei Midd. has long been recognized as a serious defoliator of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., but it was not until the relatively recent use of jack pine as a raw material for pulp that interest in the sawfly became acute. Subsequently, investigations into the natural control of N. swainei were begun in the year 1955 near the headwaters of the Gatineau River, P.Q. (47° 55′ N., 75° 25′ W.) which was considered to be near the centre of the current infestation.
A Polyhedrosis Virus and a Microsporidian Disease of Aletia oxygala luteopallens (Sm.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A.
Published: January 2010

Larvae of Aletia oxygala luteopallens (Sm.) found on chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in Quebec City in May, 1958, were infested with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and with a microsporidian. Larvae suffering from polyhedrosis leave the interior of the stems, die, and remain hanging in a characteristic way “glued” to the exterior of stems. The diagnosis of the polyhedrosis virus was confirmed by Dr. G. H. Bergold at the Insect Pathology Research Institute at Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, and that of the microsporidian by Dr. H. M. Thomson of the same Institute. Neither microorganism had ever been noticed before.
Biology of the Diamondback Moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), in Eastern Ontario III. Natural Enemies
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

The diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.), is a sporadic pest of cruciferous crops throughout Canada. It is normally held in check by a multiplicity of environmental factors, chiefly biotic; however, serious outbreaks do occur (MacNay, 1948, 1953, 1957, 1959). In eastern Ontario it has been extremely numerous since late 1951, and during the present study, 1952 – 1956, it was more abundant than the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), or the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) . Two earlier papers (Harcourt, 1956, 1957) presented the history, distribution, and synonymy of the insect, giving general descriptions of the stages and many aspects of its biology in eastern Ontario. This article gives the relative abundance of its parasites and predators, and discusses certain population relationships.
The Need for Direct Observation of Behaviour in Studies of Temperature Effects on Light Reactions
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: January 2010

Many insects which are photopositive at moderate temperatures begin to react photonegatively when they are heated sufficiently. If they are returned to lower temperatures, they become photopositive again. This reversible reaction sometimes prevents injury or death in any environment. In extreme environments, it permits some species to live where they could not survive without it. Consequently, a knowledge of the responses involved and the temperatures at which they occur may help investigators to understand otherwise inexplicable changes in the behaviour, numbers, or distribution of natural populations.
Ecological Life-History of the Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Authors: Turnock W. J.
Published: January 2010

The larch sawfly is a common defoliator of trees of the genus Larix throughout the Holarctic Region. In North America it has been reported from every province of Canada but in the United States it is confined to the northeastern States, the Lake States, and north-western Montana (Drooz, 1956). The northern limits of distribution have not been determined, but extend as far as 61° N. lat. north of Saskatchewan.
Mass Rearing of the Cabbage Maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in the Greenhouse
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: January 2010

Large numbers of each of the stages of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), are often required for studies on biology or on biological or chemical control of the insect. A method has been reported by Sherwood and Pond (1954) for maintaining a colony for more than a year. The method described herein enables mass rearing of eggs, larvae and pupae and easy separation of any stage.
Anatomical Characters Distinguishing Bryobia arborea M. & A. and B. praetiosa Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from Various Areas of the World
Authors: Morgan C. V. G.
Published: January 2010

On the basis of anatomical and ecological differences, Morgan and Anderson (1957) and Anderson and Morgan (1958) divided the Bryobia praetiosa complex of British Columbia into two species; the brown mite, B. arborea M. & A., 1957, found exclusively on fruit trees, and the clover mite, B. praetiosa Koch, 1836, found chiefly on herbaceous plants and known more commonly as a household pea. Acarologists in Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Russia have separated the complex into a number of species principally on anatomical bases (Pritchard and Keifer, 1958). In a recent exhaustive treatise of the complex in Switzerland, Mathys (1957) proposed five species and four ‘forms’.
Notes on the Juniper Berry Mite, Trisetacus quadrisetus (Thomas) (Acarina: Eriophyidae), in British Columbia
Authors: Morgan C. V. G. , Hedlin A. F.
Published: January 2010

The juniper berry mite, Trisetacus (Eriophyes) quadrisetus (Thomas), was unknown in Canada until 1956, when its occurrence was noted on Rocky Mountain juniper, Juniperus scopulorum Sarg., in the Tzouhalem Indian Reserve near Duncan on Vancouver Island, B.C.; it has not been found elsewhere in the Province (Fig. 1). Material was first submitted to the authors by Mr. W. G. Ziller, Forest Biology Laboratory, Victoria, B.C. Each year almost the entire crop of berries on the only two trees in the area is destroyed by the mite; these trees are 30 and 50 feet high. In 1956 and 1957, no normal berries were observed. In 1959, only four healthy berries were found amongst 715 examined from the two trees. Such a heavy infestation indicates that seed production by these trees was practically eliminated since feeding by the mite destroys the seed.
Relationship between Grasshopper Abundance and Weather Conditions in Saskatchewan, 1930-1958
Authors: Edwards Roy L.
Published: January 2010

The statement of Criddle (1917) that grasshopper outbreaks are associated with periods of dry weather has been repeated by many authors, but a close relationship has never been demonstrated.

Parker (1933) showed that at six localities in the United States grasshopper outbreaks during the period 1915-1933 had been preceded by periods of two to four years when either rainfall had been below normal during May-June or temperature had been above normal during July-September. Similarly Smith (1954) concluded that between 1910 and 1953 outbreaks in Kansas had been preceded by two years of sub-normal rainfall. Parker's charts show that grasshopper outbreaks generally followed periods of hot weather, but the charts of both authors show that only about half the time did outbreaks follow periods of dry weather – a situation that could be largely due to chance.

MacCarthy (1956) calculated the correlation coefficients between weather factors and populations of M. bilituratus (Walker) in five large areas of Saskatchewan during the period 1943-1952. His tables show generally insignificant correlation with total precipitation and only with mean minimum monthlv temperature in June of the previous year was there significant correlation in all five areas.

The present investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine whether a sufficiently close relationship between grasshopper populations and climate could be found for use in predicting grasshopper outbreaks.
Parasites of Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer in Northern Ontario
Authors: Griffiths K. J.
Published: January 2010

Ourbreaks of the jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion pratti banksianae Rohwer, occur in northern Ontario at irregular intervals. Two independent outbreaks within 50 miles of each other – one on Great Cloche Island (McGugan et al., 1952) which lies in the North Channel of Lake Huron between Manitoulin Island and the mainland, and the other near Nairn Centre, approximately 30 miles west of Sudbury, Ontario – offered an opportunity to study the parasitism of this important defoliator. In 1954, when the study was started, heavy defoliation had been reported for several years in the Great Cloche outbreak, and light defoliation had occurred for one year in the Nairn Centre outbreak. Populations decreased in the Great Cloche area but remained relatively constant at a low level in the Nairn Centre area during 1955 and 1956, when the work was completed.
Another Holarctic Species of Tabanidae (Diptera)
Authors: Philip Cornelius B.
Published: January 2010

The species of the genus Hybomitra (Tylostypia) have been most vigorous of the family Tabanidae in colonizing the boreal regions. However, the number of holarctic Tabanidae of this genus is surprisingly few in consideration of the 53 species assigned to North America and the 86 to Eurasia. Only H. sexfasciata (Hine; borealis “Lw.” of authors), H. aequetincta (Becker) and H. epistates (O.S.) in addition to Chrysops nigripes Zett. have crossed the northern Atlantic and/or Pacific Oceans (Philip, 1956). It is not surprising therefore to discover that there is an additional holarctic species which has been known under two different names in the Old and New Worlds.
Resistance to Low Temperatures of the Overwintering Stages of Two Introduced Parasites of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Juillet J. A.
Published: January 2010

Two introduced hymenopterous parasites of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.), are established and widely distributed in southern Ontario: the braconid Orgilus obscurator (Nees) and the ichneumonid Temelucha interruptor (Grav.). Though these two species are economically important in the control of the shoot moth in Europe, they have never become efficient in Canada. A possible cause of their lack of efficiency may be their susceptibility to low temperatures.

This paper is a report on an investigation of the ability of these parasites to withstand low winter temperatures. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the resistance of the overwintering larval stages of the parasites to low temperatures. Field observations on the mortality of host and parasites were made at the Waterloo County Reforestation Area, Elmira, near Guelph, Ontario, during the winter of 1958–1959.
Control of Adult Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Forests of Eastern Canada by Aircraft Spraying
Authors: Peterson D. G. , West A. S.
Published: January 2010

A study of the biology and control of black flies in the forests of Eastern Canada was conducted on the north shore of the St. Lawrence River, near Baie Comeau, Quebec, from 1954 to 1956. Reference was made to this study by Peterson and Wolfe (1958). Details on the identity of species, and studies on their life histories and habits were reported by Wolfe and Peterson (1959), while the control of black-fly larvae by aircraft spraying was described by West, Brown, and Peterson (in press). Experiments on the control of adult black flies by aircraft spraying are reported in this paper.
Life History of the Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia adana Heinrich, in Ontario (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: January 2010

Infestations of Rhyacionia adana Heinrich have almost certainly been common in young pine plantations throughout southern Ontario for a number of years, but, because resultant tree damage has been confused with that of the European pine shoot moth, R. buoliana (Schiff.), the species itself has been overlooked.

Although R. adana was described in 1923 (Heinrich, 1923), the seasonal history has never been worked out, and even the host plants were not recorded until 1959 (Martin, 1959). In 1957, a study program was begun to learn the life history and habits of the species in Ontario, the results of which are presented here.
Survival of Unfed First-Instar Grasshoppers
Authors: Smith D. S.
Published: January 2010

During some investigations on grasshoppers it became necessary to know how long they would survive without food or water after hatching. The literature contains only scanty observations. Washburn (1911) reported that grasshoppers “freshly hatched, can live from four to five days without food”. Langford (1930) showed that 30 per cent of Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeG.) and M. differenrialis (Thos.) (adults?) survived for two days at 95° F. without food and 100 per cent survived for two days at 69° F. At 38° F. 40 per cent survived for 13 days. Telenga (1930) kept first-instar Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. in outdoor cages without food and water where they survived only two days. Bodenheimer (1929) found that the average life of newly hatched S. gregaria in outdoor cages without food at ± 15° C. was 3.6 days, with a maximum of nine days, and that later instars that were starved lived longer at higher humidities. Ludwig (1937) testing the effect of different relative humidities on survival showed that third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeG.) survived starvation for 5.2 to 6.6 days at 25° C, at all re1ative humidities from 5 to 96 per cent.
A New Species and a New Subgenus of Sitomyzus Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: January 2010

Sitomyzus was erected for a grass-feeding species of aphid, S. vibei H.R.L. which is known to occur only in Greenland (Hille Ris Lambers, 1952). In this paper a second species is desdribed from British Columbia, and a third, common, widespread species, Rhopalosiphum rhois Monell, is also assigned to this genus. The latter species is placed in Sitomyzus largely on the basis of similarities between the alate viviparae of rhois and those of other representatives of this genus. The apterae of rhois are very distinct however, and a new subgenus is herein erected for this species.
Bryobia agropyra, a New Species Allied to curiosa, from British Columbia (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Morgan C. V. G.
Published: January 2010

Since Summers described Bryobia curiosa in 1953 from an unknown host in the Mojave Desert, California, this unusual mite with the stylophore cleft mediodistally has never been reported elsewhere. In 1959, two new, closely related species were discovered: one was found at Summerland, British Columbia, and is described herein; the other was taken in California. I am indebted to Dr. F. M. Summers, University of California, Davis, Calif., for the loan of specimens of B. curiosa and for permitting me to examine specimens of his undescribed species from California.
On the Life History of the Douglas-fir Cone Moth, Barbara colfaxiana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and one of its Parasites, Glypta evetriae Cush. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Hedlin A. F.
Published: January 2010

The Douglas-fir cone moth has been reported causing damage to cones and seeds of Douglas fir for a number of years; reports of seed loss range from light to almost 100 per cent. The insect occurs throughout the range of the host in British Columbia, the Pacific Coast States, and the Rocky Mountains.

Observations recorded here were made during 1957 and 1958 in the Cowichan Lake area of Vancouver Island, and 1959 in the interior of British Columbia.
A Technique for Individual Rearing of the Predacious Mite Melichares dentriticus (Berlese) (Acarina: Aceosejidae) with Notes on its Life History and Behaviour
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: January 2010

The predacious mite, Melichares dentriticus (Berlese), has been mass-cultured (Burnett, 1960) for the past few years at this laboratory on populations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (= castellanii (Hirst)) (Acarina: Acaridae) (Robertson, 1959). Individual rearings, however, were required to obtain detailed information on the life history, behaviour, and ecological requirements, prior to the use of this species as an experimental animal in the study of predatorprey interactions. This paper is an account of the various techniques tested and of the observations made throughout these studies.
Observations on the Spread of Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae: Diptera), an Introduced Parasite of the Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), (Geometridae: Lepidoptera), in Nova Scotia
Authors: Embree D. G.
Published: January 2010

Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) has been introduced into Nova Scotia as a control measure against the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.). The parasite attacks the late larval stages of the winter moth, pupates within the host in the ground, and emerges in the spring. The first liberations were made at Oak Hill near Bridgewater and the dates of releases as well as the numbers released were reported by Graham (1958) as follows: 1954, 31; 1955, 1008; 1956, 1005; 1957, 250. Graham made recoveries of C. albicans from rearings of larvae collected at Oak Hill in 1956 and 1957 and found that parasitism was less than two per cent both years. While liberations have been made at other locations in the Province since 1957, no further releases have been made at or near Oak Hill.
A Practical Method for Rearing Monochamus scutellatus (Say) and M. notatus (Drury) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Paim U. , Beckel W. E.
Published: January 2010

Long-term studies of the biology of bark and cambium-feeding insects have been limited to observations in the field or to rearing methods which present conditions deviating from the natural habitat and requiring considerable labor and material. A simple rearing technique is required which will simulate the normal habitat yet will allow the rearing of a numerous and continuously visible stock of specimens without repeated handling.
Infection of the Jack Pine Budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman, with a Nuclear Polyhidrosis Virus of the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Stairs G. R.
Published: January 2010

A nuclear polyhedrosis virus has been isolated from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Bergold, 1949; Bird, 1949; Bergold, 1951; Bird and Whalen, 1954; Bird, 1959), but no similar virus has been recovered from the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus Freeman. Since these two species are very closely related (Smith, 1953) it was of interest to determine if C. pinus is susceptible to the C. fumiferana virus.
The Growth Characteristics, in Terms of Live Weight, of Some Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) of Western Canada
Authors: Putnam L. G. , Peters E. G.
Published: January 2010

Although the live weights of the successive stages of some of the old world Acrididae are known (Bodenheimer, 1929; Key, 1936; Duarte, 1938; Husain, et al., 1946; Davey, 1954; Richards and Waloff, 1954), this information has been obtained only for Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.) among the grasshopper species of Western Canada (Smith, 1958). In addition to the establishment of growth curves, weight data are useful for computing the biomass of acridid fauna in any situation. As data accumulate to permit the development of a generalized relationship of food consumed to body weight, (e.g. Davey, 1954; Misra, 1956; Gangwere, 1958; Smith, 1958; Putnam, unpublished data), live weight could become a useful quantity for estimating the damage potential of any acridid population.