bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—A Contribution to the Life-Histories of the Cod and Whiting
Authors: Masterman Arthur T.
Published: January 2013

Considering the abundance of this gadoid, it is a matter for surprise that our knowledge of its life-history is not more complete. The work of Prof. Sars upon the cod in Norwegian waters is well known, and need not be referred to in any detail here. It is, however, important to avoid the assumption that his account will apply in every detail to the cod of British waters.

In 1883 Prof. M'Intosh showed that the cod spawned in early spring and that spawning was effected outside the territorial limit. Dr Fulton, from an examination of a number of captured specimens, was led to the same conclusion; and further, that the cod, whilst having an extended spawning period reaching from January to June, must be regarded as having a main period of February, March, and April, the great majority of individuals spawning in the month of March. Thus whilst 40 per cent, of the fish examined in March were mature, the proportion fell to 16 per cent, for February and April, and 10 per cent, for May. In estimating the growth of this species, by the method pursued below, it is probably most correct to regard the true spawning period as including the months of February, March, April, and May. A study of the distribution of pelagic eggs off the Frith of Forth leads to a similar conclusion. From this latter source the spawning period of the cod can be defined as extending from the third week in February to the second week in May, with a maximum in early April.
VIII.—Observations of the Edinburgh Rock Thermometers
Authors: Heath Thomas
Published: January 2013

The accompanying Tables I. and II. contain the readings from May 1888 to December 1899 of the new set of deep rook thermometers erected in June 1879 at the Calton Hill Observatory, to replace the old set which were destroyed in September 1876. The tables are in continuation of, and are similarly arranged to, those published by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in Vol. XXXV. part 3 of the Transactions, along with a paper by the late Prof. Piazzi Smyth. The tables published with Prof. Smyth's paper contain the observations made between October 1879 and April 1888, being the beginning of the series with the new set of thermometers.
IX.—Some Identities connected with Alternants, and with Elliptic Functions
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: January 2013

(l) Cayley in his paper entitled “Note sur l'addition des fonctions elliptiques” obtains among other similar things an expression for

in terms of

where

The form of the expression is the quotient of two determinants, and as the expression becomes useless for such cases as u = v, u = w, … on account of the simultaneous vanishing of numerator and denominator, he is led to seek a means of throwing out the common evanescent factors.
XV.—On the Anatomy of a Collection of Slugs from N.W. Borneo; with a List of the Species recorded from that Region
Authors: Collinge Walter E.
Published: January 2013

In the early part of 1900 I received from J. H. Ponsonby, Esq., a small collection of land molluses from N.W. Borneo, with a request that I would investigate and report upon the same. This collection, the property of the Sarawak Museum, proved, on examination, to contain examples of two new genera (WiegmanniaandIsselentia) of great interest. In the case of the former genus there were only two specimens, each belonging to a different species; and as more material was very desirable, Mr Ponsonby very kindly invited the authorities of the Museum to send over, if possible, a further collection. This, in due course, arrived, but contained duplicates ofIsselentiaonly, the remaining specimens being all new species, excepting one, which proved to be theDamayantia dilectaof Issel, which, I believe, has not previously been found since described in 1874.
XVIII.—On a Possible Stridulating Organ in the Mosquito. (Anopheles maculipennis, Meig.)
Authors: Shipley A. E. , Wilson Edwin
Published: January 2013

At the base of the wings of Anopheles maculipennis, Meig, is a small quadrilateral area (fig. 2, Plate) which has escaped the notice of the systematist, since the nervures in which he is interested lie almost entirely beyond the area in question, and which has escaped the notice of the morphologist, because it presents to him but a confused outline of meaningless ridges and intervening depressions of no structural importance. If, however, the well-preserved wing of a mosquito, whilst still attached to the thorax, be examined, a very curious apparatus can be made out, lying across the centre of the said quadrilateral area which is bounded posteriorly by the alula. This apparatus lies at about equal distances from the anterior and the posterior edge of the wing, and divides the base of the wings roughly into two halves.
XIX.—On the Histology of the Blood of the Larva of Lepidosiren paradoxa Part II. Hæmatogenesis
Authors: Bryce Thomas H.
Published: January 2013

In the first part of this memoir I described the structure of the corpuscles at a stage of larval development when the red cells were actively dividing and the blood contained several varieties of white cells. During the course of these more strictly cytological observations, it was impressed upon me that the great size of the elements and their very marked histological characters, combined with the simple character of the organisation of the animal, made Lepidosiren a very favourable case for the study of the first principles of Hæmatogenesis. I was specially interested in what may be termed a middle phase in the history of the blood. I refer to a period after the primitive corpuscles have acquired haemoglobin and there are leucocytes present, but before the blood-forming organs are unfolded. This stage lasts a relatively long time in Lepidosiren up to the differentiation of the spleen, as the liver takes no part in blood-formation at any period.
XXV.—The Generating Function of the Reciprocal of a Determinant
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: January 2013

(1) This is a subject to which very little study has been directed. The first to enunciate any proposition regarding it was Jacobi; but the solitary result which he reached received no attention from mathematicians,—certainly no fruitful attention,—during seventy years following the publication of it.

Jacobi was concerned with a problem regarding the partition of a fraction with composite denominator (u1 − t1) (u2 − t2) … into other fractions whose denominators are factors of the original, where u1, u2, … are linear homogeneous functions of one and the same set of variables. The specific character of the partition was only definable by viewing the given fraction (u1−t1)−1 (u2−t2)−1…as expanded in series form, it being required that each partial fraction should be the aggregate of a certain set of terms in this series. Of course the question of the order of the terms in each factor of the original denominator had to be attended to at the outset, since the expansion for (a1x+b1y+c1z−t)−1 is not the same as for (b1y+c1z+a1x−t)−1. Now one general proposition to which Jacobi was led in the course of this investigation was that the coefficient ofx1−1x2−1x3−1…in the expansion ofy1−1u2−1u3−1…, where

is |a1b2c3…|−1, provided that in energy case the first term of uris that containing xr.
XVIII.—On Steam and Brines
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: January 2013

The immediate purpose of the present research was the investigation of the temperature at different pressures of boiling mixtures of steam and salts, analogous to the well-known freezing mixtures of ice and salt.

When steam is blown through common salt in coarse powder, it condenses to water, which dissolves some of the salt, and the resulting brine is kept boiling by the arrival of more steam. The temperature of this boiling mixture is quite constant so long as there is an abundant supply both of steam and of salt, and as the atmospheric pressure does not change, it is about 8·5° C. above the temperature of boiling water when the barometric pressure is the normal of 760 mm. When the barometric pressure is 560 mm. this excess has fallen to 8·0° C. Most other salts behave in a similar way.
XIX.—On a Silurian Scorpion and some additional Eurypterid Remains from the Pentland Hills
Authors: Laurie Malcolm
Published: January 2013

In 1892 I communicated to this Society an account of a collection of Eurypterids from the Upper Silurian rocks of the Pentland Hills, in which I described new species and a new genus. Since that time I have had the opportunity of examining two other collections from the same locality. One of these was formed with the aid of a grant from the British Association. The fossiliferous bed—for these remains occur in a single thin bed of rock—was laid bare, and a considerable amount of it removed and split up. In this latter work I was fortunate to get the assistance of Mr John Henderson, the original discoverer of the locality, and I am glad to have this opportunity of recording my indebtedness to him. A fair number of specimens was thus procured, which not only threw considerable light on the structure of some of the already described forms, but gave evidence of some species as yet undescribed. More important than this collection, however, was the one formed by the late Mr Hardie of Bavelaw Castle, who had for many years collected among the Pentland Silurians. His collection was, on his death, acquired by the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, and Dr Traquair kindly put the collection in my hands for examination. From the size of the collection I expected some new and interesting results, and have been far from being disappointed. Seven new species of Eurypterids have come to light and one Scorpion.
XXIX.—On the Development and Morphology of the Marsupial Shoulder Girdle
Authors: Broom R.
Published: January 2013

The various structures in the marsupial shoulder girdle are so unquestionably homologous with similar structures in the girdle of the human subject and of the Eutheria generally, that there has never been any difficulty in interpreting the parts in terms of human anatomy; but when the elements are compared with those in what we may consider to have been the ancestral condition, such as is exemplified in the shoulder girdle of the Monotremes, or of the Anomodonts, or in the more distantly related conditions met with in modern Reptiles and Amphibians, we are confronted with quite a number of difficulties, to which the most varied solutions have been applied by different morphologists. The chief difficulty in the way of comparing the typical mammalian girdle with that of the lower forms, is that in the girdle of the higher mammals certain structures are rudimentary, and, further, that the forms that have hitherto been examined have been so far removed from the ancestral stock that even a study of the early developmental conditions fails to give any clues that are more satisfactory than those afforded by comparative anatomy. Though it has been suspected that further results would be obtained from the study of the early condition in Marsupials and Monotremes, the embryos of these groups that have hitherto been studied have been too old to yield much further evidence than that obtained by a study of the adult forms.
XIII.—Hegel and the Metaphysics of the Fluxional Calculus
Authors: Smith W. Robertson
Published: January 2013

It is now many years since Dr Whewell drew the attention of the Cambridge Philosophical Society to the courageous, if somewhat Quixotic, attempts of Hegel to cast discredit on Newton's law of gravitation, and on the mathematical demonstrations of Kepler's laws given in the “Principia.” At the time when Whewell wrote, it would probably have been difficult to find in Britain any one ready to maintain the cause of Hegel in this matter, or even to hint that the astounding arguments of the Naturphilosophie flowed from any deeper source than self-complacent ignorance.

The present state of matters is different. The philosophy of Hegel is now for the first time beginning to have a direct and powerful influence on British speculation. Men are beginning to study Hegel; and an author whose works confessedly demand the labour of years, if they are to be fully understood, can hardly be studied at all except by devoted disciples. A man whose determination to master Hegel's philosophy survives the repelling impression which the obscurity and arrogance of the philosopher are sure to produce at first, is very likely to be carried away by the calm assumption of omniscience which runs through Hegel's writings. It is not, therefore, surprising that Dr Stirling extends his admiration to Hegel's physical positions; and if he does not venture to say that Hegel's proof of Kepler's laws is right, at least feels sure that it would repay the attention of mathematicians.
XXI.—A further Contribution to the Freshwater Plankton of the Scottish Lochs
Authors: West W. , West G. S.
Published: January 2013

Our first investigation of Scottish plankton in 1901–2, although only tentative and somewhat meagre, was sufficient to show that, as regards the phytoplankton, the lochs of the west and north-west of Scotland were probably richer than any lakes previously examined. Owing to the extraordinary richness of the few collections then examined, it was considered eminently desirable that the investigation should be further extended. This we have been enabled to do by means of a third successive grant from the Royal Society, and the present paper is one of the results of a visit to the north-west of Scotland in July, August, and September, 1903.
XXII.—The Nudibranchiata of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Eliot Charles
Published: January 2013

The nudibranchs collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition comprise only six species, but these include two new and interesting genera.

The species are—

1. Notaeolidia gigas, gen. et spec. nov.

2. N. purpurea, sp. nov.

3. Tritonia appendiculata, sp. nov.

4. T. pallida, Stimpson.

5. Tritoniopsis brucei, gen. et sp. nov.

6. Scyllaea pelagica, L.

The Scyllaea was caught on the return voyage, in the Atlantic, 32° N., 33° W.; Tritonia pallida, off Dassen Island, forty miles north of Cape Town; Tritoniopsis brucei, off Gough Island, 40° 20′ S., 9° 56′ W.; and the three remaining species in Antarctic waters.
XXVII.—The Tardigrada of the Scottish Lochs
Authors: Murray James
Published: January 2013

Although they are thoroughly aquatic animals, the Tardigrada. are not very abundant in permanent waters. They are most thoroughly at home in situations where the supply of moisture is intermittent, and are therefore conspicuous members of that numerous community of animals known as moss-dwellers. They share with the Bdelloid Rotifera the power of withstanding dessication.

Although they have their headquarters in land mosses, many species are quite at home in ponds, rivers, and lakes.

As lacustrine animals they belong entirely to the littoral region, into which they no doubt continually migrate from the adjoining mosses. A favourite habitat is that strip of shore between the highest and lowest levels of the lake, the ‘grève inondable’. of Forel. Into this often mossy margin they may migrate in the ordinary way, when the loch is low. The next step may be involuntary—the loch rises during floods, and the bears, in common with many other animals, find themselves, willy-nilly, converted into lake-dwellers. It appears to be certain that of the water-bears introduced into lakes, by whatever means, some have found the conditions very congenial. Several species have hitherto been found nowhere but in lakes.
XXIX.—Semi-regular Networks of the Plane in Absolute Geometry
Authors: Sommerville Duncan M. Y.
Published: January 2013

§ 1. The networks considered in the following paper are those networks of the plane whose meshes are regular polygons with the same length of side.

When the polygons are all of the same kind the network is called regular, otherwise it is semi-regular.

The regular networks have been investigated for the three geometries from various standpoints, the chief of which may be noted.

1. The three geometries can be treated separately. For Euclidean geometry we have then to find what regular polygons will exactly fill up the space round a point. For elliptic geometry we have to find the regular divisions of the sphere, or, what is the same thing, the regular polyhedra in ordinary space. The regular networks which do not belong to either of these classes are then those of the hyperbolic plane.
XXXIII.—The Alcyonarians of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Thomson J. Arthur , Ritchie James
Published: January 2013

The Aleyonarians collected by Mr W. S. Bruce on the Scotia voyage represent nine species—six of which are new, namely:—

Primnoisis ramosa, n. sp.

Thonarella brucci, n. sp.

Amphilaphis regularis, Wright and Studer.

Primnoella scotiæ, n. sp.

Primnoella magellanica, Studer.

Paramuricea robusta, n. sp.

Gorgonia wrighti, n. sp.

Gorgonia studeri, n. sp.

Umbellula durissima, Kölliker.

Apart from the six new species, the collection is of interest in extending our knowledge of the geographical distribution of previously recorded forms. Thus Amphilaphis regularis, Wright and Studer, previously collected off Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, and off Nightingale Island, was got in abundance off St Helena; Primnoella magellanica, Studer, previously collected off Monte Video and in the Magellan Straits, was obtained at Burdwood Bank 54° 25′ S., 57° 32′ W.; while Umbellula durissima, Wright and Studer, previously obtained by the Challenger from the North Pacific Ocean, south of Yeddo, was found by the Scotia at 48° 06′ S., 10° 5′ W.
XIV.—On a New Species of Sclerocheilus, with a Revision of the Genus
Authors: Ashworth J. H.
Published: January 2013

The Polychæte family Scalibregmidæ comprises seven genera, the limits and interrelationships of which are, however, still imperfectly known. The present paper results from a detailed study of one of these genera, a new species of which is described, chiefly from a specimen collected in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys, and entrusted to me for examination by Dr W. S. Bruce.

Description of the Specimen Collected in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys.: This specimen, the only Scalibregmid found by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, was dredged on a stony bottom in ten fathoms at Station 325, in Scotia Bay, South Orkneys (lat. 60° 43′ 42″ S.; long. 44° 38′ 33″ W.), in August 1903.

The worm, which is yellowish brown in colour (in alcohol), is 19 mm. long. The anterior portion is broad; the maximum breadth, 3 mm., is reached about the level of the 10th segment; from this region the worm tapers gradually to the anal segment. The dorsal surface of the worm is strongly convex; the ventral surface is flattened, and there is a well-marked depression which extends along the mid-ventral line from the 2nd chætiferous segment almost to the anus.
X.—On the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases. IV.
Authors: Tait
Published: January 2013

[A few words are necessary to explain why the present paper has hitherto been printed in Abstract only, and to show what modifications it has undergone since it was read more than two years ago.

In the paper, as it was first presented to the Society, I contented myself with the usual practice of extracting from the virial a negative term (— βp) to represent at least a portion of the part due to the molecular repulsion at impact. But, as will be seen by the Abstract printed at the time (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 21/1/89), I stated that though this procedure is correct when molecular attraction is not taken into account, it requires considerable modification when such attractions are introduced. I also stated that its main effect would be to alter one of the disposable quantities (A) in my equation. I have since seen that the definition, of what we are now to understand by “temperature,” which I then introduced, leads naturally and directly to the writing of a part of A in the form

−e(E+C/(v+γ)),

where E is proportional to the absolute temperature and to the average energy of a free particle. This remark really substitutes the new undetermined quantity e for the β which occurred in my former expression.
XI.—Anatomical Description of Two New Genera of Aquatic Oligochœta
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: January 2013

At present our knowledge of the exotic genera of the aquatic Oligochæta is not very far advanced. During the last twenty years there has been a considerable accumulation of descriptions of exotic Earthworms, but the lower Oligochæta have been much less studied. The principal investigations into this group have been carried on by Eisen, who has made us acquainted with a number of interesting forms, belonging to the families Tubificidæ and Lumbriculidæ, from North America. Other naturalists, such as Leidy, have also dealt with the Oligochætous fauna of that country; but their papers have chiefly had for their object the discrimination of genera and species, and are not so much concerned with the description and delineation of anatomical structure. Beyond the series of papers published by the above-mentioned authors, we have only a few scattered memoirs by other writers upon exotic species of “Limicolous” Oligochæta.

Having recently been awarded, by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, a sum of money to assist me in the investigation of the Oligochæta, I have been anxious not to limit myself to Earthworms, but to obtain as many specimens of the aquatic forms as possible.
XIV.—On the Relation of Nerves to Odontoblasts, and on the Growth of Dentine
Authors: Robertson W. G. Aitchison
Published: January 2013

Clinical and pathological observation both show that the dentine of the tooth is very closely connected with the nervous system, and is in consequence highly sensitive. Upon what structures does the sensibility of the dentine depend? In what manner is the dentine connected with the nerves of the pulp so as to become so sensitive to external stimuli?

Perhaps there is no other structure in the body which is so largely supplied with nerves as the pulp of the tooth; even in the smallest fragment we find many nerve fibres. If we take the pulp from the incisor tooth of an ox and examine it after having allowed it to lie in a solution of osmic acid for a few minutes, we can see clearly through the darkened semi-transparent tissue a large blackened nerve trunk passing up the centre of the pulp, giving off on its way innumerable lateral branches, and dividing in a brush-like manner near the upper part of the pulp. All the fine branches are directed towards the periphery of the pulp. In longitudinal sections of the pulp we can see the same in greater detail; many large bundles of medullated and non-medullated nerve fibres running longitudinally near the centre and giving off lateral branches, which are found in great numbers near the periphery and divide into single nerve fibres just under the odontoblastic layer, being specially numerous at the apex of the pulp.
XVIII.—On Some Relations between Magnetism and Twist in Iron and Nickel (and Cobalt). Parts II. and III
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: January 2013

This paper forms the continuation of a paper already communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and published in the Transactions (vol. xxxv. pp. 377–390). Strictly speaking, it is third of a series bearing on the same subject. In the first I showed that when a current is passed along a longitudinally magnetised nickel wire a twist is produced similar in character but opposite in direction to the twist which Wiedemann discovered to be produced in iron similarly treated. This was the chief result arrived at; but other results were also obtained, especially with regard to the influence of tension, which called for further investigation. In the later paper, the influence of tension was more thoroughly studied; and also the effect of change of temperature. I also discussed more fully the suggestion first made by Maxwell that the effect discovered by Wiedemann can be explained in terms of the changes of length which Joule observed in iron when magnetised. Obviously the same explanation must be extended to the case of nickel, which Barrett had found also to be subject to changes of length when magnetised. Mr Bidwell's recent elaborate measurements of these changes of length enabled me to make an approximate calculation of the twist in an iron tube longitudinally and circularly magnetised. The comparison of the result as calculated for a tube with the result observed for a wire of the same diameter, established, in my opinion, the sufficiency of Maxwell's explanation.
XXL.—On the Anatomy of Ocnerodrilus (Eisen)
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: January 2013

The worms which form the subject of the present communication were forwarded to me, in a living condition, from Kew Gardens.

I have received lately a considerable number of living Oligochæta from those Gardens, through the kindness of Mr Dyer, who permitted me to have the earth arriving from different parts of the world in the Wardian cases, in which plants are packed for travelling, thoroughly sifted, with a view to preserving the worms which had been accidentally included. By these means I have succeeded in obtaining some very interesting new forms, as well as a number of others which are still imperfectly known. The species which I describe in the present paper appears to be a new species of Eisen's genus Ocnerodrilus. The genus Ocnerodrilus was formed by Eisen in 1878 [1] for a small worm found in Fresno County, California. The specimens were all met with in “an irrigation box,” where they were found crawling among the algæ which covered the boards. It is evidently, therefore, aquatic in its habits, but Eisen contrasts its slow movements with the rapid swimming of Lumbriculus and Rhynchelmis, comparing it in general appearance with a small species of Lumbricus.
XXII.—The Maltese Fossil Echinoidea, and their Evidence on the Correlation of the Maltese Rocks
Authors: Gregory J. W. , Murray John
Published: January 2013

The rocks which form the Maltese islands have been at various times referred to very different parts of the Cainozoic group. At first they were all assigned to the Eocene, but a further knowledge of their fossils led to the transference of the whole series to the Miocene, in which system they have been included by most English writers. Herr Th. Fuchs, However, who first attempted any precise determination of the horizons of the subdivisions, correlated the Upper Limestone with the Leithakalk and the Blue Clay with the Schlier, and included the two lowest beds in the Oligocene. Dr Murray, however, in the course of his recent Memoir, has explained the striking palæontological differences between the faunas of the different deposits as due to altered conditions of formation rather than to lapse of time, and seems to follow earlier authors in including the whole series in the Miocene.

The Echinoidea of these deposits were originally described by Dr Wright in 1855,§ with additions and corrections in 1864; but since that time much work has been done on the allied faunas.
Section XI.—The Principle and Construction of the Open Hydrometer
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: January 2013

When the hydrometer is closed its mass cannot be diminished, and it can be increased only by external additions, which in practice must be immersed either in air or in the liquid. The use of submerged weights is attended by so much inconvenience that it has to be avoided; consequently, when the instrument is closed, its mass is increased only by adding weights at the top of the stem. The extent to which such additions can be made depends on the stability of the instrument when floating in the experimental liquid. The instrument (No. 0) which I used exclusively during the voyage of the Challenger weighed, in round numbers, 160 grams, and the greatest weight which had to be added to it was 4·071 grams, which produced no disturbing effect whatever.
Section XV.—On a Remarkable State of Unrest in a Supersaturated Solution of Calcium Chloride before Crystallising.
Authors: Buchanan J. Y.
Published: January 2013

The primary purpose for which the open hydrometer was designed was to investigate the specific gravity and the displacement of solutions having concentrations in the neighbourhood of that of saturation. In § 90 we have seen the satisfactory result of experiments made for this purpose with solutions of chloride of calcium containing 6·3 grm.-mols. CaCl2 per 1000 grams of water. Experiments in the same direction were made with solutions of chloride of calcium of still higher concentration. A parent solution was made, which, on the basis of published data relative to the solubility of the salt, should be supersaturated at 19·5°C. With it, it was intended to produce the solution saturated at this temperature, and to study its specific gravity and that of solutions formed by diluting it with small quantities of water.
XI.—A Late-glacial Site at Loch Droma, Ross and Cromarty
Authors: Kirk W. , Godwin H. , Charlesworth J. K.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Excavations in 1958 for the construction of a dam at Loch Droma, Ross and Cromarty, revealed a deep and extensive section in peat and Late-glacial silts. The section was surveyed, its environs studied, and samples of materials analyzed by the Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen, and the Sub-department of Quaternary Research, University of Cambridge. The watershed location of the site, the early radio-carbon date obtained for the basal silts (12,810 ± 155 B.P.), and the nature of their organic contents, make this a critical site for the elucidation of the deglaciation and vegetational history of the Atlantic seaboard of North-west Scotland. In Part I of this report, W. Kirk describes the site and its setting, and indicates some of the problems it raises for existing glacial chronologies of Northern Scotland, and in Part II, H. Godwin summarizes and comments upon the analyses of organic remains.
An experimental setup for autonomous operation of surface vessels in rough seas
Authors: Mahini Farshad , DiWilliams Leonard , Burke Kevin , Ashrafiuon Hashem
Published: January 2013

A small-scale experimental setup for autonomous target tracking of a surface vessel in the presence of obstacles is presented. The experiments are performed in simulated rough seas through wave, current, and wind generation in a small indoor pool. Absolute position of the agent and the target as well as the obstacle size and position are provided through an overhead camera by detecting color light emitting diodes installed on all objects. Ordinary differential equations with stable limit-cycle solutions are used to define transitional trajectories around obstacles based on the camera data. A sliding mode control law is implemented for real-time tracking control which is capable of rejecting large disturbances from the generated waves and wind. The sliding mode control signals are sent to wireless receivers on the autonomous vessel where a proportional integral speed controller maintains the commanded speed. A special scaling method is presented to show that the environmental forces are similar to those of moderate through high sea states. Several experiments are presented where the autonomous vessel catches and follows a target boat moving in arbitrary trajectories in both the presence and absence of obstacles.
IV. Extract from Inspection Report of the Island of Trinidad, made in the year 1816, by the Inspector of Hospitals, in conjunction with the Quarter-Master General and Chief Engineer for the Windward and Leeward Colonies of the West Indies
Authors: Ferguson William
Published: January 2013

Having heard at Port-of-Spain of an appearance that went by the name of the Mud Volcanoes, we took the opportunity when surveying the southern quarter of Trinidad, to examine them. They are situated near Point Icaque, the southern extremity of the island, on an alluvial tongue of land, that has been appended to the primitive rocks, where no doubt the land originally terminated. This appendage is several miles in length, and points directly into one of the mouths of the Oronoko, on the mainland, about twelve or fifteen miles off.

We landed nearly opposite to where we were told we should find the mud volcanoes, and after making our way about five miles through the woods, across the sandy isthmus, we came upon two plantations very pleasantly situated, amidst a group of remarkable round little hills, each from eighty to a hundred feet in height.
IX. On Circular Polarisation, as exhibited in the Optical Structure of the Amethyst, with Remarks on the Distribution of the Colouring Matter in that Mineral
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In plates of Rock-Crystal cut perpendicular to the axis of the prism, an unusual kind of polarisation had been observed in the colours seen along the axis. The phenomena were subsequently analysed by M. Biot, who remarked, that in some specimens of quartz, the succession of tints appeared by turning the doubly refracting prism from right to left, while in other specimens the same succession was developed by turning the prism from left to right; and he concluded from his experiments, that the quartz impressed upon the particles of light a rotatory motion, and that this property belonged to the ultimate particles of silex, and was independent of their mode of aggregation.

The same species of colours was afterwards observed, about the same time, by MM. Biot and Seebeck, in transmitting polarised light through considerable thicknesses of some essential oils, and solutions of sugar and camphor; and this new fact seemed to confirm the supposition that the colours were not dependent upon crystallisation.
Progenitor Evolution and Dark Energy Time Variation from CLASH SNe Ia
Authors: Regős Enikő ,   CLASH Collaboration
Published: January 2013

The nature and timescales behind the growth of the white dwarf toward the Chandrasekhar mass are not known. The two leading competing scenarios for Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are accretion from a companion [single degenerate (SD)] or merger with another white dwarf [double degenerate (DD)]. Measurement of the SNe Ia delay time distribution could distinguish between these scenarios. Possibly both channels operate, on short (SD) and long (DD) time scales. A supernova search in parallel with our Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble extends the Hubble diagram of SNe Ia to z > 1.5, probing progenitor evolution and testing the constancy of dark energy (DE) with time. We use HST ACS to detect SNe Ia at 1 < z < 1.5 and WFC3 to find SNe Ia at 1.5 < z < 2.5, thus providing constraints for the variation in the DE equation of state. This redshift epoch provides the unique chance to test SNe Ia distance measurements for the deleterious effects of evolution independent of our ignorance of dark energy. Our program provides the first measurement of the SNe Ia rate at z ~ 2.
The Formation and Evolution of ONe White Dwarfs: Prospects for Accretion Induced Collapse
Authors: García–Berro Enrique
Published: January 2013

I review our current understanding of the evolution of stars which experience carbon burning under conditions of partial electron degeneracy and ultimately become thermally pulsing “super” asymptotic giant branch (SAGB) stars with electron-degenerate cores composed primarily of oxygen and neon. The range in stellar mass over which this occurs is very narrow and the interior evolutionary characteristics vary rapidly over this range. Consequently, while those stars with larger masses (~11 M⊙) are likely to undergo electron-capture accretion induced collapse, those models with smaller masses (8.5 ≲ M/M⊙ ≲ 10.5) will presumably form massive (M ≳ 1.1 M⊙) white dwarfs. The final outcome depends sensitively on the adopted mass-loss rates, the chemical composition of the massive envelopes, and on the adopted prescription for convective mixing.
Spin-Up/Spin-Down Models
Authors: Di Stefano R. , Voss R. , Claeys J.
Published: January 2013

Angular momentum transport plays an important role in mass transfer systems, and can significantly spin up an accreting star. When the accretor is a white dwarf (WD) on its way to becoming a Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), the spin up of the WD can have significant consequences for the appearance of the progenitor, the characteristics of the explosion and its aftermath, the geometry of the supernova remnant, and for single-degenerate models, the appearance of the donor star post-explosion. These consequences can be “game changers”, altering results that have long been taken for granted. We discuss key features of our spin-up/spin-down models and their implications. We relate our models to work still needed to address the difficult physical issues related to angular momentum transport and its effects on the properties and appearance of Type Ia supernova progenitors.
Classical and Recurrent Nova Models
Authors: José Jordi , Casanova Jordi , García–Berro Enrique , Hernanz Margarita , Shore Steven N. , Calder Alan C.
Published: January 2013

Remarkable progress in the understanding of nova outbursts has been achieved through combined efforts in photometry, spectroscopy and numerical simulations. According to the thermonuclear runaway model, novae are powered by thermonuclear explosions in the hydrogen-rich envelopes transferred from a low-mass stellar companion onto a close white dwarf star. Extensive numerical simulations in 1-D have shown that the accreted envelopes attain peak temperatures ranging between 108 and 4 × 108 K, for about several hundred seconds, hence allowing extensive nuclear processing which eventually shows up in the form of nucleosynthetic fingerprints in the ejecta. Indeed, it has been claimed that novae can play a certain role in the enrichment of the interstellar medium through a number of intermediate-mass elements. This includes 17O, 15N, and 13C, systematically overproduced with respect to solar abundances, plus a lower contribution in a number of other species (A < 40), such as 7Li, 19F, or 26Al. At the turn of the XXI Century, classical novae have entered the era of multidimensional models, which provide a new insight into the physical mechanisms that drive mixing at the core-envelope interface.

In this review, we will present hydrodynamic models of classical novae, from the onset of accretion up to the explosion and ejection stages, both for classical and recurrent novae, with special emphasis on their gross observational properties and their associated nucleosynthesis. The impact of nuclear uncertainties on the final yields will be discussed. Recent results from 2-D models of mixing during classical nova outbursts will also be presented.
Detecting Double Degenerate Progenitors of SNe Ia with LISA
Authors: Stroeer Alexander , Benacquista Matthew , Ceballos Frank
Published: January 2013

The Galactic population of close white dwarf binaries is expected to provide the largest number of gravitational wave sources for low frequency detectors such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Current data analysis techniques have demonstrated the capability of resolving on the order of 104 white dwarf binaries from a 2 year observation. Resolved binaries are either at high frequencies or large amplitudes. Such systems are more likely to be high-mass binaries, a subset of which will be progenitors of SNe Ia in the double degenerate scenario. We report on results of a study of the properties of resolved binaries using a population synthesis model of the Galactic white dwarf binaries and a LISA data analysis algorithm using Mock LISA Data Challenge tools.
Theoretical Delay Time Distributions
Authors: Nelemans Gijs , Toonen Silvia , Bours Madelon
Published: January 2013

We briefly discuss the method of population synthesis to calculate theoretical delay time distributions of Type Ia supernova progenitors. We also compare the results of different research groups and conclude that, although one of the main differences in the results for single degenerate progenitors is the retention efficiency with which accreted hydrogen is added to the white dwarf core, this alone cannot explain all the differences.
Type Ia Supernovae and Supersoft X-ray Sources
Authors: Yungelson L. R.
Published: January 2013

The rates of SNe Ia for double-degenerate and single-degenerate scenarios are computed for the models of spiral and elliptical galaxies. The number of nuclear burning white dwarfs (NBWDs) is traced. The data favors the double-degenerate scenario and suggests a lower number of NBWDs per unit mass in ellipticals. Their lower average mass is one of the reasons for the difference in the number of supersoft X-ray sources observed in the galaxies of different types.
On the Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Livio Mario
Published: January 2013

I propose two new means of identifying the main class of progenitors of Type Ia supernovae – single or double degenerate: (i) If the range of supernova properties is significantly determined by the range of viewing angles of non-spherically symmetric explosions, then the nature of the correlation between polarization and another property (for example, the velocity gradient) can be used to determine the geometry of the asymmetry and hence the nature of the progenitor, and (ii) in the double- but not in the single-degenerate case, the range in the observed properties (e.g., velocity gradients) is likely to increase with the amount of carbon seen in the ejecta.
Forschung in der Psychologie
Authors: Witte Erich H. , Strohmeier Charlotte E.
Published: January 2013

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die disziplinäre Matrix ( vgl. Kuhn, 1974 , 1978 ) der Psychologie im Vergleich zur Physik, Biologie und Sozialwissenschaft in Hinsicht auf die Forschungsmethoden in diesen Disziplinen. 1200 Forschungsleiter und Mitarbeiter von DFG-geförderten Projekten wurden gebeten einen Online-Fragebogen zu ihrer Forschungsmethodik auszufüllen. Die resultierende Gesamtstichprobe umfasst n = 594 Projekte. Eine grundsätzliche Vergleichbarkeit der Disziplinen zeigt sich in den Korrelationen ihrer Korrelationsmatrizen und in der Faktorenanalyse. Eine einfaktorielle Varianzanalyse ergab methodologische Unterschiede zwischen den Fächern, die sich bei dem Vergleich von prototypischen Projekten noch deutlicher gestalteten. Akademische Prototypen sind hier solche Projekte, die einem Fach angehören und gleichzeitig dem Cluster, das durch eine Mehrheit desselben Fachs bestimmt ist. Für die Psychologie zeigen die Ergebnisse eine deutlichere Orientierung am quantitativ-hypothesentestenden Ansatz als in allen anderen Fächern. Die prototypische Psychologie konzentriert sich außerdem stärker auf das Testen von Theorien als alle anderen Fächer.
HER2 stabilizes survivin while concomitantly down-regulating survivin gene transcription by suppressing Notch cleavage
Authors: Ju Ji-hyun , Yang Wonseok , Oh Sunhwa , Nam KeeSoo , Lee Kyung-min , Noh Dong-young , Shin Incheol
Published: January 2013

In breast cancer, the HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with extremely poor prognosis and survival. Notch signalling has a key role in cell-fate decisions, especially in cancer-initiating cells. The Notch intracellular domain produced by Notch cleavage is translocated to the nucleus where it activates transcription of target genes. To determine the combinatory effect of HER2 and Notch signalling in breast cancer, we investigated the effect of HER2 on Notch-induced cellular phenomena. We found the down-regulation of Notch-dependent transcriptional activity by HER2 overexpression. Also, the HER2/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) signal pathway down-regulated the activity of γ-secretase. When we examined the protein level of Notch target genes in HER2-overexpressing cells, we observed that the level of survivin, downstream of Notch, increased in HER2 cells. We found that activation of ERK resulted in a decrease in XAF1 [XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis)-associated factor 1] which reduced the formation of the XIAP–XAF1 E3 ligase complex to ubiquitinate survivin. In addition, Thr34 of survivin was shown to be the most important residue in determining survivin stability upon phosphorylation after HER2/Akt/CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1)–cyclin B1 signalling. The results of the present study show the combinatorial effects of HER2 and Notch during breast oncogenesis.
Short telomere length in blood leucocytes contributes to the presence of atherothrombotic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke and risk of post-stroke death
Authors: Zhang Weili , Chen Yu , Wang Yuyao , Liu Peng , Zhang Mei , Zhang Channa , Hu Frank B. , Hui Rutai
Published: January 2013

Inter-individual differences in biological aging could affect susceptibility to stroke. To date, the relationship between stroke and telomere shortening remain inconclusive; and sparse data are available for haemorrhagic stroke. A Chinese case-control study was conducted, comprising 1756 cases (767 atherothrombosis, 503 lacunar infarction and 486 haemorrhagic strokes) and 1801 controls. Stroke patients were prospectively followed up for a median of 4.5 (range, 0.1–6.0) years. Individuals with shorter telomere length had a higher presence of atherothrombotic stroke {multivariate OR (odds ratio) 1.37 [95% CI (confidence interval), 1.06–1.77]; P=0.015} or haemorrhagic stroke [multivariate OR 1.48 (95% CI, 1.08–2.02); P=0.016] in comparison of the lowest to highest tertile of telomere length. Particularly, in subjects with a family history of stroke, there was a significant 2.55-fold increased presence of atherothrombotic stroke (95% CI, 1.87–3.48; Ptrend<0.0001) and a 2.33-fold increased presence of haemorrhagic stroke (95% CI, 1.62–3.36; Ptrend<0.0001). During the follow-up, 338 recurrent strokes and 312 deaths (181 from stroke or coronary heart disease and 131 from other causes) were documented. Associations with stroke recurrence were not observed in the follow-up patients, whereas atherothrombotic stroke cases with shorter telomeres had 69% increased risk of post-stroke death [relative risk, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.07–2.67); P=0.02]. Finally, we compared telomere lengths in 12 paired samples of circulating leucocytes and carotid atherosclerotic plaques from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy; there was a positive correlation between vessel wall tissue and leucocyte telomere length. In conclusion, shorter telomere length may serve as a potential marker for the presence of atherothrombotic and haemorrhagic stroke and for the risk of post-stroke death.
Proving correctness of regular expression matchers with constrained repetition
Authors: Heyse K. , Bruneel K. , Stroobandt D.
Published: January 2013

It is known that an often used implementation method for regular expressions that uses a combination of counters and nondeterministic finite automatons is incorrect for certain regular expressions. Determining which expressions can be correctly implemented with this method has proven nontrivial and has previously been done without proof. Presented is the first automatic method to prove the correctness of the implementation method for specific expressions and to detect which expressions should be implemented differently. The use (in previous work) of this implementation method in network intrusion detection systems without proof of correctness for every regular expression constitutes a security risk to the network it is supposed to protect. Presented is a solution for this issue.
Image inpainting based on low‐rank and joint‐sparse matrix recovery
Authors: Chen Dai‐Qiang , Cheng Li‐Zhi
Published: January 2013

Image inpainting is a classical inverse problem of image science and has many applications. In the previous works, most of the variational inpainting methods can be considered as special cases of the restoration model where the linear operator is just the project to the known indexes. In this reported work, the variational inpainting model is established from the view of image decomposition. Then the unknown component can be recovered by the known component under the low‐rank and joint‐sparse constraints. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms most of the current state‐of‐the‐art methods with respect to the peak‐signal‐to‐noise ratio value.