bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 1930 World Cup
Authors: Brown Matthew
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the 1930 World Cup. After the Uruguayan victory at the Paris Olympic Games in 1924 and Amsterdam in 1928, authorities lobbied FIFA to be chosen to host the first men's soccer World Cup in 1930 and succeeded. The success meant that the tournament would mark the centenary of the country's independence from colonial rule. Moreover, the Uruguayans used their victory over Argentina in the 1930 men's soccer World Cup finals to show how at ease they were with their diverse ancestries and independent history. The chapter highlights that the 1930 World Cup is the culmination of the intertwined histories of technologies, identities, politics, and sports.
Introduction
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter notes that political polarization defines the United States today. It cites how search is a ubiquitous part of everyday life. Academics theorize how social media platforms and their algorithms influence the democratic process through filter bubbles. The chapter identifies propaganda through deliberate, systematic information campaigns that leverage the power of multiple forms of mass media. Successful propaganda campaigns typically involve various forms of information, both truthful and deceitful, and try to cultivate a certain attitude or provoke a specific action in their target audiences. Moreover, successful propaganda campaigns appeal to the core tenets of conservatism: faith, family, firearms, armed forces, and free market.
Know Your Audience
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains the significance of knowing the audience when spreading propaganda, which is primarily about connecting groups and people under a common cause and initiating action. The emphasis on God and country allowed the conservative elites to resonate with their audience. American Right historians described modern American conservatism as a combination between traditionalism, free-market libertarianism, and anti-communism. Moreover, Christianism played a central role in American politics. The chapter highlights the correlation between Protestantism and Republicanism that dominated conservative media practices. It explains how freedom operate through the five dimensions of conservatism (faith, family, firearms, the armed forces, and a free market) within campaign rhetorics and media coverage.
Build a Network
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the right-wing media ecosystem. It explains that the right-wing media ecosystem is based on conspiratorial sources that do not depend on the same professionalized standards of journalism to create and maintain their extreme and partisan coverage. Moreover, understanding the environment of the right-wing media ecosystem provides better clarification on how (mis)information flows. The chapter then cites the significance of technological affordances in the effectiveness of the right-wing information ecosystem. It explains how the network influences biases and assumptions while hiding the social dynamics behind what legitimizes the media ecosystem. The conservative information system normalized the notion of the Left being dangerous and the idea that American conservatism was under attack.
Engage in Their Form of Media Literacy
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

The chapter highlights the importance of engaging with media literacy. It explains that conservatism is both a worldview and a media practice. The hermeneutical practice of returning to and leveraging a personal dissection of authoritative documents is rooted in Evangelical Protestantism. According to research, both liberal and conservative groups believe that religion can help solve the country's most pressing problems, but they rely on faith in different ways. The chapter explores the practice of scriptural inference to compare inconsistencies in media coverage, citing that conservatives like to use techniques they earned in the Bible when assessing and interpreting news and cultural information. The chapter elaborates on how conservative pundits and politicians exploit unique media practices to spread propaganda.
Understand How Information Flows
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter elaborates on how information flows. It explains the algorithm of search engines that dictate who gets what information through metadata. While scholars did consider the way algorithms were forced into filter bubbles, they failed to take the role of search queries in the algorithmic process into consideration. Large media corporations exploit users and their respective data to predict and influence decisions, which range from purchases to voting. Moreover, the Black press proved that mainstream coverage is inherently filtered. The chapter discusses Google's participation in the practice of data mining, which collects how users phrased their searches and their geographical location.
Radicalism Is Not Extremism
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses successful propaganda campaigns being finely attuned to the United State's culture and practices, especially with how the audiences use technology to find information. Meaning-making practices are not only strictly used by conservative pundits and politicians. However, conservative elites fear that social movements designed to improve access and inclusion will hamper their ability to maintain power. The chapter also looks into the concept of the Overton Window, which is used for mapping the range of ideas that the public discourse can tolerate. Since media manipulation practices constantly evolve, exposing the scheme behind the practice may result in the advocacy of greater transparency and verification.
From Narrative to Normative
Authors: Patel Youshaa
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents a close study of the transmission and classification of the well-known hadith, “Whoever imitates a people becomes one of them,” explaining how the semantic field of the Arabic key term, tashabbuh, became negatively charged in Islamic discourses on difference. Exploring how hadith collectors transmitted and categorized hadiths according to subject matter illuminates the earliest Muslim interpretations of this prophetic tradition before post-formative commentaries and compendia claimed authority over its meaning.
Escaping the Devil’s Lair
Authors: Patel Youshaa
Published: May 2023

This chapter showcases how the contrapuntal sensibilities of Ottoman Sufi-jurist, Najm al-Dīn al-Ghazzī (d. 1651), produce a creative, rich, and nuanced discourse on imitation in his monumental but overlooked treatise, The Virtue of Awakening to What Has Been Transmitted about Imitation. Taking as case studies Ghazzī’s robust theory of belonging and his versified fatwa on attending coffeehouses—the chapter shows how The Virtue of Awakening is a multivalent composition that explores imitation as a complex process of human becoming and belonging, with all its ambiguities and contradictions. By means of poeisis, Ghazzī’s mind crossed vast historical and discursive horizons: past and present, legal and mystical, imagined and real.
Can Muslims Wear European Hats?
Authors: Patel Youshaa
Published: May 2023

This chapter emplaces the controversial Transvaal fatwa of Egyptian reformist jurist, Muḥammad ʿAbduh (d. 1905), within a longer history of inter-Muslim debates around wearing European headgear spanning nearly a century—from its antecedents in the reformist writings of a Tunisian-French Muslim thinker who has been largely forgotten to its afterlife in the bitter debates between ʿAbduh’s reformist defenders and conservative detractors during the first half of the twentieth century, roughly the period in which Egypt was under British control. These legal debates over Muslim headgear lay bare competing imaginaries over the proper configuration of religion—and Islam—in Muslim public life.
Measuring a Zoning Ordinance’s Exclusionary Effects
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers metrics for measuring the extent of exclusionary zoning, which are based on the contents of localities' zoning ordinances and zoning maps. The first metric examines the incidence of a locality's large-lot zoning, the technique that Greenwich used in 1947, while the second metric measures whether a locality permits development of single-family houses on small lots. The third metric measures localities' willingness to allow the construction of multifamily housing, commonly the most affordable of shelter options. Applying the metrics, the chapter reports findings for Silicon Valley, Greater New Haven, and Greater Austin, specifically suburbs within them. It ends with a final metric that measures how suburbs zone 20- to 40-acre tracts of undeveloped private land.
Zoning in Greater New Haven, Land of Large Lots
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the zoning practices of New Haven suburbs, including a discussion of the supply of water and of sanitary sewers, critical facilities in any developing area. It addresses efforts to protect open space and a Connecticut statute intended to open the suburbs to denser development. New Haven is a port city on Long Island Sound and lies sixty-five miles northeast of New York City, at the far reach of a conceivable commute. The chapter highlights the reality that the demographics of Greater New Haven mimic those of the median U.S. metro. It confirms how Greater New Haven proves to be a fine setting for introducing two topics that inevitably affect housing supply: the provision of utility services and the setting aside of land for open space.
The Booming Municipalities Northwest of Austin
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces Greater Austin, which demonstrates that Texas laws that govern the structure of local governments have greatly contributed to the receptiveness of Texas cities and suburbs to dense housing development. It provides demographic data on trends in the racial composition of the populations of the three metropolitan areas: Silicon Valley, Greater New Haven, and Greater Austin. Greater New Haven, although less racially segregated than previously, is now the most segregated of the three regions studied. The chapter considers Texas's local government law as a central contributor to Greater Austin's growth. Texas's policies, far better than both California's and Connecticut's, work to suppress local exclusionary tendencies.
The Central Role of States in Zoning Reform
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that state legislatures are the key to zoning reform, noting how history suggests that a state judiciary can do little without a state legislature's support. A legislature has ample power to correct Herbert Hoover's initial mistake, the one that enabled Greenwich, Connecticut, to zone without considering the effects of its policies on regional housing consumers. The chapter emphasizes how a state should selectively pre-empt local governments' powers to zone. In a state where exclusionary zoning has been a problem, the state should establish an agency dedicated to the goal of reducing local barriers to the construction of least-cost housing. The chapter identifies components of a political coalition that might come together to support this reform.
The Case for Greater Urban Density
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the advantages and disadvantages of a denser urban America. Many urban economists used to regard density as disadvantageous and have come to emphasize the benefits that individuals and households obtain from living near one another. The chapter endorses a future America that is both more dynamic and somewhat denser than the current frozen urban landscape. The chapter reviews how in the Silicon Valley, Greater New Haven, and Greater Austin, zoning actually works. It argues that state governments should compel local governments to allow somewhat greater residential density and assumes that the benefits of densifying parts of Professorville would exceed the accompanying costs.
Manufacturing Productivity Before, During, and After World War II
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines levels and rates of growth of manufacturing productivity from 1899 through 2019 in the United States, with special attention to growth rates between 1941 and 1948 compared with what took place during the interwar period and after demobilization was complete. It argues that output per unit of input in manufacturing fell dramatically between 1941 and 1945, recovered only partially between 1945 and 1948, and, during the golden age (1948–73), advanced at a rate substantially below what had been achieved between 1919 and 1941. The chapter then explains labor productivity growth, capital services input, productive stocks and wealth stocks, and labor input. Negative total factor productivity (TFP) growth in manufacturing reflected wartime reductions in efficiency due to struggles to mass-produce new goods and periodic idleness of facilities and labor resulting from shortages and producer hoarding. Mass production of military goods required the learning of new skills, the manufacture of hundreds of thousands of new machine tools, and the construction of specialized facilities, which in many cases became permanently obsolete after the war.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Yonatan
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter lays out the aims of the book, situates the study within the history of scholarship, and describes the methods to be followed in pursuing the stated aims. Because the aims of this book are predicated on precise definitions of key concepts such as Judaism, Torah, and Jews (or Judeans), the chapter begins by defining these terms as they are used throughout the book. This is followed by a brief survey of scholarly treatments of the problem of Judaism’s origins—beginning with early nineteenth-century scholarship and ending with a review of recent work on the question. This is followed by a presentation of the methodological procedure to be followed in investigating the central question posed in this study, along with an overview of the kinds of data to be consulted. The chapter closes with an explanation of how the subsequent chapters of the book are arranged.
Ritual Purity
Authors: Adler Yonatan
Published: May 2023

This chapter surveys the evidence for widespread observance of the Pentateuchal ritual purity laws among first-century-CE Judeans, and seeks out the earliest evidence for such observance prior to the turn of the Common Era. A remarkable set of both textual and archaeological evidence suggests widespread adherence to the ritual purity laws in the first century CE. Archaeological evidence for observance of the purity rules at this time includes ritual immersion pools and chalk vessels. A significant amount of evidence indicates that these rules were being followed, discussed, and debated in the first century BCE and perhaps also in the second century BCE. Prior to the second century BCE, there is no evidence which demonstrates that Judeans knew of—let alone practiced—anything closely resembling the Pentateuchal system of ritual purity laws. Lacking earlier evidence, the second century BCE is our terminus ante quem for the beginning of widespread Judean observance of the ritual purity practices enshrined in the Torah.
The Synagogue
Authors: Adler Yonatan
Published: May 2023

This chapter seeks to characterize the institution of the synagogue as it is known from the first-century-CE evidence—textual and archaeological—and subsequently to search for indications that something resembling this institution might have existed prior to this time. The portrait of the synagogue that emerges from the ample first-century-CE evidence is one of an institution whose primary function was the public dissemination of Torah at the local, communal level. Communities of Judeans would assemble together in a purpose-built structure every Sabbath in order to listen to the reading of the Pentateuch and other sacred texts, accompanied by a more dynamic explanation or address presented orally. Assemblies of this sort were to be found throughout the Judean heartland—even in rural towns and villages—and in cities scattered throughout the Judean diaspora. The synagogue would have been the primary vehicle for the widespread dissemination of the Torah among Judeans wherever they might have been found living in a communal setting. Evidence for the existence of the synagogue prior to the first century CE is spotty at best, and nothing clearly resembling the educational institution which was the first-century synagogue is known prior to the Hasmonean period.
The Risk-Wager Imbalance of the Trump Era
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter shows America's approach to Asia under Donald Trump as hypermilitarized, mercantilist, as hostile to multilateral agreements as it was to China, and consumed with rectifying bilateral trade deficits and haphazardly imposing tariff barriers. It investigates how the Trump administration helped reduce the sources of the Asian peace to little more than military power and Chinese restraint, making the continued absence of war more tenuous than many realized. The chapter first reviews how the Trump administration's haphazardly hawkish approach narrowed and embrittled the sources of the Asian peace. It investigates how it unwound the great-power fiscal coordination that had saved the world from economic calamity less than a decade earlier, and removed incentives for China to pursue a restrained foreign policy. The chapter also analyzes deep doubts about America's staying power in the region, then examines how the administration brought Asia closer to nuclear war than at any point since the darkest days of the Cold War. Although the situation was partly America's doing and partly beyond its control, the chapter notes that the Trump era ended with Asia's future resting on flimsy foundations.
Searching for an Indo-Pacific Peace
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter draws out policy-relevant insights from understanding the Pacific power paradox. It outlines principles of action toward Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific region that are robust across a range of alternative futures. Looking back over the past generation, the chapter also reveals that we can see more than just the three faces of the Pacific power paradox. As the chapter highlights, interpreting history with reference to the Asian peace—and paying attention to the risks and wagers implied in U.S. thinking and statecraft toward it—gives us several other observations relevant both to policy practice and to historiography about the United States in Asia. The chapter concludes by noting that Asia is not well served by a Pacific power suffering from self-aggrandizement; neither is America. Knowing when the United States has mattered more or less, and for good or ill, is the only sustainable basis for good strategy.
Arts of Empire and of Nations
Authors: Mackenzie John M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter briefly considers the origins of imperial art in the eighteenth century, followed by its full flowering in the nineteenth before national artistic responses disrupted the heroic traditions. The chapter turns to the American colonies, where portraiture as settlers sought to demonstrate their self-confidence and the ‘civilised’ nature of their lifestyles. Next, the chapter considers the fragmentation of imperial art as the art of the Dominions became profoundly about portraying aspects of difference, even if early manifestations were expressed through a powerfully romantic lens. The chapter first explores how this is demonstrated in the art of the colonies in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, it explores the role colonial art plays in international exhibitions, as well as the resurgence of indigenous art.
Statuary and Sculpture
Authors: Mackenzie John M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter turns to sculptures, statuary, and memorials. In visualising individuals (usually in a heroic or idealised manner), statues encapsulate in a very solid form the ideology of an age. Statues can be interpreted as conscious constructions of the language of power, transforming the city into an imperial text. They also symbolise dominance and exclusion, in other words, the marginalisation of indigenous peoples and minorities. Emblematic of the state's authority, they inevitably became objects of attack when such power waned. Ironically, their significance was only fully recognised at the point at which they were unveiled or inaugurated and again at the end of empire when they invariably became symbolic of a dying and rejected ideology representing an unacceptable regime.
Building the Group
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter traces how the American Phage Group evolved from the beginning with a focus on three key essentials: people, place, and paradigms. Although several individuals were involved in the development of what became the American Phage Group, it was Max Delbrück who was most conscious of the sociopolitical factors needed to nurture and advance the field. Starting in 1945, he initiated what became an annual training course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (the Phage Course) with the express purpose of proselytizing and codifying what he saw as the central issues of phage biology. Through this course and the development of an informal network of communication, strengthened by the more formal Phage Information Service newsletters and an annual meeting of anointed acolytes, Delbrück and his small nucleus of colleagues effectively defined what it meant it to do phage research in the important decades right after the war. For Delbrück, it was vital to develop the specific elements of the phage research framework and to build consensus and commitment to these elements.
Place in Science
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes how the evolution of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as the spiritual home of the American Phage Group was born from the result of both conscious planning and fortuitous events. For almost every member of the American Phage Group, the laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, became a place of reverence and scientific excitement. The history of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory from the mid-1930s provides insights into it becoming the home of phage biology and its central role in the life of the American Phage Group. In a nutshell, the history parallels that of molecular biology writ large: from biophysics in the 1920s and early 1930s to radiation biology in the later 1930s and early 1940s to genetics in the 1950s and beyond. The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory was born out of the late-nineteenth-century scientific optimism and philanthropic interest in marine biology.
Madness in Civilization: A Cultural History of Insanity
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses Andrew Scull's Madness in Civilization: A Cultural History of Insanity (2015). Madness is a panoramic survey of the treatment of madness in western and eastern medicine from the earliest times, as well as an answer to Michel Foucault's 1960s text, Madness and Civilization. Scull's work, in counterpoint to Foucault's, argues that madness indeed exists, though its causes still remain mysterious in the present day. Here, the chapter reflects on various ideas of madness throughout the ages, including various accounts of brutalities inflicted by evidently well-meaning doctors and carers on the mad. Recommended cures that Scull collects range from chains, manacles, beating, and starvation to more imaginative expedients such as a small iron cage called the Chinese Temple. The chapter also explores the author's criticisms against late-twentieth-century treatments of madness.
Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how consumerism and leisure transformed Victorian Britain in Consuming Passions: Leisure and Pleasure in Victorian Britain (2006), by Judith Flanders. Consuming Passions covers virtually everything people spent money and leisure on — holidays, shopping, music, fairs, theatres, peep shows, circuses, art, books, newspapers, racing, football and, at the period's end, the perilous thrills of cycling. The chapter also considers the various historical forces at work in shaping views on leisure and pleasure in the Victorian era. It looks at the accomplishments of Henry Cole in bringing about significant changes in Victorian leisure. Technological advancements such as railways and print technology only served to bring pleasure — once the purview of the rich — to the masses.
Leadville: A Biography of the A40
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter tells the story of Western Avenue, just after the Hoover Building on the A40 into London, in Leadville: A Biography of the A40 (2000) by Edward Platt. It begins with Western Avenue's more recent history by discussing a failed plan to widen the road in the mid-1960s and the homeowners who had to experience the process first-hand. But the book, as the chapter shows, is also very much concerned with the human element of Western Avenue, and contains various interviews and histories from the residents themselves. To that end, Western Avenue emerges not just as an isolated disaster-area but as a microcosm of modern England, congested, polluted, mismanaged, and fixated on the past. It is also a story about the end of the automobile age, and the ways that the car has proved more destructive of human habitats than any plague in history.
Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter recounts Oliver Sacks' anatomy lessons with his mother and how it ruined his human relations. It follows how he discovered how to rise above human concerns, and emphasizes his redemption which lay through chemistry and physics. The chapter then turns to discuss Sacks' interest not just in tungsten, which he loved best, but in the whole range of metals. His industrial chemist uncle Dan made him see them as sensuous and almost alive, capable of astonishing yet predictable reactions, and sometimes suicidally unstable. Soon young Sacks set up his own laboratory at home. Guided by the uncles, the chapter chronicles how he began to retrace the history of chemistry, rediscovering the phases through which it has passed, and where possible repeating crucial experiments himself. The chapter notes that his immersion in science was rapturous, akin to what less gifted boys might find in sexual awakening.
Fishing in Utopia: Sweden and the Future that Disappeared
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter tracks the time when Andrew Brown arrived in Sweden in the 1970s. It emphasizes that its people were, he found, bonded by a firm sense of civic duty and shared values. The chapter begins by recounting the country's history and class structure. Scarcely anyone in Sweden was more than three generations away from subsistence farming. As the chapter underlines, the disciplines of poverty had taught them frugality and solidarity. The chapter then examines how Brown became seriously interested in fishing. It stresses that he had fished for pike and perch in nearby lakes when he first arrived, simply to put food on the table. But fishing soon outgrew practical considerations and became, in effect, his religion. The chapter follows how he graduated to fly fishing and became an expert at making his own flies. It looks at Brown's ambition to become a writer, and concludes by noting that this is a story of modern rootlessness and the search for something to believe in. The fact that that something turns out, absurdly, to be fishing only makes it more tragic.
Grayson Perry: Portrait of the Artist as a Young Girl
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the life of Grayson Perry, who was the first transvestite to win the Turner Prize in 2003. It cites that Perry sees bondage and cross-dressing as holding a similar appeal to freedom, referencing the game he created in correlation to his inner sanctuary. When his family found his transvestism, they all erupted in virtuous disgust to the extent that Perry was kicked out of his home after applying to an art-student course at Portsmouth Polytechnic. The chapter cites how Perry indulged in treating art as work, LSD, fame and fashion during his time in college. It notes how Perry used pottery as a mode of self-psychiatric medication.
The Reinvention of Humanity: A Story of Race, Sex, Gender and the Discovery of Culture
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter details Charles King's new book The Reinvention of Humanity: A Story of Race, Sex, Gender and the Discovery of Culture. The book focuses on Franz Boas, who invented modern anthropology. After living with Inuits and depending on them for survival, even though the West deemed them as savages, Boas figured that categories like races and gender are artificial constructs. Moreover, Boas' groups figured the weakness of anthropology for depending on hearsay instead of science. The chapter considers the notion of cultural relativism by referencing how its tolerance enraged conservatives. It also mentions how far Nazi racist theories originated in America.
Betjeman: The Bonus of Laughter
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines how, from Bevis Hillier's biography, John Betjeman emerges as exploitative, querulous, calculating and deceitful, his worship of wealth and rank sorting oddly with his earnest professions of Christianity. Hillier's second volume opens in 1933, shortly after Betjeman had wed Penelope Chetwode. Although lacking qualifications, and allergic to work of any kind, Betjeman managed to secure a succession of employments through adroit use of the old-boy net. Mostly his jobs were in journalism, so his slackness could do little harm. The only job for which he showed any flair was when he was made press attaché to the senior British diplomat in Dublin. Betjeman had to keep Anglo–Irish relations sweet by dissimulation, and by ingratiating himself with those in power. Utimately, Hillier's biography is much richer than a mere life of Betjeman. It is an in-depth investigation of every section of the English upper middle class that he inhabited.
The Poet’s Tale: Chaucer and the Year that Made the Canterbury Tales
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores Paul Strohm's book on Geoffrey Chaucer. Strohm's research reveals that Chaucer, though not exactly a criminal, was something arguably worse — a trusted civil servant who connived in the theft of huge sums of public money. In a poem written while he was controller of the wool revenues, he jokes about the scholarly seclusion the job allows him. In his poems, he also professes to scorn fame. Indeed, in his lifetime, few people knew that Chaucer was a poet at all. His poems were read only by a group of friends and fellow scholars in London. Some time in the 1370s, he finished his great epic of love and betrayal, Troilus and Criseyde. He wrote it in English, not the more established poetic languages of Latin or French, and at the end he worries about the diverse dialects and changeable nature of the English language.
The Short Sharp Life of T.E. Hulme
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines Robert Ferguson's book on T.E. Hulme. Hulme was the brains behind the modernist movement in England, the founder, with Ezra Pound, of imagism, and the first English critic to defend abstract art. T.S. Eliot called him the forerunner of the twentieth-century mind. However, he has always been a shadowy figure, and when he was killed in 1917, aged thirty-three, he left only a handful of essays and five brief poems. Ferguson's admiring biography endorses his high reputation, but gets behind the legend to reveal a confused, belligerent young man who used philosophy to heal the rifts in his own chaotic nature.
The Letters of Sylvia Plath, Volume 2: 1956–1963
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter talks about the second volume of Sylvia Plath's letters, which is described like Greek tragedy. It recounts the story of how Ted Hughes walked out of his marriage with Plath after a passionate affair with Assia, the wife of Canadian poet David Wevill. It also covers the feelings expressed in the Beuscher letters that lie behind poems such as ‘Daddy’ and ‘Lady Lazarus’ written by Plath in her final months and have won her global fame. The chapter considers Plath's letters as astonishing in themselves, terrible in their intensity, and as raw as freshly sliced meat. As a real-life depiction of a mind in agony, Plath's letters can be recognized as unmatched in literature.
The Human Touch: Our Part in the Creation of the Universe
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter talks about Michael Frayn's new book about time and causality, which are considered victims of his erudite, imaginative, funny and dazzlingly clever philosophical inquiry. Frayn unbolts the fabric of the universe and things that most are mostly regarded as certainties, such as the laws of science and the dependability of logic, that vanish like smoke. It points out that scientific laws are human artefacts, with no real existence outside our statement of them in the wake of quantum mechanics and the uncertainty principle. The chapter considers logic as a system that was made up and not an inherent condition of the natural world. The universe is an invention, and all its characteristics exist only as figments of the human brain.
The Clock Mirage: Our Myth of Measured Time
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights Joseph Mazur's mind-stretching book that answers the question if time exists in completely empty space. Mazur's book begins with a section on the history of clocks, followed by a discussion on sundials, which were known to the Babylonians. It also mentions water clocks, which released water in small quantities and could be used to measure time at night, and mechanical clocks with escapements that emerged in the sixteenth century. The chapter talks about Zeno, who was a pre-Socratic philosopher that is well-known for his paradoxes in relation to the idea of motion. It details how Mazur cites loop quantum gravitation theory in his book, according to which space and time are both granular.
Is the use of bipolar hemiarthroplasty over monopolar hemiarthroplasty justified? A propensity score-weighted analysis of a multicentre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Comeau-Gauthier Marianne , Bzovsky Sofia , Axelrod Daniel , Poolman Rudolf W. , Frihagen Frede , Bhandari Mohit , Schemitsch Emil , Sprague Sheila
Published: May 2023

Aims

Using data from the Hip Fracture Evaluation with Alternatives of Total Hip Arthroplasty versus Hemiarthroplasty (HEALTH) trial, we sought to determine if a difference in functional outcomes exists between monopolar and bipolar hemiarthroplasty (HA).

Methods

This study is a secondary analysis of patients aged 50 years or older with a displaced femoral neck fracture who were enrolled in the HEALTH trial and underwent monopolar and bipolar HA. Scores from the Western Ontario and McMaster University Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) Physical Component Summary (PCS) and (MCS) were compared between the two HA groups using a propensity score-weighted analysis.

Results

Of 746 HAs performed in the HEALTH trial, 404 were bipolar prostheses and 342 were unipolar. After propensity score weighting, adequate balance between the bipolar and unipolar groups was obtained as shown by standardized mean differences less than 0.1 for each covariable. A total of 24 months after HA, the total WOMAC score and its subcomponents showed no statistically significant difference between the unipolar and bipolar groups. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was found in the PCS and MCS scores of the SF-12 questionnaire. In participants aged 70 years and younger, no difference was found in any of the functional outcomes.

Conclusion

From the results of this study, the use of bipolar HA over unipolar design does not provide superior functional outcomes at 24 months postoperatively. The theoretical advantage of reduced acetabular wear with bipolar designs does not appear to influence functional outcomes in the first two years postoperatively.

Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(5):370–377.
A Novel Hybrid Swarm Intelligence and Cuckoo Search Based Microgrid EMS for Optimal Energy Scheduling
Authors: Balasubramanyam Priyadarshini , Sood Vijay K.
Published: May 2023

A grid-connected or islanded microgrid made up of distributed energy sources (DERs), requires a power management/dispatch system to control the power dispatch and meet the load demand in the system. At the tertiary control level in a typical microgrid, an optimal scheduling mechanism is used to manage the power generated from the local DERs, energy drawn from the grid and energy consumption by the load. This paper proposes a novel hybrid optimization technique for day-ahead scheduling in a smart-grid. A Hybrid Feedback PSO-MCS algorithm is implemented using swarm intelligence and cuckoo search to enhance the performance and obtain a cost-effective solution for a microgrid prosumer. A comparison has been made of the Hybrid Feedback PSO-MCS (HFPSOMCS) algorithm with PSO and modified CS (MCS) algorithm. The best performing algorithm among the three is executed in MATLAB/Simulink and Python IDE platforms to compare the execution time.
Blockchain-Based Medical Decision Support System
Authors: Hovorushchenko Tetiana , Hnatchuk Yelyzaveta , Osyadlyi Vitaliy , Kapustian Mariia , Boyarchuk Artem
Published: May 2023

An urgent task at this moment is the use of blockchain technology to ensure the security of medical decision support systems (MDSS). Our research is devoted to development of blockchain-based MDSS (regarding possibility or impossibility of organ and tissue donation/transplantation, regarding possibility or impossibility of using reproductive technologies in the treatment of infertility). The developed blockchain-based medical decision support system provides reliable protection and security of medical information through the use of blockchain technology, provides support of decision regarding possibility or impossibility of organ and tissue donation/transplantation, provides support of decision regarding possibility or impossibility of use of reproductive technologies in the infertility treatment. The proposed blockchain-based medical decision support system: automates medical decision-making processes, minimizes the human factor and its influence on the medical decision process, and takes into account the norms of current legislation when making medical decisions, thereby allowing not to pay for the services of a hired lawyer, and also works with verified and protected medical data entered in the blockchain, which allows you to get rid of leaks of medical information and to ensure reliable protection of medical data.
Additional Detection of Clones Using Locally Sensitive Hashing
Authors: Pravorska Nataliia I.
Published: May 2023

Today, there are many methods for detecting blocks with repetitions and redundancy in the program code. But mostly they turn out to be dependent on the programming language in which the software is developed and try to detect complex types of repeating blocks. Therefore, the goal of the research was to develop a language-independent repetition detector and expand its capabilities. In the development and operation of the language-independent incremental repeater detector, it was decided to conduct experiments for five open source systems for evaluation using the industrial detector SIG (Software Improvement Group), including the use of a tool syntactic analysis. But there was the question of extending the algorithm for additional detection of duplication and redundancy in the code, which was proposed by Hammel, and how improvements can be made to achieve independence from the programming language. Particular attention was paid to the empirical results presented in the original study, as their effectiveness is questionable. The main parameters that were considered when creating the index for LIIRD (Language-independent incremental repeat detector) and its expansion of the LSH (locally sensitive hashing): measuring time, memory and creating an incremental step. Based on the results of experiments conducted by the authors of Hammel’s work, there was a motivation to develop an extended approach. The idea of this approach is that according to the original study, the operation of calculating the entire block index with repeats and redundancy from scratch is very time consuming. Therefore, it is proposed to use LSH to obtain an effective assessment of the similarity of software project files.
System-Information and Cognitive Technologies of Man-Made Infrastructure Cyber Security
Authors: Sikora Liubomyr S. , Lysa Nataliia K. , Tsikalo Yevhen I. , Fedevych Olga Yu.
Published: May 2023

The complication of technological processes due to the modernization of complex technological processes aggregates with a distributed spatial infrastructure requires the use of new control systems and computer and information network technologies. Accordingly, this poses the problem of revising the basic concepts of information-measuring systems building, developing software and hardware for the implementation of the target management process. This requires development of new approaches to presentation, processing, and display of data about the aggregates state of energy-active objects and the entire information structure. For management under threat conditions, it is necessary to take into account the features of the information infrastructure, data selection and processing methods, methods and algorithms for classifying the situation, which are formed from blocks of data obtained from each unit and the technological process as a whole.
Information about the current state of system and infrastructure is necessary for the formation, adoption and implementation of management decisions which is the basis for coordination strategies synthesis. Appropriate target orientation, reasonable indicators of real process trajectories divergence from the target state determine the probability of object attack. Knowledge and decision-making procedures for the coordination of managerial actions is based on the strategic target orientation of the structure, their professionalism and the level of intellectual, cognitive and scientific training which is the basis for correct situation interpretation of countermeasures against threats formation.
In the event of active threats complex on man-made systems in a certain region (resource, cognitive, system, information) and natural disasters or military operations, the threats lead to active destruction or failure of the production process. In order to functionally withstand related production structures, when loyal to the industrial relations concept, they need to integrate at the strategic management level on common goal basis to reduce risks. If necessary, to increase sustainability, they can be integrated at operational management level using interconnections at the production and resource levels. To do this, it is necessary to develop a strategic and goal-oriented management system behaviour line, which requires informational and intelligent data processing at the highest level using cognitive creative methods.
For each level of the infrastructure hierarchy, oriented towards strategic goals in the global infrastructure dynamic environment, methods of assessing the situation to detect failures and the actions of attacks have been developed, based on which countermeasures are formed depending on the type of threats.
Global Perspectives on Youth Arts Programs
Authors: Howard Frances
Published: May 2023

This book seeks to address the unequal programming and application of youth arts programs, drawing on the dichotomy between ‘high’ arts and ‘low’ culture and the classed-based take-up of youth work. Reporting on international exemplars, attention is drawn to the conditions required for youth arts programs to be successful, while acknowledging the challenges of this work. The discourse of the role of youth work, and specifically how arts-based work can make significant contributions to a more just society, is explored. The book addresses current policy contexts of ‘austerity’, ‘inclusion’ and ‘at-risk’ youth, which are frequently drawn on to justify arts programs for young people and extends the discussion on deficit identities from the field of youth work to arts-based pedagogies. In offering a way forward, by focusing on the practices and pedagogies that ‘work’ in youth arts programs, three key theoretical perspectives are introduced, which engage with a sociological analysis of these programs: common culture, cultural democracy and cultural citizenship.
Introduction
Authors: Howard Frances
Published: May 2023

This chapter defines the problem which this book seeks to solve: the unequal programming and application of youth arts programmes. It problematises claims in research and education policy that the arts can include all young people. Drawing on the dichotomy between ‘high’ arts and ‘low’ culture, the classed-based take-up of youth work is explored. The structure and aims of the book are set out.
Celebrating cultural democracy
Authors: Howard Frances
Published: May 2023

This chapter contains two case studies which highlight best practice in supporting and celebrating cultural democracy and practical insights for arts programs with young people. The case studies include Propel Youth Arts WA (Western Australia), which is an arts-based youth advocacy organisation, and SWAN Youth Service (Ireland), which devises programs for young people to explore different artistic mediums and processes. SWAN places an importance on the arts as an opportunity for informal education, and its Reckless Arts program, which hosts an artist-in-residence, will be the focus of this case study. Through these exemplars, the value of youth-led arts programming and positioning young people as cultural experts as a way of celebrating cultural democracy within youth arts programs is demonstrated. In this chapter, data from interviews with young people, arts practitioners, festival coordinators, youth workers and project managers is presented in order to celebrate alternative cultural forms through youth-led arts programming.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Sam
Published: May 2023

The introduction sets out the importance of considering the housing needs of older people and the powerful part housing plays in maintaining quality of life. In the UK poor housing is thought to cost the National Health Service (NHS) an estimated £1.4 billion per annum, of which nearly half is attributed to poor housing among older adults. Furthermore, the text introduces the vital role of built environment professionals in designing and developing good-quality housing. Readers are advised that a primary motivation behind this book is to offer an architectural ‘insider’ view on the designed environments of retirement housing; to take readers inside the sector and to share insights for the betterment of its design processes and products. The introduction thus prepares readers for a deep dive into retirement-living apartments – for independent older consumers – and the particular contribution they make to widening choice within the UK housing sector. Well-designed developments can create micro communities that help to mitigate potential social isolation or loneliness in older age, as well as contribute to financial gain towards the NHS by enabling older people to successfully age in place for longer. The closing sections of the introduction provide commentary on research methods, storytelling and the book’s structure.