bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison study between two different Environment areas regarding diarrhea causes.
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

This study Achieved to search form the infections by Cholera and Diarrhea in two different areas from the side of Cultural, Social, Economical and Environmental field in Baghdad governorate, during a period from 3/10 – 3/12/2007.these were in Obiady city and Palestine street. This study included groups of patients who went to the Kindy Hospital lab. The researcher use a sample of (300) persons of different ages with range (150) persons in each city from the study city, in this study show a great different in the percentage of infection by parasites, helminthes, viruses, bacteria and vibrio cholera in the two city according to age groups, reach upper percentage by infection in age (1-10) years in Obiady city with percent (57.5 %) while was in Palestine street (16.62%) and was the infection in age group (31-40) years reach (75%) in Odiady city in comparison with Palestine street that reach ( 7.40 %) due to differences of the Economical and Environmental and Increasing service supports in Palestine street comparing with Obiady city .
Effects of Organic Pollution on some Fish and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Groups in Rivers Tigris and Diyala at Baghdad Area.
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Various activities taking place within the city of Baghdad have significantly contributed to organic pollution in Rivers Tigris and Diyala. The present study aimed to assess some physical, chemical and biological aspects of six sites on Rivers Tigris and Diyala as they flow through the city of Baghdad. Monthly samples were collected for the period January to December, 2005.
Marked differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of water were noted between the two rivers’ sites. Average values during the study period of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, particulate organic matter, nitrate, phosphate and total dissolved solids for Tigris and Diyala were 7.8,4.7; 2.4,10.4; 350.1,921.4;7.8,13.9;1.2,4.8;814,2176 mg / l respectively.
The populations of two fish species, known to be present in polluted waters Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusis, were also investigated. The two species markedly differed in their favored sites, and their numbers were significantly correlated with particulate organic matter. Average length and weight of Silurus triostegus and Mystus pelusius were respectively 40.1mm, 56.8gm and 15.3mm, 68.3gm for River Tigris, and 40.5mm, 67.5gm and 17.9mm, 73gm respectively for River Diyala.
Average population densities of the major groups of benthic macro invertebrate fauna [Crustaceans, Annelids, Insects and Mollusks] were 1496, 2640, 2574 and 1744 individual/m2 respectively for River Tigris and 463, 2312, 2287 and 1700 individual/m2 respectively for River Diyala. Most invertebrate groups showed positive correlation with particulate organic matter.
Despite the severity of organic enrichment in River Diyala, biotic conditions in its sites were rather similar, unlike sites on River Tigris where they significantly differed in many physical, chemical and biotic respects.
Testing the efficiency of duckweed Lemna spp. in reducing the concentration of zinc and iron from the wastewater when increase biomass
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The study searches for the possibility of using duckweed Lemna spp. to reduce the concentration of heavy metals (zinc and iron) in the wastewater of Baghdad by culturing two different densities of the plant with a fresh weights 5 and 10 g/l and without the plant under optimum uncontrolled conditions.
The result showed that there was a significant differences at the possibility level of (p? 0.05) for the three treatments, as the highest percentages for zinc removal in the second day for the plant treatment of 5 g/l were 66.40%, while the highest percentage of iron removal were in the tenth days for the plant treatment 10 g/l were 80 %, and noticed that the increase of the heavy metals concentrations accumulated in the plant after being cultured in the wastewater compared to the concentration before it is cultured.
Concluded from the study the superiority of the plant treatments in reducing the concentrations of heavy metals as well as the density of the plant cultured weight 10 g/l is very suitable to remove the heavy metals from the wastewater.
Antibody response in Hamsters Immunized against experimental Leishmaniasis
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Direct agglutination test was used to evaluate the immunogenicity of three different antigens inoculated in hamsters as one , two and three doses which were: Group (1) inoculated with autoclaved killed Leishmania tropica , Group (2) inoculated with BCG vaccine alone while Group (3) inoculated with mixed antigens (autoclaved killed Leishmania "AKL"+ BCG).(4) Control animals inoculated with phosphate buffer saline.
The maximum level of antibody titers were evaluated in animal inoculated with one , two or three dose of mixed antigens (320 , 640 and 1280) respectively when it compared with animals inoculated with corresponding doses of AKL antigen (80 , 160 and 320) respectively. While the minimum level of antibody titers were observed in animal inoculated with two and three dose of BCG (20 and 40) respectively.
Our findings suggest that administration of BCG with AKL could lead to a potentially associated antibody response in animals, as well as, such response may evaluate the immunogenicity of some antigens.
Stimulation of Hatching Efficiency in Capsulated Cysts of Artemia fransiscana Using 890 nm Diode Laser
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Artemia fransiscana is one of the most important live food for commercial larval aquaculture.
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 890 nm diode laser irradiation on Artemia capsulated cysts using (1-10) minutes exposure time, and 2.26x10-3 J/cm2 Fluence. The Artemia samples were obtained from two locations: Dyalaa and Basraa. After irradiation, hatching percentage (H %) and hatching efficiency(HE) of Artemia were measured after 24 and 48 hours of incubation.
The results of the effect of laser light on the capsulated cysts from Dyalaa showed that the optimum dose for enhancing (H %) after 24 hours of incubation is using 10 minutes exposure time, while after 48 hours of incubation the (H %) enhancement can be achieved using 6 minutes exposure time. The optimum exposure times for (HE) enhancement after 24 and 48 hours of incubation were 5 and 7 minutes.
The results of the effect of laser light on the capsulated cysts from Basraa showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the optimum exposure times for enhancement (H%) was 9 minutes, while after 48 hours of irradiation the best exposure times was 5 minutes .
Very effective enhancement of (HE) was noticed after 24 hours of irradiation at 3 minutes exposure time using 2.26x10-3 J/cm2 Fluence. No enhancement was observed after 48 hours of irradiation
In conclusion, 890 nm diode laser irradiation can be used successfully for increasing Hatching percentage (H %) and Hatching Efficiency (HE) of Artemia capsulated cysts using certain energy density and certain exposure times
Cutaneous leishmaniasis at Wasit governorate
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The study included identification of Leishmania parasites from cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis, by examination of smears for LD bodies , isolation of parasites by culture in media , and characterisation of the isolated parasites by Isoenzyme analysis.Out of 100 cases suspected for cutaneous leishmaniasis ; 85 were diagnosed on culture for Leishmania promastigotes and this method was found to be superior to direct microscopy for amastgotes (LD bodies) .The cases included in this study belonged to different areas of Wasit/Iraq. There were 30 cases from Hay, 35 from Badra, and 35 cases from Suwaira.The distribution of infection in different age groups indicated that majority of cases belonged to young and middle aged adults. The infection was detected in both sexes with a predominance in males. The clinical picture of cutaneous lesions was suggessive of both wet and dry types of lesions.
Measurement of Uranium Concentration in Soil of Middle of Iraq using CR ?V 39 Track Detector
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The aim of this research is to determine the uranium concentration in soil and water samples taken from different locations from the middle and south of Iraq using fission fragments track registration. Twelve samples of soil and water were taken from middle and South of Iraq. The nuclear reaction used as a source of nuclear fission fragments is U-235 (n.f) obtained by bombardment U-235with thermal
neutrons from (Am-Be) neutron source with flux (5X103 n.cm-2.s-1).
The concentration values were calculated by a comparison with standard samples recommended by IAEA.The results of the measurements show that the uranium concentration in soil samples were in Thekar (16.38 ppm), AL-Basra (16.1ppm) and (0.78 ppm) in Baghdad, from the results which show that this governorate were
contaminated with depleted uranium after the Wars against Iraq .
The uranium concentration in the water samples of Tigers river were in AL-Qurna (8.85 ?g/l) and in AL-Suwera (4.72 ?g/l).
Estimation the Radioactive Pollution by Uranium in the Soil of Al-Kut City/ Iraq
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The aim of the present work, was measuring of uranium concentrations in 25 soil samples from five locations of Al-Kut city. The samples taken from different depths ranged from soil surface to 60cm step 15 cm, for this measurement of uranium concentrations .The most widely used technique SSNTDs was chosen to be the measurement technique. Results showed that the higher concentrations were in Hai Al- Kafaat which recorded 1.49 ± 0.054 ppm . The uranium content in soil samples were less than permissible limit of UNSCEAR(11.7ppm).
Energy band diagram of In2O3/ Si heterojunction
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Crystalline In2O3 Thin films have been prepared by flash evaporation. We have studied the crystal structure of as deposited at 303K and annealed at 523K using X-ray diffraction. The Hall Effect measurements confirmed that electrons were predominant charges in the conduction process (i.e n-type).It is found that the absorption coefficient of the prepared films decreases with increasing Ta. The d.c conductivity study showed that the conductivity increase with increasing Ta , whereas the activation energy decreases with increasing Ta. Also we study the barrier tunneling diode for In2O3/Si heterostructure grown by Flash evaporation technique. (capacitance-voltage C-V) spectroscopy measurements were performed at 303 K and at the annealing temperature 523K. The built in voltage has been determined and it depends strongly on the annealing process of the heterojunction.
From all above measurements we assumed an energy band diagram for In2O3 /Si(P-type) heterojunction.
Effect of Water Diffusion on Adhesion Strength
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The adhesion strength between Polyethylene (PE) film and Aluminum surface by using the adhesive material (Cyanoacrylate) has been studied. Aluminum (Al) was used as a substrate, and polyethylene (PE) was used as a film adhered to the Al surface. Standard specimens were prepared to use in the peeling test in dry condition, other specimens were immersed in water for 12 days at room temperature. the results for the specimens in the dry condition had shown that high value in the peel force and the peel energy, the peel force was 0.38*103 N/m and the peel energy was 0.605*103 N/m, peeling the film from Al surface leaves a residual of the adhesive material on both adherend, the failure for this specimen were combination of adhesive and cohesive failure. For the specimens that were immersed in water for 12 days, the results had shown that the effect of water on the specimen (Al /PE), where the water diffusion coefficient on the adhesive joint was 1.09*10-14 m2/s and the peel force was 0.062*103 N/m and the peel energy was 0.124*103 N/m, PE film was peeled from Al surface without any resistance.
Satellite Images Unsupervised Classification Using Two Methods Fast Otsu and K-means
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Two unsupervised classifiers for optimum multithreshold are presented; fast Otsu and k-means. The unparametric methods produce an efficient procedure to separate the regions (classes) by select optimum levels, either on the gray levels of image histogram (as Otsu classifier), or on the gray levels of image intensities(as k-mean classifier), which are represent threshold values of the classes. In order to compare between the experimental results of these classifiers, the computation time is recorded and the needed iterations for k-means classifier to converge with optimum classes centers. The variation in the recorded computation time for k-means classifier is discussed.
An algorithm for binary codebook design based on the average bitmap replacement error (ABPRE)
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

In this paper, an algorithm for binary codebook design has been used in vector quantization technique, which is used to improve the acceptability of the absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) method. Vector quantization (VQ) method is used to compress the bitmap (the output proposed from the first method (AMBTC)). In this paper, the binary codebook can be engender for many images depending on randomly chosen to the code vectors from a set of binary images vectors, and this codebook is then used to compress all bitmaps of these images. The chosen of the bitmap of image in order to compress it by using this codebook based on the criterion of the average bitmap replacement error (ABPRE). This paper is suitable to reduce bit rates (increase compression ratios) with little reduction of performance (PSNR).
Spectroscopic Study for Resonance Effects on the Carbonyl Double Bond Order in Urea Schiff Bases Which Contain Conjugated System
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

In this work we prepared some schiff bases by condensation urea and benzaldehyde or its derevative ( bromo benzaldehyde or hydroxy benzaldehyde ) as ( 1 : 1 ) mole ( urea : benzaldehyde or its substitution ) to prepare compounds ( A1 , B1 , C1 , D1 , E1 , F1 , G1 ) and ( 1 : 2 ) mole ( urea : benzaldehyde or its substitution ) to prepare compounds ( A2 , B2 , C2 , D2 , E1 , F2 , G2 ) . The prepared compounds identified spectroscopic by infrared spectroscopy FT-IR and Thin layer chromotography T.L.C . The force constant calculated from the wave number for the carbonyl stretching from FT-IR chart and by using the following equation
K = 4?2C2?'2?
The change in double bond order for carbonyl deteremined in according with some past research by compare the force constant for the prepared compounds with the force constant in past research and calculated bond order statistically by extract the curve equation and calculated the bond order by application curve equation .
On Primary Multipliction Modules
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M be a unitary R- module. We shall say that M is a primary multiplication module if every primary submodule of M is a multiplication submodule of M. Some of the properties of this concept will be investigated. The main results of this paper are, for modules M and N, we have M N and HomR (M, N) are primary multiplications R-modules under certain assumptions.
L-pre- and L-semi-P- compact Spaces
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this paper is to study a new types of compactness in the dual bitopological spaces. We shall introduce the concepts of L-pre- compactness and L-semi-P- compactness .
Effect of Leaves and Fruits Ethanolic Extract of Duranta repens on Mosquito Culex pipens pipens
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The study aimes to investigate the effects of leaves & fruits ethanolic extract of Duranta repens L. on biological performance for all stages of life cycle of the mosquito Culex pipiens piepiens L., For this purpose the mosquitoes were reared in the laboratory till the fourth generation .Different concentrations of leaves (800,1000,1200,1400ppm) and fruits (800,1000,1200ppm) were tested on (eggs,larval stages,pupal stages and the adult stages). The results revealed that the extracts gave highest mortality rate for the eggs at(100%) compared with control,fruits extract shown highest mortality rate of the four larval instars (100%)at 1200ppm compared with leave extract at(80,50,33.33,20%).Also the extract caused a high mortality rate for pupal stage compared with fruits extract at(76.66,53.33%)respectively.Also ethanolic extract caused a 83.33,76.66% for male &femail. Developmental deformation was observed.. In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicate that the leaves &fruits extracts of Duranta repens L., , can be widely and effectively used in the control of mosquito.
Effect of Laser Irradiation on the Optical Properties of SnO2 films Deposited by Post Oxidation of metal Films
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Tin oxide films (SnO2) of thickness (1 ?m) are prepared on glass substrate by post oxidation of metal films technique. Films were irradiated with Nd:YAG double frequency laser of wavelength (532 nm) pulses of three energies (100, 500, 1000) mJ. The optical absorption, transmission, reflectance, refractive index and optical conductivity of these films are investigated in the UV-Vis region (200-900) nm. It was found that the average transmittance of the films is around (80%) at wavelength (550 nm) and showed high transmission (? 90 %) in the visible and near infrared region. The absorption edge shifts towards higher energies, which is due to the Moss-Burstien effect and it lies at (4 eV). The optical band gap increased with increasing of energy.
Rotation Effect in Morse Potential For K2 Molecule
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The rotation effect upon Morse potential had been studied and the values of the effective potential in potential curves had been calculated for electronic states (X2?+g , B ?u ) K2 molecule. The calculation had been computed for rotational quantum number (J = 5). Also, drawing potential curves for these systems had been done using Herzberg and Gaydon equations. It was found that the values of the dissociation energy which resulting from using Herzberg equation greater than that of Gaydon equation. Besides, it was found that the rotation effect for (X and B) electronic states in Morse potential is very small and in this case may negligible.
A proposed Mathematical Expression for Computer Design of Electrostatic Mirror
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

A computational investigation has been carried out on the design and properties of the electrostatic mirror. In this research, we suggest a mathematical expression to represent the axial potential of an electrostatic mirror. The electron beam path under zero magnification condition had been investigated as mirror trajectory with the aid of fourth – order – Runge – Kutta method. The spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients of mirror has computed and normalized in terms of the focal length. The choice of the mirror depends on the operational requirements, i.e. each optical element in optical system has suffer from the chromatic aberration, for this case, it is use to operate the mirror in optical system at various values of chromatic aberration to correct it in that system.
Biochemical and Kinetic Studies on Alkaline Phosphatase and other Biochemical Features in Sera of Patients with type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Background :Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was a widely used marker for skeletal and hepatobiliary disorders, but its activity was also increased in atherosclerosis and peripheral vascular disease. Several study has showed that ALP activity was increased in the sera of diabetic patients. The current study was conducted to evaluate ALP activity in type 2 diabetic patients and optimum conditions for enzyme activity in their sera.Methods: This study was carried out at in AL-Yarmok hospital(diabetic center) between February /2009 and April /2009. Fifty two patients with type 2 diabetes have been enrolled. Besides BMI, WHR, serum fasting blood glucose, ALP, HbA1C,uric acid and lipid profile levels have been performed .The relationship between ALP and other biochemical factors have been studied.Results: From a total 52 cases, FBG, HbA1C and ALP were significantly elevated P value < 0.01 while Uric acid, Cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL,VLDL and LDL/HDL were significantly different P value < 0.05 in diabetic patients when compared with that found in control group . ALP was significantly associated with LDL (P < 0.05) and significantly negative correlation with HbA1C (P
Synthesis of New Mannich Bases from Indole Derivatives
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

This work includes two steps of synthesis, the first one is the synthesis of indole which was prepared according to literature of the reaction of phenyl hydrazine with acetaldehyde in glacial acetic acid afforded phenyl hydrazone of acetaldehyde , this product was fused with zinc chloride to give the indole.Reaction of cyclohexanone with phenyl hydrazine using the same procedure for the preparing giving 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazole.Second step involved synthesis of a series of (17) of mannich bases derivatives of indole and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocarbazle. Mannich reaction involves the condensation of aldehyde usually formaldehyde with different secondary amine and with compound containing an activated hydrogen.The reaction illustrated by the following equation :R2NH+HCHO+RH?R2N-CH2-R+H2O These compounds were characterized by U.V , FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectra for two compounds. The secondary amines that used to prepare mannich bases are:N-methyl –N-phenyl amine, N,N-dimethyl amine, N,N- diphenyl amine, N-ethyl –N- phenyl amine, N,N-di-n-propyl amine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, N- methyl pipyridine, N,N-dibenzyl amine, N,N-di –n-butyl amine and N,N-di ethyl amine.
Effect of Fat Replacement with Tahena on the Quality Properties of Shortened Cake
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of replacing fat(shortening) with different percentages of tahena on the quality properties (physiochemical and sensory ) of shortened cake.The percentages of moisture,protein ,fat and ash of cake increased significantly(p
Frequency of HLA Antigens in a Sample of Iraqi Brucellosis Patients
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Fifty one patients with serologically confirmed brucellosis and 70 healthy controls were phenotyped for HLA-A, -B, -DR and -DQ antigens by using standard microlympho-cytotoxicity method, and lymphocytes defined by their CD markers (CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD19). The results revealed a significant (Pc = 0.001) increased frequency of HLA-DR8 (41.18 vs. 10.0%) in the patients . A significant increased percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes was also increased in the patients (25.15 vs. 22.0%; P = 0.006), while CD3+ lymphocytes were significantly decreased (75.1 vs. 79.4%; P = 0.02).
Evaluation of the functional response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera:Chrysopidae) larvae feeding on cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)(Homoptera: Aphididae) in laboratory
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

This study evaluated the functional response of the larva of the predator Chrysoperla carnea by offering varying densities of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) . Results showed conformity with type–II functional response, where the number of prey killed approaches asymptote hyperbolically as prey density increases (declining proportion of prey killed or the inverse density dependent) till it reached the stability stage determined by handling time and predator satiation. Also, the values of attack rate and handling time changed with age progress for both predator and prey. It has been observed an increase in the attack rate and reduction in handling time with the progress of the predator age when feeding on a particular nymphal instar. The attack rates of the predator was 1.779,3.406 and 4.219 ,while handling time was 0.015,0.010 and 0.008 (days) for 1st,2nd,3rd larval instars respectively, when fed on 1st nymphal instar. Also attack rates decreased and increases handling time with the progress in the prey. The attack rates were 1.779, 1.392, 1.096 and 1.059, due to an increase in size of the predator and in the growing efficiency in hunting the prey as well as in the increase in size of the prey and in developing its ability to defend itself and escape.
Influence of chemical and physical conditions on the production of bacteriocin by Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Aeromonas hydrophila have been isolated as a cause of a cute gastroenteritis in 23 (5.6%) of 410 patients. Other bacterial enteropathogens have been isolated from 387 patients with diarrhea, were 19 different strains. A. hydrophila occurred more commonly in children with acute diarrhea, the results showed that 18(78.26%) isolates of A. hydrophila found in children under 10 years old ,distributed to 10(43.47%) in male and 8(34.78%) in female ,and in adults with diarrhea 5 (21.73%). In the other hand, we noticed frequency of isolation was higher in male 14(60.86%) when compared with 9(39.14%) in female. Six strains of A. hydrophila have been observed to have bacteriocin activity against 12 of 23 different A. hydrophila ,as well as Staphylococcus aureas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacea and Shigella dysenteria. The results showed Bacteriocin-like substances (BLS11) had isoinhibitory activity on 10 same A. hydrophila species and heteroinhibitory activity effects on all pathogenic bacterial strains used, while BLS5 showed isoinhibitory activity on 2 same A. hydrophila species and heteroinhibitory activity by effecting on gram negative only, and BLS3& BLS12 showed activity on E. coli isolates only, and none of BLS1& BLS10(isoinhibitory activity on 1 A.hydrophila respectively) had effect on all pathogenic bacteria. Among the standard laboratory media used Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) showed the maximum production and poor yields resulted from growth in Peptone Glyserol (PG) and Nutrient broth. We selected BLS11 to their wide range effect on same species and enteric pathogenic strains, to study the Influence of chemical and physical conditions on the production of BLS by A.hydrophila. The BLS11 preparations from A.hydrophila11 strains of A. hydrophila were tolerant to all three treatments of surfactant. In the other hand, effect of organic acid on BLS production BLS11 has been studied and showed no remarkable difference in zone of inhibition when used acetone as affecter element, while both of isopropanol and ethanol have narrow inhibition zone range when compared with control strain. These results indicated that most A. hydrophila might be harboring plasmid mediated bacteriocin like substance, and there are no relation between BLS production and number of plasmid bands present in bacteria.
Testing the ability of Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt 1833) Isopoda Crustaceans to decompose and consume cellulosean wastes in different ecosystems
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The present study was undertaken to use individual terrestrial crustacean from Isopoda such as the species Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt 1833) as environmental cleaner and that through the test of their abilities in decomposition of residues of some cellulosean wastes such as wood pieces which contain high ratio of urban wastes, and residue of Zea mays and particularly leaves as plant waste in agricultural fields and residue of Cynodon dactylon plants which compose the main wastes in most of gardens and parks. Experiments were conducted relatively in stable laboratory conditions to ensure environmental conditions similar to crustaceans' life. The results showed presence of good efficiency of these individuals in treating such wastes as they consumed 89% of wood pieces and 59% of Zea mays leaves and 27% of residue of Cynodon dactylon plants during the period of treatment. The average of each crustacean individual to consume was 0.74, 0.49 and 0.22 gram from the material mentioned respectively. So, it is recommend to conduct further experiments on different models of agricultural and civil wastes by using different species of these organisms to carry out such studies with a broad spectrum in future to treat the wastes and pollutants of environment by biological approach.
Effect of Replacing Partial of Wheat Flour by Lentil Powder on Quality Properties of Laboratory Bread
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

This investigation was carried out to examine the effect of replacing partial of flour by dried Lentils (Lens culinaris) to white flour in different percentages on the chemical, sensory and storage properties of the Laboratory bread. The results revealed that replacing 0% than wheat flour by lentil powder (1) control was high significan than the replacing 25 and 35% than wheat flour by lentil powder ( 4 and 5) in flavor and chewiness . The results of sensory evaluation showed that replacing 4 were high significan different than that of replacing 1 in external layer colour. Other replacing percentages, however, did not show significant differences of in comparison with control . In regards with chemical analysis of Iron and copper, it was increased as replacing percentages increased of the bread. Regarding replacig 5% (2 ) than wheat flour by lentil powder gained higher score of overall acceptance than other replacing percentages . Replacing 5 gained higher score of overall acceptance than replacing 15% (3) and 4 . It can be concluded that the best replacing from the overall acceptance of bread was 5% than wheat flour by lentil powder ,and retained its softness and flavor at - 8°c for 7 days in comparison with replacing 1 . and replacing in 5 that the best from the overall acceptance in comparison with replacing in 3 and 4 . and in percentages of Iron and copper in comparison with other replacing percentages It may be concluded that anemia people can get from consumption of this bread which is acceptable when 35 % powders were added.
Thermoluminescence dosimetry of mixed neutron – gamma fields
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

The method of measurement dosimetry in neutron – gamma field by using CaSo4 : Dy (PTFE) disc which has a diameter of 1.3mm and thickness of 0.2mm and using hydrogenated material as a converters of neutron to recoil protons (n-p) reaction, the discs were irradiated by neutron source (241Am-Be) with flux of 4.5?105 n/cm2s for different time to obtain different dose.
The TL signals, which we have been obtained by using the converters, are increases to 71%. So we can resolve the neutron and gamma in mixed field.
Effect of magnetic treatment of irrigation water and seed on some vegetative characteristics and production of black seed "Nigella sativa
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Seeds of Nigella sativa were sown in containers containing 15kg Loamy soil. The seeds were divided before sewing into two groups. The first group was soaked with ordinary tap water end the second group was treated with magnetized water for 24hrs.
The irrigation process was completed until 75% of capacity field with two types of water (tap water of magnetized water with three replications).The magnetized water was obtained from special electric device designed for this purposeRecorded measurements (plants height, the number of branches/ plant, dry weight ofplant, number of flowers, 1000 seed weight) during the harvest period.Results indicated that the seed group which was treated with magnetized water was more significant than the one which was treated with the normal water in all the studied characteristics.
Conventional and Molecular Typing of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi Locally Isolated In Baghdad
Authors: Journal Baghdad Science
Published: March 2019

Phenotypic And genotypic characteristics of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi have been determined for 29 isolates, from Baghdad in 2007. Conventional typing methods were performed by biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Molecular typing performed by analysis plasmid DNA beside using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR). For the latter, two universal primers that have selected for the high discriminatory power were used for RAPD analysis. All isolates were belong one biotype according to the differention by their ability to decarboxylat lysine, 29(100%) were lysine (+). All the isolates were susceptible to the Antibiotics used. However, all the strains free of plasmids. RAPD was capable of grouping the strains in 6 genotypic patterns using primer 784, in 4 genotypic patterns using primer 787. Conventional phenotypic typing methods, as well as the DNA plasmid analysis, presented non significant discriminatory power; however, RAPD-PCR analysis showed discriminatory power, reproducibility, easy interpretation and can be considered as a promising alternative typing method for S. Typhi.
Aportes de la investigación a las políticas públicas en salud en el distrito capital 2010-2013
Authors: Lozano-Ardila Martha , Hewitt-Ramírez Nohelia , Avendaño-Triviño Carlos , Juárez Fernando
Published: March 2019

El presente estudio presenta la descripción de la producción de conocimiento en salud, la calidad de vida, los factores globales que afectan la salud, los sistemas, servicios y políticas de salud, las estructuras y procesos que afectan diferencialmente la salud de la población en el marco de las prioridades del plan decenal de salud pública en Bogotá desde 2010 hasta 2013. Se tomaron en consideración los planteamientos del Plan Decenal de Salud Pública 2012-2021 y la agenda temática priorizada en CT+I para la Salud, Bogotá, 2013. Por consiguiente, a partir del análisis de 1516 documentos localizados en bibliotecas universitarias públicas y privadas, de instituciones de salud, publicaciones científicas en revistas y online. Se diseñó una base de datos, una ficha descriptiva con 140 ítems y una entrevista semiestructurada. La información obtenida se sometió a análisis tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos. En diferentes investigaciones se incluye el tema de la política pública como un eje clave para la producción y apropiación de conocimiento en el tema de salud. Otros estudios sugieren la necesidad de fortalecer los mecanismos de prevención y promoción de la salud, la atención de problemas específicos como las enfermedades transmisibles que ponen en riesgo la salud de la población residente en la capital. También se encuentran sugerencias para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los sistemas, servicios de salud. Se sugiere fortalecer la investigación en salud en la Capital para tener un conocimiento actualizado en este campo y contribuir al desarrollo de la política pública en salud para el Distrito Capital.
Electrochemically Fabricated Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers and Their Applications in Food, Environmental and Clinical Analysis
Authors: Pelit Levent , Pelit Füsun , Ertaş Hasan , Ertaş Fatma Nil
Published: March 2019

Background:

Designing an analytical methodology for complicated matrices, such as biological and environmental samples, is difficult since the sample preparation procedure is the most demanding step affecting the whole analytical process. Nowadays, this step has become more challenging by the legislations and environmental concerns since it is a prerequisite to eliminate or minimize the use of hazardous substances in traditional procedures by replacing with green techniques suitable for the sample matrix.

Methods:

In addition to the matrix, the nature of the analyte also influence the ease of creating green analytical techniques. Recent developments in the chemical analysis provide us new methodologies introducing microextraction techniques and among them, solid phase microextraction (SPME) has emerged as a simple, fast, low cost, reliable and portable sample preparation technique that minimizes solvent consumption.

Results:

The use of home-made fibers is popular in the last two decades since the selectivity can be tuned by changing the surface characteristics through chemical and electrochemical modifications. Latter technique is preferred since the electroactive polymers can be coated onto the fiber under controlled electrochemical conditions and the film thicknesses can be adjusted by simply changing the deposition parameters. Thermal resistance and mechanical strength can be readily increased by incorporating different dopant ions into the polymeric structure and selectivity can be tuned by inserting functional groups and nanostructures. A vast number of analytes with wide range of polarities extracted by this means can be determined with a suitable chromatographic detector coupled to the system. Therefore, the main task is to improve the physicochemical properties of the fiber along with the extraction efficiency and selectivity towards the various analytes by adjusting the electrochemical preparation conditions.

Conclusion:

This review covers the fine tuning conditions practiced in electrochemical preparation of SPME fibers and in-tube systems and their applications in environmental, food and clinical analysis.
Naar het Oosten. Geografische verschillen in het ledenbestand van de Ridderlijke Duitsche Orde, Balije van Utrecht, 1640-1840
Authors: De Bruin Renger E.
Published: March 2019

In the first half of the seventeenth century the Teutonic Order Bailiwick of Utrecht changed from a Catholic heir of the Crusades, loyal to a Habsburg grand master in Southern Germany into a society of married, Protestant noblemen, embedded in the structures of the Dutch Republic. The strict admission requirements make the Order an exclusive segment of Dutch nobility. The membership file offers rich possibilities of research on the composition of this layer in society. The members of the Bailiwick came from various provinces of the Dutch Republic and its successor states. A few came from the Holy Roman Empire. During the period under investigation the share of the eastern provinces of Overijssel and especially Gelderland increased (from fifty to 75 per cent), whereas that of the other provinces was much smaller and even decreasing. This conclusion confirms the image of the eastern provinces as bulwarks of nobility against the urban, maritime and bourgeois character of the western provinces, especially Holland.
De Belgische orangistische adel I. De zuidelijke adel in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (1815-1830)
Authors: Witte Els
Published: March 2019

When William I of Orange-Nassau became King of the Netherlands (1814-1815), he was fully aware of the influence of the rich, landowning aristocracy in the southern part of the Netherlands and tried hard to have this group on his side. A minority was opposed to the King’s politics, that favoured a more secular society. The majority appreciated that he privileged the aristocracy at his court and gave it considerable influence in the political and administrative elite. Whereas noble opponents joined the Belgian revolution of 1830, loyalists remained faithful to the King and became members of the counter-revolutionary Orangist movement. Some only sympathized, but others were very active members as leaders of brigades or belonging to the core of the movement. In 1839 the Treaty of the 24 Articles was signed by Belgium and the Netherlands. A number of Orangist aristocrats, then, left the movement. Others persisted and waited until the end of the 1840s, when the political movement was neutralized and only a nostalgic cult in remembrance of the lost kingdom survived in some aristocratic families.
Nobles and nations in modern Europe. A reply to Paul Janssens
Authors: Wrede Martin
Published: March 2019

In Virtus, XXIV (2017) verscheen een recensie van de hand van Paul Janssensover de bundel Adel und Nation in de Neuzeit. Hierarchie, Egalität und Loyalität, 16.–20. Jahrhundert. Beihefte der Francia, LXXXI (Ostfildern, 2016), onder redactie van Martin Wrede en Laurent Bourquin. Namens de auteurs schreef Martin Wrede een reactie op deze recensie.
Pengembangan multimedia permainan interaktif pembelajaran berhitung bagi anak diskalkulia usia prasekolah
Authors: Fathimah Nusuki Syariati , Ishartiwi Ishartiwi
Published: March 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan multimedia permainan interaktif pembelajaran berhitung yang layak bagi anak diskalkulia usia prasekolah. Penelitian pengembangan ini mengacu pada langkah pengembangan multimedia Alessi & Trollip mencakup tiga fase pengembangan yang meliputi perencanaan, perancangan, dan pengembangan. Subjek uji coba dalam penelitian ini yaitu dua orang ahli media, dua orang ahli matematika, dan sembilan anak diskalkulia usia prasekolah. Hasil penelitian berupa produk multimedia permainan interaktif pembelajaran berhitung bagi anak diskalkulia usia prasekolah berupa permainan puzzle dan logika yang dikemas dalam bentuk compact disc (CD) dengan menggunakan software Adobe Flash CS3. Multimedia permainan interaktif terdiri dari dua area permainan, yaitu area visual-spasial yang mencakup permainan geometri, klasifikasi, dan simbolisasi dan area sekuensial yang mencakup permainan prosedur, korespondensi, dan bilangan. Multimedia permainan interaktif dinilai  sangat layak berdasarkan hasil penilaian ahli media 88,33% dan ahli materi 91,6% serta berdasarkan hasil penilaian respon pengguna 85,18%.Kata kunci: multimedia permainan, berhitung, diskalkulia, prasekolah DEVELOPING INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA GAMES OF MATHEMATICS TEACHING TO PRESCHOOL DYSCALCULIC CHILDRENAbstractThis research aimed to develop interactive multimedia games of mathematics learning that was eligible for preschool dyscalculic children. This developmental study refered to the multimedia development phase suggested by Alessi & Trollip consisting of: planning, design, and development. The testing subjects consisted of two media experts, two mathematics experts, and nine preschool dyscalculia children. The results of the study was interactive multimedia games of mathematics learning for preschool dyscalculic children in the form of puzzles and logic games packaged in a compact disc (CD) form using the Adobe Flash CS3 software. The interactive multimedia games had two game areas, consisting of visual-spatial area that consisted of geometry, classification, and symbolization games and sequential area that consisted of procedure, correspondence, and number games. The interactive multimedia games were considered very eligible based on the results from the media experts 88.33% and from the subject matter experts 91.6% and based on the results from user’s responses 85.18%.Keywords: multimedia games, mathematics, dyscalculia, preschool
Pengendalian Temperatur dan Kelembaban dalam Kumbung Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus sp) Secara Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Authors: Waluyo Sri , Wahyono Ribut Eko , Lanya Budianto , Telaumbanua Mareli
Published: March 2019

Oyster mushroom can grow properly at temperatures of 16–30 °C and relative humidity of 80–95%. Environment conditioning by spraying of water in mushroom house manually in the morning and evening as the temperature and humidity controling is less effective and highly bothersome. Using of technology can controlling temperature and humidity in a mushroom house automatically.  This research aims to design an automatic control system to control temperature and humidity in oyster mushroom house. Research is located at an altitude of 125 meters above sea level. Automatic control system with a setting point temperature of 25 – 30 °C and humidity of 80 – 95% was tested at mushroom house with dimensions of 4 × 2 × 2 m with a capacity of 600 baglog mushrooms.  The results show that the performance of daily temperature and humidity without control is respectively 24.10 to 35.19 °C and 64.28 to 99.90%. While the temperature and humidity with the control system are 25.10 to 30.09 °C and 80.84 to 99.90%, respectively.
Pengaruh Pasang Surut terhadap Pengendapan Lumpur di Lahan Sawah Rawa Kawasan Sungai Barito Kalimantan Selatan
Authors: Mawardi M , Sudira Putu , Sunarminto Bambang Hendro , Gunawan Totok , Purwanto Benito Hadi
Published: March 2019

Swamp land has a great potential to be developed as a paddy field area. However it has many constraints such as-phyrite (FeS2) at the depth of 30–60 cm and lack of soil nutrition. On the other hand, supply of marine clay from the sea which contains a lot of smektit clay mineral can be used to netralize this condition. Mud clay is very important for the development of rice root because it contains much nutrition and to enlarge the top of soil reducing the oxidation of phyrite. This study was conducted from January 2016 to June 2017 in swamp land area of Barito River of South Kalimantan. Data was collected by measuring the difference between maximum and minimum sea tide (tidal amplitude) and the deposition of mud clay. The results indicated that the distribution of mud clay deposit vary depends on the geography and the tidal amplitude of the zone. Zone VII has higher concenration of mud clay than the other one. The distribution pattern of mud clay deposit follows the parabola type, verticaly and horizontaly type, as well. Increasing of mud clay at all of the zone areas are not significantly effected by the daily tidal amplitude, only depends on climate condition/the season change.
The Fricative Manoeuvre: Dialect Style-Shifting between Castilian and Mexican Spanish in YouTube Interviews with Musician Paul Banks
Authors: Magued Mina Mario , Kerla Jasmina
Published: March 2019

This study examines style-shifting in the case of Paul Banks, lead singer of the indie rock band Interpol, who spent a substantial amount of time during his adolescence in Spain and Mexico and therefore has access to their corresponding dialects. Our results show that Banks uses the dialect of the viewers during interviews. We see this as a strategy to index locality and solidarity in both Spanish-speaking regions and to convey aspects of his past and identity in order to win over viewers and fans.
Caliphatism in the period of decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Kirillina Svetlana A , Safronova Alexandra L , Orlov Vladimir V
Published: March 2019

The article analyses the historical role of the movement for defenсe of the Caliphate, which emerged in various regions of the Muslim world as a response to weakening and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The authors also focus on the social and political discussions of the 1920s - 1930s about the destiny of Muslim unity and the role of the future Caliphate. The article also deals with the transformation of conceptions of the Caliphate in the works of eminent ideologists and politicians of the Muslim world - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Muhammad Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad. The authors give an overview of the history of Caliphatist congresses and conferences of 1920s - 1930s. The aims and tasks of the Caliphatist movement among the Muslims of South Asia are also under study. The article examines the reaction of the South Asian princely elites to the weakening of the Ottoman state and explores the interrelation between pro-Ottoman sentiments of Caliphatists and the radicalization of anti-colonial struggle of Indian Muslims. A special attention is given to the role of leaders of Indian Caliphatists in preparation of the antiBritish uprisings in North-Western Hindustan. The authors also examine common and specifi c features of views and political actions of advocates and supporters of the Caliphate in the Middle East and in the Islamic communities of South Asia. The analysis of the source data reveales several patterns of reaction of Muslims in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia to the repudiation of the Caliphate by the Republican Turkey.