bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combination Therapy for Intestinal Amebiasis Using an Anti‐amebic Drug and Total Parenteral Nutrition —Report of Two Cases—
Authors: TERAI Shuji , SAKAIDA Isao , YASUNAGA Mitsuru , OKITA Kiwamu , SHINGAI Yasushi , SAITO Mitsuru , FURUTANI Harushige , SHIGETA Kojiro , INOUE Motoshige , TAKESHIGE Motohiro
Published: August 2007

Abstract: In this study we report on two cases of amebic colitis treated in our hospital. On admission both patients were in a severe state of malnutrition due to intermittent diarrhea which had continued for one month. Both patients suffered from amebic colitis presumably transmitted by homosexual intercourse. A definite diagnosis of amebic colitis was made from both fecal examination and colonoscopic biopsy. After the diagnosis was made, the patients were treated with metronidazole. This medication can eliminate Entamoeba histolytica, although it was insufficient for the treatment of the patients’malnutrition. Therefore we used total parenteral nutrition to treat their malnutrition. It was successful and resulted in their recovery and discharge. These two cases indicate that total parenteral nutrition therapy is useful for supporting the recovery of patients with amebiasis.
A Case of Cytomegalovirus‐Induced Gastric Lesions
Authors: ISHIURA Yoshihisa , WAKABAYASHI Hiroyuki , TANAKA Michio , IGARASHI Masahide , ANDO Takao , TERASAKI Teiichi , OKADA Kazuhiko , TSUKISHIRO Takashi , NAKAYAMA Yoshihide , FUNAKI Jun , BANDO Tsuyoshi , INATSUCHI Syuji , WATANABE Akiharu , OKADA Eikichi
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A 26‐year‐old woman was admitted to our hospital with epigastric pain, a husky voice, high‐grade fever, hepatosplenomegaly and enlargement of the kidneys. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed scattered non‐circular erythematous erosions, up to 5mm in diameter, in the gastric body and fornix. A histological examination of the biopsied specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin showed the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the glandular epithelial cells. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen was found in the inclusion bodies using the enzyme‐labeled antibody method. Subsequently, a needle biopsy taken from the kidney revealed a non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Our review of the literature indicates that CMV‐induced gastric lesions are endoscopically characteristic and can be diagnosed from their multiple, erythematous, non‐circular depressed lesions.
A Case of Minute Duodenal Carcinoma Resected by Endoscopy
Authors: KADOKAWA Makoto , TAKAHASHI Hiroshi , SUZUKI Yoshihiro , SUZUKI Satoshi , KOSEN Kenzo , SEKI Morihito , SUGIYAMA Keiichi , SATAKE Yohiharu , FUJITA Rikiya , SUGATA Fumio
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A 61‐year‐old man who had experienced epigastric pain for a year underwent an esophagogas. troduodenoscopy (EGD) which revealed a tiny, lobular and uneven‐surfaced protrusion (approximately 4 mm in diameter), well demarcated at the base and normal in color, in the duodenal bulb. A biopsy revealed a well differentiated adenocarcinoma. After admission, an endoscopic mucosal resection was performzed for this lesion. The resected tissue was 19 ×14 mm in size and contained a carcinoma measuring 4×3 mm in diameter.

Histopathologically, it was a well differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma limited to the mucosa; the lesion had been completely resected. In Japan, 133 cases of early primary duodenal carcinoma have been reported in the literature. However, the so‐called minute cancer measuring less than 5 mm in diameter has never been reported before. Dzagnosis, anatomical distribution, and treatment of the reported cases of early duodenal carcinoma were analyzed in this paper.
What is a Dieulafoy Ulcer—Relationship between Dieulafoy Ulcer and Ul‐II Ulcer
Authors: KUMAGAI Kazuhide , YASUI Akira , NISHIDA Yoshiaki , SHIMIZU Koji , MASUO Koki , YAMAGATA Kenichi
Published: August 2007

Abstract:A Dieulafoy ulcer is defined as a gastric ulcer with a massive hemorrhage from a shallow circular depression with an eroded artery in the center. The disease entity has been variously described as Dieulafoy ulcer, exulceratio simplex, gastric aneurysm or submucosal vascular malformation. In this study, the relationship between Dieulafoy ulcers and hemorrhagic Ul‐II shallow solitary ulceration was investigated according to the macroscopic and histologic findings of the resected stomach. The hemorrhagic Ul‐II solitary ulcers resected were located on the upper or middle gastric body. Most of them were small sized (under 10 mm) ovoid ulcers, and had exposed (eroded) arteries on the ulcer floor. Histologically, the Ul‐II ulcers showed ulceration in the acute phase without fibrosis. We concluded that a Dieulafoy ulcer and hemorrhagic solitary Ul‐II ulcer are the same. In fact, a Dieulafoy ulcer has no special pathogenesis such as congenital abnormal vessels, aneurysm, etc.
Acute Jejunogastric Intussusception—A Case Report
Authors: LOH Ching‐Hui , CHENG Huei‐Min , WANG Teh‐Fang , LIU Haw‐Jang , CHEN Ding‐Shinn , WANG Cheng‐Yi , WANG Teh‐Hong
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Acute jejunogastric intussusception is often a life‐threating complication of gastric surgery. The present case of acute retrograde jejunogastric intussusception occurred twenty years after a Billroth II partial gastrectomy. Acute pancreatitis was misdiagnosed primarily became of a low suspicion index. The diagnosis was establised by gastroscopy and radiography. During surgery, an intussusception of 30 cm of the efferent jejunum was reduced. Jejunogastric intussusception should be strongly suspected in all patients who Present with epigastric pain, vomiting, hematemesis, abdominal mass, or/and high intestinal obstruction after previous gastric surgery.
Foreign Bodies in the Bile Duct After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: FUJITA Naotaka , NODA Yutaka , KOBAYASHI Go , KIMURA Katsumi , WATANABE Hiromitsu , MOCHIZUKI Fukuji
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A 57‐year‐old man who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy three years previously was referred to our department for evaluation of foreign bodies in his abdomen. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed that the foreign bodies existed in the bile duct, and they were considered to be clips used during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopic sphincterotomy and removal of the foreign bodies with a Dormia basket were successfully performed. Migration of clips into the bile duct should be kept in mind as a possible late complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a feasible treatment of choice.
Laparoscopy Assisted Colectomy with Extracorporeal Anastomosis
Authors: KONISHI Fumio , NAGAI Hideo , KASHIWAGI Hiroshi , YASUDA Toshihiko , OKADA Masaki , KANAZAWA Kyotaro
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Laparoscopy assisted colectomy with extracorporeal anastomosis was carried out in five patients. In three patients, the lesions were carcinoma with submucosal invasion and the histological results of the polypectomy specimen indicated the necessity of the subsequent colectomy. In the other two patients the lesions were either adenoma or carcinoma in adenoma. Under pneumoperitoneum, mobilization of the colon was performed using the laparoscopic technique. In three patients the mesenteric vessels of a segment of the colon were ligated and divided extracorporeally. In two patients the mesenteric vessels were clipped and divided intracorporeally. In all cases, extracorporeal resection of the colon and hand suture anastomosis were performed. Surgery time ranged from 3 hours and 20 minutes to 4 hours and 50 minutes. No postoperative complications were experinced. Four patients began to walk on the first postoperative day. Postoperative administration of analgesics was needed in four patients for two days or less after the operation. In all but one case, bowel sounds were audible from the first post‐operative day onwards. In only one patient was the postoperative recovery delayed. Although sufficient future studies should be accumulated to confirm the advantages of this procedure, we can expect that laparoscopy assisted colectomy will become a useful procedure for benign and early malignant lesions in which colonoscopic removal was not possible or was suspected to be insufficient. (Dig Endosc 1944; 6 : 52–58)
Sex Difference in the Laparoscopic Appearance of the Cirrhotic Liver in Child A Stage
Authors: TARAO Kazuo , HOSHINO Hiroshi , SHIMIZU Akio , OHKAWA Shinichi , TAMAI Setsuo , NAKAMURA Yoshiyasu , HARADA Masaoki
Published: August 2007

The ratio of the number of cases of slightly elevated (flat shaped) nodules to hemispherical nodules on laparoscopical examination was studied in male and female histologically proven cirrhotic patients in Child A stage. The bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices (BrdU Lis) of all of the cirrhotic patients were examined using an in vitro labeling technique. Liver biopsy specimens obtained by a Tru‐cut needle were immediately incubated for 45 min. in 0.1% BrdU solution in RPMI 1640 at 37°C under a pressure of 3 atmospheres in a mixture of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Immunohistochemical detection of BrdU was performed using the ABC method. In the 18 male cirrhotic patients in Child A stage, 12 (67%) were found to have hemispherical nodules, and 6 (33%) were found to have slightly elevated nodules. In the 18 female cirrhotic patients, 5 (28%) had hemispherical nodules, and 13 (72%) had slightly elevated nodules (p< 0.05). The mean BrdU LI in male cirrhotic patients (2.07 ± 0.36%, SE) was greater than that of the female patients (1.21 ± 0.31%). The average BrdU LI of the hemispherical cirrhotic group (2.41 ± 0.39%) was significantly (p< 0.005) greater than that of the slightly elevated cirrhotic group (0.98 ± 0;21%). We found that about 70% of the male cirrhotic patients in Child A stage had a laparoscopically hemispherical nodular liver, as compared to about 30% of the female cirrhotic patients (p<0.05), and that the proliferation of hepatocytes in the hemispherical nodular liver was significantly increased compared with that of the slightly elevated (flat shaped) nodular liver (p<0.005).
Intestinal Ulcerations Complicating Takayasu's Arteritis
Authors: SEO Mitsuru , OKADA Mitsuo , YANO Zenichiro , YAMADA Yutaka
Published: August 2007

A 62‐year‐old female, with a forty year's history of Takayasu's arteritis, was admitted to Fukuoka University Hospital, with melena. Endoscopy showed multiple shallow ulcers and edematous mucosa in the terminal ileum, and also showed mucosal redness in the ascending colon. The cultures of feces and biopsy specimens taken from an ulcer in the terminal ileum were negative for bacteria and acid‐fast bacilli. Medication such as nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and potassium chloride were not used before the onset of melena. She was treated with an elemental diet to rest her bowel. Two months later, the ulcers in the terminal ileum had disappeared. However, two years later, similar ulcers recurred in the terminal ileum. These clinical findings and course strongly suggested that her intestinal ulcers might be associated with Takayasu's disease. In Takayasu's arteritis, intestinal lesions have rarely been reported.
A New Therapeutic Approach Towards Balloon Dilatation of Biliary Strictures Using a Peroral Cholangioscope
Authors: SAISHO Hiromitsu , TSUYUGUCHI Toshio , YAMAGUCHI Taketo , OHTO Masao
Published: August 2007

Balloon dilatation of biliary strictures using a peroral cholangioscope was used on 10 patients who had biliary strictures accompanied by proximally located stones. A dilation sufficient for the passage of a cholangioscope was obtained in 8 of 10 patients including all of the 6 patients with extrahepatic strictures and 2 of the 4 patients with intrahepatic ones. After successful dilatation of the strictures, peroral cholangioscopic lithotripsy was performed in 4 of the 8 patients whose gallstones were too large to be removed with a conventional stone basket: electrohydraulic lithotripsy in 3 patients and Nd: YAG Laser lithotripsy in one patient. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 5 patients with extrahepatic strictures. Three patients, 1 with the extrahepatic strictures and 2 with the intrahepatic strictures had partial stone clearance. A follow‐up study (27 months on average) disclosed no recurrence of symptoms or elevated laboratory tests indicative of restrictures. Balloon dilatation with a peroral cholangioscope might be a safe and effective treatment as a new approach for biliary strictures especially for extrahepatic lesions, as an alternative to surgical intervention.
Endoscope Disinfection with Acid Electrolyzed Water
Authors: MASUDA Tomoyuki , OIKAWA Keiichi , OIKAWA Hiroki , SATO Shinichiro , SATO Kunio , KANO Atsushi
Published: August 2007

Reports of endoscope‐mediated infectious diseases have been increasing. In order to investigate the usefulness of acid electrolyzed water for endoscope disinfection, a test endoscope was disinfected with acid electrolyzed water, and bacteria were examined before and after disinfection. The rates of detection of general bacteria on the surface of the endoscope were 100% (33/33 cases) immediately after its removal, 73% (24/33 cases) after washing the endoscope, and 0% (0/33 cases) after disinfection with acid electrolyzed water. The rates of detection for the forceps channel were 100% (33/33 cases) immediately after endoscope removal, 100% (33/33 cases) after washing, and 0% (0/33 cases) after disinfection with acid electrolyzed water. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) was detected at the tip of the endoscope in 3 of the 33 cases immediately after the endoscope was removed. The bacteria were observed in 3 cases after washing as well, but disappeared after disinfection with acid electrolyzed water. The bactericidal effect of acid electrolyzed water on H. pylori was also investigated by culturing a condensed solution of a standard strain of H. pylori with acid electrolyzed water. Growth was inhibited within 30 seconds after the addition of acid electrolyzed water. Endoscope disinfection with acid electrolyzed water should be considered useful.
A Case of Postsurgical Pancreatic Pseudocyst Treated by Endoscopic Cystogastrostomy
Authors: FUJITA Naotaka , NODA Yutaka , KOBAYASHI Go , KIMURA Katsumi , MOCHIZUKI Fukuji
Published: August 2007

Pancreatic pseudocyst after pancreatic surgery is a relatively rare condition and conservative therapy is the common treatment of choice. When symptoms persist or complications follow, however, surgical treatment is considered. There have been reports on endoscopic cystoenterostomy since the early 1980s. We herein describe a case of postsurgical pancreatic pseudocyst treated successfully by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. A nineteen‐year‐old female showing left hypochondralgia and back pain with elevation of her serum amylase level, who had undergone enucleation of a solid cystic tumor in the body of the pancreas, was referred to our department. She was diagnosed as having a pseudocyst of the pancreas 5.8×4.5 cm in size at the site of enucleation by US and CT. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and endoscopic ultrasonography performed simultaneously revealed obstruction of the main pancreatic duct and a cystic change in the body‐tail of the pancreas just behind the gastric wall of the upper body. An extrinsic compression was seen in the posterior wall of the upper body of the stomach endoscopically. An incision was made using a sphincterotome. A pigtail stent, 7.2 Fr in size, was placed to keep the patency of the fistula, which was removed one and a half months later. Her symptoms showed great improvement immediately after the procedure. Follow‐up CT demonstrated no recurrence of the pseudocyst.
Application of Peroral Cholecystoscopy in a Case of Cholecystocolic Fistula
Authors: KANEMAKI Naoto , NAKAZAWA Saburo , YAMAO Kenji , YOSHINO Junji , INUI Kazuo , YAMACHIKA Hitoshi , FUJIMOTO Masao , WAKABAYASHI Takao , OKUSHIMA Kazumu , HIRANO Ken , MIYOSHI Hironao , TAKI Norihito , SUGIYAMA Kazuhisa , FUJI Akihiko , HATTORI Toshiyuki
Published: August 2007

A patient with a cholecystocolic fistula, complicating cholecysto‐choledocholithiasis, was treated endoscopically with gallbladder observation by peroral cholecystoscopy (POCCS). The patient was a 71‐year‐old female admitted to our hospital for investigation and treatment of biliary stones and a cholecystocolic fistula. Endoscopic lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were performed after endoscopic sphincterotomy, and the gallbladder was subsequently investigated using a duodenoscope/ cholangioscope of the mother and baby type. Full distension of the gallbladder with saline solution allowed POCCS observation of the entire surface. The gallbladder mucosa was smooth, and neither stones nor tumors were observed. Though the cholecystocolic fistula itself could not be observed, we concluded that it had resulted from cholecystitis. Peroral cholecystoscopy is thus a useful method of investigating the gallbladder in such cases.
A Case of Post‐Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Bile Leakage from the Cystic Duct Treated by Endoscopic Nasobiliary Drainage without EST
Authors: OHTANI Yasuo , TANAKA Yutaka , GOTO Kenichiro , TSUKUI Masaru , MAKUUCHI Hiroyasu , TAJIMA Tomoo , MITOMI Toshio
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The patient was a 45 year old female with cholelithiasis who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Bile leakage was detected from the site of Penrose drain insertion immediately after the operation. As no improvement of bile leakage was subsequently observed, ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) was performed on the third postoperative day. Neither choledocholithiasis nor choledochal stricture was found and the diagnosis of bile leakage from the cystic duct stump was made. A 5Fr ENBD (endoscopic nasobiliary drainage)‐tube without EST (endoscopic sphincterotomy) was inserted into the common bile duct, and bile leakage disappeared completely on the third day after insertion of the ENBD tube. Additional laparotomy, EST or biliary stenting was thereby avoided. Choledo‐chography, via the ENBD‐tube, showed no leakage of contrast material, the ENBD‐tube was removed and the patient was discharged. ENBD should be considered as a method of treatment for management of bile leaks from the cystic duct stump.
Endosonographic Staging of Gastric Carcinoma: Factors influencing accuracy
Authors: SONGÜR Yildiran , OKAI Takashi , FUJII Tomoharu , WATANABE Hiroyuki , MOTOO Yoshiharu , OOP Akishi , MAI Masayoshi , SAWABU Norio
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Endoscopic ultrasonography has become an important diagnostic procedure complementary to endoscopy and histopathological study in the preoperative evaluation of gastric carcinoma. Despite allowing visualization of tumoral infiltration with quite high accuracy, certain factors have limited the accuracy of this modality or even led to misinterpretation. We designed a prospective study to evaluate the accuracy of gastric carcinoma diagnosis with special reference to factors resulting in misdiagnosis. During a 22 month period, 86 patients with early and advanced gastric carcinoma underwent surgical or endoscopic resection on the basis of endosonographic findings. In all patients, endosonographic findings, location and macroscopic type of the tumor and histopathological characteristics including depth of invasion, malignant cell type and/or differentiation, and the presence/absence of ulceration in the tumor focus were recorded. The endosonographic and histopathological results were compared at the end of the study. Overall accuracy was 85% using the TNM staging system. There were no significant differences in accuracy in the location of the tumor, histological grading or macroscopic type of tumor, although the accuracy rate was lower for tumors located in the antrum. Ulceration in the tumor focus was a major factor leading to misinterpretation of the findings of early gastric cancer (p<0.02). The diagnosis of microinvasion is an issue which remains to be resolved.
Image Processing for the Evaluation of Gastric Ulcer Scars Using a Personal Computer
Authors: MURANAKA Toru , FUJIWARA Michiaki , SUMII Toshihiko , RO Tokugen , YASUMORI Kotaro , OSHIUMI Yoshihiko
Published: August 2007

Abstract:Image processing of gastric ulcer scars was conducted using a computer‐equipped electronic endoscope in order to quantitatively classify the quality of gastric ulcer scars. Frontal images of 66 gastric ulcer scars (red scar stage), in 60 patients, obtained by electronic endoscopy were fed into a desktop computer system. Ulcer scars were classified according to the standard deviation of green signal intensity and unevenness of the scar surface, following repeated application of smoothing, into three groups. Group I: ulcer scars with a standard deviation of green signal intensity less than or equal to 15 and a flat surface after smoothing had been carried out 10 times. Group II: ulcers other than Group I or III. Group III: ulcers with a standard deviation greater than or equal to 25 and markedly uneven features after smoothing had been carried out 20 times. Follow‐up gastroscopy examinations were performed at 2‐week intervals and the cumulative recurrence rate, as well as the transition from red scar stage to white scar phase, were determined 7 months after initial healing. There were 15 Group I, 28 Group II and 23 Group III ulcer scars. The proportion of ulcer relapse was 6.7% in Group I, 35.7% in Group II and 47.5% in Group III. Regarding the relationship between the transition rate from red scar to white scar and the scar classification, 66.7% of Group I, 28.6% of Group II and 17.4% of Group III ulcer scars progressed to the white scar stage. This classification of gastric ulcer scars provides a representative index of the quality of ulcer healing, which is potentially useful for planning maintenance treatment.
Elastoplastic modelling of subsurface crack growth in rail/wheel contact problems
Authors: LUNDÉN R.
Published: August 2007

Propagation of small subsurface cracks subjected to shear under repeated rolling contact load is studied. An analytical crack model (Dugdale) with plastic strips at the two crack tips is employed. Compressive stresses promoting crack closure and friction between crack faces are considered. The triaxial stress state is used in the yield criterion. A damage criterion is suggested based on experimental LCF data. In a numerical study, critical crack lengths are found below which propagation of an existing crack should be effectively suppressed.
An Ambiguous-Race Illusion in Children's Face Memory
Authors: Shutts Kristin , Kinzler Katherine D.
Published: August 2007

Adults show better memory for ambiguous faces of their own race than for ambiguous faces of another race, even when the faces are identical and differentiated only by extraneous cues to racial category. We investigated whether similar context effects operate early in development. Young children raised in predominantly White environments were presented with computer-generated White-Black morphed faces, each paired with either the White or the Black face that contributed to its construction, and were told that the two faces in each pair were siblings. The children's subsequent recognition memory was more accurate for faces that had been paired with White siblings than for faces that had been paired with Black siblings. The same effect did not obtain when the ambiguous faces were paired with White or Black faces that did not contribute to their construction and did not look like siblings. These findings suggest that face memory in children is not driven exclusively by visual information present in faces and instead depends on an interplay of categorical and perceptual information about race and relationships.
When the Need to Belong Goes Wrong
Authors: Brown Leslie H. , Silvia Paul J. , Myin-Germeys Inez , Kwapil Thomas R.
Published: August 2007

People possess an innate need to belong that drives social interactions. Aberrations in the need to belong, such as social anhedonia and social anxiety, provide a point of entry for examining this need. The current study used experience-sampling methodology to explore deviations in the need to belong in the daily lives of 245 undergraduates. Eight times daily for a week, personal digital assistants signaled subjects to complete questionnaires regarding affect, thoughts, and behaviors. As predicted, higher levels of social anhedonia were associated with increased time alone, greater preference for solitude, and lower positive affect. Higher social anxiety, in contrast, was associated with higher negative affect and was not associated with increased time alone. Furthermore, greater social anxiety was associated with greater self-consciousness and preference to be alone while interacting with unfamiliar people. Thus, deviations in the need to belong affect social functioning differently depending on whether this need is absent or thwarted.
Frequency Correlates in Grapheme-Color Synaesthesia
Authors: Beeli Gian , Esslen Michaela , Jäncke Lutz
Published: August 2007

Individuals with synaesthesia experience certain stimuli in more than one sensory modality. Most common is the linkage of letters and digits (graphemes) to colors. Whereas synaesthesia might be partly genetically determined, the linkages to specific colors are assumed to be learned. We present a systematic statistical analysis of synaesthetic color perception based on subjects' reproduction of individual colors for each grapheme, instead of simple verbal categorizations. The statistical analysis revealed that the color perceptions, measured with the HSL (hue, saturation, and luminance) scale, varied systematically among the different digits and letters. The frequencies of the digits and letters (in the German language) partly explained these systematic variations. However, digit frequency was more strongly related to color perception in the synaesthetes than was letter frequency. The results for digit and letter frequency indicate that experience with graphemes may shape synaesthetic color perception.
Response Variability in Attention-Deficit Disorders
Authors: Gilden David L. , Hancock Hilary
Published: August 2007

Reaction times in a mental rotation task were measured across a diverse population that sorted into two groupings based on overall variability. Although both the low- and the high-variance groups produced data that displayed the trends typical of mental rotation, the two groups' reaction time sequences had very different auto-correlation functions. Power spectra derived from the two groups' data showed the presence of distinctive noise processes with long memory. Normal levels of variance were associated with 1/f noise, whereas high-variance data had substantial traces of random walk contour. These findings provide new perspectives on cognitive assessments of attention dysfunction.
Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice
Authors: Salvatore Jessica , Shelton J. Nicole
Published: August 2007

This study examined how encountering racial prejudice affects cognitive functioning. We assessed performance on the Stroop task after subjects reviewed job files that suggested an evaluator had made nonprejudiced, ambiguously prejudiced, or blatantly prejudiced hiring recommendations. The cognitive impact of exposure to ambiguous versus blatant cues to prejudice depended on subjects' racial group. Black subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw ambiguous evidence of prejudice, whereas White subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw blatant evidence of prejudice. Given the often ambiguous nature of contemporary expressions of prejudice, these results have important implications for the performance of ethnic minorities across many domains.
Why Are Some Individuals Not Racially Biased?
Authors: Livingston Robert W. , Drwecki Brian B.
Published: August 2007

Two studies investigated the psychological underpinnings of racial nonbias, defined as extremely low or null bias on measures of implicit and explicit racial attitudes. In Study 1, racially nonbiased Whites showed differential susceptibility to affective conditioning compared with subjects with greater bias. A significant two-way interaction emerged, indicating that nonbiased individuals were significantly less likely than other individuals to acquire negative affective associations to neutral stimuli in a classical conditioning paradigm, but were more likely than other individuals to acquire positive affective associations to neutral stimuli. This pattern of findings was replicated in Study 2, in which the identification of nonbiased Whites was facilitated by their nomination by an African American acquaintance. Implications for bias formation and prejudice reduction are discussed.
Sexual Uncertainties and Disabled Young Men: Silencing Difference Within the Classroom
Authors: BLYTH CRAIG , CARSON IAIN
Published: August 2007

This paper reflects upon and connects the findings of two research projects that examined the sexual inequalities experienced by disabled young gay men. Using some of the data for illustrative purposes, we explore the consequences of the dominant heteronormative discursive practices that they experienced within sex education classes. Drawing on Foucault, we explore how the many silences within the particular version of sex education that these young men received resulted in internalized feelings of difference. Furthermore, we argue that such educational experiences construct ‘certainties’ that do not reflect the realities of young disabled gay men.
Globalization, the Developmental State and the Politics of Urban Growth in Korea: A Multilevel Analysis
Authors: BAE YOOIL , SELLERS JEFFEREY M.
Published: August 2007

This article explores the politics of urban growth in a transitional society. Korea, which is experiencing rapid industrialization, urbanization and democratic transition exemplifies a set of conditions that may seem to favor the emergence of an urban growth politics and business‐led growth coalition much like that found in urban areas at the time of industrialization, and still prevalent in much of the US and other western democracies today. Yet our multilevel case analyses show that the transformations in Korea as a late industrializer, late democratizer and late adopter of urban policy have helped to consolidate more restricted policies toward urban growth than in the US or much of Europe. Multilevel analysis that highlights dynamics at global and national as well as local levels illuminates why the growth politics of a transitional society like Korea resembles as well as differs from that of older industrialized democracies.

Cet article étudie la politique d'expansion urbaine dans une société en transition. La Corée, dont la période de transition actuelle connaît une évolution industrielle, urbaine et démocratique rapide, illustre un ensemble de conditions qui favorise apparemment l'émergence d'une coalition entre politique d'expansion urbaine et croissance par les entreprises—semblable à celle qui existait dans les zones urbaines à l'époque de l'industrialisation et subsiste encore dans la majorité des États‐Unis et autres démocraties occidentales. Pourtant, nos analyses de cas à plusieurs niveaux montrent que, dans une Corée en phase tardive d'industrialisation, de démocratisation et d'adoption d'une politique publique urbaine, les transformations ont contribuéà combiner des politiques d'expansion urbaine plus limitées qu'aux États‐Unis ou que dans une grande partie de l'Europe. Une analyse à plusieurs niveaux mettant en lumière une dynamique aux plans mondial et national, mais aussi local, explique pourquoi la politique d'expansion d'une société en transition comme la Corée présente à la fois ressemblances et différences par rapport aux anciennes démocraties industrialisées.
A derivative of the plasma protease inhibitor α2‐macroglobulin regulates the response to peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Arandjelovic Sanja , Dragojlovic Nikola , Li Xiaoqing , Myers Robert R. , Campana W. Marie , Gonias Steven L.
Published: August 2007

Peripheral nerve injury induces endoneural inflammation, controlled by diverse cytokines and extracellular mediators. Although inflammation is coupled to axonal regeneration, fulminant inflammation may increase nerve damage and neuropathic pain. α2‐Macroglobulin (α2M) is a plasma protease inhibitor, cytokine carrier, and ligand for cell‐signaling receptors, which exists in two well‐characterized conformations and in less well‐characterized intermediate states. Previously, we generated an α2M derivative (α2‐macroglobulin activated for cytokine binding; MAC) similar in structure to α2M conformational intermediates, which binds tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and inhibits endotoxin toxicity. In this study, we report that the continuum of cytokines that bind to MAC includes IL‐6 and IL‐18. MAC inhibited TNF‐α‐induced p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and cell death in cultured Schwann cells. When administered by i.p. injection to mice with sciatic nerve crush injury, MAC decreased inflammation and preserved axons. Macrophage infiltration and TNF‐α expression also are decreased. MAC inhibited TNF‐α expression in the chronic constriction injury model of nerve injury. When MAC was prepared using a mutated recombinant α2M, which does not bind to the α2M receptor, low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1, activity in the chronic constriction injury model was blocked. These studies demonstrate that an α2M derivative is capable of regulating the response to peripheral nerve injury by a mechanism that requires low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1.
Astrocyte activation in vivo during graded photic stimulation
Authors: Dienel Gerald A. , Schmidt Kathleen C. , Cruz Nancy F.
Published: August 2007

Astrocytes have important roles in control of extracellular environment, de novo synthesis of neurotransmitters, and regulation of neurotransmission and blood flow. All of these functions require energy, suggesting that astrocytic metabolism should rise and fall with changes in neuronal activity and that brain imaging can be used to visualize and quantify astrocytic activation in vivo. A unilateral photic stimulation paradigm was used to test the hypothesis that graded sensory stimuli cause progressive increases in the uptake coefficient of [2‐14C]acetate, a substrate preferentially oxidized by astrocytes. The acetate uptake coefficient fell in deafferented visual structures and it rose in intact tissue during photic stimulation of conscious rats; the increase was highest in structures with monosynaptic input from the eye and was much smaller in magnitude than the change in glucose utilization (CMRglc) by all cells. The acetate uptake coefficient was not proportional to stimulus rate and did not correlate with CMRglc in resting or activated structures. Simulation studies support the conclusions that acetate uptake coefficients represent mainly metabolism and respond to changes in metabolism rate, with a lower response at high rates. A model portraying regulation of acetate oxidation illustrates complex relationships among functional activation, cation levels, and astrocytic metabolism.
Older adults experiences of rehabilitation in acute health care
Authors: Atwal Anita , Tattersall Kirsty , Murphy Susana , Davenport Neil , Craik Christine , Caldwell Kay , Mcintyre Anne
Published: August 2007

Rehabilitation is a key component of nursing and allied healthcare professionals’ roles in most health and social care settings. This paper reports on stage 2 of an action research project to ascertain older adult's experience of rehabilitation. Twenty postdischarge interviews were conducted and the interview transcripts were analysed using thematic content analysis. All older adults discharged from an acute older acute rehabilitation ward to their own homes in the community were eligible to participate. The only exclusion criterion was older adults who were thought to be unable to give consent to participate by the nurse in charge and the researcher. Whilst 92 older adults were eligible to participate in this research study, only 20 were interviewed. The findings from this study suggest that older adults valued communication with health professionals but were aware of their time constraints that hindered communication. This study suggests that both nurses and allied health professionals are not actively providing rehabilitative services to promote health and well‐being, which contradicts the focus of active ageing. Furthermore, there was evidence of unmet needs on discharge, and older adults unable to recall the professions that were involved in their interventions and the rationale for therapy input. It is suggested that further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of allied health rehabilitation in the acute setting. This study highlights the need for further research into older adults’ perceptions of the rehabilitation process in the acute setting.
Culturally congruent care for older people: Finnish care in Sweden
Authors: Heikkilä Kristiina , Sarvimäki Anneli , Ekman Sirkka‐Liisa
Published: August 2007

An increasing number of older people belong to minority and immigrant groups. This calls for new models on the subject of how to provide culturally adjusted care for these populations. The aim of this study is to describe how cultural congruency is used in care for older Finnish immigrants in order to promote their well‐being. The study was conducted with an ethnographic design, based on participant observations and interviews among residents, staff, and visitors in the Finnish Home in Sweden. In the core of the cultural congruency is the use of the Finnish language, and the fact that both residents and staff have Finnish backgrounds. In addition to this, Finnish customs and celebrations, popular culture, and topics of discussion, are actively used in order to create a common ground for communication and shared understanding of the individual person. Cultural congruency, based on the residents’ mother language, shared ethnic background with staff, and shared customs creates a common ground for communication and an understanding. This enables caring relationships, which, in turn, increases the residents’ well‐being.
Fear of humiliation inhibits women's care‐seeking behaviour for long‐term urinary incontinence
Authors: Hägglund Doris , Wadensten Barbro
Published: August 2007

Most women with urinary incontinence (UI) do not seek professional help. Women's experiences of their behaviour when seeking care for incontinence are important to improve understanding by nurses and encourage as well as enable women to seek help. The aim of this study was to illuminate the meaning of women's lived experiences of their behaviour when seeking care for long‐term UI. Thirteen women were interviewed (range 37–52 years) who had not sought professional help for incontinence. A phenomenological hermeneutic method was used to analyse and interpret the interview texts. Three themes evolved from data: being in an affected situation, having personal beliefs about seeking care and having desired expectations about care. Being in an affected situation, means that the women were negatively affected by their long‐term incontinence. Living with shame, altered sexual relationships and a need for distancing have negatively influenced their care‐seeking behaviour (CSB). Having personal beliefs about seeking care means that the women had their own beliefs regarding morally acceptable behaviour for seeking care because of incontinence. This led to a toning down of their problem and a minimization of the problem associated with incontinence as it was considered to be a normal consequence of pregnancy and childbirth. Having desired expectations about care means that the women had opinions relevant to the care and felt being asked about incontinence and an understanding atmosphere should be included. The conclusion is that fear of humiliation inhibited women from seeking care for long‐term UI. The findings suggest that nurses should be precise when asking about women's experiences of UI because otherwise they do not bring it up. Additionally, CSB can help nurses to explain the experience and enable women to seek help for this manageable condition.
RADIOCARBON DATING OF KILL SITES
Authors: TAMERS M. A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Age determinations of kill sites, where charcoal is generally absent, has usually depended on radiocarbon analyses of bone material. However, it has been seen with known‐age samples that these dates are often in error due to contamination by plant products or ground water carbonates. The use of soil samples from strata both above and below, as well as the level containing the artifacts, offers important advantages. The soil profiles present sequences of dates, whereas the bones are only individual samples. The distribution of the soil date values can indicate upper and lower limits for the age of the kill site.

The Taima‐taima paleo‐indian site in the state of Falcón, Venezuela is presented as an illustration of the application of radiocarbon dating of soil to archaeological problems. A total of 22 samples were processed. It is seen that soils from two profiles indicate a dating of 13 000 years for the kill. Taking into account reasonable extents of error, uncertainties of ± 2000 years can be estimated. The non‐carbonate fraction dates are in agreement with the earth samples, but this is probably due to the organic matter extracted from these materials being mostly soil contamination in the porous bone matrix.

Fluorine measurements on the bones confirm the Pleistocene origin.
THE FORMATION OF PATINA ON FLINT
Authors: ROTTLÄNDER R.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

All known factors influencing the rate and character of flint patination have been investigated. They include the pH of the surrounding solution and the presence in it of sodium ions and chemicals of organic origin. After each treatment the flints were studied with a scanning electron microscope to determine the nature of the surface. The correct assessment of the above factors is essential for the derivation of reliable archaeological information from flint patinas.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE RADIOISOTOPE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF OLD SILVER COINS
Authors: FLORKOWSKI T. , STÓS Z.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The paper presents the results of a feasibility study of the application of X‐ray fluorescence analysis to nondestructive analysis of coins. Radioisotope sources 55Fe, 241Am, 109Cd and 238Pu were used for excitation and a Si/Li detector with a multichannel analyser for the measurement of characteristic X‐ray lines. Silver and copper in Polish renaissance coins have been analysed. Analysis using Ag K and Ag L lines allows one to distinguish between blanched and unblanched coins. The accuracy of the silver determination using Ag K X‐rays is claimed to be ± 0.5% Ag for homogenous coins and ± 1.0% Ag for blanched but well‐preserved uncorroded coins.
CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS OF MARBLES FROM SOME ANCIENT QUARRIES OF WESTERN ANATOLIA AND THEIR ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: MANFRA L. , MASI U. , TURI B.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

13C/12C and 18O/16O ratios have been measured for 42 marbles from the main quarry localities of archaeological interest of Western Anatolia (Marmara, Ephesos, Aphrodisias, Denizli and Afyon) in order to test the possibility of isotopically characterizing ancient marbles from this region. The various groups of samples are not clearly distinguishable on a δ13C‐δ18O diagram. However, if only white or slightly coloured samples are considered, the isotopic method appears to be much more selective.
THE COMPARISON OF ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATA WITH THE ANALYTICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE GEOMAGNETIC FIELD FOR THE LAST 2000 YEARS
Authors: BURLATSKAYA S. P. , BRAGINSKY S. I.
Published: August 2007

Spectral analysis techniques are applied to archaeomagnetic data and the significance of the results are discussed.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH 13th‐16th CENTURY PEWTER FLATWARE
Authors: BROWNSWORD R. , PITT E. E. H.
Published: August 2007

Most of the thirty‐six pewter items were found to have been made from high quality tin‐rich alloys with low lead content, hardened with a small amount (0.5–3.0%) of copper; these were thought to be from the later part of the period. Three items, one with the highest copper content of all the alloys, were thought to be from the earlier part of the period. Five items with up to 2% of copper hardener but with lead levels up to 26.5% were thought to be of provincial origin. A possible correlation of alloy composition and date and place of manufacture with rim‐form is discussed. A wavelength‐dispersive technique was used for the analyses.
MEDIEVAL COPPER ALLOY PRODUCTION AND WEST AFRICAN BRONZE ANALYSES ‐ PART I
Authors: CRADDOCK P. T.
Published: August 2007

The uses made of analyses of copper alloys from West Africa are critically discussed in relation to the techniques by which metal was produced in contemporary Europe and Islamic lands. The conclusions of this study are that it is likely to be very difficult to provenance the metal source, or date the artifact by composition except in the rare case of high zinc brasses. Some analyses of European copper alloys, manillas and further samples from Igbu‐Ukwu are given.
ENERGY‐DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF CHINESE PORCELAINS USING Am‐241
Authors: YAP C. T. , TANG S. M.
Published: August 2007

Americium‐241 source was used to investigate elements whose fluorescent X‐ray energies are between about 25 and 40 keV. We did not find any correlation between the amount of the elements present and the time of manufacture except for barium, which can therefore be used to detect modern reproductions. This method of detection is both quick and non‐destructive.
RETENTION OF PHOSPHATE IN BURIED CERAMICS: AN ELECTRON MICROBEAM APPROACH
Authors: FREESTONE I. C. , MEEKS N. D. , MIDDLETON A. P.
Published: August 2007

Elevated concentrations of P2O5 of 2–12 wt% absolute were observed in the matrices of a small group of ceramics with the electron microprobe. P2O5, CaO and FeOt are enriched towards the surfaces in some cases and elemental correlations suggest precipitation of a crystalline calcium phosphate with a stoichiometry close to CaO · P2O5. Scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray mapping showed P2O5 to be dispersed in the ceramic matrix on a very fine scale, while X‐ray diffraction detected no crystalline phosphate. Parallels are drawn with the precipitation of phosphate in the surfaces of weathered glass. It is concluded that the amorphous phases produced on firing behave as chemically active substrates which facilitate the adsorption or precipitation of very fine grained calcium phosphate from the burial environment.
RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE OXFORD AMS SYSTEM: ARCHAEOMETRY DATELIST 2
Authors: GILLESPIE R. , GOWLETT J. A. J. , HALL E. T. , HEDGES R. E. M. , PERRY C.
Published: August 2007

In an effort to make measurements readily available as soon as possible, dates from the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator will now be published regularly in Archaeometry. These datelists will not be a substitute for final publication in Radiocarbon, which is desirable for all dates, but are intended to serve as a formal interim publication of dates, so that they can be cited.
CHEMICAL MAPPING OF BASALT FLOWS AT PALEOLITHIC SITES
Authors: GOREN‐INBAR N. , PERLMAN I. , HEIMANN A.
Published: August 2007

In the northern Golan Heights, which is built up from volcanic ejections, paleolithic artifacts are found embedded between basalt flows, and in other stratified ejecta. The archaeological objective is to describe the styles of artifacts which belong to particular cultures, which means particular periods. This can be done if different rock stratigraphic units can be mapped in areas where the exposures of strata are not continuous. The present study made use of neutron activation analysis (NAA) to map flows by their chemical compositions. It was found that there is no difficulty in telling one rock unit from another. In addition, it was possible to show that some aspects of earlier geological mapping were deficient or faulty.