bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication from the board of directors: An empirical study on readability in Spanish language on Sustainability Reporting
Authors: Cervantes Sintas Mónica
Published: November 2020

This article analyses the readability of the communication in Spanish language from the board of directors based on the study of narrative texts at Sustainability Reports of IBEX35 companies, which includes the 35 largest listed companies in Spain given their market capitalization. It undertakes an empirical study with two purposes: first, to describe the readability scale of these texts, and second, to ascertain whether or not compliance on sustainability influences the readability of disclosure. The study was carried out on the narrative texts of six GRI data standards related to compliance with laws and regulations, included in 116 Sustainability Reports of IBEX35 Spanish-listed companies in the period 2015-2018. Readability was measured using two indices for Spanish language readability: the Fernandez-Huerta and the Inflesz indices. These indices are based on the Flesch Reading Ease Formula for English narrative texts. Findings suggest that communication from the board concerning Sustainability Reports needs improvement since, in general, these reports are difficult to read. Finding also suggest that compliance with GRI standards could be related to low readability difficulty of reports and non-compliance to high readability difficulty.
Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesic Priming in Single Nociceptors
Authors: Khomula Eugen V. , Araldi Dionéia , Bonet Ivan J. M. , Levine Jon D.
Published: November 2020

Clinical µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists produce hyperalgesic priming, a form of maladaptive nociceptor neuroplasticity, resulting in pain chronification. We have established anin vitromodel of opioid-induced hyperalgesic priming (OIHP), in male rats, to identify nociceptor populations involved and its maintenance mechanisms. OIHP was inducedin vivoby systemic administration of fentanyl and confirmed by prolongation of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) hyperalgesia. Intrathecal cordycepin, which reverses Type I priming, or the combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, which reverses Type II priming, both partially attenuated OIHP. Parallelin vitroexperiments were performed on small-diameter (<30 µm) dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, cultured from fentanyl-primed rats, and rats with OIHP treated with agents that reverse Type I or Type II priming. Enhancement of the sensitizing effect of a low concentration of PGE2(10 nm), another characteristic feature of priming, measured as reduction in action potential (AP) rheobase, was found in weakly isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive and IB4-negative (IB4–) neurons. In strongly IB4-positive (IB4+) neurons, only the response to a higher concentration of PGE2(100 nm) was enhanced. The sensitizing effect of 10 nmPGE2was attenuated in weakly IB4+ and IB4– neurons cultured from rats whose OIHP was reversedin vivo. Thus,in vivoadministration of fentanyl induces neuroplasticity in weakly IB4+ and IB4– nociceptors that persistsin vitroand has properties of Type I and Type II priming. The mechanism underlying the enhanced sensitizing effect of 100 nmPGE2in strongly IB4+ nociceptors, not attenuated by inhibitors of Type I and Type II priming, remains to be elucidated.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCommonly used clinical opioid analgesics, such as fentanyl and morphine, can produce hyperalgesia and chronification of pain. To uncover the nociceptor population mediating opioid-induced hyperalgesic priming (OIHP), a model of pain chronification, and elucidate its underlying mechanism, at the cellular level, we established anin vitromodel of OIHP. In dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons cultured from rats primed with fentanyl, robust nociceptor population-specific changes in sensitization by prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were observed, when compared with nociceptors from opioid naive rats. In DRG neurons cultured from rats with OIHP, enhanced PGE2-induced sensitization was observedin vitro, with differences identified in non-peptidergic [strongly isolectin B4 (IB4)-positive] and peptidergic [weakly IB4-positive (IB4+) and IB4-negative (IB4–)] nociceptors.
Seed treatment with 5-azacytidine reduces ageing-induced damage in onion seeds
Authors: Yalamalle V.R. , Ithape D.M. , Kumar A. , Bhagat K. , Ghosh S. , Singh M.
Published: November 2020

The effect of treating aged onion seeds with 5-azacytidine (5-aza) on germination and vigour was evaluated. Seeds of two onion varieties, 'Bhima Raj' (BRJ) and 'Bhima Red' (BRD) were treated with 0, 10, 25 or 50 μg mL–1 5-azacytidine (a DNA demethylating agent).
In comparison with the control treatment (0 μg mL–1 5-azacytidine), treatment with 5-azacytidine enhanced seed germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seed vigour indices. 5-azacytidine treatment also increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Seed treatment with 5-azacytidine has the potential to enhance the viability and vigour of aged onion seeds. This study provides phenotypic and biochemical data for further exploring the role of DNA methylation in understanding the process of seed ageing.
Spatial analysis of population at risk of food insecurity using the voices from a Photovoice study
Authors: Terashima Mikiko , Hart Catherine , Williams Patricia
Published: November 2020

To better understand community-level impacts of the built environmental quality on residents with less economic resources to acquire food, it is fruitful to combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to the investigation. We explored how the level of spatial accessibility in communities change if we incorporate even a few factors of barriers on journey to food voiced in a Photovoice study. The resulting population coverage by food outlets was dramatically reduced in both rural and urban communities, suggesting that the usual proximity-based spatial analysis likely grossly underestimate the population at risk of lacking access to food. Therefore, a ‘real’ spatial accessibility can only be understood by incorporating factors of barriers to get to food outlets, informed by the insights of community members.
Frontline Farmers: How the National Farmers Union Resists Agribusiness and Creates Our New Food Future
Authors: Ellis Rebecca
Published: November 2020

This review examines Frontline Farmers: How the National Farmers Union Resists Agribusiness and Creates Our New Food Future, a new book about the activism of the National Farmers Union (NFU) over the past five decades. In this review I highlight the impact of the NFU in campaigns against the corporatization of the food system, their commitment to international and Indigenous solidarity, and the struggles faced by women within the organization. I also question the lack of discussion about solidarity with migrant farmworkers. Overall, this is an important book that is useful for food system activists, students and scholars.
La presencia de José Figueres en México: del unionismo a la insurrección, 1942-1947
Authors: Moreno-Rodríguez Laura Beatriz
Published: November 2020

José Figueres estuvo exiliado en México entre 1942 a 1947. Su exilio estuvo marcado por la relación que mantuvo con otros centroamericanos, quienes en aquellos años también fueron perseguidos políticos de los gobiernos de Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala y Honduras, regímenes considerados como autoritarios en los comienzos de los años treinta del siglo xx. En la presente investigación cito algunos episodios que influyeron para que José Figueres, así como otros de sus connacionales, fueran vigilados por el gobierno mexicano durante su estancia.
Extraction, separation, and evaluation of antioxidant effect of the different fractions of polyphenols from cocoa beans
Authors: Pico-Hernández Sergio M. , Murillo-Méndez Cristian J. , López-Giraldo Luis J.
Published: November 2020

Polyphenol Extracts (PE) hold antioxidant properties, which might be related to positive effects on human health. It has been stated that PE, obtained from cocoa beans, contain fractions of flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerization (DP). However, it is unknown which of the fractions or their mixture drives the best antioxidant activity. This paper reports the study conducted to elucidate the role of each fraction (with different DP) on Antioxidant Capacity (AC). First, the process of extraction and separation of polyphenols’ fractions in cocoa beans was executed; afterward, AC was determined for each fraction individually and their combinations (monomers, dimers and oligomers). Solid-liquid extraction was made by using a 50% (v/v) ethanol solution and a mass:solvent ratio of 1:120 in an ultrasound bath. PE were separated into monomers, dimers, and oligomers by HPLC using a semipreparative column. The results obtained show that PE contain 95.35, 7.45, and 21.75 mg EE (epicatechin equivalents) / g ds of monomers, dimers, and oligomers, respectively. Finally, the AC of each fraction  was evaluated using a complete cubic model mix design. According to the results, the best AC was obtained for dimers. However, when monomers, dimers and oligomers were mixed, an antagonistic effect on AC was observed.
Exohidrolasas fructosílicas y su importancia en el metabolismo de fructanos en Agave tequilana Weber var. azul
Authors: González Díaz Rosa Leonor , Rodríguez Gómez Flor del Carmen , Cortés Romero Celso
Published: November 2020

Los fructanos son carbohidratos de estructura química diversa distribuidos en diferentes taxa. En las plantas, además de constituir una importante fuente de carbono, han sido asociados con la tolerancia a diferentes tipos de estrés. La biosíntesis de estos compuestos se lleva a cabo por la acción de las enzimas fructosiltransferasas, mientras que su degradación es mediada por las exohidrolasas fructosílicas, ambos tipos forman parte de la familia 32 de las enzimas hidrolasas glicosídicas. Las exohidrolasas fructosílicas son exo-enzimas que liberan secuencialmente residuos de fructosa terminales de los fructanos para hacerlos disponibles como fuente de carbono en diferentes procesos celulares o bien moléculas de señalización. En esta revisión se hace una descripción de los fructanos y las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en algunas plantas importantes para el consumo humano y para el aprovechamiento industrial, con un enfoque particular en el género Agave, específicamente en A. tequilana. Concluimos, que el estudio de las exohidrolasas fructosílicas en agaves podría ser útil en varias aplicaciones biotecnológicas como en la hidrólisis de estructuras de fructanos no digeridos durante la etapa de cocción del agave en el proceso de producción de tequila.  Sin embargo, el primer paso es conocer la funcionalidad de estas enzimas, lo que podría facilitar su incorporación en diferentes procesos biotecnológicos.
Resultados de la implementación del protocolo PETHEMA LPA 99 en el tratamiento de niños con leucemia promielocítica aguda en Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Pardo-Gonzalez Carlos Alberto , Lagos-Ibarra Jymmy Javier , Linares-Ballesteros Adriana , Sarmiento-Urbina Isabel Cristina , Contreras-Acosta Agustín Darío , Cabrera-Bernal Edgar Vladimir , Uribe-Botero Gloria Inés , Barros-García Gisela , Aponte-Barrios Nelson Hernando
Published: November 2020

Introducción. En Estados Unidos de América, entre 4 y 8% de niños con leucemias mieloides agudas tienen leucemia promielocítica aguda (LPA), mientras que en Latinoamérica se ha descrito una mayor incidencia de esta neoplasia (20-28%). La implementación del protocolo PETHEMA LPA 99, diseñado para el tratamiento de LPA en adultos, ha mostrado una supervivencia global (SG) >80%.
Objetivo. Describir los resultados de la aplicación del protocolo PETHEMA LPA 99 en el tratamiento de niños con LPA en la Fundación Hospital Pediátrico la Misericordia, en Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohorte descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 30 pacientes pediátricos (<18 años) con LPA que recibieron tratamiento mediante el protocolo PETHEMA LPA 99 entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2012. Se obtuvieron datos sobre las siguientes variables: muerte temprana, muerte en terapia de inducción, SG, supervivencia libre de evento (SLE) y recaída.
Resultados. De los 30 pacientes, la mayoría eran de sexo masculino (60%). Respecto a la clasificación de riesgo, 13 (43%) fueron clasificados como pacientes de riesgo alto; 12 (40%), de riesgo intermedio, y 5 (17%), de riesgo bajo. 7 individuos murieron: 2 antes del tratamiento oncológico, 2 durante la terapia de inducción y 3 luego de presentar recaída. Se reportó recaída en 5 pacientes. No hubo muertes durante las fases de consolidación o de mantenimiento. La SG fue de 75.4% (IC95%: 55.1-87.5) y la SLE fue de 64.3% (IC95%: 40-80.5). La SG a 11 años fue de 80%, 91.7% y 59.2% para los pacientes de riesgo bajo, riesgo intermedio y riesgo alto, respectivamente. La mediana de seguimiento fue 6.35 años (0-11.43 años).
Conclusiones. En general, la implementación del protocolo PETHEMA LPA 99 en el tratamiento de la LPA en la población de estudio mostró resultados muy satisfactorios, por lo que se recomienda su uso en población pediátrica, teniendo en cuenta los ajustes recomendados por el protocolo en relación con las características de este grupo etario.
Síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz en adulto mayor de raza negra. Reporte de caso
Authors: Uribe-Valencia Mauricio Andrés , Jurado-Delgado Janeth , Velásquez-Tafur Lina Marcela , Cárdenas-Cardona Luis Fernando
Published: November 2020

Introducción. El síndrome de Gorlin-Goltz (SGG), o síndrome del nevo basocelular, es una enfermedad genética rara que induce el desarrollo de queratoquistes odontogénicos, malformaciones esqueléticas y neoplasias, especialmente carcinomas basocelulares (CBC) múltiples y recurrentes. Esta condición es infrecuente en personas de raza negra, reportándose en esta población solo en el 5% de los casos.
Presentación del caso. Hombre de 68 años de raza negra, quien reportó la constante aparición, durante aproximadamente 4 años, de múltiples pápulas y placas no pruriginosas ni descamativas, de bordes hiperpigmentados, de diferentes dimensiones y de crecimiento gradual en cuero cabelludo, párpado inferior izquierdo, brazos, antebrazos, dorso y miembros inferiores. El estudio histopatológico evidenció múltiples CBC y en los estudios de imagen se identificaron calcificaciones en el tentorium cerebelli y la hoz del cerebro, así como imágenes sugestivas de quistes odontogénicos. Teniendo en cuenta la historia clínica, los hallazgos histopatológicos e imagenológicos y el examen físico, se diagnosticó con SGG.
Conclusiones. Este el primer caso de SGG en un adulto mayor de raza negra reportado en Colombia. En este caso se resalta la importancia de la revisión de la historia clínica y el examen físico al momento de abordar un paciente, así como de una valoración geriátrica integral, ya que son fundamentales para diagnosticar esta rara enfermedad y poder iniciar un manejo multidisciplinario temprano, lo que permitirá obtener mejores resultados en estos pacientes.
Estimación del intervalo serial y número reproductivo básico para los casos importados de COVID-19
Authors: Estrada Álvarez Jorge Mario , Ospina Ramírez Juan José , Hincapié Acuña Maryluz , Gómez González María del Pilar
Published: November 2020

Objetivo Estimar el intervalo serial y el número básico de reproducción de COVID-19 entre casos importados durante la fase de contención en Pereira, Colombia, 2020.Método Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo para determinar algunos aspectos de la dinámica de transmisión de la COVID-19. Se utilizaron las entrevistas epidemiológicas de campo en los que se incluyeron 12 casos confirmados por laboratorio con PCR-RT para SARS-CoV-2 importados y sus correspondientes casos secundarios confirmados, entre los que estaban contactos familiares y sociales.Resultados Los intervalos seriales en la COVID-19 se ajustan a una distribución Gamma, con una media del intervalo serial de 3,8 días (± 2,7) y un R0 de 1,7 (IC 95% 1,06-2,7) inferior a lo encontrado en otras poblaciones con inicio del brote.Conclusiones Un intervalo serial inferior al periodo de incubación como el que se estimó en este estudio sugiere un periodo de transmisión presintomático que, según otras investigaciones, alcanza un pico promedio a los 3,8 días, hecho que sugiere que durante la investigación epidemiológica de campo la búsqueda de contactos estrechos se realice desde al menos 2 días antes del inicio de síntomas del caso inicial.
Investigation of the Effect of Formwork Shape on Packing Density of Aggregates
Authors: Károlyfi Kitti Ajtayné , Harrach Dániel , Papp Ferenc
Published: November 2020

Packing density of aggregate influences greatly the properties of concrete. Maximization of packing density increases the flowing ability and segregation resistance of the fresh concrete and the compressive strength of the hardened concrete. The determination of maximum density is difficult experimentally; therefore several models have been developed for that purpose. However, these models do not take the size of the formwork into account. In this study, 20 different formwork shapes were examined with defined aggregate fractions. Results show that increasing the formwork size increases the packing density of aggregate, and the growth depends on the formwork size and compaction method.
Laboratory Analysis of the Rainwater Runoff from an Urbanized Area
Authors: Marko Ivana , Csicsaiová Réka , Hrudka Jaroslav , Škultétyová Ivona , Stanko Štefan , Brandeburová Paula
Published: November 2020

The aims of the research are to focus on the analysis of qualitative parameters of surface runoff from the urbanized area (parking, roadways); subsequently, to compare the measured concentration with the recommendations of Danish and Slovak standards. Rainwater sampling carried out at several sites in Serbia and Slovakia. In the analysis were monitoring, the qualitative parameters as pH value, water conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, and heavy metals. The results show the presence of copper, zinc, lead, aluminum, cadmium, chromium and nickel. The concentration of these parameters was several times higher than the allowed limit values. Based on these results, it is necessary to design measures to ensure surface runoff before infiltration.
Overview and Analysis of the Overheating Effect in Modern Sudanese Buildings
Authors: Ali Suha I. A. , Szalay Zsuzsa
Published: November 2020

Sudan is suffering from harsh summers, but most of the modern buildings in urban areas are not compatible with the recent and future climate phenomena. Application of cooling devices is relatively expensive and therefore beyond reach. The main objective of this research is to give an overview on the overheating problem and the thermal comfort in buildings. A dynamic energy simulation has been performed for a selected case study using Design Builder Code. The results show that the share of discomfort hours for a typical modern building is 78% and 33% above 26 °C and 32 °C per year, respectively, but after using a combination of different ventilation, shading and building materials options the discomfort hours can be reduced to 77% and 26%, respectively.
Investigate the Effect of Paper Sludge Ash Addition on the Mechanical Properties of Granular Materials
Authors: Al-Hdabi Abbas , Fakhraldin Mohammed K. , Al-Fatlawy Rasha A. , Ali Tawfek Sheer
Published: November 2020

Ignition of waste paper sludge at elevated temperatures to produce electricity in power generation plants utilizing fluidized bed combustion generates paper sludge ash. Due to the high concentration of lime and gelignite in paper sludge ash, it is expected that it will play a vital role as a cementitious material. This paper investigates the use of paper sludge ash to improve the mechanical properties of the granular materials, which are suitable to subbase course for road and building constructions. Also, a comparison study with the use of Portland cement as an additive to granular materials has been covered. The mechanical properties were evaluated by conducting the California bearing ratio test for the two adopted methods. Moreover, the compressive strength of the samples using paper sludge ash and cement are investigated. In accordance to the California bearing ratio test, 4% paper sludge ash was indicated as the optimum ash content at which the California bearing ratio value increased by 173% and 111% in comparison with untreated material and 6% cement, respectively. On the other hand, and by means of the compressive strength, the granular materials with 4% paper sludge ash has compressive strength higher than those with 6% cement.
Teasing as a practice of managing delicate issues in institutional talk
Authors: Li Chuntao
Published: November 2020

This article takes the practice of teasing in institutional talk as its focus and examines a Mandarin Chinese case of request from a conversation analytic perspective. It turns out that teasing can effectively perform the tasks of social control and tension management in institutional interactions. With detailed analyses of the mechanisms that can be employed to resolve delicate issues in institutional contexts, it is proposed that teasing as a social action can enable conversational participants to express and tackle the underlying conflicts or problems in institutional encounters. The present research also probes into the tacit manoeuvring of the teaser and the tease recipient’s identities or category memberships achieved or built up by minor transgressions, deviant claims, deontic assertions, and (dis)affiliation displays. This study contributes to the understanding of dynamic identity construction in social encounters and overall tension management in institutional contexts as well.
When one question is not enough
Authors: Li Zhen , Li Feng
Published: November 2020

Information seeking is pervasive in ordinary conversation as well as institutional interaction. When seeking information from co-participants, interactants mobilise a variety of practices that are deemed as appropriate or effective under each circumstance. Initiating repair, namely, affixing another question to the first one in the present study, is one of those frequently used practices. With this practice, the speaker can correct a factual error, i.e. an error that is opposite to the fact, in his/her talk. In most cases in our data, however, the interactant initiates a repair just to ‘fine-tune’ his/her question which seems to be unproblematic. Based on a corpus of 74 cases in Mandarin daily conversation, we, from a conversation analysis perspective, analyse 5 kinds of situations in which one question is added to another in the same turn. By appending another question to the prior one, the speaker can tacitly seek the particularly required information and hence promote intersubjectivity and affiliation between interactants and maintain social solidarity as a whole.
Depressive symptoms during pregnancy and their risk factors – a cross-sectional study
Authors:   Student Scientific Association at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Feduniw Stepan , Płaza Olga ,   Student Scientific Association at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Paździor Dominika ,   Student Scientific Association at the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Kosińska-Kaczyńska Katarzyna ,   1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Szymusik Iwona ,   1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, Wielgoś Mirosław ,   1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
Published: November 2020

Introduction. It was established that intragestational depression is a common disease, with the estimated average prevalence of 10–25% in all expectant mothers worldwide. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of depressive symptoms in pregnant women in Poland and to identify which factors may be related to a higher risk of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Material and methods. A prospective cross-sectional study was performed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). 346 women were enrolled in the study. Results. 130 women (37.6%) scored 13 or more points and were considered as presenting with depressive symptoms. Independent risk factors of depressive symptoms during pregnancy including mood disorders diagnosed before the current pregnancy (aOR=2.68, 95%CI 1.37-5.22), mental disorders confirmed in family members (aOR=2.72, 95%CI 1.24-5.98), unhappiness in their current relationship (aOR=4.0, 95%CI 1.77-9.01), lack of support from family members (aOR=2.73, 95%CI 1.51-4.96) increased the risk of DS and good financial status decreased the risk of DS occurrence (aOR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.25-0.80). Conclusions. Pregnant women commonly report depressive symptoms. The evaluation of relations with the family members, socio-economic status, former depressive symptoms and possible prenatal depression are essential for proper screening of depression in pregnant women.
Cytisine parameters measured in the 1.5 Tesla magnetic field
Authors:   Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Bober Zuzanna , Galiniak Sabina ,   Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Leksa Dawid ,   Rzeszów Center for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Rzeszów, Poland, Dynarowicz Klaudia ,   Natural Sciences College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Aebisher David ,   Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Ostańska Elżbieta ,   Clinical Department of Pathomorphology, Clinical Hospital No. 1, Rzeszów, Poland, Czmil Anna ,   Department of Computer Sciences, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland, Bar Piotr ,   Clinical Department of Pathomorphology, Clinical Hospital No. 2, Rzeszów, Poland, Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota ,   Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Tutka Piotr ,   Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
Published: November 2020

Introduction. Cytisine, Cytisinum (C11H14N2O), is an organic chemical compound. Cytisine is heterotricyclic compound that is the toxic principle in Laburnum seeds and is found in many members of the Fabaceae (legume, pea or bean) family. Aim. The aim of the study is to measure the influence of water on the form of drug in the magnetic field 1.5 Tesla. Material and methods. For this purpose, magnetic resonance imaging tests were performed to check the solubility of pure cytisine, Desmoxan tablets and Tabex capsules. Results. From a pharmacological point of view, both Desmoxan tablets and Tabex capsules should exert the same effect on the human body, this is due to the identical content of the active substance, in this case cytisine (1.5 mg). Conclusion. The differences in the results obtained may be related to additional excipients that contain medications, but it is believed that they should not have a negative impact on the action of the active substance.
The role of MRI in the central nervous system
Authors:   Depertmant of Human Anatomy, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Leksa Natalia , Aebisher David ,   Department of Photomedicine an Physical Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland, Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota ,   Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
Published: November 2020

Introduction. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has modified the practice of radiology. MRI is base on safe interaction between radiowaves at a particular frequency and hydrogen nuclei in the body. Metabolic encephalophaties are by definition those disorder of the central nervous system that are not due primarily to structural abnormalities. Aim. Here we present the 1H MRI and functional MRI (fMRI) method applied to diagnosis of disorders of the central nervous system. Material and methods. Analysis of literature and self-research. Results.We have discussed the major MRI applications in the characteristic of the central nervous system. The relationship beteen the motion of flowing blood and the representation of the blood on images is complex. This work is an introduction to the basic ideas and techniques of fMRI. Therefore, both, 1H MRI and functional MRI, methods are ued in neuroscience. Conclusion. Nonivasive MRI and functional MRI are daily diagnostics methods in neurology.
Glycosylation of immune system proteins and its role in autoimmune diseases and cancer
Authors:   Department of Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland, Trzyna Anna , Tabarkiewicz Jacek ,   Department of Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland, Mazur Artur ,   Departament Paediatrics, Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland
Published: November 2020

Introduction. Structural glycans have great biological significance and are involved in signaling and cell communication of the immune system. They are attached to proteins and lipids in an enzymatic process called glycosylation where glycosyltransferase and glycosidases bind sugar residues and lead to the formation of bioconjugates. Aim. In this paper we describe the importance of glycosylation in the immune system and its changes in diseases. Material and methods. This review was performed according to systematic literature search of major bibliographic databases. Results. Proper glycosylation ensures the functioning of the organism, however, defects in structural glycans of immune system changes their properties and can lead to disorders and further to autoimmune diseases. It has been also proven that glycosylation of autoimmune system is changed during cancer. In this paper we described types of structural glycans, significance of glycosylation of selected components of the immune system and its modifications in disorders. Conclusions. Knowledge about changes in the glycosylation in diseases is the key to understanding the processes of autoimmune diseases and may allow the development of new treatments in the future.
La inclusión educativa en el nivel superior. Miradas y perspectivas polifónicas
Authors: Antuña Segatti Natalia Romina , Cerdera María Teresita , Sánchez Rocío
Published: November 2020

Este libro recorre y analiza, el sentir, pensar e investigar de nueve mujeres, profesionales, docentes de educación superior de la provincia de San Juan.
The New Jim Crow in Higher Education: A Critical Race Analysis of Postsecondary Policy Related to Drug Felonies
Authors: Whitman Kenyon , Exarhos Stephen
Published: November 2020

In this paper, critical race theory and critical race praxis for educational research are used to frame an analysis of the 1998 Amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965 (HEA98) that limits access to financial aid for students who have been convicted of a drug felony. The authors explain how the HEA98 disenfranchises Black and Latinx college student populations. This policy is a form of institutional racism against the disproportionately large number of Black and Latinx individuals that have been convicted of drug-related crimes, which creates a caste system of college access and support. This policy analysis highlights data on incarcerated populations that link the policing of drug offenses to racial profiling and discrimination (e.g., “the War on Drugs” and the 1994 Crime Bill), questions the motivations for reducing access to education in drug offenders, reviews causes and inhibitors of recidivism in drug offenders to make the case for the promotion of education in recently-released offenders, and highlights empirical data that supports expanding access to these people. The authors conclude the paper with recommendations to progress toward racial educational equity. This paper is directed toward higher education scholars, practitioners, and policy makers who possess a strategic critical orientation towards racial equity in education.
Declínio nas doações e transplantes de órgãos no Ceará durante a pandemia da COVID-19: estudo descritivo, abril a junho de 2020
Authors: Araújo Anna Yáskara Cavalcante Carvalho de , Almeida Eliana Régia Barbosa de , Lima Lúcio Kildare e Silva , Sandes-Freitas Tainá Veras de , Pinto Antonio Germane Alves
Published: November 2020

Resumo Objetivo Descrever as doações e os transplantes de órgãos no Ceará, Brasil, após a declaração da pandemia da COVID-19. Métodos Estudo descritivo, com dados da Associação Brasileira de Transplantes de Órgãos. O número de doadores e transplantes do período de abril a junho de 2020 foi comparado ao mesmo período de 2019 e ao primeiro trimestre de 2020. Resultados No primeiro semestre de 2020, o estado registrou 72 doadores efetivos. Destes, 17 (23,6%) no segundo trimestre. Dos 352 transplantes do primeiro semestre de 2020, 37 (10,7%) foram realizados no segundo trimestre. Em comparação ao período de abril a junho de 2019, houve redução de 67,9% e 89,3% no número de doadores e transplantes, respectivamente, no mesmo período de 2020. Conclusão Os números de doadores e transplantes do Ceará apresentaram importante declínio nos três meses seguintes ao decreto da pandemia da COVID-19, especialmente os das modalidades de rim, coração e córneas.
Research of reinforcement phase formation on the borders of sintered berillium grains
Authors: Revutsky A. V. , Syrnev V. Yu. , Lopatin V. Yu. , Semilutskaya O. V. , Segeda T. A.
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the results of studying the effect of the state of grain boundaries (formed in the consolidation of beryllium powders by vacuum hot pressing on the strength properties of sintered beryllium. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis were used to study the dependences of the morphology, elemental composition and structure of a dispersion hardening phase - beryllium oxide – on the content of low-melting impurities at the grain boundaries of sintered beryllium. A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the difference in the morphology and structure of reinforcing particles based on the transition features of amorphous beryllium oxide to a crystalline state (devitrification) at the grain boundaries of metallic beryllium. It is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed that the devitrification mechanism can be homogeneous or heterogeneous depending on the content and ratio of silicon and aluminum impurities. This difference leads to the formation of either finely dispersed high-strength reinforcing particles of beryllium oxide or large, lower-strength oxide clusters. Changes in the morphology and structure of reinforcing oxide particles at the metallic beryllium grain boundaries, in its turn, influence the dynamics of beryllium microstructure grain growth during vacuum hot forming and, ultimately, the effect of dispersed grain-boundary hardening of sintered n beryllium. The paper provides the statistically processed results of testing the mechanical properties of industrial hot-pressed blanks produced of less than 56 μm powders to determine the effect of various factors (the content of impurities, their ratio and particle size of the initial powders) on the strength properties of hot-pressed beryllium. The adequacy of the obtained regularities was evaluated using the approximation confidence coefficients and confirmed the conclusions made in the theoretical and experimental analysis of the research problem. The statistical studies substantiated a comprehensive quality indicator of initial powders in order to predict the strength properties of hot-pressed beryllium. The results obtained substantiate new possibilities for controlling the mechanical properties of sintered beryllium for various purposes.
Production of WC-15Co ultrafine-grained hard alloy from powder obtained by VK15 alloy waste spark erosion in water
Authors: Dvornik M. I. , Mikhailenko E. A.
Published: November 2020

The study covers the possibility of WC-15Co ultrafine cemented carbide production from powder obtained by spark erosion (SE) of VK15 cemented carbide waste in water. As a result of SE in an oxygen-containing liquid (H2O), the carbon content in the resulting powder decreases from 5.3 to 2.3 %. When the powder is heated to 900 °C in vacuum, the carbon content decreases to 0.2 % due to the presence of oxygen. The powder obtained consists of WC, W2C and Co phases. Particles have a dendritic structure consisting of newly formed tungsten-containing grains and cobalt interlayers. The controlled removal of oxygen and carbon replenishment in the resulting powder were carried out by heating in the CO atmosphere to t = = 900 °C. The processed powder has a required phase composition (WC + Co) and carbon content (5.3 %). Particles retain their spherical shape after carbon replenishment. WC grains in particles become plate-shaped with the space between them filled with cobalt. The average grain diameter is smaller than in the initial alloy. The vacuum sintering of the resulting powder at 1390 °C made it possible to obtain WC–15Co ultrafine-grained cemented carbide with an average WC grain diameter of 0.44 μm. It is several times smaller than the average grain diameter in the initial alloy (1.8 μm). Most grains retain their plate shape. The resulting alloy combines high hardness (1620 HV), increased fracture toughness (13.2 MPa·m1/2) and strength (1920 MPa) due to its fine-grain structure and 15 % cobalt content. In terms of the set of its properties, this alloy is not inferior to analogues obtained by other methods.
Structure, properties and oxidation resistance of prospective HfB2–SiC based ceramics
Authors: Pogozhev Yu. S. , Potanin A. Yu. , Rupasov S. I. , Levashov E. A. , Volkova V. A. , Tashev V. P. , Timofeev A. N.
Published: November 2020

The paper focuses on obtaining a heterophase powdered and sintered ceramics based on hafnium diboride and silicon carbide by combined self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) and hot pressing (HP). The structure of the synthesized SHS powder consists of hafnium diboride grains and agglomerated polyhedral 2–6 μm silicon carbide grains. The powders obtained had an average particle size of ~10 μm with a maximum value of 30 μm. Phase compositions were identical for the ceramics sintered by hot pressing and the synthesized powder. The resulting compact featured by a high degree of structural and chemical uniformity, porosity of 3.8 %, hardness of 19.8±0.4 GPa, strength of 597±59 MPa, and fracture toughness of 8.8±0.4 MPa·m1/2. Plasma torch testing (PTT) was carried out to determine the oxidation resistance under the influence of a high-enthalpy gas flow. The phase composition and surface microstructure of the compact after testing were investigated. The HP compact demonstrated an outstanding resistance to the high-temperature gas flow at 2150 °С and heat flow density of 5.6 MW/m2 for 300 s. A dense protective oxide layer 30–40 μm thick was formed on the surface of HfB2–SiC ceramics during the plasma torch testing. The layer consisted of a scaffold formed by HfO2 oxide grains with a space between them filled with SiO2–B2O3 amorphous borosilicate glass. The HfB2–SiC SHS composite powder was hot pressed to produce experimental samples of model bushings for the combustion chamber of a low thrust liquid rocket engine designed for PTT in the environment close to actual operating conditions.
Investigation of the processes of the formation of a nonequilibrium phase-structural state in FeTiB films obtained by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Sheftel E. N. , Tedzhetov V. A. , Kiryukhantsev-Korneev Ph. V. , Harin E. V. , Usmanova G. Sh. , Zhigalina O. M.
Published: November 2020

The main trends of modern developing magnetic microelectronics are miniaturization and speed, while ensuring efficient operation in the MHz and GHz frequency ranges of magnetic fields. Developing new magnetic materials featured by properties that ensure the implementation of these trends is the key fundamental and applied problem of materials science. In this regard, Fe-Me-X nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloys (Me is one of the metals from Group IVb of the Periodic Table, X is one of the N, C, O, B light elements) obtained in the form of films are of interest. As shown earlier by the authors of this article on Fe-Zr-N films, such films featuring by the Fe/MeX two-phase structure can provide a combination of high saturation induction (Bs), low coercive force (Hc), high hardness, and thermal stability of the structure. The films were produced by magnetron sputtering. The data obtained and published by the authors on the Fe–Ti–B films earlier indicate great prospects for their application in modern microelectronics. There are no any other published results of FeTiB film studies in the context of microelectronics applications. In this paper, we continue the studies of FeTiB films started earlier to identify the chemical and phase composition providing the level of properties required for film application in microelectronics. Nanocrystalline films containing 0 to 14.3 at.% Ti and 0 to 28.9 at.% B were obtained by DC magnetron sputtering. The phase-structural state of the films was studied by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. All films are divided into 3 groups according to phase composition: single-phase (supersaturated solid solution of Ti in α-Fe), two-phase (α-Fe(Ti)/α-Ti, α-Fe(Ti)/TiB2, α-Fe (Ti)/FeTi, α-Fe(Ti)/Fe2B) and XRD amorphous. It is shown that XRD amorphous films feature by a mixed structure represented by a solid solution of α-Fe(Ti) with a grain size between 0.7 and 2 nm and an amorphous phase. A reasonable assumption is made on the amorphous phase enrichment by boron. A quantitative assessment of the α-Fe(Ti) phase grain size and its dependence on the chemical and phase composition of the films is given. The mechanisms of solid solution and dispersion hardening determine the grain size of this phase.
Helisel işleme yay sabitinin belirlenmesi amacıyla parametrik korelasyon tekniğini kullanarak bir yapay sinir ağı geliştirilmesi
Authors: SABUNCUOĞLU Barış , DEMİRTAŞ Oğuz
Published: November 2020

Yüksek performans ve çalışma verimliliği
ile geleneksek yaylara göre tercih edilebilen işleme helisel yayların yay
sabitinin belirlenmesi için bir yapay sinir ağı (YSA) geliştirme yöntemi
sunulmuştur. YSA eğitimi için ilk olarak çeşitli boyutsal parametrelerle sonlu
eleman analizleri yapılmış ve elde edilen yay sabiti değerleri tasarlanan deney
düzeneğinde gerçekleştirilen testlerle doğrulanmıştır. Doğrulanan sonlu eleman
sonuçları ile parametrik korelasyon analizli yapılmış ve her yay boyutsal
parametresinin yay sabiti üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmiştir. YSA eğitimi için
gerekli parametreler ve sayıları bu korelasyon sonucuyla belirlenmiştir.
Geliştirilen YSA ile elde edilen yay sabiti sonuçları, deneylerle doğrulanan
sonlu eleman sonuçlarıyla kıyaslanmış ve YSA’nın yay sabitinin belirlenmesinde oldukça
başarılı olduğu belirlenmiştir. YSA geliştirilmesinde parametrik korelasyon
analizinin yapılmasının önemi ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Hibrit polimerlerle modifiye edilmiş bitümlü bağlayıcıların reolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi
Authors: SARIŞIN Esma , YALÇIN Erkut , ÖNER Jülide
Published: November 2020

Uygulama bölgelerinde servis ömrü boyunca yeterli performans sağlayabilecek üstyapı kaplama tabakaları inşa edebilmek amacıyla uygun bağlayıcı seçimi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Trafik ve iklim koşullarından dolayı üstyapı kaplama tabakaları aşırı gerilmelere maruz kalmaktadır. Esnek üstyapı kaplama tabakalarının ana bileşenlerinden olan bitümlü bağlayıcıların özelliklerini iyileştirmek amacıyla çeşitli katkı malzemeleri modifkasyon amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Modifikasyon yöntemiyle bitümlü bağlayıcıların mühendislik ve elde edilen asfalt karışımların mekanik özellikleri iyileştirilebilmektedir. Hibrit modifikasyon, geliştirilmiş bir modifikasyon elde etmek için iki farklı tipte asfalt katkı malzemesinin birlikte kullanılması yöntemidir. Bağlayıcı ve karışımların performanslarının iyileştirilmesi, maliyetlerin azaltılması ve atık malzemelerden faydalanılması hibrit modifikasyonun başlıca amaçlarındandır. Çalışma kapsamında, elastomerik (stiren-butadien-stiren (SBS), Kraton® D1101) ve plastomerik (Titan® 7686) katkı maddeleri ve bunların kombinasyonunun bitüm modifikasyonunda kullanılmasıyla bağlayıcıların reolojik özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Deneysel çalışma sonucunda hem elastomerik hem de plastomerik katkı maddelerinin bitümlü bağlayıcıların yüksek sıcaklık performansını iyileştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Plastomerik katkı maddesi bağlayıcıların esnekliğini olumsuz etkilemiştir. Katkıların birlikte kullanımı değerlendirildiğinde %3,5 SBS +%1,0 Plastomerik katkı kullanılması durumunda Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü şartname gereksinimlerinin karşılandığı, %4,5 SBS ile benzer performans seviyesinin sağlandığı tespit edilmiştir.
Seçici laser sinterlemede poliamid 12’ye dendritik bakır tozu ilavesinin etkisi
Authors: BEKEM Aylin , ÖZBAY Burçin , BULDUK Mustafa
Published: November 2020

Günümüzde polimer malzemeler ev eşyalarından mühendislik uygulamalarına kadar geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Bu nedenle özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi önemlidir. Katkı maddeleri ilavesi, polimer malzemelerin özelliklerini artırabilmektedir. Katkı ilave tekniği ve bileşimleri imalat yöntemine göre değişebilmektedir. Yeni bir üretim yöntemi olup kızılötesi lazer ışını ile polimer tozlarının sinterlenmesine dayanan Seçici Lazer Sinterleme (SLS) toz yataklı eklemeli imalat metodunda da katkı maddelerinin kullanılması mümkündür. Bu metotta katkı kullanımı çok yaygın olmasa da en çok tercih edilen katkı maddeleri seramik esaslı inorganik malzemelerdir. Bununla birlikte, ince metalik parçacıklar da katkı maddesi olarak kullanılabilir. Bu çalışmada dendritik bakır tozu katkılı poliamid 12'nin SLS ile prosesi incelenmiştir. İki farklı katkı içeriğindeki toz karışımları proses parametreleri belirlemek amacıyla karakterize edilmiş ve artan enerji yoğunluğunun kullanılması gerektiği saptanmıştır. Beş farklı parametre kullanılarak üretilen numunelerin fiziksel ve mekanik testleri sonucu katkı ilavesiyle eğme özellikleri ve boyutsal hassasiyet düşerken, yüzey pürüzlülüğü değişmemiş ve depolama modülü iyileşme göstermiştir.
Comparison of gifted and non-gifted students’ executive functions and high capabilities
Authors: ROCHA Alberto , ALMEİDA Leandro , PERALES Ramón
Published: November 2020

In recent years, the analysis of the relationship between cognitive skills and student learning has focused mainly on research into the impact of executive functions on academic performance and success. This study seeks to compare the cognitive performance of gifted or high-capacity students to students with a typical development in the performance of psychological tests aimed at the evaluation of executive functions. Two groups of students were considered (gifted and regular) with the intention of matching them in terms of school level and age (ages included are 10-15). The results indicate marginally significant differences in the cognitive flexibility function and statistically significant differences in working memory, as well as in the higher cognitive functions of problem solving and reasoning, with no statistically significant differences in the tests that evaluate inhibitory control and planning. These data suggest that psychological tests centred on the assessment of cognitive functions may complement the more traditional use of IQ tests for signalling and evaluating students with traits of giftedness.