bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
deconstructing silence: the queer political economy of the social articulation of desire
Authors: Cornwall Richard R.
Published: March 2007

Queer theory offers insights for political economy on how humans induce categories and conflate traits in ways psychologists call "illusory correlations." A Bayesian simulation is constructed of people interacting and using probits to compare their rankings of alternatives to estimate the subjective probability i.) that others have the same tastes as them, and ii.), for each alternative, that this alternative is their best choice. These simulations are found to, at least simplistically, resemble a type of illusory correlation which gained increased prominence in the United States from 1930 to 1960, and earlier in the United Kingdom when queer panics conflated "predatory" and "traitorous" with lesbian/gay. This modeling of the social articulation of preferences leads to conjectures on the role of Michel Foucault's épistémè (1972), Barbara Ponse's principle of consistency (1978), Jeffrey Escoffier's master code (1985), Sandra Bem's schema (1981), John R. Searle's Background (1990, 1992, 1995), and Judith Butler's linguistic norms (1993). Here these are called cognitive dispositions or codes, and are seen as social structures which grow as individuals try to form homopreference networks to process information in parallel, collectively. The concept of identity or ideology entrepreneurs is used to establish the importance of institutional analysis for political economy. Such an incorporation of desire on a par with logic-"rationality"-is called post/modern and is used to overcome the silence in both neoMarxian and neoclassical political economy on queer theory and queer issues.
Disinflation, Structural Change, and Distribution
Authors: Kirshner Jonathan
Published: March 2007

There exists a deflationary bias in the contemporary international economy, and this has significant domestic distributional consequences for all states in the system. After investigating its sources, I consider the consequences of and possible solutions to this bias. I review the modern debate over inflation and macroeconomic policy and argue that some small but positive rate of inflation is necessary to achieve optimal economic growth. This is demonstrated to be consistent with most otherwise competing schools of economic thought, such as Keynesianism and monetarism. However, public dissatisfaction with the inflation of the 1970s, coupled with the rise of conservative governments (and new economic theories), allowed highly disinflationary structural and institutional changes to take place without sufficient attention to political consequences. Those changes privilege sectors in society willing to sacrifice some economic growth to assure very low levels of inflation. International financial deregulation reinforces a nominally apolitical anti-inflation coalition by limiting macroeconomic policy autonomy, which reduces the viability of relatively expansionary policies, while at the same time helping to sustain the view that such measures are inherently flawed. Greater sensitivity to the distributional consequences of inflation, and reform in the international financial system, such as the introduction of a Tobin tax, could mitigate the existing deflationary bias.
Resistance to Change in a Classroom Group
Authors: de Pasquale Mario , Labellarte Giuseppina
Published: March 2007

This paper demonstrates resistance to change and problems concerning group dynamics that emerged during an educational experience with a class of Italian high school students. De Pasquale, a teacher of philosophy, set up his group with the purpose of stimulating student creativity. Labellarte, a group analyst, supervised the work.
Trends in Group Psychotherapy with Borderline Patients
Authors: Battegay Raymond , Hubermann Irene , Schlosser Corinne , Visoiu Christina
Published: March 2007

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation over six years of a slow-open group of borderline patients showed the importance of the following therapeutic factors: confrontation of the pleasure principle with the reality principle; group norms as stabilizing factors; the amplifying versus the buffering effects of the group on emotions and cognitions; acting out or acting in, remembering and working through; and narcissistic reinforcement.
Diversity in the Practice of Inpatient Group Psychotherapy in North America
Authors: Kibel Howard D.
Published: March 2007

In the USA and Canada inpatient group psychotherapy is widely practised, although rarely with the kind of sophistication required to conduct such a complicated form of treatment. In most hospitals, groups are usually led by clinicians with the least training. At major training centres, psychiatric department residents may or may not conduct such groups, but even when they do they invariably receive inadequate supervision (Yalom, 1983). Under these circumstances, unsophisticated, pragmatic approaches have won popularity: it is easier to control patients when simple formulas are applied. This paper describes the evolution of inpatient group psychotherapy in North America and summarizes current trends. Then a more dynamic approach is presented, its principles grounded in object relations and general systems theories.
Group Psychotherapy with Manic-Depressive Patients on Lithium: Ten Years' Experience
Authors: Hallensleben Arnolda
Published: March 2007

Since 1983 manic-depressive patients in the Outpatient Psychiatric Clinic of Dijkzigt University Hospital, Rotterdam, have received group psychotherapy as well as lithium prophylaxis. The therapeutic approach is eclectic, ranging from supportive and structuring interventions with new patients to insight-stimulating interventions with older group members. The effect is that patients become increasingly self-supporting and autonomous, while rehospitalization is reduced.
Group Therapy within the NHS III. Should We Invest in Group Psychotherapy? A Personal Account
Authors: Ezquerro Arturo
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the author's experience of introducing group psychotherapy into a State-maintained special school that was becoming `market orientated'. He concludes that if clinicians persevere, so will the patients... and their managers.
Holding and Caring: A Borderline Patient in a New Psychotherapy Group
Authors: Schneider Evelyne
Published: March 2007

The author explores the containment of a patient with borderline personality disorder in a new psychotherapy group and examines the impact on the role of the conductor and the group when such a patient is included. In particular she argues that the borderline patient's often primitive, destructive behaviour requires the conductor to alter his or her role in order to contain the patient and to prevent the potential disintegration of the group in the early stages. She looks at the effect this altered behaviour may have on group processes.
Reflections on Language Following an Intercultural Group-Analytic Workshop
Authors: Engels Elisabeth
Published: March 2007

Written after an Intercultural Workshop, this paper reflects on language and social structure and finds a connection between translating from one language into another and the Foulkesian concept of `translation' in group analysis. It describes the possibilities for development of the Self opened up by talking another language and emphasizes the significance of `affinitive' talking in crossing cultural boundaries.
Memory and Psychotherapy: Individual and Group
Authors: Sandison Ronald
Published: March 2007

This article examines the roles which memory and remembering play in promoting the processes of individual and group psychotherapy. Some of the factors which distort and modify memory are examined. The processes of remembering history and stories are considered. The way in which therapist and patient work together creates a biography to which the psyches of both have contributed. The purpose of therapy is to give meaning to the biographical story. The relative importance of this biographical process in individual and group therapy respectively is explored. The therapy group tends to be concerned with the relationship of the individual to society and with dialogue in the here-and-now of the group. Persistence and later revival of the memory of group activities which took place in times and places charged with feeling is illustrated. That group events are remembered long afterwards is closely related to the memories of survivors of trauma. The false memory syndrome' is considered and the fact that time and memory are closely linked, with oral tradition kept alive throughout the group. Such tradition gives old memory a poetic quality. The conclusion is that memory per se should be trusted, provided we take into account the many factors that affect its linear reliability.
Power is a liquid, not a solid
Authors: Tiger Lionel
Published: March 2007

An approach to political “human nature” which incorporates data from the natural sciences ranging from neurophysiology to primatology better captures the free-flowing character of dominance interactions than the categorical analyses derived from conventional political science. Even the early theorist Max Weber appeared to suspect this. There is an intriguing link between deception by subdominant individuals and self-deception by dominant ones. Animals including humans appear to prefer to be dominant rather than subdominant.
Implicit leadership theories in Eastern and Western Europe
Authors: Konrad Edvard
Published: March 2007

Modern theories of leadership emphasize cognitive interaction between leaders and followers. Experience shows that the right personality, the correct behaviour or an appropriate situation for leading are not enough; successful leader performance depends to a large extent on how the leader is accepted by his or her followers. That is why the study of implicit leadership theories that determine these perceptions is important. Implicit leadership theories can be considered as cognitive schemata or prototypes that enable a person to categorize the behaviour of the leader. In the present study, the implicit theories of Eastern and Western middle managers are compared. Results show similarities and differences in the prototypicality rating of 21 leadership behaviours perceived by Eastern and Western managers. Possible influences of cultural differences due to the different historical development of these regions are indicated. The implications of the results for selection and development of leaders are discussed.
From Westermarck's Effect to Fox's Law: paradox and principle in the relationship between incest taboos and exogamy
Authors: Walter Alex
Published: March 2007

Various theories that purport to explain the relationship between incest taboos and exogamous marriage customs are reviewed. These include sociological, psychological, and sociobiological approaches. Each of these approaches poses challenges not easily addressed by its competitors and yet no satisfactory synthesis seems available given the currently existing explanatory paradigms. It is argued here that exogamy is not a simple outgrowth of incest taboos and incest taboos are not a simple extenuation of inbreeding avoidance. Relationships between the sociobiology of inbreeding avoidance and social institutions such as exogamy and incest taboos are recast with the help of evolutionary psychology, which provides additional tools with which to approach this complex and contradictory set of interlocking problems.
Complexity, cultural pluralism and democracy: collective action in the public space
Authors: Melucci Alberto , Avritzer Leonardo
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to show the political consequences of the forms of collective action introduced by social movements and their contribution to the formulation of a new conception of democratic practice. It is our contention that the current crisis faced by democracy is linked to the lack of a space capable of dealing with both social complexity and cultural pluralism. We argue that a public space for face-to-face interaction among citizens differentiated from the state allows us to consider this issue in a different light. Publicity allows the incorporation into democratic politics of demands for cultural integration by preserving a space for their direct presentation. Publicity also avoids a reductionist conception of political claims in which, in order for representation to take place, there is the need to reduce the plurality of the cultural demands through the aggregation of political majorities. In this article we show the tension between the public space and political representation, and argue that the definition of democracy in complex societies should include two further freedoms: the freedom not to belong as the right to withdraw from one's constituted identity in order to form a new one, and the freedom not to be represented. Such acts, which are non-aggregative par excellence, cannot be managed by the system of representation, but only through mechanisms of public presentation and acknowledgement of difference. In our view the tension between the political and the public should become part of the definition of democracy.
Individual experience and global issues in a planetary society
Authors: Melucci Alberto
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the main features of the emerging global information society and tries to understand the place of the individual within it. The issue of identity is addressed in its deep, ambivalent dimensions and the question of whether present-day society can still be analysed within the conceptual legacy of modernity is discussed. While new forms of power and domination emerge, the nature of conflicts is changing as well. In this framework social knowledge plays a central role and social scientists are asked to take on new responsibilities.
Filling the gap between discussions on science and scientists' everyday activities: applying the autopoiesis system theory to scientific knowledge
Authors: Fujigaki Yuko
Published: March 2007

This study examines how the micro-conditions of scientists in the accretion of their daily activities - publishing - create a macro-essence that philosophers and scientific historians call “the essence of science”. By applying the autopoiesis system theory to the aggregation of publications in scientific journals - the process by which the continuation of micro-activity (a system's operation) creates a macro-construction (the system's structure) - we are able to bridge the gap between discussions about science and scientists' actual activities. This point of view gave us new insight into and an empirical perspective on how the difference between the two cultures (as popularized by C.P. Snow) or the cultural difference between disciplines can be described by the system's operation, and also on how the system's two boundaries (i.e. the boundary between science and non-science and the boundary between science and society) can be constructed in consideration of the validation boundary in the journal system and in society.
Context as resource for constructing artistic value: cases of non-recognition
Authors: Tota Anna Lisa
Published: March 2007

This article sets out to document the plausibility of adopting a contextual conception of a work of art. Underlining the eminently social nature of the formation processes of artistic value, it illustrates how a work of art is also created by the local contexts in which it is produced and, above all, by those in which it is consumed. The first part of the article questions those romantic conceptions, according to which artistic value is normally attributed to a work of art exclusively on the basis of the author's talent, and tries to document the existence of a series of social factors that play a decisive role in establishing that a given object belongs to the “art system”. Different conceptions of the work of art are classified according to the way in which they solve the problem of genesis. Three main perspectives are identified: authorial, reception and contextual theories. It is argued that neither the authorial nor the reception theory is able to explain, on a sociological level, the process of artistic production and reception.

In the second part, the different approaches to the genesis problem are connected with different interpretations of cases of non-recognition, those cases in which a “true” work of art is not recognized, for example, because it has been placed outside its own traditional reception context. It is argued that explanation of these cases of “non-recognition” is linked to the implied conception of artistic production. Three examples are considered: (a) the young Mozart; (b) Botticelli, who, held to be a mediocre painter up to the middle of the 19th century, becomes a talented artist thanks to the studies of Herbert Horne and Aby Warburg; and (c) Sting, who, in the Ladbroke Grove underground station in London, performed as a street musician.
The pursuit of excellence
Authors: Moreh Jacob
Published: March 2007

The western intellectual tradition contains a rationalistic strand which can be traced back to ancient Greece, and which differs from other traditions (e.g. Jewish, Buddhist) in being largely independent of religion and in seeking no aim beyond the theorizing itself. This is what is meant by “the pursuit of excellence”. Some of the theoretical findings have been transformed by innovators and businessmen and women into discoveries which have led to a vast improvement in material welfare. However, the high regard accorded to the intellectual elites is the source of inequalities which conflict with an important social ideal.
Change or mutation? Reflections on the foundations of contemporary science
Authors: Shinn Terry
Published: March 2007

Some recent theories in the sociology of knowledge suggest that late 20th-century science differs greatly from earlier science. In this article, I examine two radical discontinuity theories - the new production of knowledge model and the triple helix model. I argue that change has historically been a main feature of science, and that radical discontinuity partisans overlook this fact. They consequently interpret certain transformations in contemporary science as comprising events that are unique and historically unprecedented. I contend that the perceived transformations taking place inside science occur within the framework of science's longstanding, fundamental principles: conceptual integration, science labour distribution and opportunistic niching. Today, new elements are still being grafted on to science in conformity with these basic principles. The emergence of “host laboratories” is presented as an example of grafting.
Social constructions of change: qualitative methods for analysing developmental processes
Authors: Flick Uwe
Published: March 2007

First some reasons are mentioned for using qualitative methods in developmental research. Some features of the qualitative research process are discussed, followed by a short overview of some qualitative methods appropriate to the study of developmental processes - either in parallel using ethnographic methods or retrospectively using methods based on narrative. The episodic interview is briefly presented as an example. It was used in a study of technological change in everyday life in different cultures, which showed how development was changed by new technologies entering the socialization processes. The second topic is the feeling expressed by many parents in these interviews of being overtaken by their children, who acquire computer skills much more quickly and more comprehensively.
Zygmunt Bauman: Order, Strangerhood and Freedom
Authors: Marotta Vince
Published: March 2007

In the final decades of the 20th century, issues such as identity, Otherness and the role of social and cultural boundaries have been prominent in social theory, sociology and cultural studies. In this context, an analysis of Bauman's work is important because it raises pertinent questions pertaining to the nature of social and cultural boundaries and the nature of boundary construction under modernity. The metaphors of inside and outside and the idea of the boundary are significant in Bauman's critique of modernity's search for a meta-order and in his examination of strangerhood. The article illustrates how this ordering process manifests itself at the individual and societal levels of modernity. Bauman's contention is that modernity's search for a meta-order leads to the construction of boundaries and to exclusionary practices. It is the presence of the Third, for Bauman, which threatens the certainty of order. Different images of the stranger in Bauman's work are identified and the ways in which Bauman's conception of freedom and `community' is intrinsically linked to his work on the ambivalent stranger are demonstrated.
Redefining the Unconscious
Authors: Gauchet Marcel
Published: March 2007

The notion of the unconscious is central to Freudian theory, and is at the same time dependent on a network of other concepts and assumptions. The theory as a whole is best understood as a historical anthropology, in the double sense that it reflects a historical transformation of the human condition and that its frame of reference is embedded in the cultural universe of a historical epoch. A critical reconstruction of the psychoanalytical project, now urgently needed, therefore faces a double task: it must confront new experiences and developments which have changed the structures of human subjectivity and being-in-the-world, and it must involve a thoroughgoing examination of the conceptual blockages and imbalances built into Freud's successive systems. Both the 20th-century history of psychoanalysis and the new critical perspectives must be situated in the context of a long-term process of individualization; but they also reflect changing perceptions and interpretations of otherness, internal as well as external, and are, in that regard, related to the transformations of art and religion.
Freud's (de)Construction of the Conflictual Mind
Authors: Brunner José
Published: March 2007

Freud uses paradoxical and conflictual rhetoric to create an unstable and conflictual picture of the mind. Thus he diverges from both dominant traditions of thought in the West: the Judeo-Christian way of filling all gaps in meaning by putting a single omnipotent divinity in charge of them, and the Enlightenment quest for a final, causal language to describe reality. By both suggesting and displacing a plurality of perspectives on the unconscious, Freud's text mirrors what it claims happens in our minds, in which unconscious impulses undermine the pretense of total rational self-control. Though Freud suggests that a mechanistic description of the mind may bring us nearer to the reality of the unconscious, he also explains that this reality will remain dark. He not only develops an ostensibly mechanistic vocabulary for unconscious mental processes, but also clarifies that his terminology is most fictional precisely when it seems most scientific. Hence, Freud's science of the unconscious cannot be assimilated to an empiricist position; its philosophical underpinnings are both Kantian and Nietzschean, with metaphors and analogies playing a crucial role. Two dramatic images, in which the mind appears as a domain of warring gods and a realm of political conflict, demonstrate that Freud did not regard the unconscious as some kind of true inner self. He depicts the mind in general and the unconscious in particular as a pagan, conflictual universe over which no god or goddess can gain exclusive control and where no rigid dictatorship is possible.
Marx, Schumpeter and the Myths of Economic Rationality
Authors: Deutschmann Christoph
Published: March 2007

This article explores parallels between Marx's and Schumpeter's theories of capitalist development, and discusses the relationship of these classical approaches to later constructivist theories of technological and organizational changes. It is suggested that Marxian and Schumpeterian ideas could be combined in a way which remedies the weaknesses of both sides, and provides a better understanding of the innovative dynamics of capitalism; such a synthesis could then be linked to a constructivist model of the rise and fall of economic `myths'.
Overworked Individuals or Overworked Families?
Authors: JACOBS JERRY A. , GERSON KATHLEEN
Published: March 2007

Although debates over the growth of work-family conflict tend to center on the experiences of employed parents and dual-earner couples, analyses of trends in working time typically focus on individual workers. We reexamine the debates regarding the growth of working versus leisure time and then analyze trends in working time by focusing on the combined paid work of family members. We use the 1970 and 1997 Current Population Surveys to investigate the distribution of working hours across dual-earner couples and single parents. Our findings demonstrate that the shift from male-breadwinner to dual-earner couples and single-parent households, rather than changes in the length of the workweek per se, have created growing concern for balancing work and family. This analysis suggests that debates over conflicts between work and family need to focus more on the combined work schedules of family members than on changes in individual work patterns.
Job-family Trade-offs
Authors: MENNINO SUE FALTER , BRAYFIELD APRIL
Published: March 2007

This study investigates how several dimensions of gender, including an individual's sex, gender ideology, and the gender composition of an occupation, influence the accommodations people make in reconciling employment and family life. Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey, we find that women and men sometimes make different kinds of job-family trade-offs, that people in male-dominated occupations make more family trade-offs and fewer employment trade-offs than people in other occupations, and that individual gender attitudes have little effect on job-family trade-offs. Our findings illustrate how gender, as an embedded social institution, contributes to the clash between employment and family responsibilities.
The Institutionalization of a Profession
Authors: Anisef Paul , Basson Priscilla
Published: March 2007

A cross-cultural comparison of midwifery in Great Britain and the United States reveals its successful institutionalization in the former and failure in the latter country. Struck by this comparison, a sociological analysis that employs historical data centered in three classes of data— normative, political, and compositional—was conducted Two hypotheses were generated through this analysis which may prove generally useful for testing in modernizing countries. (1) The greater the emphasis on childbirth as a normal physiological process by the medical profession and subsequently by their patients, the more likely the retention of midwifery and its eventual professionalism. (2) The more localistic and diversified the system of legitimization and control of midwives, the less likely internal visibility and a drive for professionalism and institutionalization, i.e., the less likely the development of midw ifery as a visible institution .
Occupations, Role Characteristics, and Intergenerational Transmission
Authors: Spenner Kenneth I.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the intergenerational covariation in detailed aspects of occupational roles. Occupations are conceptualized and measured on the basis of indicators for role requirements, content, and rewards. The detailed components are thought to underlie overall role characterizations such as socioeconomic status transmission. Data pertain to a national sample of male members of the civilian labor force and to a countywide sample of high school males. Canonical correlation analyses for two role relationships, involving parent occupation, early career occupation, and late adolescent occupational aspirations, show: (1) role transmission occurs for a multiplicity of occupational characteristics that span the requirements, content, and rewards of roles; (2) the two role relation ships are not isomorphic in their structure; (3) support for recent arguments that complexity of roles is a key organizing feature of role transmission processes; and (4) mixed support for recent research on patterns of intergenerational occupational movement.
Work, Formal Participation, and Employee Outcomes
Authors: Nightingale Donald V.
Published: March 2007

Mounting alienation and dissatisfaction at the workplace have prompted a search for new forms of work organization. Two recent initiatives—improvement of the work itself and employee participation—are linked m a model and examined empirically. The effects of work and expanded employee participation m decision making on employee outcomes are examined in 20 organizations. Data are obtained from field observations, company documents, and questionnaires given to 1000 employees from senior management, supervisory, and rank-and-file levels. The nature of work and employee participation have significant, independent effects on employee outcomes. The role of expanded employee participation m decision making when technological or economic constraints limit opportunities for participation is discussed.
Poor Visibility
Authors: PITHOUSE ANDREW
Published: March 2007

Social work colleagues typically do not observe one another's encounters with clients in the community. Furthermore, the outcomes of intervention are uncertain and resist easy specification. Social workers, however, routinely discuss encounters with clients and display satisfactory performance by providing accounts of their actions to colleagues in the agency setting. These accounts are crucial to the worker, forming the basis of his or her assessment by the supervisor. In such contexts satisfactory work can only be “seen” through satisfactory accounts that display occupational expectations about practice. However, in providing these displays, workers select and filter their comments to preserve their own occupational interests. Thus accounts are never simply about the client encounter, but reflect specific occupational assumptions and relationships as well.
Professional Differentiation and Occupational Earnings
Authors: CULLEN JOHN B.
Published: March 2007

“Professional” and other occupational characteristics were selected as variables for predicting the earnings of occupational groups. The occupational position was the unit of analysis. The sample types ranged from commonly accepted professions to nonprofessions. Most variables represented functional and power views of professionalism. As anticipated by functional theorists of professionalism and stratification, task complexity and education were significant predictors of occupational earnings. In support of some power theorists, the data suggested also that some occupational groups derive additional earnings by influencing their degree of educational achievement. Several other conditional relationships supporting aspects of both perspectives were found.
Women and Traditionally Male Blue-Collar Jobs
Authors: LILLYDAHL JANE H.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on female employment preferences and summarizes the results of a questionnaire distributed to a sample of nonmetropolitan men and women. Although differences in men's and women's employment preferences do exist, a sizable percentage of nonmetropolitan women indicate an interest in traditionally male, blue-collar jobs. In addition, women who hold or have held traditionally male jobs generally have positive comments about their experience.
The Origins and Resolution of Interoccupational Conflict
Authors: BEGUN JAMES W. , LIPPINCOTT RONALD C.
Published: March 2007

Conflict over work boundaries between occupations occurs when one occupation encroaches on the work functions of another occupation (the “dominating occupation”). Encroachment efforts originate from the strategic responses of occupations to environmental changes. The dominating occupation (or internal segments of it) opposes encroachment efforts to the extent that economic survival of the dominating occupation is threatened. Encroachment efforts heighten in intensity as the number of members of the encroaching occupation who receive education in the dominating occupation's knowledge base grows. In the case of state-regulated occupations, the political system plays a major role in the resolution of the disputes, and the political outcomes of the interoccupational conflicts depend upon both the interest group resources of the competing occupations and legislators' judgments about the competence of the encroaching occupation to perform the disputed task. This framework is illustrated using the case of optometry's attempt to expand its work boundaries to include the application of drugs to the eye.
The Impact of Working Conditions, Social Roles, and Personal Characteristics on Gender Differences in Distress
Authors: LOWE GRAHAM S. , NORTHCOTT HERBERT C.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes gender differences in employee distress. Work stress has been studied differently for males and females. For males, the predominant focus has been on job conditions; for employed women, the focus has usually been on the multiple demands of domestic and work roles. In this analysis, we combine both approaches, examining the effects of working conditions, nonwork roles, and personal characteristics on self-reports of depression, irritability, and psychophysiological symptoms. Our study population consists of 992 Canadian postal workers, about half of whom are female. We find that males and females respond similarly to stressful jobs, although women tend to report slightly higher levels of distress. Regression analysis reveals that, while gender does exert a small but significant net effect, perceived job characteristics—especially receiving competing demands and the degree of variety and challenge—are the best predictors of distress. Nonwork social roles have no significant effect on distress.
The Labor Process in Construction
Authors: STEIGER THOMAS L. , FORM WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The construction industry presents a challenge to current labor process theory. Data from a wide range of work settings suggest it is premature to conclude that management has succeeded in appropriating workers' knowledge, accountability, and responsibility for work. Subcontracting, “lumping,” use of prefabricated materials, and other factors have undermined the centralization of managerial controls. Moreover, a craft ideology shared by workers, supervisors, and contractors pervades all types of work organizations. Finally, the labor market has become so fluid and dynamic that it no longer conforms to the traditional construct of an internal labor market. Since these observations likely apply to other work settings, a refinement of labor process theory is in order.
Health Risks of Self-Employment
Authors: LEWIN-EPSTEIN NOAH , YUCHTMAN-YAAR EPHRAIM
Published: March 2007

This study explores the impact of self-employment on health and argues that favorable aspects of autonomy and self-direction notwithstanding, the self-employed are frequently burdened by uncertainty, market fluctuations, and the threat of loss of assets. These impose considerable stress on the self-employed and induce life-styles and behaviors detrimental to health. The analysis is based on survey and medical data for a sample of men residing in urban areas in Israel. The findings revealed higher levels of behavioral and physiological risk factors among the self-employed than among salaried workers, although the opposite was true for visits to the physician and disability days. These patterns were unaltered when social and demographic composition of the groups was taken into account. Implications for the changing organization of work are considered.
Labor Law and Managerial Ideology
Authors: GRENIER GUILLERMO , HOGLER RAYMOND L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the legal and sociological aspects of worker participation programs. Section 8(a) (2) of the National Labor Relations Act prohibits employers from dominating or interfering with employee organizations, but despite the statutory mandate, some federal courts endorse participative workplace systems as cooperative, nonadversarial, lawful forms of industrial organization. The authors contend that the judicial doctrine may promote an ideology which furthers managerial control over workers and enables management to undermine support for union representation through participatory techniques. A case study is offered to substantiate that argument.
The Effects of Individual Power on Earnings
Authors: PFEFFER JEFFREY , KONRAD ALISON M.
Published: March 2007

In a large national sample of college and university faculty, individual earnings were affected by individual-level power, controlling for other individual, departmental, academic, field, and organization-level determinants of salaries. Specifically, having an outside job offer, having more extensive communication with individuals in other institutions, bringing in outside research grants, and being active and influential in departmental and institutional governance had both direct effects on salaries and increased the return to individual productivity, experience, and credentials. Individual influence was substantively important in affecting salaries and offers a theoretically coherent interpretation of many results in the literature on the structure of earnings inequality.
Cumulative Versus Continuous Disadvantage in an Unstructured Labor Market
Authors: BIELBY WILLIAM T. , BIELBY DENISE D.
Published: March 2007

This article uses longitudinal career history data for the period 1982 through 1990 to explore the mechanisms that produce a gender gap in earnings among writers in the television industry. Two models of labor market dynamics are compared. The first is a model of cumulative disadvantage whereby differential access to opportunity is increasingly consequential over the course of writers' careers. The second is a model of continuous disadvantage whereby the contributions of women writers are uniformly devalued across career stages. The results strongly support the model of continuous disadvantage and show that a narrowing of the wage gap is limited to very recent cohorts of writers. The article describes how unstructured labor market arrangements in the entertainment industry sustain the process of continuous disadvantage and discusses implications for labor market issues more generally.
Elite Power, Race, and the Persistence of Low Unionization in the South
Authors: ROSCIGNO VINCENT J. , KIMBLE M. KEITH
Published: March 2007

Sociohistorical accounts point out two fundamental features of the southern political economy that have dampened attempts at unionization: the exercise of elite power and the prevalence of racial division and animosity. Using unique county-level indicators of elite power and unionization across one southern state, we explore the extent to which the dynamics of race and class continue to shape worker mobilization. Findings suggest that historically influential considerations be accorded more weight in contemporary analyses of race and class-based insurgency. Equally important is the need to examine whether inequality and mobilization processes vary at the local level.
Cultural Values and Work Attitudes of Korean Industrial Workers in Comparison with those of the United States and Japan
Authors: BAE KYUHAN , CHUNG CHINSUNG
Published: March 2007

The uniqueness of Korean work attitudes is described with a survey of 1,288 blue-collar and white-collar workers in the 10 largest Korean conglomerate business firms. Compared to the Lincoln-Kalleberg survey results for Japanese and U.S. workers, the Korean survey results indicate that Korean workers harbor a discrepancy between their expectations toward work and their evaluations of their actual situations. Korean workers tend to be more committed to and satisfied with their work but less proud of their jobs and companies than Japanese and U.S. workers. The findings suggest that several factors, including culture, industrialization, labor market conditions, and labor policies, influence work attitude formation.
The Social Construction of Disability in Organizations
Authors: HARLAN SHARON L. , ROBERT PAMELA M.
Published: March 2007

Reasonable accommodation, a provision of the 1990 Americans With Disabilities Act, directs employers to alter the workplace so that qualified workers with disabilities have equal employment opportunity. Data on employees' requests for and employers' responses to reasonable accommodation, reported by people with disabilities, demonstrate that employers are reluctant to modify the social structure of work because of their perceived need to contain the costs of reform and maintain control of the work process. Employers often discourage employees with disabilities from making requests for accommodation, and they deny one of every three requests. The authors show how organizations devalue the work of people with disabilities, and identify an array of resistance strategies employers use to preserve hierarchy and authority in organizations.
Routine Activities and Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Authors: DE COSTER STACY , ESTES SARAH BETH , MUELLER CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

This article draws from criminological research on victimization and on organizational models of the social context of sexual harassment to propose a routine activities explanation of sexual harassment victimization. The authors propose that certain features of organizations can be used to conceptualize guardianship as well as the proximity component of target suitability in the routine activities framework. The authors also discuss the features of individuals (target attractiveness) that may make them more or less susceptible to victimization, holding organizational features constant. They test hypotheses from a routine activities explanation of sexual harassment using data from a national company in the U.S. telephone industry. The authors find general support for the importance of both organizational features and individual characteristics in the prediction of sexual harassment victimization. However, they find little evidence that individual characteristics and organizational features interact in the production of harassment victimization, which is counter to a routine activities approach.
Flexural Bending and Axial Compression of Architectural Sandwich Panels by Combined Finite-Prim-Strip Method
Authors: Tham L.G. , Chong K.P. , Cheung Y.K.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the flexural and axial compressive behavior of the prefabricated architectural sandwich panels are studied. The sandwich panel is approximated by the finite-prism-strip model. Such method is simple to program and save considerable computing effort than the finite element method. The results are compared with the available analytical solution.
A New Hybrid-Stress Element for Multilayer Laminates
Authors: Wang Tsun Kuei , Yuan Yuan
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a quadrilateral hybrid-stress element SZ-YS. In this element, the average individual rotation of each layer and the total warping of laminates are adopted to describe the boundary displacements of laminates.

Many examples are calculated using SZ-YS and are compared with the ex act elastic solution and the classical lamination theory solution. Excellent results have been obtained for both the transverse displacement W and com plex distributions of stresses with fewer degrees of freedom. Only the results for typical 7-layer and 9-layer cross-ply laminates are given here. However in these multilayer cases, many other elements will either meet difficulties in computer core storage or give poor stress distributions in comparison with the exact elastic solution.

SZ-YS is shown to be a quite efficient element for those commonly used composites.
Pocket Computer Solution to Composite Materials Formulas
Authors: Tsai Stephen W. , Park Won J.
Published: March 2007

This paper contains the descriptions and instructions of the use of Radio Shack TRS-80 Pocket Computer for the key calculations of stiffness and strength of sym metric composite laminates.

Specific programs are constructed, using BASIC language, to give instant computa tions on:

(1) In-Plane Stiffness of Symmetric Laminates

(2) Flexural Rigidity of Symmetric Sandwich Plates

(3) In-Plane Strength of Symmetric Laminates

(4) Flexural Strength of Symmetric Sandwich Plates

The formulas and equation numbers used in the programming are the same as that found in Tsai and Hahn's "Introduction to Composite Materials" (Technomic, 1980). Listings of the programs are included along with flow diagrams, operation charts and memory contents.

It would be a simple matter to run the program on a variety of minicomputer systems by altering the syntax as appropriate.
A Simplified Approach for Interlaminar Stresses in Orthotropic Laminated Strips
Authors: Ueng Charles E.S. , Zhang Kai-Da
Published: March 2007

Interlaminar stresses play an important role for strength estimation of anisotropic laminates. In this paper the authors extend the results of anisotropic, generalized plane stress theory and assume certain power functions for the interlaminar stresses which must satisfy the equilibrium equation in the free edge area and the corresponding boundary conditions. The two parameters n and k are set equal to 4 and 0.5 respec tively. The calculated results are in good agreement with other analytical and numerical results. Using the formulas given here, the computing procedure will be greatly simplified and the effect of certain important parameters, such as the orientation angle, the ratio of thickness of different ply groups, and the stacking sequence, can be investigated systematically.
Temperature and Moisture Induced Deformations in Composite Sandwich Panels
Authors: Doxsee Lawrence E. , Lee Woo I. , Springer George S. , Chang Stanley S.
Published: March 2007

Procedures are described for calculating the in-plane deformations and curvature changes of sandwich panels caused by nonuniform temperature and moisture distribu tions. The procedures apply to panels consisting of a honeycomb core covered by fiber reinforced, composite face sheets. Results are presented in tables and charts, which can be used to estimate the deformations and curvature changes of panels made of dif ferent, commonly used, composites.
The Elastic Longitudinal Modulus and Poisson's Ratio of Fiber Composites
Authors: Theocaris P.S. , Sideridis E.P. , Papanicolaou G.C.
Published: March 2007

A simplified theoretical approach for the prediction of the longitudinal elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio in fiber-reinforced composites is developed in this paper. The method considers that the main parameter affecting the elastic behaviour of com posite materials is the existence of the mesophase layer, between fiber and matrix, which possesses different physico-chemical properties than those of the constituent phases. The simplest and most convenient laws of variation are a linear, a parabolic, a hyperbolic and a logarithmic variation of E, and v, for the mesophase material, versus the polar radius from the fiber-surface. In this paper, therefore, these laws are con sidered for evaluating the overall moduli of the composite. Each one of these laws is applied to the representative volume element of the fiber composite and compares favorably with the unfolding model, introduced by one of the authors (PST), as well as with respective data existing in literature.
Wollastonite Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Dynamic and Steady State Melt Flow Behaviour
Authors: Shenoy A.V. , Saini D.R.
Published: March 2007

Viscoelastic properties in terms of complex viscosity η*, storage modulus G' and loss modulus G" have been studied for wollastonite reinforced polypropylene com posites. The viscous response as well as the elastic response to changes in the frequency of dynamic oscillations have been fitted through appropriate rheological equations. The empirical parameters have been shown to be useful in estimating the viscoelastic properties of wollastonite reinforced polypropylene composites at loadings other than those studied in the present work.