bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virus-Derived Chemokine Modulating Protein Pre-Treatment Blocks Chemokine–Glycosaminoglycan Interactions and Significantly Reduces Transplant Immune Damage
Authors: Zanetti Isabela R. , Burgin Michelle , Zhang Liqiang , Yeh Steve T. , Ambadapadi Sriram , Kilbourne Jacquelyn , Yaron Jordan R. , Lowe Kenneth M. , Daggett-Vondras Juliane , Fonseca David , Boyd Ryan , Wakefield Dara , Clapp William , Lim Efrem , Chen Hao , Lucas Alexandra
Published: May 2022

Immune cell invasion after the transplantation of solid organs is directed by chemokines binding to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), creating gradients that guide immune cell infiltration. Renal transplant is the preferred treatment for end stage renal failure, but organ supply is limited and allografts are often injured during transport, surgery or by cytokine storm in deceased donors. While treatment for adaptive immune responses during rejection is excellent, treatment for early inflammatory damage is less effective. Viruses have developed highly active chemokine inhibitors as a means to evade host responses. The myxoma virus-derived M-T7 protein blocks chemokine: GAG binding. We have investigated M-T7 and also antisense (ASO) as pre-treatments to modify chemokine: GAG interactions to reduce donor organ damage. Immediate pre-treatment of donor kidneys with M-T7 to block chemokine: GAG binding significantly reduced the inflammation and scarring in subcapsular and subcutaneous allografts. Antisense to N-deacetylase N-sulfotransferase1 (ASONdst1) that modifies heparan sulfate, was less effective with immediate pre-treatment, but reduced scarring and C4d staining with donor pre-treatment for 7 days before transplantation. Grafts with conditional Ndst1 deficiency had reduced inflammation. Local inhibition of chemokine: GAG binding in donor organs immediately prior to transplant provides a new approach to reduce transplant damage and graft loss.
Proteomic Characterization of the Oral Pathogen Filifactor alocis Reveals Key Inter-Protein Interactions of Its RTX Toxin: FtxA
Authors: Bao Kai , Claesson Rolf , Gehrig Peter , Grossmann Jonas , Oscarsson Jan , Belibasakis Georgios N.
Published: May 2022

Filifactor alocis is a Gram-positive asaccharolytic, obligate anaerobic rod that has been isolated from a variety of oral infections including periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and odontogenic abscesses. As a newly emerging pathogen, its type strain has been investigated for pathogenic properties, yet little is known about its virulence variations among strains. We previously screened the whole genome of nine clinical oral isolates and a reference strain of F. alocis, and they expressed a novel RTX toxin, FtxA. In the present study, we aimed to use label-free quantification proteomics to characterize the full proteome of those ten F. alocis strains. A total of 872 proteins were quantified, and 97 among them were differentially expressed in FtxA-positive strains compared with the negative strains. In addition, 44 of these differentially expressed proteins formed 66 pairs of associations based on their predicted functions, which included clusters of proteins with DNA repair/mediated transformation and catalytic activity-related function, indicating different biosynthetic activities among strains. FtxA displayed specific interactions with another six intracellular proteins, forming a functional cluster that could discriminate between FtxA-producing and non-producing strains. Among them were FtxB and FtxD, predicted to be encoded by the same operon as FtxA. While revealing the broader qualitative and quantitative proteomic landscape of F. alocis, this study also sheds light on the deeper functional inter-relationships of FtxA, thus placing this RTX family member into context as a major virulence factor of this species.
Machine-Learning Guided Discovery of Bioactive Inhibitors of PD1-PDL1 Interaction
Authors: Patil Sachin P. , Fattakhova Elena , Hofer Jeremy , Oravic Michael , Bender Autumn , Brearey Jason , Parker Daniel , Radnoff Madison , Smith Zackary
Published: May 2022

The selective activation of the innate immune system through blockade of immune checkpoint PD1-PDL1 interaction has proven effective against a variety of cancers. In contrast to six antibody therapies approved and several under clinical investigation, the development of small-molecule PD1-PDL1 inhibitors is still in its infancy with no such drugs approved yet. Nevertheless, a promising series of small molecules inducing PDL1 dimerization has revealed important spatio-chemical features required for effective PD1-PDL1 inhibition through PDL1 sequestration. In the present study, we utilized these features for developing machine-learning (ML) classifiers by fitting Random Forest models to six 2D fingerprint descriptors. A focused database of ~16 K bioactive molecules, including approved and experimental drugs, was screened using these ML models, leading to classification of 361 molecules as potentially active. These ML hits were subjected to molecular docking studies to further shortlist them based on their binding interactions within the PDL1 dimer pocket. The top 20 molecules with favorable interactions were experimentally tested using HTRF human PD1-PDL1 binding assays, leading to the identification of two active molecules, CRT5 and P053, with the IC50 values of 22.35 and 33.65 µM, respectively. Owing to their bioactive nature, our newly discovered molecules may prove suitable for further medicinal chemistry optimization, leading to more potent and selective PD1-PDL1 inhibitors. Finally, our ML models and the integrated screening protocol may prove useful for screening larger libraries for novel PD1-PDL1 inhibitors.
Integrin/TGF-β1 Inhibitor GLPG-0187 Blocks SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Pseudovirus Infection of Airway Epithelial Cells In Vitro, Which Could Attenuate Disease Severity
Authors: Huntington Kelsey E. , Carlsen Lindsey , So Eui-Young , Piesche Matthias , Liang Olin , El-Deiry Wafik S.
Published: May 2022

As COVID-19 continues to pose major risk for vulnerable populations, including the elderly, immunocompromised, patients with cancer, and those with contraindications to vaccination, novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. SARS-CoV-2 infects target cells via RGD-binding integrins, either independently or as a co-receptor with surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We used pan-integrin inhibitor GLPG-0187 to demonstrate the blockade of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection of target cells. Omicron pseudovirus infected normal human small airway epithelial (HSAE) cells significantly less than D614G or Delta variant pseudovirus, and GLPG-0187 effectively blocked SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection in a dose-dependent manner across multiple viral variants. GLPG-0187 inhibited Omicron and Delta pseudovirus infection of HSAE cells more significantly than other variants. Pre-treatment of HSAE cells with MEK inhibitor (MEKi) VS-6766 enhanced the inhibition of pseudovirus infection by GLPG-0187. Because integrins activate transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, we compared the plasma levels of active and total TGF-β in COVID-19+ patients. The plasma TGF-β1 levels correlated with age, race, and number of medications upon presentation with COVID-19, but not with sex. Total plasma TGF-β1 levels correlated with activated TGF-β1 levels. Moreover, the inhibition of integrin signaling prevents SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron pseudovirus infectivity, and it may mitigate COVID-19 severity through decreased TGF-β1 activation. This therapeutic strategy may be further explored through clinical testing in vulnerable and unvaccinated populations.
Hybrid Lipid/Clay Carrier Systems Containing Annatto Oil for Topical Formulations
Authors: Barbosa Raquel de Melo , Leite Aliana Monteiro , García-Villén Fátima , Sánchez-Espejo Rita , Cerezo Pilar , Viseras César , Faccendini Angela , Sandri Giuseppina , Raffin Fernanda Nervo , Moura Túlio Flávio Accioly de Lima e
Published: May 2022

Nanocomposites formed by clay and lipid carriers (NLCs) show a high potential for providing controlled release and specific delivery of bioactive molecules and have recently gained attention in the pharmaceutical sector due to their ability to transport hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have recognized the biological activity of the oil of Bixa orellana L. (AO) with regards to its healing, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-leishmanial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study is the preparation and characterization of hybrid systems based on lipid nanocarriers and laponite for the delivery of AO. NLCs were prepared by the fusion-emulsification method, using cetyl palmitate (CP) or myristyl myristate (MM), AO, and Poloxamer 188. The morphology, hydrodynamic diameters, zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), viscosity behavior, and cytotoxicity testing of the hybrid systems were performed. The thermal study and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) revealed polymorphic structural changes compatible with the amorphization of the material. Rheological assays highlighted a typical pseudoplastic behavior in all systems (MM and CP with LAP). The hybrid systems’ morphology, size diameters, and PDIs were similar, preset spherical and monodisperse structures (≈200 nm; <0.3), without significant change up to sixty days. The ZP values differed from each other, becoming higher with increasing AO concentration. XEDS spectra and elemental X-ray maps show peaks of lipids (organic components, C and O) and inorganic components O, Mg, and Si. All samples showed cell viability above 60%. The results indicated a stable, biocompatible hybrid system that can be an alternative for topical application.
Identification of Asiaticoside from Centella erecta (Apiaceae) as Potential Apyrase Inhibitor by UF-UHPLC-MS and Its In Vivo Antischistosomal Activity
Authors: de Carvalho Lara Soares Aleixo , de Souza Vinícius Carius , Rodrigues Vinícius C. , Ribeiro Aline Correa , Nascimento Jorge Willian Leandro , Capriles Priscila V. S. Z. , Pinto Priscila de F. , de Moraes Josué , da Silva Filho Ademar Alves
Published: May 2022

Schistosomiasis, caused by parasites of the genus Schistosoma, is a neglected disease with high global prevalence, affecting more than 240 million people in several countries. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug currently available for the treatment. S. mansoni NTPDases (known as SmNTPDases, ATP diphosphohydrolases or ecto-apyrases) are potential drug targets for the discovery of new antischistosomal drugs. In this study, we screen NTPDases inhibitors from Centella erecta (Apiaceae) using an ultrafiltration combined UHPLC-QTOF-MS method and potato apyrase, identifying asiaticoside as one of the apyrase-binding compounds. After isolation of asiaticoside from C. erecta extract, we assessed its in vivo antischistosomal activities against Schistosoma mansoni worms and its in vitro enzymatic apyrase inhibition. Also, molecular docking analysis of asiaticoside against potato apyrase, S. mansoni NTPDases 1 and 2 were performed. Asiaticoside showed a significant in vitro apyrase inhibition and molecular docking studies corroborate with its possible actions in potato apyrase and S. mansoni NTPDases. In mice harboring a patent S. mansoni infection, a single oral dose of asiaticoside (400 mg/kg. p.o.) showed significantly in vivo antischistosomal efficacy, markedly decreasing the total worm load and egg burden, giving support for further exploration of apyrase inhibitors as antischistosomal agents.
Multifunctional Nanoplatforms as a Novel Effective Approach in Photodynamic Therapy and Chemotherapy, to Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer
Authors: Majerník Martin , Jendželovský Rastislav , Vargová Jana , Jendželovská Zuzana , Fedoročko Peter
Published: May 2022

It is more than sixty years since the era of modern photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer began. Enhanced selectivity for malignant cells with a reduced selectivity for non-malignant cells and good biocompatibility along with the limited occurrence of side effects are considered to be the most significant advantages of PDT in comparison with conventional therapeutic approaches, e.g., chemotherapy. The phenomenon of multidrug resistance, which is associated with drug efflux transporters, was originally identified in relation to the application of chemotherapy. Unfortunately, over the last thirty years, numerous papers have shown that many photosensitizers are the substrates of efflux transporters, significantly restricting the effectiveness of PDT. The concept of a dynamic nanoplatform offers a possible solution to minimize the multidrug resistance effect in cells affected by PDT. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the utilization of nanoparticles could significantly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT. Additionally, multifunctional nanoplatforms could induce the synergistic effect of combined treatment regimens, such as PDT with chemotherapy. Moreover, the surface modifications that are associated with nanoparticle functionalization significantly improve the target potential of PDT or chemo-PDT in multidrug resistant and cancer stem cells.
Positive Psychology and Philosophy-as-Usual: An Unhappy Match?
Authors: Mattes Josef
Published: May 2022

The present article critiques standard attempts to make philosophy appear relevant to the scientific study of well-being, drawing examples in particular from works that argue for fundamental differences between different forms of wellbeing (by Besser-Jones, Kristjánsson, and Kraut, for example), and claims concerning the supposedly inherent normativity of wellbeing research (e.g., Prinzing, Alexandrova, and Nussbaum). Specifically, it is argued that philosophers in at least some relevant cases fail to apply what is often claimed to be among their core competences: conceptual rigor—not only in dealing with the psychological construct of flow, but also in relation to apparently philosophical concepts such as normativity, objectivity, or eudaimonia. Furthermore, the uncritical use of so-called thought experiments in philosophy is shown to be inappropriate for the scientific study of wellbeing. As an alternative to such philosophy-as-usual, proper attention to other philosophical traditions is argued to be promising. In particular, the philosophy of ZhuangZi (a contemporary of Aristotle and one of the most important figures in Chinese intellectual history) appears to concord well with today’s psychological knowledge, and to contain valuable ideas for the future development of positive psychology.
The BER Performance of the LDPC-Coded MPPM over Turbulence UWOC Channels
Authors: Jiang Hongyan , He Ning , Liao Xin , Popoola Wasiu , Rajbhandari Sujan
Published: May 2022

Turbulence-induced fading is a critical performance degrading factor for underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. In this paper, we propose a quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code with multiple-pulse-position modulation (MPPM) to overcome turbulence-induced fading. MPPM is adopted as a compromise between the low-power efficiency of on–off keying (OOK) and the low bandwidth efficiency of pulse position modulation (PPM). The bit error rate (BER) performance of LDPC-coded MPPM over turbulence UWOC channels is investigated. The log-likelihood ratio (LLR) of MPPM is derived, and a simplified approximation is used for iterative decoding. Subsequently, the closed-form expression of the BER, without forward error correction (FEC) code, is obtained for the generalized-gamma (GG) fading model. Finally, Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation results are provided to demonstrate the correctness of the derived closed-form expressions and the effectiveness of the LDPC code with simplified LLR to improve the BER performance for different MPPM formats over fading channels.
Optimization of Photobiomodulation Dose in Biological Tissue by Adjusting the Focal Point of Lens
Authors: Su Chuan-Tsung , Chiu Fu-Chien , Ma Shih-Hsin , Wu Jih-Huah
Published: May 2022

The optical power density in biotissue is an important issue for photobiomodulation (PBM) clinical applications. In our previous study, the maximal dose and the power density distributions of 830 nm lasers under human skin could be exactly calculated and measured. In this work, the laser power density in tissue can be changed by adjusting the focal point of the lens. From the experimental results, it is evident that the power densities on the attached gingiva and the surrounding tissues can be improved. Thus, the dose of a near-infrared (NIR) laser in the target tissue can be increased with a suitable lens. Most importantly, focusing lasers on deeper tissue can avoid any damage to the skin. This study provides a dose optimization method on the target tissue, and the results can be applied to clinical applications, especially laser acupuncture (LA).
Anomalous Diffusion and Surface Effects on the Electric Response of Electrolytic Cells
Authors: Scarfone Antonio M. , Barbero Giovanni , Evangelista Luiz R. , Lenzi Ervin K.
Published: May 2022

We propose an anomalous diffusion approach to analyze the electrical impedance response of electrolytic cells using time-fractional derivatives. We establish, in general terms, the conservation laws connected to a modified displacement current entering the fractional approach formulation of the Poisson–Nernst–Planck (PNP) model. In this new formalism, we obtain analytical expressions for the electrical impedance for the case of blocking electrodes and in the presence of general integrodifferential boundary conditions including time-fractional derivatives of distributed order. A conceptual scenario thus emerges aimed at exploring anomalous diffusion and surface effects on the impedance response of the cell to an external stimulus.
Response of Growth, Yield, and Phytochemical Behavior of Jojoba Genotypes to Azolla filiculoides Plant Extract
Authors: Atteya Amira K. G. , Albalawi Aishah N. , Bayomy Hala M. , Alamri Eman S. , Genaidy Esmail A. E.
Published: May 2022

A unique storage lipid wax found in jojoba seeds can be employed as a chemical feedstock. Alternative safe and natural sources of plant nutrients are constantly sought to preserve both human health and the environment. As a result, EAI1, EAI2, and EAI3 jojoba genotypes’ growth, yield, and phytochemical behavior in response to Azolla extract at concentrations of 0, 10, and 30% were studied. Maximum productivity was found with EAI1, followed by EAI3 then EAI2 across all Azolla extracts. In relation to the Azolla extract concentrations in the two seasons, the concentration of 30% delivered the most pronounced results across all the studied genotypes. During the two seasons, administration of a combined treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 30% Azolla extract produced the highest mean values of growth, flowering, and fruiting, as well as chemical composition parameters. This means that the treatment of EAI1 genotype with 30% Azolla filiculoides Lam. plant extract yielded the highest significant seed yield (3748 and 3839 kg ha−1) and oil yield per hectare (1910 and 2002 L ha−1). The combination treatment of the EAI1 jojoba genotype with 10% Azolla extract yielded the highest proportion of gadoleic fatty acid (49.83%).
Enhancing Testing Laboratory Engagement in Plant DNA Barcoding through a Routine Workflow—A Case Study on Chinese Materia Medica (CMM)
Authors: Ha Wai-Yan , Wong Ka-Lok , Ma Wai-Yee , Lau Yuk-Yu , Chan Wing-Han
Published: May 2022

Introduction of DNA standards into Pharmacopoeia in different parts of the world enables identification of herbal materials in a complementary manner. However, little has been discussed about the quality requirements for a testing laboratory to implement DNA barcoding methods for herbal materials, which has limited the test method to be developed as a routine service. To encourage the engagement of testing laboratory in application of DNA barcode, a practical workflow including the components of analytical run and the corresponding quality control plan was suggested and employed to address a real-life challenge faced by the differentiation of plant-derived Chinese Materia Medica (CMM), Herba Potentillae Chinensis (Wei ling Cai), Herba Potentillae Discoloris (Fan Bai Cai), Radix Pulsatillae (Bai Tou Weng), and Radix Arnebiae (Zi Cao), which share similar morphological characteristics and multiple species involved. The ITS2 barcode results indicated that there are significant differences among the four CMM, together with quality control plan data to ensure the measurement traceability and validity of test results.
Functional Characterization of MtrGSTF7, a Glutathione S-Transferase Essential for Anthocyanin Accumulation in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Panara Francesco , Passeri Valentina , Lopez Loredana , Porceddu Andrea , Calderini Ornella , Paolocci Francesco
Published: May 2022

Flavonoids are essential compounds widespread in plants and exert many functions such as defence, definition of organ colour and protection against stresses. In Medicago truncatula, flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation is finely regulated in terms of tissue specificity and induction by external factors, such as cold and other stresses. Among flavonoids, anthocyanin precursors are synthesised in the cytoplasm, transported to the tonoplast, then imported into the vacuole for further modifications and storage. In the present work, we functionally characterised MtrGSTF7, a phi-class glutathione S-transferase involved in anthocyanin transport to the tonoplast. The mtrgstf7 mutant completely lost the ability to accumulate anthocyanins in leaves both under control and anthocyanin inductive conditions. On the contrary, this mutant showed an increase in the levels of soluble proanthocyanidins (Pas) in their seeds with respect to the wild type. By complementation and expression data analysis, we showed that, differently from A. thaliana and similarly to V. vinifera, transport of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidins is likely carried out by different GSTs belonging to the phi-class. Such functional diversification likely results from the plant need to finely tune the accumulation of diverse classes of flavonoids according to the target organs and developmental stages.
Primer Choice and Xylem-Microbiome-Extraction Method Are Important Determinants in Assessing Xylem Bacterial Community in Olive Trees
Authors: Anguita-Maeso Manuel , Haro Carmen , Navas-Cortés Juan A. , Landa Blanca B.
Published: May 2022

Understanding the unique and unexplored microbial environment of xylem sap is starting to be of relevant importance for plant health, as it could include microbes that may protect plants against xylem-limited pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae and Xylella fastidiosa. In this study, we evaluated the effects that the method for extracting the xylem bacterial communities, the plant age and the PCR primers may have on characterizing the xylem-bacterial-community composition by using an NGS approach. Xylem sap was extracted from xylem vessels by using a Scholander pressure chamber, or by macerating wood shavings that were obtained from xylem tissues by using branches from 10-year-old olive trees, or the entire canopy of 1-year-old olive plantlets. Additionally, we compared four different PCR-primer pairs that target 16S rRNA for their efficacy to avoid the coamplification of mitochondria and chloroplast 16S rRNA, as this represents an important drawback in metabarcoding studies. The highest amplifications in the mitochondria and chloroplast reads were obtained when using xylem woody chips with the PCR1-799F/1062R (76.05%) and PCR3-967F/1391R (99.96%) primer pairs. To the contrary, the PCR2-799F/1115R and PCR4-799F/1193R primer pairs showed the lowest mitochondria 16S rRNA amplification (<27.48%), no chloroplast sequences and the highest numbers of bacterial OTUs identified (i.e., 254 and 266, respectively). Interestingly, only 73 out of 172 and 46 out of 181 genera were shared between the xylem sap and woody chips after amplification with PCR2 or PCR4 primers, respectively, which indicates a strong bias of the bacterial-community description, depending on the primers used. Globally, the most abundant bacterial genera (>60% of reads) included Anoxybacillus, Cutibacterium, Pseudomonas, Spirosoma, Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum and Sphingomonas; however, their relative importance varied, depending on the matrix that was used for the DNA extraction and the primer pairs that were used, with the lowest effect due to plant age. These results will help to optimize the analysis of xylem-inhabiting bacteria, depending on whether whole xylematic tissue or xylem sap is used for the DNA extraction. More importantly, it will help to better understand the driving and modifying factors that shape the olive-xylem-bacterial-community composition.
Comparative Mutagenic Effectiveness and Efficiency of Gamma Rays and Sodium Azide in Inducing Chlorophyll and Morphological Mutants of Cowpea
Authors: Raina Aamir , Laskar Rafiul Amin , Wani Mohammad Rafiq , Jan Basit Latief , Ali Sajad , Khan Samiullah
Published: May 2022

Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the most important factors determining the success of mutation breeding, a coherent tool for quickly enhancing genetic diversity in crops. However, conclusive evidence of using an effective and efficient dose of gamma (γ) rays and sodium azide (SA) for genetic improvement is scant. The present study assesses genetic diversity in M2 mutants of cowpea and evaluates mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of the single and combination doses of γ rays and SA. In M0 generation, 7200 M1 seeds obtained by SA treatment (0.01—0.1%) and γ irradiation (100—1000 Gy) at a dose rate of 11.58 Gy/min were sown to raise M1 generation. A total of 57,620 M2 seeds were generated from the M1 generation of two varieties—Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578, from which 47,650 seeds germinated. Moreover, plants (38,749) that survived were screened for chlorophyll and morphological mutations. Among the mutagens, SA followed by γ rays + SA and γ rays was most effective in inducing higher frequency and a broader spectrum of chlorophyll mutants. A wide range of morphological mutants affecting every growth stage was recorded with the highest frequency in 400 Gy γ rays + 0.04% SA treatment. These morphological mutants with desirable agronomic traits represent a valuable genetic resource for future breeding programs. This study revealed the potency of γ rays and SA in increasing genetic diversity and demonstrated the successful conduct of induced mutagenesis in the cowpea.
The Pattern Recognition Receptor FLS2 Can Shape the Arabidopsis Rhizosphere Microbiome β-Diversity but Not EFR1 and CERK1
Authors: Fonseca Jose P. , Lakshmanan Venkatachalam , Boschiero Clarissa , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: May 2022

Pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) is the first line of plant defense. We hypothesized that the absence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants could influence the rhizosphere microbiome. Here, we report sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene and the fungal ribosomal RNA internal transcribed spacer region of rhizosphere DNA from three Arabidopsis PRR mutants involved in plant innate immunity (efr1, fls2, and cerk1). We conducted experiments in a growth chamber using native soil from the Red River Farm (Terral, OK, USA) to detect microbial community shifts in the rhizosphere that may occur in the absence of PRR receptors compared to wild-type (WT; Col-0) plants. No difference in the α-diversity of the rhizosphere microbial population was observed between the PRR mutants tested and the WT. Plant host genotype had a significant impact in bacterial β-diversity only between the fls2 mutant and the WT. Surprisingly, no significant changes in fungal β-diversity were observed between the PRR mutants and WT, although we observed an increase in relative abundance for the cup fungi (Pezizaceae) in the cerk1 mutant. This finding suggests that the FLS2 receptor can modulate the rhizosphere-associated microbiome β-diversity and expands the list of current known genotypes that can modulate the rhizosphere microbiota.
The Copper Chaperone Protein Gene GmATX1 Promotes Seed Vigor and Seedling Tolerance under Heavy Metal and High Temperature and Humidity Stresses in Transgenic Arabidopsis
Authors: Shen Yingzi , Wei Jiaping , Wang Shuang , Zhang Xi , Mu Kebing , Liu Sushuang , Ma Hao
Published: May 2022

Abiotic stresses such as high temperature, high humidity, and heavy metals are important factors that affect seed development and quality, and restrict yield in soybean. The ATX1-type copper chaperones are an important type of proteins that are used for maintaining intracellular copper ion homeostasis. In our previous study, a copper chaperone protein GmATX1 was identified in developing seeds of soybean under high temperature and humidity (HTH) stresses. In this study, the GmATX1 gene was isolated, and multiple alignment analysis showed that its encoding protein shared high sequence identities with other plant orthologues of copper chaperone proteins containing the HMA domain, and a conserved metal ion-binding site, CXXC. A subcellular localization assay indicated that GmATX1 was localized in the cell membrane and nucleus. An expression analysis indicated that GmATX1 was involved in seed development, and in response to HTH and heavy metal stresses in soybean. GmATX1-silent soybean seedlings were found to be more severely damaged than the control under HTH stress. Moreover, the silencing of GmATX1 reduced antioxidase activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging ability in the seedling leaves. The overexpression of GmATX1 in Arabidopsis improved seed vigor and seedling tolerance, and enhanced antioxidase activity and ROS scavenging ability under HTH and heavy metal stresses. Our results indicated that GmATX1 could promote seed vigor and seedling tolerance to HTH and heavy metal stresses in transgenic Arabidopsis, and this promotion could be achieved by enhancing the antioxidase activity and ROS scavenging ability.
Recycling and Resource Recovery from Polymers
Authors: Devasahayam Sheila , Singh Raman , Strezov Vladimir
Published: May 2022

Over 100 million tonnes of waste plastics is projected to enter our environment by 2030 [...]
Strength Enhancement of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers by Adjustment of Hydrogen Bond Distribution in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Xue Yu , Li Weidong , Yang Guihua , Lin Zhaoyun , Qi Letian , Zhu Peihua , Yu Jinghua , Chen Jiachuan
Published: May 2022

To improve the physical strength of regenerated cellulose fibers, cellulose dissolution was analyzed with a conductor-like screening model for real solvents in which 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AMIMCl) worked only as a hydrogen bond acceptor while dissolving the cellulose. This process could be promoted by the addition of urea, glycerol, and choline chloride. The dissolution and regeneration of cellulose was achieved through dry-jet and wet-spinning. The results demonstrated that the addition of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors either on their own or in combination can enhance the tensile strength, but their effects on the crystallinity of the regenerated fibers were quite limited. Compared with the regenerated fibers without any additives, the tensile strength was improved from 54.43 MPa to 139.62 MPa after introducing the choline chloride and glycerol, while related the crystallinity was only changed from 60.06% to 62.97%. By contrast, a more compact structure and fewer pores on the fiber surface were identified in samples with additives along with well-preserved cellulose frameworks. Besides, it should be noted that an optimization in the overall thermal stability was obtained in samples with additives. The significant effect of regenerated cellulose with the addition of glycerol was attributed to the reduction of cellulose damage by slowing down the dissolution and cross-linking in the cellulose viscose. The enhancement of the physical strength of regenerated cellulose fiber can be realized by the appropriate adjustment of the hydrogen bond distribution in the ionic liquid system with additives.
Risk Factors Associated with the Carriage of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Healthy Commercial Meat Chickens in Queensland, Australia †
Authors: Awawdeh Leena , Forrest Rachel , Turni Conny , Cobbold Rowland , Henning Joerg , Gibson Justine
Published: May 2022

Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) can cause avian colibacillosis, an economically important disease that contributes to bird mortality and the high costs associated with prevention and treatment. Little is known about APEC in the context of Australian conditions. The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of APEC and determine the risk factors associated with cloacal carriage of APEC among commercial healthy meat chickens in Queensland. Cloacal swabs were collected at slaughter from 400 healthy meat chickens (ten per farm) originating from 40 farms. A total of 2200 E. coli isolates were selected from cultured swabs and screened for the presence of five APEC-associated virulence genes (VGs). Farm-level data were collected using a questionnaire. Binominal general linear models were used to identify farm-level risk factors associated with bird-level APEC prevalence. Thirty-four per cent of the cultured E. coli isolates (n = 751) were classified as APEC, with all farms testing positive for APEC, and the overall bird-level prevalence of APEC was 63.0%. Higher APEC within-farm bird-level prevalence was positively associated with the usage of well water as a source of drinking water (OR = 6.2, 95% CI: 2.3, 16.5, p < 0.001); not having shower facilities available for farm visitors (OR = 3.6, 95% CI: 1.8, 7.1, p < 0.001); distances greater than 20 m between the car park and the poultry shed (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.4, p = 0.001); not applying water line disinfection after each flock cycle (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.5, p = 0.001); the presence of wild birds within 50 m of the poultry shed (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.7, p = 0.001). Chlorine combined with automatic drinking water filtration reduced within-farm bird-level APEC prevalence (OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34, p = 0.001). This study identified a number of important factors associated with APEC and showed that improving biosecurity and water treatments might reduce the prevalence of APEC. The notable high APEC prevalence on all farms requires further epidemiological investigations.
Processing of Carob Kernels to Syrup by Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
Authors: Clodoveo Maria Lisa , Crupi Pasquale , Muraglia Marilena , Corbo Filomena
Published: May 2022

Carob syrup is one of the most important carob products, which can have applications in pastry and confectionery, as a fruit preservative, but also in the pharmaceutical field because of the antimicrobial activity due to its polyphenol content. Carob syrup is traditionally made through a very time-consuming process, involving solid–liquid extraction in boiling water and concentration at a high temperature (>100 °C), which potentially causes the degradation of the active compounds (i.e., procyanidins or flavonol glycosides). Therefore, in this work, an alternative and less drastic method based on ultrasound technology was proposed to produce carob syrup. Processing conditions (i.e., time, temperature, and liquid–solid ratio) influencing the extraction of total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) were optimized using a central composite design coupled to response surface methodology. Reliable mathematical models allowed us to predict the highest TSS (24 ± 2 °Brix) and TPC (1.7 ± 0.5 mg/mL) values that could be obtained at 15 min, 35 °C, and 2 mL/g. Finally, a different HPLC-DAD phenolic pattern was determined between syrups produced by traditional and ultrasound methods; epicatechin, 4-hydroxycoumaric acid, and ferulic acid were more concentrated in the former, while procyanidin B2, myricitrin, and quercitrin were prevalent in the latter one.
Exploring Key Decisive Factors in Manufacturing Strategies in the Adoption of Industry 4.0 by Using the Fuzzy DEMATEL Method
Authors: Abdullah Fawaz M. , Al-Ahmari Abdulrahman M. , Anwar Saqib
Published: May 2022

Globalization has created a highly competitive and diverse market, an uncertain and risky business environment, and changing customer expectations. An effective manufacturing strategy reduces complexity and provides organizations with a well-organized manufacturing structure. However, existing research on manufacturing strategies appears scattered, lacking systematic understanding and finding no causal relationship between manufacturing strategies’ outputs (MSOs) and their importance. Therefore, this study is a pioneer in identifying the influential factors of MSOs in the adoption of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies utilizing the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. This method is considered an effective method for identifying the cause-effect relationship of complex problems. It evaluates interdependent relationships among MSO factors from the perspective of academic and industry experts. Identifying cause and effect factors leads to increasing the market’s competitiveness and prioritizing them. To deal with the vagueness of human beings’ perceptions, this study utilizes fuzzy set theory and the DEMATEL method to form a structural model. Results show that customer satisfaction, cost per unit produced, and the number of advanced features are the main factors influencing MSOs.
Stochastic Stabilization for Discrete-Time System with Input Delay and Multiplicative Noise in Control Variable
Authors: Tan Cheng , Di Jianying , Xiang Mingyue , Chen Ziran , Zhu Binlian
Published: May 2022

The stabilization problems for time-delay stochastic systems with multiplicative noise in the control variable are investigated in this paper. The innovative contributions are described as follows. Since the past work on stabilization is based on some delay-dependent algebraic Riccati equation (DARE), how to numerically calculate the stabilizing solution remains an unsolved and open problem. On the one hand, an iterative algorithm for computing the unique stabilizing solution of DARE is proposed, while the convergence property is also proved. On the other hand, the concepts of critical stabilization and essential destabilization are proposed as a supplement to stochastic stabilization in terms of spectrum technique. Moreover, the Lyapunov-based necessary and sufficient conditions are developed.
The Ideology of Patronage and the Question of Identity in the Early Dādūpanth
Authors: Zapart Jarosław
Published: May 2022

This article focuses on the Dādūpanth, a religious community centered on the teachings of Dādū Dayāl (1544–1603), a Sant poet of Rajasthan. The aim of the text is to analyze how various forms of patronage affected the formation of the ideology and identity of this community. The article examines especially the Dādūpanthī ideology of patronage by focusing on the Dādū Janma Līlā (c. 1620), which contains an account of the supposed meeting between Dādū and the emperor Akbar, during which Dādū rejects all offers of patronage. His position needs elucidation as it stands in contrast with the later tendency of the post-17th century Dādūpanth to accept royal and merchant patronage. After analyzing how the hagiography establishes Dādū’s authority and having considered in what types of manuscripts the hagiography was distributed by itinerant preachers, it is suggested that this work is driven by a strong proselytic agenda and that it employs a ‘pedagogical strategy’—represented by the topos of rejected royal support—to establish relationships with merchant patrons. The article concludes with the observation that the increase in royal patronage from the 17th to the 19th century led to changes in the Dādūpanthī ideology that entailed a shift toward a Vaishnava identity.
Sufism and Shari‘a: Contextualizing Contemporary Sufi Expressions
Authors: Dickson William Rory
Published: May 2022

In this article I propose that questions about the nature of contemporary Sufism, especially in Western contexts, can be addressed with further precision and nuance by shifting the focus from Sufism’s relationship to Islam, to its relationship to shari‘a, or Islamic law (fiqh). As very few questioned Sufism’s Islamic nature prior to the modern period, this analytical shift offers the advantage of contextualizing contemporary debates about Sufism within the much richer history of intra-Islamic difference over Sufism and shari‘a. I suggest that traditional Sufi-shari‘a conceptions, though varied in nature, can be categorized for analytical purposes as (a) juristic, (b) supersessionist, and (c) formless Sufism. I propose these terms not as archetypal categories, but rather as a tentative template for mapping Sufi approaches to the shari‘a, which can allow us to better appreciate how contemporary Western Sufi orientations towards the shari‘a reflect premodern tendencies.
The Place of Animals in Theodicy and in Justice
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: May 2022

It is widely recognized that the animal suffering of the evolutionary past is a problem for believers in a good and just God. However, this problem is not insuperable if the intrinsic value of nonhuman flourishing is recognized as integral to the Creator’s plan (including the sentience that makes this flourishing possible among most species of animals), and if this intrinsic value is recognized as comparable to the intrinsic value of human suffering. These considerations have a bearing on justice. Many philosophers, while granting the moral standing of nonhuman animals, assume that, where justice is concerned, human interests trump those of nonhumans. However, most people accept that the central interests of nonhumans, such as the avoidance of a painful death, are not trumped by trivial human interests. But the obligations to animals that are presupposed here are not ones that are liable to be superseded by each and every interhuman obligation. Hence, theories of justice need to recognize that the needs and interests of nonhuman animals generate obligations of justice, as well as of charity.
Religious Moderation in Indonesian Muslims
Authors: Subchi Imam , Zulkifli Zulkifli , Latifa Rena , Sa’diyah Sholikatus
Published: May 2022

Indonesia receives a high religious harmony index every year; however, intolerance and religious radicalism threaten this harmony. Moderate Islam (Islamic religious moderation) has become a national policy as a solution to prevent intolerance and radicalism. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors influencing religious moderation. We examined the variables of religiosity and demographics, which play essential roles in forming religious moderation. A total of 578 students at state Islamic universities in Indonesia participated in this research. We measured religiosity with the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS-5) by Huber and Huber. The CRS-5 consists of five dimensions: intellect, ideology, public practice, private practice, and religious experience, which we adapted to the Indonesian language. The Religious Moderation Scale consists of three dimensions: national commitment, rejecting violence, and accommodating culture. We collected data through questionnaires that we distributed online, and we analyzed the responses using multiple regression analysis. The results show that religiosity positively affected religious moderation, meaning that religious intellectuality, ideology, public practice, private practice, and religious experience supported a person in being moderately religious and might prevent intolerance and radicalism. Socioeconomic factors (sex and parents’ income) also strongly affected religious moderation.
Religious Views of Suffering Profile Groups during COVID-19
Authors: Wang Kenneth T. , Cowan Krista J. , Eriksson Cynthia B. , Januzik Matthew , Conant Moriah R.
Published: May 2022

Religion plays an important role in making sense of adversity, and individuals hold varying beliefs about God’s role in suffering (theodicy). This study examined the association between individuals’ theodicies at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes of their religiousness and psychological well-being. The first aim was to classify participants into profile groups based on theodicy. The second aim was to compare the groups on religious commitment, COVID-19 stress, anxiety, and psychological well-being. Theodicy was measured with the Views of Suffering Scale among 233 participants. Three distinct groups emerged, viewing God as active, God as passive, and suffering as random. Individuals who held an active view of God’s role were most religiously committed and had the lowest levels of general anxiety and stress regarding COVID-19. In contrast, those who viewed God as passive reported the highest general anxiety level. Those who viewed suffering as random reported the highest level of COVID-19 stress and the lowest level of religious commitment. This study demonstrates the benefits of considering a person-centered approach to understanding theodicy. Even within a predominantly religious sample, the three clusters of active, passive, and random views demonstrated meaningful differences in outcomes between the groups of participants.
Elastic Wave Propagation in a Stainless-Steel Standard and Verification of a COMSOL Multiphysics Numerical Elastic Wave Toolbox
Authors: Bazargan Mohsen , Almqvist Bjarne S. G. , Motra Hem Bahadur , Broumand Pooyan , Schmiedel Tobias , Hieronymus Christoph F.
Published: May 2022

Laboratory-based elastic wave measurements are commonly used to quantify the seismic properties of Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Different types of laboratory apparatuses are available for such measurements, simulating seismic properties at different pressure and temperature. To complement such laboratory measurements, we present a numerical toolbox to investigate the seismic properties of rock samples. The numerical model is benchmarked against experimental results from a multi-anvil apparatus, using measurements of a stainless steel calibration standard. Measured values of the mean compressional- and shear-wave velocities at room conditions of the steel block were 6.03 km/s and 3.26 km/s, respectively. Calculated numerical results predicted 6.12 km/s and 3.30 km/s for compressional and shear-wave velocities. Subsequently, we measured Vp and Vs up to 600 MPa hydrostatic confining pressure and 600 °C. These measurements, at pressure and temperature, were then used as the basis to predict numerical wave speeds. There is, in general, good agreement between measurement and predicted numerical results. The numerical method presented in this study serves as a flexible toolbox, allowing for the easy setup of different model geometries and composite materials.