bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Economic Theories and Schools on Competition Law in terms of Vertical Agreements
Authors: Jurczyk Zbigniew
Published: November 2020

The paper aims at showing the influence and the views espoused by economic theories and schools of economics on competition policy embedded in antitrust law and conducted by competition authorities in the field of vertical agreements. The scope of the paper demonstrates how substantially the economization of antitrust law has changed the assessment as to the harmfulness of vertical agreements. The analysis of economic aspects of vertical agreements in antitrust analysis allows one to reveal their pro-competitive effects and benefits, with the consumer being their beneficiary. The basic instrument of the said economization is that antitrust bodies draw on specific economic models and theories that can be employed in their practice. Within the scope of the paper, the author synthesizes the role and influence of those models and schools of economics on the application of competition law in the context of vertical agreements. In presenting, one after another, the theories and schools of economics which used to, or are still dealing with competition policy the author emphasises that in its nature this impact was more or less direct. Some of them remain at the level of general principals and axiology of competition policy, while others, in contrast, delineate concrete evaluation criteria and show how the application of those criteria changes the picture of anti-competitive practices; in other words, why vertical agreements, which in the past used to be considered to restrain competition, are no longer perceived as such. The paper presents the models and recommendations of neoclassical economics, the Harvard School, the Chicago and Post-Chicago School, the ordoliberal school, the Austrian and neoAustrian school as well as the transaction cost theory.
(Why) Did EU Net Neutrality Rules Overshoot the Mark? Internet, Disruptive Innovation and EU Competition Law & Policy
Authors: Andriychuk Oles
Published: November 2020

This essay raises a number of theses in support for a more liberalised approach to EU Net Neutrality rules. It offers a graded system of levels of regulatory intervention, arguing that soft Net Neutrality rules are capable of meeting all positive objectives of regulation without causing the problems generated by hard Net Neutrality rules, such as those currently in place in the EU. Hard Net Neutrality rules prevent Internet Service Providers (ISPs) from making disruptive innovations. Meanwhile, they enable some Content and Application Providers (CAPs) to monopolise many markets via (disruptive) innovations, resulting in newly established dominant positions which have, in many instances, been abused. The hypothesis of the essay is that loosening the rules on Net Neutrality would create competition between ISPs and CAPs as well as (which is even more important) between different CAPs for limited premium speed traffic. Such newly established competition could remedy some antitrust conundrums faced by EU competition enforcers and sectorial regulators vis-à-vis disruptive innovators in the area of electronic communications.
Introduction au dossier thématique
Authors: Cheriet Foued , Beddi Hanane , Ado Abdoulkadre , Kamdem Emmanuel
Published: November 2020

Le management international préoccupe beaucoup dans la recherche en Afrique. Ce numéro spécial examine l’impact de la recherche en management international sur les pratiques de gestion en Afrique et les contributions de l’Afrique à la recherche existante. Le continent est engagé dans la création de connaissances en management, notamment à l’international. Ce numéro débat quatre perspectives : Spécificités des pratiques managériales internationales dans les contextes africains; stratégies des acteurs et styles de gestion d’entreprises internationales en Afrique; management en Afrique comme opportunité de renouveler le champ du management international; management international et défis de développement en Afrique.
Les déterminants de la participation des parties prenantes à une démarche de marketing territorial : le cas d’une marque de territoire française
Authors: Zumbo-Lebrument Cédrine , Lebrument Norbert
Published: November 2020

Cet article a pour objectif d’identifier et d’estimer les déterminants de la participation des parties prenantes (PP) à la démarche de marketing territorial d’une marque de territoire. Fondée sur l’analyse de contenu de 25 entretiens, la validation empirique de deux modèles d’équations structurelles est réalisée. Les résultats mettent en évidence que l’attachement à la marque de territoire a une influence positive sur la participation des PP. De même, l’attachement à la marque est influencé positivement par le sentiment d’appartenance régionale, l’implication organisationnelle et la satisfaction à l’endroit de la démarche de l’association porteuse de la marque.
Polarized Worlds and Contextual Creativity in Creative Industries: The Case of Creation Processes in the Perfume Industry
Authors: Paris Thomas , Lang Gerald , Massé David
Published: November 2020

Providing different creative approaches and involving different players, opposite worlds co-exist within a creative industry. Nevertheless, surprising collaborations occur between these worlds. Based on an in-depth exploratory study in the perfume industry, this paper analyzes how designers can create differently in such opposite worlds. In addition to the social and conventional dimensions, we show that these opposite worlds are structured by differences in industry organization, distribution systems and creation processes. We propose the notion of contextual creativity: it means that creators’ creativity is embedded in a specific context. We identify a specific kind of collaboration between opposite worlds: creative symbiosis.
Common Interest and Tolerance: Synergy as a Challenge for Heterogeneous Teams. A Qualitative Study of Six Multicultural Workgroups at University
Authors: Brasseur Martine
Published: November 2020

How can multicultural workgroups achieve synergy and become teams? To answer, we resorted to non-participant observation of six workgroups at university. The data were collected in 41 interviews and 14 meetings. Three types of workgroup were distinguished depending on the scope for individual singularities to assert themselves or for a shared identity to be developed. The principal findings are that a workgroup’s success depends on implementing self-regulation to move from personal to common interests and from toleration to tolerance. This is independent of its heterogeneous/homogeneous composition, which is a matter of perception and varies during the different stages of team-building.
Gouvernance forestière et changement d’échelle : le rôle ambigu de l’État dans la mise en place d’instances régionales
Authors: Chiasson1 Guy , Mévellec2 Anne , Bouthillier3 Luc , Boucher4 Jacques
Published: November 2020

Au Canada, la politique forestière est le plus souvent conçue comme une politique avant tout sectorielle. Le rôle de l’État et des industriels titulaires de permis d’exploitation de la forêt publique est central, offrant peu de place aux acteurs territoriaux. Or, au Québec comme au Nouveau-Brunswick, on a assisté à l’émergence d’institutions régionales visant à participer à la gouvernance forestière. Ce changement d’échelle correspond-il à une désectorialisation du pouvoir en matière forestière, et donc à une transformation du rôle de l’État en forêt publique ? En nous appuyant sur les travaux du rescaling et du néo-régionalisme, nous présentons ces institutions, issues de logiques dudownscalingau Québec ou de l’upscalingau Nouveau-Brunswick, et nous interrogeons le rôle ambigu de l’État. Au gré de ses politiques sectorielles, ce dernier se révèle tour à tour promoteur et frein à l’émergence d’une gouvernance territoriale de la forêt.
Vers des forêts de proximité en terres publiques ? Le « bricolage » institutionnel comme vecteur d’innovation en foresterie communautaire au Québec, Canada
Authors: Bissonnette1 Jean-François , Blouin2 Denis , Bouthillier3 Luc , Teitelbaum4 Sara
Published: November 2020

En l’absence d’une politique et d’un cadre pour la mise en oeuvre des projets de foresterie communautaire au Québec, plusieurs initiatives ont été abandonnées ou suspendues au cours des dernières décennies. Cependant, des collectivités territoriales, municipalités régionales de comté (MRC) et municipalités tentent d’innover en foresterie communautaire. Cet article fait un retour sur l’évolution récente des politiques publiques relatives à la foresterie communautaire sur le domaine de l’État au Québec en mettant en lumière des trajectoires régionales contrastées. Mobilisant la notion de « bricolage » institutionnel, nous posons la question suivante : quelles sont les formes d’innovation institutionnelle déployées pour assurer la mise en oeuvre d’initiatives de foresterie communautaire ? Pour ce faire, nous abordons deux cas distincts : celui de la MRC des Laurentides et celui de la MRC de Maria-Chapdelaine. Ils illustrent deux trajectoires en foresterie communautaire, soit les ententes formelles permises par le cadre gouvernemental et les ententes informelles convenues entre acteurs locaux. Leur étude aide à mieux comprendre les mécanismes d’arrangements institutionnels qui peuvent assurer la mise en oeuvre de projets forestiers concordant avec les intérêts et les considérations des acteurs territoriaux locaux. Le cas de la MRC de Maria-Chapdelaine démontre le potentiel d’approches informelles, qui correspondent au « bricolage » institutionnel, comme vecteur d’innovation en cogestion forestière pour la mise en oeuvre d’initiatives de foresterie communautaire.
La influencia de Argelia en la violencia política de la Transición española (1975–1982)
Authors: Casals Meseguer Xavier
Published: November 2020

Este artículo analiza la influencia de la guerra de independencia de Argelia (1954-1962) y de la Argelia independiente en tres ámbitos de la violencia política de la transición española. En primer lugar, muestra cómo el golpe de Estado del 23 de febrero de 1981 [23-F] se inspiró en el que tuvo lugar en Argelia en 1958. En segundo lugar, examina el apoyo de Argelia al nacionalismo saharaui y canario. En tercer lugar estudia cómo la guerra de Argelia fue un referente de ETA y de integrantes de comandos contra ETA. El objetivo del trabajo es mostrar la doble importancia de Argelia en los temas expuestos (como referente y actor político).
El concepto de violencia como motivo agonístico en "Por qué perdimos la guerra" (1940), de Diego Abad de Santillán. Análisis de un discurso anarquista en la inmediata posguerra
Authors: Kailuweit Rolf
Published: November 2020

Analizamos el concepto de violencia en Por qué perdimos la guerra de Abad de Santillán en que explica la actuación anarquista durante la guerra civil española. Sobre la base de un enfoque de análisis de discurso foucauldiano, mostraremos que el autor parte de los discursos legalista e ilegalista del siglo XIX. No obstante, los modifica puesto que los anarquistas ya no se oponen al poder estatal sino que comparten este poder y participan aun en el gobierno. Nos centramos en motivos agonísticos representando posiciones opuestas sobre temas polémicos. La forma en que se expresan estas posiciones muestra si un discurso es históricamente hegemónico o no.
«Menos Camboyas, Caperucita». Reflexión sobre la represión franquista, 1939–1953
Authors: Ruiz Julius
Published: November 2020

This article examines the repression following General Franco's unconditional victory in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). It argues that the surrender of the Republic did not alter the Franco regime's determination to punish its ideological enemies. The repression was based on a cruel irony: the defeated republicans were responsible for the civil war and thus guilty of the crime of 'military rebellion'. Nevertheless, although thousands were punished, the article challenges claims that the post-war repression implemented a programme of ideological extermination.
Seminario "Los gobernadores civiles durante el franquismo: gobernación, red gubernativa y personal político" (Barcelona, 28-29 noviembre 2019)
Authors: Ponce Alberca Julio
Published: November 2020

Seminario "Los gobernadores civiles durante el franquismo: gobernación, red gubernativa y personal político" (Barcelona, 28-29 noviembre 2019)

Justificación y desarrollo del Seminario indicado.
En pos de una economía de la memoria: el caso del Valle de los Caídos
Authors: Schammah Gesser Silvina , Rincón Narros Irene
Published: November 2020

Este artículo analiza las formas en que la memoria traumática colectiva se traduce, entre otros procesos, en bienes materiales. Sostenemos que la producción de memoria es también un proceso económico que involucra la inversión de recursos con la expectativa de obtener beneficios. Por lo tanto, las manifestaciones de la memoria pública, (ej. fechas conmemorativas, monumentos, mausoleos y museos, espacios de conmemoración así como actividades educacionales a gran escala, publicaciones, representaciones artísticas, audio-visuales o literarias) dependen de la asignación de recursos como tiempo, espacio y dinero. A pesar del estatus sin precedentes que los estudios de memoria han alcanzado dentro de las humanidades y las ciencias sociales, la naturaleza económica de la memoria, especialmente de la memoria traumática, ha recibido escasa atención (Shauli y Schammah 2016). El recuerdo colectivo, que consume tiempo, espacio, insumos y otros recursos, no solo produce beneficios políticos, sociales y culturales-simbólicos, sino también económicos. Esto implica gestionar su producción, mercantilización, difusión, consumo y mantenimiento. Es a partir de estas premisas que el presente artículo ofrece una lectura ¨económica¨ del Valle de los Caídos.
Tūrisma nozares darba tirgū aktuālās profesionālās kompetences attīstība augstākajā izglītībā
Authors:   , Doniņa Agita
Published: November 2020

Promocijas darba “Tūrisma nozares darba tirgū aktuālās profesionālās kompetences attīstība augstākajā izglītībā” aktualitāti noteica nepieciešamība pilnveidot Latvijas augstāko izglītību, lai veicinātu absolventu nodarbināmību. Promocijas darba mērķis ir, pamatojoties uz tūrisma nozares darba tirgū nepieciešamo zināšanu un prasmju nozīmīguma novērtējumu un to attīstības iespēju augstākajā izglītībā izvērtējumu, izveidot tādu studiju programmu pastāvīgās pilnveides pieeju, kas dotu iespēju studējošajiem attīstīt darba tirgus prasībām atbilstošu profesionālo kompetenci. Pētījuma teorētiskās nodaļas veido plaša zinātniskās literatūras un dokumentu analīze par profesionālo kompetenci veidojošām sastāvdaļām – zināšanām un prasmēm, kā arī par studiju programmu būtību un to pilnveidei izstrādātiem modeļiem. Darbā veikta literatūras analīze par studiju papildu aktivitāšu būtību un nozīmīgumu un izvērtēta to pielietošanas prakse. Empīrisko daļu veido septiņi pētījuma posmi, kuros secīgi veikts tūrisma nozaru darba tirgus vajadzību novērtējums un augstākās izglītības studiju programmu atbilstības novērtējums. Galvenie rezultāti atspoguļo tūrisma nozares darba tirgū nepieciešamo profesionālo kompetenci, patreizējo situāciju nozares augstākās izglītības studiju programmās, kā arī atspoguļo neatbilstību starp tūrisma nozares darba devēju vajadzībām un absolventu augstskolā attīstīto profesionālo kompetenci. Pamatojoties uz iegūtajiem rezultātiem, izstrādāta studiju programmu pastāvīgas pilnveides pieeja, kas paredz sistēmisku un secīgu studiju programmu izveidi un pilnveidi. Izstrādātā pieeja ļauj pastāvīgi pilnveidot studiju programmu tā, lai studējošajiem būtu iespēja attīstīt tūrisma nozarē aktuālo profesionālo kompetenci. Tajā ietilpstošais studiju programmas veidols dod iespēju attīstīt nozarē nepieciešamo profesionālo kompetenci ne tikai normatīvajos aktos noteiktajās studiju programmu pamatkomponentēs, bet arī papildu elementos, kurus veido studiju papildu aktivitātes un nozares sadarbības programmas aktivitātes.
Development of Professional Competence in Higher Education Topical for the Tourism Industry Labour Market
Authors:   , Doniņa Agita
Published: November 2020

The topicality of the Doctoral Thesis “Development of Professional Competence in Higher Education Topical for the Tourism Industry Labour Market” was determined by the necessity to improve Latvian higher education to enhance the employability of graduates. The objective of the Doctoral Thesis is to form an approach to the continuous development of curricula, which would be based on the assessment of the importance of specific knowledge and skills required in the tourism industry labour market and the opportunities for their development in the higher education, thus providing students with opportunities to raise their professional competencies in line with the demands of the labour market. The theoretical chapters of the study consist of a comprehensive analysis of scientific literature and documents on the constituent parts of professional competence – knowledge and skills, as well as the essence of curricula and models developed for their improvement. The Thesis includes a thorough analysis of the essence of extracurricular study activities and an assessment of their practical application. The empirical part is formed by seven research stages assessing consecutively the requirements of the tourism industry labour market as well by an evaluation of the compliance of higher education curricula. The main outcomes reflect professional competencies required in the tourism industry labour market, the current state of affairs in the higher education curricula as well as reveal the discrepancy between the needs of employers in the tourism industry and the professional competencies developed by graduates of higher education institutions. The approach of a continuous development of curricula involving the development of a systemic and consecutive formation and perfection of curricula has been worked out on the basis of the acquired results. The approach provides for continuous development of curricula, therefore making it possible for students to develop topical professional competencies in the tourism industry. The curriculum design contained in the approach provides an opportunity to develop the professional competency required in the industry not only in the main components established by normative acts but also in the additional components of the design formed by extracurricular study activities and cooperation with the industry.
F. M. Dostoevsky – a writer or a thinker?
Authors: Usachev Alexander
Published: November 2020

The object of this research is the works of the prominent Russian writer F. M. Dostoevsky. The subject of this research is the opinion whether F. M. Dostoevsky first and foremost is the Russian philosopher and thinker, and only then a writer. The author examines the peculiarities of such roles in culture as philosopher, thinker and writer, which gives grounds to question unambiguous reference of the works of prominent Russian writer as activity of the thinker. The peculiarity consists in the fact that F. M. Dostoevsky’s literary texts is so rich in images and themes, that shifting the specificity of his artistic image into the background is not quite justified. Special attention is given to clarification of the essence of activity of the philosopher and the writer. The key research method is the comparative analysis of the facts of such types of social practice as the profession of writer, philosopher and thinker in their relation to the fundamental concepts of time, space, text and nature of its perception from the outside perspective .The main conclusion consists in the statement that the philosophical text maintains neutrality in relation to time, as is being written from the standpoint of eternity. Literary text, in turn, is “submerged” in time and space of the events taking place within it, and relies on recognizability of the characters and their existential characteristics. F. M. Dostoevsky appears to the audience as the creator of storylines and images, rather than a person who sets the trends and concepts of social movements.
Culture and man in the mirror of semiotic-environmental approach
Authors: Rozin Vadim Markovich
Published: November 2020

This article offers the concept of culture based on the authorial version of semiotic and environmental approach. The stages of the author’s culturological research are outlined: from the semiotic concepts of “Moscow Methodological Group" to the extensive interpretation of semiotic and environmental approach, in which the core of semiosis is the patterns, and namely semiosis sets the human living environment. Based on these facts, a new interpretation of culture is proposed. At the same time, the author differentiates two types of cultures: 1) the main subject is the social collective and collective individual inseparable from the collective; 2 a person appears on the scene of history, and culture consists of the three types of individuals ‒ collective individuals, individuals, and intermediaries between individuals and collective individuals. It is underlined that since the antique culture, an important role in cultures is played by intermediaries (philosophers, pedagogues, politicians, artists), as well as by various forms of communication. Antique culture also marks differentiation of two forms of world development, one based on the creation of patterns, and the other – on modeling and scientific examination (the latter includes schematization of reality as one of essential moments). Leaning on such division, the author discusses the peculiarities of patterns and models, as well as cognition based on modeling. The theoretical and methodological reasoning and hypotheses are confirmed by the analysis of cases and structuring of methodological patterns. The article provides a sketch of the genesis of cultures from antiquity to modernity, and crisis of the latter.  
Prevalência e fator associado à fragilidade em idosos brasileiros atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde: um estudo transversal
Authors: Feitosa Ankilma do Nascimento Andrade , Lacerda Sheylla Nadjane Batista , Assis Elisangela Vilar de , Abreu Luiz Carlos de , Figueiredo Francisco Winter dos Santos , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso , Adami Fernando
Published: November 2020

Introdução: A fragilidade é uma síndrome multidimensional que aumenta a vulnerabilidade em idosos, causando diminuição das reservas fisiológicas, aumento do declínio funcional e está associada a inúmeras alterações físicas, determinando maiores riscos à saúde do idoso. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre fragilidade e condições sociodemográficas de idosos atendidos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Cajazeiras, nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em julho de 2015, com 823 idosos, por meio de questionário semiestruturado contendo os critérios de fragilidade propostos por Linda Fried e analisado pelo SPSS versão 21. Utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para verificar a associação entre as variáveis, considerando-se estatisticamente significativo p<0,05. Coletaram-se os dados sociodemográficos por meio de instrumento elaborado pelos autores. Resultados: A prevalência de fragilidade foi de 23,8% e está associada a faixa etária mais velha (70-90 anos), idosos que não frequentaram a escola (25,5%), e a principal característica de fragilidade encontrada entre os idosos era "lenta" (71,7%). Conclusão: A fragilidade em idosos do Nordeste Brasileiro está associada à idade e ao analfabetismo.
LOW TEMPERATURE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICON MATERIAL
Authors: CHOW JYE  , WANG ZHEN-GUO  , LOU ZHE-GONG  , WANG WAN-LIAN  , YUO SHIN-KAI
Published: November 2020

In this paper electrical properties of silicon containing Boron and phosphor (or arsenic) have been measured from 20° to 300°K in the range of carrier concentration 2×1012 to 1×1020 cm-3 at room-temperature. The weak-field transverse magneto-resistance and impurity activation energy methods were used to determine the degree of impurity compensation for some p-type silicon samples and these methods have been compared. Analyses of Hall coefficient and electrical conductivity vs temperature curves indicate the ionization energy of Boron (phosphor) acceptor (donor) levels to be 0.045 eV for low impurity concentration; Fermi degeneracy is found to occur in the range of 1018 to 1019cm-3. Impurity conduction has been observed for carrier concentration 2×1017 to 1×1018 cm-3 for p-type silicon and 5×1017 to 4×1018 cm-3 for n-type silicon respectively. Extrinsic Hall mobility is computed from Hall coefficient and conductivity. The temperature dependence of lattice-scattering mobility is found: μL=2.1×109T-2.7 for holes; μL=1.2×108T-2.0 for electrons.Carrier concentration vs. resistivity and Hall mobility vs. resistivity curves had been plotted for our silicon material in the range of carrier concentration 5×1011 to 1×1020 cm-3. It is aimed to give as reference for preparing silicon material.
A PHASE DIAGRAM OF THE ALLOYS OF THE TERNARY SYSTEM OF COPPER-GERMANIUM-TIN
Authors: CHENG C. S.  , CHANG W. Y.  , LIU C. H.  , LIU C. C.  ,   广西大学
Published: November 2020

A phase diagram of the alloys of the ternary system of copper-germanium-tin was constructed on the basis of the data obtained by x-ray analysis. The isothermal section at room temperature was found to consist of eight single-phase regions (i.e. α,ζ,δ,ε1,ε,η′,Ge, and Sn), thirteen two-phase regions (i.e. α+ζ,α+δ,ζ+δ,ζ+ε1,ε1+δ,ε1+ε,δ+ε,ε1+Ge,ε1+η′,ε+η′,η′+Ge,η′+Sn,Ge + Sn), and six three-phase regions(i.e. α+ζ+δ,ζ+ε1+δ,ε1+δ+ε,ε1+ε+η′,ε1+η′+Ge,η′+Ge+Sn). No new phase was observed in these alloys of the ternary system.
THE EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAM OF THE Fe-Ga BINARY SYSTEM
Authors: LU HSUEH-SHAN  , LIANG CHING-KWEI  , WANG HSIAO-TANG  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

The equilibrium diagram of the Fe-Ga system below 1000℃ has been determined mainly by X-ray investigation incorporated with differential thermal analysis. The system consists at room temperature of three intermediate phases ε, χ, and ψ. The ε phase with a very narrow homogeneous range has an ordered face-centred structure corresponding to the ideal formula Fe3Ga. At about 550℃, it transforms into another phase ζ which separates at higher temperature directly from the solid solution of Ga in Fe. The structure of the high temperature phase ζ has not been determined. The homogeneous range of the χ phase extends at room temperature from 55 at. % Ga to 60 at. % Ga. The structure of this phase appears to be very complicated, presumably corresponding to the structural formula Fe4Ga5, Fe3Ga4 or Fe2Ga3. It is formed at about 960℃ by a peritectic reaction. The ψ phase is formed by another peritectic reaction at 820℃. The structure is tetragonal, with a=6.2628? and c=6.5559? at 20℃. The space group is D4h14-P42/mnm, and each unit cell contains four formula units corresponding to FeGa3. No noticeable solubility of Fe in Ga has been observed. There exists an eutectic isothermal ranging from FeGa3 to Ga, the eutectic point being very near to the pure component. There exists also an eutectoid isothermal at about 590℃, the eutectoid point being approximately at 50 at. % Ga, at which the solid solution of Ga in Fe decomposes simultaneously into ζ and χ. The most remarkable feature of this system is the primary solid solution region of Ga in Fe. The solubility at room temperature is 15.2 at. %. It gradually increases with temperature, and above 700℃, it increases suddenly up even to 50 at. %. The structure below 625℃ is body-centred cubic, designated as a in the phase diagram. But above 625℃, it changes into two other structures with their respective phase regions, designated as α1 and α2. The structures of α1 and α2 have not been elucidated yet, but most probably they are derived from a by stacking together the fundamental unit cells with atomic rearrangement or vacancy defect.
PROTON ANGULAR DISTRIBUTION IN THE C12(d,p)C13 AND Ca40(d,p)Ca41 GROUND STATE REACTIONS
Authors: MAO CHEN-LIN  , LIANG WEN-HSUEH  , CHIANG CHENG-LIEH  , YU PAN-HSIA  , CHENG YEH-HAO  , HO TSE-JAN  , CHOU SHAN-CHU  , CHAO CHUNG-YAO
Published: November 2020

The angular distribution and differential cross-section of the proton groups from the C12(d,p)C13 and Ca40(d,p)Ca41 ground state reactions have been measured at the deu-teron energy of 13.3 MeV. Measurements were made at 2.5° or 5° intervals and covered the angular range from 3° to 167° and from 10° to 164° for the C12 and Ca40 reactions respectively. It is found that: (1) The experimental points near the main stripping peak agree fairly well with the theoretical angular distribution curve calculated by using the simple Butler theory and normalized at the stripping peak, for both proton groups. The parameters of the nuclear levels thus determined are in good accord with the results previously obtained. (2) For large angles, the experimental cross-sections do not decrease to such small values as required by the Butler theory. They also show very prominent subsidiary maxima at the positions not in accord with the prediction of the Butler theory. These features can be interpreted by the distorted wave theory, but may also be partly due to contributions of reaction mechanisms other than the deuteron stripping. (3) In the C12(d, p)C13 reaction, the cross-section decreases strongly at the forward angle and shows an uprising at the backward angle. Neither of these features is in accord with the Butler theory, but they can also be explained by the distorted wave theory. The uprising at the backward angle may also be due to contributions of other reaction mechanisms. (4) The reduced widths of the ground levels for the C12(d, p)C13 and Ca40(d, p)Ca41 reactions, obtained from the peak cross-sections by using the Butler theory are γ2 = 0-17 and 0.041 respectively. The distorted wave theory gives larger values which will be closer to the values expected from the single particle model. Owing to these facts, it seems worthwhile to analyze the data of the present experiment with the detailed distorted wave theory.
THE FORMATION OF DISLOCATION LOOPS BY VACANCY CONDENSATION
Authors: HSIN HSIU-SAN  ,   中国科学院
Published: November 2020

The nucleation and growth of dislocation loops and voids in quenched face-centred cubic metals have been studied. Stable nuclei of both may be present, but the growth velocity of dislocation loops is much higher than that of voids, and all the large quenched defects observed by electron microscopy are dislocation loops.
A SIMPLIFIED 180°FOCUSING β RAY SPECTROMETER
Authors: MEI J. Y.  , CHEN H. F.  , TAN B. L.  , CHEN J. F.  , FENG J.  ,   中国科学技术大学
Published: November 2020

A simplified 180° focusing β ray spectrometer was described. The average radius of the trajectories of the electrons in the spectrometer is 100 mm. The uniform magnetic field of the spectrometer is produced by an electromagnet of single york. With two pole faces as bases, the vaccum chamber has D shape side walls. They are sealed together with rubber gaskets. The radioactive source and the G-M counter can be set along the flat part of the side wall. The magnetic field of the spectrometer is measured by a "zero point magnetometer". Its measuring coil is fixed on a tungsten filament in tension. In order to keep the coil, which is mechanically unbalanced, in a given direction, we must pass a current through the coil, so that the mechanical moment can be counteracted by the moment produced by the interaction between the current in the coil and the magnetic field of the spectrometer. As the mechanical moment is fixed for different magnetic field the current passing through the coil must be varied in order to make the balance.The potentiometric readings of the current can be taken as the measures of the magnetic field. Including the magnetometric measurement, the readings of the spectrometer as a whole have their linearity and precision both at about 0.1%. After a series of rearrangement and improvement, the spectrometer attains its best resolving power for a Hg198 K conversion line with a source of 0.8 mm width. It is 0.7%. For Ba137K conversion line with a source of 2 mm width it attains a resolving power of 0.9%.The essential merit of the spectrometer is its simplicity both in construction and in operation.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS FOR POINT-DOPING IN ZONE MELTING
Authors: YANG XIONG-FENG
Published: November 2020

The mathematical analysis for point-doping in zone melting has been given in detail. A series of general formulae of impurity concentration distribution along the ingot after point-doping zone melting has been derived. In this paper, within the range of our investigation, it is not at difficult, by means of these formulae, to obtain the impurity concentration distribution in an ingot after any number of passages of zone melting, without being restricted by the number of passages of zone melting and the number of doping points.As an example, the impurity concentration distribution after three passages of zone melting for the case of к = 0.35 and four doping points is specifically calculated. It is shown that, if the position and doping amount of each doping point are suitable, for an ingot of 21.5 melting zone lengths, the relative fluctuation of impurity concentration in 16 lengths may be less than ?3.0%.
TRIGGERED OSCILLATION IN TUNNEL DIODE CIRCUITS WITH NON-LINEAR BIAS
Authors: YI MING-GUANG
Published: November 2020

In some switching circuits employing tunnel diodes, it is found that a stationary relaxation oscillation may be obtained by triggering methods. Triggered quasi-sinusoidal oscillations have been discussed by some authors for the development of digital computers, but the region of biasing currents in which the triggered oscillations occur is not wide enough for practical case.The purpose of this paper is to solve the above mentioned problem: a triggered oscillation circuit utilizing tunnel diodes which is biased non-linearly is proposed. The working properties of such a tunnel diode circuit have been investigated by point transformation and graphical methods. It is found that the operating region in which bistable states exist is wide enough. A simple expression for the normalized minimum biasing current θmin of bistable operation in obtained; θmin=(F(μ)-UF)/(F(μ)-1)≈1-2(UF-1)μ. The experimental results are in accord with the theoretical analyses. Some more complex circuits for triggered oscillation are also suggested.
A CHARGED PARTICLE SPECTROGRAPH OF SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTOR WITH A SMALL MAGNETIC ANALYZER
Authors: YANG JIN-GANG  , LI WEI-JIANG  , GUO QING-JIANG  , ZHU GUANG-HUA  , JIANG CHEN-LIE
Published: November 2020

A new-type charged particle spectrograph has been proposed and built up. It combines the property of the small magnet which can analyse the particle momentum with that of the semiconductor detector which has a higher energy resolution. As a result, the particle identification and the analysis of energy spectrum can be obtained simultaneously. In this paper, the design and structure of this spectrograph are described, some experimental results of using it in nuclear reaction studies are given, and its applications and characteristics are discussed. This kind of spectrograph is more simple and facile but possesses rather better performances.
STUDIES OF Be9 (d,p), (d,t) AND (d,α) REACTIONS
Authors: JIANG CHEN-LIE  , ZHAO KUI  , WANG DA-CHUN  , LI WEI-JIANG  , ZHOU EN-CHEN  , LI ZHI-CHANG  , CAI DUN-JIU  , CHENG YE-HAO  , Lü FU-BAO  , HAN SHU-KUI
Published: November 2020

The reactions of Be9(d, p0)Be10(0), Be9(d, p1)Be10(3.368 MeV), Be9(d, t0)Be8(0), Be9(d, α0)Li7(0) and Be9(d, α1) Li7 (0.478 MeV) have been studied at deuteron bombarding energies from 0.1 to 2.5 MeV. The angular distributions of these five groups of outgoing particles have been measured respectively between θL = 10°and 155°at eleven bombarding energies of 0.150, 0.220, 0.401, 0.706, 1.005, 1.301, 1.484, 1.750, 2.000, 2.250 and 2.500 MeV. The excitation functions of the Be9 (d,p0) Be10 reaction have been measured at θL = 135° from Ed = 0.1 to 2.5 MeV, at θL = 95° from Ed = 0.1 to 2.2 MeV and at θL = 112.5° from Ed, = 0.5 to 2.5 MeV, respectively. By use of thicker targets (100-300μg/cm2) and at Ed = 1.2 MeV, the absolute cross sections of the Be9(d, p0)Be10 reaction were measured at θL = 135°and 112.5°; the results obtained are: σ(p0)(θL = 135°)= 1.60 mb/st and σ(p0)(θL = 112.5°)=1.55 mb/st. Thus, the behaviours of the cross sections of all these five groups of outgoing particles have been obtained in this energy range. These experimental results are discussed to some extent.
AN IONIC GROUPING THEORY OF THE ELECTRO-OPTICAI AND NON-LINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS OF CRYSTALS (Ⅱ)——A THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE SECOND HARMONIC OPTICAL COEFFICIENTS OF THE LITHIUM IODATE CRYSTAL BASED ON A HIGHLY DEFORMED OXYGEN-OCTAHEDRA MODEL I
Authors: CHEN CHUANG-TIAN  ,   中国科学院福建物质结构研究所
Published: November 2020

A highly deformed oxygen-octahedra group (IO3)-1 such as that found in the iodate has been adapted te explain the second harmonic optical coefficients of the LiIO3 crystal. Calculations have been made on the basis of such an ionic grouping model. Calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental ones, hence the following conclusions:1) The second harmonic optical effects of the iodate crystal arise mainly from the covalent-bond contribution of the ionic grouping (IO3)-1. 2) Within this (IO3)-1 grouping it is the lone-pair electronic orbitals and the |2σ>, |2Py> orbitals of oxygen which have particulas influence on these second harmonic optical effects.
THE STATIC STABILITY OF PLASMA
Authors: HUO YU-PING
Published: November 2020

In this article, the effects of the small magnetic field perturbation on the equilibrium of plasma are discussed (the problem of the static stability of plasma). It is pointed out that a large variation in the equilibrium configuration may take place only when the small magnetic perturbations couple with the plasma modes which are almost neutally stable. Accordingly, the effects of the main classes of the stray field in Tokamak devices are analysed.
HIV-1 promoter is gradually silenced when integrated intoBACH2in Jurkat T-cells
Authors: Inderbitzin Anne , Kok Yik Lim , Jörimann Lisa , Kelley Audrey , Neumann Kathrin , Heinzer Daniel , Cathomen Toni , Metzner Karin J.
Published: November 2020

Background

The persistence of the latent HIV-1 reservoir is a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 integrates into the cellular genome and some targeted genomic loci are frequently detected in clonally expanded latently HIV-1 infected cells, for instance, the geneBTB domain and CNC homology 2 (BACH2).

Methods

We investigated HIV-1 promoter activity after integration into specific sites inBACH2in Jurkat T-cells. The HIV-1-based vector LTatCL[M] contains two fluorophores: (1) Cerulean, which reports the activity of the HIV-1 promoter and (2) mCherry driven by a constitutive promotor and flanked by genetic insulators. This vector was inserted into introns 2 and 5 ofBACH2of Jurkat T-cells via CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the same and convergent transcriptional orientation ofBACH2, and into the genomic safe harbour AAVS1. Single cell clones representing active (Cerulean+/mCherry+) and inactive (Cerulean–/mCherry+) HIV-1 promoters were characterised.

Results

Upon targeted integration of the 5.3 kb vector LTatCL[M] intoBACH2, the HIV-1 promoter was gradually silenced as reflected by the decrease in Cerulean expression over a period of 162 days. Silenced HIV-1 promoters could be reactivated by TNF-α and Romidepsin. This observation was independent of the targeted intron and the transcriptional orientation.BACH2mRNA and protein expression was not impaired by mono-allelic integration of LTatCL[M].

Conclusion

Successful targeted integration of the HIV-1-based vector LTatCL[M] allows longitudinal analyses of HIV-1 promoter activity.
The paleobiology and paleoecology of South African Lystrosaurus
Authors: Botha Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Lystrosaurus was one of the few tetrapods to survive the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME), the most catastrophic biotic crisis in Phanerozoic history. The significant increased abundance of this genus during the post-extinction Early Triassic recovery period has made Lystrosaurus an iconic survivor taxon globally and ideal for studying changes in growth dynamics during a mass extinction. There is potential evidence of a Lilliput effect in Lystrosaurus in South Africa as the two Triassic species that became highly abundant after the EPME are relatively smaller than the two Permian species. In order to test this hypothesis a detailed examination of the body size and life history of Permo-Triassic Lystrosaurus is required. In this study, the basal skull length and growth patterns of the four South African Lystrosaurus species from the Karoo Basin, L. maccaigi, L. curvatus, L. murrayi and L. declivis, were examined using cranial measurements and bone histology. The basal skull length measurements show that the Triassic species are smaller than the Permian species and supports previous studies. The osteohistology examination of all four species reveal rapidly forming fibrolamellar bone tissues during early to mid-ontogeny. Growth marks are common in L. maccaigi and L. curvatus, but rare and inconsistent in the purely Triassic L. murrayi and L. declivis. The inconsistency of the growth marks in these latter two taxa suggests the presence of developmental plasticity. This feature may have been advantageous in allowing these species to alter their growth patterns in response to environmental cues in the post-extinction Early Triassic climate. An overall transition to slower forming parallel-fibered bone is observed in the largest individuals of L. maccaigi, but absent from the limb bones of the other species. The absence of such bone tissue or outer circumferential lamellae in L. curvatus, L. murrayi and L. declivis indicates that even the largest collected specimens do not represent fully grown individuals. Although L. murrayi and L. declivis are smaller in size, the lack of a growth asymptote in the largest specimens indicates that adult individuals would have been notably larger and may have been similar in size to large L. maccaigi and L. curvatus when fully grown. Thus, the previously described Lilliput effect, recognized by some authors in the Karoo fossil record (such as the therocephalian Moschorhinus kitchingi), may be a product of high juvenile excess mortality in the Triassic rather than a strict “dwarfing” of Lystrosaurus species. The lifestyle of Lystrosaurus was also re-examined. Although previous studies have proposed an aquatic lifestyle for the genus, the similar morphology and bone microanatomy to several other large terrestrial Permo-Triassic dicynodonts supports a fully terrestrial mode of life.
Classification of ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 mutations, immune checkpoints, and tumor microenvironment based on immunogenomic profiling
Authors: Wei Yousheng , Ou Tingyu , Lu Yan , Wu Guangteng , Long Ying , Pan Xinbin , Yao Desheng
Published: November 2020

Background

Ovarian cancer is a highly fatal gynecological malignancy and new, more effective treatments are needed. Immunotherapy is gaining attention from researchers worldwide, although it has not proven to be consistently effective in the treatment of ovarian cancer. We studied the immune landscape of ovarian cancer patients to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy as a treatment option.

Methods

We obtained expression profiles, somatic mutation data, and clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Ovarian cancer was classified based on 29 immune-associated gene sets, which represented different immune cell types, functions, and pathways. Single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) was used to quantify the activity or enrichment levels of the gene sets in ovarian cancer, and the unsupervised machine learning method was used sort the classifications. Our classifications were validated using Gene Expression Omnibus datasets.

Results

We divided ovarian cancer into three subtypes according to the ssGSEA score: subtype 1 (low immunity), subtype 2 (median immunity), and subtype 3 (high immunity). Most tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune checkpoint molecules were upgraded in subtype 3 compared with those in the other subtypes. The tumor mutation burden (TMB) was not significantly different among the three subtypes. However, patients with BRCA1 mutations were consistently detected in subtype 3. Furthermore, most immune signature pathways were hyperactivated in subtype 3, including T and B cell receptor signaling pathways, PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway the NF-κB signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation and interleukin-17 signaling pathways, and the TNF signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Ovarian cancer subtypes that are based on immune biosignatures may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic treatment strategies for ovarian cancer.
The pandemic paradox: domestic violence and happiness of women
Authors: Haq Wajiha , Raza Syed Hassan , Mahmood Tahir
Published: November 2020

Background

Across the globe, lockdowns have been enforced as a pandemic response to COVID-19. Such lockdown coupled with school closures and stay-at-home orders made women more vulnerable in terms of higher responsibility and spending more time with an abusive partner, if any.

Methods

This study investigates the situation of women during COVID-19 induced lockdown by focusing on their happiness and inquiring about the incidence of violence. Using the zero-inflated negative binomial model, our findings ascertained that family settings, type of relationship with a spouse, and age significantly affects the positive count of violence during the lockdown. We further estimated the determinants of happiness and found that years of schooling, the role of women in household decision making, and feeling empowered is affecting their happiness.

Results

Women having higher education have more odds of zero violence. Unemployed women and women who are not working have higher odds of zero violence as compared to women who are working. During this lockdown after the COVID-19 pandemic, women living in urban areas, having higher education, having an adequate household income to meet the expenditures, having lesser anxiety, not facing violence, feeling empowered when their husband is around, and have higher decision-making power are happier.

Discussion and conclusion

The study is important in the context of happiness and violence inflicted on women during the lockdown and provides the basis to improve the pandemic response policy. The inclusion of women’s safety and happiness in pandemic response policy is important to ensure the well-being of women and to devise better health and economic policy. Our estimates suggest higher education results in less incidence of violence which could be argued as desirable outcomes for building healthy, productive, and happy communities. In addition to this, as pandemic induced lock-down is likely to result in higher unemployment across the globe including Pakistan, therefore, in light of our estimates pertaining to the role of unemployment in the incidence of violence, policymakers should deploy more resources to enhance income and to combat the rising unemployment. As a counter-intuitive outcome of these policy interventions, incidence of violence will be dampened, educational attainment and women empowerment will be increased which will certainly increase happiness.