bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Essential roles of BMPR‐IA signaling in differentiation and growth of hair follicles and in skin tumorigenesis
Authors: Ming Kwan Kin , Li Allen G. , Wang Xiao‐Jing , Wurst Wolfgang , Behringer Richard R.
Published: April 2004

Summary: Hair differentiation and growth are controlled by complex reciprocal signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. To better understand the requirement and molecular mechanism of BMP signaling in hair follicle development, we performed genetic analyses of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR‐IA) function during hair follicle development by using a conditional knockout approach. The conditional mutation of Bmpr1a in ventral limb ectoderm and its derivatives (epidermis and hair follicles) resulted in a lack of hair outgrowth from the affected skin regions. Mutant hair follicles exhibited abnormal morphology and lacked hair formation and pigment deposition during anagen. The timing of the hair cycle and the proliferation of hair matrix cells were also affected in the mutant follicles. We demonstrate that signaling via epithelial BMPR‐IA is required for differentiation of both hair shaft and inner root sheath from hair matrix precursor cells in anagen hair follicles but is dispensable for embryonic hair follicle induction. Surprisingly, aberrant de novo hair follicle morphogenesis together with hair matrix cell hyperplasia was observed in the absence of BMPR‐IA signaling within the affected skin of adult mutants. They developed hair follicle tumors from 3 months of age, indicating that inactivation of epidermal BMPR‐IA signaling can lead to hair tumor formation. Taken together, our data provide genetic evidence that BMPR‐IA signaling plays critical and multiple roles in controlling cell fate decisions or maintenance, proliferation, and differentiation during hair morphogenesis and growth, and implicate Bmpr1a as a tumor suppressor in skin tumorigenesis. genesis 39:10–25, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactivation of the murine Transferrin Receptor 2 gene using the Cre recombinase: LoxP system
Authors: Wallace Daniel F. , Tonks Ian D. , Zournazi Anna , Kay Graham F. , Subramaniam V. Nathan
Published: April 2004

Summary: Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) is a key molecule involved in the regulation of iron homeostasis. Mutations in TfR2 lead to type 3 hemochromatosis in humans. We have developed mice with a targeted deletion of TfR2. The Cre‐recombinase:loxP system used to create the mice allows both full deletion and tissue‐specific deletion of TfR2. The development of these mice will provide new models for type 3 hemochromatosis and assist in determining the role of TfR2 in iron metabolism. genesis 39:38–41, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Ser+r83k mutation is a second site mutation of SerD affecting the N‐terminus of serrate
Authors: Trang Tung T. , Tannous Vera , Gu Yi , Mosher Jessica , Fleming Robert J.
Published: April 2004

The Serrate gene encodes an essential ligand for Notch signaling used during development of the adult wing and other systems in Drosophila melanogaster. Animals heterozygous or homozygous for the SerD allele of this gene display characteristic defects in wing margin formation. We have characterized a spontaneously arising intragenic suppressor of SerD named Ser+r83k. Homozygous double mutant Ser+r83k, SerD animals are viable, with normal wing margin formation, but display an aberrant outspread wing posture. The two mutations can be separated by meiotic recombination which restores the SerD mutant phenotype and demonstrates that in the absence of SerD the Ser+r83k mutation is homozygous lethal. These two mutations therefore display allelic compensation. Molecular analysis reveals a single C‐T transition mutation within the 5′ (protein encoding region) of the Ser+r83k transcript. This mutation is predicted to change Arginine176 to Cysteine, possibly leading to altered interactions with the Notch receptor. genesis 39:42–51, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A keratin K5Cre transgenic line appropriate for tissue‐specific or generalized cre‐mediated recombination
Authors: Ramirez Angel , Page Angustias , Gandarillas Alberto , Zanet Jennifer , Pibre Sophie , Vidal Miguel , Tusell Laura , Genesca Anna , Whitaker Duncan A. , Melton David W. , Jorcano Jose L.
Published: April 2004

We describe here a mouse line bearing a bovine keratin K5Cre recombinase transgene. These mice showed a dual pattern of Cre‐mediated recombination, depending on the parent transmitting the transgene. In paternal transmission, recombination occurred specifically in the skin and stratified epithelia—as expected according to the expression of endogenous keratin K5. However, constitutive recombination between loxP sites transmitted by the sperm took place when the mother possessed the K5Cre transgene, even when the transgene was absent in the progeny. Cre expression in late‐stage oocytes, with the Cre protein persisting into the developing embryo, leads to the constitutive recombination observed. Thus, this transgenic line allows for both tissue‐specific and generalized recombination, depending on the breeding scheme. genesis 39:52–57, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of washing and packing on sensory and chemical parameters in carrots (Daucus carota L)
Authors: Seljåsen Randi , Hoftun Halldor , Selliseth John , Bengtsson Gunnar B
Published: April 2004

Carrots washed and packed by hand or machine and stored at 2, 10 or 20 °C in three different package types were analysed for taste, flavour and content of sugars, terpenes, 6‐methoxymellein and ethanol as well as for ethylene, CO2 and O2 concentrations in the packages. Carrots washed by machine had increased micro‐organism decay and higher sensory scores for bitter taste, aftertaste, terpene flavour and odour, green odour and earthy flavour. The ability of packages to ventilate was important to avoid anaerobic conditions that caused decreased sucrose content, increased production of ethanol and a higher intensity of ethanol flavour and sickeningly sweet taste. Increasing temperature enhanced the concentration of ethanol, CO2 and ethylene and decreased the O2 concentration as well as the content of sucrose and total sugar. High temperature also increased the intensity of ethanol flavour and odour, aftertaste, earthy flavour, terpene flavour and bitter taste. Bitter taste was positively correlated with 6‐methoxymellein level, although this level was below the sensory threshold. Bitter taste, earthy flavour and aftertaste were correlated with total terpenes and several individual terpenes. Carrots washed and packed early in the long‐term storage period (November) were more bitter and had a higher level of 6‐methoxymellein and a higher intensity of terpene flavour and odour, green flavour and earthy flavour than those handled in January or March. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synergistic effects of carbon fillers on tensile and impact properties in nylon 6,6 and polycarbonate based resins
Authors: Konell Jeremiah P. , King Julia A. , Miskioglu Ibrahim
Published: April 2004

Electrically and thermally conductive resins can be produced by adding conductive fillers to insulating polymers. Mechanical properties such as tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength, strain at ultimate tensile strength, and notched Izod impact strength are also important and cannot be ignored. This research focused on performing compounding runs followed by injection molding and tensile and impact property testing of carbon filled nylon 6,6 and polycarbonate based resins. The three carbon fillers investigated included an electrically conductive carbon black, synthetic graphite particles, and a milled pitch based carbon fiber. For each polymer, resins were produced and tested that contained varying amounts of these single carbon fillers. In addition, combinations of fillers were investigated by conducting a full 23 factorial design and a complete replicate in each polymer. The objective of this paper was to determine the effects and interactions of each filler on the tensile and impact properties. The results showed that, in many cases, combining two and three different fillers caused a statistically significant effect at the 95% confidence level. Polym. Compos. 25:172–185, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Effect of composition on the fracture toughness and flexural strength of syntactic foams
Authors: Benderly D. , Rezek Y. , Zafran J. , Gorni D.
Published: April 2004

Syntactic foams are strong, lightweight materials that can be useful in marine and aeronautical applications. However, these materials are brittle, which can limit their usefulness. The fracture toughness of several epoxy based syntactic foams, as affected by foam composition, was evaluated. The parameters of interest were the curing agent type (anhydride and amine) and elastomer type and level. For the anhydride curing agents studied, the addition of elastomer improved the fracture toughness, and no reduction in flexural strength was observed upon elastomer addition. Examination of the fracture surface showed that the failure mechanism varied with foam composition, from crack propagation around the microballoon filler to crack propagation through the filler, possibly explaining the strength results. For a syntactic foam cured with a cycloaliphatic amine curing agent, the addition of elastomer did not significantly affect the fracture toughness. Examination of the fracture surface showed that the failure mechanism for the syntactic foam compositions with and without added elastomer was crack propagation through the matrix rather than through the microballoon filler. Polym. Compos. 25:229–236, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Mechanism of preparing monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) microspheres in ethanol. II
Authors: Ni Henmei , Kawaguchi Haruma
Published: April 2004

We previously established a new mechanism of monodispersed poly(acrylamide/methacrylic acid) (PAAm/MAA) microspheres on the basis that the minimonomer droplets of AAm/MAA complexes were formed in ethanol at a polymerization temperature of 60 °C prior to the polymerization. Here, the effects of various factors such as the types and amount of initiators and crosslinking agents on the average diameters and morphologies of PAAm/MAA microspheres were qualitatively discussed on the basis of the new mechanism. The partition of reagents between the minimonomer droplets and the continuous medium was particularly emphasized in discussion because the formation of microspheres occurred in the minimonomer droplets. The new mechanism suggested that the size (number) and morphologies of the microspheres as well as the polymerization kinetics were consequently dependent on the properties and amount of initiators, crosslinking agents, and other monomers. It successfully explained the experimental phenomenon observed thus far in precipitation or dispersion polymerizations that the average diameter of microspheres is increased with the increase of the concentration of initiators, which contradicted the prediction of conventional mechanisms. As an example, the initiator dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (DMAIB) was dominantly partitioned in ethanol. Thus, the diameter of the PAAm/MAA microspheres was decreased with the increase of the concentration of DMAIB because the formation of microspheres depended on the adsorption of free radicals to the minimonomer droplets. However, the initiator 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanovaleric acid was dominantly partitioned within the minimonomer droplets, thereby increasing the diameter of the microspheres as the concentration of initiator was increased because of the lower efficiency of free radicals. Relative to the initiators, the crosslinking agents showed inverse effects on the diameter and morphology of the microspheres according to the different partitions. The monomer was transferred by the incorporation of minimonomer droplets with growing microspheres. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2833–2844, 2004
Release of theophylline and aminophylline from acrylic acid/n‐alkyl methacrylate hydrogels
Authors: Katime Issa , Novoa Rosa , Díaz de Apodaca E. , Rodríguez E.
Published: April 2004

The swelling capacity and release rate of two homologous drugs, theophylline and aminophylline, from acrylic acid/n‐alkyl methacrylate hydrogels have been studied. The maximum equilibrium swelling increases as the molar fraction of acrylic acid or the chain length of the methacrylate in the hydrogels increases. Water diffusion to the hydrogels is non‐Fickian. Both drugs are released from the fully swollen hydrogels according to Fick's law. However, the drug release from xerogels deviates from Fick's law, especially for aminophylline. As expected because of its larger size, aminophylline diffuses more slowly than theophylline under similar experimental conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2756–2765, 2004
Synthesis and bulk assembly behavior of linear–dendritic rod diblock copolymers
Authors: Santini Catherine M. B. , Johnson Mark A. , Boedicker James Q. , Alan Hatton T. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: April 2004

Dendritic rod structures can be formed via the branching of dendritic elements from a primary polymer backbone; such systems present an opportunity to create nanoscale material structures with highly functional exterior regions. In this work, we report for the first time the synthesis of a hybrid diblock copolymer possessing a linear–dendritic rod architecture. These block copolymers consist of a linear poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(ethylene imine) diblock copolymer around which poly(amido amine) branches have been divergently synthesized from the poly(ethylene imine) block. The dendritic branches are terminated with amine or ester groups for the full generations and half‐generations, respectively; however, the methyl ester terminal groups can also be readily converted into alkyl groups of various lengths, and this allows us to tune the hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature of the dendritic block and, therefore, the amphiphilic properties of the diblock copolymer and its tendencies toward microphase separation. The block copolymers exhibit semicrystallinity due to the presence of the poly(ethylene oxide) block; however, as the polymer fraction consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) decreases, the overall crystallinity also decreases, and it approaches zero at generation 2.0 and higher. The unfunctionalized block copolymers show weak phase segregation in transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry at all generations. The addition of n‐alkyl chains increases phase segregation, particularly at high alkyl lengths. The generation 3.5 polymer with n‐dodecyl alkyl substitution has a rodlike or wormlike morphology consisting of domains of 4.1 nm, equivalent to the estimated cross section of the individual polymer chains. In this case, the nanometer scale of the polymer chains can be directly observed with transmission electron microscopy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2784–2814, 2004
A method for simultaneous alignment of multiple protein structures
Authors: Shatsky Maxim , Nussinov Ruth , Wolfson Haim J.
Published: April 2004

Here, we present MultiProt, a fully automated highly efficient technique to detect multiple structural alignments of protein structures. MultiProt finds the common geometrical cores between input molecules. To date, most methods for multiple alignment start from the pairwise alignment solutions. This may lead to a small overall alignment. In contrast, our method derives multiple alignments from simultaneous superpositions of input molecules. Further, our method does not require that all input molecules participate in the alignment. Actually, it efficiently detects high scoring partial multiple alignments for all possible number of molecules in the input. To demonstrate the power of MultiProt, we provide a number of case studies. First, we demonstrate known multiple alignments of protein structures to illustrate the performance of MultiProt. Next, we present various biological applications. These include: (1) a partial alignment of hinge‐bent domains; (2) identification of functional groups of G‐proteins; (3) analysis of binding sites; and (4) protein‐protein interface alignment. Some applications preserve the sequence order of the residues in the alignment, whereas others are order‐independent. It is their residue sequence order‐independence that allows application of MultiProt to derive multiple alignments of binding sites and of protein‐protein interfaces, making MultiProt an extremely useful structural tool. Proteins 2004;55:000–000. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DPANN: Improved sequence to structure alignments following fold recognition
Authors: Reinhardt Astrid , Eisenberg David
Published: April 2004

In fold recognition (FR) a protein sequence of unknown structure is assigned to the closest known three‐dimensional (3D) fold. Although FR programs can often identify among all possible folds the one a sequence adopts, they frequently fail to align the sequence to the equivalent residue positions in that fold. Such failures frustrate the next step in structure prediction, protein model building. Hence it is desirable to improve the quality of the alignments between the sequence and the identified structure. We have used artificial neural networks (ANN) to derive a substitution matrix to create alignments between a protein sequence and a protein structure through dynamic programming (DPANN: Dynamic Programming meets Artificial Neural Networks). The matrix is based on the amino acid type and the secondary structure state of each residue. In a database of protein pairs that have the same fold but lack sequences‐similarity, DPANN aligns over 30% of all sequences to the paired structure, resembling closely the structural superposition of the pair. In over half of these cases the DPANN alignment is close to the structural superposition, although the initial alignment from the step of fold recognition is not close. Conversely, the alignment created during fold recognition outperforms DPANN in only 10% of all cases. Thus application of DPANN after fold recognition leads to substantial improvements in alignment accuracy, which in turn provides more useful templates for the modeling of protein structures. In the artificial case of using actual instead of predicted secondary structures for the probe protein, over 50% of the alignments are successful. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible involvement of collective domain movement in the catalytic reaction of soluble epoxide hydrolase
Authors: Schiøtt Birgit
Published: April 2004

The hydrolysis of 1S,2S‐trans‐methylstyrene oxide by soluble epoxide hydrolases is studied by a 4‐ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. An analysis of the extent of correlated motions in the active site was carried out. Based on the calculated cross correlation coefficients form the covariance matrix, a new correlation parameter, termed the supercorrelation coefficient, is introduced. The supercorrelation coefficient indicates the extent to which two amino acid residues move in a correlated manner with respect to all other residues in the protein. The resulting map of the supercorrelation coefficients was used to identify segments of the protein that may show collective domain movements. Interestingly, an anti‐correlated motion is located across the active site, involving the catalytic triad and the tyrosines. This may suggest that if a link exists between enzyme dynamics and catalysis, it may be through an anti‐correlated collective domain movement that compresses the active site, thus initiating the conversion of E–NAC to E–TS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Characterisation of natural indigo and shellfish purple by mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Andreotti Alessia , Bonaduce Ilaria , Colombini Maria Perla , Ribechini Erika
Published: April 2004

Two analytical methods based on mass spectrometry were used in the characterisation of constituents of natural indigo prepared from the leaves of Indigofera tinctoria, and of shellfish purple prepared from the hypobranchial glandular secretions of Murex trunculus, following old recipes. On‐line pyrolysis gas chromatography in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane followed by mass spectrometric analysis (Py‐silylation/GC/MS), and direct exposure mass spectrometry (DE‐MS), were used. Extensive fragmentation of indigoid dyes was obtained by Py‐silylation/GC/MS. The following molecular markers were highlighted, which are useful for identification purposes: 1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐indol‐3‐one for indigoid dyes, 1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐indol‐2‐one for indirubine, and 6‐bromo‐1,2‐dihydro‐3H‐indol‐3‐one for shellfish purple. Using DE‐MS, 6,6′dibromoindigotine, monobromoindigotine and indigotine were identified as the main components, and the presence of tyrindoxyl, one of the dye precursors, was also assessed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase ligand loss and ligand substitution reactions of platinum(II) complexes of tridentate nitrogen donor ligands
Authors: Wee Sheena , O'Hair Richard A. J. , McFadyen W. David
Published: April 2004

The source of protons associated with the ligand loss channel of HX(n − 1)+ from [PtII(dien)X]n+ (X = Cl, Br and I for n = 1 and X = NC5H5 for n = 2) in the gas phase was investigated by deuterium‐labelling studies. The results of these studies indicate that these protons originate from both the amino groups and the carbon backbone of the dien ligand. In some instances (e.g. X = Br and I), the protons lost from the carbon backbone can be even more abundant than the protons lost from the amino groups. The gas‐phase substitution reactions of coordinatively saturated [PtII(L3)La]2+ complexes (L3 = tpy or dien) were also examined using ion‐molecule reactions. The outcome of the ion‐molecule reactions depends on both the ancillary ligand (L3) as well as the leaving group (La). [PtII(tpy)La]2+ complexes undergo substitution reactions, with a faster rate when La is a good leaving group, while the [PtII(dien)La]2+ complex undergoes a proton transfer reaction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel ninein‐interaction protein, CGI‐99, blocks ninein phosphorylation by GSK3β and is highly expressed in brain tumors
Authors: Howng Shen-Long , Hsu Hui-Chun , Cheng Tai-Shan , Lee Yun-Lin , Chang Li-Kwan , Lu Pei-Jung , Hong Yi-Ren
Published: April 2004

To explore more hNinein interacting proteins, the yeast two‐hybrid screening using ninein C‐terminal domain as bait protein was performed. One novel gene, CGI‐99, was demonstrated to associate with hNinein in the yeast two‐hybrid method and in vitro GST pull‐down assay. Molecular characterization also showed that CGI‐99 possessed a transcriptional activity at the N‐terminal. In addition, CGI‐99 formed a dimer with the C‐terminal, which overlapped with hNinein binding site. In kinase assay, CGI‐99 binds to hNinein and completely blocks the phosphorylation of hNinein by GSK3β. Moreover, CGI‐99 was highly expressed in all brain tumors which is in agreement with the Northern blot analysis. Taken together, we have isolated a novel protein CGI‐99, which may be involved in the functional regulation of human ninein in the centrosome structure and may also be important in brain development and tumorigenesis.
Expression of estrogen receptor β in prostate carcinoma cells inhibits invasion and proliferation and triggers apoptosis
Authors: Cheng Jennifer , Lee Eun Jig , Madison Laird D. , Lazennec Gwendal
Published: April 2004

The involvement of estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in prostate carcinogenesis has been hypothesized. Several reports have shown that ERβ expression was decreased when prostate cells undergo neoplastic transformation, suggesting that it could play a tumor‐suppressor role. By restoring ERβ expression in prostatic carcinoma cells by adenoviral delivery, we aimed to test this hypothesis. We observed that ERβ strongly inhibited the invasiveness and the growth of these cells. In addition, ERβ cells were undergoing apoptosis, as shown by quantification of Bax, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase and caspase‐3 expression. Our data suggest that ERβ acts as a tumor‐suppressor by its anti‐proliferative, anti‐invasive and pro‐apoptotic properties.
Photobiont genetic variation in Flavocetraria nivalis from Poland (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)
Authors: OPANOWICZ Magdalena , GRUBE Martin
Published: April 2004

Molecular sequence data of the nuclear ITS region was used to investigate the diversity of photobionts in Polish samples of Flavocetraria nivalis. The samples came both from alpine habitats, as well as from lowland localities near the coast. All green algal symbionts were identified as members of the Trebouxia simplex aggregate. These were compared with those of additional samples from Flavocetraria nivalis collected in different parts of Europe and also with photobionts assigned to T. simplex from other lichens. Within the T. simplex aggregate, the Trebouxia ITS sequences from F. nivalis formed four clades. In the Polish lowland populations only a single clade of T. simplex was detected which also occurs in Polish mountains, south Sweden and Austria. A further clade of T. simplex is present in F. nivalis from Polish mountains and is also known from F. nivalis further north in Scandinavia and Greenland, as well as from other lichens in Sweden, the Austrian Alps, and Antarctica.
DEDICATED TO BRIAN LAURENCE BURTT IN CELEBRATION OF HIS NINETIETH BIRTHDAY
Authors: Editor Journal
Published: April 2004

..
TWO NEW SPECIES OF OSTEOSPERMUM (COMPOSITAE–CALENDULEAE) FROM SOUTHWESTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: NORDENSTAM B.
Published: April 2004

The tribe Calenduleae of the Compositae (Asteraceae) has a pronounced centre of diversity in South Africa, particularly in Cape Province. The largest genus, Osteospermum L., contains c.50 species in Africa and southwestern Arabia, including about 40 in Cape Province. Two new species are described here, both narrowly endemic in southwestern Cape Province. Osteospermum australe is confined to lowland coastal limestone areas in Bredasdorp district, whereas Osteospermum burttianum has a restricted distribution in the Langebergen mountains in Heidelberg district.
THE GESNERIACEAE OF SULAWESI II: SEVEN NEW SPECIES OF CYRTANDRA
Authors: ATKINS H. J.
Published: April 2004

Seven new species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) from Sulawesi are described and illustrated: C. gorontaloensis, C. fasciata, C. luteiflora, C. serratifolia, C. purpurea, C. tenuicarpa and C. roseiflora.
NOVAE GESNERIACEAE NEOTROPICARUM XIII: FOUR NEW SPECIES OF COLUMNEA (GESNERIACEAE) SECTION COLLANDRA FROM COLOMBIA
Authors: AMAYA M. , SKOG L. E. , KVIST L. P.
Published: April 2004

Four new species of Columnea (Gesneriaceae) section Collandra (syn. Dalbergaria Tussac) are described from the remnant forests of the western and central cordilleras of Colombia: C. coronocrypta, C. coronata, C. pedunculata, and C. queremalensis. The flowers of C. coronata are unusual in the genus in having a corona, as in genera of Gesneriaceae pollinated by euglossine bees. Columnea pedunculata is distinct in having pedunculate inflorescences.
NEW CHROMOSOME COUNTS AND NUCLEAR CHARACTERISTICS FOR SOME MEMBERS OF GESNERIACEAE SUBFAMILY CYRTANDROIDEAE FROM CHINA AND VIETNAM
Authors: ZHOU P. , GU Z.-J. , MÖLLER M.
Published: April 2004

The morphological characteristics of mitotic interphase, prophase and metaphase nuclei were analysed for 21 taxa in 14 genera from three different tribes of subfamily Cyrtandroideae (Gesneriaceae) from Asia. Interphase nuclei were classified into three categories: (1) complex chromocentres, as in Ancylostemon, Briggsia, Briggsiopsis, Chirita, Loxostigma, Lysionotus, Oreocharis, Petrocosmea, Raphiocarpus and Whytockia, (2) simple chromocentres, as in Paraboea and Rhabdothamnopsis, and (3) round prochromosomes, as in Anna and Didymocarpus. Species with complex chromocentres seem to be most common among all three tribes. The data further indicate that tribe Didymocarpeae is cytologically much more heterogeneous than other tribes, which accords with the diversity in morphological characters. Three types of chromosome condensation pattern during mitotic prophase were observed, here described as interstitial, gradient and proximal. Except for Ancylostemon, exhibiting a proximal type, and Lysionotus and Whytockia possessing a gradient type, all other species analysed to date exhibit the interstitial type. Our study also reports the chromosome numbers of 12 species in 10 genera of subfamily Cyrtandroideae from China and Vietnam; 11 of these counts are new.
THE PHYLOGENY OF TRIBE ZINGIBEREAE (ZINGIBERACEAE) BASED ON ITS (nrDNA) AND trnL–F (cpDNA) SEQUENCES
Authors: NGAMRIABSAKUL C. , NEWMAN M. F. , CRONK Q. C. B.
Published: April 2004

A phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Zingibereae (Zingiberaceae) was performed using nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) and chloroplast DNA (trnL (UAA) 5′ exon to trnF (GAA)). The tribe is monophyletic with two major clades, the Curcuma clade and the Hedychium clade. Paracautleya, sampled for the first time, comes out as predicted while Caulokaempferia comes out in a different position from that found in another recent study. The genera Boesenbergia and Curcuma are apparently not monophyletic.
A REVISED GENERIC SYNOPSIS OF HYACINTHACEAE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, BASED ON MOLECULAR EVIDENCE, INCLUDING NEW COMBINATIONS AND THE NEW TRIBE PSEUDOPROSPEREAE
Authors: MANNING J. C. , GOLDBLATT P. , FAY M. F.
Published: April 2004

A revised generic synopsis of sub-Saharan Hyacinthaceae is presented, based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the family. Generic rank is accorded only to reciprocally monophyletic clades that can be distinguished by recognizable morphological discontinuities, thereby permitting an appropriate generic assignment of species not included in the analysis. Three subfamilies are recognized within the region. Subfamily Ornithogaloideae, characterized by flattened or angular seeds with tightly adhering testa, is considered to include the single genus Ornithogalum, which is expanded to include the genera Albuca, Dipcadi, Galtonia, Neopatersonia and Pseudogaltonia. Recognizing any of these segregates at generic level renders the genus Ornithogalum polyphyletic, while subdivision of Ornithogalum into smaller, morphologically distinguishable segregates in order to preserve the monophyly of each is not possible. Subfamily Urgineoideae, characterized by flattened or winged seeds with brittle, loosely adhering testa, comprises the two mainland African genera Bowiea and Drimia. The latter is well circumscribed by its deciduous, short-lived perianth and includes the previously recognized genera Litanthus, Rhadamanthus, Schizobasis and Tenicroa. The monotypic Madagascan Igidia is provisionally included in the subfamily as a third genus on the basis of its seeds, pending molecular confirmation of its relationships. Subfamily Hyacinthoideae resolves into three clades, distinguished as tribes Hyacintheae (strictly northern hemisphere and not treated further), Massonieae and Pseudoprospereae tribus nov. Full descriptions and a key to their identification are provided for all genera. New combinations reflecting the generic circumscriptions adopted here are made for most African and all Indian and Madagascan species.
Lack of continuity of the San Andreas Fault in southern California: Three‐dimensional fault models and earthquake scenarios
Authors: Carena Sara , Suppe John , Kao Honn
Published: April 2004

The 1200‐km‐long San Andreas Fault loses its apparent continuity in southern California near San Gorgonio Pass [Allen, 1957], which raises significant questions given the dominant role of this fault in active California tectonics. What is the fundamental three‐dimensional (3‐D) geometry and kinematic behavior of the San Andreas fault system in this complex region? Is a throughgoing, if complex, San Andreas rupture from the Mojave Desert to the Coachella Valley possible? We have explored the issue of 3‐D continuity by mapping over 60 faults in this region to depths of 15–20 km from hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms. We were able to constrain the 3‐D geometry of the San Andreas fault zone (SAF) near San Gorgonio Pass from the 3‐D geometry of the fault network surrounding it. The most likely configuration is for the San Andreas Fault to merge into the shallow‐dipping San Gorgonio Pass thrust northwest of Indio. We concluded that there is no direct continuity at present but rather a network of faults, and the only kind of rupture possible for the SAF in this region is a complex rupture, involving both strike‐slip and reverse faulting. GPS measurements also suggest that despite the fact that large motions must have occurred in the past based on offset geologic markers, only minor motion is occurring today in this area. Applying our findings about the fault geometry, we explored several simple earthquake scenarios to determine the most favorable conditions for a throughgoing rupture of the San Andreas fault system from the Mojave Desert to the Coachella Valley.
Paleointensity during a chron C26r excursion recorded in west Greenland lava flows
Authors: Riisager Janna , Riisager Peter , Zhao Xixi , Coe Robert S. , Pedersen Asger Ken
Published: April 2004

We present Thellier paleointensity data from Vaigat Formation lavas erupted during magnetochron C26r (age ∼60 Ma) in west Greenland. The lavas were emplaced in flow fields, as demonstrated by detailed field observations, the finding of consecutive lavas recording the same paleomagnetic field (intensity and direction), and similar composition suggestive of an identical magma‐source. Of particular interest is a ∼140 m thick lava sequence of 31 lavas recording excursional directions that lie ∼60° away from the paleomagnetic pole. Thellier paleointensity determinations of good technical quality demonstrate an average paleofield of 35.0 ± 13.2 μT during the excursion, which is slightly stronger than the average 29.4 ± 14.5 μT stable polarity non‐excursional field intensity. Relatively strong excursional field intensity has also been observed in lava sequences in Hawaii, Canary Island, and Japan, suggesting that some geomagnetic excursions represent periods of strong local nondipole fields rather than aborted reversals with significantly weakened dipole field.
Controls on evapotranspiration in a west Siberian bog
Authors: Shimoyama K. , Hiyama T. , Fukushima Y. , Inoue G.
Published: April 2004

This study analyzed controls on evapotranspiration (E) from a western Siberian bog, from a perspective that surface constraints limit the E available for atmospheric evapotranspiration demands. Ratios of E to potential evapotranspiration (EP) ranged from 0.2 to 0.9, and were clearly related to changes in surface constraints represented by the bulk transfer coefficient for latent heat CE (= βCH where β is the surface moisture availability and CH is the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat). Both EP and equilibrium evaporation (EEQ) showed similar seasonal trends, suggesting the importance of radiation to the seasonal variation of EP. The atmospheric drying power (Ea) was a minor factor in EP and showed less seasonal change during most of the growing season. However, the presence of a dry air mass caused by synoptic scale advection (most frequently observed in May 1999) significantly enhanced Ea; consequently, the seasonal maximum of EP occurred earlier than the seasonal maximum of EEQ. Values for CH (0.004–0.011) increased with leaf area index except Sphagnum moss (LAIg), indicating that vegetation growth contributes to changes in bog roughness through canopy height changes. The β value gradually decreased with decreases in the water table position (zwt); the open water surface area and water content of Sphagnum moss depended on zwt. Furthermore, the absence of a significant relationship between β and phenology implies that changes in evaporation contribute to variations in E more than changes in transpiration. Hence roughness change created by vegetation growth and surface wetness limit evapotranspiration to less than the potential evapotranspiration.
The 2‐day wave during the boreal summer of 1994
Authors: Riggin Dennis M. , Lieberman Ruth S. , Vincent Robert A. , Manson Alan H. , Meek Christopher E. , Nakamura Takuji , Tsuda Toshitaka , Portnyagin Yuri I.
Published: April 2004

The 2‐day wave during the boreal summer of 1994 was observed using stratospheric analyses from the British Met Office and at mesospheric heights using medium‐frequency (MF) radars and the microwave limb sounder (MLS) and high‐resolution Doppler imager (HRDI) satellite instruments. Most of the evidence from our study points to a high latitude source for the boreal 2‐day wave event we observed. We found little evidence for a connection between the 2‐day wave event in the mesosphere and activity at lower altitudes. Instead we contend that the 2‐day wave observed at upper mesospheric heights was excited in‐situ. This event was predominantly zonal wave number 2, was highly localized in time, and the disturbance propagated equatorially from high northern latitudes. At stratopause and lower mesospheric heights the largest 2‐day wave amplitudes were seen at high Southern Hemisphere latitudes (i.e., in the winter hemisphere). However, the austral winter 2‐day wave was trapped and did not penetrate to upper mesospheric heights.
A geological framework for interpreting the low‐flow regimes of Cascade streams, Willamette River Basin, Oregon
Authors: Tague Christina , Grant Gordon E.
Published: April 2004

In ungauged basins, predicting streamflows is a major challenge for hydrologists and water managers, with approaches needed to systematically generalize hydrometric properties from limited stream gauge data. Here we illustrate how a geologic/geomorphic framework can provide a basis for describing summer base flow and recession behavior at multiple scales for tributaries of the Willamette River in Oregon. We classified the basin into High Cascade and Western Cascade provinces based on the age of the underlying volcanic bedrock. Using long‐term U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge records, we show that summer streamflow volumes, recession characteristics, and timing of response to winter recharge are all linearly related to the percent of High Cascade geology in the contributing area. This analysis illustrates how geology exerts a dominant control on flow regimes in this region and suggests that a geological framework provides a useful basis for interpreting and extrapolating hydrologic behavior.
Second Place—Resident Clinical Science Award 1998: Allergy increases susceptibility to otitis media with effusion in a rat model
Authors: Labadie Robert F. , Jewett Brian S. , Hart Craig F. , Prazma Jiri , Pillsbury Harold C.
Published: April 2004

To investigate the Possible relationship between allergy and otitis media with effusion (OME), we investigated the hypothesis that allergen presentation to the middle ear causes functional disruption of the eustachian tube predisposing to the development of OME. Thirteen of 19 Brown‐Norway rats were sensitized to ovalbumin, and the remaining 6 served as nonallergic controls. To mimic subclinical exposure to allergen, we transtympanically injected ovalbumin at a dose (0.01 mg) that produced no changes detectable by otologic examination. Next, both allergic and nonallergic rats were exposed to transtympanic injection of either low‐dose (10 μg/mL) or high‐dose (100 μg/mL) lipopolysaccharide to simulate bacterial exposure. The allergic rats were found to have larger middle ear effusions when exposed to high‐dose lipopolysaccharide as compared with the nonallergic controls. This response could be inhibited by diphenhydramine. We conclude that allergen presentation to the middle ear of allergic rats causes eustachian tube dysfunction predisposing to OME.
Hearing preservation in solitary vestibular schwannoma surgery using the retrosigmoid approach
Authors: Moffat David A. , Da Cruz Melville J. , Baguley David M. , Beynon Graham J. , Hardy David G.
Published: April 2004

The results of 50 cases of vestibular schwannoma surgery with hearing preservation performed by the retrosigmoid approach at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, during a 10‐year period are presented. The hearing‐preservation rate, using audiometric criteria set by others as “serviceable hearing” (Wade PJ, House W. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1984;92:1184‐93; Silverstein H, et al. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1986;95:285‐91; Cohen NL, et al. Am J Otol 1993;14:423‐33) was 8% (4 of 50 cases). When the more stringent selection criteria of near‐normal hearing and reporting criteria of socially useful hearing preservation (pure‐tone average < 30 dB/speech discrimination score > 70%) is used, the hearing‐preservation rate is 4.8% (1 of 21 cases). The only preoperative factor that may predict a favorable hearing‐preservation outcome is normal auditory brain stem response morphology (Fisher's exact 2‐tailed test, P < 0.001). The number of suitable candidates for hearing‐preservation surgery are few. Reasonable indications for attempted vestibular schwannoma surgery with hearing preservation are discussed.
Solitary plasmacytoma of the hyoid bone
Authors: Danaci Murat , Belet Ümit , Akan Hüseyin , Selçluk Mustafa Bekir , Baştemir Murat , Koyuncu Mehmet
Published: April 2004

Solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB) is a plasma cell neoplasm occurring in red marrow areas. It is an uncommon plasma cell tumor that constitutes less than 10% of all plasma cell tumors.1 The hyoid bone is an atypical localization for SPB, with 1 case previously reported by Goel et al.2 We present the radiologic and the clinical findings of a case with solitary plasmacytoma of the hyoid bone and review the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of the tumor.
Use of rotation flap in the treatment of cutaneous ulceration after cochlear implantation
Authors: Ito Juichi , Taura Akiko , Fujita Shuji , Ishiko Toshihiro , Ishikawa Kozo
Published: April 2004

There are reports in literature that cutaneous ulceration is one of the major complications after cochlear implantation.1‐4 In the case of cutaneous ulceration, several types of skin flaps have been reported in the literature to heal the wound and cover the exposed receiver‐stimulator device. In this study 2 patients with exposure of their receiver‐stimulator devices were reported. Both patients had diabetes mellitus, and 1 patient had a ventricular‐peritoneal shunt on the side of implantation. Because both patients had some risk factors associated with wound healing, we used large rotation skin flaps to cover the exposed device. The progress being made with the patients and the surgical technique is discussed.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the nasal cavity
Authors: Kessler Alex , Lapinsky Judith , Berenholz Leonard , Sarfaty Shlomo , Segal Samuel
Published: April 2004

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) belongs to a group of mesenchymal tumors,1 first described as a primary spindle cell tumor of the pleura in 1931.2 Recently, SFT has been reported in various locations with no relation to serosal surfaces. Sites such as the lung,3 liver,4 thyroid,5 sublingual gland,6 and parapharyngeal space7 have been reported. SFTs of the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, are extremely rare, with only 9 previously reported cases.8‐11 Most of the tumors involved the nasal cavity with or without extension to the nasopharynx or the paranasal sinuses. We report the tenth case of SFT of the nasal cavity with extension to the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses.
Larsen's syndrome
Authors: Greinwald John H. , Bauman Nancy M.
Published: April 2004

A 1‐day‐old female full‐term newborn had mild‐to‐moderate episodic inspiratory stridor. She had no retractions or cyanosis, her cry and feeding were normal, and the stridorous episodes typically occurred while she was crying. Genetic and orthopedic consultations were obtained for abnormal facies and knee and hip dislocations.
Endoscopic‐assisted Adenoidectomy
Authors: Cannon C. Ron , Replogle William H. , Schenk Michael P.
Published: April 2004

Adenoidectomy is a commonly performed procedure. The advent of endoscopic sinus surgery has Popularized the use of endoscopes. Endoscopic‐assisted adenoidectomy (EAA) is a natural progression of this technology to allow a more complete adenoidectomy. Two hundred thirty‐six patients undergoing adenoidectomy were evaluated with an endoscopic technique. A routine transoral adenoidectomy was performed first. Then a 4‐mm 0° telescope was used transnasally, and residual adenoid tissue was removed from the anterior superior nasopharynx. Invariably, residual adenoid tissue was found after transoral adenoidectomy. The EAA technique is minimally invasive, adds less than 5 minutes to the procedure, and is not associated with excessive bleeding. Readily available telescope and endoscopic equipment is used. The EAA technique is advocated for use as an adjunct to a more complete adenoidectomy.
Evaluation and Management of Bilateral Vocal Cord Immobility
Authors: Hillel Allen D. , Benninger Michael , Blitzer Andrew , Crumley Roger , Flint Paul , Kashima Haskins K. , Sanders Ira , Schaefer Steven
Published: April 2004

Bilateral vocal cord immobility can be life threatening for some patients. Others, who have an open glottic chink, may have a breathy dysphonia, intermittent dyspnea, and stridor. These signs and symptoms may also be found in a number of other conditions that cause weakness or paradoxical motion of the vocal cords that mimics paralysis. These other conditions include central nervous system diseases, neuromuscular disorders, laryngospasm, and psychogenic disorders. In addition, patients with cricoarytenoid joint immobility or interarytenoid scar can also have similar symptoms at presentation. It is critical to consider the differential diagnosis of an assumed bilateral vocal cord paralysis and understand the management of paradoxical movement, weakness, joint fixation, interarytenoid scar, laryngospasm, and psychogenic disorders. The treatment for bilateral immobility should proceed only after a thorough evaluation, which might include electromyography and/or examination during general anesthesia under dense anesthetic paralysis. Reconstructive procedures are the treatments of choice, and destructive procedures should be chosen only as a last resort.
Schwannoma of the true vocal cord
Authors: Zbäuren Peter , Markwalder Regula
Published: April 2004

Neurogenic tumors of the larynx are rare. Holinger and Johnston1 reported a single case in their review of 1197 benign tumors of the larynx, and Jones et al2 reported 4 neurogenic tumors in a series including 270 benign tumors of the larynx between 1955 and 1982; Stanley et al3 identified 15 neurogenic tumors of the larynx in the files of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, between 1907 and 1986. Approximately 130 cases of neurogenic neoplasms had been reported up to 1993.4
Spatiotemporal characteristics of ultra-low frequency dispersive scale shear Alfvén waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere
Authors: Rankin R. , Lu J. Y. , Marchand R. , Donovan E. F.
Published: April 2004

The high-latitude nightside auroral zone is threaded by geomagnetic field lines supporting localized ultra-low frequency (ULF) shear Alfvén waves (SAWs). A particular class of dispersive scale ULF waves can be attributed to resonant mode conversion of global scale near-monochromatic compressional waves that are excited by high-speed solar wind flow past the magnetosphere. In the more distant magnetotail, warm plasma dispersive effects preclude the excitation of latitudinally narrow waveforms. Closer to Earth, flux tubes are loaded with colder plasma that favors inertial scale dispersive SAWs and nonlinear wave processes. The spatiotemporal characteristics of ULF shear Alfvén field line resonances near midnight are analyzed, and it is demonstrated that in warm plasma, small-scale nonlinear structuring occurs on field lines where two competing wave dispersion mechanisms cancel. Over realistic time scales, this situation occurs naturally as a result of SAW ponderomotive forces that initiate up-flowing ion motion and Earthward motion of the resonance position in the magnetosphere. The amplitudes, perpendicular widths, and latitudinal dependence of dispersive scale ULF waves are analyzed and compared with ground-based observations.