bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Impact of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks on the US Air Transport Passenger Demand Using Intervention Analysis
Authors: Lee Sangkwon , Oh Chi-Ok , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of September 11 terrorist attacks on the US air transport passenger demand. The article focuses on how soon and to what extent passenger traffic recovery will emerge from the September 11 terrorist attacks. After selecting ARIMA (0,1,1)(0,1,1)12
as the most appropriate model, the intervention model estimates that the total impact amounts to a demand decrease of approximately 67,432,000 within first 9 months. The impact of the intervention continues to drop for the rest of the periods but the decreasing level is getting smaller. Overall,
therefore, it seems that the terrorist attacks appear to have a short-term impact on air transport passenger demand. In contrast, in the long term, there are no strong impacts on air transport passenger demand. It is meaningful to evaluate whether the US air transport industry, in terms of
passenger demand, has rebounded from the crisis. This study deals with how to manage tourism and travel demand policy in case of future interventions and provides insights to policy makers in the tourism and travel industry to respond to the unexpected exogenous shocks.
Heritage and the Nation: An Exploration of a Discursive Relationship
Authors: Chambers Donna P.
Published: November 2009

This conceptual article seeks to interrogate the relationship between heritage and the nation by utilizing some of the logics of a Foucauldian concept of discourse and that subsequently developed by Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The article suggests that heritage and the nation
might be perceived as discursive constructions that have been articulated together into a hegemonic discursive formation. This conceptualization of a discursively constructed heritage/nation relationship is important for tourism studies because in a postmodern, global era it is in and through
tourism that this relationship is most readily apprehended. Indeed, such a conceptualization has implications for both the discourse and praxis of tourism. With regard to tourism discourse, this conceptual investigation can broaden the existing knowledge base in mainstream tourism studies
insofar as it demonstrates the utility of adopting alternative methodologies in arriving at understanding of phenomena in tourism. With regard to tourism praxis, this conceptual investigation can open up understanding to those power/knowledge relationships at work in the representation of
heritage in and through tourism and how this relates to a national concept. Such understanding can facilitate a rethinking of heritage construction for the tourism industry.
Evolutionary relationships, interisland biogeography, and molecular evolution in the Hawaiian violets (Viola: Violaceae)
Authors: Havran J. Christopher , Sytsma Kenneth J. , Ballard Harvey E.
Published: November 2009

The endemic Hawaiian flora offers remarkable opportunities to study the patterns of plant morphological and molecular evolution. The Hawaiian violets are a monophyletic lineage of nine taxa distributed across six main islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. To describe the evolutionary relationships, biogeography, and molecular evolution rates of the Hawaiian violets, we conducted a phylogenetic study using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences from specimens of each species. Parsimony, maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian inference reconstructions of island colonization and radiation strongly suggest that the Hawaiian violets first colonized the Maui Nui Complex, quickly radiated to Kaua'i and O'ahu, and recently dispersed to Hawai'i. The lineage consists of “wet” and “dry” clades restricted to distinct precipitation regimes. The ML and Bayesian inference reconstructions of shifts in habitat, habit, and leaf shape indicate that ecologically analogous taxa have undergone parallel evolution in leaf morphology and habit. This parallel evolution correlates with shifts to specialized habitats. Relative rate tests showed that woody and herbaceous sister species possess equal molecular evolution rates. The incongruity of molecular evolution rates in taxa on younger islands suggests that these rates may not be determined by growth form (or lifespan) alone, but may be influenced by complex dispersal events.
Tertiary leaf fossils of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from Li Basin, Thailand as examples of the utility of leaf marginal venation characters
Authors: Sawangchote Prakart , Grote Paul J. , Dilcher David L.
Published: November 2009

The mango (Mangifera) is the most important commercial fruit in Asia and is popular worldwide. Because of uncertainty in its origin and biogeography, the study of Mangifera could be of value in elucidating its current genetic diversity and geographical distribution. We report here two new species of compressed leaves of Mangifera (Anacardiaceae) from upper Oligocene‐lower Miocene lacustrine sediments in the Li Basin, northern Thailand. Leaf form and venation characters of fossil and extant leaves are presented with detailed marginal venation patterns that were found to be important in assigning the fossil leaves to Mangifera paleoindica and M. paleocaloneura. These two fossil species of Mangifera and the present occurrence of basal species of Mangifera in Thailand suggest that northern Thailand could be an area with a long history of evolution and diversification of Mangifera, particularly M. indica.
FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells Restrain Splenic Extramedullary Myelopoiesis via Suppression of Hemopoietic Cytokine-Producing T Cells
Authors: Lee Jee H. , Wang Chuanwu , Kim Chang H.
Published: November 2009

Extramedullary myelopoiesis occurs in peripheral organs such as spleen and produces many types of myeloid cells with diverse functions in response to inflammation and infection. It is increased during immune responses and chronic inflammation and is a significant factor in regulating inflammatory diseases and immunity. Increased myeloid cells are found in FoxP3-deficient mice but the mechanism has been unclear. We investigated the mechanism by which FoxP3+ regulatory T cells regulate the extramedullary myelopoiesis. We found that Ab or genetic depletion of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells greatly increased the number of the myeloid progenitors in spleen during immune responses. Consistently, the splenic myelopoiesis was effectively suppressed by increased numbers of natural or induced FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. We demonstrated that myelopoiesis is positively regulated by splenic CD4+ T cells that produce myelopoietic cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-3), and these effector CD4+ T cells are induced from naive CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic stimulation. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells were able to effectively suppress the differentiation of naive T cells into myelopoietic cytokine-producing T cells. This suppression was found to be dependent on cell contact but independent of TGFβ. Unlike splenic myelopoiesis, marrow myelopoiesis is not significantly affected by FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. We conclude that FoxP3+ T cells can negatively regulate splenic extramedullary myelopoiesis by suppressing the naive T cell differentiation into myelopoietic cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells. Our results provide new insights into regulation of extramedullary myelopoiesis.
Immunostimulatory RNA Oligonucleotides Induce an Effective Antitumoral NK Cell Response through the TLR7
Authors: Bourquin Carole , Schmidt Laura , Lanz Anna-Lisa , Storch Bettina , Wurzenberger Cornelia , Anz David , Sandholzer Nadja , Mocikat Ralph , Berger Michael , Poeck Hendrik , Hartmann Gunther , Hornung Veit , Endres Stefan
Published: November 2009

RNA oligonucleotides containing immune-activating sequences promote the development of cytotoxic T cell and B cell responses to Ag. In this study, we show for the first time that immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides induce a NK cell response that prevents growth of NK-sensitive tumors. Treatment of mice with immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides activates NK cells in a sequence-dependent manner, leading to enhanced IFN-γ production and increased cytotoxicity. Use of gene-deficient mice showed that NK activation is entirely TLR7-dependent. We further demonstrate that NK activation is indirectly induced through IL-12 and type I IFN production by dendritic cells. Reconstitution of TLR7-deficient mice with wild-type dendritic cells restores NK activation upon treatment with immunostimulatory RNA oligonucleotides. Thus, by activating both NK cells and CTLs, RNA oligonucleotides stimulate two major cellular effectors of antitumor immunity. This dual activation may enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic strategies against cancer by preventing the development of tumor immune escape variants.
Diffuse Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis: Surgical Repair in Adulthood
Authors: Ferlan Giovanni , De Pasquale Claudio , Losito Concetta , Fiorella Annalisa , Marraudino Nicola , Tunzi Francesco
Published: November 2009

We present the case of a 54-year-old woman in which a diffuse congenital supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) was associated with a severe aortic valve incompetence and heavy calcification of the aortic annulus. Repair consisted in resection of the ascending aorta, patch augmentation of the hypoplastic aortic root and annulus, placement of a 20 mm Dacron tubular graft (Vascutek, Renfrewshire, UK) and aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis (Sorin, Turin, Italy). Follow-up echocardiography demonstrated normal prosthetic valve function and a postoperative three-dimensional computed tomographic scan showed a normal shape of the reconstructed ascending aorta.
Perceptions on and roadblocks to implementation of standardized nomenclature in radiation oncology: A survey from TG‐263U1
Authors: Covington Elizabeth L. , Suresh Krithika , Anderson Brian M. , Barker Margaret , Dess Kathryn , Price Jeremy G. , Moncion Alexander , Vaccarelli Marissa J. , Santanam Lakshmi , Xiao Ying , Mayo Charles
Published: May 2024

Purpose

AAPM Task Group No. 263U1 (Update to Report No. 263 – Standardizing Nomenclatures in Radiation Oncology) disseminated a survey to receive feedback on utilization, gaps, and means to facilitate further adoption.

Methods

The survey was created by TG‐263U1 members to solicit feedback from physicists, dosimetrists, and physicians working in radiation oncology. Questions on the adoption of the TG‐263 standard were coupled with demographic information, such as clinical role, place of primary employment (e.g., private hospital, academic center), and size of institution. The survey was emailed to all AAPM, AAMD, and ASTRO members.

Results

The survey received 463 responses with 310 completed survey responses used for analysis, of whom most had the clinical role of medical physicist (73%) and the majority were from the United States (83%). There were 83% of respondents who indicated that they believe that having a nomenclature standard is important or very important and 61% had adopted all or portions of TG‐263 in their clinics. For those yet to adopt TG‐263, the staffing and implementation efforts were the main cause for delaying adoption. Fewer respondents had trouble adopting TG‐263 for organs at risk (29%) versus target (44%) nomenclature. Common themes in written feedback were lack of physician support and available resources, especially in vendor systems, to facilitate adoption.

Conclusions

While there is strong support and belief in the benefit of standardized nomenclature, the widespread adoption of TG‐263 has been hindered by the effort needed by staff for implementation.  Feedback from the survey is being utilized to drive the focus of the update efforts and create tools to facilitate easier adoption of TG‐263.
Enchantment and the Gimmick: Pleasure and Doubt in AI Image Aesthetics
Authors: Young Michael
Published: May 2024

With its ability to subvert our perceptions of the world, AI can create images of quirky strangeness and charm, resulting in hyper‐surrealist juxtapositions of form and uncanny beauty. Founding partner of Young & Ayata and Associate Professor at the Cooper Union, New York, Michael Young investigates recent output from architect Karel Klein and her collaborators, and speculates on the power of their ‘estrangements’ and the capitalist underbelly of AI.
Tech Limited: AI is AI
Authors: Manning Ryan Vincent
Published: May 2024

What might a conversation between a highly trained generator that calculates the probability of the next word in a sentence, and the jumbled mess of organic neurons inside the head of a human architect look like? Through such a fictitious dialogue, architectural designer and educator Ryan Vincent Manning explores issues of human inquisitiveness, uniqueness and agency, human‐ machine interfaces, machine intelligence, AI latent spaces and the assimilation of design originality into free‐access, ubiquitous machine code that is adding to huge potential datasets.
Machine Hands on Flaws to Machine: The Surprising Sources of Biases in Machine Learning Models
Authors: Steinfeld Kyle
Published: May 2024

After musing on the history and varying media of the concept of ‘gone viral’, Associate Professor of Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley, Kyle Steinfeld further investigates computational design through the lens of cultural practices. Even the seemingly most contemporary and innovative technological ideas and gizmos can be traced back to a series of legacy notions that remain silently present in new advances. The article discusses such ‘hinge’ moments and searches for them in AI.
Autonomous Algorithmic Architects: Wicked Problems of Machine Learning in Architecture
Authors: Bernstein Phil
Published: May 2024

AI is developing at breakneck speed, with generation after generation of software/algorithms swiftly and exponentially appearing in a matter of months of each other. Associate Dean and Professor Adjunct at the Yale School of Architecture Phil Bernstein, an expert in architectural practice and technology, lucidly examines the way the profession has responded to previous digitally enhanced design techniques, and how future uptake of AI technology will affect the workflow, form finding, optimisation and anatomy of the discipline.
Sleep–wake behavior, perceived fatigability, and cognitive reserve in older adults
Authors: Kerner Nancy , Goldberg Terry E. , Cohen Hannah R. , Phillips Julia G. , Cohen Daniel E. , Andrews Howard , Pelton Gregory , Devanand Davangere P.
Published: May 2024

INTRODUCTION

The effects of sleep–wake behavior on perceived fatigability and cognitive abilities when performing daily activities have not been investigated across levels of cognitive reserve (CR).

METHODS

CR Index Questionnaire (CRIq) data were collected and subjected to moderated mediation analysis.

RESULTS

In amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 41), CR moderated sleep‐related impairments (SRIs), and fatigability at low CR (CRIq < 105.8, p = 0.004) and mean CR (CRIq = 126.9, p = 0.03) but not high CR (CRIq > 145.9, p = 0.65) levels. SRI affected cognitive abilities mediated by fatigability at low CR (p < 0.001) and mean CR (p = 0.003) levels. In healthy controls (n = 13), SRI in fatigability did not alter cognitive abilities across CR levels; controls had higher leisure scores than patients with aMCI (p = 0.003, effect size = 0.93).

DISCUSSION

SRI can amplify impaired cognitive abilities through exacerbation of fatigability in patients with aMCI with below‐mean CR. Therefore, improving sleep–wake regulation and leisure activities may protect against fatigability and cognitive decline.

Highlights

Clinical fatigue and fatigability cannot be alleviated by rest.

Clinical fatigability disrupts daily activities during preclinical Alzheimer's.

High cognitive reserve mitigates sleep–wake disturbance effects.

High cognitive reserve attenuates clinical fatigability effects on daily functioning.

Untreated obstructive sleep apnea potentiates Alzheimer's pathology in the brain.
Preparation of fluorinated polysiloxane and its application in modified polyacrylates
Authors: Zhang Qipeng , Wu Minghua
Published: May 2024

Polyacrylate materials are widely used in textile adhesives, functional finishing agents, architectural coatings, and other fields. In order to improve their hydrophobicity and flexibility, a novel fluorinated polysiloxane was prepared by acid catalyzed bulk ring opening reaction with octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (), and methyltrifluoropropylcyclotrisiloxane (), and its structure was characterized. Then, as a modified monomer, the fluorinated polysiloxane modified polyacrylates was prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of fluorinated polysiloxane monomers with different vinyl content and molecular weight on the properties of emulsion, film structure and film hydrophobicity were studied. The results showed that when using fluorinated polysiloxane monomer with Mn = 6235, vinyl content of 0.33 mmol/g, and fluorine content of 7.40 mmol/g for modification, the water contact angle on the surface of the adhesive film reached 100.4°, and the water absorption rate was 8.1%, resulting in the best effect. Used for textile printing, the color fastness to dry and wet friction after fabric printing could reach level 4, and the hand feel was soft.
Influence of red mud as a catalyst in the thermocatalytic reforming process
Authors: Onyishi Hillary O. , Neidel Johannes , Daschner Robert , Apfelbacher Andreas , Hornung Andreas
Published: May 2024

This work studies red mud, a residue from the processing of bauxite, as a support catalyst in the thermocatalytic reforming (TCR) process, using wood, digestate, and straw as case studies. Thermocatalytic reforming is a thermochemical process for the conversion of biomass into biofuels, combining intermediate pyrolysis and catalytic reforming and resulting in high‐quality biofuels. The quantity and quality of the catalyst in the postreformer is vital as it influences the reactions taking place in it. Normally, nonreactive components of the char produced in the process act as the catalyst in the postreformer but adding a support catalyst may improve the products. In this work, red mud is introduced in the process by mixing it with the feedstock in a ratio of 1:3. The results, in comparison with normal TCR experiments on the same feedstock materials, show that the introduction of red mud into the process generally reduces the biochar yield and generally increases the biogas and product water yields, and the bio‐oil yield remains constant. Its introduction also increases the hydrogen fraction of the gas and tends to reduce the nitrogen and sulfur content of the products, thus improving their quality. These observations are consistent across feedstock materials and postreformer temperatures. The results therefore suggest that red mud is a good support catalyst for increasing the gas yield, increasing the hydrogen fraction of the gas, and improving the quality of the products from the TCR process.
A global update on the status of prevention of folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly in year 2022
Authors: Wagh Kaustubh , Kancherla Vijaya , Dorsey Amanda , Pachón Helena , Oakley Godfrey P.
Published: May 2024

Background

Mandatory fortification of staple foods with folic acid is an effective public health strategy to prevent folic acid‐preventable spina bifida and anencephaly (FAP SBA). We estimated the global proportion of FAP SBA prevented through mandatory folic acid fortification of cereal grains (i.e., wheat flour, maize flour, and rice).

Methods

We used year 2022 data from the Food Fortification Initiative to identify countries (n = 69) with mandatory fortification of grains that includes folic acid. Sixty‐eight countries were eligible for analysis with complete data. Proportion of FAP SBA prevention was modeled assuming >150 mcg/day of folic acid fortification protects against FAP SBA, reducing post‐fortification prevalence to a lowest achievable level of 0.5 cases per 1000 births.

Results

Our analysis found that a total of 63,520 cases of FAP SBA were prevented in the year 2022 in 68 countries implementing mandatory folic acid fortification of grains with folic acid. This translated to a 23.7% prevention of all possible FAP SBA prevention globally. An excess of 204,430 cases of FAPSBA still occurred in over 100 countries where mandatory staple food fortification with folic acid is not implemented.

Conclusion

Our study showed that only a quarter of all FAP SBA cases were averted through mandatory folic acid fortification in the year 2022; many countries are not implementing the policy, resulting in a large proportion of FAP SBA cases that can be prevented. Fortification will help countries with achieving 2030 Sustainable Development Goals on neonatal‐ and under‐five mortality, disability, stillbirths, and elective terminations prevention, from FAP SBA.
An unusual adverse effect during crusted scabies treatment
Authors: Saldarriaga Sara , Santacoloma Laura Jaramillo , Mejía Ana María
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical Message

Crusted scabies is a severe form of scabies infestation caused by the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei. Risk factors include immunosuppression, neuropathies, and psychiatric disorders. Its management poses important challenges due to its contagius nature. Here we present a case or Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis secondary to Ivermectin therapy in a patient with crusted scabies.
Numerical validation of Yukawa fluid excitations within the quasilocalized charge approximation (QLCA) theory
Authors: Kumar Prince , Sharma Devendra
Published: May 2024

A first principle molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study on the nonlinear excitations in a quasi‐localized state of a Yukawa system is presented to validate the findings of the nonlinear quasi‐localized charge approximation (QLCA) model. Unlike solids or gases, quasi‐localized states lack certain simplifying features, such as the ability to assume a fixed shape or volume, and they combine large displacements with strong interactions, further complicating the theoretical underpinnings of their behavior. In a recent paper [P. Kumar and D. Sharma, Physics of Plasmas 30 (2023)], the nonlinear QLCA model was applied to characterize the nonlinear excitations in a quasi‐localized state of a Yukawa system, as existing continuum models have shown limited success in this regime. The simulation data presented with the screening and coupling parameters show a close agreement with the QLCA model findings. The MD simulations validate the prediction made by the QLCA model that the properties of a soliton remain unaffected by variations in the coupling parameter. The prediction made by QLCA regarding the formation of multiple solitons at higher screening parameter values has also been confirmed by the MD simulation data. The possibility of the formation of rarefactive solitons at relatively high screening parameter values within the QLCA model is also discussed.
Electroconductive cardiac patch based on bioactive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels
Authors: Sauvage Erwan , Matta Justin , Dang Cat‐Thy , Fan Jiaxin , Cruzado Graziele , Cicoira Fabio , Merle Géraldine
Published: May 2024

Engineering cardiac implants for treating myocardial infarction (MI) has advanced, but challenges persist in mimicking the structural properties and variability of cardiac tissues using traditional bioconstructs and conventional engineering methods. This study introduces a synthetic patch with a bioactive surface designed to swiftly restore functionality to the damaged myocardium. The patch combines a composite, soft, and conductive hydrogel‐based on (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene‐sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This cardiac patch exhibits a reasonably high electrical conductivity (40 S/cm) and a stretchability up to 50% of its original length. Our findings reveal its resilience to 10% cyclic stretching at 1 Hz with no loss of conductivity over time. To mediate a strong cell–scaffold adhesion, we biofunctionalize the hydrogel with a N‐cadherin mimic peptide, providing the cardiac patch with a bioactive surface. This modification promote increased adherence and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFbs) while effectively mitigating the formation of bacterial biofilm, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogen responsible for surgical site infections (SSIs). Our study demonstrates the successful development of a structurally validated cardiac patch possessing the desired mechanical, electrical, and biofunctional attributes for effective cardiac recovery. Consequently, this research holds significant promise in alleviating the burden imposed by myocardial infarctions.
Velocity‐compensated intravoxel incoherent motion of the human calf muscle
Authors: Stuprich Christoph M. , Loh Martin , Nemerth Johannes T. , Nagel Armin M. , Uder Michael , Laun Frederik B.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To determine whether intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) describes the blood perfusion in muscles better, assuming pseudo diffusion (Bihan Model 1) or ballistic motion (Bihan Model 2).

Methods

IVIM parameters were measured in 18 healthy subjects with three different diffusion gradient time profiles (bipolar with two diffusion times and one with velocity compensation) and 17 b‐values (0–600 s/mm2) at rest and after muscle activation. The diffusion coefficient, perfusion fraction, and pseudo‐diffusion coefficient were estimated with a segmented fit in the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles.

Results

Velocity‐compensated gradients resulted in a decreased perfusion fraction (6.9% ± 1.4% vs. 4.4% ± 1.3% in the GM after activation) and pseudo‐diffusion coefficient (0.069 ± 0.046 mm2/s vs. 0.014 ± 0.006 in the GM after activation) compared to the bipolar gradients with the longer diffusion encoding time. Increased diffusion coefficients, perfusion fractions, and pseudo‐diffusion coefficients were observed in the GM after activation for all gradient profiles. However, the increase was significantly smaller for the velocity‐compensated gradients. A diffusion time dependence was found for the pseudo‐diffusion coefficient in the activated muscle.

Conclusion

Velocity‐compensated diffusion gradients significantly suppress the IVIM effect in the calf muscle, indicating that the ballistic limit is mostly reached, which is supported by the time dependence of the pseudo‐diffusion coefficient.
Thermophysical Properties of CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–TiO2–FeOx–V2O3 Slag with CaO/SiO2 = 1.13 with Different TiO2 and V2O3 Additions
Authors: Levchenko Mykyta , Kovtun Oleksandr , Patel Smit Dilipkumar , Endo Rie , Volkova Olena
Published: May 2024

The thermophysical properties of an industrial blast furnace slag with varying TiO2, V2O3, and FeOx content are investigated using a rotating viscometer and maximum bubble pressure method at low oxygen partial pressure. The obtained experimental results are supported by thermodynamic calculations using FactSage 7.2 software and by scanning electron microscope analysis. The measurement outcomes clearly indicate that an increase in V2O3 and TiO2 content up to 10 wt% at 5 wt% FeOx leads to a decrease in the viscosity of all studied slags; however, with 15 wt% of V2O3 and TiO2, the viscosity changes insignificant. The presence of 10 wt% FeOx alters the behavior of the slags in the liquid‐dominant region. These changes in the break point temperature are consistent with the behavior of melilite and perovskite phases. Moreover, an increase in the FeOx, V2O3, and TiO2 increases the density of all studied slags within the temperature range of 1450–1650 °C. Additionally, introducing pure oxides to the slag reduces the surface tension of all the studied slags, confirming their role as a surfactant.
Evaluation of salivary stress markers and inflammatory cytokine levels in peri-implantitis patients
Authors: Soysal Fatma , Unsal Berrin , Isler Sila Cagri , Akca Gulcin , Bakirarar Batuhan , Ozcan Mustafa
Published: May 2024

Background and objective

Psychological stress has been identified in some observational studies as a potential factor that may modify and affect periodontal diseases, but there are no similar data for peri-implantitis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)α inflammatory cytokines and the psychological stress-related markers, glucocorticoid receptor-α (GRα), and salivary α-amylase (sAA) gene expression levels in saliva samples obtained from healthy implants and peri-implantitis patients.

Materials and methods

The study included a total of 50 systemically healthy subjects. Peri-implant clinical parameters were recorded and psychological stress level was evaluated with the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HAD) and state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) questionnaire forms. Following the evaluations, the patients were divided into 4 groups according their stress and clinical status (Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb). IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFNα, GRα, sAA gene expression levels in the saliva samples were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).

Results

In the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales, significantly higher IL-1β, IL-6, sAA expression levels were observed (p < 0.001). The IL-10 gene expression levels were lower in the groups with a high score in the stress level assessment scales (p < 0.001). GRα gene was expressed at lower levels in the group of peri-implantitis who had a high score in stress level assessment scales but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.065).

Conclusion

The study findings suggest that psychological stress may increase the inflammation associated with peri-implantitis by affecting cytokine expression levels.

Clinical relevance

To prevent peri-implantitis or reduce its prevalence, it could be beneficial to evaluate stress levels and identify individuals experiencing stress.
Harnessing sub-comb dynamics in a graphene-sensitized microresonator for gas detection
Authors: Liang Yupei , Liu Mingyu , Tang Fan , Guo Yanhong , Zhang Hao , Liu Shihan , Yang Yanping , Zhao Guangming , Tan Teng , Yao Baicheng
Published: May 2024

Since their inception, frequency combs generated in microresonators, known as microcombs, have sparked significant scientific interests. Among the various applications leveraging microcombs, soliton microcombs are often preferred due to their inherent mode-locking capability. However, this choice introduces additional system complexity because an initialization process is required. Meanwhile, despite the theoretical understanding of the dynamics of other comb states, their practical potential, particularly in applications like sensing where simplicity is valued, remains largely untapped. Here, we demonstrate controllable generation of sub-combs that bypasses the need for accessing bistable regime. And in a graphene-sensitized microresonator, the sub-comb heterodynes produce stable, accurate microwave signals for high-precision gas detection. By exploring the formation dynamics of sub-combs, we achieved 2 MHz harmonic comb-to-comb beat notes with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than 50 dB and phase noise as low as − 82 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The graphene sensitization on the intracavity probes results in exceptional frequency responsiveness to the adsorption of gas molecules on the graphene of microcavity surface, enabling detect limits down to the parts per billion (ppb) level. This synergy between graphene and sub-comb formation dynamics in a microcavity structure showcases the feasibility of utilizing microcombs in an incoherent state prior to soliton locking. It may mark a significant step toward the development of easy-to-operate, systemically simple, compact, and high-performance photonic sensors.

Graphical Abstract
Critical assessment of the lattice Boltzmann method for cavitation modelling based on single bubble dynamics
Authors: Xiong Xin , Teschner Tom-Robin , Moulitsas Irene , Józsa Tamás István
Published: May 2024

The lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is recognised as a popular technique for simulating cavitation bubble dynamics due to its simplicity. In the validation of LBM results, the Rayleigh-Plesset (R-P) equation is commonly employed. However, most studies to date have neglected the impact of simulation settings on the predictions. This article sets out to quantify the impact of LBM domain size and bubble size, and the initial conditions of the R-P equations on the predicted bubble dynamics. First, LBM results were validated against the classical benchmarks of Laplace’s law and Maxwell’s area construction. LBM results corresponding to these fundamental test cases were found to be in satisfactory agreement with theory and previous simulations. Secondly, a one-to-one comparison was considered between the predictions of the LBM and the R-P equation. The parameters of the two models were matched based on careful considerations. Findings revealed that a good overlap between the predictions is observable only under certain conditions. The warming-up period of the LBM simulations, small domain size, and small bubble radius were identified as key factors responsible for the measured differences. The authors hope that the results will promote good simulation practices for cavitation simulation including both single bubbles and bubble clusters.
Assessment for Language Teaching
Authors: Phakiti Aek , Leung Constant
Published: May 2024

This Element reviews the key foundational concepts, beliefs, and practices underpinning approaches to assessment in English Language Teaching. Exploring major concepts and practices through educational, social, and ethical perspectives, it offers theoretically informed and close-to-practice descriptions and up-to-date explanations of the affordances and limitations of different assessment approaches related to language teaching. This Element presents a cohesive and pragmatic framework that allows teachers to efficiently implement tests and assessments in their contexts.
Manganese‐Rich Sandstones as an Indicator of Ancient Oxic Lake Water Conditions in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Gasda P. J. , Lanza N. L. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Lamm S. N. , Cousin A. , Anderson R. , Forni O. , Swanner E. , L’Haridon J. , Frydenvang J. , Thomas N. , Gwizd S. , Stein N. , Fischer W. W. , Hurowitz J. , Sumner D. , Rivera‐Hernández F. , Crossey L. , Ollila A. , Essunfeld A. , Newsom H. E. , Clark B. , Wiens R. C. , Gasnault O. , Clegg S. M. , Maurice S. , Delapp D. , Reyes‐Newell A.
Published: May 2024

Manganese has been observed on Mars by the NASA Curiosity rover in a variety of contexts and is an important indicator of redox processes in hydrologic systems on Earth. Within the Murray formation, an ancient primarily fine‐grained lacustrine sedimentary deposit in Gale crater, Mars, have observed up to 45× enrichment in manganese and up to 1.5× enrichment in iron within coarser grained bedrock targets compared to the mean Murray sediment composition. This enrichment in manganese coincides with the transition between two stratigraphic units within the Murray: Sutton Island, interpreted as a lake margin environment, and Blunts Point, interpreted as a lake environment. On Earth, lacustrine environments are common locations of manganese precipitation due to highly oxidizing conditions in the lakes. Here, we explore three mechanisms for ferromanganese oxide precipitation at this location: authigenic precipitation from lake water along a lake shore, authigenic precipitation from reduced groundwater discharging through porous sands along a lake shore, and early diagenetic precipitation from groundwater through porous sands. All three scenarios require highly oxidizing conditions and we discuss oxidants that may be responsible for the oxidation and precipitation of manganese oxides. This work has important implications for the habitability of Mars to microbes that could have used Mn redox reactions, owing to its multiple redox states, as an energy source for metabolism.
Geoscience for the Young (and Young at Heart) at TierraFest
Authors: Gonz�lez Roberto
Published: May 2024

Mexico’s largest Earth science festival will debut special activities to engage children in science—although audiences of all ages are welcome to enjoy them.
Tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism attenuates ROS generation and radiosensitivity through LDHA S-nitrosylation: novel insight into radiogenic lung injury
Authors: Feng Yang , Feng Yahui , Gu Liming , Mo Wei , Wang Xi , Song Bin , Hong Min , Geng Fenghao , Huang Pei , Yang Hongying , Zhu Wei , Jiao Yang , Zhang Qi , Ding Wei-Qun , Cao Jianping , Zhang Shuyu
Published: May 2024

Genotoxic therapy triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative tissue injury. S-nitrosylation is a selective and reversible posttranslational modification of protein thiols by nitric oxide (NO), and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for NO synthesis. However, the mechanism by which BH4 affects protein S-nitrosylation and ROS generation has not been determined. Here, we showed that ionizing radiation disrupted the structural integrity of BH4 and downregulated GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in BH4 biosynthesis, resulting in deficiency in overall protein S-nitrosylation. GCH1-mediated BH4 synthesis significantly reduced radiation-induced ROS production and fueled the global protein S-nitrosylation that was disrupted by radiation. Likewise, GCH1 overexpression or the administration of exogenous BH4 protected against radiation-induced oxidative injury in vitro and in vivo. Conditional pulmonary Gch1 knockout in mice (Gch1fl/fl; Sftpa1-Cre+/− mice) aggravated lung injury following irradiation, whereas Gch1 knock-in mice (Gch1lsl/lsl; Sftpa1-Cre+/− mice) exhibited attenuated radiation-induced pulmonary toxicity. Mechanistically, lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA) mediated ROS generation downstream of the BH4/NO axis, as determined by iodoacetyl tandem mass tag (iodoTMT)-based protein quantification. Notably, S-nitrosylation of LDHA at Cys163 and Cys293 was regulated by BH4 availability and could restrict ROS generation. The loss of S-nitrosylation in LDHA after irradiation increased radiosensitivity. Overall, the results of the present study showed that GCH1-mediated BH4 biosynthesis played a key role in the ROS cascade and radiosensitivity through LDHA S-nitrosylation, identifying novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of radiation-induced lung injury.
Macrophage depletion overcomes human hematopoietic cell engraftment failure in zebrafish embryo
Authors: El Omar Reine , Abdellaoui Naoill , Coulibaly Safiatou T. , Fontenille Laura , Lanza François , Gachet Christian , Freund Jean-Noel , Negroni Matteo , Kissa Karima , Tavian Manuela
Published: May 2024

Zebrafish is widely adopted as a grafting model for studying human development and diseases. Current zebrafish xenotransplantations are performed using embryo recipients, as the adaptive immune system, responsible for host versus graft rejection, only reaches maturity at juvenile stage. However, transplanted primary human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC) rapidly disappear even in zebrafish embryos, suggesting that another barrier to transplantation exists before the onset of adaptive immunity. Here, using a labelled macrophage zebrafish line, we demonstrated that engraftment of human HSC induces a massive recruitment of macrophages which rapidly phagocyte transplanted cells. Macrophages depletion, by chemical or pharmacological treatments, significantly improved the uptake and survival of transplanted cells, demonstrating the crucial implication of these innate immune cells for the successful engraftment of human cells in zebrafish. Beyond identifying the reasons for human hematopoietic cell engraftment failure, this work images the fate of human cells in real time over several days in macrophage-depleted zebrafish embryos.
Modulating extracellular matrix stiffness: a strategic approach to boost cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Mai Zizhao , Lin Yunfan , Lin Pei , Zhao Xinyuan , Cui Li
Published: May 2024

The interplay between extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and the tumor microenvironment is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in cancer progression and the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review comprehensively discusses the key factors regulating ECM remodeling, including the activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and the accumulation and crosslinking of ECM proteins. Furthermore, it provides a detailed exploration of how ECM stiffness influences the behaviors of both tumor and immune cells. Significantly, the impact of ECM stiffness on the response to various immunotherapy strategies, such as immune checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, and therapeutic cancer vaccines, is thoroughly examined. The review also addresses the challenges in translating research findings into clinical practice, highlighting the need for more precise biomaterials that accurately mimic the ECM and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The insights offered aim to guide future research, with the potential to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy modalities.
Modelling the transmission dynamics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in a live bird market
Authors: Pinotti Francesco , Kohnle Lisa , Lourenço José , Gupta Sunetra , Hoque Md. Ahasanul , Mahmud Rashed , Biswas Paritosh , Pfeiffer Dirk , Fournié Guillaume
Published: May 2024

H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are a major concern for the poultry sector and human health in countries where this subtype is endemic. By fitting a model simulating H9N2 AIV transmission to data from a field experiment, we characterise the epidemiology of the virus in a live bird market in Bangladesh. Many supplied birds arrive already exposed to H9N2 AIVs, resulting in many broiler chickens entering the market as infected, and many indigenous backyard chickens entering with pre-existing immunity. Most susceptible chickens become infected within one day spent at the market, owing to high levels of viral transmission within market and short latent periods, as brief as 5.3 hours. Although H9N2 AIV transmission can be substantially reduced under moderate levels of cleaning and disinfection, effective risk mitigation also requires a range of additional interventions targeting markets and other nodes along the poultry production and distribution network.
Surpassing millisecond coherence in on chip superconducting quantum memories by optimizing materials and circuit design
Authors: Ganjam Suhas , Wang Yanhao , Lu Yao , Banerjee Archan , Lei Chan U , Krayzman Lev , Kisslinger Kim , Zhou Chenyu , Li Ruoshui , Jia Yichen , Liu Mingzhao , Frunzio Luigi , Schoelkopf Robert J.
Published: May 2024

The performance of superconducting quantum circuits for quantum computing has advanced tremendously in recent decades; however, a comprehensive understanding of relaxation mechanisms does not yet exist. In this work, we utilize a multimode approach to characterizing energy losses in superconducting quantum circuits, with the goals of predicting device performance and improving coherence through materials, process, and circuit design optimization. Using this approach, we measure significant reductions in surface and bulk dielectric losses by employing a tantalum-based materials platform and annealed sapphire substrates. With this knowledge we predict the relaxation times of aluminum- and tantalum-based transmon qubits, and find that they are consistent with experimental results. We additionally optimize device geometry to maximize coherence within a coaxial tunnel architecture, and realize on-chip quantum memories with single-photon Ramsey times of 2.0 − 2.7 ms, limited by their energy relaxation times of 1.0 − 1.4 ms. These results demonstrate an advancement towards a more modular and compact coaxial circuit architecture for bosonic qubits with reproducibly high coherence.
Switchable chemoselective aryne reactions between nucleophiles and pericyclic reaction partners using either 3-methoxybenzyne or 3-silylbenzyne
Authors: Tan Hongcheng , Yu Shuxin , Yuan Xiaoling , Chen Liyuan , Shan Chunhui , Shi Jiarong , Li Yang
Published: May 2024

Arynes are known to serve as highly reactive benzene-based synthons, which have gained numerous successes in preparing functionalized arenes. Due to the superb electrophilic nature of these fleeting species, however, it is challenging to modulate the designated aryne transformation chemoselectively, when substrates possess multiple competing reaction sites. Here, we showcase our effort to manipulate chemoselective control between two major types of aryne transformations using either 3-methoxybenzyne or 3-silylbenzyne, where nucleophilic addition-triggered reactions and non-polar pericyclic reactions could be differentiated. This orthogonal chemoselective protocol is found to be applicable between various nucleophiles, i.e., imidazole, N-tosylated/N-alkyl aniline, phenol, and alcohol, and an array of pericyclic reaction partners, i.e., furan, cyclopentadiene, pyrrole, cycloheptatrienone, and cyclohexene. Beyond arylation reactions, C–N bond insertion, Truce–Smiles rearrangement, and nucleophilic annulation are appropriate reaction modes as well. Moreover, this chemoselective protocol can find potential synthetic application.
Galectin-3 impairs calcium transients and β-cell function
Authors: Jiang Qian , Zhao Qijin , Chen Yibing , Ma Chunxiao , Peng Xiaohong , Wu Xi , Liu Xingfeng , Wang Ruoran , Hou Shaocong , Kong Lijuan , Wan Yanjun , Wang Shusen , Meng Zhuo-Xian , Cui Bing , Chen Liangyi , Li Pingping
Published: May 2024

In diabetes, macrophages and inflammation are increased in the islets, along with β-cell dysfunction. Here, we demonstrate that galectin-3 (Gal3), mainly produced and secreted by macrophages, is elevated in islets from both high-fat diet (HFD)-fed and diabetic db/db mice. Gal3 acutely reduces glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in β-cell lines and primary islets in mice and humans. Importantly, Gal3 binds to calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 1 (CACNG1) and inhibits calcium influx via the cytomembrane and subsequent GSIS. β-Cell CACNG1 deficiency phenocopies Gal3 treatment. Inhibition of Gal3 through either genetic or pharmacologic loss of function improves GSIS and glucose homeostasis in both HFD-fed and db/db mice. All animal findings are applicable to male mice. Here we show a role of Gal3 in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and Gal3 could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Airway epithelial CD47 plays a critical role in inducing influenza virus-mediated bacterial super-infection
Authors: Moon Sungmin , Han Seunghan , Jang In-Hwan , Ryu Jaechan , Rha Min-Seok , Cho Hyung-Ju , Yoon Sang Sun , Nam Ki Taek , Kim Chang-Hoon , Park Man-Seong , Seong Je Kyung , Lee Won-Jae , Yoon Joo-Heon , Chung Youn Wook , Ryu Ji-Hwan
Published: May 2024

Respiratory viral infection increases host susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, yet the precise dynamics within airway epithelia remain elusive. Here, we elucidate the pivotal role of CD47 in the airway epithelium during bacterial super-infection. We demonstrated that upon influenza virus infection, CD47 expression was upregulated and localized on the apical surface of ciliated cells within primary human nasal or bronchial epithelial cells. This induced CD47 exposure provided attachment sites for Staphylococcus aureus, thereby compromising the epithelial barrier integrity. Through bacterial adhesion assays and in vitro pull-down assays, we identified fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBP) of S. aureus as a key component that binds to CD47. Furthermore, we found that ciliated cell-specific CD47 deficiency or neutralizing antibody-mediated CD47 inactivation enhanced in vivo survival rates. These findings suggest that interfering with the interaction between airway epithelial CD47 and pathogenic bacterial FnBP holds promise for alleviating the adverse effects of super-infection.