bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fine-Tuning Fine-Tuning
Authors: Hawthorne John , Isaacs Yoaav
Published: March 2018

This chapter argues that the fine-tuning argument for the existence of God is a straightforwardly legitimate argument. The fine-tuning argument takes certain features of fundamental physics to confirm the existence of God because these features of fundamental physics are more likely given the existence of God than they are given the non-existence of God. And any such argument is straightforwardly legitimate, as such arguments follow a canonically legitimate form of empirical argumentation. The chapter explores various objections to the fine-tuning argument: that it requires an ill-defined notion of small changes in the laws of physics, that it over-generalizes, that it requires implausible presuppositions about divine intentions, and that it is debunked by anthropic reasoning. In each case it finds either that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is inessential to it or that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is not actually objectionable.
Know-How and Acts of Faith
Authors: Sliwa Paulina
Published: March 2018

The topic of this chapter is the nature of faith. When we have faith, we perform acts of faith: we share our secrets, rely on other’s judgment, refrain from going through our partner’s emails, and so on. Religious faith is also manifested in acts of faith: attending worship, singing the liturgy, fasting, embarking on a pilgrimage. Drawing on an analogy in moral philosophy between morally admirable actions and the nature of virtue, the chapter argues that examining what makes a given action an act of faith can tell us about the nature of faith: faith is a complex mental state whose elements go beyond doxastic states towards particular propositions. It also involves conative states and, perhaps more surprisingly, know-how. This has consequences for the epistemology of faith: the role of testimony and experts, the importance of practices, and what we should make of Pascal’s advice for how to acquire faith.
Phenomenal Conservatism and Religious Experience
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: March 2018

Phenomenal conservativism in epistemology is a view which endorses the principle of credulity: namely, the principle that every belief with which a person finds himself is a justified belief (one which the believer is justified in having) in the absence of any evidence that the belief is false (which might take the form of evidence that the belief has been produced by an unreliable process). This chapter investigates the senses of ‘belief’, ‘justified’, and ‘evidence’ on which this doctrine is true, and the senses in which it is false. It concentrates in particular on the many different senses in which a belief can be said to be ‘justified’ or ‘rational’; and it applies these results to religious claims concerning religious experience.
On Small War
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

Carl von Clausewitz is best known as the paradigmatic thinker of major interstate war. However, as this book demonstrates, Clausewitz developed his theory of war on the basis of his analysis of small war. He lived at a ‘watershed’ moment during which the early modern tradition of partisan warfare morphed into the modern practice of people’s war. Both his lectures on small war and his 1812 confession memorandum are evidence that Clausewitz was a keen analyst of both forms of small war. He integrated his insights in small war and people’s war in particular systematically into his magnum opus, On War. According to Clausewitz, the nationalization of war that had resulted from the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars had irrevocably introduced the option of defensive people’s war into the European strategic context. While people’s war always bore the risk of descending into political upheaval and revolutionary movements, it could also act as a custodian of the balance of power in early nineteenth-century Europe. The book reconstructs Clausewitz’s intellectual development against the backdrop of his contemporary political, philosophical, and cultural context. Understanding Clausewitz’s engagement with German Idealism and Romanticism is vital in order to reconstruct his thought on the role of reason and emotions in war, on military genius, and on the political foundations of war in general and people’s war in particular. However, a contextual interpretation of Clausewitz’s thought also forces us to reconsider to what extent this thought is applicable to strategic problems in the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

During his early years, Clausewitz spent a large amount of time and effort on analysing small wars. Yet his legacy as a thinker of small war has been neglected by the mainstream traditions of Clausewitz scholarship in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The narrow interpretation of Clausewitz as a paradigmatic thinker of major interstate war was largely a result of a lack of engagement with Clausewitz’s historical intellectual context. The introduction gives an overview of both the mainstream Clausewitz reception and Clausewitz’s contemporary context. Finally, it discusses methodological perspectives that allow us to analyse Clausewitz’s engagement with his context, that stretch beyond the crude concept of ‘influence’.
From Premature Semantics to Mature Interaction Programming
Authors: Cairns Paul , Thimbleby Harold
Published: March 2018

As HCI has progressed as a discipline, perhaps just as time has passed, the engineering work of programming has become increasingly separated from the HCI, the core user interface design work. At the same time, the sophistication of digital devices, across multiple dimensions, has grown exponentially. The result is that HCI and User Experience (UX) professionals and programmers now work in very different worlds. This separation causes problems for users: the UX is attractive but the program is unreliable, or the program is reliable but unattractive or unhelpful to use, correctly implementing the wrong thing. In this chapter, we dig down from this high-level view to get to what we identify as a new sort of fundamental problem, one we call premature semantics. Premature semantics must be recognised and understood by name by UX and HCI practitioners and addressed by programmers.
Inheritance and Luck
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter reviews and criticizes varieties of the luck egalitarian conception of justice. It begins with the ‘naïve’ distinction between choice and circumstance, on which inequalities are permissible insofar as they depend on the former rather than the latter. The bulk of the chapter discusses more sophisticated versions of luck egalitarianism, which either supplement the naïve view with some countervailing principle (e.g. by appeal to personal prerogatives) or by constraining its scope (e.g. by focusing on the mediating effects of institutions). Later parts of the chapter evaluate other contemporary oppositions to inherited wealth grounded in interpretations of reciprocity and a concern about the role of inheritance in enabling freeriding. The chapter ends with a discussion of Ronald Dworkin’s views, which bear a formal resemblance to the position defended in the following two chapters.
Taxation
Authors: Halliday Daniel
Published: March 2018

This chapter makes a limited attempt to grapple with certain philosophical questions about the design of an inheritance tax. These begin with the standard worry about tax avoidance (chiefly through a substitution effect whereby tax incentives switch from bequests to inter vivos gifts) and its connection with the distinction between taxing estates and taxing receipts. The chapter then moves on to the often ignored question of what to say about the place of charitable bequests as a means to reduce the overall tax liability of an estate, followed by a discussion of wealth taxes and hypothecation (dedicating the revenues from an inheritance tax to certain sorts of policy expenditure). The chapter ends with a few remarks about how the book’s proposals have some potential to raise consciousness in light of typical political rhetoric about inherited wealth.
Introduction
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

Tobie Matthew (c.1544–1628) lived through the most turbulent times of the English Church. Born during the reign of Henry VIII, he saw Edward VI introduce Protestantism, and then watched as Mary I violently reversed her brother’s changes. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, Matthew rejected his family’s Catholicism to join the fledgling Protestant regime. Over the next sixty years, he helped build a Protestant Church in England under Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I. Rising through the ranks of the Church, he was Archbishop of York in the charged decades leading up to the British Civil Wars. Here was a man who played a pivotal role in the religious politics of Tudor and Stuart England, and nurtured a powerful strain of Puritanism at the heart of the established Church....
Selling the Jacobean Regime
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

Matthew was first to introduce James I to his new English subjects, and this chapter examines how those early months set the tone for James’s rule. Matthew presented him as the legitimate ruler, sidestepping the thorny issue of Mary Stuart’s execution (for which Matthew had eagerly pushed). The borders were at heart of James’s plan for an Anglo-Scottish union, which explains why Matthew spun the regime’s response to key moments in the early years: debates about the union, the Hampton Court Conference, and the aftermath of the Gunpowder Plot. Matthew’s Puritanism and occasional criticism of James I and his consort, Anne of Denmark. meant that he sometimes came into conflict with the regime.
A Reader in His Library
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

How, why, and where Matthew read his books is the focus of this chapter, developing recent work on reader reception. Matthew’s reading furniture, his annotations, and marginal comments all illustrate how he used his books and what impact they had on his sermons, political actions, and thought. The chapter examines how he read different types of books, including Church history and anti-Catholic polemics, and explores Matthew’s patterns of reading—alone and with others—as well as his annotations. This chapter shows that other readers used Matthew’s annotations to guide their own reading, and the results can be seen in several works produced by clerics patronized by Matthew. The chapter argues that Matthew’s reading was rarely a solitary experience but engaged with a wide body of literature, and that the effects of that reading were felt in the wider community.
‘Countenancer of Ministers’
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines how Matthew secured the broad-based conformity of most Puritans in the northern province, redirecting their energies against the much more urgent enemy—Catholics. Only Separatists, some of whom would leave for life in America, were alienated. This chapter shows that Matthew was flexible about what constituted conformity and did his best to protect Puritan nonconformists. It also explores attempts to identify a ‘moderate’ position in Stuart ecclesiastical politics and Matthew’s alternative vision of episcopacy. This chapter also illustrates how Matthew’s support encouraged Puritan communities to flourish, while his government of the Church persuaded many nonconforming Protestants to come back to the Church of England. The chapter concludes by exploring how the godly networks that developed during this period under Matthew’s protection would later be the basis of sustained and organized opposition to the established Church
Conclusion
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

In 1580, Tobie Matthew was chosen to present a petition to Elizabeth I on behalf of convocation, asking her to restore Archbishop Grindal after the queen forced him into retirement when Grindal attacked her attempts to limit preaching exercises. Matthew was an obvious choice to make the appeal to Elizabeth. As well as supporting the Grindalian vision of the Church, Matthew was known as an assertive if sometimes aggressive counsellor of the queen. Matthew urged Elizabeth to reinstate the archbishop, telling her that ‘sovereigns come closest to God when they lay aside their grudges’. Matthew also promised full cooperation with the queen in the future, telling her that ‘if your Majesty should do this, or rather ...
Global Economic and Social Governance and the United Nations System
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers the objectives of transnational economic and social governance and the system designed, initially in 1945, to advance these objectives. Despite evolving over seven decades in response to growing global economic interconnectedness and the need for expanded management capabilities, the system for global economic and social governance, anchored within the United Nations, falls woefully short in promoting a vision and practical policies for achieving “just security,” as introduced in this volume. The chapter proposes a remedy for the inadequacies in the present system by tackling head-on issues of effectiveness, representativeness, and legitimacy, including through the creation of a new Global Economic Coordination Council (that, over time, absorbs the current functions and mandate of the G20) and specific UN Economic and Social Council reforms.
What is liturgy?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

The nature of liturgy is explained in this chapter by first analyzing the nature of an enactment of some liturgy. The main argument is that liturgical enactments are a species of scripted activity, resembling, in that respect, games, musical performances, dramatic performances, and the like. Associated with every liturgy is a set of prescriptions for the correct enactment of that liturgy; Call that the script for that liturgy. The liturgy itself is then that sequence of act-types that is enacted when the prescriptions associated with that liturgy are faithfully followed. A liturgy is thus a universal: it can be enacted at many times and in many places. More specifically: liturgies are for being directly engaged with God in acts that can be loosely characterized as acts of worship.
Introduction
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

How is workplace consent created in authoritarian countries that limit participation rights, not only in the political sphere, but also in the workplace? Although authoritarian countries make up a large proportion of the states in existence today, there are few comparative studies of work in authoritarian societies. This introduction presents the study’s main questions and research design as well as the theories, methods, and data used in the analysis. It introduces the concept of consent and discusses the particularities of consent generation in authoritarian societies and workplaces. It compares Russia and China as the world’s two biggest authoritarian countries and reviews their similarities—mainly their shared post-communist past—and differences regarding labor regulation and socioeconomic development.
Incentive Systems
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines incentive systems in automotive plants in Russia and China. The point of departure here is the distinction between job-based systems, where the associated tasks are determined as precisely as possible for each job, and person-based systems, which assign tasks not to certain jobs but to certain competence or performance levels. While job-based systems are more typical for Russia, person-based systems prevail in China. The chapter then turns to variable compensation elements and performance reviews and examines how supervisors deal with performance appraisals. It reveals considerable differences between Russian and Chinese sites. The most notable difference concerns the use of performance appraisals. The Russian plants are characterized by a punishment culture that undermines the motivational effects of the incentive systems.
Overture for Ants
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

This book addresses Nobel Laureate Frank Wilczek’s challenge that “ascending from the ant’s-eye view to the God’s-eye view of physical reality is the most profound challenge for fundamental physics in the next 100 years”, by contesting the dynamical universe paradigm in its entirety. Most of the book is devoted to showing that given the adynamical block universe approach called Relational Blockworld, the current impasse of theoretical physics and philosophy/foundations of physics can be resolved, including the mystery of time as experienced and how that experience relates to the physical universe. This chapter sets the scene for the rest of the work, including defining its audience and sketching how each can read the work successfully. It describes the division of each chapter into three parts: a main thread, a thread devoted to the philosophy of physics, and a thread devoted to foundational physics.
Conscious Experience and the Block Universe
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

Chapter 7 discusses the “argument from time as experienced,” which is alleged to be the most damning argument against the block universe. It shows that as typically presented the argument from experience is easily refuted. It then argues that all the “A-series” alternatives are, at the very least, no better off than the block universe at accounting for time as experienced. It further argues that the standard defense of the block universe in terms of the “argument from the equivalence of experience” is a good one. However, the proponent of the block universe, having eliminated the competitors, still has to explain time as experienced. Here it is argued that the standard moves, such as invoking some physical arrow of time or mental representations/neural mechanisms, fail. Indeed, it is argued that the block universe posit makes it doubly impossible to resolve the generation/hard problem of conscious experience, including time as experienced.
Introduction
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Mythographies were books that collected, explained, and interpreted myth-related material. Extremely popular during the Renaissance, these works appealed to a wide range of readers. While the European mythographies of the sixteenth century have been utilized by scholars, the short, early English mythographies, written from 1577 to 1647, have puzzled critics. The first generation of English mythographers did not, as has been suggested, try to compete with their Italian predecessors. Instead, they made mythographies into rhetorical instruments designed to intervene in topical debates outside the world of classical learning. Because English mythographers brought mythology to bear on a variety of contemporary issues, they unfold a lively and historically well-defined picture of the roles myth was made to play in early modern England. Exploring these mythographies can contribute to previous insights into myth in the Renaissance offered by studies of iconography, literary history, allegory, and myth theory.
Gods Save the King
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

In Alexander Ross’s Mel Heliconium (1642) and Pansebeia (1653), the ancient gods and the stories surrounding them are the product of the greatly successful civil theology of the Roman Empire. Ross’s first mythography was written to intervene, on the royalist and Laudian side, in the political and religious conflicts of the Civil Wars. In such times, the virtuous Romans and their use of religion could provide a positive example for governing England. Ross’s portrayal of Roman religion dissociates it from the disreputable beginnings of paganism and emphasizes its monotheism, rationality, moral superiority, and charity. In their undisputed political wisdom, ideal princes of the Roman Empire championed religion because they knew that this would stabilize their reign and keep people in order through the fear of God. Ross’s mythographical work attempts to re-create the ancient function of the fables, by using them to restore the people’s fear of God and king.
Conclusion
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Although they did not set out explicitly to theorize myth, the mythographers in this study formulated particular concepts of myth. These concepts were developed ad hoc, rather than as part of a sustained dialogue on the question, ‘What is myth?’, and as such they can be considered ‘proto-theories’ of myth. While drawing on continental sources, the English mythographies form their own, distinct phase in the genre’s history. This phase ends in the middle of the seventeenth century. The second mythography by Alexander Ross, Mystagogus Poeticus, is identified as the transitional work. It is the first English mythography written explicitly as a reference work for use in schools. Other characteristics of the genre in the second half of the seventeenth century are exemplified by the mythographies by Nicholas Billingsley and Robert Whitcombe, as well as in the English translations of mythographies by Pierre Gautruche and François Pomey.
Figurative Readings
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter sets out the tradition of interpreting the Old Testament wars figuratively, tracing it from Origen’s seminal third-century contributions via Prudentius, John Cassian, Gregory the Great and Isidore of Seville to the Glossa ordinaria and the preaching of Berthold of Regensburg. While the figurative reading of Old Testament warfare and annihilation texts predates the sustained moral criticism made of these texts from the second century onward, Origen makes extensive use of figurative readings in his response to critics such as Marcion, various gnostics, and Celsus. Origen’s identification of the Canaanites with the vices becomes widespread. On this reading, herem stands for a war of extermination against sin. Influential Christian authors repeat this identification so frequently that by the eighth century it is commonly accepted. The pervasiveness of this reading in the Glossa ordinaria suggests that in the Middle Ages it was perhaps the ‘standard’ reading among learned Christians.
Trinity
Authors: Vigdor Steven E.
Published: March 2018

Chapter 3 explains evidence for three generations of quarks and leptons, as needed to provide natural means for standard model CP violation. It describes the cross-generational mixing of quarks and of neutrinos of different flavor, and the matrices that characterize the mixing. CP violation from quark mixing is well measured but insufficient to explain the universe’s matter–antimatter imbalance, while CP violation in neutrino mixing is the subject of ongoing searches. Discoveries revealing and quantifying flavor oscillations among neutrinos from the sun and the atmosphere are reviewed. In describing attempts to understand the lightness and nature of neutrinos—whether they are Majorana neutrinos that are their own antiparticles—the chapter introduces the concept of chirality and searches for neutrinoless double beta decay. It also notes the strong CP problem, wherein nature maintains CP symmetry in interactions among the three quark colors even though quantum chromodynamics allows for sizable violations.
Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control
Authors: Bosworth Mary , Parmar Alpa , Vázquez Yolanda
Published: March 2018

In the introductory chapter the editors discuss why a volume that brings together race, migration, and criminal justice, in a way that speaks to issues of belonging, is both timely and necessary. In highlighting the gaps in various disciplinary literatures including the sociology of migration, criminology, and immigration law, this collection of essays discusses explicitly how concerns about race and ethnicity animate many of the state and popular responses to the growing numbers of migrants across the world. Race and the meaning of race in relation to citizenship and belonging is excavated through the chapters presented in the book, and the book as a whole thereby transforming the way we think about migration and the construction of boundaries and borders.
Refugee Law in Crisis
Authors: Bruce-Jones Eddie
Published: March 2018

This chapter aims to critically interrogate foundational aspects of refugee law from a decolonial perspective. Considered within the context of contemporary debates on counterterrorism and border control in the United Kingdom, it argues that the way we conceptualize violence within the broader project of refugee protection underpins our complicity in the global ordering of violence and suffering. The chapter aims to reveal this dynamic and to propose teaching and conceptualizing of refugee law in a way that frames state violence more broadly than the ‘persecution’ detailed in the Refugee Convention. This approach seeks to ensure that the violence facing the refugee is not seen through the lenses of exceptionalism and crisis that govern refugee law, but rather within the broader frameworks of criminalization and the racial and economic structures of colonialism.
Atoms, Mechanics, and Probability
Authors: Darrigol Olivier
Published: March 2018

One of the pillars of modern science, statistical mechanics, owes much to one man, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). As a result of his unusual working and writing styles, his enormous contribution remains little read and poorly understood. The purpose of this book is to make the Boltzmann corpus more accessible to physicists, philosophers, and historians, and so give it new life. The means are introductory biographical and historical materials, detailed and lucid summaries of every relevant publication, and a final chapter of critical synthesis. Special attention is given to Boltzmann’s theoretical tool-box and to his patient construction of lofty formal systems, even before their full conceptual import could be known. This constructive tendency largely accounts for his lengthy style, for the abundance of new constructions, for the relative vagueness of their object, and for the puzzlement of commentators. This book will help the reader cross the stylistic barrier and see how ingeniously Boltzmann combined atoms, mechanics, and probability to invent new bridges between the micro- and macro-worlds.
Dryden and Enthusiasm
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

For John Dryden, enthusiasm was a crucial form of literary authority. It allowed writers to speak of supernatural or divine things. It signalled the intense emotions of an audience or reader that allowed them to share the writer’s visionary transport. Enthusiasm also carried disturbing political and religious registers. Referring to mistaken claims of divine inspiration, it was associated with the religious sects of the Civil Wars and Interregnum. In Dryden’s work, it characterizes religious dissenters whom he regarded as inheritors to the ideas of those mid-century radicals. For Dryden, enthusiasm was at a literary ideal and a threat to the stability of the state. Dryden and Enthusiasm is the first book-length account of the paradoxical place of enthusiasm in the work of one of the major writers of the seventeenth century. It charts the interaction of the different manifestations of enthusiasm throughout Dryden’s literary criticism, poetry, and drama, and against the changing religious and political contexts of Restoration England. Countering a view of Dryden as a poet of order and reason, the book argues that he was an enthusiastic writer who believed that imaginative literature could break into unearthly realms. Examining the surprising proximity of Dryden’s rhetoric of enthusiasm to that which he denigrated in his religious and political opponents, the book reimagines the interaction of literary practice and ideological allegiance in the aftermath of the Civil Wars.
Introduction
Authors: West John
Published: March 2018

The introduction outlines how enthusiasm has been neglected in Dryden criticism. There is a persistent view of Dryden as an ‘Augustan’ or ‘neo-classical’ writer preoccupied by reason and order in art and politics. The introduction situates the book in a critical counter-tradition that sees him as more interested in instability, disorder, and the otherworldly. Yet the critics who have seen Dryden in this way are often uninterested in the implications such literary characteristics have on our understanding of Dryden as a political writer. Ideas of what constitutes royalist, republican, or Whig poetics have not adequately considered what happens when a supposedly conservative writer like Dryden theorizes or practices a style more commonly linked with contemporaries of opposed political and religious views. The introduction sets out what enthusiasm meant to Dryden and the ways he navigated the dangerous connotations of divine inspiration in the Restoration.
The Microeconomics of Product Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

The prime objective of this book is the use microeconomic analysis to guide and provide insight into the generation and adoption of new products. Taking an approach that uses minimal formal mathematics, the volume initially addresses questions of definitions, sources, and extent of product innovation, differentiating between goods and services; hard and soft innovations; horizontal and vertical innovations; original, new to market, and new to firm innovations. The sources of product innovations (e.g. R&D, design, and creativity) are explored empirically, and the extent of such innovations is then pursued using survey and other data. Three chapters are devoted to the theoretical analysis of the demand for and supply of new products and to the determination of firms’ decisions to undertake product innovation. Later chapters encompass empirical evidence on the determination of the extent of product innovation, the diffusion of such innovation, the impact of product innovation on firm performance, price measurement, and welfare, while the final chapter addresses policy issues.
Sources of New Products
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter discusses the main sources of product innovations, thus encompassing R&D, design activity, creativity, imports, foreign direct investment, and the emulation of others. Although there is no neat statistical breakdown of the relative importance of the various sources, R&D is not the sole source of new products. It will be especially important in some industries; but in others—such as the creative industries—design and creativity may be more relevant. For any individual economy, many product innovations may originate from or be supplied from outside the national economy. Emulation is also a major source of innovative new products, and the chapter discusses how emulation may be limited by formal and informal means of protecting intellectual property.
Product Innovation and the Policy Dimension
Authors: Stoneman Paul , Bartoloni Eleonora , Baussola Maurizio
Published: March 2018

This chapter offers three rationales as to why governments intervene in the product innovation process: the principle ‘more is better’; international comparisons; and market failure. Policy instruments are discussed in the light of earlier findings that firms that are innovative in one dimension tend to be innovative in others. The constraints to innovation (also touched upon in earlier chapters), institutional intellectual property rights and the optimality of their respective lives are discussed. A number of policies are then explored, with some consideration of potential attempts to transfer activities from competing economies and the potential to generate international disputes and reactions. Some policies may operate on the demand side, stimulating the use of product innovation in the domestic economy regardless of wherefrom they come. In these discussions design and creative activities as well as R&D are considered, as are innovations that are aesthetic and not just functional.
The Dream of an Unmappable Nation
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

The Faerie Queene frequently meditates on how representing space—imagistically or narratively—involves distortion. This chapter proposes that allegory as an expressive mode allows the poem to interrogate the workings of mapping and poetry in particular, and of representation more broadly. Noting that some of the poem’s most vexing encounters with allegory’s limits come at moments in which the representation of space is at stake, the chapter considers several moments in the poem (e.g. Book V’s Giant with the Scales) when cartographic anxiety reveals a tension between the map’s and poem’s literary and literal ambitions. If mapping depends on an enabling metaphoricity that conceals its artifice, then allegory, which trumpets its metaphoricity to problematize its artifice, emerges as the poetic mode best able to supply an alternative model for how the literal and the literary interact in the making of poetry.
Conclusion
Authors: Barrett Chris
Published: March 2018

While Chapters 1–3 examine early modern texts that take the work of spatial representation as an opportunity to consider the labor, dangers, and possibilities of representation, the Conclusion (which takes its title from remarks by Richard Hakluyt in describing how as a child he became fascinated by maps) considers three contemporary objects: a mug, a Mapparium, and recent revisions to the famous boot-shaped silhouette of Louisiana. Each of these objects represents a global or regional area in some novel way: foregrounding their artifice in order to exploit the same cartographic anxieties of representation articulated in works by Spenser, Drayton, and Milton, these objects suggest that the contemporary moment’s efforts to reimagine the space of the world in rhetorically affecting if overtly non-mimetic ways reflects the triumph of an early modern poetics of anxiety, a poetics that might be generative still, in the Anthropocene.
Coalitional Presidentialism in Cross-Regional Perspective
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the three regions—sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Former Soviet Union—and the nine countries—Armenia, Benin, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Kenya, Malawi, Russia, and Ukraine—that provide the empirical material for the book. It introduces the two criteria used for case selection: 1) democratic competitiveness; 2) de jure and de facto constitutional provisions that empower presidents to be coalitional formateurs. It also introduces a variable that measures the salience of cross-party cooperation: the Index of Coalitional Necessity. Finally, it sketches the political landscape that has shaped the dynamics of coalitional presidentialism within each region, and it draws attention to important contextual differences between the nine country cases.
Budgetary Authority and Coalition Management
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers how presidents use their budget powers and the allocation of targeted discretionary spending to manage their coalitions. It considers the costs of budget tool deployment (in terms of time, controversy, and economic resources), and the factors that affect these costs: system-level factors (government transparency, federalism, personal-vote elections), coalition-level factors (coalition size, fragmentation, and heterogeneity), and conjunctural factors (economic crises and energy prices). It explores these factors with cases of budget tool deployment in Ukraine, Ecuador, and Russia. The Ecuadorean and Russian cases illustrate the divergent effects of resource dependence on the cost of budget tool dependence. Finally, it uses data from MP surveys to show the high value that legislators attribute to budget tools, and to illustrate how the composition of coalitions affects the costs that presidents are likely to face.
The Exchange of Favours and Coalition Management
Authors: Chaisty Paul , Cheeseman Nic , Power Timothy J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines the role of informal tools in coalition management. Informal tools are understood as the ‘exchange of favours’: access to electoral resources, favourable state treatment of allies’ business interests, the conferral of lucrative or influential positions outside of the legislature and the cabinet, and, in some cases, illicit forms of exchange. It discusses the costs associated with these tools (financial, political, personal, public), and the factors that exacerbate or mitigate these costs: system-level factors (rule of law and personal-vote electoral systems), coalition-level factors (coalition size and congruence with the cabinet coalition), and conjunctural factors (proximity to the next election). The ways in which presidents deploy this tool are illustrated with detailed examples from Ecuador, Armenia, and Kenya. Finally, data from surveys of MPs are analysed to illustrate the relative costs of deploying the exchange of favours under different country conditions.
Treaties between EU Member States as Quasi-Instruments of EU Law
Authors: Witte Bruno De , Martinelli Thibault
Published: March 2018

This chapter deals with legal instruments that formally speaking are not EU legal acts, but whose function is so intimately linked to the EU legal order that they can be called ‘quasi-instruments of EU law’. These are treaties concluded between all of the EU Member States (complementary agreements) or between only a selected number of them (partial agreements), in close connection with the operation of the European Union. Such international ‘side agreements’ have lately become rather prominent and controversial, particularly in the context of the euro crisis. The chapter discusses the variety of reasons for the adoption of those instruments, as well as the questions of legitimacy and compatibility with EU law which they raise.
From 1970 to 1990
Authors: Gillespie Alexander
Published: March 2018

The idea of sustainable development as a three-way relationship with the environment, the economy, and social considerations all occupying different points of the triangle emerged between 1970 and 1990. The synthesis occurred as the economic situation of the developed world slowed, and the developing world collapsed. This collapse gave the push for a fundamental rethink on matters of free trade, debt, aid, and transnational corporations. At the same time, a host of new problems emerged, from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl through to the shrinking ozone layer over Antarctica. Despite these very bleak events, the international community began to rally and started to create a new generation of laws and policies, which for the first time in decades started to make progress in confronting the difficulties at hand.
Where the Millennials Will Take Us
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

In this book Barbara J. Risman uses her gender structure theory to tackle the question about whether today’s young people, Millennials, are pushing forward the gender revolution or backing away from it. In the first part of the book, Risman revises her theoretical argument to differentiate more clearly between culture and material aspects of each level of gender as a social structure. She then uses previous research to explain that today’s young people spend years in a new life stage where they are emerging as adults. The new research presented here offers a typology of how today’s young people wrestle with gender during the years of emerging adulthood. How do they experience gender at the individual level? What are the expectations they face because of their sex? What are their ideological beliefs and organizational constraints based on their gender category? Risman suggests there is great variety within this generation. She identifies four strategies used by young people: true believers in gender difference, innovators who want to push boundaries in feminist directions, straddlers who are simply confused, and rebels who sometimes identify as genderqueer and reject gender categories all together. The final chapter offers a utopian vision that would ease the struggles of all these groups, a fourth wave of feminism that rejects the gender structure itself. Risman envisions a world where the sex ascribed at birth matters has few consequences beyond reproduction.
Introduction
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter is an introduction and presents an overview of the book. Risman identifies her standpoint as a second-wave white feminist sociologist who has studied gender since throughout the 20th century women’s movement so that the reader knows the context from which she writes. Each chapter is briefly outlined. The second chapter offers a theoretical revision of Risman’s gender structure theory. The third chapter is introduced as a review of what we know about the developmental stage of emerging adulthood. The next several chapters offer a typology of how Millennials wrestle with the gender structure. The chapters are about true believers, straddlers, innovators, and rebels. The final chapter offers a utopian vision for moving forward.
The True Believers
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This is the first data chapter. In this chapter, respondents who are described as true believers in the gender structure, and essentialist gender differences are introduced and their interviews analyzed. They are true believers because, at the macro level, they believe in a gender ideology where women and men should be different and accept rules and requirements that enforce gender differentiation and even sex segregation in social life. In addition, at the interactional level, these Millennials report having been shaped by their parent’s traditional expectations and they similarly feel justified to impose gendered expectations on those in their own social networks. At the individual level, they have internalized masculinity or femininity, and embody it in how they present themselves to the world. They try hard to “do gender” traditionally.
The Straddlers
Authors: Risman Barbara J.
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyzes respondents called straddlers because they straddle the gender structure. They try to meet gender expectations because they fear the consequences but don’t necessarily believe in gender inequality. A few are transgender Millennials, straddling the gender structure by rejecting the sex category assigned at birth and so rejecting essentialist notions of material bodies but not necessarily stereotypes themselves. All the straddlers give contradictory answers from one question to another. The chapter begins at the interactional level of the gender structure because one of the few commonalities these respondents share is their concern with gender expectations others hold for them around masculinity and femininity. Sometimes they work hard to conform, and sometimes not. But this concern for the expectations and confusion as to what expectations currently exist is a hallmark of this group.
Big Deal
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

Bob Fosse’s work continues to be the most recognizable of the great choreographers of Broadway’s post–World War II golden age. This book offers deep analysis of Fosse’s development as a choreographer, including the various dance influences he absorbed as a young performer. It examines key Fosse dances and contextualizes them across his career. It looks at how he influenced changes in the musical theater, particularly as a director, and how early mentors George Abbott and Jerome Robbins shaped his theatrical outlook. It compares his work to that of peers like Robbins, Gower Champion, Michael Bennett, and others. The book also examines his choreography for film and looks at how his film experiences influenced his stage work. It also considers the impact of his three marriages—all to dancers—on his career. Finally, the book investigates how Fosse’s evolution as both artist and individual mirrored the social and political climate of his era and allowed him to comfortably ride a wave of cultural changes.
An Anecdotic Revue
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes Pippin, the first of Bob Fosse’s two book musicals from the 1970s (Chicago being the second). Both shows engaged with cultural and social currents and were constructed around self-conscious, quasi-Brechtian staging concepts that emphasized their show business frameworks. Pippin was his most deliberately theatrical and nonrealistic show yet. This loose, revue-like look at the life of the son of Charlemagne in eighth-century France was set in a permanent limbo, told by an anachronistic troupe of players. It sported a contemporary edge as it followed the quest of the idealistic, hippyish Pippin to “find himself,” confronting themes resonant with the youthful counterculture: questioning war and religion, rebellion against parental authority, and sexual experimentation. Fosse’s push for complete control of his projects led to clashes with composer and lyricist Stephen Schwartz over the show’s tone and message. Fosse prevailed, infusing Pippin with a dark, cynical quality and giving it a decidedly ambivalent ending.
Dancin’ Solo
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on Fosse’s show Dancin’, an evening of numbers performed to preexisting music from a variety of composers. Having dismissed all collaborators and untethered to a narrative, Fosse was free to create dances around his favorite music, which included classical, swing, rock, and pop. Dancin’ had moments of startling eroticism, and his ability to sculpt stage pictures with bodies, space, and light remained unmatched. But there were also cringeworthy attempts at comedy and moments of maudlin sentimentality. By now, Fosse’s choreographic style had shifted from traditional musical comedy with touches of antic vaudeville to a more lyrical, self-serious approach that he could not always support. A sameness crept into much of his work, with similar steps, patterns, and groupings carried over from one show or film to another. Choreographing for character seemed no longer important, and all his dancers appeared to be performing the role of Bob Fosse.
Conclusion
Authors: Cook Nicholas
Published: March 2018

The idea of creativity achieved its highest profile around the turn of the millennium, and yet—or because of this—a striking number of people working in the field have reservations about the word (though they rarely agree on what, if anything, should be put in its place). As we have seen, Pamela Burnard sees ‘creativity’ as an empty, outmoded term, corrupted by association with obsolete myths: we should instead talk about ‘creativities’. For Peter ...
The Doctor–Patient Relationship
Authors: Boudreau J. Donald , Cassell Eric J. , Fuks Abraham
Published: March 2018

The centrality of the doctor–patient relationship in medicine is highlighted. Its inalterable central feature is the complementarity of one who needs healing with the other whose function is to heal. Various taxonomies and models that have been proposed to describe this relationship are presented. It is suggested that the basis of the clinical relationship can be understood by considering the conceptual differences between a contract and a covenant. The point is made that there is no universally accepted gold standard for an ideal doctor–patient relationship; the relationship should accommodate differing personal values and beliefs. The nature of attentive listening, and its crucial role in establishing and maintaining a relationship, is discussed.