Pregnancy and Postpartum Drug Overdose Deaths in the US Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Han Beth , Compton Wilson M. , Einstein Emily B. , Elder Emerald , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: November 2023

Importance

Knowledge about characteristics of US pregnancy-associated decedents is needed to guide responses.

Objective

To examine individual sociodemographic characteristics and residing county’s health care resources and socioeconomic factors among pregnancy-associated overdose decedents in comparison with obstetric decedents and overdose decedents who were not pregnant in the past year.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional, exploratory study included 1457 pregnant and postpartum overdose decedents, 4796 obstetric decedents, and 11 205 nonpregnant overdose decedents aged 10 to 44 years from 2018 to 2021. Data were analyzed August 2023.

Exposures

Decedents from the 2018-2021 Multiple Cause of Death Files linked to the 2021 Area Health Resources Files and the 2018-2021 County Health Rankings data at the county level.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Pregnancy-associated deaths were defined as deaths during pregnancy or within 1 year of pregnancy termination. This study focused on unintentional drug overdoses or drug overdoses with undetermined intent involving the most common psychotropic drugs of misuse.

Results

From 2018 to 2021, across the pregnancy-postpartum continuum, pregnancy-associated overdose mortality ratios consistently increased among women aged 10 to 44 years. Mortality ratio more than tripled among pregnant and postpartum women aged 35 to 44 years from 4.9 (95% CI, 3.0-8.0) per 100 000 mothers aged 35 to 44 years with a live birth in January to June 2018 to 15.8 (95% CI, 12.3-20.4) in July to December 2021 (average semiannual percentage changes, 15.9; 95% CI, 8.7-23.6; P &amp;lt; .001). Compared with pregnant obstetric decedents, pregnant overdose decedents had increased odds of being aged 10 to 34 years (75.4% vs 59.5%; range of odds ratios [ORs], 1.8 [95% CI, 1.3-2.5] for ages 10 to 24 years to 2.2 [95% CI, 1.7-2.8] for ages 25 to 34 years), being non–college graduates (72.1% vs 59.4%; range of ORs, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.7-4.3] for those with some college education to 3.9 [95% CI, 2.4-6.1] for those with less than high school education), being unmarried (88.0% vs 62.1%; OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 3.7-6.0), and dying in nonhome, non–health care settings (25.9% vs 4.5%; OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.8-3.6) and were associated with decreased odds of dying in health care settings (34.7% vs 77.6%; range of ORs, 0.1 [95% CI, 0.1-0.1] for those who died in hospital inpatient settings to 0.4 [95% CI, 0.3-0.6] for those who died in hospital outpatient/emergency room settings).

Conclusions and Relevance

From 2018 to 2021, the mortality ratio more than tripled among pregnant and postpartum women aged 35 to 44 years, consistent with increases in overdose mortality across US populations. Most pregnancy-associated overdose deaths occurred outside health care settings, indicating the need for strengthening community outreach and maternal medical support. To reduce pregnancy-associated overdose mortality, evidence-based interventions are urgently needed at individual, health care, local, and national levels, along with nonpunitive approaches incentivizing pregnant and postpartum women to seek substance use disorder treatments.