bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Los ángeles de la Lonja de los Mercaderes de Valencia (1484 - ca. 1498). Un estudio de iconografía musical
Authors: Perpiñá García Candela
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: Although the historical and artistic significance of the Lonja (Guildhall) of the Merchants of Valencia is undeniable, up until now there has been no detailed study of the decoration of the vaults over the old Merchant’s Chapel and the Chamber of Trade. The vaults form a unitary visual program in which fifty-two angels are depicted praying, carrying various objects and playing a wide repertoire of musical instruments. This article analyzes the visualization of heavenly music in the Lonja through the iconographic subject of the musician angel. To this end, I have used an iconographic-iconological methodology to study these images, to which I have added observations on the organological aspects as a further source of information that must be kept keep in mind when interpreting the visual program, with the aim of illuminating its cultural significance. KEYWORDS: heavenly music, angels, musical iconography, Christian iconography, guilds, civic Gothic.   RESUMEN: Si bien la importancia histórico-artística de la Lonja de los Mercaderes de Valencia es indiscutible, hasta el momento no existe un estudio detallado de la decoración de las bóvedas que cubren la antigua Capilla de los Mercaderes y la Sala de la Contratación. Éstas conforman un programa visual unitario en el que pueden observarse 52 ángeles rezando, sosteniendo diversos objetos y tañendo un variado repertorio de instrumentos musicales. El presente artículo pretende analizar la visualización de la música celestial en la Lonja a través del tipo iconográfico del ángel músico. Para ello se ha empleado la metodología propia del análisis iconográfico-iconológico, añadiéndose la observación de los aspectos organológicos como otra fuente más de información a tener en cuenta en la interpretación del mencionado programa, con el objetivo de aproximarse a su significado cultural. PALABRAS CLAVES: música celestial, ángeles, iconografía musical, iconografía cristiana, gremios, gótico civil.
On the Origins of Spanish Hieroglyphs: Part One
Authors: Leal Pedro Germano
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: In this paper the Spanish reception of hieroglyphs, and its outcome, is presented as an important aspect of the process of transmission of hieroglyphs in Early-Modern Europe. This change of perspective is important because it gives a general context for the phenomenon in Spain, clarifies its ties with the rest of the continent through the process of diffusion and –perhaps more relevantly– highlights the distinct characteristics that hieroglyphs assumed in Spain as response to a different mentality, culminating with the creation of what the author regards as «classic Spanish hieroglyphs». KEYWORDS: Hieroglyph, Emblem, Diffusion, Genre.  RESUMEN: En este trabajo, dividido en dos partes, la recepción española de los jeroglíficos y sus desenlaces se presentan con un aspecto importante del proceso de transmisión de los jeroglíficos en Europa. Este cambio de perspectiva es importante porque da un marco general para el fenómeno en España, aclara sus vínculos con el resto del continente a través del proceso de difusión de ideas y –quizás lo más relevante– pone de relieve las características distintivas que los jeroglíficos lograron en España como un reflejo de su adaptación a una mentalidad diferente, que culminó con la creación de lo que el autor se refiere como «jeroglíficos clásicos españoles». PALABRAS CLAVES: Jeroglífico, Emblema, Difusión, Género.
Los icones de varones ilustres: un género emblemático
Authors: Zafra Molina Rafael
Published: February 2015

ABSTRACT: In this study I analyze a group of books structured around a variant of the classical emblem based upon an illustrious personage, in which a portrait serves as the pictura and the name constitutes the motto. My purpose is to introduce what I consider to be a subgenre of emblematic literature and highlight some of its major works. I hope to spur interest in the further study of this subgenre, and thus move towards a more suitable conceptualization of the emblem for the purpose of its scientific analysis. KEYWORDS: icons, illustrious men, portrait, emblem theory  RESUMEN: En este artículo se analiza un grupo de libros estructurados con una variante del emblema clásico construida en torno a un personaje ilustre, en el que un retrato hace las veces de pictura y el nombre constituye el lema. El propósito del autor es hacer una primera aproximación a lo que considera un subgénero de la literatura emblemática,  y destacar algunas de sus principales obras, con la intención de despertar el interés en su estudio, y con ello avanzar hacia una conceptualización del emblema más apta para el análisis científico. PALABRAS CLAVES: icones, varones ilustres, retrato, teoría del emblema
EFEITO DO ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE EUCALIPTO SOBRE PENICILLIUM DIGITATUM Effect of eucalyptus essential oil on Penicillium digitatum
Authors: Piati Andréia , De Holanda Nozaki Márcia , Schneider Cristina Fernanda
Published: February 2015

Penicillium sp. é o agente causal dos bolores, considerado como a principal doença pós-colheita em citros,levando a perdas na qualidade e quantidade dos frutos comercializáveis. O presente trabalho teve por objetivoverificar a ação fungitóxica do óleo essencial de Eucalyptus globulus no controle, in vitro, de Penicilliumdigitatum. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cincorepetições, sendo: uso do óleo essencial de eucalipto nas concentrações de 1; 0,5; 0,25; 0,1; 0,05 e 0,025%adicionados ao meio de cultura BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar), testemunha negativa (meio BDA com adição de40 mg i.a./L do fungicida azoxystrobin) e testemunha positiva (apenas BDA). O óleo essencial de eucaliptoinibiu o crescimento de forma significativa nas concentrações de 1, 0,5 e 0,25%, não diferindo estatisticamentedo controle com o fungicida azoxystrobin. Os tratamentos apresentaram o mesmo comportamentoem relação à produção de esporos. Já na germinação de esporos, as concentrações de 1 e 0,5% obtiveraminibição superior ao tratamento com azoxystrobin. Os resultados com as demais concentrações de óleo igualaram-se estatisticamente aos da testemunha positiva (BDA).
ÁCIDO INDOLBUTÍRICO NO ENRAIZAMENTO DE ESTACAS DE LOURO (LAURUS NOBILIS L.)
Authors: Do Amaral Wanderlei , Biasi Luiz Antonio , Machado Marília Pereira , Deschamps Cícero
Published: February 2015

O louro (Laurus nobilis L.) é uma espécie de importância econômica, suas folhas são utilizadas na culinária e na extração de óleo essencial. Nas condições do Brasil, a única forma de multiplicar a espécie é via propagação vegetativa, sendo a estaquia considerada uma técnica de grande potencial para utilização. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de L. nobilis. Estacas da região mediana dos ramos foram preparadas com 15 cm de comprimento, cortadas em bisel na base e reto logo acima da última gema axilar, mantendo-se um par de folhas reduzidas à metade. As bases das estacas foram imersas por um minuto em solução hidroalcoolica de AIB nas concentrações de 0, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1. As estacas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação com nebulização intermitente em que, após 98 dias do plantio, foram avaliadas as variáveis: porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, porcentagem de brotação, porcentagem de estacas mortas, número de raízes formadas por estaca, massa fresca e seca das raízes (g). Os melhores resultados de enraizamento foram obtidos com 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB.
PRECIPITAÇÃO MEDIDA COM PLUVIÔMETROS ALTERNATIVOS NA REGIÃO DE CURITIBA (PR)	Precipitation measured with alternative rain gauges in the region of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
Authors: Moretti de Souza Jorge Luiz , Ferrari Schäfer Rossana , Schäfer Herbert , Jerszurk Daniela
Published: February 2015

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar as características funcionais e os valores de precipitação medidoscom oito modelos de pluviômetros alternativos em relação aos valores medidos com um pluviômetrotipo Ville de Paris (padrão), visando à obtenção de um pluviômetro funcional de baixo custo. O experimentofoi realizado no Campus do Setor de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), emCuritiba (PR), entre julho de 2008 e janeiro de 2009. As medidas de precipitação diária foram analisadasestatisticamente considerando coeficientes de correlação linear (R), desvio por intervalo de classe de precipitaçãoe índices de concordância e confiança. Verificou-se que o pluviômetro constituído de uma garrafaPET de água mineral de 1,5 L contendo um funil interno feito a partir de outra garrafa de mesma marca evolume mostrou-se mais adequado para realizar medidas de precipitação na falta de um pluviômetro padrão(Ville de Paris).
PESQUISA DE OPINIÃO EM FEIRAS LIVRES SOBRE A IRRIGAÇÃO EM PRODUTOS AGRÍCOLAS COM ÁGUA RESIDUÁRIA Opinion survey in open markets about irrigation in agricultural products using wastewater
Authors: Moretti de Souza Jorge Luiz , Valdeni Trentin Clodoveu , Bastos Ribeiro Camila , Gurski Bruno César
Published: February 2015

Em face do crescimento populacional das capitais brasileiras e da intensificação do processo produtivo, ouso das águas residuárias tem sido apontado como inevitável, havendo assim a necessidade do desenvolvimentode novas tecnologias para o seu uso na produção de alimentos, a qual se destaca por fazer maioruso consuntivo. O presente trabalho avaliou a opinião e aceitação dos consumidores quanto ao uso de águasresiduárias tratadas para irrigação de frutas, hortaliças, grãos e raízes, e também quantificou sua aversão aoconsumo desses produtos agrícolas. Um questionário contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas foi elaboradoe, no processo de amostragem (a = 5%), 310 pessoas foram entrevistadas em treze feiras livres da cidade deCuritiba. Considerando o teste binomial a 5% de probabilidade, verificou-se que a maioria das pessoas entrevistadasnas feiras livres é favorável ao uso do esgoto tratado na agricultura, indicando que comprariame consumiriam produtos agrícolas irrigados com águas residuárias. O aspecto sanitário e a falta de informaçãoforam os maiores motivos apresentados pelos entrevistados para não consumir produtos agrícolasirrigados com águas residuárias.
MANEJO ALTERNATIVO DO OÍDIO NA CULTURA DO PEPINO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO	Alternative management of powdery mildew in cucumber under protected cultivation
Authors: Leoni Belan Leônidas , Pereira Amilton José , Vieira de Oliveira Márcio José , Silveira Gomes Barbosa Dimmy Herllen , Cintra de Jesus Junior Waldir , Ramos Alves Fábio
Published: February 2015

O manejo do oídio na cultura do pepino é realizado basicamente por aplicação de agroquímicos. O uso indiscriminadodesses produtos pode provocar fitotoxidez, surgimento de populações resistentes do patógeno, alémda contaminação do agroecossistema e dos alimentos. O presente estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação,seguindo delineamento inteiramente casualizado com onze tratamentos e cinco repetições. Avaliou-se a eficiênciade tratamentos, convencionais e alternativos, para o manejo do oídio na cultura do pepino, bem comoo potencial fitotóxico, o efeito dos mesmos sobre as características de crescimento e o potencial produtivo dacultura. Exceto o extrato alcoólico de própolis, todos os demais tratamentos testados reduziram a severidadedo oídio em relação à água destilada; no entanto, os tratamentos tebuconazole, oxicloreto de cobre, enxofreinorgânico, fosfito de cobre, extrato à base de óleo de nim, acibenzolar-S-metil, silicato de potássio, urina devaca e leite in natura foram eficientes no controle da doença. Nas condições experimentais, o fungicida tebuconazoleprovocou fitotoxidez nas plantas de pepino. Os tratamentos fosfito de cobre, urina de vaca, leite in natura,acibenzolar-S-metil e oxicloreto de cobre proporcionaram maior produção de frutos pelas plantas. Excetonos tratamentos com tebuconazole e com enxofre inorgânico, não houve sintomas de toxidez nas plantas.
COMPORTAMENTO DE LEGUMINOSAS ANUAIS UTILIZADAS COMO ADUBOS VERDES NA REGIÃO SEMIÁRIDA MINEIRA	Behavior of annual legumes used as green manure in the semi-arid region of Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Dutra Massad Marília , Reis Dutra Tiago , Costa de Oliveira Jéssica , Quintino Sarmento Mateus Felipe
Published: February 2015

Devido à grande degradação física e química dos solos da região semiárida mineira é cada vez mais necessáriaa adoção de práticas conservacionistas. A técnica de adubação verde, realizada por meio do uso de espéciesleguminosas, apresenta-se como uma prática alternativa visando restaurar a capacidade produtiva dos solosda região. Diante do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o comportamento de algumas espéciesleguminosas anuais, nas condições edafoclimáticas de Salinas (MG), gerando tecnologias que possibilitemampliar o uso da adubação verde na região do semiárido mineiro. O trabalho foi realizado na FazendaFurados, em Salinas (MG), no período de março a junho de 2011, sendo conduzido sob delineamento de blocosao acaso, com quatro repetições, e tendo os tratamentos correspondentes às espécies estudadas: crotaláriajuncea (Crotalaria juncea), crotalária espectabilis (Crotalaria spectabilis), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrina), mucuna-cinza (Mucuna cinereum) e pousio (vegetação espontânea).Os parâmetros avaliados foram a taxa de cobertura do solo, retenção de umidade e conservação da temperaturado solo, capacidade de supressão sobre a vegetação espontânea, deposição de fitomassa senescente e aprodução de fitomassa seca total da parte aérea. As espécies feijão-de-porco, mucuna-cinza e mucuna-pretaapresentaram resultados de grande importância para o manejo conservacionista do solo através das maioresproduções de fitomassa seca, capacidade de recobrimento e retenção de umidade, redução da temperatura,além de proporcionarem maior inibição do desenvolvimento de plantas espontâneas, e dessa maneira sãoindicadas para a realização da prática de adubação verde nas condições edafoclimáticas de estudo.
IMPLICAÇÕES SOCIOAMBIENTAIS DOS SISTEMAS AGROFLORESTAIS EM UNIDADES PRODUTIVAS NA REGIÃO DO VALE DO GUAPORÉ MATO-GROSSENSE Social and environmental implications of agroforestry systems in production units in Guaporé mato-grossense Valley, Brazil
Authors: De Lima George Luiz , De Azevedo Patrícia Helena , Corrêa Barros Fabiana De Fátima , De Souza Bílio Reinaldo , Sousa Garcia Samantha
Published: February 2015

Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) são uma das propostas do Centro de Tecnologia Alternativa (CTA) paraconter a expansão da pecuária extensiva na região do Vale do Guaporé mato-grossense, caracterizada pelabaixa produtividade e grande impacto ambiental. Esse centro é uma associação formada por agricultorese técnicos da região que, desde sua fundação, em 1992, vem criando e difundindo tecnologias alternativaspara a agricultura familiar, segundo a visão da agroecologia, visando diminuir os problemas ambientaiscausados pelos atuais sistemas de produção praticados na região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar asimplicações sociais e ambientais dos SAFs nas unidades produtivas estudadas. As técnicas empregadas nesteestudo foram: entrevistas abertas, conversas informais, diário de campo e observação participativa. Osagricultores mostraram-se conscientes a respeito da importância da conservação do meio ambiente e verificarammelhorias no ambiente, aumento da renda e da oferta de alimentos com a implantação dos SAFs.
Desempenho e comportamento ingestivo de novilhos holandeses terminados em confinamento com probiótico
Authors: Neumann Mikael , Ueno Robson Kyoshi , Leão Guilherme Fernando Mattos , Mendes Esther Devantier , Carletto Rodolfo , Sandini Itacir Eloi
Published: February 2015

A indústria de nutrição animal constantemente insere no mercado produtos que visam melhorar o desempenhoanimal. Dentre eles, as cepas de leveduras têm grande representatividade, tornando-se necessária averificação de sua eficácia. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho alimentar, comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidadeaparente da matéria seca de novilhos da raça holandesa, em fase de terminação em confinamentocom probiótico. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições, utilizando24 novilhos, com a inclusão ou não do probiótico contendo leveduras secas vivas Saccharomyces cerevisiaecepa KA500 (2x1010 UFC.g-1). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis testadas.O ganho de peso médio diário atingiu valor médio de 1,285 kg-1.animal-1.dia-1, enquanto que o consumo dematéria seca apresentou valor médio de 7,54 kg-1.animal-1.dia-1. O valor médio da conversão alimentar foi de6,06 kg de matéria seca por kg de peso ganho, e o consumo médio por cada 100 kg de peso vivo foi de 2,32.Para as variáveis relacionadas ao comportamento ingestivo, como tempo de ruminação, tempo em ócio,tempo de alimentação e tempo de ingestão de água, obtiveram-se tempos médios de 6,80; 13,97; 3,07 e 0,17horas.dia-1, respectivamente. O uso do probiótico não exerceu diferença significativa para o desempenho alimentar, comportamento ingestivo e digestibilidade aparente da dieta de novilhos da raça holandesa emconfinamento.
Prevalence and correlates of HIV among men who have sex with men in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Pitpitan Eileen V , Goodman‐Meza David , Burgos Jose Luis , Abramovitz Daniela , Chavarin Claudia V , Torres Karla , Strathdee Steffanie A , Patterson Thomas L
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in developing countries such as Mexico have received relatively little research attention. In Tijuana, Mexico, a border city experiencing a dynamic HIV epidemic, data on MSM are over a decade old. Our aims were to estimate the prevalence and examine correlates of HIV infection among MSM in this city.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 191 MSM recruited through respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) in 2012. Biological males over the age of 18 who resided in Tijuana and reported sex with a male in the past year were included. Participants underwent interviewer‐administered surveys and rapid tests for HIV and syphilis with confirmation.

Results

A total of 33 MSM tested positive for HIV, yielding an RDS‐adjusted estimated 20% prevalence. Of those who tested positive, 89% were previously unaware of their HIV status. An estimated 36% (95% CI: 26.4–46.5) had been tested for HIV in the past year, and 30% (95% CI: 19.0–40.0) were estimated to have ever used methamphetamine. Independent correlates of being infected with HIV were methamphetamine use (odds ratio [OR]=2.24, p=0.045, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.92) and active syphilis infection (OR=4.33, p=0.01, 95% CI: 1.42, 13.19).

Conclusions

Our data indicate that MSM are a key sub‐population in Tijuana at higher risk for HIV. Tijuana would also appear to have the highest proportion among upper‐middle‐income countries of HIV‐positive MSM who are unknowingly infected. More HIV prevention research on MSM is urgently needed in Tijuana.
Anisotropic core ion temperatures associated with strong zonal flows and upflows
Authors: Archer W. E. , Knudsen D. J. , Burchill J. K. , Patrick M. R. , St.‐Maurice J. P.
Published: February 2015

The Swarm satellites observe strongly anisotropic ion temperatures at 500 km altitude. The ion temperature anisotropy ratios going up to 5 for the strongest electric fields presented in this paper. The largest observed anisotropy ratios exceed the values predicted by theories of collisional heating in strong flows by a factor of 2, indicating that collisional cross sections should perhaps be revised for O+ ion colliding with O. Temperature anisotropy is also found not to be a simple function of electric field strength. This could be understood in terms a time delay needed to advect hot anisotropic ion velocity distributions from strongly collisional regions below 400 km to weakly collisional regions at 500 km and above. The mirror force associated with these events is insufficient to account for the observed upward flows (>500 m/s). For gyroresonant heating to be consistent with our observations, an additional mechanism for field‐aligned acceleration is required.
A semianalytical ocean color inversion algorithm with explicit water column depth and substrate reflectance parameterization
Authors: McKinna Lachlan I. W. , Fearns Peter R. C. , Weeks Scarla J. , Werdell P. Jeremy , Reichstetter Martina , Franz Bryan A. , Shea Donald M. , Feldman Gene C.
Published: February 2015

A semianalytical ocean color inversion algorithm was developed for improving retrievals of inherent optical properties (IOPs) in optically shallow waters. In clear, geometrically shallow waters, light reflected off the seafloor can contribute to the water‐leaving radiance signal. This can have a confounding effect on ocean color algorithms developed for optically deep waters, leading to an overestimation of IOPs. The algorithm described here, the Shallow Water Inversion Model (SWIM), uses pre‐existing knowledge of bathymetry and benthic substrate brightness to account for optically shallow effects. SWIM was incorporated into the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group's L2GEN code and tested in waters of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua time series (2002–2013). SWIM‐derived values of the total non‐water absorption coefficient at 443 nm, at(443), the particulate backscattering coefficient at 443 nm, bbp(443), and the diffuse attenuation coefficient at 488 nm, Kd(488), were compared with values derived using the Generalized Inherent Optical Properties algorithm (GIOP) and the Quasi‐Analytical Algorithm (QAA). The results indicated that in clear, optically shallow waters SWIM‐derived values of at(443), bbp(443), and Kd(443) were realistically lower than values derived using GIOP and QAA, in agreement with radiative transfer modeling. This signified that the benthic reflectance correction was performing as expected. However, in more optically complex waters, SWIM had difficulty converging to a solution, a likely consequence of internal IOP parameterizations. Whilst a comprehensive study of the SWIM algorithm's behavior was conducted, further work is needed to validate the algorithm using in situ data.
Suspending a solid sphere in laminar inertial liquid flow—experiments and simulations
Authors: Mo Junyuan , Gao Zhengming , Bao Yuyun , Li Zhipeng , Derksen J. J.
Published: February 2015

The critical conditions for the suspension of single, spherical solid particles by a liquid flow in a square container driven by a rotating disk have been determined. In the experiments, the motion of the sphere has been visualized quantitatively. The conditions are such that the flow in the container is laminar (Reynolds numbers based on the rotating disk characteristics are in the range 10–40). The Archimedes numbers of the spheres are of order 1. The suspension process has also been numerically simulated with full resolution of the liquid flow, including the flow around the sphere, and the translational and rotational motion of the sphere. The simulations recover the critical conditions to within 3% in terms of the rotational speed of the disk. Also the sphere's trajectory in the container is reproduced well by the simulations. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 61: 1455–1469, 2015
Congenital aural atresia associated with agenesis of internal carotid artery in a girl with a FOXI3 deletion
Authors: Tassano Elisa , Jagannathan Vidhya , Drögemüller Cord , Leoni Massimiliano , Hytönen Marjo K. , Severino Mariasavina , Gimelli Stefania , Cuoco Cristina , Di Rocco Maja , Sanio Kirsi , Groves Andrew K. , Leeb Tosso , Gimelli Giorgio
Published: February 2015

We report on the molecular characterization of a microdeletion of approximately 2.5 Mb at 2p11.2 in a female baby with left congenital aural atresia, microtia, and ipsilateral internal carotid artery agenesis. The deletion was characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization, array comparative genomic hybridization, and whole genome re‐sequencing. Among the genes present in the deleted region, we focused our attention on the FOXI3 gene. Foxi3 is a member of the Foxi class of Forkhead transcription factors. In mouse, chicken and zebrafish Foxi3 homologues are expressed in the ectoderm and endoderm giving rise to elements of the jaw as well as external, middle and inner ear. Homozygous Foxi3‐/‐ mice have recently been generated and show a complete absence of the inner, middle, and external ears as well as severe defects in the jaw and palate. Recently, a 7‐bp duplication within exon 1 of FOXI3 that produces a frameshift and a premature stop codon was found in hairless dogs. Mild malformations of the outer auditory canal (closed ear canal) and ear lobe have also been noted in a fraction of FOXI3 heterozygote Peruvian hairless dogs. Based on the phenotypes of Foxi3 mutant animals, we propose that FOXI3 may be responsible for the phenotypic features of our patient. Further characterization of the genomic region and the analysis of similar patients may help to demonstrate this point. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Duplications in ADHD patients harbour neurobehavioural genes that are co‐expressed with genes associated with hyperactivity in the mouse
Authors: Taylor Avigail , Steinberg Julia , Webber Caleb
Published: February 2015

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood onset disorder, prevalent in 5.3% of children and 1–4% of adults. ADHD is highly heritable, with a burden of large (>500 Kb) copy number variants (CNVs) identified among individuals with ADHD. However, how such CNVs exert their effects is poorly understood. We examined the genes affected by 71 large, rare, and predominantly inherited CNVs identified among 902 individuals with ADHD. We applied both mouse‐knockout functional enrichment analyses, exploiting behavioral phenotypes arising from the determined disruption of 1:1 mouse orthologues, and human brain‐specific spatio‐temporal expression data to uncover molecular pathways common among genes contributing to enriched phenotypes. Twenty‐two percent of genes duplicated in individuals with ADHD that had mouse phenotypic information were associated with abnormal learning/memory/conditioning (“l/m/c”) phenotypes. Although not observed in a second ADHD‐cohort, we identified a similar enrichment among genes duplicated by eight de novo CNVs present in eight individuals with Hyperactivity and/or Short attention span (“Hyperactivity/SAS”, the ontologically‐derived phenotypic components of ADHD). In the brain, genes duplicated in patients with ADHD and Hyperactivity/SAS and whose orthologues’ disruption yields l/m/c phenotypes in mouse (“candidate‐genes”), were co‐expressed with one another and with genes whose orthologues’ mouse models exhibit hyperactivity. Moreover, genes associated with hyperactivity in the mouse were significantly more co‐expressed with ADHD candidate‐genes than with similarly identified genes from individuals with intellectual disability. Our findings support an etiology for ADHD distinct from intellectual disability, and mechanistically related to genes associated with hyperactivity phenotypes in other mammalian species. © 2015 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haplotype analysis of the 4p16.3 region in Portuguese families with Huntington's disease
Authors: Ramos Eliana Marisa , Gillis Tammy , Mysore Jayalakshmi S. , Lee Jong‐Min , Gögele Martin , D'Elia Yuri , Pichler Irene , Sequeiros Jorge , Pramstaller Peter P. , Gusella James F. , MacDonald Marcy E. , Alonso Isabel
Published: February 2015

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by involuntary choreic movements, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes, caused by the expansion of an unstable CAG repeat in HTT. We characterized the genetic diversity of the HD mutation by performing an extensive haplotype analysis of ∼1Mb region flanking HTT in over 300 HD families of Portuguese origin. We observed that haplotype A, marked by HTT delta2642, was enriched in HD chromosomes and carried the two largest expansions reported in the Portuguese population. However, the most frequent HD haplotype B carried one of the largest (+12 CAGs) expansions, which resulted in an allele class change to full penetrance. Despite having a normal CAG distribution skewed to the higher end of the range, these two core haplotypes had similar expanded CAG repeat sizes compared to the other major core haplotypes (C and D) and there was no statistical difference in transmitted repeat instability across haplotypes. We observed a diversity of HTT region haplotypes in both normal and expanded chromosomes, representative of more than one ancestral chromosome underlying HD in Portugal, where multiple independent events on distinct chromosome 4 haplotypes have given rise to expansion into the pathogenic range. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Neuropsychological profile of patients with 3‐Methylglutaconic aciduria type III, Costeff syndrome
Authors: Sofer S. , Schweiger A. , Blumkin L. , Yahalom G. , Anikster Y. , Lev D. , Ben‐Zeev B. , Lerman‐Sagie T. , Hassin‐Baer S.
Published: February 2015

Costeff syndrome is a rare genetic neuro‐ophthalmological syndrome consisting of early‐onset bilateral optic atrophy along with a progressive complex motor disorder with elevated levels of urinary 3‐methylglutaconic acid and 3‐methylglutaric acid. While borderline to mild cognitive deficits have been considered to be common in patients with this syndrome, a comprehensive cognitive assessment has never been performed. The aim of the current study was to explore the cognitive profile associated with Costeff syndrome. Sixteen adult patients diagnosed with Costeff syndrome were administered a neuropsychological test battery that was composed of standardized verbal tests adapted for the blind. General intelligence ranged from average to borderline, with a group mean consistent with intact general cognitive functioning (VIQmean = 85, z = −1) in the low‐average range of the general population. The auditory immediate and delayed memory indexes were in the average range and were significantly higher than the general cognitive functioning, whereas the working memory index was significantly lower than the general cognitive functioning. Adult patients with Costeff syndrome have intact global cognition and learning abilities and strong auditory memory performance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and Spectroscopic Characterization of Nonheme Iron(III) Hypochlorite Intermediates
Authors: Draksharapu Apparao , Angelone Davide , Quesne Matthew G. , Padamati Sandeep K. , Gómez Laura , Hage Ronald , Costas Miquel , Browne Wesley R. , de Visser Sam P.
Published: February 2015

FeIII–hypohalite complexes have been implicated in a wide range of important enzyme‐catalyzed halogenation reactions including the biosynthesis of natural products and antibiotics and post‐translational modification of proteins. The absence of spectroscopic data on such species precludes their identification. Herein, we report the generation and spectroscopic characterization of nonheme FeIII–hypohalite intermediates of possible relevance to iron halogenases. We show that FeIII‐OCl polypyridylamine complexes can be sufficiently stable at room temperature to be characterized by UV/Vis absorption, resonance Raman and EPR spectroscopies, and cryo‐ESIMS. DFT methods rationalize the pathways to the formation of the FeIII‐OCl, and ultimately FeIVO, species and provide indirect evidence for a short‐lived FeII‐OCl intermediate. The species observed and the pathways involved offer insight into and, importantly, a spectroscopic database for the investigation of iron halogenases.
Chelation‐Driven Rearrangement of Primary Alkyl Aminopalladation Products to Stable Trisubstituted Alkyl–Palladium Complexes
Authors: Rosewall Carolyn F. , Ingalls Erica L. , Kaminsky Werner , Michael Forrest E.
Published: February 2015

The formation of highly substituted carbon centers using catalysis has been a widely sought after goal, but complexes of highly substituted carbon atoms with transition metals are rare, and the factors that affect the relative stability of complexes with differentially substituted carbon atoms are poorly understood. In this study, a set of equilibrating alkyl–palladium complexes were subtly tuned to form either a primary or trisubstituted alkyl complex as the more thermodynamically favored state, depending on either the substrate or reaction conditions. An X‐ray crystal structure of the trisubstituted alkyl–palladium complex is presented and compared with the corresponding primary alkyl complex. The mechanism for rearrangement and the factors that drive the change in stability are discussed.
Enhancing Intersystem Crossing in Phenotiazinium Dyes by Intercalation into DNA
Authors: Nogueira Juan J. , Oppel Markus , González Leticia
Published: February 2015

Phenothiazinium dyes are used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Their mode of action is related to the generation of triplet excited states by intersystem crossing. Therefore, rationalizing the factors that influence intersystem crossing is crucial to improve the efficacy of photodynamic therapy. Here we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations to investigate the effect of aqueous and nucleic acid environments on the intersystem crossing mechanism in methylene blue. We find that the mechanism by which the triplet states are generated depends strongly on the environment. While intersystem crossing in water is mediated exclusively by vibronic spin–orbit coupling, it is enhanced in DNA due to a second pathway driven by electronic spin–orbit coupling. Competing charge‐transfer processes, which are also possible in the presence of DNA, can therefore be suppressed by a suitable structural functionalization, thereby increasing the efficacy of photodynamic therapy.
Design of water and heat networks with single contaminant
Authors: Zhao Hui‐Peng , Chan Tie‐Chun , Liu Zhi‐Yong
Published: February 2015

This paper presents a new design method for water and heat networks with single contaminant. The water network is designed first based on the concentration and temperature of water‐using processes. Then, the thermal information of water streams in the water network can be used to design the corresponding heat network. The results of the illustrated examples show that the designs obtained in this work are comparable with those obtained in the literature with mathematical programming methods. The network structure obtained by using the proposed method is simple. Copyright © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticles based on β‐conglycinin and chitosan: Self‐assembly, characterization, and drug delivery
Authors: Liu Yong , Liang Jieyi , Wei Shoulian , Liu Ling , Liao Miaochan
Published: February 2015

The purpose of this study was to fabricate and evaluate nanoparticles based on β‐conglycinin (7S) and chitosan (CS) to deliver 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The nanoparticles were prepared with a self‐assembly method. Turbidity measurements performed at 600 nm were used to investigate the formation of the nanoparticles as a function of the pH, 7S‐to‐CS mass ratio, and total concentration of 7S and CS. The optimum conditions for the preparation of the nanoparticles were a pH of 5.5, a 7S‐to‐CS mass ratio of 4 : 1, and total concentration of 7S and CS of 9 mg/mL. Under these conditions, the nanoparticles in solution had a high turbidity and good stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the nanoparticles were formed mainly through electrostatic interactions between the amine groups (NH3+) of CS and the carboxyl groups (COO−) of 7S. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs and dynamic light scattering analysis showed that the nanoparticles had an approximately spherical morphology with a smooth surface, and the mean particle size was about 120 nm with a narrow size distribution. The release of 5‐FU showed an initial burst release followed by a sustained release, and the release was pH‐dependent. The release mechanism of 5‐FU was Fickian diffusion according to the Ritger–Peppas model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41963.
Core–Shell Carbon‐Coated CuO Nanocomposites: A Highly Stable Electrode Material for Supercapacitors and Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wen Tao , Wu Xi‐Lin , Zhang Shouwei , Wang Xiangke , Xu An‐Wu
Published: February 2015

Herein we present a simple method for fabricating core–shell mesostructured CuO@C nanocomposites by utilizing humic acid (HA) as a biomass carbon source. The electrochemical performances of CuO@C nanocomposites were evaluated as an electrode material for supercapacitors and lithium‐ion batteries. CuO@C exhibits an excellent capacitance of 207.2 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 within a potential window of 0–0.46 V in 6 M KOH solution. Significantly, CuO electrode materials achieve remarkable capacitance retentions of approximately 205.8 F g−1 after 1000 cycles of charge/discharge testing. The CuO@C was further applied as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, and a high initial capacity of 1143.7 mA h g−1 was achieved at a current density of 0.1 C. This work provides a facile and general approach to synthesize carbon‐based materials for application in large‐scale energy‐storage systems.
Synthesis of C4C5 Cycloalkyl‐Fused and C6‐Modified Chromans via ortho‐Quinone Methides
Authors: Tangdenpaisal Kassrin , Chuayboonsong Kanokpish , Sukjarean Patchaya , Katesampao Varisa , Noiphrom Nok , Ruchirawat Somsak , Ploypradith Poonsakdi
Published: February 2015

Starting from 3,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde, some functionalized 2,3,4‐trisubstituted tricyclic 4,5‐cycloalkyl‐fused and 6‐modified chromans could be prepared via ortho‐quinone methides (o‐QMs)/hetero‐Diels–Alder (HDA) reactions of the appropriate precursors. The bromide at C6 served as a handle for introducing other substituents through palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions and other functional‐group transformations. Moderate to high yields (up to 80 %) and diastereoselectivities (up to >99:1) could be obtained under [PtCl4] catalysis. The preferred endo transition state during the cycloaddition reaction played an important role in governing the stereochemical outcomes at C2C3C4. The configurationally fixed E geometry of the bicyclic o‐QMs influenced the cycloaddition reactions to favor the C2C4 cis relationship.
Complexity analysis of spatial distribution of precipitation: an application to Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Mihailović Dragutin T. , Drešković Nusret , Mimić Gordan
Published: February 2015

We have used the Kolmogorov complexity (KC) and three suggested complexity measures to describe the complexity of spatial distribution of precipitation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, for the period 1960–1984. In particular, we have examined the monthly precipitation amount time series from 23 stations and then calculated the KC using the Lempel–Ziv Algorithm (LZA), Kolmogorov complexity spectrum (KCS), Kolmogorov complexity spectrum highest value (KCM) and overall Kolmogorov complexity (OKC) values for each time series. Our results indicate that the difference in complexity of spatial distribution of precipitation may be attributed to influence of Adriatic Sea, relief and Pannonian Basin.
Functional characterization of a melittin analog containing a non‐natural tryptophan analog
Authors: Ridgway Zachary , Picciano Angela L. , Gosavi Pallavi M. , Moroz Yurii S. , Angevine Christopher E. , Chavis Amy E. , Reiner Joseph E. , Korendovych Ivan V. , Caputo Gregory A.
Published: February 2015

Tryptophan (Trp) is a naturally occurring amino acid, which exhibits fluorescence emission properties that are dependent on the polarity of the local environment around the Trp side chain. However, this sensitivity also complicates interpretation of fluorescence emission data. A non‐natural analogue of tryptophan, β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine, exhibits fluorescence insensitive to local solvent polarity and does not impact the structure or characteristics of several peptides examined. In this study, we investigated the effect of replacing Trp with β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine in the well‐known bee‐venom peptide melittin. This peptide provides a model framework for investigating the impact of replacing Trp with β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine in a functional peptide system that undergoes significant shifts in Trp fluorescence emission upon binding to lipid bilayers. Microbiological methods including assessment of the antimicrobial activity by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays and bacterial membrane permeability assays indicated little difference between the Trp and the β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine‐substituted versions of melittin. Circular dichroism spectroscopy showed both that peptides adopted the expected α‐helical structures when bound to phospholipid bilayers and electrophysiological analysis indicated that both created membrane disruptions leading to significant conductance increases across model membranes. Both peptides exhibited a marked protection of the respective fluorophores when bound to bilayers indicating a similar membrane‐bound topology. As expected, while fluorescence quenching and CD indicate the peptides are stably bound to lipid vesicles, the peptide containing β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine exhibited no fluorescence emission shift upon binding while the natural Trp exhibited >10 nm shift in emission spectrum barycenter. Taken together, the β‐(1‐azulenyl)‐L‐alanine can serve as a solvent insensitive alternative to Trp that does not have significant impacts on structure or function of membrane interacting peptides. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 104: 384–394, 2015.
Frequency analyser: A new Android application for high precision frequency measurement
Authors: Gómez‐Tejedor José A. , Castro‐Palacio Juan C. , Monsoriu Juan A.
Published: February 2015

We present Frequency Analyser, an AndroidTM application for measuring the fundamental frequency of a sound wave with very high precision in a frequency range between 100 Hz and 11 kHz. The application allows exporting the data of frequency as a function of time to an ASCII file. Several examples of application to Physics and Engineering teaching experiments are presented. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:471–476, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21618
Studying the standard's requirements for elastomeric seismic isolators by virtual testing
Authors: Blostotsky Boris , Efraim Elia
Published: February 2015

Modern international standards to end products include a complex of requirements to parameters, materials, performance, and methods of control and acceptance. Development and implementation of standards in practice requires studying of them by a wide range of experts in areas of development of these products, manufacturing techniques, control and acceptance, as well as in areas of their final application. The new standard EH15129 “Antiseismic devices“ includes requirements to elastomeric isolators which are widely applied in seismic protection systems of bridges and other civil structures. Requirements to isolators are provided as results of tests in regimes closest to operational. In this paper we propose a method for studying the requirements of the standard by virtual testing of seismic isolators virtual models. At these virtual tests the time‐varying actions are reproduced according to the standards requirements (constant, ramp, triangular, and sinusoidal). Virtual models of isolators allow to realize their main properties that affect the test results, such as non‐linear elasticity, scragging, damping, creep, and elastic‐plastic behavior. For realization of the method, a Simulink environment of MatLab is adopted, allowing to reproduce virtual testing in the form closest to the real tests. The set of virtual models for tests has been created and presented in the form of virtual laboratory which includes library of models of isolators, library of loadings and library of measuring tools. An example of virtual standard tests of commercially available seismic elastomeric isolator is presented in the paper. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:556–566, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21626
A Unified Sensor Architecture for Isothermal Detection of Double‐Stranded DNA, Oligonucleotides, and Small Molecules
Authors: Brown Carl W. , Lakin Matthew R. , Fabry‐Wood Aurora , Horwitz Eli K. , Baker Nicholas A. , Stefanovic Darko , Graves Steven W.
Published: February 2015

Pathogen detection is an important problem in many areas of medicine and agriculture, which can involve genomic or transcriptomic signatures or small‐molecule metabolites. We report a unified, DNA‐based sensor architecture capable of isothermal detection of double‐stranded DNA targets, single‐stranded oligonucleotides, and small molecules. Each sensor contains independent target detection and reporter modules, enabling rapid design. We detected gene variants on plasmids by using a straightforward isothermal denaturation protocol. The sensors were highly specific, even with a randomized DNA background. We achieved a limit of detection of ∼15 pM for single‐stranded targets and ∼5 nM for targets on denatured plasmids. By incorporating a blocked aptamer sequence, we also detected small molecules using the same sensor architecture. This work provides a starting point for multiplexed detection of multi‐strain pathogens, and disease states caused by genetic variants (e.g., sickle cell anemia).
In Situ Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Study of Plasmon‐Driven Catalytic Reactions of 4‐Nitrothiophenol under a Controlled Atmosphere
Authors: Kang Leilei , Han Xijiang , Chu Jiayu , Xiong Jie , He Xiong , Wang Hsing‐Lin , Xu Ping
Published: February 2015

We demonstrate the plasmon‐driven catalytic reactions of 4‐nitrothiophenol (4NTP) on a single Ag microsphere by an in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The highly SERS‐active hierarchical Ag structures served as an ideal platform to study plasmon‐driven catalytic reactions. This single‐particle surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SP‐SERS) technique coupled with inbuilt apparatus allow us to study the impact of reaction atmospheres and laser power on the rate of dimerization and reduction of 4NTP. Contrary to that found in previous studies, 4NTP could be transformed into 4‐aminothiophenol under H2O or H2 atmosphere. The broadening and splitting of the ν(CC) band during the reaction results from the frequency shift of the ν(CC) band that arises from different products. Our results suggest that the SP‐SERS technique is ideally suited to study plasmon‐driven catalytic reactions because of the possibility to monitor the reaction under controlled atmospheres in real time.
Voltammetry of Layered Black Phosphorus: Electrochemistry of Multilayer Phosphorene
Authors: Wang Lu , Sofer Zdenek , Pumera Martin
Published: February 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by Pumera’s group at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Sofer’s group at UCT, Prague. The image shows the structure of black phosphorus on a backdrop of White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, USA. Find out what this unique design represents by reading the Communication at 10.1002/celc.201402363.