bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of major nutrients in five levels of an f medium on growth and proximal composition of Thalassiosira weissflogii
Authors: Peraza-Yee Mario Martin , Carranza-Díaz Otoniel , Bermudes-Lizárraga José Francisco , López-Peraza Diana Judith , Nieves-Soto Mario , Millán-Almaraz Martha Irene
Published: May 2022

This work aims to evaluate its effect on cell density, biomass, and proximal composition in semicontinuous cultures. Thalassiosira weissflogii was cultivated in five culture media, for which the f medium was taken as reference, and the concentrations of nitrates, phosphates, and silicates were modified up to a factor of four in five treatments (f/4, f/2, f, 2f, and 4f). Cell density and biomass increased as the initial nutrients rose in the treatments. Protein and lipids (mg L-1) in the biomass of T. weissflogii were higher in the 2f and 4f treatments for the three partial harvests. The lipid biomass in the cultures was higher than with proteins and carbohydrates for all treatments, with 2f and 4f being the most concentrated. The concentration of nitrates, phosphates, and silicates of the culture media, declined as the cell density increased in all cultures, decreasing more than 90% in phosphates and 94-98% for the silicates for the initial concentrations. At the cell level, the percentage of carbohydrates related to dry weight in T. weissflogii increased as the level of the f treatment decreased. Meanwhile, the protein fraction declined when the level of the f medium was either increased or decreased. The data reported in this study can be useful for producing T. weissflogii in a 30% semicontinuous system, obtaining more controlled biomass production per day with an estimated value of its proximal composition, based on the level of the f medium.
Dietary supplementation effect of three microalgae on Penaeus vannamei growth, biochemical composition, and resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (AHPND)
Authors: González-Meza Georgia Maria , Herrera-Castro Karla , Casillas-Hernández Ramón , Rentería-Mexía Ana , Gortáres-Moroyoqui Pablo , Gil-Núñez Juan C. , Ibarra-Gámez José , Ulloa-Mercado Gabriela
Published: May 2022

Microalgae are a promising solution in shrimp farming overexploitation. This study assessed the efficacy of microalgae as a food additive for Penaeus vannamei growth and their effect on immune system stimulation against Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Three diets were formulated with 0, 1, and 3% (DC, D1, and D3, respectively) of a mixture of three different microalga species, Tetraselmis suecica, Dunaliella salina, and Chaetoceros muelleri, and growth, survival, and post-harvest quality in shrimp culture were evaluated. Two bioassays were performed: a 60-day feeding trial and an immersion infection bioassay against V. parahaemolyticus. D1 was the best treatment and significantly different to DC (P ≤ 0.05), achieving a food conversion factor of 1.24 ± 0.11 and 1.85 ± 0.38; specific growth rate 1.58 ± 0.03% d-1 and 1.35 ± 0.11% d-1; and weight gain of 5.68 ± 0.32 g and 4.79 ± 0.33 g, respectively. Protein content in shrimp muscle was positively increased by microalgae inclusion, achieving 20.8 ± 0.2% (D1) to 21.7 ± 0.3% (D3), 19.2 ± 0.1% (DC). In the infection bioassay, D1 and D3 reached a 100% survival rate, and histological damage in the hepatopancreas was not observed, suggesting immune system stimulation. These results indicated that microalgae added to food are an excellent source of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and promoters of antimicrobial activity that allowed additional protection against mortality caused by V. parahaemolyticus.
De Novo assembly and annotation of the Pacific calico scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) transcriptome for immune-related gene discovery
Authors: Escamilla-Montes Ruth , Diarte-Plata Genaro , Mendoza-Maldonado Gabriela B. , Barraza Aarón , Angulo Carlos , Hossein Hoseinifar Seyed , Fierro-Coronado Jesús A. , Luna-González Antonio
Published: May 2022

Invertebrates' immune defense mechanisms play a critical role in pathogen recognition and elimination. De novo assembly and annotation of the Argopecten ventricosus transcriptome were performed for the immune-related gene identification. Scallops (height: 4.4 cm) were challenged with inactivated Vibrio parahaemolyticus IPNGS16. The RNA from different tissues was pooled for a single cDNA library construction sequenced by NextSeq 500 platform 2×75 paired‐end chemistry. Before de novo assembling with Trinity, reads were analyzed with FastQC, Trimmomatic, and Prinseq. Assembled sequences were analyzed by CD-HIT-EST and TransDecoder. The corresponding annotation was performed against NCBI-nr, RefSeq protein, and KAAS (KEGG) databases. The Trinity assembly yielded 107,516 contigs. TransDecoder yielded 25,285 sequences as CDSs of which, 16,123 were annotated against the NCBI-nr protein, most of them scored with Crassostrea gigas data. Gene ontology mapped sequences (15,262) were classified in molecular functions (~13,000), cellular components (~11,000), and biological processes (~13,000). The KAAS analysis showed biological categories for metabolism (13%), cellular processes (12%), genetic information processing (10%), organismal systems (19%), environmental information (13%), and human diseases (33 %). Within the organismal systems, 467 immune-related genes (KO) were identified. Sixty-four immune-related genes were annotated/blasted against the NCBI-nr and RefSeq protein databases. An RT-qPCR was performed to analyze the expression level of immune-related genes obtained in the transcriptome analysis in scallops (height 4.5 cm) treated with probiotic bacilli added to culture water. Bacilli significantly increased the expression of the HSP70 and PGRP genes. The gene transcripts analysis of A. ventricosus will better understand its immune response against pathogens in culture systems.
Effect of the water exchange rate in a recirculation aquaculture system on growth, glucose and cortisol levels in Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: De León-Ramírez Jesús Josafat , García-Trejo Juan Fernando , Felix-Cuencas Leticia , López-Tejeida Samuel , Sosa-Ferreyra Carlos Francisco , González-Orozco Alexa Ivanna
Published: May 2022

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), the water exchange rate influences the removal of waste compounds. However, the inappropriate exchange rate favors the presence of stress factors, causing alterations in the cultured organisms. Therefore, the aim was to determine the effect of the water exchange rate in the different productive stages (fingerling, juvenile, and adult) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Three exchange rates were used: rates of 1.2 (T1), 2.8 (T2), and 5.3 (T3) tank volume h-1. The following were established as response variables: growth rate (GR), survival rate (SR), feed conversion rate, protein efficiency, and condition factor. Likewise, cortisol and glucose concentrations were established as explanatory variables. The results suggest that in the fingerling stage, the T2 treatment contributes most to the productive performance (GR = 40.24 g and SR = 95%), keeping low levels of cortisol and glucose (6.76 ng mL-1 and 33.73 mg dL-1). In the juvenile stage, T3 treatment shows the best result both in productive performance (GR = 117.69 g and SR = 90%) and in cortisol and glucose concentrations (35.13 ng mL-1 and 70.67 mg dL-1). Finally, all treatments present cortisol and glucose levels above the normal range in the adult stage, T1, where the highest productive performance is presented (GR = 90.06 g and SR = 95%). The information leads us to consider the variation in the exchange rate in a RAS through the different stages of the Nile tilapia to maintain the favorable conditions that lead to the highest performance.
Association of M2 Macrophages, Th2, and B Cells With Pathomechanism in Microscopic Polyangiitis Complicated by Interstitial Lung Disease
Authors: Matsuda Shogo , Kotani Takuya , Kuwabara Hiroko , Suzuka Takayasu , Kiboshi Takao , Wada Yumiko , Ishida Takaaki , Fujiki Youhei , Shiba Hideyuki , Hata Kenichiro , Shoda Takeshi , Hirose Yoshinobu , Takeuchi Tohru
Published: May 2022

Objective

To address the pathomechanism of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) complicated by interstitial lung disease (ILD) using serum biomarker profile and pulmonary histopathology.

Methods

Serum biomarkers from patients with MPA-ILD (n = 32), MPA without ILD (n = 17), and healthy controls (n = 10) were examined. Based on the biomarker profiles, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were performed to classify patients with MPA-ILD into subgroups. Clinical characteristics and prognosis were assessed for each subgroup. Two lung biopsies were examined following H&E staining and immunostaining.

Results

T cell and macrophage polarization was skewed toward the T helper (Th) 2 cells and M2 macrophages in the MPA-ILD group relative to that in MPA without ILD group. The PCA allowed classification of the 19 biomarker profiles into 3 groups: (1) B cell– and neutrophil-related cytokines, vascular angiogenesis-related factors, extracellular matrix-producing factors; (2) Th1-driven cytokines, M1 macrophage-driven cytokines, and Th2-driven cytokines; and (3) M2 macrophage-induced and driven cytokines. The cluster analysis stratified the patients with MPA-ILD into clinically fibrotic-dominant (CFD) and clinically inflammatory-dominant (CID) groups. Notably, severe infections were significantly higher in the CFD group than in the CID group. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated intense CXC motif chemokine ligand 13 staining in B cells and Th2 cells in the interstitium of the lungs of patients with MPA-ILD.

Conclusion.

The activation of M2 macrophages, Th2 cells, and B cells plays a key role in the pathomechanism of MPA-ILD. Classification of MPA-ILD based on serum biomarker profile would be useful in predicting the disease activity and the complications of severe infection in MPA-ILD.
Impact des réseaux sociaux sur les supply chains : une interaction dynamique vue à travers le prisme de la proximité
Authors: Houé Thierry
Published: May 2022

La diversité des liens qui existent au sein des supply chains peut engendrer l’apparition d’une pluralité de réseaux tant au niveau organisationnel qu’individuel. Des réseaux multiformes sont susceptibles de coexister, d’interagir et d’impacter le fonctionnement des chaînes logistiques. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d’étudier des supply chains selon une approche micro-fondée menant à l’explication des relations interpersonnelles. Une analyse de réseaux d’individus via le concept polymorphe de proximité permet de répondre à la question de recherche suivante : comment différents réseaux sociaux influencent-ils des supply chains dans une logique d’interaction dynamique ? Un prestataire de services logistiques multi-clients et ses partenaires représentent le terrain d’investigation. Une étude qualitative s’appuyant sur une analyse des proximités décrit la dynamique des relations interpersonnelles et leur influence sur la chaîne logistique. Les résultats révèlent l’existence de deux réseaux sociaux typiques au sein des supply chains étudiées. Le réseau social ancré contribue à développer à la fois réactivité et agilité de la chaîne logistique. Le réseau social efficient impacte plutôt sa performance économique. L’organisation formelle de la supply chain affecte aussi le comportement des acteurs et leurs relations dans une sorte de jeu d’interaction dynamique. La chaîne logistique focalisée sur la réactivité et l’agilité donne plus d’autonomie aux actions individuelles d’acteurs adaptables tandis que celle recherchant davantage de performance en termes de coûts exige conformité et intégration des individus dans des relations structurées et codifiées. Cette dynamique donne dans le cas présent, la perception d’un co-renforcement des réseaux étudiés.
Market counterfactuals and the specification of multiproduct demand: A nonparametric approach
Authors: Compiani Giovanni
Published: May 2022

Demand estimates are essential for addressing a wide range of positive and normative questions in economics that are known to depend on the shape—and notably the curvature—of the true demand functions. The existing frontier approaches, while allowing flexible substitution patterns, typically require the researcher to commit to a parametric specification. An open question is whether these a priori restrictions are likely to significantly affect the results. To address this, I develop a nonparametric approach to estimation of demand for differentiated products, which I then apply to California supermarket data. While the approach subsumes workhorse models such as mixed logit, it allows consumer behaviors and preferences beyond standard discrete choice, including continuous choices, complementarities across goods, and consumer inattention. When considering a tax on one good, the nonparametric approach predicts a much lower pass‐through than a standard mixed logit model. However, when assessing the market power of a multiproduct firm relative to that of a single‐product firm, the models give similar results. I also illustrate how the nonparametric approach may be used to guide the choice among parametric specifications.
Strategic interactions in U.S. monetary and fiscal policies
Authors: Chen Xiaoshan , Leeper Eric M. , Leith Campbell
Published: May 2022

We estimate a model in which fiscal and monetary policy obey the targeting rules of distinct policy authorities, with potentially different objective functions. We find: (1) Time‐consistent policy fits U.S. time series at least as well as instrument‐rules‐based behavior; (2) American policies often do not conform to the conventional mix of conservative monetary policy and debt‐stabilizing fiscal policy, although economic agents expect fiscal policy to stabilize debt eventually; (3) Even after the Volcker disinflation, policies did not achieve that conventional mix, as fiscal policy did not begin to stabilize debt until the mid 1990s; (4) The high inflation of the 1970s could have been effectively mitigated by either a switch to a fiscal targeting rule or an increase in monetary policy conservatism; (5) If fiscal behavior follows its historic norm to eventually stabilize debt, current high debt levels produce only modest inflation; if confidence in those norms erodes, high debt may deliver substantially more inflation.
Why are open ascending auctions popular? The role of information aggregation and behavioral biases
Authors: Offerman Theo , Romagnoli Giorgia , Ziegler Andreas
Published: May 2022

The popularity of open ascending auctions is often attributed to the fact that openly observable bidding allows to aggregate dispersed information. Another reason behind the frequent utilization of open auction formats may be that they activate revenue enhancing biases. In an experiment, we compare three auctions that differ in how much information is revealed and in the potential activation of behavioral biases: (i) the ascending Vickrey auction, a closed format; and two open formats, (ii) the Japanese–English auction, and (iii) the Oral Outcry auction. Even though bidders react to information conveyed in others' bids, information aggregation fails in both open formats. In contrast, the Oral Outcry raises higher revenue than the other two formats by stimulating bidders to submit unprofitable jump bids and triggering a quasi‐endowment effect.
Wandering astray: Teenagers' choices of schooling and crime
Authors: Fu Chao , Grau Nicolás , Rivera Jorge
Published: May 2022

We build and estimate a dynamic model of teenagers' choices of schooling and crime, incorporating four factors that may contribute to the different paths taken by different teenagers: heterogeneous endowments, unequal opportunities, uncertainties about one's own ability, and contemporaneous shocks. We estimate the model using administrative panel data from Chile that link school records with juvenile criminal records. Counterfactual policy experiments suggest that, for teenagers with disadvantaged backgrounds, interventions that combine mild improvement in their schooling opportunities with free tuition (by adding 157 USD per teenager‐year to the existing high school voucher) would lead to an 11% decrease in the fraction of those ever arrested by age 18 and a 13% increase in the fraction of those consistently enrolled throughout primary and secondary education.
Digital-Based Assessments for Higher-Order and Critical Thinking Skills in Higher Education
Authors: Chakabwata William
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the use of digital assessments and the development of higher order thinking skills (HOTS). A number of theories such as surface and deep learning, constructive alignment, and Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy of learning objectives, among many others, are used to help elucidate the importance of digital assessments in teaching, learning and assessments. Artificial intelligence (AI) is seen as contributing to shaping the provision of digital assessments in higher education and also the development of HOTS. Although digital assessments are becoming ubiquitous, the practice of traditional assessments is proving to be resilient due to limited innovation on the part of the educators. Continuous professional development is perceived as the key to the use of digital assessments that help to promote critical thinking among students. Innovative practices such as the use of the e-portfolios can enhance the development of HOTS.
Digital-Based Formative Assessments in Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Mukazi Felix M.
Published: May 2022

Formative assessment is a planned procedure in which students' progress toward mastering learning targets is measured and educators' instruction and content are adjusted as a result of the assessment results. Sound feedback in real classroom situations requires provision of real-time feedback that is adaptive to individual students' needs while simultaneously providing feedback to all students. Thanks to technological advancements, it is now possible to provide quick and personalized feedback to individual students based on their performance in real time. Higher education institutions are increasingly employing such devices in the classroom to provide mass feedback to students. Using information and communication technology to supplement formative assessment can make it even more effective while also reducing the teacher's workload.
Simulations as Collaborative Learning Systems to Enhance Student Performance in Higher Education
Authors: Mukazi Felix M.
Published: May 2022

In today's changing and dynamic environment and economic conditions, educational programs must be re-oriented and modified, with learning progression focusing on improving knowledge and skills in accordance with market needs and wants. In the new millennium, the use of simulation systems (games, applications, and situations) has increased dramatically, enhancing the learner's ability to solve difficulties through collaboration. This collaborative learning has a substantial favourable impact not only on the student's academic achievement, but also on the psychological and social components of learning. Researchers believe that using a simulation system improves student collaboration and performance. Guided by the experiential theory and situated learning theory, simulation systems can improve student collaborative learning and learner performance. Therefore, educational systems should adopt simulation teaching techniques to fit current generation habits and strengthen students' learning abilities as well as improving performance in a risk-free environment.
Right to Correct Information in the Cyber World
Authors: Sinha Keshav , Paul Partha , Sinha Megha , Upadhyay Devesh K. , Kumari Roma
Published: May 2022

Every human life has interacted with technology and data in the information age. The big tech companies and institutions spend millions of dollars to extract information about human behavior and their requirement. Nowadays, every individual chooses the internet platform to gain knowledge. However, the problem with the internet is that fake data are present related to any topic, which creates chaotic manipulation in the human perspective. In this chapter, the authors focus on two relatively immediate problems: (1) how we get the correct information related to any topic and (2) how to track and distinguish the information based on the facts. A new framework has been proposed using the digital right management (DRM) to track and control the movement of internet data. The study has been conducted based on the society-centric viewpoint, the community perspective, and the technology outlook.
The Threat of Invasive Alien Marine Species to the Blue Economy
Authors: Yildirim Seda , Kaplan Merve
Published: May 2022

This study aims to explore how invasive alien marine species influence biodiversity and blue economy in the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, this study analyzes the impact of invasive alien marine species on seafood market and marine biodiversity by reviewing the current reports, news, and researches among the Mediterranean region. As a result, this study will determine key points for the rising population of invasive alien marine species in the Mediterranean Sea due to the risk level with alien species. The open access data obtained from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) will be used to give main indicators for Seafood Market in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, recent news and reports will be used to determine the effects of invasive alien marine species on countries from the Mediterranean region. With this study, it is thought to give a brief profile for the link between blue economy and invasive alien marine species in the Mediterranean Sea.
Blue Economy and Foreign Direct Investment to Maritime Nations
Authors: Sanni Moshood Abiola
Published: May 2022

The blue economy provides a unique opportunity to policymakers in Nigeria to diversify the economy by exploiting ocean resources to attract foreign direct investment and generate foreign exchange. The chapter adds to the existing body of knowledge by discussing the nexus between the blue economy and foreign direct investment (FDI). Three key issues were articulated in the chapter. First, the blue economy has the potential to provide an opportunity for Nigeria to develop and exploit the diverse ocean resources while protecting and conserving endangered marine resources. Secondly, the transition to a blue economy presents some challenges; hence, the policymakers need to develop ocean governance and policies for strengthening its realisation. LastlySecond, the blue economy enhances wealth creation and youth employment in different ocean-related industrial activities such as shipping, shipbuilding and repair, fisheries, ocean mining, sustainable energy development, biomedical, innovative industries shipbuilding, and repair and port services, amongst others.
The Blue Economy's Entrepreneurial Potential and Its Poverty Mitigative Powers in Nigeria
Authors: Raheem Shefiu
Published: May 2022

The chapter critically reviews the extant literature on the blue economy and advances a number of managerial and policy issues. First, the chapter argues that the blue economy is an evolving concept with varying definitions and perspectives based on stakeholders' visions and priorities. Second, despite different understandings, there exists a broad consensus that with diminishing land resources, there is greater pressure on ocean resources to feed the growing global population. Equally, there is also a compelling need for policymakers in marine nations to account for “eco-system services” and initiate sustainable policies for the healthy exploitation, usage, management, protection, and conservation of ocean and ocean resources. Finally, to diversify the economy of Nigeria, the chapter canvases the adoption of a new paradigm called the “blue economy” as an antidote for unpredictable and harsh implications of overdependence on oil. Future ocean-based productivity has been forecasted to exceed land-based production both in value and employment generation by 2030.
Sustainable Development Plan for Aging World Population
Authors: Panda Pradeep Kumar
Published: May 2022

The number of older persons has increased substantially in recent years in most countries and regions, and that growth is projected to accelerate in the coming decades. This is poised to become one of the most significant social transformations of the twenty-first century, with implications for nearly all sectors of society, including labor and financial markets, the demand for goods and services, such as housing, transportation, and social protection, as well as family structures and intergenerational ties. Preparing for the economic and social shifts associated with an aging population is thus essential to ensure progress in development, including towards the achievement of the goals outlined in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. There is urgent need to consider older persons in development planning, emphasizing that older persons should be able to participate in and benefit equitably from the fruits of development to advance their health and wellbeing, and that societies should provide enabling environments for them to do so.
The Aging Brain
Authors: Rajput Rashi , Kaur Ramneek , Chadha Rishika , Mani Shalini , Rachana R.  , Kaur Harleen , Singh Manisha
Published: May 2022

Neurodegeneration is the progressive and gradual dysfunction and loss of axons in the central nervous system. It is the main pathological characteristic of chronic and acute neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The usual aspects of pathogenesis of disease can be abridged with regards to the downstream implications of uncontrollable protein oligomerization and aggregation from postmitotic cells. The brain structure constantly changes in normal aging without any dysfunction accompanying the structural changes in brain. The decline in cognitive capabilities, for example, processing speed, memory, and functions related to decision making are the sign of healthy aging. The reduction in brain volume in healthy aging is possibly related to neuronal loss at some marginal extent. The following chapter discusses the structural and functional alterations in the brain in ageing and neurodegeneration.
Training Models for Formal Caregivers of Elderly Persons at Home
Authors: Nunes Lucília Mateus , Cerqueira Andreia Ferreri
Published: May 2022

The concern with the training models stems from our activity as teachers and researchers, recognizing the scenario of aging of the population, the need for policies and social and health responses, as well as the high relevance of training professionals to provide care for people in their homes and in the community. Thus, the authors organize the framework into topics that allow them to understand what underlies analysis and, of course, the proposals made at the end of the chapter. After presenting the national framework and a scooping review about what training models exist for professionals who provide care for the elderly at home, the authors discuss the findings and the lack of training models for professionals has become clear. So, supported by findings, they propose a training model, focusing in professional caregivers for elderly at home, and explore some trends related to technology support in the main objective of caring for and keeping the elderly persons in their homes, a kind of “caring-in-place” in a philosophy of aging-in-place.
Learning Performance of Teaching Practice of Friendly Senior Care Space Design
Authors: Lee Meng-Chieh Jeffrey , Chen Hsiao-Yu , Fang Yi-Ming , Wang Ling-Fang , Chen Chia-Yu
Published: May 2022

Taiwan is an aging society, but the appropriate designs must be considered in senior care spaces. Universal design knowledge has been addressed in universities, but students cannot imagine how age affects the needs of senior citizens physically and psychologically. The teaching practice in this study adopted a dyadic teaching method whereby students observed the needs of individuals in a nursing care center for elderly people. It also used cooperative learning methods for nursing students to discuss the needs of senior citizens and to help design students understand the lifestyles of senior citizens through the use of simulation devices. Through the feedback from the learning process, statistical analysis was used to assess the learning performance of students. The design studio used these two teaching methods, and the respective work was entered into an open design competition to verify whether teaching performance was successful. Approximately 70% of the works earned design awards. This provided a preliminary validation of the success of the respective teaching practice method.
Free Radicals in Oxidative Stress, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Biney Robert Peter , Mpofana Thabisile , Kasanga Ella Anle
Published: May 2022

Free radicals are intricately woven into the fabric of oxidative stress and are significant in the development of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). This chapter examines free radicals in the context of neurodegeneration and provides overview of the multiple roles they play in the pathophysiology and clinical progression of varying NDs including Pick's disease (PiD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), prion diseases (PrD), traumatic brain injury, and aging. The molecular mechanisms of degeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) are also examined with respect to free radicals. Different antioxidant systems and their mechanisms of action are briefly reviewed in addition to the role of diet in aging. The effectiveness of selected synthetic drugs and natural products used in oxidative stress is also reviewed. Lastly, the chapter examines challenges associated with the use of antioxidants and how promising future directions like the endocannabinoid system is being pursued in the race to effectively manage NDs.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging and Neurodegeneration
Authors: Walia Vaibhav , Garg Munish
Published: May 2022

Mitochondria are a dynamic organelle of the cell involved in the various biological processes. Mitochondria are the site of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, electron transport chain (ETC), oxidation of fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), and cellular apoptosis. Besides these, mitochondria are the site of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further disrupts the normal functioning of this organelle also making mitochondria itself as an important target of oxidative stress. Thus, mitochondria serve as an important target in the process of neurodegeneration. In the present chapter, the authors describe mitochondria and its functioning, dynamics, and the mitochondrial dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Design the Technological Society for an Aging Population
Authors: McLaughlin Anne Collins , Pryor Makenzie , Feng Jing
Published: May 2022

Inclusivity of design for an aging population will be one of the most critical problems to address in the near and far future. With advancing age comes new needs, goals, and unique issues – all of which may be ameliorated through well-designed systems and technologies. But what does it mean to be “well-designed”? In this chapter, the authors discuss the background research supporting design principles that take into account age-related changes in cognition, movement, and behavior. These are then applied in a worked example of a “car of the future,” partly constructed with current technologies, but also imagining near and far future advances. They conclude with a discussion of how to employ these principles in practice, both when designing new and cutting-edge technologies from the ground-up and revising systems and technologies already in place.
Framing the Design Space of Multimodal Mid-Air Gesture and Speech-Based Interaction With Mobile Devices for Older People
Authors: Mich Ornella , Schiavo Gianluca , Ferron Michela , Mana Nadia
Published: May 2022

Multimodal human–computer interaction has been sought to provide not only more compelling interactive experiences, but also more accessible interfaces to mobile devices. With the advance in mobile technology and in affordable sensors, multimodal research that leverages and combines multiple interaction modalities (such as speech, touch, vision, and gesture) has become more and more prominent. This article provides a framework for the key aspects in mid-air gesture and speech-based interaction for older adults. It explores the literature on multimodal interaction and older adults as technology users and summarises the main findings for this type of users. Building on these findings, a number of crucial factors to take into consideration when designing multimodal mobile technology for older adults are described. The aim of this work is to promote the usefulness and potential of multimodal technologies based on mid-air gestures and voice input for making older adults' interaction with mobile devices more accessible and inclusive.
A New Governance Model for Delivering Digital Policy Agendas
Authors: Hepburn Paul Anthony
Published: May 2022

The UK has, in common with many developed countries, a growing elderly population, and within this demographic, digital exclusion is now seen as social care issue. This has become a policy challenge for local government that has an equivocal track record, from e-government to smart cities, of implementing digital policy agendas. This failure has been attributed to a policy implementation approach rooted in a model of governance that is no longer fit for purpose. This has been acknowledged by some local policymakers who are now experimenting with new, more cost-effective ways of addressing this challenge. This article examines how one local authority developed a project to co-create digital applications for elderly people. It presents a case study of a new, more collaborative, and innovative approach with urban actors who have not traditionally been involved in delivering this policy agenda.
Facilitating the Adoption of Digital Health Technologies by Older Adults to Support Their Health
Authors: Harris Maurita T. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: May 2022

With over 50% of older adults in the United States managing at least one chronic condition, it is crucial to understand how to promote their self-management of positive health behaviors. Health interventions through digital health technologies are becoming more commonplace. Theoretical models related to health behavior change and technology acceptance can guide the design of these healthcare tools and lead to adoption by older adults to support their health. This chapter provides an overview of health behavior change and technology acceptance models to inform the development of digital health technology for older adults. This chapter illustrates the application of these models by describing two design personas that represent human factors designers. This chapter discusses the lack of inclusion of technology adoption and other long-term concepts and the need for further exploration that could inform understanding of technology integration into everyday health activities.
The Contribution of Technologies to Promote Healthy Aging and Prevent Frailty in Elderly People
Authors: Albuquerque Cristina
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, the author discusses the contribution of technological achievements and ICT applications to prevent or reverse frailty in elderly people and to promote active and healthy aging. After a theoretical and political reflection about the issues associated to a new paradigm of aging in current societies, the author underlines the potentialities of technology as a complementary mechanism to achieve alternative and innovative responses as well as integrated and multidimensional policies and actions.
Technology as a Pathway for Older People to Engage in Activities Promoting Successful Ageing
Authors: Teixeira-Santos Luísa , Bobrowicz-Campos Elzbieta , Ventura Filipa , Parola Vitor , Coelho Adriana , Almeida Maria de Lurdes Ferreira , Gil Isabel , Moreno-Casbas Maria Teresa , Apóstolo João
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the use of technology on older adult health promotion. During the ageing process, they experience changes in physical, cognitive, psychological, and social domains. Frailty is the most problematic expression of ageing and entails a high risk of adverse outcomes. In order to prevent it, healthcare professionals must intervene on health promotion. However, it's impossible to continuously monitor the health status of thousands of people. Technologies can bridge the gap between older people's home and the hospital. Especially those with sensors, allow healthcare professionals to continuously monitor the older people's health status and evaluate the health parameters to prioritize care and alert to necessary behavioral changes. The seniors become more aware and responsible for their health, increasing their literacy, autonomy, and well-being. They become more engaged in activities that promote successful ageing. In this chapter, the authors address one of many research projects that monitor the health parameters of older people in a community setting through wearable sensors.
Encouraging Social Inclusion for Older Adults Through “Interest”-Led Technology Use
Authors: Beh Jeanie , Mascitelli Bruno , Pedell Sonja
Published: May 2022

There are many misconceptions about older adults' capabilities and aspirations, and especially their attitudes and approach towards technology. They are often misunderstood and seen as uninterested and unmotivated to engage with use of technology. Due to an absence of an “interest” framework for older adults to learn mobile touch screen technologies, this chapter investigates the role that pre-existing interests play in older adults' adoption of technology. Can a curriculum guided only by pre-existing interests of older adults, rather than a structured curriculum have a positive influence on its adoption for mobile touch screen technologies? The results show that when older adults are taught according to requests based on their pre-existing interests, it encouraged long-term adoption of technology including building up their confidence in usage of mobile touch screen technologies.
The Role of Neuroimaging in Fall Prevention in Healthy Adults at Risk of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Piersson Albert Dayor , Elshami Wiam , Adjei Alberta Naa Afia , Dzefi-Tettey Klenam , Gorleku Philip N.
Published: May 2022

Falls are an important clinical, socioeconomic, and public health problem in the older adult population. Advancing age is a major risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The preclinical phase of AD, which is regarded as an important window for early therapeutic intervention before the onset of MCI and subsequently AD, can serve as a critical period to reduce or prevent falls among elderly people at risk of AD. In this chapter, first, a discussion is provided on the degrees of fall-related injuries, pain, and severity of falls in elderly people at risk of AD. Secondly, a discussion is provided on the clinical, socioeconomic, and public health implications of falls. Studies that integrated neuroimaging techniques were also reviewed to identify brain biomarkers that can be targeted for the prevention of falls among the elderly. It is anticipated that the outcome of this chapter may have a critical role in the prevention of falls among elderly people at risk or suffering from AD.
Tap and Swipe Activity Zones on Smartphones for Novice Older Adults
Authors: Silva Paula Alexandra , Leitão Roxanne , Kerwin Maureen K
Published: May 2022

This article investigates tactile interaction on smartphones with adults aged 65 or older who were considered to have a novice level of skill with technology. Two experiments with two different groups of 40 Portuguese adults adds empirical evidence to the field and shows that older adult performance for tapping is best toward the center, right edge, and bottom right corner of the smartphone display. Results also show that a participant's performance of horizontal swipes is better with targets toward the bottom half of the display, while participant's performance of vertical swipes is better with targets toward the right half of the display. This article contributes to the body of research on the design of user interfaces for smartphones and mobile applications targeted at older adults, as well as providing practical information for designers and practitioners developing products that are more universally accessible.
Noninvasive Ventilation in the Elderly Patient With COPD
Authors: Marques Maria do Céu Mendes Pinto , Miguel Ana Patricia , Pinho Carla , Mega Solange Vieira , Carmo Sónia Isabel , Silvestre Marlene
Published: May 2022

The objective of this chapter is to identify the latest evidence on the elderly critical patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nine articles were analysed. The effectiveness of NIV has been demonstrated in cases of elderly critically ill patients with acute COPD. Evidence has been shown to decrease hospital stay and mortality, although long-term survival has been shown to be short. The prediction of NIV failure is multifactorial, including very old age, comorbidities, low analytical values of albumin, simplified severity index II, pH < 7.3 of arterial blood, PaCO2 (Carbon Dioxide Pressure) < 45 mmHg, CAT (COPD Assessment Test) elevated, Glasgow Coma Scale < 11, and APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation) 29. NIV has demonstrated efficacy in elderly patients in situations of acute COPD.
Formal and Informal Care
Authors: Gomez-Cantarino Sagrario , Dominguez-Isabel Patricia , Espina-Jerez Blanca , Bouzas-Mosquera Mª Carmen , Agullo Ortuño M. Teresa , de Dios-Aguado Maria de las Mercedes , Rodrigues Fernandes Chaves Manuel Carlos
Published: May 2022

Due to the increase in life expectancy and therefore the prevalence of chronic pathologies, health services have required a change, as well as healthcare. One of these chronic pathologies is obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), which is a disorder characterized by an occlusion of the upper airway, an issue that causes an interruption of breathing inducing transient asphyxia. The treatment of this disease is based on continuous positive airway pressure devices (CPAP), but the main caregiver faces problems of adherence to this treatment, causing a deterioration both physically, socially, and psychologically. Therefore, the objective of this present work is to 1) identify the characteristics of OSAS, 2) describe adherence to treatment, and 3) detail the biopsychosocial deterioration of the main caregiver of this pathology in the elderly.
Medicaid Expansion
Authors: Schmeida Mary , McNeal Ramona
Published: May 2022

U.S. longevity is placing a demand on long-term care services for the impaired and elderly. Medicaid is the primary insurance program in funding costly long-term care for the aged poor. As a major health reform law, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Law 111-148, gives financial incentive for states to expand Medicaid, transitioning long-term care services from costly facilities toward home and community-based care. Not all states choose to expand their Medicaid long-term care program despite the financial incentive, but instead they continue spending on nursing facility care despite the less costly option of community care. This article explores why some states have been reluctant to expand long-term care into the community. Regression analysis and 50 state-level data is used.
Yoga and Aging
Authors: Afonso Rui F. , Santaella Danilo F. , Kozasa Elisa Harumi
Published: May 2022

Governments and societies need to be prepared to confront population aging. Such preparation includes policies that can improve quality of life, functional capacity, and health of the general population, encouraging a more active and healthier lifestyle. Normal aging is associated with changes in brain structure and function, which may cause behavioral and cognitive impairments. It is important to understand which changes make some individuals healthier than others. Yoga has been associated with improved quality of life, cognition, and physical health as well as brain functional and structural changes.
Yoga for Mental Health Disorders
Authors: Hemant Bhargav , Arasappa Rashmi , G. Inbaraj , Udupa Kaviraja , Varambally Shivarama
Published: May 2022

This chapter is divided into four subsections: the first section of the chapter provides an update on current evidence for yoga therapy in common mental health disorders, the second section provides brief overview on neurophysiological abnormalities in psychiatric disorders and their relationship with psychological stress, the third section deals with summary of evidence for neurophysiological effects of yoga in mental health disorders, and the last section emphasizes on practical aspects of yoga therapy with details of clinically useful yoga practices for common mental health disorders. The mental health disorders covered in this chapter include depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, child and adolescent psychiatric disorders, substance use disorders, and geriatric psychiatric disorders.
Lucille
Authors: Johns Elise
Published: May 2022

The percentage of the population in the United States comprised of older adults (65+), sometimes referred to as Baby Boomers (birth year 1946 – 1964) and the Silent Generation (birth year 1925 – 1945), is steadily on the rise. This population is often overlooked and has a unique subset of issues when it comes to counseling competencies. Layered multicultural competencies affecting these individuals include race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, and ageism. Counseling concerns related to age include but are not limited to loss of autonomy, loss of physical ability, loss of loved ones, and changing definition of self. From an existential therapeutic background blended with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions, the author reviews the case study of Lucille with a focus on therapeutic intervention and Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCCs).
Physical and Mental Health Issues of Elderly Women in India
Authors: Rafi Sameen , Saif Shyna
Published: May 2022

In the 21st century, the aging population is one of the triumphs of humankind. The aging population is now conquering not only developed nations but developing nations too. The inclusion of challenges and problems of the elderly has now been increased, especially for elderly women. It is high time to focus on this vulnerable section, which has been ignored for an extended time. Despite such development of technology, medicines, facilities, and modernization, this weaker section still lay back. Their health and mental status depend on the overall level of care given by their family members and society. Elderly women are facing more health problems than men. Most of them are suffering from chronic diseases. Loneliness is a common psychological problem among all women. The preponderance of widows over widowers among the elderly is a grave issue. Very few of them are taking medical care from medical and non-medical institutions. This chapter explores the physical and mental challenges of elderly women in India.