bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analisis Data Efektivitas Pelatihan Asertif Sebagai Pendidikan Karakter untuk Menurunkan Perilaku Merokok Siswa Di Era Revolusi Industri 4.0
Authors: Siregar Dina Mariana
Published: June 2020

Di awal masa remaja, seseorang banyak mengalami masalah-masalah dalam kehidupannya, hal ini merupakan faktor yang mengakibatkan remaja cenderung melakukan hal-hal yang mengarah ke kenakalan remaja. Pada masa transisi ini memungkinkan remaja mengalami masa krisis yang ditandai dengan munculnya perilaku menyimpang. Salah satu tugas perkembangan remaja sebagai siswa adalah memiliki tanggung jawab untuk  menyesuaikan dirinya terhadap nilai-nilai yang ada di lingkungan sekolah, akan tetapi pada kenyataannya masih banyak siswa melakukan tindakan yang bertentangan dengan aturan di sekolah. Salah satu bentuk kenakalan siswa di sekolah adalah merokok. Merokok merupakan bentuk kenakalan pada taraf sedang, namun dapat memberikan kecenderungan bagi remaja untuk mengarahkan pada kenakalan yang lebih berat. Menurut Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) tahun 2014 proporsi umur pertama kali mencoba merokok pada laki-laki usia 10-11 tahun 26.7%, usia 12-13 tahun 43.4%, usia 14-15 tahun 7.3%. Data tersebut menujukan sebagian besar laki-laki pertama kali merokok pada usia 12-13 tahun. Pada perempuan proporsi pertama kali mencoba merokok usia 10-11 tahun 18%, usia 12-13 tahun 4%, usia 14-15 tahun 21.5%. Terjadinya perilaku merokok pada subjek disebabkan oleh adanya proses modelling dari lingkungan sosialnya, yaitu dengan melihat dan mengamati perilaku merokok teman-temannya kemudian subjek mencoba untuk mencontoh dan mengikuti perilaku merokok teman-temannya. Dengan  adanya permasalahan tersebut, maka diperlukan suatu bentuk intervensi psikologis untuk membentuk karakter siswa di era revolusi industri 4.0 yang mampu menurunkan perilaku merokok pada siswa sebagai bentuk dari langkah preventif melalui pelatihan asertif. Pelatihan asertif bertujuan untuk membentuk kepribadian siswa agar lebih mampu untuk menolak ajakan teman atau orang lain untuk melakukan tindakan yang mengacu pada perilaku merokok. Pelatihan ini diharapkan mampu untuk mengubah pola pikir siswa yang cenderung meniru dan mengcopy perilaku teman sebayanya. Pelatihan asertif juga berpengaruh pada kepribadian siswa yang masih kurang berani untuk menolak dengan sopan dan tanpa merugikan orang lain.
Aplicação da teoria de Orem no âmbito das feridas: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Melo Larissa Houly de Almeida , Bernardo Thaís Honório Lins , Macedo Jane Keyla Souza dos Santos , Francisco Leilane Camila Ferreira de Lima , Barros Alice Correia
Published: June 2020

Objetivos: Caracterizar a produção científica sobre a aplicação da teoria do autocuidado no âmbito das feridas. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura com os artigos disponíveis na íntegra que evidenciem a temática. Foram utilizados os seguintes recursos informacionais: BVS, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed e SciELO. Foram elencados os seguintes descritores: Autocuidado, Teoria de enfermagem, Ferida e Úlcera, em suas versões em inglês e português. A amostra final constou de 10 publicações. Os dados foram coletados utilizando um instrumento validado. A avaliação e a síntese dos dados foram produzidas através de descrição e avaliações estatísticas simples. Resultados: Os estudos analisados foram desenvolvidos em quatro países, o idioma inglês predominou e as publicações tiveram início em 2004. A teoria foi aplicada na sistematização da assistência de enfermagem como estratégia de ensino para o autocuidado e como referencial teórico. Os artigos relacionaram a teoria com pé diabético, úlcera venosa, úlceras de perna/ membros inferiores (sem especificar o tipo), queimaduras e lesão por pressão. Conclusão: A teoria de Orem foi aplicada a uma diversidade de sujeitos e contextos, sua aplicabilidade no âmbito das feridas é algo concreto, independentemente do tipo de lesão.
Base de datos sobre afectaciones hídricas en asentamientos humanos
Authors: Rebechi Osvaldo , Bordenave de Roibón María Graciela , Fernandez Mónica Noemí
Published: June 2020

En 1986 se planteó, en el Instituto de Planeamiento Urbano y Regional, una reestructuración, organizando un área de Documentación e Información.
Compilación, sistematización y análisis de la legislación referida a las inundaciones en la Provincia del Chaco
Authors: Bosch Astrid
Published: June 2020

Siendo las Inundaciones un fenómeno recurrente, que afecta a una vasta zona de nuestra Región, y habiendo adquirido esta la envergadura de "Desastre Natural" por la cantidad de bienes afectados; numerosas han sido las medidas que se han tomado con el fin de paliar sus efectos. Estos efectos no han sido solo de tipo económico o productivo, sino que también ha tenido proyecciones sociales inesperadas. Esto es un punto importante de destacar ya en el comienzo de este informe pues ser un tema específico de crítica y propuesta a la legislación.
PEMECAHAN MASALAH KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS DI PEREMPATAN SUKARNO HATTA – BUAH BATU BANDUNG DENGAN METODE SIMULASI KOMPUTER
Authors: Triwibisono (TELKOM University) Christanto , Aurachman (TELKOM University) Rio
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes a solution to the problem of congestion at the Sukarno Hatta Intersection - Buah Batu Bandung by using a computer simulation method with Pro Model software. There are three alternative solutions to this problem, namely changing the duration of traffic lights, adding new road lanes, or making flyovers. Changing the duration of the traffic lights will only reduce the car's travel time from an average of 10.5 minutes to 8.9 minutes (85% of the previous travel time). Adding one lane to each road will only reduce the vehicle's travel time from an average of 10.5 minutes to 7.7 minutes (73% of the previous travel time). The construction of a one-way flyover on Jalan Sukarno Hatta is the best solution, because it reduce the vehicle travel timefrom an average of 10.3 minutes to 3.2 minutes. Significant changes have occurred, the travel time is only 32% of the previous travel time. AbstrakMakalah ini mengusulkan solusi atas masalah kemacetan di Perempatan Sukarno Hatta – Buah Batu Bandung dengan menggunakan metode simulasi komputer dengan perangkat lunak Pro Model. Ada tiga alternatif solusi masalah ini yaitu mengubah durasi lampu merah dan hijau, menambah jalur jalan baru, atau membuat jalan layang. Pengubahan durasi lampu merah dan hijau hanya akan mengurangi waktu tempuh mobil dari rata-rata 10,5 menit menjadi 8,9 menit (85% dari waktu tempuh  sebelumnya). Penambahan satu jalur pada setiap jalan hanya akan mengurangi waktu tempuh kendaraan dari rata-rata 10,5 menit menjadi 7,7 menit (73% dari waktu tempuh sebelumnya). Pembuatan jalan layang satu arah di Jalan Sukarno Hatta merupakan solusi terbaik, karena mengurangi waktu tempuh kendaraan untuk dari rata-rata 10,3 menit menjadi 3,2 menit. Terjadi perubahan signifikan, waktu tempuh tinggal 32% dari waktu tempuh sebelumnya.
Pemilihan Graphics Processing Unit Nvidia dan AMD Menggunakan Algoritma Simple Additive Weighting
Authors: Jahja Jeffrey , Hartono Rizky Albert , Suryaningrum Kristien Margi
Published: June 2020

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) merupakan komponen komputer yang bekerja untuk mengelola grafis pada komputer baik dalam bentuk video, gambar, animasi. Pemilihan Graphics Processing Unit bagi pengguna komputer merupakan hal yang harus diperhatikan demi penggunaan yang maksimal. Penelitian dilakukan bertujuan untuk membangun sistem pengambilan keputusan untuk pemilihan Graphics Processing Unit. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah (SAW) Simple Additive Weighting. Konsep dari Simple Additive Weighting adalah dengan memberikan bobot pada setiap kriteria yang digunakan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan perangkingan untuk mendapatkan hasil yang sesuai dengan bobot kriteria yang paling sesuaai. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan urutan analisis, desain, program, serta pengujian. Kesimpulan yang didapat dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan dibuatnya sistem pendukung keputusan untuk pemilihan (GPU) Graphics Processing Unit mempermudah proses pemilihan (GPU) bagi penggunannya.
Analisis Seleksi Tingkat Kecocokan Gambar pada MDID Multimedia Database Dengan Menggunakan Metode ImageDNA
Authors: Moedjahedy Jimmy , Zein Hamada , B Isdayani , Tongalu Erfan , Kusrini Kusrini , Mustafa M. Syukri
Published: June 2020

Dengan semakin tersedianya pilihan informasi digital saat ini, definisi multimedia yang umum diterima adalah kombinasi dari berbagai media seperti teks, gambar, suara, video, animasi. Dalam teoris basisdata, multimedia basisdata mulai dikenalkan yaitu kumpulan data multimedia terkait. Basisdata yang dipilih untuk optimasi dalam penelitian ini adalah MDID (Multiply Distorted Image Database) yang terdiri dari 20 gambar referensi dan 1600 gambar yang sudah diberikan distorsi. Basidata 1600 gambar tersebut akan diuji kecocokan dengan 20 gambar referensi dengan menggunakan metode ImageDNA. Nilai ImageDNA kemudian dilakukan uji data pencilan, sehingga gambar yang nilai ImageDNAnya ekstrim akan dikeluarkan dari basisdata MDID. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah ada 100 gambar yang dikeluarkan
Local Wisdom-based EFL Teaching: Internalizing the Values of Local Culture to Millennial Learners
Authors: Hasyim Umar Alfaruq A
Published: June 2020

Millennial learners have dynamics ways of thinking. Moreover, they also think and solve problems faster than the previous generation. It is because; these learners live in the era of industrial 4.0 where informatics technology spreads in all aspects of human life. Therefore, these characteristics lead the millennial learners to seem perfect. Millennial learners can learn many skills for their future life easily through their gadgets. One of the skills that should be mastered by the millennial is English. However, the goal of teaching and learning English is not only improving linguistics competence but also building the good character of the learners. Therefore, this research aims at guiding them to learn the target language. On the other hand, this research also aims to assist them in always remaining their local wisdom, build their local wisdom based character, and promotes their local culture globally. It is applied by internalizing the local cultural values to the learners in EFL teaching. This research is descriptive qualitative that describing the process of internalizing the local culture in the process of EFL teaching especially descriptive writing. This research was conducted in the third semester of the English department in UIN Raden Intan Lampung. In conducting the teaching and learning process the lecturers choose authentic materials that deal with the local culture of Lampung. Then, the students find the values of the culture and describe the values in terms of descriptive writing.
Defining Suitability in Mixed Agropastoral Societies - Preprint
Authors: Plekhov Daniel , Levine Evan I
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the concept of suitability within applications of Ideal Distribution Models (IDMs). Specifically, we investigate the effectiveness of single measures of suitability in contexts where diverse local populations practiced a range of subsistence strategies with different environmental requirements and sociocultural consequences. To do so, we draw on legacy survey data from northern Afghanistan, within the historic region of Bactria. This region of Central Asia has a rich history of nomadic pastoralism as well as dense urban settlement, with these two lifeways often occurring concurrently with complex social and economic interdependencies developing between pastoral and agricultural societies. Conceptually, we predict that such diversity should be difficult to model by conventional IDMs, as what may be defined as a low ranked habitat by one definition of suitability may be highly ranked in another. On the other hand, identifying strong deviations from IDMs may in fact indicate shifts in subsistence strategies and settlement patterns occurring across various periods of sociopolitical and cultural change. Based on our analysis, we conclude that single measures of suitability do not sufficiently model settlement patterns as predicted by IDMs but do in fact help highlight long-term processes of ecological engineering and inheritance.
Kesantunan Imperatif Bahasa Melayu Ambon
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) mendeskripsikan bentuk dan jenis kesantunan Imperatif bahasa Melayu Ambon; 2) menjelaskan faktor yang memengaruhi kesantunan imperatif bahasa Melayu Ambon.
Anchoring and contextual variation in the early stages of incidental word learning during reading
Authors: Mak Matthew HC , Hsiao Yaling , Nation Kate
Published: June 2020

Lexical processing is influenced by a word’s semantic diversity, as estimated by corpus-derived metrics. Although this suggests that contextual variation shapes verbal learning and memory, it is not clear what semantic diversity represents and why this influences lexical processing. Word learning experiments and simulations offer an opportunity to manipulate contextual variation directly and measure the effects on processing. In Experiment 1, adults read novel words in six naturalistic passages spanning one familiar topic (low semantic diversity) or six familiar topics (high semantic diversity). Words experienced in the low-diversity condition showed better learning, an effect replicated by simulating spreading activation in lexical networks differing in semantic diversity. We attributed these findings to “anchoring”, a process of stabilizing novel word representations by securing them onto a familiar topic in long-term memory. Simulation 2 and Experiment 2 tested whether word learning might be better placed to take advantage of diversity if novel words were first anchored before diversity was introduced. Simulations and behavioural data both showed that after an anchoring opportunity, novel words forms were better learned in the high-diversity condition. These findings show that anchoring and contextual variation both influence the early stages of word learning.
Nilai Budaya Suku Bajo Sampela Dalam Film The Mirror Never Lies Karya Kamila Andini
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: June 2020

This study aims to describe cultural values of the Bajo Sampela Ethnic Group in The Mirror Never Lies film by Kamila Andini. This research is a qualitative research. Data is collected using the audio visual method, namely by seing and hearing an object from the pictures and sound. While, the data collection technique used the tecnique to see and note. The data were analyzed descriptively according to the theory of classification of cultural values by Koentjaraningrat. The results of the study indicate that cultural values of the Bajo Sampela Ethnic Group in The Mirror Never Liesfilm by Kamila Andini covering: (1) system of belief, the SBS community still trusted the sandro (the shaman); (2) system of knowledge, covering knowledge of nature, plants, animals, the nature and behavior of fellow humans, space and time; (3) system of technology, including production equipment, containers/places, weapons, food and beverages, clothing, shelter or houses, transportation equipment; (4) system of society, SBS is very upholding togetherness, helping each other, and entertaining each other; (5) system of livelihood, SBS cultivates seaweed (gelatin), fishes and sells it within SBS community or in the market; (6) language, Bajo and Bahasa Indonesia are used among the SBS community; (7) art, SBS has sound and dance arts.
Bioethical Training of Health Workers: The Lesson from COVID-19
Authors: biasco guido
Published: June 2020

Only through appropriate training could the ethical dilemmas-which are overwhelming many of our hospitals and welfare systems i n the time of COVID-19 pandemic, be addressed through a more informed and fruitful open debates, including through care ethics committees formed by professionals with a multidisciplinary background.
Intellectual Property: Are Faculty Members Aware of their Rights?
Authors: Amparado Mauro Allan Padua , Miro Aurora C.
Published: June 2020

This study ascertained the awareness of faculty members on intellectual property and their rights. The study utilized the descriptive quantitative design was conducted in University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, Mandaue City, Cebu, Philippines. Researcher-made questionnaire was used to measure the awareness of faculty members on intellectual property and their rights. The survey includes two parts. The first part is the profile of the faculty members. The second part ascertained the awareness of faculty members on six areas: patents, utility models, industrial designs, geographical indications, trademarks, and copyrights. The data was collected from June 2018 to October 2018 among 102 faculty members. Statistical treatment used was weighted mean, frequencies and sum of ranks.Findings revealed that majority of the respondents were female, 20-25 years old, full-time faculty, with Bachelor’s degree, from the College of Business & Accountancy and have served the university from 0-3 years. They were moderately aware with copyrights, patents and trademarks. They were less aware with utility models, industrial design and geographical indications. Sources of information on intellectual property and rights include the tri-media, colleague and friends. Based on the findings of the study, there is a need to strengthen the knowledge and awareness of faculty members on intellectual property and rights.Keywords: Utility Models; Industrial Design; Geographical Indications; Faculty; Philippines
Pengaplikasian Multimedia Hot Potatoes Dalam Evaluasi Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Pada Siswa SMP Negeri 9 Buru
Authors: Susiati Susiati
Published: June 2020

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui apakah ada pengaruh aplikasi multimedia Hot Potatoes dalam evaluasi hasil belajar siswa SMPN 9 pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia; (2) mengetahui apakah evaluasi menggunakan aplikasi multimedia Hot Potatoes lebih efektif penggunaannya dari segi waktu dan segi kemudahan dibandingkan evaluasi dengan tes tertulis (paper and pencil test) dilihat dari tanggapan guru dan siswa. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan model evaluasi dengan aplikasi multimedia Hot Potatoes. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskripsi kuantitatif dan deskripsi kualitatif, yakni untuk menunjukkan pengaruh evaluasi hasil belajar siswa dan tanggapan siswa serta guru terhadap keefektifan penggunaan multimedia Hot Potatoes. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah siswa SMPN 9 Buru kelas IX. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik tes dengan menggunakan aplikasi multimedia Hot Potatoes berupa Tes Pilihan Ganda (multiple-choice). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan aplikasi multimedia Hot Potatoes dalam evaluasi hasil belajar siswa SMPN 9 Buru pada pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia berpengaruh besar ke arah pembelajaran yang berkualitas. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil evaluasi para siswa SMP yang berjumlah 50 orang dari siklus I, siklus II, dan siklus III.Adapun persentase ketuntasan siswa pada siklus I adalah 60 %, siklus II adalah 86 %, dan siklus III, yakni 94 %. Sementara, persentase ketidaktuntasan siswa pada siklus I adalah 40 %, siklus II sebesar 14 %, dan siklus III, yakni 6 %. Adapun tanggapan guru dan siswa terhadap keefektivan penggunaan multimedia hot potatoesmelalui instrumen mencapai 96 %, setelah itu yang berada pada kategori setuju sebesar 4 %, kategori kurang setuju, tidak setuju, dan sangat tidak setuju sebesar 0 %. Selanjutnya, hasil wawancara dari lima guru bahasa Indonesia menyatakan kesetujuan mereka terhadap aplikasi multimedia hot potatoes untuk diaplikasikan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Indonesia.
Light-years apart: Energy usage by schools across the South African affluence divide
Authors: Samuels J.A. , Grobbelaar Sara , Booysen MJ
Published: June 2020

South Africa’s source of energy in buildings is electricity from a struggling state utility running mainly on coal. But despite the constraints and the high cost, energy usage remains mostly unchecked and poorly managed in schools, whose attention is focused on reducing inequality in educational outcomes. School energy usages have been well studied in many countries but remain largely unexplored in South Africa. We use smart electricity meters to analyse the energy requirements of 16 schools across the country’s polarised affluence spectrum. Comparing their usage with that of schools from other countries, we find that the affluent South African schools have energy densities of 13% as much as those in North America, compared to the poor schools with a mere 5%. We observe a large difference between the daily usage profiles of poor and affluent schools: poor schools used only 40% of the energy used by affluent schools. We ascribe this disparity to constrained infrastructure investment at the poor schools. We identified lighting as a major contributor to energy usage by schools, accounting for as much as 32% of the daily in-term usage by affluent schools and 21 to 65% by poor schools, compared to 14 to 25% in developed countries. Since most schools still use fluorescent lights, substantial savings can be achieved by replacing them with efficient LED lights.
Chorzów Factory – intellectual property and the continuity of international law in investor-state dispute settlement
Authors: Morris P. Sean
Published: June 2020

One of the most important cases in the jurisprudence of international law – Chorzów Factory – has a hidden secret, so much so that, even when in plain sight, legal post-mortems of the case fail to mention this well-kept secret. Chorzów Factory was about intellectual property rights, specifically patents and trade secrets, and this narrative has never been fully addressed. When the developments in international investment law and arbitration are fully considered it is worth looking back at Chorzów Factory to associate it with new streams of contemporary investor-state disputes that include issues such as intellectual property rights. Because Chorzów Factory has established the full reparation standard for unlawful expropriation, the standard has enabled a continuity of international law and underscores its importance for contemporary investment arbitration. However, the intellectual property narrative of Chorzów Factory has been neglected, and, in this article, I want to develop the intellectual property narrative of Chorzów Factory and to demonstrate the nexus between fair compensation, intellectual property rights and the continuity of international law.
Sexual harassment at University of California Libraries: Understanding the experiences of library staff members
Authors: Barr-Walker Jill , Hoffner Courtney , McMunn-Tetangco Elizabeth , Mody Nisha
Published: June 2020

In the first study measuring sexual harassment experiences of academic library employees at a single institution, we conducted a census of 1,610 non-student employees at the 10-campus University of California Libraries system. This anonymous online survey measured how sexual harassment was experienced and observed in terms of behaviors, exhibitors, reporting and disclosure, institutional support and betrayal, and recommendations for future actions. Out of 579 respondents, 54% experienced and/or observed sexual harassment at work. Respondents recommended training, workplace culture change, support from leadership, and clear reporting processes in order to address sexual harassment at University of California Libraries.
Perceptual decision confidence is sensitive to forgone physical effort expenditure
Authors: Turner William , Angdias Raina , Feuerriegel Daniel , Chong Trevor , Hester Robert , Bode Stefan
Published: June 2020

Contemporary theoretical accounts of metacognition propose that action-related information is used in the computation of perceptual decision confidence. We investigated whether the amount of expended physical effort, or the ‘motoric sunk cost’ of a decision, influences perceptual decision confidence judgements in humans. In particular, we examined whether people feel more confident in decisions which required more effort to report. Forty-two participants performed a luminance discrimination task that involved identifying which of two flickering grayscale squares was brightest. Participants reported their choice by squeezing hand-held dynamometers. Across trials, the effort required to report a decision was varied across three levels (low, medium, high). Critically, participants were only aware of the required effort level on each trial once they had initiated their motor response, meaning that the varying effort requirements could not influence their initial decisions. Following each decision, participants rated their confidence in their choice. We found that participants were more confident in decisions that required greater effort to report. This suggests that humans are sensitive to motoric sunk costs and supports contemporary models of metacognition in which actions inform the computation of decision confidence.
Multiple domains of risk factors for first onset of depression in adolescent girls
Authors: Michelini Giorgia , Perlman Greg , Tian Yuan , Mackin Daniel , Nelson Brady , Klein Daniel , Kotov Roman
Published: June 2020

Background: First onsets of depression are especially common in adolescent females and often develop into chronic/recurrent illness. Surprisingly few studies have comprehensively evaluated multiple domains of etiologically-informative risk factors for first onset in adolescents from the community. We investigated whether clinical, cognitive, personality, interpersonal, and biological risk factors prospectively predict a first onset of depressive disorder (DD), and of DD with a chronic/recurrent course, in a community sample of adolescent girls.Methods: 479 girls (13.5-15.5 years) with no history of DD completed baseline assessments of risk factors and five diagnostic assessments over 3 years. Baseline measures were analyzed separately and jointly to prospectively predict first-onset DD and first-onset chronic/recurrent DD.Results: Most risk factors predicted first-onset DD (n=93), including depressive symptoms, anxiety disorders, rumination, personality traits, blunted neural response (late positive potential [LPP]) to unpleasant pictures, peer victimization, parental criticism, and parental mood disorder. Depressive symptoms, rumination, parental mood disorder, and parental criticism were independently associated with first onsets. Nearly all measures, including a blunted neural response to rewards (reward positivity [RewP]), also predicted first-onset chronic/recurrent DD (n=52), with depressive symptoms, low extraversion, poor peer relationships, and blunted RewP emerging as independent risk factors. Limitations: This study focused on adolescent females and therefore does not provide information on males.Conclusions: Multiple domains of risk factors in early adolescence are prospectively associated with first-onset DD and chronic/recurrent DD. A smaller subset of risk factors uniquely contributing to first onsets may represent core vulnerabilities for adolescent-onset depression and promising prevention targets.
What Drives Risk Perceptions? Revisiting Public Perceptions of Food Hazards Associated With Production and Consumption
Authors: Jenkins Sarah , Harris Adam John Linton , Osman Magda
Published: June 2020

As food technology continues to advance, the potential for new food products to enter the food market grows, attracting considerable media interest. Whilst previous research has explored public perceptions of food-related hazards, much of this took place over 10 years ago. Continued technological developments have yielded new food products, for which there is no extant research on public perceptions. In light of this, there is a pressing need to update and extend research exploring public perceptions of food-related hazards. Using a psychometric approach, a nationally representative UK sample (n= 907) provided ratings of 11 old and new food hazards on a total of 12 risk characteristics (identified from previous research). Principal components analysis identified two main components: ‘dread’ and ‘knowledge’, which explained 80.8% of the variance in perceptions, consistent with past findings. Additives were perceived as the least dreaded and most known of the hazards considered, whereas ractopamine pork, atrazine corn and hormone beef were dreaded the most. 3D printed food and lab-grown meat were perceived as the least known. Our results highlight the importance of knowledge in shaping risk perceptions and have implications for risk management. An understanding of the factors which determine risk perceptions is vital for the development of effective risk management and risk communication strategies.
A multiple baseline study of a brief alcohol reduction and family engagement intervention for fathers in Kenya
Authors: Giusto Ali , Green Eric , Simmons Ryan , Ayuku David , Patel Puja , Puffer Eve
Published: June 2020

Objective: To evaluate a lay provider-delivered, brief intervention to reduce problem drinking and related family consequences among men in Kenya. The 5-session intervention combines behavioral activation (BA) and motivational interviewing (MI). It integrates family-related material explicitly and addresses central cultural factors through gender transformative strategies. Method: A nonconcurrent multiple-baseline design was used. We initiated treatment with nine men ages 30 to 48 who were fathers and screened positive for problem drinking; the median Alcohol Use Identification Test score was 17 (harmful range). Participants were randomized to staggered start dates. We measured the primary outcome of weekly alcohol consumption four weeks before treatment, during treatment, and four weeks post-treatment using the Timeline Followback measure. Secondary outcomes were assessed using a pre-post assessment (1-month) of men’s depression symptoms, drinking- and family-related problem behavior, involvement with child, time with family, family functioning, relationship quality (child and partner), and harsh treatment of child and partner. Men, partners, and children (ages 8 - 17) reported on family outcomes. Results: Eight men completed treatment. Mixed-effects hurdle model analysis showed that alcohol use, both number of days drinking and amount consumed, significantly decreased during and after treatment. Odds of not drinking were 5.1 times higher post-treatment (95% CI: 3.3-7.9). When men did drink post-treatment, they drank 50% less (95% CI: 0.39-0.65). Wilcoxon signed rank tests demonstrated pre-post improvements in depression symptoms and family-related outcomes. Conclusion: Results provide preliminary evidence that a BA-MI intervention developed for lay providers may reduce alcohol use and improve family outcomes among men in Kenya.
Text Mining of Reddit Posts: Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation to Identify Common Parenting Issues
Authors: Westrupp Elizabeth , Greenwood Christopher , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Berkowitz Tomer S , Hagg Lauryn , Youssef George Joseph
Published: June 2020

Background: Parenting interventions offer an evidence-based method for the prevention and early intervention of child mental health problems, but to-date their population-level effectiveness has been limited by poor reach and engagement, particularly for fathers, working mothers, and disadvantaged families. Internationally, there has been a call for more sensitive intervention frameworks that better recognize parents’ differences and match support accordingly. Tailoring intervention content to parents’ context (i.e., to common parenting situations) offers potential to enhance parent engagement and learning by increasing relevance of content to parents’ daily experiences. However, this approach requires a detailed understanding of the common parenting situations and issues that parents face day-to-day, which is currently lacking.Objective: We sought to identify the most common parenting situations discussed by parents on parenting-specific forums of the free online discussion forum, Reddit, one of the most popular social media platforms in the world. We aimed to understand perspectives from both mothers and fathers, and therefore retrieved publicly available data from two parenting-specific ‘subreddits’ (r/Daddit; r/Mommit).Methods: We used latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to identify the most common topics discussed in the Reddit posts. Once topics were identified, we completed a manual text analysis of the 10 posts ranked as most relevant to each topic, and summarized the parenting situations that were described. Our pre-specified definition of a parenting situation required that the post involve a parent and their child aged 0-18 years and describe a potential or actual difficulty or issue.Results: We retrieved 340 (r/Daddit) and 578 (r/Mommit) original posts. A model with 31 LDA topics was found to be the best fitting model. Of these, 24 topics included posts that met our inclusion criteria for manual review. From these, we identified 45 unique but broadly-defined parenting situations. The majority of parenting situations were either focused on basic childcare situations relating to eating, sleeping, routines, sickness and toilet training; or related to how to respond to child negative emotions or difficult behavior. Most situations were discussed in relation to infant or toddler age children, and on the whole, there was a high level of consistency in the themes raised in r/Daddit and r/Mommit.Conclusions: Our text analysis of the r/Daddit and r/Mommit posts highlighted two overarching themes in topics commonly discussed in online parenting forums; basic childcare, and management of child emotions and behavior. Our results offer potential to tailor parenting interventions in a meaningful way, creating opportunities to develop content and resources that are directly relevant to parents’ lived experiences.
Need for cognition does not account for individual differences in metacontrol of decision making
Authors: Bolenz Florian , Profitt Maxine F. , Stechbarth Fabian , Eppinger Ben , Strobel Alexander
Published: June 2020

Humans show metacontrol of decision-making towards different reward magnitudes. Specifically, when higher rewards are at stake, individuals increase reliance on a more accurate but cognitively effortful strategy. We investigated whether the personality trait Need for Cognition (NFC) explains individual differences in metacontrol. Based on findings of cognitive effort expenditure in executive functions, we expected more metacontrol in individuals low in NFC. In two independent studies, metacontrol was assessed by means of a decision-making task that dissociates different reinforcement-learning strategies. In contrast to our expectations, NFC did not account for individual differences in metacontrol of decision making. These findings suggest a differential role of NFC for the regulation of cognitive effort in decision making and executive functions.
Why does relational binding improve across early childhood? Testing the effects of interference and sleep-filled delays
Authors: Benear Susan L. , Ngo Chi , Olson Ingrid R. , Newcombe Nora
Published: June 2020

Episodic memory consists of distinctive experiences, with specific spatiotemporal information about what happened maintained over time. These memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations. In this study, we evaluated: (1) whether overlapping elements pose a differential challenge for younger children; and (2) whether a sleep-filled delay stabilizes or even improves children’s episodic memories, and if so, whether effects vary by age. We compared memory for unique and overlapping pairs of visual stimuli, presented once to 4- and 6-year-old children, tested immediately and after a 24-hour delay. As expected, older children outperformed younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. However, overlapping elements were not differentially problematic for young children, and a sleep-filled delay in testing resulted in decrements in memory performance, for both age groups on both pair types. Despite overall differences in accuracy, important aspects of episodic memory are similar across this key developmental period.
COVID-19 and the Workplace: Implications, Issues, and Insights for Future Research and Action
Authors: Kniffin Kevin M , Narayanan Jayanth , Anseel Frederik , Antonakis John , Ashford Susan , Bakker Arnold B. , Bamberger Peter , Bapuji Hari , Bhave Devasheesh P , Choi Virginia K. , Creary Stephanie J , Demerouti Eva , Flynn Francis , Gelfand Michele , Greer Lindred , Johns Gary , Kesebir Selin , Klein Peter G , Lee Sun Young , Ozcelik Hakan , Petriglieri Jennifer Louise , Rothbard Nancy , Rudolph Cort , Shaw Jason D , Sirola Nina , Wanberg Connie R , Whillans Ashley , Wilmot Michael P , van vugt mark
Published: June 2020

COVID-19’s impacts on workers and workplaces across the globe have been dramatic. This broad review of prior research rooted in work and organizational psychology, and related fields, is intended to make sense of the implications for employees, teams, and work organizations. This review and preview of relevant literatures focuses on: (i) emergent changes in work practices (e.g., working from home, virtual teamwork) and (ii) emergent changes for workers (e.g, social distancing, stress, and unemployment). In addition, potential moderating factors (demographic characteristics, individual differences, and organizational norms) are examined given the likelihood that COVID-19 will generate disparate effects. This broad-scope overview provides an integrative approach for considering the implications of COVID-19 for work, workers, and organizations while also identifying issues for future research and insights to inform solutions. [Final and authoritative version published in American Psychologist and visible at https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2020-58612-001.pdf.]
Explanation Supports Hypothesis Generation in Learning
Authors: Brockbank Erik , Walker Caren
Published: June 2020

A large body of research has shown that engaging in explanation improves learning across a range of tasks. The act of explaining has been proposed to draw attention and cognitive resources toward evidence that will support a good explanation—information that is broad, abstract, and consistent with prior knowledge—which in turn aids discovery and generalization. However, it remains unclear whether explanation acts on the learning process via improved hypothesis generation, increasing the probability that the correct hypothesis is considered in the first place, or hypothesis evaluation, the appraisal of the correct hypothesis in light of evidence. In the present study, we address this question by separating the hypothesis generation and evaluation processes in a novel category learning task and quantifying the effect of explanation on each process independently. We find that explanation supports the generation of broad and abstract hypotheses but has less effect on the evaluation of hypotheses.
Morality is in the eye of the beholder: The neurocognitive basis of the “anomalous-is-bad” stereotype.
Authors: Workman Clifford Ian , Humphries Stacey , Hartung Franziska , Aguirre Geoffrey , Kable Joe , Chatterjee Anjan
Published: June 2020

Are people with flawed faces regarded as having flawed moral characters? An “anomalous-is-bad” stereotype is hypothesized to facilitate negative biases against people with facial anomalies (e.g., scars), but whether and how these biases affect behavior and brain functioning remain open questions. We examined responses to anomalous faces in brain (using a visual oddball paradigm), behavior (in economic games), and attitudes. At the level of the brain, the amygdala demonstrated a specific neural response to anomalous faces—sensitive to disgust and a lack of beauty but independent of responses to salience or arousal. At the level of behavior, people with anomalous faces were subjected to less prosociality from participants highest in socioeconomic status. At the level of attitudes, we replicated previously reported negative character evaluations made about individuals with facial anomalies, and further identified explicit biases directed against them as a group. Across these levels of organization, the specific amygdala response to facial anomalies correlated with stronger just world beliefs (i.e., people get what they deserve), less dispositional empathic concern, and less prosociality towards people with facial anomalies. Characterizing the “anomalous-is-bad” stereotype at multiple levels of organization can reveal underappreciated psychological burdens shouldered by people who look different.
Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex and Threat-Enhanced Religious Belief: A Replication and Extension
Authors: Holbrook Colin , Iacoboni Marco , Gordon Chelsea , Proksch Shannon , Balasubramaniam Ramesh
Published: June 2020

Research indicates that the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) functions as a ‘neural alarm’broadly involved in registering threats and helping to muster relevant responses. Holbrook andcolleagues (2016) investigated whether pMFC similarly mediates ideological threat-responses,finding that down-regulating pMFC via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) caused i) lessavowed religious belief despite being reminded of death, and ii) less group bias despiteencountering a sharp critique of the national in-group. While suggestive, these findings werelimited by the absence of a non-threat comparison condition and reliance on sham rather thancontrol TMS. Here, in a pre-registered replication and extension, we down-regulated pMFC or acontrol region (MT/V5), then primed participants with either a reminder of death or a threatneutraltopic. As previously, participants reminded of death reported less religious belief whenpMFC was down-regulated. No such effect of pMFC down-regulation was observed in theneutral writing condition, consistent with construing pMFC as monitoring for salient threats(e.g., death) and helping to recruit ideological responses (e.g., enhanced religious belief).However, no effect of down-regulating pMFC on group bias was observed, possibly due toreliance here on a collegiate in-group framing rather than a national framing as in the prior study.
Towards new concepts for a biological neuroscience of consciousness
Authors: Signorelli Camilo Miguel , Meling Daniel
Published: June 2020

In the search for a sound model of consciousness, we aim at introducing new concepts: closure, compositionality, biobranes and autobranes. This is important to overcome reductionism and to bring life back into the neuroscience of consciousness. Using these definitions, we conjecture that consciousness co-arises with the non-trivial composition of biological closure in the form of biobranes and autobranes: conscious processes generate closed activity at various levels and are, in turn, themselves, supported by biobranes and autobranes. This approach leads to a non-reductionist biological and simultaneously phenomenological theory of conscious experience, giving new perspectives for a science of consciousness. Future works will implement experimental definitions and computational simulations to characterize these dynamical biobranes interacting.
Multi-Platform Social Media Use: Little Evidence of Impacts on Adult Well-Being
Authors: Lohmann Sophie , Zagheni Emilio
Published: June 2020

Social media have become a near-ubiquitous part of our lives. The growing concern that their use may alter our well-being has been met with elusive scientific evidence. Existing literature often simplifies social media use as a homogeneous process. In reality, social media use and functions vary widely depending on platform and demographic characteristics of users, and there may be qualitative differences between using few versus many different social media platforms. Using data from the General Social Survey, an underanalyzed data source for this purpose, we characterize intensive social media users and examine how differential platform use impacts well-being. We document substantial heterogeneity in the demography of users and show that intensive users tend to be young, female, more likely to be Black than Hispanic, from high SES backgrounds, from more religious backgrounds, and from families with migration background, compared to both non-users and moderate users. The intensity of social media use seemed largely unrelated to well-being in both unadjusted models and in propensity-score models that adjusted for selection bias and demographic factors. Among middle-aged and older adults, however, intensive social media use may be slightly associated with depressive symptoms. Our findings indicate that although mediums of communication have changed with the advent of social media, these new mediums are not necessarily detrimental to well-being.
Secondary data analysis of British population cohort studies: A practical guide for education researchers
Authors: Cave Sophie Nicole , von Stumm Sophie
Published: June 2020

Background: Britain is rich in longitudinal population cohort studies that posit valuable data resources for social science. However, education researchers currently underutilise these resources. Aims: The current paper (1) outlines the power and benefits of secondary data analyses for educational science and (2) provides a practical guide for education researchers on the characteristics, data, and accessibility of British population cohort studies. Methods: We identified eight British population cohort studies from the past 40 years that collected scholastic performance data during primary and secondary schooling, including (1) Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents And Children (ALSPAC), (2) Twins Early Development Study (TEDS), (3) Effective Pre-School, Primary and Secondary Education Project (EPPSE), (4) Millennium Cohort Study (MCS), (5) Born in Bradford (BiB), (6) Next Steps (LYSPE1), (7) Understanding Society (US) and (8) Our Future (LYSPE2). Participants across these studies were born between 1989 and 2010, and followed up at least once to 68 times, over periods of 7 to 29 years. For each study, we summarise the context and aims, review the assessed variables, and describe the process for accessing the data. Conclusions: We hope this article will encourage and support education researchers to widely utilise existing population cohort studies to further advance education science in Britain and elsewhere.
If I told you everyone picked that (inefficient) tool, would you? Children attend to normative language when imitating and transmitting tool use
Authors: DiYanni Cara J. , Clegg Jennifer Marie , Corriveau Kathleen H.
Published: June 2020

In this study, we extended research on children’s imitation by examining the impact of normativity on children’s decision about whether to imitate inefficient actions in the context of tool use. In particular, this study explored how conventional language (highlighting norms) versus instrumental language (highlighting a desired end-goal) influenced children’s imitation and transmission of the use of an inefficient tool to achieve a particular end-goal. Rather than examining children’s imitation of unnecessary actions that do not impede goal-completion, we examined children’s conformity with a modeled behavior that may result in sacrificing goal completion. Thus, the stakes of conforming with the stated norm were higher than when children are asked to imitate a series of unnecessary actions that may not impede achieving a designated goal. Children (N = 96 4- to 6-year-olds) were presented with either a conventional or instrumental description of a model’s actions before watching the model choose an inefficient tool. Results indicated that children who heard conventional language imitated the model’s inefficient tool choice and chose to teach a third party to use the inefficient tool at significantly higher rates than when they heard instrumental language. The use of a within-subjects design allowed us to confirm that descriptions that included conventional language impacted children’s imitation and transmission of inefficient tool use above and beyond individual differences in children’s baseline imitation rate. The results have implications for the extent to which children will conform with what “we” are “supposed” to do.