bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EDUCAÇÃO TERRRITORIALIDADE E LUTA CIGANA
Authors: Pinel Walace Roza , Perpétuo Lenilda Damasceno , Reses Erlando da Silva
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo é fruto de uma investigação social, iniciada no mestrado e continuada por meio do Doutorado em Educação na Universidade de Brasília (UnB) o qual procura trazer à tona a realidade em que vivem os Ciganos Calon em Sobradinho DF no seu processo de territorialização e luta pela posse da terra. Comunidade que passa por um processo de mudanças culturais e transita de uma situação de nomadismo para uma de sedentarismo. Devido a sua cultura de vida livre, encontram inúmeras dificuldades de adaptação ao modelo de sociedade proposta. Sendo assim, a moradia fixa e a posse da terra ainda se tratam de espaços antagônicos aos seus modos históricos de vida. Desse modo, esta pesquisa abordará o percurso histórico-cultural dos povos ciganos, contribuindo para a análise e a compreensão das associações entre etnicidade cigana e a luta, buscando identificar uma política intercultural de educação amparada pelos Direitos Humanos, a qual permita a efetiva inclusão social e educacional dos povos ciganos no Distrito Federal. De caráter qualitativo, temos como base teórica o materialismo histórico dialético, o qual investiga as representações sociais acerca do povo cigano e como essas representações, por sua vez, influenciam nos seus conflitos étnicos e territoriais
RUBBER SURFACE OXIDATION EFFECT ON WET FRICTION
Authors: Roberts Alan D.
Published: January 2020

The presence of a liquid can prevent moving surfaces from coming into intimate contact. With smooth-surfaced rubber, it is possible to examine by optical interferometry the shape and thickness of liquid films between the surfaces. Furthermore, in water lubrication, if the acidity or alkalinity of the water is altered, laboratory friction measurements reveal the impact on its lubricity. Extensive testing shows that some rubber materials are more sensitive to water pH than others, and air aging has an influence on the results. In some circumstances the level of wet friction can decrease by two orders of magnitude—a surprising result by normal lubrication experience. These water pH results are described in some detail and mechanistic explanations are offered. The overall conclusion is that pH and the state of oxidation of a rubber surface can have a marked effect on its water-lubricated friction.
Cuestionario sobre el uso de técnicas y manejo de presión del cuff en usuarios adultos con vía aérea artificial por parte de profesionales de salud en Chile
Authors: Rosales Felipe
Published: January 2020

La evidencia internacional recomienda diferente presión de ‘cuff’ a utilizar en usuarios con vía aérea artificial. En Chile, algunas instituciones sanitarias han creado protocolos internos referenciando dicha evidencia. Sin embargo, no existe una guía nacional, por lo que distintos profesionales utilizan diferentes criterios. El objetivo de este trabajo fue crear un cuestionario válido y confiable sobre el uso de técnicas y manejo de la presión del ‘cuff’ en usuarios adultos con vía aérea artificial por parte de profesionales de salud en Chile. Para ello, se utilizó un diseño cualitativo-cuantitativo, descriptivo y longitudinal. El proceso fue dividido en tres fases. En la fase A se desarrolló un cuestionario en inglés que fue traducido al español con ayuda de tres hablantes hispanos nativos. En la fase B diez expertos chilenos en el manejo de usuarios con vía aérea artificial analizaron la herramienta y recomendaron modificaciones de algunos componentes del cuestionario. Después de dichos cambios, la herramienta fue validada a través de un Índice de Validez de Contenido. En la fase C treinta y tres profesionales de la salud chilenos respondieron voluntariamente el cuestionario en dos ocasiones con un lapso de treinta días entre respuestas, con el fin de medir la confiabilidad a través de ‘test-retest’. El cuestionario desarrollado tuvo una validez de 0,93 mientras que 72,73% y 27,27% de sus ítems tuvieron excelente y buena confiabilidad respectivamente. Lo anterior permite concluir que este cuestionario cumple con su objetivo y servirá para conocer las técnicas y presiones del ‘cuff’ que profesionales de la salud en Chile utilizan para el manejo de usuarios adultos con vía aérea artificial.
ESTIMATIVAS DE BIOMASSA E CARBONO EM FRAGMENTO DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL SEMIDECIDUAL NO OESTE DO PARANÁ
Authors: Veres Qohélet José Ianiski , Watzlawick Luciano Farinha , Silva Richeliel Albert Rodrigues
Published: January 2020

As formações florestais são responsáveis por armazenar diferentes quantidades de carbono na biomassa, em função da intensificação do efeito-estufa e, consequentemente, do aquecimento global. Diante da importância dessa temática, foram testadas as seguintes hipóteses: o ajuste de modelos alométricos a partir das arvores individuais provindas da classificação dos Valores de Importância (VI) são eficientes? Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve por objetivo ajustar e estimar valores referentes à biomassa e ao carbono estocado total e por componentes em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, no município de São José das Palmeiras, PR. Foram abatidas 32 árvores-amostra em 2008, para o ajuste das equações alométricas, as quais foram selecionadas por meio do ranqueamento do valor de importância (VI). Os coeficientes de determinação ajustado (R² adj.) variaram de 0,11% a 0,90% e o erro padrão de 141,89% a 41,53%, para biomassa dos componentes; R² adj. de 0,03% a 0,87 e erro padrão de 143,64% a 46,20%, para carbono estocado nos componentes. Estimou-se em 56,25 t.ha-1 a biomassa total do componente arbóreo e 25,88 t.ha-1 de carbono total. Portanto, o método testado de ajustar modelos alométricos a partir das árvores individuais provindas da classificação dos valores de importância (VI) teve êxito. Os valores de biomassa total, carbono orgânico estocado e carbono efetivamente sequestrado são condizentes com o perfil da área do estudo.
ESTOQUE DE BIOMASSA E CARBONO EM PASTAGENS CULTIVADAS NO NORTE DE RONDÔNIA
Authors: Sanquetta Carlos Roberto , Bastos Alexis De Sousa , Sanquetta Mateus Niroh Inoue , Korbela do Rosário Paulo Henrique Corrêa , Corte Ana Paula Dalla , Piva Luani Rosa de Oliveira
Published: January 2020

A substituição da vegetação natural da Floresta Amazônica por pastagens cultivadas é uma realidade há décadas. A hipótese que se estabelece neste estudo é que a substituição de floresta tropical por pastagens implica em balanço negativo de biomassa e carbono e emissões expressivas de GEE. Existem muitos estudos sobre biomassa e carbono estocados em floresta natural, porém poucos em pastagens cultivadas em Rondônia. Por isso, objetivou-se determinar os estoques de biomassa e de carbono na região. Vinte unidades amostrais de 1 m2 alocadas aleatoriamente em fazendas de pecuária manejadas com Urochloa brizantha nos municípios de Itapuã do Oeste e Cujubim foram instaladas. Toda a biomassa foi amostrada até a máxima profundidade das raízes no quadrilátero circunscrito. A biomassa fresca foi pesada e amostras de cerca de 1 kg foram coletadas para determinação da biomassa seca e do teor de carbono. O estoque de biomassa seca resultante foi de 18,90 Mg ha-1 em média, com desvio padrão de 11,03 Mg ha-1. O estoque de carbono teve média de 7,53 Mg ha-1 e desvio padrão de 4,58 Mg ha-1. O teor médio de carbono foi de 39,35%, com desvio padrão de 5,32%. Considerando o estoque de carbono na biomassa vegetal na floresta natural madura, de 180,00 Mg ha-1 (dado da literatura), pode-se concluir que houve perda de 172,47 MgC ha-1, o que corresponde a uma emissão líquida de 632,39 MgCO2eq ha-1 para a atmosfera. Esse é o impacto predito decorrente da substituição da floresta tropical por pastagens na região.
INCÊNDIOS EM VEGETAÇÃO EM CONJUNTO COM OUTROS MATERIAIS COMBUSTÍVEIS NA INTERFACE URBANO-RURAL DE CURITIBA-PR
Authors: Ferreira Heitor Renan , Batista Antonio Carlos , Tetto Alexandre França , Kovalsyki Bruna , Santos João Francisco Labres dos
Published: January 2020

Os incêndios em vegetação são responsáveis por significativas alterações socioeconômicas e ambientais, tanto de aspectos positivos quanto negativos. O aumento da urbanização reduz a distância entre as áreas urbanizadas e as áreas rurais, fazendo com que os seres vivos tenham que se adaptar à interface urbano-rural, caracterizada por aglomerados de edificações em contato aos espaços rurais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as ocorrências de incêndio em vegetação misturada com outros materiais combustíveis, para verificar a influência antrópica neste tipo de incêndio. Para isso, foram utilizados os dados das ocorrências atendidas pelo Corpo de Bombeiros da Polícia Militar do Paraná, no município de Curitiba, no período de 2011 a 2015, que foram distribuídos em um mapa de monitoramento de cobertura e uso da terra do Brasil de 2016. Ao todo foram analisadas 1.255 ocorrências de incêndio em vegetação, sendo que 108 destas eram resultantes da queima de combustível vegetal misturado com outros materiais combustíveis caraterísticos de área urbana. Observou-se que houve um aumento crescente do número destas ocorrências no período analisado. Ao comparar as ocorrências com o mapa de cobertura do solo, verificou-se que 94,8% dos casos foram classificados como “área artificial”, que apresenta nível de antropização superior às demais. Conclui-se que houve um aumento do número de ocorrências de incêndio em vegetação misturada com outros tipos de materiais combustíveis e que este tipo de incêndio possui relação causal antrópica, sendo necessário um maior aprofundamento e pesquisas junto à população acerca da utilização do fogo.
Dos conflitos ambientais à ética socioambiental: um olhar a partir dos povos e comunidades tradicionais
Authors: Florit Luciano Félix
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho discute inter-relações entre ética ambiental e a reflexão crítica sobre os padrões de desenvolvimento. Tem como foco a análise dos conflitos entre sistemas de valores que subjazem aos conflitos ambientais e aos processos de territorialização que afetam comunidades tradicionais. A ética socioambiental referida no título é entendida nesse contexto como o campo de reflexão que faz uma interface entre a ética ambiental e os estudos sociais das iniquidades ambientais. No artigo, busca-se evidenciar as relações entre ética socioambiental e a perspectiva dos povos tradicionais que enfrentam esse tipo de conﬂitos. Esta conexão é examinada através da análise de duas entrevistas a porta vozes de povos tradicionais. Destaca-se o significado emancipador das lutas territoriais desses povos na defesa do seu lugar, como um fenômeno que afirma uma contestação da redução instrumental da natureza imposta pelas cadeias de produção integradas à lógica global e à territorialidade urbano-industrial-capitalista.
Alternatividades no âmbito socioambiental e rural: aproximações e perspectivas teóricas
Authors: Schneider Alessandra Helena , Coradin Cristiane , Kahlau Camila , Melo Diogo Neves , Denardin Valdir Frigo
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo é resultado de um esforço interdisciplinar realizado pelos(as) pesquisadores(as) da turma XII de Doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento da Universidade Federal do Paraná (PPGMADE-UFPR). Como objetivo principal, buscou-se contribuir com a construção do conhecimento para o aprofundamento teórico e embasamento de trabalhos empíricos relativos à temática “alternatividades”. O conceito de alternatividades vem sendo proposto e utilizado por pesquisadores(as) críticos(as) à lógica dominante de modernização social, sobretudo no que tange ao meio rural. A fim de compreender a sua aplicação no campo do conhecimento socioambiental, partiu-se da aplicação do método de investigação conhecido como pesquisa bibliométrica, que possibilitou empreender análises quantitativas e qualitativas sobre a utilização do termo, bem como identificar lacunas e oportunidades de pesquisa. Como resultado, encontrou-se que o termo é predominantemente usado nas áreas das Ciências Ambientais e Sociais, partindo de amadurecimentos vinculados, sobretudo, a Boaventura de Sousa Santos. À nível qualitativo, observou-se que as alternatividades em ruralidades estão estreitamente vinculadas a uma opção epistemológica que tem buscado, por meio das experiências e narrativas de sujeitos ausentes e emergentes, compreender de que forma as ruralidades e os atores sociais rurais se constituem como socioambientais e produzem novas experiências; entendidas como emergências-resistências, quando o ponto de referência é a modernidade-colonial hegemônica.
“Capital do Petróleo”: olhares transversais de professores da rede pública e suas perspectivas para a educação ambiental
Authors: Costa Rafael Nogueira , Branquinho Fátima Teresa Braga , Sánchez Celso , Leal Giuliana Franco
Published: January 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo investigar como os olhares de professores sobre a suposta “Capital do Petróleo” contribuem para se fazer uma reflexão sobre uma Educação Ambiental contextualizada à realidade local. Para isso, considera-se a produção cinematográfica como um espaço para formação dialógica e horizontal. Dessa forma, os docentes descrevem, conectam e analisam os ecossistemas de acordo com os impactos da atividade petrolífera com base na teoria ator-rede. As perspectivas transversais trazem contribuições a fim de se pensar em práticas horizontais, coletivas e compartilhadas sobre a realidade local. A experiência foi favorável como processo, para a compreensão de um mundo comum, ao ampliar as interpretações da realidade, para além da visão dicotômica entre sociedade e ambiente, contribuindo, assim, para a formação continuada de professores/as.
Áreas Protegidas e populações humanas: valor ambiental e manejo sustentável em uma comunidade rural do sul da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Ferreira Damile De Jesus , Profice Christiana Cabicieri
Published: January 2020

O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender a percepção ambiental dos moradores da comunidade rural do Barrocão (Uruçuca-BA), localizada no entorno do Parque Estadual da Serra do Conduru (PESC), com a finalidade de descrever a relação que os moradores adquiriram com os recursos naturais, a importância que é atribuída aos elementos naturais e suas diferentes formas de manejo. O estudo é uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, que emprega a fenomenologia como sua matriz teórico-metodológica. O método de coleta foi o uso de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 13 moradores integrantes da Associação Comunitária Doces Segredos da Floresta. As análises mostraram que os moradores apresentam uma visão sistêmica do meio ambiente, correlacionando a produção da água diretamente com a presença dos fragmentos florestais. Evidenciou-se a responsabilidade socioambiental por parte da comunidade, devido à dependência dos recursos naturais para sobrevivência, além da necessidade do cuidado com o seu lugar. Os moradores apresentaram técnicas de produção que visam à maximização do reaproveitamento, aliadas à discussão da necessidade do cultivo de orgânicos.
Tecnologia, imaginação e ecologia na obra de Murray Bookchin
Authors: Aquino Alysson Eduardo De Carvalho , Queluz Gilson Leandro
Published: January 2020

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar algumas reflexões sobre tecnologia, imaginação e ecologia presentes na obra do pensador libertário estadunidense Murray Bookchin (1921 – 2006), idealizador da Ecologia Social – abordagem crítica que influenciou movimentos sociais de vários países. Inicialmente, trabalharemos a noção de imaginação técnica desenvolvida pelo autor e, junto dela, destacaremos a crítica da imagem sobre a técnica predominante na modernidade e na concepção de trabalho em Marx. Para Bookchin, o estudo das imagens técnicas possibilita perceber a presença tanto de “epistemologias da dominação” quanto de “liberação”. Seu objetivo é investir na construção de uma perspectiva tecnológica vinculada aos ideais libertários e ecológicos. Em sua concepção, a construção de tecnologias libertadoras só é possível com a criação de instituições sociais emancipadoras e de uma sociedade que permita a liberdade. Assim, seu projeto visa confrontar radicalmente as tecnologias políticas. Nessa direção, ele também realiza uma crítica da lógica científica que constrói a crença na superioridade humana sobre a natureza. Em oposição, Bookchin tenta construir as bases de uma teoria que incorpore valores capazes de reelaborar a visão moderna da ciência e da técnica - considerando a fluidez da natureza e a natureza fluida humanidade.
Identificação da síndrome de Burnout em motoristas do transporte da saúde
Authors: Zanin Caroline Estéfani , Angonese Amanda Saraiva
Published: January 2020

O estudo objetivou verificar a ocorrência da Síndrome de Burnout nos Motoristas do Transporte da Saúde, analisando-se as consequências que esta pode trazer para a vida do profissional. A pesquisa é de abordagem quanti-qualitativa e de caráter descritivo. Aplicou-se o formulário do Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) para identificação da síndrome e uma entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram da investigação 14 Motoristas da Saúde dos municípios que compõem a Agência de Desenvolvimento Regional de município do interior do estado de Santa Catarina. Para a análise dos dados relativos ao instrumento MBI-HSS, foram seguidas as normas apresentadas pelo instrumento e, para a análise dos dados da entrevista, foi utilizada a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2009). Os resultados apontaram a manifestação da Síndrome de Burnout nessa categoria de trabalhadores (93% dos entrevistados). Conclui-se que a manifestação da síndrome neste público ocorre pela profissão ocasionar intenso estresse e exposição a fatores nocivos.
Psicologia e ruralidade: reflexões para formação em psicologia
Authors: Silva Kátya de Brito e , Macedo João Paulo
Published: January 2020

Os contextos rurais constituem um novo campo de atuação para as/os psicólogas/os. Porém, a relação entre Psicologia e rural ainda não se dá de forma estreita. O lugar das/os psicólogas/os nesse campo ainda está por se configurar. Diante dessa realidade, este ensaio desenvolvido por meio de uma pesquisa teórica visa debater mais amplamente sobre as possibilidades de inserção de rural na formação em Psicologia. Entende-se que o desafio é construir formações em Psicologia implicadas com a clareza das bases teóricas e práticas que norteiam o fazer técnico e ético no contexto das ruralidades, entendendo que a qualificação para esse campo não envolve apenas o campo técnico, mas o compromisso ético-político.
O brincar na relação parento-filial: um recurso de integração da filiação adotiva
Authors: Machado Rebeca Nonato , Mello Renata , Féres-Carneiro Terezinha
Published: January 2020

O trabalho discute o brincar como elemento significativo no processo de constituição da filiação adotiva, na perspectiva de pais e mães adotivos. Pensou-se a presença dos fenômenos transicionais, vividos nos jogos e nas brincadeiras entre pais e filhos, como recurso psíquico para a integração da identidade paradoxal da família adotiva. Este estudo faz parte de uma ampla pesquisa qualitativa sobre parentalidade e filiação adotivas, na qual realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas, com 14 mães e 10 pais adotivos. Os dados obtidos foram analisados pelo método de análise de conteúdo de Bardin no modelo categorial. Observou-se que brincar foi valorizado pelos pais como indicador da boa qualidade relacional com os filhos. Os participantes expressam que, por meio das brincadeiras, eles e seus filhos compartilharam conteúdos internos, desenvolvendo uma intimidade e criando espaço para experimentarem juntos dilemas em torno do paradoxo da filiação adotiva e do enigma sobre as origens.
Família e casal: filiação, intergeracionalidade e violência
Authors: Bucher-Maluschk Julia Sursis Nobre Ferro
Published: January 2020

Féres-Carneiro, T. (Org) (2019). Família e Casal: Filiação, Intergeracionalidade e Violência. Rio de Janeiro: Prospectiva/EDPUC-Rio.
The capacity design of reinforced concrete hybrid structures for multistorey buildings
Authors: Paulay T. , Goodsir W. J.
Published: January 2020

To complement existing capacity design procedures used in New Zealand for reinforced concrete buildings in which earthquake resistance is provided by ductile frames or ductile structural walls, an analogous methodology is presented for the design of ductile hybrid structures. Modelling and types of structures in which the mode of wall contribution is different are briefly described. A step by step description of a capacity design procedure for a structural system in which fixed base ductile frames and walls, both of identical height, interact, is presented. The rationale for each step is outlined and, where necessary, evidence is offered for the selection of particular design parameters and their magnitudes. A number of issues which require further study are briefly outlined. These relate to irregularity in layout, torsional effects, diaphragm flexibility, shortcomings in the predictions for dynamic shear demands in walls, and to limitations of the proposed design procedure. It is believed that the methodology is logical, relatively simple and that it should ensure, when combined with appropriate detailing, excellent seismic structural response.
Rocking motion of slender elastic body on rigid floor
Authors: Ichinose T.
Published: January 2020

A single degree of freedom (SDOF) model is presented to describe the rocking behaviour of a slender elastic body on a rigid floor. This model assumes the vibration mode to be a linear combination of flexural and rocking modes. A finite element analysis is also presented, in which following features are observed to support the assumptions of the proposed SDOF model: (1) There exists a simple relationship between the magnitudes of flexural and rocking modes, which relation can be derived from the equilibrium of moment. (2) Angular momentum is conserved at the instances of uplifting and landing.
Mechanical strain gauge measurements at Te Marau
Authors: Darby D. J. , Perrin N. D.
Published: January 2020

In 1981 an array of five steel rods linking four monument was installed across the trace of the Wellington Fault, at the site of the Te Marau water storage project. This array was instrumented with electronic displacement transducers and data loggers to serve as a horizontal strainmeter. Corresponding measurements have been made from time to time using a Whittemore mechanical strain gauge. Though these measurements are consistent with a model of right lateral shear deformation at an average rate of (5 ± 2) x 10-6 /yr (engineering units) since 1982, some or all of this estimate may be due to flexure of the rods; it may therefore be considered as an upper limit to deformation at the site. Verification by precise surveying methods may be possible if there is a sufficiently broad zone of deformation.
Glossary of terms for probabilistic seismic-risk and hazard analysis
Authors: EERI Committee
Published: January 2020

This glossary is the work of the EERI Committee on Seismic Risk. It was published in Earthquake Spectra, Vol. 1, No. 1, November 1984, and it is reprinted here with the permission of EERI.
Seismic design considerations of the properties of New Zealand manufactured steel reinforcing bars
Authors: Andriono T. , Park R.
Published: January 2020

A statistical study is carried out to investigate the probable stress-strain properties of Grade 275 and Grade 380 reinforcing steel manufactured in New Zealand for reinforced concrete construction. The investigation is based on extensive measured data obtained from Pacific Steel Ltd and from University of Canterbury research projects. The results obtained from this statistical study are used to calculate the 5% lower-tail normal probability value of the yield strength, which is considered to be more appropriate for use in the strength design of reinforced concrete members than the specified minimum yield strength. The results obtained from this statistical study are also used to re-evaluate the values of the currently recommended beam flexural overstrength factors used in seismic design in New Zealand, namely 1.25 if Grade 275 steel is used as flexural reinforcement and 1.40 if Grade 380 steel is used as flexural reinforcement. For this purpose, moment-curvature analyses incorporating an appropriate stress-strain model for the steel reinforcement and the Monte Carlo simulation technique are conducted to study the likely increase in the flexural strength above the ideal moment capacity of reinforced concrete members at high curvatures. Improved values for the flexural overstrength factors are recommended.
The influence of bridge geometry on the seismic behaviour of bridges  on isolating bearings
Authors: Moss P. J. , Carr A. J. , Cooke N. , Kwai Tan Fun
Published: January 2020

The response of bridge decks supported on elastomeric or a combination of elastomeric and lead-rubber bearings is computed and compared with the response of a bridge deck monolithically connected to piers designed to have a ductile behaviour. A study of the sensitivity of bridge response to changes in geometry was made using the El Centro 1940 N-S earthquake component. The geometrical changes covered a range of uniform pier heights, a range of number of spans.
Support structure design for New Zealand Forest Products Ltd's No. 5 Recovery Boiler
Authors: Sharpe R. D.
Published: January 2020

Internationally, the seismic resistance of large industrial boilers appears to be addressed by the most simple application of relatively low equivalent static lateral forces which are resisted elastically. This paper describes measures taken to ensure a predictable and controlled seismic performance of such a boiler during a major earthquake. Inelastic time-history methods of analysis were used to confirm that the desired performance would be achieved. As a result the client was able to purchase a relatively standard boiler in the international marketplace and still achieve a level of seismic resistance consistent with the best NZ practices.
Liquefaction
Authors: Whitman Robert V.
Published: January 2020

Although liquefaction of soils during earthquakes has been researched intensively for more than 20 years, it has remained a confusing problem - owing to seemingly divergent viewpoints as to the fundamental nature of the problem. During the past several years there has been a clarifying and coming together of these viewpoints, and hence a much clearer framework of understanding has been established. This new perspective is presented and related to previously developed methods of investigation and analysis, and remaining problems are identified and discussed. Several recent advances re parts of the problems - prediction of limited permanent deformations and delayed failure - are also summarized.
Time and place
Authors: Elby George
Published: January 2020

Many of those who were present when the NZ Geophysical Society launched Margaret Hayes's biography of her late husband have urged that the after-dinner speech by George Eiby be published. As much that can pass for wit when spoken to a gathering prepared to laugh is shown to be poor stuff when committed to print, and the nakedness of unsupported assertion is revealed, he has agreed only with reluctance, and begs that readers who were not there will do their best to imagine what their memories cannot supply.
Book Reviews
Authors: Editor
Published: January 2020

"Earthquake Design Practice for Buildings"

Author: David E. Key

"Earthquake Resistant Design for Engineers and Architects" (second edition)

Author: David J. Dowrick

"In Spite of His Time - A Biography of R.C. Hayes, Earthquake Pioneer, Astronomer, Musician"

Author: Margaret Hayes
Seismic behaviour of a reinforced concrete portal frame sustaining gravity loads
Authors: Meggett L. M. , Fenwick R. C.
Published: January 2020

To study the behaviour of multistorey building frames under gravity and severe earthquake conditions a reinforced concrete portal frame was constructed. The beam was subjected to constant vertical loads while a cyclic lateral load was applied to the unit. Negative moment plastic hinges formed at the column faces while the positive moment hinges were located in the span. The rotations generated by each inelastic displacement accumulated. This placed high rotational demands on the plastic hinges, which reduced the overall ductile behaviour compared with that observed in typical beam-column sub-assembly tests. The high rotations caused the beam to grow in length.
Hysteretic restoring force characteristics of unbounded prestressed concrete framed structure under earthquake load
Authors: Nishiyama M. , Mugurama H. , Watanabe F.
Published: January 2020

An analytical method, by which hysteretic restoring force characteristics of unbonded prestressed concrete framed structure can be statically pursued on the basis of material properties, is presented. The bond-slip relationship between concrete and prestressing tendon is taken into account, and thus the method covers unbonded members and bonded members. For verifying the propriety of the analytical method, the experiment is carried out on a portal frame with an unbonded prestressed concrete beam of 4.2 m in length and reinforced concrete columns of 1 m in height. High intensity reversed cyclic lateral loading is applied. The experimental results show a good agreement with the analytical ones in terms of load-deflection relation and the fluctuation of the tendon stress at anchorage end.
Observation of a directed resonance in soil driven by transverse rock motion
Authors: Stephenson W. R.
Published: January 2020

One component of horizontal ground acceleration recorded on flexible soil during the 1968 November 1 Cook strait earthquake is shown to be well modelled as a single degree of freedom oscillator excited by the recorded component of transverse acceleration in nearby bed rock. This is shown to be consistent with the cellular resonant mode hypothesis of seismic response of flexible soil. The mechanical oscillator is identified as a layer of fine-grained, post-glacial alluvium of approximately 20 m thickness.
Column strength requirements in multi-storey seismic frames
Authors: Blaikie E. L.
Published: January 2020

This paper examines factors affecting the strength requirements of columns in multi-storey frames responding to seismic ground motions. The examination is carried out using an inelastic static analysis approach and the concept of an "equivalent condensed frame". In particular, the influence of higher modes and the effect of varying the pattern of beam flexural strength over the frame height are evaluated. It is suggested that the current capacity design approach of the NZ Concrete Design Code overstates the importance of higher mode effects while neglecting the potentially more important influence of the beam flexural strength pattern that is provided for a frame. Some tentative modifications to the current column design procedure are suggested for future evaluation under inelastic dynamic response conditions.
The use of sprayed concrete in the strengthening of earthquake risk buildings
Authors: Leuchars J. M.
Published: January 2020

Sprayed concrete has become an accepted efficient strengthening system for the strengthening and upgrading of masonry earthquake risk buildings. The standard of sprayed concrete in New Zealand has improved greatly over the past five years and has now reached a stage where the finish achieved matches that of formed fair faced concrete. The current state of the art in New Zealand in the preparation, placement and finishing of the concrete is described.

The design of the sprayed concrete walls for earthquake loads is described with particular attention being paid to the Author's current practice for detailing and placement of reinforcing.
The role of reinsurance in earthquake risk assessment
Authors: Porro B.
Published: January 2020

This paper deals with the assessment of catastrophe perils from a reinsurance point of view. Taking earthquake as an example, we try to answer two crucial questions

- What are the factors that most influence the premium?

- How can we arrive at (maximum) event losses?

In a first paragraph, we try to define catastrophe losses in contrast to single risk losses. Then we discuss in some detail the elements that have the largest impact on catastrophe losses: size and frequency of earthquake events, vulnerability of the insured interests exposed and the conditions of the earthquake endorsement.

New Zealand is taken as an example to show how risk premiums can be calculated and how we can arrive at maximum probable/possible losses with a certain occurrence probability.

Finally, based on the questions we want to answer, the basic information needs in the entrepreneurial reinsurance environment are touched upon. The paper is intended as an introduction to the verbal presentation and the following discussion.
The Lake Coleridge earthquakes of 1946
Authors: Eiby George
Published: January 2020

The magnitude (ML) 6.2 earthquake of 1946 June 26d 12h 34m 39s.7 U.T., with an epicentre at 43°.18S 171°.68E, near Lake Coleridge, is the largest known event in the Central Seismic Region of New Zealand. It was felt over the greater part of the South Island, and caused minor structural damage to homesteads in the Upper Rakaia basin, and at the Lake Coleridge hydro- electric power station. There were also numerous landslides and changes to watercourses. It was preceded by two foreshocks and followed by numerous aftershocks, the largest of which had a magnitude of 5.8. These persisted until the end of 1949.
Seismic design of prestressed concrete buildings
Authors: Nishiyama Minehiro
Published: January 2020

The current seismic design procedure for prestressed concrete buildings in Japan is described. The design seismic loads for prestressed concrete buildings provided in NZS 4203:1984 are compared with those in the corresponding Japanese code. Comparisons between prestressed concrete and ordinary reinforced concrete buildings are discussed with regard to design seismic load, dynamic response during earthquake motions and the performance of beam-column joints under reversed cyclic loading. The results of several tests are summarised.
P-delta effects in medium height moment resisting steel frames under seismic loading
Authors: Tjondro J. A. , Moss P. J. , Carr A. J.
Published: January 2020

An analytical investigation of the P-delta effects in medium height steel moment resisting frames excited by selected earthquake motions is reported. The frames with various design drifts and fundamental natural periods of free vibration were designed according to the loadings provisions for New Zealand's highest seismic risk zone (Wellington) of the Draft Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loading for Buildings, DZ4203 [10] as issued as a "Draft for Comment" in May 1986. The effect of strength degradation was investigated. Dynamic magnification factors for the member forces and displacement were also observed. Limits for the maximum plastic hinge rotation, inelastic drift, displacement magnification and prediction of maximum plastic hinge rotation based on the inter storey drift are suggested.
Earthquake risk buildings
Authors: Hopkins David C. , McKay Garry R. , Shephard R. Bruce
Published: January 2020

The power to classify buildings as earthquake risk has been available to local authorities since 1968. Through provisions in the Local Government Act, local authorities could require owners to strengthen or demolish buildings so classified. Authorities throughout New Zealand have progressively taken up these powers and many unreinforced masonry buildings have been demolished or strengthened. Relatively few owners have challenged the local authority's classification and it took until 1989 for a Council's ruling to be challenged in the District Court. During that year, three cases were heard, and the authors as members of a statutory panel of experts, were called upon to assist the judges. The experience provided a valuable, if long delayed, learning experience for the Courts, local authorities building owners and engineers. The Council's ruling was upheld in only one of the three cases.

This paper describes each case and draws attention to some engineering and procedural aspects which contain lessons for those involved in future applications. The main lessons for engineers include the need for adequate preparation and presentation for the standard of proof required by the court.
Structural damage aspects of the April 22, 1991 Costa Rica earthquake
Authors: Priestley M. J. Nigel
Published: January 2020

The magnitude M = 7.4 earthquake of April 22, 1991 occurred in a comparatively lightly inhabited region of Costa Rica. Despite dramatic geomorphological effects, including extensive landslides in the mountainous epicentral region, and uplift of the East Coastline by up to 1.5m, structural damage was comparatively light. A number of warehouses, and reinforced concrete buildings in or near the Port of Lim6n collapsed or were badly damaged, and a considerable number of houses supported on tall wooden piles failed. Of greatest interest was the failure of a number of modem highway bridges, due primarily to liquefaction of foundations, or excessive movement of soft soil layers in embankments.
Performance assessment of damaged bridge bents after the Loma Prieta earthquake
Authors: Priestley M. J. N. , Seible F.
Published: January 2020

Following the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, a large number of damaged and undamaged structural concrete bridge structures had to be assessed and evaluated for seismic repair and retrofit. The lack of consistent assessment and evaluation models prompted the formulation of the outlined procedures in a first attempt to develop a comprehensive basis for the seismic assessment and retrofit of existing bridge structures. The presented principles are currently being developed at UCSD into consistent assessment design models in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation.
Seismic isolation of a printing press in Wellington, New Zealand
Authors: Dowrick D. J. , Babor J. , Cousins W. J. , Skinner R. I.
Published: January 2020

This paper describes the seismic hazard near the Wellington Fault in Petone, and the measures taken to protect a new printing press made of brittle cast iron against earthquake attack. The printing press, owned by Wellington Newspapers, was located just 20 m from the Wellington Fault. Mounting the specially designed building housing the press on a seismic isolation system, lead-rubber bearings, reduced the estimated loads and deflections on the press by a factor of 8-10 compared with the non-isolated case. As a result the press should suffer only modest damage in earthquake shaking somewhat stronger than that required by the New Zealand earthquake code for the design of buildings.
Comparative study of four passive energy dissipation systems
Authors: Aiken Ian D. , Nims Douglas K. , Kelly James M.
Published: January 2020

Passive energy dissipation devices have the potential to increase the seismic resistance of a structure by increasing its capability to dissipate energy and by reducing the seismic demand on the structure. They offer particular promise for seismic retrofitting as well as extensive applications in new construction.

This paper describes and compares earthquake simulator tests of four new types of passive energy dissipators that were performed at the Earthquake Engineering Research Center of the University of California at Berkeley. The four types of energy dissipator are a Coulomb friction damper; a self-centering friction device in which the slip load is proportional to the slip displacement; a viscoelastic shear damper; and a shape memory alloy. Two different model structures were used in the experimental studies, and the energy dissipators were incorporated as part of the bracing systems of the structures.
Research into seismic retrofit of reinforced concrete bridge columns
Authors: Priestley M. J. Nigel , Seible Frieder
Published: January 2020

Structural deficiencies in flexural and shear strength, and in ductility capacity of reinforced concrete columns of Californian bridges have required the development of effective and economic retrofit solutions. The paper describes relevant research at the University of California San Diego, and presents design recommendations based on rather extensive test results.
Earthquake ground shaking hazard assessment for the Lower Hutt and Porirua areas, New Zealand
Authors: Van Dissen R. J. , Taber J. J. , Stephenson W. R. , Sritheran S. , Read S. A. L. , McVerry G. H. , Dellow G. D. , Barker P. R.
Published: January 2020

Geographic variations in strong ground shaking expected during damaging earthquakes impacting on the Lower Hutt and Porirua areas are identified and quantified. Four ground shaking hazard zones have been mapped in the Lower Hutt area, and three in Porirua, based on geological, weak motion, and strong motion inputs. These hazard zones are graded from 1 to 5. In general, Zone 5 areas are subject to the greatest hazard, and Zone 1 areas the least. In Lower Hutt, zones 3 and 4 are not differentiated and are referred to as Zone 3-4. The five-fold classification is used to indicate the range of relative response. Zone 1 areas are underlain by bedrock. Zone 2 areas are typically underlain by compact alluvial and fan gravel. Zone 3-4 is underlain, to a depth of 20 m, by interfingered layers of flexible (soft) sediment (fine sand, silt, clay, peat), and compact gravel and sand. Zone 5 is directly underlain by more than 10 m of flexible sediment with shear wave velocities in the order of 200 m/s or less. The response of each zone is assessed for two earthquake scenarios. Scenario 1 is for a moderate to large, shallow, distant earthquake that results in regional Modified Mercalli intensity V-VI shaking on bedrock. Scenario 2 is for a large, local, but rarer, Wellington fault earthquake. The response characterisation for each zone comprises: expected Modified Mercalli intensity; peak horizontal ground acceleration; duration of strong shaking; and amplification of ground motion with respect to bedrock, expressed as a Fourier spectral ratio, including the frequency range over which the most pronounced amplification occurs. In brief, high to very high ground motion amplifications are expected in Zone 5, relative to Zone 1, during a scenario 1 earthquake. Peak Fourier spectral ratios of 10-20 are expected in Zone 5, relative to Zone 1, and a difference of up to three, possibly four, MM intensity units is expected between the two zones. During a scenario 2 event, it is anticipated that the level of shaking throughout the Lower Hutt and Porirua region will increase markedly, relative to scenario 1, and the average difference in shaking between each zone will decrease.
Frequency dependent amplification of weak ground motions in Porirua and Lower Hutt, New Zealand
Authors: Taber J. John , Smith Euan G. C.
Published: January 2020

The relative ground response due to microearthquakes has been examined at a total of 36 sites in the Porirua and Lower Hutt regions of New Zealand, as part of a multi-disciplinary microzoning project conducted with the Wellington Regional Council. The sites were studied in two separate experiments and were chosen to sample a variety of soil types and depths ranging from strong rock to thick sections of alluvial gravels and sands to soft water-saturated fine-grained deposits. The amplitude response of each site relative to a bedrock reference site has been determined as a function of frequency. Fourier spectral ratios (Fsr) were calculated for each earthquake and then between three and twenty-six earthquakes were averaged together at each of the sites. Spectral ratios of individual earthquakes varied significantly from the average spectral ratio. In the Hutt Valley there is a gradual down-valley increase in shaking in a similar pattern to the down-valley increase of the depth to bedrock and thickness of near-surface soft sediment. The response at the upper-most valley sites, underlain by less than 50 m of alluvial gravel and silty sand, is similar to the response at the rock sites on the side of the valley (Fsr = 2.4) while the Fourier spectral ratios reach 14 at the lower-most valley sites, which are underlain by greater than 20 m of soft sediment. The highest amplifications were recorded at two sites on soft flexible sediments (10 to 35 m thick) in an enclosed valley (Fsr = 16 to 18) and a site on an apparently drained and filled swamp (Fsr = 15). A spectral ratio of 18 corresponds to an increase in peak ground velocity by a factor of 5. The amplification at most Lower Hutt sites occurred over a broad frequency band from 0.5 Hz to up to 5 Hz, with the high frequency limit of the band decreasing as the spectral ratio in the band increased. Two of the flexible sediment sites exhibited a very narrow frequency response with a peak in the 1-2 Hz range, similar to three flexible sediment sites in the Porirua basin where the amplification was in the 1-3 Hz frequency band. These flexible sediment sites had Fourier spectral ratios of up to 18 relative to a hard rock site. Three other Porirua sites had spectral ratios greater than 5 at some frequency. Two of these sites were on fan alluvium and fine grained sediment, while the third was on siltly sand on a topographic ridge. The remaining five sites were on weathered gravels and showed little amplification.
Changes to disaster insurance in New Zealand
Authors: Editor
Published: January 2020

This article is based on material supplied by EQC in its information kit detailing the background to and consequences of the Earthquake Act 1993. After discussing the need for a change in insuring for disasters, the new natural disaster insurance for residential properties - EQCover - is outlined. This is followed by an outline of the phase-out of EQC cover for disaster insurance for commercial and "Special Purpose" properties. The new structure for and role of the Earthquake Commission is also outlined.
Past earthquake timing and magnitude along the Inglewood fault, Taranaki, New Zealand
Authors: Hull A. G.
Published: January 2020

Several active normal faults in the onshore and offshore regions of Taranaki are capable of generating large earthquakes and associated strong ground shaking. Historical earthquakes are concentrated offshore of Cape Egmont, and no significant earthquakes have been detected along the major onshore surface faults. The northeaststriking Inglewood fault is a major onshore, southward-dipping normal fault. It has a known length of c. 20 km and an average scarp height of c. 3 m on landforms less than about 15,000 yrs old. Three subsurface excavations at two sites along the Inglewood fault about 15 km from New Plymouth have revealed three surface fault displacements during the last c. 13,000 years. Earthquakes resulting in about 1.2 m of surface displacement occurred at c. 3,500 radiocarbon yrs BP; between 4,000 and 9,000 radiocarbon yrs BP; and between 10,000 and 13,000 radiocarbon yrs BP, judged by the amount of vertical offset of dated volcanic ash layers. Based on average single-event fault slip values of 1.2-3.0 m and a fault length of 20-30 km, the estimated earthquake magnitudes associated with these past movements range from Mw 6.7 to 7.2.