bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An absolute requirement for Pax7-positive satellite cells in acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Lepper Christoph , Partridge Terence A. , Fan Chen-Ming
Published: August 2011

Skeletal muscle tissue provides mechanical force for locomotion of all vertebrate animals. It is prone to damage from acute physical trauma and physiological stress. To cope with this, it possesses a tremendous capacity for rapid and effective repair that is widely held to be accomplished by the satellite cells lying between the muscle fiber plasmalemma and the basement membrane. Cell transplantation and lineage-tracing studies have demonstrated that Pax7-expressing (Pax7+) satellite cells can repair damaged muscle tissue repeatedly after several bouts of acute injury. These findings provided evidence that Pax7+ cells are muscle stem cells. However, stem cells from a variety of other origins are also reported to contribute to myofibers upon engraftment into muscles, questioning whether satellite cells are the only stem cell source for muscle regeneration. Here, we have engineered genetic ablation of Pax7+ cells to test whether there is any significant contribution to muscle regeneration after acute injury from cells other than this source. We find that such elimination of Pax7+ cells completely blocks regenerative myogenesis either following injury to the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle or after transplantation of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles into nude mice. As Pax7 is specifically expressed in satellite cells, we conclude that they are essential for acute injury-induced muscle regeneration. It remains to be established whether there is any significant role for stem cells of other origins. The implications of our results for muscle stem cell-based therapy are discussed.
Electron Ionization and Electrospray Mass Spectra of Diaryl-Substituted Enaminoketones and Their Thio Analogs
Authors: Wileńska Beata , Danikiewicz Witold , Bugaj Marta , Kamieńska-Trela Krystyna , Krówczyński Adam
Published: August 2011

Electron ionization (EI) and positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of selected diaryl enaminoketones and enaminothiones have been studied. In the EI mass spectra of both classes of compound, molecular ion peaks are accompanied by the peaks corresponding to the [M – H]+ ions. The formation of these ions can be rationalized by a cyclization reaction resulting in the formation of the respective isoxazolium and isothiazolium cations. Under positive ESI conditions, in the spectra recorded for the enaminoketones peaks corresponding to the [M + H]+, [M + Na]+ and [2M + Na]+ ions appeared, while in the spectra recorded for the enaminothiones, peaks corresponding to the [M – H]+ ions were dominant. These ions are most likely formed by oxidation of the neutral enaminothione molecules on the surface of the positively charged stainless steel capillary in the ESI ion source (anodic oxidation).
Letter: Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectral Characteristics and Fragmentation Mechanisms of Triterpenoids in Fomes Officinalis
Authors: Wu Xia , Luo Rong , He Xiang Wei , Yu Ping , Yuan Gu
Published: August 2011

The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric characteristics and fragmentation mechanisms of 12 triterpenoid compounds from Fomes officinalis ( F. officinalis) and their analogs were investigated. The compounds could be classified into three types depending on their chemical structures. All of the compounds gave [M – H]− and [2M – H]− ions by electrospray negative ionization mode. In addition, the members of three isomeric groups of the analogs with the same elemental composition can be distinguished by tandem mass spectra of protonated molecules and of significant fragmention. The above fragmentations were reported for the first time and were implemented for the analysis of triterpenoids in F. officinalis.
Cerebral oximetry and stump pressure as indicators for shunting during carotid endarterectomy: comparative evaluation
Authors: Tambakis Charalambos L , Papadopoulos George , Sergentanis Theodoros N , Lagos Nikolaos , Arnaoutoglou Eleni , Labropoulos Nicos , Matsagkas Miltiadis I
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this work is to investigate the correlation between regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) changes and stump pressure (SP) during cross-clamping of the internal carotid artery in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and verify the perspectives of rSO2 to become a criterion for shunting. Sixty consecutive CEAs under general anesthesia were studied prospectively. Selective shunting was based on SP ≤40 mmHg exclusively. Regression analysis with high order terms and receiver operating characteristic analysis were performed to investigate the association between ΔrSO2(%) and SP and to determine an optimal ΔrSO2(%) threshold for shunt insertion. A quadratic association between ΔrSO2(%) and SP was documented regarding the baseline to one and five minutes after cross-clamping intervals. A cut-off of 21 and 10.1% reduction from the baseline recording was identified as optimal for the distinction between patients needed or not a shunt regarding the first and fifth minute after cross-clamping, respectively. In conclusion, cerebral oximety reflects sufficiently cerebral oxygenation during CEA compared with SP, providing a useful mean for cerebral monitoring.
The ‘docking maneuver’ for Gore Excluder positioning in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms with an ectatic neck
Authors: Celoria Giovanni M , Stefanini Teseo , Brancaccio Giovanni , Vecchiati Enrico
Published: August 2011

The aim was to present a technical modification to the ‘funnel technique’ that allows endovascular repair of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms with an ectatic neck. The body of the Excluder endograft is opened inside the aneurysm, using the slow deployment technique, stopping as soon as the contralateral limb is open. The gate is cannulated in the usual fashion. A percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) balloon is introduced in the contralateral limb and inflated to nominal pressure. By pulling the introducer of the Excluder delivery system on one side and the PTA balloon on the other, the graft is positioned on the bifurcation with the contralateral leg inside the common iliac artery. At this point, the ipsilateral iliac leg is deployed and the thoracic endograft can be positioned through the abdominal component. Finally, the contralateral iliac leg is deployed. The technique described offers a simple method to treat aortic abdominal aneurysms with an ectatic neck by positioning a bifurcated abdominal graft in such a way that subsequent insertion of the thoracic component is facilitated.
New insights into the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary origins of the septins
Authors: Nishihama Ryuichi , Onishi Masayuki , Pringle John R.
Published: August 2011

Until recently, it had appeared that the septin family of proteins was restricted to the opisthokont eukaryotes (the fungi and animals and their close relatives the microsporidia and choanoflagellates). It has now become apparent that septins are also present in several other widely divergent eukaryotic lineages (chlorophyte algae, brown algae, and ciliates). This distribution and the details of the non-opisthokont septin sequences appear to require major revisions to hypotheses about the origins and early evolution of the septins.
Highlight on septins
Authors: Wittinghofer Alfred
Published: August 2011

No abstract available
The fungal resistance of wood modified with glutaraldehyde
Authors: Xiao Zefang , Xie Yanjun , Mai Carsten
Published: August 2011

Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) were treated with glutaraldehyde (GA) in aqueous solution in the presence of magnesium chloride as a catalyst to evaluate the durability improvement towards staining and rot fungi. The GA modified specimens were dipped in a spore suspension of the blue stain fungus Aureobasidium pullulans and incubated for 8 weeks. The growth on both pine and beech wood was restrained, when the weight percent gain (WPG) of the specimens was above 7%. Under this condition, GA-modified beech wood did not suffer any mass loss after incubation with the white rot fungus Trametes versicolor. The threshold to prevent decay of beech and pine specimens towards the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana was at a WPG of only 3%. GA treatment to a WPG over 6% protected the Scots pine stakes from soft rot decay during 32 weeks’ exposure according to ENv 807 (2001).
Recycling potential of unbleached and bleached chemical pulps from juvenile and mature wood ofPopulus deltoides
Authors: Hamzeh Yahya , Najafi Seyed Mohammad Hashemi , Hubbe Martin A. , Salehi Kamyar , Firouzabadi Mohammad Reza Dehghani
Published: August 2011

The recycling potential of unbleached and bleached pulps of juvenile and mature wood of poplar (namely “eastern cottonwood”,Populus deltoides) has been investigated. First, chemical and morphological characteristics of juvenile wood (JW), transition wood, and mature wood (MW) of the trunk were determined. Then, high yield and low yield pulps were produced separately from JW and MW by kraft pulping (KP), followed by bleaching of the low-yield pulp with a DED sequence. The obtained handsheet papers were subjected to five successive drying and rewetting cycles (as recycling simulation), and the properties of the corresponding pulps were characterized. The results show that JW is inferior with respect to chemical and morphological properties and resulted in low-yield KP. The bleached pulp obtained from JW required more bleaching chemical to achieve the brightness targets. The strength losses of pulps resulting from recycling were more significant in the first recycling cycle, and then the loss rate decreased with further cycles. The comparison between different pulps showed that the JW pulps were more susceptible to the effects of recycling than MW pulps.
Dilute solution viscometry study on the miscibility of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan-cellulose acetate blends
Authors: Boricha Alka G. , Murthy Zagabathuni Venkata Panchakshari
Published: August 2011

Dilute solution viscometry method is used for studying viscosity behavior of newly prepared N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC), cellulose acetate (CA), and their blends at different compositions (0/10, 2/8, 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, 8/2, 10/0). In this method, reduced viscosity (η
sp/c) and inherent viscosity (ln η
rel/c) of the given polymer sample have been determined by measuring the flow time of the polymer sample in acetone solvent. Huggins (k) and Kraemer coefficients (k′) for given polymer-solvent system are calculated from the extrapolation of plots (η
sp/c) versus(c) and (ln η
rel/c) versus(c). The miscibility of this polymer system is determined using different criteria such as Δb, Δb′, , interaction parameter Δ[η], thermodynamic parameter α, and modified thermodynamic parameter β. Based on the positive or negative sign of this criteria, miscibility of the polymer system is investigated. The results of the dilute solution viscometry method suggested that the NOCC/CA blends are miscible at the compositions range of 4/6, 5/5, 6/4, and 8/2 and completely immiscible at the 2/8 composition. The results are also supported by Fourier transform infrared analyses of all the compositions.
Synthesis, modification, and characterization of organosilicone and acrylate copolymer latex
Authors: Xu Lei , Dai Chun-hua , Chen Lei , Xie Hong-de
Published: August 2011

Silicone elastomers are well known for their interesting physical and chemical properties such as low surface tension and surface energy, high energy of Si–O bond, good molecule flexibility, increased modulus, decreased thermal expansion coefficient, increased heat distortion temperature, reduced gas permeability, better fire-retardant properties, enhanced ionic conductivity, low flammability, increased solvent resistance, lower material cost, and ease of preparation and processing. High-silicon-content silicone-acrylate copolymerization emulsion by octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and acrylic ester was synthesized and characterized in this article. About 20 wt% silicon content gave the latex film a rubberlike characteristic as shown by the study of the resilience and tensile curve of the silicone-acrylic latex film. The emulsions were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A Mastersizer 2000 particle size distributor from Malvern Instruments was used to measure the particle size distribution of the organosilicone-acrylate copolymer emulsion. In this article, the thermal properties of the copolymers were studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The morphology structure of the latex film was determined by transmission electron microscopy. The analysis results indicated that the latex film presented high drawing rate and high elasticity. Compared with common polymer fluid, the latex displayed a sound performance in flowability, elastic resilience, and industry application value.
Metal injection molding of W-Ni-Fe microcutters
Authors: Huang Ming-Shyan , Chung Chin-Feng
Published: August 2011

This investigation applies metal injection molding (MIM) to fabricate precise microcutters from W-Ni-Fe alloy powder. The hard and brittle W-Ni-Fe alloy is difficult to machine, and MIM must be applied to produce near net-shaped products. MIM involves the injection molding of feedstock by blending metal powder and binders, debinding, and sintering. Liquid-phase sintering is commonly adopted to improve the density and mechanical properties of the sintered parts, but it is inferior in terms of dimensional stability. This study elucidates the dimensional stability of sintered parts made from W-Ni-Fe alloy feedstocks that contain 83 and 93 wt% W. The powder injection molding of microcutters that demand micrometer-scale precision is considered as an example. The Taguchi method is utilized to optimize injection molding and sintering parameters, effectively optimizing the dimensional stability and mechanical properties. Experimental results show that (1) feedstock with 93 wt% W exhibited little and consistent shrinkage (25%–26%); (2) the optimal injection molding parameters determined by the Taguchi method yield an eccentricity of over 18%, and (3) in the sintering process, low heating rate significantly improves dimensional stability. The average hardness of microcutters, sintered at various heating rates, ranges from Vickers hardness 446 to 452.
Determination of relevant “average” properties for tubular filler materials used in composites
Authors: Piccione Patrick M.
Published: August 2011

To obtain the best estimate of the average diameter and number of walls of tubular objects such as carbon nanotubes, which are used as filler materials in composites, both inner and outer diameters must be taken into consideration. The appropriate weighting factor is calculated from the cross-sectional circular shell area. In the case of cylindrical objects, the formulae simplify considerably and the average diameter and wall thickness are the third moment of their distribution function. Two examples illustrate the numerical effects of these calculation procedures.
A balancing act of optimising insulin dose and insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Krook Anna
Published: August 2011

The incidence and prevalence of type 1, insulin dependent, diabetes is increasing worldwide, spurring efforts to develop and improve therapeutic modalities to improve clinical outcomes for patients. Patients with type 1 diabetes are absolutely dependent on exogenous insulin replacement. Despite advances with novel rapid-acting and intermediate-acting insulin analogues, the net result of exogenous delivery is non-physiologic with respect to both timing and the circulating insulin concentrations achieved. This leads to periods of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia, both of which contribute negatively to overall clinical outcome. Thus, better understanding of optimal insulin regimens is of clinical relevance for patients with type 1 diabetes.
Genome Engineering With Zinc-Finger Nucleases
Authors: Carroll Dana
Published: August 2011

Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are targetable DNA cleavage reagents that have been adopted as gene-targeting tools. ZFN-induced double-strand breaks are subject to cellular DNA repair processes that lead to both targeted mutagenesis and targeted gene replacement at remarkably high frequencies. This article briefly reviews the history of ZFN development and summarizes applications that have been made to genome editing in many different organisms and situations. Considerable progress has been made in methods for deriving zinc-finger sets for new genomic targets, but approaches to design and selection are still being perfected. An issue that needs more attention is the extent to which available mechanisms of double-strand break repair limit the scope and utility of ZFN-initiated events. The bright prospects for future applications of ZFNs, including human gene therapy, are discussed.
Work‐related Aggression and Violence Committed by Patients and Its Psychological Influence on Doctors
Authors: Saeki Keigo , Okamoto Nozomi , Tomioka Kimiko , Obayashi Kenji , Nishioka Hisayuki , Ohara Kenryo , Kurumatani Norio
Published: August 2011

Work‐related Aggression and Violence Committed by Patients and Its Psychological Influence on Doctors: Keigo Saeki, et al. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine

Objective

To determine the incidence rate of work‐related aggression and violence (WRAV) against doctors and investigate risk factors and psychological Influences of WRAV doctors.

Methods

We sent a self‐administered questionnaire on WRAV committed by patients and their associates to 1,148 doctors in Nara Prefecture, Japan. We calculated the incidence rate of WRAV using the number of incidents encountered during the previous 12 mo and the doctorï¿½s average weekly working hours. Risk factors for the incidence WRAV were analyzed by Poisson regression, and the Influence of WRAV on the symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

A total of 758 (66.0%) doctors returned the questionnaire. The incidence rate of WRAV was 0.20 [95% CI: 0.17‐0.24]ï¿½10‐3 per practice hour. Adjusted incidence rate ratios of WRAV were significantly increased among doctors 1) with a shorter career (11.0; 95% CI: 5.0‐24.2), 2) working in a region with the lowest average taxable income (1.6; 1.1‐2.4), and 3) whose specialties were dermatology (3.8; 2.3‐6.3), psychiatry (2.7; 1.3‐5.6) and ophthalmology (1.9; 1.2‐3.2). Of 289 subjects who had encountered WRAV at least once during their career, 26 doctors (8.2%) had symptoms suggestive of PTSD due to the most severe incident. Conclusions: Doctors encountered WRAV at an incidence rate of 0.20ï¿½10‐3 per practice hour, and some of them might develop PTSD. Countermeasures are required to maintain sound health and safe workplaces for doctors.
Undiagnosed Heart Disease Leading to Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ilina Maria V. , Kepron Charis A. , Taylor Glenn P. , Perrin Donald G. , Kantor Paul F. , Somers Gino R.
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES:

Heart disease accounts for a significant proportion of sudden unexpected deaths among children. We describe here demographic features, pathological conditions, and the frequency of premonitory symptoms in a retrospective series of cases of sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD) attributable to undiagnosed structural heart disease.

METHODS:

A chart review of autopsies involving children 0 to 17 years of age that were performed at the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) between 1984 and 2003 was conducted. Cases of sudden unexpected death within 24 hours after clinical presentation with previously undetected fatal heart disease were included. Cases with multiple or thoracic trauma and chronic or multisystem disease were excluded.

RESULTS:

During the 20-year study period, 4926 autopsies were performed. A total of 103 cases (2.1%), involving 51 male patients and 52 female patients 1 day to 15 years of age (mean: 2.9 ± 4.2 years), were diagnosed as having SUCD. The most common diagnoses were myocarditis (n = 37 [35.9%]), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) (n = 19 [18.4%]), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 16 [16.5%]), coronary artery anomalies (n = 6 [5.8%]), and aortic stenosis (n = 5 [4.9%]). There was a significant difference in the mean age of presentation between leading causes of SUCD (6.5 days for HLHS, 1.7 years for DCM, and 5.4 years for myocarditis; P < .0001). Of 103 cases, 27 (26.2%) had premonitory symptoms documented.

CONCLUSION:

SUCD accounted for 2.1% of all autopsies, and HLHS, DCM, and myocarditis were the 3 most common diagnoses, which presented at increasing ages.
Receipt of Health Care Transition Counseling in the National Survey of Adult Transition and Health
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Whitworth Ruth , Gunn Laura , Butterfield Ryan , Lukens-Bull Katryne , Wood David
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:

The goal of this study was to examine factors associated with receiving health care transition counseling services as reported by young adults.

METHODS:

We analyzed data from the 2007 Survey of Adult Transition and Health, a nationwide survey of young adults aged 19 to 23 years conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, to explore self-reported receipt of services to support transition from pediatric to adult health care. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify whether sociodemographic characteristics, health status, or markers of provider-youth health communication were associated with the receipt of 3 key transition counseling services.

RESULTS:

Among the 1865 Survey of Adult Transition and Health respondents, 55% reported that their physicians or other health care providers had discussed how their needs would change with age, 53% reported that their physicians or other health care providers had discussed how to obtain health insurance as an adult, and 62% reported having participated in a transition plan in school. Only 24% reported receiving all 3 transition counseling services. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, although gender, age, and race were not associated with increased receipt of the transition-related outcomes, markers of strong communication with the health system were associated with increased rates of receiving transition guidance.

CONCLUSIONS:

Many young adults reported not having received health care transition counseling. Provider-youth communication was associated with increased health care transition guidance, and suggests that a medical home model that promotes anticipatory guidance for health care transition could promote improvements in the transition process.
Sickle Cell Trait Screening in Athletes: Pediatricians' Attitudes and Concerns
Authors: Koopmans Joy , Cox Lucy A. , Benjamin Holly , Clayton Ellen Wright , Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:

As part of a legal settlement in 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted a recommendation that all Division I athletes be screened for sickle cell trait (SCT) or sign an exemption waiver. Pediatricians' attitudes about this policy are unknown.

OBJECTIVE:

We queried 3 specialty sections of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)—the Section on Adolescent Health, the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness (COSMF), and the Section on Bioethics—to determine attitudes about and knowledge of SCT testing of athletes.

METHODS:

Three e-mail surveys were sent to 600 members of the AAP chosen equally from the Section on Bioethics, the Section on Adolescent Health, and the COSMF. The survey queried respondents about their awareness of the NCAA policy and whether they supported universal or targeted screening based on gender, race/ethnicity, level of play, and type of sport.

RESULTS:

Usable responses from 254 of 574 eligible respondents (44%) were received. Respondents were 54% male and 84% white. Almost half were aware of the NCAA policy, with highest awareness in members of COSMF (P < .001). Only 40% supported universal screening, whereas 70% supported targeted screening of athletes in all NCAA divisions and would focus on black student-athletes more than on Hispanic or white-Mediterranean student-athletes (no differences among AAP sections/council). More than 75% of all respondents support allowing athletes or their parents to waive screening. A majority expressed some concern that athletes with SCT might experience discrimination in sports participation and/or insurance. Members of COSMF were least concerned about discrimination.

CONCLUSIONS:

The NCAA policy to universally screen Division I athletes is not uniformly supported by pediatricians, who prefer targeted screening based on race/ethnicity and sport in all NCAA divisions. We found little difference in policy considerations between members of the different AAP sections/council except that members of the COSMF were least concerned about discrimination.
Paget’s disease: clinical update
Authors: Donáth Judit , Poór Gyula
Published: August 2011

Paget’s disease is a chronic disorder of bone remodeling, characterized by an abnormal increase of osteoclast and, hence, osteoblast activity. The imbalance of bone turnover results in the formation of unhealthy and fragile bone. It also leads to impairment of adjacent joints and to a risk of various complications. Current research focuses on the elucidation of the etiologic role viral infection and predisposing genetic factors. Paget’s disease is commonly discovered by chance; its suspicion is raised either by high level of alkaline phosphatase or by the X-ray of the pathological bone. Bisphosphonates have proven to be effective in controlling disease activity because they inhibit osteoclast function. Their use is recommended when bone-derived serum alkaline phosphatase is high and/or when disease localizations are highly suspected for the development of complications. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1337–1346.
Skeletal and extra-skeletal consequences of vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Szabó András
Published: August 2011

Vitamin D is obtained from cutaneous production when 7-dehydrocholesterol is converted to vitamin D(3) (cholecalciferol) by ultraviolet B radiation or by oral intake of vitamin D. Rickets appeared to have been conquered with vitamin D intake, and many health care professionals thought the major health problems resulting from vitamin D deficiency had been resolved. However, rickets can be considered the tip of the vitamin D deficiency iceberg. In fact, vitamin D deficiency remains common in children and adults. An individual’s vitamin D status is best evaluated by measuring the circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentration. There is increasing agreement that the optimal circulating 25(OH)D3 level should be approximately 30 ng/mL or above. Using this definition, it has been estimated that approximately three-quarters of all adults have low levels. In utero and during childhood, vitamin D deficiency can cause growth retardation and skeletal deformities and may increase the risk of hip fracture later in life. Vitamin D deficiency in adults can exacerbate osteopenia and osteoporosis, cause osteomalacia and muscle weakness, and increase the risk of fracture. More recently, associations between low vitamin D status and increased risk for various non-skeletal morbidities have been recognized; whether all of these associations are causally related to low vitamin D status remains to be determined. The discovery that most tissues and cells in the body have vitamin D receptors and that several possess the enzymatic machinery to convert the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, to the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, has provided new insights into the function of this vitamin. Of great interest is its role in decreasing the risk of many chronic illnesses, including common cancers, autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease. In this review I consider the nature of vitamin D deficiency, discuss its role in skeletal and non-skeletal health, and suggest strategies for prevention and treatment. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1312–1319.
Evaluation of fracture risk in osteoporosis
Authors: Szathmári Miklós
Published: August 2011

Osteoporotic fractures are associated with excess mortality. Effective treatment options are available, which reduce the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures, but the identification of patients with high fracture risk is problematic. Low bone mineral density (BMD) – the basis for the diagnosis of osteoporosis – is an important, but not the only determinant of fracture risk. Several clinical risk factors are know that operate partially or completely independently of BMD, and affect the fracture risk. These include age, a prior fragility fracture, a parental history of hip fracture, use of corticosteroids, excess alcohol intake, rheumatoid arthritis, and different types of diseases which can cause secondary bone loss. The FRAX® tool integrates the weight of above mentioned clinical risk factors for fracture risk assessment with or without BMD value, and calculates the 10-year absolute risk of hip and major osteoporotic (hip, vertebral, humerus and forearm together) fracture probabilities. Although the use of data is not yet uniform, the FRAX® is a promising opportunity to identify individuals with high fracture risk. The accumulation of experience with FRAX® is going on and it can modify current diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations in Hungary as well. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1304–1311.
On the performance of bender elements in triaxial tests
Authors: ALVARADO G. , COOP M.R.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents the results of a research programme in which the transfer functions of bender element/soil systems have been measured for various materials, set-ups and stress levels. The resulting database has allowed the characterisation of the inherent multi-vibrational nature of the system, and the interpretation challenges that this imposes. The excitation of multiple modes of vibration may introduce signal distortion and consequently differences between group velocity and phase velocity. This means that the common assumption of conventional interpretation techniques that group velocity is equal to shear-wave velocity is in error. Based on the features observed, system parameters have been introduced and a parametric analysis carried out in order to assess the performance of the system and to better understand the effects of multimodal vibration as an attempt to improve signal interpretation.
Hydrogen storage in epitaxial films: a finite element study
Authors: Pali Lakshmi Sowjanya , Shah Nitesh , Kumar Arun , Subramaniam Anandh
Published: August 2011

In epitaxial niobium (Nb) films on sapphire substrates, there is an enhancement in the solubility of hydrogen (at a given pressure and temperature) due to biaxial tensile stresses. These stresses are partly relieved on growth of the film beyond critical thickness, leading to a reduction in the amount of excess hydrogen that can be stored in the film. Additionally, a depletion of hydrogen from the compressive regions of interfacial misfit dislocations further reduces the hydrogen storage capacity of the film. In this work, a finite-element methodology developed earlier is extended and further utilized to get a spatial map of hydrogen before and after critical thickness is exceeded. Critical thickness for “Nb(111)” ||sapphire(0001) (finite) system is calculated using a three-dimensional numerical model. With the aid of standard theoretical equations, the spatial variation of the enrichment of hydrogen is determined using the stress fields computed from the finite-element model. This calculation is performed in a system with and without an interfacial misfit dislocation, after the critical thickness is exceeded, to evaluate the reduction in the storage capacity of hydrogen in the niobium film.
Scientific Natural Philosophy
Authors: Escultura E. E.
Published: August 2011

Having laid down the mathematical and physical foundations of thought through the theory of
intelligence we have presented scientific natural philosophy and its mathematics briefly but comprehensively.
Since knowledge is dependent on methodology, we have given methodology and epistemology the same
importance although the latter is the core of philosophy by tradition. Being materialist, scientific natural
philosophy relies on rational thought. Therefore, we undertook critique-rectification of mathematics and its
foundations and the methodology of natural science to minimize the inherent uncertainty of thought.

Unlike previous philosophies scientific natural philosophy is far from being speculative based on the most advanced
findings of natural science, particularly, the discovery of the basic constituent of matter, superstring. Its discovery
was the key to our knowledge of the other inhabitants of our universe from micro/quantum through macro/galactic
scales, and from dark through visible matter. For the first time, we know what a black hole and a big bang are. We
are now able to explain wave-particle duality, metal fatigue, elasticity and superconductivity. We know the evolution
of our universe from its birth at Cosmic Burst through its destiny as a cluster of black holes back in dark matter and
the place of our universe in the timeless and boundless Universe – one of the bubbles in it. Moreover, natural laws
are transitory which is quite contrary to traditional thinking. There was no natural law in this part of the Universe
before the Big Bang, and all natural laws will vanish as our universe reaches its destiny.
Thoughts on Research
Authors: Escultura E. E.
Published: August 2011

There is much wisdom in what this author’s best academic friend, Professor V. Lakshmikantham, says on the
subject of research: do it! Some researchers rely on the serendipity of science, others on sharpening their tools and
reading the work of others leaving no time to think and ending up nowhere. Perhaps, this author’s experience can
offer some insights.

His academic career was interrupted 15 years straight during the political turmoil in the Philippines capped by the
imposition of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos, 1972 – 1986. The situation was the least this researcher
needed at the time especially when he found himself not really in immediate danger but in a wide field in the general
direction of the business end of the barrel of the gun. He left for the United States in 1971 and found a new
imperative: build a support movement for the end of martial rule during which time he shelved his mathematical
career completely.

When people’s power ousted President Marcos in 1986 the author returned to the Philippines but faced a daunting
challenge: he found himself at ground level while his international colleagues were up on the fifteenth floor of the
Tower of Academe. Retracing their steps would have been impossible and historical precedence was not in his favor
either. The closest to his experience was Bertrand Russell’s when he was removed from his post as professor of
mathematics at Cambridge University, England, for his pacifist activity during the First World War. When he got his
post back 26 years later through the effort of British mathematician Paul Hardy, he went around mathematics and
remained a philosopher.....
Index
Authors: Escultura E. E.
Published: August 2011

Full text available.
General Introduction
Authors: Escultura E. E.
Published: August 2011

The novelty of our methodology calls for this general introduction to initiate the reader to the grand unified theory
(GUT), the core of scientific natural philosophy. The conventional methodology of physics, quantitative modeling,
has left long-standing problems unsolved, e.g., the turbulence and gravitational n-body problems, and fundamental
questions unresolved, e.g., what the basic constituent of matter and the structure of the electron are, an inadequacy
that prompted the author to introduce an alternative methodology - qualitative modeling - that digs deeper into
nature beyond appearances to find out how it works. It explains not only the appearances of nature revealed by
natural phenomena but also their dynamics including natural forces, interactions and behavior in terms of the laws of
nature. Natural laws are discovered by observing patterns and regularity in nature and articulating them as natural
laws upon which a physical theory such as GUT is built to express scientific knowledge as a deductive system
subject to the most updated standards of mathematical rigor and precision. Thus, qualitative modeling gave birth to
theoretical physics where there was only mathematical physics. The validity of a physical theory rests on its ability
to explain natural phenomena and make verifiable predictions including invention of technology that works.
Anytime a contradiction arises in a physical theory within its own structure or from experimental results it goes
down the drain unless it is fixed by suitable modification or discovery of natural law that resolves it.

Just as all concepts of a mathematical space are defined by its axioms and conclusions derived from them, all
physical concepts and structures, properties and interactions are determined and defined by the laws of nature and
conclusions and predictions derived from them. For example, the structure and properties of the superstring are
derived from natural laws. In other words, this new methodology axiomatizes physics as a deductive system where
the axioms are laws of nature. In effect, it alters the primary task of the physicist from computation and
measurement to the search for the laws of nature.

The boundaries between dark and visible matter and semi-and non-agitated superstrings are based on the finest arc
length of visible light which may be refined in the future but our analysis will prevail as long as it is based on the
laws of nature.
Comparison of Premolar Cuspal Deflection in Bulk or in Incremental Composite Restoration Methods
Authors: Kim ME , Park SH
Published: August 2011

Objectives

This study examined the cuspal deflection of maxillary premolars when either a bulk filling or incremental filling technique was employed using a range of composites with different elastic moduli.

Methods

Four brands of composite materials, Heliomolar (HM, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Heliomolar HB (HH, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtec Supreme XT (FS, 3M Dental Product, St Paul, MN, USA), and Renew (RN, Bisco Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA), as well as three filling techniques, bulk filling, two-layer incremental filling, and three-layer incremental filling methods, were used. One hundred twenty caries-free human premolars were collected and divided into four groups according to the filling material used. Each of these four groups was then subdivided into three groups according to filling method. In group 1, a bulk filling of 0.15 g of each resin was inserted and light-cured with LED light from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 60 seconds each. Group 2 was given two horizontal increments, 0.08 g and 0.07 g, with each increment light-cured from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 30 seconds each. In group 3, three horizontal increments of 0.05 g were used, each of which was light-cured from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 20 seconds each. The cuspal deflection was measured using a customized cuspal deflection measuring machine for 10 minutes after initiating light polymerization. The elastic modulus of each composite resin material was measured using a three-point bending test. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnet test was used to examine the effect of the two variables (curing methods, materials) on the amount of cuspal deflection at the 95% confidence level. In each material, groups 1, 2 and 3 were compared using one-way ANOVA and a Dunnet test at the 95% confidence level. The elastic moduli of HM, HH, FS, and RN were compared using one-way ANOVA and a Tukey test at the 95% confidence level. The relationship between the amount of cuspal deflection in each group and the elastic modulus of the composite was analyzed using a Pearson correlation test.

Results

The amount of cuspal deflection in HH was larger than in the other materials (HM, FS, and RN; p<0.05). There was no significant difference between HM, FS, and RN. The amount of cuspal deflection was greatest in group 1, followed in order by groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The amount of cuspal deflection was in the following order: group 1≥2≥3 in HM, and 1>2, 3 in HH, FS, and RN. The elastic modulus was HH>RN>FS>HM (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between the cuspal deflection and the elastic modulus of the composite.

Conclusions

The incremental filling techniques reduced the amount of cuspal deflection in all composite groups with different elastic moduli. The amount of cuspal deflection showed a positive correlation with the elastic modulus of the composite.
Osteopetrosis - A Case Report
Authors: Tabib SMSB , Halim MA , Islam MN
Published: August 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v3i1.8224BJMS 1996; 3(1): 27-31
Investigation of Infertility - Semen Analysis
Authors: Muazzam MG
Published: August 2011

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v3i1.8225BJMS 1996; 3(1): 32-35
Environmental Pollution Around Dhaka EPZ and its Impact on Surface and Groundwater
Authors: Khan MKA , Alam M , Islam MS , Hassan MQ , Al-Mansur MA
Published: August 2011

Industrial sector is gradually playing a more important role in Bangladesh economy and EPZs have provided a good platform of industrial establishment. Dhaka EPZ since its establishment has altered the fragile environment of the surrounding area. Huge amount of effluents discharged from Dhaka EPZ has been polluting the surface and groundwater. Surface water contamination by industrial effluents released from Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) and the ramification to groundwater have been estimated. The study involves analyzing physicochemical properties along with major Anionic contaminants in waste water samples. Conversely their potential transmission into groundwater has been evaluated by analyzing HTW water samples from the surrounding area. Some important physical parameters were measured while collecting the sample in field condition. The suite of 6 major anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4-2 and HCO3-) have been measured in ppm level of concentration by analyzing with chemically suppressed Ion Chromatograph while HCO3- content was determined by Titration method. Analysis reveals pH maximum 9.55, DO maximum 2.40 mg/L, TDS maximum 1280 mg/L, Bi-carbonate maximum 891 mg/L, Sulfate maximum 452 mg/L, Chloride maximum 179 mg/L, Nitrate maximum 44 mg/L and Fluoride not above detection limit. Higher concentration of Cl-, SO4-2, NO3- in waste water samples compared to the standard by DOE (Department of Environment) as well as background concentration from uncontaminated water can be correlated with industrial effluent discharge. On the other hand low level of concentration found in groundwater samples indicates that groundwater is still safe. This phenomenon is explained by the presence of impervious clay layer. Key words: Dhaka EPZ; Effluent; Madhupur Tract; Contaminants; DOE; Environment; Clay layer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8181 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 153-162, 2011
Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil Collected from Adhatoda vasica Leaves
Authors: Sarker AK , Chowdhury JU , Bhuiyan HR
Published: August 2011

Essential oil obtained from hydrodistillation of Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) leaves was analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Hydrodistillation of the Adhatoda vasica (Nees.) leaves yielded 0.096% (v/w) of essential oil. Eleven compounds comprising about 100% of the total oil were identified. The most abundant components of essential oil were 1,2,3, trimethyl benzene (1.51 %), borneol (58.60 %), ethanonaphthalene (2.82 %), 1,1,4a trimethyl-5,6-dimethylenedecahydro naphthalene (5.28 %), 2,tert-butyl-1,4- dimethoxy benzene (6.50 %), bicyclo[jundec-4-ene,4,11-trimethyl-8-methylene (14.56 %), hexa- methyl dewar benzene (0.87 %), alphacaryophyllene (1.95 %), cycloproplejazulene (1.48 %), caryophyllene oxide (2.35 %) and 2-naphthalenemethanol (1.46 %). The microbial activity of the oil was screened against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli. It was found that all mentioned microorganisms were more or less sensitive to this essential oil. Key Words: Adhatoda vasica; Essential oil; Chemical composition; Antimicrobial activity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8185 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 191-194, 2011
In Vitro Shoot Proliferation and Plant Regeneration of Phyllanthus fraternus Webster (B. Bhuiamla), a Seasonal Medicinal Herb
Authors: Hassan AKM Sayeed , Khatun R
Published: August 2011

An efficient system was developed for shoot proliferation and large scale plant regeneration of a seasonal multipotent medicinal herb, Phyllanthus fraternus Webster through in vitro culture. Shoot tips and nodal explants of young sprouts from selected plants were used as explants. Best shoot induction was observed on MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 mg/l GA3, in which 88% of nodal explants responded to produce maximum number (16.8 ± 0.95) of shoots per culture. In vitro raised shoots rooted on half strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l IBA. For acclimatization and transplantation, the plantlets in the rooting culture tubes were kept in normal room temperature for 7 days before transplanting in pots where plantlets were reared for three weeks. The survival rate of regenerated plantlets was 82%. Key words: Phyllanthus fraternus; Medicinal plant; Shoot proliferation; Regeneration; Acclimatization DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8187 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 205-210, 2011
Electrochemical Studies on Complexation and Speciation of Copper(II) in ppb Level with 1,10-Phenanthroline in Aqueous Media
Authors: Nahar N , Mona NP , Abser MN
Published: August 2011

Complexation and speciation of copper (II) in ppb level with 1,10-phenanthroline (L) in aqueous media have been investigated by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using thin mercury film glassy carbon electrode (TMFGCE). The work was carried out at constant ionic strength of 0.01 mol dm-3 using NaNO3 at ambient temperature. The pH was kept constant at 9.12 ± 0.10 by the addition of borate buffer. Applying the concept of DeFord and Hume, the stability constants of different species of copper with 1,10-phenanthroline were calculated from the variation of peak potential and diffusion current of simple and complexed metal ions under the present experimental conditions. It was found that copper(II) form three complexes (1:1, 1:2 and 1: 3; metal : ligand) with 1,10-phenanthroline. The overall stability constant of copper complexes, MLn can be defined as βMLn= [MLn ]/[M2+][L]n in which M2+ = Cu2+ and L = 1,10-phenanthroline; n is an integer. The values of the stability constant of different copper complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline were found to be 109.33, 1015.10 and 1020.48 for CuL, CuL2 and CuL3, respectively (the overall charges were omitted for simplicity). The high values of overall stability constant indicate that the complexes are highly stable. Using the values of stability constant of copper complexes and hydrolysis constant of copper, the percentage of all possible copper species under present experimental conditions were calculated. Keywords: Electrochemical; Speciation; Complexation; Copper 1,10-phenanthroline. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8188 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 219-224, 2011