bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die psychische Belastung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und ihren Familien während der COVID-19-Pandemie und der Zusammenhang mit emotionalen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten
Authors: Döpfner Manfred , Adam Julia , Habbel Carolina , Schulte Birte , Schulze-Husmann Karen , Simons Michael , Heuer Fabiola , Wegner Christiane , Bender Stephan ,   TEMPO-Studiengruppe, Döpfner Manfred , Adam Julia , Habbel Carolina , Schulze-Husmann Karen , Simons Michael , Schwendowius Jan , Heuer Fabiola , Wegner Christiane , Bender Stephan , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Poustka Luise ,   B-FAST-Studiengruppe, Schulte Birte , Bender Stephan , Münch Juliane , Tönshoff Burkhard , Joachim Alexander , Birzele Lena T. , Möhler Eva
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund und Ziel

Die im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie erlassenen Maßnahmen zum Infektionsschutz führten zu tiefgreifenden Einschränkungen und Veränderungen im sozialen, (vor-)schulischen, familiären und Freizeitbereich. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Ausmaß an psychischer Belastung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und ihren Familien während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Mögliche Einflussfaktoren sollen identifiziert werden.

Material und Methoden

Die Untersuchungen erfolgten zwischen Herbst 2020 und Frühjahr 2021 in einer klinischen Inanspruchnahmestichprobe (n = 280 Patient:innen zwischen 4–17 Jahren) und einer Feldstichprobe (n = 1958 Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen 4–19 Jahren, über Schulen und vorschulische Einrichtungen rekrutiert). Dabei wurden Urteile der Eltern sowie Selbsturteile der Kinder und Jugendlichen mittels Fragebögen erfasst.

Ergebnisse

Die psychische Belastung der Kinder und Jugendlichen im Zusammenhang mit der Pandemie wird über beide Beurteilungsperspektiven und Stichproben hinweg als leicht bis moderat erhöht eingeschätzt. Rund 60–70 % der Eltern- und Selbsturteile beschreiben eine Zunahme dieser Belastung, während Entlastungen von bis zu 12 % sowohl im Eltern- als auch im Selbsturteil angegeben werden. Beim Vergleich der beiden Stichproben zeigt sich eine leicht höhere Belastung der Kinder und Jugendlichen nur im Selbsturteil der Klinikstichprobe. Die untersuchten soziodemografischen Faktoren haben keinen Einfluss auf die Belastung. Allerdings zeigen sich in beiden Stichproben leichte bis moderate Zusammenhänge zwischen der subjektiv erlebten Verschlechterung der familiären und sozialen Situation und einem erhöhten Belastungserleben.

Diskussion

Während einer Pandemie sollten gezielte Interventionen für belastete Subgruppen angeboten werden. Universelle Interventionen sind nicht indiziert.
Medizin für Menschen mit Behinderungen
Authors: Grüneweller Niklas , Wähnert Dirk , Schillians Nathalie , Komadinic Adrian , Vordemvenne Thomas
Published: November 2021

Die von Bodelschwinghschen Stiftungen Bethel blicken auf eine über 150-jährige Tradition in der Behandlung von Menschen mit Behinderungen. Das traumatologische Patient*innenkollektiv ist dabei regelmäßig durch schwerste geistige und körperliche Entwicklungsstörungen und (Mehrfach‑)Behinderungen, mit und ohne Verhaltensstörungen, und internistische Begleiterkrankungen charakterisiert. Diese besondere Kombination erfordert ärztlich wie pflegerisch eine Therapie und Indikationsstellung, welche in allen Behandlungsschritten spezifisch abgewogen und angepasst werden muss. Behandlungsrichtlinien oder Empfehlungen zu diesem Patientenkollektiv existieren in der Literatur nicht. Des Weiteren kann die Behandlung von Frakturen bei Menschen mit Behinderungen nicht immer nach etablierten Konzepten erfolgen. Aufgrund einer hohen postoperativen Komplikationsrate kommt der konservativen Therapie eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Die Entscheidung zur operativen Therapie muss interdisziplinär und individuell unter Berücksichtigung sämtlicher Faktoren getroffen werden. Spezielles Augenmerk muss dabei auf das zu wählende Verfahren (Stabilität, funktionelle Bedürfnisse) gerichtet werden.
The role of collaboration and external knowledge for innovation in small food firms
Authors: Wixe Sofia , Nilsson Pia , Naldi Lucia , Westlund Hans
Published: November 2021

In this study, we use unique purpose-built survey data to show that small food firms are more innovative when externally engaged. To capture this, we apply a broad classification of innovative activities, including new products, processes, markets, organization, and distribution channels, and examine them against types of external interactions. The analysis, an ordered logit estimation, controls for heterogeneity across firms as well as geographic conditions. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between external interaction and firm innovation, though there are differences across types of external engagement and innovation activities. Product innovation benefits from knowledge from extra-regional firms, while several of the other forms of innovation show a positive relationship with support from regional and municipality boards. Additionally, firm collaboration regarding transports and sales enhances most types of innovation, but there are few relationships of benefit with research-intensive organizations. We conclude that, to be effective, innovation strategies of both the firms themselves and policymakers need to consider local context, access to intra- and extra-regional knowledge sources, and what types of innovation activities the firms are engaged in.
Postoperative Stroke After Type A Aortic Dissection Repair: Hemorrhage Versus Ischemia
Authors: Lin Chun‐Yu , Lee Chuo‐Yu , Lee Hsin‐Fu , Wu Meng‐Yu , Tseng Chi‐Nan , Tsai Feng‐Chun , Lin Yu‐Hsuan
Published: November 2021

Background

Postoperative stroke is a severe and potentially disabling complication following surgical intervention for acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). This retrospective study aims to compare the early and late outcomes between patients who had hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke after undergoing ATAAD repair surgery.

Methods

Between January 2007 and June 2020, a total of 685 consecutive patients underwent ATAAD repair at our institution. Patients who had a preoperative stroke or were unconscious at presentation were excluded from this study. Of the 656 included for analysis, 102 (15.5%) patients had a postoperative stroke confirmed by computed tomography angiography. The strokes were classified into the ischemia group (n = 83, 12.7%) and hemorrhage group (n = 19, 2.9%). Clinical features, surgical information, postoperative complications, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores after discharge, and 5‐year cumulative survival rates were compared.

Results

Demographics, comorbidities, and presentations of ATAAD were similar between the two groups, except a higher rate of preoperative antithrombotic medication was found in the hemorrhage group. The hemorrhage group was associated with a higher complexity of aortic arch replacement, longer cardiopulmonary bypass, and aortic clamping times than the ischemia group. A higher in‐hospital mortality rate (42.1% versus 20.5%; p = 0.048) and a higher median mRS score at the 3‐month follow‐up after discharge (6[3–6] versus 4[2–6]; p = 0.027) were found in the hemorrhage group. The hemorrhage group showed a lower 5‐year cumulative survival rate (23.4% versus 57.8%; p = 0.003) compared with the ischemia group.

Conclusions

Postoperative hemorrhagic stroke was associated with poorer neurological outcomes and lower survival rates than those with ischemic stroke. Patients who have complex arch replacement, long cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping times are at risk for postoperative hemorrhagic stroke and should have intensive neurological surveillance for early diagnosis and treatment after ATAAD repair surgery.
Signaling pathways of heat- and hypersalinity-induced polyp bailout in Pocillopora acuta
Authors: Gösser Fabian , Raulf Arne , Mosig Axel , Tollrian Ralph , Schweinsberg Maximilian
Published: November 2021

Polyp bailout is a drastic response to acute stress where coral coloniality breaks down and polyps detach. We induced polyp bailout in Pocillopora acuta with heat stress and tested for differential gene expression using RNAseq and a qPCR assay. Furthermore, we induced polyp bailout with hypersalinity and compared the results to identify stressor-independent signals and pathways active during polyp bailout. Both stressors led to the onset of polyp bailout and the detachment of vital polyps. We observed activation of microbe-associated molecular pattern receptors and downstream signaling pathways of the innate immune system. Further, we detected growth factors and genes active during Wnt-signaling potentially contributing to wound healing, regeneration, and proliferation. Upregulation of several genes encoding for matrix metalloproteinases and the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway are the most likely involved in the remodeling of the extracellular matrix, as well as in the detachment of polyps from the calcareous skeleton during polyp bailout. Expression of genes of interest in our qPCR assay of vital polyps from our heat-stress experiment, showed a trend for a normalization of gene expression after polyp bailout. Our results provide new insights into the signaling cascades leading to the observed physiological responses during polyp bailout. Comparison between the two stressors showed that certain signaling pathways are independent of the stressor and suggested that polyp bailout is a general response of corals to acute stress. Furthermore, immune system responses during polyp bailout indicate that microbe-associated partners of corals may lead to the polyp bailout response.
Temporal trends of TAVI treatment characteristics in high volume centers in Germany 2013–2020
Authors: Mauri Victor , Abdel-Wahab Mohamed , Bleiziffer Sabine , Veulemans Verena , Sedaghat Alexander , Adam Matti , Nickenig Georg , Kelm Malte , Thiele Holger , Baldus Stephan , Rudolph Tanja K.
Published: November 2021

Objective

To assess temporal trends of patient baseline characteristics, risk profile and outcome of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) between 2013 and 2020.

Background

Guideline recommendations and increasing confidence in TAVI therapy may have changed the selection of TAVI patients.

Methods

Baseline risk profile and VARC-2 outcome of 15,344 patients undergoing TAVI at 5 high volume centers in Germany over the time period 2013–2020 was analyzed.

Results

Over the 8 years, annual TAVI volumes more than doubled from 1071 in 2013 to 2996 in 2020. The baseline surgical risk estimated by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score declined from 7.2 ± 6.2% to 4.6 ± 3.7% (P < 0.001) as a consequence of lower comorbidity burden, whereas mean age remained unchanged (2013 81.0 ± 6.1; 2020 80.8 ± 6.4; P = 0.976) with patients ≥ 80 years accounting for about two-third of the treated cohort.

Periprocedural complications including bleeding (2013 24.5%; 2020 12.1%; P < 0.001), vascular complications (2013 20.7%; 2020 11.7%; P < 0.001) and new permanent pacemaker implantation (2013 20.1%; 2020 13.8%, P < 0.001) decreased significantly. Similarly, the 30-day mortality decreased from 5.4% to 2.1% (P < 0.001), but remained high in high-risk patients (STS > 8% 2013 7.5%; 2020 6.9%; P = 0.778).

Conclusion

From 2013 to 2020, mortality and burden of complications following TAVI procedure significantly decreased in a large multicenter registry from Germany. Proportion of elderly patients remained stable, while the surgical risk profile decreased.

Graphical abstract
Synthesizing optimal bias in randomized self-stabilization
Authors: Volk Matthias , Bonakdarpour Borzoo , Katoen Joost-Pieter , Aflaki Saba
Published: November 2021

Randomization is a key concept in distributed computing to tackle impossibility results. This also holds for self-stabilization in anonymous networks where coin flips are often used to break symmetry. Although the use of randomization in self-stabilizing algorithms is rather common, it is unclear what the optimal coin bias is so as to minimize the expected convergence time. This paper proposes a technique to automatically synthesize this optimal coin bias. Our algorithm is based on a parameter synthesis approach from the field of probabilistic model checking. It over- and under-approximates a given parameter region and iteratively refines the regions with minimal convergence time up to the desired accuracy. We describe the technique in detail and present a simple parallelization that gives an almost linear speed-up. We show the applicability of our technique to determine the optimal bias for the well-known Herman’s self-stabilizing token ring algorithm. Our synthesis obtains that for small rings, a fair coin is optimal, whereas for larger rings a biased coin is optimal where the bias grows with the ring size. We also analyze a variant of Herman’s algorithm that coincides with the original algorithm but deviates for biased coins. Finally, we show how using speed reducers in Herman’s protocol improve the expected convergence time.
Exploiting fashion x-commerce through the empowerment of voice in the fashion virtual reality arena
Authors: Morotti Elena , Stacchio Lorenzo , Donatiello Lorenzo , Roccetti Marco , Tarabelli Jari , Marfia Gustavo
Published: November 2021

The ongoing development of eXtended Reality (XR) technologies is supporting a rapid increase of their performances along with a progressive decrease of their costs, making them more and more attractive for a large class of consumers. As a result, their widespread use is expected within the next few years. This may foster new opportunities for e-commerce strategies, giving birth to an XR-based commerce (x-commerce) ecosystem. With respect to web and mobile-based shopping experiences, x-commerce could more easily support brick-and-mortar store-like experiences. One interesting and consolidated one amounts to the interactions among customers and shop assistants inside fashion stores. In this work, we concentrate on such aspects with the design and implementation of an XR-based shopping experience, where vocal dialogues with an Amazon Alexa virtual assistant are supported, to experiment with a more natural and familiar contact with the store environment. To verify the validity of such an approach, we asked a group of fashion experts to try two different XR store experiences: with and without the voice assistant integration. The users are then asked to answer a questionnaire to rate their experiences. The results support the hypothesis that vocal interactions may contribute to increasing the acceptance and comfortable perception of XR-based fashion shopping.
Households’ inflation perceptions and expectations: survey evidence from New Zealand
Authors: Hayo Bernd , Neumeier Florian
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we study how inflation is viewed by the general population of New Zealand. Based on unique representative survey data collected in 2016 and using descriptive statistics and multivariate regressions, we explore various aspects of how laypersons perceive inflation and form inflation expectations. We focus on how an individual’s economic situation, information search and interest in inflation, economic knowledge, and attitudes and values are related to inflation perception and expectation, as well as the individual’s reaction to them. We interpret our findings as a clear indication that laypersons’ knowledge about inflation is much better described by the imperfect information view prevailing in social psychology than by the rational actor view typically assumed in economics.
Informal care-giving and the intention to give up employment: the role of perceived supervisor behaviour in a cohort of German employees
Authors: Montano Diego , Peter Richard
Published: November 2021

Current social policies in the European Union addressing employment, retirement and long-term care are expected to result in increasing employment rates among informal carers. The present investigation contributes to previous research by focusing on how specific work-related factors, in this case supervisor behaviour, may facilitate the fulfilment of the demands arising from paid work and care and ultimately influence the desire to give up employment. To this end, population data from the German Cohort Study on Work, Age, Health and Work Participation conducted in 2011 and 2014 are analysed (n = 3916). Three research hypotheses investigating the associations between care-giving, supervisor behaviour, the intention to give up employment and work-private-life conflict are tested by means of cumulative link models. The results suggest that the intention to give up employment is stronger among employed carers. In addition, the perception that one’s supervisor is considerate towards subordinates and is effective in planning, coordinating work and solving conflicts is found to be negatively related to the desire to give up employment, especially among carers. The statistical analyses reveal that supervisor behaviour mediates the association between the level of work-private-life conflict and the intention to give up employment. It is concluded that the working conditions may exert a substantial influence on the levels of psychosocial load carers experience by facilitating or hindering the extent to which carers are allowed to accommodate their work schedules and job assignments to the conflicting demands of their dual role as workers and carers.
Formal verification of neural agents in non-deterministic environments
Authors: Akintunde Michael E. , Botoeva Elena , Kouvaros Panagiotis , Lomuscio Alessio
Published: November 2021

We introduce a model for agent-environment systems where the agents are implemented via feed-forward ReLU neural networks and the environment is non-deterministic. We study the verification problem of such systems against CTL properties. We show that verifying these systems against reachability properties is undecidable. We introduce a bounded fragment of CTL, show its usefulness in identifying shallow bugs in the system, and prove that the verification problem against specifications in bounded CTL is in coNExpTimeandPSpace-hard. We introduce sequential and parallel algorithms for MILP-based verification of agent-environment systems, present an implementation, and report the experimental results obtained against a variant of the VerticalCAS use-case and the frozen lake scenario.
Combining quantitative and qualitative reasoning in concurrent multi-player games
Authors: Bulling Nils , Goranko Valentin
Published: November 2021

We propose a general framework for modelling and formal reasoning about multi-agent systems and, in particular, multi-stage games where both quantitative and qualitative objectives and constraints are involved. Our models enrich concurrent game models with payoffs and guards on actions associated with each state of the model and propose a quantitative extension of the logic $${\textsf {ATL}}^{*}$$

ATL

∗

that enables the combination of quantitative and qualitative reasoning. We illustrate the framework with some detailed examples. Finally, we consider the model-checking problems arising in our framework and establish some general undecidability and decidability results for them.
‘Technology is Everywhere, we have the Opportunity to Learn it in the Valley’: The Appropriation of a Socio-Technical Enabling Infrastructure in the Moroccan High Atlas
Authors: Rüller Sarah , Aal Konstantin , Holdermann Simon , Tolmie Peter , Hartmann Andrea , Rohde Markus , Zillinger Martin , Wulf Volker
Published: November 2021

This paper describes the appropriation processes involved in establishing a socio-technical enabling infrastructure in a valley in the High Atlas of Morocco. We focus on the challenges of co-establishing such an intervention in a rural/mountainous region that is already undergoing a process of continuous development and profound transformation. We reflect upon the changes and unforeseen appropriation by our local partners and inhabitants in the valley of a computer club primarily used as an informal learning centre for school children. We followed an ethnographic approach and combined research perspectives from both socio-informatics and anthropology. This paper sheds light on what a successful cooperation and intervention in this kind of challenging environment can look like. It does this by taking seriously competing expectations, fragile infrastructural foundations and the socio-cultural context. Despite the challenges, the intervention managed to lead to the establishment of a socio-technical enabling infrastructure that plays a particularly valuable role in local educational endeavours and that is now moving towards supporting other members of the community. The paper thus provides insights regarding what has to be considered to create a mutually beneficial cooperation with all relevant stakeholders as well as a sustainable intervention.
Coat Polymorphism in Eurasian Lynx: Adaptation to Environment or Phylogeographic Legacy?
Authors: Darul Romane , Gavashelishvili Alexander , Saveljev Alexander P. , Seryodkin Ivan V. , Linnell John D. C. , Okarma Henryk , Bagrade Guna , Ornicans Aivars , Ozolins Janis , Männil Peep , Khorozyan Igor , Melovski Dime , Stojanov Aleksandar , Trajçe Aleksandër , Hoxha Bledi , Dvornikov Mikhail G. , Galsandorj Naranbaatar , Okhlopkov Innokentiy , Mamuchadze Jimsher , Yarovenko Yuriy A. , Akkiev Muzigit I. , Sulamanidze Giorgi , Kochiashvili Vazha , Şahin Mehmet Kürşat , Trepet Sergey A. , Pkhitikov Alim B. , Farhadinia Mohammad S. , Godoy Jose A. , Jászay Tomáš , Ratkiewicz Mirosław , Schmidt Krzysztof
Published: November 2021

We studied the relationship between the variability and contemporary distribution of pelage phenotypes in one of most widely distributed felid species and an array of environmental and demographic conditions. We collected 672 photographic georeferenced records of the Eurasian lynx throughout Eurasia. We assigned each lynx coat to one of five phenotypes. Then we fitted the coat patterns to different environmental and anthropogenic variables, as well as the effective geographic distances from inferred glacial refugia. A majority of lynx were either of the large spotted (41.5%) or unspotted (uniform, 36.2%) phenotype. The remaining patterns (rosettes, small spots and pseudo-rosettes) were represented in 11.0%, 7.4%, and 3.9% of samples, respectively. Although various environmental variables greatly affected lynx distribution and habitat suitability, it was the effect of least-cost distances from locations of the inferred refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum that explained the distribution of lynx coat patterns the best. Whereas the occurrence of lynx phenotypes with large spots was explained by the proximity to refugia located in the Caucasus/Middle East, the uniform phenotype was associated with refugia in the Far East and Central Asia. Despite the widely accepted hypothesis of adaptive functionality of coat patterns in mammals and exceptionally high phenotypic polymorphism in Eurasian lynx, we did not find well-defined signs of habitat matching in the coat pattern of this species. Instead, we showed how the global patterns of morphological variability in this large mammal and its environmental adaptations may have been shaped by past climatic change.
Improving Outcomes for Children Affected by Parental Involvement with the Criminal Justice System in Scotland
Authors: Long Tony , Lockwood Kelly , Loucks Nancy , Nugent Briege , Raikes Ben , Sharratt Kathryn , Gallagher Louise
Published: November 2021

With 20-27,000 children in Scotland experiencing a parent’s imprisonment and many more their parent’s involvement in the wider criminal justice system, it is vital that children’s needs and preferences are understood and acted upon. Parental imprisonment or involvement with the justice system short of imprisonment is a cause of deleterious chronic stress and adverse childhood experience. This 18-month participative study in Scotland was designed to establish the problems of having a parent involved in the criminal justice system and to co-produce solutions with affected families. The experiences of 14 children and young people were elicited through interviews (supplemented with input from parents and professionals), followed by a family consultation event. Schools elicited complex relationships of both stress and threat, an outlet, and a means for positive achievement despite the stressors. Schools need proactively to identify children who are struggling emotionally and to provide sensitive, discreet support. Children felt victimised by authorities and the community, experiencing devastating family disruption and loss of childhood. Community-based interventions could educate others about the impact on children of victimisation. Young people emphasised the need to humanise their experience from point-of-arrest to years after release. They sought more child-friendly prison visiting, physical contact, and meaningful activity with their parent. Parents wanted the development of parent-to-parent and young people-led support groups. A means to signpost affected families to self-support groups is needed. A model of symbiotic harm is used to offer theoretical context to the findings.
Assessing the Health and Economic Impact of a Potential Menthol Cigarette Ban in New York City: a Modeling Study
Authors: Li Yan , Sisti Julia , Flórez Karen R. , Albrecht Sandra S. , Viswanath Anita , Davila Marivel , Cantrell Jennifer , Brahmbhatt Diksha , Thompson Azure B. , Jasek John , Chambers Earle C.
Published: November 2021

Menthol in cigarettes increases nicotine dependence and decreases the chances of successful smoking cessation. In New York City (NYC), nearly half of current smokers usually smoke menthol cigarettes. Female and non-Latino Black individuals were more likely to smoke menthol-flavored cigarettes compared to males and other races and ethnicities. Although the US Food and Drug Administration recently announced that it will ban menthol cigarettes, it is unclear how the policy would affect population health and health disparities in NYC. To inform potential policymaking, we used a microsimulation model of cardiovascular disease (CVD) to project the long-term health and economic impact of a potential menthol ban in NYC. Our model projected that there could be 57,232 (95% CI: 51,967–62,497) myocardial infarction (MI) cases and 52,195 (95% CI: 47,446–56,945) stroke cases per 1 million adult smokers in NYC over a 20-year period without the menthol ban policy. With the menthol ban policy, 2,862 MI cases and 1,983 stroke cases per 1 million adults could be averted over a 20-year period. The model also projected that an average of $1,836 in healthcare costs per person, or $1.62 billion among all adult smokers, could be saved over a 20-year period due to the implementation of a menthol ban policy. Results from subgroup analyses showed that women, particularly Black women, would have more reductions in adverse CVD outcomes from the potential implementation of the menthol ban policy compared to males and other racial and ethnic subgroups, which implies that the policy could reduce sex and racial and ethnic CVD disparities. Findings from our study provide policymakers with evidence to support policies that limit access to menthol cigarettes and potentially address racial and ethnic disparities in smoking-related disease burden.
The Incoherence of Institutional Reform: Decentralization as a Structural Solution to Immediate Political Needs
Authors: Faguet Jean-Paul , Shami Mahvish
Published: November 2021

Institutional reforms are structural changes in the rules and norms of authority, with effects that are long-term and unpredictable on government, politics, and society. But leaders may undertake them to solve unrelated, discrete, short-term political problems. Understanding the latter is key to understanding the characteristics of many real reforms, and hence their fate. We introduce the concept ofinstrumental incoherenceand use it to construct a theory of decentralization where reform is motivated by orthogonal objectives. We show that reformers’ incentives map onto the specifics of reform design via their side effects, not their main effects, which in turn lead to the medium- and long-term consequences eventually realized. We characterize downwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of the center to empower local voters, vs. upwardly accountable decentralization, which ties the hands of local government to empower the center. We use these ideas to explain highly divergent outcomes in two extreme cases, Bolivia and Pakistan, using detailed, original evidence. Our analysis likely extends to a broader class of reforms where the incentives of agents pursuing a change, and the effects of that change, are highly asymmetric in time and dimension.
The relationship between self-traumatized and self-vulnerable automatic associations and posttraumatic stress symptoms among adults who have experienced a distressing life event
Authors: Blackwell Simon E. , Ehring Thomas , Gladwin Thomas E. , Margraf Jürgen , Woud Marcella L.
Published: November 2021

Convergent evidence supports a crucial role for dysfunctional appraisals in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most research in this area has used self-report measures, assessing only explicit forms of such negative cognitions; the relevance of their more automatically-activated counterparts, as assumed by cognitive models, remains relatively unexplored. The current study aimed to further our understanding of the potential utility of measuring automatic dysfunctional associations in the context of posttraumatic stress. The relationship between scores on two different implicit association tests (IATs) and posttraumatic stress symptoms was investigated in a sample of adults (N = 279) who reported having experienced a potentially traumatic negative life event. Participants completed the two IATs (one assessing self-traumatized associations, the other self-vulnerable associations), a self-report measure of dysfunctional appraisals, and measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms and other aspects of psychopathology online. Scores indicating higher levels of dysfunctional associations on both IATs were associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Only scores on the IAT measuring self-vulnerable associations, and not the IAT measuring self-traumatized associations, continued to show an association with posttraumatic stress symptoms after controlling for explicit dysfunctional appraisals. Overall, the results indicate the value of investigating PTSD-relevant automatic associations to further develop our understanding of cognitive processes implicated in posttraumatic stress.
Middle Triassic bivalve traces from central Europe (Muschelkalk, Anisian): overlooked burrows of a common ichnofabric
Authors: Stachacz Michał , Knaust Dirk , Matysik Michał
Published: November 2021

The ichnotaxonomy, producers and ethology of the bivalve trace fossil Oravaichnium Plička and Uhrová, 1990 are revised, and the mode of formation is discussed. The ichnogenus is compared with other mollusc trace fossils such as Protovirgularia, Lockeia and Ptychoplasma, as well as the common, cosmopolitan trace fossils Planolites and Palaeophycus, which are morphologically similar to Oravaichnium. A lectotype of Oravaichnium hrabei Plička and Uhrová, 1990 is defined and illustrated. Oravaichnium carinatum isp. nov. from the Middle Triassic of Poland and Germany is described and interpreted as a bivalve burrow. It differs from the relatively rare O. hrabei by a carinate rather than subquadrate cross section. However, O. carinatum isp. nov. shows a great variation of morphology and transitional forms with O. hrabei are common. Similarly, transitional forms of Oravaichnium with other bivalve ichnogenera, especially Protovirgularia, also occur. The studied Triassic ichnoassemblage clearly indicates that bivalve burrows are much more common than previously believed and are represented by repichnia, fodinichnia and cubichnia. The occurrence of similar ichnofabrics containing Oravaichnium in other Triassic succession of the Germanic and Tethys basins and elsewhere suggests a much wider distribution than hitherto known. It is evident that bivalves, most likely nuculids, participated greatly in bioturbation, and the Middle Triassic infaunalisation is one of the most important steps in Phanerozoic evolution of ichnocoenoses.
Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords
Authors: Bonnet-Lebrun Anne-Sophie , Larsen Thomas , Thórarinsson Thorkell Lindberg , Kolbeinsson Yann , Frederiksen Morten , Morley Tim I. , Fox Derren , Boutet Aude , le Bouard Fabrice , Deville Tanguy , Hansen Erpur Snær , Hansen Thomas , Roberts Patrick , Ratcliffe Norman
Published: November 2021

Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services.
The order of $$L^1$$-approximation by elements of the disc algebra
Authors: Totik Vilmos
Published: November 2021

We prove that the order of $$L^1$$

L
1

-approximation by elements of the disc algebra given by Khavinson, Pérez-González and Shapiro is precise.
Sources of Students’ Difficulties with Proof By Contradiction
Authors: Rabin Jeffrey M. , Quarfoot David
Published: November 2021

The literature on proof by contradiction (PBC) is nearly unanimous in claiming that this proof technique is “more difficult” for students than direct proof, and offers multiple hypotheses as to why this might be the case. To examine this claim and to evaluate some of the hypotheses, we analyzed student work on proof construction problems from homework and examinations in a university “Introduction to Proof” course taught by one of the authors. We also conducted stimulated-recall interviews with student volunteers probing their thought processes while solving these problems, and their views about PBC in general. Our results suggest that the knowledge resources students bring to bear on proof problems, and how these resources are activated, explain more of their “difficulties” than does the logical structure of the proof technique, at least for this population of students.
Intraoperative pathologically-calibrated diagnosis of lymph nodes involved by breast cancer cells based on electrical impedance spectroscopy; a prospective diagnostic human model study
Authors: Mahdavi Reihane , Yousefpour Narges , Abbasvandi Fereshteh , Ataee Hossein , Hoseinpour Parisa , Akbari Mohammad Esmaeil , Parniani Mohammad , Delshad Belal , Avatefi Maryam , Nourinejad Zeinab , Abdolhosseini Saeed , Mehrvarz Sajad , Hajighasemi Farzane , Abdolahad Mohammad
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background

Nodal status evaluation is a crucial step in determining prognostic factors and managing treatment strategies for breast cancer patients. Preoperative (CNB), intraoperative (SLNB), and even postoperative techniques (Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded sectioning, FFPE) have definite limitations of precision or sometimes are time-consuming for the result declaration. The primary purpose of this prospective study is to provide a precise complementary system for distinguishing lymph nodes (LNs) involved by cancerous cells in breast cancer patients intraoperatively.

Methods

The proposed system, Electrical Lymph Scoring(ELS), is designed based on the dielectric properties of the under-test LNs. The system has a needle-shaped 2-electrode probe entered into SLNs or ALNs dissected from patients through standard surgical guidelines. Impedance magnitude in f = 1 kH (Z1kHz) and Impedance Phase Slope in frequency ranges of 100 kHz–500 kHz (IPS) were then extracted from the impedance spectroscopy data in a cohort study of 77 breast cancer patients(totally 282 dissected LNs) who had been undergone surgery before (n = 55) or after (n = 22) chemical therapies (non-neoadjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy). A new admittance parameterSymbol also proposed for LN detection in neoadjuvant chemotherapy patients.

Results

Considering the permanent pathology result as the gold standard checked by two independent expert pathologists, a significant correlation was observed between the presence of cancerous cells in LNs and individual ranges of the ELS electrical responses. Compared with normal LNs containing fatty ambient and immune cells, LNs involved by cancerous clusters would reduce the Z1kHz and increase the IPS. These changes correlate with fat metabolism by cancer cells due to their Fatty Acid Oxidation (FAO) in LN, which results in different dielectric properties between high and low-fat content of normal and cancerous LNs, respectively.

Conclusions

By finding the best correlation between our defined impedimetric parameters and pathological states of tested LNs, a real-time intraoperative detection approach was developed for highly-sensitive (92%, P<0.001) diagnosis of involved sentinel or axillary LNs. The impact of real-time intraoperative scoring of SLNs would make a pre-estimation about the necessity of excising further LNs to help the surgeon for less invasive surgery, especially in the absence of frozen-section equipment.

Graphical abstract

Highlights
Hegel on What Cannot Be Said: an Interpretation of the Ineffable in the Phenomenology's ‘Sense-Certainty’
Authors: Voogt Ariën
Published: November 2021

It is often claimed that Hegel's philosophy cannot accept that something would remain beyond the grasp of conceptual language, and that his thought therefore systematically represses the possibility that something cannot be said. By analysing Hegel's account of the ineffable in the ‘Sense-Certainty’ chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit, this article argues that Hegel does not repress, but firmly confronts the problem of what cannot be said. With the help of Giorgio Agamben's linguistic interpretation, it is shown that Hegel's conception of the ineffable must be understood from the perspective of his dialectical understanding of language. What appears to be ineffable is only the constitutive result of the dialectical negation that conceptual discourse enacts. Consequently, the ineffable in Hegel's thought cannot be said to remain external to and independent from conceptual language.
Thermoelectric precession in turbulent magnetoconvection
Authors: Xu Yufan , Horn Susanne , Aurnou Jonathan M.
Published: November 2021

We present laboratory measurements of the interaction between thermoelectric currents and turbulent magnetoconvection. In a cylindrical volume of liquid gallium heated from below and cooled from above and subject to a vertical magnetic field, it is found that the large-scale circulation (LSC) can undergo a slow axial precession. Our experiments demonstrate that this LSC precession occurs only when electrically conducting boundary conditions are employed, and that the precession direction reverses when the axial magnetic field direction is flipped. A thermoelectric magnetoconvection (TEMC) model is developed that successfully predicts the zeroth-order magnetoprecession dynamics. Our TEMC magnetoprecession model hinges on thermoelectric current loops at the top and bottom boundaries, which create Lorentz forces that generate horizontal torques on the overturning large-scale circulatory flow. The thermoelectric torques in our model act to drive a precessional motion of the LSC. This model yields precession frequency predictions that are in good agreement with the experimental observations. We postulate that thermoelectric effects in convective flows, long argued to be relevant in liquid metal heat transfer and mixing processes, may also have applications in planetary interior magnetohydrodynamics.
Evolvability in the fossil record
Authors: Love Alan C. , Grabowski Mark , Houle David , Liow Lee Hsiang , Porto Arthur , Tsuboi Masahito , Voje Kjetil L. , Hunt Gene
Published: November 2021

The concept of evolvability—the capacity of a population to produce and maintain evolutionarily relevant variation—has become increasingly prominent in evolutionary biology. Paleontology has a long history of investigating questions of evolvability, but paleontological thinking has tended to neglect recent discussions, because many tools used in the current evolvability literature are challenging to apply to the fossil record. The fundamental difficulty is how to disentangle whether the causes of evolutionary patterns arise from variational properties of traits or lineages rather than being due to selection and ecological success. Despite these obstacles, the fossil record offers unique and growing sources of data that capture evolutionary patterns of sustained duration and significance otherwise inaccessible to evolutionary biologists. Additionally, there exist a variety of strategic possibilities for combining prominent neontological approaches to evolvability with those from paleontology. We illustrate three of these possibilities with quantitative genetics, evolutionary developmental biology, and phylogenetic models of macroevolution. In conclusion, we provide a methodological schema that focuses on the conceptualization, measurement, and testing of hypotheses to motivate and provide guidance for future empirical and theoretical studies of evolvability in the fossil record.
Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Nenadić Milica , Vermeer Joop E. M.
Published: November 2021

By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
PREDICTION AND ERROR-BASED LEARNING IN L2 PROCESSING AND ACQUISITION
Authors: Bovolenta Giulia , Marsden Emma
Published: November 2021

There is currently much interest in the role of prediction in language processing, both in L1 and L2. For language acquisition researchers, this has prompted debate on the role that predictive processing may play in both L1 and L2 language learning, if any. In this conceptual review, we explore the role of prediction and prediction error as a potential learning aid. We examine different proposed prediction mechanisms and the empirical evidence for them, alongside the factors constraining prediction for both L1 and L2 speakers. We then review the evidence on the role of prediction in learning languages. We report computational modeling that underpins a number of proposals on the role of prediction in L1 and L2 learning, then lay out the empirical evidence supporting the predictions made by modeling, from research into priming and adaptation. Finally, we point out the limitations of these mechanisms in both L1 and L2 speakers.
Sovereignty, Democracy and Neutrality: French Foreign Policy and the National-Patriotic Humanitarianism of the French Red Cross, 1919–1928
Authors: Fathi Romain
Published: November 2021

Recent historiography pertaining to the International Red Cross has generally emphasised the transnational scale as best suited for analysing this global movement. Using the French Red Cross as a case study, this article suggests that focusing on the national scale, or even on the national-imperial scale, does not exclude transnational approaches but enriches them. In doing so, it highlights the dialectic between scales of humanitarian activity and complicates our understanding of the Red Cross movement in the early twentieth century. The article examines how the French Red Cross strived for its independence within the broader Red Cross world in a postwar humanitarian context increasingly dominated by transnational organisations. It also argues that in the 1920s the French Red Cross, a traditional auxiliary of the French army, became an arm of the French Foreign Office, advancing French diplomacy and sovereignty.
The Contribution of Bilingualism to Cognitive Functioning and Regional Brain Volume in Normal and Abnormal Aging
Authors: Torres Valeria L. , Rosselli Mónica , Loewenstein David A. , Lang Merike , Vélez-Uribe Idaly , Arruda Fernanda , Conniff Joshua , Curiel Rosie E. , Greig Maria T. , Barker Warren W. , Rodriguez Miriam J. , Adjouadi Malek , Vaillancourt David E. , Bauer Russell , Duara Ranjan
Published: November 2021

We examined the association between bilingualism, executive function (EF), and brain volume in older monolinguals and bilinguals who spoke English, Spanish, or both, and were cognitively normal (CN) or diagnosed with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or dementia. Gray matter volume (GMV) was higher in language and EF brain regions among bilinguals, but no differences were found in memory regions. Neuropsychological performance did not vary across language groups over time; however, bilinguals exhibited reduced Stroop interference and lower scores on Digit Span Backwards and category fluency. Higher scores on Digit Span Backwards were associated with a younger age of English acquisition, and a greater degree of balanced bilingualism was associated with lower scores in category fluency. The initial age of cognitive decline did not differ between language groups. The influence of bilingualism appears to be reflected in increased GMV in language and EF regions, and to a lesser degree, in EF.
Access to verb bias and plausibility information during syntactic processing in adult Spanish–English bilinguals
Authors: Román Patricia , Kaan Edith , Dussias Paola E.
Published: November 2021

In two experiments, we examine how proficient second language speakers integrate verb bias and plausibility information during online sentence comprehension. Spanish–English speakers and native English speakers read sentences in English in which a post-verbal noun phrase (NP) could be interpreted as a direct object or a sentential subject. To examine the role of verb bias, the post-verbal NP was preceded by a verb that is preferentially followed by a direct object (DO-bias verbs) or a sentential complement (SC-bias verbs). To assess the role of plausibility, the semantic fit between the verb and the post-verbal NP was either congruent or incongruent with the direct object interpretation. The results show that both second language speakers and native speakers used verb bias information to assign a grammatical role to the post-verbal ambiguous NP with small differences. Syntactic revision of an initially incorrect DO interpretation was facilitated by the presence of an implausible NP.