bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endocrine and Nutritional Management of the Post-Bariatric Surgery Patient: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Heber David , Greenway Frank L. , Kaplan Lee M. , Livingston Edward , Salvador Javier , Still Christopher
Published: November 2010

Objective: We sought to provide guidelines for the nutritional and endocrine management of adults after bariatric surgery, including those with diabetes mellitus. The focus is on the immediate postoperative period and long-term management to prevent complications, weight regain, and progression of obesity-associated comorbidities. The treatment of specific disorders is only summarized.

Participants: The Task Force was composed of a chair, five additional experts, a methodologist, and a medical writer. It received no corporate funding or remuneration.

Conclusions: Bariatric surgery is not a guarantee of successful weight loss and maintenance. Increasingly, patients regain weight, especially those undergoing restrictive surgeries such as laparoscopic banding rather than malabsorptive surgeries such as Roux-en-Y bypass. Active nutritional patient education and clinical management to prevent and detect nutritional deficiencies are recommended for all patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Management of potential nutritional deficiencies is particularly important for patients undergoing malabsorptive procedures, and strategies should be employed to compensate for food intolerance in patients who have had a malabsorptive procedure to reduce the risk for clinically important nutritional deficiencies. To enhance the transition to life after bariatric surgery and to prevent weight regain and nutritional complications, all patients should receive care from a multidisciplinary team including an experienced primary care physician, endocrinologist, or gastroenterologist and consider enrolling postoperatively in a comprehensive program for nutrition and lifestyle management. Future research should address the effectiveness of intensive postoperative nutritional and endocrine care in reducing morbidity and mortality from obesity-associated chronic diseases.
Increased Postprandial GIP and Glucagon Responses, But Unaltered GLP-1 Response after Intervention with Steroid Hormone, Relative Physical Inactivity, And High-Calorie Diet in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Hansen Katrine B. , Vilsbøll Tina , Bagger Jonatan I. , Holst Jens J. , Knop Filip K.
Published: November 2010

abstract

Objective:

Increased postprandial glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon responses and reduced postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses have been observed in some patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The causality of these pathophysiological traits is unknown. We aimed to determine the impact of insulin resistance and reduced glucose tolerance on postprandial GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon responses in healthy subjects.

Research Design and Methods:

A 4-h 2200 KJ-liquid meal test was performed in 10 healthy Caucasian males without family history of diabetes [age, 24 ± 3 yr (mean ± sd); body mass index, 24 ± 2 kg/m2; fasting plasma glucose, 4.9 ± 0.3 mm; hemoglobin A1c, 5.4 ± 0.1%] before and after intervention using high-calorie diet, relative physical inactivity, and administration of prednisolone (37.5 mg/d) for 12 d.

Results:

The intervention resulted in insulin resistance according to the homeostatic model assessment [1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 (mean ± sem) ± 1.3; P = 0.02] and increased postprandial glucose excursions [area under curve (AUC), 51 ± 28 vs. 161 ± 32 mm · 4 h; P = 0.045], fasting plasma insulin (36 ± 3 vs. 61 ± 6 pm; P = 0.02), and postprandial insulin responses (AUC, 22 ± 6 vs. 43 ± 13 nm · 4 h; P = 0.03). This disruption of glucose homeostasis had no impact on postprandial GLP-1 responses (AUC, 1.5 ± 0.7 vs. 2.0 ± 0.5 nm · 4 h; P = 0.56), but resulted in exaggerated postprandial GIP (6.2 ± 1.0 vs. 10.0 ± 1.3 nm · 4 h; P = 0.003) and glucagon responses (1.6 ± 1.5 vs. 2.4 ± 3.2; P = 0.007).

Conclusions:

These data suggest that increased postprandial GIP and glucagon responses may occur as a consequence of insulin resistance and/or reduced glucose tolerance. Our data suggest that acute disruption of glucose homeostasis does not result in reduced postprandial GLP-1 responses as observed in some individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Live Free or Describe: The Reading Effect and the Persistence of Form
Authors: Rooney Ellen
Published: November 2010

This article returns to the question “what is it to read?” through two texts: Louis Althusser's Reading Capital (1965) and The Way We Read Now, a special issue of Representations (2009). Rooney analyzes the issue's introduction, Sharon Marcus's and Stephen Best's “Surface Reading,” examining its accounts of description and “minimal critical agency” and its skepticism concerning radical freedom and the interpretative heroics of literary analysis from the point of view of Althusser's radically different account of reading as a “guilty” practice, one marked by productivity and the contingency of “surprise.” The author argues that the surface method of “critical description,” which seeks to “indicate what a text says about itself” and to describe what it makes “evident, perceptible, apprehensible,” fails when Marcus and Best describe Althusser's text but overlook the fact that his lecture symptomale sharply critiques the metaphor of depth and cautiously deploys a metaphor of terrain. This article proposes that from an Althusserian perspective, the metaphors of surface and depth as they appear in “Surface Reading” are twin brothers, two sides of a coin. Whether in the form of the religious myth of immediate, surface reading or the empiricist conception of the text as veiled truth, these approaches proclaim their critical “innocence” and disavow the metalanguages that bring the textual surface into view. Rooney argues that the figure of terrain enables a reading that confesses its mediating power, while conceding that it moves in a field not of its own making.
Breeding system can affect the offspring sex ratio in Syrian hamsters
Authors: Chelini M O M , Souza N L , Otta E
Published: November 2010

Nulliparous female Syrian hamsters were used to investigate the effect of two different breeding systems on the fertility of the female Syrian hamster. We hypothesized that females submitted to a harem system (HS) would deliver smaller and more female-biased litters than in a monogamic system. Ten female and 10 adult male hamsters housed individually (G1) were kept in a monogamic temporary breeding system, while 10 females and five males (G2) were submitted to HS with two females and a male permanently housed together since female weaning. Females from G1 and G2 delivered, respectively, 47 and 50 litters, and produced 364 (G1) and 383 (G2) weaned pups without any difference in litter size, mean weight of weaned pups and body condition of dams. Interparturition intervals were shorter and the percentage of male pups per litter was higher in the HS possibly as a result of different endocrine conditions provided by different breeding systems. Besides providing evidence that housing conditions can influence the sex of hamster offspring, our findings suggest a mechanism for the non-random distribution of male and female pups in hamster litters.
GFRP Reinforced Corrosion-Free Bridge Deck Slabs Based on ISIS Winnipeg Principles
Authors: Mufti Aftab , Bakht Baidar , Tadros Gamil
Published: November 2010

In places where deicing salts are used to keep roads free of ice, the bridge components most prone to corrosion are concrete deck slabs, which can be made corrosion-free by replacing the steel reinforcement by bars made of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). Recent experimental investigation has shown that only the transverse bars at the bottom of the deck slab confine the slab for full arching action. The rest of the reinforcement in the two assemblies only controls the widths of environmental and fatigue-induced cracks. An experimental fatigue study on full-scale models of deck slabs showed that slabs with steel bars have the poorest fatigue resistance and slabs with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars the best. ISIS Canada conducted field studies in 2005 to show that the GFRP is not attacked by alkaline reaction in concrete. Because of this finding the Canadian Bridge Highway Bridge Design Code (CSA S06–06) permits GFRP as a primary reinforcement.
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Approach to Plate End Debonding in Rectilinear and Curved Plated Beams
Authors: De Lorenzis L. , Paggi M. , Carpinteri A. , Zavarise G.
Published: November 2010

This paper proposes a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach for the prediction of plate end debonding in rectilinear and curved plated beams. The analytical model results in simple equations, suitable for immediate design use. The load-deflection curve of a plated beam, from the onset of debonding up to the complete separation of the plate, is obtained by controlling the length of the interfacial debonding crack. Its shape clearly shows that snap-back or snap-through instabilities may arise when the beam is loaded under displacement or force control. Analytical predictions are also compared with finite element results based on an interfacial cohesive crack model. It is shown that the predictions of the proposed analytical model match closely the numerical solution, provided that an effective crack length accounting for the size of the fracture process zone is used in the calculations.
Progressively promoting metacognition in a case of obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder treated with metacognitive interpersonal therapy
Authors: Dimaggio Giancarlo , Carcione Antonino , Salvatore Giampaolo , Nicolò Giuseppe , Sisto Antonella , Semerari Antonio
Published: November 2010

Background. Many persons with personality disorders (PD) have problems contemplating mental states and using psychological knowledge to cope with their suffering and solve social problems, the skill termed metacognition in this article. Therapists can focus on metacognitive dysfunctions in order to tailor PD treatment to clients' metacognitive skills.

Aims. To briefly summarize procedures for promoting clients' abilities to define problems in mentalistic terms and use this knowledge to develop new paths towards living an adapted social life, within the context of a continuous regulation of the therapy relationship.

Method. Qualitative analysis of session transcript excerpts from a good‐outcome case treated with metacognitive interpersonal therapy.

Conclusion. A therapeutic focus on metacognitive dysfunctions and a regulation of the therapy relationship can lead to improvements in symptoms and interpersonal functioning. The possibility of generalizing the procedure and testing it empirically is discussed.
Clients' experience of the process of change in cognitive analytic therapy
Authors: Rayner Kate , Thompson Andrew R. , Walsh Sue
Published: November 2010

Objectives. Formulation is argued to be of central importance in most psychotherapeutic approaches, yet little is known about client's experience of this. This study sought to explore the client experience of receiving cognitive analytic therapy (CAT). It aims to gain a better understanding of the use of specific CAT tools (e.g., reformulation letters and diagrams) and how these tools relate to clients' understanding of change.

Design. Grounded theory methodology utilizing a three‐stage analysis process was used to explore client's retrospective accounts of change in CAT.

Methods. Fifteen semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nine participants who had received CAT. Data analysis involved initial coding of transcripts and further theoretical sampling and interviewing followed. This led to the production of a model that was then taken to three further participants for exploration in further interviews. An audit was conducted of the analysis process.

Results. A core conceptual framework of ‘doing with’ the therapist emerged from the analysis and represented clients' experience of receiving CAT and participating in the reformulation process. This framework subsumed four interrelated themes; ‘being with the therapist’, ‘keeping it real’, ‘understanding and feeling’, and ‘CAT tools’.

Conclusions. CAT was seen as an active and emotional experience facilitated by a trusting and collaborative therapeutic relationship. The CAT reformulation was seen as important but only when embedded within this context. Whilst, this was a small study theoretical generalizations are discussed about the process of change and further clinical and research recommendations are presented.
Another radio is possible: Thai community radio from the grass roots to the global
Authors: Elliott Patricia W
Published: November 2010

Access to the radio spectrum most often has become tightly controlled by nation-states and military bodies around the world, available to citizens only under stringent licensing and leasing frameworks. This article examines one aspect of the growing global community radio movement which
makes an alternative ownership claim on this resource. Taking place at a small-scale grass-roots level, this movement is nevertheless worthy of attention from media scholars. By considering the example of community radio development in Thailand, we can see this movement represents a new communications
paradigm in formation, one that fundamentally alters the manner in which the broadcast frequency spectrum is monopolized by state and commercial interests and, consequently, the manner in which people will allow themselves to be governed, as radio becomes a vehicle for marginalized communities
to stake a claim in territory heretofore unquestionably ruled by the centre.
Echi del Romanzo e di Procopio di Gaza in Filagato Cerameo
Authors: Corcella Aldo
Published: November 2010

The real extension of Philagathus Cerameus' classical culture has been variously discussed. The homilies of this 12th century preacher from Southern Italy show a thorough knowledge of Heliodorus' Aethiopics (which, by the way, corroborates his identification with the author of the Commentatio in Charicleam). In hom. 24 Rossi Taibbi, on the other side, Philagathus appears to be drawing on Procopius of Gaza's Monody on Antioch, as is suggested by some fragments preserved in the lexicon περὶ συντάξεωζ. This confirms that he was especially acquainted with those ancient authors who were proposed as models in the rhetorical schools of the Comnenian age.
Proposte di Correzioni al Testo dei Nuovi ‘Morceaux Choisis’ di Michele Psello
Authors: Guida Augusto
Published: November 2010

New quotations recently published by P. Canart from a Vatican manuscript and identified as texts of Michael Psellos are examined, textual corrections and interpretations are proposed and further parallels presented that confirm the Psellian authorship put forward by the editor.
Niketas Stethatos der „Beherzte“?
Authors: Hinterberger Martin
Published: November 2010

According to a well-established opinion, the theological writer Niketas Stethatos († ca 1090) had received his surname “the Brave” due to his courageous criticism of the amorous adventures of Constantine IX. In fact, Stethatos is a family name and means “with a broad chest”.
Anastasius of Sinai: Biblical Scholar
Authors: Kuehn Clement
Published: November 2010

Anastasius of Sinai (Anastasius Sinaïta) is best known as a seventh century monk, theologian, and presbyter, whose writings defended the Chalcedonian creed, explored the union of God and humanity, and supported his congregation's faith after the Moslem invasion of Egypt. His Hexaemeron reveals yet another facet of his work: that of biblical scholarship. In this extensive commentary on the creation account of Genesis, Anastasius compares and discusses several Greek translations of the biblical text. Thus he becomes for us an important source of information about the Septuagint and other Greek translations of the Bible circulating during the Byzantine Period, especially those incorporated by Origen into the Hexapla. The Hexaemeron also raises some possibilities about the early library at Sinai and invites a comparison with the famous Codex Sinaïticus.
Detailed phonetic memory for multi-word and part-word sequences
Authors: Wade Travis , Möbius Bernd
Published: November 2010

Humans recognize previously heard spoken words better when repetitions of the words involve identical productions than productions by a different speaker. Such findings have been taken as evidence that perceived instances of words or sub-lexical units are stored in a detailed form in memory, and that collections of these memory traces comprise or are linked to mental lexical representations. This study tested a different possibility, that detailed acoustic memory occurs during spoken language processing but does not necessarily correspond to words or other traditionally defined units. Two experiments examined lexical access and recognition memory for continuous speech sequences, extracted from a spoken language corpus, as a function of sequence length and onset phase (with respect to word onset), and speaker. Qualitatively different patterns between word identification and memory performance based on these three variables provide little evidence for a role of the word level of representation in memory for the sequences, and suggest that memory-based processing may more independent of this level than has been assumed.
The emergent paradigm in Laboratory Phonology: Phonological categories and statistical generalisation in Cutler, Beckman and Edwards, Frisch and Bréa-Spahn, Kapatsinski, and Walter
Authors: Croot Karen
Published: November 2010

This commentary responds to Abigail Cohn's review of successes and challenges in Laboratory Phonology at the LabPhon10 meeting in 2006 (Cohn, Laboratory Phonology: Past successes and current questions, challenges and goals, Mouton de Gruyter, 2010), and her call for “truly integrated” theoretical models. In my view, the sort of integrated theory that Cohn endorsed relies on the availability of a scientific paradigm to organise our approach to data, methodology and theory. I propose that, from its codification as an approach by the first LabPhon meeting in 1987 (Beckman and Kingston, Introduction, Cambridge University Press, 1990), research in Laboratory Phonology has been (and still is) in the process of acquiring such a paradigm. My commentary argues that the occurrence of categorisation at various levels of granularity, together with evidence for gradient category membership at all levels, are central findings in Laboratory Phonology. These sit in the paradigm alongside the core research question about how the physical, cognitive and social properties of speech sounds are related, and a commitment to using hybrid methodologies from phonetics and phonology, computational linguistics, psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. My commentary highlights these aspects of the emerging LabPhon paradigm in the papers in this issue by Cutler, Beckman and Edwards, Frisch and Bréa-Spahn, Kapatsinski, and Walter.
Signal-based and expectation-based factors in the perception of prosodic prominence
Authors: Cole Jennifer , Mo Yoonsook , Hasegawa-Johnson Mark
Published: November 2010

The perception of prosodic prominence in spontaneous speech is investigated through an online task of prosody transcription using untrained listeners. Prominence is indexed through a probabilistic prominence score assigned to each word based on the proportion of transcribers who perceived the word as prominent. Correlation and regression analyses between perceived prominence, acoustic measures and measures of a word's information status are conducted to test three hypotheses: (i) prominence perception is signal-driven, influenced by acoustic factors reflecting speakers' productions; (ii) perception is expectation-driven, influenced by the listener's prior experience of word frequency and repetition; (iii) any observed influence of word frequency on perceived prominence is mediated through the acoustic signal. Results show correlates of perceived prominence in acoustic measures, in word log-frequency and in the repetition index of a word, consistent with both signal-driven and expectation-driven hypotheses of prominence perception. But the acoustic correlates of perceived prominence differ somewhat from the correlates of word frequency, suggesting an independent effect of frequency on prominence perception. A speech processing account is offered as a model of signal-driven and expectation-driven effects on prominence perception, where prominence ratings are a function of the ease of lexical processing, as measured through the activation levels of lexical and sub-lexical units.
Resistance simulations for junctions of SW and MW carbon nanotubes with various metal substrates
Authors: Shunin Yuri , Zhukovskii Yuri , Burlutskaya Natalia , Bellucci Stefano
Published: November 2010

This theoretical study focuses on junctions between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and contacting metallic elements of a nanocircuit. Numerical simulations on the conductance and resistance of these contacts have been performed using the multiple scattering theory and the effective media cluster approach. Two models for CNT-metal contacts have been considered in this paper: a) first principles “liquid metal” model and b) semi-empirical model of “effective bonds” based on Landauer notions on ballistic conductivity. Within the latter, which is a more adequate description of chirality effects, we have simulated both single-wall (SW) and multi-wall (MW) CNTs with different morphology. Results of calculations on resistance for different CNT-Me contacts look quantitatively realistic (from several to hundreds kOhm, depending on chirality, diameter and thickness of MW CNT). The inter-wall transparency coefficient for MW CNT has been also simulated, as an indicator of possible ‘radial current’ losses.
Foam Properties and Detergent Abilities of the Saponins from Camellia oleifera
Authors: Chen Yu-Fen , Yang Chao-Hsun , Chang Ming-Shiang , Ciou Yong-Ping , Huang Yu-Chun
Published: November 2010

The defatted seed meal of Camellia oleifera has been used as a natural detergent and its extract is commercially utilized as a foam-stabilizing and emulsifying agent. The goal of this study was to investigate the foam properties and detergent ability of the saponins from the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera. The crude saponin content in the defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 8.34% and the total saponins content in the crude saponins extract was 39.5% (w/w). The foaming power of the 0.5% crude saponins extract solution from defatted seed meal of C. oleifera was 37.1% of 0.5% SLS solution and 51.3% to that of 0.5% Tween 80 solution. The R5 value of 86.0% represents good foam stability of the crude saponins extracted from the defatted seed meal of the plant. With the reduction of water surface tension from 72 mN/m to 50.0 mN/m, the 0.5% crude saponins extract solution has wetting ability. The sebum-removal experiment indicated that the crude saponins extract has moderate detergency. The detergent abilities of the saponins from C. oleifera and Sapindus mukorossi were also compared.
Inhibitory Effects of Phylligenin and Quebrachitol Isolated from Mitrephora vulpina on Platelet Activating Factor Receptor Binding and Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Moharam Bushra Abdulkarim , Jantan Ibrahim , Jalil Juriyati , Shaari Khozirah
Published: November 2010

Phylligenine, together with quebrachitol, stigmasterol and two aporphine alkaloids—oxoputerine and liriodenine—were isolated from the twigs of Mitrephora vulpina C.E.C. Fisch. They were evaluated for their ability to inhibit platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor binding to rabbit platelets using 3H-PAF as a ligand and their antiplatelet aggregation effect in human whole blood induced by arachidonic acid (AA), collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Of all the compounds tested, phylligenin and quebrachitol exhibited potent and concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on PAF receptor binding, with IC50 values of 13.1 and 42.2 µM, respectively. The IC50 value of phylligenin was comparable to that of cedrol (10.2 µM), a potent PAF antagonist. Phylligenin also showed strong dose-dependent inhibitory activity on platelet aggregation induced by AA and ADP.
Development and Evaluation of Phenological Change Indices Derived from Time Series of Image Data
Authors: McCloy Keith R.
Published: November 2010

Changes in vegetation phenology are recognized as being possibly the most important early indicator of the impact of climate change on ecosystems. Time series of image data are accepted as being the best way to map these changes, if we can derive suitable indices from the huge volumes of time series data that make the interpretation of these time series difficult. The problem is thus to derive a set of indices from the time series of image data that depict changes in vegetation phenology in a way that is easy to analyze and use.
This problem has been solved by deriving a set of six Phenological Change Indices that measure the five ways that the phenological curve of vegetation can change over time. These indices were then tested using simulated data based on sample phenological profiles for a set of land covers and showed that four of the indices measured four of the ways that the phenological profile can change, and two of the indices gave similar results in measuring the last way that the phenological profiles can change.
A time series of image data was then used to map the Phenological Change Indices for Eurasia and a sample of land covers was used to relate the changes in phenology to location for each land cover. This work showed that the detected changes in phenology are similar to those found in other papers. The benefit of these indices is that we can now analyze changes in phenology in a much more detailed and accurate way than has been possible until now.
Detecting Retroviral Sequences in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Singh Ila R.
Published: November 2010

XMRV or xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related retrovirus, a recently discovered retrovirus, has been linked to both prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Recently, the teams of Drs. Shyh-Ching Lo and Harvey Alter discovered the presence of sequences closely related to XMRV in the blood of 86.5% of patients with CFS [1]. These findings are important because since the initial discovery of XMRV in CFS, several studies have failed to find XMRV in specimens collected from CFS patients. While the current study also did not find XMRV in CFS, Lo et al. did detect sequences that belong to polytropic mouse endogenous retroviruses (PMV), which share considerable similarity with XMRV. Criteria for future studies that will help bring greater clarity to the issue of retroviral sequences in CFS are proposed below.
Professional Development Needs in Croatia's Marine Tourism Industry: Harbormasters Identify the Management Skills that Require Improvement
Authors: Pranić Ljudevit , Šerić Neven
Published: November 2010

While skills and knowledge of harbormasters are critical drivers of sustainable development and management of marine tourism, very little scholarly research has been done to assess the professional development needs of harbormasters. This study addresses this gap by empirically investigating
the perceived importance of the professional needs of harbormasters in the Croatian marine tourism industry. Specifically, the goals of this research are to determine what marine tourism management skills need improvement, what skills can be improved through training, and which training courses
might fulfill managerial expectations. A two-page self-completed questionnaire written in Croatian was adapted from previous research and administered to a population of Croatian harbormasters. Professional development needs among Croatian harbormasters are identified to provide guidance for
future harbormaster development planning. Implications and limitations are presented in the subsequent sections of the study.
Le développement des pôles de compétitivité : quelle implication des universités ?
Authors: Lachmann Jean
Published: November 2010

Résumé La théorie des clusters a permis d’apporter des réponses aux difficultés des reconversions industrielles de la fin du 20 e siècle et la France a lancé, en 2004, les pôles de compétitivité. Les clusters ont constitué les fondements essentiels de la dynamique vertueuse de l’innovation grâce notamment aux partenariats des entreprises avec les établissements universitaires. Dans cet article nous abordons l’évolution des districts aux clusters, en mettant l’accent sur la déclinaison française des pôles de compétitivité. Nous étudions la place que les universités y occupent et pourront jouer dans la politique de l’innovation ainsi que les conditions à remplir pour réussir le deuxième cycle de développement des pôles de compétitivité. Codes JEL : R58, I23, O32
Re-Examination of CD91 Function in GRP94 (Glycoprotein 96) Surface Binding, Uptake, and Peptide Cross-Presentation
Authors: Jockheck-Clark Angela R. , Bowers Edith V. , Totonchy Mariam B. , Neubauer Julie , Pizzo Salvatore V. , Nicchitta Christopher V.
Published: November 2010

GRP94 (gp96)-peptide complexes can be internalized by APCs and their associated peptides cross-presented to yield activation of CD8+ T cells. Investigations into the identity (or identities) of GRP94 surface receptors have yielded conflicting results, particularly with respect to CD91 (LRP1), which has been proposed to be essential for GRP94 recognition and uptake. To assess CD91 function in GRP94 surface binding and endocytosis, these parameters were examined in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines whose expression of CD91 was either reduced via RNA interference or eliminated by genetic disruption of the CD91 locus. Reduction or loss of CD91 expression abrogated the binding and uptake of receptor-associated protein, an established CD91 ligand. Surface binding and uptake of an N-terminal domain of GRP94 (GRP94.NTD) was unaffected. GRP94.NTD surface binding was markedly suppressed after treatment of MEF cell lines with heparin, sodium chlorate, or heparinase II, demonstrating that heparin sulfate proteoglycans can function in GRP94.NTD surface binding. The role of CD91 in the cross-presentation of GRP94-associated peptides was examined in the DC2.4 dendritic cell line. In DC2.4 cells, which express CD91, GRP94.NTD-peptide cross-presentation was insensitive to the CD91 ligands receptor-associated protein or activated α2-macroglobulin and occurred primarily via a fluid-phase, rather than receptor-mediated, uptake pathway. These data clarify conflicting data on CD91 function in GRP94 surface binding, endocytosis, and peptide cross-presentation and identify a role for heparin sulfate proteoglycans in GRP94 surface binding.
Superantigen-Induced Proliferation of Human CD4+CD25− T Cells Is Followed by a Switch to a Functional Regulatory Phenotype
Authors: Taylor Amanda L. , Llewelyn Martin J.
Published: November 2010

Bacterial superantigens are potent T cell activators. In humans they cause toxic shock and scarlet fever, and they are implicated in Kawasaki’s disease, autoimmunity, atopy, and sepsis. Their function remains unknown, but it may be to impair host immune responses increasing bacterial carriage and transmission. Regulatory (CD25+FOXP3+) T cells (Tregs) play a role in controlling inflammatory responses to infection. Approximately 2% of circulating T cells are naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs). Conventional Ag stimulation of naive FOXP3− T cells induces Ag-specific Tregs. Polyclonal T cell activation has been shown to produce non–Ag-specific Tregs. Because superantigens are unique among microbial virulence factors in their ability to trigger polyclonal T cell activation, we wanted to determine whether superantigen stimulation of T cells could induce non–Ag-specific Tregs. We assessed the effect of superantigen stimulation of human T cells on activation, regulatory markers, and cytokine production by flow cytometry and T cell suppression assays. Stimulation of PBMCs with staphylococcal exotoxin A and streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins A and K/L resulted in dose-dependent FOXP3 expression. Characterization of this response for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin K/L confirmed its Vβ specificity, that CD25+FOXP3+ cells arose from CD25− T cells and required APCs. These cells had increased CTLA-4 and CD127 expression, typical of the recently described activated converted Treg-like cells, and exhibited functional suppressor activity comparable to nTregs. Superantigen-stimulated CD25+FOXP3+ T cells expressed IL-10 at lower superantigen concentrations than was required to trigger IFN-γ production. This study provides a mechanism for bacterial evasion of the immune response through the superantigen induction of Tregs.
Estimate of Erosion and Sedimentation in Semi-arid Basin using Empirical Models of Erosion Potential within a Geographic Information System
Authors: Amiri Fazel
Published: November 2010

This research is aimed at predicting erosion and sedimentation in the Ghareh Aghach Basin in the central part of Iran using Erosion Potential Model (EPM) models incorporated into Geographic Information System (GIS) software. This basin has an area of about 8955 hectares. The region has a range of vegetation, geological, soil texture and land use types. The basin was subdivided into 5 sub-basins. Data required for this study were collected in part through published reports, whilst the remaining was derived by field surveys. Necessary maps in EPM models were prepared in Autocad-2006 medium and were transported to IILWIS, after some revision. After constructing topologies for all polygons, we entered weightings for all layers within the Arc-View software. Combinations of all layers were managed thereafter. Coefficient of each factor was determined, and erosion intensity coefficient (Z) was calculated. Four layers for EPM model were combined to develop the final layer of erosion and sedimentation. The results of the EPM model for homogenous and uniform sampling units showed that 0.19% (16.7 ha) of the total watershed area were classified as class I of erosion category with very low sedimentation and 15.1% (1352 ha) were classified as class II of erosion category with low sedimentation and 41.3% (3699 ha) were classified as class III of erosion category with medium sedimentation and 13.2% (1175 ha) were classified as class IV of erosion category with high sedimentation and finally 30.2% (2711 ha) were classified at class V of erosion category with very high sedimentation, respectively. The result of comparing erosion and sediment values using an EPM model with measured values showed that no significant difference was observed between the estimated and measured values ( P < 0.05).
Variability of the nighttime OH layer and mesospheric ozone at high latitudes during northern winter: influence of meteorology
Authors: Damiani A. , Storini M. , Santee M. L. , Wang S.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Analyses of OH zonal means, recorded at boreal high latitudes by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in winters of 2005–2009, have shown medium- (weeks) and short- (days) term variability of the nighttime OH layer. Because of the exceptional descent of air from the mesosphere-lower thermosphere (MLT) region, medium-term variability occurred during February 2006 and February/March 2009. The layer normally situated at about 82 km descended by about 5–7 km, and its density increased to more than twice January values. In these periods and location the abundance of the lowered OH layer is comparable to the OH values induced by Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) forcing (e.g., SEP events of January 2005) at the same altitudes. In both years, the descent of the OH layer was coupled with increased mesospheric temperatures, elevated carbon monoxide and an almost complete disappearance of ozone at the altitude of the descended layer (which was not observed in other years). Moreover, under these exceptional atmospheric conditions, the third ozone peak, normally at about 72 km, is shown to descend about 5 km to lower altitude and increase in magnitude, with maximum values recorded during February 2009. Short-term variability occurred during Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events, in particular in January 2006, February 2008 and January 2009, when dynamics led to a smaller abundance of the OH layer at its typical altitude. During these periods, there was an upward displacement of the OH layer coupled to changes in ozone and carbon monoxide. These perturbations were the strongest during the SSW of January 2009; coincident upper mesospheric temperatures were the lowest recorded over the late winters of 2005–2009. Finally, the series of SSW events that occurred in late January/February 2008 induced noticeable short-term variability in ozone at altitudes of both the ozone minimum and the third ozone peak. These phenomena, confined inside the polar vortex, are an additional tool that can be used to investigate mesospheric vortex dynamics.
On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol – Part 2: Composition, hygroscopicity and cloud condensation activity
Authors: Fuentes E. , Coe H. , Green D. , McFiggans G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The effect of colloidal and dissolved organic matter <0.2 μm, secreted by marine biota, on the hygroscopic growth and droplet activation behaviour of the primary marine aerosol was studied. Seawater proxies were prepared by the combination of artificial seawater devoid of marine organics and natural seawater enriched in organic exudate released by laboratory-grown phytoplankton cultures, as described in a companion paper. The primary aerosol was produced by bubble bursting, using a plunging multijet system as an aerosol generator. The aerosol generated from seawater proxies enriched with marine exudate presented organic volume fractions on the order of 5–37%, as derived by applying a simple mixing rule. The hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of the marine organics-enriched particles where 9–17% and 5–24% lower, respectively, than those of the aerosol produced from artificial seawater devoid of exudate. Experiments in a companion paper indicated that the cloud nuclei formation could be enhanced in diatom bloom areas because of the increase in the primary particle production induced by marine organics. The experiments in the present study, however, indicate that the impacts of such an enhancement would be counteracted by the reduction in the CCN activity of the primary particles enriched in marine organics. The extent of the effect of the biogenic matter on the particle behaviour was dependent on the seawater organic concentration and type of algal exudate. Aerosol produced from seawater proxies containing diatomaceous exudate presented higher hydrophobicity and lower CCN activity than those enriched with nanoplankton exudate. The organic fraction of the particles increased with increasing seawater organic concentration, with the highest organic enrichment found for the diatomaceous exudate. These findings are indicative that, besides the differences induced by the aerosol generator employed, discrepancies between different studies in the behaviour of the organics-enriched primary seaspray could partly be explained by the difference in the nature and concentration of the organic material in the source seawater employed. Consistently across the experiments, theoretical analysis based on the Köhler model predicted a reduction in the primary seaspray CCN activity upon the incorporation of marine organics into the particle composition. This effect is consequence of the replacement of small inorganic sea salt molecules by large molar mass organic molecules, together with a moderate suppression of the surface tension at the point of activation of 5–0.5%, which leads to a dominance of the reduction in the dissolved solute in the Raoult term.
Near-ubiquity of ice-edge blooms in the Arctic
Authors: Perrette M. , Yool A. , Quartly G. D. , Popova E. E.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Ice-edge blooms are significant features of Arctic primary production, yet have received relatively little attention. Here we combine satellite ocean colour and sea-ice data in a pan-Arctic study. Ice-edge blooms occur in all seasonally ice-covered areas and from spring to late summer, being observed in 77–89% of locations for which adequate data exist, and usually peaking within 20 days of ice retreat. They sometimes form long belts along the Ice-edge (greater than 100 km), although smaller structures were also found. The bloom peak is on average more than 1 mg m−3, with major blooms more than 10 mg m−3, and is usually located close to the ice-edge, though not always. Some propagate behind the receding ice-edge over hundreds of kilometres and over several months, while others remain stationary. The strong connection between ice retreat and productivity suggests that the ongoing changes in Arctic sea-ice may have a significant impact on higher trophic levels and local fish stocks.
An analytical solution to calculate bulk mole fractions for any number of components in aerosol droplets after considering partitioning to a surface layer
Authors: Topping D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Calculating the equilibrium composition of atmospheric aerosol particles, using all variations of Köhler theory, has largely assumed that the total solute concentrations define both the water activity and surface tension. Recently however, bulk to surface phase partitioning has been postulated as a process which significantly alters the predicted point of activation. In this paper, an analytical solution to calculate the removal of material from a bulk to a surface layer in aerosol particles has been derived using a well established and validated surface tension framework. The applicability to an unlimited number of components is possible via reliance on data from each binary system. Whilst assumptions regarding behaviour at the surface layer have been made to facilitate derivation, it is proposed that the framework presented can capture the overall impact of bulk-surface partitioning. Demonstrations of the equations for two and five component mixtures are given while comparisons are made with more detailed frameworks capable at modelling ternary systems at higher levels of complexity. Predictions made by the model across a range of surface active properties should be tested against measurements. Indeed, reccomendations are given for experimental validation and to assess sensitivities to accuracy and required level of complexity within large scale frameworks. Importantly, the computational efficiency of using the solution presented in this paper is roughly a factor of 20 less than a similar iterative approach, a comparison with highly coupled approaches not available beyond a 3 component system.
Simulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide variability with a global coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian transport model
Authors: Koyama Y. , Maksyutov S. , Mukai H. , Thoning K. , Tans P.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This study assesses the advantages of using a coupled atmospheric-tracer transport model, comprising a global Eulerian model and a global Lagrangian particle dispersion model, for reproducibility of tracer gas variation affected by near field around observation sites. The ability to resolve variability in atmospheric composition on an hourly time scale and a spatial scale of several kilometers would be beneficial for analyzing data from continuous ground-based monitoring and upcoming space-based observations. The coupled model yields increased horizontal resolution of transport and fluxes, and has been tested in regional-scale studies of atmospheric chemistry. By applying the Lagrangian component to the global domain, we extend this approach to the global scale, thereby enabling global inverse modeling and data assimilation. To validate the coupled model, we compare model-simulated CO2 concentrations with continuous observations at two sites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA and one site operated by National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan. As the purpose of this study is limited to demonstration of the new modeling approach, we select a small subset of 3 sites to highlight use of the model in various geographical areas. To explore the capability of the coupled model in simulating synoptic-scale meteorological phenomena, we calculate the correlation coefficients and variance ratios between deseasonalized model-simulated and observed CO2 concentrations. Compared with the Eulerian model alone, the coupled model yields improved agreement between modeled and observed CO2 concentrations.
Measurements of energy and water vapor fluxes over different surfaces in the Heihe River Basin, China
Authors: Liu S. , Xu Z. , Wang W. , Bai J. , Jia Z. , Zhu M. , Wang J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We analyzed the seasonal variations of energy and water vapor fluxes over three different surfaces: irrigated cropland (Yingke, YK), alpine meadow (A'rou, AR), and spruce forest (Guantan, GT). The energy and water vapor fluxes were measured using eddy covariance systems (EC) and a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) in the Heihe River Basin, China, in 2008 and 2009. We also determined the source areas of the EC and LAS measurements with a footprint model for each site, and discussed the differences between the sensible heat fluxes measured by EC and LAS. The results show that the main EC source areas were within a radius of 250 m at all sites. The main source area for the LAS (with a path length of 2390 m) stretched along a path line approximately 2000 m long and 700 m wide. The surface characteristics in the source areas changed according to season and site, and there were characteristic seasonal variations in the energy and water vapor fluxes at all sites. The sensible heat flux was the main term of the energy budget during the dormant season. During the growing season, however, the latent heat flux dominated the energy budget, and an obvious "oasis effect" was observed at YK. The evapotranspiration (ET) at YK was larger than those at the other two sites. The monthly ET reached its peak in July at YK and in June at GT in both 2008 and 2009, while it reached its peak in August at AR in 2008 and in June in 2009. The sensible heat fluxes measured by LAS at AR were larger than those measured by EC at the same site. This difference seems to be caused by the energy imbalance of EC, the heterogeneity of the underlying surfaces, and the difference between the source areas of the LAS and EC measurements.
Measurement of Myeloid Cell Immune Suppressive Activity
Authors: Dolcetti Luigi , Peranzoni Elisa , Bronte Vincenzo
Published: November 2010

This unit presents simple methods to assess the immunosuppressive properties of immunoregulatory cells of myeloid origin, such as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), both in vitro and in vivo. These methods are general and could be adapted to test the impact of different suppressive populations on T cell activation, proliferation, and cytotoxic activity; moreover they could be useful to assess the influence exerted on immune suppressive pathways by genetic modifications, chemical inhibitors, and drugs. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:14.17.1‐14.17.25. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.