bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Control Machine Tool Motion Simulation and Analysis of Parts of the Crawling Phenomenon
Authors: Yin Ming , Cheng Wen Tong , Bai Li Juan , Guo Lan Lan
Published: June 2014

NC machine creeping failure usually occurs in the mechanical part and feed servo system of NC machine tool feed system, because of low speed creeping phenomenon often depends on the characteristics of mechanical transmission parts. Crawling is generally due to transmission of machine tool stiffness is insufficient, friction and dynamic friction coefficient difference and friction damped oscillations caused by too small. This paper establishes the physical model and the mathematical model, through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of machine movement components that crawl main reason, put forward to prevent the moving parts of the main measures of creeping.
Numerical Simulation of Thermal Field in Subgrade of Passenger Dedicated Railway Line in Cold Region
Authors: Liu Yuan , Qiu Wen Yao
Published: June 2014

Based on the background of the subgrade in Dalian of Dalian-Haerbin Passenger Dedicated line and combined the local climate condition and geological data, the thermal field in subgrade was simulated by finite element software, and the distribution of thermal field in subgrade of different month in winter and different years were analyzed. The results indicated that: The main areas of subgrade appeared negative temperature in winter, and the sunward and shady aspect should be considered in the distribution of thermal field in actual analysis. The negative temperature of thermal field in subgrade decreased with the increasing of the years in the same period, and the global warming have a significant effect on the distribution of thermal field.
Research on Component Allocation Problem for Chip Mounter Based on MATLAB
Authors: Dai Xuan Jun
Published: June 2014

With the widespread use of the Surface Mount Technology (SMT) in electronics assembly, the efficiency of SMT production line is the most important to increase the number of products quickly, enhance the market share and competitive strength. And the key point of efficiency improvement for SMT production line is the reasonable component distribution in chip mounter. In this paper, for a widely used SMT production line, its mathematical model of component distribution for two chip mounters was established. By identifying the model constrains and processing of the mathematical model, then the mathematical model was solved through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based on natural selection with MATLAB. By contrast with the MATLAB function-bintprog solving, the results by PSO based on natural selection needs less iteration and short time, and the optimal component distribution program was efficiently obtained.
Research on the Establishing Model Method of Engine Eternal Characteristic Curve Based on F Distribution
Authors: Li Jia , Lin Gui Yu , Xia Qiu Fang
Published: June 2014

The external characteristic curve of engine is the basis of choosing engine, matching and optimizing dynamic performance correctly. At present, most models of the external characteristic curve of engine are carried out by using polynomial regression equation for fitting the external characteristic curve of engine. In this paper, an establishing model method of the external characteristic curve of engine based on F distribution testing is proposed. F test with variance analysis is implemented for obtaining the difference of square sum of return difference between the former equation and the latter equation. If the test doesn’t go through, it can rise one level automatically, until the difference about square sum of return difference of the before-after fitting equation is no significant can it stop. This method provides a theoretical criterion for establishing model of the external characteristic curve of engine. When it is applied to the engineering case, the model will have a higher fitting precision.
Research on the Evaluation of Small Sample Reliability for CNC Grinding Machine Tools Based on Bayes Theory
Authors: Fan Jin Wei , Zhou Zhong Yuan , Wang Ze Li , Miao Wei
Published: June 2014

Aiming at the limitation by the high cost of test and length cycle process of the CNC grinding machine reliability evaluation, this article adopted small sample technology which needs less data while getting higher evaluation accuracy, by using the theory of Bayes theorem and failure rate as of the random variables, the experiment data of tracking CNC grinding machine for a year is analyzed. Results indicate that results acquired by this mean are consistent with the actual; meanwhile, it shortens test cycle and reduces cost, which is a very effective way to analysis CNC grinding machine. Therefore, it’s very essential that the small sample technology research is applied in the CNC grinding machine evaluation.
Establishment and Experimental Identification of the Mathematic Model for Online Microwave Water Content in Iron Concentrate
Authors: Xu En Dao , Jin Jia Lei , He Cun Jun , Chen Zhi Ping , Zhang Zhen Jie , Zhang Ju Yong
Published: June 2014

This paper educes the mathematics formula of solid-liquid phase dielectric constant by employing two methods of mixture’s dielectric constant, building on the electromagnetic wave through the medium theory, this paper thus obtains the mathematic theory model of online microwave water content detection in iron concentrate. Finally, this paper identifies and revises the mathematic model through experiments.
Smart Electric Car System Design Feasibility Analysis
Authors: Ma Jun
Published: June 2014

Smart electric car system design feasibility analysis , to achieve design goals , with time, speed , distance, with automatic tracking , search light , obstacle avoidance function , programmable speed, accurate positioning stop and other functions.
Study and Design of Lawn Brush Cutter
Authors: Du Qiu Lei , Jiang Xiao Wei , Pan Li Ai
Published: June 2014

Based on the survey of existing brush cutter and the analysis of the known conditions, this paper mainly studied design mechanism and principle of brush cutter, and carried on calculation and calibration of spiral bevel gear cutting machine parts, so as to ensure that the design of brush cutter is safe, efficient, simple, comfortable and environmentally friendly. Product after research is of reliable performance, convenient operation, low noise and zero smoke and higher safety factor, making it get more extensive application in the industry.
Surf Shoaling and Breaking on Two-Slope Flume Experiments
Authors: Yang Jia Xuan , Li Xun Qiang , Yu Li Jun , Wang Lei , Wang Hong
Published: June 2014

A flume experiment is carried out to explore regular waves shoaling and breaking in surf zone. The topography is two-slope model, which is composed of a steep slope 1:5 and a gentle slope 1:40. The incidence waves have heights of 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09 and 0.10 m, and periods of 1.0 sec. In order to describe the wave propagation in surf zone, wave height is collected by wave gauges and wave breaking is recorded by high-speed camera. The results show that, when incidence height is increased, the breaking height increases, while the location of breaking point moves forward. When the incidence height is larger enough, the trend slow down. Besides, secondary breakup is observed in case 0.08, 0.09 and 0.10m. The transient period from primary breakup to secondary breakup is a very important phase. Computing and forecasting methods of surf with complicated topography need further study.
The Structure Analysis of the Amphibious Robot’s Propeller Based on Fluid-Solid Coupling
Authors: Wu Zi Yue , Qi Jie , Gao Kang
Published: June 2014

This paper based on ANSYS Workbench software, the method of fluid-structure interaction analysis about propeller of wheel-propeller integrated amphibious robot was presented. The CFX fluid calculation results were taken as loads exerted on the propeller and the corresponding stress at nodes between fluid and structure were exerted on the FE model of the structure. Finally, the calculation method of one-way coupling and further structure analysis of the propeller was completed. At last, the calculation results indicate that the propeller of the amphibious robot can meet the engineering requirements. The results provide favorable basis for the optimal design of propeller.
Influence of Na2SiO3 Concentration on the Corrosion Behavior of TC4 Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Zhang Yun Long , Li Cheng Hai , Hu Ming , Zhang Yu Min
Published: June 2014

The micro-arc oxidation technology were utilized to fabricated the ceramics coating in order to improve the corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy (TC4). The sodium silicate solution was introduced into the electrolyte solution for increasing the coating properties. The effect of the sodium silicate content on the phase composition, surface morphology and potentiodynamic polarization behavior was investigated. The results showed that the increase of Na2SiO3 concertration was benefit to improve corrosion resistance of the MAO coating of TC4 alloy. Key words: Micro-arc oxidation, Ceramic Coatings, Corrosion Resistance.
Turning-Milling Machining Center Headstock Assembly Design
Authors: Liu Peng
Published: June 2014

analyze the headstock structure and milling machining center, build a new assembly file; Will, in turn, components used in the assembly file is inserted into the assembly file. Using UG to complete the assembly process of virtual assembly, generate the explosion view.
Influences of Welding Residual Stresses on Performance of Steel Structures and Methods for their Elimination
Authors: Yan Zhu Ling
Published: June 2014

Weld connection is the major connection method for steel structures, which has the advantages of simple construction, economical materials, non-reduced section, convenient fabrication and processing and good tightness, but the residual stresses caused by welding have relatively great impact on the performance of steel structures. This paper mainly analyzes the influences of welding residual stresses on static strength, stiffness, stability, fatigue strength and low temperature performance of steel structural members, and describes the main methods for eliminating residual stresses, in order to reduce and eliminate the residual stresses, and improve the security of structural members.
Fabrication and Investigation some Properties of NiO Doped Borosilicate Glasses
Authors: Kirdsiri Keerati , Srisittipokakun Nattapon , Kaewkhao Jakrapong , Limsuwan Pichet
Published: June 2014

The borosilicate glass samples doped with NiO have been fabricated by conventional glass making process and changed the composition of chemicals. Rice husk ash (RHA) was used as a SiO2 source for prepare the glass samples. The physical and optical properties, viz., glass density, molar volume, refractive index and absorption spectra have been studied. The results show the density increased with increasing of NiO amount due to the difference of atomic weight of Si and Ni. The molar volume obtained from the density of glass, depends on changed rates of density and atomic weight. Those values increased when the amount of NiO increase due to the increasing in bond length between atoms. Moreover, the refractive index increased with increasing concentration of NiO.
Formability of Tailored Welded Blanks in Single Point Incremental Forming Process
Authors: Rattanachan Kittiphat , Sirivedin K. , Chungchoo Chatchapol
Published: June 2014

This paper is focused on single point incremental forming (SPIF) of a tailored welded blanks (TWBs) that produced by laser welding process. The SPIF process is a new dieless forming technology, which is a fast and economic solution to prototyping a metal sheet product. In the past, the SPIF researches carried out with the homogeneous metal sheet blank, but now a day, the demand of TWBs is still increased especially for an automotive industry. The aim of this research is to study the formability on the weld line of laser welding TWBs (SUS 304 and St 37) by the SPIF process.
The Effect of Lubricants and Material Properties in Surface Roughness and Formability for Single Point Incremental Forming Process
Authors: Sornsuwit Nuttaphong , Sittisakuljaroen Sunthorn
Published: June 2014

The single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a manufacturing process which allows small batch and asymmetric shape fabrication. The research focuses on its applications by consider surface roughness and formability. The surface roughness of specimen was resulted by the influence obtained between tool and specimen, where the lubricant played a significant role during the forming process, as well as material elongation as a mechanical property governed the formability of metal sheet. Surface roughness tester, SEM, EDS and profilometer were used for the characterizations. The results showed that low roughness value (Ra) of SUS 304 and SUS 316L obtained by applying air blowing as a lubricant, while Ti Gr2 could obtain low roughness by using MoS2. The behavior of wear was an adhesive wear which transfer to an abrasive wear. SUS 304 and SUS 316L sheet of test specimens achieved higher depth in forming by air lubricant and MoS2, and Ti Gr2 sheet revealed a better formability with MoS2. Furthermore, the highest depth was correlated with high roughness value for each material.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Pineapple Peel: Useful Green Bioplastic
Authors: Chumee Jitlada , Khemmakama P.
Published: June 2014

The pineapple peel cellulose can be convert to carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by etherification. The pure cellulose from pineapple can be prepared by refluxing of pineapple peel powder with 0.5 M HCl and 1 M NaOH solution at 90°C for 1 h and 2 h, respectively. Then, the solid material was bleached with calcium hypochlorite. The pure cellulose was soaked in mixed solution between isopropyl alcohol and NaOH for 12 h. After that, it was reacted with cholroacetic acid at 55°C for 6 h. The optimum condition for carboxymethylation was cellulose 5 g, cholroacetic acid 13.0 g and 40%w/v NaOH 50 mL. The optimised product had a DS of 0.50 and used as constituent in bioplastic. The application of pineapple peel bioplastic probably is green packaging of dehydrated materials.
Characterization of Calcium Hydroxide Derived from Waste Eggshell upon Moisture Effect
Authors: Siriprom W. , Teanchai K. , Kirdsiri K. , Kaewkhao J.
Published: June 2014

The structural transformations of chicken eggshell sample upon heat treatments and water absorption have been studied after having ground the shells into powders. Structural identifications of chicken eggshell samples were performed by using x-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive X-rays spectrometer (EDXRF). It was found that the specimen is made of calcite, a common phase of CaCO3 mineral. An then annealing at different temperatures in the range of 300-600C, The chicken eggshell not transformation, but after heat treatment at temperature 900C, the chicken eggshell sample have been transform structural in to oxide compound with calcia phase. In addition, the chicken eggshells have been preparation calcium hydroxide via a water steam route.
An Improved Heat Equation to Model Ductile-to-Brittle Failure Mode Transition at High Strain Rates Using Fully Coupled Thermal-Structural Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Écsi Ladislav , Élesztős P.
Published: June 2014

In this paper a universal heat equation for fully coupled thermal structural finite element analysis of deformable solids capable of predicting ductile-to-brittle failure mode transition at high strain rates is presented. In the problem mathematical formulation appropriate strain measures describing the onset and the growth of ductile and total damage and heat generation rate per unit volume to model dissipation-induced heating have been employed, which were extended with the heat equation. The model was implemented into a finite element code utilizing an improved weak form for updated Lagrangian formulation, an extended NoIHKH material model for cyclic plasticity of metals applicable in wide range of strain rates and the Jaumann rate in the form of the Green-Naghdi rate in the co-rotational Cauchy’s stress objective integration. The model verification showed excellent agreement with the modelled experiment at low strain rates. Plastic bending of a cantilever has been studied at higher strain rates. A few selected analysis results are presented and briefly discussed.
Numerical Modeling of Solidification Substitute – Thermal Capacity of Binary Alloy
Authors: Mochnacki Bohdan , Szopa R.
Published: June 2014

Mathematical description of alloys solidification on the macro scale can be formulated using the one domain method (fixed domain approach). The energy equation corresponding to this model contains the parameter called the substitute thermal capacity (STC). The analytical form of STC results from the assumption concerning the course of the functionfS=fS(T) describing the changes of solid state volumetric fraction and the temperature at the point considered. Between border temperaturesTS,TLthe functionfSchanges from 1 to 0. In this paper the volumetric fractionfS(more preciselyfL= 1-fS) is found using the simple models of macrosegregation (the lever arm rule, the Scheil model). In this way one obtains the formulas determining the course of STC resulting from the certain physical considerations and this approach seems to be closer to the real course of thermal processes proceeding in domain of solidifying alloy.
Preparation of CuCrO2 Powders with High Surface Areas
Authors: Chiu Te Wei , Feng Yi Wei
Published: June 2014

In this study, the effects of glycine-nitrate ratios and postcombustion chemical treatment on the phase evolution and surface area of CuCrO2powders were investigated. The pure phase of CuCrO2powders was obtained at a glycine-nitrate ratio of 1.2–1.4. When the glycine-nitrate ratio was higher than 1.9, the Cu ions were reduced to Cu(0) and the phase of Cu metal and Cr2O3were observed. However, when the glycine-nitrate ratio was lower than 1.1, the Cu ions were partially maintained as Cu(2+), and a bluish residue was observed. As-combusted CuCrO2powder with a high surface area (50 m2/g) was obtained at a glycine-nitrate ratio of 1.2. Furthermore, a high surface area (> 60 m2/g) was obtained by leaching as-combusted CuCrO2powder with diluted nitric acid.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of CaFe5O7 : Evidence of a Monoclinic Superstructure at Room Temperature
Authors: Delacotte Charlene , Hüe Florian , Bréard Yohann , Pelloquin Denis
Published: June 2014

An efficient synthesis route is proposed to obtain single powder CaFe5O7ceramic. This complex structure can be described as an intergrowth between one CaFe2O4unit and n= 3 slices of FeO Wustite-type structures. A fine structural study has been carried out at room temperature by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations (ED and HREM). The analysis of these data has revealed a supercell with a monoclinic symmetry associated to some twinning phenomena. From thehklconditions deduced to electron diffraction study, the centrosymmetric P21/m setting can be proposed. This monoclinic cell exhibit close relationships with the previous one reported as orthorhombic (ao=3.05 Å, bo= 10.05 Å and co= 18 Å) according to the following metric am=2co, bm=co, cm=bo/2sinβ and β=106.74°.
Preparation and Thermoelectric Properties of Perovskite-Type AxCa1-xByMn1-yO3-δ (A;La,Bi,Y,Sr) (B;Ni,Ti,V) Thin-Films by Electrostatic Spray Deposition Method
Authors: Fujimoto Kenjiro , Yoshida Shogo , Yamaguchi Yuki , Ito Shigeru
Published: June 2014

Perovskite-type AxCa1-xByMn1-yO3-δ(A; La, Bi, Y, Sr) (B; Ni, Ti, V) thin films were prepared by the conventional electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) method in order to study which kind of substitution element show better thermoelectric property than AxCa1-xByMn1-yO3-δ. Electrical conductivity of the single-doped compound was increased when the substituted element was higher valence than Ca or Mn ion. PF value also showed similar tendency. Thermoelectric property of all compounds obtained the ESD method were consistent with the report of the solid-state reaction. Also, co-doped Bi0.02Ca0.98Mn0.98V0.02O3-δ and Bi0.02Ca0.98Mn0.98Ni0.02O3-δ showed relatively higher conductivity and PF value.
Mineral Foams Obtained with Super Sulfated Cement
Authors: Phelipot-Mardelé Annabelle , Lanos Christophe , Samson Gabriel , Baux Christophe
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performances of Super Sulfated Cement (SSC) foams, focusing on structural, thermal and mechanical characteristics. The studied set of SSC foam samples is obtained with the same slurry. The chosen foaming method allows an interesting density variation: from 489 kg/m3to 1793 kg/m3. Thanks to a CCD camera, the visual study of foam pore structure reveals two kinds of bubbles distribution and associated connectivity. This may partially explain the obtained thermal and mechanical behavior. Results show that SSC foams with low density (< 550 kg/m3) are usable as thermal insulator for non-loadbearing walls. Mean density SSC foams (550 kg/m3< - < 640 kg/m3) can be used as slight-loadbearing and thermal insulating products in housing and SSC foams with high density (640 kg/m3< - < 1200 kg/m3) as loadbearing products staying within lightweight class.
Removal of Toxic Oxyanion from Aqueous Solution Using Calcium Alumino-Zincate
Authors: Sango Hiroyuki , Hirano Masaya
Published: June 2014

Various problems related to pollution of soil and groundwater caused by toxic oxyanion have been actualized in recent years. In particular, the enlargement of the polluted area by diffusion of chromate ions has been a worry in Japan, and arsenic pollution of well water is also a serious problem in South Asia nations. Removal process of chromate and arsenic in aqueous solution using 14CaO·5Al2O3·6ZnO, which is an easy-to-use method technically, has been investigated in our laboratory. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1) Oxyanion of chromium and arsenic such as CrO42-, AsO33- and AsO43- ions are able to be removed from aqueous solution by addition of 14CaO·5Al2O3·6ZnO, however, the removal rate of those arsenic ions are much lower than that of CrO42-. 2) Removal of CrO42- from aqueous solution is caused by the immobilization to 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCrO4·12H2O, on the other hand, both AsO33- and AsO43- mainly occurred by the adsorption to unhydrated 14CaO·5Al2O3·6ZnO. 3) Simultaneous use of 14CaO·5Al2O3·6ZnO and calcium hydroxide is an effective method in the removal of CrO42-, AsO33- and AsO43- from aqueous solution.
Fisheries resources in alleviation of hunger and malnutrition in Sri Lanka - accomplishment and challenges
Authors: Amarasinghe US
Published: June 2014

Sri Lanka is reputed as a country with better basic health indicators than most countries with comparable per capita incomes, but child under-nutrition in the country is very high. Fisheries sector plays a significant role in alleviating hunger and malnutrition because about 70% of animal protein of the diets of people comes from this sector. Currently per capita fish consumption in Sri Lanka is 13 kg per annum. Nevertheless, there is a significant potential to increase this value. Marine fisheries production forms about 86% of national fish production, but potential for its further increase is remote except for a few under-exploited fish stocks such as those attracted to flotsam. The inland fisheries sub-sector, on the other hand, has a great potential for development through further expansion of culture-based fisheries (CBF) in small village reservoirs for which there are legal provisions for agricultural farmers to utilize them for CBF development. With increased demand for fish fingerlings for CBF, there is an urgent need for training rural farmers to establish mini-hatcheries and induced breeding techniques of major carps. There appears to be a high potential for exploiting small indigenous fish species which have been unexploited hitherto, in reservoirs of Sri Lanka. As such, the fishery regulations with the legal provisions to exploit these indigenous fish populations should be implemented through active participation of fisher communities. The inland fishery is a source of animal protein for rural poor available at affordable prices. Hence, development of this sector is imperative for eradicating hunger and malnutrition in the rural communities.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljas.v18i0.7034Sri Lanka J. Aquat. Sci. 18 (2013): 1-15
Murine Spleen Tissue Regeneration from Neonatal Spleen Capsule Requires Lymphotoxin Priming of Stromal Cells
Authors: Tan Jonathan K. H. , Watanabe Takeshi
Published: June 2014

Spleen is a tissue with regenerative capacity, which allows autotransplantation of human spleen fragments to counteract the effects of splenectomy. We now reveal in a murine model that transplant of neonatal spleen capsule alone leads to the regeneration of full spleen tissue. This finding indicates that graft-derived spleen stromal cells, but not lymphocytes, are essential components of tissue neogenesis, a finding verified by transplant and regeneration of Rag1KO spleen capsules. We further demonstrate that lymphotoxin and lymphoid tissue inducer cells participate in two key elements of spleen neogenesis, bulk tissue regeneration and white pulp organization, identifying a lymphotoxin-dependent pathway for neonatal spleen regeneration that contrasts with previously defined lymphotoxin-independent embryonic spleen organogenesis.
GM-CSF but Not IL-17 Is Critical for the Development of Severe Interstitial Lung Disease in SKG Mice
Authors: Shiomi Aoi , Usui Takashi , Ishikawa Yuki , Shimizu Masakazu , Murakami Kosaku , Mimori Tsuneyo
Published: June 2014

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication and sometimes a prognostic factor of connective tissue diseases (CTDs) in humans. However, suitable animal model of severe CTD-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) has been limited. In this study, we showed that zymosan-treated SKG mice developed not only arthritis but also chronic–progressive ILD with high mortality over several months. The pathological and clinical features of ILD in zymosan-treated SKG mice were similar to that of human severe CTD-ILD. ILD in this mouse was characterized by massive infiltration of Th17 cells, GM-CSF–producing CD4+ T cells, and CD11b+ Gr1+ neutrophils with fibrosis. Naive SKG T cells were skewed to differentiate into GM-CSF–producing cells, and GM-CSF secreted by T cells enhanced IL-6 and IL-1β production by macrophages, which in turn enhanced differentiation of IL-17A– and/or GM-CSF–producing T cells and infiltration of neutrophils into lung. Neutralization of GM-CSF completely blocked the development of this ILD, and the blocking of IL-6 signaling resulted in partial prevention of it, whereas neutralization of IL-17A did not. In contrast, the progression of arthritis was inhibited by the neutralization of GM-CSF and slightly by the neutralization of IL-17A, but not by the blocking of IL-6 signaling. These data suggested zymosan-treated SKG mice could be a useful mouse model of severe CTD-ILD, and GM-CSF, rather than IL-17A or IL-6, contributed to the development of ILD in zymosan-treated SKG mice, indicating that neutralization of GM-CSF would be a useful therapeutic strategy for severe CTD-ILD.
Klebsiella pneumoniaeAlleviates Influenza-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Limiting NK Cell Expansion
Authors: Wang Jian , Li Fengqi , Sun Rui , Gao Xiang , Wei Haiming , Tian Zhigang
Published: June 2014

A protective effect induced by bacterial preinfection upon a subsequent lethal influenza virus infection has been observed, but the underlying immune mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we used a mouse model of Klebsiella pneumoniae preinfection to gain insight into how bacterial preinfection influences the subsequent lethal influenza virus infection. We found that K. pneumoniae preinfection significantly attenuated lung immune injury and decreased mortality during influenza virus infection, but K. pneumoniae–specific immunity was not involved in this cross-protection against influenza virus. K. pneumoniae preinfection limited NK cell expansion, which was involved in influenza-induced immune injury and death. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae preinfection could not control NK cell expansion and death during influenza virus infection in Rag1−/− mice, but adoptive transfer of T cells from wild-type mice was able to restore this protective effect. Our data suggest that the adaptive immune response activated by bacterial infection limits the excessive innate immune response induced by a subsequent influenza infection, ultimately protecting mice from death.
Mode of Delivery Shapes Gut Colonization Pattern and Modulates Regulatory Immunity in Mice
Authors: Hansen Camilla H. F. , Andersen Line S. F. , Krych Łukasz , Metzdorff Stine B. , Hasselby Jane P. , Skov Søren , Nielsen Dennis S. , Buschard Karsten , Hansen Lars H. , Hansen Axel K.
Published: June 2014

Delivery mode has been associated with long-term changes in gut microbiota composition and more recently also with changes in the immune system. This has further been suggested to link Cesarean section (C-section) with an increased risk for development of immune-mediated diseases such as type 1 diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate that both C-section and cross-fostering with a genetically distinct strain influence the gut microbiota composition and immune key markers in mice. Gut microbiota profiling by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454/FLX-based 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that mice born by C-section had a distinct bacterial profile at weaning characterized by higher abundance of Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae, and less Rikenellaceae and Ruminococcus. No clustering according to delivery method as determined by principal component analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles was evident in adult mice. However, the adult C-section–born mice had lower proportions of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, tolerogenic CD103+ dendritic cells, and less Il10 gene expression in mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens. This demonstrates long-term systemic effect on the regulatory immune system that was also evident in NOD mice, a model of type 1 diabetes, born by C-section. However, no effect of delivery mode was seen on diabetes incidence or insulitis development. In conclusion, the first exposure to microorganisms seems to be crucial for the early life gut microbiota and priming of regulatory immune system in mice, and mode of delivery strongly influences this.
Aroma and flavour properties of Saskatchewan grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Malcolmson L. , Frohlich P. , Boux G. , Bellido A-S. , Boye J. , Warkentin T. D.
Published: June 2014

Malcolmson, L., Frohlich, P., Boux, G., Bellido, A-S., Boye, J. and Warkentin, T. D. 2014. Aroma and flavour properties of Saskatchewan grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1419–1426. The aroma and flavour properties of cooked field peas (Pisum sativum L.) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Two to four cultivars within four market classes of pea (yellow, green, marrowfat and dun) grown in two locations in Saskatchewan over 2 crop years were evaluated. Panelists found the greatest differences in aroma and flavour properties among market classes, although significant differences were also found among crop year for the aroma attributes of cooked vegetable, earthy, brothy, grainy, hay-like and metallic and the flavour attributes of pea and bitterness. There was also a significant cultivar by crop year interaction for metallic and pea flavor. Dun peas had low intensity scores for sweetness, bitterness and pea flavour. Both green and marrowfat peas had high intensity scores for sweetness and pea flavour. Green peas also had high intensity scores for pea, cooked vegetable, earthy and metallic aroma. Yellow peas had high intensity scores for pea flavour and pea, cooked vegetable and earthy aroma. Differences were found among the four cultivars of yellow peas for bitterness, pea flavour, and pea and earthy aroma. For green peas, differences were found among the three cultivars for pea flavour and aroma. The only difference found among the two cultivars of marrowfat peas was for sweetness. No differences were found between the two cultivars of dun peas. For all pea market classes, milder flavour and aroma may be beneficial in some whole pea or pea flour applications.
Death, Taxes and Advance Directives
Authors: D‘Amore J.D. , Jones S.L. , Sittig D.F. , Ness R.B. , Wood N.M.
Published: June 2014

Suboptimal care at the end-of-life can be due to lack of access or knowledge of patient wishes. Ambiguity is often the result of non-standardized formats. Borrowing digital technology from other industries and using existing health information infrastructure can greatly improve the completion, storage, and distribution of advance directives. We believe several simple, low-cost adaptations to regional and federal programs can raise the standard of end-of-life care.

Citation: Wood NM, D’Amore JD, Jones SL, Sittig DF, Ness RB. Death, taxes and advance directives. Appl Clin Inf 2014; 5: 589–593 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2013-12-IE-0099
Environmental influences on the intensity changes of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific
Authors: Shu Shoujuan , Zhang Fuqing , Ming Jie , Wang Yuan
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The influence of environmental conditions on the intensity changes of tropical cyclones (TCs) over the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated through examination of 37 TCs during 2000–2011 that interacted directly with the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH). Comprehensive composite analysis of the environmental conditions is performed for two stages of storms: one is categorized as intensifying events (maximum wind speed increases by 15 kn over 48 h) and the other is categorized as weakening events (maximum wind speed decreases by 15 kn over 48 h). Comparison of the composite analysis of these two cases show that environmental conditions associated with the WNPSH play important roles in the intensity changes of TCs over the WNP. When a TC moves along the southern periphery of the WNPSH, the relatively weaker easterly environmental vertical wind shear helps bring warm moist air from the south and southeast to its southeast quadrant within 500 km, which is favorable for the TC to intensify. However, when a TC moves along the western edge of the WNPSH, under the combined influences of the WNPSH and an upper-level westerly trough, a strong westerly vertical shear promotes the intrusion of dry environmental air associated with the WNPSH from the north and northwest, which may lead to the inhibition of moisture supply and convection over the western half of the TC and thus its weakening. These composite results are consistent with those with additional geographic restrictions, suggesting that the dry air intrusion and the vertical wind shear (VWS) associated with the WNPSH, indeed affect the intensity changes of TCs over the WNP beyond the difference related solely to variations in geographical locations. The average sea surface temperature (SST) of 27.6 °C for the weakening events is also lower than an average of 28.9 °C for the strengthening events, but remains above the critical value of 27 °C for TC intensification, suggesting that the SST may be regarded as a less positive factor for the weakening events.
The impact of volcanic aerosol on the Northern Hemisphere stratospheric polar vortex: mechanisms and sensitivity to forcing structure
Authors: Toohey M. , Krüger K. , Bittner M. , Timmreck C. , Schmidt H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Observations and simple theoretical arguments suggest that the Northern Hemisphere (NH) stratospheric polar vortex is stronger in winters following major volcanic eruptions. However, recent studies show that climate models forced by prescribed volcanic aerosol fields fail to reproduce this effect. We investigate the impact of volcanic aerosol forcing on stratospheric dynamics, including the strength of the NH polar vortex, in ensemble simulations with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. The model is forced by four different prescribed forcing sets representing the radiative properties of stratospheric aerosol following the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo: two forcing sets are based on observations, and are commonly used in climate model simulations, and two forcing sets are constructed based on coupled aerosol–climate model simulations. For all forcings, we find that temperature and zonal wind anomalies in the NH high latitudes are not directly impacted by anomalous volcanic aerosol heating. Instead, high latitude effects result from robust enhancements in stratospheric residual circulation, which in turn result, at least in part, from enhanced stratospheric wave activity. High latitude effects are therefore much less robust than would be expected if they were the direct result of aerosol heating. While there is significant ensemble variability in the high latitude response to each aerosol forcing set, the mean response is sensitive to the forcing set used. Significant differences, for example, are found in the NH polar stratosphere temperature and zonal wind response to two different forcing data sets constructed from different versions of SAGE II aerosol observations. Significant strengthening of the polar vortex, in rough agreement with the expected response, is achieved only using aerosol forcing extracted from prior coupled aerosol–climate model simulations. Differences in the dynamical response to the different forcing sets used imply that reproducing the polar vortex responses to past eruptions, or predicting the response to future eruptions, depends on accurate representation of the space-time structure of the volcanic aerosol forcing.
Performance of a mobile car platform for mean wind and turbulence measurements
Authors: Belušić D. , Lenschow D. H , Tapper N. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The lack of adequate near-surface observations of the stable atmospheric boundary layer spatial structure motivated the development of an instrumented car for mobile turbulence measurements. The calibration and validation of the car measurements are performed using controlled field experiments and a comparison with an instrumented tower. The corrections required to remove the effects of the car motion are shown to be smaller and simpler than the corrections for research aircraft measurements. A car can therefore satisfactorily measure near-surface turbulence using relatively low-cost equipment. Other natural advantages of a car, such as the ability to drive on any road at any time of day or night and follow the terrain slope, as well as its low cost of operation, make it applicable to observations of a variety of flow regimes that cannot be achieved with the usual platforms, such as research aircraft or networks of flux towers.
Improved scattering radiative transfer for frozen hydrometeors at microwave frequencies
Authors: Geer A. J. , Baordo F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. To simulate passive microwave radiances in all-sky conditions requires better knowledge of the scattering properties of frozen hydrometeors. Typically, snow particles are represented as spheres and their scattering properties are calculated using Mie theory, but this is unrealistic and, particularly in deep-convective areas, it produces too much scattering in mid-frequencies (e.g. 30–50 GHz) and too little scattering at high frequencies (e.g. 150–183 GHz). These problems make it hard to assimilate microwave observations in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, particularly in situations where scattering effects are most important, such as over land surfaces or in moisture sounding channels. Using the discrete dipole approximation to compute scattering properties, more accurate results can be generated by modelling frozen particles as ice rosettes or simplified snowflakes, though hexagonal plates and columns often give worse results than Mie spheres. To objectively decide on the best particle shape (and size distribution) this study uses global forecast departures from an NWP system (e.g. observation minus forecast differences) to indicate the quality of agreement between model and observations. It is easy to improve results in one situation but worsen them in others, so a rigorous method is needed: four different statistics are checked; these statistics are required to stay the same or improve in all channels between 10 GHz and 183 GHz and in all weather situations globally. The optimal choice of snow particle shape and size distribution is better across all frequencies and all weather conditions, giving confidence in its physical realism. Compared to the Mie sphere, most of the systematic error is removed and departure statistics are improved by 10 to 60%. However, this improvement is achieved with a simple "one-size-fits-all" shape for snow; there is little additional benefit in choosing the particle shape according to the precipitation type. These developments have improved the accuracy of scattering radiative transfer sufficiently that microwave all-sky assimilation is being extended to land surfaces, to higher frequencies and to sounding channels.
Variable anisotropy of small-scale stratospheric irregularities retrieved from stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat
Authors: Kan V. , Sofieva V. F. , Dalaudier F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we consider possibilities for studying the anisotropy of small-scale air density irregularities using satellite observations of bi-chromatic stellar scintillations during tangential occultations. Estimation of the anisotropy coefficient (the ratio of the characteristic horizontal to vertical scales) and other atmospheric parameters is based on the comparison of simulated/theoretical and experimental auto-spectra and coherency spectra of scintillation. Our analyses exploit a 3-D model of the spectrum of atmospheric inhomogeneities, which consists of anisotropic and isotropic components. For the anisotropic component, a spectral model with variable anisotropy is used. Using stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) fast photometers, estimates of the anisotropy coefficient are obtained for atmospheric irregularities with vertical scales of 8–55 m at altitudes of 43–30 km. It is shown that the anisotropy increases from about 10 to 50 with increasing vertical scales.
Remobilisation of uranium from contaminated freshwater sediments by bioturbation
Authors: Lagauzère S. , Motelica-Heino M. , Viollier E. , Stora G. , Bonzom J. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Benthic macro-invertebrate bioturbation can influence the remobilisation of uranium (U) initially associated with freshwater sediments, resulting in a high release of this pollutant through the overlying water column. Given the potential negative effects on aquatic biocenosis and the global ecological risk, it appears crucial to improve our current knowledge concerning the biogeochemical behaviour of U in sediments. The present study aimed to assess the biogeochemical modifications induced by Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Clitellata, Tubificidae) bioturbation within the sediment in order to explain such a release of U. To reach this goal, U distribution between solid and solute phases of a reconstructed benthic system (i.e. in mesocosms) inhabited or not by T. tubifex worms was assessed in a 12-day laboratory experiment. Thanks notably to fine-resolution (mm-scale) measurements (e.g. "diffusive equilibrium in thin-films" DET gel probes for porewater, bioaccumulation in worms) of U and main chemical species (iron, sulfate, nitrate and nitrite), this work (i) confirmed that the removal of bottom sediment particles to the surface through the digestive tract of worms greatly favoured oxidative loss of U in the water column, and (ii) demonstrated that both U contamination and bioturbation of T. tubifex substantially influenced major microbial-driven biogeochemical reactions in sediments (e.g. stimulation of denitrification, sulfate reduction and iron dissolutive reduction). This study provides the first demonstration of biogeochemical modifications induced by bioturbation in freshwater U-contaminated sediments.
Recent changes in the global and regional carbon cycle: analysis of first-order diagnostics
Authors: Rayner P. J. , Stavert A. , Scholze M. , Ahlstrom A. , Allison C. , Law R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We analyze global and regional changes in CO2 fluxes using two simple models, an airborne fraction of anthropogenic emissions and a linear relationship with CO2 concentrations. We show that both models are able to fit the nonanthropogenic (hereafter natural) flux over the length of the atmospheric concentration record and that departures in the airborne fraction model are largely due to departures from exponential growth of emissions. Analysis of the first-order model (including its uncertainties) suggests no significant change in the response of the natural carbon cycle. We apply the same first-order diagnostic to fluxes from atmospheric inversions. Their responses show clear regional and seasonal patterns driven by terrestrial uptake in the northern summer. Ocean fluxes show little or no first-order response. terrestrial models also show clear responses, agreeing globally with the inversion responses, however the spatial structure is quite different, with dominant responses in the tropics rather than the northern extratropics.
Comparative heat and gas exchange measurements in the Heidelberg Aeolotron, a large annular wind-wave tank
Authors: Nagel L. , Krall K. E. , Jähne B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A comparative study of simultaneous heat and gas exchange measurements was performed in the large annular Heidelberg Air–Sea Interaction Facility, the Aeolotron, under homogeneous water surface conditions. The use of two gas tracers, N2O and C2HF5, resulted not only in gas transfer velocities, but also in the measurement of the Schmidt number exponent n with a precision of ± 0.025. The original controlled flux or active thermographic technique proposed by Jähne et al. (1989) was applied by heating a large patch at the water surface to measure heat transfer velocities. Heating a large patch, the active thermography technique is laterally homogeneous and problems of lateral transport effects are avoided. Using the measured Schmidt number exponents, the ratio of the scaled heat transfer velocities to the measured gas transfer velocities is 1.046 ± 0.040, a good agreement within the limits of experimental uncertainties. This indicates the possibility to scale heat transfer velocities measured by active thermography to gas transfer velocities, provided the Schmidt number exponent is known and that the heated patch is large enough to reach the thermal equilibrium.