bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Organic Matter on the Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Nemes Attila , Rawls Walter J. , Pachepsky Yakov A.
Published: June 2005

Estimation of soil hydraulic properties by pedotransfer functions (PTFs) can be used in many applications. Some of existing PTFs estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the soil, using organic matter (OM) content as one of the input variables. Several authors have shown an increase in Ks with increasing OM content, a soil property that presumably improves soil structure. We used three popular PTFs to examine the relationship between OM content and Ks We also used data originating from the U.S., Hungary, and the European HYPRES database, to develop additional PTFs with the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). It appears that existing PTFs negatively correlate Ks with OM content for some soils. We found indications of negative relationship between OM content and Ks with the newly developed PTFs both for directly estimated Ks, and for Ks estimated via the effective porosity of the soil, using a generalized Kozeny–Carman approach. It is not straightforward to define the exact range of soils with the inverse relationship between OM and Ks The range appeared to be data set dependent, but it was extensive within the valid input range of each PTF.
Soil Topochronosequences at Storbreen, Jotunheimen, Norway
Authors: Darmody R. G. , Allen C. E. , Thorn C. E.
Published: June 2005

The rate at which an undifferentiated pile of geologic materials becomes organized into a soil is unknown in most environments. To this end, we examined soil development and chemical weathering trends on four dated Holocene moraines and on adjacent 9000‐yr‐old sites at Storbreen glacial foreland in Norway. Our objective was to determine the influence of land surface age, elevation, and landscape position on soil properties in this alpine environment. Sampling sites on moraine crests and bases ranged in elevation from 1165 to 1465 m and in age from 70 to 250 yr old. The soils were mostly frigid or isofrigid, coarse textured, and poorly developed Cryorthents. However, there were differences between same‐age soils at different elevations, same‐elevation soils of differing ages, and soils from adjacent moraine crest–base pairs. Older and higher elevation soils tended to have more silt and clay, possibly due to eolian additions. Extractable Al and Fe, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, and C/N ratio tended to increase with time, while pH, base saturation, and most extractable elements generally decreased with time. Extractable Mg, Al, Fe, K, P, and Cu tended to increase with elevation. Soils at moraine base locations were cooler and had more organic C than adjacent moraine crest soils. The rate of organic N accumulation initially is rapid, but diminished with time from 0.120 to 0.001 g cm−2yr−1on the 70‐ and 9000‐yr‐old surfaces, respectively. Organic C accumulation rates were greatest on the 250‐yr‐old surface, 0.31 g cm−2yr−1, and slowest on the 9000‐yr‐old surface, 0.02 g cm−2yr−1Rates of organic C and N accumulation both increased with elevation. Primary minerals, quartz, mica, feldspar, and amphibole dominated soil mineralogy. Secondary minerals, in particular hydrobiotite, increased with age and elevation, thus revealing weathering trends. Despite generally poor soil development, we found detectable topochronosequence differences in soils and weathering in this young, cold environment.
Physical and Chemical Properties of a Minespoil Eight Years after Reclamation in Northeastern Ohio
Authors: Shukla M. K. , Lal R. , Ebinger M. H.
Published: June 2005

The potential of using flue gas desulfurization by‐products (FGD) for the reclamation of acid minespoil was assessed in Tuscarawas County of Ohio, USA. In Treatment 1, 280 Mg ha−1of FGD was incorporated into the graded spoil to a depth of 20 cm. In Treatment 2, 280 Mg ha−1of FGD and 112 Mg ha−1of yard waste compost were incorporated into the graded spoil (FGDC). In Treatment 3, 112 Mg ha−1of limestone was incorporated into the graded spoil and was covered with 20 cm of graded borrowed topsoil (BTS). Six cores and six bulk soil samples were obtained from each treatment for the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth in summer 2002. From the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth, only bulk soil samples were obtained. Bulk and core soil samples were also collected from an unreclaimed spoil (SP) and a nearby unmined soil (UMS). Among the three reclamation treatments, BTS showed better soil quality with higher soil organic C (28.5 Mg ha−1), water‐stable aggregation (556 g kg−1), and mean weight diameter (3.2 mm) of aggregates than FGDC or FGD treatments. The FGDC had higher soil inorganic and organic C than FGD. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), cumulative infiltration (I), infiltration rates at 5 min (i5) and 2.5 h (ic), and soil pH were similar among three treatments. Among treatments and controls, soil bulk density (ρb) was lower for FGD, FGDC, and UMS than BTS and SP; and water‐stable aggregation and mean weight diameter of the aggregates was higher for UMS and BTS than FGDC, FGD, and SP for both depths. TheIandicwere similar among UMS and treatments. Reclamation improved the soil quality with higher soil pH (≈7) and inorganic and soil organic C than in the SP. With respect to FGD, the soil organic C in FGDC increased at the rate of 0.64 Mg ha−1yr−1for the 0‐ to 10‐cm depth. Overall, BTS was the best reclamation treatment. However, if topsoil is unavailable or transport is expensive, FGDC can be used as an effective reclamation material.
Investigating the Chemical Characteristics of Soil Organic Matter Fractions Suitable for Modeling
Authors: Sohi Saran P. , Mahieu Nathalie , Powlson David S. , Madari Beatá , Smittenberg Rienk H. , Gaunt John L.
Published: June 2005

Current models of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover tend to invoke pools that are defined by their contrasting first‐order reactivity constants but which cannot be directly measured. New models may be based around fractions defined by procedures that can be used to isolate them experimentally. The drawback of such fractions is that they may display properties that are not sufficiently distinct or which vary in time or space. In this study the properties of two fractions from soils of contrasting geographical origin and under different nutrient management were examined using13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The fractions were free SOM (FR‐SOM, discrete organic particles located between stable aggregates), and intra‐aggregate SOM (IA‐SOM, discrete organic particles within stable aggregates). The composition of both fractions was highly consistent across soil types and environments, but the fractions differed significantly in the proportion of C present in five of the seven functional C groups identified by NMR (P< 0.05). The results confirmed that IA‐SOM contains a greater proportion of microbial products and more resistant C as compared with the FR‐SOM. Nutrient management affected fraction composition in four functional groups most abundant in plant material or farmyard manure (P< 0.05). The effects were considerably less pronounced when the analysis was restricted to plots receiving inorganic (or zero) N. Overall the results supported the view that free and intra‐aggregate organic matter occupy contrasting positions in the decomposition sequence, and are likely to display reactivities sufficiently distinct to operate as discrete pools in new SOM models.
ATMOSPHERIC NITRATE DEPOSITION AND ENHANCED DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON LEACHING
Authors: DeForest Jared L. , Zak Donald R. , Pregitzer Kurt S. , Burton Andrew J.
Published: June 2005

Atmospheric NO3− deposition has the potential to disrupt litter decomposition in temperate forests by suppressing enzymes responsible for lignin degradation. A reduction in phenol oxidase activity could potentially trigger an increase in soluble phenolic compounds, which in turn are known to decrease the activity of cellulolytic enzymes like β‐glucosidase. Our study investigated whether the inhibition of lignin degradation by experimental NO3− deposition could increase soluble phenolics in soil, suppress β‐glucosidase activity, and potentially explain a greater export of dissolved organic C (DOC) from northern hardwood ecosystems. We found no evidence that the suppression of phenol oxidase by NO3− additions increased soluble phenolics in mineral soil, nor did we find a strong inverse relationship between soluble phenolics and β‐glucosidase activity. It appears that reductions in mineral soil lignolytic activity induced by experimental deposition are not responsible for greater DOC export from soil.
Dynamics of Microbial Communities during Decomposition of Carbon‐13 Labeled Ryegrass Fractions in Soil
Authors: McMahon Shawna K. , Williams Mark A. , Bottomley Peter J. , Myrold David D.
Published: June 2005

The soluble fraction of ryegrass [Lolium perenneL. ssp.multiflorum(Lam.) Husnot.] straw comprises a major component of residue C and its presence or absence should influence the succession of decomposer communities. Changes in phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles are indicative of shifts in microbial community structure. We used13C‐labeled ryegrass to track substrate‐derived C into microbial lipids during decomposition in a microcosm‐based study. Treatments were unleached straw, leached straw, and leachate, plus an unamended control. Destructive sampling took place after 0.6, 1.6, 15, 18, 50, and 80 d of incubation. Phospholipid fatty acids were extracted from bulk soil and isolated straw (detritusphere), and analyzed by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectroscopy (GC‐C‐IRMS). Distinct temporal shifts occurred in PLFAs in bulk soil samples; cy19:0 was an indicator for late succession communities in unleached straw and leachate treatments, and 18:2ω6,9 characterized late samples in the leached straw treatment. The temporal shift was affected by the presence of the soluble fraction of straw. Microscale spatial effects were clear. Bulk soil and detritusphere communities were different and more13C was detected in the 16:0 and 18:2ω6,9 PLFAs of the detritusphere than bulk soil. Carbon‐13 was slowest to appear in PLFAs of leached straw samples, illustrating the importance of the soluble fraction in promoting growth of the biomass in bulk soil and in detritusphere. The 18:2ω6,9 PLFA, a fungal biomarker, was the most highly labeled in all treatments. Carbon‐13 PLFA analysis provides greater insight into microbial community structure and functioning, facilitating more concrete conclusions regarding the role of functional groups of organisms.
Gravel Effect on Wastewater Infiltration from Septic System Trenches
Authors: Radcliffe D. E. , West L. T. , Singer J.
Published: June 2005

Septic systems have been developed that use a chamber rather than gravel in drain line trenches. Gravel is thought to impede infiltration due to a masking effect, a reduction in biomat hydraulic conductivity when the gravel is embedded, or due to fine particles that wash off the gravel and form a low‐conductivity layer, but results from studies on the effect of gravel have varied. Our objective was to determine the effect of gravel masking and embedded gravel on water flow in septic system trenches. We used the finite‐element numerical model HYDRUS‐2D for our analysis. We simulated water movement from the trench bottom into the Bt1 and BC horizons of a Cecil soil. Gravel masking generally had little effect. In the BC horizon where the biomat hydraulic conductivity was one order of magnitude less than that of the soil, embedded gravel produced a chamber‐to‐gravel system infiltration ratio of 1.50. When sidewall flow was included in the BC horizon, the effect of embedded gravel was lessened and the infiltration ratio dropped to 1.33. In the Bt1 horizon where the biomat hydraulic conductivity was four orders of magnitude less than that of the soil, embedded gravel had more of an effect, producing an infiltration ratio of 1.93, close to the manufacturer's claim that chamber systems have twice the infiltration rate of gravel systems. When sidewall flow was included in the Bt1 horizon, the effect of gravel was diminished with an infiltration ratio of 1.70. Gravel had less of an effect than claimed by the manufacturer of the chamber system because lateral gradients pulling water into the areas beneath gravel particles compensated, in part, for the reduced cross‐sectional area available for infiltration in the gravel systems.
Weathering of Pyrite and Sphalerite in Soils Contaminated with Pyritic Sludge
Authors: Hita Raúl , Torrent José
Published: June 2005

The spillage of sphalerite‐containing pyrite sludge in April 1998 contaminated 45 km2of Xerofluvents, Haploxerepts, and Calcixerepts in the Guadiamar valley, an area with a Mediterranean climate in southwestern Spain. The strong impact of sulfide oxidation on soil quality and phytotoxicity risks made it compulsory to investigate the products and rate of weathering of pyrite and sphalerite remaining in the soils after most of the sludge was mechanically removed and lime plowed in the autumn of 1998. To this end, 31 soil samples were collected in November 2000 and 32 in June 2001 (i.e., two and three rainy seasons, respectively, after the spillage). Based on concentrations of various extractable forms of S, Fe, and Zn, the soils contained up to 109 and 3.5 g kg− 1of residual pyrite and sphalerite, respectively, immediately after remediation. About 51 and 69% of this pyrite had weathered by November 2000 and June 2001, respectively, the higher degree of weathering on the latter date being associated with an increased proportion of the resulting Fe oxides in poorly crystalline forms. Sphalerite had weathered roughly to the same degree as pyrite and a significant proportion of Zn released was occluded in Fe oxides. There was thus no evidence for preferential sphalerite weathering through galvanic effects as observed in other pyrite−sphalerite mixtures. An in vitro experiment with aerated soil−water suspensions revealed limited oxidative weathering of the pyrite and sphalerite in the samples, probably because only the coarse less reactive particles remained after the sludge weathered in the field.
Sign Language for K-8 Mathematics by 3D Interactive Animation
Authors: Adamo-Villani Nicoletta , Doublestein John , Martin Zachary
Published: June 2005

We present a new highly interactive computer animation tool to increase the mathematical skills of deaf children. We aim at increasing the effectiveness of (hearing) parents in teaching arithmetic to their deaf children, and the opportunity of deaf children to learn arithmetic via interactive media. Using state-of-the-art computer animation technology we have designed and modeled three 3-dimensional virtual signers. The signs for mathematical terminology, performed by a non-hearing signer, have been captured with an electro-mechanical motion capture system and have been applied to the 3D characters. Macromedia Director MX Shockwave Studio has provided the platform for the design of interactive learning activities and for Web delivery. Smoothness of motion (in real time) and interactivity have been achieved via a new method of programmable blending of animation segments. Our program is the first attempt at using interactive 3D animation to improve the mathematical abilities of deaf pupils. Though our research follows the general trend of systems of 3D animated sign language (none of which has been geared specifically toward mathematics), we have made progress of a nature qualitatively different from previous work. Focusing on the need to represent the signs with clarity, realism, and emotional appeal for deaf children, we have invested our research efforts in developing a very natural, non-mechanical animated representation of the signs. The realization of this natural gesture language by interactive computer animation has been the main challenge that this research has met and solved.
How Can We Improve Medical Reporting? Let Me Count the Ways
Authors: Picard Andre , McMahon Jean
Published: June 2005

Gary Schwitzer, former medical correspondent at CNN and now a professor of journalism, listed “10 troublesome trends in TV health news,” making the important point that most people today get their health information from the media, and from TV in particular. In this article, the author presents Schwitzer's list and expands it with 10 more troublesome trends. Good health reporting should provide a straightforward, balanced, comprehensible summary of health issues that provides context to information-hungry consumers; it should rarely be sensational, but always skeptical. And there should be a lot more of it.
The Impact of Two Organizational Interventions on the Health of Service Sector Workers
Authors: Dahl-Jørgensen Carla , Saksvik Per Øystein
Published: June 2005

Studies focusing on interactive service work that involves face-to-face interactions between employees and customers/clients have shown that employees tend to show symptoms of job dissatisfaction, stress, and emotional exhaustion because they are expected to display or suppress certain emotions in the performance of their jobs. To meet the health challenges and reduce sickness absenteeism among employees in this sector, two organizational interventions were implemented among service workers employed by the municipality and in a shopping mall in a medium-sized Norwegian city. In a field experiment, the authors evaluated the effect of this type of intervention on employee health. The experiment combined survey measures (pre- and post-intervention) with observations and unstructured interviews. The survey data showed positive changes on only two of the measured variables among the shopping mall employees, and no effect on the municipal employees. This article focuses on the qualitative data, which show how constraints related to time and to interactional and organizational practices impeded full involvement of the employees during implementation of the interventions. The authors discuss the results from the perspective of the general challenges of implementing interventions in the service sector.
Self-Perception of Body Weight among Secondary Students in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Authors: Page Randy M. , Taylor Jerry , Suwanteerangkul Jiraporn , Novilla Lelinneth
Published: June 2005

Self-perception of body weight and other weight-related factors were assessed among 2,519 Chiang Mai Province, Thailand high school students. A high percentage of the girls (57.6%) and boys (29.0%) reported that they were too fat and these percentages were higher than those reported by U.S. students in a recent Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Yet, in comparison to U.S. students, the Thai students were less likely than their U.S. counterparts to engage in weight management practices (e.g., dieting, eating less food, using diet pills). Thai students with a self-perception of being too fat were more likely than those with perceptions of being just right or too thin to engage in weight management practices, to be dissatisfied with their weight, feel that they were unattractive, estimate that their same-sex peers were trying to lose weight, and have a higher body mass index. The findings showed a relationship between self-perception of body size and engaging in weight control behaviors consistent with other research. It suggested that self-perception of body weight, more so than objective weight status, was predictive of weight loss behavior and also negative psychological outcomes associated with poor body weight image. As a result, self-perception of weight may be an important point of focus for the design and implementation of clinical and public health initiatives and health education interventions targeted at this adolescent population.
Achievements and Challenges of Medicare in Canada: Are We There Yet? Are We on Course?
Authors: Birch Stephen , Gafni Amiram
Published: June 2005

Health care policy in Canada is based on providing public funding for medically necessary physician and hospital-based services free at the point of delivery (“first-dollar public funding”). Studies consistently show that the introduction of public funding to support the provision of health care services free at the point of delivery is associated with increases in the proportionate share of services used by the poor and in population distributions of services that are independent of income. Claims about the success of Canada's health care policy tend to be based on these findings, without reference to medical necessity. This article adopts a needs-based perspective to reviewing the distribution of health care services. Despite the removal of user prices, significant barriers remain to services being distributed in accordance with need—the objective of needs-based access to services remains elusive. The increased fiscal pressures imposed on health care in the 1990s, together with the failure of health care policy to encompass the changing nature of health care delivery, seem to represent further departures from policy objectives. In addition, there is evidence of increasing public dissatisfaction with the performance of the system. A return to modest increases in public funding in the new millennium has not been sufficient to arrest these trends. Widespread support for first-dollar public funding needs to be accompanied by greater attention to the scope of the legislation and the adoption of a needs-based focus among health care policymakers.
Explaining the 2001–2002 Infant Mortality Increase in the United States: Data from the Linked Birth/Infant Death Data Set
Authors: MacDorman Marian F. , Martin Joyce A. , Mathews T. J. , Hoyert Donna L. , Ventura Stephanie J.
Published: June 2005

The U.S. infant mortality rate (IMR) increased from 6.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 7.0 in 2002, the first increase in more than 40 years. From 2001 to 2002, IMR increased for very low birthweight infants as well as for preterm and very preterm infants. Although IMR for very low birthweight infants increased, most of the increase in IMR from 2001 to 2002 was due to a change in the distribution of births by birthweight and, more specifically, to an increase in infants born weighing less than 750 grams. The majority of infants born at less than 750 grams die within the first year of life; thus, these births contribute disproportionately to overall IMR. Increases in births at less than 750 grams occurred for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic women. Most of the increase occurred among mothers 20 to 34 years of age. Although multiple births contributed disproportionately, most of the increase in births at less than 750 grams occurred among singletons. Three hypotheses were evaluated to assess their possible impact on the increase in less than 750-gram births: possible changes in (1) the reporting of births or fetal deaths, (2) the risk profile of births, and (3) medical management of pregnancy. Although each of these factors may have contributed to the increase, the relative effects of these and other factors remain unclear. More detailed studies are needed to further explain the 2001–2002 infant mortality increase.
Synthesis and application of spherical macroporous epoxy–polyamide chelating resin for preconcentration and separation of trace Ga(III), In(III), Bi(III), V(V), Cr(III), and Ti(IV) from solution samples
Authors: Yang Dong , Chang Xijun , Liu Yongwen , Wang Sui
Published: June 2005

An ICP‐AES method using a new spherical macroporous epoxy–polyamide chelating resin to enrich and separate trace Ga(III), In(III), Bi(III), V(V), Cr(III), and Ti(IV) ions from solution samples is established. The results show that the analyzed ions can be enriched quantitatively by 0.1 g of the resin at pH 4, with recoveries > 98%. The ions can be desorbed quantitatively with 10 mL of 2M HCl from the resin column with recoveries > 96%, and 100–1000‐fold excesses of Ca(II), Mg(II), Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II), Al(III), Ni(II), and Mn(II) cause little interference in the determination of these ions by ICP‐AES. The chelating resin is reused for ten times; the recoveries of these ions are still over 95%. The relative standard deviations for enrichment and determination of 100 ng ml−1 Ga(III), In(III), and Bi(III), 10 ng ml−1 V(V), Cr(III), and Ti(IV) are in the range 0.6–2.3%. The concentration of each ion found in the real wastewater sample and alloy sample is in good agreement with the values provided by the plant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2330–2334, 2005
Spherulitic structure development during crystallization in confined space II. Effect of spherulite nucleation at borders
Authors: Piorkowska E. , Billon N. , Haudin J. M. , Gadzinowska K.
Published: June 2005

This paper is devoted to the formation of a spherulitic pattern in polymers that are spatially confined. The nucleation at sample boundaries influences the spherulitic structure and accelerates the local conversion of melt into spherulites. A model of the spherulitic pattern formation in narrow strips of polymer based on the probability theory was developed to account for the effect of spherulite nucleation at sample borders. The model allows us to predict the rates of formation of the interspherulitic boundaries and also the distributions of distances from spherulite centers to the boundaries for an isothermal as well as a nonisothermal crystallization. The final length of interspherulitic lines and the final number of triple points between spherulites can also be calculated. The predictions of the model were verified by computer simulation, which reproduces spherulitic patterns observed experimentally in strips of thin films. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2319–2329, 2005
Synthesis and dielectric properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–clay nanocomposite materials
Authors: Wang Hong‐Wen , Shieh Chain‐Fang , Chang Kung‐Chin , Chu Hsuan‐Chih
Published: June 2005

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–clay nanocomposite (PCN) materials were synthesized through in situ intercalative polymerization. A cationic surfactant, [2(dimethylamino)ethyl]triphenylphosphonium bromide, was used as an intercalating agent with pristine Na+‐montmorillonite (MMT). The synthesized PCN materials were subsequently investigated by a series of characterization techniques, including wide‐angle powder X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compared to pure PMMA, the PCN materials exhibit higher thermal degradation temperatures and glass‐transition temperatures. The dielectric properties of PCN blending with a commercial PMMA material in film form with clay loading from 0.5 to 5.0 wt % were measured under frequencies of 100 Hz–1 MHz at 35–100°C. Significantly depressed dielectric constants and losses were observed for these PCN‐blending materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2175–2181, 2005
Synthesis and application of new fullerene derivative
Authors: Jiang Guichang , Zheng Qixin
Published: June 2005

A novel fullerene–maleic anhydride copolymer is synthesized via radical polymerization. It is soluble in polar solvents such as water, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, and so forth. The product is characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, and GPC. Transmission electron microscope analysis shows that it presents an ideal spherical shape in water with an average particle diameter of about 36 nm. Four‐ball tests show that the addition of a certain concentration of the fullerene copolymer to the base stock (2 wt % triethanolamine and 0.5 wt % Alkylpolyoxyalkylene Phosphate Zinc (OPZ) aqueous solution) can effectively raise the load‐carrying capacity (PB value) and raise the antiwear ability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2182–2185, 2005
Synergistic thermal stabilization effect of polyamide/melamine on polyoxymethylene
Authors: Hu Youliang , Zheng Xin , Ye Lin
Published: June 2005

The synergistic thermal stabilization effect of polyamide (PA) and melamine (MA) on polyoxymethylene (POM) was studied by isothermal weight loss analysis and nonisothermal thermogravimetric analysis, which showed that the complex stabilizer PA/MA was more efficient than the single‐use formaldehyde absorbents MA or PA in improving the thermal stability of POM. The nonisothermal degradation kinetics study further demonstrated the synergistic thermal stabilization effect of PA/MA on POM. The mechanical property investigation showed that the addition of a proper amount of PA or the proper reduction of MA content improved the impact strength of POM. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2387–2391, 2005
Hydrogenation of natural rubber with Ru[CHCH(Ph)]Cl(CO)(PCy3)2 as a catalyst
Authors: Tangthongkul Rungnapa , Prasassarakich Pattarapan , Rempel Garry L.
Published: June 2005

Ru[CHCH(Ph)]Cl(CO)(PCy3)2 (where PCy3 is tricyclohexylphosphine) functions as an efficient catalytic system for the hydrogenation of natural rubber. Furthermore, the addition of an acid plays an important role in promoting the hydrogenation process. The quantitative hydrogenation of natural rubber results in a polymer akin to an alternating ethylene–propylene copolymer. Kinetic studies have been carried out via the monitoring of the amount of hydrogen consumed: first‐order behavior has been observed with respect to the carbon–carbon double‐bond concentration, catalyst concentration, and hydrogen pressure, and an inverse dependence on the added PCy3 concentration has been found. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2399–2406, 2005
Investigation of Dow Cyclotene 4026 surface amination by downstream plasma treatment
Authors: Wang Lijiang , Raupp Gregory
Published: June 2005

Dow Cyclotene 4026 surfaces were treated by downstream ammonia cold plasma with and without argon plasma pretreatments. The modified polymer surfaces were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflection, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). A 2 fractional factorial design was developed to identify the optimal processing parameters. Further experimental investigation has also been conducted to optimize the operating conditions. The combined results show that the extent of surface amination of Cyclotene grows with increase of power, pressure, and temperature of ammonia plasma treatments both with and without argon plasma pretreatments. For the treatment time effect, the results indicate that N/C (nitrogen/carbon) ratios increase with time and then start to slightly decrease at the ∼4‐min point, which may be tentatively explained by a competition between the modification process and the degradation process on the polymer surfaces. AFM results suggest that the upper limit of the operating condition to obtain a desirable surface topography is 175°C. Based on all the results from Design of Experiment, experimental data, and AFM analysis, the optimum processing parameters have been suggested. Finally, the aging effect of aminated surfaces is discussed; further investigation of this effect is still underway. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2418–2427, 2005
Biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) in compost
Authors: Zhao Jian‐Hao , Wang Xiao‐Qing , Zeng Jun , Yang Guang , Shi Feng‐Hui , Yan Qing
Published: June 2005

The biodegradation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was studied under controlled composting conditions. The ultimate biodegradation percentage revealed that the powder‐formed sample showing the best biodegradability may be ascribed to the largest specific surface. The biodegradation process of PBS under controlled composting conditions exhibited three phases. The biodegradation in the first phase was slow, got accelerated in the second phase, and showed a leveling‐off in the third phase. The degradation of PBS film after composting was further characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Four strains were isolated from the compost and identified as Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium, Bacillus, and Thermopolyspora. Their degrading abilities to PBS powder in liquid medium were different. Among them, Aspergillus versicolor was the best PBS‐degrading microorganism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2273–2278, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of chelating resins with amino moieties and application on removal of copper(II) from EDTA complexes
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Chien , Wang Chun‐Chih
Published: June 2005

Strong‐field ligands (amino moieties) are introduced into a hydrogel resin to obtain a chelating resin via inversion suspension polymerization. The characteristics of chelating copolymers are measured by using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After chelating copolymers adsorb cupric ions, the absorption peak of stretch NH is shifted to higher frequency because of a coordination reaction from the FTIR spectra. Furthermore, the mechanism of metal complex adsorption on the chelating copolymer is that the strong‐field chelating ligand decomposes the bonding of the metal complexes and recoordinates the cupric ion to a chelating polymer, which is examined via FTIR, SEM with EA, and ionic chromatography analysis. The maximum adsorption capacity of cupric ions is 1.08 mmol/g and the adsorption capacity increases with the increase of the pH of the solution. The stability constant of the Cu chelating copolymer is 1018.72, and it can have competition adsorption with EDTA in aqueous solution. These amino chelating copolymers can be used not only to recover metal ions but also to move anion pollution in wastewater. It is interesting that parts of the cupric ions adsorbed on the chelating copolymer are reduced into cupreous ions and/or copper atoms after electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis measurement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2457–2468, 2005
5′‐poly(A) sequence as an effective leader for translation in eukaryotic cell‐free systems
Authors: Gudkov Anatoly T. , Ozerova Maria V. , Shiryaev Vyacheslav M. , Spirin Alexander S.
Published: June 2005

Poly(A) sequence of 25 adenylic residues placed immediately before the start codons of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and firefly luciferase (Luc) mRNAs is shown to provide a high rate of translation of the heterologous messages in eukaryotic cell‐free translation systems. Also the poly(A) leader is found to provide the abolition of the inhibition of translation at excess mRNA concentrations. The possibility of the practical use of the constructs with the poly(A) leader for preparative protein production is demonstrated in the wheat germ continuous‐exchange cell‐free (CECF) translation system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bcl‐xL mediates increased production of humanized monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Chiang Gisela G. , Sisk William P.
Published: June 2005

Enhanced product yields, reduction in throughput time, improved cost‐effectiveness and product quality are examples of benefits gained by delaying apoptotic cell death in bioreactors. To examine the effect on recombinant protein production, bcl‐xL was overexpressed in a CHO cell line secreting humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the α1β1 integrin. When cell lines overexpressing bcl‐xL were compared to the parent, cell viability was increased by 20% and titers by 80%. Total viable cell densities were similar and specific productivities were enhanced by almost two‐fold on scale‐up to bioreactors. Comparison in a chemically defined media demonstrated an even greater sustained viability in bcl‐xL expressing cells by 50% and up to 90% increase in titer with no impact on product quality. Caspase 3 activities were monitored as a marker for apoptotic cell death. In the presence of Bcl‐xL, caspase activities were reduced to background levels. The role of Bcl‐xL in protecting cells from premature death was further examined in studies performed in the presence of NaBu, at concentrations known to trigger cell death. Results demonstrated that cells expressing bcl‐xL retained 88% cell viability with >2 fold increase in titer. Bcl‐xL was similarly overexpressed in a different CHO cell line producing a humanized mAb against the chemokine MCP1. Once again, production titer was increased by 80% and viability by 75%. Together the studies have shown that overexpression of bcl‐xL in production cell lines was able to significantly increase the titer by enhancing both the specific activity and total cell viability while maintaining product quality. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In1.08Gd0.92Ge2O7: A New Member of the Thortveitite Family.
Authors: Juarez‐Arellano Erick‐Adrian , Rosales Ivonne , Bucio Lauro , Orozco Eligio
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dipotassium Tristrontium Dimanganese Tris(diphosphate).
Authors: El Maadi Aicha , Boukhari Ali , Holt Elizabeth M.
Published: June 2005

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[Ni(H2O)6]2 [Na(H2O)3]2 [V10O28]×4H2O, Bis(nickel hexahydrate) Bis(sodium trihydrate) Decavanadate Tetrahydrate.
Authors: Higami Tomoyuki , Hashimoto Masato , Okeya Seichi
Published: June 2005

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Preparation of Low‐Dimensional Cluster Materials: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of A2Ti2Nb6Cl14O5 (A: K, Rb, Cs), a Series of One‐Dimensional Titanium Niobium Oxychlorides.
Authors: Anokhina Ekaterina V. , Duraisamy Thirumalai , Lachgar Abdessadek
Published: June 2005

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Light‐Induced Conversion of an Insulating Refractory Oxide into a Persistent Electronic Conductor.
Authors: Hayashi Katsuro , Matsuishi Satoru , Kamiya Toshio , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo
Published: June 2005

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Structural, Magnetic, and Moessbauer Study of U2Fe12Al5.
Authors: Goncalves A. P. , Noel H. , Waerenborgh J. C. , Almeida M.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemistry of LiMn2‐yCry/2Cuy/2O4 (0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5) Prepared by Wet Chemistry.
Authors: Julien C. , Mangani I. Ruth , Selladurai S. , Massot M.
Published: June 2005

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The Nature and Structure of a New MoVTeO Crystalline Phase.
Authors: Garcia‐Gonzalez E. , Lopez Nieto J. M. , Botella P. , Gonzalez‐Calbet J. M.
Published: June 2005

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“Syn‐Effect” in the Isomerization of (E)‐α‐Fluorovinylic Sulfones to the Corresponding Allylic Sulfones under Basic Conditions.
Authors: Nakamura Tetsuya , Guha Samar Kumar , Ohta Yoshihiro , Abe Daisuke , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko
Published: June 2005

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A Novel One‐Pot Synthesis of Nitrogen Containing Heterocycles: An Alternative Methodology to the Biginelli and Hantzsch Reactions.
Authors: Kidwai Mazaahir , Saxena Shilpi , Mohan Richa , Venkataramanan R.
Published: June 2005

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A New Method for the Preparation of Silyl Enol Ethers from Carbonyl Compounds and (Trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in a Regiospecific and Highly Stereoselective Manner.
Authors: Aggarwal Varinder K. , Sheldon Chris G. , Macdonald Gregor J. , Martin William P.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of Monocarbenepalladium(0) Complexes and Their Catalytic Behavior in Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryldiazonium Salts.
Authors: Selvakumar Kumaravel , Zapf Alexander , Spannenberg Anke , Beller Matthias
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of Esters by Selective Methanolysis of the Trifluoromethyl Group.
Authors: Ramig Keith , Englander Miriam , Kallashi Florida , Livchits Lilia , Zhou Jessica
Published: June 2005

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Selective Removal of Silyl Protecteing Groups from Hydroxyl Functions with Ammonium Chloride in Aqueous Acetonitrile.
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Karimi Ali Reza , Alamshahi Ali Reza
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of New Azulene Derivatives and Study of Their Effect on Lipid Peroxidation and Lipoxygenase Activity.
Authors: Rekka Eleni , Chrysselis Michael , Siskou Ioanna , Kourounakis Angeliki
Published: June 2005

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Polyfluorinated Arylnitrosamines.
Authors: Platonov Vyacheslav E. , Haas Alois , Schelvis Meinolf , Lieb Max , Dvornikova Kira V. , Osina Olga I. , Rybalova Tatyana V. , Gatilov Yuri V.
Published: June 2005

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Stereoselective Radical Aryl Migration Reactions from Sulfur to Carbon.
Authors: Bossart Martin , Faessler Roger , Schoenberger Jan , Studer Armido
Published: June 2005

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Reactions of Arylbismuth and Aryllead Reagents with a Chiral Glyoxylate Hydrate in Air and Water: Water‐Promoted Diastereoselectivity Enhancement.
Authors: Ding Rui , Ge Cheng‐Sheng , Chen Yong‐Jun , Wang Dong , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: June 2005

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Stereospecific Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Acrylonitriles by Heck Reaction.
Authors: Masllorens Judit , Moreno‐Manas Marcial , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Pleixats Roser , Roglans Anna
Published: June 2005

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Multigram‐Scale Stereoselective Synthesis of meso‐1,3‐Butadiene Bisepoxide.
Authors: Claffey David J.
Published: June 2005

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Attempted Synthesis of 2‐Azetidinones via Ester Enolate Condensation Reactions with Imines and Thioimidates.
Authors: Sharma S. D. , Saluja Aarti , Bhadrui Susmita , Kanwar Seema
Published: June 2005

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Design, Synthesis and Bioactivities of Novel Diarylthiophenes: Inhibitors of Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α (TNF‐α) Production.
Authors: Fujita Masakazu , Hirayama Tetsuya , Ikeda Naoko
Published: June 2005

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Convenient Syntheses of Unsymmetrical Imidazolidines.
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Suzuki Kazuyuki , He Hai‐Ying
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of N‐Alkoxybenzimidazoles and N‐Alkoxypyrimidazoles.
Authors: Gardiner John M. , Goss Andrew D. , Majid Tahir , Morley Andrew D. , Pritchard Robin G. , Warren John E.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Enaminones. Part 4. Investigations on Isoxazole Derivatives.
Authors: Eddington Natalie D. , Cox Donna S. , Roberts Ralph R. , Butcher Raymond J. , Edafiogho Ivan O. , Stables James P. , Cooke Neville , Goodwin Angela M. , Smith Carlynn A. , Scott K. R.
Published: June 2005

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Reactions of N,N‐Disubstituted 5‐Arylmethylidene‐2‐aminothiazol‐4(5H)‐ones with CH Acids.
Authors: Kandeel Kamal A. , Youssef Ali M. , El‐Bestawy Hany M. , Omar Mohamed T.
Published: June 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of (2R,3S)‐3‐Hydroxypipecolic Acid δ‐Lactam Derivatives.
Authors: Koulocheri Sofia D. , Magiatis Prokopios , Skaltsounis Alexios‐Leandros , Haroutounian Serkos A.
Published: June 2005

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction. Part 3. Two‐Step Stereoselective Hydrazidoarylation of 1,3‐Cyclopentadiene.
Authors: Yao Min‐Liang , Adiwidjaja Gunadi , Kaufmann Dieter E.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of Pyrimidine‐Anellated Heterocycles: Regioselective Heterocyclization of 5‐(Cyclohex‐2‐enyl)‐1,3‐dimethyl‐6‐hydroxyuracil.
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Samanta Swapan K.
Published: June 2005

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Bisazaheterocycles. Part 7. Synthesis of Novel Bisquinazolinonyl β‐Lactams.
Authors: Reddy P. S. N. , Reddy P. Pratap , Vasantha T.
Published: June 2005

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Bisazaheterocycles. Part 8. A New Synthesis of 2,2′‐Bisquinazolinones.
Authors: Reddy P. S. N. , Reddy P. Pratap , Vasantha T.
Published: June 2005

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Heterocyclization of Ethyl Esters of 2‐Chloro‐3‐Substituted Aminoacrylic Acids with o‐Phenylenediamine.
Authors: Guseinov F. I. , Yudina N. A. , Burangulova R. N. , Ryzhikova T. Ya. , Valiullina R. Zh.
Published: June 2005

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A Synthetic Route to Hexahydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3‐h] and [3,2‐j]β‐Carboline Derivatives.
Authors: Mayer Stanislas , Joseph Benoit , Guillaumet Gerald , Merour Jean‐Yves
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis and Characterization of Benzimidazolyl‐phenothiazine Derivatives and a Study of Their Antiviral and Antifungal Activities.
Authors: Bishnoi Abha , Pandey V. K. , Saxena Rashmi , Joshi M. N. , Bajpai S. K.
Published: June 2005

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Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of Camphene and α‐Fenchene Epoxides.
Authors: Yarovaya O. I. , Korchagina D. V: , Gatilov Yu. V. , Barkhash V. A.
Published: June 2005

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A New Geniculatoside from Aerial Parts of Euphorbia geniculata Linn
Authors: Rahman A. , Ali M. , Khan N. Z.
Published: June 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Pyridyl‐β‐amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Bull Steven D. , Davies Stephen G. , Fox David J. , Gianotti Massimo , Kelly Peter M. , Pierres Camille , Savory Edward D. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: June 2005

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β‐Replacement Reaction of Serine‐O‐carbonate Derivatives with Thiols Catalyzed by a Pyridoxal Model Having an Ionophore Side‐Chain.
Authors: Miyashita Kazuyuki , Murafuji Hidenobu , Iwaki Hiroshi , Yoshioka Eito , Imanishi Takeshi
Published: June 2005

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3′,4′‐trans‐Linked Bicyclic Nucleosides Locked in S‐Type Conformations.
Authors: Thomasen Helena , Meldgaard Michael , Freitag Morten , Petersen Michael , Wengel Jesper , Nielsen Poul
Published: June 2005

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Fluorobalhimycin — A New Chapter in Glycopeptide Antibiotic Research.
Authors: Weist Stefan , Bister Bojan , Puk Oliver , Bischoff Daniel , Pelzer Stefan , Nicholson Graeme J. , Wohlleben Wolfgang , Jung Guenther , Suessmuth Roderich D.
Published: June 2005

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Facile Enantioselective Synthesis of 6R‐(+)‐Goniothalamin and (6R,7R,8R)‐(+)‐Goniothalamin Oxide.
Authors: Peng Xiaoshui , Li Anpai , Shen Hao , Wu Tongxing , Pan Xinfu
Published: June 2005

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Benzyl Alcohol and Titanium Tetrachloride — A Versatile Reaction System for the Nonaqueous and Low‐Temperature Preparation of Crystalline and Luminescent Titania Nanoparticles.
Authors: Niederberger Markus , Bartl Michael H. , Stucky Galen D.
Published: June 2005

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Polymorphism in Carbons and Parent Materials
Authors: Delhaes P.
Published: June 2005

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New Catalytic Functions of Heteropoly Compounds as Solid Acids
Authors: Okuhara Toshio
Published: June 2005

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Ferromagnetism in II‐VI‐Based Semiconductor Structures
Authors: Cibert J. , Ferrand D. , Boukari H. , Tatarenko S. , Wasiela A. , Kossacki P. , Dietl T.
Published: June 2005

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Evolution of Magnetism and Its Interplay with Superconductivity in Heavy‐fermion UPt3 Doped with Pd
Authors: de Visser Anne
Published: June 2005

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Metallaboranes of the Earlier Transition Metals: Relevance to the Cluster Electron Counting Rules
Authors: Fehlner Thomas P.
Published: June 2005

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Triazenes: A Versatile Tool in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Kimball David B. , Haley Michael M.
Published: June 2005

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Radiohalogen Incorporation into Organic Systems
Authors: Bolton R.
Published: June 2005

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