bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflux Seen on a Barium Swallow is Not a Substitute For Ambulatory Reflux Monitoring in Symptomatic Patients
Authors: Bhardwaj Richa , Davis Trevor A. , Franz Allison , Kem Danielle , Edds Steven , Rogers Benjamin , Gyawali C. Prakash
Published: February 2025

Objective:

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is often reported in barium studies (GERB). We aimed to evaluate whether GERB associates with parameters defining conclusive reflux using Lyon criteria on esophageal physiological testing (GERpH).

Methods:

Adults who underwent both ambulatory reflux monitoring off antisecretory therapy and barium esophagogram between 2018 and 2023 were eligible for inclusion in this retrospective study. All reflux monitoring studies were independently reviewed to extract acid exposure time (AET) and number of reflux episodes. GERpH was diagnosed based on Lyon consensus criteria, and compared with GERB reported on barium esophagogram. Performance characteristics of GERB in predicting AET >6% and GERpH by Lyon criteria were calculated.

Results:

Of 182 patients (median age: 55.0 y, 69.8% females, median body mass index: 29.8 kg/m2), 61 had GERB and 101 had GERpH, whereas 58 had neither GERB nor GERpH. AET >6% was seen in 39.3% with GERB, and never with GERB without GERpH. The sensitivity and specificity of GERB in predicting AET >6% were 31.6% and 65.1%; corresponding values in predicting conclusive gastroesophageal reflux disease were 37.6% and 71.6%, respectively. A hiatus hernia (HH) was seen in 46.8% with GERB and was associated with higher median AET (6.0% vs 3.8% without HH, P = 0.003) and higher frequency of AET >6% (50.6% vs 32.5%, P = 0.032), but not higher reflux episodes (P ≥ 0.51).

Conclusions:

In patients with symptoms suspicious of reflux disease, reflux seen on a barium esophagogram has suboptimal performance characteristics in predicting conclusive gastroesophageal reflux disease. HH identified on barium esophagography is associated with a higher reflux burden on reflux monitoring.
A comprehensive analysis and systematic review of giant serpentine aneurysms
Authors: Atallah Oday , Hammoud Zeinab , Aljeradat Bahaa , Almealawy Yasser F. , Badary Amr , Elqader Jehad Abd , Sanker Vivek , Farooq Minaam , Muthana Ahmed , Alrubaye Sura N. , Dwebi Assma , Chaurasia Bipin , Azab Mohammed A.
Published: February 2025

Introduction:

Giant Serpentine Aneurysms (GSA) are a rare subgroup of complex intracranial vascular anomalies characterized by unusually large and convoluted structures within cerebral arteries. This systematic review examines the historical context, clinical presentations, diagnostic methodologies, and evolving treatments specific to GSAs. Its goal is to advance patient care strategies and outcomes within this intricate neurovascular domain.

Methods:

Research encompassing patients diagnosed with GSAs was gathered from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Only comprehensive human studies published in English were considered, using search terms like giant serpentine aneurysm, thrombosed aneurysm, bypass, and angiography. Data regarding patient age, gender, symptoms upon presentation, treatments, recovery duration, and outcomes were systematically documented.

Result:

This analysis of 83 patients with GSA found the middle cerebral artery as the most common site (39.8%). Headaches (54.2%) and visual issues (9.8%) prevailed as symptoms. Seizures correlated with more post-op problems. Females encountered more neurological issues post-surgery (46.4%). Treatment methods varied by location but didn’t significantly affect age or hospital stay length.

Conclusion:

Early recognition and intervention are crucial for mitigating neurological deficits and improving patient prognosis in GSAs. Expanded research and awareness are needed for definitive diagnostic protocols and treatment guidelines.
Stress-induced hemostasis: mechanisms and implications for health
Authors: Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi
Published: February 2025

Stress, encompassing both psychological and physical dimensions, profoundly affects the hemostatic system, which is responsible for maintaining the delicate balance between blood fluidity and clot formation. The interplay between stress and hemostasis involves intricate mechanisms where stress hormones like cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline interact with coagulation factors and platelets, promoting a hypercoagulable state. This review delves into the various pathways through which stress influences hemostasis, highlighting the critical roles of the sympathetic nervous system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and inflammatory mediators. Psychological stress, arising from anxiety, depression, and acute mental stress, has been shown to elevate levels of coagulation factors such as fibrinogen and D-dimer, increasing the risk of thrombotic events. Similarly, physical stress from intense exercise or trauma enhances platelet reactivity and the expression of procoagulant factors. The body’s response to severe physical stress, such as trauma or burns, can overwhelm the hemostatic system, leading to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation, characterized by widespread clotting and subsequent bleeding. The health implications of stress-induced hemostatic changes are significant, particularly concerning cardiovascular diseases. Chronic stress contributes to persistent hypercoagulability, elevating the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Acute stress episodes can precipitate acute coronary syndromes, especially in individuals with preexisting conditions like hypertension or diabetes.
Triglyceride-glucose index as a marker in cardiovascular diseases; a bibliometric study and visual analysis
Authors: Alotaibi Abdulhadi , Mahapatro Abinash , Mirchandani Mohit , Adla Jala Saisree Reddy , Mohanty Elan , Marsool Marsool Mohammed Dheyaa , Jeanty Herby , Devulapally Pavan , Jain Shika M. , Keivanlou Mohammad-Hossein , Rashidian Pegah , Amani-Beni Reza , Hassanpour Maryam , Amini-Salehi Ehsan
Published: February 2025

Objective:

This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index in relation to cardiovascular disorders.

Methods:

Data for the analysis were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database on 13 July 2024. We utilized VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Biblioshiny tools for the analysis.

Results:

The study revealed a marked increase in research outputs on the TyG index in recent years, peaking with 137 publications in 2023. China emerged as the leading contributor, followed by the USA. The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College were among the top contributing institutions. Shouling Wu and Shuohua Chen emerged as the leading authors, with the journal Cardiovascular Diabetology publishing the most articles on this topic. Keyword analysis identified “insulin-resistance” as the most frequently occurring term, followed by “risk.” Cluster analysis identified eleven key research areas, including “percutaneous coronary intervention,” “obesity indicators,” “arterial stiffness,” and “heart failure.”

Conclusion:

This bibliometric analysis highlights the expanding role of the TyG index in metabolic and cardiovascular research. Key clusters such as percutaneous coronary intervention, obesity indicators, arterial stiffness, heart failure, new-onset hypertension, predicting outcomes, and subclinical coronary artery disease emphasize its wide applicability across diverse clinical settings. The keyword “risk” was the most frequently occurring term, underscoring the importance of the TyG index in cardiovascular risk assessment, alongside its growing use in prognostic applications. These findings reflect the increasing recognition of the TyG index as a pivotal biomarker in cardiovascular medicine and encourage further exploration of its clinical integration.
Reexpansion unilateral pulmonary edema after drainage of pneumothorax: case report
Authors: Alkouh Rajae , Essaad Ounci , Yazough Issam , Labib Smael
Published: February 2025

Introduction and importance:

Re-expansion pulmonary edema (REPE) is a rare but potentially fatal complication that occurs after rapid re-expansion of a collapsed lung, particularly following pleural drainage. The exact pathophysiology remains poorly understood, but several interrelated mechanisms are involved, such as fluid overload and alteration of the alveolar-capillary barrier. The mortality rate varies between 5% and 20% according to the literature. Early recognition and effective treatment of this complication is essential to reduce the associated morbidity and mortality.

Case presentation:

A 22-year-old patient suffered a fall from the third floor. Imaging revealed several fractures, a subgaleal hematoma and a right pneumothorax. After surgery to stabilize the fractures, a worsening of the pneumothorax necessitated pleural drainage without aspiration. One hour after drainage, the patient developed respiratory distress and an X-ray showed unilateral pulmonary edema. Treatment with continuous positive airway pressure was initiated, resulting in rapid improvement and disappearance of radiological signs. The chest tube was removed and the patient was transferred to the trauma unit.

Clinical discussion:

REPE usually occurs after rapid re-expansion of the lung. The main risk factors include young age, prolonged lung collapse and excessive drainage. Treatment is preventive (slow drainage, without aspiration) and symptomatic (oxygen therapy, assisted ventilation if necessary).

Conclusion:

REPE is a little-known but potentially fatal complication of thoracic drainage. It is essential to understand the risk factors and adopt appropriate preventive measures. Early identification and prompt management are crucial to avoid a severe course. Despite advances in our understanding of EPR, further research is needed to better elucidate its mechanisms and optimize its management.
Unveiling documentation deficiencies: a clinical audit of histopathology request forms at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Tariq Muhammad Daoud , Hamza Hafiz Muhammad , Ahsan Areeba , Sarfraz Tariq , Malik Muhammad Muiz , Aneeqa Saba , Awan Ayaz Ahmed , Kunwar Digbijay , Iftikhar Haissan
Published: February 2025

Introduction:

Accurate histopathology request forms are essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. This audit assessed the completeness of these forms at Fauji Foundation Hospital, aiming to identify and address documentation gaps.

Methods:

A retrospective review of 300 histopathology request forms from January to June 2024 was conducted. Forms were evaluated for completeness in patient details, hospital admission, biopsy information, and clinical notes. SPSS software was used for data analysis, and an educational intervention was implemented based on initial findings.

Results:

The audit revealed high compliance for patient profile details but low reporting of patient contact information (39.7%). While hospital admission and biopsy details were well-documented, clinical notes were incomplete in 27.3% of cases. Post-intervention improvements included better documentation of patient contact details and biopsy nature.

Conclusion:

The audit highlights the need for thorough and accurate histopathology request forms. Improved documentation practices, supported by ongoing education, are crucial for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient care.
Medullary carcinoma of the left colon in a 16-year-old male: an extremely rare case report from Syria
Authors: Raffoul Lutfallah , Mansour Majd , Hussain Ghina Majd , Mansour Abdallah N. , Mortada Soliman , Mortada Aiman , Alshehabi Zuheir
Published: February 2025

Introduction and importance:

Medullary carcinoma (MC) is a rare type of colon carcinoma that accounts for less than 1% of colorectal neoplasms. Morphologically, MC resembles many colorectal cancer (CRC) subtypes, mainly Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC) due to exhibiting neuroendocrine features. In consequence, MC is exceedingly challenging to detect; numerous immunohistochemistry tests are required in order to distinguish it from the other subtypes of CRC.

Case presentation:

We report a case of a 16-year-old male who presented with severe abdominal pain and symptoms of bowel obstruction. Computed tomography scan showed a mass in the descending colon. The patient underwent an emergency colectomy. The left part of the transverse colon, the descending colon, and part of the sigmoid were removed, along with the regional lymph nodes. Microscopic examination suggested NEC, whereas immunohistochemical staining confirmed the diagnosis of MC of the left colon. After surgery, a course of chemotherapy was administered.

Clinical discussion:

Medullary carcinoma usually presents in elderly Caucasian women, and is mainly observed in the right colon. Therefore, it is highly unusual to appear in a 16-year-old boy’s left colon. The diagnosis is based on microscopic and immunohistochemical tests. The optimal management of MC is surgery, combined with chemotherapy, and in some cases a full colectomy is needed.

Conclusion:

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the dilemma of diagnosing MC of the colon, as well as the successful management of MC through surgical intervention, and post-operative care.
Artificial intelligence in cardiovascular procedures: a bibliometric and visual analysis study
Authors: Gadhachanda Koushik Rao , Marsool Marsool Mohammed Dheyaa , Bozorgi Ali , Ameen Daniyal , Nayak Sandeep Samethadka , Nasrollahizadeh Amir , Alotaibi Abdulhadi , Farzaei Alireza , Keivanlou Mohammad-Hossein , Hassanipour Soheil , Amini-Salehi Ehsan , Jonnalagadda Anil Kumar
Published: February 2025

Background:

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into cardiovascular procedures has significantly advanced diagnostic accuracy, outcome prediction, and robotic-assisted surgeries. However, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of AI’s impact in this field is lacking. This study examines research trends, key contributors, and emerging themes in AI-driven cardiovascular interventions.

Methods:

We retrieved relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed them using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Biblioshiny to map research trends and collaborations.

Results:

AI-related cardiovascular research has grown substantially from 1993 to 2024, with a sharp increase from 2020 to 2023, peaking at 93 publications in 2023. The USA (127 papers), China (79), and England (31) were the top contributors, with Harvard University leading institutional output (17 papers). Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine was the most prolific journal. Core research themes included “machine learning,” “mortality,” and “cardiac surgery,” with emerging trends in “association,” “implantation,” and “aortic stenosis,” underscoring AI’s expanding role in predictive modeling and surgical outcomes.

Conclusion:

AI demonstrates transformative potential in cardiovascular procedures, particularly in diagnostic imaging, predictive modeling, and patient management. This bibliometric analysis highlights the growing interest in AI applications and provides a framework for integrating AI into clinical workflows to enhance diagnostic accuracy, treatment strategies, and patient outcomes.
Effect of Reconstruction Kernel and Virtual Monoenergetic Imaging on Segmentation-Based Measurement of Coronary Plaque Volume With Photon-Counting CT
Authors: Skoog Susann , Good Elin , Henriksson Lilian , Sandstedt Mårten , Persson Anders , Tesselaar Erik
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Coronary computed tomography angiography is the primary modality for noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease. Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) offers superior spatial resolution and spectral imaging for detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaques. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of virtual monoenergetic imaging (VMI) energy levels and reconstruction kernels on segmentation-based measurement of plaque volume in individuals with coronary atherosclerosis using PCCT.

Materials and Methods

Fifty study participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography with ultra-high-resolution PCCT. Both polyenergetic, 120 kVp (T3D) images and spectral images at varying VMI energy levels were reconstructed using different kernels. Plaque volumes were measured using semiautomated attenuation-based segmentation, adjusting segmentation thresholds for each VMI energy level. In addition, absolute plaque volume measurements were conducted using a coronary phantom simulating different plaque types.

Results

Using a sharper kernel (Bv64 vs Bv48) significantly increased noncalcified plaque volume measurements (P < 0.005) in study participants, whereas a 0.2-mm slice thickness reduced calcified plaque volumes compared with 0.4 mm (P < 0.005). VMI energy level had no impact on measured volumes. Phantom measurements confirmed significant variability in measured volumes of calcified and noncalcified plaques depending on reconstruction method, as well as a minor effect of VMI level.

Conclusions

In PCCT, the reconstruction kernel predominantly affects noncalcified coronary plaque quantification, whereas slice thickness mainly impacts calcified plaque volumes. In study participants, measured plaque volumes were not affected by VMI energy level when energy-specific segmentation thresholds were used, although a minor effect of VMI was observed in the phantom model.
Low-volume Resuscitation with VS-101, a Next-Generation PEGylated HBOC, Improves Survival after Severe Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats
Authors: Nugent William H. , Vandegriff Kim D. , Malavalli Ashok , Sheppard Forest R. , Song Bjorn K.
Published: February 2025

Over 30% of trauma-related deaths are from massive hemorrhage with 90% of potentially preventable battlefield deaths occurring pre-hospital. Immediate resuscitation with whole blood is ideal but often limited to hospital and medical treatment facilities. Shelf-stable hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are designed to relieve the hypoperfusion and hypoxia of shock during the critical pre-hospital period. A new PEGylated human HBOC product, VS-101, with high oxygen affinity and hyperoncotic pressure, has been designed for hypovolemic resuscitation protocols at the point of injury. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a severe, pressure-guided 45% total blood volume (TBV) hemorrhage. Shocked animals were randomly assigned to receive 20% TBV Lactated Ringers’ (LRS), Plasma, Blood, or VS-101. Cardiovascular parameters, arterial blood gases, 8-hr survival, arteriolar diameters, and oxygenation of the spinotrapezius microvasculature were measured. Even compared with whole blood, VS-101 was the only group with survivors (67%) at the end of the 8-hr observation period. Mean survival times were 49, 95, 197, and 426 min for LRS, Plasma, Blood, and VS-101 (p < 0.05 vs all), respectively. VS-101 produced the highest spinotrapezius interstitial oxygenation and recovery of MAP with no evidence of hypertension or arteriolar vasoconstriction. Hypovolemic resuscitation with VS-101 was effective in stabilizing hemorrhagic shock in a simulated pre-hospital setting, which was associated with its combination of high oncotic pressure and oxygen carrying constituent. The lack of arteriolar vasoconstriction and hypertension suggests VS-101 is poised to pass critical safety and efficacy checkpoints for treatment of severe hemorrhage.
UK foundation trainee perceptions of surgical skills in the foundation training programme – a national survey
Authors: Gnanalingham Sathyan , Gnanalingham Raman , Gnanalingham Kavitha , Limbachia Devan
Published: February 2025

Background:

Surgical skills development among UK foundation trainees within the UK training programme may be underdeveloped. This study aimed to ascertain foundation trainee perceptions of surgical skills within the foundation training programme.

Methods:

An online cross-sectional survey was distributed to all 18 UK foundation training schools in 2021. This survey assessed foundation trainees’ surgical skills experience in medical school, current career intentions, confidence at basic surgical skills and perceptions of the level of surgical skills training within the foundation programme.

Findings:

Trainees felt that they did not have adequate exposure to surgical skills (4.5, Likert scale 1–10) and specialty specific skills within the foundation training programme (3.3, Likert scale 1–10). On average, 75% of participants believed further exposure to surgical skills training would be beneficial to their professional development. Furthermore, 67% believed that surgical skills should be incorporated into the core competencies for the foundation training programme.

Conclusion:

Our study shows that foundation trainees in UK feel that there is a lack of adequate exposure to surgical skills within the foundation programme. Foundation trainees feel change is required to help improve competency in basic surgical skills and as an extension increase interest in a surgical career.
Supplemental Lidocaine Patches Prior to Percutaneous Nerve Evaluation, a Randomized Trial
Authors: Rothenberger Rodger W. , Henry Taylen , Carbone Laurel , Gaskins Jeremy T. , Gupta Ankita , Francis Sean , Lenger Stacy M.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Improving patient comfort during percutaneous nerve evaluation (PNE), a trial procedure for sacral neuromodulation, is essential.

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine whether the use of a lidocaine patch (LP) prior to PNE procedure improves the pain associated with PNE.

Study Design

This double-masked, randomized controlled trial compared a 4% LP to placebo patch (PP) immediately prior to PNE. Female patients ≥18 years of age were included if they were undergoing an office PNE, performed bilaterally and without fluoroscopy, for any indication. Either a lidocaine or placebo patch was placed over the sacrum 30 minutes prior to PNE. Additional local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine without epinephrine was administered per surgeon discretion. All patients received some volume of injectable lidocaine with their procedures. Secondary outcomes included volume of injectable lidocaine used, progression to a permanent implant, amplitude of perineal sensation, and patient satisfaction.

Results

Thirty-nine women were enrolled, with 20 receiving LP and 19 patients receiving PP. Lower 100-mm visual analog scale pain score was seen in the LP group (45 ± 17 with LP vs 61 ± 21 with PP, P = 0.018). This difference was statistically and clinically significantly different between groups. The total injectable lidocaine, patient satisfaction, and progression to permanent implant were similar between groups.

Conclusions

Patients experienced clinically and statistically significantly less pain at the time of PNE with a preprocedural LP when compared to placebo, despite similar use of local anesthetic. Satisfaction rates were high among all patients.
Expanding the Electroclinical Profile of CAPE
Authors: Nordli Douglas R. , Chang Joshua , Haider Hiba A.
Published: February 2025

This case report presents two illustrative cases of cyclic alternating pattern of encephalopathy, showcasing its distinct quantitative EEG signature alongside observed correlations with cardiorespiratory fluctuations. Recognizing cyclic alternating pattern encephalopathy patterns may provide clinicians with an actionable marker, guiding timely interventions and potentially improving outcomes in critically ill patients.
Comparison of Radiofrequency Identification, Radioactive Seed, and Wire Localization Techniques for Non-Palpable Breast Cancer
Authors: Stephens Kyle R , Patel Lexina , Malik Danial A , Wilson Megan , Gaskins Jeremy T , McMasters Kelly M , Ajkay Nicolás
Published: February 2025

Background:

Several localization techniques have been described for accurate resection of non-palpable breast cancers (NPBC) during breast conserving surgery. This study compares surgical outcomes of three different techniques.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed between 2015-2022 of patients undergoing lumpectomy with radiofrequency identification (RFID), radioactive seed (RSL), or wire localization (WL). Demographic and tumor characteristics were evaluated. Primary outcomes were pathological margin status and reoperation rates. Secondary outcomes were ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) close margin (<2mm), lumpectomy specimen volume (LSV), device to specimen edge distance (DSED) measured radiographically, procedure time, and intraoperative selective shave margins (ISSM) use. Univariate and multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted where appropriate.

Results:

A total of 777 patients were identified: 239 RFID, 347 RSL, 191 WL. Demographic and tumor characteristics were similar between groups. There were no statistically significant differences in positive margins and reoperation rates. RFID had the largest LSV and DSED. ISSM rates were half as frequent for RSL than RFID and WL. Procedure time was longer for WL. DCIS close margin was more common with RFID. On multivariate analysis, RFID was independently associated with increased DSED, decreased procedure time, and increased rate of DCIS close margin relative to WL. RSL also was independently associated with lower rates of ISSM, decreased LSV, and decreased procedure time compared to WL (all p<0.001).

Conclusions:

Comparison of localization techniques revealed no differences in primary outcomes. However, there were significant differences in secondary outcomes that can influence patient and surgeon satisfaction.
Risk of depression and dementia among individuals treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
Authors: Almeida Osvaldo P.
Published: February 2025

Purpose of the review

To review whether sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists decrease the risk of depression, suicidal ideation and cognitive impairment in later life.

Recent findings

The results of studies using information derived from large registries and administrative health datasets suggest that GLP-1 receptor agonists (RAs) increase the risk of suicidality, although findings have been inconsistent. One nested-case control study reported that SGLT2i decreases the risk of depression among adults with diabetes, and findings from a small trial of the SGLT2i empagliflozin provided supportive evidence. Several observational studies reported that SGLT2i and GLP-1 RAs decrease dementia risk, with a target trial finding greater cognitive benefit associated with the use of GLP-1 RAs compared with other medicines commonly used to manage diabetes.

Recent results from large observational studies suggest that SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA may decrease the risk of cognitive impairment in later life. The effects of these medicines on mood have not been as well explored, but there are concerns about the potential increased risk of suicidality among GLP-1 RA users. Prescription bias could explain some of these associations, so that robust trial evidence is now needed to confirm or dismiss the reported findings.
Formation of the International Occultation Timing Association/East Asia (IOTA/EA) and occultation observations of asteroid (3200) Phaethon
Authors: Yoshida Fumi , Hayamizu Tsutomu , Watanabe Hayato , Akitaya Hiroshi , Miyashita Kazuhisa , Noda Hirotomo , Sôma Mitsuru , Lin Chilong , Yuan Ye , Yue Wai-Chun , Horaguchi Toshihiro , Marshall Sean
Published: February 2025

On 27 August 2023 (UTC), a new organization for occultation observations in East Asia was formed, the International Occultation Timing Association/East Asia (IOTA/EA). The goal of this organization is to promote and disseminate occultation observations in the East Asia region and to make occultation observations a useful tool and a partner for planetary exploration missions and other scientific research. The formation of IOTA/EA was triggered by the stellar eclipse observation campaign of (3200) Phaethon, which is the target of the JAXA DESTINY

⁣
+

mission. This paper describes IOTA/EA and the Phaethon occultation observation that led to its formation.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Major advances in planetary sciences thanks to stellar occultations’.
The OASES project: exploring the outer Solar System through stellar occultation with amateur-class telescopes
Authors: Arimatsu K.
Published: February 2025

The exploration of kilometre-sized trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) is one of the ultimate goals in the search for the origin and evolution of the Solar System. However, such exploration is challenging because these small bodies are too faint to be directly detected. One potential avenue for detecting and investigating small and faint TNOs is the monitoring of stellar occultation events. This paper reviews the concept and methodology of monitoring observations of stellar occultations by small, unidentified TNOs, focusing on our observational programme, Organized Autotelescopes for Serendipitous Event Survey (OASES). OASES aims to detect and investigate stellar occultations by unidentified TNOs using multiple amateur-sized telescopes equipped with commercial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras. Through the monitoring observations conducted so far, OASES has found one possible occultation event by a kilometre-sized TNO. The paper also discusses future developments of the OASES project and deliberates on the potential of movie observations in expanding the frontiers of outer Solar System research.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Major advances in planetary sciences thanks to stellar occultations’.
When the lung invades: a review of avian postcranial skeletal pneumaticity
Authors: Moore Andrew J. , Schachner Emma R.
Published: February 2025

Birds are unique among extant tetrapods in exhibiting air-filled cavities that arise from the respiratory system and invade postcranial bones, a phenomenon called postcranial skeletal pneumaticity (PSP). These intraosseous cavities originate from diverticula of the ventilatory air sacs or directly from the gas-exchanging lung. Despite a long history of study, many of the basic characteristics of this system remain poorly understood. In this hybrid review, we synthesize insights from the anatomical, developmental, biomechanical and paleontological literature to review the functional and evolutionary significance of PSP. Leveraging new data, we confirm that the skeletons of pneumatic birds are not less heavy for their mass than those of apneumatic birds. Pneumatic skeletons may nonetheless be lightweight with respect to body volume, but this is a hypothesis that remains to be empirically tested. We also use micro-computed tomography scanning and deep learning-based segmentation to produce a pilot model of the pneumatized spaces in the neck of a Mallard (
Anas platyrhynchos
). This approach facilitates accurate modelling of bone architecture for quantitative comparative analysis within and between pneumatic taxa. Future work on PSP should focus on the cellular mechanisms and developmental processes that govern the onset and extent of pneumatization, which are essentially unknown.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The biology of the avian respiratory system’.
Respiratory challenges and oedema development in zebra finch embryos under reduced pore area
Authors: Choi Wonil , Lazenby Madeline , Forester Ada , Wada Haruka
Published: February 2025

Global warming is one of the primary drivers of habitat loss and population decline in numerous species, including birds, amphibians and marine life. Avian embryos exhibit ectothermic phenotypes during most of their incubation period and are also vulnerable to rising temperatures when parents cannot cool the nests. This vulnerability stems from their unique respiratory mechanisms, which utilize eggshell pores to exchange respiratory gases. The number of pores is fixed at oviposition, and embryos may experience hypoxia during later developmental stages, especially when exposed to elevated ambient/incubation temperatures. Our preliminary study on zebra finch (
Taeniopygia guttata castanotis
) embryos, where we covered 30% of the shell surface with beeswax and incubated at high (38.9°C) temperature, revealed that half of the individuals that failed to hatch had developed oedema in the hind neck region. This study shows that such physical anomalies occur during incubation prior to death. We found that embryos with oedema had a higher head-to-body ratio, independent of their relative brain mass. Furthermore, oedema formation was correlated with darker-coloured hearts, suggesting reduced blood oxygenation in these embryos. These results highlight the physiological challenges embryos face under suboptimal incubation conditions.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The biology of the avian respiratory system’.
The avian embryo as a time-honoured animal model in developmental, biomedical and agricultural research
Authors: Burggren Warren , Dzialowski Edward , Tzschentke Barbara
Published: February 2025

Avian embryos have been at the core of embryological, morphological, physiological and biochemical/molecular research, especially involving research in three primary areas: developmental, biomedical and agricultural research. As developmental models, the avian embryo—especially that of the chicken—has been the single most used embryo model, perhaps in part from the combination of large size, ease of access and prior knowledge base. Developmental research with avian embryos has included organ system studies of the heart, vasculature, lungs, kidneys, nervous system, etc., as well as integrated physiological processes including gas-exchange, acid–base and ion/water regulation. In terms of translational research, avian embryos have modelled vascular development, based on the easily accessible chorioallantoic membrane under the eggshell. This same respiratory organ has enabled toxicological studies of how pollutants affect vertebrate development. Investigation of the transition to pulmonary breathing and the associated emergence of respiratory control has also relied heavily upon the avian embryo. In addition to developmental and biomedical investigations, the avian embryo has been studied intensively due to the huge importance of domesticated birds as a food source. Consequently, the effects of environment (including temperature, humidity, noise levels and photoperiod) during incubation on subsequent post-hatch phenotype are being actively investigated.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The biology of the avian respiratory system’.
The avian respiratory system: implications for anaesthesia
Authors: Ludders John
Published: February 2025

Anaesthesia is not a natural state for any animal, including birds. The unique anatomic and physiological attributes of the class Aves that have made it possible for birds to inhabit every continent on this planet and to live in a variety of environments, some considered challenging if not inhospitable to mammals, pose challenges to their anaesthetic management. Indeed, it is more challenging than the anaesthetic management of mammals, a reality substantiated by the fact that the risk of anaesthesia-related death of birds is up to 20 times higher than for dogs and cats. This article highlights those anatomic (respiratory system, renal–portal system), physiological (gas exchange, respiratory control mechanisms in respiratory brainstem and peripheral chemoreceptor areas, including intrapulmonary chemoreceptors) and pharmacological attributes (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) that make anaesthetic management, both inhalant and injectable anaesthesia, of birds challenging, and how those challenges are managed.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The biology of the avian respiratory system’.
A multi-center study on the percentage of relative abundance, of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca ,socio-demographic profile and clinical parameters of oral squamous carcinoma tissues of a group of Sri Lankan male patients
Authors: Perera Manosha Lakmali , Perera Irosha
Published: February 2025

Background: Emergence of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and asymptomatic oral colonization within human populations has become a public health threat Enrichment of oral Klebsiella species in neoplastic remain unclear.
Aim: To find out the percentage of relative abundance, of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca,socio-demographic profile and clinical parameters of oral squamous carcinoma tissues of a group of Sri Lankan male patients in multi-centers.
Method: A group of male patients comprising 25 OSCC cases visiting 9 OMF units in 6 Provinces in Sri Lanka represented the vast majority of OSCC patients.  DNA extracted from fresh biopsies was sequenced for the V1 to V3 region with Illumina’s 2 × 300–bp chemistry. High-quality nonchimeric merged reads were classified to the species level with a prioritized BLASTN-based algorithm and identified upto species level.  Downstream compositional analysis was performed with QIIME (Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology)
 Results: K. pneumoniae was presented an average relative abundance of 1.45%, significantly higher than K. oxytoca, which has a relative abundance of 0.03%.
Conclusion: K. pneumoniae over growth was seen compared to K. oxytoca in OSCC cases. This possess an emerging threat of transmitting this pathogen in the community and heath care associated environments as the oral and nasal cavities act as ideal niche for nourishment and flourishment of this opportunistic pathogen, notorious for nosocomial infections and multi drug resistance.
Derivatization of pBACpAK Entrapment Vectors for Enhanced Mobile Genetic Elements Transposition Detection in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Tansirichaiya Supathep , Leartsiwawinyu Wasawat , Thanawan Nattharee , Goodman Richard N. , Tribuddharat Chanwit , Roberts Adam P.
Published: February 2025

Aim: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a critical global health threat, driven by the dissemination of resistance genes via mobile genetic elements (MGEs). This study aims to enhance the detection of MGEs insertions in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli by derivatizing the pBACpAK entrapment vector.
Methods and results: Three derivatives were constructed with additional nucleotides upstream of the cI repressor gene, resembling experimentally proven insertion sites of transposable elements. The derivatives showed increased MGE capture rates (10.7–73.1%) compared to the wild-type vector (3.75%), leading to the identification of multiple MGEs, including the novel composite transposon Tn7824. Tn7824 harbors the blaOXA-181 carbapenem resistance gene and the qnrS1 quinolone resistance gene, highlighting the clinical relevance of these findings. Long-read sequencing of transposants confirmed the accuracy of MGE identification and structural characterization, which also revealed chromosomal integration events of the pBACpAK derivatives mediated by flanking insertion sequences.
Conclusions: The modifications introduced in the pBACpAK derivatives could increase the detection of transposition events by alleviating spatial constraints, allowing for more robust MGE detection.
Impact statement: These findings highlight the utility of entrapment vectors for studying MGE-associated AMR dissemination in clinical and environmental settings. By improving the detection of novel and clinically relevant MGEs, such as Tn7824, this approach contributes to a better understanding of resistance gene mobility and may aid future AMR surveillance efforts.
A truncated SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein enhances virus fitness by evading antiviral responses
Authors: Mulloy Rory P. , Evseev Danyel , Bui-Marinos Maxwell P. , Sharlin Noga , Corcoran Jennifer A.
Published: February 2025

Viruses face a selective pressure to evade cellular antiviral responses to control the outcome of an infection. However, due to their limited genome size, viruses must adopt unique strategies to confront cellular sensors. Since emerging in humans, SARS-CoV-2 has accrued multiple mutations throughout its genome, some of which enhanced virus replication and led to the rise of viral variants. However, the biological consequences of many of these changes remain to be discovered. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 produces a truncated form of the nucleocapsid protein, called N*M210. Due to the acquisition of a viral transcription regulatory sequence (TRS) in the N gene, certain variants, such as Omicron, produce a new viral mRNA that markedly increases N*M210expression. We show that N*M210is a dsRNA binding protein, which inhibits multiple arms of the cellular antiviral response, including blocking interferon induction and inhibiting stress granule formation. We created a panel of recombinant SARS-CoV-2 viruses (rSARS-2) with mutations in the N gene that increased or decreased N*M210production. We show that N*M210production increases virus fitness, as viruses that produce more N*M210outcompeted wild-type rSARS-2. We demonstrate that the fitness advantage provided by N*M210is partly due to its ability to potently block stress granules. We propose a model where, to evade the cellular antiviral response, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved a mechanism to increase the production of a truncated form of the N protein, which broadly limits the activation of dsRNA-induced antiviral responses, tipping the balance in favour of the virus in the battle for control of the cell.

Highlights

SARS-CoV-2 variants evolved to upregulate truncated N (N*) synthesis to increase virus fitness

N*M210is a potent dsRNA-binding protein that blocks cellular dsRNA sensing

N*M210inhibits stress granule formation independent of G3BP1 binding
Deep learning for fluorescence lifetime predictions enables high-throughput in vivo imaging
Authors: Kapsiani Sofia , Läubli Nino F , Ward Edward N , Fernandez-Villegas Ana , Mazumder Bismoy , Kaminski Clemens F , Kaminski Schierle Gabriele S
Published: February 2025

Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is a powerful optical tool widely used in biomedical research to study changes in a sample's microenvironment. However, data collection and interpretation are often challenging, and traditional methods such as exponential fitting and phasor plot analysis require a high number of photons per pixel for reliably measuring the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore. To satisfy this requirement, prolonged data acquisition times are needed, which makes FLIM a low-throughput technique with limited capability for in vivo applications. Here, we introduce FLIMngo, a deep learning model capable of quantifying FLIM data obtained from photon-starved environments. FLIMngo outperforms other deep learning approaches and phasor plot analyses, yielding accurate fluorescence lifetime predictions from decay curves obtained with fewer than 50 photons per pixel by leveraging both time and spatial information present in raw FLIM data. Thus, FLIMngo reduces FLIM data acquisition times to a few seconds, thereby, lowering phototoxicity related to prolonged light exposure and turning FLIM into a higher throughput tool suitable for analysis of live specimens. Following the characterisation and benchmarking of FLIMngo on simulated data, we highlight its capabilities through applications in live, dynamic samples. Examples include the quantification of disease-related protein aggregates in non-anaesthetised Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans, which significantly improves the applicability of FLIM by opening avenues to continuously assess C. elegans throughout their lifespan. Finally, FLIMngo is open-sourced and can be easily implemented across systems without the need for model retraining.
A framework for evaluating predicted sperm trajectories in crowded microscopy videos
Authors: Hart David , Cashwell Kylie , Bhandari Anita , Schmidt Cameron
Published: February 2025

For many years, sperm trajectory analysis for microscopy videos has determined categories of sperm motility. These categories are dependent on kinematic parameters such as Curvilinear Velocity and Beat Frequency. These outputs, however, ultimately rely on the quality of the tracking for each individual sperm in the microscopy video. Previous approaches have relied on calculating these values on short time scales or for isolated sperm to avoid the tracking errors that occur in crowded (high cell-density) microscopy videos, but improving fertility analysis will require accurately tracking trajectories at physiologically-relevant time scales and cell densities. In this work, we identify a framework for accurately assessing the quality of sperm trajectory tracking independent of motility outputs. We utilize common cell tracking metrics and propose modifications based on conditions unique to sperm microscopy. Additionally, we provide a dataset of three fully-labeled microscopy videos to allow for future comparisons and developments.

Author summary

This report develops a computer vision framework to track individual sperm cells in crowded (high cell-density) microscopy videos, with the goal of improving automated analysis of sperm motility patterns. The task of accurately analyzing sperm movement is deceptively challenging due to the high rate of cell crossovers, an issue that has long impeded long-term tracking of sperm trajectories. Here, we introduce new evaluation metrics and provide a labeled dataset to serve as a baseline for future improvements.
Disease tolerant mice shelter a pathogenic intestinal microbiota able to trigger lethal disease in low tolerant hosts
Authors: Vidal Vinícius M. , Ferreira Letícia M. , Yilmaz Bahtiyar , Montes-Cobos Elena , Gama Andreza M.S. , Kitoko Jamil Z. , Rosa Samara G. , Teixeira Gabriel A. , Farias José N. D. , Raghavan Varsha , Littman Dan , de Souza Heitor S.P. , Canto Fábio B. , Bozza Marcelo T.
Published: February 2025

Disease tolerance is a defensive strategy that limits tissue damage during infection. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-deficient mice (Mif-/-) are protected in different models of infection and intestinal inflammation due to unclear disease tolerance mechanisms, whereas low disease-tolerantIl10-/-mice develop microbiota-dependent spontaneous gut inflammation. Here, we examined whether IL-10 is required for the phenotype seen inMif-/-mice and, conversely, the contribution of MIF during IL-10 deficiency. While breeding for double-deficientMif-/-Il10-/-mice, we unexpectedly observed thatIl10-/-individuals died within days after co-housing withMif-/-mice. We found that healthyMif-/-hosts endure a highly diverse, unique and dysbiotic-like microbiota composition, including antibiotic-resistantEnterobacteriaceaespecies, which were sufficient to cause acute and lethal Th1-driven colitis inIl10-/-recipients. The disease was characterized by increased frequencies of IFNγ+cells and neutrophils within colonic lamina propria.Mif-/-Il10-/-mice died prematurely, and survivors developed communicable disease, - indicating that lack of IL-10 is a dominant trait. These findings suggest that tolerant individuals harbor a gut microbiota enriched in pathogens/pathobionts, which can trigger disease in susceptible hosts.