bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facilitating Smart-Girl: Feminist Pedagogy in Service Learning in Action
Authors: Williams Rhonda L. , Ferber Abby L.
Published: January 2009

Feminist disability studies pedagogy encourages instructors to strive for "universally designed" (UD) objects and instruction, while tempering that with feminist analyses of intersectionality. Because each individual has varying experiences of privilege and oppression, in terms of disability, race, class, gender, sexuality, nationality, religion, etc., "one size does (not) fit all" all of the time—which counters the pretense of UD. A pedagogical goal should be to discover who is excluded from particular social and physical privileges, expanding and creating access within the classroom. Those employing universal design strategies must incorporate tools to account for cultural barriers in addition to those listed above, including disabilities and impairments that have yet to be considered in particular arenas of access and accommodation. This article outlines a few of these potential barriers and suggests techniques for creating a more welcoming and accessible environment in one's classroom and department.
Teaching Sensitive Issues: Feminist Pedagogy and the Practice of Advocacy-Based Counseling
Authors: Durfee Alesha , Rosenberg Karen
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we discuss ways in which instructors can assist and empower students in crisis using the Advocacy-Based Counseling (ABC) perspective. This praxis, developed by battered women's advocates to inform their work with survivors of intimate partner violence, emphasizes the importance of listening to students, as well as identifying and addressing safety concerns. We also discuss the necessary limits of the instructor's role in these situations, and how to communicate those limits to students. Our discussion begins with some of the reasons students are likely to have problems, covers some of the potential issues raised by teaching about social phenomena in the classroom, and expands to consider a range of sensitive issues. The pedagogy of violence is a useful starting point because of its unfortunate ubiquity. Just as violence respects few boundaries in the social world, instructors in different departments and disciplines are faced with the impacts of violence on their students. The prevalence of violence in society also means that in every class some of our students will be survivors (and perpetrators) of violence, for whom this material may elicit strong reactions. Furthermore, many of the teaching materials we and other instructors use in our courses are inherently emotive, and they often evoke a wide range of responses from students who may have limited personal experience with violence. What are the most productive and sensitive ways to handle this classroom reality? How can we as instructors cultivate a supportive learning environment in which students feel comfortable discussing their reactions to violence in a manner appropriate to the classroom setting? How should this knowledge affect our course design, pedagogical approach, and interactions with students, both in groups and individually? To what extent can or should we modify the traditional instructor/ student relationship to assist students in crisis—and what elements of that relationship should remain unchanged? We explore these questions through an examination of the Advocacy-Based Counseling (ABC) perspective, suggesting strategies that both instructors and administrators can use to better address these situations.
Technê and the Good in Plato’s Statesman and Philebus
Authors: Harvey George
Published: January 2009

My paper addresses a number of questions raised in the Statesman by the Eleatic Visitor’s identification of certain ontological conditions for the existence of art of due measure, and therefore of all the technai . My view is that evidence relevant to these questions can be found in the Philebus , and specifically, in an ontological doctrine presented at 23c–27c. What emerges from an examination of the Statesman and Philebus is a highly developed conception of technê , one that affords a place for such ordinary human activities within the broader framework of Plato’s philosophy.
Spinoza on Civil Liberation
Authors: Steinberg Justin
Published: January 2009

In the final chapter of the Tractactus Theologico-Politicus , Spinoza declares that “the purpose of the state is, in reality, freedom.” While this remark obviously purports to tell us something important about Spinoza’s conception of the civitas , it is not clear exactly what is revealed. Recently, a number of scholars have interpreted this passage in a way that supports the view that Spinoza was a liberal for whom civic norms are rather more modest than the freedom of the Ethics . Against this view, I provide an interpretation of Spinoza’s account of civil liberation that enables us to view the political writings as an extension of his larger ethical enterprise. Specifically, I show that, according to Spinoza, the state can promote robust liberty in a variety of ways, not least by influencing the behavioral patterns and affective dispositions of its citizens.
Kant’s Defense of Human Moral Status
Authors: Kain Patrick
Published: January 2009

The determination of individual moral status is a central factor in the ethical evaluation of controversial practices such as elective abortion, human embryo-destructive research, and the care of the severely disabled and those in persistent vegetative states. A review of recent work on Kant reveals the need for a careful examination of the content of Kant’s biological and psychological theories and their relation to his views about moral status. Such an examination, in conjunction with Kant’s practical-metaphysical analysis of the origins of freedom, reveals Kant’s principled basis for his contention that all human beings possess moral status.
Hegel’s Concept of Desire
Authors: Jenkins Scott
Published: January 2009

Hegel’s assertion that self-consciousness is desire in general stands at a critical point in the Phenomenology , but the concept of desire employed in this identification is obscure. I examine three ways in which Hegel’s concept of desire might be understood and conclude that this concept is closely related to Fichte’s notions of drive and longing. So understood, the concept plays an essential role in Hegel’s non-foundational, non-genetic account of the awareness that individual rational subjects have of themselves. This account, I argue, is part of a larger concern with demonstrating the relation between theoretical and practical capacities of the subject. I also argue that my reading explains Hegel’s emphasis on the figure of the bondsman in “Lordship and Bondage.” The bondsman’s experience of itself and its world instantiates Hegel’s views on the integration of subjective capacities and the reality of objects of experience.
“Join Us in Rebuilding Italy”: Women’s Associations, 1946–1963
Authors: Pojmann Wendy
Published: January 2009

This article examines the significance of two large Italian women’s associations in the immediate postwar period. The Unione Donne Italiane (UDI) and the Centro Italiano Femminile (CIF) led Italian women through years that would be vital to the construction of new female identities and roles in a modernizing Italian state. I argue that despite pressures from political parties and the Catholic Church in Italy, the UDI and the CIF acted as mass autonomous associations while they set and met ambitious goals for women. Their opposed positions revealed nonetheless some of the tensions and challenges of the postwar Italian political climate and influence of the Cold War.
“Odds and Ends of the Russian Revolution,” 1917–1920: Gender and American Travel Narratives
Authors: Chatterjee Choi
Published: January 2009

In this essay, I analyze the discourses that American women generated on the subject of the Russian Revolution of 1917, a body of works that has for the most part escaped critical scrutiny. While the First World War slowed tourist traffic to Russia, by 1917 there was a substantial contingent of American women in Petrograd reporting on the revolution. Unlike male narratives of the revolution, women’s literature avoids diagnosing the Russian condition, or expertly summing up the Russian character. These correspondents, rather than focusing on abstract political philosophies and political events, recorded the intimate ways that individuals experienced class warfare, political instability, and economic dislocations. I argue that this technique of vivid impressionism was perhaps a more suitable method to represent the revolution than as a coherent, logical, and transparent narrative. In this essay, I analyze the gendered travel narratives of the Russian Revolution, a genre that is unique as it is under-theorized, and reveal an unknown dimension to Russian-American relations.
A New Era in International Women’s Rights?: American Women’s Associations and the Establishment of the UN Commission on the Status of Women
Authors: Laville Helen
Published: January 2009

Whilst historians have assessed the international impact of ideological differences and organizational rivalries between U.S. women’s associations in the interwar period, the continuation of these differences and their impact on the new international framework on women’s rights which emerged post-1945 have, thus far, been ignored. This article explores and assesses the extent to which rivalries between U.S. women’s associations continued in the post-1945 world, shaping different attitudes towards the establishment of the Commission on the Status of Women at the United Nations. It traces the cooperation of key U.S. organizations with their government to try to prevent the establishment of the commission. The article will describe how this position changed as a result of both emerging national interests and pressure from international colleagues in the international women’s movement. The article will thus explore and assess the complex and shifting competing claims of national and international identity for American women activists.
“In a Solid Bond of Unity”: Anticolonial Feminism in the Cold War Era
Authors: Castledine Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This article contributes to an emerging body of literature addressing the issue of women’s activism in twentieth-century anticolonial movements. In the post–World War II era, African American and South African leftist women attempted to unite feminist movements against Jim Crow in the United States and apartheid in South Africa. I argue that although historians have often pointed to tensions between nationalist and feminist goals in postwar movements for self-determination as the reason transnational organizing so often failed, they have overlooked the significance of anticommunist government intervention in this organizing. Thus, an exploration of the short-lived link between the African American Sojourners for Truth and Justice (STJ) and South Africa’s African National Congress Women’s League (ANCWL) complicates current notions about nationalism’s relationship to feminism, and feminism’s relationship to the failure of nationalist causes.
Coordinate Grammar
Authors: Langendoen D. Terence
Published: January 2009

Chomsky (1959a) presented an algorithm for constructing a finite transducer that is strongly equivalent to a Chomsky-normal-form context-free grammar for all sentences generated by that grammar with up to any specified finite degree of center embedding. This article presents a new solution using a variety of COORDINATE GRAMMAR to assign nonembedding (paratactic) structures strongly equivalent to those assigned by an embedding grammar, which can in turn be directly computed by a finite transducer. It proposes that the bound on center embedding is really a consequence of a bound on alternation between right and left embedding, called here ZIGZAG EMBEDDING . Coordinate grammars can also be used to assign nonembedding structures equivalent to those with up to any specified finite degree of coordinate embedding (the occurrence of a coordinate structure as a member of a coordinate structure of the same type). It concludes that coordinate grammars or the finite transducers strongly equivalent to them are psychologically real, and that the existence of a finite bound on the degree of zigzag and coordinate embedding is a consequence of the increasing size and complexity of such grammars or transducers as the bound increases.
Structural Phylogeny in Historical Linguistics: Methodological Explorations Applied in Island Melanesia
Authors: Dunn Michael , Levinson Stephen C. , Lindström Eva , Reesink Ger , Terrill Angela
Published: January 2009

Using various methods derived from evolutionary biology, including maximum parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, we tackle the question of the relationships among a group of Papuan isolate languages that have hitherto resisted accepted attempts at demonstration of interrelatedness. Instead of using existing vocabulary-based methods, which cannot be applied to these languages due to the paucity of shared lexemes, we created a database of STRUCTURAL FEATURES —abstract phonological and grammatical features apart from their form. The methods are first tested on the closely related Oceanic languages spoken in the same region as the Papuan languages in question. We find that using biological methods on structural features can recapitulate the results of the comparative method tree for the Oceanic languages, thus showing that structural features can be a valid way of extracting linguistic history. Application of the same methods to the otherwise unrelatable Papuan languages is therefore likely to be similarly valid. Because languages that have been in contact for protracted periods may also converge, we outline additional methods for distinguishing convergence from inherited relatedness.*
The Role of Semantics, Argument Structure, and Lexicalization in Compound Stress Assignment in English
Authors: Plag Ingo , Kunter Gero , Lappe Sabine , Braun Maria
Published: January 2009

It is generally assumed that noun-noun compounds in English are stressed on the left-hand member (e.g. cóurtroom wátchmaker ). However, there is a large amount of variation in stress assignment (e.g. silk tíe, Madison Ávenue, singer-sóngwriter ) whose significance and sources are largely unaccounted for in the literature. This article presents a study in which three kinds of factors held to play a role in compound stress assignment are tested: argument structure, lexicalization, and semantics. The analysis of 4,353 noun-noun compounds extracted from the Boston University Radio Speech Corpus shows that there is indeed a considerable amount of variation in stress assignment. Overall, semantics turns out to have the strongest effect on compound stress assignment, whereas an approach relying on argument structure is much less successful in predicting compound stress. The article presents for the first time large-scale empirical evidence for the assumption that lexicalization has an effect on compound stress assignment. The article also makes a methodological contribution to the debate in showing that (and how) corpus-based studies using acoustic measurements can shed new light on the issue of variable compound stress.*
The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
Authors: Anderson Stephen R.
Published: January 2009

The object of inquiry in linguistics is the human ability to acquire and use a natural language, and the goal of linguistic theory is an explicit characterization of that ability. Looking at the communicative abilities of other species, it becomes clear that our linguistic ability is specific to our species, undoubtedly a product of our biology. But how do we go about determining the specifics of this Language faculty? There are two primary ways in which we infer the nature of Language from the properties of individual languages: arguments from the POVERTY OF THE STIMULUS , and the search for universals that characterize every natural language. Arguments of the first sort are not easy to construct (though not as difficult as sometimes suggested), and apply only to a tiny part of Language as a whole. Arguments from universals or typological generalizations are also quite problematic. In phonology, morphology, and syntax, factors of historical development, functional underpinnings, and limitations of the learning situation, among others, conspire to compromise the explanatory value of arguments from observed crosslinguistic regularities. Confounding the situation is the likelihood that properties found across languages as a consequence of such external forces have been incorporated into the Language faculty evolutionarily through the BALDWIN EFFECT . The conflict between the biologically based specificity of the human Language faculty and the difficulty of establishing most of its properties in a secure way cannot, however, be avoided by ignoring or denying the reality of either of its poles.*
A Complex Systems Framework for Research on Leadership and Organizational Dynamics in Academic Libraries
Authors: Gilstrap Donald L.
Published: January 2009

This article provides a historiographical analysis of major leadership and organizational development theories that have shaped our thinking about how we lead and administrate academic libraries. Drawing from behavioral, cognitive, systems, and complexity theories, this article discusses major theorists and research studies appearing over the past century. A complex systems framework is then proposed for future research on leadership and organizational development surrounding change in academic libraries and professional responsibilities.
Design Insights and Inspiration from the Tate: What Museum Web Sites Can Offer Us
Authors: Riley-Huff Debra A.
Published: January 2009

There are many similarities between museums and academic libraries as public service institutions. This article is an examination of museum Web site practices and concepts that might also be transferable to academic library Web sites. It explores the digital manifestations of design and information presentation, user engagement, interactivity, and learning, as well as sponsorship. The research is accomplished through a literature review, numerous Web site examinations, and a case study. The results of the study offer some possible ways for academic libraries to improve and leverage their Web sites.
The Future of Information Literacy in Academic Libraries: A Delphi Study
Authors: Saunders Laura
Published: January 2009

Information literacy is a central tenet of academic librarianship. However, technological advancements coupled with drastic changes in users' information needs and expectations are having a great impact on this service, leading practitioners to wonder how programs may evolve. Based on a Delphi study, this article surveyed 13 information literacy experts about proposed futures that explore the possible evolution of information literacy over the next decade. Although generally optimistic in their assessment of the continued importance of information literacy and the role librarians will play in its future, these experts acknowledged a number of obstacles academic librarians will face in fully realizing these possibilities.
How Do You Know That?: An Investigation of Student Research Practices in the Digital Age
Authors: McClure Randall , Clink Kellian
Published: January 2009

This study investigates the types of sources that English composition students use in their research essays. Unlike previous studies, this project pairs an examination of source citations with deeper analysis of source use, and both are discussed in relation to responses gathered in focus groups with participating students and teachers. The researchers examine how students negotiate locating and using source material, particularly online sources, in terms of timeliness, authority, and bias. The researchers report on how teachers struggle to introduce these concepts and how students fail to perceive authority and bias in their sources.
Google Scholar Search Performance: Comparative Recall and Precision
Authors: Walters William H.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents a comparative evaluation of Google Scholar and 11 other bibliographic databases (Academic Search Elite, AgeLine, ArticleFirst, EconLit, GEOBASE, MEDLINE, PAIS International, POPLINE, Social Sciences Abstracts, Social Sciences Citation Index, and SocINDEX), focusing on search performance within the multidisciplinary field of later-life migration. The results of simple keyword searches are evaluated with reference to a set of 155 relevant articles identified in advance. In terms of both recall and precision, Google Scholar performs better than most of the subscription databases. This finding, based on a rigorous evaluation procedure, is contrary to the impressions of many early reviewers. The paper concludes with a discussion of a new approach to document relevance in educational settings—an approach that accounts for the instructors' goals as well as the students' assessments of relevance.
Virtual Reference, Real Money: Modeling Costs in Virtual Reference Services
Authors: Eakin Lori , Pomerantz Jeffrey
Published: January 2009

Libraries nationwide are in yet another phase of belt tightening. Without an understanding of the economic factors that influence library operations, however, controlling costs and performing cost-benefit analyses on services is difficult. This paper describes a project to develop a cost model for collaborative virtual reference services. This cost model is a systematic description of all expenses incurred by a library in providing virtual reference service as part of a collaborative.
Academic Libraries, Facebook and MySpace, and Student Outreach: A Survey of Student Opinion
Authors: Connell Ruth Sara
Published: January 2009

This study surveyed 366 Valparaiso University freshmen to discover their feelings about librarians using Facebook and MySpace as outreach tools. The vast majority of respondents had online social network profiles. Most indicated that they would be accepting of library contact through those Web sites, but a sizable minority reacted negatively to the concept. Because of the potential to infringe on students' sense of personal privacy, it is recommended that librarians proceed with caution when implementing online social network profiles.
Collaboration is Key: Librarians and Composition Instructors Analyze Student Research and Writing
Authors: Barratt Caroline Cason , Nielsen Kristin , Desmet Christy , Balthazor Ron
Published: January 2009

This study describes a collaborative research project between two composition instructors and two librarians that analyzed citation patterns among students in the First-year Composition Program at the University of Georgia. Built upon earlier bibliometric studies, this study seeks not only to examine a large data set of citations—larger than was possible in the previous studies—but also to examine citations within the context of individual writers, teachers, assignments, and library instruction, a move that allows the researchers to scrutinize and compare their own evaluations of and assumptions about student research. The authors conclude that neither library nor composition instruction alone yields the strongest student writing but that close collaboration between the two in both creating the assignment and delivering instruction is essential to supporting good student writing and research.
Five Strategies for Accelerating the War on Cancer in an Era of Budget Deficits
Authors: Doroshow James H. , Croyle Robert T. , Niederhuber John E.
Published: January 2009

In recent years, the National Institutes of Health’s largest institute, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), has adapted to difficult economic conditions by leveraging its robust infrastructure—which includes risk factor surveillance and population monitoring, research centers (focused on basic, translation, clinical, and behavioral sciences), clinical trials and health care research networks, and rigorously validated statistical models—to maximize the impact of scientific progress on the public health. To continue advancement and realize the opportunity of significant, population-level changes in cancer mortality, the NCI recommends that five national-level actions be taken: (1) significantly increase enrollment of Medicare patients into cancer clinical trials through adequate physician reimbursement, (2) increase NCI/Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services collaboration on clinical trials research to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, (3) establish a national outcomes research demonstration project to test strategies for measuring and improving health care quality and provide an evidence base for public policy, (4) leverage existing tobacco-control collaborations and possible new authorities at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to realize the outstanding health gains possible from a reduction in tobacco use, and (5) increase colorectal cancer screening rates though intensified collaboration between federal agencies working to address barriers to access and use of screening. These cost-effective strategies provide the opportunity for extraordinary results in an era of budget deficits. Of the chronic diseases, cancer has the strongest national research infrastructure that can be leveraged to produce rapid results to inform budget prioritization and public policy, as well as mobilize new projects to answer critical public health questions.
Acculturation and Sun-Safe Behaviors Among US Latinos: Findings From the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey
Authors: Andreeva Valentina A. , Unger Jennifer B. , Yaroch Amy L. , Cockburn Myles G. , Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes , Reynolds Kim D.
Published: January 2009

Objectives. We examined the relationship between acculturation and sun safety among US Latinos.

Methods. We used linear regression models to analyze data from 496 Latino respondents to the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey. Using sunscreen, seeking shade, and wearing protective clothing were the primary outcomes and were assessed by frequency scales. Acculturation was assessed with a composite index.

Results. In bivariate models, acculturation was negatively associated with use of shade and protective clothing and positively associated with sunscreen use (all, P < .004). In adjusted models, acculturation was negatively associated with seeking shade and wearing protective clothing across gender and region of residence (all, P < .05).

Conclusions. Our results demonstrated both adverse and beneficial effects of acculturation on Latinos’ risk behaviors relating to skin cancer. Education about sun safety is needed for all Latinos and should be tailored to different levels of acculturation. Initiatives for Latinos who are not yet acculturated could focus on reinforcing existing sun-safe behaviors and presenting new ones, such as use of sunscreen; initiatives for highly acculturated Latinos might require more resources because the objective is behavior modification.
Income-Related Health Inequalities in Canada and the United States: A Decomposition Analysis
Authors: McGrail Kimberlyn M. , van Doorslaer Eddy , Ross Nancy A. , Sanmartin Claudia
Published: January 2009

Objectives. We examined income-related inequalities in self-reported health in the United States and Canada and the extent to which they are associated with individual-level risk factors and health care system characteristics.

Methods. We estimated income inequalities with concentration indexes and curves derived from comparable survey data from the 2002 to 2003 Joint Canada–US Survey of Health. Inequalities were then decomposed by regression and decomposition analysis to distinguish the contributions of various factors.

Results. The distribution of income accounted for close to half of income-related health inequalities in both the United States and Canada. Health care system factors (e.g., unmet needs and health insurance status) and risk factors (e.g., physical inactivity and obesity) contributed more to income-related health inequalities in the United States than to those in Canada.

Conclusions. Individual-level health risk factors and health care system characteristics have similar associations with health status in both countries, but they both are far more prevalent and much more concentrated among lower-income groups in the United States than in Canada.
The Health and Health Care of US Prisoners: Results of a Nationwide Survey
Authors: Wilper Andrew P. , Woolhandler Steffie , Boyd J. Wesley , Lasser Karen E. , McCormick Danny , Bor David H. , Himmelstein David U.
Published: January 2009

Objectives. We analyzed the prevalence of chronic illnesses, including mental illness, and access to health care among US inmates.

Methods. We used the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails and the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities to analyze disease prevalence and clinical measures of access to health care for inmates.

Results. Among inmates in federal prisons, state prisons, and local jails, 38.5% (SE = 2.2%), 42.8% (SE = 1.1%), and 38.7% (SE = 0.7%), respectively, suffered a chronic medical condition. Among inmates with a mental condition ever treated with a psychiatric medication, only 25.5% (SE = 7.5%) of federal, 29.6% (SE = 2.8%) of state, and 38.5% (SE = 1.5%) of local jail inmates were taking a psychiatric medication at the time of arrest, whereas 69.1% (SE = 4.8%), 68.6% (SE = 1.9%), and 45.5% (SE = 1.6%) were on a psychiatric medication after admission.

Conclusions. Many inmates with a serious chronic physical illness fail to receive care while incarcerated. Among inmates with mental illness, most were off their treatments at the time of arrest. Improvements are needed both in correctional health care and in community mental health services that might prevent crime and incarceration.
Electrical and optical properties of a single Sb2Se3 nanorod
Authors: Ko T.Y. , Yang C.H. , Sun K. , Chang H.W. , Sarkar B. , Liu C.W.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we present the methods to chemically synthesize the Sb2Se3 nanorods and study the electrical and optical properties of a single Sb2Se3 nanorod with an average size of 70 nm in diameter and a length of about 1 μm to 2 μm. The techniques we devised can immobilize and allocate a single nano-object on an electron beam (E-beam) patterned smart substrate. It can also overcome the limitation of the spatial resolution of conventional optical techniques (∼ 1 mm) to obtain optical spectroscopy in an individual nano-object less than 100 nm in size. We also demonstrate the techniques in using E-beam defined metallic coordination markers as electrodes to measure the conductance of a single Sb2Se3 nanorod.
Dependence of the magnetic properties of MnGaN epitaxial layers on external electrical field
Authors: Alexandrov Dimiter
Published: January 2009

Investigation of the magnetic properties of MnGaN epitaxial layers as a function of external electrical field was performed on the basis of field effect structure. The structure included substrate of n-type GaN, epitaxial layer of n-type MnxGa1-xN, dielectric layer and metal layer acting as field effect device gate. Each Mn atom in MnxGa1-xN contributes 4 net spins due to the electrons occupying energy levels 4F, 4D, 4P and 4G belonging to 3d orbital, and these levels are in the energy band gap and in the top of the valence band of MnxGa1-xN. The position of the Fermi level is determined to be in the energy band gap of the layer of GaN and to be above the level 4F in the layer of MnxGa1-xN. In this way application of external negative voltage on the gate causes change in the number of electrons contributing net spins and the saturation magnetization Msat of MnxGa1-xN changes as well. It was found that Msat changes in the range 1.15 × 10−3–0.7 × 10−3 A μm−1 if the external voltage changes in the interval 0–−5V. The application of this structure for the design of spintronic devices is discussed in this paper.
Incidence of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Mthfr C677T Polymorphism Among Young Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Beletić Anđelo , Mirković Duško , Antonijević Nebojša , Đorđević Valentina , Šango Violeta , Jakovljević Branko , Peruničić Jovan , Ilić Mirka , Vasiljević Zorana , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: January 2009

Incidence of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Mthfr C677T Polymorphism Among Young Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Hyperhomocysteinemia is considered an independent risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease. Mutation MTHFR C677T reduces the activity of methylenetetra-hydrofolatereductase and may cause hyperhomocysteinemia. Incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia (homocysteine above 12 μmol/L), homocysteine level, and distribution of MTHFR C677T genotypes (C/C, C/T and T/T) are compared between young patients with acute myocardial infarction and healthy persons, matched by age. Study involved 86 patients younger than 45 years (77 men and 9 women) and 35 controls. Homocysteine was measured by an HPLC method and the MTHFR C677T genotype determined using PCR amplification and digestion with Hinf I. Statistical analyses included chisquare and Mann-Whitney U tests. Hyperhomocysteinemia was present in 32.6% patients and 14.3% controls, revealing a significant difference (P= 0.038). Median homocysteine levels in patients (10.4 μmol/L) and controls (9.6 μmol/L) were significantly different (P=0.035). Among patients, 50.0% had C/C, 41.9% C/T and 8.1% T/T genotype, and the genotype had no influence on hyperhomocysteinemia incidence and homocysteine level. Genotype distribution in patients was not significantly different from that observed in controls. The conclusion is that young patients with acute myocardial infarction have higher incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia and higher homocysteine levels than healthy young adults, while there is no significant difference in the distribution of MTHFR C677T genotypes.
Suspected Statin-Induced Respiratory Muscle Myopathy During Long-Term Inspiratory Muscle Training in a Patient With Diaphragmatic Paralysis
Authors: Chatham Ken , Gelder Colin M , Lines Thomas A , Cahalin Lawrence P
Published: January 2009

Background and Purpose

Abnormal lipids are associated with the development of coronary heart disease; for this reason, lipid-lowering agents have become a standard of care. The purposes of this case report are: (1) to highlight the association of impaired inspiratory muscle performance (IMP) with statin therapy and (2) to describe potentially useful methods of examining and treating people with known or suspected statin-induced skeletal myopathies (SISMs).

Case Description

The patient had breathlessness on exertion and a restrictive lung disorder from a right hemidiaphragmatic paralysis, for which he was prescribed high-intensity inspiratory muscle training (IMT). He had a secondary diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, which was treated with 40 mg of simvastatin after 5½ months of IMT.

Outcomes

The improvements in IMP, symptoms, and functional status obtained from almost 6 months of high-intensity IMT were lost after the commencement of simvastatin. However, 3 weeks after termination of simvastatin combined with high-intensity IMT, the patient's IMP, symptoms, and functional status exceeded pre-statin levels.

Discussion

This case report suggests that high-intensity IMT can be used effectively in a patient with impaired diaphragmatic function and during recovery from a respiratory SISM. The marked reduction in IMP and inability to perform IMT resolved with the cessation of statin therapy. The case report also highlights the potential effects of SISMs in all skeletal muscle groups. The clinical implications of this case report include the potential role of physical therapy in monitoring and possibly facilitating the spontaneous recovery of an SISM, as well as the need to investigate the IMP of a person with dyspnea and fatigue who is taking a statin.
Neural Network Analysis and Evaluation of the Fetal Heart Rate
Authors: Noguchi Yasuaki , Matsumoto Fujihiko , Maeda Kazuo , Nagasawa Takashi
Published: January 2009

The aim of the present study is to obtain a highly objective automatic fetal heart rate (FHR) diagnosis. The neural network software was composed of three layers with the back propagation, to which 8 FHR data, including sinusoidal FHR, were input and the system was educated by the data of 20 cases with a known outcome. The output was the probability of a normal, intermediate, or pathologic outcome. The neural index studied prolonged monitoring. The neonatal states and the FHR score strongly correlated with the outcome probability. The neural index diagnosis was correct. The completed software was transferred to other computers, where the system function was correct.
Energy Inputs in Food Crop Production in Developing and Developed Nations
Authors: Pimentel David
Published: January 2009

Detailed energy outputs and inputs were assessed for the following crops, cultured in the U.S. and developing countries: corn, wheat, rice, soy, potato, cassava, tomato, citrus and apple. In addition, the labor input for each crop was analyzed.
2-Amino- and 2-Alkylthio-4H-3,1-benzothiazin-4-ones: Synthesis, Interconversion and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Häcker Hans-Georg , Grundmann Florian , Lohr Friederike , Ottersbach Philipp A. , Zhou Jing , Schnakenburg Gregor , Gütschow Michael
Published: January 2009

The synthetic access to 2-sec-amino-4H-3,1-benzothiazin-4-ones 2 was explored. Compounds 2 were available from methyl 2-thioureidobenzoates 1, 2-thioureidobenzoic acids 3, and novel 2-thioureidobenzamides 6, respectively, under different conditions. 2-Alkylthio-4H-3,1-benzothiazin-4-ones 5 have been prepared from anthranilic acid following a two step route. Both, benzothiazinones 2 and 5 underwent ring cleavage reactions to produce thioureas 1 and 6, respectively. Twelve benzothiazinones were evaluated as inhibitors against a panel of eight proteases and esterases to identify one selective inhibitor of human cathepsin L, 2b, and one selective inhibitor of human leukocyte elastase, 5i.
La politique de la divergence.
Authors: Rios Pozzi Diego
Published: January 2009

RéSUMé. — L’objectif de ce texte est d’analyser la question du relativisme. L’auteur soutient que le relativisme admet deux interprétations. Selon la première, le relativisme est une thèse concernant l’impossibilité d’objectivité. D’après la deuxième, le relativisme est une thèse théorique qui nie l’existence des universaux anthropologiques, et a fortiori l’idée de la nature humaine. Dans ce texte, nous analysons uniquement la première version du relativisme. Du point de vue épistémologique, l’auteur isole deux arguments qui ont été fournis pour justifier la position relativiste et souligne les faiblesses de chacun d’entre eux. Du point de vue explicatif, il montre que le relativisme est incapable de rendre compte du comportement effectif des scientifiques, qui tentent inlassablement d’évaluer la vérité de leurs hypothèses en les confrontant à des données empiriques et à d’autres théories rivales.
Une théorie empirique de la justice sociale
Authors: Forsé Michel
Published: January 2009

RéSUMé. — Dans le cadre d’une approche kantienne de la justice sociale, plus que dans d’autres, la liaison réciproque entre théorie et données empiriques est pensée comme nécessaire. Des notions centrales de cette approche, telles que l’équilibre réfléchi, la raison publique ou le fait qu’il s’agisse d’une théorie ouverte, permettent d’en expliciter les raisons. Au total, et en suivant Rawls, on peut ici légitiment parler d’une théorie empirique de la justice sociale.
Une nouvelle étude de l'Apollon Chatsworth
Authors: Bouquillon Anne , Descamps Sophie , Hermary Antoine , Mille Benoît
Published: January 2009

Un nouveau document d’archive permet de reprendre le dossier de l’origine chypriote et de l’appartenance supposée à une seule et même statue de deux fragments de bronze : une tête, conservée au British Museum, et une jambe, conservée au Louvre et que seul mentionne le catalogue d’André De Ridder. Un vaste programme d’analyses a été mené par l’équipe du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, en étroite collaboration avec les conservateurs du British Museum ; il a permis de replacer l’Apollon Chatsworth dans le contexte du site de Tamassos et, plus largement, de la plastique en bronze à Chypre au V e  siècle av. J.-C. Ce travail autorise désormais à considérer comme à peu près certain le rapprochement entre la tête et la jambe et à dater la statue au V e  siècle et non au I er  siècle av. J.-C., comme on l’a parfois proposé pour des raisons techniques.
Bronzes oubliés de Suse
Authors: Amiet Pierre
Published: January 2009

Deux «bronzes très mutilés, signalés par G. Jequier en 1900, sont restés inédits. Le premier est un gros fragment d'une statue aussi importante que celle de Napir-Asu. Le second est un fragment de grand vase en cuivre, portant vraisemblablement une scène de victoire avec des vaincus demandant grâce.
Interdit d'interdire ? paradoxes étatsuniens
Authors: Bruyère Claire
Published: January 2009

Résumé Citoyens d’une nation fondée sur la défense de l’individu contre l’État et sur le droit à la contestation, les Américains sont particulièrement soucieux de préserver la liberté d’expression individuelle. Se basant sur l’étude de cette société, l’auteure cherche à établir si les cas où la « sécurité nationale » est en danger se distinguent radicalement de la pratique courante ou non. Elle constate que de nombreux énoncés de principe se retournent à l’occasion contre ceux qui les émettent. Ils sont aussi détournés à leur profit par des instances de pouvoir qui, sous divers prétextes, ne se contentent pas d’exprimer « leur » vérité, mais veulent l’imposer aux autres, érodant ainsi l’apprentissage et la pratique du débat d’idées.
D'Annunzio à l'usage des Français
Authors: Loué Thomas , Wilfert-Portal Blaise
Published: January 2009

Résumé La traduction et la publication des œuvres de Gabriele D’Annunzio dans la Revue de Paris et la Revue des Deux Mondes durant la première moitié des années 1890 permet de construire une série d’interrogations sur la négociation auteur-éditeur comme forme de censure. La mutilation du texte (censure fonctionnelle) est la condition d’expression d’un nationalisme littéraire dont la définition recouvre la réalité sociale d’un lectorat socialement situé dans ceux de ces grandes revues « littéraires et politiques », qui s’érigent ainsi en gardiennes des normes esthétiques et morales de la société, tout en construisant un espace littéraire national.
Combattre l'exclusion ?
Authors: Stettinger Vanessa
Published: January 2009

Résumé Durant trois ans (1994-1997), l’auteure a partagé une partie du temps des vendeurs de journaux de rue dans le métro parisien. C’est à partir de l’exemple londonien The Big Issue que sont successivement apparus en France, dès le printemps 1993, Macadam , Le Réverbère , La Rue , Faim de siècle . Cette nouvelle presse avait pour objectif de contribuer à l’insertion des personnes en situation de grande précarité. L’observation et le recueil de récits de vendeurs ont conduit l’auteure à l’analyse sociologique de cette activité, jusque-là peu étudiée par les sciences sociales. Ont alors été mis en lumière, chez ces vendeurs, leur expérience de la vente et leurs modes d’adaptation face à un « travail » dépourvu de règles et de contraintes. En dégageant les principales ressources dont ils font preuve, l’auteure souligne, à travers les portraits de quelques-uns d’entre eux, leur relation à cette activité et à leur vie quotidienne, ainsi que les limites d’initiatives visant à transformer des « mendiants » en « pauvres méritants ».
La gare de l'Est de Budapest
Authors: Bán Dávid
Published: January 2009

Résumé Si l’anthropologie urbaine est largement représentée en Europe et aux États-Unis, en revanche, en Hongrie, elle en est à ses balbutiements. Dans ce contexte, l’auteur étudie la gare de l’Est (Keleti) à Budapest, dans une perspective historique et sociologique. Il en décrit l’utilisation sociale et symbolique par les usagers, et cherche aussi à saisir la place du réseau ferroviaire et les conséquences de son expansion dans l’aménagement du territoire. Le développement urbain au cours du xix e  siècle a fait de Keleti une « porte ouverte » sur la ville et ses coulisses. Espace devenu multifonctionnel, la gare s’est progressivement vue dotée de services (accueil, billetterie) et de commerces (restaurant, presse) ouverts quasiment jour et nuit. C’est dans cette agora d’un nouveau type que se croisent quotidiennement travailleurs immigrés, banlieusards, touristes, gens de la ville, marginaux aussi bien qu’étrangers et autochtones. Dans le cadre du projet de sa rénovation, il devient patent, pour l’auteur, que les études des seuls urbanistes ne suffisent plus, la complexité du tissu social nécessitant de s’adjoindre les compétences des sciences sociales.
Fictions homériques et réalités insulaires
Authors: Cuisenier Jean
Published: January 2009

Résumé De la sagesse des mots, il faut s’instruire. Mais il faut aussi savoir se déprendre. À interroger L’Odyssée , une première opposition se profile entre les îles de fiction, celles que l’on ne connaît que par les récits de marins, et les îles réelles, celles que l’on habite ou que l’on connaît par une fréquentation régulière. Mais la description des premières ne livre pas moins d’informations que l’étude des secondes. Le périple des îles occidentales, toutes fictives en apparence, a en effet son histoire. Il codifie et fixe par écrit des instructions orales destinées aux marins et guerriers de l’époque protocoloniale ( ix e - vii e siècle av. J.-C.), sur la navigation et sur les singularités des peuples établis dans ces autres mondes. Ce faisant, il ébauche une anthropologie du monde occidental, tel que les Grecs contemporains d’Homère s’efforçaient de le penser. L’article se fonde sur l’interprétation précise des passages du texte d’Homère relatifs à la navigation, à la lumière des expéditions nautiques que l’auteur a dirigées en Méditerranée, au fil des années, avec le concours de spécialistes des disciplines scientifiques concernées, ethnographes, météorologues, historiens, linguistes, hellénistes.
La « base » de Kerguelen : les travaux et les jours
Authors: Giret Émilie
Published: January 2009

Résumé Partie six mois, durant l’hiver austral 2004, sur la base de Port-aux-Français, l’auteur a observé la vie des cinquante-cinq hivernants d’un point de vue ethnographique. La base se trouve sur l’archipel des Kerguelen, situé dans une des régions les plus inhospitalières et isolées du monde, dans le sud de l’océan Indien, sur les cinquantièmes hurlants. L’étude porte sur la vie insulaire des hivernants – leur confinement et leur isolement –, illustrée par des observations et des entretiens. Adaptant la forme d’un journal thématique, l’étude présente leurs évolutions comportementales et psychosociologiques au fil du temps.
Le deuxième bureau et la diplomatie secrète : les négociations Armand-Revertera de 1917
Authors: Bourlet Michaël
Published: January 2009

Le deuxième bureau et la diplomatie secrète : les négociations Armand-Revertera de 1917 En 1917, après de multiples réformes, le 2 e  bureau de l’EMA, organe de renseignement du ministre de la Guerre, qui recherche et exploite le renseignement militaire, a acquis, depuis le début des hostilités, une nouvelle dimension politique, stratégique, économique et militaire. Son chef, le lieutenant-colonel Antoine Goubet, croit progressivement dans la stratégie qui consiste à amener l’Autriche-Hongrie à conclure la paix aux dépens de l’Allemagne. L’occasion d’entrer en contact avec les autorités autrichiennes lui est fournie par un de ses subordonnés, le commandant Abel Armand. Quel rôle tient Goubet dans ces négociations secrètes ? Celles-ci illustrent le retour actif des officiers du 2 e  bureau de l’EMA dans les affaires de l’État. Néanmoins leur échec et l’arrivée de Clemenceau au pouvoir sonnent le glas des initiatives des militaires.