bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Groundwater‐surface water interaction, dissolved organic carbon oxidation and dissolution in carbonate aquifers
Authors: Oberhelman Andrew , Martin Jonathan B. , Flint Madison K.
Published: April 2024

The high primary porosity and permeability of eogenetic karst aquifers permit water recharged through secondary dissolution features to be temporarily stored in aquifer matrix porosity. The recharged water contains elevated dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations that, when oxidized, enhance limestone dissolution and impact carbon cycling. We evaluate the relationship between DOC oxidation and limestone dissolution using observations at a stream sink‐rise system and reversing spring in the Floridan aquifer, north‐central Florida, USA, where subsurface residence times of recharged water are days and months, respectively. We estimate water chemical compositions during surface water‐groundwater interactions at these two systems with mixing models of surface water and groundwater compositions and compare them with measured DOC, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), Ca2+ and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations. Differences between measured and modelled concentrations represent net changes that can be attributed to calcite dissolution and redox reactions, including DOC oxidation. DOC losses and Ca2+ gains exhibit significant (p < 0.01) inverse linear correlations at both the reversing spring (slope = −0.9, r2 = 0.99) and the sink‐rise system (slope = −0.4, r2 = 0.72). DOC oxidation in both systems was associated with decreases in the molar C:N ratio (DOC:DON). Significant (p < 0.01) positive linear correlations between increases in Ca2+ and DIC concentrations after correcting for DIC derived from calcite dissolution occurred at both the reversing spring (slope = 1.3, r2 = 0.99) and the sink‐rise system (slope = 1.61, r2 = 0.75). Greater deviations from the expected slope of −1 or +1 at the sink‐rise system than at the reversing spring indicate DOC oxidation contributes less dissolution at the sink‐rise system than at the reversing spring, likely from shorter storage in the subsurface. A portion of the deviation from expected slope values can be explained by the dissolution of Mg‐rich carbonate or dolomite rather than pure calcite dissolution. Despite this, slope values reflect kinetic effects controlling incomplete consumption of carbonic acid during dissolution reactions.
An infinite hidden Markov model with stochastic volatility
Authors: Li Chenxing , Maheu John M. , Yang Qiao
Published: April 2024

This paper extends the Bayesian semiparametric stochastic volatility (SV‐DPM) model. Instead of using a Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) to model return innovations, we use an infinite hidden Markov model (IHMM). This allows for time variation in the return density beyond that attributed to parametric latent volatility. The new model nests several special cases as well as the SV‐DPM. We also discuss posterior and predictive density simulation methods for the model. Applied to equity returns, foreign exchange rates, oil price growth and industrial production growth, the new model improves density forecasts, compared with the SV‐DPM, a stochastic volatility with Student's
innovations and other fat‐tailed volatility models.
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of sandstones in the Siziwang Banner, Central Inner Mongolia: Implication for tectonic evolution
Authors: Gao Jinhui , Li Weimin , Liu Yongjiang , Wen Quanbo , Liu Tongjun , Zhao Junfeng , Zhao Yingli , Zheng Shigang , Chen Tao
Published: April 2024

The central Inner Mongolia, located at the intersection of the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC) and the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is crucial for deciphering the Late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution associated with the subduction and closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean (PAO). Our study focused on petrology, detrital zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb geochronology and whole‐rock geochemistry for the Late Carboniferous to Permian sandstones within the Shuanmazhuang, Dahongshan, Naobaogou, and Laowopu formations in Siziwang Banner, central Inner Mongolia. This comprehensive analysis shed light on the dynamic interplay between the NCC and the South Mongolia Block. Detrital zircon U–Pb ages in investigated samples mainly cluster between 250 and 2650 Ma, with significant peaks at 2.4–2.5 Ga, 1.8–2.0 Ga, 400–430 Ma, and 250–320 Ma, respectively. The geochemistry data are characterized by SiO2 contents (56.29–77.95 wt. %), Na2O / K2O ratios (0.45–1.58) and SiO2/Al2O3 ratios between 4.33 and 7.44. Moreover, they exhibit the slight enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (Rb and Ba) and the depletion in high field strength elements (Nb, Ta, Th, and U). These facts indicate that the sedimentary detritus predominantly originates from felsic sources, probably deriving from the Late Carboniferous–Permian continental island arc‐related intermediate‐acid igneous rocks, the Late Ordovician‐Silurian magmatic rocks in the Bainaimiao arc and the basements of the NCC. Furthermore, our present results also suggest that during the Early–Middle Permian, accelerating oceanic crust subduction triggered significant magmatic events in Siziwang Banner, leading to rapid uplift and the erosion of arc magmatic rocks, as well as the abundant corresponding sediments. Subsequently, the gradual convergence and eventual collision between the NCC and the Southern Mongolian Block took place at the end of the Permian, representing final closure of the PAO.
Adapting and translating the ‘Hep B Story’ App the right way: A transferable toolkit to develop health resources with, and for, Aboriginal people
Authors: Binks Paula , Ross Cheryl , Gurruwiwi George Garambaka , Wurrawilya Shiraline , Alley Tiana , Bukulatjpi Sarah Mariyalawuy , Vintour‐Cesar Emily , Hosking Kelly , Davis Joshua S. , Hefler Marita , Davies Jane ,   The Hep B PAST Partnership Group
Published: April 2024

Issue Addressed

In 2014 the ‘Hep B Story App’, the first hepatitis B educational app in an Aboriginal language was released. Subsequently, in 2018, it was assessed and adapted before translation into an additional 10 Aboriginal languages. The translation process developed iteratively into a model that may be applied when creating any health resource in Aboriginal languages.

Methods

The adaptation and translation of the ‘Hep B Story’ followed a tailored participatory action research (PAR) process involving crucial steps such as extensive community consultation, adaptation of the original material, forward and back translation of the script, content accuracy verification, voiceover recording, and thorough review before the publication of the new version.

Results

Iterative PAR cycles shaped the translation process, leading to a refined model applicable to creating health resources in any Aboriginal language. The community‐wide consultation yielded widespread chronic hepatitis B education, prompting participants to share the story within their families, advocating for hepatitis B check‐ups. The project offered numerous insights and lessons, such as the significance of allocating sufficient time and resources to undertake the process. Additionally, it highlighted the importance of implementing flexible work arrangements and eliminating barriers to work for the translators.

Conclusions

Through our extensive work across the Northern Territory, we produced an educational tool for Aboriginal people in their preferred languages and developed a translation model to create resources for different cultural and linguistic groups.

So What?

This translation model provides a rigorous, transferable method for creating accurate health resources for culturally and linguistically diverse populations.
Quality evaluation of nutrition policies in early childhood education and care services in Nerang, QLD
Authors: Kirkegaard Amy , Anderson Nicole , Irwin Chris , Vincze Lisa
Published: April 2024

Issue Addressed

Food environments in early childhood, such as early childhood education and care services, influence the development of dietary patterns and behaviours that traverse into adulthood, where they affect health and longevity. Nutrition policies are mandatory in early childhood education and care services in Australia and can positively or negatively shape the food environment. However, the quality of such nutrition policies is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the comprehensiveness and strength of nutrition policies of early childhood education and care services among services participating in a university‐community alliance in South East Queensland.

Methods

Early childhood education and care services (n = 12) in Nerang, Queensland, Australia, participated in a cross‐sectional study evaluating the comprehensiveness and strength of nutrition policies across four domains (Nutrition Education, Nutrition Standards, Promoting Healthy Eating and Communication and Evaluation) of the Wellness in Child Care Assessment Tool.

Results

Nutrition policies evaluated in this study had median total comprehensiveness scores of 55 (out of 100) and median total strength scores of 19 (out of 100). ‘Nutrition Education’ had the highest median scores for comprehensiveness (67 out of 100) and strength (33 out of 100), while ‘Nutrition Standards’ had the lowest comprehensiveness score (41 out of 100), and ‘Communication and Evaluation’ had the lowest strength score (0 out of 100).

Conclusions

All services have a nutrition policy, but there are opportunities to enhance both the content and linguistic strength of statements within policies related to nutrition domains.

So What?

There is a clear need to improve the comprehensiveness and strength of written statements in nutrition policies across all four domains, particularly ‘Nutrition Standards’ and ‘Communication and Evaluation’.
Differences in characteristics between first‐ever foot ulcer and recurrent foot ulcer in patients with diabetes: Prospective observational study
Authors: Oe Makoto , Saad Supriadi Syafiie , Jais Suriadi , Sugama Junko
Published: April 2024

Background and Aims

More effective preventive care can potentially be provided if the characteristics of both the first ever and the recurrent foot ulcers can be clarified. The purpose of this study was to characterize first ever and recurrent foot ulcers in diabetic patients.

Methods

This study was conducted as a secondary analysis of a prospective study that was entitled: “Factors associated with the discontinuation of wound care specialist clinic visits in patients with diabetic foot ulcers.” In 73 diabetes‐related foot ulcer patients who visited one wound clinic in Indonesia between August 2020 and February 2021, we investigated characteristics of the patients and wounds, healing period, and cost.

Results

Trauma was shown to be the primary cause of the diabetic foot ulcer in both the first ever foot ulcer (n = 48) and recurrent foot ulcer (n = 25) patient groups (95.8% and 100.0%, respectively). The DMIST score for the first ever foot ulcer patients was significantly higher than the DMIST score for the recurrent foot ulcers. This was found to be especially the case in the first ever foot ulcer patients, as not only were there signs of inflammation (45.8%), but there were also signs of local infection (35.4%), or osteomyelitis and signs of local infection (14.6%) present. In the eight first ever foot ulcer patients and in the nine recurrent ulcer patients who were able to be followed through complete healing, the costs found for the first ever foot ulcer patients were significantly higher as compared to the costs for the recurrent foot ulcer patients.

Conclusion

To avoid diabetes‐related foot ulcers, specialized educational programs on trauma prevention need to be established. Moreover, patients without diabetes‐related foot ulcer histories should be educated regarding the need to undergo early consultations before developing any infections.
Information technology adoption and small and medium enterprise performance: Does information technology adoption reduce rural penalty in emerging and developing countries?
Authors: Ekeoma Chikadibia George
Published: April 2024

This study examines information technology (IT) adoption effects on the performance of small and medium enterprise (SMEs) in emerging markets and developing economies and how the locational challenges faced by rural SMEs could be reduced by IT adoption. Using 8466 firm‐level data from the 2022/2023 World Bank enterprise survey from 13 countries, across Europe and Central Asia, Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Sub‐Saharan Africa, we used the entropy balancing technique and tested the effects of IT adoption on the relationship between remoteness and firm performance. Our results show that IT adoption positively affects firm performance and moderates the remoteness‐performance relationship, indicating that IT adoption reduces the rural penalty faced by remote firms. These findings imply that modern firms with sophisticated production methods outperform traditional ones; therefore, adopting information technology would benefit traditional rural firms.
Systematic review and evidence gap assessment of the clinical, quality of life, and economic burden of alpha‐thalassemia
Authors: Musallam Khaled M. , Viprakasit Vip , Lombard Louise , Gilroy Keely , Rane Amey , Vinals Lydia , Tam Candice , Rizzo Maria , Coates Thomas D.
Published: April 2024

A recent evidence gaps assessment of the clinical, health‐related quality of life, and economic burden associated with α‐thalassemia is lacking. We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) following the methodological and reporting requirements of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews, using available literature over the past decade. This SLR identified a considerable evidence gap with regard to understanding the current burden of α‐thalassemia as evident from paucity of studies published in the past 10 years. The limited data available still indicate that patients with α‐thalassemia experience substantial morbidity and quality of life/economic burden that is generally comparable to patients with β‐thalassemia.
Metabolic causes of liver disease among adults living with HIV from low‐ and middle‐income countries: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Plaisy Marie Kerbie , Minga Albert K. , Wandeler Gilles , Murenzi Gad , Samala Niharika , Ross Jeremy , Lopez Alvaro , Mensah Ephrem , de Waal Renée , Kuniholm Mark H. , Diero Lameck , Salvi Sonali , Moreira Rodrigo , Attia Alain , Mandiriri Ardele , Shumbusho Fabienne , Goodrich Suzanne , Rupasinghe Dhanushi , Alarcon Paola , Maruri Fernanda , Perrazo Hugo , Jaquet Antoine ,   the Sentinel Research Network of the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Liver disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among persons living with HIV (PLHIV). While chronic viral hepatitis has been extensively studied in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), there is limited information about the burden of metabolic disorders on liver disease in PLHIV.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data collected between October 2020 and July 2022 from the IeDEA‐Sentinel Research Network, a prospective cohort enrolling PLHIV ≥40 years on antiretroviral treatment (ART) for ≥6 months from eight clinics in Asia, Americas, and central, East, southern and West Africa. Clinical assessments, laboratory testing on fasting blood samples and liver stiffness measurement (LSM)/controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) by vibration‐controlled transient elastography were performed. Multivariable logistic regression models assessed factors associated with liver fibrosis (LSM ≥7.1 kPa) and steatosis (CAP ≥248 dB/m). Population attributable fraction (PAF) of each variable associated with significant liver fibrosis was estimated using Levin's formula.

Results

Overall, 2120 PLHIV (56% female, median age 50 [interquartile range: 45−56] years) were included. The prevalence of obesity was 19%, 12% had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 29% had hypertension and 53% had dyslipidaemia. The overall prevalence of liver fibrosis and steatosis was 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1−8.4) and 28.4% (95% CI 26.5−30.7), respectively, with regional variability. Male sex at birth (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, CI 1.10−2.40), overweight/obesity (OR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.69−3.75), T2DM (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.46−3.47) and prolonged exposure to didanosine (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.46−6.49) were associated with liver fibrosis. Overweight/obesity and T2DM accounted for 42% and 11% of the PAF for liver fibrosis, while HBsAg and anti‐HCV accounted for 3% and 1%, respectively. Factors associated with steatosis included overweight/obesity (OR 4.25, 95% CI 3.29−5.51), T2DM (OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.47−2.88), prolonged exposure to stavudine (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.27−2.26) and dyslipidaemia (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.31−2.16).

Conclusions

Metabolic disorders were significant risk factors for liver disease among PLHIV in LMICs. Early recognition of metabolic disorders risk factors might be helpful to guide clinical and lifestyle interventions. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the causative natures of these findings.
The brothers are watching: The peer monitoring mechanism of rivalry in reducing cheating behavior at work
Authors: Mo Ruo , Andiappan Meena
Published: April 2024

The consensus of the literature has suggested that competition prompts individuals to act unethically. However, prior research that explored the ethical implication of competition has largely ignored the role of contexts within its examination—studying competition generally independent of other social relationships/actors. Drawing on the relational perspective of competition (i.e., rivalry), we propose that broader social relationships in which rivalry relationships are embedded will give rise to alternative psychological processes that can account for a curbing effect of rivalry on workplace cheating behavior. Results from one pre‐registered experiment and three surveys on working professionals suggest that exposure to rivalry leads to a heightened perception of peer monitoring, which in turn is associated with lower cheating behavior at work. We further find that the effect of rivalry on the perception of peer monitoring is stronger (weaker) when employees' leader–member exchange (LMX) relationship with their supervisor is lower (higher), highlighting the significance of other social actors in the rivalry process. This research complements the literature with a balanced perspective regarding the ethical implication of competition and contributes to the theory building of rivalry by providing an interpersonal lens to the psychology of rivalry.
Effect of low pressure on the properties of short‐chain fluorocarbon surfactants and their application in aqueous film‐forming foam extinguishing agent
Authors: Zhu Xinhua , Huang He , Jia Xuhong , Zhang Yuqiang
Published: April 2024

Surface properties of three fluorocarbon surfactants with different carbon chain lengths were studied at low pressures of 94.6, 74.1 and 61.0 kPa, respectively. The results showed that the saturation adsorption capacity and the critical micelle concentration (CMC) decreased, while the average molecular area (AS) and the surface tension at CMC (γCMC) of fluorocarbon surfactants increased with decreasing pressure. The surface tension (γ) decreased with the decrease of pressure when the concentration of fluorocarbon surfactants was low. However, γ tended to be stable and increased with the drop of pressure when the concentration of surfactants was close or reach to CMC. In addition, the foaming and spreading performance of fluorocarbon surfactants decrease with the decrease of pressure, and the combination of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants is beneficial to the improvement of performance (mixed systems: foam expansion E>6, 25% drainage time t25%>241 s, 1/2 defoaming time t1/2>851 s, spreading amount Vs>223 μL, spreading time ts<2 s). Further fire extinguishing experiment found that the influence of low pressure environment on fuel combustion characteristics is the key factor to determine fire extinguishing performance, while the influence of aqueous film‐forming foam (AFFF) performance is small. And AFFF based on the environmental‐friendly surfactant C4F9SO2NH(CH2)2N+(CH3)2CH2BrCH2OH (FC‐4) is an effective fire extinguishing agent under low pressure.
Hybrid operating room applications for precision hepatobiliary surgery: A narrative review
Authors: Pilz da Cunha Gabriela , van Delden Otto M. , Kazemier Geert , Vahrmeijer Alexander L. , Bonjer H. Jaap , Meijerink Martijn R. , Swijnenburg Rutger‐Jan
Published: April 2024

This review summarizes the key applications of a hybrid operating room (HOR) in hepatobiliary surgery and explores the advantages, limitations, and future directions of its utilization. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed to identify articles reporting on the utilization of HORs in liver surgery. So far, the HOR has been limitedly applied in hepatobiliary surgery. It can offer an optimal environment for combining radiological and surgical interventions and for performing image‐guided surgical navigation.
An Alternative Explanation of the Microscopic Dynamics of Cyclic Polymers
Authors: Ngai Kia L.
Published: April 2024

According to recent reviews and experiments, some key dynamic properties of cyclic polymers from neutron spin echo spectroscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and rheological measurements are at variance with the predictions from theories based on motions restricted by fixed obstacles. These dynamic properties including non‐Gaussianity, heterogeneity, and subdiffusive center of mass mean square displacements turn out to be hallmarks of cooperative dynamics found in entangled linear polymers, and in other many‐units interacting systems that are not polymers. The current situation suggests new theory emphasizing that cooperative many‐chain dynamics is needed to explain the properties. The Coupling Model is such a theory. Its predictions are applied to the dynamic properties of cyclic polymers here to show consistency with experiments and simulations.
Supported nondominated points as a representation of the nondominated set: An empirical analysis
Authors: Sayın Serpil
Published: April 2024

The nondominated set of a multiple objective discrete optimization problem is known to contain unsupported nondominated points, which outnumber the supported ones and are more difficult to obtain. We treat supported nondominated points as a representation and analyse their quality using different metrics beyond their sheer numbers. Under different data generation schemes on multiobjective knapsack and assignment problems, we observe that supported nondominated points almost always provide a good representation of the entire nondominated set.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of on‐chip silicon‐on‐insulator waveguide methane sensor
Authors: Xu Zhenheng , Tian Bing , Fan Xiaopeng , Wei Jie , Tan Zejie , Lv Qiancheng , Zheng Chuantao
Published: April 2024

Compared to discrete gas sensors, on‐chip waveguide gas sensors show a wide range of application scenarios due to their small size, light weight, and low power consumption. An on‐chip silicon‐on‐insulator waveguide methane (CH4) sensor was proposed. The optimal waveguide length was determined to be 2.2 cm through theoretical analysis. By targeting an absorption line located at 3291 nm, on‐chip methane measurements were conducted using the established waveguide sensor system. The 1σ limit of detection of the waveguide sensor was measured to be 662 parts‐per‐million and the dynamic response time was 1.6 s. This work verifies the feasibility of the waveguide gas sensor and provides technical support for future research work on fully integrated waveguide sensors.
Conception and implementation of an MRI‐compatible device to elicit the bulbocavernosus reflex for an open spinal cord study
Authors: Hoffman Kristopher A. , Mazeaud Charles , Salazar Betsy H. , Thompson Laura N. , Stampas Argyrios , Karmonik Christof , Khavari Rose
Published: April 2024

Objective

Functional MRI (fMRI) can be employed to assess neuronal activity in the central nervous system. However, investigating the spinal cord using fMRI poses several technical difficulties. Enhancing the fMRI signal intensity in the spinal cord can improve the visualization and analysis of different neural pathways, particularly those involved in bladder function. The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) is an excellent method for evaluating the integrity of the sacral spinal cord. Instead of stimulating the glans penis or clitoris, the BCR can be simulated comfortably by tapping the suprapubic region. In this study, we explain the necessity and development of a device to elicit the simulated BCR (sBCR) via suprapubic tapping while conducting an fMRI scan.

Methods

The device was successfully tested on a group of 20 healthy individuals. Two stimulation task block protocols were administered (empty vs. full bladder). Each block consisted of 40 s of suprapubic tapping followed by 40 s of rest, and the entire sequence was repeated four times.

Results

Our device can reliably and consistently elicit sBCR noninvasively as demonstrated by electromyographic recording of pelvic muscles and anal winking. Participants did note mild to moderate discomfort and urge to void during the full bladder task.

Conclusion

Our device demonstrates an efficacious approach to elicit sBCR within an MRI bore to assess sacral spinal cord functional activity without generating any significant motion artifacts.

Significance

This device can explore the mechanisms and processes controlling urinary, digestive, or sexual function within this region in humans.
Enantioselective separation of (±)‐epinephrine by chiral acidic molecularly imprinted polymer
Authors: Alotaibi Fatimah A
Published: April 2024

In this study, we look into how poly[(4‐styrenesulfonic acid)‐co‐(4‐vinylpyridine)] crosslinked with divinylbenzene can be used as a copolymeric material to effectively recognize l‐epinephrine (L‐EP) and chirally separate (±)‐EP. It was first possible to synthesize and analyze L‐EP‐styrene‐4‐sulfonamide (L‐EP‐SSA). The resulting chiral sulfonamide was used to copolymerize with a 4‐vinylpyridine–divinylbenzene mixture. The integrated L‐EP species were removed by heating the polymer materials under strong alkaline conditions to degrade the sulfonamide links, followed by acidification in HCl solution. The imprinted L‐EP‐IP materials were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The produced L‐EP‐IP displayed selectivity characteristics indicative of an affinity for L‐EP almost eleven times higher than that for d‐epinephrine (D‐EP). At a pH of 7, Langmuir adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximal capacity of 165 mg g−1. Following optical separation by means of a column method, enantiomeric excess levels of L‐ and D‐EP in the initial feeding and subsequent recovering solutions were calculated to be 93% and 80%, respectively. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
A K homology (KH) domain protein identified by a forward genetic screen affects bundle sheath anatomy in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Bano Zahida , Westhoff Peter
Published: April 2024

Because of their photosynthetic capacity, leaves function as solar panels providing the basis for the growth of the entire plant. Although the molecular mechanisms of leaf development have been well studied in model dicot and monocot species, a lot of information is still needed about the interplay of the genes that regulate cell division and differentiation and thereby affect the photosynthetic performance of the leaf. We were specifically interested in understanding the differentiation of mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in Arabidopsis thaliana and aimed to identify genes that are involved in determining bundle sheath anatomy. To this end, we established a forward genetic screen by using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for mutagenizing a reporter line expressing a chloroplast‐targeted green fluorescent protein (sGFP) under the control of a bundle sheath‐specific promoter. Based on the GFP fluorescence phenotype, numerous mutants were produced, and by pursuing a mapping‐by‐sequencing approach, the genomic segments containing mutated candidate genes were identified. One of the lines with an enhanced GFP fluorescence phenotype (named ELEVATED BUNDLE SHEATH CELLS SIGNAL 1 [ebss1]) was selected for further study, and the responsible gene was verified by CRISPR/Cas9‐based mutagenesis of candidate genes located in the mapped genomic segment. The verified gene, At2g25970, encodes a K homology (KH) domain‐containing protein.
Covariate modeling in pharmacometrics: General points for consideration
Authors: Sanghavi Kinjal , Ribbing Jakob , Rogers James A. , Ahmed Mariam A. , Karlsson Mats O. , Holford Nick , Chasseloup Estelle , Ahamadi Malidi , Kowalski Kenneth G. , Cole Susan , Kerwash Essam , Wade Janet R. , Liu Chao , Wang Yaning , Trame Mirjam N. , Zhu Hao , Wilkins Justin J. ,   for the ISoP Standards & Best Practices Committee
Published: April 2024

Modeling the relationships between covariates and pharmacometric model parameters is a central feature of pharmacometric analyses. The information obtained from covariate modeling may be used for dose selection, dose individualization, or the planning of clinical studies in different population subgroups. The pharmacometric literature has amassed a diverse, complex, and evolving collection of methodologies and interpretive guidance related to covariate modeling. With the number and complexity of technologies increasing, a need for an overview of the state of the art has emerged. In this article the International Society of Pharmacometrics (ISoP) Standards and Best Practices Committee presents perspectives on best practices for planning, executing, reporting, and interpreting covariate analyses to guide pharmacometrics decision making in academic, industry, and regulatory settings.
Investigation of unexpected silane ions caused by gas‐phase reactions in Orbitrap gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Hu Jingxin , Chen Chunying , Zhou Haiyun , Zhang Li , Yan Sujun , Liang Hui
Published: April 2024

Rationale

The mass spectra of compounds containing dimethyl (phenyl)silyl group (‐SiMe2Ph) sometimes exhibit unusual ion peaks when measured using Orbitrap gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). This would complicate the mass spectra and may limit the matching of spectral data with preexisting resources for compound annotation. These peaks were identified as products from reactions with residual water.

Methods

A series of dimethyl (phenyl)silyl compounds were dissolved in methanol and investigated using Orbitrap GC–MS. Certain ions reacted with residual water in the C‐trap. The reaction was confirmed using accurate mass and elemental composition analysis via MS studies, and the active center of the reaction was determined using density functional theory (DFT) calculations.

Results

Two types of gas‐phase reactions between gaseous water and cations from a series of silanes were identified. DFT calculations indicate that silicon (Si) acts as the active center for these gas‐phase water reactions. Compounds with multiple Si atoms generate a larger number of additional ions, which would complicate the mass spectra. The mass spectra of vinylsilanes and alkylsilanes with ‐SiMe2Ph indicate that the conjugated group linked to ‐SiMe2Ph can affect the water adduction process.

Conclusions

Silane ions could react with residual water in the C‐trap of an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The mass spectra of these compounds may exhibit unexplained peaks arising from gas‐phase reactions. Although these reactions may decrease spectral matching scores for compound annotation, they offer opportunities for systematic investigations into the mechanistic and kinetic aspects of high‐energy ion reactivity.
Structural characterization of fatty acid anions via gas‐phase charge inversion using Mg(tri‐butyl‐terpyridine)22+ reagent ions
Authors: Nsiah Sarah T. , Fabijanczuk Kimberly C. , McLuckey Scott A.
Published: April 2024

Rationale

Free fatty acids and lipid classes containing fatty acid esters are major components of lipidome. In the absence of a chemical derivatization step, FA anions do not yield all of the structural information that may be of interest under commonly used collision‐induced dissociation (CID) conditions. A line of work that avoids condensed‐phase derivatization takes advantage of gas‐phase ion/ion chemistry to charge invert FA anions to an ion type that provides the structural information of interest using conventional CID. This work was motivated by the potential for significant improvement in overall efficiency for obtaining FA chain structural information.

Methods

A hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion‐trap tandem mass spectrometer that has been modified to enable the execution of ion/ion reaction experiments was used to evaluate the use of 4,4′,4″‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine (ttb‐Terpy) as the ligand in divalent magnesium complexes for charge inversion of FA anions.

Results

Mg(ttb‐Terpy)22+ complexes provide significantly improved efficiency in producing structurally informative products from FA ions relative to Mg(Terpy)22+ complexes, as demonstrated for straight‐chain FAs, branched‐chain FAs, unsaturated FAs, and cyclopropane‐containing FAs. It was discovered that most of the structurally informative fragmentation from [FA‐H + Mg(ttb‐Terpy)]+ results from the loss of a methyl radical from the ligand followed by radical‐directed dissociation (RDD), which stands in contrast to the charge‐remote fragmentation (CRF) believed to be operative with the [FA‐H + Mg(Terpy)]+ ions.

Conclusions

This work demonstrates that a large fraction of product ions from the CID of ions of the form [FA‐H + Mg(ttb‐Terpy)]+ are derived from RDD of the FA backbone, with a very minor fraction arising from structurally uninformative dissociation channels. This ligand provides an alternative to previously used ligands for the structural characterization of FAs via CRF.
Endobronchial cryptococcosis without pulmonary parenchymal involvement caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in an immunocompetent host
Authors: Shimanuki Yui , Sakamoto Susumu , Yoshida Hiromichi , Iizuka Noboru , Miyoshi Shion , Sonobe Satoshi , Tochigi Naobumi , Kishi Kazuma
Published: April 2024

Cryptococcus is a yeast‐like fungus. Pulmonary lesions caused by Cryptococcus neoformans typically present as single or multiple nodules or infiltrative lesions in the lungs; however, endobronchial lesions are rare. A 40‐year‐old previously healthy Japanese man was referred to our hospital due to an abnormality detected on chest computed tomography. The analysis revealed focal bronchiectasis and bronchial wall thickening in the right upper lobe, which persisted for 6 months. Bronchoscopy showed reddish and edematous mucosa, stenosed bronchi (right B1 and B3), and white moss at the bifurcation of the right upper bronchus. Transbronchial biopsy revealed numerous yeast‐like fungi and an encapsulated body. Bronchial washing for fungus culture identified Cryptococcus neoformans. Although analysis for serum cryptococcal antigen was negative, bronchoscopy led to a definitive diagnosis. Antifungal treatment improved the bronchial wall thickening. This is a rare case of endobronchial cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans without pulmonary parenchymal involvement in an immunocompetent host.
Quantum Dots on a String: In Situ Observation of Branching and Reinforcement Mechanism of Electrospun Fibers
Authors: Lou Lihua , Dolmetsch Tyler , Aguiar Brandon A. , Mohammed Sohail Mazher Ali Khan , Agarwal Arvind
Published: April 2024

Immobilization of quantum dots (QDs) on fiber surfaces has emerged as a robust approach for preserving their functional characteristics while mitigating aggregation and instability issues. Despite the advancement, understanding the impacts of QDs on jet‐fiber evolution during electrospinning, QDs‐fiber interface, and composites functional behavior remains a knowledge gap. The study adopts a high‐speed imaging methodology to capture the immobilization effects on the QDs‐fiber matrix. In situ observations reveal irregular triangular branches within the QDs‐fiber matrix, exhibiting distinctive rotations within a rapid timeframe of 0.00667 ms. The influence of FeQDs on Taylor cone dynamics and subsequent fiber branching velocities is elucidated. Synthesis phenomena are correlated with QD‐fiber's morphology, crystallinity, and functional properties. PAN‐FeQDs composite fibers substantially reduced (50–70%) nano‐fibrillar length and width while their diameter expanded by 17%. A 30% enhancement in elastic modulus and reduction in adhesion force for PAN‐FeQDs fibers is observed. These changes are attributed to chemical and physical intertwining between the FeQDs and the polymer matrix, bolstered by the shifts in the position of C≡N and C═C bonds. This study provides valuable insights into the quantum dot‐fiber composites by comprehensively integrating and bridging jet‐fiber transformation, fiber structure, nanomechanics, and surface chemistry.
Halogenated 9H‐Indeno[1,2‐b]Pyrazine‐2,3‐Dicarbonitrile End Groups Based Asymmetric Non‐Fullerene Acceptors for Green Solvent‐Processable, Additive‐Free, and Stable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gopikrishna Peddaboodi , Choi Huijeong , Kim Do Hui , Lee Dongchan , Hwang Jun Ho , Jin Seon‐Mi , Lee Eunji , Cho Shinuk , Kim BongSoo
Published: April 2024

Non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) significantly enhance photovoltaic performance in organic solar cells (OSCs) using halogenated solvents and additives. However, these solvents are environmentally detrimental and unsuitable for industrial‐scale production, and the issue of OSCs’ poor long‐term stability persists. This report introduces eight asymmetric NFAs (IPCnF‐BBO‐IC2F, IPCnF‐BBO‐IC2Cl, IPCnCl‐BBO‐IC2F, and IPCnCl‐BBO‐IC2Cl, where n = 1 and 2). These NFAs comprise a 12,13‐bis(2‐butyloctyl)‐3,9‐diundecyl‐12,13‐dihydro‐[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4‐e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2‐g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno‐[3,2‐b]indole (BBO) core. One end of the core attaches to a mono‐ or di‐halogenated 9H‐indeno[1,2‐b]pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile (IPC) end group (IPC1F, IPC1Cl, IPC2F, or IPC2Cl), while the other end connects to a 2‐(5,6‐dihalo‐3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (IC) end group (IC2F or IC2Cl). The optical and electronic properties of these NFAs can be finely tuned by controlling the number of halogen atoms. Crucially, these NFAs demonstrate excellent compatibility with PM6 even in o‐xylene, facilitating the production of additive‐free OSCs. The di‐halogenated IPC‐based NFAs outperform their mono‐halogenated counterparts in photovoltaic performance within OSCs. Remarkably, the di‐halogenated IPC‐based NFAs maintain 94‒98% of their initial PCEs over 2000 h in air without encapsulation, indicating superior long‐term device stability. These findings imply that the integration of di‐halogenated IPCs in asymmetric NFA design offers a promising route to efficient, stable OSCs manufactured through environmentally friendly processes.
First molecular subtyping and zoonotic significance of Blastocystis sp. in Dromedary (C. dromedarius) and Bactrian (C. bactrianus) camels in Iran: A molecular epidemiology and review of available literature
Authors: Asghari Ali , Yousefi Amirhosein , Badali Roya , Mohammadi Mohammad Reza , Shamsi Laya , Maleki Farajolah , Bahrami Ali Mohammad
Published: April 2024

Background

Blastocystis sp. is a zoonotic protozoan parasite, and there is limited information about its molecular prevalence and subtypes (STs) distribution in camels globally, especially in Iran.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the prevalence, STs distribution, and zoonotic potential of Blastocystis sp. in one‐humped and two‐humped camels in Ardabil province, northwestern Iran.

Methods

A PCR‐sequencing tool using the SSU rRNA gene was employed to examine the occurrence and genetic variation of Blastocystis sp. in 150 faecal samples from Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus, 50 samples) and Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius, 100 samples) camels in Ardabil province.

Results

The overall prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in camels was determined to be 12% (18/150) through microscopy and PCR analyses. Phylogenetically, this study identified three distinct zoonotic STs: ST7, ST10, and ST14. ST10 was the most prevalent, comprising 50% (9/18) of the isolated STs from camels. ST14 closely followed with 38.9% (7/18), while ST7 made up 11.1% (2/18) of the total STs. In brief, ST10, ST14, and ST7 represented 50% (7/14), 35.7% (5/14), and 14.3% (2/14) of the Blastocystis‐positive cases in one‐humped camels, respectively. Further, each of the ST10 and ST14 accounted for 50% (2/4) of the Blastocystis‐positive samples in two‐humped camels. An analysis of the available data reveals that out of the 37–44 identified Blastocystis STs, 15 (ST1–ST7, ST10, ST14, ST15, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26, and ST30) have been reported in camels. The predominant STs observed are ST10 and ST14. Furthermore, among the 15 zoonotic STs (ST1–ST10, ST12–ST14, ST16, and ST23) of Blastocystis reported thus far, nine zoonotic STs (ST1–ST7, ST10, and ST14) have been found in camels.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that camels serve as a proper reservoir for a diverse array of Blastocystis STs and thereby can play a significant role in the transmission of this protozoan infection to humans, animals, and water reservoirs.
Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification/anammox in an IFAS process
Authors: Bachmann Megan , Parsons Mike , Klaus Stephanie , Kurt Halil , Chandran Kartik , Stockard Daniel , Wells George , De Clippeleir Haydee , Bott Charles
Published: April 2024

This study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102 days after startup. Although the glycerol‐fed reactor achieved a higher steady‐state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6 ± 0.3 g/m2/day) in comparison with the methanol‐fed reactor (1.2 ± 0.2 g/m2/day), both the glycerol‐ and methanol‐fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39 ± 0.2 g/m2/day and 0.40 ± 0.2 g/m2/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40–0.50 g/g, the methanol‐fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50 ± 1.2 mg/L) than the glycerol‐fed reactor (4.43 ± 1.6 mg/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost‐saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria.

Practitioner Points

Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources.

The methanol‐fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol‐fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite.

Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition.

Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 g/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions.
Fan and Ludic Practices for Enhancing EFL Writing and Reflection
Authors: Vazquez-Calvo Boris , York James
Published: April 2024

Fan and ludic teaching practices can enhance student engagement and the meaningfulness of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) activities in both English teaching and teacher training courses. To elucidate, fan teaching practices integrate fan cultures and interests into the learning experience, while ludic ones employ playful objects and methods for educational purposes. Inspired by these approaches, we introduce Story by Memes as an exemplary activity sequence. Tailored to set the tone for an EFL teacher training course, the activity challenges advanced EFL learners and student teachers to design a digital multimodal composition. They achieve this by harnessing the power of memes: humorously captioned digital images crafted to spotlight distinct ideas or jests. Beyond creativity, Story by Memes paves the way for enriched discourse and pragmatic language performance; sparks deep metacognitive reflection on writing, digital discourse, and new literacies; and serves to make visible participants’ identities as fans, language learners, and prospective language teachers. With its adaptable nature, this activity is suitable for a spectrum of target languages, diverse learner demographics, and varied pedagogical goals. The result is a deeply resonant learning experience that not only harnesses authentic language use but also reflects learners’ everyday literacy practices.
Self-Interest and the Common Good in Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Heydt Colin
Published: April 2024

In this chapter, I taxonomize early modern modes of relating self-interest and the common good. I discuss Protestant natural law theory, republicanism, utilitarianism, and—my main focus—Scottish social thought from Adam Smith and others. My aim is twofold. First, historically, I lay out the conceptual field for the early modern relation of self-interest and the common good while giving special attention to Scottish innovations. Second, from a philosophical point of view, I argue that the Scottish theory of the common good offers some of the best conceptual resources for considering the relation of individual and community in present-day large, industrial nation-states and empires. More specifically, I claim that the Scots develop a concept of the common good that is (1) more social and economic than its alternatives, (2) more systemic and less dependent on the psychology and intentions of individuals, and (3) less tied to thick notions of community (including the state) and more amenable to empire. I conclude by bringing out the significance of these claims for our thinking about self-interest, the common good, and community.
Interpreting Aristotle’s Concept of the Common Good
Authors: Celano Anthony J.
Published: April 2024

Providing a definitive interpretation of many ideas in Aristotle’s moral and political works has proved to be a difficult task for his commentators, both ancient and modern. The relation between the individual human good and the communal good is a particularly complex problem, especially because of its association with complicated notions of human happiness, practical wisdom, and contemplative and political virtue. This chapter considers the question of the superiority of the common good over individual happiness in light of these accompanying ideas. The many conflicting explanations of these doctrines are the result of Aristotle’s method of providing only general principles and a broad outline of moral concepts. That there may never be a consensus on the exact meaning of many of Aristotle’s ideas may not be a weakness in his work but rather a strength, which he himself had envisaged, since he allows the practically wise person to determine the best course of action in order to attain human goodness.