bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
miR-223 Inhibits Lipid Deposition and Inflammation by Suppressing Toll-Like Receptor 4 Signaling in Macrophages
Authors: Wang Jun , Bai Xiaojun , Song Qiang , Fan Fenling , Hu Zhi , Cheng Gesheng , Zhang Yushun
Published: October 2015

Atherosclerosis and its complications rank as the leading cause of death with the hallmarks of lipid deposition and inflammatory response. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently garnered increasing interests in cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the function of miR-223 and the underlying mechanism in atherosclerosis. In the atherosclerotic ApoE−/− mice models, an obvious increase of miR-223 was observed in aortic atherosclerotic lesions. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages, its expression was decreased. The miR-223 overexpression significantly attenuated macrophage foam cell formation, lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which were reversed by anti-miR-223 inhibitor transfection. Mechanism assay corroborated that miR-223 negatively regulated the activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Pretreatment with a specific inhibitor of NF-κB (pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, PDTC) strikingly abrogated miR-223 silence-induced lipid deposition and inflammatory cytokine production. Furthermore, PI3K/AKT was activated by miR-223 up-regulation. Pretreatment with PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 strikingly ameliorated the inhibitory effects of miR-223 on the activation of TLR4 and p65, concomitant with the increase in lipid deposition and inflammatory cytokine production. Together, these data indicate that miR-223 up-regulation might abrogate the development of atherosclerosis by blocking TLR4 signaling through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, and provides a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
(−)-Epicatechin-3-O-β-d-allopyranoside from Davallia formosana, Prevents Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia by Regulation of Glucose Transporter 4 and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation in High-Fat-Fed Mice
Authors: Shih Chun-Ching , Wu Jin-Bin , Jian Jia-Ying , Lin Cheng-Hsiu , Ho Hui-Ya
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the antidiabetic and lipid-lowering effects of (−)-epicatechin-3-O-β-d-allopyranoside (BB) from the roots and stems of Davallia formosana in mice. Animal treatment was induced by high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (control diet, CD). After eight weeks of HFD or CD exposure, the HFD mice were treating with BB or rosiglitazone (Rosi) or fenofibrate (Feno) or water through gavage for another four weeks. However, at 12 weeks, the HFD-fed group had enhanced blood levels of glucose, triglyceride (TG), and insulin. BB treatment significantly decreased blood glucose, TG, and insulin levels. Moreover, visceral fat weights were enhanced in HFD-fed mice, accompanied by increased blood leptin concentrations and decreased adiponectin levels, which were reversed by treatment with BB. Muscular membrane protein levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) were reduced in HFD-fed mice and significantly enhanced upon administration of BB, Rosi, and Feno. Moreover, BB treatment markedly increased hepatic and skeletal muscular expression levels of phosphorylation of AMP-activated (adenosine monophosphate) protein kinase (phospho-AMPK). BB also decreased hepatic mRNA levels of phosphenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), which are associated with a decrease in hepatic glucose production. BB-exerted hypotriglyceridemic activity may be partly associated with increased mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), and with reduced hepatic glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) mRNA levels in the liver, which decreased triacylglycerol synthesis. Nevertheless, we demonstrated BB was a useful approach for the management of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia in this animal model.
Folic Acid Inhibits Amyloid β-Peptide Production through Modulating DNA Methyltransferase Activity in N2a-APP Cells
Authors: Li Wen , Jiang Mingyue , Zhao Shijing , Liu Huan , Zhang Xumei , Wilson John , Huang Guowei
Published: October 2015

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease resulting in progressive dementia, and is a principal cause of dementia among older adults. Folate acts through one-carbon metabolism to support the methylation of multiple substrates. We hypothesized that folic acid supplementation modulates DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity and may alter amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) production in AD. Mouse Neuro-2a cells expressing human APP695 were incubated with folic acid (2.8–40 μmol/L), and with or without zebularine (the DNMT inhibitor). DNMT activity, cell viability, Aβ and DNMTs expression were then examined. The results showed that folic acid stimulated DNMT gene and protein expression, and DNMT activity. Furthermore, folic acid decreased Aβ protein production, whereas inhibition of DNMT activity by zebularine increased Aβ production. The results indicate that folic acid induces methylation potential-dependent DNMT enzymes, thereby attenuating Aβ production.
Effect of Extrusion on the Mechanical and Rheological Properties of a Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid): Reprocessing and Recycling of Biobased Materials
Authors: Peinado Víctor , Castell Pere , García Lidia , Fernández Ángel
Published: October 2015

The aim of this research paper is to study the behaviour of a common used biopolymer (Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)) after several reprocesses and how two different types of additives (a melt strength enhancer and a nanoadditive) affect its mechanical and rheological properties. Systematic extraction of extrudate samples from a twin-screw compounder was done in order to study the effect in the properties of the reprocessed material. Detailed rheological tests on a capillary rheometer as well as mechanical studies on a universal tensile machine after preparation of injected specimens were carried out. Results evidenced that PLA and reinforced PLA materials can be reprocessed and recycled without a remarkable loss in their mechanical properties. Several processing restrictions and specific phenomena were identified and are explained in the present manuscript.
A Micro Rectangular-Shaped Long-Period Fiber Grating Coated With Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Thin Overlay For Magnetic Sensing
Authors: Wang Sheng-Feng , Chiang Chia-Chin
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we provide a novel micro rectangular-shaped long-period fiber grating (MRSLPFG) coated with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as the sensing material and packaged in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for magnetic sensing application. The micro rectangular-shaped grating structures are fully dip coated with the magnetic fluid and heated to form a thin solid film. This thin overlay is used as the sensing media to measure the external magnetic flux density parallel to the optical fiber axis. According to our experimental results, the phenomenon of the transmission loss of the MRSLPFG magnetic sensor was increased monotonically when the external applied magnetic flux density increased. As the external applied magnetic flux density was increased from 0 to 91.10 mT, the resonance attenuation dip of the MRSLPFG increased and the average sensitivity achieved during the experiments was 0.129 dB/mT. We infer that the aforementioned experimental results were due to the magnetostrictive effect exerted on the thin layer of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which in turn induced slight longitudinal strains on the micro rectangular-shaped fiber grating structures under different magnetic flux density.
Advanced Chemical Reduction of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Photocatalytic Activity in Degrading Reactive Black 5
Authors: Wong Christelle , Lai Chin , Lee Kian , Hamid Sharifah
Published: October 2015

Textile industries consume large volumes of water for dye processing, leading to undesirable toxic dyes in water bodies. Dyestuffs are harmful to human health and aquatic life, and such illnesses as cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, and hinder the photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants. To overcome this environmental problem, the advanced oxidation process is a promising technique to mineralize a wide range of dyes in water systems. In this work, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was prepared via an advanced chemical reduction route, and its photocatalytic activity was tested by photodegrading Reactive Black 5 (RB5) dye in aqueous solution. rGO was synthesized by dispersing the graphite oxide into the water to form a graphene oxide (GO) solution followed by the addition of hydrazine. Graphite oxide was prepared using a modified Hummers’ method by using potassium permanganate and concentrated sulphuric acid. The resulted rGO nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to further investigate their chemical properties. A characteristic peak of rGO-48 h (275 cm−1) was observed in the UV spectrum. Further, the appearance of a broad peak (002), centred at 2θ = 24.1°, in XRD showing that graphene oxide was reduced to rGO. Based on our results, it was found that the resulted rGO-48 h nanoparticles achieved 49% photodecolorization of RB5 under UV irradiation at pH 3 in 60 min. This was attributed to the high and efficient electron transport behaviors of rGO between aromatic regions of rGO and RB5 molecules.
Numerical Study of the Effects of Residual Stress on Fretting Fatigue Using XFEM
Authors: Zhang Huayang , Liu Jinxiang , Zuo Zhengxing
Published: October 2015

Residual compressive stress can improve fretting fatigue strength. In this paper, the effects of residual stress on fretting fatigue of Al 2024-T351 alloy specimens are studied using a numerical approach. The extended finite element method combined with the cyclic cohesive zone model is adopted to model fretting fatigue crack growth behavior. It is shown that residual stress changes the fretting fatigue crack growth path and enhances fretting fatigue life. Crack initiation angle, depth of knee point, crack initiation life, crack propagation life and total life are greater for specimens with residual stress compared to specimens without residual stress. The effects of residual stress are more remarkable for specimens with a high intensity of residual stress. However, the effects of residual stress reduce at a high bulk load level.
Salt Effect on the Antioxidant Activity of Red Microalgal Sulfated Polysaccharides in Soy-Bean Formula
Authors: Burg Ariela , Oshrat Levy-Ontman
Published: October 2015

Sulfated polysaccharides produced by microalgae, which are known to exhibit various biological activities, may potentially serve as natural antioxidant sources. To date, only a few studies have examined the antioxidant bioactivity of red microalgal polysaccharides. In this research, the effect of different salts on the antioxidant activities of two red microalgal sulfated polysaccharides derived from Porphyridium sp. and Porphyridium aerugineum were studied in a soy bean-based infant milk formula. Salt composition and concentration were both shown to affect the polysaccharides’ antioxidant activity. It can be postulated that the salt ions intefer with the polysaccharide chains’ interactions and alter their structure, leading to a new three-dimensional structure that better exposes antiooxidant sites in comparison to the polysaccharide without salt supplement. Among the cations that were studied, Ca2+ had the strongest enhancement effect on antioxidant activities of both polysaccharides. Understanding the effect of salts on polysaccharides’ stucture, in addition to furthering knowledge on polysaccharide bioactivities, may also shed light on the position of the antioxidant active sites.
Effect of Solvent System on Extractability of Lipidic Components of Scenedesmus obliquus (M2-1) and Gloeothece sp. on Antioxidant Scavenging Capacity Thereof
Authors: Amaro Helena , Fernandes Fátima , Valentão Patrícia , Andrade Paula , Sousa-Pinto I. , Malcata F. , Guedes A.
Published: October 2015

Microalgae are well known for their biotechnological potential, namely with regard to bioactive lipidic components—especially carotenoids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), well-known for therapeutic applications based on their antioxidant capacity. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of four distinct food-grade solvents upon extractability of specific lipidic components, and on the antioxidant capacity exhibited against both synthetic (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS+•)) and biological reactive species (O2•- and •NO-). A eukaryotic microalga (Scenedesmus obliquus (M2-1)) and a prokaryotic one (Gloeothece sp.) were used as case studies. Concerning total antioxidant capacity, the hexane:isopropanol (3:2) and acetone extracts of Sc. obliquus (M2-1) were the most effective against DPPH• and ABTS+•, respectively. Gloeothece sp. ethanol extracts were the most interesting scavengers of O2•-, probably due the high content of linolenic acid. On the other hand, acetone and hexane:isopropanol (3:2) extracts were the most interesting ones in •NO- assay. Acetone extract exhibited the best results for the ABTS assay, likely associated to its content of carotenoids, in both microalgae. Otherwise, ethanol stood out in PUFA extraction. Therefore, profiles of lipidic components extracted are critical for evaluating the antioxidant performance—which appears to hinge, in particular, on the balance between carotenoids and PUFAs.
Effect of Three Training Systems on Grapes in a Wet Region of China: Yield, Incidence of Disease and Anthocyanin Compositions of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon
Authors: Liu Mei-Ying , Chi Ming , Tang Yong-Hong , Song Chang-Zheng , Xi Zhu-Mei , Zhang Zhen-Wen
Published: October 2015

Grapevine training systems determine the suitability for grape varieties in a specific growing region. We evaluated the influence of three training systems, Single Guyot (SG), Spur-pruned Vertical Shoot-Positioned (VSP), and Four-Arm Kniffin (4AK), on the performance of grapes and vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons in a wet region of central China. 4AK was the most productive system in comparison to SG and VSP. SG and VSP had lower disease infections of leaves and berries, especially in the mid- and final stage of berry ripening. Three training systems had no impact on berry maturity. PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant) analysis showed that the relatively dry vintage could well discriminate three training systems, but the wet vintage was not. A wet vintage of 2013 had more accumulation of 3′5′-substituted and acylated anthocyanins, including malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and petunidin-3-O-(cis-6-O-coumaryl)-glucoside, etc. With regard to the effect of training systems, 4AK grapes had the lowest concentrations of total anthocyanins and individual anthocyanins, SG and VSP differed according to the different vintages, and showed highest concentration of total individual anthocyanins in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Generally, VSP benefited the most, contributing to significantly highest levels of total individual anthocyanins, and major anthocyanin, including malvidin-3-O-glucoside and malvidin-3-O-(6-O-acetyl)-glucoside, and the grapes obtained from VSP presented significantly highest proportion of 3′5′-substituted anthocyanins. With regard to the ratios of 3′5′/3′-substituted, methoxylated/non-methoxylated and acylated/non-acylated anthocyanins, the significantly higher levels were also shown in VSP system. In summary, VSP was the best training system for Cabernet Sauvignon to accumulate relatively stable individual anthocyanins in this wet region of China and potentially in other rainy regions.
The Occurrence of Propyl Lactate in Chinese Baijius (Chinese Liquors) Detected by Direct Injection Coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wu Jihong , Zheng Yang , Sun Baoguo , Sun Xiaotao , Sun Jiyuan , Zheng Fuping , Huang Mingquan
Published: October 2015

As one of the oldest distillates in the world, flavor compounds of Chinese Baijiu (Chinese liquor) were extremely complex. Propyl lactate was ﬁrstly detected by direct injection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 72 Chinese Baijius. The objectives were to detect the contents of propyl lactate and evaluate its contribution to the aroma of Chinese Baijiu based on odor activity values (OAVs). The levels of propyl lactate in these distillates were determined by internal standard method and selective ion monitoring (SIM), which ranged from 0.050 to 1.900 mg∙L−1 under investigation. Its detection threshold was determined by Three-Alternative Forced-Choice (3-AFC) and curve fitting (CF), which was 0.740 mg∙L−1 in 38% ethanol solution. The contribution of propyl lactate on the aroma of these distillate drinks was evaluated by their odor activity values (OAVs), which varied from 0.066 to 4.440. The OAVs of propyl lactate were found to exceed 1 in 13 Chinese Baijius, including 50° Jingzhi Guniang 5 years (4.440), 52° Jingzhi Guniang 10 years (3.024), Jingyanggang (2.568), Xianghe Ronghe Shaofang (2.313), and 1956 Laolang (1.431), which indicated that propyl lactate was one of odor-active components in these Chinese Baijius.
Correction: Gomez, T., et al. Imaging the Ultrafast Photoelectron Transfer Process in Alizarin-TiO2. Molecules 2015, 20, 13830–13853
Authors: Gomez Tatiana , Hermann Gunter , Zarate Ximena , Pérez-Torres Jhon , Tremblay Jean
Published: October 2015

The author wishes to make the following correction to this paper [1]. Due to mislabeling, please replace: [...]
miRNA Stability in Frozen Plasma Samples
Authors: Balzano Francesca , Deiana Marta , Dei Giudici Silvia , Oggiano Annalisa , Baralla Angela , Pasella Sara , Mannu Andrea , Pescatori Mario , Porcu Baingio , Fanciulli Giuseppe , Zinellu Angelo , Carru Ciriaco , Deiana Luca
Published: October 2015

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a family of small non-coding ribonucleic acids that post-transcriptionally inhibits the expression of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), thereby acting as general gene repressors. In this study we examined the relative quantity and stability of miRNA subjected to a long period of freezing; we compared the stability of eight miRNAs in the plasma of five human healthy controls before freezing and after six and 12 months of storage at −80 °C. In addition, we examined the plasma frozen for 14 years and the amount of miRNA still available. Using a Life Technologies protocol to amplify and quantify plasma miRNAs from EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid)-treated blood, we analyzed the stability of eight miRNAs, (miR-125b-5p, miR-425-5p, miR-200b-5p, miR-200c-3p, miR-579-3p, miR-212-3p, miR-126-3p, and miR-21-5p). The miRNAs analyzed showed a high stability and long frozen half-life.
Longitudinal Study of Cytokine Expression, Lipid Profile and Neuronal Growth Factors in Human Breast Milk from Term and Preterm Deliveries
Authors: Collado Maria , Santaella Marina , Mira-Pascual Laia , Martínez-Arias Elena , Khodayar-Pardo Parisá , Ros Gaspar , Martínez-Costa Cecilia
Published: October 2015

Breast milk (BM) is considered as a reference for infant nutrition. The role of bioactive components, such as cytokines, hormones, growth factors (GFs) and fatty acids (FAs) is poorly known, but they might be implicated in immune response development. The aim of this study was to identify the lipid profile and the spectrum of cytokines and neuronal GF in BM samples and analyse the influence of gestational age and lactation time on these components. This study used a longitudinal prospective method for the characterization of cytokines, FAs and GFs global profiles in 120 BM samples from 40 healthy mothers (20 preterm and 20 term) collected as colostrum, transitional and mature milk. The cytokines were analysed by protein array (Ray Bio® Human Cytokine Array G6. Ray Biotech, Inc. Norcross, GA, USA) and the FAs were analysed by gas chromatography. The FA profile was similar between the term and the preterm BM samples. Omega-3-α-linoleic and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and omega-6-linoleic acid were the most abundant in the term and preterm samples during lactation. Omega-3 ETA and omega-3 EPA we observed exclusively in the preterm samples. The cytokine profile showed a different trend based on gestational age. A significantly higher expression of neurotrophic factors was found in the mature preterm milk samples as compared to the mature term samples. Our study is the first to identify the influence and interactions of perinatal factors on cytokine, GFs and FAs in human milk.
Tailoring Membrane Surface Charges: A Novel Study on Electrostatic Interactions during Membrane Fouling
Authors: Breite Daniel , Went Marco , Prager Andrea , Schulze Agnes
Published: October 2015

In this work we aim to show that the overall surface potential is a key factor to understand and predict anti-fouling characteristics of a polymer membrane. Therefore, polyvinylidene fluoride membranes were modified by electron beam-induced grafting reactions forming neutral, acidic, alkaline or zwitterionic structures on the membrane surface. The differently charged membranes were investigated regarding their surface properties using diverse analytical methods: zeta potential, static and dynamic water contact angle, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Porosimetry measurements proved that there is no pore blocking due to the modifications. Monodisperse suspensions of differently charged polystyrene beads were synthesized by a radical emulsion polymerization reaction and were used as a model fouling reagent, preventing comparability problems known from current literature. To simulate membrane fouling, different bead suspensions were filtered through the membranes. The fouling characteristics were investigated regarding permeation flux decline and concentration of model fouling reagent in filtrate as well as by SEM. By considering electrostatic interactions equal to hydrophobic interactions we developed a novel fouling test system, which enables the prediction of a membrane’s fouling tendency. Electrostatic forces are dominating, especially when charged fouling reagents are present, and can help to explain fouling characteristics that cannot be explained considering the surface wettability.
Balancing Energy Consumption with Hybrid Clustering and Routing Strategy in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Xu Zhezhuang , Chen Liquan , Liu Ting , Cao Lianyang , Chen Cailian
Published: October 2015

Multi-hop data collection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a challenge issue due to the limited energy resource and transmission range of wireless sensors. The hybrid clustering and routing (HCR) strategy has provided an effective solution, which can generate a connected and efficient cluster-based topology for multi-hop data collection in WSNs. However, it suffers from imbalanced energy consumption, which results in the poor performance of the network lifetime. In this paper, we evaluate the energy consumption of HCR and discover an important result: the imbalanced energy consumption generally appears in gradient k = 1, i.e., the nodes that can communicate with the sink directly. Based on this observation, we propose a new protocol called HCR-1, which includes the adaptive relay selection and tunable cost functions to balance the energy consumption. The guideline of setting the parameters in HCR-1 is provided based on simulations. The analytical and numerical results prove that, with minor modification of the topology in gradient k = 1, the HCR-1 protocol effectively balances the energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
Research on the Rapid and Accurate Positioning and Orientation Approach for Land Missile-Launching Vehicle
Authors: Li Kui , Wang Lei , Lv Yanhong , Gao Pengyu , Song Tianxiao
Published: October 2015

Getting a land vehicle’s accurate position, azimuth and attitude rapidly is significant for vehicle based weapons’ combat effectiveness. In this paper, a new approach to acquire vehicle’s accurate position and orientation is proposed. It uses biaxial optical detection platform (BODP) to aim at and lock in no less than three pre-set cooperative targets, whose accurate positions are measured beforehand. Then, it calculates the vehicle’s accurate position, azimuth and attitudes by the rough position and orientation provided by vehicle based navigation systems and no less than three couples of azimuth and pitch angles measured by BODP. The proposed approach does not depend on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), thus it is autonomous and difficult to interfere. Meanwhile, it only needs a rough position and orientation as algorithm’s iterative initial value, consequently, it does not have high performance requirement for Inertial Navigation System (INS), odometer and other vehicle based navigation systems, even in high precise applications. This paper described the system’s working procedure, presented theoretical deviation of the algorithm, and then verified its effectiveness through simulation and vehicle experiments. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed approach can achieve positioning and orientation accuracy of 0.2 m and 20″ respectively in less than 3 min.
Optimal Hybrid Renewable Power System for an Emerging Island of South Korea: The Case of Yeongjong Island
Authors: Baek Seoin , Kim Heetae , Chang Hyun
Published: October 2015

South Korea, which has led in “green growth” since 2012, is now focusing on investigating new-growth engine industries such as the gaming industry and mega-resort development. Yeongjong Island is the most representative and promising location for nurturing the gaming industry, which has already generated more than 20 billion USD. However, the construction of mega resort clusters generates critical energy issues. Despite this potential problem, local governments and South Korea’s central government have not yet established a sustainable energy blueprint plan. Therefore, the objective of our research is to analyze and suggest an optimal hybrid renewable power system for Yeongjong Island by using empirical data (load data, climate data, equipment data, and economic variables). The results of the study academically show 100% of electricity in Yeongjong Island with renewable energy-oriented hybrid system technologically, economically, and socially feasible for the following reasons: First, the island’s renewable energy station has a lower cost and a shorter construction period than other energy stations. Second, the island’s renewable energy station produces no carbon dioxide and has no risk of other environmental pollution that may encounter resistance from local residents.
Understanding Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behaviors in a Chilean Community
Authors: Bronfman Nicolás , Cisternas Pamela , López-Vázquez Esperanza , Maza Cristóbal , Oyanedel Juan
Published: October 2015

Environmental protection and restoration are some of the major challenges faced by our society. To address this problem, it is fundamental to understand pro-environmental behaviors in the population, as well as the factors that determine them. There are, however, very few studies conducted in Latin America that are focused in understanding the environmental behavior of its citizens. The main goal of this research was to study the environmental behaviors of a Chilean community and identify the factors that determine them. To that end, a diverse set of environmental behaviors (power and water conservation, environmentally-aware consumer behavior, biodiversity protection, rational automobile use and ecological waste management) and sociodemographic and attitudinal factors—based on the VBN model—were evaluated. Survey data was obtained from a statistically representative sample (N = 1537) in Santiago, Chile. Our results suggest that several participants displayed tendencies that favor more responsible environmental behaviors, with high environmental concern, and demonstrating their ample awareness of the consequences of failing to protect the environment. Nevertheless, the highest average scores of environmental behavior were related to low cost behaviors and those that imposed the fewest behavioral restrictions. In global terms, we concluded that the youngest subjects in the lowest socioeconomic group obtained the lowest scores across the pro-environmental behavior spectrum.
A Magnetic Nanoparticle Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Sensitive Quantification of Zearalenone in Cereal and Feed Samples
Authors: Zhang Xian , Wang Xin , Sun Mengjiao , Zhang Xiaofeng , Song Houhui , Yan Yaxian , Sun Jianhe , Li Xiaoliang , Fang Weihuan
Published: October 2015

A novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on magnetic nanoparticles and biotin/streptavidin-HRP (MNP-bsELISA) was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of zearalenone (ZEN). The detection signal was enhanced and the sensitivity of the assay was improved by combined use of antibody-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles and biotin-streptavidin system. Under the optimized conditions, the regression equation for quantification of ZEN was y = −0.4287x + 0.3132 (R2 = 0.9904). The working range was 0.07–2.41 ng/mL. The detection limit was 0.04 ng/mL and IC50 was 0.37 ng/mL. The recovery rates of intra-assay and inter-assay ranged from 92.8%–111.9% and 91.7%–114.5%, respectively, in spiked corn samples. Coefficients of variation were less than 10% in both cases. Parallel analysis of cereal and feed samples showed good correlation between MNP-bsELISA and liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (R2 = 0.9283). We conclude that this method is suitable for rapid detection of zearalenone in cereal and feed samples in relevant laboratories.
Diagnosis of Dengue Infection Using Conventional and Biosensor Based Techniques
Authors: Parkash Om , Shueb Rafidah
Published: October 2015

Dengue is an arthropod-borne viral disease caused by four antigenically different serotypes of dengue virus. This disease is considered as a major public health concern around the world. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine or antiviral drug available for the prevention and treatment of dengue disease. Moreover, clinical features of dengue are indistinguishable from other infectious diseases such as malaria, chikungunya, rickettsia and leptospira. Therefore, prompt and accurate laboratory diagnostic test is urgently required for disease confirmation and patient triage. The traditional diagnostic techniques for the dengue virus are viral detection in cell culture, serological testing, and RNA amplification using reverse transcriptase PCR. This paper discusses the conventional laboratory methods used for the diagnosis of dengue during the acute and convalescent phase and highlights the advantages and limitations of these routine laboratory tests. Subsequently, the biosensor based assays developed using various transducers for the detection of dengue are also reviewed.
Progress in Adaptive Immunotherapy for Cancer in Companion Animals: Success on the Path to a Cure
Authors: Anderson Katie , Modiano Jaime
Published: October 2015

Harnessing the ability of the immune system to eradicate cancer has been a long-held goal of oncology. Work from the last two decades has finally brought immunotherapy into the forefront for cancer treatment, with demonstrable clinical success for aggressive tumors where other therapies had failed. In this review, we will discuss a range of therapies that are in different stages of clinical or preclinical development for companion animals with cancer, and which share the common objective of eliciting adaptive, anti-tumor immune responses. Even though challenges remain, manipulating the immune system holds significant promise to create durable responses and improve outcomes in companion animals with cancer. Furthermore, what we learn from this process will inform and accelerate development of comparable therapies for human cancer patients.
Bayesian Network Modeling to Improve Water Pricing Practices in Northwest China
Authors: Mamitimin Yusuyunjiang , Feike Til , Doluschitz Reiner
Published: October 2015

Water pricing is regarded as the most important and simplest economic instrument to encourage more efficient use of irrigation water in crop production. In the extremely water-scarce Tarim River basin in northwest China, improving water use efficiency has high relevance for research and policy. A Bayesian network modeling approach was applied, which is especially suitable under data-scarce conditions and the complex geo-hydrological, socioeconomic, and institutional settings of the study region, as it allows the integration of data from various types of sources. The transdisciplinary approach aimed at understanding the actual water pricing practices, the shortcomings of the current system, and possible ways of improvement. In an iterative procedure of expert interviews and group workshops, the key factors related to water pricing and water use efficiency were identified. The interactions among specific factors were defined by the respective experts, generating a causal network, which describes all relevant aspects of the investigated system. This network was finally populated with probabilistic relationships through a second round of expert interviews and group discussions. The Bayesian modeling exercise was then conducted using Netica software. The modeling results show that the mere increase of water price does not lead to significant increases in water use efficiency in crop production. Additionally, the model suggests a shift to volumetric water pricing, subsidization of water saving irrigation technology, and advancing agricultural extension to enable the farmer to efficiently react to increased costs for water. The applied participatory modeling approach helped to stimulate communication among relevant stakeholders from different domains in the region, which is necessary to create mutual understanding and joint targeted action. Finally, the challenges related to the applied transdisciplinary Bayesian modeling approach are discussed in the Chinese context.
Palliative Chemotherapy for Patients 70 Years of Age and Older with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Bossé D. , Vickers M. , Lemay F. , Beaudoin A.
Published: October 2015

Background: Metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC) commonly affects elderly people, an understudied subset of patients. We analyzed the survival impact of the first and subsequent lines of chemotherapy in eligible non-trial patients 70 years of age and older with MCRC treated between 2004 and 2012. Methods: This single-centre retrospective analysis estimated overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate analysis was used to adjust for age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, score on the Charlson comorbidity index, dependency in activities of daily living, and exposure to 1 or more chemotherapy doublets, capecitabine alone, or best supportive care (BSC). Results: Of 109 patients identified, 29 elected BSC, and 80 received chemotherapy. In multivariate analysis, age was not associated with OS [hazard ratio (HR): 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92 to 1.05], but a performance status of 2 or higher was associated with a decreased likelihood of survival (HR: 3.12; 95% CI: 1.87 to 5.76), and exposure to 1 or more doublets was associated with improved survival (HR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.66). In univariate analysis, a trend toward improved OS was observed for first-line doublet chemotherapy compared with capecitabine (HR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.07), and PFS was superior (HR: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.84). Compared with exposure to 1 doublet, exposure to the 3 potential cytotoxic chemotherapies was not associated with improved OS (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.43). The incidence of neutropenia with first-line folfiri was 40%; the incidences of bevacizumab-related arterial and venous thrombosis were both 8%. Conclusions: Exposure to 1 or more doublet chemotherapies for MCRC was associated with better outcomes in non-trial patients 70 years of age and older. Elderly patients treated with palliative chemotherapy and bevacizumab should be monitored carefully for arterial and venous thrombotic events.
The Changing Landscape of Brachytherapy for Cervical Cancer: A Canadian Practice Survey
Authors: Phan T. , Mula-Hussain L. , Pavamani S. , Pearce A. , D’Souza D. , Patil N.G. , Traptow L. , Doll C.M.
Published: October 2015

Background: We documented changes in practice from 2009 to 2012 for cervical cancer brachytherapy in Canada. Methods: Centres with gynecologic brachytherapy services were sent an e-mail questionnaire querying their 2012 practice. Responses are reported and compared with practice patterns identified in a similar survey for 2009. Results: The response rate was 77% (24 of 31 centres). Almost all use high-dose-rate brachytherapy (92%); low-dose-rate brachytherapy has been completely phased out. Most continue to move patients from the site of applicator insertion to the radiation treatment simulation suite (75%) or to a diagnostic imaging department (29%), or both. In 2012, the imaging modalities used for dose specification were computed tomography [ct (75%)], magnetic resonance imaging [mri (38%)], plain radiography (21%), and cone-beam ct (8%). The number of institutions using mri guidance has markedly increased during the period of interest (9 vs. 1). Most respondents (58% vs. 14%) prescribed using guidelines from the Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie and the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, but they also used point A as a reference. Commonly used high-dose radiation regimens included 30 Gy in 5 fractions and 24 Gy in 3 fractions. Conclusions: In Canada, image-guided brachytherapy for cervical cancer continues to evolve. Although ct-based imaging remains the most commonly used modality, many centres have adopted mri for at least 1 brachytherapy treatment. More centres are using fewer fractions and a slightly lower biologically effective dose, but are still achieving EQD2 (2-Gy equivalent) doses of 80–90 Gy in combination with external-beam radiation therapy.
Quality of End-of-Life Cancer Care in Canada: A Retrospective Four-Province Study Using Administrative Health Care Data
Authors: Barbera L. , Seow H. , Sutradhar R. , Chu A. , Burge F. , Fassbender K. , McGrail K. , Lawson B. , Liu Y. , Pataky R. , Potapov A.
Published: October 2015

Background: The quality of data comparing care at the end of life (eol) in cancer patients across Canada is poor. This project used identical cohorts and definitions to evaluate quality indicators for eol care in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia. Methods: This retrospective cohort study of cancer decedents during fiscal years 2004–2009 used administrative health care data to examine health service quality indicators commonly used and previously identified as important to quality eol care: emergency department use, hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, chemotherapy, physician house calls, and home care visits near the eol, as well as death in hospital. Crude and standardized rates were calculated. In each province, two separate multivariable logistic regression models examined factors associated with receiving aggressive or supportive care. Results: Overall, among the identified 200,285 cancer patients who died of their disease, 54% died in a hospital, with British Columbia having the lowest standardized rate of such deaths (50.2%). Emergency department use at eol ranged from 30.7% in Nova Scotia to 47.9% in Ontario. Of all patients, 8.7% received aggressive care (similar across all provinces), and 46.3% received supportive care (range: 41.2% in Nova Scotia to 61.8% in British Columbia). Lower neighbourhood income was consistently associated with a decreased likelihood of supportive care receipt. Interpretation: We successfully used administrative health care data from four Canadian provinces to create identical cohorts with commonly defined indicators. This work is an important step toward maturing the field of eol care in Canada. Future work in this arena would be facilitated by national-level data-sharing arrangements.
Breast Cancer Screening Panels Continue to Confuse the Facts and Inject Their Own Biases
Authors: Kopans D.B.
Published: October 2015

Additional confusion has been added to the “debate” about breast cancer. [...]
Mammography, Martin Yaffe, and Me: Response and Appreciation
Authors: Kaniklidis Constantine
Published: October 2015

I thank Dr. Martin Yaffe for his many constructive comments in his thoughtful review of my previous invited editorial, providing valuable insights into the complex and controversial issues of the current mammography debate. [...]
Synthesis of quinoline-3-carboxylates by a Rh(II)-catalyzed cyclopropanation-ring expansion reaction of indoles with halodiazoacetates
Authors: Mortén Magnus , Hennum Martin , Bonge-Hansen Tore
Published: October 2015

In this letter, we report a novel synthesis of ethyl quinoline-3-carboxylates from reactions between a series of indoles and halodiazoacetates. The formation of the quinoline structure is probably the result of a cyclopropanation at the 2- and 3-positions of the indole followed by ring-opening of the cyclopropane and elimination of H–X.
Tentative de dialogue entre médecine et sociologie
Authors: Benoit Laelia
Published: October 2015

Tandis que l’expérience professionnelle suscite des questionnements interdisciplinaires, la formation universitaire confronte l’étudiant au cloisonnement entre les disciplines. Ainsi, les études de psychiatrie inspirent des sujets de recherches sociologiques, tout en faisant parfois obstacle à leur réalisation. En retour, la formation sociologique, tout en valorisant cette expérience professionnelle, tente de neutraliser l’influence du raisonnement médical chez l’étudiant. Les doubles appartenances du chercheur interrogent d’une part son positionnement épistémologique et d’autre part son identité professionnelle. Ces deux questions peuvent être pensées grâce aux outils transculturels. D’une part, si la sociologie et la médecine partagent un intérêt commun pour certains phénomènes, la compréhension qu’elles en ont se fonde sur des modèles épistémologiques radicalement différents. L’élaboration d’une recherche interdisciplinaire s’apparente ainsi au métissage de cultures antagonistes. D’autre part, l’étudiant est tantôt médecin parmi les sociologues, et tantôt sociologue parmi les médecins. Ces appartenances professionnelles opposées font l’objet de véritables négociations identitaires. Enfin, ce mélange des savoirs s’élabore grâce à une ethnométhodologie, mise en œuvre lors d’échanges avec ceux des professionnels dont les appartenances multiples autorisent un travail de traduction d’une discipline à l’autre.
Le désir d’enfant dans deux favelas de Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Drozak Rodrigo , Baubet Thierry
Published: October 2015

Le désir d’enfant se réfère de nos jours à une démarche planifiée qui se doit de s’intégrer dans un projet de vie général. Pour autant, de nombreuses naissances dans les favelas ne sont pas planifiées. Tiraillé entre le discours social prônant un contrôle de soi de plus en plus prononcé, et des grossesses effectives non planifiées, le désir d’enfant est à la fois source d’angoisse et de joie. Il renforce le sentiment d’imprévisibilité, et résiste aux injonctions de contrôle de plus en plus pressantes.
Entre l’empathie et l’affirmation de soi
Authors: Morin Estelle M.
Published: October 2015

Lundi matin : réunion de production. Assis à une extrémité de la grande table, le directeur accueille ses coéquipiers. L’ambiance est décontractée, on échange des nouvelles et quelques blagues, on s’installe avec ses dossiers. Une fois l’équipe prête, le directeur fait un bilan des progrès du projet, qui avance rondement, sans oublier de rappeler les objectifs visés. Comme les échanges sont stimulants, ils permettent d’ouvrir de nouvelles avenues et de faire émerger des idées dans un climat de confiance. Un des membres fait part de ses préoccupations à propos d’un élément du projet. La discussion reprend de plus belle, en mode synergique. La collaboration idéale : est-ce possible ?
Análisis de la disponibilidad de hábitat adecuado para el lobo (Canis lupus) en Cataluña y en los Pirineos orientales
Authors: Garcia-Lozano Carla , Pintó Josep , Vila Subirós Josep
Published: October 2015

Después de décadas de ausencia del lobo (Canis lupus) en los Pirineos, desde finales de los años noventa se han detectado algunos ejemplares solitarios en el sector oriental de la Cordillera. El establecimiento definitivo del lobo dependerá de varios factores, entre los que cabe destacar la disponibilidad de hábitat adecuado, las medidas de conservación de la especie y la conectividad ecológica del paisaje. El presente estudio analiza la disponibilidad de hábitat para el lobo en Cataluña y la vertiente francesa de los Pirineos orientales mediante la elaboración de un mapa de coste de fricción o matriz de permeabilidad para la especie en cuestión, basado en siete parámetros de tipo territorial y ambiental. Posteriormente, se han seleccionado los espacios más óptimos para el lobo y se han delimitado las zonas geográficas más susceptibles para albergar el cánido en un futuro próximo. Los resultados del análisis confirman que un tercio del área estudiada constituye un hábitat óptimo para el lobo y alrededor del 90% de estos espacios cuentan con unas dimensiones suficientes para albergar poblaciones estables de lobos.
Design of a Hospital Interactive Wayfinding System
Authors: Sivaji Ashok , Radjo Hizbullah Kampo , Amin Mohd-Faizal , Abu Hashim Mohd Azrin Hafizie
Published: October 2015

United Nations reported the importance of wayfindng as part of providing sustainable and beneficial accessibility to the public in built environment such as a hospital. Despite this, the survey conducted in this study found that current wayfinding system in hospitals does not meet the requirements of the Malaysian demography which is multilingual and multicultural. Furthermore, the various literacy levels in this country make the design more challenging. The objective of this study is to design, develop and test a hospital interactive wayfinding system (HIWS) that is targeted towards the West Malaysian population. Using the established symbols that has been validated by other studies and from the survey feedback obtained, the HIWS was designed and developed and tested with 24 Malaysian users using the lab based user experience testing. Although the results seems promising whereby 83% of users liked the system, the qualitative feedback revealed various improvements to the system, that would be valuable to the design and development team to improve HIWS.
Mobile Embedded System
Authors: Teh Pei-Lee , Ling Huo-Chong , Cheong Soon-Nyean , Ahmed Pervaiz K.
Published: October 2015

The use of smartphone is pervasive. With device pocketability driving user engagement throughout the day, it is highly probable that smartphones will replace daily items (e.g., keys and credit cards) that people now carry around. The idea presented here is a significant step in this direction. This chapter details the authors' design and development of a smartphone access control system using Near Field Communication (NFC) Encrypted Steganography Graphical Password (ESGP). The primary objective is to leverage the technical capability of NFC-enabled smartphones in developing a two-factor authentication system connecting physical resources (i.e., premises) and virtual resources (i.e., password knowledge). This involves a novel integration of token-based, graphical-password authentication, cryptography and steganography. The second objective is to evaluate users' behavior intention to use the system. New insights for researchers and business world interested in the unified solutions for NFC-compatible smartphone, access control and mobile security are provided.