bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação da literatura nacional: balizas histórico-culturais
Authors: Leonel Maria Célia , Segatto José Antonio
Published: February 2020

Objetivamos rediscutir os marcos histórico-cronológicos e culturais da formação da literatura brasileira. Tais marcos foram delineados entre as décadas de 1830 e 1880 e sistematizados nos decênios seguintes, quando se estabeleceram suas balizas fundamentais, determinando-se um cânone de obras e autores de acordo com escolas ou tendências numa sequência evolutiva. As fronteiras entre as escolas só começaram a ser objetadas a partir da década de 1960 com a publicação de estudos, especialmente o de Antonio Candido, Formação da literatura brasileira de 1959. Nesse livro, tomando como base a herança histórico-crítica precedente e incorporando muitos de seus elementos, o autor repensa os marcos histórico-culturais do nascimento da literatura e propõe, como seus momentos decisivos, o Arcadismo no século XVIII e o Romantismo no XIX de acordo com o estabelecimento de um sistema literário. Seis décadas depois, apresentamos uma sugestão de redefinição dos limites históricos das tendências literárias nacionais, incorporando resultados de perspicazes pesquisas anteriores, sobretudo a de Antonio Candido.
O diálogo crítico de Ángel Rama e Antonio Candido na perspectiva da hermenêutica de Gadamer
Authors: Canani Ney A. G.
Published: February 2020

A distância temporal que nos separa da obra de Candido e Rama permite que os situemos em um período histórico – marcado pela consolidação do estado nacional e a crença na modernização como uma força homogeneizadora na sociedade – que já foi concluído e, portanto, pode ser visto como uma unidade. Nos termos de Gadamer, pode-se dizer que essa tradição está suficientemente morta para que possa ser compreendida por inteiro. Por outro lado, os problemas que afetam a crítica literária latino-americana hoje não são tão diferentes daqueles enfrentados por esses autores. Porque os efeitos da tradição de Candido e Rama ainda se fazem sentir, existe interesse em manter vivo um diálogo com eles. Nesse processo, somos convidados a repensar nosso lugar na tradição que nos foi transmitida e reconciliar a estética com a crítica cultural.
Entrevista de Antonio Candido sobre Jurandir Ferreira
Authors: Zwick Ludmila Menezes
Published: February 2020

Resumo
Candido e Freud: fragmentos do vivido em Boitempo I
Authors: Passos Cleusa Rios P.
Published: February 2020

Antonio Candido, no artigo “Poesia e ficção autobiográfica”, enfoca a questão da memória em autores mineiros, centrando-se, sobretudo, em Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Murilo Mendes e Pedro Nava. A leitura aqui pretendida rastreia sua proposta analítica relacionada ao primeiro poeta, mais especificamente a seu livro Boitempo I, sublinhando os fragmentos do vivido, capturados a partir de “cenas, casos e emoções da infância” do poeta. Candido destaca a construção de tais traços pelo eu lírico adulto, ou seja, a forma pela qual o presente atua no passado, ressignificando-o literariamente e sem ignorar diferentes olhares interpretativos, inclusive citando Freud, ao retomar J. Guilherme Merquior, incorporando, portanto, o apoio teórico da psicanálise. Na esteira da crítica, o ensaísta reafirma – e vai além – a presença do humor mais leve em Drummond, algo distinto do conjunto de sua obra e mais voltado para a “trama do mundo como espetáculo”, ideia fulcral vinculada a uma associação entre o eu e a cultura, mas também a um “dar a ver”, que pode ser pensado em termos psicanalíticos. Como na maioria de seus textos, Antonio Candido sintetiza finas reflexões que, desmembradas, abrem aos leitores vários caminhos interpretativos. É um deles que se intenta trilhar aqui.
The Theoretical Framework of Teacher Collaboration
Authors: Shakenova Lyailya
Published: February 2020

In this study the focus will be on the existing literature about teacher collaboration.Firstly,
the notion of collaboration in education and forms of collaborative culture will be outlined.Then the benefits and drawbacks of teacher collaboration will be discussed.The
next step will outline the factors which restrict collaboration.Finally, factors which help to
improve effective collaboration will be examined, which are divided into two main areas as
structural conditions and interpersonal dynamics.
The Adaption of Grice’s Maxims in Wole Soyinka’s Discourse in The Strong Breed
Authors: Afrougheh Shahram , Lieaghat Atefeh
Published: February 2020

This study tries to find the adoption of Grice’s Maxims in Soyinka's discourse in
The Strong Breed (1962). In addition to, it seeks to find in which mutual conversations of
all parts of drama the writer obeys Grice’s principles. Soyinka in this drama depicts how
ritual and superstitious beliefs cover the social life.In Yoruba the village where the events occur; the villagers believe that before each New Year one strong and strange person should sacrify to purify the society for arriving in New Year.This idea conveys among the characters by reciprocal conversation. Since this play focuses on the real social issue,this paper attempts to concentrate on the conversations in order to find in which dialogues the writer adapted discourses of his characters by Grice’s Maxims (Quality, Quantity, Relation, Manner). Regarding theses principles,centre on discourses's principles this research tries to find the characteristics of these Maxims. As a matter of fact, Maxim of Quantity centres on an equal amount of words which convey the idea in aproper way. In Maxim of Quality Grice concentrates on thetruth that the dialoguess hould be taken correctly and truly.To Grice another principle is Maxim of Relation with regard to the relationship between the subject and content. Besides, Maxim of Manner converges on four avoidances; to mention a few, obscurity, ambiguity, briefly and orderly. With reference to these principles this research attempts to apply these Maxims on The Strong Breed in order to find adoption of reciprocal conversations by Soyinka. Regarding it tries to look for the dialogues which obey Grice’s Maxims.
Cyberbullying involvement and mental health problems among late adolescents
Authors: Skilbred-Fjeld Sara , Reme Silje Endresen , Mossige Svein
Published: February 2020

Exposure to cyberbullying is associated with psychological distress like depressive symptoms, self-injurious behavior and suicidal thoughts. Cyberbullying is thus a major challenge for public health. This study examines the prevalence of cyberbullying and explores the psychological characteristics of adolescents who have experienced cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 4531 Norwegian graduates in high school, age 18–21. The following psychological characteristics were investigated: self-harm, suicide attempts, antisocial behavior, anxiety and depression. Three mutually exclusive groups of cyberbullying were compared: 1) cybervictims, 2) cyberbullies and 3) cyberbully-victims. Participants involved in cyberbullying were further compared to those not involved. The prevalence of cyberbullying in this study was 5 %. There were no significant differences between cyberbullies, cybervictims and cyberbully-victims on any of the psychological variables, except for fewer reported suicide attempts in cyberbullies compared to cybervictims and cyberbully-victims. Late adolescents involved in cyberbullying did however report significantly more anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide attempts and antisocial behavior, compared to those not involved. Thus, late adolescents involved in cyberbullying struggle more with psychological problems than non-involved adolescents. Increased knowledge about the characteristics of cyberbullies, cybervictims and cyberbully-victims could contribute to better detection and earlier identification of those involved in cyberbullying. This knowledge can further help understand more of the potential psychological vulnerability factors and consequences of cyberbullying, which could be used to optimize preventive measures and treatment.
La construcción de sujetos en torno a la institucionalización de políticas públicas de género en Chile.
Authors: Orellana Paulina
Published: February 2020

Este artículo analiza cómo se construyen sujetos por parte del Estado en torno a la institucionalización de políticas de género en un contexto neoliberal, sustentada en mi investigación de maestría “La paradoja entre los discursos de igualdad y las prácticas desiguales. La construcción de sujetos en torno al género en Chile: El caso del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer”. Se hace revisión a los condicionamientos estructurales del neoliberalismo y las relaciones entre Estado y política pública en el contexto de institucionalización de las demandas del movimiento feminista “Concertación Nacional de Mujeres por la Democracia”[1] en la creación del Servicio Nacional de la Mujer en 1991.

[1] A lo largo del texto se utilizará la sigla “CNMD”.

This article analyzes how is the State’s subject construction on gender policies institutionalization on a neoliberal context. It’s based on my master's thesis research called “The paradox between equality discourses and unequal practices. Subject’s construction around gender in Chile: The case of the National Women's Service”. It reviews neoliberalism structural conditionings, the relationship between State and public policy on the context of institutionalization of feminist movement “Women`s National Concentration for Democracy” demands on the creation of the National Women's Service on 1991.
Víctimas de Trata de seres humanos, madres de seres humanos: protegiendo derechos.
Authors: García Sedano Tania
Published: February 2020

España es  un país de tránsito y destino de víctimas de trata de seres humanos.  El principal reto al que se enfrenta España, muy especialmente dada su condición de única frontera terrestre europea con el continente africano, es sin duda la importancia de identificación de las víctimas de trata.

Los menores de edad son especialmente vulnerables a la trata de seres humanos. Así la Organización de Naciones Unidas contra la droga y el delito  ha señalado que una de cada tres víctimas del delito de trata son niños y, sobre todo, niñas. Menores que, por lo que a este artículo se refiere, son en ocasiones hijos de víctimas de trata extorsionadas por las redes de trata.

La ausencia de identificación,  rápida y precisa,  de  las víctimas de trata menores de edad, hace que sus derechos sean puramente teóricos e ilusorios.

Ese contexto plantea numerosos desafíos en torno a la adecuación  del sistema de protección a la infancia y de protección a las víctimas de trata. Pretender la protección a partir de la aplicación de normas generales: infancia y extranjería, no constituye, como se está constatando, una solución adecuada para la flagrante violación de derechos humanos a la que nos enfrentamos.
So, You Want to Have a Nanofab? Shared-Use Nanofabrication and
Characterization Facilities: Cost-of-Ownership, Toolset, Utilization, and Lessons
Learned
Authors: Liddle J. Alexander , Bowser Jerry , Ilic B. Robert , Luciani Vincent
Published: February 2020

Nanofabrication/characterization facilities enable research and development
activities across a host of science and engineering disciplines. The collection of tools
and supporting infrastructure necessary to construct, image, and measure micro- and
nanoscale materials, devices, and systems is complex and expensive to establish, and it
is costly to maintain and optimize. As a result, these facilities are typically operated
in a shared-use mode. We discuss the key factors that must be considered to successfully
create and sustain such facilities. These include the need for long-term vision and
institutional commitment, and the hands-on involvement of managers in facility
operations. We consider startup, operating, and recapitalization costs, together with
algorithms for cost recovery and tool-time allocation. The acquisition of detailed and
comprehensive project and tool-utilization data is essential for understanding and
optimizing facility operations. Only such a data-driven decision-making approach can
maximize facility impact on institutional goals. We illustrate these concepts using the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) NanoFab as our test case, but the
methodologies and resources presented here should be useful to all those faced with this
challenging task.
Editorial: Sea dragons
Authors: Zaucha Jacek , Pardus Joanna
Published: February 2020

This Editorial provides a framework for the entire volume of Europa XXI devoted to spatial development at sea and at the land-sea interface. It explains why conscious management of marine space is necessary, the benefits that it might provide, and the governance regimes that can be used. It discusses and compares maritime spatial planning and integrated coastal management as means of securing spatial order at sea and at the land-sea interface. Finally, it links together the remaining articles by explaining their added value in relation to one another; and their mutual relations.
Exploring land-sea interactions: Insights for shaping territorial space
Authors: Kidd Sue , Shaw Dave , Janssen Holger
Published: February 2020

The interactions between land and sea are fundamental to human wellbeing. Within Europe, the 2014 Directive establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning (MSP Directive), which requires EU coastal member states to have marine spatial plans in place by 2021, also requires that MSP authorities should explicitly take into account land-sea interactions. This has stimulated a new phase of investigation into land-sea interactions in Europe. This paper aims to contribute to marine and coastal planning debates by reflecting on one of these investigations, the Maritime Spatial Planning and Land Sea Interactions (MSP-LSI) project. The paper starts by providing a historical overview of the growing attention being paid to LSI within the context of European policy making. This sets the context for the MSP-LSI project and the approach to exploring land-sea interactions it developed is outlined. The paper then uses examples from the project’s case study investigations to highlight and illustrate some of the wider insights the project revealed, both in relation to the extensive spatial footprint associated with selected maritime sectors and how marine space is being shaped by, and contributing to landward activity and governance agendas. It concludes by presenting a case not only for adopting a ‘one space’ perspective in MSP, but in territorial spatial planning and management regimes more generally.
Termorregulação de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas contendo níveis de grãos secos de destilaria
Authors: Valentim Jean Kaique , Bittencourt Tatiana Marques , Lima Heder José D'Ávilla , Moraleco Debora Duarte , Del Solar Velarde Jonatan Mikhail , Da Cruz Maira Santos , Procópio Diego Pierrotti , Lopes Yury Gonçalves , Garcia Rodrigo Garófallo
Published: February 2020

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os efeitos da inclusão de grãos secos de destilaria (DDG) de milho sobre os parâmetros de termorregulação de frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 700 frangos de corte da linhagem Coob 500, machos, com 1 dia de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos, sete repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de DDG estudados foram 4, 8, 12 e 16% de inclusão nas dietas, além do tratamento controle sem inclusão. No final de cada fase de produção (7, 28 e 42 dias de idade) foram coletados os dados relacionados às variáveis termorregulatórias das aves. As médias obtidas a partir dos parâmetros avaliados foram submetidas à análise de variância a 5% de probabilidade, utilizando-se o programa SAS. O índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) se apresentou na faixa de 68,49 a 71,65 durante o tempo de produção. Não houve efeito (p > 0,05) para as variáveis, temperatura cloacal, temperatura média corporal, temperatura média da pele e temperatura média da cama de frangos de corte aos 7, 35 e 42 dias de idade, alimentados com dietas com níveis de DDG de milho na dieta. O uso de DDG em dietas de frangos de corte não influenciou as variáveis de termorregulação das aves.
Targeted induction of a silent fungal gene cluster encoding the bacteria-specific germination inhibitor fumigermin
Authors: Stroe Maria Cristina , Netzker Tina , Scherlach Kirstin , Krüger Thomas , Hertweck Christian , Valiante Vito , Brakhage Axel A
Published: February 2020

Microorganisms produce numerous secondary metabolites (SMs) with various biological activities. Many of their encoding gene clusters are silent under standard laboratory conditions because for their activation they need the ecological context, such as the presence of other microorganisms. The true ecological function of most SMs remains obscure, but understanding of both the activation of silent gene clusters and the ecological function of the produced compounds is of importance to reveal functional interactions in microbiomes. Here, we report the identification of an as-yet uncharacterized silent gene cluster of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, which is activated by the bacterium Streptomyces rapamycinicus during the bacterial-fungal interaction. The resulting natural product is the novel fungal metabolite fumigermin, the biosynthesis of which requires the polyketide synthase FgnA. Fumigermin inhibits germination of spores of the inducing S. rapamycinicus, and thus helps the fungus to defend resources in the shared habitat against a bacterial competitor.
Polypyrimidine tract-binding proteins are essential for B cell development
Authors: Monzón-Casanova Elisa , Matheson Louise S , Tabbada Kristina , Zarnack Kathi , Smith Christopher WJ , Turner Martin
Published: February 2020

Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) is a RNA-binding protein (RBP) expressed throughout B cell development. Deletion of Ptbp1 in mouse pro-B cells results in upregulation of PTBP2 and normal B cell development. We show that PTBP2 compensates for PTBP1 in B cell ontogeny as deletion of both Ptbp1 and Ptbp2 results in a complete block at the pro-B cell stage and a lack of mature B cells. In pro-B cells PTBP1 ensures precise synchronisation of the activity of cyclin dependent kinases at distinct stages of the cell cycle, suppresses S-phase entry and promotes progression into mitosis. PTBP1 controls mRNA abundance and alternative splicing of important cell cycle regulators including CYCLIN-D2, c-MYC, p107 and CDC25B. Our results reveal a previously unrecognised mechanism mediated by a RBP that is essential for B cell ontogeny and integrates transcriptional and post-translational determinants of progression through the cell cycle.
Primary and secondary anti-viral response captured by the dynamics and phenotype of individual T cell clones
Authors: Minervina Anastasia A , Pogorelyy Mikhail V , Komech Ekaterina A , Karnaukhov Vadim K , Bacher Petra , Rosati Elisa , Franke Andre , Chudakov Dmitriy M , Mamedov Ilgar Z , Lebedev Yuri B , Mora Thierry , Walczak Aleksandra M
Published: February 2020

The diverse repertoire of T-cell receptors (TCR) plays a key role in the adaptive immune response to infections. Using TCR alpha and beta repertoire sequencing for T-cell subsets, as well as single-cell RNAseq and TCRseq, we track the concentrations and phenotypes of individual T-cell clones in response to primary and secondary yellow fever immunization — the model for acute infection in humans — showing their large diversity. We confirm the secondary response is an order of magnitude weaker, albeit ∼10 days faster than the primary one. Estimating the fraction of the T-cell response directed against the single immunodominant epitope, we identify the sequence features of TCRs that define the high precursor frequency of the two major TCR motifs specific for this particular epitope. We also show the consistency of clonal expansion dynamics between bulk alpha and beta repertoires, using a new methodology to reconstruct alpha-beta pairings from clonal trajectories.
Private Damages Actions in EU Competition Law and Restorative Justice: Towards a New Streamlined Institutional Framework?
Authors: Cleynenbreugel Pieter Van
Published: February 2020

The transposition of Directive 2014/104 on private damages actions marks an important development in the setting up of a harmonised private competition law enforcement regime across different EU Member States. Coupled with deterrence-focused public enforcement, the European Union has taken a necessary and welcomed step towards enhancing justice for all those individuals and competitors damaged by competition law infringements. This article argues, however, that the current emphasis on balancing public and private enforcement of the European Commission focuses too little on the need and healing effects of restoration. At the same time, the Directive contains a promising restorative justice opening by virtue of its Article 18. Starting from that opening, the article will propose a more developed way forward, taking the form of the setup and development of so-called antitrust “trust funds”. Exploring the legal possibilities and limits of such funds, the article questions to what extent this approach could be a useful complementary way to overcome the limits identified. It will be submitted that, although it is legally possible to set up those trust funds under EU law, important practical questions have to be addressed prior to doing so. Having outlined the potential features and limits of this approach, the article additionally calls for more and comparative research to be performed in this area.
Antitrust Damage Claims: A View From Efta Court
Authors: Jurkowska-Gomułka Agata
Published: February 2020

Articles 101 and 102 TFEU have become a pattern for competition rules provided in Articles 53 and 54 of the EEA Agreement, which entered into force on 1 January 1994. Both EU competition law and EEA competition law can be enforced before national courts. Lodging damage claims in the EU was facilitated by Directive 2014/104/EU. The so-called Antitrust Damages Directive was highly inspired by the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Although Directive 2014/104/EU has not been incorporated into the EEA law, damage claims resulting from violations of EEA competition rules are judged by national courts in the EEA Member States, which is why some aspects of private enforcement of competition law have become a point of interest for the EFTA Court, being – together with the Court of Justice of the European Union – the EEA court. Firstly, the article aims at checking if the EFTA Court jurisprudence on antitrust damage claims follows the guidelines formulated in the case law of the Court of Justice. Since the positive answer to this question is highly probable, secondly, the article aims at identifying the extent of the impact of EU jurisprudence in private enforcement cases on judgments of the EFTA Court. The article concludes that the EFTA Court’s activities regarding antitrust damage claims follow the route indicated by the Court of Justice of the European Union. Four identified judgments regarding – directly or indirectly – antitrust damage claims (Nye Kystlink, Fjarskipti, Schenker I and Schenker V), delivered by the EFTA Court, seem to strengthen its position as an institution that is able to guarantee a coherence between EEA and EU competition law. EFTA Court’s judgments in private enforcement cases are also a point of interest and reference for EU Advocates General and can become an inspiration for both EU and national case law.
Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of II YOU 838 (Oryza sativa) provide insights into heat stress tolerance in hybrid rice
Authors: Wang Yan , Yu Yang , Huang Min , Gao Peng , Chen Hao , Liu Mianxue , Chen Qian , Yang Zhirong , Sun Qun
Published: February 2020

Heat stress is an increasing threat to rice production worldwide. To investigate the mechanisms of heat tolerance in hybrid rice and their contributions to rice heterosis, we compared the transcriptome of the hybrid rice II YOU 838 (II8) with the transcriptomes of its parents Fu Hui 838 (F8) and II-32A (II3) after heat stress at 42 °C for 0 h, 24 h, 72 h and 120 h. We also performed a proteomic analysis in II8 after heat stress at 42 °C for 24 h. The transcriptome data revealed time-dependent gene expression patterns under the heat stress conditions, and the heat stress response of II8 was greatly different from those of its parents. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially expressed genes that were clustered using k-means clustering showed that most of the up-regulated genes were involved in responses to stimuli, cell communication, and metabolic and transcription factor activities, whereas the down-regulated genes were enriched in photosynthesis and signal transduction. Moreover, 35 unique differentially abundant proteins, including a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (bHLH96), calmodulin-binding transcription activator, heat shock protein (Hsp70), and chaperonin 60 (CPN60), were detected in the proteomic analysis of II8 under heat stress. The co-regulatory analysis revealed novel genes and pathways involved in heat tolerance, namely, ferredoxin-NADP reductase, peroxidases, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, and heat shock factor (HSF)–Hsp network. Members of the Hsp and HSF families had over-dominant expression patterns in the hybrid compared with its parents, to help maintain the higher photosynthesis and antioxidant defense systems in the hybrid. Our study suggests that the complex HSF–Hsp regulatory network contribute to the heat tolerance of the hybrid rice.
Association between HIV/AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes among African American Undergraduate Students in Jackson, Mississippi
Authors: Andrew Prince Onyekachi , Bhuiyan Azad R. , Sung Jung Hye , Mawson Anthony , Shahbazi Mohammad
Published: February 2020

Objective: This study aimed to determine HIV/AIDS knowledge level, attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS and to explore the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among African American undergraduates in Jackson, Mississippi.

Methods:  A cross-sectional method was used in this study. A total of 400 students were randomly selected from Jackson State University undergraduate students. Data were collected by using a self-administered questionnaire on HIV/AIDS knowledge and their attitudes toward individuals living with HIV and AIDS.

Results: Most of the students (96.5%) had good knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while some students had some misconceptions about HIV infection transmission. There was no significant difference between male and female students on HIV/AIDS knowledge in this study (χ2 = 3.05; P = 0.08). Most of the study participants (87.8%) showed positive attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS. However, there were some negative attitudes toward individuals living with HIV/AIDS among participants of this study. Male participants expressed more negative attitudes compared to female participants (19.1% vs. 8.5%, χ2 = 9.6; P < 0.002). HIV/AIDS knowledge was significantly associated with positive attitudes toward people living with the disease (p= 0.019, Pearson’s χ2 = 7.431).

Conclusions:  In general, we concluded that most students (96.5%) in this study demonstrated high levels of HIV/AIDS knowledge and positive attitudes (87.8%). There was an association between knowledge of the disease and positive attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. However, there were HIV/AIDS knowledge gaps, misconceptions, and intolerant attitudes toward HIV positive patients also identified in this study. Hence, this study calls for more robust and age-appropriate HIV/AIDS awareness education programs geared towards reducing the impacts of negative attitudes toward individuals living with the disease, eliminating the gaps in HIV/AIDS knowledge and misconceptions identified in this study.
Wood, Plastics, and Composites
Authors: Allen Edward , Iano Joseph , Heuer Greg , Showalter John , Vitullo Richard J. ,   Southern Pine Council, McCown Colin ,   American Plywood Association,   Bloodgood, Sharp, Buster Architects and Planners,   APA—The Engineered Wood Association, Collins David S. ,   Architectural Woodwork Institute, Egbert Charles F. D. , McDonald Timothy B.
Published: February 2020

Wood frame construction is made up of nominal 2‐in. framing members spaced closely together and normally concealed by interior finish materials such as gypsum board or wood paneling. Wood product substrates are classified in two main facing material categories: decorative laminates/overlays and wood veneers. The strength of wood varies with the duration of the load. As a natural product wood varies greatly in appearance and structural properties. Composite and engineered wood salvaged from lumber production make use of wasted materials. Wood and wood products may be finished with transparent or opaque coatings or serve as a base for applied plastic laminates. Thermoplastic sheets are semi‐rigid sheets or rolls, stock‐extruded from a nonporous acrylic/polyvinyl chloride alloy. High‐pressure decorative laminates are formed under heat and pressure from resin‐impregnated kraft paper substrates with decorative plastic face materials and a clear protective top sheet.
Optimized Design and Development of a Bioresorbable High Rotational Stability Fixation System for Small Bone Fragments
Authors: Cingolani Alberto , Casalini Tommaso , Binelli Marco Riccardo , Cignoli Eleonora , Di Gialluca Lorenza , Zambon Fabio , Villa Tomaso , Grottoli Carlo Francesco , Klaue Kaj , Rossi Filippo , Perale Giuseppe
Published: February 2020

Bioresorbable pins are experiencing a growing interest and a likewise increasing use in orthopedic surgery for bone fixation. Indeed, such devices are naturally degraded by the human body and a subsequent surgery for their removal is not needed. However, bioresorption has a remarkable side effect on the performance of the devices, since mechanical properties decay over time. This aspect is essential for bone healing. In the first 60 days, the pin must bear continuous mechanical stress while preventing torsional slip of bone fragments. Although torsional support can be improved with suitable pin section design, degradation kinetics and the consequent loss in mechanical stability are slowed down while using high molecular weight polymers, whose slow bioresorption increases recovery time and negatively affects patient care. Herein, a bioresorbable pin of new conception, in terms of cross‐sectional shape and material formulation, is presented. Both section and polymer design are optimized through comprehensive mathematical modeling, which synergistically combines degradation and mechanical loads. As a result of the model, bioresorption time is minimized, whereas adequate mechanical resistance is ensured for the first 60 days. The most promising device is then injection molded, sterilized, mechanically tested, and successfully evaluated ex vivo in human femoral heads.
Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Battery Enabled by Thio‐LiSICON/Polymer Composite Electrolyte and Sulfurized Polyacrylonitrile Cathode
Authors: Li Meirong , Frerichs Joop Enno , Kolek Martin , Sun Wei , Zhou Dong , Huang Chen Jui , Hwang Bing Joe , Hansen Michael Ryan , Winter Martin , Bieker Peter
Published: February 2020

Solid‐state lithium–sulfur battery (SSLSB) is attractive due to its potential for providing high energy density. However, the cell chemistry of SSLSB still faces challenges such as sluggish electrochemical kinetics and prominent “chemomechanical” failure. Herein, a high‐performance SSLSB is demonstrated by using the thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte in combination with sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (S/PAN) cathode. Thio‐LiSICON/polymer composite electrolyte, which processes high ionic conductivity and wettability, is fabricated to enhance the interfacial contact and the performance of lithium metal anodes. S/PAN is utilized due to its unique electrochemical characteristics: electrochemical and structural studies combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance characterizations reveal the charge/discharge mechanism of S/PAN, which is the radical‐mediated redox reaction within the sulfur grafted conjugated polymer framework. This characteristic of S/PAN can support alleviating the volume change in the cathode and maintaining fast redox kinetics. The assembled SSLSB full cell exhibits excellent rate performance with 1183 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and 719 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, respectively, and can accomplish 50 cycles at 0.1 C with the capacity retention of 588 mAh g−1. The superior performance of the SSLSB cell rationalizes the construction concept and leads to considerations for the innovative design of SSLSB.
2D/2D 1T‐MoS2/Ti3C2 MXene Heterostructure with Excellent Supercapacitor Performance
Authors: Wang Xin , Li Han , Li Hui , Lin Shuai , Ding Wei , Zhu Xiaoguang , Sheng Zhigao , Wang Hai , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping
Published: February 2020

2D/2D heterostructures can combine the collective advantages of each 2D material and even show improved properties from synergistic effects. 2D Transition metal carbide Ti3C2 MXene and 2D 1T‐MoS2 have emerged as attractive prototypes in electrochemistry due to their rich properties. Construction of these two 2D materials, as well as investigation about synergistic effects, is absent due to the instability of 1T‐MoS2. Here, 3D interconnected networks of 1T‐MoS2/Ti3C2 MXene heterostructure are constructed by magneto‐hydrothermal synthesis, and the electrochemical storage mechanisms are investigated. Improved extra capacitance is observed due to enlarged ion storage space from a synergistically interplayed effect in 3D interconnected networks. Outstanding rate performance is realized because of ultrafast electron transport originating from Ti3C2 MXene. This work provides an archetype to realize excellent electrochemical properties in 2D/2D heterostructures.
Near‐Infrared Photodriven Self‐Sustained Oscillation of Liquid‐Crystalline Network Film with Predesignated Polydopamine Coating
Authors: Lan Ruochen , Sun Jian , Shen Chen , Huang Rui , Zhang Zhongping , Zhang Lanying , Wang Ling , Yang Huai
Published: February 2020

Movement is one of the vital features of living systems, and remote control of bioinspired soft robotic systems in a precise, contactless and harmless way is extremely desirable but challenging. A near‐infrared (NIR) photodriven polymeric oscillator is designed and fabricated by selectively coating a mussel‐inspired polydopamine (PDA) polymer layer on the surface of splay‐aligned liquid crystalline network (LCN) film. The oscillating motions of the LCN oscillators can be facilely manipulated by tuning light intensity and film thickness. More importantly, the programmability of the PDA coating enables the oscillating behaviors of LCN film to be predesignated and finely adjusted by coating the film with PDA locally and repeatedly. The self‐oscillating movement mechanism can be attributed to the temperature oscillation at the PDA‐coated LCN film since it is alternatively exposed and sheltered to the NIR‐light irradiations. Owing to over 50% NIR irradiation in solar spectrum, PDA‐coated film is found to oscillate upon exposure of focused sunlight, presenting great potential in fabrication of solar power generation devices. This provides a versatile strategy to fabricate NIR‐light‐actuated polymeric oscillators, providing inspirations in the development of biological soft robots and advanced biomimetic devices.
An Adhesive Surface Enables High‐Performance Mechanical Energy Harvesting with Unique Frequency‐Insensitive and Pressure‐Enhanced Output Characteristics
Authors: Gong Jianliang , Xu Bingang , Yang Yujue , Wu Mengjie , Yang Bao
Published: February 2020

Viscoelastic polymer adhesives (VPAs) are common materials broadly used in adhesive tapes for bonding objects tightly in daily life. This work presents a conceptually new strategy of using contact electrification (rather than strong adhesion) of VPAs to directly convert mechanical energy to electric energy, generally showing 202–419% of the electric energy generated by conventional mechanical energy harvesters under the same triggering conditions. More notably, the VPA‐based generators (VPAGs) possess unique frequency‐insensitive and pressure‐enhanced output characteristics. The output power of a VPAG not only does not show regular degradation of performance with the decrease of triggering frequency, but also can be further enhanced by simple introduction of a second VPA layer with a smaller area to increase the applied pressure without the requirement of rising applied force. The average output power density of a VPAG with a second layer of 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm can reach 216.7 µW cm−2, which is ≈150% larger than that of a VPAG without a second VPA layer. This research is of significance to harvesting the random, irregular, and low‐frequency (bio‐)mechanical energy that widely exists but is wasted in the environment for both stable electric energy generation and electronic device operation.
Helicity‐Dependent Multifunctional Metasurfaces for Full‐Space Wave Control
Authors: Zhang Chiben , Wang Guangming , Xu He‐Xiu , Zhang Xin , Li Hai‐Peng
Published: February 2020

Full‐space manipulation of electromagnetic waves with a thin flat plate is particularly intriguing for large‐angle scanning, functionality integration, and data capacity applications. However, majority of the designs to date are confined to linearly‐polarized wave operations; these render the versatile full‐space device operating under circularly‐polarized waves unaddressed due to the critical issue of the geometric phase being hardly decoupled among reflections and transmissions. Herein, a strategy for a helicity‐dependent multifunctional design by sandwiching dual‐layer geometric phase metasurfaces with a bandpass frequency selective surface is reported. The top and bottom metasurfaces are composed of two different types of meta‐structures, split ring resonators (SRRs) and a modified H‐shaped structure, which enable triple‐independent wavefronts at lower and upper frequencies (f1 and f2). At f1, the top and bottom SRRs operate under reflection mode on both sides, and two distinctive wavefronts can be modulated by individually rotating the orientations of SRRs. However, at f2, the modified H‐shaped structure operates in transmission geometry, and additional functionality can be independently modulated by changing their orientations. As a proof of concept, a multifunctional meta‐device is constructed with triple‐versatile functionalities. The approach followed in this study sets up a solid platform for arbitrary helicity‐dependent full‐space integrated devices.
Geometrically Tunable Beamed Light Emission from a Quantum‐Dot Ensemble Near a Gradient Metasurface
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Li Yuyu , Toufanian Reyhaneh , Kogos Leonard C. , Dennis Allison M. , Paiella Roberto
Published: February 2020

Optical metasurfaces have been widely investigated in recent years as a means to tailor the wavefronts of externally incident light for passive device applications. At the same time, their use in active optoelectronic devices such as light emitters is far less established. This work explores their ability to control the radiation properties of a nearby continuous ensemble of randomly oriented incoherent dipole sources via near‐field interactions. Specifically, a film of colloidal quantum dots is deposited on a plasmonic metasurface consisting of a 1D array of metallic nanoantennas on a metal film. The array is designed to introduce a linear phase profile upon reflection, and a bi‐periodic nanoparticle arrangement is introduced to ensure adequate sampling of the desired phase gradient. Highly directional radiation patterns are correspondingly obtained from the quantum dots at an enhanced emission rate. The underlying radiation mechanism involves the near‐field excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the metal film, and their selective diffractive scattering by the metasurface into well‐collimated beams along predetermined geometrically tunable directions. These results underscore the distinctive ability of metasurfaces to control radiation properties directly at the source level, which is technologically significant for the continued miniaturization and large‐scale integration of optoelectronic devices.
Biocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of γ‐Keto Esters to Access Optically Active γ‐Aryl‐γ‐butyrolactones
Authors: Borowiecki Paweł , Telatycka Natalia , Tataruch Mateusz , Żądło‐Dobrowolska Anna , Reiter Tamara , Schühle Karola , Heider Johann , Szaleniec Maciej , Kroutil Wolfgang
Published: February 2020

An efficient stereoselective syntheses of a series of functionalized optically active γ‐aryl‐γ‐butyrolactones is achieved by enzymatic asymmetric reduction of the corresponding sterically demanding γ‐keto esters employing wild‐type and recombinant alcohol dehydrogenases. The best stereoselectivities for the reduction via hydrogen transfer was obtained with two short chain dehydrogenases (SDRs) of complementary stereospecificity from Aromatoleum aromaticum, namely the Prelog‐specific NADH‐dependent (S)‐1‐phenylethanol dehydrogenase [(S)‐PED] and the anti‐Prelog‐specific (R)‐1‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐ethanol dehydrogenase [(R)‐HPED], respectively. Biotransformations catalyzed by both enzymes, followed by TFA‐catalyzed cyclization of the resulting γ‐hydroxy esters, furnished the respective (S)‐ and (R)‐configured products with exquisite optical purity (up to >99% ee). The synthetic value was demonstrated on preparative scale for the asymmetric bioreduction of the model compound, methyl 4‐oxo‐4‐phenylbutanoate, affording optically pure (S)‐γ‐phenyl‐γ‐butyrolactone (>99% ee) in 67–74% isolated yield at 89–95% conversion depending on the applied scale.

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Nanotechnology Promotes Genetic and Functional Modifications of Therapeutic T Cells Against Cancer
Authors: Abdalla Ahmed M. E. , Xiao Lin , Miao Yu , Huang Lixia , Fadlallah Gendeal M. , Gauthier Mario , Ouyang Chenxi , Yang Guang
Published: February 2020

Growing experience with engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cells has revealed some of the challenges associated with developing patient‐specific therapy. The promising clinical results obtained with CAR‐T therapy nevertheless demonstrate the urgency of advancements to promote and expand its uses. There is indeed a need to devise novel methods to generate potent CARs, and to confer them and track their anti‐tumor efficacy in CAR‐T therapy. A potentially effective approach to improve the efficacy of CAR‐T cell therapy would be to exploit the benefits of nanotechnology. This report highlights the current limitations of CAR‐T immunotherapy and pinpoints potential opportunities and tremendous advantages of using nanotechnology to 1) introduce CAR transgene cassettes into primary T cells, 2) stimulate T cell expansion and persistence, 3) improve T cell trafficking, 4) stimulate the intrinsic T cell activity, 5) reprogram the immunosuppressive cellular and vascular microenvironments, and 6) monitor the therapeutic efficacy of CAR‐T cell therapy. Therefore, genetic and functional modifications promoted by nanotechnology enable the generation of robust CAR‐T cell therapy and offer precision treatments against cancer.
Local adaptation mediates floral responses to water limitation in an annual wildflower
Authors: Suni Sevan S. , Ainsworth Benjamin , Hopkins Robin
Published: February 2020

Premise

Understanding how environmental stress affects the strength of mutualisms is critically important given observed and projected environmental changes. In particular, the frequency and duration of drought have been increasing worldwide. We investigated how water availability affects plant traits that mediate a pollination mutualism.

Methods

For butterfly‐pollinated Phlox drummondii, we determined how moisture availability affects flower size, nectar volume, and nectar sugar amount. Furthermore, we explored the role that local adaptation may play in responses to moisture availability by including plants collected from regions that differ in aridity. Finally, we determined whether responses of plant populations to selection may differ under drought by calculating heritability of traits under control and dry conditions.

Results

Flower size was generally smaller in dry plants than in control plants. Early in the treatment period, nectar volume and sugar were higher in dry plants than in control plants for plants from both arid and wetter regions. With prolonged dry treatment, nectar volume and sugar remained higher only in plants from the arid region. Heritability of floral traits was lower for water‐limited plants than for control plants.

Conclusions

Plant investment into pollination mutualisms under environmental stress may depend on the extent to which populations are already locally adapted to such conditions, suggesting that mutualism may remain strong, at least in arid regions. However, decreases in heritability under water‐limitation suggest that responses to selection imposed by pollinators may be low, even if drought‐adapted plants maintain production of rewards to pollinators.
Genetic variants in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Authors: Muhamed Babu , Shaboodien Gasnat , Engel Mark E.
Published: February 2020

Genetic association studies in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) have the potential to contribute toward our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism, and may shed light on controversies about RHD etiology. Furthermore, genetic association studies may uncover biomarkers that can be used to identify susceptible individuals, and contribute toward developing vaccine and novel therapeutic targets. Genetic predisposition to rheumatic fever and RHD has been hypothesized by findings from familial studies and observed associations between genes located in the human leukocyte antigens on chromosome 6p21.3 and elsewhere in the genome. We sought to summarize, from published Genetic association studies in RHD, evidence on genetic variants implicated in RHD susceptibility. Using HuGENet™ systematic review methods, we evaluated 66 studies reporting on 42 genes. Existing meta‐analyses of candidate gene studies suggest that TGF‐β1 [rs1800469], and IL‐1β [rs2853550] single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to susceptibility to RHD, whereas the TNF‐α [rs1800629 and rs361525], TGF‐β1 [rs1800470 and rs4803457], IL‐6 [rs1800795], IL‐10 [rs1800896] were not associated with RHD. However, candidate gene studies in RF/RHD are relatively small, thus lacking statistical power to identify reliable and reproducible findings, emphasizing the need for large‐scale multicenter studies with different populations.
Organic Donor‐Acceptor Cocrystals for Multiferroic Applications
Authors: Wang Zongrui , Zhang Qichun
Published: February 2020

The cocrystallization strategy has provided an efficient route to fulfill room temperature magnetoelectricity in single phase owing to the long‐range ordered π‐π stacking (donor‐acceptor assembled) network, long‐lived excitons (with μs lifetime), spin orders (±1/2 s pin) and charge transfer (CT) dipoles in the assembled crystal lattice. Together with the superiorities in cost‐effectiveness, easy tailoring, light weight, mechanical flexibility and large‐scale integration of organic materials, research direction on organic CT multiferroics has become a rising star. In this minireview, we present the recent progress in the fundamental understanding and designing of multiferroics and highlight the advance of organic CT compounds in exploring the magnetoelectronic (ME) coupling effect ranging from experimental to theoretical investigations. Moreover, the challenges existing in this area are also put forward as well as some perspectives for the future development.