bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CEO transformational and transactional leadership and organizational innovation
Authors: Prasad Bhaskar , Junni Paulina
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– Organizational innovation is critical for firm competitive advantage. Yet, we do not know enough about the relationship between leadership and organizational innovation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of chief executive officer (CEO) transformational and transactional leadership on organizational innovation. The authors examine the moderating role of environmental dynamism.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors collected survey-based data from top management team members in 163 companies in services, construction, manufacturing and other industries in the USA. The authors used multiple regression analyses to test the study hypotheses.

Findings

– The empirical findings indicate that CEO transformational and transactional leadership behaviors positively influence organizational innovation. However, organizations benefit more from transformational leadership in dynamic environments.

Originality/value

– This study highlights the role of CEO leadership behavior in the pursuit of organizational innovation. Significantly, the study shows that both transformational and transactional leadership can enhance organizational innovation. However, their effectiveness is contingent on environmental dynamism. This contributes to the firm innovation literature by clarifying how specific types of CEO leadership influence organizational innovation in different environmental conditions.
To what extent does the Leiden manifesto also apply to altmetrics? A discussion of the manifesto against the background of research into altmetrics
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Haunschild Robin
Published: August 2016

Purpose

– Hickset al.(2015) have formulated the so-called Leiden manifesto, in which they have assembled the ten principles for a meaningful evaluation of research on the basis of bibliometric data. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this work the attempt is made to indicate the relevance of the Leiden manifesto for altmetrics.

Findings

– As shown by the discussion of the ten principles against the background of the knowledge about and the research into altmetrics, the principles also have a great importance for altmetrics and should be taken into account in their application.

Originality/value

– Altmetrics is already frequently used in the area of research evaluation. Thus, it is important that the user of altmetrics data knows the relevance of the Leiden manifesto also in this area.
Noisy information and stock market returns
Authors: Li Gang
Published: August 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to study whether noisy public information that investors receive about the expected aggregate dividend growth rate can help better understand the large average equity premium and stock return volatility in the US financial market.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper considers a dynamic asset pricing model with a representative agent, who cannot observe the expected growth rate of dividends and must learn its value by using noisy information. In addition, this paper presents a simple model for noisy information calibration.

Findings

With a coefficient of relative risk aversion below 10 and the time impatience parameter between 0 and 1, the calibrated model is able to yield an average risk-free interest rate, equity premium and stock return volatility that are close to the stylized facts in the US financial market.

Originality/value

First, this paper presents a different equilibrium model with a simple “catching up with the Joneses” preference and noisy information. Second, this paper develops a simple calibration procedure to calibrate the information process to study whether the calibrated model can help explain the large average equity premium and stock return volatility in the US financial market data.
Kinematic parameters of pure‐ and converted‐mode waves in elastic orthorhombic media
Authors: Stovas Alexey
Published: August 2016

I derive the kinematic properties of single‐mode P, S1, and S2 waves as well as converted PS1, PS2, and S1S2 waves in elastic orthorhombic media including vertical velocity, two normal moveout velocities defined in vertical symmetry planes, and three anelliptic parameters (two of them are defined in vertical symmetry plane and one parameter is the cross‐term one). I show that the azimuthal dependence of normal moveout velocity and anellipticity is different in phase and group domains. The effects on‐vertical‐axis singularity and on‐vertical‐axis triplication are considered for pure‐mode S1 and S2 waves and converted‐mode S1S2 waves. The conditions and properties of on‐vertical‐axis triplication are defined in terms of kinematic parameters. The results are illustrated in four homogeneous orthorhombic models and one multilayered orthorhombic model with no variation in azimuthal orientation for all the layers.
An innovative model for professional development
Authors: McMurray Sharon , O'Neill Susan , Thompson Ross
Published: August 2016

This paper considers an innovative model of continuing professional development in addressing the needs of children with literacy difficulties, namely the Special Educational Needs Continuing Professional Development Literacy Project. Stranmillis University College, in partnership with St Mary's University College, Belfast secured £4.06 million over 3 years to enable primary school teachers in Northern Ireland to participate in an online course held in their own school, and for two teachers from each school to attend specialist face‐to‐face seminars taught at Master's level. One teacher from each school had the opportunity to complete two Master's modules and to be assessed for the award of Approved Teacher Status from the British Dyslexia Association. This project is one of the largest professional development projects to be undertaken in Northern Ireland. The project is aligned to two key Department strategies: one is to address the provision for special educational needs in mainstream schools within an inclusive school environment, and the second is to improve outcomes in literacy; a key focus is on early identification of individual needs and appropriately matched intervention. This paper discusses the design and delivery of this continuing professional development programme using this novel integrated model. It considers how this model has facilitated stronger theory‐practice links among practitioners leading to increased confidence and competence in meeting the needs of children with literacy difficulties.
FORMAÇÃO PARA A EDUCAÇÃO DE PESSOAS COM DEFICIÊNCIA
Authors: Simões Maria Cristina Dancham
Published: August 2016

Propôs‐se a análise de disciplinas das licenciaturas de universidades federais brasileiras, com foco na formação com vistas à experiência, nos termos da Teoria Crítica da Sociedade (em especial Adorno), particularmente aos alunos com deficiência. Buscou‐se verificar como é identificada e tratada a educação desses; os significados atribuídos aos termos encontrados e se/como eles interferem na compreensão da formação; discutir possibilidades para a formação (bildung) ou se a instrumentação, simplesmente, é o que vigora. Foram poucas as propostas que deram conta das categorias, o que parece reduzir a discussão à mera apresentação limitada de conteúdos. Além disso, pode‐se afirmar que os conteúdos sobre a relação entre indivíduo e sociedade ou políticas públicas, são minoria. Esses resultados permitem a compreensão ampliada sobre como as políticas educacionais foram absorvidas nos cursos de formação, bem como questionar acerca da efetividade dessa formação, bem como da possibilidade de uma formação (bildung) com vistas à autonomia.
HABILIDADES DE ALUNOS COM DIFICULDADES ESCOLARES
Authors: Souza Fernanda Santos , Batista Cecilia Guarnieri
Published: August 2016

O presente estudo buscou identificar habilidades cognitivas e sociais em crianças e adolescentes com dificuldades escolares, cujo QI era compatível com o valor delimitado para o diagnóstico de deficiência intelectual (igual ou inferior a 70 no teste WISC‐IV). Foram realizados estudos de caso com cinco crianças e adolescentes envolvendo entrevistas semiestruturadas com os seus pais ou responsáveis e profissionais da instituição escolar em que estavam matriculados. Foram também realizadas observação participante e filmagem das sessões de atendimento de um programa de educação não formal. A análise dos dados envolveu: transcrição das entrevistas e elaboração de quadros com as habilidades cognitivas e sociais relatadas; exame das filmagens, com transcrição e análise microgenética de episódios significativos. A análise dos dados permitiu a identificação de várias habilidades nos participantes, bem como favoreceu a compreensão de cada caso, ao identificar exemplos de incentivo ao desempenho, bem como situações que provavelmente representavam obstáculos a novas aquisições.
COLLABORATIVE SUPPORT FOR INCLUSION
Authors: Sanahuja‐Gavaldà Josep M. , Olmos‐Rueda Patricia , Morón‐Velasco Mar
Published: August 2016

Nowadays, in Catalonia, students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are increasingly in regular schools although their presence, participation, learning and success are unequal. Barriers towards inclusion often depend on how to organise supporting at regular schools and the teachers’ collaboration during this process. In this paper, the support management and teachers’ collaboration of four schools (three in primary and one in secondary education), from the surrounding of Barcelona, are analysed. Through the application of the Index for inclusion, interviews to 12 teachers (4 tutors, 4 support teachers and 4 members of management team) and observation of 26 children with ASD, results show some types of support: ones aimed at ASD students in specific classrooms, the others aimed in regular classroom. Organising support in schools depends on multiple variables; nevertheless, the support teacher role and the teachers’ collaboration are some of the key ones.
DOSVOX: ROMPENDO BARREIRAS DA COMUNICAÇÃO
Authors: Canejo Elizabeth.
Published: August 2016

Este trabalho tem por finalidade apresentar um sistema operacional para microcomputadores, denominado DOSVOX, e analisar o processo de implementação do uso deste sistema por alunos cegos. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa‐ação. O que diferencia o DOSVOX de outros sistemas voltados para pessoas com deficiência visual é que a comunicação é simples e direta e leva em consideração as especificidades e limitações dessas pessoas. Como parte dos resultados observamos que o desempenho dos alunos com deficiência visual tem sido favorecido após a implementação do uso do DOSVOX no contexto escolar. Tais resultados estão diretamente ligados à possibilidade de que esta tecnologia permite romper com a barreira da comunicação escrita. Entendemos ser relevante a disseminação deste recurso para estes alunos como forma de garantir a equidade de oportunidades no acesso à formação e inclusão social.
Mapping the patent landscape of synthetic biology for fine chemical production pathways
Authors: Carbonell Pablo , Gök Abdullah , Shapira Philip , Faulon Jean‐Loup
Published: August 2016

A goal of synthetic biology bio‐foundries is to innovate through an iterative design/build/test/learn pipeline. In assessing the value of new chemical production routes, the intellectual property (IP) novelty of the pathway is important. Exploratory studies can be carried using knowledge of the patent/IP landscape for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. In this paper, we perform an assessment of pathways as potential targets for chemical production across the full catalogue of reachable chemicals in the extended metabolic space of chassis organisms, as computed by the retrosynthesis‐based algorithm RetroPath. Our database for reactions processed by sequences in heterologous pathways was screened against the PatSeq database, a comprehensive collection of more than 150M sequences present in patent grants and applications. We also examine related patent families using Derwent Innovations. This large‐scale computational study provides useful insights into the IP landscape of synthetic biology for fine and specialty chemicals production.
Emergency Department Visits for Adverse Drug Reactions Involving Alcohol: United States, 2005 to 2011
Authors: Castle I‐Jen P. , Dong Chuanhui , Haughwout Sarah P. , White Aaron M.
Published: August 2016

Background

Alcohol consumption may interfere with absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medications and increase risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Studies report increasing prescription medication use over time, with many U.S. drinkers using alcohol‐interactive medication. This study identified trends in incidence of U.S. emergency department (ED) visits for ADR with alcohol involvement (ADR‐A), compared characteristics and disposition between ADR‐A visits and ADR visits without alcohol involvement (ADR‐NA), and examined frequency of implicated medications in such visits for 2005 to 2011.

Methods

ADR visits were identified through the Drug Abuse Warning Network, a national surveillance system monitoring drug‐related ED visits. Analysis accounted for sampling design effects and sampling weights. Estimates are presented for totals (ages 12+), age group, and/or sex. Trends were assessed by joinpoint log‐linear regression. Differences between ADR‐A and ADR‐NA visits were compared using two‐tailed Rao–Scott chi‐square tests.

Results

From 2005 to 2011, incidence of ADR‐A visits increased for males and females ages 21 to 34 and females ages 55+. An average of 25,303 ADR‐A visits ages 12+ occurred annually. Compared with ADR‐NA visits, ADR‐A visits were more likely to involve males, patients ages 21 to 54, and 2+ implicated drugs. Alcohol involvement increased odds of more serious outcomes from ADR visits. Central nervous system (CNS) agents were the most common medications in ADR‐A visits (59.1%), with nearly half being analgesics (mainly opioid). About 13.8% of ADR‐A visits involved psychotherapeutic agents, including antidepressants. Besides CNS and psychotherapeutic agents, ADR‐A visits involved a higher percentage of genitourinary‐tract agents (mainly for impotence) than ADR‐NA visits. Sex and age variations were observed with certain implicated medications.

Conclusions

ED visits for alcohol–drug interactions can be prevented by avoiding alcohol when taking alcohol‐interactive medications. Our results underscore the need for healthcare professionals to routinely ask patients about alcohol consumption and warn of ADR risks before prescribing and dispensing alcohol‐interactive medications.
Outcome after ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis in ulcerative colitis patients: experience during a 27‐year period
Authors: Tonelli Francesco , Giudici Francesco , Di Martino Carmela , Scaringi Stefano , Ficari Ferdinando , Addasi Rami
Published: August 2016

Background

No previous study describes the postoperative outcome and functional results after ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA), performed in ulcerative colitis by the same surgical team with the different anastomotic techniques adopted in a 27‐year period.

Methods

Prospectively, consecutive 333 ulcerative colitis patients operated adopting different IPAA techniques during the open surgery period 1984–2011 were enrolled. IPAA was performed using single stapling (SS) technique in 38 patients, double stapling (DS) technique in 235 patients (TIA stapler 42 patients, Endo‐GIA 131 patients, Contour 62 patients) and handsewn IPAA in 60 patients.

Results

Statistically different early and late complications were recorded among the different IPAA techniques. A lower frequency of daily and nocturnal defecations and a higher level of continence were observed in the DS‐IPAA compared to handsewn IPAA. The distance between the anastomotic line and the anal verge was significantly lower in DS Endo‐GIA or DS Contour groups than in the DS TIA and SS. In SS IPAA group, 31.6% developed cuffitis compared to 14.4% belonging to DS group, at a mean follow‐up of 140.4 months.

Conclusions

Technical improvements changed the IPAA technique. Stapled IPAA is characterized by better functional outcome than handsewn IPAA. DS Endo‐GIA and Contour IPAA are followed by lower risk of cuffitis.
Mini‐breast reconstruction with an omental flap: a retrospective clinical study
Authors: Kim Hoon , Yoon Chi Sun , Lee Hoon Bum , Ko Byung Kyun , Kim Gyu Yeol , Kim Kyu Nam
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Potential challenges associated with immediate small breast reconstruction include an inadequate size of the donor site, a thinner skin envelope and limited selection of implants. We present immediate postmastectomy reconstruction of small breasts with a laparoscopically harvested pedicled omental flap (LHPOF) in five Korean women.

Methods

From December 2014 to July 2015, we performed immediate postmastectomy reconstruction with an LHPOF in five breast cancer patients. Data on the patients’ age; body mass index; tumour size; site, type and weight of the mastectomy specimen; operative time; hospital stay; complications; postoperative chemotherapy or radiation therapy; and follow‐up duration were reviewed in this retrospective clinical study.

Results

The mean mastectomy specimen weight was 212 g (range: 104–272 g). The mean operative time was 298 min (range: 240–380 min), and the mean harvesting time was 75 min (range: 65–90 min). There were no flap‐related complications such as fat necrosis or flap loss and no donor site‐related complications such as bowel dysfunction, an epigastric bulge or hernia during the follow‐up period (average: 8.2 months, range: 5–11 months). The cosmetic results were satisfactory.

Discussion

The LHPOF can be useful for immediate postmastectomy reconstruction of small breasts, because it provides a soft and naturally ptotic appearance of the reconstructed breast (versus implant‐based reconstruction) with low donor‐site morbidity (versus other autologous tissue reconstruction approaches).
Teaching an old game new tricks: Long‐term feedback on a re‐designed online role play
Authors: Hardy Mat , Totman Sally
Published: August 2016

Despite an extensive history of use in teaching Political Science subjects, long‐term scholarly studies of online role plays are uncommon. This paper redresses that balance by presenting five years of data on the Middle East Politics Simulation. This online role play has been run since the 1990s and underwent significant technical upgrade in 2013–14. The data presented here covers student feedback to this upgrade process and the factors that can influence their response. Key indications are that students tend to recognise when something is fit (or not) for its purpose and will forgo attractive and well‐appointed online environments if the underlying learning exercise is valued. However, there are limits to this minimalism and whilst designers do not need to replicate every Internet trend, attention needs to be paid to broader changes in technology, such as access platform and changing avenues of political communication. The study demonstrates that long‐term monitoring of online role play exercises is important to allow informed changes to be implemented and their impacts properly assessed.
Oncological outcomes and complication rates after laparoscopic‐assisted cryoablation: a European Registry for Renal Cryoablation (EuRECA) multi‐institutional study
Authors: Nielsen Tommy K. , Lagerveld Brunolf W. , Keeley Francis , Lughezzani Giovanni , Sriprasad Seshadri , Barber Neil J. , Hansen Lars U. , Buffi Nicole M. , Guazzoni Giorgio , van der Zee Johan A. , Ismail Mohamed , Farrag Khaled , Emara Amr M. , Lund Lars , Østraat Øyvind , Borre Michael
Published: August 2016

Objective

To assess complication rates and intermediate oncological outcomes of laparoscopic‐assisted cryoablation (LCA) in patients with small renal masses (SRMs).

Patients and Methods

A retrospective review of 808 patients treated with LCA for T1a SRMs from 2005 to 2015 at eight European institutions. Complications were analysed according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to estimate 5‐ and 10‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).

Results

The median [interquartile (IQR)] age was 67 (58–74) years. The median (IQR) tumour size was 25 (19–30) mm. The transperitoneal approach was used in 77.7% of the patients. The median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days. In all, 514 patients with a biopsy‐confirmed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were available for survival analyses. The median (IQR) follow‐up for the RCC‐cohort was 36 (14–56) months. A total of 32 patients (6.2%) were diagnosed with treatment failure. The 5‐/10‐year DFS was 90.4%/80.0% and 5‐/10‐year OS was 83.2%/64.4%, respectively. A total of 134 postoperative complications (16.6%) were reported, with severe complications (grade ≥III) in 26 patients (3.2%). An American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 was associated with an increased risk of overall complications (odds ratio 2.85, 95% confidence interval 1.32–6.20; P = 0.005).

Conclusions

This large series of LCA demonstrates satisfactory long‐term oncological outcomes for SRMs. However, although LCA is considered a minimally invasive procedure, risk of complications should be considered when counselling patients.
Actual lowering effect of metabolic syndrome on serum prostate‐specific antigen levels is partly concealed by enlarged prostate: results from a large‐scale population‐based study
Authors: Zhao Sicong , Xia Ming , Tang Jianchun , Yan Yong
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To clarify the lowering effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in a Chinese screened population.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 45 540 ostensibly healthy men aged 55–69 years who underwent routine health check‐ups at Beijing Shijitan Hospital between 2008 and 2015 were included in the study. All the men underwent detailed clinical evaluations. PSA mass density was calculated (serum PSA level × plasma volume ÷ prostate volume) for simultaneously adjusting plasma volume and prostate volume. According to the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme–Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP‐ATP) III criteria, patients were dichotomized by the presence of MetS, and differences in PSA density and PSA mass density were compared between groups. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of MetS on serum PSA levels.

Results

When larger prostate volume in men with MetS was adjusted for, both PSA density and PSA mass density in men with MetS were significantly lower than in men without MetS, and the estimated difference in mean serum PSA level between men with and without MetS was greater than that before adjusting for prostate volume. In the multivariate regression model, the presence of MetS was independently associated with an 11.3% decline in serum PSA levels compared with the absence of MetS. In addition, increasing number of positive MetS components was significantly and linearly associated with decline in serum PSA levels.

Conclusion

The actual lowering effect of MetS on serum PSA levels was partly concealed by the enlarged prostate in men with MetS, and the presence of MetS was independently associated with lower serum PSA levels. Urologists need to be aware of the effect of MetS on serum PSA levels and should discuss this subject with their patients.
“One step at a time”: Analysing Young Patients’ Video Diaries in an Ethnographic Tracing of Fixed Appliances
Authors: Wickström Anette
Published: August 2016

The present article examines children's and young people's experiences of receiving state‐financed orthodontic treatment. Using video diaries and follow‐up interviews, the aim was to explore how fixed appliances act on patients’ bodies and social life. The combination of methods reveals complex experiences. The main narrative, primarily found in the interviews, presents a vision of an improved bite that patients and orthodontists share. In the video diaries, a parallel narrative of extended bodily hardship is revealed. Owing to the step‐by‐step process where appliances are gradually tightened, the young patients manage to bear the treatment. However, they cannot foresee its extension.
Therapeutic applications of conditioned medium from adipose tissue
Authors: Dai Minjia , Zhang Yan , Yu Mei , Tian Weidong
Published: August 2016

For the past number of decades, adipose tissue has attracted significant interest due to its complicated composition and versatile functions. Adipose tissue is no longer considered to be just an energy‐storing fat pad, but is also a key ring player in interaction networks between various organs and tissues. A wide range of factors released by adipose tissue are responsible for regulation of adipose tissue and other distant target tissues and cells, such as kidneys, skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system and the immune system, in an auto‐/paracrine manner. A mixture of bioactive molecules makes up the conditioned medium of adipose tissue. The beneficial role played by these bioactive molecules in angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue regeneration and immunomodulation has been demonstrated by various studies. Study of this conditioned medium helps deepen our understanding of underlying mechanisms and broadens the potential for therapeutic applications. In this review, we have aimed to improve fundamental understanding of conditioned medium from adipose tissue and to summarize recent efforts to study its therapeutic applications.
Induction immunosuppression for combined heart–lung transplantation
Authors: Hayes Don , McConnell Patrick I. , Yates Andrew R. , Tobias Joseph D. , Galantowicz Mark , Mansour Heidi M. , Tumin Dmitry
Published: August 2016

Background

Research on induction immunosuppression in patients undergoing combined heart–lung transplantation (HLTx) is limited.

Methods

The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried from 2000 to 2013 to examine the influence of induction immunosuppression for combined HLTx in adult (≥18 years) and adolescent (≥12 and <18 years) recipients.

Results

Of 394 eligible combined HLTx cases (361 adults, 33 adolescents), 384 were included in univariate Cox analysis and 116 in the multivariate Cox model. Univariate analysis demonstrated no differences in survival by induction medication and no difference among the most common maintenance immunosuppression regimens. Adjusting for use of corticosteroids, multivariate analysis demonstrated no benefit of basiliximab (HR=3.582; 95% CI: 0.966, 13.279; P=.056), thymoglobulin/antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)/antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (HR=0.808; 95% CI: 0.134, 4.888; P=.817), alemtuzumab (HR=0.369; 95% CI: 0.087, 1.563; P=.176), or other induction medications (HR=1.511; 95% CI: 0.146, 15.610; P=.729), compared to no induction medication, with respect to mortality hazard post‐HLTx. There were also no differences in treated acute rejection episodes by type of induction immunosuppression.

Conclusions

Induction immunosuppression with contemporary agents does not improve survival after combined HLTx.
Massive central nervous system infiltration by CD56‐positive plasma cells in multiple myeloma
Authors: Lopes A. C. W. , Xavier F. D. , de Souza Barroso R. , Gomes H. R. , Sales M. M.
Published: August 2016

The paper brings the laboratory workout in a massive Cerebrospinal fluid infiltration by neoplastic plasma cells in a patient who had previously achieved a very good partial response with chemotherapy for Multiple Myeloma.
Skin protective effect of guava leaves against UV‐induced melanogenesis via inhibition of ORAI1 channel and tyrosinase activity
Authors: Lee Dong‐Ung , Weon Kwon Yeon , Nam Da‐Yeong , Nam Joo Hyun , Kim Woo Kyung
Published: August 2016

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a major environmental factor affecting photoageing, which is characterized by skin wrinkle formation and hyperpigmentation. Although many factors are involved in the photoageing process, UV irradiation is thought to play a major role in melanogenesis. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in melanin synthesis; therefore, many whitening agents target tyrosinase through various mechanisms, such as direct interference of tyrosinase catalytic activity or inhibition of tyrosinase mRNA expression. Furthermore, the highly selective calcium channel ORAI1 has been shown to be associated with UV‐induced melanogenesis. Thus, ORAI1 antagonists may have applications in the prevention of melanogenesis. Here, we aimed to identify the antimelanogenesis agents from methanolic extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava) that can inhibit tyrosinase and ORAI1 channel. The n‐butanol (47.47%±7.503% inhibition at 10 μg/mL) and hexane (57.88%±7.09% inhibition at 10 μg/mL) fractions were found to inhibit ORAI1 channel activity. In addition, both fractions showed effective tyrosinase inhibitory activity (68.3%±0.50% and 56.9%±1.53% inhibition, respectively). We also confirmed that the hexane fraction decreased the melanin content induced by UVB irradiation and the ET‐1‐induced melanogenesis in murine B16F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that the leaves of P. guajava can be used to protect against direct and indirect UV‐induced melanogenesis.
Using the placebo effect: how expectations and learned immune function can optimize dermatological treatments
Authors: Evers Andrea W.M.
Published: August 2016

The role of placebo and nocebo effects—that is positive or negative treatment effects that are entirely a consequence of the patient's expectations and beliefs about a treatment outcome in terms of efficacy, safety, usability or side effects—has been shown for almost all types of diseases and physiological response systems. Evidence for the relevance of placebo and nocebo effects in dermatology is also increasing, particularly for symptoms of itch and learned (conditioned) immune function. In addition, increasing knowledge is available about the neurobiological mechanisms of action, such as the role of the dopaminergic system. Studies on this topic offer innovative perspectives to unravel the multifactorial pathways of treatment effects and to use research designs for experimental research that provide full insight into the role of placebo and nocebo effects. Moreover, intervention strategies can be developed for dermatology practice that optimize regular treatments with innovative non‐pharmacological treatment strategies (e.g. optimized doctor–patient communication and treatment adherence, or prevention of nocebo reactions with regard to adverse side effects). In addition, evidence on learned immune function offers new pathways to optimize pharmacological treatments (e.g. dosage adjustments and conditioning of physiological responses), the ultimate goal being to prevent individual treatment failures and maximize regular treatment effects.
Cultivating Resilience in Families Who Foster: Understanding How Families Cope and Adapt Over Time
Authors: Lietz Cynthia A. , Julien‐Chinn Francie J. , Geiger Jennifer M. , Hayes Piel Megan
Published: August 2016

Families who foster offer essential care for children and youth when their own parents are unable to provide for their safety and well‐being. Foster caregivers face many challenges including increased workload, emotional distress, and the difficulties associated with health and mental health problems that are more common in children in foster care. Despite these stressors, many families are able to sustain fostering while maintaining or enhancing functioning of their unit. This qualitative study applied an adaptational process model of family resilience that emerged in previous studies to examine narratives of persistent, long‐term, and multiple fostering experiences. Data corroborated previous research in two ways. Family resilience was again described as a transactional process of coping and adaptation that evolves over time. This process was cultivated through the activation of 10 family strengths that are important in different ways, during varied phases.
Is the Westminster System Broken Beyond Repair?
Authors: Grube Dennis C. , Howard Cosmo
Published: August 2016

Is Westminster dying as a useful conceptual encapsulation of a particular system of public administration? Scholarly critiques over the last decade have suggested Westminster civil services are evolving in ways that erode crucial Westminster “traditions.” Core elements including security of tenure, merit‐based selection, non‐partisanship, anonymity, and ministerial responsibility are all perceived as in decline or under attack. Influential commentators have proposed concepts such as “new political governance,” changing “public sector bargains,” “court government/politics,” and “presidentialization” to document and interpret these allegedly paradigmatic shifts in public administration. This article places these in context by canvasing different accounts of what Westminster is, before assessing the critiques about what it has become. The article argues that Westminster is not broken beyond repair, but rather it has been remolded to suit the needs of contemporary governance.
Knowledge and beliefs of young people about medicines in the UK
Authors: MacAdam Angela , Kaufman Ela , Williams Sian
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To investigate knowledge and beliefs regarding medicines among young people in the South-East of England.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young people aged 12–17 years in three state secondary schools which participated in the Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Outreach Program (POP) – scientific workshops in south-east England.

Key findings

One hundred questionnaires were successfully completed giving a response rate of 75%. The median knowledge score was 62.3% (±19.8). Increase in knowledge of medicines was positively associated with increase in age and with a positive belief about medicines. One of the questions answered that scored less than 50% was concerning the use of antibiotics.

Conclusions

Knowledge of medicines appeared to be adequate among young people and was higher with a positive belief about medicines. However, there was variability in how well different questions were answered suggesting inclusion in the school curriculum would be beneficial in order to reduce the misinformation that was apparent, particularly regarding the potential non-adherence to antibiotics.
The role of community pharmacists in supporting self-management in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Tucker Rod , Stewart Derek
Published: August 2016

Background

The majority of patients with psoriasis have mild to moderate disease which can be managed in primary care with topical therapies. The supportive role of pharmacists for patients with long-term dermatological conditions is largely unknown.

Objective

To assess the impact of an educational intervention delivered by community pharmacists to improve self-management for people with psoriasis.

Method

The study involved a pre- and post-intervention design. Seven community pharmacies were selected based on their location (urban, rural etc.) and the pharmacists recruited via local comprehensive research networks. Patients with mild to moderate psoriasis were recruited either opportunistically or via a letter of invite by pharmacists who undertook a face-to-face consultation with one follow-up visit after 6 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in person-centred dermatology self-care index (PEDESI) score and secondary outcomes were the self-assessed psoriasis and severity index (SAPASI), measuring disease severity and the dermatology quality of life index (DLQI).

Key findings

A total of 47 patients were recruited. At 6 weeks, 42/47 (89.3%) patients completed the follow-up consultation. There was a significant increase in mean PEDESI scores (25.15 versus 17.78, P < 0.001) at 6 weeks compared to baseline. Similarly, SAPASI (11.60 versus 7.74, P < 0.001) and DLQI (7.21 versus 4.14, P < 0.001) scores improved significantly.

Conclusion

Pharmacist-assisted support for patients with psoriasis improved knowledge, reduced disease severity and the impact on quality of life. These results suggest that community pharmacists might have an important role to play in facilitating self-management for patients with psoriasis.
The role of forest expansion and contraction in species diversification among galagos (Primates: Galagidae)
Authors: Pozzi Luca
Published: August 2016

Aim

Here, I investigate galagid diversification and current distribution in the context of major climatic and geological events in sub‐Saharan Africa. Given their widespread distribution and presence in a large range of diverse habitats, galagids represent an excellent group to investigate the role of forest contraction and expansion on biological diversification in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Location

Sub‐Saharan Africa (Afrotropical Region).

Methods

I assembled a supermatrix including 53 nuclear loci and three mitochondrial markers for 94% of the galagid species currently recognized. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships and times of divergence within the family. Ancestral ranges were estimated using several methods, including ‘BioGeoBEARS’ and rasp.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses corroborated previous results regarding the evolutionary history of this family: (1) early origin of the family soon after the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary; (2) dwarf galagos (Galagoides spp.) represent a polyphyletic group with two well‐defined clades, one in central‐west Africa and one in the east; and (3) divergences within galagids are relatively old with most genera already present by the Late Miocene. The biogeographical analysis indicates central African origins and subsequent expansion to the east in the Early‐Middle Miocene. An expansion to the northern and southern savannas occurred between the Late Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene.

Main conclusions

The results of this study clarify several questions related to the evolutionary history of the Galagidae in the context of sub‐Saharan African biogeography. This study suggests that galagid evolution and diversification was affected by three major climatic episodes: (1) the global cooling and forest contraction in the Early Oligocene, (2) the forest expansion and the uplift of the African rifts in the Miocene and (3) the aridification and extension of open woodlands and savannas in the Late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene.
On understanding the self of the schizophrenics
Authors: Gonçalves Jorge
Published: August 2016

Identified as a mental disorder by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler (1858–1939), schizophrenia has been subject to various criticisms, on both political and scientific grounds. Still, until the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM‐5, as the‘Spectrum of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders’. In this article, we will assume a neutral conception of ‘mental disorder’ and describe schizophrenia broadly as a kind of altered state of consciousness. The alteration is so radical that some authors argue schizophrenia resists any attempt at being comprehended and that the only possible explanation for its occurrence is causal‐mechanical. This idea that schizophrenia does not allow for any degree of understanding goes back to Jaspers, the founder of Psychopathology. The aim of this article is to show that, although emerging from the same line of thought of Jaspers, the more recent phenomenologists who revisit classical Phenomenology, overcome the barrier between explaining and understanding. The argument here is that schizophrenia can be at least partially understood if we maintain an open mind towards people who do not share part of our world.
Synergy Management Services Companies: A New Business Model for Industrial Park Operators
Authors: Siskos Ioannis , Van Wassenhove Luk N.
Published: August 2016

The concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) was introduced decades ago and its environmental and economic benefits are well established, but the broad acceptance of IS still faces significant barriers. This article provides a new approach to capture synergies within industrial parks by suggesting a new business model. Building on findings from a survey conducted by the authors and on literature, we first identify potential barriers to low‐carbon synergistic projects. Economic concerns of technically feasible synergies and financial issues turn out to be the largest barriers, because of long payback periods and fluctuating raw material and by‐product market prices. Existing business models do not offer easy ways to overcome or relax these barriers. We therefore introduce the concept of a synergy management services company (SMSCO), a synergy contractor and third‐party financing model, to overcome these barriers. This model shifts the financial risk of the synergistic project from collaborating firms to the SMSCO. We posit that this attribute of the SMSCO model makes it attractive for industrial park operators who seek long‐term solutions to secure future viability of their park.
Implementation in Practice: Adaptations to Sexuality Education Curricula in California
Authors: Arons Abigail , Decker Mara , Yarger Jennifer , Malvin Jan , Brindis Claire D.
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Local implementation of evidence‐based curricula, including sex education, has received increasing attention. Although there are expectations that practitioners will implement evidence‐based programs with fidelity, little is known regarding the experiences of instructors in meeting such standards. During 2005 to 2009, the California Department of Public Health funded local agencies through its Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (TPP) to provide comprehensive sex education.

METHODS

To improve understanding of how agencies implemented curricula, in‐depth telephone interviews with 128 coordinators were conducted in 2008 to 2009. Qualitative data were analyzed for content and themes. Selected data were quantified and analyzed to examine differences in curriculum adaptations across settings and curricula type.

RESULTS

Whereas over half of the TPP agencies (59%) implemented evidence‐based curricula, most agencies (95%) reported adapting the curriculum, with the majority (83%) adding content. Reasons for adaptations included ensuring that the material was accurate and appropriate; responding to logistical or time constraints; and other factors, such as parental and institutional support.

CONCLUSION

These adaptations reflected agencies' efforts to balance state and local requirements, maintain curriculum fidelity, and provide more up‐to‐date and accessible information. These experiences highlight the need for guidelines that enable appropriate adaptations, while maintaining fidelity to the core components of the original curriculum.
Transculturation and Historicisation: New Directions for the Study of Scottish Literature c.1840–1914
Authors: Shaw Michael
Published: August 2016

This article addresses the emerging enthusiasm for Scottish Victorian and Edwardian literature and argues that more historicist and transcultural approaches would enliven and develop critical discussions. I demonstrate that there has been relatively little attempt to historicise Scotland's literature c.1840–1914, and I establish how we can consider the various writings of the period through their responses to particular cultures in Scotland, including the formation of the Free Church and the development of cultural and political identity debates. I also argue that overlooking the global circulation of Scottish Victorian and Edwardian literature is debilitating considering such writers as Stevenson and Conan Doyle have been hugely popular internationally and, while the work of comparable English writers has been effectively considered in the context of global circulation, a great deal more could be done with Scottish writers. There are signs that this literature is increasingly being situated historically and internationally; this article proposes how these gains can be advanced.
Formation of shatter cones by symmetric fracture bifurcation: Phenomenological modeling and validation
Authors: Kenkmann Thomas , Hergarten Stefan , Kuhn Thomas , Wilk Jakob
Published: August 2016

Several models of shatter cone formation require a heterogeneity at the cone apex of high impedance mismatch to the surrounding bulk rock. This heterogeneity is the source of spherically expanding waves that interact with the planar shock front or the following release wave. While these models are capable of explaining the overall conical shape of shatter cones, they are not capable of explaining the subcone structure and the diverging and branching striations that characterize the surface of shatter cones and lead to the so‐called horse‐tailing effect. Here, we use the hierarchical arrangement of subcone ridges of shatter cone surfaces as key for understanding their formation. Tracing a single subcone ridge from its apex downward reveals that each ridge branches after some distance into two symmetrically equivalent subcone ridges. This pattern is repeated to form new branches. We propose that subcone ridges represent convex‐curved fracture surfaces and their intersection corresponds to the bifurcation axis. The characteristic diverging striations are interpreted as the intersection lineations delimiting each subcone. Multiple symmetric crack branching is the result of rapid fracture propagation that may approach the Raleigh wave speed. We present a phenomenological model that fully constructs the shatter cone geometry to any order. The overall cone geometry including apex angle of the enveloping cone and the degree of concavity (horse‐tailing) is largely governed by the convexity of the subcone ridges. Straight cones of various apical angles, constant slope, and constant bifurcation angles form if the subcone convexity is low (30°). Increasing subcone convexity leads to a stronger horse‐tailing effect and the bifurcation angles increase with increasing distance from the enveloping cone apex. The model predicts possible triples of enveloping cone angle, bifurcation angle, and subcone angle. Measurements of these quantities on four shatter cones from different impact structures and lithologies agree well with model predictions.
Human papillomavirus (HPV): making the case for ‘Immunisation for All’
Authors: Prue G , Lawler M , Baker P , Warnakulasuriya S
Published: August 2016

Human papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to the most common sexually transmitted infections, with repeated and persistent infection with particular types causing disease in both men and women. Infection with low‐risk HPV types can lead to genital warts and benign lesions of the oral cavity, while high‐risk types can cause various HPV‐related malignancies. The incidence of head and neck cancers has been rising in the past number of decades mostly due to oropharyngeal cancer linked to HPV infection. HPV vaccination has been shown to be effective for cervical and other anogenital HPV‐related cancers, and there is significant potential for HPV vaccination to prevent oropharyngeal cancers, given that the HPV types implicated in this disease can be protected against by the HPV vaccine. Few countries have implemented a universal HPV vaccination programme for males and females, with many countries arguing that female‐only vaccination programmes protect males via herd immunity and that men who have sex with men will be protected via targeted vaccination programmes. We argue these may be limited in their effectiveness. We propose that the most effective, practical, ethical and potentially cost‐effective solution is universal HPV vaccination that might lead to control of HPV‐related diseases in men and women alike.