bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Popemaniacs (1). Idolatrous Ingenuity
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

Among pope idolaters venerating Canon Law, Pantagruel experiences the itch to beat a papal usher after holding their book of Decretals. He describes their papal portrait (a prized relic to them) as Dædalic art before his companions equate his supposed powers to the divine ability a beggar’s gangrenous leg would have to draw gold to its owner. The episode satirizes papal artistic propaganda fostering idolatry as contagion. It also discloses Rabelais’s exploration into the animation of artefacts. Drawing on Erasmus’s adage ‘The Works of Dædalus’ and Fernel’s account of gangrene or ‘sideration’ as live infection, Rabelais articulates an alternative account of the aesthetic impact of ingenious art: one which does not foreground appreciation for mimetic lifelikeness born from the artist’s regulated talent, but wonder and the sympathetic pull of simulated animation born from the alienating cunning of its maker and from its audience’s spirited rather than spiritual ingenium.
Popemaniacs (2). Grotesque Reflections on Social Ingenuity
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

This chapter investigates Rabelais’s ambiguous take on the social performances of ingenuity—as conversational wit, as gastronomical and sartorial refinement, as ceremonial grace—and embeds it in Renaissance grotesque visual culture. Rabelais acknowledges that ingenuity manifests our embodiment; its inventions fostering elaborate sociability are also manifestations of sin, as the parting exchange of gifts makes clear. In the table-talk at the Papimanes banquet, Pantagruel’s crew indulges in a sustained, witty set of attacks against the witlessness and lack of spirituality of their blissfully unaware host. All their anecdotes apparently praising the powers of Canon Law (evil befalls anyone who misuses them) in fact denounce specific failures of cognitive ingenuity in their host: lack of flair, of quick-thinking, of conversational empathy. Yet they themselves fall prey to excesses of ingenuity: they lust for the graceful ceremony of the maids, and indulge in hypocritical dissimulation.
The Breath and the Breeze
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

In the Macræons episode, Rabelais explores the limits of animation: the airy dissolution of the heroic ingenium or inborn nature into last breath and the tempestuous, portentous winds that mark it. A rewriting of Plutarch’s On the Obsolescence of Oracles, this episode also owes much to the Hippocratic ‘meteorological’ conception of animation and its Galenic reception, which forefront the importance of air, breath, and wind. It also captures the dynamism of collective ingenuity in the form of the eschatological impulse of shared conjectures—from natural-philosophical explanations to divination—as the crew attempts to make sense with their host, the old Macrobius, of the tempest which has spewed them on his shores and, beyond death, of the experience of the dying breath. This impulse culminates lyrically in Pantagruel’s story about the oracular foretelling of the death of Pan shaking the whole of nature, which he reinterprets as the death of Christ.
Animation and the Matter of Voice
Authors: Garrod Raphaële
Published: January 2025

This episode captures the reactions and reinventions that the diffuse animation of ancient voices can prompt. The first of these reactions is panic. It is met once again by Pantagruel’s conjectures. These progress from an oracular interpretation undermined by irony to an increasingly facetious and poetic allegory of the transmission of culture as ingenious, grotesque reinvention. Rabelais manipulates the polysemy of spiritus—soul, air, voice—in order to represent cultural transmission as a natural phenomenon characterized by elusive fragmentariness. This precarious transmission prompts synaesthetic wonder. Once materialized, as they release the soundscape of war, the thawing words become noise but also potentially taste, colour, and palpable textures. Rabelais’s exploration of our response to voice is also a genealogy of its biological production: onomatopoeia repeatedly puns medical accounts of voice. Cultural transmission no longer entails passing on truths or clear auctorial meanings but re-animating the expressive potential of ancient voices.
Gastrointestinal problems
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

This chapter covers sources of acute and chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including those due to the impaired nervous system. Management of recurrent GI pain, emesis, and functional ileus is covered in detail, including scheduled medications and acute management plans for breakthrough episodes. Routine considerations reviewed include constipation, gastro-oesophageal reflux, anti-emetic drugs, formula osmolality, blenderized diet, and dysmenorrhea. Children with severe neurological impairment who are non-ambulatory with a feeding tube and low length for age have risk for overestimated calories that can result in GI symptoms and excess weight gain. A guide to calorie decisions is included. A review of feeding intolerance distinguishes the routine time frame for feed advancement from a slower pace over 10–14+ days, highlighting why this can be needed and when to consider. Finally, a review of intractable feeding intolerance following comprehensive assessment and management considers the options of peripheral nutrition, discontinuation of medical nutrition, and intestinal failure that can be a feature at the end of life.
Problems of the central nervous system
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

Children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) often have comorbid neuro-problems due to the impaired central nervous system. This chapter covers spasticity, dystonia, autonomic dysfunction, seizures, altered sleep, dementia, and delirium. A framework for all problems uses the ABCD tool from Chapter 1 and covers problems that can worsen neuro-problems both acutely and chronically, such as acute illness, adverse drug reactions, and neuro-pain. Treatment of neuro-problems is covered, using a goal-directed framework, starting with a goal of seizure free and no breakthrough neuro-problem events. This goal can shift to treatment that enhances good days without oversedation from multiple medications. Evidence-based guidelines include management outside of the intensive care unit and dosing guidelines when clonidine formulation is limited to tablets given clonidine’s use for neuro-problems. Specific challenges covered include communicating risk for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), delirium in children with SNI, dementia in childhood conditions, and neuronal apoptosis as a reason for persistent problems without a clear aetiology.
Comfort as the primary care goal and end-of-life considerations for children with severe neurological impairment
Authors: Hauer Julie
Published: January 2025

End-of-life (EOL) care is a continuation of care throughout life. This chapter expands on information from prior chapters, with an emphasis on shared perspectives at times of diminishing likelihood of achieving a desired goal. Respect for parent preferences is a cornerstone of EOL care. The many tasks leading up to and through the dying and bereavement phase require significant time and specific skills. The tasks covered in this chapter include different trajectories prior to EOL, goal-directed considerations that precede EOL, location of death, logistical tasks before and following death, anticipatory grief, memory making, EOL symptom management, the anticipated time frame, preparing families for EOL features, death that is sudden or feels unexpected, reflecting with parents on events leading up to death, grief and bereavement care for families, and team support.
What is RLS?
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Restless legs syndrome is a sensorimotor disorder in which people experience an unpleasant urge to move, often in the legs, that is worse later in the day and better with movement. The diagnosis is clinical and does not rely on specific tests. RLS must be distinguished from the related condition of periodic limb movements of sleep. Diagnostic mimics for RLS include neuropathy, leg cramps, akathisia, and painful legs moving toes syndrome. People with RLS should seek medical help when the symptoms are bothersome enough to impact their quality of life.
Why Me?
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Restless legs syndrome is very common across the world. While females are more likely to develop it than males, it is regularly diagnosed in both sexes. The underlying cause of RLS in most cases is deficiency of iron in the brain. This is a different phenomenon than iron deficiency in the blood, which leads to challenges interpreting blood iron lab tests. In addition to iron deficiency, peripheral neuropathy, kidney failure, heart failure, stroke, multiple sclerosis, vitamin D deficiency, and surgery all predispose people to RLS. Many medications, along with alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine, are also known triggers for RLS.
What Causes RLS?
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Restless legs syndrome is considered a disease of the brain. While changes in the dopamine system are well established, adenosine, glutamate, and opioids are involved as well. Low iron levels in the brain reduce the function of the adenosine system, which in turn increases the activity of the glutamate system. Higher glutamate activity leads to more dopamine production and a subsequent reduction in dopamine receptors. The result of these changes is discomfort and a sensation of needing to move. Alternative theories for the development of RLS include changes to the nerves in the legs and low oxygen in the legs. If there are cases of RLS that originate outside the brain, they are likely in the minority.
Consequences of RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

There are many known consequences of restless legs syndrome. People with RLS are at higher risk of heart disease and high blood pressure. They are also at higher risk of anxiety and depression. The links between RLS and obesity, dementia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are all under investigation. It is likely that these associations are related to either the sleep problems that result from RLS or similar underlying changes in the brain. In addition, RLS can cause significant marital distress.
Iron Therapy
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Iron is a mainstay of therapy for RLS. It is the only treatment that addresses the root cause of the problem. Oral and intravenous iron therapy are available. Oral iron comes as nonheme or heme iron. Nonheme iron is not absorbed as well as heme iron, but heme iron intake has been associated with higher rates of cancer. Most people with RLS are recommended nonheme iron, such as ferrous sulfate, at a dose of 65 mg of elemental iron per day. Iron pills should be taken with vitamin C but not with calcium. Intravenous iron is recommended for people who do not tolerate oral iron, have particularly severe symptoms, have not responded to oral iron, or have specific reasons that they do not absorb iron well. Intravenous iron comes with the risk of allergic reactions, which can be serious, and infusion reactions, which are uncomfortable but not dangerous.
Benzodiazepines for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Benzodiazepines were commonly used for RLS in the 1980s and 1990s, but safer and more effective medications are now available. There is disagreement among experts if this class of medication should even be considered for treatment RLS at all anymore. These medications, including clonazepam, alprazolam, diazepam, and lorazepam, differ mostly by duration of action. If one doesn’t work to improve the RLS, the others likely won’t either. These drugs can cause dependence, sedation, confusion, memory loss, imbalance, and falls. Long-term use increases the risk for dementia. Stopping benzodiazepines must be done slowly.
Periodic Limb Movements
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Periodic limb movements of sleep (PLMS) are common in patients with RLS. PLMS are brief jerks of the legs, and these can be recorded during a sleep study. Frequent PLMS can disrupt sleep, in which case it is referred to as periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), but many people with PLMS have no symptoms. It can be difficult to determine if PLMS are causing PLMD or not. Sometimes, the only way to diagnose PLMD is to treat the PLMS and monitor for improvement in symptoms. Treatment of PLMD is the same as it is for PLMS; start with iron therapy and then use any of the medications used for RLS.
Information for Loved Ones and Caregivers
Authors: Spector Andrew R.
Published: January 2025

Family members and caregivers have a big role to play in helping their loved ones deal with RLS. To start, it’s important that they understand the nature of the condition and not underestimate how much distress it can cause. They can assist their loved ones by helping to track symptoms, encourage a healthy diet and regular exercise, and attend medical appointments as an advocate and recordkeeper. Furthermore, loved ones can play a role by monitoring for side effects of medications and helping gather information from trustworthy resources. They also must contend with the emotional burden of seeing their loved ones in distress and put up with some distress of their own, such as poor sleep from excessive nighttime movement.
Navigating Life with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

This book is a practical guide for meeting the challenges of multiple sclerosis (MS), a lifelong, unpredictable disease. MS causes a myriad of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that impact function and quality of life for those with the disease and those who provide care and support for them. The book demystifies MS and offers detailed descriptions of the essential components of comprehensive MS care, including disease and symptom management; rehabilitation to enhance function, safety, and independence; social and emotional support; and attention to overall health and wellness for those with MS and their caregivers. The book describes the role of the person with MS as the center of their care team, and it offers tips for communicating effectively with health care providers, participating comfortably in shared decision-making, and advocating confidently for personal health care needs and priorities. Each chapter offers solutions and guidance based on the authors’ interdisciplinary perspective and years of clinical and research experience. The book confronts the ways in which the visible and invisible symptoms of MS affect function, self-image, and confidence as well as relationships and communication, and it offers practical strategies for living life fully in the face of challenges.
Comprehensive Care of Multiple Sclerosis Over the Lifetime
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Comprehensive care is a concept and care model that considers the whole person—including multiple sclerosis (MS) and overall health and wellness. In comprehensive care, an MS health care team—including professionals from neurology, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation, and others—helps the person address and manage the many challenges of MS. The person with MS is at the center of the team and, ideally, participates in care decisions through a process known as shared decision-making. The goals for comprehensive care include overall health and well-being; treatment with disease-modifying therapies; treating relapses, often with high doses of corticosteroids; managing symptoms; and promoting function and independence through rehabilitation. This chapter describes the elements and goals of comprehensive care in MS.
Mobility Symptoms
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Many of the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) are invisible to others. As such, it is not possible to determine just by looking at a person with MS whether they are experiencing fatigue, pain, or cognitive challenges. On the other hand, when someone uses a mobility aid, it is clear that their ability to move has been affected. For this reason, it is not surprising that mobility is one of the first issues people with MS want to discuss with their care providers. Mobility depends on complex functions, including strength, tone, and balance. In MS, mobility is affected when pathways that control the mobility functions are disrupted and problems such as weakness, ataxia (imbalance), impaired position sense (proprioception), vertigo (vestibular symptoms), and spasticity (increased tone) occur. Rehabilitation strategies, including physical therapy and the use of assistive devices, can improve function or compensate for symptoms and promote and maintain independence.
Care Partners, Support Partners, Carers, and Caregivers
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Those who provide support, assistance, or hands-on care for someone living with multiple sclerosis (MS) face significant challenges of their own that tend to take a backseat to the needs of the person with MS. The emotional and physical well-being of spouses and partners, parents, adult children, and other family members who take on additional roles and responsibilities may be neglected as the needs of the person with MS increase. Care partners need to learn how to “put on their own oxygen mask” before helping the person they love, which includes regular preventive health care, stress management, adequate exercise, restful sleep, and healthy nutrition. Understanding—and communicating about—the invisible symptoms of MS, learning how and when to provide assistance to the person with MS, planning effectively for the unpredictable future, and working effectively with the MS care team are essential for care partners of people with MS.
Diet and Nutrition
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

The immune system, nervous system, and gut microbiome interact in complex ways that affect the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Many anti-inflammatory diets have been promoted for people with MS. The recommendations they have in common include reduced intake of processed food, highly refined sugars, starches, and food that is high in saturated fat; and increased consumption of whole grains, colorful fruits and vegetables, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The Mediterranean diet, which has demonstrated positive results for people with MS in several studies, may prolong life; reduce the risk of other health conditions that can increase MS progression; and improve many MS symptoms, including mood, cognitive function, bladder and bowel function, and pain.
Planning for the Future While Finding Meaning in the Present
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S.
Published: January 2025

Living with an unpredictable chronic illness is challenging. The optimal strategy is to take charge of those aspects of life that are within one’s control—such as financial planning, writing advance directives, optimizing your employment options, and family planning—while learning to live and thrive despite the ups and downs of everyday life with multiple sclerosis (MS). The changes and losses that can accompany a diagnosis of MS also offer opportunities for personal growth and for finding meaning and purpose in ways one may never have considered in the past. For those who feel frustrated or at a loss—unable to identify a path forward—working with a grief counselor or mental health professional can help them forge ahead.
Introduction
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

We begin this chapter by describing several examples of time-series data from the life sciences. We then use these examples to introduce some basic concepts that pervade the remainder of the book. We explain the theoretical decomposition of a time series into stochastic and deterministic components of variation and show how this relates to the scientific objectives of the analysis. We introduce the fundamental notion of serial dependence, whereby successive observations of the stochastic component of a time series are not independent, and explain why the empirical counterpart of the decomposition of a single time series into its stochastic and deterministic components is not straightforward.
Simple descriptive methods of analysis
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

The first step in any time-series analysis is to plot the data. In this chapter we first describe different methods for smoothing a time series with the aim of highlighting its main features; typically, this leads to the formulation of a provisional model for the deterministic component, or trend, of the series. Subtracting this estimated trend from the data defines the residual series, with the working assumption that the expectation of the residual series is zero at every time point. We then describe complementary methods for investigating the statistical properties of the residual series. The correlogram estimates the correlation between two residuals as a function of their separation in time. The periodogram is the equivalent of an analysis of variance, in which the variance of the residual series is decomposed into harmonic components (sine-cosine waves) at a discrete set of frequencies called the Fourier frequencies. Both of these require measurements to be equally spaced in time. The variogram is an alternative to the correlogram that more easily handles a series of measurements unequally spaced in time.
Theory of stationary processes
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

This chapter contains some basic theory of stochastic processes that might serve as models for the stochastic component of an observed time series. We consider only stationary processes, a informal definition of which is that their statistical properties do not change over time. We introduce the autocorrelation function and the spectrum as the theoretical counterparts of the correlogram and periodogram. We describe the widely used class of autoregressive moving average processes as models for time series of measurements that are equally spaced in time. These discrete-time models are often applied to discrete-time data that are derived by sampling or integrating an underlying continuous-time process. We show how sampling and integrating a continuous-time process lead to different properties of the resulting discrete-time processes. Finally, we introduce an alternative hierarchical modelling approach that is often more natural for modelling data obtained by discrete sampling, not necessarily at equally spaced time points, of a continuous-time process.
Generalized linear models for unreplicated series
Authors: Diggle Peter J. , Giorgi Emanuele
Published: January 2025

In this chapter we pick up where Section 5.6 left off, by describing an extension of the modelling framework introduced in Chapter 5 to model count data at regularly or irregularly spaced observation times. We define the class of generalized linear mixed models and describe methods for fitting such a model to a single time series.
Troubling Vocality
Authors: Niess Andrew
Published: January 2025

This essay argues that attunement to parahuman vocality compels a rethinking of vocality as a condition of protest. Such attunement offers analytical and political alternatives to the logo- and anthropocentrism of representational politics. By analyzing how Occupy Wall Street participants mobilized vocality as a condition of political mattering via the human microphone tactic, the chapter highlights the intricate relationship between vocality, political agency, personhood, representation, and attunement. Considering calls for aural analytics that do not foreclose politics to an anthropocentric domain of sensibility, this approach enriches our understanding of sonic creativity and political mattering in contemporary protest movements, thereby opening politics to the parahuman sensorium.
State and Religion
Authors: Medina Barak
Published: January 2025

The separation between state and religion in Israel is considerably more limited than what is commonly observed in other liberal democracies. The government refrains from mandating adherence to religious norms, but a series of policies result in the enforcement of religious norms by the state. The legal doctrines, constructed through judicial interpretation, only partially limit the power of the government to enforce adherent to religious norms. The discussion in the chapter presents the main components of “Israel style” separation between state and religion. It starts by analyzing the permissible justifications of incorporating religious norms in governmental policies, and then offers a more detailed account of the constitutional law norms that govern specific policies: references to Jewish religious norms in legislation, regulation of activities in the public sphere according to religious norms, incorporation of religious laws in matters of marriage and divorce, and the public provision of religious services.
Truth, Normativity, and Interpretational Theories of Meaning
Authors: Jackman Henry
Published: January 2025

While it has frequently been suggested that meaning and content are ‘normative’, attempts to explain just what this claim amounts to or why we should believe it have proved surprisingly difficult. That said, it will be argued here that the normativity thesis can ultimately be justified in terms of an ‘epistemic’ metasemantic theory coming out of the ‘radical interpretation’ tradition. In doing so, it allows that meaning is grounded in use but shows that there are a number of respects in which the process by which meaning is determined by use is a normative one. Ultimately, meaning turns out to be normative not because meaning facts entail norms but because they are grounded in them.
Quantifier Domain Restriction and the Problem of Incomplete Quantifiers
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2025

1. Every student passed. In a given context, 1 may be used to convey the claim that every student in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 passed. I assume without argument that in such cases, the sentence in context semantically expresses the relevant proposition: in the present case, that every student in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 passed. Given this, somehow the property of being in Philosophy at Rutgers in 2022 gets contributed to the proposition semantically expressed by 1 in context in such a case. Call this property the contextual restriction on the quantifier. The problem is that it can be that sentences such as 1 have many candidates for the contextual restriction on the quantifier, where there is no mechanism to select a unique property as the contextual restriction. Call this the problem of incomplete quantifiers. The problem of incomplete quantifiers gives rise to several worries to which I respond.
Linguistic Variation, Agency, and Style
Authors: Camp Elisabeth , Nowak Ethan
Published: January 2025

People speak in different ways within and across contexts; and utterances that are equivalent in their essential content and force can differ in their social significance in virtue of differing phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, and lexically. These dimensions of linguistic variation have not received sustained philosophical attention. We argue that meaningful form contributes significantly to the speech acts that agents perform with their utterances. Speakers communicate social information by navigating fine-grained differences in how they speak, and hearers systematically pick up on and use this information. Moreover, these fine-grained differences performatively alter the conversational context. We review three options for handling these aspects of speech within the philosophy of language—exclusionism, informationalism, and performativism—and sketch prospects and challenges for a theory of sociolinguistic variation going forward.
Do Languages Really Exist?
Authors: Stainton Robert J. , Viger Christopher
Published: January 2025

Eliminativism about languages, characterized by a negative response to our title question, follows from two main lines of argument. First, several metaphysical principles may, individually or in combination, lead to doubt about the existence of languages. Second, accounts of successful communication that do not appeal to languages may render them otiose. In response, we note that arguments based on metaphysical principles prove too much, eliminating garden weeds and baseball, along with languages. Furthermore, we indicate ways in which languages are required to make sense of communication and other linguistic inquiries. We present a countermove that languages may have a place in ordinary folk ontology but not in serious scientific investigation. While more promising, we indicate some challenges to this scientific eliminativism. We conclude by considering why the question matters, outlining some consequences of eliminativism for linguistics and broader ethical, social, and political consequences around language promotion/preservation and language rights.
Reference Without Deference
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Deutsch Max
Published: January 2025

On a standard understanding of externalist metasemantic theories, such theories require a speaker to defer to other speakers in order to share content with them. We argue that this standard understanding is mistaken and that, on a proper understanding of externalism, sharing content does not depend in any way on deference, either to experts or one’s linguistic community. We defend a version of externalism that we call ‘pure externalism’, and we argue that the idea that shared content requires deference is a residue of internalism/descriptivisism to which externalists ought to be opposed. We also argue that, despite common belief to the contrary, several of the originators of externalism, including Tyler Burge, do not think that deference is in any way relevant, let alone required, for shared externalist content.
Deontic Modal Expressions
Authors: Dowell J. L.
Published: January 2025

Over the past fifteen years, linguists and philosophers of language have re-examined the canonical, Kratzerian semantics for modal expressions, with special attention paid to their epistemic and deontic uses. This chapter is an overview of the literature on deontic modal expressions. Section 1 provides an overview of the canonical semantics, noting some of its main advantages. Section 2 introduces a set of desiderata that have achieved the status of fixed points in the debates about whether the canonical semantics is correct. Section 3 provides an opinionated overview of some of the main extant rivals to the canonical semantics, including Cariani, Kaufmann, and Kaufmann’s complex contextualism; Yalcin’s expressivism; Willer’s dynamic semantics; and Starr’s dynamic expressivism. Section 4 provides an assessment of each of the views discussed in terms of the desiderata introduced in section 2. Section 5 is an overview of remaining issues that require more attention in the literature.
Information Structure for Philosophers
Authors: Glanzberg Michael
Published: January 2025

This chapter is an overview of concepts and theories of information structure, with an emphasis on their importance to philosophy. It introduces some of the basic ideas of information structure and gives an explanation of how information structure in represented in English via intonation. The chapter reviews traditional approaches to theories of information structure that are still important to current research. It also outlines current work on two of the central components of information structure: focus and topic. These two components illustrate some contemporary theories. The chapter concludes by presenting a discussion of the philosophical implications of information structure.
Literary Criticism of the Restoration
Authors: Gavin Michael
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the emergence of literary criticism in England during the Restoration period (1660–1700), examining the various genres in which critical opinions were expressed, including print, manuscript, performance, and oral exchange. It argues that the rise of criticism reflected the growth of a new public sphere, in which literary works were discussed and evaluated as part of a wider social and cultural discourse. Through analysis of the diverse ‘critical occasions’ and ‘places of criticism’—such as theatrical performance, coffee-house discussions, and letter-writing—the chapter highlights the central role of critical writing and publication in the development of the public sphere. By surveying the different ‘critical occasions’ and ‘places of criticism’ common during the Restoration, the chapter outlines some of the most important lines of differentiation across which literary value was articulated.
‘For the Bays Designed’
Authors: Wright Gillian
Published: January 2025

The Earl of Rochester’s double-edged salutation of Edmund Waller as ‘for the Bays designed’ calls attention to the ambiguous status of the laureateship in the early Restoration, a time when the purpose, opportunities, and selection of the laureate were all, apparently, available for reconsideration, and when the role itself had not yet been fully institutionalized. This chapter assesses the post-Restoration careers of Waller and two younger contemporaries, Abraham Cowley and Katherine Philips, in the light of contemporary thinking about laureateship. It considers their proto-laureate responses to the Restoration itself, and more briefly surveys their priorities and limitations as public poets in their later careers. It addresses all three writers’ engagement with print and manuscript culture, and concludes by evaluating Philips’s historical significance as a possible model for female laureateship.
Cleveland’s Ghosts
Authors: Loxley James
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the practice of satire in the 1660s, as exemplified by the two most accomplished satirists of the period. Samuel Butler’s mock epic Hudibras was published from 1662 onwards, while Andrew Marvell was a key figure in the writing and circulation of a series of devastating satires that helped to undermine the government headed by the Earl of Clarendon, Charles II’s chief minister from 1660 to 1667. But both Marvell and Butler were working within a satiric landscape shaped significantly by John Cleveland, to whom they were each differently indebted. This chapter recuperates Cleveland’s reputation, clarifies the importance of his precedent as satirist, and demonstrates his ongoing relevance to the writing of satire after 1660. It shows how Butler and Marvell adopted and adapted his approaches, and how the satiric clash between them in the wake of Marvell’s The Rehearsal Transpros’d (1672) was in some ways a continuation of the civil war antagonisms with which Cleveland’s reputation was most associated. It concludes with an analysis of Marvell’s attempt finally to exorcize Cleveland’s ghost in his poem ‘The Loyal Scot’.
Imagining It Was Otherwise
Authors: Murphy Erin
Published: January 2025

Margaret Cavendish and John Milton are key figures in understanding the role of literature and generic experimentation in the contested project of the Restoration. This chapter explores how Cavendish’s The Blazing World (1666) and Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667) illuminate both the persistence of revolutionary impulses after 1660 and the mid-century’s traumatic legacy of violence and disruption, which Jonathan Scott has called the Restoration’s ‘haunted’ quality. These intertwined, sometimes paradoxical ties to the civil wars and Interregnum shape the Restoration, and mark Cavendish and Milton’s place in it. Despite their very different political allegiances, these writers share a sense of authorship forged in the dynamic relation between the pre- and post-1660 moment. Navigating the reign of Charles II, both produce works about Paradise that engage the Restoration rhetoric of nostalgia but refuse the false romance of return.
‘Voice Made Up of Harmony’
Authors: Mannheimer Katherine
Published: January 2025

The Restoration marked a transition point between manuscript transmission and print publication—and between the social forms of authorship associated with coterie writing and the forms of proprietary authorship that accompanied the rise of a commercial print marketplace. Although Rochester and Behn are often held up as representatives of these respective ‘opposite’ cultural modes, both writers saw their work appear in varying contexts that blurred the lines between private and public exchange. This chapter suggests that the Restoration era’s unprecedented mix of authorial practices, as well as of literary audiences, is reflected in how writers approached the question of poetic ‘voice’. Through close readings of Rochester’s Artemiza to Chloe and Behn’s ‘To Mrs W.’, this chapter contends that both poems gesture toward a definition of poetry that depends not on the expression of a singular poetic ‘I’, but rather on the overlap of different, shifting viewpoints—and on a notion of ‘voice’ that comprises interruption and echo, discord and harmony.
The Power of Letters
Authors: Smith Nigel
Published: January 2025

John Locke’s friendship with Damaris Cudworth Masham has long been known about, but little explored as it is recorded in the many letters they exchanged. Of the forty-five that survive, only four are by Locke. This correspondence has been well mined for the exchange of philosophical and theological views that it contains, but it has not been read as the intensely emotional account of responses to lived experience that it is. The letters reflect not only the encounter of ideas, but also emotional reactions to people, places, ill health, circumstances of distance in space and time. This includes Locke’s exile in the Netherlands (1683–9), as well as both apparently involuntary and strategic displays of mood changes. The correspondence spans a long relationship of frequently affirmed friendship across some twenty-two years, from 1682, when Cudworth-Masham was twenty-four, and Locke’s death in 1704 at the age of seventy-two. The letters demonstrate strong shared literary interests, through the lens of which they viewed the world. Through a close reading of this exchange, this chapter exemplifies a new way of reading affect and embodiment within the domain of both literary studies and intellectual history.
Stuart Britannia and the Worlding of Empire
Authors: Sudan Rajani
Published: January 2025

Modern evaluations of Restoration drama centre on the sexual, farcical, and controversial aspects of English wit. Plays like The Country Wife, The Man of Mode, Love for Love, or The Way of the World and playwrights like George Etherege, William Wycherley, and William Congreve come to represent the amorality so putatively prized by Charles II and so seriously contested in the ‘reforming’ decade of the 1690s through the first decade of the eighteenth century. This chapter argues that the enduring dominant characteristics of this literary period have been largely invented by modern critics. Treating Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis and Amboyna as exercises in worldmaking, the chapter explores Dryden’s understanding of ‘earth’ as an anthropocentric entity replete with various histories of human connections. It shows how epistemological instruments that governed European consciousness centred inscription (cartography, materia medica) as the primary form of understanding the sphere. In so doing, the chapter addresses Restoration drama not only as proto-imperial inscription but also as exemplary of planetarity.
Restoration Panegyric
Authors: Alff David
Published: January 2025

This chapter argues that Restoration authors revived the panegyric tradition to salvage and define Stuart monarchy after the civil wars. Building on Noelle Dückmann Gallagher’s insight that panegyric reconciles the ‘need to record a “real” human past with the need to celebrate timeless ideals’, I show how various writers represented the Interregnum in terms of interpersonal struggle, to cast Prince Charles’s return as an impetus for national improvement. Restoration panegyrists gloried in specific personages, events, and institutions to frame partisan positions as universal consensus and ingratiate themselves to power. Their epideictic performances licensed a new kind of monarchy predicated upon personal achievement and bloodline inheritance.
Traffic with the Ancients
Authors: Power Henry
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores two important aspects of engagement with classical literature in the four decades following the Restoration. First, it shows that the ‘Augustan’ translations and imitations of the classics in the period were often informed and animated by the contested and partisan readings of the 1640s and 1650s. Second, it examines the idea—prevalent in the period—of translation as a form of trade, a process which not only expanded the canon of literature in English but also transformed its character.
Restoration Parody and Plagiarism
Authors: Phiddian Robert
Published: January 2025

Property and propriety in literary texts were vexed issues in the Restoration, both legally (as with the Licensing Act of 1662) and in the contested cultural politics of print and scribal publication. Was writing, especially in its most prestigious form as poetry, primarily an appurtenance of a courtier’s prestige? Or was it a source of profit to writers and booksellers in a growing national market? In the late seventeenth century, the obvious answer was that it was both, in ways well exemplified by the different centres of gravity in the works of the rival writers of the era, including Butler, Marvell, Rochester, Shadwell, and Dryden. This chapter first surveys practices of literary reuse and abuse in the period, before a new reading of Dryden’s Mac Flecknoe brings the tensions between parody and plagiarism in the small literary world of the Restoration into focus. The battles were intensely personal as well as highly significant for the development of print culture.
c.22–3 April 1661, &c; or, The Diary Method of Restoration Sovereignty
Authors: Mascuch Michael
Published: January 2025

This chapter focuses on four separate reports of the coronation of Charles II recorded in a personal journal or diary notebook. Its primary concern is not to reinforce, or even to describe as fact, the full image of Charles II’s coronation, but rather to emphasize the functions and effects of the ‘diary’ text as a mode of information and medium of Restoration sovereignty. These separate private notarizations and endorsements of Coronation Day 1661 emblematize the generic Restoration diary as a personal project and the generic diarist as a self-organized and self-authorized projection of personal political, social, and cultural agency: the sovereign of an individually delimited realm of empirical knowledge and experience. Beyond the period with which this essay is concerned, the rules and methods of intelligence gathering, accounting, rectifying, inscribing, and archiving practised by Restoration diarists would be recognized and described as techniques of the modern sovereign subject, the citizen constituent of modern governmentality.
Affect and Uncertainty
Authors: D’Addario Christopher
Published: January 2025

This essay traces the sense of uncertainty and more specifically the complexity of affective reactions that attended the rapidly moving events of the months surrounding the Glorious Revolution. It emphasizes the tonally discordant nature of the literature of mid-1688 to early 1689 in an effort to foreground the day-to-day reality in the context of regime change. The chapter first examines the rash of odes that both celebrated the Stuart monarchy and lamented its fall, with particular attention to Dryden’s ambivalent and confused Pindaric ode, Britannia Rediviva. The latter part of the chapter focuses on Aphra Behn’s poetry and her novella Oronooko to illustrate the pervasive reticence and cloaked irony that characterized the writing of these months.
When Did the Restoration End?
Authors: Davis Paul
Published: January 2025

Once upon a time, we knew when the Restoration ended—in 1688, when the ‘Glorious’ Revolution swept away the revanchist phase of the later Stuart monarchy in an epochal moment of emancipation and enlightenment—but now that ‘Whig history’ is bunk we’re not so sure. 1667, 1681, 1685, 1700, 1714, and 1746 have all been proposed as alternatives to 1688 in recent scholarship. Weighing their rival claims, this chapter argues that our present uncertainties in this area have their roots in the volatile periodicity of the Restoration itself, an age born out of assertions of closure (with the republican past) but whose signature cultural practices and products evince a deeply problematic sense of ending. If the question ‘When did the Restoration end?’ cannot be definitively answered, it is a question anyone interested in the period needs to go on asking.
Remembering the Civil Wars
Authors: Connell Philip
Published: January 2025

This chapter addresses the significance of the civil wars and Interregnum within Restoration culture. It considers the ways in which the nation’s troubles were afforded historiographical representation in works such as Hutchinson’s Memoirs and Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, but it also argues that the memory of the civil wars played a much broader role in the literary, political, and religious life of the decades after 1660. In the immediate wake of Charles II’s return, royalist drama and poetry formulated an influential and highly partisan representation of the Puritan revolutionary spirit. The ongoing challenge of church settlement likewise involved consistent recourse to the great religious disruptions of the recent past, while the Exclusion Crisis of 1679–81 was suffused with an anxious sense of the parallels between the present moment and the political events of the early 1640s.
Patronage
Authors: McCabe Richard A.
Published: January 2025

This chapter exposes the anxieties that underlie the lexis of friendship, gratitude, kinship, and admiration characterizing Restoration dedications by elucidating the self-serving economy that necessitated the fiction of reciprocal gift exchange. The perceived benefits of patronage were twofold, if never quite mutual. On the one hand, the increasingly commercial and contractual nature of print culture ironically enhanced the prestige of illustrious patronage. On the other, the cultural capital and political utility of the literary arts served the purposes of competing patrons and factions, as the establishment of the poet laureateship amply demonstrates. But the extraordinary career of the poet who first held and first lost that office attests to the inherent instability of even the grandest patronage, invariably subject to the shifting politics of party, class, gender, race, and faith.
Censorship and the Regulation of the Press, 1660–95
Authors: Barnard John
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the effects of the re-establishment of pre-publication licensing in 1662. The crown’s parliamentary Printing Act hoped to control seditious publications. The main instrument for enforcing the Act was delegated to the Stationers’ Company, whose membership reflected the nation’s religious and political divisions. However, the main concerns of the Stationers’ Company were monopolistic control of the book trade and its members’ rights to copy. Rightly suspicious of the Company’s willingness or ability to control the anti-Royalist underground press, the crown appointed Roger L’Estrange as Surveyor of the Press, thus creating a competing authority. The effectiveness of this dual regime in controlling the press, let alone manuscript circulation, is debatable. After the Act temporarily lapsed in 1679, the authorities evolved an extra-parliamentary system for controlling the press, which continued to use the Company and L’Estrange. In 1685, the Printing Act finally lapsed again, and was replaced by post-publication prosecution, using the common laws of sedition and libel.