bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of flexible spacecraft using dynamic inversion and µ-synthesis
Authors: Malekzadeh M , Naghash A , Talebi HA
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the problem of attitude control of a flexible spacecraft is investigated. Three controllers are presented. The first controller is based on dynamic inversion, while the second is based on the µ-synthesis method and the third approach is composed of dynamic inversion and µ-synthesis schemes. It is assumed that only one torque on the hub is used. Actuator saturation is also considered in the design of controllers. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controllers, an extensive number of simulations on the model of the spacecraft are performed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared in terms of nominal performance, robustness to uncertainties, suppression of panel vibration, sensitivity to measurement noise, environment disturbance, and nonlinearity in large maneuvers. Simulation results confirm the ability of the proposed controller in tracking the attitude trajectory while damping the panel vibration. It is also verified that the perturbations, environment disturbances, and measurement errors have only slight effects on the tracking and damping performances. It is notable that the composite method (dynamic inversion and µ-synthesis) is not new; however, this application is new.
Revisiting the Politics of Class in Urban Development: Evidence from the Study of the Social Dynamics of Economic Performance
Authors: Bedore Melanie , Donald Betsy
Published: December 2010

We contribute to a revised politics of class in urban development by drawing on recent theoretical work on class tensions and inequalities as a barrier to more egalitarian and sustainable economic development. We provide evidence from an empirical study of the social dynamics of economic performance in the city of Kingston, Ontario, to argue that class politics is a key dimension of social dynamics in this unusually segmented and spatially segregated Canadian city. Our findings suggest that poor economic performance can be understood through a class lens in two ways. First, “creative class” economic development strategies and growth machine politics perpetuate economic stagnancy because they fail to confront underlying class inequalities. Second, the absence of collaborative and socially inclusive leadership—a contributor to poor economic performance—emerges when local institutional leaders fail to find common ground over social problems. We conclude with questions about how policymakers can alleviate class divides for better economic performance as well as contribute to the new debates in the literature on class and urban development.
The Impact of Consumption Vision and Emotion on the Tourism Consumer’s Decision Behavior
Authors: Walters Gabrielle , Sparks Beverley , Herington Carmel
Published: December 2010

Planning or deciding where to vacation may rely on nonrational thought and be influenced by imaginative processes such as creating visions of oneself in future consumption experiences together with associated emotions. This study examined the influence of pictorial and textual stimuli on dimensions of consumer consumption vision. It also tested whether elaborate and quality consumption visionary responses to print advertising, mediated by emotional responses, result in heightened product interest and expedited purchase decisions. Two hundred and sixty community members participated in the study measuring consumption vision, emotions, and decision making by responding to simulated advertising material. Pictures together with concrete words influenced consumption vision elaboration, whereas instructions to imagine alone versus concrete words influenced consumption vision quality. A series of standard regression analyses tested these propositions and confirmed emotion as a mediating variable for consumption vision and vacation purchase decisions.
An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Tourists
Authors: Hsu Cathy H. C. , Huang Songshan (Sam)
Published: December 2010

The sufficiency of theory of planned behavior (TPB) is still being questioned although the model was validated in predicting a wide range of intentions and behaviors. Based on a comprehensive literature review, an extended TPB model of tourists was proposed to investigate relations among constructs of the model with the addition of motivation and actual behavior. An instrument was developed based on previous tourism and marketing studies as well as focus groups. A two-wave data collection was implemented, with data collected from 1,524 Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou residents in Stage 1 and 311 respondents from the same cohort in Stage 2. Results of the study demonstrated that the extended TPB model with tourist motivation fit the data relatively well, explaining 5% more of the variation in behavioral intention in comparison with a base model without motivation. However, the model with both tourist motivation and actual behavior was not tenable, despite a marginal relationship found between behavioral intention and actual tourist behavior using regression analysis. The findings warrant further research examining the predictive power of behavioral intention on actual behavior.
Familial multiple sclerosis: does consanguinity have a role?
Authors: Jumah M Al , Kojan S , Khathaami A Al , Abdulkaream I Al , Blawi M Al , Jawhary A
Published: December 2010

Parental consanguinity (PC) may be a risk factor for familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) throughout inbred communities. The objective of this report was to estimate prevalence of FMS and rate of PC among FMS versus non-FMS patients. All Saudi MS patients were identified from our registry. The history of PC was analyzed as a case-control study. In total 141 MS patients were identified. Of these, 30 (21%) reported having at least one affected relative, 37.6% reported PC and 16% presented first-degree PC. In addition, FMS patients were more likely than non-FMS patients to report PC. In conclusion, FMS is prevalent among Saudi MS patients. MS patients with a history of PC were more likely to have FMS, suggesting a potential role of consanguinity.
Lesion probability mapping to explain clinical deficits and cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kincses ZT , Ropele S , Jenkinson M , Khalil M , Petrovic K , Loitfelder M , Langkammer C , Aspeck E , Wallner-Blazek M , Fuchs S , Jehna M , Schmidt R , Vécsei L , Fazekas F , Enzinger C
Published: December 2010

Background: Lesion dissemination in time and space represents a key feature and diagnostic marker of multiple sclerosis (MS). The correlation between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion load and disability is only modest, however. Strategic lesion location might at least partially account for this ‘clinico-radiologic paradox’.

Objectives: Here we used a non-parametric permutation-based approach to map lesion location probability based on MS lesions identified on T2-weighted MRI. We studied 121 patients with clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing–remitting or secondary progressive MS and correlated these maps to assessments of neurologic and cognitive functions.

Results: The Expanded Disability Status Scale correlated with bilateral periventricular lesion location (LL), and sensory and coordination functional system deficits correlated with lesion accumulation in distinct anatomically plausible regions, i.e. thalamus and middle cerebellar peduncule. Regarding cognitive performance, decreased verbal fluency correlated with left parietal LL comprising the putative superior longitudinal fascicle. Delayed spatial recall correlated with _amygdalar, _left frontal and parietal LL. Delayed selective reminding correlated with bilateral frontal and temporal LL. However, only part of the spectrum of cognitive and neurological problems encountered in our cohort could be explained by specific lesion location.

Conclusions: Lesion probability mapping supports the association of specific lesion locations with symptom development in MS, but only to limited extent.
Party system types and party system institutionalization
Authors: Croissant Aurel , Völkel Philip
Published: December 2010

This article is an overview of the types and level of institutionalization of party systems in seven young democracies in East and Southeast Asia. By applying Alan Siaroff’s typology of party systems, the analysis demonstrates that the party systems in Asia do not converge on a single format. The party systems under consideration also differ in the level of institutionalization. Party systems in Thailand, the Philippines and especially South Korea are stuck in an inchoate state. Even though there is considerable variation among the cases, the party systems in Indonesia, Mongolia and Taiwan can be considered as well institutionalized relative to the rest of Asia and moderately institutionalized when compared to Latin America. Furthermore, weak institutionalization correlates with volatile structures of party competition and cooperation in Thailand, whereas in South Korea and the Philippines party systems seem to be paradoxically stabilizing in a situation of protracted under-institutionalization, as both cases combine more or less stable party system patterns with weak institutionalization.
The homogeneity of West European party families
Authors: Ennser Laurenz
Published: December 2010

Common concepts for the classification of parties into families (origins, transnational links, ideology, name) suggest that the radical right should be less homogeneous than most other party families in Western Europe: their comparatively diverse origins, disputed ideological core features, as well as the lack of stable transnational cooperation and the absence of an agreed-upon label support this reasoning. The article uses expert survey data on six policy dimensions to assess the homogeneity of the radical right in comparison with the green, social democratic, liberal and conservative/Christian democratic party families. Analysing a set of 94 parties from 17 West European countries it is found (1) that party families on the left are more homogeneous than those on the right, and (2) that the party family of the radical right exhibits a degree of policy homogeneity similar to the conservatives and Christian democrats, while being considerably more homogeneous than the liberal party family.
Multicultural organizations: Common language and group cohesiveness
Authors: Lauring Jakob , Selmer Jan
Published: December 2010

There is growing evidence that the use and management of language have important implications in international organizations. However, still only few empirical studies have been conducted in this theoretical field. Especially there has been a lack of quantitative insights into how language affects group processes and group performance in multicultural organizations. This paper outlines the results from a questionnaire directed electronically towards members of academic multicultural departments in Denmark. Results showed that consistency in English management communication was the dominating factor with strong relationships with all of the three investigated group cohesiveness variables: group involvement, group conflict and group trust. Communication frequency and English personal communication had an association with some of the group cohesiveness variables but not with all of them. The number of languages spoken did not have a relationship with any of the group cohesiveness variables. Since there are no similar large-scale studies on international language management, the findings may be of considerable theoretical and practical importance. Implications of these findings are discussed in detail.
Leadership responses to a conflict of gender-based tension: A comparison of responses between men and women in the US and South Africa
Authors: Gentry William A. , Booysen Lize , Hannum Kelly M. , Weber Todd J.
Published: December 2010

Conflicts are an inherent part of organizational life, particularly when diverse people work together. When conflicts based on social identity arise (e.g. a conflict of gender-based tension) how one would respond as a leader to deal with the conflict may be influenced by one’s group membership. A comparative field study using 218 male and female employees from the United States and South Africa examined the influence of gender and national culture on how helpful leadership responses indicative of respect and equality are to a hypothetical scenario depicting a conflict of gender-based tension. Results show a main effect of gender: women believed acting as a leader in a manner indicative of respect and equality would be more helpful in dealing with the conflict of gender-based tension than men believed. There was no main effect for national culture, but an interaction of gender and national culture existed. A discussion of findings, limitations, and future research conclude this study.
RETRACTED Postcolonial interventions and disruptions: Contesting cultural practices
Authors: Wong Loong
Published: December 2010

At the request of the editor, Wong L. (2010) ‘Postcolonial interventions and disruptions: Contesting cultural practices’ International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management 10 (3) 345-362 10.1177/1470595810389795 has been retracted. This is because it reproduces large sections of the following article without acknowledgement:

Reimer Kirkham, S. & Anderson, J. (2002). Postcolonial nursing scholarship: From epistemology to method. Advances in Nursing Science. 25(1), 1 – 17. http://journals.lww.com/advancesinnursingscience/toc/2002/09000

Postcolonial theory, with its interpretations of race, racialization, and culture, offers us a set of powerful analytic tools to meet the epistemological challenge of giving voice to subjugated knowledges and the capacity to address and uncover social relationships within organizations. In particular, it opens up new ways of framing issues within organizational practices, enabling us to imagine new possibilities and practices. This paper suggests that the integration of postcolonial perspectives into cross-cultural management and its theorizing enhances and enriches its discursive import. The paper also attempts to sketch out a methodology to ground the intricate relationship between culture, practice, and organizations.
The effects of deep brain stimulation on sleep in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Amara Amy W. , Watts Ray L. , Walker Harrison C.
Published: December 2010

Sleep dysfunction is a common nonmotor symptom experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Symptoms, including excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep fragmentation, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder and others, can significantly affect quality of life and daytime functioning in these patients. Recent studies have evaluated the effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets on sleep in patients with advanced PD. Several of these studies have provided evidence that subthalamic nucleus DBS improves subjective and objective measures of sleep, including sleep efficiency, nocturnal mobility, and wake after sleep onset (minutes spent awake after initial sleep onset). Although fewer studies have investigated the effects of bilateral internal globus pallidus and thalamic ventral intermedius DBS on sleep, pallidal stimulation does appear to improve subjective sleep quality. Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus has recently been proposed for selected patients with advanced PD to treat severe gait and postural dysfunction. Owing to the role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in modulating behavioral state, the impact of stimulation at this target on sleep has also been evaluated in a small number of patients, showing that pedunculopontine nucleus DBS increases REM sleep. In this review, we discuss the effects of stimulation at these various targets on sleep in patients with PD. Studying the effects of DBS on sleep can enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of sleep disorders, provide strategies for optimizing clinical benefit from DBS, and may eventually guide novel therapies for sleep dysfunction.
The Mission of Indonesian Journalism: Balancing Democracy, Development, and Islamic Values
Authors: Pintak Lawrence , Setiyono Budi
Published: December 2010

Indonesia, the world’s third largest democracy, has been called a template for Muslim political reform and has the potential to serve as a bridge between the United States and the Islamic world. Indonesian journalists play a vital role. Since the collapse of the Suharto regime in the late 1990s, the Indonesian media sector has experienced its own revolution. A nationwide survey of 600 Indonesian journalists finds that while the influence of Islam in the newsroom is increasing, journalists support the separation of mosque and state and reject militant Islam. Their attitude toward the United States has improved under Obama and, while skeptical of American motives, they support continued American aid. Although most reject Suharto-era government-mouthpiece media functions, they have not yet fully embraced the role of watchdog. They say that the industry as a whole, and they as individuals, are still not free, but cite their own lack of professionalism and poor ethics as the greatest threat to their industry. The echo of the development journalism model that prevailed in the Suharto years can be seen in the top priorities of Indonesian journalists.
Crisis Communication as a Multilevel Game: The Muhammad Cartoons from a Crisis Diplomacy Perspective
Authors: Lindholm Kristina , Olsson Eva-Karin
Published: December 2010

The Muhammad cartoon crisis in 2005 provides an illustrative example of how crises travel across geographical boundaries, in this case, from a national newspaper into a full-fledged public diplomacy crisis at the international level. From a crisis management perspective, a multilevel setting poses a real challenge to actors trying to contain the situation at hand. Likewise, the multilevel nature of a crisis poses a challenge to crisis communication theories, which have traditionally focused on rhetorical strategies in single organizational crises. As a response, this article proposes a framework for examining crisis communication based on how actors’ framing impact the perceptions of arenas, stakeholders, and communication strategies.
“Why Hast Thou Forsaken Me?” The Effect of Thinking About Being Ostracized by God on Well-Being and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Beest Ilja van , Williams Kipling D.
Published: December 2010

Religion and how people evaluate their relation with God are important for many people. The authors therefore hypothesized that people who espoused a high belief in God would respond negatively when primed with Bible passages that suggested exclusion rather than inclusion. Across two studies, the authors predicted and found that the prospect of being excluded by God decreased well-being and prosocial behavior, especially for individuals intrinsically involved in their faith. Finally, this difference in prosocial behavior was mediated by control and not by other indices of well-being.
Prognostic impact, concurrent genetic mutations, and gene expression features of AML with CEBPA mutations in a cohort of 1182 cytogenetically normal AML patients: further evidence for CEBPA double mutant AML as a distinctive disease entity
Authors: Taskesen Erdogan , Bullinger Lars , Corbacioglu Andrea , Sanders Mathijs A. , Erpelinck Claudia A. J. , Wouters Bas J. , van der Poel-van de Luytgaarde Sonja C. , Damm Frederik , Krauter Jürgen , Ganser Arnold , Schlenk Richard F. , Löwenberg Bob , Delwel Ruud , Döhner Hartmut , Valk Peter J. M. , Döhner Konstanze
Published: December 2010

We evaluated concurrent gene mutations, clinical outcome, and gene expression signatures of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPA) double mutations (CEBPAdm) versus single mutations (CEBPAsm) in 1182 cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (16-60 years of age). We identified 151 (12.8%) patients with CEBPA mutations (91 CEBPAdm and 60 CEBPAsm). The incidence of germline mutations was 7% (5 of 71), including 3 C-terminal mutations. CEBPAdm patients had a lower frequency of concurrent mutations than CEBPAsm patients (P < .0001). Both, groups were associated with a favorable outcome compared with CEBPAwt (5-year overall survival [OS] 63% and 56% vs 39%; P < .0001 and P = .05, respectively). However, in multivariable analysis only CEBPAdm was a prognostic factor for favorable OS outcome (hazard ratio [HR] 0.36, P < .0001; event-free survival, HR 0.41, P < .0001; relapse-free survival, HR 0.55, P = .001). Outcome in CEBPAsm is dominated by concurrent NPM1 and/or FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations. Unsupervised and supervised GEP analyses showed that CEBPAdm AML (n = 42), but not CEBPAsm AML (n = 18), expressed a unique gene signature. A 25-probe set prediction signature for CEBPAdm AML showed 100% sensitivity and specificity. Based on these findings, we propose that CEBPAdm should be clearly defined from CEBPAsm AML and considered as a separate entity in the classification of AML.
Interpolation of near offsets using multiples and prediction-error filters
Authors: Curry William , Shan Guojian
Published: December 2010

Reflection seismic data typically are undersampled. Missing near offsets can be interpolated in reflection seismic data with pseudoprimaries, generated by crosscorrelating multiples and primaries in incomplete recorded data. These pseudoprimary data can be generated at the missing near offsets but contain many artifacts, so it is undesirable simply to replace the missing data with the pseudoprimaries. A nonstationary prediction-error filter (PEF) can instead be estimated from the pseudoprimaries and used to interpolate missing data to produce an interpolated output that is superior to direct substitution of the pseudoprimaries into the missing offsets. This approach is applied successfully to 2D synthetic and field data. Limitations in conventional acquisition geometry limit this approach in 3D, which can be illustrated using a synthetic data set.
Introduction: “Theory Now”?
Authors: Surin Kenneth
Published: December 2010

The paper begins by examining the conditions that allowed theory to emerge and flourish in the American academy. It then proposes a typology for grouping together and analyzing the papers given at the March 2010 “Theory Now,” from which many of the essays in this issue originated. It concludes by suggesting that at a time marked by economic and political constraint, theory is indispensable as an instrument of vigilance against the obfuscations of those who rule us.
The Militancy of Theory
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: December 2010

Critique has become the primary mode of practicing theory today, at least theory conceived as a political intervention. Michel Foucault, in his final two years of lecture courses at the Collège de France, develops a critique of critique and proposes in its stead a militant form of theoretical practice. Foucault's line of argumentation begins with a reading of Immanuel Kant's essay, “What Is Enlightenment?” and then steps back in time to work through the notion of parrhesia in ancient Greek thought. Finally, in the work of the ancient Cynics, he discovers a biopolitical militancy that can serve as a model for theory today beyond critique.
“Science does not think”: The No-Thought of the Discipline
Authors: Farred Grant
Published: December 2010

The discipline is against thought; inter- and transdisciplinarity are against thought. Working with Martin Heidegger's careful explication of what thinking is in Was Heisst Denken? this essay argues that both disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are hostile to thought. Since we do not, following Heidegger, know when we are thinking (but are clear when we are not engaged in the work of thought), it has become necessary to attend precisely to what kind of thinking can, or cannot, take place within the strictures of the discipline or “liberation” implied by inter- or transdisciplinarity.
Insinuation: Détournement as Gendered Repetition
Authors: Greaney Patrick
Published: December 2010

This essay examines how key Situationist concepts—the spectacle and détournement—are gendered. The first half of the essay presents these concepts along with a discussion of Asger Jorn's and Isidore Isou's gendered theories of creation and a reading of the figure of Jack the Ripper in Guy Debord and Jorn's book Mémoires. The second half of the essay argues that one of Debord's sources, Baudelaire's prose poem “Solitude,” presents a concept—“insinuation”—that offers a model for rethinking détournement as something other than the masculinized overcoming of spectacular passivity.
Opulism
Authors: Berlant Lauren
Published: December 2010

“Opulism” describes the explosion within popular politics set off by the sensationalism of Barack Obama's ascent to election. Working from Ernesto Laclau's and Slavoj Žižek's antithetical readings of the meaning and value of populism, and working with the legacy of Stuart Hall's construction of the popular, the essay argues that Obama's orchestration of optimism was affective, about setting a tone, and sought to revitalize a general desire for the political by attaching it both to grassroots and to mainstream politics, and that, as it did that, it also ignited a cluster of incommensurate populist styles, all appealing to different versions of what civil society should feel like and how it should sound.
Obama between Movements and Machiavellians
Authors: Hayden Tom
Published: December 2010

Barack Obama says he is neither a “Scoop Jackson Democrat” nor a “Tom Hayden Democrat,” providing the author with a key to understanding the inevitable outsider role of the Left during the Obama era. In this framework, Hayden writes, progressives have to reshape what passes for the center in U.S. politics by pushing from the outside. This process will lead to major changes that nevertheless will disappoint the Left, as in the recent cases of health care and Wall Street reform. Hayden maintains that Obama will be the most progressive president of his political lifetime, but that his centrist positioning may well lose the Left in close elections ahead.
Obama/Osama/Ōkawa: The Geopolitics of Race after Obama's Bow
Authors: Driscoll Mark
Published: December 2010

U.S. president Barack Obama bowed deeply to the Japanese emperor Akihito in November 2009, which set off a huge outcry by conservatives and neoconservatives. Dick Cheney steamed, “There is no reason for an American president to be bowing to anyone. Our friends and allies don't expect it, and our enemies see it as a sign of weakness.” My essay argues that Obama's bows to Akihito followed by a slight bow to Chinese president Hu Jintao several months later should be seen as a displacement of what Denise Ferreira da Silva calls the “global idea of race,” where since the First Opium War Euro-American leaders have been expected to rise transcendentally above yellow, black, brown, and red leaders. In an attempt to gain rights to traffick as much opium as they wanted in the late eighteenth century, white Englishmen profiting from dealing drugs to the Chinese successfully lobbied the British Crown to send an official trade mission to urge the Qing emperor to lift the Chinese restrictions against opium. The Macartney mission of 1793 failed, but it consolidated two centuries of white upright transcendence over all other global races, when during his formal encounter with the Qianlong emperor, George Macartney refused to follow East Asian protocol and lower his head in a diplomatic bow (koutou, or kowtow). My essay will track the anxiety visible in those white and on the right with the recent displacement of a racial regime of transcendental uprightness and show how this displacement is one of the most important effects of Obama becoming president of the United States.
Why marathon migrants get away with high metabolic ceilings: towards an ecology of physiological restraint
Authors: Piersma Theunis
Published: December 2010

Animals usually are not willing to perform at levels, or for lengths of time, of which they should be maximally capable. In stating this, exercise performance and inferred capacity are gauged with respect to body size and the duration of particular levels of energy expenditure. In such relative terms, the long-term metabolic ceiling of ca. 7 times basal metabolic rate in challenged but energy-balanced individuals may be real and general, because greater performance over long periods requires larger metabolic machinery that is ever more expensive to maintain. Avian marathon migrants relying on stored fuel (and therefore not in energy balance) that work for 9 consecutive days at levels of 9–10 times basal metabolic rate are exceptional performers in terms of the ‘relative expenditure’ on ‘duration of a particular activity’ curve nevertheless. Here I argue that metabolic ceilings in all situations (energy balanced or not) have their origin in the fitness costs of high performance levels due to subsequently reduced survival, which then precludes the possibility of future reproduction. The limits to performance should therefore be studied relative to ecological context (which includes aspects such as pathogen pressure and risk of overheating), which determines the severity of the survival punishment of over-exertion. I conclude that many dimensions of ecology have determined at which performance levels (accounting for time) individual animals, including human athletes, begin to show physiological restraint. Using modern molecular techniques to assay wear and tear, in combination with manipulated work levels in different ecological contexts, might enable experimental verification of these ideas.
Microevolution of intermediary metabolism: evolutionary genetics meets metabolic biochemistry
Authors: Zera Anthony J.
Published: December 2010

During the past decade, microevolution of intermediary metabolism has become an important new research focus at the interface between metabolic biochemistry and evolutionary genetics. Increasing recognition of the importance of integrative studies in evolutionary analysis, the rising interest in ‘evolutionary systems biology’, and the development of various ‘omics’ technologies have all contributed significantly to this developing interface. The present review primarily focuses on five prominent areas of recent research on pathway microevolution: lipid metabolism and life-history evolution; the electron transport system, hybrid breakdown and speciation; glycolysis, alcohol metabolism and population adaptation in Drosophila; chemostat selection in microorganisms; and anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis and flower color evolution. Some of these studies have provided a new perspective on important evolutionary topics that have not been investigated extensively from a biochemical perspective (hybrid breakdown, parallel evolution). Other studies have provided new data that augment previous biochemical information, resulting in a deeper understanding of evolutionary mechanisms (allozymes and biochemical adaptation to climate, life-history evolution, flower pigments and the genetics of adaptation). Finally, other studies have provided new insights into how the function or position of an enzyme in a pathway influences its evolutionary dynamics, in addition to providing powerful experimental models for investigations of network evolution. Microevolutionary studies of metabolic pathways will undoubtedly become increasingly important in the future because of the central importance of intermediary metabolism in organismal fitness, the wealth of biochemical data being provided by various omics technologies, and the increasing influence of integrative and systems perspectives in biology.
Molecules in motion: influences of diffusion on metabolic structure and function in skeletal muscle
Authors: Kinsey Stephen T. , Locke Bruce R. , Dillaman Richard M.
Published: December 2010

Metabolic processes are often represented as a group of metabolites that interact through enzymatic reactions, thus forming a network of linked biochemical pathways. Implicit in this view is that diffusion of metabolites to and from enzymes is very fast compared with reaction rates, and metabolic fluxes are therefore almost exclusively dictated by catalytic properties. However, diffusion may exert greater control over the rates of reactions through: (1) an increase in reaction rates; (2) an increase in diffusion distances; or (3) a decrease in the relevant diffusion coefficients. It is therefore not surprising that skeletal muscle fibers have long been the focus of reaction–diffusion analyses because they have high and variable rates of ATP turnover, long diffusion distances, and hindered metabolite diffusion due to an abundance of intracellular barriers. Examination of the diversity of skeletal muscle fiber designs found in animals provides insights into the role that diffusion plays in governing both rates of metabolic fluxes and cellular organization. Experimental measurements of metabolic fluxes, diffusion distances and diffusion coefficients, coupled with reaction–diffusion mathematical models in a range of muscle types has started to reveal some general principles guiding muscle structure and metabolic function. Foremost among these is that metabolic processes in muscles do, in fact, appear to be largely reaction controlled and are not greatly limited by diffusion. However, the influence of diffusion is apparent in patterns of fiber growth and metabolic organization that appear to result from selective pressure to maintain reaction control of metabolism in muscle.
Model Analysis of Active Framed Structure
Authors: Yan Sheng , Jing Gong , Qiang Rong
Published: December 2010

This paper is concerned with modal analysis of an active framed structure by means of complex mode method. Theoretical and numerical results show that left mode shapes and right mode shapes of the active framed structure take on orthogonality with regard to structural parameter matrices. Also, left mode and right mode shapes have different physical meanings: right mode shape is the actual mode shape related to displacement, but the left mode shape is only a participant mode of external excitation, in other words, which characterizes the disturbed factor of external excitation for the active framed structure. The mode of the active structure is a primary indicator of the structural properties, and also is a target function of structural design, so mode study of the active structure is valuable in theory and practice. Finally, a numerical example is adopted to verify the above conclusions.
Holism in Sports Coaching: Beyond Humanistic Psychology
Authors: Cassidy Tania
Published: December 2010

Increasingly the professional development literature in sports coaching encourages coaches to coach holistically. Yet the phrase ‘holistic coaching’ is mired in ambiguity and has the potential to become meaningless. The aims of this article are to explore the relationship between holism, humanistic psychology, humanism and sports coaching, and to pose some challenges, which could support the field to move beyond the influence of humanistic psychology.
Everolimus: A New Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor for the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Grgic Tatjana , Mis Lydia , Hammond Julia M
Published: December 2010

Objective

To review clinical trials and main characteristics of everolimus, with focus on treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Data Sources:

Pertinent data were identified primarily through a search of MEDLINE and PubMed (1966-November 2010) using the primary search terms everolimus, RAD001, renal cell carcinoma, and mTOR inhibitors.

Study Selection And Data Extraction:

Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of everolimus in patients with cancer were evaluated, including Phase 1, 2, and 3 trials. Preference was given to Phase 2 and 3 studies evaluating use of everolimus in patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Data Synthesis:

Everolimus is an oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor approved for the management of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who progressed on tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Actions of everolimus within the mTOR pathway result in decreased protein synthesis and cell cycle arrest, as well as decreased angiogenesis. A usual starting dose for patients with renal cell carcinoma is 10 mg daily. Everolimus undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, primarily through the CYP3A4 isoenzyme, which predisposes it to drug interactions with inducers and inhibitors of this enzyme. Most commonly reported adverse events associated with everolimus include anemia, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, mucositis, fatigue, and rash. Approval of everolimus was based on the results of a Phase 3 trial that demonstrated an increase in median progression-free survival by 2.1 months in patients receiving everolimus therapy as compared to placebo. The drug was recently added to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines as a treatment option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma who have progressed on tyrosine kinase therapy.

Conclusions:

Based on a review of the currently available literature, everolimus provides a safe and efficacious treatment option for patients with renal cell carcinoma who have progressed on treatment with sunitinib and/or sorafenib.
Defining Reality: The Potential Role of Pharmacists in Assessing the Impact of Progesterone Receptor Modulators and Misoprostol in Reproductive Health
Authors: Harrison Donna J , Mitroka James G
Published: December 2010

Medical abortion is increasingly heralded as an ideal method for decreasing maternal mortality in health-care resource-deprived areas and as an answer to the shrinking pool of physicians willing to perform abortions. The advent of progesterone receptor modulators (PRMs) and the recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration of ella (ulipristal) as an emergency contraceptive put pharmacists in the center of abortion controversy. Pharmacists, worldwide, need to be aware of the controversy surrounding the introduction of PRMs. particularly with regard to the effect on health policy, their mechanism of action, associated adverse events, and common off-label uses. Once understood, genuine opportunity exists for pharmacists to serve a fundamental role in positively shaping public health policy.
Dialects of the Regions of Moravica and Upper Studenica (in the Serbian Language)
Authors: Nikolić Vidan
Published: December 2010

The subject of this dialectological paper is a synchronous description of the major phonetic, morphological and accentual characteristics of the dialects that exist in the upper and middle river basin of the Moravica and in the upper flow of the Studenica, i.e. in the regions which belong to the municipalities of Arilje and Ivanjica (in west Serbia).
Realisierungen von /r/ im alemannischen Sprachraum
Authors: Schrambke Renate
Published: December 2010

Linguistic Change in Southwest German: from apical to uvular r

We start with a brief description of the realization of /r/ in standard German and proceed to examine the evolution of the /r/ in Alemannic dialects in general. We then look at the specific conditions which apply to the /r/ in southwest Germany. Recordings for the ‘Atlas of Southwest German’ demonstrate a multitude of variations of the /r/; in the west, the uvular R dominates, whereas in the east the apical r is the most common realization. In the area around Lake Constance, there is a third variant, namely dorsal r.

According to the definition of sound change established by Haag (Teuthonista 6: 1–35, 1929), the change from apical to uvular r should be classified as the older one; it was a conscious adoption of uvular r, first by speakers in towns and their immediate surroundings, which then became incorporated into regional dialects. The transformation of lingual to dorsal r, on the other hand, is regarded in Haag's terms as a current sound change, which is still in progress.
P-Glycoprotein- and cytochrome P-450-mediated herbal drug interactions
Authors: Kumar Yamsani Shravan , Adukondalu Devandla , Sathish Dharani , Vishnu Yamsani Vamshi , Ramesh Gannu , Latha Athukuri Bharagavi , Reddy Palem Chinna , Sarangapani Manda , Rao Yamsani Madhusudan
Published: December 2010

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp), the most extensively studied ATP-binding cassette transporter, functions as a biological barrier by extruding toxic substances and xenobiotics out of cells. Drug efflux pumps such as P-gp play a functional role in determining the pharmacokinetics of drugs administered by oral and parenteral routes. Determining the activity of drug efflux transport proteins has important implications in the identification of substrates and/or inhibitors. The significant role of the small intestine in reducing the oral bioavailability of drugs is due to metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters. The role of cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) and P-gp in intestinal drug disposition has been highlighted. This review examines the structure, localisation and functional role of P-gp, the mechanism of drug efflux and drug-herb interactions.
Theodor W. Adorno, and Hanns Eisler. Komposition für den Film, mit einem Nachwort von Johannes C. Gall und einer DVD “Hanns Eislers Rockefeller–Filmmusik– Projekt 1940–1942” Ed. Johannes C. Gall. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006.
Authors: Parsons James
Published: December 2010

Ed. Johannes C. Gall. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2006. In cooperation with the International Hanns Eisler Society [190 pp., DVD (53 minutes, black and white, various directors and producers). ISBN: 3518584618. €29.80 (currently $40.00, hardcover with DVD)] One music example, names index
Infusing Modern Subjectivity into a Premodern Narrative Form
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno
Published: December 2010

This article explores Masahiro Shinoda's cinematography and Toru Takemitsu's soundtracks in the Japanese film Double Suicide (1968). Along with Shinoda’s transformation of puppets into human actors, Takemitsu’s soundtracks infuse modern subjectivity into the highly stylized bunraku narrative: while the ritualized music of Balinese gamelan, bunraku chanting, and Turkish nei demarcates the traditional form of jo-ha-kyû, meta-diegetic sounds of biwa and gongs convey the inner subjectivity of the lovers who are driven to commit suicide.
Gaze from the Heavens, Ghost from the Past
Authors: Deguchi Tomoko
Published: December 2010

In this essay I discuss two types of music that Takemitsu composed for Kurosawa’s Ran (1985), for which Shakespeare’s King Lear provides the narrative. The first type is the solo flute music that is written in the style of traditional Japanese music, notably for the Noh Theater. The second type of music is the Mahler-inspired symphonic music. The two types of music, comprised of opposing musical attributes, signify the intricately related meanings of text, jo-ha-kyu form, dramatic characterization, and Buddhist philosophy as background of the film, enhancing the film’s many symbolic meanings and connotations. More significantly, through the differences in the compositional styles of the two types of music, Takemitsu brings into the light two seemingly veiled omnipresences of the film: the blind hermit Tsurumaru for whom the flute is virtually his identity, and the gaze of the heavens as representing the vulnerable existence of humankind as a whole within history.
Resilience and Risk Competence in Schools: Theory/Knowledge and International Application in Project Rebound
Authors: Brown Joel H. , Jean-Marie Gaetane , Beck Jerome
Published: December 2010

Despite a 50-year interdisciplinary and longitudinal research legacy—showing that nearly 80% of young people considered most “at risk” thrive by midlife—only recently have practitioners/researchers engaged in the explicit, prospective facilitation of “resilience” in educational settings. Here, theory/knowledge distinguishing and extending risk and resilience from its risk-based social history to resilience's normative occurrence leads to the first known international and prospective application of resilience in school-based drug education, Project REBOUND [resilience-bound]. It will be implemented as a controlled pilot study, first in Germany, then expand to the United States, as well as other parts of Europe. With evaluation occurring throughout, the goal is to enhance the quality of drug decisions among young people, as well as support their overall competence-based learning and development throughout school. With limitations and underlying psychological mechanisms discussed, it is concluded Project REBOUND offers promising potential for supporting positive drug decisions as well as youth learning and development.
Teachers' Delivery Skills and Substance Use Prevention Program Outcomes: The Moderating Role of Students' Need for Cognition and Impulse Decision Making
Authors: Giles Steven M. , Pankratz Melinda M. , Ringwalt Christopher , Hansen William B. , Dusenbury Linda , Jackson-Newsom Julia
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to extend the literature in both substance use implementation and persuasive health communication by examining the extent to which students' need for cognition and impulsive decision-making moderated the relationship between teachers' classroom communication behavior and program outcomes in an evidence-based middle school substance use prevention curriculum. Participants included 48 teachers and their respective 7th grade students who participated in a randomized trial testing the effectiveness of personal coaching as a means to improve the quality with which teachers implemented the All Stars curriculum. Need for cognition and impulse decision-making were both associated with positive changes in lifestyle incongruence and commitments to not use substances for students whose teachers displayed greater interactive teaching. Further, need for cognition was associated with lower alcohol use rates while impulse decision making related to lower rates of marijuana use in classes with interactive teaching.
Risk and Protective Factors for Recent Alcohol Use among African-American Youth
Authors: Vidourek Rebecca A. , King Keith A.
Published: December 2010

A total of 7488 7th-12th grade African-American students completed a survey assessing factors associated with recent alcohol use. Results indicated that 13.6% used alcohol in the past month. A series of odds ratios revealed that making good grades, participating in school activities, attending church, and having parents/teachers talk about the dangers of alcohol and set/enforce rules regarding alcohol were associated with decreased recent use. Participating in risky behaviors such as getting into trouble, skipping school, and having friends who use alcohol and other drugs was directly related to recent use. Prevention specialists should encourage parents/teachers to engage youth in family, school, and community activities to deter alcohol use. Results may assist youth health professionals in developing prevention programs aimed at African-American youth.
Robust adaptive fuzzy filters output feedback control of strict-feedback nonlinear systems
Authors: Tong Shaocheng , Liu Changliang , Li Yongming
Published: December 2010

Robust adaptive fuzzy filters output feedback control of strict-feedback nonlinear systems

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy robust output feedback control approach is proposed for a class of single input single output (SISO) strict-feedback nonlinear systems without measurements of states. The nonlinear systems addressed in this paper are assumed to possess unstructured uncertainties, unmodeled dynamics and dynamic disturbances, where the unstructured uncertainties are not linearly parameterized, and no prior knowledge of their bounds is available. In recursive design, fuzzy logic systems are used to approximate unstructured uncertainties, and K-filters are designed to estimate unmeasured states. By combining backstepping design and a small-gain theorem, a stable adaptive fuzzy output feedback control scheme is developed. It is proven that the proposed adaptive fuzzy control approach can guarantee the all the signals in the closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded, and the output of the controlled system converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is illustrated by a simulation example and some comparisons.