bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mn
2
+
concentration manipulated red emission in BaMg2Si2O7:Eu2+,Mn2+
Authors: Ye Song , Zhang Jiahua , Zhang Xia , Lu Shaozhe , Ren Xinguang , Wang Xiaojun
Published: February 2007

The luminescent properties of concentration dependence are reported in BaMg2Si2O7:Eu2+,Mn2+ red phosphor. It is observed that the broad red emission of Mn2+ consists of two bands, located at 620 and 675 nm, respectively, which are attributed to two different Mn2+ centers [Mn2+(I) and Mn2+(II)] substituting for two nonidentical Mg2+ sites [Mg2+(I) and Mg2+(II)] in the host. It is also found that the relative emission intensity of the Mn2+(II) to the Mn2+(I) increases with increasing Mn2+ concentration, leading to a red-shift of the overall emission. A detail analysis on the energy transfer from Eu2+ to the two Mn2+ centers is presented, which indicates that the number ratio of Mn2+(II) to Mn2+(I) increases with increasing Mn2+ concentration. This result is interpreted by the preferential formation of Mn2+(I) substituting for Mg2+(I) site. Based on energy transfer, the emission intensity ratios of Mn2+(I) to Eu2+ and Mn2+(II) to Eu2+, which is Mn2+ concentration dependent, are calculated using related fluorescence lifetimes. The calculated results are in good agreement with that obtained experimentally in the emission spectra.
Effects of external mechanical loading on phase diagrams and dielectric properties in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films with anisotropic in-plane misfit strains
Authors: Qiu J. H. , Jiang Q.
Published: February 2007

A phenomenological Landau-Devonshine theory is used to describe the effects of external mechanical loading on equilibrium polarization states and dielectric properties in epitaxial ferroelectric thin films grown on dissimilar orthorhombic substrates which induce anisotropic misfit strains in the film plane. The calculation focuses on single-domain perovskite BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 thin films on the assumption that um1=−um2. Compared with the phase diagrams without external loading, the characteristic features of “misfit strain-misfit strain” phase diagrams at room temperature are the presence of paraelectric phase and the strain-induced ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition. Due to the external loading, the “misfit strain-stress” and “stress-temperature” phase diagrams also have drastic changes, especially for the vanishing of paraelectric phase in “misfit strain-stress” phase map and the appearance of possible ferroelectric phases. We also investigate the dielectric properties and the tunability of both BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 thin films. We find that the external stress dependence of phase diagrams and dielectric properties largely depends on strain anisotropy as well.
Dopant characterization of fin field-effect transistor structures using scanning capacitance microscopy
Authors: Khajetoorians A. A. , Li J. , Shih C. K. , Wang X.-D. , Garcia-Gutierrez D. , Jose-Yacaman M. , Pham D. , Celio H. , Diebold A.
Published: February 2007

Scanning capacitance microscopy studies of processed fin structures for fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) are presented. We characterized carrier profiling of fins as a function of implantation conditions. The results are confirmed by high angle annular dark field transmission electron microscopy study and qualitatively agree with simulations. The techniques we report can be used in conjunction with implantation and simulation to characterize the dopant profile of FinFET structures and further optimize FinFET processing parameters.
Mode-coupling of low-frequency electromagnetic waves in dusty plasmas with temperature anisotropy
Authors: de Juli M. C. , Schneider R. S. , Ziebell L. F. , Gaelzer R.
Published: February 2007

This paper studies the effects of the presence of dust particles with variable charge, in fully ionized, homogeneous, magnetized plasma of electrons and ions, with the electrons and ions described by bi-Maxwellian distributions in the equilibrium. The dispersion relation and the absorption rate are obtained for low frequency waves, with frequencies much lower than the ion cyclotron frequency. Two branches are obtained, identified as the whistler branch and the branch of circularly polarized waves, featuring damping due to the Landau damping process and to the collisional charging of the dust particles. The effects of the anisotropy of temperature on the damping rate of low frequency waves, and on the mode coupling which was demonstrated to occur in the isotropic situation, are numerically investigated. The results obtained show that in the anisotropic case the point of mode coupling is displaced to different values of dust density, and that a new point of mode coupling may appear from the effect of the temperature anisotropy.
Mechanical characterization of elastic membranes: Cell mechanics applications
Authors: Bernal Roberto , Tassius Chantal , Melo Francisco , Géminard Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2007

Wrinkled patterns produced by cells crawling onto elastic membranes provide a useful tool to test living cells’ locomotion. The technique, however, requires a characterization of the intrinsic properties and tension of the membrane as well as an accurate determination of the deformation induced by the cell. Here, the authors present a capillary-type technique to estimate the elastic modulus of such membranes, describe an indentation technique to measure the initial tension, and develop a simple interferometric method to measure the amplitude field of the wrinkled pattern produced, for instance, by the action of living cell.
Study on anomalous high p-type conductivity in ZnO films on silicon substrate prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Zhao Jun-Liang , Li Xiao-Min , Krtschil André , Krost Alois , Yu Wei-Dong , Zhang Yi-Wen , Gu Yan-Fei , Gao Xiang-Dong
Published: February 2007

N–In codoped ZnO films were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Hall-effect measurements indicate that the films on silicon exhibit anomalous high p-type conductivity, while films on insulating substrates show n-type conductivity. Scanning capacitance microscopy was employed to analyze the microconductivity type of ZnO films. The grains of ZnO film on silicon show n-type conductivity and no significant p-type grains were found. The authors further investigated the microstructure of ZnO film and the band structure of the ZnO∕Si interface and propose a model of an interface state induced two-dimensional hole gas as the origin of the anomalous high p-type behavior.
Electrical characterization and hydrogen gas sensing properties of a n-ZnO∕p-SiC Pt-gate metal semiconductor field effect transistor
Authors: Kandasamy S. , Wlodarski W. , Holland A. , Nakagomi S. , Kokubun Y.
Published: February 2007

A new hydrogen gas sensitive n-ZnO∕p-SiC Pt-gate metal semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) is reported. The observed current-voltage curves for the source to drain region indicate that this MESFET operates in enhancement mode. A change in gate potential, due to different ambient atmospheres caused a change in the width of the depletion region, hence modulating the current in the n channel (ZnO layer). The H2 gas sensing mechanism of the presented MESFET structure is discussed using energy band diagrams.
Measurements of current spreading length and design of GaN-based light emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Hyunsoo , Cho Jaehee , Lee Jeong Wook , Yoon Sukho , Kim Hyungkun , Sone Cheolsoo , Park Yongjo , Seong Tae-Yeon
Published: February 2007

The authors report on the experimental method to measure the current spreading length in GaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on a one-dimensional current-distribution model neglecting vertical series resistance of the LEDs. It is clearly shown that the measured current spreading length is in good agreement with the calculated results, exhibiting a strong dependence on the injected current density (or forward bias voltage). LEDs fabricated with hybrid p-type reflectors by using the proposed design rule and measured current spreading lengths show enhancement of the output power by 10% as compared to LEDs made with standard reflectors.
Electric pulses some minutes before earthquake occurrences
Authors: Varotsos P. A. , Sarlis N. V. , Skordas E. S. , Lazaridou M. S.
Published: February 2007

Electric and magnetic pulses are measured shortly (some minutes) before earthquakes. These pulses differ greatly from the seismic electric signals, which have appreciably longer lead times (days to months). In the case of 1995 Grevena-Kozani earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8, the time difference of ≈1s was observed between the recordings of the electric and magnetic components at Ioannina station, providing further support that the pulses were not from local man-made source but most probably from the epicentral area about 100km away. A tentative explanation of the phenomenon is proposed considering what happens in the very last stage before the earthquake occurrence.
Photovoltaic effects on the organic ambipolar field-effect transistors
Authors: Cho Shinuk , Yuen Jonathan , Kim Jin Young , Lee Kwanghee , Heeger Alan J.
Published: February 2007

An organic multifunctional device, which can function as an ambipolar field-effect transistor (FET) and a photovoltaic (PV) cell, has been demonstrated using a phase separated mixture of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester. The gold (Au) electrode used for hole injection in the FET mode (source) acts as the anode in PV cell mode, and the aluminum (Al) electrode for electron injection in the FET mode (drain) acts as the cathode in PV cell mode. The device exhibits clear PV phenomena under illumination at zero gate bias with a power conversion efficiency of 0.6% as well as the properties of an ambipolar FET when the gate bias is applied.
Electrically driven telecommunication wavelength single-photon source
Authors: Ward M. B. , Farrow T. , See P. , Yuan Z. L. , Karimov O. Z. , Bennett A. J. , Shields A. J. , Atkinson P. , Cooper K. , Ritchie D. A.
Published: February 2007

An electrically driven ∼1.3μm single-photon source is demonstrated. The source contains InAs quantum dots within a planar cavity light-emitting diode. Electroluminescence (EL) spectra show clear emission lines and from time resolved EL we estimate a primary decay time of ∼1ns. Time-varying Stark shifts are studied and proposed for truncating the emission in jitter-sensitive applications (optimization for 2ns detector gate width demonstrated) and for relaxing excitation pulse-length requirements. A correlation measurement demonstrates suppression of multiphoton emission to below 28% of the Poissonian level before correction for detector dark counts, suggesting g(2)(0)∼0.19 for the source itself.
Room temperature ferromagnetism of Co doped CeO2−δ diluted magnetic oxide: Effect of oxygen and anisotropy
Authors: Vodungbo B. , Zheng Y. , Vidal F. , Demaille D. , Etgens V. H. , Mosca D. H.
Published: February 2007

The authors report ferromagnetism at room temperature in Co doped CeO2−δ thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 and Si substrates. On SrTiO3 ceria is epitaxied and displays a high crystalline quality. On Si the films are textured with a dominant orientation. While the ferromagnetism is little affected by the amounts of structural defects, it depends sensitively on the oxygen pressure during growth and annealing. This indicates that oxygen vacancies could be involved in the magnetic coupling between Co ions. Furthermore, the epilayers grown on SrTiO3 display a large magnetic anisotropy with an out of plane easy axis.
Epitaxial gadolinium nitride thin films
Authors: Gerlach J. W. , Mennig J. , Rauschenbach B.
Published: February 2007

GdN thin films are deposited on MgO(100) by low-energy ion-beam-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy at elevated temperatures. Elemental analysis by secondary-ion mass spectrometry proves that a protective layer is imperative to avoid oxidation of the GdN films in air. In situ surface structural investigation of the growing GdN films by reflection high-energy electron diffraction reveals epitaxial film growth. This result is confirmed by x-ray diffraction structure and texture analysis. Accordingly, the GdN films on MgO(100) exhibit cube-on-cube epitaxy. Due to the epitaxial growth the crystalline quality of the films is by far higher than that of films previously reported of in literature.
Analysis of phosphorylation sites on proteins from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by electron transfer dissociation (ETD) mass spectrometry
Authors: Chi An , Huttenhower Curtis , Geer Lewis Y. , Coon Joshua J. , Syka John E. P. , Bai Dina L. , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Burke Daniel J. , Troyanskaya Olga G. , Hunt Donald F.
Published: February 2007

We present a strategy for the analysis of the yeast phosphoproteome that uses endo-Lys C as the proteolytic enzyme, immobilized metal affinity chromatography for phosphopeptide enrichment, a 90-min nanoflow-HPLC/electrospray-ionization MS/MS experiment for phosphopeptide fractionation and detection, gas phase ion/ion chemistry, electron transfer dissociation for peptide fragmentation, and the Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm for phosphoprotein identification and assignment of phosphorylation sites. From a 30-μg (≈600 pmol) sample of total yeast protein, we identify 1,252 phosphorylation sites on 629 proteins. Identified phosphoproteins have expression levels that range from <50 to 1,200,000 copies per cell and are encoded by genes involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. We identify a consensus site that likely represents a motif for one or more uncharacterized kinases and show that yeast kinases, themselves, contain a disproportionately large number of phosphorylation sites. Detection of a pHis containing peptide from the yeast protein, Cdc10, suggests an unexpected role for histidine phosphorylation in septin biology. From diverse functional genomics data, we show that phosphoproteins have a higher number of interactions than an average protein and interact with each other more than with a random protein. They are also likely to be conserved across large evolutionary distances.
Structure of the cooperative Xis–DNA complex reveals a micronucleoprotein filament that regulates phage lambda intasome assembly
Authors: Abbani Mohamad A. , Papagiannis Christie V. , Sam My D. , Cascio Duilio , Johnson Reid C. , Clubb Robert T.
Published: February 2007

The DNA architectural protein Xis regulates the construction of higher-order nucleoprotein intasomes that integrate and excise the genome of phage lambda from the
Escherichia coli
chromosome. Xis modulates the directionality of site-specific recombination by stimulating phage excision 10
6
-fold, while simultaneously inhibiting phage reintegration. Control is exerted by cooperatively assembling onto a ≈35-bp DNA regulatory element, which it distorts to preferentially stabilize an excisive intasome. Here, we report the 2.6-Å crystal structure of the complex between three cooperatively bound Xis proteins and a 33-bp DNA containing the regulatory element. Xis binds DNA in a head-to-tail orientation to generate a micronucleoprotein filament. Although each protomer is anchored to the duplex by a similar set of nonbase specific contacts, malleable protein–DNA interactions enable binding to sites that differ in nucleotide sequence. Proteins at the ends of the duplex sequence specifically recognize similar binding sites and participate in cooperative binding via protein–protein interactions with a bridging Xis protomer that is bound in a less specific manner. Formation of this polymer introduces ≈72° of curvature into the DNA with slight positive writhe, which functions to connect disparate segments of DNA bridged by integrase within the excisive intasome.
Apical Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling: Regulation of Stretch-dependent Exocytosis in Bladder Umbrella Cells
Authors: Balestreire Elena M. , Apodaca Gerard
Published: February 2007

The apical surface of polarized epithelial cells receives input from mediators, growth factors, and mechanical stimuli. How these stimuli are coordinated to regulate complex cellular functions such as polarized membrane traffic is not understood. We analyzed the requirement for growth factor signaling and mechanical stimuli in umbrella cells, which line the mucosal surface of the bladder and dynamically insert and remove apical membrane in response to stretch. We observed that stretch-stimulated exocytosis required apical epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activation and that activation occurred in an autocrine manner downstream of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor precursor cleavage. Long-term changes in apical exocytosis depended on protein synthesis, which occurred upon EGF receptor-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Our results indicate a novel physiological role for the EGF receptor that couples upstream mechanical stimuli to downstream apical EGF receptor activation that may regulate apical surface area changes during bladder filling.
ISG15 modification of the eIF4E cognate 4EHP enhances cap structure-binding activity of 4EHP
Authors: Okumura Fumihiko , Zou Weiguo , Zhang Dong-Er
Published: February 2007

The expression of the ubiquitin-like molecule ISG15 and protein modification by ISG15 (ISGylation) are strongly activated by interferon, genotoxic stress, and pathogen infection, suggesting that ISG15 plays an important role in innate immune responses. 4EHP is an mRNA 5′ cap structure-binding protein and acts as a translation suppressor by competing with eIF4E for binding to the cap structure. Here, we report that 4EHP is modified by ISG15 and ISGylated 4EHP has a much higher cap structure-binding activity. These data suggest that ISGylation of 4EHP may play an important role in cap structure-dependent translation control in immune responses.
Clinically distinct form of acquired dermal melanocytosis with review of published work
Authors: HARRISON‐BALESTRA Catherine , GUGIC Dijana , VINCEK Vladimir
Published: February 2007

Dermal melanocytosis is most commonly found in the skin of Asians and other darkly pigmented people. It is histologically characterized by the presence of dermal melanocytes, with or without presence of dermal melanophages. Mongolian spot, nevus of Ito, nevus of Ota, nevus of Hori, and blue nevus are most common and represent distinct types of dermal melanocytosis. Other clinical patterns of acquired dermal melanocytosis have also been described. Herein, we report a unique case of acquired dermal melanocytosis diffusely affecting the entire back of a 50‐year old African‐American male and also review and discuss various patterns of unusual acquired dermal melanocytosis.
Trends and college‐level characteristics associated with the non‐medical use of prescription drugs among US college students from 1993 to 2001
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , West Brady T. , Wechsler Henry
Published: February 2007

Aims  The present study examines the prevalence trends and college‐level characteristics associated with the non‐medical use of prescription drugs (i.e. amphetamines, opioids, sedatives, tranquilizers) and illicit drug use among US college students between 1993 and 2001.

Design  Data were collected from self‐administered mail surveys, sent to independent cross‐sectional samples of college students from a nationally representative sample of 119 colleges in 4 years between 1993 and 2001.

Setting  Nationally representative 4‐year US colleges and universities in 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001.

Participants  Representative samples of 15 282, 14 428, 13 953 and 10 904 randomly selected college students at these colleges in 1993, 1997, 1999 and 2001, respectively.

Findings  The results indicate that life‐time and 12‐month prevalence rates of non‐medical use of prescription drugs (NMPD) increased between 1993 and 2001. Specific college‐level characteristics were found to be correlated positively (marijuana use) and negatively (historically black college status and commuter status) with NMPD, consistently across the four cross‐sectional samples. Significant between‐college variation in terms of trajectories in the prevalence of NMPD over time was found in hierarchical linear models, and selected college‐level characteristics were not found to explain all of the variation in the trajectories, suggesting the need for further investigation of what determines between‐college variance in the prevalence trends.

Conclusions  The findings of the present study suggest that continued monitoring of NMPD and illicit drug use among college students is needed and collegiate substance prevention programs should include efforts to reduce these drug use behaviors.
Phase II study of three dose levels of continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.) in anaemic patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma receiving combination chemotherapy
Authors: Österborg Anders , Steegmann Juan Luis , Hellmann Andrzej , Couban Stephen , Mayer Jiri , Eid Joseph E.
Published: February 2007

Anaemia is a common complication in the treatment of patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but there are no published data on the effect of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents in such patients. This is the first open‐label, phase II, dose‐finding study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (C.E.R.A.). Ninety‐three anaemic patients with aggressive NHL who were receiving chemotherapy (including many advanced NHL, heavily pretreated patients) were randomised to receive 2·1, 4·2 or 6·3 μg/kg C.E.R.A. subcutaneously once every 3 weeks for 12 weeks. Haematopoietic response was achieved in 45%, 57% and 65% of patients at the respective dose level. During weeks 5–13, the mean haemoglobin changes from baseline in the intent‐to‐treat population were increases of 0·2, 2·4, and 5·7 g/l in the 2·1, 4·2, and 6·3 μg/kg treatment groups, respectively, and 4·4, 5·7 and 6·8 g/l in the per‐protocol population at the respective dose levels. C.E.R.A. was generally well tolerated in all three groups. C.E.R.A. appeared to have dose‐dependent clinical activity in most anaemic patients with aggressive NHL who were receiving chemotherapy.
Coronary flow reserve is impaired in patients with adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency
Authors: Oflaz Huseyin , Sen Fatma , Elitok Ali , Cimen Arif Oguzhan , Onur Imran , Kasikcioglu Erdem , Korkmaz Semra , Demirturk Mustafa , Kutluturk Faruk , Pamukcu Burak , Ozbey Nese
Published: February 2007

Objective  Relationship between adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) and increased cardiovascular disease risk is very well known in hypopituitary patients treated with conventional hormone replacement therapy other than growth hormone (GH) administration. Endothelial dysfunction, an early and reversible event in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, is associated with increased vascular smooth muscle tone, arterial stiffening and intima‐media thickness (IMT). Coronary flow reserve (CFR) measurement by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) reflects coronary microvascular and endothelial functions, as a cheaper and an easy screening test. We have used TTDE to evaluate endothelial function and coronary microvascular function in AGHD.

Design  Cross‐sectional observational study.

Patients  A total of 10 GH‐deficient adults on conventional replacement therapy other than GH (4 males, 6 females; mean age 37 ± 11 years) and 15 healthy subjects (7 males, 8 females; mean age 41 ± 11 years) were studied. Patients and controls were all nonsmokers, normotensive and nondiabetic.

Measurements  IGF‐1, free T4, lipid profile, insulin, glucose, insulin resistance (IR), anthropometrical and physical parameters were recorded. CFR recordings and IMT measurements were performed using the Vivid 7 echocardiography device.

Results  IMT were significantly higher in patients than controls (0·70 + 0·19 mm and 0·53 + 0·13 mm, respectively; P = 0·02). CFR was significantly lower in patients than in controls (1·96 ± 0·35 and 2·62 ± 0·45, respectively; P < 0·001). CFR was positively correlated with IGF‐1 levels (r = 0·54, P = 0·005).

Conclusion  CFR is significantly lower in adults with GH deficiency than in controls. Direct correlation between CFR and IGF‐1 concentrations suggests GH replacement could improve microvascular function and thereby could decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in AGHD.
Adequacy of current postglucose GH nadir limit (< 1 µg/l) to define long‐lasting remission of acromegalic disease
Authors: Ronchi Cristina L. , Arosio Maura , Rizzo Erica , Lania Andrea G. , Beck‐Peccoz Paolo , Spada Anna
Published: February 2007

Objective  Some authors proposed to lower the present postglucose GH nadir cut‐off (i.e. < 1 µg/l) to that obtained in healthy subjects to establish remission of acromegaly. The aim of the study was to correlate GH nadir with hormonal and metabolic parameters and to confirm the adequacy of the current limit to define disease remission.

Design and patients  Retrospective study of 40 acromegalic patients cured by surgery, followed by radiotherapy when appropriate, studied at the time of disease remission (Phase 1) and re‐evaluated after at least 3 years’ follow‐up (median 6·5 year, Phase 2). GH nadir was evaluated in 44 sex‐ and age‐matched controls.

Measurements  Symptom score, pituitary function, neuroradiological imaging, metabolic parameters (BMI, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, blood pressure).

Results  The upper limit of the ‘normal’ GH nadir was fixed at 0·26 µg/l (mean + 2SD of controls). In Phase 1, GH nadir was < 0·26 µg/l in 16 patients (Group A) and > 0·26 µg/l in 24 patients (Group B). Group B had only slightly higher IGF‐1 SDS (0·4 ± 1·0 vs.– 0·1 ± 1·0, P = ns) and lower body mass index (BMI) than Group A (26·2 ± 2·4 vs. 30·6 ± 4·5 kg/m2, P < 0·005). GH nadir positively correlated with IGF‐1 (P < 0·05, r = 0·32) and negatively with BMI (P < 0·05, r = 0·42). In Phase 2, all patients had IGF‐1 levels in the normal range and GH nadir < 1 µg/l, both parameters being even lower than those found at the time of remission. No patient had either clinical or neuroradiological evidence of disease recurrence.

Conclusions  The current GH nadir limit is still adequate to define both short‐ and long‐lasting remission of acromegaly, independently of the type of definitive treatment. Patients with the lowest GH nadir should probably be monitored long‐term for adequacy of their GH secretion.
What added value does a 1:1 student to laptop ratio bring to technology‐supported teaching and learning?
Authors: Dunleavy M. , Dexter S. , Heinecke W.F.
Published: February 2007

Abstract  The purpose of this study was to document typical use and configuration of 1:1 computing in two schools focusing on the added value and unique challenges these uses present. A qualitative case study design was used in two middle schools (sixth, seventh and eighth grade) in the south‐eastern United States purposefully selected for their 1:1 computing programmes. Data were collected through formal and informal interviews, direct observations and site documents. Results indicated that online research, productivity tools, drill and practice, and eCommunications were the most frequent uses of computers in the 1:1 classroom. Moreover, the 1:1 classroom provided potentially transformative added value to these uses while simultaneously presenting unique management challenges to the teacher. In addition, the presence of 1:1 laptops did not automatically add value and their high financial costs underscore the need to provide teachers with high‐quality professional development to ensure effective teaching. In order to create effective learning environments, teachers need opportunities to learn what instruction and assessment practices, curricular resources and classroom management skills work best in a 1:1 student to networked laptop classroom setting. Finally, researchers documented wide variation in fidelity to 1:1 computing, which suggests the need for further research exploring the conditions under which this variation exists.
Keeping allergy on the agenda: integrated guidelines for respiratory disease in developing countries
Authors: English R. G. , Fairall L. R. , Bateman E. D.
Published: February 2007

Background:  Efforts to improve the care of patients with asthma and allergic conditions is in some developing countries being overwhelmed by the burden of tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases. Innovative approaches are required to ensure that these diseases are not neglected.

Methods:  The Practical Approach to Lung Health in South Africa is an example of a syndromic integrated algorithm‐based diagnostic and management tool for priority chronic respiratory diseases and tuberculosis. It was developed for the needs of nurse care practitioners in poorly‐resourced and predominantly rural clinics and includes allergic diseases and asthma. Its diagnostic accuracy and effectiveness at improving the care offered to patients with asthma and rhinitis has been confirmed in two large studies performed in primary care clinics.

Discussion and conclusion:  An integrated approach to the management of allergic diseases alongside other priority lung diseases may hold the key to ensuring that the needs of patients with these diseases gain and maintain recognition, and that health resources are appropriately allocated in developing countries.
Inflammation as a risk factor for carotid intimal‐medial thickening, a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis in haemodialysis patients: The role of chlamydia and cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: BUYUKHATIPOGLU HAKAN , TIRYAKI OZLEM , TAHTA KADIR , USALAN CELALETTIN
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the most frequent complication seen in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Evidence suggests that inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis. Our aim was to evaluate the causative role of inflammation in atherosclerosis among HD patients.

Methods:  Intima‐media thickness (IMT) in carotid arteries was determined in 54 HD patients and 52 controls. Plasma levels of lipids, glucose, albumin and several acute phase proteins, and immunoglobulin G titres against chlamydia and cytomegalovirus were measured in all subjects.

Results:  Mean carotid IMT was significantly greater in HD patients than in controls (0.75 mm vs 0.56 mm, P < 0.005). While plasma levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), lipoprotein (a) Lp(a), fibrinogen and ferritin were higher in HD patients, albumin levels were lower. In HD patients, carotid IMT was correlated positively with CRP (R = 0.29, P = 0.019), SAA (R = 0.69, P < 0.001), Lp(a) (R = 0.42, P = 0.001), fibrinogen (R = 0.57, P < 0.001) and chlamydia pneumonia immunoglobulin G titres (R = 0.50, P < 0.001), and negatively with albumin levels (R = −0.33, P = 0.02); there was no relationship between carotid IMT and hypertension, plasma lipid levels and cytomegalovirus. In multivariate regression analysis, these variables still showed a significant relationship with IMT (R2 = 0.694 and P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  We conclude that atherosclerotic changes are more common in HD patients than in controls, and that inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Vitamin D levels, bone turnover and bone mineral density show seasonal variation in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5
Authors: ELDER GRAHAME J
Published: February 2007

Aim:  Many patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have reduced levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Although renal conversion of 25(OH)D to calcitriol is reduced or absent in CKD stage 5 (GFR < 15 mL/min per 1.73 m2 or on dialysis), 25(OH)D may have direct skeletal and non‐skeletal paracrine actions. The aim of this study was to assess seasonal variation in levels of 25(OH)D, bone turnover markers and bone mineral density, which would support a direct physiological role for 25(OH)D.

Methods:  Vitamin D levels, bone turnover markers and bone mineral density were measured and assessed for seasonal variation in 257 patients about to undergo kidney or kidney pancreas transplantation.

Results:  The mean age was 43 ± 11 years; 62% were on haemodialysis, 24% on peritoneal dialysis and 34% had type 1 diabetes. Serum 25(OH)D was less than 50 nmol/L in 39% and lower levels were associated with female sex, diabetes and peritoneal dialysis (P < 0.0001 for each). Levels of 25(OH)D varied by season (P = 0.018; anova) peaking in autumn with a nadir in spring and calcitriol levels followed a similar seasonal trend. Bone mineral denisty Z‐scores differed between summer and winter at the lumbar spine (P = 0.009) with a similar trend at the hip. Osteocalcin levels also showed seasonal periodicity (P = 0.0142) and together with alkaline phosphatase were higher in summer than winter.

Conclusion:  In summary, these data suggest direct effects of 25(OH)D on bone parameters in CKD stage 5 and support the need for prospective studies to establish the effect of treatments that increase 25(OH)D levels in all stages of CKD.
Re‐thinking the complexities of ‘culture’: what might we learn from Bourdieu?
Authors: Lynam M. Judith , Browne A. J. , Reimer Kirkham S. , Anderson J. M.
Published: February 2007

In this paper we continue an ongoing dialogue that has as its goal the critical appraisal of theoretical perspectives on culture and health, in an effort to move forward scholarship on culture and health. We draw upon a programme of scholarship to explicate theoretical tensions and challenges that are manifest in the discourses on culture and health and to explore the possibilities Bourdieu's theoretical perspective offers for reconciling them. That is, we hope to demonstrate the need to move beyond descriptions ‘of’ culture to an understanding of cultures as dynamic, and to show ways cultural practices create contexts that have the potential to foster or impede health.

In our early research, largely undertaken in Canada's multicultural context, we sought to make visible the ways in which culture shaped conceptions of health and influenced health practices of immigrant groups. In recent years this focus has expanded to include populations that reflect the cultural and social diversity of our region. From the outset we attempted to move towards a conception of culture as negotiated, unifying, transformative and dynamic. While this position continues to hold appeal we are continually reminded that, despite our leanings towards constructivism, there is salience to the notion of culture as having enduring elements. It is this tension between the view of culture as embodied and enduring and culture as constructed and dynamic that we seek to examine.

We explore whether Bourdieu's theoretical perspective offers promise for reconciling these apparently competing views. Using exemplars from our research we share insights that Bourdieu's work has offered to our analyses, thereby enabling us to move towards a view of culture that holds in tension these apparently contradictory positions of culture as both essence (albeit unstable, negotiated) and constructed.
Patient decision‐making for clinical genetics
Authors: Anderson Gwen
Published: February 2007

Medicine is incorporating genetic services into all avenues of health‐care, ranging from the rarest to the most common diseases. Cognitive theories of decision‐making still dominate professionals’ understanding of patient decision‐making about how to use genetic information and whether to have testing. I discovered a conceptual model of decision‐making while carrying out a phenomenological‐hermeneutic descriptive study of a convenience sample of 12 couples who were interviewed while deciding whether to undergo prenatal genetic testing.

Thirty‐two interviews were conducted with 12 men and 12 women separately. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and all data were analyzed using three levels of coding that were sorted into 30 categories and then abstracted into three emergent meta‐themes that described men's and women's attempts to make sense and find meaning in how to best use prenatal genetic technology. Their descriptions of how they thought about, communicated, and coped with their decision were so detailed it was possible to discern nine different types of thinking they engaged in while deciding to accept or decline testing.

They believed that decision‐making is a process of working through your own personal style of thinking. This might include only one or any combination of the following types of thinking: analytical, ethical, moral, reflective, practical, hypothetical, judgmental, scary, and second sight, as described in detail by these 12 couples.
Non‐seasonal clade‐specificity and subclade microvariation in symbiotic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) in Zoanthus sansibaricus (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) at Kagoshima Bay, Japan
Authors: Reimer James D. , Ono Shusuke , Tsukahara Junzo , Takishita Kiyotaka , Maruyama Tadashi
Published: February 2007

While much work has investigated the genetic diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellate genus Symbiodinium Freudenthal in cnidarians, investigations into such diversity over temporal scales (seasonal and/or annual) remain scarce. Here, we have sequenced the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS‐rDNA) of Symbiodinium from samples of designated Zoanthus sansibaricus Carlgren (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) colonies collected for 12 months (August 2004–July 2005) at a high latitude non‐reefal coral community at Sakurajima, Kagoshima Bay, Japan (31°35′N, 130°35′E). Our results show that despite large ocean temperature changes (15.0–29.0°C) throughout the one‐year experimental period, Z. sansibaricus colonies contained only clade C Symbiodinium from many different subclade C1/C3‐related novel types not previously reported. While no temporal changes in clade‐level associations were seen, there were consistent and extremely large amounts (145 unique sequences out of 153 total obtained sequences) of genotypic microvariation observed in our obtained sequences. Despite Z. sansibaricus acquiring Symbiodinium horizontally and the presence of various other Symbiodinium clades (A, G) and subclades (e.g. C15 and derived subclades) in the immediate environment, Z. sansibaricus at Sakurajima specifically associates with subclade C1/C3‐related Symbiodinium. While subclades C1/C3 have been found in a variety of different environments and are believed to be ancestral, ‘generalist’ types of Symbiodinium, C1/C3‐related clades such as seen here may be more adapted to specialized niches. We theorize that specific and year‐round association with many different types of subclade C1/C3‐related Symbiodinium helps Z. sansibaricus to survive in the fluctuating Sakurajima environment.
First estimates of productivity in Lessonia trabeculata and Lessonia nigrescens (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) from the southeast Pacific
Authors: Tala Fadia , Edding Mario
Published: February 2007

Lessonia is the main Laminariales found along the southeast Pacific coast. Lessonia nigrescens Bory de Saint‐Vincent in the intertidal and Lessonia trabeculata Villouta et Santelices in the subtidal, are the most important habitat constructors in rocky coastal communities in northern and central Chile. In both species, the seasonal production and erosion of distal tissue were estimated in biomass units using the Area of Constant Biomass Model that combined the individual blade elongation, obtained with the traditional hole‐punching method, with the blade length and biomass distribution along the blade. In austral late spring (December 96) and autumn (May 97), blade production and erosion were transformed to the level of population from standing stock measurements (number and biomass of blades and plants per substrate area), considering that previous blade weight analysis showed the highest and lowest values at these times, as well as the population parameter extremes that were expected to occur. Both species displayed a seasonal pattern, with a production increase in later winter and spring and decrease towards the end of summer that coincided with higher distal tissue erosion. At the level of individual blades, Lessonia trabeculata showed higher mean production (0.026 g dw d−1) and erosion (0.01 g dw d−1) than L. nigrescens (production 0.01 g dw d−1 and loss 0.002 g dw d−1). The standing stocks, with respect to density and biomass, were similar in spring and autumn for both populations. Nevertheless, the net productivity (production minus erosion) of the intertidal L. nigrescens showed greater values due to the greater density of blades (2112 ± 1360 (SE) blades m−2) compared with the subtidal L. trabeculata (527 ± 151 (SE) blades m−2). Spring net productivities of 42 g dw m−2d−1 (254 g ww m−2d−1; 11.46 gC m−2d−1) for L. nigrescens and 11 g dw m−2 d−1 (64 g ww m−2 d−1; 2.46 gC m−2d−1) for L. trabeculata were estimated. A preliminary model of production and biomass fate for Lessonia populations is proposed.
Dietary interventions in low‐income women – issues for UK policy
Authors: Anderson A. S.
Published: February 2007

Summary  The health of many women is affected by living in relative poverty. Low educational achievement, poor pay and community deprivation exacerbate the challenges of healthful lifestyle choices. Women from low‐income backgrounds are more likely to eat low amounts of fruits and vegetables, wholegrains and fish, and more sweetened drinks (and less wine), compared with more affluent women. Diet contributes to the health inequalities evident in maternal and child health, and high rates of adult diet‐related morbidity and mortality. There is a lack of robust UK studies on effective interventions undertaken with low‐income women, reflecting some of the challenges of undertaking research in this ‘hard to reach’ sub‐population. Further research is required in both the development and evaluation of effective interventions, and lessons from US work (such as interventions used in the American Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children, the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program, and WISEWOMAN) could be usefully examined for applicability in the UK.
Managerial Dimensions of Organizational Health: The Healthy Leader at Work*
Authors: Quick James Campbell , Macik‐Frey Marilyn , Cooper Cary L.
Published: February 2007

abstract  This introductory article recollects The Call for this Special Issue, which framed the development of the work and the review process. In addition, the article discusses the concept of organizational health, addressing both issues of healthy individuals and healthy organizations. The heart of the article is a discussion of the Goolsby Leadership Model, one healthy model of leadership. We suggest that the healthy leader is the touchstone for organizational health. The article includes a section which introduces the six competitively selected manuscripts included in the special issue. An agenda for closing gaps in scientific knowledge and in contemporary practice provides the conclusion for the article.
Insurgency, Terrorism and the Apartheid System in South Africa
Authors: Rich Paul
Published: February 2007

This article discusses the development of guerrilla insurgency in South Africa and the government response centred around the concept of ‘total strategy’. After distinguishing analytically between the notions of ‘terrorism’ and ‘guerrilla warfare’, the insurgent campaign is seen to have a threefold impact in terms of loss of economic confidence, sapping of white morale and a mobilization of black political consciousness. The resulting response of ‘total strategy’ effectively represents an escalation of previous efforts to entrench a black middle class as a factor to enhance political stability, though political isolation of South Africa from close western support makes it problematical that the South African state can avoid a strategy of full-scale counter-terror to the increased insurgency threat.
The Problem of Fellowship in Communitarian Theory: William Morris and Peter Kropotkin
Authors: McCulloch Caroline
Published: February 2007

This article addresses the problematic nature and implications of fellowship in and for communitarian theory, as illustrated by the writings of William Morris and Peter Kropotkin. The first part examines the descriptive and prescriptive components of fellowship and its role in Morris's and Kropotkin's theories. A discussion section then addresses problems arising from this dual nature of fellowship. In particular, an analysis of its social-psychological dimension on the one hand and its moral dimension on the other suggests a tension between them, inadequately recognized by communitarians, concerning the size of the appropriate communal unit. The paper concludes by suggesting a way in which this tension might be accommodated, if not resolved, drawing on the insights of conservative localism as well as the socialist universalism advocated by Morris and Kropotkin.
Fairness on the Day after Tomorrow: Justice, Reciprocity and Global Climate Change
Authors: Page Edward A.
Published: February 2007

Climate change raises important questions of global distributive justice, which can be defined as the issue of how benefits and burdens should be distributed within and between generations. This article addresses two conceptual issues that underpin the relationship between climate change and the part of distributive justice concerned with the entitlements of future persons. The first is the role of reciprocity, conceived either as mutual advantage or fair play, in the allocation of distributive entitlements between generations. The second is the extent to which theories of ‘justice as reciprocity’ can ground duties of intergenerational justice that underpin radical policies to manage the causes and impacts of global climate change. I argue that theories of justice as fair reciprocity generate significant duties of environmental conservation, despite these duties not being owed directly to the not-yet-born.
Anthropologists only need apply: challenges of applied anthropology
Authors: Sillitoe Paul
Published: February 2007

The application of anthropology is attracting increasing attention, where once it was thought at best a dubious enterprise. The resurgence of applied anthropology reflects the discipline's broad spread, with persons seeking applications in an array of areas. In this article I reflect on some contentious issues that I have encountered in trying to take up the challenge of applying anthropology, notably in the context of ‘indigenous knowledge’ in development inquiries, issues that demand attention to take this work forwards. A brief historical review suggests that a failure to deal with these arguably hindered previous attempts to establish an applied anthropology. They include definition of the subject we seek to apply, the implications of interdisciplinarity for the social sciences, and the matter of expert status. Other considerations concern giving ethnographic methods an applicable edge, engaging, for example, with the challenging demands of participatory research. I outline five ways to envisage applying anthropology: facilitating others’ exploitation of exogenous know‐how; using knowledge of local understanding to further development; transferring people's learning and practices cross‐culturally; seeking ways to assist market use of knowledge; and finally radical ethno‐criticism of development. They all present us with challenges. And signal interesting times for anthropology.