bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community Interventions in Puerto Rico: The Impact of Social‐Community Psychology
Authors: Serrano‐García Irma , López‐Sánchez Gerardo
Published: January 2008

La psychologie des Social‐Communauté est un nouveau et dynamique champ dont le but explicite concerne le changement social. Cet article présente le contexte socio‐politique portoricain où cette discipline a été développée, ainsi que ses principaux concepts théoriques. Il fournit quatre exemples d'interventions conduites par des psychologues des sociales‐communautés, l'une avec des groupes d'aide à la santé mentale, la seconde avec un groupe de femmes ouvrières dans l'industrie, la troisième dans une église protestante et la dernière dans une communauté du plus bas des niveaux économiques. Le rôle, l'impact et le développement futur de cette discipline sont passés en revue et critiqués.

Social‐community psychology is a new and dynamic field with its explicit goal being social change. This paper presents the Puerto Rican sociopolitical context in which this discipline has developed and its main theoretical concepts. It provides four examples of interventions carried out by community social psychologists: one with support groups for the mentally ill; one with a group of women industrial workers; one within a Protestant Church; and the last in a lower socio‐economic community. The discipline's role, impact and future development are critically assessed.
Community Social Psychology in Venezuela
Authors: Sánchez Euclides , Wiesenfeld Esther , Cronick Karen
Published: January 2008

Notre description de la psychosociologie des communautés au Vénézuela couvre: (1) Le contexte socio‐économique dans lequel la discipline s'est développée. (2) Les tentatives de changement au niveau de la communauté qui impliquent la participation du psychologue. (3) La prise en considération des orientations théoriques retenues par ces psychologues avec quelques exemples succincts de leur travail. (4) Une présentation détaillée de deux interventions en communauté auxquelles les auteurs ont participé. On conclut que les dimensions suivantes sont les plus importantes dans ce type de recherche: la nature des besoins et de la prise de conscience, l'idéologie dans la mobilisation de la communauté, le rôle des technologies et leur intéraction avec le changement social, l'importance du langage dans la compréhension du passé et les décisions concernant l'avenir, la nécessité de redistribuer les ressources matérielles et psychologiques, et la recherche de moyens pour développer l'autonomie, la solidarité et la prise du pouvoir au niveau local.

Community psychology in Venezuela is reviewed in terms of (1) the socio‐economic context in which the discipline has developed, (2) attempts at change at the community level which predate psychologists' participation, (3) a consideration of the important theoretical orientations used by psychologists in the field with brief examples of their work, and (4) a detailed description of two community interventions in which the authors have participated. It is concluded that the following issues may be considered to be the most important themes in local research: the nature of awareness and needs, and ideology in community mobilisation, the role of technology in its interaction with social change, the importance of language for understanding the past and deciding upon the future, the need for a redistribution of material and psychological resources, and the search for mechanisms for obtaining self‐determination, reciprocity, local power and empowerment.
Acute Exposure Research with Organic Solvents: The NIOSH Experience
Authors: Dick Robert B.
Published: January 2008

Des travaux sur les effets aigus chez l'être humain de l'exposition aux solvants ont été menés par l'Institut National de la Santé et de la Sécurité au Travail depuis sa fondation (1970). Les recherches ont porté sur les milieux confinés ou non et de gros efforts ont été faits pour diffuser nos connaissances sous forme de conférences, d'ateliers, de bulletins d'information, de documents normatifs et de publications des recherches expérimentales.

Les recherches en milieu confiné se sont d'abord focalisées sur les effets neurocomportementaux subcliniques qui peuvent apparaitre chez les travailleurs suite à une exposition professionnelle. On a étudié la combinaison des solvants entre eux et l'association avec des drogues, la caféine et l'alcool.

II faudrait à l'avenir s'intéresser non seulement aux caractéristiques physiologiques, neurocomportementales et biochimiques de base des effets de l'exposition aux solvants, mais aussi à d'autres variables qui peuvent être importantes dans l'évaluation des risques sur le lieu de travail. Ces variables regroupent la charge de travail physique, l'exposition à plusieurs solvants associés, l'exposition conjointe à des agents physiques et chimiques, l'intéraction entre de médicaments absorbés pour traiter des troubles chroniques et l'exposition à un milieu chimiquement pollué.

Research on the acute effects of solvent exposures in humans has been supported by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health since the establishment of the Institute in 1970. Both extramural and intramural laboratory and field research has been undertaken, and there have also been extensive efforts to disseminate resultant information about the acute effects of solvent exposures. Information dissemination has included conference and workshop proceedings, current intelligence bulletins, criteria documents, and journal publications of research experiments.

NIOSH intramural research has concentrated primarily on the subclinical neurobehavioural effects that may occur in workers in response to workplace exposures. The experiments have studied solvent combinations, and solvents combined with drugs, caffeine, and alcohol.

Future research on the acute effects of solvent exposures should concentrate not only on basic pharmacokinetic, physiological, and neurobehavioural characterisations of effects, but on other variables that may be of consequence in assessing workplace risks. These variables include: physical workload, exposures to combinations of solvents, combined exposures to chemical and physical agents, and interactions between chemical exposures and medications used to treat chronic medical problems.
Design Considerations for Experiments at Exposure Levels Below TLVs
Authors: Mølhave Lars
Published: January 2008

La possibilité d'interactions co‐factorielles rend les recherches dans un champ épidémiologique sur des réponses multiples à des effets médicamenteux durant une exposition de niveau bas, compliquées et coûteuses. Des expériences en exposition contrôlée, donc, deviennent des alternatives attirantes. Ainsi des expériences d'exposition humaine faisant varier des concentrations d'air avec des compositions organiques individuelles ou avec des mélanges de composants organiques volatiles (VOCs) ont été mises sur pied. Ces expériences contrôlées à certains niveaux ou sous un seuil abaissé présenté pour un effet massif ont montré que de telles expériences doivent être planifiées avec un maximum de considération pour la possibilité d'interactions co‐factorielles d'un grand nombre de facteurs liés à l'environnement ou aux individus. De plus, l'exposition en niveau bas fait surgir un débat au sujet de l'influence du biais posé la non‐négligeable présence en fond de sources incontrôlées de la pollution de l'air. Cet article utilise des expériences antérieures pour proposer une discussion sur le fait de porter une attention spéciale à de telles expériences en exposition de niveau bas. Il n'a pas la prétention d'être une déduction scientifique sur un protocole riche, mais résume quelques assertions pratiques à partir de séquences d'expériences d'exposition.

Co‐factorial interactions in human responses to low‐level exposure levels of indoor air pollutants make epidemiological field investigations of doseresponse relations cumbersome and costly. Controlled exposure experiments, therefore, become attractive alternatives. Such human exposure experiments with varying air concentrations of individual organic compounds or mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been performed. These controlled experiments at exposure levels at or below the presently accepted lower threshold for acute effects have shown that such experiments must be planned with careful consideration to the possibility of co‐factorial interaction of a large number of environmental or person‐related factors. Further, the low exposure level raises concern about the biasing influence of any non‐negligible background exposure from uncontrolled sources of air pollution. This paper uses previous experiments to discuss some of the special design considerations for such low‐exposure experiments. The paper is not intended to be a scientific deduction of an optimal protocol, but summarises some practical experiences from a sequence of exposure experiments.
The Need for Dominance Scale of the Manifest Needs Questionnaire and Role Behaviour in Groups
Authors: Mudrack Peter E. , Farrell Genevieve M.
Published: January 2008

Cet article fait état de scores relatifs au besoin d'échelle de dominance pour le Manifest Need Questionnaire (MNQDOM) afin de comparer des mesures de conduite de rôle fonctionnel dérivées de Benne et Sheats (1948). Des étudiants d'une institution canadienne post‐secondaire (N = 248) participant à un projet collectif au cours de leurs études, servirent d'évaluateurs, et indiquèrent que les observations auto‐évaluées de leur dominance montraient qu'ils tendaient à jouer des rôles liés à la tâche (p. ex.initiateur;r= 0.19,P< 0.01) et des rôles individuels (p. ex.agresseur;r= 0.22,P< 0.01), mais pas des rôles de maintenance (p. ex.médiateur;r= ‐0.14,P< 0.05). Ces découvertes confirment la fiabilité prédictive du MNQDOM décrite par Medcof (1990). II sera nécessaire d'orienter les prochaines recherches à la fois sur la manière dont les autres perçoivent et réagissent aux individus dominants, et sur la nature et la signification des liens entre les différentes mesures de dominance et la désirabilité sociale.

This paper relates scores on the need for dominance scale of the Manifest Needs Questionnaire (MNQDOM) to peer ratings of functional role behaviour derived from Benne and Sheats (1948). Students at a Canadian post‐secondary institution (N = 248) participating in a course‐related group project served as evaluators, and indicated that their self‐rated dominant peers tended to play task roles (e. g.initiator;r= 0.19,P< 0.01) and individual roles (e. g.aggressor;r= 0.22,P< 0.01), but not maintenance roles (e. g.harmoniser;r= ‐0.14,P< 0.05). These findings confirm the predictive ability of MNQDOM reported by Medcof (1990). Future research needs to address both how others perceive and react to dominant individuals, and the nature and meaning of linkages between various dominance measures and social desirability.
Fault Prevention, Job Design, and the Adaptive Control of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Chmiel Nik , Wall Toby
Published: January 2008

L'approche traditionnelle des conséquences de l'organisation du travail sur la performance fait appel aux processus motivationnels. Un travail récent portant sur la productique avance l'idée qu'une dimension explicative majeure de ce lien est d'ordre cognitif. Une organisation du travail qui octroie à l'opérateur une responsabilité accrue et accorde une moindre importance à l'aide apportée par l'expert conduit à l'accroissement de l'efficience du système. Un point clé pour l'amélioration de la performance potentielle est le développement par les opérateurs de stratégies de prévention des défauts. Nous avons délibérément centré notre attention sur le contrôle adaptatif dans des tâches expérimentales pour explorer les ouvertures heuristiques qu'elles fournissent dans l'approche de la productique. Deux catégories éventuelles de connaissances, avec leur mode d'acquisition, sont apparues: implicite et explicite. De ce point de vue, l'idée principale est que la connaissance implicite est impliquée dans la prévention des défauts et que son acquisition dépend d'une implication active dans la gestion des défauts en productique. Ceci conduit à une conclusion surprenante sur le rôle respectif de l'organisation du travail et de la formation dans l'amélioration de la performance en productique. Nous demandons que l'organisation du travail soil concue pour permettre d'apprendre et d'exercer ses connaissances dans la prévention des défauts et que la formation formelle, basée sur des consignes, ait un rôle élargi dans le diagnostic et la rectification des défauts.

Traditional accounts of the effect of work design on performance invoke motivational processes. Recent work involving advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) suggests a major explanatory factor in this link is cognitive. Job designs that give operators enhanced responsibility, and place less reliance on specialist support, lead to increased system performance. A key aspect of the potential performance improvement is the development of fault prevention strategies by operators. We deliberately focus on laboratorybased tasks on adaptive control to explore the insights they provide for the AMT context. These demonstrate two potential types of knowledge and their acquisition: implicit and explicit. The principal suggestion from this perspective is that implicit knowledge is implicated in fault prevention, and that its acquisition depends on active involvement in fault management of AMT systems. This leads to a surprising perspective on the respective roles of job design and training in promoting AMT system performance. We propose that job design should be viewed as providing the opportunity to learn and exercise knowledge in fault prevention, and that formal, instructionally based training has a greater role in fault diagnosis and rectification.
Error Detection, Task Characteristics, and Some Consequences for Software Design
Authors: Zapf Dieter , Maier Günter W. , Rappensperger Gabi , Irmer Caren
Published: January 2008

On a étudié la détection des erreurs par les utilisateurs d'ordinateur à partir de la théorie de l'action. On a effectué, pour des raisons de validités externe et interne, à la fois une recherche sur le terrain et deux expériences de laboratoire exploitant un traitement de texte. La problématique portait sur le taux de détection de différents types d'erreurs, l'impact de la complexité de la tâche sur la détection des erreurs et la question de la détection programmée des erreurs. Les résultats débouchent sur un meilleur taux de détection (96,5%) dans la recherche de terrain (par rapport au taux obtenu dans les expériences). Les erreurs apparaissant dans les tâches complexes étaient plus difficiles à détecter. En outre, la moitié de la totalité des erreurs pouvaient être détectées par les seuls utilisateurs. Pas plus de 22% des erreurs étaient détectées avec l'aide du système informatique. Ce sont les erreurs dans les travaux complexes que la détection aidée par le système déjouait le plus difficilement. On propose, comme application pratique, une stratégie de gestion des erreurs qui ferait appel à un processus de traitement des erreurs relevant du software.
Investigating the Granularity of the Undo Function in Human‐Computer Interfaces
Authors: Lenman Sören , Robert Jean‐Marc
Published: January 2008

Cet article présente trois expériences sur la granularité de la fonction défaire dans les interfaces humain‐ordinateur. Les deux premières identifient et analysent les attentes des utilisateurs à propos de la granularité de la fonction défaire dans une tâche de traitement de texte et dans une tâche de dessin. La troisième est plus spécifique et porte sur les attentes des utilisateurs quant à la façon de défaire différentes catégories d'actions dans une tâche de dessin. Les résultats montrent qu'il existe des différences individuelles majeures dans les stratégies utilsées pour défaire, que I'on doit tenir compte des catégories d'actions dans la définition de la granularité de défaire et que les utilisateurs s'attendent à ce que presque toutes les sortes d'actions soient défaisables.

This paper presents three experiments on the granularity of the undo function in user‐computer interfaces. The first two identify and analyse user expectations about the grain of undo in a word processing task and in a graphics task. The third one is more specific and tests how users expect different categories of actions to be undone in a graphics task. The results show that there are major individual differences in undo strategies, that action categories must be taken into account when defining undo granularity, and that users expect almost all kinds of actions to be undoable.
The Cognitive Organisation of Human Errors: A Gestalt Theory Perspective
Authors: Wehner Theo , Stadler Michael
Published: January 2008

Les erreurs humaines sont étudiées dans le cadre théorique de la gestalt theory comparée aux théories de l'erreur cognitive. II est démontré que les processus ou actes de cognition erronée ne sont pas toujours les conséquences de la routine, mais plutôt la suite naturelle d'une organisation de la forme, indépendante du fait qu'une certaine ligne d'action ait été apprise ou non. Des exemples issus des champs de la perception visuelle, de la pensée et de l'action dirigées vers un but sont présentés, dans lesquels le principes de la gestalt, finalité, bon déroulement et proximité conditionnent l'apparition d'échecs. Est aussi mis en discussion le fait que les erreurs pouvaient être ou pas considérées comme évaluation positive, comme elles pourraient être l'indication de la résolution d'un problème de production et dans certaines situations, fournir de l'information sur la manière la plus facile d'approcher un but.

Human errors are discussed within the theoretical framework of gestalt theory as compared with cognitive error theories. It is argued that erroneous cognitive processes or actions are not always the consequence of routinisation, but instead are a natural consequence of gestalt organisation independent of whether or not a certain line of action has been learned. Examples from the fields of visual perception, thinking, and goal‐directed action are presented, in which the gestalt principles of closure, good continuation, and proximity are conditions governing the emergence of failures. Also discussed is the issue of whether or not errors should be given positive evaluation, as they may be a cue for productive problem solving and may, in certain situations, provide information as to the smoothest path to approaching a goal.
When Psychopaths go to Work: A Case Study of an Industrial Psychopath
Authors: Babiak Paul
Published: January 2008

La plupart des recherches sur les psychopathes ont été conduites dans les hôpitaux et les prisons. L'article ci‐dessous propose l'analyse d'un psycho‐pathe en milieu industriel. La Check List Psychopathique: Version sur Ecran (PCL:SV) fut utilisée pour évaluer la psychopathie en observant et en codant les comportements dans une situation d'emploi. Tandis que les précédentes recherches sur des populations psychopathiques dans des milieux cliniques ou carcéraux démontrent qu'elles mènent des vies ratées, cette étude de cas présente un psychopathe industriel ayant atteint la réussite. Les psychopathes industriels possèdent les caractéristiques des personnalités psychopathes mais pas du tout la progression caractérisée du développement de comportement anti‐social et de style de vie déviant. Un modèle suggère que dans le contexte d'un changement chaotique et “souterrain”, ils utilisent leurs talents manipulateurs pour manoeuvrer avec succés les points‐de‐vues contra‐dictoires d'alliés et de déracteurs et déboucher sur des mouvements de carriére positifs.

Most research on psychopaths has been conducted in hospitals or prisons. The present paper presents an analysis of a psychopath in an industrial setting. The Psychopath Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) was used to assess psychopathy by observing and coding behaviours observed in an employment situation. Although previous research on psychopathic populations in clinical and penal settings suggests that they lead unsuccessful lives, a case study is presented as an example of a successful industrial psychopath. Industrial psychopaths display psychopathic personality characteristics but do not display the typical progression of increasing antisocial behaviour and deviant lifestyle. A model is presented which suggests that in the context of an organisation undergoing chaotic change they use their manipulation skills to effectively manage the discrepant views of supporters and detractors, resulting in successful career movement.
The Relationship between Individualism—Collectivism and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Hui C. Harry , Yee Candice , Eastman Karen L.
Published: January 2008

On a exploré dans trois recherches la relation entre la satisfaction professionnelle et les mentalités individualiste ou communautaire. Dans la première, une étude de niveau écologique, nous avons trouvé des corrélations à la limite de seuil de signification entre l'indice d'individualisme de Hofstede et des attitudes défavorables envers la communication et les relations professionnelles; toutes deux relèvent des aspects inter‐individuels du travail. Pour la deuxième recherche, c'est un échantillon d'employés chinois de Hong Kong qui ont fourni les données. Les employés présentant un sentiment communautaire se montraient plus satisfaits de leur travail, de leur salaire, de leur promotion, de leur encadrement et de leurs collègues que leurs homologues individualistes. La troisième étude a retrouvé les résultats de la deuxième avec un échantillon d'employés d'un niveau plus modeste.

The relationship between individualism‐collectivism and job satisfaction was explored in three studies. In the first, ecological‐level, study, we found marginally significant correlations between Hofstede's individualism index and unfavourable attitudes towards working relationships and communication, both being interpersonal aspects of work. In the second study, data were collected from a sample of Chinese employees in Hong Kong. Collectivist employees reported higher satisfaction with their work, pay, promotion, supervision, and coworker than their individualist counterparts. Study 3 replicated findings of Study 2, with a sample of employees at a lower rank.
Off‐task Behaviours and Outcomes: An Exploratory Investigation of a Neglected Domain in Organisational Behaviour
Authors: Ilgen Daniel R. , Dass Parshotam , McKellin Ruth Ann , Lee Sandra L.
Published: January 2008

Bien que les travailleurs s'adonnent à la fois à nombre de tâches formelles et informelles, les recherches centrées sur le comportement organisationnel s'intéressent préférentiellement aux conduites formelles et à leur produit. Quand l'attention se porte sur les comportements informels, c'est généralement pour les atténuer ou les éliminer. On soutient dans cet article que les comportements informels doivent être pris en considération même si c'est la tâche à accomplir qui est l'objet de la problématique. On a, dans deux recherches exploitant des échantillons de 133 et 137 individus, relevé une série de comportements informels et étudié la relation entre leur fréquence d'apparition et la satisfaction. Les implications des comportements informels sont analysées du point de vue de la nature changeante du travail.

Although people at work engage in a number of on‐task and off‐task behaviours, the preponderance of behavioural research in organisations is directed towards on‐task behaviours and the outcomes resulting from them. When attention is paid to off‐task behaviours, it is usually directed at decreasing or eliminating such behaviours. The position taken here is that off‐task behaviours must be understood even if our concern is with task behaviour. Two studies, with samples of 137 and 133 persons, identified a subset of off‐task behaviours and explored the relationship of their reported occurrence to job satisfaction. Implications of off‐task behaviour at work are discussed with respect to the changing nature of work.
Compatibility of Human Resource Management, Industrial Relations, and Engineering Under Mass Production and Lean Production: An Exploration
Authors: Taira Koji
Published: January 2008

La “production limitée” (“lean production”) est une nouvelle approche de la production susceptible de modifier la gestion des ressources humaines, les relations industrielles et les processus de travail dans les entreprises américaines. Apparaissant après une longue période de stabilité reposant sur des règles relationelles et opérationnelles basées sur la production de masse, la transition vers la production limitée est controversée et traumatisante. Le modèle émergent suggère que la transition s'amorce avec des innovations qui mettent l'accent sur l'amélioration de la productivité et s'affirme avec le comanagement et la participation. En s'appuyant sur une revue de la littérature et sur une évaluation raisonnée des résultats disponibles, cet article propose un point de vue structuré sur la nature des changements dans le processus productif et sur leurs conséquences institutionelles.

“Lean production” as a new production concept is believed to be transforming human resource management, industrial relations, and work processes in American firms. Coming after a long period of stability under operational and relational rules supported by mass production, the transition to lean production is controversial and traumatic. The emerging pattern suggests that transition begins with workplace innovations that emphasise productivity enhancement and develops to co‐management or joint governance of the enterprise. On an extensive review of the literature and by selective weighting of findings and evidence, this paper develops an integrative perspective on the nature of changes in the mode of production and its institutional correlates.
Personality and Work Behaviour: Exploring the Linkages
Authors: Adler Seymour
Published: January 2008

Une étude du rapport personnalité et conduites de travail requiert la prudence dans la considération des liaisons critiques dans les modèles théoriques et dans les plans de recherche utilisés et la personnalité et les construits de critère proposés en théorie et en recherche. La valeur de la considération de ces liaisons est illustrée par des exemples de la littérature en pointe sur la personnalité et les conduites de travail.

The more productive study of the relationship of personality to work behaviour requires thoughtful consideration of critical linkages in the theoretical models and research designs used, and the personality and criterion constructs incorporated in theory and research. The value of considering these linkages is illustrated by examples from the emerging literature on personality and work behaviour.
Whither Goest Personality at Work?: Overview of the special issue on “Work and Personality”
Authors: Schneider Benjamin
Published: January 2008

En s'appuyant sur les articles présentés, cette discussion insiste sur le fait qu'un programme de recherche sur la personnalité doit inclure, mais aussi dépasser, la sélection du personnel et le modèle en cinq facteurs. Les sujets suivants sont briévement abordés: (a) le rôle central que joue le comportement dans la compréhension de l'impact de la personnalité et des relations situation‐personnalité; (b) le rôle de l'adaptation personne‐environnement dans la compréhension du comportement au sein de l'organisation et de la liaison validité‐critères; et (c) l'intérêt de faire appel à des concepts individuels, tel que l'identité, pour enrichir les études portant sur le thème “personnalité et travail”. La conclusion de ces commentaires est qu'un bilan approfondi des recherches sur la personnalité, comme celui de ce numéro spécial, débouchera sur un champ d'investigation vivant à l'avenir assuré.

Using the contributed papers as a base, this discussion proposes that an agenda for research on personality should include, but go beyond, personnel selection and the five‐factor model. The following topics are briefly discussed: (a) the central role that behaviour plays in understanding personality‐outcome and situation‐personality relationships; (b) the role of person‐environment fit in understanding criterion‐related validity and organisational behaviour; and (c) the usefulness of adding individual constructs, like identity, to the issues studied at work under the personality rubric. The commentary concludes with the thought that a broad research agenda on personality, like the one represented in this special issue, will produce a vibrant and long‐lived field of inquiry.
Validation of a Stage Model of Career Success
Authors: Melamed Tuvia
Published: January 2008

Cet article propose un modèle relatif aux étapes d'une carrière réussie. Trois voies s'offrent au succès: (a) La réussite relève des qualités humaines, des choix de carrière et de la structure de l'organisation; (b) les phases de la carrière interfèrent avec l'impact des qualités humaines, et la structure de l'organisation avec la réussite; (c) l'impact des qualités humaines et la structure de l'organisation sont marqués par les choix de carrière. Des données ont été recueillies par questionnaires auprès de 457 salariés britanniques. Les résultats parlent en faveur du poids des étapes de la vie professionnelle et de l'impact des choix de carrière. Le pouvoir prédictif des qualités humaines, de la structure de l'organisation et des choix de carrière s'accroît avec les années et il atteint son maximum au stade ultime de la carrière. La part de la variance d'une carrière réussie expliquée par les qualités humaines et la structure de l'organisation chute significativement quand on tient compte des effets des choix de carrière. On analyse ces résultats et leurs conséquences sur les travaux à venir concernant la réussite d'une carrière.

The paper proposes a stage‐specific model of career success that offers three routes to career success: (a) career success is affected by human capital attributes, career choices, and organisational structure; (b) career stage moderates the effects of human capital attributes and organisational structure on career success; and (c) the effects of human capital attributes and organisational structure are mediated by career choices. Questionnaire data were gathered from 457 employees from the general British workforce. The results demonstrated the moderating effect of career stage and the mediating effect of career choices. The predictive power of human capital attributes, organisational structure, and career choices increases over the career stages, and was at its highest at the late career stage. The amount of variance in career success explained by human capital attributes and organisational structure dropped significantly when the effect of career choices was accounted for. The results and their implications for future studies of career success are discussed.
Berry in Legoland
Authors: Pick Susan
Published: January 2008

In the lead article, the author suggests a ground‐breaking theoretical model for studying and explaining the processes of acculturation and adaptation experienced by immigrants in receptor countries. Through this model the author brings much needed attention to a growing worldwide phenomenon.
Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology: Three Perspectives on Acculturation
Authors: Ward Colleen
Published: January 2008

John Berry has offered a comprehensive conceptual model for the study of immigration, acculturation, and adaptation that has evolved over more than 20 years of systematic and innovative work in the field. Elaborating and refining this amalgamated framework. Professor Berry has largely demystified the acculturative process by showing that the process and product of changing cultures can be understood in familiar terms and be interpreted in the light of existing theories in mainstream psychology. These theories are referred to as “points of view” and identified as a culture learning/social skills acquisition approach, a psychological model of stress, and a psychopathology or mental disease perspective.
Qualité de l'expérience et intelligence pratique: la validité croissante des connaissances tacites à la prédiction du rendement au travail
Authors: Barrette Jacques , Durivage André
Published: January 2008

La présente recherche visait à vérifier plusieurs hypothèses dérivées de la théorie de l'intelligence pratique en utilisant une mesure de connaissances dites tacites auprès de conseillers en produits et services financiers dans une institution financière. L'étude porte sur les hypothèses avancées par Wagner et Sternberg (1985) voulant (a) que les connaissances tacites s'accroissent avec la qualité de l'expérience de travail et (b) que par rapport à l'aptitude de raisonnement logique, la mesure des connaissances tacites apporte une validité croissante dans la prédiction du rendement au travail. Quatre groupes de sujets de différents niveaux qualitatifs d'expérience sont impliqués soit des candidats, des novices, des juniors et des seniors. L'étude montre (a) que seuls les candidats et les novices obtiennent des résultats distincts des seniors et (b) que l'aptitude au raisonnement logique explique 12% de la variance du rendement de travail et la mesure des connaissances tacites compte pour 18% additionnel.

The goal is to test hypotheses regarding practical intelligence, using tacit knowledge as a measure of ability for the position of financial products and services advisor in a financial institution. The hypotheses tested were those of Wagner and Sternberg (1985), which propose (a) that tacit knowledge increases with quality of work experience, and (b) that with respect to cognitive ability for logical reasoning, a measure of tacit knowledge will add incremental validity to the prediction of work outcome. Subjects were divided into four groups according to their quality of work experience: applicants, novices, juniors and seniors. According to the study (a) only applicants' and novices' results are different from seniors' results and (b) the test of logical reasoning accounts for 12% of the variance in work performance, and the measure of tacit knowledge for another 18%.
Monetary Targets and the World Economy
Authors: BUDD A. , BURNS T. , DAVIS R. , DICKS G.
Published: January 2008

The dominant obsessions to watchers of the world economy at the moment are the weakness of the US dollar and the fear that the world economy is stagnating. In this ‘Briefing Paper’ we seek to put both events into the same intellectual framework, and to show that they are the consequence of monetary policies which are not logically related to each other, nor to a common objective of bringing world inflation steadily down to an acceptable level. Specifically, the US ‐ which for reasons outlined below can warrant monetary growth rather below the world average if it is to preserve some dollar stability ‐ is showing an above average outturn in its monetary aggregates. Germany and Japan, which can accommodate increases well above the average, are in fact adopting monetary targets which are leading to exchange rate appreciation, arid a reduction in both countries' expectations for real growth.

The dangers for the world economy in this situation are very serious, particularly at a time when further dollar devaluation could be risky both from the viewpoint of US inflation wide the dollar's role as the key reserve asset. It could lead at worst to US protectionism and a monetaryled recession, rein forcing the slow growth rates already being widely predicted in 1978 for many other industrial countries. However, we show in this ‘Briefing Paper’ that this is not a necessity outcome of the present situation, given three vital perceptions. The first, required by statesmen as much as by technicians. is that the recent stagnation in European & Japanese output and exchange rate instability are essentially a monetary phenomenon, requiring essentially monetary (rather than fiscal) remedies. The second is acceptance of the need and practicability of some monetary consignation, based on reasonably common objectives among the major countries regarding inflation, bands for exchange rate movement and red rates of growth. the third, at the most practical level, is agreement on the actual monetary numbers which broadly reconcile these objectives and also take account of the very different ‘unwanted’ rates of monetary growth between countries which reflect their different underlying conditions of output, productivity and demand for money.

It is the (ambitious) aim of this ‘Briefing Paper’ to substantiate these perceptions and to provide the numbers mound which a consideration of monetary policies can be framed. The numbers are necessarily based on trends established over a number of years and need to be supplemented by detailed understanding of each country's financial status But the monetary targets provided do, in our judgement, embody trade‐offs between inflation, growth and exchange rate movements which should broadly satisfy national ambitions, and reset the world economy on a worthwhile growth path during 1978 or 1979.
The Outlook for 1979 and 1980
Authors: ROBINSON BILL
Published: January 2008

In the June/July issue of Economic Outlook, we presented a detailed forecast of the year 1979 and 1980, incorporating our analysis of the effects of the June Budget. In this issue we present an update of that assessment.
The US Recession
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

In the last five months US industrial production has fallen 71/2 per cent, while GNP fell by over 2 per cent in the second quarter. In April, when the latest figures were indicating that industrial production had fallen 1 per cent in February‐March, President Carter admitted that the economy was “probably now in recession”, with the qualification that it would be “mild and short”. This was followed almost immediately by the news that the index of leading indicators had recorded its largest ever fall in April, and, from President Carter, the admission that recession had come to the US “quicker and steeper than we thought” and that the outlook looked “serious”. Subsequently the fall in industrial production has gathered pace and in the last three months alone output has fallen by nearly 7 per cent. In the recession of the mid‐19 70s industrial production fell by over 15 per cent in the space of six months, from September 1974 to March 1975. Over a rather longer period from the end of 1973 to March 1975 GNP registered a fall of over 5 per cent most of which was concentrated in the latter six months. In this Forecast Release we examine the cyclical behaviour of the US economy and, by comparing the recent experience with that of 1974‐75, attempt to throw some light on the likely extent and depth of the current recession. As in our Forecast Release of May we remain of the opinion that the recession is unlikely to be either “mild”or “short”
WORLD OUTLOOK
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

In the second quarter of 1980 recession spread from the United States to other OECD countries. We estimate that this process continued in the third quarter and forecast that it has a further six months to run. The latest US indicators suggest that some recovery may have taken place in the third quarter. We do not believe at this stage that any such recovery is currently sustainable. Our forecast of the world economy implies continuing US recession and some further drop in output in Europe and Japan.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

The prospects for the industrial countries in 1980/81‐already poor at the time of our last “World Outlook” in October 1979 ‐ have weakened further as a result of the latest round of oil price increases. In the last 12 months oil prices have doubled, and, because of the greater weight of oil compared with 1974/75, we estimate that the real impact of the latest increase is three‐quarters of the earlier rise when prices quad‐rupled. But compared with the events of the mid‐1970's the difference is that the earlier crisis was largely unexpected, which is not true of recent events. For this reason we expect the world economy to be less badly affected than in 1974/75.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

The first clear signs of the economic downturn are now emerging in the United States which is officially recognised to be in recession. Over the last four years economic events in the US have preceded similar developments elsewhere in the industrial world by some 6–9 months. We see no break in this pattern and expect the recession to become general by the end of the year. In the next 12 months we forecast that world industrial production will fall by 5 per cent. In 1974‐75 the equivalent figure was 12 per cent as all countries contracted in unison. In 1980 the contraction is expected to be concentrated in the US where policy has been sharply reversed. In other countries, where economic expansion has been underway for a shorter period of time and where inflation is probably less entrenched, the recession could be mild and short. In the US however recession could easily be more severe than in 1975.

In the first quarter of 1980 world output, prices (including oil prices) and money supply were all rather higher than we expected at the time of our last “World Outlook” upwards. We now expect world output to rise by about 1/2 per cent between 1979 and 1980, money supply by a little over 10 per cent, and prices by nearly 15 per cent at the wholesale stage and 11 per cent at the consumer stage.
Comment:The Statistical Relationship between the Money Supply and the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement
Authors: BEENSTOCK MICHAEL , LONGBOTTOM ANDREW
Published: January 2008

The Controversy

A controversy has recently broken out as to whether the PSBR influences the money supply in the UK. Clearly if this relationship does not exist much of the basis of the government's macroeconomic strategy falls away since the government is acting on the assumption that by controlling the PSBR it will be able to control money supply growth and hence inflation in the medium term. This argument has been forcibly stated in the recent Green Paper on Monetary Control (Cmnd 7858) and is enshrined in the Medium‐term Financial Strategy that was announced in the March Budget.
WORLD OUTLOOK
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

The world economic recovery, which began in the late summer of 1980, can now be seen as premature, in as much as 1980's short, sharp recession had achieved only a limited reduction in the rate of inflation. Economic policy, particularly in the United States, is once more geared to a reduction in the inflation rate even if this imposes costs in terms of lost output and higher unemployment. The consequent appreciation of the US dollar against the European currencies has ‐ in spite of weakening oil and non‐oil commodity prices in dollar terms ‐ produced a further boost to European inflation and a subsequent tightening of policy in some countries, notably West Germany. In these circumstances we expect little or no growth in output in the world economy until the summer of 1982.
The Costs and Benefits of Cutting Inflation
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY
Published: January 2008

In recent speeches Treasury Ministers have coined a new slogan. They argue that inflation is not an alternative to high unemployment but a fundamental cause of it. They use this slogan to attack those who suggest that thefight against inflation should be slackened ‐ at least briefly ‐ in order to reduce unemployment. In this Economic e iewpoint we examine the arguments about the relation between inflation and unemployment. We suggest that although inflation may be a cause of unemployment in the long term there is an inescapable short‐term choice to be made between reducing unemployment and reducing inflation. We explain why this choice arises and also discuss the longer‐term effects of counter‐inflationary policies. Finally we examine the record of this Government's policies so far.
Economic Viewpoint The Company Sector and the Economic Recovery
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY
Published: January 2008

Prospects for the economy in the coming years depend largely on whether the private sector will expand activity and increase its employment. The immediate concern is to reverse the falls of output and employment since 1979; the longer‐term concern is to generate sustained growth. In the short term. the recovery of output will depend signficantly on whether companies are prepared to rebuild stock levels. In the longer term, a sustained increase in output and employment will require an expansion of the capital stock. In each case what is needed is an increase in company expenditure. Recent experience suggests that such an increase will require a rise in the company sector's income. In this Economic Viewpoint we consider how an increase in the company sector's income and expenditure could be achieved and argue that a cut in the National Insurance Surcharge is a particularly efficient method.
THE MEDIUM TERM OUTLOOK
Authors: Robinson Bill
Published: January 2008

In this Forecast Release we consider the prospects for the economy after the present phase of cyclical recovery. Our central forecast, which we regard as the best medium‐term planning assumption, is that the economy slows down to a sustainable growth rate of around 1% per cent. This is in line with the underlying growth of productive capacity but not sufficient to cure unemployment. We recognise that in practice the economy may be pushed away from the underlying growth trajectory by random shocks, and we look at three major risks surrounding the present forecast: a rise in the savings ratio; a slower world recovery; and a cut in investment. We contend that the most serious of these risks is to investment, since the company sector will face a major increase in its tax bill from 1985‐6 onwards. A growth recession is thus distinctly possible in 1986, which could, for economic and electoral reasons, be the low point of the present cycle.
THE BRITISH EXPERIMENT
Authors: Budd Alan , Dicks Geoffrey
Published: January 2008

The fifth Mais Lecture by Mr. Niger Lawson, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, aroused considerable interest and has generated a sharp controversy. In this note we analyse some of the points that Mr. Lawson made, comment on the controversy about the role of budget deficits and consider what indications the Lecture provides about the future development of economic policy.
WORLD OUTLOOK
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey , Robinson Bill
Published: January 2008

The strength of US domestic demand is exerting a very strong pull on the world economy. Japan in particular is benefiting from soaring export demand, but the effects on European exports have been offset by weak domestic demand and, in the case of West Germany and the UK, by damaging industrial disputes which have interrupted supply. Over the next 12 months we expect the US economy to slow down under the weight of the financial and external balance pressures, which two years of very rapid but unbalanced growth have built up. For the world economy, however, we expect the slowdown in the US to be counterbalanced by expanding domestic demand in Europe and Japan, especially if a lower dollar permits reductions in interest rates. We forecast world output growth of about 3 per cent next year, well below the near‐5 per cent projected for 1984 ‐ the cyclical peak. By the second half of 1985 the world recovery will be three years old and we expect a pause in the growth of output. Against a background of stable monetary growth we expect world inflation in the 5–6 per cent range over the medium term. This is consistent with some increase in US inflation, low and stable inflation in Japan and West Germany and further progress in reducing inflation in countries such as France and Italy. Our forecast is based on the assumption that the dollar falls next year. If it does not fail we believe there is a significant risk of slower growth.