bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Green's function approach to the nonrelativistic radial wave equation of hydrogen atom
Authors: Ur Rahman Faiz , Zhang Rui‐Qin
Published: February 2017

We report an efficient and consistent method for the solution of Schrödinger wave equation using the Green's function technique and its successful application to the nonrelativistic radial wave equation of hydrogen atom. For the radial wave equation, the Green's function is worked out analytically by means of Laplace transform method and the wave function is proposed under the boundary conditions. Computationally the product of potential term, the proposed wave function and the Green's function are integrated iteratively to get the nonrelativistic radial wave function. The resultant wave after each iteration is normalized and plotted against the standard nonrelativistic radial wave function. The solution converges to the standard wave with the increasing number of iterations. Results are verified for the first 15 states of hydrogen atom. The method adopted here can be extended to many‐body problem and hope that it can enhance our knowledge about complex systems.
Practical verifiably encrypted signatures based on discrete logarithms
Authors: Shao Zuhua , Gao Yipeng
Published: February 2017

Because the discrete‐log‐based signature scheme on finite groups can be adapted to elliptic curves most efficiently, it has been developed widely in the mobile Internet. However, how to verifiably encrypt such signatures is a long‐lasting open problem. In this paper, we present the first verifiably encrypted discrete‐log signature scheme based on undeniable signatures, whose security depends on the discrete logarithm problem and the computational Diffie–Hellman problem in the random oracle model. Our security proof is under a strong security model against three types of inside adversaries with more powers. The proposed scheme can be deployed directly in the current Internet environment; nothing more than each party has an ElGamal key pair on a common finite group. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting Chromium from Stainless Steel Slags by NaOH‐Added Pellet Roasting Followed by Water Leaching
Authors: Ji Yilong , Shen Shaobo , Liu Jianhua , Yan Shiyu , Zhang Zhitao , Xue Yuan
Published: February 2017

Preventing toxic Cr6+ from being eluted from the stainless steel (SSL) slag is still an unsolved problem. An effective extraction of chromium from SSL slag might be a solution. The conventional industrial process in chromium extraction from chromite involves adding Na2CO3 to chromite during the sample roasting. The authors found that if a similar process is used to extract chromium from SSL slag, the chromium extraction was 33% at 800 °C. However, if NaOH is used instead of Na2CO3, the chromium extraction is raised to 96% under the same reaction conditions. Thus, a novel process with NaOH‐added roasting is studied here. The effects of roasting temperature, time, the molar ratio of Na/Cr, and particle size for NaOH‐added pellet samples on the chromium extraction are studied and the optimized values are 800 °C, 2 h, 29.0, and 48–58 μm, respectively. The contents of Cr2O3 in the original slag, the leaching residues obtained after the first and second time of extraction are 3.93, 0.12, and 0.02 wt%, respectively. The Cr extraction is effective and the leaching residue might be safely disposed of in environment, which ultimately solved the environmental problem of SSL slag disposal. We found that some bigger cavities are spontaneously formed on the surface of NaOH‐added pellet than on the surface of Na2CO3‐added pellet during the roasting. This perhaps mainly explained the discrepancy in the chromium extractions of NaOH‐added pellet and Na2CO3‐added pellet. The use of NaOH‐added pellet sample rather than NaOH‐added powder sample not only avoided the sample adhesion, but also significantly increased the Cr extraction.
Prevention of preterm birth with pessary in twins (PoPPT): a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Berghella V. , Dugoff L. , Ludmir J.
Published: February 2017

Objective

To evaluate whether cervical pessary placement prevents preterm birth (PTB) in twin gestations with a short mid‐trimester cervical length (CL) on transvaginal sonography (TVS).

Methods

This was a multicenter randomized controlled trial of asymptomatic women with a twin gestation and a TVS‐CL of ≤ 30 mm at 18 + 0 to 27 + 6 weeks' gestation. TVS‐CL was measured at the time of the fetal anatomy scan at 18 + 0 to 23 + 6 weeks and at subsequent scheduled ultrasound scans prior to 28 weeks. Women with a TVS‐CL of ≤ 30 mm at 18 + 0 to 27 + 6 weeks were randomized to receive either the Bioteque™ cup cervical pessary or no pessary. Randomization was stratified by gestational age, study site and chorionicity. Women with a monoamniotic twin gestation, twin–twin transfusion syndrome, early selective intrauterine growth restriction or placenta previa were excluded. Cervical pessaries were inserted by maternal‐fetal medicine staff centrally trained in proper placement. No other treatment for women with a short cervix was recommended. Primary outcome was PTB < 34 weeks. The trial was stopped early before complete enrollment.

Results

A total of 421 women with a twin gestation were screened for TVS‐CL, and 85 (20%) had a TVS‐CL of ≤ 30 mm. Of these, 80 (94%) met the eligibility criteria and 46 (58%) of the eligible women agreed to randomization. Twenty‐three (50%) women were randomized to pessary placement and 23 (50%) to no pessary. Demographic characteristics, including median gestational age (21.0 vs 21.2 weeks; P = 0.69) and TVS‐CL (16.7 vs 22.9 mm; P = 0.45) at randomization, were similar between the pessary and no‐pessary groups, except for level of education (more than high school education: 48% vs 78%, respectively; P = 0.03) and proportion of spontaneous conceptions (83% vs 43%, respectively; P = 0.01). There were no significant differences between the pessary and no‐pessary groups in rate of primary outcome, PTB < 34 weeks (39% vs 35%; relative risk, 1.13 (95% CI, 0.53–2.40)), as well as other outcomes, including PTB < 37 weeks and < 28 weeks, gestational age at delivery, birth weight and composite adverse neonatal outcome.

Conclusion

Treatment with cervical pessary was not associated with the prevention of PTB in women with a twin gestation and a mid‐trimester TVS‐CL of ≤ 30 mm in this small underpowered randomized controlled trial. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Some thoughts on the monitoring and preservation of waterlogged archeological sites in eastern England
Authors: French Charles
Published: February 2017

This study reviews five hydrological monitoring projects used on archeological sites in the waterlogged landscapes of fenland East Anglia and east Yorkshire in England. The project design, recorded variables, and implications of each are discussed. In particular, the importance of understanding the landscape context is paramount, and retrieving an appropriate dataset over a sufficiently lengthy period of time to obtain reliable results and predictability. Some of the lessons learnt and outstanding problems are explored. As former wetlands are fast disappearing around the world through dewatering and a host of wider development threats such as urbanization and gravel extraction, the low intrusion suite of methods described here for measuring the degree and certainty of organic preservation is doubly important for establishing the viability of preservation in situ schemes for waterlogged archeological sites. This is crucial to get right, as wetland archeological records are an irreplaceable resource which offer extraordinarily full and diverse datasets of human lifeways which are all too often either poorly preserved or erroneously interpreted because of the skewed datasets recovered from dryland sites. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1204. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1204

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Holy water: the works of water in defining and understanding holiness
Authors: Oestigaard Terje
Published: February 2017

Holy water has a central role in shaping the understanding and beliefs of holiness in general, but how does holy water work, and what defines holy water? By analyzing holy water in three different religious traditions—Christianity in Northern Europe, Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and Hinduism—the aim is to discuss the metaphysical essence of water in human understanding and ideas of holiness embodied in water. On the one hand, holy water represents purity and has to be protected from defilement, but on the other hand, many holy rivers are severely polluted. This seeming paradox will be analyzed by focusing on actual beliefs and uses of holy water in ritual and religious practices. Holy water transmits purity and holiness, but it also transfers, transports, and transforms impurities. In the process of obtaining spiritual purity, devotees may pollute the holy because holy water is believed to have a divine agency. By comparing ritual practices and beliefs in three distinct religious traditions in Europe, Africa, and Asia, it is possible to enhance the understanding of the ways holiness and holy water are perceived to work in cultural‐specific religious worldviews based on essential capacities of water cross‐culturally. This directs the attention to the structuring mechanisms at work because water is conceptualized and used as holy in remarkably similar ways in many religions.WIREs Water2017, 4:e1205. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1205

This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Value of Water

Science of Water > Water Quality
Determining Patient Preferences for Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Observation, Surgery or Molecular Tests
Authors: Lee Daniel Joonil , Xu Jason J. , Brown Dale H. , Gilbert Ralph W. , Gullane Patrick J. , Irish Jonathan C. , Rotstein Lorne E. , Goldstein David P. , de Almeida John R.
Published: February 2017

Background

Gene‐expression classifiers (GEC) and genetic mutation panels (GMP) have been shown to improve preoperative diagnostic evaluations of indeterminate thyroid nodules. Despite the improvement, uncertainty regarding the proper management exists. Patient preferences may better inform the management of these indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Methods

Hypothetical scenarios were administered to two groups of patients: those with previous FNA‐confirmed indeterminate thyroid nodules (Group A, n = 50) and those presenting to a general otolaryngology clinic for other reasons (Group B, n = 50). We evaluated patient preferences for surgery, observation and the use of molecular tests while varying the risk of malignancy, cost and diagnostic properties of the tests.

Results

The mean threshold for choosing surgery over observation was a 38.6% risk of malignancy on FNA. When offered either GEC, GMP or both (with their inherent imperfect diagnostic properties) in addition to the indeterminate FNA, 85.0% of respondents picked at least one of the molecular tests over either observation or surgery if the test(s) were free of charge. However, only 51.7% of respondents chose at least one of the tests when asked to pay the current cost of the test(s) (p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, sex, the presence of an indeterminate FNA diagnosis and income level significantly predicted the desire to proceed with a molecular test above standard management.

Conclusion

Patient preferences for thyroid nodule management are dependent on the risk of malignancy, prognosis of cancer and costs. Patients prefer molecular tests over standard management with indeterminate thyroid nodules, but the costs of the test(s) reduce the desire.
Genetic Counseling for Alcohol Addiction: Assessing Perceptions and Potential Utility in Individuals with Lived Experience and Their Family Members
Authors: Kalb Fayth M. , Vincent Victoria , Herzog Teresa , Austin Jehannine
Published: February 2017

Though addictions to substances including alcohol are highly heritable, there have been no studies regarding the possible applicability of genetic counseling to this set of conditions. Adults (≥18 years old) with a personal and/or family history of alcohol addiction were recruited to participate in an online survey‐based study comprising 43 questions about beliefs/concern about recurrence risk and etiology of alcohol addiction and its impact on childbearing decisions, and perceptions of potential utility of genetic counseling for alcohol addiction. We applied primarily descriptive statistics, but also tested the hypotheses that perceiving genetic counseling to be useful would be associated with: 1) increasing importance attributed to genetics in the etiology of alcohol addiction, and 2) greater concern about recurrence of alcohol addiction (in self and/or children). Overall, the 113 participants recognized the multifactorial nature of alcohol addiction but reported a wide range of estimated recurrence risks for first‐degree relatives. Overall, 62% perceived genetic counseling for alcohol addiction to be potentially beneficial. Participants were more likely to perceive a benefit from genetic counseling if they were concerned about recurrence for themselves (p = .021) or perceived genetics to be etiologically important in alcohol addiction (p = .024). Future studies are warranted to evaluate the outcomes of genetic counseling for addictions with respect to patient understanding, lifestyle modifications and psychological adaptation.
A simple method to vary soil heterogeneity in three dimensions in experimental mesocosms
Authors: Liu Yongjie , De Boeck Hans J. , Wellens Marc J. , Nijs Ivan
Published: February 2017

Soil heterogeneity affects terrestrial plant communities both directly and indirectly. In nature, the exploration of the role of heterogeneity is made difficult because any co‐varying factors (nutrients, soil depth, etc.) render it problematic to clearly link cause and effect. Attributing changes specifically to heterogeneity is facilitated if heterogeneity is varied in a controlled manner and other possible confounding factors are kept constant. The experiments conducted in such a way have up till now only considered heterogeneity in two dimensions, horizontally or vertically. In this methodological study, we present a novel technique that enables researchers to vary both qualitative and configurational heterogeneity in three dimensions by building up the soil cell by cell in experimental mesocosms. We illustrate the technique with an experiment where we test the effect of cell size (i.e. configurational heterogeneity) on the performance of grassland species that vary in nutrient preference (high N and low N species). Cell size did not affect aboveground biomass but modified species richness, both at the mesocosm and the patch scale, with most species being found when cells were small yet distinct (cell size 12 cm). High N species had significantly greater aboveground biomass and species richness than low N species, both on nutrient rich and nutrient poor cells. Remarkably, those differences disappeared when plants grew on the mesocosms with cell size close to zero. By allowing greater complexity in the design of experimental mesocosms, the 3‐D approach can improve understanding of the interplay between soil heterogeneity and plant and ecosystem functioning.
Internationales Krebsgenomkonsortium (ICGC)
Authors: Siebert Reiner , Gerhäuser Clarissa , Simon Ronald , Wagener Rabea , Weber Ursula D. , Sauter Guido , Plass Christoph , Lichter Peter
Published: February 2017

Die Katalogisierung genomischer, epigenetischer und transkriptioneller Veränderungen in Tumorzellen sowie die Integration disponierender oder klinisch relevanter Keimbahnvarianten ist die Voraussetzung für die zukünftige Anwendung präzisionsmedizinischer Ansätze in der Onkologie. Das Internationale Krebsgenomkonsortium (International Cancer Genome Consortium, ICGC) hat sich deshalb zum Ziel gesetzt, auf verschiedenen OMICs-Ebenen die wesentlichen Aberrationen in den 50 häufigsten und sozioökonomisch relevanten Tumorentitäten zu beschreiben. Dazu werden die Tumoren nach standardisierten Protokollen mittels sequenzierungsbasierter Verfahren analysiert. Die erhobenen Daten sind unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch Wissenschaftlern außerhalb des ICGC zugänglich. Auch wenn die Datensammlung noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, konnten entitätenspezifische und -übergreifende Analysen u. a. bereits Mutationssignaturen oder neue Driververänderungen und pathogene Signalwege identifizieren.
Hippocampal thinning linked to longerTOMM40poly‐T variant lengths in the absence of theAPOEε4 variant
Authors: Burggren Alison C. , Mahmood Zanjbeel , Harrison Theresa M. , Siddarth Prabha , Miller Karen J. , Small Gary W. , Merrill David A. , Bookheimer Susan Y.
Published: February 2017

Introduction

The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40), which lies in linkage disequilibrium with apolipoprotein E (APOE), has received attention more recently as a promising gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk.TOMM40influences AD pathology through mitochondrial neurotoxicity, and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the most likely brain region for identifying early manifestations of AD‐related morphology changes.

Methods

In this study, we examined the effects ofTOMM40using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging in 65 healthy, older subjects with and without theAPOEε4 AD‐risk variant.

Results

Examining individual subregions within the MTL, we found a significant relationship between increasing poly‐T lengths of theTOMM40variant and thickness of the entorhinal cortex only in subjects who did not carry theAPOEε4 allele.

Discussion

Our data provide support forTOMM40variant repeat length as an important contributor to AD‐like MTL pathology in the absence ofAPOEε4.
Minimax characterization of solutions for a semi-linear elliptic equation with lack of compactness
Authors: Buffoni Boris , Jeanjean Louis
Published: February 2017

In this paper conditions ensuring bifurcation from any boundary point of the spectrum is studied for a class of nonlinear operators. We give a general minimax result which allows an enlargement of the class of non-linearities which has been studied up to now. The general result is applied to study the existence of solutions

(u, λ) \in H^1 (ℝ^N) × ℝ

for the equation

−Δu + pu−N(u) = \mathrm{\lambda }u,\:u \neq 0,

where

λ

is located in a prescribed gap of the spectrum of

−∆u + pu

. The function

p

is periodic and the superlinear term

N

derives from a potential but is not assumed to be compact.

Dans cet article, nous donnons des conditions assurant la bifurcation pour tous les points au bord du spectre pour une classe d’opérateurs non linéaires. A l’aide d’un résultat de type minimax, nous élargissons la classe des non-linéarités étudiées jusqu’à présent. La théorie est appliquée à l’étude des solutions

(u, λ) \in H^1 (ℝ^N) × ℝ

de l’équation

−Δu + pu−N(u) = \mathrm{\lambda }u,\:u \neq 0,

où

λ

se situe dans une lacune donnée du spectre de

−∆u + pu

. La fonction

p

est périodique et le terme surlinéaire

N

dérive d’un potentiel mais n’est pas nécessairement compact.
On Tartar’s conjecture
Authors: Šverák Vladimír
Published: February 2017

We prove that the only probability measures supported at connected subsets of 2 × 2 matrices without rank-one connections and commuting with the determinant are Dirac masses. We also prove some regularity results for fully nonlinear 2 × 2 elliptic systems of the first order.

Soit K un sous-ensemble connexe de matrices deux par deux sans connexion de rang un et soit ν une mesure de probabilité concentrée sur K qui commute avec le déterminant. On démontre que ν est une masse de Dirac. On démontre aussi quelques résultats de régularité pour des systèmes elliptiques deux par deux du premier ordre.
Darwin and Women
Authors: Darwin Charles
Published: February 2017

Darwin and Women focusses on Darwin's correspondence with women and on the lives of the women he knew and wrote to. It includes a large number of hitherto unpublished letters between members of Darwin's family and their friends that throw light on the lives of the women of his circle and their relationships, social and professional, with Darwin. The letters included are by turns entertaining, intriguing, and challenging, and are organised into thematic chapters, including botany and zoology as well as marriage and servants, that set them in an accessible narrative context. Darwin's famous remarks on women's intelligence in Descent of Man provide a recurring motif, and are discussed in the foreword by Gillian Beer, and in the introduction. The immediacy and variety of these texts make this an entertaining read which will suggest avenues for further research to students.
An Outbreak ofBurkholderia cepaciaComplex Infections Associated with Contaminated Liquid Docusate
Authors: Marquez Lucila , Jones Katie N. , Whaley Elaine M. , Koy Tjin H. , Revell Paula A. , Taylor Ruston S. , Bernhardt M. Brooke , Wagner Jeffrey L. , Dunn James J. , LiPuma John J. , Campbell Judith R.
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

To investigate an outbreak ofBurkholderia cepaciacomplex and describe the measures that revealed the source.

SETTING

A 629-bed, tertiary-care, pediatric hospital in Houston, Texas.

PATIENTS

Pediatric patients without cystic fibrosis (CF) hospitalized in the pediatric and cardiovascular intensive care units.

METHODS

We investigated an outbreak ofB. cepaciacomplex from February through July 2016. Isolates were evaluated for molecular relatedness with repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR); specific species identification and genotyping were performed at an independent laboratory. The investigation included a detailed review of all cases, direct observation of clinical practices, and respiratory surveillance cultures. Environmental and product cultures were performed at an accredited reference environmental microbiology laboratory.

RESULTS

Overall, 18 respiratory tract cultures, 5 blood cultures, 4 urine cultures, and 3 stool cultures were positive in 24 patients. Among the 24 patients, 17 had symptomatic infections and 7 were colonized. The median age of the patients was 22.5 months (range, 2–148 months). Rep-PCR typing showed that 21 of 24 cases represented the same strain, which was identified as a novel species within theB. cepaciacomplex. Product cultures of liquid docusate were positive with an identical strain ofB. cepaciacomplex. Local and state health departments, as well as the CDC and FDA, were notified, prompting a multistate investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our investigation revealed an outbreak of a unique strain ofB. cepaciacomplex isolated in clinical specimens from non-CF pediatric patients and from liquid docusate. This resulted in a national alert and voluntary recall by the manufacturer.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:567–573
Talking to the Guy on the Airplane
Authors: Holly Donald H.
Published: February 2017

There's a popular meme that my archaeology friends have been circulating on social media lately: a picture of Giorgio Tsoukalos, a producer of the popular History Channel show Ancient Aliens, overlaid with the caption “I'm not saying it was aliens, but it was aliens.” The caption is a play on Tsoukalos's and others’ claims that the archaeological and historical record contains ample evidence for alien visits to earth in antiquity. To wit, past episodes of the show have suggested that Kachinas, Egyptian hieroglyphics, and indigenous rock art depict aliens; that much of the monumental art and architecture of ancient Mesoamerica, South America, Near East, Easter Island (of course), Malta, and elsewhere represents the genius of extraterrestrial visitors; that Mayan kings were not really people but alien overlords; that extraterrestrials were responsible for the demise of many civilizations—if not the dinosaurs, too—and so on.
John Haynes Bailey, 1909–48
Authors: Ritchie William A.
Published: February 2017

On the night of July 5, 1948, under circumstances which may never be explained, John Haynes Bailey “shuffled off this mortal coil.” Some two years previously he had undergone a major surgical operation from which, insofar as his family and his friends were aware, he had recovered, but the incubus of ill health offers the most probable solution to the enigma of his tragic death.

Born on May 22, 1909, in the western New York village of Dansville, as the only child of James Albert Bailey, an attorney, and Marie (Haynes) Bailey, he was early taken to Caledonia, also in the Genesee Country, where he received his pre-collegiate schooling. In 1933 he was graduated from Cornell University with a bachelor's degree in physics.
Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Perspectives on Ceramic Vessels and Annual Accumulation Rates of Sherds
Authors: Sullivan Alan P.
Published: February 2017

A broad examination of the synthetic results of ceramic ethnoarchaeology reveals that research has centered on the factors that influence variation in the production, use, and discard of whole pottery vessels. Far less common are ceramic ethnoarchaeological studies that investigate the various ways that broken vessels become incorporated into the archaeological record. Archaeologists who would like to apply the findings of ceramic ethnoarchaeology, therefore, are faced with the daunting prospect of determining the relevance of those findings for archaeological phenomena. In this paper, I first examine the relationship between ceramic ethnoarchaeological research on whole vessels and archaeological methods for determining annual accumulation rates of sherds for sites in southwestern Colorado. I then present an alternative method that analyzes contextual variation between use and discard assemblages at two sites in the Grand Canyon area and explore the consequences of all these studies for evaluating assumptions about vessel use-life, systemic inventories, and annual accumulation rates. I conclude with some archaeologically led suggestions about how ceramic ethnoarchaeologists might expand their research designs to make the results of their studies resonate more strongly with, and hence be more useful to, archaeologists who analyze bucketfuls of potsherds.
Taking Variation Seriously: Testing the Steatite Mast-Processing Hypothesis with Microbotanical Data from the Hunter's Home Site, New York
Authors: Hart John P. , Reber Eleanora A. , Thompson Robert G. , Lusteck Robert
Published: February 2017

In a series of recent publications, Truncer (1999, 2004a, 2004b, 2006) presents a hypothesis that during what he interprets as the peak period of use (2500-1500 cal. B.C.) in eastern North America, steatite (soapstone) vessels were specialized cooking tools used to process mast. A key component of Truncer's hypothesis building is his interpretation of an analysis of fatty acids extracted from charred residue adhering to four steatite sherds, which he interpreted to be consistent with mast. This is the only component of his hypothesis building that directly links steatite vessel use to mast processing. Here we convey the results of a reassessment of Truncer's analytical results and the results of our own analysis of phytoliths and fatty acids extracted from charred residue adhering to three sherds from the Hunter's Home site. Our results undermine this key component of Truncer's hypothesis building and therefore the hypothesis itself.
Science and Sensitivity: A Geochemical Characterization of the Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex, Hawai'I Island, Hawaii
Authors: Mills Peter R. , Lundblad Steven P. , Smith Jacob G. , McCoy Patrick C. , Naleimaile Sean P.
Published: February 2017

The Mauna Kea Adze Quarry Complex is the largest-known prehistoric quarry in the Pacific Basin. The main extraction areas are located at an extreme altitude (3,800 m), near the summit of Hawaii's tallest mountain. The Mauna Kea summit region and the quarry are considered by many Hawaiians to be a sacred landscape and archaeologists must consider the ethical tensions involved in conducting Western science in these areas. Although provenance studies of basalt adzes are integral to the examination of pre-contact Hawaiian economics, former studies of Hawaiian adze distribution have been limited in scope, and conventionally relied on destructive petrography and petrology for the analyses. Published geochemical data on the quarry are derived from only eight samples analyzed with destructive methods. In order to better define the variation within the quarry, and to develop a more culturally sensitive approach, we employed nondestructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) of whole-rock samples to characterize 820 flakes and 47 geological samples from the quarry complex. This study offers the first reliable estimation of the overall range of geochemical variability in the complex. These results suggest that nondestructive EDXRF can be used to differentiate Mauna Kea basalts from other known Hawaiian quarries, but more characterization of other quarries is necessary to confirm exclusive separation of sources. The results further demonstrate that EDXRF is capable of detecting intra-site geochemical variation in Mauna Kea quarry material.
Geological and Cultural Context of the Nogahabara I Site
Authors: Holmes Charles E. , Potter Ben A. , Reuther Joshua D. , Mason Owen K. , Thorson Robert M. , Bowers Peter M.
Published: February 2017

Interpretation of the Nogahabara I assemblage as a Late Pleistocene abandoned toolkit rests primarily on the premise of a single brief occupation at the site. The limited contextual data presented do not discount a palimpsest of noncontemporaneous assemblages in secondary contexts associated with a lag deposit. Spatial patterning, lithic assemblage patterning, artifact surface alteration, and disparate radiocarbon dates at the site, as well as geological data from the Nogahabara and nearby Kobuk dunes, indicate that the cultural material was subjected to post-depositional disturbance. Alternate hypotheses of site formation and avenues for testing these hypotheses are considered.
Bear's Journey and the Study of Ritual in Archaeology: Some Comments on Howey and O'Shea's Midewiwin Paper
Authors: Mason Ronald J.
Published: February 2017

Howey and O'Shea (2006) believe they have demonstrated the prehistoric manifestation of a particular Ojibwa Midewiwin origin story in the arrangement of features at an archaeological site in Michigan, thereby negating ethnohistorical arguments that the Midewiwin was of post-European-contact origin. The authors also believe they have shown that explaining past ritual behavior "can be derived from archaeological data alone." There is ample information in their own argument to disallow such claims.
Change and Continuity, Practice and Memory: Native American Persistence in Colonial New England
Authors: Silliman Stephen W.
Published: February 2017

The archaeological study of Native Americans during colonial periods in North America has centered largely on assessing the nature of cultural change and continuity through material culture. Although a valuable approach, it has been hindered by focusing too much on the dichotomies of change and continuity, rather than on their interrelationship, by relying on uncritical cultural categories of artifacts and by not recognizing the role of practice and memory in identity and cultural persistence. Ongoing archaeological research on the Eastern Pequot reservation in Connecticut, which was created in 1683 and has been inhabited continuously since then by Eastern Pequot community members, permits a different view of the nature of change and continuity. Three reservation sites spanning the period between ca. 1740 and 1840 accentuate the scale and temporality of social memory and the relationships between practice and materiality. Although the reservation sites show change when compared to the "precontact baseline," they show remarkable continuity during the reservation period. The resulting interpretation provides not only more grounded and appropriately scaled renderings of past cultural practices but also critical engagements with analytical categories that carry significant political weight well outside of archaeological circles.
A Formal Test of the Origin of Variation in North American Early Paleoindian Projectile Points
Authors: Buchanan Briggs , Hamilton Marcus J.
Published: February 2017

Recently it has been suggested that variation in the form of Early Paleoindian projectile points across North America was the result of drift rather than regional adaptation (Morrow and Morrow 1999). Here, we test this hypothesis quantitatively with matrix correlation statistics. Using a sample of Early Paleoindian point assemblages from across the continent we attempt to correlate variation in point shape with several measures of late Pleistocene period regional variation including net primary production, prey availability, prey selection, and prey body size. We find no significant correlations between point shape and measures of regional variation, suggesting that functional modifications to points within specific regional biomes were minimal. We do find evidence of spatial autocorrelation as the regional variation in point shape correlates positively with geographic distances among sites, a pattern consistent with recent, shared ancestry. Our findings provide support for the drift hypothesis posed by Morrow and Morrow (1999). We interpret these results as suggesting that despite the wide variation in regional environmental conditions across late Pleistocene period North America not enough time elapsed during the Early Paleoindian period for these local selective gradients to have led to significant changes in point shape.
Measuring Time, Population, and Residential Mobility from the Surface at San Marcos Pueblo, North Central New Mexico
Authors: Ramenofsky Ann F. , Neiman Fraser D. , Pierce Christopher D.
Published: February 2017

To understand the effects of European contact on the organization, size, and mobility of Pueblo populations in the Southwest requires detailed knowledge of the occupational histories of the aggregated settlements that typify the late prehistoric and early historic record. Unfortunately, such understanding is generally lacking because the methods used to document occupational histories of settlements tend to either obscure fine-grained temporal distinctions or necessitate costly, and politically objectionable, large-scale excavations. To overcome these difficulties, we use surface expressions to analyze the occupational and population history of San Marcos Pueblo (LA98), an aggregated, late prehistoric site in the Galisteo Basin of New Mexico that persisted to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Field methods include detailed mapping of the settlement and systematic surface collections of middens. Frequency seriation, correspondence analysis, and mean ceramic dates of decorated ceramic rims comprise our principal analytic methods and demonstrate that the pueblo was abandoned four times before 1680. Causes of abandonment are discussed. Relative scale measures of population show demographic fluctuations with maximum aggregation during the fifteenth century. Despite demographic pulses, the pueblo remained vital until the terminal abandonment.
Fieldworker Experience and Single-Episode Screening as Sources of Data Recovery Bias in Archaeology: A Case Study from the Central Pacific Northwest Coast
Authors: Graesch Anthony P.
Published: February 2017

Despite increasing concern with the effects of archaeological data recovery methods on the types and quantity of objects extracted from the material record, archaeologists rarely discuss recovery biases attributable to the most basic excavation procedures. In this study I examine how several factors, including variable artifact identification skills, can affect artifact recovery rates in the field. Data from household-level investigations at the Stó:lō (Coast Salish) village of Welqámex (DiRi 15) are presented to show how interobserver variation can compromise interpretations of past behavior when opportunities for artifact recovery are limited to observations at the excavation unit and single-episode (field-only) sieving. Laboratory sorting of screen residue retained in 3.2-mm (one-eighth-inch) mesh sieves is shown to account for the recovery of as much as 87.5 percent of lithic artifacts and nearly 90 percent of archaeofaunal remains. Rates of artifact recovery in the field are highly variable among excavation crews working at Welqámex, and I argue that the application of correction factors is inappropriate unless the magnitude of recovery bias can be measured for specific excavation teams and particular depositional contexts. The results of this study further highlight the importance of documenting and mitigating the unintended effects of methodological decisions on archaeological assemblages.
On the Importance of the National Register of Historic Places
Authors: LeBlanc Steven A.
Published: February 2017

The National Register of Historic Places is important to the preservation of prehistoric sites in ways that are not fully appreciated by archaeologists. The advantages of having a site on the Register are discussed. Archaeologists have a responsibility toward site preservation, and the use of the Register is one means to fulfill that responsibility.
The Many Publics for Archaeology
Authors: McManamon Francis P.
Published: February 2017

Throughout the world, public agencies, professional societies, and individual archaeologists have recognized the need for more and better public education about archaeology. We are challenged to act on this recognition by providing opportunities for the public to learn about, and even participate in, archaeological interpretations and investigations. The audiences for these efforts include the general public, students and teachers, legislators, public administrators, and Native Americans. Archaeology has been a subject of interest to the public for centuries, and the archaeological record has fascinated people for even longer. Contemporary archaeologists must reach out to the public by providing them with understandable interpretations and explanations. We must do this if appreciation for archaeology and for the importance of archaeological preservation is to grow in America.
Giving Papers
Authors: Bruhns Karen Olsen
Published: February 2017

Oral presentation of papers has assumed ever increasing importance as a mode of information dissemination among the professional community. Many oral presentations are diminished in effectiveness by disregard of formal and mechanical aspects of presentation. Discussion of these aspects among professionals is as essential as is formal instruction in them for students.
Birds of the Grotte Cosquer: the Great Auk and Palaeolithic prehistory
Authors: d'Errico Francesco
Published: February 2017

Striking among the figures of the Grotte Cosquer, the Palaeolithic painted cave newly discovered in Mediterranean France, are some waterbirds. They are identified as Great Auks, the great and extinct ‘penguin’ of the northern ocean.
Technological organization and settlement in southwest Tasmania after the glacial maximum
Authors: McNiven Ian J.
Published: February 2017

A growing quantity of data about the late Pleistocene sequence in Tasmania has not been matched by an equivalent clear understanding of just what are the patterns of its lithic record. A new model is developed.
Pharaonic quarrying and mining: settlement and procurement in Egypt's marginal regions
Authors: Shaw Ian
Published: February 2017

Across the rocky landscapes of Egypt lies evidence for pharaonic quarrying and mining; fresh fieldwork at neglected sites, such as the Hatnub travertine quarries and the Wadi el-Hudi amethyst mines, now tells us more. The surviving remains of quarrying and mining settlements suggest subtle adaptations in versatile response to changing economic and geographical parameters.
Anthropomorphic figurines from the north Caucasus
Authors: Kozenkova Valentina I.
Published: February 2017

A report on human representations in cast bronze and terracotta from a Late Bronze Age cemetery near Grozni in the Checken region of the northwest Caucasus.
Orientation and Etruscan ritual
Authors: Aveni A. , Romano G.
Published: February 2017

The cosmology of the Etruscans, like so much else Etruscan, hovers on the edge of historical visibility. By exploring Etruscan temple alignments measuredin situand with the helpful context of the Disciplina Etrusca, factors are found that might affect temple orientation, and connections with the Greek and Roman record are explored.
Barland's Farm, Magor, Gwent: a Romano-Celtic boat
Authors: Nayling Nigel , Maynard David , McGrail Sean
Published: February 2017

Recent excavations on the Gwent Levels, in the wetlands of the Severn Estuary, south Wales, have recovered substantial remains of a waterlogged boat, of probable late 3rd- to early 4th-century AD date.
35,000-year-old sites in the rainforests of West New Britain, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Pavlides Christina , Gosden Chris
Published: February 2017

The growing story of early settlement in the northwest Pacific islands is moving from coastal sites into the rainforest. Evidence of Pleistocene cultural layers have been discovered in open-site excavations at Yombon, an area containing shifting hamlets, in West New Britain's interior tropical rainforest. These sites, the oldest in New Britain, may presently stand as the oldest open sites discovered in rainforest anywhere in the world.
Beyond the radiocarbon barrier in Australian prehistory
Authors: Roberts Richard G. , Jones Rhys , Smith M. A.
Published: February 2017

The team that has been dating early Australian sites by luminescence methods replies to Allen's (1994) view of the continent's human chronology, published in the June ANTIQUITY (68: 339–43). They argue the strength of the long chronology with their new optical dates.
The AHRB and the funding of archaeology
Authors: Jubb Michael
Published: February 2017

We have invited the Director of Programmes of the AHRB and three leading archaeologists to respond to our editorial of September 1999 in the light of the consequent crisis of the funding archaeological fieldwork based in British universities.
The Neolithization of Siberia and the Russian Far East: radiocarbon evidence
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V. , Orlova Lyubov A.
Published: February 2017

Results of recent excavations and radiocarbon dating show that several places in Siberia and the Russian Far East, such as the Lower Amur River basin and the Transbaikal, represent independent centres of pottery invention, and all pre-date 10,000 BP. These two areas should be considered among the earliest centres of pottery origins in East Asia and the Old World. The rest of Siberia is characterized by significantly later appearance of Neolithic cultures, between c. 8000 BP and c. 4600–2600 BP.
Rapid human response to Late Glacial climate change: a reply to Housley et al. (2000)
Authors: Blockley S. P. E. , Donahue R. E. , Pollard A. M.
Published: February 2017

In their reply to our recent paper (Blockley et al.2000), Housley et ~ l(2.0 00) make four substantialpoints. Firstly, they assert that our critique oftheir two-stage re-colonization model rests solelyupon radiocarbon calibration. Secondly, and consequently,they point to problems with Late Glacialcalibration curves. Thirdly, they argue thatradiocarbon calibration should be advanced onlyfor sound archaeological reasons. Finally, theystate that our approach is environmentally deterministicand that we have demonstrated onlya weak correlation between human demographicchange and rapid climatic amelioration.Housley et al. (2000) argue against the use ofLate Glacial calibration curves, and in particularstate that 'it is because the calibration data are soheavily smoothed that Blockley et al. dispute ournotion of a northward movement of people'
Palaeoindian artefact distributions: evidence and implications
Authors: Anderson David G. , Faught Michael K.
Published: February 2017

The distribution of projectile points over broad geographic areas yields important insights about Palaeoindian settlement pattern and history. While traditionally viewed as a Great Plains adaptation, the data show that fluted points are far more common in Eastern North America. These artefacts are not evenly spread across the landscape, furthermore, but occur in distinct concentrations. Within some of these areas distinct cultural traditions quickly emerged, something that appears tied to the sudden onset of the Younger Dryas.
Studenoe-2 and the origins of microblade technologies in the Transbaikal, Siberia
Authors: Goebel Ted , Waters Michael R. , Buvit Ian , Konstantinov Mikhail V. , Konstantinov Aleksander V.
Published: February 2017

Analysis and dating of new Upper Palaeolithic sites suggest that microblades emerged in the Transbaikal after 18,000 years ago. These findings encourage review of earlier assertions that such technologies developed in northeast Asia prior to the last glacial maximum.
Ayodhya's sacred landscape: ritual memory, politics and archaeological ‘fact’
Authors: Shaw Julia
Published: February 2017

Great astonishment has been expressed at the recent vitality of the Hindu religion at Ajudhia [sic], and it was to test the extent of this chiefly that … this statement has been prepared. As the information it contains may be permanently useful, I have considered it well to give it a place here. This information is as correct as it can now be made and that is all that I can say CARNEGY(1870: appendix A)

After the destruction of Ayodhya's Babri mosque in 1992 by supporters of the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), the statement above seems laden with premonition of the events to come (Rao 1994). More importantly, Carnegy’s comments highlight that the mosque’s destruction was not simply the result of 20th-century politics. The events surrounding and following the outbreak of violence in 1992 have resulted in more ‘spilt ink’ than Carnegy could ever have imagined. This literature can be divided into two main categories; firstly, the initial documentation submitted to the government by a group of VHP aligned historians, which presented the ‘archaeological proof’ that the Babri mosque had occupied the site of a Hindu temple dating to the 10th and 11th century AD (VHP1990; New Delhi Historical Forum 1992). This was believed to have marked the birthplace of the Hindu god Rama (hence the name Rama Janmabhumi — literally ‘birthplace of Rama’), and been demolished at the orders of the Mughal emperor Babur during the 16th century. As a response, a second group of ‘progressive’ Indian historians began a counter-argument, based on the same ‘archaeological proof’ that no such temple had ever existed (Gopalet al. 1992; Mandal 1993). The second category is a growing body of literature which has filled many pages of international publications (Rao 1994; Navlakha 1994). Especially following the World Archaeology Congress (WAC) in Delhi (1994), and subsequently in Brač, Croatia (1998), this has been preoccupied with finding an acceptable route through the battlefield which arises as a result of the problematic, but recurrent, marriage between archaeology, folklore and politics (Kitchen 1998; Hassan 1995).
The botanical identity and transport of incense during the Egyptian New Kingdom
Authors: Serpico Margaret , White Raymond
Published: February 2017

Resin preserved on New Kingdom vessels from Amarna in Middle Egypt provides evidence for incense burning and trade. Here Margaret Serpico & Raymond White describe a new interdisciplinary research project.
Jomon archaeology and the representation of Japanese origins
Authors: Habu Junko , Fawcett Clare
Published: February 2017

Since 1992, on-going excavations of the Early to Middle Jomon period Sannai Maruyama site (3500-2000 BC) have uncovered the large size and complexity of this prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement.
Letting the past serve the present — some contemporary uses of archaeology in Viet Nam
Authors: Glover Ian C.
Published: February 2017

Viet Nam has a long tradition of scholarly concern with its own past, born out of 900 years of resistance to Chinese political domination.