bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NANA
Authors: Patwardhan Jaidev P. , Dwyer Chris , Lebeck Alvin R. , Sorin Daniel J.
Published: May 2006

This article explores the architectural challenges introduced by emerging bottom-up fabrication of nanoelectronic circuits. The specific nanotechnology we explore proposes patterned DNA nanostructures as a scaffold for the placement and interconnection of carbon nanotube or silicon nanorod FETs to create a limited size circuit (node). Three characteristics of this technology that significantly impact architecture are (1) limited node size, (2) random node interconnection, and (3) high defect rates. We present and evaluate an accumulator-based active network architecture that is compatible with any technology that presents these three challenges. This architecture represents an initial, unoptimized solution for understanding the implications of DNA-guide self-assembly.
Distinguishing games and simulation games from simulators
Authors: Narayanasamy Viknashvaran , Wong Kok Wai , Fung Chun Che , Rai Shri
Published: May 2006

The advanced computational capabilities in modern personal computers have made it possible for consumers to experience simulations with a high degree of verisimilitude through simulation games (a.k.a. Sims). In recent years, the cross-boundary technology exchange between game and simulation technology, along with other factors, has contributed to the confusion as to what makes a simulation game and what makes a simulator. This article provides a user's and designer's perspective on a definitive comparison of the similarities and differences between games in general, simulation games, and simulators. It also introduces a method that can be easily used to distinguish games and simulation games from simulators by using observable design characteristics. On the other hand, the convergence of functionality and technology in simulation games and simulators has created new applications of simulation. One such application is in serious games. Serious games and simulation games are confusingly similar in many ways. However, they greatly differ in functionality. This article also provides a method to distinguish serious games from simulation games, to clarify the strict categorization between these two applications of simulation.
To What Extent Can Raindrop Size Be Determined by a Multiple-Frequency Radar?
Authors: Meagher Jonathan P. , Haddad Ziad S.
Published: May 2006

In this paper, an analytical treatment of the atmospheric remote sensing problem of determining the raindrop size distribution (DSD) with a spaceborne multifrequency microwave nadir-looking radar system is presented. It is typically assumed that with two radar measurements at different frequencies one ought to be able to calculate two state variables of the DSD: a bulk quantity, such as the rain rate, and a distribution shape parameter. To determine if this nonlinear problem can indeed be solved, the DSD is modeled as a Γ distribution and quadratic approximations to the corresponding radar–rain relations are used to examine the invertibility of the resulting system of equations in the case of two as well as three radar frequencies. From the investigation, it is found that for regions of DSD state space multiple solutions exist for two or even three different frequency radar measurements. This should not be surprising given the nonlinear coupled nature of the problem.
Rain Initiation Time in Turbulent Warm Clouds
Authors: Falkovich Gregory , Stepanov Mikhail G. , Vucelja Marija
Published: May 2006

A mean field model is presented that describes droplet growth resulting from condensation and collisions and droplet loss resulting from fallout. The model allows for an effective numerical simulation. The numerical scheme that is conservative in water mass and keeps accurate count of the number of droplets is applied, and the way in which the rain initiation time depends on different parameters is studied. In particular, it is shown that the rain initiation time depends nonmonotonically (has a minimum) on the number of cloud condensation nuclei. Also presented is a simple model that allows one to estimate the rain initiation time for turbulent clouds with an inhomogeneous concentration of cloud condensation nuclei. It is argued that by overseeding even a part of a cloud by small hygroscopic nuclei one can substantially delay the onset of precipitation.
A New Negative Deep UV Resist Based on an Alternating Copolymer–Onium Salt System. Synthesis and Property of a 1:1 Alternating Copolymer of N-Vinylcarbazole with Ethyl Glycidyl Fumarate
Authors: Zeng Weiping , Shirota Yasuhiko , Endo Masataka , Tani Yoshiyuki
Published: May 2006

A new 1:1 alternating copolymer of N-vinylcarbazole with ethyl glycidyl fumarate was prepared. The copolymer film containing about 1 wt% diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate functions as a negative-working deep UV resist: it has a relatively high sensitivity of 70 mJ/cm2 and a high contrast of 4.36 upon exposure to 248 nm light from a KrF excimer laser.
Photochemical Reactivity of 3-Ethoxycarbonylfurocounarin
Authors: Ratiner Boris D , Otsuki Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

Photochemical reactivity of 3-ethoxycarbonylfurocoumarin is studied. Upon irradiation, 3-ethoxycarbonylfurocoumarin forms a cyclobutane with a variety of alkenes at the 3,4-double bond in solution, whereas a similar cyclobutane is formed at the 4′,5′-double bond in DNA. The different site-selectivity in solution from DNA is explained by assuming the involvement of the triplet excited state.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Tetranuclear Manganese(II,III,III,II) Mixed Valence Complex
Authors: Suzuki Masatatsu , Sugisawa Toshiharu , Senda Hitoshi , Oshio Hiroki , Uehara Akira
Published: May 2006

A novel tetranuclear manganese(II,III,III,II) mixed valence complex [Mn4(tpdp)2(CH3COO)2(O)(H2O)2](CF3SO3)4·2H2O was prepared, where Htpdp is N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,3-diamino-2-propanol, and its crystal structure was determined by X-ray structure analysis.The complex cation consists of two dinuclear manganses(II,III) mixed valence units with alcholato and acetato bridging groups and those two dinuclear units are linked by oxide ion bridging manganese(III) moieties, forming a linear tetranuclear structure (Mn4(II,III,III,II)).
Effect of Viologen Structure on Electroreduction of NAD+ Catalyzed by Diaphorase Immobilized on Electrodes
Authors: Chang Hsien-Chang , Matsue Tomokazu , Uchida Isamu , Osa Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

The bioelectrocatalytic reduction of NAD+ to NADH on diaphorase immobilized electrodes was investigated using seven viologen derivatives with various side chains. The hydrophobic interaction between the enzyme and mediator has been shown to promote the reduction.
Selective Ion Extraction by a Calix[6]arene Derivative Containing Azo Groups
Authors: Nomura Eisaku , Taniguchi Hisaji , Tamura Sadao
Published: May 2006

A calix[6]arene derivative containing azo groups was synthesized. The solvent extraction of metal picrates by this compound was selective for Ag+, Hg+, and Hg2+
Structure of 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl α-Cyclodextrin·8H2O
Authors: Fujiwara Takaji , Tanaka Naoki , Hamada Kensaku , Kobayashi Shoichi
Published: May 2006

Cryatal and molecular structure of a branched α-cyclodextrin, 6-O-α-D-grucopyranosyl α-cyclodextrin was studied by X-ray structure analysis. A branched grucopyranose moiety is included in the cavity of another α-cyclodextrin moiety from the side of its secondary hydroxyl groups.
Reinvestigation of the Addition of Methylmagnesium Iodide to the Benzoylformate of Enantiomerically Pure 1,1′-Binaphthyl-2-ol Prepared by Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Tamai Yasufumi , Nakano Tomoyuki , Koike Sinji , Kawahara Kan , Miyano Sotaro
Published: May 2006

A lipase from pseudomonas was found to catalyze almost completely enantioselective hydrolysis of the valerate of racemic 1,1′-binaphthyl-2-ol (1). The Prelog’s atrolactic acid synthesis by use of (aR)-1 induced S-chirality with much lower levels of optical yields (3–17%) than that reported previously (85%).
Associative Nature of the Photosubstitution of Tris(2,2-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) in Aqueous Acidic Solutions
Authors: Tachiyashiki Satoshi , Mizumachi Kunihiko
Published: May 2006

In the photosubstitution of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in aqueous acidic (HX) solutions, the quantum yield of the initial breaking of a Ru–N(bpy) bond changed 7 fold depending on the kind of X− in the order, CF3SO3− < NO3− < HSO4− < Cl− < Br−. In HCl–NaCl system it increased linearly with increasing [Cl−]. The photosubstitution must have proceeded with a mechanism of associative nature.
Reduction of 10-Methylacridinium Ion with Fatty Acids by Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Reactions
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Kitano Toshiaki , Tanaka Toshio
Published: May 2006

10-Methylacridinium ion (AcrH+) is reduced efficiently by fatty acids (RCOOH) in the presence of a base in acetonitrile to yield 9-alkyl-10-methylacridan selectively under irradiation with visible light via photoinduced electron transfer from RCOO− to the singlet excited state of AcrH+.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dialkynyl Imines. Stepwise Coupling of N-Phenyl Phenylthioimidoyl Chloride with Alkynyltin Compounds
Authors: Ito Yoshihiko , Inouye Masahiko , Murakami Masahiro
Published: May 2006

A stepwise introduction of two different alkynyl groups onto the iminocarbon leading to the synthesis of unsymmetrical dialkynyl imines was achieved by palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of N-phenyl phenylthioimidoyl chloride with alkynyltin compounds.
A Convenient One-flask Synthesis of α-Methylenealdehydes from Primary Alcohols
Authors: Takano Seiichi , Inomata Kohei , Samizu Kiyohiro , Tomita Shun’ichi , Yanase Masashi , Suzuki Mahito , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Sugihara Takumichi , Ogasawara Kunio
Published: May 2006

A convenient one-flask synthesis of α-methylenealdehydes from primary alcohols has been established.
Absolutely Diastereoselective Asymmetric Michael Addition of the Camphor Imine of t-Butyl Aminoacetate with 2-Alkylidenemalonates
Authors: Kanemasa Shuji , Tatsukawa Akira , Wada Eiji , Tsuge Otohiko
Published: May 2006

The lithium enolate generated from t-butyl (bornylideneamino)acetate and butyllithium in the presence of t-butyl alcohol undergoes highly diastereoselective asymmetric Michael addition with a variety of α,β-unsaturated esters to afford the anti derivatives of 3-substituted glutamates with 2R-configuration as major products. Use of 2-alkylidenemalonates as Michael acceptors leads to 100% diastereoselective Michael additions.
Nickel-Catalyzed Oxidation of Allylic Alcohols with K2S2O8
Authors: Yamazaki Shigekazu , Yamazaki Yasuyuki
Published: May 2006

NiSO4–K2S2O8 has been found to be an efficient catalytic system for the selective oxidation of allylic alcohols to the corresponding unsaturated carbonyl compounds in excellent yields.
Coupling of Electron Transfer to Ion Transport in Macromosaic Membrane System
Authors: Igawa Manabu , Ichihara Masayuki , Hayashita Takashi
Published: May 2006

Electron transfer can be readily coupled to ion transport by a circulating current generated in a novel macromosaic membrane system as in a biological system. A circulating current in the system including an electron transfer membrane enhances ion transport and electron transfer through the membranes and a redox reaction causes ion transport or vice versa in this system.
Effects of Conformational Rigidity and Hydrogen Bonding in the Emitter on the Chemiluminescence Efficiency of Coelenterazine (Oplophorus Luciferin)
Authors: Teranishi Katsunori , Goto Toshio
Published: May 2006

In the case of chemiluminescence of coelenterazine, effects of conformational rigidity of and hydrogen-bonding with the emitter, coelenteramide, on the chemiluminescence efficiency have been examined. Conformational rigidity has a light enhancing effect, whereas decreasing light yield was observed by hydrogen bond formation with the emitter.
Novel Method for Electrophilic Selenenylation Using Diselenide with Nitrobenzenesulfonyl Peroxide
Authors: Yoshida Masato , Satoh Naomi , Kamigata Nobumasa
Published: May 2006

Diphenyl diselenide could be readily converted into cationic selenenylating reagent by treating with m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl peroxide, and the intermediate was reacted with olefins in the presence of methanol, phenol, or electron-rich benzenes in one pot to afford methoxy-, phenoxy-, or arylselenenylated compounds, respectively.
Diastereoselective Water Quenching of the 1:2 Michael Adducts of Grignard Reagents with Methyl 2-(Trimethylsilyl)acrylate
Authors: Tanaka Junji , Kanemasa Shuji , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Tsuge Otohiko
Published: May 2006

Reactions of alkyl Grignard reagents with methyl 2-(trimethylsilyl)acrylate produce, after quenching with water, 1:2 adducts in most cases as single diastereomers. Tight chelation working in the 1:2 adduct anions would be responsible for such high chemo- and diastereoselectivities.
Cathodic Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds at a Nickel–Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Composite-plated Electrodes
Authors: Kunugi Yoshihito , Fuchigami Toshio , Nonaka Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

A nickel electrode composite-plated with nickel and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) was used in the cathodic reduction of carbonyl compounds to give high current efficiencies for the corresponding alcohols in aqueous sulfuric acid. This fact may indicate that this hydrophobic electrode has apparently a high hydrogen-overvoltage and consequently suppresses effectively hydrogen evolution.
Synthesis and the Structure of a Thiolato Amine Nickel Complex. (N,N′-Ethylenebis(o-mercaptobenzylaminato))nickel(II)
Authors: Yamamura Takeshi , Tadokoro Makoto , Hamaguchi Miho , Kuroda Reiko
Published: May 2006

A new member was added to the class of thiolatoamine nickel complexes with square planar NiS2N2 geometry. Synthetic route of the compound, (N,N′-ethylenebis(o-mercaptobenzylaminato))nickel(II), Ni(ebmba), and the the result of X-ray structural analysis were presented. The structure and the electrochemical behavior were compared with those of (N,N′-ethylenebis(thiosalicylideneaminato))nickel(II), Ni(tsalen).
Solvent Extraction of D- and L-Dibenzoyltartrate Anions with Dicationic Ion-Pair Extractants Featuring Chirality Recognition and Shape Recognition
Authors: Ohki Akira , Miyashita Ryo , Takagi Makoto , Takeshita Toshio , Maeda Shigeru
Published: May 2006

A new type of ion-pair extractant, 1, was developed. 1 possesses an axial chirality (binaphthyl unit) between its two ionic centers, and exhibited the ability of chirality recognition in the solvent extraction of an organic dicarboxylate anion, dibenzoyl-tartrate. Further, the extraction of the anion was investigated from the viewpoint of molecular shape (ionic center interval) recognition.
Preparation and Characterization of BiMX3 (M = Ti, V, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se), New Composite-Layered Chalcogenides
Authors: Gotoh Yoshito , Onoda Mitsuko , Uchida Katsuhiro , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Iida Takuya , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Oosawa Yoshinao
Published: May 2006

The title chalcogenides have been prepared from the elements. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction studies, it is suggested that they have a composite-layered structure in which layers of BiX and MX2 are stacked alternately. The periodic length of BiMX3 in the layer-stacking direction increases with an increase in the atomic radius of M and X.
Reductive Methylation of NAD+ Analogues by a trans-Dimethylcobalt(III) Complex
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Kitano Toshiaki , Ishikawa Kunio , Tanaka Toshio
Published: May 2006

Various NAD+ analogues are readily reduced by a trans-dimethylcobalt(III) complex to yield the corresponding methylated NADH analogues, while cis-dialkyl- or monoalkylcobalt(III) complexes cannot reduce the NAD+ analogues at all.
The Synthesis and Properties of EF-hand Type Calcium-binding Peptides
Authors: Yokokawa Shigehiro , Tsubuki Satoshi , Ito Hisashi , Kasai Hisataka
Published: May 2006

An eicosapeptide was synthesized in liquid phase, purified and characterized. It contains a N-terminal putative helical region (8 residues) and a loopregion (12 residues). This incomplete EF-hand peptide retained calcium-binding activity comparable with a native calmodulin fragment (107–148), when measured by the nitrocellulose membrane filtration method.
TEM Observation of the Dispersion State of Pd on SnO2
Authors: Matsushima Shigenori , Tamaki Jun , Miura Norio , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: May 2006

High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed finely dispersed Pd particles on SnO2 crystallites. Pd particle size distributions as well as other related parameters were elucidated as a function of Pd loading. It was also suggested that PdO particles had greater affinity to the SnO2 surface than Pd.
Silicon-Directed Regiocontrol in Wittig Rearrangements of Bis-Allyl Ethers and Allyl Propargyl Ethers
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Kishi Naoyuki , Nakai Takeshi
Published: May 2006

The carbanion rearrangements of (γ′-silyl)allyl ethers are shown to afford the single regioisomers arising from the exclusive lithiation on the silylated allyl parts followed by either the [2,3]-sigmatropic shift of the other allyl group or the [1,2]-shift of the propargyl group.
A Study on the Stereo-Anisotropy of the CN*(B,A) Radical Formation in the Reaction of Acetonitrile with Metastable Excited Ar Atom by Use of the Oriented CH3CN Molecular Beam
Authors: Kasai Toshio , Che Dock Chil , Ohashi Kazuhiko , Kuwata Keiji
Published: May 2006

An orientation-dependence of the CN*(B,A-X) radical formation was observed in the reaction of Ar(3P) with the oriented CH3CN. The experimental results were analyzed on the basis of a hard-sphere model and gave the ratio of reaction cross sections of σh (heads configuration)/σt (tails configuration) as 2.8 ± 1.2, showing a large stereo-anisotropy in the formation of the CN* radicals.
Synthesis and Reaction of (3-Phenylseleno-1-alkenyl)triphenylphosphonium Salts
Authors: Minami Toru , Nakayama Minoru , Nakamura Taku , Okada Yoshiharu
Published: May 2006

The reaction of allylic triphenylphosphonium ylides with benzeneselenenyl bromide gave (3-phenylseleno-1-alkenyl)triphenylphosphonium salts in good yields. Oxidation of the salts produced α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
Complexation between Saccharide and Ammonium Ion in Gas Phase. Regarding Stereochemical Effects of Methoxy Groups at Permethylated Monosaccharides on Stabilities of Cluster Ions in FAB Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sawada Masami , Ouyang Li , Takai Yoshio , Yamada Hitoshi , Hanafusa Terukiyo
Published: May 2006

The relative FABMS intensities of the cluster ions between permethylated monosaccharides and glycine methyl ester hydrochloride strongly suggest the configuration effect of the OCH3 groups, reflecting the relative stabilities of the cluster ions in gas phase.
On the Conformational Isomers in Tetra-O-alkylcalix[4]arenes
Authors: Araki Koji , Iwamoto Koji , Shinkai Seiji , Matsuda Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

p-t-Butylcalix[4]arene (14H) was alkylated with RX (R = Me, Et, Pr, and Bu) and the products (14R) were analyzed by HPLC and 1H NMR. It was found that (i) ring inversion arising from the oxygen-through-the-annulus rotation can be inhibited by R greater than Et, (ii) “cone” and “partial cone” result in a 1:1 ratio, and (iii) thermodynamically, the “partial cone” conformation is most stable.
An Efficient Chiral Promoter in the Aldol-type Reaction. Chiral Diamine Coordinated Tin(II) Triflate–Dibutyltindiacetate Complex
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Uchiro Hiromi , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2006

An efficient chiral promoter, chiral diamine coordinated tin(II) triflate–dibutyltindiacetate complex, promotes the asymmetric aldol type reaction between both achiral silyl enol ethers derived from thioesters and a wide variety of aldehydes in high yields with perfect stereochemical control.
Synthesis and Properties of Benzo[1,2:4,5]dicycloheptene-3,6,9,12-tetraone. A New Type of Electron Acceptor
Authors: Kato Masahiko , Mitsuda Masaru , Tatsumoto Tomoko , Uchida Rika , Ichimura Akio
Published: May 2006

Benzo[1,2:4,5]dicycloheptene-3,6,9,12-tetraone was synthesized in two different routes. Its 1st and 2nd redox potentials (E1 = −0.14 V, E2 = −0.74 V) were found to be more positive than those of 7H-benzocycloheptene-1,4,7-trione (E1 = −0.31 V, E2 = −0.90 V) under the same conditions.
Second Order Hyperpolarizabilities of Barbituric Acid Derivatives
Authors: Ikeda Hidetsugu , Kawabe Yutaka , Sakai Toshio , Kawasaki Kenji
Published: May 2006

Barbituric acid derivatives with electron donors at 5-position were synthesized and their second order nonlinear optical properties were investigated by electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) method. It was found that barbituric acid units were strong acceptors and contributed to the large second order hyperpolarizabilities.
Synthesis of Optically Active Cyclopenta[c]pyran-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives, Building Blocks for Iridoids. An Attractive Alternative to Asymmetric de Mayo Reaction
Authors: Sato Masayuki , Takayama Kazuhisa , Sekiguchi Keiko , Abe Yoshito , Furuya Toshio , Inukai Noriyoshi , Kaneko Chikara
Published: May 2006

A new asymmetric de Mayo reaction leading to enantiomerically pure iridoids has been elaborated using chiral spirocyclic dioxinone as the photochemical equivalent of diformylacetate.
In-Situ SNIFTIR Spectroelectrochemical Study of Metal Cyano-Complexes in the Presence of Trications
Authors: Taniguchi Isao , Okamoto Mamoru , Yagi Kazunari , Ogata Kinuko , Yasukouchi Kazuo
Published: May 2006

From SNIFTIR spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, ion-paired species of Fe(CN)63−/4− and Ru(CN)63−/4− with H+ and Al3+, and of W(CN)83−/4− and Mo(CN)83−/4− with Ga3+ and In3+ were clearly detected for the first time (except for the protonation of Fe(CN)64−), and some of their properties in solution are discussed.
Nickel(0) or Palladium(0)-catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Triflates
Authors: Takagi Kentaro , Sakakibara Yasumasa
Published: May 2006

Aryl triflates readily participated in a nickel(0) or palladium(0)-catalyzed nucleophilic displacement with cyanide anion, thereby providing a new convenient method for the preparation of aryl cyanides.
Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Aldehydes by Enantioselective Alkylation
Authors: Hayashi Masahiko , Miwata Hiroshi , Oguni Nobuki
Published: May 2006

Kinetic resolution of racemic aldehydes proceeds by enantioselective ethylation catalyzed by chiral β-aminoalcohols, thus providing a convenient method for the preparation of chiral aldehydes.
Co2(CH2=C=O)(CO)7 as an Active Intermediate for Cobalt-catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of CH2Br2
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Nomura Kotohiro , Kaji Satoru , Nohira Hiroyuki
Published: May 2006

The dicobalt ketene complex, Co2(CH2=C=O)(CO)7, in which the CH2=C=O ligand coordinated to one of the cobalt atoms by η2-(C,C) manner, was cleanly isolated by the treatment of Co2(CO)8 with CH2Br2 in the presence of Zn, and promoted catalytic alkoxycarbonylation of CH2Br2.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Polyoxoanion Supported 1,5-Cyclooctadieneiridium(I) Complex, [(η-C8H12)Ir(κ3O-C5Me5TiW5O18)]2−
Authors: Klemperer Walter G , Yagasaki Atsushi
Published: May 2006

Reaction of the pentamethylcyclopentadienyltitaniumtungstate salt [(η-C4H9)4N]3(C5Me5TiW5O18) with [(η-C8H12)Ir(CH3CN)2]PF6 in tetrahydrofuran yields [(η-C8H12)Ir(κ3O-C5Me5TiW5O18)]2− as a tetra-n-butylammonium salt. In the product anion, both of the C=C bonds in the 1,5-cyclooctadiene ligand plus three contiguous doubly-bridging OW2 oxygen atoms in the C5Me5TiW5O183− ligand are coordinated to the iridium(I) center to generate an eighteen-electron, distorted square pyramidal complex.
Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of Arylfluorosilanes with Aryl Iodides. A Convenient Synthesis of Diaryl Ketones
Authors: Hatanaka Yasuo , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: May 2006

In the presence of 1 atm of carbon monoxide, arylfluorosilanes activated by potassium fluoride were found to participate in the Pd-catalyzed carbonylative coupling reaction of aryl iodides to give unsymmetrical diaryl ketones in good yields.
Reaction of 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodithiine and 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiine with Sodium Methoxide
Authors: Satoh James Y , Kuroda Chiaki , Yamada Takashi , Sukekawa Masayuki , Yamada Yasuo , Takahashi Thomas T
Published: May 2006

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodithiines and 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzoxathiines react with sodium methoxide in DMA to give 1,3-benzodithioles and 2-(vinylthio)phenols, respectively.
(R)-S-Benzyl Thioglycerate, a New C3 Bifunctional Chiral Material Obtained in Fermenting Baker’s Yeast from Benzyl Mercaptan
Authors: Fronza Giovanni , Fuganti Claudio , Pedrocchi-Fantoni Giuseppe , Servi Stefano
Published: May 2006

Baker’s yeast fermenting on D-glucose, produces from benzyl mercaptan (R)-S-benzyl-thioglycerate, converted into (S)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol of 98.6–99% ee.
Asymmetric Two-Fold Michael Reaction. Synthesis of Optically Active 4-Substituted 1-Decalones from Trimethylsilyl Enol Ether of 1-Acetylcyclohexene
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Akama Tsutomu , Okano Akihiro , Uda Hisashi
Published: May 2006

Acrylates having a chiral auxiliary react with the trimethylsilyl enol ether of 1-acetylcyclohexene in the presence of Et2AlCl to give 4-substituted 1-decalones with 0–70% diastereoselectivity. The absolute stereostructure of the decalones have been determined by applying the exciton chirality method to the dibenzoate derivative.
Siloxane Polymer Films with Varied Microstructures
Authors: Sakata Kanji , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: May 2006

Cross-linked siloxane polymers were prepared by alkali treatment of composite films of CH3Si(OCH3)3 and bilayer-forming amphiphiles. Dissolution of the bilayer matrices gave flexible, free-standing films with varied fine structures.
Selective Ammoxidation of Propane to Acrylonitrile over Multicomponent Metal Oxide Catalysts with Scheelite Related Structures
Authors: Kim Young-Chul , Ueda Wataru , Moro-oka Yoshihiko
Published: May 2006

Catalytic ammoxidation of propane to acrylonitrile proceeds selectively over multicomponent metal oxides containing both bismuth and molybdenum with scheelite related structures. Higher selectivity to acrylonitrile and higher space time yield are obtained at reaction temperatures higher than 500 °C and higher concentration of propane (>40%) in the feed gas.
An Approach to the Cold Fusion through Hydrogen Isotopes Analysis by the Heavy Ion Rutherford Scattering
Authors: Yanokura Minoru , Minami Masaki , Yamagata Sadamu , Nakabayashi Seiichiro , Aratani Michi , Kira Akira , Tanihata Isao
Published: May 2006

Cold fusion phenomenon becomes an exciting topic1,2 in this year. Fusion reaction is suggested to take place in heavy water electrolysis with a combination of platinum and palladium electrodes. To ascertain this cold fusion process, we have analyzed hydrogen and helium isotopes in the palladium electrode by means of heavy ion Rutherford scattering and got some results on material aspect of this problem.
Nature of Free Radical Formation in Acrylic Resins by Plasma-Irradiation
Authors: Kuzuya Masayuki , Koide Atsuo , Ito Akiko , Noguchi Akihiro
Published: May 2006

The room temperature ESR spectra of the radicals in four kinds of plasma-irradiated acrylic resins, PMMA, PMAA, and their copolymers, were studied. The spectra of the copolymers have shown unique patterns and the spectral intensity was proportional to the relative amount of carboxylic acid group in acrylic resins.
Novel Method for the Preparation of Triethylsilyl Peroxides from Olefins by the Reaction with Molecular Oxygen and Triethylsilane Catalyzed by Bis(1,3-diketonato)cobalt(II)
Authors: Isayama Shigeru , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(1,3-diketonato)cobalt(II), various olefins react with molecular oxygen and triethylsilane at room temperature to give the corresponding triethylsilyl peroxides in high yields under neutral conditions. The reaction provides a new method for the preparation of various peroxides directly from olefins.
Synthesis and Properties of N,N′- and Co,N′-Vinylene Linked Bisporphyrins
Authors: Setsune Jun-ichiro , Ishimaru Yoshihiro , Saito Yasushi , Kitao Teijiro
Published: May 2006

Bis(aquo)tetra(p-tolyl)porphinatocobalt(III) perchlorate reacted immediately with acetylene, in the absence and presence of tetra(p-tolyl)porphinatocobalt (II), to give a N,N′-vinylene linked bisporphyrin biscobalt(II) complex and a Co,N′-vinylene linked bisporphyrin cobalt(III) complex (4b), respectively. (4b) was oxidatively converted into N,N′-vinylene linked bisporphyrin free base. An octaethylporphyrin analogue corresponding to 4b was obtained when a mixture of bis(aquo)octaethylporphyrinatocobalt(III) perchlorate and octaethylporphyrin was allowed to react with acetylene gas.
Novel Spiro-Compound, Hyperolactone from Hypericum chinense L.
Authors: Tada Masahiro , Nagai Masashi , Okumura Chieko , Osano Yasuko , Matsuzaki Takao
Published: May 2006

A novel metabolite spiro-compound, hyperolactone was isolated from stems and leaves of Hypericum chinense L. The structure was deduced by 2D-NMR experiment, chemical transformation and finaly by X-ray crystallography.
Differences between Properties of (Na,Ca)-A Zeolites Treated in Deep-bed and Shallow-bed
Authors: Ohgushi Tatsuo , Miyoshi Manabu
Published: May 2006

Properties of (Na,Ca)-A zeolites treated in a deep-bed and shallow-bed were compared with each other. Adsorptive capacities for water linearly increased with increasing of a Ca content in the deep-bed zeolites but not in the shallow-bed zeolites. Thermal stabilities of the zeolites were lowered by the deep-bed treatment but not by the shallow-bed one. Differences in the properties of both zeolites were related to rearrangement of Ca2+ ions.
Smectic Properties of 4-(4-Alkoxyphenoxycarbonyl)phenyl 4-Formylbenzoates
Authors: Sakurai Yoshiaki , Takeda Hitoshi , Takenaka Shunsuke , Kusabayashi Shigekazu , Doi Takashi , Miyake Hajime
Published: May 2006

The octyloxy homolog and the higher members of 4-(4-alkoxyphenoxycarbonyl)phenyl 4-formylbenzoates show two kinds of smectic A phases and experience a smectic A-smectic A transition, where the lower smectic A phase has a bilayer arrangement of the molecules, and the upper probably a monolayer one.
A Novel Ethynylation of Pyridines by Reissert–Henze Type Reaction
Authors: Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Minakata Satoshi , Komatsu Mitsuo , Ohshiro Yoshiki
Published: May 2006

Reaction of N-benzoyloxypyridinium chloride, Reissert–Henze salt, with silver acetylide gave the pyridine ethynylated selectively at 2-position. The reaction is applicable to various substituted pyridines and pyridine homologs.
Regioselective Methylation of the C-1 and C-3 Positions of 1,5-Anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-mesyl-D-ribo-hex-1-enitol by the Reaction with Methylmagnesium Bromide or Methyl Cuprates
Authors: Mitsunobu Oyo , Yoshida Makiko , Takiya Masashi , Kubo Keiji , Maruyama Seitaro , Satoh Izumi , Iwami Hideaki
Published: May 2006

1,5-Anhydro-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-3-O-mesyl-D-ribo-hex-1-enitol reacted with alkylmagnesium bromides (RMgBr: R = C2H5–, (CH3)2CH–, or C2H5(CH3)CH–) to give the corresponding 1-β-C-glycopyranosides and 3-C-alkyl-D-arabino-hex-1-enitols, while the reaction with methylmagnesium bromide afforded 1-α-C- and 1-β-C-methyl-glycosides in a ratio of 1 : 1.5–2. On the other hand, when the reaction was carried out in the presence of Cul or CuBr–S(CH3)2, substitution took place at the C-3 position to afford the corresponding 3-C-methyl-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol.
Preparation and Characterization of Aluminum-doped SiO2:Sm3+ Phosphor
Authors: Okumura Hiroaki , Kakuta Noriyoshi , Ueno Akifumi , Morimo Ryuichi , Mizushima Takanori , Udagawa Yasuo , Namikawa Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Samarium ions in Al-doped SiO2:Sm3+ phosphor were revealed to be atomically dispersed in small Al2O3 crystallites by forming Sm–O–Al bonding, which contributes to improvements in the fluorescent intensity of SiO2:Sm3+ phosphor.
Highly Selective Formation of 1-Phenylethanol by Indirect Electroreduction of Acetophenone on a Lead Cathode in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of Antimony(III) Chloride
Authors: Ikeda Yoshikazu , Manda Eiichiro
Published: May 2006

In the presence of antimony(III) chloride, acetophenone is selectively electroreduced to 1-phenylethanol on a lead cathode in protic medium at low current densities.
Carbon-Skeleton Rearrangement of an Alkyl Ligand Coordinated to Simple Vitamin B12 Model Complexes in Synthetic Bilayer Membrane
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Song Xi-Ming , Fan Sheng-Di
Published: May 2006

The carbon-skeleton rearrangement of an alkyl ligand coordinated to the nuclear cobalt of simple vitamin B12 model complexes formed with diimine–dioxime-type ligands took place efficiently in a synthetic bilayer membrane under irradiation with visible light.
An Alternative New Route to Perfluorovinylamines. Pyrolysis of an Alkali Metal Salt of Perfluoro(3-dialkylamino-propionic acids)
Authors: Abe Takashi , Hayashi Eiji , Shimizu Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

An alternative new route to give various kinds of perfluorovinylamines is described, which involves a pyrolysis of an alkali metal salt of perfluoro(3-dialkylamino-propionic acids) instead of using that of perfluoro(2-dialkylamino-propionic acids).
Hindered Internal Rotation of N,N-Dimethylamino Group in Peri-substituted Naphthalenes
Authors: Nagawa Yoshinobu , Honda Koichi , Nakanishi Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

The rotation around the C–N bond between the dimethylamino group and the naphthalene ring in 1-(8-dimethylamino-1-naphthy1)-1H-1,2,3-triazoles is strongly restricted and the rotational barrier is enhanced by the substituent at 5-position of the triazole ring.
10,15-Methanothia[23]annulene. Geometrical Isomerism and Flipping of the Methylene Bridge
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Ojima Juro , Miyashita Hiroki , Kuroda Shigeyasu , Kano Yoshinari
Published: May 2006

Synthesis of the title compound is described. The compound is composed of two geometrical isomers in which the positions of cis double bonds are different. Flipping of the methylene bridge is detected by dynamic NMR spectroscopy in both isomers.
Synthesis, X-Ray Analysis, EXAFS, and XANES of [Ni(SCH2CH2S)2]2−. An Evidence for the Mononuclear Square Planar {Ni(II)S−4} Geometry in Nickel/Alkane Thiolate System
Authors: Yamamura Takeshi , Kurihara Hiroaki , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Kuroda Reiko , Asakura Kiyotaka
Published: May 2006

Crystalline (Ph3MeP)2[Ni(edt)2] was isolated and studied by X-ray analysis and X-ray absorption (EXAFS/XANES) methods, which revealed a square planar {NiS−4} geometry for the chromophore. The results were discussed in terms of the nickel site of hydrogenases.
A Chiral Route to Both Enantiomers of Physostigmine and the First Synthesis of (−)-Norphysostigmine
Authors: Takano Seiichi , Moriya Minoru , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Ogasawara Kunio
Published: May 2006

A chiral route to both enantiomers of esermethol, the key synthetic precursor of physostigmine, has been established starting from (S)-O-benzylglycidol via separation of the diastereomeric intermediates. (−)-Physostigmine obtainable from the (−)-enantiomer has been first transformed into (−)-norphysostigmine, the only unsynthesized member of the alkaloid group ever determined.
Brassicanals A and B, Novel Sulfur-Containing Phytoalexins from the Chinese Cabbage Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis
Authors: Monde Kenji , Katsui Nobukatsu , Shirata Akira , Takasugi Mitsuo
Published: May 2006

The isolation and structure elucidation of two sulfur-containing indole phytoalexins, brassicanals A and B, are described. Unusual 1H NMR spectra of brassicanal B are also discussed.
A Novel Photographic Assay of 1-Phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole Having a Formylhydrazino Moiety by Using Its Electron Injecting Activity toward Silver Bromide Grains
Authors: Ono Mitsunori , Masuda Nobuhito , Matsushita Tetsunori , Itoh Isamu , Kitajima Masao
Published: May 2006

A novel photographic assay of 1-(3-[4-(2-formylhydrazino)phenylaminosulfonyl]phenyl)-5-mercaptotetrazole is described. The present result provides the first example exhibiting a quantitative correlation between the logarithm of concentration of an organic reductant used instead of exposure to light and the optical density of the film after development. An applicability of this system for the determination of traces of enzyme is also suggested throughout several model experiments.
A Novel Highly Selective Reduction of Tertiary Amides to Amines with Sodium Borohydride-Bis(2-bromoethyl)selenium Dibromide
Authors: Akabori Sadatoshi , Takanohashi Yoshinori
Published: May 2006

Treatment of tertiary amides with sodium borohydride-bis(2-bromoethyl)selenium dibromide in THF gave the corresponding amines, although the similar reactions of secondary and primary amides could not proceeded.
One-pot Synthesis of Strapped Porphyrins and Face-to-face Dimeric Porphyrins
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Kobayashi Fumikazu , Nagata Toshi , Maruyama Kazuhiro
Published: May 2006

Strapped porphyrins were prepared directly by the acid-catalyzed condensation of 3,3′-diethyl-4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyrrylmethane with methylenedioxy bridged dialdehydes with bridging carbon atoms longer than 5. With dialdehydes having shorter chains, face-to-face dimeric porphyrins were obtained. In short chain strapped porphyrins, distortion of porphyrin ring is confirmed by their 1H-NMR data, red shifted absorption, and fluorescence spectra.
Synthesis of a New Family of Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystals Bearing a Pyridine Heterocycles
Authors: Seto Koji , Shimojitosyo Hiroshi , Imazaki Hideyuki , Matsubara Hiroshi , Takahashi Shigetoshi
Published: May 2006

A new family of chiral smectic liquid crystalline compounds having a core structure of have been synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction of halopyridines with ethynyl compounds. The method is available for construction of liquid crystals having a core structure of .
Regiospecific Synthesis of 1-Substituted 1,2,4-Triazoles Involving Isomerization of the Corresponding 4-Substituted Compounds
Authors: Smith Keith , Small Andrew , Hutchings Michael G
Published: May 2006

On heating with a catalytic quantity of the corresponding alkyl or phenacyl halides, 4-alkyl- or 4-phenacyl-1,2,4-triazoles isomerize via quaternary salts to their 1-substituted isomers. Thus, the 1-substituted compounds can now be obtained regiospecifically from 1,2,4-triazole by alkylation-isomerization.
Chemical Effects of Thermal Neutron Irradiation on α-LiFeO2
Authors: Aratono Yasuyuki , Sagawa Chiaki , Nakashima Mikio , Saeki Masakatsu , Sato Takuma
Published: May 2006

Chemical effects caused by the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction in α-LiFeO2 were studied with Mössbauer spectroscopy. Magnetite was observed on the irradiation. The amount of magnetite increased with irradiation fluence until about 1022 m−2 was reached. It then became a constant value of about 50% of the α-LiFeO2 in the iron atom ratio. The G value for the formation of magnetite was initially 10−2 and decreased to about 10−3 at a fluence of 3 × 1022 m−2.
Thermal Isomerization Rate of a Long Chain Spiropyran in Bilayer Matrix. Dependence of Aggregate Dimension of Bilayer Formed by Dioctadecyldimethylammonium Bromide
Authors: Seki Takahiro , Ichimura Kunihiro
Published: May 2006

The thermal isomerization rate from UV-induced merocyanine to spiropyran is observed in an ammonium bilayer membrane of varied aggregate dimension. In smaller bilayer aggregates, the reaction rate is retarded due to increase of polarity around the chromophore possibly as the result of larger penetration of water molecules into the bilayer matrix having the greater membrane curvature.
NMR Relaxation Time Studies of Ionophoric Calixarene Esters
Authors: Yamada Akihiro , Murase Tatsuya , Kikukawa Kiyoshi , Matsuda Tsutomu , Shinkai Seiji
Published: May 2006

Relaxation times of ethoxycarbonylmethyl derivatives of p-t-butylcalix[n]arenes (n = 4, 6, and 8) were estimated for the first time with 1H NMR. It was shown that the benzene units feature a “seesaw” motion around the ArCH2Ar circle and the motion is suppressed by Na+ serving as a template ion.
Reaction of Methanol Vapor with Silicon into Trimethoxysilane with High Selectivity
Authors: Suzuki Eiichi , Ono Yoshio
Published: May 2006

Trimethoxysilane was obtained with a 98% selectivity and at an 82% silicon conversion in 5 h of reaction time, when methanol (99 kPa) was fed at 543 K into a fixed-bed reactor containing silicon powder preheated with copper(I) chloride at 623 K for 3 h.
197Au Mössbauer Spectra of Binuclear Gold(I) and Gold(II) Complexes Containing Bridging Cyclometalated Arylphosphine or Arylarsine Ligands
Authors: Takeda Masuo , Takahashi Masashi , Ito Yasuo , Takano Takemi , Bennett Martin A , Bhargava Suresh K
Published: May 2006

The gold-197 Mössbauer parameters have been determined at 20 K for three binuclear gold(I) complexes [Au2(C6H4E)2] (E = PEt2, PPh2, AsPPh2) and for three complexes formed from them by halogenation, viz. [Au2(C6H4E)2X2] (E = PEt2, X = I; E = PPh2, X = I; E = PPh2, X = Br). The results show that the gold atoms in the latter compounds are equivalent and thus confirm the gold(II)–gold(II) formulation.
Photoinduced Resistance Change across Poly(vinyl chloride)/Spirobenzopyran Membrane
Authors: Sasaki Hiroshi , Kobayashi Setsuo , Itoh Yutaka , Osa Tetsuo
Published: May 2006

Membrane resistance across poly(vinyl chloride)entrapping spirobenzopyran was reversibly controlled by UV and visible light irradiation. After UV light irradiation, the magnitude of the membrane resistance became less than 1/1000.
Effects of Solvents and Media on the Efficiency and Course of Photoisomerization of Bilirubins
Authors: Kanna Yoko , Arai Tatsuo , Sakuragi Hirochika , Tokumaru Katsumi
Published: May 2006

The quantum yields of photoisomerization of bilirubin to various isomers were determined in various solvents. A specific photoisomerization took place only in buffered solutions containing human serum albumin. We discuss the effects of solvents and media surrounding bilirubin on its Photoisomerization.
Selective Adsorption of Dimethylarsinic Acid by Synthetic Inorganic Ion Exchangers
Authors: Tanaka Yasuo , Tsuji Masamichi , Abe Mitsuo
Published: May 2006

Six ion exchangers were studied for selective uptake of dimethylarsinic acid from aqueous media at around neutral pH. Hydrous oxides of multivalent metals showed very high selectivity towards dimethylarsinic acid in 0.01 mol dm−3 NaCl.
Influence of Metal Impurities in Silica Gel on Protein Analysis in Reversed-phase HPLC
Authors: Koyama Junichi , Nomura Junko , Ohtsu Yutaka , Nakata Okitsugu , Takahashi Motoji
Published: May 2006

In the case of protein analysis using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC), it became evident that metal impurities in silica gel give great influence on peak shapes of protein. High metal impuritie resulted in poor column efficiency. The influence of metal impurities was found larger than that of residual silanols.
Synthesis of δ-Lactones via Stable Anionic Dimer of Methyl α-Alkyl Acrylates
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazumi , Kurasawa Yosihiro , Yokota Kazuaki
Published: May 2006

Polyfunctional δ-Lactones were prepared conveniently by successive addition of α-alkyl acrylates and aldehydes to the Grignard reagent. The intermediate of the reaction is anionic dimer of α-alkyl acrylate which can react with various electrophiles.
Inhibition of Deoxyribooligonucleotides on the Circle Opening Reaction of the Intervening Sequence from Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Sugimoto Naoki , Sasaki Muneo , Kierzek Ryszard , Turner Douglas H
Published: May 2006

The opening reaction of the circular form of the intervening sequence from Tetrahymena thermophila by the dinucleotide CU has been studied in the presence of some deoxyoligonucleotides. The results indicate that d(AGAG) does not inhibit the reaction, but d(CTCT) does. The oligomer, d(TGCA) also inhibits the reaction and the inhibition largely depends on the Mg2+ concentration.
Cobalt(II) Chloride Catalyzed Oxidation of 4-Substituted N,N-Dialkylanilines with Molecular Oxygen in the Presence of Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Murata Satoru , Tamatani Akira , Suzuki Kaoru , Miura Masahiro , Nomura Masakatsu
Published: May 2006

The oxidation of 4-substituted N,N-dialkylanilines with molecular oxygen using a catalytic amount of cobalt(II) chloride efficiently proceeds in the presence of acetic anhydride to give N-alkylacetanilides in good yields along with N-alkylformanilides.
Preparation of Tetrabutylammonium Dodecamolybdosulfate(VI), [(C4H9)4N]2SMo12O40
Authors: Himeno Sadayuki , Miyashita Keiko , Saito Atsuyoshi , Hori Toshitaka
Published: May 2006

A yellow 12-molybdosulfate(VI) complex was isolated as the tetrabutylammonium (Bu4N+) salt from a 0.05 M (M = mol dm−3) Mo(VI)-0.2 M H2SO4-50% (v/v) CH3COCH3 system containing traces of V(V). The IR and UV-visible spectroscopic and voltammetric characteristics were elucidated.
Convenient Synthesis of N-Containing Perfluoroalkyl Iodides
Authors: Fukaya Haruhiko , Abe Takashi , Hayashi Eiji
Published: May 2006

Some new nitrogen-containing perfluoroalkyl iodides were synthesized directly by the reaction of corresponding perfluoroacid fluorides with lithium iodide in high yield.
Gallium Chloride-Mediated Hydrolysis of Dithioacetals
Authors: Saigo Kazuhiko , Hashimoto Yukihiko , Kihara Nobuhiro , Umehara Hideyuki , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: May 2006

Acyclic dithioacetals of ketones are easily hydrolyzed with the action of gallium chloride in the presence of A) water or B) methanol with bubbling oxygen to give the parent carbonyl compounds in high yields.
On the Question: “Why Do Philosophers Neglect the Aesthetics of the Dance?“
Authors: Sparshott Francis
Published: May 2006

Philosophers writing on aesthetics used to preface their essays by deploring the low standard of thought prevailing in that subject. Since they never tried to show that dullness and folly were less rampant in other fields, one had to recognize in this practice a mere ritual. But one can always speculate on what social purpose rituals had once served. Similarly, philosophers who nowadays write on the aesthetics of dance preface their papers by deploring the tendency of philosophers to neglect the topic. Since they produce no hard evidence of such neglect, this practice too has to be seen as a ritual, and this ritual also calls for explanation. It reflects some unease about the place of dance in the philosophy of art, but the reasons for that unease are not obvious. This paper suggests ways in which the theory of dance might not fit easily into the theory of art in general, or why it might be felt not to do so.

I

Writing on dance certainly has a low intellectual profile. I had supposed that among the data to be reckoned with were a failure on the part of Hellenistic writers to write dance histories comparable to those histories of painting, sculpture, and music that were so widely read and quoted in the Renaissance, and a corresponding failure in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to write handbooks and treatises on the practice of dance comparable to the well-known treatises on the other fine arts from that encyclopedia-ridden age.
Auguste Vestris and the Expansion of Technique
Authors: Chapman John V.
Published: May 2006

At the end of the eighteenth century, ballet was split between those supporting tours de force and those who believed that “difficulties,” as they were called, should be avoided in favor of a more expressive, refined, graceful, and artless style of execution. Though the controversy neared its most intense period in 1800, as early as 1760 Jean-Georges Noverre (1727-1810) was pleading, in his extremely influential Lettres sur la danse, that his fellow artists renounce entrechats and cabrioles, abandon tours de force, which he considere to be meaningless. Ironically, 1769 was the year of birth of the man whose brilliance would make tours de force de rigueur for audiences and performers. Auguste Vestris (1760–1842) would overwhelm the dance world with his spectacularly athletic technique; his approach to dancing would be emulated by his fellow dancers as they tried to perform increasingly elaborate beats, greater numbers of pirouettes and tours en l'air, and higher leg elevations. The opposition of those seeking abstract dancerly qualities and those demanding feats of athletic virtuosity was the major controversy of the first three decades of the nineteenth century.