bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiotype-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in multiple myeloma: evidence for their capacity to lyse autologous primary tumor cells
Authors: Wen Yue-Jin , Barlogie Bart , Yi Qing
Published: July 2002

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy. The monoclonal immunoglobulin, secreted by myeloma plasma cells, carries unique antigenic determinants (idiotype [Id]) that can be regarded as a tumor-specific antigen. Id-based immunotherapy has been explored in myeloma patients for the purpose of enhancing or inducing Id-specific immune responses that might lead to tumor destruction. However, despite some evidence obtained from mouse plasmacytoma models, it is still unclear whether Id-specific immunity may play a role in the regulation of tumor cells in MM. In the current study, using dendritic cells (DCs) as antigen-presenting cells, autologous Id-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines containing both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were generated from myeloma patients. The results show that Id-specific CTLs not only recognized and lysed autologous Id-pulsed DCs but also significantly killed the autologous primary myeloma cells. The cytotoxicity against the primary tumor cells was major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I– and, to a lesser extent, class II–restricted, indicating that myeloma cells could process Id protein and present Id peptides in the context of their surface MHC molecules. Furthermore, the CTLs lysed the target cells mainly through the perforin-mediated pathway because Concanamycin A, but not Brefeldin A—the selective inhibitors for perforin- or Fas-mediated pathways—abrogated the cytolytic activity of the cells. These CTLs secreted predominantly interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α on antigen stimulation, indicating that they belong to the type-1 T-cell subsets. Taken together, these findings represent the first demonstration that Id-specific CTLs are able to lyse autologous tumor cells in MM and, thus, provide a rationale for Id-based immunotherapy in the disease.
Cross-talk between α4β1/α5β1 and c-Kit results in opposing effect on growth and survival of hematopoietic cells via the activation of focal adhesion kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways
Authors: Kapur Reuben , Cooper Ryan , Zhang Lei , Williams David A.
Published: July 2002

Erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) are deficient in mice lacking either the ligand stem cell factor (SCF), its receptor c-Kit, or β1-integrins. In nonhematopoietic cells, integrins and receptor tyrosine kinases can collaborate to modulate cellular functions, providing evidence for cross-talk between signals emerging from these cell surface molecules. Using specific recombinant fibronectin peptides that contain the binding site for the integrin α4β1 (FN-H296) or α5β1 (FN-CH271) or both α4β1 and α5β1(FN-CH296), this study investigated the effect of adhesion alone, or in combination with activation of c-Kit, on functional and biochemical outcomes in an EPC line, G1E-ER2, and primary EPCs. G1E-ER2 cells and primary EPCs cultured on FN-CH271 in the presence of c-Kit activation led to a significant increase in proliferation in comparison with cells grown on FN-H296 or FN-CH296. G1E-ER2 cells cultured on FN-H296 or FN-CH296 resulted in significant cell death in comparison to cells grown on FN-CH271. Activation of c-Kit enhanced the survival of G1E-ER2 cells grown on FN-H296 or FN-CH296; however, the rescue was only partial. The reduced survival of G1E-ER2 cells on FN-H296 correlated with reduced activation of Akt and expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, whereas increase in proliferation on FN-CH271 correlated with significantly enhanced and sustained activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways. These data demonstrate that adhesion-induced signals emanating from ligation of α4β1 and α5β1 result in distinct biologic outcomes, including death via α4β1 and survival/proliferation via α5β1.
Modulation of T-cell activation by the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper factor via inhibition of nuclear factor κB
Authors: Ayroldi Emira , Migliorati Graziella , Bruscoli Stefano , Marchetti Cristina , Zollo Ornella , Cannarile Lorenza , D'Adamio Francesca , Riccardi Carlo
Published: July 2002

Previously a novel gene was identified that encodes a glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) whose expression is up-regulated by dexamethasone. This study analyzed the role of GILZ in the control of T-cell activation and its possible interaction with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Results indicate that GILZ inhibits both T-cell receptor (TCR)–induced interleukin-2/interleukin-2 receptor expression and NF-κB activity. In particular, GILZ inhibits NF-κB nuclear translocation and DNA binding due to a direct protein-to-protein interaction of GILZ with the NF-κB subunits. Moreover, GILZ-mediated modulation of TCR-induced responses is part of a circuit because TCR triggering down-regulates GILZ expression. These results identify a new molecular mechanism involved in the dexamethasone-induced regulation of NF-κB activity and T-cell activation.
Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Hepatobiliary Cancers: The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Hepatobiliary Questionnaire
Authors: Heffernan Nancy , Cella David , Webster Kimberly , Odom Linda , Martone Mary , Passik Steven , Bookbinder Marilyn , Fong Yuman , Jarnagin William , Blumgart Leslie
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: This is the first report on the development and initial validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Hepatobiliary (FACT-Hep) questionnaire, a 45-item self-report instrument designed to measure health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with hepatobiliary cancers. The FACT-Hep consists of the 27-item FACT-G, which assesses generic HRQL concerns, and the newly validated 18-item Hepatobiliary Subscale (HS), which assesses disease-specific issues.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The development of the HS followed a four-phase process of item generation, item reduction, scale construction, and reliability/validity testing. Two independent samples were studied: item generation (sample 1; n = 30) and reliability/validity testing (sample 2; n = 51).

RESULTS: In sample 2, all subscales and aggregated scores showed high internal consistency at initial assessment (Cronbach’s alpha range, 0.72 to 0.94) and retesting (Cronbach’s alpha range, 0.81 to 0.94). Measurement stability over a 3- to 7-day period was also high for all aggregated scales (test-retest correlation range, 0.84 to 0.91; intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.82 to 0.90). Convergent and divergent validity were demonstrated by examining relationships between FACT subscales and mood, social support, and social desirability. Finally, when performance status and treatment status were used to divide sample 2, the HS differentiated groups to a degree comparable to the Physical and Functional Well-Being subscales of the FACT-G, thereby contributing favorably to a 32-item Trial Outcome Index. In addition to the 18 validated, scored items in the HS, seven treatment-related items may be appended, if clinically indicated, as a separate subscale.

CONCLUSION: The 45-item FACT-Hep can be used independently as a brief measure of disease-related symptoms and functioning. Alone or paired with the FACT-G, the HS has promise for use in assessing the disease-specific HRQL of patients with hepatobiliary cancers.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of Novel l-Nucleoside Analog Troxacitabine Given as a 30-Minute Infusion Every 21 Days
Authors: Belanger Karl , Moore Malcolm , Baker Sharyn D. , Dionne Jeanne , Maclean Martha , Jolivet Jacques , Siu Lillian , Soulières Denis , Wainman Nancy , Seymour Lesley
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Troxacitabine (Troxatyl, BCH-4556; BioChem Pharma Inc, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) is a novel synthetic l-nucleoside analog with activity against a broad range of human tumors in preclinical models. Preclinical toxicity suggested a predictable toxicity profile consistent with an agent of this class, with evidence of interspecies differences. We conducted a phase I study of troxacitabine given as a 30-minute infusion once every 21 days.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: The starting dose of troxacitabine was 0.025 mg/m2, based on toxicology data from the most sensitive species studied (cynomolgus monkey). Doses were doubled until grade 1 skin or mucosal or grade 2 other toxicity was encountered. A modified Fibonacci scale was used.

RESULTS: A total of 45 patients were enrolled at 13 dose levels. Most common nonhematologic side effects were skin rash (44%), lethargy (29%), nausea (24%), alopecia, dry skin (18%), anorexia (13%), neurosensory symptoms (13%), and hand-foot syndrome (13%). In patients treated with prednisone 25 mg/d orally for 5 days, starting on day 1, skin rash was less problematic. Two patients at 12.5 mg/m2 experienced dose-limiting (grade 4) granulocytopenia. Confirmed partial responses were documented in one patient with previously untreated renal cell carcinoma with metastatic lung and bone lesions and in one patient with an unknown primary tumor. Eighteen patients had a best response of stable disease with a median duration of 5.1 months (range, 2.1 to 18.7 months).

CONCLUSION: When given in this schedule, the maximum-tolerated dose of troxacitabine is 12.5 mg/m2, and the recommended dose for additional phase II studies is 10 mg/m2 once every 21 days with steroid premedication.
Early Adoption of Expanded Gender Options in National Provider Identifiers
Authors: Corman Jae , Przedworski Julia
Published: October 2024

This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of US clinicians who registered for a National Provider Identifier and selected expanded gender options after these new options became available in April 2024.
Three vs 6 Cycles of Chemotherapy for High-Risk Retinoblastoma
Authors: Ye Huijing , Xue Kang , Zhang Ping , Chen Rongxin , Zhai Xiaowen , Ling Li , Xiao Wei , Tang Lijuan , Wang Hongsheng , Mao Yuxiang , Ai Siming , Bi Yingwen , Liu Qing , Zou Yusha , Qian Jiang , Yang Huasheng
Published: October 2024

Importance

Adjuvant therapy is an important and effective treatment for retinoblastoma. However, there is a lack of head-to-head clinical trials comparing 3 vs 6 cycles of CEV chemotherapy (carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine) for enucleated unilateral retinoblastoma with high-risk pathological features.

Objective

To assess whether 3 cycles of CEV chemotherapy is noninferior to 6 cycles for enucleated unilateral retinoblastoma with high-risk pathological features.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This double-center, randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial was conducted at 2 premier eye centers in China and included 187 patients who had undergone enucleation for unilateral retinoblastoma with high-risk pathological features (massive choroidal infiltration, retrolaminar optic nerve invasion, or scleral infiltration) between August 2013 and March 2024. The final date of follow-up was March 21, 2024.

Interventions

Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 3 (n = 94) or 6 (n = 93) cycles of CEV chemotherapy regimen after enucleation.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was disease-free survival, with a noninferiority margin of 12%. Secondary end points encompassed overall survival, safety, economic burden, and the quality of life of children.

Results

All 187 patients (median [IQR] age, 25.0 [20.0-37.0] months; 83 [44.4%] female) completed the trial. Median (IQR) follow-up was 79.0 (65.5-102.5) months. Five-year disease-free survival was 90.4% for the 3-cycle group vs 89.2% for the 6-cycle group (difference, 1.2% [95% CI, −7.5% to 9.8%]), which met the noninferiority criterion (P = .003 for noninferiority). The 6-cycle group experienced a higher frequency of adverse events, greater reduction in quality of life scores, and increased costs compared with the 3-cycle group.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among patients with unilateral pathologic high-risk retinoblastoma, 3 cycles of CEV chemotherapy resulted in 5-year disease-free survival that was noninferior to 6 cycles of CEV chemotherapy.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01906814
The Harm of Inappropriate Central Line Blood Cultures in Clinical Practice
Authors: Fuher Alexandra N. , Young Heather , Mikkelsen Mark E.
Published: October 2024

This case report describes a 57-year-old man with end-stage kidney disease who was receiving hemodialysis through a tunneled central venous catheter and had severe hyperkalemia that prompted admission for emergent hemodialysis.
Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Hearing Aid Use Among Persons Living With Dementia in the US
Authors: Nieman Carrie L. , Garcia Morales Emmanuel E. , Huang Alison R. , Reed Nicholas S. , Yasar Sevil , Oh Esther S.
Published: October 2024

Importance

Dementia and hearing loss are prevalent and represent public health priorities, but little is known about the prevalence of hearing loss among persons living with dementia at a population level.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of hearing loss and hearing aid use among a nationally representative sample of persons living with dementia.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed data from Medicare beneficiaries who participated in round 11 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). The analytic sample included participants who had complete audiometric data and a dementia classification, and survey weights were applied to yield nationally representative estimates. Data were collected from June to November 2021, and analyzed from October 12, 2023, to February 27, 2024.

Exposures

Audiometric measures of hearing loss and self-reported hearing aid use.

Main Outcomes and Measures

National prevalence estimates of possible and probable dementia and hearing loss were estimated by applying NHATS survey weights of sex and age to the population aged 71 years or older based on the US Census Bureau’s 2020 American Community Survey data.

Results

The analytic sample comprised 2613 NHATS participants (74.6% aged 71-79 years and 25.4% aged ≥80 years; 52.9% female). Overall prevalence of hearing loss among participants with dementia was estimated at 79.4% (95% CI, 72.1%-85.3%). The prevalence of hearing loss increased with age, from 61.1% (95% CI, 37.7%-80.2%) among participants aged 71 to 74 years to 94.2% (95% CI, 88.8%-97.0%) among those aged 85 years or older. Among participants with hearing loss, 21.7% (95% CI, 16.2%-28.3%) reported hearing aid use.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, the findings suggest that hearing loss is highly prevalent among individuals with dementia, with a low prevalence of hearing aid use. These findings reveal a potential opportunity for intervention.
Genome Sequencing After Exome Sequencing in Pediatric Epilepsy
Authors: D’Gama Alissa M. , Shao Wanqing , Smith Lacey , Koh Hyun Yong , Davis Maya , Koh Julia , Oby Brandon T. , Urzua Cesar I. , Sheidley Beth Rosen , Rockowitz Shira , Poduri Annapurna
Published: October 2024

This cohort study examined the yield and use of genome sequencing after nondiagnostic exome sequencing for pediatric patients with unexplained epilepsy between August 2018 and May 2023.
Solving the protein folding problem…
Authors: Sleator Roy D.
Published: October 2024

The protein folding problem was, to paraphrase Churchill, ‘A riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma’. The riddle, in this context, was the folding code; what interactions at the amino acid level are driving the folding process? The mystery was the kinetic question (Levinthal's paradox); how does the folding process occur so quickly (typically in timescales ranging from μS to mS)? Finally, the enigma represents the computational problem of developing approaches to predict the final folded sate of a protein given only its amino acid sequence. Herein, I trace the path to solving this riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.
Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel Wind Tunnel Model Support Featuring Honeycomb Structures for Vibration Attenuation
Authors: Fu Le , Peng Xin , Zhang Peng , Yang Dangguo , Liu Yang , Liu Guangyuan
Published: October 2024

Wind tunnel model support (WTMS) is an indispensable component of wind tunnel testing. However, the presence of vibrations within the model‐support system can compromise the accuracy of data and give rise to significant safety hazards. In this study, an approach for vibration attenuation by incorporating honeycomb structures into the design of the WTMS is proposed. To this end, stainless steel WTMSs with integrated honeycomb structures are fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). Results showed that stainless steels prepared under optimized SLM processing parameters exhibit high crystallinity and consist of single‐phase Fe–Cr–Ni alloy. The stainless steels exhibited robust mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of ≈1 GPa, an elongation of ≈8%, and a compressive strength of ≈1.4 GPa. These exceptional mechanical properties can be attributed to the formation of a cellular structure and tangled dislocations. The first‐order and the third‐order resonant response of WTMS honeycomb structures can be effectively reduced. The vibration reduction mechanism can be attributed to the occurrence of local resonance when the natural frequency of the internal periodic unit of the WTMS closely matched the vibration frequency of the model. The utilization of honeycomb structures holds significant potential for achieving vibration attenuation in WTMS.
Laser‐Induced Graphene Smart Textiles for Future Space Suits and Telescopes
Authors: Yang Dongwook , Nam Han Ku , Lee Younggeun , Kwon Soongeun , Lee Joohyung , Yoon Hyosang , Kim Young‐Jin
Published: October 2024

Novel materials with high electrical, optical, and thermal functionalities are crucial in next‐generation space missions. Astronauts’ well‐being demands continuous health monitoring, while stray light suppression and heat dissipation are vital for space telescopes. Here, it is demonstrated that laser‐induced graphene (LIG), patterned with femtosecond laser pulses, serves as a versatile material for temperature/strain sensing, stray light absorption, and heat management for smart spacesuits and telescopes. LIG exhibits a superior temperature coefficient of resistance (−0.068% °C⁻¹), gauge factor of 454, optical absorption (97.57%), and heat diffusivity (6.376 mm2 s−1) via a single platform. Furthermore, thermal‐vacuum tests confirm LIG's reliability and readiness for space missions. Under vacuum conditions (≈10−3 Torr) and repeated temperature changes ranging from −20 to 60 °C over a period of ≈40 h, the temperature/strain sensor, and optical absorbers maintain the functionality.
Mechanically Adaptable High‐Performance p(SBMA‐MMA) Copolymer Hydrogel with Iron (II/III) Perchlorate for Wearable Thermocell Applications
Authors: Shin Gilyong , Baek Jae Yoon , Kim Ju Hyeon , Lee Ju Hwan , Kim Hyeong Jun , So Byeong Jun , Choi Yuseung , Yun Sungryul , Kim Taewoo , Jeon Jei Gyeong , Kang Tae June
Published: October 2024

Quasi‐solid‐state thermocells (QTECs) show promise as a power source for wearable devices by converting body heat into electricity. While significant progress has been made with p‐type elements for QTECs, challenges remain with their n‐type counterparts. Here, a high‐performance n‐type QTEC element is presented, using a copolymer hydrogel that outperforms conventional p‐type elements. This copolymer hydrogel combines hydrophilic zwitterionic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) for ionic conduction and hydrophobic methyl methacrylate (MMA) for structural stability. By increasing the MMA content from 35 to 100 wt.%, versatile control is achieved over the hydrogel's elastic modulus (72 kPa to 127.7 MPa) and tensile strength (54 kPa to 6.7 MPa). A high mechanical toughness of 7.2 MJ m−3 is also achieved at 68 wt.% MMA. The mechanically robust and high toughness p(SBMA‐MMA) hydrogel is then immersed in Fe(ClO4)2/3 solutions of different concentrations to evaluate its performance as an n‐type QTEC element. The hydrogel with 0.8 M Fe(ClO4)2/3 exhibits a high ionic Seebeck coefficient of −1.7 mV K−1, a power density of 1.1 mW m−2 K−2, and an elastic modulus of 1.6 MPa, which is similar to that of human skin. Finally, the optimized n‐type p(SBMA‐MMA) hydrogels demonstrate the potential application for wearable devices.
Highly Polarization‐Sensitive Solar‐Blind Ultraviolet Photodetection Based on 1D Rb2CuCl3 Microwires
Authors: Ma Jingli , Zhang Mengyao , Dun Conghui , Ji Huifang , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Chen Xu , Li Xinjian , Wu Di , Shi Zhifeng
Published: October 2024

Polarization‐sensitive solar‐blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors are essential in both civilian and military applications. 1D perovskites derivative Rb2CuCl3 holds promise for polarization‐sensitive solar‐blind UV photodetectors due to its wide direct bandgap, anisotropic crystal structure, and long carrier lifetime. However, no studies on the polarization properties of Rb2CuCl3 are reported. Here, the electronic structural anisotropy of Rb2CuCl3 is confirmed by calculating the partial charge density distribution in the ac‐plane and bc‐plane. Then, the Raman‐active modes and corresponding atomic vibration modes are explored within the bc‐plane through joint experimental and theoretical Raman spectroscopy. Besides, angle‐resolved Raman, photoluminescence, and absorption spectroscopy reveal the intriguing anisotropic photoelectric characteristics of Rb2CuCl3 microwires (MWs). By using single Rb2CuCl3 MW as the photoactive layer, a polarization‐sensitive solar‐blind UV photodetector is fabricated, showing high photoresponsivity of 78 mA W−1 and photocurrent anisotropy ratio of ≈1.7 at 265 nm. Importantly, the proposed photodetectors without encapsulation exhibit excellent stability in ambient air, retaining the original photocurrent after two months, showcasing practical applicability. This study underscores the promise of Rb2CuCl3 for high‐performance polarization‐sensitive solar‐blind UV photodetectors, contributing valuable insights into its electronic structure, photoelectric properties, and practical applicability.
Violet Perovskite Quantum Dots of MA3Bi2Br9 and MA3Bi2Br6Cl3 Synthesized by the Cb‐LARP Method with Tunable Emission Wavelengths in Range of 379–400 nm
Authors: Wu Lijie , Pan Yong , Zhang Yuan , Geng Yingge , Cao Jianguo , Su Xueqiong , Xu Jie , Xie Haixia , Gao Dongwen
Published: October 2024

Violet‐emitting perovskite quantum dots (QDs) are of great significance for theoretical and experimental research aimed at promoting the development of environmentally friendly violet light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). Nevertheless, the synthesis of violet perovskite QDs via ligand‐assisted reprecipitation is challenging due to the significant bandgap. A simple and economical cryo‐bonding ligand‐assisted reprecipitation (Cb‐LARP) method is proposed as a means of synthesizing deep violet lead‐free organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) QDs, with the objective of increasing the bandgap in the material. The MA3Bi2Br9 QDs synthesized by the Cb‐LARP method exhibit bright violet luminescence at 400 nm, with a PLQY of 50.1%. Moreover, the photoluminescence peak of the QDs can be adjusted from 402 to 393 nm by modifying the final reaction time. It is noteworthy that the MA3Bi2Br6Cl3 QDs exhibited ultraviolet emission at 379 nm, corresponding to a PLQY of 35.4%. Similarly, the emission peak of the QDs can be tuned from 379 to 376 nm by changing the final reaction time. The results demonstrate that the deep violet emitting OIHP QDs have been successfully synthesized. This study provides a theoretical reference for short‐wavelength perovskite materials and an experimental reference for the study of violet and UV quantum‐dot light‐emitting diode devices.
Iodine‐Mediated Defect Engineering of Vanadyl Phosphate Cathodes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lin Yulai , Meng Jianming , Hei Peng , Wang Yuqing , Li Bo , Sun Xiaoqi , Song Yu , Liu Xiao‐Xia
Published: October 2024

Vanadyl phosphate (VOPO4) is extensively studied as a cathode material for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). However, due to sluggish ion migration and low electrical conductivity, VOPO4 typically exhibits moderate specific capacity below 200 mAh g−1. To address these issues, an iodine (I2)‐mediated etching method is proposed to enhance the electrochemical performance of VOPO4 for AZIBs. This method effectively regulates structural defects in VOPO4. Initially, I2 undergoes a disproportionation reaction with interlayer H2O in VOPO4, inducing crystal defects in the nanosheet structure. Additionally, the generated HI reduces V5+, further introducing oxygen vacancies in VOPO4. Both experimental and computational results indicate that moderate structural defects in VOPO4 can synergistically improve the electron transfer and ion diffusion kinetics of the electrode. However, excessive structural defects lead to crystalline amorphization and structural pulverization of VOPO4, impeding Zn2+ migration within the material. Therefore, the iodine‐mediated etched VOPO4 electrode (VOP‐I4) exhibits a high specific capacity of 249 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 and a large energy density of 300 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 246.2 W kg−1, outperforming most reported VOPO4‐based materials for AZIBs. This study provides a new avenue for developing high‐performance VOPO4 materials for energy storage applications.
Lattice Match‐Enabled Covalent Heterointerfaces with Built‐in Electric Field for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Photosynthesis
Authors: Hu Jundie , Li Binrong , Li Xue , Yang Tingyu , Yang Xiaogang , Qu Jiafu , Cai Yahui , Yang Hongbin , Lin Zhiqun
Published: October 2024

Crafting semiconducting heterojunctions represents an effective route to enhance photocatalysis by improving interfacial charge separation and transport. However, lattice mismatch (δ) between different semiconductors can significantly hinder charge dynamics. Here, meticulous lattice tailoring is reported to create a covalent heterointerface with a built‐in electric field (BIEF), imparting markedly improved hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) photosynthesis. Specifically, an In2S3/CdS heterojunction with a coherent heterointerface, characterized by covalent In─S─Cd bridge and exceptionally low lattice mismatch of 0.27%, and a BIEF from In2S3 to CdS, is rationally designed. This heterojunction entails rapid charge separation and transfer, achieving an outstanding H2O2 production rate of 2.09 mmol g−1 h−1 without the need for scavengers and oxygen bubbling, and a high apparent quantum efficiency of 17.73% at 400 nm. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that this Z‐scheme heterojunction facilitates the adsorption of *O2 and the generation of *OOH intermediates during the 2e− oxygen reduction reaction, associated with a low Gibbs free energy. This study underscores the significance of fine‐tuning interfacial lattices and integrating BIEF to accelerate photocatalysis. The simple yet robust strategy can be conveniently leveraged to enhance device performance in optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and sensing.
In Situ Molecular Reconfiguration of Pyrene Redox‐Active Molecules for High‐Performance Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries
Authors: Ge Guangxu , Li Fan , Yang Min , Zhao Ziming , Hou Guangjin , Zhang Changkun , Li Xianfeng
Published: October 2024

Aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs) hold great potential for large‐scale energy storage, however, scalable, green, and economical synthetic methods for stable organic redox‐active molecules (ORAMs) are still required for their practical applications. Herein, pyrene‐based ORAMs are obtained via an in situ organic electrolysis strategy in a flow cell. It is revealed that the water attacking pyrenes restructured molecules to produce a variety of isomers and dimers during the electrolysis, which can be modulated by regulating the local electron cloud density and steric hindrance of pyrene precursors. As a result, the molecularly reconfigured pyrene‐based catholytes, even without any further purification, achieved a high electrolyte utilization of ≈96% and volumetric capacity above 50 Ah L−1. Inspiringly, remarkable cell stability with almost no capacity decay for ≈70 days is achieved, benefiting from the robust aromatic structure of the pyrene cores. The insights into the in situ electrosynthesis of pyrene‐based ORAMs provided in the work will provide guidance for designing ultra‐stable ORAMs for AOFB applications.
Cellulose‐Templated Nanomaterials for Nanogenerators and Self‐Powered Sensors
Authors: Qian Weiqi , Yang Ya
Published: October 2024

Energy crisis inspires the development of renewable and clean energy sources, along with related applications such as nanogenerators and self‐powered devices. Balancing high performance and environmental sustainability in advanced material innovation is a challenging task. Addressing the global challenges of sustainable development and carbon neutrality lead to increased interest in biopolymer research. Nanocellulose materials, derived from biopolymers, demonstrate potential as template candidates for advanced materials, due to their unique properties, including high strength, high surface area, controllable pore structures and high‐water retention. In recent years, cellulose‐templated nanomaterials enable delicate nano‐/microscale structural construction, thus promoting developments in the field of nanogenerators and self‐powered sensors. However, there is still a limited number of reviews focused on cellulose‐templated nanomaterials for applications in nanogenerators and self‐powered sensors. This review aims to fill this research gap by introducing various cellulose‐templated nanomaterials and providing a detailed analysis of their fashionable applications in nanogenerators and self‐powered sensors. The goal is to present cellulose‐templated nanomaterials as highly promising template and guest materials for templating technologies, offering sustainable nano‐/microscale control over advanced materials for the foreseeable future. This potential is promising for new applications in the fields of nanogenerators and self‐powered sensors.
Nonstoichiometry Promoted Solventless Recrystallization of a Thick and Compact CsPbBr3 Film for Real‐Time Dynamic X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Wang Jian , Yu Shanshan , Jin Handong , Li Yu , Zhang Kai , Phillips David Lee , Yang Shihe
Published: October 2024

Inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite emerges as a promising material for the development of next‐generation X‐ray detectors. However, the formation of a high‐quality thick film of CsPbBr3 has been challenging due to the low solubility of its precursor and its high melting point. To address this limitation, a nonstoichiometry approach is taken that allows lower‐temperature crystallization of the target perovskite under the solventless condition. This approach capitalizes on the presence of excess volatile PbBr2 within the CsPbBr3 film, which induces melting point depression and promotes recrystallization of CsPbBr3 at a temperature much lower than its melting point concomitant with the escape of PbBr2. Consequently, thick and compact films of CsPbBr3 are formed with grains ten times larger than those in the pristine films. The resulting X‐ray detector exhibits a remarkable sensitivity of 4.2 × 104 µC Gyair−1 cm−2 and a low detection limit of 136 nGyair s−1, along with exceptional operational stability. Notably, the CsPbBr3‐based flat‐panel detector achieves a high resolution of 0.65 lp pix−1 and the first demonstration of real‐time dynamic X‐ray imaging for perovskite‐based devices.
Radical‐Scavenging Violet Phosphorus Nanosheets for Attenuating Hyperinflammation and Promoting Infected Wound Healing
Authors: Dai Zhuo , Li Qiang , Dang Meng , Li Xiaoye , He Ao , Xiu Weijun , Wang Minjin , Zhang Yu , Ding Meng , Dong Heng , Mou Yongbin
Published: October 2024

Antibacterial therapy targeting the regulation of macrophage polarization may be a useful approach for normalizing the immune environment and accelerating wound healing. Inspired by black phosphorus‐based nanoplatforms, more stable yet less‐explored violet phosphorus nanosheets (VPNSs) are expected to provide a superior solution for effectively combating bacterial infections. In this study, an average thickness of 5–7 nm VPNSs are fabricated through the liquid‐phase exfoliation method to serve as an immunoregulatory dressing for the treatment of infected wounds. VPNSs attenuated excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the accumulation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages, showing notable antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. Comprehensive RNA sequencing further elucidated the potential immunoregulatory mechanisms of VPNSs, including modulation of the inflammatory response and enzyme regulator activity. Additionally, the inherent photothermal properties of the VPNSs contributed significantly to their antibacterial efficacy. When combined with near‐infrared laser irradiation, VPNSs showed remarkable effectiveness in reducing infection‐related complications and expediting wound healing in infected skin wound models. The rapid promotion of wound healing through ROS clearance, the regulation of macrophage polarization, and hyperthermia generation underscores the potential of the violet‐phosphorus‐based nanoplatforms as clinically viable agents for treating infected wounds. This study suggests that VPNSs are promising candidates for clinical anti‐infective and anti‐inflammatory applications.
Mechanochromic Suction Cups for Local Stress Detection in Soft Robotics
Authors: Giordano Goffredo , Scharff Rob Bernardus Nicolaas , Carlotti Marco , Gagliardi Mariacristina , Filippeschi Carlo , Mondini Alessio , Papangelo Antonio , Mazzolai Barbara
Published: October 2024

Advancements in smart soft materials are enhancing the capabilities of robotic manipulators in object interactions and complex tasks. Mechanochromic materials, acting as lightweight sensors, offer easily interpretable visual feedback for localized stress detection, structural health monitoring, and energy‐efficient robotic skins. Herein, an innovative mechanochromic soft end‐effector capable of discerning local contact stresses during mechanical interactions with objects is presented and their relative position is ascertained. This system utilizes a reversible force‐induced color switch in a thin layer of spiropyran‐functionalized polydimethylsiloxane, which coats a silicone‐made suction cup. The mechanochromic suction cup is integrated with a 3D‐printed compact load‐transferring system and electronic color‐changing detection elements. The assembly may serve as a synthetic receptor for robotic actuators, discerning localized interaction forces down to 3 N. The system's resilience to varying environmental factors, including illumination, tilting, and interaction with objects of various shapes is verified. The results indicate potential for exteroceptive solutions in reconfigurable manipulation tasks without compromising the overall softness of the manipulator.
Scent‐mediated bee pollination and myrmecochory in an enigmatic geophyte with pyrogenic flowering and subterranean development of fleshy fruits
Authors: Kiepiel Ian , Johnson Steven D.
Published: October 2024

Premise

Volatile emissions from flowers and fruits play a key role in signalling to animals responsible for pollination and seed dispersal. Here, we investigated the pollination biology and chemical ecology of reproduction in Apodolirion buchananii, an African amaryllid that flowers in a leafless state soon after grassland vegetation is burnt in the dry late‐winter season.

Methods

Pollinators were identified through field collection and pollen loads were quantified. Floral traits including spectral reflectance and scent chemistry were documented. Bioassays using cup traps were used to test the function of floral volatiles. Fruiting biology was investigated using controlled hand‐pollination experiments and chemical analysis of fruit scent. Seed germination was scored in greenhouse trials. Seed dispersal was monitored using observations and camera trapping.

Results

The sweetly scented white flowers of A. buchananii are pollen‐rewarding and pollinated mainly by a diverse assemblage of bees. Cup‐trap experiments demonstrated that pollinators are attracted to phenylacetaldehyde, the dominant volatile in the floral scent. Plants are shown to be self‐incompatible, and the fleshy fruits were found to emerge from the soil six months after pollination during the peak of the summer rains. Fruits emit a diverse blend of aliphatic and aromatic esters and contain large fleshy recalcitrant seeds which germinate within days of fruits splitting open. Seed dispersal by ants was recorded.

Conclusions

This first account of the reproductive biology of a species in the genus Apodolirion highlights an outcrossing mating system involving bees attracted to color and scent as well as the unusual fruiting biology and ant‐mediated system of seed dispersal.
The roles of root‐nodulating bacterial associations and cyanogenesis in the freezing sensitivities of herbaceous legumes
Authors: Rycroft Samuel L. , Henry Hugh A. L.
Published: October 2024

Premise

Reduced snow cover and increasing temperature variability can increase freezing stress for herbaceous plants in northern temperate regions. Legumes have emerged as a plant functional group that is highly sensitive to these changes relative to other herbaceous species in these regions. We explored root‐nodulating bacterial associations and cyanogenesis as potential mechanisms explaining this relatively low freezing tolerance of legumes.

Methods

To examine the influence of bacterial associations, we grew four legume species with or without crushed‐nodule inoculum at three severities of freezing, and three concentrations of nitrogen to disambiguate the direct benefits of increased nitrogen from the total bacterial effect. We quantified cyanogenesis via hydrogen cyanide production in both true leaves and cotyledons for nine legume species.

Results

Root nodulation generally only affected legume survival under low nitrogen, when freezing severity was moderate or low. However, for the frost‐surviving plants, the growth advantage provided by nodulation decreased (it was often no longer significant with increasing freezing severity), and greater freezing severity reduced total nodule mass. In contrast, cyanogenesis was only detected in two of the nine species.

Conclusions

The diminished performance of nodulated plants in response to freezing could place legumes at a competitive disadvantage and potentially explain their high sensitivity to freezing relative to other herbaceous species in northern temperate regions. Overall, this result has important implications for changes in soil fertility, community composition, and plant productivity in these ecosystems in the context of a changing winter climate.
Pink, White, and Probability
Authors: Murali Chaya N.
Published: October 2024

An early career geneticist confronts the limits of our field when a critically ill infant is diagnosed with an ultra‐rare metabolic disorder.
Whole‐genome sequencing study in Koreans identifies novel loci for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kang Moonil , Farrell John J. , Zhu Congcong , Park Hyeonseul , Kang Sarang , Seo Eun Hyun , Choi Kyu Yeong , Jun Gyungah R. , Won Sungho , Gim Jungsoo , Lee Kun Ho , Farrer Lindsay A.
Published: October 2024

INTRODUCTION

The genetic basis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Koreans is poorly understood.

METHODS

We performed an AD genome‐wide association study using whole‐genome sequence data from 3540 Koreans (1583 AD cases, 1957 controls) and single‐nucleotide polymorphism array data from 2978 Japanese (1336 AD cases, 1642 controls). Significant findings were evaluated by pathway enrichment and differential gene expression analysis in brain tissue from controls and AD cases with and without dementia prior to death.

RESULTS

We identified genome‐wide significant associations with APOE in the total sample and ROCK2 (rs76484417, p = 2.71×10−8) among APOE ε4 non‐carriers. A study‐wide significant association was found with aggregated rare variants in MICALL1 (MICAL like 1) (p = 9.04×10−7). Several novel AD‐associated genes, including ROCK2 and MICALL1, were differentially expressed in AD cases compared to controls (p < 3.33×10−3). ROCK2 was also differentially expressed between AD cases with and without dementia (p = 1.34×10−4).

DISCUSSION

Our results provide insight into genetic mechanisms leading to AD and cognitive resilience in East Asians.

Highlights

Novel genome‐wide significant associations for AD identified with ROCK2 and MICALL1.

ROCK2 and MICALL1 are differentially expressed between AD cases and controls in the brain.

This is the largest whole‐genome‐sequence study of AD in an East Asian population.
Pyrrolizwilline, a Unique Bacterial Alkaloid Assembled by a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase and non‐Enzymatic Dimerization
Authors: Effert Juliana , Westphalen Margaretha , Calderari Andrea , Shi Yi‐Ming , Elamri Isam , Najah Soumaya , Grün Peter , Li Yanyan , Gruez Arnaud , Weissman Kira J. , Bode Helge B.
Published: October 2024

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a structurally diverse group of heterocyclic specialized metabolites characterized by a core structure comprising a hexahydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine. PAs are synthesized through two main pathways. In plants, assembly occurs via a homospermidine synthase, and in bacteria, through combined action of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase and a Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase. While the toxic properties of plant‐derived PAs and their prevalence in animal and human foods have been extensively studied, the biological roles and biosynthesis of more complex bacterial PAs are not well understood. Here, we report the identification and characterization of a bacterial biosynthetic gene cluster from Xenorhabdus hominickii, xhpA‐G, which is responsible for producing the PA pseudo‐dimer pyrrolizwilline. Analysis of X. hominickii promoter exchange mutants together with heterologous expression of xhpA‐G in E. coli, revealed a set of pathway intermediates, two of which were chemically synthesized, as well as multiple derivatives. This information was leveraged to propose a detailed biosynthetic pathway to pyrrolizwilline. Furthermore, we have characterized the hydrolase XhpG, the key enzyme in the conversion of the pathway intermediate pyrrolizixenamide to pyrrolizwilline, using X‐ray crystallography and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS).
An Algebraic Approach to Light–Matter Interactions
Authors: Fernandez‐Corbaton Ivan
Published: October 2024

A theoretical and computational framework for the study and engineering of light–matter interactions is reviewed in here. The framework rests on the invariance properties of electromagnetism, and is formalized in a Hilbert space whose conformally invariant scalar product provides connections to physical quantities, such as the energy or momentum of a given field, or the outcome of measurements. The light–matter interaction is modeled by the polychromatic scattering operator, which establishes a natural connection to a popular computational formalism, the transition matrix, or T‐matrix. This review contains a succinct yet comprehensive description of the main theoretical ideas, and illustrates some of the practical benefits of the approach.
Targeted connective tissue resection with the dual‐flap surgical approach in the treatment of drug‐induced gingival enlargement: Case study
Authors: Sabbah David , Santana Ronaldo B.
Published: October 2024

Background

Drug‐induced gingival enlargement (DIGE) is a common side effect of medications such as anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. The treatment of choice for the condition is drug withdrawal or substitution in combination with the nonsurgical phase. In some cases, additional internal or external bevel gingivectomy is needed to achieve periodontal health. Special approaches may be needed in severe DIGE cases superimposed on periodontitis. The aim of this report is to describe the dual‐flap internal gingivectomy (DFIG) approach for the simultaneous management of soft and hard tissues via the simultaneous reduction of the connective tissue bulkiness from the superficial flap and preservation of keratinized tissues.

Methods

A generalized Stage IV grade C periodontitis with DIGE was treated.  An initial partial thickness flap was elevated and thinned out to a thickness of 1.0–1.5 mm. Then, a second partial‐thickness flap was raised, and a thick band of connective tissue was removed. Proper positioning of the primary flap onto the periosteum was obtained and flap adaptation was achieved with localized gingivoplasty.

Results

Healthy soft tissue was developed with DFIG by debulking the enlarged connective tissues and apical gingival margin positioning with a predictable wide band of keratinized attached gingiva was achieved.   

Conclusions

The DFIG surgical approach provides adequate access for root instrumentation and preserves KT width. The procedure effectively reduces soft tissue thickness and improves soft tissue contours, in DIGE cases superimposed to periodontitis.

Key points

Gingival enlargement is related to excessive production and deposition of collagen in the inner layer of the connective tissue and the surface of the alveolar bone.

The dual‐flap internal gingivectomy (DFIG) approach allows for targeted excision of the inner layer of the connective tissue from the buccal primary flap while preserving the width of the keratinized tissue.

Adequate soft tissue contours and volume are obtained following the DFIG procedure.
Water‐Soluble Curcumin Derivatives Including Aza‐Crown Ether Macrocycles as Enhancers of Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Arenaza‐Corona Antonino , Sánchez‐Portillo Paola , González‐Sebastián Lucero , Sánchez‐Mora Arturo , Monroy‐Torres Brian , Ramírez‐Apan Teresa , Puentes‐Díaz Nicolás , Alí‐Torres Jorge , Barba Victor , Reyes‐Marquez Viviana , Morales‐Morales David
Published: October 2024

The synthesis of three novel curcumin derivative compounds, featuring aza‐crown ether macrocycles of various sizes (aza‐12‐crown‐4, aza‐15‐crown‐5, and aza‐18‐crown‐6), is described. The incorporation of these aza‐crown macrocycles significantly enhances their water solubility, positioning them as groundbreaking instances of curcumin derivatives that are fully soluble in aqueous environments. These curcumin ligands (L1, L2, and L3) were then reacted with zinc acetate to afford the coordination metal complexes (L1‐Zn, L2‐Zn, and L3‐Zn). Comprehensive characterization of all compounds was achieved using various analytical techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI+), elemental analysis and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of both, ligands and complexes were evaluated on three human cancer cell lines (U‐251, MCF‐7, and SK‐LU‐1). Compared to conventional curcumin, these compounds demonstrated improved antiproliferative potential. Additionally, a wound healing assay was conducted to assess their antimigration properties. The obtained results suggest that these modifications to the curcumin structure represent a promising approach for developing therapeutic agents with enhanced cytotoxic properties.