bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music and Social Movements
Authors: Gromis Ashley R. , Roy William G.
Published: January 2013

Recent scholarship has increasingly addressed the ways that social movements creatively use cultural products and themselves act as sources of cultural creativity. Because of its temporal synchronicity and its expression in lyrics, music has been an especially powerful form of cultural expression. It is music's dual nature as a set of cultural objects and an activity fostering solidarity that explains its effectiveness for social movements. Music not only serves as an important resource for social movements, but is also something they actively “do.”
Networks and Social Movements
Authors: Diani Mario
Published: January 2013

Since the interest in social movements started to develop in the 1960s, the relation between networks and movements has been analyzed from two perspectives. By far the most popular one has treated networks as important facilitators of individuals' decisions to become—and remain—involved in collective action (e.g., McAdam 1988; Kitts 2000). This reflected, on the one hand, the need to stress the social embeddedness of movement participants, in contrast to their earlier characterizations as marginal and disorderly personalities (McAdam 2003: 281–284), on the other, the interest in identifying the mechanisms behind people's commitment to collective causes, contributing to the debate inspired by Mancur Olson's seminal work on
The Logic of Collective Action
. At the same time, analysts have looked at social movement networks as the structure of the links between the multiplicity of organizations and individual activists, committed to a certain cause. From this perspective, movement networks have been treated as the consequence, rather than the precondition, of collective action, a specific instance of the broader processes through which actors modify social structures through agency. More specifically, looking at the configuration of movement networks has provided observers with a clue to grasp the logics by which movement actors choose their partners, thus generating broader and complex organizational fields (e.g., Diani 1995).
Nonviolence/Nonviolent Action
Authors: Schock Kurt
Published: January 2013

Nonviolence is an evolving theory and practice of personal and social transformation that rejects the use of coercion and violence in everyday life and in promoting social change (Texeira 1999). Nonviolence may entail a holistic approach, which opposes all forms of violence, including social, economic, cultural, and ecological, or it may apply specifically to prosecuting an acute conflict without resorting to violence or coercion.
Organizations and Movements
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth A. , Bartley Tim
Published: January 2013

Social movements organize people, resources, and ideas for social change. Many do this through formal organizations—often called social movement organizations (SMOs). The concept of a social movement organization is trickier than it may initially seem, since it depends on defining a “social movement” and specifying its relevant set of organizations. Though scholars have defined social movements in a variety of ways, we draw on Snow (2004) to provisionally define social movements as collectivities seeking social change at least partly outside of institutionalized politics. Similarly, though various definitions of organizations have been offered, we view organizations as goal‐directed, boundary‐maintaining groups, typically with some degree of formal structure.
Outcomes, Political
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Neal Caren
Published: January 2013

Scholars have increasingly turned their attention to the political or state‐related consequences of social movements. The years 2001 through 2009 alone have seen an acceleration of publications, including 45 articles, 38 in the top four general sociology journals and seven articles inMobilization(see Amenta et al. 2010). In comparison to mobilizing supporters, fashioning identities among them, and choosing strategies, most macropolitical consequences of challengers are not as directly related to the efforts expended by challengers and not directly implemented by them. Although most studies demonstrate the influence of the largest movements, this research has not addressed how much movements matter. As for the conditions under which movements matter, scholars have been revising their initial hypotheses that the strategies, organizational forms, and political contexts that aid mobilization will also aid in gaining and exerting political influence. Scholars are exploring alternative arguments about the productivity of different actions and characteristics of movements and movement organizations in the varied political contexts and institutional settings they face.
Relative Deprivation
Authors: Mariel Mikaila , Arthur Lemonik
Published: January 2013

The relative deprivation model aims to explain individuals' decisions to join or start social movements and is based on a certain set of psychological ideas (Gurr 1970). Relative deprivation itself refers to “the gap between what one has and what one expects” (Brush 1996), particularly in comparison to some specific reference group. The concept of relative deprivation has its roots in the early “frustration‐aggression hypothesis” of John Dollard, which suggested that when individuals respond to frustration and do not receive a response that relieves their frustration, such individuals will respond with aggression. Relative deprivation has been used as the mechanism to explain where this frustration emerges from.
Repression and Social Movements
Authors: Earl Jennifer
Published: January 2013

The repression of social movements refers to attempts by individuals, groups, or state actors (e.g., militaries, national police, and local police) to control, constrain, or prevent protest. Historically, this has often involved increasing the costs associated with social movement participation (e.g., through violence, arrest, etc.). Commonly studied forms of repression include police action at public protest events, such as arrests and police violence, military suppression of protest events, “disappearances” of activists, arrests and/or imprisonment of activists, infiltration of social movements by informants, covert counterintelligence programs, restrictions of free speech and assembly, assaults on human rights, and murders of social movement activists. In the digital age, repression has also blurred with censorship in states that do not allow unfettered, and/or unmonitored access to the Internet.
Resource Mobilization Theory
Authors: Edwards Bob , Gillham Patrick F.
Published: January 2013

Resource mobilization theory (RMT) developed during the 1970s as a new generation of scholars sought to understand the emergence, significance, and effects of the social movements of the 1960s (see Jenkins 1983; McAdam, McCarthy, & Zald 1988; Edwards & McCarthy 2004). Rejecting both the view held by some earlier movement scholars that social movement actors were deviant or anomic, and the pluralist assumption that all parties willing to engage in the political process have a reasonable chance that their grievances will be heard and addressed, resource mobilization scholars sought to understand how rational and often marginalized social actors mobilized effectively to pursue their desired social change goals (Freeman 1975; Gamson 1975; McCarthy & Zald 1977; Tilly 1978; McAdam 1982; Morris 1984; Zald & McCarthy 1987; Staggenborg 1988; Tarrow 1994).
Rights and Rights Movements
Authors: Skrentny John D. , Patnode René
Published: January 2013

The goal of many social movement organizations (SMOs) seeking political change is some kind of right. Rights‐based movements have been the signature form of political movement since at least the mid‐twentieth century in the West and are increasingly common in other parts of the world.
Riots
Authors: Myers Daniel J.
Published: January 2013

A riot is an unruly collective act of violence that is temporary, discontinuous from everyday routines, and results in damage to persons or property of either the participants or targets of the collective actor. Although most social scientists have an intuitive sense of what constitutes a riot, the edges of the definition are fuzzy and it can be difficult to determine whether or not some events are actually “riots.” For example, it is agreed that a riot is a collective act. That is, more than one individual must be involved and at least minimally coordinate action in order for a riot to occur. Two people acting together, however, would not constitute a riot, even though it is a collective act of violence. Thus, the lower limit for participation, damage, and duration to define a riot is difficult to establish and has led many sociologists to analyze events more ambiguously referred to as “civil disorders” or “collective violence.” For most, however, unless there are at least 30–50 people involved, the events last more than a few moments, and there is action that could result in property damage or injury requiring medical attention, a riot has not occurred.
A
l‐
Q
aeda
Authors: Devji Faisal
Published: January 2013

Emerging as it did from the cold war's final proxy war, the anti‐Soviet jihad in Afghanistan, the militant network known as Al‐Qaeda was a global phenomenon well before the spectacular 9/11 attacks that made its reputation worldwide. Yet despite its planetary vision of Muslim suffering at the hands of Western enemies, or its equally dispersed recruits who possess no determinable sociological profile, both this project and the movement to which it gave rise are often defined in traditional terms. So Al‐Qaeda is either seen to constitute some new and purely internal variation within the closed genealogy of Islamic radicalism, or as representing the updated version of an older European ideology like nihilism, anarchism, or even fascism. These backward‐looking visions, however, cannot provide an adequate measure of the phenomenon as a future‐oriented social movement.
Crowds (Gatherings) and Collective Behavior (Action)
Authors: Snow David A. , Owens Peter B.
Published: January 2013

Crowds, or temporary gatherings as some scholars prefer (McPhail 1991), are a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. People have long assembled to observe, to celebrate, and to protest various happenings in their everyday lives. The historical record is replete with examples of crowds functioning as important textual markers, helping to shape and define a particular event, as well as strategic precipitants and carriers of the events themselves. The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, which is considered one of the precipitating events of the French Revolution, and the sit‐ins and marches associated with the civil rights movement in the United States in the second half of the twentieth century, constitute two well‐chronicled historical examples of contentious crowds or collective action. Not all such gatherings function so emblematically, of course. Most are mere sideshows to the flow of history. Nonetheless, the assemblages or gatherings more commonly called crowds are ongoing features of the social world and, as a consequence, have long been the object of theorizing and inquiry, ranging from the psychologistic renderings of Gustav Le Bon (1960) and Sigmund Freud (1921), to the more sociological accounts of Neil Smelser (1963) and Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian (1987), to the highly systematic and empirically grounded observations of Clark McPhail and his associates (McPhail & Wohlstein 1983; McPhail 1991; Schweingruber & McPhail 1999).
Environmental Movements
Authors: Rootes Christopher , Brulle Robert
Published: January 2013

Environmental movements are networks of informal interactions that may include, as well as individuals and groups who have no organizational affiliation, organizations of varying degrees of formality (including even political parties, especially Green parties) that are engaged in collective action motivated by shared identity or concern about environmental issues. Such networks are generally loose and uninstitutionalized, but their forms of action and their degree of integration vary. Environmental movements are, however, identical neither with organizations nor with episodes of protest. It is only when organizations (and other, usually less formally organized actors) are networked and engaged in collective action, whether or not it involves protest, that an environmental movement exists (see Diani 1995: 5; Rootes 2004).
Genocide and Social Movements
Authors: Owens Peter B. , Snow David A.
Published: January 2013

Genocide and mass killing are a tragic yet recurrent feature of modern human history, having occurred across a broad range of societies. This extreme form of social violence has accordingly become a major subject of interest for social scientists, who have generated a wide variety of explanatory models for why violence occurs and how it spreads over time. However, few empirical or theoretical works have explored the specific roles that social movements have played within historical cases. Genocides and other forms of mass violence often occur in contexts of highly contentious interactions between movement organizations and political institutions. These interactions potentially range from open conflict and violence between official institutions and movements, to exploitation and assimilation, and collaboration and mutual aid. Empirical evaluations of how social movements work within historical cases of genocide and mass killing would undoubtedly improve existing explanatory models for why and how such violence occurs. In order to provide impetus for such an endeavor, we first offer four examples of how movements have historically operated within cases of genocide, and then identify existing areas of social movement theory and research which we believe are useful for further analyses.
Gray Zone of Politics and Social Movements
Authors: Auyero Javier
Published: January 2013

The clandestine connections between state actors and perpetrators of collective violence define the gray zone of politics (Auyero 2007). What Tilly (2003) calls “violent specialists”—that is, actors who specialize in inflicting physical damage—play a key, though sometimes not quite discernible, role in the origins and the course of collective violence. Some of these specialists (police and soldiers, for example) are part of the state apparatus; some others (think thugs, gangs, and vigilante groups), however, enjoy important but oftentimes illicit connections with established power‐holders. The notion of the gray zone of politics challenges the easy and simplistic state–society distinctions that most of literature on collective action still takes for granted (among government agents, repressive forces, challengers, polity members, etc.).
Institutional Theory and Social Movements
Authors: Schneiberg Marc
Published: January 2013

During the 1990s, institutionalists studying emergence and change became dissatisfied with theories that stressed contextual sources of stability, path dependence, and conformity, and looked to overcome “excessive determinism” by integrating social movement research with institutional analysis. Bridging these two bodies of work transformed understandings of institutional processes, actors, and structures. It added contestation, collective action, framing, and mobilization for alternatives to theoretical inventories of isomorphism, legitimation, and diffusion. It juxtaposed challengers and advocates of alternatives to states and professionals as key actors. It shifted from images of isomorphic settings characterized by path dependence, conformity, and taken‐for‐grantedness to concepts of fields as sites of contestation, organized around multiple and competing logics (Davis & Thompson 1994; Davis et al. 2005; Hargrave & Van de Ven 2006; Schneiberg & Lounsbury 2008; King & Pierce 2010; Fligstein & McAdam 2011). This work has employed three broad analytical strategies for linking social movements and institutions to explain change.
I
slamic Women's Movements
Authors: Moss Dana M.
Published: January 2013

The study of Muslim women is one of the most challenging and contentious topics of inquiry in political and social movement studies. Muslim women have long been stereotyped as oppressed, passive recipients of patriarchy, religion, and politics, rather than as active figures in their own right. Motivated by the overwhelming absence of women as subjects in the literature, the last two decades have witnessed an upsurge in critical scholarship exploring women's roles as organizers of and participants in movement activity in various locales across the globe.
I
sraeli Social Movements
Authors: Sagi Rottem
Published: January 2013

Since the founding of the state of Israel, Israeli social movements have paralleled those of Western democracies, but with a concentration of movements that have pressed for national security and religion. In 1948, Israel was established as a Jewish state and was born out of a contested, transnational movement started in 1870, known as Zionism. As a result of its roots in Zionism, the early stages of Israeli government co‐opted social movement organizations for the purposes of state building. This created a political system that allowed social movement organizations (SMOs) easy access to the Israeli polity.
Media Framing and Social Movements
Authors: Vliegenthart Rens
Published: January 2013

In their study of media content, mass communication scholars commonly rely on Entman's (1993: 52) definition of framing: “[selecting] some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal interpretation, moral evaluation, and/or treatment recommendation.” Much of the study of media framing of political issues centers around three questions: (1) How is the issue framed?; (2) How can we explain variation in framing—both over time and cross‐sectionally?; and (3) What are the effects of media framing on public opinion and policymaking? These questions are also of clear relevance to the study of social movements (see also Snow 2008).
Occupy Wall Street Movement
Authors: Gautney Heather
Published: January 2013

Occupy Wall Street is an ongoing series of protests, initiated on September 17, 2011 in lower Manhattan's financial district, against alarming trends in social inequality, high rates of home foreclosure and unemployment, and the excessive influence of corporate and financial interests on government. The protests attracted large numbers of participants and gained widespread international attention due to the movement's broad appeal, to “the 99 percent,” and tenacious use of nonviolent protest against variably heavy‐handed police response.
QCA
and Fuzzy Set Applications to Social Movement Research
Authors: Ragin Charles C. , Alexandrovna Sedziaka Alesia
Published: January 2013

Much of social life is routine and highly repetitive. Social actors appear to be either constrained by norms or driven by the pursuit of mundane self‐interest. For this reason, many social scientists are drawn to the study of nonroutine events, especially those that are large scale and collective in nature. Of special interest are events that are culturally, historically, or politically significant in some way—big events that stand out as qualitative departures from the stream of everyday social life. The extreme case of departure from routine is the social revolution, where there is a concerted, collective effort not only to topple an existing state but also to reshape the social order. Of course, social revolutions are rare, as are “mere” political revolutions. Fortunately, however, many of the analytic attractions of revolutions are also present in the study of social movements and other forms of collective action. In many respects, such phenomena provide the opportunity to study large‐scale social change in embryonic form.
Syndicalism
Authors: MacPherson Robert
Published: January 2013

Syndicalism encompasses both a method of labor movement organization and a revolutionary political philosophy growing out of the anarchist tradition. It has also been known as “anarcho‐syndicalism” and “revolutionary syndicalism,” with broad definitions including the American and British movements known as “industrial unionism.” Syndicalist practice combines revolutionary anticapitalism, a commitment to workers' control through democratic unions, and a rejection of both the state and political parties. From the mid‐1890s until well into the 1920s a wave of syndicalist mobilization swept across the world, with mass organizations forming in the industrialized core of Europe and the US as well as throughout the colonial world. Some regions, notably Spain, but also many colonial areas, saw large syndicalist organizations active past this period. Recent research into syndicalism has shown it to be an early transnational social movement, nurtured by a network of migrant radicals and forming a more theoretically coherent structure than much traditional labor historiography had supposed.
Zionist Movement
Authors: Sagi Rottem
Published: January 2013

Zionism means different things to different people depending on their ethnic, religious, and national identities, but it is defined most succinctly as, “a movement seeking to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by public law” (Engel 2009: 1). The term Zionism comes from the word “Zion,” a biblical name for Jerusalem. In August 1897, over two hundred Jews met in Basel, Switzerland, to establish the World Zionist Congress and founded the Zionist Organization (ZO). This event marked the formal establishment of the Zionist movement. From its inception this transnational movement has worked to establish a sovereign state the Jewish people could call home. It finally achieved its primary goal on May 14, 1948 when the state of Israel was established as a sovereign Jewish homeland.
Designed Autonomic Motion in Heterogeneous Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ)‐Gelatin Composites by Synchronicity
Authors: Smith Matthew L. , Slone Connor , Heitfeld Kevin , Vaia Richard A.
Published: January 2013

Critical technologies from medicine to defense are highly dependent on advanced composite materials. Increasingly there is a greater demand for materials with expanded functionality. The state of the art includes a wide range of responsive composites capable of impressive structural feats such as externally triggered shape morphing. Here a different composite concept is presented, one in which a portion of the constituent materials feed off of ambient energy and dynamically couple to convert it to mechanical motion in a cooperative, biomimetic fashion. Using a recently developed self‐oscillating gel based on gelatin and the oscillating Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, a technique is demonstrated for producing continuous patterned heterogeneous BZ hydrogel composites capable of sustained autonomic function. The coupling between two adjacent reactive patches is demonstrated in an autonomic cantilever actuator which converts chemical energy into amplified mechanical motion. The design of heterogeneous BZ gels for motion using a basic finite element model is discussed. This work represents notable progress toward developing internally responsive, bio‐inspired composite materials for constructing modular autonomic morphing structures and devices.
Cyclobutadiene–C60 Adducts: N‐Type Materials for Organic Photovoltaic Cells with High VOC
Authors: Han Ggoch Ddeul , Collins William R. , Andrew Trisha L. , Bulović Vladimir , Swager Timothy M.
Published: January 2013

New tetraalkylcyclobutadiene–C60 adducts are developed via Diels–Alder cycloaddition of C60 with in situ generated cyclobutadienes. The cofacial π‐orbital interactions between the fullerene orbitals and the cyclobutene are shown to decrease the electron affinity and thereby increase the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of C60 significantly (ca. 100 and 300 meV for mono‐ and bisadducts, respectively). These variations in LUMO levels of fullerene can be used to generate higher open‐circuit voltages (VOC) in bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells. The tetramethylcyclobutadiene–C60 monoadduct displays an open‐circuit voltage (0.61 V) and a power conversion efficiency (2.49%) comparable to the widely used P3HT/PCBM (poly(3‐hexylthiophene/([6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester) composite (0.58 V and 2.57%, respectively). The role of the cofacial π‐orbital interactions between C60 and the attached cyclobutene group was probed chemically by epoxidation of the cyclobutene moiety and theoretically through density functional theory calculations. The electrochemical, photophysical, and thermal properties of the newly synthesized fullerene derivatives support the proposed effect of functionalization on electron affinities and photovoltaic performance.
An Optimized and General Synthetic Strategy for Fabrication of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Zhang Jinshui , Guo Fangsong , Wang Xinchen
Published: January 2013

Nanostructured covalent carbon nitride (CN) holds great promise for artificial photosynthesis, but its nanotexturation using templating methods is restricted by the weak binding affinities of neutral silica templates towards basic precursors that are kinetically difficult to diffuse into the nanopores of the templates. This weak affinity leads to an incomplete inclusion of the CN precursors into the nanostructured silica templates, and consequently, yields a defective replica of the parent porous structures. Here, this issue is addressed through the development of an innovative synthetic strategy to facilitate the sufficient inclusion of CN precursors in silica templates, by taking advantage of the surface acidification of silica and sonication‐promoted insertion. The ordered mesoporous CN (ompg‐CN) fabricated using SBA‐15 mesozeolite as the template has been demonstrated to show a better 2D mesoporous hexagonal framework, larger surface area, and higher photocatalytic activity than that synthesized by the traditional method. This innovative strategy can in general be expanded to other silica templates with various nanostructures, enabling the creation of stable polymeric CN nanostructures with maximized material and structure functions.
Asymmetric α‐Amination of Aldehydes by a Recyclable Resin‐Supported Peptide Catalyst
Authors: Tanaka Tatsuyoshi , Akagawa Kengo , Mitsuda Masaru , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric α‐amination of aldehydes was performed using a resin‐supported peptide catalyst. A tri‐ or tetrapeptide with an N‐terminal D‐Pro‐Aib sequence efficiently catalyzed the reaction in a highly enantioselective manner. The supported catalyst could be easily recovered by filtration and reused at least ten times.
Metal Organic Frameworks as Solid Catalysts in Condensation Reactions of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Opanasenko Maksym , Čejka Jiří , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: January 2013

This review summarizes the use of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as solid catalysts for condensation reactions. After an introductory section, in which condensation reactions are generally presented, a list of the MOFs employed as condensation catalyst is given. The main part of the present review is organized according to the use of MOFs as solid acids, solid bases or as bi‐functional solids containing both acid and basic sites. Throughout the review, the emphasis has been made on discussing the stability of the MOFs, their reusability and in providing a comparison of the performance of MOFs with respect to other homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Finally, we summarize the current state‐of‐the‐art and provide our view on future trends and developments in this field.
Enantioselective Mukaiyama–Michael Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers to 2‐Enoylpyridine N‐Oxides Catalyzed by Copper‐ Bis(oxazoline) Complex
Authors: George Jimil , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: January 2013

A catalytic enantioselective Mukaiyama–Michael reaction of 2‐enoylpyridine N‐oxides has been developed using a simple bis(oxazoline)‐copper complex. A variety of silyl enol ethers undergo smooth Michael addition with 2‐enoylpyridine N‐oxides to furnish the corresponding Michael adducts in high yields with high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem CC/CO Bond‐Forming Reactions of ortho‐Halo‐β‐chlorostyrenes with Ketones: Synthesis of 4‐Trifluoromethylbenzoxepines
Authors: Sun Lei‐Lei , Hu Bo‐Lun , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Deng Chen‐Liang , Zhang Xing‐Guo
Published: January 2013

A copper‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of trifluoromethyl‐containing ortho‐halo‐β‐chlorostyrenes with ketones has been developed. Using a combination of copper(I) bromide, 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylheptane‐3,5‐dione and sodium tert‐butoxide, a variety of 4‐trifluoromethylbenzoxepines was prepared in moderate to good yields by the tandem α‐alkenylation of ketones with subsequent O‐arylation.
Biomimetic Direct Aldol Reaction of Pyruvate Esters with Chiral Aldehydes
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Mlynarski Jacek
Published: January 2013

Direct aldol reactions of pyruvate esters with sugar aldehydes is efficiently promoted by dinuclear metal complexes or chiral Cinchona alkaloid organocatalysts. Application of sterically hindered aryl esters enables the to‐date problematic aldol reaction of pyruvate donors with syn‐ or anti‐selectivity en route to the short and efficient synthesis of 3‐deoxy‐2‐ulosonic acids.
A boy with partial trisomy of chromosome 3q24–q28 from paternal balanced insertion and multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Zhu Haiyan , Hu Yali , Zhu Ruifang , Yang Ying , Zhu Xiangyu , Wang Wanjun
Published: January 2013

Although many patients with duplication 3q syndrome have been described reports on duplication derivatives from an insertion are rare in the previous literature. Here we describe the genotype and phenotype of a 32‐month‐old boy with a partial trisomy of 3q24–q28. We carefully mapped the aberration with SNP‐array analysis, and found a duplication region of 44 Mb. By conventional cytogenetic techniques including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis, the patient was found to have inherited a derivative chromosome 6 from his father, which was contained a direct insertion from 3q24–28. The main clinical features of the patient included severe mental retardation, postnatal developmental delay, ventricular septal defect (VSD), and craniofacial anomalies including cleft palate, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, and a broad nasal bridge. The symptoms partially overlap with previously reported patients with duplication in the same region. Prenatal diagnosis for the fetus of this family was performed based on the results of genetic tests and ultrasonic evaluation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epilepsy in Mowat–Wilson syndrome: Delineation of the electroclinical phenotype
Authors: Cordelli Duccio Maria , Garavelli Livia , Savasta Salvatore , Guerra Azzurra , Pellicciari Alessandro , Giordano Lucio , Bonetti Silvia , Cecconi Ilaria , Wischmeijer Anita , Seri Marco , Rosato Simonetta , Gelmini Chiara , Della Giustina Elvio , Ferrari Anna Rita , Zanotta Nicoletta , Epifanio Roberta , Grioni Daniele , Malbora Baris , Mammi Isabella , Mari Francesca , Buoni Sabrina , Mostardini Rosa , Grosso Salvatore , Pantaleoni Chiara , Doz Morena , Poch‐Olivé Maria Luisa , Rivieri Francesca , Sorge Giovanni , Simonte Graziella , Licata Francesca , Tarani Luigi , Terazzi Emanuela , Mazzanti Laura , Cerruti Mainardi Paola , Boni Antonella , Faravelli Francesca , Grasso Marina , Bianchi Paolo , Zollino Marcella , Franzoni Emilio
Published: January 2013

Mowat–Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a genetic disease caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene and is characterized by distinctive facial features, epilepsy, moderate to severe intellectual disability, corpus callosum abnormalities and other congenital malformations. Epilepsy is considered a main manifestation of the syndrome, with a prevalence of about 70–75%. In order to delineate the electroclinical phenotype of epilepsy in MWS, we investigated epilepsy onset and evolution, including seizure types, EEG features, and response to anti‐epileptic therapies in 22 patients with genetically confirmed MWS. Onset of seizures occurred at a median age of 14.5 months (range: 1–108 months). The main seizure types were focal and atypical absence seizures. In all patients the first seizure was a focal seizure, often precipitated by fever. The semiology was variable, including hypomotor, versive, or focal clonic manifestations; frequency ranged from daily to sporadic. Focal seizures were more frequent during drowsiness and sleep. In 13 patients, atypical absence seizures appeared later in the course of the disease, usually after the age of 4 years. Epilepsy was usually quite difficult to treat: seizure freedom was achieved in nine out of the 20 treated patients. At epilepsy onset, the EEGs were normal or showed only mild slowing of background activity. During follow‐up, irregular, diffuse frontally dominant and occasionally asymmetric spike and waves discharges were seen in most patients. Sleep markedly activated these abnormalities, resulting in continuous or near‐to‐continuous spike and wave activity during slow wave sleep. Slowing of background activity and poverty of physiological sleep features were seen in most patients. Our data suggest that a distinct electroclinical phenotype, characterized by focal and atypical absence seizures, often preceded by febrile seizures, and age‐dependent EEG changes, can be recognized in most patients with MWS. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rhodamine‐labeled Sensor Bead as a Colorimetric and Fluorometric Dual Assay for Hg2+Ions in Water
Authors: Ghosh Kumaresh , Sarkar Tanmay , Majumdar Anupam
Published: January 2013

Rhodamine‐based receptor1recognizes Hg2+and Cu2+ions in aqueous CH3CN, but when immobilized onto Merrifield resin to give bead2, this sensor system selectively detects Hg2+ions over a series of other metal cations in water. The detection can be performed colorimetrically and fluorimetrically. The ensemble of2–Hg2+can also distinguishdl‐homocysteine fromL‐cysteine in water by both analytical methods.
Altitude and Forest Edges Influence the Density and Distribution of Pygmy Tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus)
Authors: Grow Nanda , Gursky Sharon , Duma Yulius
Published: January 2013

In this study, we examine how high‐altitude ecology and anthropogenic edges relate to the density and distribution of pygmy tarsiers. Pygmy tarsiers (Tarsius pumilus) are extremely small‐bodied primates (55 g) that are endemic to high‐altitude forest and exhibit several differences from lowland Sulawesian tarsier species. From June to September 2010 and January to March 2012, we conducted a population census of pygmy tarsiers across multiple altitudes. Sampling took place within a 1.2 km2 area encompassing altitudes of 2,000–2,300 m a.s.l. on Mt. Rore Katimbu in Lore Lindu National Park, central Sulawesi, Indonesia. We observed 22 individuals, with an estimated population density of 92 individuals per 100 ha. These results indicate that pygmy tarsiers live at a lower density than lowland Sulawesian tarsier species. Lower density was associated with decreased resources at higher altitudes, including decreased tree size, tree density, and insect biomass. Within the sample area, we found pygmy tarsiers in only 8 of 24 (33%) quadrats, suggesting a nonrandom distribution that probably overinflated this population density estimate. Pygmy tarsiers exhibited a clumped distribution near anthropogenic edges that were associated with increased insect abundance and biomass. Airborne insects were more abundant along forest edges than within the forest interior, and pygmy tarsiers were observed to forage along edges where there was a higher abundance of Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Tarsiers may mitigate the decreased availability of insects at high altitudes by adjusting their ranging patterns to remain near forest edges. Am. J. Primatol. 75:464‐477, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A blinded randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of chitosan gel on ostial stenosis following endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ngoc Ha Thanh , Valentine Rowan , Moratti Stephen , Robinson Simon , Hanton Lyall , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: January 2013

Background

Stenosis of sinus ostia following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the most common reason for revision surgery. Chitosan‐dextran (CD) gel has been shown to be an effective hemostatic agent; however, its effects on ostial stenosis are unknown. This study aims to quantify the effect of CD gel on circumferential scarring following ESS.

Methods

A prospective, blinded, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in 26 patients undergoing ESS. Measurements of neo‐ostia were taken using a standard‐sized measuring probe. CD gel was applied unilaterally, while contralateral sides received no gel. Ostial diameters were measured by a blinded observer at 2, 8, and 12 weeks postoperation. Sinus ostial areas calculated as a proportion of the original were compared for each ostium at each time point.

Results

Intraoperative ostial areas were comparable for CD gel and control sides (38 mm2 vs 39 mm2, 131 mm2 vs 120 mm2, and 203 mm2 vs 193 mm2, in frontal, sphenoid, and maxillary ostia, respectively; p > 0.05). CD gel significantly improved sinus ostial patency. The largest difference was seen when ostial areas at 12 weeks were compared with their corresponding baseline areas (66% vs 31% frontal, p < 0.001; 85% vs 47% sphenoid, p < 0.001; and 74% vs 54% maxillary ostia, p = 0.002). The difference between raw ostial areas reached statistical significance in sphenoid (p < 0.001) and maxillary (p = 0.01), but not in frontal ostia (p > 0.05) at 12 weeks.

Conclusion

CD gel produced significantly less stenosis of all neo‐ostia following ESS and may reduce the necessity for revision surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.
Melamine polyphosphate/silicon‐modified phenolic resin flame retardant glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6
Authors: Xu Yi , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi
Published: January 2013

The halogen‐free flame retardance of glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6 (PA6) is an everlastingly challenge due to well‐known wick effect. In this research, a novel system composed of a nitrogen–phosphorous flame retardant, melamine polyphosphate combined with a macromolecular charring agent, silicon‐modified phenolic resin (SPR), was employed to flame‐retard glass fiber reinforced PA6. It exhibited obvious synergistic effect between the two components at a proper ratio range. The flame retardance of the composites can be remarkably improved due to the increased amount and improved thermal stability of the produced char. The flame resistance tests indicated that the synergism system with an optimized ratio achieved V0 (1.6 mm) rating of UL94, 25.2% of Limited Oxygen Index, and only 338.2 W/g of the heat release peak rate. The corresponding synergistic mechanisms were investigated by the characterizations including the thermal gravimetric analysis, carbonation test, and the char morphology observation. It confirmed that the introduced SPR could accelerate the carbonation of PA6 resin, which was in favor of the construction of denser and more continuous charring structure. In addition, the flame retardant materials also indicated the acceptable mechanical properties, showing the advantages in the overall performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and characterization of UV‐cured hybrid coatings by triethoxysilane‐modified dimethacrylate based on bisphenol‐s epoxy
Authors: Li Chunguang , Cheng Jue , Yang Feng , Chang Wenkai , Nie Jun
Published: January 2013

Novel hybrid oligomers based on a UV‐curable bisphenol‐S epoxy dimethacrylate (DBSMA) were synthetized. DBSMA was modified with various amount of (3‐isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane coupling agent. The modification degree of the hybrid oligomer was varied from 0 to70 wt %. The photopolymerization kinetics was monitored by a real‐time infrared spectroscopy. The conversion and rate of hybrid coatings increased with the increase in modification degree. UV‐curable, hard, and transparent organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared. They were performed by the analyses of various properties such as surface and mechanical properties. Results from the mechanical measurements showed that the properties of hybrid coatings improved with the increase in modification degree. The thermal behavior of coatings was also investigated. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Improving water solubility of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐styrene) copolymers by adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer
Authors: Akyildiz Halil I. , Michielsen Stephen
Published: January 2013

Acrylic acid is often used to make water‐soluble polymers while styrene is often modified to add special functions to polymers. However, when styrene and acrylic acid are copolymerized, the resulting polymer is much less water soluble. To regain water solubility, the effect of styrene sulfonic acid on solubility of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐styrene) copolymers was investigated. Even though acrylic acid polymers are known for their water solubility, the presence of styrene units within acrylic acid copolymers reduces the solubility of the copolymer substantially at the natural pH of the solutions. By adding styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, polymers that are water soluble at the natural pH of the polymerization could be obtained. The solubility of the polymer after removal of the solvent and by redissolving at different concentrations and pH levels is also reported. Solubility increases at higher pH especially with low styrene concentration in the copolymer. It was found that incorporation of as little as 5 mol % of styrene into poly(acrylic acid) reduced the aqueous solubility to less than 0.5 g dL−1 at pH 7. Upon adding 7 mol % styrene sulfonic acid as a termonomer, the water solubility increased to 5 g dL−1 at pH 7. At higher levels of styrene, more styrene sulfonic acid was needed, especially at low pH. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Composites based on renewable materials: Polyurethane‐type matrices from forest byproduct/vegetable oil and reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers
Authors: Ramires Elaine C. , de Oliveira Fernando , Frollini Elisabete
Published: January 2013

The use of products and byproducts from the agro‐industry and forest biorefinery is essential for the development of value‐added and low environmental‐impact materials. In this study, polyurethanes were prepared using sodium lignosulfonate (NaLS) and castor oil (CO) as reagents and were used to prepare composites reinforced with lignocellulosic fibers, namely, curaua and coir fibers (30 wt %, 3 cm length, and randomly oriented). The SEM images of fractured surfaces of the composites revealed excellent adhesion at the fiber/matrix interface of both coir and curaua composites, which probably resulted from the favorable interactions between polar groups, as well as amid low polarity domains that are present in both the matrix and the reinforcements. The composites exhibited different impact/flexural and strength/flexural moduli (NaLS/CO/Curaua = 465 Jm−1/44 MPa/2 GPa; NaLS/CO/Coir = 180 Jm−1/25 MPa/1 GPa). The higher tensile strength/aspect ratio of the curaua fibers (485 MPa/259) compared with that of the coir fibers (120 MPa/130) most likely contributes to the enhanced performance of its composite. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and self‐assembly of amphiphilic star‐block copolymers consisting of polyethylene and poly(ethylene glycol) segments
Authors: Liu Ran , Li Zhi Yun , Wang Wan Juan , Yuan Dan , Meng Chun Feng , Wu Qing , Zhu Fang Ming
Published: January 2013

We report on the synthesis and self‐assembly in water of well‐defined amphiphilic star‐block copolymers with a linear crystalline polyethylene (PE) segment and two or three poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments as the building blocks. Initially, alkynyl‐terminated PE (PE‐) is synthesized via esterification of pentynoic acid with hydroxyl‐terminated PE, which is prepared using chain shuttling ethylene polymerization with 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐dimethylphenyl) imino ethyl] pyridine iron (II) dichloride/methylaluminoxane/diethyl zinc and subsequent in situ oxidation with oxygen. Then diazido‐ and triazido‐terminated PE (PE‐(N3)2 and PE‐(N3)3) are obtained by the click reactions between PE‐ and coupling agents containing triazido or tetraazido, respectively. Finally, the three‐arm and four‐arm star‐block copolymers, PE‐b‐(PEG)2 and PE‐b‐(PEG)3, are prepared by click reactions between PE‐(N3)2 or PE‐(N3)3 and alkynyl‐terminated PEG. The self‐assembly of the resultant amphiphilic star‐block copolymers in water was investigated by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. It is found that, in water, a solvent selectively good for PEG blocks; these star‐block copolymer chains could self‐assemble to form platelet‐like micelles with insoluble PE blocks as crystalline core and soluble PEG blocks as shell. The confined crystallization of PE blocks in self‐assembled structure formed in aqueous solution is investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Radical grafting of polar monomers onto polypropylene by reactive extrusion
Authors: Sadik Tarik , Massardier Valérie , Becquart Frédéric , Taha Mohamed
Published: January 2013

Polypropylene (PP) was functionalized in the melt by grafting polar monomers using an internal mixer and a corotating twin‐screw extruder. 2,5‐Bis(tertbutylperoxy)‐2,5‐dimethylhexane (Luperox 101) and dicumyl peroxide (DP) were the used radical initiators. The polar monomers were itaconic acid (IAc), 2‐octen‐1‐ylsuccinic anhydride (OY), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propanediol (AP). Grafting was quantified by FTIR combined to Elemental Analysis. Grafting degree depends mainly on monomer and initiator natures and concentrations. Grafting degree maxima were 3.9, 2, 9.5, and 3.9 wt %, respectively, for IAc, OY, HEMA, and AP. Some properties of the modified PP were evaluated. Thermal analysis indicated that the polarity of PP increased by grafting reaction and size‐exclusion chromatography showed that the grafting was not accompanied by a significant Mw and viscosity decrease. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of a New Class of Mono‐ and Bis‐Heterocycles
Authors: Mallikarjuna Reddy Guda , Ramachandra Reddy Putta , Padmavathi Venkatapuram , Padmaja Adivireddy
Published: January 2013

A new class of mono‐ and bis‐heterocycles, 2‐arylsulfonylaminosulfonylmethyl‐5‐styrylsulfonylmethyloxadiazoles, pyrazolyl oxadiazoles, and isoxazolyl oxadiazoles, were synthesized and tested for their antioxidant activity. The styrylsulfonylmethyloxadiazole 5b showed good antioxidant activity when compared with the standard ascorbic acid.
Adaptive Flocking Control with a Minority of Informed Agents
Authors: Lou Ke , Cui Baotong , Ye Qian
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we address the flocking problem of multiple dynamic mobile agents with a virtual leader in a dynamic proximity network. To avoid fragmentation, we propose a novel flocking algorithm that consists of both an adaptive controller for followers and a feedback controller for the virtual leader. Based on our algorithm, all agents in the group can form a network, maintain connectivity, and track the virtual leader, even when only a minority of agents have access to the information of the virtual leader. Finally, several convincing simulation results are provided that demonstrate 2‐D flocking of a group of agents using the proposed algorithm.