bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTENNA TESTING AND MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Kefauver W. Neill , Samson Timothy
Published: December 2024

Antenna measurements have a wide range of end uses; in many cases, the need is to verify as‐built performance against the evermore sophisticated design tools. These electromagnetic design tools now include details on surface roughness and dielectric loading with computational speeds that make these problem easily completed on engineering workstation that would have required supercomputers a decade ago. In addition, the resulting simulations can be tied from RF (radio frequency) fields into detailed physics associated with power handling due to heat, corona breakdown, saturation, and multipaction. Properly verifying the performance has hence become more complex as the margins continue to be reduced on as‐built designs, and the antennas have more embedded electronics.

Antenna measurements have thus become more detailed with the increasing complexity of antennas. In the 1950s, the phase or quadrature response of the antenna was not required for many systems, only power detection was necessary. As the systems started to use techniques of phase and frequency modulation, the measurement of phase became more essential to characterizing system performance and improving polarization data also. Next, the need for knowledge extended to frequency and eventually time domain as increasingly the antenna became another electronic component in the microwave designers' tool kit. In the 2000s, the antenna has evolved into a shaped multibeam, polarization, and frequency agile device, not just for the military but for communications systems as well. In application, the next generation, from the 2020s onward, will see the concept of an antenna become blurred as the digital realm begins to reach down into the final layers of RF devices to the antenna itself.

Not all antenna testing is providing measurements of fields, but for this article, the author will not investigate testing that is not unique to antennas, such as temperature, vibration, shock, humidity, stress, wind, and other possibilities. Unless the RF properties are part of the performance evaluated during these other types of tests, the testing methods would be the same as for any black box taken to an environmental test facility.
FULL‐DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS
Authors: Smida Besma , Khaledian Seiran , Farzami Farhad , Atiqul Islam Md , Erricolo Danilo
Published: December 2024

Single‐antenna in‐band full‐duplex communication technology has the potential to substantially increase spectral efficiency. However, the implementation of full‐duplex systems is constrained by the cancellation of self‐interference (SI). This chapter provides an overview of all methodologies used to maintain a low level of SI in real‐time. First, a new analog SI cancellation technique is proposed. A radiofrequency (RF) circulator is used to separate transmitted (Tx) and received (Rx) signals. Instead of estimating the SI signals and subtracting them from the Rx signals, the inherent secondary SI signals at the circulator, reflected by the antenna, is used to cancel the primary SI signals leaked from the Tx port to the Rx port. The frequency response of the secondary SI signals is modified through a reconfigurable impedance mismatched terminal (IMT) circuit, which consists of two varactor diodes at the antenna port. The IMT adjustability makes it robust to antenna input impedance variations and fabrication errors.

Second, a comprehensive residual SI model based on a direct‐conversion transceiver structure considering nonlinearities of all the transceiver radio frequency components, in‐phase/quadrature (IQ) imbalances, phase noise effect, and receiver noise figure is offered. A more appropriate digital SI cancellation approach considering receiver chain RF and baseband (BB) nonlinearities is proposed to validate this model.

Finally, a prototype of the proposed technique at 2.45 GHz is analyzed and fabricated. An analog cancellation exceeding 40 dB over 65 MHz of bandwidth is achieved. The performance of the digital cancellation strategy is investigated and it achieves 20 dB more cancellation compared to existing methods.
Cluster Missile‐Inspired Dynamic Nanocomposite Hydrogel Precisely Mediates Robust Locoregional Tumor Theranostics
Authors: Ma Jingge , Gong Beilei , Hu Wenlei , Liu Junheng , Wang Yujing , Wang Zixuan , Yang Xuefeng , Wang Xin , Yang Hailin , Yan Guoqing
Published: December 2024

Locoregional injectable tumoral theranostic nanocomposite hydrogels have shown great potential for clinical transformation, owing to their integration of the advantageous features of both systems, whilst simultaneously minimizing their drawbacks. However, how the nanomedicines efficiently escape from hydrogel and circumvent the intrinsically conflicting attributes between tumor penetration and accumulation directly determines the theranostic efficiency. Herein, a cluster missile‐inspired dynamic nanocomposite hydrogel synthesized via Schiff base reaction between crosslinked synergistic size‐changeable nano‐prodrugs (NPs) and glutaraldehyde (GA) is successfully developed. The hydrogel, analogous to a cluster missile, can efficiently release NPs with an initial size of 25.3 nm for deep tumor distribution and cellular internalization by responding to the tumoral extracellular pH, while precisely directing their exceptionally high cellular accumulation and highly selective drug release in response to the tumoral intracellular pH/glutathione (GSH), thereby achieving robust locoregional chemotherapy. Furthermore, platinum heavy metals within NPs confer upon the hydrogel an ability to spatiotemporally monitor dynamic changes in both itself and tumor tissues without necessitating additional conventional imaging agents. Thus, such a cluster missile‐inspired dynamic nanocomposite hydrogel paves the way toward clinical use for precise locoregional tumor theranostics.
An Electro‐Driven Dynamic and Multicolored Radiative Thermal Regulation Material for All‐Year‐Round Building Energy Saving
Authors: Zhao Siming , Wu Xueke , Guo Zhenyu , Huang Ya , Liu Ruina , Zhao Zhuojing , Xu Jiaqi , Wang Fei , Jiang Qinyuan , Xi Aike , Li Run , Lan Fan , Zhao Yanlong , Zhang Rufan
Published: December 2024

Rational dynamic thermal regulation of both solar and thermal regions is of significant importance for building energy saving. In this work, an electro‐driven dynamic radiative thermal regulation material (EDRTRM) capable of switching the thermal regulation capacity between the heating, white cooling, and multicolored cooling (blue, green, and yellow) modes is designed. These multi‐modes with high thermal regulation power and color variation are achieved through a synergistic material combination involving an electrochromism of Prussian blue (PB) and the electrodeposition of copper (Cu) with a polyformaldehyde (POM)‐based mid‐infrared (MIR) emitter. Optical characterization confirmed the superior spectral performance of materials, with a remarkable modulation capability of power density up to 659 W m−2, indicating an exceptional heating and cooling performance, which is evidenced by a temperature modulation difference of up to 11 °C. Notably, the EDRTRM under a multi‐colored cooling mode also achieves a temperature reduction of ≈ 4–6 °C. The EnergyPlus simulations demonstrate that the EDRTRM can save a huge amount of energy consumption of 16.56 MJ m−2 in cities with seasonal temperature variations such as Beijing. This dual‐functional design not only maximizes thermal regulation capabilities but also satisfies aesthetic requirements, showcasing its potential for widespread practical application.
Sonoactivated Z‐Scheme Heterojunction for Enhanced Sonodynamic Mitophagy Inhibition and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Zheng Yi , Zhang Tianhu , Chang Meiqi , Xia Lili , Chen Liang , Ding Li , Chen Yu , Wu Rong
Published: December 2024

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a potent therapeutic modality to generate intratumoral toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in combating refractory triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, its therapeutic efficacy is compromised due to pro‐survival cancer‐cell mitophagy to mitigate mitochondrial oxidative damage. Here, an “all‐in‐one” tumor‐therapeutic strategy that integrates nanosonosensitizer‐augmented noninvasive SDT with mitophagy inhibition is reported. This is achieved using a rationally constructed sonoactivated liquid Z‐scheme heterojunction that connects sonosensitizer PtCu3 nanocages and mitophagy‐blocking sonosensitizer BP nanosheets via an amphipathic organic linker (PEI‐PEG5000‐C18). The conjugated electron mediator (M, Cp*Rh(phen)Cl) is strategically positioned between the 2 sonosensitizers to facilitate electron transfer. This M‐based Z‐scheme configuration prolongs the separation of sonoactivated electron‐hole pairs, leading to efficient ROS generation upon ultrasound stimulation. Importantly, Cu2+ released from PtCu3 expedites BP degradation by reducing phosphorus vacancy formation energy, improving the overall biodegradability of BP‐M‐PtCu3 and favoring phosphate ions production. These ions elevate lysosomal pH, inhibiting the hydrolysis of damaged mitochondria within autophagic lysosomes, thus preventing cancer cell self‐preservation under oxidative stress and effectively eliminating TNBC. It is believe that the M‐based sonoactivated Z‐scheme heterojunction will be a promising sonosensitizer structure, and the sonodynamic mitophagy inhibition strategy offers valuable prospects for cancer treatment.
Local Proton‐Mediated Synthesis of a High‐Entropy Borate Library
Authors: Liu Da , Guo Peifang , Wang Qiangqiang , Ding Xingyu , He Yufei , Zhou Jin , Sun Dalin , Pan Hongge , Wu Renbing
Published: December 2024

High‐entropy compounds (HECs) provide extensive possibilities for exploring distinctive properties and potential applications. However, most HECs reported so far are synthesized by an arduous high‐temperature treatment and special equipment, which is clearly not scalable for practical application. Here a scalable room‐temperature solution synthetic strategy is reported for a library of high‐entropy borates with arbitrary metal component numbers from 5 to 12 up to 3302 kinds in total and more than a hundred grams per operation within one minute. In conjunction with theoretical and in situ investigations, it is uncovered that the highly local concentration of protons at ethanol/aqueous interface is favorable to the creation of a stable thermodynamic microenvironment and a desirable kinetic miscibility reservoir, thus enabling a formation of single‐phase borates. With the FeCoNiMoCu high‐entropy borate, it is further shows that it functions as a highly active catalyst for catalytic oxygen evolution reaction. The work opens up opportunities for the scalable synthesis of HECs for energy storage and conversion applications.
Cost‐Effective Synthesis of Fe5C2 Catalyst From Nanosized Zero‐Valent Iron to Achieve Efficient Photothermocatalytic CO Hydrogenation to Light Olefins
Authors: Xu Yuqing , Li Yuan , Li Ruizhe , Xu Hua , Ouyang Shuxin , Yuan Hong
Published: December 2024

Fe‐based catalysts are commonly applied in the process of Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (FTS) to olefins, with Hägg iron carbide (Fe5C2) recognized as the primary active phase. However, iron carbonyls, the raw materials for wet chemical synthesis of Fe5C2, are expensive and toxic, which limits large‐scale preparation. Here, a cost‐effective and versatile method is proposed for the synthesis of Fe5C2 nanoparticles (NPs) with nanosized zero‐valent iron (abbreviated as NZVI, prepared by reducing iron salts or ball‐milling iron powder) instead of iron carbonyls, achieving a cost reduction of 76.8%. Experimental characterizations revealed that NZVI obtained from the reduction of iron salts can catalyze the cracking of octadecylamine to form a carbonized atmosphere, thus realizing the phase transition of Fe into Fe5C2. The optimized Fe5C2 catalyst is employed in the photothermocatalytic FTS process, achieving a light olefins selectivity of 54.2% in hydrocarbons, with a CO conversion of 24.3%. Furthermore, it is proved that the particle size and surface oxide state of NZVI can impact the synthesis of Fe5C2. This study demonstrates a cost‐effective method for the large‐scale preparation of the Fe5C2 catalyst.
CeO2−δ as Electron Donor in Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ Solid Solution Boosts Alkaline Water Splitting
Authors: Su Gege , Hou Yichao , Yin Jie , Yang Jiayi , Li Zhenglong , Du Xin , Zhang Xin , Xi Pinxian , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: December 2024

Optimizing the electronic structure with increasing intrinsic stability is a usual method to enhance the catalysts’ performance. Herein, a series of cerium dioxide (CeO2−δ) based solid solution materials is synthesized via substituting Ce atoms with transition metal (Co, Cu, Ni, etc.), in which Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ shows optimized band structure because of electron transition in the reaction, namely Co3+ (3d64s0) + Ce3+ (4f15d 06s0) → Co2+ (3d74s0) + Ce4+ (4f05d06s0), with more stable electronic configuration. The in situ Raman spectra show a stable F2g peak at ≈452 cm−1 of Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ, while the F2g peak in CeO2−δ almost disappeared during HER progress, demonstrating the charge distribution of *H adsorbed on Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ is more stable than *H adsorbed on CeO2−δ. Density functional theory calculations reveal that Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ solid solution increases protonation capacity and favors for formation of *H in alkaline media. General guidelines are formulated for optimizing adsorption capacity and the volcano plot demonstrates the excellent catalytic performance of Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ solid solution. The alkaline anion exchange membrane water electrolysis based on Co0.07Ce0.93O2−δ/NiFe LDH realizes a current density of 1000 mA cm−2 at ≈1.86 V in alkaline seawater at 80 °C and exhibits long‐term stability for 450 h.
Spatial Confinement Effect of Mineral‐Based Colloid Electrolyte Enables Stable Interface Reaction for Aqueous Zinc–Manganese Batteries
Authors: Zhou Chuancong , Xu Zhenming , Nan Qing , Zhang Jie , Gao Yating , Li Fulong , Zhao Zaowen , Xing Zhenyue , Li Jing , Rao Peng , Kang Zhenye , Shi Xiaodong , Tian Xinlong
Published: December 2024

The rational design of inorganic colloid electrolytes enables the manipulation of the solvation structure of Zn2+ ions and addresses zinc dendrite formation and manganese dissolution in aqueous zinc–manganese batteries. In this study, magnesium aluminosilicate (MAS) powder is used to fabricate a mineral‐based colloid electrolyte for Zn//α‐MnO2 batteries. According to theoretical calculations, MAS has a stronger binding energy with Zn2+/Mn2+ ions than with H2O molecules, suggesting the possibility of regulating the solvation structure of Zn2+/Mn2+ ions in a MAS–colloid electrolyte. Based on the experimental results, a high ionic conductivity, wide operating voltage, low activation energy barrier, and stable pH environment is achieved in the MAS–colloid electrolyte. As expected, long‐term cyclic stability can be maintained for 3500 h at 0.2 mA cm−2 in Zn//Zn cells, and high capacities of 255.5 and 239.8 mAh g−1 are retained at 0.2 and 0.5 A g−1 after 100 cycles in Zn//α‐MnO2 batteries, respectively. This performance is attributed to the spatial confinement effect of MAS on the active H2O molecules, which effectively reshapes the solvation structure of Zn2+ ions, guaranteeing reversible zinc deposition, suppressing active manganese dissolution, and ensuring stable interfacial reactions. This work will drive the development of mineral‐based electrolytes in zinc‐based batteries.
Advancing Aggregation‐Induced Emission‐Derived Biomaterials in Viral, Tuberculosis, and Fungal Infectious Diseases
Authors: Wang Wei , Wang Junjie , Hu Ziwei , Yan Xiaowei , Gao Qiuxia , Li Xiaoxue , Zheng Judun , Li Bin , Wu Yunxia , Liao Yuhui
Published: December 2024

Contagious diseases caused by different types of highly contagious pathogens, such as SARS‐CoV‐2, monkeypox virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and human immunodeficiency virus, could trigger global outbreaks and bring a huge public health burden. Advanced diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies are urgently needed to deal with the epidemic of contagious diseases. Aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) has emerged as one of the promising candidates that exhibit tunable photophysical properties, high biocompatibility, exceptional photostability, and a distinguishing aggregation‐enhanced fluorescence. As a result, they offer effective strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of contagious diseases. This review systematically outlined the latest research progress of AIE‐based biomaterials and mechanisms in contagious diseases. The versatility of AIE molecules, as well as highly efficient fluorescence properties, has the potential to offer innovative strategies to combat these health challenges. Thanks to recent advances in materials science and a better understanding of aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), AIEgens have great potential to provide better solutions for the treatment, detection, and prevention of contagious diseases. By reviewing state‐of‐the‐art methods for the killing, detection, and prevention of contagious agents and highlighting promising technological developments, this outlook aims to promote the development of new means for the prevention and control of emerging, re‐emerging, and major contagious diseases as well as further research and development activities in this critical area of research.
The Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Waist Circumference Among Normal‐Weight Individuals in the Peruvian Population: A 3‐Year Pooled Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Saavedra‐Garcia Lorena , Moscoso‐Porras Miguel , Benites‐Castillo Ysabella , German‐Montejo Luis , Diaz‐Valencia Paula Andrea , Barengo Noël C. , von Harscher Heidi , Guerra Valencia Jamee
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Limited information is available on the association between depressive symptoms and waist circumference (WC) in individuals with normal weight. This study aimed to analyze the association between depressive symptoms and WC among individuals aged 18 years or older with normal weight in the Peruvian population between 2019 and 2021.

Methods

Analytical cross‐sectional study. Data from the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (2019–2021) were analyzed. The sample consisted of 26 933 participants. The outcome variable was WC. The exposure variables included the overall Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) score and severity of depressive symptoms. Generalized linear models of the Gaussian family estimated the effects with β coefficients for the associations between WC and depressive symptoms stratified by age and sex.

Results

A significant inverse association was observed between depressive symptoms and WC in young (< 35 years) individuals of both sexes. In young males, a dose–response relationship emerged, with greater severity of depressive symptoms associated with progressively lower WC. Specifically, inverse associations were found for moderate (β = −1.74, 95% CI: −3.25 to −0.23), moderately severe (β = −2.81, 95% CI: −4.71 to −0.91), and severe (β = −2.75, 95% CI: −5.11 to −0.40) depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Among young individuals of both sexes with a normal weight, depressive symptoms were inversely associated with WC. These findings underscore the need for nuanced considerations of age and sex when exploring the interplay of depression and abdominal adiposity in individuals with normal weight.
Chemical Synthesis of ~1 nm Multilevel Capacitor‐like Particles with Atomic Precision
Authors: Zhou Yue , Chen Dong , Gu Wanmiao , Fan Wentao , Wang Runguo , Fang Liang , You Qing , Zhuang Shengli , Bian Guoqing , Liao Lingwen , Zhou Ziyan , Xia Nan , Yang Jun , Wu Zhikun
Published: December 2024

Can the chemically synthesized nanoparticles act as nanodevices or nanomachines? Herein, we demonstrated this feasibility. A novel nanocluster (ultrasmall nanoparticle) [Au44Cd20(m‐MBT)40][N(C8H17)4]2 (Au44Cd20 in short, m‐MBTH: m‐methylbenzenethiol) obtained via developing a synthesis method has a cannula‐like structure of the outer shell and an internal sleeve, revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Natural population analysis (NPA) charge calculations, charge carrier transport of Au44Cd20 (during which an intra‐nanocluster anti‐galvanic reaction was observed) after unneutral charging using NaBH4 as well as voltammetry proved the capacitor‐like character of Au44Cd20. The subsidiary capacitor‐like character of the outer shell of Au44Cd20 was further probed via NPA charge calculations and electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO. Thus, this study predicts a new era of engineering metal nanoparticles for realizing atomically precise ultrasmall nanodevices and nanomachines.
A Supramolecular Approach to Engineering Living Cells with Enzymes for Adaptive and Recyclable Cascade Synthesis
Authors: Wang Shan , Hübner René , Karring Henrik , Batista Vasco F. , Wu Changzhu
Published: December 2024

Biocatalytic transformation in nature is inherently dynamic, spontaneous, and adaptive, enabling complex chemical synthesis and metabolism. These processes often involve supramolecular recognition among cells, enzymes, and biomacromolecules, far surpassing the capabilities of isolated cells and enzymes used in industrial synthesis. Inspired by nature, here we design a supramolecular approach to equip living cells with these capacities, enabling recyclable, efficient cascade reactions. Our two‐step “plug‐and‐play” methodology begins by coating Escherichia coli cells with guest‐containing polymers (SupraBAC) via supramolecular charge interactions, followed by the introduction of β‐cyclodextrin‐functionalized host enzymes through host‐guest chemistry, creating a robust cell‐enzyme complex. This supramolecular coating not only protects cells from various stresses, such as UV radiation, heat, and organic solvents, but also facilitates the overexpression of intracellular enzymes and the attachment of extracellular enzymes within and on SupraBAC. This combination results in efficient multienzyme cascade synthesis, enabling two‐ and three‐step reactions in one pot. Importantly, the multienzyme system can be recycled up to five times without significant loss of activity. Our findings introduce a versatile, adaptive supramolecular coating for whole‐cell catalysts, offering a sustainable and efficient solution for complex synthesis in both chemistry and industrial biotechnology.
Plant‐Made Vaccines Targeting Enteric Pathogens—Safe Alternatives for Vaccination in Developing Countries
Authors: Trujillo Edgar , Angulo Carlos
Published: December 2024

Enteric diseases by pathogenic organisms are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in low‐income countries. Despite antibiotics, access to clean water and vaccination are the most economically affordable options to prevent those infections and their health consequences. Vaccines, such as those approved for rotavirus and cholera, have played a key role in preventing several enteric diseases. However, vaccines for other pathogens are still in clinical trials. Distribution and cost remain significant barriers to vaccine access in developing regions due to poor healthcare infrastructure, cold‐chain requirements, and high production costs. Plant‐made vaccines offer a promising alternative to address these challenges. Plants can be easily grown, lowering production costs, and can be administered in oral forms, potentially eliminating cold‐chain dependency. Although there are some promising prototypes of vaccines produced in plants, challenges remain, including yields and achieving sufficient immunogenicity. This review aims to describe common enteric pathogens and available vaccines, followed by a strategic summary of plant‐made vaccine development and a discussion of plant‐made enteric vaccine prototypes. Trends to overcome the key challenges for plant‐made vaccines are identified and placed in perspective for the development of affordable and effective vaccines for populations at the highest risk of enteric diseases.
Significant Enhancement Catalytic Activity of Nitrile Hydratase by Balancing the Subunits Expression
Authors: Guo Yi , Li Jiaxin , Zhang Song , Song Yingjie , Chen Guobing , He Leiyu , Wang Li , Liang Changhai
Published: December 2024

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most commonly used bacterial recombinant protein production system due to its easy genetic modification properties. In our previous study, a recombinant plasmid expressing the Fe‐type nitrile hydratase derived from Rhodococcus erythropolis CCM2595 (ReNHase) was successfully constructed and the recombinant ReNHase exerted an excellent catalytic effect on dinitrile compounds. Nevertheless, the ReNHases were confronted with imbalanced subunit expression during heterologous expression, which restricted the enzymes assemble functionally. In this study, the secondary structure of mRNA in the ribosome binding sequence region of the β‐subunit was optimized to elevate the translation efficiency of the β‐subunit gene and balance the expression of α‐ and β‐subunits in ReNHase. The optimized ReNHase showed a 12‐fold increase in specific enzyme activity over wild‐type ReNHase. To further enhance the soluble expression of ReNHase, the ReNHase was labeled using three different fusion tags, resulting in three new recombinant ReNHases. In these recombinant ReNHases, some of the fusion tags promoted the soluble expression of ReNHase, but also affected the balance of α‐/β‐subunit expression and the secondary structure of the ReNHase, and reduced the enzyme activity. In conclusion, our results provide an optimized strategy for the heterologous expression of multi‐subunit proteins.
The potential role of the SIRT1‐Nrf2 signaling pathway in alleviating hidden hearing loss via antioxidant stress
Authors: Zheng Zeyu , Zhang Peng , Fu Yang , Jiang Yihong , Zhu Jing , Wang Fei , Li Shaoheng , Zhang Zhuoru , Chang Tong , Li Tian , Zhang Min , Ruan Bai , Wang Xiaocheng
Published: December 2024

Hidden hearing loss (HHL) is characterized by normal audiometric thresholds but impaired auditory function, particularly in noisy environments. In vivo, we employed auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing and ribbon synapses counting to assess changes in mouse hearing function, and observed the morphology of hair cells through scanning electron microscopy. SRT1720 was administered to the cochlea via round window injection. In vitro, western blot analysis and RT‐qPCR were used, and Lenti‐shNrf2 was used to knockdown Nrf2 expression. In addition, various oxidative stress indicators were detected by immunofluorescence, kit‐based assays, and flow cytometry. ABR measurement of HHL mouse showed a significant increase in hearing threshold, as well as a decrease and delay in the I wave amplitude and latency on the first day after noise exposure. Histological observation showed a significant loss of ribbon synapses and stereocilia lodging. HHL mice exhibited oxidative stress, which was reduced by pretreatment with SRT1720. Additionally, SRT1720 could reduce hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress in HEI‐OC1 cells through activating the SIRT1/Nrf2 pathway. Subsequent experiments with Nrf2 knockdown confirmed the importance of this pathway. findings highlight oxidative stress as the primary contributor to HHL, with the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway emerging as a promising therapeutic target for alleviating HHL.
Transcatheter Pulmonary Flow Restrictors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
Authors: Malakan Rad Elaheh , Hijazi Ziyad M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Transcatheter Pulmonary Flow Restrictors (TPFRs) represent a significant advancement in managing pulmonary blood flow for congenital heart disease patients. However, there is a paucity of comprehensive studies addressing the diversity of these devices and identifying their critical features.

Aims

This review aims to consolidate the existing knowledge on TPFRs, pinpoint crucial design and development aspects, identify gaps in current practices, and spotlight directions for future research and advancement.

Methods

An exhaustive search was conducted across multiple databases, using specific search terms related to transcatheter and percutaneous pulmonary artery banding.

Results

Between 2005 and 2024, 82 patients were reported to have received TPFR implants, including fenestrated atrial septal defect occluders, diabolo‐shaped stents, and MVP™ Micro Vascular Plug with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes partially removed. Microvascular plugs were the most commonly used and the most successful devices. However, the primary complications and challenges associated with MVPs included pulmonary overflow, unprotected flow to the right upper lobe, difficulty in creating an appropriately sized fenestration, the need for device replacement due to incorrect sizing, distal migration into the right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery stenosis, partial device collapse, thrombosis, jailing of the right upper lobe, potential injury to the pulmonary arterial wall, as well as device fracture and infection. TPFRs can be categorized based on the duration they are designed to remain within the pulmonary artery. Strategies should be devised to enable the device's easy removal without harming the pulmonary arterial wall while also preventing embolization. The ideal device should minimize migration, embolization, thrombosis, inflammation, and endothelialization risks. It should also prevent peri‐device flow and adapt to the growth of the pulmonary artery, ensuring long‐term efficacy and safety.

Conclusion

The long‐term outcomes and the potential for employing biodegradable and smart biomaterials remain areas for further investigation. Successful development of these devices requires a collaborative effort among biomaterial engineers, device developers, and interventional cardiologists.
An Unusual Case of Girl With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Later Diagnosed With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnostic Challenges in Pediatric Rheumatology
Authors: Karaja Saja , Halloum Mai , Sheikh Taha Joudy , Qatza Ayham , Alsayadi Ahmad , Al Mansour Ghofran , Abokurshah Muhannad
Published: December 2024

This case report underscores the diagnostic challenges in autoimmune diseases, particularly when initial diagnoses are uncertain. A patient initially diagnosed with juvenile Idiopathic arthritis experienced relapse, revealing systemic lupus erythematosus. This highlights the need for ongoing vigilance and careful consideration of alternative diagnoses, even in patients with seemingly clear initial presentations.
Early Hints of Metagenome Next‐Generation Sequencing and Copy Number Variations Analysis: An Occult Case of Leptomeningeal Metastasis With Rapid Cognitive Decline
Authors: Chen Xueqin , Zheng Haotao , Wang Taoli , Feng Ziyang , Wang Jia , Liu Yangsicheng , Qin Wenxin , Kong Fanxin , Qin Xiude
Published: December 2024

Early detection and treatment are critical for improving the prognosis of patients with leptomeningeal metastasis. However, heterogeneous clinical manifestations, non‐specific imaging, and limited sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid cytology posed challenges to identifying leptomeningeal metastasis in the early stage. Here we reported a case of lung adenocarcinoma complaining of rapid cognitive decline, whose magnetic resonance imaging showed interstitial brain edema. Under the circumstances of negative cerebrospinal fluid cytology, metagenome next‐generation sequencing and copy number variations analysis were applied, which indicated leptomeningeal metastasis and was confirmed in the subsequent cytology.
Microkinetic Modelling of the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Glycolic Acid over Ru/C
Authors: Harth Florian M. , Kojčinović Aleksa , Likozar Blaž , Gläser Roger , Huš Matej , Goepel Michael , Grilc Miha
Published: December 2024

The heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation of biomass‐ or CO2‐derived glycolic acid (GA) is a renewable pathway for obtaining the bulk chemical ethylene glycol (EG). In this study, the reaction network of the aqueous‐phase hydrogenation of GA is investigated over a Ru/C catalyst. Beside this target reaction, both undesired parallel reactions (such as the hydrogenation of GA to acetic acid (AcA)) and unwanted consecutive reactions (such as over‐hydrogenation) can occur. These reactions are experimentally assessed by employing different (possible) reaction intermediates and products (EG, AcA, glycolaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and ethanol) as reactants. The data for all individual reactions as well as the overall GA hydrogenation at different reaction temperatures (120–180 °C) is combined to propose a catalytic reaction pathway network and to develop a corresponding microkinetic model. The kinetic model describes the catalytic data in the range up to 150 °C, where EG is the main reaction product, with high accuracy. It is shown that selectivity for EG is highest at 120 °C (up to ca. 70%) and decreases strongly with increasing temperatures both due to the parallel reaction of GA into acetic acid (AcA), which has a significantly higher activation energy than the overall hydrogenation of GA into EG, and due to degradation of EG into ethanol and other volatile products. Temperatures exceeding 150 °C predominantly yield volatile products, suggesting low yields of EG or AcA at higher temperatures despite enhanced GA conversion.
Polysilsesquioxane Open Hollow Spheres for Heavy Metal Ions Adsorption
Authors: Yang Ye , Xiong Yuzhu , Dong Fuping
Published: December 2024

Hollow microspheres with open windows on the shells have shown significant potential in adsorption, catalysis, and drug delivery fields, owing to their low density, large interior volume, high specific surface area, and abundant availability of adsorption sites. However, creating open hollow spheres with structurally stable and entirely organic‐functionalized surfaces remains a challenge. Herein, we fabricated polysilsesquioxane open hollow spheres using trialkoxysilane containing mercaptopropyl groups under vigorous stirring, employing polystyrene microspheres as a template. Various reaction parameters were explored, revealing stirring speed as the key factor influencing the morphology and openness of the microspheres. By examining the morphology of intermediate products at different reaction times, we proposed a step‐growth mechanism for microsphere formation. The resulting materials exhibited high adsorption capacity and selectivity towards Hg2+ and Pb2+, attributed to the presence of thiol groups and the open‐hollow structure. Our approach provides a robust method for producing open hollow materials with functionalized surfaces, offering potential applications in the adsorption field.
Highly Efficient Aggregation‐induced Electrochemiluminescence Performance of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Electron‐rich Conjugated Structures
Authors: Hou Shili , Liu Guangyan , Gao Haonan , Li Huagui , Liang Xilin
Published: December 2024

Since aggregation‐induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) luminophore overcomes the restriction of aggregation‐caused quenching in solid luminescent materials, AIECL luminophore has become a promising material in the field of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) engineering. However, the lack of ECL emitters with high AIECL performance limits its wide application. Herein, imine‐linked covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with C4 symmetrical tetraphenyl ethylene and C2 symmetrical five‐membered heteroaromatic monomers are designed as ECL emitter in aqueous media. Significantly, the ECL intensity of COFs with terthienyl units (TTA‐TAPE) is 206 times that of COFs with furan units in the presence of tri‐n‐propylamine (TPrA), which is the result of enhancing ECL signals by increasing the thiophene units and π‐π conjugation of COFs. Furthermore, the ECL mechanism of these COFs is vested in the bandgap model. Thus, the study provides a strategy for designing highly efficient ECL‐active COFs emitters with excellent AIECL efficiency.
Adsorption and Thermal Evolution of the Carbonyl‐functionalized Ionic Liquid [5‐oxo‐C6C1Im][NTf2] on Pt(111): A Combined IRAS, STM, and DFT Study
Authors: Bühlmeyer Hanna , Knörr Lukas , Steffen Julien , Eschenbacher Roman , Hauner Jonas , Görling Andreas , Libuda Jörg
Published: December 2024

The coating of heterogeneous catalysts with ionic liquids enables precise tuning of catalytic activity and selectivity. Recently, the fundamentals of solid catalysts with ionic liquid layers have been extensively studied. So far, investigations have focused on simple ILs without specialized functional groups. In our current work, we aim to involve functionalized ILs to take advantage of the interactions between these functional groups, the catalyst, and the reactants. In this study, we investigated the interaction, and thermal stability of the carbonyl‐functionalized IL [5‐oxo‐C6C1Im][NTf2] on Pt(111) by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. In addition, we performed density functional theory calculations to support our interpretation. At 200 K and low coverage, the carbonyl group of the [5‐oxo‐C6C1Im]+ cation is oriented parallel to the Pt(111) surface. With increasing coverage, the alkyl chain detaches from the surface and orients towards the vacuum. The [NTf2]− anion adsorbs parallel to the surface via the oxygen atoms of the SO2 groups. At higher coverage, at least one of the SO2 groups completely detaches from the surface. Upon heating to 250 K, we observe decomposition and partial desorption of [5‐oxo‐C6C1Im][NTf2], with further decomposition and desorption occurring between 350 and 400 K.
Brønsted‐Acid Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Spiroisoindolinones from Enamides
Authors: Halaczkiewicz Miro , Maraj Arianit , Riedel Mareike , Donner Leon , Kelm Harald , Manolikakes Georg
Published: December 2024

A highly stereoselective Brønsted‐acid catalyzed synthesis of densely substituted spiroisoindolinones from enamides and 3‐hydroxy‐isoindolinones is described. With simple Brønsted‐acids, such as para‐toluene sulfonic acid, spiroisoindolinones with three contiguous stereogenic centers are formed in high yields (up to 97 %) and diastereoselectivities (up to >98 : <2 : 0 : 0 dr) under mild reaction conditions. With the use of a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst, a diastereo‐ and enantioselective synthesis of the corresponding spiroisoindolinones was achieved. Mechanistic investigations indicate a step‐wise mechanism via an initial addition of the enamide to an electrophilic N‐acylimine species followed by an intramolecular aza‐Friedel‐Crafts reaction. Addition of a strong Lewis acid can be used to facilitate the second step for less reactive substrates.
Radiotherapy recommendation, initiation, and completion: Complex questions of access and equity
Authors: Dee Edward Christopher , Feliciano Erin Jay G. , Sanford Nina N. , Iyengar Puneeth
Published: December 2024

In their recent work, Hogan and colleagues shed light on predictors of radiation recommendation, initiation, and completion in the United States across 3 million patients. Further work should use qualitative and intersectional lenses to examine the root causes of poor access to radiation and identify ways to intervene. Steps forward should be multidisciplinary in scope, approaching radiation access through research, clinical interventions, and national policy.
Hierarchical Porous Rod‐Like In2S3/In2O3 Structures for Trimethylamine Detection
Authors: Meng Dan , Pan Yubo , Zhang Lei , Zhang Yue , He Chun , Tao Kai , Li Size , San Xiaoguang
Published: December 2024

Trimethylamine (TMA), a volatile gas possessing a strong, pungent odor, is widely recognized as an indicator for evaluating fish freshness. Despite the importance of TMA detection, the development of sensors that simultaneously possess high sensitivity, fast response kinetics, selectivity, and low‐temperature operation remains a challenge. To address this issue, this work presents a novel gas‐sensing material composed of porous, rod‐like In2S3/ In2O3 structures, synthesized via an in‐situ sulfurization process. By precisely modulating the sulfurization state of In2O3 through the adjustment of thioacetamide concentrations, the material's structural and compositional properties were optimized for enhanced sensing performance. Experimental results demonstrate that sulfur incorporation significantly improves sensor capabilities, owing to the synergistic effects of the In2S3/ In2O3 heterojunction, the enhanced adsorption capacity for oxygen molecules, and the distinctive one‐dimensional and porous architecture. Notably, the sensor with an S/In molar ratio of 1/3 exhibited exceptional TMA detection at 150 °C, with the highest response values (2.17 for 0.1 ppm and 8.17 for 10 ppm), rapid response/recovery times, excellent selectivity, and a low detection limit of 0.05 ppm. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated outstanding reproducibility and long‐term stability, highlighting its potential for practical applications in seafood freshness monitoring.
Tissue Cadherin 17 (CDH17): An Important Prognostic Determinant of Colorectal Cancer Using Digital Image Analysis
Authors: Ng Lui , Yu Wing Shan , Aung Nilar Myat , Leung Pauline , Luk John Moon , Wong Dennis Anthony , Sun Stella , Foo Dominic Chi‐Chung
Published: December 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a commonly diagnosed malignancy with significant mortality rates worldwide. The identification of robust prognostic biomarkers for prediction of survival outcomes and recurrence can aid disease management and improve patients' quality of living.

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of cadherin 17 (CDH17) tissue expression in CRC patients by utilizing a standardized automated immunohistochemistry (IHC) platform integrated with a digitalized scoring system.

Methods and Results

IHC was conducted to assess CDH17 expression on tumor tissues obtained from 150 retrospective CRC cases. A computer‐assisted imaging analysis was performed to quantify CDH17 tissue expression using an IHC scoring algorithm known as the Membrane (M) Score. The relationship between CDH17 M Score and clinicopathological factors such as TNM staging, distant metastasis, and recurrence status was analyzed. The prognostic value of CDH17 M Score was determined by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis for overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS). Comparison of M Score and pathologist visual scoring was made to assess the validity of software‐derived IHC scoring. CDH17 expression, as measured by M Score, was found to be significantly increased in tumor tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, and its expression is associated with advanced staging and distant metastasis (normal vs. tumor, p = 0.0011; Stages IV vs. I–III, p < 0.0162; with vs. without metastasis, p = 0.0026; Mann–Whitney U test). Prognostic analysis revealed that high CDH17 M Score was associated with poor OS and RFS (OS, p = 0.0118; RFS, p = 0.0021; log‐rank test). Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that CDH17 M Score was an independent prognostic predictor for OS (HR = 2.296, 95% CI = 1.154–4.968, p = 0.0240) and RFS (HR = 2.489, 95% CI = 1.062–6.494, p = 0.0447).

Conclusion

Increased CDH17 M Score was associated with advanced tumor staging and poor survival outcomes using an automated IHC system integrated with a digital image analysis software, highlighting CDH17 could serve as an independent prognostic marker for CRC patients.
Selective Electrocatalytic Production of Formic Acid from Plastic Waste Using a Nickel Metal–Organic Framework Constructed from a Biomass‐Derived Ligand
Authors: Das Satarupa , Zhang Ting , Clarkson Guy J. , Walker Marc , Qian Xufang , Long Xia , Zhao Yixin , Walton Richard I.
Published: December 2024

A novel nickel‐based metal organic framework (MOF) [Ni(FDC)(CH3OH)1.5(H2O)0.5](H2O)0.35 (UOW‐6) utilizing biomass‐derived 2,5‐furan dicarboxylate (FDC) as a ligand is reported as an electrocatalyst for anodic ethylene glycol (EG) oxidation with cathodic hydrogen evolution. The MOF structure was analyzed using single crystal X‐ray‐diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermodiffractometry, to establish its structure and verify phase purity. The material was dropcast on carbon fiber paper as a catalyst, and by using a three‐electrode system, UOW‐6 requires only 1.47 V to attain a current density of 50 mA cm−2. During oxidation of the EG, UOW‐6 shows unprecedented selectivity towards formic acid with a Faradaic efficiency of 94 % and remarkable stability over 20 days. The combination of electrochemical measurements and in situ Raman confirmed in situ formed NiOOH at the surface of UOW‐6 as the catalytically active sites for EG oxidation. This work not only presents a pioneering application of FDC‐based MOFs for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) upcycling but also underscores the potential of electrocatalysis in advancing sustainable plastic valorization strategies.
Temperature niche and body size condition phenological responses of moths to urbanization in a subtropical city
Authors: Belitz Michael W. , Sawyer Asia , Hendrick Lillian , Guralnick Robert P.
Published: December 2024

Urbanization in temperate climates often advances the beginning and peak of biological events due to multiple factors, especially urban heat islands. However, the effect of urbanization on insect phenology remains understudied in more tropical areas, where temperature may be a weaker phenological cue. We surveyed moths across an urban gradient in a subtropical city weekly for a year to test how impervious surface and canopy cover impact phenology at the caterpillar and adult life stages. For macro‐moths, we also examine how these effects vary with life history traits. When pooling all individuals, we found no effect of urbanization proxy variables on timing of caterpillar or adult phenology. At the species‐specific level, we found timing of peak adult macro‐moths is influenced by canopy cover, which also interacts with two traits: temperature niche and body size. Cold‐adapted species delay timing of peak abundance in more shaded sites, while warm‐adapted species were not affected. Smaller species, associated with lower dispersal ability, were more phenologically sensitive to canopy cover than larger bodied species. These results highlight the importance of canopy cover within cities and its interaction with species' traits in mediating impact of urbanization on moth phenology in subtropical systems.