bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic ellipsometric analysis of ZnSe1−xOx layers with different O compositions
Authors: Uma Kasimayan , Chen Cheng-Yu , Chao Chih-Kang , Wu Chih-Hung , Chyi Jen-Inn
Published: November 2010

In this study, ZnSe1−xOx layers with oxygen contents of up to 7.0% are successfully grown at 300 °C on semi-insulating GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The deposited ZnSe1−xOx films are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and the optical properties studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. We examine the complex dielectric function obtained by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the photon range from 1.5 to 5 eV. The shifting and broadening of the critical points in the ZnSe1−xOx epilayers as a function of the O composition are investigated for the first time. The characteristics of the peaks change as the O composition increases. The second derivative of the dielectric function is presented and analyzed. The dielectric function spectra reveal distinct structures which can be attributed to the band gap and optical transitions at higher energy.
Domain structure-dielectric property relationship in lead-free (1−x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3xBaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Ma C. , Tan X. , Dul'kin E. , Roth M.
Published: November 2010

The domain morphology and crystal structure of (1−x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3xBaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were systematically studied with transmission electron microscopy for compositions x=0.04 through 0.11. It was found that the ceramics with compositions x<0.06 display a R3c symmetry with ferroelectric domains of ∼100 nm forming complex structures at room temperature. Only nanodomains with faint contrast were observed in the compositions of 0.07≤x≤0.09. The presence of weak 1/2 (ooe) superlattice diffraction spots and absence of 1/2 (ooo) ones (o stands for odd and e stands for even miller indices) seem to suggest a P4bm symmetry at room temperature. The morphotropic phase boundary composition x=0.06 showed mixed R3c and P4bm phases. Large lamellar ferroelectric domains with P4mm symmetry were found to dominate in the ceramic of x=0.11. The observed domain structure correlates extremely well with the frequency dispersion of dielectric constant at room temperature and a new concept “relaxor antiferroelectric” was proposed to describe the dielectric behavior of compositions 0.07≤x≤0.09. These results are summarized in a phase diagram for unpoled ceramics in the (1−x)(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3xBaTiO3 binary solid solution system.
High resolution numerical study of Rayleigh–Taylor turbulence using a thermal lattice Boltzmann scheme
Authors: Biferale L. , Mantovani F. , Sbragaglia M. , Scagliarini A. , Toschi F. , Tripiccione R.
Published: November 2010

We present the results of a high resolution numerical study of two-dimensional (2D) Rayleigh–Taylor turbulence using a recently proposed thermal lattice Boltzmann method. The goal of our study is both methodological and physical. We assess merits and limitations concerning small- and large-scale resolution/accuracy of the adopted integration scheme. We discuss quantitatively the requirements needed to keep the method stable and precise enough to simulate stratified and unstratified flows driven by thermal active fluctuations at high Rayleigh and high Reynolds numbers. We present data with spatial resolution up to 4096×10 000 grid points and Rayleigh number up to Ra∼1011. The statistical quality of the data allows us to investigate velocity and temperature fluctuations, scale-by-scale, over roughly four decades. We present a detailed quantitative analysis of scaling laws in the viscous, inertial, and integral range, supporting the existence of a Bolgiano-like inertial scaling, as expected in 2D systems. We also discuss the presence of small/large intermittent deviations to the scaling of velocity/temperature fluctuations and the Rayleigh dependency of gradients flatness.
Single-step, catalyst-free plasma-assisted synthesis and growth mechanism of single-crystalline aluminum nitride nanorods
Authors: Huang S. Y. , Cheng Q. J. , Xu S. , Ostrikov K.
Published: November 2010

Synthesis of one-dimensional AlN nanostructures commonly requires high process temperatures (>900 °C), metal catalyst, and hazardous gas/powder precursors. We report on a simple, single-step, catalyst-free, plasma-assisted growth of dense patterns of size-uniform single-crystalline AlN nanorods at a low substrate temperature (∼650 °C) without any catalyst or hazardous precursors. This unusual growth mechanism is based on highly effective plasma dissociation of N2 molecules, localized species precipitation on AlN islands, and reduced diffusion on the nitrogen-rich surface. This approach can also be used to produce other high-aspect-ratio oxide and nitride nanostructures for applications in energy conversion, sensing, and optoelectronics.
Thermoelectric properties of Bi2Te3 atomic quintuple thin films
Authors: Zahid Ferdows , Lake Roger
Published: November 2010

Motivated by recent experimental realizations of quintuple atomic layer films of Bi2Te3, the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of the quintuple layer is calculated and found to increase by a factor of 10 (ZT=7.15) compared to that of the bulk at room-temperature. The large enhancement in ZT results from the change in the distribution of the valence band density of modes brought about by the quantum confinement in the thin film. The theoretical model uses ab initio electronic structure calculations (VASP) with full quantum-mechanical structure relaxation combined with a Landauer formalism for the linear-response transport coefficients.
Direct bandgap measurements in a three-dimensionally macroporous silicon 9R polytype using monochromated transmission electron microscope
Authors: Gu Lin , Yu Yan , Sigle Wilfried , Usami Noritaka , Tsukimoto Susumu , Maier Joachim , Ikuhara Yuichi , van Aken Peter A.
Published: November 2010

We demonstrate a three-dimensionally macroporous Si 9R polytype that exhibits a different electronic structure than bulk diamond-structured Si. Unlike the latter one which has an indirect-bandgap transition close to the zone boundary, the conduction band minimum in this material, as revealed by valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy in a monochromated transmission electron microscope, significantly shifts toward the Γ point within a range from 0.6 to 5.6 nm−1, indicating substantially less momentum transfer required to fulfill the bandgap transition.
Fabrication and magnetic control of bacteria-inspired robotic microswimmers
Authors: Cheang U. Kei , Roy Dheeraj , Lee Jun Hee , Kim Min Jun
Published: November 2010

A biomimetic, microscale system using the mechanics of swimming bacteria has been fabricated and controlled in a low Reynolds number fluidic environment. The microswimmer consists of a polystyrene microbead conjugated to a magnetic nanoparticle via a flagellar filament using avidin-biotin linkages. The flagellar filaments were isolated from the bacterium, Salmonella typhimurium. Propulsion energy was supplied by an external rotating magnetic field designed in an approximate Helmholtz configuration. Further, the finite element analysis software, COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS, was used to develop a simulation of the robotic devices within the magnetic controller. The robotic microswimmers exhibited flagellar propulsion in two-dimensional magnetic fields, which demonstrate controllability of the biomimetically designed devices for future biomedical applications.
Stability of solvated nanosheet in shear flow
Authors: Leong Fong Yew
Published: November 2010

The behavior of a solvated nanosheet, such as graphene, in bidirectional shear flow is explained using molecular dynamics and theoretical scaling arguments. Depending on the tilt angle and fluid shear, a nanosheet could adopt one of three macroscopic bending modes, namely, flipping, arching, or flexing. At sufficiently small tilt angles, conditional stability is possible due to a countertorque produced by the solvation shell radius. Thermal effects are found to play a weak role in the overall rotational dynamics. The present findings could have practical implications on the rheology of a suspension of nanosheets.
Divalent counterion-induced condensation of triple-strand DNA
Authors: Qiu Xiangyun , Parsegian V. Adrian , Rau Donald C.
Published: November 2010

Understanding and manipulation of the forces assembling DNA/RNA helices have broad implications for biology, medicine, and physics. One subject of significance is the attractive force between dsDNA mediated by polycations of valence ≥3. Despite extensive studies, the physical origin of the “like-charge attraction” remains unsettled among competing theories. Here we show that triple-strand DNA (tsDNA), a more highly charged helix than dsDNA, is precipitated by alkaline-earth divalent cations that are unable to condense dsDNA. We further show that our observation is general by examining several cations (Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, and Ca
2+
) and two distinct tsDNA constructs. Cation-condensed tsDNA forms ordered hexagonal arrays that redissolve upon adding monovalent salts. Forces between tsDNA helices, measured by osmotic stress, follow the form of hydration forces observed with condensed dsDNA. Probing a well-defined system of point-like cations and tsDNAs with more evenly spaced helical charges, the counterintuitive observation that the more highly charged tsDNA (vs. dsDNA) is condensed by cations of lower valence provides new insights into theories of polyelectrolytes and the biological and pathological roles of tsDNA. Cations and tsDNAs also hold promise as a model system for future studies of DNA–DNA interactions and electrostatic interactions in general.
Encephalization is not a universal macroevolutionary phenomenon in mammals but is associated with sociality
Authors: Shultz Susanne , Dunbar Robin
Published: November 2010

Evolutionary encephalization, or increasing brain size relative to body size, is assumed to be a general phenomenon in mammals. However, despite extensive evidence for variation in both absolute and relative brain size in extant species, there have been no explicit tests of patterns of brain size change over evolutionary time. Instead, allometric relationships between brain size and body size have been used as a proxy for evolutionary change, despite the validity of this approach being widely questioned. Here we relate brain size to appearance time for 511 fossil and extant mammalian species to test for temporal changes in relative brain size over time. We show that there is wide variation across groups in encephalization slopes across groups and that encephalization is not universal in mammals. We also find that temporal changes in brain size are not associated with allometric relationships between brain and body size. Furthermore, encephalization trends are associated with sociality in extant species. These findings test a major underlying assumption about the pattern and process of mammalian brain evolution and highlight the role sociality may play in driving the evolution of large brains.
Declining lymphoid progenitor fitness promotes aging-associated leukemogenesis
Authors: Henry Curtis J. , Marusyk Andriy , Zaberezhnyy Vadym , Adane Biniam , DeGregori James
Published: November 2010

Aging is associated with the functional decline of cells, tissues, and organs. At the same time, age is the single most important prognostic factor in the development of most human cancers, including chronic myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic leukemias initiated by Bcr-Abl oncogenic translocations. Prevailing paradigms attribute the association between aging and cancers to the accumulation of oncogenic mutations over time, because the accrual of oncogenic events is thought to be the rate-limiting step in initiation and progression of cancers. Conversely, aging-associated functional decline caused by both cell-autonomous and non–cell-autonomous mechanisms is likely to reduce the fitness of stem and progenitor cell populations. This reduction in fitness should be conducive for increased selection of oncogenic mutations that can at least partially alleviate fitness defects, thereby promoting the initiation of cancers. We tested this hypothesis using mouse hematopoietic models. Our studies indicate that the dramatic decline in the fitness of aged B-lymphopoiesis coincides with altered receptor-associated kinase signaling. We further show that Bcr-Abl provides a much greater competitive advantage to old B-lymphoid progenitors compared with young progenitors, coinciding with restored kinase signaling pathways, and that this enhanced competitive advantage translates into increased promotion of Bcr-Abl–driven leukemias. Moreover, impairing IL-7–mediated signaling is sufficient to promote selection for Bcr-Abl–expressing B progenitors. These studies support an unappreciated causative link between aging and cancer: increased selection of oncogenic mutations as a result of age-dependent alterations of the fitness landscape.
β-Catenin activity in the dermal papilla of the hair follicle regulates pigment-type switching
Authors: Enshell-Seijffers David , Lindon Catherine , Wu Eleanor , Taketo Makoto M. , Morgan Bruce A.
Published: November 2010

The switch between black and yellow pigment is mediated by the interaction between Melanocortin receptor 1 (Mc1r) and its antagonist Agouti, but the genetic and developmental mechanisms that modify this interaction to obtain different coat color in distinct environments are poorly understood. Here, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the regulation of pigment-type switching was studied. Loss and gain of function of β-catenin in the dermal papilla (DP) of the hair follicle results in yellow and black animals, respectively. β-Catenin activity in the DP suppresses
Agouti
expression and activates
Corin
, a negative regulator of Agouti activity. In addition, β-catenin activity in the DP regulates melanocyte activity by a mechanism that is independent of both Agouti and Corin. The coordinate and inverse regulation of
Agouti
and
Corin
renders pelage pigmentation sensitive to changes in β-catenin activity in the DP that do not alter pelage structure. As a result, the signals that specify two biologically distinct quantitative traits are partially uncoupled despite their common regulation by the β-catenin pathway in the same cells.
Estrogen expands breast cancer stem-like cells through paracrine FGF/Tbx3 signaling
Authors: Fillmore Christine M. , Gupta Piyush B. , Rudnick Jenny A. , Caballero Silvia , Keller Patricia J. , Lander Eric S. , Kuperwasser Charlotte
Published: November 2010

Many tumors contain heterogeneous populations of cells, only some of which exhibit increased tumorigenicity and resistance to anticancer therapies. Evidence suggests that these aggressive cancer cells, often termed “cancer stem cells” or “cancer stem-like cells” (CSCs), rely upon developmental signaling pathways that are important for survival and expansion of normal stem cells. Here we report that, in analogy to embryonic mammary epithelial biology, estrogen signaling expands the pool of functional breast CSCs through a paracrine FGF/FGFR/Tbx3 signaling pathway. Estrogen or FGF9 pretreatment induced CSC properties of breast cancer cell lines and freshly isolated breast cancer cells, whereas cotreatment of cells with tamoxifen or a small molecule inhibitor of FGFR signaling was sufficient to prevent the estrogen-induced expansion of CSCs. Furthermore, reduction of FGFR or Tbx3 gene expression was able to abrogate tumorsphere formation, whereas ectopic Tbx3 expression increased tumor seeding potential by 100-fold. These findings demonstrate that breast CSCs are stimulated by estrogen through a signaling pathway that similarly controls normal mammary epithelial stem cell biology.
Dry amyloid fibril assembly in a yeast prion peptide is mediated by long-lived structures containing water wires
Authors: Reddy Govardhan , Straub John E. , Thirumalai D.
Published: November 2010

Amyloid-like fibrils from a number of small peptides that are unrelated by sequence adopt a cross-β-spine in which the two sheets fully interdigitate to create a dry interface. Formation of such a dry interface is usually associated with self-assembly of extended hydrophobic surfaces. Here we investigate how a dry interface is created in the process of protofilament formation in vastly different sequences using two amyloidogenic peptides, one a polar sequence from the N terminus of the yeast prion Sup35 and the other a predominantly hydrophobic sequence from the C terminus of Aβ-peptide. Using molecular dynamics simulations with three force fields we show that spontaneous formation of two ordered one-dimensional water wires in the pore between the two sheets of the Sup35 protofilaments results in long-lived structures, which are stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds between the water molecules in the wires and the polar side chains in the β-sheet. Upon decreasing the stability of the metastable structures, water molecules are expelled resulting in a helically twisted protofilament in which side chains from a pair of β-strands in each sheet pack perfectly resulting in a dry interface. Although drying in hydrophobically dominated interfaces is abrupt, resembling a liquid to vapor transition, we find that discrete transitions between the liquid to one-dimensional ordered water in the nanopore enclosed by the two β-sheets to dry interface formation characterizes protofilament assembly in the yeast prions. Indeed, as the two sheets of the hydrophobic Aβ-sequence approach each other, fibril formation and expulsion of water molecules occur rapidly and nearly simultaneously.
Recognition of tandem PxxP motifs as a unique Src homology 3-binding mode triggers pathogen-driven actin assembly
Authors: Aitio Olli , Hellman Maarit , Kazlauskas Arunas , Vingadassalom Didier F. , Leong John M. , Saksela Kalle , Permi Perttu
Published: November 2010

Src homology 3 (SH3) domains are globular protein interaction modules that regulate cell behavior. The classic SH3 ligand-binding site accommodates a hydrophobic PxxP motif and a positively charged specificity-determining residue. We have determined the NMR structure of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase substrate (IRTKS) SH3 domain in complex with a repeat from
Escherichia coli
-secreted protein F-like protein encoded on prophage U (EspF
U
), a translocated effector of enterohemorrhagic
E. coli
that commandeers the mammalian actin assembly machinery. EspF
U
-IRTKS interaction is among the highest affinity natural SH3 ligands. Our complex structure reveals a unique type of SH3 interaction based on recognition of tandem PxxP motifs in the ligand. Strikingly, the specificity pocket of IRTKS SH3 has evolved to accommodate a polyproline type II helical peptide analogously to docking of the canonical PxxP by the conserved IRTKS SH3 proline-binding pockets. This cooperative binding explains the high-affinity SH3 interaction and is required for EspF
U
-IRTKS interaction in mammalian cells as well as the formation of localized actin “pedestals” beneath bound bacteria. Importantly, tandem PxxP motifs are also found in mammalian ligands and have been shown to contribute to IRTKS SH3 recognition similarly.
Danish dementia mice suggest that loss of function and not the amyloid cascade causes synaptic plasticity and memory deficits
Authors: Tamayev Robert , Matsuda Shuji , Fà Mauro , Arancio Ottavio , D’Adamio Luciano
Published: November 2010

According to the prevailing “amyloid cascade hypothesis,” genetic dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are caused by amyloid deposits that trigger tauopathy, neurodegeneration, and behavioral/cognitive alterations. To efficiently reproduce amyloid lesions, murine models of human dementias invariably use transgenic expression systems. However, recent FDD transgenic models showed that Danish amyloidosis does not cause memory defects, suggesting that other mechanisms cause Danish dementia. We studied an animal knock-in model of FDD (FDD
KI/+
) genetically congruous with human cases. FDD
KI/+
mice present reduced Bri2 levels, impaired synaptic plasticity and severe hippocampal memory deficits. These animals show no cerebral lesions that are reputed characteristics of human dementia, such as tangles or amyloid plaques.
Bri2
+/−
mice exhibit synaptic and memory deficits similar to FDD
KI/+
mice, and memory loss of FDD
KI/+
mice is prevented by expression of WT BRI2, indicating that Danish dementia is caused by loss of BRI2 function. Together, the data suggest that clinical dementia in Danish patients occurs via a loss of function mechanism and not as a result of amyloidosis and tauopathy.
Tailor-made RNAi knockdown against triplet repeat disease-causing alleles
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Watanabe Shoko , Murata Miho , Furuya Hirokazu , Kanazawa Ichiro , Wada Keiji , Hohjoh Hirohiko
Published: November 2010

Nucleotide variations, including SNPs, in the coding regions of disease genes are important targets for RNAi treatment, which is a promising medical treatment for intractable diseases such as triplet repeat diseases. However, the identification of such nucleotide variations and the design of siRNAs conferring disease allele-specific RNAi are quite difficult. In this study we developed a pull-down method to rapidly identify coding SNP (cSNP) haplotypes of triple repeat, disease-causing alleles, and we demonstrated disease allele-specific RNAi that targeted cSNP sites in mutant
Huntingtin
alleles, each of which possessed a different cSNP haplotype. Therefore, the methods presented here allow for allele-specific RNAi knockdown against disease-causing alleles by using siRNAs specific to disease-linked cSNP haplotypes, and advanced progress toward tailor-made RNAi treatments for triplet repeat diseases.
Contribution of isoprene-derived organosulfates to free tropospheric aerosol mass
Authors: Froyd K. D. , Murphy S. M. , Murphy D. M. , de Gouw J. A. , Eddingsaas N. C. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: November 2010

Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that isoprene oxidation products can partition to atmospheric aerosols by reacting with condensed phase sulfuric acid, forming low-volatility organosulfate compounds. We have identified organosulfate compounds in free tropospheric aerosols by single particle mass spectrometry during several airborne field campaigns. One of these organosulfates is identified as the sulfate ester of IEPOX, a second generation oxidation product of isoprene. The patterns of IEPOX sulfate ester in ambient data generally followed the aerosol acidity and NO
x
dependence established by laboratory studies. Detection of the IEPOX sulfate ester was most sensitive using reduced ionization laser power, when it was observed in up to 80% of particles in the tropical free troposphere. Based on laboratory mass calibrations, IEPOX added > 0.4% to tropospheric aerosol mass in the remote tropics and up to 20% in regions downwind of isoprene sources. In the southeastern United States, when acidic aerosol was exposed to fresh isoprene emissions, accumulation of IEPOX increased aerosol mass by up to 3%. The IEPOX sulfate ester is therefore one of the most abundant single organic compounds measured in atmospheric aerosol. Our data show that acidity-dependent IEPOX uptake is a mechanism by which anthropogenic SO
2
and marine dimethyl sulfide emissions generate secondary biogenic aerosol mass throughout the troposphere.
Anabaenasensory rhodopsin is a light-driven unidirectional rotor
Authors: Strambi Angela , Durbeej Bo , Ferré Nicolas , Olivucci Massimo
Published: November 2010

The implementation of multiconfigurational quantum chemistry methods into a quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics protocol has allowed the construction of a realistic computer model for the sensory rhodopsin of the cyanobacteriumAnabaenaPCC 7120. The model, which reproduces the absorption spectra of both theall-transand 13-cisforms of the protein and their associated K and L intermediates, is employed to investigate the light-driven steps of the photochromic cycle exhibited by the protein. It is found that the photoisomerizations of theall-transand 13-cisretinal chromophores occur through unidirectional, counterclockwise 180° rotations of the ═C14─C15═ moiety with respect to the Lys210-linked end of the chromophore axis. Thus, the sequential interconversions of theall-transand 13-cisforms during a single photochromic cycle yield a complete (360°) unidirectional rotation of the ═C14─C15═ moiety. This finding implies thatAnabaenasensory rhodopsin is a biological realization of a light-driven molecular rotor.
Structure of the 26S proteasome from
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
at subnanometer resolution
Authors: Bohn Stefan , Beck Florian , Sakata Eri , Walzthoeni Thomas , Beck Martin , Aebersold Ruedi , Förster Friedrich , Baumeister Wolfgang , Nickell Stephan
Published: November 2010

The structure of the 26S proteasome from
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
has been determined to a resolution of 9.1 Å by cryoelectron microscopy and single particle analysis. In addition, chemical cross-linking in conjunction with mass spectrometry has been used to identify numerous residue pairs in close proximity to each other, providing an array of spatial restraints. Taken together these data clarify the topology of the AAA-ATPase module in the 19S regulatory particle and its spatial relationship to the α-ring of the 20S core particle. Image classification and variance analysis reveal a belt of high “activity” surrounding the AAA-ATPase module which is tentatively assigned to the reversible association of proteasome interacting proteins and the conformational heterogeneity among the particles. An integrated model is presented which sheds light on the early steps of protein degradation by the 26S complex.
Identifying barriers to Muslim integration in France
Authors: Adida Claire L. , Laitin David D. , Valfort Marie-Anne
Published: November 2010

Is there a Muslim disadvantage in economic integration for second-generation immigrants to Europe? Previous research has failed to isolate the effect that religion may have on an immigrant family's labor market opportunities because other factors, such as country of origin or race, confound the result. This paper uses a correspondence test in the French labor market to identify and measure this religious effect. The results confirm that in the French labor market, anti-Muslim discrimination exists: a Muslim candidate is 2.5 times less likely to receive a job interview callback than is his or her Christian counterpart. A high-n survey reveals, consistent with expectations from the correspondence test, that second-generation Muslim households in France have lower income compared with matched Christian households. The paper thereby contributes to both substantive debates on the Muslim experience in Europe and methodological debates on how to measure discrimination. Following the National Academy of Sciences’ 2001 recommendations on combining a variety of methodologies and applying them to real-world situations, this research identifies, measures, and infers consequences of discrimination based on religious affiliation, controlling for potentially confounding factors, such as race and country of origin.
Free energy profiles from single-molecule pulling experiments
Authors: Hummer Gerhard , Szabo Attila
Published: November 2010

Nonequilibrium pulling experiments provide detailed information about the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of molecules. We show that unperturbed free energy profiles as a function of molecular extension can be obtained rigorously from such experiments without using work-weighted position histograms. An inverse Weierstrass transform is used to relate the system free energy obtained from the Jarzynski equality directly to the underlying molecular free energy surface. An accurate approximation for the free energy surface is obtained by using the method of steepest descent to evaluate the inverse transform. The formalism is applied to simulated data obtained from a kinetic model of RNA folding, in which the dynamics consists of jumping between linker-dominated folded and unfolded free energy surfaces.
Neural sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) ablation attenuates somatic growth and causes obesity
Authors: Schwer Bjoern , Schumacher Bjoern , Lombard David B. , Xiao Cuiying , Kurtev Martin V. , Gao Jun , Schneider Jennifer I. , Chai Hua , Bronson Roderick T. , Tsai Li-Huei , Deng Chu-Xia , Alt Frederick W.
Published: November 2010

In yeast, Sir2 family proteins (sirtuins) regulate gene silencing, recombination, DNA repair, and aging via histone deacetylation. Most of the seven mammalian sirtuins (Sirt1–Sirt7) have been implicated as NAD
+
-dependent protein deacetylases with targets ranging from transcriptional regulators to metabolic enzymes. We report that neural-specific deletion of sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) in mice leads to postnatal growth retardation due to somatotropic attenuation through low growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels. However, unlike Sirt6 null mice, neural Sirt6-deleted mice do not die from hypoglycemia. Instead, over time, neural Sirt6-deleted mice reach normal size and ultimately become obese. Molecularly, Sirt6 deletion results in striking hyperacetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and lysine 56 (H3K56), two chromatin marks implicated in the regulation of gene activity and chromatin structure, in various brain regions including those involved in neuroendocrine regulation. On the basis of these findings, we propose that Sirt6 functions as a central regulator of somatic growth and plays an important role in preventing obesity by modulating neural chromatin structure and gene activity.
Sox10 directs neural stem cells toward the oligodendrocyte lineage by decreasing Suppressor of Fused expression
Authors: Pozniak Christine D. , Langseth Abraham J. , Dijkgraaf Gerrit J. P. , Choe Youngshik , Werb Zena , Pleasure Samuel J.
Published: November 2010

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are lineage-restricted progenitors generally limited in vivo to producing oligodendrocytes. Mechanisms controlling genesis of OPCs are of interest because of their importance in myelin development and their potential for regenerative therapies in multiple sclerosis and dysmyelinating syndromes. We show here that the SoxE transcription factors (comprising Sox8, 9, and 10) induce multipotent neural precursor cells (NPCs) from the early postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) to become OPCs in an autonomous manner. We performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation-based bioinformatic screen and identified Suppressor of Fused (Sufu) as a direct target of repression by Sox10. In vitro, overexpression of Sufu blocked OPC production, whereas RNAi-mediated inhibition augmented OPC production. Furthermore, mice heterozygous for Sufu have increased numbers of OPCs in the telencephalon during development. We conclude that Sox10 acts to restrict the potential of NPCs toward the oligodendrocyte lineage in part by regulating the expression of Sufu.
Traduction biblique et genèse linguistique
Authors: Van Hoof Henri
Published: November 2010

The article describes a number of situations where Bible translation resulted in the birth of new or the expansion of existing languages. Examples of the first category are the Gothic, Armenian and Russian languages, for which even specific alphabets had to be invented. To illustrate the second category reference is made to English and German, which, although they had already emerged as vulgar competitors of Latin as early as the XlVth century, were given a boost by the many Bible translations generated by the Reformation. Both in England and in Germany these translations helped to unify and shape the English and German tongues and to develop their literary qualities.
Some remarks on the criteria of translation
Authors: Fan Zhongying
Published: November 2010

Etant donné que les critères actuels en matière de traduction posent certains problèmes, il s'avère nécessaire d'élaborer un critère idéal et pratique de la traduction.
Le critère de traduction que je propose consiste a juger une traduction en fonction de l'ef-fet qu'elle engendre, ou de l'impression que le message reproduit procure au destinataire. En d'autre termes, si l'impression est plus ou moins semblable ou similaire à l'impression qu'a fait le message original sur son destinataire, la traduction sera bonne ou relativement bonne. Si l'impression s'écarte ou est assez différente de celle qu'a laissée le message original, la traduction est mauvaise ou n'atteint pas le niveau attendu. Pour permettre au destinataire du message reproduit d'avoir plus ou moins la même impression que celle ressentie par le destinataire du message original, il faut accorder de l'importance aux idées de l'original, au mode d'expression, au genre et au style d'écriture, à la fluidité du discours; les idées autant que l'esprit doivent être re-produits. II est souhaitable de disposer à la fois d'un critère optimal et minimal et d'un critère de traduction. Le critère optimal consiste à donner au destinataire une impression quasi pareille a celle du destinataire de l'original (pour cela il faut reproduire les idées, l'esprit, atteindre un état de perfection). Le critère minimal consiste à éviter les sept erreurs qui font qu'une traduction n'atteint pas le niveau exigé normalement.
A "Credit" model assessing interpretation effects
Authors: Hu Gengshen
Published: November 2010

Les principaux facteurs qui exercent une influence sur l'effet d'une interprétation et le déterminent sont la Crédibilité, la Représentativité, l'Elégance, la Diversité, l'Immédiateté et la Technicité (CREDIT en abrégé). Cet article présente un modèle "CREDIT" qui permet d'évaluer l'impression générale que dégage une interprétation. Les éléments du modèle sont définis, quantifiés et justifiés à l'aide d'exemples. L'article présente également sept méthodes qui permettent de rassembler les données nécessaires. Enfin, nous formulons des suggestions concernant l'amélioration ultérieure du modèle. On estime que le modèle "CREDIT" est un instrument utile non seulement pour évaluer les effets d'une interprétation mais également pour améliorer la qualité de l'interprétation à vue.
Konstitutive Aspekte der Ästhetik im Sprachkunstwerk und ihre Behandlung als Übersetzungsproblem
Authors: Heinz Karl Eckhart
Published: November 2010

In translating elements of language the question that is very often raised is how to deal with the aesthetic features, especially if they form part of a work of poetry. Aesthetic theory, since its emancipation from philosophy by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten in the 18th century, has developed our knowledge about the performance of aesthetic features; but in translation practice these aesthetic aspects are for the most part still being neglected. With translations of poetry, for example, the aspects of verse form and verse content of the original work of art are taken into account solely for the purpose of representing them in another language, disregarding the aesthetic values to which, from the time of their invention, their author owed his fame. Even in translations by poets of the work of colleagues, an understanding of the author's special aesthetic inventions is found to be lacking; here the translating — or "re-composing" (Stefan George) — process usually produces the aesthetics due to the interpreter's own composing attitudes. The article gives an introduction to aesthetic theory as a component of communication theory, and offers some examples of aesthetic structures in poetical works and in translations of them, as well as an example of representation of these structures in translated texts.
Shortcomings in the historiography of translation
Authors: Pym Anthony
Published: November 2010

A l'heure où les relations internationales subissent de profonds changements, l'historiographie de la traduction réveille un nouvel intérêt. Or, les méthodes qu'elle utilise sont-elles à la hauteur des circonstances? Nous voudrions, dans cet article, formuler une hypothèse sur l'effet historique des traductions, non pas pour la justifier empiriquement mais afin de voir comment certaines approches contemporaines pourraient la vérifier. Nous constatons que, du point de vue de notre hypothèse, ces approches comportent sept inconvénients méthodologiques: a) l'accu-mulation archéologique de données qui ne répondent à aucune problématique explicite, b) la dépendance générale du matériau anecdotique, c) la périodisation indiscriminée, d) les traductions vues comme expressions plutôt que comme facteurs de changements historiques, e) le privilège axiomatique accordé aux cultures cibles, f) des hypothèses infalsifiables, g) peu d'espace systémique pour l'interculturalité du traducteur.
Frontiers of cohesion
Authors: Waldinger Albert
Published: November 2010

Cet article (Frontières de Cohésion: Shakespeare en Hébreu Moderne") triate de la carrière de Avraham Shlonsky (1900-1973), poète israélien et un des traducteurs les plus illustres et plus expressifs de Shakespeare en hébreu. Il s'agit ici de donner un sens à cette carrière par l'analyse de son temps comme une période de crise et transition et son style comme un "langage de seuil." Il en résulte que son grand apport a été dans l'adaptation de ce style à la nécessité psychologique et sociologique de son peuple israélien-juif, un peuple pénétré par la tradition, et l'auteur s'appuie sur ses efforts de renouvellement linguistique et ses initiatives dans l'introduction de Shakespeare à un peuple prêt a comprendre ses thèmes.
Journey to the Centre of the Text. On translating Verne
Authors: Butcher William
Published: November 2010

Dans Voyage au centre du texte: Comment traduire Verne?, William Butcher souligne la complexité du cas Verne : les effets proprement littéraires du texte, mais également les multiples allusions contemporaines.
Presque toutes les traductions anglaises de Voyage au centre de la Terre sont atroces. Malgré quelques erreurs amusantes, celle de Baldick publiée par Penguin fait honorable amende. Mais la traduction la plus souvent réimprimée, celle de 1872, est un véritable massacre: d'entiers chapitres sont coupés, comme l'est toute référence à l'idée de l'évolution, bien que notre anonyme auteur-par-défaut fait récompense en inventant des chapitres de toutes parts.
Qu'aurait-il fallu faire? D'abord respecter la structure du texte, ses tonalités diverses, ses progressions de rythme, ses voix et ses modes; et surtout comprendre les anagrammes, les ambiguïtés, les inventions, et les jeux de mots, souvent "remétaphorisés" ou même "démétaphori-sés". Surtout, conserver le temps présent du verbe, avant-signe d'une innovation parmi les plus radicales de l'histoire du roman.
Bref, le traducteur vernien doit se faire écrivain. Son travail ardu, à la fois littéraire et technique, mérite une meilleure reconnaissance.
Discourse Awareness in Translation
Authors: Menacere Mohamed
Published: November 2010

Le présent article propose une méthode d'enseignement de la traduction arabe-anglais basée sur l'analyse du discours plutôt que sur la reproduction de chaque terme ou sur le choix d'un équivalent possible proposé par un dictionnaire bilingue, sans tenir compte de l'effet qu'un tel message aura sur le lecteur. Etant donné que ce n'est jamais une langue mais un texte que l'on traduit, il convient d'opter, en matière d'enseignement de la traduction, pour une méthode analytique du discours puisque la traduction est un processus de communication visant à transmettre à un destinataire un message lisible et convaincant. Ce processus implique une médiation, un ajustement à un contexte, une négociation de sens, une interprétation et une analyse du discours.
Outil terminologique et démarche traductionnelle dans le domaine commercial
Authors: Dancette Jeanne Eugenie
Published: November 2010

The first part of this article deals with the difficulties translators encounter when they translate a specialized text and what kind of dictionary they would need to consult.The second part is a presentation of the main features of the (bilingual) Dictionary of Retailing created in response to the perceived needs of translators.
Our dictionary (in progress) aims primarily to organize and define key concepts in the field of retailing and their corresponding terms. It has been observed in this field of specialization that there have been relatively few efforts to standardize the language. Moreover, new terms are appearing all the time and cultural variations make the concepts difficult to describe precisely (i.e. SUPERMARKETS and DRUGSTORES do not denote the same reality in France, Quebec, the United States and Great Britain). It is therefore all the more important to highlight the semantic features that distinguish terms, their conceptual relations and, in so far as possible, to enhance knowledge of the field by means of cross-references and semantic functions, and to indicate hierarchical relations, their boundaries, subdivisions between terms and overlappings with neig-boring fields
The goal of such a dictionary is to provide translators and general revisors with a tool they can use in the documentation part of their work as well as to help them solve terminological problems.
Silence in Arabic-English Translation
Authors: Salih Mahmud Husein , Athamneh Naser Al-Hassan
Published: November 2010

La traduction -le processus de communication qui s'opère entre des langues différentes - doit délivrer un message donné tant du point de vue linguistique que paralinguistique. Le traducteur doit maîtriser le code linguistique mais aussi la signification des moyens paralinguistiques mis en oeuvre, comme le silence, qui, très souvent, accompagne les signes linguistiques. Le silence exprime une série de fonctions dont l'insuffisance des expressions verbales, la politesse, l'hésitation, la réflexion, la triste obligation d'accepter l'autorité, et le refus de coopérer. Le présent article aborde donc la traduction arabe-anglais du silence dans le roman de Salih, Season of Migration to the North. L'auteur y démontre le rendu erroné, par le traducteur, Johnson-Davies, du silence et de tout ce qu'il reflète: l'incapacité à trouver des termes appropriés, la confusion d'esprit, l'amertume et le mystère. De plus, la traduction de Johnson-Davies semble porter atteinte à une fonction rhétorique que de Waard et Nida (1986:83) intitulent la "progression logique". Celle-ci traite de conséquences et de relations, telles que les rapports de cause à effet et de condition à effet. Par conséquent, la traduction sépare plutôt qu'elle ne relie les événements du roman et déforme leur signification. Enfin, l'auteur de l'article présente plusieurs aspects théoriques ayant une incidence sur la science de la traduction; tout traducteur devrait être conscient que l'usage de points de suspension ou que l'absence de mots pour marquer le silence n'impliquent pas nécessairement l'absence de discours ou de pensées. Les significations exprimées par le biais de la paralinguistique ne peuvent donc pas être considérées comme périphériques ni être négligées dans la traduction. D'autre part, en traduction, la maîtrise du système de la langue d'origine ne suffit pas, elle doit être accompagnée d'une connaissance parallèle des fonctions des mécanismes paralinguistiques, comme le silence.
The Effectiveness of Electronic Dictionaries as a Tool for Translators
Authors: Wan Ngan Yuen , Kong Judy Wai Ping
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In view of the growing popularity of electronic dictionaries, the Consumer Council of Hong Kong, a statutory body financed by annual subvention from the Government of Hong Kong to protect and promote the interests of the consumers of goods and services, conducted a survey to evaluate the effectiveness of the various functions of 15 models of electronic dictionaries available in 1994. The authors, who served as consultants in all language-related aspects of this survey, will evaluate the usefulness of these dictionaries to translators on the basis of the survey findings. Their vocabulary database in the realms of difficult, modern, and scientific and technical words as well as phrases will be explored in that lists of words and phrases are meticulously compiled before the words and phrases are checked in the dictionaries. Moreover, as two electronic dictionaries claim that they could translate English sentences into Chinese, different types of sentences are tested to see whether or not they are able to produce satisfactory translations.
Résumé
Au vu de la popularité croissante des dictionnaires électroniques, le Conseil des consommateurs de Hong Kong, une institution officielle bénéficiant d'une subvention annuelle accordée par le gouvernement de Hong Kong pour défendre et promouvoir les intérêts des consommateurs de biens et de services, a organisé un sondage d'opinion en vue d'évaluer l'efficacité des différentes fonctions de 15 modèles de dictionnaires électroniques disponibles en 1994. Sur la base des résultats de l'enquête, les auteurs de l'article, qui ont fait office de conseillers pour les aspects linguistiques de l'enquête, évalueront l'utilité de ces dictionnaires pour les traducteurs. Les bases de données lexicologiques seront étudiées sous l'angle des mots difficiles, modernes, scientifiques et techniques par une compilation méticuleuse de listes de mots et de phrases avant que ces mots et phrases ne soient cherchés dans les dictionnaires. De plus, étant donné que deux dictionnaires électroniques prétendent être capables de traduire des phrases anglaises en chinois, différents types de phrases seront testées en vue de vérifier dans quelle mesure elles débouchent ou non sur des traductions acceptables.
Translating and the Reading Process
Authors: Pajares Eterio , Romero Fernando
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study is twofold: on the one hand, to approach the reading activity as a process of comprehension; and, on the other, to examine the possible links between this process and the activity of the translator. To do this, the essay is based on the premise that in all translating processes, there are two moments: the moment of comprehension and the moment of expression. Given that the second cannot exist without the first, we believe that to dedicate a complete study to this stage which plays a fundamental role in all translating activity is completely justifiable.
To this end, the reading process is examined in the light of different theories, establishing the similarities, as well as the differences, between the reader and the translator. In support of these theoretical premises, different English versions of poem 145 by Sister Juana Inés de la Cruz, also known as A su ret rato, are analysed.
The study finally comes to the conclusion that the translator is in the first instance a reader, but his/her task is somehow different from that of the ordinary reader. The former must try hard in order not to diminish, at least in a conscious way, the interpretative capacity of the latter.
Résumé
Cette étude a un double objectif: d'une part, aborder l'activité lectrice en tant que processus de compréhension, d'autre part, examiner les connexions possibles entre ce processus et l'activité du traducteur. Pour y parvenir on part du postulat suivant: dans tout processus de traduction il existe deux stades: celui de la compréhension et celui de l'expression. Etant donné que le second ne peut exister sans le premier, nous estimons absolument légitime de consacrer toute une étude au premier stade, qui joue un rôle fondamental dans toute activité de traduction.
À cette fin, on examine l'activité lectrice à la lumière de différentes théories et on établit les analogies ainsi que les différences existant entre le lecteur et le traducteur. À l'appui de ces postulats on procède à l'analyse du poème 145 de Soeur Juana Inés de la Cruz, également connu sous le titre À son portrait.
La conclusion de cette étude est que, malgré le fait que le traducteur soit au départ un lecteur, sa mission diffère d'une certaine manière de celle du lecteur ordinaire car il doit s'efforcer de ne pas restreindre, au moins consciemment, la faculté d'interprétation du lecteur.