bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Countercontrol in Hypnotic Control Groups
Authors: Moyer William W.
Published: September 2011

The tendency of unhypnotized subjects to countercontrol or adjust their performance in opposition to the perceived hypothesis of the experimenter was studied in a 2 × 3 factorial design, with susceptibility as the first factor and amnesia, hypermnesia or control suggestions as the second factor. Relearning rates were measured for the 42 unhypnotized college students who served as subjects. Results showed that hypermnesic subjects adjusted their relearning rates in opposition to the suggestion given to them. Implications for the use of hypnotic suggestions with unhypnotized control groups were discussed.
Alternate Forms for Global Self-Concept and an Achievement-Related Subscale Using the Brownfain Self-Rating Inventory
Authors: Hamm Robert J.
Published: September 2011

As repeated measures in self-concept research are subject to factors which may confound data, an alternate form for a self-concept inventory was developed for college students. Correlations between the original and alternate items administered under two conditions were .87 and .88, for the achievement-related subscale r = .85. The findings demonstrate the suitability of the selected items as alternate forms for achievement-related and total self-concept.
Are Psychology Departments Dealing with the Tenuring-in Problem? a Survey of Department Chairpersons
Authors: Perri Michael G. , Zipper Mark M.
Published: September 2011

The issues of steady-state staffing and the regulation of tenured faculty positions represent significant concerns for psychology departments. 171 chairpersons responded to a questionnaire surveying the parameters and possible solutions to the “tenuring-in” problem. The results indicated that two out of every three faculty members in psychology departments hold tenured positions and that the most common step being taken to deal with this situation is to set more stringent criteria for the granting of tenure.
Learning Associations Consistent and Inconsistent with the Representativeness Heuristic
Authors: Diamond Stephen R. , Cafferty Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

24 subjects learned test scores and grade point averages with r = 0, r = .7, and r = 1 in a paired-associates learning paradigm in which they were instructed to observe the relationship between the numbers and to guess those numbers they did not remember on the basis of the relationship. It was hypothesized that intermediate correlations are difficult for subjects to utilize. The r = 1 deck was easier to learn than the other two, and the r = 0 and r = .7 decks did not differ significantly. The position of the deck influenced performance only in the r = .7 deck. In that deck performance was worst when the deck occupied the first position, when the subject was presumably most influenced by the relation-seeking set instructions. The results supported the hypothesis that intermediate correlations present particular difficulties.
Self-Attitudes of the Intellectually and Socially Advantaged Student: Normative Study of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Ketcham Bunty , Snyder Robert T.
Published: September 2011

Research shows a significant relationship between self-concept and academic achievement for the low up through average intellectual levels. There are, however, no like data for students of superior intelligence. The three primary objects of this research were to determine (1) the relationship between high intelligence/socioeconomic level and self-concept; (2) the significance of variance in age, sex, and reading achievement; and, (3) significant within-school variables. 148 economically advantaged elementary children were tested. The mean IQ was 131 ( SD, 12.5) and for this group, 70% had at least one parent who had completed graduate school. Subjects differed significantly from the normative group of the Piers-Harris; 83% exceeded their mean. Correlations between the self-concept scale and age, sex, IQ, and academic achievement were all nonsignificant. Students rated by their teachers as doing poorly academically did not score significantly differently from those rated satisfactory (less than 1 raw score point difference), and a study of specific items reflective of qualities of the school environment felt by Erickson to be vital showed that these children saw their teachers as fostering autonomy, initiative, and trust.
Post-Feedback and Response Latencies in Concept Identification as a Function of Type of Concept and Number of Irrelevant Dimensions
Authors: Matthews Leroy J.
Published: September 2011

72 subjects were required to learn either an affirmation or a conjunction concept in which there were either three or four stimulus dimensions in the stimulus array. Post-feedback latencies were longer in the conjunction-concept groups but did not vary with number of dimensions. Response latencies were longer with more dimensions but did not vary between concepts. More trials were required to reach criterion in the conjunction-concept and four-dimension groups. These results suggest that problem difficulty does not uniquely affect post-feedback latencies and that each interval is used by the subject for different problem-solving operations.
Expression of Patients' Requests in the Initial Interview
Authors: Eisenthal Sherman , Lazare Aaron
Published: September 2011

The expressions of requests of 120 patients who came to the Walk-In Psychiatric Clinic of a general hospital were examined to determine whether patients verbalized specific requests during the intake interview. As 63% of the patients verbalized a specific request, 37% emitted and 27% elicited ones, we concluded that many patients could have been more specific but felt restrained by their role. To evaluate the effect of the patients' attitudes and interviewers' behavior on the expression of requests, in a two-by-two factorial design, we varied the number of patients taking the Patient Request Form and/or being probed for a request during a standardized pre-intake interview. These two procedures did not affect significantly the number expressing requests: experimental groups 73% versus control group 63%. Completing the form elicited more requests. The interviewer variables of number and wording of probes for requests significantly facilitated expression of requests. In the discussion we attempted to evaluate factors influencing patient's resistance to the expression of requests and to place the meaning of requests in the context of more effective clinical functioning, particularly a negotiated approach to the treatment of patients.
Adequacy of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Distinguishing Lesser Forms of Psychopathology
Authors: Pull Charles B. , Overall John E.
Published: September 2011

The adequacy of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for distinguishing among lesser forms of psychopathology, as well as among the more serious forms, was investigated. 31 psychiatrists provided symptom descriptions for 13 clinical syndromes which were selected to span the full range of inpatient and outpatient psychopathology. The symptom descriptions included, in addition to the standard 18 scales of the rating scale, 24 additional symptom- and behavior-rating constructs. It was found that the syndrome patterns could be distinguished with high accuracy in terms of the 18 variables of the rating scale alone. The only distinction that was enhanced by consideration of additional scales was the obsessive-compulsive versus phobic syndrome distinction. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale should be considered useful for description of psychopathology in outpatient settings even though most of the developmental work on the instrument was done in inpatient research.
Frequency Judgments of Nonretarded and Retarded Individuals
Authors: Libkuman Terry M. , Friedrich Douglas D. , Holland Michael K. , Beno Fred P.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis derived from an extended version of frequency theory that: retarded individuals relative to MA-matched normals are not as accurate in their ability to detect differences in frequency. The method of constant stimuli was used to obtain an estimate of the difference thresholds based on normative word frequency in Exp. 1 and experimentally manipulated trigram frequency in Exp. 2. The results from Exp. 1 supported the notion that retarded individuals are not as sensitive to differences in frequency as MA-matched normals. However, in Exp. 2 the differences in performance between the two MA-matched groups disappeared. The results were interpreted as indicating that the retarded individual can use the frequency cue as effectively as the normal individual and that the differences reported in Exp. 1 simply reflected the inadequacy of the Thorndike and Lorge (1944) word frequency norms for normal and retarded children. The results were also discussed within the context of a frequency theory analysis of discrimination learning by the retarded.
Personality Differences in Inclusive Behavior
Authors: Foster Leila M.
Published: September 2011

Inclusive behavior on a word-inclusion test differed significantly in psychiatric clinic outpatients between 17 males with passive personality profiles and 19 males with active personality profiles as gauged by the Millon-Illinois Self-report Inventory. When asked to select only those words absolutely necessary to a key word, actives chose significantly fewer words than passives.
Relationship between Opinions about Mental Illness and Mental Health Knowledge among Psychiatric Aides
Authors: Pryer Margaret W. , Distefano M. K.
Published: September 2011

The Opinions About Mental Illness Scale and a job-related mental health knowledge test were administered to 61 psychiatric aides in a mental hospital. Scores on the knowledge test were significantly correlated with four favorable attitudes. Correlations between subtest scores on the knowledge test and various attitude factors suggested possible differential relationships between certain types of mental health knowledge and specific attitudes.
New Social Distance Data of English-Speaking South Africans
Authors: Heaven Patrick C. L. , Groenewald Hennie J.
Published: September 2011

Bogardus' social distance scale measuring attitudes toward Blacks, Coloreds, Asians, and whites was administered to 55 white English-speaking South African students. Compared to previous studies, results indicate a marked shift toward closer social contact on the part of the respondents.
Effects of Experience in the Test Environment on Scopolamine-Induced Changes in Activity in an Exploration Box
Authors: Stewart W. J.
Published: September 2011

Saline and 0.25-mg/kg scopolamine-treated rats (6 groups of 8) were tested under three conditions of experience in an exploration box. Prior exposure affected scopolamine-induced changes in ambulation, rearing and grooming.
Litter Size: A Latent Social Behavior Effect Exhibited by Charles River Rats
Authors: Deitchman Robert , Lavine Alan
Published: September 2011

Measures of open-field social behavior were devised and the results assessed as a function of pre-weaning rearing practices. Rat pups were raised in large (12 pups per mother) and small litters (6 pups per mother). An analysis of variance indicated sex effects during social interaction at 21 days of age. The female vs female pairs and the male vs female pairs, each exhibited a significantly greater social interaction score than the male vs male pairs although there were no significant differences between the female and mixed-pair groups. However, a latent litter effect was observed when the subjects were tested at sexual maturity, 64 days of age. The results indicated that subjects raised in larger litters exhibited a longer duration of body contact and a significantly higher social interaction score than those subjects reared in small litters. The investigators discuss the point that social behavior is of the utmost importance to sexually mature animals. Thus, the effects of previous rearing conditions may have been delayed until social behavior becomes a mechanism for enhancing the reproductive behavior of that species.
Fear of Death in Military Officers and Their Wives
Authors: Koob Pam B. , Davis Stephen F.
Published: September 2011

Templer's Death Anxiety Scale was administered to 72 military officers and their wives. Comparison of mean scores indicated that death anxiety was significantly higher for the wives. However, comparison with previously published data indicated that both officers and wives had lower fear of death than a number of other groups studied.
The Self-Sentiment: Comment on Internal Consistency of Cattell's Theory
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: September 2011

The self-sentiment as factorially defined by Cattell was examined with particular emphasis on its relationship to other integrative factors defined by Cattell. Literature is reviewed and data from 98 adults presented. The self-sentiment trait of the 16 PF only correlates .28 with the dynamic self-sentiment trait of the Motivation Analysis Test. The dynamic superego factor of the latter test correlated only .36 with the factor of superego strength on the 16 PF.
Characteristics of High Lie Scorers
Authors: Kirton Michael
Published: September 2011

Evidence accumulates that high Lie scorers include both those who could be described as knowing dissemblers and those who are naive but honest. Further evidence for the existence of the latter group is here presented.
Covert Reinforcement: Two Studies and a Comment
Authors: Steffen John J.
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported: the first extends the generality of covert reinforcement; the second poses a question about the processes that underlie behavior change with this procedure. Exp. 1, conducted with 50 male hospitalized psychiatric patients, indicated that covert reinforcement produced a significant change in plural-noun responding on a word naming task. Exp. 2, using the same experimental design, with 25 male and 25 female college students, showed significant change only for male subjects. While some support has been produced for the efficacy of covert reinforcement, a question is raised concerning the value of an operant model for explaining behavioral change via covert reinforcement.
Analyses for Dependency for Learning and Recall in Retroaction Paradigms
Authors: Sowder Calvin
Published: September 2011

Dependency in recall was examined in an experiment involving 48 subjects and the AB, CD and AB, AC retroaction paradigms. A nonsignificant correlation of .05 and independent retrieval was observed for the AB, AC condition and a small positive correlation of .20 and retrieval dependency was observed for the AB, CD condition. A positive correlation was also observed for List-2 response strength and List-1 recall in the AB, AC condition. The findings were discussed in relation to an assumption involving random sampling of stimulus features from stimulus-encoding theory and the elicitation hypothesis from interference theory.
Effects of a Modified DRL Schedule with Special Education Students
Authors: Hobbs Tom R. , Holt Michael M. , Richardson Ruby
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to document the effects of a modified DRL (differential reinforcement of low response rates) schedule of reinforcement with a class of 17 elementary students in special education. The procedure permitted students access to reinforcers if they exhibited 5 or fewer rule violations in a 90-min. period. Monitored target responses were out-of-seat and talking-out behaviors. The results indicated a low mean number of responses per student when the experimental program was in operation and a substantial increase in mean number of responses per student when the experimental program was withdrawn.
Physical Attractiveness and Severity of Sentencing
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Krate Ronald
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between the defendants' physical attractiveness and assigned length of sentencing. Two independent samples of 96 subjects each (24 white males, 24 white females, 24 black males, and 24 black females) were used, one for assigning sentences (in years and months) and one for rating physical attractiveness (on a 1—7 scale). The defendants were 6 white males, 6 white females, 6 black males, and 6 black females. An over-all significant negative correlation of —.42 ( df — 22, p < .05) was found.
Correlational Study of Death Anxiety, General Anxiety and Locus of Control
Authors: Patton John F. , Freitag Carl B.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that an external locus of control would be correlated with both death anxiety and general anxiety and that the latter two variables would intercorrelate. A separate scale using a Likert-scale format and consisting of the Pt scale of the MMPI and items from a death attitude scale assessed general anxiety and death concern. Significant but small correlations obtained for each major hypothesis and sex and depressive-fear, age and locus of control, age and depressive-fear, birth rank and depressive-fear, and recency of contact with death and depressive-fear.
Influence of Problem Composition, Positional Cues, and past Instances on Conceptual Learning
Authors: Ciborowski Tom
Published: September 2011

All subjects received a group of problems (traditional) which could be solved using a reference rule of conjunction or disjunction, and another group of problems (intradimensional) which could be solved either by one of the reference rules or by a structurally simpler rule. Analysis confirmed that adults were not only adept at solving on the basis of the simpler rule but that, when they did so, it led to no differences in performance between conjunction and disjunction. The usual finding of conjunction being easier than disjunction was obtained only for the traditional problems. These results replicated the findings of Ciborowski and Cole (1973). In the present experiment however, the basic experimental procedure explored the influence of positional cues and past instances of the concept to be learned. These two variables were not investigated by Ciborowski and Cole and they represented a possible confounding influence. Analysis of subjects' performance using the modified procedures supported the earlier findings.
The Motorcycle as a Psychological Tool
Authors: Vogt A. T.
Published: September 2011

The potential value of a motorcycle for psychological assessment and intervention with youth is described. The speculations were based primarily on observational data obtained from a 2-yr. period as a staff member in a minibike program.
Effect of Time-Specific Sets and Patients' Personality Style on State and Trait Anxiety
Authors: Beutler Larry E. , Johnson Dale T. , Morris Kathryn , Neville Charles W.
Published: September 2011

60 subjects representing equal numbers of repressors arid sensitizers were matched for age and sex and evaluated on three measures of anxiety which differed in time span in which anxiety was estimated. As expected, sensitizers reported significantly greater anxiety than repressors regardless of the proximity of the time on which they based their estimates. A significant interaction between reports of anxiety and repression-sensitization demonstrated that sensitizers report less anxiety when recording their current condition than remote remembrances, whereas repressors tend to report essentially the same level of anxiety regardless of whether they are estimating their anxiety over “a year or two,” “a month or two,” or “now.”
Learners' Characteristics and Performance Effects in Self-Paced Instruction
Authors: Hohn Robert L. , Lauriers Marc Des , Deaton William
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 18 college students were given self-paced or traditional instruction toward the same objectives. Data showed low external locus of control, low endurance and high autonomy (Personality Research Form) predicted comprehension of self-paced students. Ratings of teachers by self-paced students were more positive.
Reinforcement and Punishment of Behavior by the Same Consequent Event
Authors: Barrett James E. , Glowa John R.
Published: September 2011

In daily sessions, lever-pressing by each of two squirrel monkeys was maintained under two different conditions. During one condition responding that had been maintained initially under a 5-min. fixed-interval schedule of food presentation was suppressed when every 30th response produced an electric shock. In the presence of a different discriminative stimulus responding that initially postponed electric shock (avoidance) was ultimately maintained when responding instead produced shock under a 5-min. fixed-interval schedule. Thus responding was suppressed by shock presentation during one condition (punishment) and was maintained by the presentation of an identical shock during a second condition (reinforcement). Whether an environmental stimulus exerts reinforcing or punishing effects on behavior can depend on characteristics other than the nature of the event.
Toward a Psychology of Charisma: III. Intuitional Empathy, Vorbilder, Fuehrers, Transcendence-Striving, and Inner Creation
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper relates the concept of charisma to (1) the psychology of empathy, (2) the psychology of leadership, and (3) Rorschachian personology. Specifically, it relates charisma to (1) the intuitional (in contrast to inferential) kind of empathy or understanding ( Einfuehlung-Verstehen in contrast to Erklaeren-Begreifen); (2) leadership psychodynamics as involved in Scheler's “Vorbilder,” Knickerbocker's “Leader” and Marcus' “transcendencestriving;” and (3) the inner-creation side of the Rorschach framework (in contrast to disciplined thinking).
Texts in Abnormal Psychology: An Update
Authors: Le Unes Arnold , Herron Patricia , Schlichting Deborah
Published: September 2011

14 recent textbooks in abnormal psychology were reviewed, and an update on an earlier report was made. The earlier work dealt with “classics” in abnormal psychology, those articles written prior to 1950 which are frequently cited by textbook authors. This update dealt with popular articles from 1950 through 1970, and 26 articles cited by at least 6 of the 14 authors were designated “modern classics.” A review of selected aspects of these 26 articles was carried out and comparisons with the previous work were made.
Administration of a Dialectical Spanish Version and Standard English Version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Authors: Thomas Paulette J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated whether significant differences existed in the scores obtained by a sample of children of Mexican descent when administered a Spanish version and the standard English version of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Subjects were 78 Spanish-surnamed children from three small, rural school districts in south central Texas. They were divided into two groups one of which received Form A Spanish version followed by Form B standard English version and the other, Form A standard English version followed by Form B Spanish version. A groups-by-trials analysis of variance showed that subjects scored significantly higher on the standard English version of the Peabody. In light of these results it was suggested that it is not necessary to test a child in the Spanish language unless it has first been determined that his only language is Spanish.
On the Relationship between Structure of Residence and Formation of Friendships
Authors: Yinon Yoel , Goldenberg Judy , Neeman Rachel
Published: September 2011

To determine which of 4 types of living quarters best facilitates formation of friendships, questionnaires asking for lists of friends and ratings of these on an intimacy scale were given to 211 subjects from 4 types of dormitories which differed in potential for interaction. The more interaction encouraged by the dormitory structure, the greater the number of codormers recorded on a list of friends. The level of intimacy of these friends was not related to interaction.
Eliminating Object-Transferring by a Profoundly Retarded Female by Overcorrection
Authors: Martin James , Weller Sue , Matson Johnny
Published: September 2011

The self-stimulating object-transferring of a profoundly retarded 27-yr.-old female was treated with overcorrection in an institutional setting. Treatment required the patient to hold her arms in one of three positions: hands above head, hands outstretched from the sides, and hands held to sides. An ABABA design was used and lower rates of self-stimulation were reported for overcorrection than baseline conditions.
Seasonal Suicide Attempts and Forms of Loneliness
Authors: Wenz Friedrich V.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess the relation of two components of loneliness, present and future loneliness, to seasonality of suicide attempts. The 110 subjects were persons who attempted suicide during 1 mo. of a 12-mo. period. Seasonally the maximum frequencies of occurrence were in spring and winter. The mean scale scores for present and future loneliness were greatest for spring and winter, the peak seasons for the timing of suicide attempts. It was speculated that persons may actually postpone acts of attempted suicide in order to participate and become emotionally involved in important annual ceremonies. This would account for the seasonal pattern in attempted suicide and in specific forms of loneliness.
Evaluation of Psychotherapy: Subjective Viewpoints of Outcome
Authors: Schneller Donald P. , Schneller Lourdes M. , Saccuzzo Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

Factors involved in the outcome of psychotherapy were studied by asking 5 individual therapists to judge their own effectiveness under various therapeutic conditions. Of 9 variables, only 2 were statistically related to positive outcome based on therapists' subjective opinion: the number of interviews, and approaches in which individual psychotherapy was combined with other approaches such as chemotherapy and family therapy. Although subjective, the data suggest that therapists see more improvement in clients seen in six or more interviews than those seen in five or less.
A Semantic Space Model of Word Association
Authors: Preece P. F. W.
Published: September 2011

A semantic space model of word association is described and it is shown to be able to generate associative hierarchies with similar statistical properties to empirical data and to be able to account for Marbe's Law.
Identification of, and Correction for, Effects of Racial Bias and Job Tenure on Supervisory Ratings of Bus Operator Performance
Authors: Saunders David R. , Baehr Melany E. , Froemel Ernest C.
Published: September 2011

The use of supervisory assessments of performance during the course of a test validation study raised statistical problems in the handling of variable degrees of racial bias on the part of the raters and differing lengths of job tenure on the part of the employees. This paper describes a method of solving these problems which permitted use of 100% of the available supervisory ratings.
Consumers' Beliefs, Demographics, and Development of Market Segmentation Strategy
Authors: Bearden William O. , Durand Richard M.
Published: September 2011

Evaluative beliefs underlying attitudes toward brands and demographic measures for a panel of 172 respondents were included as sets of variables in four canonical analyses, two brands in each of two product categories. The resulting canonical functions tentatively support the combination of consumers' beliefs about product attributes and the demographic characteristics of those consumers as a means of suggesting both specific segments of consumers and the nature of the belief structure within those segments. Given this type of information, the marketing manager can more effectively formulate specific aspects of marketing strategies for each relevant segment.
Effects of Team Play on Racial Prejudice
Authors: Edinger Jack D. , Bailey Kent G. , Lira Frank T.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has suggested that intrateam cooperation and interteam competition serve to increase attraction among teammates. This study employed a card-game paradigm in an attempt to investigate the efficacy of these factors in enhancing interracial acceptance. 64 volunteer subjects in a drug abuse program were randomized in a 3 (type of game) × 2 (level of competition) × 2 (race) design. Results suggested the importance of both cooperation and competition in increasing interracial acceptance. Anticipation of a highly competitive situation proved to be more important than the actual team-interaction process. Results suggested that the generalizability of the treatment effects may vary across the races as a function of the racial balance in the daily social milieu. Further research must assess the reliability and significance of this generalization.
Stability and Sex Differences on the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory for Students in Grades Two to Twelve
Authors: Drummond Robert J. , McIntire Walter G. , Ryan Charles W.
Published: September 2011

This study reassessed the presence or absence of sex differences and investigated the stability of self-esteem as measured by Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory over 6 mo. for Grades 2 to 12. The subjects were 591 students, 296 male and 295 female, enrolled in an urban central Maine school district. No sex differences were found on any of the subscales or total scale score on either the pretest or posttests by grade. Significant correlations, small to moderate in size, were found for all grades on two scales, general self and total self. The results and implications are discussed.
An Attempt to Assess Effects of Implementing A. P. A. Ethical Guidelines on Data Collected in a Classroom Setting
Authors: Dolly John P. , Meredith Vana H. , Scott Corinne C.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine what effect implementation of the APA Ethical Principles would have on cognitive and affective data collected in a classroom setting. A total of 126 graduate and 90 undergraduate male and female subjects were assigned randomly to six treatment groups. The groups were provided different levels of information on a continuum ranging from no disclosure to full disclosure on the purpose and expectations of the research. A logical task and Scott's Academic Self-concept Scale were given. The data among all treatment groups yielded nonsignificant differences, which is inconsistent with published literature on artifacts in research. The results indicated that implementation of ethical principles in one classroom setting may not affect the internal validity of research with similar paper-and-pencil tasks.
Intelligence and Social Background as Related to Psychological Cost-Benefit in Career Choice
Authors: Ekehammar Bo
Published: September 2011

The relationships between a set of proposed constructs, psychological cost-benefit-profit with regard to continued education, and the traditional background factors, intelligence, social background, in career choice models were tested on the post-high school choice using data from 173 students. The results showed that social background but not intelligence had significant correlations with the proposed constructs, especially for girls. The mother's education, rather than the father's, was the most important social background factor. Certain sex differences and interaction effects were indicated.
Equivalence of Two Inventories for Assessing Attitudes toward Physical Activity
Authors: Schutz Robert W. , Smoll Frank L.
Published: September 2011

Two forms of an inventory for assessing attitudes toward physical activity were administered to 220 undergraduate students. Kenyon's inventory was developed for use with adults and high school students, while the Simon and Smoll adaptation of this inventory was designed for elementary school children. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded nonsignificant differences on four of the six attitude dimensions of the multidimensional model for physical activity. Further analyses indicated that the two inventories are essentially equivalent, but with some caution being required in the interpretation of any differences between inventories with respect to attitude as an ascetic experience.
Interaction of Locus of Control, Skill vs Chance Instructions, and Task Difficulty
Authors: Hart Jerry L. , Libb J. Wesley
Published: September 2011

Previous studies on locus of control and instructions have been interpreted to support the position of either a social learning theory or an anxiety. 144 college students were separated into locus of control categories based on scores on Rotter's I-E Scale and randomly assigned to receive skill or chance instructions and one of three anagram tasks of varying levels of difficulty. Primary dependent variables were number of correct anagrams and latency to the first response. The ratio of typical shifts to the total number of shifts in expectancy of success served as a third dependent variable. A check on the credibility of the instructions was also performed. The results of the moderate task showed that internals given chance instructions responded faster and solved more anagrams correctly than when given skill instructions. When the credibility of instructions was taken into account, significant differences between the groups were found for only those who did not believe the instructions. Assessment of credibility of instructions provided valuable clarification since disbelief of instructions may account for the results found in earlier research as well.
A Y-Maze for Cats
Authors: Toga Arthur W. , Layton Barry S. , Davenport D. G. , Horenstein Simon
Published: September 2011

A “Y” maze was adapted for conditioning studies in cats. The apparatus can deliver aversive and appetitive reinforcement and a variety of stimulus events. This device appears sensitive enough to detect perceptual, postural, and motor deficits induced by small brain lesions.
Ordinal Position, Family Size, and Assertiveness
Authors: Hall James R. , Beil-Warner Diana
Published: September 2011

The relationship between birth order, family size, and assertiveness was investigated for 140 college students. No significant differences on assertiveness among the males categorized for birth order and family size were found. Female firstborns and females from families with 3 or fewer siblings were significantly higher in assertiveness scores than laterborn females and females from larger families. Sex-role identification stressing assertiveness was used to explain lack of differences among males. The newer emphasis on sex roles stressing achievement and assertive behavior was a possible explanation for differences among females related to ordinal position and family size.
Maternal Employment as a Determinant of Fear of Success in Females
Authors: Gibbons Patricia A. , Kopelman Richard E.
Published: September 2011

Fear of success was measured for 83 female high school seniors. It was hypothesized that daughters of working mothers would exhibit lower fear of success than daughters of non-working mothers, and such fear would be affected by three aspects of maternal employment, level, duration, and volitionality. Also, it was hypothesized that fear of success would be greater among parochial than among public school females. Results were somewhat supportive.
Effect of Response Prevention on Active and Passive Components of Avoidance Behavior
Authors: Dickson Andrew L. , Sisemore David A. , Andert Jeffrey N. , Hustak Thomas L. , Quillin James W.
Published: September 2011

A response prevention procedure with 30 rats eliminated oneway active avoidance. However, residual fear, as indexed by passive avoidance, was maintained following response prevention.
Marriage-Role Attitudes among Japanese-American and Caucasian-American College Students
Authors: Meredith Gerald M. , Ching Donna R.
Published: September 2011

The study replicated an earlier study of marriage-role attitudes among Japanese-American and Caucasian-American college students in Hawaii for 41 third-generation ( Sansei) Japanese Americans and 31 Caucasian Americans enrolled in human development courses. Attitudes toward marriage roles on the 28-item Jacobson scale indicated sex differences but non-significant ethnic effects and no interaction.
Some Personality Correlates of Contemplated Suicide
Authors: Mehryar A. H. , Hekmat H. , Khajavi F.
Published: September 2011

Using subjects' own reports of serious suicidal thought, a group of American university students were divided into two groups in terms of contemplated suicide. The group admitting serious suicidal thoughts ( N = 111) differed significantly from the nonsuicidal group ( N = 356) on 7 of the 9 personality dimensions covered by Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory and Eysenck's PEN Questionnaire. The suicidal group on the whole presents a much more disturbed and pathological profile than the nonsuicidal group.
Attitudes toward the Elderly and toward the Mentally Ill
Authors: Drevenstedt Jean , Banziger George
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to explore similar underlying components of attitude toward the elderly and the mentally ill, college undergraduates (183 males, 146 females) were administered Kogan's Attitudes toward Old People Scale, Cohen and Struening's Opinions about Mental Illness Scale, and an experimental scale measuring endorsement of deteriorative aspects of mental illness. A stepwise multiple-regression analysis indicated that the Authoritarianism factor, relative to the other factors and the deterioration scale, accounted for the overwhelmingly greater proportion of variance in Old People scores. Analyses of covariance showed that females scored higher on the Old People Scale and Mental Hygiene Ideology factor and lower on Authoritarianism.
Psychological Anomie and Religious Identity in Two Adolescent Populations
Authors: Gladding Samuel T.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the differences, as measured by the Elmore Scale of Anomie and forced-choice questions on religious belief and school, between two groups of adolescents. Group 1 ( N = 112), a representative high school sample in a rural North Carolina community, had significantly lower alienation scores on anomie than Group 2 ( N = 50), adolescents referred to the community mental health center. Adolescents in the representative high school group who reported positive feelings about school and/or religious belief had significantly lower anomie than adolescents who reported negative feelings about these factors. Findings are discussed in terms of the meaningful identification a person may derive from having a connection with both an established system and a system of beliefs which are reinforced by the community.
Antisocial Behavior and Psychoticism in Adolescent Schoolboys
Authors: Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 20 adolescent boys were formed on the basis of self-report ratings of antisocial behavior and teachers' ratings of classroom misbehavior. Significant differences on Eysenck's psychoticism scale were obtained between both high vs low antisocial behavior groups and well behaved vs badly behaved teacher-rated groups. The interaction was not significant.
Cooperation in Children: Social and Material Rewards
Authors: Biron Annette , Ramos Franklin , Higa William R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of reward on cooperation in preschool children. Pairs of children were asked to move a stylus laterally in either direction into a circle by manipulating attached strings. In Exp. 1 ( n = 32) successful entry into a circle was followed by a complex reward for one group. This rewarded group was told “Good” (social reward), given little foil stars (material reward), and an explanation for receiving the rewards. Compared with children who received no rewards, the rewarded group displayed higher scores in cooperation. In Exp. 2 ( n = 30) three additional groups were given the same task and received one of the following conditions: social reward with explanation, material reward alone, or social reward alone. No significant difference in cooperation was found among these groups.
Personality and Behavior Problems of Schoolboys
Authors: Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship of Eysenck's personality dimensions to two specific factors of school misbehavior. Subjects were grouped according to high or average scores obtained on the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scales of disrespect-defiance and classroom disturbance. 37 high scorers on the Devereux scales also scored significantly higher on the psychoticism scale and significantly lower on the extraversion and lie scales than 37 well behaved boys. The two groups did not differ in neuroticism scores.
Postsession Discussion in Induced Anxiety Therapy and Reduction of Test Anxiety
Authors: Means Carolyn E. , Moore Charles H. , Means Larry W.
Published: September 2011

To evaluate the therapeutic importance of the discussion component of the induced-anxiety technique, 32 college coeds scoting ≥ 15 on the test anxiety subtest of the Sarason Autobiographical Survey were given one of four treatments. Eight subjects were given 8 weekly traditional induced-anxiety sessions, 8 were given 8 induced-anxiety sessions without the discussion component, 8 were given 8 treatments including only the discussion component, and 8 served as nontreated controls. Subjects receiving the induced-anxiety treatments, either with or without the discussion, showed significant decreases in test anxiety.
Psychological Needs and Moral Judgment
Authors: Wilson John P. , Wilson Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between motivational orientation, as characterized by Maslow (1970), and moral judgment, as conceptualized by Kohlberg (1973). The results indicated, as predicted, that esteem-oriented persons had significantly higher moral maturity scores than did safety-oriented individuals of a group of 110 male undergraduates, aged 18 to 25 yr.
Teachers View People: Sex-Role Stereotyping
Authors: Zimet Sara G. , Zimet Carl N.
Published: September 2011

175 women and 80 men educators completed the Gough Adjective Check List identifying each word as being stereotypically associated with males, with females, or with both. Only those adjectives on which at least 70% of all educators agreed were assigned by society either to males ( N = 74) or to females ( N = 67) were used in eight of the check list scales. Men and women educators saw males as being perceived as significantly more achievement oriented, autonomous, and aggressive and females as being seen as significantly more deferent. No significant differences in educators' views of society's perception of males and females were found regarding personal adjustment, intraception, and favorable and unfavorable characteristics. The relationship between culturally stereotyped characteristics identified by educators as being assigned to males and females and the characteristics associated with performance in school are discussed.
Differential Outcomes for Seminar and Laboratory Formats in Higher Education
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Perceived educational outcomes of 1490 college students enrolled in seminar/discussion and laboratory courses were measured on 16 items. Initially, three oblique factors were identified: Personal/Interpersonal Development, Cultural Humanism, and Cognitive Outcomes. A 2-factor solution was identified as Affective and Cognitive Outcomes. Seminar/discussion students rated affective outcomes higher than laboratory students; laboratory students rated cognitive outcomes higher than seminar/discussion. Implications for planning and accountability in higher education were discussed.
A Modified Split-Half Approach to Internal Consistency Estimates for the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Schafer William D. , Jones James R.
Published: September 2011

Reliabilities of the Personal Orientation Inventory scales were developed using a modified split-half method and the coefficients compared with earlier estimates of internal consistency ( n = 239 females). The modified split-half method yielded reliability estimates higher than previous alpha coefficients across all scales and higher than previous split-half coefficients for 10 of the 12 scales. The modified split-half approach was judged useful for heterogeneous scales such as these.
Factor Analysis of Students' Attitudes toward Working Mothers
Authors: Walker Lilly Schubert , Walker James L.
Published: September 2011

240 university students rated the concept working mothers with pre-school children on a series of 42 bipolar adjectives. Factor analysis of the ratings suggested that the concept was judged along three orthogonal dimensions, social acceptability, liberated-assertive and tense-ambitious. The first factor may reflect attitudes relating to effects on children while the last two factors appear to reflect beliefs about personality and emotional traits associated with working mothers. Polarity analysis indicated that the concept was seen as socially acceptable, liberated, and tense. No significant differences were observed between males' and females' evaluations.
Medical Students' Religious Affiliation as Related to Values and Attitudes toward Patient Care
Authors: Paiva Rosalia E. Amitrano , Huynh Huynh , Juan Isabel R. , Haley Harold B.
Published: September 2011

Medical students grouped on the basis of their religious affiliation are compared in terms of values, personality, and attitudes measured upon entering and graduating from medical school. Instruments used were the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values, the Survey of Interpersonal Values, Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, and the Cancer Attitude Survey. Several fundamental dissimilarities among the groups are accounted for by three discriminant factors. A basic difference is reflected in subjects' religious values and their attitudes pertaining to immortality and death. Latter Day Saints, Catholics, and Protestants attach more importance to religion than Jewish and non-affiliated students, have higher religious values, and express stronger belief in personal immortality and preparation for death. During medical school training, differential changes occur. Protestants and Catholics change the most. At graduation significant variations are noted with respect to career and specialty choices and preferences for location of future practice. The findings are discussed in the context of the potential effect of the groups' differential characteristics upon the care they will give to their patients.
The Quick Test as a Predictive Instrument for College Success
Authors: Pentecoste Joseph C. , Lowe William F.
Published: September 2011

Three forms of the QT (1, 2, and 3) were administered to a randomly selected sample of 42 black entering freshmen at a Midwestern university. Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and high school rank were also used as predictor variables for grade point average. The results indicated that the Quick Test provides a better prediction of first semester college grades than either high school rank or the aptitude test scores.
Evidence of Two Kinds of Fear Aroused by Threat Appeals
Authors: Hodgson Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

Higbee (1969, 1974) suggested the conflicting findings on the relative effectiveness of strong vs mild threat may result from arousal of two different kinds of fear by the messages used in research on threat appeal. One type of fear (nausea-type) is aroused by gruesome, vivid descriptions; the other fear (concern-type) is more related to the likelihood that the subject will experience the threat. In research reported here, subjects exposed to nausea-type threat expressed more aggression than subjects exposed to concern-type threat. These results support Higbee's suggestion that nausea-type threat and concern-type threat are different. Indirectly, they support the hypothesis that the conflicting findings are, in part, the result of unequivalent operations for the concept “threat” by different investigators.