bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Negro’s Complaint
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

Stewart’s abolitionist poem outlines a history of slavery that includes African capture, the Middle Passage, slave trading, and brutalities enslaved persons endured. Thematically and in its diction, it is reminiscent of Phyllis Wheatley’s famous poem “On Being Brought from Africa to America.”
The First Stage of Life
Authors: Jones Douglas A.
Published: March 2024

In this is short story about an orphaned black girl, Maria Stewart explores the harrowing circumstances of black children who are left without loving parental care. It is a coming-of-age tale that demonstrates how slavery and American racism impaired African American families and black girlhood.
Color-Conscious Identity
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

Part II interprets “mixed race” as American caste, a black-white bipolar hierarchy that predates modern racial thinking. Default recognition of single-continent, or “monoracial,” identity encounters growing complaint in the United States—often by appeal to the domestic browning thesis and Latin America’s more fluid “multiracial” scheme. This part argues that fractional Africa-identified identity in the New World has been about legal and social distance from transatlantic slavery descent, not somehow proper racial assignment. The American Founders endowed the “Free White” group with absolute and malevolent power over the “Slaves” group, relabeled by census “color” after abolition as “black.” Part II shows that the US government was never trying to track a distinctive racial factor nor self-declared racial being. Today’s Afro-Anglo multiracialism updates a long ambition to gain separate “mulatto” recognition and acceptance.
The Browning Thesis
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

The browning thesis holds that the United States will become a “majority-minority” country largely due to Hispanic and Asian immigration, shifting public focus away from the traditional black-white divide. This section expresses skepticism about that projection. Future racial demographics will not match how some immigrant origin groups are currently seen. For example, most persons of New World Spanish descent identify as “white” on the census, despite the “brown” label that is in popular use. No Europe-identified people formerly viewed as less than equally white (e.g., Irish, Italians, Jews) have failed to secure status as equally white citizens. By the analysis in the section, upward mobility for nonblack “minorities” has been judged against the bottom caste status of Black Americans—deeply calling into question umbrella “people of color” solidarity as an impending political force. American racial reconfigurations do not herald social post-raciality, which would require the collapse of color caste, not movement up or down the black-white bipolar hierarchy.
To Be Legally Not-Black
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

This section argues that formal recognition of multiracial identity is supported by civic fairness. For example, race queries by state and non-state institutions could routinely include “one or more” categories as an option, absent good reason not to. Good reason exceptions would depend on whether there is a compelling public interest in asking respondents to select a monoracial identity ancestry. The central argument is that multiracial identity is conceptually no less valid than monoracial identity. In general, racial identity is an artifact of society, not a natural extension of race categories. The sole conceptual constraint on racial identity is associated continental ancestry. When a compelling public interest is not at stake, civic fairness supports formal recognition of racial identity that claims more than one continental source. Appeal to a legal right of racial recognition is neither credible nor necessary.
Seeking Separate Social Status
Authors: McPherson Lionel K.
Published: March 2024

Outside of formal recognition, American multiracial advocacy presses the argument that people should feel free to espouse a multiracial identity they believe fits their mixed-raceness. This section explores how the theme of racial alienation looms large in multiracialism. “Agential respect” for personal choice of color-conscious identity is defended. While philosopher Ronald Sundstrom believes that not extending separate social recognition to multiracials is akin to asking them to hide who they are, he worries about a “mulatto escape hatch” that allows lighter-skinned “people of color” to climb up from monoracial nonwhiteness. As conscientious multiracials, they would have to push back against their access to relative skin-color privilege. Multiracialism advertises a remedy for racial alienation from self and others, not a cover for evasion about color-conscious social hierarchy.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

The major claim of Part I of the book is that a new understanding of religion that went beyond Schleiermacher, Hegel, and Feuerbach—after slowly gestating in the second half of the nineteenth century—broke through in full force around 1900. It took two different but interrelated forms, namely the psychological discourse about “religious experience” culminating in the work of William James and the sociological and theological discourses about sacredness/holiness culminating in the writings of Émile Durkheim and Rudolf Otto. There were also already attempts by Wilhelm Dilthey and Ernst Troeltsch to combine the achievements of both discourses. This chapter teases out the complex relationships between all of these innovations and Hegel’s philosophy of history and understanding of religion.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Joas Hans
Published: March 2024

This chapter outlines four different types of narrative conceptualizing the historical connections between the history of Christianity (or religion in general) and the history of political freedom. It distinguishes between a narrative of continuity—as in Hegel’s philosophy and so-called cultural Protestantism; a narrative of radical discontinuity or incompatibility as in Left Hegelianism and Marxism ; a narrative of mediation according to which Christianity changes its self-understanding under conditions of political freedom and institutions change by taking ever new inspiration from Christianity; and, fourth, an eschatological perspective according to which Christianity represents a revolutionary and utopian outlook. But all four types ignore the problem of whether political freedom, once established, remains firmly anchored. Part II of the book, therefore, is particularly interested in threats to political freedom arising from within and in theoretical attempts to get beyond all forms of teleology in the philosophy of history.
Moving up the Value Chain in Mexico
Authors: Ruiz Durán Clemente , Balestro Moises
Published: March 2024

Focusing on the manufacturing sector, this chapter examines the progress that Mexico has made in trying to accelerate growth and build new sources of economic dynamism. While liberalization and low wages initially drove the maquila industrial clusters in Mexico, their path has not always been constrained by the need to adhere to a comparative advantage based on low cost. Many enterprises—frequently located in industrial clusters—have accumulated technical functions related to plant operation and expansion. Some evolved to attract global investment, allowing them to acquire further technical capabilities. Still, Mexican manufacturing is essentially engaged in technological diffusion, whereas it is moving slowly, or even stagnating, in technological creation. Despite its industrial achievements, Mexico requires a new transition in order to exit the middle-income trap. Systematic attempts must be made to address large swathes of the economy where productivity and innovation remain at stubbornly low levels.
Alicia Finch on Logical Fatalism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Alicia Finch about the problem of logical fatalism. This is the problem that certain logical principles make it impossible for anyone to ever act freely. Put roughly it goes like this: Because every proposition about the future is either true or false (and not both), then no one is ever free to do otherwise than what they actually do. They then discuss various responses to the argument such as denying bivalence, denying the transfer of necessity principle, denying the truth at a time principle, and distinguishing between the hard and soft past. They conclude by discussing whether anyone should be moved by the argument for logical fatalism.
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski on Divine Foreknowledge
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Linda Zagzebski about the problem of human freedom and divine foreknowledge. If God has infallible foreknowledge, then it seems that no one can do anything other than what God foreknows will happen. After discussing this problem in more detail, Zagzebski surveys three major responses: the Boethian solution (according to which God is timeless), the Ockhamist solution (according to which God’s beliefs about future human behavior are soft facts about the past), and the Molinist solution (according to which God has middle knowledge). The discussion concludes by considering how Zagzebski’s views on this subject have changed over time.
Carolina Sartorio on Frankfurt Cases
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Carolina Sartorio about Frankfurt cases and the challenge they present to the principle of alternative possibilities (PAP) and the classical or traditional view of free will. They then discuss an objection to Frankfurt cases called the dilemma defense: either the agent in the Frankfurt case is determined to act or not. Either way seems problematic for the defender of the Frankfurt case. They then discuss one of the main responses to the dilemma defense. They conclude by considering the significance of Frankfurt cases beyond the challenge they present to PAP.
Derk Pereboom on the Manipulation Argument
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Derk Pereboom about the Manipulation Argument, which is a family of arguments against compatibilism. Compatibilism says that free will and moral responsibility are compatible with causal determinism, and the Manipulation Argument attempts to show that causally determined agents are not relevantly different from manipulated agents whose freedom and responsibility are undermined. After discussing Pereboom’s “Four-Case Argument,” they go on to talk about Alfred Mele’s “Zygote Argument.” As the conversation goes on, they also discuss several different types of response to the Manipulation Argument, including both hard-line and soft-line replies to the argument.
Christopher Evan Franklin on Event-Causal Libertarianism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Christopher Evan Franklin about the event-causal libertarian position. Libertarianism (about free will) is the view that we have free will and that free will is incompatible with determinism, and event-causal libertarians maintain that our acting freely can be understood in terms of causation by agent-involving events. After discussing this view, some motivation for accepting it, and in what sense it is minimal, the conversation turns to Franklin’s work defending the view against the problem of luck, and the chapter concludes with a discussion about a worry for the reductionism involved in event-causal views in general.
Helen Beebee on Classical Compatibilism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Helen Beebee about compatibilism, focusing on the classical compatibilist position that we act freely when we do the things that we want to do. They discuss a variety of problems for the classical compatibilist position, including problems for the conditional analysis of ability, which was part of a popular version of classical compatibilism in the twentieth century, and then they go on to talk about David Lewis’s widely discussed “local miracle compatibilist” response to the Consequence Argument. They conclude by talking about Beebee’s worries for Lewis’s reply and her preferred alternative: Humean compatibilism.
Manuel Vargas on Revisionism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Manuel Vargas about revisionism, the view that we need to revise our concept of free will. First, they discuss other examples of how concepts have been revised over time. Then they discuss how the revisionist sees our commonsense way of thinking about free will as incorrect and then how the revisionist says that we ought to think differently about free will. They conclude by considering how representatives of other positions in the free will debate might object to revisionism, including whether revisionism is just a slightly different form of compatibilism.
Seth Shabo on Mysterianism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T.
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Seth Shabo about mysterianism, the view that the best response to the problem of free will and determinism is to say that we have free will but that it is a mystery how we have free will. They go on to discuss objections that may be raised by proponents of other positions in the free will debate—free will skeptics, compatibilists, and libertarians—and consider some responses along the way.
The Islamic Secular and Liberal Citizenship
Authors: Jackson Sherman A.
Published: March 2024

This chapter engages with the thesis of Andrew March in his book Islam and Liberal Citizenship: The Search for an Overlapping Consensus. Unlike Hallaq and An-Na’im, March’s primary focus is on Muslims as minorities in the West, especially America. His argument is that, read as he reads it, Islamic juristic doctrine provides ways for accommodating liberal citizenship. I argue that by limiting his discourse to juristic “doctrine,” March overlooks the prudential side of Islam-cum-sharī‘ah, which is what the Islamic Secular addresses. On this omission, I argue, even if March were correct in his argument that it would be “permissible,” according to Islamic law, for Muslims to accept and fully participate in liberal citizenship, this understanding obliterates the material and practical side of Islam-cum-sharī‘ah by ignoring the question of what Muslims actually should or could do, based not on doctrine and questions of permissibility but on the basis of what they identify as their concrete interests as Muslims in the specific context of American socio-political life. I also argue that positioning liberalism as the interlocutor through which Muslims negotiate their relationship with American democracy places them at a marked disadvantage. I end the chapter with an alternative approach for Muslims to negotiate their relationship with American democracy based on the Constitution, a fuller reading of American socio-political reality, including the centrality of race, and a fuller understanding of Islam-cum-sharī‘ah, as something broader and thicker than “ideal theory” as March depicts it.
The Litigation Ban
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores how Buddhists in early India perceived their relationship with the state courts. Examining extant Buddhist monastic law texts (Skt. Vinaya), this chapter shows how they reflect a Buddhist panic over monks and nuns litigating in the state court in any role, either as plaintiffs or defendants. To prevent monks and nuns from appearing in the courtroom, Buddhist legal writers portrayed the state court as a dreadful place where corruptible judges could issue unjust judgments to monastic litigants. They further prohibited monks and nuns from suing others in the state court and also tried to deter laypeople from suing monks or nuns in this court.
Buddhist Killers at Large
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how Buddhist legal writers presented Buddhist institutions as places where monks and nuns could be immune from punishment related to postordination convictions. In this presentation, Buddhist legal writers advocated for clerical immunity to exempt monks and nuns from facing trials and punishment in the state court even when they had committed theft, murder, or manslaughter, or had helped other die. To achieve that goal, they warned judges to avoid convicting monks and nuns in the first place, urged kings to forgive convicted monastics, and further opposed any form of physical punishment on criminals in general. To justify these demands, Buddhist legal writers showed how kings would benefit from protecting monks and nuns, as well as how even wild animals would avoid hurting anyone who was merely disguised as a Buddhist monk.
Hybrid Courts, Hybrid Laws
Authors: Liu Cuilan
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how Buddhists in China engaged with ideas of clerical legal privileges in Indian Buddhism. Instead of fighting for absolute clerical immunity from punishment, Buddhists in China worked with state rulers to create a hybrid court beyond the dichotomy of the Buddhist monastic court and the state court, thus creating a tripartite legal infrastructure to seek more jurisdictional autonomy for the Buddhist establishment to govern its ordained members. This hybrid court was guided by a newly created set of hybrid laws that were established by taking into consideration rules from both the Buddhist monastic law and the state law. Chinese Buddhists began this project of forming the hybrid law and hybrid court in the fourth century ce. This chapter shows how the established tripartite legal infrastructure’s influence has continued to operate subtly within contemporary China, even through dynastic changes, including the end of the empire.
Films
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

The films of Elizabeth Taylor in the chapter of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide form the bulk of the book. Beginning with her film debut in There’s One Born Every Minute (1942) and ending with The Flintstones (1994), every one of Taylor’s feature films is summarized and critiqued. Her major films, National Velvet (1944), A Place in the Sun (1951), Giant (1956), Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958), Suddenly, Last Summer (1959), BUtterfield 8 (1960), Cleopatra (1963), and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), get primary attention. Some of her later films, including Reflections in a Golden Eye (1967), X Y & ZEE (1972), and The Driver’s Seat (1974), get reappraisals in light of their poor reputations.
Television, Theater, and Special Appearances
Authors: Kennedy Matthew
Published: March 2024

The “Television, Theater, and Special Appearances” chapter of On Elizabeth Taylor: An Opinionated Guide is comprised of Taylor’s professional work outside of feature films. Included here is the largely forgotten documentary Elizabeth Taylor in London (1963) as well as her acclaimed night of poetry reading on Broadway in 1964. All of her made-for-TV films such as Divorce His/Divorce Hers (1973), Poker Alice (1987), and Sweet Bird of Youth (1989), are included. Her stage appearances, including the triumphant Broadway production of The Little Foxes (1981), are here. And lastly, various career curiosities, including an appearance on the TV series Here’s Lucy (1970) and a brief recurring role on the daytime soap opera General Hospital (1981), are included.
“I’ll Show You a Pair of Golden Globes!”
Authors: Winkler Kevin
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses Bette Midler’s television appearances. For those who didn’t see her stage shows or movies or follow her recording career, the small screen was the chief means of getting to know Midler. For more than fifty years, she has been a near-constant presence, trading earthy, informed, quote-worthy chat with everyone from Oprah Winfrey to Graham Norton. She has shaken up staid awards shows as both honoree and presenter, appeared on telethons and reality shows, packaged her stage shows as HBO specials, and even briefly starred in her own sitcom. The chapter notes how her frequent appearances on The Tonight Show mirrored her evolution as a performer, culminating with Midler being the last guest to perform for host Johnny Carson, her early champion, when he retired in 1992.
Slow Harms and Citizen Action
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

Slow-moving environmental harms are typically ignored or accepted parts of everyday life, particularly in low-resource settings in Global South cities. How do communities mobilize around habituated exposure to toxins and initiate policy change for a historically ignored policy problem? The book compares advocacy movements for river pollution remediation in the capital regions of Argentina, Colombia, and Peru. Citizen-led efforts helped create environmental governance through networks that included impacted communities (bonding mobilization) and resourced allies (bridging mobilization). The book argues that bridging mobilization was strongest when bridges had material resources, common pasts, and a resonant frame for understanding the historically ignored problem of river pollution. This occurred in settings with established human rights movements and center-left presidential administrations that were unaligned with mineral wealth extraction. Through bonding and bridging mobilization, citizen advocacy for slow harms activated the state’s regulatory capacity. Citizen action included diverse claims making strategies such as protests, marches, rallies, participatory institutions, litigation, and media campaigns. By unpacking human rights movements as throughfares for environmental activism, these cases shed new light on the struggles for environmental justice in Latin America.
Stagnated Policy Shifts in Colombia
Authors: Herrera Veronica
Published: March 2024

The Bogotá River in Colombia was engulfed by slow-moving environmental harms for decades as cries from impacted communities were ignored by public officials. Strong grassroots activism, or bonding mobilization, emerged but was not accompanied by equally robust bridging mobilization, resulting in pollution remediation reforms that were more fragmented and lacked transparency compared with the Matanza-Riachuelo River reforms in Argentina. This chapter examines how human rights campaigns were not connected to environmental claims for the Bogotá River. Weak bridging in slow-harms advocacy networks were enabled by conservative presidential administrations that were aligned with the military and export-oriented multinational firms, which over time shrank the resources and influence of human rights actors during the decades-long armed conflict. Unlike the slow-harms activists in Argentina, bridging activists in Colombia lacked material resources, prior collaborative experiences, and a socially resonant collective frame around which to recast an invisible policy problem.
Play Therapy to Empower Black Girls
Authors: Duncan April D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter explores the unique racial stressors experienced by Black girls that contribute to racial trauma. Adultification bias is used as the foundation to explore stereotypes that are the root cause of direct and systemic racial stressors in Black girls. It identifies the impact of colorism and hair discrimination in Black girls as well as the prevalence of sexual violence and domestic sex trafficking. The chapter also discusses the maladaptive coping skills used by Black girls to cope with racial stressors and offers art-based interventions to help empower Black girls and increase their self-esteem and racial pride. Suggestions for ways to engage Black girls in individual and group play therapy are included such as doll play, sand tray therapy, and hand games to build healthy therapeutic relationships.
That Something Extra, an Added Dimension
Authors: Hart Adam Charles
Published: March 2024

This chapter develops George A. Romero’s own “theory” of genre both through his (informal) writings on horror and in his feature films, focusing on the development of Dawn of the Dead (1978) throughout the 1970s. Horror was Romero’s primary path to funding his feature films, but his approach to genre was idiosyncratic and unique and suited his interests; genre was, simply, a short list of attributes required to satisfy fan expectations, with style, narrative, tone, and everything else being flexible and open to whatever the artist wants to do with the film. Further, Romero argues, it is important for filmmakers to go beyond the stereotypical limits of a genre; adding “something extra” attracts other audiences that might not normally watch a horror film, but it also gives all audiences a richer, more substantial appreciation of a film. After Night of the Living Dead (1968), Romero reshaped horror into a vehicle for the stories and themes that most interested him, fulfilling expectations of monsters and gory effects but embedding them in films that more closely resemble satires, action films, westerns, or talky dramas. The chapter chronicles the development of Dawn from a potential partnership with the low-budget studio American International Pictures, which expressed interest in producing Dawn if it featured an all-Black cast and a prominent athlete in the lead role. The chapter follows the project’s development from a gory action movie to a pointed satire on consumer culture, with Romero finally finding “that something extra” after several years of work on the project.
Oriental Wisdom
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

Júlio César de Mello e Souza (1895–1974), who used the pseudonym Malba Tahan, was professor of mathematics who published 118 books, more than half of which were “Oriental tales” extolling so-called Oriental wisdom. He popularized mathematics through a fictional medieval Muslim scholar who traveled from place to place solving mathematical puzzles, and whose extraordinary powers of calculation become emblematic of Muslim contributions to mathematics. While also writing Oriental tales, Humberto de Campos (1886–1934) juxtaposed the notion of Oriental wisdom with undesirable Arab immigrants. In his two short story collections, Pombos de Mahomet (1925, Muhammad’s Pigeons) and À sombra das tamareiras: Contos orientais (1934, In the Shade of the Date Palms: Oriental Tales), Campos draws on nineteenth-century French Orientalist and Islamophobic texts, thus revealing an undercurrent of intolerance that would continue to haunt the discourse of mixture a century later.
Parable of Integration
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

In his novel Lavoura arcaica (1975, Ancient Tillage), Raduan Nassar (b. 1935) tells a story of generational conflict and rebellion against patriarchal authority in a Christian Levantine farming family. Reworking the biblical parable of the prodigal son, the novel’s critique of authoritarianism has been interpreted by critics as an attack on Brazil’s military dictatorship (1964–85), but it is also the story of a struggle for integration on the part of Brazilian-born children against the immigrant parents’ effort to preserve ancestral traditions. Told from the perspective of a troubled son, the novel shows how Orientalism begins to shape the children of immigrants’ perceptions of those traditions.
Amazonian Orient
Authors: Hassan Waïl S.
Published: March 2024

In Relato de um certo Oriente (1989, Tale of a Certain Orient) and Dois irmãos (2000, The Brothers), both set in the city of Manaus, Milton Hatoum (b. 1952) depicts the disappearance of the legacy of immigrants over the course of two generations. Mixture, understood as cultural assimilation, is seen as predicated upon a necessary erasure. The customs, language, and religious practices (both Islamic and Christian) of the immigrants become burdens that children must cast off. Hatoum develops this idea while at the same time sidestepping the discursive trap of colonial Orientalism as a translator and disseminator of Edward Said’s works in Brazil.
Introduction
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

Aid programs focused on women’s political empowerment have proliferated around the world. Yet research on this critical area of democracy assistance lags behind practice. This introduction makes the case for studying these interventions more systematically and presents the book’s main arguments. International assistance for women’s political empowerment has evolved significantly over the past three decades, from a first generation of programs focused on integrating women into democratic institutions to a second generation that targets the broader sociopolitical ecosystem hindering gender equality in politics. Yet this evolution remains incomplete: discriminatory social norms, entrenched inequities between women, and democratic erosion pose lasting challenges, as do recurring shortcomings in aid modalities. The chapter concludes by describing the book’s methodology and scope and previewing its structure.
Second Generation: Transforming Systems
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine
Published: March 2024

Chapter 5 traces the rise of a second generation of assistance for women’s political empowerment. Whereas first-generation efforts focused on increasing women’s presence in fledgling democratic processes, newer initiatives seek to transform the broader political ecosystem influencing gender equality in politics, including institutions, sociocultural norms, and individual resources and attitudes. Moreover, rather than relying solely on standalone “women in politics” programs, democracy support actors have made strides to integrate gender perspectives and goals across different areas of aid, including electoral assistance, political party aid, and parliamentary support. Yet the shift to second-generation approaches remains incomplete. This chapter concludes by outlining several recurring constraints, including limited engagement with informal rules and norms, insufficient strategic differentiation, weaknesses in assistance modalities, and gaps in evaluation and learning.
Epidemiology Expands
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 covers the shifts in disease rates and explanations of these changing rates in the period from 1900-1950. Contending theories of disease distribution are analyzed in societal and ecological context. Three sets of theories are considered, all active—and often in contestation—during this period. They are: (1) germ theory; (2) eugenics, and (3) the “social environment,” with its focus on economic and social policies and people’s living and working conditions. Revision updates include new scholarship on: the use of germ theory in foreign policy (e.g., justifying military occupations); the global reach and adverse impacts of eugenics, and the critical role of W.E.B. DuBois, along with Edgar Sydenstricker and Alice Hamilton, in building the foundations of social epidemiology, along with expansion of the “seed and soil” metaphor, used by both germ theory and eugenics, to include, in Major Greenwood’s words, some form of “husbandry,” i.e., social action.
Social Epidemiologic Alternatives
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: March 2024

Chapter 6 analyzes two sets of social epidemiologic alternatives to dominant biomedical and lifestyle approaches: sociopolitical and psychosocial theories of disease distribution, with the third alternative, ecosocial theory, considered in Chapter 7. The sociopolitical theories of disease distribution focus on how social, political, and economic systems structure population health and health inequities. They include: social production of disease, political economy of health, social determinants of health, political determinants of health, commercial determinants of health, fundamental cause, Latin American Social Medicine-Collective Health, and health and human rights. The psychosocial theories focus on the social patterning of stressors that affect health. The revised chapter includes new text on the post-2008 rise of the social determinant of health theory and, countering its depoliticization, rising and renewed attention to the political economy of health, along with new focus on insights from frameworks and practices of intersectionality and decolonization.
Cyberspace and the Nouveau Colonialism
Authors: Saltman Erin , Hussein Dina
Published: March 2024

There are growing geographical divides in how nation-states and regions apply regulations and protections to internet users and their data. This is becoming a form of nouveau colonialism between legal protections given to users residing in more liberal democratic countries versus user protections in countries leaning more toward authoritarianism, where governments are mandating greater access to user data under the guise of security measures, such as counterterrorism. This chapter reviews 27 pieces of international regulation related to countering terrorism and violent extremism online, mapping where regulations clash and where civilian and industry vulnerabilities are increasing. This chapter argues that a global baseline standard on data protection and privacy of internet users is needed, alongside the need for an international body to house standards to mitigate further divides in the Global North and South. This chapter argues that frameworks for solutions can be found in feminist theory literature.
Transformative Violence
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2024

Why are some violent acts more galvanizing than others? By examining mobilization following the gang rape of a 23-year-old student in New Delhi in 2012 and the disappearance of 43 students in Mexico in 2014, the book builds a theoretical explanation of how some violent acts can trigger unprecedented levels of mobilization in defense of the victims. While such transformative violence emerges from complex networks of causal mechanisms, each event draws sharp moral contrasts between the typical victims and repressors in a society. Cases of violence that spark large public reaction share a similar set of traits; they include mobilization of both grassroots and national-level activists, a type of victim that resonates with the broader public, and a visual narrative of the victim’s suffering.
When Young People Disappear in Mexico
Authors: Marat Erica
Published: March 2024

Why did the disappearance of these 43 young men trigger the country’s largest public response when devastating levels of violence had plagued Mexico since the mid-2000s? This chapter emphasizes the unique position of normalistas within Mexico’s hierarchy of economic opportunities. It examines their internal political organization, their vulnerability to state violence, and their surprising, multifaceted connections with antiviolence activism in Mexican society. The sustained public and political attention to the 43 hinged on a unique form of public sympathy toward this type of victim: young, indigenous men pursuing a teaching degree. Mobilization in Mexico eventually contributed to important legislative changes.
Traditional Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides the first systematic analysis of the role and impact of subversion in the Soviet Union’s efforts to crush the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia that culminated with the Warsaw Pact invasion in 1968. While most historiography has focused on this invasion, the analysis shows that subversion played a key role from early on in this crisis. Integrating existing evidence and new archival sources, it documents the KGB’s efforts to manipulate Czechoslovakia’s government and neutralize its liberalization movement through illegal agents. These commenced with a string of daring operations, attempting to kidnap civil society leaders, planning assassinations, planting false evidence of an impending armed revolution, and, ultimately, attempting an internal coup. Yet as the theory predicts, these operations pursuing highly intense effects under significant time pressure by and large failed. With time pressure easing following the invasion, in the subsequent years subversive efforts bore more fruit and produced at least plausible successes—among others triggering the resignation of Czechoslovakia’s reformist leader Dubcek as well as facilitating the arrest of civil society. These successes underline the importance of enabling conditions that facilitate subversion, foremost the extent of available vulnerabilities and suitable means of exploitation. Despite these successes, however, the Soviet Union deemed perennial armed occupation necessary to maintain control—contrary to its goals. The analysis thus provides clear evidence of the constraining role of the subversive trilemma and the limited strategic value of subversion.
Cyber-Enabled Subversion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides the first systematic examination of the role subversion has played in Russia’s “hybrid war” strategy short of war against Ukraine between 2013 and 2022. It evaluates and compares the use of both traditional means and cyber operations to achieve Moscow’s strategic goals. Traditional subversion produced some key successes, culminating in the annexation of Crimea. These successes provide further evidence of the importance of enabling conditions, foremost the extent of available vulnerabilities. Contrary to prevailing expectations about a revolution short of war enabled by cyber capabilities, however, cyber operations by and large fell short of producing measurable strategic value—both individually and cumulatively. In an interesting parallel to Czechoslovakia, the investigation of seven major Russian-sponsored cyber operations also shows an evolution from early daring experiments toward more prudent objectives and correspondingly increasing operational restraint. Strikingly, despite significant variation in the effects pursued across this evolution, the hacking group involved did not manage to escape the constraints posed by the trilemma. On the contrary, the findings indicate that the efforts to balance out the trade-offs involved ultimately led to strategic irrelevance—and a subsequent abandonment of cyber operations as means of active interference. In short, findings confirm the expected disadvantages of cyber operations while providing further evidence in support of the constraining role of the trilemma both in traditional subversion and in cyber operations. Accordingly, Russia’s hybrid war strategy of aggression short of war overall failed to achieve its goals.
Conclusion
Authors: Maschmeyer Lennart
Published: March 2024

This concluding chapter first provides a summary of the theory and findings and then proceeds to identify six key implications for world politics. First, subversion will remain attractive yet rarely shift the balance of power. Second, although subversion destabilizes victims, it stabilizes international politics overall. Third, cyber operations carry a heightened risk of destabilizing mass effects not due to their superior effectiveness, but because of their shortcomings. Fourth, in some circumstances the shortcomings of subversion increase the risk of unintended escalation. Fifth, despite technological change, traditional subversion will not only remain relevant but also likely pose a more significant threat than cyber operations. Sixth, rather than interstate conflict, the most transformative impact of cyber operations is likely to be on the relationship between state and society, as well as between states and nonstate actors. The final part addresses limitations of the study, considers alternate explanations for some of its findings, and lays out under what conditions the argument would change.
Brain Science for Lawyers, Judges, and Policymakers
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

Because lawyers increasingly bring brain science into courtrooms and policy discussions, this book provides a user-friendly introduction. It begins with a survey of the kinds of litigation, legislation, and regulation where neuroscience is currently being used. It continues with accessible descriptions of basic brain anatomy and brain function. It then provides an overview of how modern technologies can reveal the brain structures and brain functions of individuals. It finishes with cautions and limitations, and with a speculative peek into where the future of neurolaw might lead. Throughout, the authors offer guidance on understanding both the promise and the limitations of using brain science in law and policymaking.
Overview of the Brain
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides a basic introduction to the human brain for lawyers, judges, and policymakers. It begins by highlighting a specific caution for non-scientists: although much has been discovered about human brain structure and function in the last several decades, much more remains unknown. The chapter emphasizes the hazards in overstating the relationship between specific brain structures and complex mental functions such as the kinds of intentions, memories, emotions, pains, and behaviors the law usually cares about. Having offered this caution, the chapter proceeds to describe the brain’s place in the nervous system and its gross anatomy. The importance of blood flow for the brain is explained. Along with a tutorial on vocabulary for describing locations on and in the brain, this chapter prepares the reader for the more in-depth information about the brain that is presented in subsequent chapters.
Limitations and Cautions
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D.
Published: March 2024

This chapter discusses the limits and cautions of brain measurement and manipulation technologies in the context of three major issues. These are: what particular neuroscientific evidence might mean for the specific legal issues before a fact-finder; whether that evidence is sufficiently reliable, and in trial contexts whether it should be admitted into evidence; and how fact-finders should be permitted to use it. The chapter addresses the evidentiary issues of reliability, probative value, and unfair prejudice. The chapter examines the key limitations of brain imaging, including spatial and temporal limitations, the assumptions embedded in the analyses of the brain data, and the statistical and logical cautions that accompany any effort to claim that designated brain areas or defects in those areas “cause” or even coincide with certain behaviors.
Revolution Comes to Kyiv
Authors: Kimmage Michael
Published: March 2024

Chapter 4 reviews the evolution of Ukrainian politics from 1991 to 2014, with an emphasis on foreign policy. It lays out the increasingly difficult balancing act imposed on Ukraine, which was to manage its relations with Russia, on the one hand, and with Europe or the West, on the other. This balancing act, coupled with domestic political corruption, led to the unraveling of Viktor Yanukovych’s presidency in late 2013 and early 2014 and to the unexpected Maidan Revolution of 2013–2014, an epochal event because it pitted Russia and the West against one another, something that had already been happening outside of Ukraine. From 2014 onward, Ukraine would be at the center of an unfolding global drama—not unlike the start of the Cold War in the late 1940s.
The Search for Guardrails
Authors: Kimmage Michael
Published: March 2024

Chapter 7 captures three separate developments: the 2019 election in Ukraine, which yielded the presidency of Volodymyr Zelensky, who then tried to establish a working relationship with Russia; the 2020 election in the United States, putting an end to the Trump/Russia drama and introducing the Biden presidency, which was built (at the beginning) on a restoration of the transatlantic alliance and the normalization of relations with Russia; and, third, the appearance of a quiescent, unambitious Russia, which Putin projected in 2020 and 2021 either because that was his mood or because that was how he could mislead onlookers. Each of these three developments encouraged the Biden administration to ground its policy toward Russia in the search for “guardrails.”
Removing the Guardrails
Authors: Kimmage Michael
Published: March 2024

Chapter 8 is framed by the idea of American decline, which has long been a motif of Russian government messaging about the United States. It applies this idea to the evolving relationship between presidents Putin and Biden in 2021, in the wake of the January 6 insurrection and of the US departure from Afghanistan, connecting two timelines. One is a Russian timeline for “resolving” its problems in Ukraine, heightened by Zelensky’s more confrontational posture toward Russia in spring 2021. The other is Putin’s less than respectful attitude toward the United States, not just his messaging about American decline but quite possibly the belief that the United States was (in 2021) a power in decline. The coming together of these two timelines equaled Russia’s preparations for invasion in October 2021 and the accompanying ultimatums (about winding back NATO) issued in December 2021, Putin’s very explicit removal of guardrails from the US-Russian relationship.
Unity Within Diversity: Comparisons with the ICCPR and the ICESCR
Authors: Alvarez José E. , Bauder Judith
Published: March 2024

This chapter considers how the Human Rights Committee (HRC) under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) as well as the Committee under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have addressed property interests. It indicates how both Covenants, despite the absence of explicit property rights protections, have blurred distinctions within their respective texts to produce comparable jurisprudence under a common human rights framework. It addresses the ICCPR’s and ICESCR’s respective concepts of equality and discrimination and surveys each regime’s approach to women’s rights with respect to marital property, social security, the right to housing, and forced evictions. It contrasts the three regimes’ remedial approaches and urges further research that would incorporate the CEDAW regime into future work on comparative international property law.
Righteous Demagogues
Authors: Naseemullah Adnan , Chhibber Pradeep
Published: March 2024

Righteous Demagogues explores the causes, dynamics, and consequences of populist politics in South Asia and beyond. It argues that populist mobilizations are rooted in crises of representation, and populism is a symptom, not an underlying cause, of democratic malaise. Populist leaders, in framing their appeals, evoke the moral contract—that states are obligated to redress certain types of inequality—and promise its restoration in ways that resonate with voters across lines of partisanship and social divisions, leading to party system change. Depending on how broadly populist appeals resonate, different types of populism emerge, with consequences ranging from the rejection of populists to varying forms of democratic backsliding. Righteous Demagogues explores the dynamics of populist politics primarily through four cases in South Asia. In the late 1960s, Indira Gandhi in India and Zulfikar Bhutto in Pakistan effected reordering populist mobilizations on the left against the de facto oligarchic regimes of the Congress Party and the Ayub Khan government, mobilizing workers, peasants, and the nascent middle classes against widespread exclusion and inequity. In the mid-2010s, Narendra Modi and Imran Khan effected additive populist mobilizations of the right, mobilizing diverse middle classes across India and Pakistan against perceived corruption and inequity. The book applies the framework and typology to explain the causes, dynamics, and consequences of populism in Latin America, Europe, and the United States.