bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gregory of Nyssa, Ancient and (Post)modern
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

The 4th-century Christian thinker, Gregory of Nyssa, has been the subject of a huge variety of interpretations over the past fifty years, from historians, theologians, philosophers, and others. This study analyses these recent readings of Gregory of Nyssa and asks: what do they reveal about modern and post-modern interpretations of the Christian past? What do they say about the nature of Gregory's writing? Working thematically through studies of recent Trinitarian theology, Christology, spirituality, feminism, and post-modern hermeneutics, the book develops an approach to reading the Church Fathers which combines the benefits of traditional scholarship on the early Church with reception-history and theology.
3 The Social Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on two theologians who are especially reliant on the Cappadocians as sources, albeit in different ways. John Zizioulas places little emphasis on Gregory of Nyssa in particular, but this is perhaps significant in itself. His interpretation of early Eastern trinitarian theology, with its great stress on the revolutionary achievement of the Cappadocians, has had enormous influence on recent modern Anglo-American readings of their writings. David Brown provides one of the most detailed recent studies specifically of Gregory of Nyssa. His study has become a benchmark for a particular sort of appraisal of Trinitarian theology, in which the analytic study of sources plays a major part in the search for a coherent and cogent doctrine.
7 Spirituality: Perpetual Progress inthe Good
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of how Gregory of Nyssa's spiritual writings have rarely been the subject of extended and systematic theological reflection in English, nor do they seem to have been a useful place of reference for those interested in spirituality from a more practical point of view. The reason for the latter is because unlike many of the medieval mystics, Gregory gives no account of his own spiritual experiences, nor, arguably, any account which can be read as a straightforward description of a spiritual experience in the modern sense (as defined, for example, by William James or Rudolf Otto). It is argued that Gregory's reflections on spirituality arise from a profound belief in the transformation of human individuals in all their relationships (with each other as well as with God) as a result of the complex interplay between grace and humans' remaking of themselves.
18 Returning to the Trinity
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

John Milbank deals with Gregory's concept of the Trinity in only a few brief passages and, although he has written much more on the subject, Coakley's comments are found in various articles on rather different themes. This chapter attempts to pull some of these threads together in respect of each author in order to try to draw some comparative conclusions and to try to investigate how their general interpretations of Gregory's theology — which are among the most sophisticated dealt with in this book — have an effect on their reading specifically of his trinitarian theology.
2 Russia's Client Party System
Authors: White Stephen
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines political party development in Russia, from the late 19th century to the post-communist era. It considers the popular legitimacy and organizational strength of political parties. It then examines their role in the process of government, in particular, governance, interest articulation and aggregation, political recruitment, and political participation and communication. It shows that Russian political parties operate within a uniquely adverse environment characterized by scepticism or hostility from the public, a weak link between election outcomes and party representation in the Duma, and lack of membership.
Building Party Government
Authors: Kopecký Petr
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the rise of political parties in the Czech and Slovak Republics. Topics discussed include party systems, party legitimacy, party organizational strength, and the role of the party in the process of government. It is shown that both countries display behavioural and institutional features which provide for a strong form of party government. The parties control political recruitment; directly or indirectly, they are largely in charge of setting the agenda of the mass media; they enjoy their own autonomous power base; they control proceedings in parliaments; in the absence of strong challengers, they also enjoy a near monopoly over political representation. However, both countries also represent their own version of the generic model of party government, both in terms of its particular configuration of behavioural and institutional features, as well as in terms of its temporal development.
Parties and Governability in Brazil
Authors: Ames Barry , Power Timothy J.
Published: January 2008

This chapter analyzes the historical development and contemporary functionality of the Brazilian party system, emphasizing the post-1985 democratic regime. Environmental factors such as authoritarianism, federalism, presidentialism, statism, corporatism, personalism, and clientelism have all exercised strong anti-party effects in Brazil. The current party system is depicted as highly fragmented, highly competitive, highly volatile, and weakly institutionalized. The system is also extremely uneven in terms of parties' commitments to ideology and organization — the major exception being the Workers' Party (PT), which finally captured the presidency in 2002. The primary explanatory focus is on the electoral system used for the lower house (open-list proportional representation or OLPR), but the analysis also illustrates how OLPR interacts with various structural, historical, and institutional variables in Brazil. The chapter concludes by explaining how the party system persistently undermines the possibilities for governability in Brazil.
8 ‘Que se Vayan Todos!’
Authors: Szusterman Celia
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines party politics in Argentina, in particular, the breakdown of trust between citizens and political parties. Topics discussed include the political legitimacy, organizational strength, and role of political parties in the process of government. The slogan, ‘Que se vayan todos!’ reflects the middle-class frustration with the inability of politicians to understand changes in the political culture that had taken place in Argentina since 1983. At the core of those changes is the unprecedented mobilization of civil society behind the banners of the human rights movement. Since 2002, an attempt to explain the breakdown of trust between citizens and parties has given rise to a further question: how is it that the widespread repudiation of politicians in 2002 did not result in the collapse of the party system as such, and the emergence of old-style populist leadership via extra-institutional actors, as in Venezuela, Peru, or Ecuador?
Political Parties in Costa Rica
Authors: Booth John A.
Published: January 2008

Arising from the 1948 Costa Rican civil war, a multiparty system developed in Costa Rica under a social democratic National Liberation Party (PLN) that dominated the polity for decades. Small conservative opposition parties coalesced to win the presidency upon occasion. These merged into the Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), which challenged the PLN for dominance within the system in the 1990s. Under stresses imposed by neo-liberalism, the Costa Rican party system destabilized in the early 2000s. This chapter traces the evolving system, examines the parties in presidential and legislative elections over time, and discusses citizen electoral participation. It examines major parties' social bases and their evolving legitimacy, organization, membership, recruitment, financing, factionalism, and interest articulation. It describes the impact for the party system of the rise of media-dominated retail electoral politics, depersonalization partisan politics, and the adoption of primary elections. The PLN stumbled badly in the elections of 1998 and especially 2002, but rallied while the PUSC — plagued by scandals in two administrations — effectively collapsed in the 2006 election. Trends suggest increasing instability and volatility of the system.
Introduction
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of Philodemus and his works. The chapter then describes the conventions followed in the analyses of Philodemus' writings. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Vices, Emotions, and ‘Bites’
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the central concepts of Philodemus' moral psychology: notably, his conception of vices, which is compared with that of the virtues, of harmful and unacceptable emotions or passions, and of corresponding acceptable emotions, or ‘bites’.
Arrogance and Related Vices
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines On Arrogance, which is probably the full title of the tenth book of Philodemus' On Vices. The discussion proceeds as follows. The first section presents Philodemus' outline of arrogance, as well as the principal characteristics of that vice, the ways in which it influences one's attitudes and relationships to others, and its consequences. It also discusses the contrast between the sage and the arrogant man whom the sage is sometimes accused of being. The next section concerns Aristo's treatment of people who are arrogant on account of their good luck and Aristo's therapies for arrogance. The third section shows how arrogance is further individuated by being compared and contrasted with other traits. The next section focuses on Aristo's account of the characters of which arrogance is an important constituent. In particular, it analyses Aristo's conception of complex vices containing arrogance, speculates on their nature, and gives reasons why Aristo's typology can be considered an appropriate end for Philodemus' treatise.
Anger and the Desire for Revenge
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines Philodemus' diatribe On Anger, a principal piece of On the Passions and an important contribution to the philosophical literature on that subject. The first section supplies some semantic and historical context for Philodemus' discussion. The next section presents the methodological objections raised by Timasagoras, one of Philodemus' professional rivals, and shows how Philodemus responds to them. The chapter then discusses how Philodemus accounts for the nature and symptoms of anger, the beliefs, and feelings that it involves, and its consequences. The next section after that is devoted to Philodemus' refutation of certain Peripatetics whom, rightly or wrongly, he takes to encourage one to lose one's temper. In addition, this section discusses the case of people who give the appearance of irascibility without really being irascible. The chpater then deals with the issue of whether anger is a good or a bad thing. Finally it examines whether the sage experiences no less anger than the common man. It discusses three arguments in the form of έπιλογισμός (translit. epilogismos, pl. epilogismoi) to the effect that the sage feels as much anger as the common man, and then another three arguments whereby Philodemus rebuts the epilogismoi of his opponents.
The Fear of Death
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on the surviving part of the fourth book of Philodemus' treatise On Death. It also makes brief mention of Philodemus' treatment of superstitious fears concerning death in [On Choices and Avoidances]. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first surveys certain distinctive features of the Epicurean treatment of the fear of death and sketches out Philodemus' original contributions to that topic. The second part focuses on Philodemus' discussion of cases in which the thought of death appears particularly hard to bear. The third studies the main themes of the peroration, the grand and solemn ending of the treatise: our vulnerability to death, the ephemeral character of human existence, the sage's daily contemplation of death itself, his preparedness to die at any time, but also his supreme capacity to enjoy life. To conclude, the chapter speculates about a reference at the very end of the treatise to what looks like an all-important spiritual act, a brief and clear focusing on the value of life and the truth of death, which enables the sage to depart from life at once with serenity and contentment.
4 Aggiornamento
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines religious reform in the mid-1960s. Pope John said that the task of the Second Vatican Council would be aggiornamento — a bringing up to date, or renewal, of the church. Vatican II offered the prospect not only of sweeping reforms in the Catholic Church but also of an end to many of the barriers separating Catholics from other Christians. New theologies, which privileged ‘action’ in ‘the world’, an ethic of individual freedom and responsibility and a positive view of modern science, were winning the support of many Protestants. Both Catholics and Protestants were actively involved in many of the social and political movements of the time, and were interpreting their activism as a necessary expression of their Christian faith. Yet in the euphoria of the times, many progressive Christians underestimated the strength both of more conservative denominations (often dismissed as sects) and of the conservative forces within their own denomination.
7 1968
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the social and religious upheavals of 1968. In the later 1960s, hopes for speedy and radical changes in both church and society were at a very high level. Christian radicals often suffered a double disappointment. Many radicals left their churches, and those Christian organizations that had been most sympathetic to ‘1968’ were severely upset. However, it would be wrong to exaggerate the extent either of the radical defeat or of the conservative resurgence. Many of those who had been influenced by the ideas and movements of that time remained within, or returned to their churches.
9 The Crisis of the Church
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter discusses the decline in religious practice in the Western world, in both Protest churches and the Roman Catholic Church. In the ten years between 1965 and 1975, large numbers of people lost the habit of regular church going. Protestant churches saw a serious drop in membership. The Catholic Church saw a mass exit from the priesthood and a large fall in clerical recruitment.
Effets sur la performance des termes utilisés pour évaluer une táche de découverte guidée
Authors: Van der Maren Jean‐Marie
Published: January 2008

S'interrogeant à propos de E'ffet sur la performance des mots utilisés par les enseignants pour évaluer une tâche, six expériences comportant une tâche de découverte guidée (dessiner une figure géométrique en devinant son pourtour) et une enquête d'association ont été réalisées utilisant six paires de mots ‘oui‐non’, ‘correct‐incorrect’, ‘bon‐mal’, ‘parfait‐erreur’, ‘dessine‐cherche’ et ‘trace‐réflechis’. Présentant une brève synthèse des resultats on conclut à la prudence: la variation dans l'utilisation des mots n'est pas sans effet, mais ceux‐ci varient en fonction des sujets et probablement de la situation, et, a tout prendre, le recours à des termes neutres et frequemment utilises, comme ‘oui’ ou ‘non’ est ce qui perturbe le moins les sujets.
Sex differences in the aetiology of schizophrenia
Authors: Al‐lssa Ihsan
Published: January 2008

This article deals with aetiological factors which might explain sex differences in incidence, symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and outcome of schizophrenia. Research on stress raises the question of whether gender‐specific stresses are involved in the development of schizophrenia. A loss of and separation from the same sex parent seem to be associated with psychopathology in general and schizophrenia in particular. Studies of marital status and schizophrenia indicate that the single and widowed status may be more stressful for males than females, but these findings are confounded by selective factors.

Higher rates of concordance among women (twins, siblings) suggest that genetic factors are more often involved in the development of schizophrenia in women than men. Since studies of concordance rates are based on chronic hospitalized patients, they deal with biased samples. More recent studies which use consecutive admissions do not reveal sex differences in concord‐ ance. However, they indicate tha: there are more women than men among schizophrenics with schizophrenic siblings regardless of their sex; this would suggest that women are more susceptible to family disturbance than men.

Prenatal and postnatal organic insults are found more among psychotic and schizophrenic males than females. Pregnancy and birth complications are also associated with the development of schizophrenia in males rather than females. Research on sex differences in brain lateralization suggests that bilateral representation of language and visuo‐spatial function in females may be protective against schizophrenia. Studies of the galvanic skin response and platelet monoamine oxidase activity suggest that physiological and biochemical factors are related to schizophrenia in males more than females. Although sex hormones are not directly implicated as aetiological factors in schizophrenia, evidence reveals that androgens may increase male vulnerability whereas oestrogens may protect the female against an early schizophrenic breakdown.
Body image differences between normal and schizophrenic female adults
Authors: Koide Reiko
Published: January 2008

The present study, aimed at considering body image differences between schizophrenic and normal female adults, used a questionnaire devised for this purpose in an attempt to offer some objective measure of body image problems. The overall results suggest that schizophrenic body images are comparatively poorer than those of normals. This poorness in the body image of schizophrenics is discussed as one of the bases of varied body image distortions and other symptoms observed in schizophrenic patients.
A pathway of principles, values and morality: effective psychological practices in deinstitutionalizing chronic mental health clients
Authors: Bemak Fred
Published: January 2008

Deinstitutionalization and community services are entering a new phase. The second wave of clients is similar to previously deinstitutionalized clients, yet has significant differences and needs. There continue to be both successes and failures in the deinstitutionalization movement. Without the commitment to the philosophy of community based treatment for the second wave clients, there will be fewer accomplishments. Systems must be redesigned, programmes changed, and staff must adapt. Underlying effective psychological practices is the wish to institute relevant human rights and values and provide treatment with rigour, flexibility and systematic evaluation.

With the implementation of new ideas, obstacles can be overcome and the principles of deinstitutionalization and community psychology can be qualitatively and effectively maintained.
Stress at work: psychobiological and psychosocial aspects1
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Johansson Gunn
Published: January 2008

This article outlines our approach to the issue of stress, coping and health as related to the psychosocial work environment. We have focused on work processes and work organization related to different applications of technology. It is by now generally recognized that mechanization and automation may result not only in improved productivity, but may also have negative side effects at the human level (e.g., Gardell and Johansson, 1981; Levi et al., 1982). We are trying to identify these aversive factors. Moreover, we want to identify the protective factors, by which we mean psychosocial conditions, which may serve as buffers protecting the person from harmful stress effects. In other words, we are asking the question how research on human stress and coping can contribute to intervention and prevention, not only at the individual level but also at the systems level (Frankenhaeuser, 1981).
Occupational locking‐in: some correlates and consequences1
Authors: Wolpin Jacob , Burke Ronald J
Published: January 2008

Kay (1975) identified several factors associated with increasing discontent in middle management ranks. One of these was a ‘boxed‐in feeling’, which refers to the ongoing feeling when individuals had almost no opportunity to move from their present jobs or when the only position for which they were qualified was the one they currently held. Quinn (1975) used ‘locking‐in’ to refer to the same phenomenon. Quinn distinguished three components of locking‐in: (1) low probability of securing another job as good or better than his present one; (2) little opportunity to modify a presently disliked employment situation by securing a change in job assignments; and (3) low likelihood that a worker who was dissatisfied with his job could take psychological refuge in the performance of other roles not linked to his job.
A selected review of the literature and an empirical analysis of drug treatment compliance by schizophrenic patients
Authors: Pool Vaira Eve , Elder S Thomas
Published: January 2008

One of the significant issues in the treatment of schizophrenic patients is their nonadherence to medication. While maintenance without medication may be possible for a minority of this group (Gardos and Cole, 1976; Cheung, 1981), most authorities believe that drug therapy should be continued indefinitely, particularly in view of the substantial risk of relapse when medication is discontinued (Prien and Klett, 1972). Davis (1975) reported that the evidence for the efficacy of neuroleptics in preventing relapse was substantial.
Resolving Compensation Disputes with Three‐party Job Evaluation
Authors: Blood Milton R. , Graham William K. , Zedeck Sheldon
Published: January 2008

Des conflits naissent dans les organisations a propos du montant de la retribution versee aux titulaires de certains postes. Aux Etats‐Unis par exem‐ple, le probleme de la contribution‐retribution a provoque recemment plusieurs conflits autour des postes traditionnellement reserves aux femmes. Mediation et arbitrage sont les procedures habituellement retenues, mais une evaluation du travail regroupant trois partenaires est une solution originate dont les retombees favorables sur l'organisation depassent la resolution d'un conflit particulier.

Un groupe tripartite a exploite pour 1'evaluation du travail des dimensions pourvues d'echelles precises. Des equipes de deux personnes representant les parties adverses ont evalue des postes “convenablement retribues” a partir des dimensions sus‐mentionnees. Les donnees ont été statistiquement synthetisees. Des equipes de deux personnes ont ensuite evalue tous les postes defendus par le syndicat implique dans le conflit. Cet eventail de postes incluait ceux qui etaient en litige.

Une tierce partie neutre devait conseiller les adversaires dans l'application d'une methode d'evaluation du travail qui resolvait le conflit, depistait les postes susceptibles de poser probleme a l'avenir et fournissait un moyen pour retribuer equitablement les nouveaux postes.
Attitudes to the Job and the Organisation among New Recruits: Influence of Perceived Job Characteristics and Organisational Structure
Authors: O'Driscoll Michael P.
Published: January 2008

On a mené en Papouasie (Nouvelle‐Guinée) une recherche longitudinale sur les attitudes envers le travail et les représentations de ľorganisation chez des employés de banque débutants. Ils ont rempli des questionnaires aG ľoccasion de leur formation initiale et lors ďune seconde session six mois plus tard. ľadhésion àľorganisation était significativement liée à la satisfaction au travail, mais aucune variable n'était en relation certaine avec I'implication dans le travail. ľinfluence des caractéristiques perçues du travail sur les réponses affectives variait avec le temps. La satisfaction au travail était significativement corrélée avec le degré de subordination, tandis que ľorganisation formelle était le seul facteur structurel à présenter un impact quelconque sur ľadhésion àľentreprise. Les représentations des caractéristiques du travail et de la structure organisationnelle etaient independantes de ľimplication dans le travail. Ces découvertes montrent qu'il faut prendre en considération le contexte organisa‐tionnel et ľancienneté dans ľorganisation lors de ľévaluation des déterminants des dimensions subjectives du travail. ľencadrement et les formateurs du nouveau personnel doivent avoir conscience des modifications que le temps provoque dans les attidues et les perceptions des employes.

A longitudinal study was conducted in Papua New Guinea to investigate the job attitudes and organisational perceptions of newly‐recruited bank employees, who were administered questionnaires during their initial training phase and at a second training session 6 months later. Significant relationships were observed between organisational commitment and job satisfaction, but neither variable was consistently associated with job involvement. The influence of perceived job attributes on affective responses varied across time. Job satisfaction was significantly related to span of subordination, while formalisation was the only structural factor to have any impact on organisational commitment. Perceptions of job characteristics and organisational structure were not linked to job involvement. These findings highlight the importance of examining organisational context and the stage of an individuaľs career within an organisation when assessing determinants of work
The Effect of Hypnosis on Eyewitness Memory: Reconciling Forensic Claims and Research Findings
Authors: Mingay David J.
Published: January 2008

Beaucoup de personnes s'interrogent sur ľutilisation de ľhypnose à des fins juridiques pour faciliter la déposition des temoins de crime ou ďaccident. On avance que des expériences contrôlées permettent ďen évaluer les mérites. La présente recherche fait le point. Dans presque toutes les expériences, ľhypnose a failli à son rôle ďaide àľévocation réatiste de crimes et ďaccidents. A ľexception possible, bien qu'improbable, de cas où les témoignages sont très traumatisants, ou quand beaucoup de temps s'est écoulé depuis ľévènement, ľhypnose n'accroît pas du tout la mémoire des témoins. Certains articles suggèrent même que ľintervention sous hypnose pourrait amener la plupart des témoins à faire plus ďerreurs que moins ďerreurs dans leur déposition. Des raisons pour mettre en doute le succès dont se flattent les utilisateurs ďhypnose en matière juridique.

Many people involved in forensic hypnosis claim that witness recall of a crime or accident is frequently facilitated by hypnosis. It is argued that controlled experiments provide the only satisfactory means of evaluating these claims. The relevant research is reviewed. In almost all experiments, hypnosis has failed to facilitate memory for realistically portrayed crimes and accidents. With the possible, although not probable, exceptions of cases in which highly traumatic events were witnessed or when much time has elapsed since the incident, hypnosis is most unlikely to enhance witness memory. Studies involving leading questions suggest that an hypnotic intervention could result in many witnesses giving accounts containing more errors rather than fewer errors. Reasons why forensic hypnotists report frequent successes are discussed.
Adaptive Testing
Authors: Weiss David J. , Vale C. David
Published: January 2008

An adaptive test tailors the difficulty of the items to the ability of the examinee being tested. This article describes the general principles and models of adaptive testing beginning with the early Binet tests and continuing through state‐of‐the‐art techniques. Such computerised adaptive tests (C.A.T.s), based on item response theory (I.R.T.), are useful both for measurement and classification applications. I.R.T. provides a means by which different sets of items, as administered in a C.A.T., can be scored on a common scale. The principal advantages of CAT. are efficiency and control over either the precision of measurement or the accuracy of classification. C.A.T. procedures can be easily implemented without writing programs using commercially available software (e.g. MicroCAT).

Un test “adaptatif” accorde la difficulté des items à la capacityé des candidate aux tests. Cet article décrit les principes généraux et les modèles de tests “adaptatifs” depuis les tests de Binet jusqu'aux techniques de pointe actuelles. Tels tests informatisés (C.A.T.s), basés sur la théorie des réponses par item (I.R.T.), sont utiles à la fois pour la mesure et la classification. I.R.T. procure les moyens par lesquels différents sets ďitems, tels qu'ils sont administrés dans un C.A.T., peuvent être notés sur une échelle commune. Les principaux avantages du C.A.T. sont ľefficacité et le contrôle de la précision de la mesure et de la fidélité de la classification. Le protocole du C.A.T. peut être aisément utilisé sans texte écrit en se servant des programmes informatisés disponibles dans le commerce.
ľInformatisation des Tests au Service de Psychologie de la S.N.C.F
Authors: Perriolat Raymond
Published: January 2008

ľauteur expose la génèse de ce système et sa réalisation matérielle. Dans un premier chapitre, il fait ľinventaire des méthodes psychologiques à informa‐tiser selon la nature des tests, leur exploitation et leur gestion. Il évoque, dans un deuxième chapitre, les différentes solutions envisagées en fonction de ľévolution des technologies et des méthodes psychologiques utilisées, en particulier entre un système en réseau ou un système autonome. C'est finale‐ment un système autonome qui a été retenu à la S.N.C.F. et qui est décrit dans un troisième chapitre. II s'agit ďun matériel modulable pouvant s'adapter sur les différents postes de travail: tests textes, tests graphiques, et tests de liaison psycho‐moteurs. Pour conclure, ľauteur dresse un premier bilan et évoque les developpements futurs.

The author presents the development of the computerised test information system operated by the French national railways. In the first part, he draws up an inventory of the psychological methods that can be computerised according to the kinds of tests, their application, and their management. In the second part, he demonstrates the different solutions considered possible, these being related to the evolution of technologies and to the psychological methods used, particularly between a network system and an autonomous system. An autonomous system, selected by the S.N.C.F., is decribed in the third part. The system can be adapted to the different work posts. Finally, the author gives a list of the first results obtained and envisages future developments.
The Development of an Automated Test of Immediate Memory and its Evaluation on Severely Physically Disabled Adults
Authors: Wilson Sarah L.
Published: January 2008

This paper will review the benefits and constraints on the development of a microcomputer‐based system for the psychological assessment of the severely physically disabled. As an illustration, the development of an automated digit span test will be described together with the results of its evaluation against the WAIS Digit Span test on a sample of our patients. The automated test results showed a positive and significant correlation with those from the WAIS and also a higher test/retest reliability than the WAIS Digit Span test when used on our sample of physically disabled people.

Cet article passe en revue les aspects positifs et les contraintes du développement de ľutilisation des micro‐ordinateurs dans ľévaluation psychologique des très grands handicapés moteurs. Pour ľillustrer, la description de ľélaboration ďun test automate ďempan digital, présentée avec les résultats ďune compar‐aison avec le WAIS Digit Span, sur un échantillon de nos patients. Les résultats du test automate montrent une corrélation positive et significative avec ceux du WAIS, ainsi qu'une fidélité plus grande au test‐retest que le WAIS Digit Span, quand il est utilisé sur un échantillon de personnes physiquement handicapés.
The Performance of a Sample of Traumatic Head‐injured Patients on Some Novel Computer‐assisted Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Davidson Oliver R. , Stevens Denise E. , Goddard Graham V. , Bilkey David K. , Bishara S. N.
Published: January 2008

The development of the Otago Computer‐assisted Neuropsychological Assessment Battery is briefly described. To further validate the procedures, six tests from the battery were administered to 51 patients with traumatic head injury (T.H.I.) and 51 controls. Mann‐Whitney U‐Tests indicated that, relative to controls, the T.H.I, patients performed significantly more poorly on reaction time, tracking, colour discrimination, nonsense figure recognition, and abstract problem‐solving tasks. The standard WAIS‐R, Trail Making Test, Benton Visual Retention Test, and the Williams Delayed Recall Test were also administered to 16 of the T.H.I, patients. Preliminary Spearman correlational analyses suggested associations between some variables, while others remained clearly unrelated. Both types of variable correlated with the duration of posttraumatic amnesia.

On décrit brièvement ľélaboration de la “Batterie ďévaluation neuropsycholo‐gique assistée par ordinateur ďOtago”. En vue ďun approfondissement de la validation, on a administré six des tests de la batterie à 51 traumatisés crâniens et à 51 sujets contrôle. ľépreuve de Mann‐Whitney a conclu que les trauma‐tisés présentaient des résultats significativement inferieurs au temps de réaction, au tracé, à la discrimination des couleurs, à la reconnaissance de figures sans signification et à la résolution de problèmes abstraits. La WAIS, le “Test de tracé”, le “Test de rétention visuelle de Benton” et le “Test ďevocation diflerée de Williams” ont également été administrés à 16 des blessés. Des études préliminaires avec le coefficient de Spearman ont suggéré des corrélations entre certaines variables, tandis que ďautres restaient nettement indépendantes. Ces deux catégories de variables étaient liées àľétendu de ľamnesie post‐traumati‐que.
Computer‐based Test Interpretations: Advice to the Consumer
Authors: Moreland Kevin L.
Published: January 2008

Actuarial systems for computer‐based test interpretation (C.B.T.I.) are distinguished from those based on clinical judgement. It is noted that most C.B.T.I. systems are of the latter type. Clinical judgement has proven superior to both types of C.B.T.I. system in the interpretation of neuropsychological tests and in several areas of medicine. Similar data on the automated clinical systems for the interpretation of personality instruments are sparse and methodologically weak. Studies of the validity of C.B.T.I. systems for the most popular personality inventory–the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–are reviewed in detail. Fourteen criteria are proposed for evaluating the adequacy of these and similar studies. Four additional suggestions are made for the benefit of those trying to choose a C.B.T.I. system for practical use: Check the bona fides of the system author; check to ensure that scoring and interpretation are orthodox; read scholarly reviews of the system; and evaluate the system using a set of cases with known outcomes. Finally, five situations are described that should lead one to be especially sceptical about the accuracy of C.B.T.I.s: Inferences about low probability events (e.g. suicide); rare score combinations; extreme scores; scores near cut‐offs; and unusual response sets or styles.

Les systèmes actuariels d' interprétation de tests par ordinateur (C.B.T.I.) doivent être distingués de ceux fondés sur le jugement clinique. La plupart des systèmes C.B.T.I. sont du second type. Le jugement clinique s'est révélé supérieur aux deux catégories de systèmes C.B.T.I. dans l'interprétation des tests neuropsychologiques ainsi que dans d'autres domaines de la médecine. Les données analogues sur les systèmes cliniques automatisés d'interprétation des épreuves de personnalité sont rares et méthodologiquement contestables. Les études de validité des systèmes C.B.T.I. appliqués à l'inventaire de personnalité le plus répandu (le M.M.P.I.) sont recensées en détail. On propose 14 critères pour apprécier la valeur de ce genre d'études. Quatre suggestions compleméntaires sont destinées à ceux qui souhaitent sélectionner un système C.B.T.I. pour leur pratique: Contrôlez la bonne foi de l'auteur du système; vérifiez l'orthodoxie de la cotation et de l'interprétation; lisez ce qui a étéécrit sur le système; éprouvez‐le en utilisant une série de cas dont vous connaissez l'interprétation. Enfin, on décrit cinq situations dans lesquelles s'impose le scepticisme en ce qui concerne la validite des C.B.T.I.: La prédiction dévène‐ments à faible probabilityé comme le suicide, la combinaison de scores rares, les scores extrèmes, les scores proches des limites de classes, les séries ou styles de réponses inhabituelles.
International Applications of Computer‐based Testing and Interpretation
Authors: Fowler Raymond D. , Butcher James N.
Published: January 2008

The computer has been used to administer, score and interpret psychological tests in a number of countries throughout the world. This paper traces early work in the United States, Great Britain and continental Europe and reviews the current international status of computer‐assisted psychological testing. Several problems with transporting existing computer‐based psychological testing technology across languages and cultures are discussed.

Les ordinateurs sont utilisés pour administrer, noter et interpréter les tests psychologiques dans un certain nombre de pays du monde entier. Cet article évoque les travaux réalisés aux Etats‐Unis, en Grande Bretagne et en Europe Occidentale, et passe en revue les données du courant international en la matière. Plusieurs problèmes technologiques sont soulevés par la diffusion de ces tests, notamment sur les plans du langage et de la culture.
Presidential Address: 21st International Congress of Applied Psychology
Authors: Lévy‐Leboyer Claude
Published: January 2008

In 1920, 66 years ago, in Geneva, on Claparede's initiative, 16 psychologists coming from 7 countries met to discuss “Nature and Nurture in Aptitude Development”. They had a fruitful meeting, decided to create IAAP, and immediately started to organise the second Congress of Applied Psychology which took place in Barcelona in 1921. IAAP is, therefore, the oldest international association of psychologists. Thirty‐five years later, and after a period of inactivity due to the war, there was a big step forward. Five hundred psychologists from 29 countries met in London for the 12th IAAP Congress, and Dr. Frisby, opening the Congress, could already take pride in the diversification of our field, quoting educational, clinical and social issues.
Validity, Gender Research, and Studies of the Effects of Career Development Interventions
Authors: Tittle Carol Kehr
Published: January 2008

Aux Etats‐Unis et dans d'autre pays, il y a encore des différences sexuelles dans les genres de professions embrassées par les hommes et les femmes et de grandes disparités dans leur rémunération. Il faut comprendre que ces résultats dûs au système éducationnel et aux conseils en orientation pourraient être améliorés par une recherche sur ce thème, qui adopterait une perspective sociale interactionnelle, des vues sur la construction sociale des catégories sexuelles, et influencerait le changement de perspectives des théoriciens en orientation professionnelle. Il y a aussi des changements dans le concept de validité, tels, qu'à la fois, les faits et l'éthique sont concernés. Un cadre est proposé ici qui rapproche la logique de l'argument validation et la recherche sur les différences sexuelles, et suggère un éventail plus large de mesures pour l'étude des interventions en orientation professionnelle.

In the U.S.A. and other countries there are still sex differences in types of occupations entered by men and women and large disparities in their earnings. Understanding these outcomes of the educational and career counselling systems may be enhanced by gender research, which adopts a social interaction perspective, views gender categories as socially constructed, and has resulted in changes in the views of career development theorists. There have also been changes in the concept of validity, such that both evidence and ethics are considered. A framework is proposed here that draws on the logic of validation argument and gender research, to suggest a broader set of outcome measures for studies of career development interventions.
Using Interest Inventories as Interventions in Women's Career Development
Authors: Diamond Esther E.
Published: January 2008

Des changements importants se présentent dans la mesure des motivations professionnelles comme le résultat du mouvement féminin et des pressions pour minimiser le biais sexuel. Cet article démontre que la catégorisation des motivations peut servir soit comme moyen de maintenir le statu quo dans la distribution des professions féminines, soit comme agent catalytique pour ouvrir un champ plus large de choix de carrières traditionnelles ou non, aux hommes comme aux femmes. Une polémique à propos des changements psychométriques et l'efficacité de la catégorisation professionnelle est proposée, avec des recommandations pour l'utilisation des catégorisations comme des occasions d'augmenter les expériences exploratoires sur les professions et ainsi propulser le développement des carrières.

Marked changes have taken place in career interest measurement as a result of the women's movement and the pressures to minimise sex bias. This paper argues that interest inventories can serve either as devices to help maintain the status quo in the occupational distribution of women or as catalytic agents that can open up a wider spectrum of career options, traditional and non‐traditional, to both women and men. Controversy regarding psychometric changes and the effectiveness of interest inventories is still an issue, but recommendations are offered for using interest inventories as interventions to increase exploratory occupational experiences and thus enhance career development.
Sexual Identification and the Maturing Vocational Interests of Pre‐adolescent Girls
Authors: Tétreau Bernard , Trahan Michel
Published: January 2008

Les études portant sur l'organisation des aspirations ont régulièrement conclu à des différences persistantes entre les hommes et les femmes, et cela indépendamment de l‘âge, du pays et de l'identité linguistique ou culturelle. Toutefois, ces différences ont pu être atténuées dans bien des pays par l'ouverture aux femmes ces dernières décennies de professions traditionnellement non féminines. Pour traiter cette question, 295 lycéennes et 297 lycéens québecois des niveaux 5 à 11 ont d'abord été confrontés aux 102 diapositives en couleur du “Visual Interest Test” (V.I.T.), un inventaire non verbal qui présente des travailleurs des deux sexes réalisant des tâches professionnelles concrètes et qui mesure des traits correspondant étroitement aux types RIASEC de Holland. On leur a immédiatement après montré 48 autres diapositives, identiques à 48 des diapositives du V.I.T. sinon que le sexe des personnages avait été inversé. Les filles ont choisi le modèle féminin dans 25 des 35 différences significatives (à 0.05) tandis que les gançons se portaient sur le modéle masculin 18 fois sur 29 dans les mêmes conditions. Les structures d'intirêts des lycéens sont dans la ligne des différences traditionnelles liées au sexe, avec une exception remarquable, celle des scores significativement plus forts obtenus par les filles du niveau 11 à l’échelle d'esprit d'entreprise, résultat en aceord avec des observations analogues tirées du V.I.T. sur d'autres éehantillons de lycéennes des deux Amériques parlant français, anglais, espagnol ou portugais.

Regardless of age, country, linguistic or cultural affiliation, studies of vocational interest patterns have consistently shown marked differences between women and men. However, the greater accessibility of women to non‐traditional occupations in many countries over the last few decades may have resulted in a lessening of those differences. To address this question, 295 female and 297 male students from grades 5 to 11 in Quebec, Canada, were first presented with the 102 regular colour slides of the Visual Interest Test (V.I.T.), a non‐verbal inventory showing workers of both sexes performing real‐life occupational tasks and measuring traits which closely correspond to Holland's RIASEC types. They were then immediately exposed to 48 additional slides identical to 48 of the regular V.I.T. slides, save for the sex of the characters which is reversed. The results show that the girls chose the female model in 25 out of 35 significant (p à 0.05) sex‐model differences, whereas the boys chose the male model in 18 out of 29 such differences. Analyses of the students' interest patterns reveal traditional sex differences, with the notable exception of the significantly higher scores obtained by the 11 th‐grade girls for the Enterprising scale, a result which is in keeping with similar observations made with the V.I.T. for other samples of French, English. Spanish and Portuguese‐speaking high school female students in both North and South America.
Formation d'Adultes et Acquisition de la Norme d'Internalité
Authors: Dubois Nicole
Published: January 2008

On se propose de montrer que les situations de formation chez l'adulte prennent le relais des institutions scolaires et d‘éducation spécialisée chez l'enfant et l'adolescent, dans la transmission de la norme d'internalité en matière de représentation du contrôle des renforcements. 96 adultes travaillant en milieu hospitalier et réparties en deux groupes, selon leur participation ou non à un stage de formation professionnelle centrée sur l’évaluation des attitudes corporelles dans le domaine du travail ont été soumis individuellement à un questionnaire de “locus of control”. L‘âge et la qualification professionnelle ont été contrôlés. Les analyses de variance ont pennis de dégager les effets de la variable formation sur l'orientation du contrôle des renforcements: ce sont les sujets qui ont participé au stage de formation qui obtiennent les plus forts scores d'internalité. Ces résultats sont discutés dans le cadre général des travaux récents portant sur la norme d'internalité.

Previous studies have indicated that schools and educational establishments play a role in the acquisition of the norm of internality by children and adolescents. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that adult schools play the same role in the acquisition of this norm by adults. The subjects were 96 female adults working in a hospital. Half of them had regularly attended a period of vocational instruction with regard to importance of postures in work activities. The other half had not attended for such a period. The two groups were equally divided according to age and occupation grades. All subjects were asked to complete an I.E. scale. As predicted, the results (ANOVA) indicated that subjects who had attended the period of vocational instruction expressed more internal responses than the others. These results are discussed in relation to recent studies on the norm of internality.