bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of upper respiratory tracts of Siirt‐coloured mohair goats by scanning electron microscopy before and after plastination
Authors: Güzel Barış Can , Baygeldi Saime Betül , Özkan Zait Ender
Published: May 2024

Present study was conducted to determine the changes in the surface structure of the upper respiratory tract of Siirt‐coloured mohair goats by the silicone plastination method. Accordingly, the heads of 10 Siirt‐coloured mohair goats procured from slaughterhouses were divided into two halves. Half of each head was plastinated. After macro‐comparisons were made, the deformations of silicone plastination on the surface were examined by comparing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) findings of both upper respiratory tract tissue samples collected from plastinates and fresh material. When the data from scanning electron microscopy were analysed, cilia, cobblestone patterns, goblet cells and gland ducts on the epithelial surface were identified in areas on the upper respiratory tract. The SEM images of the plastinated tissues showed that the surface structures were degenerated due to the deformation of the surface epithelium. The plastination technique damaged the structures on the surface epithelium. Since the plastination technique and scanning electron microscopy have been studied together for the first time, we believe this would contribute to the scientific literature.
Screening of substance use in pregnancy: A Danish cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rausgaard Nete Lundager Klokker , Ibsen Inge Olga , Fruekilde Palle Bach Nielsen , Nohr Ellen Aagaard , Damkier Per , Ravn Pernille
Published: May 2024

Introduction

There is a paucity of objectively verified data on substance use among Danish pregnant women. We estimated the prevalence of substance use including alcohol and nicotine among the general population of Danish pregnant women.

Material and Methods

In this anonymous, national, cross‐sectional, descriptive study, pregnant women were invited when attending an ultrasound scan between November 2019 and December 2020 at nine Danish hospitals. Women submitted a urine sample and filled out a questionnaire. Urine samples were screened on‐site with a qualitative urine dipstick for 15 substances including alcohol, nicotine, opioids, amphetamines, cannabis, and benzodiazepines. All screen‐positive urine samples underwent secondary quantitative analyses with gold standard, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis. Results were compared to questionnaire information to analyze the validity of self‐reporting and to examine possible cross‐reactions.

Results

A total of 1903 of 2154 invited pregnant women participated (88.3%). The prevalence of dipstick‐positive urine samples was 25.0%. 44.0% of these were confirmed positive, resulting in a total confirmed prevalence of 10.8%. The prevalence of nicotine use was 10.1%—and for all other substances, <0.5%. Nicotine use was more prevalent among younger pregnant women, while other substance use appeared evenly distributed over age groups. Self‐reporting of use of nicotine products was high (71.1%), but low for cannabis and alcohol intake (0% and 33.3%, respectively). Prescription medication explained almost all cases of oxycodone, methylphenidate, and benzodiazepine use.

Conclusions

Substance use among pregnant women consisted mainly of nicotine. Dipstick screening involved risks of false negatives and false positives. Except for alcohol intake and cannabis use, dipstick analyses did not seem to provide further information than self‐reporting. LC–MS/MS analyses remain gold standard, and future role of dipstick screenings should be discussed.
Restoring adiponectin via rosiglitazone ameliorates tissue wasting in mice with lung cancer
Authors: Langer Henning Tim , Ramsamooj Shakti , Dantas Ezequiel , Murthy Anirudh , Ahmed Mujmmail , Ahmed Tanvir , Hwang Seo‐Kyoung , Grover Rahul , Pozovskiy Rita , Liang Roger J. , Queiroz Andre Lima , Brown Justin C. , White Eileen P. , Janowitz Tobias , Goncalves Marcus D.
Published: May 2024

Aim

To investigate systemic regulators of the cancer‐associated cachexia syndrome (CACS) in a pre‐clinical model for lung cancer with the goal to identify therapeutic targets for tissue wasting.

Methods

Using the Kras/Lkb1 (KL) mouse model, we found that CACS is associated with white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction that directly affects skeletal muscle homeostasis. WAT transcriptomes showed evidence of reduced adipogenesis, and, in agreement, we found low levels of circulating adiponectin. To preserve adipogenesis and restore adiponectin levels, we treated mice with the PPAR‐γ agonist, rosiglitazone.

Results

Rosiglitazone treatment increased serum adiponectin levels, delayed weight loss, and preserved skeletal muscle and adipose tissue mass, as compared to vehicle‐treated mice. The preservation of muscle mass with rosiglitazone was associated with increases in AMPK and AKT activity. Similarly, activation of the adiponectin receptors in muscle cells increased AMPK activity, anabolic signaling, and protein synthesis.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that PPAR‐γ agonists may be a useful adjuvant therapy to preserve tissue mass in lung cancer.
Caring citizens: Refugee families, welfare, and affective equality
Authors: Carroll Pilapa Esara
Published: May 2024

The United States resettles refugees as humanitarian‐aid recipients and authorizes them to work so that they may achieve immediate self‐sufficiency. Current and former refugees, who utilize public assistance, must engage in a work activity or risk losing their benefits eligibility. Is employment the right activity for them? Workfare poses challenges for families with young children. When primary caregivers (typically mothers) transition into the formal labor force, they face constraints on their capacity to determine their child's care and on the timing of their physical separations from that child. The employment focus of both workfare and resettlement policies reflects a neoliberal ideal of citizens as workers, unencumbered by partners or dependents. I utilize the concept of affective equality from Kathleen Lynch's Care and Capitalism to consider the institutional disregard of people's relational and moral needs in refugee resettlement programs. Based on research in western New York among Karen and Karenni refugees from Myanmar, this article examines how families contend with resettlement and workfare constraints on their capacity to care. I describe how interlocutors' families manage affective inequalities by constructing and utilizing family networks who nurture a care ethic focused on familial needs like the provision of kin‐based care.
Midwifery continuity of care for women with perinatal mental health conditions: A cohort study from Australia
Authors: Cummins Allison , Gibberd Alison , McLaughlin Karen , Foureur Maralyn
Published: May 2024

Background

Perinatal mental health (PMH) conditions are associated with adverse outcomes such as maternal suicide, preterm birth and longer‐term childhood sequelae. Midwifery continuity of care (one midwife or a small group of midwives) has demonstrated benefits for women and newborns, including a reduction in preterm birth and improvements in maternal anxiety/worry and depression.

Aim

To determine if midwifery care provided through a Midwifery Group Caseload Practice model is associated with improved perinatal outcomes for women who have anxiety and depression and/or other perinatal mental health conditions. An EPDS ≥ 13, and/or answered the thought of harming myself has occurred to me and/or women who self‐reported a history compared to standard models of care (mixed midwife/obstetric fragmented care).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study using data routinely collected via an electronic database between 1 January 2018 31st of January 2021. The population were women with current/history of PMH, who received Midwifery Caseload Group Practice (MCP), or standard care (SC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics for maternal characteristics and logistic regression for birth outcomes. One‐to‐one matching of the MCP group with the SC group was based on propensity scores.

Results

7,359 births were included MCP 12% and SC 88%. Anxiety was the most common PMH with the same proportion affected in MCP and SC. Adjusted odds of preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes were lower in the MCP group than the SC group (aOR (95%CI): 0.77 (0.55, 1.08) and 0.81 (0.68, 0.97), respectively) and higher for vaginal birth and full breastfeeding (aOR (95% CI): 1.87 (1.60, 2.18) and 2.06 (1.61, 2.63), respectively). In the matched sample the estimate of a relationship between MCP and preterm birth (aOR (95% CI): 0.88 (0.56, 1.42), adverse perinatal outcomes (aOR (95% CI): 0.83 (0.67, 1.05)) and breastfeeding at discharge (aOR (95% CI): 1.82 (1.30, 2.51)), stronger for vaginal birth (aOR (95% CI): 2.22 (1.77, 2.71)).

Conclusion

This study supports positive associations between MCP and breastfeeding and vaginal birth. MCP was also associated with lower risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, though in the matched sample with a smaller sample size, the confidence interval included 1. The direction of the association MCP and preterm birth was negative (protective). However, in the matched sample analysis, the confidence interval was wide, and the finding was also consistent with no benefit from MCP. Randomised controlled trials are required to answer questions around preterm birth and adverse perinatal outcomes and further research is being planned.
Sevoflurane acts as an antidepressant by suppression of GluN2D‐containing NMDA receptors on interneurons
Authors: Guo Fei , Zhang Bing , Shen Fuyi , Li Qian , Song Yingcai , Li Tianyu , Zhang Yongmei , Du Weijia , Li Yuanxi , Liu Wei , Cao Hang , Zhou Xianjin , Zheng Yinli , Zhu Shujia , Li Yang , Liu Zhiqiang
Published: May 2024

Background and Purpose

Sevoflurane, a commonly used inhaled anaesthetic known for its favourable safety profile and rapid onset and offset, has not been thoroughly investigated as a potential treatment for depression. In this study, we reveal the mechanism through which sevoflurane delivers enduring antidepressant effects.

Experimental Approach

To assess the antidepressant effects of sevoflurane, behavioural tests were conducted, along with in vitro and ex vivo whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings, to examine the effects on GluN1–GluN2 incorporated N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDARs) and neuronal circuitry in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Multiple‐channel electrophysiology in freely moving mice was performed to evaluate sevoflurane's effects on neuronal activity, and GluN2D knockout (grin2d−/−) mice were used to confirm the requirement of GluN2D for the antidepressant effects.

Key Results

Repeated exposure to subanaesthetic doses of sevoflurane produced sustained antidepressant effects lasting up to 2 weeks. Sevoflurane preferentially inhibited GluN2C‐ and GluN2D‐containing NMDARs, causing a reduction in interneuron activity. In contrast, sevoflurane increased action potentials (AP) firing and decreased spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) in mPFC pyramidal neurons, demonstrating a disinhibitory effect. These effects were absent in grin2d−/− mice, and both pharmacological blockade and genetic knockout of GluN2D abolished sevoflurane's antidepressant actions, suggesting that GluN2D is essential for its antidepressant effect.

Conclusion and Implications

Sevoflurane directly targets GluN2D, leading to a specific decrease in interneuron activity and subsequent disinhibition of pyramidal neurons, which may underpin its antidepressant effects. Targeting the GluN2D subunit could hold promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating depression.
Copy number variants at 4q31.3 affecting the regulatory region of FBXW7 associated with neurodevelopmental delay
Authors: Zhou Wei , Wang Chunli , Fu Luhan , Shi Wei , Zhang Aihua , Jia Zhanjun , Zhao Xiaoke , Fu Dalin , Zheng Bixia
Published: May 2024

Emerging research has demonstrated that genomic alterations disrupting topologically associated domains (TADs) and chromatin interactions underlie the pathogenic mechanisms of specific copy number variants (CNVs) in neurodevelopmental disorders. We report two patients with a de novo deletion and a duplication in chromosome 4q31, potentially causing FBX‐related neurodevelopmental syndrome by affecting the regulatory region of FBXW7. High‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) analysis using available capture data in neural progenitor cells revealed the rewiring of the TAD boundary close to FBXW7. Both patients exhibited facial dysmorphisms, cardiac and limb abnormalities, and neurodevelopmental delays, showing significant clinical overlap with previously reported FBXW7‐related features. We also included an additional 10 patients with CNVs in the 4q31 region from the literature and the DECIPHER database for Hi‐C analysis, which confirmed that disruption of the regulatory region of FBXW7 likely contributes to the developmental defects observed in these patients.
Exogenous surfactant for lung contusion causing ARDS: A systematic review of clinical and experimental reports
Authors: Merkl Tomáš , Astapenko David , Štichhauer Radek , Šafus Antonín , Dušek Tomáš , Kotek Jiří , Řehák David , Lochman Petr
Published: May 2024

This systematic review aimed to summarize the available data on the treatment of pulmonary contusions with exogenous surfactants, determine whether this treatment benefits patients with severe pulmonary contusions, and evaluate the optimal type of surfactant, method of administration, and drug concentration. Three databases (MEDline, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched using the following keywords: pulmonary surfactant, surface‐active agents, exogenous surfactant, pulmonary contusion, and lung contusion for articles published between 1945 and February 2023, with no language restrictions. Four reviewers independently rated the studies for inclusion, and the other four reviewers resolved conflicts. Of the 100 articles screened, six articles were included in the review. Owing to the limited number of papers on this topic, various types of studies were included (two clinical studies, two experiments, and two case reports). In all the studies, surfactant administration improved the selected ventilation parameters. The most frequently used type of surfactant was Curosurf® in the concentration of 25 mg/kg of ideal body weight. In most studies, the administration of a surfactant by bronchoscopy into the segmental bronchi was the preferable way of administration. In both clinical studies, patients who received surfactants required shorter ventilation times. The administration of exogenous surfactants improved ventilatory parameters and, thus, reduced the need for less aggressive artificial lung ventilation and ventilation days. The animal‐derived surfactant Curosurf® seems to be the most suitable substance; however, the ideal concentration remains unclear. The ideal route of administration involves a bronchoscope in the segmental bronchi.
E‐cigarette use in pregnancy in Australia: A cross‐sectional survey of public antenatal clinic attendees
Authors: Rice Alice , Kingsland Melanie , Doherty Emma , Licata Milly , Tully Belinda , Wiggers John , Wolfenden Luke , Foster Michelle , Lecathelinais Christophe , Daly Justine
Published: May 2024

Introduction

E‐cigarette use has rapidly increased amongst young people in Australia, however the prevalence of use amongst pregnant people is not known. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of e‐cigarette use and dual use of e‐cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, characteristics associated with use and reasons for use amongst a sample of pregnant Australian people attending public antenatal clinics.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 4024 pregnant people attending antenatal appointments, between July 2021 and December 2022, in one local health district in New South Wales, Australia. Main outcome measures were current use of e‐cigarettes, dual use with tobacco cigarettes, participant characteristics associated with use and reasons for use.

Results

1.24% of pregnant people used e‐cigarettes, 34% of these were dual smokers. Being a current smoker (OR 39.49; 95% CI 9.99–156.21) or ex‐smoker (OR 29.86; 95% CI 8.75–101.95) were associated with e‐cigarette use. Quitting smoking was the most reported reason for use (52%).

Discussion and Conclusions

This study is the first to report on the prevalence of e‐cigarette use amongst pregnant people in Australia. We found that a small proportion of pregnant people use e‐cigarettes and that many are dual users or ex‐smokers. E‐cigarette use and rates of dual use in pregnancy in Australia appear lower than internationally, however they are similarly being used as a smoking‐cessation aid by many. As regulatory environments relating to e‐cigarette access change in Australia, large‐scale studies are required to continue to monitor e‐cigarette use and dual use in pregnancy.
Beliefs about social mobility in young American children
Authors: Tian Yuchen , González Gorana T. , Mandalaywala Tara M.
Published: May 2024

Although actual experiences of upward social mobility are historically low, many adolescents and adults express a belief in social mobility (e.g., that social status can change). Although a belief in upward mobility (e.g., that status can improve) can be helpful for economically disadvantaged adolescents and adults, a belief in upward social mobility in adults is also associated with greater acceptance of societal inequality. While this belief might have similar benefits or consequences in children, no previous work has examined whether children are even capable of reasoning about social mobility. This is surprising, given that elementary‐aged children exhibit sophisticated reasoning about both social status, as well as about the fixedness or malleability of properties and group membership. Across an economically advantaged group of 5‐ to 12‐year‐old American children (N = 151, Mage = 8.91, 63% racial majority, 25% racially marginalized; Mhousehold income = $133,064), we found evidence that children can reason about social mobility for their own families and for others. Similar to research in adults, children believe that others are more likely to experience upward than downward mobility. However, in contrast to adult's typical beliefs—but in line with economic realities—between 7‐ and 9‐years‐old, children become less likely to expect upward mobility for economically disadvantaged, versus advantaged, families. In sum, children are capable of reasoning about social mobility in nuanced ways; future work should explore the implications of these beliefs.

Research Highlights

Despite harsh economic realities, a belief in upward social mobility and the American Dream is alive and well.

Between 7 and 9 years of age, economically advantaged, American children begin to expect economically disadvantaged families to experience less upward mobility than economically advantaged families.

Children's beliefs about social mobility better accord with reality than adults’ do.
Comparative safety and cardiovascular effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in nursing homes
Authors: Riester Melissa R. , Zullo Andrew R. , Joshi Richa , Daiello Lori A. , Hayes Kaleen N. , Ko Darae , Kim Dae Hyun , Munshi Medha , Berry Sarah D.
Published: May 2024

Aim

Studies examining the safety and effectiveness of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) versus glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) among community‐dwelling adults may not generalize to nursing home (NH) residents, who are typically older and more multimorbid. We compared the safety and cardiovascular effectiveness of SGLT2is and GLP‐1RAs among US NH residents.

Materials and Methods

Eligible individuals were aged ≥66 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and initiated an SGLT2i or GLP‐1RA in an NH between 2013 and 2018. Safety outcomes included fall‐related injuries, hypoglycaemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), urinary tract infection or genital infection, and acute kidney injury in the year following treatment initiation. Cardiovascular effectiveness outcomes included death, major adverse cardiovascular events and hospitalization for heart failure. Per‐protocol adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using stabilized inverse probability of treatment and censoring weighted cause‐specific hazard regression models accounting for 127 covariates.

Results

The study population included 7710 residents (31.08% SGLT2i, 68.92% GLP‐1RA). Compared with GLP‐1RA initiators, SGLT2i initiators had higher rates of DKA (HR 1.95, 95% confidence limits 1.27, 2.99) and death (HR 1.18, 95% confidence limits 1.02, 1.36). Rates of urinary tract infection or genital infection, acute kidney injury, major adverse cardiovascular events, and heart failure were also elevated, while rates of fall‐related injuries and hypoglycaemia were reduced, but all estimates were imprecise and highly compatible with no difference.

Conclusions

SGLT2is do not have superior, and may have inferior, effectiveness compared with GLP‐1RAs for cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in NH residents. Residents initiating SGLT2is should be monitored closely for DKA.
Eco‐anxiety among regional Australian youth with mental health problems: A qualitative study
Authors: Boyd Candice P. , Jamieson Julie , Gibson Kari , Duffy Michelle , Williamson Michelle , Parr Hester
Published: May 2024

Aim

In Australia, climate‐related disasters disproportionately affect rural, regional and remote young people with effects ranging from severe flooding and catastrophic fires to unbearable heat and yet most studies on eco‐anxiety are based on reports by urban youth who do not have direct experiences of such impacts. Furthermore, there is a dearth of research on how eco‐anxiety impacts those who already experience mental health problems. The present study aims to address this gap by focussing on the lived experiences of regional Australian youth with recent experience of climate‐related disasters alongside clinical insights from those involved in their care.

Methods

Two groups, a clinician and client group, were recruited through headspace Port Macquarie—a primary youth mental health service in a regional city of New South Wales, Australia. In all, 25 participants took part in focus group discussions, including 13 clinicians and 12 clients of the service. Clients and clinicians responded to a version of the same questions: (1) whether the effects of climate change impact on regional youth with mental health problems, (2) how young people cope with eco‐anxiety and (3) how regional communities can help young people cope with eco‐anxiety better. Group discussions were audio‐recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analysed according to the principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis using a team approach.

Results

Three dimensions of eco‐anxiety were identified by clinicians and clients—helplessness in the present, hopelessness about the future and acute stress and anxiety related to experiences of severe flooding and fires. Clinicians and clients also thought that a misalignment between young people and older generations, including government, was a source of eco‐anxiety and having a collective voice was seen as important for regional youth as was community support through social media sites. Clinicians thought that eco‐anxiety was ‘in the background’ for their clients, whereas the clients who participated were clearly experiencing eco‐anxiety. Whereas clinicians could identify potential coping strategies, clients could not.

Conclusions

Eco‐anxiety can be experienced by regional youth with mental health problems as both an acute response to natural hazards and a more sustained sense of hopelessness about the future. Impacts of acute anxiety and chronic hopelessness, with its associated depression risk, among young people with pre‐existing mental health problems warrants further investigation as this study suggests that it may exacerbate their existing conditions. Clinicians and clients in this region would benefit from specific training and resources related to the identification and treatment of eco‐anxiety. Future research on climate‐related mental health should be inclusive of the perspectives of those who have direct experience of climate‐related adverse events.
Cognitive disturbances basic symptoms in help‐seeking patients with borderline personality disorder: Characteristics and association with schizotypy
Authors: Gammino Lorenzo , Pelizza Lorenzo , Emiliani Roberta , D'Adda Francesca , Lupoli Pasqualino , Pellegrini Luca , Berardi Domenico , Menchetti Marco
Published: May 2024

Aim

Although the presence of psychotic symptoms has been widely recognized in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), no study previously investigated cognitive Basic Symptoms (BS) and their clinical implications in patients with BPD.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study specifically examined the prevalence of COGDIS (cognitive disturbances) BS criteria in 93 help‐seeking outpatients with BPD by using the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument‐Adult Version (SPI‐A). We then explored associations of COGDIS with personality traits, functioning and core psychopathological features of BPD.

Results

The prevalence rates of COGDIS criterion were 62.4%. BPD patients meeting COGDIS criteria reported higher levels of schizotypal personality traits, dissociative experiences and work/social functional impairment compared to individuals without COGDIS criteria. Furthermore, the number of cognitive BSs showed a positive correlation with severity levels of schizotypy.

Conclusions

Cognitive BS are common in BPD. Cognitive disturbances are associated with schizotypal personality traits and specific clinical features. The presence of cognitive BSs may identify a more severe subgroup of patients with BPD, potentially vulnerable to psychotic symptoms and reliably identifiable through assessment of schizotypal traits.
Influence of residues from bioceramic sealer on the bond interface with universal adhesive in different application modes
Authors: Costa Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes , Barros Antonia Patricia Oliveira , Junior Adirson Jorge , Gelio Mariana Bena , Dantas Andréa Abi Rached , Kuga Milton Carlos
Published: May 2024

This study evaluated the effect on adhesive layer thickness, bond strength, and adhesive failure pattern of the application of universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal) using either manual or rotary brush in dentin previously impregnated with bioceramic sealer (Sealer Plus BC) using a manual brush, at 24 h and 1 year. Eighty‐eight bovine crowns were divided into four groups (n = 22) according to the intervention: (i) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, (ii) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush, (iii) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, and (iv) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush. Subsequently, specimens were restored with a composite resin (Filtek Z‐250). Adhesive layer thickness was evaluated using confocal microscopy. Bond strength was assessed using the microtensile bond strength test, and adhesive failure pattern was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA/Tukey tests. Specimens where a rotary brush had been used exhibited lower adhesive layer thickness. Specimens treated with resin sealer and using a manual brush showed lower bond strength values and a higher occurrence of adhesive failures at 24 h and 1 year than specimens treated with bioceramic sealer and using rotary brush for adhesive application.
Detection of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures using a connected shirt
Authors: Gharbi Oumayma , Lamrani Yassine , St‐Jean Jérôme , Jahani Amirhossein , Toffa Dènahin Hinnoutondji , Tran Thi Phuoc Yen , Robert Manon , Nguyen Dang Khoa , Bou Assi Elie
Published: May 2024

Objective

This study was undertaken to develop and evaluate a machine learning‐based algorithm for the detection of focal to bilateral tonic–clonic seizures (FBTCS) using a novel multimodal connected shirt.

Methods

We prospectively recruited patients with epilepsy admitted to our epilepsy monitoring unit and asked them to wear the connected shirt while under simultaneous video‐electroencephalographic monitoring. Electrocardiographic (ECG) and accelerometric (ACC) signals recorded with the connected shirt were used for the development of the seizure detection algorithm. First, we used a sliding window to extract linear and nonlinear features from both ECG and ACC signals. Then, we trained an extreme gradient boosting algorithm (XGBoost) to detect FBTCS according to seizure onset and offset annotated by three board‐certified epileptologists. Finally, we applied a postprocessing step to regularize the classification output. A patientwise nested cross‐validation was implemented to evaluate the performances in terms of sensitivity, false alarm rate (FAR), time in false warning (TiW), detection latency, and receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC‐AUC).

Results

We recorded 66 FBTCS from 42 patients who wore the connected shirt for a total of 8067 continuous hours. The XGBoost algorithm reached a sensitivity of 84.8% (56/66 seizures), with a median FAR of .55/24 h and a median TiW of 10 s/alarm. ROC‐AUC was .90 (95% confidence interval = .88–.91). Median detection latency from the time of progression to the bilateral tonic–clonic phase was 25.5 s.

Significance

The novel connected shirt allowed accurate detection of FBTCS with a low false alarm rate in a hospital setting. Prospective studies in a residential setting with a real‐time and online seizure detection algorithm are required to validate the performance and usability of this device.
Can genetic rescue help save Arabia's last big cat?
Authors: Al Hikmani Hadi , van Oosterhout Cock , Birley Thomas , Labisko Jim , Jackson Hazel A. , Spalton Andrew , Tollington Simon , Groombridge Jim J.
Published: May 2024

Genetic diversity underpins evolutionary potential that is essential for the long‐term viability of wildlife populations. Captive populations harbor genetic diversity potentially lost in the wild, which could be valuable for release programs and genetic rescue. The Critically Endangered Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) has disappeared from most of its former range across the Arabian Peninsula, with fewer than 120 individuals left in the wild, and an additional 64 leopards in captivity. We (i) examine genetic diversity in the wild and captive populations to identify global patterns of genetic diversity and structure; (ii) estimate the size of the remaining leopard population across the Dhofar mountains of Oman using spatially explicit capture–recapture models on DNA and camera trap data, and (iii) explore the impact of genetic rescue using three complementary computer modeling approaches. We estimated a population size of 51 (95% CI 32–79) in the Dhofar mountains and found that 8 out of 25 microsatellite alleles present in eight loci in captive leopards were undetected in the wild. This includes two alleles present only in captive founders known to have been wild‐sourced from Yemen, which suggests that this captive population represents an important source for genetic rescue. We then assessed the benefits of reintroducing novel genetic diversity into the wild population as well as the risks of elevating the genetic load through the release of captive‐bred individuals. Simulations indicate that genetic rescue can improve the long‐term viability of the wild population by reducing its genetic load and realized load. The model also suggests that the genetic load has been partly purged in the captive population, potentially making it a valuable source population for genetic rescue. However, the greater loss of its genetic diversity could exacerbate genomic erosion of the wild population during a rescue program, and these risks and benefits should be carefully evaluated. An important next step in the recovery of the Arabian leopard is to empirically validate these conclusions, implement and monitor a genomics‐informed management plan, and optimize a strategy for genetic rescue as a tool to recover Arabia's last big cat.
Radiological features of patients with headache as a presenting symptom of neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Mahmood Selina , Sallowm Yamin , Affan Muhammad , Schultz Lonni , Cerghet Mirela , Ali Ashhar
Published: May 2024

Objective

To describe the radiological features of patients with headache as a presenting symptom of neurosarcoidosis.

Background

Neurologic complications occur in approximately 5%–10% of patients with sarcoidosis, and approximately 50% of these patients have neurologic deficits at the time sarcoidosis is first diagnosed. A wide spectrum of central and peripheral nervous system clinical manifestations may be observed, including cranial nerve palsies, sensory and/or motor deficits, and headache. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results in patients with neurosarcoidosis may include abnormal contrast enhancement, structural masses, and demyelinating lesions.

Methods

This single‐center retrospective cohort study assessed patients who were diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis in an urban tertiary care center between 1995 and 2016. We included patients who had MRI results at the time of diagnosis. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of headache as a presenting symptom. The MRI result of meningeal contrast enhancement was reviewed.

Results

Of the 110 patients analyzed, 30 (27.3%) had an initial presenting symptom of headache while 80 (72.7%) did not. Patients with headache had a higher proportion of meningeal contrast enhancement on MRI (66.7% [20/30] vs. 25.0% [20/80]; p < 0.001) and leptomeningeal involvement (53.3% [16/30] vs. 7.5% [6/80], p < 0.001) compared to patients with no headache. However, those with headache had a lower proportion of spinal cord localization (13.8% [4/29] vs. 34.2% [26/76], p = 0.038) and intraparenchymal central nervous system involvement (16.7% [5/30] vs. 51.3% [41/80], p = 0.001) compared to patients with no headache.

Conclusion

Patients with neurosarcoidosis who presented with headache as an initial symptom had a higher proportion of meningeal contrast enhancement seen by MRI than patients who presented with other neurological symptoms. This suggests a clinico‐radiologic link between headache and meningeal disruption in patients with neurosarcoidosis.
Exploring the therapeutic potential of barley grain in type 2 diabetes management: a review
Authors: Gebre Bilatu Agza , Liu Xiaoning , Zhang Chuangchuang , Ma Mengting , Mekonnen Solomon Abate , Yao Tianming , Sui Zhongquan
Published: May 2024

A healthy lifestyle with a high intake of whole grains is preferred for the effective type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention. Plenty of studies have shown the health benefits of barley on metabolic diseases, but there is a dearth of review articles specifically focused on antidiabetic effects. Hence, it is urgent to consolidate the up‐to‐date findings and provide guidance for future research endeavours in a timely review. This review aims to provide an overview on barley consumption for T2DM prevention and management, focusing on certain key aspects such as glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. Extensive research has highlighted the potential benefits of barley grains in T2DM prevention, attributed to their high dietary fibre content, a diverse array of phytochemicals, and bioactive peptides. The dietary fibre (e.g., β‐glucan and arabinoxylan), characterised by their viscous and water‐soluble nature, is involved in modulating gastrointestinal physiology, thereby exerting regulatory effects on blood glucose and insulin levels. Phenolic compounds in barley have the potential to inhibit α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase enzymes, offering further support for glucose homeostasis. In addition, outer layers of barley are found to have high levels of fibres and bioactive compounds. The levels of these bioactive compounds can be improved through food processing techniques. Future investigation is necessary to establish the relationships between barley bioactive components and their specific antidiabetic capacity to improve study consistency and innovative strategies to incorporate barley into daily diet.
Unveiling the potential of micronized dehulled sunflower press‐cake: a breakthrough in sustainable plant‐based protein‐rich sport beverages
Authors: Girotto Francesca , Merlino Maria , Giovanelli Gabriella , Condurso Concetta , Piazza Laura
Published: May 2024

In the sports protein beverage market, the demand for plant‐based substitutes is rising. Sunflower press‐cake, a protein‐rich by‐product, offers a compelling alternative to traditional options like soy, pea, or rice proteins. With its natural allergen‐free composition, sunflower proteins are suitable for individuals with soy or nut allergies, broadening the market of allergen‐free protein products. This study focuses on the characterisation of micronized dehulled sunflower press‐cake (DSPC) and preliminary explores its valorization in a protein‐rich beverage. Micronization treatment was applied to the DSPC, since the reduction in particle size positively influences sensory attributes. The comprehensive analysis of micronized industrial DSPC revealed a high protein content (44.35 g/100 gDB), elevated polyphenol levels (33.75 mgGAE/gDB) and positive outcomes in water and oil holding capacities. However, proteins showed low in vitro digestibility (42.82%) and poor solubility (~10%). Additionally, the high phytate content (5.00 g/100 g) prompted consideration for nutritional implications, whether positive or negative. From the analysis of the volatile profile, the diverse array of compounds revealed the absence of off‐odours typically formed during autoxidation. In view of the potential application within a functional beverage formulation intended for athletes, four aqueous dispersions, featuring two different percentages of micronized DSPC (25% and 16% w/v) and pH levels (6.5 and 3.5), were prepared and tested for rheological properties.
Production and characterisation of microfluidized olive powder
Authors: Argün Sinem , Mert Behiç , Öztop Halil Mecit , Tekin Aziz
Published: May 2024

Microfluidization has been gaining popularity as a size reduction process in recent years. In this study, microfluidization technique was used for olives to change the cell wall structure and decrease the size of oil droplets. Olive powders were produced from green, black and raw olives using freeze drying following microfluidization at 1200 bar. Antioxidant activity was not affected significantly for all powders while total phenolic content decreased for green and raw olive powders with microfluidization. Among all olive powders, the one raw olive gave the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content. In microscopic analysis, Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed that microfluidization results in finer particles which are self‐encapsulated by trapping the oil droplets. Stability analysis through Turbi Scan and rheological measurements of the powder suspensions showed that microfluidization process enables more stable suspensions having higher water holding capacity. Herschel–Bulkley model was found for the flow behaviours of the olive powder suspensions.
Personal care workers' intention to stay in residential aged care: An integrative review
Authors: Wang Donna , Maneze Della , Everett Bronwyn , George Ajesh , Tan Josh D. L. , Salamonson Yenna
Published: May 2024

Aim

To identify key factors that influence personal care workers' (PCW) intention to stay in residential aged care (RAC).

Background

PCWs are the ‘backbone’ of providing direct care in RAC settings. The well‐being of older people hinges upon their dedication and commitment; thus, enhancing their intention to stay is a priority to reduce turnover and ensure continuity of care.

Methods

Six databases were searched for articles focusing on factors influencing PCWs' intention to stay in RAC. Studies were independently assessed for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute Methodology for systematic review tools. Reporting of the results followed the PRISMA guidelines.

Findings

Eight articles published between 2010 and 2022 were included. The key issues were categorized as: (a) sociodemographic characteristics; (b) psychological factors; (c) workplace factors and (d) job satisfaction. Older age, being married and immigration status were positively associated with intention to stay. Work stress and burnout contributed towards demotivation, while a supportive and engaging organizational culture that recognized workers' contributions and provided appropriate remuneration and benefits, enhanced job satisfaction and retention.

Conclusion

This review affirms the complexity of the decision‐making process influencing workers' intention to stay. A comprehensive understanding of the interplay of these factors and the personal and sociocultural challenges faced by PCWs is essential to design strategies to provide support and enhance job satisfaction and retention.

Implications for Aged Care

This review showed that support from the organization is critical in improving PCWs' intention to stay in aged care. Given the interconnectedness of a range of key factors, decision‐makers need to address modifiable factors holistically. Including PCWs in planning retention strategies could be the missing link in tailoring interventions towards workforce retention.

Impact

Personal, psychological and workplace factors alone and in combination influence personal care workers' intention to stay in residential aged care (RAC).

The interrelationships among the factors impacting PCWs' intention to stay are complex, wherein a change in one often influences other factors.

Addressing the causes of psychological stress, improving workplace culture and understanding their interrelationships provide a foundation for co‐designing strategies to promote intention to stay among PCWs in RAC.

Reporting Method

The authors have adhered to relevant EQUATOR guidelines PRISMA.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This integrative review is conducted with no involvement or contribution from patients or the public.
A scoping review of the qualitative literature reporting experiences of living with a stoma for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Essex Ryan , Booth Lesley , Sirois Fuschia , Burch Jennie , Dibley Lesley
Published: May 2024

Aims

Surgical treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) potentially includes stoma formation. Although positive clinical outcomes are widely reported, patients' responses to stoma surgery, including coming to terms with and adjusting to the stoma, vary widely. This scoping review charts the qualitative literature addressing the question: What is known about any personal psychosocial and quality of life factors that inform adjustment to living well with an intestinal stoma for IBD?

Design

A scoping review methodology was employed.

Data Sources

Searches of Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, Medline and PsycInfo in August 2023.

Review Methods

Levac et al.'s (2010) methodology was followed. PRISMA‐ScR guidelines were adhered to.

Results

Thirteen cross‐sectional studies were included, involving a total of 142 participants. Four themes were identified: (1) facilitative factors; (2) barriers to adjustment; (3) personal attributes; and (4) time and temporality. Data indicate that personal and psychological factors influence adjustment, but not how this occurs. Adjustment takes longer to achieve than is conventionally (clinically) expected.

Conclusion

All available evidence is cross‐sectional. The identified gap in the evidence is the notable lack of longitudinal research to assess, monitor and understand the complex process of adjustment in people with IBD having stoma‐forming surgery. Detailed understanding of the process of adjustment would enable more targeted support for patients preparing for, and learning to live with, a stoma for IBD.

Impact

This paper highlights the need to understand the multiple personal and psychosocial factors that affect adjustment to life with a stoma and identifies that adjustment takes significantly longer than the few weeks required to become competent in managing the stoma.

Patient or Public Contribution

Not applicable.
The predicted benefits of genomic selection on pig breeding objectives
Authors: Sharif‐Islam Md , van der Werf Julius H. J. , Wood Benjamin J. , Hermesch Susanne
Published: May 2024

The premise was tested that the additional genetic gain was achieved in the overall breeding objective in a pig breeding program using genomic selection (GS) compared to a conventional breeding program, however, some traits achieved larger gain than other traits. GS scenarios based on different reference population sizes were evaluated. The scenarios were compared using a deterministic simulation model to predict genetic gain in scenarios with and without using genomic information as an additional information source. All scenarios were compared based on selection accuracy and predicted genetic gain per round of selection for objective traits in both sire and dam lines. The results showed that GS scenarios increased overall response in the breeding objectives by 9% to 56% and 3.5% to 27% in the dam and sire lines, respectively. The difference in response resulted from differences in the size of the reference population. Although all traits achieved higher selection accuracy in GS, traits with limited phenotypic information at the time of selection or with low heritability, such as sow longevity, number of piglets born alive, pre‐ and post‐weaning survival, as well as meat and carcass quality traits achieved the largest additional response. This additional response came at the expense of smaller responses for traits that are easy to measure, such as back fat and average daily gain in GS compared to the conventional breeding program. Sow longevity and drip loss percentage did not change in a favourable direction in GS with a reference population of 500 pigs. With a reference population of 1000 pigs or onwards, sow longevity and drip loss percentage began to change in a favourable direction. Despite the smaller responses for average daily gain and back fat thickness in GS, the overall breeding objective achieved additional gain in GS.
Inhibition of STAT3 by S3I‐201 suppress peritoneal fibroblast phenotype conversion and alleviate peritoneal fibrosis
Authors: Song Qianhui , Li Han , Yan Hao , Yu Zanzhe , Li Zhenyuan , Yuan Jiangzi , Jiang Na , Ni Zhaohui , Gu Leyi , Fang Wei
Published: May 2024

Peritoneal fibrosis is a common pathological response to long‐term peritoneal dialysis (PD) and a major cause for PD discontinuation. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the induction and progression of peritoneal fibrosis is of great interest. In our study, in vitro study revealed that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key factor in fibroblast activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. Furthermore, STAT3 induced by IL‐6 trans‐signalling pathway mediate the fibroblasts of the peritoneal stroma contributed to peritoneal fibrosis. Inhibition of STAT3 exerts an antifibrotic effect by attenuating fibroblast activation and ECM production with an in vitro co‐culture model. Moreover, STAT3 plays an important role in the peritoneal fibrosis in an animal model of peritoneal fibrosis developed in mice. Blocking STAT3 can reduce the peritoneal morphological changes induced by chlorhexidine gluconate. In conclusion, our findings suggested STAT3 signalling played an important role in peritoneal fibrosis. Therefore, blocking STAT3 might become a potential treatment strategy in peritoneal fibrosis.