bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Successful Cooperation between Academia and Industry in Higher Rail Education: The Postgraduate Course in “Railway Infrastructure and Systems Engineering” at Sapienza
Authors: Rizzetto Luca , Malavasi Gabriele , Ricci Stefano , Montaruli Noemi , Abbascià Nicoletta , Risica Riccardo , Bocchetti Giovanni , Gherardi Federico , Raffone Alessandra
Published: August 2015

The aim of this paper is to describe the postgraduate course in “Railway Infrastructure and Systems Engineering” at the University of Rome “La Sapienza”, funded by rail companies operating in Italy. It represents a successful example of cooperation between academia and industry in the field of railway transport. The success of the program is attested by its placement (the 90% of the graduates find an employment within six months in the companies which support the course; this percentage reached the 98% in the last three editions) and by the fact that every year it receives many more applications (almost 400 last year) than the maximum number of students that can attend the course (30). The main factors that make this course successful are its multidisciplinary training and the very close collaboration between the University and partner companies. In fact, the program of each module is designed both by academics and by managers of the companies in order to ensure an up-to-date teaching, which provides both the academic and the industrial point of view of any rail subject; this enables students to obtain a complete vision of the railway system, so to be able to work in any of the partner companies.
A BAYESIAN APPROACH FOR FORECASTING ERRORS OF BUDGET COST ESTIMATES
Authors: HWANG Seokyon
Published: August 2015

Accurate estimation of budget costs is critical for effective management of construction projects. The performance of various management functions is dependent on the accuracy of the estimates throughout the construction phase. These estimates, however, inevitably involve a considerable amount of error, which imperatively requires the evaluation of budget cost estimates and the measurement of errors associated with the estimates. Applying an analytical procedure, this study carried out a thorough statistical analysis of existing practice in the construction industry to identify limitations of the practice. As an alternative to the practice, a Bayesian approach was found to be more appropriate than the industry common practice to account for the probabilistic nature of estimates and to forecast errors associated with the budget estimates. A scenario-based example is included to demonstrate application of the analytical procedure for analysing historical cost performance data that are readily available in most construction companies.
Anti-Herpes Simplex virus Activities of Bioactive Extracts from Antrodia Camphorata Mycelia
Authors: He Yuan-Chuan , Lu Zeng-Hui , Shi Ping , Hao Jing-Chao , Zhao Zong-Jie , Xie Hai-Tao , Mao Ping , Chen Shi-Jiang
Published: August 2015

Background

Antrodia camphorata, a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of liver diseases and cancers. Anti-inflammatory properties have also been described. HSV infection represents one of the most serious public health concerns globally because of its devastating impact. Searching for new antiviral agents, especially those with different mechanisms of action, is a crucial goal and there is an unmet need for alternative and complementary therapy against HSV infection. In this study, anti-herpes screening was performed with extracts from A. camphorata mycelia.

Methods

MTT assay, fractional inhibitory concentration index and median-effect principle were used to evaluate antiviral activity and to calculate drug combination effect.

Results

Crude ethanol extracts and isolated constituents showed inhibition of HSV replication at a very low concentration. Fraction A and antrodin A showed viral inhibitory effect with reduction of viral cell-to-cell spread. In addition, neither fraction A nor antrodin A showed interaction in combination with acyclovir.

Conclusions

A. camphorata mycelia and antrodin A might have potential use as anti-HSV agents and are promising candidates for future antiviral drug design.
Clinical Evaluation of Chronic Cough in Children
Authors: Traisman Edward S.
Published: August 2015

Cough is a common complaint in pediatrics, and accounts for many visits to the pediatrician for evaluation. Cough can be disruptive at school and interrupt sleep. In the evaluation of cough, it is important to differentiate between acute and chronic cough. Proper evaluation of specific or nonspecific cough through history, physical examination, and appropriate laboratory studies should be performed. Close observation of all patients to ensure therapeutic benefit is important, along with patient education.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2015;44(8):303-307.]
Blistering Disorders in Children
Authors: Yun Duri , Stein Sarah L.
Published: August 2015

Bullous disorders in children are challenging as they encompass a wide range of entities. The etiologies range from inherited to acquired disorders. Some of the more common acquired forms include allergic reactions, infections, autoimmune-mediated conditions, and toxin-mediated conditions. Some eruptions are self-limited, whereas others can be life-threatening. Obtaining a careful history, performing a detailed morphologic examination, recognizing when a skin scraping, biopsy, or culture is indicated, and having an understanding of the associated pathophysiology allows one to narrow the differential and ultimately arrive at the correct diagnosis. This review discusses the more commonly acquired bullous eruptions and how to differentiate them.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2015;44(8):e205–e212.]
The Irrevocable Alteration of Communication
Authors: Baker Elizabeth (Betsy) A. , Alfayez Arwa , Dalton Christy , McInnish Renee Smith , Schwerdtfeger Rebecca , Khajeloo Mojtaba
Published: August 2015

In our digital society, the ability to communicate has irrevocably changed. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a glimpse into the impact of digital media on society, specifically digital communication. This glimpse is framed in terms of four characteristics of digital communication: product/ion, semiotic, public, and transitory. Issues are examined that relate to the democratization and monopolization of communication, who has access, the persistent Spiral of Silence, privacy, cyber bullying, identity theft, the ethereal being captured, as well as education and new literacies. Methodological gaps are noted in the research corpus and suggestions are proposed regarding the need for timeliness, support for a comprehensive span of research paradigms, and representation of a full range of populations. Finally, implications and recommendations are explored for civic engagement, commerce, education, and policy.
Libraries and Digital Media
Authors: Olin Jessica R.
Published: August 2015

Both academic and public libraries have, since the inception of the internet and the world wide web, experienced a seismic level of change when compared to the past. The impacts of such specific issues as social media, open access, and the digital divide, and how they change both the short and long term operations and planning for libraries, are considered here through the lens of recent research on these topics. Some attention is also given to gaps in the current research and recommendations are made for further study. Particular attention is given to ways in which these issues overlap for academic and public libraries.
A Review of E-Textiles in Education and Society
Authors: Peppler Kylie
Published: August 2015

The recent emergence of digital creativity that extends beyond the screen and into the physical world, engendering new forms of creative production, has transformed educational and professional fields. From AT&T's bio-tracking clothing to Lady Gaga's smart-hydraulic “Living Dress,” e-textiles infuse fashion with electronics to produce unique and aesthetic effects using new conductive materials, including thread, yarn, paint, and fabrics woven from copper, silver, or other highly conductive fibers. This chapter outlines both the educational and societal implications of these new materials in the field of e-textile creation like consumer-ready e-textile toolkits, high-profile displays of imaginative e-textile creations and an increasing body of Do-It-Yourself (DIY) literature on e-textile design that have emerged in the past decade. It also looks at ways in which e-textiles are transforming new solutions to old and persistent problems of underrepresentation of women and minorities in STEM fields and providing a vehicle in which to rethink teaching and learning in these disciplines.
Virtual Worlds and Online Videogames for Children and Young People
Authors: Merchant Guy
Published: August 2015

Online virtual worlds and games provide opportunities for new kinds of interaction, and new forms of play and learning, and they are becoming a common feature in the lives of many children and young people. This chapter explores the issues that this sort of virtual play raises for researchers and educators, and the main themes that have emerged through empirical investigation. I focus on children and young people within the age range covered by compulsory schooling, providing illustrative examples of virtual environments that promote play and learning as a way of underlining some key areas of interest. Drawing on work from a range of theoretical and disciplinary perspectives the chapter emphasises how these environments have much in common with other imagined worlds and suggests that looking at the ways in which the virtual is embedded in everyday contexts for meaning making provides an important direction for future research.
Use of Apps and Devices for Fostering Mobile Learning of Literacy Practices
Authors: Beach Richard , Castek Jill
Published: August 2015

Given the increased use of apps and mobile devices in the classroom, this chapter reviews research on secondary and college students' uses of educational apps employed with mobile devices in the classroom supporting mobile learning (m-learning). It focuses on research analyses of m-learning activities fostered through ubiquity/authenticity, portability, and personalization/adaptivity of apps and mobile devices fostering collaboration/interactivity, multimodality, and shared productivity. These practices serve to enhance information search and acquisition, reading digital texts, formulating and sharing responses to texts, shared productivity, and language learning. While there is some research documenting how m-learning serves to foster these literacy practices, there remains a need for further research on how effective design of m-learning activities supports literacy learning, as well as how larger economic and policy issues shape or impede effective m-learning.
Deviously Deviant
Authors: Jones Brian Lee
Published: August 2015

This chapter presents the unique case of deviantART.com – a popular social networking and image-sharing platform for artists. The chapter introduces and describes the platform, its history, and some of the features the platform offers. It forwards a brief summation of current research, outlines issues emerging from that research, explores the strength and weaknesses of that research, and discusses some of the many difficulties related to researching the platform and its members. The chapter includes a discussion of “creativity” and the economically centric rhetoric and misconceptions latent in hyped popular discourse surrounding the rise of a “creative economy.” A discussion of educational issues from an art education perspective is also included in the chapter, which concludes with a presentation of larger social and policy issues related to deviantART.com.
The Appification of Literacy
Authors: O'Brien David Gerard , Van Deventer Megan McDonald
Published: August 2015

Appification represents the rapid movement of digital tools and media from a Web-based platform to mobile apps. While appification makes the former Web-based tools and apps more accessible, and improves users' quality of life, it also undermines traditional literacy skills and practices associated with print literacies. After defining appification and presenting examples, the chapter explores how appification impacts literacy in the broader society and critiques how schools, via standards, are adapting to the broader appification. Apps and appification play a significant role in changing globally what is meant by literacy. Yet, in the US, schools and educational policy are not keeping up with the rapid transition. Although schools are increasingly embracing the idea of apps and portable devices like tablets, there is little systematic connection between using the new technologies in schools and improving literacy required to be proficient in the app-o-verse.
Collaborative Writing
Authors: Zammit Katina
Published: August 2015

As people, of all ages, take advantage of the opportunities offered by Web 2.0 to be active participants in the process of knowledge building, they become publishers and producers of knowledge not simply consumers of information. In this chapter I will draw upon Bruns and Humphrey's (2007) concept of produsage and the four capacities of produsers as a frame through which to consider the use of wikis for collaborative writing and the social construction of meaning in an online environment. In presenting an overview of the literature on wikis in educational, work and interest-group (affinity spaces) contexts, the issues and gaps, connections will be made between these two concepts and other complementary ideas. While the chapter focuses, primarily, on wiki usage in educational contexts commentary is also included on wikis in workplace environments and for interest-groups (affinity spaces).
Social Media for Promoting Grassroots Political Movements and Social Change
Authors: Manzoor Amir
Published: August 2015

In light of many recent Internet-led revolutions, the Internet and its tools of social media have been heralded as instrumental in facilitating the uprisings. This chapter provides a close examination of the social media role in grass roots political and social change movements. The chapter discusses the ways activists have used social media tools for organizing and generating awareness of political mobilization and the characteristics of social networking that can be harnessed in a particular cultural and historical context to achieve collective political actions. The chapter also discusses long-established theories of communication to explain how social networking tools became appealing to the activists in these Internet-led movements. The chapter will look at various Internet-led political movements around the globe to demonstrate the enormous potential of social networking tools to facilitate and expedite political mobilization.
Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, Pt 1, Trilobites From Upper Silurian Rocks of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Encrinurus [Frammia] and Hemiarges; Pt 2, Ordovician and Silurian Tabulate Corals Labyrinthites Arcturia, Troedssonites, Multisolenia and Boreaster; Pt 3, a New
Species of Hemicystites
Authors: Bolton T E , Sinclair G W
Published: August 2015

Type specimens of Cromus arclirns Haughton and Frammia dissimilis Holtedahl are restudied, and together with new material are assigned to Encrinurus (Frammia) arcticus. Distribution of Lower and Middle Ludlovian H emiarges aquilonius Whittington and Late Silurian
or Early Devonian H . bigener n. sp. within the Canadian Arctic is outlined.
The Triassic Takla Group in Mcconnell Creek map-area, north central British Columbia
Authors: Monger J W H
Published: August 2015

The stratigraphy of the Upper Triassic Takla Group in McConnell Creek map-area (91+ D) of north-central British Columbia is described. West of the Pinchi Fault and its northerly extension where the rocks are little deformed and metamorphosed, the group consists
of three formations that are different fades of a mainly marine, but locally nonmarine, evolving volcano-sedimentary assemblage. The Dewar Formation, up to 1500 m of dark grey to brown volcanic sandstone, tuff and argillite, both underlies and is the distal basinward equivalent of volcanics
composing the Savage Mountain Formation. The latter comprises up to 3000 m of mainly dark grey green, locally red, pillow basalt, massive basalt, subaerial flows, brecda and tuff. The basalts have alkaline affinities and are porphyritic with abundant augite, local olivine and plagioclase
phenocrysts. Both formations are overlain by the Moosevale Formation, consisting of as much as 1800 m of variegated red and green or reddish grey marine and nonmarine volcaniclastics with clasts similar to Savage Mountain lithologies and also locally dominant intermediate alkaline feldspar prophyry.
East of the Pinchi Fault the rocks are metamorphosed mainly in the greenschist fades but are probably largely correlative with the Savage Mountain Formation. Fossils from the Takla Group are upper Karnian or lower Norian (Upper Triassic) thus representing a relatively short interval of deposition.
The group is overlain unconformably by predominantly intermediate volcanics of the probable Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) Telkwa Formation of the Hazelton Group, whose base consists in part of a polymictic conglomerate containing clasts derived from the Takla and pre-Takla rocks and locally granitic
lithologies.
Contributions to canadian paleontology
Authors: Bolton T E ,   Geological Survey of Canada, Norford B S , Desbiens S , Kurita H , McIntyre D J , White J M , Marincovich L , Higgs R
Published: August 2015

This volume contains five papers with studies ranging from Late Ordovician to Late Miocene. Two of the papers are taxonomic notes with biostratigraphic implications. One describes a worm-like fossil from the Collingwood Formation in Ontario, the other describes
the Devonian bivalve Prosocoelus from several localities in northeast North America.
The other papers document new fauna collections from other parts of North America. Most of these can be correlated with fauna in other parts of the world. An extensive trilobite fauna from the Lower Silurian Tegart Formation of southern British Columbia aids precise calibration and correlation
between three of the most effective biostratigraphic schemes used to zone the Silurian System. Dinoflagellates from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Alberta demonstrate the applicability of these fossils for biostratigraphic determination and paleoecological analysis in a marginal marine
setting. The sedimentology and paleoecology of new Late Miocene molluscs and palynomorphs from the Skonun Formation, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia have allowed determination of the climate and environment at the time of deposition. These fauna are from well bores and allow precise
correlation.
Studies such as these are essential for determining the stratigraphic relationships between strata in different depositional basins in North America. Because many of these basins contain oil and gas deposits, precise correlation has important economic implications.
Die Gees (πνεῦμα) en vrede (εἰρήνη) met God teenoor die Vlees (σάρξ) en vyandskap (ἔχθρα) met God in Romeine 8:6–8
Authors: Venter Dirk
Published: August 2015

The Spirit (πνεῦμα) and peace (εἰρήνη) with God as opposed to the Flesh (σάρξ) and hostility (ἔχθρα) with God in Romans 8:6–8. A surprising number of exegetes do not address the question to what exactly εἰρήνη refers in Romans 8:6. The rest seem to be divided between interpreting it as an unspecified (eschatological) state of peace (šalôm), peace with one’s fellow humans, or peace with God. Based on the textual context, this article argues that the latter interpretative option is best. In terms of metaphor, the relevant target domain here is that of the relationship with God, while the source domain reflected probably is that of diplomatic relations. In addition, peace (with God) here must be understood in relation to the rule of the Spirit, the decisive influence upon those who live κατὰ πνεῦμα (Rom 8:4–5). Antithetically, personified flesh rules over those who are ἐν σαρκί (Rom 8:8). This leads to a disposition of enmity toward God as well as the inability to submit to his law. For Paul being ruled by the Spirit, as a consequence of being reconciled with God through Christ (Rom 5:1, 10; 8:3–4), is a crucial aspect of being at peace with God.
Biomarkers in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Rosenbaum Andrew N. , Miller Wayne L.
Published: August 2015

Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a prominent condition whose frequency is increasing, especially in the context of an aging population. The ability to discern the cause of undifferentiated dyspnea in acute presentations is an increasing struggle. In this review, we seek to explore the various biomarkers that have been studied for the diagnosis of ADHF and their respective clinical utilities as the most recent data would suggest. Natriuretic peptides, galectin-3, soluble ST2, adrenomedullin, cardiac troponin-T, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and copeptin are reviewed. Of these biomarkers, natriuretic peptides are the most thoroughly evaluated and show the most promise for diagnosis or exclusion of acute heart failure, though other biomarkers can add significant utility in the form of prognostication.
In situ, satellite measurement and model evidence on the dominant regional contribution to fine particulate matter levels in the Paris megacity
Authors: Beekmann M. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Drewnick F. , Sciare J. , Pandis S. N. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Crippa M. , Freutel F. , Poulain L. , Ghersi V. , Rodriguez E. , Beirle S. , Zotter P. , von der Weiden-Reinmüller S.-L. , Bressi M. , Fountoukis C. , Petetin H. , Szidat S. , Schneider J. , Rosso A. , El Haddad I. , Megaritis A. , Zhang Q. J. , Michoud V. , Slowik J. G. , Moukhtar S. , Kolmonen P. , Stohl A. , Eckhardt S. , Borbon A. , Gros V. , Marchand N. , Jaffrezo J. L. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Colomb A. , Wiedensohler A. , Borrmann S. , Lawrence M. , Baklanov A. , Baltensperger U.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A detailed characterization of air quality in the megacity of Paris (France) during two 1-month intensive campaigns and from additional 1-year observations revealed that about 70 % of the urban background fine particulate matter (PM) is transported on average into the megacity from upwind regions. This dominant influence of regional sources was confirmed by in situ measurements during short intensive and longer-term campaigns, aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements from ENVISAT, and modeling results from PMCAMx and CHIMERE chemistry transport models. While advection of sulfate is well documented for other megacities, there was surprisingly high contribution from long-range transport for both nitrate and organic aerosol. The origin of organic PM was investigated by comprehensive analysis of aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), radiocarbon and tracer measurements during two intensive campaigns. Primary fossil fuel combustion emissions constituted less than 20 % in winter and 40 % in summer of carbonaceous fine PM, unexpectedly small for a megacity. Cooking activities and, during winter, residential wood burning are the major primary organic PM sources. This analysis suggests that the major part of secondary organic aerosol is of modern origin, i.e., from biogenic precursors and from wood burning. Black carbon concentrations are on the lower end of values encountered in megacities worldwide, but still represent an issue for air quality. These comparatively low air pollution levels are due to a combination of low emissions per inhabitant, flat terrain, and a meteorology that is in general not conducive to local pollution build-up. This revised picture of a megacity only being partially responsible for its own average and peak PM levels has important implications for air pollution regulation policies.
Role of radiatively forced temperature changes in enhanced semi-arid warming over East Asia
Authors: Guan X. , Huang J. , Guo R. , Lin P. , Zhang Y.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. As the climate change occurred over East Asia since 1950s, intense interest and debate have arisen concerning the contribution of human activities to the warming observed in previous decades. In this study, we investigate surface temperature change using a recently developed methodology that can successfully identify and separate the dynamically induced temperature (DIT) and radiatively forced temperature (RFT) changes in raw surface air temperature (SAT) data. For regional averages, DIT and RFT make 43.7 and 56.3 % contributions to the SAT over East Asia, respectively. The DIT changes dominate the SAT decadal variability and are mainly determined by internal climate variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). The radiatively forced SAT changes made major contribution to the global-scale warming trend and the regional-scale enhanced semi-arid warming (ESAW). Such enhanced warming is also found in radiatively forced daily maximum and minimum SAT. The long-term global-mean SAT warming trend is mainly related to radiative forcing produced by global well-mixed greenhouse gases. The regional anthropogenic radiative forcing, however, caused the enhanced warming in the semi-arid region, which may be closely associated with local human activities. Finally, the relationship between global warming hiatus and regional enhanced warming is discussed.
Delivery of anthropogenic bioavailable iron from mineral dust and combustion aerosols to the ocean
Authors: Ito A. , Shi Z.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic soluble iron (Fe) to the ocean has been suggested to modulate primary ocean productivity and thus indirectly affect the climate. A key process contributing to anthropogenic sources of soluble Fe is associated with air pollution, which acidifies Fe-containing mineral aerosols during their transport and leads to Fe transformation from insoluble to soluble forms. However, there is large uncertainty in our estimate of this anthropogenic soluble Fe. Here, we, for the first time, interactively combined laboratory kinetic experiments with global aerosol modeling to more accurately quantify anthropogenic soluble Fe due to air pollution. We firstly examined Fe dissolution kinetics of African dust samples at acidic pH values with and without ionic species commonly found in aerosol water (i.e., sulfate and oxalate). We then constructed a new empirical scheme for Fe release from mineral dust due to inorganic and organic anions in aerosol water, by using acidity as a master variable. We implemented this new scheme and applied an updated mineralogical emission database in a global atmospheric chemistry transport model to estimate the atmospheric concentration and deposition flux of soluble Fe under preindustrial and modern conditions. Our improved model successfully captured the inverse relationship of Fe solubility and total Fe loading measured over the North Atlantic Ocean (i.e., 1–2 orders of magnitude lower Fe solubility in North African- than combustion-influenced aerosols). The model results show a positive relationship between Fe solubility and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC)/Fe molar ratio, which is consistent with previous field measurements. We estimated that deposition of soluble Fe to the ocean increased from 0.05–0.07 Tg Fe yr−1 in preindustrial era to 0.11–0.12 Tg Fe yr−1 in present days, due to air pollution. Over the High Nitrate Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the ocean, the modeled Fe solubility remains low for mineral dust (< 1 %) in a base simulation but is substantially enhanced in a sensitivity simulation, which permits the Fe dissolution for mineral aerosols in the presence of excess oxalate under low acidity during daytime. Our model results suggest that human activities contribute to about half of the soluble Fe supply to a significant portion of the oceans in the Northern Hemisphere, while their contribution to oceans in high latitudes remains uncertain due to limited understanding of dust Fe dissolution under pristine conditions.
Sources of nitrogen deposition in Federal Class I areas in the US
Authors: Lee H.-M. , Paulot F. , Henze D. K. , Travis K. , Jacob D. J. , Pardo L. H. , Schichtel B. A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. It is desired to control excessive reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition due to its detrimental impact on ecosystems. Using a 3-dimensional atmospheric chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, Nr deposition in the contiguous US and eight selected Class I areas (Voyageurs (VY), Smoky Mountain (SM), Shenandoah (SD), Big Bend (BB), Rocky Mountain (RM), Grand Teton (GT), Joshua Tree (JT), and Sequoia (SQ)) is investigated. First, modeled Nr deposition is compared with National Trends Network (NTN) and Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) measurements. The seasonality of measured species is generally well represented by the model (R2 > 0.6), except in JT. While modeled Nr is generally within the range of seasonal observations, large overestimates are present in sites such as SM and SD in the spring and summer (up to 0.6 kg N ha−1 month−1), likely owing to model high-biases in surface HNO3. The contribution of non-measured species (mostly dry deposition of NH3) to total modeled Nr deposition ranges from 1 to 55 %. The spatial distribution of the origin of Nr deposited in each Class I area and the contributions of individual emission sectors are estimated using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model. We find the largest role of long-range transport for VY, where 50 % (90 %) of annual Nr deposition originates within 670 (1670) km of the park. In contrast, the Nr emission footprint is most localized for SQ, where 50 % (90 %) of the deposition originates from within 130 (370) km. Emissions from California contribute to the Nr deposition in remote areas in the western US (RM, GT). Mobile NOx and livestock NH3 are found to be the major sources of Nr deposition in all sites except BB, where contributions of NOx from lightning and soils to natural levels of Nr deposition are significant (~ 40 %). The efficiency in terms of Nr deposition per kg emissions of NH3-N, NOx-N, and SO2-S are also estimated. Unique seasonal features are found in JT (opposing efficiency distributions for winter and summer), RM (large fluctuations in the range of effective regions), and SD (upwind NH3 emissions hindering Nr deposition). We also evaluate the contributions of emissions to the total area of Class I regions in critical load exceedance, and to the total magnitude of exceedance. We find that while it is effective to control emissions in the western US to reduce the area of regions in CL exceedance, it can be more effective to control emissions in the eastern US to reduce the magnitude of Nr deposition above the CL. Finally, uncertainty in the nitrogen deposition caused by uncertainty in the NH3 emission inventory is explored by comparing results based on two different NH3 inventories; noticeable differences in the emission inventories and thus sensitivities of up to factor of four found in individual locations.
The impact of atmospheric mineral aerosol deposition on the albedo of snow and sea ice: are snow and sea ice optical properties more important than mineral aerosol optical properties?
Authors: Lamare M. L. , Lee-Taylor J. , King M. D.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Knowledge of the albedo of polar regions is crucial for understanding a range of climatic processes that have an impact on a global scale. Light absorbing impurities in atmospheric aerosols deposited on snow and sea ice by aeolian transport absorb solar radiation, reducing albedo. Here, the effects of five mineral aerosol deposits reducing the albedo of polar snow and sea ice are considered. Calculations employing a coupled atmospheric and snow/sea ice radiative-transfer model (TUV-snow) show that the effects of mineral aerosol deposits is strongly dependent on the snow or sea ice type rather than the differences between the aerosol optical characteristics. The change in albedo between five different mineral aerosol deposits with refractive indices varying by a factor of 2 reaches a maximum of 0.0788, whereas the difference between cold polar snow and melting sea ice is 0.8893 for the same mineral loading. Surprisingly, the thickness of a surface layer of snow or sea ice loaded with the same mass-ratio of mineral dust has little effect on albedo. On the contrary, multiple layers of mineral aerosols deposited during episodic events evenly distributed play a similar role in the surface albedo of snow as a loading distributed throughout, even when the layers are further apart. The impact of mineral aerosol deposits is much larger on melting sea ice than on other types of snow and sea ice. Therefore, the higher input of shortwave radiation during the summer melt cycle associated with melting sea ice accelerates the melt process.
Effects of fluctuating hypoxia on benthic oxygen consumption in the Black Sea (Crimean shelf)
Authors: Lichtschlag A. , Donis D. , Janssen F. , Jessen G. L. , Holtappels M. , Wenzhöfer F. , Mazlumyan S. , Sergeeva N. , Waldmann C. , Boetius A.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The outer western Crimean shelf of the Black Sea is a natural laboratory to investigate effects of stable oxic versus varying hypoxic conditions on seafloor biogeochemical processes and benthic community structure. Bottom-water oxygen concentrations ranged from normoxic (175 μmol O2 L−1) and hypoxic (< 63 μmol O2 L−1) or even anoxic/sulfidic conditions within a few kilometers' distance. Variations in oxygen concentrations between 160 and 10 μmol L−1 even occurred within hours close to the chemocline at 134 m water depth. Total oxygen uptake, including diffusive as well as fauna-mediated oxygen consumption, decreased from 15 mmol m−2 d−1 on average in the oxic zone, to 7 mmol m−2 d−1 on average in the hypoxic zone, correlating with changes in macrobenthos composition. Benthic diffusive oxygen uptake rates, comprising respiration of microorganisms and small meiofauna, were similar in oxic and hypoxic zones (on average 4.5 mmol m−2 d−1), but declined to 1.3 mmol m−2 d−1 in bottom waters with oxygen concentrations below 20 μmol L−1. Measurements and modeling of porewater profiles indicated that reoxidation of reduced compounds played only a minor role in diffusive oxygen uptake under the different oxygen conditions, leaving the major fraction to aerobic degradation of organic carbon. Remineralization efficiency decreased from nearly 100 % in the oxic zone, to 50 % in the oxic–hypoxic zone, to 10 % in the hypoxic–anoxic zone. Overall, the faunal remineralization rate was more important, but also more influenced by fluctuating oxygen concentrations, than microbial and geochemical oxidation processes.
CESM/CAM5 improvement and application: comparison and evaluation of updated CB05_GE and MOZART-4 gas-phase mechanisms and associated impacts on global air quality and climate
Authors: He J. , Zhang Y. , Tilmes S. , Emmons L. , Lamarque J.-F. , Glotfelty T. , Hodzic A. , Vitt F.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry plays a key role in determining the amounts and distributions of oxidants and gaseous precursors that control the formation of secondary gaseous and aerosol pollutants; all of those species can interact with the climate system. To understand the impacts of different gas-phase mechanisms on global air quality and climate predictions, in this work, a comprehensive comparative evaluation is performed using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) Version 5 with comprehensive tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry (CAM5-chem) within the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with two most commonly-used gas-phase chemical mechanisms: the 2005 Carbon Bond mechanism with Global Extension (CB05_GE) and the Model of OZone and Related chemical Tracers version 4 (MOZART-4) mechanism with additional updates (MOZART-4x). MOZART-4x and CB05_GE use different approaches to represent volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and different surrogates for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. MOZART-4x includes a more detailed representation of isoprene chemistry compared to CB05_GE. CB05_GE includes additional oxidation of SO2 by O3 over the surface of dust particles, which is not included in MOZART-4x. The results show that the two CAM5-chem simulations with CB05_GE and MOZART-4x predict similar chemical profiles for major gases (e.g., O3, CO, and NOx) compared to the aircraft measurements, with generally better agreement for NOy profile by CB05_GE than MOZART-4x. The concentrations of SOA at four sites in CONUS and organic carbon (OC) over the IMPROVE sites are well predicted by MOZART-4x (with NMBs of −1.9 and 2.1 %, respectively) but moderately underpredicted by CB05_GE (with NMBs of −23.1 and −20.7 %, respectively). This is mainly due to the higher biogenic emissions and hydroxyl radical levels simulated with MOZART-4x than with CB05_GE. The concentrations of OC over Europe are largely underpredicted by both MOZART-4x and CB05_GE, with NMBs of −73.0 and −75.1 %, respectively, indicating the uncertainties in the emissions of precursors and primary OC and relevant model treatments such as the oxidations of VOCs and SOA formation. Uncertainties in the emissions and convection scheme can contribute to the large bias in the model predictions (e.g., SO2, CO, black carbon, and aerosol optical depth). The two simulations also have similar cloud/radiative predictions, with slightly better performance of domain average cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at supersaturation of 0.5 % by CB05_GE, but slightly better agreement with observed CCN (at supersaturation of 0.2 %) profile over Beijing by MOZART-4x. The two gas-phase mechanisms result in a global average difference of 0.5 W m−2 in simulated shortwave cloud radiative forcing, with significant differences (e.g., up to 13.6 W m−2) over subtropical regions.
Socio-hydrological water balance for water allocation between human and environmental purposes in catchments
Authors: Zhou S. , Huang Y. , Wei Y. , Wang G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Rebalancing water allocation between human consumptive uses and the environment in water catchments is a global challenge. This paper proposes a socio-hydrological water balance framework by partitioning catchment total evapotranspiration (ET) into ET for society and ET for natural ecological systems, and establishing the linkage between the changes of water balance and its social drivers and resulting environmental consequences in the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia, over the period 1900–2010. The results show that the 100-year period of water management in the MDB could be divided into four periods corresponding to major changes in basin management within the socio-hydrological water balance framework: period 1 (1900–1956) – expansion of water and land use for the societal system, period 2 (1956–1978) – maximization of water and land use for the societal system, period 3 (1978–2002) – maximization of water use for the societal system from water diversion, and period 4 (2002–present) – rebalancing of water and land use between the societal and ecological systems. Most of management changes in the MDB were passive and responsive. A precautionary approach to water allocation between the societal and ecological systems should be developed. The socio-hydrological water balance framework could serve as a theoretical foundation for water allocation to evaluate the dynamic balance between the societal and ecological systems in catchments.
NEW MODEL OF A SOLAR WIND AIRPLANE FOR GEOMATIC OPERATIONS
Authors: Achachi A. , Benatia D.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The ability for an aircraft to fly during a much extended period of time has become a key issue and a target of research, both in the domain of civilian aviation and unmanned aerial vehicles. This paper describes a new design and evaluating of solar wind aircraft with the objective to assess the impact of a new system design on overall flight crew performance. The required endurance is in the range of some hours in the case of law enforcement, border surveillance, forest fire fighting or power line inspection. However, other applications at high altitudes, such as geomatic operations for delivering geographic information, weather research and forecast, environmental monitoring, would require remaining airborne during days, weeks or even months. The design of GNSS non precision approach procedure for different airports is based on geomatic data.
MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS OF UAVS REGULATIONS IN 6 COUNTRIES USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHICAL PROCESS AND EXPERT KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Morales A. C. , Paez D. , Arango C.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. To analyze the current situation of Colombian regulation, it is necessary to compare some specific aspects with the legislation used in other countries where the UAVs topic dates to many years ago. This study is focused on evaluating all the possibilities to make the Colombian regulation effective without closing opportunities of research and development growth, but still guarantee the privacy and intimacy rights of the population. Results from our study are currently being used in the development of the Colombian regulation and they are proven useful to instigate informative debates and identify areas where specific needs are to be address in Colombia.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW–COST AERIAL MOBILE MAPPING SYSTEM FOR MULTI-PURPOSE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Acevedo Pardo C. , Farjas Abadía M. , Sternberg H.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The research project with the working title "Design and development of a low-cost modular Aerial Mobile Mapping System" was formed during the last year as the result from numerous discussions and considerations with colleagues from the HafenCity University Hamburg, Department Geomatics. The aim of the project is to design a sensor platform which can be embedded preferentially on an UAV, but also can be integrated on any adaptable vehicle. The system should perform a direct scanning of surfaces with a laser scanner and supported through sensors for determining the position and attitude of the platform. The modular design allows his extension with other sensors such as multispectral cameras, digital cameras or multiple cameras systems.
FUSION OF MULTI-VIEW AND MULTI-SCALE AERIAL IMAGERY FOR REAL-TIME SITUATION AWARENESS APPLICATIONS
Authors: Zhuo X. , Kurz F. , Reinartz P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Manned aircraft has long been used for capturing large-scale aerial images, yet the high costs and weather dependence restrict its availability in emergency situations. In recent years, MAV (Micro Aerial Vehicle) emerged as a novel modality for aerial image acquisition. Its maneuverability and flexibility enable a rapid awareness of the scene of interest. Since these two platforms deliver scene information from different scale and different view, it makes sense to fuse these two types of complimentary imagery to achieve a quick, accurate and detailed description of the scene, which is the main concern of real-time situation awareness. This paper proposes a method to fuse multi-view and multi-scale aerial imagery by establishing a common reference frame. In particular, common features among MAV images and geo-referenced airplane images can be extracted by a scale invariant feature detector like SIFT. From the tie point of geo-referenced images we derive the coordinate of corresponding ground points, which are then utilized as ground control points in global bundle adjustment of MAV images. In this way, the MAV block is aligned to the reference frame. Experiment results show that this method can achieve fully automatic geo-referencing of MAV images even if GPS/IMU acquisition has dropouts, and the orientation accuracy is improved compared to the GPS/IMU based georeferencing. The concept for a subsequent 3D classification method is also described in this paper.
A METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS AERIAL AND TERRESTRIAL GEODATA ACQUISITION FOR CORRIDOR MAPPING
Authors: Molina P. , Blázquez M. , Sastre J. , Colomina I.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we present mapKITE, a new mobile, simultaneous terrestrial and aerial, geodata collection and post-processing method. On one side, the method combines a terrestrial mobile mapping system (TMMS) with an unmanned aerial mapping one, both equipped with remote sensing payloads (at least, a nadir-looking visible-band camera in the UA) by means of which aerial and terrestrial geodata are acquired simultaneously. This tandem geodata acquisition system is based on a terrestrial vehicle (TV) and on an unmanned aircraft (UA) linked by a 'virtual tether', that is, a mechanism based on the real-time supply of UA waypoints by the TV. By means of the TV-to-UA tether, the UA follows the TV keeping a specific relative TV-to-UA spatial configuration enabling the simultaneous operation of both systems to obtain highly redundant and complementary geodata. On the other side, mapKITE presents a novel concept for geodata post-processing favoured by the rich geometrical aspects derived from the mapKITE tandem simultaneous operation. The approach followed for sensor orientation and calibration of the aerial images captured by the UA inherits the principles of Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) and adds the pointing-and-scaling photogrammetric measurement of a distinctive element observed in every UA image, which is a coded target mounted on the roof of the TV. By means of the TV navigation system, the orientation of the TV coded target is performed and used in the post-processing UA image orientation approach as a Kinematic Ground Control Point (KGCP). The geometric strength of a mapKITE ISO network is therefore high as it counts with the traditional tie point image measurements, static ground control points, kinematic aerial control and the new point-and-scale measurements of the KGCPs. With such a geometry, reliable system and sensor orientation and calibration and eventual further reduction of the number of traditional ground control points is feasible. The different technical concepts, challenges and breakthroughs behind mapKITE are presented in this paper, such as the TV-to-UA virtual tether and the use of KGCP measurements for UA sensor orientation. In addition, the use in mapKITE of new European GNSS signals such as the Galileo E5 AltBOC is discussed. Because of the critical role of GNSS technologies and the potential impact on the corridor mapping market, the European Commission and the European GNSS Agency, in the frame of the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation “Horizon 2020,” have recently awarded the “mapKITE” project to an international consortium of organizations coordinated by GeoNumerics S.L.
UAVRC, A GENERIC MAV FLIGHT ASSISTANCE SOFTWARE
Authors: Israel M. , Mende M. , Keim S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. In this paper we present our multicopter flight assistance software uavRC, which bears on a distributed system with interchangeable MAV-drivers and a browser-based user interface that can be used on any computer, tablet or smartphone. The software components can be distributed on different computers and are even executable on a Raspberry Pi. The components communicate over a well-defined interface. One module is the browser based user interface, another module is the MAV driver. There are additional modules like a task-scheduler, a path-planer and many more. Currently the software is in beta stage, so there is still a lot of work in progress. With this paper we focus on the software architecture.