bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface Activity of Benzoylphenyl Urea Formulations, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of 3 formulated chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzoylphenyl ureas), triflumuron (25% W, alsystin), chlorfluazuron (25% W, CGA 112913) and UC 84572 (24.5% F), against nymphal stages of the German cockroach. Aqueous spray suspensions of various concentrations were applied to 4- x 4-inch (103 cm2) tempered masonite panels at a rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (0.42 ml/103 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Test insects were reared in 7- by 5- by 3½-inch (225.8 cm2) plastic boxes, lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral and equipped with ventilated lids to prevent escape. Treated panels were introduced within 6 h of treatment and placed on the bottom at one end of the box with food and water positioned on top of the treated panel. A 20-inch2 cardboard tent, placed at the other end of the box, served as harborage. This design offered the test insects a choice of harborage areas, but assured exposure to the compounds during daily food and water consumption. Twenty late fourth stage nymphs were released into the confinement with the appropriate panel type; each treatment was replicated 4 times, for a total of 80 insects. The insects were maintained here until all had reached adulthood or died. Response variables evaluated in this study were insects dying during a molt event; insects surviving the molt to adulthood, but affected by exposure to the chitin inhibitor; and the combined mortality from molt inhibition and those adults dying within 1 wk of eclosion.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies With Experimental Ear Tags, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S, M. , Knapp F, W.
Published: March 2022

Two experimental organophosphate ear tags (YT-802B1 and YT-607C3) were compared with 4 commercially available ear tags (Optimizer, Maxcon Super, Tomahawk, and Terminator) for efficacy against horn flies and face flies on beef cattle. Treatment effectiveness of all tags was compared against 3 untreated herds. Herd size ranged from 35 to 60 adults/ herd, and all herds were located within 30 miles of one another. Cattle were treated between 7 and 9 Jun 1988. Horn flies were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animal.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies with Experimental Diflubenzuron Boluses, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S. M. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Two bolus formulations of 4.75 g (9.7% AI) flaked and powdered diflubenzuron were administered to beef cattle to test the formulations’ efficacy against horn flies and face flies. Commercially available Vigilante and methoprene boluses were used as standard treatments. Experimental diflubenzuron and Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle at the rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight. Methoprene boluses were administered at a rate of 1 bolus/300 kg body weight. Herd size ranged from 20 to 48 adults/herd, and all herds were located within 30 miles of one another. Two similar untreated herds were observed for comparison of treatment effectiveness. All treatments were administered between 20 and 24 May 1988. Horn fly numbers were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals.
Leaf Disk Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V. , East D. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 beds and were bordered by 1 bed of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psl operated at 3 mph, Fully expanded cabbage leaves were randomly collected from each plot 2 h after spray applications, In the laboratory 1-inch-diam disks were cut from the leaves and placed on top of filter paper in 5Va-oz creamer cups with tight fitting lids (holes were punched in the lids to allow for air flow), Ten larvae were placed In each cup, Two bioasiays were run; once with early (second and third) instars and once with late (fourth and fifth) instars. Each treatment was replicated 5 times, Mortality was recorded at 24 h intervals, Larvae were considered dead if they did not exhibit a coordinated response when probed. After 72 h, disks were removed from the cups with early Instar larvae and passed through a Ll-Cor leaf area meter to determine amount of disk remaining, Data were summarized and subjected to ANOVA and DMRT for mean separation, Data for leaf consumption are reported as means and standard deviations.
Control of CM With Insect Growth Regulators, 1988
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 32-yr-old ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Kelseyville, Calif. Six treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 500 gal/acre. Materials were applied to coincide with CM oviposition and eclosion, based on a 1 degree-day accumulation from CM biofix (18 Mar). Control was evaluated by inspecting 100 mature fruit/replicate on 28 Jul.
Postharvest Outbreaks of Spider Mites on Cherry, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A. , Murphy J.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to 15-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Hart, Mich. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug by a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. 50 leaf samples from each tree were taken randomly from the outer and inner canopy on 15 Aug as a precount before application and on 24 Aug, and 2 and 8 Sep. Mite counts were made from these leaves by brushing them in a mite-brushing machine and examining the resulting plates with a stereomicroscope and recording the number of mite eggs and active stages.
Sweet Cherry, Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1988
Authors: Reidl H. , Schearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Two IGRs and 3 neurotoxic insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against WTLM and for selectivity to phytophagous and predatory mites in an 8-yr-old cherry orchard. Sprays were timed to the beginning of egg laying (22 Jun; Dimilin, fenoxycarb), peak flight (30 Jun; Thiodan, Pydrin) and appearance of sap-feeding mines (Vydate). All treatments were applied only once during the second flight. Sprays were applied until run-off by handgun operating at 200 psi. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Leaf amples (50/tree, 200/treatment) were taken at random before application and after the third and fourth flight and examined for sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines. Mite counts were taken by dislodging mites from leaves onto a glass plate with a mite brushing machine and examining them under a stereomicroscope.
Pesticide Efficacy Against CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 4 times on 6 x 6 (36-tree) or 4 x 13 (52-tree) plots. Two 6 x 6 plots were left untreated in each variety. Sprays were applied with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer at a rate of 500 gal/acre. Twenty-five fruit were examined from the canopy of 4 randomly selected trees in each plot and from 8 trees within each control plot, for a total of 16 trees/treatment/variety. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The combined 2-cm2 count/fruit of living motile CRM was recorded as one observation. Two 4 x 4 (16-tree) plots in each variety were sprayed with an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer using 0.7% 455 spray oil + 6 pt Ethion to evaluate phytotoxic effects as measured by leaf drop counts. Four central trees in each plot were raked clean under the canopy and around the skirt. At weekly intervals fallen leaves were counted and then the area was raked clean again. Eight trees in the unsprayed plots of each variety were counted as controls.
Postbloom Control of CRM, 1988
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. A. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to randomized 1-acre plots. Two half-acre plots were left untreated. Treatments of 333 gal/acre were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer on 8 Jun. Twenty-five leaves or fruit were examined from the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 subplots for a total of 8 trees/treatment. A 1-cm2 area was examined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces or on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 leaf or fruit counts were combined and recorded as one observation. The spray water pH was 7.5, all treatments included 2 pt of Buffer PS resulting in pH 6.5 for the tank mix. All treatments included a tank mix of manganese, zinc, and copper applied as foliar nutritionals.
Control of Chinese Rose Beetle, 1988:
Authors: Tsutsumi L. H. Arita , Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy tests were conducted from February to March at the University of Hawaii College of Agriculture at Hilo, Hawaii. Snap beans were sown (4/pot) 5.0 cm deep in 6-inch plastic pots containing a potting mixture of 1:2:1 vermiculite, perlite, and peat. Bean plants were grown in a greenhouse for 10 d before experimental use. Insecticides were applied until run-off with a compressed-CO2, sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. After treatment plants were air dried and placed in a wooden cage (38 by 38 by 61.2 cm) with 10 field-collected Chinese rose beetles. Mortality counts were taken and folier damage was visually assessed at 1, 3, and 5 DAT. Foliar damage was rated as follows: 0, no damage; 1, 25% damage; 2, 50% damage; 3, 75% damage; and 4, 100% damage.
Control of Dbm, 1988:
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Buker D.
Published: March 2022

‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 14 Dec 1987. The soil was fumigated with Terr-O-Gas (75% methyl bromide; 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with blue plastic mulch on 25 Nov 1987; mulch was perforated on 11 Dec. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice/week (0.75-1.00 inches/acre). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 4 rows (2 beds) wide by 40 ft long. A 10-ft-long section of untreated plants separated replicates; treatments within a replicate were separated by one untreated bed and a 6-ft alleyway. Teflubenzuron (CME 13406) (0.03 lb [AI]/acre) efficacy and residual activity were evaluated using 3 treatment intervals, applications made weekly, once every 2 wk, and once every 3 wk. Weekly applications of Lannate + Dipel, Pydrin, and CME 13406 were made on 10 dates: 14, 21, and 27 Jan; 3, 10, 17, and 24 Feb, and 2, 9, and 16 Mar. Treatments of CME 13406 at 2- and 3-wk intervals were applied on 5 dates (21 Jan, 3 and 17 Feb, and 2 and 16 Mar) and 3 dates (21 Jan, 10 Feb, and 2 Mar), respectively. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted single-bed boom sprayer that operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4 #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. Sample plants were chosen from among the center 30 plants in the two middle rows in each treatment plot. The numbers of small, medium, and large DBM larvae and pupae were recorded on 8 plants/replicate, 32 plants/treatment, on 11 dates. Foliar damage was rated on 8 plants/replicate on 4 and 11 Mar and on 24 plants/replicate on 21 Mar using a 1-6 scale (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Percentages of marketable heads were determined on 21 Mar based on ratings ≤3.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

'Coker 916' wheat was planted on 15 Oct 1988 at Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Soil type was Mountview silt loam, 2 - 5% slope. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 7 ft × 30 ft separated from each other by 2 ft alleys. Blocks were separated by 8 ft alleys. Pre-treatment counts of cereal leaf beetle larvae (CLBL) averaged 5.22 larvae/stem. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 May using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. CLBL counts were made from 20 randomly selected wheat stems at 7 and 14 DAT. A 3 ft × 30 ft area was harvested from each plot on 8 Jul for yield determination and adjusted to 15.8% moisture.
Residual Activity of Insecticides for Sod Webworm Control, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on Kentucky bluegrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Three insecticides were applied to 5 × 5 ft plots on 25 May, 8 Jun, 22 Jun, 6 Jul and 20 Jul. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%). Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 inches. Field conditions were as follows: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3—5%; soil pH, 6.2—6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was generally below field capacity. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. The granular formulation was applied with a hand-held shaker. Immediately following insecticide applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch water. In addition, the test area received 1.0 inch irrigated water/wk, 9.11 inches of rain fell between 25 May and 19 Jul, and there were 0.16 inch during the 7-d post-treatment period. On 20 Jul, two 39 oz coffee cans with the ends removed were placed in each plot and 3 late-instar sod webworm larvae were introduced into each can. An organdy fabric cover was used to contain webworms and exclude natural enemies. Residual insecticide activity was evaluated by recording the number of surviving webworm larvae on 27 Jul, 7 d after their introduction. The experiment was analyzed as a CRD with 2 replications.
Late Summer Control of Japanese Beetle, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Powers P.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were applied 28 Aug on a golf course fairway in Ossipee, NH. Treatments were applied early morning and immediately watered in after application with 0.3 in. water. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft repeated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and powder formulations were applied with a watering can at a spray volume of 5 gal/1,000 ft2. Granules were applied using a homemade salt shaker. Sample size consisted of five, 4.25 in. cup cutter plugs from each plot. Live grubs were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Plots were rated on 5 Oct 38 DAT. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperatures at 1 inch, 76°F, soil temperature at 3 inch 2°F; thatch depth (natural), 0.25 inch; soil pH, 5.2; thatch pH, 5.6; slope, 0%; soil texture (loam), sand 53%, silt 37%; clay 10%; soil organic matter, 9.1%; soil moisture, 23.6%; post treatment precipitation, 4.8 inch rain. Pretreatment grub counts averaged 40 grubs/ft2.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

Several turf insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle grubs on a golf course rough in Bolton, Mass., on 4 May. The test site consisted of annual bluegrass (25%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (35%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Liquid applications were made with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular applications were made using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 62°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 52°; amount of thatch, 0.6-1.0 inch; water pH 6.7; soil pH, 5.3; plots received 0.5 inch irrigation 3 hr after application and 0.3 inch rainfall 24 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 38 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 and ca. 4 inch deep were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site One on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 70°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam, soil particle size analysis: 45.6% sand, 34.8% silt, 19.6% clay; soil moisture, 10.8%; organic matter, 1.9%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 5.5; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Aug, 7 d after the initial treatment (2 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft3 count.
Phallaenopsis Mite Control, 1988-1989
Authors: Marutani M. , McConnell J. , Muniappan R.
Published: March 2022

Young seedlings of dendrobiums were naturally infested with false spider mites in 2 inch pots at the Agriculture Experiment Station, Mangilao, Guam. The pots were treated with miticides to runoff using hand-held mist sprayers on 23 Dec '88 and 4 Jan '89. Mite population was determined by counting the number of live adults and nymphs on 2 leaves/plant. There were 4 replicates/treatment. Observations on mite populations were made 2 d prior to first spraying, 3 d after first spraying, 11 d after first spraying, and 2 d after second spraying.
Tropical Foliage Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Margosan-O and Sunspray 6 E Plus, 1989
Authors: Locke J. C. , Larew H. G.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 5 tropical foliage crops commonly used in interiorscape plantings. These included: Aglaonema (A. commutatum cv. commutatum), Dieffenbachia (D. maculata cv. Perfection), Dracaena (D. marginata), Fiscus (F. benjamina) and Parlor palm (Chamaedorea elegans 'Bella'). Evaluations were made with a series of product concentrations applied repeatedly in both greenhouse and interiorscape environments. Greenhouse trials were treated at weekly intervals with a total of 6 applications and interiorscape trials were treated at 2-wk intervals with a total of 4 applications. The products were applied to both upper and lower leaf surfaces to runoff using a low pressure, hand-held sprayer. Five individual plants grown in 4- or 5-inch pots were used for each treatment rate. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made approximately one wk after the final treatment application.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae Using Nematodes, 1988
Authors: Mulgrew Susan M.
Published: March 2022

BVW-infested Euonymus fortunel radicans, growing outdoors in 2-gal containers in a Massachusetts commercial nursery were treated with 3 commercially-produced nematode strains.. Two strains of Heterorhabditis sp. (HL 81 and HP 88) and one strain of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (= Neoplectana carpocapsae Weiser) (NC All) were applied on 3 dates; 6 May (light rain, 17°C); 20 May (cloudy, 20°C); 6 Jun (cloudy, 21°C) to determine the effect of timing of application on the ability of the nematodes to control black vine weevil larvae. The completely randomized experimental design consisted of 20 replicate plants/treatment teematode strain;application date or the untreated check).. The commercial nematode preparations were suspended in 10 liters of tap water and applied to the surface of the container medium (3:2 hardwood bark:sand by vol) at a rate of 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. Efficacy of the treatments was determined by the number of BVW per container that successfully completed metamorphosis and emerged as adults from the container medium (the plants were covered with cheesecloth netting attached to the outside of the container to keep emerging BVW inside the containers and to exclude migrating BVW).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling German Cockroaches, 1988
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Self-pressurized sprays were directed into cracks and crevices of dwellings using appropriate crack and crevice equipment. Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos was applied as a pinstream spot application from a 3.785 liter compressed air sprayer directed towards cracks and crevices. Abamectin was applied into or near cracks and crevices with a hand-type duster. Single-family dwellings, located in Wake, Harnett or Cumberland counties, NC, served as test sites. Kitchens with a minimum of 25 living German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used, with 5 replications. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in the kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated the efficacy. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature, relative humidity, and sanitation condition of the kitchens, were recorded. Additional insecticide applications were made, with the amount recorded, when living cockroaches were observed during specified reinspection visits, except in 5 kitchens treated with microencapsulated chlorpyrifos. These kitchens did not have any additional insecticide applied in order to determine the efficacy of one application. Other non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches. Analyses were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-tallies for a kitchen).
Postharvest Control of Mealybugs Using Dips, 1990
Authors: Tenbrink V. L. , Hansen J. D. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials were conducted on mealybug-infested red ginger flowers cut from an untreated field in Hilo, Hawaii. The flowers were randomly divided into groups of 5 stems/treatment and immersed for 1, 5, and 15 min in insecticidal solutions. A one min water dip was used as a control. The flowers were held for 24 h, then the numbers of alive and dead nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting microscope. Percent mortality was calculated.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Northern Masked Chafer Grubs Ott a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 80°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 46.3% sand, 45.1% silt, 8.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.1%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 6.0; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 2.85 inches. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 36 DAT (30 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each plot, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs ft2 was recorded.
Insecticidal Control of Annual White Grubs Using Artificial Infestations, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated for SMC grub control using artificial infestations at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Kentucky bluegrass was maintained at a mowing height of 2 inches. Thatch accumulation was 0.75 to 1.0 inch. Turf-soil cores (8 inches in diam by 4 inches deep) were removed on 16 Apr from plots and potted into corresponding 8 inch deep PVC containers. These had been filled to within 4 inches of the top with soil. Container bottoms were covered with aluminum window screen. Containers were placed into the soil with top rims at ground level. The plot area was then irrigated to reestablish plant growth. First and second instar SMC grubs were collected from a nearby untreated turf area on 1 Aug, and ten grubs were introduced into each of two containers in each plot. Grubs which had not burrowed into the turf-soil core after 10 min were replaced. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Aug. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 73°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture 22%. Granular formulations were applied over containers with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water immediately following insecticide applications. An additional 4.5 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.44 inch of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 29 Aug by removing and breaking apart the contents of each container to obtain a grub survival count. Grub counts from the two containers were combined prior to analysis.
Control of Ant Mounds on a Golf Course Fairway, 1991
Authors: Power K. T. , Niemczyk H. D. , Rice V. K. , Belcher M. G. , Shetlar D. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located on a golf course fairway in Clyde, OH. Insecticides and insect growth regulators were applied 8 May to plots 4.58 X 4.88 m arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. Granular baits were applied with a shaker jar. Diatomaceous earth was mixed in water and applied using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8015 nozzles at 2.81 kg/ cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 1600 liter/ha. Liquid treatments were applied using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8003 lp nozzles at 1.05 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 492 liter/ha. Dimilin and NPI-3117D2 plots were retreated 21 May following the above protocol. The plots were not irrigated after treatment. Environmental conditions at time of treatment (8 May) were: Ant mounds: 0-2/m2, 2-6 cm diam. Turf: level, dry, 3.2 cm height, 45% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% fineleaf fescue, and 15% white clover. Thatch: moist, 1.9 cm. Soil: sandy, moist, 58°F at 2.54 cm and 55°F at 7.62 cm. Weather: cloudy, 55°F, 0-8 km/h wind. Water: pH 6.91. Environmental conditions at time of retreatment (21 May) were: Ant mounds: 0-5/m2, 3-8 cm diam. Turf: dry, 3.8 cm height. Thatch: moist, 1.9 cm. Soil: sandy, moist, 60°F at 2.54 cm and 62°F at 7.62 cm. Weather; sunny, 62°, 0 km/h wind. Water: pH 5.80. Posttreatment data taken 29 May, 19 Jun, and 10 Jul (3, 6, & 9 wks, respectively) were based on the number of active mounds in 3 random .837 m2 areas from the center 9.3 m2 of each plot.
Ant Control on a Golf Course, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated in 2 trials as area sprays for control of ants on a fairway. Treatment areas ranged in size from 46 to 130 m2. Treatments were not replicated. Sampling consisted of counting all active ant colonies within the confines of a M> m2 wire hoop randomly tossed into the treated area; counts were made in 3 areas/treatment each date. Sprays were applied with a 1.5 gal compression sprayer at the rate of 2 liters/9.3 m2. Treated areas were not irrigated after treatment. Treated areas were only sparcely covered with grass and there was no thatch layer. Soil type is sand consisting of 90.0% sand, 6.4% silt, and 3.6% clay. Cumulative precipitation during Trial 1 was 0, 0, 0.40, 0.40, 0.65, and 0.75 inches at 1, 3, 6, 13, and 20 DAT, respectively; for Trial 2, precipitation was 0, 0, and 1.4 inches at 3, 6, and 20 DAT, respectively.
Preventive and Curative Insecticide Applications for Control of White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Preventive treatment applications were made on 29 May. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a completely random design on a golf course fairway; the plot area was later converted to rough. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Granules were applied with a hand shaker. Triumph 4 E was applied in 2 liters of water/plot with a sprinkler can. All treatments were watered in with 2 liters of water (by sprinkler can) about 10 min after application. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 32.5°C; soil temperature, 29°C (2 inches and moist); RH 60%; sky clear. Pretreatment counts of grubs avg 12.2/ft2 (90.6% Japanese beetle and 9.4% black turfgrass ataenius). Curative treatment applications were made on 9 Aug in an area adjacent to the preventive treatment plots. Plot size, experimental design, and application methods were the same as for the preventive trial. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 24°C; soil temperature, 25°C; (1 inch and moist to wet); RH, 86%, overcast. Pretreatment counts of grubs avg 60.9/ft2 (98.4% Japanese beetle and 1.6% black turfgrass ataenius). For both trial areas, thatch was about 1/2 inch thick. As part of the original fairway, the plots were irrigated periodically with the fairway irrigation system. Soil type across the trial areas was loam, consisting of 37.0% sand, 46.9% silt, and 16.1% clay; pH was 5.7 and organic matter 7.7%. Evaluations were made by using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to remove 4 plugs (2-3 inches depth) from each plot for larval counts.
Control of Japanese Beetle with Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 15 Aug to an area that was converted from fairway to rough about 2 months before the trial; grass cutting height was 2Vi inches. Pretreatment counts averaged 24.4 larvae/ft2 and were mixed 2nd and 3rd instars. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a completely random design, replicated 4 times. Before applying nematodes, each plot was irrigated with 2 liters of water, then the nematodes were applied in 2 liters and immediately irrigated with an additional 2 liters of water. Applications were made with a sprinkler can. Treatments were applied in late afternoon from 1630 to 1730 h. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 29°C; soil temperature, 26°C (1 inch and surface); RH, 60%; partly cloudy and plot area in tree shade. Plots were sampled 21 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2 to 3 inches; 4 samples/plot were taken. Soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: sand 32.4%, silt 51.0%, clay 16.6%, organic matter 7.4%, pH 5.4. Nematode viability counts at treatment time were: Biosys #2, 65% and Biosys #27 about 50%. Additional amounts of the nematode form were added in an attempt to offset the low viability counts and maintain the desired 1.0 billion/acre rates.
Early Season Control of Chinch Bugs Infesting Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Riordan T. P.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 14 Jun to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed at 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inch. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 75°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 20%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COa sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire ANT in Floyd County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: March 2022

Treatments were evaluated for RIFA control as a dry powder over the top of active mounds or as baits sprinkled around the base of acitve mounds. Each circular plot was. permanently marked with an orange surveyor stake and measured 0.2 acre. Three replicates were used for each treatment. Pretreatment counts were taken on 12 Jun in the 0.1 acre inner circle of each plot. Posttreatment counts of active mounds in the 0.1 acre inner circle were made on 11 Jul and 14 Aug, Treatments were made beginning at 4:00 pm on 12 Jun. The average soil temperature was 85°F.
Late Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fineleaf fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (2 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.3% sand, 55.1% silt, 22.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 12.5%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.3. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Sep, 7 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site Two on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and SP form were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 30 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft'. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 76°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 47.3% sand, 35.1% silt, 17.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.3%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.4; and 0.3 inch of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 13 Aug, 6 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus, 20-30 cm tall, growing in 1-gal (3.8 liter) containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults. Plants were placed inside a poly-house and sprays were applied 5 Sep. Temperatures within the poly-house were 25-30°C during the test period. Plants received 1-2 cm of over-head irrigation every Mon, Wed, and Fri, after first samples were removed. A C02 compression sprayer operating at 30 psi with a single SS8004 flat-fan Teejet nozzle was used to apply sprays to each of 3, single-plant replicates per treatment. Two, 10-15 cm long twigs were removed, at specified intervals, from each of the three replicate plants and placed in 1-liter fonda containers fitted with nylon organdy mesh tops along with 3 ovipositing weevils per replicate. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake Co., OH, and maintained on fresh taxus foliage in the rearing facility at 21-23°C, 80% + RH, and a 16 h photoperiod. Efficacy was evaluated 2, 5, 9, and 16 DAT by allowing the weevils to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed on fresh, unsprayed foliage, and percent mortality was assessed 72 h later.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine with Biorational and Conventional Formulations in New Castle, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle scale nymphs on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 7 May and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 46°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 59%; and skies were partly cloudy. At 14 DAT (21 May), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Scotch Pine, Control of a Pine Needle Scale at Three Separate Developmental Stages, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Wayne Co., OH, were used to evaluate insecticides against three separate stages of a pine needle scale: overwintering eggs, crawlers with some 1st stage nymphs, and new females prior to oviposition. Treatments were applied to overwintering eggs on 16 Apr under sunny skies, 15°C, and 16-24 km/h winds with 10.5 cm rainfall during this test period. On 7 May crawlers and settled 1st stage nymphs were treated under sunny skies, 23°C, and 24-32 km/h winds, with 5.33 cm rainfall during this test period. On 20 Jun new females were treated under cloudy skies, 18°C, and 8-16 km/h winds, with 2.3 cm rainfall during this test period. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting # 3 for 25 s was used to deliver ca. 1260 ml of finished spray to each of the three, single-tree replicates per treatment. Dormant, over-wintering egg treatments were evaluated 18 May by removing three needle fascicles from each replicate tree and counting the number of non-parasitized (with chorion) females vs the number of live crawlers per fascicle. Crawler/lst stage nymph treatments were evaluated 18 May by removing five fascicles from each replicate tree and assessing percent mortality of scales present. Treatments to control new females were evaluated 2 Jul, using the same method.
Sulfur Dioxide Control of Omnivorous Leafroller in the Laboratory, 1991
Authors: Vail Patrick V. , Steven Tebbets J. , Smilanick Joe
Published: March 2022

Table grapes are routinely fumigated with sulfur dioxide (S02) at 5,000 to 10,000 ppm for 20 to 30 min at ambient temperature or during cooling to control postharvest decay in storage. This translates to CT product exposure levels (defined below) of about 800 to 1,500 ppm-h. The grapes are refumigated weekly during cold storage with 1,000 to 5,000 ppm S02. We conducted preliminary experiments in the laboratory to determine if S02 gas had insecticidal activity against a lepidopterous pest of grapes. Thirdinstar OLR larvae were exposed to S02 gas in a 0.3 m3 battery jar. The jar was sealed with a metal lid fitted with a rubber gasket. The lid had six holes drilled in the center, each stoppered with a no. 6 rubber stopper. Sulfur dioxide was introduced from a primary standard grade lecture bottle (99.5% AI) using a constant-flow system (flow rate = 100 ml/min). Sulfur dioxide concentrations were continuously monitored, using an Horiba° infrared analyzer with a 200 mm path cell, and recorded every 2 min. Doses were expressed as CT products (ppm-h): the product of concentration (ppm) and time of exposure (h). Tests were conducted at 22 ° 2°C and 90 to 95% relative humidity. Third-instar larvae were placed inside cylindrical cages (2 cm x 6 cm) made from 50 mesh stainless steel wire (n = 14 to 20 larvae per cage). Five cages, each attached to the bottom side of a no. 6 rubber stopper, were suspended inside that jar through the holes in the lid. Every 12 minutes, one cage was removed and the hole quickly plugged with another stopper. By this method, we obtained exposure times of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 h with only minimal effect on the concentration of the S02 gas inside the chamber. One cage was left unexposed (control) outside the test area. Following the test, both fumigated and control larvae were transferred to an agar-based semi-synthetic diet in 30 ml plastic cups (1 larva per cup) and held at 27 ° 1°C. Mortality evaluations were made at the time of transfer to the diet cups and at 1, 2, and 4 days posttreatment. The test was replicated three times.
Evaluation of Cyfluthrin and Fenthion Ear Tags for Control of Flies on Dairy Cattle, 1991
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Ear tag eflBcacy studies were conducted on 4 pastured herds (18-37 head/herd) of dairy heifers and dry dairy cows at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The herd of dry cows served as a control and received no fly control treatment. Each of the three herds of dairy heifers were tagged (2 tags/head) with either Cutter Gold, Cutter Blue, or an experimental tag containing 10% cyfluthrin during the 2nd wk of Jun. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts on 15 head of face flies/face, horn flies/side, and stable flies on front legs. Three or 4 pretreatment and 15 or 16 posttreatment counts were made.
Residual Efficacy of Starch-Encapsulated Microbial Insecticides for Control of Diamondback Moth on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , McGuire M. R.
Published: March 2022

In 2 series of laboratory bioassays, DBM larvae from a laboratory colony (established in 1988 with insects from southwestern Illinois) were confined with cabbage foliage taken from field plots at varying intervals after application of microbial insecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. Spray solutions were applied to cabbage plots with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi on 18 Jul (first bioassay series) and 1 Aug (second bioassay series). (See Paper 10E for details of the field trial.) All products and experimental formulations contained the same amount of B. thuringiensis. Triton CS-7 adjuvant (6 oz/acre) was included in the Dipel 2 × treatment. Mid-sized DBM larvae were confined in groups of 10 in petri dishes containing 2 leaf disks on moist filter paper. Each treatment was replicated 8 times for total of 80 larvae per treatment per time interval tested. An equal number of larvae confined on foliage from untreated plots served as a control for each bioassay. Mortality of DBM larvae was determined after 3 days' exposure to the leaf disks. In the first bioassay series, DBM larvae were exposed to treated foliage 0, 3, 5, or 7 DAT, while the second bioassay series used foliage 1, 3, 6, or 8 DAT.
Control of Boll Weevils in Cotton, 1991
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 23, 27, 31, Aug and 6, 11 Sep on ‘DPL 90’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 60 psi through TX-6 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 65 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 3 replications. Boll weevil ratings were made 4-5 DAT by examining 25 squares/plot for boll weevil damage. Bollworms were controlled using Bolstar 6EC at 1.0 (AI)/acre in all plots. Plots were harvested on 22 Oct using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.
Control of Bollworm and Budworm in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on 14, Jul, 7 and 24 Aug on ‘DES 119’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a John Deere Hi-Cycle 6000 sprayer equipped with a CO2 powered system for spraying small plots. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 50 psi through TX-8 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 10, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insect counts were made at 2-3 DAT with the exception of 24 Aug after which no counts were made. Counts were made by whole plant examinations of 14 row ft in each plot counting larvae and larval damage. Plots were harvested using a John Deere 2-row picker, harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot.