bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Observer's Typology of Suicide
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , McArthur Milford
Published: February 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to present a typology of suicide which may assist in future thinking about suicide.

Conclusion: A typology is described in which suicide is conceptualized as the result of a predicament (an uncomfortable set of circumstances from which there are limited escape options). Two predicaments are proposed, one when mental disorder is present and is the driver of completed suicide, and the other when mental disorder is absent, and environmental factors are the drivers of completed suicide. Each predicament is divided into two boxes according to the view of the observer, one in which the predicament is very clearly, and the other in which the predicament is less clearly the driver of the suicide. Examples are provided.
Evaluation of the Claassen Institute of Psychiatry for Medical Students
Authors: Lyons Zaza , Power Brian , Bilyk Natalia , Lofchy Jodi , Claassen Johann
Published: February 2010

Objective: Psychiatric educators need to develop innovative strategies to attract more medical students to psychiatry. In 2008, the University of Western Australia held the inaugural Claassen Institute of Psychiatry for Medical Students. This novel program aimed to increase students’ level of interest in psychiatry as a career opportunity.

Method: Students completed baseline and follow-up questionnaires. Questions were rated on a scale of 1 to 10.

Results: Thirty students participated. The average age was 25.5 years and 11 were male. The mean interest and knowledge in psychiatry from baseline to follow-up increased from 7.8 to 8.9 and 5.8 to 7.3, respectively. Mean interest and knowledge in neurosciences increased from 6.9 to 7.7 and 4.3 to 6.2, respectively. Paired t sample tests were significant (p<0.001). Students ‘definitely considering’ a career in psychiatry increased by 20% overall from baseline to follow-up. Enjoyment and organization of the week were rated highly.

Conclusions: The Institute is an innovative teaching strategy targeted towards medical students. The program increased the level of interest shown by students in psychiatry as a career. The Institute may positively contribute to recruitment of students to psychiatry training programs and it is planned to run it annually.
Lord Clive Did Not Suffer a Mood Disorder
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Dale Jack , Ahmadi Jamshid
Published: February 2010

Objective: We aimed to clarify questions regarding Lord Clive's early suicidal behavior and mental health.

Method: We examined various historical texts.

Results: Clive suffered gallstones with episodes of cholecystitis. We could find no evidence that Clive engaged in suicidal behavior in his early life, nor evidence of a mood disorder (depression or bipolar disorder) throughout his life or at the time of his death.

Conclusions: Although reports of famous people who have suffered mental disorders may help to decrease the stigma associated with these conditions, there is a need for caution before make such a diagnosis. In the case of Lord Clive, we could find no evidence of a major mood disorder.
Neutrinos And Large Scale Structures
Authors: Dhungel PR , Sharma SK , Khanal U
Published: February 2010

We have summarized the neutrino masses detected/predicted from different sources so far and calculated the Jeans masses of the neutrino structures for these values of neutrino masses. The size of the pure neutrino structures has come to be bigger than the superclusters and great attractor formed around ‘recombination epoch'. Key Words: Neutrino; Large-scale structures; Jeans mass; Relic neutrino; Supercluster; Recombination epoch. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2624 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 1-3
Effect of Ion-Induced Electrons Emission on the Plasma Sheath Voltage
Authors: Khanal R
Published: February 2010

The effect of ion-induced electrons emission on the plasma sheath voltage for different values of ion induced electrons emission coefficients has been studied. Using a Kinetic Trajectory Simulation model of plasma sheaths, we calculate the particle densities reaching the wall and for given ion induced electrons emission coefficient the additional electrons emitted from the wall is obtained. Finally, the plasma sheath voltage (wall potential) is obtained by solving the Poisson equation. It has been observed that the potential decreases as the ion-induced electron emission coefficient increases as expected theoretically.Key words: Plasma; Quasineutrality; Debye Shielding; Sheath; Presheath; Bohm criterion.DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2625Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 4-7
Formation of Interstellar Bubble: A Time Dependent Numerical Simulation
Authors: Aryal B , Devkota A , Weinberger R
Published: February 2010

We present results of the numerical simulations for the first 105 years of the development of spherically symmetric interstellar bubbles. We have assumed three phase interstellar medium (ISM) model and estimated the size of the interstellar bubbles (ISB). Our results are based on calculations including 106 virtual stellar wind particles. We discuss the result in the context of Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star, Proto-Planetary Nebula (PPN) phase and Relativistic Wind (RW) star. The size of the ISB is found 0.14 pc to 9.03 pc in the case of AGB (Asymptotic Giant Branch) star. This size increases for the PPN and RW phase to 0.64 - 40.28 pc and 2.83 pc - 178.12 pc, respectively. It is found that the ISB can survive in the case of cold and warm interstellar medium. In the hot ISM, the ISB can not be formed due to the AGB wind. The bubble can survive in the case of PPN phase stellar wind for all kinds of the ISM. In addition, we found that the bubble can be formed in the case of RW when the ISM is hot. In the cold ISM, the ISB can not be formed due to the RW. In the warm ISM, bubble can be formed due to the relativistic (pulsar) wind if the mass loss rate is extremely high. In the warm ISM, the overall size of the bubble increases but do not exceed the recommended limit. Our result indicates that the hot ISM can not be considered as a good environment for the existence of the ISB. The size of the bubble exceeds the recommended limit (i.e., 1 to 5 kpc) in both the PPN and RW phase. However, suitable AGB wind can trigger the environment for a bubble in the hot ISM. The results of this work should be compared with the observations in the future. Key words: Interstellar medium; Stellar wind; Planetary nebula; Pulsar. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2626 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 8-15
Chemotaxonomic Investigation of Cotylelobium Species (Dipterocarpaceae) using Flavonoid Analysis
Authors: Joshi Kunjani
Published: February 2010

During the chemotaxonomic investigation of Dipterocarpaceae, three flavonoid aglycones : flavonol quercetin, flavonol kaempferol and flavone apigenin and four glycosides : Quercetin 3-glucoside, apigenin 5- glucoside, kaempferol 3,5- glucoside and quercetin 3-rutinoside were isolated from the leaves of two species of Cotylelobium (C. lewisianum, and C. scabriusculum). The isolated flavonoids can be used as chemotaxonomic markers. Myricetin, luteolin and proanthocyanidins were not decteted in this investigation. Both the species of Cotylelobium can be regarded as advanced in flavonoid patterns because of the absence of myricetin and loss of proanthocyanidins. The data of the flavonoid patterns and the outcome of cluster analysis are taxonomically useful to resolve the controversies over the systematic arrangement of the species and also suggest the need for a revision of classification of the genus Cotylelobium. Key words: Dipterocarpaceae; Flavones. Flavonols; Chemotaxonomy; Cluster analysis. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2629 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 24-26
Response of Genotypes to Culture Media for Callus Induction and Regeneration of Plants from Rice Anthers
Authors: Sah Bindeshwar P
Published: February 2010

Response of genotypes to culture media for callus induction and subsequent regeneration from rice anthers were investigated at Biotechnology Unit, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Boots of several rice genotypes viz. Bindeshwari, Hardinath- 1, Prabhat, Khumal-4, Chhomrong local and Chandnath-3 were cold pretreated at 8±1°C for seven days. Anthers from these boots were aseptically cultured on three different medium designated as Medium A: N6 mineral salts and vitamins (2 mg/l each) + myoinositol 100 mg/l + 2,4-D 2.5 mg/l + kinetin 0.5 mg/l + AgNO3 10 mg/l + maltose 50 gm/l; Medium B: N6 mineral salts and MS vitamins + NAA 4 mg/l + Kinetin 2 mg/l + AgNO3 5 mg/l and sucrose 60 gm/l; and Medium C: Medium B without AgNO3. Results revealed that the response of genotype to various media compositions were highly significant for response of anthers for callus induction and embryogenic calli formation. The interaction between genotypes and media were also significant. Among media, the frequency of callus induction (calli/anthers) was higher in medium A (17.65%) followed by medium B (15.74%) and C (11.19%). The frequency of albino plants was observed to be higher than the frequency of green plantlets. The frequency of total regeneration and green plants recovery were high in medium B. Among genotypes tested over all regeneration was high in rice varieties Chandan nath-3 (14.16%) followed by Chhomrong local (9.89%) and Bindeshwari (8.33%). Significant response of genotypes to media compositions indicated that Bindeshwari (25.0%) followed by Chandan nath-3 (19.33%) can induce higher frequency of plantlets from Embryogenic calli obtained from anthers when cultured in medium B. Genotype Prabhat failed to induce any plantlet. This result can be employed for the anther culture work of F1 hybrids in rice. Key words: Embryogenic callus; Silver nitrate (AgNO3); Cold pretreatment; Incubation; Growth environments; Hormones. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2632 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 37-43
Rapid Multiplication of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. Ex. Kurz through Tissue Culture
Authors: Pant Krishna K , Joshi Sanu D
Published: February 2010

Rauvofia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz (Apocynaceae) is a highly important medicinal plant growing in the terai belts of Nepal. This plant is facing a high threat from various kinds of poachers in the wild due to improper ways of collection as well as almost no conservation strategy. In the present study, we have identified the way for rapid in vitro multiplication of this species using tissue culture technique as an effective tool for ex situ conservation. In this study, MS medium along with BAP and NAA alone or in combinations at different concentrations have given successful results in producing callus, multiple adventitious shoots both from callus and nodes and multiple roots from both callus as well as nodes. The in vitro as well as ex vitro rooting of the micro shoots have been achieved. The rooted seedlings have been successfully acclimatized. The best media for shoot multiplication from the node and callus cultures have been identified as MS + NAA 0.5 + BAP 0.5 ppm and MS + BAP 2.0 ppm, respectively. For rooting in and ex vitro, NAA has been found to be the best among auxins. For callus induction all the auxins specially NAA 1.0 ppm and 2,4-D 2.0 ppm have been found to be the best.  Keywords: Micropropagation; Rauvolfia serpentina; In vitro rooting; Pulse treatment and acclimatization.   DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2635 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 58-62
Screening of Plant Extracts used in Traditional Antidiarrhoeal Medicines against Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Authors: Patel Jayshree D , Patel Devang K , Shrivastava Anshu , Kumar Vipin
Published: February 2010

The petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of Acacia catechu L. f. (bark), Acacia nilotica L. (bark), Aegle marmelos L. Correa. (fruit) Azadirachta indica L. (leaves), Annona squamosa L. (leaves), Trachyspermum ammi L. (seeds), Holarrhena antidysenterica L. (bark) and Ocimum basilicum L. (leaves) were tested against Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). These are the plants traditionally used by rural populace of semi arid regions of India for the treatment of diarrhoea. The ethnopharmacological information on the plants was collected by interviewing the traditional healers, community leaders and rural people of Gujarat State. The agar-well diffusion assay method was used to access the activities of plant extracts against the test organism. The results obtained show the strong activity of petroleum ether extract of A. marmelos, A. indica, T. ammi and H. antidysenterica; chloroform extract of A. catechu, A. indica and T. ammi; and methanol extract of A. catechu, A. nilotica, A. marmelos and T. ammi (MIC, d" 50 ì g/ml) followed by petroleum ether extract of O. basilicum and chloroform extract of A. nilotica, A. marmelos and H. antidysenterica (MIC, 50-100 ì g/ml). These preliminary results will be helpful in rationalizing the use of plants based traditional medicines in modern systems of health care. Key words: Medicinal plants; Herbal extracts; Traditional medicines; Escherichia coli.   DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2636 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 63-67
Effect of Distillery Effluent on Some Agricultural Crops, A Case of Environmental Injustice to Local Farmers in Khajura VDC, Banke
Authors: Ale Rita , Jha PK , Belbase N
Published: February 2010

Effluent discharged from the Karnali distillery Pvt. Ltd was analyzed to measure its effect on agricultural crops and environmental justice to the concerned people. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, temperature, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Particles (TSS), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) and some heavy metals such as Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), and Copper (Cu) were analyzed and found most of the physico-chemical parameters were above the toxic level set by Nepal Bureau Standard. The analysis of physico-chemical parameters of the soil irrigated with effluent polluted water revealed appreciable increase in the soil nutrients (Organic Matter, N, P, K) along with the increase of toxic heavy metals such as Fe, Cd, Mn and Pb in the soil which has decreased annual crop productivity by around 40 percent. Similarly the effect of the effluent on seed germination, seedling growth, fresh weight and dry weight of seedlings of two test crops (Oryza sativa and Triticum aestivum) were also analyzed and found the effect varied in different concentration of treatment. Higher concentrations (10%, 25%) were found completely inhibitory where as lower concentrations (1%, 5%) were found stimulatory and reached up to the level of control. The present study showed that the distillery effluent was highly loaded with organic pollutants along with harmful heavy metals which showed significant effect on soil quality and the crop productivity which caused environmental injustice to the local people in terms of loss of crop productivity and environmental hazards. Key words: Heavy metals; Effluent; Pollution; Soil chemistry; Environmental justice. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2637 Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 68-75
The interperiosteo-dural concept applied to the perisellar compartment: a microanatomical and electron microscopic study
Authors: François Patrick , Travers Nadine , Lescanne Emmanuel , Arbeille Brigitte , Jan Michel , Velut Stéphane
Published: February 2010

Object

The dura mater has 2 dural layers: the endosteal layer (outer layer), which is firmly attached to the bone, and the meningeal layer (inner layer), which directly covers the brain. These 2 dural layers join together in the middle temporal fossa or the convexity and separate into the orbital, lateral sellar compartment (LSC), or spinal epidural space to form the extradural neural axis compartment (EDNAC). The aim of this work was to anatomically verify the concept of the EDNAC by using electron microscopy.

Methods

The authors studied the cadaveric heads obtained from 13 adults. Ten of the specimens (or 20 perisellar areas) were injected with colored latex and fixed in formalin. They carefully removed each brain to allow a superior approach to the perisellar area. The 3 other specimens were studied by microscopic and ultrastructural methods to describe the EDNAC in the perisellar area. Special attention was paid to the dural layers surrounding the perisellar area. The authors studied the anatomy of the meningeal architecture of the LSC, the petroclival venous confluence, the orbit, and the trigeminal cave. After dissection, the authors took photographs of the dural layers with the aid of optical magnification. The 3 remaining heads, obtained from fresh cadavers, were prepared for electron microscopic study.

Results

The EDNAC is limited by the endosteal layer and the meningeal layer and contains fat and/or venous blood. The endosteal layer and meningeal layer were not identical on electron microscopy; this finding can be readily related to the histology of the meninges.

Conclusions

In this study, the authors demonstrated the existence of the EDNAC concept in the perisellar area by using dissected cadaveric heads and verified the reality of the concept of the meningeal layer with electron microscopy. These findings clearly demonstrated the existence of the EDNAC, a notion that has generally been accepted but never demonstrated microscopically.
Lateral sellar angiolipoma: a tumor illustrative of the extradural compartment of the neural axis
Authors: François Patrick , Zemmoura Ilyess , Fouquet Anne Marie Bergemer , Jan Michel , Velut Stéphane
Published: February 2010

Angiolipomas are rare tumors of the CNS that most frequently develop in the orbit, the cavernous space, and the epidural space of the spine. The authors report the case of a patient who presented with an angiolipoma of the cavernous space. Using data from the published literature and an experimental anatomical approach, they demonstrate that the cavernous space contains adipose tissue. Consequently, they suggest that angiolipomas constitute a characteristic tumor illustrating the interperiosteo-dural concept.

The authors report the clinical, radiological, and histological data of a patient who presented with a tumor of the cavernous space. In addition, they prepared 2 encephalic extremities (4 cavernous spaces) using a special anatomical preparation consisting of an injection of colored neoprene latex followed by a 6-month immersion in a formaldehyde solution enriched with hydrogen peroxide to soften the bone structures (coronal sections) while leaving the fat in the cavernous space intact.

This case report corroborates previously published clinical data and shows that the tumor was a hamartoma comprising mature fat cells associated with vascular proliferation. The tumor developed in the cavernous space, which is an interperiosteo-dural space extending from the sphenoid periosteum (osteoperiosteal layer) to the superior and lateral walls of the cavernous space (encephalic layer). This space represents an anatomical continuum extending from the coccyx to the orbit: the interperiosteo-dural concept. It contains fat tissue that is abundant at the level of the orbit and the epidural spinal space and sparser at the level of the cavernous spaces, as was shown in our anatomical study.

The authors suggest that angiolipomas represent a characteristic tumor that illustrates the interperiosteo-dural concept because they essentially develop in the fat tissue contained in these spaces.
Free radicals and antioxidant status in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Deepa Mathiyalagan , Pasupathi Palanisamy , Sankar K.B. Vidhya , Rani P. , Kumar S.P. Satish
Published: February 2010

In this study we investigated the oxidative stress, antioxidants and inflammatory molecules in patients of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with diabetes (n=50) and non-diabetes (n=50). Fifty healthy subjects were taken as control. The levels of plasma TBARS and ceruloplasmin levels were significantly high in diabetic and non-diabetic AMI patients as compared with control. On the other hand, the activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were significantly decreased in diabetic and non-diabetic AMI patients as compared with control. Inflammatory markers showed significant rise in diabetic patients as compared with controls. Our results show increased inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with AMI, and magnitude of imbalance is greater in diabetic AMI patients, possibly because of greater inflammation in diabetic patients.Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Antioxidant; Free radical; Diabetes mellitusOnline: 8 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.2999Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 95-100
Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and toxicological studies of Ghagra shak (Xanthium strumarium L.) growing in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Mohammad Rashedul , Uddin Mohammad Zashim , Rahman Mohammad Sharifur , Tutul Ershad , Rahman Mohammed Zakiur , Hassan Md. Abul , Faiz M A , Hossain Moazzem , Hussain Maleeha , Rashid Mohammad Abdur
Published: February 2010

The present study describes the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and toxicological evaluations of Xanthium strumarium L. growing in Bangladesh. In toxicity evaluation on rats, the methanol extract of seedlings showed mortality, while both seedling and mature plant extracts raised the serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values and produced significant abnormalities in the histopathology of liver and kidney of rats. On the other hand, the aqueous soluble fraction of methanol extract of mature plant (LC50 = 0.352 µg/mL) and methanol crude extract of seedlings (LC50 = 0.656 µg/mL) demonstrated significant toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. A total of four compounds were purified and characterized as stigmasterol (1), 11-hydroxy-11-carboxy-4-oxo-1(5),2(Z)-xanthadien-12,8-olide (2), daucosterol (3) and lasidiol-10-anisate (4). The present study suggests that X. strumarium is toxic to animal.Keywords: Bangladesh; Ethnobotanical; Xanthium strumariumOnline: 8 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.3658Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 84-90
Safety and efficacy of atrial septal defect closure on normothermic on-pump beating heart
Authors: Hoque Rezwanul , Rahman Zerzina , Husain Sabrina Sharmeen , Nuruzzaman Mostafa , Alauddin Md. , Ali Ashia
Published: February 2010

Keywords: Atrial septal defect; on-pump; beating heartOnline: 11 Feb 2010DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v35i3.4083Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2009; 35: 113-116
Machine and web translator for English to Bangla using natural language processes
Authors: Haque Mohammad Hasibul , Hossain Md Fokhray , Hossain ANM Fauzul
Published: February 2010

The modern web contents are mostly written in English and developing a system with the facility of translating web pages from English to Bangla that can aid the massive number of people of Bangladesh. It is very important to introduce Natural Language Processing (NLP) and is required to developing a solution of web translator. It is a technique that deals with understanding natural languages and natural language generation. It is really a challenging job to building a Web Translator with 100% efficiency and our proposed Web Translator basically uses Machine Translator as its mother concern. This paper represents an optimal way for English to Bangla machine and the Web translation & translation methods are used by translator. Naturally there are three stages for MT but here we propose a translation system which includes 4 stages, such as, POS tagging, Generating parse tree, Transfer English parse tree to Bengali parse tree and Translate English to Bangla and apply AI. An innovation initiative has scope of being upgraded in future and hopefully this work will assist to develop more improved English to Bangla Web Translator. Keywords: Machine Translator, Web Translator, POS Tagging, Parsing, HTML Parsing, Verb Mapping DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v5i1.4382 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2010 pp.53-61
Grafting of n-butyl acrylate with natural rubber latex film by gamma radiation: a reaction mechanism
Authors: Hossain KMZ , Chowdhury AM Sarwaruddin
Published: February 2010

Natural rubber latex (NRL) and n-butyl acrylate (n-BA) were blended and irradiated at various absorbed doses by gamma rays from Co-60 source at room temperature. The stabilizing effect was determined by measuring the pH and viscosity of NRL with n-BA with the storage time of five weeks. The cross-link density, swelling ratio of the radiation vulcanized rubber film were measured. The cross-link density of the n-BA grafted NRL film was found increasing and the swelling ratio of that film decreasing with the increased absorbed dose. The optimum radiation dose for better cross-linking of natural rubber latex blended with five parts per hundred rubber (phr) n-BA was found 15 kGy absorbed dose. Based on the cross-linking properties a probable cross-linking reaction mechanism for the n-BA grafted natural rubber latex film was developed. Keywords: Natural rubber latex, n-butyl acrylate, Irradiation, Swelling ratio, Cross-link, Reaction mechanism. DOI: 10.3329/diujst.v5i1.4386 Daffodil International University Journal of Science and Technology Vol.5(1) 2010 pp.81-88
Satisfaction, Service, and Culture: Cross-Cultural Reflections from the Hotel Industry
Authors: Miles Angela K. , Sledge Sally
Published: February 2010

Job satisfaction is a desirable outcome for employees and firms, yet factors associated with job satisfaction remain abstract. Motivation is often considered a precursor to job satisfaction. However, the factors that motivate employees are divergent and are likely influenced by culture.
Although research has focused on employee motivation and employee job satisfaction, little has concentrated on the differences between South American, North American, and European businesses qualitatively. This study evaluates the applicability of Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory of Motivation
to employees in the hotel industry in Brazil, Mexico, and Spain. The results lend some support to Herzberg's theory. Additionally, cross-cultural insights related to Hofstede's dimensions of culture are also given.
Refractory Ascites Due to Portal Hypertension in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) Patients Successfully Treated with Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Zheng Danxia , Cheng Li-Tao , Han Qing-Feng , Zhao Wei , Li Xuan , Wang Tao
Published: February 2010

Refractory ascites is uncommon in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) but it usually makes the patient physically and psychologically handicapped. Two uremic ADPKD patients in our hospital developed refractory ascites after 1 year on hemodialysis. The refractory ascites was due to portal hypertension, which was caused primarily by portal outflow obstruction due to the numerous enlarged cysts in the liver and secondarily by increased portal inflow. We attempted continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) to treat the 2 patients and obtained satisfactory results. Not only was the refractory ascites well controlled, but also the portal hypertension disappeared. Based on our experience, we think CAPD could serve as a very effective therapy to treat the refractory ascites of portal hypertension due to polycystic liver in uremic ADPKD patients.
Steel slag aggregate in concrete: the effect of ageing on potentially expansive compounds
Authors: Frías M. , San-José J. T. , Vegas I.
Published: February 2010

Growing numbers of plants have sprung up in recent years to treat the electric arc furnace slag generated in scrap metal melting. When this by-product is separated, crushed and screened, it yields a granular material known as steel slag aggregate, which may be profitably used in the manufacture of commercial concrete. The feasibility of this application depends essentially on the volume stability of the resulting aggregate. The present paper discusses the potentially expansive compounds (Cl-, SO3, free CaO and free MgO) present in aggregate derived from different types of black slag during aggregate ageing. The aim is to establish optimal ageing conditions to ensure volume stability in steel slag aggregate. The findings showed that the slag analyzed had low concentrations of the expansive compounds studied and that possible swelling can be reduced by 45day ageing.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OP PYRAMEIS HUNTERA, Smith
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

Several years ago my esteemed friend, Mr. D. W. Beadle, of St. Catharines, sent me specimens of this larva, which he had taken feeding on some species of Gnaphalium. No description was then taken, and the larva was not met with again until the present season, when I found it on the G.W.R.R. track,a mile east of London, feeding on Gnaphalium polycephalum.
INSECTS OF THE NORTHERN PARTS OF BRITISH AMERICA
Authors: The Editor
Published: February 2010

31. Agonum Affine, Kirby.—Length of body 4 lines. Locality not stated. A single specimen taken.

Body very black, glossy. Antennæ longer than the prothorax: prothorax of the same width before as behind, so as to appear more square than in the preceding species; its lateral margin at the base is likewise not reflexed, the dorsal channel is slight, and the disk is minutely and transversely wrinkled ; the basilar impressions are deep, large and circular; elytra very slightly bronzed ; three punctiform impressions, the anterior one adjoining the third furrow, and the two posterior the second, are visible in the usual situation; the four anterior trochanters are of a deep red.
NOTES ON HADENA XYLINOIDES
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

On the 17th of June I captured a female specimen of Hadena xylinoides, early in the evening on a sugar cask. Having confined it in a pill box I laid it aside and did not examine it again until the 20th, when it was observed that a number of eggs had been deposited. These, although examined casually by the microscope, I neglected taking a minute description of. They were about medium size, of a flattened conical form, greenish in colour, and ornamented with many striæ. The eggs hatched on the 24th of June, when the following description of the young larva as seen under a common eye-glass was taken
A SINGULAR CASE
Authors: Chambers V. T.
Published: February 2010

Seeing in the last number of the Canadian Entomologist, a description of the egss of A. Luna, reminds me to ask of you the explanation of a curious circumstance in the life-history of one bred by me from the larva last year. I will premise that I am writing without my notes, and therefore cannot give figures accurately, but can give the facts. There may be nothing very strange about it, but two of the best entomologists in the United States inform me that it is entirely new to them. It is this:–Some time in the latter part of the summer of 1868 I took, feeding on walnut leaves, a mature larva of A. Luna; from which I did not houi to rear the mature insect, because I counted on the larva over twenty eggs like those of a Tachina, Underneath some of the eggs I could discern with a lens a minute opening through which the fly-larva had entered the body of the Luna larva. The skin of the latter was more or less discoloured under each egg, but under some-under many in fact there was a dense black spot, sometimes two lines in diameter.
THE CURRANT WORM AGAIN
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

In the last number of the Entomologist our late esteemed friend. Mr. B. D. Walsh, whose sudden death we most deeply deplore; calls in question the correctness of my inference regarding the occasional hybernation of the currant worm. intimating that my conclusions were based upon insufficient data. He says, “I can see no reason why a larva might not have hatched out from the egg in London, C. W., in the first week in May, 1869, spun up on Mr. Saunders' paper bag on may 30th, 1869, and the cocoon been noticed bv that gentleman for the first time, as he informs us, May 30th, 1869.
REMARKS ON THE HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE WOOD PAPER-MAKING WASPS
Authors: Couper William
Published: February 2010

The history of the wasps of temperate America has not been recorded. It appears that entomologists have no great desire to study those interesting insects; and although several species occur in Canada, we know little or nothing of their natural history. One species, the spotted wood wasp (Vespa maculata, Linn.), occurs commonly, as near as I can determine, about every third year, in our northern woods. Havinq partially studied its habits, and collected a series of the nests in all their stages, it is particularly in regard to the latter that I claim attention. But before I proceed to relate what I have ascertained regarding their architecture, it will suffice to state that each large nest which we notice suspended from trees towards the end of summer consisted of a colony of males, females and workers or imperfect females, as they are termed.
ON THE LARVÆ OF SOME LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

A single full-grown specimen of the larva of this species was found under a log in a wood near London on the 11th of June. Length one inch. Head black and shining.

Body above brownish black, closely covered with tufts of moderately long stiff hairs, proceeding from elevated shining tubercles. Hairs and tubercles a little darker than the surface of body, excepting along the sides, where, although the tubercles continue the same, the hairs are changed to a yellowish-brown color.

Under surface brown, with a slight greenish tint; fifth, sixth, eleventh, and twelfth segments are each belted with a series of tufts of short yellowish-brown hairs, in continuation of those above. Feet black and shining. Prolegs yellowish-brown and hairy.
GALLS FOUND ON PLANTS OF THE GENUS RUBUS
Authors: Bassett H. F.
Published: February 2010

I think the gall described in the last number of the Entomologist by Mr. Wm. Couper, as found on the roots of the raspberry, has never been noticed before. I have in my collection a species of gall fly, hitherto undescribed, belonging to the genus Diastrophus, which I reared in great numbers from galls found on the roots of Rubus villosus, the common blackberry; these galls were polythalamous, however, and are undoubtedly distinct from his species,
THE NISONIADES BUTTERFLIES
Authors: Parker H. W.
Published: February 2010

I write no less to elicit information, than to offer such as my limited material affords. In a very interesting and origional paper on Asymmetry, published by the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1869-71, Messrs. Scudder and Burgess describe and figure the genital armor of all our species of Nisoniades, making seventeen species, of which nine are new. Their Virgilius I have not, and doubt its validity, my specimens of Horatiushaving a mixture of the characters of the two species; the specimens differ somewhat from each other in armor, and, what is puzzling, are very different in size, though wonderfully alike colouring, and very unlike all our northern species in one respect to be mentioned.
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF AGROTIS DEPRESSUS, Grote
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

In the previous paper Mr. Grote describes a new species of Agrotis, under the name of depressus, which was sent him from my collection some time ago; he also refers to Agrotis clandestina as received from me. This latter species was first determined for me by Mr. C. V. Riley, of St. Louis, Mo., and subsequently by Francis Walker, Esq., of the British Museum, Mr. Riley has figured and described the larva in his first report on ,“The Noxious Insects of Missouri,” p. 79, and my own description was published in the present volume of the Can. Ent., p. 35.
NOTES ON MEGACHILE BREVIS, Say
Authors: Reed E. B.
Published: February 2010

While inspecting, during the past summer, the fruit orchards of a friend residing in this neighbourhood, my attention was attracted by the peculiar appearance of the leaves of a young plum tree. At the first glance, I thought it might be affected by aphides, but, on closer examination, I found unmistakable evidence of the work of some leaf-cutting bee, in the circular holes in many of the leaves, and on opening one of the coils of leaves, of which there were four or five, I discovered the curiorts chambers of the bee, each containing a half-grown grub, comfortably ensconced, with its modicum of food.
ON THE LARVA OF THE PEACH BORER
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

The accompanying figure, No. 11, is a faithful representation of the larva of the Peach-tree Borer, an insect which in some localities is so injurious and abundant as to sadly interfere with successful peach culture. The grub from which this woodcut was prepared was found in company with several others early in March,in some gummy matter lying on the sod immediately surrounding a peach tree. One, which was somewhat smaller than the rest, was dug out of its bored channel in the tree, where it was still feeding.
HINTS TO FRUIT-GROWERS.: Paper No. 2
Authors: Saunders WM.
Published: February 2010

The gooseberry saw fly, Nematus Ventricosus. The season of warmth and growth having opened this year early, this never-failing pest has put in its appearance also in advance of previous years; as early as the 23rd of April I found the insect on the wing preparing to deposit its eggs as soon as the foliage was sufficiently expanded. Our last number contained an enlarged figure of the fly. (See fig. 4.) We now give a representation of the larva in its natural position, feeding on the leaves
HOW TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN LIMENITIS DISIPPUS—Godt., AND L. URSULA, Fabr., IN THEIR PREPARATORY STATES
Authors: Riley C. V.
Published: February 2010

It is not, I believe, generally known that, closely as these two insects resemble each other in the larval and pupal states, they may, nevertheless, be readily and invariably distinguished by the constant differences in the anterior horns of the former and in the hump of the latter. I was fortunate enough, the present summer, to have several larvæ of each species feeding, as also several pupæ of each hanging, at one and the same time ; and with the exception of the characters here given, I do not think there are any other distinguishing features to be relied upon.
HINTS TO FRUIT GROWERS
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

The wasp-like moth of the peach borer, Egeria exitiosa will be busy during the present month, depositing her eggs on the bark of the trunks of the Peach trees; then as soon as the eggs hatch, the young grubs wil1 begin to eat their way to the inner bark, where it is difficult to reach them. Much good may yet be done, either in preventing the moths from laying their eggs, or, if laid, in destroying the young larvaæ, by brushing the trunks and main branches of the trees with soft soap, reduced with lye to about the consistence of paint.
NOTES ON THE EGGS AND YOUNG LARVÆ OF MELITÆA HARRISII
Authors: Saunders W.
Published: February 2010

For several years past, I have tried to obtain eggs from this species by confining the females in small boxes, but without success until this year, when several of these insects were taken during the third week in June,
and shut up in boxes and laid aside. They were unfortunately overlooked until the 5th of July, when in one box was found a cluster of 14 eggs which were about hatching, and in another 31 in one cluster, and three detached ones near it. Those in the latter box had not been so long laid, and their colour was unchanged, and from them the follwing description was taken
LIST OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CATOCALA
Authors: Grote Aug. R.
Published: February 2010

The present list is based upon a paper on the genus Catocala recently published in the Transactions of the American Entomological Society. The sequence of the species there adopted is here retained, with an unimportant change in a single instance for convenience of reference. The species are grouped according to the colour and design of the hind rvings. Such an arrangement must, to a certain extent, be arbitrary, yet little violence seems to be done to the general affinities of the species by its adoption in this genus.
A NEW HESPERIAN
Authors: Dodge G. M.
Published: February 2010

Male expands 1.3 inches. Al1 the wings dark brown above. The primaries throughout the middle and basal areas sparingly sprinkled with fulvous scales. This color is deepest around the stigma, which consists of a velvety black bar extending obliquely from near the middle of the submedian vein to the cell, and is often divided into two equal parts by the fourth median veinlet. A large square patch, not sprinkled with fulvous, occurs in the middle area at the termination of the cell ; and a small detached yellow spot lies immidiately below, and outward from the anterior termination of the stigma.
Stability of natural populations of an aphid, Uroleucon rudbeckiae, at three spatial scales
Authors: Lamb Robert J. , MacKay Patricia A.
Published: February 2010

Stability (temporal variability, persistence, resilience) was assessed over 8–13 years for subpopulations, populations, and regional populations of Uroleucon rudbeckiae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in southern Manitoba, Canada. Contrary to expectations, natural populations of this native aphid were not more stable than those of aphids inhabiting crops. Among population parameters, prevalence (proportion of plants infested) proved more effective for quantifying temporal variability than intensity (colony size) or abundance (number of aphids per stem). The parameter “population variability” was a more effective index of temporal variability than the standard deviation of the logarithm or the coefficient of variation. Small differences in temporal variability were detected among populations that varied greatly in size. Population variability declined slightly as spatial scale increased and did not increase consistently over time. Population variability can be considered characteristic of this species in southern Manitoba, having a value of 0.648 ± 0.080 (mean ± standard deviation, n = 5, over 8–13 years) on a scale of 0–1, a high degree of temporal variability. Persistence was not related to temporal variability. Subpopulations were less persistent than populations, and one of five populations did not persist. Small populations were more likely to disappear temporarily. No resilience was detected.
Whole-Body versus Local DXA-Scan for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis in COPD Patients
Authors: Graat-Verboom Lidwien , Spruit Martijn A. , van den Borne Ben E. E. M. , Smeenk Frank W. J. M. , Wouters Emiel F. M.
Published: February 2010

Background. Osteoporosis is an extrapulmonary effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on BMD measured by DXA-scan. The best location for BMD measurement in COPD has not been determined. Aim of this study was to assess whole-body BMD and BMD of the hip and lumbar spine (local DXA) in COPD patients and compare the prevalence of osteoporosis at these locations.Methods. Whole body as well as local DXA-scan were made in 168 COPD patients entering pulmonary rehabilitation. Patient-relevant characteristics were assessed. Prevalence of osteoporosis was determined. Characteristics of patients without osteoporosis were compared to patients with osteoporosis on local DXA.Results. A higher prevalence of osteoporosis was found using local DXA compared to whole-body DXA (39% versus 21%). One quarter of patients without osteoporosis on whole body-DXA did have osteoporosis on local DXA. Significant differences in patient characteristics between patients without osteoporosis based on both DXA measurements and patients with osteoporosis based on local DXA only were found.Conclusions. DXA of the hip and lumbar spine should be made to assess bone mineral density in COPD patients. The lowest T-score of these locations should be used to diagnose osteoporosis.
Plasma Cell Granuloma of the Thyroid: A Conservative Approach to a Rare Condition and Review of the Literature
Authors: Barber W. A. , Fernando M. , Chadwick D. R.
Published: February 2010

Introduction. We present a case of an 89-year-old female who attended our surgical endocrine clinic with a 3-month history of a left-sided neck lump. There was no past medical history of thyroid disease.Methods. Following examination and further investigation, including core biopsy, a diagnosis of plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid was made. Biochemical testing of thyroid function and Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody was in-keeping with an associated Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Results. The patient was treated conservatively with thyroxine and regularly seen in clinic. TSH levels improved and the lump showed signs of regression.Conclusion. Plasma cell granuloma of the thyroid is rare with only 16 previously reported cases. We present a new approach to management without the use of surgery or steroids. The literature is reviewed comparing clinico-pathological features and management of other reported cases.
Manipulation of Expression of Arsenic (+3 Oxidation State) Methyltransferase in Cultured Cells
Authors: Drobna Zuzana , Styblo Miroslav , Thomas David J.
Published: February 2010

Methylation of inorganic arsenic to produce mono‐, di‐, or trimethylated products is the central process in the cellular metabolism of arsenic. Identification of arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase (As3mt) as the enzyme that could catalyze all the steps in the pathway for arsenic methylation suggests that expression of this enzyme could be a useful target for manipulation. Here, methods are described for heterologous expression of the rat As3mt gene in a human urothelial cell line that normally does not express this enzyme and for silencing of the AS3MT gene by RNA interference in a human hepatoma cell line. These tools can be applied to elucidating the role of methylation in the toxic and carcinogenic effects of arsenicals. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 43:4.35.1‐4.35.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Morphometric Analysis in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Milatovic Dejan , Montine Thomas J. , Zaja‐Milatovic Snjezana , Madison Jennifer L. , Bowman Aaron B. , Aschner Michael
Published: February 2010

The study of dendritic length and spine density has become standard in the analysis of neuronal abnormalities, since a considerable number of neurological diseases have their foundation in alterations in these structures. One of the best ways to study possible alterations in neuronal morphometry is the use of Golgi impregnation. Introduced more than a century ago, it is still the standard and state‐of‐the‐art technique for visualization of neuronal architecture. We successfully applied the Golgi method to mouse, rat, monkey, and human brain tissues for studying both the normal and abnormal morphology of neurons. We were able to discover subtle morphological alterations in neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in different brain areas. Although Golgi preparations can be examined by electronic microscopy, we used light microscopy and reconstruction using Neurolucida software to quantitatively explore the relationship between total dendritic length and spine density in different types of neurons. This unit summarizes the methodology used to quantify neuronal abnormalities and discusses the utility of these techniques in different models of neurodegeneration. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 43:12.16.1‐12.16.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Gastrointestinal Toxicology
Authors: Coruzzi Gabriella
Published: February 2010

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has the unique feature of having a huge area for exposure to potentially harmful agents, including concentrated acid, food, chemicals, and pathogens. Research over the past decades has identified some of the key events that are involved in mucosal damage and defense. The enteric nervous system, immune system, and a variety of endocrine and paracrine mediators act in concert to endure mucosal barrier integrity and gut homeostasis. Disruptors of mucosal defense mechanisms include drugs, food allergens and contaminants, metals, chemicals, radiation, and pathogens. A variety of animal experimental models have been set up to detect possible deleterious effects to the GI tract and the potential risk in humans. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 43:21.1.1‐21.1.6. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.