bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Culture in Dubbing TV Advertisements into Arabic: The Case of Chocolate Commercials
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Al-Haroon Ameena Haroun Abdulla , Yahiaoui Rashid
Published: July 2018

This study aims to explore the transcreation of television advertisements that were dubbed from English into vernacular and modern standard Arabic, and to propose translation as an integral part of marketing a product internationally. The study attempts to achieve these aims by looking at the pragmatic concept of presupposition in translation studies, guided by micro-translation strategies of cultural themes. The study employs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1943) and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions (1984) to analyze the translation of three cultural themes: methods of persuasion, stereotypes, and humor. Further themes, per each cultural themes are explored: persuasion through foreignization, persuasion through localization of norms and preferences, persuasion through adapting types of register, portraying the Arab culture as storytellers, verbalizing stereotypes through linguistic clichés and idioms, hyperbole in humor, and modification of irony in humor. The study concludes that micro-translation strategies: (1) in terms of cultural themes, are not exclusive to either a Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or a vernacular Arabic dialect; and (2) are used concurrently across cultural sub-themes.
Reconciling Religion and LGBT Rights: Christian Universities, Theological Orientations, and LGBT Inclusion
Authors: Coley Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Why do some Christian colleges and universities approve lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups and inclusive nondiscrimination policies while others resist them? Scholars are beginning to develop models to explain LGBT inclusion in schools, but they have undertheorized the role of religion in facilitating or impeding LGBT inclusion. In this article, I draw from the literature on religion and the “culture wars,” especially insights into religions’ theological orientations, to explain Christian colleges and universities’ inclusion of LGBT students. I show that communal orientations—theological emphases on social justice—strongly predict the adoption of LGBT groups and inclusive nondiscrimination policies at Christian colleges and universities. By contrast, individualist orientations—theological emphases on personal piety—impede the adoption of such groups and policies. Importantly, I find little support for alternative explanations of Christian colleges and universities’ inclusion of LGBT students that focus on liberal or conservative teachings on same-sex relationships. Beyond bridging literatures on the political sociology of LGBT rights and religion and the culture wars, the article supports an emerging theoretical framework for understanding the role of religion in a wide range of social justice debates.
Economic Inequality and Class Consciousness
Authors: Solt Frederick , Hu Yue , Hudson Kevan , Song Jungmin , Yu Dong Erico
Published: July 2018

Do contexts of greater income inequality spur the disadvantaged to achieve a class consciousness vital to contesting the fairness of the economic system and demanding more redistribution? One prominent recent study, Newman, Johnston, and Lown (2015), argues that simple exposure to higher levels of local income inequality lead low-income people to view the United States as divided into haves and have-nots and to see themselves as among the have-nots, that is, to become more likely to achieve such a class consciousness. Here, we show that this sanguine conclusion is at best supported only in analyses of the single survey presented in that study. There is no evidence that higher levels of income inequality produce greater class consciousness among those with low incomes in other similar but neglected surveys.
Couple Time and Partnership Quality: an Empirical Assessment using Diary Data
Authors: Vagni Giacomo , Widmer Eric D.
Published: July 2018

It is often assumed that partnership quality is positively associated with the amount of timecouples and families spend together. However, little about this link has been demonstrated empirically. This study investigates how time spent with the partners, children, parents, siblings, friends, and acquaintances is associated with partnership conflicts and partnership satisfaction. A time-use module was set up as part of a longitudinal survey about family relations and conflicts in Switzerland. The results show a robust association between partnership quality, time shared with the partner, and time shared with the partner and children. Results show that the more time couples spend together, the more likely they are to experience high partnership quality and to report being satisfied with their relationships. Partners who are satisfied with their relationships are more prone to talk to each other, to share leisure time, and to go to bed together. In contrast, time spent with friends and kin is not associated with partnership quality.
The Price of an Uncertain Promise: Fair Value Accounting and the Shaping of Bank Counterparty Risk Valuation Practices
Authors: Spears Taylor C.
Published: July 2018

How did the adoption of fair value accounting by the FASB shape the financial modelling practices used by market practitioners? Drawing on documentary sources, ethnographic fieldwork, and 52 interviews with financial economists and market participants, this article addresses this question by tracing the development and adoption of the mathematical models and associated infrastructures that derivatives ‘dealer’ banks use to assign value to the counterparty risk embedded in the ‘over-the-counter’ derivatives contracts they trade. Rather than reflecting a pre-existing consensus on the part of financial market participants in favour of valuation practices drawn from financial economics, this article suggests that the switch to fair value actively shaped the financial modelling and risk management practices used by dealers to value and manage this risk. While a number of material and institutional factors shaped the adoption of these practices, the switch to fair value ultimately ‘tipped the balance’ in favor of a particular set of practices that were preferred by a minority of investment banks. In explaining the development and adoption of banks’ counterparty risk modelling practices, this paper develops a hybrid theoretical approach that combines organisational institutionalism’s focus on meso-level field dynamics and the social studies of finance’s focus on materiality.
In-Home Firearm Access among US Adolescents and the Role of Religious Subculture: Results from a Nationally Representative Study
Authors: Stroope Samuel , Tom Joshua C.
Published: July 2018

Religious participation is linked to numerous positive safety outcomes for adolescents. Scant attention, however, has been paid to associations between religious participation and safety risks among adolescents. Using data from Add Health (N = 18,449), a nationally representative school-based sample of US adolescents, this study examines the relationship between adolescents’ religious affiliation and easy access to firearms at home. Regression analyses adjust for complex sampling design and compare easy firearm access at home among conservative Protestant adolescents to adolescent firearm access in other religious traditions. Conservative Protestant adolescents have a substantially greater likelihood of easy access to a gun at home compared to adolescents of all other major religious traditions in the United States. Recognizing differences in adolescent firearm access between subcultural groups can help public health interventions more effectively identify and address the needs of vulnerable populations. The paper’s conclusion considers suggestions for effective policy and programmatic initiatives.
Detecting Communities in Science Blogs
Authors: Pikas Christina Kirk
Published: July 2018

Many scientists maintain blogs and participate in online communities through their blogs and other scientists' blogs. This study used social network analysis methods to locate and describe online communities in science blogs. The structure of the science blogosphere was examined using links between blogs in blogrolls and in comments. By blogroll, the blogs are densely connected and cohesive subgroups are not easily found. Using spin glass community detection, six cohesive subgroups loosely corresponding to subject area were found. By commenter links, the blogs form into more easily findable general subject area or interest clusters.
Medical Decision Making for Youth in the Foster Care System
Authors: Strassburger Zachary
Published: July 2018

Youth in the foster care system often have no one person who isclearly authorized to make medical decisions for them. From acaseworker insisting upon a vaccine to a birth parent refusingpermission for psychotropic medication, this paper argues that thequestion of who makes these decisions matters for children’s rights.This paper reports the results of a survey of 132 stakeholdersrepresenting all U.S. states, 17 qualitative interviews, and a reviewof relevant laws and policies. The stakeholders and legal researchrevealed that in sixteen states, common practice disagreed with thewritten laws and policies about who should be making medical decisionsfor youth in the foster care system. Most often, foster parents aremaking medical decisions despite note having legal authority to do so,and birth parents are rarely making decisions even when they arelegally allowed to do so. This paper proposes that following federallaw about promoting family reunification, birth parents should be incharge of medical decision making for the first 12-24 months. Afterthat time, the foster parent, if one is available and has showncommitment to the child, should become the medical decision maker.Such a policy would promote birth parent involvement and familyreunification while acknowledging the need of young people in care fordecision makers who can make long-term commitments to their care.
Negotiation and Impoliteness Strategies in Saudi and Australian Postgraduate Students’ Emails
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alsharif Amerah Abdullah , Alyousef Hesham Suleiman
Published: July 2018

Although negotiation via email takes place every day between students and their supervisors/lecturers, the processes underlying these negotiations have been largely neglected in research to date. Further, there is a need to investigate the linguistic email communication problems that Saudis encounter when they study abroad. This study aims to identify the dominant features of email communication of twenty Saudi and Australian post-graduate students with their lecturers. The research sought to understand the following: to what extent negotiation moves differ from one group to another; if there is a significant difference between the two raters when rating native speakers (NS) versus non-native speakers (NNS); whether there is a significant relationship between students’ scores and total number of words used in negotiation moves; the most important moves that might have affected the raters’ decisions when giving the highest scores versus the lowest scores; and whether there is difference between total scores of NS and NNS. Whereas the qualitative analysis employed (im)politeness as the theoretical framework, the quantitative analysis focused on the moves used by students in terms of context, proposal, justification, options, and requests. It was found that NS and NNS had similar likelihoods of gaining higher grades when using more details. When both NS and NNS failed to employ a focus-on-context move, they were likely to fail in their negotiations. International students need to be encouraged to give more detailed explanations to improve their negotiation techniques. Pedagogical implications include greater insights into the appropriate use of email negotiation strategies between students and their lecturers.
Income Inequality and Chronic Health Conditions: A Multilevel Analysis of the U.S. States
Authors: Anderson Kathryn Freeman , Bjorklund Eric , Rambotti Simone
Published: July 2018

Recently, much scholarly work has been conducted examining the effect of rising income inequality on health outcomes. However, this work is somewhat inconclusive. Chiefly, the mechanisms which could produce such an association are still being sorted out. Further, much of this work is focused on mortality outcomes with little attention to how this process operates for actual health conditions, including chronic health problems, which are arguably now the main public health concerns of the developed world. In this study, in a series of multilevel binary logistic regression models using data from the 2005 and 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), we examine the association between state-level income inequality, poverty, and social welfare measures on spending and policy to examine the association between these factors for three chronic health outcomes: diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. We find that income inequality is only conditionally positively related to the diagnosis of two of the three outcomes, diabetes and hypertension, and only in 2007. However, absolute poverty is related to the outcome across all three dependent variables. Additionally, certain social welfare measures attenuate the effects of both income inequality and absolute poverty, suggesting that certain welfare policies reduce this association.
Informal urban green space as anti-gentrification strategy?
Authors: Rupprecht Christoph David Dietfried , Byrne Jason A.
Published: July 2018

Access to urban greenspace is vital for urban residents’ wellbeing. Yet investment in new parks can trigger housing price inflation through a process termed environmental gentrification. This can in turn potentially displace marginalized and vulnerable residents. In this chapter, we examine cases from Japan and Australia, investigating how informal urban greenspaces (IGS) (e.g. vacant lots, street or railway verges, brownfields, and power line corridors) could function as an ‘anti-gentrification’ urban greening strategy. Employing conceptual insights from political ecology and environmental justice, we use spatial and statistical analysis to test whether IGS is socio-spatially differentiated by (dis)advantage, and whether factors such as income and education affect residents’ perception and use of IGS. Results suggest that IGS holds considerable potential as a ‘just green enough’ intervention, because it does not appear to trigger gentrification as occurs with more ‘intentional’ green spaces. We argue that a key difference between intentional and informal greenspaces is the apparent empowerment of residents as co-creators, designers, managers and users of greenspace – not as passive consumers. Informal greenspaces may thus fulfill recreational needs while avoiding demands for a ‘return on investment’, a driver of environmental-gentrification. Insights from Japan suggest that planners and urban managers should identify and reduce IGS use barriers, provide better information (e.g. IGS maps), and work with residents to promote its use.
PROCESS-BASED IDEOLOGY OF PARTICIPATIVE EXPERIMENTATION TO FOSTER IDENTITY-CHALLENGING INNOVATIONS: THE CASE OF GMAIL AND ADSENSE
Authors: Garud Raghu , Karunakaran Arvind
Published: July 2018

Prior research has examined how organizational identity can enable and constrain innovations. A complementaryliterature has examined organizational ideology as the basis for actions driving identity-enhancing innovations.We examine how organizational ideology can serve as the basis for identity-challenging innovations throughan in-depth study of the emergence of two innovations at Google—Gmail and AdSense. Findings from thisstudy highlight a process-based ideology of participative experimentation. We explicate the constituentelements of this process-based ideology, and discuss its implications for research on innovation and identity.
Recalibrating the spirit level: An analysis of the interaction of income inequality and poverty and its effect on health
Authors: Rambotti Simone
Published: July 2018

The publication of The Spirit Level (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009) marked a paramount moment in the analysis of health and inequality, quickly attracting a remarkable degree of attention, both positive and negative, both in academic and in public discourse. Following at least 20 years of research, the book proposes a simple and powerful argument: inequality per se, more specifically income inequality, is harmful to every aspect of social life. In order to confirm this idea, the authors present a series of bivariate, cross-sectional associations showing comparisons across countries and within the United States. Despite the methodological limitations of this approach, the authors advance causal claims concerning the detrimental effects of income inequality. They also rule out poverty as a plausible alternative explanation, without directly measuring it. Meanwhile, over the last decade stratification scholars have demonstrated the nonlinear effect of economic factors, especially income, on health. The results suggest that a relative approach is best for analyzing dynamics at the top of the income distribution, whereas an absolute approach seems most appropriate for studying the bottom of the distribution. Consistent with this perspective, here I reanalyze data from The Spirit Level, adding a measure of poverty, in order to control the effect of inequality and explore its interaction with poverty. The findings show that inequality and poverty—which I contend are two interdependent but nonetheless distinct phenomena—interact across countries, such that the detrimental effects of inequality are present or stronger in countries with high poverty, and absent or weaker in countries with low poverty; poverty replaces inequality as the favored explanation of health and social ills across states. The new evidence suggests that income distributions are characterized by a complex interplay between inequality and poverty, whose interaction deserves further analysis.
Subtitling on the Intersection of Theory and Practice: Pedagogical Research-Based Approach to Subtitler Training
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Thawabteh Mohammad Ahmad
Published: July 2018

The present article investigates our proposed approach for subtitler training namely a Pedagogical Research-Based (PRB), defined as a professionally-oriented approach utilised in Audiovisual Translation (AVT) translator training to theoretically and practically strengthen the subtitling skills of trainees. The data of the present study is derived from an Egyptian television hard-edged drama entitled Firqit Naji Atallah (lit. Naji Atallah Team), Episode 1 (2012), subtitled by a sample of twenty MA translation students, ten of whom enrolled in the second semester for the academic year 2013/2014 and the rest (also totalling ten) did the same, a year later, namely for the school year 2014/2015. The article clearly reveals that before PRB approach is introduced in actual translation classroom, translator trainees (i.e. experimental group) are faced with tremendously difficult problems linguistically, culturally and technically which may hinder communication, thought to be crucial to retain for the target audience. The PRB approach is then introduced whereby the other translator trainees are equipped with some theoretical insights apropos of subtitling norms, well-envisaged in two scholarly AVT works by Karamitroglou (1998) and Schwarz (2002). Being aware of the PRB approach, the translator trainees could therefore do the translation task with minimal linguistic, cultural and technical problems. The study concludes with some pedagogical implications that will hopefully help translator trainees do translation tasks with minimal communication breakdown and maximal communicative thrust drawing on PRB.
Reflections on the Practicability of Translation Proper in Foreign Language Classes
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , BENAMOR Youcef
Published: July 2018

Foregrounding the paramount role of translation to boost foreign language learning at all educational strata, this reflective paper investigates whether translation is deemed a means to teach foreign languages or an end to prepare foreign language learners as prospective professional translators. Precisely, this reflective analysis aims to discuss these two research questions: do foreign language teachers simply use some amateur translation activities to upgrade their learners’ linguistic proficiency? Or do they find it necessary to teach translation models and techniques proper, targeting translational proficiency along with linguistic ability? Drawing on the researcher’s experience and specialist authorship, translation approaches and techniques as related to foreign language teaching/learning and 2) translation pedagogy types that govern the appropriate selection of translation techniques are the foundational units of this analytic endeavour. This analysis revealed that the basics of most well-known translation approaches and techniques are genuinely present in diverse foreign language classes. Additionally, teaching these translation approaches and techniques for general linguistic aims and for specific professional purposes are two different contexts where the former is shaped by presenting some mere language-based translation techniques and the latter by teaching much more specialist and profession-related ones. This categorisation inescapably determines the quality and quantity of translation practice and the nature of the teacher-learner pedagogical contract, aiming at foreign language learning per se, translation proficiency or both. According to either context, teachers should be aware of translation basics or translation proper to avoid ad hoc instruction and ‘translationese.’
One-child Ideation in India
Authors: Gietel-Basten Stuart , Rajbhar Mamta
Published: July 2018

India has seen a truly remarkable transition towards lower fertility over recent decades. The country is on course to reach replacement level fertility by 2020. Yet, there is a large degree of variation between states. In some areas, for example, total fertility rates are as low as 1.6 or 1.7.Profound changes in fertility preferences have accompanied this fertility transition. In particular, there has been a strong shift towards a two-child norm. In recent years, however, there has been developing evidence of a growing ideation towards having just one-child. This phenomenon has been associated with the rise of the Indian middle class and has been the subject of some attention in both academic and popular circles. Using evidence from the National Family Health Survey, this chapter explores this phenomenon in the Indian context. In doing so, we explore the possible implications both for the future direction of fertility transition in India, as well as for the family as an institution.
Introducing A New Model of Class Identification: A Mixed Method of Mathematical Modeling and Bayesian Statistical Modeling
Authors: Ishida Atsushi
Published: July 2018

This paper aims to introduce a new analytical framework for class identification by applying a mixed method of simple mathematical modeling and Bayesian statistical modeling. First, I constructed a simple mathematical model which can explain the middle concentration tendency of class identification where the majority of people tend to regard themselves as middle, assuming that the succession of the same Bernoulli $m$-trials with success probability $p$ determines one's subjective class identification. Second, I estimated parameters of the model from SSM survey data by applying a Bayesian statistical model. The distribution of latent success probability $p$ and number of trials $m$ was estimated by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. I also analyzed differences in distributions of $p$ and $m$ among age cohorts and educational levels by hierarchical models.From the analysis, I found the following point: (1) approximately five trials of fifty-fifty games with around 0.5 success probability describes well the observed class identification distribution in 2015 data; (2) the Japanese postwar period can be divided in two based on people's subjective evaluations---the period of expanding opportunity (1955 to 1975) and the period of high and constant success probability, but less chance of trials (from 1985); and (3) the different games model on educational levels is always better in terms of goodness of predictions than the common game model in each survey period. However, these models were closest in terms of goodness of prediction in 1975 and 1985, possibly indicating that during the ``all middle-class society'' period, people evaluated their society almost the same as the common game where all players have the same opportunities, but diﬀerent luck.
Expert Knowledge Influences Decision-Making for Couples Receiving Positive Prenatal Chromosomal Microarray Testing Results
Authors: Rubel Meagan
Published: July 2018

To assess how participants receiving abnormal prenatal genetic testing results seek information and understand the implications of results, 27 US female patients and 12 of their male partners receiving positive prenatal microarray testing results completed semi-structured phone interviews. These interviews documented participant experiences with chromosomal microarray testing, understanding of and emotional response to receiving results, factors affecting decision-making about testing and pregnancy termination, and psychosocial needs throughout the testing process. Interview data were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. In the absence of certainty about the implications of results, understanding of results is shaped by biomedical expert knowledge (BEK) and cultural expert knowledge (CEK). When there is a dearth of BEK, as in the case of receiving results of uncertain significance, participants rely on CEK, including religious/spiritual beliefs, “gut instinct,” embodied knowledge, and social network informants. CEK is a powerful platform to guide understanding of prenatal genetic testing results. The utility of culturally situated expert knowledge during testing uncertainty emphasizes that decision-making occurs within discourses beyond the biomedical domain. These forms of “knowing” may be integrated into clinical consideration of efficacious patient assessment and counseling.
Effect of Technology Enhanced Language Learning on EFL Reading Comprehension at Tertiary Level
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Taj Imtiaz Hassan , Ali Fatimah , Sipra Muhammad Aslam , Ahmad Waqar
Published: July 2018

The study investigated the impact of the affordance of computer assisted language learning (CALL) and mobile assisted language learning (MALL) on EFL reading comprehension at tertiary level. Pre-formed intact groups were used to conduct this quasi-experimental study. It used a pretest and post-test control group design. The participants were 122 first year university students. Computer-based reading comprehension exercises were used as intervention that lasted for six weeks. Vocabulary was pre-taught through WhatsApp. Post-test results of the reading comprehension achievement test revealed that the treatment group outperformed their counterparts in the control group. The results indicate the significance of technology incorporation in language learning process. The study shows the effective use of technology in EFL reading instruction. It works best when integrated in the instructional scheme. Results of the study also suggest that freely available technological resources can be used to create a conducive reading environment. The study needs to be replicated with bigger sample and longer period of intervention for more accurate results.
On the rapid rise of social networking sites: New findings and policy implications
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Brake David R
Published: July 2018

Livingstone, S., and Brake, D. R. (2009). On the rapid rise of social networking sites: New findings and policy implications. Children and Society, 24(1), 75-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00243.x
There's no time like the present
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

No-futurists (‘growing block theorists’) hold that that the past and the present are real, but that the future is not. The present moment is therefore privileged: it is the last moment of time. Craig Bourne (2002) and David Braddon-Mitchell (2004) have argued that this position is unmotivated, since the privilege of presentness comes apart from the indexicality of ‘this moment’. I respond that no-futurists should treat ‘x is real-as-of y’ as a nonsymmetric relation. Then different moments are real-as-of different times. This reunites privilege with indexicality, but entails that no-futurists must believe in ineliminably tensed facts.Published in Analysis 66.2: 130–35.
How learners of English learn best in a foreign language context? A glimpse of the debate over the written versus the spoken form
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Almutrafi Fatimah
Published: July 2018

The primacy of speech in second language learning and the relative lack of importance of the written form have triggered a continuous debate in the field of language teaching methodology. The various approaches which have been developed throughout the years emphasise the importance of the spoken language. Therefore, the written form has been taken for granted in most teaching methodologies. This paper considers the question of whether second language learners learn best through spoken or written language. It reviews the literature with regard to how speaking and writing have been taught in the last two decades. In addition, it describes the differences between spoken and written forms of languages. The paper then presents some characteristics and features of both language forms and states the situation of teaching English in a foreign language context. The paper concludes that both spoken and written aspects of any language are important in language learning and they both complement one another. Second language learners need to learn both aspects in order to master the language. The degree of exposure to spoken or written language is yet determined by the learners’ purpose for learning the language.
Looking Forward, Looking Back: Collective Memory and Neighborhood Identity in Two Urban Parks
Authors: Aptekar Sofya
Published: July 2018

Collective memory and narratives of local history shape the ways people imagine a neighborhood's present situation and future development, processes that reflect tensions related to identity and struggles over resources. Using an urban culturalist lens and a focus on collective representations of place, I compare two nearby New York parks to uncover why, despite many similarities, they support different patterns of meaning making and use. Drawing on ethnographic observation, interviews, and secondary analysis, I show that multi-vocal and fragmented contexts of collective memory help explain the uneven nature of gentrification processes, with one park serving as its cultural fulcrum while the other is left at the sidelines.
No Landward Movement: Examining 80 years of population migration and shoreline change in Louisiana
Authors: Hauer Mathew , Hardy Dean , Mishra Deepak R , Pippin J Scott
Published: July 2018

Louisiana lost nearly 5,000 km2 of its coastal land area due to relative sea level rise (including local, regional, and global factors driving relative sea level change) since 1932, mirroring both the hazards associated with sea level rise and the time horizons of sea level rise impacts expected this century. This represents an opportunity to examine the relationship between long-term population changes and shoreline change. Based on detailed land change data for the period 1932–2010 and a small area population estimation technique for the period 1940–2010, we examine intra-parish population changes in relation to shoreline changes for the one million plus residents living in the ten coastal parishes of Louisiana. We find that since 1940, only two of the ten coastal parishes exhibited landward population movement, which we define as movement perpendicular to the shoreline, exceeding 1 km. Three parishes exhibited seaward population movement in excess of 1 km. Overall, we find very little net intra-parish landward population movement for the region. Our findings suggest that coastal Louisiana’s historical population has not moved in concert with observed shoreline encroachment. We also find a potential tipping point related to population migration when a neighborhood loses at least 50% of its land area. Our findings suggest that this lack of landward population movement could be attributable to either localized adaptation strategies or migrations to other landward areas.
Freshwater reservoir effect and the radiocarbon chronology of the cemetery in Ząbie, Poland
Authors: Pospieszny Łukasz
Published: July 2018

In the 3rd millennium BC an island on the Łańskie Lake in north-eastern Poland was seasonally settled by a group of people practicing a syncretic burial ritual, exhibiting indigenous and foreign patterns. They left behind a small cemetery consisting of at least six graves. 14C dates made for samples of human bones until 2009 did not coincide with the expected age of the graves. Under a new pilot program in 2010–2013, a series of radiocarbon measurements was made for the human bones and an artefact of red deer antler, along with analyses of the stable isotopes ratios of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in the collagen. The results indicate a significant proportion of freshwater food in the diet, which caused the radiocarbon dates to be too old due to the freshwater reservoir effect (FRE). Based on the dating of the antler, unaffected by FRE, and comparative analysis, the reservoir offset for one of the graves was estimated to 740 radiocarbon years. The results, although limited by a low number of investigated humans and animals, indicate indirectly a specialization in the exploitation of local water resources. Such an economic strategy seems to be characteristic for the societies inhabiting the coasts of the Baltic Sea and littoral zones of large lakes in the Final Neolithic and at the beginning of the Early Bronze Age.
Presupposition: A Semantic or Pragmatic Phenomenon?
Authors: Journal Arab World English , OUALIF Mostafa
Published: July 2018

There has been debate among linguists with regards to the semantic view and the pragmatic view of presupposition. Some scholars believe that presupposition is purely semantic and others believe that it is purely pragmatic. The present paper contributes to the ongoing debate and exposes the different ways presupposition was approached by linguists. The paper also tries to attend to (i) what semantics is and what pragmatics is in a unified theory of meaning and (ii) the possibility to outline a semantic account of presupposition without having recourse to pragmatics and vice versa. The paper advocates Gazdar’s analysis, a pragmatic analysis, as the safest grounds on which a working grammar of presupposition could be outlined. It shows how semantic accounts are inadequate to deal with the projection problem. Finally, the paper states explicitly that the increasingly puzzling theoretical status of presupposition seems to confirm the philosophical contention that not any fact can be translated into words.
An Assessment of Iraqi EFL Learners’ Performance in Using Synonymy and Antonymy
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Krebt Dhea Mizhir
Published: July 2018

The knowledge related with lexical items can be realized as including relations of meaning a cross words. Words that share a similarity of meaning are called to be synonymous, and words that share a contrary of meaning are called to be antonymous. Both of them are universal linguistic phenomenon that exist in terms of linguistic system of every language. The present study aims at finding out areas of difficulty that Iraqi EFL learners encounter in the use of synonymy and antonymy, both on the recognition and production levels. Also tries to detect the main reasons behind such difficulties. A diagnostic test of two parts, namely, recognition and production, is designed. The test is built to include two linguistic phenomenon which are: synonymy and antonymy. A random sample of one (100) third year College students of two Colleges of Education, in University of Baghdad and University of Diyala, (50) students each. Data analyzed were based on Cruse's taxonomy (1986). The study has come up with the following conclusions: in spite of being students at an advanced level in learning English, they used a general lexical item, instead of their other synonyms and antonyms which imply a narrower sense of meaning. And although Iraqi EFL learners learn a number of synonym words and antonym words during their academic years of studying English, still they cannot utilize them correctly in context.
Illicit Cultural Property from Latin America: Looting, Trafficking, and Sale
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

This chapter will provide a broad overview of the the , smuggling, and illegal sale of cultural objects from Latin America. First, I will describe the two categories of Latin American cultural property covered by this chapter (pre-Conquest artefacts, colonial sacred art), and then consider the form and functioning of the illicit trade in Latin American antiquities. I will discuss the on-the-ground devastation of the historic trade in looted Latin American objects and present a model of a historic antiquities trafficking network. is will be illustrated by two case studies: the the and trafficking of a large Maya sculpture from the site of Machaquilá, Guatemala, and of the Church of Challapampa, Peru. Thee paper will close with a brief recommendation and an outline of the various outside forces that appear to play a significant role in the continued looting and trafficking of Latin American cultural objects. Among these important forces to consider are deforestation, human migration, the narcotics trade, local and regional instability, community insecurity, poverty, globalization, and developmental disparities. If reducing the illicit trade in Latin American cultural property is our goal, then all current and future policy must address these issues.
A Pragma-stylistic Study of Hybrid Speech Acts in Selected Dramatic Texts
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , IBRAHIM RIYADH KHALIL , Waheeb Khamail Ali
Published: July 2018

The study is intended to investigate the role of speech act theory (SAT) in understanding dramatic texts through using pragma-stylistic approach. It is also an attempt to examine the stylistic effects of using speech acts (SAs) and their implication in conveying the theme of the play and the intentions of the characters. Therefore, eight extracts are selected from Harold Pinter's Plays : A Night Out and The Birthday party, to be the data of analysis. The analysis reveals that the interaction between stylistics and pragmatics is a vital tool for analyzing dramatic texts in terms of (SAT). SAs are grouped into systematic combination depending on the purpose of the speaker or the playwright. Direct of fit is the most decisive aspect of the combination of some hybrid speech acts. The pragma-stylistics analysis of hybrid (SAs) also reveals the importance of these speech acts in conveying the intended message of the dramatist through the contextual details offered about the characters and events. These details can secure a proper interpretation of the socio-psychological relationships between the characters and the audience of the play.
Toward a Dynamic Theory of Action at the Micro Level of Genocide: Killing, Desistance, and Saving in 1994 Rwanda
Authors: Luft Aliza
Published: July 2018

Preprint, final version in Sociological Theory available at: http://stx.sagepub.com/content/33/2/148.fullThis article is about behavioral variation in genocide. Research frequently suggests that violent behaviors can be explained by or treated as synonymous with ethnic categories. This literature also tends to pre-group actors as perpetrators, victims, or bystanders for research purposes. However, evidence that individuals cross boundaries from killing to desistance and saving throughout genocide indicates that the relationship between behaviors and categories is often in flux. I thus introduce the concept of behavioral boundary crossing to examine when and how Hutu in 1994 Rwanda aligned with the killing behaviors expected of them and when and how they did not. I analyze interviews with 31 Hutu, revealing that transactional, relational, social-psychological, and cognitive mechanisms informed individuals’ behaviors during the genocide. The result is a dynamic theory of action that explains participation without homogenizing individual experience due to presumptions about behavioral and categorical alignment.
Ego-Centered Cognitive Social Structures of Close Personal Networks in the United States
Authors: Marcum Christopher Steven , Lienert Jeffrey , Goldring Megan , Lin Jielu , Miggins Alicia , Moss Melissa E , Song Sunmi , Thakur Hena , Koehly Laura
Published: July 2018

Social network analysis is increasingly important in the social and behavioral sciences and has been employed to study a host of inter- and intra-personal social processes. One of the challenges researchers face in this area, however, is balancing the trade-offs between different modes of network measurement and study design. At one end of the spectrum, entirely ego-centered network designs facilitate access to a large, generalizable sample of the population but often lack details on the underlying network structure that embed each respondent. At the other end, whole-network designs offer fine details about the network structure but are costly and suffer from generalizability limitations. In this paper, we employ an ego-centered network sampling design that strikes a balance between these two cases by leveraging how individuals perceive their social worlds vis-a-vis respondent reports of their alter-alter ties. We describe a large sample of close personal networks where respondents informed on their perceptions of the ties between their alters on multiple types of relations. Specifically, we characterize the distribution of network statistics (size, density, and multiplexity) for over a thousand individual ego-centered cognitive networks drawn from a representative sample of the U.S. population. To our knowledge this is the first study to characterize the distribution of mental maps vis-a-vis perceived alter-alter relationships in this large of a sample of respondents involved in close personal networks. In doing so, we more clearly shed light on how Americans perceive the structure of their social worlds and provide an empirical case study in what we characterize as ego-centered cognitive social structures.
Agent-Based Simulation and Sociological Understanding
Authors: Ylikoski Petri
Published: July 2018

The article discusses agent-based simulation as a tool of sociological understanding. Based on an inferential account of understanding, it argues that computer simulations increase our explanatory understanding both by expanding our ability to make what-if inferences about social processes and by making these inferences more reliable. However, our ability to understand simulations limits our ability to understand real world phenomena through them. Thomas Schelling’s checkerboard model of ethnic segregation is used to demonstrate the important role played by abstract how-possibly models in the process of building a mechanistic understanding of social phenomena.
The Experience of Saudi Female Students Attending Mixed Gender ESL Courses in Melbourne, Australia.
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alghamdi Sahar Mohamad Ali
Published: July 2018

This study explored the experience of Saudi female students attending mixed-gender English as a second language (ESL) courses in Melbourne, Australia and the factors that impacted their levels of engagement. A transcendental phenomenological research design was used to provide a thick description of the essence of the Saudi female experience in this learning environment. The participants included four Saudi female students currently attending ESL courses in Melbourne, Australia. Two phases—descriptive and interpretive—were employed in the data analysis to accurately capture the nature of the experience. This study revealed that, while all the participants held a positive attitude towards their experience, language proficiency level and marital status played crucial roles in their adaptation. Participants with high language skills reported smoother adaptation than students with low language skills. The married students tended to be more inhibited than single students by the attendance of male especially Saudi male. Working solely with males or participating in physical activities with males had the greatest impact on levels of engagement in classroom activities. These findings were broadly in line with the sparse literature available on this phenomenon. Therefore, future research suggestions and practical implications were offered.
Hyperloops do not threaten the notion of an effective procedure
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

This paper develops my (BJPS 2009) criticisms of the philosophical significance of a certain sort of infinitary computational process, a hyperloop. I start by considering whether hyperloops suggest that ‘effectively computable’ is vague (in some sense). I then consider and criticise two arguments by Hogarth, who maintains that hyperloops undermine the very idea of effective computability. I conclude that hyperloops, on their own, cannot threaten the notion of an effective procedure.Published in Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5635: 68–78.
Patterns of Bisexuality
Authors: Compton D'Lane , Farris Nicole
Published: July 2018

In this paper we use data from the 2002 and 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to analyze the most recent patterns of bisexuality in the United States. There has been little demographic work done on the issue of bisexuality, and this paper strives to explore some aspects of the sexual orientation. Using a social constructionist definition of sexuality, we both enumerate those who identify, desire, and behave as bisexual as well as compare some basic demographic characteristics of bisexuality with heterosexuality, homosexuality, and asexuality. Overall, we find that conclusions about the prevalence of bisexuality and the characteristics of bisexual individuals versus other sexualities do differ depending on the dimension employed. Most generally, however, we find that in bisexual respondents are more likely to be in poorer health condition than heterosexual respondents (but in better health compared to gay and lesbian respondents), engaged in full time employment, and less likely to have ever been married.
A Sociological Turn in Statebuilding Research?
Authors: Brast Benjamin
Published: July 2018

This article reviews three new publications on statebuilding interventions and examines to which degree sociological approaches are applied in the study of external statebuilding. It argues that macro sociology offers a rich set of theoretical and methodological tools that can be fruitfully applied to study the effects of statebuilding interventions.