bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Karst Mandhip Khol-python cave complex in the lenticular limestone intercalations of the matamorphic Chhatrela formation (Chhattisgarh, India)
Authors: Ruggieri Rosario , Biswas Jayant
Published: February 2016

The Mandhhip Khhol-Pyton cave, located in an area declared Protected Forest in thhe Rajnandgaon District about 7 km in a direct line WwNWw from thhe village of Thakurtola (N21°39’:E080°58’), consists of an upper level orientated essentially along NE-SWw and NNWw-SSE fracture systems, subsequently connected thhroughh a NE-SWw structure withh an independent karst system, at a lower level orientated predominantly along bedding planes. The speleogenesis controlled by various structuralelements hhas manifested itself as hhaving different morphhologiesin thhe two levels. In fact, fracture-controlled vadose passages prevail in thhe upper level, whhile water flow along thhe bedding planes in thhe lower level caused morphhologies chharacterized by wide but low passages. The studied system constitutes a particular example of karst morphhologies developedin a lenticular limestone formation withhin phhyllite rocks of Precambrian metamorphhic age.Keywords: India, Chhhhattisgarhh, karst, speleogenesis, Mandhhip Khhol.
First Steps in Limestone Weathering and Erosion: An Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) approach
Authors: Fornós Joan J. , Gómez-Pujol Lluís , Cifre Joan , Hierro Ferran
Published: February 2016

A combined atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) experiment examining the first steps in limestone weathering and erosion is presented. The experiment deals with the exposure of polished limestone rock tablets to a Western Mediterranean coastal environment and with the rate and patterns of weathering addressed by roughness quantification and qualitative assessment of nanoforms. Observations show how rock surface roughness increases at high rates after four and six months of exposure, passing from initial roughness RMS values between 14 and 32 mm to values between 396 to 492 mm. From the qualitative SEM approach, it can be concluded that the roughness increase relates with the widening of the space between rock grains and results in the isolation and detaching of rock grains.
Impact of chlorides, nitrates, sulfates and phosphates on increased limestone dissolution in the karst vadose zone (Postojna Cave, Slovenia)
Authors: Kogovšek Janja
Published: February 2016

Distinctive karst hydrology arises from a combination of high carbonate rock solubility and well developed secondary porosity (fissures). Soil CO2 is the most important influence on solubility of carbonate rock (Ford & Williams 2007). Human activity on the karst surface results in pollution that has an important influence on water quality. Degradation of organic pollution (e.g. waste water, leachates from landfill sites) results in inorganic acids too. These acids could have an important additional influence on dissolution of carbonate rocks in the vadose zone. In the framework of more than 20 years of research on precipitation percolation and transfer of contaminants (direct outflow of waste water from a small military facility where about twenty troops were stationed) through the 100-m thick vadose zone of Postojna Cave, contaminated water was observed in drips and trickles in the cave (up to 60 mg Cl-/l, up to 180 mg NO3-/l, up to 2.8 mg PO43-/l, and up to 50 mg SO42-/l). At the same time the sum of calcium and magnesium (Ca+Mg) of trickles was up to two times larger than the Ca+Mg of either the uncontaminated reference trickle or the input waste water. The amount of dissolved limestone carried by waste water to trickles and drips in the cave was directly proportional to the concentration of contaminant anions present. This demonstrates that there is an accelerated widening of fissures below source points of wastewater. Water with contaminants can penetrate faster and deeper into the vadose zone along the increasingly permeable fissures without losing its dissolving power, and thus significant dissolution occurs ever deeper in the vadose zone. This results in ever faster penetration of contaminants through the vadose zone. In the final phase of such development, which takes many decades or longer, relatively rapid transfer of contaminants through the aquifer all the way to karst springs with minimal self-cleansing effects can be expected.
Pleistocene edible dormice (Rodentia Mammalia) from Slovenia, and their relations to the present day Glis glis (Linnaeus 1766)
Authors: Aguilar Jean-Pierre , Michaux Jaques
Published: February 2016

A Pleistocene new material of dormice (Genus Glis) is described. Three morphological species are recognized on the basis of size and morphology of the teeth: Glis sackdillingensis Heller, 1930, Glis mihevci nov. sp., and Glis perkoi nov. sp. The two new species, larger than G. sackdillingensis, are morphologically less evolved than the present day Glis glis of Slovenia, which has larger teeth.
Karst landforms in an interior layered deposit within the Coprates Chasma, Mars
Authors: Baioni Davide , Hajna Nadja Zupan , Wezel Forese Carlo
Published: February 2016

The Coprates Chasma forms part of the backbone of the Valles Marineris canyon system. In the westernmost part of the chasma in an embayment on the northern wall a mound of layered material rises from the chasma floor and displays a characteristic dome-shaped morphology. The mineralogical characteristics of the dome and its surroundings have been determined by analysis of the CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars) data (image HRL00003752). The unit shows the clear signatures of kieserite, an evaporite mineral also found on Earth. Through analysis of the M.RO. HiRISE (Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images) we have investigated the dome landforms and the possible processes involved in their formation and shaping in great detail. The analysis shows that the landforms observed clearly indicate the presence of solutional processes that made those karst landforms. The results of our observation also suggest that liquid water must have existed on the dome in the past for long enough for the solution features to be formed, and that the karst landforms investigated exhibit an older erosional age or shorter than the same landforms studied in a similar kieserite dome located within Tithonium Chasma, another graben of the Valles Marineris system.
Attenuation of arsenic in karst subterranean stream and analysis of its influence factors: A case study at Lihu subterranean stream,
Authors: Liankai Zhang , Hui Yang
Published: February 2016

Arsenic (As) pollutants are serious threat to water ecological security and human health, especially in karst areas because of their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Physical-chemical analyses of karst water and its sediments at the Lihu subterranean stream, southwest China, were conducted by ICP-MS and XRF to elucidate the reaction mechanisms of arsenic in karst subterranean streams. The results show that inorganic arsenic comprise most of the total arsenic, while organic arsenic including monomethylated arsenic (MMA) and dimethyl arsenic (DMA) are not detected or infinitesimal. The reducing environment in the subterranean stream makes As(III) dominant and accounts for 53% of the inorganic species. Adsorptive behaviour of arsenic occurred and the removal rates of As, As(III) and As(V) in the Lihu subterranean stream are 51%, 36% and 59% respectively after a 25.6 km underground distance. To find out the main influencing factors on arsenic adsorptive process in this underground river, principal component analysis in SPSS and Minitab were applied. Seven main factors, i.e. sediment Fe (Fesed), sediment Al (Alsed), sediment Ca (Cased), particulate organic matter (POM), sediment Mn (Mnsed), water Ca2+ (Ca2+) and water HCO3– (HCO3–) are extracted from thirteen indicators. The rank of those factors for total arsenic and As(III) is Ca_sed > Fe_sed > Ca2+ > POM > Mn_sed > Alsed > HCO3 –, while it is Fesed > Cased > Ca2+ > Mnsed > POM > Alsed > HCO3 – for As(V). Of these seven factors, Fesed, Alsed, Cased, POM, Mnsed and Ca2+ are promoting factors for arsenic adsorption while HCO3– is an inhibiting factor. Calcium and bicarbonate turn out to be the main influencing factors for water arsenic adsorption in the study area, largely because the high calcium and alkaline values in karst water. This finding is an obvious distinction compared with the research findings at a non-karst area.
Survival of the epigean Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in a subterranean environment
Authors: Novak Tone , Csuzdi Csaba , Janžekovič Franc , Pipan Tanja , Devetak Dušan , Lipovšek Saša
Published: February 2016

The peregrine earthworm Dendrodrilus rubidus tenuis was regularly sampled in a percolating water drip originating in a habitat inaccessible to humans in the Huda luknja pri Doliču cave, Slovenia. The reconstruction of this habitat includes both a larger passage with bat colonies supplying wet bat guano sediments, on which the earthworms feed, and narrow channels, which drain water from this passage into the sampling drip. Fresh guano is deposited in autumn shortly before the earthworms become inactive. Then, it is exploited by moulds and additionally depleted by water washing out the nutrients before the earthworms reactivate in spring. Thus, this is a rather poor food resource for the earthworms. Despite this, and apart from their short size and delayed maturation, no other disturbance or damage was found caused by malnutrition, which was confirmed in individuals submitted to starvation in captivity. We suggest that Dd. r. tenuis, which shows neither disturbance from nor adaptation to living in a subterranean environment, can subsist there because of its euryoecious character. Nevertheless, in temperate climates, this is rather a harsh habitat for this earthworm.
Cave Rock Surface Temperature Evaluation Using Non-Contact Measurement Methods
Authors: Středová Hana , Středa Tomáš , Vysoudil Miroslav
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the rock surface temperature (RST) regime in Kateřinská Cave in the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic, South Moravia) using nondestructive infrared methods. Air temperature monitoring was also included to quantify the dominant factors affecting the RST. Measurements were taken during the period covering January, 2010 to March, 2012. HOBO air temperature sensors with data loggers were placed in front of the cave entrance, in the entrance corridor and on selected sites in the cave interior. An infrared (IR) thermometer was used to measure the surface temperature of the solid rock. The RST in the cave interior during each season was also recorded by IR camera. The average temperature of the rock surface over the two year period was 6.95 °C. The longterm average of the RST was always 0.01 to 0.79 °C lower than the air temperature. The dynamics of the RST are most obvious at the entrance corridor to the cave, with temperature variability up to 17.34 °C. The dynamism of both the RST and air temperature decrease as the distance from the entrance increases. The lowest RST variability (1.19 °C) was detected at a distance of 271–280 meters from the entrance. The differences in the maximum RST in the monitored profile were relative small, ranging from 7.30 to 8.70 °C. Minimum temperatures in the cold season showed a significant difference among themselves. Changes in rock surface and air temperatures are dominantly influenced by air exchange with the external environment, although the RST may be locally influenced on a short-term basis by other factors, such as attendance and biota. Temperature heterogeneous zones over space in Kateřinská Cave with no air flow were located by thermal imaging. It is therefore an area where unknown spaces or exterior access can be expected.
Heavy minerals in sediments from the Mošnica Cave: Implications for the pre-Quaternary evolution of the middle-mountain allogenic karst in the Nízke Tatry Mts., Slovakia
Authors: Bónová Katarína , Bella Pavel , Bóna Ján , Spišiak Ján , Kováčik Martin , Kováčik Martin , Petro Ľubomír
Published: February 2016

The cave deposits from the Mošnica Cave located on the northern slope of the Nízke Tatry Mts. were analysed by sedimentological, petrographical and mineralogical methods. Based on mineralogical study the cave sediments are composed of dolomite, quartz, muscovite, amphibole, chlorite, calcite, Kfeldspar and plagioclase. Heavy mineral assemblage is formed by garnet, zircon, apatite, monazite, tourmaline, staurolite, rutile, titanite, epidote, sillimanite, allanite, andalusite and barite. Opaque minerals are represented by ilmenite, pyrite, magnetite, Cr-spinel, Fe-oxyhydroxides and chalcopyrite. Detailed research of chemical composition of the heavy minerals points to their source rocks formed by granitoids, amphibolites and amphibolite gneisses representing the crystalline basement and probably by Triassic cover sediments of the Lúžna Formation. Presence of the allochthonous minerals in the cave from metamorphic complex recently occurred on the opposite southern slope of the Nízke Tatry Mts. indicates a past larger catchment area of the allogenic karst of Mošnica Valley on the pre-Quaternary less dissected terrain. A change of watershed boundary leading through the central range of the Nízke Tatry Mts. was probably connected with the tilting of this mountain range towards the north, in the compression regime during the Late Tertiary.
The creation of collapse dolines: A 3D modeling approach
Authors: Hiller Thomas , Romanov Douchko , Gabrovsek Franci , Kaufmann Georg
Published: February 2016

We present a 3D numerical karst evolution model describing mechanisms governing the evolution of collapse dolines. The results confirm the current state of the art of the knowledge about the conditions necessary for a collapse doline to grow. We demonstrate that these geological features develop in karst aquifers, above subsurface rivers flowing through active cave systems or mechanically unstable zones. The mechanisms of growth of single/isolated collapse dolines are generally two dimensional and can be modeled with very dense numerical models. On the other hand, our results demonstrate that there can be more than one location, within a karst system, where the conditions allow the development of a collapse doline. For such complex scenarios a 3D modeling approach and a detailed knowledge of the hydro-geological situation is required in order to correctly predict and describe the development of collapse dolines.
Geomorphological evolution of the Vendicari karstic coastal lake system (SE Sicily, Italy)
Authors: Gracia Francisco Javier , Geremia Francesco , Privitera Sandro , Amore Concetto
Published: February 2016

The Vendicari coastal lake system (SE Sicily) presents several geomorphic characteristics, which suggest it was originated as a part of a 6 km long karst polje during the Late Pleistocene sea level lowstand. Exhumed cryptokarst karren and terraced concentric surfaces point to this working hypothesis. The generation of this depression could have been favoured by the low to moderate neotectonic activity in the zone, which consisted in slight uplifting and subsequent fracturing. Open joints in the Vendicari Pleistocene carbonates show a radial outline with the prevalence of NNW-SSE discontinuities. Once formed, polje evolution would have consisted in a progressive compartmentalisation and splitting into several polje bottoms, some of which form a part of the present Vendicari lake system and are surrounded by stepped corrosion surfaces. The postglacial sea level rise had drowned most part of the original polje, which can be still recognized in the inner continental shelf. Sea level stabilization after the Holocene eustatic maximum favoured the development of a beach barrier, which generated additional coastal lakes of lagoonal type.
Felo Pérez Mogote (Viñales, Pinar del Río, Cuba): Typical Shaping of Rock Surface below Dense Tropical Vegetation
Authors: Gutierez Domech Roberto , Knez Martin , Slabe Tadej
Published: February 2016

The results of studying the geomorphological, geological, and lithomorphogenetic karst characteristics of the selected mogote reveal its unique but typical formation under the given conditions. Micritic heavily tectonically crushed and heavily recrystallized limestone with stylolites dominates throughout the entire geological column and is very uniform. Analyzing Ca and Mg with complexometric titration method of rock samples showed very pure total carbonate and exceeds 96.5 %. Rock composition anables development of clear development of rock features, the smallest, as well. The specific rock relief of the mogote bears witness to the gradual denudation of the rock and the transformation of subsoil rock forms into forms carved by rainwater and water creeping down the walls. The article brings new knowledge about special but typical shaping of the rock under dense tropical vegetation, this time under vegetation covering the mogote. On denuded surfaces that emerged from the soil, for this circumstances characteristic rock features develop under the weathered debris that accumulates under dense vegetation. Different rock beds in the studied mogote respond in a similar way to karstification.
Geological influence on the formation of Samar natural bridge and collapse valley of Ravna River from the NE Kučaj Mountains (Carpatho-Balkanides, eastern Serbia)
Authors: Petrovic Aleksandar Slavisa , Carevic Ivana Zoran
Published: February 2016

The paper deals with the description of Samar natural bridge and collapse valley of Ravna River in eastern Serbia aiming to suggest an interpretation of their origin and development, in relationship with lithological and tectonic conditions, karst processes, and petrological analyses. In this study we present the geological setting, detailed morphology and hypothesis on the genesis of these karst landforms. The relationship between surface karst development and the geology is considerably acknowledged. The major contribution of the paper is to propose a framework for considering how recrystallization of limestone can affect the weathering potential of karst landforms and to introduce a term collapse valley. Finally, this study shows that the weathering potencial of the Samar natural bridge is decreased concerning the diagenetic changes these limestones underwent.
A case study of anthropogenic impact on the CO2 levels in low-volume profile of the Balcarka Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic)
Authors: Lang Marek , Fainmon Jiří , Ek Camille
Published: February 2016

Anthropogenic impact on CO2 levels was studied in the low-volume chamber connected with the low-profile corridor in Balcarka Cave, the show cave in Moravian Karst, during the period of limited ventilation. Modeling showed that the natural CO2 levels were controlled by the CO2 fluxes (up to ~ 3.14 × 10-2 mol s-1) from adjacent spaces. These fluxes changed with cave airflows and ventilation modes. Two main components of anthropogenic impact were recognized: (1) visitor breathing and (2) visitor movement. The CO2 input derived from individual visitor groups varied from 1.96 × 10-4 to 2.45 × 10-3 mol s-1, which was the significant part of the CO2 fluxes from adjacent spaces. The visitor movement induced the airflows up to 0.2 m3 s-1. They exceeded the natural airflows (up to 3.2 × 10-3 m3 s-1) by factor of more than 60. These airflows caused cave ventilation mode’s switching and, significant drop of CO2 fluxes/levels due to changed ventilation. The study therefore indicates that various anthropogenic influences in show cave can balance and neutralize each other, in dependence on cave morphology and seasonal conditions.
Hydrology and hydrochemistry of marble aquifer with point recharge from two deep sinkholes, Menderes Massive, western Turkey
Authors: Şimşek Celalettin , Kaya Birol , Alkan Ahmet , Büyüktopçu Fatih , Türk Necdet , Arisoy Yalçın
Published: February 2016

Menderes Massive is a NE–SW-trending metamorphic terrain in western Anatolia. The massive is composed of regionally metamorphosed rocks of mica-schist and marble. The Bozdag Mountain is the main horst system in Kucuk Menderes river basin. It is composed of several N-S oriented small horsts and grabens and contains important karst features, such as poljes and sinkholes. Ayvacik and Subatan Poljes are typical closed depressions draining into Ayvacik and Subatan sinkholes (ponors). Both are developed along the N-S directed fault system. The main objective of this study is to determine the karstification and hydrogeochemical features of water circulating in marble terrain and controlled by deep sinkholes in the Bozdag Mountain. Detailed speleological studies demonstrated that the degree of karstification of marble rock depends on the regional tectonic structure, the mineralogy of marble and the water recharge rate into the sinkholes. Tritium isotope and tracer tests indicate very fast flow and connection between Subatan surface water and a spring in lower elevations with high Ca and Mg ion concentration at the south of the study area. Hidrogeologija in hidrokemija marmornega vodonosnika s ponornim točkovnim napajanjem (Masiv Meredes, zahodna Turčija)Masiv Menderes je območje metamorfnih kamnin v zahodni Anatoliji, Turčija. Razteza se v smeri SV–JZ in je sestavljeno predvsem iz regionalno metamorfiziranih sljudnih skrilavcev in marmorjev. Goro Bozdag sestavlja sistem manjših grud in tektonskih jarkov, orientiranih v smeri sever-jug. Masiv je delno zakrasel, s tipičnimi kraškimi oblikami, med katere spadata tudi polji Ayvacik in Subatan, ki se drenirata skozi istoimenske ponore. Obe polji sta razviti v prelomni coni orientirani v smeri sever-jug. Glavni namen opisane raziskave je določiti stopnjo zakraselosti območja in hidrokemične lastnosti vode, ki teče skozi marmornati masiv. Podrobne speleološke raziskave so pokazale, da je zakraselost močno pogojena z regionalno geološko strukturo, mineraloško sestavo marmorja in velikostjo dotokov v ponore. Izotopske analize tritija in sledenje podzemnih voda kažejo na hiter tok in povezavo med poljem Subatan in visoko mineraliziranimi izviri na jugu obravnavanega območja.
Fitotoxicidade de extratos etanólicos de frutos e folhas de Banisteriopsis oxyclada (A. Juss.) B. Gates sobre o crescimento de plantas daninhas
Authors: Anese Simoni , Grisi Patricia Umeda , Imatomi Maristela , Pereira Viviane De Cassia , Juliano Gualtieri Sonia Cristina
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p1O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do extrato etanólico de folhas e frutos de Banisteriopsis oxyclada sobre o crescimento de plântulas de amendoim-bravo e capim-arroz. O extrato bruto etanólico foi preparado na proporção de 100 g de material vegetal seco para 500 mL de etanol. A partir deste, os extratos foram solubilizados em solução tampão e dimetil sulfóxido (DMSO), nas concentrações 10,0; 7,5; 5,0 e 2,5 mg/mL. Foi avaliado o crescimento do sistema radicular, da parte aérea e das células do metaxilema radicular das plântulas. Os extratos etanólicos de folhas e frutos de B. oxyclada exerceram atividade inibitória no crescimento radicular de plântulas de capim-arroz e amendoim-bravo, com efeito dependente da concentração. Foi observada redução no crescimento da parte aérea apenas nas plântulas de amendoim-bravo. A redução no crescimento radicular das plântulas de amendoim-bravo pode estar relacionada à diminuição no alongamento das células do metaxilema. Banisteriopsis oxyclada apresenta propriedades itotóxicas e pode ser considerada uma alternativa no controle das plantas daninhas estudadas, com base em produtos naturais.
Taninos: principal componente do extrato Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) Ducke inibe o crescimento de cepas clínicas de Staphylococcus aureus de origem bovina
Authors: Cavalcanti-Dantas Vanessa De Melo , Medeiros Kézya Lopes de , Azevêdo Tatiane Kelly Barbosa de , Santana Gregório Mateus , Pereira Andréia Vieira , Goís Marcelo Biondaro , Pereira Maria do Socorro Vieira , Pereira Jozinete Vieira
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p109Este estudo avalia a atividade antimicrobiana dos taninos presentes na casca do caule da Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth) sobre cepas de Staphylococcus aureus de origem bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do tanino foi avaliada pela determinação da concentração mínima inibitória (CIM). Para determinar a CIM, os taninos foram dissolvidos de forma seriada em água destilada em concentrações variando entre 500 mg/mL e 0,976 mg/mL. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. Os taninos inibiram o crescimento de S. aureus, apresentando valor de CIM de 31,25 mg/mL. Os resultados deste estudo são promissores, pois mostram a importância de avaliar novos compostos de origem natural no combate às infecções causadas por S. aureus. Novos estudos são necessários para confirmar a atividade in vivo e avaliar o mecanismo de ação do tanino isolado da casca do caule da Piptadenia stipulacea.
Levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais comercializadas no município de Uruará, Pará, Brasil
Authors: Cajaiba Reinaldo Lucas , Silva Wully Barreto da , Sousa Robson Diogo Nascimento de , Sousa Alex Soares de
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p115O presente estudo teve como objetivo fazer o levantamento etnobotânico de plantas medicinais comercializadas pela população do município de Uruará, Pará, e seus principais distritos. Foram mencionadas pelos entrevistados 63 espécies distribuídas em 36 famílias botânicas. As famílias mais representativas foram Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Rutaceae. As espécies com maior valor de uso foram o capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus, VU = 0,90); mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides, VU = 0,83) e hortelã (Mentha sp., VU = 0,79), enquanto o capim-cidreira (Cymbopogon citratus) e o picão (Bidens pilosa) apresentaram maior frequência relativa de indicação, sendo indicados como calmante/analgésico e tratamento dos rins, respectivamente. Dentre as principais afecções tratadas por meio do uso de plantas medicinais, as mais expressivas foram as do sistema digestório, infecções/inflamações, gripes e as do sistema respiratório. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre o número de espécies citadas e o número de indivíduos por família nem a distância da zona urbana. Também não houve diferença entre o número de espécies mencionadas em relação ao nível de escolaridade. Dentre as plantas medicinais comercializadas no município, predominam as que compõem o estrato herbáceo, sendo as folhas as partes mais utilizadas e a forma de preparo mais comum, o chá.
Regularização de passivos decorrentes das infrações ao regime de Área de Preservação Permanente na lei de proteção da vegetação nativa
Authors: Schenkel Ana , Medeiros João De Deus
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p155Política florestal não é tema novo no Brasil; desde a época imperial leis foram produzidas tratando das florestas, incluindo os Códigos Florestal e de Águas de 1934 e o Novo Código Florestal de 1965. A versão original do Código de 1965 proibiu a supressão de vegetação em áreas sensíveis – como encostas e margens de rios. Este estudo avalia a operacionalização do Programa de Regularização Ambiental na Microrregião de Florianópolis. Foram utilizadas como referências as normas correlatas ao tema e materiais disponibilizados em sítios eletrônicos de agências governamentais e ONGs. Os dados mostram que depois de três anos de vigência da Lei 12.651/2012, muito do que é exigido não foi implementado e os prazos são ignorados pela União. Pela nova lei agricultores com terras desmatadas terão de replantá-las, o que promoverá o reflorestamento de 30 milhões de hectares, mas a nova lei continua a ser difícil de aplicar, criando expectativa de impunidade para o desmatamento futuro. A partir desta análise, conclui-se que, se não houver pressão da sociedade civil, a Lei 12.651/2012 será uma lei revogada por falta de cumprimento. Isso requer maior informação sobre a lei e o quanto a preservação do ambiente afeta a vida diária de todos.
Gill histopathology and micronucleus test of Astyanax jacuhiensis (Cope, 1894) (Teleostei, Characidae) to evaluate effects caused by acute exposure to aluminum
Authors: Dalzochio Thaís , Goldoni Angélica , Zimmermann Prado Rodrigues Gabriela , Petry Ismael Evandro , Basso da Silva Luciano , Gehlen Günther
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p75A contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos por alumínio (Al) é geralmente ocasionada por várias atividades antropogênicas. Diversas alterações morfológicas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas observadas em organismos aquáticos podem ser atribuídas à exposição ao Al. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos da exposição aguda de peixes da espécie Astyanax jacuhiensis a diferentes concentrações de Al através da histologia de brânquias e frequência de micronúcleos (MN) e anormalidades nucleares (AN) em eritrócitos. Os animais foram expostos às concentrações subletais de 0.3 mg/L e 30 mg/L de alumínio em pH neutro por 72 h. Um grupo controle foi mantido em água filtrada. As alterações branquiais foram caracterizadas por hiperplasia e hipertrofia de células epiteliais, fusão lamelar, edema, descolamento epitelial, aneurisma e necrose. Um aumento significativo (p<0.05) foi observado na frequência de lamelas alteradas nos grupos expostos às duas concentrações de Al em comparação aos animais controle. No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas frequências de MN e AN. Embora não tenham sido encontradas evidências de genotoxicidade, os resultados encontrados na análise morfológica sugerem que o Al foi tóxico para os peixes nas duas concentrações testadas em pH neutro.
On the simultaneous deployment of two single particle mass spectrometers at an urban background and a road side site during SAPUSS
Authors: Dall'Osto Manuel , Beddows David C. S. , McGillicuddy Eoin J. , Esser-Gietl Johanna K. , Harrison Roy M. , Wenger John C.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) provides size resolved information on the chemical composition of single particles with high time resolution. Within SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies), continuous ATOFMS measurements of ambient particles were made simultaneously at two urban locations: urban background (UB) site and road side (RS) site in the city of Barcelona (Spain) from 17th September to 18th October 2010. Two different instrumental configurations were used: ATOFMS (TSI 3800) with a converging nozzle inlet (high efficiency at about 800–2000 nm) at the UB site and ATOFMS (TSI 3800–100) with an aerodynamic lens inlet (high efficiency at about 300–700 nm) at the RS site. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that two ATOFMS instruments have been deployed in the same field study. The different instrument configurations had an impact on the observed particle types at the two sites. Nevertheless, ten particle types were detected at both locations, including local and regional elemental carbon (22.7–58.9 % of total particles), fresh and aged sea salt (1.0-14.6%), local and regional nitrate -containing aerosols (3–11.6 %), local lead-containing metallic particles (0.1–0.2 %) and transported Fe-nitrate particles (0.8–2.5 %). The ATOFMS at the UB also characterised four particle types: calcium-containing dust (0.9 %), Saharan dust (1.3 %), vanadium-containing particles (0.9 %) and vegetative debris (1.7 %). By contrast, the high statistical counts of fine particles detected at the RS allowed identification of eight particle types. Four of these contained amines of primary and secondary origin. Aminium salts were found related to coarse sulphate rich particle types, suggesting heterogeneous reaction mechanisms for their formation. The other four particle types mainly containing organic carbon were found spiking at different types of the day, showing a complex single particle mixing state relationship between organic carbon and nitrate. This ATOFMS study clearly shows that the composition of atmospheric fine particles in Barcelona, and likely other Mediterranean urban areas, is complex, with a wide range of local and regional sources combining with chemical processing to produce at least twenty-two different particle types exhibiting different temporal behaviour. The advantage of using two ATOFMS instruments is also demonstrated, with the nozzle-skimmer configuration enabling detection of coarse dust particles and the aerodynamic lens configuration allowing better identification of particles rich in organic carbon and amines.
HOAPS and ERA-Interim precipitation over sea: Validation against shipboard in-situ measurements
Authors: Bumke Karl , König-Langlo Gert , Kinzel Julian , Schröder Marc
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The satellite derived HOAPS (Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite data) and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) ERA-Interim reanalysis data sets have been validated against in-situ precipitation measurements from ship rain gauges and optical disdrometers over the open-ocean by applying a statistical analysis for binary forecasts. For this purpose collocated pairs of data were merged within a certain temporal and spatial threshold into single events, according to the satellites' overpass, the observation and the forecast times. HOAPS detects the frequency of precipitation well, while ERA-Interim strongly overestimates it, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Although precipitation rates are difficult to compare because along-track point measurements are collocated with areal estimates and the numbers of available data are limited, we find that HOAPS underestimates precipitation rates, while ERA-Interim's Atlantic-wide average precipitation rate is close to measurements. However, regionally averaged over latitudinal belts, there are deviations between the observed mean precipitation rates and ERA-Interim. The most obvious ERA-Interim feature is an overestimation of precipitation in the area of the intertropical convergence zone and the southern sub-tropics over the Atlantic Ocean. For a limited number of snow measurements by optical disdrometers it can be concluded that both HOAPS and ERA-Interim are suitable to detect the occurrence of solid precipitation.
AerGOM, an improved algorithm for stratospheric aerosol extinction retrieval from GOMOS observations. Part 1: Algorithm development
Authors: Vanhellemont Filip , Mateshvili Nina , Blanot Laurent , Robert Charles E. , Bingen Christine , Sofieva Viktoria , Dalaudier Francis , Tétard Cédric , Fussen Didier , Dekemper Emmanuel , Kyrölä Erkki , Laine Marko , Tamminen Johanna , Zehner Claus
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The GOMOS instrument on EnviSat has succesfully demonstrated that a UV/Vis/NIR spaceborne stellar occultation instrument is capable of delivering quality data on the gaseous and particulate composition of Earth's atmosphere. Still, some problems related to data inversion remained to be treated. In the past, it was found that the aerosol extinction proﬁle retrievals in the upper troposphere and stratosphere are of good quality at a reference wavelength of 500 nm, but suffer from anomalous, retrieval-related perturbations at other wavelengths. Identification of algorithmic problems and subsequent improvement was therefore necessary. This work has been carried out; the resulting AerGOM Level 2 retrieval algorithm together with the ﬁrst data version AerGOMv1.0 forms the subject of this paper. First, a brief overview of the operational IPFv6.01 GOMOS algorithm is given, since the AerGOM algorithm is to a certain extent similar. Then, the discussion on the AerGOM algorithm specifically focuses on the new aspects that were implemented to tackle the aerosol retrieval problems. Finally, a ﬁrst assess- ment of the obtained aerosol extinction data quality is presented, clearly showing significant improvement of aerosol proﬁle shape, spectral behaviour and similarity to SAGE II data.
Evidence for a maximum of sinking velocities of suspended particulate matter in a coastal transition zone
Authors: Maerz Joeran , Hofmeister Richard , van der Lee Eefke M. , Gräwe Ulf , Riethmüller Rolf , Wirtz Kai W.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Marine coastal ecosystem functioning is crucially linked to the transport and fate of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Transport of SPM is, amongst others, controlled by sinking velocity ws. Since ws of cohesive SPM aggregates varies significantly with size and composition of mineral and organic origin, ws probably exhibits large spatial variability along gradients of turbulence, SPM concentration and SPM composition. In this study, we retrieved ws for the German Bight, North Sea, by combining measured vertical turbidity profiles with simulation results for turbulent eddy diffusivity. Analyzed with 5 respect to modeled prevailing energy dissipation rates &epsilon,, mean ws were significantly enhanced around log10(ε (m2s−3)) ≈ −5.5. This ε region is typically found at water depths of approximately 15 m to 20 m on a cross-shore transect. Across this zone, SPM concentration declines drastically towards the offshore and a change in particle composition occurs. This characterizes a transition zone with potentially enhanced vertical fluxes. Our findings contribute to the conceptual understanding of nutrient cycling in the coastal region which is as follows: Previous studies identified an estuarine circulation. Its residual landward-oriented bottom currents are likely loaded with SPM particularly within the transition zone. This retains and traps fine sediments and particulate-bound nutrients in coastal waters where organic components of SPM become re-mineralized. Residual surface currents transport dissolved nutrients towards the off-shore, where they are again consumed by phytoplankton. Algae excrete extracellular polymeric substances which are known to mediate mineral aggregation and thus sedimentation. This probably takes place particularly in the transition zone and completes the coastal nutrient cycle. The efficiency of the transition zone for retention is thus suggested as an important mechanism that underlies the often observed nutrient gradients towards the coast.
Removing low-frequency artefacts from Datawell DWR-G4 wave buoy measurements
Authors: Björkqvist J.-V. , Pettersson H. , Laakso L. , Kahma K. K. , Jokinen H. , Kosloff P.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. In this study we describe a previously unreported error in the vertical-displacement time series made with GPS-based Datawell DWR-G4 wave buoys and introduce a simple method to correct the resulting wave spectra. The artefact in the time series is found to resemble a sawtooth wave, which produces an erroneous trend following an f−2 power law in frequency space. The correction method quantifies the amount of erroneous trend below a certain maximum frequency and removes the spurious energy from all frequencies assuming the above-mentioned f−2 power law. The presented correction method is validated against an experimental field test, and its impact on the measured significant wave height is quantified. The method's sensitivity to the choice of the maximum frequency is also briefly discussed.
A compact receiver system for simultaneous measurements of mesospheric CO and O3
Authors: Forkman P. , Christensen O. M. , Eriksson P. , Billade B. , Vassilev V. , Shulga V. M.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. During the last decades, ground-based microwave radiometry has matured into an established remote sensing technique for measuring vertical profiles of a number of gases in the stratosphere and the mesosphere. Microwave radiometry is the only ground-based technique that can provide vertical profiles of gases in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere both day and night, and even during cloudy conditions. Except for microwave instruments placed at high-altitude sites, or at sites with dry atmospheric conditions, only molecules with significant emission lines below 150 GHz, such as CO, H2O, and O3, can be observed. Vertical profiles of these molecules can give important information about chemistry and dynamics in the middle atmosphere. Today these measurements are performed at relatively few sites; more simple and reliable instrument solutions are required to make the measurement technique more widely spread. This need is urgent today as the number of satellite sensors observing the middle atmosphere is about to decrease drastically. In this study a compact double-sideband frequency-switched radiometer system for simultaneous observations of mesospheric CO at 115.27 GHz and O3 at 110.84 GHz is presented. The radiometer, its calibration scheme, and its observation method are presented. The retrieval procedure, including compensation of the different tropospheric attenuations at the two frequencies and error characterization, are also described. The first measurement series from October 2014 until April 2015 taken at the Onsala Space Observatory, OSO (57° N, 12° E), is analysed. The retrieved vertical profiles are compared with co-located CO and O3 data from the MLS instrument on the Aura satellite. The data sets from the instruments agree well with each other. The main differences are the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of O3 in the upper mesosphere during the winter nights and the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of CO in the mesosphere during the winter. The low bias of mesospheric winter values of CO from MLS compared to ground-based instruments was reported earlier.
History of the Juliusruh ionospheric observatory on Rügen
Authors: Weiß J.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The history of the Juliusruh ionospheric observatory on Rügen is closely connected to the history of ground-based ionospheric sounding. After a short introduction to the ionospheric research and the sounding technique, the founding of the Juliusruh station in 1954 and its development until today are described. The different methods of ground-based sounding – as far as they apply to Juliusruh – are briefly discussed. The condition of life and work in a small team on the island of Rügen, remote from the respective parent institute, is also the subject of this article, whose author headed Juliusruh Station from 1965 to 2004.
Tracer gas experiments in subways using an integrated measuring and analysis system for sulfur hexafluoride
Authors: Brüne M. , Spiegel J. , Potje-Kamloth K. , Stein C. , Pflitsch A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Several sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas experiments were conducted in a subway system to measure the possible pathways of toxic gas for subway tunnels and stations empirically. A new mobile integrated measuring and analysis system was used to achieve high sample rates and a long measurement time. Due to the mobility of the sensors, tracer gas experiments were also carried out inside running subway coaches. All experiments showed a common pattern: the pathways of tracer gas dispersion overlapped with some escape routes, which were contaminated within a few minutes. So in case of catastrophic circumstances like terrorist attacks or subway fires, some escape routes will become deathly traps, but the results also showed free escape routes. With the new sensor technique it will be possible to conduct safety assessments for escape routes in underground transportation facilities.
Facing policy challenges with inter- and transdisciplinary soil research focused on the SDG's
Authors: Bouma Johan , Montanarella Luca
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Our current information society, populated by increasingly well informed and critical stakeholders, presents a challenge to both the policy and science arena's. The introduction of the UN Sustainable Development Goals offers a unique and welcome opportunity to direct joint activities towards these goals. Soil science, even though it is not mentioned as such, plays an important role in realizing a number of SDG's focusing on food, water, climate, health, biodiversity and sustainable land use. A plea is made for a systems approach to land use studies, to be initated by soil scientists, in which these land-related SDG's are considered in an integrated manner. To connect with policy makers and stakeholders two approaches are functional, following: (i) the policy cycle when planning and executing research, which includes signaling, design, decision, implementation and evaluation. Many current research projects spend little time on signaling which may lead to disengagement of stakeholders. Also, implementation is often seen as the responsibility of others while it is crucial to demonstrate – if successful – the relevance of soil science and (ii) the DPSIR approach when following the policy cycle in land-related research, distinguishing external drivers, pressures, impacts and responses to land-use change that affect the state of the land in past, present and future. Soil science cannot by itself realize SDG's and interdisciplinary studies on Ecosystem Services (ES) provide an appropriate channel to define contributions of soil science in terms of the seven soil functions. ES, in turn, can contribute to addressing the six SDG's (2, 3, 6, 12, 13 and 15) with an environmental, land-related character. SDG's have a societal focus and future soil science research can only be successful if stakeholders are part of the research effort in transdisciplinary projects, based on the principle of time-consuming "joint-learning". The internal organization of the soil science discipline is not yet well – tuned to the needs of inter – and transdisciplinary approaches.
Use of Photogrammetry for Non-Disturbance Underwater Survey
Authors: Fulton Carrie , Viduka Andrew , Hutchison Andrew , Hollick Joshua , Woods Andrew , Sewell David , Manning Sturt
Published: February 2016

Stone anchors comprise a significant portion of observable underwater cultural heritage in the Mediterranean and provide evidence for trade networks as early as the Bronze Age. Full documentation of these anchors, however, often requires their removal from their underwater environment, especially to calculate mass. We offer a methodology for using photogrammetry to record stone anchors still in situ and calculate their approximate mass. We compare measurements derived using measuring tapes with those derived using two different software programs for photogrammetric analysis, PhotoModeler Scanner (Eos Systems, Inc.) and PhotoScan Pro (Agisoft). First, we analyze stone anchors that had previously been removed from the underwater environment to establish a reference methodology. Next, we implement this methodology in an underwater survey off the southern coastline of Cyprus. Linear measurements for both programs correlate closely with those attained via measuring tape. The resulting estimates of volume of anchors in situ and on land are slightly greater using the photogrammetric methodology than the reference volumes obtained using a water displacement methodology. Overall, as an analytical tool, this methodology generates detailed surface information in minimal time underwater and preserves data for future analysis without necessitating the removal of the anchor from its underwater environment.