bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Anaerobic Degradation Biomarkers Alkyl-, Aryl- and Cycloalkylsuccinic Acids and Their Mass Spectral Characteristics
Authors: Bian Xin-Yu , Mbadinga Serge Maurice , Yang Shi-Zhong , Gu Ji-Dong , Ye Ru-Qiang , Mu Bo-Zhong
Published: August 2014

Anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons has been reported to proceed predominantly via fumarate addition to yield substituted succinate metabolites. These metabolites, commonly regarded as signature biomarkers, are specific indicators of anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation by microbial activity. To the best of our knowledge, mass spectrometry information for 2-(1-methylalkyl) succinic acids, 2-arylsuccinic acids, 2-cycloalkylsuccinic acids and/or their derivatives is still incomplete, especially for the analysis of environmental samples. Here, a novel approach is proposed for the successful synthesis of five hydrocarbon-derived succinic acids. The characteristic fragments of 2-(1-methylalkyl)succinic acid diesters were investigated by four derivatization processes (methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and trimethylsilyl esterification), some of which are not available in official libraries. Under electron ionization mass spectrometry conditions, informative fragments of various molecular masses have been obtained. Results confirmed characteristic differences among the derivatization processes of the chemically synthesized compounds. In the case of 2-(cyclo)alkylsuccinate esters, four intermediate fragments were observed at m/z 114 + 14 n, 118 + 28 n, [M – (17 + 14 n)]+ and [M – (59 + 14 n)]+ ( n = 1, 2 and 4 for methyl, ethyl and n-butyl ester). However, for silylation the abundant fragment ions are at m/z 262, 217, 172, 147, 73 and [M − 15]+. These data provide information for the identification of hydrocarbon-derived succinic acids as anaerobic biodegradation intermediates in hydrocarbons-rich environments.
Characteristics of Glycation and Glycation Sites of Lysozyme by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography—Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ruan Eric Dongliang , Wang Hui , Ruan Yuanyuan , Juárez Manuel
Published: August 2014

Protein glycation with reducing sugars through the Maillard reaction is regarded as one of the most important reactions in food chemistry. Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) are produced at the initial stage of the Maillard reaction and then advanced glycation products may be formed. We report here that using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with time-of-flight detection (MALDI-TOF-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to monitor the glycation process in lysozyme and the D-glucose model system. MALDI-TOF-MS displayed a heterogeneous distribution of glycation via a total mass shift in spectra. However electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) data showed that a total of four molecules of glucose reacted with lysozyme at an increase in molecular weight by a 162 Da unit. Further, we identified the glycation sites of lysozyme by using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and liquid chromatography (LC)-ESI-MS/MS. Besides the two glycation sites of Lys1 and Lys97 identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS, the other two glycation sites of Lys13 and Lys116 were characterized unambiguously by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Both MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS provided confidence in the study of the glycation by restricting the number of possible residues through (un)modified ions. The study is useful to monitor and characterize glycation in protein systems based on both MALDI-TOF-MS and ESI-MS. Comparatively, LC-ESI-MS/MS provides more fragments with better recovery for the identification of glycation than MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS.
Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Friction Modifier Additives Analyzed Directly from Base Oil Solutions
Authors: Widder Lukas , Brenner Josef , Hutter Herbert
Published: August 2014

To develop new products and to apply measures of quality control quick and simple accessibility of additive composition in automotive lubrication is important. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of analyzing organic friction modifier additives by means of atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (AP-MALDI-MS) from lubricant solutions without the use of additional separation techniques. Analyses of selected friction modifier ethoxylated tallow amines and oleic acid amide were compared using two ionization methods, positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and AP-MALDI, using a LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Pure additives were characterized from solvent solutions, as well as from synthetic and mineral base oil mixtures. Detected ions of pure additive samples consisted mainly of [M + H]+, but also alkali metal adducts [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+ could be seen. Characterizations of blends of both friction modifiers from the base oil mixtures were carried out as well and showed significant intensities for several additive peaks. Thus, this work shows a method to directly analyze friction modifier additives used in the automotive industry from an oil blend via the use of AP-MALDI without any further separation steps. The method presented will further simplify the acquisition of data on lubricant composition and additives. Furthermore, it allows the perspective of analyzing additive reaction products directly from formulated oil blends.
A Preliminary Fastview of Mitochondrial Protein Profile from Healthy and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Porcu Simona , Lapolla Annunziata , Biasutto Lucia , Zoratti Mario , Piarulli Francesco , Eliana Greco , Basso Daniela , Roverso Marco , Seraglia Roberta , Traldi Pietro
Published: August 2014

Type 2 diabetes results from the development of insulin resistance and a concomitant impairment of insulin secretion. Mitochondrial dysfunctions are thought to be the major contributor to the development of various pathologies, including type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been reported in models of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and may play a central role in mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of protein alterations, due to the presence of type 2 diabetes, in mitochondria isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). PBMCs may be suitable for this investigation because they have insulin receptors that quickly respond to changes in insulin concentration, and in the presence of insulin rapidly increase their rates of glucose utilization. In the presence of insulin-resistance conditions, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, this mechanism is altered and the glycation of cytoplasmic as well as mitochondrial proteins may plausibly appear. Therefore, PBMCs may be useful tools to verify modifications or altered expression of mitochondrial proteins. Human mitochondria were obtained from 32 subjects, 16 healthy controls and 16 type 2 diabetic patients. Two different methods for mitochondria isolation and purification were employed and compared. Some proteins have been found to be differently expressed in the two groups of subjects under investigation and can be classified into two sets: i.e. proteins related to ATP synthase [e.g. 6.8 kDa mitochondrial proteolipid (MLQ); ATP-CF6 ( m/z 12,597)] and proteins related to cell proliferation and apoptosis [e.g. TIMM9 ( m/z 10,378); Bcl-2-like protein 2 ( m/z 20,742)].
Evaluation of Various Silicon- and Boron-Containing Compounds for the Detection of Phosphorylation in Peptides via Gas-Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions
Authors: Piatkivskyi Andrii , Pyatkivskyy Yuriy , Ryzhov Victor
Published: August 2014

Gas-phase ion–molecule reactions (IMR) of various boron- and silicon-containing neutrals were investigated as a potential route for detecting phosphorylation within peptides in the negative ion mode. Trimethyl borate (TMB), triethyl borate (TEB) and N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (TMSA), unlike diethylmethoxyborane (DEMB), diisopropoxymethylborane (DiPMB) and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl), reacted differently if a phosphate moiety was present and thus are suitable to detect phosphorylation. During multistage collision-induced dissociation experiments of the reaction products of IMR with TMB and TEB, the [LSsF − 4H + B]− ion formed a modified y2* fragment allowing the phosphorylation site to be assigned, unlike reaction products of DEMB and DiPMB which lost both the phosphoric acid and the boron-containing moiety.
Parenting and the Behavior Problems of Young Children With an Intellectual Disability: Concurrent and Longitudinal Relationships in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Totsika Vasiliki , Hastings Richard Patrick , Vagenas Dimitrios , Emerson Eric
Published: August 2014

We examined parenting behaviors, and their association with concurrent and later child behavior problems. Children with an intellectual disability (ID) were identified from a UK birth cohort (N  =  516 at age 5). Compared to parents of children without an ID, parents of children with an ID used discipline less frequently, but reported a more negative relationship with their child. Among children with an ID, discipline, and home atmosphere had no long-term association with behavior problems, whereas relationship quality did: closer relationships were associated with fewer concurrent and later child behavior problems. Increased parent-child conflict was associated with greater concurrent and later behavior problems. Parenting programs in ID could target parent-child relationship quality as a potential mediator of behavioral improvements in children.
An Illustration of Using Multiple Imputation Versus Listwise Deletion Analyses: The Effect of Hanen's “More Than Words” on Parenting Stress
Authors: Lieberman-Betz Rebecca G. , Yoder Paul , Stone Wendy L. , Nahmias Allison S. , Carter Alice S. , Celimli-Aksoy Seniz , Messinger Daniel S.
Published: August 2014

This investigation illustrates the effects of using different missing data analysis techniques to analyze effects of a parent-implemented treatment on stress in parents of toddlers with autism symptomatology. The analysis approaches yielded similar results when analyzing main effects of the intervention, but different findings for moderation effects. Using listwise deletion, the data supported an iatrogenic effect of Hanen's “More Than Words” on stress in parents with high levels of pretreatment depressive symptoms. Using multiple imputation, a significant moderated treatment effect with uninterpretable regions of significance did not support an iatrogenic effect of treatment on parenting stress. Results highlight the need for caution in interpreting analyses that do not involve validated methods of handling missing data.
Experience of two consecutive pregnancies after Fontan connection: anesthesiology and obstetrical aspects
Authors: Corticelli Alberto , Grimaldi Maura , Marasini Maurizio , Croci Francesco , Trifiletti Valeria , Bonfiglio Monica , Delfino Riccarda , Cinque Enrico , Saltarini Massimiliano
Published: August 2014

We report a case of two consecutive pregnancies in a patient where a Fontan connection, a cardiac procedure used since 1971 to provide palliation for patients that cannot support a biventricular circulation was used. Here we analyze the anesthesiological and obstetrical aspects particularly regarding some cardiovascular problems that occurred during the pregnancy and delivery.
Pro-Lie groups approximable by discrete subgroups
Authors: Hamrouni Hatem , Kadri Bilel
Published: August 2014

A locally compact group G is said to be approximable by discrete subgroups if there exists a sequence of discrete subgroups

(

H
n

)

n
∈
ℕ

$(H_n)_{n\in \mathbb {N}}$

of G such that for any nonempty open set O of G, there exists an integer k such that

O
∩

H
n

≠
⌀

$O\cap H_n \ne \varnothing $

, for every n ≥ k. It has been proved that the identity component of a Lie group approximable by discrete subgroups is nilpotent. In this paper we shall extend this result to pro-Lie groups. In particular, every connected locally compact group approximable by discrete subgroups is nilpotent. An application of discrete approximation is given.
Fast online NIR technique to predict MOE and moisture content of sawn lumber
Authors: Kobori Hikaru , Inagaki Tetsuya , Fujimoto Takaaki , Okura Tsutomu , Tsuchikawa Satoru
Published: August 2014

A fast online grading apparatus for sawn lumber based on near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been developed. The method is based on a novel wavelength dispersive NIR spectrophotometer equipped with a diffraction grating linear sensor and high-intensity lighting. It was possible to acquire spectra from the entire surface of Hinoki cypress lumber sections traveling on a conveyor belt at a speed of 120 m min-1. Additionally, predictive models for moisture content (MC) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) under various MC conditions were developed from the NIR spectra with the aid of partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. Both the MC and MOE predictive models demonstrated sufficient levels of prediction accuracy for use on high-speed conveyor belts, and the results of various experiments indicate that the developed device could be applied for the online quality certification of sawn lumber in commercial sawmills.
Management of vasa previa during pregnancy
Authors: Hasegawa Junichi , Arakaki Tatsuya , Ichizuka Kiyotake , Sekizawa Akihiko
Published: August 2014

In order to prevent fetal mortality due to vasa previa, it is neceesary to obtain an antenatal diagnosis and perform elective cesarean section prior to membrane rupture. Under present circumstances, management strategies for vasa previa depend on each institutional policy. In our institution, patients are not routinely admitted, although precise outpatient management, including confirming the presence of uterine contractions and monitoring the cervical length, fetal growth and fetal heart rate, is provided for pregnant females with vasa previa. In the present report, we reviewed 21 cases of vasa previa managed at our hospital. Some 71% (15/21) of them were required inpatient management due to its complications, resulting in emergency delivery in about half of them. Therefore, our results suggest that only carefully selected asymptomatic patients may be successfully managed as outpatients.
Variation in the terrestrial isotopic composition and atomic weight of argon (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Böhlke J.K.
Published: August 2014

The isotopic composition and atomic weight of argon (Ar) are variable in terrestrial materials. Those variations are a source of uncertainty in the assignment of standard properties for Ar, but they provide useful information in many areas of science. Variations in the stable isotopic composition and atomic weight of Ar are caused by several different processes, including (1) isotope production from other elements by radioactive decay (radiogenic isotopes) or other nuclear transformations (e.g., nucleogenic isotopes), and (2) isotopic fractionation by physical-chemical processes such as diffusion or phase equilibria. Physical-chemical processes cause correlated mass-dependent variations in the Ar isotope-amount ratios (40Ar/36Ar, 38Ar/36Ar), whereas nuclear transformation processes cause non-mass-dependent variations. While atmospheric Ar can serve as an abundant and homogeneous isotopic reference, deviations from the atmospheric isotopic ratios in other Ar occurrences limit the precision with which a standard atomic weight can be given for Ar. Published data indicate variation of Ar atomic weights in normal terrestrial materials between about 39.7931 and 39.9624. The upper bound of this interval is given by the atomic mass of 40Ar, as some samples contain almost pure radiogenic 40Ar. The lower bound is derived from analyses of pitchblende (uranium mineral) containing large amounts of nucleogenic 36Ar and 38Ar. Within this interval, measurements of different isotope ratios (40Ar/36Ar or 38Ar/36Ar) at various levels of precision are widely used for studies in geochronology, water–rock interaction, atmospheric evolution, and other fields.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4/polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) nanocomposite
Authors: Doulabi Fatemeh S. Mohammad , Mohsennia Mohsen , Taraghikhah Shervin
Published: August 2014

The magnetic Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles were expected to have wide applications in bionanoscience and electronic devices technology. In this work, Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles were synthesized successfully by a redox chemical reaction in an aqueous solution of nickel chloride, zinc chloride and ferric chloride. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the shape, structure and size of the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles. The magnetic properties of Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD patterns of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed the formation of the single phase spinel structure of the synthesized materials. The synthesized Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles were used for the preparation of Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4/polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) nanocomposites by an in situ emulsion polymerization method. The synthesized Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 nanoparticles exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at the room temperature under an applied magnetic field. Magnetization measurements indicated that the saturation magnetization of synthesized Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4/PVAc nanocomposites was markedly less than that of Ni0.3 Zn0.7 Fe2 O4 magnetic nanoparticles.
Robustness of the linear mixed effects model to error distribution assumptions and the consequences for genome-wide association studies
Authors: Warrington Nicole M. , Tilling Kate , Howe Laura D. , Paternoster Lavinia , Pennell Craig E. , Wu Yan Yan , Briollais Laurent
Published: August 2014

Genome-wide association studies have been successful in uncovering novel genetic variants that are associated with disease status or cross-sectional phenotypic traits. Researchers are beginning to investigate how genes play a role in the development of a trait over time. Linear mixed effects models (LMM) are commonly used to model longitudinal data; however, it is unclear if the failure to meet the models distributional assumptions will affect the conclusions when conducting a genome-wide association study. In an extensive simulation study, we compare coverage probabilities, bias, type 1 error rates and statistical power when the error of the LMM is either heteroscedastic or has a non-Gaussian distribution. We conclude that the model is robust to misspecification if the same function of age is included in the fixed and random effects. However, type 1 error of the genetic effect over time is inflated, regardless of the model misspecification, if the polynomial function for age in the fixed and random effects differs. In situations where the model will not converge with a high order polynomial function in the random effects, a reduced function can be used but a robust standard error needs to be calculated to avoid inflation of the type 1 error. As an illustration, a LMM was applied to longitudinal body mass index (BMI) data over childhood in the ALSPAC cohort; the results emphasised the need for the robust standard error to ensure correct inference of associations of longitudinal BMI with chromosome 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms.
Small RNA Expression from the Human Macrosatellite DXZ4
Authors: Pohlers Michael , Calabrese J Mauro , Magnuson Terry
Published: August 2014

Small noncoding RNAs play several roles in regulating gene expression. In the nucleus, small RNA-Argonaute complexes recruit epigenetic modifying activities to genomic sites. This pathway has been described in mammals primarily for the germline; however, its role in somatic cells is less characterized. Here, we describe in human somatic cells a potential link between the expression of small RNAs from the macrosatellite DXZ4 and Argonaute-dependent DNA methylation of this locus. DXZ4 was found to express a wide range of small RNAs potentially representing several classes of small RNAs. A subpopulation of these RNAs is bound by Argonaute. Moreover, we show AGO association with DXZ4 and that the Argonaute proteins AGO-1 and PIWIL4 may play a role in DNA methylation of DXZ4. We hypothesize that the RNAs are involved in Argonaute-dependent methylation of DXZ4 DNA.
Technological Behavior in the Southwest: Pueblo I Lead Glaze Paints from the Upper San Juan Region
Authors: Santarelli Brunella , Killick David , Goff Sheila
Published: August 2014

Although widely employed in Eurasia, lead glazes were produced in only two small regions of the Americas prior to European contact, both in the Southwest. Southwestern glaze paints are unique in that they developed as decorative elements instead of as protective surface coatings. The first independent invention of glaze paints was in the Upper San Juan region of southwestern Colorado during the early Pueblo I period (ca. 700-850 CE). Despite recent interest in the later Pueblo IV glaze paints of New Mexico (ca. 1275-1700 CE), there have been no technological analyses of the Pueblo I glaze paints. This research project presents the first analysis and technological reconstruction of the Pueblo I glaze paints. It is in the production of the glaze paints that the potters were innovating and experimenting with materials. These early glaze paints have the potential to provide important information regarding both technology of production as well as the relationships and interactions of potters during this period in the Upper San Juan region. Preliminary results reveal a pattern of traits that involves raw materials, processing, properties and performance of the final product suggesting the existence of a patterned technological behavior.
Electronic transport properties of pnictogen-substituted skutterudites with alkaline-earth fillers
Authors: Bang Semi , Li An , Wee Dae Hyun , Fornari Marco , Kozinsky Boris
Published: August 2014

The materials class of skutterudites is one of the promising thermoelectric materials due to its decent electronic properties and cage-like structural feature that can be filled with guest atoms. First principles calculations have been performed in order to investigate electronic band structures and related transport properties of pnictogen-substitued skutterudites filled with alkaline-earth elements (MxCo4A6Te6 where M=Ca, Sr, or Ba, A=Ge or Sn, and x=0.5 or 1). The Seebeck coefficient and the power factor, which are electronic transport properties related to thermoelectricity, are computed by using the Boltzmann transport formalism within the constant-relaxation-time-approximation. The results are compared against the corresponding properties of the unfilled pnictogen-substitued ternary skutterudites (CoA1.5Te1.5) to identify the effects of filling, based on which the potential of filled pnictogen-substituted skutterudites for thermoelectric applications is evaluated. The possible changes in the ionic character of the interatomic bonding, which was suspected to be an important scattering source, are probed by analyzing the projected density of states.
Cholesteric liquid crystal glass platinum acetylides
Authors: Cooper Thomas M. , Burke Aaron R. , Krein Douglas M. , Ziolo Ronald F. , Arias Eduardo , Moggio Ivana , Fratini Albert , Garbovskiy Yuriy , Glushchenko Anatoliy V.
Published: August 2014

To prepare cholesteric liquid crystalline nonlinear optical materials with ability to be vitrified on cooling and form long time stability cholesteric glasses at room temperature, a series of platinum acetylide complexes modified with cholesterol has been synthesized. The materials synthesized have the formulatrans-Pt(PR3)(cholesterol (3 or 4)-ethynyl benzoate)(1-ethynyl-4-X-benzene), whereR=Et,BuorOctandX=H,F,OCH3andCN. A cholesteric liquid crystal phase was observed in the complexesR=Et, andX=F,OCH3andCNbut not in any of the other complexes. WhenX=CN, a cholesteric glass was observed at room temperature which remained stable up to 130 °C, then converted to a mixed crystalline/cholesteric phase and completely melted to an isotropic phase at 230 °C. WhenX=ForOCH3the complexes were crystalline at room temperature with conversion to the cholesteric phase upon heating to 190 and 230 °C, respectively. In the seriesX=CN,OCH3andF, the cholesteric pitch was determined to be 1.7, 3.4 and 9.0 µ, respectively.
Fatigue design of offshore steel mono-pile wind substructures
Authors: Brennan Feargal , Tavares Isaac
Published: August 2014

Offshore wind turbine support structures experience tens of millions of load cycles throughout their design lives, such that these structures are prone to high-cycle fatigue damage. This paper focuses on steel mono-pile substructures, by far the most common type of offshore wind installation, and examines the origin of current fatigue design guidance and what needs to be done to develop guidelines in order to support designers and operators to better optimise offshore wind support structures. The paper discusses some of the incrementally developed techniques for fatigue design from the oil and gas sector and questions whether or not these are entirely appropriate for the rapidly developing offshore wind industry.
Energy system impacts from heat and transport electrification
Authors: Baruah Pranab J. , Eyre Nicholas , Qadrdan Meysam , Chaudry Modassar , Blainey Simon , Hall Jim W. , Jenkins Nicholas , Tran Martino
Published: August 2014

Electrifying the energy system and powering it by low carbon electricity is one of the key decarbonisation pathways of the energy system. This study examines annual electricity and gas consumption in a high electrification scenario in Great Britain (GB) and the implications for electricity generation and transmission infrastructure using a suite of soft-linked models. High electrification of heating and transport services, which are two major fossil fuel consumers in GB, increases annual electricity consumption and peak electricity load by 35% and 93%, respectively, by 2050 while reducing overall annual energy consumption compared to a reference case. Meeting this high electricity consumption with a supply strategy that is dependent on offshore wind could more than double the supply-side investments required compared to a reference case, if demand-side measures are not available. High electrification would also impact existing gas and oil energy infrastructure by reducing consumption of these fuels. It was found that uncertainties in socio-economic growth can amplify these implications and therefore need serious consideration by analysts and policymakers involved in designing energy transition strategies. A case study and discussion demonstrate that smart-grid aided demand-side management has the potential to minimise electricity peak load and infrastructure requirements from high electrification.
Briefing: H2O2 dosing strategy on microwave treatment of sewage sludge
Authors: Lo Kwang Victor , Liao Ping Huang , Srinivasan Asha , Bailey Sam , MacSween Jeff
Published: August 2014

A H2O2 dosing strategy for microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process treatment of sewage sludge was formulated. The timing of hydrogen peroxide introduction in a continuous-flow 915-MHz system affected the treatment efficiency in terms of solids destruction, nutrient release and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. Introducing hydrogen peroxide into the treatment set at 60°C was found to be more effective than adding it at the beginning. The treatment set with hydrogen peroxide introduced at 60°C resulted in higher soluble chemical oxygen demand concentrations and VFAs, higher soluble total Kjeldahl nitrogen and soluble total phosphate and also improved dewaterability and settling. However, there were no differences in terms of ammonia and orthophosphate release between the two treatment schemes. It is an advantage to introduce hydrogen peroxide into the treatment set at 60°C in a continuous-flow microwave system.
Older people's experiences of using tactile paving
Authors: Ormerod Marcus , Newton Rita , MacLennan Hamish , Faruk Mohamed , Thies Sibylle , Kenney Laurence , Howard David , Nester Chris
Published: August 2014

Tactile paving has been designed in response to the needs of vision-impaired pedestrians to be independent, mobile, confident and safe when using the external environment. Tactile paving is not without its critics because it can adversely affect other pedestrians particularly older people, and those with mobility impairments. Interviews were conducted at eight selected road crossing sites in Edinburgh to determine older people's experiences of using specific road crossings, in particular their views and experiences of using tactile paving. Two hundred participants were interviewed who were aged 65 years and older, and who appeared not to have a significant health issue or disability that was affecting their mobility. In addition, eight pedestrians who had significant mobility issues and 30 pedestrians who had moderate to severe vision impairment were interviewed. Findings demonstrate the importance of training in tactile paving for pedestrians with a vision impairment; the need for a review of the guidance on tactile paving such that greater emphasis is placed on detectability and tonal contrast, and tonal contrast; a consideration as to whether seven types of tactile paving is too many; and the need to minimise the effects of topography, particularly slope at road crossings.
Blue Water Demand for Sustainable Intensification
Authors: Hansen Neil C.
Published: August 2014

The agricultural challenge of meeting global food demand requires an increase in the level of agricultural water productivity and some increases in global water use. But many arid or semiarid agricultural regions of the world are facing declining water availability for irrigation. Examples of declining groundwater availability are seen throughout arid and semiarid areas of North America, Africa, and Asia. Relevant to water demand for sustainable intensification of agriculture, this paper touches on concepts where policy can work toward improving water productivity, including: (i) assessing crop water use and productivity, (ii) promoting cultural practices for increasing crop water productivity, (iii) improving efficiency of green water use, and (iv) protecting agricultural water supplies. Developing a paradigm of assessing crop water productivity and comparing with potential water‐limited yields is a valuable diagnostic tool leading to improved management and water use. Similarly, water footprinting is a water accounting tool that should be applied toward improvements in agricultural water productivity. These assessment tools can prioritize how and when agronomic practices and plant genetic improvements can best be employed. This paper also overviews some cultural practices that can improve water productivity in dryland, rainfed, and irrigated systems. Several examples of policies that influence the supply of water for irrigation are given. Innovative policy structures are needed that allow sharing of water among agricultural, municipal, and environmental users while also rewarding conservation and efficient use. Specific policies that are designed to protect water supplies for agricultural use are needed.
The Effects and Mechanisms of Soil Acidity Changes, following Incorporation of Biochars in Three Soils Differing in Initial pH
Authors: Dai Zhongmin , Wang Yining , Muhammad Niaz , Yu Xiongsheng , Xiao Kongcao , Meng Jun , Liu Xingmei , Xu Jianming , Brookes Philip C.
Published: August 2014

In China, it is critical to develop new soil amendments to decrease soil acidity because of the severe soil acidification problems that exist. In the present study, the effects of biochars derived from different feedstocks on soil pH, N transformation, and pH buffering in three acid soils and the mechanisms of changes in these parameters were examined. Soil pH had stabilized by Day 100, and biochar addition increased soil pH by 0.5 to 1 units at the 1% incorporation rate and by 1 to 2 units at 3%, respectively, by 180 d of incubation. The effects of biochar additions on pH changes were determined both by the alkalinity (excess cations) of biochar and N nitrification in soils. With the Psammaquent (loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Psammaquent) soil, the alkalinity of biochars was the main factor affecting the soil pH increase, while with the Plinthudult (clayey loamy, kaolinitic, thermicTypic Plinthudult) and Paleudalf (clayey loamy, illitic, thermic Typic Paleudalf) soils, both the alkalinity of the biochars and nitrification in the soils contributed to the soil pH changes. In addition, biochar alkalinity made a large contribution to the pH increase while N nitrification made a relatively small contribution to the pH decrease. A positive priming effect of biochar on soil organic N probably occurred during the incubation. Generally, the biochars increased soil pH buffering, and the changes in pH buffering differed between soils and biochars. In conclusion, the incorporation of tested biochars in this study can both increase and maintain soil pH for long periods, and the swine manure biochar had the greatest effect while the reed straw biochar had little effect. The magnitude of the effects depends on soil type, biochar type, and incorporation rate.
How Tree Encroachment and Soil Properties Affect Soil Aggregate Stability in an Eroded Grassland in South Africa
Authors: Podwojewski Pascal , Grellier Séraphine , Mthimkhulu Sandile , Titshall Louis
Published: August 2014

Gully erosion and woody plant encroachment are frequently observed in grasslands worldwide. Soil aggregate stability is one of the drivers of gully erosion and needs to be studied, especially in the context of both tree encroachment and gully erosion. This study compared the effects of tree encroachment [paperbark thorn; Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. previously called Acacia sieberiana DC.] and soil surface horizon properties on the aggregate stability (as measured by mean weight diameter, MWD) in a degraded semihumid grassland in the KwaZulu‐Natal province of South Africa. Soil properties from under trees (UT) and open areas (OA) of both an Entisol within deep gullies (locally called dongas) and Alfisol from grasslands outside the gullies (grassland). The MWD values were higher in the grassland (3.06 ± 0.21 mm) than in the dongas (1.84 ± 1.03 mm). In the grassland, the MWD was significantly higher in the OA than UT, associated with more fine roots in the OA. In the donga, soil properties UT were not significantly different than those in OA. The soil aggregate stability showed strong local variability that depends on the age of the donga and the nature of the material that composes the pediments. Illite was associated with higher MWD values. The presence of interstratified illite–vermiculite located in active donga increases the shrink–swell potential of the aggregates, exacerbating their dispersion reflected in the low MWD values measured, especially when C and root contents were also low. These results suggest that the local soil clay mineralogy controls the orientation and extension of gullies rather than soil chemistry, topography, or the size of the drainage area.
Soil and Water Conservation: Our History and Future Challenges
Authors: Karlen Douglas L. , Peterson Gary A. , Westfall Dwayne G.
Published: August 2014

Remembering our past is an essential first step into the future. Building on that philosophy, we summarize two presentations from a 2012 Soil Science Society of America (SSSA) symposium focused on soil management challenges in response to climate change to examine: (i) how the Soil and Water Management and Conservation Division evolved, (ii) how soil management research approaches have changed since the division was founded, and (iii) how division scientists are helping an increasing global population respond to a dynamic and changing climate. Our division roots and much of soil science in general were literally and figuratively grounded in field research. Here, we examine the transition from field‐scale observational to reductionist research approaches, discuss why the latter approach is inadequate for addressing landscape‐scale, cropping system response to climate change, and suggest an alternative soil management research approach for our future. The evolution, challenges, and success of a four‐factor landscape‐scale cropping system study in the U.S. Great Plains is used to illustrate the proposed approach. Recent developments in research programs that promote a more comprehensive systems approach are also provided. We conclude with optimism that by identifying new funding priorities and approaches, SSSA scientists and engineers will be able to help solve several complex and wicked 21st century natural resource problems associated with a dynamic and changing climate and a population of more than nine billion people.
Design of Smart Sign System Based on RFID and Mobile Communication
Technology
Authors: Yu Qiudong , Ukkone Johanna
Published: August 2014

RFID and mobile communication technology and other departments in the enterprise can get more extensive
application in the process. But there are some disadvantages. The system design process is not to achieve further scientific
and reasonable. Many enterprises and departments for the understanding of the intelligence check system process is relatively
one-sided. It did not make the true value of intelligent check-in system maximized. And for other departments in the
enterprise of the corresponding negative effect in efficiency. From the point of the development of science and technology,
RFID and mobile communication technology has been widely used in many different areas. In the development process
of intelligent check in system, however, the use of RFID and mobile communication technology process and the embodiment
of the importance and don't get too much. Eventually lead to only sign in system just to stay on the surface, but
did not get deep mining. In this paper, combining the current situation of the corresponding research process, further exploration
and development for the future to lay a solid theoretical basis.
Delay Measurement of Manually Controlled Intersection Using GPS
Authors: Nithya S. , Senthurkumar D. , .Gunasekaran K.
Published: August 2014

The travel time studies are one of the most important measures used for evaluating the performance of road networks. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based system that provides position and time information in all weather conditions. GPS data could be used to obtain the values of traffic control delay, vehicle queue, average travel time and vehicle acceleration and deceleration at intersections.The task of estimation of delay becomes complex if it is performed for intersections carrying heterogeneous traffic and that to for over saturated conditions. Most of the urban signalized intersections are manually controlled during peak hours. GPS device fitted in a vehicle was run repeatedly during morning peak period and the period during which vehicles were allowed to cross the intersection was recorded with video graphic camera. The attempt to identify the control delay with the GPS data from the test vehicle while crossing manually operated major intersection is presented in this paper.
Impact of Self-Construal on Choice of Enterprise Social Media for Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Liu Jun , Rau Pei-Luen Patrick
Published: August 2014

Researchers have rarely focused on organizations choosing the right knowledge-sharing media according to users' individual-level variables such as self-construal. We investigated the impact of self-construal (independent vs. interdependent) and organizational relationship (ingroup vs.
outgroup) on employees' motivation, self-efficacy, and openness of sharing through two widely adopted online knowledge-sharing social media: wiki (e.g., Wikipedia, a volunteer-contributed encyclopedia) and a question and answer (Q&A) archive. Quantitative responses to 4 scenarios were
collected from 232 Chinese employees. The results indicated that when sharing with outgroup members, interdependent employees (but not independent employees) had higher self-efficacy and openness of sharing using wiki than using Q&A. No difference between the two social media was found
in the ingroup sharing. Theoretical implications and implications for practicing managers are discussed.
Personality, Leisure Satisfaction, and Subjective Well-Being of Serious Leisure Participants
Authors: Liu Huimei
Published: August 2014

I examined the relationships among personality, leisure satisfaction, and subjective well-being (SWB) in a sample of participants (N = 193) in 7 arts groups at a key eastern Chinese university. Correlations and regression results indicated: (a) extraversion was significantly
positively correlated with overall leisure satisfaction, whereas neuroticism was significantly negatively correlated with overall leisure satisfaction; (b) leisure satisfaction was significantly positively correlated with SWB; (c) after personality traits were controlled, leisure satisfaction
still impacted SWB positively. Findings are discussed and practical implications are outlined.
Relationship-Specific Investment, Guanxi Behavior, and Salesperson-Owned Customer Loyalty Transfer
Authors: Wang Guocai , Li ShanLiang , Wang Xifeng , Lu Chunyu , Lv Chen
Published: August 2014

Customer loyalty has been gaining attention as firms face increasing competition. However, customer loyalty consists of a mixture of loyalty to the firm, as well as to the specific salesperson. By using dyadic data from both buyers and sellers, we investigated the influence of salespersons'
and selling firms' behaviors on these 2 types of customer loyalty, and the moderating effect of employees' brand-building behavior in the loyalty transfer process. Our results showed that both salesperson's and selling firm's behaviors can promote the 2 kinds of loyalty, and that salesperson-owned
loyalty is positively related to loyalty to the selling firm. Contrary to our prediction, employees' brand-building behavior exerted a significant, negative moderating effect on salesperson-owned loyalty transfer.
Proactive Personality and Voice Behavior: The Influence of Voice Self-Efficacy and Delegation
Authors: Xie Jun , Chu Xiaoping , Zhang Juncheng , Huang Jiaxin
Published: August 2014

We conceptualized voice self-efficacy as a mediator and perceived delegation as a contextual moderator for researching the effect of proactive personality on voice behavior in a Chinese cultural context. We collected data in 2 waves using a sample of 205 subordinate–supervisor
dyads working at 2 finance companies in China. Our results showed that voice self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between proactive personality and voice behavior, and that perceived delegation has a moderating role in this relationship. Implications for management theory and
practice are discussed.
The Roles of Individual Differences and Innovation Properties in Multiple Forms of Innovation Implementation
Authors: Sung Sun Young , Choi Jin Nam
Published: August 2014

We departed from research strategies suggested in prior studies in which binary outcomes of implementation, such as use or acceptance and nonuse or resistance, have been used, and we proposed the examination of diverse patterns of implementation behavior, including mechanical implementation,
learning, reinvention, and mutual adaptation. These implementation patterns can be explained by innovation-related individual differences, innovation properties, and their interactions. We collected longitudinal data from 141 employees of a large steel company in Korea. Results showed that
when employees participated in innovation-related training and when the innovation was compatible with the company's existing values and practices, the employees implemented the innovation as designed. In contrast, when employees had sufficient experience with the innovation and perceived
it as flexible and adaptable to the local needs, they reinvented the innovation by customizing it to the local context. Employees' innovation competence was positively related to high-fidelity implementation only when compatibility of the innovation was high and flexibility of the innovation
was low.
Exploring the Transition to Higher Education in Greece: Issues of Intergenerational Educational Mobility
Authors: Symeonaki Maria A. , Stamatopoulou Glykeria A.
Published: August 2014

This article focuses on the study of intergenerational educational mobility in Greece. The primary purpose is to represent quantitatively the transitions of individuals, in order to determine whether and to what extent the educational levels attained are influenced by parental education. The authors use data drawn from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the ad hoc module on Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty (a supplement to the EU-SILC survey conducted on an annual basis). In order to explore the correlations between individuals' and their parents' education and to picture the magnitude and directions of their movements, four educational groups were formed, transition matrices were estimated and both absolute and relative mobility indices were calculated. Additionally, a synchronic cohort analysis was carried out to examine any variations among different birth cohorts born between 1939 and 1979.
Analysing Policy Contexts as a Political Strategy
Authors: Pillay Krishnavani Shervani
Published: August 2014

The transformation of South Africa from a deeply iniquitous apartheid regime to a more inclusive democratic dispensation remains a huge challenge for all South Africans and its social institutions. The university remains one institution that is under severe pressure to transform. This pressure is exacerbated by the deeply entrenched apartheid legacy that remains rooted in these institutions, despite very progressive policies that have been put in place. This article aims to demonstrate that even the most substantive policy texts demand continual political scrutiny during their enactment if they are to fulfil their ideals. In so doing, it highlights the need to move beyond uncritical belief in the strength of well-formulated policies/good policy initiatives to obtain sociopolitical goals such as social justice. In view of this overall aim, this article uses the role played by historically white English-speaking universities during both the pre-apartheid and apartheid political dispensations in South Africa as a vantage point. It is an exploration of the kinds of influences that impacted on the way that policy was constructed and enacted by these universities during apartheid. In order to accomplish this task, Stephen Ball's policy context is used as a conceptual framework.
Barriers to Teacher Motivation for Professional Practice in the Ghana Education Service
Authors: Salifu Inusah
Published: August 2014

In Ghana, several education initiatives for promoting the quality of education have excluded the issue of teacher motivation. Well-motivated teachers are likely to be more committed to their profession and this could lead to desirable learning outcomes. This research attempted to identity and analyse what teachers in public pre-tertiary schools in Ghana perceived as barriers to their motivation towards professional practice. Employing mainly a qualitative approach, the research revealed that the sources of frustration and stress in participants' professional practice related to unfavourable conditions of service in the Ghana Education Service. Suggestions for improvement in the conditions of service of teachers in public pre-tertiary schools in Ghana are explored.