bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical modelling of variance components makes analysis of resolvable incomplete block designs more efficient
Authors: Studnicki Marcin , Piepho Hans Peter
Published: May 2024

The standard approach to variance component estimation in linear mixed models for alpha designs is the residual maximum likelihood (REML) method. One drawback of the REML method in the context of incomplete block designs is that the block variance may be estimated as zero, which can compromise the recovery of inter-block information and hence reduce the accuracy of treatment effects estimation. Due to the development of statistical and computational methods, there is an increasing interest in adopting hierarchical approaches to analysis. In order to increase the precision of the analysis of individual trials laid out as alpha designs, we here make a proposal to create an objectively informed prior distribution for variance components for replicates, blocks and plots, based on the results of previous (historical) trials. We propose different modelling approaches for the prior distributions and evaluate the effectiveness of the hierarchical approach compared to the REML method, which is classically used for analysing individual trials in two-stage approaches for multi-environment trials.
Artificial intelligence and human autonomy: the case of driving automation
Authors: Fossa Fabio
Published: May 2024

The present paper aims at contributing to the ethical debate on the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) systems on human autonomy. More specifically, it intends to offer a clearer understanding of the design challenges to the effort of aligning driving automation technologies to this ethical value. After introducing the discussion on the ambiguous impacts that AI systems exert on human autonomy, the analysis zooms in on how the problem has been discussed in the literature on connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). On this basis, it is claimed that the issue has been mainly tackled on a fairly general level, and mostly with reference to the controversial issue of crash-optimization algorithms, so that only limited design insights have been drawn. However, integrating ethical analysis and design practices is critical to pursue the implementation of such an important ethical value into CAV technologies. To this aim, it is argued, a more applied approach targeted at examining the impacts on human autonomy of current CAV functions should also be explored. As an example of the intricacy of this task, the case of automated route planning is discussed in some detail.
AI, automation and the lightening of work
Authors: Spencer David A.
Published: May 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology poses possible threats to existing jobs. These threats extend not just to the number of jobs available but also to their quality. In the future, so some predict, workers could face fewer and potentially worse jobs, at least if society does not embrace reforms that manage the coming AI revolution. This paper uses the example of Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson’s recent book—Power and Progress(2023)—to illustrate some of the dilemmas and options for managing the future of work under AI. Acemoglu and Johnson, while warning of the potential negative effects of an AI-driven automation, argue that AI can be used for positive ends. In particular, they argue for its uses in creating more ‘good jobs’. This outcome will depend on democratising AI technology. This paper is critical of the approach taken by Acemoglu and Johnson—specifically, it misses the possibility for using AI to lighten work (i.e., to reduce its duration and improve its quality). This paper stresses the potential benefits of automation as a mechanism for lightening work. Its key arguments aim to advance critical debates focused on creating a future in which AI works for people not just for profits.
Effects of process parameters and geometry on dimensional accuracy and surface quality of thin strut heart valve frames manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Liang Anqi , Bellin Matteo , Bressloff Neil W.
Published: May 2024

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is one of the most popular metal additive manufacturing technologies, which has found its applications in high-value sectors such as aerospace and biomedical devices. Some recent studies on the LPBF of stents have demonstrated its feasibility in the fabrication in thin strut structures including heart valve frames, as used in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for the treatment of severe aortic stenosis. The state of the art method of laser cutting TAVI frame limits the scope for novel concepts which are made possible by additive manufacturing. However, the surface quality and dimensional accuracy of LPBF parts are lower than that produced by laser cutting. To start the development of new TAVI concepts, the feasibility of manufacturing thin frames by LPBF has been investigated based on the SAPIEN 3 frame by Edwards Lifesciences. In this study, simplified frames with strut size from 0.3 to 0.5 mm have been successfully manufactured. The effects of strut size, strut angle, laser power and scan speed on the dimensional accuracy and surface quality were systemically studied. In addition, a representative SAPIEN 3 frame was manufactured and assessed with high-resolution X-ray CT scans. Good overall dimensional accuracy and low porosity were obtained for the SAPIEN 3 frame. However, inclined struts were found to have relatively low dimensional accuracy and poor surface quality.
Wear and oxidation behavior of Ti-7Al-1Mo/TiN composites fabricated via spark plasma sintering
Authors: Jeje Samson Olaitan , Shongwe Mxolisi Brendon
Published: May 2024

The research on the alloys of titanium (Ti) has been extensive due to the need for materials with remarkable resistance to oxidation and wear in demanding applications including the automotive, aerospace, and marine sectors. Even though they have excellent qualities, they frequently require improvements due to the harsh tribological environments they encounter. This study focuses on the ternary alloy of titanium-aluminum-molybdenum (Ti-7Al-1Mo) and its composite (Ti-7Al-1Mo/titanium nitride (TiN)). Utilizing spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, we fabricated these materials with varying TiN weight percentages (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt.%). The microstructural analysis revealed a transition from lath-like morphology to a bimodal structure as TiN content increased. The presence of intermediate Ti2N phases and hard TiN within the α-Ti matrix was confirmed. Wear tests indicated improved wear resistance in composites, especially at higher TiN fractions, while oxidation resistance increased with TiN content. This research demonstrates the potential of Ti–Al-Mo/TiN composites in high-performance applications, highlighting the nuanced relationship between TiN reinforcement, microstructural evolution, mechanical, and oxidation properties.
MRI of pelvic endometriosis: evaluation of the mr#Enzian classification and the importance of adenomyosis subtypes
Authors: Pausch Antonia M. , Filleböck Vivien , Benli Merve , Witzel Isabell , Hötker Andreas M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the utility of the #Enzian classification in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for endometriosis assessment, focusing on inter-reader agreement, diagnostic accuracy, and the correlation of adenomyosis with deep endometriosis (DE).

Methods

This IRB- approved retrospective single-center study included 412 women who underwent MRI evaluation for endometriosis between February 2017 and June 2022. Two experienced radiologists independently analyzed MRI images using the #Enzian classification and assessed the type of adenomyosis, if any. The surgical #Enzian classification served as the gold standard for evaluating preoperative MRI results of 45 patients. Statistical analysis was performed to assess inter-reader agreement and diagnostic accuracy.

Results

Inter-reader agreement was substantial to excellent (Cohen’s kappa 0.75–0.96) for most compartments except peritoneal involvement (0.39). The preoperative MRI showed mostly substantial to excellent accuracy (0.84–0.98), sensitivity (0.62–1.00), specificity (0.87–1.00), positive (0.58–1.00) and negative predictive values (0.86–1.00) for most compartments, except for peritoneal lesions (0.36, 0.17, 1.00, 1.00, 0.26 respectively). A trend with a higher prevalence of concordant DE in women with MR features of external adenomyosis compared to those with internal adenomyosis was visible (p = 0.067).

Conclusions

The mr#Enzian showed mostly high inter-reader agreement and good diagnostic accuracy for various endometriosis compartments. MRI’s role is particularly significant in the context of the current paradigm shift towards medical endometriosis treatment. The inclusion of information about the type of adenomyosis in the mr#Enzian classification could enhance diagnostic accuracy and inform treatment planning.

Graphical Abstract
Plant-based diet adherence is associated with metabolic health status in adults living with and without obesity
Authors: Carey Mags T. , Millar Seán R. , Elliott Patrick S. , Navarro Pilar , Harrington Janas M. , Perry Ivan J. , Phillips Catherine M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Metabolic health phenotypes exist across the body mass index spectrum. Diet may be an important modifiable risk factor, yet limited research exists on dietary patterns in this context. We investigated associations between dietary patterns, reflecting dietary quality, healthfulness and inflammatory potential, and metabolic health phenotypes in adults living with and without obesity.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 2,040 middle- to older-aged men and women randomly selected from a large primary care centre. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, Healthy Eating Index, Dietary Inflammatory Index, overall, healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary indices and Nutri-Score were derived from validated food frequency questionnaires. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were used to examine diet score relationships with metabolic health phenotypes (Metabolically Healthy/Unhealthy Obese (MHO/MUO) and Non-Obese (MHNO/MUNO)), defined using three separate metabolic health definitions, each capturing different aspects of metabolic health.

Results

In fully adjusted models, higher unhealthful plant-based dietary scores were associated with a lower likelihood of MHO (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–1.00, p = 0.038) and MHNO (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99, p = 0.006). Higher Nutri-Score values were associated with an increased likelihood of MHNO (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13, p = 0.033).

Conclusion

These findings provide evidence that more unhealthful plant-based diets may be linked with unfavourable metabolic health status, irrespective of BMI.
Associations of plant-based foods, red and processed meat, and dairy with gut microbiome in Finnish adults
Authors: Maukonen Mirkka , Koponen Kari K , Havulinna Aki S , Kaartinen Niina E , Niiranen Teemu , Méric Guillaume , Pajari Anne-Maria , Knight Rob , Salomaa Veikko , Männistö Satu
Published: May 2024

Purpose

Population-based studies on the associations of plant-based foods, red meat or dairy with gut microbiome are scarce. We examined whether the consumption of plant-based foods (vegetables, potatoes, fruits, cereals), red and processed meat (RPM) or dairy (fermented milk, cheese, other dairy products) are related to gut microbiome in Finnish adults.

Methods

We utilized data from the National FINRISK/FINDIET 2002 Study (n = 1273, aged 25–64 years, 55% women). Diet was assessed with 48-hour dietary recalls. Gut microbiome was analyzed using shallow shotgun sequencing. We applied multivariate analyses with linear models and permutational ANOVAs adjusted for relevant confounders.

Results

Fruit consumption was positively (beta = 0.03, SE = 0.01, P = 0.04), while a dairy subgroup including milk, cream and ice-creams was inversely associated (beta=-0.03, SE 0.01, P = 0.02) with intra-individual gut microbiome diversity (alpha-diversity). Plant-based foods (R2 = 0.001, P = 0.03) and dairy (R2 = 0.002, P = 0.01) but not RPM (R2 = 0.001, P = 0.38) contributed to the compositional differences in gut microbiome (beta-diversity). Plant-based foods were associated with several butyrate producers/cellulolytic species including Roseburia hominis. RPM associations included an inverse association with R. hominis. Dairy was positively associated with several lactic producing/probiotic species including Lactobacillus delbrueckii and potentially opportunistic pathogens including Citrobacter freundii. Dairy, fermented milk, vegetables, and cereals were associated with specific microbial functions.

Conclusion

Our results suggest a potential association between plant-based foods and dairy or their subgroups with microbial diversity measures. Furthermore, our findings indicated that all the food groups were associated with distinct overall microbial community compositions. Plant-based food consumption particularly was associated with a larger number of putative beneficial species.
A strong direct link from the layer 3/4 border to layer 6 of cat primary visual cortex
Authors: Martin Kevan A. C. , Sägesser Franziska D.
Published: May 2024

The cat primary visual cortex (V1) is a cortical area for which we have one of the most detailed estimates of the connection ‘weights’ (expressed as number of synapses) between different neural populations in different layers (Binzegger et al in J Neurosci 24:8441–8453, 2004). Nevertheless, the majority of excitatory input sources to layer 6, the deepest layer in a local translaminar excitatory feedforward loop, was not accounted for by the known neuron types used to generate the quantitative Binzegger diagram. We aimed to fill this gap by using a retrograde tracer that would label neural cell bodies in and outside V1 that directly connect to layer 6 of V1. We found that more than 80% of labeled neurons projecting to layer 6 were within V1 itself. Our data indicate that a substantial fraction of the missing input is provided by a previously unidentified population of layer 3/4 border neurons, laterally distributed and connecting more strongly to layer 6 than the typical superficial layer pyramidal neurons considered by Binzegger et al. (Binzegger et al in J Neurosci 24:8441–8453, 2004). This layer 3/4 to layer 6 connection may be a parallel route to the layer 3 – layer 5 – layer 6 feedforward pathway, be associated with the fast-conducting, movement-related Y pathway and provide convergent input from distant (5–10 degrees) regions of the visual field.
Enhanced hydrogen storage efficiency with sorbents and machine learning: a review
Authors: Osman Ahmed I. , Abd-Elaziem Walaa , Nasr Mahmoud , Farghali Mohamed , Rashwan Ahmed K. , Hamada Atef , Wang Y. Morris , Darwish Moustafa A. , Sebaey Tamer A. , Khatab A. , Elsheikh Ammar H.
Published: May 2024

Hydrogen is viewed as the future carbon–neutral fuel, yet hydrogen storage is a key issue for developing the hydrogen economy because current storage techniques are expensive and potentially unsafe due to pressures reaching up to 700 bar. As a consequence, research has recently designed advanced hydrogen sorbents, such as metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous carbon-based adsorbents, zeolite, and advanced composites, for safer hydrogen storage. Here, we review hydrogen storage with a focus on hydrogen sources and production, advanced sorbents, and machine learning. Carbon-based sorbents include graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotubes and activated carbon. We observed that storage capacities reach up to 10 wt.% for metal–organic frameworks, 6 wt.% for covalent organic frameworks, and 3–5 wt.% for porous carbon-based adsorbents. High-entropy alloys and advanced composites exhibit improved stability and hydrogen uptake. Machine learning has allowed predicting efficient storage materials.
Using public-sourced photos to track changes in moose antler size during a 20-year hunting ban
Authors: Kowalczyk Rafał , Kowalczyk Natalia , Dombrowski Piotr , Górecki Krzysztof , Kolasa Szymon , Miazek Radosław , Sacharewicz Patryk , Tałałaj Piotr , Borowik Tomasz
Published: May 2024

Hunting directly impacts the population dynamics of ungulates and can have a significant effect on the quality of phenotypic traits such as horns or antlers. In Poland, following a demographic collapse in the 1990s and the introduction of a hunting ban in 2001, the population of moose (Alces alces) has increased from 1,800 to over 20,000 individuals, recolonising its former range. As the moose is a charismatic species and a popular subject for nature photography, we analysed changes in antler size and shape in this cervid between 2005 and 2021 based on photos of male moose and antler casts provided by photographers or available in social media. Our findings indicate that during the hunting ban, the probability of observing the cervina antler type significantly decreased over time, from 47% in 2012 to 28% in 2021. Meanwhile, the probability of observing the intermediate and palmate antler types significantly increased from 44 to 53% and from 9 to 19%, respectively. The mean number of tines significantly increased from 3.2 in 2005 to 4.7 in 2021, and the antler size index significantly increased from 3.4 to 3.9. The most likely mechanism behind the observed changes could be the ageing of a population released from hunting pressure. We also observed regional variation in antler size, which is likely related to differences in environmental conditions. Our study serves as an example of how passive citizen science can contribute to our understanding of ecological trends and the quantification of population patterns. It also has important implications for management of species affected by trophy hunting.
Benefits associated with the implementation of biological control programmes in Latin America
Authors: Colmenarez Yelitza C. , Vasquez Carlos
Published: May 2024

Agriculture in Latin America plays a significant role in the region’s economy, food security, and rural development. Although pest control has traditionally relied on chemicals, there is increasing adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, in recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on sustainable agriculture practices, including biological control, to minimise environmental impact, conserve natural resources, and ensure long-term agricultural productivity. In Latin America, high biodiversity enhances biological control, both classical and augmentative biological control. The use of biological control agents allows farmers to produce their crops whilst reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture. In addition, biological control opens new market opportunities for farmers and job options for youth in rural areas. Maximal benefits will however be attained only after adoption of biological control practices and when an effective interaction among key stakeholders is achieved. Thus, farmers and consumers can reap the benefits of biological control, which can incentivise and accelerate adoption at the field level. To evaluate the socio-economic benefits of biological control, establishing multidisciplinary teams to conduct the studies is crucial. The current article explores the benefits resulting from the implementation of biological control programmes, highlighting social benefits. In addition, as part of the Plantwise programme, created to assist agricultural production with a sustainable perspective, data on the use of biopesticides in some countries are discussed in the context of sustainable production looking forward to reinforcing food security and safety in Latin America.
Alteration of PD-L1 (SP142) status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its clinical significance in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Woo Ji Won , Han Eun Kyung , Suh Koung Jin , Kim Se Hyun , Kim Jee Hyun , Park So Yeon
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The tumor immune microenvironment can change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We aimed to investigate the effects of NAC on PD-L1 (SP142) status and its clinical significance in TNBC.

Methods

Paired samples of biopsy and resection specimens were collected from 182 patients with TNBC before and after NAC. PD-L1 (SP142) expression in immune cells in pre- and post-NAC breast cancer samples and the changes between them were analyzed, along with their relationships with the clinicopathological features and clinical outcomes of the patients.

Results

Of the 182 patients, 61 (33.5%) achieved pathologic complete response (pCR) after NAC. PD-L1 (SP142) positivity, defined as immune cell staining in ≥ 1% of tumor area, was a predictor for pCR. PD-L1-positive immune cells significantly increased after NAC (2.8% to 5.2% on average) in 109 patients with measurable residual disease. Alteration of PD-L1 status was observed in 24 (22.0%) of the 109 patients with measurable residual tumors after NAC, and all PD-L1 status-converted patients, except one, revealed negative-to-positive conversion. Regarding chemotherapeutic agents, the use of platinum agents was associated with a significant increase in PD-L1-positive immune cells after NAC. In survival analyses, a positive PD-L1 status after NAC and increase of PD-L1-positive immune cells after NAC were associated with better recurrence-free survival of the patients.

Conclusion

PD-L1 (SP142) status changes after NAC, mostly as a positive conversion. As PD-L1 (SP142) status can convey prognostic and predictive information, it needs to be tested before and after NAC.
Discovering the sustainable development role of fintech credit and the pilot low carbon project on greenwashing in China
Authors: Pata Ugur Korkut , Si Mohammed Kamel , Nassani Abdelmohsen A. , Ghosh Sudeshna
Published: May 2024

Low-carbon development is important to reduce global warming, allow people to live in normal temperatures and climates, and limit the loss of labor productivity by avoiding air pollution. However, greenwashing prevents low-carbon development by making companies appear more eco-friendly than they are. Therefore, this study examines the influence of financial technology (FinTech) credit and the implementation of the Pilot Low Carbon Project on corporate greenwashing in China from 2015 to 2021. The study uses the method of moment quantile regression (MMQR) to determine that FinTech credit and low- carbon projects prevent greenwashing behavior and promote environmentally sustainable corporate practices in China. Fintech plays a crucial role in monitoring the environmental impact of urban development, especially in the context of the Low Carbon City Initiative. The influence of Fintech Credit on greenwashing experiences a notable reduction in the higher quantiles, especially between the 75th and 95th culminating in a significant decrease to approximately − 0.07. Companies outside the low carbon city areas consistently experience a negative impact of Fintech Credit on greenwashing. This investigation contributes significantly to the discourse on the interplay between greenwashing, FinTech and sustainable urban development. It also provides valuable insights for the development of strategies aimed at mitigating misleading environmental claims made by companies.
Linking Striatal Dopaminergic Asymmetry with Personality Traits: Insights from Gambling Disorder
Authors: Di Carlo Francesco , Pettorruso Mauro , Santorelli Mario , Cocciolillo Fabrizio , d’Andrea Giacomo , Di Nicola Marco , Sensi Stefano S. , Martinotti Giovanni , Grant Jon E. , Camardese Giovanni , Di Giuda Daniela
Published: May 2024

The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of gambling disorder (GD) remains incompletely understood, with disparate research findings concerning presynaptic and postsynaptic structures and dopaminergic synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate potential correlations between striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) lateralization and asymmetry index, as assessed by 123I-FP-CIT SPECT, and temperamental traits, as measured by Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), in GD subjects. Significant associations were found between DAT binding asymmetries in the caudate and putamen and the temperamental dimensions of harm avoidance and novelty seeking. Specifically, high novelty seeking scores correlated with increased DAT binding in the left caudate relative to the right, whereas higher harm avoidance scores corresponded to increased DAT binding in the right putamen relative to the left. These observations potentially imply that the asymmetry in DAT expression in the basal ganglia could be an outcome of hemispheric asymmetry in emotional processing and behavioural guidance. In summary, our study provides evidence supporting the relationship between DAT asymmetries, temperamental dimensions and GD. Future investigations could be directed towards examining postsynaptic receptors to gain a more comprehensive understanding of dopamine's influence within the basal ganglia circuit in disordered gambling. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these findings could have substantial implications for the tailoring of individualized neuromodulation therapies in the treatment of behavioural addictions.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion in paleolimnology: insights from the 2022 IAL-IPA symposium
Authors: Pérez Liseth , de Tezano Pinto Paula , Echeverría-Galindo Paula , Charqueño-Celis Fernanda , Shinneman Avery Cook , Myrbo Amy , Tonello Marcela Sandra , Bücker Matthias , Brenner Mark , Bennion Helen , Massaferro Julieta
Published: May 2024

This report provides insights into ways that paleolimnology is becoming, and can continue to be more diverse, equitable and inclusive. Ideas presented here came during the organization, and in part, out of a special session held during the Joint Meeting of the International Association of Limnogeology (IAL) and the International Paleolimnology Association (IPA), conducted virtually (27–29 April 2022) and in-person, in Bariloche, Argentina (27 November to 1 December 2022). It was the first time in 55 years that the combined IAL-IPA meeting (held separately prior to 2018) hosted a special session to address issues beyond the value of scientific information in lake sediments. That session, “Beyond just research data: the value of outreach, education, equality, and inclusion around lakes,” included topics such as Third Mission activities, i.e., the economic and social missions of universities and how they contribute to the broader community. It also addressed challenges to diversifying our Earth Science community, which is still characterized by underrepresentation of women, especially at the highest academic levels, suffers from the “parenthood effect,” which affects both women and men, and often fails to adequately support dual-career couples, especially in Europe. Efforts to enhance diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) included: (1) a virtual IAL-IPA meeting for Early Career Researchers (ECRs), conducted months before the in-person conference in Argentina, (2) a special session on DEI challenges and values, (3) financial support for ECRs and attendees from low-income countries, (4) equitable ECR awards, (5) consideration of gender equity during plenary and oral presentations, (6) remote presentations, including both live and pre-recorded talks, (7) utilization of multiple communication platforms to disseminate information to conference participants, and organization of science-communication activities, and (8) pre- and post-conference courses and workshops. These efforts were supported by the local organizing committee and by the establishment of the first DEI Working Group. ECRs dominated the in-person Joint Meeting (200 of 300 attendees), which we view as an opportunity to promote changes in our discipline. We encourage members of our community to work collaboratively to shape diverse research groups and identify leaders who will promote more equitable and inclusive workplaces.
Does derivative usage boost firm value in an economy with controls? Evidence from India
Authors: Gupta Praveen , Mallick Sushanta , Bathia Deven
Published: May 2024

The role of derivatives on firm valuation has recently become a subject of intense debate for emerging markets where there is greater asset price volatility, illiquidity, and the absence of common regulations and accounting standards. Given the lack of data availability, disclosure inconsistency and distinctive regulatory requirements for Indian firms, we assess the impact of corporate hedging via derivative use on the performance of BSE-100 non-financial firms over the period 2010–2017. Our results from keywords-based hand-collected derivative usage data show that all types of derivatives, except rate derivatives, have a significant and positive impact on firm value through channels of reduced earnings volatility and increased leverage with tax benefits. Firms with greater leverage tend to benefit from the use of rate derivatives. Still, among those highly leveraged firms, the ones who experience high earnings volatility are unable to benefit from rate derivatives. Besides, hedge accounting benefits firms in dealing with earnings volatility when they have higher derivatives exposure. As capital controls on international flows can limit the use of derivatives, we show that firms with currency risk exposure in terms of long-term foreign currency debt do benefit from rate derivatives. Our results are also robust with a matched sample for derivative users and non-users. Overall, we conclude that easing regulatory controls on derivatives dealings can be beneficial for firms in growing emerging economies.
Coronal Signatures of Flare Generated Fast-Mode Wave at EUV and Radio Wavelengths
Authors: Vasanth V.
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a detailed study of the type II solar radio burst that occurred on 06 March 2014 using combined data analysis. It is a classical radio event consisting of type III radio burst and a following type II radio burst in the dynamic spectrum. The type II radio burst is observed between 235 – 130 MHz (120 – 60 MHz) in harmonic (fundamental) bands with the life time of 5 minutes between 09:26 – 09:31 UT. The estimated speed of type II burst by applying two-fold Saito model is ∼ 650 km s−1. An extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wave is observed with Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The very close temporal onset association of the EUV wave and flare energy release indicates that the EUV wave is likely produced by a flare pressure pulse. The eruption is also accompanied by a weak coronal mass ejection (CME) observed with the coronagraphs onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) and the twin Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO). The plane of sky speed of the CME was ∼ 252 km s−1 in the SOHO/LASCO-C2 and ∼ 280 km s−1 in the STEREO-B/SECCHI-COR1 images. The EUV wave has two wave fronts, one expanding radially outward and the other one moving along the flare loop arcade. The source position of the type II burst imaged by the Nançay Radio Heliograph (NRH) shows that it was associated with the outward moving EUV wave. The CME is independent of the shock wave as confirmed by the location of NRH radio sources below the CME’s leading edge. Therefore the type II radio burst is probably ignited by the flare. This study shows the possibility of EUV wave and coronal shock triggered by flare pressure pulse, generating the observed type II radio burst.
Effectiveness of remote monitoring in improving CPAP compliance and the impact of preexisting organisation of standard care: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: van der Kleij Stephan , de Backer Ingrid , Hanraets Barbara , Verbraecken Johan , Asin Jerryll
Published: May 2024

Purpose   

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is often the treatment of choice for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Short-term adherence and early perceived benefits are the best predictors of long-term adherence. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of telemonitoring in the first period of treatment with CPAP (auto-titrating PAP) on compliance and the long-term outcome.

Methods

Patients aged between 18–75 years old with symptomatic severe OSA (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 30) requiring CPAP therapy were included in this single-blind, single-centre, randomised, controlled trial. They were divided into 2 groups (telemonitored standard clinical care versus standard clinical care without telemonitoring).

Results

A total of 230 patients (115 patients/group) were included (mean age 54 ± 16.6 years, BMI 32.6 ± 5.4 kg/m2, ESS 13.1 ± 6.2, AHI 47.5 ± 14.8/hr). At week 10 compliance was similar in both groups (telemonitoring vs control 6:27 and 6:35 h, respectively, p = 0.57), as were AHI (2.4; 2.4/hr, p = 0.89) and ESS (5.8; 4.9, p = 0.22). The number of contacts of a patient with a healthcare professional was significantly higher during the follow-up from week 3 until week 10 (0.25; 0.13, p = 0.03). The number of patients who could be evaluated after 1 year was equally distributed in both groups (104; 104, p = 1.00), as were compliance (6:43; 6:49 h, p = 0.59) and residual AHI (1.9; 2.2/hr, p = 0.41).

Conclusions

In patients with severe OSA with standard intensive follow-up during the initial weeks of CPAP therapy and good compliance, telemonitoring did not improve CPAP compliance nor the clinical outcome in the short or long term. The practical consequences can be highly relevant for patients and healthcare professionals.
Topics in group schemes and surfaces in positive characteristic
Authors: Tziolas Nikolaos
Published: May 2024

This paper is based on a series of talks that the author gave at the University of Edinburgh in March 2023 on surfaces in positive characteristic. In particular, infinitesimal group schemes and their actions on algebraic surfaces are discussed, the structure of the automorphism group scheme of a surface of general type and the failure of the Kodaira vanishing theorem.
Fracture risk prediction in postmenopausal women from GO Study: the comparison between FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms
Authors: Pluskiewicz W. , Werner A. , Bach M. , Adamczyk P. , Drozdzowska B.
Published: May 2024

In the longitudinal, retrospective study, the ability of the FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms to predict osteoporotic fractures was compared in a group of 457 women. Using the rigid threshold of 10% showed a significant discrepancy in sensitivity and specificity of all tools. New thresholds for high risk of fractures were established for each calculator separately: 6.3% for FRAX major fracture, 20.0% for Garvan any fracture, and 18.0% for POL-RISK any fracture. Such thresholds allow for improving the diagnostic accuracy of all three calculators.

Introduction

The aim of the longitudinal, retrospective study was to compare three tools designed to assess fracture risk: FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK in their prediction of fracture incidence.

Material

The study group consisted of 457 postmenopausal women with a mean age of 64.21 ± 5.94 years from the Gliwice Osteoporosis (GO) Study. Comprehensive data on clinical factors related to fractures were collected for all participants. Bone densitometry was performed at the proximal femur using the Prodigy device (GE, USA). Fracture risk was established using the FRAX, Garvan, and POL-RISK algorithms. Data on the incidence of osteoporotic fractures were collected over the last 10 years.

Results

During the period of observation 72, osteoporotic fractures occurred in 63 subjects. For a preliminary comparison of the predictive value of analyzed diagnostic tools, the fracture risk threshold of 10% was used. For FRAX, the fracture probability exceeding 10% was observed only in 11 subjects who experienced fractures; thus, the fracture was properly predicted only in 22.9% of women. For Garvan, the respective value was 90.5%, and for POL-RISK, it was 98.4%. That gave a very low true positive value for FRAX and a very high false positive value for Garvan and POL-RISK. Based on ROC curves, new thresholds for high risk of fractures were established for each calculator separately: 6.3% for FRAX major fracture, 20.0% for Garvan any fracture, and 18.0% for POL-RISK any fracture. Such thresholds improve the diagnostic accuracy of all compared fracture prediction tools.

Conclusion

The current study showed that different fracture risk assessment tools, although having similar clinical purposes, require different cut-off thresholds for making therapeutic decisions. Better identification of patients requiring therapy based on such an approach may help reduce the number of new fractures.
Mixed-integer quadratic optimization and iterative clustering techniques for semi-supervised support vector machines
Authors: Burgard Jan Pablo , Pinheiro Maria Eduarda , Schmidt Martin
Published: May 2024

Among the most famous algorithms for solving classification problems are support vector machines (SVMs), which find a separating hyperplane for a set of labeled data points. In some applications, however, labels are only available for a subset of points. Furthermore, this subset can be non-representative, e.g., due to self-selection in a survey. Semi-supervised SVMs tackle the setting of labeled and unlabeled data and can often improve the reliability of the results. Moreover, additional information about the size of the classes can be available from undisclosed sources. We propose a mixed-integer quadratic optimization (MIQP) model that covers the setting of labeled and unlabeled data points as well as the overall number of points in each class. Since the MIQP’s solution time rapidly grows as the number of variables increases, we introduce an iterative clustering approach to reduce the model’s size. Moreover, we present an update rule for the required big-M values, prove the correctness of the iterative clustering method as well as derive tailored dimension-reduction and warm-starting techniques. Our numerical results show that our approach leads to a similar accuracy and precision than the MIQP formulation but at much lower computational cost. Thus, we can solve larger problems. With respect to the original SVM formulation, we observe that our approach has even better accuracy and precision for biased samples.
The Role of Multimodality Imaging in Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pan Jonathan A. , Patel Amit R.
Published: May 2024

Purpose of Review

There has been increasing use of multimodality imaging in the evaluation of cardiomyopathies.

Recent Findings

Echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac nuclear imaging, and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) play an important role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of patients with cardiomyopathies.

Echocardiography is essential in the initial assessment of suspected cardiomyopathy, but a multimodality approach can improve diagnostics and management. CMR allows for accurate measurement of volumes and function, and can easily detect unique pathologic structures. In addition, contrast imaging and parametric mapping enable the characterization of tissue features such as scar, edema, infiltration, and deposition. In non-ischemic cardiomyopathies, metabolic and molecular nuclear imaging is used to diagnose rare but life-threatening conditions such amyloidosis and sarcoidosis. There is an expanding use of CCT for planning electrophysiology procedures such as cardioversion, ablations, and device placement. Furthermore, CCT can evaluate for complications associated with advanced heart failure therapies such as cardiac transplant and mechanical support devices. Innovations in multimodality cardiac imaging should lead to increased volumes and better outcomes.
Liquid profiling for patients with advanced cancer is ready for clinical integration
Authors: Hasenleithner Samantha O. , Heitzer Ellen
Published: May 2024

Molecular profiling of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to guide treatment decisions has found its way into routine management of patients with advanced cancer. This represents a pivotal advancement in precision oncology, offering a non-invasive and fast-tracked method to detecting clinically relevant biomarkers. With the backing of international oncology guidelines, ctDNA analysis is now a standard approach to consider in molecular diagnostics. Despite the promise of ctDNA in refining treatment strategies through the detection of genomic alterations and treatment-relevant biomarkers with high concordance to tissue biopsies, challenges persist. These include the interpretation of discordances due to tumor heterogeneity, sampling biases, and technical limitations, alongside the differentiation of tumor-derived mutations from clonal hematopoiesis. The current consensus supports the utility of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) panels for a broad spectrum of actionable targets, while acknowledging the limitations and advocating for a balanced application of “tissue-first” and “plasma-first” approaches tailored to individual patient scenarios. The essential role of molecular tumor boards (MTBs) is in navigating the complexities of ctDNA data interpretation, thereby ensuring the effective incorporation of liquid biopsy into personalized cancer treatment regimens.
Crosstalk among proximal tubular cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts in acute kidney injury: single-cell profiling from the perspective of ferroptosis
Authors: Wang Yulin , Shen Ziyan , Mo Shaocong , Zhang Han , Chen Jing , Zhu Cheng , Lv Shiqi , Zhang Di , Huang Xinhui , Gu Yulu , Yu Xixi , Ding Xiaoqiang , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: May 2024

The link between ferroptosis, a form of cell death mediated by iron and acute kidney injury (AKI) is recently gaining widespread attention. However, the mechanism of the crosstalk between cells in the pathogenesis and progression of acute kidney injury remains unexplored. In our research, we performed a non-negative matrix decomposition (NMF) algorithm on acute kidney injury single-cell RNA sequencing data based specifically focusing in ferroptosis-associated genes. Through a combination with pseudo-time analysis, cell–cell interaction analysis and SCENIC analysis, we discovered that proximal tubular cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts all showed associations with ferroptosis in different pathways and at various time. This involvement influenced cellular functions, enhancing cellular communication and activating multiple transcription factors. In addition, analyzing bulk expression profiles and marker genes of newly defined ferroptosis subtypes of cells, we have identified crucial cell subtypes, including Egr1 + PTC-C1, Jun + PTC-C3, Cxcl2 + Mac-C1 and Egr1 + Fib-C1. All these subtypes which were found in AKI mice kidneys and played significantly distinct roles from those of normal mice. Moreover, we verified the differential expression of Egr1, Jun, and Cxcl2 in the IRI mouse model and acute kidney injury human samples. Finally, our research presented a novel analysis of the crosstalk of proximal tubular cells, macrophages and fibroblasts in acute kidney injury targeting ferroptosis, therefore, contributing to better understanding the acute kidney injury pathogenesis, self-repairment and acute kidney injury-chronic kidney disease (AKI-CKD) progression.
Complex-valued Wigner entropy of a quantum state
Authors: Cerf Nicolas J. , Hertz Anaelle , Van Herstraeten Zacharie
Published: May 2024

It is common knowledge that the Wigner function of a quantum state may admit negative values, so that it cannot be viewed as a genuine probability density. Here, we examine the difficulty in finding an entropy-like functional in phase space that extends to negative Wigner functions and then advocate the merits of defining a complex-valued entropy associated with any Wigner function. This quantity, which we call thecomplex Wigner entropy, is defined via the analytic continuation of Shannon’s differential entropy of the Wigner function in the complex plane. We show that the complex Wigner entropy enjoys interesting properties, especially its real and imaginary parts are both invariant under Gaussian unitaries (displacements, rotations, and squeezing in phase space). Its real part is physically relevant when considering the evolution of the Wigner function under a Gaussian convolution, while its imaginary part is simply proportional to the negative volume of the Wigner function. Finally, we define the complex-valued Fisher information of any Wigner function, which is linked (via an extended de Bruijn’s identity) to the time derivative of the complex Wigner entropy when the state undergoes Gaussian additive noise. Overall, it is anticipated that the complex plane yields a proper framework for analyzing the entropic properties of quasiprobability distributions in phase space.
The second Hankel determinant for logarithmic coefficients of inverse functions of bounded turning of a given order
Authors: Lecko Adam , Śmiarowska Barbara
Published: May 2024

The sharp bound of the second Hankel determinant of logarithmic coefficients of inverse functions of bounded turning of order $$\alpha $$
α
is computed.
Doodles and Blobs on a Ruled Page: Convex Quasi-envelops of Traversing Flows on Surfaces
Authors: Katz Gabriel
Published: May 2024

Let A denote the cylinder $${\mathbb {R}} \times S^1$$

R
×

S
1

or the band $${\mathbb {R}} \times I$$

R
×
I

, where I stands for the closed interval. We consider 2- of closed curves (“”) and compact surfaces (“”) in A, up to cobordisms that also are 2-moderate immersions in $$A \times [0, 1]$$

A
×
[
0
,
1
]

of surfaces and solids. By definition, the 2-moderate immersions of curves and surfaces do not have tangencies of order $$\ge 3$$

≥
3

to the fibers of the obvious projections $$A \rightarrow S^1$$

A
→

S
1

,  $$A \times [0, 1] \rightarrow S^1 \times [0, 1]$$

A
×

[
0
,
1
]

→

S
1

×

[
0
,
1
]

or $$A \rightarrow I$$

A
→
I

,  $$A \times [0, 1] \rightarrow I \times [0, 1]$$

A
×
[
0
,
1
]
→
I
×
[
0
,
1
]

. These bordisms come in different flavors: in particular, we consider one flavor based on of doodles and blobs in A. We compute the bordisms of regular embeddings and construct many invariants that distinguish between the bordisms of immersions and embeddings. In the case of oriented doodles on $$A= {\mathbb {R}} \times I$$

A
=
R
×
I

, our computations of 2-moderate immersion bordisms $$\textbf{OC}^{\textsf{imm}}_{\mathsf {moderate \le 2}}(A)$$

OC

moderate
≤
2

imm

(
A
)

are near complete: we show that they can be described by an exact sequence of abelian groups $$\begin{aligned} 0 \rightarrow {\textbf{K}} \rightarrow \textbf{OC}^{\textsf{imm}}_{\mathsf {moderate \le 2}}(A)\big /\textbf{OC}^{\textsf{emb}}_{\mathsf {moderate \le 2}}(A) {\mathop {\longrightarrow }\limits ^{{\mathcal {I}} \rho }} {\mathbb {Z}} \times {\mathbb {Z}} \rightarrow 0, \end{aligned}$$

0
→
K
→

OC

moderate
≤
2

imm

(
A
)

/

OC

moderate
≤
2

emb

(
A
)

⟶

I
ρ

Z
×
Z
→
0
,

where $$\textbf{OC}^{\textsf{emb}}_{\mathsf {moderate \le 2}}(A) \approx {\mathbb {Z}} \times {\mathbb {Z}}$$

OC

moderate
≤
2

emb

(
A
)

≈
Z
×
Z

, the epimorphism $${\mathcal {I}} \rho $$

I
ρ

counts different types of crossings of immersed doodles, and the kernel $${\textbf{K}}$$
K
contains the group $$({\mathbb {Z}})^\infty $$

(
Z
)

∞

whose generators are described explicitly.
The optimum quantity of debt for an aging Japan: welfare and demographic dynamics
Authors: Okamoto Akira
Published: May 2024

Japan’s government is heavily indebted, and the current net debt tends to increase. This paper uses an extended life-cycle general equilibrium model with endogenous fertility to investigate an optimal size of government debt from two viewpoints: individual welfare and future demographic dynamics. A simulation analysis finds that the level of net government debt, which maximizes per-capita utility, is negative at − 220% of Japan’s gross domestic product (GDP). The results also indicate that the net debt-to-GDP ratio of − 220% produces a considerable per-capita welfare gain; however, compared to the baseline simulation with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 150%, it substantially decreases the total population in the long run.