bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
B2C Mass Customization in the Classroom
Authors: Visich John K. , Gu Qiannong , Khumawala Basheer M.
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this article is to describe an internet‐based mass customization assignment in Operations Management/Supply Chain Management classes where students utilize the Web site of a company that offers a customized product. Students evaluate the user interface, judge the value proposition of the product they demonstrate, and discuss issues of product design, process design and scheduling, inventory management, Supply Chain Management, marketing, and competitors. The students learn about mass customization from both the producer's perspective and the consumer's perspective. Through their own research and the class presentations students are able to develop a better understanding of the implementation requirements and challenges of mass customization. The assignment is highly interactive and has been successfully used in Operations Management and Supply Chain Management courses at under‐graduate and graduate levels and at multiple universities. In addition, practitioners interested in implementing a mass customization process can use the assignment as a brainstorming or benchmarking exercise.
Applying IRSS Theory: The Clark Atlanta University Exemplar
Authors: Payton Fay Cobb , Suarez‐Brown Tiki L. , Smith Lamar Courtney
Published: October 2012

The percentage of underrepresented minorities (African‐American, Hispanic, Native Americans) that have obtained graduate level degrees within computing disciplines (computer science, computer information systems, computer engineering, and information technology) is dismal at best. Despite the fact that academia, the computing workforce, professional associations, and scientific societies have identified procedures, models, and best practices in an attempt to increase the number of individuals within these underrepresented communities, the number of minorities receiving MS and PhDs in these fields have only increased marginally. In this article, we discuss how Boice's four‐part IRSS model (i.e., Involvement, Regimen, Self‐Management, and Social Networks) combined with effective mentoring models as introduced in Payton et al., is a promising framework for addressing the longstanding issue of underrepresented minorities in management education, which tends to mirror findings in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics disciplines. The focus of this article is to illustrate the application of these theories at the undergraduate level by discussing two precollege/early college/scholarship programs implemented at Clark Atlanta University (CAU). These CAU programs provide the field with an exemplar which can serve as a foundational example for institutions seeking to foster, retain and graduate underrepresented minorities in higher education management disciplines, in general, and offer lessons learned from historically black colleges and universities, in particular. Using a “360‐degree mentoring” model to supplement the IRSS framework, our study concludes with implications for future research regarding how academic institutions can create, foster and sustain programs for effective recruitment, retention, and training of underrepresented minorities.
The Impact of CMS Quality on the Outcomes of E‐learning Systems in Higher Education: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kim Kihyun , Trimi Silvana , Park Hyesung , Rhee Shanggeun
Published: October 2012

Course Management Systems (CMSs) in higher education have emerged as one of the most widely adopted e‐learning platforms. This study examines the success of e‐learning CMSs based on user satisfaction and benefits. Using DeLone and McLean's information system success model as a theoretical framework, we analyze the success of e‐learning CMSs in five dimensions: system quality, information quality, instructional quality, user satisfaction, and CMS benefits. An analysis of survey data collected from students participating in a university‐wide CMS shows that system quality, information quality, and instructional quality positively influence user satisfaction, which, in turn, increases the benefits of CMSs. By providing a comprehensive framework for the critical success factors in e‐learning CMSs and their causal relationships, this study provides practical implications for managing e‐learning courses and resources for a more flexible and effective CMS‐centered, e‐learning environment.
Applying Diversity Management Concepts to Improve the Minority Educational Pipeline
Authors: Oguntebi Joy , Shcherbakova Maria , Wooten Lynn P.
Published: October 2012

The objective of this conceptual article is to investigate existing diversity management paradigms and extend their implications toward the goal of increasing minority representation in management education. We suggest that the existing learning‐and‐effectiveness diversity management paradigm (Thomas & Ely, 1996, Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 79–90), which integrates contributions from diverse individuals, can be utilized in addressing the underrepresented minority shortage at each progressive stage of the education pipeline, beginning with the high school level. We propose and discuss a complex set of solutions that highlight the students’ educational experience, motivation, awareness, and social environment. These solutions target minority underrepresentation with the goal of ultimately increasing the proportion of minorities in the PhD pool and subsequently within the management professoriate.
Introducing Artificial Neural Networks through a Spreadsheet Model
Authors: Rienzo Thomas F. , Athappilly Kuriakose K.
Published: October 2012

Business students taking data mining classes are often introduced to artificial neural networks (ANN) through point and click navigation exercises in application software. Even if correct outcomes are obtained, students frequently do not obtain a thorough understanding of ANN processes. This spreadsheet model was created to illuminate the roles of the following ANN parameters: weights, learning rates, threshold functions, and transformation functions. The spreadsheet ANN model project is given early in the semester, just after ANN is introduced. Students can see effects of ANN parameters as they make changes to spreadsheet model inputs, greatly enhancing discussion of ANN processes. After working with the spreadsheet model, students have expressed an appreciation for decisions based on patterns of historic data, and they like the ability to peek “behind the curtain” at processes of predictive software packages.
Obama in Words and Deeds*
Authors: Hoffman Donna R. , Howard Alison D.
Published: October 2012

Objective

We assess how President Barack Obama acted as chief legislator using the rhetoric contained in his initial joint address to Congress and his three subsequent State of the Union addresses (SUAs).

Method

Using content analysis, we analyze how Obama conveyed policy substance (both credit claiming and position taking) and used symbolism as he carried out the constitutional requirements of reporting and recommending measures to Congress.

Results

Obama's first‐term SUA rhetoric is consistent in regard to credit claiming; he devotes about 17 percent of his speeches to this activity. His SUAs typically contain about 35 legislative requests, and these are frequently requests for fairly large‐scale actions. His use of symbolic rhetoric is unique. Obama uses individuals and historical examples to highlight the instrumental and effective role government has played in supporting the pursuit of the American Dream. His legislative requests, for his first three full years in office, have been fully or partially successful at a median rate of almost 45 percent, placing him slightly above the median yearly rate since 1965.

Conclusions

Obama's rhetorical choices in the SUA portray him as an unusual chief legislator in many ways. He is deferential to Congress on legislative detail, tending to focus his SUA requests on large‐scale items and leaving the details of legislation to Congress. If Congress failed to act, he occasionally sought to accomplish his policy goals through executive actions if he could. He was then able to use the rhetoric of the SUA to portray himself as an active and effective president, something that would aid his reelection and legacy goals. Furthermore, Obama often had to confront unreasonably high expectations, and this strategy helped him position himself against the unpopular institution of Congress as he sought reelection.
Shaping the Federal Courts: The Obama Nominees
Authors: Kimel T. J. , Randazzo Kirk A.
Published: October 2012

Objectives

The objective of this study is to explore President Obama's nominations to the lower federal courts and compare his patterns to those from George W. Bush and William Jefferson Clinton using a typology established by Goldman in 1997.

Methods

Using data from 1993 to 2012 provided by the American Constitution Society for Law and Policy, we examine a series of cross‐tabulations to make our comparisons.

Results

The data indicate that President Obama has nominated more women and minorities to the federal bench than either of his two immediate predecessors. Additionally, his nominees possess more moderate ideological preferences than the nominees from either Bush or Clinton.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that Obama seems more concerned with racial and gender diversity rather than ideological preferences. Therefore, President Obama's claims of pragmatism and his desire to nominate individuals who reflect American society, often doubted by both political supporters and detractors, appear supported by the available data.
Low Temperature Synthesis of High Alumina Cements by Gel‐Trapped Co‐Precipitation Process and Their Implementation as Castables
Authors: Kumar Vijay , Singh Vinay Kumar , Srivastava Abhinav , Agrawal Gokul Nath
Published: October 2012

Use of high alumina cement (HAC) as low cement castables (LCC) and ultra‐cement castables (ULCC) has increased for refractories applications over the last few years. HAC is being prepared commercially, by fusing or sintering a mixture of argillaceous and calcareous materials above 1500°C and subsequent grinding to obtain a fine powder. Powders produced by this method have low specific surface area. Therefore, the present work was aimed to prepare nano structured HAC powders at lower temperatures than the conventional one. The powder process adopted here was modified gel‐trapped precipitation method as described earlier. Two compositions of calcium aluminate powders containing 70 and 80 wt% Al2O3, respectively, were selected. The remaining material was CaO in both mixtures. The gel powders obtained by the abovementioned process were calcined at different temperatures with varying soaking periods. The prepared cements were characterized for structural, mechanical, and cementing properties. Finally, the calcination temperature and time were optimized to obtain the desired phases in HAC. The prime cementing phases observed were CA, CA2, CA6, C3A5, and C4A3SO4. These cements were then used with bauxite of different grain sizes to prepare LCC and then their physical properties were studied. The XRD patterns of the bauxite‐based castables indicated the formation of the corundum phase along with a mullite phase in all samples. Castable containing HAC and 10 wt% zirconia substituted for bauxite improved physico‐mechanical and refractory properties. Mullite formed at high temperature acts as a bonding phase and is accounted for high CCS values. These excellent properties of such castables may enable their use in various applications such as refractory lining for fabrication of steel, aluminum, copper, glass, cement, chemicals, and ceramics.
Conversion of Calcined Eggshells into Flower‐Like Hydroxyapatite Agglomerates by Solvothermal Method Using Hydrogen Peroxide/N,N‐Dimethylformamide Mixed Solvents
Authors: Li Songnan , Wang Jun , Jing Xiaoyan , Liu Qi , Saba Jamil , Mann Tom , Zhang Milin , Wei Hao , Chen Rongrong , Liu Lianhe
Published: October 2012

Flower‐like hydroxyapatite (HA) was prepared by a solvothermal method using calcined eggshells as calcium source and hydrogen peroxide/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The products are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All the above‐mentioned instrumental analysis such as XRD and FT‐IR showed the purity of HA. The SEM indicates that the as‐obtained flower‐like HA are composed of microsheets. These nanosheets interleaved each other to form the uniform flower‐like morphology. The influence of precipitation temperature and ratio of hydrogen peroxide to DMF were systematically investigated by SEM analysis.
Phase Evolution upon Aging of Air Plasma Sprayed t′‐Zirconia Coatings: II–Microstructure Evolution
Authors: Krogstad Jessica A. , Leckie Rafael M. , Krämer Stephan , Cairney Julie M. , Lipkin Don M. , Johnson Curtis A. , Levi Carlos G.
Published: October 2012

The correlation between microstructural and phase evolution in aged, yttria‐partially‐stabilized zirconia, air plasma‐sprayed coatings is discussed. Freestanding coatings with the dense, vertically cracked structure were isothermally aged at 1482°C (2700°F) in air. Characterization of the resulting microstructures was conducted using transmission electron microscopy, then compared with a parallel analysis of the phase evolution via synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD) described in Part I. Additional context was provided by related studies on vapor‐deposited coatings. Several salient points can be extracted from these assessments. XRD was further validated as a practical method for studying phase stability after clarification of how the possible phases are defined, including the following: (i) the nature of the t′ phase observed in XRD after phase decomposition has begun and (ii) the relationship between the Y‐rich tetragonal (t″) and Y‐rich cubic (c) phases reported to coexist via XRD. A strong relationship between the initial microstructure and the subsequent phase destabilization is also reported. As a result, phase evolution is proposed to proceed via two competing routes. The interplay between these mechanisms dictates the incubation time for monoclinic formation within a given coating.
Do You Think You're Sexy, Tall, and Thin? The Prediction of Self‐Rated Attractiveness, Height, and Weight
Authors: Pozzebon Julie A. , Visser Beth A. , Bogaert Anthony F.
Published: October 2012

Research suggests that self‐reports of personal attributes, including physical characteristics, are often distorted. The present study examined discrepancies between self‐ and observer or actual reports of attractiveness, height, and weight, and investigated the role of esteem and gender role scales in the prediction of such discrepancies. Results indicated that attractiveness discrepancies were predicted by high esteem and traditional gender roles, height discrepancies were predicted by agency, and weight discrepancies were predicted by personal efficacy. Results also indicated that esteem and gender role characteristics are important in the perception of self‐relevant information.
When Is Difficult Planning Good Planning? The Effects of Scenario‐Based Planning on Optimistic Prediction Bias
Authors: Min Kyeong Sam , Arkes Hal R.
Published: October 2012

As a general rule, individuals tend to be optimistic in predicting when they will complete an upcoming activity. Building upon the ease of generation theory, we examined how dividing the planning process into multiple steps would impact the magnitude of optimism in “real world” planning. In Experiment 1 we found a decrease in optimistic prediction bias when individuals described their plans by generating a relatively difficult five‐step, rather than a relatively easy two‐step, optimistic scenario. In Experiment 2 the bias diminished when individuals generated the easy, rather than difficult, pessimistic scenario. In Experiment 3 the bias decreased even among individuals who generated the easy, rather than difficult, optimistic scenario when they were led to negatively interpret the feeling of ease.
Threat Appraisal and Authoritarianism in Context: Reactions to the European Union Enlargement in Border Regions
Authors: Rippl Susanne , Seipel Christian
Published: October 2012

The present study uses European Union (EU) enlargement as the treatment in a “natural” quasi experiment to analyze the relationship of threat appraisal and authoritarianism. Theoretically it is based on the discussion about the role of contextual variables in the genesis of authoritarianism. Two contradictory perspectives are explicated: the trait model and the situationist model. To test the competing causal hypotheses panel data collected before and after the EU eastern enlargement on perceived threat, authoritarian attitudes, and xenophobia among inhabitants of the German external frontier of the EU (at Wave 1) were analyzed. The use of a cross‐lagged panel design demonstrated that the type of relationship between authoritarianism and perceived threat depended on the kind of threat (material or cultural) that was addressed.
Impact of response shift on the assessment of treatment effects using the Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Reissmann Daniel R. , Remmler Antje , John Mike T. , Schierz Oliver , Hirsch Christian
Published: October 2012

The assessment of changes in oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) is challenging because individuals' concepts and internal standards of OHRQoL may change over time. The aim of this study was to detect response shifts in OHRQoL assessments made using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). Oral health‐related quality of life was assessed in a consecutive sample of 126 patients seeking prosthodontic care. Patients were asked to rate their OHRQoL before treatment started and 1 month after treatment was finished, using the German 49‐item version of the OHIP. When rating their OHRQoL after treatment, patients were also asked to rate their pre‐treatment OHRQoL without having access to their baseline data. The response shift was calculated as the difference in OHIP summary scores between the initial assessment and the retrospective baseline assessment. The OHIP mean scores decreased from 31.8 at the initial baseline assessment to 24.4 after treatment. The retrospective baseline assessment resulted in an OHIP mean score of 38.1, corresponding to a response shift of 6.3 OHIP points. The effect size (Cohen's d = 0.21) of the response shift was considered small. The response shift phenomenon and its magnitude have important implications for dental practice, where patients and dentists often assess perceived treatment effects retrospectively.
Enamel matrix derivative induces production of vascular endothelial cell growth factor in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Sakoda Kenji , Nakajima Yumiko , Noguchi Kazuyuki
Published: October 2012

Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) may enhance periodontal wound healing by inducing angiogenesis. We sought to investigate the effect and the mechanism of action of EMD on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by human gingival fibroblasts. Cells were stimulated with EMD, transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), or fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2), with or without antibodies to TGF‐β1 or FGF‐2. The levels of VEGF in the culture media were measured using an ELISA. We examined the effects of SB203580 [a p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor], U0126 [an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor], SP600125 [a c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor], and LY294002 [a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt inhibitor] on EMD‐induced VEGF production. Enamel matrix derivative stimulated the production of VEGF in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Treatment of human gingival fibroblasts with antibodies to TGF‐β1 or FGF‐2 significantly decreased EMD‐induced VEGF production, whereas the addition of exogenous TGF‐β1 and FGF‐2 stimulated VEGF production. Enamel matrix derivative‐induced VEGF production was significantly attenuated by SB203580, U0126, and LY294002. Our results suggest that EMD stimulates VEGF production partially via TGF‐β1 and FGF‐2 in human gingival fibroblasts and that EMD‐induced VEGF production is regulated by ERK, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Enamel matrix derivative‐induced production of VEGF by human gingival fibroblasts may be involved in the enhancement of periodontal wound healing by inducing angiogenesis.
Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions induce enamel matrix proteins and proteases in the epithelial cells of the rests of Malassez in vitro
Authors: Takahashi Ken , Shimonishi Mitsuru , Wang Rui , Watanabe Hiroatsu , Kikuchi Masahiko
Published: October 2012

Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions influence morphogenesis and cell differentiation in periodontal tissue regeneration. The current study examined the expression of amelogenin, ameloblastin, matrix metallopeptidase‐20 (MMP‐20), and kallikrein‐4 (KLK‐4) and their effects on the interactions between the epithelial cells of Malassez and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Explants of human periodontal ligament tissues produced outgrowths containing both the epithelial cells of Malassez and periodontal ligament fibroblasts after incubation in a modified serum‐free medium. Both the epithelial cells and fibroblasts were co‐cultured in the same dish. The distribution and expression of all four factors were evaluated using immunohistochemistry, in‐situ hybridization and RT‐PCR analysis. The epithelial cells of Malassez were cultured separately and were used as the control. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed weak expression of amelogenin, ameloblastin, MMP‐20 and KLK‐4 in epithelial cells of Malassez co‐cultured with periodontal ligament fibroblasts. in‐situ hybridization and RT‐PCR confirmed significant mRNA expression of these factors in co‐cultured cells compared with control cells. MMP20 mRNA was not expressed in control cells. These results suggest that the epithelial–mesenchymal interactions promote differentiation of human epithelial cells of Malassez and that the induction of enamel matrix proteases facilitates the degradation of enamel matrix proteins.
Synthesis of Ceramic Bonded Carbon Using SiC‐Coated Carbon Particles and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Nakamura Masaharu , Tojo Tetsuro , Naito Makio , Miyamoto Yoshinari
Published: October 2012

A dense SiC coating on carbon particles has been developed using SiO powders as the Si source and a chemical vapor reaction method. The coating process was controlled by atmosphere, coating temperature, time, and weight ratio of SiO/C. The SiC‐coated carbon particles, with a mean particle size of 20 μm, were sintered at 2000°C under 40 MPa for 20 min by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The product, called ceramic bonded carbon (CBC), had a unique microstructure, with a 3D micro‐network structure consisting of carbon particles covered with 1~5 μm thick SiC boundary layers. The sintering behavior of SiC/CBCs was analyzed in terms of the network formation of SiC boundary layers at over 1800°C and the grain growth of SiC at 2000°C. SiC/CBCs showed a bending strength of 150 MPa and a low shore hardness of 40. These materials could also be easily joined to SiC ceramics using SPS.
Supplementation of Citric Acid and Amino Acid Chelated Trace Elements in Low‐Fish Meal Diet for Rainbow Trout Affect Growth and Phosphorus Utilization
Authors: Hernández Adrián J. , Satoh Shuichi , Kiron Viswanath
Published: October 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of citric acid (CA) and amino acid chelated trace elements (AA) on the growth, phosphorus (P) utilization efficiency and loading in rainbow trout fed a diet formulated with a low‐fish meal (FM) concentration. A low‐FM basal diet with or without monocalcium phosphate supplementation served as positive and negative control correspondingly. Dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet supplemented either with 1% CA, AA (equivalent to 40 Zn, 20 Mn, and 4 Cu mg/Kg of diet instead of inorganic trace element mix) or a combination of both. Duplicate groups of 35 fish (13.2 g) were fed until apparent satiation during 12 wk. Group of fish fed diets supplemented with 1% CA or AA had a final growth and feed utilization similar to that observed in fish fed the positive control diet (P > 0.05). P absorption was increased with the addition of CA or AA. P retention efficiency rates for these diets were higher in comparison with the rest of the treatments consequently showing the lowest P loading values (P < 0.05). The results indicate that addition of 1% CA or AA, to a low‐FM diet without inorganic P supplementation enhanced fish growth, P retention, and decreased P load to the environment.
Spawning and Development of Larvae and Juveniles of the Indian Ocean Oriental Sweetlips, Plectorhinchus vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the Aquarium
Authors: Leu Ming‐Yih , Meng Pei‐Jie , Siong Tew Kwee , Kuo Jimmy , Hung Chun‐Chin
Published: October 2012

The aim of this study was to report the successful results on voluntary spawning of Plectorhinchus vittatus, a description of larval and juvenile development stages, and appropriate first‐feed items for pilot‐scale larviculture systems. Spontaneous spawning of P. vittatus in captivity from 11 April to 22 June, 2009, was described for the first time. Over a 73‐d period, the female produced 49 spawns, 75.1% of which resulted in fertile eggs. The average fecundity per spawn was 4170 eggs (range 2090–7080 eggs). Fertilized eggs were spherical, buoyant, and had a diameter of 0.80 ± 0.02 mm (mean ± SD). Newly hatched larvae were 1.90 ± 0.06 mm in total length (TL) with 28 myomeres. Transformation of larvae to the juvenile stage was completed at 9.58 ± 0.69 mm TL. A statistical model: Y = (X× 0.5034) − (X2× 0.0004) − 0.5883, where Y is mean TL (mm) and X represents days post hatch, explained 99.57% of variation in growth (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.9957). The effects of live feed on survival was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in larvae fed a combination of diet (rotifers, copepods, and Artemia) than the others. These results indicate that P. vittatus is a potential species for captive breeding programs and the use of a combination of diet may be a suitable first food for the larviculture.
Growth and Body Composition of Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, Fry Fed Organic Diets Containing Yeast Extract and Soybean Meal as Replacements for Fish Meal, with and without Supplemental Lysine and Methionine
Authors: Trosvik Kimberly A. , Rawles Steven D. , Thompson Kenneth R. , Metts Linda A. , Gannam Ann , Twibell Ronald , Webster Carl D.
Published: October 2012

Quantities of fish meal (FM) have remained level for the past several decades; however, demand has dramatically increased because of its inclusion in all animal production as a high‐quality protein source. Soybean meal (SBM) is the most widely used plant‐protein ingredient for replacing various proportions of FM in aquatic animal diets. However, use of SBM as the sole protein source has often resulted in reduced fish growth. There is a growing segment of consumers who desire organically grown seafood, and tilapia is one of the most‐cultured fish in the world. As tilapia have herbivorous/omnivorous feeding habits, tilapia fed organic diets may allow producers to enter this rapidly developing market. A feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the combination of organic SBM and an organic yeast extract (YE) as complete replacements for FM in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fry diets. Nine diets were formulated to contain various percentages of organic YE (0, 15, 30, and 45%) in combination with organic SBM (84–34%) with and without amino acid (methionine and lysine) supplementation.

At the conclusion of the study, fry fed a control diet containing 20% FM and fry fed a diet containing 45% YE/36%SBM with amino acid supplementation showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate (SGR) compared to those fed all other diets. On the basis of these data, an organic diet which replaces FM with a combination of SBM and YE with added methionine and lysine is commercially feasible and further investigation into the increased use of these two ingredients as protein sources in aquaculture diets is warranted.
Antiviral Effect of Fucoidan Extracted from the Brown Seaweed, Sargassum wightii, on Shrimp Penaeus monodon Postlarvae against White Spot Syndrome Virus
Authors: Sivagnanavelmurugan Madasamy , Marudhupandi Thangapandi , Palavesam Arunachalam , Immanuel Grasian
Published: October 2012

This study was carried out to determine the effect of seaweed polysaccharide, fucoidan from brown seaweed, Sargassum wightii, on Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL) against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The fucoidan was extracted from S. wightii, and the yield was observed as 2.832 ± 0.204%. Artemia franciscana nauplii were enriched with extracted fucoidan at four different concentrations (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) and fed to shrimp P. monodon PL for 20 d. After feeding experiment, the P. monodon PL were challenged with WSSV, and the mortality percentage was recorded daily up to 21 d. During the challenge test, the control PL showed 100% cumulative mortality within 9 d, but the fucoidan‐enriched Artemia nauplii fed groups of PL exhibited 60–94% cumulative mortality within 21 d. The reduction in mortality percentage of experimental groups of PL over control PL was ranged between 33.71 and 61.65%. The polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the concentration‐dependent variation in WSSV infection.
Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa1
Authors: Arbuckle J. Gordon
Published: October 2012

Arbuckle, Jr., J. Gordon, 2012. Clean Water State Revolving Fund Loans and Landowner Investments in Agricultural Best Management Practices in Iowa. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00688.x

Abstract:  Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) loan programs for water quality have traditionally funded infrastructure projects at the community, municipality, or state level. They are increasingly being used to support individual landowner adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) for nonpoint source pollution abatement. In 2005, the Iowa CWSRF initiated the Local Water Protection Program (LWPP) to increase the scope, scale, and rate of agricultural BMP establishment. This research examines the effectiveness of that program through a comparison of survey data from LWPP participants and state cost‐share recipients who were eligible for loans, but did not take them. Loan recipients’ assessments of the program were overwhelmingly positive, with near‐universal satisfaction with both the loan product and process. Results of statistical analyses indicate that loan recipients invested substantially more in conservation than nonrecipients. Evidence suggests that by helping program participants to overcome financial constraints, loans are facilitating larger and accelerated investments in conservation. Although findings indicate that conservation loans can play an important role in funding conservation, loan recipients also still depend on cost‐share. Loans are not necessarily a substitute for traditional forms of conservation funding, but rather another tool that landowners and conservation professionals can employ to facilitate investments in BMPs.
Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary1
Authors: Boomer Kathleen M.B. , Weller Donald E. , Jordan Thomas E. , Linker Lewis , Liu Zhi‐Jun , Reilly James , Shenk Gary , Voinov Alexey A.
Published: October 2012

Boomer, Kathleen M.B., Donald E. Weller, Thomas E. Jordan, Lewis Linker, Zhi‐Jun Liu, James Reilly, Gary Shenk, and Alexey A. Voinov, 2012. Using Multiple Watershed Models to Predict Water, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Discharges to the Patuxent Estuary. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐25. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00689.x

Abstract:  We analyzed an ensemble of watershed models that predict flow, nitrogen, and phosphorus discharges. The models differed in scope and complexity and used different input data, but all had been applied to evaluate human impacts on discharges to the Patuxent River or to the Chesapeake Bay. We compared predictions to observations of average annual, annual time series, and monthly discharge leaving three basins. No model consistently matched observed discharges better than the others, and predictions differed as much as 150% for every basin. Models that agreed best with the observations in one basin often were among the worst models for another material or basin. Combining model predictions into a model average improved overall reliability in matching observations, and the range of predictions helped describe uncertainty. The model average was not the closest to the observed discharge for every material, basin, and time frame, but the model average had the highest Nash–Sutcliffe performance across all combinations. Consistently poor performance in predicting phosphorus loads suggests that none of the models capture major controls. Differences among model predictions came from differences in model structures, input data, and the time period considered, and also to errors in the observed discharge. Ensemble watershed modeling helped identify research needs and quantify the uncertainties that should be considered when using the models in management decisions.
Analysis and Predictive Models of Single‐Family Customer Response to Water Curtailments During Drought1
Authors: Polebitski Austin S. , Palmer Richard N.
Published: October 2012

Polebitski, Austin S. and Richard N. Palmer, 2012. Analysis and Predictive Models of Single‐Family Customer Response to Water Curtailments During Drought. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐12. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00691.x

Abstract:  This research investigates customer response to demand management strategies during two drought periods in the City of Seattle. An analysis of customer response to voluntary water curtailments is conducted using k‐means clustering to identify like groups of customers and behavior patterns. The clustering method identified important variables (household income, lot size, living space, and family size) useful in determining customer response to water curtailments. Ordinary least squares and spatial lag regression models are estimated using the first and second principal components of variables identified in the clustering analysis. Larger values of income, lot size, and living space enhanced water reductions whereas larger family size tended to reduce the effectiveness of curtailments. Projections of changes in Seattle’s built environment and demographics between 2000 and 2030 were obtained from an urban simulation model (UrbanSim) and were processed through the regression models to investigate changes in future curtailment effectiveness. This research found that increasing household size hardened demands (decreased curtailment effectiveness) whereas decreasing household size increased per‐capita curtailment effectiveness. These results suggest that changes in the number of residents within a home is likely to be the most important factor in determining future curtailment effectiveness.
The CHANGE Program: Comparing an Interactive versus Prescriptive Obesity Intervention on University Students' Self‐Esteem and Quality of Life
Authors: Pearson Erin S. , Irwin Jennifer D. , Morrow Don , Hall Craig R.
Published: October 2012

Background: Previous studies incorporating Motivational Interviewing administered via Co‐Active Life Coaching tools (MI‐via‐CALC) have elicited positive results among adults with obesity. However, there is a paucity of this research that includes sufficient power and a comparison group. This study's purpose was to compare MI‐via‐CALC with a validated obesity intervention among university students. Methods: Participants (n = 45) were randomised to either a telephone‐based 12‐week: (a) MI‐via‐CALC program whereby a certified coach worked with subjects to achieve goals through dialogue; or (b) lifestyle modification treatment following the LEARN Program for Weight Management. Participants completed the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale and Short Form Functional Health Status Scale (SF‐36) at baseline, mid‐, and post‐treatment, and 3 and 6 months following the program. Results: Analyses revealed that both conditions elicited significant time effects between baseline and 6 months for self‐esteem and all dimensions of the SF‐36 (e.g. overall health). Conclusions: MI‐via‐CALC compares favorably with LEARN as an obesity treatment. Given that self‐esteem and quality of life are essential for promoting behavior change among individuals with obesity, this study offers unique insights into their change processes. Future research should provide both treatments and allow participants to choose based on their personal preferences, learning styles, and needs.
Assessing competencies and training needs of pharmacy staff to deliver chlamydia screening in community pharmacies
Authors: Kapadia Mufiza Zia , Warner Pamela , Fairhurst Karen , Muir Aileen , Glasier Anna
Published: October 2012

Objective

In the UK community pharmacies have become involved in providing chlamydia testing and treatment (CT&T) to young people. Our objective was to ascertain among pharmacy staff their self-reported competencies and training needs prior to implementation of a pharmacy-based CT&T service.

Methods

Self-complete questionnaires were posted to 166 community pharmacies in Lothian, Scotland. Questions included socio-demographic information and four-point Likert-type scale items addressing self-judged competencies and training needs for the provision of a CT&T service. Each competency item was transformed to a binary variable ‘insufficiently competent’ (comprising responses of ‘not at all’ or ‘somewhat’), and each training need item to a binary variable ‘substantial training need’ (responses of ‘full’ or ‘top-up’ training needed).

Results

Forty-one per cent of the 235 respondents were pharmacists, 32% technicians and 26% counter assistants. In respect of ‘insufficient’ competency, more than half of all staff responses were thus categorised for four competencies regarding offering and giving instructions for screening (60% to 83%), knowing the signs/symptoms of chlamydia (60%), raising the issue of sexual health (58%) and responding to a request for sexual health information (53%). ‘Substantial training need’ was identified for the majority of respondents, for all but two items, highest rates being for the four inter-communicative competencies: giving guidance on use of the kit, offering test to men, or to women, and advising regarding screening (71% to 83%). For pharmacist-only competencies the highest rates of substantial training need were for clarity regarding medico-legal aspects (Fraser guidelines), criteria for referral, and ability to take a sexual history and to review staff competencies for CT&T service (74% to 83%).

Conclusions

Insufficient competency with respect to specifics of service procedure was not surprising, given that no training had yet been given and pharmacists and their support staff had not had any practical experience in the provision of the CT&T service. Substantial training need is particularly indicated for inter-communicative aspects specific to sexual health.
BIOECONOMIC MODEL OF EASTERN BALTIC COD UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT
Authors: THANH NGUYEN VIET
Published: October 2012

Abstract The objective of this paper is to study the economic management of Eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) under the influence of nutrient enrichment. Average nitrogen concentration in the spawning areas during the spawning season of cod stock is chosen to be an indicator of nutrient enrichment. The optimal cod stock is defined using a dynamic bioeconomic model for the cod fisheries. The results show that the current stock level is about half of the estimated optimal stock level and that the current total allowable catch (TAC) is about one‐fourth of the optimal equilibrium yield. The results also indicate that the benefit from a reduction in nitrogen very much depends on the harvest policies. If the TAC is set equal to the optimal equilibrium yield, the benefit of a nitrogen reduction from the 2009 level to the optimal nitrogen level would be about 604 million DKK over a 10‐year time horizon, given a discount rate of 4% per year. However, if a recovery management plan is chosen, the benefit would only be about 49 million DKK over a 10‐year time horizon.
If the Hat Fits: Revisiting Chinese “Neo‐Imperialism” in Africa From a Comparative Historical Perspective
Authors: Hadland Adrian
Published: October 2012

The debate on whether China's relationship with Africa can be characterized as “neo‐imperialist” has focused primarily on the features of the contemporary engagement. This has polarized the field. The debate has not yet made systematic reference to the mechanisms of imperialism through which the original “scramble for Africa” was carried out by colonial powers at the turn of the 20th century. This article carries out this historical comparison, contrasting the imperial partition of Africa around 1880–1914 with current Sino‐African relations. It is evident that there are many similarities, from the multiple agendas of the actors and the role of compradors through to patterns of investment and financing. The article raises questions, however, concerning the utility of the concept of “neo‐imperialism” given its implicit negativity.
South Korea's Reunification Dilemmas
Authors: Jung Jai Kwan , Rector Chad
Published: October 2012

Inter‐Korean relations can be thought of as one long bargaining session over the terms of reunification, in which the South's strategies depend on its perceived bargaining position and on its estimate of the stability of the Northern regime. After developing the analytical framework drawn from the bargaining logic, we analyze the shift in South Korean unification policies from confrontation to peaceful coexistence and the emergence of two competing visions for unification—confederation and absorption. We identify the logical and practical limitations of both confederal and absorptionist strategies and the intrinsic dilemmas that South Korea inevitably faces in pursuing political integration with the North. We conclude that the current South Korean government's unification policy is a move in the direction of an absorptionist strategy, reflecting the considerable barriers to reaching a confederation agreement with Pyongyang.
Synovial folds in equine articular process joints
Authors: Thomsen L. N. , Berg L. C. , Markussen B. , Thomsen P. D.
Published: October 2012

Reasons for performing study

Cervical synovial folds have been suggested as a potential cause of neck pain in humans. Little is known about the extent and characteristics of cervical synovial folds in horses.

Objectives

The objective of this explorative study was to determine the frequency of synovial folds in equine cervical articular process joints and to provide a characterisation of the size and morphology of the synovial folds.

Methods

Equine cervical articular process joints from 6 horses were included in the study, ranging from cervical vertebra 2 (C2) to cervical vertebra 7 (C7) bilaterally. The articular process joints were dissected, and the cranial and caudal synovial folds of each joint were measured and embedded in paraffin. Synovial folds were analysed histologically and classified according to type, as adipose, fibrous and mixed type. Factors potentially influencing fold size were investigated, including joint number (from C2/C3 to C6/C7), fold type, position of fold within the joint (cranial or caudal) and side of neck (right or left).

Results

Synovial folds were identified in 98% of cervical articular process joints examined. The width of the synovial folds varied from 4 to 41 mm, and the height from 1 to 17.8 mm. Thirty‐eight per cent of the synovial folds were of adipose type, 41% of fibrous type and 21% of mixed type. Synovial fold size was significantly influenced by the side of the neck and fold type.

Conclusions and potential relevance

This study provides a characterisation of the frequency, size and morphology of equine cervical synovial folds in 6 horses. Synovial folds were present in 98% of the cervical articular process joints examined, and the size of the synovial folds indicates that they could be damaged by acute injury or chronic disease in the cervical articular process joints.
Pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamic effects of tramadol following intravenous administration to the horse
Authors: Knych H. K. , Corado C. R. , Mckemie D. S. , Steffey E. P.
Published: October 2012

Reasons for performing study

Both the potential analgesic effect and the conflicting reports describing tramadol disposition in the horse warrant further study of the pharmacokinetics of tramadol in this species.

Objectives

To describe the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its metabolites, O‐desmethyltramadol and N‐desmethyltramadol, following i.v. administration of 3 doses to the horse.

Methods

Nine adult horses received a single i.v. dose of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bwt tramadol. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 72 h post administration. Plasma samples were analysed using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry and data analysed using noncompartmental analysis. Chin‐to‐ground distance, heart rate and rhythm, step count and gastrointestinal activity were also assessed.

Results

Maximal measured plasma tramadol concentrations were 454 ± 101.6, 1086.7 ± 330.7 and 1697.9 ± 406.1 ng/ml for 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bwt, respectively. Depending on the dose administered, the tramadol clearance, volume of distribution and half‐life ranged from 24.6 to 25.0 ml/min/kg, 2.66 to 3.33 l/kg and 2.17 to 3.05 h, respectively. Following administration of 0.5, 1.5 and 3 mg/kg bwt tramadol, the maximal measured plasma concentrations of the active metabolite, O‐desmethyltramadol, were 3.9 ± 1.9, 9.6 ± 4.8 and 12.9 ± 5.2 ng/ml, respectively. Muscle fasiculations and tremors were seen following administration of the 2 high doses. No significant changes in chin‐to‐ground distance, heart rate and rhythm, step count and gastrointestinal activity were observed.

Conclusions and potential relevance

This study confirms and extends previous studies describing the pharmacokinetics of tramadol following i.v. administration to the horse. Plasma tramadol concentrations exceeded those necessary for analgesia in human patients; however, further studies are necessary to determine plasma concentrations of tramadol necessary for analgesic efficacy in the horse. These results support further investigation of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol in the horse.