bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thinking Oneself into Nature
Authors: Hodge Thomas P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Ivan Turgenev's personal and literary encounter with Sergei Aksakov, focusing on the philosophical and aesthetic implications of his second review of Aksakov's classic hunting treatise, then turns to Turgenev's story “The Inn” as an unyielding embodiment of the principles set forth in the review. For Turgenev, Aksakov represented an admirable model of unselfconscious, ecotropic nature description that was nonetheless difficult for him to follow. The chapter also discusses the governing contrast for Turgenev that is not typically center versus periphery, but who is subordinated versus who subordinates. It also talks about Turgenev's scorn for the anthropotropic mode and his most direct and profound observations about the natural world.
Nature and Nidification
Authors: Hodge Thomas P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces Ivan Turgenev's venatically informed exploitation of natural elements in the fiction he created during the ten years that followed his intimate involvement with Sergei Aksakov's work: nature illuminates the aspiration, fear, victimization, and frustrated love that suffuse these texts. The story “Journey to the Forest-Belt” and novels Rudin and A Gentry Nest are the chief focus of the chapter. The chapter describes “Journey to the Forest-Belt,” one of Turgenev's most powerful explorations of the human interaction with the natural environment, as a transitional work that looked back at the last-written Notes of a Hunter stories and forward to his post-Aksakovian techniques. It discusses the three meanings of the koromyslo as a literary device: first as dragonflies, second as the way females bend the abdomen when males approach if the females are not ready to mate, and third as the balance beam of a traditional beam scale.
Life at the Lek
Authors: Hodge Thomas P.
Published: May 2021

This chapter tackles the major works that brought Ivan Turgenev's most fertile period to a close: On the Eve, First Love, and Fathers and Children. It gives a detailed summary of the three novels, and discusses the hunter's conception of nesting and mating which dominates these final two chapters. The chapter investigates zoological, botanical, and celestial motifs as well as Turgenev's deft use of hunting lore, history, language, music, religion, philosophy, classical mythology, and folk culture to enrich his complex narratives. For Turgenev, mating is a moment when opposed elements come together, when the precise fulcrum of nature's balance is readily detectable, and the suitability of a potential mate is exposed.
Birding in Traffic
Authors: Rosen Jonathan
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes how the author took a subway to Union Square Park to see a bird they had never seen. The bird, a Scott's oriole, had been noted intermittently behind the statue of Mohandas Gandhi since December, though it took birders several weeks to figure out that it was not in fact an orchard oriole — which would have been unusual enough for winter in Manhattan. Scott's oriole is a bird of the Southwest and has never been recorded in New York. The chapter then discusses the point of bird-watching. “Nature” is not necessarily elsewhere. It is the person holding the binoculars, as much as the bird in the tree, and it is the intersection of these two creatures. Birding in city parks evokes much the same sensation. The parks, and the cities around them, may be human-made, but the wildlife that flashes through is no less real.
Buried Birds
Authors: Bradfield Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins by illustrating how the author saw a Sooty shearwater while standing on a boat with no land on the horizon. The bird reminds the author of the freedom a child-body has. Other pelagic species also move the author. Working as a naturalist aboard a small boat in the Gulf of California one winter, after hours on deck staring at water, the author spotted a Xantus's murrelet. The author loves sea birds because of their differences from “regular” land-based birds. But preference is for the many species of pelagic birds who hide their lives on land. The ones like prions who bury themselves to lay an egg, whose chicks hunker in the dark until fledging or trundle out to sea before they can even fly. These birds know how dangerous earth can be.
The Problem with Pretty Birds
Authors: Furman Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter claims that the problem with pretty birds is that they are so hard to ignore. It recounts how the author saw a painted bunting alight on their bird feeder while he was arguing with his wife about their respective workplace obligations. The painted bunting is not merely pretty; it is ridiculously pretty. Nonpareil, the French name for the bird, means “without equal.” It is hard to fathom that such a bird has evolved over millennia, existed, and exists, alongside scruffier sparrows and finches and flycatchers in North America. It is in moments like these, when a pretty bird interrupts an irascible mood, that the author is reminded of how poor a watcher he is, or has become in his harried adulthood.
Little Brown Birds
Authors: Bohannon Richard
Published: May 2021

This chapter narrates the author's trip to western North Dakota's Bakken region, where he was mapping out habitat fragmentation caused by the recent surge in oil development. The research was really just an excuse to go out birding for a few days. Two birds are confined to the northern mixed-grass prairie: the Baird's sparrow and the Sprague's pipit. Both are small, brown birds, not terribly charismatic — what birders call LBJs or “little brown jobs” — and both are declining in population. The chapter then discusses how oil development occurs with seeming abandon in the Bakken and is only lightly regulated. Despite a history of progressivism and socialism in the American prairies, North Dakota today is essentially a one-party state — an explicitly oil-friendly Republican Party has held the governorship and both houses of the state legislature for years. Unlike resistance in parts of the East Coast, there have been no large-scale protests in North Dakota, save resistance to the pipeline by the Standing Rock reservation.
Competition between Legal Publicity and the Press
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses media coverage of public executions. When executions were still visible, starting in the second half of the nineteenth century, publicity most often took the shape of straightforward newspaper accounts. This was how most contemporaries had access to descriptions of the death penalty. The chapter continues that it is useful to start the analysis by looking at how executions were historically depicted in the press. The press played a large part in public debate: it gave executions a specific image that was shaped by its own professional standards and style. The press also sought to compete with the legal publicity regime in the hope of being the primary source of information once official publicity was eliminated. The chapter discusses the editorial templates in execution narratives, the stereotypes of the popular scandal, the “Troppmann Moment,” the illegitimate attitude of the crowd, and the newspapers' advocacy to eliminate the publicity of executions.
Watching Executions
Authors: Taïeb Emmanuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the culture of watching executions. Much like the figure of the executioner, the entire staging of the executionary process came to seem both commonplace and outdated. New uses of the executionary spectacle began to emerge and quickly escaped the authorities' control. In addition to providing us with numerous archival sources, the “sensitive men” who observed public executions while repeatedly decrying the spectacle unwittingly illustrated important shifts in the psychological landscape of the turn of the twentieth century: the urban space was seen as the site of interactions from which violence and overly strong emotions were banned. The chapter discusses the executioner being transformed into an ordinary figure, the controversial embodiment of political violence, and the desacralizing of the executioner. Due to the feelings provoked by executions, such as squeamishness and concern for the condemned, there was a growing refusal of the public to be subjected to violent and unpleasant emotions.
Jewish Frontkämpfer and the Nazi Volksgemeinschaft
Authors: Geheran Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the changes to Jewish war veterans' legal status after the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 and the ways in which many of these men tried to retain their sense of Germanness in the face of intensifying state-sponsored terror and persecution. Although the Nazis succeeded in banning Jews from the civil service and most veterans' organizations, this did not mean that Jewish veterans were abruptly cast to the margins of German public life. Not all Germans shared Himmler's radical vision of a racially purified Volksgemeinschaft. This inconsistency in experience — persecution on the one hand, and limited solidarity with the German public on the other — obscured the gravity of the Nazi threat, leading many Jewish veterans to contemplate accommodation with the Third Reich.
Business as Usual in Preparing for Death
Authors: McGuire Brian Patrick
Published: May 2021

This chapter shows how the last years of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, from 1150 until his death on 20 August 1153, were spent in a flurry of activities that provide little indication that he was a dying man. Indeed, he was still involving himself in matters outside the Cistercian Order, so his commitment hardly reflects the situation of someone in the process of dying. Bernard seems to have suffered from some kind of gastric disturbance, perhaps a result of his ascetic way of life. It is something of a wonder that a man who for years had experienced stomach cramps and could hardly consume food or drink, could continue to be active for such a long time. Bernard refused to make any concessions to his own weakness and went ahead with his concerns, dictating one letter after another. One can assume that for the most part he had to remain at Clairvaux during these years, except for a final excursion that brought him to the city of Metz in what today is the north of France. Bernard was tireless, willing, perhaps obsessed with responding to requests for help from other churchman.
Fifteen Questions about Bernard: The Background for My Portrait
Authors: McGuire Brian Patrick
Published: May 2021

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
“Very Awful and Amazing”
Authors: Moyer Paul B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter brings into focus witch panics that stood apart in terms of their scale and intensity from more ordinary instances of occult crime. It sheds light on a variety of accusers who often helped trigger episodes of witch panics. It also analyses supposedly bewitched individuals whose distinct social profile and startling symptoms of supernatural affliction distinguished them from other victims of black magic. The chapter talks about Elizabeth Kelly who died in 1662 at the age of eight after being pinched, pricked, and choked by an assailant only she could see and who she identified as a near neighbor, Judith Ayers. It emphasizes how Elizabeth Kelly's death helped trigger an epidemic of fear and suspicion that led to the largest witch hunt in New England before the Salem crisis of 1692.
Not All Human Rights Have Norms
Authors: Jurkovich Michelle
Published: May 2021

This chapter builds on the insight of the international anti-hunger advocacy that does not fit the expectations of dominant models. It explains how it is possible that the behavior of international anti-hunger advocacy varies from the expectations of the human rights and advocacy literatures. It also evaluates the normative environment in which international anti-hunger advocates work. The chapter argues that there is no norm around hunger or the right to food among top international anti-hunger organizations and theorizes an advocacy in issue areas that lack a norm. It provides additional conceptual tools to make sense of the social and moral environments in which activists are working, articulating the distinction between norms, moral principles, and supererogatory standards.
Hunger at the Nexus of Rights and Development
Authors: Jurkovich Michelle
Published: May 2021

This chapter explains why there is no anti-hunger norm and why some rights may struggle to generate norms. It considers what constitutes a human right and how issues that sit at the nexus of development and human rights struggle to develop socially shared expectations of appropriate behavior by specific actors. It also argues that one of the most significant obstacles to the development of an anti-hunger norm is the issue's placement at the nexus of development and human rights frameworks. The chapter elaborates how human rights meets development nexus, which can be challenging to navigate as development and human rights frameworks understand responsibility for hunger amelioration in different ways. It discusses food as a human right that is codified in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and seen as one of the world's greatest development problems.
Hysterics and Other Patients
Authors: Bennette Rebecca Ayako
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about the standard narrative concerning wartime psychiatry in Germany that is found throughout the literature of the previous decades. It explains the medical literature of World War I and the actual treatment files of soldiers who were seen by psychiatrists. It also mentions historians that see 1916 as a pivotal moment in the success of the hysteria diagnosis in which questions emerged on how to understand or treat shell-shocked soldiers. The chapter reviews the belief of many psychiatrists that the weak wills and pension desires of reluctant soldiers were to blame for their “real” wartime horrors. It reveals the significant space for agency that even traumatized soldiers had, even though they were placed in hospitals or other mental institutions for treatment.
Introduction
Authors: Streicher Ruth
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how counterinsurgency practices contribute to producing Thailand as an imperial formation: a modern state formation with roots in the premodern Buddhist empire of Siam that secures its survival by constructing the southern Muslim population as essentially and hierarchically different. Reinforcing notions of the racialized, religious, and gendered Otherness of Patani, counterinsurgency thus fuels the very conflict it has been designed to resolve. From this perspective, it is possible to understand the marginalization of the southern conflict in official discourse, the denials of obvious connections between the insurgency and the August 2016 bombings, and the culturalization of a deeply political conflict as integral parts of imperial policing practices. The counterinsurgency motto “Understanding, Reaching Out, Development” has guided military operations in the southern region under various governments and juntas, and it encapsulates how counterinsurgency discourse is predicated on and produces the essentialized differences of the southern population. Most conspicuously, the motto positions Thai military as the paternal caretaker of the South and relocates the causes of insurgent violence in the differences of the southern population.
Policing History
Authors: Streicher Ruth
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines a handbook produced for military officers stationed in the South, relating some of its central notions to an imperial construction of history in the modern Thai state formation that simultaneously erases the state's conquest of the Islamic sultanate while marking Patani as its Muslim feminized Other. The epistemological grounds on which the handbook rests are central to the whole military project of building understanding. In this narrative, Patani emerges as an ancient Buddhist land incorporated into Siam by mere administrative reform, Siam's crushing of the legal and political power of the former Islamic sultanate is elided, and the Patani population is characterized as adhering to a private Muslim culture. Based on this narrative, the handbook constructs state officers as paternal protectors of the southern population. The military aligning itself with objectivity is especially noteworthy in a conflict region where claims to knowledge — about history, in particular — are among the stated reasons for violence, and in a country where the government restricts open discussions about Patani's history.
We Walk
Authors: Lutz Amy S. F.
Published: May 2021

In this collection of essays, the author writes openly about her experience as a mother of a now twenty-one-year-old son with severe autism. The author's human emotion drives through each page and challenges commonly held ideas that define autism either as a disease or as neurodiversity. The book is inspired by the author's own questions: What is the place of intellectually and developmentally disabled people in society? What responsibilities do we, as citizens and human beings, have to one another? Who should decide for those who cannot decide for themselves? What is the meaning of religion to someone with no abstract language? Exploring these questions, the book examines social issues such as inclusion, religion, therapeutics, and friendship through the lens of severe autism. In a world where public perception of autism is largely shaped by the “quirky geniuses” featured on television shows like The Big Bang Theory and The Good Doctor, this book demands that we center our debates about this disorder on those who are most affected by its impacts.
Victors Defeated
Authors: Crotty Martin , Diamant Neil J. , Edele Mark
Published: May 2021

This chapter look at cases that complicate any simple correlation between victorious wars and veterans' high postwar status. It examines the United States and the United Kingdom after World War I, the United Kingdom after World War II, Soviet veterans after both world wars, and China. It also elaborates how victory did not prevent many former soldiers from feeling betrayed by their governments, and often by society as well. The chapter discusses American World War I veterans that point to some gains after a limited contribution to the war effort and after many years of agitation. It describes the United Kingdom, long-suffering frontoviki in the USSR, and China's veterans that languished in obscurity for decades despite having paid a far higher price for their victory.
Utopian Visions in 1988
Authors: Demshuk Andrew
Published: May 2021

This chapter exhibits how architect Dietmar Fischer hosted a holistic planning endeavor that meant to restore Leipzig as a national, even global, showpiece in 1988. It illustrates how the city could be saved in an international architectural competition whose optimistic mood and utopian outcomes were suppressed from public view. It also talks about how Fischer and his BCA colleagues celebrated the potential in Leipzig's omnipresent urban ruins and embraced the global thrust toward reshaping modern design to integrate historical elements. The chapter explains why Fischer tirelessly campaigned for an international urban planning competition for Leipzig's historic center in 1988. It refers to local art historian and preservation patriot Thomas Topfstedt, who implies that the collectives that took part in the 1988 competition built many castles in the air.
Introduction
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the Soviet Union as the focus of evil in the modern world and, most famously, an evil empire. It mentions General Secretary Iuriĭ Andropov, who implied that Ronald Reagan had nothing to say but profanities alternated with hypocritical preaching on the Soviet Union and looks at an article in Pravda that summed up Andropov's foreign-policy as nuclear insanity. It also explains the Cold War's improbable and unpredictable end, such as Reagan rejecting the failed foreign-policy doctrines of containment. The chapter talks about Mikhail Gorbachev, whose new thinking transformed the Soviet Union and transcended the East–West confrontation. It illustrates the Cold War's denouement between 1985 and 1991 that is regularly cited as a textbook case of long-standing adversaries setting aside prior disagreements and beginning to cooperate.
Conclusion
Authors: Miles Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts how foreign policymakers operate in a world shaped by the end of the Cold War when the Soviet flag was lowered one last time over the Kremlin in 1991. It traces the events from 1985 to 1991 as the story of a crumbling Soviet Union and a United States that inexorably headed for its unipolar moment. It also elaborates why Washington has not done as it pleased in the world, such as expanding NATO eastward and dismissing Moscow's protestations. The chapter explores how expanding the temporal scope of the end of the Cold War makes for a very different story as taking five earlier years into account changes the picture. It highlights the Soviet Union trying desperately to stop its decline and remain a coequal superpower to the United States, and the United States being keen to speed Moscow's decay, which is a dramatic reversal of fortunes that left an indelible mark on the minds of Kremlin policymakers today.
Capitalism as Envy-Machine
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that the dominant affect of late global capitalism is not egoism, as is commonly held, but envy. The social inequality inherent in capitalist accumulation in the global South (and North) breeds a mix of coveting and malice, so that it is not just that those on top of the social hierarchy must win but equally that those on the bottom must lose, generating enjoyment (jouissance) on both sides. The chapter focuses on two contemporary manifestations of such an envy-machine. The first is consumption, which exploits the urge to “keep up with the Joneses.” The second is corruption, born of socioeconomic resentment and aspiration. Each case involves enjoyment — both in envying and being envied — thus helping to reproduce capitalist development and social inequality.
The Racist Enjoyments and Fantasies of International Development
Authors: Kapoor Ilan
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores racist enjoyments and fantasies of international development. The small size of the literature on racism in international development is revealing of the relative silence on the issue in this field. There is repeated exclamation in this same literature about such silence, yet with nary a reference to the unconscious. What appears to be missing is precisely a psychoanalytic understanding of this silence. Although scholars underline a general reticence in talking about racism in development, they proceed to speak about it even so, pointing out the many ways in which it manifests. Yet it seems difficult to understand how racism can be both denied and furtively confessed without recourse to the notion of the unconscious. In fact, “a silence that nonetheless speaks” is the very psychoanalytic definition of the unconscious. Moreover, what remains unexplained is why such racism cannot be publicly or “officially” uttered. Could it be because the racism that supports development is obscene? Is it because development is sustained, willy-nilly, by alluring (unconscious) fantasies of domination and white supremacy, with the result that people actually enjoy racism? Is this why racism cannot be easily admitted (or eliminated)?
Life in Sunnier Climes
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses the sudden flight of the author's father from their Midwest family farm. For a Middle American in the 1950s traveling to the Sunshine State meant traveling to a sort of terra incognita. In his escape, the author's father has defied logic. He is leaving home rather than coming back to tie up loose ends, as do the archetypal heroes of old. But if it is possible for a person to be born out of time, an old soul, then surely it must be possible to be born out of place, a displaced soul. Maybe in fleeing the farm for Florida, the author's father is returning to the home that might have been had his parents chosen to settle permanently in the Sunshine State rather than perennially snowbird their brood from the frozen Midwest.
Springtime on the Prairie
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes springtime on the prairie. Canadian geese ply flyways, check ancestral routes against hard memories, against ribbons of rivers. They herald the season, trumpeting the first push of Gulf air. Those who do not live to see first thaw keep the funeral parlors busy. The chapter then talks about the arrival of monks, émigrés come from out of state to tend the monastery's hardwood groves. The monks have become naturalized citizens of a state that specializes in death and dying. For a price, the monks of the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance are pleased to offer an exclusive line of custom-designed caskets and urns for University of Notre Dame alumni and their families.
Exhuming the Regionalist Body
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the author's quest to find the memorial stone of the man who is arguably the Midwest's most forgotten regionalist poet: Jay Sigmund. As of his untimely passing in 1937 at the age of fifty-one, Jay Sigmund had authored at least six volumes of poetry and four books of short fiction, an output made doubly impressive by the demands of his day job as an insurance executive in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Today, Jay Sigmund's Waubeek amounts to a ghost of a town, an unincorporated huddle of weathered buildings hugging the south bank of the Wapsipinicon River. Even internet searches come back mostly empty save for the place's coordinates, roads, and time zone. And yet Sigmund grew up there, and later made a summer home in Waubeek in the midst of a successful insurance career. The author sought out the Sigmund memorial stone hard beside the local watering hole in part because the author made it a personal goal to exhume and resurrect the forgotten literary voices of the native Midwest.
Cornfield Cathedrals
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Foxfield Golf Course, run by two unpaid employees, a father and a son. Some say this cornfield mecca never really existed, apart from some inexpensive business cards printed once upon a time. And yet the author played it day after day. However, Foxfield is no more. Theologians, mystics, literary theorists, and quacks insist people become pilgrims only when they realize what they lack. A pilgrimage is a journey undertaken in light of a story. The author then talks about how they wanted to go back to their home farm. After thirty-odd years of such middling Middle Americanism, of Protestant work ethic and prudence bordering on Puritanical, the author was ready to be a true pilgrim, to do what pilgrims do: travel across the burning sands in search of a mecca.
Dovesong
Authors: Jack Zachary Michael
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes the mourning dove's funerary dirge. For the first time in nearly a century, open season has been declared on the dove. Amendments fail to outlaw the lead bullet or set the kill zone back from homes. The chief executive signs the bill in the company of lobbyists from the National Rifle Association. These five ounces of meat with wings are purported to bring seven million dollars into governmental coffers. Ultimately, forty-one of fifty states favor open season on the dove of mourning, making them, in effect, sitting ducks. The chapter then explores how the debate over open season on the mourning dove heralds the coming of the culture wars.
Introduction
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter looks at the conscious effort by architectural practices to consider archives as the computer entered the world of design practice in the 1980s, of which many architects developed an awareness and concern about their legacy. It talks about offices and large firms that began investing effort in organizing and cataloguing their archives systematically. It also demonstrates a different process that shows how architects keep traces of the recent past, traces of practice, as they increasingly pay attention to the importance of archives. The chapter analyzes the mechanisms of constructing archives and the process of archiving as keys for understanding how historical sources in architecture are established. It examines what it means to be an archivist of architecture, which tends to come from the archivists themselves, rather than from professional architects or researchers interested in the practices of archiving.
Archive Fevers
Authors: Yaneva Albena
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews several developments in the social sciences and the arts that date back to the 1990s and motivated this study of archives as practice. It refers to Jacques Derrida and Paul Ricoeur as key protagonists that led to the rethinking of the role of archiving as a tool of memory. It also details the emergence of the trend of “archival ethnography,” which witnessed the advent of the archival turn in anthropology. The chapter elaborates how archival scholarship took an empirical turn in the mid-1990s, coinciding with the “archive fever” in the arts and the “archival turn” in anthropology that opened venues for investigating architectural archiving. It explores the realm of architectural practice wherein the computer radically changed working dynamics and led to the practice's own archival turn in the mid-1990s.
The Psycho-Spiritual Turn
Authors: Marullo Thomas Gaiton
Published: May 2021

This chapter centers on Fyodor Dostoevsky's final break with Vissarion Belinsky and his circle, as well as his increasing struggles to stay afloat, internally and externally. It provides a unifying analysis of the novels The Double, Mr. Prokharchin, The Landlady, and A Novel in Nine Letters, which Dostoevsky wrote in 1847. It also explains how the lead characters in Dostoevsky's novels confused readers with timeworn portrayals of mania and madness, roguery, and romance that related little to contemporary life. The chapter explains The Double, Mr. Prokharchin, The Landlady, and A Novel in Nine Letters as a significant exercise in which Dostoevsky probed minds, hearts, and souls to understand human faults and failings. It talks about Dostoevsky's assertion that his four works did not portray political, social, and economic injustices that wreaked havoc on society, but rather the psychological and spiritual traumas of individuals that eroded humankind.
Civilization and Enlightenment
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the introduction of intermarriage between Koreans and Japanese as a public discourse in the early twentieth century, starting in the Japanese protectorate period from 1905 to 1910. It examines the colonial government documents and newly launched Japanese-language media. It also looks at readings of novels by Yi Injik in the genre of the so-called New Novel and of Yi Kwangsu's early short stories. The chapter then explores the discourse that propagated the idea of Korean–Japanese intimacy as an important part of the Korean assimilation into the newly dominant Japanese civilization. It explains how the violence of the Japanese Empire has overshadowed the existence of intimate and familial Korean–Japanese relationships since the colonial period.
Under the Same Roof
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the ruling elites' discourse on intermarriage in literature and the media in the late 1910s and the 1920s. It discusses the Korean media that published topics ranging from the legalization of Korean–Japanese marriage to the future of intermarriage in the wake of the 1920 royal marriage between a Korean prince, Yi Ŭn, and a Japanese blueblood, Nashimotonomiya Masako. It also talks about the influence of the ruling elites' intermarriage that continues to be evident in fictional narratives by Yŏm Sangsŏp. The chapter reviews Sangsŏp's novella Nam Ch'ungsŏ in 1927, which is a story about a rich family in Seoul. It analyses how contemporary Korean writers portrayed upper-class Korean–Japanese mixed homes and families.
Romance and Colonial Universalism
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the romantic engagements of Korean–Japanese couples by looking at stories that do not emphasize the assimilation of Koreans. It analyzes the work of the major colonial-era writer Yi Hyosŏk, who is known for his modernist style and rustic portraits of country landscapes. It also discusses Yi's later works that often feature the Japanese Empire's expansionism and interracial romances, such as romance and marriage between Koreans and Japanese and between Koreans and Russians. The chapter elaborates how Yi is considered the single most important writer to recognize the colonial intimacy among imperial subjects in the context of the Japanese expansion into Manchuria. It offers close readings of Yi's short story “Azami no shō” and his novel Midori no tō and compares them to his other works.
Postcolonial Interracial Intimacy
Authors: Kim Su Yun
Published: May 2021

This chapter discusses postcolonial intimacy by surveying post-1945 cultural productions on Korean–Japanese intermarriage. It offers a short sketch of the construction of the postcolonial memory of colonial intimacy in South Korean popular culture and analyzes the normalization of Korean patriarchal narratives about Korean–Japanese relationships. It also reviews the “Hyŏnhaet'an” narrative with the movie Hyŏnhaet'an Ŭn algoitta in 1961 and the post-1998 lifting of the ban on Japanese culture in South Korea, particularly the differences between the reception of the Japanese film Hotaru in Japan and Korea. The chapter looks at the 2010s, with the movies Tŏkhye ongju (The last princess), Agassi (The handmaiden), and Pak Yŏl (Anarchist from colony). It recounts the Korean War and the Cold War politics that dominated both North and South for the next few decades and impeded the decolonization process in the Korean Peninsula.
Kurbskii and the Historians
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on Prince Andrei Mikhailovich Kurbskii, who was descended from the princes of Yaroslavl´ and was remotely connected to the family of the Tsaritsa Anastasia. It covers Kurbskii's successful military career, of which he served both in the sieges of Kazan´ and in the Livonian war a year before his flight to Poland-Lithuania on April 30, 1564. It also cites History of Ivan IV which documents Kurbskii's own accounts of his military career. The chapter examines the interpretations by three of the most influential Russian historians: Karamzin, Solov´ev, and Kliuchevskii in relation to Kurbskii's role in Russian history. It explores fine points of interpretation and small increments of meaning that the three Russian historians had laid over or injected into the words of the Kurbskii statements.
Moscow—The Third Rome or the New Israel?
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews recent events in the former Soviet Union that have stimulated the rethinking of many previously axiomatic notions about the past and present of Russia. It also looks at situations in Russia that created a propitious environment for the famous idea that sixteenth-century Russians thought of themselves as inhabitants of “the Third Rome.” It also explains how the Third Rome helped to create the impression that Muscovite Russia was exotic and expansionist, a worthy predecessor of the evil empire that occupied people's attention in the 1980s and before. The chapter cites the flaws of the conventional notion that the Third Rome theory is an early justification for Russian expansionism. It points out the relative scarcity of evidence for the Third Rome theme in Muscovite sources, especially in sources that originated before the 1590s.
Advice, Advisers, and Courtiers Decision Making and Advice in the Royal Book of the Illustrated Chronicle Compilation
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter investigates the problem of advice and advisers in the political culture of Muscovy, which was found to be vitally important to the various authors of the tales about the Time of Troubles. It shows that consultation with advisers, together with other legitimizing factors, was a crucial ingredient in the Illustrated Chronicle Compilation (ICC) when depicting proper judicial procedure prior to punishment. It also discusses ICC artists that were careful to represent the legitimating features of legal procedure, which were notably absent in cases of violence processed outside the official legal system. The chapter focuses on the imagery in the ICC that depict crucial moments in the succession from Vasilii III to Ivan IV. It confirms whether the pattern of presenting the monarch together with its advisers holds true for the ICC.
Muscovy
Authors: Rowland Daniel B.
Published: May 2021

This chapter reviews the nature of the Russian polity in the early modern period and the nature and function of political thought within that polity. It looks at interpretations of the early modern period that became the subject of government supervision following the 1917 Revolution, which had the effect of imposing a crude Marxist framework on interpretations of Muscovite history and Muscovite political thought. It also cites texts on political subjects that were seen as products of a class war, chiefly between proponents of the centralizing government and supporters of a conservative boyar opposition. The chapter talks about historians in the West that oppose the formerly dominant image of an all-powerful government commanding a powerless, supine society. It analyses the cultural context for political thinking in Muscovy that was neglected by political necessity in the Soviet Union.
The Rise and Demise of a Developmental State Studio
Authors: Lee Sangjoon
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces five motion picture studios that stood out in Asia at the beginning of the 1960s, such as Shin Films in South Korea, GMP and CMPC in Taiwan, and Shaw Brothers and MP&GI in Hong Kong and Singapore. It examines how film studios in the region aspired to implement the rationalized and industrialized system of mass-producing motion pictures known as the Hollywood studio system. It also explains that the Hollywood studio system evolved in the United States to handle film production, distribution, and exhibition during the first three decades of the twentieth century. The chapter recounts how the studio system became a highly efficient system that produced feature films, newsreels, animations, and shorts to supply its mass-produced motion pictures to subsidized theaters. It describes Fordism as the famous American system of mass production with particular American circumstances.
The Un-Heideggerian Core of Marcuse’s Most Heideggerian Text
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter argues that Herbert Marcuse's Freiburg writings formed a continuous effort to redirect Martin Heidegger's philosophical revolution from solipsistic existentialism toward a critical theory of capitalism or concrete philosophy. It discusses how Marcuse did not see himself simply as criticizing Heidegger but rather persuading him to recognize the social-critical, Hegelian-Marxist elements of Being and Time. It also sheds new light on Lucien Goldmann's famous claim about Heidegger's debt to Georg Lukács by showing that Marcuse had suspected such debt in the 1920s. The chapter looks at Marcuse's experience as part of the failed socialist revolution in Germany after World War I that is crucial in understanding why he could become enthusiastic about Heidegger. It mentions Marcuse's goal to reconstruct the philosophical premises of Marxism.
The Hegel Debate
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter delves into Herbert Marcuse's ignored reception of Martin Heidegger's lectures by reconstructing the debate about Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel between Marcuse's Hegel book and Heidegger's Hegel lectures. It suggests that the Hegel debate formed the most interesting dimension of Marcuse's Freiburg period. It also elaborates how Marcuse and Heidegger sought to articulate their emerging positions in concrete philosophy and the history of being through a contestation with Hegel. The chapter explains how Heidegger had judged Hegel's debate of history in Being and Time as the unfolding of spirit that is an exact opposite of his own concern with human finitude. It cites Marcuse's argument that the early Hegel understood by “life” is not a feature of the world spirit but of finite human existence.
Stakes of the Hegel Debate
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter weighs the stakes of the Hegel debate by questioning why Martin Heidegger ended up rejecting Herbert Marcuse's study. It contends the impossibility to separate the philosophical debate over Hegel given Heidegger's turn to radical conservatism in the late 1920s and the recent appearance of the Black Notebooks. It also relates the Davos debate in Peter E. Gordon's reading to Heidegger's changing political sensibilities. The chapter looks at Theodor W. Adorno's lifelong and ambivalent struggle with Heidegger as he judged Being and Time as fascist right down to its innermost components. It analyses Jargon der Eigentlichkeit (The Jargon of Authenticity) from 1964, which stated that Heidegger's book acquired its aura by describing the directions of the dark drives of the intelligentsia before 1933.
“What Is the Human Being?”
Authors: Immanen Mikko
Published: May 2021

This chapter talks about Theodor W. Adorno's inaugural address that scrutinized the dominant philosophical trends from scientifically minded positivism of the Vienna Circle and various schools of neo-Kantianism. It examines Adorno's declaration that it is mandatory to reject the illusion that the power of thought is sufficient to grasp the totality of the real. It also details how Adorno challenged the popular opinion that Martin Heidegger's Being and Time marked the beginning of a new concrete philosophy, declaring that Heidegger too aims at ahistorical truth. The chapter discusses Heidegger's rejection of Hegelianism, neo-Kantianism, and Husserlian phenomenology and his turn toward a worldly Dasein. It cites Adorno's concession that the critique of his habilitation study by the representatives of fundamental ontology forced him to articulate better the philosophical theory that had guided his study.
The Gold-Exchange Standard and Imperial Competition in China, 1901–1905
Authors: Dean Austin
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the intellectual and policy debates among Qing officials about the dynasty's place in the world monetary system. It recounts the continued shift to the gold and gold-exchange standard in the late nineteenth century that occurred in the background of changing economic and political conditions. It also discusses the emergence of currency blocs tied to the pound, dollar, and yen, and the falling price of silver after the Boxer Indemnity in 1901. The chapter identifies figures in China that understood the gold-exchange standard's practical, economic, and symbolic meanings in different ways, such as Zhang Zhidong, who believed that adopting the gold-exchange standard would extend foreign control of Chinese finances. It covers the periodic financial panics, falling prices, and a general move to the gold and gold-exchange standards that defined the global political economy of the late nineteenth century.
Afterword
Authors: Trask Michael
Published: May 2021

This afterword reflects on the afterlife of neo-idealism and clarifies the author's stance on questions of social justice, utilitarian ethics, and the nearly universal repudiation of statism. The author's argument has been focused on the degree to which the collective consciousness that formed a staple of the New Social Movements — perhaps its key catalyst — gives way in seventies culture to a profound displacement onto subjectivity. But it would be a mistake to see this as a perversion of sixties thinking. The appeal to subjectivity was always the latent grounding of social change among important movements of that earlier decade; hence the coming to dominance of identity politics in the generation after the sixties. It is no surprise that the effort to reclaim consciousness's underappreciated power in sixties discourses should give rise to celebrations of unfettered power in seventies thinking. The afterword examines how the market became the megastructure for a wide array of antistatist impulses.
Gender, Greatness, and the “Third Generation”
Authors: Corbett Mary Jean
Published: May 2021

This chapter argue that Virginia Woolf's Night and Day marks an effort as a third-generation daughter to represent and work through the literary and personal legacy of her antecedents. It elaborates how Woolf excised significant parts of a late-Victorian legacy from the literary-historical narrative that Night and Day shaped for its readers. It also analyses Woolf's deliberate framing of her own relation to a dominant strand of the English novelistic tradition in “maternal generation.” The chapter discusses the view of late-Victorian literary production that Woolf helped to construct that became more homogeneous than what Ann Ardis, Sally Ledger, Lyn Pykett, Talia Schaffer, and Margaret D. Stet created. It highlights Woolf's essays, reviews, and novels that created a gulf between the Georgians and their immediate predecessors, the Edwardian materialists.
The Laziness Myth
Authors: Jeske Christine
Published: May 2021

When people cannot find good work, can they still find good lives? By investigating this question in the context of South Africa, where only 43 percent of adults are employed, this book invites readers to examine their own assumptions about how work and the good life do or do not coincide. The book challenges the widespread premise that hard-work determines success by tracing the titular “laziness myth,” a persistent narrative that disguises the systems and structures that produce inequalities while blaming unemployment and other social ills on the so-called laziness of particular class, racial, and ethnic groups. The book offers evidence of the laziness myth's harsh consequences, as well as insights into how to challenge it with other South African narratives of a good life. In contexts as diverse as rapping in a library, manufacturing leather shoes, weed-whacking neighbors' yards, negotiating marriage plans, and sharing water taps, the people described in the book will stimulate discussion on creative possibilities for seeking the good life in and out of employment, in South Africa and elsewhere.
Failure in Paris, Success in Geneva
Authors: Mantilla Giovanni
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on politics of social pressure, particularly those enacted and channeled in processes and procedures of multilateral codification for the making of international law. It reviews the historical development of the rules of the international humanitarian law (IHL) for internal conflict, which began in the mid-nineteenth century and codified decades later until it has changed the normative fabric of world politics. It also discusses the origins and negotiation of the law of internal conflict in which international rules are considered essential laws of humanity that are deployed to good effect in prominent controversies. The chapter provides the political genealogy of human rights' wartime sibling, the international law of internal armed conflict, which remains untold and unduly obscure. It cites development of IHL that mirrors the transformation of international society and global politics over the last century and a half.