bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Big‐sized trees overrule remaining trees' attributes and species richness as determinants of aboveground biomass in tropical forests
Authors: Ali Arshad , Lin Si‐Liang , He Jie‐Kun , Kong Fan‐Mao , Yu Jie‐Hua , Jiang Hai‐Sheng
Published: May 2019

Large‐diameter, tall‐stature, and big‐crown trees are the main stand structures of forests, generally contributing a large fraction of aboveground biomass, and hence play an important role in climate change mitigation strategies. Here, we hypothesized that the effects of large‐diameter, tall‐stature, and big‐crown trees overrule the effects of species richness and remaining trees attributes on aboveground biomass in tropical forests (i.e., we term the “big‐sized trees hypothesis”). Specifically, we assessed the importance of: (a) the “top 1% big‐sized trees effect” relative to species richness; (b) the “99% remaining trees effect” relative to species richness; and (c) the “top 1% big‐sized trees effect” relative to the “99% remaining trees effect” and species richness on aboveground biomass. Using environmental factor and forest inventory datasets from 712 tropical forest plots in Hainan Island of southern China, we tested several structural equation models for disentangling the relative effects of big‐sized trees, remaining trees attributes, and species richness on aboveground biomass, while considering for the full (indirect effects only) and partial (direct and indirect effects) mediation effects of climatic and soil conditions, as well as interactions between species richness and trees attributes. We found that top 1% big‐sized trees attributes strongly increased aboveground biomass (i.e., explained 55%–70% of the accounted variation) compared to species richness (2%–18%) and 99% remaining trees attributes (6%–10%). In addition, species richness increased aboveground biomass indirectly via increasing big‐sized trees but via decreasing remaining trees. Hence, we show that the “big‐sized trees effect” overrides the effects of remaining trees attributes and species richness on aboveground biomass in tropical forests. This study also indicates that big‐sized trees may be more susceptible to atmospheric drought. We argue that the effects of big‐sized trees on species richness and aboveground biomass should be tested for better understanding of the ecological mechanisms underlying forest functioning.
Range‐wide migration corridors and non‐breeding areas of a northward expanding Afro‐Palaearctic migrant, the European Bee‐eater Merops apiaster
Authors: Hahn Steffen , Alves José A. , Bedev Kiril , Costa Joana S. , Emmenegger Tamara , Schulze Martin , Tamm Peter , Zehtindjiev Pavel , Dhanjal‐Adams Kiran L.
Published: May 2019

Across their ranges, different populations of migratory species often use separate routes to migrate between breeding and non‐breeding grounds. Recent changes in climate and land‐use have led to breeding range expansions in many species but it is unclear whether these populations also establish new migratory routes, non‐breeding sites and migration phenology. Thus, we compared the migration patterns of European Bee‐eaters Merops apiaster from two established western (n = 5) and eastern (n = 6) breeding populations in Europe, with those from a newly founded northern population (n = 19). We aimed to relate the breeding populations to the two known non‐breeding clusters in Africa, and to test for similarities of migration routes and timing between the old and new populations. Western Bee‐eaters used the western flyway to destinations in West Africa; the eastern birds uniformly headed south to southern African non‐breeding sites, confirming a complete separation in time and space between these long‐established populations. The recently founded northern population, however, also used a western corridor, but crossed the Mediterranean further east than the western population and overwintered mainly in a new non‐breeding area in southern Congo/northern Angola. The migration routes and the new non‐breeding range overlapped only slightly with the western, but not with the eastern, population. In contrast, migration phenology appeared to differ between the western and both the northern and the eastern populations, with tracked birds from the western population migrating 2–4 weeks earlier. The northern population thus shares some spatial traits with western Bee‐eaters, but similar phenology only with eastern population. This divergence highlights the adjustments in the timing of migration to local environmental conditions in newly founded populations, and a parallel establishment of new breeding and non‐breeding sites.
Intensive‐invisible mothering: The experiences of mothers of adult children with dual diagnosis
Authors: Gueta Keren , Tam Shosh
Published: May 2019

The experiences of mothers of adult offspring with a dual diagnosis have rarely been discussed in the literature, despite growing involvement and responsibility of mothers for daily care of their children. Interpretive phenomenological analysis of in‐depth interviews was used to examine the mothering experience of 12 mothers of adult offspring with dual diagnosis. The analysis revealed that the mothers’ experiences were intensive, abusive, and isolating, and simultaneously rendered them invisible, undervalued, or ignored by professionals, community, and family. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that this experience of ‘intensive‐invisible’ mothering was promoted or prevented by three intersecting mechanisms, identified here as discursive, institutional, and spatial. The research contributes to the fields of knowledge regarding family members of people with mental health problems, by adding a theoretical layer that takes into account how public discourses of motherhood mould women’s accounts of their mothering experience. Practical implications of these findings for professionals working with these mothers are discussed. Specifically, therapeutic intervention that focuses on identifying and modifying the underlying psychological and social processes associated with the ‘intensive‐invisible’ mothering experience could be useful.
Noninvasive light emitting diode therapy: A novel approach for postinfarction ventricular arrhythmias and neuroimmune modulation
Authors: Wang Songyun , Wu Lin , Zhai Yi , Li Xuemeng , Li Binxun , Zhao Dongdong , Jiang Hong
Published: May 2019

Background

Sympathetic neural activation plays a key role in the incidence and maintenance of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) induced ventricular arrhythmia (VA). Furthermore, previous studies showed that AMI might induce microglia and sympathetic activation and that microglial activation might contribute to sympathetic activation. Recently, studies showed that light emitting diode (LED) therapy might attenuate microglial activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that LED therapy might reduce AMI‐induced VA by attenuating microglia and sympathetic activation.

Methods

Thirty anesthetized rats were randomly divided into three groups: the Control group (n = 6), AMI group (n = 12), and AMI + LED group (n = 12). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and left stellate ganglion (LSG) neural activity were continuously recorded. The incidence of VAs was recorded during the first hour after AMI. Furthermore, we sampled the brain and myocardium tissue of the different groups to examine the microglial activation and expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), and IL‐1β, respectively.

Results

Compared to the AMI group, LED therapy significantly reduced the incidence of AMI‐induced VAs (ventricular premature beats [VPB] number: 85.08 ± 13.91 vs 27.5 ± 9.168, P < .01; nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (nSVT) duration: 34.39 ± 8.562 vs 9.005 ± 3.442, P < .05; nSVT number: 18.92 ± 4.52 vs 7.583 ± 3.019, P < .05; incidence rate of SVT/VF: 58.33% vs. 8.33%, P < .05) and reduced the LSG neural activity (P < .01) in the AMI + LED group. Furthermore, LED significantly attenuated microglial activation and reduced IL‐18, IL‐1β, and NGF expression in the peri‐infarct myocardium.

Conclusion

LED therapy may protect against AMI‐induced VAs by suppressing sympathetic neural activity and the inflammatory response.
Ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure deserves more than a IIb guidelines recommendation
Authors: Chelu Mihail G. , Marrouche Nassir F.
Published: May 2019

The current evidence and guidelines for rhythm management of AF in HFrEF were examined. We propose updates of rhythm management (catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drugs) of AF in HFrEF incorporating this most uptodate evidence.
Glibenclamide and HMR1098 normalize Cantú syndrome‐associated gain‐of‐function currents
Authors: Houtman Marien J. C. , Chen Xingyu , Qile Muge , Duran Karen , van Haaften Gijs , Stary‐Weinzinger Anna , van der Heyden Marcel A. G.
Published: May 2019

Cantú syndrome (CS) is caused by dominant gain‐of‐function mutation in ATP‐dependent potassium channels. Cellular ATP concentrations regulate potassium current thereby coupling energy status with membrane excitability. No specific pharmacotherapeutic options are available to treat CS but IKATP channels are pharmaceutical targets in type II diabetes or cardiac arrhythmia treatment. We have been suggested that IKATP inhibitors, glibenclamide and HMR1098, normalize CS channels. IKATP in response to Mg‐ATP, glibenclamide and HMR1098 were measured by inside‐out patch‐clamp electrophysiology. Results were interpreted in view of cryo‐EM IKATP channel structures. Mg‐ATP IC50 values of outward current were increased for D207E (0.71 ± 0.14 mmol/L), S1020P (1.83 ± 0.10), S1054Y (0.95 ± 0.06) and R1154Q (0.75 ± 0.13) channels compared to H60Y (0.14 ± 0.01) and wild‐type (0.15 ± 0.01). HMR1098 dose‐dependently inhibited S1020P and S1054Y channels in the presence of 0.15 mmol/L Mg‐ATP, reaching, at 30 μmol/L, current levels displayed by wild‐type and H60Y channels in the presence of 0.15 mmol/L Mg‐ATP. Glibenclamide (10 μmol/L) induced similar normalization. S1054Y sensitivity to glibenclamide increases strongly at 0.5 mmol/L Mg‐ATP compared to 0.15 mmol/L, in contrast to D207E and S1020P channels. Experimental findings agree with structural considerations. We conclude that CS channel activity can be normalized by existing drugs; however, complete normalization can be achieved at supraclinical concentrations only.
Aberrant MFN2 transcription facilitates homocysteine‐induced VSMCs proliferation via the increased binding of c‐Myc to DNMT1 in atherosclerosis
Authors: Xu Long , Hao Hongyi , Hao Yinju , Wei Guo , Li Guizhong , Ma Pengjun , Xu Lingbo , Ding Ning , Ma Shengchao , Chen Alex F. , Jiang Yideng
Published: May 2019

It is well‐established that homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Hcy can promote vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, it plays a key role in neointimal formation and thus contribute to arteriosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanism on VSMCs proliferation underlying atherosclerosis is not well elucidated. Mitofusin‐2 (MFN2) is an important transmembrane GTPase in the mitochondrial outer membrane and it can block cells in the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle. To investigate the contribution of aberrant MFN2 transcription in Hcy‐induced VSMCs proliferation and the underlying mechanisms. Cell cycle analysis revealed a decreased proportion of VSMCs in G0/G1 and an increased proportion in S phase in atherosclerotic plaque of APOE−/− mice with hyperhomocystinaemia (HHcy) as well as in VSMCs exposed to Hcy in vitro. The DNA methylation level of MFN2 promoter was obviously increased in VSMCs treated with Hcy, leading to suppressed promoter activity and low expression of MFN2. In addition, we found that the expression of c‐Myc was increased in atherosclerotic plaque and VSMCs treated with Hcy. Further study showed that c‐Myc indirectly regulates MFN2 expression is duo to the binding of c‐Myc to DNMT1 promoter up‐regulates DNMT1 expression leading to DNA hypermethylation of MFN2 promoter, thereby inhibits MFN2 expression in VSMCs treated with Hcy. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Hcy‐induced hypermethylation of MFN2 promoter inhibits the transcription of MFN2, leading to VSMCs proliferation in plaque formation, and the increased binding of c‐Myc to DNMT1 promoter is a new and relevant molecular mechanism.
Cardiac‐specific overexpression of metallothionein attenuates L‐NAME‐induced myocardial contractile anomalies and apoptosis
Authors: Yang Lifang , Ma Jipeng , Tan Ying , Zheng Qijun , Dong Maolong , Guo Wei , Xiong Lize , Yang Jian , Ren Jun
Published: May 2019

Hypertension contributes to the high cardiac morbidity and mortality. Although oxidative stress plays an essential role in hypertensive heart diseases, the mechanism remains elusive. Transgenic mice with cardiac overexpression of metallothionein, a heavy metal‐binding scavenger, were challenged with NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) for 14 days prior to measurement of myocardial contractile and intracellular Ca2+ anomalies as well as cell signalling mechanisms using Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. L‐NAME challenge elicited hypertension, macrophage infiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation and cardiac dysfunction manifested as increased proinflammatory macrophage marker F4/80, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), intracellular production, LV end systolic and diastolic diameters as well as depressed fractional shortening. L‐NAME treatment reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), impaired cardiomyocyte contractile and intracellular Ca2+ properties as evidenced by suppressed peak shortening, maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, rise in intracellular Ca2+, along with elevated baseline and peak intracellular Ca2+. These unfavourable mechanical changes and decreased MMP (except blood pressure and macrophage infiltration) were alleviated by overexpression of metallothionein. Furthermore, the apoptosis markers including BAD, Bax, Caspase 9, Caspase 12 and cleaved Caspase 3 were up‐regulated while the anti‐apoptotic marker Bcl‐2 was decreased by L‐NAME treatment. Metallothionein transgene reversed L‐NAME‐induced changes in Bax, Bcl‐2, BAD phosphorylation, Caspase 9, Caspase 12 and cleaved Caspase 3. Our results suggest that metallothionein protects against L‐NAME‐induced myocardial contractile anomalies in part through inhibition of apoptosis.
Association between smoking and Behçet's disease: a nationwide population‐based study in Korea
Authors: Lee Y.B. , Lee J.H. , Lee S.Y. , Lee J.H. , Yu D.S. , Han K.D. , Park Y.G.
Published: May 2019

Background

There have been conflicting results about the association between Behçet's disease and smoking. Smoking has been reported to be a protective factor for Behçet's disease, whereas smoking may have a role in triggering Behçet's disease.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of Behçet's disease in Korea according to smoking status using nationwide population data.

Methods

We analysed clinical data from individuals 20 years of age and older who received a health examination arranged by the Korean national insurance programme between 2009 and 2012. The incidence of Behçet's disease was analysed according to smoking status reported by individuals during their health examination. Newly diagnosed cases of Behçet's disease were identified using claims data from baseline to the date of diagnosis or until 31 December 2016.

Results

The risk of Behçet's disease was lower in current smokers compared with never‐smokers regardless of the amount and duration of smoking. The decreased risk of Behçet's disease in current smoker persisted after adjusting for age, sex, regular exercise, drinking status, BMI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, history of stroke and/or history of ischaemic heart diseases.

Limitations

Genetic susceptibility or family history of Behçet's disease was not considered.

Conclusions

This study found a decreased incidence of Behçet's disease in current smokers compared with never‐smokers. Further investigation of the pathophysiology responsible for the negative association between smoking and Behçet's disease is needed.
Life‐history characteristics of an exploited bonefishAlbula glossodontapopulation in a remote South Pacific atoll
Authors: Filous Alexander , Lennox Robert J. , Coleman Richard R. , Friedlander Alan M. , Clua Eric E. G. , Danylchuk Andy J.
Published: May 2019

BonefishesAlbulaspp. are important components of subsistence fisheries and lucrative sport fishing industries throughout their circumtropical distribution. In Oceania, however,Albulaspp. have historically been overexploited and there is a growing need to balance the demands of competing fishing sectors, making the description of their life history a regional priority. To this aim, we collected biological samples fromAlbulaspp. of Anaa atoll, French Polynesia, to identify the species that compose the stock and estimate their life‐history parameters including age, growth, reproduction and natural mortality. Our results indicate thatAlbula glossodontais the species of bonefish present, with a maximum age that is below the, 20 year longevity of the genus (8 years in males and 10 years in females). Differential growth patterns existed between the two sexes (L∞= 58, 78 cm fork length (LF) andK= 0.38, 0.21 for males and females, respectively). Males attained sexual maturity at 43 cmLF(c. 3 years) whereas females matured at 48 cmLF(c. 4 years) and oocyte production was significantly related to body mass, with a maximum batch fecundity of 1,133,767 oocytes in a 4406 g (70 cmLF) female. The gonado‐somatic index of harvested fishes indicated that the spawning season extends from March through September. Based on the observation of a, 20 year bonefish at the proximate Tetiaroa Atoll and several empirical models, estimates of natural mortality ranged from 0.21 to 0.68; however, an estimate of 0.21 was deemed most appropriate. This information facilitated the resurgence of aRahui(temporary fishing closure) and community‐based management to protectA. glossodontaduring a critical portion of their spawning season and in this context our results provide an important demographic baseline in evaluating the recovery of this fishery.
Effect of particle size distribution on the in vitro digestion of calcium alginate‐starchy model foods
Authors: Ramírez Cristian , Millón Camila , Nuñez Helena , del Campo Valeria , Almonacid Sergio , Simpson Ricardo
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate through the use of Weibull and Multiscale kinetics models the effect of different particle size distributions on starch hydrolysis during in vitro digestion of calcium alginate filled with gelatinized potato starch as model foods. Three‐different model foods (calcium alginate and gelatinized starch with a without alginate beads) were used. Three particle size distributions by applying the amount of 5, 10, and 15 compression cycles were generated and characterized by Rosin‐Rammler model. The different particle distributions were in vitro digested and starch hydrolysis was quantified. The results showed significant differences (p > .05) between the three particle size distributions. In general, the particle size affected the starch hydrolysis, but structured model food produced a lower hydrolysis (~73%) compared to nonstructured food (>90%). These results also showed that incorporation of beads played an important role in modulating starch hydrolysis. The Weibull‐model (R2 > 0.95) and Multiscale kinetics‐model (R2 > 0.98) were fitted to starch hydrolysis curves. The parameters of both models were able to explain the hydrolysis behavior for the different kind of structures and particle size distributions studied. This study showed that particle size distribution or incorporation of small beads can determine the starch hydrolysis during in vitro digestion.

Practical application

The chewing process has as main objective to reduce the food to small particles. These particles have a size distribution which will be dependent on the number of chewing cycles that are applied. This distribution can be determinant in the following step of digestion, especially at the intestinal level where carbohydrate hydrolysis mainly occurs. The results showed how food structuring can affect the particle size distributions with the consequent of modulating starch hydrolysis during in vitro digestion of gelatinized potato starch. Certainly, this study, beyond presenting a way to simulate the chewing process, showed the importance to consider a method to produce a particle size distribution which can impact on nutrient release. Finally, for food industry could be useful to have information about how the particle size affect the amount of nutrients that can be obtained from the food, mainly to be informed to consumers into the nutrition facts.
The involvement of wheat U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase TaPUB1 in salt stress tolerance
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Wang Wenqiang , Wu Yunzhen , Li Qinxue , Zhang Guangqiang , Shi Ruirui , Yang Junjiao , Wang Yong , Wang Wei
Published: May 2019

U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in the ubiquitin/26S proteasome machinery and in abiotic stress responses. TaPUB1‐overexpressing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were generated to evaluate its function in salt tolerance. These plants had more salt stress tolerance during seedling and flowering stages, whereas the TaPUB1‐RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated knock‐down transgenic wheat showed more salt stress sensitivity than the wild type (WT). TaPUB1 overexpression upregulated the expression of genes related to ion channels and increased the net root Na+ efflux, but decreased the net K+ efflux and H+ influx, thereby maintaining a low cytosolic Na+/K+ ratio, compared with the WT. However, RNAi‐mediated knock‐down plants showed the opposite response to salt stress. TaPUB1 could induce the expression of some genes that improved the antioxidant capacity of plants under salt stress. TaPUB1 also interacted with TaMP (Triticum aestivum α‐mannosidase protein), a regulator playing an important role in salt response in yeast and in plants. Thus, low cytosolic Na+/K+ ratios and better antioxidant enzyme activities could be maintained in wheat with overexpression of TaPUB1 under salt stress. Therefore, we conclude that the U‐box E3 ubiquitin ligase TaPUB1 positively regulates salt stress tolerance in wheat.
Institution‐Infused Sensemaking of Discontinuous Innovations: The Case of the Sharing Economy
Authors: Weber Florian , Lehmann Julian , Graf‐Vlachy Lorenz , König Andreas
Published: May 2019

This paper adopts an institutionalist perspective to develop a better understanding of why incumbent organizations struggle to respond to discontinuous innovations. Based on a case study of the hotel industry’s early response to the emergence of “sharing economy” businesses, it identifies three patterns of “institution‐infused interpretation” in incumbent managers’ sensemaking—i.e., interpretations that are triggered by decision makers’ perceptions of the ways in which discontinuous innovations challenge established rules, norms, and taken‐for‐granted assumptions. First, as incumbent managers perceive new entrants that introduce the innovation as violating regulative and normative rules, they develop a sense of unfairness regarding the new competition enabled by the discontinuous innovation. Second, as new entrants deviate from normative and cognitive institutions, they cause collective confusion among incumbents. Third, perceiving discontinuous innovations as challenging regulatory and cognitive institutions, incumbent managers cognitively marginalize new entrants and their offerings as illegitimate and substandard niche phenomena. Interestingly, these institution‐infused interpretive patterns not only contribute to early incumbent inertia, but also motivate incumbents to question established rules and engage in institutional work. Overall, this paper adds to the emergent conversation on the role of institutions in organizational adaptation to discontinuous innovations by revealing the importance of institutional violations for managerial sensemaking and responses in this context.
High sustained virologic response in genotypes 3 and 6 with generic NS5A inhibitor and sofosbuvir regimens in chronic HCV in myanmar
Authors: Hlaing Naomi Khaing Than , Nangia Gayatri , Tun Kyaw Thet , Lin Sithu , Maung Moe Zaw , Myint Khin Thuzar , Kyaw A. Mi Mi , Maung Soe Thiha , Sein Win Sithu , Bwa Aung Hlaing , Loza Bao‐Li , Win Khin Maung , Reddy K. Rajender
Published: May 2019

Exclusive HCV therapy clinical trials with genotype 6 patients in high prevalence areas have been sparse. We analysed the safety and efficacy of two generic, pangenotypic NS5A/NS5B combination oral DAA regimens, primarily in genotypes 3 and 6, in a real‐world setting: (a) daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (DCV/SOF) ± ribavirin (RBV) and (b) Velpatasvir/sofosbuvir (VEL/SOF ± RBV). Between December 2015 and November 2017, data from 522 patients were analysed, 311 of whom were treated with DCV/SOF ± RBV for 12/24 weeks (genotype 3: n = 193, genotype 6: n = 89) and 211 were treated with VEL/SOF ± RBV for 12/24 weeks (genotype 3: n = 83, genotype 6: n = 77). Overall SVR rates were high for both DCV/SOF ± RBV (96.1%, n = 299/311) and VEL/SOF ± RBV (95.3%, n = 201/211), and there was a good adverse event profile. Treatment naïve status and inclusion of RBV (in advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis) were significant independent predictors of achieving SVR12, while type of DAA regimen was not predictive. In this large cohort of genotypes 3 (n = 276) and 6 (n = 166; n = 127 unique subtype of 6c‐l), high SVR rates of 94.9% (n = 262/276) and 95.2% (n = 158/166), respectively, were noted. In conclusion, generic and pangenotypic DCV/SOF and VEL/SOF ± RBV regimens were highly effective and safe, in genotypes 3 and 6 chronic HCV in Myanmar. These efficacious pangenotypic regimens suggest that baseline genotype testing can be eliminated moving forward. While RBV may still be needed for those with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis, in a global elimination strategy it would not be practical even if it does compromise SVR in a minority with difficult to treat characteristics.
Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor C11 (Mrgprc11) induces visceral hypersensitivity in the mouse colon: A novel target in gut nociception?
Authors: Van Remoortel Samuel , Ceuleers Hannah , Arora Rohit , Van Nassauw Luc , De Man Joris G. , Buckinx Roeland , De Winter Benedicte Y. , Timmermans Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2019

Background

Visceral hypersensitivity, an important cause of abdominal pain in disorders such as IBD and IBS, presents with a poorly understood pathophysiology and limited treatment options. Several members of the Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor family (Mrgprs) have become promising targets in pain research. The potential link between the murine Mrgpr C11 (Mrgprc11) and gut nociception is currently uninvestigated. Therefore, we explored the expression and functional role of Mrgprc11 in the gut nociceptive innervation.

Methods

Mrgprc11 expression was evaluated in DRG neurons innervating the mouse colon using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Visceromotor responses to colorectal distension (CRD) assessed the effect of the Mrgprc11 agonist, BAM(8‐22), on colonic pain sensitivity in healthy mice. Moreover, we determined pERK1/2‐immunoreactivity in the thoracolumbar spinal cord after noxious CRD. Finally, from a translational point of view, we looked for expression of the human counterpart of Mrgprc11, MRGPRX1, in human thoracolumbar DRGs.

Key Results

In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed Mrgprc11 expression in colonic DRG neurons. Intracolonic administration of BAM(8‐22) significantly increased colonic pain sensitivity in an Mrgprc11‐dependent manner, and led to a significantly increased degree of neuronal activation in the splanchnic spinal cord upon noxious stimulation. Furthermore, MRGPRX1 expression was also detected in human thoracolumbar DRG neurons.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our findings established a novel function for Mrgprc11 in the gut nociceptive innervation and propose the receptor as a new player in visceral hypersensitivity. Given the presence of MRGPRX1 in human DRG neurons, our study warrants future research on its therapeutic potential in abdominal pain disorders.
Admixture mapping in interspecific Populus hybrids identifies classes of genomic architectures for phytochemical, morphological and growth traits
Authors: Bresadola Luisa , Caseys Céline , Castiglione Stefano , Buerkle C. Alex , Wegmann Daniel , Lexer Christian
Published: May 2019

The genomic architecture of functionally important traits is key to understanding the maintenance of reproductive barriers and trait differences when divergent populations or species hybridize. We conducted a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) to study trait architecture in natural hybrids of two ecologically divergent Populus species.

We genotyped 472 seedlings from a natural hybrid zone of Populus alba and Populus tremula for genome‐wide markers from reduced representation sequencing, phenotyped the plants in common gardens for 46 phytochemical (phenylpropanoid), morphological and growth traits, and used a Bayesian polygenic model for mapping.

We detected three classes of genomic architectures: traits with finite, detectable associations of genetic loci with phenotypic variation in addition to highly polygenic heritability; traits with indications for polygenic heritability only; and traits with no detectable heritability. For the first class, we identified genome regions with plausible candidate genes for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis or its regulation, including MYB transcription factors and glycosyl transferases.

GWAS in natural, recombinant hybrids represent a promising step towards resolving the genomic architecture of phenotypic traits in long‐lived species. This facilitates the fine‐mapping and subsequent functional characterization of genes and networks causing differences in hybrid performance and fitness.
Farm households’ rice production behavior in China under a separability assumption: A metaheuristic optimization approach
Authors: Chen Fengbo , Ma Qiuzhuo , Huang Wenbin
Published: May 2019

The production behavior of farm households has been a topic of interest for a long time. We explore the optimal production strategies from a household's perspective under the assumption of separability between consumption and production. The data used for this study come from farm households located in five provinces of China. To identify the impacts of various parameters on farmers' production behavior, optimal solutions and the households' actual production behaviors are compared. Results show that most of the households overinvested on farm land, labor force, materials, and machinery. Compared to existing production efficiency estimates, households, regardless of size, and exhibit different degrees of nonseparability. The sensitivity analysis shows a similar result, but finds that large households become more efficient if they have a higher production coefficient. The optimized result obtained in this paper not only provides farmers with decision‐support information on efficient resource allocation, but also helps policymakers to formulate better agricultural policies.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

A household production model is constructed to assess whether production and consumption behaviors are different among Chinese farmers. A genetic algorithm that belongs to a metaheuristic cluster is applied to search for the optimal solution, given the parameters obtained from using a ridge regression model. The following implications could be recommended based on the findings of the paper:

The goodness of the convergence of the algorithm helps to find the optimal rice production decision, when facing a large number of input variables.

The evidence that can support the separability among farm household's production behavior which to some degree supports nonseparability.

As some of the external parameters, such as nonagricultural income, as well as farm scale, are increased, the optimal solution shows the separability among some households.

Unless farm size is increased substantially, there is a need to support farmers in production behavior so that they can be efficient and profitable rather than just subsistent.
Pain and Distraction According to Sensory Modalities: Current Findings and Future Directions
Authors: Bascour‐Sandoval Claudio , Salgado‐Salgado Sergio , Gómez‐Milán Emilio , Fernández‐Gómez Jesús , Michael George A. , Gálvez‐García Germán
Published: May 2019

Background

This review discusses the findings in the literature on pain and distraction tasks according to their sensory modality. Distraction tasks have been shown to reduce (experimentally induced) acute pain and chronic pain. This can be influenced by nature and by the sensory modalities used in the distraction tasks. Yet the effect on reducing pain according to the sensory modality of the distraction task has received little attention.

Methods

A bibliographic search was performed in different databases. The studies will be systematized according to the sensory modality in which the distraction task was applied.

Results

The analyzed studies with auditory distractors showed a reduction of acute pain in adults. However, these are not effective at healthy children and in adults with chronic pain. Visual distractors showed promising results in acute pain in adults and children. Similarly, tactile and mixed distractors decreased acute pain in adults.

Conclusion

Distraction tasks by diverse sensory modalities have a positive effect on decreasing the perception of acute pain in adults. Future studies are necessary given the paucity of research on this topic, particularly with tactile distractors (there is only one study). Finally, the most rigorous methodology and the use of ecological contexts are encouraged in future research.
Foliar application of manganese increases sugarcane resistance to orange rust
Authors: Mesquita G. L. , Tanaka F. A. O. , Zambrosi F. C. B. , Chapola R. , Cursi D. , Habermann G. , Massola N. S. , Ferreira V. P. , Gaziola S. A. , Azevedo R. A.
Published: May 2019

Orange rust (Puccinia kuehnii) is a serious disease compromising the sustainability of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. The objective of this research was to study whether supplemental manganese (Mn) supplied through foliar sprays ameliorates negative effects of orange rust on sugarcane and, if so, to reveal the underlying mechanisms. The experiment was conducted using a sugarcane variety susceptible to the disease; a single spray of Mn at 5 g L−1 (Mn0.5%) or 10 g L−1 (Mn1%), plus a control (Mn0%) was performed before pathogen inoculation. Symptom severity, antioxidant metabolism, lignin deposition and anatomical organization were evaluated. Photosynthesis was also measured in newly expanded leaves and plants were harvested to estimate growth responses. The percentage diseased leaf area was reduced from 15% under Mn0% to 2.2% and 0.9% under Mn0.5% and Mn1%, respectively. This decrease was accompanied by increases in biomass production in the plants. Scanning and light microscopy images revealed that Mn treatment caused direct damage to the fungal spores and improved lignin deposition in the mesophyll. In the presence of the disease, Mn‐sprayed leaves exhibited lower levels of oxidative stress, in addition to improved structural organization of xylem and phloem vessels compared to the untreated control. The negative effects of orange rust on gas exchange and photochemistry were also ameliorated by Mn application. The results give insight into the mechanisms underlying augmented sugarcane resistance to orange rust under supplementary foliar Mn spray and contribute to the development of sustainable crop production systems by offering alternatives for reduction of disease damage.
Red‐light stimulation of boar semen prior to artificial insemination improves field fertility in farms: A worldwide survey
Authors: Blanco Prieto Olga , Catalán Jaime , Lleonart Marcel , Bonet Sergi , Yeste Marc , Rodríguez‐Gil Joan E.
Published: May 2019

A survey of in vivo fertility data from 31 pig farms distributed worldwide was conducted to determine whether stimulating boar semen with LED‐based red light increases its reproductive performance following artificial insemination (AI). Red‐light stimulation with MaXipig® was found to increase farrowing rates (mean ± SEM, control: 87.2% ± 0.4% vs. light stimulation 90.3% ± 0.5%) and the number of both total and live newborn piglets. Red‐light stimulation increased farrowing rates in 27 farms, with an increase ranging from 0.2% to 9.1%. Similar results were observed in litter sizes. Suboptimal management after AI was suggested in those farms with no response to red‐light stimulation. Our results indicate that a routine use of red‐light stimulation of boar semen can have a positive effect on the reproductive performance. However, the effectiveness of this system appears to highly rely upon proper management of pig farms.
Genomes of the wild beets Beta patula and Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Authors: Rodríguez del Río Álvaro , Minoche André E. , Zwickl Nikolaus F. , Friedrich Anja , Liedtke Susan , Schmidt Thomas , Himmelbauer Heinz , Dohm Juliane C.
Published: May 2019

We present draft genome assemblies of Beta patula, a critically endangered wild beet endemic to the Madeira archipelago, and of the closely related Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (sea beet). Evidence‐based reference gene sets for B. patula and sea beet were generated, consisting of 25 127 and 27 662 genes, respectively. The genomes and gene sets of the two wild beets were compared with their cultivated sister taxon B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (sugar beet). Large syntenic regions were identified, and a display tool for automatic genome‐wide synteny image generation was developed. Phylogenetic analysis based on 9861 genes showing 1:1:1 orthology supported the close relationship of B. patula to sea beet and sugar beet. A comparative analysis of the Rz2 locus, responsible for rhizomania resistance, suggested that the sequenced B. patula accession was rhizomania susceptible. Reference karyotypes for the two wild beets were established, and genomic rearrangements were detected. We consider our data as highly valuable and comprehensive resources for wild beet studies, B. patula conservation management, and sugar beet breeding research.
Possible detrimental effects of beta‐2‐microglobulin knockout in pigs
Authors: Sake Hendrik Johannes , Frenzel Antje , Lucas‐Hahn Andrea , Nowak‐Imialek Monika , Hassel Petra , Hadeler Klaus‐Gerd , Hermann Doris , Becker Roswitha , Eylers Heinke , Hein Rabea , Baars Wiebke , Brinkmann Antje , Schwinzer Reinhard , Niemann Heiner , Petersen Björn
Published: May 2019

Background

Despite major improvements in pig‐to‐primate xenotransplantation, long‐term survival of xenografts is still challenging. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, which is crucial in cellular immune response, is an important xenoantigen. Abrogating MHC class I expression on xenografts might be beneficial for extending graft survival beyond current limits.

Methods

In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target exon 2 of the porcine beta‐2‐microglobulin (B2M) gene to abrogate SLA class I expression on porcine cells. B2M‐KO cells served as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, and cloned embryos were transferred to three recipient sows. The offspring were genotyped for mutations at the B2M locus, and blood samples were analyzed via flow cytometry for the absence of SLA class I molecules.

Results

Pregnancies were successfully established and led to the birth of seven viable piglets. Genomic sequencing proved that all piglets carried biallelic modifications at the B2M locus leading to a frameshift, a premature stop codon, and ultimately a functional knockout. However, survival times of these animals did not exceed 4 weeks due to unexpected disease processes.

Conclusion

Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of generating SLA class I knockout pigs by targeting the porcine beta‐2‐microglobulin gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Additionally, our findings indicate for the first time that this genetic modification might have a negative impact on the viability of the animals. These issues need to be solved to unveil the real value for xenotransplantation in the future.
A New Uniform Continuum Modeling of Conductive and Radiative Heat Transfer in Nuclear Pebble Bed
Authors: Wu Hao , Gui Nan , Yang Xingtuan , Tu Jiyuan , Jiang Shengyao
Published: May 2019

Radiative and conductive heat transfer is fairly important in the nuclear pebble bed. A continuum model is proposed here to derive the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of pebble bed. It is a physics-based equation determined by the temperature, number density, heat transfer coefficient, and the radial distribution function (RDF). Based on a concept of continuum, this model considers the conduction and thermal radiation in nuclear pebble bed through a uniform framework and the results are in good agreement with the existing model and correlations. It indicates that the local temperature in the radiation case without internal heat sources is determined by all possible surrounding pebbles weighted by a radiative kernel function. The discrete element method (DEM) packing results are in good agreement with the solution of the continuum model. Both the conductive and radiative continuum models converge to the heat conduction in continuum mechanics at size factor μ ≪ 1.
Genomewide Association Study Confirming the Association of
NAT2
with Susceptibility to Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Thai Patients
Authors: Suvichapanich Supharat , Wattanapokayakit Sukanya , Mushiroda Taisei , Yanai Hideki , Chuchottawon Charoen , Kantima Tassawan , Nedsuwan Supalert , Suwankesawong Wimon , Sonsupap Cholticha , Pannarunothai Roongkarn , Tumpattanakul Sukanya , Bamrungram Warawut , Chaiwong Achara , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Mameechai Sasithorn , Panthong Weerapat , Klungtes Nantawan , Munsoo Amara , Chauychana Udomrat , Maneerat Molrudee , Fukunaga Koya , Omae Yosuke , Tokunaga Katsushi
Published: May 2019

Antituberculosis drug-induced liver injury (ATDILI) is a common side effect leading to tuberculosis (TB) treatment disruption. The mechanism of the disease remains poorly understood. We conducted a genomewide association study (GWAS) to investigate all possible genetic factors of ATDILI in Thai patients. This study was carried out in Thai TB patients, including 79 ATDILI cases and 239 tolerant controls from our network hospitals in Thailand.
Illumina Sequencing Reveals the First Near-Complete Genome Sequence of
Ugandan Passiflora Virus
Authors: Mbeyagala E. K. , Maina S. , Macharia M. W. , Mukasa S. B. , Holton T.
Published: May 2019

Here, we present the first near-complete genome of
Ugandan Passiflora virus
(UPV) sequenced from a symptomatic sample of KH7 passion fruit (
Passiflora edulis
Sims) variety. UPV had limited amino acid identity with other potyviruses known to cause passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD).
Late Mesozoic intraplate rhyolitic volcanism in the North China Craton: Far-field effect of the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate
Authors: Yang Fan , Santosh M. , Kim Sung Won , Zhou Hongying , Jeong Youn Joong
Published: May 2019

The Late Mesozoic was characterized by extensive volcanism, crustal extension, lithospheric thinning, and craton destruction in the North China Craton (NCC). Here we investigate the petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronology, and Lu-Hf isotope of rhyolitic rocks from the Chicheng region of China along the northern margin of the NCC to constrain their petrogenesis, magma evolution, and associated geodynamic processes. The newly obtained zircon U-Pb age data constrain the eruption age of rhyolitic rocks at ca. 144–114 Ma during the Early Cretaceous with multiple magmatic pulses at ca. 141, ca. 137, and ca. 130 Ma as defined by the age peaks. Zircon Hf isotopic data show markedly negative εHf(t) values of –23.0 to –11.8, and corresponding Hf crustal model ages (TDMC) are in the range of ca. 2650 to 1944 Ma, suggesting magma derivation through melting of Paleoproterozoic crustal materials with minor input of reworked Neoarchean components. Geochemically, the rhyolitic rocks correspond to A-type granites, with a mixed arc- and subduction-related signature, although generated in an extensional intraplate setting through partial melting of the mafic lower crust and upper crustal fractional crystallization. We correlate the late Mesozoic intraplate volcanism to the westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate and its far-field effect. Lithospheric extension and slab rollback of the Paleo-Pacific Plate are considered as the main triggers for the multiple eruptions. The late Mesozoic volcanism in the study area and adjacent regions also broadly coincide with the tectonic transition from the Paleozoic Paleo-Asian to Mesozoic Paleo-Pacific subduction realm with concomitant compressional to extensional tectonic regime.
An improved approach to age-modeling in deep time: Implications for the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentina
Authors: Trayler Robin B. , Schmitz Mark D. , Cuitiño José I. , Kohn Matthew J. , Bargo M. Susana , Kay Richard F. , Strömberg Caroline A.E. , Vizcaíno Sergio F.
Published: May 2019

Accurate age-depth models for proxy records are crucial for inferring changes to the environment through space and time, yet traditional methods of constructing these models assume unrealistically small age uncertainties and do not account for many geologic complexities. Here we modify an existing Bayesian age-depth model to foster its application for deep time U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. More flexible input likelihood functions and use of an adaptive proposal algorithm in the Markov Chain Monte Carlo engine better account for the age variability often observed in magmatic crystal populations, whose dispersion can reflect inheritance, crystal residence times and daughter isotope loss. We illustrate this approach by calculating an age-depth model with a contiguous and realistic uncertainty envelope for the Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene; Burdigalian), Argentina. The model is calibrated using new, high-precision isotope dilution U-Pb zircon ages for stratigraphically located interbedded tuffs, whose weighted mean ages range from ca. 16.78 ± 0.03 Ma to 17.62 ± 0.03 Ma. We document how the Bayesian age-depth model objectively reallocates probability across the posterior ages of dated horizons, and thus produces better estimates of relative ages among strata and variations in sedimentation rate. We also present a simple method to propagate age-depth model uncertainties onto stratigraphic proxy data using a Monte Carlo technique. This approach allows us to estimate robust uncertainties on isotope composition through time, important for comparisons of terrestrial systems to other proxy records.