bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Careers at Sea: Exploring Seafarer Motivations and Aspirations
Authors: Baum-Talmor Polina
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, in the era of flexible and precarious employment, the concept of a ‘career for life’ in one organisation appears to be redundant, as most employees in the global labour market do not have permanent employment (ILO, World employment and social outlook: the changing nature of jobs. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2015). This chapter focuses on the shipping industry as an example of a global industry that employs over a million seafarers (BIMCO, Manpower 2005 update: the worldwide demand for and supply of seafarers. Warwick: Warwick Institute for Employment Research, 2015) as their main labour force in what could termed flexible employment. The chapter explores the idea of having a ‘career’ within the precarious shipping industry by focusing on the reasons for joining, staying, and leaving a seafaring occupation. The chapter is based on existing literature, and on recent data that was collected as part of a study on seafarers’ career development.
Transitions and Adjustments Made by Seafarers Whilst at Sea
Authors: Devereux Helen
Published: December 2020

In this chapter some of the issues surrounding seafarers’ experiences of transition, readjustment and change during a tour are presented. The voices of seafarers are heard through the inclusion of verbatim quotes from interviews conducted on board ships.
Learn to Lead: Developing Curricula that Foster Climate Change Leaders
Authors: Rhodes David , Wang Margaret
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, we identify the need for a curriculum that is intended to not only enable educators to teach about climate change, but to also foster leaders who can engage in policy analysis and civic action related to the issue of climate change. Unlike Chap. 3, which details a whole-school approach, we have specifically focused our attention on developing a curriculum with an associated implementation plan since the ability of teachers to build transferable leadership skills in younger generations are integral to any larger reform initiative. Ultimately, the efficacy of the curriculum is enhanced by a more holistic approach to the prioritization of climate change action in the context of schools and broader education systems, so a synthesis of approaches is recommended.

The Climate Change Leadership Curriculum was designed in collaboration with the Arava Institute (AI), an organization in Israel that brings together Israelis, Palestinians, Jordanians and international students from outside the region to engage in environmental and peace-building education. The work of AI is specific to tertiary education, so our initiative to build a climate change leadership curriculum constitutes an attempt to expand the reach of the mission and pedagogy of AI to encompass secondary education. The implementation plan also involves leveraging the network of AI to find partners for implementing the curriculum. The fact that there are AI alumni who work in secondary education opened possibilities for dissemination of the curriculum in collaboration with teachers who have a deep understanding of the pedagogy. As teachers integrate the curriculum into their particular contexts, our plan was to not only support them in the implementation, but to also solicit feedback to continually improve the resources and identify the most effective ways to provide support. This will enable us to make the curriculum accessible to teachers from diverse backgrounds in a wide variety of contexts, inside and outside of the target region.
Creating a Culture of Shared Responsibility for Climate Action in Guatemala Through Education
Authors: Lopez Lalinde Lina , Maierhofer Carrie
Published: December 2020

Guatemala is a country particularly susceptible to the effects of climate change. Residents of the country are increasingly experiencing frequent natural hazards, witnessing rising temperatures, and grappling with maintaining sources of income and nutrition. For these and other reasons, it is crucial that Guatemalans have access to effective climate change education in order to be equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to appropriately adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change in their communities. With Atitlán Multicultural Academy, a K-12 school located in Guatemala’s Western Highlands, as our pilot school, we have created the blueprint for a region-specific guidebook focused on incorporating the spirit of climate action into the areas of leadership, curriculum, community partnerships, and professional development within the school. It is our hope that this guidebook can continually be adjusted and made relevant for schools around the globe as they work to create a culture of shared responsibility for climate action.
Learning from Teaching Graduate Students How to Design Climate Change Education Programs
Authors: Reimers Fernando M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses lessons learned engaging my graduate students in education policy analysis at the Harvard Graduate School of Education in designing climate change education curricula in partnership with educational institutions around the world. Studying those programs developed by my students, I draw out seven cross-cutting themes about what such an approach yields for students, for the educational institutions they partnered with and for my own institution, while drawing parallels between those curricula and the graduate course in comparative education policy analysis in which these curricula were developed. In addressing those themes the chapter revisits some of the central arguments presented in the introductory chapter about the urgency and the challenges of enhancing the effectiveness of climate change education, and some of the key conclusions of critical reviews of the literature on education and climate change about the limitation of existing approaches to the subject.

Those themes are:

Educating students to address climate change is about engaging them in active problem solving, not contemplation.

While learning from doing is valuable, to advance the field of climate change education, it is necessary to conceptualize and theorize practice.

The need to think broadly about learning outcomes in climate change education

The power of contextually situated learning

A Signature project-based pedagogy to Change Climate through Education

Augmenting the capacity for climate change education among teachers and schools

The limitations of infusing climate change education in existing courses

The chapter concludes examining some blind spots in the climate change curricula presented in the book and drawing parallels between the education response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020 and the education response to Climate Change.
Applications of Synchronized Pushdown Systems
Authors: Späth Johannes
Published: December 2020

A precise static data-flow analysis transforms the program into a context-sensitive and field-sensitive approximation of the program. It is challenging to design an analysis of this precision efficiently due to the fact that the analysis is undecidable per se. Synchronized pushdown systems (SPDS) present a highly precise approximation of context-sensitive and field-sensitive data-flow analysis. This chapter presents some data-flow analyses that SPDS can be used for. Further on, this chapter summarizes two other contributions of the thesis “Synchronized Pushdown System for Pointer and Data-Flow Analysis” calledBoomerangand IDEal.Boomerangis a demand-driven pointer analysis that builds on top of SPDS and minimizes the highly computational effort of a whole-program pointer analysis by restricting the computation to the minimal program slice necessary for an individual query. IDEalis a generic and efficient framework for data-flow analyses, e.g., typestate analysis. IDEalresolves pointer relations automatically and efficiently by the help ofBoomerang. This reduces the burden of implementing pointer relations into an analysis. Further on, IDEalperforms strong updates, which makes the analysis sound and precise.
Software Developers’ Work Habits and Expertise: Empirical Studies on Sketching, Code Plagiarism, and Expertise Development
Authors: Baltes Sebastian
Published: December 2020

Analyzing and understanding software developers’ work habits and resulting needs is an essential prerequisite to improve software development practice. In our research, we utilize different qualitative and quantitative research methods to empirically investigate three underexplored aspects of software development: First, we analyze how software developers use sketches and diagrams in their daily work and derive requirements for better tool support. Then, we explore to what degree developers copy code from the popular online platform Stack Overflow without adhering to license requirements and motivate why this behavior may lead to legal issues for affected open source software projects. Finally, we describe a novel theory of software development expertise and identify factors fostering or hindering the formation of such expertise. Besides, we report on methodological implications of our research and present the open dataset SOTorrent, which supports researchers in analyzing the origin, evolution, and usage of content on Stack Overflow. The common goal for all studies we conducted was to better understand software developers’ work practices. Our findings support researchers and practitioners in making data-informed decisions when developing new tools or improving processes related to either the specific work habits we studied or expertise development in general.
Same but Different: Consistently Developing and Evolving Software Architecture Models and Their Implementation
Authors: Konersmann Marco , Goedicke Michael
Published: December 2020

As software architecture is a main driver for the software quality, source code is often accompanied by software architecture specifications. When the implementation is changed, the architecture specification is often not updated along with the code, which introduces inconsistencies between these artifacts. Such inconsistencies imply a risk of misunderstandings and errors during the development, maintenance, and evolution, causing serious degradation over the lifetime of the system. In this chapter we present the Explicitly Integrated Architecture approach and its toolCodeling, which remove the necessity for a separate representation of software architecture by integrating software architecture information with the program code. By using our approach, the specification can be extracted from the source code and changes in the specification can be propagated to the code. The integration of architecture information with the code leaves no room for inconsistencies between the artifacts and creates links between artifacts. We evaluate the approach and tool in a use case with real software in development and with a benchmark software, accompanied by a performance evaluation.
Actionable Program Analyses for Improving Software Performance
Authors: Selakovic Marija
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, we have greater expectations of software than ever before. This is followed by the constant pressure to run the same program on smaller and cheaper machines. To meet this demand, the application’s performance has become an essential concern in software development. Unfortunately, many applications still suffer from performance issues: coding or design errors that lead to performance degradation. However, finding performance issues is a challenging task: there is limited knowledge on how performance issues are discovered and fixed in practice, and current profilers report only where resources are spent, but not where resources are wasted. In this chapter, we investigate actionable performance analyses that help developers optimize their software by applying relatively simple code changes. We focus on optimizations that are effective, exploitable, recurring, and out-of-reach for compilers. These properties suggest that proposed optimizations lead to significant performance improvement, that they are easy to understand and apply, applicable across multiple projects, and that the compilers cannot guarantee that these optimizations always preserve the original program semantics. We implement our actionable analyses in practical tools and demonstrate their potential in improving software performance by applying relatively simple code optimizations.
“This Has Triggered a Civil War”: Russian Deterrence of Democratic Revolts
Authors: Rothman Maarten
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the use of deterrence by President Putin of the Russian Federation against potential democratic revolts. It combines insights from the literatures on democratic revolutions and social movements on the one hand and deterrence and coercion on the other. This exploratory research sketches a rough model of a strategy to deter democratic revolts. From Putin’s perspective, democratic revolts present a severe strategic threat. The chapter distinguishes two channels through which he can discourage or deter democratic revolts: suppression and the threat of intervention. It focuses on the latter and specifically on punishment after the revolt. Democratic revolts are not enacted by a unitary actor but by an emergent collective which, strictly speaking, does not exist prior to the event; this deprives the deterrent actor of the part of his arsenal that goes through backchannels. The alternative, targeting the population at large, carries increased risk that the threat backfires. Putin formulates carefully according to a rhetorical strategy that obscures his own role while ensuring the threat is mainly carried by news media, which report the failing aspirations of previous democratic revolts and the pains suffered by the people who fought for them. It serves Russia’s interests to periodically feed the media by manufacturing incidents in any of the large number of frozen conflicts in which it is involved.
New Technologies and Deterrence: Artificial Intelligence and Adversarial Behaviour
Authors: Wilner Alex , Babb Casey
Published: December 2020

Offering a critical synthesis of extant insights into technological developments in AI and their potential ramifications for international relations and deterrence postures, this chapter argues that AI risks influencing military deterrence and coercion in unique ways: it may alter cost-benefit calculations by removing the fog of war, by superficially imposing rationality on political decisions, and by diminishing the human cost of military engagement. It may recalibrate the balance between offensive and defensive measures, tipping the scales in favour of pre-emption, and undermine existing assumptions imbedded in both conventional and nuclear deterrence. AI might altogether remove human emotions and eliminate other biological limitations from the practice of coercion. It may provide users the ability to collect, synthesize, and act upon real-time intelligence from several disparate sources, augmenting the certainty and severity of punishment strategies, both in theatre and online, compressing the distance between intelligence, political decisions, and coercive action. As a result, AI may quicken the overall pace of action across all domains of coercion, in conflict, crisis, and war, and within the related subfields of national security, counterterrorism, counter-crime, and counter-espionage.
The Continuing Relevance of Conventional Deterrence
Authors: Mueller Karl
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the theoretical principles that underpin conventional deterrence and its evolution in practice over the past century. It disaggregates conventional deterrence approaches into four strategic categories based on their geographic scope and the nature of the threats they employ, and focuses in particular on strategies of punishment through resistance to an invader on the battlefield. It concludes with an assessment of the strengths and limitations of conventional and nuclear deterrence, and a set of summary principles for conventional deterrence strategy makers.
Exploiting genetic diversity in two European maize landraces for improving Gibberella ear rot resistance using genomic tools
Authors: Gaikpa David Sewordor , Kessel Bettina , Presterl Thomas , Ouzunova Milena , Galiano-Carneiro Ana L. , Mayer Manfred , Melchinger Albrecht E. , Schön Chris-Carolin , Miedaner Thomas
Published: December 2020

Key message

High genetic variation in two European maize landraces can be harnessed to improve Gibberella ear rot resistance by integrated genomic tools.

Fusarium graminearum(Fg) causes Gibberella ear rot (GER) in maize leading to yield reduction and contamination of grains with several mycotoxins. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular basis of GER resistance among 500 doubled haploid lines derived from two European maize landraces, “Kemater Landmais Gelb” (KE) and “Petkuser Ferdinand Rot” (PE). The two landraces were analyzed individually using genome-wide association studies and genomic selection (GS). The lines were genotyped with a 600-k maize array and phenotyped for GER severity, days to silking, plant height, and seed-set in four environments using artificial infection with a highly aggressive Fg isolate. High genotypic variances and broad-sense heritabilities were found for all traits. Genotype-environment interaction was important throughout. The phenotypic (r) and genotypic ($${r}_{g}$$rg) correlations between GER severity and three agronomic traits were low (r =  − 0.27 to 0.20;$${r}_{g}\hspace{0.17em}$$rg=  − 0.32 to 0.22). For GER severity, eight QTLs were detected in KE jointly explaining 34% of the genetic variance. In PE, no significant QTLs for GER severity were detected. No common QTLs were found between GER severity and the three agronomic traits. The mean prediction accuracies ($$\rho $$ρ) of weighted GS (wRR-BLUP) were higher than$$\rho $$ρof marker-assisted selection (MAS) and unweighted GS (RR-BLUP) for GER severity. Using KE as the training set and PE as the validation set resulted in very low$$\rho $$ρthat could be improved by using fixed marker effects in the GS model.
3D printed composite materials for craniofacial implants: current concepts, challenges and future directions
Authors: Jindal Swati , Manzoor Faisal , Haslam Niall , Mancuso Elena
Published: December 2020

Millions of craniofacial surgeries are performed annually worldwide for craniofacial bones’ replacement and augmentation. This represents a significant economic burden as well as aesthetic expectations. Autografts and allografts are the first choice for treatment of craniofacial defects; however, their limited availability and difficulty to shape have led to investigation for alternative strategies. Biomaterial-based approaches have been used for implantation as they have ample supply but their processing through conventional technologies present several drawbacks; the major one relates to the poor versatility towards the production of patient-specific implants. Additive manufacturing has gained considerable attention during the last decade, as it allows the manufacturing of implants according to patient need. Biomaterial implants can be additively manufactured but have one or more limitations of stress shielding, radiopacity, high strength to weight ratio and limited bone integration. Over the last few decades, composites are investigated to surmount the limitations with traditional implants and also improve their bone integration. This review provides an overview of the most recent polymeric composite-based biomaterials that have been used in combination with 3D printing technology for the development of patient-specific craniofacial implants. Starting with the conventional treatments, biomaterials available for the craniofacial implants, the additive manufacturing rationale are discussed. Also, the main challenges still associated with 3D printing of polymer-based composites are critically reviewed and the future perspective presented.
Enterokolitis als Ursache eines akuten unerwarteten Todes eines Orang-Utans in Zoohaltung
Authors: Zack F. , Warnke P. , Manhart J. , Angeli A. , Nizze H. , Rudnick J. O. , Steinhagen I. , Kolbe V. , Hammer M. , Büttner A.
Published: December 2020

Es wird von einem 13 Jahre alt gewordenen weiblichen Orang-Utan berichtet, der 4 Tage vor dem Tod an einer akuten Enterokolitis erkrankte. Die tierärztliche Ultraschalluntersuchung einen Tag vor dem Tod erbrachte den Nachweis von vermehrter Flüssigkeit im Zäkum und einer abschnittsweise verdickten Kolonwand. Nach dem für die Veterinärmediziner und die Zoomitarbeiter unerwarteten Todeseintritt erfolgte eine Obduktion durch Rechtsmediziner der Universitätsmedizin Rostock mit Unterstützung von Ärzten weiterer Fachrichtungen. Dabei wurde als Todesursache eine akute Escherichia-coli-Enterokolitis mit massiver Blutung in den Darm festgestellt. Begünstigend oder ursächlich für die letale Enterokolitis dürften wahrscheinlich zahlreiche rezidivierende Durchfallerkrankungen in der Anamnese des Orang-Utans als Folge eines Verweigerns des Stillens durch die Mutter nach der Geburt gewesen sein.
Alcohol attention bias in 14-16 year old adolescents: an eye tracking study
Authors: McGivern Casey , Curran David , Hanna Donncha
Published: December 2020

Rationale

Theoretical models regarding the automaticity of attentional processes highlight a progression of attentional bias style from controlled to automatic in drinking populations as alcohol use progresses. Previous research has focused on older adolescent and adult drinking populations at later stages in their drinking career.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate alcohol attention bias in 14–16-year-old adolescent social drinkers and abstainers.

Methods

Alcohol attention bias was measured in social drinking and abstaining groups in an eye-tracking paradigm. Questionnaires measured alcohol use, expectancies, exposure and socially desirable response styles.

Results

Social drinkers fixated to alcohol stimuli more frequently and spent a larger proportion of their fixation time attending to alcohol stimuli compared to non-drinkers. Groups displayed differences in their style of attentional processing of alcohol-related information, with heavy drinkers fixating significantly longer to alcohol information across alcohol stimulus presentation and exhibiting a delayed disengagement style of alcohol attention bias that differentiated them from light drinking and abstaining peers. All social drinkers fixated significantly more than abstainers in the latter half of alcohol stimulus presentation.

Conclusion

Alcohol attention bias was present in this adolescent sample. Drinking subgroups are defined from abstaining peers by unique features of their attentional bias that are controlled in nature. These findings are comparable to those in other adolescent and adult social drinking populations. The identification of specific attentional bias features according to drinking subpopulations has implications for our theoretical understanding of developing alcohol attention bias and problematic drinking behaviours, as well as at-risk identification and early intervention.
Nicotine delivery and user reactions to Juul EU (20 mg/ml) compared with Juul US (59 mg/ml), cigarettes and other e-cigarette products
Authors: Phillips-Waller Anna , Przulj Dunja , Smith Katie Myers , Pesola Francesca , Hajek Peter
Published: December 2020

Rationale

The degree to which the EU version of Juul with 20 mg/ml nicotine (Juul EU) delivers nicotine to users is likely to determine its treatment potential.

Objectives

To compare the pharmacokinetic profile and user ratings of Juul EU, Juul US (59 mg/ml nicotine), cigarettes and other e-cigarette (EC) products.

Methods

In a within-subjects crossover design, 18 vapers used, at separate sessions, their own brand cigarette (OBC), Juul US and Juul EU for 5 min ad libitum, after overnight abstinence. Seven of the participants also tested eight other EC previously. Blood samples were taken at baseline and 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 30 min after initiating product use. Products were rated on a range of characteristics.

Results

Juul EU delivered less nicotine than OBC (t(13) = −4.64 p < .001) and than Juul US (t(13) = −6.40, p < .001): AUC0 ≥ 30 77.3, 324.8 and 355.9, respectively. Maximum nicotine concentration (Cmax) was also much lower for Juul EU than Juul US (z = −3.59, p < .001): Cmax 3.8 ng/ml vs 21.1 ng/ml, respectively. Juul EU was perceived to relieve urges to smoke less than Juul US (z = −2.29, p = .022) and to provide less nicotine (z = −2.57. p = 0.010). Juul EU delivered less nicotine than refillable EC (Cmax: t(6) = 3.02, p = 0.023; AUC0 ≥ 30: z = −2.20, p = 0.028) and also less than cig-a-like EC, though the difference did not reach significance (Cmax: t(6) = 2.49, p = 0.047; AUC0 ≥ 30: z = −1.99, p = 0.046). Subjective ratings of Juul EU and other EC products were similar.

Conclusions

Juul EU delivers much less nicotine to users than Juul US, and also less than refillable EC products. It may thus have more limited potential to help smokers quit.
Extension of Boley’s method to functionally graded beams
Authors: Gahleitner J. , Schoeftner J.
Published: December 2020

The objective of this contribution is the computation of the Airy stress function for functionally graded beam-type structures subjected to transverse and shear loads. For simplification, the material parameters are kept constant in the axial direction and vary only in the thickness direction. The proposed method can be easily extended to material varying in the axial and thickness direction. In the first part an iterative procedure is applied for the determination of the stress function by means of Boley’s method. This method was successfully applied by Boley for two-dimensional (2D) isotropic plates under plane stress conditions in order to compute the stress distribution and the displacement field. In the second part, a shear loaded cantilever made of isotropic, functionally graded material is studied in order to verify our theory with finite element results. It is assumed that the Young’s modulus varies exponentially in the transverse direction and the Poisson ratio is constant. Stresses and displacements are analytically determined by applying our derived theory. Results are compared to a 2D finite element analysis performed with the commercial software ABAQUS. It is found that the analytical and numerical results are in perfect agreement.
Effects of ground-motion sequences on fragility and vulnerability of case-study reinforced concrete frames
Authors: Aljawhari Karim , Gentile Roberto , Freddi Fabio , Galasso Carmine
Published: December 2020

This study investigates the effects of ground-motion sequences on fragility and vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames (MRFs). Two four-storey, four-bay RC MRFs are selected as case studies. These structures, which share the same geometry, are representative of distinct vulnerability classes in the Mediterranean region and are characterized by different material properties, cross-section dimensions, and detailing. The first case study is a ductile MRF designed according to Eurocode 8 (i.e., a special-code frame), while the second is a non-ductile MRF designed to sustain only gravity loads (i.e., a pre-code frame). The influence of masonry infills on their seismic performance is also investigated. Advanced numerical models are developed to perform cloud-based sequential nonlinear time history analyses using ground-motion sequences assembled by randomly pairing two real records via Latin hypercube sampling. Different structure-specific damage states are considered to derive fragility curves for the undamaged structures, when subjected to a single ground-motion record, and state-dependent fragility curves by considering the additional damage induced by a second ground-motion record within the sequence. Damage-to-loss models are then used to derive mean vulnerability relationships. Results of the analysis show the importance of considering the effect of damage accumulation in the pre-code frames. Moreover, the presence of infills shows an overall positive contribution to the seismic performance of both frame types. Vector-valued vulnerability relationships accounting for the damaging effect of two ground-motion records are finally presented in the form of mean vulnerability surfaces.
Unlimited Associative Learning and the origins of consciousness: a primer and some predictions
Authors: Birch Jonathan , Ginsburg Simona , Jablonka Eva
Published: December 2020

Over the past two decades, Ginsburg and Jablonka have developed a novel approach to studying the evolutionary origins of consciousness: the Unlimited Associative Learning (UAL) framework. The central idea is that there is a distinctive type of learning that can serve as a transition marker for the evolutionary transition from non-conscious to conscious life. The goal of this paper is to stimulate discussion of the framework by providing a primer on its key claims (Part I) and a clear statement of its main empirical predictions (Part II).
National political pressure groups and the stability of international environmental agreements
Authors: Hagen Achim , Altamirano-Cabrera Juan-Carlos , Weikard Hans-Peter
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the effects of political pressure groups (lobbies) on transboundary emissions of individual countries and on the stability of international environmental agreements to reduce emissions. We consider two types of lobbies, industry and environmentalists, and we allow for asymmetric countries to consider differences in lobby strengths to study strategic international spillovers of national lobby activities. In our model, lobby groups in countries that are non-signatories to the agreement will impact abatement of the lobby’s home country only. In contrast, lobby activities in signatory countries have spillover effects on the abatement decisions of other member countries. As lobby strength impacts abatement, it will, in turn, impact the incentives to participate in the agreement. We find that lobby activities from both lobby groups, industry and environmentalists, can have the potential to facilitate international cooperation to abate global pollution. This, however, depends on the distribution of lobby activities across countries and on whether green lobby groups have a national or international focus.
How to consider history in landscape ecology: patterns, processes, and pathways
Authors: Tappeiner Ulrike , Leitinger Georg , Zariņa Anita , Bürgi Matthias
Published: December 2020

Context

Landscape ecology early on developed the awareness that central objects of investigation are not stable over time and therefore the historical dimension must be included, or at least considered.

Objectives

This paper considers the importance of history in landscape ecology in terms of its impact on patterns and processes and proposes to complement these with the notion of pathways in order to provide a comprehensive analysis of landscape change.

Methods

We develop a conceptual framework distinguishing between legacy effects, which include pattern and processes, and path dependence, with a focus of development pathways and we illustrate these perspectives by empirical examples.

Results

Combined short- to long-lasting imprints and legacies of historical patterns and processes reveal how present patterns and processes are in various ways influenced by legacies of the past. The focus on inherent dynamics of development pathways sheds light on the process of change itself, and its trajectories, and reveals the role of event chains and institutional reproduction.

Conclusions

Understanding patterns, processes, and pathways over time, allows a more complete analysis of landscape change, and forms the base to preserve vital ecosystem services of both human-made and natural landscapes for the future.
Husserl, the mathematization of nature, and the informational reconstruction of quantum theory
Authors: Berghofer Philipp , Goyal Philip , Wiltsche Harald A.
Published: December 2020

As is well known, the late Husserl warned against the dangers of reifying and objectifying the mathematical models that operate at the heart of our physical theories. Although Husserl’s worries were mainly directed at Galilean physics, the first aim of our paper is to show that many of his critical arguments are no less relevant today. By addressing the formalism and current interpretations of quantum theory, we illustrate how topics surrounding the mathematization of nature come to the fore naturally. Our second aim is to consider the program of reconstructing quantum theory, a program that currently enjoys popularity in the field of quantum foundations. We will conclude by arguing that, seen from this vantage point, certain insights delivered by phenomenology and quantum theory regarding perspectivity are remarkably concordant. Our overall hope with this paper is to show that there is much room for mutual learning between phenomenology and modern physics.
Ghd7 is a negative regulator of zinc concentration in brown rice
Authors: Alam Mufid , Chen Yingnanjun , Li Pingbo , Lou Guangming , Zhou Hao , Wang Lei , Liu Rongjia , Chen Pingli , Zhou Yin , Gao Guanjun , Tai Dewei , Zhang Xiaozhong , He Yuqing
Published: December 2020

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient for human, and improving Zn concentration in rice could be a simple and effective way to solve insufficient Zn uptake from daily diet. In this study, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed from a commercial hybrid combination Wandao153, and subjected to quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for Zn concentration in brown rice and heading date. Five QTL for Zn concentration and six for heading date were detected across 2 years, among which two QTL for Zn concentration and two for heading date were co-located on chromosome 7 and 8, respectively. The two co-located QTL on chromosome 7, qZn7 and qHd7, were likely to be Ghd7, a major gene for heading date and yield potential in rice. A combination of Zn concentration analysis and haplotype analysis of three pairs of genetic materials for Ghd7 revealed that it is a negative regulator of Zn concentration in brown rice. The other two co-located QTL on chromosome 8, qZn8 and qHd8, were likely to be Ghd8/DTH8, another major gene for heading date and yield potential in rice. These results could be of great use in genetic improvement of Zn concentration in brown rice.
The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Ethiopian Amharic Version
Authors: Elemo Aman Sado , Satici Seydi Ahmet , Griffiths Mark D.
Published: December 2020

Fear is an adaptive response that alerts individuals to the presence of a danger or threat. However, in the context of the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the fear experienced could be intense because the number of victims of the virus is continuously increasing globally and is inducing severe mental health concerns. The seven-item Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the severity of fear related to COVID-19 and has already been validated in many languages. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Amharic (Ethiopian) version of the FCV-19S. An online survey including the Amharic versions of the FCV-19S and the six-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) was administered to 307 Amharic-speaking participants using convenience sampling. The participants’ age ranged between 18 and 70 years. In the evaluation process, confirmatory factor analysis, Item Response Theory, concurrent validity, and reliabilities (Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, Guttman’s lambda, and composite reliability) of the Amharic version of the FCV-19S were performed. The uni-dimensional structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed and the Amharic version of the FCV-19S had strong psychometric properties. All reliability coefficients of the Amharic FCV-19S were satisfactory, with sound concurrent validity shown by significant and positive correlations with loneliness. The results indicate that the FCV-19S can be used in research to assess the fear of COVID-19 among Amharic-speaking populations.
Interfacial Properties of β-Lactoglobulin at the Oil/Water Interface: Influence of Starch Conversion Products with Varying Dextrose Equivalents
Authors: Heiden-Hecht Theresia , Ulbrich Marco , Drusch Stephan , Brückner-Gühmann Monika
Published: December 2020

In spray dried emulsions, frequently milk proteins are used as interfacial active components and starch conversion products are added as matrix material at high concentrations. To characterize interfacial properties at the oil/water interface by commonly applied methods, low protein, and carbohydrate concentrations from 1 to 2% are usually analyzed. The impact of a higher concentration of starch conversion products was not investigated so far. Therefore, the formation and rheological properties of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) stabilized films at the oil/water interface were investigated via short and long-time adsorption behavior using pendant drop tensiometry as well as dilatational and interfacial shear rheology. Suitability of the applied methods to the chosen samples with higher concentrations >1–2% was verified by calculation of selected key numbers like capillary number and by detailed reviewing of the results which is summarized further on as key indicators. It is hypothesized, that the increase in concentration via presence of starch conversion products will delay interfacial stabilization as a result of increased bulk viscosity with decreasing degree of degradation (dextrose equivalent) of the starch. Furthermore, this increase in concentration leads to more stable interfacial films due to thermodynamic incompatibility effects between protein and starch conversion products which results in increases of local protein concentration. Key indicators proved a general suitability of applied methods for the evaluation of the investigated samples. Moreover, results showed an increase in interfacial film stability and elastic properties alongside a decreased interfacial tension if starch conversion products were present in a high concentration.
Demokratisierung durch Partizipation? Die Mehrebenenbeteiligung an der Endlagersuche in Deutschland
Authors: Krick Eva
Published: December 2020

Der Beitrag analysiert die Beteiligung an der Endlagersuche in Deutschland in Bezug auf ihre institutionellen Erfolgsbedingungen und demokratische Qualität. Im Zentrum steht die erste Phase der Endlagersuche, in der die „Endlagerkommission“ Input aus einer Vielzahl an Bürgerbeteiligungsforen erhielt. Die Studie zeigt, wie ausgeprägte institutionelle Komplexität, hohe normative Standards und passgenaue Koordinationsmechanismen dazu beitragen können, den zwei klassischen Schwächen partizipativer Verfahren – soziale Verzerrung und Resonanzlosigkeit – entgegenzuwirken. Aufbauend auf der inputorientierten Demokratietheorie und der empirischen Beteiligungs‑, Deliberations- und Verhandlungsforschung wird insbesondere der Selektionsmodus der Zufallsauswahl hinterfragt und die bewusste Zielgruppenansprache als alternativer Weg zur Erreichung substanzieller Repräsentation diskutiert. Außerdem werden Aggregationsmechanismen und Rückkopplungskanäle typisiert, mit deren Hilfe eine Vielzahl an Stimmen integriert und in den politischen Prozess eingebettet werden kann.
Human time perspective and its structural associations with voxel-based morphometry and gyrification
Authors: Schmitt Simon , Besteher Bianca , Gaser Christian , Nenadić Igor
Published: December 2020

Time perspective refers to humans’ concept of integrating and evaluating temporal position and evaluation of memories, emotions, and experiences. We tested the hypothesis that different aspects of time perspective, as assessed with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) are related to variation of brain structure in non-clinical subjects. Analysing data from n = 177 psychiatrically healthy subjects using voxel-based morphometry with the CAT12 software package, we identified several significant (p < 0.05 FWE, cluster-level corrected) associations. The factors past negative, reflecting a negative attitude towards past events and present fatalistic, measuring a hopeless and fatalistic attitude towards future life, were both negatively associated with grey matter volumes of the anterior insula. The ZTPI factor future was negatively associated with precuneus grey matter. There was no association of ZTPI scores with gyrification using an absolute mean curvature method, a marker of early brain development. These findings provide a link between a general psychological construct of time perspective and brain structural variations in key areas related to time keeping (anterior insula) and the default mode network (precuneus), both of which overlap with variation in behavioral aspects and psychopathology.
Die Prognose von Studienerfolg und Studienabbruch auf Basis von Umfrage- und administrativen Prüfungsdaten
Authors: Pannier Sören , Rendtel Ulrich , Gerks Hartmut
Published: December 2020

Die Messung von Studienerfolg bzw. Studienabbruch erfolgt häufig retrospektiv anhand von Exmatrikulierten-Befragungen. Diese Erhebungen sind jedoch mit hohen Nonresponse-Raten verknüpft. Auch die retrospektive Selbsteinschätzung unterliegt Erinnerungsfehlern. Alternativ findet man auch prospektive Ansätze im Rahmen von Panelerhebungen, die jedoch von Stichprobenausfällen zwischen den Befragungswellen betroffen sind.

Dieser Artikel präsentiert einen neuen prospektiven Ansatz auf Basis von administrativen Prüfungsdaten und Umfragedaten. Hintergrundinformationen über die Studierenden werden zu Beginn des zweiten Fachsemesters im Rahmen einer Hörsaalbefragung erhoben. Die notwendige Einwilligung der Studierenden zur Verknüpfung mit den Prüfungsdaten wird fast immer erreicht, so dass der Einfluss von Hintergrundmerkmalen, Nebentätigkeit während des Studiums sowie der Studienmotivation auf den Studienabschluss ohne Stichprobenausfälle analysiert werden kann.

Dieser Ansatz wurde erstmalig am Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft der FU Berlin realisiert. Der Aufsatz beschreibt die Durchführung dieses Konzepts sowie Analyseergebnisse für den Studienverlauf und Studienabbrüche. Im Ergebnis erhalten wir, dass sich ein Studienabbruch schon in der Studieneingangsphase anhand der erworbenen Leistungspunkte und der Selbsteinschätzung der Studierenden sehr genau vorhersagen lässt. Hingegen liefern die Schulnote und die sozialen Hintergrundmerkmale keine zusätzliche Information für einen Studienabbruch.
Fish cytokines: current research and applications
Authors: Sakai Masahiro , Hikima Jun-ichi , Kono Tomoya
Published: December 2020

Cytokines are low molecular weight glycoproteins involved in the regulation of the immune system, and more than 100 cytokines have hitherto been identified in humans. Cytokines similar to those found in humans have also been found in fish. The innate immune response of fish can be examined by using cytokines as markers. We developed a multiplex reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay to analyze the expression of various cytokine genes. Using this assay, we were able to investigate the fish immune response when it had been activated by immunostimulants. The involvement of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, in the immune system of fish was revealed following administration of an immunostimulant.
Application of principal component analysis on water flooding effect evaluation in natural edge-bottom water reservoir
Authors: Geng Xiaoyan , Qi Mei , Liu Jian , He Chang , Li Yunbo
Published: December 2020

Water flooding effect evaluation is considered as the basic work to formulate comprehensive adjustment measures and improve the effectiveness of oilfield development. However, natural edge-bottom water energy is seldom considered in the conventional evaluation method. So, it cannot reflect the comprehensive effect of both natural edge-bottom water and injected water. Principal component analysis is a kind of multivariate statistical analysis method, which has been widely used in social science and other fields. Based on this method, the water flooding effect of 5 edge-bottom water reservoirs is comprehensively evaluated. First, 11 indicators are selected from four aspects, including natural edge-bottom water energy, production change, water injection development and utilization, energy maintenance and deficit compensation. Then, the selection of principal components is optimized. Based on the consideration of keeping as much information as possible to get more convincing results, three principal components are obtained. Finally, take five oilfields as examples to realize comprehensive evaluation. Results indicate that the natural energy of B oilfield is quite sufficient and water injection is timely in the later stage of development. So the water flooding effect is the best among five oilfields and the comprehensive principal component value is 1.434. That of A and C oilfields are 0.527 and 1.021, respectively, ranking 3 and 2. Although D oilfield has quite sufficient natural energy, water injection is not timely. So the water flooding effect is poor and the comprehensive principal component value is 0.259. That of E oilfield is − 3.241, indicating that it has the worst water flooding effect. The ranking results of five oilfields are consistent based on principal component analysis and Tong's chart, which are both B, C, A, D and E oilfield, verifying this method’s feasibility and practicability. Additionally, compared with the single index, it can reflect the comprehensive water flooding effect of both natural edge-bottom water and injected water. Specific oilfield cases are evaluated by the proposed method, which help for better understanding its application potential for evaluating the water flooding effect of natural edge-bottom water reservoirs.
Trade Books’ Evolving Historical Representation of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Authors: Bickford John H. , Dwomoh Razak K.
Published: December 2020

History-based trade books, such as biographies, narrative non-fiction, and expository texts, are essential secondary sources in social studies classrooms. Research, though, indicates a preponderance of misrepresentations in trade books’ depictions of historical eras and figures. We examined trade books’ historical representation of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, an iconic American president. The data sample featured biographies targeting various grade-ranges and published in different eras. Including books targeting early grade, middle grade, and high school students enabled comparisons of historical representation within and between different grade-ranges. Incorporating texts published in different eras allowed for consideration of how Kennedy's historical representation changed over time. Mixed methods content analysis—reliant on both open and axial-coding—yielded important findings about how children's and young adult authors depicted Kennedy's family history, particularly during World War II, privileged social position, Catholicism, wife, health, tensions during his presidency, and his assassination and subsequent conspiracy theories. Trade books’ representations appeared to be shaped more by date-of-publication than intended age of the reader. Identified historical misrepresentations included presentism, omission, exceptionalism, and heroification. Significance for teachers and researchers is articulated and practical classroom suggestions are provided.