bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered feet and syllable-integrity violations: The case of Copperbelt Bemba bounded tone spread
Authors: Breteler Jeroen , Kager René
Published: April 2022

We identify evidence supporting two amendments to standard metrical theory: the inclusion of layered feet, and the allowance of syllable-integrity violations, where a foot parses some, but not all, of a syllable’s constituents. The evidence comes from a High tone spreading process attested in Copperbelt Bemba (CB), which as reported by Bickmore and Kula (2013) et seq., occurs over a ternary domain. In quintessentially metrical fashion, the domain is sensitive to the presence and position of heavy syllables. Thus, we argue that metrical theory should take the CB data into account.

CB ternary spreading can occur in contexts with an abundance of unparsed syllables on either side of the domain. We argue that this property is problematic for ‘Weak Layering’ accounts using binary feet (McCarthy and Prince 1986; Hayes 1995), which revolve around the minimal presence of unparsed syllables. We propose an alternative account using layered feet (Martínez-Paricio and Kager 2015), specifying an inner quantity-sensitive iamb and a strictly monomoraic adjunct. We show that a principled characterization of the spreading domain is that tone associates to all and only footed moras. We argue that a metrical analysis provides a more principled account of the data than can be achieved by Bickmore and Kula’s purely autosegmental analysis.

Finally, we show that foot-based accounts of CB ternary spreading predict syllable-integrity violations (SIVs), where parsing consumes only the first of two tautosyllabic moras. Contrary to the common view that SIVs are universally disallowed, we embrace this result and put it in a typological context. We adopt an Optimality Theory constraint set to model SIVs (Kager and Martínez-Paricio 2018b), and extend it, paving the way for a typological investigation of SIVs.
It’s a shark-eat-shark world, but does that make for bigger pups? A comparison between oophagous and non-oophagous viviparous sharks
Authors: Miller Erin , Wails Christy N. , Sulikowski James
Published: April 2022

Oophagous reproduction (i.e., consumption of unfertilized ova in utero) in sharks has been hypothesized to result in fewer but larger pups relative to those produced by viviparous sharks with different modes of maternal nutrient transfer. We compared pup and litter sizes reported in the literature for 106 shark species with lecithotrophic viviparity, oophagy, and placental viviparity as methods of maternal nutrient transfer during pregnancy. Using a suite of permutational tests, we accounted for the effect of maternal size to test whether oophagous strategies do indeed result in larger pups and smaller litters relative to sharks with lecithotrophic and placental viviparous reproduction. Our results demonstrated that litter size was significantly reduced in species with oophagous reproduction relative to sharks with lecithotrophic and placentally viviparous reproduction. Further, the influence of oophagous reproduction on pup length was more variable, and generally pup length of oophagous species was only larger than sharks with lecithotrophic viviparous reproduction. However, when maternal investment was expressed as litter mass (minimum pup mass by litter size), the effect of oophagy was neutralized. We found further evidence that pup length at birth was directly modulated by litter size and habitat, suggesting pup length at birth may also be adapted to conditions at nursing grounds. Our study supports the hypothesis that both placentally viviparous and lecithotrophic viviparous species maximize their reproductive fitness by allocating nutrients to larger litters of pups, whereas oophagous species maximize reproductive fitness through smaller litters of pups that may be well adapted to their nursing grounds.
Reimagining the Clinical Competency Committee to Enhance Education and Prepare for Competency-Based Time-Variable Advancement
Authors: Goldhamer Mary Ellen J. , Martinez-Lage Maria , Black-Schaffer W. Stephen , Huang Jennifer T. , Co John Patrick T. , Weinstein Debra F. , Pusic Martin V.
Published: April 2022

Assessing residents and clinical fellows is a high-stakes activity. Effective assessment is important throughout training so that identified areas of strength and weakness can guide educational planning to optimize outcomes. Assessment has historically been underemphasized although medical education oversight organizations have strengthened requirements in recent years. Growing acceptance of competency-based medical education and its logical extension to competency-based time-variable (CB-TV) graduate medical education (GME) further highlights the importance of implementing effective evidence-based approaches to assessment. The Clinical Competency Committee (CCC) has emerged as a key programmatic structure in graduate medical education. In the context of launching a multi-specialty pilot of CB-TV GME in our health system, we have examined several program’s CCC processes and reviewed the relevant literature to propose enhancements to CCCs. We recommend that all CCCs fulfill three core goals, regularly applied to every GME trainee: (1) discern and describe the resident’s developmental status to individualize education, (2) determine readiness for unsupervised practice, and (3) foster self-assessment ability. We integrate the literature and observations from GME program CCCs in our institutions to evaluate how current CCC processes support or undermine these goals. Obstacles and key enablers are identified. Finally, we recommend ways to achieve the stated goals, including the following: (1) assess and promote the development of competency in all trainees, not just outliers, through a shared model of assessment and competency-based advancement; (2) strengthen CCC assessment processes to determine trainee readiness for independent practice; and (3) promote trainee reflection and informed self-assessment. The importance of coaching for competency, robust workplace-based assessments, feedback, and co-production of individualized learning plans are emphasized. Individual programs and their CCCs must strengthen assessment tools and frameworks to realize the potential of competency-oriented education.
Versorgungsrealität in Deutschland: ein Auszug aus dem Schulterendoprothesenregister der Deutschen Vereinigung für Schulter- und Ellenbogenchirurgie e.V. (DVSE)
Authors: Kircher Jörn , Ohly Birgit , Albers Sebastian , Kirchner Florian , Hudek Robert , Magosch Petra
Published: April 2022

Hintergrund

Die letzten Jahre sind geprägt von weiteren Fallzahlsteigerungen der Implantation von Schulterendoprothesen in Deutschland. Die Registerforschung bietet die Möglichkeit, Trends in der Versorgung im Hinblick auf die demografischen Daten als auch der verwendeten Implantate frühzeitig zu erkennen und sichtbar zu machen.

Material und Methode

Die Daten des Schulterendoprothesenregister SPR der DVSE aus den Jahren 2015–2020 für alle Primärimplantationen wurden retrospektiv ausgewertet im Hinblick auf folgende Parameter: demografische Faktoren, Verwendung von Implantaten (anatomisch vs. invers; zementiert vs. zementfrei; schaftfrei, Kurzschäften, klassische Schäfte), Anzahl der dokumentierenden Kliniken/Abteilungen während dieses Zeitraums.

Ergebnisse

Es zeigt sich ein Anstieg der dokumentierten Fälle im SPR über die Jahre (vor allem Zunahme inverser Endoprothesen). Ursache für die Fallzahlsteigerungen ist keine relevante Abnahme des Durchschnittsalters zum Zeitpunkt der Erstimplantation.

Bei Implantation von anatomischen Endoprothesen zeigt sich ein klarer Trend zugunsten der Verwendung von schaftfreien Implantaten; schaftfreie inverse Implantate bleiben eher die Ausnahme; Glenoide werden überwiegend zementiert mit leicht fallendem Trend, humerale Komponenten werden weiterhin überwiegend zementiert implantiert, etwas weniger ausgeprägt auch bei inversen Endoprothesen.

Schlussfolgerung

Die Daten belegen, dass die Fallzahlsteigerung der Implantationen nicht auf eine Ausweitung der Indikation für jüngere Patienten zurückgeführt werden kann. Es zeigt sich ein klarer Trend zur Verwendung von schaftfreien Implantaten, besonders bei Versorgung mit anatomischen Systemen.
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) as predictor of cardiovascular mortality in heart failure patients: data from the T.O.S.CA. registry
Authors: De Giorgi Alfredo , Marra Alberto Maria , Iacoviello Massimo , Triggiani Vincenzo , Rengo Giuseppe , Cacciatore Francesco , Maiello Ciro , Limongelli Giuseppe , Masarone Daniele , Perticone Francesco , Filardi Pasquale Perrone , Paolillo Stefania , Mancini Antonio , Volterrani Maurizio , Vriz Olga , Castello Roberto , Passantino Andrea , Campo Michela , Modesti Pietro Amedeo , Salzano Andrea , D’Assante Roberta , Arcopinto Michele , Raparelli Valeria , Fabbian Fabio , Sciacqua Angela , Colao Annamaria , Suzuki Toru , Bossone Eduardo , Cittadini Antonio ,   T.O.S.CA. Investigators, Cittadini A. , ArcopintoSalzano M. A. , Saccà L. , Monti M. G. , Napoli R. , Matarazzo M. , Stagnaro F. M. , Schiavo A. , Valente P. , Bossone E. , Ferrara F. , Russo V. , Malinconico M. , Citro R. , Guastalamacchia E. , Iacoviello M. , Leone M. , Triggiani V. , Cacciatore F. , Maiello C. , Amarelli C. , Mattucci I. , Limongelli G. , Masarone D. , Calabrò P. , Calabrò R. , D’Andrea A. , Maddaloni V. , Pacileo G. , Scarafile R. , Perticone F. , Belfiore A. , Sci-acqua A. , Cimellaro A. , Filardi P. Perrone , Casaretti L. , Paolillo S. , Gargiulo P. , Mancini A. , Favuzzi A. M. R. , Di Segni C. , Bruno C. , Vergani E. , Vriz O. , Castello R. , Frigo A. , Campo M. , Sorrentino M. R. , Modesti P. A. , Malandrino D. , Manfredini R. , De Giorgi A. , Fabbian F. , Puzzo A. , Ragusa L. , Caliendo L. , Carbone L. , Frigiola A. , Generali T. , Giacomazzi F. , De Vincentiis C. , Ballotta A. , Garofalo P. , Malizia G. , Suzuki T. , Heaney L. M. , Bruzzese D.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Data from the “Trattamento Ormonale nello Scompenso CArdiaco” (T.O.S.CA) registry showed that heart failure (HF) represents a complex clinical syndrome with different hormonal alterations. Renal failure represents a frequent complication in HF. We evaluated the relationship between renal function and insuline-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) deficiency and its impact on cardiovascular mortality (CVM) in patients enrolled in the T.O.S.CA. registry.

Methods

At the enrolment, all subjects underwent chemistry examinations, including circulating hormones and cardiovascular functional tests. COX regression analysis was used to evaluate factors related to CVM during the follow-up period in all populations, in high-risk patients and in the young-adult population. Also, we evaluate the effects of renal function on the CVM.

Results

337 patients (41 deceased) were analyzed. CVM was related to severe renal dysfunction (HR stages IV–V = 4.86), high-risk conditions (HR 2.25), serum IGF-1 (HR 0.42), and HF etiology (HR 5.85 and HR 1.63 for valvular and ischemic etiology, respectively). In high-risk patients, CVM was related to IGF-1 levels, severe renal dysfunction and valvular etiology, whereas in young patients CMV was related to the high-risk pattern and serum IGF-1 levels.

Conclusions

Our study showed the clinical and prognostic utility of the IGF-1 assay in patients with HF.
Surgical management of abdominal desmoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Moore Dave , Burns Lucy , Creavin Ben , Ryan Eanna , Conlon Kevin , Kelly Michael Eamon , Kavanagh Dara
Published: April 2022

Background

Desmoid tumours are benign fibromatous tumours arising from dysregulated myofibroblast proliferation within musculoaponeurotic structures. They can occur sporadically but more commonly are associated with genetic syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (Sakorafas et al. in Surg Oncol 16(2):131–142, 2007) (FAP). Mutations in either the Wnt, β-catenin orAPCgenes are ‘key’ triggers for the development of these tumours (Howard and Pollock in Oncol Ther 4(1):57–72, 2016). Classically, these tumours do not metastasise; however, they are associated with significant morbidity and mortality due to their infiltrative pattern and/or local invasion. Historically, surgical resection was the cornerstone of treatment. There remains paucity of data regarding outcomes following the surgical management of abdominal desmoid tumours in terms of success, recurrence and morbidity.

Objectives

The aim of this review was to assess the current evidence for surgical management of abdominal desmoid tumours in terms of success, recurrence and morbidity.

Methods

A systematic search of articles in PubMed, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for the period from January 2000 to November 2020.

Results

Twenty-three studies were included, of which, 749 patients had surgical resection (696 for primary and 53 for recurrent desmoids), 243 patients (18.8%) were medically managed and 353 patients (27.3%) underwent surveillance. Median follow-up was 51.4 months (range 1–372). Six-hundred and ninety-six of the 749 resections (92.9%) underwent primary desmoid resection, with the remaining 53 (7.1%) undergoing resection for recurrence. One-hundred and two surgically managed patients (19%) developed a (re)recurrence, with mesenteric involvement the commonest site for recurrence (55%). When comparing recurrence post-surgery to progression following medical therapy, there was a trend towards better outcomes with surgery, with 25% of surgical patients having a recurrence versus 50.5% having progression with medical therapy [OR 0.40 (95% CI 0.06–2.70),p = 0.35]. Major morbidity following surgery was 4.4% (n = 33) with 2% (n = 14) mortality within 30 days of resection.

Conclusion

The management of desmoids has considerable heterogeneity. Surgical resection for abdominal desmoids remains a valid treatment option in highly selective cases where negative margins can be obtained, with low major morbidity and/or mortality.
Spintronic terahertz emission with manipulated polarization (STEMP)
Authors: Li Peiyan , Liu Shaojie , Chen Xinhou , Geng Chunyan , Wu Xiaojun
Published: April 2022

Highly efficient generation and arbitrary manipulation of spin-polarized terahertz (THz) radiation will enable chiral lightwave driven quantum nonequilibrium state regulation, induce new electronic structures, consequently provide a powerful experimental tool for investigation of nonlinear THz optics and extreme THz science and applications. THz circular dichromic spectroscopy, ultrafast electron bunch manipulation, as well as THz imaging, sensing, and telecommunication, also need chiral THz waves. Here we review optical generation of circularly-polarized THz radiation but focus on recently emerged polarization tunable spintronic THz emission techniques, which possess many advantages of ultra-broadband, high efficiency, low cost, easy for integration and so on. We believe that chiral THz sources based on the combination of electron spin, ultrafast optical techniques and material structure engineering will accelerate the development of THz science and applications.

Graphical Abstract
Virtual clinical assessment in medical education: an investigation of online conference technology
Authors: Thampy Harish , Collins Sarah , Baishnab Elora , Grundy Jess , Wilson Kurt , Cappelli Timothy
Published: April 2022

As a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, medical education institutions were suddenly and unexpectedly faced with making significant changes in delivering their clinical assessments to comply with social distancing requirements and limited access to clinical education centres. Seeking a potential solution to these new circumstances, we designed, implemented and evaluated an online virtual OSCE, as a ‘proof of concept’ intervention study. Our qualitative research involved document analysis of the stages of decision-making and consultation in designing the intervention, and thematic analysis based on the perspectives and experiences of the key stakeholders (final year students, clinical examiners, simulated patients and faculty staff who acted as station assistants), gathered through surveys with Likert-scale questions and free text comments, and online discussion groups which were recorded and transcribed. From our analysis, we identified four themes: optimising assessment design for online delivery, ensuring clinical authenticity, recognising and addressing feelings and apprehensions, and anticipating challenges through incident planning and risk mitigation. Through the data gathered at each stage of the intervention, and the involvement of key stakeholders in the design and evaluation, our study highlights examples of effective practice for future applications of online technologies in assessment, provides guidance for designing and implementing online virtual assessment, and lays a foundation for comparative, longitudinal research on the significant and increasing roles played by technology in healthcare professional education and practice.
Biomonitoring of ochratoxin A, 2′R-ochratoxin A and citrinin in human blood serum from Switzerland
Authors: Jaus Alexandra , Rhyn Peter , Haldimann Max , Brüschweiler Beat J. , Fragnière Rime Céline , Jenny-Burri Judith , Zoller Otmar
Published: April 2022

Biomonitoring of mycotoxins and their metabolites in biological fluids is increasingly used to assess human exposure. In this study, biomarkers of ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) exposure were determined in a large number of serum samples from healthy blood donors in Switzerland. In 2019, 700 samples from different regions were obtained. From 240 donors, a second sample (taken 2–9 months later) was available for analysis. Moreover, 355 blood donor samples from 2005 from all regions in Switzerland and 151 additional samples from the southern Swiss region of Ticino from 2005 could be analysed.

OTA, 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), ochratoxin alpha (OTα), CIT and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) were analysed using validated targeted methods including precipitation and online SPE clean-up.

OTA and 2′R-OTA were frequently detected (OTA in 99%; 2′R-OTA in 51% of the tested samples). The mean concentration in all positive samples was 0.4 ng/mL for OTA and 0.2 ng/mL for 2′R-OTA. OTα was not detected in any sample above the limit of quantification (LOQ). In contrast to OTA, CIT and DH-CIT were only quantifiable in 2% and 0.1% of the samples, respectively. No significant trend was observed between the samples from 2005 and the more recent samples, but OTA concentrations were usually higher in serum samples from the southern Swiss region of Ticino and in males compared to females.

Our extensive data fit well within the framework of previously published values for the healthy adult European population.
Values and Attitudes Toward Immigrants Among School Children in Switzerland and Poland
Authors: Becker Charlotte Clara , Davidov Eldad , Cieciuch Jan , Algesheimer René , Kindschi Martin
Published: April 2022

Research on key determinants of negative attitudes toward immigration has often suggested that values held by individuals systematically explain such sentiments. Universalists appear to have more positive and conservatives more negative attitudes. So far, however, these insights are based on studies using adult samples. In our study, we analyze these relations among children and adolescents. For the analysis, we utilized a Swiss-Polish panel dataset (2015–2017, N = 5,332) with three time points collected among school children aged 8–19 years. We employed autoregressive cross-lagged models. The results indicated that while universalism decreased negative attitudes toward immigrants, the expected effect for conformity-tradition was not found.
Blinded by ‘Fairness’: Why We Need (Strong) Procedural Safeguards in Screening Self-Dealing and Obtaining a Fair Price Is Not the Answer
Authors: Gözlügöl Alperen Afşin
Published: April 2022

Ex post court review of related party transactions (RPTs) is one of the main mechanisms to deal with the problem of value diversion in public companies via self-dealing and is extensively made use of in Delaware and until relatively recently in most continental European countries. Such court review has also become to be known as the ‘fairness test’ whose contours may change depending on the jurisdiction and contexts in which it is applied. This study takes issue with the court review of actualized transactions under certain standards from two different perspectives. Firstly, it is argued that the behavioral insights derived from studies by behavioral economists and psychologists suggest that a legal regime that solely depends on the court review of substantive merits of RPTs without any (strong) procedural safeguard may fail to create a robust regime against value diversion. Secondly, acknowledging that the court review of substantive merits of RPTs may be inevitable in some cases, the study then turns its attention to the fairness test itself that compares the terms of an RPT to an arm’s length transaction, and argues that such an objective test fails to fully prevent value diversion. Accordingly, a recalibration of the test and a new framework are proposed.
Cost of Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histiolyticum Therapy Versus Surgery for the Management of Peyronie's Disease: A Claims-Based Analysis (2009–2019)
Authors: Walton Eric L. , Quinn Timothy P. , Mulloy Evan , Patil Dattatraya , Mehta Akanksha
Published: April 2022

Background

Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH), which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of Peyronie's disease (PD) in 2013, may obviate the need for surgery but its historically high cost must be considered when offering CCH vs surgical intervention to affected patients.

Aim

To compare trends of intralesional injections vs surgical treatment for PD and assess the contemporary cost of treatment with CCH vs surgical intervention.

Methods

We reviewed 2009–2019 MarketScan Commercial Claims data to identify all men 18 years and older with PD. CPT and HCPCS codes were used to identify PD treatments for each patient. Associated insurance claims in USD were summed for each treatment type.

Outcomes

Total and out-of-pocket costs, as well as frequencies, for treatments were calculated on a yearly basis and the Cochran-Armitage test was used to compare frequencies before and after FDA approval of CCH.

Results

Of 89,205 men diagnosed with PD, 21,605 (24.2%) underwent treatment; most required only intralesional injections, however 1,519 (7.0%) received only surgical therapy and 1,951 (9.0%) required medical and surgical therapy. Intralesional CCH use sharply increased after its FDA-approval in 2013 with a concomitant fall of intralesional verapamil use. The use of both surgical plication and plaque grafting decreased steadily from 2009 to 2019. The median cost per patient for all 3 treatments increased over the study time-period: $1,856 to $3,196 for plication, $2,233 to $3,631 for plaque grafting, and $6,940 to $8,895 per cycle for CCH. Out-of-pocket median patient contribution for plication, plaque grafting, and per cycle intralesional CCH injection were similar over the study period and never exceeded $300.

Clinical Implications

CCH is significantly more expensive than any surgical treatment option, however, the out-of-pocket patient contribution for surgery and CCH are similar.

Strengths & Limitations

This study incorporated all procedure costs and is the most contemporary, comprehensive, and accurate reflection of overall and out-of-pocket costs to patients for surgical and intralesional PD therapies. We anticipate these data to allow for a more complete discussion between patients and providers regarding their care. The use of a commercial claims database prohibited assessment of post-procedural costs and treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

CCH use has increased significantly since its FDA approval in 2013 with out-of-pocket patient contribution comparable to surgical therapy despite significantly higher total treatment costs.
Avoiding Assumptions: Sexual Function in Transgender and Non-Binary Individuals
Authors: Whitney Natalia , Samuel Ankhita , Douglass Laura , Strand Nicolle K. , Hamidian Jahromi Alireza
Published: April 2022

Background

As the field of gender-affirming care continues its advancement, a clinical gap in the definition and evaluation of sexual function in transgender and non-binary (TGNB) individuals is becoming increasingly apparent. Recent speculations propose the modification of cis-gender heteronormative sexual function measurement tools as a useful way to close this knowledge gap.

Methods

Although the use of previously validated tools creates an easier platform for modification, the assumption of cis-gender sexual function as baseline will further disrupt patient-provider relationships, leading to inaccurate scientific conclusions, and increase the healthcare barriers faced by this community.

Results

As the definition of health has grown to include sexual function, the responsibility of the physician has evolved to include the treatment of sexual dysfunction as well. Without the imminent establishment of a scientific definition of sexual function with an accompanying measurement tool, this lack of understanding continues a precedent that may further stigmatize and distance this population from healthcare. Although this challenge may seem daunting, it should be noted that this has been accomplished for both cis-gender heterosexual men and women. This failure to scrupulously address the needs of the TGNB community directly contradicts the medical profession’s revered values of equity and compassion. This branch of sexual medicine and gender-affirming care is critical for maximizing the quality of life as well as equity of the TGNB community to their cis-gender, heteronormative counterparts.

Conclusion

A careful, kinder, and more inclusive approach is necessary, and the TGNB community deserves optimized care which requires a uniquely developed definition of sexual function and the required measurement tools.
Mathematical Pictures at a Data Science Exhibition
Authors: Foucart Simon
Published: April 2022

This text provides deep and comprehensive coverage of the mathematical background for data science, including machine learning, optimal recovery, compressed sensing, optimization, and neural networks. In the past few decades, heuristic methods adopted by big tech companies have complemented existing scientific disciplines to form the new field of Data Science. This text embarks the readers on an engaging itinerary through the theory supporting the field. Altogether, twenty-seven lecture-length chapters with exercises provide all the details necessary for a solid understanding of key topics in data science. While the book covers standard material on machine learning and optimization, it also includes distinctive presentations of topics such as reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, spectral clustering, optimal recovery, compressed sensing, group testing, and applications of semidefinite programming. Students and data scientists with less mathematical background will appreciate the appendices that provide more background on some of the more abstract concepts.
The Attalids of Pergamon and Anatolia
Authors: Kaye Noah
Published: April 2022

Historians have long wondered at the improbable rise of the Attalids of Pergamon after 188 BCE. The Roman-brokered Settlement of Apameia offered a new map – a brittle framework for sovereignty in Anatolia and the eastern Aegean. What allowed the Attalids to make this map a reality and leave their indelible Pergamene imprint on our Classical imagination? In this uniquely comprehensive study of the political economy of the kingdom, Noah Kaye rethinks the impact of Attalid imperialism on the Greek polis and the multicultural character of the dynasty's notorious propaganda. By synthesizing new findings in epigraphy, archaeology, and numismatics, he shows the kingdom for the first time from the inside. The Pergamene way of ruling was a distinctively non-coercive and efficient means of taxing and winning loyalty. Royal tax collectors collaborated with city and village officials on budgets and minting, while the kings utterly transformed the civic space of the gymnasium.
Practical Utopia
Authors: Neima Anna
Published: April 2022

Dartington Hall was a social experiment of kaleidoscopic vitality, set up in Devon in 1925 by a fabulously wealthy American heiress, Dorothy Elmhirst (née Whitney), and her Yorkshire-born husband, Leonard. It quickly achieved international fame with its progressive school, craft production and wide-ranging artistic endeavours. Dartington was a residential community of students, teachers, farmers, artists and craftsmen committed to revivifying life in the countryside. It was also a socio-cultural laboratory, where many of the most brilliant interwar minds came to test out their ideas about art, society, spirituality and rural regeneration. To this day, Dartington Hall remains a symbol of countercultural experimentation and a centre for arts, ecology and social justice. Practical Utopia presents a compelling portrait of a group of people trying to live out their ideals, set within an international framework, and demonstrates Dartington's tangled affinities with other unity-seeking projects across Britain and in India and America.
Archaeologists and Historic Railroad Resources in the United States
Authors: Polk Michael R.
Published: April 2022

Archaeological research of a railroad, although not dissimilar to researching the history of a place, has unique aspects that make it challenging for those not familiar with the subject. Four words are vital to understanding a railroad: economics, operations, infrastructure, and regulation. With exceptions, a railroad in the United States exists only with all four in place. An archaeologist should investigate each to complete a holistic picture, although each may not always be essential for complete understanding of a particular railroad project. The author briefly discusses these issues and then identifies types of relevant historical documents and select archaeological features important in understanding a railroad. A case study of Lampo, a Central Pacific Railroad section station operative from the 1880s to 1942, is included to highlight important links between document research, archaeology, and the key operative aspects of a railroad.
La tecnología laminar en el extremo sur de Patagonia meridional: Un análisis de la variación morfológica en instrumentos de filo largo mediante morfometría geométrica
Authors: Pallo María Cecilia , Charlin Judith , Cardillo Marcelo , Borrero Luis Alberto
Published: April 2022

Diversas líneas de evidencia sugieren la existencia de dos rangos de acción de cazadores-recolectores en el sur de Patagonia meridional durante el Holoceno tardío: uno oriental, concentrado en el campo volcánico Pali Aike y otro occidental, localizado a lo largo de una franja relativamente longitudinal que va desde el sur de Lago Argentino hasta Última Esperanza. Mientras el uso de lascas y dacita predomina en el primero, la tecnología laminar y la explotación de lutita negra es recurrente en el segundo. Sin embargo, instrumentos de filo largo (raederas y cuchillos) sobre láminas de lutita negra también se registran, en baja frecuencia, en el campo volcánico Pali Aike y espacios asociados. Este trabajo evalúa, a través de las técnicas de morfometría geométrica, si estos instrumentos pertenecen a una misma población artefactual de acuerdo con sus características morfológicas. Los resultados no muestran diferencias morfológicas significativas entre los instrumentos laminares de lutita negra según su área de hallazgo (oriental versus occidental). La información morfológica y otras evidencias sobre los tamaños de los instrumentos laminares y la disponibilidad de lutita negra, cuyas principales fuentes de aprovisionamiento se localizan en el área occidental, abren la discusión sobre distintos mecanismos de interacción poblacional involucrados en la dispersión de estos artefactos.
Learning from Null Effects: A Bottom-Up Approach
Authors: Alrababa’h Ala’ , Williamson Scott , Dillon Andrea , Hainmueller Jens , Hangartner Dominik , Hotard Michael , Laitin David D. , Lawrence Duncan , Weinstein Jeremy
Published: April 2022

A critical barrier to generating cumulative knowledge in political science and related disciplines is the inability of researchers to observe the results from the full set of research designs that scholars have conceptualized, implemented, and analyzed. For a variety of reasons, studies that produce null findings are especially likely to be unobserved, creating biases in publicly accessible research. While several approaches have been suggested to overcome this problem, none have yet proven adequate. We call for the establishment of a new discipline-wide norm in which scholars post short “null results reports” online that summarize their research designs, findings, and interpretations. To address the inevitable incentive problems that earlier proposals for reform were unable to overcome, we argue that decentralized research communities can spur the broader disciplinary norm change that would bring advantage to scientific advance. To facilitate our contribution, we offer a template for these reports that incorporates evaluation of the possible explanations for the null findings, including statistical power, measurement strategy, implementation issues, spillover/contamination, and flaws in theoretical priors. We illustrate the template’s utility with two experimental studies focused on the naturalization of immigrants in the United States and attitudes toward Syrian refugees in Jordan.
Structure, Strategy and Self in Cultural Peripheries: Theorizing the Periphery in the Polish and Dutch Fashion Fields
Authors: Kuipers Giselinde , Holla Sylvia , Van Der Laan Elise
Published: April 2022

This article analyzes the creation of value in (semi-)peripheral fields, using interview (N=94) and ethnographic data of creatives, models and cultural intermediaries in Polish and Dutch fashion. Drawing on field theory and center-periphery theories we show that these peripheral fields have a distinct structure—peripheral worlds—marked by the dependence on foreign centers for goods, standards and consecration, in which actors employ field-specific peripheral strategies for pursuing value and success. Workers in the (semi-)periphery develop peripheral selves, marked by a “double consciousness”, simultaneously seeing themselves from a local perspective and through the eyes of “central” others. We theorize “peripheralness” as a dimension of social inequality, a continuum ranging from “most central” to “most peripheral”, that spring from transnational interdependencies; and offer building blocks for a theory of the periphery that connects structural conditions and personal experiences. This theory explains, among others, why peripheries are not the reverse of centers, why centers also need peripheries (though not as much as peripheries need centers), and why peripheral and semi-peripheral actors don’t leave for cultural hubs to “make it there”.
The association between low carbohydrate diet scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in Chinese adults
Authors: Wang Jiaqi , Lv Shuaishuai , Zhou Yutian , Sun Yan , Zhu Huichen , Yan Guochao , Wu Yan , Ma Yuxia
Published: April 2022

Epidemiological studies on the association between the low carbohydrate diet (LCD) score and CVD risk factors have limited and inconsistent results. Data are from the baseline survey of Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases. A total of 4609 adults aged ≥ 18 years were included in the study. Dietary data were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate relationships of three LCD scores with low HDL-cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriacylglycerolaemia, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), high blood pressure and hyperuricaemia after adjusting for potential confounders. A higher LCD score was negatively associated with low HDL-cholesterol (OR: 0·65 (95 % CI 0·50, 0·83), P = 0·0001) and IFG (OR: 0·65 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·81), P = 0·001) after the final adjustment. However, there are sex differences in this result. Males in the highest quintile of the animal-based or plant-based LCD scores showed a decreased risk of low HDL-cholesterol, and females in the highest quintile of the animal-based or plant-based LCD scores showed a decreased risk of IFG than those in the lowest quintile of the LCD scores. These results suggest that sex differences should be considered when using LCD to treat dyslipidaemia and reduce fasting blood glucose.
Global Mass Culture, Mobile Subjectivities, and the Southern Landscape: The Bicycle in the New South, 1887–1920
Authors: CARDON NATHAN
Published: April 2022

At the end of the nineteenth century, the modern safety bicycle and the cultures that surrounded it were global in scale. In tracing the use and adoption of the bicycle in the South, this article reveals the ways in which the everyday experiences of local culture intersected with the world. It argues that the subjectivity of riding a bicycle transformed the ways in which white southerners experienced, thought of, and imagined their region. The article contributes to two shifts in southern studies and the historiography of the New South. It brings recent discussions of the South in the world to the level of the everyday by tracing the experiences of a new technological mobility and its social and cultural worlds. In demonstrating the ways white southerners took up cycling culture, it also integrates the region into the global trends of mass culture that move beyond histories of popular culture in the New South focussed mostly on the region's relationship to the nation.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss and coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Pool C , King T S , Pradhan S , Isildak H
Published: April 2022

Objective

To determine if otolaryngologists and audiologists of the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery have noticed an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Methods

A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of providing a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of perceived association between the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Results

Of respondents, 63.0 per cent did not notice an increase in sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. There was a weak positive correlation between patients identified with sudden sensorineural hearing loss and the percentage of coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients reported by each medical care provider (Spearman correlation = 0.20, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.05–0.33). There was no association between geographical location and perceived increase in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (p= 0.38).

Conclusion

The majority of respondents did not perceive an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus pandemic, regardless of geographical region.
The effect of cochlear implant insertion technique on post-operative neural response telemetry and impedance in paediatric patients
Authors: Hashemi S B , Janipour M , Jahangiri R , Babaei A
Published: April 2022

Objective

This study aimed to compare neural response telemetry and impedance between the round window and cochleostomy approaches for cochlear implantation.

Methods

In this case–control study, 64 patients aged less than 3.5 years underwent cochlear implantation via the round window or cochleostomy approach. Post-operative neural response telemetry and impedance were measured.

Results

The impedance measurements at electrodes 1, 11 and 22 showed no significant differences between the two groups three months after implantation (p = 0.90, p = 0.08 and p = 0.37, respectively). Similar results were observed six months after implantation (p = 0.71, p = 0.65 and p = 0.70, respectively). There was no significant difference in neural response telemetry between the two groups after three months. The neural response telemetry of electrode 1 in the cochleostomy group (171.26 ± 19.81 μV) was significantly higher in comparison with that of electrode 1 in the round window group (161.97 ± 12.71 μV) after six months (p = 0.03). The neural response telemetry values for electrodes 11 and 22 did not show any significant difference after six months (p = 0.14 and p = 0.48, respectively).

Conclusion

Both approaches provide equal stimulation of the cochlear nerve and impedance.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with idiopathic olfactory dysfunction and normal findings on nasoendoscopy
Authors: Tung I M , Misirovs R , Gardiner Q
Published: April 2022

Objective

In presentations of anosmia or dysosmia, magnetic resonance imaging may be required to screen for intracranial pathology such as olfactory neuroblastomas and other intracranial masses impacting on the olfactory pathway. This study aimed to establish positive magnetic resonance imaging findings of anosmia or dysosmia for scans performed before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Methods

The study examined the outcome of patients who presented with isolated olfactory dysfunction and who underwent magnetic resonance imaging between 2015 and 2019.

Results

Of the 131 patients, 41 (31.3 per cent) had normal scan findings, 50 (38.2 per cent) had insignificant paranasal mucosal disease and 6 (4.6 per cent) had mucosal thickening significant enough to require additional intervention. These interventions included repeat nasoendoscopy or commencement of intranasal or oral steroids. No patients had olfactory neuroblastoma.

Conclusion

Only 4.6 per cent of the magnetic resonance imaging scans revealed abnormal findings related to anosmia or dysosmia, and none required ENT surgical intervention. None of the magnetic resonance imaging scans identified an olfactory neuroblastoma or intracranial masses impacting on the olfactory pathway.
Host transmission dynamics of first- and third-stage Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae in Bullastra lessoni
Authors: Pai Tsung Yu , Meyer Wieland , Torpy Fraser R. , Donahoe Shannon L. , Ellis John , Malik Richard , Lee Rogan
Published: April 2022

Given the importance of angiostrongyliasis as an emerging infectious disease of humans, companion animals, and wildlife, the current study focused on the transmission dynamics of first- and third-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode, Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The migration of infective larvae and their subsequent distribution within the Lymnaeidae snail, Bullastra lessoni, were investigated over time using microscopic examination of histological sections and fresh tissue. Snails were divided into four anatomical regions: (i) anterior and (ii) posterior cephalopedal masses, (iii) mantle skirt and (iv) visceral mass. The viability of free-swimming third-stage larvae, after their release from snail tissues, was evaluated in vitro by propidium iodide staining and infectivity by in vivo infection of Wistar rats. Snails were sequentially dissected over time to assess the number and anatomical distribution of larvae within each snail and hence infer their migration pathway. Herein, ongoing larval migratory activity was detected over 28 days post-infection. A comparison of infection rates and the larval distribution within the four designated snail regions demonstrated a significant relationship between anatomical region and density of infective larvae, with larvae mostly distributed in the anterior cephalopedal mass (43.6 ± 10.8%) and the mantle skirt (33.0 ± 8.8%). Propidium iodide staining showed that free-swimming third-stage larvae retained viability for between 4 and 8 weeks when stored under laboratory conditions. In contrast to viability, larval infectivity in rats remained for up to 2 weeks only. Knowledge gained from the current work could provide information on the development of new approaches to controlling the transmission of this parasite.
Depressive symptoms predict the incidence of common chronic diseases in women and men in a representative community sample
Authors: Otten Daniëlle , Ernst Mareike , Werner Antonia M. , Tibubos Ana N. , Reiner Iris , Brähler Elmar , Wiltink Jörg , Michal Matthias , Nagler Markus , Wild Philipp S. , Münzel Thomas , König Jochem , Lackner Karl J. , Peiffer Norbert , Beutel Manfred E.
Published: April 2022

Background

Depression, the most frequent and harmful mental disorder, has been associated with specific somatic diseases as the leading cause of death. The purposes of this prospective study were to predict incident chronic diseases based on baseline depressive symptoms and to test sex-dependent effects.

Methods

In a representative German community sample of over 12 000 participants, baseline depressive symptoms (assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9) were tested as a predictor of new onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes, cancer, and migraine at 5-year follow-up. To study disease incidence, we created subsamples for each chronic disease by excluding participants who already had the respective disease at baseline. Potential confounders were included in logistic regression models and sex-specific analyses were performed.

Results

Controlling for demographic characteristics and loneliness, in men and women, baseline depressive symptoms were predictive of CVD, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes, and migraine, but not of cancer. When we additionally adjusted for metabolic and lifestyle risk factors, there was an 8% increase of chronic obstructive lung disease and migraine per point of depressive symptoms. There was a trend for CVD (4%; p = 0.053). Sex-sensitive analyses revealed trends for the relevance of depressive symptoms for CVD in men (p = 0.065), and for diabetes in women (p = 0.077).

Conclusions

These findings underscore the need to implement screening for depression in the treatment of major somatic illnesses. At the same time, depressed patients should be screened for metabolic and lifestyle risk factors and for somatic diseases and offered lifestyle interventions.
Building social capital through sport engagement: evidence for adults aged 50 years and older
Authors: Sánchez-Santos José Manuel , Rungo Paolo , Lera-López Fernando
Published: April 2022

Involvement in sports is considered a powerful way to generate social capital. However, the role of sport engagement in the development of social relationships of older adults has not received much attention. Remarkably, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the quality and diversity of social relations built through active sport participation and spectatorship. This paper attempts to assess the relationship between sport engagement and various measures of network social capital, including the extension and quality of social networks and the heterogeneity of personal relationships. Also, it proposes new and more informative measurements of an individual's quantity and quality of social ties. By analysing data from a survey in Spain (N = 600) and applying logistic regressions, the results show that sport participation and attendance at sporting events are closely related to different dimensions of network social capital. Concerning people who are not actively engaged in sports, more extensive social networks characterise those who frequently attend sporting events. In contrast, active sport participation is associated with the extensity and quality measures of social connectedness, the level of satisfaction with friends and the opportunity to enjoy close relationships. Therefore, this paper provides new evidence on how sport engagement may result in tighter and extensive networks for older adults and serve as support for emphasising sports, physical activity and leisure as strategies for maintaining and boosting older people's social and psychological health.