bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KINETIC STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF POLYBUTADIENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Graham W.
Published: April 2011

The growth rate of polybutadiene 'popcorn' is essentially the same in butadiene liquid and vapor, is proportional to the initial weight of seed used, and increases with increased active oxygen content of the seed and with increased temperature. Traces of nitric oxide and larger amounts of benzoyl peroxide and of iodine inhibit the growth of popcorn seed. Air also inhibits the growth. Popcorn formation is initiated in butadiene by benzoyl peroxide; the rate of initiation is increased by rusty iron and water and is a function of benzoyl peroxide concentration and temperature. Studies of 'gel' formation in liquid butadiene containing benzoyl peroxide indicate that the polymerization probably proceeds by a free radical mechanism, the rate being proportional to the square root of the benzoyl peroxide concentration. The growth of polybutadiene 'popcorn' appears to take place by relatively slow reaction of monomer with free radicals formed rapidly by decomposition of hydroperoxides in the seed.
THE CRITICAL OPALESCENCE OF ETHYLENE
Authors: Maass O. , Mason S. G.
Published: April 2011

The opalescence of ethylene has been investigated under various conditions in the region of the critical temperature. The opalescence of critical fillings increases as the temperature is lowered and passes through a maximum at the critical dispersion temperature Ts. When the system is heated the value depends upon the thermal history, both below and above Ts. Two types of time lag curve are observed in the irreversible region, one in which the opalescence passes through a minimum and then a maximum value, and the other through a minimum only. It is believed on the basis of previous qualitative studies that violent shaking would result in reversibility with respect to changes in temperature. Once the apparent phase discontinuity has disappeared the opalescence becomes reversible as long as condensation is prevented. The opalescence of critical fillings depends upon the density and appears to be a maximum when the two phases are present in equal volumes at Ts. Air and oleic acid present in small quantities depress Ts but do not appear to change the variation of opalescence with (T − Ts) when T > Ts. These observations appear to disagree with the classical Einstein–Smoluchowski theory based on light scattering resulting from statistical fluctuations in density. This theory predicts a maximum opalescence at the classical critical temperature, which in the case of ethylene is 0.7 °C. higher than Ts. If, however, the more recent views of the nature of the P − V isotherms near the critical point are taken into account, some of the conflict disappears.
The Structure of Boron Hydrides
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES IN THE POLYOXYPHENOL SERIES: I. THE PREPARATION OF SOME SUBSTITUTED BENZYLAMINES AND BENZYLUREAS FROM VANILLIN
Authors: Purves C. B. , Gardner J. A. F. , Mitchell L.
Published: April 2011

Reasonably satisfactory preparations, starting from either methylated or ethylated vanillin, are given for the following compounds, which are believed to be new: 3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzylamine, m.p. 48 °C., and its hydrochloride, m.p. 229 °C.; N-ethyl-3,4-dimethoxybenzalimine, m.p. 56 °C.; N-ethyl-3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine (uncrystallized); N-ethyl-3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzylamine (uncrystallized); N,N′-di-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-urea, m.p. 174 °C.; 3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzylurea, m.p., 178 °C.; N,N′-di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzyl)-urea, m.p., 185 °C.; sym-N,N′-diethyl-di-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-urea, m.p., 85 °C.; and sym-N,N′-diethyl-di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzyl)-urea, m.p. 74 °C. Di-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-amine, m.p., 70 °C., and the phenyl carbamate of di-(3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzyl)-amine, m.p., 95 °C., are incidentally described, together with an improved preparation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamine.
EXCHANGE REACTIONS IN THE URANYL–URANOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Betts R. H.
Published: April 2011

The rate of interchange of uranium atoms between tetravalent uranous ion and hexavalent uranyl ion in sulphuric acid solutions has been measured using U233 as a radioactive tracer. Interchange takes place most readily under the influence of light. Values are given for the rate of exchange for various conditions. Some correlation is made between the electrochemical behavior of the system and the observed rates of exchange. Suggestions for future study are made.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRATES OF CALCIUM SULPHITE
Authors: Matthews F. W. , McIntosh A. O.
Published: April 2011

Numerous references are found to the dihydrate of calcium sulphite, first reported by Muspratt in 1844. Repetition of this work showed no evidence of the formation of a dihydrate at room temperature but rather a hemihydrate. The optical properties reported for the dihydrate were those of the hemihydrate. The X-ray diffraction powder data reported for the anhydrous salt were found to check those of the hemihydrate. The hemihydrate was found to be stable to heating at 250 °C. The dehydration to the anhydrous salt was accomplished by heating in a vacuum at 300 °C.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY-l,2-DIMETHYLETHYLENE PHTHALATE
Authors: Watson R. W. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

The polyester derived from levo-2,3-butanediol and o-phthalic anhydride is moderately hard at a number average molecular weight of 660 (DP = 3), and at an average DP of 4 is a brittle glass. Its hardness on the Brinell scale ranges from about 10 at [Formula: see text], to 22–23 at [Formula: see text], where it equals the hardness of Lucite. Water absorption decreases with increasing molecular weight, and reaches a value of 0.08% in 430 days at 25 °C. for a DP 36 resin. A 50% solution of a solid DP 4 resin [Formula: see text] in acetone has an absolute viscosity at 25 °C. of 1.4 centipoises. Apparently molecular solutions are formed in common aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alkyl acetates, alcohols, ethers, and chlorinated solvents.
Note on the Hydrogenation of α-Methylnaphthalene
Authors: Shanfield H. , Smith E. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF STREPTOMYCES GRISEUS IN RELATION TO THE PRODUCTION OF STREPTOMYCIN
Authors: Eiser H. M. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

A synthetic medium inducing high streptomycin production was evolved by studying growth factor and nitrogen requirements of the mold Streptomyces griseus. It was concluded that mycelium growth and streptomycin production do not necessarily parallel each other. Histidine appeared to affect both streptomycin and mycelium formation and was essential in any amino acid combination to induce either a high mycelium or streptomycin yield. Valine was shown to stimulate streptomycin synthesis and aspartic or glutamic promoted only mycelium production. Experiments were done to show which metabolic changes in the medium could be associated with growth and which with the antibiotic production.The effect on the mold of high concentration of sodium chloride was investigated. It was found that by reducing the amount of salt in the nutrient media, the greater part of the streptomycin could be recovered from the mycelium instead of the medium. It appears that the antibiotic is a product of intracellular synthesis, since ions of the lyotropic series affecting the permeability of the cellular membrane affect the distribution of the antibiotic between medium and mycelium.
STUDIES ON THE HOUSEFLY (MUSCA DOMESTICA L.): II. THE EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURES ON LABORATORY-REARED PUPARIA
Authors: Bucher G. E. , Wilkes A. , Cameron J. W. MacB.
Published: April 2011

Investigations are reported on factors influencing the survival of housefly (Musca domestica L.) puparia exposed to different intensities of low temperature storage above 1 °C. Survival was decreased by lowering the temperature of storage and by increasing the duration of the storage period, or both. Mortality of adults following puparial storage was influenced by the type of rearing container used, crowding, age of puparia, humidity, concentration of gases in the pupal rearing chambers, and to some extent by changes in the food of the immature larvae but not by the age or sex ratio of the parental stock, the size of puparia, selective breeding of resistant individuals or different strains of stock. Death did not occur in cold storage but during subsequent incubation at normal temperatures and at a definite stage in development near adult emergence. Temperatures below the threshold of development caused physiological disturbances that affected the longevity, oviposition, and hatchability of eggs of the adults that survived. A proposed explanation is given of the lethal effects of low temperatures based on the interrelationships of disturbances between the relative rates of development and differentiation of various ontogenetic systems.
REDUCTION OF TRIAENOPHORUS INFESTATION IN WHITEFISH BY DEPLETION OF THE CISCO POPULATION
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

In 1940 the catch of cisco in Lesser Slave Lake increased to over a million and a half pounds; it has remained at this high level for eight years, in the last two of which the catch has exceeded three million pounds. The age composition of the catch has decreased from nearly 80% six-year-olds or older to nearly 80% two-year-olds. During the period 1944-1947 the number of Triaenophorus cysts in the whitefish has decreased from 265 per 100 fish (102.7 per 100 lb.) to 26 per 100 fish (6.8 per 100 lb.). This paper presents the evidence that indicates that this reduction of infestation in the whitefish has been a result of the depleted cisco population.
ACCESSORY TAILS IN FROG TADPOLES, THEIR EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION AND SIGNIFICANCE: II. SOME EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF PRODUCING ACCESSORY TAILS IN FROG TADPOLES
Authors: McCallion David J.
Published: April 2011

Under certain conditions of injury to the tail of the tadpole of Rana clamitans accessory tails arise by regeneration. Methods of obtaining these conditions are outlined and the resultant accessory tails are described. Previous literature dealing with the mechanism that initiates the regenerative process in frog tadpoles is discussed and interpreted in the light of evidence gained in studies of accessory tail formation.
AN UNUSUAL MASKINONGE FROM LITTLE VERMILION LAKE, ONTARIO
Authors: Cameron G. S.
Published: April 2011

An unusual type of maskinonge found in two lakes in Kenora District, Ontario, is regarded as a hybrid between Esox masquinongy and Esox lucius. It differs from the typical maskinonge found in the same waters in having a stouter body, longer and deeper head, longer maxillary, and longer fins. It retains dark vertical bars throughout life whereas in the typical form these break up and tend to disappear with age. Of 69 specimens examined, six were of the presumed hybrid type. These all appeared to be sterile. They showed the following Esox lucius characters—cheeks totally scaled, head concave interorbitally, cheeks and opercula vividly marked.
THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF DDT AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Browning H. C. , Fraser F. C. , Shapiro S. K. , Glickman I. , Dubrûle M.
Published: April 2011

Sixty-eight compounds were examined for insecticidal activity, using Drosophila melanogaster as the test insect and the inner sides of glass containers as the test surface. The compounds included series of halogen analogues, reduced compounds, carbinols and their esters, ethanones, diphenylamines, and the gamma isomer of cyclohexane hexachloride. Activity was shown especially by the fluorine analogues and carbinol esters. Some compounds were briefly examined for mammalian toxicity.The findings of other workers on the more important compounds are discussed and compared with those presently reported. No constant relation could be established between insecticidal activity and mammalian toxicity, or ease of dehydrochlorination. Low oil solubility was associated with low insecticidal potency (four compounds). No clear association of fat solubilizing or toxic properties with particular parts of the molecule was found.The essentials of an active molecular structure are a two-carbon chain with one para-substituted phenyl ring on carbon 1 and a di- or tri-halogen group on a saturated carbon 2. Steric factors are also important.
THE SPORES OF HISTOPLASMA
Authors: Dowding Eleanor Silver
Published: April 2011

Tuberculate spores distinguish the mold stage of Histoplasma from that of related pathogenic fungi. The tuberculations are not thickenings of the spore wall. They are extensions of the spore contents through the wall openings. The whole or the tip of a tuberculation may become detached and act as a spore. The yeastlike pathogenic phase of Histoplasma originates either from the hyphae, from the small spores (conidia), or from the tuberculations of the large spores (chlamydospores). Histoplasma can be recovered in culture from the lungs of white mice that have inhaled the spores. No chlamydospores have been discovered in sections of their lungs. Nevertheless, in districts of high histoplasmin sensitivity, when lungs with nodules are examined in routine autopsies, the finding of any spherical body with external spores might well suggest an arrested histoplasmosis.
"DROP PLATE" METHOD OF COUNTING VIABLE BACTERIA
Authors: Reed R. W. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a critical review of the "drop plate" method of determining the number of viable bacteria in fluids, together with a description of an experimental comparison of the "drop plate" with the more usual "pour plate" procedure. It is shown that counts on pure cultures of bacteria made by the "drop plate" method are some 7% higher than those made on the same cultures by the "pour plate" method. It is also shown that the standard error of a series of counts made by the "drop plate" procedure is slightly less than for those made by the "pour plate" method.
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS AMONG THE PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING CONSTITUENTS OF TISSUES
Authors: McCarter J. A. , Steljes Ethel L.
Published: April 2011

The phosphorus-containing constituents of various tissues of the rat were separated into five fractions. These were: inorganic and organic phosphorus soluble in aqueous 10% trichloroacetic acid; phosphorus soluble in 3:1 alcohol–ether; phosphorus derived from ribonucleic acid; and phosphorus derived from thymonucleic acid. In order to test the methods, inorganic phosphate, disodium phenyl phosphate, and purified ribonucleic and thymonucleic acids were added to a homogenate of rat liver in 10% trichloroacetic acid. It was possible by separation and analysis of the fractions to obtain a quantitative recovery of the added phosphorus in the appropriate fractions. The extent to which radioactive inorganic phosphate entered the other fractions was measured following its addition to a homogenate of rat liver in 10% trichloroacetic acid. When the fractionation was performed at room temperature it was found that all of the fractions except the organic acid-soluble phosphorus fraction contained negligible amounts of the added radioactive phosphorus. The amount of radioactive phosphorus taken up by this fraction could be reduced to a negligible quantity by working quickly and with cold solutions.Data are given showing the radioactive and nonradioactive phosphorus contents of the various fractions of liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, thymus gland, lymph node, prostate gland, and testis of the rat 24 hr. after the intraperitoneal injection of a solution of radioactive inorganic phosphate. By analysis of the urine, feces, and remainder of the rat after removal of the above tissues, a quantitative account was made of the injected radioactive phosphate.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXIX. CHANGES IN THE THIAMINE, RIBOFLAVIN, AND NIACIN CONTENTS PRODUCED BY CURING, STORAGE, AND COOKING
Authors: Gorham Paul R.
Published: April 2011

Significant amounts of thiamine and niacin, but not of riboflavin, were lost during the process of curing pork half-backs in brine pickle on a semicommercial scale. This loss was not related to the final chloride or nitrate content of the meat. Cured half-backs stored at 30° F. (−1.1 °C.) for 24 days lost significant amounts of thiamine and riboflavin, but the niacin content remained unchanged. Curing caused a significant increase in the percentage of niacin retained after cooking. During the storage of cured half-backs, the percentage of thiamine retained after cooking increased significantly.
THE OXIDATION, IGNITION, AND DETONATION OF FUEL VAPORS AND GASES: II. THE EFFECT OF FLOW CONFIGURATION ON THE VELOCITY OF THE OXIDATION REACTION IN PENTANE–AIR MIXTURES
Authors: King R. O.
Published: April 2011

Reynolds Numbers for the commonly used rates of flow of a reacting mixture through a conventional combustion tube are far below the critical value. The laminar flow to be expected accordingly is disturbed by convection currents when the tube is heated and flow configuration depends on such factors as ratio of length to diameter and temperature gradients but can be varied by creating local differences of flow velocity within a uniformly heated reaction space such as reaction chamber No. 10 described in Part I. The effects on reaction velocity of the factors mentioned have been determined by experiments described in this part. The results indicate that the velocity of a heterogeneous reaction is determined by flow configuration, that 'packing' does not distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions and that the oxidation of pentane, taken as a typical hydrocarbon, is a heterogeneous reaction.
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF CATHODE COUPLED AMPLIFIERS
Authors: Watson Hugh A.
Published: April 2011

A graphical means of design and gain calculation for cathode coupled amplifiers is described. The method, based on data supplied by the plate characteristic curves of the tube, can be used to advantage in predicting the performance of the amplifier and in determining the zero signal operating conditions.
PRECISION OF HEAT TRANSFER MEASUREMENTS WITH THERMOCOUPLES—INSULATION ERROR
Authors: Mohun W. A.
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for calculating the temperature variation in insulated thermocouple lead wires that do not follow an isothermal path. The difference between the temperature of the junction and that of the surrounding material that it purports to measure has been called "insulation error." It has been shown that insulation error is determined by variations in the temperature of the path followed by the lead wires only over a limited distance from the junction, which has been called the "critical distance." Hence, to eliminate insulation error the path of the wires need be isothermal only for the critical distance. A simple method has been developed for calculating the critical distance and the insulation error. When the path of the wires cannot be made isothermal the conditions for minimum experimental error are shown to be small diameter wires of low specific conductivity with a minimum of insulation.
ON THE NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THE INTERNAL CONVERSION IN THE K-SHELL—THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE CASE
Authors: Stanley J. P.
Published: April 2011

Hulme's formula for the internal conversion of γ-radiation is simplified and used to calculate the internal conversion coefficient in the electric dipole case for electrons in the K-shell. For each of the elements Z = 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, IK is calculated for 10 values of the variable [Formula: see text] and a table obtained by interpolation is given for θ = 0.05 to θ = 1.70.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF WAVE GUIDES
Authors: Infeld L. , Pounder J. R. , Stevenson A. F. , Chien W. Z. , Synge J. L.
Published: April 2011

Part I deals with the problem of determining the field due to a source of radiation inside a semi-infinite rectangular wave guide closed at one end by a plug, the current distribution in the source being regarded as known. Both the walls of the guide and the plug are treated as being perfectly conducting. Three different methods of solving the problem are given. The radiation resistance is then deduced from energy considerations. In particular, an expression for the radiation resistance of a linear antenna perpendicular to the wider face of the plug, fed at the point of entry, is derived, it being assumed that the antenna current is sinusoidal and that only the fundamental H-wave is transmitted by the guide.In Part II, one of the methods of paper I is extended to the case of a guide of arbitrary cross section, and the general problem of the calculation of radiation resistance and reactance is discussed.In Part III, a number of formulae for the radiation resistance of antennae of various shapes, with various assumed current distributions, in rectangular and circular guides, are given.In Part IV, explicit calculations for the impedance of a linear antenna in a rectangular wave guide are given. Further numerical calculations relating to the same problem, from the point of view of matching and sensitivity, have been made by Messrs. Chien and Pounder, but are not reproduced here.
PART I. RADIATION FROM A SOURCE INSIDE A PERFECTLY CONDUCTING WAVE GUIDE OF RECTANGULAR SECTION
Authors: Infeld L. , Stevenson A. F. , Synge J. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
PART III. THE RESISTANCES OF ANTENNAE OF VARIOUS SHAPES AND POSITIONS IN RECTANGULAR AND CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDES
Authors: Chien W. Z.
Published: April 2011

not available
VEILING GLARE IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Baird K. M.
Published: April 2011

In this paper veiling glare is defined and its general aspects in aerial photography are discussed. Experimental results showing the effect of glare on the resolving power of a standard aerial film are presented in the form of graphs. A method of measurement is described and typical amounts encountered in widely used aerial cameras are given. From the results it is shown that veiling glare commonly causes a loss of photographic speed of as much as 100% where resolving power is the primary consideration. Recommendations are made for minimizing flare in cameras.
WAVE LENGTHS, EQUIVALENT WIDTHS, AND LINE PROFILES IN THE SPECTRUM OF THE STAR H.D. 190073
Authors: Beals C. S. , Burland Miriam S.
Published: April 2011

With the aid of long exposures (18 and 25 hr. respectively) the spectrum of H.D. 190073 in the ordinary region has been photographed with dispersions of 7.3 to 15.2 Å per mm. The resulting spectrograms revealed approximately 100 stellar lines not observed with single-prism dispersion as well as indicating more clearly the structure of a number of complex line profiles. Wave lengths, identifications, and equivalent widths are listed for all observed lines, and a number of the more interesting line profiles are illustrated. The interpretation of line profiles is discussed and it is pointed out that the presence of asymmetrical hydrogen lines is an indication of a shell of relatively small diameter.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OXIDATION OF trans-DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE AT 100 °C.
Authors: McArthur D. S. , Smith E. A.
Published: April 2011

The mechanism of oxidation of the trans-isomer of decahydronaphthalene (trans-decalin) by gaseous oxygen at 100 °C. has been studied. The rate of retention of oxygen by decalin and the rates of formation of three volatile oxidation products were measured over the first 100 to 200 hr. of the oxidation reaction. The rate of retention of oxygen has been found to be independent of the oxygen concentration in the oxidizing gases but to depend on decalin concentration to the three-halves power. The rates of formation of the volatile oxidation products are also independent of oxygen concentration but are proportional to the decalin concentration. The activation energies of each of the reactions were determined. An initiating reaction forming carbon monoxide and hydrogen has been postulated based on the ratio of the rates of formation of the volatile compounds in the inhibited period of oxidation. Some data on the mechanism of the oxidation reaction in the accelerated period have also been obtained.
THE ISOPIESTIC METHOD APPLIED TO SORPTION ISOTHERMS
Authors: Barnartt S. , Ferguson J. B.
Published: April 2011

The isopiestic method has been applied to the sorption of carbon tetrachloride and water vapors by activated coconut shell charcoals. The isopiestic charges were found to be linearly related over wide pressure ranges. Isotherms formed by plotting the isopiestic charges of two charcoals one against the other consisted of three linear sections for both carbon tetrachloride and water. If the pressure isotherm of one charcoal be known, those of other charcoals may be computed from it by weighing relatively few isopiestic charges. Errors inherent in the measurement of equilibrium pressures, as well as those caused by the drift of the pressure isotherms towards higher sorption capacities at a given pressure, are eliminated in the isopiestic method of comparing charcoals. The linear relation between the isopiestic charges affords a simple criterion of rejection for equations proposed to fit the pressure isotherms. It also throws into relief the structural regularities in activated charcoals. The existence of discontinuities m the sorption process, reported by previous experimenters, is supported by the isopiestic data.
THE MOLECULAR ADSORPTION AREAS OF HYDROCARBON GASES ON CHARCOAL
Authors: Morrison J. L. , Nay M. A.
Published: April 2011

The low temperature adsorptions of methane, ethane, propane, normal butane, isobutane, acetylene, ethylene, and nitrogen on a series of coconut charcoals of different degrees of activation were determined. Langmuir isotherms were obtained in every case. The measurements indicate horizontal orientation of the hydrocarbon molecules on the charcoal surface. By comparing the maximum number of millimoles adsorbed for each gas on each charcoal with the respective maximum number of millimoles of nitrogen adsorbed, and by assuming a molecular adsorption area of 16.2 Å2 for nitrogen, the following average molecular adsorption areas were obtained: methane—19.4, ethane—25.9, propane—36.0, normal butane—42.1, isobutane—47.4, acetylene—19.8, and ethylene—23.1 Å2.
ÉTUDE DE LA SYNTHÈSE DE LA PROLINE PAR CYCLISATION D'UN ACIDE VALÉRIANIQUE DIHALOGÉNÉ
Authors: Gaudry Roger , Berlinguet Louis
Published: April 2011

not available
NATURAL VARIATIONS IN THE ISOTOPIC CONTENT OF SULPHUR AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Thode H. G. , Macnamara J. , Collins C. B.
Published: April 2011

Mass spectrometer abundance measure menu made on the isotopes of sulphur for samples obtained from a wide variety of sources show considerable variations. The isotopic ratios S32/S33 and S32/S34 were found to vary by as much as 2.5 and 5% respectively. This would mean a corresponding variation of 10% in the S32/S36 ratio. Variations in the S32/S34 ratio were determined with a precision of ± 0.05%. In general, sulphates whether present as gypsum deposits or in solution were found to be enriched in the heavier isotopes of sulphur. On the other hand, the hydrogen sulphide of sulphuretted well waters was usually low in these isotopes even though present in the same solutions with the sulphates. These variations are in the direction expected from theoretical considerations. A correlation between crystallization temperature of pyrites and isotopic content has been found for crystals removed from the same specimen. However, no correlation was found between crystallization temperature or geological age and isotopic content for pyrite samples collected from different geographical locations. The results indicate that the changes in the isotopic content of sulphur that occur are related to the differences in chemical properties of isotopic sulphur compounds.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF PHOSGENE UPON THE INFLAMMABILITY LIMITS OF HEXANE
Authors: McCallum K. J. , Trainor Helen M.
Published: April 2011

The inflammability limits of mixtures of phosgene and hexane in air at approximately atmospheric pressure have been investigated. The addition of phosgene causes the upper and lower inflammability limits of hexane to approach each other until they meet at a composition containing 3.4 volume % hexane and 19.1 volume % phosgene.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF CARBON DIOXIDE UPON THE INFLAMMABILITY LIMITS OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Authors: McCallum K. J. , Trainor Helen M.
Published: April 2011

The inflammability limits of mixtures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide in air have been investigated. The effect of the addition of carbon dioxide is to bring the upper and lower inflammability limits of hydrogen cyanide together, until they meet at a composition containing 36 volume per cent carbon dioxide and 12 volume per cent hydrogen cyanide.
RELATIVE REACTIVITIES OF THE GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS OF HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE
Authors: Garmaise D. L. , Whittingham D. J.
Published: April 2011

The dehydrochlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane to trichlorobenzene in an alcoholic solution of piperidine was investigated, and the relative reactivities of four geometrical isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane determined. Activation energies and PZ values for the alpha, gamma, and delta isomers were obtained; the beta isomer reacted too slowly under the conditions used for convenient rate studies to be made. The order of reactivity was found to be alpha, [Formula: see text]; the order of reactivity is interpreted on the basis of differing degrees of steric hindrance in the isomers.
SYNTHÈSES D'ACIDES AMINÉS PAR L'INTERMÉDIAIRE DES HYDANTOÏNES. DL-SÉRINE ET DL-CYSTINE
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

not available
NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE: II. NITROLYSIS OF l,5-ENDOMETHYLENE-3,7-DINITRO-1,3,5,7-TETRAZA-CYCLOÖCTANE (DPT)
Authors: McKay A. F. , Wright George F , Richmond H. H.
Published: April 2011

When 1,5-enedomethylene-3,7-dinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazacycloöctane (DPT) is nitrolyzed with nitric acid – ammonium nitrate mixture the products are cyclic trimeric and tetrameric methylenenitramines (RDX and HMX). When the ammonium nitrate in this nitrolysis mixture is replaced by anhydrides such as nitrogen pentoxide or acetic anhydride then terminally esterified linear poly-methylenenitramines such as 1,9-dinitroxy-2,4,6,8-tetranitro-2,4,6,8-tetrazanonane and the 1,9-diacetoxy analogue respectively are obtained. Replacement of this nitric acid – anhydride mixture by acetyl nitrate does not produce the same type of nitrolysis. It is therefore concluded that nitric acid and an anhydride act independently, the former as a nitrolyzing agent and the latter as an esterifying agent. Alternatively the presence of ammonium nitrate serves to promote esterification and/or promote demethylolation.
THE CARBONYL GROUP IN BIRCH LIGNIN
Authors: Bell Alan , Wright George F
Published: April 2011

When lignin is extracted from birch wood with acetic acid its behavior differs from that of lignin extracted with acetic acid and then boiled with formic acid. There is less hydroxyl lost per methoxyl gained when the lignin treated with formic acid is methylated with diazomethane. An increase in addition of Grignard reagent also corresponds to this increase in methoxyl. This indicates that a lactone linkage is present in extracted lignin but probably not in lignin in the wood, because the effect is less noticeable in lignin more mildly extracted by acetic acid. In dimethyl sulphate – alkali-methylated lignins, where the lactone would no longer be present there is evidence of a carboxyl group which can be diazomethane-methylated and the resulting ester saponified at will.
THE SEPARATION OF ISOLINOLEIC ACID FROM HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL BY CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
Authors: Lemon H. W.
Published: April 2011

When linseed oil or other oils containing linolenic acid are hydrogenated, an isomeric linoleic acid (isolinoleic acid) is formed. Its concentration increases to a maximum, then decreases as hydrogenation proceeds. In view of the possible relationship of this acid to "flavor reversion", its separation in pure form has been investigated. Concentrates of isolinoleic acid or its methyl ester were obtained from partially hydrogenated linseed oil by crystallizing a large proportion of the more saturated acids or methyl esters from a solvent at low temperatures. Further fractionation of such concentrates by chromatographic methods was investigated. Silica gel was found to be better for the purpose than either activated alumina or activated carbon. Methyl isolinoleate was adsorbed more firmly on the silica gel than the less unsaturated esters, which were eluted by means of large volumes of hexane. Subsequent elution with chloroform removed the methyl isolinoleate.
THE ALKALOIDS OF PAPAVERACEOUS PLANTS: XLII. DENDROMECON RIGIDA BENTH.
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Aside from small uncrystallized residues the only alkaloids found in Dendromecon rigida Benth. are protopine and allocryptopine.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXXII. 2,3-BUTANEDIOL FERMENTATIONS AT POISED HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Neish A. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

The anaerobic dissimilation of glucose by Bacillus polymyxa, Bacillus subtilis (Ford's type), Aerobacter aerogenes, and Serratia marcescens was studied at poised hydrogen ion concentrations covering the range pH 5.0 to 8.0. Each fermentation was controlled within ±0.05 pH units by automatic addition of ammonium hydroxide solutions. The hydrogen ion concentration had a marked effect on the overall rate of dissimilation and the relative yield of products that was similar for all organisms. The time required to completely ferment a medium containing 5% glucose varied from 22 hr. for Bacillus subtilis to [Formula: see text] for Aerobacter aerogenes at the optimum pH, which was within the range 7.0 to 7.6. The yield of 2,3-butanediol decreases above pH 6.4, until above pH 7.6 little or none is formed, although fairly rapid breakdown of glucose is still obtained. At the same time the yield of acetoin tends to increase, while there is little change in the amount of ethanol formed. The yields of acetic and lactic acids increase markedly in alkaline media, the latter showing an optimum at pH 7.6. A pronounced decrease in the yields of carbon dioxide and hydrogen occurs above pH 7.0 and is accompanied by an approximately equal increase in the yield of formic acid, which rises from 0.3 to 120 millimoles per 100 millimoles of glucose dissimilated in the A. aerogenes fermentation.
THE REACTION OF NITROGEN ATOMS WITH ETHYLENE
Authors: Winkler C. A. , Greenblatt J. H.
Published: April 2011

Reaction of nitrogen atoms with ethylene has been found to produce hydrogen cyanide, ethane, and a polymerizable material. The yield of hydrogen cyanide was approximately 70% of the ethylene consumed by nitrogen atoms, while the amount of polymerizable material averaged about 16% by weight of the hydrogen cyanide produced. The yield of ethane increased as the excess of ethylene over nitrogen atoms was increased. The reaction was found to proceed by "clean-up of nitrogen atoms. An activation energy of 6.9 kcal. was calculated from collision yields, a steric factor of 0.1 being assumed. A mechanism for the reaction has been proposed, involving rupture of the ethylene double bond with formation of hydrogen cyanide and a methyl radical, the methyl radical then reacting further with nitrogen atoms.
SOME AROMATICALLY SUBSTITUTED β-CHLOROPHENETOLES
Authors: Harris G. R. , Stewart Ross
Published: April 2011

Six compounds derived from β-chlorophenetole have been synthesized from ethylene dichloride and the appropriate phenol. These are the o-methyl, m-methyl, p-methyl, o-methoxy, p-methoxy, and o-chloro derivatives of β-chlorophenetole.
VARIATIONS DES TENEURS EN GLYCOGÈNE ET EN TRÉHALOSE PENDANT LE SÉCHAGE DE LA LEVURE
Authors: Payen Roger
Published: April 2011

not available
A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE PERMEABILITY OF CELLOPHANE TO LIQUIDS
Authors: Mason S. G. , Madras S. , McIntosh R. L.
Published: April 2011

The permeability of swollen cellophane accommodated by solvent exchange to a variety of liquid permeants has been studied. The degree of swelling, as measured by the thickness, has been shown to be retained when the swelling agent is removed by solvent exchange. Progressive swelling causes a controllable increase in the permeability to a given liquid, but the permeability coefficient at a given thickness is specific for the liquid. For water and aqueous solutions, K is about five times that of organic permeants. Values for the organic liquids are all of the same order of magnitude and show systematic variation with the degree of swelling. For homologous series of alcohols and ketones, K decreases with increasing chain length. Attempts to calculate the effective pore radius and pore number from K and the void fraction were successful only for water and dilute sodium hydroxide solutions, where a radius of 1.5 × 10−7 cm. and a pore number of 1013 per cm.2 were obtained. An independent method based on combined permeability and electrical conductance yielded a value of 3 × 10−7 cm. for the effective pore radius. With organic permeants, it is believed that complications introduced by swelling invalidate the application of the equations. The results obtained can be explained on the basis of viscous flow of the liquids through a porous network in which the number and dimensions of the pores vary with the degree of swelling, but evidence in favor of the validity of this mechanism is inconclusive.
THE SORPTION OF ACIDS BY WOOL
Authors: Donovan R. , Larose P.
Published: April 2011

The amount of acid sorbed by wool from solutions of sulphuric acid of four different strengths (namely, 0.0505, 0.0339, 0.0182, and 0.0101 molar) and containing sodium sulphate in amounts varying up to 0.16 molar has been determined. It has been found that the presence of the salt has little effect on the quantity of acid sorbed within those limits. The results are analyzed in the light of the theory of Gilbert and Rideal but this theory fails to give a satisfactory explanation of the results obtained. It is possible, however, to explain the results of the authors' experiments on the basis of the recent application of the Donnan equilibrium by Peters and Speakman. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation has been applied to data on the absorption of hydrochloric acid and of sulphuric acid by wool. The data appear to fit the Langmuir equation and give, for the maximum combining capacity, values that agree well with those estimated in other ways.
REDUCTION OF STEROIDS USING LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE
Authors: Papineau-Couture G. , Grant Gordon A. , Richardson E. M.
Published: April 2011

Lithium aluminum hydride has been used successfully in the partial reduction of phthalic anhydride to phthalide, in the selective reduction of the carbonyl group of dehydroisoandrosterone-3-acetate, and in the reduction of oestrone acetate to α-oestradiol without simultaneous production of the β-isomer. A new reduction product of Δ5-3(β)hydroxyetiobilienic acid, Δ9,14-2,13-dimethyl-7(β)hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-1-hydroxyethyl dodecahydrophenanthrene, is also described.
SEPARATION OF P32 FROM NEUTRON-IRRADIATED SULPHUR
Authors: Booth A. H.
Published: April 2011

A method for extracting P32 from neutron-irradiated sulphur has been developed. The sulphur is melted under a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride at boiling temperature, and the P32 is recovered from the residue left after distilling the acid. An apparatus for carrying out the process by remote control is described. It has been used for production of 100 millicurie amounts of carrier-free P32 at the Chalk River laboratories.
STUDIES ON STEAM STERILIZATION OF SOILS: II. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING MINIMUM STERILIZATION REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Simpson F. J. , Newton J. D.
Published: April 2011

For steam sterilization of 50-gm. to 1000-gm. samples of three Alberta loam soils and a peat, the required length of treatment increased with the weight and depth of sample. The peat and black soils, high in organic matter, required longer treatments than the brown or gray soils, low in organic matter. However, identical depths of different air-dry soils were found to reach 120 °C. in the same time. Moistening large samples prior to autoclaving greatly reduced the time required to reach 120 °C. and to obtain sterility, but had no similar effect on small samples. A moisture content of 75% water holding capacity was optimum, reducing the 180 min. required to reach 120 °C. in 6 in. of air-dry peat to 80 min. Autoclaving samples in a moist condition, however, resulted in larger increases in base exchangeable ammonia than autoclaving in an air-dry condition. Generally, minimum single treatments at 15 p.s.i. gauge produced less ammonia than at 12 p.s.i. gauge and single treatments produced less ammonia than intermittent treatments. A slight reduction in nitrate on autoclaving was observed.
ROW TREATMENT OF SOIL WITH TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULPHIDE FOR CONTROL OF BLACKROOT OF SUGAR-BEET SEEDLINGS. I. GREENHOUSE TESTS
Authors: Hildebrand A. A. , McKeen W. E. , Koch L. W.
Published: April 2011

The prevention of blackroot of sugar-beet seedlings has been attempted in greenhouse experiments, by row applications of different proprietary compounds to naturally-infested field soils representing three distinct types and differing biologically with respect to associated pathogens.Segmented seed, var. U.S. 215 × 216, was used in all the tests as was also a standard, commercial fertilizer. In earlier trials, the chemical under test and the fertilizer were added separately to a measured volume of rootrot soil. In later trials, the chemical mixed with the fertilizer was incorporated with the soil by a method approaching more closely that employed in field practice. The two procedures, designated as the precision and the surface application method, respectively, are described in detail. Calculations for the requisite amounts of chemical and fertilizer were made on the basis of sugar-beet rows in the field being spaced 22 in. apart, i.e., 23,760 linear feet of row per acre.Tetramethylthiuram disulphide (50%, nonwettable), when applied as Arasan or D-419 at the rate of 3 to 4 lb. per acre, consistently proved to be by far the most effective of the chemicals tested, in reducing pre- and postemergence black-root. Arasan, which was investigated more intensively than any of the other chemicals, was found (a) to retain its fungicidal capability after being mixed for as long as 14 months with a commercial fertilizer, (b) to be effective in reducing the incidence of the disease in three quite different types of soil, and (c) to remain effective in the soil over relatively long periods of time. These beneficial effects are contingent, however, upon correct placement of the chemical, best results having been obtained when the seed germinated in, and the seedlings grew up through, soil impregnated with the Arasan–fertilizer mixture. Up to 21 °C., Arasan, at a rate as high as 4 lb. per acre, will, in a moderately wet soil, effectually control the disease without injury to the seedlings. At 27° to 29 °C., moderate injury to roots and lower hypocotyl resulted from a 3 lb. per acre application of the chemical and, following a 4 lb. application, root and hypocotyl injury was accentuated, typical foliar symptoms appeared, and mortality of seedlings was appreciable.Of the other chemicals tested, 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl acetate (Mycotox No. 1), 20% copper trichlorophenate (C-119), 50% 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl chloroacetate (F-800), and a product of undisclosed chemical composition (CCH-358 or 358A) showed encouraging possibilities.
STUDIES ON VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY IN LEAF RUST OF WHEAT, PUCCINIA TRITICINA ERIKSS.
Authors: Brown A. M. , Johnson T.
Published: April 2011

In experiments designed to clarify the causes of the pathogenic changes that have recently been encountered in leaf rust of wheat, two factors were given consideration, (1) the possibility that nuclear exchanges might occur between the mycelia of different races in the uredial stage, and (2) the possible role of Thalictrum species in originating new rust strains. Infection studies with mixtures of races 9 and 15 and mixtures of races 5 and 9 did not produce any evidence that these races could interchange nuclei and thus initiate new pathogenic strains of leaf rust.In greenhouse infection tests with native Thalictrum spp., aecia were produced on T. dasycarpum, pycnia only on T. dioicum and T. polygamum, while no infection of T. venulosum took place. In similar tests with the introduced species T. glaucum and T. dipterocarpum, abundant production of aecia occurred on both species. In out-of-doors inoculation tests with T. dasycarpum and T. venulosum, no infection of these two species took place, whereas, under the same conditions, heavy aecial production occurred on the introduced species T. glaucum.Selfing studies in which Thalictrum glaucum was infected with known physiologic races have indicated that some races of leaf rust are homozygous, and others heterozygous for pathogenic characters. A culture of race 5 appeared to be homozygous, whereas a culture of race 3 was heterozygous, giving rise to races 3, 15, 32, 68, and three undescribed races. A culture of race 76 was heterozygous for both pathogenicity and urediospore color. Aeciospores of this race produced uredia of two different shades of yellow in addition to uredia of normal color. Aeciospores derived from teliospores collected in the field also gave rise to uredial strains of yellow spore color. Most of the yellow rust strains were decidedly low in pathogenic vigor.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: IV. CORTICIUM ANCEPS IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

A parasitic basidiomycete, referred to Corticium anceps (Bres. & Syd.) Gregor, has been found to be common on a large number of hosts in the Timagami Forest Reserve, Ont. The same species is known to occur also in Quebec and in four of the northern United States. The fungus is transferred to the genus Ceratobasidium. The history of our knowledge of this parasite is reviewed, and a description and illustration of the fungus is provided as well as a discussion of the symptomology with illustrations of the effect on several hosts. A full list of the hosts on which the fungus has so far been found in North America, with the provinces and states in which collections have been made, is given in tabular form. The incompleteness of our knowledge with reference to host specialization, infection, and colonization of the host, and overwintering of the fungus is discussed and suggestions made for future work.
THE INFLUENCE OF GONADAL HORMONES ON THE SERUM VITAMIN A OF THE IMMATURE PULLET
Authors: Chapman D. G. , Gluck M. , Common R. H. , Maw W. A.
Published: April 2011

The serum vitamin A level of sexually immature pullets was increased threefold to fourfold by intramuscular injection of 24 mgm. estradiol dipropionate plus 4.5 mgm. testosterone propionate administered in six equal doses over a 12-day period as compared with the level in similar pullets receiving only testosterone propionate. It is suggested that gonadal hormone activity is one of the factors that regulate serum vitamin A levels in the domestic fowl.
THE BIOLOGY OF CEPHALONOMIA WATERSTONI GAHAN
Authors: Rilett R. Omar
Published: April 2011

Life history and morphological studies were made on Cephalonomia waterstoni Gahan, a hymenopterous parasite on the larval and pupal stages of the rusty grain beetle, Laemophloeus ferrugineus (Steph.). At 90° F. and 65 to 75% relative humidity the whole life cycle of C. waterstoni is completed within 12 to 13 days. The adult life span of females is about three weeks, while that of males is much shorter. The male, which prior to this work was unknown, can easily be distinguished from the female by its smaller size, its less rectangular-shaped head, and its longer antennae. The first flagellar segments of the males are brownish-black in color while those of the females are yellowish. The ratio of females to males is somewhere near 2:1. The ease with which the parasite C. waterstoni can be reared in large numbers in the laboratory, and its remarkable ability to check infestations of L. ferrugineus under experimental conditions, indicate that this species might be of value in biological control programs for L. ferrugineus in warehouses, mills, and elevators.