bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short‐term evaluation of autologous transplantation of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with cirrhosis: Egyptian study
Authors: Amin Mona A. , Sabry Dina , Rashed Laila A. , Aref Wael M. , el‐Ghobary Mohamed Ahmed , Farhan Marwa Salah , Fouad Hany Ahmed , Youssef Youssef Abdel‐Aziz
Published: August 2013

Background

Stem cell–based therapy has received attention as a possible alternative to organ transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of autologous transplantation of bone marrow (BM)–derived stromal cells in post‐HCV liver cirrhosis patients.

Methodology

10 × 106 of isolated human bone marrow (HBM)‐stromal cells in 10 mL normal saline were injected in the spleen of 20 patients with end‐stage liver cirrhosis guided by the ultrasonography, and then patients were followed up on monthly basis for six months.

Results

A statistically significant decrease was detected in the total bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) (p‐value<0.01), prothrombin time (PT), and international normalized ratio (INR) levels (p‐value<0.05), while a statistically significant increase in the albumin and PC (p‐value<0.05) after follow‐up.

Conclusion

This study suggested the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of the intrasplenic injection of autologous BM stromal cells in improving liver function in Egyptian patients with cirrhosis.
Pretransplant coronary artery disease associated with worse clinical outcomes in pancreas transplantation
Authors: Mangus Richard S. , Powelson John , Kinsella Sandra B. , Farar Damond T. , Creal Cristina A. , Fridell Jonathan A.
Published: August 2013

Background

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is common in patients with type I diabetes and may be associated with worse outcomes in patients undergoing pancreas transplantation (PT). This study evaluates PT patients to determine the pre transplant prevalence of CAD and assesses the post‐transplant outcomes including complications and survival.

Methods

This study is a retrospective review of PTs from 2003 to 2011. Diagnosis of CAD required cardiac catheterization. Outcomes included: myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and survival.

Results

There were 405 transplants in 389 patients with median follow‐up of 56 months. Pre transplant prevalence of CAD was 19% (n = 74). There was no increased risk of perioperative, 90‐d or one‐yr mortality for patients with CAD. The CAD group did have increased risk of MI (11% vs. 1%, p < 0.001) and stroke (8% vs. 3%, p = 0.02). Controlling for patient and donor age, and history of CAD, the CAD group had decreased patient survival at five yr (82% vs. 90%, p = 0.09, HR 1.77) by Cox regression.

Conclusions

Patients with type I diabetes and CAD have increased risk of MI and stroke post‐pancreas transplant, with decreased five‐yr survival. Patients without CAD and a negative pre transplant cardiac evaluation carry a low risk of post‐transplant MI.
What are the links between maternal social status, hippocampal function, and HPA axis function in children?
Authors: Sheridan Margaret A. , How Joan , Araujo Melanie , Schamberg Michelle A. , Nelson Charles A.
Published: August 2013

The association of parental social status with multiple health and achievement indicators in adulthood has driven researchers to attempt to identify mechanisms by which social experience in childhood could shift developmental trajectories. Some accounts for observed linkages between parental social status in childhood and health have hypothesized that early stress exposure could result in chronic disruptions in hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation, and that this activation could lead to long‐term changes. A robust literature in adult animals has demonstrated that chronic HPA axis activation leads to changes in hippocampal structure and function. In the current study, consistent with studies in animals, we observe an association between both maternal self‐rated social status and hippocampal activation in children and between maternal self‐rated social status and salivary cortisol in children.
Dynamics of Male–Female Multimodal Signaling Behavior across the Estrous Cycle in Giant Pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Owen Megan A. , Swaisgood Ronald R. , McGeehan Laura , Zhou Xiaoping , Lindburg Donald G.
Published: August 2013

Giant panda courtship behavior includes multimodal signaling assemblages consisting of olfactory, vocal, and postural elements. While signaling is generally conspicuous, successful copulation is inconsistently achieved in captivity, even when female behavioral and physiological data indicate that ovulation is imminent. We set out to characterize these complex patterns of social behavior by observing interactions between 26 unique pairs of giant pandas housed in adjoining pens throughout the females' reproductive cycle. We categorized social behaviors from a transactional perspective and examined social exchanges via analyses of the relative frequency of social behaviors, and via the sequential relationship between male and female social behavior. From non‐estrus to peak‐estrus, we found that the relative frequency of female affiliative and sexual behavior increased and that the relative frequency of ambivalent and aggressive behavior decreased. Male behavior was fairly constant, except for sexual behavior, which increased during peak‐estrus, when it was facilitated by female sexual behavior. Sequential analysis of social interactions showed that preceding behavior had a significant influence over the other panda's response behavior primarily during peak‐estrus, suggesting that pandas are most responsive to conspecific signaling during the peri‐ovulatory period. However, behavioral momentum was a dominant feature of the intra‐individual transitions. Females maintained sexual, ambivalent, and neutral behavior during interactions significantly more than would be expected by chance, with male behavior bearing little influence once the behavior was initiated. A similar pattern was also observed in males, who maintained affiliative, interested, and neutral behaviors. Overall, our data suggest that the multimodal signals used by giant pandas during courtship do not consistently evoke a discrete, immediate response from receivers. Instead, signals appear to advertise reproductive condition and influence potential mates over longer timeframes, suggesting the potential tonic role of communication.
Large fluctuations in the effective population size of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. during vector control cycle
Authors: Hodges Theresa K. , Athrey Giridhar , Deitz Kevin C. , Overgaard Hans J. , Matias Abrahan , Caccone Adalgisa , Slotman Michel A.
Published: August 2013

On Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been part of the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project since early 2004. Despite success in reducing childhood infections, areas of high transmission remain on the island. We therefore examined fluctuations in the effective population size (Ne) of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae in an area of persistent high transmission over two spray rounds. We analyzed data for 13 microsatellite loci from 791 An. gambiae specimens collected at six time points in 2009 and 2010 and reconstructed the demographic history of the population during this period using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC). Our analysis shows that IRS rounds have a large impact on Ne, reducing it by 65%–92% from prespray round Ne. More importantly, our analysis shows that after 3–5 months, the An. gambiae population rebounded by 2818% compared shortly following the spray round. Our study underscores the importance of adequate spray round frequency to provide continuous suppression of mosquito populations and that increased spray round frequency should substantially improve the efficacy of IRS campaigns. It also demonstrates the ability of ABC to reconstruct a detailed demographic history across only a few tens of generations in a large population.
Implementing haemophilia care in Senegal, West Africa
Authors: Diop S. , Seck M. , Sy‐Bah D. , Faye B. F. , Sow‐Ndoye A. , Gueye Y. B. , Senghor A. B. , Sall‐Fall A. , Toure‐Fall A. O. , Dièye T. N. , Thiam D. , Diakhate L.
Published: August 2013

Despite significant progres on haemophilia care in developed world, this disease remains unknown in many sub‐Saharan African countries. The objectives of this article were to report Senegalese experience on the management of haemophilia care through 18 years of follow‐up. This cohort study included 140 patients (127 haemophilia A, 13 haemophilia B), followed in Dakar's haemophilia treatment centre from 1995 to 2012. Our study reported a prevalence of 2.3/100 000 male births, accounting for 11.6% of what is expected in Senegal. From the period 1995–2003 to 2004–2012, significant progress was seen including 67.9% increase in new patient's identification, 11.3 years reduction in mean age at diagnosis (from 15.5 to 4.2 years), lower mortality rate (from 15.3% to 6.8%) and age at death evolved from 6.5 to 23.3 years. Of the 50 haemophilia A patients who were tested for inhibitor presence, 10 were positive (eight severe and two moderate) that is prevalence of 20%. All patients were low responders since inhibitor titre was between 1.5 and 3.8 BU. Disabilities were seen in 36.5% of patients above 20 years old who had musculoskeletal sequels and 39% had no scholar or professional activities in our setting. Implementing haemophilia care in sub‐Saharan Africa is a great challenge as this disease is not yet counted in national health problems in many countries. Lessons learned from this study show a significant improvement in diagnosis and prognosis parameters. This emphasizes the needs to set up such follow‐up initiatives and to enhance medical and lay cooperation for better results.
Qualitative understanding of an international learning experience: What Australian undergraduate nurses and midwives said about a Cambodia placement?
Authors: Tuckett Anthony , Crompton Peta
Published: August 2013

The aim of this study is to report the experiences of three groups of Australian undergraduate nursing and midwifery students undertaking an international learning experience in Cambodia. Relying on an interpretative research design using qualitative content analysis, data were drawn from a sub‐group of undergraduate third‐year bachelor and dual degree nursing/midwifery students at a Queensland university, Australia. Students from a clinical placement in Siem Reap, Cambodia for a 4‐week period in the January of 2010–2012 completed a formal expression of interest, and at three time intervals a questionnaire comprising open‐ended questions. The evaluation by the undergraduate nursing/midwifery students of the clinical experience in Cambodia is understood through two core themes: global citizen/better citizen, personal/professional development. The findings have implications for university curriculum developers interested in the internationalization of nursing and midwifery programmes to ensure students are well equipped to practice in diverse multicultural and global health systems.
Status of ten self‐etch adhesives for bonding to dentin of primary teeth
Authors: Krämer Norbert , Tilch David , Lücker Susanne , Frankenberger Roland
Published: August 2013

Objective

Aim of this in vitro study was to compare self‐etch adhesives regarding microtensile bond strength (μ‐TBS) to dentin of primary teeth.

Methods

Fifty freshly extracted primary molars were ground to expose caries‐free dentin. Specimens were bonded with ten self‐etch adhesives (iBond self‐etch/Heraeus, Xeno V+/Dentsply, G‐Bond, Gaenial Bond/GC, BeautiBond/Shofu, AdheSE One F/Ivoclar Vivadent, Adper Easy Bond/3M ESPE, Clearfil SE Bond/Kuraray, OptiBond XTR/KerrHawe, Prime&Bond NT/Dentsply). After 24‐h storage (distilled water, 37°C), resin–dentin beams were cut and 848 resin–dentin sticks were subjected to μ‐TBS tests. Fracture analysis was carried out at 40× magnification under a fluorescence microscope and under a SEM.

Results

Three adhesives (iBond SE, Clearfil SE Bond, Prime&Bond NT) did not suffer pre‐test failures (PTF). AdheSE One F revealed the largest portion of PTF (28%; P < 0.05). Clearfil SE Bond and OptiBond XTR exhibited more cohesive fractures than the other adhesives (77.3% vs 64.8%; P < 0.05). iBond SE, Gaenial Bond, Clearfil SE, and OptiBond XTR achieved μ‐TBS of >60 MPa, whereas Xeno V+ and AdheSE One F ranged only at ~20 MPa (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Within the limits of this study, the self‐etch adhesives under investigation proved different extents of initial μ‐TBS to primary dentin with iBond SE, Gaenial Bond, Clearfil SE, and OptiBond XTR having been most successful.
Er3+/Tm3+ Co‐diffusion Characteristics in LiNbO3 Crystal
Authors: Zhang De‐Long , Qiu Cong‐Xian , Zhang Wen‐Zhu , Hua Ping‐Rang , Yu Dao‐Yin , Pun Edwin Yue‐Bun
Published: August 2013

Co‐diffusion characteristics of Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in LiNbO3 crystal have been studied, together with two other properties: doping effect on refractive index of substrate, and Li out‐diffusion. Er3+/Tm3+‐codoped LiNbO3 single‐crystals were prepared by co‐diffusion of stacked Er‐ and Tm‐metal thin films, coated onto parts of the surfaces of X‐ and Z‐cut congruent LiNbO3 crystal plates, at different temperatures and different durations in air. After diffusion, the surface refractive indices of the doped and undoped parts were measured by prism coupling technique, and the surface composition was evaluated from the measured indices. The results show that the dopings have negligible effect on the substrate index and the Li out‐diffusion depends mainly on the diffusion temperature. The Er3+ and Tm3+ profiles were studied using secondary ion mass spectrometry, and a co‐diffusion dynamical model is proposed and verified experimentally. From the measured profiles, the temperature‐dependent Er3+/Tm3+ diffusivity and solubility were obtained together with other relevant parameters, such as diffusion constant, activation energy, solubility constant and heat of solution. The Er3+ and Tm3+ co‐diffusion exhibits similar temperature dependent diffusivity, and the dependence is similar to that of single‐diffusion. In the co‐diffusion case, the total solubility consists of two parts: Er3+ and Tm3+ parts, there is no anisotropy, and the value is equal to that of single‐diffusion case, in which both ions have the similar solubility. The Er3+ and Tm3+ parts of solubility change relatively with the initial metal film thicknesses and hence have different temperature dependences. Nevertheless, their sum, i.e., the co‐diffusion solubility, remains a constant at a given temperature.
Against Respecting Each Others' Differences
Authors: Balint Peter
Published: August 2013

In contrast to multicultural theory, which in discussions of respect for difference has primarily focussed on the state as the agent of respect, multicultural policy has instead tended to focus on citizens themselves as the potential agents of this sort of respect. This article examines the plausibility of this type of respect (which is advocated by some theorists too), and argues that is not a reasonable or necessary demand. While there are several different ways of understanding respect — most of which focus on respecting persons — none seem capable of doing the work required for it to enable either the adequate or reasonable accommodation of diversity in a liberal society. More specifically, I use Darwall's influential distinction between appraisal and recognition respect — the latter in a broad non‐moralised sense — to make my case. While appraisal respect for difference may be theoretically easy to dismiss, it is not uncommon in multicultural policy. On the other hand, recognition respect — which is more behavioural than attitudinal — may appear a more plausible candidate. Yet it too remains overly demanding for individual citizens, especially, and most importantly, in difficult cases. I conclude that tolerance of difference (coming out of respect for citizenship) is a more appropriate demand on the individual.
Relationship Between Inter‐Arm Difference in Systolic Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Canepa Marco , Milaneschi Yuri , Ameri Pietro , AlGhatrif Majd , Leoncini Giovanna , Spallarossa Paolo , Pontremoli Roberto , Brunelli Claudio , Strait James B. , Lakatta Edward G. , Ferrucci Luigi
Published: August 2013

A significant inter‐arm difference in systolic blood pressure (IADSBP) has recently been associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes. The authors hypothesized that part of this association is mediated by arterial stiffness, and examined the relationship between significant IADSBP and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity (CF‐PWV) in a sample from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Of 1045 participants, 50 (4.8%) had an IADSBP ≥10 mm Hg at baseline, and 629 had completed data from ≥2 visits (for a total of 1704 visits during 8 years). CF‐PWV was significantly higher in patients with an IADSBP ≥10 mm Hg (7.3±1.9 vs 8.2±2, P=.002). Compared with others, patients with IADSBP ≥10 mm Hg also had higher body mass index, waist circumference, and triglycerides; higher prevalence of diabetes; and lower high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P<.001 for all). A significant association with IADSBP ≥10 mm Hg was observed for CF‐PWV in both cross‐sectional (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.87; P=.01) and longitudinal (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03–1.29; P=.01) multivariate analyses. Female sex, Caucasian race, high body mass index (plus diabetes and low HDL cholesterol only cross‐sectionally) were other independent correlates of IADSBP ≥10 mm Hg. Significant IADSBP is associated with increased arterial stiffness in community‐dwelling older adults.
Behavioural responses of sardines Sardina pilchardus to simulated purse‐seine capture and slipping
Authors: Marçalo A. , Araújo J. , Pousão‐Ferreira P. , Pierce G. J. , Stratoudakis Y. , Erzini K.
Published: August 2013

The behavioural effects of confinement of sardine Sardina pilchardus in a purse seine were evaluated through three laboratory experiments simulating the final stages of purse seining; the process of slipping (deliberately allowing fishes to escape) and subsequent exposure to potential predators. Effects of holding time (the time S. pilchardus were held or entangled in the simulation apparatus) and S. pilchardus density were investigated. Experiment 1 compared the effect of a mild fishing stressor (20 min in the net and low S. pilchardus density) with a control (fishing not simulated) while the second and third experiments compared the mild stressor with a severe stressor (40 min in the net and high S. pilchardus density). In all cases, sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax were used as potential predators. Results indicated a significant effect of crowding time and density on the survival and behaviour of slipped S. pilchardus. After simulated fishing, S. pilchardus showed significant behavioural changes including lower swimming speed, closer approaches to predators and higher nearest‐neighbour distances (wider school area) than controls, regardless of stressor severity. These results suggest that, in addition to the delayed and unobserved mortality caused by factors related to fishing operations, slipped pelagic fishes can suffer behavioural impairments that may increase vulnerability to predation. Possible sub‐lethal effects of behavioural impairment on fitness are discussed, with suggestions on how stock assessment might be modified to account for both unobserved mortality and sub‐lethal effects, and possible approaches to provide better estimates of unobserved mortality in the field are provided.
Transition across polymorphic phenotypes observed in a male Sternarchogiton nattereri (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)
Authors: Ho W. W. , Turner C. R. , Smith G. T.
Published: August 2013

A transition between polymorphic phenotypes was observed within a single male Sternarchogiton nattereri. This individual was initially toothless, but developed into a toothed phenotype characterized by a swollen distal upper jaw and distinctive external dentition. Changes in morphological features were accompanied by shifts in electrocommunication (chirping) behaviour.
Unesterified docosahexaenoic acid is protective in neuroinflammation
Authors: Orr Sarah K. , Palumbo Sara , Bosetti Francesca , Mount Howard T. , Kang Jing X. , Greenwood Carol E. , Ma David W. L. , Serhan Charles N. , Bazinet Richard P.
Published: August 2013

Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) is the major brain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and it is possible that docosahexaenoic acid is anti‐inflammatory in the brain as it is known to be in other tissues. Using a combination of models including the fat‐1 transgenic mouse, chronic dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid modulation in transgenic and wild‐type mice, and acute direct brain infusion, we demonstrated that unesterified docosahexaenoic acid attenuates neuroinflammation initiated by intracerebroventricular lipopolysaccharide. Hippocampal neuroinflammation was assessed by gene expression and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, docosahexaenoic acid protected against lipopolysaccharide‐induced neuronal loss. Acute intracerebroventricular infusion of unesterified docosahexaenoic acid or its 12/15‐lipoxygenase product and precursor to protectins and resolvins, 17S‐hydroperoxy‐docosahexaenoic acid, mimics anti‐neuroinflammatory aspects of chronically increased unesterified docosahexaenoic acid. LC‐MS/MS revealed that neuroprotectin D1 and several other docosahexaenoic acid‐derived specialized pro‐resolving mediators are present in the hippocampus. Acute intracerebroventricular infusion of 17S‐hydroperoxy‐docosahexaenoic acid increases hippocampal neuroprotectin D1 levels concomitant to attenuating neuroinflammation. These results show that unesterified docosahexaenoic acid is protective in a lipopolysaccharide‐initiated mouse model of acute neuroinflammation, at least in part, via its conversion to specialized pro‐resolving mediators; these docosahexaenoic acid stores may provide novel targets for the prevention and treatment(s) of neurological disorders with a neuroinflammatory component.

image

Our study shows that chronically increased brain unesterified DHA levels, but not solely phospholipid DHA levels, attenuate neuroinflammation. Similar attenuations occur with acute increases in brain unesterified DHA or 17S‐HpDHA levels, highlighting the importance of an available pool of precursor unesterified DHA for the production of enzymatically derived specialized pro‐resolving mediators that are critical in the regulation of neuroinflammation.
Epigenetic Contributions to Hormonally‐Mediated Sexual Differentiation of the Brain
Authors: McCarthy M. M. , Nugent B. M.
Published: August 2013

It has been long established that hormones exert enduring influences on the developing brain that direct the reproductive response in adulthood, although the cellular mechanisms by which organisational effects are maintained have not been determined satisfactorily. Recent interest in epigenetic modifications to the nervous system has highlighted the potential for hormone‐induced changes to the genome that could endure for the lifespan but not be transmitted to the next generation. Preliminary evidence suggests that this is indeed possible because sex differences in the histone code and in the methylation of CpGs in the promoters of specific genes have been identified and, at times, functionally correlated with behaviour. The present review provides an overview of epigenetic processes and discusses the current state‐of‐the‐art, and also identifies future directions.
Including species interactions in resource selection of guanacos and livestock in Northern Patagonia
Authors: Schroeder N. M. , Ovejero R. , Moreno P. G. , Gregorio P. , Taraborelli P. , Matteucci S. D. , Carmanchahi P. D.
Published: August 2013

Species occurrence depends on both environmental and biotic factors (species interactions). Consideration of species interactions when estimating functions of population distribution is unusual, and may be crucial to understand and predict how species use space and resources. In this study, we combine resource selection probability functions (RSPFs) with a model selection approach based on information theory to evaluate how biotic (interspecific interactions) and abiotic (environmental) factors affect resource selection of guanacos Lama guanicoe and livestock (goats, sheep, cattle and horses) in two seasonal periods. We first test different a priori hypotheses of the environmental effects on guanacos and livestock occurrence (i.e. foraging, predation/topography and human effect hypotheses), then we assess model performance with independent data, and finally we use validated models of each species as predictors of the interaction between them. In all seasons, L. guanicoe occurrence was influenced by both environment and livestock interactions, especially small livestock (goats and sheep). Guanacos selected for habitats characterized by high temporal variability in plant productivity and away from potential human contact. In all seasons, L. guanicoe was negatively related to the RSPF of small livestock, but the reverse was not the case, suggesting that L. guanicoe avoids sites used by goats and sheep. In contrast, livestock was mainly affected by environmental variables related to human presence and was not affected by the interactions with herbivores. Contrary to our predictions, goats and sheep were also associated with less productive sites, probably indicating strong degradation of the sites to which they are restricted. Our results suggest a spatial segregation between L. guanicoe and domestic herbivores throughout the year, which is explained by competitive interactions of L. guanicoe with small livestock but also in response to vegetation productivity and human pressure. This study shows the importance of including species interaction effects in habitat modeling.
How children talk together to make meaning from texts: a dialogic perspective on reading comprehension strategies
Authors: Maine Fiona
Published: August 2013

This study considers reading comprehension as a dialogic transaction of making meaning from text. The concept of text and reading is taken to include the visual and multimodal as well as written forms. Case studies of children discussing texts are analysed to explore how children engage in inter‐mental and intra‐mental processes of reading, between themselves as readers and between themselves and the text. The findings show that children's use of language, which is open, hypothetical and questioning, enables different interpretations and priorities for discussion. The use of imagination and empathy, to enter the world of the text to understand it, trigger creative responses as the children make meaning together. More than merely promoting the teaching of comprehension skills to children, the paper demonstrates how meaningful and exciting responses can be promoted through children reading together and teachers encouraging creative dialogue.
High‐throughput genomics in sorghum: from whole‐genome resequencing to a SNP screening array
Authors: Bekele Wubishet A. , Wieckhorst Silke , Friedt Wolfgang , Snowdon Rod J.
Published: August 2013

With its small, diploid and completely sequenced genome, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is highly amenable to genomics‐based breeding approaches. Here, we describe the development and testing of a robust single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array platform that enables polymorphism screening for genome‐wide and trait‐linked polymorphisms in genetically diverse S. bicolor populations. Whole‐genome sequences with 6× to 12× coverage from five genetically diverse S. bicolor genotypes, including three sweet sorghums and two grain sorghums, were aligned to the sorghum reference genome. From over 1 million high‐quality SNPs, we selected 2124 Infinium Type II SNPs that were informative in all six source genomes, gave an optimal Assay Design Tool (ADT) score, had allele frequencies of 50% in the six genotypes and were evenly spaced throughout the S. bicolor genome. Furthermore, by phenotype‐based pool sequencing, we selected an additional 876 SNPs with a phenotypic association to early‐stage chilling tolerance, a key trait for European sorghum breeding. The 3000 attempted bead types were used to populate half of a dual‐species Illumina iSelect SNP array. The array was tested using 564 Sorghum spp. genotypes, including offspring from four unrelated recombinant inbred line (RIL) and F2 populations and a genetic diversity collection. A high call rate of over 80% enabled validation of 2620 robust and polymorphic sorghum SNPs, underlining the efficiency of the array development scheme for whole‐genome SNP selection and screening, with diverse applications including genetic mapping, genome‐wide association studies and genomic selection.
Free and intra‐aggregate organic matter as indicators of soil quality change in volcanic soils under contrasting crop rotations
Authors: Zagal E. , Córdova C. , Sohi S. P. , Powlson D. S.
Published: August 2013

Soil physical fractionation techniques may provide indicators of changing soil organic carbon (SOC) content; however, they have not been widely tested on volcanic soils (Andisols). In this study, we assessed two fractions as potential indicators in volcanic soils, using two sites in Chile converted from natural grassland to arable and mixed crop rotations, 8 and 16 yr previously. In the 8‐yr experiment, SOC had declined under all rotations, with smaller changes where the rotation included 3 or 5 yr of perennial pasture. Whereas the average SOC was only 76% of the level in the preceding natural grassland, the corresponding value after 16 yr for the second site was 98% (and 93% under continuous arable), probably reflecting its high allophane clay content. The fractionation procedure tested proved applicable to both Andisols, but the intra‐aggregate light fraction (IA‐SOM, isolated in sodium iodide solution at 1.80 g/cm3 after ultrasonic dispersion) accounted for a very small proportion of total SOC (<1%). We suggest that in Andisols, the free light fraction (FR‐SOM, isolated in sodium iodide at solution of the same density, but prior to ultrasonic dispersion) is stabilised to a greater extent than in nonvolcanic soils, and the intra‐aggregate fraction plays a more minor role as a pool of intermediate turnover. The relative value of each fraction needs to be confirmed through dynamic experiments, using more sites, and including situations where SOC content is initially low.
Insect phylogenomics: new insights on the relationships of lower neopteran orders (Polyneoptera)
Authors: LETSCH HARALD , SIMON SABRINA
Published: August 2013

The branching pattern of the diverse lower neopteran insect lineages (Polyneoptera: cockroaches, mantids, earwigs, grasshoppers, phasmids etc.) is the least resolved problem in insect systematics. Despite the accumulation of various morphological and molecular datasets, the proposed phylogenetic relationships within Polyneoptera remain unstable. In this study we investigate these relationships based on a new transcriptome data matrix covering almost all polyneopteran orders, except for Mantophasmatodea, Grylloblattodea and Mantodea. The data conclusively support a monophyletic Polyneoptera, thus corroborating previous findings from (i) recent large gene studies with smaller taxon sampling and (ii) comprehensive protein coding gene analyses across all insect lineages, and, consequently, rejecting the paraphyletic lower neopteran group suggested by various morphological characters and rRNA gene analyses. The inclusion of several phylogenetically ambiguous polyneopteran orders (Zoraptera, Dermaptera, Plecoptera, Phasmatodea and Embioptera) allows us to further test alternative phylogenetic relationships within Polyneoptera. Previously suggested clades are significantly rejected: Parametabola (= Zoraptera + Paraneoptera), Mystroptera (= Embioptera + Zoraptera) and Orthopterida (= Orthoptera + Phasmatodea). Although the lower neopteran orders are so far only supported as a monophyletic group by autapomorphies in wing base characters, phylogenomic analyses consistently provide further strong support. However, despite the use of this large dataset, several polyneopteran orders still show unstable positions within a monophyletic Polyneoptera.
Clinical, cytologic, and histologic features of a mammary micropapillary carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Salgado Breno S. , Monteiro Lidianne N. , Colodel Márcia M. , Figueiroa Fernanda C. , Soares Luisa M. , Nonogaki Suely , Rocha Rafael M. , Rocha Noeme S.
Published: August 2013

Mammary invasive micropapillary carcinoma is a rare variant of mammary carcinoma that was recently recognized in dogs. The cytologic features and biologic behavior of such neoplasms in dogs have not yet been widely discussed in the veterinary literature. We report the clinical, cytologic, and histologic features of a canine micropapillary carcinoma in a 13‐year‐old female mongrel dog. The mammary region presented with extreme local pain, severe edema and erythema, and multifocal epidermal ulceration, which is typical for an inflammatory mammary carcinoma. Fine‐needle aspirates were highly cellular and consisted of individual cells and papillary cell clusters with characteristics of malignant epithelial cells. Histologic examination revealed neoplastic cells arranged in small papillae without fibrovascular cores, sometimes inside clear lymphatic spaces, indicating lymphovascular invasion. Regional lymph node evaluation revealed metastatic cells. Due to deteriorating clinical condition the dog was euthanatized 5 months after mastectomy. At necropsy, metastatic neoplastic mammary cells were found in popliteal and mediastinal lymph nodes, the right femoral biceps muscle, liver, heart, lungs, and urinary bladder.
Brill–Noether loci in codimension two
Authors: Tarasca Nicola
Published: August 2013

Let us consider the locus in the moduli space of curves of genus$2k$defined by curves with a pencil of degree$k$. Since the Brill–Noether number is equal to$- 2$, such a locus has codimension two. Using the method of test surfaces, we compute the class of its closure in the moduli space of stable curves.
Automorphisms of surfaces of general type with acting trivially in cohomology
Authors: Cai Jin-Xing , Liu Wenfei , Zhang Lei
Published: August 2013

In this paper we prove that surfaces of general type with irregularity $q\geq 3$ are rationally cohomologically rigidified, and so are minimal surfaces $S$ with $q(S)= 2$ unless ${ K}_{S}^{2} = 8\chi ({ \mathcal{O} }_{S} )$. Here a surface $S$ is said to be rationally cohomologically rigidified if its automorphism group $\mathrm{Aut} (S)$ acts faithfully on the cohomology ring ${H}^{\ast } (S, \mathbb{Q} )$. As examples we give a complete classification of surfaces isogenous to a product with $q(S)= 2$ that are not rationally cohomologically rigidified.
Eigenvalues of Hermitian matrices and equivariant cohomology of Grassmannians
Authors: Anderson David , Richmond Edward , Yong Alexander
Published: August 2013

The saturation theorem of Knutson and Tao concerns the nonvanishing of Littlewood–Richardson coefficients. In combination with work of Klyachko, it implies Horn’s conjecture about eigenvalues of sums of Hermitian matrices. This eigenvalue problem has a generalization to majorized sums of Hermitian matrices, due to S. Friedland. We further illustrate the common features between these two eigenvalue problems and their connection to Schubert calculus of Grassmannians. Our main result gives a Schubert calculus interpretation of Friedland’s problem, via equivariant cohomology of Grassmannians. In particular, we prove a saturation theorem for this setting. Our arguments employ the aforementioned work together with recent work of H. Thomas and A. Yong.
The Computation of Thresholds for Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Davies E.B.
Published: August 2013

The paper describes an approach to the computation of the zero energy thresholds for the appearance of negative energy eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators.
Completing the Brauer Trees for the Sporadic Simple Lyons Group
Authors: Müller Jürgen , Neunhöffer Max , Röhr Frank , Wilson Robert
Published: August 2013

In this paper, the Brauer trees are completed for the sporadic simple Lyons group Ly in characteristics 37 and 67. The results are obtained using tools from computational representation theory—in particular, a new condensation technique—and with the assistance of the computer algebra systems MeatAxe and GAP.
Nice Efficient Presentions for all Small Simple Groups and their Covers
Authors: Campbell Colin M. , Havas George , Ramsay Colin , Robertson Edmund F.
Published: August 2013

Prior to this paper, all small simple groups were known to be efficient, but the status of four of their covering groups was unknown. Nice, efficient presentations are provided in this paper for all of these groups, resolving the previously unknown cases. The authors‘presentations are better than those that were previously available, in terms of both length and computational properties. In many cases, these presentations have minimal possible length. The results presented here are based on major amounts of computation. Substantial use is made of systems for computational group theory and, in partic-ular, of computer implementations of coset enumeration. To assist in reducing the number of relators, theorems are provided to enable the amalgamation of power relations in certain presentations. The paper concludes with a selection of unsolved problems about efficient presentations for simple groups and their covers.
Involutions in Conway's Largest Simple Group
Authors: Bates Chris , Rowley Peter
Published: August 2013

In this paper, the authors determine the suborbits of Conways largest simple group in its conjugation action on each of its three conjugacy classes of involutions. Matrix representatives of these suborbits are also provided in an accompanying computer file.
Optimally Coupling the Kolmogorov Diffusion, and Related Optimal Control Problems
Authors: Jansons Kalvis M. , Metcalfe Paul D.
Published: August 2013

We discuss the optimal Markovian coupling before an exponential time of the Kolmogorov diffusion, and a class of related stochastic control problems in which the aim is to hit the origin before an exponential time. We provide a scaling argument for the optimal control in the near field and use rational WKB approximation to obtain the optimal control in the far field, and compare these analytical results with numerical experiments. In some of these optimal control problems, in which the advection velocity field is bounded, we show that the probability of success agrees exactly with its leading-order asymptotic approximation in some areas of the plane, up to an undetermined multiplicative constant. We conjecture a necessary and sufficient condition for this behaviour, which is strongly supported by numerical experiments.
Point Counting in Families of Hyperelliptic Curves in Characteristic 2
Authors: Hubrechts Hendrik
Published: August 2013

Let EΓ be a family of hyperelliptic curves over F2alg cl with general Weierstrass equation given over a very small field F. The author of this paper describes an algorithm for computing the zeta function of Eγ, with γ in a degree n extension field of F, which has time complexity O(n3 + ε) bit operations and memory requirements O(n2) bits. Using a slightly different algorithm, one can get time O(n2.667) and memory O(n2.5), and the computation for n curves of the family can be done in time O(n3.376). All of these algorithms are polynomial-time in the genus.
Finding Integral Linear Dependencies of Algebraic Numbers and Algebraic Lie Algebras
Authors: Fieker Claus , de Graaf Willem A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract:We give an algorithm for finding the module of linear dependencies of the roots of a monic integral polynomial. Using this, we describe an algorithm for constructing the algebraic hull of a given matrix Lie algebra in characteristic zero.
On Conjugacy Classes of Congruence Subgroups of PSL(2, R)
Authors: Cummins C. J.
Published: August 2013

Let G be a subgroup of PSL(2, R) which is commensurable with PSL(2, Z). We say that G is a congruence subgroup of PSL(2, R) if G contains a principal congruence subgroup /overline Γ(N) for some N. An algorithm is given for determining whether two congruence subgroups are conjugate in PSL(2, R). This algorithm is used to determine the PSL(2, R) conjugacy classes of congruence subgroups of genus-zero and genus-one. The results are given in a table.
Research on the Mechanical Properties of “Z” Type Double-Decker Ball Bearings
Authors: Yu Chengtao , Xu Longxiang , Yu Xudong
Published: August 2013

The mechanical model of a “Z” type double-decker ball bearing under the action of radial load is established in this paper on the basis of the Hertz contact theory. According to the security contact angle theory, the influences of inner and outer bearings' internal clearances on the bearing's static load carrying capacity, radial deformation, radial stiffness, and load distribution of balls are analyzed. This model is verified in both stationary and rotational loading experiments. Moreover, the simulation results show that the static load carrying capacity of Z type bearing is smaller than that of either inner bearing or outer bearing that is contributed to compose the Z type bearing. The static load carrying capacity of a Z type bearing reduces with the increase of the inner and outer bearings' internal clearance. These simulation results also indicate that the contact angle of the maximum loaded ball in the outer bearing easily exceeds its security contact angle compared with the inner bearing, which, as the main factor, may cause the Z type bearing to overload and to fail. In this sense, the investigated Z type bearings are unfit to apply to situations with heavy load, high speed, or high precision.
Cutting Plane Methods for Analytical Target Cascading With Augmented Lagrangian Coordination
Authors: Wang Wenshan , Blouin Vincent Y. , Gardenghi Melissa K. , Fadel Georges M. , Wiecek Margaret M. , Sloop Benjamin C.
Published: August 2013

Analytical target cascading (ATC), a hierarchical, multilevel, multidisciplinary coordination method, has proven to be an effective decomposition approach for large-scale engineering optimization problems. In recent years, augmented Lagrangian relaxation methods have received renewed interest as dual update methods for solving ATC decomposed problems. These problems can be solved using the subgradient optimization algorithm, the application of which includes three schemes for updating dual variables. To address the convergence efficiency disadvantages of the existing dual update schemes, this paper investigates two new schemes, the linear and the proximal cutting plane methods, which are implemented in conjunction with augmented Lagrangian coordination for ATC-decomposed problems. Three nonconvex nonlinear example problems are used to show that these two cutting plane methods can significantly reduce the number of iterations and the number of function evaluations when compared to the traditional subgradient update methods. In addition, these methods are also compared to the method of multipliers and its variants, showing similar performance.
Optimum Parameter Design of Microbubble Drag Reduction in a Turbulent Flow by the Taguchi Method Combined With Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Ouyang Kwan , Wu Sheng-Ju , Huang Huang-Hsin
Published: August 2013

This study attempts to optimize parameters for the microbubble drag reduction in a turbulent flow based on experimental measurements. Five parameters were investigated: three are control factors (the area of air injection, bubble size, and the rate of air injection) and two are indicative factors (flow speed and the measured position of local shear stress). An integrated approach of combining the Taguchi method with artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed, implementing the optimum parameter design in this study. Based on the experimental results, analysis of variance concluded that, among the control factors, the rate of air injection has the greatest influence on microbubble drag reduction, while bubble size has the least. The investigation of drag reduction characteristics revealed that the drag ratio decreases with an increasing rate of air injection. However, if the rate of air supplied exceeds a certain value, the efficiency of drag reduction can drop. In the case of optimum parameter design, a 21% drag reduction and an S/N ratio of 1.976 dB were obtained.
Wear Mechanism of Al2O3/WS2 With PEEK/BG Plastic
Authors: Korzekwa J. , Skoneczny W. , Dercz G. , Bara M.
Published: August 2013

In the present paper, a model of wear mechanism of Al2O3/WS2 with polyether ether ketone (PEEK)/BG plastic has been presented. An amorphous Al2O3 oxide layer with a tungsten disulfide modifier has been characterized by the Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with an Energy Dispensive Spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and XRD analysis. The addition of WS2 to the acid bath reduces the friction coefficient of the Al2O3/WS2-PEEK/BG friction pair. The technology applied to receive the Al2O3/WS2 layer, with appropriately selected conditions, allows us to obtain a tribological layer that enables the delivery of WS2 solid lubricant during friction.
Plant-Limited Co-Design of an Energy-Efficient Counterbalanced Robotic Manipulator
Authors: Allison James T.
Published: August 2013

Modifying the design of an existing system to meet the needs of a new task is a common activity in mechatronic system development. Often, engineers seek to meet requirements for the new task via control design changes alone, but in many cases new requirements are impossible to meet using control design only; physical system design modifications must be considered. Plant-limited co-design (PLCD) is a design methodology for meeting new requirements at minimum cost through limited physical system (plant) design changes in concert with control system redesign. The most influential plant changes are identified to narrow the set of candidate plant changes. PLCD provides quantitative evidence to support strategic plant design modification decisions, including tradeoff analyses of redesign cost and requirement violation. In this article the design of a counterbalanced robotic manipulator is used to illustrate successful PLCD application. A baseline system design is obtained that exploits synergy between manipulator passive dynamics and control to minimize energy consumption for a specific pick-and-place task. The baseline design cannot meet requirements for a second pick-and-place task through control design changes alone. A limited set of plant design changes is identified using sensitivity analysis, and the PLCD result meets the new requirements at a cost significantly less than complete system redesign.
Genome-Wide Mutational Signatures of Aristolochic Acid and Its Application as a Screening Tool
Authors: Poon Song Ling , Pang See-Tong , McPherson John R. , Yu Willie , Huang Kie Kyon , Guan Peiyong , Weng Wen-Hui , Siew Ee Yan , Liu Yujing , Heng Hong Lee , Chong Soo Ching , Gan Anna , Tay Su Ting , Lim Weng Khong , Cutcutache Ioana , Huang Dachuan , Ler Lian Dee , Nairismägi Maarja-Liisa , Lee Ming Hui , Chang Ying-Hsu , Yu Kai-Jie , Chan-on Waraporn , Li Bin-Kui , Yuan Yun-Fei , Qian Chao-Nan , Ng Kwai-Fong , Wu Ching-Fang , Hsu Cheng-Lung , Bunte Ralph M. , Stratton Michael R. , Futreal P. Andrew , Sung Wing-Kin , Chuang Cheng-Keng , Ong Choon Kiat , Rozen Steven G. , Tan Patrick , Teh Bin Tean
Published: August 2013

Genome-wide mutational signatures of the group 1 carcinogen aristolochic acid are observed in urothelial cancers and liver cancers from Asia.
One Drop, Many Possibilities
Authors: Chow Edward Kai-Hua
Published: August 2013

Droplet-based microfluidics can be used for high-throughput single-cell sorting and gene expression analysis.
Drugging the Undruggable
Authors: Narla Goutham
Published: August 2013

Potentially therapeutic small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora-A induce proteasomal degradation of N-Myc in childhood neuroblastoma.