bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nano‐modified HDPE/PA6 microfibrillar composites: Effect of aminated graphite platelets coupling
Authors: Kelnar Ivan , Bal Ümitcan , Zhigunov Alexander , Kaprálková Ludmila , Fortelný Ivan , Krejčíková Sabina , Kredatusová Jana , Dybal Jiří , Janata Miroslav , Nofar Mohammadreza
Published: February 2019

Modification of microfibrillar composites (MFCs) by nanofillers shows important effects of its localization on performance. This work deals with control of migration/localization of amine‐modified graphite nanoplatelets (GNPAs) in the HDPE/PA6 system through their in situ coupling. GNPA/HDPE linking also leads to complex morphology of PA6 fibers. Although such control of GNPA localization and migration in MFC is limited, marked variations of properties, including decrease with high draw ratio, occurs. This is in spite of the fact that structure and crystallinity are comparable with that of the polymer/GNPA adduct. The reason is a more pronounced negative effect of presence of the GNP adducts in the fiber surface layer on HDPE crystallinity, in comparison with neat GNP, that is, formation of “soft” interface. The negative effects were markedly eliminated by pre‐blending and coupling of GNPA in both polymer phases. Results confirm more effective control of MFC performance by in situ coupling of GNPA with polymer components in comparison with a nonreactive system. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47660.
Correlation between clay type and performance of swelling inhibitors based on polyetherdiamine in aqueous fluids
Authors: da Silva Ítalo Guimarães Medeiros , Bertolino Luiz Carlos , Lucas Elizabete Fernandes
Published: February 2019

In this work, the linear swelling of four samples of natural clays was evaluated, using poly(propylene glycol) bis(2‐aminopropyl ether) ~230 g mol−1 (PEDA‐230) and ~400 g mol−1 (PEDA‐400) as shale inhibitors for water‐based drilling fluids, in comparison to a commercial shale inhibitor. The swelling kinetics was described by a semiempirical equation. A correlation was found between the cation exchange capacity of the clays and the diffusion kinetic constant of the inhibitors. Increased molar mass of PEDA favored swelling inhibition. The swelling inhibition was also evaluated by rheology, and the results were in agreement with the linear swelling tests. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the occurrence of microfractures on the clay surface after water contact, as well as the adsorption of the different shale inhibitors on the clay surfaces after contact with the aqueous inhibited fluid. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47661.
Hydrolysis‐resistant polyurethane elastomers synthesized from hydrophobic bio‐based polyfarnesene diol
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chen Jianjun , Yao Ming , Jiang Zhiguo , Ma Yuhong
Published: February 2019

Hydrolytic stability is an essential requirement for polyurethanes (PUs) that are used in highly humid and aqueous environments. In this study, hydrolysis‐resistant PU elastomers (PUEs) are synthesized based on hydrophobic bio‐based polyfarnesene diol (PFD), which contains unique “bottle brushes” structure (with long branched hydrocarbon side chains). The effect of hard segment (HS) content, ranging from 30 to 50%, on the morphology and properties of PUEs is investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, tensile, water absorption, and contact angle measurements. The results show that there are prominent phase separations in the synthesized PUEs. The PUEs show a three‐stage degradation process and two Tg, one is at about −66 °C and the other 61 °C, which are related to the soft segment and HS, respectively. Water contact angles of PUEs increase from 98.6 to 105.2° with the increasing of PFD structural unit fraction. After being immersed in deionized water for 30 days, PUEs show no significant degradation of both tensile strength and elongation at break, and mass changes of all samples are less than 0.5%. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47673.
Electrophysiological alterations in motor‐auditory predictive coding in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: van Laarhoven Thijs , Stekelenburg Jeroen J. , Eussen Mart L.J.M. , Vroomen Jean
Published: February 2019

The amplitude of the auditory N1 component of the event‐related potential (ERP) is typically attenuated for self‐initiated sounds, compared to sounds with identical acoustic and temporal features that are triggered externally. This effect has been ascribed to internal forward models predicting the sensory consequences of one's own motor actions. The predictive coding account of autistic symptomatology states that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties anticipating upcoming sensory stimulation due to a decreased ability to infer the probabilistic structure of their environment. Without precise internal forward prediction models to rely on, perception in ASD could be less affected by prior expectations and more driven by sensory input. Following this reasoning, one would expect diminished attenuation of the auditory N1 due to self‐initiation in individuals with ASD. Here, we tested this hypothesis by comparing the neural response to self‐ versus externally‐initiated tones between a group of individuals with ASD and a group of age matched neurotypical controls. ERPs evoked by tones initiated via button‐presses were compared with ERPs evoked by the same tones replayed at identical pace. Significant N1 attenuation effects were only found in the TD group. Self‐initiation of the tones did not attenuate the auditory N1 in the ASD group, indicating that they may be unable to anticipate the auditory sensory consequences of their own motor actions. These results show that individuals with ASD have alterations in sensory attenuation of self‐initiated sounds, and support the notion of impaired predictive coding as a core deficit underlying autistic symptomatology. Autism Res 2019, 12: 589–599. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Many individuals with ASD experience difficulties in processing sensory information (for example, increased sensitivity to sound). Here we show that these difficulties may be related to an inability to anticipate upcoming sensory stimulation. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying the different sensory perception experienced by individuals with ASD.
Social and nonsocial visual prediction errors in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Greene Rachel K. , Zheng Shuting , Kinard Jessica L. , Mosner Maya G. , Wiesen Christopher A. , Kennedy Daniel P. , Dichter Gabriel S.
Published: February 2019

Impaired predictive coding has been proposed as a framework to explain discrepancies between expectations and outcomes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that may contribute to core symptoms of the disorder. However, no eye tracking study has directly addressed this framework in the context of visual predictions of social and nonsocial stimuli. The current study used eye tracking to examine violations of learned visual associations of both social and nonsocial stimuli. Twenty‐six adolescents with ASD and 18 typically developing control (TDC) adolescents completed an outcome expectation eye tracking task in which predictive cues correctly (80% of trials) or incorrectly (20% of trials) indicated the location (left or right) of forthcoming social or nonsocial stimuli. During violation trials, individuals with ASD focused their gaze relatively more often on stimuli presented on locations that violated the learned association and less often on locations that corresponded with the learned association. This finding was not moderated by stimulus type (i.e., social vs. nonsocial). Additionally, participants who looked at incorrectly predicted locations more often had significantly greater ASD symptom severity. These results are consistent with theories that characterize ASD as a disorder of prediction and have potential implications for understanding symptoms related to prediction errors in individuals with ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 878–883. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit impairments making predictions that may impact learning. In this study, we used eye tracking methodology and found that individuals with ASD were less likely to look at the predicted location when a visual routine was violated. This pattern was evident for both social and nonsocial images and was associated with greater ASD symptom severity. These findings provide additional support for predictive challenges in ASD.
Surface Degradation and Chemical Electrolyte Oxidation Induced by the Oxygen Released from Layered Oxide Cathodes in Li−Ion Batteries
Authors: Leanza Daniela , Mirolo Marta , Vaz Carlos A. F. , Novák Petr , El Kazzi Mario
Published: February 2019

High‐resolution, surface sensitive soft X‐ray photoemission electron microscopy (XPEEM) reveals the fine interplay between oxygen and transition metal (TM) redox activities on the surface of a Li1.17(Ni0.22Co0.12Mn0.66)0.83O2 (Li‐rich NCM) electrode. We demonstrate that the oxidation of oxygen in the lattice is accompanied by TM reduction already at 4.47 V vs. Li+/Li, as a result of oxygen loss from the surface, the latter process being enhanced at 4.8 V where oxygen gas reaches a maximum release rate. Simultaneously, we find evidence for the chemical oxidation of the electrolyte solvents above 4.8 V induced by the released oxygen, leading to the formation of a carbonate by‐products layer that covers homogeneously the particles of the counter electrode Li4Ti5O12 (LTO). The latter observation demonstrates that migration‐diffusion of such oxidized solvent by‐products occurs only when the solvents are chemically oxidized. We showed also that the Li‐rich NCM is susceptible to oxygen loss during soaking in the electrolyte, which causes TMs reduction and the poisoning of the counter electrode.
Recurrent Noncoding Mutations in Skin Cancers: UV Damage Susceptibility or Repair Inhibition as Primary Driver?
Authors: Roberts Steven A. , Brown Alexander J. , Wyrick John J.
Published: February 2019

Somatic mutations arising in human skin cancers are heterogeneously distributed across the genome, meaning that certain genomic regions (e.g., heterochromatin or transcription factor binding sites) have much higher mutation densities than others. Regional variations in mutation rates are typically not a consequence of selection, as the vast majority of somatic mutations in skin cancers are passenger mutations that do not promote cell growth or transformation. Instead, variations in DNA repair activity, due to chromatin organization and transcription factor binding, have been proposed to be a primary driver of mutational heterogeneity in melanoma. However, as discussed in this review here, recent studies indicate that chromatin organization and transcription factor binding also significantly modulate the rate at which UV lesions form in DNA. The authors propose that local variations in lesion susceptibility may be an important driver of mutational hotspots in melanoma and other skin cancers, particularly at binding sites for ETS transcription factors.
Effect of compassion‐focused group therapy on psychological symptoms in mothers of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder children: A pilot study
Authors: Navab Mojgan , Dehghani Akram , Salehi Mehrdad
Published: February 2019

Background

Evidence suggests that attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may accentuate varying psychological symptoms in parents. Since mothers are the most likely individuals interacting with ADHD children, it is highly probable that they will be influenced the most.

Objectives

This pilot study aimed to determine the effect of compassion‐focused group therapy on psychological symptoms of mothers of ADHD children.

Methods

A pre‐test–post‐test control‐grouped, quasi‐experimental study was carried out on a sample of 20 mothers of children with ADHD who were referred to the Health Centers of Isfahan City in Spring 2017. Prior to the intervention, the mothers’ psychological symptoms were recorded in both groups using the DASS‐21 questionnaire. Then, the mothers (n = 10) in the treatment group underwent 8 weekly sessions of 90‐min, compassion‐focused therapy. Both groups were post‐tested 1 week after the intervention. Finally, the collected data were analysed in SPSS‐23.

Results

The results of the study showed that, after the intervention, the mothers’ psychological symptoms in the treatment group significantly decreased (pre‐test: 36.10 ± 7.96 vs. post‐test: 33.40 ± 4.28, p value < 0.05), while no significant change was observed in the control group. Depression and anxiety levels showed a significant decrease in the treatment group as compared to the control group (p value < 0.05), while participants’ stress levels remained the same in both groups (p value > 0.05).

Conclusion

The findings revealed that compassion‐focused therapy resulted in an increase in self‐compassion and inner calmness levels, and a decrease in the use of avoidance coping strategy on the one hand, and the need to regulate emotions and ruminations on the other hand, among the mothers of ADHD children, which subsequently led to a decrease in psychological symptoms.
1H‐NMR Based Metabolomics Profiling of Citrus Juices Produced in Veracruz, México
Authors: Villa‐Ruano Nemesio , Pérez‐Hernández Nury , Zepeda‐Vallejo L. Gerardo , Quiroz‐Acosta Tayde , Mendieta‐Moctezuma Aarón , Montoya‐García César , García‐Nava Marco L. , Becerra‐Martínez Elvia
Published: February 2019

This study describes the 1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics profiling of juices from citrus fruits harvested in the state of Veracruz, México. The hydrophilic profile of commercial lemons (Agrio and Persian), tangerines (Fremont and Mónica), oranges (Valencia and Washington Navel), and grapefruits (Red Ruby and Rio Red) was determined. According to our results, 35 metabolites were identified in the 1H‐NMR profiling. The statistical differences obtained by PCA and OPLS‐DA revealed that specific amino acids, sugars, and organic acids were differential metabolites in the species and cultivars studied. High endogenous levels of sucrose (10–190 mM), α‐glucose, β‐glucose (α‐ and β‐isomers, 40–205 mm), and fructose (36–170 mm) were detected in the juices of grapefruits, oranges, and tangerines, whereas citric acid (40–530 mm) was the principal organic acid in the juices of lemons. To calculate the specific amounts of metabolites from these species and their cultivars, the results were finely analyzed using the qNMR method. According to these calculations, Valencia oranges had the highest concentration of ascorbic acid (>2 mm). The described 1H‐NMR method is highly reproducible, inexpensive, and highly robust in comparison to other analytical methods used to determine the hydrophilic profile of citrus juices.
Hemoglobin(βC93A)–Albumin Cluster: Mutation of Cysteine‐β93 to Alanine Allows Moderate Reduction of O2 Affinity by Inositol Hexaphosphate
Authors: Morita Yoshitsugu , Igarashi Keisuke , Funaki Ryosuke , Komatsu Teruyuki
Published: February 2019

Covalent wrapping of recombinant human hemoglobin (Cys‐β93→Ala) variant rHb(βC93A) by human serum albumin (HSA) yielded the rHb(βC93A)‐HSA3 cluster as an artificial O2 carrier as a red blood cell substitute. Complexation of inositol hexaphosphate to the central rHb(βC93A) core reduced the O2 affinity moderately, in much the same way as that of naked hemoglobin. This reduction might be attributable to the inert, small Ala‐β93 residue, which cannot be reacted with the bulky maleimide crosslinker.
Water‐soluble carbohydrates during fermentation and baking of composite wheat and lentil flour—Implications for enhanced functionality
Authors: Portman Drew , Blanchard Chris , Maharjan Pankaj , Naiker Mani , Panozzo Joe F.
Published: February 2019

Background and objectives

The nutritional benefits of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) have been widely acknowledged. Enriching wheat flour using pulses such as lentil flour is a way of increasing both the nutritional and functional content of wheat‐based foods. The properties of lentil that may have specific health benefits to the individual are also widely acknowledged. Functional compounds from plant‐based foods are commonly attributed to polyphenols, inhibitors, vitamins, and soluble and insoluble fiber. Water‐soluble carbohydrates, (WSCs) consisting predominantly of oligosaccharides, make up part of total dietary fiber. The beneficial role of oligosaccharides promoting probiotic health is widely acknowledged. Equally, it is recognized that oligosaccharides cause irritable bowel syndrome limiting the ability for some individuals in consuming pulses.

Findings

We investigated changes in water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) composition during the dough fermentation phase of bread making and quantified the residual WSC in the bread. As expected, the addition of lentil flour increased the WSC profile of the resulting composite flours which included raffinose, stachyose, ciceritol, and verbascose. A threefold decrease was observed only for verbascose during the dough mixing phase; however, during fermentation, raffinose and stachyose decreased, but ciceritol was not affected.

Conclusions

The baking process may reduce the effects of IBS suffered by some individuals who consume lentil products prepared by traditional methods. Our study concluded that bread prepared from wheat–lentil flour results in a more complex carbohydrate profile and may potentially enhance the prebiotic functionality compared with bread made from wheat alone.

Significance and novelty

It is now recognized that alternate sources of protein can be gained using plant‐based constituents. The functional properties of plant‐based compounds are also widely accepted. Processing, such as fermentation and baking, can alter the concentration and functionality of plant‐based compounds. In this study, we identified the changes in carbohydrate composition that occur in a wheat–lentil composite flour under the conditions of fermentation and baking.
Acute non‐heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia during hemodiafiltration in a patient with multiple myeloma
Authors: Morita Makiko , Nakanishi Kayoko , Masuda Kenta , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Shimomura Daiki , Ishida Atsumi , Shiga Shuichi , Ichiyama Satoshi
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

This report demonstrates that not only heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, but also hemodialysis conditions (platelet activation due to hemodiafiltration and heparin underdosing) may markedly reduce the platelet count and cause clotting in the hemodialysis circuit in patients in a hypercoagulable state. The clot prevention effects of bortezomib are therefore of great importance.
Restoring visual capacity after stroke using an intense office‐based vision therapy program: Three case reports
Authors: Axelsson Ingrid , Holmblad Anders , Johansson Jan
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

Visual function problems is a common, yet easily overlooked group of issues after stroke that may hamper the capacity to perform rehabilitation activities and resume daily tasks. We show the potential of an intense vision therapy program for restoring objectively measurable visual functions and documented improvements in activity‐based performance.
Efficient Separation of Light Lanthanides(III) by Using Bis‐Lactam Phenanthroline Ligands
Authors: Healy Mary R. , Ivanov Alexander S. , Karslyan Yana , Bryantsev Vyacheslav S. , Moyer Bruce A. , Jansone‐Popova Santa
Published: February 2019

Due to the ever‐increasing demand for high‐purity individual rare‐earth elements, novel and highly selective separation processes are increasingly sought after. Herein, we report a separation protocol that employs shape‐persistent 2,9‐bis‐lactam‐1,10‐phenanthroline (BLPhen) ligands exhibiting unparalleled selectivity for light trivalent lanthanides. The highly preorganised binding pockets of the ligands allowed for the separation of lanthanides with high fidelity, even in the presence of competing transition metals, in a biphasic separation system. Notably, the selectivity trends of the BLPhen ligands towards metal ions across the lanthanide series can be chemically modulated by altering the molecular rigidity of the extractant.
Fluorescent Turn‐On Probes for the Development of Binding and Hydrolytic Activity Assays for mRNA Cap‐Recognizing Proteins
Authors: Kasprzyk Renata , Starek Beata J. , Ciechanowicz Sylwia , Kubacka Dorota , Kowalska Joanna , Jemielity Jacek
Published: February 2019

The m7G cap is a unique nucleotide structure at the 5′‐end of all eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap specifically interacts with numerous cellular proteins and participates in biological processes that are essential for cell growth and function. To provide small molecular probes to study important cap‐recognizing proteins, we synthesized m7G nucleotides labeled with fluorescent tags via the terminal phosph(on)ate group and studied how their emission properties changed upon protein binding or enzymatic cleavage. Only the pyrene‐labeled compounds behaved as sensitive turn‐on probes. A pyrene‐labeled m7GTP analogue showed up to eightfold enhanced fluorescence emission upon binding to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and over 30‐fold enhancement upon cleavage by decapping scavenger (DcpS) enzyme. These observations served as the basis for developing binding‐ and hydrolytic‐activity assays. The assay utility was validated with previously characterized libraries of eIF4E ligands and DcpS inhibitors. The DcpS assay was also applied to study hydrolytic activity and inhibition of endogenous enzyme in cytoplasmic extracts from HeLa and HEK cells.
Luminescent Platinum(IV) Complexes Bearing Cyclometalated 1,2,3‐Triazolylidene and Bi‐ or Terdentate 2,6‐Diarylpyridine Ligands
Authors: Vivancos Ángela , Bautista Delia , González‐Herrero Pablo
Published: February 2019

The synthesis, structure, and photophysical properties of luminescent PtIV complexes that combine cyclometalated 1,2,3‐triazolylidene and bi‐ or terdentate 2,6‐diarylpyridine ligands are reported. The targeted complexes represent the first examples of PtIV species with a cyclometalated mesoionic aryl‐NHC ligand. They exhibit moderate or weak emissions in fluid solution at 298 K arising from 3LC states, which become very intense in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices at 298 K. DFT and TD‐DFT calculations confirm that the chromophoric ligand is the cyclometalated 2,6‐diarylpyridine and show that the aryl‐NHC ligand exerts a beneficial effect on the emission efficiencies of these derivatives by increasing the energy of deactivating LMCT excited states with respect to comparable PtIV complexes with cyclometalated 2‐arylpyridine ligands.
Phosphazene Base tBu‐P4 Catalyzed Methoxy–Alkoxy Exchange Reaction on (Hetero)Arenes
Authors: Shigeno Masanori , Hayashi Kazutoshi , Nozawa‐Kumada Kanako , Kondo Yoshinori
Published: February 2019

The organic superbase tBu‐P4 catalyzes methoxy‐alkoxy exchange reactions on (hetero)arenes with alcohols. The catalytic reaction proceeded efficiently with electron‐deficient methoxy(hetero)arenes as well as with a variety of alcohols, including 3‐amino‐1‐propanol, β‐citronellol, menthol, and cholesterol. An intramolecular version of this reaction furnished six‐ and seven‐membered ring compounds.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Alkynylation of α‐Acyloxyketones by C(sp3)−O Bond Cleavage
Authors: Doi Ryohei , Yabuta Akimasa , Sato Yoshihiro
Published: February 2019

Palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative alkynylation of α‐acyloxyketones triggered by C(sp3)−O bond cleavage is disclosed. The decarboxylation strategy featuring a neutral reaction condition enabled an unprecedent catalytic alkynylation of a ketone enolate. The reaction was applied to a variety of substrates, giving desired products in good yields. We successfully obtained X‐ray crystallography of a new palladium–enolate intermediate that was synthesized by a reaction of [Pd(cod)(CH2TMS)2] with XPhos and α‐acyloxyketone at room temperature, indicating facile C(sp3)−O bond disconnection.
Synthesis of Functional Monosilanes by Disilane Cleavage with Phosphonium Chlorides
Authors: Santowski Tobias , Sturm Alexander G. , Lewis Kenrick M. , Felder Thorsten , Holthausen Max C. , Auner Norbert
Published: February 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Norbert Auner at the Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany. The image depicts the Müller–Rochow process for the large‐scale production of methylchlorosilanes and celebrates the collaboration of scientific research and industry. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201805787.
A {Tb2Fe3} Pyramid Single‐Molecule Magnet with Ferromagnetic Tb‐Fe Interaction
Authors: Li Han , Meng Xixi , Wang Mengmeng , Wang Yu‐Xia , Shi Wei , Cheng Peng
Published: February 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The influence of magnetic interactions to the magnetization dynamics was well experimentally studied in a 3d‐4f single‐molecule magnet (SMM) [TbIII2FeIII3(μ5‐O)L2(NO3)4Cl] (1, H4L = N,N,N’,N’‐tetrakis(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylene diamine) and its diamagnetic‐ ion‐diluted samples. Significant ferromagnetic coupling between TbIII and FeIII ions and SMM behavior of 1 were observable, which proved clearly that the magnetic interaction between 3d‐4f spin carriers has also an excessive impact on fine‐tuning the magnetization dynamic behaviors of 3d‐4f complexes.
Point Mass or Little Billiard Ball? Molecular Dynamics Simulations Enhance Students’ Mental Models on the Ideal Gas Law in Tertiary Chemistry Studies
Authors: Schwedler Stefanie , Lyczek Michael
Published: February 2019

Die Ausbildung von Konzeptverständnis in der universitären Physikochemie stellt angesichts der gängigen und auf abstrakte Repräsentation fokussierenden Lehrstrategien für Studierende wie Lehrende eine Herausforderung dar. Die in dieser Studie vorgestellte, webbasierte BIRC‐Lerneinheit zum idealen Gasgesetz fördert dagegen gezielt die dem Gasgesetz zugrunde liegende Teilchenvorstellung mit Hilfe maßgeschneiderter Moleküldynamiksimulationen. Empirische Untersuchungen zum Einsatz der Lerneinheit im ersten Semester des Studiums zeigen, dass so submikroskopische Vorstellungen ebenso gestärkt werden wie die Fähigkeit, diese Vorstellungen mit Formeln und Diagrammen zu verknüpfen. Insgesamt nehmen die meisten Studierenden die Lerneinheit als hilfreiche Ressource wahr.
Atrioventricular block can be used as a risk predictor of clinical atrial fibrillation
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Sun Chaofeng , Cao Miaomiao , Li Hao
Published: February 2019

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with its incidence making up nearly one‐third of all hospital admissions. Atrioventricular block (AVB) is a conduction abnormality along the atrioventricular node or the His‐Purkinje system. The relationship between atrioventricular conduction block and AF is controversial.

Hypothesis

This study is designed to observe whether there is a correlation between AVB and AF, and which type of AVB has the most obvious correlation with AF.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed 1345 patients. We classified the AVB according to the AVB classification criteria. One hundred and two patients were excluded, and the final total sample size was 1243 patients, including 679 patients in the AF group (378, 55.7% males) and 564 patients in the non‐AF group (287, 50.8% males). AF group and non‐AF group were compared to observe the relationship between AVB and AF.

Results

The I AVB have a relative statistical risk of 1.927 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.160‐3.203, P < 0.05) with the occurrence of AF. II AVB occupied the largest proportion, accounting for 67 cases (9.87%), and the statistical risk of II AVB in AF is 16.845 (95% CI: 6.099‐46.524, P < 0.000). III AVB has a comparative statistical risk of 17.599 (95% CI: 4.212‐73.541, P < 0.000).

Conclusions

The three types of AVB in the AF group were significantly higher than that in the non‐AF group. II AVB has the highest incidence rate compared with other types of AVB in the AF group. AVB can be used as a risk factor for AF occurrence.
Estimation of Pollutants Leaching from Cement Coating to Water After Pipe Renovation Based on Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Młyńska Anna , Zielina Michał
Published: February 2019

Despite the fact that water pipes renovation using cement coatings has many advantages, directly after its application, the quality of the transported water may deteriorate. This is mainly due to the dissolution and leaching of some chemical elements from the protective coatings into the water. The necessity of meeting drinking water quality requirements enforces the provision of an appropriate flushing time of the freshly cemented water pipes before their return to re‐use and adjusting the length of the once‐renovated pipe. In this paper, the comparison and verification of pollutants leaching from cement mortar coatings in static and dynamic conditions are performed. Based on the experimental research performed under laboratory conditions, the curves describing the dependence of leaching pollutants from the cement mortar coating on the diameter and length of the freshly cemented water pipe are elaborated. Leaching graphs allow for forecasting some drinking water quality parameters changes soon after the water main renovation. The performed calculations for the freshly cemented transit pipeline connecting the intake of drinking water from the Dobczyce Reservoir to Cracow City have shown that the risk of exceeding the limitation values for aluminum, chromium, and lead concentration in water at the end of the renovated pipeline is very small for the type of cement commonly used in renovations – CEM I.
Enantioselective Colloidosomes Based on Chiral Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Levi Gila , Mastai Yitzhak
Published: February 2019

Pickering emulsion is one of the principal methods for the formation of colloidosomes, offering a high level of control over their size and permeability. In this article, we describe the synthesis of chiral colloidosomes based on chiral silica nanoparticles produced in a sol‐gel process combining a chiral (S)‐N‐1‐phenylethyl‐N′‐triethoxysilylpropylurea precursor with tetraethyl orthosilicate. Chiral colloidosomes with a typical diameter of 1.7 μm were obtained from Pickering assembly of partially hydrophobized nanoparticles, as confirmed by electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The enantioselectivity of the silica colloidosomes was confirmed by enantioselective adsorption of racemic dichlorprop herbicide solutions onto the capsules, as proved by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Similar chiral colloidosomes could be synthesized in this facile and low‐cost method, which are expected to be of interest in various chiral applications, especially those requiring controlled release. Overall, chiral colloidosomes could open a new gateway for the design of novel functional inorganic microcapsules.
Study of Epitope Imprinting for Small Templates: Preparation of NanoMIPs for Ochratoxin A
Authors: López‐Puertollano Daniel , Cowen Todd , García‐Cruz Álvaro , Piletska Elena , Abad‐Somovilla Antonio , Abad‐Fuentes Antonio , Piletsky Sergey
Published: February 2019

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a carcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium, which contaminates cereals like corn and wheat, in addition to beverages such as coffee, wine and beer. Chromatography is the preferred analytical method for OTA determination, but unfortunately this method is still elaborate, expensive and tedious. Alternative mycotoxin detection techniques involve assays and sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) as synthetic polymeric receptors mimicking antibodies. Herein we designed nanoMIPs for specific recognition of OTA using computational screening and docking of different acryl functional monomers. Subsequently, different nanoMIPs were prepared by solid phase synthesis using two OTA haptens, OTAe‐MIPs without carboxylic group and OTAb‐MIPs bearing the carboxylic group. NanoMIPs affinity towards OTA was analyzed by surface plasmon resonance, the results displayed dissociation constants for OTAb‐MIPs at 0.4 μM and for OTAe‐MIPs at 5.1 μM. Therefore, the results demonstrate that nanoMIPs recognition depends on the immobilization position of the OTA hapten as observed using antibodies.
Emergent Soft Lithographic Tools for the Fabrication of Functional Polymeric Microstructures
Authors: Rose Mark A. , Bowen John J. , Morin Stephen A.
Published: February 2019

Polymeric microstructures (PMs) are useful to a broad range of technologies applicable to, for example, sensing, energy storage, and soft robotics. Due to the diverse application space of PMs, many techniques (e. g., photolithography, 3D printing, micromilling, etc.) have been developed to fabricate these structures. Stemming from their generality and unique capabilities, the tools encompassed by soft lithography (e. g., replica molding, microcontact printing, etc.), which use soft elastomeric materials as masters in the fabrication of PMs, are particularly relevant. By taking advantage of the characteristics of elastomeric masters, particularly their mechanical and chemical properties, soft lithography has enabled the use of non‐planar substrates and relatively inexpensive equipment in the generation of many types of PMs, redefining existing communities and creating new ones. Traditionally, these elastomeric masters have been produced from relief patterns fabricated using photolithography; however, recent efforts have led to the emergence of new methods that make use of masters that are self‐forming, dynamic in their geometric and chemical properties, 3D in architecture, and/or sacrificial (i. e., easily removed/released using phase changes). These “next generation” soft lithographic masters include self‐assembled liquid droplets, microscale balloons, templates derived from natural materials, and hierarchically microstructured surfaces. The new methods of fabrication supported by these unique masters enable access to numerous varieties of PMs (e. g., those with hierarchical microstructures, overhanging features, and 3D architectures) that would not be possible following established methods of soft lithography. This review explores these emergent soft lithographic methods, addressing their operational principles and the application space they can impact.
Biomimetic Self‐Cleaning Anisotropic Solid Slippery Surface with Excellent Stability and Restoration
Authors: Guo Pu , Sun Yimin , Zhang Yuqi , Hou Xueyan , Song Yanwei , Wang Ji‐Jiang
Published: February 2019

Anisotropic slippery surfaces are widely used in anti‐fouling, smart control of liquid movement and directional liquid transportation. However, anisotropic slippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) cannot meet the need of practical applications owing to loss and contamination of liquid lubricants. Inspired by solid epicuticular wax on the surface of land plant leaves, we herein report a type of biomimetic anisotropic solid slippery surface (ASSS) based on paraffin wax‐incorporated paper with directional micro‐grooves. This ASSS material shows anisotropic sliding behavior for liquid droplets with different surface tensions. It is demonstrated to be of excellent stability compared with SLIPS as the solid lubricant cannot be lost and stain the contacting surfaces. It also exhibits outstanding acid and alkali corrosion resistance and restoration capability upon physical damage. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic contaminants on our ASSS can be self‐cleaned by using only water droplets. Our ASSS extends the fabrication of new slippery materials and overcomes some drawbacks of SLIPS.
Self‐Sorting of Rosette‐Forming Naphthalene Barbiturates into Distinct Toroidal Assemblies
Authors: Aratsu Keisuke , Yagai Shiki
Published: February 2019

A unique narcissistic self‐sorting system is composed of two structurally similar mono‐ and bisnaphthalene‐based supramolecular monomers. Upon cooling the pure mono‐ and bisnaphthalene monomers in a nonpolar solvent, toroidal and helicoidally elongated supramolecular polymers were obtained, respectively, through the nucleation‐elongation mechanism. When a 1 : 1 mixture of these monomers was similarly cooled, we obtained self‐sorted mixtures of smaller and larger toroidal supramolecular polymers with diameters of 15 and 26 nm, respectively. Absorption spectroscopic studies revealed that the mononaphthalene monomers prevents the bisnaphthalene monomers from forming nuclei, leading to a less cooperative polymerization process.
An Automated Assay to Measure Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Chang Andrew L. , Hole Camaron R. , Doering Tamara L.
Published: February 2019

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis, which kills 200,000 individuals worldwide each year. It is ubiquitous in the environment and is first inhaled into the lungs of the host, where it is taken up by phagocytes. The interaction of these fungal cells with host phagocytes, therefore, is a critical step in the pathogenesis of this disease. One characteristic of this initial step in host–pathogen interactions is the avidity with which fungal cells are taken up by phagocytes, described by the phagocytic index. In this chapter, we detail a high‐throughput method of directly assessing the phagocytic index of fungal cells using an imaging‐based paradigm. By automating image collection and processing, this method permits rapid assessment of this critical host interaction. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of the Effects of a Monthly Buprenorphine Depot Subcutaneous Injection on QT Interval During Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Schmith Virginia D. , Curd Laura , Lohmer Lauren R. L. , Laffont Celine M. , Andorn Anne , Young Malcolm A.
Published: February 2019

Extensive 12‐lead electrocardiogram monitoring and drug concentrations were obtained during development of BUP‐XR, a monthly subcutaneous injection for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD). Matched QT and plasma drug concentrations (11,925) from 1,114 subjects were pooled from 5 studies in OUD. A concentration‐QT model was developed, which accounted for confounding factors (e.g., comedications) affecting heart rate and heart rate‐corrected QT interval (QTc). Bias‐corrected nonparametric two‐sided 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived for the mean predicted effect of BUP‐XR on QTc (ΔQTc) at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses. Changes in QTc were associated with age, central vs. noncentral reading, sex, methadone, and barbiturates. The upper 90% CI of ΔQTc was 0.29, 0.67, and 1.34 ms at the steady‐state peak concentration (Cmax) for 100, 300, and 2 × 300 mg doses, respectively. An effect of BUP‐XR on QT can be ruled out at therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of BUP‐XR, after accounting for covariates that may influence heart rate and QT interval in OUD.
Catalytic Hydrogen Production Using A Cobalt Catalyst Bearing a Phosphinoamine Ligand
Authors: Yang Zhennan , Pang Maofu , Xia Shu‐Guang , Gao Xiao‐Ya , Guo Qing , Li Xu‐Bing , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu , Wang Wenguang
Published: February 2019

We describe a cobalt(III) complex bearing a phosphinoamine ligand, [Cp*Co(1,2‐Ph2PC6H4NH2)(Cl)]Cl (1), as a proton reduction catalyst which is not only electrochemically active but also delivers good photocatalytic performance. In a system containing semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and ascorbic acid, complex 1 achieves proton reduction, producing H2 with a turnover number >10000 and an apparent quantum yield of 5.51 % at 450 nm. The important role of the nitrogen basic site in the cobalt first coordination sphere is demonstrated by the difference in the reactivity of two cobalt complexes 1 and [Cp*Co(1,2‐Ph2PC6H4N(Me)2)(Cl)]Cl (2), in which the latter, with a tertiary amine leads to a lower turnover number of circa 6000 for proton reduction.
A Note on CBD: It's All in a Name
Authors: Clark H. Westley
Published: February 2019

I recently saw an article with the following title: “Medical cannabis relieves symptoms in children with autism.” On reading it, I realized that the Drug Target Review was talking about cannabidiol, otherwise known as CBD, not THC (tetrahydrocannabinol, the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis). I also realized the words cannabis and marijuana are no longer useful in talking about marijuana now that CBD has been moved to Schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act when manufactured by GW Pharmaceuticals. Still, it is common to see CBD lumped with the hundreds of other cannabinoids, especially if not produced by a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)¬–approved pharmaceutical company where it is still classified as Schedule I by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). I think this has implications for popular understanding and clinical utility.
Help employees develop problem‐solving skills
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: February 2019

A paper bag ripped open and a jar fell out onto my porch. It broke into a hundred pieces. I cleaned up the contents of the jar and picked up the big glass.
The case for comprehensive case notes in health sciences
Authors: Meeks Lisa M. , Hall Enjie
Published: February 2019

In the world of health science education, the stakes get very high very fast. A simple delay in services can make the difference between success and failure in a course. Unlike other undergraduate education where a student can easily retake a failed course, two failed courses in an undergraduate or graduate health science program may result in dismissal from the program. Additionally, experiential learning requirements and high‐stakes examinations required in health science programs present a unique, multi‐layered aspect to the coordination of disability‐related accommodations. In other words, multiple moving parts make an accurate recollection of each element very challenging, so documentation of decisions and actions is critical.
Implement best practices to avoid, address problems
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: February 2019

What should students with disabilities and colleges and universities do when agreed‐upon auxiliary aids and services and academic modifications are not provided?
Independent living, working varies widely by state
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2019

Access to state programs — such as Medicaid — that meet the needs of those living with intellectual or developmental disabilities and enable those with disabilities to live and work independently vary widely by state, according to the Case for Inclusion 2019 report released by United Cerebral Palsy and the ANCOR Foundation.
A critical role for the nuclear protein Akirin2 in the formation of mammalian muscle in vivo
Authors: Bosch Peter J. , Fuller Leah C. , Weiner Joshua A.
Published: February 2019

Evolutionarily conserved Akirin nuclear proteins interact with chromatin remodeling complexes at gene enhancers and promoters, and have been reported to regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Of the two mouse Akirin genes, Akirin2 is essential during embryonic development, with known in vivo roles in immune system function and the formation of the cerebral cortex. Here we demonstrate that Akirin2 is critical for mouse myogenesis, a tightly regulated developmental process through which myoblast precursors fuse to form mature skeletal muscle fibers. Loss of Akirin2 in somitic muscle precursor cells via Sim1‐Cre‐mediated excision of a conditional Akirin2 allele results in neonatal lethality. Mutant embryos exhibit a complete lack of forelimb, intercostal, and diaphragm muscles due to extensive apoptosis and loss of Pax3‐positive myoblasts. Severe skeletal defects, including craniofacial abnormalities, disrupted ossification, and rib fusions are also observed, attributable to lack of skeletal muscles as well as patchy Sim1‐Cre activity in the embryonic sclerotome. We further show that Akirin2 levels are tightly regulated during muscle cell differentiation in vitro, and that Akirin2 is required for the proper expression of muscle differentiation factors myogenin and myosin heavy chain. Our results implicate Akirin2 as a major regulator of mammalian muscle formation in vivo.
Test of the modified dual pathway model of eating disorders in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rancourt Diana , Foster Nicole , Bollepalli Sureka , Fitterman‐Harris Hannah F. , Powers Margaret A. , Clements Mark , Smith Laura B.
Published: February 2019

Objective

Adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) demonstrate high rates of disordered eating behaviors (DEBs) and may experience physiological and psychological vulnerabilities not currently included in established risk models of DEBs. This study examined associations among constructs included in the recently proposed T1D‐specific modified dual pathway model and examined age as a moderator of these associations.

Method

Participants included adolescents (n = 307; age M = 15.71, SD = 1.33), young adults (n = 313; age M = 21.20, SD = 2.10), and adults (n = 198; age M = 30.51, SD = 2.81) recruited via the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry. Data were collected from participants' medical records and from self‐report questionnaires assessing dietary regimen, dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, hunger/satiety, diabetes‐specific negative affect, and DEBs. Multiple group path modeling was used to test hypotheses.

Results

Approximately 31% of participants were at risk for an eating disorder. The original modified dual pathway model had poor model fit. The addition of three empirically defensible paths improved model fit. Diabetes‐specific dietary regimen, diabetes‐specific negative affect, and hunger/satiety disruption all were associated with DEBs. A fully varying multiple group model by age fit best; however, only the dietary restraint to DEBs pathway demonstrated a distinct pattern across age cohort, which attenuated from the adolescent to the adult cohort.

Discussion

This study provides preliminary support for associations proposed in the modified dual pathway model and suggests potential for intervening on disease‐specific risk factors of DEBs in a T1D population.
On the geography of activity: productivity but not temperature constrains discovery rates by ectotherm consumers
Authors: Kaspari Michael , de Beurs Kirsten
Published: February 2019

Consumer activity—the rate that individuals move through and discover items in their environment—can constrain population interactions and ecosystem services. We introduce a model that assumes consumer activity is co‐limited by the abundance and velocity of consumers, which in turn are constrained by two global drivers: net primary productivity (NPP) and environmental temperature, respectively. We test it with data from a recent study showing how arthropod activity decreases with latitude and elevation. The maximum discovery rates (discoveries per day) of these ectotherms increased linearly with NPP and accounted for the observed latitudinal gradient in activity. The mean temperature of the warmest month in contrast had no consistent effect on activity. An ecosystem's NPP, which provides carbon to build individuals and sugars to fuel them, can thus be an important constraint on the activity of its ectotherm consumers.