bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing Detection and Attribution Simulations for CMIP6 to Optimize the Estimation of Greenhouse Gas–Induced Warming
Authors: Ribes Aurélien , Gillett Nathan P. , Zwiers Francis W.
Published: January 2015

Climate change detection and attribution studies rely on historical simulations using specified combinations of forcings to quantify the contributions from greenhouse gases and other forcings to observed climate change. In the last CMIP5 exercise, in addition to the so-called all-forcings simulations, which are driven with a combination of anthropogenic and natural forcings, natural forcings–only and greenhouse gas–only simulations were prioritized among other possible experiments. This study addresses the question of optimally designing this set of experiments to estimate the recent greenhouse gas–induced warming, which is highly relevant to the problem of constraining estimates of the transient climate response. Based on Monte Carlo simulations and considering experimental designs with a fixed budget for the number of simulations that modeling centers can perform, the most accurate estimate of historical greenhouse gas–induced warming is obtained with a design using a combination of all-forcings, natural forcings–only, and aerosol forcing–only simulations. An investigation of optimal ensemble sizes, given the constraint on the total number of simulations, indicates that allocating larger ensemble sizes to weaker forcings, such as natural-only, is optimal.
Lifestyle Behaviors of Parents of Children in Pediatric Weight Management
Authors: Avis Jillian L. S. , Jackman Alexandra , Jetha Mary M. , Ambler Kathryn A. , Krug Cheryl , Sivakumar Mithra , Ball Geoff D. C.
Published: January 2015

Objective: Our objective was to examine the lifestyle behaviors of parents of children in pediatric weight management. Methods: Parents were recruited upon presentation of their children (body mass index [BMI] ≥85th percentile) to a pediatric weight management clinic. Parents’ demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle habit data were collected by self-report. Parents were grouped into weight status categories based on their BMIs; lifestyle data were compared across BMI categories and to national recommendations. Results: Parents (n = 266; 84% women; BMI, mean ± SD, 31.8 ± 7.2 kg/m2) were predominantly overweight/obese (82%), and most did not meet dietary recommendations (71%). Healthy-weight parents reported more daily steps versus parents who were overweight/obese (all P < .05). Most parents (~60%) met guidelines for physical activity, sedentary activity, and sleep. Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity combined with suboptimal dietary behaviors highlight the need to address both children’s and parents’ lifestyle habits in pediatric weight management.
Perceptions of Race-Based Discrimination Among First-Generation Asian Indians in the United States
Authors: Inman Arpana G. , Tummala-Narra Pratyusha , Kaduvettoor-Davidson Anju , Alvarez Alvin N. , Yeh Christine J.
Published: January 2015

The current study examined how historical, social, and political contexts in their country of origin and their host country have influenced first-generation Asian Indians’ racialized experiences in the United States. We conducted nine separate focus groups with a total of 50 first-generation Asian Indian participants (20 men and 30 women). In a semistructured interview, participants were asked about the factors that influence their perceptions of and coping with race-based discrimination. The data were analyzed using grounded theory. A theoretical model was developed based on factors that influence Asian Indian individuals’ conceptualizations of race-based discrimination, the variables that influence their coping strategies, and the insights gained in coping with discrimination. Pre- and postimmigration experiences seem salient to race-based experiences of Asian Indians in the United States. Attempts at making meaning of Asian Indian race-based experiences were strongly influenced by the caste system, preimmigration colonial influence, and the model minority myth.
Restoration in Urban Spaces
Authors: Honold Jasmin , Lakes Tobia , Beyer Reinhard , van der Meer Elke
Published: January 2015

Despite promising experimental findings, few studies have addressed the potential long-term health benefits of frequent contact with different kinds of urban nature. We examine the cross-sectional relations between two kinds of urban nature (neighborhood vegetation visible from the home, use of public green spaces) and health outcomes (life satisfaction, perceived general health, 2-months hair cortisol levels) in a sample population from Berlin ( N = 32) using a mixed-method approach. Participants whose homes had views of high amounts of diverse kinds of vegetation had significantly lower cortisol levels. Moreover, participants who regularly used a vegetated trail along a canal had significantly lower cortisol levels and reported significantly higher life satisfaction than less frequent users. In addition, vegetated routes or paths played an important role in the restorative activities and daily commutes of participants. We discuss directions for future research and recommend more consideration of greenways in urban development.
The Declining Significance of Race or the Persistent Racialization of Blacks? A Conceptual, Empirical, and Methodological Review of Today’s Race Debate in America
Authors: Shams Tahseen
Published: January 2015

The sociological literature of the past several decades has emphasized two apparently contradictory perspectives—the “declining significance of race” and persistent racialization of Blacks. This article surveys the empirical evidence in support of both these perspectives and attempts to explain this seeming contradiction. Based on a thorough review of recent literature on this polarized debate, this article argues that proponents of the decline of race argument misconceptualize race and apply methodologies that fail to measure the hidden ways in which structural racism still operates against African Americans today. The article concludes that White racial framing of colorblindness operating on a flawed conceptualization of race and inadequate methodology masks a reality where racism persists robustly, but more subtly than during the pre-civil rights era.
Pamidronate Affects the Mandibular Cortex of Children with Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Apolinário A.C. , Figueiredo P.T. , Guimarães A.T. , Acevedo A.C. , Castro L.C. , Paula A.P. , Paula L.M. , Melo N.S. , Leite A.F.
Published: January 2015

We hypothesized that mandibular cortical width (MCW) is smaller in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) than in healthy children and that pamidronate can improve the cortical mandibular thickness. The aim of this study was to assess changes in the MCW on dental panoramic radiographs (DPRs) of children with normal bone mineral density (BMD) and with OI. We also compared the MCW of children with different types of OI regarding the number of pamidronate cycles and age at the beginning of treatment. MCW measurements were retrospectively obtained from 197 DPRs of 66 children with OI types I, III, and IV who were in treatment with a comparable dosage of cyclical intravenous pamidronate between 2007 and 2013. The control group had 92 DPRs from normal BMD children. Factorial analysis of variance was used to compare MCW measurements among different age groups and between sexes and also to compare MCW measurements of children with different types of OI among different pamidronate cycles and age at the beginning of treatment. No significant differences in results were found between male and female subjects in both OI and healthy children, so they were evaluated altogether (P > 0.05). There was an increase of MCW values related to aging in all normal BMD and OI children but on a smaller scale in children with OI types I and III. Children with OI presented lower mean MCW values than did children with normal BMD at the beginning of treatment (P < 0.05). A linear model estimated the number of pamidronate cycles necessary to achieve mean MCW values equivalent to those of healthy children. The thinning of the mandibular cortex depended on the number of pamidronate cycles, the type of OI, and the age at the beginning of treatment. DPRs could thus provide a way to identify cyclic pamidronate treatment outcomes in patients with OI.
Specific Learning Disorders
Authors: Bonifacci Paola , Storti Michele , Tobia Valentina , Suardi Alessandro
Published: January 2015

Despite their ascertained neurobiological origin, specific learning disorders (SLD) often have been found to be associated with some emotional disturbances in children, and there is growing interest in the environmental and contextual variables that may modulate children’s developmental trajectories. The present study was aimed at evaluating the psychological profile of parents and children and the relationships between their measures. Parents of children with SLD (17 couples, 34 participants) and parents of children with typical development (17 couples, 34 participants) were administered questionnaires assessing parenting styles, reading history, parenting stress, psychopathological indexes, and evaluations of children’s anxiety and depression. Children ( N = 34, 10.7 ± 1.2 years) were assessed with self-evaluation questionnaires on anxiety, depression, and self-esteem and with a scale assessing their perception of parents’ qualities. Results showed that parents of children with SLD have higher parental distress, poorer reading history, and different parenting styles compared to parents of children with TD; there were no differences in psychopathological indexes. The SLD group also rated their children as more anxious and depressed. Children with SLD had lower scholastic and interpersonal self-esteem, but they report ratings of parents’ qualities similar to those of TD children. Relationships between parents’ and children’s measures were further explored. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
An Introduction to the General Monotone Model with Application to Two Problematic Data Sets
Authors: Dougherty Michael R. , Thomas Rick P. , Brown Ryan P. , Chrabaszcz Jeffrey S. , Tidwell Joe W.
Published: January 2015

We argue that the mismatch between data and analytical methods, along with common practices for dealing with “messy” data, can lead to inaccurate conclusions. Specifically, using previously published data on racial bias and culture of honor, we show that manifest effects, and therefore theoretical conclusions, are highly dependent on how researchers decide to handle extreme scores and nonlinearities when data are analyzed with traditional approaches. Within LS approaches, statistical effects appeared or disappeared on the basis of the inclusion or exclusion of as little as 1.5% (3 of 198) of the data, and highly predictive variables were masked by nonlinearities. We then demonstrate a new statistical modeling technique called the general monotone model (GeMM) and show that it has a number of desirable properties that may make it more appropriate for modeling messy data: It is more robust to extreme scores, less affected by outlier analyses, and more robust to violations of linearity on both the response and predictor variables compared with a variety of well-established statistical algorithms and frequently possesses greater statistical power. We argue that using procedures that make fewer assumptions about the data, such as GeMM, can lessen the need for researchers to use data-editing strategies (e.g., to apply transformations or to engage outlier analyses) on their data to satisfy often unrealistic statistical assumptions, leading to more consistent and accurate conclusions about data than traditional approaches of data analysis.
Modern working life: A blurring of the boundaries between secondary and primary labour markets?
Authors: Dekker Fabian , van der Veen Romke
Published: January 2015

Today, there is a widespread suggestion that permanent workers are increasingly subject to precarious working conditions. Due to international competition and declining union density, job qualities of permanent workers are assumed to be under strain. According to proponents of a democratization of risk rationale, low job qualities that were traditionally attached to secondary labour markets are transferred to workers in primary segments of the labour market. In this study, the authors test this theoretical rationale among workers in 11 Western European economies, using two waves of the European Working Conditions Survey. The results do not confirm a democratization of labour market risk. Lower job qualities are highly associated with flexible employment contracts and highlight a clear gap between insiders and outsiders.
When Self-View Is at Stake: Responses to Ostracism Through the Lens of Self-Verification Theory
Authors: Xu Erica , Huang Xu , Robinson Sandra L.
Published: January 2015

We examined the conditions under which workplace ostracism promotes prosocial reactions (i.e., helping behavior) and deters antisocial behavior (i.e., social loafing). Using data from 213 employees and their direct supervisors, we found that when group identification is strong, workplace ostracism increases the helping behavior and decreases the social loafing of employees. Moreover, we found that employees’ tenure further moderates this effect; for those employees who have a strong group identification and long tenure, the positive association of ostracism and helping behavior is the strongest.
Development of a Multidimensional Scale of Social Integration in Later Life
Authors: Fuller-Iglesias Heather R. , Rajbhandari Samjhana
Published: January 2015

Social integration is increasingly recognized as key to successful aging; however, definitions and assessments vary greatly across gerontological studies. This study describes the development of and provides preliminary evidence for the multidimensional Social Integration in Later Life Scale (SILLS). A review of previous measures led to the development of a 30-item questionnaire, which was given to a community-based sample of 399 older adults (ages 60–100). Factor analysis was used to determine a four-factor structure that included dimensions of frequency–social ties, frequency–social activities, satisfaction–social ties, and satisfaction–social activities. The overall scale Cronbach’s α was .86 (subscales ranged from .72 to .84), demonstrating good internal consistency. Preliminary results suggest that the SILLS has adequate concurrent and convergent validity. By assessing enacted and perceived integration across social ties and activities, this comprehensive measure is a useful tool for understanding social integration in later life.
Effects of peripheral FAAH blockade on NTG-induced hyperalgesia—evaluation of URB937 in an animal model of migraine
Authors: Greco R , Bandiera T , Mangione AS , Demartini C , Siani F , Nappi G , Sandrini G , Guijarro A , Armirotti A , Piomelli D , Tassorelli C
Published: January 2015

Background

Systemic nitroglycerin (NTG) activates brain nuclei involved in nociceptive transmission as well as in neuroendocrine and autonomic functions in rats. These changes are considered relevant for migraine because NTG consistently provokes spontaneous-like migraine attacks in migraineurs. Several studies have suggested a relationship between the endocannabinoid levels and pain mediation in migraine. URB937, a peripheral inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)—the enzyme that degrades anandamide, produces analgesia in animal models of pain, but there is no information on its effects in migraine.

Aim

We evaluated whether URB937 alters nociceptive responses in the animal model of migraine based on NTG administration in male rats, using the tail flick test and the plantar and orofacial formalin tests, under baseline conditions and after NTG administration. Furthermore, we investigated whether URB937 affects NTG-induced c-Fos expression in the brain.

Results

During the tail flick test, URB937 showed an antinociceptive effect in baseline conditions and it blocked NTG-induced hyperalgesia. URB937 also proved effective in counteracting NTG-induced hyperalgesia during both the plantar and orofacial formalin tests. Mapping of brain nuclei activated by NTG indicates that URB937 significantly reduces c-Fos expression in the nucleus trigeminalis caudalis and the locus coeruleus.

Conclusions

The data suggest that URB937 is capable of changing, probably via indirect mechanisms, the functional status of central structures that are important for pain transmission in an animal model of migraine.
Perceptions, Barriers, and Knowledge of Inpatient Glycemic Control
Authors: Beliard Regine , Muzykovsky Karina , Vincent William , Shah Bupendra , Davanos Evangelia
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

To assess knowledge and perceptions of health care workers regarding optimal care for patients with hyperglycemia and identify commonly perceived barriers for the development of a hospital-wide education program.

Research Design and Methods:

A cross-sectional design was utilized to survey health care workers involved in managing hyperglycemia in an urban, community teaching hospital. Each health care worker received a survey specific to their health care role.

Results:

Approximately 50% of questions about best clinical practices were answered correctly. Correct responses varied across disciplines (n, mean ± standard deviation [SD]), that is, physicians (n = 112, 53% ± 26%), nurses (n = 43, 52% ± 35%), pharmacists (n = 20, 64% ± 23%), dietitians (n = 5, 48% ± 30%), and patient care assistants (n = 12, 38% ± 34%). Most health care workers perceived hyperglycemia treatment to be very important and that sliding scale insulin was commonly used because of convenience but not efficacy.

Conclusion:

Knowledge regarding hyperglycemia management was suboptimal across a sample of health care workers when compared to clinical best practices. Hyperglycemia management was perceived to be important but convenience seemed to influence the management approach more than efficacy. Knowledge, perceptions, and barriers seem to play an important role in patient care and should be considered when developing education programs prior to implementation of optimized glycemic protocols.
Health Beliefs Describing Patients Enrolling in Community Pharmacy Disease Management Programs
Authors: Luder Heidi , Frede Stacey , Kirby James , King Keith , Heaton Pamela
Published: January 2015

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to survey new enrollees in a community pharmacy, employer-based diabetes and hypertension coaching program to describe the characteristics, health beliefs, and cues to action of newly enrolled participants.

Methods:

A 70-question, 5-point Likert-type survey was developed using constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA). New enrollees in the coaching programs completed the survey. Survey responses between controlled and uncontrolled patients and patient demographics were compared.

Results:

Between November 2011 and November 2012, 154 patients completed the survey. Patients were fairly well controlled with a mean hemoglobin A1C of 7.3% and a mean blood pressure of 134/82 mm Hg. The strongest cue to action for enrollment was the financial incentives offered by the employer (mean: 3.33, median: 4). White patients were significantly more motivated by financial incentives. More patients indicated they had not enrolled previously in the program because they were unaware it was available (mean: 2.89, median 3.0) and these patients were more likely to have an uncontrolled condition ( P ≤ 0.050).

Conclusion:

A top factor motivating patients to enroll in a disease management coaching program was the receipt of financial incentives. Significant differences in HBM, TPB, and TRA responses were seen for patients with different demographics.
An Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With Antipsychotic Use for the Treatment of Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hale Genevieve M. , Kane-Gill Sandra L. , Groetzinger Lara , Smithburger Pamela L.
Published: January 2015

Purpose:

This investigation evaluated the incidence, severity, and harm of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with antipsychotic use for intensive care unit (ICU) delirium.

Methods:

In this prospective, observational study patients were screened for development of delirium with the Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (ICDSC). An ICDSC score of ≥4 was considered delirious. Patients with delirium were screened daily for ADRs. Suspected ADRs were evaluated for drug causality using 3 published, objective assessment tools. Suspected ADRs were considered positive when 2 of 3 instruments had an agreement rating of “possible” or greater. ADR severity was defined as “mild/moderate” or “severe” using the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events scale. A modified National Coordinating Council Medication Error Reporting Index for Categorizing Errors categorized ADRs into “no harm” or “harmful.”

Results:

Of 90 patients with delirium, 56 received antipsychotics. Ten suspected ADRs occurred attributed to antipsychotic use. QTc prolongation was the most observed ADR (50%). Patients with ADRs had higher mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores ( P = .038). Patients who received haloperidol experienced more severe ( P = .048) ADRs.

Conclusions:

ADRs were observed in 18% of patients having delirium treated with antipsychotics with about half considered severe or harmful. A risk versus benefit assessment is needed before initiating antipsychotic therapy in ICU patients.
Development of a real-time force-controlled compliant polishing tool system with online tuning neural proportional–integral–derivative controller
Authors: Zhou Wansong , Zhang Lei , Fan Cheng , Zhao Ji , Gao Yapeng
Published: January 2015

This article presents a real-time force-controlled pneumatic compliant polishing tool with self-supplied abrasives making the abrasives added to the contact area between the polishing pad and workpiece, which can lead to good polishing performance. And a force–position decoupling pneumatic servo system for polishing force control is presented to solve the problem of force–position coupling in the traditional polishing process. However, it is difficult to realize satisfactory control performance due to the problems of time variance, compliance, hysteresis and nonlinearity in pneumatic servo system. This article proposes an online tuning neural proportional–integral–derivative controller to improve force control performance. The real-time polishing force control results of pneumatic servo control system are investigated by adopting proposed neural proportional–integral–derivative control strategies with data acquisition card and RTW toolbox in MATLAB/Simulink. The real-time experimental results of polishing force control indicate that the excellent control performance can be achieved by the proposed neural proportional–integral–derivative controller no matter the reference force is constant or varied. Compared with those by traditional proportional–integral–derivative controller, the duration for stabilizing the polishing force is shorter and the error between the output force and the reference is smaller by the proposed neural proportional–integral–derivative controller.
Roma berry pickers in Sweden
Authors: Mešić Nedžad , Woolfson Charles
Published: January 2015

In the current era of austerity free movement of labour has produced an ongoing but also contingent flow of migrant labour, an austeriat, moving from poorer crisis-hit regions of Europe to those countries such as Sweden where the crisis has been less severe. This article describes the working and living experiences of Bulgarian Roma berry pickers in Sweden. It argues that, in the context of a previously well-regulated labour market, an erosion of labour standards based on the exploitation of seasonal unskilled labour migrants from Bulgaria is occurring in the Swedish berry industry, in turn posing challenges for labour market actors and regulatory authorities. The article concludes with a discussion of what might be appropriate European and national trade union responses to the issues of labour precariousness which have emerged.
Measuring Accessibility of Written Communication for Parents of Students With Disabilities
Authors: Nagro Sarah A. , Stein Marc L.
Published: January 2015

Effective communication is essential for successful school–family partnerships. Written communication is most common due to the efficiency of written documents, but challenges include assuring the information disseminated to parents is accessible based on readability, clarity, complexity, and structure particularly for parents of students with disabilities and parents with low levels of literacy. The purpose of this review was to understand to what extent written communications intended to inform parents, particularly parents of students with disabilities, were accessible given recommendations regarding appropriate readability levels and document structure. Results from eight studies, published over 30 years, evaluated 461 documents and showed divergent trends in recommended and actual reading levels where written communication became less accessible over time. Recommended readability levels ranged from 5th to below 9th grade, yet actual readability levels were almost 11th grade on average. Implications specific to the readability and accessibility of written communication are discussed.
Predictors of the Intention to Resign Among Home-Visiting Nurses in Japan
Authors: Kashiwagi Masayo , Oyama Yumiko
Published: January 2015

Multivariate analysis was used to identify predictors of intention to resign in home-visiting nurses working for home-visit nursing agencies (VNAs) in Japan. Of the 214 participants, 56 (26.2%) intended to resign. Results showed that low job satisfaction (odds ratio [OR] = 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.49, 3.63]), working for a hospital-affiliated home-visit nursing agency (OR = 6.48; 95% CI = [1.84, 27.63]), and small allocation of service users per nurse (OR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.03, 1.34]) were significantly related to the intention to resign. Overall, approximately 30% of the nurses intended to resign. To prevent this, the number of service users assigned to a nurse should be flexible and measures should be taken to increase nurses’ job satisfaction. As autonomous organizations, hospital-affiliated home-visit nursing agencies should provide environments that encourage nurses to continue working.
Noteworthy Articles in 2014 for Cardiothoracic Anesthesiologists
Authors: Hilberath Jan N. , Sotillo Claudia L. , Muehlschlegel Jochen D.
Published: January 2015

In 2014, cardiothoracic anesthesiology again generated high-quality scientific work published in highly regarded journals. Our specialty continues to make significant strides in the creation and implementation of protocols to improve outcomes in our patients, which undoubtedly contribute to a safer hospital environment for patients and employees alike. Another theme that stirred a lot of interest in the past year is the search for patient-centered treatment plans. Even though we are still some time away from truly personalized medicine, our specialty starts to ask and answer exciting questions: Would we treat patient A any different from patient B if their genetic profiles were easily accessible? Could individualized treatment choices influence our patients’ immediate and long-term outcomes? For this review, we selected a sample of relevant contributions to the field of cardiothoracic anesthesiology in 2014 with potential impact on our clinical routine.
Thinking inside the (black) box: Agenda setting, information seeking, and the marketplace of ideas in the 2012 presidential election
Authors: Whyte Christopher E
Published: January 2015

Scholarship on agenda setting and electoral politics often suffers from lack of access to data on deliberative processes, a shortcoming that often leads to inflexible theoretical outcomes. In this article, I assess the viability of a new data source—Google web search data—for use in social science research. Such data, when collected and applied appropriately, offer a unique lens through which information on patterns of information seeking can be drawn. I examine data on the final phase of the 2012 US presidential election and present findings along two lines. First, sensitivity tests demonstrate that web search information can proxy for public opinion. Second, testing of hypotheses finds that candidate presence on the campaign trail, although generally correlated with increased interest in political issue, is subject to media- and event-specific modifying effects. These findings underline this article’s principal contention that web search data are a viable resource for scholars of political communication.
Science and Society in Karl Raimund Popper: Some reflections starting from Positivismusstreit
Authors: Borghini Andrea
Published: January 2015

In my contribution, I intend to move from Positivismusstreit in order to work through the complex and in part unexplored rapport of Popper with the topic of Society. It is possible to point out some parts in Popper’s paper that was presented in Tübingen that reinforce the idea of a social connotation of science present in Popper’s conception of epistemology. These parts, in my opinion, have two immediate and significant consequences: on one hand, they support the thesis of one of the scholars of Popper, Ian Jarvie, who, in a volume from 2001, suggested a rereading of the epistemological reflections of Popper from a social approach. Second, these parts offer a perspective on the reading which represents new hindsight regarding the conception of ‘Social’ of the two key scholars Popper and Adorno. Through a reconstruction of the initial positions, this article will attempt to present the Popperian interpretation of the relationship between Science and Society and the role of Sociology. If opportunely reconsidered, these aspects may actually be an instrument through which it is possible to pinpoint an absolutely unexpected common theme between the participants at Tübingen.
Transitional practice: Teachers and children in-between classrooms in one early childhood centre
Authors: Fincham Emmanuelle N , Fellner Amanda R
Published: January 2015

Transitions from one classroom to the next as children reach a certain age or achieve certain milestones seem inevitable; however, this taken-for-granted practice in early childhood centers has not been looked at closely in research. This article considers what happens when we look more in depth at these day-to-day experiences of teachers and children, examining teachers’ experiences and perspectives during children’s transitions to new classrooms within an early childhood center. Framed within a postdevelopmental perspective on teacher research, thematic narrative analysis of teachers’ journals and field notes generated connecting themes regarding teachers’ personal experiences during classroom transitions and their perceptions of the children’s transition processes. Findings reveal much complexity around the transition process, specifically in regard to the teachers’ emotional involvement and their perceptions of children’s shifting identities, opening spaces for new perspectives on children’s transitions between classrooms. Implications for practice and further research are also considered.
Counterconditioning Treatment for Misophonia
Authors: Dozier Thomas H.
Published: January 2015

Misophonia is a recently identified discrete and independent condition that cannot be classified using DSM-V criteria. With misophonia, a trigger stimulus elicits a reaction starting with irritation or disgust that immediately escalates. The trigger stimulus can be any typically occurring sound. The reaction is both extreme and irrational, and can include feelings of hate, anger, rage, and disgust. This response is perceived as involuntary, and individuals report feeling a loss of self-control. Misophonia can be conceptualized as a conditioned response to the trigger stimulus. This article describes a counterconditioning treatment of a middle-aged woman for misophonia that involved pairing a positive stimulus with a reduced trigger stimulus. Under these conditions, the misophonic response to the stimulus progressively weakened. Four distinct trigger stimuli were addressed in a multiple baseline treatment format. The overall severity of misophonia and the strength of the misophonic responses to triggers reduced over the course of the treatment, based on client self-assessments. These indicated large reductions in severity of misophonia and response to individual triggers, both at the end of treatment and at 10 months posttreatment. During treatment, responses to low intensity trigger stimuli were purely physical and independent of any emotional response. This demonstrated that, in this case, misophonia included a conditioned physical reflex to the trigger stimulus. It is proposed that misophonia consists of an aversive physical reflex elicited by the trigger stimulus and an emotional response elicited by the aversive physical reflex.
Nivolumab in NSCLC: latest evidence and clinical potential
Authors: Sundar Raghav , Cho Byoung-Chul , Brahmer Julie R. , Soo Ross A.
Published: January 2015

New insight on the interaction between the immune system and tumor has identified the programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand pathway to be a key player in evading host immune response. The immune checkpoint modulator, nivolumab (BMS-936558/ONO-4538), is the first PD-1 inhibitor to gain regulatory approval, for the treatment of patients with unresectable melanoma. This review will discuss results from early phase studies of nivolumab in solid tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as studies of nivolumab in combination with chemotherapy, other immune modulators and molecular targeted therapy in patients with NSCLC.
Smartphone log data in a qualitative perspective
Authors: Ørmen Jacob , Thorhauge Anne Mette
Published: January 2015

Log data from smartphones have primarily been used in large-scale research designs to draw statistical inferences from hundreds or even thousands of participants. In this article, we argue that more qualitatively oriented designs can also benefit greatly from integrating these rich data sources into studies of smartphones in everyday life. Through an illustrative study, we explore a more nuanced perspective on what can be considered “log data” and how these types of data can be collected and analysed. A qualitative approach to log data analysis offers researchers new opportunities to situate smartphone use within people’s practices, norms, and routines. This is of relevance both to studies focusing on smartphones as cultural objects in everyday life and studies that use such devices as proxies for social behaviour more generally. We argue that log data, for instance in in-depth interviews, may serve as cues to instigate discussion and reflection as well as act as resources for contextualizing and organizing related empirical material. In the discussion, the advantages of a qualitative perspective for research designs are assessed in relation to issues of validity. Further perspectives on the promises of log data from various devices are proposed.
A Framework for Communities of Practice in Learning Organizations
Authors: Jagasia Jyoti , Baul Utpal , Mallik Debasis
Published: January 2015

Knowledge Management (KM) helps organizations adapt, survive, and compete in a discontinuous and ever-changing business environment. Essentially, this involves a set of organizational processes which harness the data and information processing capacity of information technologies, and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Communities of practice (CoP) are the social tools to connect, engage, and share knowledge in organizations. The research reported here aims to examine the critical factors for successful implementation of CoPs. Based on a survey of 223 respondents who have participated in successful organizational initiatives related to KM and CoPs, this study uses a regression model to analyze the findings. The results identify four essential factors which lead to an effective CoP implementation—providing proper community support, people factors, alignment of the KM initiative with the business strategy, and key KM processes. The results strongly support the appropriateness of the research model in identifying the success factors. Finally, this study discusses the implications of these findings and offers directions for future research.
Understanding the Perceived Threat of the Risk of Graft Rejections
Authors: Forsberg Anna , Lennerling Annette , Fridh Isabell , Karlsson Veronika , Nilsson Madeleine
Published: January 2015

From a clinical viewpoint, graft rejection is one of the greatest threats faced by an organ transplant recipient (OTR). We propose a middle-range theory (MRT) of Perceived Threat of the Risk of Graft Rejection (PTRGR) as a contribution to the practice of transplant nursing. It could also apply to the detection of risky protective behavior, that is, isolation, avoidance, or non-adherence. The proposed MRT covers the following concepts and the relationship between them: transplant care needs, threat reducing interventions, intervening variables, level of PTRGR, protective strategies, and evidence-based practice. Parts of this theory have been empirically tested and support the suggested relationship between some of the concepts. Further tests are needed to strengthen the theoretical links. The conceptual framework might serve as a guide for transplant nurses in their efforts to promote post-transplant health and reduce threat-induced emotions.
‘An old and faithful servand’: A Pair of Early Seventeenth-Century Gauntlet Gloves given by King Charles I to Sir Henry Wardlaw
Authors: Robinson Claire
Published: January 2015

A pair of embroidered seventeenth-century gauntlet gloves, reputedly presented by King Charles I to his courtier Sir Henry Wardlaw, was donated to the University of St Andrews in 2001. This article sets out to uncover the truth behind this nearly four-hundred-year-old family legend by investigating Sir Henry’s royal connections and the social significance of the gauntlet gloves as a high-status, luxury clothing accessory. Based on the study of historic gloves in museum and private collections, it endeavours to date the gloves by discussing their design and manufacture within the context of seventeenth-century clothing fashion. This article also explores the symbolism behind the gauntlet gloves’ decorative scheme by unravelling some of the hidden messages that are conveyed about cultural, religious, political and technological developments and perspectives through seventeenth-century embroidery.
Indian-Styled Mascots, Masculinity, and the Manipulated Indian Body: Chief Illiniwek and the Embodiment of Tradition
Authors: Taylor Michael
Published: January 2015

In the creation and use of ethnicized sports team mascots such as those based on notions of the constructed idealized Indianness of Native Americans, white male identity is coupled to their use and presentation. From historical to contemporary contexts of such use, the body of the Indianized other as mascot becomes the contested site for these cultural appropriations. The manipulated body of the Indian mascot is presented for the public gaze in stark contrast to the reality of Native American lives and realities. The consumptive aspects of these public displays reinforce stereotypes grounded in historical experiences based on power and hierarchy by white males through popular culture media and texts. As a product of colonialized interactions, Indian mascots are presented as the preferred type of Indian allowed for public display rather than the reality of indigenous peoples such as Native Americans.
Empty Orchestra: The Karaoke Standard and Pop Celebrity
Authors: Tongson Karen
Published: January 2015

This essay explores the disputed origins of the first karaoke machine and explains how karaoke eventually evolved into a term of judgment in star- making media such as reality vocal competition shows. What Tongson calls the double- edged “karaoke standard” — whether a competitor’s performance sounds like a direct imitation of the original and thus, according to judges, “like karaoke” — was famously invoked by Simon Cowell during the early seasons of American Idol. Karaoke has often been imagined as a technology that enables the everyman or everywoman to experience, if only for the length of the song, the power that comes with commanding the stage as a star. And yet, this essay argues, instead of verifying the wide chasm between celebrity and mere imitation, the karaoke standard reminds us of how narrow the gap actually is between amateur recreation and pop prowess.
Europeanization of Value Orientations in Turkey: Continuity or Change in Turkish Political Culture?
Authors: Erdenir Burak
Published: January 2015

This essay analyzes the change in value orientations of Turkish society in recent decades with reference to the Europeanization process the country has been going through, particularly that embodied in the European Union accession process. As the Europeanization of Turkish political culture is closely related to the consolidation of democracy, the change in value orientations sustaining democracy would be an indicator showing the extent of societal Europeanization in Turkey. Based on the World Values Survey, changes in secular-rational and self-expression value orientations of Turkish society are examined vis-à-vis those dominant in European societies. Levels of religiosity, interpersonal trust, and social tolerance are selected for cross-cultural comparison. The essay elaborates on the reasons Turkish society has been diverging from European societies on value orientations at a time when the country has been experiencing a vast socioeconomic change, with millions of people moving into the middle class.
Aminopeptidase P3 (APP3), a novel member of the TNF/TNFR2 signaling complex, induces phosphorylation of JNK
Authors: Inoue Masaki , Kamada Haruhiko , Abe Yasuhiro , Higashisaka Kazuma , Nagano Kazuya , Mukai Yohei , Yoshioka Yasuo , Tsutsumi Yasuo , Tsunoda Shin-ichi
Published: January 2015

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an important mediator that triggers onset of autoimmune diseases and exerts its biological effects by interacting through two types of receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. The TNFR2 signaling has significant potential to exert pro-survival and protective roles in several disorders. Unlike TNFR1 signaling, however, the mechanism of TNFR2 signal transduction is poorly understood, and few of its adapter molecules are known. The present study utilized a proteomics approach to search for adapter molecules in the TNFR2 signaling complex and identified aminopeptidase P3 (APP3) to be a key molecule. One of its two isoforms, mitochondrial APP3 (APP3m) but not cytosolic APP3 (APP3c), was recruited to TNFR2 and shown to regulate TNF/TNFR2-dependent JNK phosphorylation. Furthermore, APP3m was released from mitochondria upon TNF stimulation in the absence of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The observation of increased cell death by down-regulation of APP3m also suggested that APP3m exerts an anti-apoptotic function. These findings reveal that APP3m is a new member of the TNF/TNFR2 signaling complex and characterize an APP3-mediated TNFR2 signal transduction mechanism that induces JNK activation.
When hawks attack: animal-borne video studies of goshawk pursuit and prey-evasion strategies
Authors: Kane Suzanne Amador , Fulton Andrew H. , Rosenthal Lee J.
Published: January 2015

Video filmed by a camera mounted on the head of a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) was used to study how the raptor used visual guidance to pursue prey and land on perches. A combination of novel image analysis methods and numerical simulations of mathematical pursuit models was used to determine the goshawk's pursuit strategy. The goshawk flew to intercept targets by fixing the prey at a constant visual angle, using classical pursuit for stationary prey, lures or perches, and usually using constant absolute target direction (CATD) for moving prey. Visual fixation was better maintained along the horizontal than vertical direction. In some cases, we observed oscillations in the visual fix on the prey, suggesting that the goshawk used finite-feedback steering. Video filmed from the ground gave similar results. In most cases, it showed goshawks intercepting prey using a trajectory consistent with CATD, then turning rapidly to attack by classical pursuit; in a few cases, it showed them using curving non-CATD trajectories. Analysis of the prey's evasive tactics indicated that only sharp sideways turns caused the goshawk to lose visual fixation on the prey, supporting a sensory basis for the surprising frequency and effectiveness of this tactic found by previous studies. The dynamics of the prey's looming image also suggested that the goshawk used a tau-based interception strategy. We interpret these results in the context of a concise review of pursuit–evasion in biology, and conjecture that some prey deimatic ‘startle’ displays may exploit tau-based interception.
Transient-state mechanisms of wind-induced burrow ventilation
Authors: Turner J. Scott , Pinshow Berry
Published: January 2015

Burrows are common animal habitations, yet living in a burrow presents physiological challenges for its inhabitants because the burrow isolates them from sources and sinks for oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor and ammonia. Conventionally, the isolation is thought to be overcome by either diffusion gas exchange within the burrow or some means of capturing wind energy to power steady or quasi-steady bulk flows of air through it. Both are examples of what may be called ‘DC’ models, namely steady to quasi-steady flows powered by steady to quasi-steady winds. Natural winds, however, are neither steady nor quasi-steady, but are turbulent, with a considerable portion of the energy contained in so-called ‘AC’ (i.e. unsteady) components, where wind velocity varies chaotically and energy to power gas exchange is stored in some form. Existing DC models of burrow gas exchange do not account for this potentially significant source of energy for ventilation. We present evidence that at least two AC mechanisms operate to ventilate both single-opening burrows (of the Cape skink, Trachylepis capensis) and double-opening model burrows (of Sundevall's jird, Meriones crassus). We propose that consideration of the physiological ecology and evolution of the burrowing habit has been blinkered by the long neglect of AC ventilation.
Every scientist is a memory researcher: Suggestions for making research more memorable
Authors: Madan Christopher R.
Published: January 2015

Independent of the actual results, some scientific articles are more memorable than others. As anyone who has written an article collaboratively knows, there are numerous ways a manuscript can be written to convey the same general ideas. To aid with this, many scientific writing books and editorials provide advice, often anecdotal, on how to make articles more memorable. Here I ground these suggestions with empirical support from memory research. Specifically, I suggest that researchers consider how to emphasize their work’s novelty, strive to describe their work using concrete, easy-to-understand terms, and use caution when attempting to evoke an emotional response in the reader. I also discuss considerations in title selections and conference presentations.