bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Polyvalency of Crotalidic Antivenins
Authors: Githens Thomas S. , Wolff Nigel O'C.
Published: January 2023

With American pit viper venoms the fatal dose for 20 gram mice injected intraperitoneally approximates that for 350 gram pigeons injected intravenously. No difference in time of onset and character of paralysis from very toxic and less toxic venoms, such as was observed in pigeons, was seen in mice. Venoms causing late paralysis and showing better neutralization by “Cascabel” antivenin in the pigeon are also better neutralized by this antivenin in the mouse. Certain bothropic venoms are equally well neutralized by the two types of antivenin. Certain foreign true viper venoms are neutralized to some extent by both types of antivenin, others little if at all.
The Agglutinative Reaction in Relation to Pertussis and to Prophylactic Vaccination against Pertussis with Description of a New Technic
Authors: Miller John J. , Silverberg Rosalie J.
Published: January 2023

A new technic of tube-agglutination for H. pertussis is described. Mechanical rocking of the tubes for two hours at room temperature suffices. Twenty-four hour growth of H. pertussis is used. The small amount of serum required (0.1 cc.) may be obtained by the use of ear- or toe-puncture and collection in a Lyon's tube.

The sera from 10 of 101 children with negative histories for pertussis produced agglutination, but under the age of 5 years the agglutinative titers in the positive sera were not higher than 1:20.

The sera from 161 of 164 children who had been injected with phase I H. pertussis vaccine produced agglutination. The titers of the positive sera were in general high, usually 1:160 or higher. Second and occasionally third specimens of serum obtained at wide intervals up to 38 months after vaccination showed a tendency to maintenance of titer.

The sera from 15 of 17 children with pertussis produced agglutination at some time during the disease. The titer of agglutination attained was extremely variable and seldom over 1:160.

The sera from 36 of 67 children who had recently recovered from pertussis produced agglutination. On retesting after intervals of several months consistent decreases in titer were observed. Many sera had become negative though occasional sera produced agglutination up to 25 months after the onset of the disease.
Complement-Fixation and Precipitative Tests in Poliomyelitis
Authors: Harrison James A.
Published: January 2023

Complement-fixation and precipitative tests were performed with the serums of human beings and monkeys convalescent from poliomyelitis, a hyperimmunized monkey, rabbits which had been immunized with purified and unpurified preparations of cord and brain tissue of normal and poliomeylitis monkeys, and convalescent human and monkey serums which had been partially purified by treatment with alumina-gel.

The various types of antigens used in these experiments were prepared by several physical and chemical procedures. Many of them were markedly reduced in anticomplementary property and most of them were shown to contain viable virus.

Fractional units of complement were used in some of the fixation tests and various temperatures and periods of incubation were used in both the fixation and precipitative tests.

No instances of specific antigen-antibody reaction were observed in any of these tests.
The Effects of the Injection of Glucose Upon Experimental Staphylococcal Infection in Mice
Authors: Parfentjev I. A. , Collins S. W. , Cross Margaret
Published: January 2023

The present paper describes experiments showing the influence of glucose upon the virulence (lethal dose) of staphylococcus for mice. For these experiments we used four cultures of Staphylococcus aureus: No. 138 (received from Dr. E. W. Burky), No. 150 (received from Dr. J. Blair), No. 161 (Wood 46), No. 175 (Dr. C. Lyons). The first three cultures produce filtrates with high hemolytic titers, and culture No. 175 produces a filtrate with a high content of leucocidin. The staphylococci were grown for four hours in veal-infusion-broth. The broth was centrifuged and the sedimented organisms were resuspended in saline solution. The suspension was standardized nephelometrically by the photronreflectometer (1).

A dilution was prepared such that 0.1 ml of the initial suspension mixed with mucin and injected intraabdominally in mice killed 90 to 100 per cent of the animals. This suspension contained billions of staphylococci per milliliter.
Studies on the Occurrence of the V-Factor (Coenzymes I and II) in Normal and Pathological Spinal Fluids
Authors: Scheer Celia
Published: January 2023

Sixty-four spinal fluids of 56 patients suffering from various diseases have been examined for the occurrence of the V-factor, i.e., growth factor required by Hemophilus influenzae and Hemophilus parainfluenzae.

No V-factor was found in 53 “normal” and 15 pathological spinal fluids, 12 of which were from patients suffering from a luetic infection of the cerebrospinal system.

The V-factor was found present on repeated examinations of spinal fluids of two patients, one of whom was ill with a meningoencephalitis, and the other with an aseptic meningitis.

The V-factor was also detected in one “normal” spinal fluid received from a patient with a clinical diagnosis of incipient tabes dorsalis.

It is concluded that the V-factor which is present in the blood and the brain does not pass the blood-spinal barrier in normal adults. In certain pathological conditions, however, this interference no longer exists.
Studies on in Vitro Anaphylaxis and Release of an Active Non-Histamine Material from Sensitized Guinea Pig Lung
Authors: Campbell Dan H. , Nicoll Paul A.
Published: January 2023

The foregoing experiments show: That rat uteri, which are unaffected by ordinary doses of histamine, respond to some substance released by sensitized guinea-pig lung-tissue during anaphylactic shock.That sensitized circular and longitudinal uterine muscle from pregnant guinea pigs readily shows anaphylaxis and that the latter are just as sensitive and show a more severe type of reaction than virgin uterine muscle.That tissues, particularly intestinal, taken from 7 to 8 week foetuses of sensitized mothers, show a hypersensitive condition.
On the Serology of the Pneumococcus-Group
Authors: Kauffmann F. , Mørch E. , Schmith K.
Published: January 2023

In the course of the last two or three years we have at the Danish State Serum Institute determined serologically twenty new types of pneumococcus, so that today we know of a total of fifty different serological types. The principal mutual capsular-antigenic relations are shown in formulae in a table, and the sera necessary for type-diagnosis are described. The importance of these discoveries to diagnosis, serumtherapy and epidemiology is pointed out. Attention is called to the urgent necessity of establishing an international pneumococcus center for the making of comparative international investigations and distributing the necessary cultures and sera to all institutes concerned.
On the Nature of Eclampsia
Authors: Obata Isei
Published: January 2023

As is well known Dold (1) discovered, in the salt-solution extract of viscera, a poisonous property, which can be neutralized by blood serum. This so-called “Organgift” still remains a problem attracting the attention of observers. As to the nature and properties of the poison we have a number of other investigations (Dold and Ogata (2), Ascoli (3), Isar and Patane (4), Ichikawa (5), Aronson (6), Dold and Kodama (7), Yoshimura, Goto and Ishikawa), the results of which diverge from one another.

It would seem probable that the toxin above mentioned is contained also in the placenta, which may be considered as one of the viscera. The placenta is, in fact, a viscus which is present in the female sex only during a certain period of life and which is often placed anatomically in the category of tumor; it extends its villi into the maternal blood in which they are bathed so long as they exist, thus standing in a relation to the maternal body that is quite peculiar to itself.
A Comparative Study of Hemolytic Complement and Antibodies in Oxalated Plasma and Serum
Authors: Watanabe Susumu
Published: January 2023

A brief summary of the results of this study presented in tables 1 to 17 is given in table 18 which shows in parallel columns the comparative results of tests for hemolytic complement, various natural and immune antibodies in human and rabbit plasmas and sera. In the majority of instances the various plasmas contained an equal or greater amount of hemolytic complement or antibodies than were present in the corresponding sera, and only exceptionally lesser amounts.
Blood Platelets in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Kopeloff Nicholas , Kopeloff Lenore M. , Posselt Esther C. , Blattberg Benjamin
Published: January 2023

A significant decrease in the number of blood platelets was found upon reinjecting antigen intravenously into sensitized monkeys. No such decrease occurred in normal nonsensitized monkeys, although the same or larger amounts of antigen were injected. In general the diminution in blood platelets paralleled the degree of shock. In desensitized monkeys, the blood-platelet counts diminished progressively with each injection of antigen in spite of the fact that subsequent reactions were mild or negative. Monkeys injected with Witte peptone or histamine phosphate in amounts large enough to produce shock failed to show any significant change in the number of blood platelets. Results similar to those observed in monkeys were obtained in guinea pigs actively sensitized with egg-white or horse serum. Guinea pigs sensitized with crystalline ovalbumin showed no decrease in blood-platelet count when shocked with the same antigen (except in one instance of delayed reaction) but did show a decrease when shocked with egg-white. Histamine shock was without effect. Guinea pigs passively sensitized with anti-egg white or anti-crystalline ovalbumin rabbit serum showed a significant decrease in blood platelets when shocked with the appropriate antigen. Rabbits repeatedly injected with crystalline ovalbumin and given a test-dose of the same antigen one week later showed a moderate decrease in blood platelets although there was no clinical evidence of anaphylactic shock.
Immunological Studies of Pollinosis
Authors: Loveless Mary Hewitt
Published: January 2023

There are numerous reports in the literature of reactions occurring in hypersensitive recipients after their transfusion with normal blood containing allergens. The development of similar reactions in normal recipients following their transfusion with reaginic blood has been recorded in a few instances. In 1919 Ramirez (1) first suggested this possibility when he described the occurrence of asthma in a man who had received a transfusion two weeks previously. The initial attack developed shortly after the recipient had entered a horse-drawn vehicle, and a second paroxysm came on the next morning while the patient was walking in a park. Both the recipient and the donor were subsequently found to possess cutaneous reactivity to horse dander, a situation which suggested strongly that the donor's susceptibility had been transferred to the recipient. Although a previous transfusion of 800 ml of blood from the same donor had not caused asthma in another recipient, no assurance was given that this recipient had been exposed to horse dander.
Studies of Hemolytic Streptococcal Antibodies in Control Groups, Rheumatic Fever, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Mote John R. , Jones T. Duckett
Published: January 2023

As a part of a larger study of hemolytic streptococcal infections, rheumatic fever, and rheumatoid arthritis, this study was undertaken to establish the incidence of several hemolytic streptococcal antibodies, antistreptolysin “O”, antifibrinolysin, and precipitins, (for group A carbohydrate and the “D”, “E”, “K”, and “P” proteic fractions), in 1336 control subjects.

It has been shown that the incidence of hemolytic streptococcal antibodies in this control group was high in the year 1934–1935, and probably reflects a large incidence of sub-clinical hemolytic streptococcal infections in the groups studied.
Extension of the Separation of Types Among the Pneumococci: Description of 17 Types in Addition to Types 1 to 32 (Cooper)
Authors: Walter Annabel W. , Guevin Virginia H. , Beattie Marian W. , Cotler Hannah Y. , Bucca Helen B.
Published: January 2023

Seventeen new pneumococcus types are described. Nine types are distinct from types 1 to 32; eight show marked cross reactions with other types and are therefore termed subtypes.

The incidence, virulence for mice, sources of culture and cross reactions of the new types and subtypes are described.

Correlation with results obtained by other workers is given.

Recommendations for terminology of 55 different pneumococcal types, including the types and subtypes described in this paper and those described by Kauffmann, Mørch and Schmith, are given.
The Iso-Antigenic Properties of Alcoholic Extracts of Brain
Authors: Lewis Julian H.
Published: January 2023

The conditions necessary for iso-antigenicity are discussed in papers on the iso-antigenic properties of fibrinogen (1), thyroglobulin (2) and casein (3). These three proteins, along with alpha globulin of the crystalline lens, have in common the lack of species specificity. They have, on the other hand, a specificity presumably based on chemical structure independent of their source. Each one of them appears to be the same protein in each species of animals from which they may be derived. The close relationship, if not the identity, as determined by available immunological methods, of samples of various origins is supported by chemical analyses which show close similarities in constitution. Another protein, insulin, is probably also iso-antigenic since it likewise exhibits a lack of species specificity and a very close agreement in immunological and chemical properties of proteins although obtained from different animals (4). Technical difficulties, however, have prevented the actual demonstration of the suspected iso-antigenicity of insulin.
Studies on the Histamine-Content of the Blood and Tissues of the Rabbit During Anaphylactic Shock
Authors: Rose Bram
Published: January 2023

During acute anaphylactic shock in the rabbit, there occurs a marked decrease in the blood-histamine, a lesser decrease in the plasma-histamine and a leucopenia. There does not appear to be any correlation between these changes and the symptoms of anaphylaxis. There is a decrease in the histamine-content of the lung and spleen of the rabbit following the production of anaphylactic shock. In non-sensitized rabbits, there is little or no change in the histamine-content of the blood following the intravenous injection of horse serum. A leucopenia may occur. When egg albumin is injected intravenously, however, a decrease in both the blood-histamine and the white blood count occurs. Histamine-shock in the rabbit is characterized by a moderate decrease in the histamine-content of the blood and a marked increase in the histamine-content of the plasma. A moderate leucopenia also occurs. These findings then differ from those which occur in anaphylactic shock in this species. By superimposing anaphylaxis on histamine-shock in the rabbit, it may be shown that not only is the histamine-content of the blood diminished, but that there is also some mechanism for the removal of large amounts of histamine from the plasma. It is also shown that a sudden increase in the plasma-histamine may occur under these circumstances.
Proteic Fractions of a Strain of Group A Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Henriksen Sverre Dick
Published: January 2023

By combination of hemolytic streptococcal protein with an azo component and study of the chemical and serological properties of the resulting red azo antigen it is shown that only a portion of the azo-protein reacts serologically. An antiserum to the dye-streptococcal protein contained anti-hapten since it precipitated its red analogs, R-salt-azobiphenylazo egg albumin and R-salt-azo-biphenylazo-horse serum albumin.
Inhibition of Sulfapyridine in Human Serum, Exudates and Transudates
Authors: Boroff Daniel A. , Cooper Anita , Bullowa Jesse G. M.
Published: January 2023

Various exudates, transudates and sera contain substances which inhibit in vitro the action of sulfapyridine. The concentration of these inhibitory substances varied. The size of inoculum had little effect on the inhibitory action. Prolonged standing did not change the amounts of inhibitor-substance present in three pleural fluids and one ascitic fluid.
Factors Influencing the Rate of Neutralization of Bacteriophage by the Antibody
Authors: Kalmanson G. M. , Hershey A. D. , Bronfenbrenner J.
Published: January 2023

Employing an antiserum prepared against a highly purified preparation of coliphage, we have been able to demonstrate that the specific rate of neutralization of phage by antibody is independent of the absolute phage concentration, that is, a constant proportion of phage is neutralized in a given time regardless of what concentration of phage is actually present. The course of neutralization progresses logarithmically with time, that is, a constant fraction of phage is neutralized in each successive time interval. Deviations are observed only when the reaction is allowed to go to better than 99 per cent of completion. The neutralization of phage by antiphage resembles a (bimolecular) reaction in which two molecules of antibody are needed to neutralize one particle of phage. The logarithm of the proportion of phage remaining active after a given time-interval is proportional to the serum-concentration except in the case of very concentrated serum where more phage remains unneutralized than would be expected. These results may be explained by assuming either that phage suspension consists of particles heterogeneous in their resistance to inactivation by serum, as suggested by Andrewes and Elford, or else by assuming that the bulk of the phage is relatively homogenous, but contains a small fraction (less than 1%) that is arkedly more resistant to neutralization. The reaction of neutralization of phage at 37 C. proceeds at a rate 12 to 14 times faster than at 0 C. (has a Q10 of 2 from 0 to 37 C.) The reaction is relatively indifferent to pH except that below pH 4.5 the rate of enutralization is markedly slowed. Identity of rates of neutralization of small and large particles indicate the probable correctness of the theory that phage of different sizes consists of small active molecules adsorbed to inert carriers of different sizes.
Allergy and Immunity in Tuberculosis
Authors: Zuger Bernard , Steiner Morris
Published: January 2023

Guinea-pigs inoculated with the dissociated human strain H37Ra developed cutaneous sensitivity which reached a peak at four to six weeks and gradually declined, tending to disappear completely twenty-eight to fifty-two weeks after infection.

On reinfection with the homologous strain H37Rv animals with different degrees of cutaneous sensitivity showed no difference in the amount of protection conferred by the primary infection. Those with developing cutaneous sensitivity, peak sensitivity, waning sensitivity and zero sensitivity fared equally well in their resistance to reinfection.
Antibody-Response to Cutaneous Inoculation with Vaccinial Virus in Human Subjects, Utilizing the Egg-Protection Technic. I. Serum-Virus Neutralization; II. Protection by Passive Transfer
Authors: Blattner Russell J. , Heys Florence M. , Gollub Samuel W.
Published: January 2023

Results obtained by “egg-protection” tests, using serum-virus neutralization and passive-protection methods, indicate that humoral antibodies to vaccinia begin to appear at the end of the 1st week following cutaneous vaccination, increase in amount during the 2d and 3d weeks, and reach a maximum at the close of the 3d week. The high concentration of antibody persisted for at least 29 days (1 instance), 40 days (2 instances), and for one year (2 instances). In two cases of variola studied a high level of antibody was present 16 and 17 days after onset of symptoms. If one accepts 10 to 13 days as the incubationary period of variola, the antibody-response became apparent approximately 26 to 30 days after introduction of virus in the body.

That humoral antibodies against vaccinia persist in the blood for a considerable period of time was indicated further by the high level of antibody in the blood of two children who showed immune response at the time when vaccination was attempted. One of these had been vaccinated at least a year previously, with a take leaving an inconspicuous sear, and the other had had clinical smallpox one year previously.

The egg-protection method, while admittedly gross, is sufficiently quantitative and objective to give definite results, and is considerably superior to other biological methods which have been used in the past. The passive-protection technic proved somewhat more delicate than the serum-virus neutralization-method.
Staphylococcal Vaccine-Toxoid Combined in Human Immunization
Authors: Faust Frederic B. , Etris Samuel
Published: January 2023

From the results obtained by one of us (Etris: 1943, This Journal 309) in the immunization of rabbits with staphylococcal vaccine-toxoid, and because of its direct application to human treatment, it seemed advisable to obtain information on the effect of such a combination in the stimulation of antibacterial and antitoxic antibodies in the normal individual and in patients with infections due to the staphylococcus. The formula of the combination selected for human use contained 2000 million Staphylococcus aureus and 1000 original MND of staphylococcal toxoid in each ml,1 giving a preparation slightly weaker in both respects than the usual single vaccine or toxoid preparation.

The individuals selected for study represented two small groups: One group consisted of eleven men from 20 to 50 years of age who did not show evidence of pathology. The other group of five patients either had lesions of known staphylococcal etiology or this organism appeared to be the underlying cause of the condition.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The effect of boiling N/10 HCl on antigenic properties and reagin-neutralization capacity of the electrophoretic fractionation products of the cottonseed-allergenic fraction, CS-1A, was investigated. These acid-treated fractions were previously found to be unaltered in activity when compared by cutaeous tests on cottonseed-sensitive patients. On the basis of nitrogen content, fraction CS-51R lost 54 per cent of its original capacity to elicit anaphylactic shock in sensitized animals and lost 78 per cent of its capacity to induce sensitization. Fraction CS-56 lost 66 per cent of its shocking potency and 97 per cent of its sensitizing capacity.

The specificity of the cathodic fraction CS-51R, as determined by the Dale test, was unaltered by the acid treatment. The anodic fraction, CS-56, acquired a slightly altered specificity although the original specificity was predominant.

The in vitro reagin-neutralization potency of the acid-treated fraction, CS-51RH, was diminished by more than 95 per cent.

The differences in the degree of destruction of antigenic activity, as measured by ability to shock sensitive animals on the one hand and to induce sensitization on the other, were presumed to indicate that antigenic structural features required to sensitize are not identical with those required to shock. Similarily, structural features required to elicit specific cutaneous reactions in allergic individuals are different from those required to neutralize reagins.
Salmonella Antigens of Coliform Bacteria
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Stuart C. A. , Rustigian Robert , Borman E. K.
Published: January 2023

Antigenic analysis of somatic antigens of selected coliform and para-colon cultures has shown: 1) Strains with the XI antigen S. rubislaw; 2) two antigenic components in “single factor” cultures S. hvittingfoss (XVI), S. cerro (XVIII), S. tel-aviv (XXVIII) and S. urbana (XXX); 3) strains with partial or complete antigenic components of S. paratyphi (I, II), S. onderstepoort (XIV, XXV), S. carrau (XIV), S. senftenberg (I, XIX) and S. worthington (XXIII).

Coliform cultures possessing complete or partial Salmonella antigens belonged to various sections of the coliform group, typical Escherichia and Aerobacter as well as para-Escherichia, para-intermediate and para-Aerobacter.
Studies on the Specific Mechanism of Serum Sickness
Authors: Karelitz Samuel , Glorig Aram
Published: January 2023

This report deals with the demonstration of specific transferable antibodies in the sera of patients convalescing from serum sickness. Such serum will be referred to as S.S.C.S.

Spain (1) using the Prausnitz-Kuestner (2) technic succeeded in passively transferring antibodies to horse serum from the blood of one individual “naturally sensitive” to horse serum and from “the blood obtained from another individual who was convalescing from serum sickness.” Tuft (3) by the same technic demonstrated skin-sensitizing antibodies in 16 of 25 patients recovering from serum sickness. Tuft did not find adequate correlation of those antibodies with the precipitating or anaphylactic antibody and concluded that they were distinct. Voss (4) demonstrated what he called the anaphylactic antibody in the serum (S.S.C.S.) obtained from individuals convalescing from serum sickness by the production of “inverse anaphylaxis in the human” or a localized form of “passive serum sickness.” (5)
The Inheritance of an Agglutinogen of the Chicken Erythrocyte
Authors: Olson Carl
Published: January 2023

An agglutinogen of erythrocytes in a family of chickens has been studied by means of agglutinins present in normal bovine serum. Cross absorption tests indicated three types of erythrocytes. Two types were quantitatively dissimilar and the third was qualitatively different. The inheritance of the agglutinogen could be explained on the basis of a single pair of allelic genes, one dominant and one recessive.
Inactivation of Phage by Aldehydes and Aldoses and Subsequent Reactivation
Authors: Kligler I. J. , Oleinik E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Inactivation of phage by aldehydes and other substances depends on the concentration of the reacting substances, the time, the temperature and the pH of the substrate. At 37 C and pH = 7.5 a given volume of an undiluted broth phage was completely inactivated by an equal volume of a 0.05 percent solution of formaldehyde in 24 hours. Increasing concentrations of formaldehyde, or increasing dilutions of phage reduce the time of inactivation. The reaction starts immediately and its rate is an exponential function of time. Glyceraldehyde inactivated phage in the same molecular concentration as formaldehyde. Addition of formaldehyde or glyceraldehyde to phage in broth increases the acidity of the solution. Glucose, glucoseamine and fructose also inactivate phage if proper concentrations are used. The process of inactivation of fructose differs radically from that with glucose. Maltose, sorbitol and sucrose do not inactivate phage. On diluting inactivated phage before or shortly after inactivation is completed, in a substrate consisting of a solution of peptone or aminoacids, free active phage is liberated. The reaction, phage-formaldehyde, proceeds apparently in two stages, and is reversible only after the first stage. The amount of phage recovered depends on the types of aminoacids or polypeptide present in the diluent. When pure aminoacid solutions were used, the maximal reactivation was given by diaminoaminoacids, followed by the aliphatic monocarboxylic aminoacids. The least effective were the di-carboxylic aminoacids. The group attached to the NH2 apparently influences the reactivating capacity. When phage is inactivated by other aldehydes or by aldoses the reactivation is slower and less complete than when inactivated with formaldehyde. Reactivation after inactivation with glucose or glyceraldehyde is much less complete, while with glucoseamine and acetaldehyde it occurs only when the reaction of inactivation is interrupted before it is completed. Evidently there is a difference in the intensity of action of the various substances. The phenomenon of reactivation may be accounted for on the basis of dissociation. It is assumed that in the first phase, at least, the aldehyde combines with the NH2 group of the phage (or virus) and that on dilution this compound dissociates, liberating both aldehyde and phage. By introducing appropriate aminoacids into the diluting substrate, the equilibrium is disturbed, aldehyde is bound by the NH2 group of the aminoacid and more phage dissociated. This process continues until a new equilibrium is reached or until all the phage is liberated. The reaction thus seems to correspond with that between the aldehydes and polypeptids.
Studies of Antipneumococal Serum
Authors: Rice Christine E.
Published: January 2023

In complement-fixation tests of 206 antipneumococcal rabbit-sera, types 1–32, with homologous type-specific carbohydrate, the amount of complement fixed in tests held twenty-four hours at 3–6 C was usually 2 to 3 times that fixed in tests incubated for ninety minutes at 37 C; for seven types, 4 to 6 times; and for two types, 6 to 8 times. The maximally reactive dose of antigen for given quantities of serum in these tests at 3–6 C was usually from 1.5 to 3 times that needed in the tests at 37 C; with sera and antigens of three types, from 5 to 11 times.

When incubated for periods up to twenty-four hours, fixation at 37 C was found for twelve of fifteen sera of various types to be as great as or even slightly greater than in tests held for the same time at 3–6 C. With the remaining three sera, the fixation at 37 C was always less than at the end of a similar period at 3–6 C. The maximally reactive dose of antigen for given amounts of serum was approximately the same after all periods of incubation at the same temperature; the differences in the relative proportions of antigen and antiserum that exhibited maximal fixation at 37 C and 3–6 C were therefore maintained throughout.
Experimental Staphylococcal Infection and Passive Protection
Authors: Julianelle L. A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Staphylococci are of low virulence for mice and rabbits, and their infectivity is increased with great difficulty, if at all. With appropriate strains, the chick embryo is reasonably susceptible to infection. Localized infections may be induced with greater regularity in the skin and cornea of rabbits, so that protective tests are possible under the conditions stated. In spite of nonspecific protection present in normal and heterologous sera, specific protection can be demonstrated in antistaphylococcal Type A serum.
The Velocities of Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Sulfonamide and of the Antagonistic Effect by P-Aminobenzoic Acid
Authors: Hirsch Julius
Published: January 2023

The inhibiting effect of sulfonamide has a lag-period of 1 to 2 hours; in contrast to this, the bacteriostatic effect of sulfonamide is instantly antagonized by addition of p-aminobenzoic acid.
Protection of the Developing Chick Embryo with Specific Serum Against Infection with Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner)
Authors: Weil A. J. , McFarlane J. A.
Published: January 2023

The developing chick embryo is a convenient laboratory animal for the study of passive protection against Shigella paradysenteriæ (Flexner). The immunity depends predominantly on the antibodies against the antigens that determine the type. The implications of these observations upon the question of active (or passive) protection of man against Flexner infection are discussed.
Purification and Character of the Swine-Influenza Virus
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Sharp D. G. , McLean I. W. , Beard Dorothy , Beard J. W. , Dingle J. H. , Feller A. E.
Published: January 2023

In the present report there is described the isolation of a particulate component from the chorio-allantoic fluid of chick-embryos infected with the virus of swine-influenza. With these particles in the purified concentrates were associated the hemagglutinative and infectious attributes of the virus-infected chorio-allantoic fluid from which the particles were derived, either by adsorption on and elution from chickens' red blood cells followed by ultracentrifugation or by ultracentrifugation alone. From electron-micrographs the particles appeared to be rounded or ovoid and of variable size. A parallel finding with respect to variation in size was the slightly diffuse boundaries observed in sedimentation-velocity studies. The average diameter of the particles estimated from electron-micrographs was 78.3 mμ. From the sedimentation-constant, S20° = 662 × 10−13, the density, 1.18, determined by pycnometric measurement, and the assumption of spherical shape, the average diameter of the particles was 81.5 mμ. Chemically, the particles were a complex of lipid (24.0 per cent), and non-lipid, carbohydrate and protein (77.76 per cent) containing, on the basis of non-lipid-phosphorus content, about 4.8 per cent nucleic acid, probably of the desoxypentose type. The total carbohydrate-content was 10 per cent, an amount greatly in excess of that which could have been present in the nucleic acid.
Sulfathiazole-Acetaldehyde Sodium Bisulfite in Experimental Group C Streptococcal Infections
Authors: Foley E. J. , Epstein Jeanne A. , Lee S. W.
Published: January 2023

Sulfathiazole-acetaldehyde sodium bisulfite has been found to effect cures of experimental Group C hemolytic streptococcic infections in guinea-pigs, and to destroy streptococci injected into fertile eggs.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Autogenous B. Coli Vaccines on the Intestinal Colon Bacilli of Dogs
Authors: Torrey John C. , Rahe Alfred H.
Published: January 2023

From time to time, within recent years, the use of autogenous B. coli vaccines has been advocated as a therapeutic measure in the treatment of such conditions as chronic intestinal toxaemia (1) and eczema (2) on the assumption that the toxic substances giving rise to these conditions are produced through the activities of certain B. coli vegetating in the intestinal tract, and that these strains may be suppressed or eliminated through specific immunization. Apparently, however, this mode of treatment has not been substantiated by any experimental evidence either that the B. coli of the intestinal tract may be controlled through specific therapy or, if particular strains are reduced in numbers through this procedure, that the effect obtained is more than transitory. The study reported here was undertaken with the hope of throwing some light upon these points.
A Study of the Specificity of the Absorption of Anti-Bacterial Precipitins
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Cooper Georgia M.
Published: January 2023

In planning some experimental work on the immunological identity or non-identity of certain bacteria, it was found that a suitable agglutination antigen, that is, a stable suspension of uniform turbidity, could not be prepared from the cultures under consideration. This difficulty as is well known occurs with some bacterial types. The question therefore arose whether under the circumstances we could employ the precipitin reaction. Should sharp differences be noted with this reaction, non-identity would be established. Should, however, the antigens of two or more cultures be found to give equal or nearly equal precipitation with an immune serum it would be necessary to resort to the antibody absorption method to determine the ultimate identity or non-identity of such strains. How far would such absorptions reveal specific differences?

This question was raised because of the well known tendency of the precipitin-precipitinogen complex to bind immune bodies of all types as well as complement; a phenomenon utilized by Gay (1, 3), Chickering (1, 2) and by Weinstein (4) to separate the antibodies of immune sera.
A Comparative Study of Complement
Authors: Cushing J. E.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

The above comparative study of complement in the vertebrates showed that the frog had a hemolytic complement very similar to that of the guinea pig in that four components could be demonstrated using almost the same technics of inactivation as for the guinea pig. It also showed that the carp has at least three components similar in the nature of their specific inactivations to those of the guinea pig and frog. These were represented by a heat-labile fraction, one inactivated by zymin and one by ammonia hydroxide. Of these, the ammonia-inactivated one closely resembled C′4 of the guinea pig in its properties, the zymin-inactivated one was suggestive of guinea pig C′3, but the heat-labile fraction was unlike that of the guinea pig in that it could not be “split” by the carbon-dioxide technic. Reasons are given, however, for believing that this may be accomplished by slight variations in the technic of splitting. In spite of this possible peculiarity of the heat-labile fraction of carp complement, it appears to be quite similar to that of the guinea pig and frog, a similarity that is borne out by the inter-specific reactivations to be reported in part II.

That the differences in the specifications found among the complements of various species are due to variations in hereditary factors seems probable from the demonstration of the presence of a simple recessive gene in guinea pigs that causes a complement deficiency (Moore, 1919). This fact suggests that the serum proteins responsible for the complementary activity of this and other species are probably as subject to the forces of mutation and selection as are the variety of antigenic proteins studied by systematic serologists (see Boyden, 1942, for a general review of this field and Cumley, Irwin, and Cole, 1942, and Cumley and Irwin, 1943, for data on the inheritance of specific antigenic differences in serum proteins).

In closing this paper, I would like to thank Dr. Sterling Emerson, under whom this research was conducted, for his continued help and advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Albert Tyler for his advice, and Mr. Charles Arthur, Health Officer, Pasadena City Health Department for his generosity in supplying the large amounts of sheep erythrocytes used.
Conversion of Agglutinins and Precipitins into ‘Univalent’ (Non-Agglutinating or Non-Precipitating) Antibodies by Photodynamic Irradiation of Rabbitantisera vs Pneumococci, Sheep-Red-Cells and Sea-Urchin Sperm
Authors: Tyler Albert
Published: January 2023

Photo-oxidation of rabbit-antisera against sea-urchin sperm, pneumococci and sheep-erythrocytes converts the antibodies into a non-precipitating or non-agglutinating (‘univalent’) form which still combines specifically with the antigen and inhibits the action of the control antiserum. The inhibitive titers are found to increase initially with increased photooxidation beyond the point when loss of precipitating power of the antiserum is first obtained. High maximal values are reached and differences are observed in the values obtained by precipitative and agglutinative tests with the same system. From a non-precipitating antipneumococcal serum produced by moderate photo-oxidation, precipitating antibody is obtained by fractional salting-out with ammonium sulphate. Determinations of the antibody-nitrogen content of photo-oxidized anti-pneumococcal serum show no significant difference from that of the control antiserum. In anti-sheep-cell sera, photo-oxidized to various degrees, the hemolytic titer falls off rapidly while the agglutination-inhibiting titer rises, indicating that the ‘univalents’ do not function as hemolysin. The results are interpreted on the basis of the mutual-multivalence theory which they tend to support.
Food-Poisoning Staphylococci and the Order of Their Resistance to Penicillin
Authors: Mason Herman C.
Published: January 2023

Three food-poisoning strains of staphylococci, “Cow”, “S-229-Z”, and “Spray”, have been found naturally resistant to penicillin by the cup-plate assay. These naturally resistant strains of staphylococcus required between 10,000 to 50,000 Oxford units of penicillin per ml to obtain inhibition zones of between 22.5 and 31.8 mm diameter, as compared to FDA strain 209, which gave inhibition of 23.8 to 23.9 mm with one unit of the same penicillin. The inhibition of coagulase has been studied. Penicillin inhibits staphylocoagulase production in-vitro. The amount of penicillin required to inhibit coagulase ranges between 5,000 to 20,000 Oxford units per ml. Strain C-13344, the most active coagulase-producer required approximately 9,500 units to inhibit tube coagulase formation.
The Phase Variation of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) Type IV
Authors: Weil A. J. , Farsetta K. , Knaub V.
Published: January 2023

The observations of Boyd concerning the occurrence of a phase variation of Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner) type IV are confirmed. Phase A presents the characteristic type specific phase of type IV. Some strains were found to occur only in this phase, whereas others show beside the type specific phase a second one of different behavior. Whereas phase A may split off colonies of phase B, bacteria of phase B maintain their phase characteristics. The phase B antigen is complex and is different from any of the known primary antigens of the Flexner species. This is particularly true of the primary antigens of the types IV (phase A), VII and VIII. Material similar to the phase B, type IV, antigen forms part of the antigenic mosaic of the several types of the Flexner species enumerated in this paper. And it constitutes the essential part of the secondary antigens of type IV, phase A. Anti-phase B, type IV immune serum affords some protection against infection with Flexner bacilli of types agglutinated by such sera. The complex problems connected with these observations are discussed.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Jansen E. F. , Stevens Henry
Published: January 2023

The allergenic proteic-polysaccharidic fractions, CS-1A from cottonseed and CB-1A from castor beans, were precipitinogenic when administered to rabbits. The allergenic fractions were less uniformly effective than ovalbumin in stimulating precipitin-formation.

The passive-transfer technic provided a more sensitive method for detecting antibodies in sera than the precipitin-method.

The passive-transfer sensitizing capacity of antisera, preserved with 0.25 per cent phenol and stored at 6 C, remained essentially unchanged for nearly five years.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viruses in the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Venereum Group
Authors: Early Robert L. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

In mice infected by the intravenous or intraperitoneal routes with psittacosis virus (6BC strain), oral sodium sulfadiazine therapy was followed by the survival of all mice so treated. Penicillin has proven effective therapeutically when given by the oral or subcutaneous routes. In mice infected by the respiratory route, oral therapy with sodium sulfadiazine protected all of the mice while oral administration of penicillin caused a definite delay in death or survival of the mice so treated. With an intracerebral challenge, oral sodium sulfadiazine therapy produced a delay in the time of death of the animals while parenteral penicillin was without effect. Fifty-three to 100 per cent of the mice surviving the intravenous or intraperitoneal challenge following treatment with either sodium sulfadiazine or penicillin or combined therapy with both agents have been demonstrated to be carriers of the virus for from 30 to 65 days after therapy was discontinued. Streptomycin, given by subcutaneous injection, and p-amino benzoic acid, administered in the diet, have shown no significant effects upon the course of psittacosis (6BC strain) infections in mice.
The Increased Antigenicity of Shigella Paradysenteriae (Flexner) in Saline-in-Mineral-Oil Emulsion
Authors: Halbert Seymour P. , Mudd Stuart , Smolens Joseph
Published: January 2023

The antibody response to Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner vaccines in mice and rabbits may be strikingly prolonged and often elevated by suspension of the vaccine in a saline-in-mineral-oil emulsion. The effectiveness of the oil emulsion menstruum in mice does not seem to be related to the volume of the injected vaccine in the volume range tested, 0.075 to 0.6 ml of emulsion. The oil emulsion menstruum in mice seems to be active only above a critical dosage level of antigen. It is not capable of improving the response to subeffective doses of Shigella vaccines. Evidence has been presented which indicates that active Shigella antigen persists at the site of oil inoculation for at least as long as 22 weeks. It is felt that this is strong circumstantial evidence pointing to prolonged absorption as one of the important mechanisms (or the important mechanism) in the effectiveness of the oil emulsion. The presence of acid-fast bacilli in the oil emulsion is apparently not an important factor in the effectiveness of this menstruum insofar as the antibody response to S. paradysenteriae in mice is concerned.
The Role of Antibodies in Experimental Drug Resistance of Trypanosoma Equiperdum
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. , Lafferty Lillian C. , Buck M.
Published: January 2023

Different methods of inducing drug-resistance of T. equiperdum towards p-rosaniline HCl were compared. The “classical” technic of rendering trypanosomes resistant by treatment of relapses with slowly increasing doses of the dyestuff was inferior to methods which avoid the formation of antibodies (short passage; splenectomy). Drug-resistance was more difficult to achieve in rats than in mice, due to more abundant antibody-formation in rats. Splenectomy and short passage combined gave satisfactory results. The rapid development of p-rosaniline-fastness in splenectomized mice was counteracted by passive immunization with trypanocidal rabbit serum.
Isolation of the Virus of Lymphogranuloma Venereum from Twenty-Eight Patients; Relative Value of the Use of Chick Embryos and Mice
Authors: Wall Margaret J.
Published: January 2023

A reliable technic is described for the isolation of the agent of lymphogranuloma venereum from human material by the combined use of mice and the yolk sac of chick embryos. Mice were more susceptible than chick embryos to initial growth of virus from human material. In addition, bacteria occasionally encountered in bubo pus and lymph nodes interfered with the isolation of virus in chick embryos but not in mice. Identification of the virus of lymphogranuloma venereum was based principally on tissue tropisms and susceptibility to sulfonamide therapy. With the use of the technic described, the virus was recovered from 28 of 33 patients tested.
Alterations in Pathogenesis of Experimental Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Caused by Prepassage of the Virus Through Heterologous Host
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: January 2023

Three strains of the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis were maintained by serial passages through mice and guinea-pigs. The substrains thus obtained possessed marked meningo-encephalotropism but differed in viscerotropic affinities. The meningo-encephalotropism was maintained by both species. Viscerotropism was lost in the mouse, but restored or imparted to the virus by the guinea-pig. Significant alterations in the pathogenesis of experimental disease were contingent upon the differences in viscerotropic affinities of the substrains.
The Complement Fixation Test in Yellow Fever Epidemiology
Authors: Perlowagora Alina , Hughes Thomas P.
Published: January 2023

The preparation of a “globulin antigen” for use in yellow fever complement fixation tests is described. This antigen is both sensitive and specific. By its use it has been shown that complement-fixing antibodies are formed with regularity following observed clinical yellow fever infection. It has been shown that these antibodies are formed regardless of the severity of illness and that they appear following inapparent infections in endemic areas. It has been confirmed that they are not formed following yellow fever vaccination, except possibly in rare instances. The application of the complement fixation test to yellow fever epidemiology, as an indicator of recent infections, is discussed.