bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Patients with Epilepsy: An Intensive Pharmacovigilance Study
Authors: Hernández García Ernestina , Naranjo Lizbeth , Pichardo-Macías Luz Adriana , Bernad Bernad María Josefa , Castro-Pastrana Lucila Isabel , Ruíz García Matilde , García Bernal Tanya Alejandra , Mendoza Solís Jessica Lizbeth , Calderón Guzmán David , Díaz-García Luisa , Mendoza-Torreblanca Julieta Griselda , Chávez Pacheco Juan Luis
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by the presence of spontaneous seizures, with a higher incidence in the pediatric population. Anti-seizure medication (ASM) may produce adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with an elevated frequency and a high severity. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze, through intensive pharmacovigilance over 112 months, the ADRs produced by valproic acid (VPA), oxcarbazepine (OXC), phenytoin (PHT), and levetiracetam (LEV), among others, administered to monotherapy or polytherapy for Mexican hospitalized pediatric epilepsy patients. A total of 1034 patients were interviewed; 315 met the inclusion criteria, 211 patients presented ADRs, and 104 did not. A total of 548 ASM-ADRs were identified, and VPA, LEV, and PHT were the main culprit drugs. The most frequent ADRs were drowsiness, irritability, and thrombocytopenia, and the main systems affected were hematologic, nervous, and dermatologic. LEV and OXC caused more nonsevere ADRs, and PHT caused more severe ADRs. The risk analysis showed an association between belonging to the younger groups and polytherapy with ADR presence and between polytherapy and malnutrition with severe ADRs. In addition, most of the severe ADRs were preventable, and most of the nonsevere ADRs were nonpreventable.
Analysis of Axial Acceleration for the Detection of Rail Squats in High-Speed Railways
Authors: Cho Hojin , Park Jaehak , Park Kyungsu
Published: November 2023

A squat is a type of fatigue defect caused by short-wavelength rotational contact; if squats are detected early, the maintenance cost of the track can be effectively reduced. In this paper, a method for the early detection of squats is presented based on ABA (axle box acceleration) and frequency signal processing techniques. To increase the measurement sensitivity for the squat, ABA was used to measure the longitudinal vibration. Compared to vertical ABA, longitudinal ABA does not include vibrations from rail fasteners and sleepers, so it is possible to effectively measure the vibration signal in relation to the impact of the rail. In this paper, vibration data were measured and analyzed by installing a 3-axis accelerometer on the wheel axle of the KTX; squat signals were more effectively extracted using the longitudinal vibration measurement presented above. The algorithm to detect the position of squats was developed based on wavelet spectrum analysis. This study was verified for the section of a domestic high-speed line, and as a result of conducting field verification for this section, squats were detected with a hit rate of about 88.2%. The main locations where the squats occurred were the rail welds and the joint section, and it was confirmed that unsupported sleepers occurred at locations where the squats occurred in some sections.
Influence of Powder Mass Flow Rates on Wear Resistance and Impact Toughness of Inconel 718 Surface Coatings
Authors: Zhang Chaoming , Shu Linsen , Li Peiyou , Gong Jiangtao , He Wei , Yu Helong
Published: November 2023

Optimum laser cladding processing parameters were obtained based on the study of various powder mass flow rates for the repair of 27SiMn steel parts using Inconel 718 powder. In this study, fusion coating process parameters were set according to the influence of powder mass flow rates on fusion coating properties. The cross-sectional microstructure, X-ray diffraction patterns, micro-hardness distribution, friction, wear properties, impact properties, and fracture morphology of the clad layers were investigated for the various process parameters. The results indicate that the volume fraction for the Ni3Fe phase increases and then decreases as the powder mass flow rate increases. The micro-hardness, friction properties, and impact properties of the samples followed the same trend as those of Ni3Fe. At powder mass flow rates up to 20 g/min, microstructures in the cladding layer tended to be uniform with microstructures with fine grains, and micro-hardness and impact toughness reached maximum values of 328.2 HV0.5 and 45.4 J/cm2, respectively, which show better mechanical properties and wear resistance.
Analyzing Risk Premiums in the Brazilian Power Market: A Quantitative Study
Authors: Kristiansen Tarjei
Published: November 2023

This paper conducts an empirical analysis of risk premiums in the Brazilian electricity market, a critical but understudied field. Employing two distinct methodologies—Average Forward Prices and Last Observed Forward Prices—the study calculates risk premiums between spot and forward electricity prices. Our analysis consistently identifies negative risk premiums, which serve as indicators that the market may be underestimating certain types of risk. These underestimations are potentially influenced by inherent market uncertainties, including volatile demand, unpredictable supply, and frequent regulatory shifts. Additionally, we observe a high volatility in risk premiums, signifying a dynamic and ever-changing market where expectations are continuously recalibrated. Such conditions present possible arbitrage opportunities for market actors and underline the need for policymakers to introduce measures mitigating market unpredictability. By focusing on these nuances, this paper enriches the broader discourse on risk premiums in electricity markets and underscores the necessity for further research aimed at devising effective risk management strategies.
Modeling of Wind Turbine Interactions and Wind Farm Losses Using the Velocity-Dependent Actuator Disc Model
Authors: Malecha Ziemowit , Dsouza Gideon
Published: November 2023

This paper analyzes the interaction of wind turbines and losses in wind farms using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The mathematical model used consisted of three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations, while the presence of wind turbines in the flow was simulated as additional source terms. The novelty of the research is the definition of the source term as a velocity-dependent actuator disc model (ADM). This allowed for modeling the operation of a wind farm consisting of real wind turbines, characterized by power coefficients Cp and thrust force coefficients CT, which are a function of atmospheric wind speed. The calculations presented used a real 5 MW Gamesa turbine. Two different turbine spacings, 5D and 10D, where D is the diameter of the turbine, and two different locations corresponding to the offshore and onshore conditions were examined. The proposed model can be used to analyze wind farm losses not only in terms of the geometric distribution of individual turbines but also in terms of a specific type of wind turbine and in the entire wind speed spectrum.
Initial Study on Physiochemical Property and Antibacterial Activity against Skin-Infecting Bacteria of Silver Nanoparticles Biologically Produced Using Crude Melanin from Xylaria sp.
Authors: Doan Linh , Vo Nhu K. H. , Tran Hanh T. M.
Published: November 2023

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced by biological methods are safer for biomedical applications. Melanins were initially reported to facilitate AgNPs synthesis. Our research found that the stromata of some Xylaria species contained significant amounts of melanins, which had strong antioxidant and anti-ultraviolet activities without toxicity toward human skin cells. This study reported the characteristics and antibacterial activities against skin-infecting bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes) of AgNPs synthesized using crude melanin extracted from stromata of Xylaria sp. AgNPs were successfully synthesized by mixing the crude melanin solution with 0.1 M AgNO3 (25:1, v/v) and incubating for 3 h at 100 °C. The SEM found that the average size of the synthesized AgNPs was 18.85 ± 3.75 nm. The melanin-mediated AgNPs displayed significantly higher antibacterial activities against the tested acne-causing bacteria compared to the positive control (Erythromycin). Specifically, the melanin-mediated AgNPs inhibited 90% of S. aureus and C. acnes at 62.5 (µg/mL) and 15.625 (µg/mL), respectively, whereas it required erythromycin up to 4000 (µg/mL) to achieve the same activities. This research illustrated the feasibility of using crude melanin of Xylaria sp. for the direct synthesis of AgNPs and the potential use of the synthesized AgNPs for treating acne-causing bacteria (with further investigation needed).
Multi-Layer Preprocessing and U-Net with Residual Attention Block for Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation
Authors: Alsayat Ahmed , Elmezain Mahmoud , Alanazi Saad , Alruily Meshrif , Mostafa Ayman Mohamed , Said Wael
Published: November 2023

Retinal blood vessel segmentation is a valuable tool for clinicians to diagnose conditions such as atherosclerosis, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. This paper presents a new framework for segmenting blood vessels in retinal images. The framework has two stages: a multi-layer preprocessing stage and a subsequent segmentation stage employing a U-Net with a multi-residual attention block. The multi-layer preprocessing stage has three steps. The first step is noise reduction, employing a U-shaped convolutional neural network with matrix factorization (CNN with MF) and detailed U-shaped U-Net (D_U-Net) to minimize image noise, culminating in the selection of the most suitable image based on the PSNR and SSIM values. The second step is dynamic data imputation, utilizing multiple models for the purpose of filling in missing data. The third step is data augmentation through the utilization of a latent diffusion model (LDM) to expand the training dataset size. The second stage of the framework is segmentation, where the U-Nets with a multi-residual attention block are used to segment the retinal images after they have been preprocessed and noise has been removed. The experiments show that the framework is effective at segmenting retinal blood vessels. It achieved Dice scores of 95.32, accuracy of 93.56, precision of 95.68, and recall of 95.45. It also achieved efficient results in removing noise using CNN with matrix factorization (MF) and D-U-NET according to values of PSNR and SSIM for (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75) levels of noise. The LDM achieved an inception score of 13.6 and an FID of 46.2 in the augmentation step.
Plasma eNOS Concentration in Healthy Pregnancy and in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: Evidence of Reduced Concentrations in Pre-Eclampsia from Two Independent Studies
Authors: Kaihara Julyane N. S. , Minami Caroline K. , Peraçoli Maria T. S. , Romão-Veiga Mariana , Ribeiro-Vasques Vanessa R. , Peraçoli José C. , Palei Ana C. T. , Cavalli Ricardo C. , Nunes Priscila R. , Luizon Marcelo R. , Sandrim Valeria C.
Published: November 2023

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), comprising gestational hypertension (GH) and pre-eclampsia (PE), are leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Both GH and PE are characterized by new-onset hypertension, but PE additionally includes proteinuria and/or end-organ damage. Impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability may lead to endothelial dysfunction in GH and PE, and the primary source of vascular NO is endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). However, no previous study has investigated plasma eNOS concentrations in patients with GH and PE. In this study, we compared plasma eNOS concentrations in healthy pregnancies and HDP in two independent cohorts. The primary study included 417 subjects, with 43 non-pregnant (NP) and 156 healthy pregnant (HP) women and 122 patients with GH and 96 with PE. The replication study included 85 pregnant women (41 healthy and 44 pre-eclamptic). Plasma concentrations of eNOS were measured using a commercial ELISA kit provided by R&D Systems, and plasma nitrite concentrations were assessed using two ozone-based chemiluminescence assays. Correlations between plasma eNOS concentrations and plasma nitrite concentrations, as well as clinical and biochemical parameters, were evaluated by either Spearman’s or Pearson’s tests. In the primary study, NP women and HDP had significantly lower plasma eNOS concentrations compared to HP; concentrations were even lower in PE compared to GH. Plasma eNOS concentrations were reduced but not significant in early-onset PE, PE with severe features, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. No correlation was observed between plasma eNOS and nitrite levels. In HDP, there was a significant positive correlation between levels of eNOS and hemoglobin (r = 0.1496, p = 0.0336) as well as newborn weight (r = 0.1487, p = 0.0316). Conversely, a negative correlation between eNOS levels and proteinuria was observed (r = −0.2167, p = 0.0179). The replication study confirmed significantly reduced plasma concentrations of eNOS in PE compared to HP. Our findings provide evidence of reduced plasma eNOS concentrations in HDP; they were particularly lower in PE compared to GH and HP in two independent studies.
The Situation Assessment of UAVs Based on an Improved Whale Optimization Bayesian Network Parameter-Learning Algorithm
Authors: Li Weinan , Zhang Weiguo , Liu Baoning , Guo Yicong
Published: November 2023

To realize unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) situation assessment, a Bayesian network (BN) for situation assessment is established. Aimed at the problem that the parameters of the BN are difficult to obtain, an improved whale optimization algorithm based on prior parameter intervals (IWOA-PPI) for parameter learning is proposed. Firstly, according to the dependencies between the situation and its related factors, the structure of the BN is established. Secondly, in order to fully mine the prior knowledge of parameters, the parameter constraints are transformed into parameter prior intervals using Monte Carlo sampling and interval transformation formulas. Thirdly, a variable encircling factor and a nonlinear convergence factor are proposed. The former and the latter enhance the local and global search capabilities of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), respectively. Finally, a simulated annealing strategy incorporating Levy flight is introduced to enable the WOA to jump out of the local optimum. In the experiment for the standard BNs, five parameter-learning algorithms are applied, and the results prove that the IWOA-PPI is not only effective but also the most accurate. In the experiment for the situation BN, the situations of the assumed mission scenario are evaluated, and the results show that the situation assessment method proposed in this article is correct and feasible.
DELOFF: Decentralized Learning-Based Task Offloading for Multi-UAVs in U2X-Assisted Heterogeneous Networks
Authors: Zhu Anqi , Lu Huimin , Ma Mingfang , Zhou Zongtan , Zeng Zhiwen
Published: November 2023

With multi-sensors embedded, flexible unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can collect sensory data and provide various services for all walks of life. However, limited computing capability and battery energy put a great burden on UAVs to handle emerging compute-intensive applications, necessitating them to resort to innovative computation offloading technique to guarantee quality of service. Existing research mainly focuses on solving the offloading problem under known global information, or applying centralized offloading frameworks when facing dynamic environments. Yet, the maneuverability of today’s UAVs, their large-scale clustering, and their increasing operation in the environment with unrevealed information pose huge challenges to previous work. In this paper, in order to enhance the long-term offloading performance and scalability for multi-UAVs, we develop a decentralized offloading scheme named DELOFF with the support of mobile edge computing (MEC). DELOFF considers the information uncertainty caused by the dynamic environment, uses UAV-to-everything (U2X)-assisted heterogeneous networks to extend network resources and offloading flexibility, and tackles the joint strategy making related to computation mode, network selection, and offloading allocation for multi-UAVs. Specifically, the optimization problem of multi-UAVs is addressed by the proposed offloading algorithm based on a multi-arm bandit learning model, where each UAV itself can adaptively assess the offloading link quality through the fuzzy logic-based pre-screening mechanism designed. The convergence and effectiveness of the DELOFF proposed are also demonstrated in simulations. And, the results confirm that DELOFF is superior to the four benchmarks in many respects, such as reduced consumed energy and delay in the task completion of UAVs.
Macroprudential and Monetary Policy Interactions and Coordination in South Africa: Evidence from Business and Financial Cycle Synchronisation
Authors: Nyati Malibongwe Cyprian , Muzindutsi Paul-Francois , Tipoy Christian Kakese
Published: November 2023

The article reports on the interactions and possibility of coordination between macroprudential and monetary policies in South Africa, based on business and financial cycles synchronisation. To this end, relying on financial and economic time series indicators spanning the period 2000M01–2018M12, a two-step Markov switching dynamic factor model was adopted for the measurement of composite indices, while both the dynamic conditional correlations and asymmetric generalised dynamic conditional correlations models were adopted for synchronisation analysis, together with the Metcalfe scale of coordination. The empirical evidence obtained is such that, under conditions of financial and real economic stress in South Africa, when there is crisis management rather than crisis prevention, macroprudential policy and monetary policy decisions are complementary. Therefore, there will be limited/no need for coordination between the two policy decisions. However, under normal times when there is crisis prevention rather than management, macroprudential policy and monetary policy decisions are noncomplementary; hence, the greatest degree of coordination is warranted, even though it might not be easy. Therefore, we conclude that it is possible to the coordinate the conduct of macroprudential, and monetary policies based on the synchronicity of business and financial cycles.
Transforming Airport Security: Enhancing Efficiency through Blockchain Smart Contracts
Authors: Karamitsos Ioannis , Papadaki Maria , Al-Hussaeni Khalil , Kanavos Andreas
Published: November 2023

In the aviation industry, the issuance of airside passes often encounters significant delays, posing logistical challenges and hindering crucial operations. This study delves into the potential of implementing blockchain technology, particularly smart contracts, to streamline and expedite airport security processes. Our analysis of data from leading UK airports reveals notable inefficiencies in the current airside pass issuance procedures, necessitating a transformative solution. We advocate for the integration of blockchain smart contracts as a pioneering approach to substantially reduce processing times. By automating execution based on predefined conditions, smart contracts have the potential to revolutionize airport security operations. This research signifies a groundbreaking advancement in the use of smart contracts within the airline industry, underscoring the substantial efficiency improvements that can be achieved. As we conclude this study, we foresee further research and practical implementations to unlock the full transformative impact of blockchain technology on aviation security.
Task Offloading Scheme for Survivability Guarantee Based on Traffic Prediction in 6G Edge Networks
Authors: Sun Zhengjie , Yang Hui , Li Chao , Yao Qiuyan , Yu Ao , Zhang Jie , Zhao Yang , Liu Sheng , Li Yunbo
Published: November 2023

With the development of sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks, the rise of emerging intelligent services has led to a huge increase in traffic. As an important technology to support the development of 6G, mobile edge computing (MEC) effectively meets the ultra-low latency requirements of most emerging services. However, due to the limited processing capacity of edge nodes, overload on any edge node will cause service degradation, interruption, and even node failure, weakening the advantages of MEC and reducing the survivability of the whole network. In this paper, we propose a task offloading scheme based on traffic prediction for node-overload protection to ensure the survivability of the 6G edge networks. We transformed the network survivability guarantee problem into a task offloading problem under the constraint of future available resources based on traffic prediction and developed a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on policy gradient (PSO-PG) to jointly optimize offloading decisions, routing, and computing resource allocation. Simulations verify the effectiveness of our proposed scheme and guarantee the survivability of 6G edge networks. Meanwhile, evaluation in multiple scenarios with different node scales has verified the wide applicability of our work.
Low-Cost Room-Temperature Perovskite Solar Cells Suitable for Continuous Production
Authors: Wang Gang , Li Weikui , Xu Hang , Song Qunliang
Published: November 2023

Perovskite solar cells have garnered significant attention as the next-generation photovoltaic devices. After more than a decade of dedicated research, commercializing these cells is now on the horizon. One of the primary focuses for developers aiming at large-scale industrial production is cost reduction. To achieve cost savings in perovskite solar cell manufacturing, researchers have successfully devised cost-effective room-temperature perovskite solar cells for fabricating perovskite films at room-temperature. Additionally, they have developed full room-temperature perovskite solar cells, where the entire solar cell is fabricated at room temperature. These cells excel in terms of their straightforward processing, low energy consumption, and continuous production capability, rendering them highly suitable for industrial applications. This article is intended to provide an overview of the latest advancements in room-temperature perovskite solar cell research. It will summarize commonly utilized methods for their fabrication, delve into the significant implications of full room-temperature perovskite solar cells for the commercialization of perovskite solar technology, and conclude by outlining various production techniques for room-temperature perovskite films. Furthermore, this article will offer insights into the future development directions of room-temperature perovskite solar cells and full room-temperature perovskite solar cells.
Classifying Participant Standing and Sitting Postures Using Channel State Information
Authors: Custance Oliver , Khan Saad , Parkinson Simon
Published: November 2023

Recently, channel state information (CSI) has been identified as beneficial in a wide range of applications, ranging from human activity recognition (HAR) to patient monitoring. However, these focused studies have resulted in data that are limited in scope. In this paper, we investigate the use of CSI data obtained from an ESP32 microcontroller to identify participants from sitting and standing postures in a many-to-one classification. The test is carried out in a controlled isolated environment to establish whether a pre-trained model can distinguish between participants. A total of 15 participants were recruited and asked to sit and stand between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx), while their CSI data were recorded. Various pre-processing algorithms and techniques have been incorporated and tested on different classification algorithms, which have gone through parameter selection to enable a consistent testing template. Performance metrics such as the confusion matrix, accuracy, and elapsed time were captured. After extensive evaluation and testing of different classification models, it has been established that the hybrid LSTM-1DCNN model has an average accuracy of 84.29% and 74.13% for sitting and standing postures, respectively, in our dataset. The models were compared with the BedroomPi dataset and it was found that LSTM-1DCNN was the best model in terms of performance. It is also the most efficient model with respect to the time elapsed to sit and stand.
Robust Adaptive Beamforming for Interference Suppression Based on SNR
Authors: Chang Lin , Zhang Hao , Gulliver T. Aaron , Lyu Tingting
Published: November 2023

Robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) can be used to suppress interference signals while retaining the desired signals received by a sensor array. However, desired signal self-cancellation and model mismatch can affect RAB performance. In this paper, a novel interference-plus-noise covariance matrix (INCM) reconstruction method is proposed for RAB to solve these problems. The proposed method divides the desired signal into two ranges according to the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), namely low SNR and high SNR. In the low SNR range, INCM reconstruction directly uses the same sample covariance matrix as the sample matrix inversion (SMI) beamformer to retain the advantages of the traditional SMI algorithm. In the high SNR range, the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix are used to estimate the interference power and noise power. The optimized interference steering vector (SV) is obtained by solving a quadratic convex optimization problem in an interference subspace. The INCM is reconstructed from the interference SVs, interference power, and noise power. The reconstructed INCM is then used to correct the desired signal SV via maximizing the beamformer output power. This is achieved by solving a quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem. Analysis and simulation results are presented which demonstrate that the proposed method performs well under a variety of mismatch conditions.
Building-Scale Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance at Nursing Homes in A Coruña, Spain
Authors: Trigo-Tasende Noelia , Vallejo Juan A. , Rumbo-Feal Soraya , Conde-Pérez Kelly , Nasser-Ali Mohammed , Tarrío-Saavedra Javier , Barbeito Inés , Lamelo Fernando , Cao Ricardo , Ladra Susana , Bou Germán , Poza Margarita
Published: November 2023

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has become an effective tool in the surveillance of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. In this work, we performed a brief study of monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in wastewater from six nursing homes located in the metropolitan area of A Coruña (Spain) between December 2020 and March 2021. The main objective was to detect SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks among residents and study the efficacy of the vaccination campaign. SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNA copies per L of wastewater) was determined by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using the quantification cycle (Cq) values for the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Our results showed that the increase in viral load preceded the increase in clinical cases, favoring an early warning system that detects COVID-19 outbreaks in advance, making it possible to contain and stop the transmission of the virus among residents. In addition, the efficacy of the new COVID-19 vaccines was evidenced, since after the vaccination campaign in nursing homes in A Coruña, it was observed that many residents did not present any symptoms of the disease, although they excreted high amounts of virus in their feces. WBE is a cost-effective strategy that should be implemented in all cities to prevent new emerging diseases or future pandemic threats.
A Comparative Study of Heavy Metal Pollution in Ambient Air and the Health Risks Assessment in Industrial, Urban and Semi-Urban Areas of West Bengal, India: An Evaluation of Carcinogenic, Non-Carcinogenic, and Additional Lifetime Cancer Cases
Authors: Ghosh Buddhadev , Padhy Pratap Kumar , Niyogi Soumya , Patra Pulak Kumar , Hecker Markus
Published: November 2023

Air pollution is an immense problem due to its detrimental health effects on human populations. This study investigates the distribution of particle-bound heavy metals and associated health risks in three diverse areas (Durgapur as an industrial complex, Kolkata as an urban area, and Bolpur as a semi-urban region) in West Bengal, India. Twenty-one (84 samples) sampling sites were chosen, covering industrial, traffic, residential, and sensitive zones. The respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) samples were collected using a portable Mini-Vol Tactical Air Sampler, and heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and As) were analyzed using ICP-OES. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were assessed using exposure concentration (EC), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and additional lifetime cancer cases. The results highlight variations in heavy metal concentrations across the regions, with industrial areas exhibiting higher levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) unveiled distinct metal co-variation patterns, reflecting sources such as industrial emissions, traffic, and natural contributors. The sum of non-carcinogenic risks (HI) of all heavy metals exceeded the US EPA’s risk limit (HI<1) in both Kolkata and Durgapur, except for Bolpur. Similarly, the sum of cancer risk in three distinct areas exceeded the USEPA limits (1.00E-06). The Monte Carlo simulation revealed the 5th and 95th percentile range of cancer risk was 9.12E-06 to 1.12E-05 in Bolpur, 3.72E-05 to 4.49E-05 in Durgapur and 2.13E-05 to 2.57E-05 in Kolkata. Kolkata had the highest additional lifetime cancer cases compared to Bolpur and Durgapur. This study provides information on the complex connections between heavy metal pollution and possible health risks in industrial, urban, and semi-urban regions.
Unveiling Fresh-Cut Lettuce Processing in Argentine Industries: Evaluating Salmonella Levels Using Predictive Microbiology Models
Authors: Cuggino Sofia Griselda , Possas Arícia , Posada-Izquierdo Guiomar Denisse , Theumer Martin Gustavo , Pérez-Rodríguez Fernando
Published: November 2023

A survey was performed to gather information on the processing steps, conditions, and practices employed by industries processing ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy vegetables in Argentina. A total of seven industries participated in the survey. A cluster analysis of the data obtained was performed to identify homogeneous groups among the participating industries. The data collected were used as inputs of two predictive microbiology models to estimate Salmonella concentrations after chlorine washing, during storage and distribution of final products, and to rank the different practices according to the final estimated Salmonella levels. Six different clusters were identified by evaluating the parameters, methods, and controls applied in each processing step, evidencing a great variability among industries. The disinfectant agent applied by all participating industries was sodium hypochlorite, though concentrations and application times differed among industries from 50 to 200 ppm for 30 to 110 s. Simulations using predictive models indicated that the reductions in Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables would vary in the range of 1.70–2.95 log CFU/g during chlorine-washing depending on chlorine concentrations applied, washing times, and vegetable cutting size, which varied from 9 to 16 cm2 among industries. Moreover, Salmonella would be able to grow in RTE leafy vegetables during storage and distribution, achieving levels of up to 2 log CFU/g, considering the storage and transportation temperatures and times reported by the industries, which vary from 4 to 14 °C and from 18 to 30 h. These results could be used to prioritize risk-based sampling programs by Food Official Control or determine more adequate process parameters to mitigate Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables. Additionally, the information gathered in this study is useful for microbiological risk assessments.
Designing Nutrition for Health—Incorporating Dietary By-Products into Poultry Feeds to Create Functional Foods with Insights into Health Benefits, Risks, Bioactive Compounds, Food Component Functionality and Safety Regulations
Authors: Vlaicu Petru Alexandru , Untea Arabela Elena , Varzaru Iulia , Saracila Mihaela , Oancea Alexandra Gabriela
Published: November 2023

This review delves into the concept of nutrition by design, exploring the relationship between poultry production, the utilization of dietary by-products to create functional foods, and their impact on human health. Functional foods are defined as products that extend beyond their basic nutritional value, offering potential benefits in disease prevention and management. Various methods, including extraction, fermentation, enrichment, biotechnology, and nanotechnology, are employed to obtain bioactive compounds for these functional foods. This review also examines the innovative approach of enhancing livestock diets to create functional foods through animal-based methods. Bioactive compounds found in these functional foods, such as essential fatty acids, antioxidants, carotenoids, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive peptides, are highlighted for their potential in promoting well-being and mitigating chronic diseases. Additionally, the review explores the functionality of food components within these products, emphasizing the critical roles of bioaccessibility, bioactivity, and bioavailability in promoting health. The importance of considering key aspects in the design of enhanced poultry diets for functional food production is thoroughly reviewed. The safety of these foods through the establishment of regulations and guidelines was reviewed. It is concluded that the integration of nutrition by design principles empowers individuals to make informed choices that can prioritize their health and well-being. By incorporating functional foods rich in bioactive compounds, consumers can proactively take steps to prevent and manage health issues, ultimately contributing to a healthier society and lifestyle.
Akkermansia muciniphila Encapsulated in Calcium-Alginate Hydrogelated Matrix: Viability and Stability over Aerobic Storage and Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions
Authors: Machado Daniela , Fonseca Mariana , Vedor Rita , Sousa Sérgio , Barbosa Joana Cristina , Gomes Ana Maria
Published: November 2023

Akkermansia muciniphila is considered a next-generation probiotic to be incorporated in new food and pharmaceutical formulations. Effective delivery systems are required to ensure high probiotic viability and stability during product manufacture, shelf-life, and post-consumption, namely, throughout digestion. Hydrogelated matrices have demonstrated promising potential in this dominion. Hence, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of a calcium-alginate hydrogelated matrix on A. muciniphila viability during 28-days refrigerated aerobic storage and when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions, in comparison with that of free cells. Akkermansia muciniphila was successfully encapsulated in the calcium-alginate matrix via extrusion (60% encapsulation yield). Furthermore, encapsulated A. muciniphila exhibited high stability (a loss in viability lower than 0.2 log-cycle) after 28-days of refrigerated aerobic storage, maintaining its viability around 108 CFU/g. Prominently, as the storage time increased, encapsulated A. muciniphila revealed higher viability and stability regarding in vitro gastrointestinal conditions than free cells. This suggests that this encapsulation method may attenuate the detrimental effects of prolonged aerobic storage with a subsequent gastrointestinal passage. In conclusion, encapsulation via extrusion using a calcium-alginate hydrogelated matrix seems to be a promising and adequate strategy for safeguarding A. muciniphila from adverse conditions encountered during refrigerated aerobic storage and when exposed to the gastrointestinal passage.
Microsponge-Based Gel Loaded with Immunosuppressant as a Simple and Valuable Strategy for Psoriasis Therapy: Determination of Pro-Inflammatory Response through Cytokine IL-2 mRNA Expression
Authors: Mehmood Yasir , Shahid Hira , ul Huq Umar Inzamam , Rafeeq Hamza , Khalid Hafiz Muhammad Bilal , Uddin Mohammad N. , Kazi Mohsin
Published: November 2023

Tacrolimus (TL) is a topical calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressive drug widely used to manage various skin disorders. Herein, we report a TL-loaded microsphere gel formulation with severe atopic dermatitis effects that are required to manage skin disorders. The current study adopted a modified emulsion solvent evaporation technique to synthesize TL-loaded microspheres, which were further converted into gels for skin use. Characterization of the synthesized formulation was performed by differential dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and drug release. A Franz diffusion cell was used to study the diffusion of TL for up to 8 h at pH 6.8 and 5.5. Evaluation of cell viability was determined by MTT assay and showed higher IC50 values compared to the plain drug. RNA extraction, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), and reverse transcription were also performed to determine the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-2. Particle size determination was performed by a zeta sizer, and the TL microsphere size was 1745 ± 70 nm with a good polydispersity (0.337 ± 0.12). The drug entrapment efficiency was also very good at 60% ± 10, and the drug release was 93.9% ± 3.5 within 8 h. An in vitro diffusion study of the formulation also showed improved permeability at both pH values (4.5 and 5.5). The findings of the hemolytic tests demonstrated that TL-MG at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg/mL did not produce any hemolysis. A dose-dependent pattern of cytotoxicity was found during the cell viability assay, with an IC50 value of 787.55 ± 12.78 µg/mL. There was a significant decrease in the IL-2 level in the TL-MG group compared to the other groups. TL-MG microspheres were nontoxic carriers for tacrolimus delivery, with greater loading capacity, a significant release profile, and enhanced cellular uptake with improved permeability.
Intersections of Children’s Poetry, Popular Literature, and Mass Media: Fujimoto Giichi’s Adaptation of Holes in the Tin Roof like Stars from Tomo Fusako’s Poem to Radio Drama
Authors: Toba Koji
Published: November 2023

This paper investigates largely unexplored aspects of the postwar Japanese media industry by tracing the cross-media developments that bloomed from a single poem written by an elementary school girl. Tomo Fusako, a poor elementary school student, wrote the poem “Outage” in 1951 as part of her schoolwork. Tomo’s teacher, Bessho Yasoji, selected Tomo’s work to be published in an original poetry journal featuring children’s writing. Her poems and essays were eventually reprinted in magazines, collected volumes, and even published in textbooks. In 1958, Fujimoto Giichi, an unknown university student at the time, adapted “Outage” into a radio drama and stage play. These works were then further adapted for TV dramas. Children’s essays and poems made for attractive content for the publishing industry and the emerging fields of commercial radio and television media. Fujimoto himself became a famous television host, though it impeded his literary career. Examining Tomo and Fujimoto’s relationship with literary production and media adaptation reveals a cultural world far removed from the literary establishment’s (that is, the bundan’s) view of literature.
Adolescent Young Carers Who Provide Help and Support to Friends
Authors: Brolin Rosita , Hanson Elizabeth , Magnusson Lennart , Lewis Feylyn , Parkhouse Tom , Hlebec Valentina , Santini Sara , Hoefman Renske , Leu Agnes , Becker Saul
Published: November 2023

Prior studies emphasize the value of friends’ support for children/adolescents who have a disability or suffer from mental ill-health or a long-term illness. However, few studies have explored how a caring role affects those young friend carers themselves. This paper addresses a gap in the research by focusing on this hitherto neglected group of young carers to explore the impact of providing care to friends. An online survey was employed for a cross-national study conducted in 2018–2019 in Sweden, Italy, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom to examine the incidence of adolescent young friend carers, the extent of care they provide, and their self-reported health, well-being, and school situation. The survey was completed by 7146 adolescents, aged 15–17, and 1121 of them provided care to a friend with a health-related condition, most frequently mental ill-health. They carried out high levels of caring activities, and a quarter of them also provided care to a family member. They experienced both positive and negative aspects of caring. Nevertheless, in comparison with adolescents who provided care to family members, they reported more health problems, with a dominance of mental ill-health, and they received lower levels of support. Since adolescent friends play a valuable role for young people with health-related conditions, especially mental ill-health, it is important to find ways of optimizing their caring experiences in order that those adolescents who choose to care for a friend can do so without it having a negative impact on their own mental health, well-being, and life situation.
Exploring the Prognostic and Predictive Roles of Ki-67 in Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Paleari Laura , Rutigliani Mariangela , D’Ecclesiis Oriana , Gandini Sara , Briata Irene Maria , Webber Tania Buttiron , Provinciali Nicoletta , DeCensi Andrea
Published: November 2023

Background: Up to now, endometrial cancer (EC) treatments are mainly represented by surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The updated guidelines give a 2A recommendation for the use of hormone therapy only in advanced low-grade ECs, underlying the need for more data on the role of hormone therapy in the adjuvant setting. Methods: The clinicopathological data of 158 early-stage EC patients was retrospectively collected. A Ki-67 cut-off value of 40% was established based on literature data. Disease-free survival (DFS) and Overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Results: Results: Multivariate analysis of DFS and OS showed a significantly increased risk of progression in patients with >40% Ki-67 [HR = 3.13 (95% CI; 1.35–7.14); p = 0.007] and a significantly higher relative risk of death [HR = 3.70 (95% CI; 1.69–8.33); p = 0.001]. The predictive role of the Ki-67 index was highlighted by the clinical benefit of adjuvant hormone in patients with high Ki-67. Conclusions: Our results suggest a positive role of the Ki-67 index as a prognostic and potentially predictive marker in EC, although further studies are warranted to reach a definitive conclusion.
Sex Differences in Outcome of Trauma Patients Presented with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Beijer Elise , van Wonderen Stefan F. , Zuidema Wietse P. , Visser Marieke C. , Edwards Michael J. R. , Verhofstad Michael H. J. , Tromp Tjarda N. , van den Brom Charissa E. , van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Bloemers Frank W. , Geeraedts Leo M. G.
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between sex and outcome in trauma patients presented with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). A retrospective multicenter study was performed in trauma patients aged ≥ 16 years who presented with severe TBI (Head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 4) over a 4-year-period. Subgroup analyses were performed for ages 16–44 and ≥45 years. Also, patients with isolated severe TBI (other AIS ≤ 2) were assessed, likewise, with subgroup analysis for age. Sex differences in mortality, Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS), ICU admission/length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, and mechanical ventilation (MV) were examined. A total of 1566 severe TBI patients were included (831 patients with isolated TBI). Crude analysis shows an association between female sex and lower ICU admission rates, shorter ICU/hospital LOS, and less frequent and shorter MV in severe TBI patients ≥ 45 years. After adjusting, female sex appears to be associated with shorter ICU/hospital LOS. Sex differences in mortality and GOS were not found. In conclusion, this study found sex differences in patient outcomes following severe TBI, potentially favoring (older) females, which appear to indicate shorter ICU/hospital LOS (adjusted analysis). Large prospective studies are warranted to help unravel sex differences in outcomes after severe TBI.
Alterations to Kidney Physiology during Cardiopulmonary Bypass—A Narrative Review of the Literature and Practical Remarks
Authors: Udzik Jakub , Pacholewicz Jerzy , Biskupski Andrzej , Walerowicz Paweł , Januszkiewicz Kornelia , Kwiatkowska Ewa
Published: November 2023

Introduction: According to different authors, cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) incidence can be as high as 20–50%. This complication increases postoperative morbidity and mortality and impairs long-term kidney function in some patients. This review aims to summarize current knowledge regarding alterations to renal physiology during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to discuss possible nephroprotective strategies for cardiac surgeries. Relevant sections: Systemic and renal circulation, Vasoactive drugs, Fluid balance and Osmotic regulation and Inflammatory response. Conclusions: Considering the available scientific evidence, it is concluded that adequate kidney perfusion and fluid balance are the most critical factors determining postoperative kidney function. By adequate perfusion, one should understand perfusion with proper oxygen delivery and sufficient perfusion pressure. Maintaining the fluid balance is imperative for a normal kidney filtration process, which is essential for preserving the intra- and postoperative kidney function. Future directions: The review of the available literature regarding kidney function during cardiac surgery revealed a need for a more holistic approach to this subject.
The Research Status and Prospects of Floccularia luteovirens: A Mycorrhizal Fungus with Edible Fruiting Bodies
Authors: Ni Yanqing , Cao Luping , Li Wensheng , Zhang Qin , Feng Rencai , Zhao Zhiqiang , Zhao Xu
Published: November 2023

Floccularia luteovirens, a rare wild edible and medicinal fungus, is endemic to the Tibetan plateau. However, attempts to artificially domesticate this species have not been successful, resulting in extremely limited utilization of this valuable resource. This paper presents the geographical distribution of F. luteovirens, along with its ecological and biological characteristics. It explores population relations, symbiotic relationships, soil microbial community relations, fruiting body occurrence conditions, nutritional metabolism, and reproductive patterns. The cultivation techniques, as well as the edible and medicinal value of this mushroom, are also reviewed. Through an overall analysis of the physiological characteristics and current research status of F. luteovirens, the paper discusses its development prospects. The aim is to provide a reference for other researchers and promote its artificial domestication, resource development, and utilization.