bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le renforcement du centre de l’exécutif : Expliquer le changement autrement que par le NMP
Authors: Kolltveit Kristoffer
Published: March 2015

Dans plusieurs pays, diverses mesures ont été prises en vue d’améliorer la capacité de coordination et de contrôle de la politique publique au sein du centre de l’exécutif. La littérature sur l’ensemble du gouvernement (« whole-of-government ») et le gouvernement décloisonné considère ces évolutions comme une réaffirmation des initiatives visant à contrer les effets négatifs des anciennes réformes du NMP. La principale question de recherche examinée dans le présent article est celle de savoir si le renforcement du centre de l’exécutif doit aussi s’expliquer par les évolutions plus larges dans la société et par les caractéristiques du gouvernement proprement dit. Nous tâcherons de répondre à cette question en examinant les évolutions survenues en Norvège depuis trente ans. Même si les anciennes réformes du NMP jouent un rôle dans le cas de la Norvège, nous verrons dans cet article que les mesures prises doivent aussi s’expliquer par le désir d’améliorer le processus décisionnel du gouvernement et de résoudre les conflits entre les partis qui le composent. Remarques l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous examinons différentes explications de l’évolution survenue au sein du centre de l’exécutif en Norvège. Au cours des trente dernières années, le centre de l’exécutif norvégien s’est renforcé grâce au nombre accru de personnes désignées pour des raisons politiques au sein des ministères, mais aussi de l’élargissement du bureau du Premier ministre, où un ministre de la Coordination a été désigné en 2009, et de l’officialisation d’un cabinet restreint. Les données empiriques sont extraites de documents ministériels internes et d’entretiens semi-structurés réalisés avec des responsables administratifs et politiques. Nous verrons que les évolutions en Norvège ont plusieurs explications, ce qui tend à indiquer que les changements survenus au sein du centre de l’exécutif sont hétérogènes et sont rarement réalisés dans un but unique.
Planning Ethics in the Age of Wicked Problems
Authors: Hui Jeffrey Chan Kok
Published: March 2015

Ever since the publication of Rittel and Webber's Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning in 1973, the discourse on wicked problems has grown steadily in planning and other disciplines. Despite this, there has been little attention paid to the ethical dimensions of wicked problems. What are the ethical dimensions of wicked problems in planning and specifically, in e-planning? To answer this question, the author examines planning ethics in relation to the discourse on wicked problems. Following Hendler's framework (2001) on planning ethics, which comprises of five distinct discourses—namely, (i) the ethics of everyday behavior; (ii) the ethics of administrative discretion; (iii) the ethics of planning techniques; (iv) plan making; (v) normative planning theory—the author discusses each in relation to the discourse of wicked problems to draw out their ethical dimensions in the context of urban and regional planning. Through these discussions, the author argues that e-planning should engage with the discourse of planning ethics, and further, that e-planning can begin to develop its own ethical discourse in the face of wicked problems in planning today.
Mixed Methods Research Online
Authors: Issa Theodora , Pick David
Published: March 2015

Contributing to the ongoing debate in research on sensitive issues such as business ethics, this chapter provides a discussion of mixed methods research design, examining the processes and challenges of developing and deploying an online survey tool using technology within an interpretive mixed methods design. This chapter provides pointers on how to deploy this approach through technology to research business ethics using the example of researching ethical mindsets and its components, including spirituality and aesthetics. It is found that mixed methods research is an effective approach because it allows often sensitive issues (i.e. business ethics, aesthetics, spirituality) relating to questioning individuals' inner values and ethical propensities, which are usually subtle and difficult to measure and analyze constructs. While this tool was developed in the Australian context, it has the potential to form a foundation for wider examination and research in business ethics. The chapter contributes to the collective discussion of research methods using a framework that has both practical relevance and theoretical rigor.
Ethical E-Participation
Authors: Picone Marco , Lo Piccolo Francesco
Published: March 2015

The most recent forms of e-participation seem to provide new issues that need to be discussed. One such discussion involves the role of GIS. Can an ethically aware GIS be conceived? What does it mean for a GIS to be ethical at all? Throughout this paper, first the authors create a theoretical framework to encompass four key elements that lead us to the definition of ethical digital mapping: GIS ethics, social justice, power, and participation. Then they introduce the concept of PPGIS (Public Participation GIS), and argue that only a ‘qualitative turn' can enhance their importance in decision-making processes. Finally, the authors discuss an experiment that is currently taking place in Palermo, Italy, to debate the opportunities qualitative PPGIS may grant.
Technological Mediation in Odissi Dance
Authors: Ghosh Shreelina
Published: March 2015

The practice of teaching in an online composition class might potentially eliminate interpersonal interactivity in a classroom community. Digital mediation can be problematic for functional collaboration in a virtual class. The problem that online instructors might face is one that some traditional Odissi dance teachers also experience. In order to explore the conflict between tradition and mediations with technology, this study focuses on Odissi, an Indian classical dance, and examines how digital technologies of teaching, like CDs, DVD, online videos, and synchronous videos, are transforming the practice and teaching of this traditional dance. A qualitative research of the field of Odissi dance revealed that technologizing the dance might be unavoidable, but to some practitioners it may be disrupting Odissi's traditional values. This chapter reasserts the position of the teacher in an online pedagogic space and argues that the presence or simulated presence of bodies might be vital in learning and composing collaboratively.
Electronic Voting System
Authors: Gangabaatar Dashbalbar
Published: March 2015

Mongolia introduced a new electronic voting system for the first time for the 2012 parliamentary election. E-voting empowers citizens by making voting simpler and providing better opportunities for certain groups of citizens to participate in the election process. The electoral reform was one of the major steps the parliament carried out in order to restore public trust lost in the violent protests against the 2008 parliamentary election results. A free, transparent, and fair electoral system was important to correct the fraud in the old election system. This chapter examines the effectiveness of the mixed system of election, the electronic voting system, and other changes to the electoral system in Mongolia.
Designing Multichannel Value Propositions to Enhance Value-Cocreation Phenomenon
Authors: Cesarotti Vittorio , Giuiusa Alessio , Kwan Stephen K. , Introna Vito , Spohrer Jim
Published: March 2015

Service Science introduced the abstraction of service systems, which while jointly interacting can cocreate value. The term “cocreation” captures the collaborative nature of value creation. Whilst value, between two or more service entities, is always cocreated, value-cocreation is rarely considered in designing a service even though this is a main design driver that leads to successful construction of Value Propositions1 (VP). The presence of multiple channels (in-person, phone, and web) may give rise to opportunities for enhanced value-cocreation. Still, different channels may lead the beneficiary of the service to interact as a value coproducer, linking value-cocreation to his/her capability to properly perform the service. The authors explore the opportunity to increase the value cocreated in a service process through improved design using multiple channels. The authors develop a method that guides service designers in the construction of more effective multichannel Value Propositions, increasing the opportunities to enhance the cocreation of value. This paper should be of value to both researchers and practitioners looking for new ways to construct effective multichannel Value Propositions.
A Platform for Analyzing Behaviors of Service-Oriented Application Based on the Probabilistic Model Checking
Authors: Kai Jinyu , Miao Huaikou , Zhao Kun , Zhou Jiaan , Gao Honghao
Published: March 2015

Service oriented software systems running in a highly open, dynamic and unpredictable Internet environment are inevitable to face all kinds of uncertainty. To monitor the operation of the web services system behavior analysis and analysis whether the system behavior is consistent with the requirements is the basis to determine whether the system needs to be reconfigured. In this paper, an analytical platform for the behavior of a web service-oriented system based on the probabilistic model checking is introduced which provides the basis for judging whether a system needs to be reconfigured by applying the approach of probabilistic model checking to verify whether the behavior system model is satisfied requirement properties. This platform is implemented in Java language and using the dot tool that the Graphviz provides and the PRISM model checker to construct the behavior model of the web service-oriented system based on web log files, to view and edit behavior models visually, and to convert the model from one form to another to make it convenience for users to use the model checker PRISM. Finally, we can judge whether the model is satisfied the desired requirements according to the verification result.
Severing Corruption from Everyday Life
Authors: Omotosho Babatunde Joshua
Published: March 2015

One of the challenging scenarios regarding political landscape in developing countries has to do with corruption and Nigeria is not an exception. Politicians often tow the paths of corrupt practices (while preparing for election and upon assumption of political offices) due to a number of social and economic factors. Attempts have been made by different administrations in this country to severe these twin brothers (corruption and politics) in order to ensure a lasting democracy in Nigeria. In spite of these efforts, the success story is nothing to write home about. The questions therefore are: is there any tie between corruption and culture? At what point did corruption become an identifiable feature of Nigerian politics? What are the steps taken so far to address this menace and what are the achievements over time? All these issues and others become critical as this paper examines the place of culture in corruption in Nigeria.
The India against Corruption Movement
Authors: Gowda M. V. Rajeev , Prakash Purnima
Published: March 2015

Activists demanding the establishment of an anti-corruption watchdog or “Lok Pal,” launched the India Against Corruption (IAC) movement. This chapter documents how IAC's leaders made astute use of mass media and social media to draw India's urban middle classes out onto the streets to protest against corruption in government. IAC succeeded in pressurising the Indian government to involve its activists in an effort to formulate an anti-corruption bill. A section of IAC has since launched the Aam Aadmi (Common Man) party, which has met with initial electoral success.
Globalization and its Challenges for Teacher Education in Nigeria
Authors: Noah A. O. K. , Oni Adesoji A. , Dosunmu Simeon A.
Published: March 2015

The phenomenon of globalization is defined variously, but in general, it is defined as the establishment of a global market for goods and capital, leading to what could be described as a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections between places, events, ideas, issues, and things, irrespective of whether they are directly related or not. Globalization on the other hand cannot be a reality in any nation if its educational system is not implicitly or explicitly geared towards achieving meaningful and desirable change for that society. However, since education and indeed the (educator) teacher constitute the most viable instruments by which an emerging nation can catch up with the developed countries, globalization will therefore be a mirage if teacher education is not geared towards producing teachers who are globalization friendly, teachers who are not allergic to globalization. In view of the above, this chapter examines the concept of globalization side by side with the current goals of teacher education in Nigeria.
Corruption, Business Climate, and Economic Growth
Authors: Chandan Harish C.
Published: March 2015

Corruption is globally pervasive. Defined as abuse of entrusted power for private gain (Transparency International, 2013), corruption represents a set of economic, social, cultural, and political practices that are secretive and rooted in greed, ambition, or quest for power. This chapter reviews causes of corruption including the macro- and micro-level determinants of corruption such as leadership, management, and organizational culture. Various subjective and objective measures of corruption are discussed. Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Heritage Foundation's Economic Freedom Index (EFI) are reviewed. The World Bank's Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), Doing Business Indicator (DBI), and World Bank Institute's Governance Indicator (WBI-GI) are also reviewed, as is the role of global anti-corruption agencies and various instruments. Additionally, the relationship between corruption and foreign domestic investment, economic growth, and economic and political institutions are considered, as are anti-corruption intervention strategies for corruption and business ethics training.
Entrepreneurial Ethical Decision Making
Authors: Öksüzoğlu-Güven Gizem
Published: March 2015

This chapter looks into determinants and contexts that influence an entrepreneur's decision where ethical judgment is required. By looking into relevant theories and research in the field of ethical decision making, concepts of greed and power and their influence on ethical decision making, cognitive moral development, individual psychological characteristics, ethical ideologies, organizational, environmental, industrial, and moral intensity are discussed through relevant models. The aim is to provide a perspective on understanding ethical decision making in the entrepreneurial context by forming a bridge between our understanding of individual moral psychology and entrepreneurial decision making. This discussion further augments the existing research on entrepreneurship and SME literature within the ethical decision-making context. What is presented in this chapter provides an alternative understanding of reasoning when examining entrepreneurial behaviour.
The Role of Religion and National Culture in Economic Growth of Emerging Markets
Authors: Chandan Harish C.
Published: March 2015

Religion can influence economic growth and economic growth can influence religiosity (Barro & Mitchell, 2004; Barro & McCleary, 2003; McCleary, 2007). Earlier, Weber (1904, 1930, 1958) had suggested that the protestant work ethic gave rise to capitalism and that other major world religions including Catholicism, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism were not conducive to capitalism. However, the data on predicted growth rates and the current majority religion for the 24 emerging economies (Yeyati & Williams, 2012; IMF WEO, 2010) suggest these emerging economies with high growth rates include a variety of geo-political regions representing many different religions, national cultures, and even “no-religion” affiliation. For the same majority religion, the economic growth rates and Hofstede's (1980) national culture dimensions vary among nations. Thus, religion alone is not sufficient to explain the higher economic growth of the emerging economies. The economic growth is influenced by additional social, political, and macroeconomic variables including human capital, infrastructure, technological progress, political stability, capital formation, domestic credit to private sector, foreign domestic investment, inflation rate, exchange rate, and international trade. In a secular sense, the religious beliefs and cultural values related to work and social ethic are conducive to economic growth through entrepreneurship and organizational effectiveness.
A comprehensive typology of philosophical perspectives on Qohelet
Authors: Gericke Jacobus W.
Published: March 2015

In this article, the author seeks to provide the first comprehensive typology of philosophical approaches to the book of Qohelet (Ecclesiastes). Six overlapping, yet functionally distinct, meta-philosophical categories are identified, namely (1) general philosophical profiling, (2) ancient philosophical comparisons, (3) modern philosophical comparisons, (4) topical philosophical exegesis, (5) philosophical reception histories and actualisations and (6) antiphilosophical readings. The conclusion of the study is that research on Qohelet in relationship to philosophy is quantitatively more complex and multifaceted than traditional overviews tend to show.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This study challenges the context of currently available perspectives on Qohelet in relationship to philosophy, resulting in the provisioning of a quantitatively more functional framework for meta-philosophical commentary, which in turn both demands and makes possible a change in the way philosophical approaches to the text are construed.
Motivation for HPV Vaccination among Young Adult Men: Validation of TTM Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy Constructs
Authors: Fernandez Anne C. , Amoyal Nicole R. , Paiva Andrea L. , Prochaska James O.
Published: March 2015

Purpose.

In the United States, 36% of human papillomavirus (HPV)–related cancers occur among men. HPV vaccination can substantially reduce the risk of HPV infection; however, the vast majority of men are unvaccinated. This study developed and validated transtheoretical model–based measures for HPV vaccination in young adult men.

Design.

Cross-sectional measurement development.

Setting.

Online survey of young adult men.

Subjects.

Three hundred twenty-nine mostly college-attending men, ages 18 to 26.

Measures.

Stage of change, decisional balance (pros/cons), and self-efficacy.

Analysis.

The sample was randomly split into halves for exploratory principal components analysis (PCA), followed by confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to test measurement models. Multivariate analyses examined relationships between scales.

Results.

For decisional balance, PCA revealed two uncorrelated five-item factors (pros α = .78; cons α = .83). For the self-efficacy scale, PCA revealed a single-factor solution (α = .83). CFA confirmed that the two-factor uncorrelated model for decisional balance and a single-factor model for self-efficacy. Follow-up analyses of variance supported the theoretically predicted relationships between stage of change, pros, and self-efficacy.

Conclusion.

This study resulted in reliable and valid measures of pros and self-efficacy for HPV vaccination that can be used in future clinical research.
Relating hygroscopicity and optical properties to chemical composition and structure of secondary organic aerosol particles generated from the ozonolysis of α-pinene
Authors: Denjean C. , Formenti P. , Picquet-Varrault B. , Pangui E. , Zapf P. , Katrib Y. , Giorio C. , Tapparo A. , Monod A. , Temime-Roussel B. , Decorse P. , Mangeney C. , Doussin J. F.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) were generated from the ozonolysis of α-pinene in the CESAM (French acronym for Experimental Multiphasic Atmospheric Simulation Chamber) simulation chamber. The SOA formation and aging were studied by following their optical, hygroscopic and chemical properties. The optical properties were investigated by determining the particle complex refractive index (CRI). The hygroscopicity was quantified by measuring the effect of relative humidity (RH) on the particle size (size growth factor, GF) and on the scattering coefficient (scattering growth factor, f(RH)). The oxygen to carbon atomic ratios (O : C) of the particle surface and bulk were used as a sensitive parameter to correlate the changes in hygroscopic and optical properties of the SOA composition during their formation and aging in CESAM. The real CRI at 525 nm wavelength decreased from 1.43–1.60 (±0.02) to 1.32–1.38 (±0.02) during the SOA formation. The decrease in the real CRI correlated to the O : C decrease from 0.68 (±0.20) to 0.55 (±0.16). In contrast, the GF remained roughly constant over the reaction time, with values of 1.02–1.07 (±0.02) at 90% (±4.2%) RH. Simultaneous measurements of O : C of the particle surface revealed that the SOA was not composed of a homogeneous mixture, but contained less oxidised species at the surface which may limit water absorption. In addition, an apparent change in both mobility diameter and scattering coefficient with increasing RH from 0 to 30% was observed for SOA after 14 h of reaction. We postulate that this change could be due to a change in the viscosity of the SOA from a predominantly glassy state to a predominantly liquid state.
Comparison of OMI UV observations with ground-based measurements at high northern latitudes
Authors: Bernhard G. , Arola A. , Dahlback A. , Fioletov V. , Heikkilä A. , Johnsen B. , Koskela T. , Lakkala K. , Svendby T. , Tamminen J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The Dutch-Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASA's Aura spacecraft provides estimates of erythemal (sunburning) ultraviolet (UV) dose rates and erythemal daily doses. These data were compared with ground-based measurements at 13 stations located throughout the Arctic and Scandinavia from 60 to 83° N. The study corroborates results from earlier work, but is based on a longer time series (eight vs. two years) and considers additional data products, such as the erythemal dose rate at the time of the satellite overpass. Furthermore, systematic errors in satellite UV data resulting from inaccuracies in the surface albedo climatology used in the OMI UV algorithm are systematically assessed. At times when the surface albedo is correctly known, OMI data typically exceed ground-based measurements by 0–11%. When the OMI albedo climatology exceeds the actual albedo, OMI data may be biased high by as much as 55%. In turn, when the OMI albedo climatology is too low, OMI data can be biased low by up to 59%. Such large negative biases may occur when reflections from snow and ice, which increase downwelling UV irradiance, are misinterpreted as reflections from clouds, which decrease the UV flux at the surface. Results suggest that a better OMI albedo climatology would greatly improve the accuracy of OMI UV data products even if year-to-year differences of the actual albedo cannot be accounted for. A pathway for improving the OMI albedo climatology is discussed. Results also demonstrate that ground-based measurements from the center of Greenland, where high, homogenous surface albedo is observed year round, are ideally suited to detect systematic problems or temporal drifts in estimates of surface UV irradiance from space.
Contribution from biogenic organic compounds to particle growth during the 2010 BEACHON-ROCS campaign in a Colorado temperate needle leaf forest
Authors: Zhou L. , Gierens R. , Sogachev A. , Mogensen D. , Ortega J. , Smith J. N. , Harley P. C. , Prenni A. J. , Levin E. J. T. , Turnipseed A. , Rusanen A. , Smolander S. , Guenther A. B. , Kulmala M. , Karl T. , Boy M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) is an important atmospheric phenomenon. During a NPF event, molecular clusters first form by nucleation and then grow further by condensation of vapors. The growth step is crucial because it controls the number of particles that can become cloud condensation nuclei. In order to better understand the influence of biogenic emissions on particle growth, we carried out modeling studies of NPF events during the BEACHON-ROCS campaign at Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory in Colorado, USA. The site is representative of the semi-arid Western US. The implemented chemistry scheme with the latest Criegee intermediates reaction rates underestimates sulfuric acid concentration by 50%, suggesting missing atmospheric sulfuric acid sources. The results emphasize the contribution from biogenic volatile organic compound emissions to particle growth by demonstrating the effects of the oxidation products of monoterpenes and 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO). Monoterpene oxidation products are shown to influence the nighttime particle loadings significantly while their concentrations are insufficient to grow the particles during the day. The growth of ultrafine particles in daytime appears to be closely related to the OH oxidation products of MBO.
Marine sources of bromoform in the global open ocean – global patterns and emissions
Authors: Stemmler I. , Hense I. , Quack B.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Bromoform (CHBr3) is one important precursor of atmospheric reactive bromine species that are involved in ozone depletion in the troposphere and stratosphere. In the open ocean bromoform production is linked to phytoplankton that contains the enzyme bromoperoxidase. Coastal sources of bromoform are higher than open ocean sources. However, open ocean emissions are important because the transfer of tracers into higher altitude in the air, i.e. into the ozone layer, strongly depends on the location of emissions. For example, emissions in the tropics are more rapidly transported into the upper atmosphere than emissions from higher latitudes. Global spatio-temporal features of bromoform emissions are poorly constrained. Here, a global three-dimensional ocean biogeochemistry model (MPIOM-HAMOCC) is used to simulate bromoform cycling in the ocean and emissions into the atmosphere using recently published data of global atmospheric concentrations (Ziska et al., 2013) as upper boundary conditions. Our simulated surface concentrations of CHBr3 match the observations well. Simulated global annual emissions based on monthly mean model output are lower than previous estimates, including the estimate by Ziska et al. (2013), because the gas exchange reverses when less bromoform is produced in non-blooming seasons. This is the case for higher latitudes, i.e. the polar regions and northern North Atlantic. Further model experiments show that future model studies may need to distinguish different bromoform-producing phytoplankton species and reveal that the transport of CHBr3 from the coast considerably alters open ocean bromoform concentrations, in particular in the northern sub-polar and polar regions.
Tsunami response system for ports in Korea
Authors: Cho H.-R. , Cho J.-S. , Cho Y.-S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The tsunamis that have occurred in many places around the world over the past decade have taken a heavy toll on human lives and property. The eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula is not safe from tsunamis, particularly the eastern coastal areas, which have long sustained tsunami damage. The aim of this study was to mitigate the casualties and property damage on the east eastern coast by developing a proper tsunami response system for important ports and harbors with high population densities and high concentrations of key national industries. For study purposes, the government-managed major international trade ports and coastal harbors were selected and an effective tsunami response system was formulated based on field surveys and related literature.
Statistical optimization for passive scalar transport: maximum entropy production versus maximum Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy
Authors: Mihelich M. , Faranda D. , Dubrulle B. , Paillard D.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We derive rigorous results on the link between the principle of maximum entropy production and the principle of maximum Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy for a Markov model of the passive scalar diffusion called the Zero Range Process. We show analytically that both the entropy production and the Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, seen as functions of a parameter f connected to the jump probability, admit a unique maximum denoted fmaxEP and fmaxKS. The behaviour of these two maxima is explored as a function of the system disequilibrium and the system resolution N. The main result of this paper is that fmaxEP and fmaxKS have the same Taylor expansion at first order in the deviation from equilibrium. We find that fmaxEP hardly depends on N whereas fmaxKS depends strongly on N. In particular, for a fixed difference of potential between the reservoirs, fmaxEP(N) tends towards a non-zero value, while fmaxKS(N) tends to 0 when N goes to infinity. For values of N typical of those adopted by Paltridge and climatologists working on maximum entropy production (N ≈ 10–100), we show that fmaxEP and fmaxKS coincide even far from equilibrium. Finally, we show that one can find an optimal resolution N* such that fmaxEP and fmaxKS coincide, at least up to a second-order parameter proportional to the non-equilibrium fluxes imposed to the boundaries. We find that the optimal resolution N* depends on the non-equilibrium fluxes, so that deeper convection should be represented on finer grids. This result points to the inadequacy of using a single grid for representing convection in climate and weather models. Moreover, the application of this principle to passive scalar transport parametrization is therefore expected to provide both the value of the optimal flux, and of the optimal number of degrees of freedom (resolution) to describe the system.
Impact of model developments on present and future simulations of permafrost in a global land-surface model
Authors: Chadburn S. E. , Burke E. J. , Essery R. L. H. , Boike J. , Langer M. , Heikenfeld M. , Cox P. M. , Friedlingstein P.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. There is a large amount of organic carbon stored in permafrost in the northern high latitudes, which may become vulnerable to microbial decomposition under future climate warming. In order to estimate this potential carbon-climate feedback it is necessary to correctly simulate the physical dynamics of permafrost within global Earth System Models (ESMs) and to determine the rate at which it will thaw. Additional new processes within JULES, the land surface scheme of the UK ESM (UKESM), include a representation of organic soils, moss and bedrock, and a modification to the snow scheme. The impact of a higher vertical soil resolution and deeper soil column is also considered. Evaluation against a large group of sites shows the annual cycle of soil temperatures is approximately 25 % too large in the standard JULES version, but this error is corrected by the model improvements, in particular by deeper soil, organic soils, moss and the modified snow scheme. Comparing with active layer monitoring sites shows that the active layer is on average just over 1 m too deep in the standard model version, and this bias is reduced by 70 cm in the improved version. Increasing the soil vertical resolution allows the full range of active layer depths to be simulated, where by contrast with a poorly resolved soil, at least 50% of the permafrost area has a maximum thaw depth at the centre of the bottom soil layer. Thus all the model modifications are seen to improve the permafrost simulations. Historical permafrost area corresponds fairly well to observations in all simulations, covering an area between 14–19 million km2. Simulations under two future climate scenarios show a reduced sensitivity of permafrost degradation to temperature, with the near-surface permafrost lost per degree of warming reduced from 1.5 million km2 °C−1 in the standard version of JULES to between 1.1 and 1.2 million km2 °C−1 in the new model version. However, the near-surface permafrost area is still projected to approximately half by the end of the 21st century under the RCP8.5 scenario.
Over kenmerken van sociale onrust en verzet
Authors: Moors Hans
Published: March 2015

On characteristics of social disorder and resistance

Recent scientific literature and media focus on new styles, rituals and instruments in the phenomena of social disorder and resistance. People fight for new issues, in changing in/out group settings, with social media as a means to an end that often is not so obvious from the start. The various, dynamic local contexts define how and why these new ambitions and techniques become trenchant.From a long term perspective patterns and appearances do change, but (perceived) distributive injustice and procedural injustice remain the key drivers motivating social disorder and resistance. Feeding on recent studies about the immediate aftermath of the Second World War (1945), the Arab Spring (2010-2011), and the British ‘Summer of Discontent’ (2011), this article reconsiders the question: what’s new?
Retos en torno al préstamo de libros digitales en bibliotecas
Authors: Alonso-Arévalo Julio , Cordón-García José Antonio
Published: March 2015

El desarrollo y la expansión del mercado mundial de libros electrónicos y los modelos asociados al préstamo en biblioteca se encuentran todavía en un estado evolutivo y de cierta incertidumbre. Después de una primera etapa en la que importantes editores se negaban a vender licencias de préstamo, en el momento actual los editores están poniendo más títulos de libros electrónicos a disposición de las bibliotecas, aunque con algunas restricciones. La tendencia dominante se está moviendo inexorablemente hacia una mayor disponibilidad y acceso a títulos digitales para las bibliotecas. Superada esta fase, en torno a la poca disponibilidad de títulos para el préstamo público quedan pendientes otros asuntos como la cuestión de los costes de las licencias, con tarifas diferenciadas de las ofrecidas al público, que se incrementan en algunos casos hasta por tres o más veces del precio de venta al público, lo que complica aún más los procesos de adquisiciones para bibliotecas, en un momento en el que los presupuestos son limitados, lo que dificulta la capacidad de las bibliotecas para dotarse de una colección adecuada de productos digitales. Además de otras cuestiones de carácter, tecnológico y comercial que limitan muchos de los usos que tenían las bibliotecas en el contexto analógico, como la posesión en propiedad de la colección, la estabilidad de la misma, la portabilidad entre plataformas, o las dificultades asociadas a los sistemas DRM de gestión de derechos digitales.
El papel de los parques naturales en los procesos de diversificación turística: una aplicación al litoral alicantino
Authors: Capdepón Frías Margarita
Published: March 2015

Los destinos turísticos del litoral alicantino, tras una larga trayectoria en su ciclo de vida, se encuentran en fase de consolidación o madurez, además de caracterizarse por un modelo de ocupación de claro sesgo residencial que genera serios impactos medioambientales y socioeconómicos, y que tiene también efectos en la dinámica del propio sector turístico. Por ello, es preciso acometer estrategias de renovación de entornos y diversificación de la oferta, para lo que es necesario un aprovechamiento racional y la revalorización de recursos escasamente utilizados, como vía para la creación de nuevos productos. En este sentido, los activos del medio natural, y en concreto los parques naturales, ofrecen interesantes posibilidades para este propósito.
Carteles, publicidad y territorio: la creación de la identidad turística en España (1929-1936)
Authors: Fernández Poyatos María Dolores , Valero Escandell José Ramón
Published: March 2015

El Patronato Nacional de Turismo, desde su fundación en 1928, asumió como una de sus tareas esenciales la promoción turística de España. Para ello, entre otras actividades, editó varias decenas de carteles en distintas lenguas, en los que difundió no sólo la riqueza territorial de nuestro país, sino también una determinada concepción de España que pudiera despertar el interés de potenciales visitantes, es decir, una auténtica identidad turística española.
Analizar desde la óptica publicitaria y la geográfica el conjunto de carteles que han llegado hasta nosotros y establecer los aspectos claves de aquella promoción de nuestro país es el objetivo de este artículo.
La huerta de Alicante y sus torres de defensa: propuesta de una ruta turística
Authors: Morote Seguido Álvaro Francisco , Medina Aragón Rocío Esperanza
Published: March 2015

La Huerta de Alicante y sus torres de defensa son un conjunto patrimonial que se podrían aprovechar para incorporar al mercado turístico de la ciudad de Alicante. Las torres de defensa son construcciones de los siglos XV-XVII que fueron utilizadas para que la población se refugiara ante los continuos ataques de piratas procedentes del Norte de África. En la actualidad, algunas de ellas han desaparecido o están en ruinas a pesar de estar declaradas Bien de Interés Cultural (BIC). El objetivo de esta investigación es promocionar la Huerta de Alicante y sus torres de defensa con la propuesta de una ruta turística.
Recursos turísticos y atractivos turísticos: conceptualización, clasificación y valoración
Authors: Navarro Diego
Published: March 2015

A partir de las definiciones disponibles de recursos turísticos y atractivos turísticos, se identifican coincidencias, excesos y omisiones: la variable funcional y el estado de conversión definen la diferencia. Luego, se propone una clasificación de recursos (con base en enfoques sistémicos y tipologías de la UNESCO) y de atractivos (en consideración del valor de sus recursos y representaciones de base así como de la capacidad o necesidad de ser intervenidos). Se plantean además herramientas de valoración para ambas categorías dependientes de las características destacables para los recursos y en virtud de las gestiones realizadas para los atractivos.
El guía turístico, diferencias y similitudes entre Comunidades Autónomas
Authors: Ramallo Miñán Elena del Pilar
Published: March 2015

El guía de turismo desempeña un papel de gran importancia, por ser una de las primeras personas con las que contacta el turista en el destino, atendiéndolo, informándolo y orientándolo durante su estancia. La calidad de la prestación de sus servicios determina en muchos casos la imagen y el grado de satisfacción que los visitantes se lleven del destino escogido, ya que el guía es responsable de su asistencia, conducción e información. De ahí la necesidad de contar con profesionales especializados, con una buena formación y amplios conocimientos, precisos y actualizados.
In Defence of Extinctionism
Authors: Albersmeier Frauke
Published: March 2015

In Zoopolis, Donaldson and Kymlicka dismiss the abolitionist, or extinctionist approach in animal rights theory as insufficient in its theoretical foundation and disproportional regarding the means it promotes to prevent domesticated animals from suffering abuse by humans. Among the consequences of their counterproposal—granting domesticated animals citizenship—is an increased pressure to justify any interference with domesticated animals’ reproductive activities. This paper attempts to give such justification with reference to domesticated animals’ specific state of vulnerability, but also takes into account the interest of the mixed society to prevent overly demanding obligations. Even while recognizing existing domesticated animals as citizens, humans might be unable to fully meet their obligation to protect the most dependent of them, and therefore might be justified in conditionally subscribing to “extinctionism” and limiting these animals’ reproduction to the point of their ultimate extinction. Therefore, rather than upholding a strict opposition between extinctionism in any form and a political framework for animal rights, out of reasonable concern for the well-being of domesticated animals in the societies they have been placed in, a qualified extinctionist approach should be incorporated into the political framework developed in Zoopolis.
Animal Ethics and Politics Beyond the Social Contract
Authors: Reynolds Alan
Published: March 2015

This paper is divided into three sections. First, I describe the wide plurality of views on issues of animal ethics, showing that our disagreements here are deep and profound. This fact of reasonable pluralism about animal ethics presents a political problem. According to the dominant liberal tradition of political philosophy, it is impermissible for one faction of people to impose its values upon another faction of people who reasonably reject those values. Instead, we are obligated to justify our political actions to each other using reasons that everyone can accept. Thus, in the second section I suggest that our condition of reasonable pluralism inspires us to turn toward some form of contractarianism. The social contract tradition emerged precisely as an attempt to think about how a society characterized by deep moral disagreement could nonetheless agree about the basic principles of justice. I will show, in this section, that although the social contract tradition would seem to contain the best tools for thinking about how to deal with moral disagreement, it fails to help us think through the important issues of animal ethics. In the concluding section, I suggest some ways in which political philosophy might move beyond contractarianism when thinking about this issue, including embracing an agonistic style of politics.
De l’étranger au familier : structure analogique de l’éthique animale
Authors: Ravat Jérôme
Published: March 2015

Cet article vise à souligner la place centrale qu’occupe l’analogie au sein de l’éthique animale, à la fois d’un point de vue descriptif, explicatif et normatif. Nous montrons que l’analogie joue un rôle décisif dans la compréhension du statut moral de l’animal, puisqu’elle permet d’éclairer ce qui est moins connu (les animaux non humains) à partir de ce qui est plus connu (les animaux humains). Nous soulignerons le fait que l’analogie revêt deux fonctions significatives : une fonction critique (elle permet de remettre en cause l’exploitation et la domination de l’animal) et une fonction intégratrice (elle légitime une extension des principes moraux en dehors du champ humain). Nous montrons également que l’analogie, en vertu de sa dimension interprétative, suscite également de nombreux désaccords, et produit des représentations morales divergentes de l’animal.
Defending the Defenceless: Speciesism, Animal Liberation, and Consistency in Applied Ethics
Authors: Kemmerer Lisa A.
Published: March 2015

This article explores whether or not animal activists who engage in violence might legitimately be labelled “terrorists.” To this end, I examine common assumptions concerning the use of pre-emptive counter-violence in order to defend the comparatively defenceless. Through the use of casuistry, this essay compares specific hypothetical instances of killing comparatively defenceless individuals, beginning with scenarios that offer a clear general consensus, moving to more controversial cases. This indicates that contemporary violence on behalf of animal liberation, often assumed to be rash and radical, is actually quite restrained. The intent of this paper is not to make claims as to how liberationists ought to behave, but rather to highlight egregious inconsistencies in our attitudes toward violence on behalf of those who are comparatively defenceless.
Advancing biology through a deeper understanding of zebrafish ecology and evolution
Authors: Parichy David M
Published: March 2015

Over the last two decades, the zebrafish has joined the ranks of premier model organisms for biomedical research, with a full suite of tools and genomic resources. Yet we still know comparatively little about its natural history. Here I review what is known about the natural history of the zebrafish, where significant gaps in our knowledge remain, and how a fuller appreciation of this organism's ecology and behavior, population genetics, and phylogeny can inform a variety of research endeavors.
An organismal perspective on C. intestinalis development, origins and diversification
Authors: Kourakis Matthew J , Smith William C
Published: March 2015

The ascidian Ciona intestinalis, commonly known as a ‘sea squirt’, has become an important model for embryological studies, offering a simple blueprint for chordate development. As a model organism, it offers the following: a small, compact genome; a free swimming larva with only about 2600 cells; and an embryogenesis that unfolds according to a predictable program of cell division. Moreover, recent phylogenies reveal that C. intestinalis occupies a privileged branch in the tree of life: it is our nearest invertebrate relative. Here, we provide an organismal perspective of C. intestinalis, highlighting aspects of its life history and habitat—from its brief journey as a larva to its radical metamorphosis into adult form—and relate these features to its utility as a laboratory model.
New opportunities at the wild frontier
Authors: Alfred Jane , Baldwin Ian T
Published: March 2015

A better understanding of the natural history of model organisms will increase their value as model systems and also keep them at the forefront of research.
Experimental evolution reveals hidden diversity in evolutionary pathways
Authors: Lind Peter A , Farr Andrew D , Rainey Paul B
Published: March 2015

Replicate populations of natural and experimental organisms often show evidence of parallel genetic evolution, but the causes are unclear. The wrinkly spreader morph of Pseudomonas fluorescens arises repeatedly during experimental evolution. The mutational causes reside exclusively within three pathways. By eliminating these, 13 new mutational pathways were discovered with the newly arising WS types having fitnesses similar to those arising from the commonly passaged routes. Our findings show that parallel genetic evolution is strongly biased by constraints and we reveal the genetic bases. From such knowledge, and in instances where new phenotypes arise via gene activation, we suggest a set of principles: evolution proceeds firstly via pathways subject to negative regulation, then via promoter mutations and gene fusions, and finally via activation by intragenic gain-of-function mutations. These principles inform evolutionary forecasting and have relevance to interpreting the diverse array of mutations associated with clinically identical instances of disease in humans.