bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations when communicating with awake patients undergoing image-guided neuro-interventions
Authors: Stafa Altin , Simonetti Luigi , Di Paola Francesco , Leonardi Marco
Published: August 2015

The authors empirically evaluated the context of intra-procedural physician-patient communication during imaging-guided procedures in a radiology/neuroradiology interventional clinical framework. Different intra-procedural communicative scenarios are reported.

They conclude that the quality of intra-procedural physician-patient communication should be considered an important element of individual and team ethical and professional behaviour, able to strongly influence the therapeutic alliance. As for the whole medical communication strategy, an approach which takes into account the psychological and cultural background of the individual patient is preferred.
From Disunited to Joint Action
Authors: Mönkkönen Kaarina , Puusa Anu
Published: August 2015

Inter-organizational collaboration can be understood as a product of sets of conversations that draw on existing discourses. This article examines one public organization going through a fundamental organizational change. We describe the process of construction of organizational identity after a merger by using a model describing identified forms of interaction: (a) formally together, (b) unidirectional interaction, (c) juxtapositions, (d) construction of commonality, and (e) the state of joint action. There is a link between the construction of a more collectively interpreted identity and the way in which people communicate, create relationships, and network. This article highlights the relevance and meaning of conscious identity work in the process: The management’s ability and willingness to create forums for dialogue and social interaction creates potential for construction of a collectively interpreted organizational identity and promotes cooperation and collaboration.
Aging Out of Care in Ethiopia
Authors: Pryce Julia M. , Jones Sarah Lyn , Wildman Anne , Thomas Anita , Okrzesik Kristen , Kaufka-Walts Katherine
Published: August 2015

This interpretive study examines the experiences of 54 Ethiopian emerging adults who had aged out of institutional care facilities. Findings are derived from interviews and focus groups in which questions and activities focused on the challenges faced by participants and the supports they relied on throughout the transition process. These young adults reported facing many challenges upon leaving care, including difficulty finding gainful and interesting employment, a lack of many basic life skills, difficulty finding a support network, and significant stigma in the community due to their background in care. These challenges led to problems in creating any security during this life stage, including obtaining both housing and employment. In the midst of these many challenges, participants consistently reported that they turned to other care alumni for both material and emotional support. This article seeks to develop a beginning understanding of the complex dynamics of navigating emerging adulthood following transition from institutional care in Ethiopia.
The fractal analysis in q space for the phase morphology of polypropylene/polydecamethylene sebacamide blends during melt mixing
Authors: Huang Zihan , Yan Li-Tang , Ma Gui-Qiu , Sheng Jing
Published: August 2015

The fractal behavior in q space of polypropylene with polydecamethylene sebacamide (Nylon1010, PA1010) (90/10 vol%) blends during melt mixing is investigated, where q is the scattering wave vector. The relation between the small-angle laser scattering image and the power spectrum of the binarized scanning electron microscopy image is discussed. Two fractal dimensions, i.e. D1 and D2, are deduced in q space. The results show that the fractal dimensions are effective parameters to characterize the dynamics of the phase dispersion during melt mixing. D1 can be used to characterize the spatial fluctuation of the phase structure. With the increasing D1, the spatial fluctuation of the phase structure becomes bigger. And D2 can directly characterize the dispersion degree of the dispersed phase. Higher phase dispersion degree corresponds to bigger D2. The results indicate that these two fractal dimensions in q space have almost the same changing rule with the increasing mixing time. Both of them change considerably at the initial stage but, are almost unchanged after 2 min, demonstrating that the phase structure mainly forms at the initial stage during melt mixing.
Treatment Selection and Survival Outcomes in Early-Stage Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Do We Still Need Consolidative Radiotherapy?
Authors: Vargo John A. , Gill Beant S. , Balasubramani Goundappa K. , Beriwal Sushil
Published: August 2015

Purpose

The choice between chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus consolidative radiotherapy (RT) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains controversial. We aimed to define factors affecting treatment selection and the resulting survival outcomes.

Patients and Methods

Using the National Cancer Data Base, we identified 59,255 patients with stages I and II DLBCL treated with multiagent chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus consolidative RT between 1998 and 2012. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify sociodemographic, treatment, and tumor characteristics predictive of overall survival (OS) and treatment use. Propensity-adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios for survival were used to account for indication bias.

Results

Of the 59,255 patients with DLBCL enrolled onto the study, 46% had stage II disease, 42% had extranodal disease, and 58% were more than 60 years of age. Only 39% received combined-modality therapy, and this proportion significantly declined from 47% in 2000 to 32% in 2012 (P < .001). Treatment selection was significantly influenced by race, comorbidity, insurance type, education quartile, facility type, age, stage, B symptoms, distance from treatment facility, and year of diagnosis. The median follow-up time was 60 months (interquartile range, 33 to 93). Estimated 5-year and 10-year OS rates were, respectively, 79% and 59% for all patients, 75% and 55% for patients receiving chemotherapy alone, and 82% and 64% for patients receiving combined-modality therapy (P < .001). Even after adjusting for immortal times and indication bias, combined-modality therapy was associated with better OS (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.71; P < .001) than was chemotherapy alone.

Conclusion

Use of consolidative RT after multiagent chemotherapy in DLBCL is decreasing in the modern era. Selection of treatment strategy is affected by both classical prognostic features and socioeconomic factors. Abandonment of combined-modality therapy in favor of chemotherapy alone negatively affects patient survival.
Normal Thyroid Function and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study
Authors: Chaker Layal , Heeringa Jan , Dehghan Abbas , Medici Marco , Visser W. Edward , Baumgartner Christine , Hofman Albert , Rodondi Nicolas , Peeters Robin P. , Franco Oscar H.
Published: August 2015

Context:

Hyperthyroidism is an established risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but information concerning the association with variations within the normal range of thyroid function and subgroups at risk is lacking.

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the association between normal thyroid function and AF prospectively and explore potential differential risk patterns.

Design, Setting, and Participants:

From the Rotterdam Study we included 9166 participants ≥ 45 y with TSH and/or free T4 (FT4) measurements and AF assessment (1997–2012 median followup, 6.8 y), with 399 prevalent and 403 incident AF cases.

Main Outcome Measures:

Outcome measures were 3-fold: 1) hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of incident AF by Cox proportional-hazards models, 2) 10-year absolute risks taking competing risk of death into account, and 3) discrimination ability of adding FT4 to the CHARGE-AF simple model, an established prediction model for AF.

Results:

Higher FT4 levels were associated with higher risks of AF (HR 1.63, 95% confidence interval, 1.19–2.22), when comparing those in the highest quartile to those in lowest quartile. Absolute 10-year risks increased with higher FT4 in participants ≤65 y from 1–9% and from 6–12% in subjects ≥ 65 y. Discrimination of the prediction model improved when adding FT4 to the simple model (c-statistic, 0.722 vs 0.729; P = .039). TSH levels were not associated with AF.

Conclusions:

There is an increased risk of AF with higher FT4 levels within the normal range, especially in younger subjects. Adding FT4 to the simple model slightly improved discrimination of risk prediction.
π-Expanded Axially Chiral Biaryls and Their Emissions: Molecular Design, Syntheses, Optical Resolution, Absolute Configuration, and Circularly Polarized Luminescence of 1,1′-Bipyrene-2,2′-diols
Authors: Hassan Kamrul , Yamashita Ken-ichi , Hirabayashi Kazunori , Shimizu Toshio , Nakabayashi Kazuki , Imai Yoshitane , Matsumoto Takashi , Yamano Akihito , Sugiura Ken-ichi
Published: August 2015

Axially chiral biaryls based on pyrene, 1,1′-bipyrene-2,2′-diol derivatives 2, were designed and synthesized from 2-hydroxypyrene. Simple optical resolution was carried out and the absolute configuration was determined by diffraction study. Title compounds 2 and corresponding menthylcarbonate 4 showed clear circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) spectra. The degree of dimensionless Kuhn’s anisotropy in the photoexcited state (|gem|) of 2 and 4 were ca. 3.6 × 10−4 and ca. 1.2 × 10−3, respectively. Noteworthy properties were as follows: 1) high fluorescent quantum yields of 2 and 4, 0.57 and 0.80, respectively, in marked contrast to that of BINOL, 0.04 and 2) bathochromic shifts of λCPL.
Countries’ Biomedical Publications and Attraction Scores. A PubMed-based assessment
Authors: Xu Qinyi , Boggio Andrea , Ballabeni Andrea
Published: August 2015

Studying publication volumes at the country level is key to understanding and improving a country’s research system. PubMed is a public search engine of publications in all life sciences areas. Here, we show how this search engine can be used to assess the outputs of life science-related research by country. We have measured the numbers of publications during different time periods based on the country of affiliation of the first authors. Moreover, we have designed scores, which we have named Attraction Scores, to appraise the relative focus either toward particular types of studies, such as clinical trials or reviews, or toward specific research areas, such as public health and pharmacogenomics, or toward specific topics, for instance embryonic stem cells; we have also investigated a possible use of these Attraction Scores in connection with regulatory policies. We have weighed the statistics against general indicators such as country populations and gross domestic products (GDP). During the 5-year period 2008-2012, the United States was the country with the highest number of publications and Denmark the one with the highest number of publications per capita. Among the 40 countries with the highest GDPs, Israel had the highest publications-to-GDP ratio. Among the 20 countries with the most publications, Japan had the highest Attraction Score for induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and Italy the highest proportion of review publications. More than 50% of publications in English were from countries in which English is not the primary language. We show an assorted and extensive collection of rankings and charts that will inform scholars and policymakers in studying and improving the research systems both at the national and international level.
A Multi-Analytical Approach for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Conservation–Restoration Treatment of Moroccan Historical Manuscripts Dating to the 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries
Authors: Hajji Latifa , Boukir Abdellatif , Assouik Jamal , Kerbal Abdelali , Kajjout Mohamed , Doumenq Pierre , De Carvalho Maria Luisa
Published: August 2015

The most critical steps during the conservation-restoration treatment applied in Moroccan libraries are the deacidification using immersion in a saturated aqueous calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solution and the consolidation of degraded manuscripts using Japanese paper. The present study aims to assess the effciency of this restoration method using a multi-analytical approach. For this purpose, three ancient Arabic Moroccan manuscript papers dating back to the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries were investigated to characterize the paper support and make a comparative study between pre-restoration and post-restoration states. Three structural and molecular characterization techniques including solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on 13C with cross-polarization and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS NMR), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to elucidate the cellulose main features, to identify the inorganic composition of the papers, and to study the crystallinity of the samples. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) allowed us to obtain a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the mineral fillers used in the manufacturing of the papers. Scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) ascertained the state of conservation of the different papers and helped us to study the elemental composition of the samples. After restoration, it was shown that the deacidification improved the stability of papers by providing an important alkaline buffer, as demonstrated using FT-IR and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) results. However, XRD and ICP-AES did not confirm the pertinence of the treatment for all samples because of the unequal distribution of Ca on the paper surface during the restoration. The consolidation process was studied using SEM analysis; its effectiveness in restoring torn areas was found to be significant.
Tiro-aztarnen identifikazioa, auzitegi-laborategien erronka
Authors: Unceta Nora , Grijalba Nagore , Benito Sandra , Abrego Zuriñe , Sánchez Alicia , Goicolea Mª Aránzazu , Gomez Alberto , Vallejo Asier , Barrio Ramón J.
Published: August 2015

Azken urteotan, su-armen erabilera nabarmen handitu da gure gizartean eta horrek tiro egin ondoren sortutako partikulen analisirako metodologia berriak garatzea ekarri du. Krimen agertokian tiro-aztarnak (gunshot residue, GSR) osatzen dituzten konposatuen detekzio eta identifikazioak su-armen erabileraren ebidentzia fidagarria eskaintzen du. Tiro-aztarnak erretako eta erre gabeko partikulen multzoa da, munizioa erretzen denean sortutakoak eta su-armak berak, jaurtigaiak eta kartutxoak askatutako konposatuez osatuak. Tiro egin ostean, partikulak tiroa gertatu den tokiaren inguruan jalkitzen dira baina, batez ere, tiratzailearen gorputzean (eskuak, sudurra eta ilea) eta arropetan. Gaur egun, GSR partikulen ohiko analisia konposatu ez-organikoen identifikazioan oinarritzen da. Konposatu organikoen azterketak (organic gunshot residues, OGSR) lagin baten froga-balioa indartu dezake. Hala ere, gutxi dira OGSR-en dudarik gabeko identifikaziorako guztiz sentikorrak diren metodoak. Lan honetan beraz, tiro-aztarnen laginketa eta analisirako teknika aipagarrienak laburbildu eta berrikusten dira.
La U no es como el colegio
Authors: Saldarriaga López Wendy Dayana
Published: August 2015

Este libro de Esperanza Aguilar, Ivan Florez y Milton Florez, pretende dar a conocer algunos habitos y consejos para la vida universitaria centrandose en estudiantes que estan comenzando carrera. Los consejos van desde la vida academica hasta la vida social como jovenes.
Lectura y análisis de la carta de renuncia de Camilo Jiménez desde una postura crítica
Authors: Ochoa Sierra Ligia , Moreno Mosquera Emilce
Published: August 2015

La lectura crítica supone alcanzar un alto grado de comprensión de las ideas expresadas y subyacentes, de los razonamientos y la ideología implícita del texto. En relación a este tipo de lectura,  presentamos este artículo que tiene como intención mostrar el análisis de la carta de Camilo Jiménez, publicada en el periódico el Tiempo con el título “Profesor renuncia a su cátedra porque sus alumnos no escriben bien”, texto que en su momento fue muy polémico. Este trabajo se dio en el marco de una experiencia de formación de docentes de Educación Básica y Media de Bogotá en el campo de la lectura crítica. En el  análisis hemos retomado la propuesta de Catherine Wallace (2003), la cual ha sido formulada teniendo en cuenta algunos principios del Análisis Crítico del Discurso y de la Gramática Funcional de Halliday, específicamente lo referido al campo, el tenor y el modo.
Una propuesta inclusiva para la representación geométrica de los poliedros con población en condición de discapacidad visual
Authors: Gaviria Fuentes Yenny Rocío
Published: August 2015

Este trabajo es resultado del convenio de una pasantía de extensión. La propuesta fue desarrollada en un aula de carácter inclusivo, con población adulta limitada visual y vidente del tercer ciclo. Su propósito fue potenciar procesos de reconocimiento del espacio bidimensional
y tridimensional a partir de la geometría poligonal y poliédrica, mediante el diseño, aplicación y evaluación de una secuencia de actividades, la cual se desarrolló bajo el modelo Van Hiele. Como resultado se tienen la mejora significativa de los procesos de representación gráfica de todos los estudiantes y la adaptación de recursos específicos para la clase de geometría.
MODELO DE VARIACIÓN DEL CAUDAL EN LOS RÍOS PRINCIPALES DE LAS MICROCUENCAS SURATÁ ALTO, SURATÁ BAJO Y TONA CON BASE EN EL CAMBIO DE COBERTURAS QUE CONFORMAN EL PÁRAMO DE SANTURBÁN
Authors: Moreno Alarcón David Esteban , Garcia Vargas Julieth Marcela , Fuentes López Héctor
Published: August 2015

Se realiza un procesamiento digital de imágenes para los años 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2009 y 2011 en donde se verifican procesos de ortorrectificación, aplicación de índices, clasificaciones supervisadas, análisis multitemporal, cuantificación de áreas para cada cobertura en cada año; y finalizando con la generación de un modelo logístico que calcula la probabilidad de tener aumento de caudal o disminución del mismo.

Este estudio analiza la interacción entre el recurso hídrico y las coberturas del suelo, tomando como caso de estudio el caudal de los ríos Tona y Suratá, y las coberturas vegetales presentes en estos, para la región del páramo de Santurbán entre los límites de Santander y Norte de Santander.

El modelamiento del cambio en el caudal con base en las probabilidades de variación de las coberturas, busca poner de manifiesto desde una nueva perspectiva la relación existente entre el suelo, el agua y la vegetación. Es una metodología hasta el momento no aplicada que relaciona el procesamiento digital de imágenes satelitales con el modelamiento logístico. Sin embargo, la relación de estas variables ha sido abordada desde innumerables enfoques, algunos con base en muestreo estadístico, y otros con fundamentos espaciales.
Boundary value problem for the second order impulsive delay differential equations
Authors: Skóra Lidia
Published: August 2015

We present some existence and uniqueness result for a boundary value problem for functional differential equations of second order with impulses at fixed points.
Influence of textural properties on biomineralization behavior of mesoporous bioactive glasses
Authors: Kumar Anil , Murugavel Sevi
Published: August 2015

A new method of calcination for the sol-gel derived bioactive glass sample has been developed to produce superior textural and bioactive properties. Based on this method, mesoporous 67.4 SiO
A variant of the reciprocal super Catalan
matrix
Authors: Kılıç Emrah , Akkus Ilker , Kızılaslan Gonca
Published: August 2015

Recently Prodinger [8] considered the reciprocal super Catalan matrix and gave explicit formulæ
for its LU-decomposition, the LU-decomposition of its inverse, and obtained some related matrices. For
all results, q-analogues were also presented. In this paper, we define and study a variant of the reciprocal
super Catalan matrix with two additional parameters. Explicit formulæ for its LU-decomposition, LUdecomposition
of its inverse and the Cholesky decomposition are obtained. For all results, q-analogues are
also presented.
Kelsen, Heller and Schmitt: Paradigms of Sovereignty Thought
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: August 2015

Eyal Benvenisti has sought to provide an optimistic account of international law through reconceptualizing the idea of sovereignty as a kind of trusteeship for humanity. He thus sketches a welcome antidote to trends in recent work in public law including public international law that claim that international law is no more than a cloak for economic and political interests, so that all that matters is which powerful actor gets to decide. In this Article, I approach his position through a discussion of the debate in Weimar about sovereignty between Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller. I try to show that Heller’s almost unknown legal theory might be helpful to Benvenisti’s position. Heller shared with Schmitt the idea that sovereignty had to have a central role in legal theory and that its role includes a place for a final legal decision. Indeed, much more than Schmitt, Heller regarded all accounts of sovereignty as inherently political. However, in a manner closer to the spirit of Kelsen’s enterprise than to Schmitt’s, he wished to emphasize that the ultimate decider - the sovereign decision unit of the political order of liberal democracy - is entirely legally constituted. Moreover, Heller argued that fundamental principles of legality condition the exercise of a sovereign power in a way that explains the specific legitimacy of legality and which might supply the link between sovereignty and ideas such as trusteeship and humanity.
On Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and Solidarity Or: How Can a Solidaristic Idea of Legitimate Sovereignty Be Justified?
Authors: Dellavalle Sergio
Published: August 2015

The traditional concept of sovereignty is largely independent of democratic legitimacy and completely indifferent to any obligation towards non-national citizens. But can this traditional concept meet the normative expectations of a post-traditional understanding of political authority as well as the challenges of an ever more interconnected world? In order to respond to this question, the Article analyzes the conceptual presuppositions that lie at the basis of the notion of “sovereignty,” first regarding its sources, and second regarding the ideas of rationality that are applied when sovereign actors operate. As far as the sources of sovereignty are concerned, it is argued that both of them - the “ascending” and the “descending” - although decisive for determining the quality of the legitimacy of political power, have little influence on a positive attitude of sovereigns towards aliens’ interests. To clarify the conditions for an opening of sovereign powers to solidarity, an assessment of the rationalities which are implemented when a sovereign puts actions into effect is therefore required. Yet most rationality concepts - or uses of practical reason - prove to be negative or at least useless when it comes to the question of supporting solidarity: the gamut ranges from open hostility towards the idea of taking the interests of aliens into account, through substantial indifference, to a positive approach which presupposes, however, non-provable metaphysical assumptions or an individual mindset with no pretension of issuing norms of general validity. Only the communicative conception of reason meets the criteria for a convincing justification of solidarity towards aliens as an obligation. The author therefore concludes that only an “ascending” sovereignty based on a communicative understanding of rationality can be considered fully legitimate insofar as the sovereign power, in this case, first originates from the will of the citizens and, second, is morally, politically and legally obliged to a solidaristic attitude towards the justified interests of non-citizens.
Three Grotian Theories of Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Criddle Evan J.
Published: August 2015

This Article explores three theories of humanitarian intervention that appear in, or are inspired by, the writings of Hugo Grotius. One theory asserts that natural law authorizes all states to punish violations of the law of nations, irrespective of where or against whom the violations occur, to preserve the integrity of international law. A second theory, which also appears in Grotius’s writings, proposes that states may intervene as temporary legal guardians for peoples who have suffered intolerable cruelties at the hands of their own state. Each of these theories has fallen out of fashion today based on skepticism about their natural law underpinnings and concerns about how they have facilitated Western colonialism. As an alternative, this Article outlines a third theory that builds upon Grotius’s account of humanitarian intervention as a fiduciary relationship, while updating Grotius’s account for the twenty-first century. According to this new fiduciary theory, when states intervene to protect human rights abroad they exercise an oppressed people’s right of self-defense on their behalf and may use force solely for the people’s benefit. As fiduciaries, intervening states bear obligations to consult with and honor the preferences of the people they seek to protect, and they must respect international human rights governing the use of force within the affected state. By clarifying the respective responsibilities of the Security Council and individual states for humanitarian intervention, the fiduciary theory also lends greater coherency to the international community’s “responsibility to protect” human rights.
Kinetics and modelling of batch fermentation for the production of organic solvent tolerant and thermostable lipase by recombinant E. coli / Organik çözücü toleranslı ve ısıya dayanıklı rekombinan E. coli lipaz üretiminin kinetiği ve grup fermentasyonu modellemesi
Authors: Ariff Arbakariya Bin , Nelofer Rubina , Abdul Rahman Raja Nor Zaliha Raja , Basri Mahiran
Published: August 2015

Objective: Kinetics of organic solvent tolerant and thermostable lipase production by recombinant E. coli in shake flask level and 2 L stirred tank bioreactor level was studied to observe the variations of important kinetic parameters at two different levels of bioprocess.

Methods: Unstructured models based on Monod equation for growth and Luedeking-Piret equation for lipase production and glucose consumption were used to predict cell growth, lipase production and glucose utilization. The shake flask fermentation experiments were carried out at different initial glucose and yeast extract concentrations using recombinant bacterial strain E. coli BL21. Lipase production was also carried out using 2L stirred tank bioreactor for comparison.

Results: In all cases, the data fitted well to the proposed models. The highest growth and lipase activity were obtained at 25 g/L glucose and 25 g/L yeast extract. Cell growth (6.42 g/L) and lipase production (65.32 IU/mL) in 2 L stirred tank bioreactor was comparable to those obtained in shake flask fermentations. The calculated value of growth associated constant (9.874 IU/g/h) was much higher than that of non-growth associated constant (0.022 IU/g/h) in bioreactor as well as in shake flasks. The values of maximum specific growth rate (μm) and glucose saturation constant (KS) for shake flask fermentations, calculated from Monod equation, were 0.476 h-1 and 5.237 g/L respectively.

Conclusion: From the modelling exercise, it was concluded that the lipase production is dominantly growth associated process. The kinetic parameter values for fermentations in shake flask and 2L stirred tank bioreactor were comparable, indicating that the bioprocess could be transferred into larger scale.
Examination of the Correlation of Groupings in Blood and Semen
Authors: Fowler JCS , Scott AC
Published: August 2015

The grouping of blood/saliva samples from a male so as to predict his semen groups is only justified if there is a strict correlation between the groupings in these body fluids. This correlation has been examined in the ABO, phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) and glyoxalase I (GLO) grouping systems in blood and semen samples collected from more than 250 individuals. Though no results proved inconsistent with this correlation, a number of semen gave inconclusive grouping results. Reasons for this are discussed as well as the relevance of the results to semen stain analysis. Semen amylase activities are also reported.
Identification Via Dental Remains: Pan American Flight 759
Authors: Barsley RE , Carr RF , Cottone JA , Cuminale JA
Published: August 2015

Pan American Flight 759 crashed on takeoff from New Orleans International Airport on 9 July 1982. One-hundred-and-fifty-four persons lost their lives making this the second worst air crash in the United States. A dental identification team was assembled and began working the next morning. Ninety-three victims were positively identified by dental means and twenty-three other victims had strong supporting dental evidence as to their identities. The organization, method used, planning, and problem resolution concerning the dental team for this crash are presented.
Pellet Patterns Fired by Sawed-Off Shotguns
Authors: Moreau TS , Nickels ML , Wray JL , Bottemiller KW , Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

To determine the effect of barrel length on pellet patterns fired by sawed-off shotguns, 00 buckshot, No. 2 shot, and No. 7½ birdshot cartridges were fired from 12-gage single-shot Harrington and Richardson shotguns with the barrel lengths progressively shortened to 152 mm (6 in.). The spread of the 00 buckshot pattern was found to increase as the barrel length of the firing weapon decreased. The spread of the pellet patterns increased or tended to remain constant as the barrel length decreased when other types of cartridges were fired from the shotguns; this depended on the brand of ammunition.
An Evaluation of Criminalists' Attitudes Toward the Journal of Forensic Sciences
Authors: Shapiro JZ , Angelos SA
Published: August 2015

The Ad Hoc Publication Committee of the Criminalistics Section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences was charged with determining the need for a journal devoted to criminalistics. Based on a survey of Criminalistics Section members, the committee reported its findings and recommendations at the 1983 section meeting. This paper presents the results of that survey as well as the committee's recommendations concerning a new journal. Statistical results are reported on attitudes towards the quality of The Journal of Forensic Sciences, the utility of regional journals, and the need for a new journal. Differences within the sample are then analyzed, controlling for professional affiliations and the rate of attendance and presentation at AAFS annual meetings.
Toxicological Analysis of Amobarbital and Glutethimide from Bone Tissue
Authors: Benkő A
Published: August 2015

Author examined cadaver organs and bone samples (sternum, rib) of drug poisoning cases. Following suitable procedures, active drug components (amobarbital, glutethimide, and so forth) were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Based on results of quantitative GC analysis, relationships were sought between the active agent concentrations measured in the organs and the bone samples.
Forensic Psychiatric Evaluations of Women Accused of Felonies: A Three-Year Descriptive Study
Authors: Rosner R , Wiederlight M , Wieczorek RR
Published: August 2015

Descriptive statistics are presented for 95 female offenders evaluated in the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the New York Criminal and Supreme Court (First Judicial District). Demographic data, criminal charges, psychiatric diagnoses, prior mental health treatment, and victims of offenses are examined.
A Review of Topics in Forensic and Analytical Toxicology
Authors: Garriott JC
Published: August 2015

This volume consists of the proceedings of the Annual European Meeting of the Intern ational Association of Forensic Toxicologists, held in Munich, 21–25 Aug. 1983.
Drug and Chemical Related Deaths: Incidence in the State of Maryland—1975 to 1980
Authors: Caplan YH , Ottinger WE , Park J , Smith TD
Published: August 2015

The incidence of drug and chemical related deaths was studied over a six-year period in the State of Maryland. Deaths were classified into the following categories: alcohol, carbon monoxide (CO), single drugs, multiple drugs, and narcotism. The last three categories were further subdivided as to the specific drugs or chemicals involved. Over the six-year period the number of alcohol and CO deaths remained steady, the number of barbiturate and propoxyphene deaths declined, while the number of tricyclic antidepressant drug deaths increased.
Biomedical Image Processing for Age Measurements of Intact Teeth
Authors: Sognnaes RF , Gratt BM , Papin PJ
Published: August 2015

With increasing age the roots of teeth undergo sclerosis. The degree of dental root sclerosis can be demonstrated visually if light is transmitted through the specimen. However, this resultant image is only a two-dimensional (2-D) visualization which misrepresents what in truth is a three-dimensional (3-D) characteristic. We have described an image acquisition and computer processing system for imaging intact teeth, with special reference to the root transparency, which tends to progress from the root apex towards the neck of the teeth as a function of age. The components of our system involve: (1) an energy source with light transmission through table-mounted dental specimens; (2) an image processor with a digitizer; (3) a step motor with a holder to rotate the tooth specimen; and (4) a software package to computerize and reconstruct the sectional digital images. After rotating the position of the specimen, while at each rotation obtaining a 2-D image of the sample, we then can reconstruct the true 3-D cross-sectional or longitudinal morphology or both from these 2-D images. With this new approach, the reconstructed dental images represent segments from different angles of the tooth specimen. Picture element values in each image, quantitatively indicate the optical density, expressing the age dependent pattern of the 3-D anatomy in toto.
The Effect of Differences in Gene Frequency on Probability of Paternity
Authors: Reading PL , Reisner EG
Published: August 2015

Knowledge of gene frequencies in populations is required for the calculation of probability of paternity. The question remains open as to the degree of accuracy of gene frequency estimates required to give accurate probability of paternity figures. This is of special concern in the HLA system, which has haplotype frequencies known to vary in populations. This paper presents computer simulation data comparing probability of paternity calculations using HLA data from California and North Carolina. Comparisons were made between geographic regions, and between blacks and whites within a geographic region. It was found that when the absolute probability of paternity is high, the average differences induced were small, but at lower probabilities the changes can be large. Differences were most pronounced between black and white populations. Examples of individual cases are given to illustrate the huge differences that can be induced in some cases by changing gene frequency.
Shadow Positioning Technique: A Method for Postmortem Identification
Authors: Fitzpatrick JJ , Macaluso J
Published: August 2015

Radiology is increasingly being used as a means of postmortem identification. We have devised a shadow positioning technique by which a postmortem radiograph of a skeletal part can exactly duplicate an antemortem radiograph, thus, facilitating identification by comparison of the antemortem and postmortem radiographs. The antemortem radiograph can be of any skeletal part and taken in any position.
A Review of Techniques of Legal Investigation, Second Edition
Authors: Reyna M
Published: August 2015

The revised edition of this book is fraught with errors starting with the glossy bookcover, which has a photograph printed backwards, to sections that are incomplete or so cursory in nature that the reader is left with the impression that the author lacks any in-depth knowledge in these areas.
Survey of North American Air Carriers Regarding Protocol for Dental Identification of In-Flight Personnel
Authors: Sanger RG , Wilson GA
Published: August 2015

A survey of North American air carriers regarding the protocol for dental identification of their in-flight personnel in the event of a disaster was accomplished in July 1980. Initial evaluation of this survey indicates that few air carriers have such a protocol or forensic odontology consultants. Many of the air carriers indicated the need for the development and implementation of such a protocol individualized for their company. Statistical evaluation of the survey is presented with discussion centered on the role of the forensic odontologist consulting with respective air carriers in establishing such protocols. The survey documents areas of need in such protocols.
Drug Detection at Autopsy: A Prospective Study of 247 Cases
Authors: Norton LE , Garriott JC , DiMaio VJM
Published: August 2015

Comprehensive toxicology analyses using gas chromatography of blood for alcohol and acidic, basic, and neutral drugs were performed on 247 randomly selected medical examiner cases. Drugs or alcohol or both were found in 54% of this group. When considered by manner of death (natural, accident, homicide, and suicide), each of the groups had incidences of positive findings of 46 to 63%. Selection of cases for toxicologic study on the basis of manner of death does not seem to be feasible. It is the authors' opinion that comprehensive toxicology evaluation for drugs should be done on virtually all medical examiner cases. This approach ensures a thorough and complete evaluation in all cases. In addition, a comprehensive toxicology study will provide information in the event that questions concerning the absence or presence of drugs arise at some later date.
Checkwriter Identification—Individuality
Authors: Vastrick TW , Smith EJ
Published: August 2015

Checkwriters are established machines in the contemporary business world and, as such, are an established vehicle of criminal action. This paper offers practical suggestions for the identification of checkwriters through their impressions from information gained through original research.
The Identification of an Office Machine Copy of a Printed Copy of a Photographic Copy of an Original Sales Receipt
Authors: Moore DS
Published: August 2015

Document examiners are often asked to examine copies in lieu of originals. Although copies frequently limit the forensic examination, they sometimes provide evidence that greatly increases their investigative importance and prosecutorial value. This paper presents one such case recently examined at the Southern Region Crime Laboratory of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service. The case involved large numbers of office machine copies of gasoline sales receipts used to support a series of false claims. Laboratory examinations of the copies disclosed evidence that led to their positive association with the original and with several previous generations of copies produced by a variety of reproductive methods.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints: Ninhydrin
Authors: Herod DW , Menzel ER
Published: August 2015

Ninhydrin-treated latent fingerprints not discernible in the conventional way can show fluorescence in the red and near-infrared spectral regions when subjected to continuous-wave dye laser illumination at about 580 nm, thus becoming amenable to development.
Probabilities and Human Hair Comparison
Authors: Barnett PD , Ogle RR
Published: August 2015

Critical review shows that probability estimates regarding human scalp and pubic hair individualization are in error owing to defects in experimental design. The inherent bias is evaluated to preclude improper use of these probability estimates in the future.
Comparison of Typewritten Carbon Paper Impressions
Authors: Davis EA , Lyter AH
Published: August 2015

The carbon copy document is one form of physical evidence that has not received much attention. Although the classical techniques employed to differentiate typewritten documents are often adequate to differentiate carbon copies, the following work suggests an additional technique. Thin-layer chromatography has been used to differentiate many color-containing mixtures, and its usefulness in differentiating carbon paper impressions is discussed.
Individual Characteristics of Chemically Modified Human Hairs Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Choudhry MY , Kingston CR , Kobilinsky L , De Forest PR
Published: August 2015

Hair that is treated with several different chemical reagents including those that are proteolytic, denaturing, or disulfide bond-reducing agents, undergoes structural alterations both internally and externally as revealed by scanning electron microscopic analysis. Some of these agents produce varying degrees of morphologic alterations in hairs obtained from different individuals. It would seem that this technique can be useful in the discrimination of human hairs from different individuals, since the chemically induced topological changes on the hair shaft apparently exhibit a high degree of intraindividual consistency.
Laser Detection of Latent Fingerprints: Treatment with Glue Containing Cyanoacrylate Ester
Authors: Menzel ER , Burt JA , Sinor TW , Tubach-Ley WB , Jordan KJ
Published: August 2015

It has previously been shown that fuming with glue containing cyanoacrylate ester can be valuable in the development of latent fingerprints. Glue-treated fingerprints can provide improved detail via fluorescence under ultraviolet and blue-green argon-ion laser illumination. In addition, glue treatment can be effectively combined with dusting using fluorescent powder, staining using fluorescent dye, and the ninhydrin/zinc chloride method, together with laser examination.
Detection of Basic Drugs (Methamphetamine, Antidepressants, and Nicotine) from Human Hair
Authors: Ishiyama I , Nagai T , Toshida S
Published: August 2015

Human hair contains methamphetamine, amitriptyline, imipramine, nicotine, and their metabolites in some amount, which can be detected by routine toxicological methods. Sometimes, the level of drugs reaches over 100 μg/g. Animal experiments indicate that these drugs are found solely in sections of hair grown after administration of the drugs. The negative stage after the administration of drugs means that the hair section containing drugs has not come out of the hair follicle. Toxicological examination of the hairs may give some clue helping to identify the chronology of the intoxication.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Biochemical Profile of Postmortem Vitreous Humor
Authors: Richards RG , Fukumoto RI , Clardy DO
Published: August 2015

Postmortem chemical analysis of vitreous humor from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) infants was done. The results were compared to a pediatric control group. The concentrations of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvate transaminase, creatinine phosphokinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were all significantly different from the pediatric control group. Thus it appears that SIDS infants are a different population from the pediatric control group.
Driving Under the Influence of Phenobarbital
Authors: Cary PL , Johnson CA , Foltz RL , Pape BE
Published: August 2015

A driving-under-the-influence (DUI) case with an unusually high phenobarbital concentration is presented. Significant toxicologic findings include a blood phenobarbital level of 132 μg/mL. Toxicology data relevant to interpretation are discussed.
Nature of Jury Response to the Expert Witness
Authors: Rosenthal P
Published: August 2015

Communications to jurors entail not only primary content—the subject matter of the testimony—designated as the message, but also secondary content emanating from the witnesses as sources, from peripheral aspects of the message itself, and from the environment of the trial—designated as the paramessage. Interviews with jurors after a trial involving extensive expert testimony to introduce a new technology for identification evidence, popularly referred to as “voiceprinting,” found they responded mainly to the paramessage. The general implication is that when confronted with complex or confusing testimony, expert or otherwise, jurors will shift their focus to observable characteristics of the sources of the information, or to other ancillary elements of the situation, and will be guided in their response by information and inferences derived from such data.
Analysis of Demographic Variables of Women Evaluated in a Forensic Psychiatry Clinic in 1980 and 1981
Authors: Harmon RB , Rosner R , Wiederlight M , Potter L
Published: August 2015

Descriptive statistics are presented for 76 female offenders evaluated in the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic for the New York County Criminal and Supreme Courts. Demographic data, sociological data, financial supports, criminal background, and psychiatric history are examined.
Spatially Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Application to Latent Fingerprint Development
Authors: Herod DW , Menzel ER
Published: August 2015

A spatially resolved fluorescence spectrometer that uses laser excitation is described. The instrument is designed for electronic development of latent fingerprints.
Identification of Some Interferences in the Analysis of Clorazepate
Authors: Suzuki EM , Gresham WR
Published: August 2015

Clorazepate presents several problems in identification. In addition to rapid acid decarboxylation to N-desmethyldiazepam, a noncontrolled substance often confused with clorazepate, extracts of the pharmaceutical forms (Tranxene™ and Azenez™ capsules) contain substances that interfere with isolation of intact and unaltered clorazepate. These substances have been identified and have been found to be quite dependent on both capsule type and, especially, on capsule age. The cause of the conversion of dipotassium clorazepate to the monopotassium salt, following solution, has also been identified. An infrared analysis method, which removes all of the interferences, is presented.
Photographic Superimposition
Authors: Dorion RBJ
Published: August 2015

The term of photographic superimposition has been applied for a number of techniques in forensic medicine and dentistry. The eomparison of an antemortem photograph to that of a skull is one such procedure. Technical information and potential sources of difficulty are discussed. Finally, two cases illustrate the use and misuse of this technique in arriving at a positive identification.
A Review of Probability of Inclusion in Paternity Testing
Authors: Taylor HL
Published: August 2015

In 1978, the American Association of Blood Banks released its first comprehensive publication on the laboratory aspects of disputed paternity (reviewed in this Journal, Vol. 24, No. 3, July 1979, pp. 705). The primary emphasis of this book was on testing for the purpose of exclusion in paternity cases. However, the issue of probability analysis of inclusion of paternity was also addressed by several of the contributors. This generated a great deal of interest and debate in the legal and medical community because of current pressing social and economic considerations. The controversy over this new approach to parentage determination finally led to a meeting in May 1982 in Airlie, VA of an International Conference on Inclusion Probabilities in Parentage Testing. The result was the establishment of accepted principles for determining and expressing the probability of a paternal relationship. In part, these include the logic involved in probability determinations, a more precise terminology, and such legal issues as reliability and interpretation of information.