bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter
Published: October 2003

Summarizes the main findings and discusses how social interactions can be used to extend the rational and individual‐centred approach of economists with social norms, bounded rationality, social learning, changing values, and attitudes. The combination of these elements yields new insights about the dynamics and determinants of fertility change. More generally, the book also reveals how the economic approach to individual behaviour can be broadened in order to overcome many of its traditional criticisms.
Conclusion: Right‐Sizing and the Alignment of States and Collective Identities
Authors: Lustick Ian S.
Published: October 2003

In the concluding chapter of the volume, Ian Lustick summarizes evidence in support of his theory of boundary institutionalization. Drawing on the volume contributors’ studies of the former Soviet Union, India, Indonesia, Morocco, Jordan, Congo/Zaïre, and Iraq, the author seeks to expand options for aligning collective identities and states without encouraging premature deconstruction of state boundaries. Instead of violent destabilization of borders, the author encourages the use of the volume's conclusions for preventing violent conflict or forcible collapse of a state territory.
Securing Subsidiarity: The Institutional Design of Federalism in the United States and Europe
Authors: Coglianese Cary , Nicolaidis Kalypso
Published: October 2003

Adopts the conceptual tools of agency theory to rethink the challenge of federal governance under conditions of broad concurrency in the allocation of competences by examining the relations between states and the union as instances of principal–agent relationships, and considering the different kinds of ‘mechanisms of control’ available to the agents. After exploring the theoretical implications of principal–agent theory for issues of intergovernmental structures, an examination is made of the different tiered regimes of the USA and the EU for evidence of the mechanisms suggested by the theoretical analysis. It is argued that these tiered regimes feature several characteristic mechanisms that may help sustain the legitimacy of allocations of authority between different levels, and that the policy debate surrounding federalism should include attention to these mechanisms, along with the discussion of the appropriateness of centralization or decentralization. The different sections of the chapter are: Allocation and Legitimacy from a Principal–Agent Perspective; Mechanisms for Securing Allocational Legitimacy; and Federalism and Allocational Legitimacy.
Federalism and State Governance in the European Union and the United States: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Schmidt Vivien
Published: October 2003

Starts by briefly comparing and contrasting the institutional structures and policy‐making processes in the USA and the EU. Two interrelated arguments are presented in the rest of the chapter: (1) that the EU has quasi‐federal institutional structures and quasi‐pluralist policy‐making processes, which in many ways resemble those of the USA; and (2) that although the EU imposes general adaptational pressures on all member states’ institutions, it, nevertheless, has a differential impact on these member states depending upon whether they are unitary or federal in structure and whether they are statist or corporatist in processes. The different sections of the chapter are: The Institutional Structures of the European Union; The Impact of EU Institutional Structures on Member States; EU Policy‐Making Processes; and The Impact of EU Policy‐Making Processes on Member States.
Conclusion: The Federal Vision Beyond the Federal State
Authors: Nicolaidis Kalypso
Published: October 2003

Fleshes out some of the common horizontal themes emerging from the book, and presents the broad elements of federal vision that have been discussed. The vision calls for five concurrent shifts in understanding what matters about federal contracts, each central to fashioning a ‘federal’ response to the challenge of legitimacy. In particular, it is suggested how the notion of ‘subsidiarity’ as commonly understood—that political decisions should be made and policies conducted at the lowest, or most appropriate, level—should be fine‐tuned, reinterpreted, or even relabelled. The five shifts that are discussed in the different sections of the conclusion are: from allocative outcomes to the process of change—legitimacy and flexibility; from distributed to shared competences—networked cooperation, proportionality, and changing forms of governance; from separation of powers to power checks—governance structures, procedural subsidiarity, and the safeguards of federalism; from power containment to empowerment—proactive subsidiarity, managed competition, and mutuality; and from multi‐level (hierarchical) to multi‐centred governance and horizontal subsidiarity. The concluding section looks towards a model of global subsidiarity.
Considerations in Favour of Eliminativism
Authors: Merricks Trenton
Published: October 2003

Further clarifies eliminativism, and further demonstrates its intelligibility, by showing eliminativism's novel and interesting solutions to a number of philosophical puzzles. The arguments of this chapter also support the truth of eliminativism. The arguments touch on a variety of topics, including vagueness and the ‘Sorites Game,’ worries about co‐location and constitution, and the way a thinker (such as a person) is related to her brain.
Natures: Divine, Human, Animal
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: October 2003

Rather than expounding Stoic cosmology, Epictetus offers a strikingly personalist conception of God. His focus on divine providence echoes Socrates. Human kinship to God, and the internal divinity constituted by human rationality, are the principal themes of his theology (ideas that strongly echo Plato). Epictetus presents the normative human condition as a process that starts at the merely animal level and ends with achieving independence from the body and self‐conscious understanding of divine providence.
Appropriate Actions and Feelings
Authors: Long A. A.
Published: October 2003

Epictetus characteristically views moral action in relation to a person's identity and social roles. To be human, in his view, is to be engaged in a profession, calling for excellent performance in terms of one's rational nature and contingent circumstances. As a Stoic, he treats the passions as malfunctions of reason, but he emphasizes tolerance towards those who err, and a controlled empathy towards those in distress.
What Is Arianism?
Authors: Wiles Maurice
Published: October 2003

Outlines the attitude of modern scholarship to heresy in general, and to Arianism in particular. Argues that Arianism as traditionally understood is largely a polemical construction created by Athanasius, and is an unsatisfactory concept for historical research. Finally offers its own sympathetic reconstruction of Arianism with a more positive evaluation of the Arian appeal to scripture, tradition, and research.
Maimbourg's Millennium and the Second Death of Arianism
Authors: Wiles Maurice
Published: October 2003

The seventeenth‐century Jesuit historian Louis Maimbourg spoke of a first death of Arianism at the conversion of the Lombard kingdom to orthodoxy in 662 ce, with a brief revival initiated by Michael Servetus at the time of the Reformation leading to a second death around 1660 ce. This chapter surveys that millennium briefly, illustrating the occasional reference to Arianism in the Middle Ages, and looking in a little more detail at the anti‐Nicene teaching of Servetus and the more explicitly Arian‐type teaching of anti‐Trinitarian theology in Poland.
In Defence of Convention T
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: October 2003

As in Essay 4, Davidson rehearses the demands for an acceptable theory of meaning, and stresses the demand that the stock of concepts used by metalanguage in which the truth theory is stated extends minimally beyond, and ideally includes, that of the object language. He explains how this demand to keep technical machinery at a minimum is congenial to Tarksi's Convention T and his own favoured restriction to first‐order quantification. He then looks at how alternative approaches to semantics fare under this constraint and concludes that the prospects of those employing modal logics, possible world semantics, or substitutional quantification are accordingly dim. In specific, those programmes rely on relativized notions of truth, such as truth on a model, at the expense of leaving the absolute concept of truth undefined; yet it is this absolute concept we naturally apply to sentences and require when specifying their truth conditions or meanings.
Moods and Performances
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: October 2003

Davidson collapsed the theory of sense into the theory of reference in Essay 2; he now asks whether he can do likewise with a theory of force, i.e. whether a truth theory can accommodate what mood captures; if it cannot, ‘then truth theory is inadequate as a general theory of language.’ The mood of a sentence can be either indicated by its syntactic category (or related indications such as Frege's assertion sign) or individuated by which speech acts one can perform using the sentence. Davidson notes that these two alternative classifications are not straightforwardly congruent (such that assertions would simply be utterances of indicative sentences, and commands utterances of imperative ones): we can ask a question using an indicative or imperative sentence, and issue a command using an indicative one. After questioning the rationale of individuations of mood that exploit illocutionary force (Austin) or conventionally recognized use (Dummett; see also Essay 18), Davidson draws up a number of constraints on the valid individuation of mood. As these constraints demand that mood be indicated by a non‐truth functional sentential operator, Davidson transforms the operator into a distinct sentence by means of the paratactic (‘sentence‐splitting’) analysis developed in Essay 7.
Constitutional Design: Proposals Versus Processes
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: October 2003

The essence of democracy is that it is indigenous, and the practice over importing a model of democratic governance from outside virtually assures its non‐democratic character, unless a very circumspect approach is adopted. Nor is there a clear theoretical consensus within the developed countries themselves. This chapter sets out the author's basic objections to the theory of consociationalism, and his reasons for preferring an incentives‐based approach to encouraging accommodative behaviour over power‐sharing.
Ballots not Bullets: Testing Consociational Theories of Ethnic Conflict, Electoral Systems, and Democratization
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: October 2003

Summarizes the key assumptions in consociational theories of democracy, enumerates the key propositions to be explored, and describes the data and research methods to be employed. It then compares political attitudes and behaviour among a diverse range of ethnic minorities from countries with various levels of democratic and socio‐economic development—three countries with majoritarian electoral systems (the USA, Great Britain, Australia), three countries with ‘mixed’ or parallel electoral systems (Taiwan, Ukraine, Lithuania), and six countries with PR (proportional representation) systems (Poland, Romania, Czech Republic, Spain, New Zealand, Israel). The results of the analysis suggest that there is no simple relationship between the type of electoral system and majority–minority differences in political support. In particular, it finds no evidence for the proposition that PR party‐list systems are directly associated with higher levels of support for the political system among ethnic minorities.
The Eritrean Experience in Constitution Making: The Dialectic of Process and Substance
Authors: Selassie Bereket Habte
Published: October 2003

Outlines the historical background, since the Italian colonization of 1890, to the ratification of Eritrea's constitution on 23 May 1997, which marked the end of 30 years of secessional war with Ethiopia. It recounts the work of the Constitutional Commission of Eritrea, appointed in the wake of the referendum of 1993, in devising and establishing constitutional government for an independent Eritrea. It describes the consultative processes employed and the constitutional architecture produced. The chapter concludes with a prognosis for the country's future democratic stability.
Indonesia's Democratic Transition: Playing by the Rules
Authors: Liddle R. William
Published: October 2003

Examines an exceptional factor in Indonesia's post‐Suharto democratization, namely the elite's use of the 1945 Constitution, and reviews the earlier skill, of both President Soekarno and President Suharto, in using it to structure and legitimize their authoritarian regimes. The positive role played by the 1945 Constitution in Indonesia's democratic transition is an extraordinary irony of history, a striking instance of the way in which authoritarian institutions and ideologies can be turned against politicians who have spent decades fashioning them as instruments of autocratic power. However, in a further irony, it now looms as a major obstacle to democratic consolidation, as the new leadership prepares to undertake its substantial dismantlement and virtual replacement.
The Metaphysics of Theism
Authors: Kretzmann Norman
Published: October 2003

The Metaphysics of Theism presents an explanation and evaluation of Aquinas's natural theology, the paradigm of which is the first book of the Summa contra gentiles. Natural theology provides the traditional and still central means of integrating philosophy with (some of) theology. What makes this enterprise natural theology is its forgoing of appeals to revelation as evidence for the truth of propositions. What makes it natural theology is its agenda to investigate, by means of analysis and argument, not only the existence and nature of God but also the relation of everything else—especially human nature and behaviour—to God, considered as reality's first principle. Natural theology still offers the best route by which philosophers can, as philosophers, approach theological propositions. The one presented in this book undertakes to show that there must be a necessary being that constitutes the ultimate explanation of the universe.
Theology from the Bottom Up
Authors: Kretzmann Norman
Published: October 2003

The plan is to take a metaphysically based natural theology as the first phase of a systematic presentation of the rest of philosophy, beginning with the establishment and investigation of what metaphysics has often finally identified as reality's first principle. This metaphysics of theism teaches theism but nevertheless counts as philosophical, because the starting points and ultimate justifications of its arguments are all accessible to ‘natural reason’ and because it never uses revealed propositions as more than occasional guides to its agenda. The Metaphysics of Theism deals only with the topics of Aquinas's Book I of Summa contra gentiles: ‘matters associated with God considered in himself’.
The Existence of Alpha
Authors: Kretzmann Norman
Published: October 2003

Without a good argument as yet for the existence of God or anything else that might count as the universal first source of being and assuming that there is an answer to the question, why is there this sort of world rather than another sort, or nothing at all—the working hypothesis is adopted that there is an ultimate explanatory principle. Aquinas's arguments that focus on immutability and causality are examined. Aquinas expressly grants the possibility of an infinite regress of generating causes, but denies it with sustaining causes. He assumes or considers self‐evident, some form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason. We arrive at an entity that can and must be identified with an altogether immutable, beginningless, endless, and independently existing entity ‘necessary through itself’, first cause, first mover, first sustainer, and first necessary being.
From God to Everything Else
Authors: Kretzmann Norman
Published: October 2003

SCGII is a logical continuation of SCGI since Book I serves as the location for the support for many of the premises of Book II's arguments. Aquinas takes up first the source of the production of things, its power, the relationship between the products and their source, and then its terminus. He reasons from the aspects of God's nature as established in Book I: from first efficient cause, from immovable first mover, from (fully) actual being, from supreme perfection, from perfection of will, and from pure actuality to the propriety of God's producing other things. Aquinas is laying the foundation for the claim that the nature for which that activity is appropriate must somehow involve the power requisite for it. God's power is God's action, God's power is not the source of God's action. Aquinas's argument to show that God is the universal producer of everything else is presented in detail.
The Soul's Anatomy
Authors: Kretzmann Norman
Published: October 2003

A discussion of Aquinas's concern with the metaphysical and psychological aspects of philosophy of mind, which was, in Aquinas's own view, largely a picture of Aristotle's philosophy of mind. Aquinas discusses special features of the soul's union with the body as well as giving a detailed account of the nature and activities of the intellect. The human soul is the intellective (or rational) soul, the culminating substantial form in pre‐natal human development, superseding a merely sensory soul, which supersedes a merely nutritive soul. He has little to say about the powers and activities of the nutritive part of the human soul, but with respect to the cognitive powers, sensory as well as intellective, he takes sensory cognition to be the basis of intellective cognition and the proper objects of intellective cognition to be the real universal natures of sensible things. He argues that the human intellect uses no organ of the body in its distinctively intellective activity.
The Atomists
Authors: Hankinson R. J.
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, Hankinson discusses the theory of Atomism, from Leucippus and Democritus to Epicurus and his followers. The early Atomists were concerned with the circumvention of the Eleatic denial of motion; they did so by positing unchanging atoms and the existence of the void in which the atoms move. Democritean Atomism is thoroughly mechanistic and reductionist; Epicurean Atomism is ontologically more generous, accepting, for instance, the reality of properties and guaranteeing, by virtue of the controversial notion of the ‘swerve’, the exercise of free will. Thus, although strictly speaking it denies uncaused events, Epicureanism nevertheless holds that human action is not subject to determinism. The later Epicureans also reject the Stoic view that fundamental physical principles are logically necessary truths.
Science and Explanation
Authors: Hankinson R. J.
Published: October 2003

Hankinson discusses Ptolemy, whose geometrical model was the most sophisticated development in ancient astronomy, at the beginning of this chapter; but the main focus is on Galen's comprehensive account of causation. Galen insists that antecedent conditions are causes, because the effects are conditioned by them; furthermore, physical dispositions are also preceding causes, and together with the external antecedent conditions they produce the immediate necessary and sufficient containing causes of diseases. Galen combines Aristotle's four causes, except the formal cause, with the instrumental cause of Middle Platonism; he also distinguishes incidental and essential causes. From the Platonic tradition, Galen adopts a directed teleology, and an artisan‐god that is constrained by material necessity. Galen also contributes to the debate on freedom and responsibility: he argues that we remain responsible for what we do even if our actions are determined by causes outside our control.
The Market and Information
Authors: Barr Nicholas
Published: October 2003

This chapter sets out the economic theory of the role of the state that underpins the rest of the book. It starts with a simple model – the Fisher model – of rational consumer choice over the life cycle. Subsequent sections relax the underlying assumptions, discussing in turn imperfect information in the goods market, the economics of insurance, the effect of imperfect information on insurance markets, and social insurance as a response to information failure. The concluding section summarizes the implications for policy, including discussion of market failure and government failure.
Twenty‐First‐Century Insurance Issues
Authors: Barr Nicholas
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses two issues that will assume increasing salience: the impact of genetic screening on insurance markets and problems of long‐term‐care insurance. Genetic screening affects the viability of insurance in at least two ways: by turning risk into near‐ certainty it creates a rapidly growing group of uninsurable conditions; it also has a major bearing on the ability of individuals to obtain cover. Neither problem is new, but genetic screening greatly increases the number of people affected. Solutions will require considerable regulation of private insurers. With long‐term care, a central problem is the degree of uncertainty over a long time horizon about the probability that a person will need long‐term care. One approach to a solution is social insurance.
Twenty‐First‐Century Pensions Issues
Authors: Barr Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Two sets of issues will become increasingly salient. The first part of the chapter discusses strategies to address population ageing, with heavy emphasis on two policies – increasing economic growth and raising the retirement age. The second part of the chapter discusses the possibility of pension design that is compatible with national and international labour mobility, fragmented family structures, and international competitive pressures. A particular question is whether it is possible to design pensions that have not only the advantages of defined‐contribution schemes (improved labour mobility) but also the advantages of defined‐benefit schemes (greater individual certainty).
Information Problems
Authors: Barr Nicholas
Published: October 2003

Information problems constrain the usefulness of consumer choice about school education, suggesting that the state will continue to provide the bulk of finance for school education and, separately, will continue to be the major provider. In contrast, consumer choice is useful for tertiary education, where consumers are better informed than central planners. This argument is strengthened by the growing diversity of post‐compulsory education and training. These arguments underpin the case for market forces in higher education discussed in detail in Ch. 13. Imperfect information is also a problem in capital markets. Conventional loans (for example, to buy a house), when applied to investment in human capital, present borrowers and, for different reasons, lenders with significant risk and uncertainty.
Anti‐Party Sentiments in Southern Europe
Authors: Torcal Mariano , Gunther Richard , Ramón Montero José
Published: October 2003

Political scientists who have written about party decline (the ‘crisis of parties’) fall into two broad categories: one group includes those who focus their analysis on the organizational structures, functions and membership of parties, and their performance in government and in representative institutions; a second group has been more concerned with citizens’ attitudes towards political parties, although their empirical studies have rarely focused on the question of the decline in public support for parties, and have instead been primarily concerned with themes such as the evolution of party identification, electoral participation, and the traditional social ties linking parties to citizens. Despite widespread interest in this theme, there have been surprisingly few empirical studies of the extent and possible origins of anti‐party attitudes. Aims to fill this gap in the literature by systematically exploring the hypothesis of the ‘decline of parties’ from the standpoint of citizen support for these key institutions in four Southern European democracies, although the existing literature on the topic has produced contradictory findings. Has four complementary objectives: (1) to develop and discuss attitudinal indicators that can serve as adequate measures of anti‐party sentiments; (2) to observe the evolution of these indicators over time in a variety of contexts; (3) to discuss their relationship with other aspects of political behaviour; and (4) to speculate about the origins of anti‐party sentiments. While most of the analysis focuses on Spain, similar attitudes are also explored in Portugal, Italy, and Greece, in an effort to determine the extent to which an increase in anti‐party sentiments represents a general feature of contemporary West European democracies, and to what extent it maybe linked to a broader concept of political disaffection; also examined are some of the consequences of this phenomenon with regard to electoral behaviour, to psychological identification of citizens with parties, and to the overall level of involvement of citizens in public life.
Conclusion
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey
Published: October 2003

A broad continuum of approaches to federal government exists. What choices are available to ruling elites at any given political moment depends greatly on previous institutional and political choices. The importance of a culture of legality, democratic governance, and a shared appreciation for the concepts and goals behind federal choices cannot be understated. The author concludes that weak conceptual, democratic, and rule‐of‐law foundations continue to threaten the new Russian Federation.
Inference Principles
Authors: Neale Stephen
Published: October 2003

Chs. 7 (and 6) set out and clean the formal tools that are needed in the remaining chapters to prove that Donald Davidson's and Richard Rorty's cases against facts and the representation of facts are unfounded, and their slingshot (collapsing) arguments for discrediting the existence of facts unsatisfactory. The previous chapter clarified what is meant by such terms as ‘extensions’, ‘extensionality’ and ‘scope’, and this one separates various inference principles common in extensional logic. The six sections of the chapter are: Introductory Remarks; A Principle of Substitutivity for Material Equivalents; A Principle of Substitutivity for Singular Terms; A Principle of Substitutivity for Logical Equivalents; An Inference Principle Involving ‘Exportation’; and A Principle of Substitutivity for Definite Descriptions.
The Salience of National Identity
Authors: Hechter Michael
Published: October 2003

One important source of national identity lies in hierarchical and segmental cultural divisions of labour. These provide a social base for nationalism among territorially concentrated groups. Some sources of cultural divisions of labour are enumerated. Whereas it was once thought that such divisions would attenuate in the face of industrialization and efficient labour markets, this often does not happen.
Between Positivism and Republicanism: Émile Littré and the Founding of the Third Republic
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir
Published: October 2003

Explores the political thought of Littré, examining his conversion to Comte's positivism and his later attempt to effect a synthesis between Comtian positivism and republicanism; the chapter demonstrates the tensions and ambiguities in his republican ideology during the 1870s, at the time of the founding of the Third Republic.
Neo‐Kantian Moralist and Activist: Jules Barni and the Establishment of the Municipalist Republic
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir
Published: October 2003

Concludes with an examination of the political thought of Jules Barni, one of the leading republican philosophers of his generation. Barni was the French translator of the works of Kant, and during the 1850s and 1860s his republicanism was deeply influenced by Kantian principles (notably in his commitment to international peace and anti‐militarism). In the 1870s Barni's writings played an important role in the emergence of the doctrine of ‘republican municipalism’, which underpinned the new political order in France.
The Truth in Particularism
Authors: Raz Joseph
Published: October 2003

Particularism's model of explanation is challenged on the ground that a sensible intelligibility principle requires that there must be an explanation for the difference between a good and a bad action. Raz is concerned with what it is to be guided by reason, as well as with the results of the fact that reason can often undermine particular outcomes. What determines the moral status of an action must extend beyond what the agent's reason for acting is. It is argued that there is a clear distinction between the evaluative and guiding functions of reasons.
Linear Quadratic Approximations: An Introduction
Authors: Díaz‐Giménez Javier
Published: October 2003

This is a brief introduction to dynamic programming and the method of using linear quadratic (LQ) approximations to the return function; the method is an approximation because it computes the solution to a quadratic expansion of the utility function about the steady state or the stable growth path of model economies. The main purpose of the chapter is to review the theoretical basis for the LQ approximation and to illustrate its use with a detailed example (social planning). The author demonstrates that, using the LQ approximation approach and the certainty equivalence principle, solving for the value function is a relatively easy task. The different sections of the chapter describe the standard neoclassical growth model, present a social planner problem that can be used to solve the model, give a recursive formulation of the social planner's problem, and describe an LQ approximation to this problem. Exercises are included throughout, and an appendix presents a MATLAB program to illustrate the LQ method.
Solving Nonlinear Rational Expectations Models by Eigenvalue–Eigenvector Decompositions
Authors: Novales Alfonso , Domínguez Emilio , Pérez Javier J. , Ruiz Jesús
Published: October 2003

Discusses the main issues involved in practical applications of solution methods that have been proposed for rational expectations models, based on eigenvalue–eigenvector decompositions. It starts by reviewing how a numerical solution can be derived for the standard deterministic Cass–Koopmans–Brock–Mirman economy, pointing out the relevance of stability conditions. Next the general structure used to solve linear rational expectations models, and its extension to nonlinear models, is summarized. The solution method is then applied to Hansen's (1985) model of indivisible labour, and comparisons with other solution approaches are discussed. It is then shown how the eigenvalue–eigenvector decomposition can help to separately identify variables of a similar nature (as is the case when physical capital and inventories are inputs in an aggregate production technology), and how the solution method can be adapted to deal with endogenous growth models.
Aquinas' Metaphysics of the Incarnation
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: October 2003

Stump presents Aquinas's interpretation of the metaphysics of the incarnation—his attempt to make sense out of a theological doctrine bequeathed to him as a traditional and central part of Christian belief. This chapter aims to clarify and support both his understanding of doctrine and his metaphysics. Stump begins by laying out the parts of Aquinas's metaphysics, which are particularly important for the doctrine of the incarnation. Then she turns to his interpretation of the doctrine itself. She is concerned particularly with the way in which Aquinas understands the Chalcedonian formula, the resources, which his interpretation of the formula has for handling familiar objections to the doctrine of the incarnation, and the view of the mind(s) of Christ to which his interpretation is committed.
How Technological Competencies Help Define the Core (Not the Boundaries) of the Firm
Authors: Patel Pari , Pavitt Keith
Published: October 2003

The chapter studies technological capabilities across around 400 of the world's largest technologically active firms, as measured by their patenting activities. There found a robust evidence of competences diversified across multiple technological fields, quite inertial— although slowly changing over time—and distinctly different across firms—even if influenced by the sector of principal production activity of the firms themselves. Interestingly, these large firms show a range of technologies, which firms may acquire from outside, and in‐house knowledge necessary to utilize them. Most of these firms in addition to core technological competences possess ‘background’ competences located in broad technologies—such as machinery and chemical process—and ‘niche’ competences in particular technological sub‐fields: these firm‐specific technological profiles are proximate predictors of the core activities of the firm.
Checks and Balances
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques
Published: October 2003

This chapter studies the design of reciprocal supervision between members of the same hierarchy. It is shown that reciprocal capture may result in the form of a horizontal level exchange of favours, which is costly to society. An example is also given where collusion is beneficial as it affects transaction costs in some states of nature.
Political Economy and Industrial Policy
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques
Published: October 2003

This chapter considers a variety of issues in industrial policy by modelling the trade‐off between informational rents and efficiency distortions. It is shown that political imperfections affect regulatory rules and that the ownership structure of firms matters. Price distortions and the rationale behind prohibiting price discrimination are analysed and the models are extended to include the possibility of lump sum transfers by the government.
Political Economy and the Marginal Cost Pricing Controversy
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques
Published: October 2003

This chapter traces the intellectual history of the marginal cost‐pricing rule from Adam Smith to Hotelling. A democratic game is modelled under imperfect information and incentive constraints and it is shown that the rent captured by the majority is very costly to the other group. As a result, the politician–economist relationship is shown to be welfare enhancing if the economist recommends rules that decrease the politician's discretion even at the cost of efficiency.
Optimal Constitutional Response to Coalition Formation
Authors: Laffont Jean‐Jacques
Published: October 2003

This chapter studies horizontal collusion between interest groups in a Bayesian setting. Various models under complete and incomplete information are introduced and the different results are obtained as a function of the correlation of private information. The role of transaction costs within the coalition is found to be of crucial importance and a number of unresolved issues are outlined for future research.
The Economics of Regional Trading Arrangements
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: October 2003

Regional trading arrangements have been a recurring, and often challenging, feature of the global trading system established after 1945. This book analyses the economic, historical, and political reasons behind these challenges, which arose even though the multilateral trading system was serving the world well over the second half of the twentieth century. The book's three main parts deal with the history, theory, and empirical evidence on the effects of discriminatory trade policies in general, and of regionalism in particular.
Regionalism and the World Trade Organization
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: October 2003

Deals with the establishment of the WTO after the completion of the Uruguay Round and the main regionalism‐related issues facing the WTO after 1995.
Trade Preferences for Developing Countries
Authors: Pomfret Richard
Published: October 2003

Analyses the effects of non‐reciprocal tariff preferences granted by high‐income countries to less‐developed countries. Section 1 reports the gross trade effects, which have often been small because of low export supply elasticities of the beneficiaries and exclusion of products for which supply might have been responsive. Section 2 deals with measures of trade creation, trade diversion, and the net welfare effects. Section 3 draws conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Geroski P. A.
Published: October 2003

Introduces the subject of the book: the common features in early phases of development of a new market. Illustrating with the surge of internet and the market for supercomputers as examples, it postulates that the ‘new economy’ is not much different from the ‘old economy’. It then sketches the main arguments that will be analysed in the book highlighting the role of innovation, the conditions for entry in a new market, the emergence of a dominant design, and dynamics of the early markets.
Stated‐Preference Methods for Valuing Environmental Amenities
Authors: Adamowicz Wiktor L. , Boxall Peter C. , Louviere Jordan J. , Swait Joffre , Williams Michael
Published: October 2003

The stated preference (SP) approach allows the individual features or attributes that make up a good to be valued. Experimental design to array attributes and attribute levels into choice sets is fundamental to SP. Respondents typically select one of two choice sets, along with the status quo alternative. SP has a number of advantages over other environmental valuation methods, such as orthogonality in attributes, which avoids colinearity problems of revealed preference methods. An application of SP to mouse hunting in Canada is presented.
Household Demand for Improved Sanitation Services: A Case Study of Calamba, the Philippines
Authors: Lauria Donald T. , Whittington Dale , Choe Kyeongae , Turingan Cynthia , Abiad Virginia
Published: October 2003

The average WTP for a sewer connection and treatment plant was less than 1% of income for most households. Respondents given time to think about their willingness‐to‐pay consistently bid less than those who were given no time to think. Average WTP showed little variation, whether calculated directly from discrete choice data using a logit model or from a final question on the households’ maximum WTP for a sewer connection.
Contingent Valuation Methodology and the EU Institutional Framework
Authors: Bonnieux François , Rainelli Pierre
Published: October 2003

The environmental legislation process in the EU originated in the First Environmental Action Programme in 1973. A consistent set of principles emerged in successive Environmental Action Programmes: polluter pays; precaution; subsidiarity; and sustainability. There has been a notable absence in the use of valuation techniques within EU decision‐making, which has relied instead on Environmental Impact Assessment. Individual national governments within the EU have used valuation techniques on an ad hoc basis.
Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Ferhad
Published: October 2003

As no elections and referendums have been held in Saudi Arabia, the chapter gives an overview of the political institutions and history of the Saudi kingdom. The developments leading to the establishment of the appointed Consultative Council and the legal provisions governing the activities of the Council are presented in detail.
Turkmenistan
Authors: Grotz Florian
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Turkmenistan since 1990. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Turkmenistan's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates in presidential elections and referendums, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Singapore
Authors: Rieger Hans Christoph
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Thailand since the ‘revolution’ of 1932 that ended absolute monarchy. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Thailand's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections at both national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the national and regional distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Japan
Authors: Klein Axel
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections held since the proclamation of the North Korean Republic in 1948. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of North Korea's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Korea (Republic of Korea/ South Korea)
Authors: Croissant Aurel
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Mongolia since formal independence in 1921. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Mongolia's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Kiribati
Authors: Somoza Alexander
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in the Marshall Islands since 1975. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Marshall Islands’ political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast in parliamentary elections and referendums, etc.).
Marshall Islands
Authors: Stöver Philip
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Nauru since its independence in 1968. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Nauru's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes available electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters and votes cast in parliamentary elections, etc.).
Palau
Authors: Shuster Donald R.
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Papua New Guinea since its independence in 1975. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of PNG political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Tuvalu
Authors: Somoza Alexander
Published: October 2003

Includes all relevant information on national elections held in Vanuatu since the introduction of self‐government in 1978. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Vanuatu's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for parties in parliamentary elections, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
The EU and East Asia
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: October 2003

This chapter presents an overview of European democracy promotion strategies in East Asia, in particular, within the ASEM process, and outlines the debates that emerged over the nature of European commercial and strategic interests during the 1990s. The contrast in strategies adopted towards individual Asian states is analysed, along with a more detailed examination of EU policy towards Indonesia both prior to and after the country's 1998 transition. A final section examines the European response to the Asian financial crisis and analyses the significance of this for the EU's democracy and good governance agenda.
Governance and Human Resources
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the management systems and human resources of British trading companies. Strategy and operating decisions were centralized on boards of directors. Professional managers were hired, some of them university graduates from the interwar years, whose development was characterized by on‐the‐job and site‐specific learning.
The Obligation to Keep a Promise
Authors: Prichard H. A.
Published: October 2003

A promise to do some action seems to create a binding obligation to do that action. And yet, paradoxically, an obligation seems not to be a fact that we can create or bring into existence; we can create an obligation only by creating or bringing into existence something else. The only way to avoid the paradox is to show that the act of promising creates something other than an obligation, which nonetheless binds us to perform the action in question. After considering and rejecting various options such as the promisee's expectation and the promisor's resolve, Prichard locates the bindingness of a promise in a prior general promise, which allows the noises we make when promising to generate an obligation to perform the promised action.
Exchanging
Authors: Prichard H. A.
Published: October 2003

The act of exchanging one thing for another seems to involve a promise. The confidence needed to relinquish something one has on the understanding that one will receive what another has in exchange can be expressed in terms of resolve. In binding oneself, one thinks that if the other binds himself or herself to perform a given action (if he or she finds a certain condition fulfilled), then he or she will do that action (if he or she finds the condition fulfilled). In cases in which one person's action does not precede the other's, one's promise involves thinking that if the other binds himself or herself, then he or she will carry out the promised action.