bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Satellite Imagery in Distinguishing the Water Quality
Authors: Sládeček V.
Published: February 2007

On the basis of selected literature of 1973…1987 a surrey is given of the problem of the remote sensing of waters. There has to be distinguished between the passive methods of photography in different wavelength ranges of radiation, the direct radiometric measurement as well as scanning in the ranges of visible, near infrared and thermal radiation and the active methods of radar and lidar, the analogue of the radar with laser pulses. For the water quality, especially measurements concerning the optical conditions near the water surface, transparency and turbidity, chlorophyll content, water blooms and stocks of macrophytes, water temperature, especially during thermal loading of waters are possible. Examples of the analysis of imagery from the satellites ERTS‐1, Landsat‐2, TIROS‐N and NOAA‐6 as well as Nimbus 7 and of their computer‐aided, expensive analysis are discussed. At present, limiting factors are mainly the size of the picture elements (pixels) of the scanners of 80 × 80 or 30 × 30 m, in general. At present, they can be applied only to very large waters as well as the oceans and coastal areas.
Core Sampler for Soft Bottom Sediments with Lower Closing Mechanism
Authors: Andrusch T.
Published: February 2007

A novel sediment core sampler is represented. It is suitable for liquid sediments and for undisturbed sediment cores with a large core diameter from shallow and deep waters.
Zum biochemischen Harnstoffabbau in wäßriger Lösung — Übersicht
Authors: Gunkel K. , Kümmel R. , v. Tümpling W.
Published: February 2007

Urea from natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the most interesting nitrogen compounds in an aquatic environment. Results of experimental investigations are presented for the successive biochemical urea transformation into nitrates via ammonium and nitrite species. Kinetic models based on a combination of Michaelis‐Menten and Monod equations have been derived which describe reasonably well the course of the enzymatic reactions and the concentration‐time profiles of different N oxydation states. Main factors affecting the rates of nitrogen metabolization are the initial concentration of ureolytic bacteria, the physical state of the nitrifying microorganisms, and the concentration of toxic organics added to the system under study.
ClT‐3 — ein neues Gerät für die Chloridbestimmung in der Wasseranalytik
Authors: Kathe U. , Czerner B. , Grässel H. , Lenk N.
Published: February 2007

The device is used for the coulometric titration of chloride with electrolytically generated silver ions and biamperometric end‐point indication via a second pair of silver electrodes. The device consists of the external measuring cell with the generator‐ and indicator‐electrode systems and a magnetic stirrer as well as the titrator proper, which contains all electric and electronic components for the realization of the course of measurements up to the digital display of measured values. Four modes of operation can be chosen with the units mmol/1 Cl− or mg Cl− in 100 ml sample and sample volumes of 50 μ and 200 μl the compensation of systematic dosing errors or the taking into account of constant matrix effects being possible by means of a steplessly adjustable correction factor between 0.95 and 1.05. The measuring range is 25 … 2,000 mg/1 Cl− with variability coefficients between 0.3 and 3% if a microlitre pipette with a PE pipette tip is used. An even lower variability of the results can be expected from an improved sample dosing Disturbances caused by ions subject to electrolytic redox processes were detected (Fe, S2−, CrO42−).
Polarographische Bestimmung von Schwermetallen im Klärschlamm
Authors: Malý J. , Barešová M.
Published: February 2007

The differential‐pulse polarography (DPP) and the stripping voltametry (SV) are investigated in detail with respect to their suitability for the quantitative detection of individual traces of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The results are checked on the basis of AAS analyses and by the standard‐addition method. From the hydrochloric‐acid extracts of fused sludge samples down to 1 μg/l can be detected by the SV, whereas the DPP reaches a sensitivity of 100 μg/l. The following basic electrolytes are used: Zn: 2 … 3 mol/l H3PO4; Cu: 0.4 mol/l K2CO3, 0.2 mol/l Na‐K‐tartrate, 0.1 mol/l HCl; Ni: 1 mol/l NH4OH, 1 mol/l NH4Cl, 25 ml/l triethylamine; Pb and Cd: 0.1 … 0.2 mol/l HCl.
Input of Particulate Inorganic Phosphate (PIP) in Lake Müggelsee and Its Ecological Importance for Algal Primary Production
Authors: Nixdorf B. , Gelbrecht J.
Published: February 2007

The import of particulate inorganic phosphate (PIP) by the river Spree into lake Müggelsee was analysed in 1986 and 1987. It amounts to 18% of total phosphate import. Most of the PIP fraction is bonded to iron and characterized by a strong chemical instability. It was shown by bioassays with lake phytoplankton that PIP is a potential nutrient for algal growth. But up to now the PIP import into lake Müggelsee plays a negligible role as a nutrient source for primary production. Nevertheless, it has to be considered in further strategies of lake restoration as a factor promoting eutrophication.
Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung und zum Vorkommen des Thiocyanats im Wasserkörper der westlichen Ostsee
Authors: Brügmann L. , Weuffen W. , Thürkow B. , Below H.
Published: February 2007

For the gas‐chromatographic determination of thiocyanate in waters two enrichment processes were used: 1) the evaporation of the water sample on the water bath and 2) the adsorptive enrichment on Wofatit EA 60. As the example of the investigation of water samples from the Baltic Sea has shown, the less selective process 1 gave higher results of measurements than the adsorptive method 2. As compared with the GDR's coastal region of the Baltic (0.4 … 5.2 μg/l), the SCN− concentrations (1986) in the western offshore region (0.1 … 2.1 μg/l) are considerably lower. With increasing depth and growing salt content the SCN− concentration in the Baltic decreases. Anthropogenic influences, such as the input of residual products of sewage works effluents, can be inferred from the relatively increased SCN− concentrations in the coastal region.
The Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton as a Measure of Depth, Duration and Frequency of Mixing in Standing Water during Periods of Unstable Stratification
Authors: Horn H.
Published: February 2007

In this paper, the mixing conditions of the Saidenbach storage reservoir with a mean depth of 15.35 m are investigated during the full spring overturns. The vertical distribution of algae proves to be a very useful supplement to the simultaneously measured vertical temperature profile for the interpretation of the results. With its aid, concrete details about the actual mixing depth and the frequency of circulation can be obtained. For the storage reservoir mentioned a maximum turnover time of 0.7 d was calculated, which theoretically should still lead to a homogeneous distribution of algae. It is found, however, that in periods usually characterized as full spring circulation in spite of an approximate isothermic behaviour frequently homogeneous distribution is not achieved, i.e. mixing is not intensive enough. Therefore, mostly the period of full overturn is confined to the time during which the surface temperature of water still is <4°C (daily measurements required) and therefore convectional mixing can be assumed even if there is no external wind effect. Even during these restricted periods of time occasionally significant heterogeneous distributions, i.e. slight stratifications, can be proved. Therefore, it should be more correct to designate the time of the so‐called full overturn as the time of the greatest instability, during which a full mixing is very probable but should not be assumed from the beginning (e.g. not without checking the relevant vertical algae distributions).
Liver and Kidney Damage in the Freshwater Fish Species Heteropneustes fossilis and Anabas testudineus Exposed to Sewage
Authors: Narain A. S. , Srivastava A. K.
Published: February 2007

Liver and kidney tissues of Heteropneustes fossilis and Anabas testudineus, maintained for ten days in environments polluted by sewage, showed marked degenerative and necrotic changes. The histopathological picture broadly indicates lipoid liver disease and ‘hepato‐renal syndrome’ condition in the stressed fishes.
Einfache empirische Korrelation der Wasserlöslichkeit von monofunktionellen Alkoholen
Authors: Radeke K.‐H. , Spitzer P. , Schröder H. , Altenburg K.
Published: February 2007

There are used values taken from literature for the solubility of 18 primary, 21 secondary and 11 tertiary alcohols (C=4 … 12). If correlations are established only with respect to the C‐number, the deviation is 108%. The error is reduced to 65% by the additional consideration of the mean radius. With the position of the OH group taken into account, an error of 42% or 30% results
Zur Methodik der Wassergüteprognose für Tagebaurestlöcher
Authors: Schultze M. , Klapper H.
Published: February 2007

The prediction presented is based on the application of the GDR standard TGL 27885/01 for the classification of the stagnant waters. The expected trophic state of the worked‐out open cut filling with water is estimated by means of the phosphorus surface load. The oxygen balance of the hypolimnion proceeds from the saturation of air at a water temperature of 10°C during the spring full overturn and the theoretically possible oxygen consumption of the biomass formed at complete conversion of the inflowing orthophosphate. As an example, the prediction of a worked‐out open cut for 50 years at filling with groundwater and varying proportions of river water and bank‐filtered water is graphically represented.
Biologische Reinigung im Kaskadenbelebungsbecken mit verteilter Wasser‐ und Belebtschlammzufuhr in Mischzonen
Authors: Diadovski I.
Published: February 2007

The multi‐stage aeration tank combines the advantages of plug‐flow and complete‐mix aeration tanks. By the distribution of wastewater and activated sludge in mixing zones formed between each two neighbouring aeration chambers an intensive mixing of reacting masses is realised. In the multistage aeration tank, the activated sludge load may be controlled by the distribution of reacting masses, by which the biochemical purification rate is increased and a stable treatment effect is maintained.
Verfahren zur Verhinderung von Verockerungserscheinungen an Steigleitungen, Filterbrunnen, Brunnenelementen und anderen wasserführenden Objekten. Teil 1: Gegenwärtiger Stand und theoretische Grundlagen
Authors: Fischer R. , Reissig H. , Bach J. , Gawlick W.
Published: February 2007

The technical state of development for the reduction or prevention of the iron clogging of water supply plants is presented. The iron‐clogging mechanism is discussed from the angle of colloid chemistry, and adsorption processes at the metal/water interface are paid special attention to. The basis is constituted by the pH‐dependent hydrolysis of the surface hydroxide groups of the metal wall and the pH‐dependent existence of hydroxide, chloride and sulphate complexes of the bi‐ and trivalent iron ions dissolved in water.
A Sufficient Condition for the Correct Recognition of Two Classes in Hierarchical Clustering
Authors: Henrion R. , Henrion G. , Gnauck A.
Published: February 2007

Hierarchical clustering is a widely used instrument for the investigation of multivariate data sets as they arise for instance in the chemistry of waters. Frequently one is confronted to the problem that detected clusters do not correspond sufficiently to classes of objects which a priori had been expected to occur. Then it may be that the chosen clustering algorithm did not work well. However it is more likely that the unsatisfactory recognition of clusters is due to a lack of information in data. For the simplest case of two clusters we shall prove that single, complete and average (weighted and unweighted) linkage guarantee correct recognition, provided that the two expected classes of objects are ‘real clusters’. To this aim a theoretically sufficient condition is developed.
Haematological Effects in Dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) after Short‐Term Sublethal Cadmium Exposure
Authors: Tort L. , Hernández‐Pascual M. D.
Published: February 2007

Four groups of dogfish were subjected to 50 ppm of cadmium for 1, 2, 3 and 4 days and haematological values were analyzed from blood samples. No differences were found in the majority of parameters, except for the Red Blood Cell Counts that show a significant increase during the second and third day of treatment. The results of the different parameters indicate a pattern of dual response depending on the time of exposure, a first phase of toxic impact during the first two days, followed by a second phase of recovery at the end of 4 days treatment.
Detection of Water Pollution on the Basis of Biological Object Response Modelling
Authors: Genjatulin K.
Published: February 2007

One of the ways controlling water pollution is biotesting involving sensitive microbiological tests. For biotesting microcomponent chemical pollutants of water it is suggested to use the reaction of microorganisms in test cultures. The mathematical discription of a multifactor experiment is chosen as the method for studying toxicant influence.
Grundlagenexperimente zur Laserfernerkundung von Binnengewässern
Authors: Gitelson A. A. , Dubovitzkii G. A. , Mittenzwey K.‐H.
Published: February 2007

Laser‐induced fluorescence spectroscopy was applied in laboratory experiments to find out the possibilities and limits of the in‐situ determination of some quality parameters of inland waters. Simple model calculations are introduced. Laser‐induced fluorescence and Raman signals were measured expecially in dependence on the extinction, concentration and penetration depth. First results of the determination of humic and fulvic acids are given.
Effect of Bioaugmentation on Activated Sludge Biokinetics
Authors: Zachopoulos St. A. , Hung Y.‐T.
Published: February 2007

Bench‐scale laboratory studies were conducted to examine the bacterial populations in the activated sludge process under different operating conditions and to determine the effects of bioaugmentation with liquid mixed culture bacteria on the bacterial populations and the process efficiency. Results indicate that bacterial populations were not related to the mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentrations. The organic removal rates were related to the logarithm of the bacterial concentrations in the mixed liquor. A very reliable kinetic model for organic removal was developed based on heterotrophic bacterial concentrations. Bioaugmentation improved organic removal rate coefficients, but resulted in higher organic residual in the effluent.
Perspectives of Employing Enzymoindication Methods in Ecological Monitoring
Authors: Timofeeva S. S. , Stom D. J.
Published: February 2007

Modern conditions and perspectives of employing enzymoindication methods in ecological monitoring are discussed. A review is presented of literature and investigations of the authors on the use of redox enzymes: catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase of active sludges from biological treatment plants and phytobenthos in the indication of a number of toxic substances and components in sewage waters. It is shown that by its redox enzyme activity the enzymoindication method may serve for the evaluation of the extremely high pollution levels at the entry to biological treatment plants, chronic pollution of water reservoirs and for revealing the zones of homogeneous pollution to calculate correlation equations in the compilation of the water quality forecast models.
Uptake of Heavy Metals by Cladophora glomerata
Authors: Vymazal J.
Published: February 2007

The influence of the duration of exposure on the accumulation of Pb, Cu, Cd, Cr, Co Zn and Ni by Cladophora glomerata was studied in short‐term batch experiments. It was determined that the uptake of heavy metals differs not only in the rate of uptake but also in the maximum cumulation attained. The highest uptake after exposure for 6 h to an initial concentration of 200 μg/l occurred with chromium — 168 μg/g, the minimum uptake occurred with cobalt — 86.9 μg/g. Also the rate of uptake differed significantly. After the exposure period of 15 min 120.7 μg/g of chromium was taken up and, in contrast, only 7.6 μg/g of nickel was taken up after the same exposure period.
The Fauna of Different Drinking Water Sources of Bhagalpur, India
Authors: Kumar S.
Published: February 2007

In three drinking water sources i. e. river, well and filter water, there were detected 50 taxa of animals: 10 amoebae and 2 ciliates (protozoa), 24 rotifera, 5 cladocerans, and 9 copepods. Chief components of the rotifers population were Brachionus and Keratella, although K. cochlearis is the most common form at all the sites. The presence of Entamoeba histolytica in well water was indicative of faecal contamination which may become a causative agent of amoebiasis in human beings.
Computerprogramm „ADSORB”︁ — ein optimiertes mathematisches Verfahren zur Charakterisierung organischer Vielstoffgemische in Wässern mittels Adsorptionsanalyse
Authors: Schilling H. , Burmeister W. , Walter H.‐J. , Worch E.
Published: February 2007

The computing program „ADSORB”︁ allows a very fast mathematical evaluation of adsorption isotherms for the preparation of adsorption analyses. With the program „ADSORB”︁ it is possible to calculate any number of pseudocomponents of organic multicomponent mixtures of different adsorbability. Only few minutes are required for the mathematical evaluation of an sorption analysis by means of „ADSORB”︁. adsorption analysis, adsorption isotherm, mathematical modelling
Fluorescence and Reflectance for the in‐situ Determination of Some Quality Parameters of Surface Waters
Authors: Mittenzwey K.‐H. , Breitwieser S. , Penig J. , Gitelson A. A. , Dubovitzkii G. , Garbusov G. , Ullrich S. , Vobach V. , Müller A.
Published: February 2007

Ship‐based experiments around Berlin and laboratory tests were carried out in order to develop spectroscopic methods for the in‐situ determination of chlorophyll a (Chla) and chemical oxygen demand (CODcr) of surface waters. The regression analysis of spectroscopic data (reflectance (R); laser‐stimulated and conventional fluorescence (IF)) and chemical‐biological data yielded correlations of a relatively good quality.
Determination of the Ciliates' Individual Mass by the Improved “Volumes Ratio” Method
Authors: Nesterenko G. V. , Kovalchuk A. A.
Published: February 2007

The main methods of estimating the mean volume of ciliates are given: ‐ cell‐shape comparison to a simple geometrical figure, ‐ direct determination, ‐ models method.

The last is more precise and its simplified variant allows us to computerize the procedure of calculation the mean cell volume (mass).
Investigations on the Urea Uptake by Phytoplankton in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Irmisch A.
Published: February 2007

Urea uptake by the planktonic community was studied in the central Baltic Sea in July/August 1987, in March 1988 and in August 1988. Uptake was measured with 14C‐urca incubations. Uptake rates were determined in the range of 0.8 … 5.7 nmol/dm3 · h urea in March and 25.6 … 48.0 nmol/dm3 · h urea in August. Respired CO2 was found to represent 98 to 99 = of total uptake. Light stimulated urea uptake; parallel dark incubations showing usually 4.5 to 80.0 = of the uptake in the light. These results and size fractionation studies indicated that phytoplankton was dominating urea uptake. Urea proved to be an important nitrogen source for phytoplankton during the regenerated phase of the phytoplankton succession.
Studies of aquatic fungi. Part 16: A quatic fungi of the River Pisa and its tributary, the River Skroda
Authors: Czeczuga B.
Published: February 2007

The work was undertaken to investigate the mycoflora of the river Pisa and its tributary, the river Skroda. Samples of water were collected once a month over four years (1984 … 1987) for hydrochemical analysis and studies of the fungus content. Forty‐three species of fungi were found in these rivers. The following fungi unknown in Poland were found in the Pisa river: Achlya megasperma and Rhipidium partenosporum.
Eine einfache empirische Korrelation für die Wasserlöslichkeit von Kohlenwasserstoffen, Alkoholen, Ketonen und Estern
Authors: Spitzer P. , Schröder H. , Radeke K. H. , Gnauck A.
Published: February 2007

From data given in literature for the water solubility of organic compounds (17 alkanes, 9 alkylbenzenes, 5 cycloalkanes, 28 alcohols, 8 ketones and 12 esters) by means of linear multiple regression dependences between solubility and structural parameters (C‐number, molecule radius, functional group) are estimated. It is found that the functional group and the C‐number have the greatest influence. If the three parameters are used, one gets a correlation with an error of 27%.
Biodegradation of Tetrachloromethane under Anaerobic Conditions
Authors: Erzmann M. W. , Pöpel H.‐J.
Published: February 2007

An anaerobic upflow fixed film reactor of one meter height and 8 cm inside diameter was used to investigate biodegradation of tetrachloromethane (CT). With an empty bed retention time of 20 h, CT in concentrations of about 2.7 mg/l was completely eliminated within the first half of the filter when a mixture of different primary substrates was provided. Concentrations of chlorinated compounds at different heights of the filter were measured. With decreasing concentrations of CT increasing concentrations of trichloromethane (CF) were observed which remained unchanged when CT was eliminated. Effluent concentrations of CF were about 20 … 25= of the influent CT concentrations on a molar basis. When primary substrates were changed to acetate as the only additional carbon source, degradation of CT was drastically deteriorated, indicating that acetate degrading cultures are not responsible for degradation of CT.
Zur Bestimmung des extrahierbaren, organisch gebundenen Halogens (EOX) ‐ eine einfache konventionelle Methode
Authors: Lawerenz A.
Published: February 2007

The described procedure of analytics concerns both high‐volatile and low‐volatile haloorganic compounds which are extractable with hexane, such as halomethanes, ‐ethanes, ‐ethenes in ground, surface and drinking waters. The substances are mineralized by digestion. Besides organically bonded chlorine also bromine and iodine are detected. The silver‐chloride turbidity formed with silver nitrate is measured with a Spekol photometer with a fluorescence measurement attachment at an excitation wavelength of 365 nm (mercury lamp). The detection limit for organically bonded chlorine is 8 μg/l. In a concluding chapter, the result of the testing of the method of analysis is described by the example of the haloform formation potential.
A Simple Extraction‐spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Dissolved Humic Substances in Water. Part 1: Procedures
Authors: Hanschmann G.
Published: February 2007

Humic substances (HS) can be extracted from water into chloroform in one step by means of cetyl‐pyridinium chloride and sodium chloride. The absorbance (at 450 nm) of the extract is proportional to the HS content. Two procedures are presented for HS concentrations of 2 … 20 mg/l and 20 … 200 mg/l water, respectively.
Schwermetallbestimmung in Klärwerksschlämmen mittels Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse
Authors: Lucke N. , Wehner B. , Thi Hong Lan T. , Kalla E.
Published: February 2007

The X‐ray fluorescence analysis is an important means for the determination of the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludges and for the evaluation of their usability in agriculture. Analysis devices from the GDR were used for that. For the investigations there was used as the zero sample a sludge which was not loaded with heavy metals, homogeneous and constantly dried at 105 °C. The drying bed sludge samples were treated with different heavy metal solutions with different concentrations. Preparation of samples, measuring conditions and general spectra are described. The measuring results of tests up to 100 g heavy metal in 1 kg dry substance are critically evaluated. The analysis of a sewer sludge sample takes only about ten minutes. There are determined: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Hg and Pb.
Untersuchungen an Fließgewässern im Raum Leipzig
Authors: Carmienke I.
Published: February 2007

Salmonella, mainly S. manhattan and S. agona, were detected in about 40 = of the 133 flowing waters which were investigated in the District of Leipzig from June 1988 to June 1989 Possible causes of the occurrence of salmonella were discussed. Within the framework of statistical evaluations, correlation investigations were carried out on findings of chemical and biological examinations and relations found so far were confirmed. The applicability of the standard TGL 6466/01 “quality demands on irrigation water” is critically checked on the basis of the results of investigation; as derived from the result, the necessity of a revision of this TGL is proved.
Untersuchungen zur elektrochemischen Kupfer‐/Zinntrennung beim Recycling konzentrierter, chloridhaltiger Prozeßlösungen des Legierungsätzens
Authors: Kermer K. , Fischwasser K. , Sauer A. , Augstein L.
Published: February 2007

After an introductory description of the importance of heavy metal ions in the environment and a representation of the etching process of copper‐tin alloys with copper(II)‐chloride, the fundamentals of the electrochemical treatment of the spent etching solutions are stated. Different electrode materials were tested in laboratory experiments with model solutions (0.35 … 0.70 = HCl, 5 g/l Cu2+ and 2.5 g/l Sn2+). The best separation of copper and tin was achieved at a current density of 1.25 A/dm2. A proposal for the technological design is made with which a maximum reduction of the sewage loading occurs.
Die Entfernung von Thiocyanationen aus wäßrigen Lösungen unter Verwendung stark basischer und schwach basischer Anionenaustauscher
Authors: Dobrevski Iv. , Dimova‐Todorova M. , Panajotova T.
Published: February 2007

After treatment of the anion exchanger resins from several manufacturers with FeCl3 or CuSO4 their capacity to take up thiocyanate ions increases by the factor 2 … 3. By regeneration with diluted sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid after precipitation of the ferric or cupric hydroxide a thiocyanate solution of 10 and 15 g/l, respectively, is obtained, which can be reused. The hydroxides dissolved in acid are used for the treatment of the ion exchanger. The process is proposed for the regenerating of wastewaters containing thiocyanate.
Einsatz einer konstruierten Mischkultur zur Verwertung von Mischsubstraten mit inhibierend wirkenden Substanzen
Authors: Skrowny H. , Pätz R. , Wendlandt K.‐D.
Published: February 2007

By way of introduction the general fundamentals and kinetic setups of the competitive and non‐competitive as well as substrate inhibition of cultures of microorganisms are stated. Investigated on a laboratory scale is the degradation of liquid pig slurry in a 600‐1 stirring fermenter with discontinuous addition (pO2≧=30 = saturation) of methanol as external substrate by a yeast mixed culture of Metschnikowia and Pichia membranifaceans to utilize the steam‐volatile fatty acids (12 g/l) and of Acetobacter methanolicus to utilize methanol. A stable fermentation with stable residual concentrations of 235 mg/l fatty acids, 142 mg/l mH4‐N an 100 … 300 mg/l methanol for aperiod of 2400 h can be achieved.
Comparison of Water Quality and the Chemical Nature of the Sediments of River and Wells at Bhagalpur, India
Authors: Kumar S. , Saha L. C.
Published: February 2007

Bottom sediments of a river and of two sites of well showed significant changes in relation to different water factors. Comparatively, organic carbon, organic matter and free CaCO3 concentration were higher in the Sutapatti well than at other sites which may affect the quality of potable water considerably.
Residues of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Fishes: A GLC Analysis
Authors: Verma D. K. , Sharma A. , Sharma M.
Published: February 2007

Residues of four chlorinated hydrocarbons, viz. Aldrin, BHC, DDT and Endosulfan, were estimated in twenty fresh water edible fishes using a gas chromatographic technique. The residue accumulation showed a definite relation with the feeding habits of fishes. Omnivorous fishes were found highly contaminated, followed by carnivorous and herbivorous species. Heteropneustes fossilis was the highly contaminated fish with residue concentrations of Aldrin (0.051 ppm), BHC (0.814 ppm), DDT (1.962 ppm) and Endosulfan (0.312 ppm).
Significance of Amount Concentrations in Hydrochemistry, Water Technology and Biology
Authors: Pitter P.
Published: February 2007

Mass and occasionally equivalent concentrations so far have been more widely used than amount concentrations. However, the preference is not justified. Mass concentrations distort the actual picture of water composition and properties. When expressing and interpreting the results of the chemical analysis of water and of technological experiments, amount concentrations of individual components, that are proportional to the real number of reacting particles, are of utmost significance. Therefore, only amount concentrations can correctly characterize quantitative relationships of the chemical and biological effects of compounds and make the comparison of the results possible. This claim is supported by examples in the field of hydrochemistry, biology and water technology.
Quality of Water in the Stabilization System from the Point of View Human Medicine
Authors: Gabrhelová M.
Published: February 2007

The microbiological quality of water was studied in three parts of the stabilization system for the purification and utilization of dairy effluents (SVOBODA and KOUBEK). Results of three years of investigations dealing with the indicators of general, fecal and virus pollution by selected physiological groups of microorganisms, anaerobic microbes, some facultative pathogenic microorganisms and other selected groups of microorganisms are presented. The conclusions indicate that water discharged into the receiving river is microbiologically safe.
Automatisierte Labormethoden zur Wasserbeschaffenheitsuntersuchung unter Anwendung der kontinuierlichen Fließanalytik
Authors: Müller A. , Petrowsky J. , Krämer Th. , Kopprasch W. , Mitschick H.
Published: February 2007

The analytical measurement technique presented consists of the ADM 300 flow stream system with two‐channel operation and the AE 4 evaluation unit for four‐channel operation. Selected parameters for important components of water quality are presented, such as those used in preferred combined methods in the practice of the laboratories of water and wastewater monitoring. The following components with detection limits in mg/l are concerned: ammonium 0.04, nitrite 0.07, nitrate 0.32, Norg. 0.35, o‐PO4 0.02, total PO4 0.08, SiO2 0.08, sum of cations 0.79 mmole/l; Mn 0.02, Fe 0.34, Cl− 15.4 and UV‐absorbance 0.01 cm−1. The detailed examination of the techniques on samples of waters has proved a statistically secured agreement of the analytical results with the results of the standard methods, with the simultaneous increase of the number of analyses by 100 … 300= and a saving of chemicals of 80= compared with the manual analysis. The device system has the interfaces required for the further data processing by means of PC. The boundary conditions for the application of this technique, especially the necessary lot sizes and laboratory organization, are referred to.
Influence of Biogenous Elements on Components of the Lake Baikal Plankton Community
Authors: Silow E. A. , Stom D. J. , Basharova N. A. , Belyaev A. A. , Buntina N. A. , Burlakova O. A. , Dzuban T. A. , Ermakova E. N. , Zausaeva N. A. , Spivak A. I. , Khramtzova T. G. , Shahova G. V. , Sheveleva N. G. , Shestakova N. A.
Published: February 2007

Fertilization experiments in mesocosms of 1 … 2,000 1 containing up to 0.32 mg/l P and 1.7 mg/l N in summer and in winter did not show any significant changes of the hydrochemical conditions and in the bacterio‐plankton. CO2‐assimilation (14‐C method) is reduced by circa 10= by nutrient doses, whereas the chlorophyll concentration increases significantly due to addition of P and N at the same time in summer, a decrease taking place in winter. The different courses of development are connected with different reactions of individual species of phytoplankton.
Zur Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Sorption von Co(II) an Titanschwamm
Authors: Ender V. , Bosholm J. , Schreiber B.
Published: February 2007

The sorption of Co(II) from aqueous solutions on granulated titanium dioxide was investigated in dependence on pH‐value (pH = 6 … 10) and solution concentration (cL = 10−7 … 10−2 mol/kg) at 83 °C. The precipitation in the solution occurred at high pH‐values and solution concentrations was determined by control experiments without the adsorber. The adsorption isotherms are S‐shaped. This can be interpreted as transition from chemisorption at the basic material to surface precipitation.
Adsorption organischer Substanzen unterschiedlicher Molekülgröße an Adsorberpolymeren
Authors: König A. , Fischwasser K. , Böhm R.
Published: February 2007

Wofatit Y 77 is presented as a novel non‐ionogenic hydrophilic adsorbing polymer having a large specific BET surface (800 … 1500 m2/g) and a narrow pore size distribution. By the example of selected aromatic compounds with different molar masses it is shown on the basis of the adsorption of individual substances that the adsorption capacity primarily depends on the molecular size and not on the specific inner surface of the adsorber polymer. Favourable possibilities are derived from that for.
Biodegradability and Toxicity of Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Leal J. Sánchez , González J. J. , Comelles F. , Campos E. , Ciganda T.
Published: February 2007

Alkyl sulphates of the general formula CH2n + 1‐O‐SO3Na and alkyl sulphonates of the general formula CnH2n + 1‐SO3Na, where n = 8, 10, 12, 14 in each series have been tested for biodegradability with the modified OECD screening test No. 301 E, and for toxicity with Daphnia magna and with Photobacterium phosphoreum (the MicrotoxTM test). The results show that both alkyl sulphates and alkyl sulphonates are biodegraded with the alkyl sulphates degrading more rapidly under the test conditions. The alkyl sulphates also have higher toxicity to both test species and for both alkyl sulphates and sulphonates the toxicity increases linearly with increasing molecular weight of the surfactant.
Anreicherung und Verteilung von Schwermetallen und anderen Elementen in Oberflächensedimenten der Berliner Gewässer und ihres Umlands Enrichment and Distribution of Heavy Metals and Other Elements in Surface Sediments of Berlin Waters (Germany) and their Surroundings
Authors: Terytze K.
Published: February 2007

Für eine Vielzahl von Substanzen stellen aquatische Systeme die Medien ihrer Entstehung dar oder für mehr oder weniger lange Zwischenaufenthalte bis hin zu geologischen Zeiträumen die Senke. Die vorliegende Arbeit vermittelt die Anreicherung und Verteilung der international als prioritär eingestuften, geoakkumulierbaren Schwermetalle (SM) in Oberflächensedimenten der Berliner Gewässer und ihres Umlands. Von den untersuchten 25 Metallen sind Hg, Pb, Cu, Cd und Zn anthropogen beeinflußt, alle anderen geochemisch und entsprechen den Backgroundwerten. Bei einigen SM (Hg, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr und Pb) sind spezifische Konzentrationsprofile mit steigender Wasser‐ und Sedimenttiefe feststellbar. Die Untersuchungen der Korrelation von SM in den Sedimenten zeigen allgemein enge Beziehungen zu Makroelementen und zwischen einigen Metallen selbst.
Enzyme Immunoassay for Pesticide Analysis Enzymimmunoassays zur Pestizidanalytik
Authors: Hock B.
Published: February 2007

Enzyme immunoassays profit from the unique properties of antibodies concerning their selectivity and affinity towards ligands, e.g. pesticides. The most commonly applied types belong to the class of competitive immunoassays with phase separation such as the ELISA. The principle is explained and illustrated using an atrazine assay as a representative example. Common error sources, especially cross‐reactivities and matrix effects, are discussed. Interlaboratory tests demonstrate the presently available quality of enzyme immunoassays. An outlook is given on future developments.
Gaschromatographie zur Bestimmung von Pestiziden in aquatischen Systemen — Erfahrungen eines Landesuntersuchungsamtes Gas Chromatography for Determination of Pesticides in Aquatic Systems — Experience from a Governmental Laboratory
Authors: Gilsbach W.
Published: February 2007

Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Gaschromatographie zur Bestimmung von Pestiziden werden beschrieben. Vorteile und Grenzen verschiedener Methoden bei der Derivatisierung, der chromatographischen Trennung und der Detektion werden erläutert. Anhand von zahlreichen Beispielen aus der Praxis wird die Vorgehensweise bei der Bestimmung von Pestiziden der unterschiedlichen Stoffklassen aufgezeigt.
Pestizide in Oberflächenwässern — Befunde in Talsperren und in Uferfiltraten Pesticides in Surface Water — Analytical Results for Drinking Water Reservoirs and Bank Filtrate Waters
Authors: Kruhm‐Pimpl M.
Published: February 2007

Im Rahmen der Lebensmittelüberwachung und im öffentlichen Interesse führte die CLUA Karlsruhe 1985–1991 verstärkt Trinkwasseruntersuchungen auf Pflanzenbehandlungs‐ und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel (PBSM) durch. Insgesamt 231 Proben aus 8 öffentlichen Wasserversorgungsanlagen (Grundwasserbrunnen/kein Rheinuferfiltrat) und 34 Einzelwasserversorgungsanlagen in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Rheinufer (Grundwasserbrunnen/Rheinuferfiltratanteile) wurden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Pestiziduntersuchungen der einzelnen Entnahmestellen, die zwischen Mannheim und Greffern liegen, werden dargestellt.

1986 wurden hohe Atrazin‐ und Simazingehalte in Rheinuferfiltrat‐fördernden Trinkwasserbrunnen mehrerer Einzelwasserversorgungen, insbesondere im südlichen Rheinabschnitt, verbunden mit hohen Chloridgehalten als Hinweis auf den Rheinuferfiltratanteil ermittelt. Der Rückgang der Atrazinbelastung im Rheinwasser seit 1987 spiegelt sich bis 1991 in den betroffenen Trinkwasserbrunnen wieder, d. h. es besteht ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der Pestizidbelastung des Flußwassers und der Uferfiltrat‐fördernden Brunnen.

Die Anwendung von Spritz‐ und Düngemitteln in der Landwirtschaft erscheint als Ursache der Pestizidbelastung bei den vorliegenden Uferfiltrat‐haltigen Trinkwässern nicht von Bedeutung.

Die Überwachung der Pestizidgehalte in Trinkwasserbrunnen von Einzelversorgungsanlagen wird aus Gründen des Verbraucherschutzes für notwendig gehalten.
Analysis of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines in Ammunition Waste Water and in Aqueous Samples from Former Ammunition Plants and Other Military Sites Analyse von Nitroaromaten und Nitraminen in Munitionsabwasser und wäßrigen Proben ehemaliger Munitionsfabriken und anderen Rüstungsaltlasten
Authors: Levsen K. , Mußmann P. , Berger‐Preiß E. , Preiß A. , Volmer D. , Wünsch G.
Published: February 2007

Waste water from ammunition production sites and aqueous samples (ground and surface water) on or near former military sites on which explosives were produced or filled, e.g. into shells, may be contaminated by the original explosives—mainly nitrotoluenes (such as dinitrotoluenes, trinitrotoluene (TNT)) and nitramines (such as hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and tetryl) or hexyl, but also by byproducts and compounds formed by biodegradation of the explosives such as aminonitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols. These compounds can be extracted from aqueous samples by liquid/liquid extraction (using dichloromethane or toluene) or by solid phase extraction using C‐18 adsorbents with high recoveries (usually ≥85%) provided they contain only one amino group. Nitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and aminonitrotoluenes (nitrotoluidines) may be determined by gas chromatography (GC) using selective detectors such as an electron capture detector (ECD), a nitrogen‐phosphorus detector (NPD) or a chemiluminescence detector (thermal energy analyzer, TEA). The use of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under electron impact conditions is even more specific. Detection limits comparable to an ECD or NPD, however, are only achieved if the mass spectrometer is operated under selected ion monitoring (SIM). Nitrophenols are derivatized after extraction by heptafluorobutyric anhydride or by acetic anhydride where the latter method can be directly applied to the aqueous sample. The nitramine explosives, such as RDX, HMX, and tetryl, hexyl, the nitrate esters, such as nitropenta (PETN) and nitroguanidine as well as picric acid cannot, or only with difficulty, be analyzed by gas chromatography. They may be determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV‐detection. The HPLC analysis can be extended to include also nitrotoluenes and nitroaminotoluenes.
Über das Vorkommen von Pestiziden im Trinkwasser und in der Nahrung Pesticides in Drinking Water and Food
Authors: Hörtig W.
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung: Anhand von Untersuchungsergebnissen des letzten Jahrzehnts werden den im Trinkwasser nachgewiesenen Pestizidrückständen die in der menschlichen Nahrung gefundenen Gehalte an Pestiziden gegenübergestellt. Während für Trinkwasser Gehalte an Pestizid‐Wirkstoffen im Bereich von 0.1 μg/L ermittelt wurden, wurden in Obst und Gemüse Restmengen an Pestiziden nachgewiesen, die mindestens um den Faktor 100 bis 10000 höher lagen. Selbst im Fettanteil der Humanmilch wurden im mg/kg‐Bereich PBSM‐Wirkstoffe gefunden. Die Ergebnisse relativieren die Bedeutung des Trinkwassers als Quelle der Pestizidbelastung für den Menschen und zeigen, daß der toxikologische Effekt eines Grenzwertes einer integrierenden Betrachtung bedarf.
Eignung mikrobieller Biotests für gebundene Schadstoffe Suitability of Microbial Bioassays for Bound Contaminants
Authors: Gunkel J. , Rönnpagel K. , Ahlf W.
Published: February 2007

Es wurden Untersuchungen zur Toxizität unterschiedlich gut wasserlöslicher und adsorbierender Schadstoffe in Bodenmaterialien mit Bakterien durchgeführt. Neben wäßrigen Testsystemen zur Toxizitätsbestimmung in Anlehnung an standardisierte Verfahren wurde eine neue Methode entwickelt, die auch Matrixeffekte bei gebundenen Schadstoffen mitberücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse mit wasserlöslichen Fraktionen aus Bodenmaterialien belegen, daß die Bodeneigenschaften die Schadstoffkonzentrationen in der wäßrigen Phase bestimmen und die Toxizität über die Konzentration hinaus modifizieren. Aus der Giftwirkung der wasserlöslichen Fraktion kann nicht generell die Bodenbelastung abgeleitet werden. Der neu entwickelte Bodenkontakttest verwendete das Bodenbakterium Bacillus cereus als Testorganismus und zeigte eine deutlich höhere Toxizität von 2‐Naphthol in der Suspension als im vergleichbaren wäßrigen Testsystem an. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß auch schwer lösliche, gebunden vorliegende Schadstoffe toxisch wirken können.
Zum Einfluß von Sauerstoffkonzentration und pH‐Wert bei der heterotrophen Denitrifikation Heterotrophic Denitrification: The Influence of Oxygen and pH Value
Authors: Merkel W. , Böhler E. , Frimmel F. H.
Published: February 2007

Zur Aufbereitung von nitratbelastetem Grundwasser zu Trinkwasser wird seit 1989 in Coswig bei Dresden eine Großversuchsanlage zur biologisch‐heterotrophen Denitrifikation betrieben. Das NEBIO‐Rohrreaktor‐Verfahren sieht die Denitrifikation im Wirbelbett mit kontinuierlicher Regeneration der Aufwuchsträger vor.

Es wurde der Einfluß veränderter Rohwasserbedingungen (Sauerstoffkonzentration, pH‐Wert) auf die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verfahrens untersucht. Aus den Ergebnissen konnten weitergehende Aussagen zur Stöchiometrie der heterotrophen Denitrifikation gewonnen werden. Eine Modellierung der Abbauvorgänge im Reaktor auf der Basis enzymkinetischer Ansätze kann die Auslegung eines Reaktors an einem neuen Standort mit speziellen Rohwasserverhältnissen unterstützen.
Adsorption und Hydrolyse von Methylparathion an Aktivkohle und Adsorberharz Adsorption and Hydrolysis of Methyl Parathion (MPT) on Activated Carbon and Adsorption Resin
Authors: Spitzer P. , Gosse I. , Radeke K. H.
Published: February 2007

Bei der Untersuchung der Adsorption von Methylparathion (MPT) an den Aktivkohlen F 44 und Filtrasorb 400 sowie an dem Adsorberpolymer Wofatit Y 77 wurde gefunden, daß die Aktivkohlen bei kleineren Konzentrationen besser adsorbieren, während Y 77 bei hohen Schadstoffkonzentrationen die höhere Sorptionskapazität aufweist. Zur Desorption wird das MPT bei pH = 11.7 hydrolysiert. Die Hydrolyse läßt sich als Reaktion quasi‐erster Ordnung beschreiben; die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten sind bei Hydrolyse aus dem adsorbierten Zustand um etwa den Faktor 10 kleiner als aus der Lösung. Dieser Effekt ist praktisch korngrößenunabhängig, so daß eine Transporthemmung offenbar auszuschließen ist. Aus der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten erhält man Aktivierungsenergien zwischen 20 und 58 kJ/mol. Die Adsorptionskapazität der Sorbentien hat nach 6 Adsorptions‐Hydrolyse‐Zyklen um ca. 30% abgenommen.
Multivariate Analysis of Species Distribution: A Survey on Occurence of Mangrove Molluscs in the Bonny and New Calabar Rivers of the Niger Delta Multivariate Analyse von Verbreitungsmustern: Ein Überblick über das Vorkommen von Mangroven‐Mollusken im Bonny River und New Calabar River des Niger‐Deltas
Authors: Deekae S. N. , Henrion R.
Published: February 2007

Studies on distribution and habitats of mangrove molluscs of the Bonny and New Calabar rivers (Niger Delta) were made at ten shore stations from the river mouth to the tidal fresh water zone. Forty‐three species were collected and thirty‐nine were identified. Investigations into tidal zonation patterns showed that molluscs inhabited the high, mid and low intertidal stretches of the shore. In the tidal fresh water and low‐salinity brackish water zone, the low intertidal is poor in molluscs. Many species have restricted salinity ranges occuring either in the high or low salinity limits. The collected data on occurence of species were analyzed by different methods from multivariate data analysis, namely cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares. These allowed to visualize structures among mollusc species and stations according to distribution patterns and to estimate the degree of relation between these patterns and salinity.
TOC‐Bestimmung in Schlämmen, Sedimenten und Schwebstoffen — Beschreibung des Verfahrens und begleitender Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen Determination of TOC in Sludge, Sediment and Suspended Solids — Description of the Analytical Procedure and Accompanying Quality Control Procedures
Authors: Schäfer K. , Barrenstein A. , Alberti J. , Lokotsch R.
Published: February 2007

Der gesamte organische Kohlenstoffgehalt (TOC) wird aus der Differenz des gesamten Kohlenstoffgehalts (TC) und des anorganischen Kohlenstoffgehalts (IC) errechnet. Zur TC‐Bestimmung wird der Kohlenstoff einer Probe durch Zersetzen/Verbrennen im Sauerstoffstrom thermisch vollständig in CO2 überführt. Zur IC‐Bestimmung wird der als Carbonat gebundene anorganische Kohlenstoff durch Säurezugabe und Erwärmen im Sauerstoffstrom freigesetzt. Das jeweils entstandene CO2 wird anschließend durch Infrarotspektrometrie quantitativ bestimmt.

Um zuverlässige und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu erzielen, sind für Schlämme, Sedimente und Schwebstoffe unter anderen folgende Bedingungen einzuhalten: die Probe muß auf < 200 μm zerkleinert werden; die Einwaage so gewählt werden, daß die Signalfläche bei der Bestimmung von TC und IC eine bestimmte geräteabhängige Größe nicht unter und das Signalmaximum eine bestimmte Intensität nicht überschreitet; die Verbrennung/Zersetzung bei der Bestimmung des TC muß vollständig (≥ 1300°C, kein Rußen) ablaufen; und die Analytischen Qualitätssicherungs(AQS)‐Maßnahmen müssen eingehalten werden.

Zur Kalibrierung wird die TC‐Bestimmung von Calcium‐carbonat eingesetzt, zu den arbeitstäglichen AQS‐Maßnahmen gehören die Überprüfung der Kalibrierung durch Mittelwertkontrollkarten für die TC‐Bestimmung von Calcium‐carbonat und die IC‐Bestimmung von Natriumcarbonat, sowie IC‐ und TC‐ Bestimmungen eines Sedimentes.