bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kaonic atoms measurements at the DAΦNE collider: the SIDDHARTA-2 experiment
Authors: Curceanu Catalina , Miliucci Marco , Bazzi Massimiliano , Bosnar Damir , Bragadireanu Mario , Carminati Marco , Cargnelli Michael , Clozza Alberto , Deda Griseld , De Paolis Luca , Del Grande Raffaele , Fiorini Carlo , Guaraldo Carlo , Iliescu Mihail , Iwasaki Masahiko , King Pietro , Levi Sandri Paolo , Marton Johann , Moskal Paweł , Napolitano Fabrizio , Niedźwiecki Szymon , Piscicchia Kristian , Scordo Alessandro , Sgaramella Francesco , Shi Hexi , Silarski Michał , Sirghi Diana , Sirghi Florin , Skurzok Magdalena , Spallone Antonio , Tüchler Marlene , Vazquez Doce Oton , Zmeskal Johann
Published: January 2022

The X-ray spectroscopy measurements of light kaonic atoms’ deexcitation towards the fundamental level provide unique information on the low-energy Quantum ChromoDynamics (QCD) in the strangeness sector, being a direct probe of the kaon/nucleon interaction at threshold, unobtainable through the scattering experiments. In this framework, the SIDDHARTA-2 collaboration is going to perform the first kaonic deuterium 2p → 1s transition measurement at the DAΦNE collider of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. Combining this measurement with the kaonic hydrogen one performed by SIDDHARTA in 2009 it will be possible to obtain, in a model-independent way, the isospin-dependent antikaon-nucleon scattering lengths. The paper introduces the SIDDHARTA-2 setup, an upgraded version with respect to the one used for the kaonic hydrogen measurement, dedicated to the ambitious kaonic deuterium measurement, together with the preliminary results obtained during the kaonic helium run, preparatory for the SIDDHARTA-2 data taking campaign.
Effect of Systematic Uncertainty Estimation on the Muong- 2 Anomaly
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: January 2022

The statistical significance that characterizes a discrepancy between a measurement and theoretical prediction is usually calculated assuming that the statistical and systematic uncertainties are known. Many types of systematic uncertainties are, however, estimated on the basis of approximate procedures and thus the values of the assigned errors are themselves uncertain. Here the impact of the uncertainty on the assigned uncertainty is investigated in the context of the muong- 2 anomaly. The significance of the observed discrepancy between the Standard Model prediction of the muon’s anomalous magnetic moment and measured values are shown to decrease substantially if the relative uncertainty in the uncertainty assigned to the Standard Model prediction exceeds around 30%. The reduction in sensitivity increases for higher significance, so that establishing a 5σ effect will require not only small uncertainties but the uncertainties themselves must be estimated accurately to correspond to one standard deviation.
Intergenerational solidarity in family influencing factors
Authors: Kuligina Nadezda , Dobelniece Signe
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences of adult children in manifestations of emotional closeness and its influence on frequency of contacts with their parents, as well as impact of the socio-economic status of parents on manifesting solidarity by the adult child. The participants of the research were 410 adult children, aged 18–62, living in Latvia, and with at least one parent alive. The results of the research showed that significant differences exist in manifestations of emotional closeness and frequency of contacts with parents by gender of a child and the socio-economic status of parents. Adult daughters more often meet and contact their parents than sons do. Emotional closeness and frequency of contacts correlate with providing functional help to their parents. Normative obligations of adult children to show care and provide help to their parents have been stipulated by the legislation of Latvia; however, the results of the research showed that parents who are emotionally close to their children received significantly greater help and support.
Socio-psychological profile of Latvian inhabitants who did not comply with the COVID-19 epidemiological requirements
Authors: Upesleja Gatis , Perepjolkina Viktorija
Published: January 2022

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been affected by the corona virus COVID-19. Since the spring, a number of nations around the world, including Latvia, have declared a state of emergency, with specific government restrictions developed in cooperation with WHO, to reduce spread of the COVID-19. The aim of this study is to examine socio-psychological profile of Latvian inhabitants who did not comply with the COVID-19 epidemiological requirements. A randomized nationally representative sample (N = 2608, aged from 18–74, men 39.8%, women 60.2%) from the online survey, carried out in the frame of the National research program, project Nr. VPP-COVID-2020/1-0011, was used in this study. The results showed that less compliant with COVID-19 epidemiological requirements were males, rural inhabitants, persons aged less than 60 years old, unemployed, with lower education level, and those, who are less afraid of COVID-19 and think that its dangerousness is exaggerated. Compliance with the restrictions did not relate to the marital and parental status. Based on this study, policy suggestions were made regarding a more targeted way of the providing important information on the preventive behaviour to reduce the spread of the virus.
Containment of COVID-19: International experience and management strategies
Authors: Vilks Andrejs , Kipane Aldona
Published: January 2022

The aim of the article is to study the international experience in the field of containment of COVID-19 and strategies for overcoming its negative effects. Descriptive, analytical, synthetic and modelling methods are used in the study. The authors analyze the international and national legal framework for the containment of COVID-19, as well as the results of particular studies in this field. The epidemiological, social, economic, legal and other effects of COVID-19 on modern society are comprehensive and possibly long lasting. The pandemic has affected all regions of the world. However, different countries and groups of countries are developing and implementing different COVID-19 management strategies and models to reduce negative impacts of it.
Relationships between professional burnout and job demands, resources among workers in an industrial plant in Lithuania
Authors: Stelmokiene Aurelija , Geneviciute-Janone Giedre , Gustainiene Loreta , Kovalcikiene Kristina
Published: January 2022

Burnout can negatively affect both workers’ health and safety in an organization [1]. The current study was oriented to identify the main risk and protective factors, which might predict professional burnout among workers in an industrial plant in Lithuania using the Job demands-resources model [2, 3]. 249 industrial and 74 administrative workers from one organization filled out a self-administered questionnaire. Scales from COPSOQ II (Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire) were used in a cross-sectional survey. With reference to the research results, there were no significant differences in professional burnout between industrial and administrative workers. However, scores of work pace, safety climate, possibilities for development, influence at work, recognition and organizational justice were higher in a group of administrative employees as compared to their colleagues from the industrial departments. Moreover, different factors were found to predict employees’ physical, emotional and mental exhaustion: emotional demands predicted burnout in administrative workers’ group, while quantitative demands, work-family conflict, possibilities for development- among industrial workers. Organizational justice was the only protective factor to predict lower burnout in both groups of employees.
Medizinisch-psychiatrische Rehabilitation in Österreich
– Ein Vergleich der Symptombelastung bei Reha-Beginn vor und
während der COVID-19-Pandemie, sowie des
Rehabilitationserfolgs
Authors: Senft Birgit , Krenn Michaela , Petz Doris , Hochfellner Sigurd
Published: January 2022

Ziele In der internationalen Literatur werden Steigerungen der
Inzidenzraten psychischer Erkrankungen durch die COVID-19-Pandemie berichtet.
Junge Menschen und Menschen mit psychischen Vorerkrankungen sind besonders durch
die Pandemie belastet. Gegenstand dieser Studie sind das Ausmaß
psychischer Symptombelastung, die Funktionsfähigkeit und der
Behandlungserfolg bei Rehabilitanden der medizinisch-psychiatrischen
Rehabilitation im Jahr vor Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie und während der
COVID-19-Phase.

Methodik Die Daten von N=1715 Rehabilitanden mit Reha-Abschluss
vor dem ersten Lockdown und von N=707 Rehabilitanden mit Reha-Beginn
nach der Corona-bedingten Schließung der Klinik von März bis Mai
2020 aus den Jahren 2019 und 2020 werden hinsichtlich der
Stichprobencharakteristik sowie der Ergebnisse in den Patient-reported Outcomes
(Beginn und Ende der Rehabilitation) verglichen.

Ergebnisse Zwischen den beiden Beobachtungszeiträumen zeigen sich
keine bedeutsamen Unterschiede in der soziodemografischen Charakteristik der
Rehabilitanden. Bei Reha-Beginn zeigt sich in der Skala Somatisierung kein
signifikanter Unterschied, in den Skalen Ängstlichkeit und
Depressivität zeigt sich während der COVID-19-Phase ein
signifikant höherer Wert, allerdings im Ausmaß eines sehr
kleinen Effekts. In den Skalen zu Aktivitäten und Teilhabe (ICF
3 F AT) sowie bei der Funktionsfähigkeit (WHODAS 2.0)
unterscheiden sich die Werte der Vergleichszeiträume bei Reha-Beginn
nicht. Rehabilitanden mit niedrigerem sozioökonomischem Status
(Reha-Geld oder Invaliditäts-/Berufsunfähigkeitspension)
weisen hingegen in einigen Skalen kritischere Werte auf. Der Reha-Erfolg ist
vergleichbar mit dem Zeitraum vor der COVID-19-Pandemie und liegt im Bereich von
mittleren bis hohen Effektgrößen.

Schlussfolgerung Die Studie zeigt – unter Berücksichtigung
der Limitationen – geringe oder gar keine signifikanten Unterschiede in
den soziodemografischen Daten und in der Symptombelastung bei Reha-Beginn und
die Effektgrößen sind vergleichbar mit dem Zeitraum vor der
COVID-19-Pandemie. Die Ergebnisse internationaler Studien, dass es zu einem
deutlichen Anstieg psychischer Belastungen während der COVID-19-Pandemie
in der Bevölkerung gekommen ist, können nicht direkt auf die
österreichische Reha-Klientel übertragen werden.
Anterior Skull Base Meningioma: Surgical Approach and Complication Avoidance
Authors: Nangarwal Bhawan , Gosal Jaskaran Singh , Das Kuntal Kanti , Khatri Deepak , Bhaisora Kamlesh , Verma Pawan Kumar , Sardhara Jayesh , Mehrotra Anant , Srivastava Arun K. , Jaiswal Awadhesh K. , Behari Sanjay
Published: January 2022

Introduction Endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) and keyhole transcranial approaches (TCAs) are being increasingly used in anterior skull base meningioma (ASBM) surgery.

Objective We compare tumor resection rates and complication profiles of EEA and supraorbital keyhole approach (SOKHA) with conventional TCAs.

Methods Fifty-four patients with ASBM (olfactory groove meningioma [OGM], n = 19 and planum sphenoidale/tuberculum sellae meningioma [PSM/TSM], n = 35) operated at a single center over 7 years were retrospectively analyzed.

Results The overall rate of gross total resection (GTR) was higher in OGM (15/19, 78.9%) than PSM-TSM group (23/35, 65.7%, p = 0.37). GTR rate with OGM was 90% and 75% with TCA and EEA. Death (n = 1) following medical complication (TCA) and cerebrospinal fluid leak requiring re-exploration (n = 2, one each in TCA and EEA) accounted for the major complications in OGM. For the PSM/TSM group, the GTR rates were 73.3% (n = 11/15), 53.8% (n = 7/13), and 71.4% (n = 5/7) with TCA, EEA, and SOKHA, respectively. Seven patients (20%) of PSM-TSM developed major postoperative complications including four deaths (one each in TCA and SOKHA, and two in EEA groups) and three visual deteriorations. Direct and indirect vascular complications were common in lesser invasive approaches to PSM-TSM especially if the tumor has encased intracranial arteries.

Conclusion No single approach is applicable to all ASBMs. TCA is still the best approach to obtain GTR but has tissue trauma-related problems. SOKHA may be a good alternative to TCA in selected PSM-TSMs, while EEA may be an alternate option in some OGMs. A meticulous patient selection is needed to derive reported results of EEA for PSM-TSM.
Iodine-Promoted Formal [5+1] Annulation of 2-Vinylanilines and Thiurams: A Facile Approach to the Synthesis of 2-Aminoquinolines
Authors: Jiao Jing , Wang Pengyang , Zhang Zhipeng , Xiao Fangtao
Published: January 2022

Quinolines, especially 2-aminoquinolines, are highly important heterocycles in medicinal chemistry. 2-Aminoquinolines can be synthesized by stepwise construction of the quinoline ring followed by additional amination; however, this protocol is cumbersome. Here, we describe a [5+1]-cyclization of 2-vinylanilines with tetraalkylthiuram disulfides in the presence of iodine and copper(II) triflate. This reaction directly employs readily available and low-cost thiuram as both a C1 synthon and a nitrogen source, providing a facile approach to one-step syntheses of a variety of 2-aminoquinolines in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis of Pyrethroids and Jasmonoids through Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: Heguaburu Viviana , Parpal Florencia , Paullier Ana Paula , Pandolfi Enrique
Published: January 2022

The synthesis of jasmone and related jasmonoids and pyrethroids is described. These compounds play a defensive role in plants and share a common cyclopentenone core with variations in the side chains. Jasmone, cinerone, allylrethrone, and derivatives were synthesized through π-allyl palladium cross-coupling of stannane derivatives. With selective hydrogenation, dihydrojasmone, and dihydrocinerone were also synthesized.
Total Synthesis of Lamellarins U and A3 by Interrupting Halogen Dance
Authors: Okano Kentaro , Okui Yuya , Yasuda Yuto , Mori Atsunori
Published: January 2022

A total synthesis of lamellarins U and A3 is described. The synthesis features the interruption of a halogen dance reaction of a metalated α,β-dibromopyrrole. The pyrrolylmagnesium reagent, generated by deprotonative metalation by using (TMP)MgCl·LiCl (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide) as the base, was transmetalated to the corresponding organozinc species without causing the halogen dance reaction, which underwent a Negishi coupling to incorporate an aryl group onto the pyrrole ring. The arylated α,β-dibromopyrrole was then converted into lamellarins U and A3 through an α-selective halogen–magnesium exchange followed by carboxylation and subsequent palladium-mediated cyclization. The late-stage introduction of another aryl group was performed using a Kosugi–Migita–Stille coupling to provide lamellarins U and A3.
Palladium-Catalyzed Semihydrogenation of Alkynes with EtOH: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of E- and Z-Alkenes
Authors: Wang Chengniu , Dong Jin , Xu Dawei , Li Tingting , Zhao Xi
Published: January 2022

A palladium-catalyzed semihydrogenation of alkynes to E- and Z-alkenes employing EtOH as the hydrogenating agent is reported. The selectivity of the reaction system was effectively controlled by ­ligand/additive and solvent regulation. The use of sodium acetate/­triethanolamine (NaOAc/TEOA), THF, and (1R,2R)-bis[(2-­methoxyphenyl)phenylphosphino]ethane [(R,R)-DIPAMP] in CH3CN was critical for the stereoselective semihydrogenation of alkynes. The general applicability of this procedure was highlighted by the synthesis of more than 36 alkenes, in good yields with high stereoselectivities.
Mild, General, and Regioselective Synthesis of 2-Aminopyridines from Pyridine N-Oxides via N-(2-Pyridyl)pyridinium Salts
Authors: Xiong Hui , Hoye Adam T.
Published: January 2022

A synthesis of 2-aminopyridines from pyridine N-oxides via their corresponding N-(2-pyridyl)pyridinium salts has been demonstrated and investigated. The reaction sequence features a highly regioselective conversion of the N-oxide into its pyridinium salt followed by hydrolytic decomposition of the pyridinium moiety to furnish the 2-aminopyridine product. The method is compatible with a wide range of functional groups, is scalable, and features inexpensive reagents. 15N-labeling results gave products consistent with a Zincke reaction mechanism.
Administration of Systemic Antibiotics for Dental Treatment in Kosovo Major Dental Clinics: A National Survey
Authors: Mustafa Lirim , Islami Hilmi , Sutej Ivana
Published: January 2022

Objective Antibiotics misuse and a high level of antibiotics resistance is observed worldwide, but particularly in developing countries. Kosovo in the last decade is facing challenges regarding antimicrobial resistance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate patterns of antibiotics prescriptions of dentists in Kosovo's major dental clinics.

Materials and Methods For Kosovo's prescribing pattern, data collection was obtained from 10 Regional Dental Clinics and a Tertiary Health Center regarding patients who were prescribed antibiotics in the years 2015 to 2019. Data analysis was performed by using descriptive statistics and was processed by using MS Excel.

Results Most prescribed antibiotic during the observed period from 2015 to 2019 in Kosovo was amoxicillin, although a drastic increase of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid—as a broad-spectrum antibiotic—is observed. The trend of antibiotics use in tertiary health institutions is in an overall decrease in Kosovo with an exception in the year 2017. Despite this overall decrease, inconsistency in prescribing is observed when the pattern is analyzed for each region separately. The highest number of patients in health care dental clinics received antibiotics for maxilla-related health conditions and the lowest number of them for oncologic ones.

Conclusion The patterns of antibiotics prescriptions by dental practitioners in Kosovo during the years 2015 to 2019 are fluctuating. Compared with the global health care standards, the irrational use of antibiotics in dental health care clinics in Kosovo still exist and this issue should be further addressed by respective actors.
Knowledge and Practice of Dentists Managing Patients on Antithrombotic Medications: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Gaballah Kamis , Hassan Mawada
Published: January 2022

Objectives In this article, we explored the level of knowledge and practice of licensed dentists in the United Arab Emirates regarding managing patients on antithrombotic medications. Moreover, to assess the need for educational intervention in this area is one of the objectives.

Materials and Methods A total of 502 dentists answered 22 close-ended questionnaires. The sample size was determined based on the registry of the Ministry of Health.

Results Only 5.6 and 5.9% showed satisfactory overall awareness about aspirin and plavix, respectively, as drugs may hamper hemostasis. A substantial proportion of dentists consider aspirin (63.1%) and clopidogrel (52.2%) discontinuation before treatment. More than one-third of the participants shall not consider extracting teeth before physician approval, and one-quarter to one-third of them refer patients on such medications to oral surgeons to perform tooth extraction. Most respondents did not adequately answer the questions about the additional hemostatic measures and postoperative analgesia. A significantly high number of participants (n = 440, 87.6%) want to attend updated courses on the dental management of such patients.

Conclusions The dentists demonstrate a contrasting diversity of knowledge and practice approaches to patient management on antiplatelet agents. There is an apparent demand to raise understanding of the evidence-based management of a patient on such medications. It is vital to keep formalized training sessions and provide the necessary expertise to students and dentists to prevent unwanted complications.
The Efficacy of High-Volume Evacuators and Extraoral Vacuum Aspirators in Reducing Aerosol and Droplet in Ultrasonic Scaling Procedures during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Suwandi Trijani , Nursolihati Vidya , Sundjojo Mikha , Widyarman Armelia Sari
Published: January 2022

Objective SARS-CoV-2 can be carried by aerosols and droplets produced during dental procedures, particularly by the use of high-speed handpieces, air-water syringes, and ultrasonic scalers. High-volume evacuators (HVEs) and extraoral vacuum aspirators (EOVAs) reduce such particles. However, there is limited data on their efficacy. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of HVE and EOVA in reducing aerosols and droplets during ultrasonic scaling procedures.

Materials and Methods Three ultrasonic scaling simulations were conducted on mannequins: 1. saliva ejector (SE) was used alone (control); 2. SE was used in combination with HVE; and 3. SE was used in combination with HVE and EOVA. Paper filters were placed on the operator's and assistant's face shields and bodies, and the contamination of aerosols and droplets was measured by counting blue spots on the paper filters.

Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The differences between each method were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, followed by a posthoc test. The differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05.

Result Using HVE and EOVA reduced aerosols and droplets better than using SE alone or SE and HVE: the posthoc test for contamination revealed a significant difference (p < 0.01). The assistant was subjected to greater contamination than the operator during all three ultrasonic scaling procedures.

Conclusion The usage of HVE and EOVA significantly reduced aerosols and droplets compared with using SE solely. Using these techniques together could prevent the transmission of airborne disease during dental cleanings, especially COVID-19. Further studies of aerosol-reducing devices are still needed to ensure the safety of dental workers and patients.
Quality-Based Evaluation of Patient-Facing Online Education Materials Regarding Facial Filler Procedures
Authors: Beer Adam J. , Eggerstedt Michael , Urban Matthew J. , Smith Ryan M. , Revenaugh Peter C.
Published: January 2022

Injectable facial fillers have become tremendously more popular in recent years, and the Internet offers a proportional amount of consumer-facing educational material. This study sought to explore the quality of these online materials. The top 20 Web sites offering educational materials about facial filler were identified via Google search and sorted by source: Medical Professional Boards, Hospitals and Providers, Medical News and Reference, and Fashion. The materials were assessed for overall quality with the validated DISCERN instrument. The authors also assessed understandability and actionability (Patient Education Material Assessment Tool - PEMAT), accuracy, comprehensiveness, and readability (Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease). The mean DISCERN score was 46.9 ± 7.6, which is considered “fair” quality educational material; above “poor,” but below “good” and “excellent.” Understandability and actionability scores were low, particularly with respect to visual aids. The materials were generally accurate (76–99%), but scored poorly in comprehensiveness, as 15% failed to mention any risks/adverse effects and only 35% mentioned cost. On average, readability was at an 11th grade level, far more complex than ideal (< 6th grade level). Information disseminated from seemingly reputable sources such as professional boards and hospitals/providers were not of higher quality or superior in any of the above studied domains. In conclusion, online educational materials related to injectable facial fillers are of subpar quality, including those from academic and professional organizations. Visual aids were particularly weak. The facial rejuvenation community should make a concerted effort to set a higher standard for disseminating such information.
Laparoscopic Liver Resection: Surgical Techniques
Authors: Sullivan Brittany G. , Wolf Ronald , Jutric Zeljka
Published: January 2022

Laparoscopic liver resection has evolved from a technique to remove small anterior liver lesions with smaller incisions to a major method for the performance of almost every type of liver resection.
How do Clinicians View the Process of Shared Decision-Making with Parents Facing Extremely Early Deliveries? Results from an Online Survey
Authors: Kim Brennan Hodgson , Krick Jeanne , Schneider Simone , Montes Andres , Anani Uchenna E. , Murray Peter D. , Arnolds Marin , Feltman Dalia M.
Published: January 2022

Objective The objective of this study was to better understand how neonatology (Neo) and maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) physicians approach the process of shared decision-making (SDM) with parents facing extremely premature (<25 weeks estimated gestational age) delivery during antenatal counseling.

Study Design Attending physicians at U.S. centers with both Neo and MFM fellowships were invited to answer an original online survey about antenatal counseling for extremely early newborns. Preferences for conveying information are reported elsewhere. Here, we report clinicians' self-assessments of their ability to engage in deliberations and decision-making and perceptions of what is important to parents in the SDM process. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed respondents' views with respect to individual characteristics, such as specialty, gender, and years of clinical experience.

Results In total, 74 MFMs and 167 Neos representing 94% of the 81 centers surveyed responded. Neos versus MFMs reported repeat visits with parents less often (<0.001) and agreed that parents were more likely to have made delivery room decisions before they counseled them less often (p < 0.001). Respondents reported regularly achieving most goals of SDM, with the exception of providing spiritual support. Most respondents reported that spiritual and religious views, risk to an infant's survival, and the infant's quality of life were important to parental decision-making, while a physician's own personal choice and family political views were reported as less important. While many barriers to SDM exist, respondents rated language barriers and family views that differ from those of a provider as the most difficult barriers to overcome.

Conclusion This study provides insights into how consultants from different specialties and demographic groups facilitate SDM, thereby informing future efforts for improving counseling and engaging in SDM with parents facing extremely early deliveries and supporting evidence-based training for these complex communication skills.

Key Points
Integrated information as a common signature of dynamical and information-processing complexity
Authors: Mediano Pedro A. M. , Rosas Fernando E. , Farah Juan Carlos , Shanahan Murray , Bor Daniel , Barrett Adam B.
Published: January 2022

The apparent dichotomy between information-processing and dynamical approaches to complexity science forces researchers to choose between two diverging sets of tools and explanations, creating conflict and often hindering scientific progress. Nonetheless, given the shared theoretical goals between both approaches, it is reasonable to conjecture the existence of underlying common signatures that capture interesting behavior in both dynamical and information-processing systems. Here, we argue that a pragmatic use of integrated information theory (IIT), originally conceived in theoretical neuroscience, can provide a potential unifying framework to study complexity in general multivariate systems. By leveraging metrics put forward by the integrated information decomposition framework, our results reveal that integrated information can effectively capture surprisingly heterogeneous signatures of complexity—including metastability and criticality in networks of coupled oscillators as well as distributed computation and emergent stable particles in cellular automata—without relying on idiosyncratic, ad hoc criteria. These results show how an agnostic use of IIT can provide important steps toward bridging the gap between informational and dynamical approaches to complex systems.
Niobium carbide MXene-optics fiber-sensor for high sensitivity humidity detection
Authors: Bi Mingpan , Miao Yinping , Li Wenjie , Yao Jianquan
Published: January 2022

Niobium carbide (Nb2CTX) MXene is an emerging two-dimensional material and exhibits promising potential in relative humidity (RH) measurement because of its superior photoelectronic and structural properties. Here, Nb2CTX nanosheets were integrated with microfibers via an optical deposition method, and a fiber-optic-based RH sensing strategy was experimentally demonstrated. The ambient H2O molecules could be absorbed and intercalated into the Nb2CTX sheets, thereby modulating the transmission spectra of the microfiber interferometer. The RH sensing experiments showed that the transmission spectra initially blue-shifted as the RH levels increased from 18.5% to 72.4% RH, and the sensitivity was −86 pm/% RH because the effective refractive index of Nb2CTX changes, whereas the transmission spectra exhibited a red shift in the RH range of 72.4%–95.4% RH with a high sensitivity of 585 pm/% RH because of the structure of Nb2CTX variations. The combination of Nb2CTX MXene and fiber optics exhibits great prospects in the RH sensing field and brings innovative ideas for gas-sensing applications.
Controlled CVD growth of ultrathin Mo2C (MXene) flakes
Authors: Öper Merve , Yorulmaz Uǧur , Sevik Cem , Ay Feridun , Kosku Perkgöz Nihan
Published: January 2022

MXenes combine distinctive properties, including high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and efficient absorption of electromagnetic waves, which allow them to be utilized in various applications such as electrical energy storage, sensors, and functional composites. This study aims to grow thin and large area Mo2C flakes in a controlled manner by using chemical vapor deposition, avoiding surface functionalization, and limited lateral dimensions. Herein, we investigate the effects of CH4 flow, the precursor/catalyst (Mo/Cu) ratio, and flow rates of carrier gas on the growth of two-dimensional Mo2C structures. This study examines the effects of the precursor/catalyst (Mo/Cu) ratio and flow rates of carrier gas on the growth of Mo2C structures. Our results show that when the flow rates of CH4, catalyst/precursor (Cu/Mo) ratio, and carrier gas (N2/H2) ratio are varied, we can control both thickness (from 7 to 145 nm) and coverage of the substrate surface (from 11% to 68%) of the Mo2C flakes. Therefore, this study reveals that it is possible to realize centimeter-scale surface coverage and controllable thicknesses by adjusting the process parameters. The deposited films and flakes are analyzed by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy techniques. The Raman spectra are also compared with the theoretical calculations using density functional theory. Overall, the present work is expected to provide a significant impact for utilization of MXenes in various applications.
The power-law distribution in the geometrically growing system: Statistic of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Chol-jun Kim
Published: January 2022

The power-law distribution is ubiquitous and seems to have various mechanisms. We find a general mechanism for the distribution. The distribution of a geometrically growing system can be approximated by a log-completely squared chi distribution with one degree of freedom (log-CSχ1), which reaches asymptotically a power-law distribution, or by a lognormal distribution, which has an infinite asymptotic slope, at the upper limit. For the log-CSχ1, the asymptotic exponent of the power-law or the slope in a log–log diagram seems to be related only to the variances of the system parameters and their mutual correlation but independent of an initial distribution of the system or any mean value of parameters. We can take the log-CSχ1 as a unique approximation when the system should have a singular initial distribution. The mechanism shows comprehensiveness to be applicable to wide practice. We derive a simple formula for Zipf’s exponent, which will probably demand that the exponent should be near −1 rather than exactly −1. We show that this approach can explain statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Synchronization of discrete fractional-order complex networks with and without unknown topology
Authors: Ma Weiyuan , Li Zhiming , Ma Nuri
Published: January 2022

This paper studies the outer synchronization problem of discrete fractional complex networks (DFCNs) with and without the presence of unknown topology. A discrete complex network with a fractional difference is first established and analyzed. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov function and utilizing properties of the fractional difference, outer synchronization criteria for the DFCNs with and without unknown topology are established based on linear matrix inequalities. Meanwhile, the unknown parameters in the topology structure of the network can be identified by adaptive update laws. In the end, two numerical examples are given to exemplify the validity and applicability of the obtained results.
Direct numerical simulation of flow over a cylinder immersed in the grid-generated turbulence
Authors: Song Baiyang , Ping Huan , Zhu Hongbo , Zhou Dai , Bao Yan , Cao Yong , Han Zhaolong
Published: January 2022

In this study, we conducted three-dimensional direct numerical simulations to investigate the impact of incoming turbulence on the flow dynamics behind a single main cylinder at Reynolds number of Re = 3900. The incoming turbulence is generated by ten side-by-side cylindrical grid bars, whose center-to-center distance T is set equal to 2D, where D is the diameter of both the grid bars and the main cylinder. It is found that in the wake of the grid bars, the non-Gaussian production region and the homogeneous decay region, which are, respectively, located at X/D<4 and X/D>4, were separated by the development of turbulence intensity Ti. Compared to the uniform incoming flow, the hydrodynamic forces induced by the present incoming turbulence are markedly distinct in magnitude. Specifically, the time-averaged drag coefficient C¯d is increased by 29.4%, and more surprisingly, the root mean square value of the lift coefficient is increased by as much as 500%. Statistical analysis is then performed, in terms of the Reynolds stresses, mean field, and the turbulent wake visualization to show variations in the flow dynamics. Results indicate that the incoming turbulence could accelerate the turbulent transition of shear layers and lead to a contraction of the vortex formation region. In addition, the long streamwise streaky vortical structures leading to an increase in Reynolds stress are found in front of the cylinder surface, which illustrates that the effect of incoming turbulence has penetrated inside the front boundary layer.
Topological analysis of the latent geometry of a complex network
Authors: Jhun Bukyoung
Published: January 2022

Most real-world networks are embedded in latent geometries. If a node in a network is found in the vicinity of another node in the latent geometry, the two nodes have a disproportionately high probability of being connected by a link. The latent geometry of a complex network is a central topic of research in network science, which has an expansive range of practical applications, such as efficient navigation, missing link prediction, and brain mapping. Despite the important role of topology in the structures and functions of complex systems, little to no study has been conducted to develop a method to estimate the general unknown latent geometry of complex networks. Topological data analysis, which has attracted extensive attention in the research community owing to its convincing performance, can be directly implemented into complex networks; however, even a small fraction (0.1%) of long-range links can completely erase the topological signature of the latent geometry. Inspired by the fact that long-range links in a network have disproportionately high loads, we develop a set of methods that can analyze the latent geometry of a complex network: the modified persistent homology diagram and the map of the latent geometry. These methods successfully reveal the topological properties of the synthetic and empirical networks used to validate the proposed methods.
Photon spin angular momentum driven magnetization dynamics in ferromagnet/heavy metal bilayers
Authors: Iihama Satoshi , Ishibashi Kazuaki , Mizukami Shigemi
Published: January 2022

Thin-film magnetization controlled by optical helicity has been recently reported. Although circularly polarized light has spin angular momentum, helicity-dependent all-optical magnetization switching is mediated by the stochastic thermal process, such as magnetic circular dichroism, and the effect of photon spin angular momentum is considered to be a secondary role. Conversely, the inverse Faraday effect in ferromagnetic thin films and photon spin angular momentum injection into heavy metal thin films have been observed, which can induce torque on metallic thin-film magnets. In this study, we show photon spin angular momentum driven magnetization dynamics in bilayers of Co/(Pt, Au) thin films with various thicknesses. The heavy metal Pt, Au, and ferromagnetic Co layer thickness dependencies of photon spin angular momentum driven torques are discussed in terms of field-like torque owing to the inverse Faraday effect and spin-transfer torque caused by photon spin angular momentum injection into the heavy metal layer with details of optical and magnetic properties. This study provides a better understanding of photon spin angular momentum induced magnetization dynamics in metallic thin-film heterostructures for efficient photon-driven magnetization manipulation.
Thermal conductivity and management in laser gain materials: A nano/microstructural perspective
Authors: Wu X. , Tang L. , Hardin C. L. , Dames C. , Kodera Y. , Garay J. E.
Published: January 2022

Heat generation and thermally induced failure has been a major challenge for high-power applications in solid state lasers. Improvements in the solid state laser ceramic fabrication process offer improved mechanical toughness and comparable thermal conductivity compared to single crystal counterparts. Equally enticing is the possibility of using materials with intrinsically superior thermal/mechanical properties that are not viable in the single crystal form. Here, we review the nano/microstructural effects on optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of polycrystalline ceramics, recent developments in a variety of commonly used crystalline laser materials, and potential future directions for more robust laser gain materials for high-power applications. It is argued that the engineering microstructure with both optical and thermal performances in mind might offer breakthrough improvements in laser gain media.
Role of deposition noise in nanostructure formation: A theoretical investigation of quantum dots and quantum dotmolecules
Authors: Dhankhar Monika , Ranganathan Madhav
Published: January 2022

Quantum dots (QDs) and quantum dot molecules (QDMs) are nanostructures that spontaneously self-assemble under different heteroepitaxial growth conditions to reduce the strain in the system. In the silicon–germanium system, QDs form when the rate of deposition is low, whereas QDMs form at higher deposition rates. In this work, the theoretical model of silicon–germanium heteroepitaxy is modified by explicitly incorporating noise in a continuum theory for surface evolution in molecular beam epitaxy. Using the connection between higher deposition flux and a higher noise amplitude, it is possible to explain how changing flux can lead to a transition from QD to QDM formation, as seen in experiments. In these systems, increasing the noise amplitude leads to formation of pits on the surface, as opposed to QDs. These pits serve as nucleation sites for eventual QDM formation and subsequent refinement during annealing. On the other hand, in the case of pre-patterned films with existing pits, QDMs form under low stochasticity, whereas QDs form when the noise amplitude is large. Thus, we illustrate a dual role of noise in nanostructure growth: one where it promotes formation of QDMs via pit nucleation and another where it curtails QDM formation due to stochastic effects.
Polar-axis-oriented epitaxial tetragonal (Bi,K)TiO3 films with large remanent polarization deposited below Curie temperature by a hydrothermal method
Authors: Ito Yoshiharu , Tateyama Akinori , Kubota Rurika , Shiraishi Takahisa , Shimizu Takao , Kim Jaemyung , Seo Okkyun , Sakata Osami , Kurosawa Minoru , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

A hydrothermal method was used to epitaxially grow 70-nm-thick tetragonal (Bi,K)TiO3 films with stoichiometric compositions at 240 °C on (001)cSrRuO3//(001)SrTiO3 substrates. Crystal structure analysis revealed that the obtained (Bi,K)TiO3 films had a polar-axis orientation attributable to the matching of the in-plane lattice with the SrRuO3 underlayer. Large coherent displacement of A-site ions along the polar direction observed by transmission electron microscopy may have induced the large tetragonal distortion of c/a = 1.046. The dielectric constant was about 100 and was almost frequency independent in the range of 103–105 Hz, while the dielectric loss, tan δ, was below 5%. Well-saturated ferroelectric polarization−electric field (P−E) hysteresis loops were observed, and the remanent polarization (Pr) was 84 μC/cm2. In addition, the effective piezoelectric constant, d33,eff., was estimated to be 85 pm/V by time-resolved x-ray diffraction measured under an applied electric field. The Pr and d33,eff. values were larger than those reported for polar-axis-oriented epitaxial tetragonal Pb(Zr0.35Ti0.65)O3 films, indicating that the polar-axis-oriented tetragonal (Bi,K)TiO3 film has high potential as a lead-free material for various applications. Specifically, the small εr and large d33,eff. led to an improvement in the figures of merit [d33,eff./εr and (d33,eff.)2/εr], the most important index in sensor and energy-harvester applications.
Airfoil design and surrogate modeling for performance prediction based on deep learning method
Authors: Du Qiuwan , Liu Tianyuan , Yang Like , Li Liangliang , Zhang Di , Xie Yonghui
Published: January 2022

Aiming at the problems of a long design period and imperfect surrogate modeling in the field of airfoil design optimization, a convolutional neural network framework for airfoil design and performance prediction (DPCNN) is established based on the deep learning method. The airfoil profile parameterization, physical field prediction, and performance prediction are achieved. The results show that the DPCNN framework can generate substantial perfect airfoil profiles with only three geometric parameters. It has significant advantages such as good robustness, great convergence, fast computation speed, and high prediction accuracy compared with the conventional machine learning method. When the train size is 0.1, the predicted results can be obtained within 5 ms. The prediction absolute errors of physical field of most sample points are lower than 0.002, and the relative errors of aerodynamic performance parameters are lower than 2.5%. Finally, the optimization attempt of operating parameters is completed by gradient descent method, which shows good stability and convergence. Overall, the DPCNN framework in this paper has outstanding advantages in time cost and prediction accuracy.
High-yield and high-angular-fluence neutron generation from deuterons accelerated by laser-driven collisionless shock
Authors: Huang C.-K. , Broughton D. P. , Palaniyappan S. , Junghans A. , Iliev M. , Batha S. H. , Reinovsky R. E. , Favalli A.
Published: January 2022

A bright collimated neutron source is an essential tool for global security missions and fundamental scientific research. In this paper, we study a compact high-yield and high-angular-fluence neutron source particularly suitable for high-energy neutron applications utilizing the breakup reaction of laser-driven deuterons in a 9Be converter. The neutron generation scaling from such a reaction is used to guide the choice and optimization of the acceleration process for bulk ions in a low density CD2 foam. In particular, the collisionless shock acceleration mechanism is exploited with proper choice in the laser and target parameter space to accelerate these ions toward energies above the temperature of the distribution. Particle-in-cell and Monte Carlo simulations are coupled here to investigate this concept and possible adverse effects as well as the contribution from the surface ions accelerated and the optimal converter design. The simulation results indicated that our design can be a practical approach to increase both the neutron yield and angular fluence of laser-driven neutron sources, reaching >1011 neutron/pulse (or >108 neutron/J) and >1011 neutron/sr (or >108 neutron/sr/J) with present-day kJ-class high-power lasers. Such developments will advance fundamental neutron science, high precision radiography, and other global security applications with laser-driven sources.
Shear-driven flow in an elliptical enclosure generated by an inner rotating circular cylinder
Authors: Unnikrishnan Akash , Shahane Shantanu , Narayanan Vinod , Vanka Surya Pratap
Published: January 2022

Shear-driven flow between a rotating cylinder and a stationary elliptical enclosure is studied in this paper. Two-dimensional time-dependent Navier–Stokes equations are solved using a meshless method, where interpolations are done with polyharmonic spline radial basis functions. The fluid flow is analyzed for various aspect ratios of the ellipse and eccentric placements of the inner cylinder. Contour plots of vorticity with streamlines, plots of non-dimensional torque, and the angle of eye of the primary vortex are presented in the paper for Reynolds numbers between 200 and 2000. Formation of Moffatt like vortices in the wide-gap region of the model is observed, and some benchmark data are provided for various cases that are simulated.
Rate of convergence in the disjunctive chaos game algorithm
Authors: Leśniak Krzysztof , Snigireva Nina , Strobin Filip
Published: January 2022

The rate of convergence of the chaos game algorithm for recovering attractors of contractive iterated function systems (IFSs) is studied. As with successive Picard iterates in the Banach fixed point principle, one has the exponential convergence. However, a symbolic sequence driving the iteration needs to obey some suitable statistical properties. Specifically, this sequence needs to behave like the classical Champernowne sequence. The exponent of convergence can be estimated from below in terms of (lower and upper) box dimensions of the attractor and from above by the entropy of the driver discounted by the Lipschitz constant of the IFS. Generically (in the sense of the Baire category), a driver that recovers the attractor yields arbitrarily slow convergence (of infinite order) interlaced with arbitrarily fast possible convergence (of order approaching a lower dimension).
Generating reaction trees with cascaded variational autoencoders
Authors: Nguyen Dai Hai , Tsuda Koji
Published: January 2022

To develop useful drugs and materials, chemists synthesize diverse molecules by trying various reactants and reaction routes. Toward automating this process, we propose a deep generative model, called cascaded variational autoencoder (casVAE), for synthesizable molecular design. It generates a reaction tree, where the reactants are chosen from commercially available compounds and the synthesis route is constructed as a tree of reaction templates. The first part of casVAE is designed to generate a molecule called a surrogate product, while the second part constructs a reaction tree that synthesizes it. In benchmarking, casVAE showed its ability to generate reaction trees that yield high-quality and synthesizable molecules. An implementation of casVAE is publicly available at https://github.com/tsudalab/rxngenerator.