bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EGYPTIAN TASKMASTERS AND HEAVY BURDENS: HIGHLAND EXPLOITATION AND THE COLLARED‐RIM PITHOS OF THE BRONZE/IRON AGE LEVANT
Authors: WENGROW DAVID
Published: May 2007

Summary.In considering the most controversial ceramic artefact of the Levant in the late 2nd millennium BC, the collared‐rim pithos, this paper breaks down the artificial chronological and cultural boundary that in many studies isolates the central highlands of modern Israel‐Palestine from the rest of the region. A large transport vessel, the collared‐rim pithos has been inappropriately used as an ‘ethnic marker’ for the settlement and expansion of the Ancient Israelites and as a chronological indicator of the Iron I Period (1200–1000 BC). Here a new socio‐economic model is proposed which accounts for the spatio‐temporal distribution of the collared‐rim pithos and integrates highland settlements into a regional system of exploitation which characterises the last phase of Ramesside hegemony in the Levant.
Urban bird declines and the fear of cats
Authors: Beckerman A. P. , Boots M. , Gaston K. J.
Published: May 2007

The role of domestic cats Felis catus in the troubling, on‐going decline of many urban bird populations in the UK is controversial. Debate, in the UK and elsewhere, has centred on the level of avian mortality directly imposed by cats, and on whether this is principally compensatory (the ‘doomed surplus’ hypothesis) or additive (the ‘hapless survivor’ hypothesis). However, it is well established that predators also have indirect, sub‐lethal effects on their prey where life‐history responses to predation risk affect birth and death rates. Here, using a simple model combining cat predation on birds with a sub‐lethal (fear) effect of cat density on bird fecundity, we show that these sub‐lethal effects may be substantial for urban songbirds. When cat densities are as high as has been recorded in the UK, and even when predation mortality is low (e.g. <1%), a small reduction in fecundity due to sub‐lethal effects (e.g. <1 offspring year−1 cat−1) can result in marked decreases in bird abundances (up to 95%). Thus, low predation rates in urban areas do not necessarily equate with a correspondingly low impact of cats on birds. Sub‐lethal effects may depress bird populations to such an extent that low predation rates simply reflect low prey numbers.
Emergency Room Management of Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies
Authors: Vidt Donald G.
Published: May 2007

Hypertensive crisis affects upward of 500,000 Americans each year. Although the incidence of hypertensive crisis is low, affecting fewer than 1% of hypertensive adults, more than 50 million adult Americans suffer from hypertension. Presentation of a patient with severe hypertension to the emergency room demands immediate evaluation, prompt recognition of a hypertensive emergency or urgency, and the prompt institution of appropriate therapeutic measures to prevent progression of target‐organ damage and to avoid a catastrophic event. Hypertensive emergencies are severe elevations in blood pressure that are complicated by evidence of progressive target‐organ dysfunction such as coronary ischemia, disordered cerebral function, a cerebrovascular event, pulmonary edema, or renal failure. Although therapy with parenteral antihypertensive agents may be initiated in the emergency department, these patients warrant prompt admission to an intensive care unit where continuous monitoring of blood pressure can be assured during therapy.
Ophthalmically Administered β Blockers and Their Cardiopulmonary Effects
Authors: Sica Domenic A.
Published: May 2007

Early clinical studies revealed that timolol and other topical β blockers were effective in reducing intra‐ocular pressure, without the side effects associated with other antiglaucoma agents. However, because persons with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases were generally excluded from many of these early studies, the risk of serious cardiovascular and respiratory side effects was seriously underestimated. Once these drugs were made available to the general population, reports of systemic side effects began to proliferate. Very quickly, adverse effects from topical β blockade became “old news.” Despite this recognition, many treating physicians remained unaware of the potential for systemic β blockade from topically applied β blockers. A significant portion of a topically administered dose of a β blocker can be absorbed and thereby affect systemic β blockade. Sensitivity to systemic β blockade can be quite dramatic in certain highly susceptible patients, particularly those with either cardiac or pulmonary abnormalities. Careful review of patients' medications will generally lessen, but not completely eliminate, the risk of undesired complications attributable to topical P blockade.
Caffeine and Stress: Implications for Risk, Assessment, and Management of Hypertension
Authors: Hartley Terry R. , Lovallo William R. , Whitsett Thomas L. , Sung Bong Hee , Wilson Michael F.
Published: May 2007

Caffeine use is widespread, and its consumption increases during periods of stress. Caffeine raises blood pressure by elevating vascular resistance, and this effect is larger and more prolonged in hypertensive patients than in normotensive. The pressor response to caffeine occurs eqully in persons at rest and under stress. The elevated baseline pressures of the hypertensive patient are therefore increased by both caffeine and stress, potentially leading to undesirably high pressures. Such combined effects on blood pressure may potentially confound the evaluation of hypertension, and possibly reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy. These effects are not abolished by pharmacologic tolerance to caffeine, as tolerance may not be complete with daily intake. The contribution of caffeine's effects to the development of hypertension warrants continued study, and caffeine use by patients merits consideration in terms of assessment and management of this disorder.
Primary Aldosteronism: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Thakkar Roopal B. , Oparil Suzanne
Published: May 2007

Primary aldosteronism (PA) may account for as many as 10%–14% of hypertension cases. The plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity ratio is a simple screening test for PA that should be performed in all patients with refractory/severe hypertension, spontaneous or provoked (by diuretics) hypokalemia, or a requirement for excessive potassium supplementation to maintain normokalemia. PA can be confirmed by a fludrocortisone suppression test or 24‐hour urine collection for aldosterone. Confirmatory testing should be followed by high‐resolution computerized tomography of the adrenal glands to distinguish bilateral hyperplasia or an adenoma. A solitary tumor greater than 1 cm in size in a younger patient is an indication for surgery; all other (nondiagnostic) findings should be followed by bilateral adrenal venous sampling (if available) to identify a unilateral cause of PA. Treatment for a later alizing positive study is surgical; spironolactone or another mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist is the treatment of choice for a nonlateralizing study. If adrenal venous sampling is not readily available, patients may be successfully treated pharmacologically.
Antihypertensive Efficacy of Candesartan in Comparison to Losartan: The CLAIM Study
Authors: Bakris George , Gradman Alan , Reif Max , Wofford Marian , Munger Mark , Harris Susan , Vendetti Jennifer , Michelson Eric L. , Wang Rebecca
Published: May 2007

An 8‐week, multicenter, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group, forced‐titration study was conducted to evaluate the antihypertensive efficacy of candesartan vs. losartan in 654 hypertensive patients with a diastolic blood pressure between 95 and 114 mm Hg from 72 sites throughout the U.S. Eligible patients were randomized to candesartan cilexetil 16 mg once daily, or losartan 50 mg once daily. Two weeks following randomization, patients doubled the respective doses of their angiotensin receptor blockers for an additional 6 weeks. At week 8, candesartan cilexetil lowered trough systolic/diastolic blood pressure by a significantly greater amount than did losartan (13.3/10.9 mm Hg with candesartan cilexetil vs. 9.8/8.7 mm Hg with losartan; p< 0.001). At the same period, candesartan cilexetil also lowered peak blood pressure by a significantly greater amount than did losartan (15.2 to 11.6 mm Hg with candesartan cilexetil vs. 12.6 to 10.1 mm Hg with losartan; p< 0.05). There were statistically significantly (p< 0.05) higher proportions of responders and controlled patients in the candesartan cilexetil group (62.4% and 56.0%, respectively) than in the losartan group (54.0% and 46.9%, respectively). Both treatment regimens were well tolerated; 1.8% in the candesartan cilexetil group and 1.6% in the losartan group withdrew because of adverse events. In conclusion, this forced‐titration study confirms that candesartan cilexetil is more effective than losartan in lowering blood pressure when both are administered once daily at maximum doses. Both drugs were well tolerated.
Diastolic Dysfunction in Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Simone Giovanni de , Palmieri Vittorio
Published: May 2007

Left ventricular diastolic properties are important markers of pump function and are frequently abnormal when myocardial insults alter tissue structure. Alterations can be limited to the early diastolic phase (early active relaxation) or to late diastolic filling (late ventricular compliance), but more often involve regulation of both phases of diastole. In asymptomatic patients with arterial hypertension, left ventricular relaxation is often prolonged, independently, at least in part, of cardiac loading conditions and left ventricular geometry, but this abnormality is associated with early signs of systolic dysfunction. Uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are most often associated with ischemic heart disease and impaired diastolic function. Reducing blood pressure with antihypertension therapy will reduce myocardial afterload, regress LVH, and improve systolic and diastolic function. In patients with symptoms of CHF with a normal ejection fraction, however, changes in therapy may be indicated. Greater emphasis should be placed on using medications that decrease myocardial load, but also reduce the effects of neurohormonal activation.
Less Salt Intake or More Salt Excretion: Is Hypertension Preventable?
Authors: Kuller Lewis H.
Published: May 2007

Hypertension is preventable by modification of the common source (i.e., sodium chloride) and by prevention of weight gain and increased consumption of “good” nutrients. Unfortunately, the necessary societal changes are unlikely to occur. Individual behavioral approaches are weak. A pharmacologic approach as a “crutch” for our unsuccessful control of a “common source” epidemic may work and have a major impact on morbidity and mortality due to hypertensive diseases. Once‐a‐day diuretics may be a better health dose than once‐a‐day vitamins for our nutrient‐rich society.
How Relevant and Frequent Is the Presence of Mild Renal Insufficiency in Essential Hypertension?
Authors: Segura Julián , Campo Carlos , Ruilope Luis M.
Published: May 2007

Recent analyses of the influence of renal function on the cardiovascular outcome in essential hypertensive patients have confirmed the relevance of the kidney in cardiovascular prognosis even in the initial stages of renal failure. The evaluation of renal function in clinical practice is based mainly on the finding of changes in serum creatinine, but the estimation of creatinine clearance or its determination after 24‐hour urine collection is not usually performed. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of mild chronic renal insufficiency (MCRI) through the determination of creatinine clearance in patients with essential hypertension to reinforce the need to consider using this parameter in daily clinical practice. We analyzed clinical and biochemical data from 2686 essential hypertension patients referred to our unit from 1979–1999. MCRI was defined as a serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL in men and ≥1.4 mg/dL in women, or a creatinine clearance estimated by the Cockroft‐Gault formula or by a 24‐hour urine collection of <60 mL/min. A prevalence of MCRI was found in 7.6% according to serum creatinine levels. This prevalence increased to 22.3% and 21.5% respectively when the diagnostic criteria for MCRI was the estimation of 24‐hour creatinine clearance in urine, or its estimation using the Cockroft‐Gault formula. When classified by creatinine clearance values, patients with MCRI were characterized by older age, elevated systolic blood pressure, higher serum total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, lower levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, higher serum uric acid, fasting serum glucose, serum potassium, and higher levels of urinary albumin excretion. In summary, MCRI is more prevalent in essential hypertension than previously thought, particularly if the estimated creatinine clearance is used to define MCRI. The finding of an altered renal function is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk. This fact reinforces the need to pay attention to any of the manifestations of renal damage observed in the usual clinical assessment of any hypertensive patient.
Omapatrilat Provides Long‐Term Control of Hypertension: A Randomized Trial of Treatment Withdrawal
Authors: Guthrie Robert , Reeves Richard A.
Published: May 2007

Omapatrilat simultaneously inhibits neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin‐converting enzyme, increasing levels of vasodilatory peptides while decreasing production of angiotensin II. This study evaluated the clinical effects of withdrawal of omapatrilat after a patient's hypertension had been controlled (seated diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) on omapatrilat for at least 6 months, with or without adjunctive antihypertensive medications. This double‐blind study randomized 83 patients to receive either their established omapatrilat dose or placebo for 8 weeks; any concomitant antihypertensive medications were kept constant. Patients continuing on omapatrilat had no change in blood pressure. Patients whose chronic omapatrilat treatment was replaced by placebo had clinically important increases in both systolic (+16.5 mm Hg) and diastolic (+9.6 mm Hg) blood pressures (both p<0.001). An increase in blood pressure was also seen in patients who were taking adjunctive antihypertensive medications prior to withdrawal of omapatrilat. This study demonstrates that when compared to withdrawal placebo, omapatrilat maintains clinically and statistically significant blood pressure reductions.
Update on the Management of Hypertension: Do Recent Clinical Trial Results Indicate a Change in National Recommendations for Therapy?
Authors: Moser Marvin
Published: May 2007

Numerous hypertension treatment trials have been reported during the past several years. In comparative studies it has been shown that the use of diuretics or diuretics/β blockers has resulted in a reduction in morbidity/mortality equivalent to the use of other antihypertensive medications. This is true in both young and elderly patients. In one large 8‐year study in diabetics, the use of a β blocker/diuretic combination was shown to be as effective in reducing overall cardiovascular events as an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/diuretic treatment program. Although most data indicate that the degree of blood pressure lowering accounts for most of the benefit, there are some differences in outcome that may be explained by different mechanisms of drug action. For example: 1) diuretics are more effective in preventing heart failure and overall cardiovascular events than a blockers; 2) an ACE inhibitor‐based program is more effective in the elderly in reducing myocardial infarctions and heart failure than a calcium channel blocker‐based program; and 3) a nondihydropyridine is more effective in reducing strokes, but less effective in preventing myocardial infarctions or heart failure, than a program based on diuretic therapy. There is also abundant evidence that the use of ACE inhibitors may prevent the occurrence of diabetes in hypertensive individuals and will reduce cardiovascular events in diabetics. Finally, the angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to slow the progression of renal disease and prevent the occurrence of end‐stage renal disease when compared to treatment regimens that do not include an angiotensin receptor blocker or ACE inhibitor. Updated treatment recommendations should include an ACE inhibitor and possibly an angiotensin receptor blocker along with diuretics and β blockers as initial therapy. In addition, recommendations for the use of multiple‐drug therapy have been reinforced by recent trials. Goal pressures are not readily achieved with monotherapy, especially in high‐risk patients.
Importance of Potassium in Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sica Domenic A. , Struthers Allan D. , Cushman William C. , Wood Mark , Banas John S. , Epstein Murray
Published: May 2007

The pivotal role of potassium (K+) in cardiovascular disease and the importance of preserving potassium balance have become clinical hot points, particularly as relates to new and emerging cardioprotective and renoprotective therapies that promote potassium retention. Although clinicians May be aware of the critical nature of this relationship, quite frequently there is some uncertainty as to the best way to monitor potassium levels in the face of a host of pathologic states and/or accompanying drug therapies that affect serum levels and/or total body potassium balance. Moreover, guidelines for monitoring of serum potassium levels are at best tentative and oftentimes are translated according to the level of concern of the respective physician. To address these uncertainties, an expert group was convened that included representatives from multiple disciplines. They attempted to reach consensus on the importance of K+in hypertension, stroke, and arrhythmias as well as practical issues on maintaining K+balance and avoiding K+depletion. Because of the complexity of this topic, issues of hyperkalemia will be addressed in a forthcoming manuscript.
The effect of stellar-mass black holes on the structural evolution of massive star clusters
Authors: Mackey A. D. , Wilkinson M. I. , Davies M. B. , Gilmore G. F.
Published: May 2007

We present the results of realistic N-body modelling of massive star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, aimed at investigating a dynamical origin for the radius–age trend observed in these systems. We find that stellar-mass black holes, formed in the supernova explosions of the most massive cluster stars, can constitute a dynamically important population. If a significant ensemble is retained (here we assume complete retention), these objects rapidly form a dense core where interactions are common, resulting in the scattering of black holes into the cluster halo, and the ejection of black holes from the cluster. These two processes heat the stellar component, resulting in prolonged core expansion of a magnitude matching the observations. Significant core evolution is also observed in Magellanic Cloud clusters at early times. We find that this does not result from the action of black holes, but can be reproduced by the effects of mass-loss due to rapid stellar evolution in a primordially mass-segregated cluster.
POSSIBLE METHODS FOR THE UTILIZATION OR DISPOSAL OF FISHERY SOLID WASTES1
Authors: GREEN JOHN H. , MATTICK JOSEPH F.
Published: May 2007

The pollution abatement technologies are briefly reviewed with emphasis on those which may be suitable for application to fishery processing operation. Because of the structure of American fisheries (generally small, seasonal operations), most recommended technologies for handling waste which involve large capital investment are economically not feasible. Other attributes of fisheries, mainly their location in coastal resort areas or tidewaterland or rock outcroppings, limit the use of other pollution abatement technologies such as lagooning and landfill methods. The result is that relatively new and inexpensive methods must be sought to alleviate fishery processing wastes from becoming a pollution problem. Some methods are suggested and discussed in this review. These include: production of fish “silage”; blending or composting with other industrial wastes; and the production of high valued by‐products.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND TEXTURE OF EXTRUDED SOY AND COTTONSEED FLOUR PRODUCTS
Authors: de BUCKLE T. SALAZAR. , ZAPATA L. E. , de SANOVAL A. MERCEDES. , BEN‐GERA I. , SHOMER I.
Published: May 2007

Textural properties of extruder cooked soybean and cottonseed flours were evaluated by a tasting panel and ultrastructure study. An attempt was made to correlate the findings of the tasting panel with chemical and physical parameters. The role of NSI in the flours and the size of the texturing machinery (X‐5 vs X‐25 or laboratory vs plant size) were evaluated as well. Water absorption and integrity tests values of the cottonseed products were lower than those of soybean. The free gossypol values of the cottonseed extruded products are relatively very low. Significant differences were found between the ultrastructure of the soybean and the cottonseed extrudates. Several stages of induced texturization of cottonseed protein were observed by the electron microscope while soy proteins had only one.
THE ELIMINATION OF ENTERIC BACTERIAL PATHOGENS FROM FOOD AND FEED OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BY GAMMA IRRADIATION WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO SALMONELLA RADICIDATION1
Authors: MOSSEL D. A. A.
Published: May 2007

Despite world‐wide severe underreporting of food‐transmitted disease of microbial origin, it is clear that the majority of such diseases is caused by enteropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae. Most of these are spread by foods of animal origin, consumed raw, or recontaminated subsequent to industrial or culinary heat processing. Radicidation with the help of gamma rays of carcasses or consumer size cuts presents a real solution to this problem. An ecologically based procedure for the estimation of the most probable effective dose for the elimination of enteric pathogens of bacterial origin from fresh meats, poultry and seafoods is described, special attention being paid to bacteriological analytical methodology found useful under conditions of practice. An additional advantage of this approach is, that it will allow easy assessment of lower doses, following reductions of initial enterobacterial loads, which should be attempted in parallel. It is demonstrated that most alleged counter‐indications so far hampering the use of ionizing radiation in food processing have now been eliminated, allowing full advantage to be derived from radicidation as an essential contribution to the protection of the consumer against diseases of microbial aetiology spread by foods, similar to the mandatory pasteurization of milk.
EVALUATION OF SPICES AND OLEORESINS VII. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF GINGEROL, SHOGAOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN GINGER
Authors: RAGHUVEER K. G. , GOVINDARAJAN V. S.
Published: May 2007

The products of thermal degradation of gingerols, the pungent component of the spice ginger under gas chromatographic conditions have been re‐examined. Besides breakdown to zingerone and aldehydes, substantial dehydration of gingerols to shogaols has been established by improved gas chromatographic separation. The identity of the pungent and poorly pungent homologs have been clearly established as (6)‐ and (8)‐, and (10)‐gingerols/shogaols respectively. Programmed temperature gas chromatography combined with thin‐layer chromatographic separation has provided a method for determining the ratio of the homologs and a possible method for estimation of gingerols and shogaols in ginger oleoresin.
STORAGE STABILITY OF DEHYDRATED FOOD EVALUATION OF LITERATURE DATA
Authors: VILLOTA R. , SAGUY I. , KAREL M.
Published: May 2007

Literature data on storage stability of dehydrated foods were compiled and critically evaluated. Stability of nine different groups of dehydrated products is reported in terms of time required to produce earliest quality defects, and in terms of specific quality measurements at time of failure, where these were available. Methods of drying, storage and pretreatment are also reported for each product.

The paper also discusses the contribution of various factors to stability of dehydrated foods, as well as research needs in this area.
QUALITY OF CABBAGE PART III: EFFECTS OF BLANCHING ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF CABBAGE (BRASSICA OLERACEA L.) PROTEINS1
Authors: SRISANGNAM C. , REDDY N. R. , SALUNKHE D. K. , DULL G. G.
Published: May 2007

Cabbage was blanched in solution or vacuum impregnated in a solution followed by steam blanching. The crude protein content of untreated dehydrated cabbage was 15,4%. Analysis of fresh as well as blanched cabbage products for amino acids indicated that glutamic acid accounted for about 30% of the recovered amino acids. Steam blanching led to loss of cysteine, the level of which was unaffected by blanching in solution. In vitro availability of amino acids indicated that the predicted biological value and chemical score for the available amino acids were decreased after blanching. Availability of sulfur‐containing amino acids was increased when the cabbage was blanched in solution. The electrophoretic patterns for proteins in cabbage blanched in solution and steam‐blanched cabbage were similar, but were different from the pattern for protein in fresh cabbage.
EGG QUALITY AS AFFECTED BY STORAGE AND HANDLING METHODS
Authors: KAMEL BASIL , BOND C. , DIAB M.
Published: May 2007

The quality and shelf‐life of fresh eggs were studied under simulated climatic conditions as found in Kuwait. Three groups of eggs (unwashed, washed, and washed and oil treated) were used. The treated eggs were stored at 5°, 25°, 37° and 42°C. Internal and external quality and sensory evaluation of the eggs stored up to 75 days were determined. The quality of the unwashed and washed eggs stored at 37°C and 42°C deteriorated rapidly while the wash and oil treatment extended shelf‐life but decreased in quality to C over a period of time. The percent weight loss in the oil treated eggs at all temperatures was about 0.6% while the washed and unwashed lost more depending upon the temperature and storage time. All parameters studied for interior quality showed that oil treated eggs were significantly better than untreated eggs even at 42°C. Sensory evaluation on boiled eggs indicated that changes in flavor and overall quality for untreated eggs stored at high temperatures were obvious while little change in texture was observed. It was concluded that under Kuwaiti conditions eggs should be oil treated directly after collection and stored at or below 25°C so that the quality and shelf‐life can be extended significantly.
STORAGE STUDY OF COMMERCIALLY PASTEURIZED WHOLE MILK1
Authors: WESTHOFF DENNIS
Published: May 2007

Pasteurized whole milk was obtained from retail outlets and from all the processing plants in Maryland. During storage at 7.0°C the milk was evaluated by a consumer‐type panel and analyzed for microbial quality. Over 90% of the milk obtained from the processing plants was judged acceptable by the panel following seven days of storage at 7.0°C, while 78% of the milk obtained at the retail level was judged as acceptable under the same conditions. Approximately 65% of all the milk surveyed at the retail level was less than two days old. Variations in the quality of milk among dairy processors and among retail outlets were noted. Total microbial numbers did not correlate well with organoleptic data.
STUDIES ON LIBYAN HONEYS
Authors: MOHAMED MOSTAFA A. , AHMED AHMED A. , MAZID MAHMOUD M.
Published: May 2007

Ten honey samples representing various floral types were obtained from different areas in Libya. Two other samples were obtained from hives, where bees were fed on sugar syrup and date syrup, respectively. The chemical composition and some characteristics of these samples were studied. The data obtained generally showed that the specifications of honeys produced in Libya conformed with those required for table honey. The application of thin‐layer chromatography on cellulose‐coated plates for the analysis of honey sugars yielded clear resolution and discrete spots. Some measures — such as high level of calcium, low level of potassium and UV‐absorption spectra of honeys were suggested to be used for identifying the sugar‐honeys and for ensuring the quality of blossom honeys. An attempt has been made to predict the granulation behavior of honeys and a derived regression formula was suggested.
SENSORY INTENSITY VERSUS HEDONIC FUNCTIONS: CLASSICAL PSYCHOPHYSICAL APPROACHES
Authors: MOSKOWITZ HOWARD R.
Published: May 2007

Studies of sensory intensity and hedonics (pleasantness and unpleasantness) of simple and complex stimuli show two quite different appearing functions. Type I functions show parallel increases of unpleasantness (or rarely pleasantness) with sensory intensity. Continua exhibiting Type I functions are often aversive such as sourness, noise annoyance, etc. Type II functions show maximum pleasantness value (optimum points) at an intermediate sensory level. Continua exhibiting Type II functions include acceptability of sugar and salt.
THE INFLUENCE OF SALT AND HYDROLYZED VEGETABLE PROTEIN ON THE SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF GROUND COW BEEF PATTIES
Authors: WING K. M. , SEIDEMAN S. C. , QUENZER N. M. , DURLAND P. R.
Published: May 2007

Ground cow beef was formulated to contain NaCl (0%, 1% or 2%) and hydrolyzed vegetable protein (0%, 0.25%, 0.50% or 0.75%) and was made into patties. Cow beef and steer beef patties without salt or HVP were utilized as controls. Patties were evaluated for fat and moisture content and sensory attributes. Meat source had no significant effect on fat and moisture content or on sensory attributes. The addition of NaCl resulted in patties that were more juicy, more tender and more desirable in flavor and texture than the control patties. Sensory ratings increased as the level of added salt increased. Patties containing 0.25% hydrolyzed vegetable protein were more tender, more juicy and received higher texture and flavor desirability ratings than patties containing 0%, 0.50% or 0.75% hydrolyzed vegetable protein.
TIME‐ TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE AND PHYSICAL‐CHEMICAL QUALITY TESTS FOR FROZEN RED HAKE
Authors: LICCIARDELLO J. J. , RAVESI E. M. , LUNDSTROM R. C. , WILHELM K. A. , CORREIA F. F. , ALLSUP M. G.
Published: May 2007

Frozen storage life of red hake fillet blocks was estimated by sensory evaluation to be 150 weeks at —20°F, 71 weeks at —5°F, 25 weeks at +5° F, 7.5 weeks at +10°F and 2.7 weeks at +20°F. Shelf life was limited by the development of a tough, fibrous texture and the reaction proceeded at a faster rate at temperatures above +5°F. Dimethylamine content, formaldehyde content and shear force measurement correlated very well with sensory texture score and thus, these objective tests could be useful for predicting textural quality. For product stored at temperatures above —5° F there was good correlation between extractable protein nitrogen and sensory texture score, but this correlation decreased with lower storage tempratures. Trimethylamine oxide content and pH diminished during the early phase of storage and then progressively increased during continued storage. Centrifuged drip as an objective quality test did not appear to be sufficiently sensitive or reliable for assessing textural quality.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF MILK FERMENTED BY VARIOUS LACTIC CULTURES
Authors: RAO D. R. , PULUSANI S. R. , RAO T. K.
Published: May 2007

A total of nine milk products were analyzed for total and free amino acids and total and nonprotein nitrogen. The products were: (1) whole milk (WM), (2) skim milk (SM), (3) WM fermented by Streptococcus thermophilus, (4) SM fermented by S. thermophilus, (5) WM fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus, (6) SM fermented by L. bulgaricus, (7) WM fermented by L. acidophilus, (8) SM fermented by L. acidophilus and (9) commercially prepared buttermilk. Essential amino acid content of the fermented milk was lower than that of the whole or skim milk. Fermentation of milk by lactic cultures decreased the total lysine (except butter milk) and methionine contents of all the samples. Since these two amino acids are limiting amino acids in protein malnourished areas, lactic fermentation of milk may be undesirable based on the chemical scores of the protein. However, the free amino acid content, including that of lysine and methionine, increases significantly upon lactic fermentation of milk. This predigestion of protein might result in an increased availability of the amino acids to offset the reduction in amino acids during fermentation and may even result in a better quality protein. Biological evaluation of the fermented milk proteins is necessary to evaluate their nutritional quality. L. bulgaricus was the most proteolytic of all the organisms used.
VACUUM PACKAGING OF FRESH BEEF: A REVIEW
Authors: SEIDEMAN S. C. , DURLAND P. R.
Published: May 2007

Vacuum packaging is a method of distributing beef primal cuts in oxygen impermeable bags under vacuum. Increased technology in the application of vacuum packaging has verified that it provides a means of prolonging the shelf‐life and palatability of beef during extended periods of shipment and storage. Additional advantages of vacuumized storage include reduction in weight loss from evaporation and trimming, preservation of color, increased hygienic control and enhanced palatability due to controlled aging. Such benefits have been achieved by intensified research efforts directed towards improving packaging systems. The objective of this review is to discuss these research efforts and identify those factors associated with the quality of vacuum packaged beef.
UTILIZATION OF MINCED SUCKER FLESH
Authors: DAWOOD A. A. , PRICE J. F. , REYNOLDS A. E.
Published: May 2007

Freshwater suckers (Catostamidae family) were obtained from Lake Huron to study the possibility of developing new products utilizing its flesh and the influences of additives on the functionality of sucker muscle proteins. Results showed that sodium chloride increased protein solubility, but also decreased swelling, gel forming and pH. In comparison, sodium tripolyphosphate increased protein solubility, pH, swelling and gel formation. Fish sausages and canned products showed low binding characteristics. However, adding corn meal and soy protein in combination with sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate improved their water holding capacity, texture and cook yield. It was concluded that sodium tripolyphosphate, corn meal and fat should be used in manufacturing minced sucker products.
EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON CARCASSES FROM STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED STEERS
Authors: CROSS H. R. , SORINMADE S. O. , ONO K.
Published: May 2007

Twelve steers of known breeding and management history were assigned to two antemortem treatment groups (stress or no stress). After evisceration and splitting, sides in each group were randomly assigned to two electrical stimulation treatments (no stimulation or stimulated intermittently with one amp current for 2 min). ES did not affect any of the carcass characteristics in the stressed group except lean and overall maturity. Although ES did not affect lean color in stressed carcasses, they were darker in color than unstressed carcasses. The unstressed stimulated carcasses were more tender and contained less panel detectable connective tissue than the unstressed‐unstimulated carcasses. ES did not improve tenderness of stressed carcasses. Thus, it appears that ES will be effective only on carcasses that have not severely depleted their stores of muscle glycogen.
THE PAIRED‐COMPARISON METHOD AS A SIMPLE DIFFERENCE TEST
Authors: McBRIDE R. L. , WATSON A. J. , COX B. M.
Published: May 2007

The paired‐comparison method is rarely used as a simple difference test in sensory analysis because it lacks a predictable null hypothesis. However, two separate experiments with a total of 810 assessors both provided empirical support for a probability under the null hypothesis of p = 1/2, but showed also that this probability can be influenced by the way in which the difference question is asked.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF MAYONNAISE: A REVIEW
Authors: HARRISON L. J. , CUNNINGHAM F. E.
Published: May 2007

Food emulsions are an important part of the food industry. Use of one such emulsion, mayonnaise, has grown enormously since it first was produced commercially in the early 1900's. A number of factors influence the mayonnaise emulsion. These factors that have been discussed are: the egg yolk, the relative volume of the phases, the emulsifying effect of mustard, the method of mixing, water hardness, and viscosity. Numerous research efforts have shown these factors to be of great significance in the formation and stability of a high quality mayonnaise.
ASCORBIC ACID RETENTION OF SELECTEDVEGETABLESBLANCHEDBY MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS
Authors: LANE R. H. , BOSCHUNG  , ABDEL‐GHANY M.
Published: May 2007

Ascorbic acid content was determined and compared for the vegetables: green beans, purple hull peas, yellow squash, and mustard greens, blanched by microwave and conventional methods. Generally, no difference existed among methods o f blanching except for steam blanched purple hull peas which were higher in ascorbic acid content (P≤ 0.05) than those blanched by the other methods. Excessive loss of ascorbic acid seemed to be related to high surface to mass ratio as evidenced by low retention values for sliced yellow squash and mustard greens.
THE EFFECTS OF SOLUBLE AND INSOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF BEEF SKELETAL MUSCLE ON THE STABILITY OF MEAT BATTERS
Authors: MONAGLE C. W. , CARPENTER J. A. , REAGAN J. O.
Published: May 2007

The effects of soluble and insoluble components of beef skeletal muscle were examined by incorporating these fractions into batters made from beef heart and beef skeletal muscle and measuring the stability of these batters. In both types of batters, the homogenate residues promoted stability. Removal of salt from these residues decreased or removed their ability to stabilize the meat batters.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROPERTIES OF DRY AND KCOOKED FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA L.)
Authors: SHEHATA A. M. EL‐TABEY , El‐RUBY M. M. , MESSALLAM A. S.
Published: May 2007

A total of 155 samples of faba beans were collected immediately after harvest during 3 successive years. Eight properties of the dry deeds and six properties of the cooked beans were evaluated for all samples.

Relative density, the percentages of seed coat and hydration coefficient of dry seeds were highly significantly coorelated with texture and hydration coefficient of cooked faba beans.

Path coefficient analysis showed that the percentage of seed coat and hydration coefficient of dry seeds were the principal properties that affected the texture and the hydration coefficient of cooked faba beans.

The cooking quality of cooked faba beans may be predicted to a certain extent by determining kpercentage of seed coats or/and hydration coeffcient of dry seeds.
COLLAGEN AS A HAMBURGER EXTENDER
Authors: CHAVEZ J. , HENRICKSON R. L. , RAO B. R.
Published: May 2007

Bovine hide collagen was added to ground beef at 0, 10 or 20% level replacing lean meat and stored at −15°C up to 2 weeks to evaluate the effect of collagen level and storage time on the quality. Beef patties with collagen were found to be superior (P<0.05) in juiciness by the taste panel while the flavor, texture and overall acceptability decreased as the collagen level increased. However, no significant differences were observed for these attributes due to storage time. Collagen was found to bind moisture as indicated by no significant cooking loss due to replacement levels or storage. Chemical rancidity decreased significantly as the collagen level increased but was not influenced by length of storage. The addition of collagen to ground beef resulted in a lighter colored patty which was influenced by collagen level and storage time. The patties tended to become less cohesive as collagen level increased but the texture improved upon storage.
THE INFLUENCE OF HOT‐BONING AND DELAY CHILLING ON TENDERNESS OF MATURE COW CARCASSES HUNG BY THE OBTURATOR FORAMEN
Authors: PHOYA R. K. D. , WILL P. A.
Published: May 2007

Carcasses of six mature cows (4 years plus) were investigated to evaluate the effect of hot boning with delay chilling on various muscles. Both sides of the carcasses were suspended by the obturator foramen before the muscle systems were fabricated. One side of each carcass was assigned at random to be delay chilled with hot‐boning (experimental treatment). This experimental side was held for 4 hours postmortem at 16°C before various muscle systems were excised and stored at 1 °C for an additional 44 h. The conventionally processed side was held at 1 °C for 48 h before fabrication into muscle systems. Meat tenderness was objectively estimated by the use of the Warner‐Bratzler Shear (WB). Subjective evaluation of meat tenderness was by a trained panel. The muscles studied were the longissimus (LD), quadriceps femoris (QF), and psoas major (PM). Shear force values were statistically different (P < 0.01) for the LD and QF and (P < 0.001) for the PM muscles. The taste panel detected variations in tenderness between the two treatments and found steaks from conventional chill muscles to be significantly (P < 0.001) preferred over the delay chilled steaks. Preference and hedonic scale scores all supported findings indicated by WB that delay chill processing for 4 h postmortem with hot‐boning did not provide beef of greater tenderness than conventional chill when both sides were suspended through the obturator foramen.
QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH SNAP BEANS IN DIFFERENT PRICE CATEGORIES
Authors: SHEWFELT R. L. , RESURRECCION A. V. A. , JORDAN J. L. , HURST W. C.
Published: May 2007

Snap beans were collected from nine lots at five wholesale warehouses over a 2 day period. The lots were separated into three groups based on wholesale price — high ($15.35/bu), intermediate ($13.35–$14.90/bu), and low ($13.00/bu). Lots were analyzed for quality by chemical, physical and sensory methods to determine those quality factors most closely associated with the price of fresh beans at the wholesale level. Textural properties differentiated between beans in low and intermediate price groups. Appearance factors were more important than texture in distinguishing between beans of the high and intermediate price groups.
INTRAMUSCULAR LIPIDS IN M. LONGISSIMUS DORSI FROM PORK, AS RELATED TO BREED AND SENSORY PROPERTIES
Authors: FJELKNER‐MODIG STINA , TORNBERG EVA
Published: May 2007

The content, composition and distribution of intramuscular lipids in M. longissimus dorsi (LD) of pure bred Hampshire, Swedish Landrace and Swedish Yorkshire pigs were investigated.

The highest content of intramuscular lipids was found in Hampshire (2.0%). Swedish Yorkshire had on an average 1.8% intramuscular lipids and Swedish Landrace 1.4%. About 35% of the fatty acids are saturated, 51–56% are monounsaturated and 8–12% are polyunsaturated. The content, as well as the fatty acid composition of the intramuscular lipids, were influenced by breed and sex and most probably also by genetic factors.

The intramuscular lipids were mainly found in fat depots containing 20 to 150 fat cells. The fat depots were situated in the perimysium and, to some extent, in the endomysium. The fat cells had mostly an elliptical shape. The diameter of the fat cells varied between 15 and 180 μm but a diameter of 30–60 μm was most frequently noted. An increase in fat depot size was related to an increase in fat cell diameter.

For the Swedish Landrace breed a relationship between the sensory properties of LD and the content and the distribution of intramuscular lipids was noted. The sensory properties of Yorkshire were related to the content, composition and distribution of intramuscular lipids, whereas no relationship was noted for the Hampshire breed.
APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS FOR THE QUALITY CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE‐STRENGTH GRAPEFRUIT JUICE
Authors: PINO JORGE A. , TORRICELLA RAUL G. , ORSI FERENC , FIGUERAS LIANA
Published: May 2007

Grapefruit juice volatiles were collected and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography for 24 samples of commercial single‐strength grapefruit juice from different production days and storage conditions. With the help of multivariate statistics, attempts have been made to classify them according to the chromatographic data and sensory evaluation of the juice. The data was analyzed by canonical and cluster analysis. As a typical result, it was found that using three constituents, the samples could be classified into four different quality classes. From the point of view of sensory interpretation, the canonical analysis also proved to be an interesting approach. Of the three more significant constituents, nootkatone and an unknown constituent have positive contribution, while another unknown constituent give a reverse contribution.
ASCORBIC ACID AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF ASPARAGUS DURING MARKETING
Authors: HUDSON D. E. , LACHANCE P. A.
Published: May 2007

California‐grown asparagus purchased from wholesale markets and retail stores in the greater New York area 6 to 9 days after harvest, and California asparagus purchased at retail stores in the greater New York area then stored 3 days at 5.5 °C and 90–95% relative humidity to simulate consumer holding were analyzed for total ascorbic acid (AA), L‐ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) and riboflavin content. Asparagus from wholesale markets, retail stores and storage averaged 15, 10, and 9mg AA/100g freshweight, respectively. The average was 77% less than reported in freshly harvested California asparagus. Samples of asparagus from wholesale markets contained significantly more AA than were found in retail or stored samples. Riboflavin content in asparagus from wholesale, retail and storage levels were .030, .029, and .033 mg/100g freshweight, respectively. These values were not statistically different, and were on the average 79% less than those reported for fresh California asparagus. DHAA ranged from 1.5 mg/100g freshweight in asparagus purchased from wholesale markets to 3.0 mg/100g freshweight in stored asparagus. Sixteen percent of the total AA in samples of wholesale, retail and stored asparagus was oxidized to DHAA. Thus it is questionable whether or not L‐ascorbic acid is a good indication of the total vitamin C in asparagus purchased at terminal markets.
EFFECTS OF AN AUTOLYZED YEAST ON PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF FRANKFURTERS
Authors: PARKS L. L. , CARPENTER J. A. , REAGAN J. O.
Published: May 2007

Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of autolyzed yeast on frankfurter firmness, flavor, and yields. Smokehouse yields of laboratory prepared frankfurters (Experiment #1) were not affected (P < 0.05) by addition of autolyzed yeast (1%). Commercially produced frankfurters containing 0%, 1.0%, or 1.5% yeast (Experiment #2) or 0%, 0.75% or 1.0% yeast (Experiment #3) were subjected to sensory and yield evaluations. Frankfurters from Experiment #2, with 1% autolyzed yeast were more firm (P < .10) than control frankfurters. Frankfurters from Experiment #3 with 0.75% and 1.0% autolyzed yeast were more firm (P < .01, P < .10) than controls. Vacuum packaged frankfurters containing yeast (Experiments #2 and #3), held 2, 4, or 6 weeks at 2–5°C, had less purge than their respective controls. Autolyzed yeast appeaers to enhance frankfurter flavor and firmness while reducing purge in vacuum packaged product.