bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic consequences of control programs for paratuberculosis in midsize dairy farms in the United States
Authors: Groenendaal Huybert , Galligan David T.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the epidemiologic efficacy
and economic efficiency of current and potential
future control programs for paratuberculosis (Johne's
disease) on midsize dairy herds in the United States.

Design—Stochastic dynamic computer simulation
model.

Sample Population—Data on prices and other input
variables collected from various sources were used to
represent a population of midsize US dairy herds
infected with paratuberculosis.

Procedure—The simulation model was modified to
reflect management and production characteristics of
midsize dairy herds in the United States. The model
was validated by use of field data and expert opinion.
Various control strategies then were simulated and
compared on an epidemiologic basis and on the basis
of economic efficiency.

Results—Test-and-cull strategies and vaccination
against paratuberculosis were not able to decrease the
mean prevalence of disease in the United States.
Typically, only vaccination was economically attractive.
Improved management strategies decreased the
prevalence of paratuberculosis considerably and had
high economic benefits.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
results of this study suggests that test-and-cull strategies
alone do not reduce the prevalence of paratuberculosis
in cattle and are costly for producers to pursue.
Vaccination did not reduce the prevalence but was
economically attractive. Finally, improved calf-hygiene
strategies were found to be critically important in
every paratuberculosis control program and most
were economically attractive programs for midsize US
dairy farms with the disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc
2003;223:1757–1763)
Evaluation of risk factors for bite wounds inflicted on caregivers by dogs and cats in a veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: J. Drobatz Kenneth , Smith Gary
Published: January 2006

Objective—To identify factors associated with increased risk of being bitten by a dog or cat in a veterinary teaching hospital.

Design—Unmatched case-control study.

Study population—207 animal caregivers.

Procedure—Case subjects (n = 75) were any caregiver that reported being bitten by a dog or cat. Control subjects (n = 132) were randomly selected from a list of all caregivers interacting with dogs or cats. Information on the characteristics of the caregivers, characteristics of the dogs and cats, and the nature of the interaction between the dog or cat and the caregiver was obtained by use of self-administered questionnaires.

Results—Caregivers were more likely to be bitten by dogs or cats that had warning signs on their cages indicating the potential to bite or that were considered difficult to handle. Caregivers interacting with cats or with older dogs and cats were more likely to be bitten. Only 37 to 55% of dogs and cats that had characteristics traditionally associated with biting or were considered likely to bite were muzzled.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Muzzling dogs and cats should be considered more frequently. Dogs and cats considered to have the propensity to bite frequently do bite, and precautions, such as muzzling, should be taken if the medical condition or conformation of the dog or cat is amenable to this type of restraint. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:312–316)
Odds of moderate or severe gastric ulceration in racehorses receiving antiulcer medications
Authors: Orsini James A. , Haddock Marie , Stine Lynne , Sullivan Eileen K. , Rabuffo Tara S. , Smith Gary
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the odds of moderate or severe gastric ulceration in racehorses treated with various antiulcer medications.

Design—Unmatched case-control study.

Animals—798 horses in active race training (252 Thoroughbreds and 546 Standardbreds). Only horses that had been receiving a single antiulcer medication or no antiulcer medication for at least 2 weeks prior to examination were included.

Procedure—Gastroscopy was performed on each horse by a single individual who was not aware of the horses' antiulcer treatments, and severity of gastric ulceration was scored. Signalment and medication history were recorded. Logistic regression was used to determine whether identification of moderate or severe ulceration was associated with treatment, age, breed, or sex. Treatments were grouped as no treatment, buffer, sucralfate, histamine type 2 receptor antagonist, compounded omeprazole, proprietary omeprazole at a low dosage, and proprietary omeprazole at a high dosage.

Results—Only proprietary omeprazole was associated with significantly lower odds of moderate or severe ulceration, compared with no treatment. Risks of moderate or severe gastric ulceration in horses receiving a buffer, sucralfate, a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist, or compounded omeprazole were not significantly different from risks in horses receiving no antiulcer medication.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that the proprietary formulation of omeprazole was associated with a significantly lower risk of moderate or severe gastric ulceration, compared with no treatment, in racehorses in active race training, whereas other antiulcer medications were not. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:336–339)
Evaluation of transurethral cystoscopy and excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureters in female dogs: 25 cases (1992–2000)
Authors: Cannizzo Karin L. , McLoughlin Mary A. , Mattoon John S. , Samii Valerie F. , Chew Dennis J. , DiBartola Stephen P.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate transurethral cystoscopy and excretory urography for diagnosis of ectopic ureter in female dogs and identify concurrent urogenital abnormalities.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—25 female dogs.

Procedure—Medical records of female dogs that underwent transurethral cystoscopy, excretory urography, and ventral cystotomy were reviewed for signalment, history, physical examination findings, results of bacteriologic culture of urine, and surgical findings. Videotapes of transurethral cystoscopy and radiographic studies were reviewed systematically without knowledge of surgical findings.

Results—Ectopic ureters were diagnosed in 24 of 25 (96%) of the dogs, bilaterally in 22 of 24 (91.6%) dogs. Cystoscopic evaluation yielded a correct diagnosis in all dogs when results of ventral cystotomy were used as the diagnostic standard. Cystoscopic evaluation identified a terminal ureteral opening for all ureters. Urethral fenestrations, troughs, striping, and tenting were identified. Abnormalities of the vestibule were identified in all examinations available for review (24/25). The paramesonephric septal remnant and its association with ectopic ureters were identified and characterized by cystoscopy. Radiographic findings were discordant with surgical findings and correctly identified 36 of 46 (78.2%) ectopic ureters and 2 of 4 normal ureters. Hydroureter and renal abnormalities were associated with distal urethral ectopic ureters on radiographic evaluations.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transurethral cystoscopy was accurate and minimally invasive for identification and classification of ectopic ureters in dogs. Contrast radiography had limitations in diagnosis of ectopic ureters. Cystoscopic findings and associated vaginal and vestibular abnormalities support abnormal embryologic development in the pathogenesis of ectopic ureters. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:475–481)
Incidence of adverse events in ferrets vaccinated with distemper or rabies vaccine: 143 cases (1995–2001)
Authors: Greenacre Cheryl B.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the incidence of adverse
events in ferrets vaccinated with a modified-live avian
cell culture canine distemper virus vaccine licensed
for use in ferrets, an inactivated rabies vaccine
licensed for use in ferrets, or both.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—143 ferrets.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed to identify
ferrets that had an adverse event after vaccination.

Results—Adverse events developed within 25 minutes
after vaccination in 13 ferrets. One ferret developed
an adverse event after receiving a distemper
and a rabies vaccine simultaneously and developed a
second adverse event the following year after receiving
the rabies vaccine alone. Therefore, a total of 14
adverse events were identified. All adverse events
were an anaphylactic reaction characterized by generalized
hyperemia, hypersalivation, and vomiting. Ten
of the 14 anaphylactic reactions occurred after ferrets
received both vaccines, 3 occurred after ferrets
received the distemper vaccine alone, and 1 occurred
after a ferret received the rabies vaccine alone.
Incidences of adverse events after administration of
both vaccines, the distemper vaccine alone, and the
rabies vaccine alone were 5.6, 5.9, and 5.6%, respectively.
Ferrets that had an anaphylactic reaction were
significantly older at the time of vaccination than were
ferrets that did not.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that there may be a high incidence of anaphylactic
reactions after vaccination of domestic ferrets.
Ferrets should be observed for at least 25 minutes
after vaccination, and veterinarians who vaccinate ferrets
should be prepared to treat anaphylactic reactions.
(J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:663–665)
Health performance of feeder calves sold at conventional auctions versus special auctions of vaccinated or conditioned calves in Ontario
Authors: Macartney Joanne E. , Bateman Kenneth G. , Ribble Carl S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To compare health performance during the first 28 days in the feedlot for vaccinated or conditioned feeder calves sold through special auctions in Ontario with health performance for calves sold through conventional auctions in the province.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—12,313 calves sold through conventional and special auctions at the Keady Livestock Market during the fall of 1999 and 2000.

Procedure—Buyers of calf groups were approached at the auction market or contacted by telephone and asked to record the number of calves requiring treatment for bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) during the first 28 days after purchase.

Results—211 calf groups (≥ 20 calves/group) were followed up for 28 days after purchase. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that vaccinated calves purchased through special auctions were 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.50 to 0.93) times as likely to receive treatment for BRD as were calves purchased at conventional auctions and that conditioned calves were 0.22 (95% confidence interval, 0.12 to 0.38) times as likely to receive treatment. Groups that received antimicrobials by injection on arrival at the feedlot were 0.64 (95% confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.96) times as likely to be treated as were groups that did not.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that vaccinated and conditioned calves were less likely to receive treatment for BRD during the first 28 days in the feedlot; however, there was no difference in mortality rate. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223: 677–683)
Epidemiologic study of intramammary infections with Staphylococcus aureus during a control program in nine commercial dairy herds
Authors: Zecconi Alfonso , Piccinini Renata , Fox Larry K.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine the epidemiologic pattern of
intramammary infections (IMIs) with Staphylococcus
aureus during implementation of a control program in
9 commercial dairy herds.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—1,651 lactating cows and 53,098 quarter
milk samples.

Procedures—Nine herds located in different regions
of Italy were enrolled. Control of S aureus infections
followed the general principles of contagious mastitis
control and was based on precise diagnostic procedures
and strict control and segregation of infected
cows. All lactating cows in each herd were tested,
and those free of S aureus IMI were enrolled as the
cohorts. Further additions to the cohort group were
cows and heifers free of S aureus IMI, as determined
from aseptically collected milk samples taken approximately
7 and 14 days after calving.

Results—After the ninth month of the program, incidence
decreased to < 2 new IMIs/100 cow-months in
7 of the herds. At the end of the study, 8 of 9 herds
had an incidence of ≤ 1 new IMI/100 cow-months.
Heifers were most at risk of developing an IMI.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that control of S aureus IMIs can be achieved by
use of a control program based on segregation and
use of hygienic and therapeutic protocols. Analysis of
incidence and identification of risk factors in a herd
could avoid the possible shortcomings of the program,
maximizing the probability of success. (J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:684–688)
Risk factors for leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats: 115 cases (1991–2000)
Authors: Ralphs S. Christopher , Jessen Carl R. , Lipowitz Alan J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To identify factors associated with leakage following intestinal anastomosis in dogs and cats.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—90 dogs and 25 cats.

Procedure—Medical records of all dogs and cats that underwent intestinal resection and anastomosis between 1991 and 2000 were reviewed, and information on 27 factors was recorded.

Results—Anastomotic leakage was identified in 13 of the 90 dogs but in none of the 25 cats. Preoperative factors significantly associated with development of anastomotic leakage in dogs included preoperative peritonitis, serum albumin concentration, a left shift, and indication for surgery (dogs with intestinal foreign bodies were more likely to have leakage than dogs that underwent surgery for any other cause). Postoperative and case management factors significantly associated with development of leakage included duration of hospitalization, supplemental alimentation, whether the dog ate the day after surgery, blood product administration, and outcome (died vs survived). Discriminant analysis was performed, and dogs with 2 or more of the following factors were predicted to develop anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. The model accurately predicted whether leakage would develop in 67 of 80 (84%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a variety of factors may be associated with development of intestinal anastomotic leakage in dogs. In particular, dogs with 2 or more of the following risk factors are predicted to be at high risk for developing anastomotic leakage: preoperative peritonitis, intestinal foreign body, and serum albumin concentration ≤ 2.5 g/dL. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003; 223:73–77)
Evaluation of effect of estradiol cypionate administered prophylactically to postparturient dairy cows at high risk for metritis
Authors: Overton Michael W. , Sischo William M. , Reynolds James P.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether 4 mg of estradiol cypionate (ECP) administered prophylactically to highrisk postparturient dairy cows decreases incidence of postpartum metritis.

Design—Randomized, placebo-controlled, triplemasked clinical trial.

Animals—250 postparturient dairy cows in a herd with postparturient hypocalcemia, retained fetal membranes, dystocia, stillbirth, or twins.

Procedure—Cows were given 4 mg of ECP (treatment) or 2 mL of vegetable oil (control) by IM injection within 24 to 36 hours of calving. Monitoring rectal temperatures and evaluation for metritis was performed once daily for 10 days. Cows with fever ≥ 39.7°C (103.5°F) were treated with 1.5 g of ceftiofur hydrochloride.

Results—When assessed by ordinal logistic regression, there were no differences between groups in incidence of mild or severe metritis. Cows that calved during the second or third quarter of the year were at increased risk of metritis, compared with those that calved during the fourth quarter. Following stratification by lactation (first and ≥ 2), it was observed that multiparous cows that did not receive antimicrobials during the first 3 days of the postparturient period were 5 times as likely to have metritis, compared with cows treated with antimicrobials on the basis of fever or other concurrent disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prophylactic administration of ECP to dairy cows at high risk for metritis did not reduce risk for metritis. Treating multiparous cows with antimicrobials on the basis of fever during the early postpartum period was associated with decreased incidence of metritis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:846–851)
Evaluation of a continuous glucose monitoring system for use in dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Wiedmeyer Charles E. , Johnson Philip J. , Cohn Leah A. , Meadows Richard L.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) for use in dogs, cats, and horses.

Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—7 horses, 3 cats, and 4 dogs that were clinically normal and 1 horse, 2 cats, and 3 dogs with diabetes mellitus.

Procedure—Interstitial glucose concentrations were monitored and recorded every 5 minutes by use of a CGMS. Interstitial glucose concentrations were compared with whole blood glucose concentrations as determined by a point-of-care glucose meter. Interstitial glucose concentrations were also monitored in 2 clinically normal horses after oral and IV administration of glucose.

Results—There was a positive correlation between interstitial and whole blood glucose concentrations for clinically normal dogs, cats, and horses and those with diabetes mellitus. Events such as feeding, glucose or insulin administration, restraint, and transport to the clinic were recorded by the owner or clinician and could be identified on the graph and associated with time of occurrence.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our data indicate that use of CGMS is valid for dogs, cats, and horses. This system alleviated the need for multiple blood samples and the stress associated with obtaining those samples. Because hospitalization was not required, information obtained from the CGMS provided a more accurate assessment of the animal's glucose concentrations for an extended period, compared with measurement of blood glucose concentrations. Use of the CGMS will promote the diagnostic and research potential of serial glucose monitoring. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223: 987–992)
Assessment of plasma concentrations of doxycycline in budgerigars fed medicated seed or water
Authors: Flammer Keven , Trogdon Maureen M. , Papich Mark
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether plasma doxycycline
concentrations considered effective for treatment
of avian chlamydiosis could be safely established
and maintained in budgerigars via administration
of doxycycline in water or seed.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—68 healthy mature budgerigars.

Procedure—In 14-day trials, plasma doxycycline concentrations
were measured in budgerigars provided
with water containing 0, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg of
doxycycline hyclate/L or a hulled seed diet containing 0,
100, 200, or 400 mg of doxycycline hyclate/kg. On the
basis of these results, birds were fed seed containing
300 mg of doxycycline/kg for 42 days, and a control
group received unmedicated seed. Blood samples for
plasma doxycycline analysis were collected either in
the morning on treatment days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and
42 or in the afternoon on days 12, 26, and 40. Birds
were observed daily. On days 14, 28, and 42, physical
and plasma biochemical variables, PCV, and total solids
concentration were measured; cloacal specimens
were obtained for bacteriologic and fungal culture.

Results—During a 14-day period, treatment with water
containing ≤ 400 mg of doxycycline/L did not maintain
plasma doxycycline concentrations of ≥ 1 μg/mL, but
seed containing 300 mg of doxycycline hyclate/kg maintained
mean plasma doxycycline concentrations > 0.98
μg/mL for 42 days without notable adverse effects.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that hulled seed containing 300 mg of doxycycline
hyclate/kg can safely establish and maintain
plasma doxycycline concentrations that are considered
adequate for treatment of chlamydiosis in adult
nonbreeding budgerigars. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;
223:993–998)
Prevalence and characteristics of pain in dogs and cats examined as outpatients at a veterinary teaching hospital
Authors: Muir William W. , Wiese Ashley J. , Wittum Thomas E.
Published: January 2006

Objective–To determine prevalence of pain among dogs and cats examined as outpatients at a veterinary teaching hospital and characteristics of pain in dogs and cats with evidence of pain.

Design–Cross-sectional study.

Animals–1,153 dogs and 652 cats examined as outpatients at The Ohio State University during 2002.

Procedure–A questionnaire was administered to owners of all dogs and cats. For dogs and cats with evidence of pain, the cause, signs, anatomic location, type (superficial somatic, deep somatic, or visceral), duration, and severity of the pain and the principle mechanism (inflammatory, neuropathic, both, or unknown) responsible for the pain were determined on the basis of questionnaire responses and results of physical examination. The presence of primary hyperalgesia, secondary hyperalgesia, allodynia, and hyposensitivity was recorded.

Results–231 (20%) dogs and 92 (14%) cats had evidence of pain. Dogs with evidence of pain were significantly older and heavier than dogs without. Cats with evidence of pain were significantly older than cats without. In most dogs and cats with evidence of pain, the pain was determined to be of short duration (< 7 days), of mild or moderate severity, somatic, associated with primary hyperalgesia, and inflammatory. Analgesic drugs were frequently administered to dogs with chronic pain, but were not always considered effective.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance–Results suggest that mild or moderate pain associated with inflammation may be seen in dogs and cats examined as outpatients. Older, heavier dogs and older cats were more likely to have evidence of pain. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1459–1463)
Risk factors for umbilical hernia in Holstein heifers during the first two months after birth
Authors: Steenholdt Christian , Hernandez Jorge
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine risk factors associated with identification of an umbilical hernia during the first 2 months after birth in Holstein heifers.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—322 Holstein heifers born in a single herd (45 with an umbilical hernia and 277 without).

Procedure—Risk factors that were examined included sire, whether the dam had a history of umbilical hernia, milk yield, duration of gestation, whether the dam had a history of dystocia, whether the heifer had a twin, birth weight, total serum protein concentration, and whether the heifer had an umbilical infection. Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors.

Results—Heifers born to sires with ≥ 3 progeny with an umbilical hernia were 2.31 times as likely to develop an umbilical hernia as were heifers born to sires with ≤ 2 progeny with an umbilical hernia. Heifers with umbilical infection were 5.65 times as likely to develop an umbilical hernia as were heifers without umbilical infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sire and umbilical infection were associated with risk of an umbilical hernia during the first 2 months of life in Holstein heifers. Attributable proportion analysis indicated that the frequency of umbilical hernias in Holstein heifers with umbilical infection would have been reduced by 82% if umbilical infection had been prevented. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1487–1490)
Evaluation of outcome of otitis media after lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment in dogs: 44 cases (1998–2002)
Authors: Palmeiro Brian S. , Morris Daniel O. , Wiemelt Staci P. , Shofer Frances S.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate the outcome of otitis media in dogs after video-otoscopic lavage of the tympanic bulla and long-term antimicrobial drug treatment.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—44 dogs with otitis media treated in an academic referral practice.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, duration of ear canal disease, previous medical treatments, dermatologic diagnosis, results of cytologic examination and microbial culture of ear canal exudate, findings during video-otoscopy, medical treatment, days to resolution, and maintenance treatments prescribed. Four independent variables (age, duration of ear canal disease prior to referral, use of corticosteroids in treatment regimens, and infection withPseudomonas aeruginosa) were evaluated statistically for potential influence on time to resolution.

Results—Mean ± SD (range) duration of ear canal disease prior to referral was 24.9 ± 21.6 (3 to 84) months. Otitis media in 36 dogs resolved after lavage of the tympanic bulla and medical management; mean ± SD (range) time to resolution was 117 ± 86.7 (30 to 360) days. Time to resolution was not significantly influenced by any variable evaluated. Three dogs were lost to follow-up, and 4 dogs eventually required surgical intervention. Seven of 36 dogs in which otitis had resolved relapsed; 4 required additional lavage procedures.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that lavage of the tympanic bulla combined with medical management is an effective and viable option for treatment of otitis media in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:548–553)
Use of the meridian test for the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses with decreased performance
Authors: Chvala Sonja , Nowotny Norbert , Kotzab Erich , Cain Marvin , Hoven René van den
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate use of the acupuncture
meridian test for detection of recent or recently reactivated
equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in
horses with decreased performance.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—40 horses.

Procedure—Physical and neurologic examinations
were performed, and acupuncture points on the bladder
meridian were tested for sensitivity reactions in
case and control horses. Polymerase chain reaction
assays were performed to determine whether EHV-1
or equine herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4) DNA could be
detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
Complement fixation (CF) tests for detection of antibodies
against EHV-1 and EHV-4 and virus neutralization
(VN) tests for detection of antibodies against
EHV-1 were performed on paired serum samples
obtained 3 weeks apart.

Results—There was a significant difference in skin
sensitivity in the cervical, sacral, and gluteal regions
and flank between case and control horses. By use
of the meridian test, all case horses were sensitive
to manipulation of all acupuncture points believed to
be associated with EHV infections, whereas only a
few control horses were sensitive at an occasional
point. Equine herpesvirus type 1 or EHV-4 viremia
was not detected in any horses. Mean ± SD VN antibody
titers against EHV-1 were not significantly different
between the 2 groups. Mean ± SD CF antibody
titers against EHV-1 obtained 3 weeks after the
initial samples were higher in case horses than control
horses; however, unequivocal seroconversion
was not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the
meridian test in case horses were associated with sensitivity
reactions similar to those detected by physical
and neurologic examinations; however, an unequivocal
association with EHV-1 or EHV-4 infection was not
detected. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:554–559)
Isolation of Salmonella spp from the environment of dairies without any history of clinical salmonellosis
Authors: Peek Simon F. , Hartmann Faye A. , Thomas Chet B. , Nordlund Kenneth V.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine whether Salmonella spp could be isolated from the environment of free stall dairies in Wisconsin without any history of clinical salmonellosis and determine the serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of anySalmonellaisolates recovered from the environment.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Study Population—20 free stall dairies with no history of clinical salmonellosis.

Procedures—Dairy owners completed a questionnaire regarding management and production practices. Multiple swab samples were obtained from throughout the free stall facilities and submitted for bacterial culture forSalmonellaspp. Odds ratios were calculated to compare herd-level risk factors between dairies from whichSalmonellaorganisms were isolated and herds from whichSalmonellaorganisms were not isolated.

Results—Salmonellaorganisms were isolated from 9 of the 20 (45%) dairies.Salmonellaserotype Meleagridis was isolated from 4 dairies,SMeleagridis andSKentucky were isolated from 2 dairies,SMeleagridis andSCyprus were isolated from 1 dairy,SCerro was isolated from 1 dairy, andSCorvallis was isolated from 1 dairy. All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. None of the potential risk factors analyzed demonstrated a significant association with an increased likelihood of isolatingSalmonellaspp.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EnvironmentalSalmonellacontamination was demonstrated on free stall dairies with no history of clinical salmonellosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:574–577)
Deployment morbidity among search-and-rescue dogs used after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
Authors: Slensky Kimberly A. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Downend Amanda B. , Otto Cynthia M.
Published: January 2006

Objectives—To determine characteristics, variables associated with deployment morbidity, and injuries and illnesses of search-and-rescue dogs associated with the Sept 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.

Design—Historical cohort study.

Animals—96 dogs.

Procedure—Data collected included previous medical or surgical history, physical attributes of dogs, type and number of years of training, site of deployment, shift and hours worked, and number of days deployed. Combined morbidity was defined as 1 or more abnormalities of body systems, including traumatic injuries.

Results—Handlers of 96 of the 212 dogs responded to the surveys. Fifty-nine dogs were deployed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, 10 by police forces, and 27 as members of other search-and-rescue teams. Sixty-five dogs (incidence rate, 17 events/1,000 dog search hours) had combined morbidity during deployment. System-specific morbidity rates included gastrointestinal tract signs (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), cuts and abrasions mostly on the feet (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), fatigue (6 events/1,000 dog search hours), change in appetite (6 events/1,000 dogs search hours), dehydration (5 events/1,000 dog search hours), respiratory tract problems (2 events/1,000 dog search hours), heat exhaustion (2 events/1,000 dog search hours), and orthopedic or back problems (2 events/1,000 dog search hours). Dogs deployed to the World Trade Center were 6.6 times more likely to have combined morbidity, compared with dogs at the Pentagon.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Injury and illnesses occurred in most dogs and affected several organ systems, but all were minor. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:868–873)
Prevalence of anthelmintic resistant cyathostomes on horse farms
Authors: Kaplan Ray M. , Klei Thomas R. , Lyons Eugene T. , Lester Guy , Courtney Charles H. , French Dennis D. , Tolliver Sharon C. , Vidyashankar Anand N. , Zhao Ying
Published: January 2006

Objective—To determine prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostome nematodes of horses in the southern United States.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—786 horses on 44 farms and stables in Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Kentucky, and Louisiana.

Procedure—Fecal egg count (FEC) reduction tests were performed on 44 large farms and stables. Horses on each farm were treated with an oral paste formulation of fenbendazole, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or ivermectin at recommended label dosages. A mixed linear model was fitted to the percentage reduction in FEC, accounting for differences among farms, states, ages, treatments, and treatment by state interactions.

Results—By use of a conservative measure of resistance (< 80% reduction), the percentage of farms with anthelmintic-resistant cyathostomes was 97.7%, 0%, 53.5%, and 40.5% for fenbendazole, ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate, respectively. Mean percentage reductions in FEC for all farms were 24.8%, 99.9%, 73.8%, and 78.6% for fenbendazole, ivermectin, oxibendazole, and pyrantel pamoate, respectively. Pairwise contrasts between states for each treatment revealed that in almost all instances, there were no significant differences in results between states.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prevalence of resistance found in this study was higher than that reported previously, suggesting that anthelmintic resistance in equine cyathostomes is becoming a major problem. Furthermore, data from these 5 southern states, which are geographically and physiographically distinct, were remarkably similar. This suggests that drug resistance in cyathostomes is highly prevalent throughout the entire southern United States and probably nationwide. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:903–910)
Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in cows
Authors: Rager Kimberly D. , George Lisle W. , House John K. , DePeters Edward J.
Published: January 2006

Objective—To evaluate rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum (LDA) in cows.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—20 multiparous cows with LDA.

Procedures—Cows with LDA were treated surgically (day 0). On days 0 (immediately after surgery) and 1, 10 cows each received 10 L of rumen fluid (transfaunated group) or 10 L of water (control group) via a stomach tube. Postoperative dietary dry-matter intake and milk yield of each cow were recorded daily for 5 days, beginning immediately after surgery. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected prior to surgery and on days 1, 3, and 5 after surgery. Serum nonesterified fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were measured. Volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentrations and pH of rumen fluid were determined. Urine specimens were collected and tested for ketones at 8 AM and 4 PM. Cows with ketonuria were treated with 50% dextrose solution administered IV at the time ketonuria was first detected. Cows with ketonuria were treated twice daily until ketonuria resolved.

Results—All cows survived and completed their lactation. Daily and cumulative dry-matter intake and milk yield of cows in the transfaunated group were significantly greater than those of cows in the control group. Cows in the transfaunated group had significantly lower serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate and significantly lower acetate-to-propionate ratios in rumen fluid on day 1 after surgery, compared with cows in the control group . Cows that received transfaunate required a significantly lower total volume of dextrose administered IV than control cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Benefits of rumen transfaunation of cows after surgical correction of LDA included a lesser degree of ketonuria, greater feed intake, and higher milk yield, compared with nontransfaunated cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:915–920)
Photo‐Polymerizable Autologous Growth‐Factor Loaded Silk‐Based Biomaterial‐Inks toward 3D Printing‐Based Regeneration of Meniscus Tears
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Ashutosh , Ghibhela Baishali , Shome Sayanti , Hoque Samsamul , Nandi Samit K. , Mandal Biman B.
Published: February 2024

Meniscus tears in the avascular region undergoing partial or full meniscectomy lead to knee osteoarthritis and concurrent lifestyle hindrances in the young and aged alike. Here they reported ingenious photo‐polymerizable autologous growth factor loaded 3D printed scaffolds to potentially treat meniscal defects . A shear‐thinning photo‐crosslinkable silk fibroin methacrylate–gelatin methacrylate–polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate biomaterial‐ink is formulated and loaded with freeze‐dried growth factor rich plasma (GFRP) . The biomaterial‐ink exhibits optimal rheological properties and shape fidelity for 3D printing. Initial evaluation revealed that the 3D printed scaffolds mimic mechanical characteristics of meniscus, possess favourable porosity and swelling characteristics, and demonstrate sustained GFRP release. GFRP laden 3D scaffolds are screened with human neo‐natal stem cells in vitro and biomaterial‐ink comprising of 25 mg mL−1 of GFRP (GFRP25) is found to be amicable for meniscus tissue engineering. GFRP25 ink demonstrated rigorous rheological compliance, and printed constructs demonstrated long term degradability (>6 weeks), GFRP release (>5 weeks), and mechanical durability (3 weeks). GFRP25 scaffolds aided in proliferation of seeded human neo‐natal stem cellsand their meniscus‐specific fibrochondrogenic differentiation . GFRP25 constructs show amenable inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. GFRP25 biomaterial‐ink and printed GFRP25 scaffolds could be potential patient‐specific treatment modalities for meniscal defects.
Study of oscillation characteristics for quartz crystal oscillators based on equivalent multi‐physics model
Authors: Chen Zhiyu , Zhu Yueyan
Published: February 2024

In recent years, high‐performance quartz‐crystal oscillators (XOs) for integrated circuits have been receiving considerable attention due to their featuring low voltage and high‐frequency stability. However, recent studies tend to focus solely on the impact of temperature as a single factor on crystal oscillator circuits, overlooking the circuit structure of the crystal oscillator itself. In this paper, a novel four‐parameter crystal model of XOs is detailed demonstrated, and analyzed to interpret typical XO oscillation characteristics at room temperature. The relationship between the RLC circuit and the oscillation was investigated. Meanwhile, the study delves into the various factors that influence oscillation behavior, paving the way for a comprehensive understanding of XOs' performance characteristics. temperature sweep simulations were induced to verify the theory and found that the parameter drift and thermal perturbation are close to the theory we proposed, which can be applied in temperature‐compatible XOs. The significance of this study lies not only in its contribution to the design and implementation of compact footprint XOs in the oscillator circuit platform but also in its provision of experimental evidence for fabricating wide temperature range compensated XO devices. The results show that the capacitance in the equivalent model of a crystal oscillator plays a dominant role in shaping the output waveform and exhibits relatively good temperature stability characteristics and serve as a valuable resource for engineers and researchers working on improving the performance and reliability of XOs, ultimately enabling the development of more advanced and efficient integrated circuits.
Heterogeneous Catalyst Coating for Boosting the Activity and Chromium Tolerance of Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Huang Jiongyuan , Liang Fujun , Zhao Sunce , Zhao Ling , Ai Na , Jiang San Ping , Wang Xin , Fang Huihuang , Luo Yu , Chen Kongfa
Published: February 2024

A challenge hindering the development of durable solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) is the significant performance degradation of cathodes owing to poisoning by volatile Cr originating from the Fe─Cr alloy interconnect. Herein, a heterogeneous catalyst coating, composed of Ba1−xCe0.8Gd0.2O3–δ and BaCO3, remarkably improves the oxygen adsorption, dissociation capability, and Cr resistance of a La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3–δ (LSCF) cathode is demonstrated. The coherent heterointerface interactions formed between the catalyst coating and LSCF result in varied levels of surface strain and electrostatic interactions, significantly suppressing Sr surface segregation on LSCF. A single cell with the catalyst coating‐decorated LSCF (CC‐LSCF) achieves a peak power density of 1.73 W cm−2 at 750 °C, with no noticeable performance degradation for 100 h. The CC‐LSCF cathode also exhibits outstanding durability under accelerated Cr poisoning conditions, compared with the tremendous degradation rate of 0.42% h−1 for the bare LSCF cathode. The enhanced Cr resistance is attributed to synergy induced by the stabilization of the lattice Sr cations by heterointerface interactions and the remarkable structural stability of the catalyst coating under Cr poisoning conditions. The novel heterointerface engineering strategy in this study provides insight into the design and development of active and Cr‐tolerant cathodes.
Single Cell Microgels for High‐Throughput Magnetic Sorting and Sequencing of Antigen‐Specific Antibodies
Authors: Chen Jieru , Lin Xiaoxuan , Sun Fang , Wen Huilin , Huang Zhenxiang , Li Wenying , Jiang Le , Yu Ziyi , Hu Chi
Published: February 2024

Progress in the discovery of potent antibodies for therapeutic and research purposes has been accelerated by mining the antibody repertoire of plasma cells and plasmablasts. Magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) is a well recognized method for cell sorting, however, secreted IgGs rapidly diffuse away from cells, therefore requiring specialized technique to compartmentalize individual cells and capture their secretions for MACS isolation. To this end, a scalable method to prepare hydrogel‐based microcontainers for single cell culture and subsequent sorting based on their secreted IgG products at high‐throughput level are described. In situ crosslinkable microgels featuring tunable viscosity are fabricated to act as soft compartments that accommodate delicate primary cells and capture secreted proteins, while providing solid supports after solgel transition to enable immune recognition with chemically functionalized magnetic nanorods in aqueous medium for MACS separation. Splenocytes are sorted based on antigen‐specific IgG production from mice immunized with an antibiotic target ceftriaxone sodium, enriching a population of 220 000 000 to 800 000 prevalence following sorting. This enrichment ratio is substantially higher than conventional fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) methods, likely due to the multivalency of the antigen‐conjugated magnetic nanorods.
Semiconductor Nanoplatelets Based Host‐Guest Assembly Structure with High Color Purity for Hue‐Recognizable Lateral Flow Immunoassay
Authors: Zhu Yefeng , Ao Lijiao , Chu Sai , Liao Yuting , Wang Jing , Hu Jun , Huang Liang
Published: February 2024

The hue‐recognition based point‐of‐care diagnosis favorites both human visual perception and imaging analysis with portable terminals. Semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) as an emerging narrow‐emissive fluorophore particularly suit above color‐purity desired diagnosis, but are hindered by their intrinsic hydrophobicity and difficulty in controlled assembly. Here the host‐guest assembling of hydrophobic NPLs are developed within 3D porous space of dendritic templates, and stepwise surface silanization to fabricate silica‐NPLs‐silica structure (SNS). The structure enables high fluorescence of single assembly reaching 246‐fold and 4‐fold brightness of single NPL and commercial europium‐doped polystyrene bead. The strategy is compatible with various colored NPLs (≈540–640 nm emission) and provides stable aqueous colloids with well‐preserved emission. The high brightness and narrow emission of SNS enable both signal amplification and visual/image color discrimination. The hue‐recognizable lateral flow immunoassay for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nucleocapsid protein reveals an average naked‐eye interpretation accuracy of 92.9% over six concentration levels referring to standard card, accompanied by a quantification linear range of 0.13–200 ng mL−1 and a limit of detection of 0.13 ng mL−1 by smartphone. The diagnostic results for SARS‐CoV‐2 positive clinical samples demonstrate easily distinguishable antigen positive levels based on hue‐gradients, which holds significance for home‐based self‐testing of pathogens.
Realizing High Reversible Zinc Metal Anode by Modulating Surface Chemistry and Crystal Structure
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhu Xiao , Tao Xiao , Feng Pan , Wang Jianming , Chen Jian
Published: February 2024

The uncontrollable dendrite growth on the Zn metal anode severely deteriorates the capacity and cycling stability of aqueous zinc–ion batteries (AZIBs), thereby retarding their practical application. In this work, through the combination of surface chemistry and crystal structure regulation, a duplex route of plasma sputtering and mechanical stretching is proposed to remove surface passivation layer and increase surface crystal defect (dislocations and textures) of Zn metal anode itself. Plasma sputtering can almost completely remove the surface passivation layer, ensuring a uniform Zn2+ flux at the interface, which is conducive to uniform nucleation. Mechanical stretching can increase the surface dislocation density and (002) texture, the former can reduce Zn2+ nucleation barrier, while the latter can guide Zn to grow parallel to the surface, inhibiting the growth of dendrites. Consequently, the as‐fabricated symmetrical cells exhibit stable and long lifespan (3560 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 for 0.5 mA h cm−2). The assembled full cells with α‐MnO2 cathode deliver a nearly 100% average coulombic efficiency even after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1. Coupling a surface chemistry regulation with crystal structure control will be enlightening for solve the issues of metallic anodes in advanced metallic‐based batteries.
Photophysical Properties of Copper Halides with Strongly Confined Excitons and Their High‐Performance X‐Ray Imaging
Authors: Zhu Weiguo , Li Ruizi , Liu Xiaowang , Xu Xuhui , Chao Hongxiao , Wang Haoyang , Jiao Yitong , Liu Haodong , Xu Feng , Nie Zhentao , Gao Yuan , Wang Riheng , Zhu Jixin , Huang Wei
Published: February 2024

Copper halides, a new class of attractive and potential scintillators, have attracted tremendous attention in X‐ray imaging. However, the ambiguity surrounding their exciton properties and the unclear effect of crystal structure on their photophysical performance hinder an in‐depth understanding of their luminescence mechanism and their further application in the X‐ray imaging field. Herein, copper halide scintillators Cs3Cu2X5 (X = I, Br, and Cl) with a 0D crystal structure is prepared, and their photophysical properties and luminescence mechanism are revealed using both theoretical calculation and experimental verification. The small exciton Bohr diameter together with the high exciton binding energy can cause Cs3Cu2X5 to hold strongly confined excitons and lack quantum‐size effects. The 0D Cs3Cu2X5 materials exhibit a structural framework with a soft crystal lattice and Frenkel excitons with strong confinement effects, further resulting in a luminescence mechanism with self‐trapped excitons. In particular, Cs3Cu2I5 is demonstrated as an efficient scintillator with high radioluminescence efficiency and high spatial resolution of ≈106 µm in radiography, which is primarily attributed to strongly confined excitons to improve the radiative recombination probability of electron‐hole pairs. Overall, this work provides a pathway for developing 0D scintillators with strongly confined excitons to improve X‐ray imaging performance.