bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRODUCTION SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Utegenov E. K. , Zhanabayeva Zh. K.
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of mechanisms for the development of entrepreneurship in the production sector of the regions of Kazakhstan and develop proposals for its improvement. The research uses General scientific research methods such as observation, description, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, formal-logical and other methods of cognition. Statistical data and data on projects of Damu entrepreneurship Development Fund JSC, which provides assistance in the creation and development of small and medium-sized business projects in Kazakhstan, were used as a research information base. This article demonstrates and analyzes current quantitative information on the number of enterprises in the field of small and medium-sized businesses in the regional and industry context. In order to lay the foundations for more inclusive, rational and sustainable growth, Kazakhstan needs to diversify its production and export structure, as well as reduce its dependence on extractive industries by switching to new high-productivity industries. In particular, Kazakhstan should continue reforms aimed at improving the business climate and laying the foundations for the development of entrepreneurship in the production sector, which is connected not so much with natural resources as with innovation and human capital. Every year in the country there is a positive dynamic of growth in the number of enterprises in the field of small and medium-sized businesses. The study also reviewed reviews of the international company OECD (Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD). OECD, eng. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) – international economic organization of developed countries that recognize the principles of representative democracy and free market economy.) for 2016-2019. The forms and sources of financing are investigated, and the features of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the production sector aimed at stimulating and supporting entrepreneurship and SME activities, including related areas of research and innovation are determined. Measures are proposed to minimize regulatory requirements and improve mechanisms for supporting and protecting domestic producers working in the conditions of Kazakhstan's entry into the Eurasian economic space.
CULTURAL TOURISM – AS ONE OF THE MECHANISMS FOR THE REVIVAL OF THE GREAT SILK ROAD
Authors: Rizakhojayeva G. A. , Baltabayeva A. Yu.
Published: April 2021

The study is devoted to the study of the form of the emergence of trade architecture of the cities of the Great Silk Road and their impact on the expansion of modern tourism in the region. Сaravanserais, trading cities (markets) of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan are outlined as examples. The analysis of the types of planning structure and the situation that divulged the attributes of the trade architecture of the Great Silk Road. In the process of research, a measure of saturation with cultural and historical means of the Great Silk Road regions was deliberated. And also reviewed modern projects for the improvement of this trade and geographical interrelation of cultures of the East and West. The extent of the Great Silk Road was 12 thousand kilometers, so few traders proceeded all the way along the Silk Road. Essentially, they tried to travel in shifts and trade-off goods somewhere halfway. Throughout the Great Silk Road in the cities and villages through which caravans elapsed, there were caravanserais (inns). They had hujras (“lounges”) for merchants and caravan staff, rooms for camels, horses, mules and donkeys, and needed fodder and facilities. Caravanserais were a place where it was attainable to sell and buy in bulk goods interesting to a merchant, and most importantly, to get hold of the latest commercial news and, above all, prices for goods.
FOREIGN ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL ECONOMY OPENNESS
Authors: Dernova I. A. , Ivanova I. V. , Borovyk T. M. , Rudenko A. Y.
Published: April 2021

Under the conditions of increasing intensity of globalization and integration processes, issues of foreign economic security are of special importance. The level of the country’s involvement in the world economy is considered as a basic indicator of the economic system development. Provided that comparative advantages are effectively applied, openness serves as a factor in the development of economy and allows using advanced world technologies and financial resources. The possibility of growth for the national economy as a whole as well as well-being of each subject of the economic system in particular largely depend on the structure and volume of foreign trade. The study analyses the key approaches of various scientists to the interpretation of the economic category called foreign economic security, assesses the degree of foreign trade openness of the national economy based on such indicators as export quota (characterizing the level of export dependence), import quota (characterizing the level of import dependence) and foreign economic quota (which is an indicator of economy’s openness). To assess the level of foreign economic security, security indicators have been considered in accordance with the Methodology for Calculating Economic Security Level. For each indicator, according to the threshold values, the state of security has been determined and an assessment of its level change during 2011-2018 has been carried out. Since the indicators characterizing foreign trade sphere are in a critical state, attention is paid to the analysis of foreign trade indicators of Ukraine. The list of problems of a systemic nature has been worked out, the main threats to foreign economic security have been identified and priority directions for its strengthening have been offered. General recommenda-tions for creating favourable conditions for economic development in foreign trade have also been provided.
ANALYSIS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN TERMS OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION
Authors: Zhurynov G. M. , Kazanbayeva Zh. S. , Turakulova L. R. , Lutfullaуevа R. A. , Shalbayeva А. Р.
Published: April 2021

Active transformation processes of globalizing world finance, new goals and objectives of moder-nization of the national financial system determine the need to form an effective financial system in Kazakhstan that can withstand external challenges and ensure the stable development of the country and its internal market in the context of globalization. The modern financial system is a complex set of interrelated and interacting institutions, financial instruments, mechanisms and procedures aimed at ensuring the financial activities of economic entities and other entities (in particular, public law, etc.) that create conditions for ensuring reproduction processes. In practice, the process of globalization associated with global financial and economic integration is becoming more active with the strengthening of supranational regulation of the world economic space. The study of problems of financial and credit aspects of economic modernization in the conditions of globali-zation as a scientific direction is under development and scientific discuss, this is due to the fact that it is an unfol-ding process, but not yet a fait accompli, and the problems that confronted the state in the age of globalism, extre-mely important and require a constant updating of strategy of development with a predominance of the innovative aspect as the most effective in new economic conditions. The purpose of the study. The aim of the study is to clearly identify the problems of financial and credit aspects of economic modernization in the context of globalization and ways to solve them. Methods of analysis of the scientific and information base, synthesis of the obtained data into theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations, methods of economic analysis were used as tools. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of provisions that form the theoretical and methodological basis for determining the financial and credit aspects of economic modernization in the context of globalization.
EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF JAPANESE COMPANIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NEED TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY
Authors: Petrov A. M. , Sembieva L. M. , Golysheva N. I. , Ivanov R. A. , Muravitskaya N. K.
Published: April 2021

Being one of the most important tools of the national economy, foreign direct investment provides means for production expansion, creating employment opportunities and jobs, accelerating structural changes, improving the country’s financial standing in foreign relations, increasing its foreign exchange reserves, reducing budget holdbacks, and improving its credit rating. In Russia, foreign investments are primarily made through capital contributions by registered foreign residents. According to official reports, in the total annual capital inflows into the Russian Federation, 10 to 12% are attributable to foreign direct investment, 1 to 2% - to indirect investment, and up to 80% - to other investments. The current state of the world economy is characterized by many challenges: from increased competition and a new round of trade wars between major economic powers to a shift in emphasis in approaches to assessing the effectiveness of economic entities from exclusively financial to mainly non-financial, including environmental and social aspects. The corresponding economic conditions, coupled with significant political and economic pressure from a number of countries, sharply raise the issue of developing new approaches to determining the effectiveness of their own activities. Determining the effectiveness of business entities is necessary in order to ensure timely and adequate assessment of their business model from the perspective of key stakeholders and to develop an effective strategy for long-term sustainable functioning in the new business environment. This issue is particularly relevant for those economic entities that implement their activities, including through foreign representative offices. Determining the effectiveness of business entities ' representative offices abroad and evaluating their strategic performance, in addition to differences in approaches to accounting and public reporting, is also complicated by the specifics of the legal status of representative offices of economic entities, as well as the processes of legal regulation of their activities in different countries.
CURRENT FEATURES OF CURRENCY FORMATION OF CURRENCIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE US DOLLAR – EUR
Authors: Maysigova L. A. , Niyazbekova Sh. U. , Bunevich K. G. , Moldashbaeva L. P. , Mezentseva T. M. , Brodunov A.
Published: April 2021

The relevance of the research topic is determined by globalization processes, which have a huge impact on our country, as well as on the countries around us and their economies. In modern conditions, it is obvious that the financial difficulties of one country can cause a global crisis. Issues of a qualitative analysis of the monetary system are important for the stability of the economies of countries. The authors of the article emphasize that the monetary system is needed in order to regulate foreign exchange relations. The authors did not choose the EUR/USD pair by chance – it is the most traded currency pair in the Forex market (about 29% of the total daily trading volume). Such popularity is due primarily to the fact that the United States and the European Union are two of the strongest economies in the world. In addition, this pair responds quite predictably to the main economic indicators relating to the United States and the European Union. Based on the analysis, the authors made conclusions, made recommendations on the need to adapt the trading strategy to market volatility. The procedure for forming EUR/USD quotes at various hours, days and months has been studied. EUR/USD is compared with several other currency pairs and their ranges in separate trading sessions. the following conclusions are made: EUR/USD has medium volatility compared to other pairs under consideration, but is clearly inferior to GBPUSD and GBPJPY; the volatility for most couples during the Asian session is low, and in the case of detruding it encourages the use of scalping; during the European and American sessions, volatility is almost doubled.
MODEL FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTERNAL MUNICIPAL FINANCIAL CONTROL BODIES
Authors: Pashkova T. A. , Geraschenko I. P. , Seitakhmetova N. L.
Published: April 2021

External municipal financial control bodies based on the existing models of the evaluating the effec-tiveness of their activities. The authors of this article have developed the model of the effectiveness of the external municipal financial control bodies, composed of complex criteria for control and expert-analytical activities, including the system of indicators for comprehensive assessment of performance, efficiency, intensity and dynamism of the activities of external municipal financial control bodies. The features of the activities of the external municipal financial control bodies of the different subjects of the Russian Federation, their powers, scale and differences in the level of economic development, quantitative results of the activities, the quality of external municipal financial cont-rol, as well as scientific approaches of Russian and foreign authors were taken into account. In order to exclude the impact on the comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the external municipal financial control bodies of the dimension of indicators, the method was chosen for normalizing the values of indicators relative to the highest and lowest values, with the conversion of the values of indicators to the point scale in the range from 1 to 10. The convo-lution of point values of indicators into the complex criterion is carried out on the basis of normalization of the sum of actual point values relative to the sum of the maximum possible point value of the indicator. On the basis of complex criteria, generalized criterion for the effectiveness of the external municipal financial control bodies is determined; it is calculated as the geometric weighted average of complex criteria. For the purpose of analyzing the effectiveness of the external municipal financial control bodies, the discriminant function divides them into more or less effective ones.
APPLICATION OF NEW METHODS AND FORMS OF FINANCIAL SECURITY FOR AIC OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC MODERNIZATION
Authors: Ramazanova Sh. Sh. , Kuchukova N. K. , Shmarlouskaya H. А. , Varaksa N. G. , Abdulova O. S. , Abdrahmanova N. В.
Published: April 2021

Kazakhstan, due to its inherent natural, climatic and geographical features, as well as specific conditions and traditional labor skills of the indigenous population, has long been considered one of the largest livestock countries. In Kazakhstan, almost half of the population lives in the countryside, but it is agriculture that has become the weakest sector, which requires a properly selected consistent approach to reform. In order to create conditions for the development of the innovative potential and innovative activity of the agricultural sector and the formation of a saturated market for products and services, it is necessary to determine the factors of the crisis state of agriculture and justify ways to overcome them, given the existing prerequisites and opportunities. There is always a lag of the actual results of agricultural production from the possibilities of obtaining them with the full and correct use of scientific and technical achievements. This is also true for the present. For example, the productive potential of plants and animals is realized at a level not exceeding 35-40% genetically determined. The possibilities of increasing soil fertility are used at the same level. Along with the development of scientific research, this requires increasing the innovative potential in all other areas, increasing the possibilities for a wider and more efficient use of the existing and expected in the future scientific and technological achievements.
ANALYSIS OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF CRIMEA: FOOD SECURITY OF THE REGION
Authors: Reutov V. , Jallal A. , Sviridov О. , Korobeynikova O. , Blazhevich O. , Bondar А. , Niyazbekova Sh. , Kamyshova A.
Published: April 2021

The study of the system of relations between participants in agricultural relations that ensures active quality reproduction processes and profitability of activities, reduces internal and external risks and threats to business and guarantees food security of the municipality, the region and the country as a whole. Goal. To analyze the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea as a component of the region's industrial safety. The hypo-thesis of the study. Agricultural producers are gradually adapting to the new conditions in the Republic of Crimea during 2014-2017, and there are some problems in the production of agricultural products. Method or methodology of the work. The authors used structural-logical sequence of analysis of indicators of agro-industrial complex, considering the General characteristics of agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea, the structure of the agricultural products of the Crimea, advanced agricultural enterprises. Using a structural-logical sequence of analysis of indicators of agro-industrial complex, it can be noted that, in general, the agricultural potential of Crimea is huge, however, the instability of some components, at the end of 2017, a decline, a decrease in the rate of growth of crop, livestock, thus we see the net profit and increased share of profitable enterprises. This dynamics suggests that agricultural producers are gradually adapting to new conditions, but there are some problems that hinder more fruitful development, primarily in terms of resource provision, logistics aspects and technological upgrades. The strategy for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea, as a component of the region's industrial security – is to create safe conditions for development, improve the quality and volume of agricultural production, and its competitiveness in the Republic of Crimea. The scope of the results. The results obtained are of practical significance and can be used by economic entities in the agricultural industry, implementation of investment projects at the level of the Republic of Crimea. Further research should be directed to the development of methods for assessing the economic security of the agro-industrial complex with the choice of indicators proposed in this study as a component of economic security.
VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDING AS A FACTOR OF THE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Nesipbekov Ye. N. , Appakova G. N. , Karabayeva Zh. S.
Published: April 2021

The paper justifies the necessity to improve the mechanisms of venture capital funding in Kazakhstan for sustainable and effective development of the country. The role of venture capital funding in the innovative development of the countries is investigated on the base of study of the experience of such countries as USA, Canada, Europe, India, and China. The recent research works related to the venture capital funding in different aspects are reviewed. The innovative activity and venture investments in the Republic of Kazakhstan were analyzed. The paper investigates the features of venture capital funding in Kazakhstan. The investigation results show that Kazakhstan system of venture investment is at its initial stage of development, and there are no tangible results of venture field development yet. The conducted research allowed revealing the factors limiting the development of venture investment in Kazakhstan, these are: poor systematic monitoring of funds efficiency invested by the national institutes; lack of effective strategies of venture capital funding; low innovative activity and intensity of venture appearance; uncertainty and gaps in the legislative base related to venture financing; absence of tax concessions and preferences not tied to FEZ or technological parks; absence of strong institutional venture investors; low capacity of securities market and scarcity of its instruments. The work suggests a set of measures directed on activation of venture financing. The implementation of the suggested measures assumes the increased control over the effectiveness of quasi-public structures investments and venture incomes, and creation of conditions for venture capital funding development. The research results can be a cut-off point for further investigations in the field of venture capital funding related to the innovative development of the country.
EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF BIOFUEL IN THE ENERGY MARKET
Authors: Shamuratova N. B. , Karimova L. Zh. , Dosmukhanbetova R. , Kudaibergenova L. Zh. , Mazhitova L. G.
Published: April 2021

Active management in the oil and gas industry needs to take in account knowledge not only about fossil fuels but also various types of alternative fuels like biofuels. This thesis goal is to analyze the economics of producing Bio-Crude oil from a plant called Jatrophae curcadis, (or also known as “purging nut”). It is nowadays growing around subtropical regions of the North American continent, especially in Mexico, and southern Asia, and with lower yield can grow even in arid wastelands of Central Asia (in arid Mali it is grown to hold wildlife from plants). It is the very undemanding plant so the biofuel produced from it can be very cheap compared to other biofuels. Biofuels are viewed as a possible fuel of the future. Concerning energy for cars there is intense “competition” stemming from electricity and rising in popularity due to modern research is also hydrogen. In general, biofuels are nowadays strongly supported in the European Union as well as in the United States of America and many other regions of the world. The oil produced from this plant is not being traded on commodities markets yet but is viewed as biofuel of the future as currently sold soybean oil and palm oil are according to my analysis more expensive in many areas of the world. Production of the plant seeds (nuts) when pressed leads to bio-crude oil which can be processed to biocrude. Economic analysis showed that given irrigation and good genetic selection of the plants to give higher production of seeds (price of the kg would be determining factor), the biocrude produced from the seeds has the potential to successfully compete with alternative fuels made from soybean or palm oils.
APPLICATION OF IMMUNOTROPIC AGENTS IN THE ADAPTIVE CALF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Nikitin D. A. , Lukina N. M. , Ivanova T. N. , Biryukova D. E. , Semenov V. G. , Baimukanov D. A. , Aubakirov Kh. A. , Kondruchina S. G.
Published: April 2021

This research aims to realize the adaptive and productive capacity of calves with immunotropic agents PS-6 and Prevention-N-E. The object of the research was black-and-white calves, which were transferred to individual pens a day after birth and kept there until 30 days of age, then in open-air pavilions until they reached 180 days of age, that is, they were reared using adaptive technology. According to the principle of analogs, 45 calves of 1 day age were selected, were divided into 3 groups: control, 1st experimental, and 2nd experimental. To increase resistance to the pressure of environmental factors and realize the bioresource potential of the adaptive and productive traits of the organism, the calves of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups were injected intramuscularly immunotropic preparations PS-6 and Prevention-N-E respectively, at a dose of 3 ml per animal on the 2nd-3rd and 7-9th days of life. The animals of the control group were not exposed to immunoprophylaxis. The morphological blood profile of calves was studied against the background of the application of biological products. Thus, intramuscular injection of immunotropic agents PS-6 and Prevention-N-E into calves had a positive effect on the morphological blood composition. The number of erythrocytes in the blood of calves of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups at the age of 30 days was significantly higher than the control values by 5.4 and 6.4%, respectively (P<0.01). The concentration of hemoglobin was significantly higher in the blood of the calves of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, starting from 30 days of age, by 6.3-11.7% and 6.7-14.4%, respectively. White blood counts in the blood of animals of different groups did not have a statistically significant difference. Consequently, the use of immunotropic drugs PS-6 and Prevention-N-E in calves activates the erythrocyte lineage of hematopoiesis, without significantly affecting leukopoiesis. The results of periodic weighing of calves showed that at the age of 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 360, and 540 days, the live weight of young animals with the injection of the immunotropic agents PS-6 was significantly higher than the control values by 2.6, 3.4, 5.0, 6.2, 7.0, 9.4 and 12.2 kg (P<0.05-0.01), and with the application of Prevention-N- E - by 3.6, 4.8, 6.6, 8.0, 9.0, 12.2 and 16.4 kg, respectively (P<0.05-0.001).
INFLUENCE OF HEAVY METALS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORN VARIETIEShttps://doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.28
Authors: Digarbaeva A. M. , Kaliyeva A. N. , Kirshibayev E. A. , Bahtybaeva M. R.
Published: April 2021

Heavy metals are some of the most harmful chemicals in the environment today. Today, many scientists believe that the main factor that negatively affects the plant in saline conditions is the osmotic effect of salts. In conditions of soil salinity, the lack of plants causes dehydration of proteins, which negatively affects the physiological and biochemical processes of plants. Plants absorb heavy metals in different ways. It absorbs heavy metals from the soil through the roots and from the air through the stomata of the leaves, mainly through dust. The aim of the research is to study the influence of heavy metals on the physiological and biochemical processes of growth and development of maize varieties. The article presents the research results of the heavy metals influence on the elongation of seedlings and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments during the germination of maize varieties. It is obvious that heavy metals affect the growth and plant development from the initial germination stage of corn kernels. The results of monitoring various effects of heavy metals on photosynthetic pigments are also presented. In addition, the length of the above- water and underground parts of the biomass, the ratio of dry weight to actual weight is the heavy metals effect on plants. For example, the leaves turned dark green, the stems twisted, did not fully open and turned pink. Under the influence of heavy metals, plant development, metabolism and photosynthesis are disrupted, as well as the normal course of respiration and photosynthesis. According to the results obtained, the impact of heavy metals on maize varieties significantly inhibits the accumulation and growth of biomass. In particular, the processes of plant root growth are suppressed. Differences in the tolerance of different varieties of heavy metals can be explained by their varietal characteristics and genetic basis. Currently, there is a theoretical and practical interest in the identification of ion-resistant forms of heavy metals, their ability to detect and reveal their nature, the development of ways to increase the impact and resistance of heavy metals on plants. Formulating the results of the study, it was found that different heavy metals concentrations (CuSO4 and CdSO4) negatively affect the growth of corn varieties. This can be seen from the tables below (tables 1, 2, 3, 4).
EFFECT OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD PARAMETERS IN THE BACKGROUND OF EXPERIMENTAL PANCYTOPENIA
Authors: Baktybayeva L. K. , Daulet G. D. , Yu K. V. , Malmakova B. A. , Zazybin G. A. , Satybaldyeva G. K.
Published: April 2021

1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-ketoxympiperidine o-fluorobenzoic acid hydrochloride, a complex with β-cyclodextrin p-fluorobenzene carbonylamide morpholine, a complex with β-cyclodextrin o-fluorobenzene carbonylamide piperidine had high myelostimulating activity at the level of the comparison drug methyluracil. 1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-4-ketoxympiperidine p-fluorobenzoic acid ester hydrochloride, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-ketoxympiperidine m-fluorobenzoic acid ester hydrochloride, 1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-ketoxympiperidine p-fluorobenzoic acid ester hydrochloride did not possess leukopoiesis-stimulating activity, but showed erythropoiesis-stimulating and thrombocytopoiesis-stimulating activity at the level of the comparison drug methyluracil.
ASSESSMENT OF DEGRADED PASTURES OF CARBONATE CHESTNUT SOILS OF THE DRY STEPPE OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Abdirakhymov N. A. , Kaldybaev S. , Seilkhan А. S. , Mambetova L. M. , Kulmukhanova D. R.
Published: April 2021

The article examines the degraded pastures of carbonate chestnut soils of the dry steppe of Kazakhstan and gives their detailed assessment. Physical (soil), biological (plant) indicators and geoinformation monitoring of dry steppe pastures based on satellite data of medium and low resolution are presented. Based on the results of GIS technologies and field studies, a cartographic model of the degree of degradation of dry steppe pastures is presented. The article also indicates the possibilities of scientifically grounded and developed measures for the practical solution of the most difficult problems of conservation and rational use of natural forage resources of pasture territories, which will contribute to the strengthening and expansion of agricultural production in general. The introduction of research results into production is an irreplaceable basis for the effective use of pastures, their restoration and improvement in the development of animal husbandry in the country.
THE ROLE GIS IN THE ASSESMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A RESIDENTAL AREA
Authors: Faiz N. S. , Satayev M. I. , Berdaliyeva A. A. , Azimov A. M. , Shapalov Sh. K. , Nikonov O. Ya.
Published: April 2021

Today, one of the important tasks that is set before environmental monitoring is to continuously obtain the necessary data on the state of the environment through the use of remote sensing techniques. It should be noted that remote sensing (hereinafter – RS) is used in the technogenic environment of mankind, which directly creates unfavorable conditions, increasing the statistics of the origin of various types of carcinogenic risks. The growing consumption of electric energy leads to the construction and commissioning of new energy facilities, as well as to the construction of high-voltage power lines in the residential environment. An important task in this direction is the establishment of sanitary protection zones, taking into account environmental restrictions, which is aimed at reducing social tension among the population located in the zone of active exposure to the electromagnetic field. Given that low-frequency energy objects, like other man-made objects, are characterized by dynamic characteristics and require constant monitoring of the course of changes in continuous processes, which directly affects the change in the intensity of the electromagnetic field. In turn, the modern information platform allows you to simultaneously conduct environmental surveys to identify carcinogenic risks in the selected area at a specific time by entering the necessary data, which are the main factors in setting the maximum permissible conditions. The development of digital maps based on Arc GIS application programs has a simulation characteristic and allows you to visually assess the dynamics of environmental changes with different variations.
THE ROLE OF HIGHER VASCULAR PLANTS IN BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Authors: Myrzabayeva Zh. K. , Issayeva A. U. , Baitasheva G. U. , Yerimbetova A. A. , Tleukeyeva A. Ye.
Published: April 2021

The article presents the results of a botanical analysis of water systems in the south of Kazakhstan. Hydromacrophytic vegetation of the reservoir reflects its hydrological and thermal regime and can characterize the features of its chemical composition, trophic status, age (as a stage of development). In some cases, phytocenosis and some types of macrophytes can be used as bioindicators, for example, in clean water, as well as to determine the degree and nature of anthropogenic impacts. Metals, metal compounds and toxins cause disturbances in many metabolic processes in plants. As a result, the highly toxic nature of their ions selectively affects the species composition of the phytocenosis. In Shymkent, almost a unique system of treatment facilities has been operating for about 20 years, during this time, resistant species adapted to the environment were selected, and a plant cenosis consisting of dominant species was formed. In this regard, a floristic study was carried out in the canals around the treatment plant, adapted to climatic conditions and pollutants. As a result of the study, the species composition and the number of plant communities decreased due to the toxic concentration of water. It is clearly seen that Cerathophyllum demersum, Lemna minor, L. trisulca, Phragmites australis, Scirpus lacustris, Epilobium adnatum were identified as effective phytomeliorants, significantly reducing the content of the main pollutants in urban wastewater. In addition, algae have been found to be indicators of pollution. Highly effective organic fertilizers can be obtained from the used vascular plants and algae. In general, these data showed that the optimal consortium of wastewater treatment plants at low temperatures should be formed from different ecological groups of plants: coastal, floating and inhabiting the aquatic environment. In addition, among these plants were found sedimentary hornbeam, campfire fish, southern reed, lake reed and a related cypress.
THE TRUE ESSENCE OF RECLAMATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS: MISSION AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Authors: Mustafayev Zh. S.
Published: April 2021

To identify the reasons for the current situation in the irrigated lands of Central Asia and South Kazakhstan, on the basis of philosophical and methodological reasoning of a general nature, sticking out of a cognitive attitude to the environment on reality and focused on one value, that is, at any cost to get a «record» harvest from agricultural crops, led to an ecological and reclamation crisis in irrigated lands in general, requiring the development of the main directions of activities to improve the human habitat with other natural and bio spheric processes. As a result, for the first time in world practice, irrigation and drainage (collector-drainage) systems were designed in parallel in the zones of insufficient moisture for the regulation and management of hydrological regimes of ground and surface waters in rice systems, despite violating the principles of natural analogy and the integration of knowledge, where the sovereign interests of a person prevailed by sovereign “interests" of Nature. At the same time, world experience shows that the new knowledge gained on irrigation of rice as an aquatic and terrestrial crop, surface irrigation along the furrow, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation systems in combination with doses of macro fertilizers, made it possible to formulate a scientific hypothesis of cost-effective and environmentally safe management of the water regime providing targeted regulation of the soil-forming process.
Die gerechtigkeitsproduktive Funktion politischer Konflikte. Judith Shklars konfliktiver Liberalismus
Authors: Kaufmann Katharina
Published: April 2021

Der Liberalismus wird aktuell unter der Perspektive seines Versagens als Paradigma einer progressiven Politik diskutiert. Globale Ungerechtigkeit und politische Konflikte stehen in diametralem Gegensatz zu seinem ursprünglichen Versprechen der gleichen Freiheit aller. Auf der Ebene politischer Theoriebildung gilt diese Kritik primär der derzeit prominentesten liberalen Theorie, John Rawls’ idealer Gerechtigkeitstheorie. Ich werde die methodologische und konzeptuelle Kritik nicht-idealer und realistischer Theoriebildung bezüglich der Defizite von Rawls’ Theorie kritisch diskutieren und zwei Defizite dieser Art der Theoriebildung feststellen: die Konzeptualisierung von Macht und Konflikt sowie ihre Unfähigkeit der Darstellung von Ungerechtigkeit. Davon ausgehend verteidige ich Judith Shklars Liberalismus der Furcht als eine Konzeptualisierung des Liberalismus, deren konfliktives Verständnis des Politischen einen Fokus auf Ungerechtigkeit eröffnet sowie einen Modus des Umgangs mit dieser entwickelt. Shklar wendet das konfliktive Potenzial ihres Liberalismus positiv und entwickelt so eine progressive Perspektive auf politischen Konflikt als notwendiger Komponente des Umgangs mit Ungerechtigkeit.
Airborne Magnetite- and Iron-Rich Pollution Nanoparticles: Potential Neurotoxicants and Environmental Risk Factors for Neurodegenerative Disease, Including Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Maher Barbara A.
Published: April 2021

Fewer than 5% of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases are demonstrably directly inherited, indicating that environmental factors may be important in initiating and/or promoting the disease. Excess iron is toxic to cells; iron overload in the AD brain may aggressively accelerate AD. Magnetite nanoparticles, capable of catalyzing formation of reactive oxygen species, occur in AD plaques and tangles; they are thought to form in situ, from pathological iron dysfunction. A recent study has identified in frontal cortex samples the abundant presence of magnetite nanoparticles consistent with high-temperature formation; identifying therefore their external, not internal source. These magnetite particles range from ∼10 to 150 nm in size, and are often associated with other, non-endogenous metals (including platinum, cadmium, cerium). Some display rounded crystal morphologies and fused surface textures, reflecting cooling and crystallization from an initially heated, iron-bearing source material. Precisely-matching magnetite ‘nanospheres’ occur abundantly in roadside air pollution, arising from vehicle combustion and, especially, frictional brake-wear. Airborne magnetite pollution particles <∼200 nm in size can access the brain directly via the olfactory and/or trigeminal nerves, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Given their toxicity, abundance in roadside air, and nanoscale dimensions, traffic-derived magnetite pollution nanoparticles may constitute a chronic and pernicious neurotoxicant, and hence an environmental risk factor for AD, for large population numbers globally. Olfactory nerve damage displays strong association with AD development. Reported links between AD and occupational magnetic fields (e.g., affecting welders, machinists) may instead reflect inhalation exposure to airborne magnetic nanoparticles.
Impact of Air Pollution on Cognitive Impairment in Older People: A Cohort Study in Rural and Suburban China
Authors: He Fan , Tang James J. , Zhang Tao , Lin Junfen , Li Fudong , Gu Xue , Chen Ruoling
Published: April 2021

Background: The impact of air pollution on cognitive impairment in older people has not been fully understood. It is unclear which air pollutants are the culprit. Objective: We assessed the associations of six air pollutants and air quality index (AQI) with cognitive impairment. Methods: We examined 7,311 participants aged ≥60 years from the ZJMPHS cohort in China. They were interviewed for baseline socio-demographic and disease risk factors in 2014, and re-interviewed in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The presence of cognitive impairment was determined by the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Daily area-level data monitored for air pollution during 2013–2015 was then examined for associations with cognitive impairment in logistic regression models. Results: Over the two years follow-up, 1,652 participants developed cognitive impairment, of which 917 were severe cases. Continuous air pollution data showed the risk of cognitive impairment increased with exposure to PM2.5 (fully adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.04, 95%CI 1.01–1.08), PM10 (1.03, 1.001–1.06), and SO2 (1.04, 1.01–1.08), but not with NO2, CO, O3, and AQI. Categorized data analysis for low, middle, and high level exposure demonstrated that the aOR increased with PM2.5 and AQI, somehow with PM10 and CO, but not significantly with SO2 and NO2, and decreased with O3. The patterns for these associations with severe cognitive impairment were stronger. Conclusion: Lowering PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO level could reduce the risk of cognitive impairment in older Chinese. Strategies to target most important air pollutants should be an integral component of cognitive interventions.
Non-Phosphorylated Tau in Cerebrospinal Fluid is a Marker of Alzheimer’s Disease Continuum in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution
Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas Lilian , Mukherjee Partha S. , Waniek Katharina , Holzer Max , Chao Chih-kai , Thompson Charles , Ruiz-Ramos Rubén , Calderón-Garcidueñas Ana , Franco-Lira Maricela , Reynoso-Robles Rafael , Gónzalez-Maciel Angélica , Lachmann Ingolf
Published: April 2021

Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) above USEPA standards is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk. Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC) children exhibit subcortical pretangles in infancy and cortical tau pre-tangles, NFTs, and amyloid phases 1–2 by the 2nd decade. Given their AD continuum, we measured in 507 normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples (MMC 354, controls 153, 12.82 ± 6.73 y), a high affinity monoclonal non- phosphorylated tau antibody (non-P-Tau), as a potential biomarker of AD and axonal damage. In 81 samples, we also measured total tau (T-Tau), tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-Tau), amyloid-β1–42, BDNF, and vitamin D. We documented by electron microscopy myelinated axonal size and the pathology associated with combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNPs) in anterior cingulate cortex white matter in 6 young residents (16.25 ± 3.34 y). Non-P-Tau showed a strong increase with age significantly faster among MMC versus controls (p = 0.0055). Aβ1–42 and BDNF concentrations were lower in MMC children (p = 0.002 and 0.03, respectively). Anterior cingulate cortex showed a significant decrease (p = <0.0001) in the average axonal size and CDNPs were associated with organelle pathology. Significant age increases in non-P-Tau support tau changes early in a population with axonal pathology and evolving AD hallmarks in the first two decades of life. Non-P-Tau is an early biomarker of axonal damage and potentially valuable to monitor progressive longitudinal changes along with AD multianalyte classical CSF markers. Neuroprotection of young urbanites with PM2.5 and CDNPs exposures ought to be a public health priority to halt the development of AD in the first two decades of life.
Environmental Nanoparticles, SARS-CoV-2 Brain Involvement, and Potential Acceleration of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases in Young Urbanites Exposed to Air Pollution
Authors: Calderón-Garcidueñas Lilian , Torres-Jardón Ricardo , Franco-Lira Maricela , Kulesza Randy , González-Maciel Angélica , Reynoso-Robles Rafael , Brito-Aguilar Rafael , García-Arreola Berenice , Revueltas-Ficachi Paula , Barrera-Velázquez Juana Adriana , García-Alonso Griselda , García-Rojas Edgar , Mukherjee Partha S. , Delgado-Chávez Ricardo
Published: April 2021

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases (AD, PD) have a pediatric and young adult onset in Metropolitan Mexico City (MMC). The SARS-CoV-2 neurotropic RNA virus is triggering neurological complications and deep concern regarding acceleration of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes already in progress. This review, based on our MMC experience, will discuss two major issues: 1) why residents chronically exposed to air pollution are likely to be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 systemic and brain effects and 2) why young people with AD and PD already in progress will accelerate neurodegenerative processes. Secondary mental consequences of social distancing and isolation, fear, financial insecurity, violence, poor health support, and lack of understanding of the complex crisis are expected in MMC residents infected or free of SARS-CoV-2. MMC residents with pre-SARS-CoV-2 accumulation of misfolded proteins diagnostic of AD and PD and metal-rich, magnetic nanoparticles damaging key neural organelles are an ideal host for neurotropic SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus invading the body through the same portals damaged by nanoparticles: nasal olfactory epithelium, the gastrointestinal tract, and the alveolar-capillary portal. We urgently need MMC multicenter retrospective-prospective neurological and psychiatric population follow-up and intervention strategies in place in case of acceleration of neurodegenerative processes, increased risk of suicide, and mental disease worsening. Identification of vulnerable populations and continuous effort to lower air pollution ought to be critical steps.
Physical Training Inhibits the Fibrosis Formation in Alzheimer’s Disease Kidney Influencing the TGFβ Signaling Pathways
Authors: Szegeczki Vince , Perényi Helga , Horváth Gabriella , Hinnah Barbara , Tamás Andrea , Radák Zsolt , Ábrahám Dóra , Zákány Róza , Reglodi Dóra , Juhász Tamás
Published: April 2021

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness, with several peripheral pathological signs such as accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the kidney. Alterations of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling in the kidney can induce fibrosis, thus disturbing the elimination of Aβ. Objective: A protective role of increased physical activity has been proven in AD and in kidney fibrosis, but it is not clear whether TGFβ signalization is involved in this effect. Methods: The effects of long-term training on fibrosis were investigated in the kidneys of mice representing a model of AD (B6C3-Tg(APPswe,PSEN1dE9)85Dbo/J) by comparing wild type and AD organs. Alterations of canonical and non-canonical TGFβ signaling pathways were followed with PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Accumulation of collagen type I and interstitial fibrosis were reduced in kidneys of AD mice after long-term training. AD induced the activation of canonical and non-canonical TGFβ pathways in non-trained mice, while expression levels of signal molecules of both TGFβ pathways became normalized in trained AD mice. Decreased amounts of phosphoproteins with molecular weight corresponding to that of tau and the cleaved C-terminal of AβPP were detected upon exercising, along with a significant increase of PP2A catalytic subunit expression. Conclusion: Our data suggest that physical training has beneficial effects on fibrosis formation in kidneys of AD mice and TGFβ signaling plays a role in this phenomenon.
Simulation study on the influence of electrostatic adsorption grid on the pressure and particle concentration of flow field
Authors: Chen Yanghou , Chen Yangbo , Li Jianwei
Published: April 2021

Electrostatic adsorption dust removal can effectively improve the dust removal effect of inhalable particles. The grid layout in the flue gas affects the dust removal efficiency and channel pressure drop, and increases the power loss of the fan. In this paper, according to the velocity of flue gas and the concentration of particulate matter in flue gas, combined with the principle of electrostatic adsorption, a three-dimensional module including the main components of adsorption and dust removal was established. The distribution of pressure drop in the flue gas channel caused by the adsorption components with grid layout was simulated and analyzed, which provided a reference for the reasonable layout of dust adsorption components. The simulation results show that the smaller the component diameter, the smaller the pressure difference caused by the same number of components, and the smaller the longitudinal spacing of components.