bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of the mural frontier in Britain from Hadrian to Caracalla
Authors: Breeze David J , Dobson Brian
Published: March 2023

Examination and comparison of the designs of Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall indicates the extent to which the Antonine planners benefited from the experience gained on the earlier frontier. In contrast to Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall was built with a minimum of alterations, with significant differences in design, and with greater flexibility. This experience in turn influenced the 3rd-century modifications to Hadrian's Wall. Neither wall was totally successful because each was built in the wrong place; the answer would have been a frontier along the Cheviot line. A R
Fragments of a Roman cavalry cheekpiece from the fort at Newstead
Authors: Robinson H Russell
Published: March 2023

Two fragments of decorated bronze are recognised as parts of a cheek-piece from a Roman cavalry parade helmet datable to 2nd or 3rd centuries AD. AR See also abstract 74/2734.
Donations to and purchases for the Museum, 1969-1970
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

A list of acquisitions for the Society's museum and library from 1969 – 1970. Appended are details of Society meetings held in 1969 – 1970.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was then delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1969-1970 was read.
The recumbent stone circles of north-east Scotland
Authors: Burl H A W
Published: March 2023

An analysis of the structural features and artefacts associated with the recumbent stone circles (RSCs) of NE Scotland (74 certain and 18 probable examples). An origin in the Clava-cairn tradition of Inverness-shire is most likely, with the main activity between 1800 and 1400 BC. Analysis of the occurrence of nine early and eight late features indicates a primary area of RSC development around Insch (Aberdeenshire), from which the small stone circles and four-posters of Perthshire were later derived. The azimuths of RSCs show a consistent but astronomically meaningless pattern of solar orientation, and despite the frequency of associated burials a primarily sepulchral function cannot be proved. A R
A Late Bronze Age hoard from Glentanar, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Pearce Susan M
Published: March 2023

NJ 482953. A hoard of about 60 bronzes was found in a cairn in 1843 and subsequently lost until 16 objects reappeared in 1971. Four socketed axes, six penannular armlets, a semi-tubular ring, two sets of triple-rings, a ring and two unique cast bronze cups are described and discussed in terms of their strong Covesea connections. A R
Ardrossan Castle, Ayrshire: a preliminary account
Authors: Caldwell David H
Published: March 2023

NS 232422. The 13th-century castle had a small courtyard entered through a gatehouse with vaulted cellars to one side. The gatehouse was rebuilt, then refloored and the doorway narrowed and eventually blocked to convert it into a tower-house in late 14th century. A new entrance may have been made on the other side of the castle, with keyhole gunports in the wall; 16th-century mouthed gunports were added. A grave-slab was re-used as a lintel to an underground passage leading out to a well. Since the castle is first recorded in 1484, its purpose is considered in terms of local history and the genealogy of the holders of Ardrossan. D F R
Excavation of the Dalladies long barrow, Fettercairn, Kincardineshire
Authors: Piggott Stuart
Published: March 2023

NO 627673. A long barrow built of turf and gravel was revetted laterally by stone walling and flanked by small ditches; an unbroken crescentic drystone façade was found at the E end, and a mortuary structure lay eccentric to the façade and to the axis of the barrow. The primary timber phase of the mortuary structure probably antedated the barrow, but its Phase II remodelling in timber and stone was certainly an integral part of the barrow design. Phase II was associated with a cup-marked stone (the earliest on record), a plano-convex flint knife and 14C dates in the earlier half of the 3rd millennium bc. The construction of the barrow was under way throughout the life-span of the Phase II mortuary structure until the latter was covered over and an elaborate stone setting, Phase III, was built over it. Secondary burials included a short cist with cremation and beaker. A R
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1971-1972 was read.
The counties of Nairnshire, Moray and Banffshire in the Bronze Age, Part II
Authors: Walker Iain C
Published: March 2023

A detailed catalogue and discussion, completed in 1969, of bronzes of the 2nd and early 1st millenia BC found in three counties of NE Scotland. The importance to the area of the Great Glen as a trade route is stressed, and the problem of the origin of metallurgy in NE Scotland is discussed. AR
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Front matter for Volume 104

Table of contents

Office-bearers of the Society 1971-2
Excavations at Boonies, Westerkirk, and the nature of Romano-British settlement in eastern Dumfriesshire
Authors: Jobey George
Published: March 2023

NY 304901. Instead of the non-defensive stone enclosures of Tyne-Forth, E Dumfriesshire appears to have had embanked enclosures with interior scooping and timber houses. Their assumed medieval date has been disproved by excavation at Boonies, a 0.07ha settlement with a TPQ of late 1st century AD. Within the enclosure were the ring-trenches of 13 round houses, mostly occupied only one at a time, but in the end five houses co-existed and one had encroached on the bank area.
A short cist at Horsbrugh Castle Farm, Peeblesshire
Authors: Petersen Francoise , Shepherd Ian A G , Tuckwell Alexandra N , Young Archibald , Denston C B
Published: March 2023

NT 289390. Report on the excavation of the cist is accompanied by a list of all 98 known British Beaker/Bronze Age multiple cremation deposits, i.e. those representing pre-consignment collections of the remains of more than one individual. The conclusion of a wide-ranging discussion is that even a simple cist may house the remains of a long series of human acts.
The Broch of Burrian, North Ronaldsay, Orkney
Authors: MacGregor Arthur
Published: March 2023

HY 763514. The first complete catalogue of the finds also assesses the general significance of the site. Contrary to the excavator's view, all finds must be regarded as unstratified; nonetheless the rich collection of bone and stonework, pottery and metalwork warrants study in its own right. The date range appears to be late 1st century BC to late 8th AD. The bone sample was inadequate for proper assessment of the economy.
Glenbatrick waterhole, a microlithic site on the Isle of Jura
Authors: Mercer John , Bain D C , Forster Susan
Published: March 2023

[NR 518798]. Reports excavations of two camps, G1 and G2, on a lagoon-side close to thc washing limit of the highest post-glacial transgression. G1 yielded 189 microliths of an industry similar to Lussa Bay's but minus the tanged point. The 239 microliths from G2 followed immediately in typological terms. Also at G2 were two Neo leaf arrowheads. Two 14C dates were obtained, in late 4th and late 3rd millennium bc respectively.
A brass sporting gun dated 1624
Authors: Maxwell Stuart
Published: March 2023

An elaborately engraved brass gun bearing the date 1624 and signed 'IL' (James Low of Dundee) was acquired by the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland in 1973. Comparison with the only other such gun (Tower of London Armouries) indicates that both were made by the same hand. Dundee was a major centre of firearm manufacture in late 16th and early 17th centuries, and a remarkable number of guns and pistols made by 'IL' have survived. AR
Donations to and purchases for the Museum, 1974-1975
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

A list of acquisitions for the Society's museum and library from 1974 – 1975. Appended are details of Society meetings held in 1974 – 1975.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died or resigned during 1974-1975 was read.
Excavation of two Orcadian burnt mounds at Liddle and Beaquoy
Authors: Hedges John , Harkness D D , Jones R L , Tasker C M K , Murphy P , Chaplin R E , Trewin S H , Sofranoff S
Published: March 2023

ND 464841; HY 301219. Extensive excavation of two 'burnt mounds' suggests that, in Orkney at least, they are the remains of permanent farming settlements. Both mounds covered traces of substantial stone buildings associated with flat-rimmed ware, hammerstones, stone ard-shares, quernstones and flint implements. Radiocarbon and thermoluminescence analyses gave dates in the range 1300-100 BC. The discussion includes a detailed survey of the evidence from burnt mounds throughout the British Isles. AR
Excavations south of Edinburgh High Street, 1973-4
Authors: Schofield John , Armitage Philip , Ash Marinell , Chaplin Raymond , Barnetson Linda , Charleston R J , Clarke Pamela , Hurst J G , Eames Elizabeth , Heppell David , Hynd Neil , Holmes Nicholas , Lawson Graeme , Thoms Lisbeth
Published: March 2023

NT 260735. Remains of houses of 14th to 16th centuries were uncovered, together with walling interpreted as the late 15th century city wall or King's Wall built in response to a royal charter. Considerable documentary evidence in the form of deeds and protocol books exists for the area, but it was of limited archaeological value owing to the difficulty of pinpointing properties on the ground. Finds include coarse pottery, German stonewares, floor tiles, glass, coins, a large group of 17th and 19th century clay tobacco pipes and an important sample of animal bones. A R
The late medieval development of the High Kirk of St Giles, Edinburgh
Authors: Hay George
Published: March 2023

Through the harshly 'restored' and altered present-day fabric, the form of the fully developed medieval church and its architectural and (where possible) liturgical arrangements can be traced. The earliest evidence is one 12th century cushion cap and a drawing of a destroyed north door of similar date. The start of the full medieval development came in 1387, the church was drastically altered in 1829-33 and to some extent recovered in 1872-83.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered, covering topics such as Fellowship, Meetings, Excavations and publications. The Treasurer then presented the report on the Society’s accounts. An amendment to the Society’s Laws that was proposed at the previous Anniversary meeting was discussed and approved. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died or resigned during 1975-1976 was read.

 

Notes for the guidance of contributors are appended.
The Scottish campaigns of Septimus Severus
Authors: Reed Nicholas
Published: March 2023

Caracalla may have campaigned in S Scotland in 207 before the arrival of Severus. The bridge of boats on Caracalla's coins may have been across the Forth at Queensferry and the permanent bridge appearing on Severus' coin over the Tay at Carpow, the two possibly linked by a road through Fife. The 63-acre camps, probably dating to 209 may reflect not a 'round trip' by one force, but division of the army into two. The 165- and 130-acre camps may date to the 210 campaign under Caracalla. Severus is unlikely to have considered occupying the Highlands. DJB
Preliminaries
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Front matter for Volume 107

Table of contents

Office-bearers of the Society 1975-6
An enlarged food vessel urn burial and associated artefacts from Kiltry Knock, Alvah, Banff and Buchan
Authors: Shepherd Ian A G , Cowie Trevor G , Denston C B , Hope R M , Trewin N H
Published: March 2023

NJ 665565. An enlarged food vessel urn containing a multiple cremation deposit (one adult female, one child and one infant) had been inverted on to a stone pavement in a small pit. Grave goods included a stone pendant, a pottery ball decorated with incised concentric circles, and a plano-convex flint knife. A R
The excavation of the Knowes of Quoyscottie, Orkney: a cemetery of the first millenium BC
Authors: Hedges Melia E , Rees S , Young A , Lunt D , Williams D F , Jones R
Published: March 2023

HY 302228. A typical Orcadian barrow cemetery consisting of at least ten small mounds, of which four were excavated. They measured 5m-8.5m in diameter, each with a rough stone kerb, and three had cremation burials in central stone cists. Three stone ard-shares were found on the kerb stones. A flat cremation cemetery of thirty-three burials in small pits clustered on the NE perimeter of Knowe 1; some had been deposited before and during the construction of the mound. A thermoluminescence date from burnt stones within Knowe 1 and four 14C determinations from cremation samples gave results in early 1st millennium BC. AR
Excavations at Dun Carloway broch, Isle of Lewis
Authors: Tabraham Christopher , Close-Brooks Joanna
Published: March 2023

NB 190412. The NE mural chamber contained a thick occupation deposit with layers of ash representing a series of superimposed hearths; the large quantity of pottery suggests secondary use of the chamber for firing pottery. This is of plain ware, including large jars with tall everted rims and occasional applied cordons, datable elsewhere in the Hebrides to 5th-7th centuries AD. A R
Roman Scotland and Roman auxiliary units
Authors: Davies Roy W
Published: March 2023

It is suggested that cohors I Fida Vardullorum was the garrison of Castlecary in Antonine I, when it had a detachment serving elsewhere, and cohors I Tungrorum the Antonine II garrison following the return of its vexillation from Noricum. Cohors I Baetasiorum is proposed as the Antonine I garrison at Bar Hill and the Antonine II garrison at Old Kilpatrick. The altar found in 1969 at Old Kilpatrick may point to the arrival of reinforcements for the army of Britain from the Danube in the early 160s, supporting existing evidence for such moves in the 150s and 160s. RIB 2152 and 2335 may refer to one or two milliary cohorts raised in Britain by Antoninus Pius. D J B
Craigston Castle, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Slade H Gordon
Published: March 2023

The main tower (1604-7) compares with the then recently remodelled Fyvie but also has features reminiscent of Borthwick 150 years earlier; it was probably built by the Bell family of masons with modifications for the client (Urquhart). The re-entrant of the entrance front is arched over and painted to resemble a ribbed vault, there is a carved balcony above, and much carved and painted work within. Flanking wings were added in 1747-53, the surviving farm court with its surrounding buildings in 1766-77. The article includes biographies of the Urquhart owners and of various plans for works in the 18th and 19th centuries. D F R
Notes on Scottish medieval kiln furniture from Rattray, Aberdeenshire
Authors: Brooks Catherine M , Haggarty George R
Published: March 2023

Three earthenware vessels found in 1829 are reinterpreted as medieval kiln-props, and similar vessels have been recovered from the kiln-site at Colstoun, E Lothian. The type appears to belong to the later 13th and 14th centuries. A R
Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps
Authors: Hanson William S
Published: March 2023

Reappraises the grouping of temporary camps conventionally assigned (by size and form) to the campaigns of Agricola and Severus respectively. Other historical contexts are suggested for the construction of some; and fresh excavations at Ardoch proved that the 130 acre camp postdated that of 63 acres. Clearly the complexities are not yet fully understood. D G
Lussa Wood 1: the late-glacial and early post-glacial occupation of Jura
Authors: Mercer John
Published: March 2023

NR 644874. A large quantity of microliths and three stone-built rings, perhaps cooking-places, represent occupation dated by 14C to the later 7th millennium bc; later material reflects activity on the site into Neolithic times. A R
Excavation of an Iron Age open settlement at Dalladies, Kincardineshire
Authors: Watkins Trevor , Barnetson L D P
Published: March 2023

NO 626673. A settlement of round timber houses was associated with lengths of curving ditch comparable with souterrains. Grain and rotary querns indicate agricultural activities, and 14C dates (corrected) range from 3rd century BC to 6th century AD. A R
A beaker burial at Newmill, near Bankfoot, Perthshire
Authors: Watkins Trevor , Shepherd Ian A G
Published: March 2023

NO 805324. A coffin in a grave-pit surrounded by a ring ditch was associated with a classic Dutch 2IIc beaker, a flint fabricator and a flint knife. A R
Low cairns, long cists and symbol stones
Authors: Ashmore Patrick J
Published: March 2023

Low mounds surrounded by rectilinear or circular ditches and low rectilinear and circular kerbed cairns, both groups covering extended inhumation burials, represent a funerary tradition of the pre-Viking Iron Age, predominantly in N Scotland. Sometimes forming cemeteries, these mounds and cairns are loosely associated with Pictish symbol stones, and a possible origin in La Tène burial tradition is suggested. A R
Arbuthnott House, Kincardineshire
Authors: Slade H Gordon
Published: March 2023

[NO 7975]. Estate in same family since 12th century. Buildings erected round a wedge-shaped courtyard: hallhouse of c 1420 extended c 1480 when camera built opposite on earlier wall (plinth paralleled in parish kirk dedicated 1242). Additions of 16th and 17th centuries (fine ceilings) but main house rebuilt 1755 (contract reproduced). D F R
Meetings of the Society, 1978-9
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1978 – 1979.
Meetings of the Society, 1979-80
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

Details of Society meetings held in 1979 – 1980.
Excavations at Kilmelfort Cave, Argyll
Authors: Coles J M
Published: March 2023

The excavation of part of a cave at Kilmelfort, Argyll, revealed remnants of a flint and stone industry of 'Mesolithic' character, but dating evidence was restricted due to the previous destruction of the major part of the site by hydro-electric operations. The importance of the site lies in its suggestion of moderate-altitude occupation in shelters and caves, and in the total masking of the entrance by ancient rockfall; comparable sites may well be undisturbed and await discovery.
A hoard of Late Bronze Age gold objects from Heights of Brae, Ross & Cromarty District, Highland Region
Authors: Clarke David V , Kemp M M B
Published: March 2023

Three cup-ended ornaments, five penannular armlets, and a corrugated band; 8th-7th century. This is Scotland's largest surviving LBA gold hoard.
Two Viking-age silver brooch fragments believed to be from the 1858 Skaill (Orkney) hoard
Authors: Graham-Campbell James
Published: March 2023

Discusses an elaborately decorated pin, and a pin-head. Appends a note on lost silver objects from Oxtro Broch. Birsay.
Report on the excavation of a Neolithic mound at Boghead, Speymouth Forest, Fochabers, Moray, 1972 and 1974
Authors: Burl H A W , Burl Margaret M , Henshall Audrey S , Lunt Dorothy A , Maclean A C , Rowley-Conwy P A , Manchester K , Romans J C C
Published: March 2023

?Iron Age skeletons at top of mound; cist with cremation. Long before that, Beaker sherds were placed in pit by old mound. Beneath mound, many sherds, cremated bones, and flints in thick black layer. Pollen, soil, and 14C dates indicate early Neo agriculture by people with Grimston/Lyles Hill wares.
The charcoal-fired blast furnaces of Scotland: a review
Authors: Lewis John H
Published: March 2023

Revises W I Macadam (1887), but concentrates on excavations at Red Smiddy, Glenkinglass, Tarrioch, and Bonawe. No evidence for ordnance at Red Smiddy; at Glenkinglass the blowing house had been river-eroded but the rest was fully excavated, while at Bonawe there was 19th century reorganization of mid-18th century works (blowing engine blocks intact).
Some objects from peat bogs
Authors: Close-Brooks Joanna
Published: March 2023

Pot, 5th-8th century; wooden scoop and one-piece bog-butter trough.
Anniversary meeting
Authors: - -
Published: March 2023

At the Anniversary meeting the Annual Report was delivered covering topics such as Membership, Meetings, Research and publications. The Treasurer also presented the report on the Society’s accounts. The Council reported to the Fellows on the plans for the future of the National Museum and the Society’s involvement in these plans. The Council for the following session was then elected and a list of Fellows who died during 1983-1984 was presented.
'How we found a tumulus' a story of the Orkney Islands - the journal of Lady Burroughs
Authors: Reynolds Diana M
Published: March 2023

Eliza D'Oyley Burroughs recorded this account of the opening of Taversoe Tuick chambered cairn in 1898, with sketch plans.
The excavation of a henge, stone circles and metal-working area at Moncrieffe, Perthshire
Authors: Stewart Margaret E C , Close-Brooks Joanna , McKerrell H , Thoms Lisbeth M
Published: March 2023

The site was excavated in advance of roadworks on the M90 motorway. Four phases of activity were recognized.Phase 1 A class 1 henge monument with a concentric ring of nine pits within. Beaker sherds were recovered from the ditch. A cremation lay outside the entrance. Phase 2 A small burial cairn with contiguous peristalith of stones surrounded by a ring of free standing monoliths. The monument of this phase was almost completely destroyed. Phase 3 A ring of eight free standing monoliths, graded in height from SW to NE; recumbent stones lay between the three tallest monoliths on the south-west arc. At the centre a possible ring cairn was accompanied by cremated burials in pits.Phase 4 The centre of the monument was used as a metallurgical workshop for smelting iron and casting leaded bronze.
Roman forces and native populations
Authors: Breeze David J
Published: March 2023

Examines Hadrian's and Antonine Walls for what they indicate about expected native threats. In both cases the weight of forces was in relatively unpopulated areas where dissidents and raiders could otherwise have moved too freely.
The Falkirk hoard of denarii: trade or subsidy?
Authors: Todd Malcolm
Published: March 2023

It is argued that the Falkirk hoard of Roman silver coins represents payments to a barbarianleader or dynasty in return for the maintenance of peace and order north of the Antonine Wall in theperiod c AD 160-230.
A unique facade in Great Britain: the west front of Holyrood Abbey
Authors: McAleer J Philip
Published: March 2023

The early Gothic façade of Holyrood Abbey was originally distinguished by two large towers. Although many large churches built in the British Isles during the previous (12th) century had two western towers, they were generally built over the westernmost bays of the nave aisles. In the case of a few buildings dating to the later 12th and early 13th centuries, the towers flanked the last bays of the aisles, thereby creating a wide 'screen' fagade. The position of the towers at Holyrood was distinctly different from either of these types. The towers were placed both outside the line of the aisle walls and in front of the plane of the west wall: they were tangent to the corners of the aisles by only one of their corners. As a result, a shallow open space was created between them, in front of the west portal. In this regard, Holyrood appears to have been exceptional in the British Isles. The closest parallels for this arrangement are found at several churches on the Continent which are widely separated geographically and, as a group, without any obvious connection with each other. The unusual system of passageways within the west front of Holyrood also further contributes to its unique character.
History, archaeology and Roman Scotland
Authors: Jarrett Michael G
Published: March 2023

There is too little Roman documentation for an adequate history of Roman Scotland to be written. There is a consequent desire, and perhaps a need, to use archaeological material as a support or substitute. Some aspects of the consequent problems are examined in the light of recent discoveries on and interpretations of the Roman frontiers.
Walter Gordon Grant: an archaeological appreciation
Authors: Reynolds Diana M , Ritchie J N Graham
Published: March 2023

Grant cleared and consolidated the Broch of Midhowe, Rousay and also examined other Orkney monuments; his chief memorial is the sites he conserved for the national interest.
The Arbroath Antiquary Club's excavations at Castle Rock promontory fort, Auchmithie, Arbroath and Saint Vigeans, Angus District
Authors: Ralston Ian , Close-Brooks Joanna
Published: March 2023

A coastal bivallate fort, probably in domestic use in the early centuries AD, was excavated by D A Gardner in 1968-74. A reused cup-and-ring marked stone was built into the structure. F B
The collection of antiquarian information for the early Ordnance Survey maps of Scotland
Authors: Davidson J L
Published: March 2023

This paper pays tribute to a little recognized body of amateur archaeologists who in the 19th century compiled  a nation-wide Record of archaeological and historical sites in the British Isles. Scotland is fortunate that this  ecord still exists, as the English and Welsh Name Books were destroyed during an air raid on Ordnance Survey headquarters at Southampton in 1940. The appearance of antiquities on the first-edition Ordnance Survey maps has been taken for granted by researchers for decades, but the background account of why and how antiquities were recorded is probably little appreciated. This paper explains the role of the Ordnance Survey in Scotland during the last century in forming this Record, the involvement of this Society, the reasons why antiquities were published on the maps and described in the Name Books, the controversies some descriptions inadvertently raised, and the format of the Books themselves.
The Yorkshire Television vitrified wall experiment at East Tullos, City of Aberdeen District
Authors: Ralston Ian
Published: March 2023

Experimental firing of a full-scale model of a pine-laced wall provoked limited localised vitrification of the hearting. The results may be added to previously garnered evidence to refute the suggestion that vitrification was constructional in intent. The large-scale vitrification of some Scottish sites must have provided a spectacular intimation of destructive power.
The manufacture of pottery in Roman Scotland
Authors: Breeze David J
Published: March 2023

Recent work suggests that the industry was more extensive than had been believed. Two programmes are to examine possible local products through mineral analysis and through thin-section petrology and neutron activation analysis. Au
The declining Pictish symbol - a reappraisal
Authors: Murray Gordon
Published: March 2023

The earliest, most classical carvings of the crescent and V-rod, the double disc with Z-rod, and the Pictish beast are found in three distinct, fairly localized areas and can be ascribed to slightly different dates. The sequence of decline into simplified forms offers a method of determining the relative ages of individual examples. F B
A cross-marked quern from Dunadd and other evidence for relations between Dunadd and Iona
Authors: Campbell Ewan
Published: March 2023

The distribution of incised linear crosses with expanded terminals implies a close association with Iona in the late 6th-9th centuries. The upper stone of a rotary quern found at Dunadd in 1904-5 is carved with a similar cross and is used here to strengthen other evidence for contact between Dunadd and Iona. AR
A cist from Kentraw, Islay
Authors: Ritchie J N Graham
Published: March 2023

A clay-luted cist in a natural gravel mound contained at least four inhumations of young adults, possibly buried successively, with a radiocarbon date centred on 1560 bc, together with a Vase Food Vessel, a cord-decorated miniature vessel, and a flint blade. A R
The past in a foreign country
Authors: Fowler Peter J
Published: March 2023

Review-article on the eight-volume series edited by Anna Ritchie, Exploring Scotland's heritage (1985-7), welcomed as a 'considerable achievement by all those involved'. The series clearly demonstrates the value of the Royal Commission database to a wider public as well as to academic scholarship of Inventory type; indeed both Scottish and English Commissions are responding to a changed political situation, while maintaining the integrity of their central records. The next step should be to create a national network through which bona fide enquirers can gain access to this database. The extent to which 'ESH' increased tourist pressure on sensitive sites will need to be watched.
The tribes of North Britain revisited
Authors: Barrow G W S
Published: March 2023

Argues against the idea that by the Roman period the Caledones may have been restricted to the Great Glen and the upper glens of the Grampians. AR
Arthur's O'on again: newly-discovered drawings by John Adair and their context
Authors: Brown Iain Gordon , Vasey Peter G
Published: March 2023

Recently identified drawings of this Roman building were once in the collection of the antiquary, Sir John Clerk of Penicuik (1676-1755) and date to c 1700, the earliest extant record. AR
A beaker cist at Chapelden, Tore of Troup, Aberdour, Banff and Buchan District, with a note on the orientation of beaker burials in north-east Scotland
Authors: Greig Moira K , Greig Colvin , Shepherd Alexandra N , Shepherd Ian A G
Published: March 2023

The burial of an adult male accompanied by a complete N4/Step ?4 beaker within the cist and sherds of an indeterminate beaker on the capstone is described. A review of the evidence suggests that the same beaker  burial pattern existed in north-east Scotland as has been observed in east Yorkshire.
Two Iron-Age cists from Galson, Isle of Lewis
Authors: Ponting Margaret R , Bruce Margaret F
Published: March 2023

More burial evidence from this extensive late Iron Age complex. AR
Risk Factors Associated With Post−COVID-19 Condition
Authors: Tsampasian Vasiliki , Elghazaly Hussein , Chattopadhyay Rahul , Debski Maciej , Naing Thin Kyi Phyu , Garg Pankaj , Clark Allan , Ntatsaki Eleana , Vassiliou Vassilios S.
Published: March 2023

Importance

Post−COVID-19 condition (PCC) is a complex heterogeneous disorder that has affected the lives of millions of people globally. Identification of potential risk factors to better understand who is at risk of developing PCC is important because it would allow for early and appropriate clinical support.

Objective

To evaluate the demographic characteristics and comorbidities that have been found to be associated with an increased risk of developing PCC.

Data sources

Medline and Embase databases were systematically searched from inception to December 5, 2022.

Study Selection

The meta-analysis included all published studies that investigated the risk factors and/or predictors of PCC in adult (≥18 years) patients.

Data Extraction and Synthesis

Odds ratios (ORs) for each risk factor were pooled from the selected studies. For each potential risk factor, the random-effects model was used to compare the risk of developing PCC between individuals with and without the risk factor. Data analyses were performed from December 5, 2022, to February 10, 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The risk factors for PCC included patient age; sex; body mass index, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared; smoking status; comorbidities, including anxiety and/or depression, asthma, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, immunosuppression, and ischemic heart disease; previous hospitalization or ICU (intensive care unit) admission with COVID-19; and previous vaccination against COVID-19.

Results

The initial search yielded 5334 records of which 255 articles underwent full-text evaluation, which identified 41 articles and a total of 860 783 patients that were included. The findings of the meta-analysis showed that female sex (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.41-1.73), age (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11-1.33), high BMI (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.08-1.23), and smoking (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13) were associated with an increased risk of developing PCC. In addition, the presence of comorbidities and previous hospitalization or ICU admission were found to be associated with high risk of PCC (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.97-3.13 and OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.18-2.56, respectively). Patients who had been vaccinated against COVID-19 with 2 doses had a significantly lower risk of developing PCC compared with patients who were not vaccinated (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43-0.76).

Conclusions and Relevance

This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that certain demographic characteristics (eg, age and sex), comorbidities, and severe COVID-19 were associated with an increased risk of PCC, whereas vaccination had a protective role against developing PCC sequelae. These findings may enable a better understanding of who may develop PCC and provide additional evidence for the benefits of vaccination.

Trial Registration

PROSPERO Identifier: CRD42022381002
Disparities in Survival Due to Social Determinants of Health and Access to Treatment in US Patients With Operable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Alnajar Ahmed , Kareff Samuel A. , Razi Syed S. , Rao J. Sunil , De Lima Lopes Gilberto , Nguyen Dao M. , Villamizar Nestor , Rodriguez Estelamari
Published: March 2023

Importance

Outcomes of localized malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remain poor despite multimodality therapy. It is unclear what role disparities have in the overall survival (OS) of patients with operable MPM.

Objective

To examine survival disparities associated with social determinants of health (SDOHs) and treatment access in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this observational, retrospective cohort study, patients with MPM diagnosed between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2017, were identified from the National Cancer Database with a maximum follow-up time of 13.6 years. The analysis was conducted from February 16, 2022, to July 29, 2022. Patients were included if they were diagnosed with potentially resectable clinical stage I to IIIA MPM, had epithelioid and biphasic histologic subtypes, and received chemotherapy. Patients were excluded if they could not receive curative surgery, were 75 years or older, or had metastasis, unknown stage, or tumor extension to the chest wall, mediastinal tissues, or organs.

Exposures

Chemotherapy alone vs chemotherapy with curative surgery in the form of pleurectomy and decortication or extrapleural pneumonectomy.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary end point was OS. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine hazard ratios (HRs) for OS, including univariable and multivariable models controlling for potential confounders, including demographic, comorbidity, clinical, treatment, tumor, and hospital-related variables, as well as SDOHs.

Results

A total of 1389 patients with MPM were identified (median [IQR] age, 66 [61-70] years; 1024 [74%] male; 12 [1%] Asian, 49 [3%] Black, 74 [5%] Hispanic, 1233 [89%] White, and 21 [2%] of other race). The median OS was 1.7 years (95% CI, 1.6-1.8). Risk factors associated with worse OS included older age, male sex, Black race, low income, and low educational attainment. Factors associated with greater odds of survival included receipt of surgical therapy, recent year of treatment, increased distance to travel, and treatment at high-volume academic hospitals. The risk factors most strongly associated with poor OS included Black race (HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.43-2.69) and male sex (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.38-1.86). Surgical treatment in addition to systemic chemotherapy (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.61-0.81) was independently associated with improved OS, as were chemotherapy initiation (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87-0.99) and greater travel distance from the hospital (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86-0.98).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this retrospective cohort study of patients with operable MPM, there was significant variability in access to care by SDOHs. Addressing disparities in access to multimodality therapy can help ensure equity of care for patients with MPM.
Multiscale network analysis identifies potential receptors for SARS‐CoV‐2 and reveals their tissue‐specific and age‐dependent expression
Authors: Forst Christian V. , Zeng Lu , Wang Qian , Zhou Xianxiao , Vatansever Sezen , Xu Peng , Song Won‐Min , Tu Zhidong , Zhang Bin
Published: March 2023

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected tens of millions of individuals and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Here, we present a comprehensive, multiscale network analysis of the transcriptional response to the virus. In particular, we focused on key regulators, cell receptors, and host processes that were hijacked by the virus for its advantage. ACE2‐controlled processes involved CD300e (a TYROBP receptor) as a key regulator and the activation of IL‐2 pro‐inflammatory cytokine signaling. We further investigated the age dependency of such receptors in different tissues. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the gene regulatory organization during the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and the tissue‐specific, age‐dependent expression of the cell receptors involved in COVID‐19.
Improvement of obsessive–compulsive disorder after pallidothalamic tractotomy for cervical dystonia
Authors: Horisawa Shiro , Kamba Rumiko , Sato Moeko , Sueki Akitsugu , Kawamata Takakazu , Nishimura Katsuji , Taira Takaomi
Published: March 2023

A 30‐year‐old woman with tardive dystonia in the cervical region from long‐term antipsychotic meds was treated with radiofrequency ablation of the right pallidothalamic tract in the fields of Forel. The patient showed improvement in both cervical dystonia and obsessive–compulsive disorder after the procedure, with 77.4% improvement in cervical dystonia and 86.7% improvement in obsessive–compulsive disorder. Although the treatment site in this case was intended to treat cervical dystonia, the lesion was located in the optimal stimulation network for both obsessive–compulsive disorder and cervical dystonia, suggesting that neuromodulation of this region could potentially treat both simultaneously.
Age and skill in chess: Accuracy and speed‐accuracy performance in reasoning and knowledge
Authors: Blanch Angel , Martínez Albert
Published: March 2023

Individual differences in cognitive performance depend on age, skill, and type of task. Nonetheless, whether performance is measured with accuracy (ACC) or with the trade‐off between responding speed and accuracy (SAT) could render subtle different relationships. Age and skill might associate more strongly with SAT performance in reasoning tasks, whereas they might relate more similarly with either ACC or SAT in knowledge tasks. These expectations were evaluated here with data from the cognitively taxing domain of chess (n = 259). Age was associated more strongly with the SAT than with the ACC measures in reasoning tasks. In contrast, skill related more robustly with the ACC than with the SAT measures in knowledge tasks. The main findings suggest that the associations of age and skill with performance vary depending on the type of task, but also on whether considering accuracy or speed‐accuracy measures of cognitive performance.
Thermomechanical Responses of Microcracks in a Honeycomb Particulate Filter
Authors: Naudiyal Siddhant , Briceno de Gutierrez Martha , Greenwood Richard , Bowen Paul , Simmons Mark , Blackburn Stuart , Stitt Hugh , Gobby Darren , Mogalicherla Aswani
Published: March 2023

Manufacturing honeycomb‐structured catalysts require a careful understanding of the microstructure of the solid substrate and its dependence on thermal‐processing conditions. Herein, it is the thermal responses of microcracks in an uncoated microcracked aluminum titanate honeycomb catalyst is investigated by analyzing the material's resonance frequency using the high‐temperature impulse excitation technique. The resonance frequencies are presented as Young's modulus values to avoid sample size effects. Dynamic Young's modulus measurements show closed‐loop hysteresis due to microcracks healing and reopening, causing a reversible response. The hysteresis is further used to understand microcracks’ dependence on critical thermal‐processing conditions used in a catalyst manufacturing plant, including peak operating temperature (800–1000 °C), dwell period (1–3 h), and heating rates (1–5 °C min−1). Microcracks are observed to have two healing responses: instantaneous and delayed healing. Both responses significantly influence the design of catalyst manufacturing. Complete reopening of microcracks from their healing temperature (1150 °C) is a very time‐consuming process (50–60 h). However, it is shown in the analysis that microcrack relaxation is a critical phenomenon that must be considered in quality‐controlled environments.
Discovering New Type of Lead‐Free Cluster‐Based Hybrid Double Perovskite Derivatives with Chiral Optical Activities and Low X‐Ray Detection Limit
Authors: Zhu Zeng‐Kui , Zhu Tingting , Wu Jianbo , You Shihai , Yu Panpan , Liu Xitao , Li Lina , Ji Chengmin , Luo Junhua
Published: March 2023

2D chiral hybrid perovskites have recently emerged as outstanding semiconductor materials. However, most of the reported 2D chiral perovskites have limited structural types and contain high levels of toxic lead, which severely hinders their further applications. Herein, by using a mixed‐cation strategy, an unprecedented type of lead‐free cluster‐based 2D chiral hybrid double perovskite derivatives are successfully obtained, [(R/S‐PPA)4(IPA)6Ag2Bi4I24]·2H2O (1‐R and 1‐S), and [(R/S‐PPA)4(n‐BA)6Ag2Bi4I24]·2H2O (2‐R and 2‐S) (R/S‐PPA=R/S–1‐phenylpropylamine; IPA=isopentylamine; n‐BA=n‐butylamine). Their inorganic skeletons are linked by binuclear {Bi2I10} and infinite chain {Ag2Bi2I14}∞, in which bismuth clusters and multiple coordination modes (e.g., tetrahedral AgI4 and octahedral AgI6) are introduced into the double perovskite system for the first time. This introduction induces distortion of the inorganic layer, which may facilitate the transfer of chirality from the chiral cations into achiral double perovskite skeletons. Further, circular dichroism measurements and circularly polarized light detection confirm their inherent chiral optical activities. In addition, 1‐S exhibits an ultralow X‐ray detection limit of 129.5 nGy s−1, which is 42‐fold lower than that of demands in regular medical diagnosis (5.5 µGy s−1). This study provides a pathway to construct novel type of lead‐free cluster‐based double perovskite derivatives.
Injectable Scaffolds for In Vivo Programmed Macrophages Manufacture and Postoperative Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wu Xiaodan , Zhong Zhenyu , Li Yan , Wang Yifan , Tian Yaping , Liu Xulong , Zhang Xin , Tao Weiyong , Wang Jianglin , Du Yingying , Zhang Shengmin
Published: March 2023

Cancer recurrence and metastasis after surgical resection is a vital reason of treatment failure. The modification of immune cells through implanted biomaterials is a promising postoperative immunotherapy. Herein, an injectable hydrogel scaffold loaded with engineered exosome mimetics that in vivo recruits and programs endogenous macrophages into M1 binding with anti‐CD47 antibody (M1‐aCD47 macrophages) for postoperative cancer immunotherapy is developed. Briefly, M1 macrophages‐derived exosome mimetics co‐modified with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV‐G) and aCD47 (V‐M1EM‐aCD47) are encapsulated in injectable chitosan hydrogel. Such hydrogel recruits inherent macrophages in situ and releases V‐M1EM‐aCD47 that programs M2 to M1‐aCD47 macrophages. M1‐aCD47 macrophages own dual‐functions of tumor‐homing and enhanced phagocytosis. They can actively target to tumor cells for delivery of aCD47 that blocks the “don't eat me” signal, thereby promoting phagocytosis of macrophages to cancer cells. Furthermore, V‐M1EM‐aCD47 hydrogel implanted into resection site of 4T1 breast tumor inhibits tumor recurrence and metastasis by phagocytosis of M1‐aCD47 macrophages and T cell‐mediated immune responses. The findings demonstrate that biomaterials can be designed in vivo to program inherent macrophages, thereby activating the innate and adaptive immune systems for prevention of postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis.
Surface Modification of a Titanium Carbide MXene Memristor to Enhance Memory Window and Low‐Power Operation
Authors: Mullani Navaj B. , Kumbhar Dhananjay D. , Lee Do‐Hyeon , Kwon Mi Ji , Cho Su‐yeon , Oh Nuri , Kim Eui‐Tae , Dongale Tukaram D. , Nam Sang Yong , Park Jun Hong
Published: March 2023

With the demand for low‐power‐operating artificial intelligence systems, bio‐inspired memristor devices exhibit potential in terms of high‐density memory functions and the emulation of the synaptic dynamics of the human brain. The 2D material MXene attracts considerable interest for use in resistive‐switching memory and artificial synapse devices owing to its excellent physicochemical properties in memristor devices. However, few memristive and synaptic MXene devices that display increased switching performances are reported, with no significant results. Herein, the conductivity of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) is engineered via etching and oxidation to enhance the switching performance of the device. The exceptional properties of partially oxidized MXene memristors include large memory windows and low threshold biases, and the complex spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity synaptic rules are also emulated. The low threshold potential distribution, reliable retention time (104 s), and distinct resistance states with a high ON–OFF ratio (>104) are the main memory‐related features of this device. The experimentally determined switching potentials of the optimized device are also uniformly distributed, according to a statistical probability‐based approach. This investigation may promote the essential material properties for use in high‐density non‐volatile memory storage and artificial synapse systems in the field of innovative nanoelectronic devices.
Phase Change Hydrogels for Bio‐Inspired Adhesion and Energy Exchange Applications
Authors: Fang Yuanlai , Xiong Xinhong , Yang Li , Yang Wanyou , Wang Hong , Wu Qian , Liu Qianwei , Cui Jiaxi
Published: March 2023

The adhesion strategies of the gecko's toe through surface adaptation of spatulas to increase contact area and the snail's epiphragm via dehydration‐induced solidification to lock interfaces are combined to design a class of adhesion‐switchable hydrogels. The hydrogels are made via incorporating CH3COONa·3H2O salt (SA) into polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous networks to construct supersaturated and stimuli‐responsive phase change materials (PAM‐SA). The crystallization dramatically strengthens the mechanical properties, and tensile Young's moduli are 340.7 and 0.1 MPa for crystalline C‐PAM‐SA‐120% and soft PAM hydrogel. As a result, PAM‐SA‐120% shows excellent adhesive performance (adhesion strength, 348 kPa) compared with PAM hydrogel adhesive (adhesion strength, 7 kPa). The stimuli‐induced crystallization from H‐PAM‐SA‐120% phase change hydrogels releases thermal controllably, which can be utilized for thermochromic materials and thermotherapy.