bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in human placenta and umbilical cord blood
Authors: Arnould JP , Verhoest P. , Bach V. , Libert JP , Belegaud J.
Published: December 2008

Placenta constitutes a vital organ of exchange between mother and foetus. In addition to this favourable effect for foetal development, placenta indirectly may allow trans fer of several maternal blood xenobiotics. Human placenta and umbilical cord blood are interesting models for investigating maternal environment and the metabolism, the bioactivation and the transfer of carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We used them to assess the effect of a woman's smoking on the foetus. Few studies cover this subject. In pregnant women who have continued to smoke, benzo[a]pyrene compound of cigar ette smoke is metabolically activated to diol-epoxide derivative: benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10- epoxide, ultimate carcinogen (BPDE-I). This derivative is covalently fixed on DNA and gives BPDE-I-DNA adducts. By a competitive immunoassay technique, we determined BDPE-I-DNA adducts in 20 samples of placenta and umbilical cord blood from women who smoked (n=15) and who did not (n=10). Tobacco consumption was checked by urinary cotinine determination. In the group of smokers levels of adducts were found in 13 specimens of placenta (from 10 to 60 finol/50 μg of DNA) and 12 umbilical cord blood (from 10 to 22.15 fmol/50 μg of DNA) samples. These results indicate that a mother's tobacco consumption is linked to the accumulation of BPDE-I-DNA adducts in the placenta, which are seen in smaller quantities in the umbilical cord blood, probably because of the metabolic capacity of the placenta and the transfer of B[a]P from the mother to the foetus.
Subchronic toxicity studies of 3-Methyl-1- butanol and 2-Methyl-1-propanol in rats
Authors: Schilling K. , Kayser M. , Deckardt K. , Küttler K. , Klimisch H-J.
Published: December 2008

1 90-day subchronic toxicity studies with 3-methyl-1- butanol (MEB) and 2-methyl-1-propanol (MEP) were performed on rats to evaluate the toxicological profile of the compounds under conditions of drinking water studies, to identify the potential target organs, and to determine no-observable-adverse-effect-levels (NOAELs) respective of the substances. The test substances were administered to groups of 10 male and 10 female Wistar rats in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 1000 p.p.m. (about 80 mg/kg/d), 4000 p.p.m. (about 340 mg/kg/d) and 16 000 p.p.m. (about 1250 and 1450 mg/kg/d of MEB and MEP respectively).

2 16 000 p.p.m. was found to be the maximal concentra tion for both alcohols applicable to rats in drinking water. Higher concentrations had an influence on palatability and could thus not be tested in drinking water studies.

3 At 16 000 p.p.m. MEB a marginal increase in the red blood cell count as well as a slight decrease in the mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular hemo globin content was observed in males only. These changes are considered to be treatment-related, although the toxicological significance of these find ings is unclear. No other substance-related effects were found on body weight (b.w.), mortality, various parameters of clinical chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology and histopathology. 4000 p.p.m. MEB did not cause any substance-induced changes. Therefore, the NOAEL of MEB was defined as 4000 p.p.m. for male and 16 000 p.p.m. for female rats under condi tions of oral application via drinking water.

4 MEP concentrations up to and including 16 000 p.p.m. did not induce any signs of toxicity and were therefore defined as the NOAEL respective of this substance for rats under conditions of drinking water application.
Developing a Comprehensive Health Services Research Capacity in Physical Disability and Rehabilitation
Authors: Batavia Andrew I. , DeJong Gerben
Published: December 2008

The lack of an adequate capacity for policy-oriented disability research in the United States has hampered decision making in all aspects of disability policy. This article considers the development of a comprehensive Health Services Research (HSR) capacity in physical disability and rehabilitation, which would examine the organization, provision, and financing of health care services for persons with physical disabilities. Despite the substantial health care needs of such individuals, there have been relatively few HSR studies on the health care issues that affect their lives. This article considers why this is the case, and suggests a strategy for developing a comprehensive HSR/disability capacity. It further presents an agenda for HSR in the areas of trauma care and post-trauma acute care, medical rehabilitation, post-rehabilitation primary care, and long-term support services for persons with physical disabilities.
Policy Issues in Communications Accessibility
Authors: Barnartt Sharon N. , Seelman Katherine D. , Gracer Bonnie
Published: December 2008

The issue of communication accessibility is an extension of the concept of architectural accessibility. Communications accessibility would eliminate barriers to information flow and to communication processes for people with sensory impairments. Among the environmental factors which affect communications accessibility are the availability of technology and architectural design factors. At present some statutes and regulations apply to communications accessibility, but changes are needed in laws and regulations at the federal, state, and local levels. The economic problems raised by the need to enhance communications accessibility are similar to those for architectural accessibility, except that communications accessibility more often entails on-going costs. Although the costs of some modifications may be covered under existing laws or programs, many are not.
The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Current State of U.S. Disability Policy
Authors: DeJong Gerben , Batavia Andrew I.
Published: December 2008

The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) reflects a new stage in American disability policy. However, important policy issues that pre-date the passage of ADA remain unresolved. The most important concern policy assumptions that have guided various disability income and medical assistance programs since their inception in the 1950s and 1960s. The most detrimental assumption is that, to be eligible for income or medical assistance, the impairment must be so hopeless that future prospects for work are impossible. This assumption is self-fulfilling and out of step with the policy assumptions that motivated the passage of the ADA. The article recommends six policy changes that will allow other portions of the nation's disability policy to function in harmony with the policy goals of the ADA.
An Analysis of State Special Education
Authors: Swartz Stanley L. , Mosley William J.
Published: December 2008

Results of a national survey of special education nondiscriminatory evaluation policy that included both an analysis of regulatory language and implementation procedures are reported. State (N=51, including the District of Columbia) adherence to P.L. 94-142 Protection and Evaluation Procedures and the development of additional procedures to ensure nonbias in the identification process are reported. The considerable diversity of the practices reported and their likely impact are discussed, and recommendations for policy development and needed professional response are made.
Investing in People: Launching Supported Employment on a Crowded Public Agenda (Part 2)
Authors: Bellamy G. Thomas , Melia Richard P.
Published: December 2008

Supported employment was one of the most successful human service program initiatives during the Reagan administration. This paper describes the emergence of the initiative within the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services and outlines the initial strategy for implementing the initiative through existing discretionary authorities.
Systems Change Efforts and Supported Employment: National Strategies and Outcomes
Authors: Shafer Michael S. , Revell R. Grant , Kregel John , Wehman Paul , West Michael
Published: December 2008

Results from a three-year analysis of supported employment implementation are presented. These data are presented to provide a descriptive summary of the extent and nature to which states have developed and implemented programs of supported employment. Information is presented regarding state policies and procedures associated with supported employment, growth indicators including served clients, established service contracts, and finally, funding sources and amounts. These results are discussed in light of their implications for future development and funding activities.
Quantitative Research: Common Myths and Cautions for Utilization in Supported Employment
Authors: Szymanski Edna Mora
Published: December 2008

Quantitative research is often used to provide justification for programs and policies; however, such research has great potential for misuse. A partnership of researchers and service providers is recommended to limit such misuse and increase the relevance of supported employment research to policy and practice. In order to assist service providers in the application of quantitative research to supported employment, the following myths of research are discussed: (a) findings from a single supported employment research study can be directly applied to policy, planning, and program improvement; (b) no differences were found between supported employment and another service option, therefore no differences exist; and (c) the research was published, therefore it is accurate. The following cautions regarding the application of research in supported employment are then presented: (a) ask questions of researchers, (b) make quality program evaluation an integral part of supported employment, and (c) adopt a healthy skepticism. And finally, a planned program of supported employment research is recommended.
Examining the Impact of a State Law Prohibiting Discrimination Against Group Homes for People With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Goldstein Marc B.
Published: December 2008

To assess the impact of a 1979 Connecticut law forbidding zoning discrimination against small group homes serving developmentally disabled (DD) individuals, we compared residences for the DD and emotionally disturbed children established before and after the law took effect. There were significant increases in the number of DD facilities and in the socioeconomic characteristics of census tracts for both types of residences following passage of the law. In addition, there was a clear trend to locate residences for both groups away from urban centers. The failure to find a differential advantage favoring DD residences following the implementation of the law suggested that the observed changes cannot be clearly attributed to the legislation. Other confounding factors, as well as the need for evaluation efforts regarding such legislation, are discussed.
Changes in the Way Social Security Evaluates Claims for Childhood Disability Benefits
Authors: Parker Susan B.
Published: December 2008

The 1990 Sullivan v. Zebley decision ruled that the Social Security Administration's rules for evaluating disability in SSI childhood cases were inconsistent with the statutory definition of disability for children. In this article, the decision is reviewed and SSA's regulatory and administrative response is described.
Disabled Policy
Authors: Berkowitz Edward D.
Published: December 2008

This paper analyzes the passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) and argues that the Act continues a historical tradition, expressed in generations of disability policies, of using the policy process to soften the conflict between the rhetoric of rights and the realities of economies. The paper emphasizes the continuities between present and past disability policies and explains why many analysts, including the author, did not anticipate the passage of ADA.
Is Supported Employment Cost-Effective in Minnesota?
Authors: Lewis Darrell R. , Johnson David R. , Bruininks Robert H. , Kallsen Lincoln A. , Guillery R. Phillip
Published: December 2008

This paper reports on the application of a benefit-cost accounting framework to evaluate the economic outcomes of supported employment in Minnesota. Data were collected on the costs and economic outcomes of 1,892 individuals being served in 11 supported-employment agencies offering programs in habilitation training, on-site employment, and community-based group and individual supported employment. From these data net benefits and benefit-cost ratios were estimated to explain possible efficiency effects resulting from the programs. The results reported in this study generally support the policy assertion that supported-employment programs yield financial benefits for society and taxpayers, as well as individuals with disabilities.
Day Training and Habilitation Reimbursement
Authors: Chapin Rosemary , Rotegard Lisa
Published: December 2008

State reimbursement system design for day services for persons with developmental disabilities has not kept pace with the dramatic changes taking place nationwide in program philosophy and content. This article examines the need for changes in the way day services are reimbursed and details the impetus, research, and recommendations for a new rate-setting system for day training and habilitation services developed in response to this changing program environment. Implications for other states facing similar challenges are also discussed.
The Development of Public Policy and New Laws Concerning the Rights of People With Disabilities in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Vaughan C. Edwin
Published: December 2008

China's new policy commitments for people with disabilities are reviewed. The process, including a national survey, leading to China's first Five-Year Plan for Disabled Persons, is described. Data are presented concerning the number of individuals in each disability category. The official government document of 1990 describing new laws intended to protect persons with disabilities is outlined. Several specific laws are listed, including sanctions against offenders. Noted, too, are apparent contradictions between the old regulations and the new laws.
The Political Implications of Disability Definitions and Data
Authors: Hahn Harlan
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this analysis is to examine and to compare the conceptual, methodological, and operational implications of the medical and economic perspectives that have formed the bases of the traditional "functional-limitations" paradigm and the sociopolitical definition which is the foundation of the new "minority-group" model for research on disability. Both the medical and economic definitions have relied primarily on clinical methods. Whereas the medical approach has been operationally measured by limits on major life activities, the economic orientation has been measured by restrictions on the amount or kind of work that can be performed. By contrast, the sociopolitical definition, which focuses on the interaction between the individual and the environment, can be empirically assessed by measures of visibility and labeling. Self-identification is also an important index of the relative size and political strength of disabled persons. Because of the significance of new antidiscrimination laws, which appear to be based on the minority-group model, there is a pressing need to grant operational measures of the sociopolitical definition a position of parity in relation to the vast amount of data that have already been accumulated through the use of medical and economic concepts in government and other surveys.
Applying Theory to Practice
Authors: Watson Sara D.
Published: December 2008

Current implementation research, including that on disability policy, is largely retrospective and descriptive, examining experiences after implementation is largely complete in order to identify relevant variables that help explain implementation outcomes. This article seeks to use theoretical implementation research in a different way, one that is prospective and prescriptive, that will improve its usefulness for public administrators. It seeks to use this method of analysis to examine the prospects for implementation of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Based on theoretical implementation research and on comparisons with the implementation of other pieces of legislation, this article makes predictions about the future implementation of the ADA and develops recommendations to prevent potential problems. It then discusses the need to refocus implementation research to improve its relevance to practitioners.
The Underachievement of Supported Employment
Authors: Mank David
Published: December 2008

A review of the status of the national supported employment initiative shows that thousands of individuals are benefiting from the initiative and that supported employment is offered by community programs in every state in the nation. Yet despite these successes, access to supported employment is severely limited, the quality of the outcomes is challenged, and the investment in change appears to be dwindling. If supported employment for persons with severe disabilities is to expand and improve to meet the growing demand, then communities and government alike must analyze both the successes and the problems of the supported employment initiative and create a new path to change. The purpose of this paper is to review the status of the supported employment initiative, explore the perception of its underachievement, and provide recommendations for recapturing the momentum of the initiative.
The Impact of the Americans With Disabilities Act Upon Rehabilitation Research
Authors: Rogers E. Sally
Published: December 2008

The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) establishes "a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability." The impact of the ADA upon rehabilitation research is explored in relation to employment outcomes for persons with psychiatric disability. The ADA makes it imperative that we develop valid and reliable instruments to measure impairment and functional incapacity, work and social integration, and quality of life and empowerment. Techniques of ecological assessment in the workplace and consensus on measures of employment success are also imperative. Investigation of facility-based vocational rehabilitation, supported employment and disability management models of service, and reasonable accommodation will be needed, as will an investigation of the impact of the ADA upon Social Security benefits for persons with psychiatric disability. Finally, critical to the successful implementation of the ADA will be a better understanding of stigma and methods of changing the negative attitudes that persist about persons with psychiatric disability.
Willing but Unable
Authors: Vanderwood Michael L. , Spande Gail E. , Thurlow Martha L. , Ysseldyke James E.
Published: December 2008

Educational policymakers are moving away from examining the process of education to examining its results. In response to this change in focus, the National Center on Educational Outcomes (NCEO) has developed a school completion model of outcomes and indicators of these outcomes. This model contains eight domains (i.e., content areas). The purpose of this research was to examine the applicability of the model to (a) outcomes that states identify as their goals for education, and (b) data that states already collect. We report the results of two studies. In the first study, we examined the extent to which education goals from 17 states correspond to the NCEO model. In the second study, we looked at the extent to which state data were available for the 77 indicators in the NCEO model. We found that the correspondence was high between state goals and the outcomes and indicators listed in the NCEO model. However, states have data available on very few of their state goals and on very few of the NCEO indicators. For the most part, state data are in two NCEO domains—Presence and Participation, and Citizenship and Contribution. New data collection instruments and systems will have to be established to document the extent to which students with disabilities are reaching the outcomes valued by educators and parents.
The ADA and Disability Benefits Policy
Authors: Martin Douglas A. , Conley Ronald W. , Noble John H.
Published: December 2008

Despite passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990, there still remain substantial impediments to the attainment of employment and a normalized lifestyle for persons with significant disabilities. The major income support programs (Social Security Disability Insurance [SSDI] and Supplemental Security Income [SSI]) and health care financing programs (Medicare and Medicaid) create major disincentives both at the time of application and while persons are receiving benefits. These disincentives discourage accepting employment or, if employment is accepted, will often discourage persons from exceeding a level of earnings that would end their eligibility for benefits. In addition, the SSI and Medicaid programs have other adverse effects such as discouraging saving, encouraging unwise spending habits, discouraging adults from naming children on SSI as heirs to their estates, and imposing financial penalties on beneficiaries who marry. There are many promising areas for additional research to seek ways to reform these programs so that they support the goals of the Americans With Disabilities Act.
Empowerment Issues in Services to Individuals With Disabilities
Authors: Hagner David , Marrone Joseph
Published: December 2008

"Empowerment" has become a widely used term in discussions of disability and rehabilitation issues. However, the term has been given a confusing variety of meanings and interpretations. The meanings and some conflicting views of empowerment are reviewed. We argue that there is a great deal more clarity regarding how disability services currently limit empowerment than about what empowerment is, and we outline five core features of disability services which are said to be disempowering. Elements of a service system that overcome these limitations and promote empowerment are presented. Incorporating these elements will require a more radical restructuring of current service systems than many have supposed.
Medicaid Spending Reductions and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Braddock David , Hemp Richard
Published: December 2008

The federal-state Medicaid program provides significa,it and important services for persons with developmental disabilities in the United States. The research presented here is an empirical analysis of current congressional proposals to reduce Medicaid spending and a study of the impact of those reductions for persons with developmental disabilities. Compared to current law, the implementation of congressional proposals to reduce Medicaid spending would decrease the number of Medicaid long-term care recipients with developmental disabilities by approximately 56,000 individuals in the year 2002. The implications of Medicaid block grants and related enrollment restrictions are analyzed in the context of current trends in the provision of services to persons with developmental disabilities in the United States
Disability Culture or Disability Consciousness?
Authors: Barnartt Sharon N.
Published: December 2008

“Disability culture” has become a taken-for-granted phenomenon in the disability community. Here I argue that this usage of the concept of culture does not fit anthropological definitions. Rather, I suggest that the concept of collective consciousness better describes what is occurring in the disability community than does the term disability culture. While a culture functions to maintain the social order, a collective consciousness impels the actions which comprise social movements. Disability consciousness impels the social movement actions which are occurring within the disability community at this time. The distinction has implications for the process of policymaking, as well as for its content. Disability culture has become a frame around which disability consciousness can be built, and it will be judged by the success of the social movement it has engendered.
Investigation and Enforcement of a Disability Discrimination Statute
Authors: Mudrick Nancy R. , Asch Adrienne
Published: December 2008

This paper presents an analysis of 7,189 complaints of disabilitybased discrimination in employment filed with New York State and open between 1984-1994. The characteristics of the complainants, the employers, the complaints, and the resolutions are presented. The data show that the majority of disability discrimination complainants were not persons seeking jobs, but those who had jobs or were terminated from jobs. Approximately 40% of cases closed with a positive outcome for the complainant, with no discernible differences by type of disability. The New York State data are of interest not only because they indicate how a state civil rights law for disability operated before the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), but because they can suggest what the experience and the challenges may be in the enforcement of the ADA over time.
Gender Differences in Changes Over Time
Authors: Barnartt Sharon N.
Published: December 2008

Relative to men with disabilities, women with disabilities have been reported to be disadvantaged on variables such as education, laborforce participation rates, occupational status, and income. Most of the studies reporting disadvantages for women used old data. This paper asks if there have been changes since the 1970s. It analyzes gender differences in changes in educational attainment and occupational category from 1972 to 1991 for adults with hearing losses. Data are from the 1972 National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP), the 1991 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), and other published sources. Results show that differences in educational attainment by hearing status for both sexes had decreased by 1991, especially for women. By this time occupational differences by hearing status still existed, but they had decreased enough so that they were not statistically significant for either sex. However, gender differences in occupational attainment for all three groups were large and statistically significant in 1972, and they remained so in 1991. The effects of demographic changes in the larger society, as well as process of occupational segregation, may help to explain these changes.
Abuse of Women With Disabilities
Authors: Nosek Margaret A. , Howland Carol A. , Young Mary Ellen
Published: December 2008

According to the National Study of Women With Physical Disabilities, the prevalence of abuse was not significantly different between women with and without disabilities. Women with physical disabilities, however, reported significantly longer durations of abuse. Unique vulnerabilities to abuse experienced by women with disabilities include social stereotypes of asexuality and passivity, lack of adaptive equipment, inaccessible home and community environments, increased exposure to medical and institutional settings, dependence on perpetrators for personal assistance, and lack of employment options. In order to enable the identification of women with disabilities who are in abusive situations and their referral to appropriate community services, policy changes are needed to increase training for all types of service providers in abuse interventions, to improve architectural and attitudinal accessibility of programs for battered women, to increase the responsiveness of adult protective services, to increase options for personal assistance, to expand the availability of affordable and accessible legal services, and to improve communication among community services.
Social Causes of Impairment, Disability, and Abuse
Authors: Neath Jeanne
Published: December 2008

Impairments are often acquired as a result of social practices (e.g., war, interpersonal violence). There is a strong likelihood in a “disabling society” that disability will follow impairment. This article provides evidence suggesting that many of the social practices that cause impairments (and that therefore often lead to disabilities) are part of a large-scale social pattern that feminists often refer to as “patriarchy.” This social pattern is characterized by (a) male dominance; (b) hierarchy (e.g., a social class system); (c) male-on-male struggles for power (e.g., war); (d) control, exploitation, and devaluation of “the other” (e.g., racial minorities, people with disabilities); and (e) internalized oppression. Although disability scholars taking a sociopolitical approach to disability have usually focused on the social construction of disability through disabling attitudes, behaviors, and environments, this article advocates focusing also on the social construction of disability through the social creation of impairment provided a minority, not medical, model is used. The role of patriarchy in causing impairment (and disability) and the abuse of people with disabilities is discussed. A preliminary feminist model of patriarchal oppression, disability, and abuse is proposed.
Estimating the Size of the Adult Population Needing Personal Assistance Services
Authors: KENNEDY JAE
Published: December 2008

Legislative initiatives to expand federal funding of personal assistance services (PAS) have relied primarily or exclusively on need for assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs). Analyses of the U.S. Census Bureau's 1990 and 1991 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) indicate that roughly 1.4 million Americans report needing assistance with three or more ADLs, and that 35% of these are under age 65. Only a small subset of the population needing assistance with three or more ADLs (22%) also report family incomes at or below the federal poverty level, suggesting that means-testing could significantly reduce the size of the population eligible for a federal benefit. Different ADL, age, and income criteria substantially affect the size and composition of the eligible population. The policy implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
Funding Supported Employment
Authors: REVELL W. GRANT , WEST MICHAEL , CHENG YULIN
Published: December 2008

This article describes different methods used by state Vocational Rehabilitation (VR) agencies to fund time-limited supported employment services. Findings are reported from a survey of 385 vendored supported employment provider qencies regarding types of reimbursement method used, the influence of different types of methods on key consumer outcomes, aid recommendations for improviiig funding systems. The findings consistently pointed to significantly more positive response of vendors to funding methods that incorporate negotiated rates at the individual provider level as compared to statewide fixed rates for all vendors. Statewide fixed hourly rates were found to discourage both conversion to community integrated employment opportunities and the reopening of supported employment cases after job loss. The same response pattern held true for respondents' perceptions of reimbursements covering the costs of services. Statewide rates for specified outcomes or for daily, weekly, or monthly service units were found to cover the cost of services at levels significantly lower than the other funding methods.
Equity and the Order of Selection Mandate
Authors: BELLINI JAMES
Published: December 2008

The order of selection mandate, the cornerstone of the federal policy initiative to serve individuals with the most severe disabilities in the state-federal vocational rehabilitation (VR) program, is examined from the perspective of equity. The order of selection mandate is founded on the fair opportunity rule, which asserts that individuals who experience the most severe disadvantages resulting from disability have the greatest claim to available agency resources. Several challenges to the appropriate implementation of the order of selection mandate are identified. Also, difficulties in evaluating equity in program participation and agency resource allocation are discussed, and two standards for evaluation, consistency, and impartiality are proposed. Then, recent research on the quality of order of selection implementation in state-federal VR is reviewed, and recommendations to facilitate the equitable implementation of the mandate and to evaluate progress in meeting the goal of serving individuals with the most severe disabilities are proposed. Most importantly, standard, quantifiable data on VR program participants' severity of disability are needed to permit warranted conclusions about equity in order of selection implementation and evaluation.
The Social Construction of Personnel Policy
Authors: DRUM CHARLES E.
Published: December 2008

The goal of this investigation was to develop an understandrng of the social context of state merit systems of personnel. Ten key informants were interviewed following an “interpretivist” paradigm to illuminate the political and social construction of public policy. The key informants reveal a basic self-belief in the rationality of merit systems of personnel under which only the “best-qualified” candidates are given employment. Under this doctrine, merit may mean equality without equity for people with disabilities. Merit systems of personnel are dominated by people who have historically had more access to experience and training than people with disabilities, who are underrepresented in state jobs. However, the informants argue that underrepresentation is the result of unintended consequences. Personnel administrators' willingness to ascribe underrepresentation to an unintended consequence may undercut policies requiring reasonable accommodations for applicants with disabilities.
Disability and the Psychology of Political Participation
Authors: Schur Lisa A.
Published: December 2008

What can disability teach us about the psychology of political participation ? Disability highlights issues of personal control and identity, which are important in the disability rights movement and are also linked to political participation in general. This study uses in-depth interviews and written questionnaires to examine these issues among 64 people— both political activists and nonactivists—who have spinal cord injuries (SCI's). It explores the connections among political involvement, locus of control, personal efficacy, experiences of stigma and discrimination, and views of disability. The interviews reveal a wide variety of responses to SCI, some discouraging but others encouraging political involvement. Political participation is discouraged by isolation and decreased resources that contribute to fatalism, as well as by efforts to "normalize" and distance oneself from others with disabilities, or by a focus on self-help following SCI. The political activists—some of whom had such responses in the past— have lived with their injuries for a longer time on average than other interviewees. Thus, they have had more opportunity to come to terms with SCI, join disability groups, learn about disability issues, and go through a gradual process of politicization. Partly as a result of political work, activists are more likely to perceive discrimination and stigma and to express a greater sense of personal control and efficacy. Their experiences show that social context and circumstances are important in who becomes politically active, indicating that outreach policies of disability organizations can play a large role in creating conditions that encourage political participation.
Visual-Perception Disabilities and Reading Ability At the College Level
Authors: Silbiger Francene , Woolf Daniel
Published: December 2008

A discussion of necessary visual abilities and perceptual skills required by college students for efficient reading habits, and a review of methods of detecting deficiencies.
Improving the Language-Arts Skills of Teenage Disabled Readers
Authors: Dole Phyllis W.
Published: December 2008

A discussion of techniques for improving the teenage reader's language skills by enhancing his self-image and through use of his "personal language."
What Is Meant by a Linguistic Approach to Reading and Spelling
Authors: Simpson Bickley F.
Published: December 2008

Five basic principles for language therapy, with emphasis on the pattern and structure of language, are presented and discussed.
From the Classroom
Authors: Linn Shirley H.
Published: December 2008

Suggestions for teachers in assessing spelling problems as possible learning disorders, and the beginning of remediation.
What Do We Mean — Learning Disorders?
Authors: Johnston Dianne
Published: December 2008

A discussion of the various definitions of the problem described as "learning disorders," and the confusion caused by inconsistencies in meaning.
Testing the Educationally Handicapped Child
Authors: Tarnopol Lester
Published: December 2008

A discussion of various methods of diagnostic testing for identifying and assessing educationally handicapped children, with specific test batteries described and evaluated.
Transformation Training
Authors: Wold Robert M.
Published: December 2008

A description of techniques designed to help children learn to visualize the transformations that can occur in visual language symbols.
Part I The Rhythmic Basis for Learning
Authors: Goldsmith Carolyn
Published: December 2008

It is obvious to most of us who have been observing and teaching in our schools that our thinking about learning and our methods of teaching must go beyond the traditional curriculum in order to reach those children who, because of neurological handicap or cultural deprivation, cannot function in the ordinary class situation. This article is an introduction to a curriculum which, hopefully, will stimulate new ways of thinking about learning and methods of integrating school subjects into the child's total self.
The Use of a Rope Maze in Developing a Perceptual-Motor Training Program
Authors: Trexler Lyle K. , Lacey Harvey M.
Published: December 2008

A technique is described for aiding children in developing a better body image, balance, and laterality.
Test Results and What They Mean
Authors: Woolbright William J.
Published: December 2008

Part of the responsibility of a reading therapist is to report to the parents the results of specialized programs developed for their children. Whether the report is made in person or sent to the parents or teachers of the children, there can be confusion or misunderstanding when grade-level scores are used.

Over a period of time, and after a review of numerous parent conferences and discussions with local school administrators and teachers, the following report was prepared by the Academic Achievement and Learning Group, Los Angeles, California, to better communicate with parents and school personnel who are concerned about students' work in remedial reading.
Teaching Writing With a Word Processor
Authors: Littlefield Patti
Published: December 2008

The use of a word processor not only improves writing skills but changes student attitudes towards the writing process.
Using Parents in Behavior Management
Authors: Evans William H. , Evans Susan S.
Published: December 2008

Parents can make strong allies in a home-based behavioral management program if procedures are properly explained and demonstrated.
ABCDs of Motivating Adolescent LD Students
Authors: Gleason Joni J.
Published: December 2008

Four established techniques will combat the pernicious combination of adolescence and learning disabilities.
Teaching LD Children To Read
Authors: Britton Richard Aquinas
Published: December 2008

Eleven techniques used by a successful teacher to motivate a child to read and comprehend
A "Whole Person" Spelling Class
Authors: Olrich Frank
Published: December 2008

If mind, body, feelings, imagination, and intuition are all "operative," maximum learning can take place.
Adapting the NIM
Authors: Henk William A.
Published: December 2008

"I'm getting their word recognition skills developed, but what about their comprehension skills? What do I do now?" Does this sound familiar?
Is Career Education Really Being Taught?
Authors: Burton Louise , Bero Francesca
Published: December 2008

There's still a long way to go to close the gap between perceptions of employers-teachers-students and skills/abilities necessary for life and work.
Choosing the Right Software
Authors: Berkell Dianne E.
Published: December 2008

A microcomputer's worth as a teaching aid depends on the teacher's ability to evaluate and select appropriate software. Here is a framework for software evaluation.
Teaching with Box Tops
Authors: Raiser Lynne , D'Zamko Mary Elizabeth
Published: December 2008

How to teach reading, math, science, nutrition, and social studies using a box of JELL-O Brand gelatin. Students love it!
The “What's for Lunch” Approach to Reading
Authors: Mauer Ruth A.
Published: December 2008

Something as commonplace as a school lunch menu, when creatively used, can turn students on to reading.
Reset Your Button and Drive into Computer-Assisted Math
Authors: Vickers Melanie
Published: December 2008

If you can find the on-off switch and can insert a diskette, you're ready to start enriching your classroom with computer programs.
Cognitive Styles of Thinking and Learning Part One
Authors: Kane Martin
Published: December 2008

Theory and techniques for maximizing individual cognitive styles and enhancing integration of the two sides of the brain
Teach Measurement Equivalencies Simply
Authors: Koons Theresa L.
Published: December 2008

In this step-by-step approach, children with learning disabilities can learn basic measurement equivalencies they they will need for mathematical and vocational objectives.
Research and Practice in Teaching Spelling
Authors: Gerber Michael M. , Lydiatt Steve
Published: December 2008

An overview of the special spelling section presented in this issue of Academic Therapy
Error Detection and Correction in Spelling
Authors: Lydiatt Steve
Published: December 2008

Error detection and correction need to be examined separately and taught as independent skills.
Techniques to teach Generalizable Spelling Skills
Authors: Gerber Michael M.
Published: December 2008

An imitation, modeling, and time-to learn spelling procedure may be effective for remedial purposes in classrooms.
Auditory Processing Dysfunction
Authors: Gutkin Barbara A. , Sanger Dixie D. , Decker T. Newell
Published: December 2008

Auditory processing deficiencies require a coordinated, interdisciplinary approach if the child is to be well served.
Different Ways to use Common Machines in the Classroom
Authors: Olson Judy , Midgett Jeanice
Published: December 2008

New and fresh ideas for using the Language Master, the overhead projector, and the cassette tape recorder
Left-Handed Connections
Authors: Lipson Alice M.
Published: December 2008

Because an unusual number of left-handed males are placed in LD classes, teachers need to be equipped to teach these right brain students more effectively.
Teaching at the Frustration Level
Authors: Wade Joseph
Published: December 2008

It is possible to teach reading at what many consider the frustration level—and do it with success.
Proceed with Caution
Authors: Russell Steven C.
Published: December 2008

Three critical factors must be considered when choosing and implementing communication therapies for the LD student.
Selecting Software for your LD Students
Authors: Smith Patricia L. , Tompkins Gail E.
Published: December 2008

Ten important points to consider when selecting computer software programs
College Teachers' Expectations of LD Students
Authors: Minner Sam , Prater Greg
Published: December 2008

University teachers hold negative academic expectations for LD students and are pessimistic about their ability to teach them.
In the Dark about Teaching Spelling? Just Relax!
Authors: Zenker Edward Robert
Published: December 2008

Relaxation techniques to teach spelling words by enhancing the ability to visualize
Beyond the Test Scores
Authors: Thibodeau Janice J.
Published: December 2008

Diagnosticians need to look beyond test scores to the child's unique learning strategies.
Pictures Speak Louder Than Test Scores
Authors: McCabe Deborah , Hilmo Joellen
Published: December 2008

The Draw-a-Person Test, if given at regular intervals during periods of remediation, may show clear evidence of improvement in behavior and attitude.
Reinforcing To Failure
Authors: Martinez R.D.
Published: December 2008

External reinforcers should not be used to the point of dependency. There are better ways to accomplish awareness of internal control.
Wasting Teacher Time
Authors: Richards Regina G.
Published: December 2008

If significant visual and visual-perceptual problems are identified in the early years, children can save many years of unnecessary stress, frustration, and anxiety.
Organizing Communication for the LD Teacher
Authors: Safran Joan , Safran Stephen P.
Published: December 2008

A practical model to help LD teachers streamline communications with regular class teachers of mainstreamed LD students
Teaching LD Children Multiplication Tables
Authors: Lombardo Thomas W. , Drabman Ronald S.
Published: December 2008

A special technique for remediating difficulty in simple multiplication
Parent-Professional Partnership—and the IEP
Authors: Gress James R. , Carroll Martha E.
Published: December 2008

A good parent-professional relationship is essential for effective IEP planning and implementation.
Education/Counseling Models for Parents of LD Children
Authors: Roth Linda M. , Weller Carol
Published: December 2008

Four parent education/counseling models that will help teachers to guide parents to programs based on their specific needs
A Model for Solving Time-Lapse Problems
Authors: Koons Theresa L.
Published: December 2008

A step-by-step procedure to teach an important living skill
Making it as a Beginning Resource Teacher
Authors: Kokaska Charles J. , Kokaska Sharen E.
Published: December 2008

Eight categories of practical suggestions that can help make a successful first year for the resource teacher
Learning Disabilities and Human Sexuality
Authors: Wood Mildred H.
Published: December 2008

Services to LD individuals must reflect the fact that learning disabilities continue on into adulthood adversely affecting psychologic and social aspects of human sexuality.
Teaching English with Projects
Authors: Hoffman Ellen R.
Published: December 2008

Trouble with your English program? Try special projects that students can share with others.
From Write to Right
Authors: Mehlmann Marybeth Ames , Waters Michelle Korry
Published: December 2008

A program of proofreading that will improve the readability of written assignments
Writing
Authors: Cohen Barbara L.
Published: December 2008

A step-by-step process to actively involve the student in revising (rather than merely recopying) written work
Developing Problem-Solving Skills
Authors: Cook Ruth E. , Slife Brent D.
Published: December 2008

Practical suggestions for possible remediation strategies for problem-solving skills
Content Area Reading—A Hassle! What to do?
Authors: Clary Linda Mixon
Published: December 2008

Steps that lead learning disabled students toward successful reading in the content areas
Right-Brained Strategies for Teaching Comprehension
Authors: Walker Barbara J.
Published: December 2008

Three techniques to encourage right-brain processing when teaching reading comprehension
Gifted Kids Can't Always Spell
Authors: Cordell Antoinette S. , Cannon Terry
Published: December 2008

Specific educational strategies and techniques to help LD/gifted students overcome their difficulties and achieve some success
No Miracles
Authors: Gold Svea , Kline Jessica
Published: December 2008

A success story from the Oregon Hope and Help Center
Resource Teachers have Problems, Too!
Authors: Kokaska Charles J.
Published: December 2008

Thirty-five teachers identify and discuss four recurring problems in developing resource programs.
Self-Awareness, Self-Understanding and Self-Concept
Authors: Tomlan Patricia S.
Published: December 2008

The awareness and understanding of one's self as learning disabled may be a key component to increasing self-concept among LD adolescents.