bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Pd(II) Ions with Oxalic Acid and Heterocyclic Amines
Authors: Hossain Md Belayet , Salam Md Abdus , Siddiquee Farzana , Yousuf MA
Published: February 2015

The present work has been designed for the characterization and antibacterial studies of mixed ligand complexes of Pd(II) ions with phthalic acid and heterocyclic amines. The general formula of the complexes is (MLL/) [where, M = Pd(II); L = Oxalic acid, C2O4, L/ = Quinoline, C9H7N(1); iso-Quinoline, C9H7N(2)]. The complexes were prepared in the solid form and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity & magnetic measurements and infrared & electronic spectroscopic studies. The infrared spectra of the complexes confirmed the coordination of metal ion with ligands. Their antibacterial activity has been evaluated by the disc diffusion method against seven pathogenic bacteria (three gram positive and four gram negative). The complexes were shown to exhibit mild to moderate antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i1.22314 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(1): 46-50, 2014
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ethanolic Extract of Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn.
Authors: Khanam Dipa , Deb Debashish , Dev Shrabanti , Shahriar Masum , Das Asish K , Kawsar Md Hassan
Published: February 2015

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Verbenaceae) is very popular among the traditional practitioners in Bangladesh for the treatment of local pain and inflammation, skin diseases, topical burns etc. However, so far no scientific study has been carried out which may support its uses in traditional medicine. In the present study, we evaluated the possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract of C. inerme for the first time. Analgesic activity was assessed by using acetic acid-induced writhing and heat-induced pain in mice and anti-inflammatory activity using xylene-induced ear edema in mice at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The extract significantly (P< 0.05) attenuated the acetic acid-induced writhing with the highest activity being observed at 500 mg/kg b.w. (45.83%) comparable to that of diclofenac sodium (57.64%), the standard drug. A significant dosedependent increase (P< 0.05) of the latency period was also observed in hot plate method. In the xylene-induced inflammation assay, the extract showed significant (P<0.05) and dose dependant inhibitory effect on the edema formation. These findings indicate that the extract has significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities which support the folkloric claim of this plant and thus it has a great potential as source of natural products-derived drug. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i1.22317 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(1): 62-66, 2014
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of the Mixed Ligand Complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) Ions with Phthalic Acid and Heterocyclic Amines
Authors: Hossain Md Belayet , Salam Md Abdus , Rashed Abdur , Yousuf MA
Published: February 2015

Mixed ligand complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) ions with phthalic acid and heterocyclic amines were synthesized and characterized. The general formula of the complexes is [MLL/]; where, M = Pd(II)(1-2), Pt(II)(3); L = phthalate, C8H4O4, L/ = pyridine, C5H5N(1); 2-aminopyridine, C5H6N2(2) and 4-picoline, C6H7N(3). The complexes were synthesized in the solid form and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductivity, magnetic measurements, and spectroscopic studies. Spectral analyses and magnetic measurements revealed the coordination of metal ion with ligands and geometry of the complexes. Anti-bacterial activity of the complexes against seven pathogenic bacteria (three gram positive and four gram negative) was assessed by the disc diffusion method. Complexes [Pd(Ph)(2-apy)] and [Pt(Ph)(4-pico)2] showed the highest anti-bacterial activity (when, Ph = bidentate phthalate, 2-apy = 2-aminopyridine and 4-pico = 4-picoline). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i2.22333 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(2): 157-162, 2014
Meg for Kids: Listening to Your Brain with Super-Cool SQUIDs
Authors: Brock Jon , Sowman Paul
Published: February 2015

Your brain is made up of billions of neurons all chattering away to each other. MEG allows us to listen in on their conversations by measuring your brain’s magnetic field.
Environmental Factors and WASH Practices in the Perinatal Period in Cambodia: Implications for Newborn Health
Authors: Bazzano Alessandra , Oberhelman Richard , Potts Kaitlin , Gordon Anastasia , Var Chivorn
Published: February 2015

Infection contributes to a significant proportion of neonatal death and disability worldwide, with the major burden occurring in the first week of life. Environmental conditions and gaps in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices may contribute to the risk of infection, particularly in settings where health centers are expanding to meet the growing demand for skilled care at birth and homes do not have adequate access to water and sanitation. A qualitative approach was used to understand the environmental context for infection prevention and control (IPC) and WASH associated behaviors in health centers where women give birth, and in homes of newborns, in a rural Cambodian province. Structured observations and focus group discussions revealed important gaps in optimal practices, and both structural and social barriers to maintaining IPC during delivery and post-partum. Solutions are available to address the issues identified, and tackling these could result in marked environmental improvement for quality of care and neonatal outcomes. Water, sanitation and hygiene in home and health center environments are likely to be important contributors to health and should be addressed in strategies to improve neonatal survival.
Structural and Dynamical Properties of Polyethylene/Graphene Nanocomposites through Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Rissanou Anastassia , Power Albert , Harmandaris Vagelis
Published: February 2015

Detailed atomistic (united atoms) molecular dynamics simulations of several graphene based polymer (polyethylene, PE) nanocomposite systems have been performed. Systems with graphene sheets of different sizes have been simulated at the same graphene concentration (~3%). In addition, a periodic graphene layer (“infinite sheet”) has been studied. Results concerning structural and dynamical properties of PE chains are presented for the various systems and compared to data from a corresponding bulk system. The final properties of the material are the result of a complex effect of the graphene’s sheet size, mobility and fluctuations. A detailed investigation of density, structure and dynamics of the hybrid systems has been conducted. Particular emphasis has been given in spatial heterogeneities due to the PE/graphene interfaces, which were studied through a detailed analysis based on radial distances form the graphene’s center-of-mass. Chain segmental dynamics is found to be slower, compared to the bulk one, at the PE/graphene interface by a factor of 5 to 10. Furthermore, an analysis on the graphene sheets characteristics is presented in terms of conformational properties (i.e., wrinkling) and mobility.
Treatment of Adults With Accommodative Esotropia Using Implantable Collamer Lenses
Authors: Shi Minghua , Jiang Haixiang , Ye Yingjia , Chen Bifeng
Published: February 2015

Purpose:

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the implantation of an implantable collamer lens (ICL) for accommodative esotropia in adults.

Methods:

From May 2011 to May 2012, 3 adults with complete accommodative esotropia underwent ICL implantation with 12 months of follow-up. Inclusion criteria included having an appropriate anterior chamber depth and endothelial cell count, and hyperopia that was not typically responding well to corneal refractive surgery. Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, refraction, eye position, corneal endothelial cell count, intraocular pressure, anterior chamber depth, and complications (intraoperative and postoperative) were observed.

Results:

Cycloplegic refraction changed from 6.04 ± 0.53 preoperatively to 0.41 ± 0.21 postoperatively (t = 38.9,
P
< .001). Before surgery, the average esotropia at near (without glasses) was 25 prism diopters (range: 20 to 30 prism diopters). After surgery, all patients achieved orthophoria or microesophoria. Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity at distance and near significantly increased (
P
< .05), best-corrected visual acuity at near did not change significantly (
P
= .36), and best-corrected visual acuity at distance improved significantly (
P
= .03). The average decline in corneal endothelium cell density was 10.3% and remained stable during the follow-up period. One patient complained of glare when driving at night after surgery and this phenomenon gradually disappeared after 3 months. No other intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as ICL-related iris depigmentation, atrophy, glaucoma, or cataracts (partial or complete), were observed.

Conclusions:

The preliminary results of this small case study demonstrated that the use of ICL implantation to treat accommodative esotropia in adults was effective and safe; however, a larger scale study is necessary.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2015;52(1):31–36.]
Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Associated With No Light Perception
Authors: Brown Gary C. , Basha Mahdi M. , Brown Melissa M.
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To study eyes with no light perception (NLP) occurring secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Records of consecutive patients with neovascular AMD seen during a 10-year period were reviewed to ascertain which patients had NLP due to neovascular AMD.

RESULTS:

Ten of 1,150 patients (0.9%) with neovascular AMD had NLP in one eye (study eye) from neovascular AMD. All 10 patients had bilateral neovascular AMD. Each study eye had a large macular disciform scar and 360° peripapillary subretinal fibrovascular tissue. Seven of nine (78%) study eyes had optic disc pallor, versus none of eight fellow eyes (
P
= .04). Mean fellow eye vision was 20/231, ranging from 20/50 to NLP (
P
= .006 vs study eyes). No seeing fellow eye had choroidal neovascularization encircling the optic disc (
P
= .0004).

CONCLUSION:

NLP from neovascular AMD is associated with 360° peripapillary subretinal fibrosis. This fibrosis may cause chronic ischemic optic neuropathy contributing to extinguished vision.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:229–234.]
Bevacizumab Therapy and Multimodal Ultrawide-Field Imaging in Immunogammopathy Maculopathy Secondary to Waldenström’s Macroglobulinemia
Authors: Xu Lucy T. , Courtney Robert J. , Ehlers Justis P.
Published: February 2015

Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (WM) is associated with retinal findings of hyperviscosity, such as venous dilation, and findings of immunogammopathy maculopathy, such as serous macular detachment. This report describes a case of bilateral serous macular detachment with intraretinal schisis-like fluid in a patient with WM. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography revealed a thickened choroid with hyperreflective accumulations in the retinal pigment epithelium layer. Ultrawide-field fundus autofluorescence demonstrated a central area of hyperautofluorescence corresponding to the area of serous macular detachment. Ultrawide-field fluorescein angiography was characteristically silent. Intravitreal bevacizumab therapy resulted in significant reduction in intraretinal fluid but minimal change in subretinal fluid. Long-term follow-up demonstrated alterations in retinal architecture and improved serous detachments.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:262–265.]
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Bilateral Chorioretinitis Sclopetaria
Authors: Rayess Nadim , Rahimy Ehsan , Ho Allen C.
Published: February 2015

The authors report a case of bilateral chorioretinitis sclopetaria in a 31-year-old man who sustained a perforating gunshot trauma. On presentation, best corrected visual acuity was light perception in the right eye and counting fingers at 5 feet in the left eye. Funduscopic examination demonstrated bilateral peripapillary fibrogliotic lesions with associated pigmentation in the posterior pole. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography scans revealed bilateral full-thickness hyperreflectivity consistent with chorioretinal disruption. The patient was closely monitored, and his vision remained stable at 6-week follow-up.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:253–255.]
Delayed Expulsive Choroidal Hemorrhage After Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Joag Madhura G. , Galor Anat , Karp Carol L.
Published: February 2015

The authors report a case of a late-onset spontaneous choroidal hemorrhage in a patient with a corneal transplant that resulted in rupture of the keratoplasty wound and expulsion of ocular contents. This case is important because it highlights the predisposing factors of a delayed-onset choroidal hemorrhage including anticoagulant therapy, advanced age, glaucoma, and hypertension.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.2015;46:289–292.]
Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome: Postoperative Functional and Anatomic Outcomes
Authors: Bottos Juliana , Elizalde Javier , Rodrigues Eduardo B. , Farah Michael , Maia Mauricio
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To analyze a variety of vitreomacular traction (VMT) morphologies to establish a major classification that better reflects the preoperative predictive factors of postoperative visual and anatomic outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Thirty-six eyes submitted to vitrectomy surgery were categorized with a VMT pattern (V- or J-shaped) and diameter (focal < 1,500 µm or broad > 1,500 µm) based on optical coherence tomography.

RESULTS:

The researchers compared different classifications of VMT. Despite similar postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) values
(P
= .393), cases with focal VMT had greater visual improvement
(P
= .027) because the preoperative BCVA was significantly lower in the focal group
(P
= .007). However, the BCVA improvements did not differ between the groups regarding the classic VMT morphologic patterns
(P
= .235).

CONCLUSION:

Postoperative outcomes and macular disorders are closely related to VMT size. The adhesion diameter (focal or broad VMT) and not the classic VMT morphologic pattern (V- or J-shaped) may better predict the postoperative anatomic and functional outcomes.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:235–242.]
Considering Photodynamic Therapy as a Therapeutic Modality in Selected Cases of Dome-Shaped Macula Complicated by Foveal Serous Retinal Detachment
Authors: Arapi Ilir , Neri Piergiorgio , Mariotti Cesare , Gesuita Rosaria , Pirani Vittorio , Freddo Francesco , Lutaj Pajtim , Giovannini Alfonso
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To study the role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a therapeutic modality in myopic patients with dome-shaped macula (DSM) associated with foveal serous retinal detachment (SRD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective interventional case series. The medical records of 10 consecutive myopic patients (10 eyes) with DSM associated with subfoveal SRD and treated with PDT were reviewed. Visual gain and loss were considered as increasing or decreasing of two or more lines of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), respectively, and eyes with fluid resolution were deemed responsive to PDT.

RESULTS:

All eyes underwent several PDT treatments, with a median of three and a median follow-up time of 15.5 months. At final follow-up, six eyes (60%) showed complete resolution of the foveal SRD. The baseline hypocyanescent macular area observed during late indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) frames was significantly lower in the group of patients who responded to PDT and had an increase of at least two Snellen lines in BCVA (
P
= .01).

CONCLUSION:

Data suggest that myopic eyes associated with DSM and foveal SRD may be responsive to PDT, showing total resolution of fluid accumulation and positive BCVA changes if baseline ICGA findings show evidence of a limited hypocyanescent macular area.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:217–223.]
Regression of Drusen After Combined Treatment Using Photodynamic Therapy With Verteporfin and Ranibizumab
Authors: Novais Eduardo Amorim , Badaró Emmerson , Regatieri Caio Vinicius Saito , Duker Jay , de Oliveira Bonomo Pedro Paulo
Published: February 2015

Drusen are the clinical hallmark of age-related macular degeneration. The regression of these deposits in patients treated with argon, krypton, or diode laser photocoagulation has been reported previously. However, previous protocols with conventional laser for drusen may result in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage and unwanted scotomas. The authors report a case of complete regression of soft drusen in a 65-year-old man with central visual loss and metamorphopsia due to a drusenoid RPE detachment and soft drusen who underwent reduced-fluence photodynamic therapy (PDT) and three monthly intravitreal injections of ranibizumab. Reduced-fluence PDT combined with anti-VEGF therapy may reduce drusen without inducing RPE cell damage.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:275–278.]
A Quantitative Evaluation of the Posterior Segment of the Eye Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in Carotid Artery Stenosis: a Pilot Study
Authors: Sayin Nihat , Kara Necip , Uzun Fatih , Akturk Ibrahim Faruk
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the posterior segment of the eye using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Prospective study enrolling 25 patients with ICA stenosis (study group) and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals (control group). Macular choroidal thickness (CT) was measured at the fovea; other CT measurements were taken 1,000 µm away from the fovea in the nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior regions by enhanced-depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT). The thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macula, and ganglion cell complex (GCC) were measured with SD-OCT. Correlations between the CT values and the degree of ICA stenosis were also evaluated.

RESULTS:

Mean macular CT values in the study group were significantly thinner than those of the control groups for all quadrants (
P
< .05). There was no significant correlation between the degree of ICA stenosis and the CT values. Moreover, the mean thicknesses of the RNFL, macula, and GCC did not differ between the two groups.

CONCLUSION:

The results suggest that CT decreases in patients with ICA stenosis compared with age-matched healthy individuals, whereas the RNFL, macular, and GCC thicknesses are comparable.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:180–185.]
Early Evolution of the Vitreomacular Interface and Clinical Efficacy After Ocriplasmin Injection for Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion
Authors: Meyer Jacob C. , Shah Gaurav K. , Blinder Kevin J. , Waheed Nadia K. , Reichel Elias , Stalmans Peter , Singer Michael , Tewari Asheesh
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To determine early evolution of the vitreomacular interface and clinical efficacy and safety profile after ocriplasmin treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Retrospective, multicenter, observational case series. Patients with vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) confirmed on optical coherence tomography (OCT) received a single intravitreal ocriplasmin injection. Changes in the vitreomacular interface were evaluated by spectral-domain OCT. Adverse events were monitored at all visits.

RESULTS:

Of 22 patients treated with ocriplasmin, 14 (64%) had VMA resolution, with six (43%) achieving VMA release within the first week. Eight patients (36%) showed improvement in visual acuity (VA) of at least two Snellen lines. Rate of VMA resolution was 79% for VA less than 20/40 and 38% for VA of 20/40 or greater. Safety findings include changes in the ellipsoid layer (n = 3) and transient increases in subretinal fluid (n = 6).

CONCLUSION:

Ocriplasmin was effective for VMA resolution, with a rapid onset of action. Patients with worse baseline VA showed a higher VMA resolution rate.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2015;46:209–216.]
Comparison of Retinal Thicknesses Measured Using Swept-Source and Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Devices
Authors: Tan Colin S. , Chan Joel C. , Cheong Kai Xiong , Ngo Wei Kiong , Sadda SriniVas R.
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To compare retinal thicknesses measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and spectral-domain (SD) OCT devices.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

In a cohort study of 76 healthy eyes and 21 eyes with high myopia, mean retinal thicknesses in ETDRS subfields were compared between OCT scans obtained from the Topcon DRI OCT-1 (Topcon, Tokyo, Japan), Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), and Cirrus HD-OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA).

RESULTS:

Central retinal thickness measurements differed significantly among the three OCT devices (Spectralis: 271 µm; Cirrus: 254 µm; DRI OCT-1: 238 µm;
P
< .001), with mean differences ranging from 15.6 µm to 37 µm. Intraclass correlation coefficients were at least 0.94 for any pair of machines. Similar results were observed in all nine ETDRS subfields. In all sectors, retinal thickness measurements obtained using the 3-D and radial scans of the SS-OCT were similar (mean differences: 0.7 to 3.8 µm).

CONCLUSION:

Retinal thickness measurements obtained from DRI OCT-1 and SD-OCT are different and should be accounted for when comparing results of OCT scans from different devices.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2015;46:172–179.]
Identification and quantification of gaseous organic compounds emitted from biomass burning using two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Hatch L. E. , Luo W. , Pankow J. F. , Yokelson R. J. , Stockwell C. E. , Barsanti K. C.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The current understanding of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation within biomass burning (BB) plumes is limited by the incomplete identification and quantification of the non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted from such fires. Gaseous organic compounds were collected on sorbent cartridges during laboratory burns as part of the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4) and analyzed by two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToFMS). The sensitivity and resolving power of GC × GC–ToFMS allowed the acquisition of the most extensive data set of BB NMOCs to date, with measurements for 708 positively or tentatively identified compounds. Estimated emission factors (EFs) are presented for these compounds for burns of six different vegetative fuels, including conifer branches, grasses, agricultural residue, and peat. The number of compounds meeting the peak selection criteria ranged from 129 to 474 among individual burns, and included extensive isomer groups. For example, 38 monoterpene isomers were observed in the emissions from coniferous fuels; the isomeric ratios were found to be consistent with those reported in relevant essential oils, suggesting that the composition of such oils may be very useful when predicting fuel-dependent terpene emissions. Further, 11 sesquiterpenes were detected and tentatively identified, providing the first reported speciation of sesquiterpenes in gas-phase BB emissions. The calculated EFs for all measured compounds are compared and discussed in the context of potential SOA formation.
Temporal variations of flux and altitude of sulfur dioxide emissions during volcanic eruptions: implications for long-range dispersal of volcanic clouds
Authors: Boichu M. , Clarisse L. , Péré J.-C. , Herbin H. , Goloub P. , Thieuleux F. , Ducos F. , Clerbaux C. , Tanré D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Sulfur-rich degassing, which is mostly composed of sulfur dioxide (SO2), plays a major role in the overall impact of volcanism on the atmosphere and climate. The accurate assessment of this impact is currently hampered by the poor knowledge of volcanic SO2 emissions. Here, using an inversion procedure, we show how assimilating snapshots of the volcanic SO2 load derived from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) allows for reconstructing both the flux and altitude of the SO2 emissions with an hourly resolution. For this purpose, the regional chemistry-transport model CHIMERE is used to describe the dispersion of SO2 when released in the atmosphere. As proof of concept, we study the 10 April 2011 eruption of the Etna volcano (Italy), which represents one of the few volcanoes instrumented on the ground for the continuous monitoring of SO2 degassing. We find that the SO2 flux time-series retrieved from satellite imagery using the inverse scheme is in agreement with ground observations during ash-poor phases of the eruption. However, large discrepancies are observed during the ash-rich paroxysmal phase as a result of enhanced plume opacity affecting ground-based ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic retrievals. As a consequence, the SO2 emission rate derived from the ground is underestimated by almost one order of magnitude. Altitudes of the SO2 emissions predicted by the inverse scheme are validated against a RGB MODIS image capturing the near-source atmospheric pathways followed by Etna plumes, in combination with forward trajectories from the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. At large distance from the source, modeled SO2 altitudes are confronted with independent information on the volcanic cloud height. We find that the altitude predicted by the inverse scheme is in agreement with snapshots of the SO2 height retrieved from recent algorithms exploiting the high spectral resolution of IASI. The validity of the modeled SO2 altitude is further confirmed by the detection of a layer of particles at the same altitude by the spaceborne CALIOP LiDAR. Analysis of CALIOP color and depolarization ratios suggests that these particles consist of sulfate aerosols formed from precursory volcanic SO2. The reconstruction of emission altitude, through inversion procedures which assimilate volcanic SO2 column amounts, requires specific meteorological conditions, especially sufficient wind shear so that gas parcels emitted at different altitudes follow distinct trajectories. We consequently explore the possibility and limits of assimilating in inverse schemes infrared (IR) imagery of the volcanic SO2 cloud altitude which will render the inversion procedure independent of the wind shear prerequisite.
Size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei concentration measurements in the Arctic: two case studies from the summer of 2008
Authors: Zábori J. , Rastak N. , Yoon Y. J. , Riipinen I. , Ström J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The Arctic is one of the most vulnerable regions affected by climate change. Extensive measurement data are needed to understand the atmospheric processes governing this vulnerability. Among these, data describing cloud formation potential are of particular interest, since the indirect effect of aerosols on the climate system is still poorly understood. In this paper we present, for the first time, size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) data obtained in the Arctic. The measurements were conducted during two periods in the summer of 2008: one in June, and one in August, at the Zeppelin research station (78°54' N, 11°53' E) in Svalbard. Trajectory analysis indicates that during the measurement period in June 2008, air masses predominantly originated from the Arctic, whereas the measurements from August 2008 were characteristic of mid-latitude air masses. CCN supersaturation (SS) spectra obtained on the 27 June, before size-resolved measurements were begun, and spectra from the 21 and 24 August, conducted before and after the measurement period, revealed similarities between the two months. From the ratio between CCN concentration and the total particle number concentration (CN) as a function of dry particle diameter (Dp) at a SS of 0.4%, the activation diameter (D50), corresponding to CCN / CN = 0.50, was estimated. D50 was found to be 60 and 67 nm for the examined periods in June and August 2008, respectively. Corresponding D50 hygroscopicity parameter (κ) values were estimated to be 0.4 and 0.3 for June and August 2008, respectively. These values can be compared to hygroscopicity values estimated from bulk chemical composition, where κ was calculated to be 0.5 for both June and August 2008. While the agreement between the two months is reasonable, the difference in κ between the different methods indicates a size-dependence in the particle composition, which is likely explained by a higher fraction of sea salt in the bulk aerosol samples.
Assessment of atmospheric trace element concentrations by lichen-bag near an oil/gas pre-treatment plant in the Agri Valley (southern Italy)
Authors: Caggiano R. , Trippetta S. , Sabia S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The atmospheric concentrations of 17 trace elements (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Ti and Zn) were measured by means of the "lichen-bag" technique in the Agri Valley (southern Italy). The lichen samples were collected from an unpolluted site located in Rifreddo forest (southern Italy), about 30 km away from the study area along the north direction. The bags were exposed to ambient air for 6 and 12 months. The exposed-to-control (EC) ratio values highlighted that the used lichen species were suitable for biomonitoring investigations. The results showed that the concentrations of almost all the examined trace elements increased with respect to the control after 6–12-month exposures. Furthermore, Ca, Al, Fe, K, Mg and S were the most abundant trace elements both in the 6-month and 12-month-exposed samples. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) results highlighted that the major sources of the measured atmospheric trace elements were related both to anthropogenic contributions due to traffic, combustion processes agricultural practices, construction and quarrying activities, and to natural contributions mainly represented by the re-suspension of local soil and road dusts. In addition, the contribution both of secondary atmospheric reactions involving Centro Olio Val d'Agri (COVA) plant emissions and the African dust long-range transport were also identified.
Does Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Increase Surgical and Medical Complication Rates after Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Comprehensive Analysis in the United States
Authors: Yang Scott , Halim Alexander Y , Werner Brian C , Gwathmey F. Winston , Cui Quanjun
Published: February 2015

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a definitive option for end-stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Historically, higher revision rates were observed in this population compared to THA for osteoarthritis (OA). This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of postoperative medical and surgical complications comparing THA in ONFH and OA at 90 days, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery. The PearlDiver database identified 45,002 OA and 8,429 ONFH patients who underwent THA. Mechanical complications (prosthetic loosening and osteolysis, implant failure), dislocation, renal and respiratory complications were significantly increased in the ONFH group within 2 years after THA. Pulmonary embolism rates where increased in younger ONFH patients within 2 years after THA. This data helps clinicians in the postoperative risk assessment of patients with ONFH.
Identification of New Hub Genes Associated with Bladder Carcinoma via Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Jia Zhuomin , Ai Xing , Sun Fengling , Zang Tong , Guan Yawei , Gao Feng
Published: February 2015

Aims and Background

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is one of the most common malignant cancers worldwide. Several genes related to the mechanism of BC have been studied in recent years, but the current understanding of BC is still rather limited. This study aimed to find new differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the occurrence and development of BC.

Methods

In this work, we downloaded gene expression data from Gene Expression Omnibus under accession number GSE27448, which included 10 GeneChips from urinary BC tissues and 5 from normal tissues. DEGs were identified by the LIMMA package in R. Then the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) networks were analyzed with the database of Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and gene ontology (GO) was applied to explore the underlying function of the DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery.

Results

A total of 2,068 DEGs were found between BC and normal tissues. These genes were involved in 49 functional clusters. The top 10 highest degree nodes, such as POLR2F/2H (DNA directed RNA polymerase II polypeptide F/polypeptide H) and RPS14/15 (ribosomal protein S14/S15), were proven to be hub nodes in the PPIs network. ITGA7 (integrin, alpha 7), GRB14 (growth factor receptor-bound protein 14), CDC20 (cell division cycle 20) and PSMB1 (proteasome subunit, beta type, 1) were significant DEGs identified in the functional clusters.

Conclusions

Genes such as POLR2F/2H, RPS14/15, ITGA7, GRB14, CDC20 and PSMB1 were forecast to play important roles in the occurrence and progression of BC.
An Individual Risk Prediction Model for Lung Cancer Based on a Study in a Chinese Population
Authors: Wang Xu , Ma Kewei , Cui Jiuwei , Chen Xiao , Jin Lina , Li Wei
Published: February 2015

Aims and Background

Early detection and diagnosis remains an effective yet challenging approach to improve the clinical outcome of patients with cancer. Low-dose computed tomography screening has been suggested to improve the diagnosis of lung cancer in high-risk individuals. To make screening more efficient, it is necessary to identify individuals who are at high risk.

Methods and Study design

We conducted a case-control study to develop a predictive model for identification of such high-risk individuals. Clinical data from 705 lung cancer patients and 988 population-based controls were used for the development and evaluation of the model. Associations between environmental variants and lung cancer risk were analyzed with a logistic regression model. The predictive accuracy of the model was determined by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal operating point.

Results

Our results indicate that lung cancer risk factors included older age, male gender, lower education level, family history of cancer, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower body mass index, smoking cigarettes, a diet with less seafood, vegetables, fruits, dairy products, soybean products and nuts, a diet rich in meat, and exposure to pesticides and cooking emissions. The area under the curve was 0.8851 and the optimal operating point was obtained. With a cutoff of 0.35, the false positive rate, true positive rate, and Youden index were 0.21, 0.87, and 0.66, respectively.

Conclusions

The risk prediction model for lung cancer developed in this study could discriminate high-risk from low-risk individuals.
Association of the Genetic Polymorphisms in XRCC6 and XRCC5 with the Risk of ESCC in a High-incidence Region of North China
Authors: Li Kun , Yin Xiuli , Yang Hongli , Yang Jing , Zhao Jianjian , Xu Changqing , Xu Hongwei
Published: February 2015

Background

The XRCC6 and XRCC5 genes are part of the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, which is the main mechanism repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in human cells. Genetic variations of XRCC6 and XRCC5 might contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) susceptibility.

Methods

ESCC patients (n = 189) and cancer-free controls (n = 189) were recruited in an ESCC high-risk area of north China. Then the rs2267437 (XRCC6), rs3835 (XRCC5) and rs16855458 (XRCC5) polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis.

Results

A significant difference in genotype distribution and allele frequency of rs2267437 (XRCC6) was observed between the cases and controls. The CG carriers were at higher risk of ESCC (p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 2.040, 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.323-3.147). G allele carriers were also associated with an increased ESCC risk (p = 0.003, OR = 1.868, 95% CI, 1.230-2.836). In the 2 polymorphisms of XRCC5, no significant difference was found between both groups in the distribution of either genotype or allelic frequency. But in the haplotypes established by the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of XRCC5, the haplotype AT and CC separately increased by 4.28- and 2.31-fold the risk ratio of ESCC (p = 0.01, OR = 4.28, 95% CI, 1.40-13.05; p = 0.03, OR = 2.31, 95% CI, 1.11-4.80, respectively). In addition, gene-smoking or gene-drinking interactions, and their effect on the risk of ESCC were observed, but no significant gene-environment interaction was demonstrated.

Conclusions

In conclusion, both the CG carriers/G allele carriers of rs2267437 (XRCC6) and the haplotype AT/CC established by the SNPs of XRCC5 are associated with ESCC susceptibility.
Radiosurgical Options in Neuro-oncology: A Review on Current Tenets and Future Opportunities. Part II: Adjuvant Radiobiological Tools
Authors: Ganau Mario , Foroni Roberto Israel , Gerosa Massimo , Ricciardi Giuseppe Kenneth , Longhi Michele , Nicolato Antonio
Published: February 2015

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is currently a well-established, minimally invasive treatment for many primary and secondary tumors, especially deep-sited lesions for which traditional neurosurgical procedures were poorly satisfactory or not effective at all. The initial evolution of SRS was cautious, relying on more than 30 years of experimental and clinical work that preceded its introduction into the worldwide medical community. This path enabled a brilliant present, and the continuous pace of technological advancement holds promise for a brighter future. Part II of this review article will cover the impact of multimodal adjuvant technologies on SRS, and their input to the crucial role played by neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists and medical physicists in the management and care of fragile neuro-oncological patients.
Use of 18F-choline Positron Emission Tomography/CT in High-risk Prostate Cancer: a Case of Solitary Adrenal Metastasis
Authors: Matrone Fabio , Sivolella Silvio , Bellavita Rita , Casciola Luciano , Cristallini Enrico Giuseppe , Aristei Cynthia
Published: February 2015

Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging detected an isolated adrenal lesion in an elderly man with high-risk prostate cancer who was undergoing radiotherapy (RT) and hormonal therapy (HT). When prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 31.66 ng/mL, the lesion was not identified as a metastasis by 18F-choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-choline-PET/CT). When PSA was over 100 ng/mL, 18F-choline-PET/CT diagnosed the malignancy. After adrenalectomy, PSA returned to normal, and stable disease remission was obtained. This case suggests that atypical metastasis may be underdiagnosed.
The Role of Renal Surgery in the Era of Targeted Therapy: The Urologist's Perspective
Authors: Battaglia Michele , Lucarelli Giuseppe
Published: February 2015

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasingly diagnosed at an early stage in many countries, which has likely contributed to the recent leveling of RCC mortality. Nevertheless, despite these advances in diagnosis, up to 30% of patients have metastatic RCC at the time of diagnosis, and around 20–30% of subjects undergoing surgery will suffer recurrence. Following the recent approval and introduction in clinical practice of targeted therapies, the role and timing of surgery is being debated. In particular, targeted therapy agents have shown more favorable response rates than immunotherapy in subjects with advanced disease, and this increased efficacy raises the question whether cytoreductive nephrectomy is still beneficial in this subset of patients. On the basis of the current clinical studies, renal surgery seems to play a fundamental role also in the modern targeted therapy era. The optimal timing of surgery and the role of neoadjuvant treatment in advanced cases are still unclear. Furthermore modern urologists must acquire clinical skills in administering neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy with noncytotoxic therapies, according to a multidisciplinary model of care for the management of patients with advanced RCC.
Differences in Morbidity of Neobladder versus Ileal Conduit: A Matched Pair Analysis on 134 Patients
Authors: Antonelli Alessandro , Belotti Sandra , Zamboni Stefania , Cristinelli Luca , De Luca Vincenzo , Simeone Claudio
Published: February 2015

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate whether performing an ileal conduit (IC) versus a neobladder (NB) during radical cystectomy (RC) can play a role on the morbidity of the surgical procedure.

Materials and Methods

At our institution since 2001, a database collecting the data of more than 450 patients who have undergone RC is perspectively maintained. The records of 246 patients submitted to RC and IC and 120 to RC and NB have been reviewed for the present study. By a binary logistic regression model, a propensity score was generated joining these factors: gender, age, smoking habit, Charlson' comorbidity score, platelet antiaggregants or oral anticoagulant therapy, ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) score, hydronephrosis, pathologic T stage, and lymphadenectomy. A group of patients submitted to IC and another to NB having the closer propensity score were created with a matching ratio of 1:1. The following features were compared between the two groups: operative time, blood loss, intraoperative complication rate, and postoperative complications rate (overall, clavien 1–2, clavien ≥3, related to RC, relate to urinary reconstruction).

Results

One hundred thirty-four patients were selected, 67 submitted to NB, 67 to IC, well matched according to the desired features. No differences were noted for all the compared features.

Conclusion

The morbidity of RC does not seem to be dependent on the choice to perform IC versus NB.
Side-binding proteins modulate actin filament dynamics
Authors: Crevenna Alvaro H , Arciniega Marcelino , Dupont Aurélie , Mizuno Naoko , Kowalska Kaja , Lange Oliver F , Wedlich-Söldner Roland , Lamb Don C
Published: February 2015

Actin filament dynamics govern many key physiological processes from cell motility to tissue morphogenesis. A central feature of actin dynamics is the capacity of filaments to polymerize and depolymerize at their ends in response to cellular conditions. It is currently thought that filament kinetics can be described by a single rate constant for each end. In this study, using direct visualization of single actin filament elongation, we show that actin polymerization kinetics at both filament ends are strongly influenced by the binding of proteins to the lateral filament surface. We also show that the pointed-end has a non-elongating state that dominates the observed filament kinetic asymmetry. Estimates of flexibility as well as effects on fragmentation and growth suggest that the observed kinetic diversity arises from structural alteration. Tuning elongation kinetics by exploiting the malleability of the filament structure may be a ubiquitous mechanism to generate a rich variety of cellular actin dynamics.
Decreased calcification in the Southern Ocean over the satellite record
Authors: Freeman Natalie M. , Lovenduski Nicole S.
Published: February 2015

Widespread ocean acidification is occurring as the ocean absorbs anthropogenic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, threatening marine ecosystems, particularly the calcifying plankton that provide the base of the marine food chain and play a key role within the global carbon cycle. We use satellite estimates of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), surface chlorophyll, and sea surface temperature to provide a first estimate of changing calcification rates throughout the Southern Ocean. From 1998 to 2014 we observe a 4% basin‐wide reduction in summer calcification, with ∼9% reductions in large regions (∼1 × 106 km2) of the Pacific and Indian sectors. Southern Ocean trends are spatially heterogeneous and primarily driven by changes in PIC concentration (suspended calcite), which has declined by ∼24% in these regions. The observed decline in Southern Ocean calcification and PIC is suggestive of large‐scale changes in the carbon cycle and provides insight into organism vulnerability in a changing environment.
Evolution of generalized two‐dimensional magnetotail equilibria in ideal and resistive MHD
Authors: Merkin V. G. , Sitnov M. I. , Lyon J. G.
Published: February 2015

We present results of two‐dimensional (2‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the terrestrial magnetotail. A regional adaptation of the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global MHD model is used. As initial conditions, we employ a class of asymptotic magnetotail equilibria with and without an accumulation of magnetic flux at the tailward end (a Bz hump). The former have been recently shown by full particle simulations to be unstable to a kinetic mode with formal properties of ion tearing. Thus, our goal here is to investigate the evolution of the same equilibria in the MHD approximation and assist in the physical interpretation of the kinetic simulations. This is additionally motivated by the energy principle considerations which suggest that if the system is unstable kinetically, it may also be unstable ideally. To seek dynamical MHD regimes similar to those observed in kinetic simulations, we implement two sets of boundary conditions (velocity balanced, VB, and momentum balanced, MB), one allowing plasma flows through the boundaries and the other inhibiting such flows. The use of more reflecting MB boundary conditions results in suppression of any significant dynamics, and we see no substantial changes beyond initial equilibrium relaxation. On the other hand, VB boundary conditions allow a more efficient relaxation of initial equilibrium and absorb subsequently generated plasma flows. With these boundary conditions we find the equilibrium without a flux accumulation (i.e., with constant magnetic field component normal to the current sheet) to develop an apparently resistive mode accompanied by tailward plasma flows. At the same time, the equilibria with a Bz hump of sufficiently large amplitude develop a different, ideal, mode characterized by spontaneous generation of earthward plasma flows and an exponential growth of the corresponding electric field. This growth is qualitatively similar to the corresponding fully kinetic simulations although no explosive growth of the earthward moving Bz peak is evident in the MHD calculations, just an earthward shift of a part of the initial flux accumulation. We discuss implications of our results for the possibility of existence and impact of such equilibria in the Earth's magnetotail and in global MHD simulations.