bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Pharmacopeias
Authors: Gómez Pablo F.
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the strategies that Caribbean ritual specialists used to create substances and objects with bodily effect. It shows how ritual practitioners modeled the power of medicinal substances and power objects on the basis of myriad encounters with cosmopolitan therapeutic communities in Caribbean lands. The power of healing substances resided in the tactics that practitioners used to claim privileged access to nature’s secrets, to its blessings and terrifying truths. The chapter shows how the tracing of the history of seventeenth-century Caribbean materials with bodily effects necessitates the plotting of maps of social realities and competition that go beyond a study of European appropriation and interpretation of “exotic” materials.These substances’ effectiveness was inextricably linked to the local realities within which practitioners deployed them. Caribbean substance specialists worked in communities that were unstable and continuously engaged in exchanges and appropriations. The specialized and complex powers of the substances and power objects they crafted for specific Caribbean rich and vibrant social spaces were, thus, not always geographically portable.
Living Legacies
Authors: Varzally Allison
Published: September 2017

This chapter tracks the assimilation of adopted Vietnamese and Amerasians through the 1970s and 1980s amid contested memories about wars in Southeast Asia, conceptions of identity, and ideas of community. It traces how they have interpreted their own histories since the 1990s through social media, memoirs, documentaries, reunions, conferences, and calls to Congress. I doing so, they changed the public’s thinking of the past, exposing a history of racial difference, violence, and dislocation.
Conclusion
Authors: Varzally Allison
Published: September 2017

2015: Tung Nguyen and Merrie Li—siblings born in Vietnam who reconnected in the United States in the 1980s—mourned the passing of their Vietnamese mother and puzzled over the discovery that the American man whom Tung believed was his father was not. A large group of Amerasians organized by Jimmy Miller gathered in Seattle for an annual celebration, reflection, and call to political action. During the festive evening of dancing and dining, they honored their successes, paid tribute to Vietnam veterans, and recommitted to helping those who remained in Vietnam. Adoptee Tiffany Chi Goodson, who spent one year in Hanoi, where she taught English and yoga, hosted monthly music events, and served street youth under the auspices of the nonprofit Blue Children’s Foundation, relocated to South Africa with and soon married Chris, a fellow volunteer and traveler whom she met in Southeast Asia. “Operation Babylift: Perspectives and Legacies,” an exhibit documenting and inviting exchanges on the subjects of adoption and the airlifts, opened in San Francisco’s Presidio. The bilingual, interactive space featured artifacts from Operation Babylift, text panels interpreting key events, a set of dialogues that paired adoptees with Presidio volunteers, and notecards—each asking a question such as “What conversation do you want to begin?” “What memories or stories do you want to share?” and “What question do you have about Operation Babylift?”—for visitors to complete and display on a peg-filled wall. National and regional media outlets used the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam to explore the recollections of aging veterans and the status of Vietnamese communities stretching from Philadelphia and Houston to San Jose and Garden Grove, California. The coverage not only replayed familiar themes of exile, anti-Communism, despair, and courageous adaptation but also noted the waning poignancy of the war and shifting priorities among American-born Vietnamese....
We So-Called Free Moderns
Authors: Ritterhouse Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides biographical background on Jonathan Daniels. His education at the University of North Carolina, ambitions as a novelist, and publication of Clash of Angels (1930) are highlighted. The death in childbirth of his first wife, Elizabeth Bridgers Daniels, made it difficult for the grieving Daniels to complete a second, satirical novel that might have been his entry into the developing Southern Renaissance alongside his former classmate Thomas Wolfe. The liberal-minded editorials Daniels wrote after taking over from his father as editor of the Raleigh News and Observer in 1933 are contrasted with Josephus Daniels's role in North Carolina's "white supremacy campaign" of 1898 that resulted in the Wilmington massacre. Jonathan's liberalism reflected the influence of other white southern liberals such as Regionalist sociologist Howard Odum and publisher W. T. Couch. New York editor Harold Strauss encouraged Daniels to write a book about the South, resulting in his journey.
The Most Interesting Man I Met
Authors: Ritterhouse Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on Daniels's encounter with Victor C. Turner Sr., who worked for the Negro Cooperative Extension System of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Turner's biography as a representative of the educated black middle class is presented, including his participation in an officers' training program at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, during World War I. Turner told Daniels about racial violence and debt peonage in Lowndes County, Alabama, mentioning a planter named Dickson. Historical research connects a peonage case involving Lowndes County sheriff J.W. Dickson in 1903 with a case involving his younger brother, Robert Stiles Dickson Sr., in 1946. Neither brother was ever prosecuted, and the younger one was especially socially prominent. The chapter analyses Daniels's portrayal of Turner and Dickson, who remain anonymous in A Southerner Discovers the South. He sought confirmation of Turner's story from white Alabamans, including Birmingham newspaper editor James E. Chappell. Chappell's daughter Mary had taught at the Calhoun Colored School in Lowndes County and seemed to represent a new social consciousness among younger white southerners. However, another journalist's account of the suppression of the black Sharecroppers Union in 1932 reiterated that planter violence was endemic in the Alabama Black Belt.
As Furious as the Last Horseman of a Legion of the Bitter-End
Authors: Ritterhouse Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter centers on Daniels's interviews with Birmingham industrialist Charles F. DeBardeleben and labor organizer William Mitch of the United Mine Workers (UMW) and Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). DeBardeleben's biography begins with his grandfather, Daniel Pratt, and his father, Henry Fairchild DeBardeleben. Both were industrialists whose investments in coal, iron, and steel contributed to the development of Birmingham. Charles F. DeBardeleben followed in his father's footsteps as a staunch antiunionist. He claimed to be a paternalist yet used fences and armed guards to isolate his workers, resulting in a deadly shooting at the Acmar mine of his Alabama Fuel and Iron Company in 1935. Meanwhile, the passage of the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in 1933 facilitated the growth of the CIO, and William Mitch's efforts to cultivate interracial unionism in Birmingham in the 1930s were largely successful. The chapter concludes by noting that DeBardeleben's alleged fascist ties are difficult to document and seem less significant than his anticommunist rhetoric and switch to the Republican Party, both of which provide an early glimpse of tactics recalcitrant white southerners would employ to prevent social and racial change in the post-World War II years.
The Newly Exciting Question of the Possibility of Democracy
Authors: Ritterhouse Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a close reading of Daniels's conclusions in A Southerner Discovers the South, which emphasize the need for more federal engagement and regional planning designed to provide opportunity--not social engineering--for ordinary black and white southerners. Daniels also wanted to see greater fairness in railroad freight rates and the negotiation of tariffs so that the industrialized North did not benefit at the agricultural South's expense. His book received glowing reviews from most readers, white and black, with some critiques from both the left and the right as well as from individuals such as Allen Tate who felt Daniels had misrepresented him. Black reader Wilhelmina Roberts criticized Daniels for failing to show the accomplishments of educated African Americans. Others saw his book as especially valuable to New Deal and southern liberal efforts to improve the South, associating it with the National Emergency Council's Report on the Economic Conditions of the South, Franklin Roosevelt's attempt to "purge" conservative southern senators, and the formation of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare. In 1938, Life magazine sent photographer Alfred Eisenstaedt on a trip with Daniels to retrace his journey for a photo-essay that was never published.
Traversing Arab and American Spaces
Authors: Pennock Pamela E.
Published: September 2017

The chapter explores how a transnational Arab American political consciousness played out on the local level in a series of inter-related developments in Dearborn, Michigan, starting with a movement to fight the city’s plans to destroy a working-class, immigrant neighborhood called the Southend, the creation of ACCESS, an Arab American community center, and a movement to protest the United Auto Workers’ investments in Israeli bonds. Tied to these activities was the activism of the Arab Workers Caucus that combined struggles for workplace justice and justice for Palestine.
The Plague of Politiquería
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 4 examines the implication of Mazorra in Cuba’s great age of corruption, which followed the thwarted 1933 Revolution. As a state institution, Mazorra offers a mirror for the politicking that overtook government during the 1940s and 1950s. Meanwhile, a generation of social reformers pushed to achieve their vision of social engineering in accord with scientific principles, as realized in the 1936 Social Defense Code and the 1940 Constitution. But the professional classes who had agitated for legal change encountered significant obstacles in enacting their programs on an individual scale. Consequently, it would remain for future generations to extend psychiatric expertise beyond the hospital.
The World the Revolution Made
Authors: Lambe Jennifer L.
Published: September 2017

Chapter 6 argues that the project of mental transformation in the service of revolution transpired largely beyond the institution. Imbued with the utopian spirit of social engineering, mental health professionals mobilized to implement their plans for psychological transformation. Nevertheless, as psychiatrists in particular discovered, this was a project that the revolutionary leadership itself planned to direct, and in many cases they were forced to take a backseat to its sui generis reeducation experiments. The end result was the unmistakable politicization of psychological change, as an assemblage of psychiatric concepts, language, and practice imbued official expectations and popular experiences of the revolutionary moment.
Arms and Republican Politics in Spanish America
Authors: Sabato Hilda
Published: September 2017

By the 1820s, Spanish America had become a republican area. While in Europe nineteenth century experiments in the republic had been short-lived, the post-colonial Spanish American nations in the making adopted republican forms of government that proved long-lasting. A crucial dimension of republicanism occupied centre stage in the following decades: the model of defence and the role of armed institutions in the polity. This chapter explores the main features of that model, which was based upon the figure of the citizen-in-arms and deeply enmeshed in the values and institutions of self-government. It focuses upon the organization of military forces; the role of the militia, the National Guard, and the professional armies in the polity; the use of force and the resort to revolutions as a regular feature of politics. Finally, it examines the impact of “the crisis of the 1860s” that initiated a long and tortuous process of change, which eventually brought about the dismantling of the initial system.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the life history of James Churchwill (“Church”) Vaughan and the historical issues that examining his life helps to clarify. These include the pervasiveness of slavery in the 19th century Atlantic world, the blurry distinctions between slavery and freedom, African American “return” to Africa, and the influence of the African diaspora on Africa itself. The chapter also lays out the methodological challenges of writing biographies of unknown individuals. Vaughan’s story as remembered by his family members is contradicted by historical evidence; but the way that story was produced and transmitted offers insights into historical memory as well as the comparative history of slavery, freedom, and white supremacy in the Atlantic world.
Scipio Vaughan’s South Carolina
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

In 1840, Church Vaughan’s dying father Scipio advised his family to return to Africa, the continent of their ancestors. Although Scipio had spent most of his life as a slave, his ten children and their mother were life-long free people of color in Kershaw County, South Carolina. Through hard work and the careful cultivation of white patrons, they made an independent living and owned their own land. As this chapter shows through the experiences of this family and their neighbors, however, inland South Carolina became increasingly restrictive and dangerous for free people of color in the first half of the nineteenth century. By the time Church Vaughan’s free Anglo-Catawba mother and African American father married in the 1810s, so many slaves worked on Kershaw County cotton plantations that planters had good reason to fear rebellion, such as one that was brutally suppressed in 1816. Over the following decades, plantation slavery expanded over land previously controlled by Native Americans. Though Scipio Vaughan was gradually manumitted, even free people of color faced increasing legal restrictions, social exclusion, and violence. This chapter illustrates their limited pathways to freedom as well as the mounting pressures on free people of color that made emigration attractive.
Leaving Home
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

In late 1852, twenty-four year old Church Vaughan boarded a ship bound for Liberia. The vessel had been chartered by the American Colonization Society, an organization founded by white philanthropists and politicians to send African Americans “back” to Africa. As this chapter details, the Society’s mission and efforts were fraught with racist condescension. Since its beginning, African Americans and their allies were repelled by the white supremacy inherent in the Society’s mission and its kowtowing to slaveholders, and relatively few enrolled in the emigration scheme. By the early 1850s, however, new developments pushed increasing numbers of African Americans, like Vaughan, to look toward the continent of their ancestors. As sectional divisions tore at the United States, southern politicians devised new laws to limit free black people’s mobility, inhibit their ability to make a living, and generally equate them with slaves. As Church reached adulthood, predatory officials threatened his family’s livelihood, while the old ties of patronage that had protected them in an earlier era disappeared. Even if emigration did offer a chance for a new life where black people governed themselves, it was a hard bargain to make. This chapter includes an account of some of Church Vaughan’s Liberia-bound shipmates, who chose to leave the United States only under terrible duress. Church Vaughan almost did not leave either.
Reconstructions
Authors: Lindsay Lisa A.
Published: September 2017

In 1869, Church Vaughan’s relatives in South Carolina heard from him for the first time in years. While they were struggling in the Reconstruction South, their kinsman had moved to Lagos, now a British colony, and was building a prosperous business and a new family. His success was clear from the gifts that he sent: gold coins. In comparing the lives of Church Vaughan and his American relatives, this chapter considers the prospects for freedom in postbellum South Carolina and early colonial Lagos. Although slavery had been outlawed in both places, the key difference between the two was white supremacy. In South Carolina, not only did former slaveholders and their supporters endeavor to restrict the freedoms of the previously enslaved; in their vision, all people of color should occupy the lowest economic and social status. In Lagos, to the contrary, colonial rule did not bring an influx of Europeans, and white supremacy did not flourish. Church Vaughan and other newcomers to Lagos were largely free from extractive patronage relationships and personal violence, and they were free to make a good living. In this way, Vaughan had opportunities in colonial Lagos that his relatives in South Carolina no longer enjoyed.
Civil Rights, Culture Wars
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

Just as Mississippi whites in the 1950s and 1960s had fought to maintain school segregation, they battled in the 1970s to control the school curriculum. Educators faced a crucial choice between continuing to teach a white supremacist view of history or offering students a more enlightened multiracial view of their state’s past. In 1974, when Random House’s Pantheon Books published Mississippi: Conflict and Change (written and edited by James W. Loewen and Charles Sallis), the defenders of the traditional interpretation struck back at the innovative textbook. Intolerant of its inclusion of African Americans, Native Americans, women, workers, and subjects like poverty, white terrorism, and corruption, the state textbook commission rejected the book, and its action prompted Loewen and Sallis to join others in a federal lawsuit (Loewen v. Turnipseed) challenging the book ban.
Textbooks
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

The history of textbooks involves debates over their content, production, marketing, and selection. State regulation often tried to govern the often corrupt processes. At the local and state levels, controversies often erupted; Governor Theodore G. Bilbo, for example, wanted the state to publish textbooks. In the 1950s conservatives such as E. Merrill Root and the Daughters of the American Revolution objected to disloyal textbooks
Histories
Authors: Eagles Charles W.
Published: September 2017

Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Mississippi histories celebrated a harmonious story from the perspectives of dominant white males. The textbooks discounted conflict and stressed conformity. Important authors included Franklin A. Riley, Charles S. Sydnor, and John K. Bettersworth, whose books dominated the field for the generation after 1959.
Introduction
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

This introduction sets out the way in which the book explores women's wartime experiences in the context of politics and protest, home-front mobilization, service abroad, blue-collar and white-collar work, and popular culture representations. Challenging the notion that war brought transformative changes, it nonetheless emphasizes the way in which diverse women used the war for their own agendas of expanding their economic, political, and personal opportunities. In addition to assessing war's impact on the "new woman," the introduction addresses the impact of women's service and labor on mobilizing for a modern global war.
Women, Politics, and Protest
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

This chapter on American women and politics during World War I explores African American women’s wartime activism and efforts of such women as Nannie Burroughs, Madame C. J. Walker, and Ida Wells-Barnett to transcend barriers of race and gender. It examines pacifist (such as Jane Addams) and radical (such as Emma Goldman) women who resisted war as well as those who called for war "preparedness." Finally it compares the approach of the National American Woman Suffrage Association led by Carrie Chapman Catt with that of Alice Paul's National Woman's Party in using the war effort to further the suffrage cause and women's equality.
Channeling Womanpower
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines women's voluntary associations' role in mobilization. It examining the Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense, the Young Women's Christian Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the National Association of Colored Women, and the American Red Cross, it analyzes the way in which women activists conjoined the war emergency to their own goals of staking their claim to full citizenship, and continuing their reform agendas begun in the Progressive reform era. As they did so, white women invoked “maternalism” and emphasized the instrumental role that women played in protecting the family. African American activists similarly focused on the centrality of women citizens, but did so in the specific context of racial uplift. Their engagement in meaningful war work encouraged them to view the war – over optimistically as it turned out – as an opportunity to achieve both long-standing reform goals and an enhanced role for women in public life.
The Second Line of Defense
Authors: Dumenil Lynn
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the extent to which sex segregated labor patterns broke down during the war, especially in the railroads and munitions sectors. It also discusses the Great Migration of African Americans and the opportunities – albeit limited – that factory war work provided African Americans who had customarily been relegated to domestic and farm labor work. World War I saw the first enlistment of women in the military where they served stateside in clerical work. Even women doing traditional women’s work during World War I– clerical work or the already feminized profession of social work – found expanded opportunities with government agencies such as the Woman's Branch of the Industrial Section of the Ordnance Department and the Railroad Administration's Women's Service Section. Despite these opportunities, the permanent gains for women’s occupational advance were limited and patterns of sex segregation re-emerged as men returned from war.
The Perfection of Acting
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the abanico, or fan, in Cuban culture. This fans, popular in much of the world, became ubiquitous fashion accessories for women during this period in Cuba. In part, the suffocating heat of Cuban summers lead to the fan’s popularity. What a tourist might consider a quaint souvenir proved indispensable for many Cubans. Havana had several abanciquerías: speciality shops devoted exclusively to the sale of fans. The chapter also notes how these fans allowed women a means through which to create privacy—a shield of sorts—behind which women could come together, share secrets, and create a sense of community.
Epilogue
Authors: Pérez Louis A.
Published: September 2017

Middle-class Cubans in the nineteenth century had developed the capacity to admire themselves, a self-assurance inscribed in the very ethos by which an emerging social class advanced its claim to ascendancy. These developments implied a heightened confidence in the authority to act in common in the pursuit of collective interests: developments occurring at a time when the propriety of Cuban was gaining currency as a matter of cultural displacement and moral deportment, when pretensions to being a separate people were enacted through multiple forms of social differentiation. Successive generations of Cubans had crossed into new realms of self-awareness, in part political, to be sure, but also moral and cultural, reaching deeply into those interior spaces where a people accept as a matter of a shared conviction the need to exert their claim to agency and exercise the prerogative of choice as a way to situate themselves as subjects of history in narratives of their own making. The habit of volition had taken hold as a facet of far-reaching cultural shifts, a deepening consciousness of the authority of agency within an emerging moral system formed to accommodate the cosmology of Cuban....
The Urban/Suburban Divide
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

Chapter One locates the roots of Lawrence's economic decline in suburban development from World War II until 1980. It focuses on white flight from the city and the divergent housing markets that developed between Lawrence and its suburbs. In addition, it traces the decline of Lawrence's economy and tax base in the postwar decades, arguing that suburban competition for industry and retail played a major role in eviscerating Lawrence's economy.
Struggling for the City
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

Many white residents correlated the economic decline of the city with the contemporaneous Latino immigration and so scapegoated the city's newcomers for Lawrence's decline. Resisting Latino settlement in the city became a way to hold on to an idealized past or to hopes for a future renaissance. Chapter Three examines white attempts to discourage Latino immigration into the city. Faced with this white hostility, Latino efforts to settle and build community in Lawrence were a form of quotidian activism, aimed at claiming an equal right to the city's homes, jobs, and public spaces. Latino activism and community formation is viewed through the life and work of Puerto Rican organizer, Isabel Melendez.
The Riots of 1984
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

Chapter Four offers a narrative account of race riots in Lawrence in 1984, and an analysis of how white and Latino Lawrencians viewed the rioting in the context of the city's larger transformations. The riots were the most spectacular and devastating example of the racialized clash in the city, as whites and Latinos attempted to stake their claims with knives, rocks, guns, and Molotov cocktails.
Forcing Change
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

Chapter Five addresses the impact of the riots, including the major media spotlight trained on the city. Latinos successfully used the riots as leverage to press for changes in the city, finding allies in state and federal anti-discrimination agencies. This chapter also includes a discussion of the successful voting rights lawsuit brought by the Department of Justice against the city in the late 1990s that greatly increased Latino political power in Lawrence.
Latino Urbanism and the Geography of Opportunity
Authors: Barber Llana
Published: September 2017

As any ten-year-old in East L.A., or Philly’s El Norte knows, borders tend to follow working-class Latinos wherever they live and regardless of how long they have been in the United States.

Mike Davis, Magical Urbanism

As the twentieth century drew to a close, Lawrence barely resembled the city it had been at the end of World War II. While its landscape was still dominated by brick mills and triple-decker homes, its economy and population had been profoundly transformed by suburbanization, deindustrialization, and Latino immigration. As scholars develop a distinct historiography of postwar Latino urbanism, Lawrence may not prove to be typical—as no city could possibly be—but its history nonetheless provides a set of essential questions to address: What was the role of U.S. imperialism in the Latinization (and globalization) of U.S. cities in the late twentieth century? How did race and class segregation in the era of suburbanization and urban crisis impact Latino settlement patterns and experiences? How did Latinos fight against disinvestment and discrimination and strive to claim their right to the city? Where did Latinos fit in the larger stigmatization of the “inner city” and the broad turn to conservatism that this discourse helped enable? From the periphery of U.S. empire to the ghettos at its center, Latino migration in the crisis era was a protracted struggle against containment and marginalization. Imperial migrants fought to have in the United States what U.S. intervention had denied them at home, pushing back against barriers of race and class in a segregated metropolitan landscape....
Interrogating Integration
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

The chapter introduces the book’s central questions: How do residents of a racially and economically mixed neighborhood make sense of and live with diversity? How do neighborhoods shape the perceptions, behaviors and opportunities of residents? It reviews the harms of residential economic and racial segregation and discusses the paradoxes of integration. While integration holds promise for bridging social divides and reducing inequality, the tensions and conflicts associated with diversity pose challenges to community engagement, order and stability. This book begins to fill gaps in our understanding of integration through an ethnographic exploration of how residents of a diverse neighborhood make sense of their local experiences and negotiate difference. The chapter previews a place-sensitive analysis that focuses on Riverwest’s geographic location, material form and investment with meaning (i.e. culture). It closes with a description of the author’s approach to participant observation and an overview of the chapters.
Placemaking
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

People make and remake places through the stories they tell, the descriptions they fashion, and the working theories they develop about a particular place. Collectively constructed perceptions and shared interpretations shape how insiders and outsiders act on and within places. This chapter introduces two prevailing neighborhood frames that residents use to make sense of Riverwest. Some residents see diversity as the defining characteristic and central strength of the neighborhood. They believe that Riverwest’s diversity, culture, inclusiveness, and right to self-determination need to be nurtured and protected. Other residents are focused on the neighborhood’s potential. They believe that increased homeownership and responsible economic development will stabilize and improve the neighborhood.
Living Together
Authors: Perry Evelyn M.
Published: September 2017

The closing chapter presents an explanation for the durability of Riverwest’s social diversity that centers on local culture and everyday processes of difference negotiation. It discusses the implications of these processes for inequality, power relations, and popular and scholarly understandings of the “good” community. In Riverwest, place grounds a shared rubric for neighborhood interactions that facilitates boundary-blurring processes—processes that can grind down the categorical boundaries erected to distance and exclude. This chapter revisits the paradoxes of integration and explores the productive possibilities of conflict. Finally, it contemplates what is required to make diversity work.
Lives in Objects
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

The Lives in Objects presents a thoroughly researched and engaging study of the deerskin trade in the colonial Southeast, which is equally attentive to British American and Southeastern Indian cultures of production, distribution, and the consumption of goods. It challenges long-standing assumptions about Native American and European economic cultures in Early America, particularly the dichotomy that other scholars have drawn between gift-giving (associated with native pre-capitalist economies) and commodity exchange (associated with colonial market economies). This interpretation has tended to cast Native Americans as unwitting victims drawn into and made dependent on a trans-Atlantic marketplace. This book complicates that picture by showing how both sides (Southeastern Indian and British American) mixed gift-giving and commodity exchange in the deerskin trade, so much so that Southeastern Indians retained much greater agency as producers and consumers than the standard scholarly interpretation accords them. The result is a much more nuanced view of the trade and its impact on the economic and material lives of Southeastern Indian and British individuals. In this pursuit, this book also complicates the deerskin trade from the British perspective, showing that royal and colonial governments were not as willing to embrace modern free market values as we might assume.
Commodity Exchange
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

Southeastern Indians and British settlers used both asocial and social forms of exchange, and thus commodity exchange was not a foreign concept to either party. Under the logic of mercantilism, the British were anxious about commodity exchange and strove to curtail the trading relationships formed between white Indian traders and Southeastern Indians. Southeastern Indian leaders envisioned their role as protecting their town’s consumers and traders. They negotiated trading terms and practices.
Consumption of Commodities
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

Purchasers have total control over how they consume commodities. The British did not attempt to control the consumption habits of their Native American trade partners, nor the Native Americans theirs. Both parties consumed cross-cultural goods according to their taste, detaching objects from their natal culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Stern Jessica Yirush
Published: September 2017

The conclusion draws all of the previous chapters together by tracing the life of a deerskin from production, through exchange, and to consumption. It concludes that the British did not dismantle Southeastern Indian beliefs about labor and social reproduction.
Family Pilgrimage
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter traces the history of Pickens’s Presbyterian and Huguenot ancestors as they migrated from Scotland to France, back to Scotland, to Ireland, Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Valley, the Waxhaws region of the Carolinas, and finally to Long Cane, near Ninety Six, South Carolina. The Pickens’ migrations were driven by the search for religious freedom and economic opportunity, and everywhere they went they participated in the establishment of churches, legal institutions, and militia companies. This chapter also describes the Calvinist religious doctrine and world view of these Scotch-Irish Presbyterians and their frontier communities.
Family, War, and Order
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers Pickens’s participation in the Cherokee War of 1760-1761, his marriage to Rebecca Calhoun, and his and his relatives’ and neighbors’ attempts to re-establish order in the South Carolina backcountry in the midst of the crime and anarchy following the Cherokee War. Initially receiving little help in this project from the lowcountry elites who controlled the colonial legislature, backcountry men formed vigilante groups such as “Regulators” and “Moderators” to protect themselves and their families. By the end of the colonial period, some order had been restored and Pickens had established himself as a church elder, justice of the peace, and “leading man” of the Long Cane community near Ninety Six, South Carolina.
Nine
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, the British are forced to abandon their post at Ninety Six. Pickens occupies the area and struggles to re-establish a measure of social and moral order in the midst of widespread looting, robbery, and occasionally the murder of prisoners of war. He also plays an important role in the battle of Eutaw on September 8, 1781, where he is severely wounded.
Rebuilding Civil Society
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses Pickens’s leadership at the local and state level (serving in the General Assembly) after the end of the war. It discusses the new South Carolina’s government’s efforts to settle on a policy towards former tories;, resolve difficult issues of currency, credit, and debt; and meet its obligations to war veterans. As a church elder, legislator, judge, merchant, and general, Pickens joins the elite ranks of the gentry, and this chapter explains what virtues and traits were necessary for a man of humble background to achieve this in the new republican society. Pickens moves northwest to the modern-day town of Pendleton and establishes both a church and a plantation named Hopewell.
The Strong Hand of Government, 1789–1793
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter continues the narrative of Pickens’s diplomacy on the frontier. He continues to demand that both white settlers and Indians negotiate in good faith and obey federal treaties, believing that peace is impossible without strong federal authority. At one point he and other leaders come to believe that war with the Creeks is necessary because of their flagrant violation of the Treaty of New York. President Washington and Secretary of War Knox come close to asking him to lead a military campaign against the Indians, but ultimately decide not to seek war.
Every Thing That Was Possible for Men of Honor to Do
Authors: Andrew Rod
Published: September 2017

This chapter covers Pickens’s service in the state general assembly between 1798 and 1800, when Pickens’s fellow legislators relied on his advice as the state and the nation prepared for a possible war with France. The chapter also covers his service on another treaty commission under the Jefferson Administration in 1801 and 1802 that concluded treaties with the Chickasaws, Choctaws, and Creeks. It suggests that Pickens was disgusted with the way the Creeks were treated at the Treaty of Fort Wilkinson in 1802.
From Geneva to Bandung
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

During the aftermath of the Korean War, the PRC continued seeking to strengthen its status in Asia, especially among other post-colonial states, but it hoped to do so in a more peaceful atmosphere that would allow economic recovery and domestic reconstruction. This chapter demonstrates how Beijing used two particularly important conferences—the 1954 Geneva Conference and the 1955 Bandung Conference—to demonstrate that it was a peaceful, responsible power. Guided by the skilled statesmanship of Zhou Enlai, the PRC aimed to play a significant role in both conferences while working to assure that the conferences themselves would be important and produce significant results.
Conclusion
Authors: Brazinsky Gregg A.
Published: September 2017

The conclusion seeks to draw out some of the manuscript’s lessons for China, the United States, and less developed countries. It looks briefly at current Sino-American competition in Africa and parts of Asia and draws comparisons with the Cold War period, pointing to both similarities and differences. Although the dimensions of Chinese involvement in these regions have changed, some of the PRC’s motives remain the same.
Mothers as Experts, 1965–1967
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

In an era when red-baiting still occurred, American women’s peace organizations often represented themselves as mothers concerned for the fates of their children when engaging in antiwar activism. This depiction mirrored that of Vietnamese women who also described themselves as mothers. Thus, the portrayal of women on both sides of the U.S. war in Viet Nam as first and foremost mothers was a mutual endeavor. Even so, Vietnamese women challenged American women’s version of motherhood as inherently peaceful and apolitical by promoting women's entrance into the military and politics. As some American women actively ignored stories of women's violence, others developed new perspectives on women's roles because of their repeated exposure to these alternative versions of motherhood.
Strengthening Channels of Communication, 1968–1970
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

At a time when U.S. women were pushed to the sidelines of antiwar protests because of a focus on draft resistance, American women’s peace groups carved out a place for themselves as middle-aged mothers of draft-age sons. This language paralleled that of Vietnamese women, who also described themselves as mothers of soldiers, allowing Vietnamese and American women to create an authentic bond between them as they also benefited from this language politically. While American women peace activists used this coalition to discuss the establishment of regular communication between POWs and their families in the United States, Vietnamese women publicly admonished the U.S. government's disrespect for life and praised the efforts of American mothers to maintain American ideals.
Conclusion
Authors: Frazier Jessica M.
Published: September 2017

It seems remiss not to end a book ostensibly about the Viet Nam war with the acknowledgment that the memory of the war still divides U.S. society.1 Yet, evaluating American and Vietnamese women’s relationships leads to a different conclusion. By war’s end, women had created networks such that, despite national, social, political, and economic differences, they collaborated on terms dictated by those asking for assistance—the Vietnamese. Although these alliances did not continue in this manner, this story provides an example of women from the East and West or the Global South and Global North forming cooperative relationships against a common enemy, the U.S. government. They formed these alliances primarily for informational purposes at first, but soon the reasons on both sides for maintaining contact with one another expanded beyond these initial desires. As more and more Americans came to describe U.S. actions in Viet Nam in terms similar to those the Vietnamese used, groups of American activists identified more closely with the Vietnamese people. With this shiftcame new perspectives on U.S. society and multiple versions of feminism....
Rome and its Italy
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigates the organization of Roman Italy, especially in the distribution of roles and statuses, and the ways in which subordinate polities were integrated into the republican order.
The Augurs and Their Spaces
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter focuses on the perceived connection between the site of Rome and the republic’s relationship with its gods. Here, the priestly college of the augurs occupied a prominent position, not only by defining places suitable for a range of actions in the city but also by establishing procedures for legitimate activities away from it.
Laws, Decrees, Edicts, and their Spaces
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

This chapter turns from the actions of magistrates, senate, and the institutions that they commanded to the concepts and practices of jurists and the authors of laws, edicts, and decrees. As will soon become clear, any examination of Roman practices in the third and second centuries rests to a large degree on texts produced in the first century or even later. A persistent problem, then, is to escape from this filter, which one might achieve, if only in part, by following multiple lines of evidence and argument.
Conclusion
Authors: Gargola Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

From as far in the past as we can see, Romans viewed their political order spatially through the lens provided by their city and its magistrates. They represented the history of their polity in terms of the deeds of exemplary figures, most of whom were magistrates; they linked institutions and the public and sacred structures and spaces in which they met and acted with their supposed creators; and they connected Rome’s empire with its most successful commanders. Laws, edicts, and decrees exhibit great concern for the proper duties of magistrates, the tasks to which they ought to devote themselves while in office, and their movements away from Rome. Indeed, many spaces were constructed through magistrates who had been given tasks that involved, more or less directly, the performance of operations with respect to them....
Sound of Navajo Country
Authors: Jacobsen Kristina M.
Published: September 2017

In this ethnography of Navajo (Diné) popular music culture, Kristina M. Jacobsen examines questions of Indigenous identity and performance by focusing on the surprising and vibrant Navajo country music scene. Through multiple first-person accounts, Jacobsen illuminates country music’s connections to the Indigenous politics of language and belonging, examining through the lens of music both the politics of difference and many internal distinctions Diné make among themselves and their fellow Navajo citizens.
As the second largest tribe in the United States, the Navajo have often been portrayed as a singular and monolithic entity. Using her experience as a singer, lap steel player, and Navajo language learner, Jacobsen challenges this notion, showing how cultural intimacy and generational nostalgia play key roles in the ways Navajos distinguish themselves from one another through musical taste, linguistic abilities, geographic location, physical appearance, degree of Navajo or Indian blood, and class affiliations. By linking cultural anthropology to ethnomusicology, linguistic anthropology, and critical Indigenous studies, Jacobsen shows how Navajo poetics and politics offer important insights into the politics of Indigeneity in Native North America, highlighting the complex ways that identities are negotiated in multiple, often contradictory, spheres.
The Intimate Nostalgia of Diné Country Music
Authors: Jacobsen Kristina M.
Published: September 2017

The introduction examines how Navajos strategically use sound, and speech and song in particular, in their social spaces and provides a history of country music performance on the Navajo Nation. Through a dual ethnographic focus on music and language, I consider how some expressions of Navajo identity are flexible and negotiated, while others—for example, an affective attachment to place and the lived experience of being from what Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall called a “domestic dependent nation”—are private, nonnegotiable, and often not shared in public contexts such as bars and chapter houses at all. Thus, musical and linguistic performances of Navajoness—also sometimes locally parsed in the broader frames of being Native, Indian and, less often, as “indigenous”—are publicly celebrated. Other expressions of identity—for example the culturally intimate use of the Navajo term for a working-class rube from the “sticks” known as a “jaan”—are elided or hidden from an outsider’s gaze.
Introduction
Authors: Le Zotte Jennifer
Published: September 2017

Modern consumer society is symbolized at least as much by the mountains of rubbish, the garage and jumble sales, the columns of advertisements of second-hand goods for sale and the second-hand car lots, as it is by the ubiquitous propaganda on behalf of new goods....