bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les « batailles du livre » du parti communiste français (1950-1952)
Authors: Lazar Marc
Published: July 2010

The French communist party's " battles for the book " (1950-1952), Marc Lazar.

From 1950 to 1952 the French Communist Party organized several " book battles ", occasions for communist or sympathetic writers to go to the " people " and reconcile the books and the workers. The work place was part of the " fight for peace " strategy, set up at the time by the Kominform on the rallying theme - reject of the " American model " - of the intellectuals. And while the record of this ideological war front was generally negative, the " battles " enable the historian to get a better understanding of the relations between communist intellectuals and party apparatus.
Religion et politique en Pologne (1945-1984)
Authors: Pomian Krzysztof
Published: July 2010

Religion and politics in Poland (1945-1984), Krzysztof Pomian

Although the Polish Worker's Party (PWP) still claims its devotion to marxist-leninist ideology, it proclaims, unlike the USSR, its indefectible attachment to the principle of religious freedom. But Church-state relations have not always been smooth since 1945 : they were peaceful only for three brief periods, from 1944 to 1948, from 1956 to 1958, and since 1978. While the state accepts the individual religious practice, it condemns " militant clericalism ". The definition of this expression is a source of conflict. What criteria can be used to draw the line between religious intolerance and the exercise of pastoral activities ? The limit of the PWP's concessions to the church does not go beyond the conducting of liturgical ceremonies and the teaching of church doctrine, provided no allusion is made to the modem daily life of church-goers. From this point of view, Father Popie-luszko's assassination may be seen as the ultimate result of the tendency to fight " political clericalism " and to equate certain priests with counter-revolutionary militants. This explains the force of contestation that the Catholic church can represent and direct within contemporary Polish society.
Preuves dans le Paris de guerre froide
Authors: Grémion Pierre
Published: July 2010

Preuves in the Paris of the Cold War, Pierre Grémion.

While not an underground magazine, Preuves did not shake the convictions of an intellectual milieu which leaned to the left. That did not prevent it from crossing swords for many years with its left-wing opposite numbers. The study goes beyond counting blows. It shows that French ideological phenomena must be considered in their international dimension, not only concerning external stakes, here the Cold War, but also the associations of the French intellectual milieu, whose external ramifications are quite clear in this case.
A quoi sert le néocorporatisme ?
Authors: Ruffat Michèle
Published: July 2010

What is the use of neo-corporatism, Michèle Ruffat.

As a concept, an outline or a model, « neo-corporatism » originates in political science. In the United States in particular, after the failure of the Dahl pluralist model, questions have been asked concerning the lack of self-regulating mechanisms for conflict between interest groups and public power ; or, in democratie terms, the incompatibility of individual self-interest and the general will. This very empirical outline has been applied with varying degrees of success to several post-war European societies. In France, where neo-corporatism does exist, the word is spurned. Can historic research nonetheless put it to good use ? That is the question broached in an article by a political scientist in which the stakes are set out, with the answers, in terms of research, left to historians.
Ce couple infernal aux rapports problématiques
Authors: Perrot Michelle
Published: July 2010

An infernal couple with problem relations, Michelle Perrot.

« Between the social body and individuals, there should be only a vacuum », said Le Chapelier during the Revolution : all contemporary difficulties in the relations between the masses and individuals come from this real or supposed vacuity. Through fascism, communism or even in democratic societies, the twentieth century has long wanted the individual subjected to the promises of the collective. Until conquering individualism returns, without setting this old antagonism.
L'esprit de famille à Nanterre
Authors: Segalen Martine
Published: July 2010

Family spirit in Nanterre, Martine Segalen.

Using a study describing family relations in an urban environment in Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine), 1840 to 1980, the author, as an anthropologist demonstrates that between the masses and the individuals the family played a singularly complex and strong part. In that old industrial suburb, destined to massive immigration and to the change from manufacturing to services, family networks stimulated solidarity and sociability. The family, between the couple and the relatives, has never been the secret chilly refuge of self-centered individuals.
La voiture du peuple des seigneurs
Authors: Gunthert André
Published: July 2010

The herrenvoïk car. Birth of the Volkswagen, André Gunthert

The Third Reich decided in 1937 to launch the « people's car » as part of a policy of « motorization of the German people » ; highway construction was another aspect of that policy. Hitler and Porsche joined forces to propose to the German people the best car at the cheapest price, as a symbol of the vitality and supremacy of Nazism. The mobilization of propaganda means and of the phantasms of race and motherland made the VW a sign and symbol of totalitarian ambitions : to construct a total political representation.
Historien à temps partiel
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: July 2010

The future of history.

The article provides an extensive selection of reactions to Daniel Roche's article, « Today's historians. Comments for a debate », published in issue No. 12 (Octo-ber-December 1986) : university and high school researchers' and teachers' experiences, discussions about archives and the work of historians and suggestions for the future are gathered here. Among the contributors : F. Bédarida, R. Rémond and J. Le Goff. The comments suggest that the future of history in France, while not gloomy deserves serious discussion.
La normalisation du passé ? La république fédérale d'Allemagne et le problème juif
Authors: Thalmann Rita
Published: July 2010

Normalizing the past ? Federal Germany and the Jewish problem, Rita Thalmann

The history of Germany's relations with her past concerning the Jews and the « final solution » shows several phases. After the 1952 negotiations on « reparations » to be paid by Germany to the victims who had escaped genocide, German-Israeli relations have been ambiguous, despite exchanges of official visits, which started, it is true, only in 1970. In Germany, embarrassed silence vis-à-vis the Jews has been replaced by a kind of reexamination which resembles the end of a taboo. That is how the « Bitburg-effect » must be understood, as well as the German historians' debate on the historiography of the Third Reich, which challenges the singularity of the genocide.
Les dénaturalisés de Vichy (1940-1944)
Authors: Laguerre Bernard
Published: July 2010

Vichy's denaturalized, 1940-1944, Bernard Laguerre.

The Vichy regime's law of 22 July 1940 was enacted to revise the naturalizations which had been granted since the law of 10 August 1927 or even prior to it. It affected about 15 000 people, among whom 6-7 000 Jews. The law belonged to the xenophobic movement of the end of the Third Republic and constituted the first of the Vichy anti-Semitic dispositions. While it facilitated the deportation of the French Jews as part of the Final Solution, it was above all a manifestation of the national revolution as an ideology of exclusion.
Les « maîtres de forges » en quête de transparence. archives de la sidérurgie et histoire économique
Authors: Mioche Philippe
Published: July 2010

The " steel mill masters " search for transparence. Steel works archives and economic history, Philippe Mioche.

The French Steel Manufactures' association has just deposited its papers at the National Archives. After a long tradition of secrecy, the new " steel mill masters " have embarked on a policy of communication and transparence. This creates an occasion for historians to analyze an industrial branch at the center of modernization followed by the general restructuration crisis of the French economy. An occasion also for the profession to correct its negative image in public opinion for more than a decade.
Deux etudiants "coloniaux" à Paris à l'aube des années trente
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François
Published: July 2010

Two « colonial » students in Paris in the early 1930s, Jean-François Sirinelli

At the end of the 1920s, the Latin Quarter welcomed many students born in the colonies. Two of them, the Senegalese Leopold Sedar Senghor and the Annamite Pham Duy Khiêm, became friends. Their destiny was different, but the study of their formative years provides few keys to their two contrasting itineraries.
Le juif à l'écran en France vers la fin des années trente
Authors: Pithon Rémy
Published: July 2010

Jews in French films in the late 1930s, Rémy Pithon.

An analysis of French movies producted in the late 1930s reveals a curious paradox : a change from rather widespread anti-semitism to a kind of « repression » of the image of the Jew. Examining anti-semitic stereotypes, the author shows that their relative decline corresponds to the just image of a « vague Jewishness », just as horrible, for it opens the door to indifference.
De l'opinion publique à l'imaginaire social
Authors: Laborie Pierre
Published: July 2010

From public opinion to the social imaginary, Pierre Laborie.

A historic approach to public opinion has always been considered a wager. Although a difficult field of investigation and demonstration, it does represent a new historical object, which requires specific methods, precise theoretical tools and rigorous attention. There are many and very diverse sources which finally permit an analysis of the imaginary elements in contemporary societies.
Approche sociologique de la génération
Authors: Devriese Marc
Published: July 2010

Sociological approache to generations, Marc Devriese.

The major conclusions of research in psychosociology, political sociology and historical sociology concerning generations distinguish three generations, based on age, cohort and period.
Marianne et vendredi : deux générations ?
Authors: Laguerre Bernard
Published: July 2010

Marianne and Vendredi : two different generations ?, Bernard Laguerre.

Launched at a three-year interval, in 1932 and 1935, two left-wing weeklies, Marianne and Vendredi quickly appeared as competitors in the eyes of public opinion, the latter more radical and more committed to the Popular Front. Though the journalists came from the same political strain and though they shared the idea of taking a place along-side the big titles of the right, such as Candide and Gringoire, each weekly had a distinctive personality. Marianne and Vendredi reflected two different periods : the left of 1935 did not define itself as did that of 1932. Using the generational approach, one can ask if the renewal of the left manifested by Vendredi was not the symptom of another phenomenon : the emergence on the political scene of a new generation of intellectuals.
Les générations communistes
Authors: Buton Philippe
Published: July 2010

Communist generations, Philippe Buton

The concept of generation, understood as cohort of affiliations, with singularities marked by references to different founding events and social profiles, whose specificity is experienced as such, does help understand the development of the French Communist Party. " Generation of the war ", " party of metal workers ", " party of those executed " during the war, party of " Maurice Thorez ", then of the Union of the Left, successive strata illustrate the changes of the Party within the Bolchevik mold, which remained unchanged since the graft of the 1920s.
Générations socialistes ?
Authors: Bergounioux Alain
Published: July 2010

Socialist generations ? Alain Bergounioux

From the SFIO of the Congress of Tours and the Popular Front to the Socialist Party of the Epinay Congress and the 1980s, can the history of French socialists be analysed in terms of generations ? The hypothesis is often tempting, considering, for example movements such as the neo-socialism of the 1930s or the minorities revolting against the SFIO of Guy Mollet during the Algerian war and in the 1960s. A more elaborate analysis reveals however, if not the inappropriateness, at least the limits of such an approach. The development of party socialism seems to have resulted more from strictly political parameters than from possible generational cleavages.
Le développement du téléphone en France depuis les années 1950. Politique de recherche et recherche d'une politique
Authors: Griset Pascal
Published: July 2010

The development of telephones in France since the 1950s, Pascal Griset.

The post World War II development of telephones in France shows how choices in the field of telecommunications can be stakes for political rivalries, but it also reveals the qualities and the limitations of a French model of industrial policy. While the development of telephones involved many
Une histoire sociale du politique est-elle possible ?
Authors: Noiriel Gérard
Published: July 2010

Is a social history of politics possible ? Gerard Noiriel.

Based on the book edited by René Rémond, Pour une histoire politique, the article questions a certain inability to « socialize » political history, e.g. to make use of the concept of « assimilation » for a history of immigration in France. It suggests a return to the first analyses of the questions at stake, at the time of Seignobos and Durkheim, in order to corne to grips with the « critical turn » in the relations between history and sociology that is presently taking place.
Écrire une histoire contemporaine de l'urbain
Authors: Baudouï Rémi , Faure Alain , Fourcaut Annie , Morel Martine , Voldman Danièle
Published: July 2010

Writing a contemporary history of urbanism, Rémi Baudoui, Alain Faure, Annie Fourcaut, Martine Morel, Danièle Woldman.

Are the historian's tools adequate to grasp the industrial and post-industrial city ? The French historiographie tradition seems to have met an obstacle, for its production in this field is relatively underdeveloped. Defining the object of urban history precisely, looking for explicanatory keys to the processes which operate in the large urban areas, finding appropriate methods which would claim for the contribution of the other disciplines could open up wide research fields.
Des beaux-arts aux affaires culturelles (1959-1969)
Authors: Foulon Charles-Louis
Published: July 2010

From Beaux-Arts to Cultural Affairs (1959-1969). André Malraux's entourage and ministerial structures, Charles-Louis Foulon.

There were three circles of power around André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs from 1959 to 1969 : friends and companions, managers (often back from Overseas France), and the burgraves, the heirs of the Beaux-Arts tradition. The minister's genius was not sufficient to overhaul intangible administrative structures. From the Maisons de la Culture to cultural action there was nevertheless much progress, even if the issue of mass culture was not settled.
La milice
Authors: Azéma Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2010

The Militia, Jean-Pierre Azéma.

This study of the Vichy Militia is entirely based on archives. The Praetorian Guard of the French State, first recruited among members of the War Veterans' Legion it mobilized up to 30.000 « revolutionaries » often of modest background. Its leader, Joseph Darnand, made it the worst tool in the « Franco-French war », the Gestapo's zealous auxiliary perfectly at home in the structures of the French State, even if it did not succeed in making it fully totalitarian. Thoroughly hated, the Militians carried to an extreme the internal logic of the Vichy regime.
Pourquoi n'y a-t-il pas de football aux États-Unis ? l'autre "exceptionnalisme" américain
Authors: Markovits Andrei S.
Published: July 2010

Why is there no soccer in the United States ? The other American " exceptionalism ", Andrei S. Markovits.

Soccer was rejected in the United States because of the development of sports consi- dered more in accordance with the national culture of the New World. At both Harvard and Yale in the 19th century, American football was imposed from above, out of an elitist reflex towards British imported games. The more popular baseball prevented the social extension of soccer to the population at large. Like the weakness of socialism in that " bourgeois " society, that of soccer is the second sign of a certain American " exceptionalism " pointed out at the beginning of the 20th century by Werner Sombart.
Le football, un nouveau territoire de l' historien
Authors: Wahl Alfred
Published: July 2010

Soccer new territory for the historian Alfred Wahl Although soccer represents social and cultural fact of substantial importance French historic research has long neglected it French historians lag far behind foreign particularly British historians as well as sociologists and anthropologists While ta king stock of the present situation the author shows the emergence of soccer as historical object Emphasizing the many fa cets of that history he pleads for its growth and autonomy
La grande entreprise française de travaux publics (1883-1974)
Authors: Barjot Dominique
Published: July 2010

The large French public works company, 1883-1974, Dominique Barjot.

Between 1883 and 1974, the French public works industry went through periods contrasted growth without ever ceasing to contribute significantly to economic development, thanks in particular to remarkable success in foreign markets. This success was due to a strong core of large and medium-sized companies financially fragile but often directed by valuable technicians. Forced to innovate by the fierceness of compétition and the relatively high cost of production factors, they remained at the forefront of technical progress, especially for the construction of major works.
L'immigration en France et aux Etats-Unis. Historiographie comparée
Authors: Green Nancy L.
Published: July 2010

Immigration in France and the United States. Comparative historiography, Nancy L. Green.

Even comparative history has its socio-cultural détermination, stronger it the nation-state in which it is practiced is seeking its identity. The French and the Americans thus have very contrasted reprasentations of the history of immigration. The former, rather open from a lagal point of view, are relatively closed to the idea of conceiving of France as a country of immigrants. The latter, on the other hand, very salective with regard to entry, have built a strongly open image of their society. The historians of each of the two countries have used the work of the other to refîne their own analyses, for France to rethink its identity, for the US, to reframe the issue of the possible exceptionalism of its development.
L'aristocratie du barreau, vivier pour la république. Les secrétaires de la conférence du stage
Authors: Le Béguec Gilles
Published: July 2010

The French Bar aristocracy, a breeding ground for the Republic. The secretaries of the lawyers' training, Gilles Le Béguec.

The Paris Bar lawyers' training program, through the yearly groups of its young secretaries, was the privileged locus for the formation of the parliamentary and governmental elite during the Third Republic. The acquisition of oratorical and legal competence, the position obtained in the networks of connections, added to a certain esprit de corps made the training course a real recruiting channel, flexible and effective. It was threatened by the end of the 1930s and even more after the Second World War by changes in politics.
La démocratie japonaise à l'heure de la transition monarchique
Authors: Seizelet Éric
Published: July 2010

Japanese democracy at the time of the monarchie transition, Eric Seizelet.

With Emperor Hirohito is death in January 1989, Japan lost the man whose longetivity on the throne assured the link between two theoretically distinct moments of its political history. The analysis of the machinery of the monarchic transition thus offers a privileged observation point from which to understand the place of the Imperial institution in Japanese society. Self-censor-ship in the media, ceremonies that illustrate the ambiguity of State secularism, silence on the late Emperor's role in the 1930s and 1940s, uncertainties about the place that his successor, Akihito, will occupy : each of these elements allows a better understanding of the special features of the Japanese political culture.
Montherlant sous l'occupation
Authors: Garet Jean-Louis
Published: July 2010

Montherlant during the Occupation, Jean-Louis Garet

Although opposed to Munich in L'équinoxe de septembre, Montherlant made conscessions non only to the Vichy regime, National Revolution, but also to the policy of collaboration with the Nazis whose virile heroism he vaunted. His many articles in the extremist press are unequivocal. At the time of Liberation, his behavior was judged less as a betrayal than as a sign of mediocrity.
La recomposition Marseillaise
Authors: Morel Bernard
Published: July 2010

The restructuring of Marseille, Bernard Morel.

The restructuring of Marseille means the development of a metropolis composed of five urban and industrial poles, including the city of Marseille. But the city is going through a multi-faceted crisis : that of the industrial port complex, the demographic imbalances after a phase of growth, the crisis of the fordist system. These economic and social factors affect the political level, with the fear of a loss of identity as one of its essential components.
L'histoire sociale et l'historiographie est-Allemande des années 1980
Authors: Iggers Georg G.
Published: July 2010

Social history and the East German historiography of the 1980s, Georg G. Iggers.

In the GDR, history was official, openly Stalinist and entirely in the service of the party. Only a few historians were able to occupy the few spaces of liberty that the regime tolerated. What was new in historiography in the 1980s came from rare contagion with the methods of ethnology or economics, through an opening to local history and an attempt to reread the Prussian or Nazi past. The previous passivity of the East German historians now puts them in the throes of a very difficult transition.
De quelques marxistes et novateurs de l'historiographie est-allemande
Authors: Ayçoberry Pierre
Published: July 2010

On a few Marxists and innovators in East German historiography, Pierre Ayçoberry.

Several historians have already pointed out the paradoxe of historiography in East Germany, faithful to historic materialism but eager to refîne its premises and demonstrations. A biographical current thus appeared whose analyses deserve to be known in their attempt at reexamining the individuals' role in history. In spite of the merits and courage of these innovators, that must be acknowledged, historic research in the GDR has had much difficulty to free itself of the ideological straitjacket imposed by the State.
La mémoire unifiée ? L'héritage équivoque des archives de la RDA
Authors: Zielinski Bernd , Radtke-Delacor Arne
Published: July 2010

Reunified memory ? The equivocal inheritance of the GDR archives, Bernd Zielinski, Ame Radtke

On the basis of a tentative assessment of the changes in the management of the archives of the former GDR, the article out-lines the effects of German unification on historical research. It describes conditions, prevailing as of autumn 1989, and the new deal since then for the various areas (archives of the Reich ; economic and military archives, STASI archives, etc.).
Le nazisme : déviance allemande ou mal de la modernité ? La réflexion des historiens dans l'Allemagne des années zéro (1945-1949)
Authors: Solchany Jean
Published: July 2010

Nazism : a German deviance or a modernity illness ? The thinking of historians in the Germany of the zero years (1945-1949), Jean Solchany.

After the war, German historians, like the rest of the German society, found them-selves unable to interpret Nazism. They were at first prisoners of a given political and historical culture, tainted by historicism and idealism, fundamentally conservative and antimodernist, which emphasized to the concept of Sonderweg, the anormality of German history in European history.
Le dessinateur de presse, de l'artiste au journaliste
Authors: Delporte Christian
Published: July 2010

The cartoonist, from artist to journalist, Christian Delporte.

From the Belle Epoque to the 1930s, the author draws the portrait of three successive generations of cartoonists. Between the first generation (Steinlein, Gill) and the two interwar generations — those of the 1920s (Gassier, Sennep) and those of the 1930s (Effel, Henry), the cartoonists became artist-newspapermen. They became a recognized part of the world of journalism, with recognition, professionnal status and a separate union (1935).
Le choix atomique de la France (1945-1958)
Authors: Vaïsse Maurice
Published: July 2010

France's nuclear choice (1945-1958), Maurice Vaïsse.

France did not wait for the Fifth Republic to become interested in the atomic bomb. The original features of France's atomic choice depended on both domestic factors (scientific, economic, military, political) and external ones France's atomic choice was based more on competition among allies than on enemy threat. It followed the vicissitudes of European construction and felt the weight of the cold war. The decision became clearer after the Suez affair and its consequences on international relations. But the Fourth Republic wanted to pursue simultaneously European construction, Franco-German reconciliation, French Algeria and the bomb. These were the contradictions that De Gaulle's access to power resolved ; a green light was then given to the production of the nuclear weapon.
L'anti-intellectualisme dans la culture politique française
Authors: Balmand Pascal
Published: July 2010

Anti-intellectualism in French political culture, Pascal Balmand.

Why would a professor of Tibetan be entitled to lecture and govern his equals ? In the midst of the Dreyfus affair, Brunetière, thus launched French anti-intellectualism, which was to have a long life in store, especially during crises. The article details the anti-intellectualism of the left and the far right, over a century and considers the causes of its virtual disappearance at present.
Ruptures et continuités de la mémoire Tchèque
Authors: Marès Antoine
Published: July 2010

Ruptures and continuities of Czeh memory, Antoine Marès.

Depending on political balances of power and the worries of the moment, Czech national memory has wavered between highly different anchoring points. The analysis of the communist Czechoslovak historiographie production is witness to that practice of a selective reading of the past and of its many-sided perverse effects in terms of collective identity. It is essential for the Czechs that all of their history be integrated into their common heritage.
La notion de classe moyenne indépendante. Un bilan des travaux
Authors: Gresle François
Published: July 2010

The notion of an independent middle class. A survey of research, François Gresle.

Unshakable and learned, the sociologists — followed by the historians ? — deny the middle classes their independent status. What if independence was not an empty word ? If it was necessary to look, far from the statistics, at internalized values and a certain appetite for the quality of life ? A monotonous bibliography reread.
L'artisanat. La plus populaire des classes moyennes ?
Authors: Zarca Bernard
Published: July 2010

Are craftsman the most popular of the middle classes ? Bernard Zarca.

The very idea of the craftsman class appeared in France only after the First World War, as the resuit of a real work of creation aiming at building the image of a harmonious and fluid social body. But this typical product of republican culture displays many ambiguities, as shown by the complex and circuitous history of craftsmen's representative organizations.
Ordre et sécurité. Les nouveaux corps de police de la troisième République
Authors: Berlière Jean-Marc
Published: July 2010

Order and security. The two new police corps of the Third Republic, Jean-Marc Berlière.

How was the modem French police created and what was the Third Republic's contribution to its birth ? The Third Republic stressed cautious reformism as the deep changes in criminality and in sensi- tivity to it demanded the ending of the anarchy of the repressive System, the weaknesses of the provincial police and the excessive use of the army to quell disturbances. After much hesitation, a specialized corps was set up for the maintenance of order as well as a mobile judicial police.
Les obsessions d'Henri Béraud
Authors: Monier Frédéric
Published: July 2010

Henri Béraud's obsessions, Frédéric Monier.

The career of Henri Béraud, an intellectual, editorial writer and pamphleteer for the weekly Gringoire, was marked by a break in 1934. Until then, Béraud was mainly a famous and recognized writer. Afterwards, he expressed his anti-semitic, anti-Communist and anti-English commitment which was to lead to collaboration with the Germans. In addition to the traditional explanations of the passage from the socialistic left to the admiration of fascism, Béraud's case shows the desire to be an intellectual with an audience and the inner contradictions of a man torn between a paternal Dreyfusard-type heritage and obsessive anti-semitism.
« Caliban », une revue de vulgarisation intellectuelle ?
Authors: Renou Corinne
Published: July 2010

Caliban, a journal of intellectual popularization? Corinne Renou.

The founders of Caliban, issued clandestinely during the Second World War, wanted it to be a tool of reflection for peace. Its editor-in-chief, Jean Daniel, also saw in it, in the early years of the Cold War, a way of fighting the fashion of "digests", by full publication of original literary and philosophie texts. The monthly, a mouthpiece of "left intellectuals", took pride in publishing the greatest names in literature and the social sciences, whatever their ideological position. Very jealous ot its financial independence, the journal ceased publication in 1951 when it was bought by Hachette.
Guerres de mémoire en France
Authors: Lindenberg Daniel
Published: July 2010

Memory wars in France, Daniel Lindenberg.

The author proposes a transversal analysis of the periods which marked French national memory, from the Revolution to the Algerian war. He seeks to describe and explain the double movement of accumulation and selection characteristic of the link between French identity and the past.
Kedrovyi Sor : la vie quotidienne dans un camp du goulag à l'époque stalinienne
Authors: Azarov Oleg
Published: July 2010

Kedrovyi Sor: daily life in a Gulag camp during the Stalinist period, Oleg Azarov.

Our knowledge of the Soviet concentration camp universe is beginning to be nourished by direct access to archives. The author, a young Russian scholar, has been able to work on a rich collection of documents concerning the camp of Kedrovyi Sor, in the Pečora bassin. Through his study of the camp's administrative structure, its financial operation and its economic activities, and through an analysis of the inmates and their living conditions, he provides, almost in the raw, a concrete and precise description of the daily functioning of a Stalinist camp from the early 1930s to the 1950s.
Le socialisme français et les deux démocraties
Authors: Sadoun Marc
Published: July 2010

French socialism and the two democracies, Marc Sadoun.

Beyond the governmental experiences carried out since 1981, there is a political socialist culture that tends to maintain itself. Besides the relation to Marxism, other values structure a culture marked by humanism, rationalism and tolerance, elements which connect French socialism to France's national history.
Femmes et culture politique. Nouvelles valeurs, nouveaux modèles?
Authors: Sineau Mariette
Published: July 2010

Women and political culture. The failure of acounterculture? Mariette Sineau.

Women's political culture cannot be reduced to the struggle led by the feminist movement. On the left as on the right, women approach the political debate through their own values. This expectation of a feminine political culture accompanies the hope for a global renewal of politics as such.
Les vingt décisives. Cultures politiques et temporalités dans la France fin de siècle
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François
Published: July 2010

The twenty decisive years. Political cultures and temporalities in fin de siècle France, Jean-François Sirinelli.

National political culture changed its socio-cultural foundations in the mid-1960s. Television developed a consensual pedagogy. May 1968 encouraged the right to difference. But the left-right cleavage still remains the reference and the identity principle. To understand this fixity, is it necessary to try to uncover, beneath the political culture, deeper hidden sensibilities?
Vers une histoire culturelle de la première guerre mondiale
Authors: Audoin-Rouzeau Stéphane , Becker Annette
Published: July 2010

Towards a cultural history of the First World War, Stéphane Audouin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker.

The study of the cultural legacy of the First World War involves several histories : of representations, of politics, of popular culture. The ambition of this issue is to reflect on the "culture of war" in its entirety, i.e. beyond national cleavages and historiographie frontiers. That culture seems to have been a large extent one of the causes of the brutality of the conflict. It was experienced as a painful passage to twentieth century modernity.
Les représentations de la guerre dans la culture française de l'entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Prost Antoine
Published: July 2010

The representations of war in French culture in the interwar period, Antoine Prost.

War was indeed "dynamic" before 1914, but the experience of 1914-1918 ruined its previous representations. It was thereafter perceived both as a catastrophe and as fatal. Between 1918 and 1939, this representation no longer allowed preparations for a new conflict. Relying on Alain and Giraudoux, the author explains how the will to save a certain honor of victorious war led to sacrifice honor at the time of the defeat of 1940.
La psychiatrie italienne et la guerre
Authors: Bianchi Bruna
Published: July 2010

Italian psychiatry and the war, Bruna Blanchi.

The war provided to Italian psychiatry an opportunity to reinforce its social role by participating in the care of the soldiers and officers suffering from mental disor-ders. Although clinical observations developed, they were hardly sophisticated, since the illnesses were often considered acts of disobedience. Not until the last months of the conflict did neuroses cease to be always interpreted as refusais to adhere to patriotic ideals. Despite conflicts among physicians, doubts about the therapies' repressive and violent role did not lead to a genuine national debate.
Temps de l'image, temps du son
Authors: Croset Emmanuelle
Published: July 2010

The time of the image, the time of sound, Emmanuel Croset.

The history of the transition from silent to talking films cannot be presented as a sudden irruption. While it was indeed a revolution, it had been prepared for a long time and its real, multiple effects must be seen in the long term.
Le modèle soviétique des studios : l'exemple de Lenfilm
Authors: Laurent Natacha
Published: July 2010

The Soviet studio model: the example of Lenfilm, Natacha Laurent.

From the 1920s, the development of the Soviet cinema and the interest of the rulers characterize the existence of a Soviet studio model. The example of Lenfilm shows that the model is not stable: it manages to retain a certain margin of manoeuvre and of development.
« Les copains du dimanche » ou l'âge d'or des métallos
Authors: Perron Tangui
Published: July 2010

Les copains du dimanche or the golden age of metalworkers, Tangui Perron.

A propaganda film made for the CGT in 1956, the Copains du dimanche (Sunday buddies) anticipates and expresses the changes in the working class, particularly in the metal workers' category. A film of militants, it is not however a militant film, and remains, in spite of its commercial failure, a testimonial work.
L'embellie parisienne à la Belle Époque : l'invention d'un modèle de consommation
Authors: Caron François
Published: July 2010

The Paris Belle Epoque lull: inventing a consumption model, François Caron.

The economic dynamism of Paris at the time of the Belle Epoque was based both on the development of sectors linked to the second industrialization (electricity, the chemical industry, automobiles) and to the renewal of traditional industries (the garment industry, cosmetics, jewelry) centered on luxury goods and benefiting from a skilled workforce. The rise of factories located in the suburbs led to the reorganization of urban space around these new activities. The progress of hygiene and the development of mass transportation paralleled the general rise of standards of living and increasing access to comfort. With the spread of movies, leisure activities, travel as well as fashion thanks to the departement stores, this dynamism brought about a deep change in consumption habits. It was also fortered by a dynamic entrepreneurial class capable of responding to demand by adapting production and distribution techniques to the social diversity of Paris. Contrary to the pessimistic vision of a "blocked society", a Paris model of "industrial achievement" thus developed, marking the entry of the capital into the consumption society, and an example to the other metropolises of the industrialized world.
L'alliance démocratique de 1933 à 1937 ou l'anachronisme en politique
Authors: Audigier François
Published: July 2010

The Alliance démocratique from 1933 to 1937, or anachronism in politics, François Audigier.

The Darwinist logic applies to political parties, which must either adapt or perish. Wishing to renovate the venerable Alliance démocratique, Pierre-Etienne Flandin carried out the modernization of this moderate group betwen 1933 and 1937. Limitations and ambiguities doomed this attempt to failure.
Les journalistes dans l'entre-deux-guerres une identité en crise
Authors: Delporte Christian
Published: July 2010

Journalists in the interwarperiod : an identity crisis, Christian Delporte.

In the 1920s, journalism as a profession went through a deep identity crisis in France. The material problems generated by the First World War revealed a moral crisis with old roots. Giving up their free writer status, journalists wanted to consider themselves as intellectual workers. They adopted structures adapted to their new needs, and formed a union whose aim was vigorous ethical and material improvement. In 1935 they obtained a professional status unmatched in Europe, and in 1936 a professional identity card - both still make up the framework of the profession.
Des chrétiens français face à la guerre du Vietnam (1966)
Authors: Rousseau Sabine
Published: July 2010

French Christians and Vietnam war (1966), Sabine Rousseau.

The publication in Cité nouvelle and Témoignage chrétien, on 21 Aprii 1966, of an appeal to President Johnson marked the French Protestant and Catholic left's entry in the fight against the Vietnam war. Although somewhat late in their mobilization with respect to the Peace Movement, the commitment was early enough considering the dominant silence outside communist and communist sympathizer circles. As a sequel to the struggle for decolonization, this commitment took the original form of a letter to the president of the US. The feeling of Christian responsibility for the history of imperialism overtook the political analysis of the war. After a difficult beginning, the public opinion campaign grew during the summer, favored by the escalation of violence in Vietnam. But to the most committed left Christian militants, the campaign seemed already insufficient. Their radicalization in the fall of 1966 prepared for a mobilization in which the specific Christian commitment gave way to common action with the anti-imperialist movements.
Natalisme et nationalisme pendant la première guerre mondiale
Authors: Wishnia Judith
Published: July 2010

Natalism and nationalism at the time of the First World War, Judith Wishnia.

Concern about the low French birth rate compared with Germany's demographie dynamism grew into a crisis during the First World War. Nationalism and natalism were from then on linked. The revelation of rapes committed by the German troops during the occupation of Northern and Eastern France posed a dilemma for part of French public opinion: natalism and nationalism clashed when faced with the possible response to the condition of women thereby made pregnant. The advocates of the prohibition of abortion won because, in spite of the circumstances of conception, a child born to a French mother, fed on French milk and brought up in France was French. The mother's nationality superseded that of the male seed.
Sur deux journées nationales commémorant la déportation et les persécutions des « années noires »
Authors: Barcellini Serge
Published: July 2010

On two «national days» commemorating deportations and persecutions during the «blackyears », Serge Barcellini.

What was «the duty of memory» of deportations in France since 1945, and what has it become? A detailed study of the institution of two «national days», that of the National Deportation Day, in 1954, and that commemorating 16 July 1942, in 1993, reveals three stages - dilution in ge- neral memories until 1947, change to an autonomous historie phenomenon from 1947 to 1984, transformation into a vector of Human Rights ideology in 1992-1993 - of a history that has marked the shifts in the French republican identity model.
Les supplétifs Algériens dans l'armée française pendant la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Ageron Charles-Robert
Published: July 2010

Algerian auxiliaries in the French army during the Algerian war, Charles-Robert Ageron.

The opening of the archives of the French Land Army's Historical Service makes it possible to study in detail the various formations of Muslim civilian auxiliary forces (among which the "harkis") which contributed, with varying efficacy, to the "maintenance of order" alongside the French army during the Algerian war, from 1954 to 1962: to tally the number of enrolled soldiers, but also desertions; to ask finally the question of these auxiliaries'motivations and to give a preliminary explanation of the harkis' trauma in 1962.
Des appelés pas comme les autres ? Les conscrits « français de souche nord-africaine » pendant la guerre d'Algérie
Authors: Chauvin Stéphanie
Published: July 2010

The "French of North African origin" draftees during the Algerian war, Stéphanie Chauvin.

During the Algerian conflict, the French army had to corne to grips with a delicate problem, that of the drafting of Muslim natives, called up like all young French men, to take part in the operations of the national army. Some of the military considered the general drafting of this special population a military as much as a political error. Nevertheless, many Algerians were enrolled to fight against what the Republic saw as a rebellion. There was even a policy of increasing the numbers of "Frenchmen of North African origin" because of rising needs and so as to assi- milate them. Suspected by the rest of the army of lacking loyalty, the Muslim conscripts where also subjected to the pressure of the FLN which tried to use them to weaken the French army from inside. Very few, however, deserted once enrolled. Was that a sign of loyalty to France?
La radicalisation des mouvements féminins Français de 1960 à 1970
Authors: Chaperon Sylvie
Published: July 2010

The radicalization of French women's movement, 1960-1970, Sylvie Chaperon.

During the 1960s, France went through economic and social upheavals which affected the place of women in society and challenged the traditional division of roles and the images of masculinity and feminity. The feminist explosion of 1970, often presented by these movements' militants as a radical innovation, was actually nourished by the struggles and the thinking carried out by older groups born during the Third Republic or in the late 1960s. The May 1968 revolts were certainly essential in the emergence of the MLF, but it would be an error of historical analysis to omit the links with previous years. Far from rising out of the consequences of the 1968 movements, French feminism is the outgrowth of a slow radicalization of women's struggles.
Mutualité et organisations politiques et sociales internationales (1889-1939)
Authors: Dreyfus Michel
Published: July 2010

For an European history of social protection, Michel Dreyfus.

The second industrial revolution, the improvement of material conditions of existence and the progress of democracy gave, from the 1880s, a new relevance to the issue of prevention and brought about the birth of national mutualist institutions. The first International Congress of Mutuality, held in Paris in 1900, followed by the birth of the International Federation of Mutuality in 1906, were the first steps in the internationalization of the movement, parallel to that of the worker's movement; the debates where influenced by the German model and the role of the State in social protection. Although the results were limited in 1914, the movement conti-nued after World War I, in a context transformed by the birth of the League of Nations and of the International Labour Organisation. The international institutions then created were challenged by the depression and the war. They nevertheless opened the way for the International Association of Social Security (1947) and the International Association of Mutuality (1950).
Le mirage de l'Europe sociale. Associations internationales de politique sociale au tournant du 20e siècle
Authors: Gregarek Rainer
Published: July 2010

The mirage of social Europe. International social policy associations at the beginning of the 20th century, Rainer Gregarek.

At the end of the 19th century, at a time when the rise of nationalism was blocking diplomatic initiatives, it was in "private" international associations and meetings that the embryo of a social Europe was conceived. The Permanent International Committee of Work Accidents (1889), the International Association for the Legal Protection of Workers (1900-1901) and the International Association for the Fight against Unemployment (1910) were among the most important of these pioneering institutions. They tried to use their international character to get around the hesitations of businessmen and governments to set up policies of social protection and started to reflect about harmonization on the European scale. The lack of official status, the persistence of internal tensions among national groups and among social groups led to failure. They nevertheless represented an original network of meetings and exchanges which facilitated the dissemination and transfer of models among European experts.
« Le poing et la rose », la saga d'un logo
Authors: Cépède Frédéric
Published: July 2010

"The fist and the rose", the saga of a logo, Frédéric Cépède.

Invented in 1969, taken up in a big way by the Socialist party born at the Epinay Convention in 1971, the emblem of the fist and the rose became the symbol of the history of François Mitterrand's new party. It represented the logo of the PS's electoral victories until 1981. Its phasing out and recent virtual disappearance illustrate the identity crisis that has marked the history of the Socialist party.