bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetic and electrical properties of ferromagnetic nanocomposites based on Co nanoparticles in Al2O3 matrix
Authors: Radchenko M. V. , Lashkarev G. V. , Bugaiova M. E. , Sichkovskyi V. I. , Lazorenko V. I. , Stelmakh Y. A. , Krushynskaya L. A. , Knoff W. , Story T. , Kolesnik S. P. , Danylenko N. I.
Published: May 2011

Magnetic, structural, and electrical properties are reported for ferromagnetic nanocomposites (FMNC) consisting of nanometer size Co ferromagnetic nanoparticles (NP) embedded in Al2O3 dielectric matrix. Cox(Al2O3)100−x FMNC with x = 7.8, 28.2, and 42.2 at.% were obtained in the form of (1–5) µm thick films by modified electron beam physical vapor deposition of Al2O3 and Co vapors condensing on policor substrate at temperatures 100–400 °C. Magnetic properties of these FMNC studied by SQUID magnetometry and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) methods revealed paramagnetic properties for layers with x = 7.8 at.%, superparamagnetic behavior for x = 28.2 at.%, and ferromagnetic state for the highest Co concentration studied x = 42.2 at.%. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity in FMNC with low Co content was found to follow the Mott law for variable range hopping mechanism. Magnetic field dependence of resistivity revealed a negative magnetoresistance effect. These results confirm the effectiveness of the applied technology for the preparation of Cox(Al2O3)100−x FMNC.
The Peierls stress in a simple cubic lattice
Authors: Schoeck Gunther
Published: May 2011

Dislocations aligned along close‐packed directions in a crystal lattice experience when moving periodic variations of their energy with the period of the lattice cell. This can be described in the framework of the Peierls model when the generalized stacking‐fault energy in the glide plane – the γ‐surface – has been derived. The maximum energy variation is called the Peierls energy EP. As consequence of these energy variations there exists also a finite stress – the Peierls stress σP – necessary to displace a straight dislocations over the distance of a lattice cell without the aid of thermal fluctuations. It is commonly assumed that these energy variations result from changes in the atomic misfit energy EA in the glide plane and as consequence σP is defined by the maximum gradient of EA. This assumption is inconsistent, however. When the dislocation moves in isothermal thermodynamic equilibrium the width w of the dislocation changes during displacement. An increase in misfit energy EA by an increase in width w is overcompensated by a corresponding decrease in elastic energy Eel. As result the variation in total energy – the Peierls energy – will be smaller as compared to the situation where no structural relaxation occurs during the movement.
Investigation on transition States of [Alanine + M2+] (M = Ca, Cu, and Zn) complexes: A quantum chemical study
Authors: Vyas Nidhi , Ojha Animesh K.
Published: May 2011

The ground state geometries of [Alanine (Ala) + M2+] [M = Ca, Cu, and Zn) complexes were calculated in gas phase at B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory. Transition states (TSs) between different stable conformers of [Ala + M2+] complexes were also calculated. Among the different [Ala + M2+] complexes, the complex where metal cations coordinated to carboxylate group (COO−) is found to be energetically most favorable. To calculate TSs, the ground state structures of any two conformers of [Ala + M2+] complexes were used. The ground state energies of two stable conformers and their TS structures were used to calculate the activation energy. The reactivity of different conformers of [Ala + M2+] complexes have been discussed in terms of energy difference between their highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Quantum theoretical study of mechanism of the reaction between guanine radical cation and carbonate radical anion: Formation of 8‐oxoguanine
Authors: Yadav Amarjeet , Mishra P. C.
Published: May 2011

The reaction between guanine radical cation (G+·) and carbonate radical anion (CO3−·) producing the mutagenic product 8‐oxoguanine that has been observed experimentally was investigated using density functional and second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation (MP2) theories. The structures of reactant, intermediate, and product complexes as well as those of the transition states were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G**, B3LYP/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ, and BHandHLYP/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ levels of density functional theory in gas phase. Single point energy calculations were performed at the MP2/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ level using the BHandHLYP/AUG‐cc‐pVDZ level gas‐phase optimized geometries. To obtain the equivalent solvent that would approximately represent the complex medium used in the experimental study, bulk solvent effect on the stability of the reactant complex was studied by single point energy calculations in various solvent media (toluene, chlorobenzene, dichloroethane, acetone dimethylsulfoxide, and water) using the polarizable continuum model. Thus, chlorobenzene was found to represent the experimental medium fairly closely. The calculated Gibbs free barrier and released energies show that the reaction under consideration would occur efficiently. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Rethinking herpes simplex virus: the way to oncolytic agents
Authors: Campadelli‐Fiume Gabriella , De Giovanni Carla , Gatta Valentina , Nanni Patrizia , Lollini Pier‐Luigi , Menotti Laura
Published: May 2011

Oncolytic viruses infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. HSV has emerged as a most promising candidate because it exerts a generally moderate pathogenicity in humans; it is amenable to attenuation and tropism retargeting; the ample genome provides space for heterologous genes; specific antiviral therapy is available in a worst case scenario. The first strategy to convert HSV into an oncolytic agent consisted in deletion of the γ134.5 gene which counteracts the protein kinase R (PKR) response, and of the UL39 gene which encodes the large ribonucleotide reductase subunit. Tumor specificity resided in low PKR activity, and high deoxyribonucleotides content of cancer cells. These highly attenuated viruses have been and presently are in clinical trials with encouraging results. The preferred route of administration has been intratumor or in tissues adjacent to resected tumors. Although the general population has a high seroprevalence of antibodies to HSV, studies in animals and humans demonstrate that prior immunity is not an obstacle to systemic routes of administration, and that oncolytic HSV (o‐HSVs) do populate tumors. As the attenuated viruses undergo clinical experimentation, the research pipeline is developing novel, more potent and highly tumor‐specific o‐HSVs. These include viruses which overcome tumor heterogeneity in PKR level by insertion of anti‐PKR genes, viruses which reinforce the host tumor clearance capacity by encoding immune cytokines (IL‐12 or granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor), and non‐attenuated viruses fully retargeted to tumor specific receptors. A strategy to generate o‐HSVs fully retargeted to human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER‐2) or other cancer‐specific surface receptors is detailed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid quantitative analysis of fayalite and silica formed during decarburization of electrical steel
Authors: Jung Sehoon , Park Jongho , Han Minsoo , Kim Seung Bin
Published: May 2011

Subscales on surfaces are affected by the temperature and oxidation potential during decarburization annealing of electrical steel containing 3 wt% silicon. Knowledge of the structural and chemical properties of the surface oxide layer subscales permits the control of high‐temperature oxidation processes in the electrical steel. In the present work, the oxide layers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, and glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD‐OES). The main oxide compounds formed within the subscales during decarburization annealing of the electrical steel were fayalite (Fe2SiO4) and silica (SiO2). The fayalite and silica contents were quantitatively determined by wet analysis via the galvanostatic electrolysis method, and these oxide content measurements were compared with the fayalite content determined by FTIR spectrometry and the silica determined by GD‐OES. The results determined by rapid methods and wet analysis showed good agreement. The present findings show that FTIR spectrometry and GD‐OES measurements may be used for the rapid quantitative analysis of fayalite and silica in surface oxide layers during the manufacture of electrical steel. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards an architecture for deploying elastic services in the cloud
Authors: Kirschnick Johannes , Alcaraz Calero Jose M. , Goldsack Patrick , Farrell Andrew , Guijarro Julio , Loughran Steve , Edwards Nigel , Wilcock Lawrence
Published: May 2011

Cloud computing infrastructure services enable the flexible creation of virtual infrastructures on‐demand. However, the creation of infrastructures is only a part of the process for provisioning services. Other steps such as installation, deployment, configuration, monitoring and management of software components are needed to fully provide services to end‐users in the cloud. This paper describes a peer‐to‐peer architecture to automatically deploy services on cloud infrastructures. The architecture uses a component repository to manage the deployment of these software components, enabling elasticity by using the underlying cloud infrastructure provider. The life cycle of these components is described in this paper, as well as the language for defining them. We also describe the open‐source proof‐of‐concept implementation. Some technical information about this implementation together with some statistical results are also provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replay debugging of non‐deterministic executions in the Kernel‐based Virtual Machine
Authors: Kiefer Kurt E. , Moser Louise E.
Published: May 2011

Logging and replay provide numerous benefits for debugging today's increasingly distributed and parallel applications, as well as for debugging within cloud computing environments. Tracking down faults, particularly in applications that involve non‐deterministic executions, becomes much easier if such a technique is used. This article presents a system that leverages the functionality of modern x86 hardware extensions present in Intel and AMD processors to implement logging and replay of the Kernel‐based Virtual Machine (KVM). With our KVM‐based logging and replay system, virtual machines can be logged at will. The system can record the behavior of the operating system, the applications, the network traffic, and the user input. At a later time, and even on another machine, the problematic execution can be replayed and analyzed. The implementation incurs a minimal amount of processing and memory overhead, and thus, its effects are largely imperceptible to users of the system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Diversified Ultra‐Fine Microstructures in Q345 Steel with Improved Properties
Authors: Yao Shengjie , Du Linxiu , Wang Guodong
Published: May 2011

A typical C‐Mn steel (Q345) with warm‐rolled ferrite/pearlite was used for subsequent simple process resulting in ultrafine ferrite grains in size of ∼1µm. No remarkable strain hardening was detected and grain boundary motion was also recognized as an important accompanying deformation mechanisms at the beginning of yielding. However, strain‐hardening capability of this C‐Mn steel could be improved by changing the ultrafine ferrite/pearlite into acicular ferrite with increment of strength.
Organic superconductors
Authors: Saito Gunzi , Yoshida Yukihiro
Published: May 2011

The present status of organic superconductors of charge‐transfer (CT) type based on donor molecules is reviewed. Along with the superconducting phases of such materials and also of oxide superconductors, reside spin‐ordered phases such as spin‐density wave (SDW) and antiferromagnetic (AF) phases. We briefly describe the recent development of superconductors having a superconducting phase next to a spin‐disorder state (quantum spin liquid state). In addition to the CT type superconductors, there are a few single‐component superconductors under high pressure. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000039
Using nacelle‐based wind speed observations to improve power curve modeling for wind power forecasting
Authors: Cutler Nicholas J. , Outhred Hugh R. , MacGill Iain F.
Published: May 2011

Wind power forecasting for projection times of 0–48 h can have a particular value in facilitating the integration of wind power into power systems. Accurate observations of the wind speed received by wind turbines are important inputs for some of the most useful methods for making such forecasts. In particular, they are used to derive power curves relating wind speeds to wind power production. By using power curve modeling, this paper compares two types of wind speed observations typically available at wind farms: the wind speed and wind direction measurements at the nacelles of the wind turbines and those at one or more on‐site meteorological masts (met masts). For the three Australian wind farms studied in this project, the results favor the nacelle‐based observations despite the inherent interference from the nacelle and the blades and despite calibration corrections to the met mast observations. This trend was found to be stronger for wind farm sites with more complex terrain. In addition, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) system was used to show that, for the wind farms studied, smaller single time‐series forecast errors can be achieved with the average wind speed from the nacelle‐based observations. This suggests that the nacelle‐average observations are more representative of the wind behavior predicted by an NWP system than the met mast observations. Also, when using an NWP system to predict wind farm power production, it suggests the use of a wind farm power curve based on nacelle‐average observations instead of met mast observations. Further, it suggests that historical and real‐time nacelle‐average observations should be calculated for large wind farms and used in wind power forecasting. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triacylglycerols and Phospholipids Composition of Caper Seeds (Capparis spinosa)
Authors: Tlili Nizar , Trabelsi Hajer , Renaud Justin , Khaldi Abdelhamid , Mayer Paul M. , Triki Saîda
Published: May 2011

The goal of this study is to evaluate for the first time the composition of triacylglycerols (TAG) using ESI‐TOF‐MS and phospholipids species using HPLC–ESI‐TOF‐MS of two Capparis spinosa seed oil populations. Results show that LOO, LOP, LLO, OOO, PLL and POO were the major molecular species of triacylglycerol detected in caper seeds; where L represents linoleic acid; O, oleic acid; and P, palmitic acid. The TAG composition was significantly different among the two C. spinosa populations. In Ghar el Melh population, LOO (15.7%) was detected as the dominant TAG molecular species, followed by LOP (13.2%), LLO (12.0%) and OOO (11.4%); while, the dominant fraction was LLO (14.2%) followed by LOO (14.1%), LOP (11.5%) and PLL (10.5%) in Chouigui samples. The major component in the phospholipids fraction was phosphatidylinositol (ca. 54–91%), followed by phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid. A variety of molecular species within each class were identified. The major component in all phospholipids species contains a C‐18:1 lipid chain. C16:0/C18:2‐PI (ca. 28–31%) was the most abundant PI. PG species were mainly C18:2/C18:1‐PG (25–32%). The major PE was C18:1/C18:1‐PE (44–75%). The major PA species was C18:1/C18:1‐PA (22–24%).
Assessment and management of the orthopedic and other complications of Proteus syndrome
Authors: Tosi Laura L. , Sapp Julie C. , Allen Elizabeth S. , O'Keefe Regis J. , Biesecker Leslie G.
Published: May 2011

Purpose

A multidisciplinary workshop was convened at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to discuss the management of the orthopedic and other complications of Proteus syndrome (PS), a progressive, disproportionate overgrowth disorder. While PS poses many complex challenges, the focus of the workshop was the management of the asymmetric and disorganized skeletal overgrowth that characterizes this multisystem disorder.

Methods

Workshop participants developed recommendations for clinical research and patient management and surveillance to maximize the benefits and reduce the risks of surgical and other interventions.

Results

Recommendations for clinical care and management included assessments of skeletal overgrowth and its progression with modalities such as X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and computerized tomography (CT) imaging. The recommendations also cover the assessment of non-orthopedic complications of PS that significantly impact surgical risk, such as pulmonary embolism and lung bullae. Surgical considerations in PS include assessment of the contribution of contractures to deformities and prophylactic soft-tissue release, aggressive and early use of epiphysiodesis and epiphysiostasis, amputation, and spinal bracing.

Conclusion

Decisions on the timing of orthopedic procedures in children with PS are challenging because they entail balancing the risks of intervention in this high-risk and complex population against the increasing morbidity that patients experience with progressive bony overgrowth. If surgery is delayed too long, the condition may become inoperable. We hope that these recommendations will help clinicians gather appropriate data and assist their patients in making timely treatment decisions.
Long‐lasting effects of perinatal asphyxia on exploration, memory and incentive downshift
Authors: Galeano Pablo , Calvo Eduardo Blanco , de Oliveira Diêgo Madureira , Cuenya Lucas , Kamenetzky Giselle Vanesa , Mustaca Alba Elisabeth , Barreto George Emilio , Giraldez‐Alvarez Lisandro Diego , Milei José , Capani Francisco
Published: May 2011

Perinatal asphyxia remains as one of the most important causes of death and disability in children, without an effective treatment. Moreover, little is known about the long‐lasting behavioral consequences of asphyxia at birth. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the motor, emotional and cognitive functions of adult asphyctic rats. Experimental subjects consisted of rats born vaginally (CTL), by cesarean section (C+), or by cesarean section following 19 min of asphyxia (PA). At three months of age, animals were examined in a behavioral test battery including elevated plus maze, open field, Morris water maze, and an incentive downshift procedure. Results indicated that groups did not differ in anxiety‐related behaviors, although a large variability was observed in the asphyctic group and therefore, the results are not completely conclusive. In addition, PA and C+ rats showed a deficit in exploration of new environments, but to a much lesser extent in the latter group. Spatial reference and working memory impairments were also found in PA rats. Finally, when animals were downshifted from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution, an attenuated suppression of consummatory behavior was observed in PA rats. These results confirmed and extended those reported previously about the behavioral alterations associated with acute asphyxia around birth.
Judicial Review as a Response to Political Posturing
Authors: FOX JUSTIN , STEPHENSON MATTHEW C.
Published: May 2011

We use an agency model to analyze the impact of judicial review on the incentives of elected leaders to “posture” by enacting bold but ill-advised policies. We find that judicial review may exacerbate posturing by rescuing leaders from the consequences of unwise policies, but may also discourage posturing by alerting voters to unjustified government action. We further find that judges will defer to the decision of elected leaders unless posturing is sufficiently likely. We then show how judicial review affects voter welfare, both through its effect on policy choice and through its effect on the efficacy of the electoral process in selecting leaders. We also analyze how the desirability of judicial review is affected by characteristics of the leaders and the judges.
Effect and interaction between wheat bran and zinc oxide on productive performance and intestinal health in post-weaning piglets
Authors: Molist Francesc , Hermes Rafael Gustavo , de Segura Arantza Gómez , Martín-Orúe Susana María , Gasa Josep , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia , Pérez José Francisco
Published: May 2011

The inclusion of fibre has been studied as an alternative to antimicrobials in weaning pig diets, while ZnO is used as an effective method to prevent post-weaning diarrhoea. However, it has not been investigated to what extent these two strategies interact with each other. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of including wheat bran (WB) and ZnO alone or combined in the diet of early-weaning pigs on productive performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract (trial 1). A total of sixty-four piglets were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of two levels of WB (0v. 40 g/kg) and ZnO (0v. 3 g/kg) in the diet. The inclusion of ZnO in the diet improved the feed intake and growth of the animals and reduced the incidence of diarrhoea. The inclusion of WB increased SCFA concentrations and decreasedEscherichia colicounts. However, simultaneous incorporation of WB and ZnO increasedE. colicounts. Twoin vitrotrials were also designed to clarify hypotheses derived from thein vivotest: (1) the ability of WB and other fibre sources to bindE. coli in vitro(trial 2) and (2) thein vitrointeractions between WB and ZnO with respect toE. coligrowth (trial 3). We can conclude that incorporation of WB in the diet improved gut health by modulating the activity and composition of the microbial population. The negative interaction between WB and ZnO raises the interest of considering the inclusion of phytase enzymes to reduce the therapeutic levels of ZnO in post-weaning diets.
Intakes and breast-milk concentrations of essential fatty acids are low among Bangladeshi women with 24–48-month-old children
Authors: Yakes Elizabeth A. , Arsenault Joanne E. , Munirul Islam M. , Hossain Mohammad B. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Bruce German J. , Gillies Laura A. , Shafiqur Rahman Ahmed , Drake Christiana , Jamil Kazi M. , Lewis Bess L. , Brown Kenneth H.
Published: May 2011

Maternal fat intake and adipose reserves are major sources of PUFA during lactation. The present study examined the cross-sectional relationship between prolonged breast-feeding and maternal BMI, assessed adequacy of fat intake among lactating and non-lactating mothers of children 24–48 months of age and determined breast-milk fatty acid composition. Multi-stage sampling was used to select a representative sample of mothers from two rural districts in Bangladesh (n474). Dietary data were collected during two non-consecutive 24 h periods via 12 h in-home daytime observations and recall. The National Cancer Institute method for episodically consumed foods was used to estimate usual intake distributions. Breast milk samples were collected from ninety-eight women, and breast-milk fatty acid methyl esters were quantified using GC. Approximately 42 % of lactatingv.26 % of non-lactating mothers were underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2;P = 0·0003). The maternal diet was low in total fat (approximately 8 % of mean total energy) and food sources of PUFA, including oil and animal source foods, resulting in a low estimated mean total consumption of PUFA (5·1 g/d). Almost all women were estimated to consume less than the recommended intake levels for total fat, total PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA. Median breast-milk linoleic acid (8·5 % weight) and ALA (0·2 %) concentrations were among the lowest reported in the literature, in contrast with arachidonic acid (0·5 %) and DHA (0·3 %) concentrations, which were mid-range. Bangladeshi women in general, and especially those who practise prolonged breast-feeding, may benefit from increased consumption of food sources of PUFA.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAOL.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. , LOCKWOOD G.
Published: May 2011

The results of research into the water relations of cocoa are reviewed in the context of drought mitigation and irrigation need. Background information on the centres of production of the cocoa tree, and the role of water in crop development and growth processes, is followed by reviews of the effects of water stress on stomatal conductance, leaf water status and gas exchange, together with drought tolerance, crop water use and water productivity. Leaf and shoot growth occur in a series of flushes, which are synchronized by the start of the rains following a dry season (or an increase in temperature), alternating with periods of ‘dormancy’. Flowering is inhibited by water stress but synchronous flowering occurs soon after the dry season ends. Roots too grow in a rhythmic pattern similar to that of leaf flushes. Roots can reach depths of 1.5–2.0 m, but with a mass of roots in the top 0.2–0.4 m, and spread laterally >5 m from the stem. Stomata open in low light intensities and remain fully open in full sunlight in well-watered plants. Partial stomatal closure begins at a leaf water potential of about −1.5 MPa. Stomatal conductance is sensitive to dry air, declining as the saturation deficit increases from about 1.0 up to 3.5 kPa. Net photosynthesis and transpiration both consequently decline over a similar range of values. Little has been published on the actual water use of cocoa in the field. Measured ETc values equate to <2 mm d−1only, whereas computed ETc rates of 3–6 mm d−1in the rains and <2 mm d−1in the dry season have also been reported. Despite its sensitivity to water stress, there is too a paucity of reliable, field-based published data of practical value on the yield responses of cocoa to drought or to irrigation. With the threat of climate change leading to less, or more erratic, rainfall in the tropics, uncertainty in yield forecasting as a result of water stress will increase. Social, technical and economic issues influencing the research agenda are discussed.
Demographic Trends, the Dividend-Price Ratio, and the Predictability of Long-Run Stock Market Returns
Authors: Favero Carlo A. , Gozluklu Arie E. , Tamoni Andrea
Published: May 2011

This paper documents the existence of a slowly evolving trend in the log dividend-price ratio, DPt, determined by a demographic variable, MYt: the middle-aged to young ratio. Deviations of DPtfrom this long-run component explain transitory but persistent fluctuations in stock market returns. The relation between MYtand DPtis a prediction of an overlapping generation model. The joint significance of MY and DPtin long-horizon forecasting regressions for market returns explains the mixed evidence on the ability of DPtto predict stock returns and provide a model-based interpretation of statistical corrections for breaks in the mean of this financial ratio.
Creditor Coordination, Liquidation Timing, and Debt Valuation
Authors: Bruche Max
Published: May 2011

This paper derives closed-form solutions for values of debt and equity in a continuous-time structural model in which the demands of creditors to be repaid cause a firm to be put into bankruptcy. This allows discussion of the effect of creditor coordination in recovering money on the values of debt, equity, and the firm, as well as on optimal capital structure. The effects of features of bankruptcy codes that prevent coordination failures between creditors, such as automatic stays and preference law, are also considered. The model suggests that such features, while preventing coordination failures, can decrease welfare.
Giving voice to the ‘dignified man’: reflections on global popular music
Authors: Simonett Helena
Published: May 2011

As music increasingly links the global and the local and vice versa, fusions of diverse musical genres and styles burgeon. Globalisation theory (specifically Appadurai) has spurred explorations of musical hybridity and cross-fertilisation among scholars from different academic fields focusing on music. In this essay, I argue for the necessity of understanding global cultural interactions and musical appropriations or exchanges in the context of the ambivalences of the globalised mass diffusion and the power asymmetries involved. The purpose of this paper is to contextualise contemporary theoretical considerations by describing the Yoremensamble project – a government-sponsored cultural project in which a group of urban mestizo musicians from northwestern Mexico appropriated local indigenous musical expressions to produce an album titled ‘Hombre digno’ (‘Dignified man’). The album is just one of many projects around the globe in which artists self-consciously re-localize global popular music styles. The resulting sonic fusions point to the need for a critical cultural analysis of such translocal and global phenomena which is rooted in ethnography.
Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under International Law?
Authors: AMBOS KAI
Published: May 2011

On 21 January 2011, the pre-trial judge of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (hereinafter ‘STL’) posed several questions to the Appeals Chamber (‘Chamber’)1 pursuant to Rule 68(G) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.2 Three of these questions dealt with the crime of terrorism.3 (i) Should the Tribunal take into account international notions on terrorism even though Article 2 of the Statute only refers to the Lebanese Criminal Code (‘LCC’)? (ii) If so, is there an international definition of ‘terrorism’ and how should it be applied? (iii) If not, how is the Lebanese definition of ‘terrorism’ to be interpreted by the Chamber? Both the prosecution and defence submitted extensive briefs dealing, inter alia, with these questions.4 Additionally, two amicus curiae briefs were submitted.5 On 16 February 2011, the Chamber issued its (interlocutory) decision pursuant to Rule 176 bis (A).6 The Chamber argues, in a nutshell, that terrorism has become a crime under international law and that the respective international definition influences the (applicable) Lebanese law. In the first part of this paper, I will argue that the Chamber's considerations, albeit innovative and creative, are essentially obiter, since the applicable terrorism definition can be found, without further ado, in the Lebanese law. There is no need to internationalize or reinterpret this law; it should be applied before the STL as understood in Lebanese practice. As to the Chamber's affirmation that there is a crime of terrorism under international law, I will argue, in the second part of the paper, that the available sources indicate, at best, that terrorism is a particularly serious transnational, treaty-based crime that comes close to a ‘true’ international crime but has not yet reached this status. Notwithstanding, the general elements of this crime can be inferred from the relevant sources of international law.
Two-level nominal sets and semantic nominal terms: an extension of nominal set theory for handling meta-variables
Authors: GABBAY MURDOCH J.
Published: May 2011

Nominal sets are a sets-based first-order denotation for variables in logic and programming. In this paper we extend nominal sets to two-level nominal sets. These preserve much of the behaviour of nominal sets, including notions of variable and abstraction, but they include a denotation for both variables and meta-variables. Meta-variables are interpreted as infinite lists of distinct variable symbols. We use two-level sets to define, amongst other things, a denotation for meta-variable abstraction, and nominal style datatypes of syntax-with-binding with meta-variables. We discuss the connections between this and nominal terms and prove a soundness result.
Portable Apparatus for In Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Analyses of Artworks
Authors: Eveno Myriam , Moignard Brice , Castaing Jacques
Published: May 2011

A portable X-ray fluorescence/X-ray diffraction (XRF/XRD) system for artwork studies has been designed constructed and tested. It is based on Debye Scherrer XRD in reflection that takes advantage of many recent improvements in the handling of X-rays (polycapillary optics; advanced two-dimensional detection). The apparatus is based on a copper anode air cooled X-ray source, and the XRD analysis is performed on a 5–20 μm thick layer from the object surface. Energy dispersive XRF elemental analysis can be performed at the same point as XRD, giving elemental compositions that support the interpretation of XRD diagrams. XRF and XRD analyses were tested to explore the quality and the limits of the analytical technique. The XRD diagrams are comparable in quality with diagrams obtained with conventional laboratory equipment. The mineral identification of materials in artwork is routinely performed with the portable XRF-XRD system. Examples are given for ceramic glazes containing crystals and for paintings where the determination of pigments is still a challenge for nondestructive analysis. For instance, lead compounds that provide a variety of color pigments can be easily identified as well as a pigment such as lapis lazuli that is difficult to identify by XRF alone. More than 70 works of art have been studied in situ in museums, monuments, etc. In addition to ceramics and paintings, these works include bronzes, manuscripts, etc., which permit improvement in the comprehension of ancient artistic techniques.
Carbon Diffusion from Methane into Walls of Carbon Nanotube through Structurally and Compositionally Modified Iron Catalyst
Authors: Behr Michael J. , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Aydil Eray S.
Published: May 2011

To understand diffusion processes occurring inside Fe catalysts during multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth, catalysts were studied using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Nanotube walls emanate from structurally modified and chemically complex catalysts that consist of cementite and a 5 nm amorphous FeOx cap separated by a 2–3 nm thick carbon-rich region that also contains Fe and O (a-C:FexOy). Nonuniform distribution of carbon atoms throughout the catalyst base reveals that carbon molecules from the gas phase decompose near the catalyst multisection junction, where the MWCNT walls terminate. Formation of the a-C:FexOy region provides the essential carbon source for MWCNT growth. Two different carbon diffusion mechanisms are responsible for the growth of the inner and outer walls of each MWCNT.
Epidemiology of tinnitus: (1) Prevalence
Authors: Coles R. R. A.
Published: May 2011

To allocate sufficient resources to clinical services or to research and development in the most effective way possible, statistics are needed on the prevalence of the condition in question for various degrees of severity. For the United Kingdom, such data for tinnitus have become available from two recent large-scale studies. The first is the National Study of Hearing (NSH) which is being conducted by the Medical Research Council's Institute of Hearing Research from its headquarters in Nottingham and its clinical outstations in Cardiff, Glasgow, Nottingham and Southampton. It started in 1978 and is now entering its third phase. The second study is the General Household Survey carried out in 1981 by the UK Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS). The rationale and methodology of the NSH and the prevalence data obtained up to the present, together with those from the OPCS survey, will be given in this paper; the demographic data and the clinical aspects of the study will be presented in the accompanying paper (IHR, 1984).
Characteristics of tinnitus and related observations in over 1800 tinnitus clinic patients
Authors: Meikle Mary , Taylor-Walsh E.
Published: May 2011

This report has provided a brief survey of the Tinnitus Clinic population as it appeared near the end of 1981, when 1806 patients had been seen. That number is probably sufficient to provide satisfactory statistical reliability for the observations cited here. It should be mentioned that the Tinnitus Clinic has continued to accumulate cases, at the approximate rate of 30 per month, and at this writing the total number of patients seen to date is over 2300.

The data obtained from the first 1806 patients were collected under conditions that were not as homogeneous as those prevailing now, in that standardized testing equipment was not available until January 1979, and testing techniques were continuing to be revised even after that time. In addition a major revision of the patient questionnaires was undertaken late in 1981, with the result that much more detailed information is being obtained than was formerly possible using the old questionnaire format. Thus, we can anticipate that the next such survey of the Tinnitus Clinic population will offer considerably expanded and more detailed types of observations than those presented here.
Loudness intensity and tinnitus frequency
Authors: Douek E.
Published: May 2011

What I have to say follows on very naturally from what Dr. Johnson has just said. I ought to explain that in the United Kingdom we work in somewhat different situations from yours in the United States, from the administrative point of view, but most particularly from the financial funding point of view. Under the National Health Service we are not paid per item of service; we get a lump sum on which we have to run our departments. If we see two patients or if we see a million patients it makes no difference. In many ways, if we see few patients we can give them a better service than if we see many. I realise that this is a concept which is perhaps new to those of you in the United States, that your income in fact comes from numbers of patients.
Juergen Tonndorf
Authors: Naunton R. F.
Published: May 2011

It is extraordinarily appropriate that the organizers of the Second International Tinnitus Seminar should choose this occasion to honor Dr. Juergen Tonndorf. The printed summary of the Seminar objectives reminds us that tinnitus is a matter of concern to a remarkable spectrum of disciplines including audiology, neuropsychology, otology and psychoacoustics; and I know of no one person more thoroughly informed in each of those areas than our guest of honor, Juergen Tonndorf, M.D., Ph.D.
Spontaneous cochlear acoustic emissions and tinnitus. Clinical experience in the tinnitus patient
Authors: Hazell J. W. P.
Published: May 2011

The discovery of the presence of spontaneous mechanical activity within the cochlea has lead to speculation that this may be responsible for some forms of cochlear tinnitus. However, attempts in the present study, and also in other studies from the literature, to show a relationship between the measured spontaneous acoustical emissions in the external meatus and the subjective pitch matching of tonal tinnitus have not been very successful. In only two tinnitus patients out of 53 could an acoustic emission be detected which appeared to correlate with the subjective complaint.

A simple apparatus for the detection of acoustical emissions is described and the possible mechanisms for the generation of cochlear tinnitus are discussed.
Electrical stimulation of the inner ear—auditory; tinnitus suppression results and speech discrimination
Authors: Douek E.
Published: May 2011

The experience that I am going to describe now is inspired initially by observation of one patient who was being stimulated electrically in order to induce hearing. This was some years ago. Our attention to this problem was raised by chance when we asked him, in the simple original threshold tests that we were carrying out at the time, to raise his arm whenever he heard the sound. We were stimulating him and he kept raising his arm in fact whenever we were switching off. This was very irritating. We kept turning to our engineers and said ‘I am sure you must have switched it round’ and the apparatus was examined many times. It was only at the end of this that we realised that in fact what was happening was that we were suppressing his tinnitus in an acute manner.
Forceful eyelid closure syndrome
Authors: Rock Erwin H.
Published: May 2011

“I am just as deaf as I am blind,” wrote Helen Keller. “The problems of deafness are deeper and more complex, if not more important, than those of blindness. Deafness is a much worse misfortune. For it means the loss of the most vital stimulus—the sound of the voice that brings language, sets thoughts astir, and keeps us in the intellectual company of man.”
Epidemiology of tinnitus: (2) Demographic and clinical features
Authors: Coles R. R. A.
Published: May 2011

The rationale and general plan of the National Study of Hearing (NSH) as well as some overall tinnitus prevalence data are outlined in the accompanying paper (IHR,1984) and in previous work (IHR, 1981a, b).
Autoimmune inner ear disease: A treatment update
Authors: Yoo T. J. , Shea J. J. , Lee J. Per , Shulman A. , Yazawa Y. , Floyd R. , Kuo C. Y. , McCabe B. , Gardner G.
Published: May 2011

McCabe (1979) described 18 cases of sensorineural deafness having clinical and laboratory features suggestive of an auto-immune etiology. This condition was characterized by a prolonged period of pro-gressive deafness over weeks or months, rather than hours, days or years. It is usually bilateral, asymmetrical and the cochlear is always involved. Other features of this disorder are facial paralysis and vestibular dysfunction. Tissue destruction of the tympanic membrane and middle ear and mastoid may also occur. These responded well to a high dose of steroid therapy and cyclophosphamide. A total of 42 cases of this disorder were diagnosed in McCabe's series as of January, 1982 (McCabe and Harker, 1982). Two-thirds of the patients had vestibular symptoms of low grade without spells and the reduction in caloric responses paralleled the hearing loss.
Tinnitus in children
Authors: Graham John , Butler Jane
Published: May 2011

At the first International Tinnitus Seminar in New York and at the CIBA Foundation Symposium on Tinnitus in London (Graham, 1979, 1981) I reported the results of surveys carried out on children of secondary school age with sensorineural deafness who were attending partial hearing units or schools for the deaf in the Inner London Area. I shall summarize the findings of these surveys, describe the protocol that we use for examining and investigating children with tinnitus, describe some characteristic findings in children we have investigated and suggest some practical steps that can be taken to help children whose tinnitus is troublesome or annoying
Medical treatment of tinnitus
Authors: Emmett John R. , Shea John J.
Published: May 2011

One of the most frustrating clinical problems for both otolaryngologist and patient is having to deal with the symptom of tinnitus. From the patient's point of view, frustration stems from the fact that this often unrelenting symptom can lead to a total disruption of a productive lifestyle, and in a number of instances, proves to be a tragically fatal symptom as the patients turn to suicide as a final solution. The otolaryngologist has been frustrated because until recently he has had little more than sympathy to offer the patient. This has led to a helpless feeling between both parties.
Benzodiazepines in the treatment of tinnitus
Authors: Lechtenberg Richard , Shulman Abraham
Published: May 2011

A randomized controlled study using benzodiazepines to treat patients with chronic subjective tinnitus was performed to determine if these drugs could suppress intractable tinnitus. Trials with the antihistames meclizine, chlorpheniramine, and dexchlorpheniramine were used as the controls in the evaluation of diazepam, flurazepam, carbamazepine, oxazepam, and clonazepam. Of all the benzodiazepines studied, only oxazepam and clonazepam were significantly more effective than antihistamines in suppressing chronic tinnitus, but these two drugs alleviated the symptom in 52 per cent and 69 per cent of the individuals treated respectively. Oxazepam 30 milligrams daily or clonazepam 0.5 milligrams three times daily provides substantial control of chronic tinnitus.
Tinnitus in Menière's disease: response to titration Streptomycin therapy
Authors: Graham Malcolm D. , Sataloff Robert T. , Kemink John L.
Published: May 2011

Eight patients with bilateral Menière's disease are reported in whom intramuscular Streptomycin Sulfate (ISS) dosage was titrated in an attempt to alleviate disabling vertigo and hearing loss.

It appears possible to eliminate the vertiginous episodes, preserve or improve hearing, avoid ataxia and oscillopsia, and lessen tinnitus in most of these individuals.

At the present time, we consider this treatment regimen our first choice of therapy in people with bilateral active Menière's disease or in patients whose only hearing ear is actively fluctuating and in whom associated disabling vertigo is present.
The Attitudes of Preclinical and Clinical Turkish Medical Students Toward Suicide Attempters
Authors: Emul Murat , Uzunoglu Zeynep , Sevinç Hacer , Güzel Çidem , Yılmaz Çala , Erkut Dervi , Arıkan Kemal
Published: May 2011

Background: Interest in studies of stigma toward patients with mental disorders is growing. Research on the attitudes of medical students toward suicide attempters does not exist; although as medical personnel, they will encounter suicide attempters in emergency rooms. Aims: We aimed to investigate the attitudes of preclinical and clinical medical students toward suicide attempters and to compare their attitudes with nonmedical students. Methods: Participants were asked to fill out questionnaires those were searching the attitudes toward suicide attempters. These questionnaires used a social distance scale, skillfulness assessment scale, and dangerousness scale. Results: More than 73% of students had a negative attitude toward “renting a room of their home to a suicide attempter.” More than 90% would not want “a suicide attempter to supervise their children for few hours.” Significantly more preclinical than clinical students would not want their children to marry a suicide attempter. Conclusions: Social distance, skillfulness, and attitudes concerning the dangerousness of suicide attempters are problematic for medical students and need educational intervention.
Birthday Blues
Authors: Williams Alyson , While David , Windfuhr Kirsten , Bickley Harriet , Hunt Isabelle M. , Shaw Jenny , Appleby Louis , Kapur Navneet
Published: May 2011

Background: Socioculturally meaningful events have been shown to influence the timing of suicide, but the influence of psychiatric disorder on these associations has seldom been studied. Aims: To investigate the association between birthday and increased risk of suicide in the general population and in a national sample of psychiatric patients. Methods: Data on general population suicides and suicide by individuals in recent care of mental health services were examined for day of death in relation to one’s birthday using Poisson regression analysis. Results: An increased risk of suicide was observed on day of one’s birthday itself for males in both the general population (IRR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.18–1.64, p < .01) and the clinical population (IRR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.07–2.07, p = .03), especially for those aged 35 years and older. In the clinical population, risk was restricted to male patients aged 35–54 and risk extended to the 3 days prior to one’s birthday. Conclusions: Birthdays are periods of increased risk for men aged 35 and older in the general population and in those receiving mental health care. Raising health-care professionals’ awareness of patient groups at greater risk at this personally significant time may benefit care planning and could facilitate suicide prevention in these individuals.