bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chinese teenagers’ perceptions of vitality of Hokkien Chinese in Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Ting Su-Hie , Teng Jonathan Zie-Ming
Published: August 2021

The study assessed Chinese teenagers’ perceptions of vitality of Hokkien Chinese in Penang using the Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). The survey involved 156 students aged 13–19 (100 Hokkien; 56 non-Hokkien Chinese). The results showed that the vitality of Hokkien in Penang is at EGIDS Level 6b (Threatened). The identity function of Hokkien in Penang is that of a home language, and children are the youngest generation of Hokkien speakers. The stability of the diglossic situation between Hokkien and Mandarin has been disrupted due to Mandarin encroaching into oral domains of language use, particularly the friendship and education domains. Both Hokkien and non-Hokkien teenagers have positive attitudes towards Hokkien. Chinese educational background is the only social factor that makes a significant difference in Hokkien usage among the Chinese teenagers, while gender, socio-economic status and language attitudes have no significant effect on Hokkien usage. In view of this, institutional support for Mandarin is the most important structural factor that has a clear, but adverse, impact on Hokkien usage. Hokkien cannot compete with the functions of Mandarin as a marker of Chinese identity in Malaysia, a gateway to career and business opportunities, and a global language within the Chinese diaspora.
Behavioral alterations, brain oxidative stress, and elevated levels of corticosterone associated with a pressure injury model in male mice
Authors: Aquino Gabriel A. , Sousa Caren N. S. , Medeiros Ingridy S. , Almeida Jamily C. , Cysne Filho Francisco M. S. , Santos Júnior Manuel A. , Vasconcelos Silvânia M. M.
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Sustained stress can cause physiological disruption in crucial systems like the endocrine, autonomic, and central nervous system. In general, skin damages are physical stress present in hospitalized patients. Also, these pressure injuries lead to pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of mood disorders. Here, we aimed to investigate the behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and corticosterone levels in the brain areas of mice submitted to the model of pressure injury (PI).

Methods

The male mice behaviors were assessed in the open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPM), tail suspension test (TST), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Then, we isolated the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HP), and striatum (ST) by brain dissection. The nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the brain, and also the plasma corticosterone levels were verified.

Results

PI model decreased the locomotor activity of animals (p<0.05). Considering the EPM test, the PI group showed a decrease in the open arm activity (p<0.01), and an increase in the closed arm activity (p<0.05). PI group showed an increment in the immobility time (p<0.001), and reduced sucrose consumption (p<0.0001) compared to the control groups. Regarding the oxidative/nitrosative profile, all brain areas from the PI group exhibited a reduction in the NP-SH levels (p<0.0001–p<0.01), and an increase in the MDA level (p<0.001–p<0.01). Moreover, the PI male mice presented increased levels of plasma corticosterone (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the PI model induces depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. Furthermore, it induces pathophysiological mechanisms like the neurobiology of depression.
Modeling and comparative analysis of all-class converged-coexistence NG-PON2 network for 5G-IoT-FTTX-services and application
Authors: Pagare Rajendraprasad A. , Kumar Santosh , Mishra Abhilasha
Published: August 2021

We presented a concept of converged coexistence (CC) access network and generate, and test model is demonstrated for optimization of channel launch power PTODN in the distribution network which subsequently confirm power budget class of NG-PON2 in this paper. Multiplexing of wavelength and time (TWDM) technology is incorporated for multichannel NG-PON2 configurations for 5G, internet-of-things (IoT) applications, and fiber-to-the-x (FTTX) services. CC NG-PON2 symmetric configuration supporting 2.5 and 10 Gbps channels are analyzed and compared in the sight of channel nonlinear impairments includes Kerr-effect (γ) spanning from self phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (CPM), chromatic dispersion (CD), and four wave mixing (FWM) in worst-case scenario. Intensity modulation (IM) technique incorporated before multiplexing the D/S channels by coexisting element (CEx) and coupled to wavelength routed (WR) optical distribution network (ODN). U/S channels are routed using wavelength select (WS) ODN. ODN is implemented using G.652 non zero dispersion shift (NZ-DSF) single-mode (SM) fiber. Multi-channel spectrum envelope propagating in either direction is optimized to PTODN = 3/5/7/9 dBm and 4 dBm, respectively. The theoretical modeling and simulative results confirms the proposed network configuration supports incremental receiver sensitivity (Rxs) as −42.19/−42/−39.75/−37.97 dBm and −35.45/−35.38/−33.45/0.38/−42 dBm for λ1 2.5 Gbps and λ8 10 Gbps TWDM and PtP WDM channels, respectively, for all-class networks supporting splitter configuration ratio of 640 at 50 km mitigating effect of channel nonlinearities like CD, SPM, cross-phase modulation (XPM), and FWM for λ8 10 Gbps channel.
All-optical simultaneous XOR-AND operation using 1-D periodic nonlinear material
Authors: Chattopadhyay Tanay
Published: August 2021

In this paper, an all-optical XOR-AND gate operation has been proposed using one-dimensional periodic nonlinear material model. This structure consists of alternating layers of different nonlinear materials. In this design, we can obtain XOR and AND logical operation simultaneously at the reflected and transmitted port of the periodic structure. Numerical simulation has also been done using the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method. The response time of this switching operation is picoseconds (ps) range order. We find low insertion loss (−3.01 dB), high contrast ratio (14.13 dB) and high extension ratio (10.93 dB) of this device. This design will be useful in future all-optical computing.
A new subspecies of Finlayson’s squirrel from an isolated island offshore of the Indochina Peninsula in southern Vietnam
Authors: Vu Duong Thuy , Nguyen Son Truong , Motokawa Masaharu , Ly Tu Ngoc , Dang Phuong Huy , Bui Hai Tuan , Le Minh Duc , Endo Hideki , Oshida Tatsuo
Published: August 2021

We describe a new subspecies of Finlayson’s squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii) from Hon Nghe Island in the Gulf of Thailand. This island is located off the coast of southern Vietnam. In addition, we discussed the phylogenetic relationships among C. finlaysonii subspecies distributed on the isolated islands in the Gulf of Thailand. The new subspecies (C. finlaysonii honnghensis), which is endemic to Hon Nghe Island, differs from other C. finlaysonii subspecies in pelage colouration. The mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences showed that this squirrel is closely related to C. finlaysonii albivexilli and C. finlaysonii frandseni, which are endemic to the Koh Kut and Koh Chang islands, respectively, suggesting that the three subspecies diverged approximately 30,000 years ago. After the last glacial maximum, many small islands were formed by the sea level rise in the Gulf of Thailand, which was a consequence of global warming. Following the continuous fragmentation of the Sunda Continent, each C. finlaysonii subspecies could have evolved in each geographically isolated island in this gulf. Thus, studying C. finlaysonii subspecies may be used to track the recent geological history of the Gulf of Thailand.
Habitat selection of invasive alien Pallas’s squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in an urban habitat with small fragmented green spaces
Authors: Seki Yoshikazu , Sato Taisei
Published: August 2021

The distribution of invasive alien Pallas’s squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) has expanded mainly toward the southeast with continuous forest in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Recently, however, squirrels have been sighted in residential areas with only a few green spaces. We examined the habitat selection of squirrels in a city with small fragmented green spaces by censusing the animals along a 6.7 km route. Twenty-three presence data were obtained in 10 grids, which were much larger than the mean home ranges of the species, suggesting that a squirrel population had already been established in this area. Although woods of <5 ha were reported to be unsuitable squirrel habitats, the study area only had two green spaces with >5 ha, and 90% of presence data were obtained in green spaces with <5 ha. This indicates that squirrels can establish a population even in areas with small fragmented green spaces. The squirrels selected areas close to evergreen and deciduous woods, but they avoided those closer to residential areas. Since small fragmented woods, such as evergreen trees, are widely distributed in the central parts of Kanagawa Prefecture, the squirrels may use them as stepping stones to expand their range.
Dynamics of hot carriers in plasmonic heterostructures
Authors: Bykov Anton Yu. , Roth Diane J. , Sartorello Giovanni , Salmón-Gamboa Jorge U. , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: August 2021

Understanding and optimising the mechanisms of generation and extraction of hot carriers in plasmonic heterostructures is important for applications in new types of photodetectors, photochemistry and photocatalysis, as well as nonlinear optics. Here, we show using transient dynamic measurements that the relaxation of the excited hot-carriers in Au/Pt hetero-nanostructures is accelerated through the transfer pathway from Au, where they are generated, to Pt nanoparticles, which act as a hot-electron sink. The influence of the environment on the dynamics was also demonstrated. The time-resolved photoluminescence measurements confirm the modified hot-electron dynamics, revealing quenching of the photoluminescence signal from Au nanoparticles in the presence of Pt and an increased photoluminescence lifetime. These observations are signatures of the improved extraction efficiency of hot-carriers by the Au/Pt heterostructures. The results give insight into the time-dependent behaviour of excited compound nanoscale systems and provide a way of controlling the relaxation mechanisms involved, with important consequences for engineering nonlinear optical response and hot-carrier-assisted photochemistry.
Mie-driven directional nanocoupler for Bloch surface wave photonic platform
Authors: Gulkin Dmitry N. , Popkova Anna A. , Afinogenov Boris I. , Shilkin Daniil A. , Kuršelis Kęstutis , Chichkov Boris N. , Bessonov Vladimir O. , Fedyanin Andrey A.
Published: August 2021

Modern integrated photonic platforms should combine low-loss guiding, spectral flexibility, high light confinement, and close packing of optical components. One of the prominent platforms represents a one-dimensional photonic crystal combined with dielectric nanostructures that manipulate low-loss Bloch surface waves (BSWs). Proper design of nanostructures gives rise to a variety of optical resonances suitable for efficient capturing and controlling light. In this work, we achieve color-selective directional excitation of BSWs mediated by Mie resonances in a semiconductor nanoparticle. We show that a single silicon nanoparticle can be used as a subwavelength multiplexer switching the BSW excitation direction from forward to backward within the 30 nm spectral range with its central wavelength governed by the nanoparticle size. Our work opens a route for the on-demand fabrication of photonic nanocouplers with tailored optical properties and submicron footprint.
The crystal structure of 6,6′-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)azanediyl)bis(methylene))bis(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-ol ato-κ4
N,N′,O,O′)-(pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato-N,O,O′)-titanium(IV)-dichloromethane(1/1), C27H25N3O10Ti
Authors: Li Shanjia , Wang Peng , Ji Mingyu , Yang Mingjun , Pu Xiuying , Zhao Tiankun
Published: August 2021

C27H25N3O10Ti, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.3366(11) Å, b = 11.0253(11) Å, c = 23.7160(2) Å, β = 100.839(2)°, V = 2911.4(5) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0615, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1411, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[triaqua-(μ
2-1,3-di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propane-κ
2
N:N′)-(4,4′-(1H-1,2,4-triazole-3,5-diyl)dibenzoato-κ
1
O)nickel(II)]N,N′-dimethylformamide (1/1), C28H35N8O8Ni
Authors: Xi Fei , Gao Yan-Hong , Tang Bo , Ge Hong-Guang , Wang Qin , Lu Jiu-Fu
Published: August 2021

C28H35N8O8Ni, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.7476(15) Å, b = 19.6335(19) Å, c = 10.8116(11) Å, β = 104.334(2)°, V = 3033.0(5) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0548, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0961, T = 293(2) K.
Crystal structure of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium dibromido-tris(4-chlorophenyl-κC)stannate(IV), C25H23Br2Cl3N2Sn
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: August 2021

C25H23Br2Cl3N2Sn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.9372(1) Å, b = 23.1045(1) Å, c = 11.1856(1) Å, β = 106.942(1)°, V = 2703.91(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0167, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0393, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of (4-methylbenzyl)(triphenyl)phosphonium chloride dihydrate, C26H28ClO2P
Authors: Lee See Mun , Lo Kong Mun , Tiekink Edward R.T.
Published: August 2021

C26H28ClO2P, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.6061(2) Å, b = 19.7791(4) Å, c = 11.1982(3) Å, β = 116.278(3)°, V = 2304.98(10) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0373, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1034, T = 100 K.
Analytical and numerical treatment to the (2+1)-dimensional Date-Jimbo-Kashiwara-Miwa equation
Authors: Ali Khalid K. , Mehanna Mona S. , Wazwaz Abdul-Majid
Published: August 2021

In this work, we study the (2 + 1)-dimensional Date-Jimbo-Kashiwara-Miwa (DJKM) equation. We employ the extended tanh function method and the simple equation method to achieve analytical soliton solutions. Moreover, numerical treatment for this equation is introduced by the finite difference method. We justify the accuracy of the obtained results by exhibiting illustrative tables and proper graphs.
Core-modified porphyrins: novel building blocks in chemistry
Authors: Kuznetsov Aleksey E.
Published: August 2021

Various (metallo)porphyrins and related compounds have been intensively investigated by different research groups due to their extremely important role in living organisms along with their versatile applications in technology. The design of novel porphyrinoids by core-modification, or substitution of pyrrole nitrogens, with the elements of other groups of the Periodic Table has been considered as a highly promising methodology for tuning structures and properties of porphyrinoids and thus opening new possible applications for them. Much effort has been given to the modifications of the porphyrin core with elements of the main groups, namely O, S, Se (chalcogens), and the heavier congener of nitrogen, phosphorus. In general, the porphyrin core modification by replacing nitrogens with heteroatoms is a promising and effective strategy for obtaining new compounds with unusual structures and properties (optical, electrochemical, coordinating, etc.) as well as reactivity. These novel molecules can also be employed as promising building or construction blocks in various applications in the nanotechnology area.
Comparative impact of gamma radiation on reinforced nitrile rubber with graphite and agro waste activated carbons
Authors: Fathy E.S. , Elnaggar Mona Y. , Amdeha Enas
Published: August 2021

In this article, graphite fine powder and two types of activated carbon (AC) namely based-on waste corn and sugarcane bagasse were implemented as reinforcers for the nitrile rubber (NBR). Both types of AC were prepared through a low-temperature chemical carbonization treatment. Each type of these fillers, at 5, 10, and 15 wt%, was mixed with NBR on a rubber mill and pressed under heat to develop sheets to be gamma irradiated at 100 kGy. Filler characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were discussed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) proved that graphite has a crystalline structure but corn and bagasse ACs have amorphous nature. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was used to determine the particle size of the studied fillers. In addition, mechanical properties, XRD, thermal stability, and SEM of the prepared unirradiated or irradiated NBR‒composites were investigated. The physicomechanical features of the NBR matrix could be enhanced by the presence of reinforcing fillers, even at relatively low filler loading. The composites filled with graphite showed superior mechanical parameters and also have the highest thermal stability as indicated by their high-temperature mass loss (Tm). Generally, irradiated samples expressed grander properties than unirradiated ones as a result of the radiation-induced crosslinking structures.
On the blankness of blank-signs
Authors: Wang Jun
Published: August 2021

As one indispensable part of signs, blank-sign, also called zero sign or the void of sign, has not been given enough or due attention in semiotics. What is worse is that researchers have not reached agreement on some basic issues in blank-signs, such as the nature of the absence of the signifier, the criteria for identifying blank-signs, the scope of the blank-sign research, etc. These questions are of vital importance for more comprehensive exploration of the blank-sign issue. After analyzing three types of blank-signs, the paper concludes that: (1) In blank-signs, both signifier and signified must be present. The so-called “absent signifier” actually means the absence of the representation of the signifier, and the “absent signified” suggests some unspecified meanings; (2) Being a blank-sign is a matter of degree, with the typical blank-signs having a closed borderline, and the atypical ones a partial borderline; (3) Neighboring substantial context and general context (intentions of the sign-maker) are crucial for determining the status of a blank-sign.
Swearing in informal spoken English: 1990s–2010s
Authors: Love Robbie
Published: August 2021

This paper investigates changes in swearing usage in informal speech using large-scale corpus data, comparing the occurrence and social distribution of swear words in two corpora of informal spoken British English: the demographically-sampled part of the Spoken British National Corpus 1994 (BNC1994) and the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 (BNC2014); the compilation of the latter has facilitated large-scale, diachronic analyses of authentic spoken data on a scale which has, until now, not been possible. A form and frequency analysis of a set of 16 ‘pure’ swear word lemma forms is presented. The findings reveal that swearing occurrence is significantly lower in the Spoken BNC2014 but still within a comparable range to previous studies. Furthermore, FUCK is found to overtake BLOODY as the most popular swear word lemma. Finally, the social distribution of swearing across gender and age groups generally supports the findings of previous research: males still swear more than females, and swearing still peaks in the twenties and declines thereafter. However, the distribution of swearing according to socio-economic status is found to be more complex than expected in the 2010s and requires further investigation. This paper also reflects on some of the methodological challenges associated with making comparisons between the two corpora.
Synthesis of oligotetramethylene oxides with terminal amino groups as curing agents for an epoxyurethane oligomer
Authors: Slobodinyuk Alexey , Strelnikov Vladimir , Kiselkov Dmitriy , Slobodinyuk Daria
Published: August 2021

A method for the synthesis of oligotetramethylene oxides with terminal amino groups is presented. Its use as a hardener for urethane-containing oligomers has been demonstrated. The diamines were synthesized by a two-stage method based on oligotetramethylene oxide diol. The compounds can be used for the production of non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable segmented urethane-containing elastomers. The oligotetramethylene oxide diol with an average molecular mass of 1008 was chosen as a typical precursor component. Its dibromide was formed using a quasi-phosphonium reagent in various solvents. The corresponding amine was obtained by high-pressure amination. The compounds have been identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis.
Chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of two essential oils from Algerian propolis
Authors: Boulechfar Safia , Zellagui Amar , Asan-Ozusaglam Meltem , Bensouici Chawki , Erenler Ramazan , Yildiz İlyas , Tacer Songul , Boural Hasna , Demirtas Ibrahim
Published: August 2021

This study aims to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of two essential oils (EOs) from Algerian propolis. The volatile constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fifty components were identified from the oils. The major components were found to be: cedrol (17.0%), β-eudesmol (7.7%), and α-eudesmol (6.7%) in EO of propolis from Oum El Bouaghi (EOPO) whilst α-pinene (56.1%), cis-verbenol (6.0%), and cyclohexene,3-acetoxy-4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-methyl (4.4%) in EO of propolis from Batna (EOPB). The antioxidant properties of EOPO and EOPB were determined using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS•+) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC assays), respectively. Both EOs had more cupric ion reducing ability than scavenging ABTS•+ radicals. The antimicrobial potential of the two EOs against eight pathogens was assayed by the agar diffusion method and the mode of action was determined by microdilution assay. The results revealed that EOPB was bactericidal for all tested pathogenic bacteria and fungicidal for Candida albicans ATCC 10231, whereas, EOPO showed bacteriostatic effect against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 and fungistatic effect against C. albicans ATCC 10231. Thus, the obtained results suggest the important use of propolis EOs as preservative agents.
Implementing Effective Coaching Behaviors and Pedagogical Practices Into Strength and Conditioning
Authors: Jones Danielle , Newland Aubrey
Published: August 2021

To help athletes be successful, strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches must be knowledgeable in and able to apply exercise science and interpersonal strategies for teaching athletes. Research suggests S&C coaches' education usually does not include information about pedagogical practices. The purpose of this article is to suggest pedagogical methods that will encourage the growth of lifelong learning skills and provide optimal opportunities for performance development. We propose implementing effective coaching behaviors and pedagogical practices into S&C that incorporate foundational coaching psychology principles (strengthening the coach-athlete relationship, empowering the athlete, and developing problem-solving skills) and sound pedagogical methods (questioning and video feedback).
The Impact of the RAP Cluster Dissociation on Gradation and Shape Properties of Aggregates from Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Ferreira W. L. G. , Castelo Branco V. T. F. , Vasconcelos K. , Bhasin A.
Published: August 2021

The presence of clusters in reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is a critical point that affects the RAP homogeneity. In this phenomenon, different RAP particles are working together as a single aggregate. The cluster dissociation occurs during hot asphalt mixture production and compaction in the field. This research is concerned with the impact of the cluster disintegration on the recycled asphalt mixture aggregate properties. Stages of binder extraction were performed in six RAP materials to partially activate the RAP binder and create different levels of cluster dissociation from 0 to 100 %. Then, the gradation curve and the aggregate shape properties were obtained for each level. Using a gradation curve (without RAP) as a reference, a hypothetical recycled asphalt mixture was created with different RAP percentages to investigate the impact of cluster dissociation on the aggregate properties of the recycled mixture. The results indicate that the RAP aggregate properties are significantly affected by the cluster dissociation. Besides, there was a significant impact on the partial cluster dissociation, because of RAP-binder activation, on the gradation curve and aggregate shape of the recycled mixture, mainly when the level of RAP-binder activated is between 40 and 70 %.
Recycling of waste plastics to liquid fuel mixture over composite zeolites catalysts
Authors: Akhmetova Firuza , Aubakirov Yermek , Tashmukhambetova Zheneta , Sassykova Larissa , Arbag Huseyin , Kurmangaliyeva Ayazhan
Published: August 2021

Plastic waste production and consumption is increasing at an alarming rate with the increase of the human population, rapid economic growth, continuous urbanization, and changes in lifestyle. In addition, the short life span of plastic accelerates the production of plastic waste on a daily basis. Plastic waste recycling is carried out in different ways, but in most developing countries, open or landfill disposal is a common practice for plastic waste management. Plastic recycling into feedstocks, also known as chemical recycling, is encouraged all over the world. One such area is the thermal and catalytic thermal degradation of plastics into hydrocarbon fractions, which can be used as high-quality motor fuel after appropriate processing. Hydrocracking in the presence of a catalyst is a promising method of converting waste plastic materials to high quality liquid transportation fuels with decreased amounts of olefins and heteroatoms such as S, N, Cl, N, and O.
The article deals with the study of hydrocracking of waste plastic into high quality liquid fuel on various catalysts based on natural zeolite deposits Taizhuzgen. The aim of the work is to determine the effect of new composite catalysts on the yield of liquid products by studying the specific surface and porous structure based on natural zeolite modified with Mо salt. It is established that the modification of natural zeolite with Mo affects the morphology of the catalyst, therefore, the obtained catalysts have different effects on the yield and composition of liquid fractions during the hydrogenation thermocatalytic transformation of hydrocarbons. The highest yield of liquid products (61.56%) was achieved using the 2% Mo/Taizhuzgen zeolite catalyst, which was chosen as optimal.
Molybdenum oxide based sensors
Authors: Zhumasheva Nazerke , Kudreeva Leyla , Kosybayeva Diana
Published: August 2021

In this review article were considered the works of electrochemical sensors modified with molybdenum oxide. The work of sensors based on molybdenum oxide was systematized, a comparison table was developed, the sensors were classified according to the purpose of use. Methods of molybdenum oxide synthesis used to modify the working electrode in electrochemical sensors were considered. The various methods have been used to synthesize molybdenum oxide, such as a thermal, hydrothermal, electrochemical, electric spark, pulsed laser method, acid condensation, electrophoretic precipitation, pulse potential precipitation. The main parameters of the molybdenum oxide modified sensors, such as the detection limit, linear range, response time, sensitivity, and other parameters were compared. As a result of studies, it was found that molybdenum oxide is selected as a modifying material in electrochemical sensors due to the unique physicochemical properties of molybdenum oxide, in particular because of mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, electro catalytic activity, crystallinity. The features of electrochemical biosensors coated with molybdenum oxide were described for the detection of important compounds in specific samples. Sensors based on molybdenum oxide have been used for detection of glucose, dopamine, ethanol, ascorbic acid, troponin-1, norepinephrine, procalcitonin, L-lactate, bromate, chlorate, E110, tartrazine, hydrochlorothiazide, human epidermal growth factor-2, lithium,sodium,potassium. This paper provides general summarized information about current aspects of research works related to electrochemical sensors based on molybdenum oxide.
Valoración de los servicios ecosistémicos de recreación y turismo: un mecanismo para el desarrollo sustentable de la Reserva Forestal Grecia, Costa Rica
Authors: Hartley Ballestero Marjorie , Hartley Ballestero Rocío
Published: August 2021

El estudio se aborda en el marco del proyecto “Servicios de los Ecosistemas en las Cuencas Hidrográficas de la Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica”, que busca entre otras cosas, contribuir con la conservación y preservación del Bosque del Niño. Este sitio constituye un remanente de los espacios naturales de la Gran Área Metropolitana, además cuenta con alto potencial para el desarrollo de la actividad turística, fuertemente vinculada con las características naturales de la región. Para la estimación de valor se utiliza el Método de Valoración Contingente tipo referéndum, donde el individuo expresa su disposición a pagar por medio de una pregunta binaria (Si o No). En  el modelo referéndum la variable dependiente es discreta por tanto, el análisis de regresión se hace mediante un modelo logit.

 Las personas consultadas declaran otorgarle valor de existencia presente y futura a aspectos como la biodiversidad, aire puro, la belleza escénica. Al mismo tiempo expresan el valor por las caminatas, la observación de animales. Sabiendo que estos servicios ecosistémicos le generan bienestar, los individuos están dispuestos a pagar por la conservación y preservación del sitio de recreación. En este sentido, las autoridades locales y regionales deben incorporar en sus planes de desarrollo el interés de las comunidades por preservar este tipo de lugares para su disfrute actual y futuro. Además, importa mejorar la calidad de estos servicios, fuertemente vinculados con una de las actividades económicas más importantes de la región, como es el turismo.
Financiación en materia de educación como derecho humano
Authors: Trejo Cruz Yesenia del Carmen
Published: August 2021

Human rights in Mexico, in light of its incursion in the constitutional system in 2011, unfold their application in all normative areas, as a condition that improves the living conditions of Mexicans; including the educational sector, which at the same time is configured as an instrument that guarantees its fulfillment.  These prerogatives establish a paradigm, as a new legal order, that imposes on the authorities the duty to abide by them in their respective functions.  In this context, education as a guarantee is analyzed based on the sources of financing granted by public entities, which periodically face in their governmental competences, the determination of the budget that solves and guarantees its application in the national territory.  At the same time, it underlies the limits that are imposed on budget allocations, based on the justification of the collective interest, ratified by the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation.  In this order of ideas, we indicate as an objective of the investigation, to specify the budgetary solvency granted to education as a Human Right.
Indeterminación territorial y derecho a la ciudad para habitantes indígenas de la comuna de San José de cocotog
Authors: Aguilar Poveda Aníbal Josueth
Published: August 2021

The present research focuses on the right to the city as a basic human right that should be accessed by all the inhabitants of the indigenous community of San José de Cocotog, located in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador. The commune is divided, territorially and symbolically, by the regional administrations Calderón and Eugenio Espejo, as well as the parish councils of Zámbiza and Llano Chico. On this basis, the influence generated by territorial indeterminacy in access to the right to the city is interpreted.

The study uses qualitative methodology, as that perspective that facilitates dialogue with the participants and, allow their expression to problematize and broaden the debate on the situation of their commune regarding this right and the current State of Rights. In this framework, interviews are conducted with community and parish leaders, in addition, a discussion group is held with inhabitants of each of the five neighborhoods of the commune.

The results ascribe fundamental importance to the territory, as it is in this place where the subjects relate and develop, both personally and collectively, however, they are traversed by violations and inequalities due to the effect of territorial division. The absence of recognition of territorial limits has generated social segregation, limitations and lack of public spaces, delegitimization of the communal organization, as well as a wide sensation of institutional helplessness with regard to access to public works that favor a dignified life of its inhabitants.
In Memoriam Francisco Munguía Villalta (1976-2020) El arte de estar con la gente
Authors: Collado Chaves Adriana
Published: August 2021

Francisco Munguía Villalta (1976-2020) was a talented, highly productive and multifaceted Costa Rican artist. He produced a vast work, in different formats and techniques. He believed in the transforming power of art and consequently produced a socially committed work guided by the conviction that art should be accessible, inclusive, participatory and educational. He developed a plastic language anchored in his vocation of graphic humor. This, together with his fondness for social volunteering and community work, allowed him to establish easy links of communication and an extraordinary familiarity with people. Its iconographic universe of comic strip and its narrative full of parody and satire lives in his stickers, ceramics and paintings. His mural works managed not only to change the urban landscape, but also to reaffirm a sense of community, since his participatory methodology aspired to restore the power of people and to enable them to take over their own public spaces. Without delving into a chronological review of the artist’s journey, nor a logical analysis of his extensive production, this document shares an overview of aspects that are considered emblematic in the work of Munguía Villalta. This is a tribute to his memory and a celebration of the vitality of his extraordinary plastic legacy.
“La guerra nuestra de cada día” Historia, violencia y pensamiento crítico en Ignacio Martín-Baró
Authors: Gómez Lacayo Juan Pablo
Published: August 2021

The Central American wars of the 1980s caused analytical twists in intellectual agendas. In this work, I study the case of Ignacio Martín-Baró, social psychologist and Jesuit priest from the Central American University (UCA) of El Salvador. I postulate that his proposal to print a Latin American perspective on psychosocial thought derived from the need to understand the social crises that arose with the war. Martín-Baró became interested in the ‘torn world of daily life’ as a place for analyzing the main social conflicts, among which he highlighted torture and the high dose of cruelty manifested in the exercise of violence. Finally, I analyze his reflections on the impact of the war on mental health, especially in childhood, and underline their call for attention on the cultural nature of violence and the challenges that this implies for the imagination of a new future of coexistence. Although he was a thinker in constant alert about the importance of historically supported analysis to understand social crises, his intellectual interventions imagined a future of historical viability and sustainability of life for the majorities with whom he committed his work.
El poeta, el exilio de la polis y la reterritorialización de la literatura. Una lectura benjaminiana de Taberna y otros lugares de Roque Dalton
Authors: Oberlin Molina Matías Nahuel
Published: August 2021

In this essay we propose a reading of Roque Dalton's work Taberna and other places (1969). We consider that it is appropriate to think about the figure of the Salvadoran poet in the light, not simply of political exiles, but also of the deprivation (in generic terms) of the figure of the poet from his former functions in –what Ángel Rama called– the city literate. The modernized city (Rama, 1984) expelled the poet from his privileged place, causing a trauma and a novel search. In this context, the poet appears redefining his voice and literature undergoes a reterritorialization, that is, it redefines its margins. In Latin America, the problem was tackled by José Martí, who even proposed new challenges to the discipline (such as the problem of Latin American identity). In particular, we believe that Taberna and other places (1969) takes up these searches and we risk as a hypothesis that, by redefining his field, Dalton's work can be read not only literary, but also historiographical from a Benjaminian perspective.
Imagen, nación e identidad cubana en el discurso de Hollywood
Authors: Lanza Caride Jorge Luis
Published: August 2021

Cuban Cinema is said to date back to the first moving images shot by Americans in Cuba during the Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898) an era that precedes the rise of Hollywood and its global hegemony. Today, we would call these pioneering films ‘political propaganda’ - that historian Román Gubern has argued reveal the eternally manipulative nature of cinematographic language. In the long history of Hollywood cinema, there are many films that have addressed aspects of Cuban identity, and we cannot diminish their influence - or at least the effort - in building a credible and truthful image of Cuba.However, since its early days, Hollywood has also often projected an exotic and stereotyped representation of Cuban identity-based on many films that were actually shot in spaces and locations outside the island. I argue that in this process, not only the nation’s historical memory has been distorted, but it is a phenomenon that continues to the present day. This essay takes a panoramic view of the representation of Cuban identity, culture, and history in Hollywood, from the times of the Spanish-Cuban-American War until the recent administration of President Barack Obama, a period marked by the famous Cuban Thaw. At stake, are the issues of ethics of representation of the “other” amid power differentials in cinema about Cuba, but also across Latin America.
Minificcionistas pandémicos: una propuesta internacional desde la virtualidad
Authors: Taylor Melanie
Published: August 2021

The coronavirus pandemic arrived unexpectedly and the desire to share this experience join writers together through various platforms. There was already interest in forming a group of mini-fictionists before the pandemic and this seemed the right moment. Each member brought others, to form a group of 19 writers from Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador, Spain, Guatemala, Honduras, Morocco, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru and Venezuela.
Testimonio: María Rapela, una artista costarricense en Berlín
Authors: Herrera Rapela María Luisa
Published: August 2021

A testimony that collects some experiences and reflections of the Costa Rican visual artist María Rapela in Germany and how she got involved in cultural management, coordinating the Fieber Festival a collaborative and self-managed platform of Ibero-American migrant women artists in Berlin between 2011 and 2017.
An Anatomical and Radiographic Study on the Vertebral Column of the Two-Toed Sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni)
Authors: Chinchilla-Barboza Maripaz , Chiquillo-Vergara Siam , Delgado-Álvarez Valeria , Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez Susan , Mora-Aleman Johnny Steven , Páez-Padilla Jonathan Gerardo , Sanchez-Bermudez Jorge , Passos-Pequeno Andréia
Published: August 2021

The Choloepus Hoffmani is a mammal belonging to the Xenarthra superorder; xenarthrans are distributed from North to South America. It is common for these animals to require medical attention at wildlife rescue centers after being attacked by domestic animals or run over by cars. A proper understanding of this species’ anatomy is vital in order to be able to offer them a proper level of clinical attention. This publication aims to describe the spine’s anatomical and radiographic characteristics of the Choloepus Hoffmani. Four individuals were used in this research; the spine bones were cleaned by boiling and maceration. In the results, it was possible to observe how the postcranial axial skeleton in the sloths is made up by five of distinctive vertebra types. In the spine were found: six cervical vertebrae, a variable number of thoracic vertebrae, xenarthrous lumbar vertebrae, and a fusion between the sacrum and coxal bone. Finally, four underdeveloped caudal vertebrae were also identified in a small stump-like tail. Radiographically, no pathologies were observed in the alignment or structure of the spine. In conclusion, the present study described both the osteology alongside the anatomical radiography of the vertebral column of the Choloepus hoffmani, highlighting the particularities that are not found in domestic mammals and other members of the Xenarthra superorder. Information of this kind is relevant for forensic wildlife analysis, alongside aiding the treatment of animals in this species who suffered lesions in their spine.
Nosemosis en colmenas de abejas africanizadas (Apis mellifera) en las condiciones tropicales de Costa Rica: Nosema apis o Nosema ceranae
Authors: Calderón Rafael A. , Sánchez Luis A.
Published: August 2021

The presence of nosemosis in Africanized honey bees in Costa Rica was studied. A total of 75 samples of adult bees from different country regions were selected for molecular diagnosis of nosemosis. Prior to PCR tests, Nosema spp. spores were morphologically identified in most of the bee samples using a light microscopy at 40x magnification. According to molecular analyses, most of the bee samples were found to be infected with Nosema ceranae. However, colonies showed no clinical signs of infection at any time during the sampling period, none of them being infected with Nosema apis. Surprisingly, 29.3% of the bee samples tested PCR negative to nosemosis. The origin of the bee samples collected from apiaries located in four of the seven provinces of Costa Rica showed the microsporidium is widely spread throughout the main beekeeping areas of the country. The pathological consequences of N. ceranae in Africanized honey bee colonies have not been well determined. Because of reports of honey bee colony losses in Europe related to microsporidian infections, the virulence of N. ceranae in Africanized honey bees needs to be studied.
¿Qué historia enseñar en las escuelas salvadoreñas en el 2021?
Authors: Viegas Guillem Josefa
Published: August 2021

This article presents a proposal of what kind of history to teach in El Salvador within the framework of the bicentenary of the country’s independence. In order to do that, the author uses a threefold approach. The first aspect informs about the main developments of the program, the contents and resources available in the education system to teach history. The second aspect refers to some of the results of a survey with different members of the educational community regarding what kind of history to teach, what methodologies to use and what values are at the base. Lastly, the author presents a personal and professional proposal using the socioformative competences theoretical framework on what kind of history to teach, using an Educational Toolbox named “200 years in your hands” for junior and senior high school students.
El bicentenario de la independencia en Honduras: reflexiones sobre la historiografía independentista y la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la historia
Authors: Montoya Hernández Kevin Ariel
Published: August 2021

The commemoration of the bicentennial of Central American independence leads to reflect on what history to teach, taking as points of interest the historiography of independence and the conditions of the teaching-learning of history. This article presents some ideas about the state of Honduran historiography in relation to this historical fact, visualizing possible challenges or thematic lines to be promoted. In addition, it addresses the challenges facing the teaching-learning of history given the constant debates and contributions that specialized literature and research have produced on this topic. In this sense, it is acknowledged that progress in the teaching-learning of history is linked to the initial and ongoing training of teachers, making possible a qualitative leap in their educational practices; likewise, the theoretical contributions made by historians on these topics that are part of the national curriculum will have a positive impact on the development of school history in Honduras.
Vivir hoy en una sociedad que históricamente ha sido construida sobre la violación de los derechos humanos. El racismo y el despojo de la humanidad de la población indígena en Guatemala
Authors: Medrano Escobar María Alejandra
Published: August 2021

The economic, political or social crises because of the COVID-19 pandemic have been more drastic in societies with higher rates of poverty, discrimination, racism, polarization, and unequal distribution of wealth. Guatemala is a concrete example of this situation. Historically it has been founded on misery, dispossession, exclusion, and the hoarding of wealth in a few hands. In this case, the article focuses on one category, that of dispossession of humanity, located in the imaginary of a nation that was built on the foundations of racism and differentiated citizenship. This, of course, is part of a tradition of Human Rights violations, a structural situation that, in the history of the nation, must be understood as a condition of life for a considerable percentage of the population. In the current time, this historical heritage defines the relationships inside the society.
Entrevista con Rotsay Rosales Valladares: repensar la Educación Cívica en Costa Rica
Authors: López López Maximiliano
Published: August 2021

In this interview Dr. Rotsay Rosales Valladares talks about current Civic Education, which, in his opinion, explains the passivity and resignation that is transmitted to young people. Dr. Rosales Civic Education reinforces the promotion of docile and uncritical consumers, instead combating the economic model of global capitalism with critical citizens with high civic commitment, that’s Why Dr. Rosales Valladares, proposes an axiological proposal, in order to Civic Education that contributes to the transition from this post-democratic liberal society to a post-liberal democratic society and country.