bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception mediated by an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide system in Drosophila
Authors: Oikawa Izumi , Kondo Shu , Hashimoto Kao , Yoshida Akiho , Hamajima Megumi , Tanimoto Hiromu , Furukubo-Tokunaga Katsuo , Honjo Ken
Published: March 2023

Nociception is a neural process that animals have developed to avoid potentially tissue-damaging stimuli. While nociception is triggered in the peripheral nervous system, its modulation by the central nervous system is a critical process in mammals, whose dysfunction has been extensively implicated in chronic pain pathogenesis. The peripheral mechanisms of nociception are largely conserved across the animal kingdom. However, it is unclear whether the brain-mediated modulation is also conserved in non-mammalian species. Here, we show that
Drosophila
has a descending inhibitory mechanism of nociception from the brain, mediated by the neuropeptide Drosulfakinin (DSK), a homolog of cholecystokinin (CCK) that plays an important role in the descending control of nociception in mammals. We found that mutants lacking
dsk
or its receptors are hypersensitive to noxious heat. Through a combination of genetic, behavioral, histological, and Ca
2+
imaging analyses, we subsequently revealed neurons involved in DSK-mediated nociceptive regulation at a single-cell resolution and identified a DSKergic descending neuronal pathway that inhibits nociception. This study provides the first evidence for a descending modulatory mechanism of nociception from the brain in a non-mammalian species that is mediated by the evolutionarily conserved CCK system, raising the possibility that the descending inhibition is an ancient mechanism to regulate nociception.
Arkeologi langs Hålogalandsvegen
Authors: Bruun Inga Malene
Published: March 2023

«Arkeologi langs Hålogalandsvegen» er det største arkeologiske prosjektet noensinne i Nord-Norge. I løpet av tre feltsesonger skal alle kulturminnene som vil bli berørt av den planlagte Hålogalandsvegen undersøkes. Statens Vegvesen er tiltakshaver.
Sommeren 2022 var tredje og siste feltsesong, og 9 av i alt 33 lokaliteter ble undersøkt. Majoriteten av lokalitetene var fra steinbrukende tid. Litt nord om Tjeldsundbrua, lå våre to nordligste lokaliteter: Fauskevåg 1 og Fauskevåg 2. Begge er mesolittiske, de ligger like ved hverandre, og har et  ganske ensartet uttrykk. Begge ligger på fine sandflater, men har ingen synlige strukturer. En del funn ble det gjort begge steder, men kanskje mindre enn forventet. Litt lenger sør finner man Årbogen 2. Denne lokaliteten ble oppdaget under undersøkelsen av den nærliggende Årbogen 1, og Statens Vegvesen stilte med midler for at også denne kunne undersøkes. Årbogen 2 er en mesolittisk lokalitet, der uthenting av kvartsitt synes å ha vært det sentrale. I Lødingen kommune ligger årets siste mesolittiske lokalitet; Strand 1. Her ble det ikke påvist noen strukturer, og det var lite funn. Antagelig har stedet vært brukt for et kort stopp. Ikke langt unna ligger Båtvikmyra. Her var det to tufter, antagelig fra yngre steinalder. Materialet var begrenset, men til gjengjeld var gjenstandene forseggjorte skiferredskaper. Den største lokaliteten 2022 var Djupfest 1, fra yngre steinalder. Her var det flere tufter med tydelige konstruksjonsdetaljer, aktivitetsområder og mange flotte funn. Det var et høyt antall skiferkniver, noen skiferspisser og en hel del fiskesøkker. Stedet må ha hatt en sterk marin tilknytning. På Storhaugen var det også flere tufter, med en enda tydeligere høydemessig fordeling. Disse er også fra yngre steinalder, men med et begrenset funnmateriale. De to yngste lokalitetene var Kåringskrysset og Våtvoll. Kåringskrysset ble påbegynt i 2021, men ble fortsatt og avsluttet i 2022. Dette er en samisk boplass med ulike typer tufter rundt et tun. Våtvoll var årets eneste lokalitet i Gullesfjorden, og var også et kort prosjekt. Her er det en heller med samisk bruk. Det ble ikke gjort noen funn, men det var tydelige trekullag under overhenget.
Leukocyte telomere length and bipolar disorder risk: evidence from Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Lu Likui , Zeng Hongtao , Wan Bangbei , Sun Miao
Published: March 2023

Objective

We aim to test whether leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is causally associated with the risk of bipolar disorder (BD) using the Mendelian randomization (MR) method.

Methods

Results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted with 472,174 individuals of European descent were used to screen for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with LTL traits. Summary-level data for BD (7,647 cases and 27,303 controls) were obtained from UK Biobank. An inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method was employed as the primary MR analysis. Sensitivity analyses were conducted via MR-Egger, maximum likelihood, MR-pleiotropy residual sum outlier (MR-PRESSO), and MR-robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS) methods. Finally, the MR Steiger test was utilized to validate the hypothesized relationship between exposure and outcome.

Results

Two-sample MR analysis revealed inverse relationships between genetically predicted LTL and BD risk (IVW OR [odds ratio] = 0.800, 95% CI [0.647–0.989] P = 0.039). Genetically predicted LTL exhibits a consistent connection with BD across five MR methods. Sensitivity analyses showed that the genetically determined effect of LTL on BD was stable and reliable. Furthermore, the MR Steiger test demonstrated that LTL was causal for BD rather than the opposite (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our findings show that genetically determined LTL reduces the risk of BD. More research is required to clarify the mechanisms underlying this apparent causal connection. In addition, these findings may be useful for developing strategies for the prevention and treatment of BD.
Made With Love in a Petri Dish
Authors: Rissman Lauren
Published: March 2023

In this narrative medicine essay, a pediatric critical care physician imagines the future discussion with her son about his conception and birth and recounts how she and her husband decided on expanding their family via gestational surrogacy.
Association Between Community-Level Social Risk and Spending Among Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Powers Brian W. , Figueroa Jose F. , Canterberry Melanie , Gondi Suhas , Franklin Stephanie M. , Shrank William H. , Joynt Maddox Karen E.
Published: March 2023

Importance

Payers are increasingly using approaches to risk adjustment that incorporate community-level measures of social risk with the goal of better aligning value-based payment models with improvements in health equity.

Objective

To examine the association between community-level social risk and health care spending and explore how incorporating community-level social risk influences risk adjustment for Medicare beneficiaries.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Using data from a Medicare Advantage plan linked with survey data on self-reported social needs, this cross-sectional study estimated health care spending health care spending was estimated as a function of demographics and clinical characteristics, with and without the inclusion of Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a measure of community-level social risk. The study period was January to December 2019. All analyses were conducted from December 2021 to August 2022.

Exposures

Census block group–level ADI.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Regression models estimated total health care spending in 2019 and approximated different approaches to social risk adjustment. Model performance was assessed with overall model calibration (adjusted R2) and predictive accuracy (ratio of predicted to actual spending) for subgroups of potentially vulnerable beneficiaries.

Results

Among a final study population of 61 469 beneficiaries (mean [SD] age, 70.7 [8.9] years; 35 801 [58.2%] female; 48 514 [78.9%] White; 6680 [10.9%] with Medicare-Medicaid dual eligibility; median [IQR] ADI, 61 [42-79]), ADI was weakly correlated with self-reported social needs (r = 0.16) and explained only 0.02% of the observed variation in spending. Conditional on demographic and clinical characteristics, every percentile increase in the ADI (ie, more disadvantage) was associated with a $11.08 decrease in annual spending. Directly incorporating ADI into a risk-adjustment model that used demographics and clinical characteristics did not meaningfully improve model calibration (adjusted R2 = 7.90% vs 7.93%) and did not significantly reduce payment inequities for rural beneficiaries and those with a high burden of self-reported social needs. A postestimation adjustment of predicted spending for dual-eligible beneficiaries residing in high ADI areas also did not significantly reduce payment inequities for rural beneficiaries or beneficiaries with self-reported social needs.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of Medicare beneficiaries, the ADI explained little variation in health care spending, was negatively correlated with spending conditional on demographic and clinical characteristics, and was poorly correlated with self-reported social risk factors. This prompts caution and nuance when using community-level measures of social risk such as the ADI for social risk adjustment within Medicare value-based payment programs.
Neighborhood Incarceration Rates and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York City, 2010-2014
Authors: Holaday Louisa W. , Tolliver Destiny G. , Moore Tiana , Thompson Keitra , Wang Emily A.
Published: March 2023

Importance

The US has high rates of adverse birth outcomes, with substantial racial disparities augmented by stress and neighborhood disadvantage. Black people are more likely to live in neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration, which is a source of both stress and neighborhood disadvantage and, thus, may contribute to adverse birth outcomes.

Objective

To determine whether neighborhoods with high incarceration rates also have higher rates of adverse birth outcomes compared with neighborhoods with lower rates.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the New York City Department of Health (2010-2014). Censored Poisson regression, with the US Census tract as the unit of analysis, was used to examine the association of neighborhood incarceration rate and birth outcomes. Multivariable models included percentage of births aggregated to the Census tract by maternal factors (age, parity, singleton vs multiple birth, insurance, and race) and neighborhood factors (poverty, education, and violent crime). Analyses were performed between May 2021 and October 2022.

Exposure

Neighborhood incarceration rate, categorized into quintiles.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of preterm birth and low birth weight. Secondary outcomes were IRRs of very preterm birth, extremely preterm birth, and very low birth weight. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection.

Results

Among 2061 Census tracts with 562 339 births, incarceration rates varied from 0 to 4545 people incarcerated per 100 000, and high-incarceration neighborhoods had more residents of Black race (54.00% vs 1.90%), living in poverty (32.30% vs 10.00%), and without a general educational development equivalent (28.00% vs 12.00%) compared with low-incarceration neighborhoods. In fully adjusted models, high-incarceration neighborhoods had a 13% higher IRR of preterm birth (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.18), 45% higher IRR of very preterm birth (IRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24-1.71), 125% higher IRR of extremely preterm birth (IRR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.59-3.18), 10% higher IRR of low birth weight (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16), and 52% higher IRR of very low birth weight compared with low-incarceration neighborhoods (IRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.81).

Conclusions and Relevance

Neighborhood incarceration rate was positively associated with adverse birth outcomes, particularly those associated with infant mortality. Black people were significantly more likely to live in high-incarceration neighborhoods, suggesting that mass incarceration may contribute to racial disparities in birth outcomes.
Restoring force characteristic model for bending moment–rotation angle relationship of concrete‐filled square steel tube beam‐columns
Authors: Fukumoto Toshiyuki , Morita Koji
Published: March 2023

This paper proposes a new simplified restoring force characteristic model of the bending moment–rotation angle relationship for square concrete‐filled steel tube (CFT) beam‐columns to estimate the elastoplastic flexural‐shear behavior from short to slender beam‐columns. The square CFT beam‐column model incorporates a reduction in strength after the ultimate strength. The proposed simplified model is multilinear and involves a cracking strength point, a yield strength point, an ultimate strength point, and strength reduction points. In the proposed model, each flexural strength is calculated by a general superposed strength method, and new empirical expressions for each rotation angle are proposed from the results of previous experimental cyclic and monotonic loading tests. The proposed model for the bending moment–rotation angle relation is found to agree approximately with experimental results up to large rotation angles.
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) for Wetland Study
Authors: Sharma Laxmi Kant , Naik Rajashree
Published: March 2023

Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems on Earth. They provide innumerable direct and indirect ecosystem services. Over the past 50 years, wetlands have been polluted and are in rapid decline – three times faster than tropical forests. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has been in use for some time for atmospheric, bathymetry, and geoscience, but there has been limited application to wetland ecosystems. Past application includes data fusion with optical, microwave, and hyperspectral approaches, and the use of unmanned aerial vehicle datasets. Different types of LiDAR have their own advantages and their suitability can be assessed according to application. Wetland research themes include mapping, classification, water level estimation, hydrological modeling, biomass estimation, nutrient efficiency estimation, and vegetation level classification. There is ample future scope for advanced LiDAR methods applied to wetland research.
Blue Economy
Authors: Germond‐Duret Celine , Garland Michaela , Heidkamp C. Patrick , Morrissey John
Published: March 2023

Geography has engaged in insightful discussions on how to understand, analyze, criticize, and implement the blue economy. United Nations agencies, Small Island Developing States, and increased academic interest in oceans have played important roles in the global adoption of the blue economy idea, that is, the sustainable exploitation of marine and coastal resources. Geographical research on the blue economy has addressed key themes such as economic and political discourse, relational thinking and assemblage, sustainability and just transitions, and blue economy risks.
Definitions of GEOINT (Geospatial Intelligence)
Authors: Bacastow Todd S.
Published: March 2023

GEOINT, a shortened form of the term geospatial intelligence, has multiple connotations that share a common epistemology and body of knowledge. The first legal definition of GEOINT was stated in the
Title 10 United States Code 2003
. This legal definition of geospatial intelligence does not fully encompass today's broad and international use of the term. Historically, geospatial intelligence has provided government decision‐makers with knowledge about the world and its people to make informed evaluations as a foundation for defense and security decisions. Currently, geospatial intelligence professionals adhere to an expanding, broad set of practices that apply the discipline of geography's array of analytical tools to produce the spatial information, knowledge, and syntheses required to provide the actionable intelligence leaders rely on to effectively deal with social, environmental, economic, and geopolitical challenges. The intellectual dimensions of GEOINT include geographic information science (GIScience), geographic information technologies, and tradecraft.
Causes of death among United States decedents with ALS: An eye toward delaying mortality
Authors: Larson Theodore C. , Goutman Stephen A. , Davis Bryn , Bove Frank J. , Thakur Neil , Mehta Paul
Published: March 2023

Objective

To report multiple cause of death (MCOD) occurrence among patients in the United States with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods

Using death certificate data for all ALS deaths from 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia, 2011–2014, we tabulated MCOD, used association rules mining (ARM) to determine if MCOD occurred together, and calculated standardized mortality odds ratios (SMOR) for select causes, comparing ALS with other U.S. decedents.

Results

Among 24,328 death certificates, there were 25,704 MCOD, excluding ALS. ALS was listed as the sole cause of death in n = 11,263 (46%). The most frequent causes of death co‐occurring with ALS were respiratory failure (n = 6503; 25.3%), cardiovascular disease (n = 6077; 12.6%), pneumonia (n = 1345; 5.2%), and pneumonitis (n = 856; 3.3%). The SMORs among ALS decedents compared with non‐ALS decedents for falls and accidents were 3.4 (95% CI 2.6, 4.3) and 3.0 (95% CI 2.2, 4.2), respectively. From ARM analysis, falls and accidents were both associated with injuries. The most common causes identified were weakly to very strongly associated with being an ALS decedent compared with other U.S. deaths, with SMOR point estimates ranging from 1.3 to 51.1.

Interpretation

This study provides information about the natural history of ALS. With knowledge that some causes of death may be preventable, healthcare providers may be able to optimize patient care and possibly postpone mortality and reduce morbidity. Moreover, this study located gaps in data; medical certifiers completing death certificates for ALS decedents should ensure all MCOD data are recorded.
The Enhancing Ionic Current Rectification in Single Graphene Conical Nanochannel
Authors: Li Yaning , Gao Yuxia
Published: March 2023

Enhanced ionic current rectification induced by the concentration gradient has been reported recently owing to the development of asymmetric nanofluidic system, in particular graphene nanochannels. However, the reasons for the enhancement of ionic current rectification of graphene conical nanochannels are not well understood. Herein, a finite element model of a single graphene conical nanochannel is established to explore the fundamental mechanisms of the ionic current rectification. The model proves that the highest cation concentration caused by graphene is almost 42 times higher than the bulk ion concentration. Compared with the nongraphene model, the graphene with higher surface charge density can absorb more cation in the tip (the small pore) of graphene conical nanochannel. Besides, the nanoscale corner consisting of graphene membrane and the wall of the conical nanochannel is a semihermetic reservoir for cation accumulation. It demonstrates that the enhancement of ionic current rectification is mainly ascribed to the unique structure of the graphene nanochannel and the graphene membrane with a high surface charge density. This work provides a new mechanism explanation about the influence of graphene in ionic current rectification.
High‐Throughput Alloy Development Using Advanced Characterization Techniques During Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Sommer Niklas , Bauer André , Kahlmeyer Martin , Wegener Thomas , Degener Sebastian , Liehr Alexander , Bolender Artjom , Vollmer Malte , Holz Hendrik , Zeiler Stefan , Merle Benoit , Niendorf Thomas , Böhm Stefan
Published: March 2023

In laser‐based direct energy deposition (DED‐LB) additive manufacturing (AM), wire or powder materials are melted by a high‐power laser beam. Process‐specific characteristics enable robust in situ fabrication of compositionally graded materials, e.g., through an adaption of powder mass flow from independent hoppers. Based on the high flexibility of this approach, pathways toward multimaterial AM have been unlocked. Obviously, such characteristics enable high‐throughput alloy development. However, rapid alloy development demands substantial characterization efforts to assess phase and microstructural evolution. So far, property analysis is considered as the limiting factor for these high‐throughput approaches. Herein, the use of high‐brilliance X‐Ray analysis and subsequent micropillar compression testing are introduced to tackle these challenges. As a proof of concept, their application to a compositionally graded material made from AISI 316L stainless steel and a CoCrMo alloy is presented. The results obtained reveal that X‐Ray analysis can be exploited to evaluate process robustness, chemical characteristics, and phase composition within the gradient regions. Moreover, the use of micropillar compression testing provides spatially resolved insights into the mechanical properties of the gradient regions. The combination of both characterization techniques eventually opens pathways toward a robust and time‐efficient alloy development using powder‐fed DED‐LB (DED‐LB/P).
Ultrathin 2D Violet Phosphorus Nanosheets: Facile Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation, Characterization, and Photoelectrochemical Application
Authors: Jin Linghua , Guo Rongshuo , Han Tao , Wang Ruibin , Zhang Ye
Published: March 2023

Violet phosphorus (VP) is a stable layered van der Waals phosphorus allotrope with unique electronic and optoelectronic properties. In this study, 2D VP nanosheets (NSs) are prepared by liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) method under ambient conditions. The prepared VP NSs are characterized and utilized for photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐type photodetector (PD). The systematic PEC measurements reveal that the as‐prepared VP‐based PD shows tunable photo‐response activities from ultraviolet to visible region. A current density of 0.52 µA cm−2, a photo‐responsivity of 31.70 µA W−1, and a detectivity of 7.92 × 1010 Jones can be obtained in 1.0 m KOH under 350 nm irradiation at 0 V, revealing the good self‐powered capability of VP‐based PD. Furthermore, the cycle and time stability tests exhibit the good chemical and environmental stability of the as‐prepared PD via processing 10 000 s on/off switching and placing after one month. It is expected that this work can offer an understanding of a PEC‐type VP NSs‐based PD, and highlight the further promising applications of 2D VP NSs for other optoelectronic devices.
High‐Efficiency InGaN Red Mini‐LEDs on Sapphire Toward Full‐Color Nitride Displays: Effect of Strain Modulation
Authors: Chen Zhaoying , Sheng Bowen , Liu Fang , Liu Shangfeng , Li Duo , Yuan Zexing , Wang Tao , Rong Xin , Huang Jingsheng , Qiu Jiangying , Liang Wenji , Zhao Chunlei , Yan Long , Hu Jason , Guo Shiping , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo , Wang Xinqiang
Published: March 2023

InGaN red light emitting diode (LED) is one of the crucial bottlenecks that must be broken through to realize high‐resolution full‐color mini/micro‐LED displays. The efficiency of InGaN LEDs drops rapidly as the emission spectra go from blue/green to red range due to the poor quality of high‐indium‐content InGaN materials. Here, high‐performance InGaN red LEDs on sapphire grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition through strain modulation are reported. A composite buffer layer is proposed to increase the surface lattice constant of GaN and hence successfully enhances the indium incorporation efficiency of the following InGaN active layers. Consequently, a high‐efficiency InGaN red mini‐LED chip (mesa area: 100 × 200 µm2) with a peak wavelength of 629 nm and an external quantum efficiency of 7.4% is realized. Finally, a full‐color nitride mini‐LED display panel with 74.1% coverage of Rec.2020 color gamut by using the InGaN red mini‐LED chips is fabricated. The study signifies the great potentials of full‐nitrides high‐resolution full‐color mini/micro‐LED displays.
Surface Chemistry of Biologically Active Reducible Oxide Nanozymes
Authors: Neal Craig J. , Kolanthai Elayaraja , Wei Fei , Coathup Melanie , Seal Sudipta
Published: March 2023

Reducible metal oxide nanozymes (rNZs) are a subject of intense recent interest due to their catalytic nature, ease of synthesis, and complex surface character. Such materials contain surface sites which facilitate enzyme‐mimetic reactions via substrate coordination and redox cycling. Further, these surface reactive sites are shown to be highly sensitive to stresses within the nanomaterial lattice, the physicochemical environment, and to processing conditions occurring as part of their syntheses. When administered in vivo, a complex protein corona binds to the surface, redefining its biological identity and subsequent interactions within the biological system. Catalytic activities of rNZs each deliver a differing impact on protein corona formation, its composition, and in turn, their recognition, and internalization by host cells. Improving the understanding of the precise principles that dominate rNZ surface‐biomolecule adsorption raises the question of whether designer rNZs can be engineered to prevent corona formation, or indeed to produce “custom” protein coronas applied either in vitro, and preadministration, or formed immediately upon their exposure to body fluids. Here, fundamental surface chemistry processes and their implications in rNZ material performance are considered. In particular, material structures which inform component adsorption from the application environment, including substrates for enzyme‐mimetic reactions are discussed.
Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water
Authors: Kazi Omar A. , Chen Wen , Eatman Jamila G. , Gao Feng , Liu Yining , Wang Yuqin , Xia Zijing , Darling Seth B.
Published: March 2023

Population growth, urbanization, and decarbonization efforts are collectively straining the supply of limited resources that are necessary to produce batteries, electronics, chemicals, fertilizers, and other important products. Securing the supply chains of these critical resources via the development of separation technologies for their recovery represents a major global challenge to ensure stability and security. Surface water, groundwater, and wastewater are emerging as potential new sources to bolster these supply chains. Recently, a variety of material‐based technologies have been developed and employed for separations and resource recovery in water. Judicious selection and design of these materials to tune their properties for targeting specific solutes is central to realizing the potential of water as a source for critical resources. Here, the materials that are developed for membranes, sorbents, catalysts, electrodes, and interfacial solar steam generators that demonstrate promise for applications in critical resource recovery are reviewed. In addition, a critical perspective is offered on the grand challenges and key research directions that need to be addressed to improve their practical viability.
Post Nitrogen Electrocatalysis Era From Li–N2Batteries to Zn–N2Batteries
Authors: Meng Fanbo , Xiong Xingyu , He Shengnan , Liu Yanxia , Hu Renzong
Published: March 2023

Metal–N2batteries attract considerable research attention due to the dual‐functional characteristics applied in energy storage and conversion, as well as electrochemical artificial NH3yield. Nonetheless, it has been found that not all kinds of metal–N2batteries are suitable for combining the above two applications. Herein, recent advances in metal–N2batteries are summarized. First, the electrochemical reaction mechanisms for all types of metal–N2batteries, including organic Li/Na/Al–N2batteries and aqueous Zn/Al–N2batteries are discussed, and then, a critical assessment of current challenges and future applications is provided. Considering the different electrochemical reaction mechanism in the metal–N2batteries, the electrocatalytic performance for the reported catalyst cathodes is summarized and compared. Then, a multi‐dimensional feasibility and strategy analysis for the developments of rechargeable aqueous Zn–N2batteries is provided, including the three dimensions of cathode catalyst, electrolyte, and metal anodes. Last, specific suggestions and ideas for the further developments of the rechargeable aqueous Zn–N2batteries are put forward, with the hope of inspiring the further developments for the green, sustainable, and high‐energy‐density metal–N2systems in the future.
Catalytic Defect‐Repairing Using Manganese Ions for Hard Carbon Anode with High‐Capacity and High‐Initial‐Coulombic‐Efficiency in Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Jiahua , He Xiang‐Xi , Lai Wei‐Hong , Yang Zhuo , Liu Xiao‐Hao , Li Lin , Qiao Yun , Xiao Yao , Li Li , Wu Xingqiao , Chou Shu‐Lei
Published: March 2023

Hard carbon (HC) anodes have shown extraordinary promise for sodium‐ion batteries, but are limited to their poor initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and low practical specific capacity due to the large amount of defects. These defects with oxygen containing groups cause irreversible sites for Na+ ions. Highly graphited carbon decreases defects, while potentially blocking diffusion paths of Na+ ions. Therefore, molecular‐level control of graphitization of hard carbon with open accessible channels for Na+ ions is key to achieve high‐performance hard carbon. Moreover, it is challenging to design a conventional method to obtain HCs with both high ICE and capacity. Herein, a universal strategy is developed as manganese ions‐assisted catalytic carbonization to precisely tune graphitization degree, eliminate defects, and maintain effective Na+ ions paths. The as‐prepared hard carbon has a high ICE of 92.05% and excellent cycling performance. Simultaneously, a sodium storage mechanism of “adsorption‐intercalation‐pore filling‐sodium cluster formation” is proposed, and a clear description given of the boundaries of the pore structure and the specific dynamic process of pore filling.
Solar Fuel Production from Hydrogen Sulfide: An Upstream Energy Perspective
Authors: Ferree Mariia , Kosco Jan , Laquai Frédéric , Cavazos Sepulveda Adrian , San Roman Alerigi Damian P.
Published: March 2023

Hydrogen sulfide is readily available in vast quantities in the subsurface as a byproduct of industrial processes. Hydrogen evolution from H2S can transform this highly toxic gas into a source of green fuel. Compared to water splitting, H2S dissociation is thermodynamically more favorable. However, feasible industrial‐scale catalytic technologies are not developed yet. The recovery of valuable chemicals using carbon‐neutral photocatalytic processes can capitalize on abundant solar irradiation and advanced semiconductors. The challenge is developing photocatalysts that can efficiently operate over the long term in the harsh environment of subsurface and industry, while utilizing as much of the light source spectrum as possible and providing optimum adsorption/desorption abilities of hydrogen and sulfur‐containing intermediates. Meeting these requirements demands improved kinematic models of photocatalytic H2S decomposition to assess the effect of high temperatures, pressures, mixtures of hydrocarbons, produced water, and other contaminants. Metal sulfides‐based catalysts may be the key to H2S decomposition in the subsurface (e.g., oil and gas reservoirs) and wellbores, but first they need to be upscaled as bulk, robust, and recyclable materials. This review presents a guide for the development of the upstream energy production technology via photocatalytic H2S conversion.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C−C Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Primary Alcohols or Aldehydes: α,β‐Acetylenic Ketones (Ynones) via Oxidative Alkynylation
Authors: Ortiz Eliezer , Evarts Madeline M. , Strong Zachary H. , Shezaf Jonathan Z. , Krische Michael J.
Published: March 2023

The first metal‐catalyzed oxidative alkynylations of primary alcohols or aldehydes to form α,β‐acetylenic ketones (ynones) are described. Deuterium labelling studies corroborate a novel reaction mechanism in which alkyne hydroruthenation forms a transient vinylruthenium complex that deprotonates the terminal alkyne to form the active alkynylruthenium nucleophile.
A Glycosidic‐Bond‐Based Mass‐Spectrometry‐Cleavable Cross‐linker Enables In Vivo Cross‐linking for Protein Complex Analysis
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhao Qun , Gao Hang , Zhao Lili , Chu Huiying , Shan Yichu , Liang Zhen , Zhang Yukui , Zhang Lihua
Published: March 2023

Chemical cross‐linking mass spectrometry (CXMS) has emerged as a powerful technology to analyze protein complexes. However, the progress of in vivo CXMS studies has been limited by cross‐linking biocompatibility and data analysis. Herein, a glycosidic bond‐based MS‐cleavable cross‐linker of trehalose disuccinimidyl ester (TDS) was designed and synthesized, which was fragmented in MS under CID/HCD to simplify the cross‐linked peptides into conventional single peptides via selective cleavage between glycosidic and peptide bonds under individual MS collision energy. Consequently, the cross‐linking identification accuracy and throughput were significantly enhanced, and the popular MS mode of stepped HCD was allowed. In addition, TDS showed proper cell‐penetrating properties while being highly water‐soluble, making it non‐DMSO dependent during solubilization. Collectively, TDS provides a promising toolkit for CXMS characterization of living systems with high biocompatibility and accuracy.
Metal‐Organic Layer Delivers 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid and Porphyrin for Dual‐Organelle‐Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Luo Taokun , Fan Yingjie , Mao Jianming , Jiang Xiaomin , Albano Luciana , Yuan Eric , Germanas Tomas , Lin Wenbin
Published: March 2023

The efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) depends on the subcellular localization of photosensitizers. Herein, we report a dual‐organelle‐targeted nanoparticle platform for enhanced PDT of cancer. By grafting 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to a Hf12‐based nanoscale metal‐organic layer (Hf‐MOL) via carboxylate coordination, ALA/Hf‐MOL enhanced ALA delivery and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) synthesis in mitochondria, and trapped the Hf‐MOL comprising 5,15‐di‐p‐benzoatoporphyrin (DBP) photosensitizers in lysosomes. Light irradiation at 630 nm simultaneously excited PpIX and DBP to generate singlet oxygen and rapidly damage both mitochondria and lysosomes, leading to synergistic enhancement of the PDT efficacy. The dual‐organelle‐targeted ALA/Hf‐MOL outperformed Hf‐MOL in preclinical PDT studies, with a 2.7‐fold lower half maximal inhibitory concentration in cytotoxicity assays in vitro and a 3‐fold higher cure rate in a colon cancer model in vivo.
Carbazolylene‐Ethynylene Macrocycle based Conductive Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Huang Shaofeng , Choi Ji Yong , Xu Qiucheng , Jin Yinghua , Park Jihye , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2023

Two covalent organic frameworks consisting of carbazolylene‐ethynylene shape‐persistent macrocycles with azine (MC‐COF‐1) or imine (MC‐COF‐2) linkages were synthesized via imine condensation. The obtained 2D frameworks are fully conjugated which imparts semiconducting properties. In addition, the frameworks showed high porosity with aligned accessible porous channels along the z axis, serving as an ideal platform for post‐synthetic incorporation of I2 into the channels to enable electrical conductivity. The resulting MC‐COF‐1 showed an electrical conductivity up to 7.8×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature upon I2 doping with the activation energy as low as 0.09 eV. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the electrical properties of both MC‐COFs are switchable between electron‐conducting and insulating states by simply implementing doping‐regenerating cycles. The knowledge gained in this study opens new possibilities for the future development of tunable conductive 2D organic materials.
Cationic Rhodium(I) Tetrafluoroborate Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbofluorination of Alkenes via Acyl Fluoride C−F Bond Activation**
Authors: Yoshida Tomoki , Ohta Masaya , Emmei Tomoya , Kodama Takuya , Tobisu Mamoru
Published: March 2023

The C−F bond of acyl fluorides can be cleaved and added across tethered alkenes in the presence of a cationic rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate catalyst. This 1,2‐carbofluorination reaction offers a powerful method for the synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluoride derivatives with an atom economy of 100 %. Mechanistic studies indicate that the concerted action of a rhodium cation and a tetrafluoroborate anion is key for the success of this catalytic cleavage and formation of C−F bonds in a controlled manner.
Synthesis of chitosan‐nTiO2 nanocomposite, application in adsorptive removal of Cu(II)—Adsorption and desorption study, mechanism, scale‐up design, statistical, and genetic algorithm modeling
Authors: Bhattacharya Samanwita , Bar Nirjhar , Rajbansi Baisali , Das Sudip Kumar
Published: March 2023

The present study comprises the preparation of chitosan‐nTiO2 nanocomposites and their characterization with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Various adsorbent samples are prepared with different weight ratios of chitosan to nTiO2. The adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbents towards Cu(II) in an aqueous solution is also tested. The adsorption experiment is performed in batch mode under varying experimental conditions. Several isotherm and kinetic models are analyzed with the experimental data, and thermodynamic conditions required for adsorption are also determined. The highest elimination of Cu(II) was 39.19% with the adsorbent chitosan without nTiO2 (CWT) with 20 mg L−1 initial Cu (II) concentration at adsorbent dosage 3 gL−1 and 98.5% with the adsorbent CTNC1‐1 (chitosan/nTiO2 nanocomposite with the mass proportions of chitosan:nTiO2 = 1:1) and 93% with CTNC2‐1 (chitosan/nTiO2 nanocomposite with the mass proportions of chitosan:nTiO2 = 2:1) with 10 mg L−1 initial Cu(II) concentration at adsorbent dosage 5 g L−1. The isotherm model confirmed the monolayer adsorption. Maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities (qL) of the adsorbents for Cu(II) were given as CTNC1‐1 > CTNC2‐1 > CWT. The pseudo‐second‐order model excellently depicted the kinetic process with good correlation for all adsorbents. The statistical (R‐square is more than 0.99) and genetic algorithm (GA) model (R‐square is more than 0.99) effectively predicted the percentage removal of Cu(II).
Decarbonizing British Columbia's (BC's) marine sector by using low carbon intensive (CI) biofuels
Authors: Mandegari Mohsen , Ebadian Mahmood , van Dyk Susan , Saddler Jack (John)
Published: March 2023

The long‐distance transport sector will not be easily electrified. Aviation will primarily use sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) to meet its decarbonization targets. Although marine will also be hard to decarbonize this sector has several lower carbon‐intensive (CI) fuel options such as electric‐hybrids, liquefied natural gas (LNG), ‘green’ methanol, ammonia, hydrogen, and biobased fuels. The advantages of using these latter fuels are their ready integration into much of the existing infrastructure, their availability, their use in today's marine engines, substantial carbon emission reductions, and established supply chains. However, there will be increasing competition for the oleochemical/lipid feedstocks from the trucking and aviation sector, while the cost, availability, and overall sustainability of these biofuels are problematic. In the longer term, it is hoped that biomass‐derived biocrudes produced via thermochemical processes such as pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and gasification will supplement the lipid feedstocks and be more sustainable, cheaper, and plentiful. The robustness of marine engines is also conducive to the direct use of straight vegetable oils (SVO) and biocrudes. However, ‘enabling’ policies such as the British Columbia low carbon fuels standard will be required to bridge the initial price gap between fossil and low‐CI fuels while the international nature of most marine traffic will require agreement on how the life cycle analysis (LCA) is determined.
Burden of chemotherapy‐induced myelosuppression among patients with extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study from community oncology practices
Authors: Hart Lowell , Ogbonnaya Augustina , Boykin Kristen , Deyoung Kathryn , Bailey Ray , Heritage Trevor , Lopez‐Gonzalez Lorena , Huang Huan , Gordan Lucio
Published: March 2023

Background

Myelosuppression is a major dose‐limiting complication of chemotherapy for patients with extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC). The objective was to describe the burden of myelosuppression, treatment patterns, and supportive care use among patients with ES‐SCLC treated with chemotherapy in a US community oncology setting.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study used structured electronic medical record (EMR) data from the Florida Cancer Specialists & Research Institute between January 2013 and December 2020. Adult patients with ES‐SCLC who were treated with chemotherapy between September 2013 and November 2020 were identified. The index date was the date of the first chemotherapy‐containing line of therapy (LOT). Patients were followed for a minimum of 30 days after index (unless patient died) until December 31, 2020, or end of activity in the EMR data, whichever occurred first. Incidence and frequency of myelosuppressive episodes/events, treatment patterns, eligibility for red blood cell (RBC) or platelet transfusions, and supportive care use (granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor [G‐CSF], erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents [ESAs], intravenous [IV] hydration) during the follow‐up period were reported.

Results

The study population included 1239 patients. Most (94.0%) patients started first‐line chemotherapy at index. During follow‐up and across all chemotherapy‐containing LOTs, 1222 (98.6%) patients had at least 1 myelosuppressive episode; 62.1% of patients had grade ≥ 3 myelosuppressive episodes in at least one lineage, 33.9% had grade ≥ 3 myelosuppressive episodes in at least two lineages, and 15.5% had grade ≥ 3 myelosuppressive episodes in all three lineages. Supportive care use included 89.7% of patients who received G‐CSF, 24.4% who received ESAs, and 52.1% who received IV volume expansion. Almost one‐third (32.6%) of patients were eligible to receive RBC transfusions based on lab values (hemoglobin < 8 g/dL).

Conclusion

There is a high burden related to multilineage myelosuppression among chemotherapy‐treated patients with ES‐SCLC in the community oncology setting. Reducing myelosuppression could make chemotherapy treatment safer, reduce the need for supportive care, and potentially prevent the treatment of complications.
Molecular genetic positioning of small intestine and papilla of Vater carcinomas including clinicopathological classification
Authors: Nakamura Masanori , Okamura Yukiyasu , Ohshima Keiichi , Sugiura Teiichi , Ashida Ryo , Ohgi Katsuhisa , Bando Etsuro , Fujiya Keiichi , Shiomi Akio , Kagawa Hiroyasu , Imamura Taisuke , Nakayama Goro , Kodera Yasuhiro , Uesaka Katsuhiko , Ohike Nobuyuki , Norose Tomoko , Sasaki Keiko , Sugino Takashi , Ohnami Sumiko , Nagashima Takeshi , Urakami Kenichi , Akiyama Yasuto , Yamaguchi Ken
Published: March 2023

Background

Small intestine carcinoma (SIC) cases in Japan have recently been treated with chemotherapy according to colorectal carcinoma classification, while papilla of Vater carcinoma (PVC) cases according to cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) classification. However, few research reports support the molecular genetic validity of these therapeutic choices.

Patients and methods

Here, we investigated the clinicopathological and molecular genetic factors of SIC and PVC. We used the data from the Japanese version of The Cancer Genome Atlas. Additionally, molecular genetic data on gastric adenocarcinoma (GAD), colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRAD), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and CHC were also referred to.

Results

This study consisted of tumor samples from 12 patients of SIC and three patients of PVC treated from January 2014 to March 2019. Among them, six patients had pancreatic invasion. t‐Distributed stochastic neighbor embedding analysis showed that the gene expression pattern of SIC was similar not only to those of GAD and CRAD, but also to that of PDAC in the pancreatic invasion patients. In addition, PVC resembled the GAD, CRAD, and PDAC, rather than the CHC. The molecular genetic characteristics of the six patients with pancreatic invasion were: one had high microsatellite instability, two had a TP53 driver mutation, and three had tumor mutation burden values <1 mutation/Mb with no driver mutation.

Conclusions

In this study, the extensive gene expression profiling of organ carcinomas newly suggests that SIC or PVC may resemble GAD, CRAD, and PDAC. In addition, the data demonstrate that pancreatic invasive patients may be classified into several subtypes using molecular genetic factors.
Real‐Time Interactive Navigation on Input‐Output Data Sets in Chemical Processes
Authors: Baldan Marco , Ludl Patrick Otto , Süss Philipp , Schack Dominik , Schmidt Robin , Bortz Michael
Published: March 2023

Input‐output data sets are ubiquitous in chemical process engineering. We introduce a real‐time interactive navigation framework that provides several capabilities to the decision maker (DM). Once a surrogate model is trained the DM can perform what‐if analyses in both input and output spaces by manipulating sliders. An approximated convex hull spanned in the input space supports both a reliable surrogate prediction and a navigation close to the data set. The framework has been tested on data sets obtained with a flowsheet simulator modeling a real steam methane reforming process.
Highly sensitive single tube B‐lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma minimal/measurable residual disease test robust to surface antigen directed therapy
Authors: Gao Qi , Liu Ying , Aypar Umut , Baik Jeeyeon , Londono Dory , Sun Xiaotian , Zhang Jingping , Zhang Yanming , Roshal Mikhail
Published: March 2023

Background

Measurement of minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) in B‐lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B‐ALL) has become a routine clinical evaluation tool and remains the strongest predictor of treatment outcome. In recent years, new targeted anti‐CD19 and anti‐CD22 antibody‐based and cellular therapies have revolutionized the treatment of the high‐risk B‐ALL. The new treatments raise challenges for diagnostic flow cytometry, which relies on the presence of specific surface antigens to identify the population of interest. So far, reported flow cytometry‐based assays are developed to either achieve a deeper MRD level or to accommodate the loss of surface antigens post‐target therapies, but not both.

Methods

We developed a single tube flow cytometry assay (14‐color‐16‐parameters). The method was validated using 94 clinical samples as well as spike‐in and replicate experiments.

Results

The assay was well suited for monitoring response to targeted therapies and reached a sensitivity below 10−5 with acceptable precision (coefficient of variation < 20%), accuracy, and interobserver variability (κ = 1).

Conclusions

The assay allows for sensitive disease detection of B‐ALL MRD independent of CD19 and CD22 expression and allows uniform analysis of samples regardless of anti‐CD19 and CD22 therapy.