bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regular Strength and Sprint Training Counteracts Bone Aging: A 10‐Year Follow‐Up in Male Masters Athletes
Authors: Suominen Tuuli H , Alén Markku , Törmäkangas Timo , Degens Hans , Rittweger Jörn , Heinonen Ari , Suominen Harri , Korhonen Marko T
Published: May 2021

Cross‐sectional and interventional studies suggest that high‐intensity strength and impact‐type training provide a powerful osteogenic stimulus even in old age. However, longitudinal evidence on the ability of high‐intensity training to attenuate age‐related bone deterioration is currently lacking. This follow‐up study assessed the role of continued strength and sprint training on bone aging in 40‐ to 85‐year‐old male sprinters (n = 69) with a long‐term training background. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)‐derived bone structural, strength, and densitometric parameters of the distal tibia and tibia midshaft were assessed at baseline and 10 years later. The groups of well‐trained (actively competing, sprint training including strength training ≥2 times/week; n = 36) and less‐trained (<2 times/week, no strength training, switched to endurance training; n = 33) athletes were formed according to self‐reports at follow‐up. Longitudinal changes in bone traits in the two groups were examined using linear mixed models. Over the 10‐year period, group‐by‐time interactions were found for distal tibia total bone mineral content (BMC), trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and compressive strength index, and for mid‐tibia cortical cross‐sectional area, medullary area, total BMC, and BMC at the anterior and posterior sites (polar mass distribution analysis) (p < 0.05). These interactions reflected maintained (distal tibia) or improved (mid‐tibia) bone properties in the well‐trained and decreased bone properties in the less‐trained athletes over the 10‐year period. Depending on the bone variable, the difference in change in favor of the well‐trained group ranged from 2% to 5%. The greatest differences were found in distal tibia trabecular vBMD and mid‐tibia posterior BMC, which remained significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment for multiple testing. In conclusion, our longitudinal findings indicate that continued strength and sprint training is associated with maintained or even improved tibial properties in middle‐aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that regular, intensive exercise counteracts bone aging. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Microstructure Determines Apparent-Level Mechanics Despite Tissue-Level Anisotropy and Heterogeneity of Individual Plates and Rods in Normal Human Trabecular Bone
Authors: Yu Y Eric , Hu Yizhong Jenny , Zhou Bin , Wang Ji , Guo X Edward
Published: May 2021

Trabecular plates and rods determine apparent elastic modulus and yield strength of trabecular bone, serving as important indicators of bone's mechanical integrity in health and disease. Although trabecular bone's apparent-level mechanical properties have been widely reported, tissue mechanical properties of individual trabeculae have not been fully characterized. We systematically measured tissue mineral density (TMD)–dependent elastic modulus of individual trabeculae using microindentation and characterized its anisotropy as a function of trabecular type (plate or rod), trabecular orientation in the global coordinate (longitudinal, oblique, or transverse along the anatomic loading axis), and indentation direction along the local trabecular coordinate (axial or lateral). Human trabecular bone samples were scanned by micro-computed tomography for TMD and microstructural measurements. Individual trabecula segmentation was used to decompose trabecular network into individual trabeculae, where trabecular type and orientation were determined. We performed precise, selective indentation of trabeculae in each category using a custom-built, microscope-coupled microindentation device. Co-localization of TMD at each indentation site was performed to obtain TMD-to-modulus correlations. We found significantly higher TMD and tissue modulus in trabecular plates than rods. Regardless of trabecular type and orientation, axial tissue modulus was consistently higher than lateral tissue modulus, with ratios ranging from 1.13 to 1.41. Correlations between TMD and tissue modulus measured from axial and lateral indentations were strong but distinct: axial correlation predicted higher tissue modulus than lateral correlation at the same TMD level. To assess the contribution of experimentally measured anisotropic tissue properties of individual trabeculae to apparent-level mechanics, we constructed non-linear micro-finite element models using a new set of trabecular bone samples and compared model predictions to mechanical testing measurements. Heterogeneous anisotropic models accurately predicted apparent elastic modulus but were no better than a simple homogeneous isotropic model. Variances in tissue-level properties may therefore contribute nominally to apparent-level mechanics in normal human trabecular bone. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Local current analysis on defective zigzag graphene nanoribbons devices for biosensor material applications
Authors: Shao Jingjing , Paulus Beate , Tremblay Jean Christophe
Published: May 2021

In this contribution, we aim at investigating the mechanism of biosensing in graphene‐based materials from first principles. Inspired by recent experiments, we construct an atomistic model composed of a pyrene molecule serving as a linker fragment, which is used in experiment to attach certain aptamers, and a defective zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). Density functional theory including dispersive interaction is employed to study the energetics of the linker absorption on the defective ZGNRs. Combining non‐equilibrium Green's function and the Landauer formalism, the total current‐bias voltage dependence through the device is evaluated. Modifying the distance between the linker molecule and the nanojunction plane reveals a quantitative change in the total current‐bias voltage dependence, which correlates to the experimental measurements. In order to illuminate the geometric origin of these variation observed in the considered systems, the local currents through the device are investigated using the method originally introduced by Evers and co‐workers. In our new implementation, the numerical efficiency is improved by applying sparse matrix storage and spectral filtering techniques, without compromising the resolution of the local currents. Local current density maps qualitatively demonstrate the local variation of the interference between the linker molecule and the nanojunction plane.
Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis
Authors: Jafarian Hadis , Gharaghani Maral , Seyedian Seyed Saeed , Mahmoudabadi Ali Zarei
Published: May 2021

Background

Esophageal candidiasis is the most frequent form of esophagitis. The pathogenicity of Candida spp. is related to a combination of microbial factors, hydrolytic enzyme secretion and phenotypic switching. This study was designed to investigate esophageal candidiasis, antifungal activity, enzymatic activity patterns, phenotyping, and genotyping profiles of Candida albicans species.

Methods

Nine hundred thirty‐three visited patients were evaluated, and esophageal biopsies from patients were included in this study during 2019–2020. Direct smear, Gram staining, and culture on CHROMagar were performed for each sample. Isolated species were identified with conventional procedures and PCR‐RFLP. Susceptibility to antifungals was determined according to CLSI guidelines. ABC typing, phenotype switching, hemolysin, proteinase, phospholipase, and esterase activity were also determined with the appropriate protocols.

Results

Twenty‐three (2.5%) patients (mean age 55.2 years) were diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis. The species isolated were 19(82.6%) C. albicans, 3(13.1%) C. glabrata, and 1(4.3%) C. tropicalis. Genotype A (57.9%) was the predominant type in C. albicans isolates. 50% of C. albicans isolates exhibited a white phenotype. A high level of phospholipase (47.4%), hemolysin (68.4%), and proteinase activity (36.8%) was observed in the C. albicans isolates. Only three C. glabrata isolates displayed non‐wild type susceptibility to voriconazole and itraconazole.

Conclusion

This study shows that C. albicans are still the most frequent isolates from patients with esophageal candidiasis. The predominance of genotype A, the white phenotype, and strong hemolysin activity may indicate a high prevalence of pathogenicity in these isolates. Sensitivity to antifungal drugs was greatest for amphotericin and fluconazole.
Inhibiting PHD2 in human periodontal ligament cells via lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference facilitates cell osteogenic differentiation and periodontal repair
Authors: Cui Di , Chen Changxing , Luo Binyan , Yan Fuhua
Published: May 2021

Periodontal defect regeneration in severe periodontitis remains a challenging task in clinic owing to poor survival of seed cells caused by the remaining oxidative stress microenvironment. Recently, the reduction of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (PHD2), a primary cellular oxygen sensor, has shown an incredible extensive effect on skeletal muscle tissue regeneration by improving cell resistance to reactive oxygen species, whereas its role in periodontal defect repair is unclear. Here, through lentivirus vector-mediated RNA interference, the PHD2 gene in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) is silenced, leading to hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization in normoxia. In vitro, PHD2 silencing not only exhibited a satisfactory effect on cell proliferation, but also induced distinguished osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting revealed significant up-regulation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2, and collagen type I (COL I). Under oxidative stress conditions, COL I and ALP expression levels, suppressed by 100 μM H2O2, were elevated by PHD2-gene-silencing in hPDLCs. In vivo, periodontal fenestration defects were established in 18 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 wk old, followed by implantation of PHD2 silencing hPDLCs in situ for 21 d. Persistent and stable silencing of PHD2 in hPDLCs promoted better new bone formation according to microcomputed tomography 3D reconstruction and related bone parameter analysis. This work demonstrates the therapeutic efficiency of PHD2 gene interference in osteogenic differentiation and periodontal defect repair for highly efficient periodontal regeneration.
Larger floods of Himalayan foothill rivers sustained flows in the Ghaggar–Hakra channel during Harappan age
Authors: Singh Ajit , Jain Vikrant , Danino Michel , Chauhan Naveen , Kaushal Rahul Kumar , Guha Shantamoy , Prabhakar V. N.
Published: May 2021

The human–landform interaction in the region of the Ghaggar–Hakra palaeochannel in the northwest Indo‐Gangetic plains during the Bronze Age Indus/Harappan civilisation (~4.6–3.9 thousand years before the present, ka bp) remains an enigmatic case due to a paucity of evidence regarding the hydrology of the then existing river. Here, we estimated the palaeohydrology of the foothill Markanda River in the sub‐Himalayan catchment of the Ghaggar–Hakra (G–H) palaeochannel. Our morphology and chronology results show aggradation of a fan (57.7 ka) during the Late Pleistocene and T–1 to T–5 fluvial terraces (13.1 to 6.0 ka) during the terminal Pleistocene to Holocene, and deposition of palaeoflood sediments (3.9–3.8 ka) over the T–3 terraces during the Late Holocene. Considering the known uplift rates along the Himalayan frontal thrust, and our estimated aggradation rates, we derived channel palaeogeometry and calculated peak discharge at the site of palaeoflood deposits. We conclude that the Markanda River's peak discharge was several orders of magnitude higher during the Late Holocene than the modern‐day peak discharge of 100‐year return period. The palaeoflood deposits represent larger flooding of the foothill rivers that sustained flows in the downstream reaches of the Ghaggar–Hakra palaeochannel during the Late Harappan civilisation.
Photosynthesis, fluorescence, and nutrition of Zhonglan No. 2, a new alfalfa cultivar
Authors: Cui Guangxin , Tian Fuping , Hu Yu , Wei Xiaoxing , Zhu Xinqiang , Wang Xiaoli , Wang Chunmei , Li Jinhua , Degen Abraham Allan , Duan Huirong
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

The years after planting play an important role in the above‐ground biomass and nutritive value of alfalfa. Zhonglan No. 2 (Medicago sativa L. cv. Zhonglan No. 2) is a new breeding alfalfa cultivar characterized by high drought tolerance and high yield. To determine the optimum time for utilization of Zhonglan No. 2, we examined growth traits, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters, and composition and nutritive values at the late vegetative and early flowering stages of the first stubble in the second, third, fourth, sixth, and eleventh years after planting.

RESULTS

In general, the height and leaf area decreased with increasing number of years after planting. At the late vegetative stage, the fourth‐year alfalfa exhibited higher stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and better water use efficiency, and at the early flowering stage, the fourth‐year alfalfa had the highest (P < 0.05) leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and carboxylation efficiency (CE). Total digestible nutrients did not differ among years, but, in the early flowering stage, crude protein content decreased with years (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and total antioxidant capacity did not differ among years after planting, suggesting aging did not impose oxidative stress on this alfalfa cultivar.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on height, chlorophyll content, crude protein (CP) content, and photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters, the fourth year after planting, at the early flowering stage, was the best for using Zhonglan No. 2. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Prognostic importance of lymph node count and ratio in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: Results from a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Detering Robin , Meyer Vincent M. , Borstlap Wernard A.A. , Beets‐Tan Regina G.H. , Marijnen Corrie A.M. , Hompes Roel , Tanis Pieter J. , van Westreenen Henderik L. ,   the Dutch Snapshot Research Group
Published: May 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of lymph node count (LNC) and lymph node ratio (LNR) in rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods

Patients who underwent neoadjuvant CRT and total mesorectal excision (TME) for Stage I–III rectal cancer were selected from a cross‐sectional study including 71 Dutch centres. Primary outcome parameters were disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Prognostic significance of LNC and LNR (cut‐off values 0.15, 0.20, 0.30) was tested for different (sub)groups.

Results

From 2095 registered patients, 458 were included, of which 240 patients with LNC < 12 and 218 patients with LNC ≥ 12. LNC was not significantly associated with DFS (p = 0.35) and OS (p = 0.59). In univariable analysis, LNR was significantly associated with DFS and OS in the whole cohort and LNC subgroups, but not in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

LNC was not associated with long‐term oncological outcome in rectal cancer patients treated with CRT, nor was LNR when corrected for N‐stage. However, LNR might be used to identify subgroups of node‐positive patients with a favourable outcome.
The spatial agglomeration of the MICE industry
Authors: Bernini Cristina , Emili Silvia , Medei Renato
Published: May 2021

MICE is one of the most profitable sectors of the tourism industry, with an effective impact on local economies. However, the investigation of its spatial agglomeration has not been fully explored. In this study, we use information on the venues' characteristics and territorial distribution to identify convention firms' agglomeration in Emilia‐Romagna (Italy), through a constrained clustering algorithm. This approach enables the inclusion of both non‐geographical aspects, measured by the Krugman sectoral index, and geographical information. Findings show the existence of developed and developing convention agglomerations, with different MICE offers. Using convention demand data, we improve the cluster's profiles and propose some managerial strategies.
New polymer composites improve silty clay soil microstructure: an evaluation using NMR
Authors: Huang Wei , Du Jiaxin , Sun Hao , Zhou Cuiying , Liu Zhen , Zhang Lihai
Published: May 2021

Soil erosion is a major environmental threat. The purpose of this study was to develop new polymer soil improvers that could mitigate the risk of soil erosion by modifying the microstructure of the soil and improving the ecological self‐repair ability. In particular, this study investigated new polymer composites (ADNB) based on different combination ratios of nano‐aqueous adhesive (NAB) and superabsorbent resin (SARn). The effects of different types of ADNB on soil water characteristics and pore size distribution were systematically investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In addition, an empirical model based on experimental data was developed to describe the effects of ADNB on the soil‐water characteristic curves. The results showed that in comparison to natural soil, the application of ADNB could significantly increase the peak signal strength of the relaxation time curve. In addition, ADNB can effectively reduce the number of pores with diameters of 1.11–8.3 μm, increase the number of pores with diameters of 0.5–1.8 μm, but had little effect on the number of pores with diameters of 0–0.5 μm. Through NMR imaging analysis, the effects of ADNB on soil moisture absorption and storage were quantified. The results showed that the ratio and content of ADNB have an obvious effect on the soil‐water characteristic curve under low suction but showed little effect under high suction conditions, indicating that the water‐holding capacity has been improved.
Nutrient fluxes from rivers, groundwater, and the ocean into the coastal embayment along the Sanriku ria coast, Japan
Authors: Nakajima Toshimi , Sugimoto Ryo , Kusunoki Takahiro , Yokoyama Katsuhide , Taniguchi Makoto
Published: May 2021

External nutrient supply from the land and ocean is crucial for sustaining high primary productivity in coastal seas. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is recognized as one of the most important sources of terrestrial nutrients. However, the relative importance of SGD‐derived nutrients from different sources in coastal ecosystems controlled by offshore exchange has not been well quantified. Here, we assessed water and nutrient budgets in the semi‐enclosed bay along the Sanriku ria coast, where the intrusion of nutrient‐enriched oceanic water is substantial. We conducted seasonal sampling campaigns and monitored the groundwater level throughout the year. Water and nutrient fluxes from fresh groundwater, saline groundwater, river water, and oceanic water were estimated using a hydrological method and radium (Ra) mass balance model. The results indicated that oceanic water was a dominant source, accounting for 99.5%, 86%, 97%, and 84% of the total influx of water, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and dissolved silica, respectively. Although the mean fluxes of land‐derived nutrients were small, the contribution increased to 28–59% in October, when nutrient fluxes of oceanic water weakened. Of the terrestrial sources, SGD dominated (41–94%), particularly saline SGD (>99% of total SGD). We concluded that an efficient supply of the primary limiting nutrient from land to the coastal ecosystem can accelerate coastal primary production during certain seasons, even if oceanic nutrients are typically the dominant source.
Pico‐ and nanoplankton communities on a near to offshore transect along the continental shelf of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey
Authors: Kurtay Gulce , Prevost Hans J. , Stauffer Beth A.
Published: May 2021

Hurricane Harvey delivered over 124 trillion liters of freshwater to the Texas–Louisiana coast and the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) in late August‐early September 2017. Environmental conditions, size‐fractionated phytoplankton biomass, and pico‐ and nanoplankton abundances (picocyanobacteria, picoeukaryotes, autotrophic, and heterotrophic nanoplankton) were characterized along nearshore‐offshore transects prior to Hurricane Harvey (late July 2017) and in the 3 weeks to 6 months following the storm (September 2017 to March 2018). To understand the extent to which observed changes in the aquatic environment and plankton communities could be attributed to Hurricane Harvey (vs. seasonal or interannual variability), salinity, temperature, and phytoplankton biomass from historical data (2006–2018) were also analyzed. Nearshore stations from September and October 2017 showed significantly lower salinities and overall phytoplankton biomass compared to historical data. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations were minimal in October. Pico‐ and nanoplankton abundances were lower in September and October than prior to the storm, with the exception of picocyanobacteria. In contrast, post‐storm biomass at mid‐shelf stations was within the historical average, while pico‐ and nanoplankton abundances were higher. Offshore stations showed little change in biomass or abundances following the storm. Pre‐storm assemblages of pico‐ and nanoplankton in July 2017 were distinct from those in post‐storm months, and variance in these assemblages and specific group abundances was tied to inorganic nutrients, salinity, and temperature. These results point to significant changes in important members of the plankton that occurred in GOM continental shelf waters following a major hurricane, with important implications for oceanic food webs and biogeochemical cycles.
Current Situation and Challenges in Vitreous Substitutes
Authors: Mondelo‐García Cristina , Bandín‐Vilar Enrique , García‐Quintanilla Laura , Castro‐Balado Ana , del Amo Eva M. , Gil‐Martínez María , Blanco‐Teijeiro María José , González‐Barcia Miguel , Zarra‐Ferro Irene , Fernández‐Ferreiro Anxo , Otero‐Espinar Francisco J.
Published: May 2021

Vitreo‐retinal disorders constitute a significant portion of treatable ocular diseases. These pathologies often require vitreo‐retinal surgery and, as a consequence, the use of vitreous substitutes. Nowadays, the vitreous substitutes that are used in clinical practice are mainly divided into gases (air, SF6, C2F6, C3F8) and liquids (perfluorocarbon liquids, silicone oils, and heavy silicone oils). There are specific advantages and drawbacks to each of these, which determine their clinical indications. However, developing the ideal biomaterial for vitreous substitution continues to be one of the most important challenges in ophthalmology, and a multidisciplinary approach is required. In this sense, recent research has focused on the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, and injectable hydrogels (natural, synthetic, and smart), which also act as medium and long‐term internal tamponade agents. This comprehensive review aims to cover the main characteristics and indications for use of the extensive range of vitreous substitutes that are currently used in clinical practice, before going on to describe the hydrogels that have been developed recently and which have emerged as promising biomaterials for vitreous substitution.
Comparison of the in vitro corrosion behavior of biodegradable pure Zn in SBF, 0.9% NaCl, and DMEM
Authors: Zhu Xinglong , Guo Pushan , Yang Lijing , Xu Cheng , Geng Fang , Shen Jianwei , Lu Ting , Sun Wensheng , Song Zhenlun
Published: May 2021

Zn‐based alloys are considered to be the new biodegradable implant materials due to their suitable degradation rate and good biocompatibility. The biocorrosion behavior of pure Zn in 0.9% NaCl, simulated body fluid, and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) was investigated by electrochemical and immersion tests. These tests revealed that pure Zn has the lowest corrosion rate in DMEM and the highest in 0.9% NaCl. Aggressive Cl− has an important effect on the corrosion process. Buffering agents, amino acids, and glucose have a close connection with corrosion resistance. Among the three solutions, DMEM with a similar ion concentration and necessary nutriments is recommended as the more suitable choice for estimating biodegradable alloys' in vitro degradation.
Multicomponent Spiropolymerization of Diisocyanides, Diethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate, and Halogenated Quinones
Authors: Zhu Guinan , Fu Weiqiang , Shi Jianbing , Tong Bin , Cai Zhengxu , Zhi Junge , Dong Yuping
Published: May 2021

Multicomponent spiropolymerization (MCSP) provides an efficient synthetic tool for the construction of spiropolymers based on nonspiro monomers. In this study, a method of MCSP using diisocyanides 1, diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate 2, and halogenated quinones 3 is developed for the in situ construction of bis‐spiropolymers with high molecular weights (Mw up to 29 200) and good yields (up to 87.7%) under mild reaction conditions. The structure of the obtained bis‐spiropolymers is confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Halogenated bis‐spiropolymers show good thermal stability, good solubility, and film‐forming ability. The photosensitizer rhodamine B is used as a doping agent to induce the photodegradation of the polymer P1a3c into small‐molecule segments, which results in the slow release of halogenated spiro‐groups under irradiation with simulated sunlight. This finding reveals that P1a3c has the potential to be applied in pesticides. Therefore, this MCSP is a novel method for preparing halogen‐containing bis‐spiropolymers, which accelerates the development of multifunctional polymer materials.
Newly Found Digital Memory Characteristics of Pyrrolidone‐ and Succinimide‐Based Polymers
Authors: Ryu Wonyeong , Xiang Li , Jin Kyeong Sik , Kim Hyun‐Joong , Kim Hong‐Chul , Ree Moonhor
Published: May 2021

This study reports for the first time the excellent nonvolatile and volatile digital memory characteristics of polymers bearing 2‐pyrrolidone and succinimide moieties. A series of new polymers is synthesized from poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) and four alcohol derivatives with and without 2‐pyrrolidone and succinimide moieties. All polymers, including polyvinylpyrrolidone, are found to be thermally stable up to 195 °C or higher, and characterized regarding their molecular orbital energy levels, bandgap, and resistive digital memory behaviors. Excitingly, the polymers bearing either 2‐pyrrolidone or succinimide moiety demonstrate p‐type digital memory behaviors with high ON/OFF current ratios and long reliabilities. Nonvolatile digital memory performance is achieved over the film thickness range of 10–80 nm, whereas volatile digital memory is demonstrated over a much narrower range of film thickness. All digital memory performances can be originated from the 2‐pyrrolidone and succinimide moieties possessing high affinity and stabilization power to charges via charge traps and transformations based on a hopping conduction process. Hence, these new polymers are suitable for the production of high‐performance p‐type nonvolatile and volatile digital memory devices. Moreover, 2‐pyrrolidone and succinimide can be used as new and economical electroactive building blocks for the development of advanced digital memory materials.
The isothermal section of the Al‐Si‐B ternary system at 700 °C and its applications
Authors: Wu H. , Liu Y. , Liu Y. , Tu H. , Wang J. , Su X.
Published: May 2021

The isothermal section of the Al−Si−B ternary system at 700 °C has been calculated using FactSage software and experimentally determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x‐ray powder diffraction(XRD). The calculated results show that there are six three‐phase regions in the isothermal section: Liquid‐Al+AlB2+(Si), AlB2+AlB12+(Si), (Si)+AlB12+SiB3, AlB12+SiB3+SiB6, AlB12+SiB6+SiB14, AlB12+SiB14+(B). Four three‐phase regions of Liquid‐Al+AlB2+(Si), AlB2+AlB12+(Si), (Si)+AlB12+SiB3 and AlB12+SiBn+(B) were confirmed experimentally, which are consistent with calculated results. The small AlB2 particles in the Al‐3B alloy have good refining effect on the primary α‐Al phase in the Al‐10Si alloy, which greatly refines the microstructure and improves the mechanical properties of the Al‐10Si alloy.
Investigation of the corrosion behavior of aluminum bronze alloy in alkaline environment
Authors: Asgari M. , Foratirad H. , Golabadi M. , Karimi M. , Gholami M.G.
Published: May 2021

In this study, the effect of amino‐based additives including ammonia, ethanolamine and a mixture of two additives on the pH change of condenser water and corrosion behavior of aluminum bronze alloy as a structural material of condenser were investigated. The results of polarization curves, wheel tests and inductively coupled plasma showed that by increasing the pH from 8.5 to 10.5, the corrosion rate of aluminum bronze alloy and the dissolution rate of alloying elements are increased. The effect of amino‐based additives at the same pH is similar to each other. A comparison of corrosion rates determined by polarization curves. The corrosion rates for solutions contained ammonia and ethanolamine additives at pH = 10.5, were 2.92 ⋅ 10−2 and 4.55 ⋅ 10−2 mm/y respectively. The wheel test results indicated that the corrosion rates of solutions containing different additives increased to 1.1028 mm/y and 0.4504 mm/y for solutions containing ammonia and ethanolamine, respectively. Therefore, due to similar environmental conditions in the condenser and the wheel test because of the presence perturbation and biphasic fluid, it can be concluded that at pH above 10, aluminum bronze alloy has lower corrosion rate in the cooling water containing ethanolamine than ammonia additives.
Effects of process parameters on the microstructure of iron coating fabricated on pure aluminum by immersion plating
Authors: Zhu X.C. , Sun J. , Chen Z. , Li Y. , Du X.D. , Wu Y.C.
Published: May 2021

In this paper, an iron coating was designed to fabricate on the surface layer of pure aluminum. The effects of process parameters such as immersion plating method, durations and temperatures on the microstructure of iron coating were studied systematically. The experimental results showed that the quality of the iron coating fabricated on the sample by one‐step immersion plating is better than that obtained by two‐step immersion plating. The iron coating obtained by one‐step immersion plating for 1 min is continuous and without obvious gaps and cavities. With the immersion time increased to 3 min and 5 min, the coating is uneven and easy to fall off from the surface of sample. Additionally, due to that the higher temperature increases the efficiency of displacement reaction, the quality of the coating obtained at 40 °C is better than that obtained at 55 °C and 65 °C. Consequently, the optimal immersion plating parameters were one‐step immersion plating, 1 min, and 40 °C. This paper provides a novel method to prepare an iron coating as a pretreatment for electroplating of aluminum.
Mechanical, machining and corrosion properties of Al5083‐carbon nanotubes composite produced by friction stir processing
Authors: Prabhakar G.V.N.B. , Dumpala L. , Ravikumar N.
Published: May 2021

In the current work, composites of Al5083 aluminum alloy and carbon nanotubes were developed by friction stir processing. Grain size reduction was observed in the composite from a starting size of 115 μm±4.6 μm to 11 μm±3.3 μm. Higher hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were measured for the composite at the cost of losing ductility compared with friction stir processed Al5083 and base alloy. This behavior can be understood by considering the influence of grain size and carbon nanotubes. Machining studies carried out by conducting drilling experiments demonstrate decreasing cutting forces for the composite compared with friction stir processed Al5083. However, compared with base alloy, composite exhibited higher cutting forces at all of the cutting parameters. Corrosion behavior of the materials assessed by electrochemical tests demonstrates the promising effect of grain refinement on enhancing the corrosion resistance of friction stir processed Al5083. However, presence of carbon nanotubes marginally decreased the corrosion resistance of composite compared with friction stir processed Al5083. From the results, it can be understood that the addition of carbon nanotubes significantly enhance the mechanical properties and machinability. However, addition of carbon nanotubes on decreasing the corrosion performance is a noteworthy observation.
DUOGLOBE: One‐Year Outcomes in a Real‐World Study of Levodopa Carbidopa Intestinal Gel for Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Standaert David G. , Aldred Jason , Anca‐Herschkovitsch Marieta , Bourgeois Paul , Cubo Esther , Davis Thomas L. , Iansek Robert , Kovács Norbert , Pontieri Francesco E. , Siddiqui Mustafa S. , Simu Mihaela , Bergmann Lars , Kukreja Pavnit , Robieson Weining Z. , Chaudhuri K. Ray
Published: May 2021

Background

Levodopa‐carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) is an established treatment for improving motor and some non‐motor symptoms (NMS) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Prospective long‐term data in routine clinical practice are limited.

Objective

Assess LCIG effectiveness and safety in patients with advanced PD after 12 months during real‐world routine clinical practice.

Methods

Duodopa/Duopa in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease—a global observational study evaluating long‐term effectiveness (DUOGLOBE) (NCT02611713) is an ongoing, prospective, multinational, observational study of LCIG‐naïve patients treated as part of routine clinical practice; 3 years of follow‐up are planned. The primary outcome is the change in patient‐reported off time. Other assessments include the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS), Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), Parkinson's Disease Sleep scale (PDSS‐2), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), health‐related quality of life (HR‐QoL), caregiver burden, and serious adverse events (SAEs). Outcomes from baseline to month (M) 12 are presented.

Results

In this 12‐month follow‐up, patients (N = 195) had baseline characteristics similar to other LCIG studies. Significant improvements (mean change to M12) were observed in off time (−3.9 ± 3.6 hr/day, P < 0.001), dyskinesia assessed using the UDysRS (−9.6 ± 22.5, P < 0.001), NMSS (−23.1 ± 41.4, P < 0.001), sleep and sleepiness symptoms on the PDSS‐2 (−6.5 ± 12.2, P < 0.001) and ESS (−1.0 ± 5.7, P < 0.05), HR‐QoL (−9.0 ± 21.6, P < 0.001), and caregiver burden (−1.9 ± 6.7, P = 0.008). Overall, 40.5% (n = 79) of patients experienced SAEs; fall (n = 6; 3.1%) and urinary tract infection (n = 6; 3.1%) were SAEs reported in ≥3% of patients.

Conclusions

These 12‐month outcome data show sustained, long‐term improvements and support the real‐world effectiveness of LCIG in patients with advanced PD. Safety was consistent with previous studies.
Psychedelic‐assisted therapy considered ‘breakthrough’ treatment for PTSD
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2021

New research involving the use of psychedelic‐assisted therapy is showing promise and significant implications for patients with severe, chronic post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and could potentially move the needle further toward Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, say researchers from the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS).
Recipient vessel selection for multiple free flap transfers in head and neck reconstruction at different periods
Authors: Lai Chih‐Sheng , Shen Ching‐Hui , Chang Yi‐Ting , Liu Shih‐An , Lu Chen‐Te , Tsai Yueh‐Chi , Chen I‐Chen , Feng Chin‐Hsing , Wu Cheng‐Yeu
Published: May 2021

Background

Treatment decisions can be challenging in patients undergoing multiple oropharyngeal microsurgical reconstructions at different periods by various causes. We, retrospectively, reviewed patients with at least three consecutive free flap reconstructions to determine the optimal strategy for selecting recipient vessels.

Methods

Then, 36 patients (33 men and 3 women) who underwent at least 3 microsurgical reconstructions with a total of 51 free flap transfers for head and neck defects were included in this report. The most common reason for multiple microsurgical reconstructions was recurrent disease. For reconstructions, recipient vessel candidates on the same side of the head and neck were prioritized; if ipsilateral vessels were unavailable, contralateral recipient vessels, which might necessitate vein grafts, were used.

Results

The most common reconstructions were anterolateral thigh flaps (19 cases). The most commonly used contralateral recipient vessels were the superior thyroid artery, facial artery, and external jugular vein. All vessel anastomoses were performed using the end‐to‐end method. Postoperative complications occurred at the sites of 26 free flap reconstructions. The overall flap reconstruction success rate in patients with at least three surgeries was 90.2%. The median follow‐up duration was 25.8 months. During follow‐up, 26 patients survived until the end of follow‐up.

Conclusions

In patients undergoing multiple free flap reconstructions, recipient vessels on the ipsilateral side that have not been subjected to radiation should be selected first. Recipient vessels contralateral to the reconstruction side can then be selected; however, they may require vein grafts. Finally, distant healthy recipient vessels can be selected through vein grafting.
Effects of comprehensive intervention on life quality among the elderly with Alzheimer Disease and their caregivers based on mixed models
Authors: Yang Li , Xuan Cheng , Yu Caiyan , Jin Xiaoqing , Zheng Pinpin , Yan Jing
Published: May 2021

Aims

We conducted a multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention for elderly Alzheimer Disease patients and their caregivers to improve their quality of life.

Design

Randomized controlled trial.

Methods

From June to June in 2019, 150 Alzheimer Disease patients were randomly selected from a nursing home in Zhejiang province of China, they were randomly divided into the intervention group and the control group. And they were given comprehensive and routine interventions respectively for six months. We used mixed models in our analyses to see how outcomes changed over time and how they were affected by the intervention, which could also solve the problems of missing values and data correlation.

Results

After six months, compared with the control group, the communication ability, housework handling ability, self‐care ability and life quality of the patients in the intervention group were improved, and the quality of life and caring ability of their caregivers were also significantly improved.

Conclusion

The multi‐sectoral collaborative care model proposed in this study integrated resources from several departments, effectively improved the quality of life of patients and their caregivers, and provided a way of care services for patients with Alzheimer Disease.

Impact

Multi‐sectoral comprehensive intervention would improve the life quality of elderly patients with Alzheimer Disease and their caregivers.
Vismodegib for Preservation of Visual Function in Patients with Advanced Periocular Basal Cell Carcinoma: The VISORB Trial
Authors: Kahana Alon , Unsworth Shelby P. , Andrews Christopher A. , Chan May P. , Bresler Scott C. , Bichakjian Christopher K. , Durham Alison B. , Demirci Hakan , Elner Victor M. , Nelson Christine C. , Kim Denise S. , Joseph Shannon S. , Swiecicki Paul L. , Worden Francis P.
Published: May 2021

Background

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common skin cancer often curable by excision; however, for patients with BCC around the eye, excision places visual organs and function at risk. In this article, we test the hypothesis that use of the hedgehog inhibitor vismodegib will improve vision-related outcomes in patients with orbital and extensive periocular BCC (opBCC).

Materials and Methods

In this open-label, nonrandomized phase IV trial, we enrolled patients with globe- and lacrimal drainage system–threatening opBCC. To assess visual function in the context of invasive periorbital and lacrimal disease, we used a novel Visual Assessment Weighted Score (VAWS) in addition to standard ophthalmic exams. Primary endpoint was VAWS with a score of 21/50 (or greater) considered successful, signifying globe preservation. Tumor response was evaluated using RECIST v1.1. Surgical specimens were examined histologically by dermatopathologists.

Results

In 34 patients with opBCC, mean VAWS was 44/50 at baseline, 46/50 at 3 months, and 47/50 at 12 months or postsurgery. In total, 100% of patients maintained successful VAWS outcome at study endpoint. Compared with baseline, 3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1–15.3) experienced major score decline (5+ points), 14.7% (95% CI, 5 to 31.1) experienced a minor decline (2–4 points), and 79.4% experienced a stable or improved score (95% CI, 62.1–91.3). A total of 56% (19) of patients demonstrated complete tumor regression by physical examination, and 47% (16) had complete regression by MRI/CT. A total of 79.4% (27) of patients underwent surgery, of which 67% (18) had no histologic evidence of disease, 22% (6) had residual disease with clear margins, and 11% (3) had residual disease extending to margins.

Conclusion

Vismodegib treatment, primary or neoadjuvant, preserves globe and visual function in patients with opBCC. Clinical trail identification number.NCT02436408.

Implications for Practice

Use of the antihedgehog inhibitor vismodegib resulted in preservation of end-organ function, specifically with regard to preservation of the eye and lacrimal apparatus when treating extensive periocular basal cell carcinoma. Vismodegib as a neoadjuvant also maximized clinical benefit while minimizing toxic side effects. This is the first prospective clinical trial to demonstrate efficacy of neoadjuvant antihedgehog therapy for locally advanced periocular basal cell carcinoma, and the first such trial to demonstrate end-organ preservation.
Improving landholder engagement in biodiversity conservation: What can be learned from literary theory and design
Authors: Lee Thomas , Wakefield‐Rann Rachael
Published: May 2021

Drawing on a case study of an ecological assessment report used in part for landholder engagement by an Australian government biodiversity initiative, this paper illustrates how literary theory and design might aid in designing improved versions of documents and communications used to engage and inform landholders, which may contribute to improved biodiversity outcomes.

Biodiversity monitoring and reporting documents used by ecologists to record and communicate data can be required to fulfil different and often contrasting purposes when used in multi‐stakeholder situations. Documents might need to stand up to the scrutiny of different disciplinary domains, such as law, ecology and business, while also informing, entertaining and communicating at an emotional level. In this sense, the design of such documents is a significant challenge, made more difficult by the siloing of disciplinary knowledges that deal with ecological and social concerns.

Attention to the design of documents and their role in a broader service system is argued to be an important perspective alongside research into conservation management that focuses on the psychological motivations of landholders and environmental management, planning and governance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Proteomic and metabolomic investigation of serum lactate dehydrogenase elevation in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Yan Haixi , Liang Xiao , Du Juping , He Zebao , Wang Yu , Lyu Mengge , Yue Liang , Zhang Fangfei , Xue Zhangzhi , Xu Luang , Ruan Guan , Li Jun , Zhu Hongguo , Xu Jiaqin , Chen Shiyong , Zhang Chao , Lv Dongqing , Lin Zongmei , Shen Bo , Zhu Yi , Qian Biyun , Chen Haixiao , Guo Tiannan
Published: May 2021

Serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been established as a prognostic indicator given its differential expression in COVID‐19 patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underneath remain poorly understood. In this study, 144 COVID‐19 patients were enrolled to monitor the clinical and laboratory parameters over 3 weeks. Serum LDH was shown elevated in the COVID‐19 patients on admission and declined throughout disease course, and its ability to classify patient severity outperformed other biochemical indicators. A threshold of 247 U/L serum LDH on admission was determined for severity prognosis. Next, we classified a subset of 14 patients into high‐ and low‐risk groups based on serum LDH expression and compared their quantitative serum proteomic and metabolomic differences. The results showed that COVID‐19 patients with high serum LDH exhibited differentially expressed blood coagulation and immune responses including acute inflammatory responses, platelet degranulation, complement cascade, as well as multiple different metabolic responses including lipid metabolism, protein ubiquitination and pyruvate fermentation. Specifically, activation of hypoxia responses was highlighted in patients with high LDH expressions. Taken together, our data showed that serum LDH levels are associated with COVID‐19 severity, and that elevated serum LDH might be consequences of hypoxia and tissue injuries induced by inflammation.
Who is responsible for interventions against problematic comments? Comparing user attitudes in Germany and the United States
Authors: Riedl Martin J. , Naab Teresa K. , Masullo Gina M. , Jost Pablo , Ziegele Marc
Published: May 2021

Online comment sections on news organizations' social media pages provide a unique forum for exploring attitudes toward platform governance and freedom of expression at the crossroads between people, platforms, and news providers. Amid ample political and policy interest, little empirical evidence exists on user perceptions of platform governance. Through survey studies in Germany (n = 1155) and the United States (n = 1164), we provide a comparative perspective on responsibility attributions toward different regulatory actors who may intervene against problematic user comments: the state (law enforcement), platform operators (Facebook), news organizations, and users themselves. We explore this against the backdrop of different notions of free speech and cultural differences in the two countries. We find that Germans attribute greater responsibility for intervention to the state, Facebook, and news organizations than Americans. They also assume greater self‐responsibility. While support for free speech did not impact responsibility attribution to Facebook, news organizations, or the users themselves, people with greater general support for free speech saw law enforcement as less responsible for intervention. The results provide empirical evidence for an integrated view of various regulatory actors who complement each other in the governance of online discussions.