bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Female Labour Force Participation and Fertility Desires in
Pakistan: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: August 2018

Female labour force participation as a factor affecting
fertility has recently attracted considerable attention in both,
developing and developed societies. It has been theorized that female
work would have a depressing effect on fertility because of the high
opportunity cost involved in high fertility. On the other hand, it has
been argued that higher family income could induce more fertility. Some
of the socio-demographic reasons that determine female work status could
explain differentials in fertility desires. A number of important
reasons which lead women to work can be identified : the availability of
jobs, the economic 'push' from low family income, husband's attitude
towards wife's work, attractiveness of the job in terms of monetary
and/or psychological satisfaction, etc. Two distinct, though related,
hypotheses about the relationship between female work and fertility can
be summarized from relevant studies. The first hypothesis pertains to
the motivation leading to female work. Jobs could be taken up sheerly
out of economic necessity or because the woman wants to develop a career
for reasons other than purely economic. The first type of jobs might be
conceived as being motivated by 'push' factors while the second type
would be motivated by 'pull' factors, given other variables such as job
availability. This differential motivation to work would be related to
the wife's attitude towards having additional children.' In the former
case, family size itself might be one of the factors which 'pushed' the
wife into the labour force. The cost of reducing fertility (i.e. not
having another child) in this case, however, might, under some
circumstances be high, because having additional children might, for
example, be perceived as being economically profitable in terms of
providing farm hands, old age security, ete. Furthermore, the
competition between procreation and female work participation would not
be very great since the job was taken up be¬cause of necessity rather
than for self and career development. The motivation to curtail
fertility would thus be minimal. On the other hand, we would expect
greater competition between female work and fertility in case of a woman
who took up a job in order to develop her career and personality in
addition to the eco¬nomic incentive provided by her work
Marriage Patterns in Pakistan through Net Nuptiality Tables-1968
& 1971
Authors: Iftikhar Naushin , Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

In studying the processes which bring about changes in the
size and composi¬tion of a population, an appraisal of marriage patterns
is of special significance because the age and rate of marriage
formation relate directly'to changes in popu¬lation composition. In a
society like Pakistan where fertility takes place pre¬dominantly through
the formation of families by marriages, the frequency of mar¬riages at
different ages has direct bearing on the effective length of
reproductive period. Thus, for getting a proper insight into the
demographic phenomena, statistics on marriages are also of great
interest to demographers along with infor¬mation on fertility, mortality
and migration. Studies on frequencies of marriages by age, referred to
in the demographic terminology as nuptiality studies, are rather limited
in demographic literature, particularly in comparison with studies on
fertility and mortality. There are two obvious reasons for relatively
low priority given to this subject in spite of due re¬cognition of its
importance. Firstly, because of the rapid growth of population since the
turn of the century the role of fertility and mortality as direct
determinants of growth patterns has been much more significant. As a
result, the major interest of researchers has remained focused on the
vital events contributing to the natural increase, viz. births and
deaths. Secondly, a regular system of marriage registra¬tion is limited
to a few countries in the world, and in most of the other countries,
such information is either not available or if in some cases it is
available, no regular statistics are compiled out of them. The limited
availability of statistics on in¬cidence of marriage through vital
registration does not imply that information on marriage patterns is not
available from other sources. In fact much work has been done on the
basis of data on age distribution of population by marital status
provided by censuses or surveys.
On the Concept of the Foreign Exchange Multiplier
Authors: Diamond J.
Published: August 2018

Although in recent years there has been increasing recognition
of the import¬ance of intermediary imports, the conventional Keynesian
treatment of aggregate " supply has-generally been adopted. By assuming
supply elasticity and conditions of over-production, such imports are
treated as a leakage and-therefore deflationary. This paper investigates
another special case which may be a more realistic model for many
industrialising economies like Pakistan. Namely, J,y assuming supply
bottlenecks and the technical dependence of domestic production on
imported inputs, an increase in imports may be inflationary and have an
import or foreign exchange multiplier effect.
Some Comments on the Cotton Cloth Consumption in Pakistan
Authors: Malik Munawar Iqbal
Published: August 2018

From the beginning, the cotton textile industry has been the
keystone of Pakis¬tan's industrial development. In both the large scale
(more than 1U employees) and the small scale sectors, cotton textiles is
the single most important industry in terms of both the value of output
and employment. Cotton textiles account for more than 15 percent of all
exports and a much higher share of manufactured exports. While the
importance of textiles has diminished with the spread of
in¬dustrialization to other sectors, the predominance of textiles in
manufacturing employment, value added and exports is likely to continue
for some time. As Pakistan prepares to launch its Fifth Five-Year plan,
it is useful to examine the growth prospects for the cotton textile
industry. Having long ago replaced imports of cotton textiles by
domestic production, Pakistan must now look to the expansion of foreign
market for textiles or at least Pakistan's share in the market-and to
the growth of the home market to absorb any planned growth in productive
capacity. With the uncertainties in the world market, and especially the
current recessionary slump in the developed economies the aftermath of
which is likely to be felt for some time, especially in the form of new
quantitative restrictions against textile and other manufactured imports
coming from developing countries -the future growth in demand for
Pakistan's exports is very problematic. Over the decade of the 1960's,
textile exports grew in real terms by more than 20 percent per annum.
From 1970 to 1974 the trend rate fell to less than 5 percent per annum
with considerable fluctuations in the rate of increase from year to
year. Of course, there always remains the possibility that Pakistan can
expand her share of the foreign market sufficiently to offset any
decline in world demand, but the existence of the country-specific
quotas on textile products in many of the importing coun¬tries may prove
a serious constraint in this regard.
The Demand for Money in Pakistan: Some Alternative
Estimates
Authors: Aue Shigevuki , Fry Maxwell J. , K. Min Byoung , Vongvipanond Paikoj , Yu Teh-Pei
Published: August 2018

In a recent article in this Review, Akhtar [2] presented 30
estimates of demand "or money functions in Pakistan. One of the purposes
of Akhtar's study was to est two alternative theories, "the modern
quantity theory of money and what may * e called the 'accumulating
capital' framework" [2, p. 40]. We have examined Akhtar's estimates and
have serious reservations concerning the validity of his results. In the
present paper, therefore, we raise several criticisms against Akhtar's
study and then offer alternative estimates of demand for money in
Pakistan.
Frontiers in Econometrics. Edited by Paul Zarembka.New York:
Academic Press. 1974. 252 pp.£12.50
Authors: Ayub Mahmood Ali
Published: August 2018

ThisVlwok, edited by Paul Zarembka, is a useful collection of
eight recent papers in Econometrics
Cultivator Market Responsiveness in Pakistan—Cereal and Cash
Crops
Authors: Cummings John Thomas
Published: August 2018

In an attempt to identify the effect of various economic,
social and political factors on the degree of market responsiveness
displayed by cultivators of both food and cash crops, estimates of the
supply elasticities of several crops were made. The analysis employed a
Nerlove-type supply model [5], which has been widely applied in recent
years to the production of a considerable number of crops. Most of the
earlier studies have been aggregate in nature, but, given the motivation
of the present effort, such an approach was not appropriate. Pakistan
displays a profile made up of a wide variety of climatological,
topographical, and even sociological circumstances ranging from the
littoral districts near Karachi to the mountains above Peshawar, and our
basic intention was to high¬light any inter-regional rural differences.
Thus the supply model was applied not only to national output, but also
to that of the divisions and districts and the results are reported
herein.
Inter-industry Differentials in Wages and Earnings in Pakistan's
Manufacturing Sector
Authors: Guisinger Stephen E. , Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Research on wage policy issues is a relatively uncommon
commodity in Pakistan. The absence of studies of the structure of wages
and their trend over time is disturbing in view of the far-reaching
effects which the structure of wages has on some of Pakistan's most
pressing development problems—the underutilization of its human
resources, the distribution of income and the flow of migrants from
rural to urban areas. Policies designed to cope with these problems will
in most cases operate through changes in the levels of wages in various
branches of the economy. The lack of information on the structure of
wages is a rather obvious and substantial barrier to the formulation of
appropriate development policies. Reasons for this neglect are not hard
to find: reliable and pertinent data are rare, a condition not unrelated
to the fact that the structure of wages lends itself to few simple
generalizations. In spite of economic theory's tendency to gloss over
the fact, labour is not a homogeneous commodity and wage levels vary
among regions, skill groups, and economic sectors as well as within
sectors among sub-sectors. Our objective in this study is to explore
just one facet of the wage structure in Pakistan : the pattern of
inter-industry wage differentials in the large-scale manufacturing
sector.
Change and Differentials in Women's Knowledge of, Attitude
towards and Practice of Family Planning in Pakistan during the
1960s
Authors: Hardee J. Gilbert , Azhar Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The objectives of this study are five-fold. First, to examine
evidence of changes which may have occurred among Pakistani women in
their knowledge of, attitude towards and practice of family planning up
to 1968-69 after eight to nine years of experience with
Government-supported programmes aimed at reducing fertility; second, to
examine in considerable detail differentials among women in their
knowledge of, attitude towards and practice of family planning; third,
to analyze the effects of knowledge and attitudes on behavioural
change—i.e. practice of family planning ; fourth, to examine possible
programme and policy implications of findings from this study; and
fifth, to identify areas of future research and analysis which would
appear needed.1 The study could provide further insight! into
effectiveness of the Family Planning Programme (now renamed as the
Population Planning Programme) during a major part of the Third
Five-Year Plan period, 1965-70.
The Demand For Money in Pakistan: Reply (Notes and
Comments)
Authors: Akhtar M. A.
Published: August 2018

I am grateful to Abe, Fry, Min, Vongvipanond, and Yu
(hereafter re¬ferred to as AFMVY) [1] for obliging me to reconsider my
article [2] on the demand for money in Pakistan. Upon careful
examination, I find that the AFMVY results are, in parts, misleading and
that, on the whole, they add very little to those provided in my study.
Nevertheless, the present exercise as well as the one by AFMVY is useful
in that it furnishes us with an opportunity to view some of the
fundamental problems involved in an empi¬rical analysis of the demand
for money function in Pakistan. Based on their elaborate critique, AFMVY
reformulate the two hypo¬theses—the substitution hypothesis and the
complementarity hypothesis— underlying my study and provide us with some
alternative estimates of the demand for money in Pakistan. Briefly their
results, like those in my study, indicate that income and interest rates
are important in deter¬mining the demand for money. However, unlike my
results, they also suggest that the price variable is a highly
significant determinant of the money demand function. Furthermore, while
I found only a weak support for the complementarity between money demand
and physical capital, the results obtained by AFMVY appear to yield a
strong support for that rela¬tionship.1 The difference in results is
only a natural consequence of alter¬native specifications of the theory
and, therefore, I propose to devote most of this reply to the criticisms
raised by AFMVY and the resulting reformulation of the two
mypotheses.
Exchange and Trade Controls. By Jozef Swidrowski. Epping, Essex
(U.K.) : Gower Press Ltd. 1975. xiv+342 pp.
Authors: Malik M.
Published: August 2018

A study on Exchange Control would be incomplete if it failed
to consider trade and other controls. Jozef Swidrowski in this book has
covered all types of trade and payments controls. Although economists,
traders and investors are all opposed to all sorts of controls, controls
have been consistently applied by administrators and policy makers not
only in times of economic crises or instability but also, at times, even
in periods of normalcy.
Multinational Corporations and Restrictive Business Practices:
The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Khilji Faizullah
Published: August 2018

The operations of multinational corporations (MNCs)1 have
recently been the subject of much discussion as well as controversy
internationally. The issues involved have centred around the advantages
and gains, as opposed to the costs, accruing to the capital exporting
countries, or the host countries or the MNCs. However, the debate has
acquired nationalist and, for this reason, emotional undertones. This is
not surprising. The past activities of a number of MNCs are tainted with
colonial exploitation or its near equivalent. Anaconda Copper and Chile,
United Fruit and the Banana Republics, Union Minere and Congo, Firestone
and Liberia; and, more recently, the "seven oil majors" and the Middle
East countries have been in the news again.2 These and similar cases
display a common factor. They relate to the exploita¬tion by the MNCs of
either mineral or agricultural resources of the Third World countries.
Our earlier experience with the East India Company is now history, of
course. More recently the country's limited mineral wealth, as well as
the non-plantation nature of its agricultural sector, has kept Pakistan
outside the..................
A Formulation for the Demographic, Sociological and Economic
Dimensions of the So-called Generation Gap
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

The structure of this paper is adequately described by its
title. The title also summarizes its content. There is also a fourth
part to the paper, which suggests such alternative explanations of the
generation gap as might appear reasonable to those who agree with the
three main propositions of the paper. The paper does not deal with the
host of considerations outside demography, sociology and economics that
are not mentioned in the title, even though such considerations could be
relevant to the discussion. The paper does not deal with the
psychological, certainly not with the psychiatric (Freudian and
pseudo-Freudian), political, cultural and historical aspects, except in
so far as they are convenient or helpful in determining the main theme
of the paper. The various facets not covered have been excluded partly
because of this author's incom¬petence in the respective fields and
partly because of his lack of interest. The last phrase is a euphemistic
way of saying that in this opinion many of the explanations are
nonsensical, such as the son-father conflict viewed as a matter of
general, inevitable, and unavoidable development and not merely as a
sporadic, infrequent and individual aberration.
Work Participation of Currently Married Women in Pakistan:
Influence of Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors
Authors: Shah Nasra M.
Published: August 2018

The study of trends and structure of female labour force
participation in -developing countries has attracted considerable
attention over the past few years. Several international comparisons
based on religious as well as socio-cultural and demographic
differentials have been made. See, for example, Youssef [23, 24 and 25],
Denti [6] and Boserup [4]. The primary focus of most of such studies
consists of analysing female labour force participation rates and
structure by controlling for one or two background factors like age or
family structure. Fong's study [9] of West Malaysian women seems to be
one of the few studies that have concentrated on analysing in a detailed
and exhaustive manner the social and economic correlates of female work
participation. Among the studies relating to labour force participation
of Pakistani women, historical trends (Farooq [7]), structural set up
(Farooq [8] and Bean |1 and 2]), and socio-cultural factors (Papanek
[15], Pastner [16] and Saeed "[17]) have been analysed. Attempts have
also been made at studying the cor¬relates of labour force
participation, both for males and females [26 and 8].1 These studies
have been referred to in the following sections wherever felt relevant.
Employment in Developing Nations. By Edgar O. Edwards (ed.). New
York and" London: Columbia University Press, 1974. x+418 pp.(Report on
Ford Foundation Study)
Authors: Irfan Mohammad
Published: August 2018

In recognition of the gravity of the unemployment situation in
the-Third World the Ford Foundation sponsored three international
seminars to-identify the major issues of the problem. The focus of these
seminars was on inter-relationship between employment and development
strategy, technological change, rural development and political
constraints on choice. Some of the papers presented in these seminars
are collected in the book under review. Edgar O. Edwards did a
commendable job of writing a summary of the papers, which he has
presented in the first paper of the book. The competing demands of
brevity and full coverage restricted the summary to an identification of
principal issues and major recommendations for policy makers and donor
agencies. The first paper is followed by Part I of the book consisting
of three subject papers on: (1) Economic Development and Labour Use, (2)
Technology and Employment in LDCs and (3) Economics, Institutions and
Employment Generation in Rural Areas. A selection of seven papers on
Generic Issues is presented in Part II of the book. Part III consists of
five papers on some sectoral considerations. The last four papers,
constituting Part IV of the book, describe the experiences of different
countries in employment promotion and economic development.
Used Machinery and Economic Development. By Dilmus D. James. East
Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University. 1974.
Authors: Hamdani Khalil A.
Published: August 2018

This is a straightforward, scholarly, and fairly complete
treatment of the case for adopting used machinery in economic
development. As Pakistan does not at present officially encourage the
import of used machinery it is worthwhile to state James's case in
summary form.
History of Population Theories. J. Overbeek. Rotterdam: Rotterdam
University-Press, 1974. 232 pp.
Authors: Helbock Richard W.
Published: August 2018

Theories of economists, biologists, sociologists, and
demographers have-been woven by Overbeek into an historical fabric which
portrays mans, intellec¬tual attempt to determine the consequences of
human population growth. The heart of the book consists of a series of
short precis summarizing and commenting upon the theories of noted
scholars dealing with population from the late 18th century to date. The
organization of the book is basically chronolo¬gical although the
chronology is dichotomized into two camps: those pessimists about future
population/resource relationships and those who refute or deny
predictions of overpopulation. Following a brief introductory chapter,
Over¬beek devotes one chapter to a recitation of the facts concerning
world popula¬tion growth with projections to 1985. There then follows a
very cursory review of pre-Mercantile theories of population and a brief
chapter describing Mercantilism which sets the stage for the ensuing
expansion of theoretical con¬cern with human numbers
Health Project Management—A Manual of Procedures for Formulating
and Implementing Health Projects. J' Bainbridge and S. Sapirie. Geneva:
World Health Organization. 1974. 280 pp.Price: Sw. Fr. 38.—
Authors: Shah Makhdoom A.
Published: August 2018

According to the authors the purpose of the manual under
review is "to offer health planners and administrators a set of
procedure for managing—that is planning and carrying out health
projects." They define a health project as "temporary intensive effort
to set up and put into operation a new or revised service (or program)
that will, it is believed, result in the reduction of specific health
and health related problems." This review will keep the purpose and the
•definition, as given by the authors, under constant reference while
pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of the manual.
Cover Page Not scanned
Authors: Wasay Abdul
Published: August 2018

Cover Page Not scanned
Patterns of Industrial Growth in Pakistan
Authors: Guisinger Stephen E.
Published: August 2018

Research on developing countries over the past two decades has
produced" an impressive body of evidence suggesting that there are
important similarities in the process of development among all
countries. Cultural, political and social factors make their imprint on
the development of individual countries, but the^ work of Kuznets,
Chenery and others shows rather convincingly that key econom¬ic
variables in the economy—the shares of industry, saving and government
revenue in national income, for example—move in fairly predictable ways^
during the process of growth. Chenery has shown through regression
analysis that just two economic variables—per capita income and foreign
capital inflow —and one demographic variable—population size—are
sufficient to explain a very high proportion of the differences in these
structural characteristics among developing countries. (See Chenery
[2]).
Age at Marriage, Fertility and Infant-Child Mortality in a Lahore
Suburb (Part I)
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Khan Zubeda , Chaudhry Naseer A.
Published: August 2018

This study attempts to throw light on some of the major
determinants of fertility and family size, based on the data on 700
ever-married females collec¬ted through a retrospective sample survey,
which was carried out in a suburb of Lahore city in 1973. The analysis
of the data in this study is presented in respect of such variables as
age at marriage of females, the number of pregnancies experienced by
mothers, parity progression ratios, age specific fertility and
cumulative fertility, infant mortality and child mortality. Each one of
these has an important impact on the formation of families and
consequently on the patterns of popula¬tion growth. A study of the
levels of each of these factors and the influence that they exercise on
each other is of importance because these variables consti¬tute
important links in the chain of demographic phenomena. Similarly, an
understanding of the extent to which these factors, individually or
jointly, are interrelated with some other social and economic variables,
has a considerable importance due to their ultimate impact on the growth
of population in the country. This study, though limited to a suburb of
Lahore city, has important policy implications because it attempts to
describe the patterns of fertility in the context of some important
demographic, social and economic determinants.
Resource Productivity in the Punjab's Agriculture
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Concerted efforts are being made at micro as well as macro
levels in Pakistan to increase farm production and raise productivity in
the agricultural sector. For diagnostic purposes and for formulation of
general guidelines for an intelligent decision making, at micro and
macro levels, it is important to identify and quantify the contribution
of various factor inputs, especially of those factors whose supplies can
be more easily changed in the short run. Satisfactory quantitative
estimates of resource productivity in the pro¬duction of major crops in
Pakistan are generally not available. Except for a few studies carried
out on wheat [2], not much is known about the contribution of various
factor inputs, such as farm labour, fertilizers, etc., to the final
output. The main objective of this paper is to estimate and analyse the
resource pro¬ductivity of various factor inputs obtaining in the
Punjab's agriculture. The estimates are derived from production function
analysis performed on the major crops of the province, i.e. Mexi-Pak and
local wheat, Basmati rice, IRRI rice, Jhonna rice, maize (corn), cotton
and sugarcane. The marginal product¬ivities of various farm inputs in
the production of various crops are computed from the estimated
production functions.
Analytics of the Technology Transfer Cost Issue
Authors: Hamdani Khalil A. , Mahmood M.A.
Published: August 2018

An increasingly important issue of trade and development is
the high cost of the transfer of technology from the developed countries
to the develop¬ing world. Rough estimates suggest that payments by
developing countries for the use of patents, licenses, trademarks, and
managerial and technical services amounted to about SI.5 billion in 1968
[19]. For Pakistan, the issue is of particular importance.1 Based on
conservative estimates by Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistan's annual payments for
technology transfer in 1965-70 averaged $102 million; this
magnitude—again reflecting payments for the use of patented knowledge
and technical services only—represents a payment rate of almost 16
percent of annual export receipts [19]. If other costs such as profit
repatria¬tion and transfer pricing are included, the payment rate is
substantially higher.
The Economics of Egg Production
Authors: Sajiuddin Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Poultry raising on scientific and commercial lines is
relatively new to Pakistan, indeed, to this whole of the Sub-continent.
In undivided India village farmers used to keep some fowls which were
produced on primitive methods of natural hatching under the broody hen
and reared on garbage dumps, left¬over meals, and mixed grain, which
involved almost no financial investment. No special care was taken to
prepare poultry feed or arrange for poultry health and hygiene. The
basic idea of such part-time farming was to augment one's income from
the sale of eggs and birds. This part-time farming still accounts for
about 85 percent; of Pakistan's total egg production.1 To match the
tremendous rise in demand for meat growth in poultry farming will have
to take place on more modern and capital-intensive chicken farms. Such
enterprises are the subject of this study.
Pakistan's Population Size and Growth in the Light of the 1972
Census Evaluation Survey
Authors: Krotki Karol J.
Published: August 2018

The focus of this article is on the population size of
Pakistan during the census year 1972, and such estimates of population
growth as might be con¬sistent with the population size.1 The 1972
Census Evaluation Survey (CES) was not concerned directly with estimates
of these two parameters, but rather with the quality of the census data
within their various aspects. Nevertheless, some of the data collected
by CES throw light on population size and growth in Pakistan in 1972 and
it is the purpose of this paper to extract and present analytically
these data. It will be noted that such a presentation is made
inde¬pendently of and actually, at the time of writing, in the absence
of final results for 1972.2 When the detailed results become available,
it will be a matter for further analysis whether and how the conclusions
of this article will have to be changed.
Age at Marriage, Fertility and Infant-Child Mortality in a Lahore
Suburb (PART II)
Authors: Afzal Mohammad , Khan Zubeda , Chaudhry Naseer A.
Published: August 2018

This study continues the discussion of demographic variables
of in¬terest to the policy-maker in Pakistan. In this part an attempt is
made to examine (i) the fertility experiences in relation to
infant-child mortality for mothers in the survey area; and (ii) the
differentials in the level of fertility and child mortality by income
level, by educational levels of mothers and of fathers and by some
relevant demographic variables.1 In pursuing the above two general
objectives it is endeavoured to look for the variations in fertility, as
indicated by children ever born to mothers. up to the time of the
interview; and mortality, as indicated by the ratio of child deaths to
the number of children ever born to a mother up to the time of
inter¬view, in relation to each other and also in relation to such
variables as age at marriage, family income, duration of marriage,
mothers education and fathers education. Two approaches, which are also
complimentary to each other, have been followed to study these
relationships.
Impact of Optimal Cropping Patterns on Incomes in a Punjab
District
Authors: Chaudhry M. Arshad
Published: August 2018

To improve farm incomes in developing countries, the foremost
question that the farmer must address himself to is: what cropping
pattern best uses the fixed resources in order to get the highest
returns? During the last decade, the agricultural economists have shown
great interest in applying the tools of linear programming to individual
farms. Most of the studies conducted elsewhere have shown that, under
existing cropping pattern, farm resources were not being utilized
optimally on the small farms.[l, 4]. We conducted a survey in the
canal-irrigated areas of the Punjab province of Pakistan1 to investigate
into the same problem. This short note aims at identifying the opti¬mal
cropping pattern and to estimate the increase in farm incomes as a
result of a switch towards it on the sampled farms.
Forecasting Wheat Production in Punjab: An Appraisal
Authors: Qureshi Sarfraz K. , Moinuddin Moinuddin
Published: August 2018

It is generally believed that Pakistan is not self-sufficient
in wheat. Each year the government plans for wheat imports to fill the
estimated shortage of wheat. Effective import policy can only be
formulated on the basis of sound forecasting of the related variables.
This note has a limited purposes of reviewing the existing forecasting
techniques for wheat production. The broad conclusion that emerges from
the review indicates a possibility of considerable scope for improvement
in the current forecasting techniques.
Some New Evidence on Concentration and Profitability in
Pakistan's Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Sharwani Khaud
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of
industrial concen¬tration in the major manufacturing industries and to
analyse its effects on some standard behavioural aspects of oligopoly.
Basically, it tests the hypothesis that excessive control of a market
removes the pressure on monopolists to keep prices down to their
competitive levels and thus generates excessive or 'monopoly profits'.
Such behaviour by the oligopolist can be further split into a
price-behavioural effect and a production effect [2]. According to the
former, prices tend to be sticky as the oligopolist can effectively
control output to influence market price. The production effect, on the
other hand, implies that during a slowdown in economic activity, there
is greater curtailment of output and a smaller reduction in price of
products produced by more concentrated industries (henceforth referred
to as MCIs). This tendency of a monopolist to restrict output and charge
higher prices is generally described as one of the static alloca-tive
effects of monopolistic competition and has welfare implications, in
that, it leads to a sub-optimal allocation of resources.1 For a
developing country (LDC) like Pakistan, where there is an acute shortage
of manufactured goods, this restriction has obvious
drawbacks.
Population Size and Growth in Pakistan Based on Early Reports of
1972 Census
Authors: Krotki Karol J. , Parveen Khalida
Published: August 2018

Census reports are the primary source of information on
population chara¬cteristics. Fundamental among these characteristics are
population size and growth, but census reports are often used to
evaluate other features of a popu¬lation such as reliability of age
reporting, extent of literacy, adequacy of occupational reporting, and
level and pattern of unemployment. In this paper, we take a preliminary
look at the 1972 Census of Pakistan in order to deter¬mine its overall
suitability as a source of information on population of the country. The
quality of census data depends not only on the technical capacity of the
statistical arm of the government, but on the characteristics of the
society as well. For example, even the advanced statistical and survey
technology available in the United States is inadequate to deal with the
more volatile nature of society. Near completeness of coverage is
achieved only in a few countries such as Holland, Denmark and
Switzerland, with high degrees of social cohesion1 and where population
censuses are kept in close administrative check.
Demand for Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Fertilizer Price Policy in
Pakistan: A Comment
Authors: Afzal M.
Published: August 2018

In the Spring 1976 issue of the Pakistan Development Review,
Chaudhry and Javed [2] had estimated a demand function for fertilizer in
Pakistan. Based on these findings, they make a case for a 20.26 percent
per year increase in fertilizer prices. This short note points out some
errors in the analysis and raises serious questions relating to the
implications drawn by Chaudhry and Javed for the fertilizer price policy
in Pakistan. Section I argues that some conclusions drawn in the study
are internally inconsistent. Section II points out deficiencies in the
derivations of the main conclusions. Section III questtions the
appropriateness of the fertilizer price policy suggested by Chaudhry and
Javed. The final section sums up the main argument of the present
study.
National and International Agricultural Research and Extension
Programs. By James K. Boyce and Robert E. Evenson. New York:
Agricultural Development Council 1975. IX+pp.229. $4.50.
Authors: Salam Abdul
Published: August 2018

Various studies on research and technology development have
establish¬ed that research and extension programs have contributed
substantially towards the productivity gains in the agricultural sector
of the high income countries. A greater emphasize is being placed on
agricultural research and extension activities, in developing countries,
and new programs are being planned and existing ones being strengthened,
either through their own resources or with the help of various
international aid agencies. Adequate and genuine technology transfers
can help late comers in their race for development. However, transfer of
agricultural technology is limited by geo-climatic factors; it is
important for the specific countries and the donor agencies to know
where potentially transferable discoveries of technology and technical
knowledge are being made and which one of these offer the greatest
potential. Moreover the provision of adequate data on research and
extension and inter country and inter region comparisons of these data
will stimulate further investigations that will be helpful in providing
guidelines for the rational allocation of the limited scientific and
material resources. The monograph, under review, is a valuable addition
to the.inventory of research data. It is organized in six chapters.
Chapter I provides a general summary of the data and main findings of
the monograph. Chapter II deals with Investment in Public Sector
Research and Extension Institutions, chapter III deals with
International Aid and National and International Research Programs,
chapter IV with Agricultural Research in the Private Sector and chapter
V with Organi¬zation, Commodity Emphasis and Skill Levels in National
Research Systems. Finally a brief survey of studies based on national
data in this field of research is provided in the last chapter on
Economic Properties of Agricultural Research and Extension.
Public and Private Savings of Selected Developing Countries in
the First UN Development Decade
Authors: Jonas Paul , Nasim Anjum
Published: August 2018

The developed countries contain about one-third of the world
population and they produce more than 80 percent of Gross World Product
(GWP). The remaining two-thirds of the population of our Globe who lives
in Asia, Latin America and most of Africa produces less than 20 percent
of the GWP. A small segment of the population of these countries is
wealthy but the over¬whelming majority subsists on substandard incomes
and is characterised by mass illiteracy, mal-nutrition, bad housing and
lack of medical care. Because of these characteristics they have low
productivity, which yields low level of income; low incomes, in turn,
imply a small capacity to save resulting in an economic situation where
there is barely a possibility to moblize resources for development. The
question has often been raised: 'Is there way out for the developing
countries' ? 1960s were declared as the First UN Development Decade and
it was hoped that during these years the pre-conditions for a successful
development would be established in various developing countries. The
present study analyses data on public revenue, public expenditure,
public savings and private savings for 12 selected developing countries
pertaining to the years of the First U.N. Development Decade. The
general conclusion that emerges from the study clearly suggests that
with appropriate economic policies resources for development can be
mobilized in the developing countries.
Public Enterprise and Economic Development: The Korean Case. By
Leroy P. Jones. Seoul (Korea): Korea Development Institute. 1975.
xiii+293 pp.
Authors: Cheema Aftab Ahmad
Published: August 2018

While framing policies for economic development the public
authorities-are by and large consciously or unconsciously motivated by
their ideological convictions. In a capitalist economy, for instance,
the government does not normally resort to socialist techniques even if
those techniques promote social welfare. But this general rule, like
many others, is not without exception. The book under review gives a
clear example of such an exception. Public enterprise, though considered
a necessary evil (p. 129), is shown to have per¬formed remarkably well
in South Korea. During the short period of ten years-(1968-1972), the
performance of the public sector in South Korea has been not only far
better than in many other countries but the sector has also emerged as-a
leading sector of the economy (p. 202).
Economic Theory and Practice in the Asian Setting, Volume 1.
Committee on Economics Teaching Material for Asian Studies. (New Delhi,
Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1975).
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

This collection of eight articles on macroeconomics edited by
the Com¬mittee on Economics Teaching Material for Asian Universities and
published by Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, is the first of four such
collections; the other three deal with microeconomics, agriculture, and
development. The volume under review covers seven aspects of
macroeconomic theory. These are: national income, consumption, savings,
money, trade, employment and economic growth. The national income
article is "The New National Income Estimates'* by H.W. Arndt and C.
Ross. It highlights the structure and growth of the Indonesian economy.
The initial portion is detailed and descriptive. It provides insight
into the existing data on national accounts, a comparison between old
and new estimates, and describes the many problems faced in arriv¬ing at
these. That these accounts are based on shaky statistical foundations is
not new to the Asian student of economics. In the later portion of the
article the authors use the U.N. Year Book of National Accounts for an
interesting comparison of the components of expenditure.
A Simple Optimisation Model for Cotton Processing Activities in
Pakistan
Authors: Khan Seemin Anwar , Naseem S.M.
Published: August 2018

The importance of cotton and its products for the economy of
Pakistan is obvious enough. Cotton is the main cash crop of Pakistan. In
fact, it is one-fourth of the value of the major crops of Pakistan and
provides income to about 5 million people. It is a raw material for the
textile industry which is die single largest industrial activity
accounting for 48 % of the value-added of the large-scale manufacturing
and 27% of its employment. The value of the installed textile machinery
complex is around 15% of the total industrial investment in the country.
Exports of cotton and its products constitute about a half of the total
export proceeds of Pakistan. The final products of cotton, cloth and
garments also play an important part in planning for a better standard
of living in Pakistan. After food and shelter,1 this is the most
essential item of consumption and hence adequate domestic availability
of cloth assumes an important role in public policy. Cotton and its
products have also been a major
On the Prediction of Family Planning Practice in Pakistan: A
Methodological Note
Authors: Zurayk Huda C.
Published: August 2018

The high rate of population growth in the developing countries
at the present time—due to a fall in the level of mortality while
fertility maintains its high level—is threatening to absorb the benefits
achieved by those countries through the process of development, and is
adversely influencing the health and welfare of individual families. The
approach adopted by most governments of developing countries to solve
the population problem has been increasingly the incorporation of
popu¬lation objectives within their development plans, and the
establishment of family planning programmes, or the support of family
planning activities [1]. Such programmes and activities have
concentrated mainly on providing family planning services to couples on
a voluntary basis to prevent unwanted births [2]. As such, they have
come under severe criticism on two accounts, (a) the objective they set
for themselves of preventing unwanted births is not sufficient to reduce
the birth rate to the desired level. Emphasis should be put on
motivating couples to reduce their desired family size. And (b) the
provision of services within family planning programmes has not been
adequate, and needs improvement [3,4].
Age of Marriage and Fertility: A Policy Review
Authors: De Tray Dennis N.
Published: August 2018

The average age at which women marry and the number of
children they produce tend to be negatively correlated. This negative
relationship has received a good deal of attention from social
scientists over the past several decades, and it has on occasion been
suggested that if governments could find a way to raise the average age
of marriage, the result would be a significant reduction in completed
fertility.1 Since reduction of population growth rates is an explicit
policy of many developing nations, particularly Pakistan, it seems worth
taking a closer look at age of marriage as a policy tool.
Denominator Adjusted PGE Fertility and Mortality Rates for
Pakistan and Bangladesh: 1962 - 65
Authors: Afzal Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The Population Growth Estimation (PGE) experiment of Pakistan,
launched in 1961 to collect data on births and deaths through a sampling
approach, yielded estimates of vital rates for the years 1962 through
1965. The statistics obtained through the PGE for each of the former two
wings of the country namely West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East
Pakistan (now Bangla¬desh) were included in the two reports on PGE which
also provided a description of the project design and some of the
results [4, 5]. The overall aim of the PGE was to arrive at reliable
estimates of birth and death rates through improved coverage by the
simultaneous use of Longitudinal Registration (LR) and retrospective
Cross-sectional Survey (CS), which were each independently carried out
in the same sample areas. The purpose behind using the two systems was
that either the registration or the survey when used alone would miss
some events of births and deaths which had actually occurred, whereas
under the dual system if one system failed to cover some events, the
other was likely to pick these up and vice versa.
Import Substitution and Economic Development in Korea. By S.T.
Suh. Working Paper 7519—Korea Development Institute. December
1975.
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

This work was completed by the author as one of the long-term
projects of the Korea Development Institute. Whether to adopt export
promotion or import substitution as a develop¬ment strategy has always
been a controversial topic. In the present study Such makes a
comprehensive review of the theoretical and empirical concepts and
problems of import substitution and analyses the issue for the Korean
economy from the 1870's to the 1970's. His main focus is on recent
performance during the post-war period. He analyses import substitution
as an important element in growth and makes international
comparisons.
Planning to Meet "Basic Needs" Some Methodological
Problems
Authors: Koht Norbye Ole David
Published: August 2018

For its World Employment Conference in June 1976 the ILO
prepared a report [2] in which it put forward the idea that the
development strategy for the future should aim at meeting certain "basic
needs" for the poorest 20 per¬cent of the people in the different
countries of the world. One point ILO put across was that it would take
considerably less time to reach a given set of basic needs targets if
income within the different countries could be redistributed for the
benefit of the poorest 20 percent. The ILO demonstrated the magnitude of
the problem by the help of illustrations drawn from a working paper
prepared for the ILO [1]. The minimum basic needs which are listed by
the ILO include personal consumption items like food, clothing and
housing, and services which in many countries are provided by public
authorities like water, health, sanitation and education. In addition
the ILO report also stresses qualitative elements of development, and
calls for greater participation of the poor in decision¬making in
matters concerning their own future.
Parity Pricing As An Approach to Price Support Programmes: A
Policy Analysis
Authors: Afzal M.
Published: August 2018

The responsiveness of farm entrepreneurs to changes in
agricultural prices, even in a traditional agrarian setting, is well
established. Research on Pakistan's agriculture by Afzal [1], and Gotsch
and Falcon, [6] have shown that the response of farm producers to prices
is positive and rational, and that they allocate their resources to crop
and livestock activities under the influence of prices and other
relevant economic parameters instead of being guided by sheer
traditions. Desired development objectives in the farm sector can,
therefore, be realized through judicious manipulation of the prices of
farm pro¬ducts and farm inputs. Policy makers have quite a few options
to obtain desired changes in agricultural prices. These options range
from direct intervention in the marketing of agricultural produce and
supplies, to price fixation, international trade regulation, and the
like.