bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MIMiX: A Multipurpose In-situ Microreactor system for X-ray
microspectroscopy to mimic atmospheric aerosol processing
Authors: Förster Jan-David , Gurk Christian , Lamneck Mark , Tong Haijie , Ditas Florian , Steimer Sarah S. , Alpert Peter A. , Ammann Markus , Raabe Jörg , Weigand Markus , Watts Benjamin , Pöschl Ulrich , Andreae Meinrat O. , Pöhlker Christopher
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The dynamic processing of aerosols in the atmosphere is difficult to mimic under laboratory conditions, particularly on a single particle level with high spatial and chemical resolution. Our new microreactor system for X-ray microscopy facilitates observations under in-situ conditions and extends the accessible parameter ranges of previously reported setups to very high humidities and low temperatures. With the parameter margins for pressure (180–1000 hPa), temperature (−23 °C to room temperature), and relative humidity (~ 0 % to above 98 %), a wide range of tropospheric conditions is covered. Unique features are the mobile design and compact size that make the instrument applicable to different synchrotron facilities. Successful first experiments were conducted at two X-ray microscopes, i) MAXYMUS, located at beamline UE46 synchrotron BESSY II, Berlin, Germany, and ii) PolLux, located at beamline X07DA of the Swiss Light Source in the Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. Here we present the design and analytical scope of the system, along with first results from hydration/dehydration experiments on ammonium sulfate and potassium sulfate particles and the observation of water ice at low temperature and high relative humidity in a secondary organic aerosol particle from isoprene oxidation.
Response of carbon and water fluxes to environmental variability in two Eastern North American forests of similar-age but contrasting leaf-retention and shape strategies
Authors: Beamesderfer Eric R. , Arain M. Altaf , Khomik Myroslava , Brodeur Jason J. , Burns Brandon M.
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The annual carbon and water dynamics of two Eastern North American forests were compared over a six year period from 2012 to 2017. The geographic location, forest age, soil, and climate were similar between the sites, however, the species composition varied: one was a deciduous broadleaf forest, while the other an evergreen needleleaf forest. During the 6-year study period, the mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the coniferous forest was slightly higher and more variable (218 ± 109 g C m−2 yr−1) compared to that of the deciduous broadleaf forest NEP of 200 ± 83 g C m−2 yr−1. Similarly, the mean annual evapotranspiration (ET) of the conifer forest over the 6-year study period was higher (442 ± 33 mm yr−1) compared to that of the broadleaf forest (388 ± 34 mm yr−1), but with similar interannual variability. Significant abnormalities in fluxes were measured between sites during drought years. Summer meteorology greatly impacted fluxes at both sites, but to varying degrees and with varying responses. In general, warm temperatures caused higher ecosystem respiration (RE), resulting in reduced mean annual NEP values – an impact that was more pronounced at the deciduous broadleaf forest compared to the evergreen needle-leaf forest. However, during drought years, the evergreen forest saw greater annual reduction in carbon sequestration compared to the deciduous forest. In the evergreen conifer forest, variability of summer meteorology greatly controlled the forest's annual carbon sink-source strength. Annual ET at both forests was driven by changes in air temperature (Ta), with the largest annual ET measured in the warmest years in the deciduous forest. Additionally, prolonged dry periods with increased Ta, greatly reduced ET. During drought years, the carbon and water fluxes of the deciduous forest were less sensitive to changes in temperature or water availability compared to the evergreen forest. If longer periods of increased temperatures and larger precipitation variability during summer months are to be expected under future climates, our findings suggest the carbon sink capacity of the deciduous forest will continue, while that of the conifer forest remains uncertain in the study region.
Sediment-filled karst depressions and riyad – key archaeological environments of south Qatar
Authors: Engel Max , Rückmann Stefanie , Drechsler Philipp , Brill Dominik , Opitz Stephan , Fassbinder Jörg W. , Pint Anna , Peis Kim , Wolf Dennis , Gerber Christoph , Pfeiffer Kristina , Eichmann Ricardo , Brückner Helmut
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Systematic archaeological exploration of southern Qatar started in the
1950s. However, detailed local and regional data on climatic fluctuations
and landscape changes during the Holocene, pivotal for understanding and
reconstructing human–environment interactions, are still lacking. This
contribution provides an overview on the variability of geomorphic
environments of southern Qatar with a focus on depression landforms, which
reveal a rich archaeological heritage ranging from Palaeolithic(?) and Early
Neolithic times to the Modern era. Based on a detailed geomorphic mapping
campaign, sediment cores and optically stimulated luminescence data, the
dynamics of riyad (singular rawdha; shallow, small-scale, sediment-filled karst
depressions clustering in the central southern peninsula) and the
larger-scale Asaila depression near the western coast are studied in order
to put archaeological discoveries into a wider environmental context.
Geomorphic mapping of the Asaila basin shows a much greater geomorphic
variability than documented in literature so far with relict signs of
surface runoff. An 8 m long sediment core taken in the sabkha-type sand
flats of the western basin reveals a continuous dominance of aeolian
morphodynamics during the early to mid-Holocene. Mounds preserved by
evaporite horizons representing capillarites originally grown in the vadose
zone are a clear sign of groundwater-level drop after the sea-level
highstand ca. 6000–4500 years ago. Deflation followed the lowering of the
Stokes surface, leaving mounds where the relict capillarites were
able to fixate and preserve the palaeo-surface. Abundant archaeological
evidence of Early and Middle Neolithic occupation – the latter with a clear
focus inside the central Asaila basin – indicate more favourable living
conditions than today. In contrast, the sediment record of the investigated riyad in the south
is very shallow, younger and controlled by surface discharge, deflation and
the constantly diminishing barchan dune cover in Qatar over the Middle and
Late Holocene. The young age of the infill (ca. 1500 to 2000 years) explains
the absence of findings older than the Late Islamic period. Indicators of current
net deflation may relate to a decrease in surface runoff and sediment supply
only in recent decades to centuries. In the future, geophysical prospection
of the riyad may help to locate thicker sedimentary archives and the analysis of
grain size distribution, micromorphology, phytoliths or even pollen spectra
may enhance our understanding of the interplay of regional environmental
changes and cultural history.
Reconstruction of the 1941 GLOF process chain at Lake Palcacocha (Cordillera Blanca, Peru)
Authors: Mergili Martin , Pudasaini Shiva P. , Emmer Adam , Fischer Jan-Thomas , Cochachin Alejo , Frey Holger
Published: January 2020

Abstract. The Cordillera Blanca in Peru has been the scene of rapid deglaciation
for many decades. One of numerous lakes formed in the front of the
retreating glaciers is the moraine-dammed Lake Palcacocha, which drained
suddenly due to an unknown cause in 1941. The resulting Glacial Lake
Outburst Flood (GLOF) led to dam failure and complete drainage of Lake
Jircacocha downstream, and to major destruction and thousands of fatalities
in the city of Huaráz at a distance of 23 km. We chose an integrated
approach to revisit the 1941 event in terms of topographic reconstruction
and numerical back-calculation with the GIS-based open-source mass
flow/process chain simulation framework r.avaflow, which builds on an
enhanced version of the Pudasaini (2012) two-phase flow model. Thereby we
consider four scenarios: (A) and (AX) breach of the moraine dam of Lake
Palcacocha due to retrogressive erosion, assuming two different fluid
characteristics; (B) failure of the moraine dam caused by the impact of a
landslide on the lake; and (C) geomechanical failure and collapse of the
moraine dam. The simulations largely yield empirically adequate results with
physically plausible parameters, taking the documentation of the 1941 event
and previous calculations of future scenarios as reference. Most simulation
scenarios indicate travel times between 36 and 70 min to reach
Huaráz, accompanied with peak discharges above 10 000 m3 s−1. The results of the scenarios indicate that the most likely initiation mechanism would be retrogressive erosion, possibly
triggered by a minor impact wave and/or facilitated by a weak stability
condition of the moraine dam. However, the involvement of Lake Jircacocha
disguises part of the signal of process initiation farther downstream.
Predictive simulations of possible future events have to be based on a
larger set of back-calculated GLOF process chains, taking into account the
expected parameter uncertainties and appropriate strategies to deal with
critical threshold effects.
Assessment of relative importance of debris flow disaster risk affecting factors based on meta-analysis – cases study of northwest and southwest China
Authors: Wang Yuzheng , Nie Lei , Zhang Min , Wang Hong , Xu Yan , Zuo Tianyu
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Debris flow is a type of special torrent containing numerous solid materials. It is characterized by sudden outbreak, short duration, and strong destructive force. The occurrence of debris flow is often affected by hydrogeological and geological conditions, including basin area, main ditch length, relative height difference, slope, bed bending coefficient, daily maximum rainfall and so on. With many types of factors affecting debris flow, no reliable basis for selecting factors to evaluate debris flow risk has been established. Therefore, to study the factors affecting debris flow, exploring a reliable method for assessing the relative importance of such factors is an important endeavor in debris flow prevention and control work. In this research, debris flow risk assessment was combined with meta-analysis to analyze quantitatively the relative importance of risk factors of debris flow in northwest and southwest China. Results show that debris flow in northwest China is mainly affected by topography and geological structure. Rainfall plays an important role in stimulating debris flow in this area. For debris flow in southwest China, topography, geological structure, and rainfall conditions all have considerable influence. Meta-analysis can provide a basis for the selection of risk factors of debris flow and has certain reliability.
Exploring mechanisms responsible for tidal modulation in flow of the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf
Authors: Rosier Sebastian H. R. , Gudmundsson G. Hilmar
Published: January 2020

Abstract. An extensive network of GPS sites on the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf and adjoining ice streams shows strong tidal modulation of horizontal ice flow at a range of frequencies. A particularly strong (horizontal) response is found at the fortnightly (Msf) frequency. Since this tidal constituent is absent in the (vertical) tidal forcing, this observation implies the action of some non-linear mechanism. Another striking aspect is the strong amplitude of the flow perturbation, causing a periodic reversal in the direction of ice shelf flow in some areas and a 10 %–20 % change in speed at grounding lines. No model has yet been able to reproduce the quantitative aspects of the observed tidal modulation across the entire Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf. The cause of the tidal ice flow response has, therefore, remained an enigma, indicating a serious limitation in our current understanding of the mechanics of large-scale ice flow. A further limitation of previous studies is that they have all focused on isolated regions and interactions between different areas have, therefore, not been fully accounted for. Here, we conduct the first large-scale ice flow modelling study to explore these processes using a viscoelastic rheology and realistic geometry of the entire Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf, where the best observations of tidal response are available. We evaluate all relevant mechanisms that have hitherto been put forward to explain how tides might affect ice shelf flow and compare our results with observational data. We conclude that, while some are able to generate the correct general qualitative aspects of the tidally induced perturbations in ice flow, most of these mechanisms must be ruled out as being the primary cause of the observed long-period response. We find that only tidally induced lateral migration of grounding lines can generate a sufficiently strong long-period Msf response on the ice shelf to match observations. Furthermore, we show that the observed horizontal short-period semidiurnal tidal motion, causing twice-daily flow reversals at the ice front, can be generated through a purely elastic response to basin-wide tidal perturbations in the ice shelf slope. This model also allows us to quantify the effect of tides on mean ice flow and we find that the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf flows, on average, ∼ 21 % faster than it would in the absence of large ocean tides.
Possible biases in scaling-based estimates of mountain-glacier contribution to the sea level
Authors: Banerjee Argha , Jadhav Ajinkya , Patil Disha
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Predicting mountain-glacier contribution to sea-level rise involves computing global-scale glacier loss under a given climate-change scenario. Such calculations are usually done with low-complexity and computationally-efficient approximate models of glacier dynamics. A statistical power-law relation between glacier volume and area (and/or length) is the basis of several such models. We simulate transient response of an ensemble of 551 glaciers from Ganga basin, the Himalaya, using a scaling-based method and a two-dimensional ice-dynamical model based on shallow-ice approximation (SIA). A comparison of the model outputs suggests that the scaling-based method systematically underestimates long-term ice loss due to a violation of the assumed time-invariant scaling. We derive expressions for the response time and climate sensitivity of glaciers simulated using a time-invariant scaling assumption, and validate them with results from the scaling-based simulation of the ensemble of glacier. These expressions are modified empirically to obtain similar parameterisations of the response properties of glaciers simulated with SIA. These new parameterisation yields a linear-response model which significantly reduces the above biases, while retaining the advantage of numerical efficiency.
Incertidumbre en el reconocimiento de marca turística: caso Gualivá en Colombia
Authors: Patiño Moreno Erika Alejandra
Published: January 2020

La provincia de Gualivá es un destino turístico por excelencia, que ofrece una gama de atractivos y actividades turísticas provenientes de su ubicación y geografía, lo que posiblemente la convierte en un producto destacado de Colombia, que cuenta con una variedad de servicios y experiencias turísticas y culturales de significativo potencial para la comercialización de sitios y proyectos turísticos. Este artículo presenta el desarrollo y la construcción de una marca que respalde la provincia como producto turístico, la cual posteriormente debe darse a conocer en el marco del club de productos turísticos de la región de Gualivá en el departamento de Cundinamarca; dicha marca potencia los recursos turísticos a partir de los cuales se pueden formular experiencias turísticas novedosas en la creación visual de una marca sombrilla y las marcas de subproductos propios, las cuales fueron sometidas a diferentes pruebas a través de mesas de trabajo con la comunidad (grupos focales) y consultadas mediante cuestionarios semi-estructurados que facilitan a través del análisis estadístico la evidencia de la importancia de este tipo de pruebas en el diseño marcas, antes de proceder al lanzamiento a nivel local, departamental, nacional  y con proyección internacional.
Experimenta punto es
Authors: Tena-Parera Daniel
Published: January 2020

En setiembre de 2019 pudimos conocer de primera mano, la revitalización de la Editorial Experimenta. Ésta, que había nacido en Madrid en el año 1988 con el objeto de impulsar la cultura del proyecto en España, durante los años de la crisis económica tuvo dificultades para seguir con su labor. Ahora, con la filosofía y visión altruista de sus mecenas, se retoma y dinamiza el proyecto editorial con el objetivo de proporcionar los mejores títulos sobre diseño que se han publicado y para la publicación de contenidos actuales.
Lacan: An Adapted Approach to Postmodern Language
Authors: Buckwalter Elvis ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

The following paper sets out to highlight the interconnectedness between philosophy and language through a demonstration on how Lacanian psychoanalysis can add texture to literary analysis. Because discourse is in constant flux, it is only natural that adapting a suitably compatible interpretive methodology becomes the norm for the study of language and literature. Unfortunately, adjusting one’s methods of literary critique according to the type of text to be analyzed is far from common practice. In the hopes that this issue might be discussed in further depth, this paper argues that a psychoanalytical approach to literary analysis is particularly well-adapted for the postmodern genre.
Frege on Direct Quotation
Authors: Harnish Robert M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In a single short passage in "On Sense and Reference" Frege outlines his conception of direct quotation wherein words must not be taken as having their customary reference, but rather refer to the words themselves or the words of another speaker. What unifies these uses? What is the logical form of direct quotation sentences, and what is their analysis? How does this view fit in with Frege's general semantics? How far can it be extended? What problems does it face? We explore, if not completely answer, each of these questions."It can also happen, however, that one wishes to talk about the words themselves or their sense. This happens, for instance, when the words of another are quoted. One's own words then first designate words of the other speaker, and only the latter have their usual reference. We then have signs of signs. In writing, the words are in this case enclosed in quotation marks. Accordingly, a word standing between quotation marks must not be taken as having its ordinary reference," ("On Sense and Reference", 144)The above quotation contains virtually everything Frege has to say about quotation and it raises a number of issues --some terminological, some substantive. First, note that in the passage cited, Frege opens with a discussion of quotation in general ("talk about"), then ends with the specific case of quotation marks in writing. Most discussions of Frege have concentrated on quotation marks in writing, and we shall do so here, but ultimately a Fregean account will have to be more general, a point we will return to later. Second, Frege speaks of words enclosed in quotation marks as about "the words themselves" and also as about "words of another speaker". But as we will see, these need not be the same. However, because Frege moved so easily between them he may have thought that referring to the words themselves is involved in reporting the words of another speaker. At least this is an idea we will exploit later, but first some terminology.
Can Frege’s Farbung Help Explain the Meaning of Ethical Terms?
Authors: Green Keith , Kortum Richard ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In this paper we reach back to an earlier generation of discussions about both linguistic meaning and moral language to answer the still-current question as to whether and in what way some special non-descriptive feature comprises part of the semantics of identifiably ethical terms. Taking off from the failure of familiar meta-ethical theories, restricted as they are to the Fregean categories of Sense and Force (whether singly or in combination), we propose that one particular variety belonging to Frege’s humble semantic category of Farbung –– what Dummett calls Tone –– holds the key. Specifically, the kinds of expressions that Dummett dubs “expressives”, when properly understood as representing a speaker’s sentiment, solve the mystery not only of moral discourse, but of evaluative language, broadly construed. On this basis we account for moral language’s special relation to action motivation in ways that avoid Moore’s paradox and honor, in unasserted contexts, what Geach calls ‘the Frege point’. Commitments to the public and social character of natural language are also respected.
How to Undo Things with Words
Authors: Medina José ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This paper offers a new interpretation of Austin (the New Austin) that overcomes the Austin-Derrida debate by dissolving the dichotomy between construction and deconstruction and focusing on the notion of performative reconstruction. The essay also contains a discussion of the normative distinction between felicity and infelicity and how it affects the identity of speakers and agents. This discussion draws on recent Gender and Queer Theory and builds a bridge between the literature on identity and Speech Act Theory. The central argument in this paper proposes a negotiating model of performativity and a robust notion of discursive responsibility that underscores the intimate and unavoidable links between the semantic and the socio-political.
Doubly Monstrous?
Authors: Clarke Julie Joy ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In this article I consider instances in visual culture in which artists and filmmakers aestheticize women with damaged, missing or anomalous limbs. I focus upon Joel Peter Witkin’s photomontage Las Meninas (1987), Peter Greenaway’s film “A Zed and Two Noughts” (1985), Alison Lapper Pregnant a statue by Marc Quinn, Mathew Barney’s film “Cremaster” (2002), David Cronenberg’s “Crash” (1996), Luis Buñuel’s “Tristana” (1970) and David Lynch’s short film “The Amputee” (1973). I argue that although the artists and filmmakers reveal, rather than disguise the damaged, anomalous or missing limb(s) of the women, thus valorising their particular embodiment, these women are paradoxically still portrayed as deviant and monstrous.
Justice and Cognitive Disabilities
Authors: Wong Sophia Isako ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

The question of how to treat people with cognitive disabilities (PCDs) poses an important problem for Rawlsian theories of justice because it is unclear whether PCDs are included within the scope of moral personhood. Rawls’s Standard Solution focuses on nondisabled adults as the fundamental case, while later addressing PCDs as marginal cases. I claim that the Standard Solution has two weaknesses. First, it relies on a dichotomy between nondisabled and disabled that is tenuous and difficult to defend. Second, it makes the theory circular in a vicious way.I argue that Rawls’s theory can be revised so that it solves the problem of how to treat PCDs while avoiding the two weaknesses of the Standard Solution. There are three constraints on any successfully revised Rawlsian theory: 1) it must be resourcist rather than welfarist; 2) it must provide some principled basis for limiting our obligations to PCDs; and 3) it must address the whole range of PCDs, including the most severely disabled individuals.
Ability, Disability, and the Question of Philosophy
Authors: DeShong Scott ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This essay treats the field of philosophy and the study of disability such that each may be conceived of in terms of the other, perhaps to the extent that they may be thought of as one. First, it examines the bases and methods of various documents in the study of disability, finding that such study may be conceived of as essentially philosophical, even as the philosophical nature of disability studies threatens such studies’ practice. Then philosophy is depicted as that discourse which necessarily interrogates its bases and methods -that is, as discourse that engages its own ability. The two fields are presented as exemplary of the interrogation of ability, particularly of discursive ability. The essay’s primary influence is Emmanuel Levinas, mainly for the emphasis he places on the nature of language in his approach to philosophical critique. Developing the notion of im/possibility -the simultaneous emergence of a discourse’s conditions of possibility with those of its impossibility -the essay focuses on “dis/ability” as the central notion in the convergence of philosophy and disability studies.
Cognitive Disability, Capabilities, and Justice
Authors: Khader Serene ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

I argue that capabilities approaches are useful in formulating a political theory that takes seriously the needs of persons with severe cognitive disabilities (PSCD). I establish three adequacy criteria for theories of justice that take seriously the needs of PSCD: A) understanding PSCD as oppressed, B) positing a single standard of what is owed to PSCD abled individuals, and C) concern with flourishing as well as political liberty. I claim that conceiving valued capabilities as the end of social distribution may help a political theory to meet these criteria.I posit three further adequacy criteria: D) refusing to see PSCD as less than human, E) valuing moral powers other than practical reason, and F) securing space for care and dependency relationships. I show that how well Elizabeth Anderson and Martha Nussbaum’s capabilities approaches meet these criteria depends on their divergent conceptions of what capabilities are for. I sketch another capabilities approach that might better meet the three latter criteria (inspired by Lawrence Becker and Eva Kittay’s work), that conceives capabilities as for agency and relationship.
From Chaos to Contractarianism
Authors: Smaw Eric ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In this paper, I argue that Louis Pojman fails to justify his conception of a moderate cosmopolitan world government. I illustrate this by highlighting the fact that Pojman fails to articulate adequate justifications for his Principle of Humanity (POH) and Principle of Equality (POE). This is problematic because the POH and POE ground his conception of human rights, which, in turn, grounds his conception of a moderate cosmopolitan world government. Hence, since he fails to justify the POH and the POE, I conclude that his conception of a cosmopolitan world government ultimately fails. But, before I launch this attack on Pojman, I offer substantial philosophical analyses of Hobbes's arguments for the state of nature, human rights, and the establishment of the commonwealth. I do so because Hobbes provides the philosophical basis for Pojman's philosophy of world government. I show that by understanding the philosophical problems inherent in Hobbes we gain better understanding of the philosophical problems at the basis of Pojman.
The End of Duty
Authors: Bauhn Per ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

Justice is often viewed in terms of seeing to it that right-holders are provided with the goods that they are entitled to. Less attention is given to the other dimension of justice, namely, that of duty-holders. If persons are assigned more duties, or more burdensome duties, than fairness requires, then they are victims of injustice just as much as persons whose rights are left unfulfilled. In this essay, I will argue for certain limits to the duty to assist people in need. My argument does not intend to show that we have no positive duties, but rather that these duties, whether they are of an interpersonal or a global, institutional kind, should be guided by an idea of fairness that pertains to the relations between duty-holders as well as between them and right-holders. I will discuss structural differences between negative and positive duties, as well as formulate a Principle of Contributive Fairness.
The Problem of Clean Hands
Authors: Barnes Eric ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

The problem of dirty hands concerns the apparently inevitable need for effective politicians to do what is ethically wrong. This essay discusses a related problem in democratic elections of politicians being unwilling to commit themselves to precise positions on controversial policy issues. Given certain plausible assumptions, I demonstrate using a simple game theoretic model that there is an incentive structure for political candidates that is damaging to the public good. I contrast this problem with the classic prisoner’s dilemma and then go on to discuss some possible strategies for overcoming this problem by an improved system of political debates.
The Philosophy of Ordinary Language Is a Naturalistic Philosophy
Authors: Trigg Jonathan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

It is argued that the only response to the mereological objections of the ordinary language philosopher available to the scientistic philosopher of mind requires the adoption of the view that ordinary psychological talk is theoretical and falsified by the findings of brain science. The availability of this sort of response produces a kind of stalemate between these opposed views and viewpoints: the claim that attribution of psychological predicates to parts of organisms is nonsense is met with the claim that it is only nonsensical if our ordinary ways of talking are – naively – taken to be sacrosanct. The aim of the paper is to show that the ordinary language philosopher has a reply here that the scientistic philosopher is not in a position to ignore. Namely, that the only way to resist mereological objections is to adopt conceptions of personhood that are inimical to naturalistic accounts of mentality.
Love As If
Authors: Shand John ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

The primary focus here is romantic love, but it may be applied to other cases of love such as those within a family. The first issue is whether love is a non-rational occurrence leading to a state of affairs to which the normative constrains of reason do not apply. If one assumes that reasons are relevant to determining love, then the second issue is the manner in which love is and should be reasonable and governed by the indications of reason. It is contended that our conception of love is inherently contradictory. Depending on circumstances, we want love to be both a non-rational occurrence beyond reason and something normative such that the indications of reasons are relevant to determining and assessing it. We alternate between the two treatments of love and in so doing love can function in our lives. The incoherence is accommodated by each treatment or view of love being one of as if. This allows us to live with love in a manner whereby we do not have to definitively commit to either alternative, so we have a dipolar as if concept of love. Sometimes we view love as if reasons were beside the point and at others we view love as if it were rightly subject to the indications of reason.
Robert Solomon’s Rejection of Aristotelian Virtue
Authors: Silverman Eric J. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

A recurring theme within Robert Solomon’s writings concerns the central importance of the passions. His high regard for the passions even motivates him to challenge the traditional understanding of virtue. Solomon rejects the Aristotelian view that virtues are dispositions of character developed according to rational principles rather than passions. He offers the counter-example of erotic love as a passion that is not based upon rationality, which he argues ought to be viewed as a virtue. This paper argues that while Solomon’s account of love can accommodate the traditional Aristotelian motivations for rejecting passions as virtues, there are compelling reasons for preferring the Aristotelian account of virtue. Ultimately, Solomon’s argument relies upon an implausible view of the passions and offers inferior resources for examining love in terms of virtue.
The Possibility of Love Independent Reasons
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In his recent work, Harry Frankfurt has defended a theory according to which an agent’s practical reasons are determined by what she happens to love. In the first section of this article, I will describe some of the awkward consequences of this view. For instance, it would turn out that not all rapists would have reasons not to rape their victims. The second section of the article explains in detail Frankfurt’s argument for his theory of reasons. The crux of this argument is that, because reasons have to be attached to significant life-changes, any attempt to show that there were love independent reasons would need to be based on a prior evaluation of significance. However, such evaluations can only be based on what we already love, or so Frankfurt argues. From this threat of circularity, Frankfurt concludes that there cannot be reasons outside the realm of the objects of our loves. The rest of the article is a critical examination of Frankfurt’s argument. It first constructs an analogical argument for reasons for beliefs. In that case, both the unacceptable consequences of the argument and its basic flaws are more transparent. It is clear that our prior beliefs are not the only epistemic standard by which the justificatory role of new experiences is to be evaluated. In the end of the article, I argue that, likewise, our prior loving attitudes cannot be the only relevant standard for assessing the significance of life-changes. This is why our reasons are not constrained by what we love.
Concerning Self-Love
Authors: Soble Alan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

In The Reasons of Love, Harry Frankfurt proposes a philosophical account of love according to which there are four necessary conditions for the occurrence of love. We may ask reasonable questions about these four conditions: (1) Is each condition adequately analytically defined? (2) Is each condition plausibly a necessary condition for love, and has Frankfurt defended their necessity with good arguments? (3) Are all four conditions consistent with each other? And (4) if the four conditions are only necessary, and hence tell us only when love is absent, what must be added to Frankfurt’s account which would tell us, just as importantly, when love is present? In this essay I address these questions, although some more than others, especially in trying to understand Frankfurt’s claims about “self-love.” It emerges from this investigation that Frankfurt’s central metaethical thesis, which he has been advancing for three decades—that caring about or loving something logically precedes valuing it, and hence that we cannot have value-mentioning reasons for loving something or someone—starts to fall apart.
The Authority of Love as Sentimental Contract
Authors: Voice Paul ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This paper argues that the categorical authority of love’s imperatives is derived from a sentimental contract. The problem is defined and the paper argues against two recent attempts to explain the authority of love’s demands by Velleman and Frankfurt. An argument is then set out in which it is shown that a constructivist approach to the problem explains the sources of love’s justifications. The paper distinguishes between the moral and the romantic case but argues that the sources of authority are paralleled in each. The paper ends by asking what we are to say when the demands of morality and the demands of love conflict.
Love and Equal Value
Authors: Fjellström Roger ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2020

This essay offers a way to avoid a clash between reasons of love and reasons of ethics that stems from a difference in the conception of the moral value of people. In moralities of lovers, the loved ones are due to be accorded a value superior to that of other people, whereas in ethics there is an inescapable presumption that people have a value that is equal among them. The usual way to avoid this clash has been either to make room in the ethical arsenal for reasons relating to particular agents, agent-relative reasons, or to acknowledge that love-grounded reasons legitimately compete with ethical reasons and that we need a method of negotiating them. Both escapes have serious problems. The essay proposes a third way. The first step is to reshape the notion of ’love,’ in a direction where important characteristics of our common understanding are kept, notably the loved ones’ uniqueness and incomparability, while the characteristic that is problematic in the present context would be eliminated, namely the you-and-me character of love that gives rise to reasons that are wholly personal and partial. The second step is to show how such a reformed notion of love coheres with the assumption of equal value. And the third step is, through this connection, to change our understanding of love as reason-giving, from generating reason directly to generating reason indirectly. This involves a shift of focus from reason to meta-reason, viz. that which makes our system of, or competence for, normative reasons reasonable. The advantage of the proposed solution would not only be that clash between reasons of love and reasons of ethics is avoided, but also that ethical reasons are seen as underpinned by love, which moreover offers the best ultimate explanation of them.
What Needs to Change in Our Thinking about Climate Change (and about Thinking)
Authors: Marder Michael ,   International Association for Environmental Philosophy
Published: January 2020

In this article I argue that, the consciousness of climate change will remain wanting, unless it reaches all the way to the level of self-consciousness. Interrelating the meanings of “climate” and “thinking,” I suggest that only an approach that shuns subjective mastery and distance will be adequate to this peculiar non-object.
Leibniz on Spontaneity, The Eduction of Substantial Forms, and Creaturely Interaction
Authors: Kuykendall Davis ,   University of South Bohemia
Published: January 2020

Leibniz argued that (i) substantial forms only begin to exist via Divine creation; (ii) created substances cannot transeuntly cause accidents in distinct substances; and yet (iii) created substances immanently produce their accidents. Some of Leibniz’s support for (i) came from his endorsement of a widely-made argument against the eduction of substantial forms. However, in defense of eduction, Suárez argued that if creatures cannot produce substantial forms, they also cannot produce accidents, threatening the consistency of (i) and (iii). In this paper, I argue that Leibniz successfully defends the consistency of (i) and (iii) against Suárez’s argument, but at the expense of the consistency of (ii) and (iii).
O uso de textos filosóficos em sala de aula: o que os professores pensam sobre isso?
Authors: Gabriel Fábio Antonio , Pereira Ana Lúcia
Published: January 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as percepções de professores de Filosofia em serviço sobre o uso de textos dos filósofos em sala de aula. O referencial teórico está relacionado à compreensão do papel da Filosofia na sociedade segundo Jaspers (1971) e a importância do uso de textos filosóficos em sala de aula. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e os sujeitos são 32 professores de Filosofia da rede pública do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários e organizados e analisados por intermédio da análise de conteúdo, de onde foi possível identificar cinco categorias. Os resultados apontam que as percepções dos professores sobre o uso de textos dos filósofos em sala de aula estão relacionadas às questões sobre o ensino da Filosofia de forma reflexiva, como uma construção histórica e fundamental, para que o aluno viva uma experiência filosófica.
Fabio Magro, Arnaldo Soldani: Il sonetto italiano. Dalle originia oggi. Roma: Carocci, 2017
Authors: Espósito Eduardo
Published: January 2020

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Performance a imagen y semejanza de lo ‘indecente’: El evangelio según Santa Rita de Ana Francis Mor
Authors: Martinez Noriega Adriana
Published: January 2020

El presente texto plantea un análisis crítico de las estrategias subversivas articuladas en la obra de teatro El evangelio según Santa Rita de Ana Francis Mor. En términos metodológicos, el estudio coloca la obra en el cruce entre teatralidad, religión, “mexicanidad” y re-presentación, y, apoyado en preceptos de los estudios de performance, las “políticas de identidad” y la “teología indecente”, destaca las formas en las que ésta deconstruye y reconfigura el patriarcal imaginario religioso-político nacional. Asimismo, alineada con el tono feminista y queer de la trama, esta investigación resalta la fuerza epistémica del performance como medio para “pervertir” textual y visualmente la Biblia a través de la lectura de un cuerpo marcado por su sexo, género y preferencia sexual.

The present text offers a critical analysis of the subversive strategies articulated in the play El evangelio según Santa Rita by Ana Francis Mor. Methodologically speaking, this study centers Mor’s piece at the crossroads between theatricality, religion, “Mexicanness” and re-presentation, and, using performance studies, “identity politics” and  “indecent theology” as a platform, it highlights the ways in which the play deconstructs and reconfigures the patriarchal religious-political Mexican imaginary. Also, aligned with the feminist and queer tone of the plot, this research underscores the epistemic strength of the performance as a means to textually and visually ‘pervert’ the Bible by embodying it in a particular sex, gender and sexual preference.
Exilio Queer, invisibilidad de género y arte público
Authors: García-Oliveros Elena
Published: January 2020

Mujeres subsaharianas, lesbianas o no, algunas demandantes de asilo, otras migrantes o con nacionalidad europea, mujeres que aman a otras mujeres en países africanos, donde amar se paga con la vida, con la ablación o la violación; organizaciones mediadoras con estos colectivos, a nivel europeo o nacional; mujeres artistas, queer; estos fueron los agentes buscados por Toxic Lesbian en el contexto de la residencia de artista en El Ranchito, Matadero, Madrid, para crear con formato público y procesual este proyecto entre los años 2011 a 2012. Contó con la colaboración de organizaciones generalistas de derechos humanos, de refugiados y migrantes, específicas de género o propiamente LGBTQ. El objetivo de la investigación es presentar los hallazgos relativos a las causas de la migración de poblaciones queer africanas y de modo más específico, mujeres. Se expondrán las discriminaciones existentes durante las diásporas por orientación sexual y género, así como las de los organismos internacionales que debieran garantizar el derecho al asilo. Del mismo modo se ilustrarán con imágenes los procesos de creación llevados a cabo en este marco de arte público, mediante colaboración mediada por la artista con las instituciones colaboradoras y la población civil que protagoniza el proyecto.  

Women from Sub-Saharan Africa, lesbian or otherwise, including asylum seekers, migrants or European nationals, women who love other women in African countries, where you give your life, face circumcision or rape for love; advocacy organizations working with these groups, on a European or national level; female, queer, feminist and black artists; these were the stakeholders sought out by Toxic Lesbian during the artist’s residence in El Ranchito, Matadero, Madrid to develop this project in a public and process art format between 2011 and 2012. It received support from general human rights organizations, refugees and migrants, gender-specific ones or LGBTQ associations. The aim of the research project is to present the findings on the reasons why queer Africans and, more specifically, women, emigrate. It will look at existing forms of discrimination during the queer diasporas, who left due to their sexual orientation and gender, as well as those within international institutions which are supposed to ensure the enforcement of right to asylum legislation. Similarly, it will be shown images of the creative processes implemented in this respect through public art, with cooperation from partner institutions and members of the population featured in the project overseen by the artist.
La belleza circular: Una aproximación a la estética de la sustentabilidad para el Capitaloceno
Authors: Albelda Raga José Luis
Published: January 2020

La estética no es independiente de la época en la que se ubica ni de la ideología a la que apoya o contesta; por el contrario puede convertirse en un vector de gran importancia facilitador de cambios de cosmovisión, según hemos podido comprobar en las revoluciones sociopolíticas del siglo pasado. A diferencia de la estética de la posmodernidad, con su condición epidérmica y escasamente crítica, los tiempos de la crisis ecológica del Capitaloceno y de la necesaria transición a sociedades más sustentables reclaman una creatividad y una estética muy distinta (Albelda, Parreño y Marrero, 2018). El presente artículo defiende la necesidad de recuperar el papel identitario y teleológico que en el pasado han jugado el arte y la estética.  En este contexto, identificaremos los aspectos fundacionales de una estética circular, y su indisoluble unión con la ética ecológica de la que parte. Asimismo, argumentaremos sobre la amplitud del concepto de lo circular que, trascendiendo los aspectos más conocidos vinculados al reciclaje de materiales, adquiere una importante función moral vinculado al antropocentrismo débil, expresando la aceptación de la fugacidad individual, e incluso de la cultura y de la especie, desde una perspectiva holística (Spier, 2011).

Aesthetics are not independent of the time in which they are located, nor of the ideology they support or answer; on the contrary, they can become a very important vector that facilitates changes in the worldview, as we have seen in the sociopolitical revolutions of the last century. Unlike the aesthetics of postmodernity, with their epidermic and scarcely critical condition, the times of the ecological crisis of the Capitalocene and of the transition to more sustainable societies demand a very different creativity and aesthetics (Albelda, Parreño y Marrero, 2018). This article defends the need to recover the identity and teleological role that art and aesthetics have played in the past. In this context, we will identify the foundational aspects of a circular aesthetic, and the indissoluble union with the ecological ethics from which it departs. Likewise, we will argue about the amplitude of the concept of circularity that, transcending the most known aspects linked to the recycling of materials, acquires an important moral function linked to the weak anthropocentrism, expressing the acceptance of individual fugacity, and even of culture and species, from a holistic perspective (Spier, 2011).