bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential role for the sorbitol pathway in the meiotic dysfunction exhibited by oocytes from diabetic mice
Authors: Colton Shannondoah A. , Downs Stephen M.
Published: April 2004

Complications common to type I diabetes, such as cataracts and cardiovascular disorders, have been associated with activation of the polyol pathway, which converts glucose to fructose via the intermediate, sorbitol. Under normal glycemic conditions, glucose is typically targeted for glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway through phosphorylation by hexokinase. When glucose levels are elevated under diabetic conditions, hexokinase becomes saturated, and the excess glucose is then shunted to aldose reductase, which converts glucose to sorbitol. In the present study, we examined the potential effects of this pathway on the maturation process in mouse oocytes. Increasing concentrations of sorbitol suppressed FSH‐induced maturation in oocytes from control mice. Culturing oocytes from diabetic mice in the presence of inhibitors of aldose reductase reversed the suppression of FSH‐induced meiotic maturation. When oocytes from control mice were cultured with activators of aldose reductase, FSH‐induced maturation was compromised. In addition, treatment with sorbitol or activators of the polyol pathway led to reduced cell‐cell communication between the oocyte and the cumulus cells, as well as compromised FSH‐mediated cAMP production and de novo purine synthesis. These data indicate that the suppression of FSH‐induced meiotic maturation observed in oocytes from diabetic mice may result from a shunting of glucose through the polyol pathway. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:439‐448, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary artery imaging using three‐dimensional breath‐hold steady‐state free precession with two‐dimensional iterative partial fourier reconstruction
Authors: Singh Ravi K. , Deshpande Vibhas S. , Haacke E. Mark , Shea Steven M. , Xu Yingbiao , McCarthy Richard M. , Carr James , Li Debiao
Published: April 2004

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of using a two‐dimensional partial Fourier (PF) reconstruction scheme to reduce the acquisition time of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of coronary arteries.

Materials and Methods

Symmetric k‐space data sets of coronary arteries were collected in seven volunteers using a three‐dimensional breath‐hold steady‐state free precession (SSFP) sequence. Partial, asymmetric k‐space data sets were generated by removing 25% of the data in the readout direction and 25% of the data in the phase encoding direction. The missing data were then estimated using a two‐dimensional projection‐onto‐convex‐sets (POCS) algorithm or filled with zeroes. Images were reconstructed from the full data set, the PF data set, and the zero‐filled (ZF) data set, respectively. Coronary artery sharpness was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively.

Results

Coronary artery sharpness in PF images was comparable to that in full k‐space images and significantly better than that in ZF images.

Conclusion

Two‐dimensional POCS PF reconstruction is a potentially useful technique for reducing acquisition time or improving spatial resolution for breath‐hold coronary MR angiography. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:645–649. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel technique of raising a pectoralis major myocutaneous flap through the skin paddle incision alone
Authors: Chaturvedi Pankaj , Pathak Kumar A. , Pai Pathamesh S. , Chaukar Devendra A. , Deshpande Mandar S. , D'Cruz Anil K.
Published: April 2004

A good reconstruction should not only be functionally and aesthetically sound at the recipient site but also cause least possible cosmetic aberration of the donor site. The pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap continues to be one of the most commonly used flap for head and neck reconstruction in this part of the world. Conventionally, once the skin paddle over the pectoralis major muscle is marked, a line is drawn joining the outer edge of the skin flap extending to the apex of the anterior axillary skin fold or midclavicular point to expose the underlying pectoralis major muscle and harvest the flap. We intend to suggest a novel technique, in which the pectoralis major muscle is exposed by raising the skin around the skin paddle incision alone without making any further extension. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;86:105–106. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tourism development — centres versus peripheries: the Israeli experience during the 1990s
Authors: Krakover Shaul
Published: April 2004

Initially tourism was potentially considered as a vehicle for reducing inequalities in regional development through the spread of resources from the more developed regions of a country to its less developed areas. Later, case studies demonstrated that, although certain peripheral areas have emerged as tourist attractions, the large urban centres gained even more in terms of tourism‐generated investment and income. This study examines the Israeli situation comparing tourism development indicators in central versus peripheral areas. Although the two largest cities of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv appear to attract much of the country's investment in tourism hotels and enjoy a large flow of visitors, data for the 1990s reveal that peripheral areas are having higher share in tourism than their counterparts in the central areas. Furthermore, compared with their proportion in the general population, the peripheral areas location quotient related to tourism development indicators is far higher than that of the central areas. The single largest centre of tourism is now located in the town of Elat, situated in isolation in the southernmost tip of the country. The resort areas of Tiberias on the Lake of Galilee in the northeast and that of the Dead Sea area in the southeast came to be large tourism centres. Also, the most flourishing B&B industry has developed in the northern peripheral area. The study contemplates whether or not the Israeli experience is applicable to other countries and concludes with an attempt to draw broader generalisations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferred shopping destination: Hong Kong versus Singapore
Authors: Yeung Sylvester , Wong James , Ko Edmond
Published: April 2004

Visitor shopping is an important contributor to the economy of Hong Kong as it accounts for more than half the total visitors' expenditure. Owing to its significance, and strong competition from Singapore, Hong Kong must re‐examine the city's attraction to shoppers. The tourism and retail industries of Hong Kong must formulate effective strategies to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the shopping environment in both cities. This study surveys 309 international visitors about their shopping expectations and perceptions of Hong Kong and Singapore in 15 attributes. Results were analysed by SPSS software (Statistical Package for Social Science) using the techniques of frequencies and paired t‐tests. Singapore outperforms Hong Kong notably in many areas, such as language ability, attitude and efficiency of service staff. The findings indicate an urgency for Hong Kong to strive harder. In conclusion, the article provides some recommendations for the city to re‐establish its reputation as the ‘shopping paradise’ of the Asia Pacific region and to meet the challenge of Singapore as the preferred shopping destination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress corrosion cracking of bainite 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel in acid rain simulated solution
Authors: Lunarska E. , Nikiforow K. , Sitko E.
Published: April 2004

The effect of carbon content, heat treatment and surface treatment of high strength aircraft 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni type steel on susceptibility to pitting corrosion, on hydrogen transport and on hydrogen embrittlement has been studied in acid rain simulated solution. Under open circuit conditions, susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking is associated with susceptibility to pitting corrosion and decreases with decreasing carbon content and at application of shot peening. Susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement governed by hydrogen trapping is promoted by carbon segregation at boundaries of bainite laths and parent austenite grains. Decrease in the carbon content caused the decrease in hydrogen trapping resulting in increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement. Shot peening increased the trapping efficiency within the deformed layer, but the presence of the shot peened layer decreased the hydrogen flux entering the core and thus decreased the susceptibility of the core to hydrogen embrittlement.

The shot peened low carbon steel, exhibiting mechanical properties required by the appropriate Standard and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be considered to replace the standard 0.3C‐1Cr‐1Mn‐1Si‐1Ni steel for the aircraft parts.
Der Korrosionsbegriff bei nichtmetallischen Werkstoffen
Authors: Schmitt G.
Published: April 2004

Korrosion ist die Reaktion eines Werkstoffs mit seiner Umgebung, die eine meßbare Veränderung des Werkstoffs bewirkt und zur Beeinträchtigung der Funktion eines Bauteils oder eines ganzen Systems führen kann. Diese erstmals in der DIN 50 900 Teil 1 (1975) formulierte Definition gilt für alle Werkstoffe, auch die Kunststoffe. Die beobachtbaren Erscheinungsformen können unter Berücksichtigung der chemisch sowie physikalisch basierten Mechanismen in ähnlicher Weise strukturiert werden wie die Arten der Metallkorrosion. Dies wird nachfolgend erstmals versucht. Zum Verständnis der Kunststoffkorrosion kann allerdings kaum der Elektrochemiker, sondern eher der Chemiker oder Physiker bzw. der breiter angelegte Korrosionist mit chemisch‐physikalischem Hintergrund beitragen. Ein weites Forschungsfeld ruft nach interdisziplinärer, innovativer Bearbeitung.
Hyperbranched Polyesters Based on Adipic Acid and Glycerol
Authors: Stumbé Jean‐François , Bruchmann Bernd
Published: April 2004

Summary: Hyperbranched polyesters with controlled molecular weights and properties have been prepared by an A2 + B3 approach by reacting glycerol and adipic acid without any solvents in the presence of tin catalysts. The hyperbranched polyesters have been evaluated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis and NMR spectroscopy in order to determine molecular weights and degrees of branching.

Idealized structure of the hyperbranched polyesters synthesized here from adipic acid and glycerol in the presence of tin catalysts.

image

Idealized structure of the hyperbranched polyesters synthesized here from adipic acid and glycerol in the presence of tin catalysts.
2.2 Cotton fibers as natural raw materials for cellulose acetate production
Authors: Saka Shiro
Published: April 2004

The commercially available cotton species are only three botanical species. For these species, the cotton fibers were described to consist of two different types of fibers termed “lint” and “linter”. The structure and chemical constituents of these cotton fibers were compared, so as to use them judiciously as natural raw materials for cellulose acetate production.
2.3 Wood pulp manufacturing and quality characteristics
Authors: Saka Shiro , Matsumura Hiroyuki
Published: April 2004

Cellulose acetate being important in the fiber and textile industries is usually prepared from high quality cellulose such as cotton linters and wood pulps with an alpha cellulose content of more than 95%. In this section, therefore, wood pulps and cotton linters appropriate for cellulose acetate production were discussed in their chemical and physical properties so as to use them judiciously as natural raw materials for cellulose acetate production.
5. Applications of cellulose acetate 5.1 Cellulose acetate in textile application
Authors: Law Rachel C.
Published: April 2004

The first cellulose acetate fiber, commonly referred to as acetate, was produced in Europe in 1918 and on a large scale in the United States of America in 1924 making acetate the second man‐made fiber to be produced.1 The usage of acetate worldwide peaked at a consumption of approximately 400 kilotons in the early 1970's.2 In the past three decades the use of acetate fiber has declined as fabric manufacturers moved to lower costs manmade fibers such as polyester. Manufacturers of acetate have worked aggressively to reduce their cost while maintaining product quality. These efforts have had some reward, leading to acetate's categorization as a niche fiber. As such, cellulose acetate represents less than one percent of the world's total fiber consumption as compared to cotton at over a third3 of the world's consumption and polyester at around a fourth.4

Acetate has been used and continues to be used in many different textile applications because of its attributes and good textile processing performance. It is used in woven fabrics, knits and braids. It is found in multiple applications including medical gauze, ribbons, coffin linings, home furnishings, woven velvets, tricot knits, men's linings, circular knits, woven satins, woven fashion, women's linings. It is found in a variety of deniers, lusters, colors, finishes, compactions types and package sizes. It is often blended with other fibers to make combination yarns.
5.3 Solvent cast cellulose diacetate film
Authors: Law P.W. , Longdon A. , Willins G.G.
Published: April 2004

A review of the historical development, manufacture, properties and applications of solvent‐cast cellulose diacetate film.
6. Prospects for future applications of cellulose acetate
Authors: Glasser Wolfgang G.
Published: April 2004

The prospects for future applications of cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose esters (CE) were assessed via an analysis of literature data. An examination of more than 50,000 citations in the published literature with relevance to CA and CE has shown that, while the R&D effort continues without discernible slow‐down, the emphasis has shifted in favor of D at the expense of R in recent years; more publications now originate in Southeast Asian countries; and most current journal articles deal with specialty products, such as membranes, controlled release agents, and biopolymers. The prospects for future applications are viewed as being related to the ability to add new performance features to CA, particularly thermal processability, water‐dispersibility, and the ability to interact with other polymers on the molecular level. This can be achieved by such secondary modifications as the introduction of plasticizing (mixed) ester substituents, carboxyl groups, and the use of (monofunctional) oligomers in block copolymers, respectively. In addition, the adoption of acetylation technology to lower grade pulps and even wood and wood fibers may result in new business opportunities in thermoplastic and soluble wood esters, or in acetylated solid wood products with superior dimensional, biological and light‐stability characteristics.
Effect of monoamine reuptake inhibitor NS 2330 in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bara‐Jimenez William , Dimitrova Tzvetelina , Sherzai Abdulah , Favit Antonella , Mouradian M.M. , Chase Thomas N.
Published: April 2004

Dopamine reuptake blockers, by enhancing and stabilizing intrasynaptic transmitter levels, could help palliate motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study compared the acute effects of the monoamine uptake inhibitor NS 2330 to those of placebo in 9 relatively advanced parkinsonian patients. At the dose administered, no change in parkinsonian scores was found when NS 2330 was given alone or with levodopa. Moreover, NS 2330 coadministration did not appear to alter dyskinesia severity or the duration of the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. The drug was well tolerated. Under the conditions of this study, the present results failed to support the usefulness of dopamine reuptake inhibition in the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Experimental animal studies of clip‐induced microvascular trauma
Authors: Kühnel Thomas S. , Müller Gottfried H.
Published: April 2004

This study was designed to evaluate microvascular clip potential for causing changes in vessel‐wall tissue and the extent to which this potential is influenced by features of the clip. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine vessel‐wall changes after temporary clip occlusion. Vessel patency is shown to be influenced by anastomosis and clip site, changes in occlusion force due to material fatigue are described, and novel clip features to reduce vessel trauma are proposed. Evaluation of mechanical clip properties showed that material fatigue does not lead to relevant loss of precision in alpha‐type clips. While the modified clip designed to reduce trauma cannot abolish trauma altogether, it significantly reduces the associated changes and hence the risk of thrombosis. Arteries were more sensitive than veins to clip‐induced trauma, with increased occlusion force producing more severe damage than increased clipping time. Maximal changes were seen in the tunica media. These results indicate the paramount importance of applying modest clip pressure commensurate with the requirements of microvascular Surgery. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary nerve repair by muscle autografts prepared with local anesthetic
Authors: Neto Humberto Santo , Pertille Adriana , Teodori Rosana Marcher , Somazz Marco Cesar , Marques Maria Julia
Published: April 2004

We evaluated the usefulness of muscle autografts obtained immediately after graft preparation with lidocaine injections for primary nerve repair. The right sciatic nerve of adult Wistar rats was sectioned, and muscle grafts obtained 15 min or 24 h after lidocaine injection were used to repair a gap 1.5 cm long. Axon and fiber diameters, as well as myelin thickness, decreased to similar extents for grafts of both time intervals. The G‐ratios in the distal stumps of both groups were not different from controls, indicating that regenerated axons had a proper level of myelination. The ultrastructural appearance of the neuromuscular junctions was similar to that of normal samples. These results indicate that there are no restrictions to the use of a muscle graft for primary nerve repair, immediately after lidocaine injection, since the nerve regeneration was comparable to that observed with this type of graft used 24 h after being prepared. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene therapy in flap survival
Authors: Waller William , Lee Jonathan , Zhang Feng , Lineaweaver William C.
Published: April 2004

Growth factors are members of a large functional group of polypeptide regulatory molecules that exert a powerful influence on all phases of wound healing and repair through interactions with specific cell surface receptors. The use of growth factors to improve wound healing and the viability of ischemic skin flaps has been well‐documented throughout the last decade. In this article, we review the literature concerning the use gene therapy in flap survival, including the various methods employed to transplant plasmids or viruses capable of coding and producing growth factors in ischemic tissue © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obtaining mice that carry human mitochondrial DNA transmitted to the progeny
Authors: Sokolova Vassilina A. , Kustova Maria E. , Arbuzova Natalia I. , Sorokin Alexander V. , Moskaliova Olesya S. , Bass Mikhail G. , Vasilyev Vadim B.
Published: April 2004

To study human diseases associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA one needs an animal model in which the distribution of abnormal mtDNA and its impact on the phenotype might be followed. We isolated human mitochondria from HepG2 cell culture and microinjected them into murine zygotes, upon which those were transplanted to the pseudopregnant mice. PCR with species‐specific primers allowed detecting human mtDNA in the tissues of 7–13‐day embryos. No serious alterations in the development of transmitochondrial embryos were noticed. Among various organs/tissues of the 13‐day embryos, human mtDNA was detected only in the heart, skeletal muscles, and stomach, which is in line with its uneven distribution among the blastomeres of an early mouse embryo that we described previously. In four recipient females, the microinjected zygotes were allowed to develop to term, the four neonate males of their joint litter were sacrificed, and in three of them human mtDNA was detected in the heart, skeletal muscles, stomach, brain, testes, and bladder. Six females of that joint litter were grown and mated to intact males. In the progeny (F1) of one of the females two mice were carrying human mtDNA in the heart, skeletal muscles, stomach, brain, lungs, uterus, ovaries, and kidneys. The study confirms the possibility to obtain transmitochondrial mice carrying human mtDNA that is transmitted to the animals of the next generation. Our results also indicate that among the organs to which human mtDNA is distributed some are more likely to receive it than others. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 299–307, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The birth of the finite element method and of computational mechanics
Authors: Zienkiewicz O. C.
Published: April 2004

This brief paper attempts to indicate the motivation which led to the development of the finite element method by engineers and shows how later this became integrated with various current mathematical procedures. In the opinion of the writer, the broad definition of finite elements today includes all the known procedures of approximation for solving partial differential equations and allows the users to include a variety of methods which are mathematically acceptable. Copyright 2004 © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element developments for general fluid flows with structural interactions
Authors: Bathe Klaus‐Jürgen , Zhang Hou
Published: April 2004

The objective in this paper is to present some developments for the analysis of Navier–Stokes incompressible and compressible fluid flows with structural interactions. The incompressible fluid is discretized with a new solution approach, a flow‐condition‐based interpolation finite element scheme. The high‐speed compressible fluids are solved using standard finite volume methods. The fluids are fully coupled to general structures that can undergo highly non‐linear response due to large deformations, inelasticity, contact and temperature. Particular focus is given on the scheme used to couple the fluid media with the structures. The fluids can also be modelled as low‐speed compressible or slightly compressible media, which are important models in engineering practice. Some solutions obtained using ADINA are presented to indicate the analyses that can be performed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of bovine serum albumin protein onto amino‐containing thermosensitive core‐shell latexes
Authors: Duracher David , Veyret Raphael , Elaïssari Abdelhamid , Pichot Christian
Published: April 2004

Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto positively charged core‐shell latex particles with a polystyrene core and a rich poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAM)) shell layer was investigated as a function of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Adsorption of BSA protein onto such cationic and thermosensitive particles was found negligible below the LCST of poly(NIPAM), whereas it was much higher above it. In addition, the pH and the salinity dependence of the adsorbed amount at the plateau reflected the role of electrostatic interactions. Protein adsorption behaviour was discussed by taking into account the changes in the interfacial properties of polymer particles (structure of the shell, hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance, charge density) versus temperature, suggesting that coulombic forces are mostly operating in this process. A desorption study showed that the BSA release efficiency was dependent upon the incubation time of the preliminary adsorbed step, and the effect of pH and ionic strength confirmed the contribution of electrostatic interactions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Do government training schemes for unemployed school leavers achieve their objectives? A psychological perspective
Authors: Oddy Michael , Donovan Andrew , Pardoe Rachel
Published: April 2004

The increasing rates of youth unemployment have given rise to concern in academic and political circles as well as amongst the general public. So much so that successive governments have introduced employment schemes specifically for this age group. Although a variety of opinions have been expressed concerning the value of such schemes and much thought and planning has gone into the design of successive generations of schemes, there appears to be little hard evidence concerning the effects they have on the well‐being of young people. In the course of a study of the wider aspects of unemployment amongst school leavers, the authors collected evidence which they believe bears directly on this question.

In a prospective study, which began by assessing fifth formers before they left school, it was found that in general those who went on to YOP schemes occupied an intermediate position between those who obtained work and those who remained unemployed, on a variety of measures of psychological well‐being. However, it was found that those on Schemes were less likely than those in either of the other two groups to believe that they had a measure of personal control over their lives. The findings are discussed in relation to the design of employment schemes and the longer term implications.
Disordered eating in South‐western Pueblo Indians and Hispanics
Authors: Snow Janeanne T. , Harris Mary B.
Published: April 2004

The present study investigated the incidence of eating disorders in two samples representing populations seldom reported upon in the eating disorder literature: Pueblo Indians and Hispanics. Subjects were 95 students from a rural, public high school serving primarily low income families.

Although no ethnic differences were found, the majority of girls in both samples reported wanting to lose weight, being worried about their weight, and indulging in binge eating. Nine of the girls (11 per cent) reported eating habits consistent with the DMS III (APA, 1980) criteria for bulimia. In contrast, few boys indicated concerns about their weight or eating habits. The results suggest that eating disorders and concern about obesity are found in a variety of ethnic groups in the United States today.
Adolescents initiating cannabis use: cultural opposition or poor mental health?
Authors: Pedersen Willy
Published: April 2004

In Norway, the use of cannabis was introduced by a resourceful group of oppositional middle‐class adolescents in the late 1960s. At the beginning of the 1970s there were, however, signs of a change in the recruitment of the users: youths in trouble from lower social levels gradually started to use the drug.

In a prospective longitudinal study of 1311 Norwegian pupils aged 13–19, the possible links between normative and political opposition, mental health and the use of cannabis were investigated.

The findings indicate that the group that experiments with cannabis, and use the drugs a few times, is still mainly characterized by a political and normative “oppositional” engagement. Heavy users of cannabis, however, also have family problems and suffer from poor mental health.

Thus, the study draws attention to the importance of distinguishing between two different clusters of longitudinal predictors for adolescent cannabis use: the first consists of subcultural opposition and certain personality traits, and seems to predict the earlier stages of use. The second consists of psychosocial problems and poor mental health. From this study one may not conclude that this second cluster predicts heavy cannabis involvement. We have, however, shown that it correlates with heavy involvement, cross‐sectionally.
Identification with peers as a strategy to muddle through the troubles of the adolescent years
Authors: Pombeni M.Luisa , Kirchler Erich , Palmonari Augusto
Published: April 2004

This study was designed to explore critical events during adolescence and coping processes as dependent, first, on the relationship with peers, and second, on the type of peer‐groups teenagers join. In all, 75 young people, members of four street groups and two religious groups, were given a questionnaire assessing identification with their peers and demographic characteristics, and then interviewed about critical events. The results show that the nature of the group individuals join is of minor importance, whereas the relationship established with peers is crucial: highly identified subjects not only more often join their peers but seem to derive more profit from interactions with people in general, both peers, friends, and parents. The peer‐group is important, not to substitute for contacts with the family or other persons, but as a social entity to fill a vacuum during adolescent years.
Adolescent grandchildren's relationships with maternal and paternal grandmothers and grandfathers
Authors: Creasey Gary L. , Koblewski Patricia J.
Published: April 2004

The purpose of this study was to specify older adolescents' perceptions of relationships with maternal and paternal grandmothers and grandfathers. Late adolescent college students (n = 142) indicated their relationship perceptions of each available biological grandparent on Furman and Buhrmester's Network of Relationships Inventory. Grandparents were not viewed as major targets of intimacy nor were they reported to be the bearers of instrumental aid. However, grandparents, regardless of kinship status, were still rated as important attachment figures to these older adolescents. In general, granddaughters reported better relationships than grandsons, and grandchildren reported more optimal relations with grandmothers. Implications for future research efforts are discussed.
Parents of adolescents: help‐seeking intentions as a function of help sources and parenting issues
Authors: Raviv Amiram , Maddy‐Weitzman Edie , Raviv Alona
Published: April 2004

This study examined the declared intentions of parents of adolescents to seek help from potential sources for a variety of hypothetical problems related to parenting. The relationship between hypothetical help‐seeking and certain characteristics of the help‐seeker (sex, educational level, parenting self‐confidence, birth order, and sex of the adolescent), and the source of help (natural support system, professional support system, and media); and the problem type were investigated.

The research population included 187 parents of adolescents. A questionnaire was formulated for the purpose of the study which examined help‐seeking from nine sources of help on eight hypothetical parenting issues.

Intention to seek help was found to be a function of both the particular problem type and the potential source of help. In general, parents declared their intention to seek help from and rely on a variety of sources. It was found that parents said that they were most likely to seek help from their spouses regardless of the issue, whereas professional sources were most likely to be consulted in their are of expertise.
Correlates of appearance anxiety in late adolescence and early adulthood among young women
Authors: Keelan J.Patrick R. , Dion Karen K. , Dion Kenneth L.
Published: April 2004

The relation of childhood and early adolescent social experiences with young women's concern over physical appearance (appearance anxiety) in late adolescence and early adulthood was examined. Female under‐graduates completed questionnaires assessing appearance anxiety and a questionnaire assessing childhood and early adolescent experiences hypothesized to relate to appearance anxiety as well as current behaviors hypothesized to reflect it. The results suggest that appearance anxiety in women is related to reported negative social experiences in childhood and early adolescence. These experiences were suggested to lead to dissatis‐faction with their childhood and early adolescent appearances which in turn was related to appearance anxiety in late adolescence and early adulthood. Appearance anxiety was also found to be related to current social experiences. The most obvious manifestation of appearance anxiety in young women was relatively greater reported attention to improving their appearance.
Women, Protest, and Revolution: Soldiers' Wives in Russia During 1917
Authors: Badcock Sarah
Published: April 2004

This study explores the role and political impact of soldiers' wives in three Volga provinces of Russia: Nizhnii Novgorod, Kazan, and Tambov between February and October 1917. Despite relatively low levels of formal organization, soldiers' wives made a significant mark on revolutionary politics at a local level. Common grievances, which centred on the inadequacy of state support in the context of rising food prices and shortages, were the defining feature of soldiers' wives as a group. Though they secured little direct representation in government, and did not affiliate with any political parties, they operated collectively to address their grievances, both in petitions and in public demonstrations. Their demands continued to escalate in 1917, and the government was unable to cushion them from Russia's profound economic crisis. Soldiers' wives rejected both Soviet and provisional government leadership as a result, and their alienation contributed to the sense of political crisis that pervaded 1917.
Theism and infallibilism: a marriage made in heaven?
Authors: OAKES ROBERT
Published: April 2004

Many philosophers ardently subscribe to what can be called the doctrine of public-world fallibilism (DPWF), i.e. the doctrine that human persons can never have infallible awareness of the truth of propositions such as that expressed by the sentence ‘There is an olive on the kitchen floor’. It has, of course, been standard to contrast such claims with epistemically tentative first-person phenomenological reports, e.g. ‘It seems to me that there is olive on the kitchen floor’. According to the DPWF, for any public-world proposition p and person N who accepts that p, there is always some epistemic possibility (it may, of course, be quite small) that N is mistaken about p. I hope to establish – in something of a Cartesian spirit – that there is eminently respectable warrant for maintaining that theism requires the falsity of the DPWF. Further, I believe that this thesis can be seen to have far more epistemological significance than might initially be supposed.
ARMA Neural Networks for Predicting DGPS Pseudorange Correction
Authors: Jwo Dah-Jing , Lee Tai-Shen , Tseng Ying-Wei
Published: April 2004

In this paper, the Auto-Regressive Moving-Averaging (ARMA) neural networks (NNs) will be incorporated for predicting the differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) pseudorange correction (PRC) information. The neural network is employed to realize the time-varying ARMA implementation. Online training for real-time prediction of the PRC enhances the continuity of service on the differential correction signals and therefore improves the positioning accuracy. When the PRC signal is lost, the ARMA neural network predicted PRC would temporarily provide correction data with very good accuracy. Simulation is conducted for evaluating the ARMA NN based DGPS PRC prediction accuracy. A comparative performance study based on two types of ARMA neural networks, i.e. Back-propagation Neural Network (BPNN) and General Regression Neural Network (GRNN), will be provided.
AIS and Collision Avoidance – a Sense of Déjà Vu
Authors: Stitt I. P. A.
Published: April 2004

Although AIS is already in use in a range of vessels, there has been little public discussion on how AIS should interact with the COLREGS in practice. The objective of this paper is to make a contribution to that debate, while recognising that “best practice” will evolve as more practical experience is obtained. The paper suggests the approach that should be adopted in several areas, but concludes that, overall, AIS is nothing more than one of several tools that should enable mariners to fulfil their existing obligations under the COLREGS.
Examining a mailing list in an elementary Japanese language class
Authors: HOSHI MAYUMI
Published: April 2004

This study examines the possible effects of a mailing list discussion on second/foreign language learning in the form of
an explorative case study. Forty-six students in an elementary-level Japanese language class at a Canadian university participated. The
study consists of three parts: interaction analysis, content analysis, and a student survey. The first two parts referenced the entire mailing
list discussion archive. The number of the messages totaled 298. In order to analyze learner interaction, a map of interaction was designed
and Levin, Kim and Riel’s (1990) Intermessage Reference Analysis (IRA) was applied. Content analysis was then carried out on the
topics, context-type, and depth of learning process involved in each message. Lastly, a survey was distributed in order to discern
participants’ perceptions towards the use of a mailing list for language learning. The results of the interaction and content
analysis show how a mailing list discussion can provide a place to reflect on course content, enabling students to increase their linguistic
knowledge through an exchange of ideas, thoughts, and opinions via student-centered interactions. The result of the participant survey
shows that although the students’ participation in and perceptions towards the mailing discussion is not uniform, 35% of the
students perceived the value of a mailing list discussion to be high. Through the examination of three different methods of analysis,
the study concludes that there is a good potential for the use of mailing list discussions in second/foreign language learning. However,
further research is necessary to determine which factors contribute to the successful use of this medium.
CALL, commercialism and culture: inherent software design conflicts and their results
Authors: SHAUGHNESSY MICHAEL
Published: April 2004

This article investigates commercial software design practices as they specifically relate to foreign language
education. Commercial educational software companies currently produce the majority of language learning software available on the market.
Commercial ventures producing CALL software share many design practices that call into question their educational validity. The design
practices of commercial CALL software companies are incongruent with the goals of foreign language education. The problems associated with
commercial CALL ventures can be seen in the cultural aspects of the programs, particularly when dealing with issues of cultural authenticity
and representation. Practices that create these cultural problems are investigated and outlined in this article. The results of these
problems are also highlighted to allow for better identification of problematic design practices. The identification of these problems
is associated with educational software evaluation theory. A brief outline of educational software evaluation theory is given, as well
as a proposal for a new framework for CALL software evaluation that incorporates issues of representation to better address the inaccuracies
found in many commercial CALL software products.
On Duality between Quantum Maps and Quantum States
Authors: Życzkowski Karol , Bengtsson Ingemar
Published: April 2004

We investigate the space of quantum operations, as well as the larger space of maps which are positive, but not completely positive. A constructive criterion for decomposability is presented. A certain class of unistochastic operations, determined by unitary matrices of extended dimensionality, is defined and analyzed. Using the concept of the dynamical matrix and the Jamiołkowski isomorphism we explore the relation between the set of quantum operations (dynamics) and the set of density matrices acting on an extended Hilbert space (kinematics). An analogous relation is established between the classical maps and an extended space of the discrete probability distributions.
Acquirement and analysis of Doppler ionograms with high accuracy in the ionogram mode from Digisonde 256
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Ning Baiqi , Wan Weixing , Yuan Hong
Published: April 2004

The Doppler frequency shift of the radio echo reflected from the ionosphere is an important characteristic to measure ionospheric movements. Generally, for the Digisonde 256 digital ionosonde, a Doppler frequency shift with high resolution can be obtained in the drift mode. In this mode, the height profile of ionospheric disturbances cannot be acquired due to only a few sounding frequencies. In the routine ionogram mode, the profile of electron density is displayed, but the resolution of the recorded Doppler spectral lines is too low to detect precisely the ionospheric disturbances. This paper introduces a method to acquire a Doppler ionogram with high accuracy in the ionogram mode for Digisonde 256. In the condition of a narrowband ionospheric echo in the range bin, through converting the 16 channel data from the frequency domain to the time domain by Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) and estimating the Doppler frequency shift by a least squares method, a Doppler ionogram with high accuracy can be acquired. In order to validate the method, some experiments have been carried out with the Digisonde 256 at Wuhan Ionospheric Observatory. Based on an event of the Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance (TID), we describe how to use these derived Doppler ionograms to study the ionospheric disturbances. Those observation results show that the present method is very useful in the experimental investigations of ionospheric disturbances.
Investigating the Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, using a three‐dimensional inverse flow and transport model
Authors: Barlebo Heidi Christiansen , Hill Mary C. , Rosbjerg Dan
Published: April 2004

Flowmeter‐measured hydraulic conductivities from the heterogeneous MADE site have been used predictively in advection‐dispersion models. Resulting simulated concentrations failed to reproduce even major plume characteristics and some have concluded that other mechanisms, such as dual porosity, are important. Here an alternative possibility is investigated: that the small‐scale flowmeter measurements are too noisy and possibly too biased to use so directly in site‐scale models and that the hydraulic head and transport data are more suitable for site‐scale characterization. Using a calibrated finite element model of the site and a new framework to evaluate random and systematic model and measurement errors, the following conclusions are derived. (1) If variations in subsurface fluid velocities like those simulated in this work (0.1 and 2.0 m per day along parallel and reasonably close flow paths) exist, it is likely that classical advection‐dispersion processes can explain the measured plume characteristics. (2) The flowmeter measurements are possibly systematically lower than site‐scale values when the measurements are considered individually and using common averaging methods and display variability that obscures abrupt changes in hydraulic conductivities that are well supported by changes in hydraulic gradients and are important to the simulation of transport.
Tsunami magnitudes determined from ocean‐bottom pressure gauge data around Japan
Authors: Baba Toshitaka , Hirata Kenji , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2004

We develop a method to calculate tsunami magnitude from ocean‐bottom pressure gauge data around Japan. Direct application of Abe's equations to ocean‐bottom pressure gauge data underestimates tsunami magnitudes by about an order of magnitude. This is because Abe's equations were derived only from tsunami amplitudes measured at coastal tide gauges where tsunamis are amplified by the shoaling of waves and reflection at the coastline. For offshore bottom‐pressure records, we introduce correction factors to Abe's original equations to account for tsunami amplitudes measured in open oceans. The modified equations produce pressure gauge determined tsunami magnitudes close to those determined using coastal tide gauges.
Concerning a problem on the Kelvin‐Helmholtz stability of the thin magnetopause
Authors: Gratton Fausto T. , Bender Laurence , Farrugia Charles J. , Gnavi Graciela
Published: April 2004

According to incompressible MHD theory, when the magnetopause is modeled as a tangential discontinuity with jumps in the field and flow parameters, it is Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) stable when the following inequality is satisfied: (ρ0,1ρ0,2)(V,1 − V,2)2 < (4π)−1(ρ0,1 + ρ0,2)[(B,1)2 + (B,2)2] (a). Here the indices 1 and 2 refer to quantities on either side of the magnetopause, ρ0 is the plasma density, and V, Bκ are the projections of the plasma velocity and magnetic field on the direction of the wave vector , respectively. An example of a continuous velocity profile with finite thickness Δ that can be solved in closed form is presented for which condition (a) is satisfied. Yet the configuration can be shown to be KH unstable, and it approaches stability only in the limit Δ → 0. Using hyperbolic tangent profiles for ρ0, , and , and solving the stability problem numerically with parameters typical of the dayside magnetopause, we show cases of unstable configurations, all of which are stable according to (a). This possibility, as far as we know, has passed unnoticed in the literature. Being incompressible, the theory applies to subsonic regions of the dayside magnetopause. We conclude that condition (a) must be used with care in data analysis work.
Low‐energy solar electron bursts and solar wind stream structure at 1 AU
Authors: Gosling J. T. , Skoug R. M. , McComas D. J.
Published: April 2004

The solar wind experiment on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) has detected at least 328 impulsive solar electron bursts at energies below 1.4 keV that exhibited energy and angle dispersion in the interval from 1 January 1998 through 30 September 2003. Some of these bursts could be detected down to energies as low as 73 eV, the lowest energies yet reported for such events. The study interval encompassed the rise to and initial decline from the most recent solar activity maximum. We find that the average rate of occurrence of these electron bursts, which were strongly associated with intense type III radio bursts that extended down close to the local plasma frequency, did not vary significantly as a function of solar activity as measured by smoothed monthly sunspot numbers. The bursts were observed within all types of solar wind flows, including recurrent low‐speed and high‐speed solar wind and transient disturbances driven by coronal mass ejections; however, the bursts were observed predominantly within low‐density solar wind, particularly those bursts that could be detected at the very lowest energies. This preferred association with low‐density solar wind suggests the possibility that energy losses to Coulomb collisions in the very inner heliosphere play a significant role in determining which low‐energy burst electrons are transmitted to 1 AU. Few low‐energy electron bursts were observed in the near‐vicinity of the heliospheric current sheet, which indicates that if the bursts are a result of magnetic reconnection in the solar atmosphere the reconnection must usually occur at current sheets that do not extend out into the solar wind. The occurrence of some of the more intense bursts within recurrent high‐speed streams, which are thought to originate from coronal holes or their boundary regions, is something of a puzzle. We suggest four possible explanations of this puzzle.