bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral candidosis by Candida albicans in normal and xerostomic mice
Authors: Totti Marilda Aparecida Gonçalves , Santos Elisabete Brasil dos , Almeida Oslei Paes de , Koga-Ito Cristiane Yumi , Jorge Antonio Olavo Cardoso
Published: April 2005

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of sialoadenectomy on the development of oral candidosis after one or four inoculations of Candida albicans. Initially, a suspension containing 10(8) cells/ml of C. albicans ATCC 36801 was prepared. Seventy-eight sialoadenectomized mice and a similar amount of mice with normal salivary flow received a single inoculation of C. albicans suspension. Another group with a similar number of mice received 4 inoculations. The control group consisted of 6 sialoadenectomized mice and 6 mice with normal salivary flow that were not inoculated with C. albicans. Candidosis development was studied histologically in the tongue of the animals 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 days after inoculation and at 15-day intervals up to 165 days. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that sialoadenectomy and a higher frequency of yeast inoculation influenced the presence and extension of candidosis lesions.
Assessment of the nasolabial angle in young Brazilian black subjects with normal occlusion
Authors: Magnani Maria Beatriz Borges de Araújo , Nouer Darcy Flávio , Nouer Paulo Roberto Aranha , Pereira Neto João Sarmento , Garbui Ivana Uglik , Böeck Eloísa Marcantonio
Published: April 2005

Black individuals present craniofacial characteristics which differ from those of other races, especially the white race, whose cephalometric analyses are usually considered as the standard in routine orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Further studies are therefore needed to enable more accurate and specific diagnoses for this ethnic group. The present study was conducted in order to assess average values for the nasolabial angle in young Brazilian black individuals with normal occlusion, and to assess the occurence of sexual dimorphism. Thirty-six lateral skull, extraoral radiographs from Brazilian black individuals were selected from the archives of the Scientific Recordings Department, Orthodontics Graduate Program, School of Dentistry of Piracicaba, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). The patients' ages varied from 10 to 14 years, they presented normal occlusion upon clinical examination, and had not been submitted to orthodontic treatment. The cephalometric landmarks from which the nasolabial angle was obtained and measured were traced by a single researcher. Statistical analysis and evaluation of the results led to the conclusion that the nasolabial angle of young Brazilian black individuals is sharper, i.e., the soft tissue profile is more protruded. The average value for the whole sample was 88.14º ± 12.52º. The nasolabial angle was statistically smaller among females (p < 0.05), demonstrating the occurrence of sexual dimorphism.
Effect of irradiation mode and filling technique on resin/dentin bonding strength in class I cavities
Authors: Santos Alex José Souza dos , Giannini Marcelo , Paulillo Luis Alexandre Maffei Sartini , Lovadino José Roberto , Carvalho Ricardo Marins de
Published: April 2005

Factors such as light-curing mode, filling technique and cavity configuration may affect the bonding strength to dentin. This study evaluated the effect of irradiation mode and filling technique on resin/dentin bonding strength on the buccal wall of class I cavities in human teeth. Occlusal enamel was removed to expose a flat dentin surface. Occlusal cavities (4 x 3 x 3 mm) were prepared in dentin. The adhesive Single Bond was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions and TPH Spectrum composite resin was placed using the following: oblique incremental, horizontal incremental or bulk filling techniques. The composite resin was light-cured either by continuous (600 mW/cm² for 40 s) or Soft-Start (250 mW/cm² for 10 s + 600 mW/cm² for 30 s) modes. Specimens of the control group were obtained by bonding the material to the flat exposed buccal wall of the cavity (C-factor = 1). The teeth were stored in water at 37ºC for 24 h and prepared for microtensile testing. Bonded beams of approximately 0.8 mm² were obtained from the buccal wall and tested with a tension of 0.5 mm/min. Results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Dunnett's test (alpha = 0.05). Incremental placement techniques with both irradiation modes produced higher bonding strength values than the bulk technique (p < 0.05). Bonding strength tested in the cavities had lower values than those obtained in flat dentin surfaces (control group) (p < 0.05), except for incremental fillings using stepped irradiation. Bonding strength to the cavity walls depends on the filling technique and on the irradiation mode of composite resins.
Evaluation of Perinatal Care Management Programs: An Integrated Review
Authors: Carman Anne F. , Coverston Catherine R. , Schwartz Rosanne , Warnick Myrna L.
Published: April 2005

Nursing care management has become a popular method to integrate health care systems with goals of decreasing costs and improving quality. As high-risk pregnancies and newborn intensive care unit (NBICU) costs generate some of the highest costs in health care, care management has been a strategy introduced in perinatal medicine to accomplish the same goals. Consistent with other areas of nursing, perinatal care management currently has no agreed upon model of practice or method of evaluating how and whether the goals have been achieved. The purpose of this project was to evaluate various perinatal care management programs found in the literature. Electronic and manual searches of current data were performed locating 31 relevant articles. From these articles, nine met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. While some care management programs were able to decrease costs and improve outcomes, other programs did not. There are possibly two reasons for the varied results in the literature. The first is that there are differences in program designs, decreasing the likelihood of identifying specific interventions that can make a difference. Second, thus far researchers have used ineffective study designs in evaluating care management programs. More research needs to be completed before a conclusion can be drawn whether perinatal care management can decrease costs while improving quality.
Vision and Hearing Loss in Older Adults: “Double Trouble”
Authors: Berry Paige , Mascia John , Steinman Bernard A.
Published: April 2005

Recent studies indicate that by age seventy, 21% of the people living in the United States have both vision and hearing loss. Dual sensory loss in the elderly has a significant effect on an individual’s ability to socialize, communicate with others, and live independently. This article addresses the issues faced by older individuals who are hard of hearing and blind or visually impaired. Common causes and behavioral signs of hearing and vision loss are discussed. An emphasis is placed on the functional implications of the dual sensory impairment and possible accommodations and communication strategies are outlined.
Culture and Long-Term Care: The Bath as Social Service in Japan
Authors: Traphagan John W.
Published: April 2005

A central feature of Japan’s approach to community-based care of the elderly, including long-term home health care, is the emphasis on providing bath facilities. For mobile elders, senior centers typically provide a public bathing facility in which people can enjoy a relaxing soak along with friends who also visit the centers. In terms of in-home long-term care, visiting bath services are provided to assist family care providers with the difficult task of bathing a frail or disabled elder—a task made more problematic as a result of the Japanese style of bathing. I argue that the bath, as social service, is a culturally shaped solution to a specific problem of elder care that arises in the Japanese context as a result of the importance of the bath in everyday life for Japanese. While the services may be considered specific to Japan, some aspects of bathing services, particularly the mobile bath service, may also have applicability in the United States.
Adams–Oliver syndrome and hepatoportal sclerosis: Occasional association or common mechanism?
Authors: Girard Muriel , Amiel Jeanne , Fabre Monique , Pariente Danièle , Lyonnet Stanislas , Jacquemin Emmanuel
Published: April 2005

Adams–Oliver syndrome (AOS) is characterized by the association of scalp and skull defects and abnormalities of terminal limbs. Congenital heart malformations have also been reported. Hepatoportal sclerosis (HPS) is a rare cause of portal hypertension in children characterized by abnormalities of intra‐hepatic portal veins, portal fibrosis, and nodular regeneration. Etiopathogenesis of these rare disorders remains unclear, but the hypothesis of vascular thrombotic mechanism has been suggested. Association of both syndromes has been reported in only one child. We now report on two unrelated children with AOS and HPS, one child harboring a factor V Leiden mutation. We hypothesize that the association of both disorders may not be fortuitous and reinforces the idea that AOS and HPS may share a vascular thrombotic mechanism. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarized confocal Raman microspectroscopy studies of chain orientation on injected poly(propylene)/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: García‐López D. , Merino J. C. , Gobernado‐Mitre I. , Pastor J. M.
Published: April 2005

Molecular orientation along the depth of poly(propylene) (PP) and PP nanocomposite samples was analyzed by using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. The injection process led to a chain orientation that is higher on the surface of the samples. Residual stresses were relaxed through an annealing treatment, resulting in an increase of the molecular orientation along the injection direction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2377–2382, 2005
Synthesis of chemically modified chitosans with a higher fatty acid glycidyl and their adsorption abilities for anionic and cationic dyes
Authors: Shimizu Yoshiaki , Tanigawa Shinsuke , Saito Yoshihiro , Nakamura Takeo
Published: April 2005

Novel chitosan‐based materials with a higher fatty acid glycidyl as the chemically modified agent were synthesized and the adsorption ability of the resulting polymers has been evaluated for typical anionic and cationic dyes. The successful modification was confirmed by the infrared spectroscopic measurements. As the degree of substitution was decreased, the adsorption ability of the chemically modified chitosans for anionic dyes at the higher dye concentration was increased, and the modified chitosans with a lower degree of substitution showed a higher adsorption ability than that of an activated carbon at the higher dye concentration. For cationic dyes, the chemically modified chitosan showed a good adsorption power, especially when the adsorption power was evaluated by the flow methods. The improved adsorption ability of a chemically modified chitosan material was also confirmed by comparing it with that of a crosslinked chitosan material. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2423–2428, 2005
Synthesis and evaluation of liquid amine‐terminated polybutadiene rubber and its role in epoxy toughening
Authors: Kar Sritama , Banthia Ajit K.
Published: April 2005

Epoxy resin is widely used for coatings, adhesives, castings, electrical insulation materials, and other applications. However, unsolved problems still remain in its applications. The main problem is low toughness: cured epoxy resin is rather brittle, with poor resistance to the propagation of cracks derived from the internal stress generated by shrinkage in the cooling process from cure temperature to room temperature. The objective of this study was to improve the flexibility and toughness of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A based epoxy resin with a liquid rubber. For this purpose, amine‐terminated polybutadiene (ATPB) was synthesized. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. ATPB‐modified epoxy networks were made by curing with an ambient‐temperature curing agent, triethylene tetramine. We varied the epoxy/liquid rubber compositions to study the effect of toughener concentration on the impact and thermal properties. Higher mechanical properties were obtained for epoxy resins toughened with 1 phr ATPB. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 2446–2453, 2005
A concise peer into the background, initial thoughts and practices of human gene therapy
Authors: Gonçalves Manuel A.F.V.
Published: April 2005

The concept of human gene therapy came on the heels of fundamental discoveries on the nature and working of the gene. However, realistic prospects to correct the underlying cause of recessive genetic disorders through the transfer of wild‐type alleles of defective genes had to wait for the arrival of recombinant DNA technology. These techniques permitted the isolation and insertion of genes into the first recombinant delivery systems. The realization that viruses are natural gene carriers provided inspiration for gene therapy and, as engineered vectors, viruses became prominent gene delivery vehicles. Nonetheless, when put in the context of human and non‐human primate studies, all vectors fell short of success regardless of their viral or non‐viral origin. Recognition of issues such as inefficient gene transfer and short‐lived or scant expression in the relevant cell type(s) prompted researchers to refine and develop several gene delivery systems, in particular those based on retroviruses, adeno‐associated viruses and adenoviruses. Concomitantly, available technology was deployed to tackle disorders that require few genetically corrected cells to attain therapy. BioEssays 27: 506–517, 2005. © 2005 Wiley periodicals, Inc.
Suicidal genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation: Need and perspectives
Authors: Paul Debarati , Pandey Gunjan , Jain Rakesh K.
Published: April 2005

In the past few decades, increased awareness of environmental pollution has led to the exploitation of microbial metabolic potential in the construction of several genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) for bioremediation purposes. At the same time, environmental concerns and regulatory constraints have limited the in situ application of GEMs, the ultimate objective behind their development. In order to address the anticipated risks due to the uncontrolled survival/dispersal of GEMs or recombinant plasmids into the environment, some attempts have been made to construct systems that would contain the released organisms. This article discusses the designing of safer genetically engineered organisms for environmental release with specific emphasis on the use of bacterial plasmid addiction systems to limit their survival thus minimizing the anticipated risk. We also conceptualize a novel strategy to construct “Suicidal Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (SGEMs)” by exploring/combining the knowledge of different plasmid addiction systems (such as antisense RNA‐regulated plasmid addiction, proteic plasmid addiction etc.) and inducible degradative operons of bacteria. BioEssays 27:563–573, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The three‐sided romance of the lateral line: Glia love axons love precursors love glia
Authors: Ghysen Alain , Dambly‐Chaudière Christine
Published: April 2005

The lateral line system of fish and amphibians is closely related to the inner ear in terms of evolution, morphology and physiology. Several recent papers have shed new light on the postembryonic development of this system, and have revealed an unexpected triangular relationship where migrating sensory precursors guide axons, axons guide glia and glia, in turn, control the formation of sensory organs. They have also revealed the crucial importance of controlled cell migration not only for patterning the system, but also for determining polarity (and therefore directional sensitivity) of the mechanosensory hair cells. The remarkable accessibility of the lateral line system may allow a detailed analysis of cell migration and polarization, and may help us better understand the complex interactions between sensory precursor cells, neurons and glia during development. BioEssays 27:488–494, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A metabolic enzyme doing double duty as a transcription factor
Authors: Bhardwaj Anjana , Wilkinson Miles F.
Published: April 2005

Many kinds of multifunctional regulatory proteins have been identified that perform distinct biochemical functions in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, or both. Here we describe the recent discovery by Hall et al. (2004)1 of a new type of multifunctional protein: a metabolic enzyme that doubles as a transcription factor. This enzyme, Arg5,6, functions as a catalytic enzyme in ornithine biosynthesis and also binds and regulates the promoters of nuclear and mitochondrial genes. It may also regulate precursor mRNA metabolism. We discuss how proteins that serve as both metabolic enzymes and transcription factors might have evolved. BioEssays 27:467–471, 2005. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Helix packing motif common to the crystal structures of two undecapeptides containing dehydrophenylalanine residues: Implications for the de novo design of helical bundle super secondary structural modules
Authors: Rudresh  , Gupta Madhvi , Ramakumar Suryanarayanarao , Chauhan Virander S.
Published: April 2005

De novo designed peptide based super secondary structures are expected to provide scaffolds for the incorporation of functional sites as in proteins. Self‐association of peptide helices of similar screw sense, mediated by weak interactions, has been probed by the crystal structure determination of two closely related peptides: Ac–Gly1–Ala2–Δ Phe3–Leu4–Val5–ΔPhe6–Leu7–Val8–ΔPhe9–Ala10–Gly11–NH2 (I) and Ac–Gly1–Ala2–ΔPhe3–Leu4–Ala5–ΔPhe6–Leu7–Ala8–ΔPhe9–Ala10–Gly11–NH2 (II). The crystal structures determined to atomic resolution and refined to R factors 8.12 and 4.01%, respectively, reveal right‐handed 310‐helical conformations for both peptides. CD has also revealed the preferential formation of right‐handed 310‐helical conformations for both molecules. Our aim was to critically analyze the packing of the helices in the solid state with a view to elicit clues for the design of super secondary structural motifs such as two, three, and four helical bundles based on helix–helix interactions. An important finding is that a packing motif could be identified common to both the structures, in which a given peptide helix is surrounded by six other helices reminiscent of transmembrane seven helical bundles. The outer helices are oriented either parallel or antiparallel to the central helix. The helices interact laterally through a combination of NH · · · O, CH · · · O, and CH · · · π hydrogen bonds. Layers of interacting leucine residues are seen in both peptide crystal structures. The packing of the peptide helices in the solid state appears to provide valuable leads for the design of super secondary structural modules such as two, three, or four helix bundles by connecting adjacent antiparallel helices through suitable linkers such as tetraglycine segments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 80: 617–627, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Adsorption of 6‐mercaptopurine and 6‐mercaptopurine‐ribosideon silver colloid: A pH‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory study. II. 6‐mercaptopurine‐riboside
Authors: Szeghalmi A. V. , Leopold L. , Pînzaru S. , Chis V. , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu I. , Schmitt M. , Popp J. , Kiefer W.
Published: April 2005

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to characterize the interaction of 6‐mercaptopurine‐ribose (6MPR), an active drug used in chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with a model biological substrate at therapeutic concentrations and as function of the pH value. Therefore, a detailed vibrational analysis of crystalline and solvated (6MPR) based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations of the thion and thiol tautomers has been performed. 6MPR adopts the thion tautomeric form in the polycrystalline state. The SERS spectra of 6MPR and 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) recorded on silver colloid provided evidence that the ribose derivative shows different adsorption behavior compared with the free base. Under acidic conditions, the adsorption of 6MPR on the metal surface via the N7 and possibly S atoms was proposed to have a perpendicular orientation, while 6MP is probably adsorbed through the N9 and N3 atoms. Under basic conditions both molecules are adsorbed through the N1 and possibly S atoms, but 6MP has a more tilted orientation on the silver colloidal surface while 6MPR adopts a perpendicular orientation. The reorientation of the 6MPR molecule on the surface starts at pH 8 while in the case of 6MP the reorientation starts around pH 6. Under basic conditions, the presence of the anionic molecular species for both molecules is suggested. The deprotonation of 6MP is completed at pH 8 while the deprotonation of the riboside is finished at pH 10. For low drug concentrations under neutral conditions and for pH values 8 and 9, 6MPR interacts with the substrate through both N7 and N1 atoms, possibly forming two differently adsorbed species, while for 6MP only one species adsorbed via N1 was evidenced. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 298–310, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Design, Synthesis, and Photodegradation of Silicon‐Containing Polyureas
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , King Ke Yung
Published: April 2005

Novel N‐phenyl aromatic polyureas containing bis[(N,N′‐diphenylureylene)methyl]silane units in the skeleton were designed as a new type of photodegradable polymer. These materials were successfully prepared in 88–93 % yields by copolymerization of bis(anilinomethyl)dimethylsilane and dianilino‐p‐xylene with 4,4′‐methylenebis(phenylisocyanate). Their photodegradability was found to be 10.1 times higher than that of polymers of similar structure, but lacking the silyl unit. Furthermore, the photodegradation mechanism of polyureas was elucidated, and involves single‐electron transfer between silyl and carbonyl groups, silyl group migration, and solvolysis. These novel polymers are potential materials of high economic value for use in photolithography and microelectronics.
Selenium‐Catalyzed Reductive Carbonylation of 2‐Nitrophenols to2‐Benzoxazolones
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Ling Gang , Xue Yan , Lu Shiwei
Published: April 2005

2‐Benzoxazolones or 2‐benzimidazolones are synthesized in moderate to good yields in the presence of a base (KOH, NaOH, KOAc, NEt3, DBU) at atmospheric pressure or under a high pressure of CO by one‐pot reductive carbonylation of 2‐nitrophenols or 2‐nitroaniline in the presence of selenium as catalyst. Besides the effect of base, the effects of solvent and temperature on the reaction were investigated at high or atmospheric pressure. Contrasting results were obtained for 2‐benzoxazolones or 2‐benzimidazolone at high and atmospheric pressures. Moreover, phase‐transfer catalysis was exhibited. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Enantioselective Protonation of the Lithium Transient Enolate of2‐Methyltetralone with 2‐Sulfinyl Alcohols
Authors: Gil Jesús , Medio‐Simon Mercedes , Mancha Gisela , Asensio Gregorio
Published: April 2005

A new catalytic cycle for the enantioselective protonation of cyclic ketone enolates with sulfinyl alcohols has been developed. An enol trifluoroacetate that can be easily obtained from the corresponding ketone is used for the first time as an enolate precursor of a cyclic ketone enolate. In this method, the achiral alcohol plays two roles: it is involved, as is usual in catalytic asymmetric protonation reactions, in the turnover of the chiral proton source and also in the generation of a transient enolate through the reaction of its corresponding alkoxide with the enol trifluoroacetate precursor. Stereoselectivity is highly dependent on the structure of the achiral alcohol. High levels of stereoselectivity can be achieved with the use of cyclohexanol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Investigation of Diketopiperazines Containing a Guanidino‐Functionalized Sidechain as Potential Catalysts of Enantioselective Strecker Reactions
Authors: Becker Christian , Hoben Christine , Schollmeyer Dieter , Scherr Günther , Kunz Horst
Published: April 2005

Diketopiperazine 1 consisting of L‐(γ‐guanidino‐α‐amino)butyric acid and L‐phenylalanine was synthesized as the hydroacetate and as the hydronitrate. Its structure was confirmed by X‐ray analysis. In contrast to reports in the literature (Lipton et al.), compound 1 does not induce enantioselevtive catalysis of Strecker reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Removal of Heavy Metals by Waste Tea Leaves from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ahluwalia S. S. , Goyal D.
Published: April 2005

In this paper, tea leaves were shown to be an effective, low‐cost biosorbent. Removal of lead, iron, zinc and nickel from 20 mg/L metal solution by dried biomass of waste tea leaves amounted to 96, 91, 72 and 58 %, respectively, at equilibrium, which followed Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Adsorption of metal was in the order of Pb > Fe > Zn > Ni from 5–100 mg/L of metal solution. From a multi‐metallic mixture, 92.5, 84 and 73.2 % of lead, iron and zinc, respectively, were removed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies indicated that the carboxyl group was involved in the binding of lead and iron, whereas the amine group was involved in the binding of nickel and zinc. A flow through sorption column packed with dried biomass demonstrated a sorption capacity of 73 mg Pb/g of biomass, indicating its potential in cleaning metal containing wastewater. The metal laden biomass obtained could be disposed off by incineration.
Chromate reduction in wastewater at different pH levels using thin iron wires—A laboratory study
Authors: Chang Li‐Yang
Published: April 2005

The effectiveness of using thin zero‐valent iron (Fe0) wires in the treatment of wastewater generated from a metal cleaning facility and with a pH in the range of 2 to 10 was examined. It was found that (1) when the sample containing low levels of total chromium (≤14 mg/L) was mixed with iron wires at a pH of 3 to 8, 50 to 90% of the total chromium could be reduced in 4 h; (2) the initial reduction efficiency was pH‐dependent: the lower the pH, the higher the reduction rate; (3) variations of solution pH, redox electrical potential, and electrical conductivity (EC) in samples were also pH‐dependent; (4) the adsorption/reduction efficiency was limited by the diffusion of Cr(VI) from wastewater to the iron surface when the test duration was long; (5) when the initial pH = 3, iron corrosion and redox reaction dominated the reduction process; however, with pH = 8 or 10, corrosion, surface passivation, or metal precipitation could compete with reduction; (6) the used iron wires were still effective in chromium removal in new samples at pH = 3; and (7) some desorption of adsorbed chromium was observed in acidic samples when the test duration was long. Scanning electron microscope images and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra collected from iron samples also indicate that the efficiency of chromium adsorption/reduction is pH‐dependent. Our results suggest that using zero‐valent iron to polish acidic wastewater containing low contents of chromium and other heavy metals is feasible. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Testing the unbiased forward exchange rate hypothesis using a Markov switching model and instrumental variables
Authors: Spagnolo Fabio , Psaradakis Zacharias , Sola Martin
Published: April 2005

This paper develops a model for the forward and spot exchange rate which allows for the presence of a Markov switching risk premium in the forward market and considers the issue of testing the unbiased forward exchange rate (UFER) hypothesis. Using US/UK data, it is shown that the UFER hypothesis cannot be rejected, provided that instrumental variables are used to account for within‐regime correlation between explanatory variables and disturbances in the Markov switching model on which the test is based. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐directed mutations (Asp405Ile and Glu124Ile) in cytochrome P450scc: Effect on adrenodoxin binding
Authors: Ghisellini Paola , Paternolli Cristina , Nicolini Claudio
Published: April 2005

Cytochrome P450scc, mitochondrial adrenodoxin (Adx), and adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) are an essential components in a steroid hydroxylation system. In particular, mytochondrial cytochrome P450scc enzyme catalyses the first step in steroid hormones biosynthesis, represented by the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. In order to study the effect of single mutations on the Adx binding a model of bovine cytochrome P450scc, previously optimized by molecular modeling, was utilized. It was hypothesized by molecular docking that two residues (Asp405 and Glu124) are involved in Adx binding. By site‐directed mutagenesis, two mutants of cytochrome P450scc (Asp405Ile and Glu124Ile) expressed in Escherichia coli, were realized by replacing with isoleucines. The site‐directed mutations effect on Adx binding was evaluated by differential spectral titration. The apparent dissociation constant values for Asp405Ile and Glu124Ile cytochrome P450scc show that the mutated residues seem to be at the interaction domain with Adx or at least close to it, as predicted by molecular modeling study. Finally, the engineered enzymes were characterized by biochemical and biophysical techniques such as circular dichroism (CD), UV/Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological evaluation of penetration domain and killing domain peptides
Authors: Jarajapu Y. P. R. , Baltunis J. , Knot H. J. , Sullivan S. M.
Published: April 2005

Background

Cancer gene therapy must impact the majority of cells to be effective. Current gene delivery systems are unable to achieve sufficient transfer efficiency to the tumor cells. Cell killing can be dramatically increased through a bystander effect. Modeling the gene product with synthetic peptides can identify key elements for creating cell killing through a bystander effect.

Methods

Fluorescent labeled peptides were used for uptake kinetic studies and determination of intracellular localization in human glioblastoma cell lines, rat glioma cells lines and pressurized rat cerebral arteries. The degree of cell killing was assayed using propidium iodide coupled with fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis.

Results

Peptides derived from HIV Tat and Drosophila antennapedia homeodomain were taken up by all tumor and primary cells. Attachment of an Mdm‐2‐binding domain derived from P14ARF resulted in cell killing and was independent of domain orientation. Uptake kinetics showed rapid uptake for both tumor and primary cells equilibrating with the external media within 10 min. Intraluminal or extraluminal administration of peptides into pressurized cerebral arteries showed a lack of extravasation across the subbasement lamina. Assay of biological activity following intraluminal administration showed selective suppression of response to vasodilation with no effect on response by smooth muscle cells.

Conclusions

The results from these studies identified: (1) a cell trafficking domain and a cytotoxic domain for killing brain tumor cells; (2) that cell killing was independent of the domain orientations with regard to the cell trafficking domain being at the C‐terminus or N‐terminus; and (3) that the dual domain peptide can also be taken up by endothelial cells as shown by the cerebral artery studies. Hence, localized expression of the cytotoxic gene has the potential to not only kill brain tumor cells, but also tumor endothelium, thus further increasing the effectiveness of the therapy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some historical and scientific issues related to research on emotional intelligence
Authors: Landy Frank J.
Published: April 2005

In the past decade, the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a potential new construct for explaining behavioral variance not accounted for by traditional measures of general academic intelligence or personality. EI researchers credit E. L. Thorndike as the first to propose such a construct when he suggested that social intelligence is independent of abstract or academic intelligence. The current paper traces the historical roots of social intelligence and the current scientific status of emotional intelligence. It appears that emotional intelligence, as a concept related to occupational success, exists outside the typical scientific domain. Much of the data necessary for demonstrating the unique association between EI and work‐related behavior appears to reside in proprietary databases, preventing rigorous tests of the measurement devices or of their unique predictive value. For those reasons, any claims for the value of EI in the work setting cannot be made under the scientific mantle. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rumors of the death of emotional intelligence in organizational behavior are vastly exaggerated
Authors: Ashkanasy Neal M. , Daus Catherine S.
Published: April 2005

In the first of two articles presenting the case for emotional intelligence in a point/counterpoint exchange, we present a brief summary of research in the field, and rebut arguments against the construct presented in this issue. We identify three streams of research: (1) a four‐branch abilities test based on the model of emotional intelligence defined in Mayer and Salovey (1997); (2) self‐report instruments based on the Mayer–Salovey model; and (3) commercially available tests that go beyond the Mayer–Salovey definition. In response to the criticisms of the construct, we argue that the protagonists have not distinguished adequately between the streams, and have inappropriately characterized emotional intelligence as a variant of social intelligence. More significantly, two of the critical authors assert incorrectly that emotional intelligence research is driven by a utopian political agenda, rather than scientific interest. We argue, on the contrary, that emotional intelligence research is grounded in recent scientific advances in the study of emotion; specifically regarding the role emotion plays in organizational behavior. We conclude that emotional intelligence is attracting deserved continuing research interest as an individual difference variable in organizational behavior related to the way members perceive, understand, and manage their emotions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour of iron ore rock
Authors: Grgic Dragan , Giot Richard , Homand Françoise , Giraud Albert
Published: April 2005

The effect of suction on the behaviour of iron ore has been studied from both physical and mechanical points of view. The porosity and the suction phenomena have been analysed using different experimental techniques. Uniaxial compressive tests on partially saturated samples have shown that the suction is responsible for strength and cohesion improvement. Considering the theory of partially saturated porous soils of Coussy and Dangla (Mécanique des sols non saturés (2002 edn). Hermès Science: 2002; 390), we have proposed a constitutive law for partially saturated iron ore. The real increase in the apparent cohesion due to the capillary attraction forces is overestimated if the yield function is written in terms of effective stresses. The effect of the capillary cohesion has been modelled with a function in the expression of the apparent cohesion of the yield function. The effect of suction on the mechanical behaviour has been represented in the effective stresses space and in the total stresses space like the Alonso model (Géotechnique 1990; 40:405–430). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk management for targeting customs controls in developing countries: a risky venture for revenue performance?
Authors: Geourjon Anne‐Marie , Laporte Bertrand
Published: April 2005

Customs authorities in developing countries are often reluctant to forget systematic inspections for fear of risking revenue loss. Such physical inspections however, impede rather than facilitate trade. Control selectivity is therefore a key issue in customs administration reform. This paper shows how a sophisticated risk management method can facilitate trade by automatically and rationally selecting transactions, with the end result of actually enhancing revenue performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A physical model of quantum cascade lasers: Application to GaAs, GaN and SiGe devices
Authors: Harrison P. , Indjin D. , Jovanović V. D. , Mirčetić A. , Ikonić Z. , Kelsall R. W. , McTavish J. , Savić I. , Vukmirović N. , Milanović V.
Published: April 2005

The philosophy behind this work has been to build a predictive “bottom up” physical model of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) for use as a design tool, to interpret experimental results and hence improve understanding of the physical processes occurring inside working devices and as a simulator for developing new material systems. The standard model uses the envelope function and effective mass approximations to solve two complete periods of the QCL under an applied bias. Other models, such as k·p and empirical pseudopotential, have been employed in p‐type systems where the more complex band structure requires it. The resulting wave functions are then used to evaluate all relevant carrier–phonon, carrier–carrier and alloy scattering rates from each quantised state to all others within the same and the neighbouring period. This information is then used to construct a rate equation for the equilibrium carrier density in each subband and this set of coupled rate equations are solved self‐consistently to obtain the carrier density in each eigenstate. The latter is a fundamental description of the device and can be used to calculate the current density and gain as a function of the applied bias and temperature, which in turn yields the threshold current and expected temperature dependence of the device characteristics. A recent extension which includes a further iteration of an energy balance equation also yields the average electron (or hole) temperature over the subbands. This paper will review the method and describe its application to mid‐infrared and terahertz, GaAs, GaN, SiGe cascade laser designs. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Marker densities and the mapping of ancestral junctions
Authors: MACLEOD A. K. , HALEY C. S. , WOOLLIAMS J. A. , STAM P.
Published: April 2005

In any partially inbred population, ‘junctions’ are the loci that form boundaries between segments of ancestral chromosomes. Here we show that the expected number of junctions per Morgan in such a population is linearly related to the inbreeding coefficient of the population, with a maximum in a completely inbred population corresponding to the prediction given by Stam (1980). We further show that high-density marker maps (fully informative markers with average densities of up to 200 per cM) will fail to detect a significant proportion of the junctions present in highly inbred populations. The number of junctions detected is lower than that which would be expected if junctions were distributed randomly along the chromosome, and we show that junctions are not, in fact randomly spaced. This non-random spacing of junctions significantly increases the number of markers that is required to detect 90% of the junctions present on any chromosome: a marker count of at least 12 times the number of junctions present will be needed to detect this proportion.
TROUBLE WITH SHE-DICKS: PRIVATE EYES AND PUBLIC WOMEN INTHE ADVENTURES OF LOVEDAY BROOKE, LADY DETECTIVE
Authors: Miller Elizabeth Carolyn
Published: April 2005

C. L. (CATHERINE LOUISA)PIRKIS'S“The Murder at Troyte's Hill,” second in her series of stories about Detective Loveday Brooke, begins with Brooke's boss debriefing her on a case: “Griffiths, of the Newcastle Constabulary, has the case in hand…. Those Newcastle men are keen-witted, shrewd fellows, and very jealous of outside interference. They only sent to me under protest, as it were, because they wanted your sharp wits at work inside the house” (528). This is a typical beginning for one of Brooke's adventures, which were published in the London magazineLudgate Monthlyin 1893 and 1894. As one of the earliest professional female detectives in English literary history, Brooke's career was marked by conflicts with territorial male officers and the ever-present pressure to keep her detective work “inside the house.” Emerging at a historical moment when understandings of women, criminality, and law enforcement were rapidly changing in Britain, Pirkis's stories offer an interpretation of these intersecting cultural shifts that is surprisingly different from her contemporaries. In a decade rife with scientific interrogation into the nature of criminality, such as in the work of Havelock Ellis and Francis Galton, detective fiction of the 1890s tended to mimic scientific discourse in its representations of criminals. The Brooke stories, however, challenge such conceptions of deviance and reveal the poverty of their underlying understandings of crime as well as gender.
ILLICIT INSCRIPTIONS: REFRAMING FORGERY IN ELIZABETH GASKELL'SRUTH
Authors: Malton Sara A.
Published: April 2005

Forgery is now considered an offence of the greatest magnitude;… In proportion, therefore, as a nation increases in wealth by buying and selling, it will magnify the criminality of a fraud by which buying and selling may be checked. The change of opinion will show itself in the penal laws, and in the not less deterrent force of social reprobation.

—Luke Owen Pike,History of Crime in England(1876)
PHOTOGRAPHY AND IRONY: THE SAMUEL BUTLER PHOTOGRAPHY EXHIBITION AT THE TATE BRITAIN
Authors: Paradis James G.
Published: April 2005

AN EXHIBITION of Samuel Butler's photography in Gallery Sixteen, an elegant rotunda room just off the entrance to the Tate Britain, offered a rare opportunity to see some of the photography of the author of Erewhon and to contemplate how Victorian photographic realism fares in the setting of a modern museum. The exhibition, celebrating the centenary of Butler's death, ran from November 2002 to May 2003 and was made up of thirty-five framed photographs, some of them digitally touched up by Dudley Simons, and an assortment of photobooks and editions of Butler's self-illustrated volumes. It was developed by Tate curator Richard Humphreys and Butler scholar Elinor Shaffer, with the support of librarian Mark Nicholls from St. John's College at Cambridge, which houses most of Butler's extensive photographic work in its special collections. Titled “Samuel Butler and the Ignorant Eye,” after Shaffer's notion in her Erewhons of the Eye: Samuel Butler as Painter, Photographer, and Art Critic (1988) that Butler's photography renders “the eye of the viewer … ignorant and open” (229), the black-and-white secularism of Butler's work offered a startling change in imagery from the intense colorism of “Rossetti and Medievalism,” the exhibit that preceded it in Gallery sixteen.
Downhole magnetic measurements of ODP Hole 801C: Implications for Pacific oceanic crust and magnetic field behavior in the Middle Jurassic
Authors: Tivey Maurice , Larson Roger , Schouten Hans , Pockalny Rob
Published: April 2005

Downhole horizontal and vertical magnetic field measurements within the 474 m thick Jurassic crustal section drilled at ODP Hole 801C in the western Pacific show anomalies that are “in phase,” indicating that this site formed in the southern hemisphere and moved across the paleoequator to its present location at 18.6°N. The inclination computed from the horizontal and vertical anomaly logging data varies significantly downhole and can be explained by progressive rotation of the lava sequence as it is buried during accretion. This is compatible with the observed dips in the Formation Micro Scanner (FMS) data, which show up to 42° of rotation toward the fossil spreading axis. We restore the magnetic inclination to prerotated values and obtain an estimated pretilt inclination of 39.9° ± 6.6°, corresponding to a paleolatitude of 22.7° ± 5°S. The magnetic logging data document six polarity units within the drilled volcanic extrusive crust. The upper 132 m thick logged section of lavas contains four polarity units, which apparently formed 7 Myr after the formation of the underlying basement. The lower 212 m logged section of the hole is reversely magnetized with an intervening normal polarity zone. More than one reversal downhole would indicate a rapid reversal rate given the time it takes to form the extrusive section of oceanic crust: ∼45,000 years at a fast spreading rate of 66 km/Myr. Previous results from a contemporaneous section in Spain suggest rapid reversals throughout the late Bajocian–early Bathonian Stage (170–165 Ma). Nevertheless, the complicated formation history prevents quantification of the geomagnetic reversal rate for the 801C crustal section.
Projected disappearance of the 11‐year cyclic minimum of galactic cosmic ray intensity in the antapex direction within the outer heliosphere
Authors: Van Allen James A. , Randall Bruce A.
Published: April 2005

This paper reports observed galactic cosmic ray (GCR) intensity (kinetic energy T > 80 MeV/nucleon) by the University of Iowa instrument on the interplanetary spacecraft Pioneer 10 (P10) for the thirty‐year period, 1972–2002, during which it moved outward from 1 to 80 AU heliocentric radial distance (r). The trajectory of P10 since 1976 was in the approximate direction of the solar antapex. Comparable data for nearly the same time period from the Applied Physics Laboratory/Johns Hopkins University instrument on the Earth‐orbiting satellite Interplanetary Monitoring Platform – 8 (IMP‐8), as corrected (Van Allen and Randall, 1997), have been adopted as the 1 AU reference. An important new finding is that the solar modulation of GCR intensity had dwindled markedly at P10 during the most recent (2001) cyclic intensity minimum at r ∼ 78 AU relative to that at the two previous 11‐year cyclic minima in 1981 and 1991. A plausible projection of the trend established by the 1991 and 2001 values of a modulation index predicts the disappearance of direct solar modulation at r = 106 (±10) AU in the antapex direction. A similar finding from Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 data (Webber and Lockwood, 2004a and b) in the approximate apex direction confirms the previously noted absence of a apex/antapex asymmetry (Van Allen and Webber, 2002). Several heuristic comments of a general nature are included.