bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors potentially linked with the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in selected bacteria from cattle, chickens and pigs: A scoping review of publications for use in modelling of antimicrobial resistance (IAM.AMR Project)
Authors: Murphy Colleen P. , Carson Carolee , Smith Ben A. , Chapman Brennan , Marrotte Jayme , McCann Maggie , Primeau Courtney , Sharma Parth , Parmley E. Jane
Published: September 2018

Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue with a large volume of published literature, and there is a need for synthesis of primary studies for an integrated understanding of this topic. Our research team aimed to have a more complete understanding of antimicrobial resistance in Canada (IAM.AMR Project) using multiple methods including the literature reviews and quantitative modelling. To accomplish this goal, qualitative features of publications (e.g., geographical location, study population) describing potential relationships between the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and factors (e.g., antimicrobial use; management system) were of particular interest. The objectives of this review were to (a) describe the available peer‐reviewed literature reporting potential relationships between factors and antimicrobial resistance; and (b) to highlight data gaps. A comprehensive literature search and screening were performed to identify studies investigating factors potentially linked with antimicrobial resistance inCampylobacterspecies,Escherichia coliandSalmonella entericaalong the farm‐to‐fork pathway (farm, abattoir (slaughter houses) and retail meats) for the major Canadian livestock species (beef cattle, broiler chicken and pigs). The literature search returned 14,966 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. Following screening of titles, abstracts and full‐text articles, the qualitative features of retained studies (n = 28) were extracted. The most common factors identified were antimicrobial use (n = 13 studies) and type of farm management system (e.g., antibiotic‐free, organic;n = 8). Most studies were conducted outside of Canada and involved investigations at the farm level. Identified data gaps included the effect of vaccination, industry‐specific factors (e.g., livestock density) and factors at sites other than farm along the agri‐food chain. Further investigation of these factors and other relevant industry activities are needed for the development of quantitative models that aim to identify effective interventions to mitigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance along the agri‐food chain.
Passive guided waves measurements using fiber Bragg gratings sensors
Authors: Druet Tom , Chapuis Bastien , Jules Manfred , Laffont Guillaume , Moulin Emmanuel
Published: September 2018

Guided elastic waves are often studied as an effective solution for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems of plate-like structures thanks to the capacity to propagate on large distances. In typical applications such as monitoring delaminations in aircraft fuselage, a network made of piezoelectric transducer (PZT) is used to emit and receive such waves in the structure. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors on optical fibers are a promising alternative to PZT for guided waves measurements in practical applications due to the capacity for dense multiplexing and robustness with respect to the environment. However, unlike conventional PZT transducers, FBG sensors cannot emit waves. It is demonstrated here that FBG sensors can be used in combination with a passive diffuse noise cross-correlation technique in order to extract the coherent guided waves propagating between two sensors. This could lead to a system using only FBG sensors in the near future. The reconstructed signals can then be analyzed with usual guided waves algorithms, like in active SHM systems, keeping all the advantages of this kind of monitoring in terms of fine diagnosis. The experimental demonstration shown in this paper is performed at ultrasonic frequencies (20–100 kHz) typically used in guided waves based SHM systems showing the potential of the approach.
Practicing Unstructured Play in Team Ball Sports: A Rugby Union Example
Authors: Mckay Jim , O’Connor Donna
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this paper is to share a successful high performance coach’s approach to practicing unstructured aspects of team play to enhance team performance. The approach was implemented by Jim Mckay (attack coach) during the Queensland Red’s Super Rugby 2010–2013 campaigns. For team sports such as Rugby union, coaches need to assist players in developing their decision-making and execution under unpredictable and chaotic match conditions by scheduling a high proportion of playing form activities related to unstructured possession sources (e.g., response to turnover possession). This paper is organized into three sections. The first section provides an overview of relevant literature on coach-led practice sessions and dynamics system theory. This is followed by the Queensland Reds case study that outlines the data they analysed, the process and implementation of new practices and coach Mckay’s reflections. The final section provides suggestions for team sport coaches wanting to practice the unstructured aspects of team play.
Aptamer–field-effect transistors overcome Debye length limitations for small-molecule sensing
Authors: Nakatsuka Nako , Yang Kyung-Ae , Abendroth John M. , Cheung Kevin M. , Xu Xiaobin , Yang Hongyan , Zhao Chuanzhen , Zhu Bowen , Rim You Seung , Yang Yang , Weiss Paul S. , Stojanović Milan N. , Andrews Anne M.
Published: September 2018

Transistor sensing in salt solutions

Molecular binding to receptors on the surface of field-effect transistors (FETs) can be sensed through changes in transconductance. However, the saline solutions typically used with biomolecules create an electrical double layer that masks any events that occur within about 1 nanometer from the surface. Nakatsuka
et al.
overcame this limitation by using binding to large, negatively charged DNA stem loop structures that, upon ligand binding, cause conformational changes that can be sensed with an FET, even in solutions with high ionic strength. The authors demonstrate the sensing of charged molecules such as dopamine in artificial cerebrospinal fluid as well as neutral molecules such as glucose and zwitterion molecules like sphingosine-1-phosphate.

Science
, this issue p.
319
Dimerization quality control ensures neuronal development and survival
Authors: Mena Elijah L. , Kjolby Rachel A. S. , Saxton Robert A. , Werner Achim , Lew Brandon G. , Boyle John M. , Harland Richard , Rape Michael
Published: September 2018

A way to prevent deadly interaction

Many metazoan proteins form oligomers, which is often mediated by modular domains such as BTB domains. Mena
et al.
now describe a quality control pathway they term dimerization quality control (DQC) (see the Perspective by Herhaus and Dikic). DQC monitors and prevents aberrant dimerization of BTB domain–containing proteins. The system relies on FBXL17, an adaptor protein that recruits an E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitylates nonfunctional BTB heterodimers, triggering their degradation. FBXL17 accesses a degradation signal at the BTB dimer interface in nonphysiological, nonfunctional complexes. The loss of DQC from
Xenopus laevis
embryos leads to lethal neurodevelopmental defects.

Science
, this issue p.
eaap8236
; see also p.
151
Direct measurements of two-way wave-particle energy transfer in a collisionless space plasma
Authors: Kitamura N. , Kitahara M. , Shoji M. , Miyoshi Y. , Hasegawa H. , Nakamura S. , Katoh Y. , Saito Y. , Yokota S. , Gershman D. J. , Vinas A. F. , Giles B. L. , Moore T. E. , Paterson W. R. , Pollock C. J. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Fuselier S. A. , Burch J. L.
Published: September 2018

Two-step energy transfer in space plasma

Plasmas are ionized gases that contain negative electrons, positive ions, and electromagnetic fields. These constituents can oscillate in position over time, carrying energy as plasma waves. In principle, such waves could transfer energy between two different ion populations. Kitamura
et al.
analyzed data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, a group of four spacecraft that are flying in tight formation through Earth's magnetosphere. They discovered an event in which energy was transferred from hydrogen ions to plasma waves and then from the waves to helium ions. This energy transfer process is likely to occur in many other plasma environments.

Science
, this issue p.
1000
Transient phenomena in ecology
Authors: Hastings Alan , Abbott Karen C. , Cuddington Kim , Francis Tessa , Gellner Gabriel , Lai Ying-Cheng , Morozov Andrew , Petrovskii Sergei , Scranton Katherine , Zeeman Mary Lou
Published: September 2018

Making sense of transient dynamics

Ecological systems can switch between alternative dynamic states. For example, the species composition of the community can change or nutrient dynamics can shift, even if there is little or no change in underlying environmental conditions. Such switches can be abrupt or more gradual, and a growing number of studies examine the transient dynamics between one state and another—particularly in the context of anthropogenic global change. Hastings
et al.
review current knowledge of transient dynamics, showing that hitherto idiosyncratic and individual patterns can be classified into a coherent framework, with important general lessons and directions for future study.

Science
, this issue p.
eaat6412
Minimal functional driver gene heterogeneity among untreated metastases
Authors: Reiter Johannes G. , Makohon-Moore Alvin P. , Gerold Jeffrey M. , Heyde Alexander , Attiyeh Marc A. , Kohutek Zachary A. , Tokheim Collin J. , Brown Alexia , DeBlasio Rayne M. , Niyazov Juliana , Zucker Amanda , Karchin Rachel , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Iacobuzio-Donahue Christine A. , Vogelstein Bert , Nowak Martin A.
Published: September 2018

Metastatic drivers same as primary

Treatment decisions for cancer patients are increasingly guided by analysis of the gene mutations that drive primary tumor growth. Relatively little is known about driver gene mutations in metastases, which cause most cancer-related deaths. Reiter
et al.
explored whether the growth of different metastatic lesions within an individual patient is fueled by the same or distinct gene mutations. In a study of 76 untreated metastases from 20 patients with different types of cancer, all metastases within a patient shared the same functional driver gene mutations. Thus, analysis of a single biopsy could help oncologists select the optimal therapy for patients with widespread metastatic disease.

Science
, this issue p.
1033
A single transcription factor promotes both yield and immunity in rice
Authors: Wang Jing , Zhou Lian , Shi Hui , Chern Mawsheng , Yu Hong , Yi Hong , He Min , Yin Junjie , Zhu Xiaobo , Li Yan , Li Weitao , Liu Jiali , Wang Jichun , Chen Xiaoqiong , Qing Hai , Wang Yuping , Liu Guifu , Wang Wenming , Li Ping , Wu Xianjun , Zhu Lihuang , Zhou Jian-Min , Ronald Pamela C. , Li Shigui , Li Jiayang , Chen Xuewei
Published: September 2018

Flexible growth and immune responses in rice

Plants that are fighting microbial pathogens often divert resources that could be used for growth into the immune response. For crops, this translates into lower yield when plant immunity is activated. Wang
et al.
show that, in rice, reversible phosphorylation of a key transcription factor allows the plant to defend against fungal attack when needed but then, within days, reallocate resources back to growth (see the Perspective by Greene and Dong). Thus, both pathogen defense and crop yield can be sustained.

Science
, this issue p.
1026
; see also p.
976
Systematic discovery of natural CRISPR-Cas12a inhibitors
Authors: Watters Kyle E. , Fellmann Christof , Bai Hua B. , Ren Shawn M. , Doudna Jennifer A.
Published: September 2018

Cas12 inhibitors join the anti-CRISPR family

Bacteria and their phages continually coevolve in a molecular arms race. For example, phages use anti-CRISPR proteins to inhibit the bacterial type I and II CRISPR systems (see the Perspective by Koonin and Makarova). Watters
et al.
and Marino
et al.
used bioinformatic and experimental approaches to identify inhibitors of type V CRISPR-Cas12a. Cas12a has been successfully engineered for gene editing and nucleic acid detection. Some of the anti-Cas12a proteins identified in these studies had broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on Cas12a orthologs and could block Cas12a-mediated genome editing in human cells.

Science
, this issue p.
236
, p.
240
; see also p.
156
Discovery of widespread type I and type V CRISPR-Cas inhibitors
Authors: Marino Nicole D. , Zhang Jenny Y. , Borges Adair L. , Sousa Alexander A. , Leon Lina M. , Rauch Benjamin J. , Walton Russell T. , Berry Joel D. , Joung J. Keith , Kleinstiver Benjamin P. , Bondy-Denomy Joseph
Published: September 2018

Cas12 inhibitors join the anti-CRISPR family

Bacteria and their phages continually coevolve in a molecular arms race. For example, phages use anti-CRISPR proteins to inhibit the bacterial type I and II CRISPR systems (see the Perspective by Koonin and Makarova). Watters
et al.
and Marino
et al.
used bioinformatic and experimental approaches to identify inhibitors of type V CRISPR-Cas12a. Cas12a has been successfully engineered for gene editing and nucleic acid detection. Some of the anti-Cas12a proteins identified in these studies had broad-spectrum inhibitory effects on Cas12a orthologs and could block Cas12a-mediated genome editing in human cells.

Science
, this issue p.
236
, p.
240
; see also p.
156
Quantitative assessment of outer retinal layers and ellipsoid zone mapping in hydroxychloroquine retinopathy
Authors: Ugwuegbu Obinna , Uchida Atsuro , Singh Rishi P , Beven Lucas , Hu Ming , Kaiser Stephanie , Srivastava Sunil K , Ehlers Justis P
Published: September 2018

Background

To quantitatively assess outer retinal layers in eyes with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) toxicity.

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was performed to identify eyes with HCQ retinopathy/toxicity at Cleveland Clinic. A clinical diagnosis of HCQ retinopathy was made based on clinical and imaging features including the presence of parafoveal ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field defects. All participants underwent macular cube scan using the Cirrus HD-OCT (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Quantitative assessment of outer nuclear layer (ONL)/Henle fibre layer complex (HFL) metrics and EZ mapping were performed with a novel software platform and compared with age-matched controls. HCQ toxicity group was divided into three subgroups based on the severity.

Results

There were 14 eyes from 14 patients in HCQ toxicity group (mean age 57.0±18.6 years), and 14 eyes from 14 subjects in age-matched control group (mean age 59.4±18.6 years). Multiple outer retinal parameters including ONL/HFL-EZ volume, parafoveal ONL/HFL-EZ thickness and EZ-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) volume were significantly reduced in all HCQ toxicity subgroups (early, moderate and advanced toxicity) compared with controls. Semiautomated layer segmentation tool produced en face representation of EZ-RPE mapping and allowed unique visualisation of EZ attenuation in eyes with HCQ toxicity. The longitudinal analysis of HCQ toxicity group demonstrated progressive decline in some outer retinal parameters.

Conclusion

HCQ toxicity resulted in significant outer retinal layer volumetric thinning compared with controls. Quantitative assessment of outer retinal parameters and EZ mapping on SD-OCT may become a useful biomarker to identify and monitor HCQ toxicity.
BET 1: Can Salter-Harris type I fractures be diagnosed by ultrasound?
Authors: Beatty Erica , Archambault Patrick
Published: September 2018

A short-cut review was carried out to establish the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for Salter-Harris type 1 fractures. Three studies were directly relevant to the question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. The clinical bottom line is that ultrasound may allow visualisation of Salter-Harris type 1 fractures. However, little is known as to its sensitivity and specificity, and therefore it cannot be used to eliminate the diagnosis.
Larger body size and earlier run timing increase alewife reproductive success in a whole lake experiment
Authors: Marjadi Meghna N. , Roy Allison H. , Jordaan Adrian , Gahagan Benjamin I. , Armstrong Michael P. , Whiteley Andrew R.
Published: September 2018

Environmental conditions can influence biological characteristics, such as phenology and body size, with important consequences for organismal fitness. Examining these fitness consequences under natural conditions through genetic pedigree reconstruction offers a lens into potential population responses to changing environments. Over 3 years (2013–2015), we introduced adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), anadromous, iteroparous clupeids, into one Massachusetts (USA) lake to complete the first detailed examination of this species’ mating system and assess relationships among body size, reproductive timing, and seasonal reproductive success. We reconstructed pedigrees using 15 microsatellites and genotypes from all possible parents and samples of naturally produced offspring within 4 months of hatching. In each of the 3 study years, spawning adults had multiple mates and spawned multiple times. Larger females that arrived and were translocated earlier had higher reproductive success. Declining body size and altered migration timing, through an influence on reproductive success, can influence population vital rates and productivity over time.
Riverine characteristics and adult demography influence female lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) spawning behavior, reproductive success, and ovarian quality
Authors: Dammerman Kari J. , Webb Molly A.H. , Scribner Kim T.
Published: September 2018

Abiotic conditions and demographic factors can influence the timing of spawning. Behavioral plasticity allows females to select spawning conditions that are conducive to offspring development; however, reproductive costs associated with delaying spawning are not well understood. In this study, factors influencing timing of female spawning, residence time (RT), and reproductive success (RS) during two seasons were determined, and plasma testosterone concentrations were used to quantify atretic rates in a wild, lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) population. For the 123 females monitored, RT ranged from 1 to 23 days and was influenced by arrival date, temperature, discharge, and male number, with the latter having the largest influence. RS varied due to arrival date, temperature, discharge, male number, male length, and operational sex ratio. Two females had testosterone levels indicative of atresia and RS estimates lower than yearly means; however, most females had normal ovaries, suggesting little reproductive costs of plasticity in spawning ground residency time. Results demonstrate the multitude of factors influencing female reproductive behavior and RS, highlighting the importance of abiotic and demographic conditions to recruitment in wild populations.
Alternative renormalizable minimal SO(10) GUT and seesaw scale
Authors: Fukuyama Takeshi , Okada Nobuchika
Published: September 2018

Alternative renormalizable minimal non-SUSY SO(10) GUT model is proposed. Instead of a 126-dimensional Higgs field, a 120-dimensional Higgs filed is introduced in addition to a 10-dimensional Higgs field and plays a crucial role to reproduce the realistic charged fermion mass matrices. With contributions of 120 Higgs field, the original Witten’s scenario of inducing the right-handed Majorana neutrino mass through 2-loop diagrams becomes phenomenologically viable. This model inherits the nice features of the conventional renormalizable minimal SO(10) GUT model with [Formula: see text] Higgs fields, while supplemented with a low scale seesaw mechanism due to the 2-loop induced right-handed Majorana neutrino mass.
Electronic theory study on the electronic structure and optical properties of S-adsorbed graphene
Authors: Wei Lin , Liu Guili , Fan Dazhi , Zhang Guoying
Published: September 2018

The effects of coverage and torsional angle on the stability, electronic structure and optical properties of S-absorbed graphene system are studied by using density functional theory based on the first-principles. The adsorption energy, band structure, light absorption coefficient and reflectivity are calculated through it. In the current research area, it is found that the coverage has little effect on the adsorption of the system, but the C atoms are pulled up, the graphene plane is distorted, and the band gap of the graphene is opened, which changes graphene from quasi-metal to semiconductors. S-adsorbed graphene system has a blueshift relative to the intrinsic graphene, and the degree of blueshift increases with the increase of coverage. The reflectivity of the system is higher than that of the unabsorbed S atom system. Torsional deformation has a large effect on its band gap. It makes the adsorption system reduce the adsorption energy and the stability. The band structure shows that the band gap decreases as the twist angle increases. The twisted S-adsorbed graphene system shows a slight redshift, and the degree of redshift increases with the angle. The maximum reflectance of the S-adsorbed graphene system with torsional deformation is stronger than that of the untwisted system.
Hierarchical Request-Size-Aware Flash Translation Layer Based on Page-Level Mapping
Authors: Yeo Dong Bin , Paik Joon-Yong , Chung Tae-Sun
Published: September 2018

Owing to the increasing Internet population, there has been an explosion in the amount of digital data generated and also an increase in data complexity. This trend is called big data paradigm. As the Internet of Things (IoT) takes center stage, the growth of data will continue to increase. Therefore, the demand for mass storage devices that have high access speed is increasing. Industry has been paying attention to flash memories that can process large amounts of data at high speed. It will be a good alternative for storing and processing ever-increasing amounts of data because of low power consumption, high shock resistance, portability and fast access speed. However, the write speed is about 10–20 times slower than the read speed in flash memory. In addition, write operations are not allowed to be performed with in-place updates. Garbage collection mechanism is proposed in order to solve the problem incurred by the not-in-place update property of write operations. However, garbage collection mechanism unavoidably causes overhead of additional internal operations, which leads to performance degradation. In this paper, to prevent performance degradation caused by garbage collection, we propose a request-size-aware flash translation layer (RSaFTL) and a hierarchical request-size-aware flash translation layer (HiRSaFTL). They are designed based on page-level address translation. In RSaFTL and HiRSaFTL, page-sized data with high temporal locality cluster into a special area called active blocks by exploiting the property of realistic traces. As a result of the experiments, RSaFTL and HiRSaFTL reduce the number of pages migrated during garbage collections by up to 17.9% and 21.3%, respectively, compared with pure page-level flash transition layer.
A New Approach for Stock Price Analysis and Prediction Based on SSA and SVM
Authors: Xiao Jihong , Zhu Xuehong , Huang Chuangxia , Yang Xiaoguang , Wen Fenghua , Zhong Meirui
Published: September 2018

Stock price exhibits distinct features during different time scales due to the effects of complex factors. Analyzing these features can help delineate the mechanisms that determine the stock price and enhance the prediction accuracy of the stock price. By using singular spectrum analysis (SSA), this paper first decomposes the original price series into a trend component, a market fluctuation component and a noise component to analyze the stock price. The economic meanings of the three components are identified as a long-term trend, effects of significant events and short-term fluctuations caused by noise in the market. Then, to take into account the features of the above three components to the stock price prediction, a novel combined model that integrates SSA and support vector machine (SVM) (e.g., SSA–SVM) is proposed. Compared with SVM, adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), ensemble empirical mode decomposition-ANFIS (EEMD–ANFIS), EEMD–SVM and SSA–ANFIS, SSA–SVM demonstrates the best prediction performance based on four criteria, indicating that the proposed model is a promising approach for stock price prediction.
An Edge-Based Smoothed Finite Element Method for Analyzing Stiffened Plates
Authors: Li Wei , Chai Yingbin , You Xiangyu , Zhang Qifan
Published: September 2018

In this paper, an edge-based smoothed finite element method with the discrete shear gap using triangular elements (ES-DSG3) is presented for static, free vibration and sound radiation analyses of plates stiffened by eccentric and concentric stiffeners. In the present model, the ES-DSG3 for the plate element with the isoparametric thick-beam element is employed to formulate stiffened plate structures. The deflections and rotations of the plates and the stiffeners are connected at tying positions. By using Rayleigh integral, sound radiation of stiffened plates subjected to a point load can be obtained. The edge-based gradient smoothing technique is employed to perform the related numerical integrations over the edge-based smoothing domains. Compared with the original DSG3 model, the present ES-DSG3 model is relatively softer as a result of the edge-based gradient smoothing technique. From several numerical examples, it is observed that the ES-DSG3 can produce more accurate numerical solutions than the original DSG3 for stiffened plates.
A Hybrid Framework of Efficient Multi-Objective Optimization of Stiffened Shells with Imperfection
Authors: Chen Hanshu , Meng Zeng , Zhou Huanlin
Published: September 2018

In the practical engineering applications of stiffened shell, the initial imperfection is inevitable and it could cause significant reduction in the load-carrying capacity of stiffened shell. The light-weight optimization of stiffened shell is generally performed under the constraint of fixed maximum load-carrying capacity. However, the load-carrying capacity of stiffened shell has been improved continuously as the promotion of manufacturing technology, which causes the previous strategies of light-weight optimization become conservative and outdated. Therefore, an improved hybrid framework of multi-objective optimization of stiffened shell with imperfection is necessary and presented in this paper, which focus on developing a general posterior design method to determine the optimal weight according to the different collapse loads. A new adaptive update criterion based on the Kriging model is developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the hybrid framework. The present optimal results provide a set of the Pareto optimal points and form a Pareto front, from which new posterior design can be achieved.
Existence of deformations and dimensional reduction in wormholes and black holes
Authors: Ahmed Nasr , Rafat H.
Published: September 2018

The deformation retract is, by definition, a homotopy between a retraction and the identity map. We show that applying this topological concept to Ricci-flat wormholes/black holes implies that such objects can get deformed and reduced to lower dimensions. The homotopy theory can provide a rigorous proof to the existence of black holes/wormholes deformations and explain the topological origin. The current work discusses such possible deformations and dimensional reductions from a global topological point of view, it also represents a new application of the homotopy theory and deformation retract in astrophysics and quantum gravity.
The life and art of Walter Geikie (1795–1837)
Authors: Scott Helen E.
Published: September 2018

Sir Archibald Geikie's uncle, Walter Geikie (1795–1837), was one of the most remarkable artists working in Edinburgh in the early nineteenth century. During childhood he had contracted a fever that left him unable to hear or speak. Yet this lifelong disability did not prevent him from pursuing an artistic career. He became a prolific and highly-regarded professional artist, and ultimately was elected as a member of the Scottish Academy. Working as a draughtsman, printmaker and painter, Walter Geikie focused on the portrayal of Edinburgh's poor and working classes, and the depiction of their local environments. His genre studies are full of empathy and wit, while his topographical work is strikingly detailed. Geikie's scenes of ordinary Scottish life avoided the nineteenth-century tendency towards lofty moralizing or grotesque caricature. Instead, his images of pedlars, fisherfolk, markets and fairgrounds convey a profound sense of honesty. This chapter traces the life and career of Walter Geikie, from the struggles of his early childhood to the extraordinary achievements of his maturity. His distinctive artistic style is discussed and his legacy is analysed.
Improve the Localization Dependability for Cyber-Physical Applications
Authors: Wang Tian , Wang Wenhua , Liu Anfeng , Cai Shaobin , Cao Jiannong
Published: September 2018

Localization for mobile group users is one of the important applications in cyber-physical systems. However, due to the sparse deployment of anchors and the instability of signals in the wireless environment, users cannot receive information from adequate anchors, which leads to the localization quality being undependable and unacceptable. To solve this problem, we propose exploiting the localized users as the mobile anchors for localizing the nonlocalized users. These mobile users cooperate as a whole group to improve the localization accuracy. Moreover, to decrease the communication cost among users, an algorithm for electing mobile anchors is designed, with several provable properties. This electing algorithm is a distributed method, without advanced negotiations among mobile users. In addition, for the scenarios with a crowd of users, we divide the users into different groups according to their distance information, which can ensure that only the dependable anchors are used for the localization. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the localization dependability can be improved obviously. In terms of localization probability, our method outperforms the traditional fixed anchors-based method by approximately 70% with a small increment of communication cost (about 30%), and outperforms the method in which all the localized users are exploited as mobile anchors by about 50% with about a 70% decrement of communication cost.
Securing Communication Data in Pervasive Social Networking Based on Trust with KP-ABE
Authors: Li Ning , Yan Zheng , Wang Mingjun , Yang Laurence T.
Published: September 2018

Pervasive Social Networking (PSN) intends to support instant social activities in a pervasive way at any time and anywhere. In order to protect crucial social activities, ensure communication dependability, and enhance user privacy, securing pervasive social communications becomes especially important. However, neither centralized nor distributed solutions can protect PSN communications as expected. How to automatically control data access in a trustworthy and efficient way is an important security issue. In this article, we propose a scheme to guarantee communication data security in PSN based on two dimensions of trust in a flexible manner on the basis of Key-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (KP-ABE). Its advantages and performance are justified and evaluated through extensive analysis on security, computation complexity, communication cost, scalability, and flexibility, as well as scheme implementation. In addition, we develop a demo system based on Android mobile devices to test our scheme in practice. The results demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness. Comparison with our previous work based on CP-ABE (Yan and Wang 2017) further shows its feasibility to be applied to PSN.
Resource-Cost-Aware Fault-Tolerant Design Methodology for End-to-End Functional Safety Computation on Automotive Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Xie Guoqi , Zeng Gang , An Jiyao , Li Renfa , Li Keqin
Published: September 2018

Automotive functional safety standard ISO 26262 aims to avoid unreasonable risks due to systematic failures and random hardware failures caused by malfunctioning behavior. Automotive functions involve distributed end-to-end computation in automotive cyber-physical systems (ACPSs). The automotive industry is highly cost-sensitive to the mass market. This study presents a resource-cost-aware fault-tolerant design methodology for end-to-end functional safety computation on ACPSs. The proposed design methodology involves early functional safety requirement verification and late resource cost design optimization. We first propose the functional safety requirement verification (FSRV) method to verify the functional safety requirement consisting of reliability and response time requirements of the distributed automotive function during the early design phase. We then propose the resource-cost-aware fault-tolerant optimization (RCFO) method to reduce the resource cost while satisfying the functional safety requirement of the function during the late design phase. Finally, we perform experiments with real-life automotive and synthetic automotive functions. Findings reveal that the proposed RCFO and VFSR methods demonstrate satisfactory resource cost reduction compared with other methods while satisfying the functional safety requirement.
A Critical Review of Proactive Detection of Driver Stress Levels Based on Multimodal Measurements
Authors: RASTGOO Mohammad Naim , Nakisa Bahareh , Rakotonirainy Andry , Chandran Vinod , Tjondronegoro Dian
Published: September 2018

Stress is a major concern in daily life, as it imposes significant and growing health and economic costs on society every year. Stress and driving are a dangerous combination and can lead to life-threatening situations, evidenced by the large number of road traffic crashes that occur every year due to driver stress. In addition, the rate of general health issues caused by work-related chronic stress in drivers who work in public and private transport is greater than in many other occupational groups. An in-vehicle warning system for driver stress levels is needed to continuously predict dangerous driving situations and proactively alert drivers to ensure safe and comfortable driving. As a result of the recent developments in ambient intelligence, such as sensing technologies, pervasive devices, context recognition, and communications, driver stress can be automatically detected using multimodal measurements. This critical review investigates the state of the art of techniques and achievements for automatic driver stress level detection based on multimodal sensors and data. In this work, the most widely used data followed by frequent and highly performed selected features to detect driver stress levels are analyzed and presented. This review also discusses key methodological issues and gaps that hinder the implementation of driver stress detection systems and offers insights into future research directions.
"A new age of search systems" by Ujwal Gadiraju with Martin Vesely as coordinator
Authors: Gadiraju Ujwal
Published: September 2018

More than half of the world's population has access to the Internet today. Satisfying one's information need has never been easier and more ubiquitous. We can catch ourselves turning to web search with regularity to find information, answer questions, plan travels and explore a plethora of diverse content. During the search and consumption of information on the web, it is known that people canlearnthrough the acquisition of new knowledge or modification of their existing knowledge. Little is currently known about how a user's knowledge evolves through an informational search session, where the objective of a user is to learn about a given topic. In this newsletter, we discuss our recent work in `search as learning' that aims to enhance the understanding of knowledge gained by users in informational search sessions. Being able to estimate the knowledge state of users during their interactions with search systems will allow us to construct and improve learning experiences for the users. For example, learners can be served content that is suitable for their current knowledge state. We thereby highlight the importance of optimizing web search to satisfy learning related objectives.
Predicting Symptom Trajectories of Schizophrenia Using Mobile Sensing
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Weichen , Aung Min Hane , Ben-Zeev Dror , Brian Rachel , Campbell Andrew T. , Choudhury Tanzeem , Hauser Marta , Kane John , Scherer Emily A. , Walsh Megan
Published: September 2018

Continuously monitoring schizophrenia patients' psychiatric symptoms is crucial for in-time intervention and treatment adjustment. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a survey administered by clinicians to evaluate symptom severity in schizophrenia. The CrossCheck symptom prediction system is capable of tracking schizophrenia symptoms as measured by BPRS using passive sensing from mobile phones. We present results from a randomized control trial, where passive sensing data, self-reports, and clinician administered 7-item BPRS surveys are collected from 36 outpatients with schizophrenia. We show that our system can predict a symptom scale score based on a 7-item BPRS within +1.45 error on average. Finally, we discuss how well our predictive system reflects symptoms experienced by patients by reviewing a case study.
Interaction between the retrotrapezoid nucleus and the parafacial respiratory group to regulate active expiration and sympathetic activity in rats
Authors: Zoccal Daniel B. , Silva Josiane N. , Barnett William H. , Lemes Eduardo V. , Falquetto Barbara , Colombari Eduardo , Molkov Yaroslav I. , Moreira Thiago S. , Takakura Ana C.
Published: September 2018

The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) contains chemosensitive cells that distribute CO2-dependent excitatory drive to the respiratory network. This drive facilitates the function of the respiratory central pattern generator (rCPG) and increases sympathetic activity. It is also evidenced that during hypercapnia, the late-expiratory (late-E) oscillator in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) is activated and determines the emergence of active expiration. However, it remains unclear the microcircuitry responsible for the distribution of the excitatory signals to the pFRG and the rCPG in conditions of high CO2. Herein, we hypothesized that excitatory inputs from chemosensitive neurons in the RTN are necessary for the activation of late-E neurons in the pFRG. Using the decerebrated in situ rat preparation, we found that lesions of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons in the RTN region with substance P-saporin conjugate suppressed the late-E activity in abdominal nerves (AbNs) and sympathetic nerves (SNs) and attenuated the increase in phrenic nerve (PN) activity induced by hypercapnia. On the other hand, kynurenic acid (100 mM) injections in the pFRG eliminated the late-E activity in AbN and thoracic SN but did not modify PN response during hypercapnia. Iontophoretic injections of retrograde tracer into the pFRG of adult rats revealed labeled phox2b-expressing neurons within the RTN. Our findings are supported by mathematical modeling of chemosensitive and late-E populations within the RTN and pFRG regions as two separate but interacting populations in a way that the activation of the pFRG late-E neurons during hypercapnia require glutamatergic inputs from the RTN neurons that intrinsically detect changes in CO2/pH.
DPP4 inhibition by sitagliptin attenuates LPS-induced lung injury in mice
Authors: Kawasaki Takeshi , Chen Weiguo , Htwe Yu Maw , Tatsumi Koichiro , Dudek Steven M.
Published: September 2018

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe clinical condition marked by acute respiratory failure and dysregulated inflammation. Pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVECs) function as an important pro-inflammatory source in ARDS, suggesting that modulation of inflammatory events at the endothelial level may have a therapeutic benefit. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors, widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, have been reported to have possible anti-inflammatory effects. However, the potential anti-inflammatory effects of DPP4 inhibition on PVEC function and ARDS pathophysiology are unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of sitagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor in wide clinical use, on LPS-induced lung injury in mice and in human lung ECs in vitro. In vivo, sitagliptin reduced serum DPP4 activity, bronchoalveolar lavage protein concentration, cell number, and proinflammatory cytokine levels after LPS and alleviated histological findings of lung injury. LPS decreased the expression levels of CD26/DPP4 on pulmonary epithelial cells and PVECs isolated from mouse lungs, and the effect was partially reversed by sitagliptin. In vitro, human lung microvascular ECs (HLMVECs) expressed higher levels of CD26/DPP4 than human pulmonary arterial ECs. LPS induced the release of TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 by HLMVECs that were inhibited by sitagliptin. LPS promoted the proliferation of HLMVECs, and sitagliptin suppressed this response. However, sitagliptin failed to reverse LPS-induced permeability in cultured ECs or lung epithelial cells in vitro. In summary, sitagliptin attenuates LPS-induced lung injury in mice and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on HLMVECs. These novel observations indicate DPP4 inhibitors may have potential as therapeutic drugs for ARDS.
Mitochondrial peptides cause proinflammatory responses in the alveolar epithelium via FPR-1, MAPKs, and AKT: a potential mechanism involved in acute lung injury
Authors: Zhang Xue , Wang Tao , Yuan Zhi-Cheng , Dai Lu-Qi , Zeng Ni , Wang Hao , Liu Lian , Wen Fu-Qiang
Published: September 2018

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by alveolar epithelial damage and uncontrolled pulmonary inflammation. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including mitochondrial peptides [ N-formyl peptides (NFPs)], are released during cell injury and death and induce inflammation by unclear mechanisms. In this study, we have investigated the role of mitochondrial DAMPs (MTDs), especially NFPs, in alveolar epithelial injury and lung inflammation. In murine models of ALI, high levels of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were associated with lung injury scores and increased formyl peptide receptor (FPR)-1 expression in the alveolar epithelium. Cyclosporin H (CsH), a specific inhibitor of FPR1, inhibited lung inflammation in the ALI models. Both MTDs and NFPs upon intratracheal challenge caused accumulation of neutrophils into the alveolar space with elevated BALF levels of mouse chemokine KC, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide and increased pulmonary FPR-1 levels. CsH significantly attenuated MTDs or NFP-induced inflammatory lung injury and activation of MAPK and AKT pathways. FPR1 expression was present in rat primary alveolar epithelial type II cells (AECIIs) and was increased by MTDs. CsH inhibited MTDs or NFP-induced CINC-1/IL-8 release and phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and AKT in rat AECII and human cell line A549. Inhibitors of MAPKs and AKT also suppressed MTD-induced IL-8 release and NF-κB activation. Collectively, our data indicate an important role of the alveolar epithelium in initiating immune responses to MTDs released during ALI. The potential mechanism may involve increase of IL-8 production in MTD-activated AECII through FPR-1 and its downstream MAPKs, AKT, and NF-κB pathways.
Relationship between cerebral blood flow estimated by transcranial Doppler ultrasound and single-photon emission computed tomography in elderly people with dementia
Authors: Miyazawa Taiki , Shibata Shigeki , Nagai Kumiko , Hirasawa Ai , Kobayashi Yoshio , Koshiba Hitomi , Kozaki Koichi
Published: September 2018

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is a noninvasive technique allowing continuous recording of cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity. However, it is unclear whether the CBF estimated by TCD would be reliable for the comparison between individuals. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between middle cerebral artery blood flow (MCA BF) measured by TCD and regional and total CBF measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CBF) with a quantification software program, a three-dimensional stereotaxic region of interest template. We recruited 91 elderly subjects with and without dementia. MCA blood flow velocity (MCA V) and middle cerebral artery cross-sectional area (AM) were measured by TCD and magnetic resonance angiography, respectively. MCA BF was calculated by the product of MCA V and AM. Diastolic or mean MCA V and MCA BF were significantly correlated with SPECT-CBF in several segments. Interestingly, the correlation coefficient in the temporal segment of SPECT-CBF was higher than those of the other segments. Moreover, correlations between MCA BF and SPECT-CBF were stronger as compared with those between MCA V and SPECT-CBF. These findings suggest that both mean MCA V and MCA BF with TCD ultrasonography would be useful for CBF comparison between individuals especially in the temporal region, although estimated blood flow with arterial area seems to be better than using simple flow velocity.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Correlations between middle cerebral artery blood flow (MCA BF) calculated by the product of MCA blood flow velocity (MCA V) and middle cerebral artery cross-sectional area and regional and total cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CBF) were stronger as compared with those between MCA V and SPECT-CBF. These findings suggest that both mean MCA V and MCA BF would be useful for CBF comparison between individuals although estimated blood flow with arterial area seems to be better than using simple flow velocity.