bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recombinant measles virus expressing prefusion spike protein stabilized by six rather than two prolines is more efficacious against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Zhang Yuexiu , Lu Mijia , Thongpan Ilada , Xu Jiayu , KC Mahesh , Dravid Piyush , Trivedi Sheetal , Sharma Himanshu , Liang Xueya , Kapoor Amit , Peeples Mark E. , Li Jianrong
Published: March 2023

Measles virus (MeV) has been an excellent vector platform for delivering vaccines against many pathogens because of its high safety and efficacy, and induction of long‐lived immunity. Early in the COVID‐19 pandemic, a recombinant MeV (rMeV) expressing the prefusion full‐length spike protein stabilized by two prolines (TMV‐083) was developed and tested in phase 1 and 1/2 clinical trials but was discontinued because of insufficient immunogenicity and a low seroconversion rate in adults. Here, we compared the immunogenicity of rMeV expressing a soluble prefusion spike (preS) protein stabilized by two prolines (rMeV‐preS‐2P) with a rMeV expressing a soluble preS protein stabilized by six prolines (rMeV‐preS‐6P). We found that rMeV‐preS‐6P expressed approximately five times more preS than rMeV‐preS‐2P in cell culture. Importantly, rMeV‐preS‐6P induced 30‐60 and six times more serum immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibody than rMeV‐preS‐2P, respectively, in IFNAR−/− mice. IFNAR−/− mice immunized with rMeV‐preS‐6P were completely protected from challenge with a mouse‐adapted SARS‐CoV‐2, whereas those immunized with rMeV‐preS‐2P were partially protected. In addition, hamsters immunized with rMeV‐preS‐6P were completely protected from the challenge with a Delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2. Our results demonstrate that rMeV‐preS‐6P is significantly more efficacious than rMeV‐preS‐2P, highlighting the value of using preS‐6P as the antigen for developing vaccines against SARS‐CoV‐2.
Start today and finish yesterday—Social innovation as a contribution to the community
Authors: Martins Tânia , Braga Alexandra , Ferreira Marisa R. , Braga Vitor
Published: March 2023

“Start today and finish yesterday” wants to emphasize the importance and the potential urgency of social innovation and its positive impacts, since there is a clear impact of social innovation on society and the welfare of individuals, and for that reason, there is a need to gain in‐depth knowledge on the topic. Social innovation can be seen as enhanced forms of action, new ways of doing things, or new social inventions, and by addressing different issues through a social innovation lens, we can expect to contribute to the well‐being and prosperity of the community, potentially leading to a more sustainable and equitable future. The present research aims to understand how the context, market, potential human performance, and competitive advantage strategies, interfere with the process of social innovation and foster the creation of social value for the community. The case study was the method used, with semi‐structured interviews that enabled the comparison of five social innovation projects. Our main conclusions show the importance of contextual factors and the strong presence of the market as important impacts on social projects. Social innovation often stems from the efforts of motivated individuals who strive to bring about change and are willing to take on risks. Evaluating and communicating the social value generated by social innovation projects is vital, but can be difficult to quantify. Finally, the credibility of these projects plays a crucial role in their recognition and competitiveness, and government support through legislation promoting value‐sharing and sustainable development can help legitimize them.
Investigation of kinetic triplets and thermodynamic parameters of different species of bamboo‐biomass from North‐East India
Authors: Pattanayak Satyajit , Loha Chanchal
Published: March 2023

Bamboo is abundantly available in India, particularly in the North East regions which can provide a significant energy opportunity in this region. The physicochemical and thermal properties of bamboo species originate from different places are distinct. This study investigates the pyrolysis of 20 different bamboo species from North East regions of India in a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) at four different heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 K/min. Enormous kinetic and thermodynamic data are presented for 20 varieties of bamboo species. Model‐free kinetic methods are used to calculate the kinetic parameters and their values are compared. The average activation energy of all bamboo species is estimated in the range 145.59–219.15 kJ/mol from the Starink method, the method recommended by International Confederation of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC). Generalized master plot method is used for the determination of reaction mechanism which reveals that most of the bamboo species follow the second‐order reaction model (F2) during their thermal degradation. The thermodynamic parameters reveal that the pyrolysis process of all bamboo species is endothermic and it reaches near to the thermodynamic equilibrium.
Evaluation of the improvement of laryngeal penetration using complete lateral position through videoendoscopic evaluation of swallowing in patients with dysphagia
Authors: Tonosaki Kanata , Yonenaga Kazumichi , Itai Shunsuke , Oyama Shigeto , Mizuno Takashi , Ono Sachiko , Watanabe Rinji , Hoshi Kazuto
Published: March 2023

Aim

Some patients with severe dysphagia can eat in a complete lateral position. On this basis, we assessed whether the laryngeal penetration that can occur during videoendoscopic examination of swallowing could be reduced when patients were evaluated in this position.

Methods

Patients who underwent videoendoscopic examination of swallowing during hospitalization at Towada City Hospital were at high risk of aspiration in the sitting position and were introduced to the complete lateral position method were included in the study. The penetration–aspiration scale score was evaluated and compared for patients in the sitting and complete lateral positions.

Results

A total of 19 patients (14 men and 5 women, mean age 84.9 ± 5.6 y, mean body mass index 17.9 ± 3.7) were included in the study. The penetration–aspiration scale score was as follows: the sitting position: 4 points, n = 1; 5 points, n = 1; 6 points, n = 11; 7 points, n = 3; 8 points, n = 3; the complete lateral position: 1 point, n = 15; 2 points, n = 2; 3 points, n = 1; 6 points, n = 1. The laryngeal penetration score improved significantly from the sitting position to the complete lateral position (p < 0.001) and 15 patients (78.9%) were able to eat at discharge.

Conclusion

The complete lateral position improves laryngeal penetration and may allow patients with dysphagia to continue to eat.
An efficient catalytic and solvent‐free method for the synthesis of mono‐organofunctionalized polymethylhydrosiloxane derivatives
Authors: He Daguang , Gui Xuefeng , Dong Yonglu , Lin Shudong , Tu Yuanyuan , Hu Jiwen , Li Shi , Zhao Jihe
Published: March 2023

Synthetic reactions with distinctive physicochemical properties and the study of functional groups during synthesis provide an effective way to design polymers on an individual basis. The functionalization of polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) has been performed via hydrosilylation of PMHS with selected alkenes with different active functional groups. In the reaction of PMHS with selected CC bond‐containing olefins in solvent‐free systems, the most efficient catalyst system can be selected to obtain the PMHS reagents to introduce the desired functional groups while generating only regional isomeric products. On‐line real‐time monitoring techniques, in situ Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR), were utilized to determine the chemical reaction rates and reaction conversions for each chemical reaction, and to assess the merits of the reaction systems. In addition, the structures of the functionalized polymers were characterized using FT‐IR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The kinetic parameters of typical chemical reaction processes were calculated using Kissinger's equation and Ozawa's equation. The comparisons between solvent and solvent‐free systems were carried out under the same conditions, and the statistics revealed that the solvent‐free system was more efficient than its solvent‐based counterpart. This research on the introduction of monofunctional groups into PMHS side chains might pave the way for a variety of diverse functional groups, thus allowing for the further application of PMHS and its derivatives.
Refugees and religious institutions in a mid‐size Canadian city
Authors: Derksen Murray , Teixeira Carlos
Published: March 2023

Canada is a leading refugee‐settlement nation with a highly developed private refugee sponsorship programme involving many community and religious institutions. This study explored how religious institutions affect refugee settlement in Kelowna, a mid‐size city in British Columbia. Kelowna has had a significant increase in refugee sponsorship since the 2015 Syrian crisis, and most private sponsorship has involved churches and the local mosque, in collaboration with government‐funded settlement services and community partners. We collected data through a questionnaire distributed among former refugees and semi‐structured interviews with key informants including clergy, refugee‐sponsorship groups, and service providers. The results reveal that religious institutions help refugees cope with barriers and challenges in Kelowna in three main ways: bridging language barriers between newcomers, service providers, and sponsorship providers; helping newcomers establish new lives in Kelowna and move toward integration; and helping newcomers move away from precarity toward prosperity as they re‐establish themselves and their families.
Femtosecond Laser‐Induced Hydrophobic Surface of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy and its Blood Compatibility
Authors: Zhou Pingfang , Liu Yong , Chen Qingxin , Li Hao , Bian Ruonan , Xu Wan , Yang Qibiao , Liu Dun
Published: March 2023

The study of nickel–titanium shape memory alloy (NiTi SMA) surface wettability is important to improve the blood compatibility of medical implant materials. Herein, a femtosecond laser with a wavelength of 1030 nm is used to process the hydrophobic surface of NiTi SMA. A scanning electron microscope, an X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer, a surface profiler, and a contact angle meter are used to measure the microstructure, the chemical composition, the surface roughness, and the surface contact angle of NiTi SMA. The influence of the laser fluence on the NiTi SMA surface wettability is analyzed using the Wenzel–Cassie composite model. The results show that as the laser fluence increases, the surface roughness gradually increases and then fluctuates. Moreover, a rapid increase followed by a gradual rise is observed in the surface contact angle. The blood compatibility of NiTi SMA surface increases with the increase in the surface contact angle. Specifically, the superhydrophobic surface with high contact angle and low rolling angle can significantly improve hemolysis and coagulation while reducing platelet adhesion and deformation. The study of the superhydrophobic microstructure of NiTi SMA surface will provide a new approach for improving the blood compatibility of medical implant materials.
Multiple Local Domain Structural Evolutions at Morphotropic Phase Boundary in BiFeO3–Ba0.9Ca0.1TiO3 Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Ai Xianfa , Bian Liugang , Yang Junchen , Wang Fangfang , Zhu Kongjun , Yan Kang
Published: March 2023

Bismuth ferrite–barium titanate (BFO–BT) is a well‐known lead‐free ferroelectric material with a large electric field‐induced strain; however, its piezoelectricity is very low under low electric fields. Herein, by studying Ca‐doped BFO–BT ceramics, multiple structural evolutions are found in the ferroelectric domains at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in BFO–BT‐based ceramics, where a part of the local ferroelectric domains reveals a transition from rhombohedral to tetragonal and to relaxor phases. The superior electrical properties with large electrostrain Sp of 0.38%, large Pr of 38.4 μC cm−2, intermediate d33 of 132 pCN−1, and high TC of 425 °C are obtained at the MPB in these ceramics. Multiple local domain structural evolutions with compound ferroelectric domains and relaxor phases are responsible for the large electrostrain and intermediate piezoelectricity. This can explain the inconsistent piezoelectric response under high and low electric fields at the MPB in the BFO–BT‐based ferroelectric ceramics.
Nonpolar Growth of GaN Films on Polar Sapphire Substrate Using Pulsed Laser Deposition: Investigation of Substrate Temperature Variation on the Quality of Films
Authors: Rajgoli Tahir , Hinge Sandip , Sant Tushar , Jejurikar Suhas Madhav , Mandal Animesh , Banpurkar Arun , Rambadey Omkar , Sagdeo Pankaj , Deshpande Uday
Published: March 2023

The growth of GaN films along nonpolar crystallographic planes, especially s‐plane, on c‐Al2O3 substrate using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is reported. The role of substrate temperature variation on the structural and morphological properties along this plane is investigated using different techniques. The degree of crystallinity, surface roughness, etc. associated with films are observed to depend strongly on deposition conditions, for example, substrate temperature kept during deposition. Micro‐Raman investigations reveal the presence of an unexpected phonon mode, E1(LO), in the spectra for films deposited at high temperature where prominent crystal growth is observed. The presence of the particular phonon mode observed herewith is due to the nonpolar growth of GaN crystals as well as high density of defects and/or plasmon coupling present in the films. Strong near‐band‐edge emission in the photoluminescence spectra for all specimens shows moderate optical properties of the films. Elemental analysis using X‐ray photoelectron spectra technique confirms the formation of GaN phase for all specimens.
Weibull stress method to determine the minimum required strength to improve the actual reliability
Authors: Piña‐Monarrez Manuel R. , Baro‐Tijerina Manuel , Ortiz‐Yañez Jesús F.
Published: March 2023

The method to determine the minimum strength that a product must present to improve the product's reliability from its actual R(t) to a desired R(t2) index are given. The method can be performed in both the normal and accelerated scenarios. It can be done by using either complete failure time data or based only on the applied stress range. The addressed minimum strength that corresponds to the R(t2) index is then used in the stress/strength reliability function to determine the corresponding reliability R(t/S,s) index. From the comparison between the R(t2) and R(t/S,s) indices, we found they are similar only for high reliability indices (say R(t) > 0.90). For lower indices their difference is significant, implying more research must be undertaken. In the application a zero accelerated test plan (ZATP) is performed to experimentally demonstrate the improved product presents the desired R(t2) index. Finally, because by applying the proposed method we always can reproduce the product's average, then the formulation to determine the capability Cp and ability Cpk indices of the R(t2) index is also given.
Discovery of Neuraminidase Inhibitors based on 3D‐QSAR, Molecular Docking and MD Simulations
Authors: Yu Xiuyan , Zhao Xuemin , Zhang Qingyu , Dai Chen , Huang Qiuyang , Zhang Lu , Liu Yanan , Shen Yan , Lin Zhihua
Published: March 2023

Neuraminidase (NA) plays a critical part within the life cycle of influenza virus, which is a compelling target for anti‐influenza infection. In this study, 3D‐QSAR models were built up utilizing 48 compounds of 5‐benzyl‐4‐thiazolinone derivatives. The CoMFA model (q2=0.759, r2=0.994) and the CoMSIA (q2=0.512, r2=0.972) model showed good reliability and predictability. We docked all compounds to the active site, the amino acids around of the crystallographic ligand ZMR1002, to analyze their binding mode by molecular docking. Subsequently, 10 novel compounds were designed based on the counter maps and molecular docking. Their ADME/T properties and synthesizable properties were evaluated by web server. The results showed that the designed novel compounds had good pharmacokinetic properties and synthesizable properties. Molecular docking results showed that hydrogen bonding, van der Waal and Carbon Hydrogen Bond played important roles in their recognition, and the newly designed compounds had the same binding mode as the template compound 13. MD simulations revealed these residues play key roles for the inhibitory activity of NA in the active site including Glu276, Asp151, Arg371, Arg292, Ser246, Trp178, etc. The above results can provide useful guidance for the discovery of novel NA inhibitors.
Preparation, Characterization and Drug Release of Chitosan Hydrogels Derived From Substituted Salicylaldehyde
Authors: Evcil Murat , Karakaplan Mehmet
Published: March 2023

Chitosan‐based hydrogels (CSAD1, CSAD2 and CSAD3) have been successfully prepared by dynamic imine reaction between chitosan and varying ratios of 2‐[(2,3‐dihydroxy)‐1‐propoxy]benzaldehyde (SAD) as a linker group respectively. SAD was synthesized from salicylaldehyde and glycidol by atom economy method. FT‐IR and NMR data were used to determine the SAD and hydrogels’ structures. The fabricated hydrogels exhibit a porous structure that the pore size decreased with increasing ratio of SAD group. Hydrogels were swelled in aqueous media but not soluble in both acidic and alkaline medium. The highest swelling capacity was obtained at pH 7 with the order of CSAD1, CSAD2, and CSAD3, respectively. The high thermal behavior of the hydrogels was tested by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Ibuprofen was selected as a model drug for the drug release behaviors of the hydrogels. Release of ibuprofen is influenced by the pore sizes of the hydrogels in order of CSAD1, CSAD2, and CSAD3, respectively.
Novel Red‐Emitting Gd3BW1‐xMoxO9 : Eu3+ Phosphor with High Thermal Stability for Application in UV‐Excited WLEDs and Rapid Visualization of Latent Fingerprints
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ci Yu , Song Jianqiao , Tong Dexin , Song Jian , Zhang Enwei , Wan Hongnan , Ma Zisong
Published: March 2023

Rare‐earth‐doped inorganic luminescent materials are widely used in white light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs), lasers and forensic sciences due to their outstanding optical characteristics. However, it is still a challenge to obtain such materials with better thermal stability for application in WLEDs on account of their serious thermal quenching properties. In addition, there is still room for improvement in some respects such as higher sensitivity and contrast for application in latent fingerprint development. Herein, a series of novel Gd3BW1‐xMoxO9 : Eu3+ phosphors have been synthesized via high‐temperature solid‐state reaction process. Compared with different Mo6+ ions doping concentrations, Gd3BW0.7Mo0.3O9 : Eu3+ phosphor has optimal photoluminescence properties. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of Gd3BW0.7Mo0.3O9 : Eu3+ phosphor is over 3 times higher than that of commercial red phosphor. More impressive is its excellent resistance against thermal quenching; when heated up to 150 °C, the Gd3BW0.7Mo0.3O9 : Eu3+ phosphor still preserves about 98 % emission intensity of that at room temperature. Furthermore, the latent fingerprints (LFPs) developed by Gd3BW0.7Mo0.3O9 : Eu3+ phosphor exhibited the excellent visualization on various nonporous substrates, and level 1–3 features were well identified with high contrast and sensitivity. The obtained results suggested that the as‐prepared phosphor has great potential for application in both WLEDs and latent fingerprint detection.
Highly Stretchable, Self‐Healable and Self‐Adhesive Double‐Network Eutectogel Based on Gellan Gum and Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent for Strain Sensing
Authors: Gao Yifeng , Zhou Jiacheng , Xu Feifan , Huang Weiming , Ma Xiaofeng , Dou Qiang , Fang Ying , Wu Linlin
Published: March 2023

Recently, eutectogels have gained significant attention as promising materials for wearable devices. However, developing eutectogels with integrated stretchability, good toughness, self‐healing, and self‐adhesive properties through non‐covalent scaffold assembly is a major challenge. In this study, a fully physically crosslinked double‐network (DN) eutectogel was fabricated by exploiting the high solubility and gelation of gellan gum in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) to form the first physically crosslinked network and combining it with supramolecular poly (2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate‐choline chloride, HEA‐ChCl). The resulting gel showed high stretchability (1835 %), toughness (7.65 MJ m−3), desirable ionic conductivity (0.41 mS cm−1), adhesion, and high transparency. Assembling the gel into strain sensors allows precise monitoring of human motion (finger, wrist, elbow, and knee). The results of this study suggest that gellan gum/poly (ChCl‐HEA) DN eutectogels have significant potential as highly sensitive and reliable strain sensors for wearable technology applications.
Selective Detection of Copper Ions and Biological Activities of Isoniazid Schiff Bases
Authors: Hemalatha G. Muni , Thirunavukkarasu Kandasamy , Kumar C. Ramesh , Thamim Masthan , Thirumoorthy Krishnan
Published: March 2023

Following mechanical milling, the condensation reaction of the corresponding heterocyclic aldehydes with Isoniazid yields the Schiff base (E)‐N′‐((1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl) methylene)isonicotinohydrazide (S1) and (E)‐N′‐(Thiophen‐2‐ylmethylene)isonicotinohydrazide (S2) supported heterocyclic derivatives. The structures of the Schiff bases, S1 and S2 were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Copper ions (Cu2+) were trapped by S1 in DMSO to form the yellow‐coloured complex Cu‐(E)‐N′‐((1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)methylene) isonicotinohydrazide (Cu2++S1) with high sensitivity and selectivity. But the same ligand S1 could not be able to capture other metal ions tested for this work (namely, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+) in DMSO. UV‐visible spectroscopic results confirmed the complex formation (Cu2++S1) with copper ions, but not with the other ions. Analysis of non‐covalent interactions (NCI) of ligand S1 with Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ in DMSO were investigated by density functional theory (DFT). NCI analysis of S1 by Cu2+ ions in DMSO was in good agreement with the experimental results. S2 did not react with any metal ions used in this study to form a complex in DMSO and the same was confirmed by UV‐Visible spectra. Reasonably good antibacterial activity was observed with S1, S2, Cu2++S1 compared to amoxicillin against Gram‐negative bacteria (K. pneumoniae, E. coli), Gram‐positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae), and fungal strain (C. albicans).
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazole‐Linked Hexopyranosylpyrimidine Nucleosides and Their Application as Hepatitis B Viral DNA, HBsAg and HBeAg Suppressants
Authors: Verma Vineet , Singh Ankita , Tyagi Purnima , Kumar Vijay , Prasad Ashok K.
Published: March 2023

A series of novel 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked hexopyranosyl mono/double‐headed pyrimidine nucleosides from D‐glucose was synthesized by Cu(I)‐mediated [3+2] cycloaddition reactions (CuAAC) of mono/diazido 2,6‐anhydro‐glucoheptitol and propynylated pyrimidines in good yields. It was observed that all the four synthesized pyrimidine nucleosides were found to be non‐cytotoxic upto 500 μM concentration. The 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked hexopyranosyl mono/double‐headed pyrimidine nucleosides have shown significant suppression of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg). Amongst all the synthesized compounds, nucleoside dimer 1‐[1‐(6′‐deoxy‐6′‐(4‐(1‐methyluracil)‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl methyl)‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl]methyl‐uracil was found to be more effective against HBeAg. In the suppression of viral DNA level, all the four synthesized nucleoside analogues were comparable to known drug Entecavir (ETV) with IC50 value in the range of 8.39 μM–18.58 μM and are two folds significant as compared to control.
Synthesis of Highly Photostable Benzoindolenine‐Based Squaraine Dyes by using Aromatic Fluorine Atoms
Authors: Uehashi Yuki , Izawa Seiichiro , Yamada Yuya , Miwa Yohei , Inuzuka Toshiyasu , Kubota Yasuhiro , Hiramoto Masahiro , Funabiki Kazumasa
Published: March 2023

We have elucidated the details of the photodegradation of non‐fluorinated benzoindolenine‐based SQ dyes with low photostability in solution and proposed a hypothesis to improve their photostability. Based on the results, replacing all the hydrogen atoms on the benzoindolenine ring with fluorine atoms or methylation of the oxygen anions of the non‐fluorinated benzoindolenine SQ dye resulted in improvement of photostability. Furthermore, a preliminary investigation of the synthesized SQ dyes for organic photovoltaics revealed that the O‐methylated SQ dye with bulky fluorine‐containing anions provided a much higher Voc than similar benzoindolenine‐based SQ dyes.
Engineering Catalytically Active Sites by Sculpting Artificial Edges on MoS2 Basal Plane for Dinitrogen Reduction at a Low Overpotential
Authors: Rani Renu , Biswas Ashmita , Ahammed Raihan , Purkait Taniya , Kundu Anirban , Sarkar Subhajit , Raturi Mamta , De Sarkar Abir , Dey Ramendra Sundar , Hazra Kiran Shankar
Published: March 2023

Engineering catalytically active sites have been a challenge so far and often relies on optimization of synthesis routes, which can at most provide quantitative enhancement of active facets, however, cannot provide control over choosing orientation, geometry and spatial distribution of the active sites. Artificially sculpting catalytically active sites via laser‐etching technique can provide a new prospect in this field and offer a new species of nanocatalyst for achieving superior selectivity and attaining maximum yield via absolute control over defining their location and geometry of every active site at a nanoscale precision. In this work, a controlled protocol of artificial surface engineering is shown by focused laser irradiation on pristine MoS2 flakes, which are confirmed as catalytic sites by electrodeposition of AuNPs. The preferential Au deposited catalytic sites are found to be electrochemically active for nitrogen adsorption and its subsequent reduction due to the S‐vacancies rather than Mo‐vacancy, as advocated by DFT analysis. The catalytic performance of Au‐NR/MoS2 shows a high yield rate of ammonia (11.43 × 10−8 mol s−1 cm−2) at a potential as low as −0.1 V versus RHE and a notable Faradaic efficiency of 13.79% during the electrochemical nitrogen reduction in 0.1 m HCl.
Polarization‐Independent Second Harmonic Generation in 2D Van Der Waals Kagome Nb3SeI7 Crystals
Authors: Fang Yuqiang , Feng Xin , Wang Dong , Ding Yang , Lin Tianquan , Zhai Tianyou , Huang Fuqiang
Published: March 2023

Second harmonic generation (SHG) of 2D crystals has been of great interest due to its advantages of phase‐matching and easy integration into nanophotonic devices. However, the polarization‐dependence character of the SHG signal makes it highly troublesome but necessary to match the laser polarization orientation relative to the crystal, thus achieving the maximum polarized SHG intensity. Here, it is demonstrated a polarization‐independent SHG, for the first time, in the van der Waals Nb3SeI7 crystals with a breathing Kagome lattice. The Nb3 triangular clusters and Janus‐structure of each Nb3SeI7 layer are confirmed by the STEM. Nb3SeI7 flake shows a strong SHG response due to its noncentrosymmetric crystal structure. More interestingly, the SHG signals of Nb3SeI7 are independent of the polarization of the excitation light owing to the in‐plane isotropic arrangement of nonlinear active units. This work provides the first layered nonlinear optical crystal with the polarization‐independent SHG effect, providing new possibilities for nonlinear optics.
Requirement specification extraction and analysis based on propositional projection temporal logic
Authors: Wang Xiaobing , Li Chunyi , Zhao Liang
Published: March 2023

At present, formal methods significantly facilitate the specification and verification of security requirements in requirement engineering, which can reduce requirement errors in the early stage of system development. Extracting formal specifications from security requirements and then evaluating the quality of the requirements are regarded as a promising solution to ensure software quality. Propositional projection temporal logic (PPTL) with a strong mathematical basis and full regular expressiveness is a suitable language for formal specifications. Inspired by natural language processing and text mining techniques, this paper designs and implements a tool, namely, NL2PPTL, to generate formal coarse‐grained and fine‐grained specifications in terms of PPTL formulas automatically. In specific, the grammatical production rules are defined to construct the syntax tree, and then, the formula is obtained by post‐order traversal of the tree. The satisfiability of the PPTL specifications can be checked utilizing PPTLSAT. In addition, the state transformation model is constructed from fine‐grained specifications, so as to discover scope conflicts and verify the security properties of the requirement case.
Active Films and Coatings Based on Propolis Extract and Chitosan: Physicochemical Characterization and Potential Application in Refrigerated Shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Authors: Isfran Douglas , Chacon Wilson Daniel Caicedo , Alves Maria Jaízia dos Santos , Monteiro Alcilene Rodrigues , Ayala Valencia Germán
Published: March 2023

Melanosis is a bio‐chemical reaction that reduces the acceptability of refrigerated shrimps. The current research aims to produce and characterize chitosan‐based coatings added of propolis extract (PE), as well as to investigate the potential application of these materials to control the melanosis of refrigerated shrimps during storage (9 days). Shrimps are coated with chitosan solutions content different PE concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%). Uncoated shrimps and shrimps coated with sodium metabisulfite are also investigated. The incorporation of PE modifies the crystalline structure of chitosan, reducing the water contact angle, and thermal stability of films. Shrimps coated with chitosan‐based solutions containing 20% of PE display lower dark points in the cephalothorax and joints region, as well as better weight retention during storage. These results suggest that chitosan‐based coatings containing PE can be an eco‐friendly alternative to substitute sodium metabisulfite in refrigerated shrimps.
Visible Light‐Induced Metal‐Free Fluoroalkylations
Authors: Hyeon Ka Cheol , Kim Seoyeon , Jin Cho Eun
Published: March 2023

Fluoroalkylation is a crucial synthetic process that enables the modification of molecules with fluoroalkyl groups, which can enhance the properties of compounds and have potential applications in medicine and materials science. The utilization of visible light‐induced, metal‐free methods is of particular importance as it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods and eliminates the potential risks associated with metal‐catalyst toxicity. This Account describes our studies on visible light‐induced, metal‐free fluoroalkylation processes, which include the use of organic photocatalysts or EDA complexes. We have utilized organophotocatalysts such as Nile red, tri(9‐anthryl)borane, and an indole‐based tetracyclic complex, as well as catalyst‐free EDA chemistry through photoactive halogen bond formation or an unconventional transient ternary complex formation with nucleophilic fluoroalkyl source. A variety of π‐systems including arenes/heteroarenes, alkenes, and alkynes have been successfully fluoroalkylated under the developed reaction conditions.
Infected parotid sialocele treated by vegetal foreign body removal in a dog
Authors: Porsmoguer Charles , Picavet Pierre P. , Etienne Anne‐Laure , Grauwels Magda , Claeys Stéphanie
Published: March 2023

An 11‐month‐old French bulldog was presented for a recurrent fluid‐filled mass located ventral to the right pinna. An infected parotid sialocele was diagnosed using ultrasonography, computed tomographic sialography and cytological analysis of the fluid. The dog also had a superficial corneal ulcer because of iatrogenic right facial nerve paralysis secondary to previous attempts by the referring veterinarian to excise the mass surgically. Vegetal foreign bodies (grass awns barbs) were found at the entrance to the right parotid canal and were removed with iris forceps. Bacteriology was positive for Streptococcus canis. Conservative management was initiated after grass awn removal, and the dog was discharged with oral antibiotics (amoxicillin‐clavulate orally), ophthalmic antibiotic ointment and artificial tears. Clinical signs related to parotid sialocele resolved, and permanent partial temporal tarsorrhaphy was performed 2 months later. At the 3‐year follow‐up, the dog had no signs of recurrence of the parotid sialocele, but facial paralysis was still present.
Improved thermal conductivity of hydrodynamic third‐grade ferrofluid using nanolayer concept: A PTSC application
Authors: Nabwey Hossam A. , Minnam Reddy Vasudeva Reddy , MV Govindaraju , N Sandeep
Published: March 2023

The current study numerically investigates the heat diffusion in the cylindrical film flow of third‐grade ferroliquid. The nanolayer concept is used to analyze the effective thermal conductivity of ferrofluid in different shapes of nanoparticles. Ethylene glycol (EG)‐based cobalt (Co) nano‐sized particles are measured. Using hydrodynamics, Darcy‐Forchheimer, Ohmic heating, and nonlinear radiation effects, an exact model was developed and resolved through the bvp5c Matlab scheme. The computational outcomes are elucidated through pictorial and tabular results. The cylindrical‐shaped nanoparticles are reported to have more advanced heat relocation than the spherical‐shaped nanoparticles. This proved that the nanolayer formed with the cylindrical‐shaped nanoparticles' effectivity boosts the base liquid thermal conductivity. So, to enlarge the PTSC heat spread rate, suspension of Co‐cylindrical nanoparticles in base liquid with third‐grade rheological behavior is very helpful.
Texture-zero patterns of lepton mass matrices from modular symmetry
Authors: Ding Gui-Jun , Joaquim F. R. , Lu Jun-Nan
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Texture zeros in fermion mass matrices have been widely considered in tackling the Standard Model flavour puzzle. In this work, we perform a systematic analysis of texture zeros in lepton mass matrices in the framework of $$ {\Gamma}_3^{\prime}\cong {T}^{\prime } $$

Γ
3
′

≅

T
′

modular symmetry. Assuming that the lepton fields transform as irreducible representations of T′, we obtain all possible texture-zero patterns for both charged-lepton and neutrino mass matrices which can be achieved from T′ modular symmetry. We provide representative models for the phenomenologically-viable textures which can accommodate the experimental data. The predictions for lepton mixing angles, CP-violating phases, light neutrino masses and effective neutrino mass relevant for neutrinoless double beta decay, are discussed. We find that the minimal viable lepton model depends on only 7 real free parameters including the modulus τ (the corresponding charged-lepton mass matrix contains 4 vanishing entries, and the neutrino mass matrix has 1 texture zero). Finally, we study in detail three benchmark models, one for each neutrino mass generation mechanism considered (Dirac, Majorana via Weinberg operator and Majorana via minimal type-I seesaw mechanism).
Octagonal Layouts: Project Genesis of the Cathedral of Valencia
Authors: González Concepción López , García-Valldecabres Jorge Luis , Meseguer Luis Cortés
Published: March 2023

Octagonal layouts are widely used in medieval architecture. In Spain, the Cathedral of Valencia is an exceptional example because of its compositional arrangement and early date of construction. The study of this cathedral serves not only to propose the regulatory layout and geometric process to develop the transept, the ambulatory, and the dome but allows the empirical establishment of the complex properties and characteristics of the octagon. By surveying the planes with a 3D laser scanner, the graphic procedures used in the original design of the temple were verified, as were the geometric theories pertaining to the figure of the octagon in architecture, set by the golden ratio.
An Improved Oscillation Result for a Class of Higher Order Non-canonical Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Moaaz Osama , Ramos Higinio
Published: March 2023

In this work, by obtaining a new condition that excludes a class of positive solutions of a type of higher order delay differential equations, we were able to construct an oscillation criterion that simplifies, improves and complements the previous results in the literature. The adopted approach extends those commonly used in the study of second-order equations. The simplification lies in obtaining an oscillation criterion with two conditions, unlike the previous results, which required at least three conditions. In addition, we illustrate the improvement with the new criterion, applying it to some examples and comparing the results obtained with previous results in the literature.
Campylobacter jejuni: targeting host cells, adhesion, invasion, and survival
Authors: Kemper Leon , Hensel Andreas
Published: March 2023

Campylobacter jejuni, causing strong enteritis, is an unusual bacterium with numerous peculiarities. Chemotactically controlled motility in viscous milieu allows targeted navigation to intestinal mucus and colonization. By phase variation, quorum sensing, extensive O-and N-glycosylation and use of the flagellum as type-3-secretion system C. jejuni adapts effectively to environmental conditions. C. jejuni utilizes proteases to open cell–cell junctions and subsequently transmigrates paracellularly. Fibronectin at the basolateral side of polarized epithelial cells serves as binding site for adhesins CadF and FlpA, leading to intracellular signaling, which again triggers membrane ruffling and reduced host cell migration by focal adhesion. Cell contacts of C. jejuni results in its secretion of invasion antigens, which induce membrane ruffling by paxillin-independent pathway. In addition to fibronectin-binding proteins, other adhesins with other target structures and lectins and their corresponding sugar structures are involved in host–pathogen interaction. Invasion into the intestinal epithelial cell depends on host cell structures. Fibronectin, clathrin, and dynein influence cytoskeletal restructuring, endocytosis, and vesicular transport, through different mechanisms. C. jejuni can persist over a 72-h period in the cell. Campylobacter-containing vacuoles, avoid fusion with lysosomes and enter the perinuclear space via dynein, inducing signaling pathways. Secretion of cytolethal distending toxin directs the cell into programmed cell death, including the pyroptotic release of proinflammatory substances from the destroyed cell compartments. The immune system reacts with an inflammatory cascade by participation of numerous immune cells. The development of autoantibodies, directed not only against lipooligosaccharides, but also against endogenous gangliosides, triggers autoimmune diseases. Lesions of the epithelium result in loss of electrolytes, water, and blood, leading to diarrhea, which flushes out mucus containing C. jejuni. Together with the response of the immune system, this limits infection time. Based on the structural interactions between host cell and bacterium, the numerous virulence mechanisms, signaling, and effects that characterize the infection process of C. jejuni, a wide variety of targets for attenuation of the pathogen can be characterized. The review summarizes strategies of C. jejuni for host–pathogen interaction and should stimulate innovative research towards improved definition of targets for future drug development.

Key points

• Bacterial adhesion of Campylobacter to host cells and invasion into host cells are strictly coordinated processes, which can serve as targets to prevent infection.

• Reaction and signalling of host cell depend on the cell type.

• Campylobacter virulence factors can be used as targets for development of antivirulence drug compounds.
Outcomes of Forest Landscape Restoration Shaped by Endogenous or Exogenous Actors and Institutions? A Systematic Review on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Owusu Raphael , Kimengsi Jude Ndzifon , Giessen Lukas
Published: March 2023

Although ambitious, forest landscape restoration (FLR) is still very high on global climate change mitigation and adaptation research and policy agendas. The scientific literature highlights the importance of institutions and actors’ collaboration for achieving the intended outcomes. Despite these diffuse indications, a comprehensive understanding of the role played by different types of actors and institutions in shaping FLR outcomes is missing. This hinders the definition of an actor-cum-institutions research agenda for FLR, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Yet, in this region, different actors with diverse interests shape FLR practices. Likewise, formal and informal institutions are known to collide frequently. Hence, this paper addresses the lacunae by systematically reviewing FLR actors’ interests and power manifestations and the typologies of institutions linked to FLR outcomes in SSA. The review further defines future research agendas on actors and institutions in SSA. The following lessons can be drawn from the review of 75 peer-reviewed journal articles:First, while exogenous actors are interested more in the ecological benefits of FLR, endogenous actors are interested in economic ones.Second, exogenous actors mostly use (dis-)incentives and coercion to shape the behavior of endogenous actors in FLR.Finally, while the exogenous formal institutional typology produces positive and negative ecological, economic, political, and sociocultural FLR outcomes, the endogenous formal and informal institutions produce only positive outcomes. Future studies should identify actors’ compliance levels of the exogenous and endogenous formal and informal typologies of institutions. Future studies should also analyze the effectiveness of FLR-linked institutions towards ensuring successful FLR.
Gender representation at scientific congresses: focus on functional and female urology—a study from the EAU Young Academic Urologist Functional Urology Group
Authors: Hüsch Tanja , Osman Nadir I. , Herve François , Culha Mehmet G. , Vale Luís , Tienza Antonio , Tutolo Manuela , De Cillis Sabrina , Guillot-Tantay Cyrille , Phé Véronique ,   the EAU Young Academic Urologist Functional Group
Published: March 2023

Purpose

Female representation at scientific conferences is crucial for encouraging women pursuing an academic career. Nevertheless, gender inequity at urological conferences is common place and women are often stereotyped choosing functional urology. However, there is no evidence whether female representation is higher in functional urology. This investigations aims to analyze gender representation at functional urology sessions.

Methods

National and international urological congresses between 2019 and 2021 with a focus on functional urology and female urology sessions were evaluated. Congresses were categorized as national or international. Session type, topic, gender of chairs and speakers of the identified sessions were recorded. In addition, affiliation and medical specialty were collected for chairs.

Results

A total of 29 congresses were evaluated. Out of a total of 2893 chairs and speakers, 1034 (35.7%) were women and 1839 (63.6%) were men. This represents an overall gender gap of 27.9% for functional urology sessions. No significant differences in gender representation between national and international congresses could be identified (p = 0.076). When considering gender distribution of chairs, the gap was more pronounced by 35.5%. Furthermore, men were more likely to be invited to be a speaker in plenary and podiums sessions.

Conclusions

Gender inequality is present in functional urology sessions. There is a need for greater efforts to achieve gender equality. An important step to remedy the situation is the inclusion of women in scientific program committees. Furthermore, support by the leadership of urological societies and academic departments is essential to herald a lasting change in gender inequality.
Time-resolved determination of velocity fields on the example of a simple water channel flow, using a real-time capable FPGA-based camera platform
Authors: Steinmetz Tino , Schaeper Martin , Kleinwächter André , Otto Jonas , Richter Andreas , Poosch Ralf , Damaschke Nils
Published: March 2023

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have become a widely available computational resource for real-time image processing and can be used in time-critical optical process measurements. In this study, we investigate the applicability of the spatial filtering technique for time-resolved velocity field determination, on the example of a simple water tunnel flow. For this, the spatial filtering technique was implemented for a custom FPGA platform and analyzed regarding the effect of spatial and temporal resolution on the accuracy of the results. It was possible to prove the algorithm as suitable for velocity field estimation and identify algorithm parameters, which allow for increasing the accuracy of the results.

Graphical abstract
Residual low-frequency hearing after early device activation in cochlear implantation
Authors: Bruschke Stefanie , Baumann Uwe , Stöver Timo
Published: March 2023

Purpose

The cochlear implant (CI) is a standard treatment for patients with severe to profound hearing loss. In recent years, early device activation of the sound processor after 2–3 days following surgery has been established. The aim of this study is to evaluate the residual hearing of CI patients with substantial preoperative low-frequency hearing after early device activation over a period of 12 months.

Methods

Results were compared between an early fitted group (EF) with device activation to less than 15 days after CI surgery and a control group (CG) with device activation after 3–6 weeks. In total, 57 patients were divided into EF group (n = 32), and CG (n = 25). Low-frequency residual hearing and speech recognition in quiet and in noise were compared over an observation period of 12 months.

Results

No significant difference (p > 0.05) in the residual low-frequency hearing PTAlow between EF and CG was found, neither preoperatively (EF 33.2 dB HL/CG 35.0 dB HL), nor postoperatively (EF 46.8 dB HL/CG 46.2 dB HL). In both groups, postoperative residual hearing decreased compared to preoperative and remained stable within the first year after CI surgery. Furthermore, both groups showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in speech recognition in quiet and in noise within the first year.

Conclusion

Early device activation is feasible in CI patients with preoperative low-frequency residual hearing, without an additional effect on postoperative hearing preservation.