bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult‐onset tic disorder, motor stereotypies, and behavioural disturbance associated with antibasal ganglia antibodies
Authors: Edwards Mark J. , Dale Russell C. , Church Andrew J. , Trikouli Eleni , Quinn Niall P. , Lees Andrew J. , Giovannoni Gavin , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: April 2004

The onset of tics in adulthood is rare and, unlike the childhood variety, there is commonly a secondary environmental cause. We present four cases (1 man, 3 women) with an adult onset tic disorder (mean age of onset, 36 years; range, 27–42 years) associated with the presence of serum antibasal ganglia antibodies (ABGA). One patient had motor tics and unusual motor stereotypies, 2 had multiple motor and vocal tics, and the remaining patient had motor tics only. Concomitant psychiatric disturbance was noted in 3 cases. In 2 cases, there was a close temporal relationship between upper respiratory tract infection and the subsequent onset of tics. Imaging was possible in three cases and was normal in two but revealed a lesion involving the right caudate and lentiform nuclei in the other. We suggest that there might be a causal relationship between ABGA and the clinical syndrome in these cases and that ABGA should be considered as a possible etiology for adult‐onset tics. © 2004 Movement Disorder Society
Comparative studies of 3D‐constitutive models for concrete: application to mixed‐mode fracture
Authors: Pivonka P. , Ožbolt J. , Lackner R. , Mang H. A.
Published: April 2004

This paper focuses on the predictive capabilities of 3D‐constitutive models for concrete when used for the simulation of mixed‐mode fracture in consequence of shear‐tensile loading. For this purpose, two types of constitutive models are chosen. Models belonging to the first type such as the extended Leon model (ELM) and two multi‐surface models are formulated within the framework of plasticity theory. The ELM (J. Eng. Mech. (ASCE) 1994; 120: 1983–2011), a single‐surface model, accounts for the dependence of the concrete strength on the Lode angle. The first multi‐surface model consists of a tension‐cut‐off for the description of tensile cracking of concrete and a Drucker–Prager surface for the description of compressive failure. To improve the description of concrete cracking, in the second multi‐surface model the tension‐cut‐off function is replaced by three Rankine surfaces.

The second type of material models considered in the presented investigation is formulated on the basis of the microplane concept.

The performance of the material models is investigated on both the constitutive and the structural level. On the constitutive level, re‐analyses of Willam's test are performed. For the assessment of the model performance on the structural level, a double‐edge‐notched concrete specimen is investigated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for balance: Vietnamese NGOs operating in a state‐led civil society
Authors: Lux Steven J. , Straussman Jeffrey D.
Published: April 2004

Scholars and practitioners have tried to draw the link between the emergence and growth of non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) and civil society in developing and transitional societies. While the literature on the role of NGOs in development is extensive, there is very little attention to the evolution of NGOs in the few remaining communist countries, even though China and Vietnam also display the development of indigenous NGOs. Some of the major political and operational issues concerning the evolution of NGOs in developing countries, especially their relationship with the state and, more broadly, the evolution of civil society, are magnified in one‐party states. This article describes deeper cultural forces that predate both the colonial and communist periods in Vietnam that shaped the evolution of state‐led civil society during the latter part of the 20th century. We argue that the cultural factors outlined are not necessarily appreciated by western donor models of NGOs in development, especially state‐led formation of civil society. The article draws conclusions about the implications of our analysis for international donors who have an interest in facilitating the maturation of local NGOs in Vietnam. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State organisations as agencies: an identifiable and meaningful focus of research?
Authors: Thynne Ian
Published: April 2004

This article addresses the designation and study of state agencies as an important component of modern governance. It recognises that the recent interest in agencies has not been accompanied by any agreement on what actually constitutes an agency. In response, it distinguishes several types of organisations as possible candidates for agency status and thereafter classifies different applications of agencies in terms of these types. Two types are singled out for attention, with relevant lines of research being suggested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design of public agencies: overcoming agency costs and commitment problems
Authors: Yesilkagit Kutsal
Published: April 2004

This article focuses on problems of institutional design from a political perspective. It examines the problems of agentification using a principal–agent framework, and attempts to explain the choices made between problems of commitment and problems of agency. The fundamental problem addressed is the degree of autonomy possible within a broader framework of political control of policy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governmental autonomisation and control: the Norwegian way
Authors: Christensen Tom , Lægreid Per
Published: April 2004

This article examines the trade‐off between control and autonomy produced in Norway by the autonomisation, agencification and devolution resulting from a more active administrative reform policy over the past 15 years. It asks what balance exists between political control and managerial autonomy in practice, how stable it is and how political and administrative leaders view these issues in the light of their experience. It examines the broad implications of increased autonomisation as experienced by the administrative and political leadership. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic profiling of proteins decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma from patients infected with hepatitis C virus
Authors: Yokoyama Yuichiro , Kuramitsu Yasuhiro , Takashima Motonari , Iizuka Norio , Toda Toshifusa , Terai Shuji , Sakaida Isao , Oka Masaaki , Nakamura Kazuyuki , Okita Kiwamu
Published: April 2004

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of death in Japan. It has been suggested that hepatitis C virus (HCV) plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis, because of high incidence among the patients. To understand the mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis after HCV infection, we performed a comparative study on the protein profiles between tumorous and nontumorous specimens from the patients infected with HCV by means of two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Eleven spots were decreased in HCC tissues from over 50% of the patients. Eight proteins out of 11 spots were identified using peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry. These proteins were liver type aldolase, tropomyosin β‐chain, ketohexokinase, enoyl‐CoA hydratase, albumin, smoothelin, ferritin light chain, and arginase 1. The intensity of enoyl‐CoA hydratase, tropomyosin β‐chain, ketohexokinase, liver type aldolase, and arginase 1 was significantly different (p< 0.05). The decrease of 8 proteins was characteristic in HCC. We will discuss the implication of these proteins for the loss of function of hepatocytes and for the possibility of carcinogenesis of HCV‐related HCC.
A convenient method to extract matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry spectra from phosphate‐containing peptide mixtures
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Yu , Hsu Jue‐Liang , Morrice Nicholas A. , Wu Chin‐Jen , Chen Shu‐Hui
Published: April 2004

Here we report that the addition of HCl or HNO3 to the matrix at a limited concentration dramatically increases the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry spectrum of phosphate‐containing peptide mixtures such as those obtained from an immobilised metal affinity capture eluent or a phosphate‐containing tryptic digest. These improved spectra permitted both peptide identification and the determination of protein phosphorylation sites. In comparison to existing methods for removing salts, this method requires less sample manipulation and thus less sample loss is expected.
Industrial‐scale proteomics: From liters of plasma to chemically synthesized proteins
Authors: Rose Keith , Bougueleret Lydie , Baussant Thierry , Böhm Günter , Botti Paolo , Colinge Jacques , Cusin Isabelle , Gaertner Hubert , Gleizes Anne , Heller Manfred , Jimenez Silvia , Johnson Andrew , Kussmann Martin , Menin Laure , Menzel Christoph , Ranno Frederic , Rodriguez‐Tomé Patricia , Rogers John , Saudrais Cedric , Villain Matteo , Wetmore Diana , Bairoch Amos , Hochstrasser Denis
Published: April 2004

Human blood plasma is a useful source of proteins associated with both health and disease. Analysis of human blood plasma is a challenge due to the large number of peptides and proteins present and the very wide range of concentrations. In order to identify as many proteins as possible for subsequent comparative studies, we developed an industrial‐scale (2.5 liter) approach involving sample pooling for the analysis of smaller proteins (Mr generally < ca. 40 000 and some fragments of very large proteins). Plasma from healthy males was depleted of abundant proteins (albumin and IgG), then smaller proteins and polypeptides were separated into 12 960 fractions by chromatographic techniques. Analysis of proteins and polypeptides was performed by mass spectrometry prior to and after enzymatic digestion. Thousands of peptide identifications were made, permitting the identification of 502 different proteins and polypeptides from a single pool, 405 of which are listed here. The numbers refer to chromatographically separable polypeptide entities present prior to digestion. Combining results from studies with other plasma pools we have identified over 700 different proteins and polypeptides in plasma. Relatively low abundance proteins such as leptin and ghrelin and peptides such as bradykinin, all invisible to two‐dimensional gel technology, were clearly identified. Proteins of interest were synthesized by chemical methods for bioassays. We believe that this is the first time that the small proteins in human blood plasma have been separated and analyzed so extensively.
Annotation of post‐translational modifications in the Swiss‐Prot knowledge base
Authors: Farriol‐Mathis Nathalie , Garavelli John S. , Boeckmann Brigitte , Duvaud Séverine , Gasteiger Elisabeth , Gateau Alain , Veuthey Anne‐Lise , Bairoch Amos
Published: April 2004

High‐throughput proteomic studies produce a wealth of new information regarding post‐translational modifications (PTMs). The Swiss‐Prot knowledge base is faced with the challenge of including this information in a consistent and structured way, in order to facilitate easy retrieval and promote understanding by biologist expert users as well as computer programs. We are therefore standardizing the annotation of PTM features represented in Swiss‐Prot. Indeed, a controlled vocabulary has been associated with every described PTM. In this paper, we present the major update of the feature annotation, and, by showing a few examples, explain how the annotation is implemented and what it means. Mod‐Prot, a future companion database of Swiss‐Prot, devoted to the biological aspects of PTMs (i.e., general description of the process, identity of the modification enzyme(s), taxonomic range, mass modification) is briefly described. Finally we encourage once again the scientific community (i.e., both individual researchers and database maintainers) to interact with us, so that we can continuously enhance the quality and swiftness of our services.
N‐Terminal myristoylation predictions by ensembles of neural networks
Authors: Bologna Guido , Yvon Cédric , Duvaud Séverine , Veuthey Anne‐Lise
Published: April 2004

N‐terminal myristoylation is a post‐translational modification that causes the addition of a myristate to a glycine in the N‐terminal end of the amino acid chain. This work presents neural network (NN) models that learn to discriminate myristoylated and nonmyristoylated proteins. Ensembles of 25 NNs and decision trees were trained on 390 positive sequences and 327 negative sequences. Experiments showed that NN ensembles were more accurate than decision tree ensembles. Our NN predictor evaluated by the leave‐one‐out procedure, obtained a false positive error rate equal to 2.1%. That was better than the PROSITE pattern for myristoylation for which the false positive error rate was 22.3%. On a recent version of Swiss‐Prot (41.2), the NN ensemble predicted 876 myristoylated proteins, while 1150 proteins were predicted by the PROSITE pattern for myristoylation. Finally, compared to the well‐known NMT predictor, the NN predictor gave similar results. Our tool is available under http://www.expasy.org/tools/myristoylator/myristoylator.html.
Craze‐initiation kinetics in polystyrene
Authors: Tervoort T. A. , Govaert L. E.
Published: April 2004

In this study it is shown, for a commercial polystyrene grade, that the strain‐rate dependence of craze initiation is equivalent to that of yielding. This implies that the kinetics of craze initiation are determined by the nonlinear flow behavior, and that the actual cavitation process is governed by an additional, apparently rate‐independent, criterion. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2066–2073, 2004
The three‐phase structure and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Rastogi R. , Vellinga W. P. , Rastogi S. , Schick C. , Meijer H. E. H.
Published: April 2004

The relation between the mechanical properties and the microstructure of PET has been investigated, combining results from WAXS, SAXS, FTIR, DSC, and uniaxial compression tests. The rigid amorphous fraction in the PET was explicitly taken into consideration in interpreting structure–property relations. WAXS results prove that glass crystallized PET with a high volume fraction of rigid amorphous material and small crystal size, on uniaxial compression shows a considerable loss in crystalline fraction. FTIR results in combination with these WAXS results suggest that during this loss in crystallinity, short‐range conformational order is retained, while long‐range structural order is lost. At the same time, material with small crystals and a high amount of rigid amorphous material was found to show unexpectedly low yield stress. It is concluded that in the interpretation of these phenomena it is necessary to take the three‐phase structure of PET, including the rigid amorphous fraction into account. This is expected to hold for other semicrystalline polymers, where a rigid amorphous fraction is prominent, such as PHB, PBT, PEN, PEEK, etc. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2092–2106, 2004
Prostasomes are secreted from poorly differentiated cells of prostate cancer metastases
Authors: Sahlén Göran , Ahlander Anders , Frost Anders , Ronquist Gunnar , Norlén Bo Johan , Nilsson B. Ove
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

Prostasomes are small (40–500 nm), granule‐like bodies, found in normal epithelial cells of the prostate and secreted into the prostate duct system. Also poorly differentiated prostate cancer cells are producing prostasomes, since we could isolate and purify prostasomes from vertebral metastases with biochemical methods. To find out whether these prostasomes are secreted into extracellular sites of the metastases, we used electron microscopy.

METHODS

Small biopsies from vertebral metastases of prostate cancer, taken directly from the operating field at surgery, were immediately fixated, embedded in plastic and processed for electron microscopy.

RESULTS

We found that prostasomes could be identified extracellularly in the interstitial tissues as well as in the cytoplasm of the metastatic cells.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that prostasomes produced by the cells of vertebral metastases of prostate cancer are distributed both intracellularly and extracellularly in the interstitial spaces of the tissue. Thus, prostasomes of metastases could perhaps be exploited as targets for immunodiagnosis and/or immunotherapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The potential value of (Myo)fibroblastic stromal reaction in the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tomas Davor , Krušlin Božo
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

Reactive stromal changes that occur in different human cancers probably are involved in local tumor spreading. The aim of this study was to analyze changes of the stroma in prostatic carcinoma and to establish their possible diagnostic significance.

METHODS

For the definition of reactive stroma in prostate cancer Mallory trichrome method and immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin, α‐smooth muscle actin, and desmin were performed.

RESULTS

Compared with adjacent peritumoral tissue and stroma in benign prostatic hyperplasia, reactive stroma in prostate cancer showed increased vimentin expression, and decreased desmin expression (P < 0.05). Mallory method also showed more pronounced desmoplastic reaction in stroma of prostatic adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that a reactive stroma, which occurs in prostatic carcinoma, could be clearly shown by Mallory method and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. We suggest that Mallory trichrome method may be used as a helpful additional diagnostic tool in the diagnosis of suspicious cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incorporating psychological influences in probabilistic cost analysis
Authors: Kujawski Edouard , Alvaro Mariana L. , Edwards William R.
Published: April 2004

Today's typical probabilistic cost analysis assumes an “ideal” project that is devoid of the human and organizational considerations that heavily influence the success and cost of real‐world projects. In the real world “Money Allocated Is Money Spent” (MAIMS principle); cost underruns are rarely available to protect against cost overruns while task overruns are passed on to the total project cost. Realistic cost estimates therefore require a modified probabilistic cost analysis that simultaneously models the cost management strategy including budget allocation. Psychological influences such as overconfidence in assessing uncertainties, dependencies among cost elements, and risk are other important considerations that are generally not addressed. It should then be no surprise that actual project costs often exceed the initial estimates and are delivered late and/or with a reduced scope. This paper presents a practical probabilistic cost analysis model that incorporates recent findings in human behavior and judgment under uncertainty, dependencies among cost elements, the MAIMS principle, and project management practices. Uncertain cost elements are elicited from experts using the direct fractile assessment method and fitted with three‐parameter Weibull distributions. The full correlation matrix is specified in terms of two parameters that characterize correlations among cost elements in the same and in different subsystems. The analysis is readily implemented using standard Monte Carlo simulation tools such as @Risk and Crystal Ball®. The analysis of a representative design and engineering project substantiates that today's typical probabilistic cost analysis is likely to severely underestimate project cost for probability of success values of importance to contractors and procuring activities. The proposed approach provides a framework for developing a viable cost management strategy for allocating baseline budgets and contingencies. Given the scope and magnitude of the cost‐overrun problem, the benefits are likely to be significant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 000–000, 2004
Preventing human rights abuses in psychiatric establishments: the work of the CPT
Authors: Niveau G.
Published: April 2004

The mission of the European Committee for the prevention of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (CPT) is to visit all places where people are detained and deprived of their liberty by a public authority, in States which are signatories to the Convention. Within this context, the CPT has visited many closed psychiatric establishments. We have studied reports, which were made public concerning 78 psychiatric establishments visited by the CPT between 1990 and 2001. No act considered to be torture was reported by the CPT, but several cases of deliberate ill-treatment of patients are described. Many serious cases of dysfunction concerning staff, treatment, the use of seclusion and restraint as well as lack of adequate safeguards, were also noted by the CPT. The recommendations, comments and requests for information issued by the CPT are intended to promote the reform of these establishments in order to promote human rights, in the States visited. These recommendations as well as the CPT’s annual reports, serve as reference standards for psychiatric practice, which respect human rights.
Endogenous SHIP2 does not localize in lipid rafts in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Jacobs Christine , Onnockx Sheela , Vandenbroere Isabelle , Pirson Isabelle
Published: April 2004

SH2 domain containing inositol polyphosphate 5‐phosphatase (SHIP2) dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) into phosphatidylinositol 3,4‐bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). SHIP2 knock‐out mice demonstrated that SHIP2 acts as a negative regulator of insulin cascade in vivo. Our two‐hybrid study showed that SHIP2 interacts with c‐Cbl associated protein (CAP) and c‐Cbl, implicated in the insulin signaling. As some proteins implicated in insulin signaling, like insulin receptor, CAP, c‐Cbl or TC10, were reported to localize in lipid rafts, we addressed the same question for SHIP2. SHIP2 was detected in the non‐raft fraction in CHO‐IR, C2C12 myotubes and 3T3‐L1 adipocytes except when it is overexpressed in CHO‐IR, where we detected SHIP2 in the raft fraction.
Identification and characterization of a novel Rho GTPase activating protein implicated in receptor‐mediated endocytosis
Authors: Sakakibara Tomohiro , Nemoto Yasuo , Nukiwa Toshihiro , Takeshima Hiroshi
Published: April 2004

Cbl‐interacting protein of 85 kDa (CIN85) is a recently identified adaptor protein involved in the endocytic process of several receptor tyrosine kinases. Here we have identified a novel RhoGAP, IN85 ssociated ulti‐domain containing Rho1 (CAMGAP1) as a binding protein for CIN85. CAMGAP1 is composed of an Src homology 3 (SH3) domain, multiple WW domains, a proline‐rich region, a PH domain and a RhoGAP domain, and has the domain architecture similar to ARHGAP9 and ARHGAP12. CAMGAP1 mRNA is widely distributed in murine tissues. Biochemical assays showed its GAP activity toward Rac1 and Cdc42. Protein binding and expression studies indicated that the second SH3 domain of CIN85 binds to a proline‐rich region of CAMGAP1. Overexpression of a truncated form of CAMGAP1 interferes with the internalization of transferrin receptors, suggesting that CAMGAP1 may play a role in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis.
The steroid receptor RNA activator is the first functional RNA encoding a protein
Authors: Chooniedass-Kothari S. , Emberley E. , Hamedani M.K. , Troup S. , Wang X. , Czosnek A. , Hube F. , Mutawe M. , Watson P.H. , Leygue E.
Published: April 2004

The steroid receptor RNA activator (SRA) has previously been characterized as belonging to the growing family of functional non‐coding RNAs. However, we recently reported the Western blot detection of a putative endogenous SRA protein (SRAP) in breast cancer cells. Herein, we successfully suppressed the expression of this protein through specific RNA interference assay, unequivocally confirming its existence. Moreover, using database searches and Western blot analysis, we also showed that SRAP is highly conserved among chordata. Overall, our results suggest that SRA is the first example of a new class of functional RNAs also able to encode a protein.
BIRTH SEASONALITY IN THE OLD ORDER AMISH
Authors: GREKSA LAWRENCE P.
Published: April 2004

The Old Order Amish are a healthy and well-nourished natural fertility population, so that the timing of births is not influenced by behaviours to limit family size, undernutrition or disease. The present study examines the monthly distribution of 8160 births occurring between 1920 and 1991 in the Geauga Settlement in north-east Ohio, USA. The monthly distribution of births in the Geauga Settlement is bimodal, with a major peak extending from August to October, a minor peak in February, and a major trough from April to June. This pattern is almost identical to the pattern found in the US in 1943. The monthly distribution of first births appears to be influenced to some extent by a highly significant seasonal pattern of weddings. The pattern of births in the Old Order Amish is consistent with the hypothesis that the spring trough in US births is at least partially caused by a decrease in coital frequency and/or a decrease in fecundability as a result of hot summer temperatures but is not consistent with the hypothesis that the fall peak in US births is primarily due to an increase in coital frequency during the Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday seasons.
MARRIAGE AND CONTRACEPTION AMONG THE PARE OF NORTHERN TANZANIA
Authors: HOLLOS MARIDA , LARSEN ULLA
Published: April 2004

The purpose of the research reported here is to examine the connection between contraception and those aspects of a woman’s position that are related to her marriage. The research was conducted in two villages among the Pare of northern Tanzania where a shift from hoe cultivation as primary occupation to wage labour has brought about major changes in social relations. The major hypothesis is that a change from a ‘traditional’ marital union to a ‘companionate’ marriage is instrumental in the acceptance of contraception and in lowering fertility. The latter type of relationship between marital partners is related to the status of women. The research methodology consisted of a combination of an ethnographic study, demographic surveys and in-depth interviews. Findings show that approximately half of the women in this community ever used contraception. Of current users, a third are sterilized and half are using a modern reversible method. The determining factor for using modern reversible methods is the nature of the conjugal union.
A simple technique for the autocalibration of stereo systems using
the fundamental matrix
Authors: Acevedo Cristian , Guesalaga Andrés
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a method of autocalibrating a stereo system using the full parameterization of the fundamental matrix. The technique is an improvement of classical autocalibration methods that use corresponding points and it is aimed to reduce the number of processes required to achieve a satisfactory calibration. An analysis of the matching points used in the calibration process is carried out in order to select them based upon their quality or reliability. Using this technique, a significant reduction of the convergence errors in the calibration process is obtained.
Tumbling Tricks: Presentational Structure and ‘The Taming of the Shrew’
Authors: Soule Lesley Wade
Published: April 2004

Much interest has recently been shown in the contributions of the actor in the performance of Tudor comedy. Lesley Wade Soule's subject is the larger performative framework of such contributions. Focusing on the main action of The Taming of the Shrew, she finds revealing examples of the characteristic presentational structures found in Tudor comedy, including direct audience address, mimesis as a pretext for presentation, a ritual/project structure, the use of stage personae, and a concluding ceremony of celebration. Her essay describes the nature of these structural elements, and offers examples of their functions in the play's performance as bodied forth in the text. Lesley Wade Soule is Senior Lecturer in Drama at the University of Exeter, where she teaches directing and the staging of Shakespeare. She has written articles on performance in the medieval and Elizabethan theatres and is the author of Actor as Anti-Character: Dionysus, the Devil, and the Boy Rosalind (Greenwood Press, 2000).
Accumulation, Loss, and Deferral: Charles Campbell and Steve Epley's Site-Specific Performance ‘You Are Here’
Authors: Magelssen Scott
Published: April 2004

This essay is a reflection on the site-specific performance You are Here, created by Charles Campbell and Steve Epley on the roof of the University of Minnesota Tate Lab of Physics in May 2002. Scott Magelssen treats the production within the context of the previous site-specific work of Campbell and Epley, and their Minneapolis-based theatre company Skewed Visions, exploring the project's themes of knowledge-production and memory, the company's unique use of space, and the actor-object mode of performance. Scott Magelssen is Assistant Professor of Theatre Arts at Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, where he teaches theatre history and dramaturgy, advises the student-run experimental theatre group, and occasionally directs productions. His current research focuses on the performative and historiographic practices employed by outdoor ‘living history’ museums in Europe and the US.
Jean Genet: Utopian or Deconstructionist?
Authors: Lavery Carl
Published: April 2004

Report on the ‘Genet in Performance’ symposium held at the University of East Anglia on 17–18 October 2003
COMPARING BIRNBAUM IMPORTANCE MEASURE OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Authors: Meng Fan C.
Published: April 2004

This article provides us with some simple criteria to compare
Birnbaum reliability importance measure of components in a general
binary coherent system. Such criteria are particularly useful in the
absence of information concerning component reliabilities. We also find
several simple (necessary and sufficient) conditions concerning system
structure, under which such comparison is possible. Examples are given
to illustrate our results.
Melanopsin and non-melanopsin expressing retinal ganglion cells innervate the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: SOLLARS PATRICIA J. , SMERASKI CYNTHIA A. , KAUFMAN JESSICA D. , OGILVIE MALCOLM D. , PROVENCIO IGNACIO , PICKARD GARY E.
Published: April 2004

Retinal input to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes the SCN circadian oscillator to the external day/night cycle. Retinal ganglion cells that innervate the SCNviathe retinohypothalamic tract are intrinsically light sensitive and express melanopsin. In this study, we provide data indicating that not all SCN-projecting retinal ganglion cells express melanopsin. To determine the proportion of ganglion cells afferent to the SCN that express melanopsin, ganglion cells were labeled following transsynaptic retrograde transport of a recombinant of the Bartha strain of pseudorabies virus (PRV152) constructed to express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). PRV152 injected into the anterior chamber of the eye retrogradely infects four retinorecipient nuclei in the brainviaautonomic circuits to the eye, resulting in transneuronally labeled ganglion cells in the contralateral retina 96 h after intraocular infection. In animals with large bilateral lesions of the lateral geniculate body/optic tract, ganglion cells labeled with PRV152 are retrogradely infected from only the SCN. In these animals, most PRV152-infected ganglion cells were immunoreactive for melanopsin. However, a significant percentage (10–20%) of EGFP-labeled ganglion cells did not express melanopsin. These data suggest that in addition to the intrinsically light-sensitive melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells, conventional ganglion cells also innervate the SCN. Thus, it appears that the rod/cone system of photoreceptors may provide signals to the SCN circadian system independent of intrinsically light-sensitive melanopsin ganglion cells.
GHOSTS OF GHOSTS
Authors: Auerbach Nina
Published: April 2004

What hope of answer, or redress?

Behind the veil, behind the veil.     In Memoriam56, ll. 27–28
Kognitive Kontrolle der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität:
Authors: Sturm Walter
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung. Netzwerke zur kognitiven Kontrolle der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität regeln sowohl kurzfristig das Aktivierungs-(Alertness-)Niveau als auch die längerfristige Aufrechterhaltung dieses Aktivierungszustandes selbst in sehr monotonen Aufgabensituationen (Vigilanz). Funktionelle PET- oder fMRI-Bildgebungsstudien haben ein überwiegend rechtshemispärisches kortiko-subkortikales Netzwerk zur “top down“ Regulation der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität ergeben, welches sowohl die “intrinsische“ Alertness als auch die längerfristige Aufrechterhaltung der Aufmerksamkeit kontrolliert. Beteiligt sind sowohl der anteriore cinguläre als auch der dorsolaterale präfrontale und der inferiore parietale Kortex, welche über thalamische Kerne die vom Hirnstamm kommende Aktivierung regeln und “kanalisieren“. Diese Netzwerke scheinen supramodal zu sein und wurden bisher für visuelle und auditive sowie ansatzweise auch für somatosensorische Stimuli nachgewiesen. Die Regelung der Aufmerksamkeitsintensität ist auch Voraussetzung für eine energetische Versorgung komplexerer Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen wie Selektivität, räumliche Ausrichtung der Aufmerksamkeit und die Fähigkeit zur Aufmerksamkeitsteilung.
Die Zentrale Exekutive als präartikulatorische Kontrollinstanz
Authors: Hamm Silke , Junglas Karin , Bredenkamp Jürgen
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Spezifikation einer präartikulatorischen Kontrollinstanz bei der Sprachproduktion durch exekutive Prozesse im Sinne des Arbeitsgedächtnis-Modells von Baddeley (1997) . Der Kontrollprozess wird in Sprachproduktionsmodellen zur Korrektur intern entstandener Sprechfehler noch vor der Artikulation postuliert. In einem ersten Experiment wird innerhalb des Paradigmas des lexical bias effects ( Dell & Reich, 1981 ) geprüft, ob die Belastung der Zentralen Exekutive durch eine aufmerksamkeitsbeanspruchende Zweitaufgabe die Effizienz des internen Kontrollprozesses stört. Das zweite Experiment dient der Untersuchung der Frage, ob bei Patientinnen mit Anorexie die Zentrale Exekutive einen Beitrag leistet zur Kontrolle von Sprechfehlern bei problembezogenem Sprechmaterial. Beide Experimente bestätigen die präartikulatorische Kontrollfunktion der Zentralen Exekutive.
Direct radiative forcing of Saharan dust in the Mediterranean from measurements at Lampedusa Island and MISR space‐borne observations
Authors: Meloni D. , di Sarra A. , Di Iorio T. , Fiocco G.
Published: April 2004

Ground‐based observations were carried out at the island of Lampedusa, in the central Mediterranean, simultaneously to measurements of the Multiangle Imaging Spectro‐Radiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite, in 2 days of July 2002 (14 and 16) when Saharan dust was present. Ground‐based measurements include ultraviolet spectral irradiance; visible global and diffuse irradiances at several bands; aerosol optical depth in the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared; aerosol backscattering; and depolarization profiles. The aerosol optical depth at 500 nm was very similar on both days (0.23). Large, irregular particles were present in the atmospheric layers between 2 and 6 km on 14 July and between 1 and 5 km on 16 July. According to backward trajectories, the airmasses arriving at Lampedusa spent a large fraction of the previous days over central Sahara on 14 July, while passing over northern Africa on 16 July. The different trajectories influence the value of the Ångström exponent, depolarization, and backscattering produced by aerosols. A significant increase of the aerosol optical depth in the ultraviolet is observed, and is attributed to steep variations of the particles' refractive index. A radiative transfer model is used to reconstruct the observed radiative fluxes at the surface and the radiance at the satellite altitude, and to estimate the direct aerosol radiative forcing in the 290–800 nm and in the visible spectral range. The best agreement between measured and modeled radiative fluxes is found for values of the single scattering albedo of 0.96–0.97 (14 July) and 0.88–0.89 (16 July) and of the asymmetry parameter of 0.79–0.80 (14 July) and 0.81–0.82 (16 July), indicating that significantly different optical properties pertain to dust particles of different origin. The instantaneous direct radiative forcing per unit optical depth over the 400–700 nm spectral interval is −(39–79) W m−2 at the surface and −(5–20) W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. Although desert dust is the dominant aerosol type on both days, large differences, as large as a factor of 2 in the forcing efficiency at the surface and a factor of 3 at the top of the atmosphere, are found. Calculations were also performed to study the effect of nonspherical aerosol shapes by using different scattering phase functions, and comparing modeled and measured reflectivities at the nine observation angles of MISR. The different phase functions match the observed wavelength dependence of the aerosol optical depth and produce similar reflectance patterns for a scattering angle <150°. The effect of nonspherical particles becomes important mainly at scattering angles in the 150–180° interval. This effect should be taken into account in the derivation of radiation fluxes from satellite radiance measurements.
Stormtime observations of the flux of plasmaspheric ions to the dayside cusp/magnetopause
Authors: Foster J. C. , Coster A. J. , Erickson P. J. , Rich F. J. , Sandel B. R.
Published: April 2004

For the large geomagnetic disturbance on April 11, 2001, we combine data from the Millstone Hill radar, a network of GPS TEC receivers, and the DMSP F‐12 and IMAGE satellites, to estimate the sunward flux of thermal plasma associated with erosion of the outer plasmasphere/ionosphere in the dusk sector. Direct radar observations of the E×B advection of SED plasma determine a flux of >10E26 ions/s to the noontime cusp at F‐region heights. DMSP in situ observations provide a similar estimate. Assuming a dipolar magnetic field, we project our low‐altitude observations into the outer plasmasphere, obtaining a total sunward flux of >10E27 ions/s. High‐altitude IMAGE EUV observations of the plasmasphere drainage plume provides an estimate of 1.5 × 10E27 ions/s for the sunward flux. Such rates of sunward plasma transport are sufficient to deplete a 1‐Re shell of the outer plasmasphere in ∼1 hour.
An essential role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal development and control of quantal size
Authors: Wojcik S. M. , Rhee J. S. , Herzog E. , Sigler A. , Jahn R. , Takamori S. , Brose N. , Rosenmund C.
Published: April 2004

Quantal neurotransmitter release at excitatory synapses depends on glutamate import into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Of the three known transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are expressed prominently in the adult brain, but during the first two weeks of postnatal development, VGLUT2 expression predominates. Targeted deletion of VGLUT1 in mice causes lethality in the third postnatal week. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is drastically reduced in neurons from VGLUT1-deficient mice, with a specific reduction in quantal size. The remaining activity correlates with the expression of VGLUT2. This reduction in glutamatergic neurotransmission can be rescued and enhanced with overexpression of VGLUT1. These results show that the expression level of VGLUTs determines the amount of glutamate that is loaded into vesicles and released and thereby regulates the efficacy of neurotransmission.
Howard Florey and the development of penicillin
Authors: Harris H.
Published: April 2004

This article is an exact transcript of the Florey Centenary Lecture given at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, to mark the one-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Lord Florey, who led the group that introduced penicillin into clinical medicine. The Lecture was delivered on 29 September 1998.
Low linkage disequilibrium indicative of recombination in foot-and-mouth disease virus gene sequence alignments
Authors: Haydon Daniel T. , Bastos Armanda D. S. , Awadalla Philip
Published: April 2004

We have applied tests for detecting recombination to genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Our approach estimated summary statistics of linkage disequilibrium (LD), which are sensitive to recombination. Using the genealogical relationships, rate heterogeneity and mutation parameters estimated from individual sets of aligned gene sequences, we simulated matching RNA sequence datasets without recombination. These simulated datasets allowed for recurrent mutations at any site to mimic homoplasy in virus sequence data and allow construction of null distributions for LD parameters expected in the absence of recombination. We tested for recombination in two ways: by comparing LD in observed data with corresponding null distributions obtained from simulated data; and by testing for a negative relationship between observed LD between pairs of polymorphic nucleotide sites and inter-site distance. We applied these tests to six FMDV datasets from four serotypes and found some evidence for recombination in all of them.
Distinctive sequence characteristics of subgenotype A1 isolates of hepatitis B virus from South Africa
Authors: Kimbi Gerald C. , Kramvis Anna , Kew Michael C.
Published: April 2004

Phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has led to its classification into eight genotypes, A to H. The dominant genotype in South Africa is genotype A, which consists of two subgenotypes, A1 and A2. Subgenotype A1 (previously subgroup A′) predominates over subgenotype A2 (previously subgroup A minus A′). The complete genome of HBV isolated from 18 asymptomatic carriers of the virus and five acute hepatitis B patients was amplified; the resulting amplicons were cloned and sequenced. All acute hepatitis isolates belonged to subgenotype A1 and had no distinguishing mutations relative to the isolates from asymptomatic carriers, which had a distribution of ten subgenotype A1, two subgenotype A2 and six genotype D. The presence of the previously described amino acid residues that distinguish subgenotype A1 (subgroup A′) from the remainder of genotype A in the S and polymerase genes was confirmed. Moreover, the large number of subgenotype A1 isolates sequenced allowed identification in the other open reading frames of additional nucleotide and amino acid changes that are characteristic of subgenotype A1. In particular, nucleotide mutations at positions 1809–1812 that alter the Kozak sequence of the precore/core open reading frame, and A1888in the precore region, were found exclusively in subgenotype A1 isolates. Unique sequence alterations of the transcriptional regulatory elements were also found in subgenotype A1 isolates. The mean nucleotide divergence of subgenotype A1 was greater than that of subgenotype A2, suggesting that this subgenotype has been endemic for a longer time in the South African black population than had subgenotype A2.
Lack of the canonical pRB-binding domain in the E7 ORF of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas
Authors: Narechania Apurva , Terai Masanori , Chen Zigui , DeSalle Rob , Burk Robert D.
Published: April 2004

The L-X-C-X-E pRB-binding motif of papillomavirus (PV) E7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. However, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (BPV-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (BPV-5), equine papillomavirus (EQPV) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (RPV) supports the notion that the pRB-binding motif is not ubiquitous among E7 proteins in the PV proteome. Key among the animal groups that lack the pRB-binding domain are the artiodactyl PVs, including European elk PV (EEPV), deer PV (DPV), reindeer PV (RPV), ovine PVs types 1 and 2 (OvPV-1 and -2) and bovine PVs 1, 2 and 5 (BPV-1, -2 and -5). Whereas the presence of the pRB-binding domain is normally associated with papillomas, the artiodactyl PVs are marked by the development of fibropapillomas on infection. Previous studies emphasized the role of E5 in the pathogenic mechanism of fibropapilloma development, but correlation between the lack of an E7 pRB-binding domain and the unique pathology of the artiodactyl PVs suggests a more complicated mechanism and an early evolutionary divergence from a pRB-binding ancestor.
Polymorphisms in the prion precursor functional gene but not the pseudogene are associated with susceptibility to chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer
Authors: O'Rourke Katherine I. , Spraker Terry R. , Hamburg Linda K. , Besser Thomas E. , Brayton Kelly A. , Knowles Donald P.
Published: April 2004

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) status and PrP genotypes were determined for a group of 133 wild white-tailed deer in a 780 acre enclosure in western Nebraska, USA. Approximately half of the deer tested showed evidence of PrPdin the brainstem or lymphoid tissues. FourPRNPalleles encoding amino acid substitutions were identified, with substitutions at residues 95 (Q→H), 96 (G→S) or 116 (A→G), each with serine (S) at residue 138. In addition, a processed pseudogene with two alleles encoding five or six copies of the octapeptide repeat was identified in 26 % of the deer. Both alleles encoded asparagine (N) at residue 138. The functional gene alleles sorted into five major diploid genotypes and four rare genotypes. Although all five major diploid genotypes were found in deer with CWD, unaffected deer were less likely to have the allele QGAS and more likely to have QSAS compared with CWD-affected deer. Late-stage disease (PrPdin brainstem) was noted in deer less than 1 year of age, although no single genotype was associated with this rapid neuroinvasion. Early-stage disease (PrPddistribution limited to the lymphoid system) was observed in deer estimated to be more than 5 years old, suggesting that they were infected as adults or that the incubation time might be extremely long in some individuals. The pseudogene was found in deer of all majorPRNPgenotypes and was not correlated with CWD status. The large number of susceptible genotypes and the possibility of adult-to-adult transmission suggest that much of the white-tailed deer population may be at risk for disease following exposure to CWD, despite the association of specific genotypes with CWD noted here.
Expression of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family in various human tissues and cancer cells
Authors: Yi J.-M. , Kim H.-M. , Kim H.-S.
Published: April 2004

We examined the structural genes (gag, pol and env) of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV-W) family from 12 normal human tissues and 18 human cancer cell lines using RT-PCR. For the gag and pol genes, their expression patterns showed tissue or cell specificity, depending on the samples, whereas the env gene was expressed in all tissues and cancer cells examined. To identify active HERV-W elements in tissues and cancer cells, the RT-PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Ninety-five clones for the env gene, 55 clones for the pol gene and 17 clones for the gag gene of the HERV-W family were isolated from human tissues and sequenced, while 85 clones for the env gene, 61 clones for the pol gene and no clones for the gag gene of the HERV-W family were isolated and sequenced from cancer cells. Among these clones, 50 clones from tissues and 44 from cancer cells showed putative amino acids of the HERV-W env gene, while only two clones from cancer cells showed putative amino acids of the HERV-W pol gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that several clones identified previously from human monochromosomes had sister relationships with the clones from the different tissues and cancer cells. These data suggest that HERV-W elements are actively expressed in human tissues and cancer cells. These active HERV-W elements deserve further investigation as potential causative agents of various human diseases including cancers.