bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nature and Direction of Economic Reform in North Korea
Authors: Guo Sujian , Stradiotto Gary A.
Published: July 2007

In this article we critically examine the nature and direction of economic reform in North Korea. While North Korea began to experiment with reforms and a partial open-door policy in the mid-1980s, the most substantial attempt at economic restructuring occurred in July 2002. In these latest reforms, the government attempted to change the planned economic system through the introduction of price reforms, market and commodity relations, profit motivation and material incentives. However, scholars disagree on the nature and direction of economic restructuring. In order to analyze the state of economic transformation, we develop a conceptual framework of market socialism with a set of empirical indicators against which we examine the trends, direction and limitations of reforms. Our study strongly suggests that North Korea is moving away from the command economy towards a model of market socialism as practiced in China and Vietnam.
Mary Wollstonecraft on Politics and Friendship
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth
Published: July 2007

How, exactly, might friendship be relevant to politics? Friendship between political actors can be hypothesised to have specific effects; friendship between individuals in society can be hypothesised to have specific political outcomes; or friendship and politics can be understood to be conceptually connected. Mary Wollstonecraft makes friendship a central concept in her political theory of social justice and good government. This article analyses how politics and friendship are related in her texts, exploring her arguments that friendship in society is a condition of just government, but also suggesting that for Wollstonecraft friendship and citizenship are congruent with one another, and hence that the connection between politics and friendship is conceptual as well as causal.
AN ANGLO‐SAXON EXECUTION CEMETERY AT WALKINGTON WOLD, YORKSHIRE
Authors: BUCKBERRY J.L. , HADLEY D.M.
Published: July 2007

Summary.  This paper presents a re‐evaluation of a cemetery excavated over 30 years ago at Walkington Wold in east Yorkshire. The cemetery is characterized by careless burial on diverse alignments, and by the fact that most of the skeletons did not have associated crania. The cemetery has been variously described as being the result of an early post‐Roman massacre, as providing evidence for a ‘Celtic’ head cult or as an Anglo‐Saxon execution cemetery. In order to resolve the matter, radiocarbon dates were acquired and a re‐examination of the skeletal remains was undertaken. It was confirmed that the cemetery was an Anglo‐Saxon execution cemetery, the only known example from northern England, and the site is set into its wider context in the paper.
Migraine Headache and Obesity in Women Aged 40–74 Years: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Mattsson P
Published: July 2007

This study investigates the associations between obesity and migraine. A neurologist clinically assessed 684 women aged 40–74 years attending a population-based mammography screening programme. Body height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. The proportion of obesity did not differ between women with active migraine, women with inactive migraine or women who had never experienced migraine ( P = 0.96). The distribution of frequency, intensity, duration or severity of attacks did not differ between obese and non-obese women with migraine. In this study there were no significant associations between migraine or migraine characteristics on the one hand and obesity on the other.
Reference‐independent ERP old/new effects of auditory and visual word recognition memory: Joint extraction of stimulus‐ and response‐locked neuronal generator patterns
Authors: Kayser Jürgen , Tenke Craig E. , Gates Nathan A. , Bruder Gerard E.
Published: July 2007

To clarify polarity, topography, and time course of recognition memory ERP old/new effects during matched visual and auditory continuous word recognition tasks, unrestricted temporal PCA jointly analyzed stimulus‐ and response‐locked, reference‐free current source densities (31‐channel, N=40). Randomization tests provided unbiased statistics for complete factor topographies. Old/new left parietal source effects were complemented by lateral frontocentral sink effects in both modalities, overlapping modality‐specific P3 sources 160 ms preresponse. A mid‐frontal sink 45 ms postresponse terminated the frontoparietal generator pattern, showed old/new effects consistent with bilateral activation of anterior cingulate and SMA, and preceded similar activity extending posteriorly along the longitudinal fissure. These methods separated old/new stimulus source (preresponse) and response sink (postresponse) effects from motor and modality‐specific ERPs.
Motivated attention: Incentive effects on attentional modification of prepulse inhibition
Authors: Ashare Rebecca L. , Hawk Larry W. , Mazzullo Rebecca J.
Published: July 2007

Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is greater for attended compared to ignored prestimuli, and, consistent with theories of motivated attention, initial evidence suggests that this effect is greater among participants given performance‐based incentives. The present study examined a within‐subjects incentive manipulation. Participants (n=41) completed two blocks of a tone discrimination task. During the incentive block, participants received trialwise feedback with small monetary incentives for task performance. Startle eyeblink EMG responses to auditory probes were assessed at 60‐, 120‐, and 180‐ms tone‐probe stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). As predicted, PPI was enhanced during attended compared to ignored prestimuli only at the 120‐ms SOA in the incentive condition. There was no evidence of attentional modification in the no‐incentive condition. These data suggest that attentional modification of PPI is sensitive to within‐subjects manipulations of incentive, providing a useful tool for testing models of motivated attention in psychopathology and psychopharmacology.
Haemorheological disturbances in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients – influence of antihypertensive therapy
Authors: Kearney‐Schwartz Anna , Virion Jean‐Marc , Stoltz Jean‐François , Drouin Pierre , Zannad Faiez
Published: July 2007

Haemorheological changes have been described in hypertension as well as in diabetes mellitus. Antihypertensive treatment improves rheology in hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to describe the haemorheological profile and its impact on shear stress in hypertensive type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (HT + DM) and to investigate the effect of antihypertensive therapy on blood rheology using a double‐blind randomized protocol, comparing the calcium antagonist amlodipine with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril. A total of 144 patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes (64 of transversal study and 80 of randomized clinical trial) were compared with 92 controls belonging to a transversal study. Secondarily, in a separate analysis, therapeutic effects of calcium antagonist amlodipine and ACE inhibitor enalapril were compared in a longitudinal, randomized trial in the patients. We assessed whole‐blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, partial and total disaggregation times, haematocrit and fibrinogen. Radial artery systolic flow velocity was measured by pulsed Doppler. Shear stress was calculated as the product of flow velocity × whole‐blood viscosity. Compared with controls, patients had significantly higher whole‐blood viscosity for all shear rates (P < 0.001) as well as higher arterial diameter and systolic blood flow velocity (2.8 ± 0.3 vs. 2.6 ± 0.3 mm,P < 0.001; and 50.8 ± 11.6 vs. 45.6 ± 9.8 cm/s,P = 0.01, respectively). Whole‐blood viscosity at shear rateγ = 128/s tended to increase with amlodipine (+1.13%) and decrease with enalapril (−2.47%) (P = 0.028 for inter‐group difference). In hypertensive diabetic patients, hyperviscosity contributes to increased shear stress. Haemorheological disturbances in these patients are not significantly influenced by blood pressure lowering with antihypertensive therapy by ACE inhibitor enalapril or calcium antagonist amlodipine. Other factors potentially contributing to rheology and arterial changes may be more critical in HT + DM patients and need further investigation.
Increased risk for major depression associated with the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter region (5‐HTTLPR‐S) and the CYP2C9*3 allele
Authors: Dorado P. , Peñas‐LLedó E.M. , González A.P. , Cáceres M.C. , Cobaleda J. , LLerena A.
Published: July 2007

In the present study, we aimed to analyze the potential relevance of the polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (SERT or 5‐HTT) gene (5‐HTTLPR) and the risk of suffering major depression (MDD) in a population of patients previously genotyped for CYP2C9. Seventy white European psychiatric outpatients suffering from MDD and a group of 142 healthy volunteers (HVs) were studied. The frequency of subjects carrying the 5‐HTTLPR‐S allele was higher (P < 0.05) among MDD than in HV. The odds ratio associated with 5‐HTTLPR‐S allele was 2.03 for the MDD patients in comparison with the HV group. Previously, we found in this population that the CYP2C9*3 allele frequency was higher among this population of MDD patients than in HV. The frequency of subjects with the combination 5‐HTTLPR‐S and CYP2C9*3 alleles was higher (P < 0.01, odds ratio 3.47) in MDD than in HV. The present findings provide preliminary evidence about the greater risk of suffering MDD for individuals carrying both 5‐HTTLPR‐S and CYP2C9*3 alleles.
Tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics: influence of adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) and cytochrome (CYP) 3A polymorphisms
Authors: Op den Buijsch Robert A.M. , Christiaans Maarten H.L. , Stolk Leo M.L. , De Vries Johan E. , Cheung Chi Yuen , Undre Nas A. , Van Hooff Johannes P. , Van Dieijen‐Visser Marja P. , Bekers Otto
Published: July 2007

Tacrolimus, an immunosuppressant used after organ transplantation, has a narrow therapeutic range and its pharmacokinetic variability complicates its daily dose assessment. P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), encoded by the adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette B1 (ABCB1) and the cytochrome (CYP) 3A4 and 3A5 enzymes appears to play a role in the tacrolimus metabolism. In the present study, two different renal transplant recipient groups were used to examine the influence of ABCB1 and CYP3A polymorphisms on the daily tacrolimus dose and several pharmacokinetic parameters. In total 63 Caucasian renal transplant recipients divided into 26 early [median (range) of the days since transplantation – 16 (3–74)] and 37 late [median (range) of the days since transplantation – 1465 (453–4128)] post‐transplant recipients were genotyped for ABCB1 and CYP3A polymorphisms. The pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus were determined for all renal transplant recipients and correlated with their corresponding genotypes. A significant difference in allele frequencies of the CYP3A4*1B (P = 0.028) and CYP3A5*1 (P = 0.022) alleles was observed between the early and late post‐transplant recipient groups. Significantly higher dose‐normalized trough levels (dnC0), dose‐normalized area under the curve (dnAUC0−12), and dose‐normalized maximum concentration (dnCmax) were observed for carriers of the CYP3A5*3 variant allele in both renal transplant patient groups. Except for the daily tacrolimus dose (P = 0.025) no significant differences were observed for carriers of the CYP3A4*1B variant allele. Neither the individual ABCB1 polymorphisms nor the ABCB1 haplotypes were associated with any pharmacokinetic parameter. We noticed that patients carrying a CYP3A5*1 allele require a twofold higher tacrolimus dose compared with homozygous carriers of the CYP3A5*3 variant allele to maintain the target dnAUC0−12. Therefore, genotyping for the CYP3A5*3 variant allele can contribute to a better and more individualized immunosuppressive therapy in transplant patients.
Remodeling chromatin for senescence
Authors: Adams Peter D.
Published: July 2007

Cellular senescence is an irreversible proliferation arrest that contributes to tumor suppression and, perhaps, tissue aging. Senescence is frequently accompanied by an increase in nuclear heterochromatin, which is thought to promote proliferation arrest. In this issue, Medrano and co‐workers describe new insights into the protein complexes that regulate these changes in chromatin structure.
Research on mitochondria and aging, 2006–2007
Authors: Lambert Adrian J. , Brand Martin D.
Published: July 2007

This review focuses on some of the ‘hot topics’ that fall under the general heading ‘mitochondria and aging’. For each selected topic, we highlight recent publications that have either addressed specific problems within the field or presented novel findings of interest regarding the links between mitochondria and aging. These include studies on the structure of complex I and the mechanisms of superoxide production by this complex; work showing a novel site of hydrogen peroxide production within mitochondria that is modulated by caloric restriction; explorations of the relationship between the rate of evolution of mitochondrial DNA and lifespan; a demonstration that mitochondrial DNA mutations do not limit lifespan in mice; and investigations of the effects of mitochondrial fission on aging. We also list other relevant articles of interest and suggest some key challenges for the field in the near future.
Parental Beliefs and Children's Receipt of Preventive Care: Another Piece of the Puzzle?
Authors: Hughes Suzanne C. , Wingard Deborah L.
Published: July 2007

Objective. To examine whether parental beliefs about routine checkups are associated with children's receipt of timely preventive care.

Data Sources. The 2001 United Way Outcomes and Community Impact Program telephone survey of San Diego County, including 918 households with children between 3 and 19 years of age, where the respondent was the parent.

Study Design. Cross‐sectional analyses examined the relationship between parental beliefs and children's receipt of routine checkups in the past year, using the expanded behavioral model of health services utilization.

Results. Approximately 81 percent of children received routine visits as recommended during the prior year. Parents' beliefs about the timing of routine checkups were strongly associated with their children's receipt of recommended routine care, after controlling for important covariates (odds ratio=2.85, 95 percent confidence interval=1.7–4.8). Other significant factors included the parent's educational level, whether the child had a regular source of care, and whether the child was sick in the past year.

Conclusions. Multiple factors, including parental beliefs, influence whether children receive recommended routine care. Understanding the role of these factors may help explain why even insured children do not receive preventive health care as recommended, and can be used to target children most likely to lack regular preventive care.
Accounting Standards, Implementation Guidance, and Example‐Based Reasoning
Authors: CLOR‐PROELL SHANA , NELSON MARK W.
Published: July 2007

This paper examines interpretation of accounting standards that provide implementation guidance via affirmative or counter examples. Based on prior psychology research, we predict that practitioners engage in “example‐based reasoning” such that they are more likely to conclude that their case qualifies for the same treatment as the example. We test our predictions in two experiments in which participants judge the appropriateness of income‐statement recognition. Experiment 1 uses Masters of Business Administration (MBA) students and varies example type (affirmative, counter) and case (revenue recognition, expense recognition) in a 2 × 2 design. Experiment 1 supports our predictions. Experiment 2 uses more experienced practitioners, and varies example type (affirmative, counter, both) in a 1 × 3 design. Experiment 2 supports the use of example‐based reasoning, and indicates that practitioners in the “both” condition respond as if they had only received an affirmative example. These results have implications for understanding how guidance that accompanies accounting standards can result in aggressive or conservative application of standards.
Knowledge Attitudes and Practice toward Epilepsy among Adults in BaVi, Vietnam: First Report from the Population‐Based EPIBAVI Study
Authors: Tuan Nguyen Anh , Cuong Le Quang , Allebeck Peter , Chuc Nguyen Thi Kim , Tomson Torbjorn
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Purpose: We conducted a survey to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward epilepsy in a population‐based study in a rural district of Vietnam.

Methods: We utilized an established knowledge‐attitudes‐practice questionnaire. This was applied by trained surveyors in face‐to‐face interviews of 2005 randomly selected adult residents (19–71 years of age) of the BaVi district, 60 km west of Hanoi.

Results: Of the respondents, 67.0% had heard about epilepsy, 52.1% had known someone with seizures, and 49.3% had witnessed seizures. In total, 36.3% would object to their children playing with someone with seizures and 82.0% to their children marrying someone with epilepsy. Only 32.6% thought that epilepsy patients should be employed in a job as other people, while 10% thought that epilepsy was a form of insanity. Familiarity with epilepsy, having heard of epilepsy, known someone with epilepsy, or having seen seizures was associated with less negative attitudes. About half of the respondents (50.4%) thought epilepsy was caused by a brain disease and 80.1% would suggest consultation of a medical doctor for epilepsy.

Conclusions: Knowledge of epilepsy among Vietnamese people is still limited compared to some Western countries and the attitudes more negative. Our findings indicated more negative attitudes than in another recent survey from Vietnam. This may be due to differences in sociodemographic characteristics and educational level of the study populations. The discrepancies demonstrate the importance of selection of study population and the need for caution in generalizing from results of surveys.
Palinacousis—Auditory Perseveration: Two Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Di Dio Adam S. , Fields Madeline C. , Rowan A. James
Published: July 2007

Summary:  Palinacousis is an auditory illusion rarely reported in cases of temporal lobe dysfunction. Detailed observations where made by Jacobs et al. in 1973. Since that time, only a few other cases have been described in the literature. After reviewing the literature and comparing our clinical experience, we believe that palinacousis can occur as an aura, a simple partial seizure, a complex partial seizure, and/or a postictal event. Within one academic year, we observed two patients who experienced palinacousis. Palinacousis maybe more common than recognized in patients with receptive aphasias or diffuse cerebral dysfunction, whose language deficits preclude adequate description. It is important to differentiate palinacousis from auditory hallucinations seen in psychotic and psychiatric patients. Identification of palinacousis as an aura, simple partial seizure, complex partial seizure, and/or postictal phenomenon can help localize potential lesions and improve patient care.
Clinical Evaluation of Ganaxolone in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Refractory Epilepsy
Authors: Pieribone Vincent A. , Tsai Julia , Soufflet Christine , Rey Elisabeth , Shaw Ken , Giller Earl , Dulac Olivier
Published: July 2007

Summary: Purpose:A pilot study of the safety, tolerability, dose range and potential efficacy of ganaxolone for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in pediatric and adolescent subjects.

Methods:We report the results of a nonrandomized, nonblinded, open‐label, dose‐escalation trial of ganaxolone in pediatric subjects (5–15 years) suffering from refractory epilepsy. Subjects received an oral suspension of ganaxolone in a 1:1 complex with β‐cyclodextrin in a dose escalation (1 mg/kg, b.i.d. to 12 mg/kg t.i.d.) schedule over 16 days. This was followed by a maintenance period for 8 weeks. Subjects that showed significant response were eligible for a compassionate use extension period.

Results:Fifteen subjects enrolled, eight completed the trial and three continued in the open‐label compassionate‐use extension period. All subject exhibited refractory partial or generalized epilepsy. In an intent‐to‐treat analysis, four (25%) were considered substantial responders (≥50% reduction in seizure frequency), two (13%) were considered moderate responders (between 25 and 50% reduction in seizure frequency) and the remainder were considered nonresponders (<24% reduction). Three subjects entered the extension phase, one remained essentially seizure‐free for over 3.5 years of ganaxolone administration. Ganaxolone was tolerated well. A total of 17 adverse events were reported in 10 patients, all were considered mild to moderate in severity. Somnolence was the most frequently (nine) reported adverse event.

Conclusions:This pilot study is consistent with other clinical studies indicating that ganaxolone has anticonvulsant activity in humans. The results of this study encourage the further study of ganaxolone as an antiepileptic therapy.
Choosing What to Protect
Authors: Bier Vicki M.
Published: July 2007

We study a strategic model in which a defender must allocate defensive resources to a collection of locations, and an attacker must choose a location to attack. The defender does not know the attacker's preferences, while the attacker observes the defender's resource allocation. The defender's problem gives rise to negative externalities, in the sense that increasing the resources allocated to one location increases the likelihood of an attack at other locations. In equilibrium, the defender exploits these externalities to manipulate the attacker's behavior, sometimes optimally leaving a location undefended, and sometimes preferring a higher vulnerability at a particular location even if a lower risk could be achieved at zero cost. Key results of our model are as follows: (1) the defender prefers to allocate resources in a centralized (rather than decentralized) manner; (2) as the number of locations to be defended grows, the defender can cost effectively reduce the probability of a successful attack only if the number of valuable targets is bounded; (3) the optimal allocation of resources can be nonmonotonic in the relative value of the attacker's outside option; and (4) the defender prefers his or her defensive allocation to be public rather than secret.
Business Interruption Impacts of a Terrorist Attack on the Electric Power System of Los Angeles: Customer Resilience to a Total Blackout
Authors: Rose Adam , Oladosu Gbadebo , Liao Shu‐Yi
Published: July 2007

Regional economies are highly dependent on electricity, thus making their power supply systems attractive terrorist targets. We estimate the largest category of economic losses from electricity outages—business interruption—in the context of a total blackout of electricity in Los Angeles. We advance the state of the art in the estimation of the two factors that strongly influence the losses: indirect effects and resilience. The results indicate that indirect effects in the context of general equilibrium analysis are moderate in size. The stronger factor, and one that pushes in the opposite direction, is resilience. Our analysis indicates that electricity customers have the ability to mute the potential shock to their business operations by as much as 86%. Moreover, market resilience lowers the losses, in part through the dampening of general equilibrium effects.
Understanding Consumer Confidence in the Safety of Food: Its Two‐Dimensional Structure and Determinants
Authors: De Jonge Janneke , Van Trijp Hans , Jan Renes Reint , Frewer Lynn
Published: July 2007

Understanding of the determinants of consumer confidence in the safety of food is important if effective risk management and communication are to be developed. In the research reported here, we attempt to understand the roles of consumer trust in actors in the food chain and regulators, consumer recall of food safety incidents, consumer perceptions regarding the safety of particular product groups, personality characteristics, and sociodemographics, as potential determinants of consumer confidence in the safety of food. Consumer confidence in the safety of food was conceptualized as consisting of two distinct dimensions, namely, “optimism” and “pessimism.” On the basis of a representative sample of 657 Dutch consumers, structural equation modeling was applied to simultaneously estimate the effect of the determinants on both “optimism” and “pessimism.” The results indicated that, to a considerable extent, both optimism and pessimism about the safety of food arise from consumer trust in regulators and actors in the food chain and the perceived safety of meat and fish rather than other product categories. In addition, support was found for the notion that optimism and pessimism are conceptually distinct, as these dimensions of confidence were partly influenced by different determinants. The results of this study imply that consumer confidence in the safety of food could be enhanced by improving both consumer trust in societal actors, and consumer safety perceptions of particular product groups.
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in French Cold‐Smoked Salmon: I. Quantitative Exposure Assessment
Authors: Pouillot Régis , Miconnet Nicolas , Afchain Anne‐Laure , Delignette‐Muller Marie Laure , Beaufort Annie , Rosso Laurent , Denis Jean‐Baptiste , Cornu Marie
Published: July 2007

A quantitative assessment of the exposure to Listeria monocytogenes from cold‐smoked salmon (CSS) consumption in France is developed. The general framework is a second‐order (or two‐dimensional) Monte Carlo simulation, which characterizes the uncertainty and variability of the exposure estimate. The model takes into account the competitive bacterial growth between L. monocytogenes and the background competitive flora from the end of the production line to the consumer phase. An original algorithm is proposed to integrate this growth in conditions of varying temperature. As part of a more general project led by the French Food Safety Agency (Afssa), specific data were acquired and modeled for this quantitative exposure assessment model, particularly time‐temperature profiles, prevalence data, and contamination‐level data. The sensitivity analysis points out the main influence of the mean temperature in household refrigerators and the prevalence of contaminated CSS on the exposure level. The outputs of this model can be used as inputs for further risk assessment.
Risk and the Media: A Comparison of Print and Televised News Stories of a Canadian Drinking Water Risk Event
Authors: Driedger S. Michelle
Published: July 2007

This article explores the utility of using media analyses as a method for risk researchers to gain an initial understanding of how the public may perceive a risk issue or event based on how it is presented and communicated in news media stories. In the area of risk research, newspapers consistently provide coverage of both acute and chronic risk events, whereas televised news broadcasts report primarily acute risk events. There is no consensus in the literature about which news format (print vs. televised) may be better to study public conceptualizations of risk, or if one format (e.g., print) may be used as a surrogate measure for another format (e.g., televised). This study compares Canadian national televised and newspaper coverage of the same risk event: the E. coli contamination of a public drinking water supply. Using a content analysis, this study empirically demonstrates the overall similarity in story content coverage in both televised and print coverage, noting that televised coverage promotes primarily emotional story themes while print coverage tends to also include coverage of analysis and process. On this basis, the research draws two conclusions: 1) given its more comprehensive coverage, newspaper broadsheets may provide a better measure of media coverage of a risk event than televised coverage (if only one format can be studied); and 2) when the risk area of interest is chronic, and/or if the scale of analysis is at a community/local level (i.e., when it is unlikely that archived televised coverage is available), then a researcher may find the print media to be a more useful format to study.
Bi2O3 Vaporization in Microwave‐Sintered ZnO Varistors
Authors: Cong Lin , Zheng Xu , Hu Peng , Dan‐feng Sun
Published: July 2007

Vaporization of Bi2O3 in microwave‐sintered ZnO varistors is discussed in this study. The Bi2O3 vaporization of ZnO varistors sintered by a conventional electric furnace is also studied for comparison. The results show that the Bi2O3 vaporization in microwave‐sintered ZnO varistors is more homogenous from the surface to the inside of the sample, which results from the special thermal gradient inside the microwave‐sintered samples, and we also find out that the Bi2O3 vaporization directly affects the electrical properties of ZnO varistors. Microwave‐sintered samples exhibit more excellent electrical properties than the conventional ones because the homogenous Bi2O3 vaporization leads to more uniform microstructures.
Role Effects in Negotiation: The One‐Down Phenomenon
Authors: Donohue William A. , Taylor Paul J.
Published: July 2007

Role is a concept that underlies most studies of human behavior in negotiation as subjects take on the roles of buyers and sellers or labor and management contract bargainers, for example Naturalistic studies also focus on such roles as teacher and administrator contract bargainers, hostage takers and hostage negotiators, Palestinian and Israeli peace negotiators, and husbands and wives in divorce mediations. This article examines these role effects and finds consistent patterns across both experimental and naturalistic contexts. Specifically, a “one‐down effect” emerges when individuals in lower power roles assume more aggressive negotiation strategies that are significantly less effective in achieving desired outcomes. The article concludes by identifying the theoretical frameworks that might explain these role differences.
Teaching Students to Shape the Game: Negotiation Architecture and the Design of Manageably Dynamic Simulations
Authors: Watkins Michael D.
Published: July 2007

Although important work is being done in the emerging field of negotiation architecture and “shaping the game,” little of it has found its way into the classroom. Simulation exercises are among the most powerful pedagogical tools available to negotiation educators, but most existing exercises have static architectures in the form of fixed parties, issues, and interests. This article summarizes existing research on negotiation design and proposes a framework for designing “manageably dynamic” exercises that can be used to teach key game‐shaping concepts. The framework is illustrated through an in‐depth discussion of an exercise based on the negotiations to end the civil war in El Salvador.
Early‐mid treatment C‐reactive protein level is a prognostic factor in aggressive non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Herishanu Yair , Perry Chava , Braunstein Rony , Metser Ur , Goor Odelia , Rogowski Ori , Berliner Shlomo , Polliack Aaron , Naparstek Elizabeth
Published: July 2007

Background:  In the light of an emerging role for early‐mid treatment 18 F‐deoxyfluoroglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) as an important prognostic indicator in aggressive non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) , we attempted to determine whether a simple parameter, such as the early‐mid treatment CRP (C‐reactive protein) level, could also be utilized as a significant prognostic factor in aggressive NHL.

Patients and methods:  Serum CRP levels were monitored in 55 patients with aggressive NHL. The lowest value of the early mid‐term CRP levels recorded was compared with the interim PET‐CT results, as well as with the clinical course and eventual outcome.

Results:  During chemotherapy, the lowest value of early‐mid treatment CRP levels significantly predicted the results of the interim FDG‐PET (P = 0.04 with an odds ratio of 1.13). Patients who did not achieve an early‐mid treatment CRP level of <5 mg/L, had a shorter time to disease progression or relapse (P = 0.001) as well as a reduced overall survival (OS) (P = 0.016).

Conclusions:  The early‐mid treatment serum CRP level is a prognostic factor in aggressive NHL. Patients who do not achieve an early‐mid treatment level of <5 mg/L have quicker disease progression or earlier relapse and also appear to have an inferior OS.
A Complementary Friendship. A Psychological Interpretation of James Joyce's Exiles
Authors: Van Stralen Hans
Published: July 2007

The psychological interpretation of James Joyce's play Exiles has so far focused mainly on the possible homosexual relationship between Richard Rowan and Robert Hand. Reference was thereby made to Freudian models and to autobiographical information of the author. It is remarkable that Freud's theory of the ‘Geschädigte Dritte’ and the ‘Dirnenliebe’ were not used in these interpretations. This is about the desire of certain men to be cuckolded by their wives. This model may well be applied to the relationship between the two men concerned, who, after all, need each other in a complementary way. Richard wants to lose his wife Bertha to his friend, the womanizer Robert. Within the male world, the above‐mentioned Bertha functions as a sort of object of exchange, a situation that has been strikingly mapped by the psychologist Luce Irigaray.1
Expression of p21 and p53 in rat gingival and human oral epithelial cells after cyclosporine A treatment
Authors: Tu H.‐P. , Fu E. , Chen Y.‐T. , Wu M.‐H. , Cheng L.‐C. , Yang S.‐F.
Published: July 2007

Background and Objective:  Expression of p21 and p53 were examined, at gene and protein levels, in edentulous gingival epithelial cells from rats and from a human oral epidermoid carcinoma cell line, OECM1, after cyclosporine A therapy.

Material and Methods:  In vivo: 20 partially edentulous SD rats were assigned into cyclosporine A feeding and control groups. After the rats were killed, p21 and p53 in gingiva were evaluated by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In vitro: after cyclosporine A treatment, p21 and p53 of OECM1 cells were evaluated by western blot and the luciferase assay. The distribution of OECM1 cells in each phase of the cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry.

Results:  The mRNA expression of p21 was significantly higher in the cyclosporine A group than in the control group. A greater number of positive anti‐p21‐stained cells were observed in the gingival epithelium of the cyclosporine A group than in the control group. Significantly higher levels of p21 protein and activity were observed in OECM1 cells after cyclosporine A treatment than in cells without treatment. A relative increase of cells in G0/G1 phases, and a decrease of cells in G2/M phases, were observed in OECM1 cells after cyclosporine A treatment.

Conclusion:  In the present study, higher p21 mRNA and protein expressions were observed after cyclosporine A treatment. Thus, an up‐regulation of p21 expression, via a p53‐independent pathway, by cyclosporine A in gingival and oral epithelial cells was suggested.
Restoration of an Anterior Edentulous Space with a Unique Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Composite Removable Partial Denture: A Case Report
Authors: AKIN HAKAN , TURGUT MEHMET , COSKUN M. EMRE
Published: July 2007

The loss of anterior teeth can be hurtful to the patient both psychologically and socially. In adolescent patients, temporary replacement of the teeth can minimize these concerns. Many approaches have been described for this temporary replacement. This article presents an alternative approach for the oral rehabilitation of the preadolescent male who has edentulous space including sutura palatina media in the anterior maxilla. High expectations regarding esthetics by the patient were successfully met by utilizing a glass fiber‐reinforced composite temporary removable partial denture. The restorations remained intact, with no discoloration or deterioration at the 16‐month recall.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

As growth and development of the jaws continue in the preadolescent patient, a glass fiber‐ reinforced composite temporary removable partial denture can be an esthetic and conservative option for replacement of missing anterior teeth.
DENTAL CEMENTS
Authors: Walter Ricardo , Swift Edward J.
Published: July 2007

Selection of the appropriate dental cement when delivering an indirect restoration is vital to the success of the treatment. This task has become a challenge, considering the different types of luting agents available and the increasing number of different restorative options. This Critical Appraisal presents some of the choices of dental cements available for cementation of indirect restorations, with their respective clinical indications.
Between Then and Now: Modern Book History
Authors: Longworth Kate
Published: July 2007

This paper introduces aLiterature Compasscluster on Modern Book History. The full cluster is made up of the following articles:

‘Between Then and Now: Modern Book History’, Kate Longworth,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00474.x.

‘Ezra Pound'sCantos: A Compact History of Twentieth‐Century Authorship, Publishing and Editing’, Mark Byron,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00475.x.

‘ “The Making of the Book”: Roy Fisher, the Circle Press and the Poetics of Book Art’, Matthew Sperling,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00476.x.

‘Bakhtinian “Journalization” and the Mid‐Victorian Literary Marketplace’, Dallas Liddle,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00477.x.

‘Manuscript in Print: The Materiality of Alternative Comics’, Emma Tinker,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00478.x.

‘Lost in a World of Books: Reading and Identity in Pre‐War Japan’, Susan C. Townsend,Literature Compass4 (2007), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2007.00479.x.
Death and Nostalgia: The Future of Beowulf in the Post‐National Discipline of English
Authors: Momma Haruko , Powell Michael
Published: July 2007

This co‐authored essay considers the past and future of Beowulf studies in the form of a dialogue between Historia and Poesis, two allegorical figures used by J. R. R. Tolkien in his lecture ‘Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics’. Historia explains how Beowulf studies emerged in the early nineteenth century through the work of John Mitchell Kemble and other philologists who sought the origin of the English nation in its heroic past. Poesis contends that the future of Beowulf studies is best served by the discipline of English, long the host of poetry and its potential for self‐discovery. Both agree that Beowulf will continue to appeal to readers even in the post‐national era because of the nostalgia the poem evokes, be it a yearning for the past or the mourning of a lost home or the death of a culture.
Do Women with Female Ejaculation Have Detrusor Overactivity?
Authors: Cartwright Rufus , Elvy Susannah , Cardozo Linda
Published: July 2007

Introduction

Questionnaire surveys suggest that 40–54% of women have experienced an expulsion of fluid at orgasm. Some of these women have coital incontinence, whereas others identify the fluid passed as female ejaculate.

Aim

To assess whether women who have experienced female ejaculation have detrusor overactivity or the bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms associated with coital incontinence.

Methods

We recruited six women who self-identified as having experienced female ejaculation and six controls who had not. Each woman completed a 3-day bladder diary and two validated bladder questionnaires: the Urgency Perception Scale (UPS) and the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ). Each woman underwent short provocative ambulatory urodynamics, a modified form of urodynamics, with a high sensitivity for detrusor overactivity.

Main Outcome Measures

Prevalence of detrusor overactivity, 24-hour urinary frequency, IIQ and UPS scores.

Results

No woman in either group had detrusor overactivity. The bladder diaries and questionnaire results were within the normal range for all women.

Conclusion

Women who experience female ejaculation may have normal voiding patterns, no bothersome incontinence symptoms, and no demonstrable detrusor overactivity. Women who report female ejaculation, in the absence of other lower urinary tract symptoms, do not require further investigation, and may be reassured that it is an uncommon, but physiological, phenomenon.
Burden of Stroke in China
Authors: Wang Yi Long , Wu Di , Liao Xiaoling , Zhang Wei , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Yong Jun
Published: July 2007

Stroke is second leading cause of death in China, however, there are very few data available in the English literature to reflect the burden. We summarize the current epidemiological trends and estimate of the burden of stroke in recent reports available in Chinese.
The Albumin in Acute Stroke Trial (ALIAS); Design and Methodology
Authors: Hill Michael D. , Moy Claudia S. , Palesch Yuko Y. , Martin Renee , Dillon Catherine R. , Waldman Bonnie Darcy , Patterson Lynn , Mendez Isabel M. , Ryckborst Karla J. , Tamariz Diego , Ginsberg Myron D.
Published: July 2007

Stroke is a serious global illness. Human albumin has emerged as a putative therapy for ischaemic stroke based on strong evidence from animal models. Following confirmation of the safety and feasibility of high-dose albumin treatment for acute ischaemic stroke in a pilot study, the Albumin in Acute Stroke trial, a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose albumin compared to saline control within 5 h of ischaemic stroke onset. Methods: The trial will enrol 1800 patients in two cohorts – a thrombolytic and a nonthrombolytic arm. High-dose (2 g/kg) human albumin will be administered in a 2-h straight intravenous infusion to ischaemic stroke patients, within 5 h of symptom onset. The primary outcome will be an NIH stroke scale score of 0–1 or a modified Rankin scale score of 0–1 at 90 days. Safety outcomes will include the incidence of congestive heart failure after study drug administration. Results: Enrolment opened at 40 sites in August 2006; new sites continue to be added. Recruitment is ongoing and is projected to be completed by 2010. Conclusions: The trial will continue through 2010. The study is proceeding as planned.
Biomechanics of the elbow joint in tennis players and relation to pathology
Authors: Eygendaal Denise , Rahussen F Th G , Diercks R L
Published: July 2007

Elbow injuries constitute a sizeable percentage of tennis injuries. A basic understanding of biomechanics of tennis and analysis of the forces, loads and motions of the elbow during tennis will improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of these injuries. All different strokes in tennis have a different repetitive biomechanical nature that can result in tennis-related injuries. In this article, a biomechanically-based evaluation of tennis strokes is presented. This overview includes all tennis-related pathologies of the elbow joint, whereby the possible relation of biomechanics to pathology is analysed, followed by treatment recommendations.
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION SPECTRA AND SIMULATING MULTIPLE SPONTANEOUSLY-GENERATED COHERENCE IN AN N-TYPE MEDIUM
Authors: LI JIA-HUA
Published: July 2007

We investigate the spontaneous emission spectra of a coherently driven four-level cold atomic system. It is shown that a few interesting phenomena such as spectral-line narrowing, spectral-line enhancement, spectral-line suppression, and spontaneous emission quenching can be realized in our system. The spectral-line enhancement and suppression can be conveniently manipulated by appropriately modulating the frequency detuning of the probe driving field. In the dressed-state picture of the probe and coupling fields, we find that this coherently-driven atomic system has three close-lying levels so that multiple spontaneously-generated coherence (SGC) arises. Our considered atomic model can be found in real atoms, such as rubidium or sodium, so a corresponding experiment can be done to observe the expected phenomena related to SGC effect, since no rigorous conditions are required.
ATTACK VULNERABILITY OF COMPLEX NETWORKS BASED ON LOCAL INFORMATION
Authors: WU JUN , DENG HONG-ZHONG , TAN YUE-JIN , LI YONG , ZHU DA-ZHI
Published: July 2007

We introduce a novel model for attack vulnerability of complex networks with a tunable attack information parameter. Based on the model, we study the attack vulnerability of complex networks based on local information. We employ the generating function formalism to derive the exact value of the critical removal fraction of nodes for the disintegration of networks and the size of the giant component based on local information. We show that hiding just a small fraction of nodes can prevent the breakdown of a network and that it is a cost-efficient strategy for enhancing the robustness of complex networks to hide the information of networks.
IRREVERSIBILITY IN THE HALTING PROBLEM OF QUANTUM COMPUTER
Authors: SHALYT-MARGOLIN A. E. , STRAZHEV V. I. , YA. TREGUBOVICH A.
Published: July 2007

The Halting problem of a quantum computer is considered. It is shown that if halting of a quantum computer takes place the associated dynamics is described by an irreversible operator.
FIELD-INDUCED TOMONAGA–LUTTINGER LIQUID OF A QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL S = 1 ANTIFERROMAGNET
Authors: HAGIWARA M. , TSUJII H. , ROTUNDU C. R. , ANDRAKA B. , TAKANO Y. , SUZUKI T. , SUGA S.
Published: July 2007

We review the results of specific-heat experiments on the S = 1 quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) bond-alternating antiferromagnet Ni(C 9 H 24 N 4)( NO 2) ClO 4, alias NTENP. At low temperatures above the transition temperature of a field-induced long-range order, the magnetic specific heat (C mag ) of this compound becomes proportional to temperature (T), when a magnetic field along the spin chains exceeds the critical field H c at which the energy gap vanishes. The ratio C mag /T, which increases as the magnetic field approaches H c from above, is in good quantitative agreement with a prediction of conformal field theory combined with the field-dependent velocity of the excitations calculated by the Lanczos method. This result is the first conclusive evidence for a Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid in a gapped quasi-1D antiferromagnet.