bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manuscritos de Medicina y Farmacia rioplatenses: un estudio comparativo entre la Materia Médica Misionera y el o Libro de Cirugía
Authors: Fleck Eliane Cristina Deckmann , Biehl Maico
Published: July 2020

Neste artigo, apresentamos e analisamos dois manuscritos de medicina e farmácia do início do século XVIII, a Materia Médica Misioneira (1710) e o Libro de Cirugía (1725), que têm sua autoria atribuída ao irmão jesuíta Pedro Montenegro. Além da discussão dos indícios de apropriação de conhecimentos clássicos de Medicina e Farmácia e de saberes nativos, cotejamos suas estruturas e estilos narrativos, a fim de subsidiar o questionamento da mesma autoria atribuída aos dois manuscritos. Distanciando-nos da visão consagrada pela historiografia, propomos que o Libro de Cirugía foi composto em momentos distintos e contou com a colaboração de vários autores-compiladores, inclusive, de copistas indígenas.
Archivos y (des) memorias indígenas en La Rioja (Argentina) Consideraciones a partir de experiencias de trabajo sobre el pasado y el presente
Authors: Boixadós Roxana , Larisgoitía María Clara
Published: July 2020

El artículo analiza la relación entre la limitada existencia de comunidades indígenas reconocidas por el Estado en la provincia de La Rioja y la ausencia de registros sobre la historia colonial en los archivos locales. Se reconstruyen los contextos que explican la destrucción, dispersión y apropiación de fuentes, mientras en el presente las referencias a “lo indígena” continúan asociadas a representaciones atemporales. El trabajo de campo con referentes de la comunidad de Guandacol y Los Chumbichas muestra distintas modalidades de activar las identidades étnicas ofreciendo alternativas sobre las memorias y las reconstrucciones del pasado en el presente.
Le Paysage de la vallée de l’Ondaine. Complexité et paradoxe de la transformation et de la narration d’un territoire post minier
Authors: Laffont Georges-Henry , Rojas Luc
Published: July 2020

Haut lieu de l’activité industrielle durant plusieurs siècles, la vallée de l’Ondaine est aujourd’hui encore marquée par les traces de l’industrialisation. Au sein de celle-ci, l’héritage minier est une trace prégnante au regard de l’importance de l’extraction houillère dans l’histoire de ce territoire. Malgré une phase de deuil débutant à la fin des années 1970, les acteurs locaux ont encore des difficultés à prendre en compte les artefacts miniers dans leurs politiques territoriales. La vallée de l’Ondaine, majoritairement composée de trois petites villes dont les populations oscillent entre 8 000 et 16 000 habitants, nous donne à voir un territoire sur lequel s’expriment trois « projets » différents en matière de gestion de l’héritage minier. Le paysage est ainsi l’expression de ces « projets » considérant l’héritage minier comme un élément qui participe à la construction d’un imaginaire, qui constitue également une ressource à exploiter et parfois une histoire à oublier au profit d’un autre récit du territoire.
Can post-mining territories become landscapes in motion?A Spatial Strategy to Build a (Landscape) Reputation for a Neglected Area in Tuscany, Italy
Authors: Perrone Camilla , Rossi Maddalena , Giallorenzo Flavia
Published: July 2020

Post-mining territories constitute a structural component of contemporary urbanisation processes. They are often located in post-urban areas and create new landscapes of abandonment.Sometimes they are stigmatised as landscapes characterised by unsustainable development, and are therefore seen as an obstacle in the transition to a post-carbon society.This paper contributes to the debate surrounding this question and shows a tentative approach to the reparation of post-mining territories through a (designed) strategy that rebuilds the territorial, landscape and social reputation of a site called Santa Barbara, that has been exploited by ENEL (Ente Nazionale per l’Energia Elettrica – National Agency for Electric Energy), an Italian multinational energy company, for almost 50 years. Santa Barbara is located in a neglected area of central Tuscany, Italy, in the upper Arno Valley (Valdarno Superiore). It finds itself in-between several renowned branded landscapes, such as Chianti (or Chiantishire as named by British citizens who began coming to this area for holidays in the late 20th Century), the small city of San Giovanni Valdarno and other prestigious Tuscan landscapes. This area is profoundly intertwined with the urbanisation processes of the greater metropolitan area of Florence, while simultaneously being a mono-functional territory that is not visibly urbanised. Today, this territory is characterised by a peculiar landscape that seems to be dominated by the ‘motion’ of land. Hills, paths and trajectories of use, which have been changing over the past decades and even in recent years, have inspired the reparation strategy for the landscape. Crucial to this strategy is the role played by ENEL, the company responsible for the deterritorialisation of this site and that launched the ‘Future-e Project’ in 2017. This project promoted a process aimed at creating a vision for the future of the Santa Barbara ex-mining site alongside local communities (institutions, local economic actors, etc.) and inhabitants. The project, already underway, has also involved the Politecnico di Milano and the Università degli Studi di Firenze, both called in to assist in analysing the case study. In short, the paper portrays the socio-territorial evolution of the Santa Barbara ex-mining site and describes a strategy for territorial regeneration aimed at revisiting the past, sharing the present and building the future with a propensity towards renewable energy sources. Central to this strategy is the landscape, which fuels a social, economic, spatial and narrative shift that allows for sustainable and solar energy-driven territorial regeneration. In doing this, the paper investigates the crucial cooperative interplay among a private company (ENEL) and the local community, public actors (the municipalities) and the universities involved in the design of the post-carbon future of this site.
L’analyse spectrale au fondement d’une rhétorique des styles interprétatifs dans la chanson française
Authors: Chabot-Canet Céline
Published: July 2020

L’analyse spectrale du son enregistré permet l’étude précise de multiples paramètres vocaux interprétatifs, des effets de voix les plus infimes aux phénomènes combinatoires complexes que sont le timbre, le rythme ou le phrasé : ces données acoustiques dévoilent le détail de ce qui fait la globalité du son perçu. Mais les multiples données obtenues ne doivent pas rester des éléments disparates, hétérogènes et simplement juxtaposables. Elles nécessitent pour être lisibles une organisation en méta-perspectives sémiologiques et une intégration dans de véritables stratégies interprétatives qui les transcendent. Comment les organiser dans la perspective pluridisciplinaire indispensable à leur étude ? Comment passer de l’inventaire, du catalogue hétéroclite, de la parataxe à une cohérence et une structuration qui ne soient ni simplificatrices ni schématisantes et respectent la pluralité et la complexité de cet objet d’étude ? L’optique de la rhétorique vocale et de ses avatars récents en linguistique (la pragmatique, la linguistique interactionnelle, etc.) représente une piste fructueuse. C’est ce passage de l’étude des paramètres interprétatifs à partir de l’analyse spectrale à leur intégration dans une sémiologie surplombante que nous nous proposons d’aborder par le biais de l’approche rhétorique pour proposer une typologie des styles interprétatifs dans la chanson française.
La voix de Klokochazia. Typologie vocale, langue et personnages : le musical au service d’une cosmogonie
Authors: Mansion-Vaquié Julie
Published: July 2020

Aborder Nosfell, c’est entrer dans un univers complexe qui se déploie sur de multiples supports écrits, enregistrés, dessinés, live. La voix étant l’instrument privilégié de cet artiste, qui pourrait à certains égards se classer dans le grand tout de la « chanson », son étude est apparue nécessaire. Ainsi en convoquant les notions d’interprétation et de personnages, et en recontextualisant l’œuvre dans le domaine de la popular music, l’article s’intéresse à la cosmogonie nosfellienne possédant une langue (le klokobetz), une contrée (Klokochazia), des Êtres la peuplant. L’enjeu principal ici est de découvrir la façon dont Nosfell utilise sa voix : comme instrument, d’une part, au même titre qu’une guitare ; comme incarnation de personnages, d’autre part. Cette étude a permis de définir quatre portraits-types vocaux personnifiant les Êtres des récits de l’album pris comme corpus : Pomaïe Klokochazia balek.
Des vocalités « bestiales » ? Caractériser les voix bruitées du black metal
Authors: Hainaut Bérenger
Published: July 2020

Les voix du black metal et, de façon plus générale, du metal extreme sont souvent présentées comme des voix « bestiales » et « inhumaines ». Pourtant, au-delà de la dimension sémantique, comment décrire ces sonorités particulières ? Dans cet article, l’auteur s’attache à caractériser les sons vocaux du metal extrême d’un point de vue acoustique et musical, avant de proposer des éléments de distinction entre les voix du black et du death metal. Après une brève présentation du mécanisme vocal commun aux deux styles, il s’intéresse aux différences de hauteurs perçues, puis aux différences de timbres : sont étudiées successivement les couleurs de timbres, ainsi que la façon dont death metal et black metal conçoivent et intègrent le bruit acoustique dans leurs vocalités. De façon synthétique, les voix du black metal peuvent finalement être décrites comme des voix très bruitées au timbre clair, employées dans une tessiture relativement aigüe, et mettant parfois en œuvre un jeu de « voisement expressif ».
Une voix puissante : enquête sur la vocalité et l’identité
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: July 2020

Ce texte porte sur la notion de vocalité : elle est définie mais aussi resituée dans son histoire. Les enjeux épistémologiques dont elle est porteuse depuis son apparition sont également rappelés. Si la voix chantée influence la manière dont on entend un chanteur ou une chanteuse – car elle est un marqueur complexe de son identité – c’est plutôt la vocalité, notion plus complète, qui doit être prise en compte. Définie comme dépassant la voix, englobant l’ensemble de l’expérience du/de la vocaliste et de l’auditeur/trice, existant non seulement comme fait oral et aural, mais au cœur même de la culture écrite, la vocalité est symbole d’identité, tant personnelle que culturelle. Elle est aussi étroitement tributaire de distinctions esthétiques, techniques et de classes sociales. Cet article en offre une démonstration, dans un parcours réflexif qui convoque diverses périodes (du xvie siècle à la période la plus contemporaine en passant par l’ère victorienne), divers angles théoriques et analytiques (anthropologie, ethnomusicologie, musicologie historique, analyse acoustique) et des répertoires extrêmement divers – opéra, musique country, spectacles de Broadway, soul music, musique turque du début du xxe siècle.
"Bubbling" of the prescribed curvature flow on the torus
Authors: Struwe Michael
Published: July 2020

By a classical result of Kazdan–Warner, for any smooth sign-changing function

f

with negative mean on the torus

(M,g_b)

there exists a conformal metric

g=e^{2u}g_b

with Gauss curvature

K_g=f

, which can be obtained from a minimizer

u

of Dirichlet's integral in a suitably chosen class of functions. As shown by Galimberti, these minimizers exhibit "bubbling" in a certain limit regime. Here we sharpen Galimberti's result by showing that all resulting "bubbles" are spherical. Moreover, we prove that analogous "bubbling" occurs in the prescribed curvature flow.
Property (T), property (F) and residual finiteness for discrete quantum groups
Authors: Bhattacharya Angshuman , Brannan Michael , Chirvasitu Alexandru , Wang Shuzhou
Published: July 2020

We investigate connections between various rigidity and softness properties for discrete quantum groups. After introducing a notion of residual finiteness, we show that it implies the Kirchberg factorization property for the discrete quantum group in question. We also prove the analogue of Kirchberg’s theorem, to the effect that conversely, the factorization property and property (T) jointly imply residual finiteness.We also apply these results to certain classes of discrete quantum groups obtained by means of bicrossed product constructions and study the preservation of the properties (factorization, residual finiteness, property (T)) under extensions of discrete quantum groups.
The Effects of Inventory Management capability on Performance of the Firm- Business Strategies as a Mediating Role
Authors: Khan Md. Sazzadur Rahman
Published: July 2020

The research aim is to evaluate the mediating aspects of business strategies e.g. differentiation and cost leadership strategy in affecting the aspects of inventory capability e.g. cost-related factors of inventory and techniques of inventory and firm performance e.g. return on asset (ROA) and improve productivity (IMP) of the Bangladeshi garment industry. A survey was utilized to collect information and the questionnaire was dispersed among 385 senior managers in the readymade garment industry of Bangladesh. For the data analysis, AMOS version 24 and SPSS version 23 were used. The findings of the analyzed data revealed that strategies of the business mediate the consequence of inventory materials capability and performance of the firm. The (SEM) results identify that the study model has an appropriate observation fits.
Increasing Civic Engagement Through Civic Education: A Critical Consciousness Theory Perspective
Authors: Ajaps Sandra Ogechi , Obiagu Adaobiagu Nnemdi
Published: July 2020

There is a growing need for increased civic engagement in developing countries. We argue that civic education has not met this need in Nigeria because it is uncritical, but it can be reformed through critical consciousness theory emphasizing knowledge and critical thinking. However, for civic education reforms, we need to understand the relationship between sociodemographic factors and civic engagement. Therefore, we investigated the influence of six sociodemographic factors (gender, location, age, income, education, and ethnicity) on two civic engagement constructs—environmental civility and community volunteering—using the responses of 372 respondents on the Civic Engagement Scale. Results revealed that community volunteerism is mainly influenced by age, gender, and location, while environmental civility is mainly influenced by location and education, and there is a generally low level of civic engagement. The implications of these findings for a critical civic education aimed at increasing critical consciousness and civic action are discussed.
Genetic diversity of the Colombian Creole donkey in the Department of Sucre
Authors: Medina-Montes Adrian , Hernández-Herrera Darwin , Beltrán-Herrera Javier , Montes-Vergara Donicer
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity of the Colombian Creole donkey in the Department of Sucre using Random Amplified Microsatellites (RAM) molecular markers. In 100 individuals from the five subregions of the department, DNA was extracted and five RAM primers were amplified by PCR. In all, 291 bands were found, on average 11.96±1.45 per primer, the highest value in CCA (18±2.23) and the lowest in TG and GT (8.8±0.44). CA was the most polymorphic primer (88.09±10.91%) with the highest heterozygosity value (He) (0.376±0.021), while the lowest was GT (0.341±0.076 and 0.101±0.040, respectively). Intrapopulation analysis showed an average of 66.50±1.72 bands, of which 89.86±24.04% were polymorphic. The highest number of bands (63±3.84) was found in the Gulf of Morrosquillo (GO) subpopulation, and the lowest in Mojana (MO) (48±2.88); however, the highest value of polymorphic loci (81.16%) and He (0.335±0.022) were found in the Montes de María (MM) subpopulation, making it the most diverse. The average genetic diversity for the entire population was 0.351±0.021 bands. The population structure analysis showed a 10% variation between subpopulations, with an FST value of 0.17±0.01 (P<0.05). Genetic distances between subpopulations showed that MO and GO were the most distant. The RAM markers are effective in assessing the genetic diversity of the Creole donkey, which has high values of genetic diversity, particularly the MM subpopulation. The genetic revealed structure could be the result of natural geographical barriers between the subregions.
Supply Monitoring using IoT
Authors: Purna Satya D , Pravallika D , Anusha G , Papa D , Devi Priyanka K
Published: July 2020

This paper describes the digitization of load energy usage readings, over the internet. The proposed system
design eliminates the involvement of human in electricity maintenance. The user can monitor energy
consumption in watts from a webpage by providing a channel for the load. The wi-fi unit performs IOT
operations by sending energy data of the load to webpage and it can be operated by the relay of our
hardware system so that we can monitor and control the load time to time.Here,we also use BLYNK app other
than the hardware components through which the IOT module called NODE MCU is linked
Adaptation of Accessibility for People with Disabilities in Private and Public Buildings using Appropriate Design Checklist
Authors: Badawy Dr. Usama Ibrahim , Jawabrah Dr. Muain Qasem , Jaeada Dr. Eng. Amjad
Published: July 2020

An integrated approach is required to ensure that persons with disabilities are not left alone. A combination
of mainstreaming and targeted measures is necessary in all interventions. Persons with disabilities share
the same primary needs as everyone else: health protection and treatment, basic services, shelter and
income. The best way to address their inclusion is through mainstreaming disability in all plans and efforts.
Targeted measures need to complement disability mainstreaming by addressing specific requirements that
cannot be met by making general responses inclusive. Such measures do not need to add greatly to overall
cost especially if the needs of the maximum number of users are considered in the initial design. As
mentioned in the world bank publication 2005 that if they are considered from the design stage, ensuring
accessibility can cost as little as 1% more. This paper is came to recommendation how can we consider
appropriate design checklist as guide for our initial Architecture design to Facilities accessible to people with
disabilities for private and public buildings in a more descent appropriate way
Susunan Redaksi
Authors: Syafitri Emmy
Published: July 2020

Emmy Syafitri
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERATURAN MENTERI DALAM NEGERI NO 2 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG KARTU IDENTITAS ANAK (KIA) DI DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN CATATAN SIPIL DENPASAR
Authors: Apriliani Kadek
Published: July 2020

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan Permendagri No 2 tahun 2016 tentang Kartu Identitas Anak (KIA) di Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Denpasar. Selanjutnya penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui bagaimana proses dalam penerapan Permendagri No 2 tahun 2016 tentang Kartu Identitas Anak (KIA) di Kecamatan Denpasar Barat. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan dengan cara pengumpulan data bermacam-macam material dan referensi lain yang berkaitan dengan berkembang pada situasi sosial yang diteliti. Metode observasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui sesuatu dari sebuah fenomena yang didasari pada pengetahuan dan gagasan yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi-informasi terkait dengan suatu fenomena yang diteliti baik yang sudah atau sedang terjadi. Menganalisis data dengan cara menarikan kesimpulan dari hasil Wawancara atau interview yang nanti dapat digunakan untuk mengambil kesimpulan. Sesuai dengan rumusan masalah, maka tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah meneliti bagaimana penerapan kebijakan dan proses penerapan Permendagri No 2 tahun 2016 tentang Kartu Identitas Anak (KIA) di Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Denpasar                                                                                                                                                         

Kata kunci: Implementasi Kebijakan, Kartu Identitas Anak, Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil Denpasar

 

Abstract

This study aims to determine how the application of Permendagri No. 2 of 2016 concerning Child Identity Cards (KIA) in the Department of Population and Civil Registry of Denpasar. Furthermore, this study aims to find out how the process of implementing Permendagri No. 2 of 2016 concerning Child Identity Cards (KIA) in West Denpasar. The method of collecting data used in this research is a library research method. It is done by collecting various kinds of material data and other references which is related to the analyzed development of social situation. The observation method is carried out to find out the phenomenon based on knowledge and ideas that aim to obtain informations related to a phenomenon that is being investigated either already or is happening. The method of analyzing data is done by drawing conclusions from the results of the interview. In accordance with the research problem, the purpose of this study is to examine how the application of the policies and the process of applying Permendagri No. 2 of 2016 concerning Child Identity Cards (KIA) in the Department of Population and Civil Registration of Denpasar.

Keywords: Implementation of the policies, Child Identity Card, Department of Population and Civil Registry of Denpasar
AN ERROR ANALYSIS IN USING SIMPLE PAST TENSE IN INCIDENT REPORT E-MAILS BY KIDS CLUB SOFITEL STAFF
Authors: Yoga Widiadnya I Gusti Ngurah Bagus
Published: July 2020

Abstract

This research aimed to find out the common errors of word order especially in using verb, to be, and noun phrase in writing incident report emails made by Kids club Sofitel staffs. The problem statement of this research was “what are the types and the sources of error on the use of simple past tense in Kids club incident reports by email writing”. The objective of this research was to find out the types and the sources of errors that often occurred in the use of simple past tense in incident reports made by Kids club Sofitel staffs. To analyze the data, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method and used error analysis procedure to make clear explanation. The error collected was classified based on Dulay Strategy Taxonomy. The participants of this study consist of five staffs from Kids club Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua. By this analysis, the researcher found errors as follows: there were 132 errors were found in the staff’s incident reports. The total errors of Omission were 64 errors, Addition were 5 errors and Mis-formation were 63 errors and also 109 errors of Intralingual transfer and 23 errors of Interlingual transfer. So could be concluded that the most of error found was Omission and lowest of error found was Addition and the most of sources of error was Intralingual transfer.

Keywords: Error Analysis, Simple Past Tense, E-mail.

 

Abstrak

Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesalahan umum urutan kata terutama dalam menggunakan kata kerja, menjadi, dan frasa kata benda dalam menulis email laporan kejadian yang dibuat oleh staf Kids club Sofitel. Pernyataan masalah dari penelitian ini adalah "apa jenis dan sumber kesalahan tentang penggunaan simple past tense dalam laporan insiden Kids club dengan menulis email". Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis dan sumber kesalahan yang sering terjadi dalam penggunaan simple past tense dalam laporan insiden yang dibuat oleh staf Kids club Sofitel. Untuk menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan prosedur analisis kesalahan untuk membuat penjelasan yang jelas. Kesalahan yang dikumpulkan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan Dulay Strategy Taxonomy. Peserta penelitian ini terdiri dari lima staf dari Kids club Sofitel Bali Nusa Dua. Dengan analisis ini, peneliti menemukan kesalahan sebagai berikut: ada 132 kesalahan ditemukan dalam laporan insiden staf. Total kesalahan Kelalaian adalah 64 kesalahan, Penambahan 5 kesalahan dan Kesalahan informasi adalah 63 kesalahan dan juga 109 kesalahan transfer Intralingual dan 23 kesalahan transfer Interlingual. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar kesalahan yang ditemukan adalah Kelalaian dan kesalahan terendah yang ditemukan adalah Penambahan dan sebagian besar sumber kesalahan adalah transfer Intralingual.

Kata kunci: Analisis Kesalahan, Simple Past Tense, E-mail.
GEOCHEMICAL APPLICATION IN UNRAVELING PALEOWEATHERING, PROVENANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE SHALE FROM CHIA GARA FORMATION, KURDISTAN REGION, IRAQ
Authors: Mustafa Rezhin K.
Published: July 2020

The geochemical characteristics of the shale of the Chia Gara Formation (Middle Tithonian-Berriasian) from the Imbricated Zone (Barsarin section) and High Folded Zone (Banik section) Kurdistan Region, Iraq, was carried out to constrain their paleoweathering, provenance, and depositional environment. There are no clear differences in the major and trace elements of the Chia Gara Formation between the two studied sections. The chemical index of alteration (CIA) is significantly higher in the Barsarin than the Banik shales, suggesting more intense weathering of the Barsarin than the Banik shales. The samples of the Banik and some of Barsarin are clustered near the A-K line in A-CN-K plot suggests intense chemical weathering (high CIA) without any clear-cut evidence of K-metasomatism. The other samples of Barsarin have a weathering trend parallel to the A-CN line, indicating relatively steady state weathering conditions. The geochemical parameters of the shale (Al2O3/TiO2, Th/Sc, La/Th, La/Sc, La/Co, Th/Co, Cr/Th, (La/Lu)cn and Eu/Eu*cn), and the diagrams (Th/Sc-Zr/Sc and La/Th-Hf) indicate that they were derived from felsic (from the Rutba Uplift and/or Mosul High) and intermediate (from volcanic material during the spreading of Southern Neo-Tethys Ocean) components. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are similar to those of Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS), with the light rare earth element (REE) enrichment, a negative Eu anomaly, and almost flat heavy REE pattern. The geochemical parameters such as authigenic uranium, U/Th, V/Cr, Ni/Co, and V/Sc ratios, and Al2O3-V and Al2O3-P2O5 diagrams indicate that these shales were deposited under deep marine suboxic to anoxic environment and shale of Banik section was deposited slightly under deeper environment than shale of Barsarin section.
Efficacy of Ormeloxifene vs Norethisterone in the Management of Perimenopausal DUB
Authors: Dr. Pooja Agrawal  , Dr. Urmila Shinde  , Dr. Suhas Shinde  , Dr. Gautam Aher
Published: July 2020

Background: Disorders of menstruation are the most common reason for a gynaecological consultation among women of reproductive age group. Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding is defined as abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of organic, systemic or iatrogenic causes. It can be managed both medically and surgically. In medical management, several drugs have been used. However there is lack of studies suggesting the most appropriate drug. The objective of our study is to compare the treatment efficacy of Norethisterone acetate (a progesterone derivative) versus Ormeloxifene (selective estrogen receptor modulator) in the treatment of DUB. Methodology: Total of 100 perimenopausal women with DUB were enrolled in our prospective study. They were randomly assigned into group A and group B. Group A was treated with 60mg Ormeloxifene two times a week for 3 months followed by once a week for another 3months. Group B was treated with Norethisterone 5 mg two times a day from Day5 to Day26 for 6 months. Primary outcome parameters noted were reduction in menstrual blood loss that was measured by fall in Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBAC) score, increase in haemoglobin, and decrease in endometrial thickness at the end of study. Results: In our study, the reduction in mean PBAC score with Ormeloxifene was significantly more than that seen with norethisterone after 6 months of therapy. There was a significant  increase in hemoglobin level and reduction in endometrial thickness with Ormeloxifene compared to  norethisterone. Patients were more compliant to Ormeloxifene because of better tolerance and convenient dosage schedule. Conclusion: In our study Ormeloxifene was found to be more effective than Norethisterone in reducing blood loss, improving haemoglobin level and reducing endometrial thickness in DUB patients.
Angnginrang
Authors: Jumalia Jumalia
Published: July 2020

Human need is human desires to own and enjoy the usefulness of goods or services that can provide physical and spiritual satisfaction for survival. This study deals with the common social practice of debting at Kodingateng Island, Makassar. It examine the people’s perspective about debt, the debt mechanism, and the impact of debt in their social life.
This study was carried out at Kodingareng Island, Makassar, an island where debting is a common social practice. There were 11 participants involved in this study, consisting of a female college student, seven fishermen's wives, and a stall seller (pagadde-gadde), a diver (paselang), and a fisherman (papekang). They are aged between 24 and 47 years. Data was collected using in-depth interview (to explore people's perspectives on debt, debting mechanism, and the impact of debting behavior towards their life; and observation (to observe indebted transactions, who owes, what is owed, billing and payment moments).
The study shows that people at Kodingareng Island perceive debt (inrang) as a “habit” that has become a local tradition and debt as a “bond” between the lender (to appa'nginrang) and the borrower (to nginrang). The debt mechanism depends on debted needs, which are varied from primary needs, secondary needs, and tertiary needs; and on the importance of such need. The more important an item becomes, the more often the type of item is debted. The mechanism is simple, one just mention what s/he need and goods can be directly taken or delivered. Despite the fact there is a informal agreement between the lender and the borrower, in many cases the payment methods depends on the borrower. The impact of debt for the people of Kodingareng Island is categorized into three:  people are trapped in an endless debt since debt is carried out continuously; generating generation debtors since they are accustomed to see and to practice debt; and affecting community social relations since payments are faltered, despite debting is not a shamefull behaviour.
Offshoring, job satisfaction and job insecurity
Authors: Budría Santiago , Baleix Juliette Milgram
Published: July 2020

This paper investigates the effects of offshoring on individual job satisfaction and perceived risk of job loss. The authors merge microdata from the German Socio-economic Panel dataset (SOEP) with indicators of insertion in global value chains at the industry level for the period 2000–2013. They test two hypotheses. First, the authors investigate whether workers in industries with higher offshoring intensity report lower job satisfaction and/or are more prone to be unsecure at their jobs. Second, they test whether these effects differ among four categories of collars. Their findings indicate that offshoring is associated with lower job satisfaction. The results are also indicative of some heterogeneity in the offshoring effect, with high skilled white-collar workers being mostly unaffected by offshoring and low skilled blue-collar workers showing the largest negative effects. Discriminating between manufacturing and services activities, the authors find that the extent of heterogeneity and the offshoring effect is relatively larger in manufacturing industries. They also find that the effect of offshoring intensity upon job satisfaction is more negative and significant in periods of economic decline. Finally, the results show that offshoring is not significantly related with job insecurity, a result that applies to all workers’ categories. Still, in a period of economic decline job insecurity may increase when the offshoring intensity rises.
Ex-Rebel Authority after Civil War: Theory and Evidence from Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Martin Philip A. , Piccolino Giulia , Speight Jeremy S.
Published: July 2020

How do former armed militants exercise local political power after civil wars end? Building on recent advances in the study of "rebel rulers" and local goods provision by armed groups, this article offers a typology of ex-rebel commander authority that emphasizes two dimensions of former
militants' power: local-level ties to civilian populations ruled during civil war and national-level ties to post-conflict state elites. Put together, these dimensions produce four trajectories of ex-rebel authority. These trajectories shape whether and how ex-rebel commanders provide social
goods within post-conflict communities and the durability of ex-rebels' local authority over time. We illustrate this typology with qualitative evidence from northern Côte d'Ivoire. The framework yields theoretical insights about local orders after civil war, as well as implications
for peacebuilding policies.
The relationship between methane emission and daytime-dependent fecal archaeol concentration in lactating dairy cows fed two different diets
Authors: Sandberg Lisa-Marie , Thaller Georg , Görs Solvig , Kuhla Björn , Metges Cornelia C. , Krattenmacher Nina
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Archaeol is a cell membrane lipid of methanogenic archaea excreted in feces and is therefore a potential biomarker for individual methane emission (MEM). The aims of this study were to examine the potential of the fecal archaeol concentration (fArch) to be a proxy for MEM prediction in cows fed different diets and determine if the time of fecal collection affected the archaeol concentration. Thus, we investigated (i) the variation of the fArch concentration in spot samples of feces taken thrice within 8 h during respiration chamber measurements and (ii) the effect of two diets differing in nutrient composition and net energy content on the relationship between fArch and MEM in lactating cows. Two consecutive
respiration trials with four primiparous and six multiparous lactating
Holstein cows were performed. In the first trial (T1) at 100±3 d in milk (IM), a diet moderate in starch and fat content was fed for ad libitum intake, whereas in the second trial (T2) at 135±3 d IM, cows
received a diet lower in starch and fat. Individual MEM (g d−1) was measured
for 24 h. Fecal samples were taken at 06:30, 10:00, and 14:30 LT and analyzed for fArch using Soxhlet lipid extraction and GC–MS. Cows produced less methane (364 g CH4 d−1) during T1 and had significantly lower fArch concentrations (37.1 µg g−1 dry matter; DM) compared to T2 (392 g CH4 d−1 and 47.6 µg g−1 DM). A significant positive relationship
between fArch (µg g−1 fecal DM) and MEM, expressed on a dry matter intake (DMI) basis (g kg−1 DMI), was found (R2=0.53, n=20). Among samples collected over the day, those collected at 10:00 LT provided the best coefficient of determination for MEM (R2=0.23). In conclusion, fArch offers some potential in serving as a proxy for innovative breeding schemes to lower enteric methane when fecal samples are taken at a certain time of the day, but more data on the sources of variation of the MEM : fArch ratios are required.
On the relationship between cloud water composition and cloud droplet number concentration
Authors: MacDonald Alexander B. , Hossein Mardi Ali , Dadashazar Hossein , Azadi Aghdam Mojtaba , Crosbie Ewan , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Aerosol–cloud interactions are the largest source of uncertainty in
quantifying anthropogenic radiative forcing. The large uncertainty is, in
part, due to the difficulty of predicting cloud microphysical parameters,
such as the cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Even though
rigorous first-principle approaches exist to calculate Nd, the cloud and
aerosol research community also relies on empirical approaches such as
relating Nd to aerosol mass concentration. Here we analyze relationships
between Nd and cloud water chemical composition, in addition to the
effect of environmental factors on the degree of the relationships. Warm,
marine, stratocumulus clouds off the California coast were sampled
throughout four summer campaigns between 2011 and 2016. A total of 385 cloud
water samples were collected and analyzed for 80 chemical species. Single-
and multispecies log–log linear regressions were performed to predict
Nd using chemical composition. Single-species regressions reveal that
the species that best predicts Nd is total sulfate (Radj2=0.40). Multispecies regressions reveal that adding more species does not
necessarily produce a better model, as six or more species yield regressions
that are statistically insignificant. A commonality among the multispecies
regressions that produce the highest correlation with Nd was that most
included sulfate (either total or non-sea-salt), an ocean emissions tracer
(such as sodium), and an organic tracer (such as oxalate). Binning the data
according to turbulence, smoke influence, and in-cloud height allowed
for examination of the effect of these environmental factors on the
composition–Nd correlation. Accounting for turbulence, quantified as the
standard deviation of vertical wind speed, showed that the correlation
between Nd with both total sulfate and sodium increased at higher
turbulence conditions, consistent with turbulence promoting the mixing
between ocean surface and cloud base. Considering the influence of smoke
significantly improved the correlation with Nd for two biomass burning
tracer species in the study region, specifically oxalate and iron. When
binning by in-cloud height, non-sea-salt sulfate and sodium correlated best
with Nd at cloud top, whereas iron and oxalate correlated best with
Nd at cloud base.
SIFT-MS optimization for atmospheric trace gas measurements at varying humidity
Authors: Lehnert Ann-Sophie , Behrendt Thomas , Ruecker Alexander , Pohnert Georg , Trumbore Susan E.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. As direct real-time analysis techniques, selective ion flow tube
mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry
(PTR-MS) provide online measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Both techniques are widely used across several disciplines, e.g., atmospheric
chemistry, food science, and medicine. However, the humidity of the sampled
air greatly influences the quantified mixing ratio and must be accounted
for. Here we present several improvements to a Voice200ultra SIFT-MS
instrument to reduce background levels and enhance sensitivity. Increasing
the sample gas flow to 125 sccm enables limits of detection (LODs) at the sub-parts-per-billion (sub-ppb) level, and the
resulting humidity dependence is overcome by calibrating for humidity as
well. A comparison with a PTR-QMS 500 showed detection limits of the PTR-MS
still being an order of magnitude lower, whereas sensitivity was higher for
SIFT-MS, and its calibration was still more robust against humidity. Thus,
SIFT-MS is a suitable, lower-cost, and easy-to-use alternative for
atmospheric trace gas measurements of more complex mixtures, even with
isomers, at a varying humidity range.
Reproducible determination of dissolved organic matter photosensitivity
Authors: Armstrong Alec W. , Powers Leanne , Gonsior Michael
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) connects aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, plays an important role in C and N cycles, and supports aquatic food webs. Understanding DOM chemical composition and reactivity is key to predict its ecological role, but characterization is difficult as natural DOM is comprised of a large but unknown number of distinct molecules. Photochemistry is one of the environmental processes responsible for changing the molecular composition of DOM and DOM composition also defines its susceptibility to photochemical alteration. Reliably differentiating the photosensitivity of DOM from different sources can improve our knowledge of how DOM composition is shaped by photochemical alteration and aid research into photochemistry's role in various DOM transformation processes. Here we describe an approach to measure and compare DOM photosensitivity consistently based on the kinetics of changes in DOM fluorescence during 20h photodegradation experiments. We assess the influence of experimental conditions that might affect reproducibility, discuss our modelling approach, offer guidelines for adopting our methods, and illustrate possible applications for ecological inferences. Central to our approach is the use of a reference material, precise control of conditions, leveraging actinometry to estimate photon dose, and frequent (every 20 minutes) fluorescence and absorbance measurements during exposure to artificial sunlight. We compared DOM from freshwater wetlands, a stream, an estuary, and Sargassum sp. leachate and observed differences in sensitivity that could help identify or explain differences in their composition. Finally, we offer an example applying our approach to compare DOM photosensitivity in two adjacent wetlands as seasonal hydrologic changes alter their DOM sources. Our approach may improve reproducibility when compared to other methods and captures time-resolved changes in optical properties that may have been missed previously.
The role of household adaptation measures to reduce vulnerability to flooding: a coupled agent-based and flood modelling approach
Authors: Abebe Yared Abayneh , Ghorbani Amineh , Nikolic Igor , Manojlovic Natasa , Gruhn Angelika , Vojinovic Zoran
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Flood adaptation measures implemented at household-level play an important role in reducing communities’ vulnerability. The aim of this study is to enhance the current modelling practices of human-flood interaction to draw new insights for FRM policy design. The paper presents a coupled agent-based and flood model for the case of Hamburg, Germany to explore how individual adaptation behaviour is influenced by flood events scenarios, economic incentives, and shared and individual strategies. Simulation results show that a unique trajectory of adaptation measures and flood damages emerge from different flood event series. Another finding is that providing subsidies increases the number of coping households in the long run. Households’ social network also has a strong influence on their coping behaviour. The paper also highlights the role of simple measures such as adapted furnishing, which do not incur any monetary cost, in reducing households vulnerability and preventing millions of euros of contents damage. Generally, we demonstrate that coupled agent-based and flood models can potentially be used as decision support tools to examine the role of household adaptation measures in flood risk management. Although the findings of the paper are case-specific, the improved modelling approach shows the potential to be applied in testing policy levers and strategies considering heterogeneous individual behaviours.
Deep desiccation of soils observed by long-term high-resolution measurements on a large inclined lysimeter
Authors: Merk Markus , Goeppert Nadine , Goldscheider Nico
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Availability of long-term and high-resolution measurements of soil moisture is crucial when it comes to understanding all sorts of changes to past soil moisture variations and the prediction of future dynamics. This is particularly true in a world struggling against climate change and its impacts on ecology and economy. Feedback mechanisms between soil moisture dynamics and meteorological influences are key factors when it comes to understanding the occurrence of drought events. We used long-term high-resolution measurements of soil moisture on a large inclined lysimeter at a test site near Karlsruhe, Germany. The measurements indicate (i) a seasonal evaporation depth of over two meters. Statistical analysis and linear regressions indicate (ii) a significant decrease in soil moisture levels over the past two decades. This decrease is most pronounced at the start and the end of the vegetation period. Furthermore, Bayesian change point detection revealed (iii), that this decrease is not uniformly distributed over the complete observation period. Largest changes occur at tipping points during years of extreme drought, with significant changes to the subsequent soil moisture levels. This change affects not only the overall trend in soil moisture, but also the seasonal dynamics. A comparison to modeled data showed (iv) that the occurrence of deep desiccation is not merely dependent on the properties of the soil but is spatially heterogeneous. The study highlights the importance of soil moisture measurements for the understanding of soil moisture fluxes in the vadose zone.
Evidence of coastal trapped wave scattering using high-frequency
radar data in the Mid-Atlantic Bight
Authors: Brunner Kelsey , Lwiza Kamazima M. M.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Coastal trapped waves (CTWs) become scattered when they encounter irregular coastlines and bathymetry during propagation. Analytical and modeling studies have provided some information about the different types of shelf geometries that can induce scattering, but much of the CTW scattering process generally remains a large knowledge gap. Furthermore, CTW scattering has never before been directly identified with observations. High-frequency radar surface velocity data covering the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB) continental shelf provides unprecedented observations of CTWs within a region with a highly complex coastline and bathymetry. A combination of velocity vector maps from real vector empirical orthogonal function (R-EOF) analysis and phase maps from complex empirical orthogonal function (C-EOF) analysis allow the identification of CTW scattering by assuming each EOF mode corresponds to a CTW mode. Abrupt jumps in phase in association with magnitude amplification/reduction or directional rotation of velocity vectors are indications of scattering. Using these guidelines, Georges Bank, Hudson Shelf Valley, Delaware Bay mouth, Chesapeake Bay mouth, and the North Carolina shelf are identified as high scattering regions within the MAB. Furthermore, stratification is confirmed to increase scattering into progressively higher order modes through a cascading process by comparing winter and summer cases, which supports previous theoretical and numerical model predictions. The simple methodology used here can be applied to observations of CTWs on other coastlines around the world to identify additional scattering regions and help close the knowledge gap.