bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Habit, Practice, Skill
Authors: Stanley Jason ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

According to Pierre Bourdieu, practices and habits are out the realm of rationality; this claim about their nature explains their peculiar resistance to rational revision. I argue that one can explain the fact that practices and habits are difficult to revise, without abandoning the view that they are within the space of reasons.
Neokantianism and Platonism in Neohellenic Philosophy
Authors: Apostolopoulou Georgia ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

‘Neokantianism and Platonism’ indicates an important issue of Neo-Hellenic Philosophy during the 1920s and the 1930s. The protagonist was Johannes Theodorakopoulos. His Heidelberg dissertation Platons Dialektik des Seins (1927) follows the Neokantian theories of judgement (of Emil Lask and Heinrich Rickert) and explores Plato’s theory of judgement with emphasis on Philebos’ categories of peras and apeiron. Theodorakopoulos’ prolegomena to the Greek translation (1929) of Paul Natorp’s Platos Ideenlehre are relevant here. Nevertheless, Theodorakopoulos developed a personal interpretation of Plato’s philosophy and almost demoted the Neokantian interpretation, as is clear in his Introduction to Plato (1941, in Greek) as also in his Heidelberg Vorlesungen 1969 entitled Die Hauptprobleme der Platonischen Philosophie. Besides, other interpretations of Plato came forward. Evangelos Papanoutsos wrote his Tübingen dissertation Das religiöse Erlebnis bei Platon (1926) under the supervision of Adickes. Konstantinos Georgoules, an earlier student of Husserl and Heidegger, published a translation of Plato’s Politeia (1939, in Greek) with a rather philological introduction.The Marxist Demetres Glenos, an opponent of Neokantianism, proposed a realistic interpretation of Plato’s Sophistes (1939, in Greek). Basileios Tatakes (an adherent of Henri Bergson) presented Plato’s philosophy as a reconciliation of reason and mysticism.
Neohellenic Philosophy From Enlightenment to Romanticism
Authors: Glycofrydi-Leontsini Athanasia ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

This paper attempts to present, both historically and analytically, the way philosophy had been exercised and developed in Modern Greece from the middle of the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century in connection with its culture and history. It aims to introduce the reader to Neohellenic philosophy and its distinctive characteristics, and to acquaint her with the endeavours of many outstanding Greek intellectuals to continue the Hellenic philosophical and cultural tradition, going back to Greek Antiquity that had been transmitted through the Byzantine learning, while, at the same time, to incorporate into their thinking Western philosophical traditions. My exegesis starts from the fifteenth century, when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, and the Greek intellectuals went into exile in the West. Dealing with issues of educational reforms and with philosophical and linguistic controversies (seventeenth–nineteenth centuries), I shall examine, systematically and selectively, the Western influences that made possible the revival of traditional philosophy in Greek thought as well as the renewal of Greek cultural identity that led to the Greek War of Independence (1821–1827) and into the modern period of Greek history and intellectual thought.
Plea For a Constitutionalization of International Law
Authors: Habermas Jürgen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

For the process of extending democracy and the rule of law beyond national borders, German public lawyers have developed the concept of a “constitutionalisation of international law.” Let me first explain this concept (I) and then, in a second part, use some aspects of the present European crisis as an example for identifying one major obstacle on the road that eventually may lead us to a political constitution for a multicultural world society without a world government (II).
Trading With Light
Authors: Li Wenchao ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

Leibniz was interested in China throughout his life, and he admired its culture. Originally, his interests revolved around Chinese characters, but widened when meeting the Jesuit China missionary P. Grimaldi in Rome 1689. From that time on, Leibniz pursued the project of a knowledge exchange between both sides of the world. He was convinced that Europe and China were on the same cultural level, while diverging over advances in distinct fields. In his view, Europe was more advanced in theoretical areas, such as logic, mathematics, geometry, physics, mathematical astronomy, and theory of natural religion, while China was superior in empirical disciplines, such as in observational astronomy, medicine, historiography, and moral philosophy, which he understood as natural (i.e. rational) theology. This project of knowledge exchange presupposed the recognition of Chinese culture. In this sense, Leibniz strongly supported the Jesuit position, according to which the rites of ancestral worship and reverence of Confucius are riti politici rather than literal expressions of religious faith. Leibniz’s main objection to the Pope’s negative assessment of Chinese rites was that one cannot settle the so-called Rites Controversy as long as one fails to interpret adequately Chinese culture and Confucian thought in particular.
Philosophical Method
Authors: McDowell John ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

I do not believe that it is in general a good thing for philosophers to concern themselves with philosophical method. But in these remarks I discuss an exception, which arises in the interpretation of Wittgenstein. What Wittgenstein does in his Philosophical Investigations cannot be properly understood except in the context of appreciating his explicitly methodological remarks, in which he in effect disclaims any intention to say anything that might be open to dispute. I try to explain how that can be consistent with helpfulness in dealing with philosophical puzzlements.
On Scientific Realism and Naturalism
Authors: Cordero Alberto ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

This paper looks at the current realism/antirealism debate in philosophy of science as a dispute between two objectivist interpretations of modern empirical success: Scientific realism and scientific antirealism. The paper traces the debate to a split in responses to the historicist relativism that gained force in the 1960s; it concentrates on the discussions that led to selectivism, a promising realist strategy that focuses on theory-parts rather than whole theories. The paper examines the merits and difficulties of selectivism and argues for a naturalist approach to its present deficiencies, particularly regarding the need for a more precise identification of theory—parts worthy of realist interpretation.
Philosophy and Science after the East Japan Disaster
Authors: Noe Keiichi ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2015

The severe accident at the Fukushima-Daiichi nuclear power plant caused by the March 11 Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 was a typical disaster in the age of “trans-science,” which means the situation that science and politics are closely connected and inseparable. The stage of trans-science requires a philosophy of trans-science instead of a philosophy of science such as logical positivism. I would like to characterize norms for techno-scientists in the risk society as RISK, which includes Regulatory deliberation, Intergenerational ethics, Social accountability and Knowledge-product liability.
A Mobile Health Service to Manage Diabetic Foot in Homeless Patients
Authors: Matteoli Marco , Scaringi Claudia , Carella Paola , Fruttaldo Luca , Angeloni Ulrico , Laurenza Massimo
Published: October 2015

Background

Homeless people live in poverty, with limited access to public health services. They are likely to experience chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus; however, they do not always receive the necessary services to prevent complications. This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a volunteer health service outreach to reduce disparity in diabetic foot care for homeless people.

Methods

The research was conducted on 21 patients with diabetic ulcers of 930 homeless people visited between 2008 and 2013. Each ulcer was treated with regular medication every week for a mean ± SD of 17.6 ± 12 months. The inclusion criteria were 1) homeless with a previous diagnosis of diabetes or a blood glucose level greater than 126 mg/dL at first check and 2) foot ulcer caused by diabetic vasculopathy or neuropathy. The efficacy of the interventions was assessed against the number of successfully cured diabetic feet based on a reduced initial Wagner classification score for each ulcer.

Results

Clinical improvement was observed in 18 patients (86%), whose pathologic condition was completely resolved after 3 years and, therefore, no longer needed medication. One patient died of septic shock and kidney failure, and two patients needed amputation owing to clinical worsening of ulcers (Wagner class 4 at the last visit).

Conclusions

Most homeless people who have diabetes and diabetic foot encounter many difficulties managing their disease, and a volunteer health-care unit could be a suitable option to bridge these gaps.
Plate Fixation of Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fracture
Authors: Kadar Assaf , Ankory Ran , Karpf Ronen , Luger Elhanan , Elias Shlomo
Published: October 2015

Background

Intramedullary screw fixation of fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal bone may not be satisfactory in comminuted fractures or when the lateral metatarsal bowing has to be restored. We report our experience with plate fixation in these circumstances.

Methods

Between June 1, 2009, and January 31, 2013, 13 patients who had comminuted fracture or nonunion of fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal bone underwent plate fixation. Study patients were followed up for a mean of 500 days (range, 51–1238 days). Their medical records and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed for demographic and operative data and radiologic evidence of fracture healing. At their most recent follow-up, patients were evaluated for pain levels with a visual analog scale, for foot function with the Foot and Ankle Disability Index, and for quality of life with the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey.

Results

Fracture union was evident in 12 patients after a mean of 56.8 days (range, 30–92 days). There was only one major complication of sural nerve neuroma and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Four patients required reoperation for plate removal. Plate fixation of proximal fifth metatarsal comminuted fractures is associated with high union rates, relief of pain, and patient satisfaction. However, plate removal for various reasons was required in approximately one-third of the study patients. This high revision rate might be avoided by better selection of patients and meticulous intraoperative identification and preservation of the sural nerve.

Conclusions

We recommend reserving plate fixation for proximal fifth metatarsal fractures for cases of laterally bowed fifth metatarsal or comminuted fractures.
Candida albicans Immunotherapy for Verrucae Plantaris
Authors: Vlahovic Tracey C. , Spadone Samuel , Dunn S. Patrick , Fussell Tara , Hersh Ian , Green Tyson , Merrill Jeff , Ghosh Payel , Tran Tran
Published: October 2015

Background

Verrucae plantaris is a viral disease caused by human papilloma virus that is commonly seen in the office setting and is often challenging to treat owing to its high recurrence rate and recalcitrant profile. Candida albicans intralesional injections have been hypothesized to incite an immunogenic response toward the virus.

Methods

We report on the immunotherapeutic effect of intralesional injection of C albicans into plantar verrucae with a retrospective medical record analysis of 80 patients. Using a luer-lock syringe, 0.1 to 0.3 mL of C albicans antigen was injected into either the first known lesion or the largest lesion.

Results

The success rate of intralesional C albicans, defined as total clearance of the lesion, was 65%, which may be underestimated because patients lost to follow-up were included in the 35% failure rate. It was also found that female patients with a previous tissue-destructive treatment process were more than four times more likely to respond to C albicans therapy, whereas this effect was less pronounced in the male patient population.

Conclusions

These results indicate that a series of intralesional injections of C albicans is an effective and efficient method of treatment for verrucae plantaris.
True Pathologic Abnormality versus Artifact
Authors: Horn Deena B. , Meyers Steven , Astor William
Published: October 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging is a commonly ordered examination by many foot and ankle surgeons for ankle pain and suspected peroneal tendon pathologic abnormalities. Magic angle artifact is one of the complexities associated with this imaging modality. Magic angle refers to the increased signal on magnetic resonance images associated with the highly organized collagen fibers in tendons and ligaments when they are orientated at a 55° angle to the main magnetic field. We present several examples from a clinical practice setting using 3T imaging illustrating a substantial reduction in magic angle artifact of the peroneal tendon in the prone plantarflexed position compared with the standard neutral (right angle) position.
A Novel Case of an Acrochordon Occurring on the Plantar Foot
Authors: Nguyen Harrison P. , Holcomb Maura J. , Krishnan Bhuvaneswari , Katta Rajani
Published: October 2015

We report on a 63-year-old male who was found to have an acrochordon on his plantar foot. Although acrochordons constitute a common benign clinical finding, this observation represents, to our knowledge, only the second case reported on the foot and the first occuring on the plantar surface.
Efinaconazole Topical Solution, 10%
Authors: Markinson Bryan , Caldwell Bryan
Published: October 2015

Background

We sought to evaluate the efficacy of efinaconazole topical solution, 10%, in patients with onychomycosis and coexisting tinea pedis.

Methods

We analyzed 1,655 patients, aged 18 to 70 years, randomized (3:1) to receive efinaconazole topical solution, 10%, or vehicle from two identical multicenter, double-blind, vehicle-controlled 48-week studies evaluating safety and efficacy. The primary end point was complete cure rate (0% clinical involvement of the target toenail and negative potassium hydroxide examination and fungal culture findings) at week 52. Three groups were compared: patients with onychomycosis and coexisting interdigital tinea pedis on-study (treated or left untreated) and those with no coexisting tinea pedis.

Results

Treatment with efinaconazole topical solution, 10%, was significantly more effective than vehicle use irrespective of the coexistence of tinea pedis or its treatment. Overall, 352 patients with onychomycosis (21.3%) had coexisting interdigital tinea pedis, with 215 of these patients (61.1%) receiving investigator-approved topical antifungal agents for their tinea pedis in addition to their randomized onychomycosis treatment. At week 52, efinaconazole complete cure rates of 29.4% were reported in patients with onychomycosis when coexisting tinea pedis was treated compared with 16.1% when coexisting tinea pedis was not treated. Both cure rates were significant compared with vehicle (P = .003 and .045, respectively), and in the latter subgroup, no patients treated with vehicle achieved a complete cure.

Conclusions

Treatment of coexisting tinea pedis in patients with onychomycosis enhances the efficacy of once-daily topical treatment with efinaconazole topical solution, 10%.
Pediatric Subtalar Joint Synovial Chondromatosis
Authors: Saibaba Balaji , Sudesh Pebam , Govindan Gokul , Prakash Mahesh
Published: October 2015

Synovial chondromatosis is a rare, usually benign disorder affecting the population predominantly in the third and fourth decades of life and mainly involving the large weightbearing joints of the lower limb—the knees and the hip. In this report, we highlight an unusual pediatric clinical presentation of synovial osteochondromatosis involving the subtalar joint and discuss its surgical management; we also provide a comprehensive up-to-date literature review of the disorder. This patient was successfully treated with en masse surgical excision. He has been doing well, with complete pain relief and improved range of motion at 1-year follow-up. An exceptional involvement of the subtalar joint and an unusual presentation in the pediatric age group makes this case unique.
O ESTRANGEIRO PARA A ACADEMIA DE ARTES E CIÊNCIAS CINEMATOGRÁFICAS DE HOLLYWOOD: OS VENCEDORES DO OSCAR DE MELHOR FILME EM LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA (2005 - 2014)
Authors: Bona Rafael Jose , Frazão Jéssica Pereira
Published: October 2015

O mais conhecido prêmio do cinema mundial, o Oscar (Academy Awards), sempre representou um objeto de desejo para os cinemas de todas as nações. A inscrição de um longa metragem na categoria de Melhor Filme em Língua Estrangeira é, no mínimo, uma questão política. Esta pesquisa constitui-se de uma análise fílmica dos filmes vencedores da categoria de Melhor Filme em Língua Estrangeira, no Oscar de 2005 a 2014. Com os resultados alcançados, foi possível observar o entendimento que a Academia de Hollywood faz do estrangeiro no cinema. Além disso, foi possível ter a compreensão sobre o processo de escolha de um filme em detrimento de outros e se há características comuns aos longa metragens vencedores. 
A CONFIGURAÇÃO DA TELENOVELA NO BRASIL: A SUPERAÇÃO DO MODELO MELODRAMÁTICO
Authors: Ribeiro Rondinele Aparecido
Published: October 2015

É inegável que a ficção seriada participa ativamente do processo de representação de identidades. Assim, a telenovela, que sempre esteve presente na televisão brasileira e passou a ocupar lugar privilegiado, tanto na programação televisiva, quanto nos estudos acadêmicos, estando a serviço do entretenimento ou do viés emancipatório, responde por um processo de interação e representação diante do cotidiano. Dessa forma, o presente artigo tece considerações acerca da constituição do gênero televisivo de maior sucesso no país, a telenovela. Para tanto, utilizará postulações de Lopes, Borelli, Alencar, Sadek, Hamburger, Távola e outros teóricos que se ocupam de reflexões acerca desse gênero. Acredita-se que este trabalho seja importante devido às especificidades de um gênero considerado híbrido, que tem na literatura e nas manifestações de massa sua gênese. Ademais, estudar a história da telenovela é se debruçar sobre a evolução e os dilemas sócio-históricos e político-econômicos do Brasil.
UM OLHAR SOBRE O MARKETING DE UM ESPAÇO CULTURAL: CASO CIRCO DA DONA BILICA
Authors: Miranda Márcio Batista de , Will Fernanda , Sousa Richard Perassi Luiz de , Remor Carlos Augusto Monguilhott
Published: October 2015

Atualmente, o mercado cultural no Brasil, vem ainda que a passos curtos, buscando um lugar no mercado. A economia criativa a exemplo dos espaços culturais representa 2,6% do PIB brasileiro. Portanto, a adoção de estratégias para a conquista e a manutenção no mercado, se torna essencial para sobrevivência de muitas empresas hoje. A questão é como podem ser percebidas as práticas de marketing do Circo da Dona Bilica? O objetivo do trabalho é verificar como podem ser percebidas as práticas de marketing do Circo da Dona Bilica. O estabelecimento deste olhar aborda as estratégias e ações adotadas pelo Circo da Dona Bilica em seu processo de consolidação como um espaço cultural no mercado de Florianópolis. As dificuldades apresentadas de como fazer da cultura um produto de consumo também são discutidos. A pesquisa é de natureza aplicada, qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, utilizando o método dedutivo. Os procedimentos técnicos utilizados foram o levantamento bibliográfico, a pesquisa documental e estudo de caso. A análise do espaço e das práticas permitiu observar o Circo da Dona Bilica, como um espaço cultural que considera as estratégias como passo fundamental para a empresa se posicionar como um centro de excelência no estado de Santa Catarina.
UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DE DIFERENTES EDIÇÕES DA REVISTA VEJA: O QUE MUDOU EM UM PERÍODO DE QUASE QUATRO DÉCADAS?
Authors: Guimarães Fernanda Taís Brignol , Oliveira Vinícius Oliveira de , Souza Cristiani Martins de
Published: October 2015

Analisamos, neste artigo, duas edições da Revista Veja, publicadas em diferentes épocas: uma de 1974 e outra de 2012, com o objetivo de estabelecer uma relação comparativa entre ambas. Com base no estudo de Hernandes (2006), intitulado O jornalismo impresso, pretendemos identificar o que mudou nessa revista, através da comparação de duas de suas edições, publicadas com uma distância de quase quatro décadas entre uma edição e outra. Como resultados, apontamos que, embora a Veja tenha preservado certa linearidade em seus padrões de design, ao longo desse tempo, os assuntos abordados não são mais os mesmos. A mudança de assuntos essencialmente ligados à economia e à política, presentes na edição de 1974, para assuntos ligados a temas mais leves, como a vida das celebridades, por exemplo, edição de 2012, se justifica pelo objetivo de alcançar o público consumidor de maneira mais rentável.
O GÊNERO “NOTÍCIA” SOB A PERSPECTIVA DIALÓGICA DE BAKHTIN
Authors: Gubert Antonio Luiz
Published: October 2015

Este artigo trata da análise relacional dos pressupostos teóricos encontrados em Bakhtin (2003) sobre dialogismo na linguagem, a partir da análise um exemplar do gênero discursivo “notícia”. No estudo, buscamos situar afirmativas da teoria bakhtiniana no texto-modelo, relacionando as vozes dos autores e os impactos possíveis nos interlocutores. 
Temporal variability of particulate organic carbon in the lower Changjiang (Yangtze River) in the post‐Three Gorges Dam period: Links to anthropogenic and climate impacts
Authors: Wu Ying , Bao Hongyan , Yu Hao , Zhang Jing , Kattner Gerhard
Published: October 2015

Suspended particles from the lower Changjiang were collected monthly from 2003 to 2011, which corresponds to the three construction periods of the Three Gorges Dam. Organic carbon (%OC), organic carbon to total nitrogen molar ratio, stable carbon isotope, and terrestrial biomarkers were examined. Rating curve studies were applied for the temporal trend analysis. The composition of particulate lignin phenols exhibited clear annual and periodic variations but only minor seasonal changes. Lignin phenol ratios (vanillyl/syringyl and cinnamyl/vanillyl) indicated that the terrigenous organic matter (OM) was primarily composed of woody and nonwoody tissue derived from angiosperm plants. The low‐lignin phenol yields (Λ8) in combination with higher acid to aldehyde ratios reflected a substantial contribution from soil OM to the particle samples or modifications during river transport. The temporal shift of the lignin phenol vegetation index with the sediment load during the flood seasons revealed particulate organic matter (POM) erosion from soils and the impact of hydrodynamic processes. The dam operations affected the seasonal variability of terrigenous OM fluxes, although the covariation of lignin and sediment loads with discharged water implies that unseasonal extreme conditions and climate change most likely had larger influences, because decreases in the sediment load and lignin flux alter the structure and composition of particulate OM (POM) on interannual time scales, indicating that they may be driven by climate variability. The modification of the composition and structure of POM will have significant impacts on regional carbon cycles and marine ecosystems.
How hydrology determines seasonal and interannual variations in water table depth, surface energy exchange, and water stress in a tropical peatland: Modeling versus measurements
Authors: Mezbahuddin M. , Grant R. F. , Hirano T.
Published: October 2015

Soil carbon stocks in tropical peatlands have declined recently from water table depth (WTD) drawdown caused by increased frequency and intensity of climate extremes like El Niño and by artificial drainage. Restoration of these carbon stocks under these climatic and anthropogenic disturbances requires improved predictive capacity for hydrological feedbacks to ecological processes. Process‐based modeling of tropical peatland ecohydrology could provide us with such capacity, but such modeling has thus far been limited. We aimed at using basic processes for water and O2 transport and their effects on ecosystem water, carbon, and nitrogen cycling to model seasonal and interannual variations of WTD and surface energy exchange. We tested these processes in a process‐based model ecosys in a drained tropical Indonesian peatland from an El Niño year 2002 to a wetter year 2005. WTD was modeled from hydraulically driven water transfers controlled vertically by precipitation versus evapotranspiration (ET) and laterally by discharge versus recharge to or from an external reference WTD. These transfers caused WTD drawdown and soil drying to be modeled during dry seasons, which reduced ET and increased Bowen ratio by lowering stomatal conductance. More pronounced dry seasons in drier years 2002–2004 versus wetter year 2005 caused deeper WTD, more intense peat drying, and greater plant water stress. These modeled trends were well corroborated by site measurements as apparent in regression statistics of modeled versus observed WTD (R2 > 0.8), latent heat (R2 > 0.8), and sensible heat (R2 > 0.7) fluxes. Insights gained from this modeling would aid in predicting the fate of tropical peatlands under future drier climates.
Multipath propagation of low‐frequency radio waves inferred from high‐resolution array analysis
Authors: Füllekrug Martin , Smith Nathan , Mezentsev Andrew , Watson Robert , Astin Ivan , Gaffet Stéphane , Evans Adrian , Rycroft Michael
Published: October 2015

The low‐frequency radio sky shows the locations of electromagnetic radio sources with a characteristic dilution of precision. Here we report a thorough high‐resolution analysis of radio waves from low‐frequency (∼20–150 kHz) radio communication transmitters which are recorded with a small aperture array of radio receivers during the day. It is found that the observed dilution of precision results from the array geometry of the radio receivers, a birefringent wave propagation, and the correlated multipath propagation of low‐frequency radio waves. The influence of the array geometry on the dilution of precision is reduced by taking into account the impulse response of the array. This procedure reveals for the very first time the splitting of one single radio source into two distinct source locations separated by ∼0.2°–1.9° which result from a birefringent wave propagation. The two locations are yet more clearly identified by using the polarity of the modulated wave number vectors of the radio waves. This polarity is also used to quantify the dilution of precision arising from correlated multipath propagation which is discriminated against wave number fluctuations arising from the timing accuracy of the radio receivers. It is found that ∼69% of the wave number variability is of natural origin and ∼31% originates from the timing accuracy of the receivers. The wave number variability from correlated multipath propagation results in a standard deviation ∼2–8% relative to the source location. This compact measurement of correlated multipath propagation is used to characterize the uncertainty of source locations in the radio sky. The identification of correlated multipath propagation strongly suggests the existence of very fast processes acting on time scales <1 ms in the D region ionosphere with physically meaningful effects on low‐frequency radio wave propagation. This important result has implications for practical applications in that the observed multipath propagation enables the determination of natural limits for the accuracy of navigation and lightning location methods using low‐frequency radio waves.
Economic Costs of Crime
Authors: Chalfin Aaron
Published: October 2015

Crime generates external costs for individuals and social costs for nations. This entry reviews the dominant theoretical paradigms that underlie national estimates of the cost of crime and reviews the empirical methodologies that have been employed in the extant literature. The entry closes with a brief review of empirical estimates of the costs of crime to crime victims. In the United States, the cost of crime, narrowly construed, constitutes approximately 2% of gross domestic product (
GDP
), approximately double the amount of revenue generated by the education sector and half the amount of revenue produced by the
US
entertainment industry. Some estimates of the cost of crime are as large as 6% of
GDP
.
Age and Crime
Authors: Rocque Michael , Posick Chad , Hoyle Justin
Published: October 2015

The relationship between age and crime is one of the oldest known in the criminological literature. This entry describes research on what is known as the “age–crime curve,” first by reviewing recent data, then discussing historical and theoretical work. The entry then discusses policy implications of the age and crime research. These implications differ according to whether one views the relationship between age and crime as a biological “invariant” phenomenon, or as one that can be explained at least partially by social factors. Both social and biological factors likely influence the age–crime curve, and policy should be developed accordingly.
Ultra‐Tuning of the Rare‐Earth fcu‐MOF Aperture Size for Selective Molecular Exclusion of Branched Paraffins
Authors: Assen Ayalew H. , Belmabkhout Youssef , Adil Karim , Bhatt Prashant M. , Xue Dong‐Xu , Jiang Hao , Eddaoudi Mohamed
Published: October 2015

Using isoreticular chemistry allows the design and construction of a new rare‐earth metal (RE) fcu‐MOF with a suitable aperture size for practical steric adsorptive separations. The judicious choice of a relatively short organic building block, namely fumarate, to bridge the 12‐connected RE hexanuclear clusters has afforded the contraction of the well‐defined RE‐fcu‐MOF triangular window aperture, the sole access to the two interconnected octahedral and tetrahedral cages. The newly constructed RE (Y3+ and Tb3+) fcu‐MOF analogues display unprecedented total exclusion of branched paraffins from normal paraffins. The resultant window aperture size of about 4.7 Å, regarded as a sorbate‐size cut‐off, enabled a complete sieving of branched paraffins from normal paraffins. The results are supported by collective single gas and mixed gas/vapor adsorption and calorimetric studies.
Stable Co‐Catalyst‐Free Photocatalytic H2 Evolution From Oxidized Titanium Nitride Nanopowders
Authors: Zhou Xuemei , Zolnhofer Eva M. , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Liu Ning , Meyer Karsten , Schmuki Patrik
Published: October 2015

A simple strategy is used to thermally oxidize TiN nanopowder (∼20 nm) to an anatase phase of a TiO2:Ti3+:N compound. In contrast to the rutile phase of such a compound, this photocatalyst provides activity for hydrogen evolution under AM1.5 conditions, without the use of any noble metal co‐catalyst. Moreover the photocatalyst is active and stable over extended periods of time (tested for 4 months). Importantly, to achieve successful conversion to the active anatase polymorph, sufficiently small starting particles of TiN are needed. The key factor for catalysis is the stabilization of the co‐catalytically active Ti3+ species against oxidation by nitrogen present in the starting material.
Stereodivergent Dual Catalytic α‐Allylation of Protected α‐Amino‐ and α‐Hydroxyacetaldehydes
Authors: Sandmeier Tobias , Krautwald Simon , Zipfel Hannes F. , Carreira Erick M.
Published: October 2015

Fully stereodivergent dual‐catalytic α‐allylation of protected α‐amino‐ and α‐hydroxyacetaldehydes is achieved through iridium‐ and amine‐catalyzed substitution of racemic allylic alcohols with chiral enamines generated in situ. The operationally simple method furnishes useful aldehyde building blocks in good yields, more than 99 % ee, and with d.r. values greater than 20:1 in some cases. Additionally, the γ,δ‐unsaturated products can be further functionalized in a stereodivergent fashion with high selectivity and with preservation of stereochemical integrity at the Cα position.
Striking Differences in Properties of Geometric Isomers of [Ir(tpy)(ppy)H]+: Experimental and Computational Studies of their Hydricities, Interaction with CO2, and Photochemistry
Authors: Garg Komal , Matsubara Yasuo , Ertem Mehmed Z. , Lewandowska‐Andralojc Anna , Sato Shunsuke , Szalda David J. , Muckerman James T. , Fujita Etsuko
Published: October 2015

We prepared two geometric isomers of [Ir(tpy)(ppy)H]+, previously proposed as a key intermediate in the photochemical reduction of CO2 to CO, and characterized their notably different ground‐ and excited‐state interactions with CO2 and their hydricities using experimental and computational methods. Only one isomer, C‐trans‐[Ir(tpy)(ppy)H]+, reacts with CO2 to generate the formato complex in the ground state, consistent with its calculated hydricity. Under photocatalytic conditions in CH3CN/TEOA, a common reactive C‐trans‐[Ir(tpy)(ppy)]0 species, irrespective of the starting isomer or monodentate ligand (such as hydride or Cl), reacts with CO2 and produces CO with the same catalytic efficiency.
Photocatalytically Renewable Micro‐electrochemical Sensor for Real‐Time Monitoring of Cells
Authors: Xu Jia‐Quan , Liu Yan‐Ling , Wang Qian , Duo Huan‐Huan , Zhang Xin‐Wei , Li Yu‐Tao , Huang Wei‐Hua
Published: October 2015

Electrode fouling and passivation is a substantial and inevitable limitation in electrochemical biosensing, and it is a great challenge to efficiently remove the contaminant without changing the surface structure and electrochemical performance. Herein, we propose a versatile and efficient strategy based on photocatalytic cleaning to construct renewable electrochemical sensors for cell analysis. This kind of sensor was fabricated by controllable assembly of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and TiO2 to form a sandwiching RGO@TiO2 structure, followed by deposition of Au nanoparticles (NPs) onto the RGO shell. The Au NPs‐RGO composite shell provides high electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, the encapsulated TiO2 ensures an excellent photocatalytic cleaning property. Application of this renewable microsensor for detection of nitric oxide (NO) release from cells demonstrates the great potential of this strategy in electrode regeneration and biosensing.
Chemoselective Alkene Hydrosilylation Catalyzed by Nickel Pincer Complexes
Authors: Buslov Ivan , Becouse Jeanne , Mazza Simona , Montandon‐Clerc Mickael , Hu Xile
Published: October 2015

Chemoselective hydrosilylation of functionalized alkenes is difficult to achieve using base‐metal catalysts. Reported herein is that well‐defined bis(amino)amide nickel pincer complexes are efficient catalysts for anti‐Markovnikov hydrosilylation of terminal alkenes with turnover frequencies of up to 83 000 per hour and turnover numbers of up to 10 000. Alkenes containing amino, ester, amido, ketone, and formyl groups are selectively hydrosilylated. A slight modification of reaction conditions allows tandem isomerization/hydrosilylation reactions of internal alkenes using these nickel catalysts.
Polyfluorides and Neat Fluorine as Host Material in Matrix‐Isolation Experiments
Authors: Brosi Felix , Vent‐Schmidt Thomas , Kieninger Stefanie , Schlöder Tobias , Beckers Helmut , Riedel Sebastian
Published: October 2015

The use of neat fluorine in matrix isolation is reported, as well as the formation of polyfluoride monoanions under cryogenic conditions. Purification procedures and spectroscopic data of fluorine are described, and matrix shifts of selected molecules and impurities in solid fluorine are compared to those of common matrix gases (Ar, Kr, N2, Ne). The reaction of neat fluorine and IR‐laser ablated metal atoms to yield fluorides of chromium (CrF5), palladium (PdF2), gold (AuF5), and praseodymium (PrF4) has been investigated. The fluorides have been characterized in solid fluorine by IR spectroscopy at 5 K. Also the fluorination of Kr and the photo‐dismutation of XeO4 have been studied by using IR spectroscopy in neat fluorine. Formation of the [F5]− ion was obtained by IR‐laser ablation of platinum in the presence of fluorine and proven in a Ne matrix at 5 K by two characteristic vibrational bands of [F5]− at =850.7 and 1805.0 cm−1 and its photo‐behavior.
Total Synthesis of Codeine
Authors: Li Qilin , Zhang Hongbin
Published: October 2015

In this paper, a new strategy towards the synthesis of codeine and morphine is reported. This new approach features a cascade cyclization to construct the dihydrofuran ring, and an intramolecular palladium catalyzed CH olefination of unactivated aliphatic alkene to install the morphinan ring system.
Design, Synthesis and in vitro Evaluation of Indolotacrine Analogues as Multitarget‐Directed Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Benek Ondrej , Soukup Ondrej , Pasdiorova Marketa , Hroch Lukas , Sepsova Vendula , Jost Petr , Hrabinova Martina , Jun Daniel , Kuca Kamil , Zala Dominykas , Ramsay Rona R. , Marco‐Contelles José , Musilek Kamil
Published: October 2015

Novel indolotacrine analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. By using a multitarget‐directed ligand approach, compounds were designed to act simultaneously as cholinesterase (ChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. The compounds were also evaluated for antioxidant, cytotoxic, hepatotoxic, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability properties. Indolotacrine 9 b (9‐methoxy‐2,3,4,6‐tetrahydro‐1H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinolin‐11‐amine) showed the most promising results in the in vitro assessment; it is a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE IC50: 1.5 μm), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE IC50: 2.4 μm) and MAO A (IC50: 0.49 μm), and it is also a weak inhibitor of MAO B (IC50: 53.9 μm). Although its cytotoxic (IC50: 5.5±0.4 μm) and hepatotoxic (IC50: 1.22±0.11 μm) profiles are not as good as those of the standard 7‐methoxytacrine (IC50: 63±4 and 11.50±0.77 μm, respectively), the overall improvement in the inhibitory activities and potential to cross the BBB make indolotacrine 9 b a promising lead compound for further development and investigation.
Two‐tiered subdivision of atypia on urine cytology can improve patient follow‐up and optimize the utility of UroVysion
Authors: Glass Ryan E. , Coutsouvelis Constantinos , Sheikh‐Fayyaz Silvat , Chau Karen , Rosen Lisa , Brenkert Ryan , Slim Farah , Epelbaum Fanya , Das Kasturi , Cocker Rubina S.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The annual incidence of urothelial carcinoma continues to increase, and it is projected that greater than 70,000 new cases will occur in the year 2015. However, as much as 23% of cytologic specimens will demonstrate some degree of atypia without meeting the criteria for urothelial carcinoma and thus will be reported as atypical.

METHODS

The authors conducted 2 laboratory information searches and 1 survey. In total, 311 patients who had atypical cytology‐biopsy pairs available were identified from the initial data search. The second data search identified 942 patients who had fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results available.

RESULTS

There was fair agreement between FISH results and cytology results (κ = 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.27‐0.41). The analysis did not reveal any benefits of using additional atypical subcategories beyond the 2 suggested in the literature. It was determined that 2 strategies would provide an optimal balance: standardizing patient management and facilitating the adoption of universally recognized templates.

CONCLUSIONS

When combining cytology and the 2‐tiered atypical classification system with FISH testing, a marked increase in sensitivity and an accompanying decrease in specificity were observed compared with either test individually. Thus, highly sensitive FISH testing may help to identify high‐risk patients among those in the group with uncertain atypical findings. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:188–195. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Insulin receptor isoforms: an integrated view focused on gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Westermeier F. , Sáez T. , Arroyo P. , Toledo F. , Gutiérrez J. , Sanhueza C. , Pardo F. , Leiva A. , Sobrevia L.
Published: October 2015

The human insulin receptor (IR) exists in two isoforms that differ by the absence (IR‐A) or the presence (IR‐B) of a 12‐amino acid segment encoded by exon 11. Both isoforms are functionally distinct regarding their binding affinities and intracellular signalling. However, the underlying mechanisms related to their cellular functions in several tissues are only partially understood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge in this field regarding the alternative splicing of IR isoform, tissue‐specific distribution and signalling both in physiology and disease, with an emphasis on the human placenta in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of IR isoforms highlighted by findings that show altered insulin signalling due to differential IR‐A and IR‐B expression in human placental endothelium in GDM pregnancies. Future research and clinical studies focused on the role of IR isoform signalling might provide novel therapeutic targets for treating GDM to improve the adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpreting behaviors from accelerometry: a method combining simplicity and objectivity
Authors: Collins Philip M. , Green Jonathan A. , Warwick‐Evans Victoria , Dodd Stephen , Shaw Peter J. A. , Arnould John P. Y. , Halsey Lewis G.
Published: October 2015

Quantifying the behavior of motile, free‐ranging animals is difficult. The accelerometry technique offers a method for recording behaviors but interpretation of the data is not straightforward. To date, analysis of such data has either involved subjective, study‐specific assignments of behavior to acceleration data or the use of complex analyses based on machine learning. Here, we present a method for automatically classifying acceleration data to represent discrete, coarse‐scale behaviors. The method centers on examining the shape of histograms of basic metrics readily derived from acceleration data to objectively determine threshold values by which to separate behaviors. Through application of this method to data collected on two distinct species with greatly differing behavioral repertoires, kittiwakes, and humans, the accuracy of this approach is demonstrated to be very high, comparable to that reported for other automated approaches already published. The method presented offers an alternative to existing methods as it uses biologically grounded arguments to distinguish behaviors, it is objective in determining values by which to separate these behaviors, and it is simple to implement, thus making it potentially widely applicable. The R script coding the method is provided.
CD70 and IFN‐1 selectively induce eomesodermin or T‐bet and synergize to promote CD8+ T‐cell responses
Authors: Dong Han , Franklin Nathan A. , Ritchea Shane B. , Yagita Hideo , Glennie Martin J. , Bullock Timothy N. J.
Published: October 2015

CD70‐mediated stimulation of CD27 is an important cofactor of CD4+ T‐cell licensed dendritic cells (DCs). However, it is unclear how CD70‐mediated stimulation of T cells is integrated with signals that emanate from signal 3 pathways, such as type‐1 interferon (IFN‐1) and IL‐12. We find that while stimulation of CD27 in isolation drives weak EomesoderminhiT‐betlo CD8+ T‐cell responses to OVA immunization, profound synergistic expansion is achieved by cotargeting TLR. This cooperativity can substantially boost antiviral CD8+ T‐cell responses during acute infection. Concomitant stimulation of TLR significantly increases per cell IFN‐γ production and the proportion of the population with characteristics of short‐lived effector cells, yet also promotes the ability to form long‐lived memory. Notably, while IFN‐1 contributes to the expression of CD70 on DCs, the synergy between CD27 and TLR stimulation is dependent upon IFN‐1's effect directly on CD8+ T cells, and is associated with the increased expression of T‐bet in T cells. Surprisingly, we find that IL‐12 fails to synergize with CD27 stimulation to promote CD8+ T‐cell expansion, despite its capacity to drive effector CD8+ T‐cell differentiation. Together, these data identify complex interactions between signal 3 and costimulatory pathways, and identify opportunities to influence the differentiation of CD8+ T‐cell responses.
Linear and V‐Shaped Alkynyl‐1,3,5‐tri­azines
Authors: Gao Peisen , Wang Zhenhua , Wang Xiu , Zhang Weiqiang , Gao Ziwei
Published: October 2015

A concise route for the synthesis of linear and V‐shaped alkynyl‐1,3,5‐triazines has been developed by starting from 2,4‐dichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine derivatives. The sequential substitution of the 2‐ and 4‐chloro groups by a regioselective Sonogashira coupling reaction afforded symmetric and unsymmetric V‐shaped alkynyl‐1,3,5‐triazines. A modulated copper‐free Pd/1,10‐phenanthroline catalyst system showed good compatibility with the –OCH3, –NPh2, and p‐CH3OC6H4– substitutents and furnished the targeted linear alkynyl‐1,3,5‐triazines in good yields. A Pd/Ag bimetallic system afforded the desired symmetric and unsymmetric V‐shaped alkynyl‐1,3,5‐triazines in moderate to good yields. The photophysical properties of the new alkynyl‐1,3,5‐triazine compounds were characterized experimentally. The X‐ray diffraction analysis of 2a confirmed a coplanar position between the phenyl group and the 1,3,5‐triazinal moiety. Intermolecular π–π interactions were observed between two of the TZ units, and the shortest atomic contact distance between the phenyl moieties of two adjacent molecules is 3.655 Å.
Liebe geht durch den Daumen
Authors: Walter Anna‐Maria
Published: October 2015

Wie die Handy‐Kultur das Leben verändert, zeigt sich selbst im abgelegenen Hochgebirge Nordpakistans. In einer strikt geschlechtergetrennten Gesellschaft schafft es für die Frauen neue Räume der Kommunikation. Eine ethnologische Studie gewinnt neue Einblicke durch teilnehmende Beobachtung.
Space mapping surrogate‐based microwave circuit design centering using a new statistical technique
Authors: Hassan Abdel‐Karim S.O. , Abdel‐Malek Hany L. , Mohamed Ahmed S.A. , Elqenawy Ahmed E.
Published: October 2015

Design centering is an optimal design process that seeks for the values of system parameters which maximize the probability of satisfying the design specifications (yield function). In this article, a derivative‐free trust region (TR) optimization approach is combined with the generalized space mapping technique to develop a new space mapping (SM) surrogate‐based statistical technique for design centering of computationally expensive microwave circuits. The TR optimization approach is well suited for expensive objective functions that have some uncertainty in their values or subject to statistical variations. The principal operation relies on building and successively updating quadratic surrogate models to be optimized instead of the objective function over TRs employing the truncated conjugate gradients. The approach constructs the initial quadratic surrogate model using fewer data points, then updates the surrogate model using a weighted least squares fitting that gives more emphasis to points close to the current center point. Integrating the TR optimization approach with the generalized space mapping technique results in a novel statistical design centering technique for the microwave circuits with a great reduction in computations and simulations needed for the yield optimization process. Design of practical microwave circuits is presented to indicate the effectiveness of the new design centering technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.