bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manner modification of state verbs
Authors: Katz Graham
Published: November 2023

The analysis of manner adverbs as event predicates, first proposed by Davidson (1967) and argued for extensively by Parsons (1990), has become a standard part of the received semantic cannon (Kamp and Reyle 1993; Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet 2000). On this now-traditional analysis, a sentence like (1a) is analyzed at some level of representation as in (1b).
Background, early life, and marriage
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

William Shakespeare (1564–1616), playwright and poet, was baptized, probably by the parish priest, John Bretchgirdle, in Holy Trinity, the parish church of Stratford upon Avon, on 26 April 1564, the third child of John Shakespeare (d . 1601) and Mary Arden (d . 1608). It seems appropriate that the first of many gaps in the records of Shakespeare’s life should be the exact date of his birth, though that is a common problem for the period. He was probably born on 21, 22, or 23 April 1564, given the 1559 prayer book’s instructions to parents on the subject of baptisms.
Plays, poems, and profits
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

In the meantime, Shakespeare was developing new forms for his drama. Pericles marked a new departure, a drama whose narrative spreads to and fro across the Mediterranean, with a chorus, the poet John Gower whose poem Confessio amantis is one of the play’s sources, returned from the grave to tell the tale. From the finality of losing the beloved daughter at the end of King Lear to the possibility of a family being reunited at the end of Pericles is an enormous distance. Pericles was the only play largely written by Shakespeare not to be included in the 1623 first folio but it appeared in a quarto edition in 1608.
The universal author
Authors: Holland Peter
Published: November 2023

In many of the world’s educational systems Shakespeare remains at the core of literary study, compulsory in the English national curriculum at secondary school and all but compulsory in many other countries. At universities his plays are central to the study of literature and drama and, though political battles in the United States to revise the canon of literary study led to Shakespeare no longer being compulsory at many universities, more students than ever take Shakespeare courses there.
I
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Compared to the extreme interest in the concept of identity and its different dimensions (self, narrative, organizational, ethnic, gender, and so forth), the concept of identification has received slightly less attention. And yet in a curious way, identification was established as an important psychological concept before identity was introduced into the human sciences by philosopher George Herbert Mead, psychologist Erik Erikson, and others. Already in the 1920s Freud was using the concept of identification extensively to describe a process whereby an individual assimilates a quality of an object and incorporates it in his or her own constitution. Thus, a child may identify with a parent or a follower may identify with a leader, imagining themselves to have some of the qualities of the person they identify with. What was important for Freud was that identification fundamentally transforms the subject who forges a new sense of identity by assimilating the perceived (and often idealized) attributes of the other person. Identification was seen by Freud as one of the two core processes of forming relations with others (the other being love for another person). He viewed the development of our mental personality as occurring through successive identifications with different people we admire. The view that identification with the parent of the same sex forms one of the commonest and firmest foundations of identity is also to be found in Erikson, who, however, argued that one must eventually ‘disidentify’ from such parent figures or risk lapsing into an identity crisis.
K
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Knowledge is the object of learning and the subject matter of epistemology. Knowledge is a fundamental characteristic of human beings and a distinctive feature of many of today’s organizations and societies. A knowledge organization (such as a university, a consulting firm, a publisher, or an insurance company) is one much of whose essential business consists of generating, trading, and processing knowledge; a large part of the capital value of such an organization lies in its members’ ability to exploit knowledge, turning it into competitive advantage. Where many organizations carry out this kind of work they are seen asa knowledge economy.
L
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Labour is predominantly an economic category for work, the ability of human beings to generate value by using their creative capacities to mould nature to their needs. Marx argued that labour is what makes humans distinctly human, and that people’s intellectual, spiritual, and technical capacities develop through labour. Capitalist production impoverishes labour, alienating men and women from their products, from their creative activities, and from their fellow humans. Instead of marking the proud and joyful deployment of people’s creative powers, labour comes to be equated with oppression, exploitation, and dehumanization. In such labour, man becomes like an animal, and only in leisure can he obtain a taste of freedom and fulfilment. Marx’s uncompromising equation of labour with what makes man distinctly human has been criticized, or at least complemented by other uniquely human qualities, notably symbolic communication and desire. Nevertheless, Marx’s contention that the social organization of labour has profound repercussions on every society’s cultural, religious, legal, and family institutions has found substantial support in the work of anthropologists. In the last twenty years, many sociologists have been moving away from work towards leisure and consumption activities as the area of life where identities are shaped.
V
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: November 2023

Value is a fundamental concept of economics where it is used to signify the worth of commodities. Marx distinguished between use values and exchange values; use value refers to the value of a service or a product to a user, whereas exchange value represents its value relative to other services and products. According to the labour theory of value, the value of a commodity reflects the amount of labour involved in its production. This also applies to labour power itself when it is traded as a commodity—thus the labour power of a doctor has greater value than that of a labourer, inasmuch as it requires more time and other resources to train and sustain a doctor than a labourer. In neoclassical economics, this approach is dismissed in favour of a view that equates value to the price of a commodity in a free, open, and competitive market. Thus an object has value simply because people are prepared to pay a high price for it. Post- modern theory has added the concept of ‘sign value’—an object may be wanted not because of its uses or the possibility of exchanging it but because of the meanings it carries. Brands are strong carriers of sign value—a branded product commands greater value than an identical unbranded one, because of the prestige and status that it brings to its owner.
Europe in Search of Political Order
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

This book deals with ongoing processes of European cooperation and integration, processes that may have a potential to change the political organization of Europe. Based on ideas from ‘the new institutionalism’ the book offers a systematic perspective on institutional change and in particular the role of institutions in relation to four central and durable issues in the study of political life. These are: (1) the mediation between unity and diversity: what ties a society together and what keeps it apart. (2) The relations between citizens and their helpers: why the democratic deficit in the European Union can not be eliminated solely by making mechanisms of direct citizens participation and representation more efficient. Needed are also institutions that make direct participation redundant because they routinely work with integrity, generating expected and desired outcomes. (3) The relation between democratic design and historical drift: To what degree democracies are able to design and reform key institutions of governance so that their structures reflect popular will, understanding and control. (4) The co-existence of old and new political orders: How elements of a new order may supplement rather than replace elements of the old order, generating a ‘mixed order’ based on partly inconsistent principles and rules.
A prelude to an institutional account
Authors: Olsen Johan P
Published: November 2023

For half a century, Europeans have (again) explored the possibility of new forms of political order and unity. This time change has been non-violent and there have been comprehensive and possibly lasting changes in European institutions of governance. Still, students of European political integration face a partial and emerging polity, with institutions of governance in change and not in a stable equilibrium.
A contested legacy
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

In popular folklore William is supposed to have died after his horse tripped over a molehill. The incident for years after allowed Jacobites to toast the vanquishing creature as ‘the little gentleman in black velvet’. Sadly for romance, the story is only partly true. Certainly William’s horse stumbled on 21 February 1702 and the king broke a collarbone in the fall. However, he made a steady recovery from his injuries in the next couple of weeks, and was soon back conducting business, if not appearing in public. It was only on 5 March that the true cause of death—a pulmonary fever—became evident.
Religion and revolution
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

At the time of Charles II’s death in February 1685 Mary and her husband were entertaining the king’s illegitimate son, the duke of Monmouth, at The Hague. Monmouth relieved the tedium of Mary’s life in the Netherlands, attending magnificent balls and skating with the princess on the ice. One of the first communications from her father, now James II, which Mary received was a polite request to dismiss Mon- mouth from court.
Mary’s legacy
Authors: Claydon Tony , Speck W A
Published: November 2023

Mary’s achievement was to have reconciled the bulk of the tories to the revolution of 1688. Had William been sole ruler from the start he would have been king mainly of the whigs. Jacobitism would have had more appeal without her. It was significant that the most serious Jacobite plots against the regime took place after the queen’s death. By that time, however, thanks to her most tories remained loyal to William. They accepted her as next in line to the throne after her father, conveniently dismissing her half-brother as a supposititious child.
Introduction Experiential Learning and Management Education: Key Themes and Future Directions
Authors: Vince Russ , Reynolds Michael
Published: November 2023

Experiential learning is having a revival. We have been aware for some time of a new interest in the potential of experiential learning, particularly as a way of developing the practice of critical management education. In building this Hand-book, we set out to illustrate some of the ways in which the social and political complexities of organizing can be raised and reflected on, both by managers and by management educators. In addition, we wanted to demonstrate the depth and creativity that experiential methods and approaches can bring to management learning.
Aesthetics in Teaching Organization Studies
Authors: Strati Antonio
Published: November 2023

The aim of the Chapter is to illustrate how aesthetics activated experiential learning while I was teaching organizational subjects. The experiences recounted relate to undergraduate and master courses at an Italian university. The linking theme of the Chapter is a module on organizational aesthetics which formed the final part of the Sociology of Organizations course on a specialist degree programme in Work, Organization, and Information Systems.
Making a Drama out of a Crisis? ‘Performative Learning’ in the Police Service
Authors: Colquhoun Ruth , Cornelius Nelarine , Elliot Meretta , Mistry Amar , Smith Stephen
Published: November 2023

Police station custody suites are subject to intense scrutiny, particularly through the UK Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE). Custody decisions are governed by myriad mandatory and discretionary regulations. Custody Sergeants must be conversant and comfortable with these regulations. They also need the nous to handle the emotions and the multiple dangers entailed by detention.
Experiential Learning in the On-Line Environment Enhancing On-Line Teaching and Learning
Authors: Champoux Joseph E
Published: November 2023

Pedagogical and education research dating to John Dewey’s (1916) foundation work has emphasized student interaction as a key part of an engaging studentcentred learning environment. A focus on interaction has continued as a primary concern of contemporary on-line instructional researchers. They see it as a key way of reducing the emphasis on course content or the instructor (for example, Draves 2000; Kearsley 2000).
Tales of Ordinary Leadership A Feminist Approach to Experiential Learning
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Poggio Barbara
Published: November 2023

Feminist practice and theory have always conferred value on narrative knowledge produced through storytelling, mainly because of its ability to stimulate reflexive thought. In our contribution we intend to present and discuss a training methodology founded on memory work and designed to stimulate an individual and group reworking of the leadership dimension, and of the gender and leadership relationship.
Breast reduction
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Candidates for breast reduction must accept the inevitability of scars on the breasts.

Breast reduction is one of the most popular and successful procedures in the field of cosmetic surgery.

A mammogram should be performed on all women over the age of 45 before surgery.

It is ironic that a desire for bigger breasts is one of the commonest requests for cosmetic surgery and yet, for many women, large breasts can be a source of misery. Heavy large pendulous breasts can be the source of many physical and practical problems. They are heavy and may cause postural problems, including back and shoulder pain. Even the strain on a bra strap produces grooves in the shoulders. Exercise such as running or swimming is often impossible, which may predispose to general weight gain.
Botox and fillers
Authors: Waterhouse Norman
Published: November 2023

Treatment should only be given by properly trained medical staff.

Understand the difference between permanent and temporary fillers.

Be aware of the potential complications or problems that may occur.

The use of Botox to improve appearance has become the most popular ‘non-surgical’ cosmetic procedure, with about two million patients treated each year in the USA. The word ‘Botox’ is actually a company trade name for a product containing botulinum toxin. There are currently three other such products with market authorization called Vistabel, Neurobloc, and Dysport.
Designing Variance Studies
Authors: Van de Ven Andrew H
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews basic steps and decisions in designing a variance research model. At its core, a variance research model consists of a causal conditional proposition. The basic structure of a causal conditional proposition consists of an ‘if–then’ statement of the relationship between one or more causes and effects. As introduced in Chapter 4, these ‘if–then’ statements are called propositions when the causes and effects are stated in abstract theoretical terms, and they are called hypotheses when these ‘if–then’ causes and effects are stated in concrete observable terms. Empirical study of a theoretical proposition requires that it be translated into hypotheses among observable terms. A central task of research design is transforming a theory into an operational research model.
Poverty as a Violation of Human Rights: Inhumanity or Injustice?
Authors: Campbell Tom
Published: November 2023

The proposal that poverty be regarded as a violation of human rights and therefore abolished is presented as a new paradigm in the fight against poverty that has the potential to galvanize an eﬀective strategy for ending poverty through an international human rights framework. In the words of Pierre Sané, Assistant Director-General Social and Human Sciences Sector UNESCO: If . . . poverty were declared to be abolished, as it should with regard to its status as a massive, systematic and continuous violation of human rights, its persistence would no longer be a regrettable feature of the nature of things. It would become a denial of justice. The burden of proof would shift. The poor, once recognized as the injured party, would acquire a right to reparation for which governments, the international community and, ultimately, each citizen would be jointly liable.
The resurrection of western Europe and the transformation of the Americas
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

Over the past millennium, world population rose nearly 24-fold, per capita income 14-fold, GDP 338-fold. This contrasts sharply with the preceding millennium, when world population grew by only a sixth, and per capita income fell. From the year 1000 to 1820, growth was predominantly extensive. Most of the GDP increase went to accommodate a four-fold increase in population. The advance in per capita income was a slow crawl—the world average increased only by half over a period of eight centuries.
Modern macro-measurement: How far have we come?
Authors: Maddison Angus
Published: November 2023

Macro-measurement started in the seventeenth century, but did not emerge as a basic analytical tool for policy analysts and economic historians until the 1940s. In the past 60 years there has been an explosion in the sophistication of policy analysis and the interpretation of history. The explosion started in 1940 with two seminal works: Keynes’ How to Pay for the War, which demonstrated its usefulness as a tool of macroeconomic management, and Colin Clark’s Conditions of Economic Progress, which demonstrated its value in interpreting economic history.
1951: Watershed Year
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

1951 was a watershed year for Britain, and for British advertising. It was the year which marked the beginning of the transition from the trough of the Second World War, and post-war restrictions and privations, to the sunny uplands of economic affluence. Prime Minister Attlee ’s Labour government had always intended the year to be a watershed. On 3 May 1951, a century after the Victorians ‘ Great Exhibition of 1851, large crowds congregated on the South Bank of the Thames to see the King and Queen open the Festival of Britain, which was designed to celebrate British post-war achievements—to advertise to the world that Britain had said goodbye to austerity and shabbiness, and was well on the way to recovery and prosperity. Deputy Prime Minister Herbert Morrison called the Festival ‘the people giving themselves a pat on the back ’.
The Nineteen-Nineties: Recession and Globalization
Authors: Fletcher Winston
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of 1989 one of my younger, senior colleagues asked me how much his annual salary increase for 1990 would be. I said the future looked so dire there would be no salary increases until prospects were cheerier. He was furious.
Introduction
Authors: Scarbrough Harry
Published: November 2023

This book provides an overview of the findings from an ESRC and DTI-funded research programme investigating the ‘Evolution of Business Knowledge’ (EBK). The EBK programme brought together research teams from a number of UK universities in search of a better understanding of the role that knowledge and learning play in the evolution of business firms. In setting out on this research, EBK researchers were not claiming that the importance of knowledge and learning to business is a brand new discovery.
What Knowledge or Knowledge for What? Reforming/Reinventing the Business School
Authors: Knights David
Published: November 2023

Although knowledge is clearly a key management resource, until the recent fashion for ‘knowledge management’ (Harvard Business Review 1998; Little, Quintas, and Ray 2002) little research has been conducted on how management knowledge is produced, developed, and disseminated (Suddaby and Greenwood 2001). In reporting on some of the deliberations and findings of our research, this chapter provides a limited correction to this dearth of research on the conditions and consequences, and the contexts and content of management knowledge and the relationships surrounding it within business schools.
The Evolution of Biomedical Knowledge: Interactive Innovation in the United Kingdom and United States
Authors: Swan Jacky , Bresnen Mike , Newell Sue , Robertson Maxine , Goussevskaia Anna , Obembe Ademola
Published: November 2023

Biomedical innovation, particularly radical innovation, typically relies on diverse sources of knowledge (scientific, business, commercial, clinical, and regulatory) being brought together through collaborative work arrangements across many different types of organizations (e.g. public research organizations, commercial firms, clinical research organizations, hospitals, regulatory agencies, and patient groups). Tissue engineering, for example, encompasses disciplines as diverse as molecular biology, chemistry, informatics, and engineering, and it has a wide range of medical applications (e.g. bone and organ growth, wound and cartilage repair).
Evaluation Practices in the Commercialization of Early Stage Technology: The Role of Trust
Authors: Scarbrough Harry , Amaeshi Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The drive for innovation is a crucial part of the evolution of business knowledge. Innovation is seen as an imperative for successful businesses, and there are many useful accounts of the way in which innovation processes can be best designed and managed (e.g. Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt 2007). As with previous chapters, however, the distinctive contribution of the EBK perspective is to view innovation not as a discrete activity in its own right but as a process that emerges from, and is constrained by, the embedding and disembedding of knowledge within and between firms. This perspective leads us to emphasize two important features of the innovation process.
Screenworlds: Information Technology and the Performance of Business Knowledge
Authors: Knox Hannah , O’Doherty Damian , Vurdubakis Theo , Westrup Chris
Published: November 2023

As noted in the Introduction to this volume, the problematic of ‘business knowledge’ tends to be articulated in terms of two contrasting perspectives: that of knowledge conceived as a (more or less) manageable, biddable resource versus that of knowledge conceived as the generation of meaning as (ultimately unmanageable) sense-making. We argue in this chapter that to understand how these two dimensions of business knowledge have come to have prominence in contemporary business organization, we must pay attention to how they are mutually created, enacted, and codified in business settings. In practice, this means that we must turn our focus from narrations and abstractions of knowledge and its effects, to look at its instantiation in concrete forms of action and specifically, we suggest, in the creation and use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs).
The Nuremberg and the Tokyo Trials in Retrospect
Authors: Röling Bert V A
Published: November 2023

To see things and their real significance one needs the correct distance. Too close, and one is struck only by the details, one does not see the forest for the trees. Too far away, and one may have a good view on the whole, but one misses the particulars and their impact on the direct surroundings; that impact has often more to do with details than with the general structure
The Question of German Guilt
Authors: Jaspers Karl
Published: November 2023

Criminal guilt: Crimes are acts capable of objective proof and violate unequivocal laws. Jurisdiction rests with the court, which in formal proceedings can be relied upon to find the facts and apply the law. Political guilt: This, involving the deeds of statesmen and of the citizenry of a state, results in my having to bear the consequences of the deeds of the state whose power governs me and under whose order I live. Everybody is co-responsible for the way he is governed. Jurisdiction rests with the power and the will of the victor, in both domestic and foreign politics. Success decides. Political prudence, which takes the more distant consequences into account, and the acknowledgment of norms, which are applied as natural and international law, serves to mitigate arbitrary power.
Diabetes: an overview
Authors: Matthews David
Published: November 2023

What is diabetes? Diabetes is the medical condition where there is too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream. The main sugar found in the body is glucose, and it is essential for good health. The body normally regulates glucose very precisely between its normal fasting level and a concentration about double normal. Blood glucose concentrations above the normal limits for any length of time can lead to problems, so it is important that diabetes is diagnosed early and treated appropriately. The hormone that controls blood glucose is insulin, and this is normally produced in appropriate amounts in the pancreas—a large fleshy organ under the stomach that also produces many of the digestive enzymes. Insulin deficiency—either complete or partial—is the basic mechanism behind diabetes, although other factors have an influence and can sometimes be more important when considering treatment. Different types of diabetes Diabetes is generally divided into the categories ‘type 1 diabetes’ and ‘type 2 diabetes’. They have much in common with each other, but differ in the cause and urgency of treatment necessary (see Table 1.1). As a broad generalization, type 1 diabetes occurs in those who are generally younger, so children and teenagers are more likely to have type 1 diabetes, and those in middle age type 2. It is also true that those with type 1 diabetes are generally of normal weight, while overweight is common in those with type 2. It is certain that overweight is a risk for type 2 diabetes, and not for type 1. Type 1 diabetes has a rapid onset, and symptoms can be quite severe.
Fearful Symmetry
Authors: Kutz Christopher
Published: November 2023

The ‘Symmetry principle’, in its most general form, states that the normative permissions and restrictions binding co-combatants in a single conflict are identical. Each side, normatively, ‘mirrors’ the other in how they may and may not fight and in their respective post bellum liabilities to blame and punishment (assuming they both observe the restrictions). Historically, the Symmetry principle is linked to an ‘Independence principle’, which holds that the justifiability of a nation’s engaging in war is independent of the permissions and restrictions binding its troops. Taken together, the Symmetry and Independence principles make up what might be called the common sense of the morality of war.
How to Judge Soldiers Whose Cause is Unjust
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith
Published: November 2023

Having learned my just war theory at Michael Walzer’s figurative knee, for many years, I accepted the independence of jus in bello from jus ad bellum unthinkingly. Just war theory consists of two separate parts, one concerning the legitimate grounds for going to war and the other, the rules of engagement once war had begun. This two-part view, the ‘independence thesis’, went hand in hand with the ‘symmetry thesis’, or ‘the moral equality of soldiers’: soldiers whose cause is unjust have the same rights to fight and to kill as those whose cause is just. But troubling questions sometimes crowded in. Does not the justice of a country’s cause affect what actions it can legitimately take?
Moral Equality, Victimhood, and the Sovereignty Symmetry Problem
Authors: Ryan Cheyney
Published: November 2023

I remember Norman Bowker and Henry Dobbins playing checkers every evening before dark. It was a ritual for them. They would dig a foxhole and get the board out and play long, silent games as the sky went from pink to purple. The rest of us would sometimes stop by to watch.

There was something restful about it, something orderly and reassuring. There were red checkers and black checkers. The playing field was laid out in a strict grid, no tunnels or mountains or jungles. You knew where you stood. There was a winner and loser. There were rules.
What other conditions is CFS/ME linked to?
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

People who are diagnosed as having CFS/ME may have other symptoms. A doctor may make other diagnoses (offer other ‘labels’) for these symptoms. These diagnoses may include one or more of the following:
Networks
Authors: Robertson Duncan A , Caldart Adrián A
Published: November 2023

If the 1980s was the decade of the environmental or ‘structuralist’ view of strategy, the 1990s the decade of the resource-based view, then the 2000s may well be the decade of networks. Not only are Wrms waking up to the fact that organizing their inter-firm relations in a different way may lead to competitive advantage, customers too are realizing the power of social networks.

Networks of firms and networks of individuals can be a source of competitive advantage. Networks are of interest in a dynamic context in that network ties can be created and broken over time.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Simon
Published: November 2023

We broadly define clinical skills as the range of skills that may be practised in the adult and general nursing environment and have therefore included core skills such as communication, essential skills such as infection control, pain management, and drug administration, and the specific skills related to each anatomical system, for example monitoring oxygen saturation, recording a blood pressure, care of the unconscious, bladder lavage, bowel care, and moving and handling patients.
Word classes
Authors: Blake Barry J
Published: November 2023

As mentioned in chapter one, all languages contain thousands of words, but these words are not all of the same type. They fall into different classes or parts of speech, as they were traditionally called. All languages will have two major classes of word called nouns and verbs. Nouns include words for types of human (woman, mother, baby), various creatures (fish, frogs, ants), and various inanimate entities (water, thunder, cloud, stone). In English, nouns are distinguished by the fact that they when they refer to anything that can be counted, they can usually take a suffix spelt -s or -esto mark plural, i.e. more than one (boys, churches).
International Judges Who Are They and How Do They Get on the Courts?
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh
Published: November 2023

The effectiveness of international courts depends, for a start, on the quality of the men and women who ascend to the bench. Yet ensuring that international courts are staffed by the best and brightest is a signiﬁcant challenge. First, there is a general problem of scarcity of individuals who possess the many and exacting qualities required from a good international judge. The fact that, at the same time, there is a high and rising demand to staff an increasing number of international courts compounds the problem. Second, the procedures used to identify, vet, and select candidates are often scattered and haphazard and, more crucially, these procedures are in many ways ﬂawed.
Slavery and the Slave Trade
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Slavery and the slave trade in the British Empire resulted from the English settlement of colonies in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and the use of the enslaved as the main large- scale labour force in most of those territories. During the sixteenth century, English curiosity about the New World stimulated voyages of exploration by John Cabot, Sir Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and others.
Work, Law, and Culture
Authors: Morgan Kenneth
Published: November 2023

Productive work for white masters was the chief raison d’être for importing and employing enslaved Africans in the New World. Most of the waking hours of slaves, on at least six days of the week, were spent toiling for their owners without any wages. Slave work in North America varied over time and according to regional economic demands. In New England and the Middle Colonies there were no staple crops that required a plantation workforce.
Introduction: The British Industrial Relations Tradition-Formation, Breakdown, and Salvage
Authors: Ackers Peter , Wilkinson Adrian
Published: November 2023

Industrial Relations (IR) is perhaps the oldest and best established of those specialist social science disciplines that feed into business and management studies, with roots going back to the Webbs in Britain and to the intellectual origins of the New Deal in America. Long before Business Schools had appeared on the British academic land scape, strong IR groups had formed at Nuffield College, Oxford, London School of Economics and Warwick, Glasgow, and Cardiff Universities. Prestigious masters and doctoral courses were established, and the discipline founded two leading journals, The British Journal of Industrial Relationsand Industrial Relations Journal, as well as a subject body, the British Universities Industrial Relations Association (BUIRA) with an annual conference. Parallel developments took place in the United States and Australia. In post-war Britain, the pluralist school of Allan Flanders, Hugh Clegg, Alan Fox, and others was a major influence on public policy, notably the 1968 Donovan Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers Associations.
Human Resource Management and Industrial Relations
Authors: Bacon Nick
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to explore the contribution and challenge of management theory and ideas to industrial relations. This task is complicated as the subject of management draws upon a wide range of social science theories and perspectives and is not a cognate academic discipline. As a result the impact of management on industrial relations reflects the adoption and application by management scholars of insights developed within economics, psychology, and sociology. In order to avoid the potential for duplication with other chapters in this book, the focus here is upon the effects of human resource management (HRM) on industrial relations. The main emphasis is upon HRM as the distillation of management theories with origins in the human relations tradition of psychology (see also Chapter 6) and the subject of strategic management. The influence of strategic management involves the progress of HRM to strategic human resource management (SHRM). It is also useful at the start to acknowledge that strictly speaking human resource management is also not a cognate discipline as it
The European Union Economic and Political Integration and Cultural Plurality
Authors: Lepsius M Rainer
Published: November 2023

Europe is difficult to define. There is no clear geographical or historical border with Asia. The Russian Empire, in colonizing Siberia and subjugating the peoples and cultures of Central Asia went way beyond the boundaries of Europe. Neither the Urals nor the Sea of Okhotsk are political and cultural borders. The European states have lost their overseas empires while Russia has maintained its continental empire. Yet Russia is a European power, a ‘wing power’ and, at least since the time of Peter the Great, a part of European culture. This also applies to the USA, the second ‘wing power’ of Europe. Where is the western border of Europe? It is true that the Atlantic separates Europe from America, but only geographically, not culturally or politically and economically.
Subsidiarity in Amsterdam
Authors: Estella Antonio
Published: November 2023

This Chapter focuses on the analysis of Protocol No. 30 of the ECT, as introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty. Community institutions and Member States adopted a number of acts when subsidiarity was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty (the Communication of the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the Principle of Subsidiarity of October 1992, the Overall Approach to the Subsidiarity Principle of December 1992, and the Interinstitutional Agreement signed by Commission, the Council and the European Parliament on Procedures for Implementing the Subsidiarity Principle October 1993).
Introduction: The Governance of Local Economies
Authors: Gales Patrick Le , Voelzkow Helmut
Published: November 2023

In this book we attempt systematically to examine the changes within local economies in four European countries by analysing their national contexts, their overall transformation, their modes of governance, and the production of their competitive advantages through what we call ‘local collective competition goods’. This book is the first result of a cross-country comparative research project which has been carried out jointly by a number of research institutions and academics in four countries: Italy, Germany, France and the UK. Later contributions will concentrate on specific localities and economic sectors. Here however we offer a systematic comparison of various forms of local economies in their national contexts.
Knowledge Management at the Country Level: A Large Consulting Firm in Italy
Authors: Crucini Cristina
Published: November 2023

The issue of knowledge management in consulting organizations has been at the core of a recent stream of research (e.g. Morris and Empson 1998; Morris 2001; Sarvary 1999; Hansen, Nohria, and Tierney 1999). For ‘knowledge-intensive firms’ (Starbuck 1992; Maister 1993) such as management consultancies, knowledge represents a key resource and a competitive advantage. Most of these studies are derived from large American consultancies implying, in one way, that they represent a sort of’ best model’ to be replicated in similar companies, without regard to the context in which they operate. This is not surprising given that the largest and most visible management consultancies-like McKinsey or Andersen Consulting (Accenture from 2001)-are of American origin and are often seen as representing consulting as a whole (Kipping 1996, 2002 ).
Managers and Consultants as Embedded Actors: Evidence from Norway
Authors: Gammelsjeter Hallgeir
Published: November 2023

The idea developed in this chapter is that consultants as carriers of management knowledge are generally embedded in contexts that are external to the organization, whereas the management they interact with is embedded in internal organization specific contexts that circumscribe the extent to which the consultants can influence changes in organizations. The chapter proceeds with a theoretical underpinning of this line of argument, followed by the presentation of two cases that serve to illustrate the theoretical points made. The first is extracted from a historical comparative multi case study (Gammelsceter 1991, 1994) and refers to how the multi-divisional form of organization (M-form) was introduced in an Oslo-based manufacturing company back in the 1960s. The second describes the introduction of Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) in another Norwegian manufacturing company in the middle of the 1990s (Gammelsceter 1999). Discussion of the theoretical approach followed in the two cases and conclusions are presented in a final section.
Taxation Research as Economic Research
Authors: James Simon
Published: November 2023

Economics is concerned with the production and distribution of wealth. Taxation has either direct or indirect effects on almost every aspect of production and distribution in modern economies and is therefore an important aspect in economic research. Indeed taxation is associated with almost everything economic from globalization (Owens 1993) to divorce (Cebula and Belton 1995).
Tax Compliance Costs
Authors: Pope Jeff
Published: November 2023

Compliance costs simply expressed are those costs that taxpayers incur as a result of meeting their taxation obligations over and above the payment of the tax itself. The burden of the compliance costs of taxation is now widely recognized throughout many countries in the world, particularly where research studies have taken place. This understanding and acceptance of this burden has not occurred overnight, or been easily achieved.
European Law of Taxation
Authors: O’Shea Tom
Published: November 2023

The European law of taxation (EC tax law) is a body of law, distinct both from international tax law and from the taxation laws of the Member States of the European Community (EC). Its importance is growing,1 and its impact on domestic tax systems is clearly visible. Research in this area often requires an interdisciplinary approach because of the interlocking nature of EC institutions and the political and economic issues which gave rise to them and which result from them; the ﬁscal impact of all EC policies; the nature of EC laws and legislative instruments;
An Introduction to the Economics of Information
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

In this revised second edition, An Introduction to the Economics of Information covers the consequences for the character and efficiency of the interaction between individuals and organizations when one party has more or better information on some aspect of the relationship. This is the condition of asymmetric information, under which the information gap will be exploited if, by doing so, the better-informed party can achieve some advantage. The book is written for a one-semester course for advanced undergraduates taking specialized course options, and for first-year postgraduate students of economics or business. After an introduction to the subject and the presentation of a benchmark model in which both parties share the same information throughout the relationship, chapters are devoted to the three main asymmetric information topics of Moral Hazard, Adverse Selection, and Signalling. The wide range of economic situations where the conclusions are applied includes such areas as finance, regulation, insurance, labour economics, health economics, and even politics. Each chapter presents the basic theory before moving on to applications and advanced topics. The problems are presented in the same framework throughout to allow easy comparison of the different results. This new edition incorporates extended exercises to test the student's understanding of the material, and to develop the tools and skills provided by the main text to solve other, original problems.
Signalling
Authors: Macho-Stadler Inѐs , Perez-Castrillo J David
Published: November 2023

In many contractual relationships, one of the parties has more information than the other as to some relevant variables. When it is beneficial to do so, the informed party will try to signal the information to the other party via some action or decision. In this chapter we study, on the one hand, the possibility that the participants signal their characteristic through actions previous to the contractual relationship. On the other hand, we study the value of the very contract as a means of indirect transmission of in formation when the principal has information that she would like the agent to know.
The Extended Doctrine of Res Judicata based on Abuse of Process: the Rule in Henderson v Henderson
Authors: Barnett Peter R
Published: November 2023

In chs 4 and 5 above we considered cause of action estoppel, the former recovery plea enacted by the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982, s 34, and the plea of issue estoppel. These three pleas are classic res judicata pleas because it is fundamental to each of them that the very subject matter in controversy must itself have been rendered res judicata, this being evidenced by the reasons for judgment and/or the formal order of an earlier decision.
Doing sums with language †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

On 10 June 1963, less than a year before his untimely death, Evert Willem Beth read his now famous address ‘Konstanten van het wiskundige denken’ (Constants of mathematical thinking) to the Afdeling Letterkunde of this Academy. In this address he explained the notion of algorithm, showing that for many centuries it covered the four classical arithmetical procedures of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division as devised by Mohammed Ibn Musa, professor at Beirut, in the ninth century. It was the man’s nickname Al Hua’rizmi (the Khivarese) that gave rise to the term algorismus, later garbled into algorithmus owing to a confusion with the Greek word for number, arithmo’s. In the early 1930s, when the notion of computation was extended to cover any set of formally precise operations on strings of symbols, the notion of algorithm was generalized in an analogous fashion. Nowadays the term algorithm is generally used to refer to any formally defined operation taking one or more strings of symbols as input and delivering strings of symbols as output.
Clitic pronoun clusters †
Authors: Seuren Pieter A M
Published: November 2023

The following chapter is an attempt to solve a particularly troublesome problem in the theory of Transformational Grammar: the problem of ordering and combining clitic pronouns. Perlmutter (1971) shows that the syntax of clitic pronouns in (South-American) Spanish and French cannot be handled by transformations in the ordinary, well-known sense. Universal linguistic theory must, therefore, be enriched, and Perlmutter proposes the addition to Transformational Grammar of a notion ‘surface structure constraint’ (SSC). SSCs consist of moulds, or templates, which the transformational products must fit in order to be grammatical: any product which does not fit the template is ‘rejected’. SSCs act as filters on the surface structure output of the grammar.

While accepting that the existing notion of ‘transformation’, universally constrained in a number of non-trivial ways, with input and output structurally defined by means of phrase-markers (trees) and node-labels, and, possibly, with global conditions of applicability (Lakoff 1970), is insufficient to account for the syntax of clitic pronouns, one feels that Perlmutter’s solution in terms of SSCs is also inadequate. Section 1 is devoted to a detailed criticism of Perlmutter’s theory. In section 2 an alternative way is proposed for dealing with clitics. The proposal implies that Transformational Grammar is extended with a system whereby numerical values ranging from 1 to 4 are assigned to pronouns that are to be cliticized, according to whether they are first, second, or third person, animate or inanimate, dative or accusative. The transformational rules of Clitic Movement will then be constrained in various ways by certain