bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Computational Methods for Estimating Transmissivity Based on the Picking Equation
Authors: Mills A.
Published: December 2019

A comparison is presented of two computational methods, PICKINGmodel and PPC‐Recovery, to estimate transmissivities based on the Picking equation using water‐level recovery data from brief pumping tests of relatively low‐yielding domestic wells. The tests were performed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 50 domestic bedrock wells in south‐central New York State, and USGS staff performed the analysis using PICKINGmodel based on the Picking equation. The results indicated that the estimated transmissivities ranged from 0.86 to 2900 ft2/d (0.080 to 270 m2/d) with a median of 41 ft2/d (3.8 m2/d). The same data were later analyzed using PPC‐Recovery also based on the Picking equation. The two sets of estimated transmissivities were compared and statistically had the same median value at a probability of 95%. In another analysis, the PPC‐Recovery method was applied to the same data that had been truncated at the point when the slope of the recovery data curve began to deviate from a straight line aligned with the middle portion of the recovery data. Comparing these resulting estimates of transmissivity with values originally obtained using the PICKINGmodel, the two had statistically the same median value for transmissivity at a probability of 95%. It was concluded that using PPC‐Recovery in this manner to estimate transmissivity in low‐yielding domestic wells will yield transmissivity values sufficiently close to the results had PICKINGmodel been used, and with less time and effort.
Combined hematologic parameters to optimize review criteria on XE‐5000
Authors: Fu Liang , Guo Xinyu , Li Xueheng , Peng Li , Luo Huixian , Xu Yao , Zeng Fangyin
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Forty‐one consensus review rules are presented to a large number of hematology laboratories worldwide, as suggested by the International Consensus Group for Hematology Review. Research on the review criteria has mainly focused on adjusting the threshold of each parameter to establish optimized criteria with better efficiency based on the consensus group criteria. This study aimed to optimize the review criteria by combining hematologic parameters on a Sysmex XE‐5000 hematology analyzer (XE‐5000).

Material and methods

A total of 662 nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) and 406 atypical lymphocyte cell (AL) flagged samples were used to establish hematologic parameters associated with NRBC and AL, respectively. Another set of 1423 optimization samples were used to validate the optimized criteria of NRBC and AL by combining associative hematologic parameters. The efficiency of each set of criteria was compared and optimized to obtain better efficiency, an acceptable slide review rate, and a low false‐negative rate.

Results

In the optimization NRBC set combining triple parameters, compared with the default setting (P < .001), the slide review rate declined from 30.26% to 14.42%, and the efficiency increased from 75.65% to 91.02%. In the optimization AL set combining triple parameters, compared with the default setting (P < .001), the slide review rate declined from 40.60% to 11.80%, and the efficiency increased from 64.02% to 93.00%.

Conclusions

Based on the adjustment of Q‐flag values combining associative hematologic parameters, the optimal criteria with a low false‐negative rate not only might have a higher efficiency but also may significantly reduce the slide review rate.
Prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in children with obesity and increased transaminases in European German‐speaking countries. Analysis of the APV initiative
Authors: Koutny Florian , Weghuber Daniel , Bollow E. , Greber‐Platzer S. , Hartmann K. , Körner A. , Reinehr T. , Roebl M. , Simic‐Schleicher G. , Wabitsch M. , Widhalm K. , Wiegand S. , Holl R. W.
Published: December 2019

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus are known to be closely linked with obesity as early as during childhood.

Objectives

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM in children with obesity with or without increased transaminases.

Methods

Data from the observational multicentre (n = 51), cross‐sectional Adipositas Patienten Verlaufsbeobachtung registry were analyzed. Mild increase (mild group) was defined by alanine transaminase (ALT) >24 to ≤50 U/L and moderate to severe increase (advanced group) by ALT > 50 U/L. Prediabetes and T2DM were defined according to recent IDF/ISPAD guidelines.

Results

The prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM was 11.9% (95% CI: 11.0–12.8) and 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1–1.7) among all participants (n = 4932; male = 2481; mean age 12.9 ± 2.7 years; BMI‐SDS 2.1 ± 0.5; Tanner stage 3.2 ± 1.5). The prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism (prediabetes and T2DM) was 13.8% (95% CI: 12.1–15.4) in the mild, 21.9% (95% CI: 18.8–25.1) in the advanced group, 10.7% (95% CI: 9.4–11.9) in the control group. Mild and advanced groups had greater odds ratios for prediabetes [1.42; 95% CI: 1.17–1.72, 2.26‐fold; (1.78–2.86), respectively], the advanced group also for T2DM [2.39 (1.36–4.21)] compared to controls. While an increase in transaminases predominantly affected boys, girls within the advanced group had a higher T2DM prevalence than males (5.4 vs. male 2.1%).

Conclusions

Children with obesity and increased liver transaminases as surrogates of NAFLD should be screened for T2DM.
Surgical niche for the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Hsieh Cheng‐Hsing , Hsu Geng‐Long , Chang Shang‐Jen , Yang Stephen Shei‐Dei , Liu Shih‐Ping , Hsieh Ju‐Ton
Published: December 2019

Penile erection implicates arterial inflow, sinusoidal relaxation and corporoveno‐occlusive function. By far the most widely recognized vascular etiologies responsible for organic erectile dysfunction can be divided into arterial insufficiency, corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction or mixed type, with corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction representing the most common finding. In arteriogenic erectile dysfunction, corpora cavernosa show lower oxygen tension, leading to a diminished volume of cavernosal smooth muscle and consequential corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction. Current studies support the contention that corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction is an effect rather than the cause of erectile dysfunction. Surgical interventions have consisted primarily of penile revascularization surgery for arterial insufficiency and penile venous surgery for corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction, whatever the mechanism. However, the surgical effectiveness remained debatable and unproven, mostly owing to the lack of consistent hemodynamic assessment, standardized select patient and validated outcome measures, as well as various surgical procedures. Penile vascular surgery has been disclaimed to be the treatment of choice based on the currently available guidelines. However, reports on penile revascularization surgery support its utility in treating arterial insufficiency in otherwise healthy patients aged <55 years with erectile dysfunction of late attributable to arterial occlusive disease. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that penile venous surgery might be beneficial for selected patients with corporoveno‐occlusive dysfunction, especially with a better understanding of the innovated venous anatomy of the penis. Penile vascular surgery might remain a viable alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and could have found its niche in the possibility of obtaining spontaneous, unaided and natural erection.
Dose modification for haematological toxicity: a survey of Australian medical oncologists
Authors: Cui Wanyuan , Shingleton Julia , Byrne Liesel , Kelly Aisling , King Lisa , Smith Phillipa , Lewis Craig R. , Stein Brian N. , Shapiro Jeremy , Karapetis Christos , Wong Rachel
Published: December 2019

Background

Evidence supporting dose modifications to reduce serious treatment‐related adverse events of antineoplastic therapy is limited and frequently based on clinical trial protocols, which are not always generalisable to community patients. eviQ is an online resource with treatment protocols and recommendations for dose modification formulated by expert opinion and evidence‐based review. Original recommended haematological thresholds to delay treatment were: neutrophil count <1.5 × 109/L and platelet count <100 × 109/L.

Aims

To evaluate the current practices of Australian medical oncologists with regard to haematological dose modifications for antineoplastic treatments, and to determine rates of adherence to eviQ recommendations.

Methods

An online survey regarding haematological dose modifications was distributed to over 400 Medical Oncology Group of Australia members and eviQ medical oncology reference committee members via email. Responses were collated on 18 December 2017.

Results

Of 153 respondents, 67% indicated that they did not follow the eviQ haematological dose modification guidelines; 8% delayed curative intent treatment at neutrophil counts <1.5 × 109/L, compared with 36% for palliative treatment; most delayed treatment at neutrophil counts <1.0 × 109/L (94% curative and 97% palliative respectively). 70% of clinicians delayed palliative treatment at platelet counts <100 × 109/L, compared to 34% with curative treatment. No respondents indicated the original haematological cut‐off levels were too aggressive.

Conclusion

The majority of responding medical oncologists indicated that they did not follow the eviQ haematological dose modification guidelines, which were viewed as too conservative. Subsequent to this survey, eviQ reviewed and updated haematological dose modification recommendations.
A scoring system for the electrostatic complementarities of T‐cell receptors and cancer‐mutant amino acids: multi‐cancer analyses of associated survival rates
Authors: Chobrutskiy Boris I. , Yeagley Michelle , Diviney Andrea , Zaman Saif , Gozlan Etienne C. , Tipping Price , Koohestani Darush M. , Roca Andrea M. , Blanck George
Published: December 2019

The anti‐tumor immune response is considered to be due to the T‐cell receptor (TCR) binding to tumor antigens, which can be either wild‐type, early stem cell proteins, presumably foreign to a developed immune system; or mutant peptides, foreign to the immune system because of a mutant amino acid (aa) or otherwise somatically altered aa sequence. Recently, very large numbers of TCR complementarity‐determining region‐3 (CDR3) aa sequences obtained from tumor specimens have become available. We developed a novel algorithm for assessing the complementarity of tumor mutant peptides and TCR CDR3s, based on the retrieval of TCR CDR3 aa sequences from both tumor specimen and patient blood exomes and by using an automated process of assessing CDR3 and mutant aa electrical charges. Results indicated many instances where high electrostatic complementarity was associated with a higher survival rate. In particular, our approach led to the identification of specific genes contributing significantly to the complementary, TCR CDR3‐mutant aa. These results suggest a novel approach to tumor immunoscoring and may lead to the identification of high‐priority neo‐antigen, peptide vaccines; or to the identification of ex vivo stimulants of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes.
The Streets as a Meeting Place for different Actors and Agendas
Authors: Öbrink Mattias
Published: December 2019

The town of Nya Lödöse, close to present-day Gothenburg, Sweden, existed from in 1473-1624. The material from the extensive archaeological excavations 2013-2017 presents the opportunity to study construction, use, and change of the streets. There seems to have been a clear hierarchy of streets, ranging from main streets to local streets and private alleys. This variety of streets covered different needs in the town’s infrastructure. They were also the meeting point for different public and private actors with shifting objectives. Over time the authorities gained increased control over the streets, apparent in the material from the 1580s and onwards. This can be seen as a part of a Scandinavian trend linked to the emergence of the early modern state.
A Woman’s Place
Authors: Rosén Christina
Published: December 2019

In this article, archaeological and archival data are used to discuss gender in 16th-century Nya Lödöse in western Sweeden with a focus on women. Four areas for social space are identified and analysed. The result shows that women seem to have had a somewhat higher degree of agency in Nya Lödöse compared with the surrounding countryside and smaller towns.
The perceived impact of tax and regulatory changes
Authors: Sanchez Carmen , Gilovich Thomas
Published: December 2019

People believe that shared events, events that impact everyone to the same degree, will nonetheless impact them more than others. Across four studies we examined whether this impacts people's reactions to proposed changes to tax and regulatory policies. We found that participants thought that tax (Study 1a and 1b) and regulatory (Study 2) changes would have more of an impact on their own lives than on the lives of people in their same financial situation. We then examined whether these findings are the product of a broad focalism bias or its narrower relative, egocentrism. Because we observed the bias both when participants were asked about their own financial situation or that of someone else, the former appears to be the better explanation (Study 3). We discuss the implications of this bias for people's willingness to embrace policy proposals designed to advance the common good.
A tale of four bears: Environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns within the extant Ursus species
Authors: Luna‐Aranguré Carlos , Soberón Jorge , Vázquez‐Domínguez Ella
Published: December 2019

Aim

Assessing the relevance of niche evolution in the diversification patterns and geographical distribution of species driven by climate remains a challenge. We apply an integrative approach to evaluate the role of the environment on the phylogeography of bear species, incorporating fossil data to characterize the changes in the ecological niche through time. We evaluate our approach with the four extant species of bears within Ursus, the best represented taxon in the fossil record of the family Ursidae.

Location

Eurasia and North America.

Taxa

Asian black bear, Ursus thibetanus; American black bear, U. americanus; Brown bear, U. arctos; and Polar bear, U. maritimus.

Methods

We built a genetic and a geographical database from all published mitochondrial DNA sequences and of species occurrence records. We defined the most significant climatic variables based on each species ecological realm using correlation matrices, and characterized the ecological niches and existing environmental conditions with ellipsoid models. We inferred their current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ecological niche modellings (ENMs) and compared the results with the fossil record. We estimated the times of divergence (d‐loop sequences) of lineages and applied a phyloclimatespace approach to discern the phylogeographical patterns along each species’ ecological space.

Results

Ecological niche modelling showed wider niches for U. thibetanus and U. americanus encompassing higher temperature and precipitation, while U. arctos and U. maritimus showed an opposite pattern. LGM models were consistent with the fossil record, predicting 55%–89% of the fossil occurrences (within their suitability areas). The phyloclimatespace revealed different degrees of environmental signal in the lineages’ phylogeographical patterns and ecological trajectories associated with LGM climatic conditions. Results indicated habitat tracking and ecological expansion since the LGM towards more extreme precipitation and temperature conditions for three species, except U. maritimus that showed ecological niche reduction.

Main Conclusions

Incorporating fossil information from the LGM improved our characterization and interpretation of ecological models, by enabling definition of the limits of the climatic conditions explored by the species in the past. Our approach also provided insights about the existing set of environmental conditions shaping the ecological niche divergence of Ursus bears. We were able to depict key features of the lineages’ evolutionary history, ecology and distribution, revealing the dynamics of niche occupation and the environmental signal on the phylogeographical patterns of Ursus.
Effect of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: An analysis using real‐world long‐term follow‐up data
Authors: Takao Toshiko , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Yoshida Yoko , Kushiyama Akifumi , Onishi Yukiko , Tahara Tazu , Shimmei Asuka , Kikuchi Takako , Suka Machi , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki , Iwamoto Yasuhiko , Kasuga Masato
Published: December 2019

Aims/Introduction

There is little evidence on the role of postprandial glycemia in the incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a real‐world setting. We aimed to assess the effect of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes, and whether its effect differs depending on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values and age.

Materials and Methods

Intrapersonal mean blood glucose levels at 1–2 h post‐breakfast (1–2h‐PBBG), post‐lunch (1–2 h‐PLBG) and both (1–2h‐PBLBG) during 2 years from the first visit were used as baseline data. This retrospective cohort study enrolled 487, 323 and 406 patients who had 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG measurements, respectively. These three groups were followed from 1999 up through 2017.

Results

DR occurred in 145, 92 and 126 patients in the 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG groups, respectively. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the mean 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG levels were significant predictors of DR, independent of mean HbA1c. In patients with mean HbA1c <7.0% and those with a baseline age <60 years, the mean 1–2h‐PBLBG, 1–2h‐PBBG and 1–2h‐PLBG levels were significant predictors.

Conclusions

Postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits might predict the incidence of DR, independent of HbA1c. The effect of postprandial hyperglycemia on DR is obvious in patients with well‐controlled HbA1c and in younger patients. Even with the lower HbA1c level, correcting postprandial hyperglycemia is important for preventing DR, especially in middle‐aged adults with type 2 diabetes.
Early postnatal manganese exposure causes arousal dysregulation and lasting hypofunctioning of the prefrontal cortex catecholaminergic systems
Authors: Conley Travis E. , Beaudin Stephane A. , Lasley Stephen M. , Fornal Casimir A. , Hartman Jasenia , Uribe Walter , Khan Tooba , Strupp Barbara J. , Smith Donald R.
Published: December 2019

Studies have reported associations between environmental manganese (Mn) exposure and impaired cognition, attention, impulse control, and fine motor function in children. Our recent rodent studies established that elevated Mn exposure causes these impairments. Here, rats were exposed orally to 0, 25, or 50 mg Mn kg–1 day–1 during early postnatal life (PND 1–21) or lifelong to determine whether early life Mn exposure causes heightened behavioral reactivity in the open field, lasting changes in the catecholaminergic systems in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), altered dendritic spine density, and whether lifelong exposure exacerbates these effects. We also assessed astrocyte reactivity (glial fibrillary acidic protein, GFAP), and astrocyte complement C3 and S100A10 protein levels as markers of A1 proinflammatory or A2 anti‐inflammatory reactive astrocytes. Postnatal Mn exposure caused heightened behavioral reactivity during the first 5–10 min intervals of daily open field test sessions, consistent with impairments in arousal regulation. Mn exposure reduced the evoked release of norepinephrine (NE) and caused decreased protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine (DA) and NE transporters, and DA D1 receptors, along with increased DA D2 receptors. Mn also caused a lasting increase in reactive astrocytes (GFAP) exhibiting increased A1 and A2 phenotypes, with a greater induction of the A1 proinflammatory phenotype. These results demonstrate that early life Mn exposure causes broad lasting hypofunctioning of the mPFC catecholaminergic systems, consistent with the impaired arousal regulation, attention, impulse control, and fine motor function reported in these animals, suggesting that mPFC catecholaminergic dysfunction may underlie similar impairments reported in Mn‐exposed children.

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Respiratory syncytial virus tropism for olfactory sensory neurons in mice
Authors: Bryche Bertrand , Frétaud Maxence , Saint‐Albin Deliot Audrey , Galloux Marie , Sedano Laura , Langevin Christelle , Descamps Delphyne , Rameix‐Welti Marie‐Anne , Eléouët Jean‐François , Le Goffic Ronan , Meunier Nicolas
Published: December 2019

The olfactory mucosa, where the first step of odor detection occurs, is a privileged pathway for environmental toxicants and pathogens toward the central nervous system. Indeed, some pathogens can infect olfactory sensory neurons including their axons projecting to the olfactory bulb allowing them to bypass the blood–brain barrier and reach the central nervous system (CNS) through the so‐called olfactory pathway. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory tract pathogen but there is growing evidence that RSV may lead to CNS impairments. However, the mechanisms involved in RSV entering into the CNS have been poorly described. In this study, we wanted to explore the capacity of RSV to reach the CNS via the olfactory pathway and to better characterize RSV cellular tropism in the nasal cavity. We first explored the distribution of RSV infectious sites in the nasal cavity by in vivo bioluminescence imaging and a tissue clearing protocol combined with deep‐tissue imaging and 3D image analyses. This whole tissue characterization was confirmed with immunohistochemistry and molecular biology approaches. Together, our results provide a novel 3D atlas of mouse nasal cavity anatomy and show that RSV can infect olfactory sensory neurons giving access to the central nervous system by entering the olfactory bulb.

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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14765.
Can smiling influence the blood flow in the facial vein?—An experimental study
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Lowry Natalia , Devineni Aditya , Rosamilia Gianna , Schenck Thilo L. , Frank Konstantin , Bautista Sana A. , Green Jeremy B. , Hamade Hassan , Gotkin Robert H.
Published: December 2019

Background

The understanding of functional facial anatomy and the interplay between facial structures is crucial for safe and effective minimally invasive and cosmetic surgical procedures.

Aim

In this experimental study, we investigate the hypothesis that smiling can alter the blood flow in the angular/facial vein.

Materials and Methods

Twenty‐six observations from 15 healthy volunteers (6 men, 9 women) with a mean age of 50.53 ± 13.27 (range: 24‐66) were obtained. Doppler ultrasound imaging of the infraorbital segment of the angular vein (cranial to the zygomaticus major muscle) was performed and the venous flow was measured in a smiling and a resting, nonsmiling facial position.

Results

A statistically significant change in venous blood flow was detected upon smiling: a reduction in flow from 6.12 ± 3.0 cm/s to 0.52 ± 1.3 cm/s (P = .001). After three seconds, 80.8% of the observations had a blood flow of 0.0 cm/s. Increasing age was significantly correlated with a persistent blood flow during smiling (rp = .469; P = .016). No differences between gender and sides of the face were observed.

Conclusion

The results of this experimental study reveal that smiling can significantly reduce the venous flow in the angular/facial vein. Contraction of the zygomaticus major muscle compresses the vein against the underlying maxilla. Both minimally invasive and surgical procedures that alter the SMAS, the periocular musculature or the deep midfacial fat compartments might affect angular/facial venous flow.
The empathy continuum: An evidenced‐based teaching model derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature
Authors: Levett‐Jones Tracy , Cant Robyn
Published: December 2019

Aims

This paper has two aims : first, to explain the concept of empathy derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature; and second, to profile a new conceptual model that can be used to inform the teaching of empathy.

Background

Empathy is fundamental to therapeutic communication and integral to quality patient care. However, the lack of agreement on the definition or conceptualisation of empathy in the nursing literature can make teaching and evaluating this skill challenging and inconsistent.

Design

Integrative review of literature.

Data sources

Publications from January 2000 to July 2018 in Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHLPlus, PsycINFO, and PubMed.

Review methods

As no integrative review checklists are currently available, a PRISMA checklist was adapted to guide this review. A two‐stage approach was used to explore the concept of empathy. Key definitions and attributes of empathy were identified from 11 primary studies and tabulated to allow for display and comparison. Next, the definitions and attributes of empathy drawn from a purposeful sample of 18 nursing education studies were examined, tabulated and summarised. Finally, the two samples were integrated and synthesised to form a cohesive summary, which was then illustrated with teaching and learning exemplars.

Results

Despite the lack of consensus on the definitions of empathy evident in the literature, recurring attributes and elements of empathy were evident, leading to the development of a new empathy model.

Conclusion

Patterns of consistency in the attributes of empathy that emerged from the review provided the basis for a new conceptual model, termed “The Empathy Continuum.”

Relevance to clinical practice

Each of the stages in the Empathy Continuum can be used to teach learners the meaning, attributes and application of empathy in practice. The model will be relevant to nurse educators as well as educators from other disciplines.
Paediatric Buruli ulcer in Australia
Authors: Walker Georgia , Friedman Deborah N , O'Brien Matthew P , Cooper Chris , McDonald Anthony , Callan Peter , O'Brien Daniel P
Published: December 2019

Aim

This study describes an Australian cohort of paediatric Buruli ulcer (BU) patients and compares them with adult BU patients.

Methods

Analysis of a prospective cohort of all BU cases managed at Barwon Health, Victoria, from 1 January 1998 to 31 May 2018 was performed. Children were defined as ≤15 years of age.

Results

A total of 565 patients were included: 52 (9.2%) children, 289 (51.2%) adults aged 16–64 years and 224 (39.6%) adults aged ≥65 years. Among children, half were female and the median age was 8.0 years (interquartile range 4.8–12.3 years). Six (11.5%) cases were diagnosed from 2001 to 2006, 14 (26.9%) from 2007 to 2012 and 32 (61.5%) from 2013 to 2018. Compared to adults, children had a significantly higher proportion of non‐ulcerative lesions (32.7%, P < 0.001) and a higher proportion of severe lesions (26.9%, P < 0.01). The median duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was shorter for children compared with adults aged 16–64 years (42 vs. 56 days, P = 0.04). Children were significantly less likely to experience antibiotic complications (6.1%) compared with adults (20.6%, P < 0.001), but had a significantly higher rate of paradoxical reactions (38.8%) compared with adults aged 16–64 (19.2%) (P < 0.001). Paradoxical reactions in children occurred significantly earlier than in adults (median 17 vs. 56 days, P < 0.01). Cure rates were similarly high for children compared to adults treated with antibiotics alone or with antibiotics and surgery.

Conclusions

Paediatric BU cases in Australia are increasing and represent an important but stable proportion of Australian BU cohorts. Compared with adults, there are significant differences in clinical presentation and treatment outcomes.
The price of justice: Cost neglect increases criminal punishment recommendations
Authors: Aharoni Eyal , Kleider‐Offutt Heather M. , Brosnan Sarah F.
Published: December 2019

Purpose

At what cost to society are we willing to punish criminal offenders, and how does our awareness of those costs impact our support for punitive measures? In a nationally distributed sample of 191 Internet users, we examined the elasticity of punishment in response to information about the direct material cost of incarceration.

Methods

Using an experimental vignette method with a within‐subjects design, we manipulated the salience of the direct costs (low, high, or externalized) and the expected cost size (from low to high across eight intervals).

Results

As predicted, (1) when costs were made salient, cost increases reduced punishments, consistent with rational economic principles, (2) but when costs were not salient, punishments reached levels indistinguishable from those made under personally cost‐free conditions. (3) Cluster analysis revealed the operation of at least three distinct punishment types: punishments that were relatively harsh even at high cost, as predicted by a conservative, deontological stance; those that were relatively lenient and similarly inelastic, as predicted by a politically liberal deontological stance, and those that decreased with cost increases, as predicted by a politically moderate, consequentialist stance.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that judgements about the utility of punishment are shaped by competing ideological and rational strategies, and how people trade off between these strategies depends in part on cost salience. We discuss the implications of these findings for discourse on transparency in sentencing.
An Ethic of Refusal: Simone Weil and the Choice of the Lesser ‘Lesser Evil’
Authors: Stone Lucian
Published: December 2019

In “On the Abolition of All Political Parties,” Simone Weil poses the hypothetical predicament of a person who is intent on solving highly complex mathematical problems but is flogged every time the answer he arrives at is an even number. The person will oscillate between his genuine desire for the truth and the painful cries of his body. “[I]nevitably,” Weil writes, “he will make many mistakes—even if he happens to be very intelligent, very brave and deeply attached to the truth.” She then asks: “What should he do?” Weil’s answer may surprise many readers, even though she claims it is “simple.” If possible, “he must run away” from those who wield the whip. It would have been best, she avers, had he avoided these associations in the first place. Elsewhere in her writings, Weil openly endorses the argument for the lesser evil, justifying active, potentially violent, resistance instead of a pacifist ethic of refusal. This essay analyses the tension between Weil’s ethic of “running away” and her acceptance of the lesser evil.
Productivity and Growth in Perspective: Chile, 1833–2010
Authors: Díaz‐Bahamonde José , Wagner Gert
Published: December 2019

This paper presents a long‐period growth accounting for Chile, an emerging economy, from the early nineteenth century through to 2010. The methodology, data, and sources used are thoroughly discussed, and the results are compared with a benchmark based on a sample of countries. Some of the findings are: Chile's average productivity growth over the whole period is explained mainly by capital deepening, but long period averages hide huge and variable differences when various time subdivisions are explored. Gross TFP growth increases throughout phases until 1973 when an international reduction sets in. The research also put the role of employment‐population ratio into perspective.
Nitrate‐inducible NIGT1 proteins modulate phosphate uptake and starvation signalling via transcriptional regulation of SPX genes
Authors: Ueda Yoshiaki , Kiba Takatoshi , Yanagisawa Shuichi
Published: December 2019

Nitrogen and phosphorus are two major soil nutrients required for plant growth. Because requirements of both these elements are interdependent, acquisition of one must be balanced with that of the other. However, the mechanism underlying this balanced acquisition remains unclear. Here, we show by in vivo luciferase imaging that the presence of nitrogen sources is a pre‐requisite for strong activation of phosphate starvation responses. In addition, we also show that nitrate rather than ammonium is a potent modulator of phosphate starvation‐induced gene expression. Furthermore, protoplast‐based transient expression assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrate that NIGT1 GARP‐type transcriptional repressors, which are encoded by nitrate‐inducible genes, directly bind to and repress the promoters of genes encoding SPX proteins. Consistent with the role of SPX proteins in the suppression of the PHR1 transcriptional activator, the master regulator for phosphate starvation responses, nitrate‐dependent enhancement of phosphate starvation responses, such as accumulation of anthocyanin and promotion of root hair growth and phosphate uptake, was less evident in the nigt1.1–nigt1.4 quadruple mutant. Consistently, NIGT1 overexpression alleviated the reduction in phosphate uptake under phosphate‐replete conditions. We further reveal the intricate feedback regulations involving PHR1, NIGT1, and SPX family proteins in the phosphate starvation signalling network. Importantly, results of mutant protoplast‐based assays and in planta analysis using NIGT1 overexpression in the spx1 spx2 double mutant indicated that the NIGT1–SPX–PHR cascade mediates nitrogen status‐responsive regulation of phosphate uptake and starvation signalling. These findings uncover the mechanism underlying the balanced acquisition of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Definitive‐intent intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for treatment of canine prostatic carcinoma: A multi‐institutional retrospective study
Authors: Walz Jillian Z. , Desai Noopur , Van Asselt Nathaniel , Poirier Valerie J. , Hansen Katherine , Selmic Laura
Published: December 2019

No standard of care is currently recognized for treatment of canine prostatic carcinoma (PC). This retrospective study assesses outcome following definitive‐intent, intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (RT) in dogs with PC. Medical records review was performed, including 18 patients from four institutions undergoing definitive‐intent intensity‐modulated radiotherapy to treat PC. Diagnosis was incidental in 7/18 (39%) patients. Five dogs (28%) had evidence of metastasis to loco‐regional lymph nodes at diagnosis. Seventeen patients received concurrent non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; 15/18 (83%) patients received maximally‐tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy, with variable drugs and protocols employed. Total prescribed radiation dose ranged from 48 to 54 Gy (median 50 Gy) delivered as daily doses of 2.5‐2.8 Gy. One patient was euthanized prior to completing radiotherapy. Acute toxicity was observed in nine patients; Grade 1‐2 diarrhoea was the most common toxicity observed. Suspected late toxicity (urethral stricture, ureteral stricture and hindlimb oedema) was observed in three patients. Median event‐free survival (EFS) following RT was 220 days, and median overall survival was 563 days. Local progression occurred in seven patients at a median of 241 days. Median overall survival was significantly longer in incidentally diagnosed dogs (581 vs 220 days in symptomatic dogs,P= .042). EFS was significantly longer in patients treated with MTD chemotherapy (241 vs 25 days,P< .001), and significantly shorter in patients presenting with evidence of metastatic disease (109 days) vs those without (388 days,P= .008). These findings suggest that definitive‐intent radiotherapy is a valuable treatment option for local control of canine PC with moderate risk of toxicity.
The interplay between the innate immune system and immune haemolytic anaemia
Authors: Delvasto‐Nuñez Laura , Jongerius Ilse , Zeerleder Sacha
Published: December 2019

Immune haemolytic anaemia (IHA) is characterized by an increased breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) due to allo‐ or auto‐antibodies directed toRBCantigens with or without complement activation. Based on the nature of the antibodies,IHAcan be divided in three main categories: autoimmune, drug‐induced and alloimmune‐mediatedIHA. There is growing evidence that the innate immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis ofIHA. Complement‐mediated haemolysis with the subsequent release of cell‐free haemoglobin and cell‐free haem resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity as well as the production of anaphylatoxins induce a systemic inflammatory response, which contributes to morbidity and mortality inIHA. The natural plasma scavengers of cell‐free haemoglobin and cell‐free haem, haptoglobin and hemopexin, respectively, are depleted in cases of chronic or severeIHA. The inducible enzyme haem oxygenase 1 (HO‐1) is an efficient cellular scavenger degrading haem into anti‐inflammatory products to partially limit haem‐mediated oxidative damage in cases of saturated scavenging capacity. Complement‐targeted therapy and the therapeutic replenishment of haptoglobin and hemopexin as well as the induction ofHO‐1 expression might be suitable targets in the treatment ofIHA.
Sarcoma de Kaposi faríngeo: presentación de un caso
Authors: Izquierdo Gracia Daniel Fernando , Vallajo Ángel Juana María
Published: December 2019

El artículo reseña un caso clínico de un hombre de 52 años de edad, con infección por HIV, quien presenta la aparición de una masa exofítica en el paladar blando y la base de la lengua. Esta lo llevó a un cuadro de disfagia y dificultad respiratoria progresiva, manejada de urgencias con traqueostomía y gastrostomía. El servicio de patología reportó una afectación tumoral por sarcoma de Kaposi.
Prevalencia de Salmonella ssp. (no tifoideas) en el Departamento de Nariño, Colombia 2011
Authors: Guerra Moreno Adriana , Trejo Moncayo Sadith , Caranguay María , Paz Martha Cecilia , Ibarra Mario Alonso , Trujillo-Montalvo Elizabeth , Hidalgo Patiño Carlos Alberto , Rocha-Buelvas Anderson
Published: December 2019

Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia de Salmonella ssp. (no tifoideas) en el Departamento de Nariño en superficies que entran en contacto con carne, productos y derivados cárnicos, en expendios, vehículos y manipuladores.Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal a partir de la recolección de una muestra y análisis en laboratorio.Resultados: Las superficies inertes y vivas en contacto presentan una moderada prevalencia de Salmonella spp., especialmente en los municipios de Pupiales y Puerres.Conclusiones: A pesar de la vigilancia epidemiológica y de que los establecimientos cuentan con los permisos sanitarios, se incumplen las medidas sanitarias y hay una considerable presencia de Salmonella spp.
Research on Closed-Loop Safety Production System of Hot Oil Pipeline Based on Big Data Mining
Authors: Tao Yu , Chuanxian Li , Lijun Liu , Hongjun Chen , Peng Guo , Wanyu Zheng , Wenping Dai
Published: December 2019

The process of long-distance hot oil pipeline is complicated, and its safety and optimization are contradictory. In actual production and operation, the theoretical calculation model of oil temperature along the pipeline has some problems, such as large error and complex application. This research relies on actual production data and uses big data mining algorithms such as BP neural network, ARMA, seq2seq to establish oil temperature prediction model. The prediction result is less than 0.5 C, which solves the problem of accurate prediction of dynamic oil temperature during pipeline operation. Combined with pigging, the friction prediction model of standard pipeline section is established by BP neural network, and then the economic pigging period of 80 days is given; and after the friction database is established, the historical friction data are analyzed by using the Gauss formula, and 95% of the friction is set as the threshold data to effectively monitor the variation of the friction due to the long period of waxing in pipelines. The closed loop operation system of hot oil pipeline safety and optimization was formed to guide the daily process adjustment and production arrangement of pipeline with energy saving up to 92.4%. The prediction model and research results based on production big data have good adaptability and generalization, which lays a foundation for future intelligent control of pipelines.
Air Solubility Measurements and Modeling of Brake Fluids
Authors: Eisele Andreas , Sagmeister Simon , Schneider Michael , Lienkamp Markus
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the air solubility of hydraulic oils with specific application in polyglycol based brake fluids. An Extensive literature research revealed a lack of data on the thermodynamic solubility properties of brake fluids. A derivation of the searched quantities cannot be obtained from the values given for hydraulic oils because of the deviation in components. Absolute values and relations to state variables, such as temperatures, have not yet been stated. Therefore, this research aims to investigate these unknown correlations using empirical measurements.

A test rig was designed for isobar absorption testing. The quasi-stationary test results confirm Henrys Law. Furthermore the solubility is presented as a function of temperature and water content and a phenomenological model of the Bunsen coefficient is derived. It is apparent that the impact of temperature is inverse to that of common fluids such as water or some alcohols.
Active Ride Control for Construction Machines Based on Pressure Feedback
Authors: Madau Riccardo , Vacca Andrea
Published: December 2019

Typically, off-road construction machines are not equipped with suspensions at the wheel axles. This has led to alternative concepts that uses the working implement to mitigate the vibration transmitted to the cabin. The most common solutions are based on passive ride control (PRC) methods. A PRC usually requires a hydraulic accumulator and dissipating valves properly connected to the working hydraulics. In this way, the PRC is able to dissipate the fluid energy and damp the oscillations of the pressure inside the hydraulic actuators, with clear benefits on the machine vibration. This paper focuses instead on an active ride control (ARC) methodology, which controls the working hydraulic motion to counter-reach the machine vibrations, avoiding the use of an accumulator.

The paper addresses the main challenge of designing the controller for the ARC for the reference case of a wheel loader. A high pass pressure filter control with pressure feedback is proposed for this application. The controller is first studied in a simulation model and then validated through experiments on a stock machine.

The bandwidth limitation of the standard hydraulic system does not permit to achieve the same performance of a state-of-art PRC system considered as baseline. Notwithstanding, the experimental results on the proposed ARC shows significant improvements with respect to a case where no controller is used. Moreover, the proposed method could be applied with more effectiveness in hydraulic systems with higher dynamic response.
Nonlinear Model-Based Control Design for a Hydraulically Actuated Spherical Wrist
Authors: Mustalahti Pauli , Mattila Jouni
Published: December 2019

Anthropomorphic hydraulic manipulator arms are extensively utilized for moving heavy loads in many industrial domains, e.g., in off-shore, construction and mining. By equipping these manipulator arms with an additional 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) spherical wrist mechanism, the dexterity and working envelope of the manipulator can be increased. For versatile operations, the motion range for the hydraulic wrist actuators should be close to 360 degrees with high torque output, with a compact volumetric size. Although the wrist can provide a high power-to-weight ratio, the actuators also introduce significant non-linearities in their dynamic behaviors. The complex dynamic behavior combined with high loads yield significant challenges in closed-loop control design. In this paper, we design a novel subsystem-dynamics-based controller for a hydraulically actuated spherical wrist mechanism utilizing the virtual decomposition control (VDC) approach. The proposed 3-DOF wrist controller is designed to be modular; thus, it can be connected as an plug-and-play subsystem into our previously designed state-of-the-art controller for a 3-DOF hydraulic manipulator arm. Stability proof of the overall 6-DOF system is provided. Experiments with a full-scale commercial hydraulic manipulator arm equipped with the 3-DOF spherical wrist demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Danfoss Digital Displacement® Excavator: Test Results and Analysis
Authors: Budden Joseph J. , Williamson Christopher
Published: December 2019

There is a long trend in off-highway vehicles toward higher energy efficiency and electro-hydraulic control. Digital pumps and motors are poised to become a significant enabling technology in this trend. This paper analyzes a 20-tonne tracked excavator that was equipped with digital displacement pumps and evaluated for efficiency and productivity. Previous research by Artemis Intelligent Power demonstrated improvements compared to a conventional, negative flow control excavator hydraulic system. With support from Artemis, the Danfoss Digital Displacement Excavator (DDE) is a step forward in terms of technology and commercial readiness. DDE is based on a CAT 320 next-generation excavator with completely electronic controls and advanced sensor and operator-assistance features. In before/after testing, DDE showed 15% higher productivity (in meters of trench per hour) and 13% higher efficiency (in meters per liter of fuel) for a trench digging cycle. Static pump efficiency is only part of the story; dynamic response and controllability contributed to the measured performance gains. Potential causes for variation in measurement were analyzed including operator variation, flow variation, and machine response.
Printing of wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations
Authors: Park Jihun , Ahn David B. , Kim Joohee , Cha Eunkyung , Bae Byeong-Soo , Lee Sang-Young , Park Jang-Ung
Published: December 2019

Wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors are studied for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations.
Polyelectrolytes induce water-water correlations that result in dramatic viscosity changes and nuclear quantum effects
Authors: Dedic J. , Okur H. I. , Roke S.
Published: December 2019

Polyelectrolytes induce long-range order in water that correlates with viscosity changes.
Mechanical Stimuli Affect Escherichia coli Heat-Stable Enterotoxin-Cyclic GMP Signaling in a Human Enteroid Intestine-Chip Model
Authors: Sunuwar Laxmi , Yin Jianyi , Kasendra Magdalena , Karalis Katia , Kaper James , Fleckenstein James , Donowitz Mark
Published: December 2019

Modeling host-pathogen interactions with human intestinal epithelia using enteroid monolayers on permeable supports (such as Transwells) represents an alternative to animal studies or use of colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, the static monolayer model does not expose epithelial cells to mechanical forces normally present in the intestine, including luminal flow and serosal blood flow (shear force) or peristaltic forces.