bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The TSI and SSI measurement from Fengyun-3E Satellite
Authors: Qi Jin , Zhang Peng , Qiu Hong , Sun Ling , Ye Xin , Fang Wei , Huang Yu
Published: February 2023

Fengyun-3E is an early-morning orbit meteorological satellite which provided more opportunity to observe solar activities and was launched on July 5, 2021. The total solar irradiance is measured by Solar Irradiance Monitor-II (SIM-II) which has been improved on degradation monitor compared to earlier Fengyun satellite. The spectral solar irradiance is observed by the new payload Solar Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SSIM) which could provide continuous spectra from 165nm~2400nm. The SSIM instrument has three wavebands: UV band from 165 nm to 320 nm, VIS band from 285 nm to 700 nm, NIR band from 650 nm to 2400 nm, with spectral resolution as 1nm, 1nm and 8nm, respectively. In this work, we will present the design of solar observation, instruments on-orbit performance and preliminary results of FY-3E solar measurement.
Impact of Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections and High Speed Streams on the dynamic variations of the electron population in the outer Van Allen belt
Authors: Dimitrakoula Adamantia , Triantopoulou Alexandra , Nasi Afroditi , Katsavrias Christos , Daglis Ioannis A. , Sandberg Ingmar
Published: February 2023

The outer Van Allen radiation belt stands out for its intense variability, due to the complex mechanisms that take place due to the Sun – Earth coupling. One fundamentally important effect is the acceleration of seed electrons to relativistic and ultra – relativistic energies, through different mechanisms, namely radial diffusion and local acceleration.In our work, we examine 46 events from the Van Allen Probes era (2012 – 2018), which we categorize according to the interplanetary driver of the geomagnetic disturbance. In particular, we study 16 events caused by Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (ICMEs) and 30 events caused by High Speed Streams (HSS), following Stream Interaction Regions (SIRs), for which we calculate the electron Phase Space Density (PSD) for distinct values of the first adiabatic invariant (μ = 100, 1000, 5000 MeV/G) corresponding to seed, relativistic and ultra – relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt. Furthermore, we perform a Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) of the geomagnetic disturbance events, which lead to either enhancements or depletions of the electron PSD, taking into consideration the parameters of solar wind activity, the state of the magnetosphere and the values of the second adiabatic invariant (K = 0.03, 0.09, 0.15 G1/2RE). We discuss the effects of the drivers on the variability of the outer radiation belt and how the different electron populations are affected, by comparing the time and radial profiles of the PSD. Our results lead to a clear difference between the two drivers, as far as it concerns the acceleration mechanisms.
The evolution of clouds in Arctic marine cold air outbreaks
Authors: Murray-Watson Rebecca , Gryspeerdt Edward
Published: February 2023

Marine cold air outbreaks (MCAOs) are important parts of the high-latitude climate system and are characterised by strong surface fluxes generated by the air-sea temperature gradient. These fluxes promote cloud formation, which can be identified in satellite imagery by the distinct transformation of stratiform cloud 'streets' into a broken field of cumuliform clouds downwind of the outbreak. This evolution of cloud morphology changes the radiative properties of the cloud and therefore is of importance to the surface energy budget.  
While the drivers of stratocumulus-to-cumulus transitions have been extensively studied for subtropical clouds, such as aerosols or the sea surface temperature gradient, the factors influencing transitions at higher latitudes are relatively poorly understood. This work uses reanalysis data to create a set of composite trajectories of cold air outbreaks moving off the Arctic ice edge and co-locates these trajectories with data from multiple satellites to generate a unique view of cloud development within cold air outbreaks. 
Clouds embedded in MCAOs have distinctive properties relative to clouds following other, more stable trajectories in the region. The initial instability and aerosol environments have distinct impacts on cloud development within outbreaks. The strength of the outbreak has a lasting effect on the magnitude of cloud properties along the trajectory. However, it does not strongly affect the timing of the transition to cumuliform clouds. In contrast, the initial aerosol concentration changes the timing of cloud break-up rather than the size of the cloud response.
Living with water: Lost or Forgotten Rivers and Waterbodies in Manila and London
Authors: Malamud Bruce D. , Ybañez Richard L. , Romaguera Paola Jayme
Published: February 2023

Many urban regions include lost or forgotten rivers, particularly with city growth and rivers becoming buried beneath the streets. Here, as part of the research grant "Multi-hazards & resilience in hyper-expanding cities: Learning from each other how to build more resilient Hanoi and Manila cities" we compile many existing resources, including historical and current artwork (paintings, sculptures, photographs), books, literature, and museum exhibits, that explore these lost or forgotten rivers. We do this for London (31 resources) and Manila (23 resources) and present them in two virtual walls (Padlet). These resources offer glimpses into the past and current ‘lost’ rivers, artist representations of living with the water and floods, and the regeneration of these river and water bodies by community groups.
Spectral Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Efficiency of the La Palma Volcanic Plume over the Izaña Observatory
Authors: García Omaira , García Rosa Delia , Cuevas-Agulló Emilio , Barreto África , Cachorro Victoria Eugenia , Marrero Carlos , Almansa Fernando , Ramos Ramón , Álvarez Óscar , Pó Mario
Published: February 2023

By injecting aerosols and gases into the atmosphere, volcanoes significantly affect global climate, force changes in atmospheric dynamics, and influence many distinct cycles such as hydrological, carbon, and biogeochemical cycles. However, the irregular temporal and spatial distributions of volcanic processes and their effects are still poorly characterised. The volcanic eruption on La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain), which occurred in the autumn of 2021, presented an outstanding opportunity to improve the current understanding of these natural phenomena. The special conditions at the Izaña Observatory (IZO, Tenerife) and its proximity to La Palma (∼140 km) make it a strategic site for the comprehensive study of the almost unperturbed volcanic plume including the climate effects.In this context, the present work deals with the experimental estimation of the solar spectral direct radiative forcing (ΔF) and efficiency (ΔFEff) during the volcanic eruption based on radiation measurements performed with an EKO MS-711 grating spectroradiometer during three events characterised by the presence of different types of aerosols: fresh volcanic aerosols, Saharan mineral dust, and a mixture of volcanic and Saharan dust aerosols. Three case studies were identified using ground-based (lidar) data, satellite-based (Sentinel-5P Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument, TROPOMI) data, reanalysis data (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2, MERRA-2), and backward trajectories (Flexible Trajectories, FLEXTRA), and subsequently characterised in terms of optical and micro-physical properties using ground-based sun-photometry measurements. Despite the ΔF of the volcanic aerosols being greater than that of the dust events (associated with the larger aerosol load present), the ΔFEff was found to be lower. The spectral ΔFEff values at 440 nm ranged between −1.9 and −2.6 Wm−2nm−1AOD−1 for the mineral dust and mixed volcanic and dust particles, and between −1.6 and −3.3 Wm−2nm−1AOD−1 for the volcanic aerosols, considering solar zenith angles between 30∘ and 70∘, respectively.
Modelling of the coastline changes after the realization of the new port of Fiumicino (Latium, Italy) using climate change scenarios.
Authors: Madonia Nicola , Piazzolla Daniele , Scanu Sergio , Peviani Maximo Aurelio , Fersini Giorgio , Bonamano Simone
Published: February 2023

The coastal zone with its environmental, climatic and ecological features, provides favourable conditions for urbanization: for a long time, anthropic impact have affected the coastal areas by building ports and impounding river’s flow modification. Considering the potential alterations that urban planning could produce on the natural coastal settings at different spatial and temporal scales, the use of numerical models to foresee the environmental impacts is increasingly necessary.The present study aims to predict the shoreline evolution in a stretch of coast at the North-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy), after the realization of the new port of Fiumicino located in the zone influenced by Tiber River flow. To analyse the shoreline-change and beach evolution we used LITPACK (Littoral Transport and Coastline Kinetics), a one-dimensional model which allows to reproduce the dynamic processes of coastal areas. The model was fed with bathymetric, granulometric and Tiber River discharge data, as well as the Mediterranean wave data reanalysis of COPERNICUS catalogue (MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004).LITPACK was calibrated and validated with shoreline changes estimated in two different timeframe (1990-2005 and 2005-2022) using aerial photos and satellite imageries collected in the entire study area. The numerical model proved to be reliable in simulating the coastline evolution in both timeframes with a mean squared error of 12.30 m (1990-2005) and 9.6 m (2005-2022).To analyse the coastline evolution after the realization of the new port of Fiumicino, a 30-year simulation has been carried out using a medium severity scenario as according to IPCC (RCP 4.5). The model results indicate that the shoreline evolution rate has undergone a severe erosion, up to 23 m, to the North of the harbour, and a significant accretion to the South up to 18 m.In this study, the application of the LITPACK model has shown excellent performance in the evaluation of the coastal dynamics processes at high spatial resolution scale, allowing an in-depth analysis of future scenarios of coastal morphology alterations due to the construction of port structures.
Adaptive Mesh Refinement of 3D saturated-unsaturated hydrological and transport models
Authors: Latour Gillien , Horgue Pierre , Guibert Romain , Renard François , Debenest Gérald
Published: February 2023

Unsaturated water flows at watershed scale or Darcy-scale are generally described by the Richardson-Richards equation. This equation is highly non-linear and simulation domains are limited by computational costs. The porousMultiphaseFoam toolbox, is a Finite Volume tool capable of modeling multi-phase flows in porous media, including the solving of the Richardson-Richards equation combined with the transport equation. As it has been developed using the OpenFOAM environment, the software is natively fully parallelized and can be used on super computers. Despite all its perks, the toolbox still suffer from expensive computational cost in 3D, highlighted by a calibration method developed last year to validate the 3D model against the historic 2D and 1D+2D models. In an attempt to reduce those, Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) method has been included into the toolbox. The main issue faced by the method is the highly anisotropic mesh, with cells having horizontal characteristic lengths up to 100 times bigger than the vertical one. We present here the results obtained using the AMR, and tools to evaluate its efficiency on anisotropic meshes. Particularly, we take interest in the total CPU time, the mesh size and the number of linear iteration required to solve the problem. We show results using both 3D hydrological and transport solvers.
Calculation of Biomass Carbon Storage by Individual Trees Using UAV LiDAR
Authors: Song Yongho , Lee Woo-Kyun
Published: February 2023

As global environmental problems arise due to climate change, there is an increasing demand for accurate calculation of carbon storage at the regional level for national greenhouse gas management. However, there is no standard for calculating the amount of storage in local forests, so a highly accurate estimation method that can replace tree excavation is needed. Technological development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs) has made it possible to secure high-quality, precise data of various data required for remote sensing, and it was attempted to estimate carbon storage.First, to identify the tree species distribution of the site, land cover classification and tree species were classified using optical and spectroscopic images obtained by time-series UAV imaging. Next, the data acquired through UAV LiDAR imaging are High Vegetation Pulse (HVP) obtained at the top of vegetation, Medium Vegetation Pulse (MVG) corresponding to intermediate vegetation, Low Vegetation Pulse (LVP) corresponding to lower vegetation and classified as Ground Pulse (GP). Finally, the carbon storage of forest biomass in the region was calculated using the derived tree species distribution map and UAV LiDAR. The data derived from this study are expected to be used as basic data for calculating regional forest carbon stocks through remote sensing in the future.
Aerosol-radiation interactions on global to local scales
Authors: Hodnebrog Øivind , Stjern Camilla W. , Myhre Gunnar
Published: February 2023

Black carbon (BC) aerosols absorb solar radiation and thus heat the atmosphere. This process occurs on a short time scale and can influence clouds, precipitation, and boundary layer meteorology. Global climate models (GCMs) strongly disagree in their representation of such rapid adjustments, adding to the uncertainty in the effective radiative forcing (ERF) due to BC. Disagreements are at least partly caused by differences in parametrization of the highly regional and potentially non-linear rapid adjustments, which are poorly resolved in coarse resolution GCMs. Knowledge of how the rapid adjustments depend on model resolution is therefore important.Here we explore the dependence of rapid adjustments on model resolution by performing a set of idealized experiments using a GCM, the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) with fixed sea-surface temperatures, downscaled by a regional climate model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), for five years at 45 km horizontal resolution over East and South Asia and at 15 km resolution covering East China. To ensure a sufficient climate response in the models, we perturb BC emissions by a factor of ten, and compare the results to separate simulations with a fivefold increase in (scattering) sulfate emissions and a doubling of CO2 concentrations.Preliminary results indicate similar BC-induced responses between CESM2 and 15 km WRF simulations in terms of tropospheric temperature and humidity, and mean precipitation, but strong dependence on model and/or resolution in the cloud response to BC. Potential differences in seasonal and extreme precipitation will be examined, and we plan to explore finer scales using the WRF model in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) mode down to 100 m horizontal resolution.
Combination strategy for regional geocentric epoch reference frames
Authors: Kehm Alexander , Sánchez Laura , Bloßfeld Mathis , Seitz Manuela , Drewes Hermann , Angermann Detlef , Seitz Florian
Published: February 2023

High-resolution regional applications require regional reference frames with dense networks of reference stations. These regional reference frames can be realised in the form of multi-year reference frames (that can be fixed to a specific tectonic plate like EUREF for Europe) or as epoch reference frames to represent non-linear phenomena such as earthquakes or loading effects (like SIRGAS for Latin America). Common to these realisations is that they are based on GNSS networks with a geodetic datum that is realised by alignment to the global reference frame (ITRF or IGS TRF).In consequence, the origin of these networks reflects the Earth’s centre of figure rather than the Earth’s instantaneous centre of mass. Moreover, the quality of the realised datum decreases over time, as the linearly-parameterised coordinates of the global reference frame have to be extrapolated beyond the observation period. These effects mean a significantly reduced value of station-specific displacement time series for the study of, e.g., local geophysical effects.This study presents an alternative approach for the realisation of a regional epoch reference frame for Latin America. The approach is based on the common weekly solution of global SLR, VLBI and GNSS networks combined at the normal equation level. Thereby, SLR determines the origin, SLR and VLBI jointly determine the scale, and a homogeneously distributed global GNSS network is used to realise the orientation. This GNSS network is densified by the stations of the regional sub-network, namely the stations of the Latin American SIRGAS network. The approach does not necessarily rely on fiducial points in the region of interest, which means that it is conceptually transferrable to other regional networks.In order to cope with system-specific deficiencies of SLR and VLBI, namely data gaps, low station performances and frequently changing observational networks deteriorating the realised datum parameters, we propose a strategy to stabilise the realised datum via filtering the input data of these techniques at the normal equation level before combination with GNSS.We evaluate the realised datum of the epoch-wise weekly solutions by comparison against the ITRF2014 as an independent multi-year realisation of the ITRS and against the JTRF2014 as an independent sub-secular realisation of the ITRS. Moreover, station-specific displacement time series are validated against non-tidal loading displacement time series derived from geophysical fluid models provided by ESMGFZ in order to demonstrate that the displacement time series reflect seasonal geophysical processes in a geocentric frame.
The role of WDW density for a regime shift in the FRIS cavity
Authors: Haid Verena , Timmermann Ralph , Schöll Simon , Albrecht Torsten , Hellmer Hartmut H.
Published: February 2023

A potential tipping point on the Antarctic continental shelves, in which cold shelf water is replaced by (modified) Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) / Warm Deep Water (WDW), is currently the subject of many studies. Such a regime shift entails a drastic increase of basal melt for the fringing ice shelves and could ultimately destabilize large portions of the Antarctic ice sheet.From the results of a large suite of experiments conducted with the Finite Element Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM), we identified for the Weddell Sea the density balance between the densest shelf water produced on the continental shelf and the WDW present on the continental slope at sill depth (shallowest depth of deepest connection to the cavity) as the crucial criterion for a shift in on-shelf circulation leading to a substantially increased heat flux into the cavity. This finding holds true for model runs using both z-level and sigma vertical coordinates as well as ocean-ice sheet (with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model, PISM) coupled model runs. We also find evidence that the same principle is valid in other Antarctic regions with a backward-sloping continental shelf.Apart from the shelf water characteristics that largely depend on sea ice formation, the development of CDW/WDW characteristics  is crucial, but often neglected, in this context, especially in regional model studies. If under the influence of the globally warming climate the continental slope current becomes warmer and fresher, the associated density decrease could keep the continental shelf stable. Even if none of the on-shelf water classifies as High Salinity Shelf Water any more, as long as it is denser than the off-shelf CDW/WDW, it will block access to the cavity and prevent a regime shift.
Parametric analyses to evaluate the hydro-mechanical stabilizing effect of bio-engineering solutions
Authors: Cernuto Erica , Salciarini Diana , Lupattelli Arianna , Settembre Silvia , Cattoni Elisabetta
Published: February 2023

Italy is historically characterized by a high spatial density of landslides due to its complex geological setting, which often predisposes it to slope instability under both natural and anthropogenic influences. In most cases, the reasons behind this fragility can be re-conducted to the transformations made by humans over the centuries with scarce awareness and attention to land use, somewhat intensified by the local eﬀects of global climate changes. This can result in eco-environmental imbalances that are often evident only when they lead the slopes to failure and make their restoration extremely expensive and economically unviable.  The goal of this work is to assess the potential increase in slope stability by adopting nature-based solutions relying on bio-engineering works. A series of numerical simulations has been performed by means of the PLAXIS 2D finite element software, separately evaluating the mechanical and hydraulic contribution provided by vegetation roots on the stability of a series of ideal slopes. Considering different slope inclinations, soil mechanical characteristics, absence or presence of vegetation, and different root system depths, the safety coefficient was calculated for each model. Results showed that in the presence of a vegetation cover, there is an improvement in slope stability, and this is more evident for coarse-grained soils rather than fine-grained. It was also found that the root systems increase the slope stability during the period of their transient development, progressively with the deepening of the roots. Finally, it was observed that, for the considered soils, the mechanically stabilizing effect is greater than the hydraulic stabilizing effect.
Influence of Natural Halogens on Global Tropospheric Ozone During the 21st Century
Authors: Saiz-Lopez Alfonso
Published: February 2023

Tropospheric ozone (O3) is an important greenhouse gas relevant for global warming projections as well as secondary pollutant affecting air quality on the regional scale. In this Communication, we use halogen version of the CAM-Chem model to investigate the evolution of the O3 budget during the 21st century following two different climate scenarios (RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) and halogen emissions. Our results indicate that the global ozone net chemical change (NCC) will decrease by ~50%, notwithstanding increasing or decreasing trends in ozone production and loss. However, a wide range of surface NCC variations (from −60% to 150%) are projected over polluted regions depending on the evolution of anthropogenic O3 precursor emissions. Most notably, water vapor and iodine are found to be key drivers of future tropospheric O3 destruction, while the largest changes in O3 production are determined by the future evolution of peroxy radicals. Overall, future surface ozone destruction due to halogens will become more important moving into the future for both scenarios, reaching a net reduction from −30 to −35 Tg (−11 to −15%) on the global O3 burden.
Near-real-time microseismic monitoring with machine-learning and waveform back-projection at the Utah FORGE geothermal site
Authors: Shi Peidong , Lanza Federica , Grigoli Francesco , Wiemer Stefan
Published: February 2023

Deep geothermal energy exploitation necessitates establishing effective fluid circulation paths for heat transfer and managing induced earthquake risk. By detecting and characterizing induced microseismic events, we can provide insights into the fracture network growth and the induced earthquake risk during hydraulic stimulation and geothermal production in enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). During hydraulic stimulation, monitoring has to be performed in near-real-time to provide timely information for assessing potential earthquake risk and for adjusting the stimulation plan. In addition, high-precision microseismic event location is vital for evaluating the connectivity of the stimulated reservoir and designing the trajectory of the production wells. However, achieving real-time monitoring and high-resolution location in a single monitoring workflow is challenging due to the low signal-to-noise ratio and short inter-event time of microseismic events.To address these challenges in microseismic monitoring, we build a near-real-time monitoring workflow that integrates machine-learning (ML) techniques for efficient event detection and waveform back-projection methods for high-precision event location. The proposed workflow is designed to utilize various pre-trained ML models to deal with the scarcity issue of training datasets in new EGS sites. We apply the proposed workflow to the microseismic dataset collected at the Utah FORGE geothermal site in a playback mode. Because most pre-trained ML models are trained on local earthquake datasets having larger event magnitudes and lower data sampling rates, we implement and evaluate various strategies, such as re-scaling, re-sampling, and filtering, to enhance the performance of pre-trained models on the microseismic dataset. We compare the obtained ML catalog with a reference catalog built from a conventional workflow consisting of automatic phase picking and manual refinement. Due to the application of ML and waveform back-projection techniques, our workflow can nicely separate microseismic events with very short inter-event times (in terms of a second) and cope with events with significant magnitude/amplitude differences, leading to more reliable event detections. Detailed comparisons show that the accuracy of ML phase identification is comparable to and sometimes even superior to manual picking (with a difference in milliseconds), which contributes to precise event locations.
The Copernicus ocean forecasting system for the Mediterranean Sea: description and quality assessment of recent evolutions
Authors: Clementi Emanuela , Coppini Giovanni , Cossarini Gianpiero , Korres Gerasimos , Drudi Massimiliano , Aydogdu Ali , Bolzon Giorgio , Cretí Sergio , Denaxa Dimitra , Feudale Laura , Goglio Anna Chiara , Grandi Alessandro , Lazzari Paolo , Lecci Rita , Mariani Antonio , Masina Simona , Oikonomou Charikleia , Pistoia Jenny , Salon Stefano , Teruzzi Anna
Published: February 2023

The Mediterranean Monitoring and Forecast Center of the Copernicus Marine Service (Med-MFC) provides operational, regular and systematic reference information for the blue (Physics -Med-PHY- and Wave -Med-WAV) and green (Biogeochemistry -Med-BGC) state of the Mediterranean Sea. Based on state of the art modelling developments, the Med-MFC delivers Near Real Time (NRT) analysis and short-term (10 days) forecast and consistent Multi-Year (MY) Reanalysis reconstructions and their Interim extensions from 1987 (Med-PHY), 1993 (med-WAV) and 1999 (Med-BGC) till month minus one.This work aims at providing a detailed description and a quality assessment of recent modelling upgrades which have been implemented in the latest operational systems since November 2022.In particular, the major modelling advancements for each system are the following:Med-PHY NRT system: improvements in both the hydrodynamic model with a better tidal representation and data assimilation components including a new Mean Dynamic Topography, assimilation of 7km filtered altimeter data and ingestion of newly available altimeter data (Hy-2A/B and Sentinel-6A); delivery of a new variable: vertical velocity.
Med-BGC NRT system includes the novel bio-optical configuration of the Biogeochemical Flux Model (BFM) and its coupling with the atmospheric light spectral model OASIM. Further, the 3DVarBio assimilation system is upgraded to include oxygen profiles from BGC-Argo.
Med-WAV NRT system upgrades include: (1) implementation and tuning of WAM Cycle6, (2) implementation of Charnock parameter reduction for strong winds and (3) ingestion of newly available altimeter data into the data assimilation system (Sentinel-6A).
All the 3 Reanalysis time series have been extended until June 2021.
The model evolutions have been extensively qualified by comparing model results from a series of sensitivity numerical experiments with respect to best available satellite and insitu observations in order to provide a reliable validation assessment. All the evolutions have provided, to a different extent, an overall product quality increase by means of a decreased error and bias with respect to the previous version of the systems when comparing modelling data to observations and previous literature.
Analysis of Emissions from Cattle Slurry using Time of FlightChemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TOF-CIMS)
Authors: Galloway Emma , Gandolfo Adrien , Kammer Julien , Wenger John
Published: February 2023

The use of animal-based fertilizers in the forms of manure and slurry is widespread throughout Europe. The process of spreading manure and slurry results in large emissions of greenhouse gases as well as inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The non-methane VOCs emitted from manure and slurry are not well characterized, even though they are expected to result in the formation of important secondary pollutants such as ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In this study, we conducted an initial small-scale laboratory measurement of VOCs emitted by cattle slurry using a Time of Flight Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer. Dry purified air was passed through a small chamber containing the slurry and into the instrument, which was operated using both C6H6+ and I- as reagent ions in order to detect a large range of oxygenated and hydrocarbon VOCs. Using the I- reagent ion, a number of low molecular weight carboxylic acids were detected, along with some phenolic compounds and hydrogen disulfide. A much larger number of compounds was detected using the C6H6+reagent ion, including the same phenolic compounds and a range of nitrogen-containing species. The timescales of the emitted species showed considerable variation, with some, e.g. hydrogen disulfide, being very intense and short-lived, and others, e.g. phenol, being continuously emitted at a roughly constant rate for several hours. Further work is currently underway to understand the factors controlling the nature of these emissions, their reactivity and SOA formation.
Gravitational settling of microplastic fibers: experimental results and implications for global transport
Authors: Tatsii Daria , Bagheri Gholamhossein , Bucci Silvia , Bakels Lucie , Stohl Andreas
Published: February 2023

Gravitational settling is a crucial parameter to study the transport and distribution of atmospheric concentrations, sources, and sinks of particles. Although the settling velocity is highly dependent on the particle shape, most atmospheric transport models assume particles to be spherical, ignoring other geometries. In this study, we focus on the gravitational settling of microplastics (MP) particles, which often deviate strongly from sphericity. For instance, MP fibers can be approximated more closely by cylinders rather than spheres. Here, we present the results of conducted experiments with extremely elongated MP particles to define their settling velocity. This was done with the settling column and 3D-printed MP particles of different shapes (straight cylinders, half-circled cylinders, and quarter-circled cylinders), lengths, and aspect ratios. The experimental data shows that the parameterization scheme for shape correction proposed by Bagheri and Bonadonna, 2016 is a reliable tool to predict the gravitational settling of fibers considering different types of particle orientation (random, horizontal, and average of both).This scheme was implemented in the gravitational settling scheme of the Lagrangian transport model FLEXPART to eliminate uncertainties regarding the shape of a particle when simulating solid particle transport. As a study case, the mass concentration and deposition 3D fields of MP fibers were estimated according to the global population density to understand the contribution of the individual sites/regions to MP contamination of the atmosphere, land, and World Ocean.
Exploiting the full potential of ocean tide models for space geodetic techniques
Authors: Mayer-Guerr Torsten , Oehlinger Felix , Sulzbach Roman , Dobslaw Henryk
Published: February 2023

The influence of ocean tides plays a major role for geodetic space methods in the modeling of satellite orbits, Earth rotation, and short-period station motions.Current ocean tide models are published with a large number of individual constituents that are representative for the entire tidal spectrum. The analysis requires interpolation of the constituents onto the spectrum using admittance theory. The application of admittance is non-trivial, as it explicitly and implicitly refers to historical conventions that are hard to retrace for users. Further linear admittance theory is non-unique and requires some insight into the principles of ocean tidal dynamics.Nonetheless, the error-prone implementation of admittance is mostly left to the user, which can easily induce confusion and errors. For example, the IERS2010 conventions describe only one method for the outdated FES2004 model that does not apply directly to current models. While there is a conventional routine for calculating the ocean loading displacement, it needs to consider recent developments and therefore does not exploit the full potential of current ocean tide models.In this presentation, a unified approach is presented for discussion to exploit the full potential of current ocean tide models in satellite orbit calculation and for station displacements. This approach aims to set up a framework for tidal correction that is userfriendly, model-independent, and applies to many geophysical observables.
Longevity of fault-controlled fluid flow within a Cu-Au-Mo porphyry (Yukon, Canada) revealed by coupled U-Pb carbonate geochronology and clumped isotope analysis
Authors: Mottram Catherine , Kellett Dawn , Dennis Paul , Clog Matthieu
Published: February 2023

Carbonate veins are ubiquitous in many ore deposits and are often interpreted as a late stage or cross cutting fluid flow events in the ore deposit history. Faults accommodate rock displacement and the resulting zones of weakness act as conduits for magma and localised magmatic-hydrothermal fluid flow, leading to the formation of ore deposits. Dating of both low temperature veins and brittle fault material has been notoriously difficult because of a lack of ‘datable’ material. Using innovative techniques, it is now possible to date carbonate with the U-Pb isotopic system.Here we use in-situ U-Pb carbonate geochronology to date a variety of fault material and mineralised and unmineralised veins within a major fault-controlled Cu-Au-Mo porphyry system in the central Yukon, Canadian Cordillera. Over 50 samples have been dated, revealing a long history of faulting and fluid flow in the deposit spreading over 10s of millions of years between ~75 Ma and <20 Ma. We combine petrography, U-Pb carbonate geochronology, trace element geochemistry, and clumped isotope analysis to interpret the full temperature-time evolution of the fluids within the deposit. Our results show the carbonate veins crystallised during the main ore-forming event at ~75 Ma. Subsequently, there was a prolonged period of fault-controlled fluid pulsing that likely concentrated metallic minerals in the deposit. The findings show that carbonate veins are not always late features within ore deposits and are an underutilised resource for understanding the full temporal and fluid evolution of a system. Carbonate U-Pb geochronology is therefore potentially incredibly useful for telling the previously untold and long history of fluid flow in a variety of deposit types.
Monitoring and modelling snow avalanches to innovate road safety management in alpine valleys
Authors: Ruttner-Jansen Pia , Glaus Julia , Wieser Andreas , Bühler Yves
Published: February 2023

Snow avalanches threaten people and infrastructure in alpine regions. Each winter situations occur that require road closures, which have a major impact on the affected people and economy. The decisions on road safety measures are done by local experts, who decide based on information from the avalanche bulletin, weather forecast and most importantly personal experience. Valuable, detailed information about the snow depth distribution, especially in avalanche release areas is not available in sufficient resolution. To fill this data-gap, we propose a remote-sensing based approach to map, monitor and model the snow depth distribution and its development in avalanche release areas, with high spatial and temporal resolution. The main applied technologies are photogrammetry and LiDAR, both air-borne and ground-based. The newly build up snow database will serve as input to improve the simulation of avalanches and especially the runout distance, which is ultimately crucial for the decision of closing or re-opening a road.
IT support for climate resilient cultural heritage - examples from the KERES project
Authors: Moßgraber Jürgen , Hellmund Tobias , Kotova Lola
Published: February 2023

Not only ecosystems are particularly sensitive to extreme weather as a result of climate change. Historical buildings, museum’s collections and historical gardens can also be affected by extreme weather conditions. Assessing the extent to which cultural assets are endangered by such weather and climate events is an interdisciplinary task that requires the collaboration of climate scientists together with cultural heritage managers, monument conservators, restorers and engineers. However, this discussion is currently hardly taking place in Germany, both on a scientific and on policy levels.Therefore, the BMBF-funded project KERES addresses the following questions:What safety risks of our cultural heritage are caused by extreme weather events?
Which practical solutions need to be addressed and managed the current and emerging impacts of climate change on cultural assets in Germany?
In close cooperation with the relevant stakeholders and potential users, such as the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation (SPSG), Fraunhofer IOSB is building a web-based knowledge platform that combines the research results and best practices for adaptation and mitigation measures of the historical buildings and historical parks property. This aims to create the greatest possible degree of user orientation so that the knowledge platform can be used sustainably in the long term. This platform is able to collect and integrate multisource information in order to effectively provide complete and updated situational awareness and decision support for innovative measurements improving cultural heritage resilience, in particular new solutions for maintenance and conservation. It is based on the open source; easily configurable and extendable. It can be accessed by the wide range of users via the web interface.Several levels of data integration, aggregation and linking are aggregated:integration of expert knowledge,
connection of sensors for comprehensive monitoring
and reporting,data analysis of complex processes with an open interface
for easy integration of new algorithms,semantic and geographic linking of analysis data and
multiple domain information.
The backbone of this information network is an ontology, which connects the data of the different domains, like cultural heritage, climate change, environmental data, crisis management, regulations, sensor data management, buildings, materials and many more. The platform is flanked by two other applications, such as a planning tool for the evacuation of art objects:This is a tool for creating route maps for the fire brigade to evacuate cultural objects.
The decision-maker supports finding individual measures against damage caused by climate change.
The applications for preventive and reactive measures to deal with potential or acute damage situations are examined as well. The designed methods are tested for five case studies including historical buildings and historical gardens in Germany.
Ecosystem carbon sequestration service supports the Sustainable Development Goals progress
Authors: Yin Caichun , Zhao Wenwu , Pereira Paulo
Published: February 2023

Ecosystem carbon sequestration service (ECSS) is the benefits humans derive from the ecosystem carbon sequestration process, which is key to regulating climate, stabilising the natural foundation for development, and supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) achievement. However, how ECSS contributes to the SDGs still needs to be discovered. Here, based on downscaling localisation SDG indicators, regression methods, and mechanism analysis, we identified the contribution of ECSS to the SDGs, taking China’s Loess Plateau (LP) region as an example. The results showed that the LP made higher progress on resource and environmental SDGs, such as SDGs 13, 12, 6, and 7 (climate, consumption and production, water, and energy) in the last two decades. As for the relationships between ECSS and SDGs, the progress of SDGs 6, 7, 13 and 15 (water, energy, climate, and ecosystems) showed positive linear responses to ECSS. The response of SDGs 1, 4, 8, and 12 (poverty reduction, education, economic growth, and consumption and production) to ECSS showed a threshold when the standardised ECSS value was 0.11. To improve ECSS for a more sustainable ecological foundation underpinning the SDGs, ECSS management should be improved to protect the ecosystem carbon pool and improve carbon sequestration function, as well as to promote the social-ecological co-benefits. This work links carbon sequestration service to sustainable development and can help in leveraging nature’s contributions towards carbon neutrality and the 2030 Agenda.
Investigation of Saharan dust plumes in Western Europe by remote sensing, in situ measurements, and transport modelling
Authors: Zhang Hengheng , Wagner Frank , Hoshyaripour Gholam Ali , Vogel Heike , Saathoff Harald
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric dust has significant impact on the Earth’s climate system but different aspects of the impact remain highly uncertain. These uncertainties can be attributed to the larger spatial-temporal variability of aerosol dust and its complex interaction with other atmospheric constituents, radiation, and clouds.  To investigate Saharan dust plumes in Western Europe, we collected a comprehensive set of observational data and compared it with global transport model simulations to achieve a better understanding of the distribution, evolution, and potential impact of dust plumes in southwest Germany for four characteristic cases during April 2018, February 2021, June 2021, and March 2022. Remote sensing methods including lidars and sunphotometers were used to study the dust events employing different retrieval methods and comparing these retrievals with ICON-ART simulations. In situ measurements (e.g. Optical Particle Counters (OPC), Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS), and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)) were used to determine e.g. size distributions and particle number concentrations of dust particles, which were compared for suitable cases with remote sensing measurements and ICON-ART simulations. One major objective was to quantify the uncertainties of the different measurements and retrieval methods including a demonstration how useful scanning lidar measurements can be in addition to vertical lidar and sun photometer data and what kind of understanding of the aerosol properties can be achieved by combining the different measurement techniques. Furthermore, we compared these observational data with predictions by the state-of-the-art transport model, ICON-ART, to evaluate the quality of its predictions for different meteorological conditions. In this contribution, we will discuss the systematic comparison between observational data and ICON-ART model results.
IMS infrasound data products for atmospheric studies and civilian applications – 2021 and 2022 updates
Authors: Hupe Patrick , Ceranna Lars , Le Pichon Alexis , Matoza Robin S. , Mialle Pierrick
Published: February 2023

We present recent and planned updates of the infrasound data products of all certified infrasound stations of the International Monitoring System, which was established in the late 1990s for verification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The updates extend the four data products initially published for the 2003 to 2020 period (https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4201-2022) by two years and thus complete a 20-year period.Our intention for these data products is to facilitate using this unique global infrasound dataset for scientific applications. The products open up the IMS observations to user groups who do not have access to IMS data or are unfamiliar with data processing using the Progressive Multi-Channel Correlation (PMCC) method. We demonstrate the updated data products based on recent and global infrasound sources such as volcanic eruptions and ocean ambient noise and highlight the provided detection and quality parameters.
Modeling innovative approaches for agricultural production with a case study for small vegetable production in Egypt
Authors: Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Karimzadeh Saeed , d'Odorico Paolo , Rulli Maria Cristina
Published: February 2023

The search for innovative approaches to agricultural production is fundamental to face the challenge of providing sustainable food production without depleting natural resources for growing population. Therefore, an accurate assessment of the green and blue water needs of cultivated land under different agricultural strategies is essential for systematic water management in agriculture. Among the limits to global food production, water availability, and soil and water salinity play key roles, especially in semi-arid and arid regions. In those areas, a possible solution for a sustainable increase in crop production while preserving natural resources is shifting small vegetable crop productions in a controlled environment, as greenhouses, where temperature, humidity, light, and other factors can be adjusted to meet the plant's needs. Here, we propose a method to estimate the water needed to grow small vegetables under different crop production techniques, from the more traditional approach in the field to innovative soilless cultivation techniques in greenhouses, with a case study in Egypt. To do so, we use the spatially distributed agro-hydrological model WATNEEDS to simulate the plant growth, including the effect of greenhouse production on crop water demand. Moreover, we simulate the possible use of brackish water for irrigation. Results show that by shifting to protected cultivation, the reduction in crop water requirement is 60%,65%, and 30% for tomato, watermelon, and pepper, respectively. This model could be used for irrigation planning and resource management policies. Besides, it can be helpful on multiple scales, from farm to global scale.