bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Works of Francis Bacon
Authors: Bacon Francis
Published: November 2012

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), the English philosopher, statesman and jurist, is best known for developing the empiricist method which forms the basis of modern science. Bacon's writings concentrated on philosophy and judicial reform. His most significant work is the Instauratio Magna comprising two parts - The Advancement of Learning and the Novum Organum. The first part is noteworthy as the first major philosophical work published in English (1605). James Spedding (1808–81) and his co-editors arranged this fourteen-volume edition, published in London between 1857 and 1874, not in chronological order but by subject matter, so that different volumes would appeal to different audiences. The material is divided into three parts: philosophy and general literature; legal works; and letters, speeches and tracts relating to politics. Volume 9, published in 1862, contains letters and political writings from 1595 to 1601, including papers relating to the treason trial of Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.
Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret
Authors: Eckermann Johann Peter
Published: November 2012

Originally published by Goethe's friend and personal secretary, Johann Peter Eckermann (1792–1854) in German in 1836, this work comprises Eckermann's recollections of his conversations with the German writer and philosopher during the last nine years of his life. Eckermann published a further volume in 1848 using both his own memories and material from the journals of Swiss scientist Frédéric Soret, who was also a close acquaintance of Goethe. The work initially sold poorly in Germany, but quickly became popular internationally, and contributed to the rehabilitation of Goethe's scholarly reputation both within Germany and throughout the world. This edition, translated by British playwright and translator John Oxenford (1812–77) was published in two volumes in London in 1850. Oxenford combined the original three volumes, putting the conversations in chronological order. The topics discussed include religion, politics, literature, poetry and natural sciences. Volume 1 covers the years 1822 to 1827.
Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret
Authors: Eckermann Johann Peter
Published: November 2012

Originally published by Goethe's friend and personal secretary, Johann Peter Eckermann (1792–1854) in German in 1836, this work comprises Eckermann's recollections of his conversations with the German writer and philosopher during the last nine years of his life. Eckermann published a further volume in 1848 using both his own memories and material from the journals of Swiss scientist Frédéric Soret, who was also a close acquaintance of Goethe. The work initially sold poorly in Germany, but quickly became popular internationally, and contributed to the rehabilitation of Goethe's scholarly reputation both within Germany and throughout the world. This edition, translated by British playwright and translator John Oxenford (1812–77) was published in two volumes in London in 1850. Oxenford combined the original three volumes, putting the conversations in chronological order. The topics discussed include religion, politics, literature, poetry and natural sciences. Volume 2 runs from September 1827 to 1832.
The English Utilitarians
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: November 2012

Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), author, literary critic, social commentator and the first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, published his two-volume History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (also reissued in this series) in 1876. This led him to further investigation and study of utilitarianism, whose proponents believed that human action should be guided by the principle of ensuring the happiness of the greatest number of people. While working on many other projects, especially the Dictionary, and haunted by domestic tragedy in the sudden death of his second wife in 1895, Stephen struggled for two decades with this undertaking, calling it the 'utilitarian bog': the long-awaited three-volume work was finally published in 1900. Volume 2 examines the life and political background of James Mill (1773–1836) whose writings were influential in the dissemination of utilitarianism.
My Diary North and South
Authors: Russell William Howard
Published: November 2012

William Howard Russell (1820–1907) was a nineteenth-century war correspondent for The Times. In 1861–2 he visited America to report on the secession crisis that had followed Abraham Lincoln's campaign to abolish slavery, in which eleven southern states had withdrawn from the United States to form their own confederacy, resulting in the American Civil War. First published in 1863, this two-volume work recounts Russell's experiences there. Based on his interviews with Lincoln, other pivotal figures, and ordinary citizens, together with his diaries and his letters to The Times, it documents his impressions of both the northern and the opposing southern states as he travelled through them. His book, thought to have been compiled in response to accusations that he was biased towards the South, provides a revealing eyewitness account of life during a landmark period in America's history. Volume 2 focuses on the horrors of the unfolding war.
The Ethics of Species
Authors: Sandler Ronald L.
Published: November 2012

We are causing species to go extinct at extraordinary rates, altering existing species in unprecedented ways and creating entirely new species. More than ever before, we require an ethic of species to guide our interactions with them. In this book, Ronald L. Sandler examines the value of species and the ethical significance of species boundaries and discusses what these mean for species preservation in the light of global climate change, species engineering and human enhancement. He argues that species possess several varieties of value, but they are not sacred. It is sometimes permissible to alter species, let them go extinct (even when we are a cause of the extinction) and invent new ones. Philosophically rigorous, accessible and illustrated with examples drawn from contemporary science, this book will be of interest to students of philosophy, bioethics, environmental ethics and conservation biology.
Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Authors: Parry William Edward
Published: November 2012

After joining the Navy at thirteen, William Edward Parry (1790–1855) spent three years protecting the whale fisheries of Spitzbergen. He was later appointed to several Arctic expeditions. Although his first voyage in search of the North-West Passage ended without success in 1819, it provided valuable scientific data and experience. The expedition of 1821–3 was longer, with two winters spent on the ice, but also ended without success. Parry's account of that second voyage, first published in 1824, provides insights into the early days of Arctic exploration and the character of one of its pioneers, noted for his care for his men, his precision in navigation and scientific observations, and his ability to quickly find solutions to difficult problems. The book also includes descriptions of the 'Esquimaux' encountered by the explorers, and their communities as well as a vocabulary of their language.
Arctic Explorations
Authors: Kane Elisha Kent
Published: November 2012

Elisha Kent Kane (1820–57) was a medical officer in the United States Navy, best known for the so-called 'Grinnell voyages' to the Arctic in search of Sir John Franklin's expedition. Originally published in 1856, this two-volume work documents his second expedition, between 1853 and 1855, during which his ship became ice-bound, and he and his men survived by adopting Inuit survival skills, such as hunting, sledge-driving and hut-building. In Volume 2, Kane continues to describe the Inuit people by whom he was aided, their birth and death rites, their survival skills in times of famine, and their rescuing of his crew. Accompanied by an extensive appendix containing his meteorological and geological surveys of the area, Kane's writings reveal his own controversial personality, his scholarly and navigational abilities, and his admiration of the way in which the Inuits' life was adapted to their environment.
New Lands within the Arctic Circle
Authors: Payer Julius von
Published: November 2012

This two-volume work by the nineteenth-century Arctic explorer and artist Julius von Payer (1841–1915), originally published in German and translated into English almost immediately in 1876, documents his experiences during the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition, which he commanded from 1872 to 1874 with his colleague Karl Weyprecht. Early into the expedition, of which the original aim was to find a north-eastern passage, their ship, the Tegetthoff, became trapped in ice, and its resultant drifting into unknown territories led to the discovery of Franz-Josef Land. Volume 1 explores the climate and terrain of the Arctic region, the navigational strategies employed by the crew, and the challenges they faced as perilous conditions led them to abandon ship. The author also pays tribute to Weyprecht for his courageous attempts to free the vessel. The work contains both maps and paintings, the latter by von Payer himself.
Die Amerikanische Nordpol-Expedition
Authors: Bessels Emil
Published: November 2012

The German surgeon and explorer Emil Bessels (1847–88) was head of the scientific team on the American-sponsored Polaris Expedition, which in 1871–3 made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the North Pole. Some of the crew spent months adrift on an ice floe and others were marooned in Greenland. Astonishingly, they survived, but much of the expedition's scientific research remained unpublished as a result of financial wrangling. This 1879 publication is a popular account of the journey, with a substantial scientific appendix based on the expedition papers and additional data shared with Bessels by Sir George Nares. It describes the expedition's landfalls from Newfoundland to Greenland, and experiences, including temperatures so low that mercury froze, hunting for polar bears and seals for food, and the help provided by the local Inuit, whose language, traditions and burial customs Bessels outlines. The book also contains over eighty illustrations, mostly woodcuts.
A Voyage towards the South Pole: Performed in the Years 1822–24
Authors: Weddell James
Published: November 2012

James Weddell (1787–1834) a self-taught navigator, started his sailing career aged 9 and later led several voyages towards the Antarctic. This book, first published in 1825, is his account of the voyage of the Jane, which went on a sealing trip to the Falklands and beyond, but turned back before reaching Antarctica itself. It features detailed scientific measurements, careful observations of wildlife, and descriptions of the islands and coasts visited by the expedition, including an important early account of the South Shetlands. It also provides first hand insight into the hardships of a long and perilous voyage. Weddell speaks warmly of the Jane's crew, who withstood frostbite, reduced rations and frequent danger from icebergs. He also reports encounters with other ships, mutiny, scurvy and even the alleged sighting of a mermaid. His thoughtful approach to his mission makes this fascinating exploration narrative an especially valuable historical source.
Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia
Authors: Layard Austen Henry
Published: November 2012

Sir Austen Henry Layard (1817–94) was one of the leading British archaeologists of the Victorian period. His excavations at Nimrud and Nineveh led to important discoveries about ancient Mesopotamia, particularly about the Assyrian civilisation, and his popular books such as Nineveh and its Remains (1849) brought archaeology to a wide audience. This two-volume work, first published in 1887, tells the story of an 'adventurous journey' Layard had made over forty years earlier, in 1840–2. He learnt Arabic and Persian and travelled widely, even among tribal peoples notorious for their lawlessness. These included the mountain-dwelling Bakhtiyari, who were under threat from the Persian ruler. Volume 1 describes the ancient sites Layard visited at the start of his journey, his encounters with the authorities in several cities, the warm hospitality he experienced in the household of the Bakhtiyari chiefs, and their customs, including a lion hunt and recitations of poetry.
Games and Mathematics
Authors: Wells David
Published: November 2012

The appeal of games and puzzles is timeless and universal. In this unique book, David Wells explores the fascinating connections between games and mathematics, proving that mathematics is not just about tedious calculation but imagination, insight and intuition. The first part of the book introduces games, puzzles and mathematical recreations, including knight tours on a chessboard. The second part explains how thinking about playing games can mirror the thinking of a mathematician, using scientific investigation, tactics and strategy, and sharp observation. Finally the author considers game-like features found in a wide range of human behaviours, illuminating the role of mathematics and helping to explain why it exists at all. This thought-provoking book is perfect for anyone with a thirst for mathematics and its hidden beauty; a good high school grounding in mathematics is all the background that is required, and the puzzles and games will suit pupils from 14 years.
Networked Life
Authors: Chiang Mung
Published: November 2012

How does Google sell ad space and rank webpages? How does Netflix recommend movies and Amazon rank products? How can you influence people on Facebook and Twitter and can you really reach anyone in six steps? Why doesn't the Internet collapse under congestion and does it have an Achilles' heel? Why are you charged per gigabyte for mobile data and how can Skype and BitTorrent be free? How are cloud services so scalable and why is WiFi slower at hotspots than at home? Driven by twenty real-world questions about our networked lives, this book explores the technology behind the multi-trillion dollar Internet and wireless industries. Providing easily understandable answers for the casually curious, alongside detailed explanations for those looking for in-depth discussion, this thought-provoking book is essential reading for students in engineering, science and economics, for network industry professionals and anyone curious about how technological and social networks really work.
NGOs, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere
Authors: Lang Sabine
Published: November 2012

Nongovernmental organizations act on behalf of citizens in politics and society. Yet many question their legitimacy and ask who they speak for. This book investigates how NGOs can become stronger advocates for citizens and better representatives of their interests. Sabine Lang analyzes the choices that NGOs face in their work for policy change between working in institutional settings and practicing public advocacy that incorporates constituents' voices. Whereas most books on NGOs focus on policy effectiveness, using approaches that treat accountability largely as a matter of internal performance measurements, Lang instead argues that it is ultimately several public accountabilities that inform NGO legitimacy. The case studies in this book use empirical research from the European Union, the United States and Germany to point to governments' role in redefining the conditions for NGOs' public advocacy.
Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World
Authors: Wenzlhuemer Roland
Published: November 2012

By the end of the nineteenth century the global telegraph network had connected all continents and brought distant people into direct communication 'at the speed of thought' for the first time. Roland Wenzlhuemer here examines the links between the development of the telegraph and the paths of globalization, and the ways in which global spaces were transformed by this technological advance. His groundbreaking approach combines cultural studies with social science methodology, including evidence based on historical GIS mapping, to shed new light on both the structural conditions of the global telegraph network and the historical agency of its users. The book reveals what it meant for people to be telegraphically connected or unconnected, how people engaged with the technology, how the use of telegraphy affected communication itself and, ultimately, whether faster communication alone can explain the central role that telegraphy occupied in nineteenth-century globalization.
TRANSVERSAL INFINITESIMAL AUTOMORPHISMS ON KÄHLER FOLIATIONS
Authors: JUNG SEOUNG DAL , LIU HUILI
Published: November 2012

Let ℱ be a Kähler foliation on a compact Riemannian manifold M. If the transversal scalar curvature of ℱ is nonzero constant, then any transversal conformal field is a transversal Killing field; and if the transversal Ricci curvature is nonnegative and positive at some point, then there are no transversally holomorphic fields.
Research travel and disciplinary identities in the University of Cambridge, 1885–1955
Authors: HEFFERNAN MICHAEL , JÖNS HEIKE
Published: November 2012

This article considers the role of overseas academic travel in the development of the modern research university, with particular reference to the University of Cambridge from the 1880s to the 1950s. The Cambridge academic community, relatively sedentary at the beginning of this period, became progressively more mobile and globalized through the early twentieth century, facilitated by regular research sabbaticals. The culture of research travel diffused at varying rates, and with differing consequences, across the arts and humanities and the field, laboratory and theoretical sciences, reshaping disciplinary identities and practices in the process. The nature of research travel also changed as the genteel scholarly excursion was replaced by the purposeful, output-orientated expedition.
Acute and second-meal effects of peanuts on glycaemic response and appetite in obese women with high type 2 diabetes risk: a randomised cross-over clinical trial
Authors: Reis Caio E. G. , Ribeiro Daniela N. , Costa Neuza M. B. , Bressan Josefina , Alfenas Rita C. G. , Mattes Richard D.
Published: November 2012

Nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of adding peanuts (whole or peanut butter) on first (0–240 min)- and second (240–490 min)-meal glucose metabolism and selected gut satiety hormone responses, appetite ratings and food intake in obese women with high T2DM risk. A group of fifteen women participated in a randomised cross-over clinical trial in which 42·5 g of whole peanuts without skins (WP), peanut butter (PB) or no peanuts (control) were added to a 75 g available carbohydrate-matched breakfast meal. Postprandial concentrations (0–490 min) of glucose, insulin, NEFA, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), appetitive sensations and food intake were assessed after breakfast treatments and a standard lunch. Postprandial NEFA incremental AUC (IAUC) (0–240 min) and glucose IAUC (240–490 min) responses were lower for the PB breakfast compared with the control breakfast. Insulin concentrations were higher at 120 and 370 min after the PB consumption than after the control consumption. Desire-to-eat ratings were lower, while PYY, GLP-1 and CCK concentrations were higher after the PB intake compared with the control intake. WP led to similar but non-significant effects. The addition of PB to breakfast moderated postprandial glucose and NEFA concentrations, enhanced gut satiety hormone secretion and reduced the desire to eat. The greater bioaccessibility of the lipid component in PB is probably responsible for the observed incremental post-ingestive responses between the nut forms. Inclusion of PB, and probably WP, to breakfast may help to moderate glucose concentrations and appetite in obese women.
Bifidobacteria may be beneficial to intestinal microbiota and reduction of bacterial translocation in mice following ischaemia and reperfusion injury
Authors: Wang Honggang , Zhang Wei , Zuo Lugen , Zhu Weiming , Wang Bin , Li Qiurong , Li Jieshou
Published: November 2012

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of peroral bifidobacteria on the intestinal microbiota, barrier function and bacterial translocation (BT) in a mouse model of ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. A total of twenty-four male BALB/c mice were randomly allocated into three groups: (1) sham-operated, (2) I/R and (3) I/R injury and bifidobacteria pretreatment (109colony-forming units/d). Bifidobacteria were administered daily intragastrically for 2 weeks before induction of I/R. Subsequently, samples of caecal content, intestinal mucosa, ileal segments, blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and distant organs (liver, spleen and kidney) were prepared for examination. In the I/R model, barrier dysfunction (caecal microbiota dysbiosis, disruption of tight junction (TJ), increased epithelial cell apoptosis, disruption of mucosa and multiple erosions) in the intestine was observed, associated with increased BT to extraintestinal sites. The ratio of BT to MLN and distant organs in mice exposed to I/R injury was 62·5 %, which was significantly higher than the sham-operated group. However, pretreatment of animals with bifidobacteria prevented I/R-induced BT, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine release, the levels of endotoxin, intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, disruption of TJ and increased the concentration of SCFA, resulting in recovered microbiota and mucosal integrity. Bifidobacteria may be beneficial in reducing BT in I/R injury of mice. Therefore, peroral administration of bifidobacteria is a potential strategy to prevent I/R-induced BT and intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Impacts of projected climate change on productivity and nitrogen leaching of crop rotations in arable and pig farming systems in Denmark
Authors: DOLTRA J. , LÆGDSMAND M. , OLESEN J. E.
Published: November 2012

The effects of projected changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration on productivity and nitrogen (N) leaching of characteristic arable and pig farming rotations in Denmark were investigated with the FASSET simulation model. The LARS weather generator was used to provide climatic data for the baseline period (1961–90) and in combination with two regional circulation models (RCM) to generate climatic data under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario for four different 20-year time slices (denoted by midpoints 2020, 2040, 2060 and 2080) for two locations in Denmark, differing in soil and climate, and representative of the selected production systems. The CO2 effects were modelled using projected CO2 concentrations for the A1B emission scenario. Crop rotations were irrigated (sandy soil) and unirrigated (sandy loam soil), and all included systems with and without catch crops, with field operation dates adapted to baseline and future climate change. Model projections showed an increase in the productivity and N leaching in the future that would be dependent on crop rotation and crop management, highlighting the importance of considering the whole rotation rather than single crops for impact assessments. Potato and sugar beet in arable farming and grain maize in pig farming contributed most to the productivity increase in the future scenarios. The highest productivity was obtained in the arable system on the sandy loam soil, with an increase of 20% on average in 2080 with respect to the baseline. Irrigation and fertilization rates would need to be increased in the future to achieve optimum yields. Growing catch crops reduces N leaching, but current catch crop management might not be sufficient to control the potential increase of leaching and more efficient strategies are required in the future. The uncertainty of climate change scenarios was assessed by using two different climate projections for predicting crop productivity and N leaching in Danish crop rotations, and this showed the consistency of the projected trends when used with the same crop model.
Multilateral institutions, accession conditionality and rule transfer in the European Union: the Energy Community in South East Europe
Authors: Padgett Stephen
Published: November 2012

Conditionality is widely used by international organisations to induce “client states” to engage in structural reform. In the European Union (EU) it plays an important role in ensuring that accession countries adopt EU rules as a condition of membership. Reliance on external incentives, however, limits the effectiveness of bilateral accession conditionality, especially for pre-accession countries with uncertain membership prospects. This article argues that multilateral institutions can boost the rule transfer effects of bilateral accession conditionality by reinforcing its incentive structure. The contention is tested by empirical research into the Energy Community in South East Europe. The research uses cross-national and cross-sectoral comparison to evaluate the rule transfer effects of Community institutions relative to accession conditionality and the terms of energy interdependence. It finds that whilst accession status is the main predictor of alignment with the energy acquis, there is evidence that multilateral institutions of the Energy Community exert a significant reinforcement effect.
European taxation during the crisis: does politics matter?
Authors: Lierse Hanna
Published: November 2012

With the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, European governments extensively intervened to avert a severe economic recession. Taxation is a crucial instrument to achieve such economic objectives, but it also represents a redistributive tool in democratic societies. Generally, left-wing parties are more supportive of progressive taxes and redistribution than right-wing governments. As a crisis response, one could assume that European governments, especially social-democratic ones, reinforced a redistributive stance to compensate for the substantial amounts of public money used to bail out financial institutions. Based on the tax reforms introduced between 2008 and 2010, the paper explores the tax strategies adopted by European governments. The findings do not reveal a direct effect of party politics on taxation but rather show that pressures from the capital markets significantly restrained governments’ policy capacities to act.
Policy overreaction
Authors: Maor Moshe
Published: November 2012

The literature on policy success and failure does not capture policies that may be too successful, as well as “too much” and/or “too soon” patterns of policy. To bridge this gap, this conceptual article relies on one of the most robust findings in the psychology of judgement, namely that many people are overconfident, prone to place too much faith in their intuitions. Based on this premise, the analytical framework advanced here revolves around two key dimensions of policy overreaction: (i) the effects of positive and negative events, and (ii) the effects of overestimation and accurate estimation of information. Based on these dimensions, the article identifies and illustrates four distinct modes of policy overreaction that reflect differences in the nature of implemented policy. It argues that the policy tools menu utilised in each mode of policy overreaction is dominated by unique mechanisms for changing or coordinating behaviour, which, once established, produce excessive – objective and/or perceived – social costs.
Roaming earthquakes in China highlight midcontinental hazards
Authors: Liu Mian , Wang Hui
Published: November 2012

Before dawn on 28 July 1976, a magnitude (M) 7.8 earthquake struck Tangshan, a Chinese industrial city only 150 kilometers from Beijing (Figure 1a). In a brief moment, the earthquake destroyed the entire city and killed more than 242,000 people [Chen et al., 1988]. More than 30 years have passed, and upon the ruins a new Tangshan city has been built. However, the memory of devastation remains fresh. For this reason, a sequence of recent small earthquakes in the Tangshan region, including an M 4.8 event on 28 May and an M 4.0 event on 18 June 2012, has caused widespread concerns and heated debate in China. In the science community, the debate is whether the recent Tangshan earthquakes are the aftershocks of the 1976 earthquake despite the long gap in time since the main shock or harbingers of a new period of active seismicity in Tangshan and the rest of North China, where seismic activity seems to fluctuate between highs and lows over periods of a few decades [Ma, 1989].
Project to transcribe old ship logs provides important weather data
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2012

Kathy Wendolkowski is a citizen scientist. It's a term that Wendolkowski considers far too lofty for what she claims is simply a happy addiction that she and others have for transcribing old logs from naval ship and other vessels. They perform this task to glean the regularly recorded weather data from those logs for the benefit of science. For Wendolkowski, though, greater satisfaction comes from reading what the logs also reveal about the daily lives of the sailors as well as any accompanying historical drama.
L'Aquila earthquake verdict yields aftershocks
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2012

The 22 October verdict by a court in L'Aquila, Italy, convicting seven Italian earthquake experts of manslaughter for failing to provide an adequate seismic warning to residents prior to a damaging quake in the region continues to send shockwaves through the scientific community. A sampling of the scientific community's concern about the verdict, which is likely to be appealed, included a 25 October joint statement from U.S. National Academy of Sciences president Ralph Cicerone and U.K. Royal Society president Sir Paul Nurse that noted “the difficult task facing scientists in dealing with risk communication and uncertainty.” The statement continued, “Much as society and governments would like science to provide simple, clear‐cut answers to the problems that we face, it is not always possible. Scientists can, however, gather all the available evidence and offer an analysis of the evidence in light of what they do know. The sensible course is to turn to expert scientists who can provide evidence and advice to the best of their knowledge. They will sometimes be wrong, but we must not allow the desire for perfection to be the enemy of good. That is why we must protest the verdict in Italy. If it becomes a precedent in law, it could lead to a situation in which scientists will be afraid to give expert opinion for fear of prosecution or reprisal. Much government policy and many societal choices rely on good scientific advice and so we must cultivate an environment that allows scientists to contribute what they reasonably can, without being held responsible for forecasts or judgments that they cannot make with confidence.”
Subduction: From mantle flow to great earthquakes
Authors: Morra Gabriele , Yuen Dave A. , Lee Sang‐Mook
Published: November 2012

International Conference on Geophysics of Slab Dynamics;Jeju Island, South Korea, 19–22 August 2012 In a recent meeting on Jeju Island, South Korea, a community of researchers, half from East Asia and half from North America and Europe, came together to study subduction from complementary points of view—seismology, geodynamics, mineral physics, and tectonics—to enhance the synergy between subduction‐related disciplines. The discussion focused on the predictability of the largest earthquakes, the origin of the interplate volcanism in Asia, the challenges for numerical modelers, and how the subduction process influences the evolution of the mantle.
Progress on archiving, delivering, and working with planetary data
Authors: Gaddis Lisa , Hare Trent , Beyer Ross
Published: November 2012

Planetary Data: A Workshop for Users and Software Developers 2012; Flagstaff, Ariz., 25–29 June 2012 The recent boom in the volume of data returned by planetary science missions continues to delight and confound users. Recently the NASA Planetary Data System (PDS) has seen an approximately 50‐fold increase in the amount of archived data and now serves nearly half a petabyte. Within 5 years, this volume likely will approach 1 petabyte. While archivists, users, and developers have done a creditable job of providing search and download functions and analysis and visualization tools, the wealth of data necessitates more discussion between users and developers about current limitations and desired improvements.
SWIRLs promote interdisciplinary collaboration at Fall Meeting
Authors: Hibbard Kathy
Published: November 2012

This year, AGU will implement a new path for interdisciplinary collaboration at Fall Meeting. After reviewing the scientific program, the AGU Fall Meeting Program Committee has identified, linked, and organized select sessions from various sections into themes. These themes, called SWIRLs, will provide Fall Meeting attendees with the opportunity to take an interdisciplinary “walk through the week.” For 2012, the AGU Program Committee identified three SWIRL themes: (1) characterizing uncertainty, (2) dust and aerosols, and (3) subduction. Check the Fall Meeting Web site (http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2012/scientific‐program/swirls/) to find the schedule of sessions for each of the three SWIRLs. Here is a brief summary of topics in each SWIRL theme:
Get connected: New Fall Meeting technology
Authors: Moscovitch Mirelle
Published: November 2012

Kick off your 2012 Fall Meeting experience today by joining the Fall Meeting Community, an interactive Web‐based community. Whether you are attending this year's Fall Meeting or are just interested in learning more, this site can help you connect with colleagues, learn about the groundbreaking research and amazing programming being presented in San Francisco, and plan your trip to the largest Earth and space science conference of the year. Available through the Fall Meeting Web site (http://fallmeeting.agu.org), the Community allows you to share your Fall Meeting experience like never before. You can join groups based on your interests, and each group includes a message board that allows you to ask questions, post comments, discuss presentations, and make plans with colleagues. You can also create your own groups and use the Community's robust search engine to find and connect with friends. And because the Fall Meeting Web site was improved for 2012 to allow for nearly seamless functionality on mobile devices, you can access much of the same Community functionality on the go.
Encouraging the next generation of scientists at Fall Meeting
Authors: Asher Pranoti M.
Published: November 2012

Three special events for high school, undergraduate, and graduate students are being held at this year's Fall Meeting. The events are open to all meeting attendees—please consider stopping by to interact with and encourage and mentor students as well as to learn about their research projects. Opportunities for students to engage in networking, participate in conferences, and present research help them to develop and socialize within a discipline and profession. Additionally, engaged mentoring is known to provide students with support at critical decision points in their career.
AGU's historical records move to the Niels Bohr Library and Archives
Authors: Harper Kristine C.
Published: November 2012

As scientists, AGU members understand the important role data play in finding the answers to their research questions: no data—no answers. The same holds true for the historians posing research questions concerning the development of the geophysical sciences, but their data are found in archival collections comprising the personal papers of geophysicists and scientific organizations. Now historians of geophysics—due to the efforts of the AGU History of Geophysics Committee, the American Institute of Physics (AIP), and the archivists of the Niels Bohr Library and Archives at AIP—have an extensive new data source: the AGU manuscript collection.
Water crises—a new approach
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: November 2012

Water crises are one the biggest challenges facing humanity in the 21st century. But what exactly is the nature of these crises? Scientists investigated the underlying causes driving water scarcity in 22 of the best studied cases across India, China, South America, Russia, and Australia using a quantitative technique that breaks down exhaustive case studies into measurable parameters. Srinivasan et al. show that in spite of the numerous ways in which humans interact with fresh water, each shortage or crisis is driven by one or more of eight underlying causes—which can be grouped into six “syndromes.” The authors found that just as declining natural supply can drive water shortages, so can human consumption or lack of proper policies.
African dust forms red soils in Bermuda
Authors: Bhattacharya Atreyee
Published: November 2012

In Bermuda, red, iron‐rich, clayey soils, called terra rossa, are storehouses of information not only on past local processes that crafted the topography of the island but also on atmospheric circulation patterns that drove global climate during the Quaternary period (roughly 2.5 million years ago). The origin of the terra rossa, however, has remained a mystery for more than a century. On one hand, dissolution features in the carbonate rocks suggest that local material, for example volcanic rocks, could be the source of these red beds. On the other hand, Bermuda is also uniquely located to receive airborne dust from western Africa as well as from loess deposits of the Mississippi valley of the central United States—both of which could also be potential sources of the terra rossa soils in Bermuda.
Simultaneous observation of chorus and hiss near the plasmapause
Authors: Delport B. , Collier A. B. , Lichtenberger J. , Rodger C. J. , Parrot M. , Clilverd M. A. , Friedel R. H. W.
Published: November 2012

On 4 August 2010 a moderate geomagnetic storm occurred with minimum Dst of −65 nT and maximum Kp of 7−. Shortly after the onset of this storm, VLF chorus was observed at Marion Island (L= 2.6). Over time the spectral structure of the chorus transformed into a hiss band spanning the same frequency range. The observation of overlapping chorus and hiss suggests that Marion Island was close to the plasmapause at the time of this event, and provides ground‐based observational confirmation of the generation mechanism of plasmaspheric hiss from chorus waves outside of the plasmasphere. Chorus observations at Marion Island were not common during this period of the solar cycle and so this event was investigated in detail. The geomagnetic conditions are discussed and geosynchronous particle data and broadband data from two other stations are presented. Empirical models are employed to predict the location of the plasmapause, and its location is inferred from a knee whistler recorded at Dunedin, New Zealand. These show that Marion Island is in the vicinity of the plasmapause during the event. The event is also compared to chorus observed at similarL after the Halloween storms of 2003. The rarity of the chorus observation is quantified using DEMETER VLF data. The DEMETER data, along with the various ground based VLF measurements, allows us to infer temporal and spatial variations in the chorus source region.
Experimental tests of a topside generation mechanism for auroral medium frequency radio emissions
Authors: Broughton M. C. , LaBelle J. , Roberg‐Clark G. T. , McCready M. , Bunch N. L.
Published: November 2012

Medium frequency (MF) burst is a ground‐level, impulsive auroral radio emission at 1.3–4.5 MHz associated with substorm onset. Using continuous wave measurements, Bunch and LaBelle (2009) discovered that MF burst consists of a structured feature that appears as a “backwards seven” on a frequency‐time spectrogram. LaBelle (2011) suggested that this fine structure results from Langmuir waves on the topside of the ionosphere that mode‐convert into L‐mode electromagnetic waves. This theory predicts that the lower frequency boundary of a “backwards‐seven” fine structure must exceed the maximum L‐mode cutoff (fL) along the wave propagation path. To test this prediction, we analyzed 186 fine structures from two sites over multiple seasons. To account for the possibility of wave refraction into regions of lower density, the values for fL were calculated assuming that the maximum plasma frequency ranged from 0–5% below the upper frequency boundary of the observed fine structure; for these conditions 96–100% of the fine structures had a lower frequency boundary above fL. The theory further predicts that the MF burst upper frequency boundary must lie below the maximum ionospheric plasma frequency along the source magnetic field line. We analyzed fifteen MF bursts that occurred while the Sondrestrom Incoherent Scatter Radar (ISR) measured the local ionospheric density. In all cases, the upper frequency boundary was below the maximum ionospheric plasma frequency measured by the radar. These two studies are consistent with the idea that MF bursts originate as Langmuir waves on the topside of the ionosphere that subsequently mode‐convert to L‐mode waves.
Relative detection efficiency of the World Wide Lightning Location Network
Authors: Hutchins M. L. , Holzworth R. H. , Brundell J. B. , Rodger C. J.
Published: November 2012

Using the detected energy per strokes of the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) we calculate the relative detection efficiency for the network as if it had a uniform detection efficiency. The model uses the energy statistics of located strokes to determine which stations are sensitive to what stroke energies. We are then able to estimate the number of strokes that may be missing from any given regions as compared to the best, most sensitive regions of the WWLLN network. Stroke density maps can be corrected with the knowledge of how sensitive various regions of the network are operating. This new model for the relative WWLLN detection efficiency compensates for the uneven global coverage of the network sensors as well as variations in very low frequency (VLF) propagation. The model gives a way to represent the global distribution of strokes as if observed by a globally uniform network. The model results are analyzed in spatial and temporal regimes, and the effects of a single VLF detector going offline are investigated in areas of sparse and dense detector coverage. The results are also used to show spatial, temporal and energy distributions as seen by the detection efficiency corrected WWLLN.
ADP-ribose polymer depletion leads to nuclear Ctcf re-localization and chromatin rearrangement
Authors: Guastafierro Tiziana , Catizone Angela , Calabrese Roberta , Zampieri Michele , Martella Oliviano , Bacalini Maria Giulia , Reale Anna , Di Girolamo Maria , Miccheli Margherita , Farrar Dawn , Klenova Elena , Ciccarone Fabio , Caiafa Paola
Published: November 2012

Ctcf (CCCTC-binding factor) directly induces Parp [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] 1 activity and its PARylation [poly(ADPribosyl)ation] in the absence of DNA damage. Ctcf, in turn, is a substrate for this post-synthetic modification and as such it is covalently and non-covalently modified by PARs (ADP-ribose polymers). Moreover, PARylation is able to protect certain DNA regions bound by Ctcf from DNA methylation. We recently reported that de novo methylation of Ctcf target sequences due to overexpression of Parg [poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase] induces loss of Ctcf binding. Considering this, we investigate to what extent PARP activity is able to affect nuclear distribution of Ctcf in the present study. Notably, Ctcf lost its diffuse nuclear localization following PAR (ADP-ribose polymer) depletion and accumulated at the periphery of the nucleus where it was linked with nuclear pore complex proteins remaining external to the perinuclear Lamin B1 ring. We demonstrated that PAR depletion-dependent perinuclear localization of Ctcf was due to its blockage from entering the nucleus. Besides Ctcf nuclear delocalization, the outcome of PAR depletion led to changes in chromatin architecture. Immunofluorescence analyses indicated DNA redistribution, a generalized genomic hypermethylation and an increase of inactive compared with active chromatin marks in Parg-overexpressing or Ctcf-silenced cells. Together these results underline the importance of the cross-talk between Parp1 and Ctcf in the maintenance of nuclear organization.
Response expectancy versus response hope in predicting birth‐related emotional distress and pain
Authors: Anton Raluca , David Daniel
Published: November 2012

Response expectancies and response hopes have been shown to be two distinct constructs with important implications for nonvolitional outcomes. More specifically, studies show that response expectancies: (1) are sufficient to cause nonvolitional outcomes, (2) are not mediated by other psychological variables, and (3) are self‐confirming while seemingly automatic. A new programmatic research line has differentiated between people's response expectancies and their response hopes regarding nonvolitional outcomes and showed that even if response hope and response expectancy are separate constructs, they are not unrelated. These concepts have not yet been studied in pregnant women. Moreover, determining the causal factors that best explain the variance of emotional distress and pain in pregnancy is of great importance. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the interrelations between response expectancy and response hope in pregnant women with respect to (1) emotional distress prior to giving birth and (2) pain during giving birth. Additionally, self‐reported labor hours were analyzed as a secondary outcome. Results show that response expectancy for pain directly predicts pain, and that the discrepancy between response hopes and response expectancies is a strong predictor of investigated outcomes. Thus, our results support the idea that preventive psychological interventions for pregnant women should emphasize adjusting response expectancies and response hopes regarding the pain and emotional distress associated with giving birth. We believe that the results have both theoretical and practical implications and the topic deserves further investigation.
Pressures on the marine environment and the changing climate of ocean biogeochemistry
Authors: Rees Andrew P.
Published: November 2012

The oceans are under pressure from human activities. Following 250 years of industrial activity, effects are being seen at the cellular through to regional and global scales. The change in atmospheric CO
2
from 280 ppm in pre-industrial times to 392 ppm in 2011 has contributed to the warming of the upper 700 m of the ocean by approximately 0.1
°
C between 1961 and 2003, to changes in sea water chemistry, which include a pH decrease of approximately 0.1, and to significant decreases in the sea water oxygen content. In parallel with these changes, the human population has been introducing an ever-increasing level of nutrients into coastal waters, which leads to eutrophication, and by 2008 had resulted in 245 000 km
2
of severely oxygen-depleted waters throughout the world. These changes are set to continue for the foreseeable future, with atmospheric CO
2
predicted to reach 430 ppm by 2030 and 750 ppm by 2100. The cycling of biogeochemical elements has proved sensitive to each of these effects, and it is proposed that synergy between stressors may compound this further. The challenge, within the next few decades, for the marine science community, is to elucidate the scope and extent that biological processes can adapt or acclimatize to a changing chemical and physical marine environment.