bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Sustainable Water Management Using Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
Authors: Sethi Gaurav , Lavanya C. , Chandana Ch. , Mahajan Sulabh , Pathani Ashish , Khurana Sahil , Kumar Sunil , Alhadrawi Dilshad A.H.
Published: October 2024

Water shortage and management are crucial worldwide concerns affecting both wealthy and developing countries. Sustainable water management seeks to enhance water use while guaranteeing the enduring sustainability of water supplies. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has developed into a complete framework for tackling the complexity of water management by including environmental, social, and economic dimensions in a holistic manner. This study article evaluates the efficacy of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in attaining sustainable water management. This study assesses the advantages and drawbacks of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) solutions using case studies from water-scarce areas and empirical research, emphasizing water governance, stakeholder engagement, policy integration, and ecosystem vitality. The findings underscore the crucial role of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in reconciling conflicting water needs, mitigating disputes over water resources, and fostering sustainable behaviors, while also revealing problems in its execution. These results provide insights for enhancing Integrated Water Resources Management frameworks to more effectively tackle future water concerns.
Investigation of the Thermal Regime of a Cultivation Structure Following an Emergency Shutdown of the Heating System
Authors: Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Pinjari Mabusab , Gandhi Ayush , Kalele Girish , Ghalwan Manish , Abhilash Pideka , Islam Raisul
Published: October 2024

Maintaining favorable microclimatic conditions in cultivation facilities is directly linked to the stable operation of the heating system. An emergency shutdown of the heating system in a cultivation facility, especially during the winter, can lead to the death of the plants being grown. Thus, the issue of predicting the thermal regime of the cultivation facility following a cessation of heat supply is practically significant. Research object: cultivation facilities intended for year-round plant growth. Research subject: the patterns of temperature changes in the internal air (both in dimensional and dimensionless forms), the rate of temperature decline, and the loss of thermal energy during an emergency heating system shutdown. Research objective: to predict the thermal regime of the cultivation facility after an emergency shutdown of the heating system. Research methods: classical theory of thermal stability of building envelope structures; the theory of regular thermal regime, according to which the temperature field in all points of the cooling body (in this case, the heating system) changes uniformly, following an exponential law; computational software simulations. Research results: in an industrial greenhouse, the internal air temperature will reach the critical mark of 8 ℃ within 36 minutes after an emergency shutdown of the heating system and will reach zero degrees after 1 hour and 9 minutes. Based on the conducted scientific research, it can be concluded that the cooling of the heating system in an industrial greenhouse occurs quite rapidly, as the heating elements have a high cooling rate. The structural design of the enclosure does not allow for the accumulation of thermal energy. Therefore, heating systems in cultivation facilities intended for year-round plant growth must meet stringent reliability requirements.
Non-destructive Thermal Monitoring of Temperature and Flow Rate of the Heat Carrier in a Heating Device
Authors: Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Reddy G. Keerthi , Makhija Himanshu , Deorari Rajesh , Verma Raman , Raju K. Butchi , Tiwari Deepak Kumar
Published: October 2024

Conducting various calculations for the heating system of a building under operational conditions is impossible without knowledge of the temperature and flow rate of the heat carrier at specific points. Contact measurement means are not always applicable, especially for small-diameter pipelines. Measurement techniques based on the theory of non-destructive thermal inspection allow for remote and timely acquisition of all necessary information. The object of the study is the floor node of the building's heating system. The subject of the study is the temperature and flow rate of the heat carrier passing through the heating device. The research aim is to determine the temperature and flow rate of the heat carrier passing through the heating device under operational conditions. The research method involves the theory of non-destructive thermal inspection, as well as heat balance and heat transfer equations for a vertical flat wall. Research findings reveal that during thermovisual inspection, the temperature of the heat carrier in the supply and return pipelines of the floor node respectively amounted to 51.6 ℃ and 49.6 ℃. The flow rate of the heat carrier through the heating device model MS-140M2-500, with a heat transfer coefficient of 8.5 W/(m²⋅K), was determined to be 195.0 kg/h. Recommendations include utilizing a thermal imager with an absolute measurement error not exceeding ±0.15 ℃ for determining the flow rate of the heat carrier through the heating device. The influence of measurement error of indoor air temperature on the accuracy of determining the heat carrier flow rate is insignificant (not exceeding ±2%). The relative error in determining the heat transfer coefficient of the heating device does not exceed ±1%.
Solution of the Heat and Mass Transfer Problem for Soil Radiant Heating Conditions Using the Error Function
Authors: Pavlov Mikhail Vasilyevich , Karpov Denis Fedorovich , Vafaeva Khristina Maksudovna , Lade Jayahari , Singh Jaskirat , Jugran Sudhir , Gupta Tannmay , Saritha Kambhampati , Islam Raisul
Published: October 2024

Achieving high yields of agricultural crops requires the ability to predict soil temperature and moisture regimes, taking into account soil heating technology. The object of study is soil heated by a ceiling infrared emitter. The subject of study is one-dimensional non-stationary fields of soil moisture content and temperature. The objective of the study is to predict soil temperature and moisture regimes under radiant heating conditions. Research methods: analytical methods for solving differential equations of heat and mass transfer using the error function. Research results: the top 5 mm layer of milled peat with an initial moisture content of 3.7 kg/kg will reach a final moisture content of 1.0 kg/kg in about 6 hours during infrared drying. As a result of radiant heating, the soil will heat up from an initial temperature of 5 ℃ to a final temperature of 20 ℃ in approximately 3 hours. The analytical solution of the mass transfer differential equation can be used for theoretical studies of drying of capillary-porous materials, for example, to determine the drying period or the thickness of the material layer that will dry to a given final moisture content. The analytical solution of the heat transfer differential equation can be used to control the operating mode of the infrared radiation source, for example, to determine the periods of its operation and switching off in case the soil surface temperature reaches the maximum (critical) value. The mathematical solutions considered in the article do not take into account the cross processes of heat and mass transfer, which is a promising direction for further scientific research.
Cigarette packaging analysis algorithm based on visual learning
Authors: Zhang Bo , Xia Chen , Zhu Li Ming , Qiu Yu Can , Fan Hu , Xu Xue
Published: October 2024

The tobacco business continues to experience difficulties adhering to regulations, particularly regarding the packaging of cigarettes. It can be computationally demanding, needing strong hardware for real-time applications, and it might have trouble with severely damaged or concealed packaging. We present a new technique for the analysis of cigarette packaging in this paper named Pelican-driven Tuned Convolution Kernel ResNet (P-TCKR). Pelican optimization improves the performance of the convolutional kernel in the ResNet framework, enabling more precise and effective quality evaluations of cigarette packaging. Three primary classifications were represented by the varied range ofcigarette package images in our dataset. We used a bilateral filter in the data pre-processing step to improve the quality of the input images and lower noise. The suggested P-TCKR framework is tested on the Python platform and examined using F1-score (91.50%), accuracy (91.70%), recall (92.60%) and precision (92%) measurements. P-TCKR is a major step forward in the development of effective and dependable quality control solutions for the analysis of cigarette packaging.
Modelling analysis and optimisation of porous structural scaffolds for human bones
Authors: Xue Hui , Song Xiujuan , Zhang Guoliang , Xu Shubo , Zhang Weihai , Sun Siyu , Pan Yuefei , Li Jianing , Ren Guocheng
Published: October 2024

Two different types of unit structure models, ortho tetrahedral and hexahedral, are established, and a series of different porosities are obtained by controlling the parameters such as rod diameter and rod length, and the porous structure can be obtained by stacking the unit structure in an orderly manner in the three-dimensional space, and then finite element simulation and analysis are carried out by simulating compression experiments using Ansys to obtain the equivalent stresses, deformation maps and data, and the elastic modulus, which is close to that of the human hip bone, is calculated to investigate the mechanical properties under different porous structures and different porosities. The modulus of elasticity was calculated to be close to that of the human hip bone, and the mechanical properties were investigated under different porous structures and different porosities. The Fluent module is also used to simulate the fluid field, and the pressure and velocity maps of the fluid inside the two porous structures are obtained for comparative and comprehensive analyses. From the simulation of the created porous model, it is learnt that, for the same structure, with the increase of porosity, the equivalent force and deformation increase and the elastic modulus decreases significantly; for the same porosity, under the same loading environment, the longitudinal deformation of the hexahedron is smaller than that of the tetrahedron, its equivalent force is much lower than that of the tetrahedron, and it has suitable elastic modulus. Its strength is higher than that of the tetrahedron when under pressure. When the fluid flows in the hexahedron, the hexahedral structure is less compressed than the ortho tetrahedral structure, and the flow rate is more suitable for the blood flow rate in the human body.
Transtheoretisches Therapeuten Training erklärt am Beispiel des
Allianz-Fokussierten Trainings
Authors: Babl Anna
Published: October 2024

Obwohl die meisten Psychotherapeuten einen integrativen und prozessorientierten
Ansatz verfolgen, sind transtheoretische Ansätze in der Psychotherapieausbildung
selten. Um angehende Therapeuten besser auf die Komplexität der Praxis
vorzubereiten, bedarf es eines solchen Ansatzes. Ein vielversprechender Weg ist
die Berücksichtigung von Änderungsprinzipien, die über verschiedene
Therapieschulen hinweg gelten. Über das Änderungsprinzip der therapeutischen
Allianz sind sich die Therapieschulen am meisten einig. Im Folgenden wird daher
ein Allianz-Fokussiertes Training vorgestellt, bei dem Therapeuten lernen Brüche
in der Allianz zu erkennen und mit Strategien zur Resolution darauf zu
reagieren. Gegenwärtige Lehrmethoden wie Rollenspiele und Supervision haben ihre
Grenzen, da sie nur posteriori und auf einen kleinen Teil der Fälle angewandt
werden können. Ein zukunftsweisender Ansatz könnte daher ein online-Training
sein, das Änderungsprinzipien wie die Allianz und Marker für Handlungsbedarf
integriert, bewährte Methoden des gezielten Übens und Expertentrainings nutzt
und das Potential der Technologie ausschöpft.
Is Dorso-Volar Kinesiotape Added to the Home Exercise Program
Effective in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? Randomized Controlled
Electrodiagnostic Study
Authors: Zincir Ercin Dilek Ozge , Ozlu Aysun , Cihan Emine
Published: October 2024

Objective We aimed to compare the short- and medium-term efficacy of
dorso-volar kinesiotape (KT) added to home exercises (HE) with sham-KT and HE
alone in the treatment of mild or moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) in terms
of pain, symptom severity, function, gripping strength, and electrophysiological
parameters.

Materials and Methods A total of 120 patients (99 females, 21 males) were
divided into three groups dorso-volar KT and HE (n=40), sham-KT and HE (n=40),
and HE (n=40). Pain (The visual analog scale [VAS]), symptom severity (Boston
symptom severity scale [SSS]), functional status (Boston functional status scale
[FSS]), nerve conduction study (NCS), hand, finger muscle strength were
evaluated pretreatment, at the end of treatment (4th week), and in the third
month posttreatment.

Results There were statistically significant improvements in VAS
(p<0.001), Boston SSS (except HE group) (p<0.001), and Boston FSS
(p<0.001) in all groups posttreatment compared to pretreatment, and more in
the dorso-volar KT group than pretreatment and the posivite improvement
continued at a decreasing rate in the third month posttreatment. At the end of
treatment the dorso-volar KT group showed statistically significant improvement
in Boston SSS (p<0.001, p<0.001) and Boston FSS (p<0.001, p<0.001)
compared to the sham-KT and HE groups.

Conclusions The combination of dorso-volar KT and HE program makes a more
effective and durable contribution to the improvement of CTS symptom severity,
pain and functional status, as well as handgrip strength and NCS parameters
compared with sham-KT and HE program.
Aspiration after Critical Illness: Role of Endotracheal Tube, Tracheostomy, and Swallowing Disorders
Authors: Osorio Benedict , Krakora Rebecca , Epping Geraldine , Wright Drew , Rajwani Kapil
Published: October 2024

Swallowing is a complex process that involves over 50 muscles and nerves and has two critical roles: passing food from the oral cavity through the pharynx and into the esophagus and preventing contents from entering the airway. If a patient's swallowing physiology or airway protective mechanisms are disturbed, the airways and the lungs have innate defense systems to protect against injury and infection. However, critically ill patients are more likely to develop dysphagia, which is an impairment or malfunction in any aspect of the swallowing mechanism, due to the numerous interventions they undergo. When airway reflexes fail, commonly in the presence of dysphagia, aspiration can occur, which is the entry of a fluid or solid below the level of the true vocal cords. If left unmanaged, dysphagia has been associated with aspiration pneumonia, pneumonitis, airway obstruction, delayed enteral nutrition, prolonged length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay, reduced quality of life, and even death; in some cases, dysphagia is an independent risk factor for mortality. It is important to routinely assess dysphagia in all critically ill patients using a multimodal approach, including systematic assessments, scoring indices, trained specialists, and ICU nurses. Several interventions are crucial for preventing and managing dysphagia and its associated problems. Further research is necessary to help determine the best ways to prevent and manage pulmonary aspiration in critically ill patients. Several interventions are essential in preventing and managing dysphagia and the sequelae of swallowing dysfunction. Further research is needed to help elucidate the best way to avoid and manage pulmonary aspiration in critically ill patients.
Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 1,4-Dicarbonyls via [3,3]-Sulfonium Rearrangement and Application to the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: G.-Simonian Nicolas , Spieß Philipp , Maulide Nuno , Kaiser Daniel
Published: October 2024

Due to an inherent polarity mismatch of the corresponding retrosynthetic synthons, 1,4-dicarbonyl synthesis through polar pathways requires a retrosynthetic rethink. While umpolung-based approaches exist, efficient control of both the absolute and relative configuration of newly formed stereogenic centres within this motif has long proven particularly challenging. In this Synpact article, we highlight our work on the stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds through an unusual transformation that relies on vinyl sulfoxides and ynamides as reactants. This method allows stereoselective access to each and every one out of the four possible stereoisomers of a generic 1,4-dicarbonyl target in a process where enantio- and diastereoselectivity are ‘dialled into’ the vinyl sulfoxide partner. Recent studies show that the thus formed 1,4-dicarbonyls serve as excellent linchpins for structural diversification into highly substituted heterocycles, including those found in natural products.

1 Introduction

2 [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Ynamides and Vinyl Sulfoxides under Acid Catalysis

3 Cyclisation towards γ-Lactones and γ-Lactams

4 Application in Total Synthesis

5 Conclusion
One-Pot Microwave-Assisted Intramolecular Rearrangement of Pyranone Amide to Pyridone Ester
Authors: Sharon Ashoke , Mishra Uttam Kumar , Kumar Rajan , Jha Ashok Kumar , Bal Chandralata
Published: October 2024

This investigation presents a novel, cost-effective approach for creating a 2-pyridone core substituted with an ester group through intramolecular rearrangement. This one-step transformation involves an amide-mediated intramolecular transformation of a pyranone to pyridone scaffold, followed by alcoholic-mediated ester formation, in 75–85% yield. Deuterated alcohol was used to confirm the esterification under alcoholic conditions. The reaction requires a nucleophile source from the solvent, which was observed by performing the reaction of three derivatives in CD3OD to obtain the desired carboxylate compounds, replacing -OR with -OCD3. All synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic analysis, and six selected compounds were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
A Review of Celiac Disease and Its Implications on Fertility and Pregnancy
Authors: France Alexandra , Penmetsa Amulya
Published: October 2024

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by dietary gluten ingestion. The classic clinical presentation is characterized by diarrhea with malabsorption and weight loss; however, the spectrum of possible initial symptoms is broad. Affected individuals may be asymptomatic or may suffer from extraintestinal manifestations that can include metabolic bone disorders, thyroid dysfunction, neurologic manifestations, amenorrhea, or impaired fertility. Several studies have demonstrated an association between celiac disease and infertility and worsened pregnancy outcomes. Numerous possible mechanisms through which celiac disease could be associated with women's fertility have been proposed in the literature.
Preference of Tooth Extraction Over Root Canal Treatment among Patients Visiting Rural Health Centers—a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Shetty Sankalpa , Kumari Deesha , Bhat Supriya , Abranches Sergio Atanazio Aurobindo Garcia
Published: October 2024

Background Dental care decision-making is a multifaceted process influenced by various factors such as socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and access to healthcare resources. The research aims to elucidate the prevalence and determinants of the preference for tooth extraction over root canal treatment (RCT) in rural communities.

Methodology A structured self-administered questionnaire comprising 15 close-ended questions was formulated for the purpose of data collection for this cross-sectional survey and a sample size of 384 was estimated. Following a total enumeration sampling technique, the study was performed on individuals visiting the rural center aged over 18 years and persons who are willing to participate in the study. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and subjected to multinomial logistic regression.

Results Among the participants, 33.1% had undergone RCT in the past and 63.5% had undergone extraction in the past with decay being the most common reason for seeking treatment. About 60.2% individuals preferred extraction and only 39.8% individuals preferred RCT wherein age, gender, and area of residence had a significant influence on the decision-making.

Conclusion Majority of the participants in the study preferred extraction over RCT. Understanding the dynamics driving patient preferences in rural health settings is crucial for tailoring effective oral health interventions. The findings of this study have implications for healthcare practitioners, policymakers, and public health initiatives, providing valuable insights to enhance dental care delivery and promote informed decision-making in rural communities.
Recent progress and future directions in nanoglass materials: A deep insight into synthesis, characterization, and application
Authors: Mishra Anshuman , Frechero Marisa A. , Caron Arnaud , Singh Pravin Kumar , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: October 2024

This review article provides a comprehensive examination of the most recent advances in research on nanoglasses, including the methods used to create these materials, their characteristics, and their diverse range of uses. An overview of the current trends in nanoglass research connects them to the Sustainable Development Goals, highlighting the current relevance of this topic. The process of manufacturing nanoglasses is explained in depth, highlighting advanced approaches such as inert gas condensation and severe plastic deformation, among other techniques. The prime focus of this review is on analyzing the various dimensions of nanoglass materials, including their structural dynamics and electrical configurations, and how these features contribute to their exceptional thermal stability and mechanical strength. The magnetic characteristics of nanoglasses are examined, highlighting their potential for driving innovation across multiple industries. The primary emphasis is on the biological usefulness of nanoglasses, specifically examining their bioactivity and interaction with biological components, and emphasizing their growing use in nanoscale biomedical applications. With regard to the practical applications of nanoglasses, there are specific discussions of their contributions to biological evaluation, wound healing, catalysis, and environmental sustainability. There is an emphasis on the durability and resistance of nanoglasses in these contexts. The comprehensive overview of nanoglasses provided in this article highlights their significance as revolutionary materials in fields of science and technology. The potential of nanoglasses to contribute to a future that is more sustainable and health oriented is indicated. The article ends by discussing the future directions for nanoglass research and looks forward to the promising possibilities for further investigation and innovation.
Efficiency limit for diamond metal/intrinsic/p-type Schottky barrier-based betavoltaic cells
Authors: Xi Shanxue , Zhou Chunzhi , Zhang Yiyun , Li Haijun , Wang Libin , Wang Zungang , Yi Xiaoyan , Li Jinmin
Published: October 2024

Diamond materials hold great potentials with favorable characteristics for betavoltaic cells, thanks to their simple structure, high conversion efficiency, and radiation robustness. However, to explore its efficiency limit is greatly hindered by the material growth, doping techniques, and device design as well. In this work, a device model based on a diamond metal/intrinsic/p-type (MIP) Schottky barrier architect is analyzed for an accurate prediction of the efficiency limit for the betavoltaic cell based on such a structure. The study takes various factors of significance into account on the betavoltaic cell device characteristics, including the radiation source, thickness and doping concentration of the intrinsic layer, metal work function, as well as the metal/diamond interface traps and traps in the bulk. The current–voltage characteristics and fundamental parameters of the betavoltaic cells are thoroughly analyzed. According to our results, an open-circuit voltage of 2.04 V, a short-circuit current density of 87 nA·cm−2, and a fill factor of 0.9 for the diamond MIP betavoltaic cell can be achieved, which give a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 10.7%, at optimal conditions using 50 nm thick Al metal as the contact layer, 9 μm thick and 1 × 1014 cm−3-doping intrinsic layer, and 10 μm thick and 2 × 1017 cm−3-doping p-layer under a 2 μm 63Ni irradiation. This work also discusses the impact of the interface/bulk traps on the barrier heights of practical Schottky diodes and the device's performance as well.
An x-ray computed tomography gas hydrate in situ formation and seepage simulation device
Authors: Guan Dawei , Wu Xiao , Jiang Zhibo , Zhang Lunxiang , Zhao Jiafei , Song Yongchen , Yang Lei
Published: October 2024

Nano-CT (computed tomography) technology enables high-resolution imaging and scanning of hydrate dissociation processes in porous media at submicron-scale resolution. However, due to the inability of nano-CT to withstand large torque, the traditional semiconductor cooling method cannot be used for in situ hydrate formation, resulting in the hindering of the effective operation of seepage simulators. Therefore, in this paper, a nano-CT-based in situ hydrate formation and seepage simulator are specially designed, and the torque and entanglement problems existing in traditional experimental devices can be solved by using a pipeline placed above the device and a built-in seepage line. The device is able to offer an improved depiction of hydrates in porous media and the effect of the seepage process on the three-dimensional distribution of hydrates. The future applications of this device are expected to provide novel insights into the effects of gas–water transport and hydrate storage patterns during gas hydrate exploitation.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of laser-direct-drive inertial confinement fusion hot-spot plasma from x-ray diagnostics on the OMEGA laser facility (invited)
Authors: Churnetski K. , Woo K. M. , Theobald W. , Betti R. , Ceurvorst L. , Forrest C. J. , Gopalaswamy V. , Heuer P. V. , Ivancic S. T. , Knauer J. P. , Lees A. , Michalko M. , Rosenberg M. J. , Shah R. C. , Stoeckl C. , Thomas C. A. , Regan S. P.
Published: October 2024

A deep-learning convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to infer, from x-ray images along multiple lines of sight, the low-mode shape of the hot-spot emission of deuterium–tritium (DT) laser-direct-drive cryogenic implosions on OMEGA. The motivation of this approach is to develop a physics-informed 3-D reconstruction technique that can be performed within minutes to facilitate the use of the results to inform changes to the initial target and laser conditions for the subsequent implosion. The CNN is trained on a 3D radiation-hydrodynamic simulation database to relate 2D x-ray images to 3D emissivity at stagnation. The CNN accounts for the lack of an absolute spatial reference and the different bands of photon energies in the x-ray images. While previous work [O. M. Mannion et al., Phys. Plasmas 28, 042701 (2021) and A. Lees et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 105001 (2021)] studied the effect of mode-1 asymmetries on implosion performance using nuclear diagnostics, this work focuses on the effect of mode 2 inferred from x-ray diagnostics on implosion performance. A current analysis of 19 DT cryogenic implosions indicates there is an upper limit of ∼20% reduction in the neutron yield caused by an ℓ = 2 amplitude for ℓ2/ℓ0 ≤ 0.32. These conclusions are supported by 2D simulations.
Electric field effects during disruptions
Authors: Boozer Allen H.
Published: October 2024

Tokamak disruptions are associated with breaking magnetic surfaces, which makes magnetic field lines chaotic in large regions of the plasma. The enforcement of quasi-neutrality in a region of chaotic field lines requires an electric potential that has both short and long correlation distances across the magnetic field lines. The short correlation distances produce a Bohm-like diffusion coefficient ∼Te/eB and the long correlation distances aT produce a large scale flow ∼Te/eBaT. This cross-field diffusion and flow are important for sweeping impurities into the core of a disrupting tokamak. The analysis separates the electric field in a plasma into the sum of a divergence-free, E→B, and a curl-free, E→q, part, a Helmholtz decomposition. The divergence-free part of E→ determines the evolution of the magnetic field. The curl-free part enforces quasi-neutrality, E→q=−∇→Φq. Magnetic helicity evolution gives the required boundary condition for a unique Helmholtz decomposition and an unfortunate constraint on steady-state tokamak maintenance.
Acceleration of ferromagnetic resonance measurements by Bayesian experimental design
Authors: Huang D. , Wang X. , Gopman D. B.
Published: October 2024

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is a broadly used dynamical measurement used to characterize a wide range of magnetic materials. Applied research and development on magnetic thin film materials is growing rapidly alongside a growing commercial appetite for magnetic memory and computing technologies. The ability to execute high-quality, fast FMR surveys of magnetic thin films is needed to meet the demanding throughput associated with rapid materials exploration and quality control. Here, we implement optimal Bayesian experimental design software developed by [McMichael et al. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. 126, 126002 (2021)] in a vector network analyzer-FMR setup to demonstrate an unexplored opportunity to accelerate FMR measurements. A systematic comparison is made between the optimal Bayesian measurement and the conventional measurement. Reduced uncertainties in the linewidth and resonance frequency ranging from 40% to 60% are achieved with the Bayesian implementation for the same measurement duration. In practical terms, this approach reaches a target uncertainty of ±5 MHz for the linewidth and ±1 MHz for the resonance frequency in 2.5× less time than the conventional approach. As the optimal Bayesian approach only decreases random errors, we evaluate how large systematic errors may limit the full advantage of the optimal Bayesian approach. This approach can be used to deliver gains in measurement speed by a factor of 3 or more and as a software add-on has the flexibility to be added on to any FMR measurement system to accelerate materials discovery and quality control measurements, alike.
On-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering via surface acoustic waves
Authors: Neijts Govert , Lai Choon Kong , Riseng Maren Kramer , Choi Duk-Yong , Yan Kunlun , Marpaung David , Madden Stephen J. , Eggleton Benjamin J. , Merklein Moritz
Published: October 2024

Surface acoustic wave devices are ubiquitously used for signal processing and filtering, as well as mechanical, chemical, and biological sensing and show promise as quantum transducers. While surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are primarily excited and driven using electromechanical coupling and interdigital transducers, there is a strong desire for novel methods that enable the coherent excitation and detection of SAWs all-optically interfacing with photonic integrated circuits. In this work, we numerically model and experimentally demonstrate SAW excitation in integrated photonic waveguides made from GeAsSe glass via backward stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). We measure a Brillouin gain coefficient of 203 W−1 m−1 for the surface acoustic resonance at 3.81 GHz, with a linewidth narrowed to 20 MHz. Experimental access to this new regime of SBS not only opens up opportunities for novel on-chip sensing applications by harnessing the waveguide surface but also paves the way for strong Brillouin interactions in materials lacking sufficient acoustic guidance in the waveguide core, as well as the excitation of SAWs in non-piezoelectric materials.
High-noise solar panel defect identification method based on the improved EfficientNet-V2
Authors: Yang Xiyun , Li Yinkai , Yang Lei , Zhang Yanfeng , Wang Xinzhe , Zhang Qiao
Published: October 2024

As a crucial element in photovoltaic power generation systems, the condition of solar panels significantly impacts the efficiency of power generation. The ability to accurately and promptly detect defects in solar panels is essential for enhancing system performance. This study introduces a novel model for identifying defects in photovoltaic modules, leveraging an enhanced version of EfficientNet-V2. This model aims to address challenges in identifying defects in infrared images of solar panels under conditions of high-noise and low-model efficiency. To address the challenges of high image noise and blur, this article initially presents a methodology that combines the Db4 wavelet transform with a blind deconvolution algorithm for comprehensive preprocessing of the original image. Furthermore, this study optimizes the model's feature representation capabilities by implementing key transformations within the EfficientNet-V2 network framework. Notably, we replaced the traditional SE block with the more efficient channel attention (ECA) mechanism module. Due to its lightweight structure and effective performance, ECA substantially improves the model's capacity to extract complex and abstract image features, while also accelerating the training process's convergence speed and enhancing overall computational efficiency. At the classifier level, this paper innovatively integrates the XGBoost ensemble learning algorithm into the model, substituting the conventional softmax classifier used in traditional convolutional neural network (CNN). With its superior generalization capabilities, robust nonlinear modeling skills, and efficient computational characteristics, XGBoost can more accurately detect minute defects in solar panels based on the deep features produced by EfficientNet-V2, thereby significantly improving the accuracy and robustness of defect detection. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model structure outperforms traditional CNN models in terms of accuracy and stability, underscoring the efficacy of the enhanced EfficientNet-V2 model in detecting solar panel defects under high-noise conditions.
Theory and simulation of the electrothermal instability in pulsed power electrode plasmas
Authors: Vazsonyi A. R. , Swanekamp S. B. , Ottinger P. F.
Published: October 2024

Linear theory of the electrothermal instability is rederived and applied to conditions expected in pulsed power electrode surface plasmas comprised of either hydrogen or carbon. The analysis includes losses due to Coulomb collisions, inelastic processes derived from a collisional radiative model, and thermal conduction. The predicted growth rates are relevant for pulse durations typical of pulsed power devices. Linear theory reveals that the growth rate peaks at a characteristic wavenumber kmax, which is dependent on electron current density Je, number density ne, and temperature Te. Analysis of nonlinear simulations finds that saturation occurs as a result of Coulomb collisions, which limit the electron temperature to go no lower than the ion temperature such that Te≳Ti. When the instability is driven by a perturbation with broadband sinusoidal content, the peak in the energy spectrum nonlinearly shifts away from kmax toward smaller wavenumbers (or longer wavelengths) during saturation. The ETI is shown to be capable of driving plasma filaments with perturbed current densities and electron temperatures that exceed the initial, steady-state values.
Canard explosions in turbulent thermo-fluid systems
Authors: Bhavi Ramesh S. , Sudarsanan Sivakumar , Raghunathan Manikandan , Bhaskaran Anaswara , Sujith R. I.
Published: October 2024

A sudden transition to a state of high-amplitude periodic oscillations is catastrophic in a thermo-fluid system. Conventionally, upon varying the control parameter, a sudden transition is observed as an abrupt jump in the amplitude of the fluctuations in these systems. In contrast, we present an experimental discovery of a canard explosion in a turbulent reactive flow system where we observe a continuous bifurcation with a rapid rise in the amplitude of the fluctuations within a narrow range of control parameters. The observed transition is facilitated via a state of bursting, consisting of the epochs of large amplitude periodic oscillations amidst the epochs of low-amplitude periodic oscillations. The amplitude of the bursts is higher than the amplitude of the bursts of an intermittency state in a conventional gradual transition, as reported in turbulent reactive flow systems. During the bursting state, we observe that temperature fluctuations of the exhaust gas vary at a slower time scale in correlation with the amplitude envelope of the bursts. We also present a phenomenological model for thermoacoustic systems to describe the observed canard explosion. Using the model, we explain that the large amplitude bursts occur due to the slow–fast dynamics at the bifurcation regime of the canard explosion.
Electronic structure simulations in the cloud computing environment
Authors: Bylaska Eric J. , Panyala Ajay , Bauman Nicholas P. , Peng Bo , Pathak Himadri , Mejia-Rodriguez Daniel , Govind Niranjan , Williams-Young David B. , Aprà Edoardo , Bagusetty Abhishek , Mutlu Erdal , Jackson Koblar A. , Baruah Tunna , Yamamoto Yoh , Pederson Mark R. , Withanage Kushantha P. K. , Pedroza-Montero Jesús N. , Bilbrey Jenna A. , Choudhury Sutanay , Firoz Jesun , Herman Kristina M. , Xantheas Sotiris S. , Rigor Paul , Vila Fernando D. , Rehr John J. , Fung Mimi , Grofe Adam , Johnston Conrad , Baker Nathan , Kaneko Ken , Liu Hongbin , Kowalski Karol
Published: October 2024

The transformative impact of modern computational paradigms and technologies, such as high-performance computing (HPC), quantum computing, and cloud computing, has opened up profound new opportunities for scientific simulations. Scalable computational chemistry is one beneficiary of this technological progress. The main focus of this paper is on the performance of various quantum chemical formulations, ranging from low-order methods to high-accuracy approaches, implemented in different computational chemistry packages and libraries, such as NWChem, NWChemEx, Scalable Predictive Methods for Excitations and Correlated Phenomena, ExaChem, and Fermi–Löwdin orbital self-interaction correction on Azure Quantum Elements, Microsoft's cloud services platform for scientific discovery. We pay particular attention to the intricate workflows for performing complex chemistry simulations, associated data curation, and mechanisms for accuracy assessment, which is demonstrated with the Arrows automated workflow for high throughput simulations. Finally, we provide a perspective on the role of cloud computing in supporting the mission of leadership computational facilities.
Ultraviolet communication system utilizing effective performance β-Ga2O3 photodetector
Authors: Gao Xiang , Xie Tianlong , Wu Jiang , Fu Jingwei , Gao Xumin , Xie Mingyuan , Zhao Haitao , Wang Yongjin , Shi Zheng
Published: October 2024

In recent years, solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors (PDs) based on β-Ga2O3 have gained significant attention for their applications in military and commercial fields. This study explores the grain orientation and crystal quality of Ga2O3 films grown on sapphire substrates via RF magnetron sputtering at various growth temperatures and post-annealing temperatures. After determining optimal temperatures, we investigated the photoelectric performance of the metal/semiconductor/metal detectors with different oxygen flow ratios (0%, 5%, 10%). The PD grown in a pure Ar atmosphere exhibited the highest responsivity (48.93 A/W), remarkable detectivity (1.35 × 1014 Jones), excellent external quantum efficiency (2.39 × 104%), and also rapid photoresponse time (0.118 s rise time/0.031 s decay time) under 1000 μW/cm2 254 nm light illumination. These results are attributed to the internal gain from an optimal concentration of oxygen vacancies in the well-crystallized film, without the deep-level defects typically induced under oxygen-rich conditions. Leveraging this optimized chip, we developed a deep ultraviolet communication system using a Ga2O3-based detector. The system achieved a data rate of 65 kbps with a pseudo-random binary sequence signals utilizing on-off keying. Additionally, using discrete multi-tone signals modulated with 32-quadrature amplitude modulation, it reached a maximum data rate of 80.65 kbps, both satisfying forward error correction threshold of 3.8 × 10−3. These results highlight the considerable potential of high-quality β-Ga2O3 solar-blind PDs for ultraviolet communication applications.
Analyzing switching variability of SiNx-based RRAM in terms of Joule heating dissipation
Authors: Duan Yiwei , Gao Haixia , Yang Yintang
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the switching variability of SiNx-based RRAM with reactive metal electrodes in terms of Joule heating dissipation was analyzed. The electrode with high (low) thermal conductivity showed low LRS (HRS) variability in SiNx-based RRAM. By analyzing the I–V characteristics and the current conduction mechanism, we proposed that the thermal conductivity of reactive electrodes significantly affected the number of ions involved in the switching process and the vacancies distribution in the switching layer, resulting in the difference in the switching performance. This study suggested that attention should be paid to the influence of electrode thermal conductivity on variability, providing ideas for designing RRAM with low switching variability.
Bundling instability of lophotrichous bacteria
Authors: Park Jeungeun , Kim Yongsam , Lee Wanho , Pfeifer Veronika , Muraveva Valeriia , Beta Carsten , Lim Sookkyung
Published: October 2024

We present a mathematical model of lophotrichous bacteria, motivated by Pseudomonas putida, which swim through fluid by rotating a cluster of multiple flagella extended from near one pole of the cell body. Although the flagella rotate individually, they are typically bundled together, enabling the bacterium to exhibit three primary modes of motility: push, pull, and wrapping. One key determinant of these modes is the coordination between motor torque and rotational direction of motors. The computational variations in this coordination reveal a wide spectrum of dynamical motion regimes, which are modulated by hydrodynamic interactions between flagellar filaments. These dynamic modes can be categorized into two groups based on the collective behavior of flagella, i.e., bundled and unbundled configurations. For some of these configurations, experimental examples from fluorescence microscopy recordings of swimming P. putida cells are also presented. Furthermore, we analyze the characteristics of stable bundles, such as push and pull, and investigate the dependence of swimming behaviors on the elastic properties of the flagella.
A global model and two-dimensional simulation study of a low-pressure inductively coupled CF4 plasma considering non-Maxwellian EEDF
Authors: Kim Gwan , Chang Won-Seok , Kim Ji-Hoon , Kwon Deuk-Chul , Choe HeeHwan
Published: October 2024

We analyze the discharge characteristics of a low-pressure inductively coupled CF4 plasma using a global model and a two-dimensional (2D) simulation. We first conducted a study comparing the experimental results with the global model, which makes it easier to compare the trend concerning external parameters and less computationally expensive, to validate the chemical reaction data, and then, compared the experimental results with the 2D simulation results. We then analyzed the discharge characteristics by comparing the 2D model results with the global model at various gas pressures and powers. The simulations were performed using COMSOL software, which is based on a fluid model. The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) was solved self-consistently using the Boltzmann equation solver, and then, coupled with the fluid model. The results were more consistent with the experimental results when the EEDF was calculated by solving the Boltzmann equation than for assuming the Maxwellian EEDF. Furthermore, the global model results were similar with the mean values obtained from the 2D model. This indicates that it is efficient to first validate the electron collision cross sections and reaction coefficients using the global model. Our approach is expected to be utilized in the analysis of new gases.
On the evolution of magnetohydrodynamic flow instability in shock-accelerated light bubble
Authors: Asokakumar Sreekala Vishnu , Sengupta Bidesh , Kammara Kishore K. , Singh Satyvir
Published: October 2024

The study investigates the evolution of flow instabilities in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) environment involving a shock-accelerated light cylindrical bubble. Numerical simulations were conducted using a cylindrical helium (He) bubble accelerated by a shock wave in nitrogen (N2) gas at various magnetic field strengths. The results highlight the impact of magnetic fields on flow morphology, vorticity generation, and enstrophy. The interaction between incident shock waves and the gas bubble revealed significant differences in flow patterns and interface features when magnetic fields were applied. Key findings include the quantification of shock trajectories and detailed visualizations of the evolving flow structure. The study provides insights into the dynamics of shock–bubble interactions under MHD conditions, contributing to the broader understanding of flow instability mechanisms in such complex environments.
High-contrast Compton camera: Challenges to high-quality and broadband imaging
Authors: Koshikawa N. , Kikuchi Y. , Wakabayashi Y. , Kobayashi T. , Kataoka J.
Published: October 2024

In the field of nuclear medicine, various radiopharmaceuticals require wideband x-ray/gamma-ray imaging devices for clinical and treatment monitoring. Compton cameras, which perform imaging using high-energy gamma rays, have the potential to significantly increase the variety of radioactive nuclides that can be imaged. However, artifacts caused by the so-called “Compton cone” have hindered their clinical use. Therefore, we propose the use of a collimator to improve the contrast of images obtained using Compton cameras. In this study, we developed a high-contrast Compton camera by attaching a tungsten collimator to its front surface. The contrast is improved by applying weighting to the signals based on the distance that the high-energy gamma rays penetrated the collimator walls. As a demonstration, we visualized 198Au plates that emit 412-keV gamma rays with and without the collimator. In addition, low-energy (<200 keV) x-ray/gamma-ray imaging, which is difficult for conventional Compton cameras, was achieved by performing single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) using the collimator and scatterer of the Compton camera. We demonstrated broadband gamma-ray imaging by visualizing a 133Ba standard source using 81-keV and 356-keV gamma rays based on the principles of SPECT and Compton cameras, respectively.