bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clozapine treatment of a Japanese patient during pregnancy: Effect on fetal heart rate
Authors: Aoki Shunya , Takada Katsutoshi , Sugama Tatsuru , Kimiwada Mitsugi , Hoshino Tatsuya , Kaneko Takaoki , Obata Shintaro , Ota Yasuhiro , Toishi Satoshi , Koike Kaori , Akada Hirokazu , Saiga Takahisa , Sato Shigeki
Published: September 2024

The current literature on the effects of clozapine on pregnancy is limited, and no cases of pregnant Japanese women have been reported. Decreased variability in the fetal heart rate due to clozapine exposure has been reported in countries other than Japan, but its association with serum concentrations of clozapine has not been documented. In this case, a 29‐year‐old Japanese primipara with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia taking clozapine 250 mg/day experienced pregnancy. The pregnancy progressed without complications. At 40 weeks and 2 days of gestation, the patient developed premature rupture of membranes, and decreased variability in the fetal heart rate and variable deceleration were observed, leading to an emergency cesarean section. The neonate had no congenital malformations, metabolic disorders, seizures, floppy infant syndrome, leukopenia, or neutropenia. Serum concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine (N‐desmethylclozapine), measured in the mother and in the neonate immediately after birth, suggested that clozapine and norclozapine were transported to the fetus during pregnancy. Based on these observations, the present case suggests that high fetal serum concentrations of clozapine and norclozapine may affect fetal heart rate. This case report concludes that, with careful monitoring, Japanese women taking clozapine can deliver successfully and emphasizes the importance of monitoring serum clozapine concentrations and fetal cardiac function throughout pregnancy, with particular attention to the later stages.
Demographics of Adults With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Who Undergo Nasal Surgery
Authors: Shah Swapnil , Darbinian Jeanne A. , Collazo Samuel A. , Nguyen Dang Khoa , Durr Megan L.
Published: September 2024

Objective

To assess the demographic characteristics between adult obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients who did and did not undergo nasal surgery (NS).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Kaiser Permanente Northern California clinical database.

Methods

Retrospective study of adult patients with ≥1 OSA diagnoses linked to clinical encounters from 2009 to 2016. Qualifying NS procedures performed on or after cohort entry through 2017 were ascertained. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared; multivariable logistic regression examined associations of these characteristics with undergoing NS.

Results

A total of 174,821 patients had an OSA diagnosis. Among these, 3518 (2.0%) underwent NS, including septoplasty (61.9%), sinus‐related (12.9%), turbinate (14.2%), and rhinoplasty (11.1%) procedures. Compared to the nonsurgery group, NS patients were more likely to be male (75.5% vs 62.1%), younger (48.2 ± 13.0 vs 54.7 ± 14.1), have lower body mass index (31.8 ± 6.4 vs 34.3 ± 8.1), and no comorbid conditions (63.1% vs 53.5%), P < .001. After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index (BMI), neighborhood deprivation, and comorbidities, black and Asian/Pacific Islander adults with OSA had 42% and 46% decreased odds of undergoing NS compared with non‐Hispanic white patients (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, CI]: 0.58 [0.50‐0.67] and 0.54 [0.49‐0.61]), while Hispanic patients had similar odds (OR [95% CI]: 1.02 [0.93‐1.12]). Patients living in neighborhoods of highest deprivation had 18% lower odds of undergoing NS, compared with patients from neighborhoods corresponding to areas of lowest deprivation (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.82 [0.75‐0.91]).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that younger age, male sex, lower BMI, and higher SES may be associated with a higher likelihood of undergoing NS in OSA patients.
Peripheral nerve stimulation for lower‐limb postoperative recovery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Lin Jingxinmiao , Song Dong , Tu Yiheng , Zhang Huijuan
Published: September 2024

Patients undergoing lower‐limb orthopedic surgery may experience multiple postoperative complications. Although peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a promising non‐pharmacological approach that has been used in lower‐limb postoperative recovery, the clinical efficacy of PNS remains inconclusive. This study systematically searched three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that examined the treatment effects of PNSs in patients who underwent lower‐limb orthopedic surgery up to September 29, 2023. Two investigators independently identified studies, extracted data, and conducted meta‐analyses with Review Manager 5.4. The outcomes were pain relief (measured by reductions in pain intensity and analgesic consumption) and functional improvements (range of motion [ROM] and length of hospitalization [LOH]). A total of 633 patients including 321 in the experimental groups and 312 in the control groups from eight RCTs were included. PNS showed no significant effect on pain intensity, while analgesic consumption was marginally significantly reduced in the experimental group. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed regarding functional improvements in ROM or LOH after the intervention. Although PNS had no significant effect on pain relief or functional improvements, the intervention exhibited a marginally significant reduction in analgesic consumption. Future trials should be conducted with larger sample sizes, longer follow‐up periods, and more varied stimulation parameters.
Rational design of a room‐temperature curing method, based on the epoxy–thiol click reaction, for UV‐curable hard coatings with ultrahigh strength and adhesion
Authors: Tanaka Yuya , Tanaka Nanae , Aoki Daisuke , Arimitsu Koji
Published: September 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing demand for UV‐curable hard coatings because they offer several advantages, for example, lower energy consumption and the absence of volatile organic compound emissions. Anionic UV curing with photobase generators (PBGs), such as epoxy–thiol cross‐linking, enables curing under ambient conditions. However, designing a room‐temperature photoanionic curing system for epoxy–thiols remains challenging due to the complex effects of resin combinations on the cured products, thus making it difficult to prepare films with high hardness. Herein, we present a controlled reaction design for an anionic UV‐curing system by combining the chemical structures of epoxy resins and multifunctional thiols. The anionic UV‐curing system using PBGs that generate organic superbases demonstrated UV‐delayed curability, as evidenced by FT‐IR and photorheological analyses. To achieve high hardness, it was necessary to create the thiols with ultrarigid structures; epoxy resins with a bisphenol F structure were optimal for reacting with thiols for ultrarigid structures. This combination afforded an indentation hardness of 262 MPa with an epoxy conversion rate of 77% even at room temperature.
Improving UASS pesticide application: optimizing and validating drift and deposition simulations
Authors: Tang Qing , Zhang Ruirui , Chen Liping , Zhang Pan , Li Longlong , Xu Gang , Yi Tongchuan , Hewitt Andrew
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND

As unmanned aerial spraying systems (UASS) usage grows rapidly worldwide, a critical research study was conducted to optimize the simulation of UASS applications, aiming to enhance pesticide delivery efficiency and reduce environmental impact. The study examined several key aspects for accurate simulation of UASS application with lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Based on these discussions, the most suitable grid size and simulation parameters were selected to create a robust model for optimizing UASS performance in various pest management scenarios, potentially leading to more targeted and sustainable pest control practices.

RESULTS

The effect of stability parameter, grid size around the rotor and near ground, and parameters at wake flow were carefully analyzed to improve the precision of pesticide drift predictions and deposition patterns. Optimal grid sizes were identified as 0.2 m generally, 0.025 m near rotors, and a 0.1 + 0.2 m scheme for ground proximity, with finer grids improving accuracy but increasing computation time. Wake resolution and threshold significantly influenced simulation results, while wake distance had minimal impact beyond a certain point. The LBM's accuracy was validated by comparing simulated downwash flow and droplet deposition with field test data.

CONCLUSION

This study optimized UASS simulation parameters, balancing computational efficiency with accuracy. The validated model enhances our ability to design more effective UASS for pest management, potentially leading to more precise and targeted pesticide applications. These advancements contribute to the development of sustainable pest control strategies, aiming to reduce pesticide usage and environmental impact while maintaining crop protection efficacy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Elucidating the Hydrolysis and Polymerization Reactions of Al3+‐Solvated Molecules by Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhao Qi , Xia Yuguo , Jiao Xiuling , Chen Dairong
Published: September 2024

Utilizing the reactive molecular dynamics (ReaxFF MD) simulation, we conducted a comprehensive study on the impact of basicity (OH−/Al3+ ratio), concentration, and temperature on the hydrolysis and polymerization reactions of Al3+‐solvated molecules. Through simulations, we analyzed the structural changes, energy fluctuations of the system, and the evolution patterns of reaction products under different parameters, which were subsequently validated by experimental data. The research results indicate that hydroxide ions in the solution directly influence the breakage of OH bonds in the coordinating water molecules of solvated aluminum ions. This, in turn, affects the number of H2O and OH− ions coordinated with Al3+, leading to changes in hydrolysis products. Additionally, the number of OH− ions surrounding Al3+ affects the electrostatic repulsion, making it easier for polymerization reactions to occur as the system approaches the point of zero charge. On the other hand, an increase in concentration and temperature enhances the frequency of cluster collisions, thus contributing to an increase in polymerization degree. The experimental results align closely with our simulated predictions. As the pH value increases, the particle size exhibits a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, reaching a maximum at the point of zero charge. Simultaneously, an increase in concentration also prompts an increase in particle size. The combination of these empirical results with simulations enhances the credibility and reliability of our model's predictive capabilities. This study not only expands our understanding of the relevant chemical reaction processes but also provides important theoretical support for practical applications in related fields.
Reference‐free thio‐succinimide isomerization characterization by electron‐activated dissociation
Authors: Yang Junyan , Yuan Jiaqi , Huang Yue , Rosenbaum Anton I.
Published: September 2024

Rationale

Isomerism can be an important aspect in pharmaceutical drug development. Identification of isomers can provide insights into drug pharmacology and contribute to better design of drug molecules. The general approaches to differentiate isomers include Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and circular dichroism. Additionally, a commonly used method to differentiate isomers is liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Notably, LC‐MS is routinely applied to leucine and isoleucine differentiation to facilitate protein sequencing. This work focuses on isomer differentiation of widely employed thio‐succinimide structure bridging the antibody backbone and linker‐payload of antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs). Thio‐succinimide hydrolysis stabilizes the payload‐protein structure while generating a pair of constitutional isomers: thio‐aspartyl and thio‐isoaspartyl.

Methods

This paper introduces a hybrid method using ligand binding assay (LBA) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS (LC–MS/MS) to reveal isomerization details of thio‐succinimide hydrolysis over time in plasma samples incubated with ADC. Application of two orthogonal dissociation methods, collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and electron‐activated dissociation (EAD) revealed different MS/MS spectra for this pair of isomers. This observation enables a unique approach in distinguishing thio‐succinimide hydrolysis isomers.

Results

We observed signature [R1 + Thio + 57 + H]+, [R2 + Succ + H2O − 57 + H]+, and [R2 + Succ + H2O − 44 + 2H]2+ product ions (Succ = succinimide) that differentiated thio‐aspartyl and thio‐isoaspartyl isomers using EAD. A newly discovered [R2 + ThioSucc + H2O − 44 + 2H]2+ ion also served as additional evidence that further supported our findings.

Conclusions

This study is a first‐to‐date identification of thio‐succinimide hydrolysis isomers without using synthesized reference materials. This approach should be applicable to all thio‐succinimide‐linked molecules. Correct identification of thio‐succinimide hydrolysis isomers may eventually benefit the development of ADCs in the future.
Discrete adaptive sliding mode controller design for overhead cranes considering measurement noise and external disturbances
Authors: Ouyang Huimin , Shi Rong , Miao Xiaodong , Yi Hui , Xi Huan
Published: September 2024

Research on the motion control of overhead cranes, constrained by underactuated characteristics, helps improve the efficiency of payload transportation. Most studies require all system state variables (trolley displacement, payload swing angle, and their velocities). In practice, sensors measure and transmit these variables, but noise affects their accuracy, reducing control performance. Additionally, uncertainties in crane parameters, unmodeled friction, and unknown disturbances threaten the system's stability. Traditional methods struggle to address these issues effectively. To address these challenges, this article proposes an adaptive discrete sliding mode control (DSMC) method with a Kalman filter. By extending the state system and considering disturbances as new variables, the Kalman filter effectively eliminates signal noise, accurately estimates disturbances, and estimates system states simultaneously. The proposed method incorporates disturbance compensators into the adaptive DSMC, utilizing exponential terms to suppress oscillations caused by excessively high or low control gains, thus increasing control speed. Experimental comparisons demonstrate the superiority and robustness of the proposed control method under various disturbance conditions.
Measuring shrinkage of expansive soils using a novel automated high‐frequency setup
Authors: Lexmond B. R. , van Dam B. , Hockin C. V. , Erkens G. , Griffioen J. , Stouthamer E.
Published: September 2024

Soil shrinkage characteristic curves are used to describe the shrinkage behavior and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. To construct soil shrinkage characteristic curves, a high‐data‐density measurement method is needed that relates water content to soil volume changes. We present a fully automated soil shrinkage measurement setup, based on the simplified evaporation method, to characterize the shrinkage behavior of undisturbed natural expansive clay soils. The high data density creates the opportunity to produce soil shrinkage characteristic curves without the need for a mathematical model. The technique allows for resaturation of the samples after drying, enabling differentiation between reversible and irreversible shrinkage. The setup consists of the commercialized HYPROP2 apparatus combined with optical distance sensors to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the samples, yielding data on the sample volume, weight, and soil water suction. The measurement frequency is once per 10 min, and the measurement period is up to 4 weeks, providing a detailed time series of the drying and shrinkage characteristics. The setup can capture the different shrinkage phases and offers the opportunity to relate the soil shrinkage characteristic curve to soil water suction. The measurement data acquisition rate and accuracy enable detailed interpretation of soil water retention curves for nonrigid soils and are shown to be essential for understanding and quantifying the shrinkage potential of several types of deposits.
Asymptotic Confidence Interval, Sample Size Formulas and Comparison Test for the Agreement Intra‐Class Correlation Coefficient in Inter‐Rater Reliability Studies
Authors: Bourredjem Abderrahmane , Cardot Hervé , Devilliers Hervé
Published: September 2024

The agreement intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICCa) is a suitable statistical index for inter‐rater reliability studies. With balanced Gaussian data, we prove the explicit form of ICCa asymptotic normality (ASN), valid both with analysis of variance (ANOVA), maximum likelihood (ML), or restricted ML (REML) estimates. An asymptotic confidence interval is then derived and its performances are examined by simulation compared to the most commonly used methods, under small, moderate and large sample size designs. Then, we deduce sample size calculation formulas, for the number of subjects and observers needed, to achieve a desired confidence interval width or an acceptable ICCa value test power and give concrete examples of their use. Finally, we propose a likelihood ratio test (LRT) to compare two ICCa's from two distinct subpopulations of patients (or raters) and study by simulation its first order risk and power properties. These methods are illustrated using data from two inter‐rater reliability studies, one in physiotherapy with 42 patients and 10 raters and the second in neonatology with 80 subjects and 14 raters. In conclusion, we made recommendations to employ the proposed confidence interval for medium to large samples combined with the quantification of the minimal required sample size at the planning step, or the posterior‐power at the analysis step, using simple dedicated formulas. Furthermore, with sufficient sizes, the proposed LRT seems suitable to compare inter‐rater reliability between two patient subpopulations. Used wisely, this proposed methods toolbox can remedy common current issues in inter‐rater reliability studies.
A Case of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae-Induced Rash and Mucositis with Recent Influenza Vaccination
Authors: Agarwal Vani , Gamble Georgie , Amphlett Alexander , Patel Neil P.
Published: September 2024

A 33-year-old female presented with coryzal symptoms, facial swelling, severe haemorrhagic stomatitis, blistering oral mucositis, conjunctival injection and a sparse targetoid rash on the back and face, requiring admission to hospital. She had received the seasonal influenza vaccination 3 days prior to feeling unwell. Differential diagnosis included erythema multiforme major (EMM) secondary to the influenza vaccine or Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM). Oropharyngeal swabs were negative on PCR for cutaneous viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). A skin biopsy from a targetoid lesion on the body showed full thickness epidermal necrosis with epidermal–dermal clefting, numerous civatte bodies and a moderate perivascular infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the papillary dermis. She was successfully treated with oral prednisolone and azithromycin. Following discharge from hospital, the paired serological testing for MP returned positive, confirming a diagnosis of MIRM. Our case highlights the difficulties in detecting MP as two diagnostic methods yielded different results, and so we advocate performing both MP PCR and serology to maximise the yield and speed of diagnosis. Secondly, our case highlights the clinical challenge in differentiating MIRM from EMM or Stevens–Johnson syndrome, particularly if there is a potential drug trigger (in our case the influenza vaccine), as all these conditions can feature a severe mucositis with often indistinguishable histological findings. Correct diagnosis of MIRM is important for appropriate and timely administration of anti-MP antibiotic therapy to facilitate recovery and minimise complications.
Atomic Basal Defect‐Rich MoS2 by One‐Step Synthesis and Mechanism Exploration
Authors: He Haowen , Tan FengXue , Zhai YingJiao , Liu FuJun , Wang DengKui , Fang Xuan , Li Jinhua , Laurent Sophie
Published: September 2024

Two‐dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) shows great promise as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate due to its strong exciton resonance. However, the inert basal plane limits the performance of SERS. In this work, a strategy is proposed for the one‐step synthesis of atomically basal defect‐rich MoS2. The study first reveals that NaCl plays a two‐stage role in the growth process, where NaCl initially promotes the rapid growth of large MoS2 as previously reported, and then promotes the formation of atomic basal defects dominated by single sulfur vacancies. Additionally, spectral changes induced by modulation of experimental parameters and density function theory calculation show that defect generation occurs during cooling. Meanwhile, the ratio of to A1g in defect‐rich MoS2 exhibits different variation trends compared with pristine MoS2 in power‐dependent Raman, and the ratio increases with increasing basal defects. In SERS tests, the limit of detection for rhodamine 6G reached 10−9 m, which is comparable to the performance of conventional noble metal SERS substrate. The activation strategy of the inert basal plane is applicable to other 2D transition metal dichalcogenides, and further has the potential to enhance performance in other domains, such as SERS and hydrogen evolution reactions.
Guest Cation Functionalized Metal Organic Framework for Highly Efficient C2H2/CO2 Separation
Authors: Li Chen‐Ning , Liu Lin , Liu Shuo , Yuan Daqiang , Zhang Qiang , Han Zheng‐Bo
Published: September 2024

The removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from acetylene (C2H2) production is critical yet difficult due to their similar physicochemical properties. Despite extensive research has been conducted on metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) for C2H2/CO2 separation, approaches to designing functionalized MOFs remain limited. Enhancing gas adsorption through simple pore modification holds great promise in molecular recognition and industrial separation processes. This study proposes a guest cation functionalization strategy using the anionic framework SU‐102 as the prototype material. Specifically, the guest cation Li+ is introduced into the skeleton by ion exchange to obtain SU‐102‐Li+. This strategy generates strong interactions between Li+ and gas molecules, thereby elevating C2H2 uptake to 49.18 cm3 g−1 and CO2 uptake to 29.88 cm3 g−1, marking 20.3% and 36.9% improvements over the parent material, respectively. In addition, ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity calculations and dynamic breakthrough experiments confirmed the superior and stable separation performance of SU‐102‐Li+ for C2H2/CO2 (25 min g−1) and C2H2 productivity (1.55 mmol g−1). Theoretical calculations further reveals the unique molecular recognition mechanism between gas molecules and guest cations.
Charge Carrier Dynamics in Bandgap Modulated Covellite‐CuS Nanostructures
Authors: Jagadish Kusuma , Godha Akshath , Pandit Bidhan , Jadhav Yogesh , Dutta Arpita , Satapathy Jyotiprakash , Bhatt Himanshu , Singh Balpartap , Makineni Surendra Kumar , Pal Shovon , Rondiya Sachin R.
Published: September 2024

Copper Sulfide (CuS) semiconductors have garnered interest, but the effect of transition metal doping on charge carrier kinetics and bandgap remains unclear. In this study, the interactions between dopant atoms (Nickel, Cobalt, and Manganese) and the CuS lattice using spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis are explored. The findings show that sp‐d exchange interactions between band electrons and the dopant ions, which replace Cu2+, are key to altering the material's properties. Specifically, these interactions result in a reduced bandgap by shifting the conduction and valence band edges and increasing carrier concentration. It is observed that undoped CuS nanoflowers exhibit a carrier lifetime of 2.16 ns, whereas Mn‐doped CuS shows an extended lifetime of 2.62 ns. This increase is attributed to longer carrier scattering times (84 ± 5 fs for Mn‐CuS compared to 53 ± 14 fs for CuS) and slower trapping (∼1.5 ps) with prolonged de‐trapping (∼100 ps) rates. These dopant‐induced energy levels enhance mobility and carrier lifetime by reducing recombination rates. This study highlights the potential of doped CuS as cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries and emphasizes the applicability of metal sulfides in energy solutions.
Microcrystalline Engineering of Anthracite‐Based Carbon Via Salt‐Assisted Ball Milling for Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Chen He , Sun Ning , Wang YingXian , Soomro Razium Ali , Xu Bin
Published: September 2024

Coal‐based carbon material, characterized by abundant resources and low cost, has gained considerable interests as a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the coal‐based carbon generally shows inferior Na‐storage performance due to its highly‐ordered microstructure with narrow interlayer spacing. Herein, a salt‐assisted mechanical ball‐milling strategy is proposed to disrupt the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure in anthracite molecules, thereby reducing the microcrystalline regularity of the derived carbon during following pyrolysis process. In addition, the induced C─O─C bonds during ball‐milling process can alter the pyrolysis behavior of anthracite and restrain the formation of surface defects. Consequently, in contrast to pristine anthracite‐based pyrolytic carbon, which exhibits a Na‐storage capacity of 198.4 mAh g−1 with a low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 65.1%, the ball‐milling modified carbon assisted by NaCl salt (NAC), with enhanced structural disordering and reduced surface defects, demonstrate significantly improved Na‐storage capacity of 332.1 mAh g−1 and ICE value of 82.0%. The NAC electrode also realizes excellent cycle and rate performance, retaining a capacity of 196.0 mAh g−1 at 1 C after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, when coupled with NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathode, the assembled Na‐ion full cell deliveres an exceptional electrochemical performance, highlighting its promising prospect as high‐performance anode for SIBs.
Unraveling Energy Storage Performance and Mechanism of Metal–Organic Framework‐Derived Copper Vanadium Oxides with Tunable Composition for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kakarla Ashok Kumar , Bandi Hari , Syed Wasim Akram , Narsimulu D. , Shanthappa R. , Yu Jae Su
Published: September 2024

Achieving high‐performance aqueous zinc (Zn)‐ion batteries (AZIBs) requires stable and efficient cathode materials capable of reversible Zn‐ion intercalation. Although layered vanadium oxides possess high Zn‐ion storage capacity, their sluggish kinetics and poor conductivity present significant hurdles for further enhancing the performance of AZIBs. In response to this challenge, a dissolution‐regrowth and conversion approach is formulated using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a sacrificial template, which enables the in situ creation of copper vanadium oxides (CuVOx) with porous 1D channels and distinctive nanoarchitectures. Owing to their distinctive structure, the optimized CuVOx cathode experiences a reaction involving the synergistic insertion/extraction of Zn2+, resulting in rapid Zn2+ diffusion kinetics and enhanced electrochemical activity postactivation. Specifically, the activated electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 519 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 for AZIBs. It is noteworthy that the electrode exhibits a remarkable reversible rate capacity of 220 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 with excellent durable cycleability, retaining 88% of its capacity even after 3000 cycles. Various ex situ testing methods endorse the reversible insertion/extraction of Zn2+ in the CuVOx cathode. This study provides a novel insight into high‐performance MOF‐derived unique structure designs for AZIB electrodes.
Environmental law and systems theory
Authors: Buitendag Nico
Published: September 2024

In 1985, German sociologist Niklas Luhmann published a monograph on ecology, which appeared in English translation in 1989 as Ecological Communication. It contained many original insights for ecological thinking and, despite being well‐reviewed upon publication, has had a relatively minor impact on Anglophone environmental discourse. This inattention is also present in environmental law, which has recently seen an increase in legal theories that challenge its mainstream. This contribution first investigates why Ecological Communication has received scant attention, pointing to changes in the climatic context in which it first appeared and the reactionary nature of its arguments. Recognising that the work nevertheless contains critical theoretical insights for environmental law scholarship, the second aim of the article is to spotlight what from Ecological Communication remains relevant at the hand of three common claims progressive researchers level against mainstream environmental law: The critique of law's marriage to Cartesian dualism, that law should be better informed by climate science,of and law's anthropocentrism. Finally, environmental lawyers are called upon not to ignore Ecological Communication but to engage with it fruitfully.
RNA‐Seq analysis reveals the different mechanisms triggered by bovine and equine after infection with FMDV
Authors: Wu Yi , Li Lu , Bai Wanfu , Li Tao , Qian Xiaoying , Liu Yiyi , Wang Shenyuan , Liu Chunxia , Wan Fang , Zhang Dong , Liu Yingchun , Wu Kaifeng , Ling Yu , Zhou Huanmin , Meng Fanhua , Zhang Yanru , Cao Junwei
Published: September 2024

Background

Foot‐and‐mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important pathogen of the MicroRNA virus family. Infection of livestock can cause physical weakness, weight loss, reduced milk production, and a significant reduction in productivity for an extended period. It also causes a high mortality rate in young animals, seriously affecting livestock production. The host range of FMDV is mainly limited to cloven‐hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep, while odd‐toed ungulates such as horses and donkeys have natural resistance to FMDV. The mechanism underlying this resistance in odd‐toed ungulates remains unclear.

Objective

This study aimed to analyze the differences between FMDV‐infected cattle and horses to provide valuable insights into the host‐FMDV interaction mechanisms, thereby contributing to the control of foot‐and‐mouth disease and promoting the development of the livestock industry.

Methods

We observed the distribution of integrins, which help FMDV enter host cells, in the nasopharyngeal tissues of cattle and horses using immunohistochemistry. Then, we employed high‐throughput RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) to study the changes in host gene expression in the nasopharyngeal epithelial tissues of cattle and horses after FMDV infection. We performed enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG pathways after FMDV infection and validated related genes through qPCR.

Results

The immunohistochemical results showed that both cattle and horses had four integrin receptors that could assist FMDV entry into host cells. The transcriptome analysis revealed that after FMDV infection, pro‐apoptotic genes such as caspase‐3 (CASP3) and cytochrome C (CYCS) were upregulated in cattle, while apoptosis‐inhibiting genes such as NAIP and BCL2A1 were downregulated. In contrast, the expression trend of related genes in horses was opposite to that in cattle. Additionally, autophagy‐related genes such as beclin 1, ATG101, ATG4B, ATG4A, ATG13, and BCL2A1 were downregulated in cattle after FMDV infection, indicating that cattle did not clear the virus through autophagy. However, key autophagy genes including ATG1, ATG3, ATG9, ATG12, and ATG16L1 were significantly upregulated in horses after viral infection.

Conclusion

Both water buffaloes and Mongolian horses express integrin receptors that allow FMDV entry into cells. Therefore, the resistance of Mongolian horses to FMDV may result from more changes in intracellular mechanisms, including processes such as autophagy and apoptosis. Significant differences were observed between water buffaloes and Mongolian horses in these processes, suggesting that these processes influence FMDV replication and synthesis.
Technique description and outcome evaluation of Thoroughbred racehorses following soft palate thermocautery performed under standing sedation
Authors: Cassiers Violette , McNally Turlough
Published: September 2024

Background

Palatal dysfunction (PD), which encompasses palatal instability (PI) and intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate, is the most common performance‐limiting upper respiratory tract obstruction in young Thoroughbred racehorses. Soft palate thermocautery (SPT) performed under general anaesthesia is a routinely performed procedure for PD in some countries, but the procedure for and outcome of SPT performed under standing sedation has not been published.

Objectives

(1) To describe a technique for SPT performed under standing sedation; and (2) to assess post‐operative performance in horses compared to controls using the Racing Post rating (RPR), British Horseracing Authority official rating (OR), Performance Index and Earnings.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

Medical records were reviewed for all horses that had SPT performed under standing sedation following topical and local infusion of lidocaine hydrochloride into the rostral soft palate, and that were identified to have PI by overground endoscopy. Two matched controls were identified for each case. The median RPR, OR, Performance Index and Earnings for the three pre‐operative and three post‐operative races were compared.

Results

No significant differences were identified between the SPT (n = 23) and Control groups (n = 46) for baseline characteristics or outcomes.

Main limitations

Retrospective study design, small sample size.

Conclusions

No significant differences in racing performance were identified between horses that had SPT performed under standing sedation and controls.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and hospitalized humans in Libo Kemkem, North Western Ethiopia
Authors: Tamrat Habtamu , Tekle Yemane , Hailemelekot Mussie , Belayneh Negus
Published: September 2024

Background

Cryptosporidium infection is one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis and diarrhoea caused by a protozoan parasite affecting vertebrates and humans. The disease is prevalent in cases of immunocompromised individuals. Despite the impact of the diseases in calf and hospitalized humans, well‐documented studies are not available in the study area.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and hospitalized humans and assess the major associated risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium infection in calves and hospitalized humans.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to March 2021 on calf and human Cryptosporidium infection in Libo Kemkem District, North West Ethiopia. A total of 193 calves and 122 human stool samples admitted to the hospital were used for this study. Three kebeles were selected purposely, and individual calves were selected using a simple random sampling method. A number of sampled calves were allocated proportionally to the selected kebeles. Human samples were collected using a systematic random sampling method. Faecal and stool samples were examined using a modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining method.

Result

The overall prevalence of calf and human Cryptosporidium infection found in this study was 15.5% and 11.5%, respectively. Age of calf, breed, body condition, water source, faecal consistency and hygienic condition were found significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium infection in the calf. Similarly, the source of potable water, immunocompromisation and contact with domestic animals were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with Cryptosporidium infection in humans.

Conclusion

There was a higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in calves and humans in Libo Kemkem District. Therefore, the implementation of proper prevention methods of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection between calf and human beings through significant risk factors is mandatory. Furthermore, additional studies to investigate the levels of economic importance of the disease should be conducted.
Analytik von PFAS in Trinkwasser nach EN 17892 – Der Weg von der Forschungsmethode zur Europäischen Norm
Authors: Borchers Ulrich , Wiegand Laura
Published: September 2024

Die neue Trinkwasserverordnung (TrinkwV), die im Juni 2023 in Kraft getreten ist, hat erstmalig sehr niedrige Grenzwerte für Perfluoralkylsubstanzen (PFAS) eingeführt. Es zeigt sich, dass vermehrt Befunde in Trinkwässern auftreten, sodass es einen Bedarf für eine hoch sensitive, verlässliche und europäisch harmonisierte analytische Methode gibt. Hierzu hat die EU‐Kommission die neue, genormte Methode EN 17892 für alle Mitgliedstaaten in Europa empfohlen. Unter deutscher Federführung wurde eine robuste genormte Methode entwickelt, die einen Weg vom Forschungslabor zu einem europaweit in hunderten Laboren praktisch angewendeten Verfahren genommen hat. Gerade bei toxikologisch hochrelevanten Stoffen ist eine gute und vergleichbare Analytik die Basis eines nachhaltigen Verbraucherschutzes und guter Entscheidungen.
Optimized Ginkgo leaf biochar: An efficient adsorbent for 2,4‐D herbicide removal from wastewater
Authors: Ma Wenyu , Song Rui , Wang Yujiao , Cui Xiaoyan , Yan Yumei , Liu Zhili , Wang Xiaojun , Gao Haixiang , Lua Runhua , Zhou Wenfeng
Published: September 2024

This research exploited biochar, sourced from Ginkgo leaves (GLs), to facilitate the adsorption of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) in aqueous environments. The results reveal that GL biochar, activated with ZnCl2 at a temperature of 500°C (500‐ZGBC), demonstrated the greatest specific surface area (SBET) of 536.0 m2 g−1 for 2,4‐D adsorption. The biochar's properties, including specific surface area, morphology, structure, thermal stability, and functional groups, were analyzed. Additionally, studies of kinetic and isotherm profiles were conducted, yielding the highest recorded adsorption capacity of 281.8 mg g−1. Pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π‐π interactions, surface complexation with Zn groups, and electrostatic interactions contribute significantly to the adsorption performance of 500‐ZGBC for 2,4‐D. Optimal adsorption was determined to occur at pH 2.117, with a dose of 0.4230 g L−1 of 500‐ZGBC, and an initial concentration of 2,4‐D at 294.7 mg L−1, as evidenced by the application of the response surface method (RSM).

Practitioner Points

Premium pharmaceutical‐grade biochar, derived from Ginkgo leaves, boasting a SBET of 536.0 m2 g−1 was produced.

An absorption capacity reaching 281.8 mg g−1 was observed in Ginkgo leaf biochar for 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) adsorption.

The adsorption procedure was refined through the employment of response surface methodology.
Tailoring the characteristics of polyacrylonitrile nanofiltration membranes for nickel removal from wastewater: The influence of binary solvents and pore‐forming agents
Authors: Ghahghaei Mehrdad , Kuvarega Alex Tawanda , Hosseini Seyed Saeid
Published: September 2024

This work presents the results of an investigation on the physiochemical and structural characteristics of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiltration (NF) membranes prepared using a novel concept of binary solvents for nickel (Ni) removal from wastewater streams. The thermodynamic and kinetic aspects are emphasized aiming to optimize dope formulation, membrane performance, and durability. The fabricated membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), porosimetry, tensile stress/strain, and flux and rejection. Results revealed that the use of an equal (1:1) mixture of n‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF) as dope solvents led to the formation of membranes with enhanced performance, offering pure water flux of 2.33 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and Ni rejection of 90.84%. Moreover, the incorporation of 0.5 wt.% PEG as a pore‐forming agent to the dope solution further boosted pure water flux to 4.97 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 with negligible impact on Ni rejection. Besides attractive performance, the adopted strategy offered membranes of exceptionally high flexibility with no sign of defect or failure especially during module fabrication and testing enabling smooth and hassle‐free scale‐up and extension to other applications.

Practitioner Points

Optimized solvent mixture: A 1:1 blend of n‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvents resulted in enhanced membrane performance.

High flux and Ni rejection: The fabricated membranes exhibited a pure water flux of 2.33 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and a remarkable Ni rejection of 90.84%.

PEG enhancement: Incorporating 0.5 wt.% PEG as a pore‐forming agent further improved the membrane's pure water flux to 4.97 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1, without compromising Ni rejection.

Exceptional flexibility: The adopted strategy yielded membranes with exceptional flexibility, making them suitable for scale‐ups and other applications.
Extracellular vesicles‐based theranostics for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Zhao Han , Zhu Ling , Wang Chen , Yang Yanlian
Published: September 2024

With the accelerated aging of the global population, the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is increasing year by year. Because of the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), the low concentration of the biomarkers in peripheral blood and the low penetration rate of the drugs through BBB into brain hinders the development of diagnosis and treatment of NDDs. As an effective mediator to penetrate through BBB in both directions, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted much attention in the early diagnosis and treatment of NDDs because of their superior performance as drug carriers and detection biomarkers. Brain‐derived EVs in body fluids contain disease‐related biomolecules can be used as early diagnostic biomarkers for NDDs. In addition, as one of the subpopulations of EVs, exosomes, especially stem cell‐derived exosomes, have great potential in the treatment of NDDs. The ability to cross the BBB, together with the feasibility of versatile functionalization of EV for NDDs pathogen targeting facilitate EVs a potential tool for targeted drug delivery systems for NDDs. In this review, the important role of EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of NDDs and the current research progress will be discussed.

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease
When Does the Concavity Index Constrain Stream Power Parameters?
Authors: Smith Adam G. G. , Fox Matthew
Published: September 2024

By defining the attributes of river networks, we can quantitatively extract records of climatic and tectonic changes from them. The stream power incision model (SPIM) provides a framework within which this can be achieved, as it facilitates the calculation of the relative rock uplift from river characteristics. One parameter that has been widely employed in tectonic and fluvial geomorphology is the channel steepness index, a metric that can represent the normalized rock uplift rate experienced by a river. However, to accurately infer the channel steepness index, we must accurately estimate m/n, the ratio between the two positive exponents of the SPIM. Present methodologies to constrain m/n rely on an assumption that rock uplift and erodibility are spatially invariant. These conditions are rarely present on Earth. In this study, we use a synthetic example and examples from the Siwalik Hills and Olympic Mountains to demonstrate how existing methodologies to constrain m/n produce systematic errors when there is spatial variation, and particularly spatial gradients, in the processes driving landscape evolution. To solve this problem, we present a methodology to estimate m/n based on a large river network inversion that accounts for spatial variation in landscapes. After demonstrating that the methodology can accurately recover m/n in our synthetic landscape, we show that our methodology can reconcile contrasting observations in the Siwaliks, and is critical to inferring accurate values of channel steepness index in the Olympic Mountains. This highlights the utility of large topographic inversions for investigating landscape dynamics.
Integrating Habitat Suitability and Larval Drift Modeling for Spawning‐To‐Nursery Functional Habitat Connectivity Analysis in Rivers
Authors: Farò David , Wolter Christian
Published: September 2024

Habitat suitability modeling is a commonly used methodology to plan and assess in‐stream habitat enhancement in rivers, such as for the key fish life stages spawning and juvenile development. However, their use only allows modeling the spatial distribution of habitats, but not their connectivity. By integrating micro‐scale habitat modeling and a larval drift model, we assess the functional connectivity between spawning and larval nursery habitats for four rheophilic and litophilic fish species in a channelized and hydropower impacted reach of the lower Inn River (Bavaria, Germany), in which two restoration measures, a bypass channel and an island side‐channel system, have been constructed to improve longitudinal connectivity and habitat conditions. The study aims to (a) map spawning and larval nursery habitats, (b) quantify their connectivity, and (c) optimize functional habitat connectivity through an alternative bypass channel location. Results show that the channel's morphological complexity influences quantity and quality of available spawning and nursery habitats and their connectivity. Despite the presence of nursery habitats across the analyzed channel, the slow lateral larval dispersion during drift limits their accessibility to only the left river bank, making only 33% of available habitats useable. The degree of functional connectivity and hence the percentage of useable habitats can however be increased up to 95.3 % when considering different spatial configurations of habitats, which were explored in two alternative restoration scenarios. The results demonstrate the importance of considering functional habitat connectivity in habitat assessments and restoration planning.