bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sun Glare: Network Characterization and Safety Effects
Authors: Sun Danyang , El-Basyouny Karim , Kwon Tae J.
Published: July 2018

This research conducted a two-stage assessment to investigate sun glare effects on road safety in Edmonton. The first stage developed a methodology to model sun glare occurrence, aiming to identify when and where drivers are most likely to be exposed to sun glare. Safety risks at those identified locations during sun glare periods were assessed in the second stage. By contrasting the collisions during glare and non-glare conditions, this second stage aimed to quantify the effects of sun glare on road collisions. Consequently, three major findings were concluded. First, sun glare was found to significantly contribute to collision occurrence, especially at road intersections. Second, the effects of sun glare on collision occurrence during mornings on the eastbound and evenings on the westbound were observed to be particularly worse in the spring and fall months. In fact, safety in the southbound direction was significantly affected by sun glare during most daytime hours in the main winter months (November, December, and January). Lastly, the analysis revealed that certain collision types were more likely to occur during periods of sun glare. For example, collisions due to signal violations and failing to yield to pedestrians/cyclist were more likely to occur at intersections. At mid-block locations, the proportion of collisions occurring due to improper turning and lane changes were observed to be significantly higher. Overall, the approach proposed in this research provides a holistic method to quantify the effects of sun glare on road collisions and offers additional insights into the extent by which sun glare affects road safety.
The Natural History of Full-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Khatri Chetan , Ahmed Imran , Parsons Helen , Smith Nicholas A. , Lawrence Thomas M. , Modi Chetan S. , Drew Stephen J. , Bhabra Gev , Parsons Nicholas R. , Underwood Martin , Metcalfe Andrew J.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Rotator cuff tears are the most common tendon injury in the adult population, resulting in substantial morbidity. The optimum management for these patients is not known.

Purpose:

To assess the overall treatment response to all interventions in full-thickness rotator cuff tears among patients enrolled in randomized clinical trials.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from a systematic search of Medline, Embase, CINHAL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Patients were aged ≥18 years with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. The primary outcome measure was change in Constant shoulder score from baseline to 52 weeks. A meta-analysis to assess treatment response was calculated via the standardized mean change in scores.

Results:

A total of 57 RCTs were included. The pooled standardized mean change as compared with baseline was 1.42 (95% CI, 0.80-2.04) at 3 months, 2.73 (95% CI, 1.06-4.40) at 6 months, and 3.18 (95% CI, 1.64-4.71) at 12 months. Graphic plots of treatment response demonstrated a sustained improvement in outcomes in nonoperative trial arms and all operative subgroup arms.

Conclusion:

Patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears demonstrated a consistent pattern of improvement in Constant score with nonoperative and operative care. The natural history of patients with rotator cuff tears included in RCTs is to improve over time, whether treated operatively or nonoperatively.
The Ruptured Achilles Tendon Elongates for 6 Months After Surgical Repair Regardless of Early or Late Weightbearing in Combination With Ankle Mobilization: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Eliasson Pernilla , Agergaard Anne-Sofie , Couppé Christian , Svensson René , Hoeffner Rikke , Warming Susan , Warming Nichlas , Holm Christina , Jensen Mikkel Holm , Krogsgaard Michael , Kjaer Michael , Magnusson S. Peter
Published: July 2018

Background:

Treatment strategies for Achilles tendon rupture vary considerably, and clinical outcome may depend on the magnitude of tendon elongation after surgical repair. The aim of this project was to examine whether tendon elongation, mechanical properties, and functional outcomes during rehabilitation of surgically repaired acute Achilles tendon ruptures were influenced by different rehabilitation regimens during the early postsurgical period.

Hypothesis:

Restricted early weightbearing that permits only limited motion about the ankle in the early phase of tendon healing limits tendon elongation and improves functional outcome.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

75 consecutive patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture were included. They underwent surgical repair, and tantalum beads were placed in the distal and proximal parts of the tendon; thereafter, the patients were randomized into 3 groups. The first group was completely restricted from weightbearing until week 7. The second group was completely restricted from weightbearing until week 7 but performed ankle joint mobilization exercises. The first and second groups were allowed full weightbearing after week 8. The third group was allowed partial weightbearing from day 1 and full weightbearing from week 5. All patients received the same instructions in home exercise guidelines starting from week 9.

Results:

The rehabilitation regimen in the initial 8 weeks did not significantly influence any of the measured outcomes including tendon elongation. Achilles tendon elongation and tendon compliance continued for up to 6 months after surgery, and muscle strength, muscle endurance, and patient-reported functional scores did not reach normal values at 12 months.

Conclusion:

Differences in rehabilitation loading pattern in the initial 8 weeks after the repair of an Achilles tendon rupture did not measurably alter the outcome. The time to recover full function after an Achilles tendon rupture is at least 12 months.

Registration:

NCT02422004 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
The Use of Self-Regulated Cognitive Strategies Across Students With Different Immigrant Backgrounds and Gender
Authors: Alivernini Fabio , Manganelli Sara , Cavicchiolo Elisa , Chirico Andrea , Lucidi Fabio
Published: July 2018

Cognitive self-regulation is regarded as necessary for enhancing academic success and the possibility of lifelong learning. This study, based on 263,683 Italian 10th-grade students, examines the use of self-regulated cognitive strategies in immigrant and native students, as well as in boys and girls. Preliminarily, we examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance across the groups of the short four-factor scale adopted. Immigrant students report less use of self-regulated cognitive strategies than natives and that this use diminishes from one generation of immigrants to the next. Also boys report lower levels of cognitive self-regulation than girls. On the whole, these findings indicate that male and immigrant students systematically use less self-regulated cognitive strategies in studying. Improvements in their cognitive self-regulation should therefore increase the chances of academic success in these groups of students, which tend to have lower performances at school across the industrialized countries.
Primary Care Providers’ Awareness of Physical Activity-Related Intensive Behavioral Counseling Services for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Authors: Omura John D. , Watson Kathleen B. , Loustalot Fleetwood , Fulton Janet E. , Carlson Susan A.
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that adults at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) be offered or referred to intensive behavioral counseling interventions to promote a healthful diet and physical activity for CVD prevention. We assessed primary care providers’ (PCPs) awareness of local physical activity-related behavioral counseling services, whether this awareness was associated with referring eligible patients, and the types and locations of services to which they referred.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Primary care providers practicing in the United States.

Subjects:

1256 respondents.

Measures:

DocStyles 2016 survey assessing PCPs’ awareness of and referral to physical activity-related behavioral counseling services.

Analysis:

Calculated prevalence and adjusted odds ratios (aORs).

Results:

Overall, 49.9% of PCPs were aware of local services. Only 12.6% referred many or most of their at-risk patients and referral was associated with awareness of local services (aOR = 2.81, [95% confidence interval: 1.85-4.25]). Among those referring patients, services ranged from a health-care worker within their practice or group (25.4%) to an organized program in a medical facility (41.2%). Primary care providers most often referred to services located outside their practice or group (58.1%).

Conclusion:

About half of PCPs were aware of local behavioral counseling services, and referral was associated with awareness. Establishing local resources and improving PCPs’ awareness of them, especially using community–clinical linkages, may help promote physical activity among adults at risk for CVD.
Are Social Networks a Double-Edged Sword? A Case Study of Defense Contractors
Authors: Shuai Xiaobing , Chmura Christine
Published: July 2018

Utilizing a survey of defense contractors in the New England region, this study explores the effect of social networks on business performance—measured by annual employment growth and market diversification—during a time when defense spending in the United States was contracting. In contrast to prevailing literature focusing on entrepreneurial firms, this study offers insights on how social networks function in defense contractors, which tend to be mature firms. The main conclusion is that having more network connections is associated with faster short-term employment growth (from 2014 to 2015) for defense contractors, but there is a limit to that benefit. The analysis also shows that social networks do not aid market diversification for defense contractors. This poses an interesting challenge for defense contractors, as they need to balance the priorities of short-term growth and long-term success.
Bayesian quantile regression joint models: Inference and dynamic predictions
Authors: Yang Ming , Luo Sheng , DeSantis Stacia
Published: July 2018

In the traditional joint models of a longitudinal and time-to-event outcome, a linear mixed model assuming normal random errors is used to model the longitudinal process. However, in many circumstances, the normality assumption is violated and the linear mixed model is not an appropriate sub-model in the joint models. In addition, as the linear mixed model models the conditional mean of the longitudinal outcome, it is not appropriate if clinical interest lies in making inference or prediction on median, lower, or upper ends of the longitudinal process. To this end, quantile regression provides a flexible, distribution-free way to study covariate effects at different quantiles of the longitudinal outcome and it is robust not only to deviation from normality, but also to outlying observations. In this article, we present and advocate the linear quantile mixed model for the longitudinal process in the joint models framework. Our development is motivated by a large prospective study of Huntington’s disease where primary clinical interest is in utilizing longitudinal motor scores and other early covariates to predict the risk of developing Huntington’s disease. We develop a Bayesian method based on the location–scale representation of the asymmetric Laplace distribution, assess its performance through an extensive simulation study, and demonstrate how this linear quantile mixed model-based joint models approach can be used for making subject-specific dynamic predictions of survival probability.
Fragility of State in Central African Republic: An Econometric Approach to Efficiency Understanding
Authors: Pacific Yapatake Kossele Thales
Published: July 2018

A fragile state contributes to the underdevelopment of the nation and its consequences can be very devastating on the state’s cohesion, characterized by a high level of corruption which led the country to an incessant political instability and the continuous presence of foreign troops. 1 This article used the vector autoregresssion (VAR) model covering the period of 2005–2015 to examine the impact of control of corruption on the fragility of the state in the Central African Republic (CAR). The results show that control of corruption is significant and has a negative impact on the fragility of the state in the short run. The impulse response shows a negative impact of control of corruption in the short run but a positive impact in the long run on the fragility of the state. The policy implications of this fragility are that the CAR must pursue better governance as well as in the investment choices. Unless the CAR leaders and citizens recognize their own fragility, things can only get worse.
Can Physicians Demonstrate High Quality Care Using Paternalistic Practices? A Case Study of Paternalism in Latino Physician–Patient Interactions
Authors: Thompson Gregory A. , Whiffen Leeann H.
Published: July 2018

We argue that patient autonomy is a cultural value specific to Western culture and that the autonomy focus in U.S. health care may produce negative patient outcomes for patients from other cultures. To this end, we present a case study of a Mexican physician’s interactions with his patients and apply the method of discourse analysis to argue that (a) this physician’s interactions are highly paternalistic, (b) there is an appreciation for this among his Latino patients and in the broader Latino community, and (c) this physician provides high-quality ethical care precisely because his paternalism communicates important ethical values such as familial intimacy, insistence, and care. We further propose that paternalism may produce better outcomes for Latino patients.
Diagramming and Algebraic Word Problem Solving for Secondary Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Carcoba Falomir Gloria A.
Published: July 2018

Algebra is considered an important high school course because it is recognized as the gateway to higher mathematics, college opportunities, and well-paying jobs. In the United States, most secondary schools require students to be proficient in algebra to be able to graduate from high school. One major component of algebra is word problem solving, which is used in algebra courses to teach students mathematical modeling and applied problem-solving skills. However, word problem solving is often a significantly challenging area for students with learning disabilities because it involves computing mathematical equations and implementing a myriad of cognitive processes that require conceptual knowledge. Diagrams are considered an effective and powerful visualization strategy because they help students see the hidden mathematical structure of the problem. The use of diagrams is recommended as students work toward more complex math concepts in middle school and high school.
The Impact of Customer Contact on Collective Human Energy in Firms
Authors: Kipfelsberger Petra , Bruch Heike , Herhausen Dennis
Published: July 2018

This article investigates how and when a firm’s level of customer contact influences the collective organizational energy. For this purpose, we bridge the literature on collective human energy at work with the job impact framework and organizational sensemaking processes and argue that a firm’s level of customer contact is positively linked to the collective organizational energy because a high level of customer contact might make the experience of prosocial impact across the firm more likely. However, as prior research at the individual level has indicated that customers could also deplete employees’ energy, we introduce transformational leadership climate as a novel contingency factor for this linkage at the organizational level. We propose that a medium to high transformational leadership climate is necessary to derive positive meaning from customer contact, whereas firms with a low transformational leadership climate do not get energized by customer contact. We tested the proposed moderated mediation model with multilevel modeling and a multisource data set comprising 9,094 employees and 75 key informants in 75 firms. The results support our hypotheses and offer important theoretical contributions for research on collective human energy in organizations and its interplay with customers.
Primary Hepatoid Carcinoma of the Pancreas: A Clinicopathological Study of 3 Cases With Review of Additional 31 Cases in the Literature
Authors: Yang Chen , Sun Li , Lai Jenny Z. , Zhou Lixin , Liu Zhen , Xi Yanfeng , Tao Yu , Dooley Elaine , Cao Dengfeng
Published: July 2018

Primary pancreatic hepatoid carcinoma (PHC) is very rare. Here, we reported 3 such cases with review of additional 31 cases in the literature. Our 3 patients were male (83, 72, and 54 years old, respectively). Serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) was elevated in 1 patient (case 3, 8338 ng/mL) and not measured in the other two. The PHC in patient 1 (pathological stage pT2N0M0) and patient 2 (pT3N0M0) showed pure hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-like morphology, whereas in case 3 it was a PHC with true glandular differentiation (pT4N0M0). The diagnosis of PHC was confirmed with positive immunohistochemical staining in the tumor cells for AFP (2/3), Hep Par 1 (3/3), glypican-3 (2/3), arginase-1 (2/3), and Sal-like protein 4 (1/3). CD10 and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen stains show focal canalicular pattern in 2/3 tumors. Patient 1 did not receive further treatment after resection and was alive with no evidence of disease at 107 months. Patient 2 died of postoperative complications, whereas patient 3 received postsurgical chemoradiation and died of disease at 29 months. Our findings and literature review indicate that PHCs can be divided into 4 histological subtypes: with pure HCC-like morphology (n = 22), with neuroendocrine differentiation (n = 8), with true glandular differentiation (n = 3), and with acinar cell differentiation (n = 1). On univariate analysis, pure HCC-like morphology was associated with better disease-specific survival (DSS; P = .04), whereas lymph node and distant metastases were associated with worse DSS ( P = .002 for both). Age, gender, presenting symptoms, serum AFP level, and T stage were not associated with DSS. On multivariate analysis, none of these parameters was significantly associated with DSS.
Exploring the Quality of Anticoagulant Prescribed for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation at the St John of God Hawkesbury District Health Centre, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wertheimer Graeme , Bereznicki Luke R.
Published: July 2018

Background:

Limited data are available on the clinical management of atrial fibrillation (AF) and its outcomes from an Australian perspective.

Objective:

To describe the appropriateness of antithrombotic prescribing for patients who presented with a diagnosis of AF to the Hawkesbury St John of God Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study reviewed patients admitted to St John of God Hawkesbury Hospital with AF between June 2016 and June 2017. We calculated stroke risk using the CHA2DS2-VASc score based on medical records and reviewed the appropriateness of oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescribing compared to the 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines. Patients were excluded if they had only 1 episode of AF that reverted either spontaneously or upon cardioversion without any documented recurrences.

Results:

A total of 200 patients (18 years) were included, with 180 (90%) deemed eligible for anticoagulation. Of these 72.8% (n = 131) were prescribed an OAC. A total of 40.0% of patients at low risk of stroke and 68.4% at intermediate risk were prescribed an OAC, respectively. Apixaban was the direct OAC of choice with 36.6% of patients prescribed an OAC receiving apixaban. Warfarin was prescribed for 25.1% of the patients who were prescribed an OAC.

Conclusions:

The underutilization of anticoagulant medication in high-risk groups and over utilization in low-risk groups remains an ongoing issue in contemporary AF management, and it highlights the need to improve AF-related stroke prevention in our jurisdiction.
Attuning to Crisscross Applesauce as Affective Flow and Material Agency in a Public K-5 Classroom: Studying School-Based Mindfulness Under Sociomaterial Circumstances
Authors: Clark/Keefe Kelly , Haines Shana
Published: July 2018

In this article, the authors illustrate efforts toward adopting methods germane to the emerging field of sociomaterial studies while examining the integration of schoolwide mindfulness practices. Informed by a posthumanist perspective, sociomaterial studies in education work to reveal the ways in which the bodily and other material aspects of educational practice are entangled with the social contexts of schooling. Significance of this discussion includes the ways in which aspects of the study’s methodology shift conventional humanist models for researching educational meanings held by students, teachers, and researchers, to include a perspective that promotes a focus on the social- with-material dimensions of data, analysis and their multisensory productions.
Expanding and Validating a Typology of Intimate Partner Violence: Intersections of Violence and Control Within Relationships
Authors: Mennicke Annelise
Published: July 2018

This research explored an expanded typology of intimate partner violence (IPV), intersecting violent and controlling behaviors of partners. Secondary data were analyzed ( n = 714). Cluster analyses indicated that elements of IPV (control perpetration, control victimization, violence victimization, and violence perpetration) all clustered in high/low patterns, which intersected to form 10 unique categories of IPV. Support for all of Johnson’s categories of IPV was found, but there was also evidence for the three control-related categories: Unidirectional Control, Bidirectional Control, and Control Resistance. This expanded typology can move research, practice, and policies beyond the gender symmetry debate.
Shared Vulnerability, Collaborative Composition, and the Interrogation and Reification of Oppressive Values in a High School LGBTQ-Themed Literature Course
Authors: Blackburn Mollie V. , Schey Ryan
Published: July 2018

With recent decades showing an increase in educational literacy scholarship attending to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Queer (LGBTQ) people and texts with LGBTQ themes, we sought to extend this scholarship through examining collaborative composition for public audiences beyond a classroom and school. We explored these composing practices through our ethnographically informed qualitative study of a semester-long LGBTQ-themed literature course for high school juniors and seniors, which we cotaught and coresearched. Ultimately, we found, through collaborative composing for public audiences, students and teachers in the LGBTQ-themed literature course had opportunities for interrogating oppressive values. When students and teachers shared vulnerability in that they shared responsibility for oppressive values, they embraced these opportunities. However, when students and teachers failed to share vulnerability but, instead, imposed it on a single individual, they squandered these opportunities. These findings underscore the importance of sharing vulnerability when working to interrogate oppressive values through collaborative composition for public audiences.
Optic Nerve Degeneration and Potential Neuroprotection: Implications for Glaucoma
Authors: Schwartz M. , Yoles E.
Published: July 2018

In order to study the course of optic nerve degeneration and devise possible ways to achieve neuroprotection, a well-controlled, animal model of partial crush injury of the optic nerve was used. Following the controlled partial crush injury of the rat optic nerve, quantitative morphological and electrophysiological measurements were made of primary and secondary neuronal losses. The neuroprotective effects of NMDA-receptor antagonists and α2-adrenoreceptor agonists were also studied. The results suggested that the ongoing progression of the optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma might be a consequence of the toxic extracellular environment produced by neurons that degenerate as a result of the primary cause of the disease (such as increased IOP).
From the Lab to the Clinic: Activation of an Alpha-2 agonist Pathway is Neuroprotective in Models of Retinal and Optic Nerve Injury
Authors: Wheeler L.A. , Lai R. , Woldemussie E.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The selective alpha-2 agonist brimonidine was used as a pharmacological probe to activate α2 receptor-mediated neuroprotective signaling pathways and quantitate the enhancement of retinal ganglion cell survival and function in animals with ischemic retinal and optic nerve injury.

Methods

Two animal models were used to achieve different methods of neuronal insult. The first model involved mechanical injury of the rat optic nerve after treatment with a single intraperitoneal (IP) dose of brimonidine or a control vehicle. The second model involving acute retinal ischemic/reperfusion injury was used in a variety of experiments in which rats were treated with either intraperitoneal brimonidine or single dose topical brimonidine at various strengths. In all cases retinal ischemia was induced and maintained followed by reperfusion. In some cases, TUNEL staining was performed on histologic sections of the retinas of rats that had been sacrificed after 24 hours. To examine the activation of neuronal survival pathways at the molecular level, rats were injected with IP brimonidine followed by the isolation of mRNAs from whole retinas 24 hours after ischemic injury.

Results

Intraperitoneal brimonidine enhanced rat RGC survival and function in the partial crush injury model, and neuroprotection was dose-dependent. Topical application of brimonidine 1 hour before injury was effective in decreasing ischemic retinal injury. Ischemic retinas treated with brimonidine resulted with a large decrease in TUNEL staining.

Conclusions

Treatment with the α2 adrenoreceptor agonist brimonidine was found to confer neuroprotection to retinal ganglion cells in two distinct models of neuronal injury resulting from acute retinal ischemia/reperfusion and calibrated optic nerve compression.
Electrophysiological and Histological Measures of Retinal Injury in Chronic Ocular Hypertensive Monkeys
Authors: Hare W. , Ton H. , Woldemussie E. , Ruiz G. , Feldmann B. , Wijono M.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This study was performed to determine whether components of the standard ERG (electroretinogram), multifocal ERG, and flash VECP (visually-evoked cortical potential) response might provide a sensitive measure of retinal ganglion cell injury in a monkey model for chronic ocular hypertension.

Methods

Argon laser treatment of the aqueous outflow tissue was used to induce chronic elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the right eye of 18 young adult cynomolgous monkeys. At 15 months post- IOP elevation, standard methods were used to record ERG and VECP responses. Multifocal ERG responses were also recorded at this time. Loss of retinal ganglion cells due to ocular hypertensive injury was determined by histological analysis of all retinas.

Results

Ocular hypertensive retinal injury was associated with a loss of retinal ganglion cells. There was no histological or electrophysiological evidence for injury to any other retinal cell type. Correlation of electrophysiological response amplitudes with histological measures of retinal ganglion cell loss/survival yielded results which suggest that activity in retinal ganglion cells makes a substantial contribution to components of the 30 Hz flicker ERG, the flash VECP, and both first and second order multifocal ERG responses. Of the electrophysiological measures used in this study, multifocal ERG response amplitude had the greatest sensitivity to retinal ganglion cell loss.

Conclusions

Components of the multifocal ERG provide a sensitive measure of ganglion cell injury in a monkey model of chronic ocular hypertension. These same measures may have utility in the clinical diagnosis and management of glaucoma.
Imaging Technologies for Assessing Neuroprotection in Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Weinreb R.N. , Zangwill L.M.
Published: July 2018

The confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the scanning laser polarimeter are two new imaging devices that may be beneficial in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma patients. For each of these instruments, the authors describe benefits and limitations with regard to imaging mechanisms, sensitivity, and clinical applications. In comparison with currently used tests for glaucoma, these instruments provide quantitative assessment of the optic disc and RNFL at the clinic visit, with reduced need for pupil dilation and clear media. They also show promise for improving the ability to monitor progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and might allow better assessment of the efficacy of a neuroprotective agent.
It’s all about Whanaungatanga: Alcohol use and older Māori in Aotearoa
Authors: Herbert Sarah , Stephens Christine , Forster Margaret
Published: July 2018

This study explored the socially shared meanings of alcohol use among Indigenous older Māori in Aotearoa (New Zealand). Using a Māori-centred research approach, hui (meeting/s) were held with five kaupapa whānau (groups with a common purpose), comprising older Māori ( n = 19), who shared their perspectives of alcohol use. Kōrerorero (discussion) from each kaupapa whānau was used to configure a shared narrative of older Māori alcohol use. Alcohol use is understood in the context of whanaungatanga (maintaining relationships) which was identified as the primary driver for older Māori engagement in alcohol use environments. However, participants argued that alcohol is not necessary to experience whanaungatanga and alternative options for alcohol free events that support whanaungatanga were shared. These findings highlight the importance of whanaungatanga among Māori and suggest the need for events and activities that support whanaungatanga, rather than alcohol use, to enhance the health and well-being of older Māori.
What urban parents want: A parent network’s negotiation of school choice and advocacy efforts in underserved city schools
Authors: Hill Kirsten Dara
Published: July 2018

This community-based participatory research study examined the perspectives of parent participants in an organized parent network in Detroit seeking the best school options for their children entering Kindergarten within city boundaries. Their residency and school choices have emerged against the grain of public schools that have racially charged histories and decades of residential mobility trends. Examined are ways in which the parent network researched, collaborated, and made informed public, private, and charter school choices. Through the lens of Freire’s concept of praxis, interviews documented parents’ perspectives during the inception year for fulfilling school and community linkages and roles in improving city schools and enhanced knowledge of traits of successful schools that inform expectations for curriculum, school culture, and impressions of school visits.
It Is Time to Move Beyond the Linear No-Threshold Theory for Low-Dose Radiation Protection
Authors: Cardarelli John J. , Ulsh Brant A.
Published: July 2018

The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is the primary federal agency responsible for promulgating regulations and policies to protect people and the environment from ionizing radiation. Currently, the USEPA uses the linear no-threshold (LNT) model to estimate cancer risks and determine cleanup levels in radiologically contaminated environments. The LNT model implies that there is no safe dose of ionizing radiation; however, adverse effects from low dose, low-dose rate (LDDR) exposures are not detectable. This article (1) provides the scientific basis for discontinuing use of the LNT model in LDDR radiation environments, (2) shows that there is no scientific consensus for using the LNT model, (3) identifies USEPA reliance on outdated scientific information, and (4) identifies regulatory reliance on incomplete evaluations of recent data contradicting the LNT. It is the time to reconsider the use of the LNT model in LDDR radiation environments. Incorporating the latest science into the regulatory process for risk assessment will (1) ensure science remains the foundation for decision making, (2) reduce unnecessary burdens of costly cleanups, (3) educate the public on the real effects of LDDR radiation exposures, and (4) harmonize government policies with the rest of the radiation scientific community.
The Creativity-Verification Cycle in Psychological Science: New Methods to Combat Old Idols
Authors: Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Dutilh Gilles , Sarafoglou Alexandra
Published: July 2018

Over the years, researchers in psychological science have documented and investigated a host of powerful cognitive fallacies, including hindsight bias and confirmation bias. Researchers themselves may not be immune to these fallacies and may unwittingly adjust their statistical analysis to produce an outcome that is more pleasant or better in line with prior expectations. To shield researchers from the impact of cognitive fallacies, several methodologists are now advocating preregistration—that is, the creation of a detailed analysis plan before data collection or data analysis. One may argue, however, that preregistration is out of touch with academic reality, hampering creativity and impeding scientific progress. We provide a historical overview to show that the interplay between creativity and verification has shaped theories of scientific inquiry throughout the centuries; in the currently dominant theory, creativity and verification operate in succession and enhance one another’s effectiveness. From this perspective, the use of preregistration to safeguard the verification stage will help rather than hinder the generation of fruitful new ideas.
The Impact of Changing Norms on Creativity in Psychological Science
Authors: Wai Jonathan , Halpern Diane F.
Published: July 2018

The open science or credibility revolution has divided psychologists on whether and how the “policy” change of preregistration and similar requirements will affect the quality and creativity of future research. We provide a brief history of how norms have rapidly changed and how news and social media are beginning to “disrupt” academic science. We note a variety of benefits, including more confidence in research findings, but there are possible costs as well, including a reduction in the number of studies conducted because of an increased workload required by new policies. We begin to craft a study to evaluate the short- and long-term impacts of these changing norms on creativity in psychological science, run into some possible roadblocks, and hope others will build on this idea. This policy change can be evaluated in the short term but will ultimately need to be evaluated decades from now. Long-term evaluations are rare, yet this is the ultimate measure of creative scientific advance. Our conclusion supports the goals and procedures for creating a more open science.
Toward Surmounting the Psychological Barriers to Climate Policy—Appreciating Contexts and Acknowledging Challenges: A Reply to Weber (2018)
Authors: Van Boven Leaf , Ehret Phillip J. , Sherman David K.
Published: July 2018

The authors acknowledge and respond to three concerns raised by Weber (2018) about oversimplifying psychological barriers to climate policy. First, skepticism about climate change remains a major barrier to climate policy, along with political partisanship. Second, recognizing multifaceted barriers to climate policy calls for multiple targeted interventions to be implemented at critical junctures. Finally, translating pro-environmental attitudes into action requires an appreciation of proximate sociopolitical contexts and cultures. Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, psychological scientists are well equipped to understand and address the complex barriers to climate policy within the natural flow of everyday social life.
Engaging the Community: Building Effective Partnerships in Sexual Violence Prevention
Authors: Levine Ethan Czuy
Published: July 2018

Sexual violence is a multifaceted problem with individual, interpersonal, institutional, and cultural dimensions. Researchers have increasingly turned to social institutions, such as nonprofit agencies, in their efforts to understand and ultimately prevent aggression and victimization. Drawing on interviews with 30 scientists and other scholars, this study explored sexual violence researchers’ experiences with and approaches to collaborating with local communities and institutions. Participants shared diverse experiences working with institutionalized and noninstitutionalized local communities, antiviolence advocates and social workers, medical providers, police, attorneys, employees of bars and restaurants, educators, and university administrators. Many noted that the commitments that motivate researchers may be insufficient for engaging community partners. The aim of ending violence, in itself, may not be enough. Narratives of trauma, of risk and safety, may not be enough. Concerns about limited resources and potential backlash or liability may dissuade community members and institutions from partnering with researchers in prevention. Distrust may also pose a barrier. Fortunately, researchers have developed promising strategies for engaging institutional partners despite these concerns. These include cultivating mutual partnerships, in which researchers prioritize institutional input and commit to giving back to their partners and surrounding communities; combining awareness and prevention, in which efforts to raise awareness through institutions are coupled with the development of concrete action plans; and reframing the problem, in which sexual violence or its outcomes are connected with established institutional priorities.
Stemming Implicit Bias in High-Tech STEM: The Vision of Project Include
Authors: Fisher Lisa
Published: July 2018

Diversity and inclusion are topics about which we hear a great deal, especially in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. These topics are not only of great interest but also of great concern as we consider the ability of the United States to improve educational opportunities for more Americans and remain competitive in the global economy. Project Include (PI) is a diversity and inclusion initiative spearheaded by a group of women in high-tech professions to support start-up companies who wish to build inclusive organizations. I conducted a qualitative content analysis of the PI Web site and found that the vision of PI suggests useful means by which tech organizations can avoid common missteps that undermine their ability to operate inclusively. I found evidence of three themes: interrogating assumptions about human resources (HR) and hiring, defining true diversity, and building diversity and inclusivity. I discuss each theme and conclude with offering a 10-question self-evaluation that tech and other organizations can use or adapt to critically evaluate HR and operational practices to better align with diversity and inclusion goals.
Relationship Between Range of Motion, Strength, Motor Control, Power, and the Tennis Serve in Competitive-Level Tennis Players: A Pilot Study
Authors: Palmer Kenneth , Jones Debi , Morgan Christine , Zeppieri Giorgio
Published: July 2018

Background:

The tennis serve is a complex skill requiring appropriate energy transfer to maximize serve speed. As the only independently powered shot in tennis, it is important to understand what characteristics contribute to a player’s serve.

Hypothesis:

Upper extremity and lower extremity power variables will be predictive of serve speed.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

A total of 42 competitive tennis players underwent range of motion, strength, motor control, power, and serve speed testing. Motion assessment was completed for shoulder external and internal rotation, trunk rotation, hip external and internal rotation, and ankle dorsiflexion. Strength was assessed for the rotator cuff, scapula, and hip musculature. Motor control was evaluated through upper and lower extremity Y-balance testing. Power assessments were made using broad jump, single-leg hop, and seated unilateral shot put testing. Pearson correlation was conducted to assess associations of skill, height, and tested variables to serve speed. Significant variables were used in a stepwise linear regression model, with serve speed as the dependent variable. Variables are listed in relation to the participant’s dominant arm.

Results:

Skill, height, contralateral hip external rotation range of motion, nondominant arm Y-balance anterolateral reach, bilateral single-leg hops, and seated unilateral shot put throws for both arms demonstrated significant positive correlations to serve speed ( P < 0.05). Serve speed was predicted with 84% variance through skill, height, contralateral hip external rotation range of motion, ipsilateral single-leg hop, and the seated unilateral shot put throws.

Conclusion:

The ability to generate increased serve speed is multifactorial. The combination of skill, height, hip motion, and upper and lower extremity power may determine serve speed.

Clinical Relevance:

The findings suggest that motion, motor control, and power testing should be evaluated when working with this population to improve serve speed.
TREM-1 Neutrophil Activation Pathway Is Suppressed in Eosinophilic Nasal Polyps
Authors: Wu Dawei , Mueller Sarina K. , Nocera Angela L. , Finn Kristen , Libermann Towia A. , Bleier Benjamin S.
Published: July 2018

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by type 2 helper T-cell-skewed immune profiles, but the state of the neutrophil activation signaling pathway in CRSwNP is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine neutrophil activation pathways in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP.

Methods

Institutional review board approved the study in which tissue proteomes were compared between control (inferior turbinate) and CRSwNP (nasal polyps) (n = 10/group) using an aptamer-based proteomic array and confirmed by whole transcriptomic analysis. Protein expression was analyzed using Student’s t test and Benjamini–Hochberg procedures followed by the application of Ingenuity Pathway, MetaCore, and Genemania bioinformatics analyses.

Results

All the patients with CRSwNP (n = 10) had eosinophilic nasal polyps. Compared with controls, proteins associated with the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) neutrophil activation signaling pathway such as Calcineurin B, zeta chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kD (ZAP70), 14-3-3 protein theta, 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta, protein kinase C delta type (PKC-D), Interleukin (IL)-17B, IL-17B receptor, IL-23, and IL-1B were significantly decreased in CRSwNP (fold change [FC] = −1.60, P = .003; FC = −1.85, P = .040; FC = −1.26, P < .001; FC = −1.05, P = .008; and FC = −1.31, P = .004; FC = −1.22, P < .001; FC = −1.09, P = .022; FC = −1.25, P < .001; and FC = −1.31, P = .014; respectively). In contrast, tissue eosinophil count ( P < .001) and eosinophil-associated proteins such as C-C motif chemokine 17, periostin, and galectin 10 were all significantly increased in CRSwNP (FC = 1.56, P = .009; FC = 3.95, P < .001; and FC = 2.44, P < .001; respectively). Furthermore, the FC of the studied proteins’ expression significantly and positively correlated with FC of their mRNA expression ( P = .001, r = .75).

Conclusions

TREM-1-associated neutrophilic signaling pathway proteins are significantly suppressed in eosinophilic CRSwNP.
Articular Cartilage Repair of the Pediatric and Adolescent Knee with Regard to Minimal Clinically Important Difference: A Systematic Review
Authors: Valtanen Rosa S. , Arshi Armin , Kelley Benjamin V. , Fabricant Peter D. , Jones Kristofer J.
Published: July 2018

Objective

To perform a systematic review of clinical outcomes following microfracture (MFX), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA), and osteochondral autograft transplantation system (OATS) to treat articular cartilage lesions in pediatric and adolescent patients. We sought to compare postoperative improvements for each cartilage repair method to minimal clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds.

Design

MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies reporting MCID-validated outcome scores in a minimum of 5 patients ≤19 years treated for symptomatic knee chondral lesions with minimum 1-year follow-up. One-sample t tests were used to compare mean outcome score improvements to established MCID thresholds.

Results

Twelve studies reporting clinical outcomes on a total of 330 patients following cartilage repair were identified. The mean age of patients ranged from 13.7 to 16.7 years and the mean follow-up was 2.2 to 9.6 years. Six studies reported on ACI, 4 studies reported on MFX, 2 studies reported on OATS, and 1 study reported on OCA. ACI ( P < 0.001, P = 0.008) and OCA ( P < 0.001) showed significant improvement for International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores with regard to MCID while MFX ( P = 0.66) and OATS ( P = 0.11) did not. ACI ( P < 0.001) and OATS ( P = 0.010) both showed significant improvement above MCID thresholds for Lysholm scores. MFX ( P = 0.002) showed visual analog scale (VAS) pain score improvement above MCID threshold while ACI ( P = 0.037, P = 0.070) was equivocal.

Conclusions

Outcomes data on cartilage repair in the pediatric and adolescent knee are limited. This review demonstrates that all available procedures provide postoperative improvement above published MCID thresholds for at least one reported clinical pain or functional outcome score.
The role of patient and healthcare professionals in the era of new hemophilia treatments in developed and developing countries
Authors: Nossair Fadi , Thornburg Courtney D.
Published: July 2018

Medical decisions in hemophilia care are primarily related to the type of factor replacement and treatment regimen. With the growing number of treatment options for patients with hemophilia, decision making is more complex and requires careful consideration of benefits, risks, and patient goals. Shared decision making and decision-aid tools facilitate patient and healthcare provider communication. In this review, the overall role of shared decision making in medicine is outlined, with special emphasis on models for practical implementation. Examples of shared decision making in hemophilia are outlined, and application to new therapeutics is discussed through a case-based approach.
Recent advances in musculoskeletal physiotherapy for haemophilia
Authors: Stephensen David , Bladen Melanie , McLaughlin Paul
Published: July 2018

Physiotherapy is directed towards the movement needs and potential of individuals, providing treatment and rehabilitation to develop, maintain and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout the lifespan. Recent systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials have extended evidence for the clinical efficacy of physiotherapy interventions and rehabilitation for people with haemophilia. This narrative review synthesizes recent evidence to discuss; differentiating musculoskeletal bleeding and haemophilic arthropathy, efficacy of physiotherapy and rehabilitation for acute musculoskeletal bleeding and arthropathy, as well as monitoring musculoskeletal health. Whilst robust evidence is emerging, there is a need for more well designed randomized clinical studies with larger numbers and homogeneity of participants and collaboration of all researchers and clinicians to identify a core set of outcome measures that can be used to monitor musculoskeletal health.