bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadership Training in the Third Age: The Research and Evaluation of a Leadership and Personal Development Program for the Retired
Authors: Cusack Sandra A. , Thompson Wendy J. A.
Published: March 2007

The research and evaluation of a leadership and personal development program for retired persons is outlined The project was prompted by the need to increase the pool of skilled senior volunteers, enabling seniors to play a more effective role in developing and maintaining community programs across Canada serving the increasing population of retired persons. Twenty-four retirees (aged 58-73) enrolled in the program and 18 completed it. A case study narrative is derived from a continuous participant observation record and the evaluator's summary impressions following each session, formal workshop evaluations, and pre- and postest questionnaires. A comparison of pre- and postest scores showed significant improvement in the ability to express ideas comfortably (t = -2.20, p = 0.045) and solve problems (t = -2.38, p = 0.032) in a group. The case study description provides a sense of the diversity within the group and the effectiveness of the training model in meeting participants'needs regardless of entering level of leadership skill. More experienced leaders served as role models to potential leaders and developed the ability to support others and to share the leadership. The article concludes with a discussion of future directions for training and research in leadership for the third age.
Social Support, Health-Promotive Beliefs, and Preventive Health Behaviors Among the Elderly
Authors: Potts Maayn K. , Hurwicz Margo-Lea , Goldstein Michael S.
Published: March 2007

A high level of social support was a consistent predictor of preventive health behaviors among 936 elderly members of a health maintenance organization. Beliefs about the importance of preventive health behaviors contributed more toward predicting their performance than did other respondent characteristics. These results suggest that efforts to increase the practice of preventive health behaviors by the elderly might be augmented by strengthening both theirsocial support networks and their health-promotive beliefs.
Nursing Home Ownership and Quality of Care
Authors: Moseley Charles B.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between nursing home ownership and the quality of care. It was hypothesized that not-for-profit homes provide less inappropriate care than for-profit homes, and that not-for-profit residents make more functional improvement than for-profit residents. A multiple regression analysis of 3,149 Virginia nursing home residents in 174 homes found that not-for-profit homes provided less inappropriate care than for-profit homes. However, not-for-profit residents did not achieve more functional improvement than for-profit residents. It is unclear why ownership was related to inappropriate care and not related to functional improvement. Research is needed that examines the interaction between ownership and poten tially related factors, such as organizational culture, that could influence the quality of care.
Residential Managers' Experience With Urinary Incontinence in Elderly Tenants
Authors: Mitteness Linda S. , Barker Judith C. , Finlayson Emily
Published: March 2007

Landlords are important "gatekeepers" for frail elderly tenants including those with urinary incontinence (UI). Interviews with 34 landlords reveal that most have dealt with problems of UI. Whereas most residential managers help incontinent tenants, some landlords are rejecting them. Rejection of older incontinent tenants occurs most often in residential hotels, in for-profit buildings, in buildings with more male than female tenants, and in cases of alcoholism or dementia. Incontinence cases that were not solved and remained public were considered appropriate for eviction or placement in more restrictive living environments. Thus UI is a condition that compromises continued community living among certain older renters.
Variations in Outcomes of Care in Urban and Rural Nursing Facilities in Maine
Authors: Coburn Andrew F. , Fralich Julie T. , McGuire Catherine , Fortinsky Richard H.
Published: March 2007

Federal and state regulators and the nursing home industry have accelerated efforts to improve care practices in response to the Institute of Medicine's 1986 report on the quality of nursing home care and the federal Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 (OBRA 1987). Very little is known about the quality of care in rural nursing facilities compared to their urban counterparts. This study describes variations in facility and resident characteristics of urban and rural nursing facilities in Maine and examines differences in outcomes of care. The study estimates rural-urban differences in 11 quality indicators (measured at the facility level) controlling for resident, facility, and market characteristics and other factors that may affect quality. Results reveal few significant differences between rural and urban nursing facilities. Further research is needed to understand whether differences in the characteristics of rural and urban facilities not measured in this study may affect nursing facility quality.
The Impact of Validation Group Therapy on Nursing Home Residents With Dementia
Authors: Toseland Ronald W. , Diehl Manfred , Freeman Kurt , Manzanares Theresa , Naleppa Matthias , McCallion Philip
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effectiveness of validation group therapy for reducing problem behav iors, use of physical restraints, and use of psychotropic medications, and for increasing positive social interactions and psychosocial well-being in nursing home residents with dementia. In four skilled-care nursing homes, 88 residents with dementia were randomly assigned to a group receiving validation therapy (VT), a social contact (SC) group, or a usual care (UC) control group, and were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 1 year. The nursing staff reported that VT participants showed less physically and verbally aggressive behavior and were not as depressed as residents in the SC or UC group. VT was not effective, however, in reducing the use of physical restraints or the use of psychotropic medications, and it was less effective than SC or UC in reducing physically nonaggressive problem behaviors.
An Examination of Nursing Home Personnel's Perceptions of Residents' Autonomy
Authors: Mullins Larry C. , Moody Linda , Colquitt Rachel L. , Mattiasson Anne-Cathrine , Andersson Lars
Published: March 2007

Autonomy, especially of nursing home residents, concerns the essence of values such as personal freedom and independence. This study examines Collopy's six polar dimensions of autonomy from the perspective of 202 nursing home personnel from a sample of 15 nursing homes in West Central Florida. Using regression analysis, autonomy was examined with respect to four catego ries of variables: (a) nursing home staff background factors, for example, education; (b) nursing home staff attitudinal issues, for example, job satisfaction; (c) staffing issues, for example, turn over rates of nurses; and (d) formal facility and resident characteristics, for example, percentage of residents physically restrained. The results confirm that autonomy is a complex construct with considerable subtlety. The most predictive set of variables overall include race, educational at tainment, and employee type (i.e., certified nursing assistants vs. others). The results are dis cussed with respect to their implications for care.
Supreme Court Dilemmas in Striking a Balance between the Right to Counsel and the Welfare of Society
Authors: Leonhard Alan T.
Published: March 2007

The poor are often far removed from the legal system not only as a result of the lack of funds, but also because the law is complicated to the point that it is all but completely alien to them. Yet, in society the legal problems of these people are multitudinous, ranging from everyday relationships with landlords and welfare agencies to the area of criminal cases in which so many impoverished citizens find themselves embroiled.

The Supreme Court, since the milestone case of Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963, focused upon the guarantee to counsel for indigents in the many stages of criminal proceedings from arrest to sentencing, and appeal. Judicial activism in the Escobedo (1964), Miranda (1966), Wade (1967), Coleman (1970), Argersinger (1972), and Mempa (1967) cases provided bridges of procedural precedents that ensure fairness for the poor defendant. The procedural criteria established in those six key cases are sweeping remedies for the vulnerable position in which the destitute accused finds himself upon being arrested. The analysis here suggests that the defendant should have the advantage of a lawyer at every step in the criminal justice system. When an individual is arrested, the atmosphere of the police station is tense, and the stakes are high, sometimes involving many years of imprisonment. At the same time, the charges brought against him appear awesome and mysterious.

More than any recent case on the right to counsel, Brewer v. Williams (1977) displays the dilemma faced by the Court in dealing with the boundaries between the investigatory and accusatory stages of criminal justice. The unique nature of the facts of this 5-4 decision left the judges sharply divided, with Justice Stewart explaining in the majority opinion that the Court should be vigilant in preserving the integrity of the right to counsel. The dissenters, led by Chief Justice Burger, wrote an impassioned attack against extending the exclusionary rule beyond a reasonable threshold.

By expanding the right to counselfor indigent defendants, the Court has, in effect, eradicated what Justice Douglas termed "invidious discrimination" against a disadvantaged class in our society. To appreciate the significance of the fully developed role of today's Court as guardian of the civil liberties of the poor, one need only to look at the insensitivity that the 19th century Court expressed toward indigence when it referred to "the moral pestilence of paupers" in the City of New York v. Miln (1837) case.
Support for Leniency in the Criminal Courts
Authors: Nock Steven L. , Sheley Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines an attitudinally deviant group in this society:. persons who feel that our courts are too harsh in their treatment of offenders. Analyzing data from three national surveys, the study attempts to construct a profile of leniency advocates in order to assess the likelihood of their organized influence on sentencing policies.

Two profiles emerge from cross tabular analysis. The more prominent profile characterizes those who prefer leniencY as young, urban blacks the group whose members are most like/v to be criminally victimized and arrestedfor a crime. The less prominent profile portray s leniencY advocates as white middle/upper-middle class liberals. Regression analysis indicates that three variables are the primari' predictors of a desire for leniencY in the courts: race, criminal victimization and arrest. The data suggest that, at present, there is little likelihood ofja change in court sentencing policies as the result of organized pressure form leniency advocates.
A Critical Review of the Research into the Effects of Defendant Attractiveness, Inadmissible Evidence and Restriction of Verdict Alternatives on Jury Decisions
Authors: Houlden Pauline
Published: March 2007

Social science research has explored the effects of many variables on jury decision-making. This paper reviews research on three of those variables: defendant attractiveness, inadmissible evidence, and restriction of verdict alternatives. It attempts to synthesize the results of studies in each area, while critically evaluating both the individual studies and the general methodologies employed in jury research. Suggestions are made for improving future research in these areas.
Socrates-The First Criminal Justice Educator
Authors: Holland Kenneth M.
Published: March 2007

Socrates' views on guardian education, as presented in Plato's Republic, are examined for insights into issues faced by American criminal justice educators. Socrates' scheme supports those contemporary analysts who argue that criminal justice education should stress ethics and theory, rather than vocational training, and should structure its curriculum around the humanities rather than the social sciences.
An Empirical Examination of Competing Sociological Theories of Drug Use
Authors: Dull R. Thomas
Published: March 2007

Among the major explanations of drug use, the current dominant sociological theories are anomie, control, and reference group. An analysis of self-reported drug use data was conducted, employing the assumptions of these theories. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that in predicting either individual types of drug use (marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco) or composite drug use, reference group theory was capable of providing the "best theoretical explanation" of that use. The evidence strongly suggests that the association factor as measured by reference group theory is the central causal factor in drug use.
A Reconsideration of the Effects of Race in Criminal Sentencing
Authors: Clayton Obie
Published: March 2007

Despite the large quantity of research on the criminal sentencing process, there is little agreement on how the process actuall/ operates. Using the major explanatory Variables of prior research, this study adds the effects of juvenile records upon adult sentences. Using data from official Georgia prison records andjuvenile detention data, the study finds that blacks with a prior juvenile record received a much harsher punishment than whites with the same offense charge and similar background characteristics. This finding supports the conflict perspective on sentencing which suggests that extra-legalfactors have an important bearing on sentencing decisions.
Police and Media Relations: The Seeds of Conflict
Authors: Selke William L. , Bartoszek G. Marshall
Published: March 2007

The following study is an attempt to explore the attitudes and perceptions ofpolice cadets and journalism students toward their prospective professions. A primary goal of the research is to identify personal characteristics and predispositions of the groups which might help explain the animosity often observed between the police and the press. Samples were chosen from advanced undergraduate students who were about to enter the respective professions. Respondents were asked to complete a survey instrument soliciting opinions about various aspects of the fields of law enforcement and journalism. In general, the results confirm the hypothesis that there is a great deal of suspicion and distrust between the two groups even before their formal entry into the professions.
Decarceration in Massachusetts: A Study of Disjointed Incrementalism
Authors: Stolz Barbara Ann
Published: March 2007

The planning and implementation of innovative correctional policies has confounded practitioners and academicians. Recently most attention has been directed toward the development of comprehensive planning models. Recognition of the limited success of these models has led to disillusionment. In this article an alternative approach, disjointed incrementalism, is proposed. Developed in the public administration literature, the model better addresses the obstacles that impede social change. It will be arguedfurther, however, that to be used to explain and plan major policy change, the model must be revised to include five additional factors: character of change, timing, leadership, "broad vision," and control over the arena of change. To demonstrate the utility of the revised model, both as an explanatory and planning tool, it is used to examine the decarceration of juvenile delinquents in Massachusetts between 1969 and 1973.
Probation and the Hi-Technology Revolution: Is a Reconceptualization of the Traditional Probation Officer Role Model Inevitable?
Authors: Moran T. Kenneth , Lindner Charles
Published: March 2007

This article is concerned with the possible impact of recent technological innovations on the traditional probation officer's role. We identify several technological breakthroughs such as computerization, evaluate them and reflect on the implications of these changes for the probation department. We shall attempt to demonstrate how the hi-technology revolution would reshape both the role of the probation officer and the nature of probation supervision. Specifically, we will show that these changes have been most dramatic in the areas related to the officer's law enforcement functions. In contrast, there have been few technological applications in the field of rehabilitation. We contend that this imbalance could eventually result in a restructuring of the officer's law enforcement role with a diminution in the rehabilitative area. Finally, we will suggest certain historical forces which may mitigate against these trends.
The Future of Sentencing and Parole: A Delphi Reassessment of Sentencing and Parole Reforms
Authors: Travis Lawrence F. , O'Leary Vincent , Castelluccio Vicki
Published: March 2007

The past decade has seen the rise and, more recently, the slowing of a national movement to reform criminal sentencing in the United States. In the early 1970s several states were in the process of enacting legislation or administrative changes in the imposition of criminal sanctions. Although the celeritous growth and spread of sentencing reform has abated in more recent years, there is still considerable activity in the area of sentencing reform.

This work reports a comparison of expectations for reform held over time by both academics and agency practitioners. The objective of the research reported here was to determine how, if at all, perspectives on sentencing reform had changed, given an opportunity to review early reform efforts. To measure this change in expectations, a replication of our earlier Delphi with agency and academic experts (Travis & O'Leary, 1979) was conducted during 1983. Thus, we are able to compare estimates given five years earlier (1978) with these more recent estimates.

This research has three purposes. First, it seeks to determine how, if at all, expert predictions of the occurrence of specific reforms in criminal justice have changed over a five-year period. Second, it allows a comparison of estimates given by practitioners with those provided by academics. Such a comparison allows an opportunity to investigate how academic and practitioner views of criminal justice differ, if at all. Finally, it provides estimates of the likely nature of many criminal justice practices in the future, and thereby allows an identification of the types of things which can be expected to change as well as those which will be resistant to reform.
Delinquency Prevention: Toward Comprehensive Models and a Conceptual Map
Authors: Van Voorhis Patricia
Published: March 2007

The conceptual uncertainty which currently plagues the field of delinquency prevention poses a crucial barrier to understanding, planning, and evaluating delinquency prevention programs. "Preventive services," in the broadest sense, describes a myriad of activities, ranging from intensive casework, to group recreational programs, to the installation of street lights. In addition, programs failing under the prevention rubric deal with diverse target populations. Some programs are targeted to youths who have evidenced delinquent behavior; others are focused upon youths who show few signs of future delinquent activity. Most youths approach prevention programs with more than their visible delinquent tendencies or behaviors; in truth, they may bring with them a multitude of problems which may not be so evident, including drug abuse, alcoholism, broken families, and school failure. Unfortunately, the prevention literature often fails to consider the multiple influences on a youth's behavior and the important need for linkages with other service delivery systems.

This article discusses several conceptual frameworks for organizing the larger prevention picture, including: (a) the public health model; (b) classification by treatment strategy; (c) conceptualization by theories or crime correlates; and (d) classification by intervention level. Consideration of each model raises several additional issues that are as important as questions pertaining to program policy impact. The final section identifies and discusses sevral strategies for improving the methodology in conducting integrative reviews of program evaluations.
Correctional Case Law: 1991
Authors: Maddex James L.
Published: March 2007

It has become customary for the spring issue of the Review to present summaries of selected reported decisions of federal courts that have analyzed issues arising in the prison and detention facility environment. These summaries are intended to alert the reader to judicial developments that might warrant further exploration in this rapidly evolving area of the law. The cases included in this survey were decided from the latter part of 1990 through 1991. As with all surveys of cases decided by courts below the Supreme Court, the reader is reminded that the cases surveyed do not serve as binding precedent beyond their respective jurisdictions and that some of the decisions are being appealed and are therefore subject to possible modification or reversal.
Framed Attributions and Shaped Accounts: A Study of Dispositional Process in Juvenile Justice
Authors: Curtis Russell L. , Reese William A.
Published: March 2007

Drawing from an actual case that was set for a revocation-of-probation hearing, and using an interactionist conception, this article analyzes how juvenile probation officers (JPOs) impute attributes, advocate dispositions, and offer justifying accounts for their recommendations. Controlling for case and context effects, it examines how these officers frame their attributions and shape the justifications of their recommendations to accomplish their dispositions. It was found that delinquent attributions, although they are negotiated with language appropriate to the ideals of individualized juvenile justice and rehabilitation, often parallel the decision-making process in the adult parole system. Although the proposed dispositions and their accompanying remedial intentions vary among the individual officers, it is demonstrated that once an officer is committed to a preferred disposition for a marginal case he or she will expend considerable and judicious effort in attempts to secure that disposition from the court. It is proposed that this individual JPO commitnent may represent the key to more successful juvenile justice intervention.
Measuring Violent Crime in North Carolina Utilizing Mail and Telephone Surveys Simultaneously: Does Method Matter?
Authors: Vasu Michael L. , Moriarty, Laura J. , Pelfrey William V.
Published: March 2007

This article is a report of research that examined violent crime in North Carolina by simultaneously administering telephone and mail surveys to North Carolina residents. The purpose of the research was to determine whether the method of data collection, that is, telephone interviewing versus mail surveys, has any impact on the data collected. The results of the research indicate no difference between the methods.
Changes in the Nature and Perception of the Long-Term Inmate Population: Some Implications for Prison Management and Research
Authors: Cowles Ernest L. , Sabath Michael J.
Published: March 2007

In this paper it is argued that a need exists for correctional administrators and researchers to examine their thinking about long-term confinement and long-term inmates if they are to advance the understanding of long-termers and improve the management of this segment of the prison population in the future. Specifically, three areas merit greater attention. First, the ways in which concepts such as long terms and long-term inmates are operationalized need to be appraised. Our knowledge of long-termers and long-term imprisonment is hampered by amnbiguous definitions and vague conceptualizations regarding these sentences and the inmates who are serving such terms. Second, research is challenging conventional wisdom about the impact of prison environments upon those who are confined for prolonged periods and about long-termers' ability to adapt to extended imprisonment. Views that extended years of confinement gradually wear away at the long-termers' physical and mental capabilities are giving way to models that stress individual strategies for successfully coping with long-term imprisonment. Third, recent correctional research suggests that substantial changes are occurring in the makeup of the long-term inmate population, particularly as to sentence lengths, offense types, and racial composition. These changes are accompanied by changes in the behavior of this population that require different approaches to managing these sentences. Collectively, the circumstances associated with these three areas complicate the efforts of prison administrators and researchers to learn which management approaches and program strategies work best with long-term inmates and under what conditions.
The Death Penalty: A 25-Year Retrospective and a Perspective on the Future
Authors: Acker James R.
Published: March 2007

Death penalty law has been transformed dramatically over the last 25 years. By some measures, judicial and legislative initiatives have produced substantial improvements in the administration of capital punishment. By other accounts, changes in death penalty laws have been sorely inadequate to remedy basic defects in capital punishment systems. This article reviews the development of death penalty law over the past quarter century. It focuses on the substantive and procedural changes that have occurred in capital punishment jurisprudence since the Supreme Court decided McGautha v. California (1971). After reviewing the watershed rulings of the early and middle 1970s, including Funnan v. Georgia (1972), Gregg v. Georgia (1976), and Woodson v. North Carolina (1976), it discusses case law and legislation that have given shape to present death penalty legal doctrine. Because the major substantive legal battles over capital punishment in this country have been resolved, at least for the foreseeable future, the article identifies several procedural principles that must be recognized if death penalty systems are to have a claim to legitimacy in the future.
Disabled Offenders and Work Release: An Exploratory Examination
Authors: Mawhorr Tina L.
Published: March 2007

Until recently, the corrections literature has been relatively silent about mentally and physically disabled inmates. Although attempts have been made to identify the prevalence of special-needs populations (e.g., mentally ill, mentally retarded, physically disabled) in jails and prisons, little is known about disabled individuals who are assigned to community corrections programs. The present study is an exploratory effort to identify the number of disabled individuals in a midwestern residential and work release facility and to more clearly understand their experiences in this community-based correctional setting. This examination is particularly illustrative of the employment and financial barriers that make successful reintegration into the community difficult for disabled offenders.
The Public Health Approach to Illicit Drugs
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A. , Klofas John M.
Published: March 2007

The public health approach to drug policy has been offered as an alternative to an emphasis on criminal justice. This discussion provides a critical analysis of the public health approach to drug policy. The meaning of the public health approach is considered, as is the assumption that criminal justice and public health are mutually exclusive and that a public health approach will necessarily be more humane. Concerns are raised that the principles of public health will first be co-opted and then subverted by criminal justice, leaving a system based on the worst of both worlds.
Nicotine Decontamination of Tobacco Agro-Industrial Waste and Its Degradation by Micro-Organisms
Authors: Civilini Marcello , Domenis Cristina , Sebastianutto Nerina , de Bertoldi Marco
Published: March 2007

A hazardous solid waste is accumulated during the processing of tobacco for the manufacture of cigarettes. Its main characteristics are the high nicotine content as the only toxic compound, and the powdery structure that does not permit recycling. A biotechnological process is proposed to detoxify these powdery tobacco residues. The toxic compound, nicotine, is transferred from the solid phase to an aqueous solution through efficient percolation. Nicotinophilic micro-organisms were screened to evaluate their ability to degrade nicotine directly in the extracted liquid. The biodegradation process was followed by nicotine detection and CO 2 production, while other parameters were determined to assess the correct disposal of the final products. Among three strains used, Pseudomonas putida had the best nicotine degradation performance in this complex medium. © 1997 ISWA
First Results of a Pilot Project for Packaging Waste Recycling in Maroussi and Vrilissia, Greece
Authors: Lekkas T.D. , Razis Y. , Filis E.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the results of an experimental recycling programme for packaging waste are reported along with general data on recycling in Greece. The recovery project was carried out in northern Athens by the Hellenic Recovery and Recycling Association (HERRA) and two municipalities (Maroussi and Vrilissia), with the scientific support of the University of Aegean. It was the first multi-material, "close- to-home" bin programme in Greece and served 68 000 people. Almost 50 tonnes per week of recyclables were collected and processed in a material recovery facility (MRF) where they are sorted and baled into nine different products (four kinds of plastic, three kinds of paper, aluminium, steel) and glass. Up to May 1995, the calculated diversion rate was 7% and the recovery rate was 30%. © 1997 ISWA
Impact of liming of waste on landfill activity and leachate characteristics: a laboratory and field-scale approach
Authors: Delolme Cecile , Jabob François , Perrier Joseph
Published: March 2007

The liming of waste is supposed to stop biodegradation and reduce the impacts of landfilling activity. The efficiency of liming was tested both in laboratory conditions and in field- scale conditions. The leachates of reconstituted waste in lysimeters in laboratory conditions were followed during forty weeks, and two field-scale lysimeters filled with raw waste were followed during two years. The results show that lime does not stop the biodegradation of raw waste and the leachates produced by the limed waste exhibit the same microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics as the leachates produced by the reference waste. Nevertheless, when lime is applied to waste with a granulometry under two centimetres, the biodegradation is stopped as long as the alka linization is effective. The conclusion is that the liming pro cess in the case of raw waste is not appropriate and can only be used in the case of industrial crushed or organic waste with a granulometry of under few centimetres in diameter.
A strategic design approach for optimization of regional hazardous waste management systems
Authors: Nema Arvind K. , Modak Prasad M.
Published: March 2007

The planning and design of a regional hazardous waste man agement system involves selection of treatment and disposal technologies and sites, allocation of hazardous waste from generator to the sites and selection of the transportation routes. To arrive at the optimum configuration of system com ponents, the conventional approach uses the annual waste generation rate as the design criterion. This paper investi gates limitations of this design criterion in detail and presents an improved strategic design approach.
Effect of curing on field-solidified waste properties. Part 1: physical properties
Authors: Caldwell R.J. , Stegemann J.A. , Shi C.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines differences that develop over time as a result of laboratory and field curing conditions in the physical properties of monolithic waste samples. During field placement of waste treated using stabilization/solidification, a number of subsamples were taken and cured under laboratory conditions. These samples were evaluated periodically using a battery of laboratory test methods in parallel with samples removed from the landfill by diamond core. The results indicate that, although the field-cured sample was cured under very different conditions, the physical nature of the matrix is similar to samples cured under laboratory conditions, after 2 years.
Aerobic biological treatment of landfill leachates
Authors: Robinson H.D. , Barr M.J.
Published: March 2007

The UK market for leachate treatment technology has been characterized recently by the entry of companies bringing to it heavily-marketed specific systems. Whilst derived from other effluent treatment and industrie, they often have no track record of application to landfill leachates. Knowledgeable and independent advice for the selection of appropriate technologies at specific sites has been in short supply. A common scenario has been the release of tender documents asking for 'design and build' solutions, which have resulted in submission of schemes based on a whole range of systems (for example: aerobic biological; anaerobic; reverse osmosis; ammonia stripping, etc.), such that the client commissioning the scheme has been unable to make a well-informed choice between compatible technologies. In several instances, systems have been adopted which have not provided complete solutions. The most widespread experiences of successful leachate treatment in the UK have involved the use of biological processes in aerated lagoons or tanks. The paper describes a wide range of full-scale, aerobic biological leachate treatment systems, selected from several in the UK and abroad. These range from relatively simple aerated lagoons, designed to provide pretreatment before the discharge of effluent into the sewerage system for final treatment, to sophisticated schemes where surface water discharge consents demand that rainbow trout shall be able to survive in undiluted effluent. Case studies give detailed data for removal of specific contaminants at each plant. Reference to very detailed information in other published papers is provided, and analytical results for influent leachates and discharged effluents are provided, together with detailed operating data. The paper demonstrates that the on-site treatment of landfill leachate using aerobic biological techniques, to whatever standard required, is established technology in the UK.
A laboratory-scale exploration of the long-term behaviour of mechanically separated organic residue in a flushing bioreactor
Authors: Vroon Ronald , Oonk Hans , van Marwijk Walter
Published: March 2007

At VAM waste treatment company in Wijster (the Netherlands) a demonstration is in progress of bioreactor technology for treatment of the mechanically separated organic residue (MSOR) of a waste separation plant. In order to explore the long-term behaviour of MSOR in a bioreactor additional laboratory-scale research is initiated, which runs analogously with the bioreactor demonstration. In laboratory-scale test columns the anaerobic degradation processes are enhanced, and full biological stabilization was expected within a year. This paper examines the objectives, experimental set-up and first results from the laboratory-scale research.
Aerobic in situ stabilization of completed landfills and old sites
Authors: Leikam K. , Heyer K.-U. , Stegmann R.
Published: March 2007

Investigations of aerobic m situ stabilization of old sites in laboratory-scale tests show that a significant reduction of the nitrogen concentration in the leachate takes place. The degradation and release of organic compounds via the gas phase could be accelerated. The required aeration volumes for the biological stabilization are technically realizable as the total oxygen demand is relatively low.
Merit Pay and Motivation in the Public Workforce: Beyond Technical Concerns To More Basic Considerations
Authors: Lovrich Nicholas P.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the influence of workplace participation and job enrichment in promoting employee motivation. Using data gathered from a panel survey of public employees in Washington state, the authors found workplace participation and job enrichment to be more salient determinants of public employee motivation than merit pay. They also suggest that the adoption of a participative performance appraisal system may even improve employee attitudes toward compensation.
Local Government Pensions and Their Funding: Policy Issues and Options
Authors: Ferris James M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the personnel and fiscal implications of public employee pensions for local government. First, the interpretation of pensions as a form of public employee compensation is presented and the implications for pensions as an instrument for public personnel policy are discussed. Second, the consequences of pensions for local government finances, given the labor intensity of the public sector and the structure of defined benefit pension plans, are underscored and the fun ding options are evaluated.
External Equity and the Free Market Myth
Authors: Friss Lois
Published: March 2007

This article is a case study of the pay system for registered nurses in Los Angeles County. It provides an example of employer power in setting wages for female dominated occupations. A benchmark job description circulated to 81 percent of all acute hospitals in the Hospital Council of Southern California is the basis for obtaining current salary information from major employers. The detailed wage summary enables employers to moderate competition and delay upward pay adjustments. Recommendations address the role of public personnel in overcoming the recurrent shortage of nurses. Reforms change the pay system rather than assume that individual nurses will change an occupation that has modest educational requirements, low unemployment, accommodates easily to outside interests, and provides high intrinsic job satisfaction.
Drug Testing In Public Agencies: Public Policy Issues And Managerial Responses
Authors: Klingner Donald E. , O'Neill Nancy G. , Gamal Sabet Mohamed
Published: March 2007

This article discusses public policy issues involved in workplace drug testing and gives an analysis of the responses of public agency personnel directors to these issues. The article is based on a 1987 survey of 300 federal, state and local agency personnel directors throughout the United States.
Hispanics in the Senior Executive Service: Continuity and Change in the Decade 1980-1990
Authors: Sisneros Antonio
Published: March 2007

The survey reported here is an extension of the first systematic attempt in 1980 directed toward profiling the character of Hispanic federal senior executives. No previous studies have tracked the views of Hispanic SES members over time. The findings suggest that: (1) Hispanics continue to be represented in the SES in minimal numbers despite contentions to the contrary in the literature; (2) Hispanic SES'ers are not experiencing sources of dissatisfaction to the extent that former SES'ers indicated as reasons for their departure; and, (3) race relations in the federal public service continue to be a serious problem as we enter the 1990s.
Pay Flexibilities in the United Kingdom's Public Services
Authors: White Geoff
Published: March 2007

The development of more flexible payment systems in the public services has been a major objective of the British government since 1979 This increased flexibility has been observed to have three major elements: (1) a decline m the influence of national collective bargaining in pay determination; (2) a shift to pay systems which are more contingent on local circumstances, and, (3) the growth of more variability of compensation in the pay system, such as performance-related pay. The government's approach has been to encourage public sector pay practices to become more similar to those in the private sector. This article reviews the changes in pay determination methods in the British public services since 1979, and it assesses the degree to which public service pay practices are converging with the private sector It concludes that, despite evidence of significant changes, major constraints continue to inhibit the direct transfer of many private sector pay practices to the public services
Impact of an Integrative Performance Appraisal Experience on Perceptions of Management Quality and Working Environment
Authors: Mikkelsen Aslaug , Øgaard Torvald , Lovrich Nicholas P.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the impact of an integrative performance appraisal system which combines both judgmental and systematic developmental and goalsetting elements upon employee perceptions of the quality of management and the character of working conditions A large scale study of 5,000+ employees of the Norwegian State Oil Company conducted in 1995 produces evidence of a strong connection between perceptions of the adequacy of the performance appraisal experience and attitudes toward the quality of management present and the favorability of working conditions being encountered These positive correlations persist even when controlling for the effects of overall job satisfaction and supervisory vs employee status
The Role of Public Employees in the Privatization Process
Authors: Lawther Wendell C.
Published: March 2007

Once a government has made the decision to privatize a service that it is already providing, various considerations need to be given to the public employees who will be affected by this decision These considerations include personnel issues such as selection and termination, wages, benefits, and job security The reference made to them m the Request for Proposal (RFP) significantly impacts the amount of cost savings and the quality of service delivery that are likely to accompany privatization In addition, the ease or difficulty of transitioning these employees to private sector employment is also affected As an illustration, the efforts of the Orlando Orange County Expressway Authority to privatize toll operations in Central Florida are discussed
Preparing Planners for a Globalizing World
Authors: Afshar Farokh
Published: March 2007

Globalization poses new challenges for planning education. For this, a global, one-world approach to planning education is proposed using mutual learning and the comparative method. This is relevant for students with both domestic and international careers. A review of practitioners’ and educators’ views reveals broad support. However, small schools in particular have difficulty adopting this approach. The planning school at the University of Guelph is a work in progress about how such schools can do so. It has globalized despite small size and resource cutbacks. Challenges remain. Fitting adequate content into a two-year program is a struggle. North-south inequities undermine mutual learning. The global relevance of the approach is untested.
Social Change and Reintegration
Authors: Marris Peter
Published: March 2007

Planning is concerned both with the im pact of social changes and their causes, but lacks a theoretical framework that can integrate these two concerns. Hence, it often seems caught between palliating the hardships of change or protesting against hardships it is powerless to affect. The paper puts forward a way of thinking about adaptation and change in terms of the structuring of meaning. Social pro cesses can be understood as reproducing, reinforcing or disrupting the structures of meaning on which each of us depends to make sense of our lives. Hierarchies of power, by the way they distribute uncer tainty, influence the kinds of meanings which different sorts of people are able to sustain, and whose lives will be most vulnerable to the loss of the attachments and purposes about which we construct meaning. When these structures of mean ing break down, we experience grief. Grieving is essentially a painful process of retrieving and reconstructing a sense of meaning, which has its collective counterparts. Social changes can provoke a process of rejection and redefinition of relationships, as people work through a shared sense of loss. The concept of meaning relates the unique experience of each individual to the structure of social relationships, as the way this experience is publicly acknowledged, supported or disparaged. Planning is essentially con cerned with this mediation between public and private meanings.
The Micro in the Classroom
Authors: Brail Richard K.
Published: March 2007

Microcomputers are becoming essential tools in urban planning This paper out lines a set of topics which are important to the understanding of the role of the micro in planning and which can be introduced into the classroom. These topics include electronic spreadsheets, programming languages, and data base management systems The topics are discussed in terms of class use and student response
Teaching Planning Students About Strategizing, Boundary Spanning and Ethics: Part of the New Planning Theory
Authors: Kaufman Jerome L.
Published: March 2007

Recent interest in new planning theory has taken a turn toward a more normative, prescriptive action theory of planning, one that addresses how professional planners should act in pursuit of planned change to achieve greater effectiveness. This paper discusses how one planning educator— who has had 30 years of planning experience; half of it most recently in the Academy — weaves together three divergent strands of an action theory of planning in the classroom in attempting to lay the groundwork for students to become better strategists, boundary spanners and ethicists. The paper relates knowledge to pedagogy and includes a discussion of course content and instructional methods for the three courses that focus on these three roles for planners. The unifying thread connecting these divergent strands is a concern for educating students to be more effective in practice.
Teaching Savvy
Authors: Christensen Karen S.
Published: March 2007

Planners' increasing power, intergovernmental arrangements, and interactive decision-making processes require organizational and political savvy. Planning educators must teach planners how to specify and understand their own practice settings and dynamics. Templates (generic patterns of organizational and political planning practice) can help guide planners to the unique configuration of their specific situations. Templates for practice setungs, stakeholder identification, and strategy development are presented.
Legal Authority in an Extralegal Setting: The Case of Land Rights in Jakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Leaf Michael
Published: March 2007

Although popular settlements in the cities of developing countries exist wholly or partially outside of the legal framework of the state, they must nonetheless follow some sort of rule of law. In the case of quasi-legal or informal land ownership claims, the sale and transfer of land rights must be guaranteed in order for a land market to exist. To fully understand this "rule of law outside the law," it is important to inquire as to the source of legal authority in what is essentially an extralegal situation. An examination of the literature on the subject shows that, in the case of urban residential land markets, three types of extralegal authority may be discerned in practice. This paper examines the case of land regulation in Jakarta, Indonesia, in terms of these models and stresses the value of this type of analysis in the setting of policies for land regularization.