bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDI PEMIKIRAN ABU ALI AL-FARISI TENTANG GRAMMATIKA ARAB (REPRESENTASI TOKOH NAHWU MADRASAH BAGHDAD)
Authors: Fatoni Ahmad Sirfi
Published: July 2019

Introduction The nahwu science is a very urgent science in the context to understand about the Arabic texts both classical or modern texts. The conversation related to this science could not be released just like that with the figures of nahwu who played an important role in it. This article will examine Abu Ali al-Farisi’s thought about the development of nahwu as a representative figure from Baghdad’s madrasah. This article also investigates Abu Ali’s partiality to Bashra’s nahwu experts on one hand, while Kuffa’s experts formulation of nahwu on another. In addition, this article also inspects the method that used by Baghdad’s nahwu experts and his characteristic.

Data Collection Method The data collection method used is the refer’s method with the noted technique.

Analysis Data This article is a qualitative research, the presentation of the analysis is descriptive and critical.

Results and Discussions One of Abu Ali’s thoughts is the origin of language is tauqifi’, he also argues that adawatu al-nida are isim fi’il which act on munada, similar to maf’ul bih. As for the partiality of Abu Ali’s nahwu theory which chooses Bashra’s opinion is related to huruf kaanna that sometimes comes as zaidah. In this case, Abu Ali follows the opinion of Khalil and Sibawaih. While the partiality of Abu Ali which chooses Kuffa’s opinion, it comes when he argues that the application of first fi’il in tanazu’ chapter.

Conclusion In the general, it can be concluded that the method of Baghdad’s madrasah is ecletic method. This method can be classified into three patterns: Qiyas, Sima’, and Ta’lil. As for the characteristic of Baghdad’s madrasah pattern are: inclusive, flexible, taqlid and logical. Keywords: Ecletic Method, Baghdad Nahwu, Abu Ali’s thought.

Keywords: Ecletic Method, Baghdad Nahwu, Abu Ali’s thought.
O IMPACTO DO SPED NA CONTABILIDADE TRIBUTÁRIA
Authors: Pereira Wendsson Farias , Betaressi Vlademir
Published: July 2019

Esta pesquisa propôs-se a analisar o impacto do Sistema Público de Escrituração Digital (SPED) na Contabilidade Tributária, identificando os desafios e perspectivas da formação do profissional contábil frente às declarações de informações fiscais. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, classificou-se como pesquisa descritiva com abordagem quantitativa e de campo, sendo feito o levantamento de dados por meio da utilização de um questionário estruturado contendo 13 questões fechadas e 3 abertas que foi aplicado aos profissionais da área contábil, a fim de que explanassem a sua percepção em relação às reais contribuições do SPED para a contabilidade e o seu impacto na rotina dos profissionais contábeis. Os resultados apontaram que o SPED contribuiu para o aumento da responsabilidade desses profissionais de forma muito significativa. Esses resultados ressaltam a necessidade de constante atualização por parte dos profissionais contábeis, que devem se adequar a cada nova alteração significativa relacionada à sua área de atuação.
KEABSAHAN LELANG EKSEKUSI HAK TANGGUNGAN KARENA ADANYA GUGATAN DARI DEBITOR LEGALITY OF AUCTION EXECUTION OF LAND MORTGAGE REGARDING UNLAWFUL ACT LAWSUIT
Authors: Abidin Muhammad Zainal
Published: July 2019

AbstrakDengan diundangkannya Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan, pemegang hak tanggungan dapat melakukan eksekusi atas obyek hak tanggungan tanpa persetujuan dari debitor terlebih dahulu (Parate Executie) dan tanpa memerlukan fiat pengadilan yaitu dengan penjualan melalui lelang, sehingga memberikan kemudahan kepada pemegang hak tanggungan untuk memperoleh pelunasan piutangnya dari debitor. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya seringkali menemui hambatan dalam pelaksanaan lelang eksekusi Pasal 6 Undang-Undang Hak Tanggungan tersebut dikarenakan ada gugatan dari debitor yang menghambat proses lelang maupun pada saat pengosongan obyek lelang dimana pemenang lelang sudah ditentukan dan risalah lelang sudah diterbitkan. Gugatan tersebut didasarkan pada perbuatan melawan hukum karena menganggap proses lelang tidak sah ataupun nilai limit terlalu rendah dan berbagai alasan lain. Kata Kunci : Parate Executie, Lelang Eksekusi, Perbuatan Melawan HukumAbstractSince the enactment of Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Land Mortgage, mortgage holders can execute objects on regarding land mortgage without prior approval from the debtor (Parate Executie) and without requiring fiat court, namely by selling through auction, thus this makes it easy for the mortgage holders to obtain repayment of their receivables. However, in practice, they often encounter obstacles in the execution regarding parate executie procedure on the Article 6 of the Land Mortgage Law if there is a lawsuit from the debtor that impedes the auction process, or, when emptying the auction object where the auction winner has been determined and the auction minutes have been issued. The lawsuit is based on an unlawful act (tort) because it considers the auction process invalid, or the limit value is too low, and various other reasons. Keywords: Parate Executie, Execution by Auction, Unlawful Act.
Dietary Mixed Cereal Grains Ameliorate the Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colonic Carcinogenesis in C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Song Jia-Le , Wang Chengqiang , Lee Jung-Sook , Jeong Byung-Jin , Jeong Jong-Sung , Huh Tae-Gon , Park Kun-Young
Published: July 2019

The chemopreventive effects of various mixed cereal grain (MCG) samples on azoxymethane (AOM, 10 mg/kg) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v)-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) in C57BL/6J mice were studied. The main MCG preparation consisted of fermented brown rice (FBR), glutinous brown rice, glutinous Sorghum bicolor, glutinous Panicum miliaceum, Coix lacryma-jobi and black soybean at an appropriate mixing ratio. Other MCG preparations contained rice coated with 5% Phellinus linteus and 5% Curcuma longa (MGR-PC), or 10% Phellinus linteus (MCG-P), or 10% Curcuma longa (MCG-C). Consumption of dietary MCG-PC by CRC mice significantly increased colon length, decreased the ratio of colon weight to length, and reduced the number of colon tumors. Similar effects, although to a lower extent, were observed in CRC mice fed with MCG-P, followed by those fed with MCG-C, MCG, FBR or white rice (WR). MCG-PC significantly suppressed colonic neoplasia, and decreased the levels of various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor: Tnf, interleukin 1 beta: Il1b, interleukin 6: Il6, and interferon gamma: Ifng) in serum and colon tissue of the CRC mice. In addition, MCG-PC increased the mRNA expressions of tumor protein p53(Tp53) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A(Cdkn1a), activated pro-apoptotic caspase 3(Casp3), and reduced expression of both mRNA and protein of inducible inducible nitric oxide synthase 2 (Nos2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2), and cyclin D1(Ccnd1) in colon tissue. These findings suggest that than compared with other cereal grain preparations, MCG-PC had a greater activity against AOM/DSS-induced CRC by reducing intestinal inflammation, and modulating the expression of certain carcinogenesis related factors (Nos2, Ptgs2, Tp53, Cdkn1a, Ccnd1 and Casp3) in colon tissue of CRC mice.
Remotely Sensed Water Limitation in Vegetation: Insights from an Experiment with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Authors: Easterday Kelly , Kislik Chippie , Dawson Tod E. , Hogan Sean , Kelly Maggi
Published: July 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with multispectral sensors present an opportunity to monitor vegetation with on-demand high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we use multispectral imagery from quadcopter UAVs to monitor the progression of a water manipulation experiment on a common shrub, Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush), at the Blue Oak Ranch Reserve (BORR) near San Jose, California. We recorded multispectral data from the plants at several altitudes with nearly hourly intervals to explore the relationship between two common spectral indices, NDVI and NDRE, and plant water content and water potential, as physiological metrics of plant water status, across a gradient of water deficit. An examination of the spatial and temporal thresholds at which water limitations were most detectable revealed that the best separation between levels of water deficit were at higher resolution (lower flying height), and in the morning (NDVI) and early morning (NDRE). We found that both measures were able to identify moisture deficit in plants and distinguish them from control and watered plants; however, NDVI was better able to distinguish between treatments than NDRE and was more positively correlated with field measurements of plant water content than NDRE. Finally, we explored how relationships between spectral indices and water status changed when the imagery was scaled to courser resolutions provided by satellite-based imagery (PlanetScope) and found that PlanetScope data was able to capture the overall trend in treatments but was not able to capture subtle changes in water content. These kinds of experiments that evaluate the relationship between direct field measurements and UAV camera sensitivity are needed to enable translation of field-based physiology measurements to landscape or regional scales.
Baha Attract Implantation Using a Small Incision: Initial Report of Surgical Technique and Surveillance
Authors: Jang Dong Su , Shin Dong Hyo , Han Woojae , Kong Tae Hoon , Seo Young Joon
Published: July 2019

Objectives. To determine the appropriate anatomical borders of implantation on the temporal bone in a cadaver study, and to develop a simplified surgical technique for Baha Attract implantation through a small incision along the hairline using anatomical evidence and a navigation system.Methods. In a cadaver study, 20 human adult dry skulls were used to find flat areas of the temporal bone for Baha Attract magnet implantation. Four borders of the “optimal surgical site” were defined: Asterion line, occipitomastoid suture line, sigmoid sinus line, and digastric groove line. In three patients, we implanted the Baha Attract according to the newly developed surgical procedure and validated the feasibility of this technique with a navigation system.Results. We identified the appropriate position of the implant on the temporal bone, suggesting a simplified surgical technique for Baha Attract with a small incision. We determined the spot of implantation, and the implants were inserted through a small surgical incision (<2.5 cm) under local anesthesia; the procedure lasted approximately 30 minutes.Conclusion. The optimal surgical site of the temporal bone is a safe and easily accessible location for implantation of the Baha Attract.
Children, Soldiers and Heroes
Authors: Campagnaro Marnie , Filograsso Ilaria
Published: July 2019

Der Erste Weltkrieg führt in der italienischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur zum Erscheinen neuer Formen von Propaganda. Vielmehr noch, Kinder- und Jugendliteratur wird als ein mächtiges Werkzeug aufgefasst, das zur Mitteilung emotional durchdringender und täuschender Botschaften an Kinder und Erwachsene gleichermaßen eingesetzt wird. Die gegenwärtige italienische Kinder- und Jugendliteratur unterliegt nicht länger diesem starken Einfluss der Zensur und politischen Propaganda der Kriegszeit, sondern stellt einen narrativen Raum für Erinnerungen und Nachsinnen dar. Doch wie hat sie sich wirklich verändert? Welche gegenwärtigen Tendenzen weist die Kinder- und Jugendliteratur zum Thema Erster Weltkrieg in Italien auf? Unterscheiden sich die Erzählmodelle wesentlich von denen in der Vergangenheit? Nach einem kurzen Überblick der geschichtlichen, kulturellen und politischen Lage Italiens zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkriegs wird in dieser Arbeit ein bedeutender Korpus der einstigen und gegenwärtigen italienischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur analysiert und miteinander verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass neueingeschlagene Richtungen italienischer Historiographie, neue Generationen italienischer Autoren der KJL und die hundert Jahre die zwischen dem Ersten Weltkrieg und heute liegen, wenn auch mit einiger Verspätung so dennoch zur Entstehung einer balancierten Darstellung der geschichtlichen, kulturellen und politischen Geschehnisse jener Zeit beigetragen haben.
From Literature “about Children” to Literature “for Children”
Authors: Rusňák Radoslav
Published: July 2019

The development of children’s literature in Slovakia was significantly influenced by the historical milestone of the end of the First World War (WWI). The new cultural conditions that occurred in Slovakia after the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the foundation of Czechoslovakia created a suitable environment for the development of cultural institutions such as the Slovak Association, libraries, publishing houses and children’s magazines such as Slniečko [Little Sun]. After 1918, the literary production for children and young adults (YAs) began to take two distinct directions – one more traditional (didactic-moralising) and the other more artistic. The then artistic current in Slovak children’s literature promoted literary production for children and integrated it in the domain of art. The literary works of these authors can be further differentiated by identifying optimistic, realist and synthesising concepts of childhood. The post-war years in Slovakia can therefore be described as the beginning of the artistic integration of children’s literature into the system of national literature, which was accomplished in the 1960s.
Design of Device for Capturing Conveyor Belts and Calculation Method of Basic Parameters for Catchers
Authors: Glebov A. V. , Karmaev G. D.
Published: July 2019

Results of the analysis of scientific, technical and patent literature show that while having a great variety of constructive implementation of the proposed catchers there are no efficient and sufficiently reliable devices for catching conveyor belts at its reverse motion which are relatively simple in design. This is proved by practical activity of enterprises involved in extraction and processing of commercial minerals and other industries. A new design of a conveyor belt catcher that meets most requirements for the given equipment has been developed at the Institute of Mining, Ural of Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and then it has been tested under industrial conditions. The design makes provision for retention of the conveyor belt at its reverse motion beyond free edges from transported material. Catching devices are installed on both sides of the belt. Braking action of the belt at the reverse motion occurs due to its friction interaction with a catcher friction shoe located above the belt, and an eccentric mounted on the frame under the belt. A friction shoe is made with a concave curved surface facing the belt. The paper presents a calculation methodology of main parameters for the proposed design of catcher conveyor belts that permits to determine a force catching a conveyor belt down and for every braking period distance which has been passed by the belt, value of its compression, value of braking force, braking time and acceleration of belt motion, time and length of the distance passed by the belt to its full stop, parameters of a catcher and supporting structures, and other parameters. The paper also provides results of calculations for main design parameters of catching devices with an inclined conveyor having a belt width of 1400 mm for two catcher design versions: with location of an eccentric under the belt, and a brake shoe over the belt (option I) and with location of the eccentric over the conveyor belt, and the brake friction shoe under the belt (option II).
miR825 and miR825* function as negative regulators in Bacillus cereus AR156-elicited systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nie Pingping , Chen Chen , Yin Qian , Jiang Chunhao , Guo Jianhua , Zhao Hongwei , Niu Dongdong
Published: July 2019

Background: Small RNAs function to regulate plant defense responses to pathogens. We previously showed that miR825 and miR825* downregulate Bacillus cereus AR156 (AR156)-triggered systemic resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). The aim of this study was to unravel the role of miR825 and miR825* in AR156-mediated systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis.
Results: Northern blotting revealed that miR825 and miR825* were more strongly downregulated in wild type Arabidopsis Col-0 (Col-0) plants pretreated with AR156 than in non-treated plants upon B. cinerea B1301 infection. Furthermore, compared with Col-0, transgenic plants with attenuated miR825 and miR825* expression were more resistant to B. cinerea B1301, yet miR825- and miR825*-overexpressing (OE) plants were more prone to it. With AR156 pretreatment, the transcription of four defense-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, and PDF1.2) and cellular defense responses (hydrogen peroxide production and callose deposition) were faster and stronger in miR825 and miR825* knockdown lines, but weaker in their OE plants than in Col-0 plants upon pathogen attack. Also, AR156 pretreatment caused stronger phosphorylation of MPK3 and MPK6 and expression of FRK1 and WRKY53 genes upon B. cinerea B1301 inoculation in miR825 and miR825* knockdown plants than in Col-0 plants. Additionally, the assay of agrobacterium-mediated transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana confirmed that AT5G40910, AT5G38850, AT3G04220, and AT5G44940 are target genes of miR825 or miR825*. Compared with Col-0, the target mutant lines showed higher susceptibility to B. cinerea B1301 while still expressing AR156-triggered ISR. The two-way ANOVA revealed a significant (P < 0.01) interactive effect of treatment and genotype on the defence responses.
Conclusion: miR825 and miR825* act as negative regulators of AR156-mediated systemic resistance to B. cinerea B1301 in Arabidopsis. Our research have significant implications for effectively applying the two miRNAs to plant protection.
HIV testing and risks of sexual behavior among HIV-negative men who have sex with men in Ningbo, China
Authors: jiang haibo , Hong Hang , Dong Hongjun , Jiang Jun , He Lin
Published: July 2019

Background: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing had been confirmed as a preventive strategy for HIV control. The testing rate and risk behavior of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the factors associated with HIV testing, and high-risk behavior among HIV-negative MSM in Ningbo, China.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2016 and June 2017. Using snowball sampling to recruit MSM. Participants were recruited from Blued (an app for the gay community), QQ/Wechat groups, voluntary counseling and testing clinics, baths, bars, and other types of venues. Before the interview, all participants had HIV testing. MSM were included if their result of HIV screening test were negative. Face-to-face questionnaires were conducted mainly focused on HIV testing in the past year and high-risk behavior in the past 3 months.
Results: In total, 988 MSM were included, 57.1% (564/988) of participants had HIV testing in the past year. The proportion of high-risk sexual behavior was 49.9%. Factors associated with HIV testing were bisexual orientation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–0.78), drug use to adjust psychological abnormalities (AOR 1.39, 95 CI 1.04–1.85), and receiving HIV interventions (AOR 4.03, 95 CI 3.00–5.42). Being married (AOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.15–2.58), bisexual orientation (AOR 2.13, 95% CI 1.54–2.95), and receiving HIV interventions (AOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.25–2.20) were risk factors for high-risk sexual behavior, while college degree or above (AOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.35–0.77) were the protective factor.
Conclusion: We revealed low rate of HIV testing and high rate of risk sexual behavior among HIV-negative MSM in Ningbo. HIV transmission factors are widespread, but the proportion of 90% diagnosed for HIV are still a huge challenge in this population. Attention should be given to married, using substances or bisexual HIV-negative MSM, and HIV intervention should be strengthened to promote HIV testing and reduce risk behavior.
Jaunosios kartos pietų ir šiaurės žemaičių kalbinės nuostatos: lyginamoji analizė lyties aspektu
Authors: Zablockytė Rimutė , Kačiuškienė Genovaitė
Published: July 2019

Tirti kalbos ir visuomenės santykius, kalbos funkcionavimo priklausomybę nuo visuomenės gyvenimo sąlygų, kalbos ir kultūros ryšius pastaruoju metu yra gana populiaru. Straipsnyje, remiantis 100 humanitarinio išsilavinimo neturinčių 18–30 metų šiaurės ir pietų žemaičių anketų atsakymais, analizuojamas tarminio tapatumo klausimas.Išanalizavus gautus rezultatus, akivaizdesnių skirtumų tarp žemaičių vyrų ir moterų požiūrio į tarminę tapatybę nepastebėta. Galima tik paminėti, kad žemaičiai vyrai dažniau – kaip gražesnę ir priimtinesnę – renkasi bendrinę lietuvių kalbą, o moterys teigė, kad joms gražesnė yra gimtoji tarmė. Respondentų nuomone, bendrinė kalba siejama su geru išsilavinimu, patikima socialine pozicija, įsitvirtinimu visuomenėje. Tačiau buvo ir tokių respondentų, kurie teigė, kad bendrine kalba kalbantis žmogus dažniausiai atrodo pasipūtęs ir savimi pasitikintis. Jeigu žmogus yra žemaitis ir kalba bendrine kalba, šitaip parodo nepagarbą savo tarmei, savo gimtajam kraštui. Dauguma respondentų paiso visuomeninės padėties ir laikosi stereotipinės nuomonės, kad bendrine lietuvių kalba bendrauja tik išsilavinę žmonės.
The Concept of ,,Lean“ Production Management and Value Creation System
Authors: Statkus Justinas
Published: July 2019

One of the means for continuous improvement of quality is the implementation of “Lean” system. The purpose of this article is to reveal the essence of the “Lean” system, analyse its benefits in activities of different organizations. The efficiency of the system has been confirmed by experience of many companies. Improvements of the system in past decades and variety of methods used makes it useful and favoured by users. In scientific literature “Lean” is considered as philosophy of management – a system of production and management. The purpose of the system is to minimize volumes of work, which is considered a loss, and in turn to increase the amount of added-value work. An organization‘s management system must be evaluated to determine if it meets the requirements of the “Lean” system, identifying the need for implementation.  As a result, such a system can be implemented in any company. This can be based on examples from various companies. The article discusses the implementation of the “Lean” system in a public catering company, a bank and even in a specialized personal health care institution.
Paauglių delinkventinio elgesio apraiškos mokykloje
Authors: Padgurskytė Vaida
Published: July 2019

Paauglystė yra itin svarbus periodas žmogaus gyvenime. Noras tapti nepriklausoma asmenybe tampa prioritetu, kurio siekiama įvairiais būdais – priimtinais ir laužančiais nusistovėjusias visuomenės normas bei standartus. Tačiau dažnas paauglys sunkiai geba atsirinkti, koks elgesys ir veiksmai yra priimtini, o kurie visuomenėje laikomi žalingais. Jaunimas bando išmėginti viską, kad suprastų, ko nori iš jo visuomenė ir ko siekia jis pats. Mokykla yra antroji socialinė aplinka (po šeimos), kurioje paauglio elgesys yra atspindys, ko mokoma šeimoje ir kokios vertybės perteikiamos naujai susiformavusiai asmenybei.

Moksliniais tyrimais galima pagrįsti, kad Lietuvos ir užsienio mokslininkams delinkventinis paauglių elgesys, jo apraiškos, problematika yra itin aktuali tyrimų tema. Atlikus tyrimą išsiaiškinta, kad delinkventinio elgesio apraiškos mokykloje yra labai įvairios. Apibendrindami gautus apklausos rezultatus, galime teigti, jog rūkymas, patyčios, necenzūrinė leksika, konfliktai tarp mokinių, jaunesnių mokinių užkabinėjimas, siekis dominuoti paauglių rate yra dažni reiškiniai šių dienų mokykloje, todėl šie faktai leidžia sunerimti dėl kai kurių mokinių elgesio ugdymo aplinkoje. Tačiau dauguma apklaustųjų teigė, kad elgiasi tinkamai, daug dėmesio skiria mokslams ir neturi laiko užsiimti netinka veikla.
Teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding young children’s leadership: A comparison between New Zealand and Honduras
Authors: Cerrato Maria Auxiliadora , Thornton Kate , Haggerty Maggie
Published: July 2019

Young children’s leadership is an under-researched area. This article reports how teachers of 4 and 5 year old children in New Zealand and Honduras conceptualise and encourage children’s leadership. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and observations of teaching practice. The findings suggest that there are differences between New Zealand and Honduran teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding children’s leadership. While teachers in New Zealand settings encouraged leadership by empowering children to assume leadership roles, teachers in the Honduran settings allocated leadership opportunities. In addition, New Zealand teachers viewed young leaders as sharing leadership and leading their learning, whereas Honduran teachers viewed them as influencing peers. These findings may encourage teachers to reflect on how their beliefs regarding children’s leadership guide their teaching practice.
Characteristics And Use Of Multicopper Oxidases Enzymes
Authors: Góralczyk-Bińkowska Aleksandra , Jasińska Anna , Długoński Jerzy
Published: July 2019

Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a large family of blue copper proteins which contain from one to six copper atoms per molecule. Their catalytic centre consists of three domains which involve type I Cu, type II Cu and a pair of type III Cu’s. They include laccases, ferroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, bilirubin oxidase, laccase-like multicopper oxidases. MCOs are capable of one-electron oxidizing of aromatic as well as non-aromatic compounds with a concomitant four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water. These properties make them a valuable tool in various industries (e.g. food, textile, pharmaceutical) medicine or environment protection.

1. Introduction. 2. Multicopper oxidases – classification, structure and properties. 3. Identification methods of MCOs. 4. Laccases vs. others MCOs. 5. Application of multicopper oxidases. 6. Summary
New Species Of Bacteria In Human Infections
Authors: Sękowska Alicja , Gospodarek-Komkowska Eugenia
Published: July 2019

In the last few years, there have been works in literature describing clinical cases of infections with bacteria previously considered to be non-pathogenic. So far, these bacteria have been commonly isolated from the natural environment: water, soil, plants, and isolation from a sample of clinical material has often been considered an impurity. Therefore, the aim of the paper was to draw attention to newly emerging bacterial species, their characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors and predisposition to selected forms of infection in groups of patients with specific risk factors. The impact on the more frequent isolation of species of bacteria previously considered to be non-pathogenic has several aspects: reliable diagnostic methods, including correct identification of the species, enabling the differentiation of closely related bacteria, the growing group of immune-compromised patients and with infectious risk factors (such as older age, diabetes, tumours, organ transplantation), more susceptible to infection, also with less pathogenic microorganisms. Greater adaptability of bacteria to new environmental conditions, including the human body, are also worth mentioning. The pathogenic effect of these bacteria, mainly related to the production of biofilms and factors conditioning adhesion to host cells or biomaterials, facilitating colonization and subsequent infection, is also important.

The progress in medicine that has taken place in recent years has positively influenced the life expectancy of patients with certain diseases and in many situations, it contributed to an improvement in its quality. Unfortunately, it also made it possible to cause infection with bacteria that were previously considered to be low or non-pathogenic.

1. Introduction. 2. Gram-positive rods 3. Streptococci with special nutritional requirements 4. Gram-negative rods. 5. Summary
Taxonomy Of Dermatophytes – The Classification Systems May Change But The Identification Problems Remain The Same
Authors: Gnat Sebastian , Nowakiewicz Aneta , Zięba Przemysław
Published: July 2019

Fungal infections of the skin, hair, and nails are the most prevalent among all fungal infections, currently affecting over 20–25% of the world’s human and animal populations. Dermatophytes are the etiological factors of the most superficial fungal infections. Among other pathogenic filamentous fungi, what distinguishes them is their unique attribute to degrade keratin. The remarkable ability of this group of fungi to survive in different ecosystems results from their morphological and ecological diversity as well as high adaptability to changing environmental conditions. Dermatophytes, although they are one of the oldest groups of microorganisms recognised as pathogens, have not been classified in a stable taxonomic system for a long time. In terms of diagnostics, dermatophytes still pose a serious problem in the identification procedure, which is often related to therapeutic errors. The increasing number of infections (including zoonoses), the lack of taxonomic stability, and the ambiguous clinical picture of dermatomycosis cases necessitate the search for new methods for the rapid, cheap, and reproducible species identification of these fungi. In turn, the species identification is determined by the clarity of classification criteria combined with the taxonomic division generally accepted by microbiologists and referring to the views expressed by clinicians, epidemiologists, and scientists. In this paper, the authors present the evolution of taxonomic systems for dermatophytes over the history of microbiology development. The discovery of new facts about the biology and ecology of dermatophytes and the development of techniques applied in a mycological diagnosis laboratory facilitated the development of new identification strategies at various points in the history. The modern molecular classification system of these pathogens seems to be stable and widely accepted. However, will it end the long-standing classification confusion and the period of hundreds of nomenclatural changes, which are a diagnostician’s nightmare? It can be argued that the taxonomy of dermatophytes, in particular that of anthropophilic species, is sufficiently established and stable for the benefit of both clinicians and scientists.

1. Introduction. 2. First dermatophyte classification systems. 3. Phenotypic classification systems. 4. “Biological” era in the classification. 5. Ecological division of dermatophytes. 6. Molecular revolution in the taxonomy of dermatophytes. 7. Taxonomic problems in mycology. 8. Clinical aspect of the taxonomy of dermatophytes. 9. Current classification system. 10. Indistinguishable «species complexes». 11. Summary
Endophytic Bacteria In The Phytodegradation Of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Authors: Chlebek Daria , Hupert-Kocurek Katarzyna
Published: July 2019

Organic pollutants are released into the environment as a result of various human activities. Traditional physical and chemical methods for the clean-up of contaminated soil and water are often costly and invasive. A good alternative to the above methods is bacteria-assisted phytodegradation. Recently, particular attention has been focused on endophytic bacteria equipped with appropriate metabolic pathways, increasing the efficiency of organic compound degradation, and promoting plant growth. Endophytic bacteria are known to degrade various classes of organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile and monocyclic organic compounds, explosives as well as pesticides. They may also assist the bioremediation of greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. Additionally, endophytic bacteria can promote the growth and development of plants through a wide range of direct and indirect mechanisms, which also affect the effectiveness of phytoremediation processes.

1. Introduction. 2. Phytodegradation of organic pollutants. 3. Sources of endophytic bacteria enhancing phytodegradation. 4. Organic pollutants degraded by endophytic bacteria. 5. Genetic basis of xenobiotics degradation in endophytic bacteria. 6. Mechanisms enhancing microbe-assisted phytodegradation. 7. Summary
New Data On Isopenicillin N Synthase And Peroxisome Co-Location In The Hyphal Cells Of Penicillium Chrysogenum PQ-96 – Pexophagy And Exocytosis
Authors: Kurzątkowski Wiesław , Górska Paulina , Główka Małgorzata , Woźnica Katarzyna , Zasada Aleksandra
Published: July 2019

The machinery of antibiotic production by Penicillium chrysogenum PQ-96 is composed of co-located cytosolic and peroxisomal enzymes of the penicillin G biosynthesis pathway. Pexophagy and exocytosis should be currently considered as an alternative for penicillin G secretion from the mycelial cells. Penicillin G overproduction is a cellular detoxification process, protecting the mycelium from the toxicity of the antibiotic precursor.

1. Introduction. 2. Peroxisomal functions and penicillin G biosynthesis. 3. Immunoelectron microscopyof isopenicillin N synthase. 4. Ultrastructural localization of peroxisomes. 5. Pexophagy and exocytosis – secretion of penicillin G. 6. Conclusions
Cell Banks Preparation In Biopharmaceuticals Production
Authors: Sobolewska-Ruta Agnieszka , Zaleski Piotr
Published: July 2019

The fast development of the biopharmaceutical market is correlated with the growing number and availability of technologies for the production of so-called biodrugs. One of the main procedures for therapeutic protein production is based on bacterial expression systems. In order to maintain the constant quality and homogeneity of the initial inoculum, the cell bank must be created in full accordance with quality standards. The first step should be the establishment of a Master Cell Bank (MCB), which must be performed in a laboratory that meets high quality standards and according to well-described main procedures. The MCB should be initiated from a single well-characterised bacterial colony. A Working Cell Bank (WCB) is usually prepared as a second step from one or few vials deposited in the MCB. The WCB must be characterised for bacterial strain homology and be free of any biological cross contamination. This paper describes the main requirements and good practises for the preparation of a cell bank suitable for constant and reproducible production of biopharmaceuticals.

1. Introduction. 2. Prokaryotic expression system. 3. Cell banking system. 4. Cell banks characterization. 4.1. Conformation of identity (properties) of the bacterial strain. 4.2. Confirmation of the purity of the bacterial strain. 5. Summary
Emotion recognition from the eye region in children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder in Arab and Scandinavian countries
Authors: Kuusikko-Gauffin Sanna , Elsheikh Sherin , Bölte Sven , Omar Manal , Riad Geylan , Ebeling Hanna , Rautio Arja , Moilanen Irma
Published: July 2019

Background: Difficulties in facial emotion recognition (ER) skills are linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in studies performed in Western and Eastern Asian countries. However, there is a paucity of research examining ER skills in Arab countries, where face-covering veils are more common than in Western countries.

Objective: Our aim was to examine basic ER and ER error patterns in Egyptian and Finnish children with and without ASD.

Method: We employed the eye-submodule of the Frankfurt Test and Training of Facial Affect Recognition (FEFA) and the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ).

Results: Arab children with ASD (n = 34, M age = 8.6 years, FSIQ = 96.7) recognized correctly fewer emotions than did Scandinavian children with ASD (n = 32, M age = 12.5 years, FSIQ = 102.8) and Arab typically developing (TD) children (n = 34, M age = 10.3 years, FSIQ = 123.4) in general and specifically on surprise, disgust and neutral scales as well as on a blended emotion scale. Scandinavian children with ASD demonstrated a lower ability to recognize emotions in general and specifically happiness than did Scandinavian TD children. There were no differences between Arab and Scandinavian (n = 28, M age = 13.9 years) TD children in ER accuracy. We found country specific differences in ER error patterns in happiness, sadness and anger: Arab children interpreted these emotions more often as another emotion (happiness = sadness, sadness = anger, anger = sadness and surprise), whereas Scandinavian children interpreted happiness and sadness as neutral expression and anger as disgust. Arab children with ASD labeled sadness and anger in their ER error patterns more negatively than did Arab TD children, but there were no differences between Scandinavian children with ASD and TD in ER error patterns.

Conclusions: The differences between the Arab and Scandinavian children may reflect cultural differences in ER and ER error patterns.
Participation profiles and the barriers and facilitators that impact on participation of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders living in regional and remote Western Australia
Authors: Mattinson Shani , Falkmer Marita , Black Melissa H , Girdler Sonya
Published: July 2019

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous condition, influencing participation in activity and occupation. Approximately, 1% of Australian children have an ASD diagnosis, with many of these families living in remote and regional areas. Given the environments role in facilitating or hindering participation, there is a need to understand how geographical location impacts the participation profiles of children with ASD.

Objective: This study aims to describe the participation profiles, and environmental barriers and facilitators to participation for children with ASD living in regional or remote Western Australia.

Methods: A total of 32 families completed a questionnaire pack including a socio-demographic questionnaire and the Participation and Environment Measure – Children and Youth.

Results: Children with ASD had reduced participation in community activities. Within the home, children most commonly participated in computer and video games, and in school settings, children participated rarely in non-classroom and extracurricular activities. Parents reported a desire for their children to decrease time spent engaging in video games and increase time spent in the community, socializing, engaging in extracurricular activities, and completing chores. Parents reported a number of barriers to participation across community, home, and school settings.

Conclusion: Children with ASD living in regional areas had restricted participation profiles and a number of barriers to participation as reported by their parents. There is a need for additional support and services in non-metropolitan areas for families of children with ASD to increase participation. This study also highlights the need to expand the definition of participation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to include aspects of involvement.
Psychiatric problems and quality of life in a clinical sample of adolescents: The role of peer relations
Authors: Ranøyen Ingunn , Gulliksrud Eva , Indredavik Marit S. , Stenseng Frode
Published: July 2019

Background: The quality of peer relations is linked to mental health in childhood and adolescence, but few studies have investigated its clinical relevance. In particular, the potential mediating role of peer functioning in the associations between different dimensions of symptoms and quality of life (QoL) has not been sufficiently examined.

Objective: In a clinical sample of adolescents, we examined peer relations in light of psychiatric diagnoses, as well as QoL and symptoms of mental health problems, with particular focus on symptoms of anxiety, depression, and ADHD. We also examined the potential mediating role of peer problems in the relationship between such symptoms and QoL.

Methods: The sample consisted of 603 adolescents (ages 13-18) referred to clinical assessment. Psychiatric diagnoses according to the criteria of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision, were collected from participants’ clinical charts. Symptoms of disorders, QoL, and quality of peer relations were measured by self-report questionnaires.

Results: Adolescents diagnosed with anxiety/depressive disorder reported more peer problems and lower QoL than adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. These findings were supported with symptom ratings. A path model with bootstrapping was used to assess the potential mediating role of peer problems in the association between symptoms and QoL, showing that peer problems partly mediated the relationship between emotional symptoms and QoL, but not the relationship between ADHD-symptoms and QoL.

Conclusion: Improvement of peer relations may be a fruitful path for enhancing QoL among adolescents with symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Investigating ultrafast quantum magnetism with machine learning
Authors: Fabiani Giammarco , Mentink Johan
Published: July 2019

We investigate the efficiency of the recently proposed Restricted
Boltzmann Machine (RBM) representation of quantum many-body states to
study both the static properties and quantum spin dynamics in the
two-dimensional Heisenberg model on a square lattice. For static
properties we find close agreement with numerically exact Quantum Monte
Carlo results in the thermodynamical limit. For dynamics and small
systems, we find excellent agreement with exact diagonalization, while
for systems up to N=256 spins close consistency with interacting
spin-wave theory is obtained. In all cases the accuracy converges fast
with the number of network parameters, giving access to much bigger
systems than feasible before. This suggests great potential to
investigate the quantum many-body dynamics of large scale spin systems
relevant for the description of magnetic materials strongly out of
equilibrium.
Spatial variation of channel head curvature in small mountainous watersheds
Authors: Wu Jian , Ye Lei , Wu Chenchen , Chang Qingrui , Xin Zhuohang , Zhang Chi , Zhou Huicheng
Published: July 2019

High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) offer opportunities for channel network extraction due to its representation of realistic topography. Channels are generally surrounded by well-defined banks that have a distinct signature in the contour lines. Contour curvature is one of the important topographic attributes usually used for channel head identification; however, the curvature at channel heads may vary considerably between and even within watersheds. Therefore, uncertainty exists in the extracted channel heads due to the specified curvature threshold. In this paper, the locations of channel heads in 14 small mountainous watersheds are obtained using a nonparametric method based on the shape of contour lines generated from DEMs with a spatial resolution of 1 m, and the channel head curvature is computed from the extracted channel heads. The spatial distributions of the channel head curvature in these 14 watersheds have been analyzed, and another two watersheds with field-mapped channel heads are selected for validation. The results indicate that: (1) the channel head curvature is sensitive to the local terrain and varies within and between watersheds; (2) the Gamma distribution effectively fits the spatial distribution of the channel head curvature in all the selected watersheds; and (3) constant threshold-based methods for channel head identification gain significant location errors even within a single watershed.
Metabolomics-Guided Isolation of Anti-Trypanosomal Compounds from Endophytic Fungi of the Mangrove plant Avicennia Lanata
Authors: Mazlan Noor Wini , Tate Rothwelle , Yusoff Yusnaini Md. , Clements Carol , Edrada-Ebel RuAngelie
Published: July 2019

Endophytic fungi have been explored not just for their ecological functions but also for
their secondary metabolites as a new source of these pharmacologically active natural products.
Accordingly, many structurally unique and biologically active compounds have been obtained from
the cultures of endophytic fungi. Fusarium sp. and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were isolated from the
root and stem of the mangrove plant Avicennia lanata, respectively, collected from Terengganu,
Malaysia. High-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy were used as metabolomics
profiling tools to identify and optimize the production of bioactive secondary metabolites in both
strains at different growth stages and culture media. The spectral data was processed by utilizing
Mzmine 2, a quantitative expression analysis software and an in house MS-Excel macro coupled
with the Dictionary of Natural Products databases for dereplication studies. The investigation for the
potential bioactive metabolites from a 15-day rice culture of Fusarium sp. yielded four 1,4-
naphthoquinone with naphthazarin structures (1-4). On the other hand, the endophytic fungus L.
theobromae grown on the 15-day solid rice culture produced dihydroisocoumarins (5-8). All the
isolated compounds (1-8) showed significant activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei with MIC
values of 0.32-12.5 µM. Preliminary cytotoxicity screening against normal prostate cells (PNT2A)
was also performed. All compounds exhibited low cytotoxicity, with compounds 3 and 4 showing
the lowest cytotoxicity of only 22.3% and 38.6% of the control values at 100 µg/mL, respectively.
Structure elucidation of the isolated secondary metabolites was achieved using 2D-NMR and
HRESI-MS as well as comparison with literature data.