bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical governance of artificial intelligence for defence: normative tradeoffs for principle to practice guidance
Authors: Blanchard Alexander , Thomas Christopher , Taddeo Mariarosaria
Published: February 2024

The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in the defence domain raises challenges for the ethical governance of these systems. A recent shift from the what to the how of AI ethics sees a nascent body of literature published by defence organisations focussed on guidance to implement AI ethics principles. These efforts have neglected a crucial intermediate step between principles and guidance concerning the elicitation of ethical requirements for specifying the guidance. In this article, we outline the key normative choices and corresponding tradeoffs that are involved in specifying guidance for the implementation of AI ethics principles in the defence domain. These correspond to: the AI lifecycle model used; the scope of stakeholder involvement; the accountability goals chosen; the choice of auditing requirements; and the choice of mechanisms for transparency and traceability. We provide initial recommendations for navigating these tradeoffs and highlight the importance of a pro-ethical institutional culture.
Stereotactic anatomy of the third ventricle
Authors: da Silva Alexandra Campos , Silva Susana Maria , Alves Hélio , Cunha-Cabral Diogo , Pinto Filipe F. , Fernandes‑Silva João , Arantes Mavilde , Andrade José Paulo
Published: February 2024

Purpose

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a surgical procedure that can lead to complications and requires detailed preoperative planning. This study aimed to provide a more accurate understanding of the anatomy of the third ventricle and the location of important structures to improve the safety and success of ETV.

Methods

We measured the stereotactic coordinates of six points of interest relative to a predefined stereotactic reference point in 23 cadaver brain hemi-sections, 200 normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and 24 hydrocephalic brain MRI scans. The measurements were statistically analyzed, and comparisons were made.

Results

We found some statistically significant differences between genders in MRIs from healthy subjects. We also found statistically significant differences between MRIs from healthy subjects and both cadaver brains and MRIs with hydrocephalus, though their magnitude is very small and not clinically relevant. Some stereotactic points were more posteriorly and inferiorly located in cadaver brains, particularly the infundibular recess and the basilar artery. It was found that all stereotactic points studied were more posteriorly located in brains with hydrocephalus.

Conclusion

The study describes periventricular structures in cadaver brains and MRI scans from healthy and hydrocephalic subjects, which can guide neurosurgeons in planning surgical approaches to the third ventricle. Overall, the study contributes to understanding ETV and provides insights for improving its safety and efficacy. The findings also support that practicing on cadaveric brains can still provide valuable information and is valid for study and training of neurosurgeons unfamiliar with the ETV technique.
A retrospective study on the mechanism underlying quick transfer from response to resistance in a repeated recurrent chordoma patient with molecular alterations treated with Palbociclib
Authors: Zhong Nanzhe , Yu Dong , Yang Minglei , Lu Xingyi , Zhang Qiangzu , Wei Wei , Jiao Jian , Yang Xinghai , Zhu Zhi , Chen Su , Xiao Jianru
Published: February 2024

Purpose

There is no approved targeted therapy for chordoma at present. Although several preclinical studies have implied the potential applicability of CDK4/6 inhibitor for this rare tumor, no clinical evidence has been documented so far. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor for chordoma.

Methods

The next generation sequencing (as for whole-exome sequencing, WES assay) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the chordoma tissue from a patient with an advanced lesion were performed before treatment. Then, the patient was treated with Palbociclib for 4 months until progression occurred in the 5th month. Surgical resection was implemented and the tumor tissue was obtained postoperatively for assessment of molecular alterations.

Results

Molecular features of the tumor before medical treatment suggested applicability of CDK4/6 inhibitor and the patient showed partial response (PR) according to Choi Criteria after 4 months treating with Palbociclib until progression occurred. Then, a drastic molecular alteration of the tumor as represented by emergence of dramatic E2F amplification, which is known to induce CDK4/6 independent cell-cycle entry and progression after treatment, was detected. The findings in this patient demonstrated tumor evolution under drug pressure.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study suggest the feasibility of Palbociclib for the clinical treatment of chordoma, and imply the necessity of combination therapies rather single drug administration due to the quick resistance of the tumor to Palbociclib treatment.
Eigenverantwortliche Heilkundeausübung durch Notfallsanitäter in Bayern: ein landesweiter Konsens zur Anwendung des § 2a NotSanG
Authors: Gottschalk Johannes , Dittmar Michael , Meier Florian , Schnelzer Hannelore , Lange Sebastian , Nerlinger Thomas , Bayeff-Filloff Michael ,   Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Durchführenden des Rettungsdienstes in Bayern,   Ärztliche Leiter und Ärztliche Bezirksbeauftragte Rettungsdienst Bayern
Published: February 2024

Hintergrund

Die eigenverantwortliche Heilkundeausübung in Notfällen ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil des Berufsbilds der Notfallsanitäter (NotSan). Bis dato liegt kein konsentierter spezifischer Tätigkeitskatalog für eigenverantwortliche Handlungen nach § 2a Notfallsanitätergesetz (NotSanG) vor, an dem sich die Aus- und Fortbildung sowie der einzelne NotSan orientieren kann.

Methoden

In einem informellen Gruppenprozess wurde eine modulare Kompetenzmatrix entlang der gesetzlichen Anforderungen an die eigenverantwortliche Heilkundeausübung durch NotSan erstellt und mögliche heilkundliche Maßnahmen und Medikamente den Kategorien der Matrix zugeordnet. Dies wurde im Anschluss von den Durchführenden des Rettungsdiensts und den Ärztlichen Leitern Rettungsdienst Bayern konsentiert.

Ergebnisse

Die Kompetenzmatrix zur eigenverantwortlichen Heilkundeausübung unterscheidet drei Kategorien: die Standardkompetenz wird nach der Berufsausbildung von jedem NotSan erwartet und umfasst 23 Medikamente und 18 Maßnahmen. Durch Berufserfahrung und definierte zusätzliche Bildungsmaßnahmen kann ein erweitertes Kompetenzniveau erreicht werden (bis zu 10 Medikamente und 2 Maßnahmen). Nicht unter den Anwendungsbereich von § 2a NotSanG fallen 20 vorgehaltene Pharmaka und alle sonstigen invasiven Maßnahmen.

Schlussfolgerung

Das vorliegende konsentierte Konzept definiert für Bayern die spezifischen Inhalte der NotSan-Ausbildung nach § 4 Abs. 2 Nr. 1c NotSanG sowie den Umfang der Garantenstellung der NotSan und bietet den NotSan eine berufliche Entwicklungsmöglichkeit. Für die Zukunft ist eine Konkretisierung der Anforderungen für das erweiterte Kompetenzniveau vorgesehen.
Partizipative Entscheidungsfindung in der Notfallmedizin
Authors: Wehking Felix , Nürnberger Matthias , Geiger Friedemann
Published: February 2024

In der partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung arbeiten ÄrztInnen und PatientInnen zusammen, wenn mehr als eine diagnostische oder therapeutische Herangehensweise an eine medizinische Fragestellung vertretbar ist. Dieses Konzept ist in zahlreichen Fachgebieten erprobt, aber noch weit entfernt davon, der Versorgungsstandard zu sein. Im fokussierten Blick auf die Notfallmedizin sind die USA Vorreiter, während in anderen Ländern – insbesondere Deutschland – die Thematik noch kaum diskutiert wird. Die aktuelle Debatte über eine Reform der Notfallmedizin sehend, beschreibt dieser Artikel den Stand partizipativer Entscheidungsfindung in der Notfallmedizin und zeigt die potenziellen ethischen, rechtlichen und gesundheitsökonomischen Vorteile auf.
The contribution of children’s effortful control to math performance is partially mediated by math anxiety
Authors: Sánchez-Pérez Noelia , Fuentes Luis J. , González-Salinas Carmen
Published: February 2024

This study aimed to ascertain the contribution of children’s effortful control (EC) to math achievement by testing the mediational involvement of math anxiety. Participants were 704 children (367 girls) aged between 7 and 12 years (M = 9.43, SD = 1.23). Children’s EC was measured by parent’s report, math anxiety was assessed through self-report, whereas math achievement was evaluated by performance on standard math tests. The models tested involved EC higher-order factor or specific EC components (activation control, attentional focusing, and inhibitory control). The results showed that activation control, attentional focusing, and EC higher-order factor contributed to math performance directly and through the mediation of math anxiety. Inhibitory control did not yield a significant effect on math performance. The findings suggest that children with higher dispositional effortful self-regulation tend to experience lower levels of math anxiety, with positive effects on math performance.
Landmark-based distributed topological mapping and navigation in GPS-denied urban environments using teams of low-cost robots
Authors: Teymouri Mohammad Saleh , Bhattacharya Subhrajit
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we address the problem of autonomous multi-robot mapping, exploration and navigation in unknown, GPS-denied indoor or urban environments using a team of robots equipped with directional sensors with limited sensing capabilities and limited computational resources. The robots have no a priori knowledge of the environment and need to rapidly explore and construct a map in a distributed manner using existing landmarks, the presence of which can be detected using onboard senors, although little to no metric information (distance or bearing to the landmarks) is available. In order to correctly and effectively achieve this, the presence of a necessary density/distribution of landmarks is ensured by design of the urban/indoor environment. We thus address this problem in two phases: (1) During the design/construction of the urban/indoor environment we can ensure that sufficient landmarks are placed within the environment. To that end we develop a filtration-based approach for designing strategic placement of landmarks in an environment. (2) We develop a distributed algorithm which a team of robots, with no a priori knowledge of the environment, can use to explore such an environment, construct a topological map requiring no metric/distance information, and use that map to navigate within the environment. This is achieved using a topological representation of the environment (called a Landmark Complex), instead of constructing a complete metric/pixel map. The representation is built by the robot as well as used by them for navigation through a balanced strategy involving exploration and exploitation. We use tools from homology theory for identifying “holes” in the coverage/exploration of the unknown environment and hence guide the robots towards achieving a complete exploration and mapping of the environment. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed metric-free topological (simplicial complex) representation in achieving exploration, localization and navigation within the environment.
Artifishial: naturalness and the CRISPR-salmon
Authors: Winther Hannah
Published: February 2024

One of the reasons why GMOs have met public resistance in the past is that they are perceived as “unnatural”. The basis for this claim has, in part, to do with crossing species boundaries, which is considered morally objectionable. The emergence of CRISPR is sometimes argued to be an ethical game-changer in this regard since it does not require the insertion of foreign genes. Based on an empirical bioethics study including individual interviews and focus groups with laypeople and other stakeholders, this article analyses the normative role of appeals to naturalness in discussions about the moral acceptability of using CRISPR in salmon farming. It discusses two dimensions of naturalness found in the material– living by species-specific nature and being unaffected by humans– and argues that these dimensions put down criteria for the application of CRISPR that lead to a conflict between our moral duties towards the farmed salmon and those we hold towards the wild salmon as a threatened species. It also points to a paradox which is likely to gain traction with further climate change and biodiversity loss, namely that while nature, understood as that which is unaffected by humans, is presented as an ideal, conserving nature in its pristine state may rely on technology and human intervention.
Signal dynamic range expansion and power supply voltage reduction for an exponentiation conversion IC
Authors: Nishiyama Naoya , Matsui Fumiya , Sano Yuji
Published: February 2024

In order to compensate for the non-linearity of an electronic device, an exponentiation conversion circuit that can change the power exponent to any value has been proposed. The exponentiation conversion circuit multiplies the logarithmically converted input signal by a power exponent value to perform exponential conversion. As a result, we can obtain the power function characteristic of a power exponent value. This circuit is a small-scale circuit that utilizes the exponential characteristics of the MOSFET subthreshold region. In a conventional circuit, expansion of the signal dynamic range and reduction of the power supply voltage have been an issue. In this paper, it was confirmed by simulation that the signal dynamic range has expanded by optimizing the current density of MOSFETs. In addition, the linearity of the multiplying circuit was improved by feedback produced by the operational amplifier circuits. We proposed reducing its power supply voltage from 6.0 to 3.3 V by a new multiplying circuit that can eliminate the restriction of maximum voltage gain. Our circuit expands its signal dynamic range from 17.5 to 42.7 dB in condition of the power exponent value from 0.50 to 2.0.
An MRI Study of Morphology, Asymmetry, and Sex Differences of Inferior Precentral Sulcus
Authors: Zhao Xinran , Wang Yu , Wu Xiaokang , Liu Shuwei
Published: February 2024

Numerous studies utilizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have observed sex and interhemispheric disparities in sulcal morphology, which could potentially underpin certain functional disparities in the human brain. Most of the existing research examines the precentral sulcus comprehensively, with a rare focus on its subsections. To explore the morphology, asymmetry, and sex disparities within the inferior precentral sulcus (IPCS), we acquired 3.0T magnetic resonance images from 92 right-handed Chinese adolescents. Brainvisa was used to reconstruct the IPCS structure and calculate its mean depth (MD). Based on the morphological patterns of IPCS, it was categorized into five distinct types. Additionally, we analyzed four different types of spatial relationships between IPCS and inferior frontal sulcus (IFS). There was a statistically significant sex disparity in the MD of IPCS, primarily observed in the right hemisphere. Females exhibited significantly greater asymmetry in the MD of IPCS compared to males. No statistically significant sex or hemispheric variations were identified in sulcal patterns. Our findings expand the comprehension of inconsistencies in sulcal structure, while also delivering an anatomical foundation for the study of related regions’ function.
Forecasting Bank Failure in the U.S.: A Cost-Sensitive Approach
Authors: Ekinci Aykut , Sen Safa
Published: February 2024

Preventing bank failure has been a top priority among regulatory institutions and policymakers driven by a robust theoretical and empirical foundation highlighting the adverse correlation between bank failures and real output. Therefore, the importance of creating early signals is an essential task to undertake to prevent bank failures. We used J48, Logistic Regression, Multilayer Perceptron, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Cost-Sensitive Forest (CSForest) to predict bank failures in the U.S. for 1482 (59 failed) national banks between 2008 to 2010 during the global financial crisis and its aftermath. This research paper stands as a prominent contribution within the existing literature, employing contemporary machine learning algorithms, namely XGBoost and CSForest. Distinguished by its emphasis on mitigating Type-II errors, CSForest, a novel algorithm introduced in this study, exhibits superior performance in minimizing such errors, while XGBoost performed as one of the weakest among the peers. The empirical findings reveal that Logistic Regression maintains its relevance and efficacy, thus underscoring its continued importance as a benchmark model.
The sharka disease on stone fruits in Italy: a review, with a focus on Tuscany
Authors: Pedrelli Athos , Panattoni Alessandra , Cotrozzi Lorenzo
Published: February 2024

Sharka, caused by plum pox virus (PPV), is by far the most harmful disease of stone fruits (genus Prunus). Although Italy is a major producer of stone fruits, and sharka has spread in most Italian regions since its first identification in the 1970s, information on the diffusion of the disease in Italy results still scattered and incomplete. To address this knowledge gap, the present review aimed to firstly provide a historical overview of sharka in Italy, summarizing outcomes on the disease achieved since the first identification of its causal agent PPV. Data retrieved from a variety of sources (i.e., published literature, official reports and personal communications) showed that (i) sharka spread across almost the whole Italian peninsula as only Liguria, Umbria and Aosta Valley regions officially result disease-free; (ii) the regions with higher rates of infected districts are not always those more dedicated to the production of stone fruits; (iii) only the three major PPV strains causing sharka, i.e., PPV-Dideron (D), PPV-Marcus (M), and PPV-Recombinant (Rec), have been reported in Italy; and (iv) only apricot, peach and plum (i.e., widespread and economically relevant species) are hosts of PPV, with different scenarios among regions. A focus on Tuscany (Central Italy) showed that, (i) sharka has been reported since the 1990s, but extensive PPV monitoring campaigns were run from 2013 to 2021, especially in nurseries; (ii) higher number of symptomatic and PPV positive samples were recorded in farms, mostly in the Arezzo and Florence districts; and (iii) only PPV-M and PPV-Rec strains seem still present. We believe that the present overview will benefit and encourage both researchers for future investigations on sharka and farmers that have to manage the disease.
Monitoring root rot in flat-leaf parsley via machine vision by unsupervised multivariate analysis of morphometric and spectral parameters
Authors: Agarwal Avinash , de Jesus Colwell Filipe , Bello Rodriguez Julian , Sommer Sarah , Correa Galvis Viviana Andrea , Hill Tom , Boonham Neil , Prashar Ankush
Published: February 2024

Use of vertical farms is increasing rapidly as it enables year-round crop production, made possible by fully controlled growing environments situated within supply chains. However, intensive planting and high relative humidity make such systems ideal for the proliferation of fungal pathogens. Thus, despite the use of bio-fungicides and enhanced biosecurity measures, contamination of crops does happen, leading to extensive crop loss, necessitating the use of high-throughput monitoring for early detection of infected plants. In the present study, progression of foliar symptoms caused by Pythium irregulare-induced root rot was monitored for flat-leaf parsley grown in an experimental hydroponic vertical farming setup. Structural and spectral changes in plant canopy were recorded non-invasively at regular intervals using a 3D multispectral scanner. Five morphometric and nine spectral features were selected, and different combinations of these features were subjected to multivariate data analysis via principal component analysis to identify temporal trends for early segregation of healthy and infected samples. Combining morphometric and spectral features enabled a clear distinction between healthy and diseased plants at 4–7 days post inoculation (DPI), whereas use of only morphometric or spectral features allowed this at 7–9 DPI. Minimal datasets combining the six most effective features also resulted in effective grouping of healthy and diseased plants at 4–7 DPI. This suggests that selectively combining morphometric and spectral features can enable accurate early identification of infected plants, thus creating the scope for improving high-throughput crop monitoring in vertical farms.
Positive and negative health events and trust
Authors: Umer Hamza , Li Yanjun
Published: February 2024

Trust plays a vital role in shaping numerous socio-economic behaviors. However, little is known about how significant life events, such as adverse and beneficial health events, shape up trust. Therefore, we examine the impact of positive and negative health events on general trust using the LISS panel (3911 respondents) from the Netherlands. The primary health event variable is constructed by comparing self-reported health in 2017 with 2018, while trust measured in 2019 (after the health survey) is used as the outcome variable. We find a significant and negative impact of adverse health events on trust, while positive health events have an insignificant effect. We perform several robustness checks that support our main findings. Further investigation shows that negative health events impact trust by reducing psychological wellbeing and social interactions. The results provide fresh insights into the health events and trust nexus.
Evaluation of downy mildew resistance in spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
Authors: Olaoye Dotun , Bhattarai Gehendra , Feng Chunda , Correll Jim , Shi Ainong
Published: February 2024

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an economically important leafy vegetable grown in the United States and world-wide. The downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora effusa (Pfs), is a major biotic constraint impacting spinach production and quality. The use of resistant cultivars is an economical and environmentally-friendly management option especially in organic production systems. As new races of the pathogen continue to appear, there is a need to continue to select for resistance to the emerging races. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a set of spinach hybrids and F2 breeding populations for resistance to Pfs race 5 to develop a better understanding of the genetics of downy mildew resistance. Also, we screened 39 commercial spinach cultivars for resistance to a recently identified race, Pfs race 19. The genetics of resistance to Pfs 5 was determined by greenhouse inoculations of F1 progeny (individual crosses between near isogenic lines, NIL3 or NIL1 and susceptible genotype, Viroflay) and F2 population progeny (cross between Califlay and susceptible Viroflay). Two hybrids were examined for resistance to Pfs 5. The results indicated that resistance conferred at the RPF1 or the RPF3 loci in a heterozygous (Rr) condition to Pfs 5 was completely dominant. Also, Chi-square analysis of the segregation pattern in the F2 population showed that resistance to Pfs race 5 was conferred by a single dominant gene. A total of 22 out of 39 spinach commercial cultivars were resistant to the newly reported Pfs race 19 and could be used in breeding programs to develop new cultivars with resistance to Pfs 19.
The Dirac equation across the horizons of the 5D Myers–Perry geometry: separation of variables, radial asymptotic behaviour and Hamiltonian formalism
Authors: Wang Qiu Shi
Published: February 2024

We analytically extend the 5D Myers–Perry metric through the event and Cauchy horizons by defining Eddington–Finkelstein-type coordinates. Then, we use the orthonormal frame formalism to formulate and perform separation of variables on the massive Dirac equation, and analyse the asymptotic behaviour at the horizons and at infinity of the solutions to the radial ordinary differential equation (ODE) thus obtained. Using the essential self-adjointness result of Finster–Röken and Stone’s formula, we obtain an integral spectral representation of the Dirac propagator for spinors with low masses and suitably bounded frequency spectra in terms of resolvents of the Dirac Hamiltonian, which can in turn be expressed in terms of Green’s functions of the radial ODE.
Gödel’s Undecidability Theorems and the Search for a Theory of Everything
Authors: Kiefer Claus
Published: February 2024

I investigate the question whether Gödel’s undecidability theorems play a crucial role in the search for a unified theory of physics. I conclude that unless the structure of space-time is fundamentally discrete we can never decide whether a given theory is the final one or not. This is relevant for both canonical quantum gravity and string theory. Slightly elaborated version of a Prize winning essay awarded by the Kurt Gödel Circle of Friends Berlin with the support of the University of Wuppertal, first published in https://kurtgoedel.de/kurt-goedel-award-2023/
Change detection of wetland vegetation under contrasting water-level scenarios in coastal marshes of eastern Georgian Bay
Authors: Rupasinghe Prabha Amali , Chow-Fraser Patricia
Published: February 2024

Context

Global climate change has resulted in extreme water-level (WL) fluctuations in Eastern Georgian Bay (EGB) and has affected its high-quality wetlands. Beginning in 1999, EGB experienced 14 years of extremely low water levels (Period 1), followed by 6 years of rapidly increasing water levels starting from 2014 (Period 2). During Period 1, trees and shrubs invaded the high marsh, but with inundation, they died out and transitioned into the novel Dead Tree (DT) Zone (DTZ) during Period 2.

Objectives

We related long-term changes in wetlands vegetation zonation to different levels of anthropogenic impacts and the Vulnerability Index (VI) scores and wetland sensitivity to WL extremes.

Methods

We used images acquired in 2002–2003 (IKONOS) and 2019 (KOMPSAT-3 and Pleiades-1A/1B) for four areas (19 wetlands) in EGB with varying anthropogenic impact. We used object-based classification to map land cover in two periods, followed by change detection. We related the percent areal cover of DT in wetlands to corresponding VI scores.

Results

We obtained > 85% overall and > 70% DT mapping accuracies. Wetlands with the least anthropogenic impact had the smallest DTZ. Percentage areal cover of the DTZ was significantly and positively correlated with wetland VI. Without exception, the amount of meadow marsh in wetlands was significantly reduced in Period 2.

Conclusions

Wetlands with higher VI scores and anthropogenic impact were associated with greater changes in wetland zonation and conversion into DTZ following extremes in water levels. This study provides important insights into how coastal marshes in EGB are responding to extreme water-level fluctuations induced by climate change.
A least-cost network neutral landscape model of human sites and routes
Authors: Etherington Thomas R. , O’Sullivan David , Perry George L. W. , Richards Daniel R. , Wainwright John
Published: February 2024

Context

Neutral landscape models generate virtual landscapes that enable computer-based exploration of the effects of spatial patterns on ecological processes free from the restrictions of real-world experimentation. For some questions in landscape ecology it is critical to incorporate human landscape features, such as networks, that are an integral part of human-influenced landscapes.

Objectives

This paper outlines an approach to produce a neutral landscape model that uses the human geography principle of least-cost movement to create a network of human sites (buildings, camps, mines, settlements, farms, factories, etc.) and routes (trails, roads, railways, canals, powerlines, etc.).

Methods

We used a least-cost modelling framework to create sites prioritised on least-cost catchment areas and routes based on least-cost paths. The location of sites and routes is determined by an underlying cost-surface that defines how movement costs vary across the landscape. The range of possible network patterns was quantified via raster network metrics and was compared to real-world network data.

Results

The proposed neutral landscape model produces networks with a wide range of possible patterns, and using real-world data can guide the selection of parameters that mimic human activity in a variety of land cover classes in real-world landscapes.

Conclusions

This network neutral landscape model extends the potential of neutral landscape models for research into human-influenced landscapes. We provide the code used to generate our examples under a permissive open-source licence.
Investigating the Poverty-Reducing Effects of SNAP on Non-nutritional Family Outcomes: A Scoping Review
Authors: Evans R. William , Maguet Zane P. , Stratford Gray M. , Biggs Allison M. , Goates Michael C. , Novilla M. Lelinneth B. , Frost Megan E. , Barnes Michael D.
Published: February 2024

Introduction/Purpose

Poverty-reduction efforts that seek to support households with children and enable healthy family functioning are vital to produce positive economic, health, developmental, and upward mobility outcomes. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is an effective poverty-reduction policy for individuals and families. This study investigated the non-nutritional effects that families experience when receiving SNAP benefits.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review using the PRISMA Guidelines and strategic search terms across seven databases from 01 January 2008 to 01 February 2023 (n=2456). Data extraction involved two researchers performing title-abstract reviews. Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility (n=103). Forty articles were included for data retrieval.

Results

SNAP positively impacts family health across the five categories of the Family Stress Model (Healthcare utilization for children and parents, Familial allocation of resources, Impact on child development and behavior, Mental health, and Abuse or neglect).

Discussion/Conclusion

SNAP is a highly effective program with growing evidence that it positively impacts family health and alleviates poverty. Four priority policy actions are discussed to overcome the unintentional barriers for SNAP: distributing benefits more than once a month; increasing SNAP benefits for recipients; softening the abrupt end of benefits when wages increase; and coordinating SNAP eligibility and enrollment with other programs.
Nonlinear nonholonomic systems: a simple approach and various examples
Authors: Talamucci Federico
Published: February 2024

The main theme of the article is the study of discrete systems of material points subjected to constraints not only of a geometric type (holonomic constraints) but also of a kinematical type (anolonomic constraints). The setting up of the equations of motion follows a simple principle which generalizes the holonomic case. Furthermore, attention is paid to the fact that the kinematical variables retain their velocity meaning, without resorting to the pseudo-velocity technique. Particular situations are examined in which the modeling of the constraints can be carried out in several ways to evaluate their effective equivalence. Numerous examples, many of which taken from the most recurring ones in the literature, are provided in order to illustrate the proposed theory.
Thermal and Tidal Evolution of Ice Giants with Growing Frozen Cores: The Case of Neptune
Authors: James David A. , Stixrude Lars
Published: February 2024

The contrasting internal luminosity of Uranus and Neptune present a challenge to our understanding of the origin and evolution of these bodies, as well as extra-solar ice giants. The thermal evolution of Neptune is known to be nearly consistent with an entirely fluid interior, but this is not a unique solution, and does not account for the tidal dissipation required by the migration of its moons. We examine a model that has been previously shown to explain the thermal and tidal evolution of Uranus: one that features a growing, frozen core. The core traps heat in the interior, affecting the cooling time scale, and provides a source of tidal dissipation. We review the growing, frozen core model, and the computation of thermal and tidal evolution. We then apply this model to Neptune. We find that the growing frozen core model can account for the observed internal luminosity of Neptune and the migration of its moons, in the form of resonances that were either encountered or avoided in the past. We discuss prospects for observational tests of the growing frozen core model and possible implications for understanding the gas giants.
Implementation of JPEG XS entropy encoding and decoding on FPGA
Authors: Tian Shuang , Song Qinghua , He Jialin , Wang Yihan , Nie Kai , Du Gang , Bu Ling
Published: February 2024

JPEG XS is the latest international standard for shallow compression fields launched by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The coding standard was officially released in 2019. The JPEG XS standard can be encoded and decoded on different devices, but there is no research on the implementation of JPEG XS entropy codec on FPGAs. This paper briefly introduces JPEG XS encoding, proposes a modular design scheme of encoder and decoder on FPGA for the entropy encoding and decoding part, and parallelizes the algorithm in JPEG XS coding standard according to the characteristics of FPGA parallelization processing, mainly including low-latency optimization design, storage space optimization design. The optimized scheme in this paper scheme enables encoding speeds of up to 4 coefficients/clock and decoding speeds of up to 2 coefficients/clock, with a 75% reduction in encoding and decoding time. The maximum clock frequency of the entropy encoder is about 222.6 MHz, and the maximum clock frequency of the entropy decoder is about 127 MHz. The design and implementation of the FPGA-based JPEG XS entropy encoding and decoding algorithm is of great significance and provides ideas for the subsequent implementation and optimization of the entire JPEG XS standard on FPGAs. This work is the first in the world to propose the design and implementation of an algorithm that can implement the JPEG XS entropy encoding and decoding process on FPGA. It creates the possibility for the effective application of JPEG XS standard in more media.
A Simple Way to Estimate a Difficult Sleeve Gastrectomy Prior to Operating
Authors: Kara Yalcin Burak , Buluc Halil , Elgezen Mehmet , Yildiz Edanur , Yardimci Samet
Published: February 2024

Background

Today, bariatric procedures are common. These surgeries’ difficulties are classified as patient- or surgical team–related and are estimated by body mass index (BMI). More efficient methods are needed to help surgeons. This study evaluated the effect of measuring patients’ subcutaneous fat tissue thickness (SFT) and umbilicus-xiphoid (DXU) to anticipate surgical difficulties.

Material and Methods

This was a prospective retrospective data analysis study. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy patients seen between May and October 2022 were included in the analysis and divided into three groups, according to a surgeon’s assessment. All patients’ SFT, DXU, rectus muscle thickness, total fat tissue amount (TFT), and operational time were recorded prospectively and analyzed.

Results

In all, 151 patients were included in the study; of these, 124 (82.1%) were women and 27 (17.9%) were men. Their mean BMI value was 41.1 ± 6.2. Based on expert’s opinion, we classified three groups: easy (n = 123, 81.5%), intermediate (n = 22, 14.6%), or difficult (n = 6, 4%). When the easy group was compared to the intermediate/difficult groups, we found that intermediate/difficult groups’ SFT values were statistically significantly higher than the easy group (p = 0.000). Also, the intermediate/difficult group’s TFT value was statistically significantly higher than the easy group (p = 0.000). We found no statistically significant differences between groups’ DXU and rectus muscle thickness.

Conclusion

This is the first study to anticipate sleeve gastrectomy difficulty using SFT and TFT. This is an easy technique to apply and no additional costs. Anticipating difficulties based on these criteria can ensure necessary preparations are made and help avoid complications.

Graphical Abstract
Phenotypic Transitions the Processes Involved in Regulation of Growth and Proangiogenic Properties of Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells and Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Kulus Magdalena , Farzaneh Maryam , Bryja Artur , Zehtabi Mojtaba , Azizidoost Shirin , Abouali Gale Dari Mahrokh , Golcar-Narenji Afsaneh , Ziemak Hanna , Chwarzyński Mikołaj , Piotrowska–Kempisty Hanna , Dzięgiel Piotr , Zabel Maciej , Mozdziak Paul , Bukowska Dorota , Kempisty Bartosz , Antosik Paweł
Published: February 2024

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process with significance in the metastasis of malignant tumors. It is through the acquisition of plasticity that cancer cells become more mobile and gain the ability to metastasize to other tissues. The mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) is the return to an epithelial state, which allows for the formation of secondary tumors. Both processes, EMT and MET, are regulated by different pathways and different mediators, which affects the sophistication of the overall tumorigenesis process. Not insignificant are also cancer stem cells and their participation in the angiogenesis, which occur very intensively within tumors. Difficulties in effectively treating cancer are primarily dependent on the potential of cancer cells to rapidly expand and occupy secondarily vital organs. Due to the ability of these cells to spread, the concept of the circulating tumor cell (CTC) has emerged. Interestingly, CTCs exhibit molecular diversity and stem-like and mesenchymal features, even when derived from primary tumor tissue from a single patient. While EMT is necessary for metastasis, MET is required for CTCs to establish a secondary site. A thorough understanding of the processes that govern the balance between EMT and MET in malignancy is crucial.
When team members (dis)agree about social rules and norms: a shared relational models approach to explaining team viability
Authors: Arendt Johannes F. W. , Kugler Katharina G. , Brodbeck Felix C.
Published: February 2024

When people work together in teams, they ideally have a common understanding, a shared mental model regarding various aspects of teamwork. This common understanding refers not only to task-related aspects of teamwork but also to the elemental social rules and norms that underlie social interactions among team members. Relational models theory proposes that social rules and norms can be seen as the implementation and combination of four elemental relational models that people use to coordinate their social interactions. Since each of these relational models encompasses a distinct moral motive, which determines expectations of fairness and appropriate behaviors in social interactions, we propose that the degree of sharedness of individuals’ perceptions regarding the applicable relational models in teams (i.e., shared relational models) is positively related to various aspects of team viability, mediated by perceived justice and relationship conflict. In two field studies collecting data from N = 40 and N = 46 work teams in organizations, we found reproducible support for most of our hypotheses. Our studies’ findings emphasize the importance of shared relational models among team members for justice perceptions, conflict and team viability in organizational settings.
Bisphenol A Negatively Impacts Human Sperm MicroRNA and Protein Profiles
Authors: Santiago Joana , Simková Marketa , Silva Joana V. , Santos Manuel A. S. , Vitku Jana , Fardilha Margarida
Published: February 2024

Bisphenol A (BPA), a widely prevalent endocrine disruptor, has detrimental effects on human health and male reproduction. Elevated BPA levels have been linked to reduced sperm quality and production, while paternal exposure may result in poor reproductive outcomes and offspring health. For many years, the effects of BPA exposure in human reproduction were mainly attributed to the deregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. In the past decades, other mechanisms of action have been proposed, and studies highlighting epigenetic alterations linked to BPA in sperm emerged. Nevertheless, the impact of BPA on human sperm miRNA and protein profiles and its implications for fertilization and post-fertilization events remain unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the association between BPA concentration in seminal plasma and seminal quality and to examine the alterations in human sperm miRNA and protein expression among men with varying BPA levels in seminal plasma. BPA levels were measured in seminal plasma from 102 Portuguese men, and it was detected in 88% of the samples. No correlation was observed between BPA levels and age or seminal parameters. The small RNA content of 15 normozoospermic samples was evaluated using small RNA sequencing, revealing that 15 miRNAs exhibited a correlation with BPA levels. Gene ontology analysis of their target genes indicated their involvement in embryonic development and response to stress. The proteome of 20 normozoospermic human sperm samples, categorized into four groups based on BPA levels, was accessed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD047280. Sixty-two differentially expressed proteins were identified across groups. The biological processes most affected in samples with higher BPA levels were “protein sumoylation” and “cytoplasmic translation”. The altered miRNAs and proteins identified in spermatozoa from men environmentally exposed to BPA represent potential biological markers of exposure to this endocrine disruptor and may help elucidate cases of idiopathic male infertility, fertilization failure, and abnormal embryo development.
Toward Seamless Mobility-as-a-Service
Authors: Hoess Alexandra , Lautenschlager Jonathan , Sedlmeir Johannes , Fridgen Gilbert , Schlatt Vincent , Urbach Nils
Published: February 2024

With growing awareness of sustainability and convenience expectations, customers are increasingly demanding integrated and seamless mobility in the form of mobility-as-a-service (MaaS). However, as centralized MaaS platforms have thus far failed to integrate a critical share of mobility service providers (MSPs), travelers lack opportunities to efficiently combine the various mobility services required for seamless end-to-end itinerary coverage. Particularly, MSPs often refuse to collaborate by devolving control over customer interfaces or sensitive data owing to threats of market power concentration. While alternative blockchain-based approaches aim to provide equal market access, they cannot sufficiently align competing business goals and face substantial problems resulting from the replicated processing of sensitive data. Both researchers and practitioners have recently suggested decentralized digital identity management enabled by digital wallets as a promising mechanism to exchange verifiable identity attributes while mitigating problems related to data aggregation. Following a design science research approach, the article accordingly explores how digital wallets can address the shortcomings of existing approaches to MaaS. It contributes a novel IS architecture and principles for a design at the nexus of centralized and decentralized solutions to mitigate tensions between cooperation and competition. Further, the findings indicate that when building decentralized solutions, one should also consider components beyond blockchain and smart contracts.
Gynecologic Care of Black Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Pleasant Versha
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

Black patients suffer from breast cancer-related racial health disparities, which could have implications on their gynecologic care. This review explores considerations in the gynecologic care of Black breast cancer survivors.

Recent Findings

Black people have a higher risk of leiomyoma and endometrial cancer, which could confound bleeding patterns such as in the setting of tamoxifen use. As Black people are more likely to have early-onset breast cancer, this may have implications on long-term bone and heart health. Black patients may be more likely to have menopausal symptoms at baseline and as a result of breast cancer treatment. Furthermore, Black patients are less likely to utilize assisted reproductive technology and genetic testing services.

It is important for healthcare providers to be well-versed in the intersections of breast cancer and gynecologic care. Black breast cancer survivors may have unique considerations for which practitioners should be knowledgeable.
The Health-Related and Learning Performance Effects of Air Pollution and Other Urban-Related Environmental Factors on School-Age Children and Adolescents—A Scoping Review of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Roche Inés Valls , Ubalde-Lopez Mònica , Daher Carolyn , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Gascon Mireia
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

This scoping review aims to assess the impact of air pollution, traffic noise, heat, and green and blue space exposures on the physical and cognitive development of school-age children and adolescents. While existing evidence indicates adverse effects of transport-related exposures on their health, a comprehensive scoping review is necessary to consolidate findings on various urban environmental exposures’ effects on children’s development.

Recent Findings

There is consistent evidence on how air pollution negatively affects children’s cognitive and respiratory health and learning performance, increasing their susceptibility to diseases in their adult life. Scientific evidence on heat and traffic noise, while less researched, indicates that they negatively affect children’s health. On the contrary, green space exposure seems to benefit or mitigate these adverse effects, suggesting a potential strategy to promote children’s cognitive and physical development in urban settings.

This review underscores the substantial impact of urban exposures on the physical and mental development of children and adolescents. It highlights adverse health effects that can extend into adulthood, affecting academic opportunities and well-being beyond health. While acknowledging the necessity for more research on the mechanisms of air pollution effects and associations with heat and noise exposure, the review advocates prioritizing policy changes and urban planning interventions. This includes minimizing air pollution and traffic noise while enhancing urban vegetation, particularly in school environments, to ensure the healthy development of children and promote lifelong health.