bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A transfer learning approach for automatic segmentation of the surgically treated anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Flannery Sean W. , Kiapour Ata M. , Edgar David J. , Murray Martha M. , Beveridge Jillian E. , Fleming Braden C.
Published: January 2021

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging enables quantitative assessment of the healing anterior cruciate ligament or graft post‐surgery, but its use is constrained by the need for time consuming manual image segmentation. The goal of this study was to validate a deep learning model for automatic segmentation of repaired and reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments. We hypothesized that (1) a deep learning model would segment repaired ligaments and grafts with comparable anatomical similarity to intact ligaments, and (2) automatically derived quantitative features (i.e., signal intensity and volume) would not be significantly different from those obtained by manual segmentation. Constructive Interference in Steady State sequences were acquired of ACL repairs (n = 238) and grafts (n = 120). A previously validated model for intact ACLs was retrained on both surgical groups using transfer learning. Anatomical performance was measured with Dice coefficient, sensitivity, and precision. Quantitative features were compared to ground truth manual segmentation. Automatic segmentation of both surgical groups resulted in decreased anatomical performance compared to intact ACL automatic segmentation (repairs/grafts: Dice coefficient = .80/.78, precision = .79/.78, sensitivity = .82/.80), but neither decrease was statistically significant (Kruskal‐Wallis: Dice coefficient p = .02, precision p = .09, sensitivity p = .17; Dunn post‐hoc test for Dice coefficient: repairs/grafts p = .054/.051). There were no significant differences in quantitative features between the ground truth and automatic segmentation of repairs/grafts (0.82/2.7% signal intensity difference, p = .57/.26; 1.7/2.7% volume difference, p = .68/.72). The anatomical similarity performance and statistical similarities of quantitative features supports the use of this automated segmentation model in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging pipelines, which will accelerate research and provide a step towards clinical applicability.
One‐year outcomes following physical therapist‐led intervention for chronic hip‐related groin pain: Ancillary analysis of a pilot multicenter randomized clinical trial
Authors: Harris‐Hayes Marcie , Steger‐May Karen , M. Bove Allyn , Mueller Michael J. , Clohisy John C. , Fitzgerald G. Kelley
Published: January 2021

Evidence related to physical therapist‐led intervention for patients with chronic hip‐related groin pain (HRGP) is limited. The purpose was to assess sustainability of treatment effects for people with HRGP undergoing two physical therapist‐led interventions. We completed an ancillary analysis of a pilot multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Forty‐six patients with chronic HRGP, 15–40 years, were enrolled. Patients were randomized to participate in 10 sessions over 12 weeks of either movement pattern training (MoveTrain) or traditional strength/flexibility (Standard). Participants completed self‐report questionnaires before treatment and 6 and 12 months after treatment completion. Outcome measures included Hip disability and Osteoarthritis and Outcome Score (HOOS), Patient Specific Functional Scale and Numeric Pain Rating Scale for average and worst pain. Continuous data were analyzed with mixed model repeated measures analysis of variance (RM‐ANOVA) within each group. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) was analyzed using multinomial generalized estimating equations (GEE) with a cumulative logit. Reported p values are from statistical contrasts within the RM‐ANOVAs and GEEs testing a priori hypotheses regarding change from pretest to month 6, and pretest to month 12. A total of 43/46 (93.5%) participants completed treatment, 40 (87.0%) completed 6 and 38 (82.6%) completed 12 month questionnaires. At 6 and 12 months, both groups demonstrated clinically significant improvements, compared to pretest, in all subscales of HOOS (p < 0.01), Patient Specific Functional Scale (p < 0.001), and NPRS (p < 0.0001). Among patients with chronic HRGP, both MoveTrain and Standard resulted in improved outcomes that were sustained 12 months after treatment. Further investigation in a larger sample is needed to confirm our findings.
Using machine learning techniques predicts prognosis of patients with Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Chen Wenhao , Zhou Chaoming , Yan Zhiyu , Chen Hui , Lin Kainan , Zheng Zibing , Xu Wenchen
Published: January 2021

Ewing sarcoma is one of the most common types of malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. However, to our limited knowledge, no study exists that uses machine learning to create algorithms for the prediction of survivorship for Ewing sarcoma. About 2332 patients with Ewing sarcoma between 1975 and 2016 in the United States were identified from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. All patients in the data set were randomly assigned into the training set and the testing set, at a 2:8 ratio. In the training set, boosted decision tree, support vector machine, nonparametric random forest method, and neural network models were developed to predict the 5‐year survivorship. The overall survival rate in 5‐year follow‐up of this patient cohort is 60.72%. With respect to the algorithms for both cancer specific survival and overall survival, there was slight superiority in our performance metrics favoring the random forest method over the other models for survival prediction, with 77/83% sensitivity and 91/94% specificity, respectively. The random forest method was incorporated into a freely available web‐based application. This application can be accessed through https://zryan.shinyapps.io/EwingSarcoma/. Clinical Significance: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first available predictive model for predicting survival in Ewing sarcoma based on machine‐learning algorithms. This study may provide orthopedic surgeons with an easily accessible prediction tool when dealing with patients suffering from Ewing sarcoma.
Multi‐residue extraction to determine organic pollutants in mussel hemolymph
Authors: Álvarez‐Ruiz Rodrigo , Picó Yolanda , Campo Julián
Published: January 2021

This study assesses the extraction of eleven pharmaceuticals, five pesticides, five perfluoroalkyl substances, and two illicit drugs in hemolymph from (Mytilus Galloprovincialis). Four extraction procedures using Phree™ Phospholipid Removal cartridges were tested using different volumes of methanol (400 and 600 μL) and acetonitrile (300 and 450 μL). The pollutants were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The use of methanol gave several problems during the extraction procedure, such as longer times and sample loss. Three methods (acetonitrile 300 and 450 μL; and methanol 600 μL) were validated. Recoveries at three concentration levels (5, 50, and 100 ng/mL) ranged 35.1–129.0 and 29.3–133.0% for acetonitrile 300 and 450 μL, respectively, while recoveries for methanol 600 μL ranged 52.2–166.0%. Limits of detection were < 10 ng/mL for most analytes using any of the methods. Methanol 600 μL was the only method capable to extract the illicit drug 4‐methoxyphencyclidine and provided a better peak shape and higher signal‐noise ratio. When applied to non‐spiked samples from local markets salicylic acid and diclofenac were detected at 33.50‐97.79 and 28.30‐30.31 ng/mL respectively. To our knowledge, there are no methods to determine organic contaminants in hemolymph and this is the first application of Phree™ cartridges for mussel hemolymph extraction.
Ultrasonographic Patterns of Cutaneous Sarcoidosis
Authors: López‐Llunell Cristina , Romaní Jorge , Roé Esther , Giavedoni Priscila , Vidal David , Wortsman Ximena
Published: January 2021

Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan disease characterized by the formation of noncaseating granulomas and possible skin involvement. Cutaneous sarcoidosis (CS) can be explored by ultrasonography when deep dermal or subcutaneous nodules are the clinical presentation. We reviewed the ultrasound characteristics of 14 patients (86% female; mean age, 55 years) with CS. Ultrasonography revealed dermal or subcutaneous hypoechoic areas with increased echogenicity and hypervascularity of the neighboring subcutaneous tissue. In 42.9% of cases a cobblestone pattern of the subcutaneous tissue suggestive of septal involvement was detected. These US features can support the detection of dermal and subcutaneous abnormalities in CS and its early diagnosis.
Implementation of an Online Multimedia Pediatric Tracheostomy Care Module for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Ahmed Sadia T. , Yang Catherina , Deng Junwen , Bottalico Danielle M. , Matta‐Arroyo Esther , Cassel‐Choudhury Gina , Yang Christina J.
Published: January 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the effect of a multimedia educational module on provider attitudes toward pediatric tracheostomy care. We also describe the process of module development and dissemination at an academic children's hospital.

Study Design

Prospective observational study.

Methods

The pediatric airway committee at an urban tertiary care center developed a multimedia pediatric tracheostomy care module. Nurses, respiratory therapists, as well as resident, fellow, and attending physicians caring for pediatric patients with tracheostomies were eligible. Managers and clinical supervisors from various units recruited participants to complete the pediatric tracheostomy care electronic module and pre‐ and postassessment knowledge quizzes and surveys. Provider confidence was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis H‐test and Mann–Whitney U‐test, and paired t‐test was used to compare pre‐ and postmodule quiz scores.

Results

A total of 422 participants completed the module. A total of 275 participants completed the premodule survey, 385 completed the premodule quiz, 253 completed the postmodule survey, and 233 completed the postmodule quiz. Participants included providers in the neonatal intensive care unit, pediatric intensive care unit, pediatric emergency department, and pediatric wards. Postmodule surveys demonstrated a significant reduction in the average percentage of participants indicating lack of confidence with regards to changing an established tracheostomy, responding to accidental decannulation of established tracheostomy, and responding to accidental decannulation of fresh tracheostomy (P < .001). Average quiz scores increased by 5.6 points from 83.0% to 88.6% (P < .00001).

Conclusions

A multimedia educational module can improve provider perception of their knowledge and confidence surrounding pediatric tracheostomy management.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 131:1893–1901, 2021
From sensemaking to sensegiving: A discourse analysis of the scholarly communications community's public response to the global pandemic
Authors: Cuevas Shaw Lisa
Published: January 2021

This study examines the scholarly communications community's public response to the global pandemic. A discourse analysis was conducted of press releases, blogs, and website updates across non‐profits, commercial publishers, government agencies, technology companies, and universities to identify (1) the range of support activities immediately undertaken following the proclamation of the pandemic; (2) the language and style of public discourse used, demonstrating how different organizations characterized their responses and roles during the crisis; and (3) specific patterns that emerged among this community related to the process of organizational sensemaking. The findings show that the global community appeared highly adaptive and conceptually aligned in its initial response. Different actors within the community presented distinct identities relative to leadership, advocacy, service, or constituent orientation. More importantly, a majority of organizations demonstrated the use of sensegiving strategies to influence the future state of scholarly publishing, particularly with respect to the expressed desire for greater global collaboration, transparency, quality assurance, and openness. These findings may have implications regarding the future enactment of open and collaborative research publishing, which is especially significant at this stage of the global open science movement's development.
So, what does resilience mean for scholarly publishing?
Authors: Irfanullah Haseeb Md.
Published: January 2021

Key points

Resilience in the publishing industry can be viewed through a framework of assessing five capitals or assets: human, social, physical, financial, and natural capital.

A resilient system requires four properties: robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness, and rapidity, and scholarly publishing can be seen to have some element of each.

The ability to thrive in adversity and bounce back is not found in all parts of the publishing system, with those in the Global South disproportionately disadvantaged.

The positive changes introduced in the past year need to be retained and elements of inequality and exclusion removed to ensure future resilience and sustainability.
Simultaneous recording of filtration and respiration in marine organisms in response to short‐term environmental variability
Authors: Vajedsamiei Jahangir , Melzner Frank , Raatz Michael , Kiko Rainer , Khosravi Maral , Pansch Christian
Published: January 2021

Climate change imposes unusual long‐term trends in environmental conditions, plus some tremendous shifts in short‐term environmental variability, exerting additional stress on marine ecosystems. This paper describes an empirical method that aims to improve our understanding of the performance of benthic filter feeders experiencing changes in environmental conditions, such as temperature, on time scales of minutes to hours, especially during daily cycles or extreme events such as marine heatwaves or hypoxic upwelling. We describe the Fluorometer and Oximeter equipped Flow‐through Setup (FOFS), experimental design, and methodological protocols to evaluate the flood of data, enabling researchers to monitor important energy budget traits, including filtration and respiration of benthic filter‐feeders in response to fine‐tuned environmental variability. FOFS allows online recording of deviations in chlorophyll and dissolved oxygen concentrations induced by the study organism. Transparent data processing through Python scripts provides the possibility to adjust procedures to needs when working in different environmental contexts (e.g., temperature vs. pH, salinity, oxygen, biological cues) and with different filter‐feeding species. We successfully demonstrate the functionality of the method through recording responses of Baltic Sea blue mussels (Mytilus) during one‐day thermal cycles. This method practically provides a tool to help researchers exposing organisms to environmental variability for some weeks or months, to relate the observed long‐term performance responses to short‐term energy budget responses, and to explain their findings with the potential to generalize patterns. The method, therefore, allows a more detailed description of stress‐response relationships and the detection of species' tolerance limits.
Sarcopenia in Children With End‐Stage Liver Disease on the Transplant Waiting List
Authors: Woolfson Jessica P. , Perez Manuela , Chavhan Govind B. , Johara Fatema T. , Lurz Eberhard , Kamath Binita M. , Ng Vicky L.
Published: January 2021

Sarcopenia predicts morbidity and mortality in adults with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) and is determined by total psoas muscle area (tPMA) measurement from computed tomography (CT) imaging. Recently developed pediatric age‐ and sex‐specific tPMA growth curves provide the opportunity to ascertain prevalence and impact of sarcopenia in children awaiting liver transplantation (LT). This retrospective single‐center study evaluated sarcopenia in children between 1 and 16 years with ESLD and a clinically indicated abdominal CT less than 3 months before first isolated LT. Sarcopenia was defined as tPMA z score less than −2 measured at the intervertebral L4‐5 level. Patient demographic, biochemical, and outcome data were recorded. tPMA was compared with other measures of nutritional status using univariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Outcome measures included 1‐year morbidity events and mortality after LT. CT images from 25 (64% female) children with median age of 5.50 (interquartile range [IQR], 3.75‐11.33) years were reviewed. Ten children (40%) had a tPMA z score less than −2. Sarcopenia was associated with lower z scores for weight (odds ratio [OR], 0.38; P = 0.02), height (OR, 0.32; P = 0.03), and nutritional support before LT (OR, 12.93; P = 0.01). Sarcopenic children had a longer duration of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay (3.50 [IQR, 3.00‐6.00] versus 2.00 [IQR, 2.00‐3.50] days; P = 0.03). Sarcopenia was prevalent in 40% of children with ESLD awaiting LT, and lower tPMA z score was associated with deficient anthropometrics and need for nutritional support before LT. Post‐LT PICU duration was increased in children with sarcopenia, reflecting adverse outcomes associated with muscle loss. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sarcopenia in children with ESLD.
Revisiting the System Silanes–Polysaccharides: The Cases of THEOS–Chitosan and MeTHEOS–Chitosan
Authors: Bravo‐Flores Ileana , Meléndez‐Zamudio Miguel , Guerra‐Contreras Antonio , Ramírez‐Oliva Eulalia , Álvarez‐Guzmán Gilberto , Zárraga‐Núñez Ramón , Villegas Antonio , Cervantes Jorge
Published: January 2021

The glycol alkoxysilanes, tetrakis(2‐hydroxyethyl)silane (THEOS), and tris(2‐hydroxyethyl)methyl silane (MeTHEOS) are water soluble derivatives of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MeTEOS) and precursors of the system silane–chitosan reviewed in this work. The glycol modified alkoxysilanes are obtained by transesterification reaction of TEOS or MeTEOS with ethylene glycol. The reaction evolution is monitored by 29Si NMR. It is possible to observe the formation of the various species of glycol alkoxysilanes in equilibrium as the reaction proceeds showing that the oligomers formation is favored at longer reaction times with the final product tendency to gel keeping the complete water solubility. The glycol alkoxysilanes are synthesized at moderated reaction conditions, by using the Piers–Rubinsztajn (PR) reaction. Additionally, it is already known that THEOS is compatible with different natural polysaccharides as chitosan and the same behavior has been demonstrated in this work for MeTHEOS. Several reports refer studies regarding the system THEOS–polysaccharides to synthesize hybrid materials. The system THEOS–chitosan is known but the characterization as well as the way silane–chitosan interact has not been studied in detail. In the present report, chemical evidence of the covalent interactions THEOS– and MeTHEOS–chitosan based on NMR studies (13C and 29Si) are presented as intended.
On time fractional pseudo‐parabolic equations with non‐local in time condition
Authors: Can Nguyen Huu , Kumar Devendra , Vo Viet Tri , Nguyen Anh Tuan
Published: January 2021

The main objective of the paper is to study the non‐local problem for a pseudo‐parabolic equation with fractional time and space. The derivative of time is understood in the sense of the time derivative of the Caputo fraction of the order α,  0 < α < 1. The first result is an investigation of the existence and uniformity of the solution; the formula for mild solution and the regularity properties will be given. The proofs are based on a number of sophisticated techniques using the Sobolev embedding and also on the construction of the Mittag–Lefler operator. In the second part, we investigate the convergence of the mild solution for non‐local problem to the solution of the local problem when two non‐local parameters reach 0. Finally, we present some numerical examples to illustrate the proposed method.
Neuromuscular amyloidosis: Unmasking the master of disguise
Authors: Pinto Marcus V. , Dyck P. James B. , Liewluck Teerin
Published: January 2021

Amyloidosis refers to an etiologically heterogeneous group of protein misfolding diseases, pathologically characterized by extracellular amyloid fibrils producing congophillic amorphous deposits in organs and tissues, which may lead to severe organ dysfunction and mortality. Clinical presentations vary and are often nonspecific, depending on what organs or tissues are affected. In systemic amyloidosis, the peripheral nervous system is commonly affected, whereas the skeletal muscles are only rarely involved. Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis and hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis are the most frequent types of systemic amyloidosis involving the neuromuscular system. Localized amyloidosis can occur in skeletal muscle, so‐called isolated amyloid myopathy. Amyloid neuropathy typically involves small myelinated and unmyelinated sensory and autonomic nerve fibers early in the course of the disease, followed by large myelinated fiber sensory and motor deficits. The relentlessly progressive nature with motor, painful sensory and severe autonomic dysfunction, profound weight loss, and systemic features are distinct characteristics of amyloid neuropathy. Amyloid myopathy presentation differs between systemic amyloidosis and isolated amyloid myopathy. Long‐standing symptoms, distal predominant myopathy, markedly elevated creatine kinase level, and lack of peripheral neuropathy or systemic features are highly suggestive of isolated amyloid myopathy. In ATTR and AL amyloidosis, early treatment correlates with favorable outcomes. Therefore, awareness of these disorders and active screening for amyloidosis in patients with neuropathy or myopathy are crucial in detecting these patients in the everyday practice of neuromuscular medicine. Herein, we review the clinical manifestations of neuromuscular amyloidosis and provide a diagnostic approach to this disorder.
Recent progress of inorganic hole transport materials for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Wang Qingrui , Lin Zhenhua , Su Jie , Hu Zhaosheng , Chang Jingjing , Hao Yue
Published: January 2021

With the power conversion efficiency (PCE) surpassing 25%, the eye‐catching and promising perovskite materials have proved to be potential competitors in photovoltaic field. Till now, massive efforts have been invested into this blooming flower to further raise its efficiency approaching the Shockley‐Queisser limit (SQ limit) and improve its stability for prolonging effective operation life. In details, various methods including component engineering, structure optimization and interfacial treatment have been used for realizing efficient and stable devices. Especially, the charge transport layers usually play critical roles in effective extraction and transportation of charge carriers. Compared with organic charge transport materials, inorganic materials generally demonstrate excellent stability due to their superior film qualities and inert chemical properties. Moreover, low cost, high charge mobility and material stability have been proved for inorganic electron and hole transport materials. This review summarizes the general progress of different inorganic hole transport materials in perovskite solar cells of recent years for better acquaintance of their contribution in efficient and stable devices. The discussions about performance improvement in the future directions are also provided.
The neural differences of arithmetic verification performance depend on math skill: Evidence from event‐related potential
Authors: Taghizadeh Shiva , Hashemi Touraj , Jahan Ali , Nazari Mohammad Ali
Published: January 2021

Aim

Math skill is a basic need for an individual, as a career prospect. However, little is known about early brain processes of arithmetic between individuals with different math skill. Therefore, we questioned the modulation of the amplitude of an early negative component by math skill level in an arithmetic verification paradigm using event‐related potential (ERP).

Methods

Thirty‐six right‐handed participants were assigned in two groups of high‐ and low‐performing students. Their electroencephalogram was recorded while they completed an arithmetic verification task. Simple arithmetic operands were made by random digits from 1 to 9. Addition and subtraction operations were equally used in correct and incorrect responses. The accuracy scores, reaction times, and peak amplitude of the negativity in 200‐400 ms time window were analyzed.

Results

The high‐performing group showed significantly higher response speeds, and they were more accurate than the low‐performing group. The group × region interaction effect was significant. The high‐performing group showed a significantly greater negativity, particularly in parietal region, while the low‐performing group showed a significantly deeper negativity in frontal and prefrontal region. In the low‐performing group, there were significant peak amplitude differences between the anterior and posterior areas. However, such differences were not detected in the high‐performing group.

Conclusion

Students with different mathematical performance showed distinct patterns in early processing of arithmetic verification, as reflected by differences in negativity at 200‐400 ms at anterior and posterior. This suggests that ERPs could be used to differentiate math mastery at neural level which is beneficial in educational and clinical contexts.
Coaxial electrospinning process toward optimal nanoparticle dispersion in polymeric matrix
Authors: Navarro Oliva Francisco Sebastian , Picart Léo , Leon‐Valdivieso Christopher Y. , Benalla Ahmed , Lenglet Luc , Ospina Alejandro , Jestin Jacques , Bedoui Fahmi
Published: January 2021

Nanoreinforced polymers have gained popularity in the last decades since they exhibit enhanced properties (compared to pristine polymers) that are useful in a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, dispersion of nanoparticles (NPs) into polymeric matrices is a major problem since they tend to form agglomerates, limiting the improvement of properties and further applications. In this work, we propose the use of coaxial electrospinning as one‐step method to disperse NPs in a polymeric matrix. Particularly, iron oxide (Fe3O4) NP with a monomodal and bimodal size distributions were dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a material that is well known for its improved piezoelectric properties when it is processed via electrospinning. The results indicate that the incorporation of NP modified the polymeric fiber depending on their surface‐to‐volume ratio (smaller NP promoted smaller fiber size). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy revealed a good NP dispersion in the polymer, especially for the smallest NP size (monomodal). Finally, each NP size distributions were well preserved in the electrospun mats compared to the initial NP solutions, demonstrating the suitability of this technique for the fabrication of nanoreinforced PVDF structures with tailored NP size. Overall, this method could represent a facile and practical alternative to fabricate materials with piezoelectric/super‐paramagnetic properties.
Metabolic differences of two Ferula species as potential sources of galbanum: An NMR‐based metabolomics study
Authors: Farhadi Faegheh , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Mohtashami Leila , Shakeri Asil Shokrollah , Iranshahy Milad
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Ferula gummosa Boiss. and Ferula galbaniflua Boiss. & Buhse (Apiaceae) are two important Iranian plants that are considered as potential sources of galbanum (barijeh). Galbanum is traditionally used for treating different diseases including flatulence and memory impairment.

Objective

According to a phylogenetic analysis of the nrDNA ITS sequence and the Flora Iranica, F. gummosa has been considered as a synonym of F. galbaniflua. However, F. galbaniflua and F. gummosa grow in two different geographical locations and have different metabolic patterns. Some researchers believe that F. gummosa and F. galbaniflua are two distinct species. To discriminate these species, we compared metabolic profiles of F. gummosa and F. galbaniflua samples.

Methods

1H‐NMR‐based metabolomics analysis was used for classification of F. gummosa and F. galbaniflua samples collected from northeast Iran. The acquired data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA).

Results

The result showed a clear separation between the two species that may be related to the quantity and diversity of their metabolites. Ferula gummosa had higher mogoltacin levels, while F. galbaniflua had higher feselol levels. Ligupersin A and conferdione were significantly detected in F. gummosa, whereas sterol compounds were significantly detected in F. galbaniflua.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that clear metabolomics discrimination of F. gummosa and F. galbaniflua makes their chemotaxonomic classification possible.
Amphiphilic well‐defined degradable star block copolymers by combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization: Synthesis and application as drug delivery carriers
Authors: Oliveira Andreia S. R. , Mendonça Patrícia V. , Simões Sérgio , Serra Arménio C. , Coelho Jorge F. J.
Published: January 2021

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most popular advanced polymerization techniques in macromolecular science, allowing the synthesis of tailor‐made polymers with controlled molecular weight, architecture, composition, and functionality. The combination of ATRP and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) provides a straightforward route for the preparation of polymers exhibiting both targeted and well‐defined features and biodegradability, which is very interesting for the development of new materials for biomedical applications. Among the different types of polymer architectures, amphiphilic star block copolymers (BCPs) represent a very attractive one, due to their high degree of functionality at the molecular surface, low hydrodynamic volume and higher encapsulation ability, compared to molecular systems based on linear polymers. This review article highlights the research focused on the synthesis of amphiphilic well‐defined degradable star BCPs by combination of ROP and ATRP, with particular focus on the development of polymers for biomedical applications, such as anticancer drug delivery, diagnosis therapy, or photodynamic therapy, which is the most investigated field regarding these polymers.
Analysis of Stuck Reset Failure in Phase‐Change Memory by Calculating Phase‐Change Stress using Finite Element Simulation
Authors: Lee Hwanwook , Kwon Yongwoo
Published: January 2021

Stuck reset is an open‐circuit failure that occurs in phase‐change memory (PCM) after repeated reset and set operations, that is, endurance cycling. Stuck reset is majorly caused by phase‐change stress, which is the mechanical stress induced during a reset operation due to the density difference between the amorphous and crystalline phases of the phase‐change material. This indicates that a reduction in phase‐change stress may improve the endurance characteristics of PCM. Herein, a simulation technique for the calculation of phase‐change stress using a finite‐element software is proposed. Subsequently, a comparative study of the endurance of different PCM device architectures is performed. The results reveal that the self‐heating architecture exhibits superior endurance compared to the heater‐based architecture. Furthermore, the void locations in the experiments coincide with the most highly stressed locations in the simulation.
Microfluidic In Vitro Platform for (Nano)Safety and (Nano)Drug Efficiency Screening
Authors: Kohl Yvonne , Biehl Margit , Spring Sarah , Hesler Michelle , Ogourtsov Vladimir , Todorovic Miomir , Owen Joshua , Elje Elisabeth , Kopecka Kristina , Moriones Oscar Hernando , Bastús Neus G. , Simon Peter , Dubaj Tibor , Rundén‐Pran Elise , Puntes Victor , William Nicola , von Briesen Hagen , Wagner Sylvia , Kapur Nikil , Mariussen Espen , Nelson Andrew , Gabelova Alena , Dusinska Maria , Velten Thomas , Knoll Thorsten
Published: January 2021

Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal‐free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell‐based devices allow high‐throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal‐free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo‐like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer‐based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof‐of‐concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label‐free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label‐free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole‐body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.
Metal‐Free Bifunctional Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for Reversible Zn‐CO2 Batteries
Authors: Gao Sanshuang , Liu Yifan , Xie Zhongyuan , Qiu Yuan , Zhuo Longchao , Qin Yongji , Ren Junqiang , Zhang Shusheng , Hu Guangzhi , Luo Jun , Liu Xijun
Published: January 2021

The fabrication of Zn‐CO2 batteries is a promising technique for CO2 fixation and energy storage. Herein, nitrogen‐doped ordered mesoporous carbon (NOMC) is adopted as a bifunctional metal‐free electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction and oxygen evolution reaction in the near‐neutral electrolyte. The ordered mesoporous structures and abundant N‐dopings of NOMC facilitate the accessibility and utilization of the active sites, which endow NOMC with excellent electrocatalysis performance and outstanding stability. Especially, a nearly 100% CO Faradaic efficiency is achieved at an ultralow overpotential of 360 mV for CO2 reduction. When constructed as an aqueous rechargeable Zn‐CO2 battery using NOMC as the cathode, it yields a high peak power density of 0.71 mW cm−2, a good cyclability of 300 cycles, and excellent energy efficiency of 52.8% at 1.0 mA cm−2.
Surgical Navigation for Malignancies Guided by Near‐Infrared‐II Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Yang Rui‐Qin , Lou Kang‐Liang , Wang Pei‐Yuan , Gao Yi‐Yang , Zhang Yong‐Qu , Chen Min , Huang Wen‐He , Zhang Guo‐Jun
Published: January 2021

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is an emerging noninvasive imaging modality, with unique advantages in guiding tumor resection surgery, thanks to its high sensitivity and instantaneity. In the past decade, studies on the conventional NIR window (NIR‐I, 750–900 nm) have gradually focused on the second NIR window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm). With its reduced light scattering, photon absorption, and auto‐fluorescence qualities, NIR‐II fluorescence imaging significantly improves penetration depths and signal‐to‐noise ratios in bio‐imaging. Recently, several studies have applied NIR‐II imaging to navigating cancer surgery, including localizing cancers, assessing surgical margins, tracing lymph nodes, and mapping important anatomical structures. These studies have exemplified the significant prospects of this new approach. In this review, several NIR‐II fluorescence agents and some of the complex applications for guiding cancer surgeries are summarized. Future prospects and the challenges of clinical translation are also discussed.
A multi‐university cohort model for teaching complex and interdisciplinary problem‐solving using system dynamics
Authors: Turner Benjamin L. , Wuellner Melissa , Cortus Erin , Chumbley Steven Boot
Published: January 2021

The complexity of agricultural and natural resources (AGNR) systems continues to thwart long‐term management efforts to address root causes of problems. Unfortunately, capacity building in systems thinking and system dynamics (SD) modeling by AGNR educational programmes has not kept pace with other disciplines, stalled by accelerated specialization and disciplinary fragmentation. Here, we describe a 1‐year, interdisciplinary cohort programme aimed at SD capacity building for AGNR education. Student cohorts investigated unresolved, real‐world management problems following the SD approach. Problems included weed herbicide resistance in cultivated agriculture, land acquisition for biodiversity conservation and adoption of soil conservation practices by farmers. The fellowship process is outlined followed by descriptions of each cohort's model and insights they generated. Exit interviews illuminated valuable reflections regarding team cohesion, the role of SD in enhancing traditional graduate studies and structural adjustments to enhance future fellowship delivery. We conclude with recommendations to others interested in delivering similar programmes.
Simulation of a SCSC plate with a spring framework model including the effects of inelastic slip
Authors: Palotás Bálint , Takács Patrik , Fink Josef
Published: January 2021

The research into an innovative steel‐concrete‐steel composite (SCSC) plate presented here is being carried out in the Steel Structures Research Unit of the Institute of Structural Engineering at TU Wien. The aim of the research is to use the SCSC plate for single‐track, short‐span railway bridges in Austria. The SCSC plate is designed to be a loadbearing structure in the transverse direction, transferring the loads to the main steel girders of the bridge cross‐section. An engineering model will be presented in this paper to reproduce the results of the ABAQUS finite element analysis software [1]. Using this simple framework model, which includes springs, it is possible to consider cyclic loading and inelastic slip, too. This results in an increase in the global vertical displacements and a change to the internal forces, which are discussed in the paper.
Is there a role for not‐for‐profit or for‐purpose organizations in supporting governance professionals to engage with climate‐related opportunities and risks?
Authors: Scheltus Ben , Guerin Turlough , Pears Alan
Published: January 2021

Climate change in Australia has become a political risk (for political parties) and a physical, transitional, and regulatory risk for businesses. Not‐for‐profits (NFPs) and for‐purpose (FPs) organisations, for example, Climate Alliance Limited, have acted in the absence of national climate risk policy, to support businesses to become better informed to manage their exposure to this risk, and helping them to set their own commitments and pathways to low and net zero carbon businesses. The objective of this article is to demonstrate, through the case study method, how one Australian NFP/FP has influenced the business sector and regulation. Climate Alliance Limited has done this through its interventions of (1) sharing case studies (best practices) on successful transitions to a low carbon business model and linking climate risk to business risk; (2) bringing thought leaders (advocacy) from the Bank of England and UK Prudential Regulator into the Australian finance and business sector; and (3) by offering a program (reward and recognition), showcasing how business leaders have and are adapting to climate risks and capturing business value.
Global agricultural prices and policies during WTO regime: Explorative research to price policy advocacy
Authors: Dastagiri Madiga Bala , Naga Sindhuja Padigapati Venkata
Published: January 2021

Nurturing population and global demand for food are putting pressure on agricultural prices. Prices are a complicated prodigy. A cobweb model is innate in agricultural price policy. Setting the prices is the most difficult task for firms and the government. Meta‐analysis, and scientific and political policy analysis were approached to validate the results. The main objective of the paper is to review and analyze various agricultural price policies continent wise and selected country wise and formulate new global price policy for developed and developing countries. The study revealed that not only micro and macroeconomic indicators but also the environmental factors such as the COVID pandemic influence the prices, which may affect the producers and consumers either directly or indirectly based on the review of global prices effects. Market price supports, direct payments to producers, and reduced tariffs through trade agreements are the most common policies existing almost in all countries globally. The government must watch whether the planned policies are implemented successfully or not. The study suggests that the new Global price policy for developed countries is that they must equate international prices to domestic prices and for low‐ and middle‐income countries is that international prices + 20% to protect farmer's welfare coupled with WTO should discipline global trade with stable prices. High optimistic expectations, inadequate collaborative policymaking, dispersed governance, and the vagaries of the political cycle were the four main reasons for the failure of existing policies. Therefore, politicization is compulsory but not sufficient to illuminate accepting international organization norms and agricultural policies toward sustainable agriculture.
Computational modeling on slug flow phenomenon in inverted siphon and improving its performance
Authors: Aghebatie Behrouz , Hosseini Khosrow
Published: January 2021

Slug flow is one of the flow patterns that occur in transmission systems containing two‐phase flow. Large air bubbles trapped in these systems block the flow and expose the structure to undesirable pressures and sharp fluctuations. In this research, numerical modeling has been performed using CFD technique in OpenFOAM software by InterFoam solver. Pressure fluctuations and their magnitude induced by slug flow in inverted siphon have destructive effects on the structure life. Combining the loads exerted by the pressure fluctuations induced on the structures with other loads may exceed the bearing loads of structure. In the inverted siphon, placing the ribs to reduce the damages exerted by slug flow were investigated. Different placements of ribs with different heights on the sloping parts of inverted siphon were modeled numerically. Study of flow characteristics showed that d/Hc ratio (d and Hc represent the rib height and duct height, respectively) can greatly balance the negative pressures and also improve the average pressures in the structure. The results showed that the use of ribs, the probability of forming slugs with pressure drop and severe fluctuations decreased and the maximum and minimum pressures improved about 25% and 20%, respectively.
Analysis on the Security of Satellite Internet
Authors: Cao Huan , Wu Lili , Chen Yue , Su Yongtao , Lei Zhengchao , Zhao Chunping
Published: January 2021

Satellite Internet (SI) is a new way to provide internet access all over the world. It will bring great convenience to international communication. Compared with the traditional communication networks, SI has a significant change in network architecture and communication model, which will have an important impact on national information network security. For example, the global interconnected SI consists of a large number of small satellites and each satellite has multi-beams to cover a vast area, which leads to the disorderly flow of information across the border, and greatly increases the difficulty of network protection. Therefore, it is necessary to closely track the development of SI and analyze security problems brought by SI. In this paper, we analyze the security risks of SI from the perspective of national security, network security and equipment security, and thirteen security issues have been summarized to provide reference for the healthy development of SI industry.
Brief Introduction of Network Security Asset Management for Banks
Authors: Wang Yumo , Zhang Qinghua
Published: January 2021

During the digital development process, enterprises have accumulated a lot of network asset including hardware, software and websites. Effective management of network asset can reduce the internet risk. Network asset is the primary object of information security. Therefore, the essential content of enterprise information security operation is ensuring the security of network assets sufficiently. This paper has investigated researches about detection, management and applications of network assets. The difficulty and current solutions have been summarized by the review. Moreover, this paper puts forward a solution of network asset management according to the bank situation.
Topological terms and anomaly matching in effective field theories on ℝ3 × 𝕊1. Part I. Abelian symmetries and intermediate scales
Authors: Poppitz Erich , Wandler F. David
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We explicitly calculate the topological terms that arise in IR effective field theories for SU(N) gauge theories on ℝ3 × 𝕊1 by integrating out all but the lightest modes. We then show how these terms match all global-symmetry ’t Hooft anomalies of the UV description. We limit our discussion to theories with abelian 0-form symmetries, namely those with one flavour of adjoint Weyl fermion and one or zero flavours of Dirac fermions. While anomaly matching holds as required, it takes a different form than previously thought. For example, cubic- and mixed-U(1) anomalies are matched by local background-field-dependent topological terms (background TQFTs) instead of chirallagrangian Wess-Zumino terms. We also describe the coupling of 0-form and 1-form symmetry backgrounds in the magnetic dual of super-Yang-Mills theory in a novel way, valid throughout the RG flow and consistent with the monopole-instanton ’t Hooft vertices. We use it to discuss the matching of the mixed chiral-center anomaly in the magnetic dual.