bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
a process approach for establishing counseling goals and outcomes
Authors: HILL CLARA
Published: January 2012

The need for specifying client expectations and goals in counseling and then determining whether those needs were fulfilled led to the author's developing an approach that measures client perceptions of changes on desired personal characteristics. This technique, called the Counseling Outcome Inventory, focuses on the individual's unique values and goals. It is completed by the counselor and client conjointly and provides a way to elicit and deal with a client's self‐perceptions during the counseling session. The author provides a description of the rationale for and the procedure involved in using the Counseling Outcome Inventory.
“Honey, Won't You Please Stay Home”
Authors: Roach Rose Marie
Published: January 2012

The mass return to campus by the mature woman has become commonplace at colleges and universities across the country. According to the Bureau of the Census, almost 800,000 adults 35 years of age and over were enrolled in or attending college in October 1972 and “over half (53 percent) were women” (Young 1973, p. 39), the overwhelming majority of whom were going to college part‐time. Many of these women find that their decision to return to school after an extended interruption of their formal education is both serious and significant, changing not only their own values, perceptions, and self‐images but also giving rise to stress and change in their relationships with their families. The 1973 report of the National Advisory Council on Extension and Continuing Education concludes with the statement, “Perhaps most importantly, continuing education programs for women have revitalized the idea that the most important kind of learning results in changes in life styles and in self‐image and often requires long and difficult struggle” (Mulligan 1973, p. 17). These changes and the consequent long and difficult struggle often prove to be disturbing, disrupting, disabling, or even disastrous.
Generic Models of Counseling Supervision: Counseling/Instruction Dichotomy and Consultation Metamodel
Authors: Gurk Mitchell D. , Wicas Edward A.
Published: January 2012

Major conceptual models for counseling supervision are described and compared: supervision as a counseling analog, as an instruction or teaching analog, and as a role that includes counseling and teaching aspects. Although each of these approaches avails supervisors of familiar roles, none adequately provides the scope and utility required of a model for such a complex function. Thus, a higher order metamodal, supervision as consultation, is presented, and this consultation metamodel is related to the psychoeducational model for counseling psychology.
Teaching the Design, Leadership, and Evaluation of Structured Groups
Authors: Russell John M. , Easton June
Published: January 2012

Although structured group formats have become increasingly popular, few articles have been written describing the training sequences or strategies for the leaders of these groups. The authors describe a class that used a structured model to teach the design, leadership, and evaluation of structured groups. Thus, the class was designed to be a model structured group experience. Specific segments of the 16 class segments are outlined and described.
Loss, Pain, and Growth
Authors: Schwab Reiko
Published: January 2012

This article discusses, with case illustrations, different kinds of loss encountered throughout life and the emotional reactions to them. Understanding losses and their common responses will enable helping professionals to assist others more effectively in dealing with their experience of loss and turning it into an opportunity for personal growth. Guidelines are given for helping those who have undergone loss.
A Preventive Approach to School Violence and Vandalism: An Experimental Study
Authors: Mayer G. Roy , Butterworth Tom W.
Published: January 2012

School violence and vandalism are at crisis level. The investigators attempted to employ strategies that would attack identified procreators of school violence and vandalism existing within our schools. The effects of these strategies on vandalism costs, student attendance, off‐task and disruptive behaviors, and on various kinds of positive teacher‐student contacts were investigated in 19 elementary schools. Results indicated that the dollar costs of vandalism and frequency of inappropriate student behaviors decreased more in experimental than in control schools. Student attending and positive teacher‐student contacts improved, or remained higher, in the experimental than in the control schools.
Caring and Counseling—Shared Tasks in Advisement Schools
Authors: Johnson Robin L. , Salmon Shirley J.
Published: January 2012

Advisement programs, a part of the total guidance service provided by many secondary schools, involve the entire teaching staff and provide personalized guidance services to all secondary students (7–12) in the following areas: program planning, self‐assessment, school offerings awareness, parent relations and conferences, feedback evaluation, decision‐making skills, career planning and preparation, and school and community issues. Advisement enhances counseling and offers counselors the opportunity to practice their specialized skills more fully. The Ferguson‐Florissant advisement program, described in this article, emphasizes positive change in students' attitudes toward themselves and school.
Counseling Men through Bodywork
Authors: BROWNELL ARTHUR J.
Published: January 2012

Bodywork is a particularly effective means of counseling males when used in a way that recognizes men's fear of therapy itself, of being touched, of being vulnerable, especially if the counselor is male. This article explores, in brief, the theory behind bodywork, the necessity of verbal therapy along with it, and methods for unblocking males' expression of fear, hurt, anger, and pleasure.
Psychosocial Aspects of Death among the Elderly: A Review of the Literature
Authors: WASS HANNELORE , MYERS JANE E.
Published: January 2012

Counselors who work with older persons often find if necessary to help them cope with concerns related to death and dying. They may become more effective facilitators by learning about psychosocial aspects of death and dying.
COUNSELING THE CULTURALLY DIFFERENT CLIENT: A BLACK‐WHITE COLLABORATIVE VIEW
Authors: MEZZ SHEILA , CALIA VINCENT F.
Published: January 2012

Uncovering the Value Impositions of Social Scientists – A Prelude to Change and Understanding in Counseling and Education.
RESEARCH IN GUIDANCE: A Theoretical Basis
Authors: Alexander William P.
Published: January 2012

During the past year the writer has traveled over much ground in the United States of America. In so doing he had the privilege of intimate contact with many eminent men in the fields of Education and Psychology. To make individual acknowledgment of the inspiration he received from such contacts is not only difficult but impossible. Each of them stimulated the writer in his thinking from a different point of view, each contributed in some way to the formulation which is made in this paper. Perhaps he may fairly say that what he writes here is a synthesis of the ideas with which he landed on these shores and those he encountered as he made his way from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific. His thanks are due therefore to many, and he would make grateful acknowledgment of his debt. In particular he would express his thanks to Professor Thorndike of Columbia, Professor Kelley of Harvard, Professor Thurstone of Chicago, and to Professor Charles Spearman. He would add a special note of thanks to various audiences who listened to addresses on this subject and from whose criticisms and suggestions much was gained. This especially holds for the members of the Conference on Guidance held at Stanford University in the summer of 1933.
When Work is Like Play
Authors: Overstreet H. A.
Published: January 2012

The author of “A Guide to Civilized Loafing” points out that there is also such a thing as civilized working. Civilized living calls for enjoyment and satisfaction in the vocational lives of individuals. The antithesis between the activities commonly regarded as play and the activities commonly called work is too sharply drawn. Work should have more of the quality of play, less of the element of mere drudgery. Contrasting attitudes are shown in the hymn that adjures us to “work for the night is coming” and the poem in which Kipling describes the heaven of the happy artists where “each for the joy of the working” paints away at his own sweet will. The happy medium must be found. The fact that work is a prime requisite for happiness places an obligation on society—that of making work an acceptable way of life. “We hall not achieve even a fair degree of civilization until, by and large, the work we do is beloved work. In that blessed day, work and play will be but the rhythmic alternations within a life of absorbed and purposeful activity.”
Individualized Education
Authors: Kitson Harry Dexter
Published: January 2012

Here is the second of a series of articles on how to start a guidance program. The first, by Robert Hoppock, appeared in the January issue of Occupations, the Vocational Guidance Magazine. In projecting the series it was assumed that there is more than one way of starting a guidance program. Dr. Kitson's article shows that there is more than one way of approaching the original question. He asks another question: “What is guidance?” The answer is: “Individualized education.” In the course of his talk with a hypothetical but not mythical school superintendent who wants to install guidance, Dr. Kitson suggests that the vague term “guidance” ought to be abandoned except when used in conjunction with the adjective “vocational”—in which case it is no longer vague. He concludes with practical suggestions for installing, in a small school system, not “guidance” but “individualized education.”
Wheat Without Chaff
Authors: Wrenn C. Gilbert
Published: January 2012

In reply to the article by Henry C. Link entitled “Wheat and Chaff in Vocational Guidance,” which appeared in the October issue of Occupations, Dr. Wrenn writes from Stanford University to say: “Wheat—and more wheat, rather than chaff!” What he means by that is abundantly clear from the following communication. Let the editors take this occasion to say that they welcome the brief, informal contributions of readers who have been roused to register their disagreements—or even their agreements—with the writers of articles appearing in this magazine.
The Vocational Guidance of Negroes
Authors: Thompson Charles H.
Published: January 2012

The January 1935 issue of The Journal of Negro Education—a quarterly published by the Department of Education of Howard University—was devoted entirely to the educational and vocational guidance of college‐trained Negroes. We are reprinting here by permission the prefatory article by Charles H. Thompson, Editor‐in‐chief. Following this we summarize certain other material contained in the same issue. Finally, we present the summary and recommendations of an unpublished report on Vocational Guidance Among Social Agencies for Negroes, by the Sub‐committee on Vocational Guidance for Special Groups appointed by the NVGA in 1933.
Engineering Aptitudes
Authors: Bingham Walter V.
Published: January 2012

In these days when a student's cumulative record card ordinarily contains, in addition to his school marks, his scores in various tests, it is surely important to him that his counselor should know whether these scores mean anything, and if so, what.

This article and the one which follows are taken from the manuscript of a forthcoming volume on Aptitudes and Aptitude Tests prepared for the National Occupational Conference. The first part of the book treats of the questions a person brings to his vocational counselor and the procedures used in helping him to ascertain his bent, and against this background portrays the nature of aptitude, the principles governing the selection and administration of tests, and the meaning of the measures they yield. Several chapters are then devoted to aptitudes for special fields of employment: manual occupations, clerical occupations, business, and the professions. Finally, selected tests are described in sufficient detail to facilitate their proper use. The author is conservative, maintaining that even the best tests help a counselor to raise questions more often than to answer them; but he does hold—to quote from the introductory chapter—that “the day has gone by when a counselor's responsibilities could be fully met without any reference whatever to the records of a person's behavior in the carefully standardized situations called tests.”
Letter Box: A Quotation, a Suggestion, and a Request
Authors: Prosser C. A.
Published: January 2012

Here is a communication from Charles A, Prosser, in reply to Charles A. Koepke's in the Letter Box of last June. Professor Koepke had reported the results of “A job Analysis Survey,” in Occupations for June, 1934. In the April, 1935, number Dr. Prosser challenged some of his conclusions and interpretations—as they related to vocational education—in an article which asked “Why Are Vocational Schools?”
Youth Training in the Nation's Capital
Authors: BALLOU FRANK W.
Published: January 2012

Few industries and a predominance of office workers within the community present an unusual occupational adjustment problem for the public schools of the Nation's Capital. Advancement of Washington's program of vocational education under Acts of Congress is described by the Superintendent of Schools, in the eighth of the NOC Tour follow‐up series.
The Counselor and Community Resources
Authors: ZAPOLEON MARGUERITE WYKOFF
Published: January 2012

How well do counselors know and use all possible cooperative resources of their communities? When an especially difficult problem is presented, calling for outside assistance, do they know where and to whom they might turn? The accompanying article is drawn from the able experiences of an outstanding social service case worker and counselor.
Achievement Tests Aid C.C.C. Educational Advisers
Authors: WALKER GEORGE A.
Published: January 2012

How to classify boys of widely varying ability and how to adjust the educational program to their needs is one of the problems confronting CCC advisers. Believing that a personal interview was not effective in placing boys, one adviser called on the experts. What they recommended is told in this article.
State Certification of School Counselors
Authors: BAILEY RICHARD J.
Published: January 2012

If you are a counselor in a Massachusetts school, what type of certificate would you need if you move to Connecticut or some other state? This article and its accompanying table helps to answer that question. The author discusses the need for a clearly defined certification plan, trends in requirements, and the present status of certification. Here is information vital to all engaged in counseling and personnel work, particularly to State education officials who contemplate setting up plans for certifying counselors.
Don't Baby Them!
Authors: WILSON E. S.
Published: January 2012

Training a class in self‐analysis and self‐criticism at practice interviews is one of the methods for helping youth which has been successfully tried at Amherst College. Other good suggestions for self‐guidance are included in this article.
Duration and cessation of antimicrobial treatment
Authors: File Thomas M.
Published: January 2012

Shortening the duration of antimicrobial therapy is an important strategy for optimizing patient care and reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance. It is best used in the context of an overall approach to infection management that includes a focus on selecting the right initial drug and dosing regimen for empiric therapy, and de‐escalation to a more narrowly focused drug regimen (or termination) based on subsequent culture results and clinical data. In addition to reducing resistance, other potential benefits of shorter antimicrobial courses include lowered antimicrobial costs, reduced risk of superinfections (including Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea), reduced risk of antimicrobial‐related organ toxicity, and improved drug compliance. There have been relatively few randomized clinical trials that study the optimal treatment durations for such serious infections as pneumonia (community‐ and healthcare/hospital‐acquired), complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Nonetheless, a growing number of studies have explored the possibilities of reducing the duration of antimicrobial therapy for at least certain patients with these infections, under certain circumstances. Professional organizations have compiled these data and used them to develop clinical practice guidelines to aid clinicians in choosing optimal treatment durations for individual patients. Many patients with hospital‐acquired pneumonia, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, or healthcare‐associated pneumonia can be treated for 7‐8 days, while 4‐7 days and 14‐day treatment durations may suffice for many patients with complicated intra‐abdominal infections and uncomplicated CRBSI, respectively. This article first provides a general background on the rationale and data supporting shortened courses of antimicrobial therapy, before using 3 case studies to explore the practical implications of current knowledge and treatment guidelines when making decisions about treatment duration for individual patients with healthcare‐associated pneumonia, complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and CRBSI. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;7:S22–S33. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Verifying a temporal disaggregation method for generating daily precipitation of potentially non‐stationary climate change for site‐specific impact assessment
Authors: Zhang X‐C
Published: January 2012

Empirical statistical downscaling has been widely used to produce finer‐resolution climate data. This approach, in general, is derived from an implicit stationarity assumption. This paper aims at proving a statistical method that is fully applicable of generating daily precipitation in non‐stationary conditions using historical station data. Daily records at five Oklahoma stations were split into calibration and validation periods. Linear relationships between transition probabilities of wet‐following‐wet (Pw/w) and wet‐following‐dry (Pw/d) days and mean monthly precipitation were established by connecting the two endpoints (one for the 30 driest months and another for the 30 wettest months of the calibration period) for each calendar month, and were then used to interpolate Pw/w and Pw/d for the validation period. The mean and standard deviation of daily precipitation were estimated using the mean and standard deviation of monthly precipitation of the validation periods as well as the interpolated Pw/w and Pw/d. The adjusted parameters were used to generate daily series using a weather generator. Statistics of the disaggregated daily precipitation amounts and frequency, as well as dry/wet spell sequence, agreed with those of the observed values of the validation periods reasonably well. The disaggregation method preserved statistics of monthly precipitation amounts extremely well, demonstrating the validity of the method for temporal disaggregation of non‐stationary climate. The accuracy of the presented method is within the weather generator's expected performance. Overall, a straight line connecting the two endpoints, implicitly incorporating non‐stationarity of climate states, is adequate for interpolating Pw/w and Pw/d to any climatic conditions within the entire range. However, a linear regression including data points in between would generally improve the Pw/w and Pw/d interpolations slightly if long records (e.g. > 60 years) are available for estimating the intermediate points. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Improving ENSO prediction in a hybrid coupled model with an embedded entrainment temperature parameterisation
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Zhou Guang‐Qing , Zhang Rong‐Hua , Sun Zhaobo
Published: January 2012

Improving El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecast remains a great challenge in the climate‐predicting community. Previously, an improved solution to sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly simulations in the tropical Pacific was obtained by explicitly embedding into an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) a separate SST anomaly submodel with an empirical parameterisation for the temperature of subsurface water entrained into the ocean mixed layer (Te). In the present work, the benefit of the approach is explored and demonstrated in terms of ENSO prediction. A hybrid coupled ocean‐atmosphere model (HCM) is utilized to perform two retrospective ENSO forecasts, differing in the way SST anomaly fields are taken for their coupling to the atmosphere, one directly from the OGCM (referred to as a standard coupling, HCMstd), and another from the embedded SST anomaly submodel with optimized Te parameterisation (referred to as an embedded coupling, HCMembed). The results indicate that ENSO forecasts can be effectively improved using the embedded approach; the predicted Niño‐3.4 SST anomaly correlation is higher by 0.1–0.2 at a 12‐month lead time in the HCMembed than in the HCMstd, and the corresponding root‐mean‐square (RMS) error is lower by 0.1–0.2 °C. Further improvements and applications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Preparation, characterization and application of a new 25,27‐bis‐[2‐(5‐methylthiadiazole)thioethoxyl]‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐para‐tert‐butyl calix[4]arene stationary phase for HPLC
Authors: Hu Kai , Liu Junwei , Tang Chao , Wang Caijuan , Yu Ajuan , Wen Fuyong , Zhao Wenjie , Ye Baoxian , Wu Yangjie , Zhang Shusheng
Published: January 2012

A new para‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene column containing thiadiazole functional groups was prepared and used for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, benzoic acid and its derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of organic modifier content in the mobile phase on retention and selectivity of these compounds were investigated. The results indicate that the stationary phase behaves like reversed‐phase packing. However, hydrogen bonding, π–π and inclusion interactions seem to be involved in the separation process. The column has been successfully employed for the analysis of clenbuterol in pork and pig casing; the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation for this method by HPLC‐UV detection was 0.03 and 0.097 μg/mL, respectively; the method is demonstrated to be suitable and a competitive alternative analytical method for the determination of clenbuterol.
Pesticide analysis in toasted barley and chickpea flours
Authors: González‐Curbelo Miguel Á. , Dionis‐Delgado Samara , Asensio‐Ramos María , Hernández‐Borges Javier
Published: January 2012

Analytical potentiality of a modified version of the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method has been studied and validated for the extraction of a group of 11 pesticides (ethoprophos, cadusafos, dimethoate, terbufos, disulfoton, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphos‐methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos and fensulfothion) and some of their metabolites (malaoxon, disulfoton sulfoxide, terbufos sulfone and disulfoton sulfone) in toasted barley and chickpea flours. The method involves separation and quantification by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen phosphorus detection (NPD) using triphenylphosphate as the internal standard. Matrix‐matched calibration was carried out for both flours due to the existence of a matrix effect. Linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy studies of the proposed QuEChERS‐GC‐NPD method were evaluated in each sample matrix. Mean recovery values were in the range of 73–118% with relative standard deviation values below 10%. Limits of detection of the whole method were between 0.07 and 57.39 μg/kg. The method was finally applied for the analysis of 14 samples collected in different zones of the Tenerife island. The residues of pirimiphos‐methyl were found in 13 of them, confirming its unequivocal presence by mass spectrometry.
An in vivo histopathological comparison of single and double pulsed modes of a fractionated CO2 laser
Authors: Oni Georgette , Robbins Daniel , Bailey Steven , Brown Spencer A. , Kenkel Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Studies examining the histopathological changes that occur in human skin following fractional laser treatment have been performed mainly in animals or abdominal tissue prior to abdominoplasty. This study looks at the effect of double pulse fractional CO2 laser compared to single pulse treatments to assess differences in tissue injury in the face and abdomen.

Methods

Twelve healthy subjects randomized into two groups, had two 1 cm2 areas (infraumbilical and forehead) treated with the fractional CO2 laser (Deep Fx, Lumenis). Settings used were 15 mJ double pulse, and 30 mJ single pulse, 300 Hz, 10% density and compared to the historic control of 15 patients treated at 15 mJ single pulse [Bailey et al. (2011), Lasers Surg Med 43: 99–107]. Treated sites were biopsied and analyzed with H&E and TUNEL staining to measure width and depth of the microthermal zones (MTZ) of ablation.

Results

When comparing 15 mJ double pulse to single pulse there were significant differences both in depth (abdominal skin, P = 0.002 and facial skin, P = 0.001) and width (facial skin, P = 0.0002) of MTZ. When comparing double pulsing at 15 mJ with single pulsing at 30 mJ there were significant differences between MTZ depths in the abdomen (P < 0.01) but not in either the MTZ depth (P = 0.69) or the width in the face (P = 0.502).

Discussion

This study demonstrates the differences between histopathological laser injury patterns in the face compared to the abdomen when single pulsing is used. It also demonstrates that double pulsing at 15 mJ is statistically similar to single pulsing at 30 mJ in the face. We think this could have ramifications for clinical practice where by double pulsing at lower energies may result in better clinical outcomes than increasing energies or using multiple passes at single pulse. Clinical studies needs to be performed to investigate this further. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:4–10, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined two‐photon luminescence microscopy and OCT for macrophage detection in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta using plasmonic gold nanorose
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Mancuso J. Jacob , Kazmi S.M. Shams , Dwelle Jordan , Sapozhnikova Veronika , Willsey Brian , Ma Li L. , Qiu Jinze , Li Xiankai , Dunn Andrew K. , Johnston Keith P. , Feldman Marc D. , Milner Thomas E.
Published: January 2012

Background and Objectives

The macrophage is an important early cellular marker related to risk of future rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Two‐channel two‐photon luminescence (TPL) microscopy combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to detect, and further characterize the distribution of aorta‐based macrophages using plasmonic gold nanorose as an imaging contrast agent.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Nanorose uptake by macrophages was identified by TPL microscopy in macrophage cell culture. Ex vivo aorta segments (8 × 8 × 2 mm3) rich in macrophages from a rabbit model of aorta inflammation were imaged by TPL microscopy in combination with OCT. Aorta histological sections (5 µm in thickness) were also imaged by TPL microscopy.

Results

Merged two‐channel TPL images showed the lateral and depth distribution of nanorose‐loaded macrophages (confirmed by RAM‐11 stain) and other aorta components (e.g., elastin fiber and lipid droplet), suggesting that nanorose‐loaded macrophages are diffusively distributed and mostly detected superficially within 20 µm from the luminal surface of the aorta. Moreover, OCT images depicted detailed surface structure of the diseased aorta.

Conclusions

Results suggest that TPL microscopy combined with OCT can simultaneously reveal macrophage distribution with respect to aorta surface structure, which has the potential to detect vulnerable plaques and monitor plaque‐based macrophages overtime during cardiovascular interventions. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:49–59, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality associated with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Kalpoe Jayant S. , Sonnenberg Edith , Factor Stephanie H. , del Rio Martin Juan , Schiano Thomas , Patel Gopi , Huprikar Shirish
Published: January 2012

Resistant bacterial infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating the outcomes associated with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections after LT. In a 2005-2006 cohort of 175 consecutive LT recipients, 91 infection episodes were observed in 61 patients (35%). The mortality rate 1 year after LT was 18% (32/175). Enterococcus (43%) and Klebsiella species (37%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria. CRKP infections occurred in 14 patients, and 10 of these patients (71%) died. Seven of these deaths occurred within 30 days of the CRKP infection. The median time to the onset of CRKP infections was 12 days (range = 1-126 days) after LT. The survival rate was significantly lower for patients with a CRKP infection versus patients without a CRKP infection (29% versus 86%, log-rank P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, the only pre-LT and post-LT clinical variables significantly associated with death were a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥ 30 (hazard ratio = 3.4, P = 0.04) and a post-LT CRKP infection (hazard ratio = 4.9, P = 0.007). In conclusion, the outcomes associated with CRKP infections in LT recipients are poor. Because the optimal treatment strategies for CRKP infections remain undefined, improved preventive strategies are needed to curtail the devastating impact of CRKP in LT recipients. Liver Transpl 18:468–474, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Reverse mathematics and infinite traceable graphs
Authors: Cholak Peter , Galvin David , Solomon Reed
Published: January 2012

We analyze three applications of Ramsey’s Theorem for 4‐tuples to infinite traceable graphs and finitely generated infinite lattices using the tools of reverse mathematics. The applications in graph theory are shown to be equivalent to Ramsey’s Theorem while the application in lattice theory is shown to be provable in the weaker system RCA0.
Indestructibility, measurability, and degrees of supercompactness
Authors: Apter Arthur W.
Published: January 2012

Suppose that κ is indestructibly supercompact and there is a measurable cardinal λ > κ. It then follows that A1 = {δ < κ∣δ is measurable, δ is not a limit of measurable cardinals, and δ is not δ+ supercompact} is unbounded in κ. If in addition λ is 2λ supercompact, then A2 = {δ < κ∣δ is measurable, δ is not a limit of measurable cardinals, and δ is δ+ supercompact} is unbounded in κ as well. The large cardinal hypotheses on λ are necessary, as we further demonstrate by constructing via forcing two distinct models in which either \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$A_1 = \varnothing$\end{document} or \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$A_2 = \varnothing$\end{document}. In each of these models, there is an indestructibly supercompact cardinal κ, and a restricted large cardinal structure above κ. If we weaken the indestructibility requirement on κ to indestructibility under partial orderings which are both κ‐directed closed and (κ+, ∞)‐distributive, then it is possible to construct a model containing a supercompact cardinal κ witnessing this degree of indestructibility in which every measurable cardinal δ < κ is (at least) δ+ supercompact.
Basic parameters of articulatory movements and acoustics in individuals with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Walsh Bridget , Smith Anne
Published: January 2012

It has long been recognized that lesions of the basal ganglia frequently result in dysarthria, in part because many individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have impaired speech. Earlier studies of speech production in PD using perceptual, acoustic, and/or kinematic analyses have yielded mixed findings about the characteristics of articulatory movements underlying hypokinetic dysarthria associated with PD: in some cases reporting reduced articulatory output, and in other instances revealing orofacial movement parameters within the normal range. The central aim of this experiment was to address these inconsistencies by providing an integrative description of basic kinematic and acoustic parameters of speech production in individuals with PD. Recordings of lip and jaw movements and acoustic data were collected in 16 individuals with PD and 16 age‐ and sex‐matched neurologically healthy older adults. Our results revealed a downscaling of articulatory dynamics in the individuals with PD, evidenced by decreased amplitude and velocity of lower lip and jaw movements, decreased vocal intensity (dB sound pressure level [SPL]), and reduced second formant (F2) slopes. However, speech rate did not differ between groups. Our finding of an overall downscaling of speech movement and acoustic parameters in some participants with PD provides support for speech therapies directed at increasing speech effort in individuals with PD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Reference‐free unwarping of EPI data using dynamic off‐resonance correction with multiecho acquisition (DOCMA)
Authors: Visser Eelke , Poser Benedikt A. , Barth Markus , Zwiers Marcel P.
Published: January 2012

Inhomogeneities of the main magnetic field cause geometric distortion in echo‐planar imaging, a method central to functional MRI. A number of correction methods have been proposed, most of which are based on the acquisition of a fieldmap providing the local offsets to the main magnetic field. Here, accelerated multiecho echo‐planar imaging is used, with echo times short enough to enable the construction of a fieldmap of comparable quality from the data themselves. This way, each volume in a time series can be unwarped using a fieldmap obtained from that volume, avoiding volume‐to‐volume field‐motion interactions that invalidate reference data in conventional approaches that use a single, static, fieldmap. The combination of accelerated acquisition with dynamic distortion correction yields volumes with very low distortion at repetition times similar to conventional echo‐planar imaging. The method is applied to data acquired at 3 and 7 T and is shown to effectively correct image geometry. Furthermore, it is shown that dynamic distortion correction yields better temporal signal stability than correction using a static fieldmap in the presence of subject motion. Magn Reson Med 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of concomitant gradient fields on diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Baron C. A. , Lebel R. M. , Wilman A. H. , Beaulieu C.
Published: January 2012

Concomitant gradient fields are transverse magnetic field components that are necessarily present to satisfy Maxwell's equations when magnetic field gradients are utilized in magnetic resonance imaging. They can have deleterious effects that are more prominent at lower static fields and/or higher gradient strengths. In diffusion tensor imaging schemes that employ large gradients that are not symmetric about a refocusing radiofrequency pulse (unlike Stejskal–Tanner, which is symmetric), concomitant fields may cause phase accrual that could corrupt the diffusion measurement. Theory predicting the error from this dephasing is described and experimentally validated for both Reese twice‐refocused and split gradient single spin‐echo diffusion gradient schemes. Bias in apparent diffusion coefficient values was experimentally found to worsen with distance from isocenter and with increasing duration of gradient asymmetry in both a phantom and in the brain. The amount of error from concomitant gradient fields depends on many variables, including the diffusion gradient pattern, pulse sequence timing, maximum effective gradient amplitude, static magnetic field strength, voxel size, slice distance from isocenter, and partial Fourier fraction. A prospective correction scheme that can reduce concomitant gradient errors is proposed and verified for diffusion imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reducing the object orientation dependence of susceptibility effects in gradient echo MRI through quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Li Jianqi , Chang Shixin , Liu Tian , Wang Qianfeng , Cui Deqi , Chen Xiaoyue , Jin Moonsoo , Wang Baocheng , Pei Mengchao , Wisnieff Cynthia , Spincemaille Pascal , Zhang Min , Wang Yi
Published: January 2012

This study demonstrates the dependence of non‐local susceptibility effects on object orientation in gradient echo MRI and the reduction of non‐local effects by deconvolution using quantitative susceptibility mapping. Imaging experiments were performed on a 3T MRI system using a spoiled 3D multi‐echo GRE sequence on phantoms of known susceptibilities, and on human brains of healthy subjects and patients with intracerebral hemorrhages. Magnetic field measurements were determined from multiple echo phase data. To determine the quantitative susceptibility mapping, these field measurements were deconvolved through a dipole inversion kernel under a constraint of consistency with the magnitude images. Phantom and human data demonstrated that the hypointense region in GRE magnitude image corresponding to a susceptibility source increased in volume with TE and varied with the source orientation. The induced magnetic field extended beyond the susceptibility source and varied with its orientation. In quantitative susceptibility mapping, these blooming artifacts, including their dependence on object orientation, were reduced, and the material susceptibilities were quantified. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myocardial T2 mapping with respiratory navigator and automatic nonrigid motion correction
Authors: Giri Shivraman , Shah Saurabh , Xue Hui , Chung Yiu‐Cho , Pennell Michael L. , Guehring Jens , Zuehlsdorff Sven , Raman Subha V. , Simonetti Orlando P.
Published: January 2012

Quantitative T2 mapping was recently shown to be superior to T2‐weighted imaging in detecting T2 changes across myocardium. Pixel‐wise T2 mapping is sensitive to misregistration between the images used to generate the parameter map. In this study, utility of two motion‐compensation strategies—(i) navigator gating with prospective slice correction and (ii) nonrigid registration—was investigated for myocardial T2 mapping in short axis and horizontal long axis views. Navigator gating provides respiratory motion compensation, whereas registration corrects for residual cardiac and respiratory motion between images; thus, the two strategies provided complementary functions. When these were combined, respiratory‐motion‐induced T2 variability, as measured by both standard deviation and interquartile range, was comparable to that in breath‐hold T2 maps. In normal subjects, this combined motion‐compensation strategy increased the percentage of myocardium with T2 measured to be within normal range from 60.1% to 92.2% in short axis and 62.3% to 92.7% in horizontal long axis. The new motion‐compensated T2 mapping technique, which combines navigator gating, prospective slice correction, and nonrigid registration to provide through‐plane and in‐plane motion correction, enables a method for fully automatic and robust free‐breathing T2 mapping. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of school‐wide positive behavior support on teacher self‐efficacy
Authors: Kelm Joanna L. , McIntosh Kent
Published: January 2012

This study examined the relationships between implementation of a school‐wide approach to behavior, School‐wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS), and teacher self‐efficacy. Twenty‐two teachers from schools implementing SWPBS and 40 teachers from schools not implementing SWPBS completed a questionnaire measuring aspects of self‐efficacy. Differences in ratings of self‐efficacy were examined using multilevel modeling. Results showed that teachers at SWPBS schools reported significantly higher perceptions of teacher self‐efficacy when controlling for school‐level effects. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and practice. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A meta‐analysis of school‐wide positive behavior support: An exploratory study using single‐case synthesis
Authors: Solomon Benjamin G. , Klein Suzanne A. , Hintze John M. , Cressey James M. , Peller Sarah L.
Published: January 2012

Positive Behavior Support (PBS) for behavioral problems was included in the 1997 Individuals With Disabilities Education Act reauthorization, reflecting the increased implementation and strengthening empirical evidence for PBS in schools. Whereas PBS can be used reactively, its flexibility has led to a popular comprehensive school‐wide model used for prevention. School‐Wide Positive Behavioral Support (SWPBS) has been used across a variety of school environments and various demographics and has been evaluated using a variety of different outcome measures. The authors conducted a meta‐analysis of SWPBS research spanning 16 years and 20 articles. Specifically, single‐case studies were evaluated using a regression‐based procedure. Results show promising early trends in the data across dependent variables with a need for further research in specific areas. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anion effects on the phase transition ofN‐isopropylacrylamide hydrogels
Authors: Pastoor Kevin J. , Rice Charles V.
Published: January 2012

NMR spectra were collected for poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel using high‐resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) after gel pieces were hydrated in the presence of D2O, NaF, NaCl, and NaI aqueous solutions. Changes in the peak height intensity of the spectra provide quantitative insight into the phase transition process. The thermodynamic values of the phase transition were calculated using a van't Hoff analysis of the NMR data. Unlike the trend observed for decreases in the (LCST), changes in the enthalpy and entropy did not clearly display a linear dependence with respect to salt concentration. Rather, it was observed that increases in salt concentration did not affect the enthalpy and entropy to the extent as the initial change observed between no salt and 100 mM solutions. Finally, the effect of salts on the hysteresis of the rehydrating process was observed. Hysteresis occurs due to the need for hydrophobic interactions to break down before water is able to infiltrate the polymer matrix. NaF stabilizes hydrophobic interactions while NaI destabilize hydrophobic interactions, causing them to break down at higher temperatures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Temperate rainforest response to climate change and disturbance agents in northwestern Patagonia (41°S) over the last 2600 years
Authors: Jara Ignacio A. , Moreno Patricio I.
Published: January 2012

We present detailed pollen and charcoal records from Lago Pichilafquén (~ 41°S) to decipher the effects of climate change and varying disturbance regimes on the composition and structure of the vegetation on the Andean foothills of northwestern Patagonia during the last 2600 yr. Here, temperate rainforests have dominated the landscape since 2600 cal yr BP with variations ranging from cool-temperate and wet north Patagonian rainforests to relatively warm and summer-drought-resistant Valdivian rainforests. We interpret relatively warm/dry conditions between 1900–2600, 690–750 and 320–430 cal yr BP, alternating with cold/wet conditions between 1500–1900, 750–1100 and 430–690 cal yr BP. Rapid deforestation and spread of plants introduced by Europeans occurred at 320 and 140 cal yr BP. The record includes five tephras with ages of 2130, 1460, 1310, 1210, and 340 cal yr BP, all of which precede local fire events and increases in trees favored by disturbance by less than 100 yr. We conclude that centennial-scale changes in the southern westerlies were the primary driver of vegetation shifts in northwestern Patagonia over the last 2600 yr. Within this interval, local disturbance regimes altered the structure, composition, and dynamics of the lowland rainforest vegetation during several discrete, short-lived episodes.
Unlösbare Items im KFT 4-12+R
Authors: Segerer Robin , Marx Alexandra , Marx Peter
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag weist darauf hin, dass im Kognitiven Fähigkeitstest für 4. bis 12. Klassen (Revision), Untertest Figurenanalogien, Parallelform B ( Heller & Perleth, 2000 ) neben einem bereits als unlösbar erkannten Item eine weitere unlösbare Aufgabe enthalten ist. Wir präsentieren die Itemkennwerte und Antwortmuster von 305 Schülerinnen und Schülern der 9. Jahrgangsstufe aus Hauptschulen in Berlin und Bayern. Itemanalysen auf Basis der Item-Response-Theorie und nach Klassischer Testtheorie belegen für das fragliche Item einen unzureichenden Itemfit für das eindimensionale Raschmodell sowie mangelnde Trennschärfe nach Klassischer Testtheorie. Die Distraktorenanalyse weist für dieses Item einen der Distraktoren als trennschärfer und für das Modell passender als das eigentliche Target aus.
Clinton advocates for Law of the Sea treaty
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: January 2012

The Obama administration recently reiterated its call for the United States to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. U.S. secretary of state Hillary Clinton, who expressed strong support for the Law of the Sea treaty during her Senate confirmation hearing in 2009, again called for passage of the treaty during 15 December remarks at a business roundtable in Washington, D. C., sponsored by the Pew Charitable Trusts. “Signing on to the convention is critical to protecting American security and enhancing our economic strength,” she said, noting that the U.S. ratification of the treaty would protect American business interests by providing “legal certainty and predictability that businesses can rely on.” The treaty—which also touches on a wide range of other issues including navigation, conservation and management of resources, and scientific research—is opposed by some who are concerned about the undermining of national sovereignty.
Influencing the future of AGU
Authors: McPhaden Michael , Finn Carol , McEntee Chris
Published: January 2012

Steve Jobs, visionary cofounder of Apple, Inc., once said, “Everyone here has the sense that right now is one of those moments when we are influencing the future.” This statement aptly describes AGU at this time as the Board of Directors and the Council continue to influence the future in exciting ways by advancing our strategic plan (http://www.agu.org/about/mission.shtml). Both governing bodies held meetings in San Francisco immediately preceding the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting. The agendas for both meetings, along with the key outcomes, are posted on AGU's Web site (http://www.agu.org/about/governance/).