bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GEOCHEMISTRY AND ORIGIN OF UPPER CRETACEOUS OILS FROM THE TERMIT BASIN, NIGER
Authors: Liu Bang , Zhang Guangya , Mao Fengjun , Liu Jiguo , Lü Mingsheng
Published: March 2017

Crude oil samples (n = 16) from Upper Cretaceous reservoir rocks together with cuttings samples of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene mudstone source rocks (n = 12) from wells in the Termit Basin were characterized by a variety of biomarker parameters using GC and GC‐MS techniques. Organic geochemical analyses of source rock samples from the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation demonstrate poor to excellent hydrocarbon generation potential; the samples are characterized by Type II kerogen grading to mixed Types II–III and III kerogen. The oil samples have pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios ranging from 0.73 to 1.27, low C22/C21 and high C24/C23 tricyclic terpane ratios, and values of the gammacerane index (gammacerane/C30hopane) of 0.29–0.49, suggesting derivation from carbonate‐poor source rocks deposited under suboxic to anoxic and moderate to high salinity conditions. Relatively high C29 sterane concentrations with C29/C27 sterane ratios ranging from 2.18–3.93 and low values of the regular steranes/17α(H)‐hopanes ratio suggest that the oils were mainly derived from kerogen dominated by terrigenous higher plant material. Both aromatic maturity parameters (MPI‐1, MPI‐2 and Rc) and C29 sterane parameters (20S/(20S+20R) and ββ/ (αα + ββ)) suggest that the oils are early‐mature to mature. Oil‐to‐oil correlations suggest that the Upper Cretaceous oils belongs to the same genetic family. Parameters including the Pr/Ph ratio, gammacerane index and C26/C25 tricyclic terpanes, and similar positions on a sterane ternary plot, suggest that the Upper Cretaceous oils originated from Upper Cretaceous source rocks rather than from Paleogene source rocks. The Yogou Formation can therefore be considered as an effective source rock.
Utilization of potato peels and sugar beet pulp with and without enzyme supplementation in broiler chicken diets: effects on performance, serum biochemical indices and carcass traits
Authors: Abdel‐Hafeez H. M. , Saleh E. S. E. , Tawfeek S. S. , Youssef I. M. I. , Abdel‐Daim A. S. A.
Published: March 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of including potato peels (PP) and sugar beet pulp (SBP), as unconventional feeds, with and without enzyme in broiler diets from 1 to 42 days of age by observing the growth performance, blood parameters and carcass characteristics. A total of 150, 1‐day old, chicks were randomly assigned into five groups, each with 30 chicks. Birds in group 1 were fed on the control diet. Chicks in groups 2 and 3 were offered diets containing PP and SBP at the rate of 15% and 7.5%, respectively, while those in groups 4 and 5 were fed the same diets but with adding an enzyme mixture. Using the unconventional feeds in the diets was found to decrease the body weight (BW). However, the feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion did not differ from the control in PP at the grower period, but decreased in SBP throughout the experiment. Addition of enzyme greatly improved the BW in PP and SBP to a degree that it surpasses the control and also increased the feed intake and conversion. The total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol serum levels were decreased in all tested groups. Carcass yield was not affected by treatments, but the carcass fat content was reduced using the unconventional feeds with or without enzyme. In conclusion, PP can be used at a rate of 15% in the grower diets of broilers. Furthermore, 15% PP or 7.5% SBP can be included in starter and grower diets, but with the addition of enzymes. This can help in solving the problem of current shortage and rising costs of conventional feeds.
Distal skin vasodilation promotes rapid sleep onset in preterm neonates
Authors: Barcat Lucile , Decima Pauline , Bodin Emilie , Delanaud Stephane , Stephan‐Blanchard Erwan , Leke Andre , Libert Jean‐Pierre , Tourneux Pierre , Bach Veronique
Published: March 2017

Although sleep is of paramount importance for preterm neonates, care of the latter in a neonatal intensive care unit does not favour sleep. Given that several studies in adults have described a ‘vegetative preparedness to sleep’ (in which distal skin vasodilation before lights‐out promotes rapid sleep onset), we looked at whether or not this process operates in preterm neonates. Sleep propensity was assessed in terms of the duration of a spontaneous episode of wakefulness (W). Skin temperatures at six body sites (the abdomen, pectoral region, eye, hand, thigh and foot) were measured (using infrared thermography) during nocturnal polysomnography in 29 9‐day‐old preterm neonates (postmenstrual age: 209 ± 9 days). We then determined whether the duration of the W episode depended upon the local skin temperatures measured at the start, during and end of the episode. The W episode was shorter when distal skin temperatures (thigh, hand and foot) and the pectoral temperature were higher at the end of the episode (i.e. at sleep onset). The relationship with the duration of the W episode was not significant for temperatures measured at the start of the W episode. We observed gradual distal vasodilation at the pectoral region, the thigh, hand and foot (i.e. affecting most of the body's skin surface) during W episodes. Our results constitute initial evidence to show that distal vasodilation may have a key role in facilitating sleep onset in very preterm neonates.
Influence of caudal block on postoperative oliguria in infants undergoing bilateral ureteroneocystostomy: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Lee Hyun Jeong , Choi Yong Seon , Koo Bon‐Nyeo , Han Sang Won , Cho Young Eun , Im Young Jae , Lee Jae Hoon
Published: March 2017

Background

Caudal block has been widely used in children undergoing genitourinary surgery. However, the influence of caudal block on postoperative oliguria is unclear.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of caudal block on urinary flow through the reimplanted ureter after ureteroneocystostomy and the incidence of postoperative oliguria in infants.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 121 infants aged less than 12 months who underwent bilateral ureteroneocystostomy for vesicoureteral reflux at a tertiary medical center. In all study infants, a ureteral catheter was placed in one of the two ureters in order to relieve the clinical consequences of transient ureteral obstruction and a urethral catheter was placed at the end of the ureteroneocystostomy procedure. Urinary output was assessed separately for each catheter. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for oliguria from the urethral catheter.

Results

Among the 121 patients, 63 (52%) received caudal block (caudal block group) and 58 (48%) did not (no caudal block group). Patient characteristics, preoperative vesicoureteral reflux grade and renal function, and intraoperative profiles were comparable between the groups. The incidence of oliguria from the urethral catheter for 8 h after the surgery was significantly higher in the caudal block group than in the no caudal block group. However, the incidence of oliguria from the ureteral catheter was comparable between the groups. In multivariate analysis, oliguria from the urethral catheter was associated with caudal block, anesthesia duration, and intraoperative dexamethasone administration. The odds for oliguria was 3.069‐fold greater in patients who received caudal block than in those who did not (95%CI, 1.303–7.228, P = 0.010). On the other hand, intraoperative dexamethasone reduced the risk of oliguria.

Conclusion

Caudal block may be associated with postoperative oliguria in infants undergoing ureteroneocystostomy.
Geochemical Characterization of Magnetite and Geological Setting of the Iron Oxide ± Iron Silicate ± Iron Carbonate Rich Pb–Zn Sulfides from the La Unión and Mazarrón Stratabound Deposits (SE Spain)
Authors: López‐García José Ángel , Oyarzun Roberto , Lillo Javier , Manteca José Ignacio , Cubas Paloma
Published: March 2017

From a mineralogical point of view the La Unión ore field (SE Spain) can be regarded as an oddity as some of its hydrothermal, stratabound type deposits display an extremely unusual paragenesis comprising magnetite ± greenalite ± minnesotaite ± siderite and galena ± sphalerite (IOSC – LZS). Recent mineralogical studies have shown that this paragenesis is also present at the neighboring Mazarrón ore field. These ore fields share a similar geologic setting, involving metamorphic and sedimentary rocks (Paleozoic s.l. to Permian) hosting late Miocene high‐K calc‐alkaline volcanic and subvolcanic rocks. The latter have andesitic to dacitic composition, and triggered hydrothermal activity and ore deposition. This study discusses the detailed mineral chemistry of magnetite samples from Mazarrón and La Unión and provides some hints for the origin of the IOSC – LZS paragenesis. We performed electron microprobe (EPMA) analyses in magnetite samples from La Unión and Mazarrón to determine the contents of minor and trace elements (Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, K, Ca, Ti, Al, Si, Mg). Given that some results fell below the detection limit for the EPMA instrumental conditions we used robust regression on order statistics (robust ROS), with the NADA package in R to deal with these data sets. The Ca + Al + Mn contents in magnetites from San Cristóbal and Emilia are equivalent to the mean contents of those of IOCG, Kiruna, BIF, Cu porphyry, skarn, VMS, hydrothermal and clastic Pb–Zn deposits, but they are low in Ti + V and Ni + Cr. The principal components analysis indicates that Zn, Ni, Cr, V, K, Ca, Ti, and Mg are roughly collinear, therefore correlated, being also independent from Fe. Besides, the function discriminant analysis of data shows that the magnetites from Emilia and San Cristóbal cluster in differentiated groups, thus probably reflecting some differences related to the distance to the magmatic source that triggered the hydrothermal system: proximal in the case of San Cristóbal and distal in Emilia.
Engaging with Comparative Risk Appraisals: Public Views on Policy Priorities for Environmental Risk Governance
Authors: Rocks Sophie A. , Schubert Iljana , Soane Emma , Black Edgar , Muckle Rachel , Petts Judith , Prpich George , Pollard Simon J.
Published: March 2017

Communicating the rationale for allocating resources to manage policy priorities and their risks is challenging. Here, we demonstrate that environmental risks have diverse attributes and locales in their effects that may drive disproportionate responses among citizens. When 2,065 survey participants deployed summary information and their own understanding to assess 12 policy‐level environmental risks singularly, their assessment differed from a prior expert assessment. However, participants provided rankings similar to those of experts when these same 12 risks were considered as a group, allowing comparison between the different risks. Following this, when individuals were shown the prior expert assessment of this portfolio, they expressed a moderate level of confidence with the combined expert analysis. These are important findings for the comprehension of policy risks that may be subject to augmentation by climate change, their representation alongside other threats within national risk assessments, and interpretations of agency for public risk management by citizens and others.
Analysis of Traffic Crashes Involving Pedestrians Using Big Data: Investigation of Contributing Factors and Identification of Hotspots
Authors: Xie Kun , Ozbay Kaan , Kurkcu Abdullah , Yang Hong
Published: March 2017

This study aims to explore the potential of using big data in advancing the pedestrian risk analysis including the investigation of contributing factors and the hotspot identification. Massive amounts of data of Manhattan from a variety of sources were collected, integrated, and processed, including taxi trips, subway turnstile counts, traffic volumes, road network, land use, sociodemographic, and social media data. The whole study area was uniformly split into grid cells as the basic geographical units of analysis. The cell‐structured framework makes it easy to incorporate rich and diversified data into risk analysis. The cost of each crash, weighted by injury severity, was assigned to the cells based on the relative distance to the crash site using a kernel density function. A tobit model was developed to relate grid‐cell‐specific contributing factors to crash costs that are left‐censored at zero. The potential for safety improvement (PSI) that could be obtained by using the actual crash cost minus the cost of “similar” sites estimated by the tobit model was used as a measure to identify and rank pedestrian crash hotspots. The proposed hotspot identification method takes into account two important factors that are generally ignored, i.e., injury severity and effects of exposure indicators. Big data, on the one hand, enable more precise estimation of the effects of risk factors by providing richer data for modeling, and on the other hand, enable large‐scale hotspot identification with higher resolution than conventional methods based on census tracts or traffic analysis zones.
“These Power Lines Make Me Ill”: A Typology of Residents’ Health Responses to a New High‐Voltage Power Line
Authors: Porsius Jarry T. , Claassen Liesbeth , Woudenberg Fred , Smid Tjabe , Timmermans Danielle R. M.
Published: March 2017

Little attention has been devoted to the potential diversity in residents’ health responses when exposed to an uncertain environmental health risk. The present study explores whether subgroups of residents respond differently to a new high‐voltage power line (HVPL) being put into operation. We used a quasi‐experimental prospective field study design with two pretests during the construction of a new HVPL, and two posttests after it was put into operation. Residents living nearby (0–300 m, n = 229) filled out questionnaires about their health and their perception of the environment. We applied latent class growth models to investigate heterogeneity in the belief that health complaints were caused by a power line. Classes were compared on a wide range of variables relating to negative‐oriented personality traits, perceived physical and mental health, and perceptions of the environment. We identified five distinct classes of residents, of which the largest (49%) could be described as emotionally stable and healthy with weak responses to the introduction of a new power line. A considerable minority (9%) responded more strongly to the new line being activated. Residents in this class had heard more about the health effects of power lines beforehand, were more aware of the activation of the new line, and reported a decrease in perceived health afterwards. Based on our findings we can conclude that there is a considerable heterogeneity in health responses to a new HVPL. Health risk perceptions appear to play an important role in this typology, which has implications for risk management.
Bayesian Mixed Treatment Comparisons Meta-Analysis for Correlated Outcomes Subject to Reporting Bias
Authors: Liu Yulun , DeSantis Stacia M. , Chen Yong
Published: March 2017

Many randomized controlled trials report more than one primary outcome. As a result, multivariate meta-analytic methods for the assimilation of treatment effects in systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials have received increasing attention in the literature. These methods show promise with respect to bias reduction and efficiency gain compared with univariate meta-analysis. However, most methods for multivariate meta-analysis have focused on pairwise treatment comparisons (i.e. when the number of treatments is 2). Current methods for mixed treatment comparisons meta-analysis (i.e. when the number of treatments is more than 2) have focused on univariate or, very recently, bivariate outcomes. To broaden their application, we propose a framework for mixed treatment comparisons meta-analysis of multivariate (two or more) outcomes where the correlations between multivariate outcomes within and between studies are accounted for through copulas, and the joint modelling of multivariate random effects respectively. We consider a Bayesian hierarchical model using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimation. An important feature of the framework proposed is that it allows for borrowing of information across correlated outcomes. We show via simulation that our approach reduces the effect of outcome reporting bias in a variety of missing outcome scenarios. We apply the method to a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of pharmacological treatments for alcohol dependence, which tends to report multiple outcomes potentially subject to outcome reporting bias.
Markov Models for Ocular Fixation Locations in the Presence and Absence of Colour
Authors: Kashlak Adam B. , Devane Eoin , Dietert Helge , Jackson Henry
Published: March 2017

In response to the 2015 Royal Statistical Society's statistical analytics challenge, we propose to model the fixation locations of the human eye when observing a still image by a Markov point process in R2. Our approach is data driven using k-means clustering of the fixation locations to identify distinct salient regions of the image, which in turn correspond to the states of our Markov chain. Bayes factors are computed as the model selection criterion to determine the number of clusters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the behaviour of the human eye differs from this model when colour information is removed from the given image.
Tonometer validation and intraocular pressure reference values in the normal chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Snyder Kevin C. , Lewin Andrew C. , Mans Christoph , McLellan Gillian J.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To determine accuracy and precision of three commonly used tonometers (TonoVet®and TonoLab®(ICare Oy, Finland)—rebound tonometers, and Tono‐PenVET™ (Reichert,NY)—applanation tonometer) in normal chinchillas, and to establish a normal intraocular pressure (IOP) reference range in this species.

Methods

The anterior chambers of three chinchilla eyes were cannulatedex vivoand readings obtained at manometricIOPs from 5 to 80 mmHg, using each of the three tonometers in random order. Data were analyzed by linear regression,ANOVA, and Bland–Altman plots. Tonometry was performed in both eyes of 60 chinchillas (age 8 weeks–16.2 years) using the TonoVet®and relationship between age andIOPanalyzed using linear regression. For all statistical tests,P< 0.05 was significant.

Results

Intraocular pressure values obtained using the Tono‐PenVET™ and TonoVet®(in dog calibration mode;‘d’) showed strong linear correlation with manometry within the physiologic and clinically relevant range ofIOP(0–50 mmHg). The TonoVet®‘d’ setting displayed significantly greater precision over the full range ofIOPevaluated than the Tono‐PenVET™, and both TonoVet and Tono‐PenVET™ were significantly more accurate than the TonoLab®tonometer. Mean ±SD IOP(TonoVet®‘d’) in chinchillas was 9.7 ± 2.5 mmHg, and the 95% reference interval was 4.7–14.7 mmHg.

Conclusions

Both the Tono‐PenVET™ and TonoVet®provided clinically acceptable estimates ofIOPin chinchillas. The TonoVet®provides accurate and preciseIOPvalues, while Tono‐PenVET™ derived measurements showed greater variability. Values obtained either with the TonoLab®or TonoVet®used in the ‘unspecified’ calibration setting were inaccurate in this species.
Short‐term and long‐term effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral blocking procedure on the lumbosacral morphometry in dogs measured by computed tomography
Authors: Müller Friedrich , Schenk Henning C. , Forterre Franck
Published: March 2017

Objective

To determine the effects of a minimally invasive transilial vertebral (MTV) blocking procedure on the computed tomographic (CT) appearance of the lumbosacral (L7/S1) junction of dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS).

Study design

Prospective study.

Animals

59 client‐owned dogs with DLSS.

Methods

Lumbosacral CT images were acquired with hyperextended pelvic limbs before and after MTV in all dogs. Clinical follow‐up was obtained after 1 year, including a neurologic status classified in 4 grades, and if possible, CT. Morphometric measurements (Mean ± SEM) including foraminal area, endplate distance at L7/S1 and LS angle were obtained on sets of reformatted parasagittal and sagittal CT images.

Results

The mean foraminal area (ForL) increased from 32.5 ± 1.7 mm2 to 59.7 ± 1.9 mm2 on the left and from 31.1 ± 1.4 mm2 to 59.1 ± 2.0 mm2 on the right (ForR) side after MTV. The mean endplate distance (EDmd) between L7/S1 increased from 3.7 ± 0.1 mm to 6.0 ± 0.1 mm, and mean lumbosacral angle (LSa) from 148.0 ± 1.1° to 170.0 ± 1.1° after MTV. CT measurements were available 1 year postoperatively in 12 cases: ForL: 41.2 ± 3.1 mm2; ForR: 37.9 ± 3.1 mm2; EDmd: 4.3 ± 0.4 mm, and LSa 157.6 ± 2.1° (values are mean and standard error of mean =  SEM). All 39 dogs with long‐term follow‐up improved by at least 1 neurologic grade, 9/39 improving by 3 grades, 15/39 by 2 grades, and 15/39 by 1 grade.

Conclusions

MTV results in clinical improvement and morphometric enlargement of the foraminal area in dogs with variable degrees of foraminal stenosis.

Clinical relevance

MTV may be a valuable minimally invasive option for treatment of dogs with DLSS.
Non‐muscle (NM) myosin heavy chain phosphorylation regulates the formation of NM myosin filaments, adhesome assembly and smooth muscle contraction
Authors: Zhang Wenwu , Gunst Susan J.
Published: March 2017

Key points

Non‐muscle (NM) and smooth muscle (SM) myosin II are both expressed in smooth muscle tissues, however the role of NM myosin in SM contraction is unknown.

Contractile stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle tissues stimulates phosphorylation of the NM myosin heavy chain on Ser1943 and causes NM myosin filament assembly at the SM cell cortex.

Expression of a non‐phosphorylatable NM myosin mutant, NM myosin S1943A, in SM tissues inhibits ACh‐induced NM myosin filament assembly and SM contraction, and also inhibits the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes during contractile stimulation.

NM myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation but not SM myosin RLC phosphorylation is regulated by RhoA GTPase during ACh stimulation, and NM RLC phosphorylation is required for NM myosin filament assembly and SM contraction.

NM myosin II plays a critical role in airway SM contraction that is independent and distinct from the function of SM myosin.

The molecular function of non‐muscle (NM) isoforms of myosin II in smooth muscle (SM) tissues and their possible role in contraction are largely unknown. We evaluated the function of NM myosin during contractile stimulation of canine tracheal SM tissues. Stimulation with ACh caused NM myosin filament assembly, as assessed by a Triton solubility assay and a proximity ligation assay aiming to measure interactions between NM myosin monomers. ACh stimulated the phosphorylation of NM myosin heavy chain on Ser1943 in tracheal SM tissues, which can regulate NM myosin IIA filament assembly in vitro. Expression of the non‐phosphorylatable mutant NM myosin S1943A in SM tissues inhibited ACh‐induced endogenous NM myosin Ser1943 phosphorylation, NM myosin filament formation, the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes and tension development. The NM myosin cross‐bridge cycling inhibitor blebbistatin suppressed adhesome complex assembly and SM contraction without inhibiting NM myosin Ser1943 phosphorylation or NM myosin filament assembly. RhoA inactivation selectively inhibited phosphorylation of the NM myosin regulatory light chain (RLC), NM myosin filament assembly and contraction, although it did not inhibit SM RLC phosphorylation. We conclude that the assembly and activation of NM myosin II is regulated during contractile stimulation of airway SM tissues by RhoA‐mediated NM myosin RLC phosphorylation and by NM myosin heavy chain Ser1943 phosphorylation. NM myosin II actomyosin cross‐bridge cycling regulates the assembly of membrane adhesome complexes that mediate the cytoskeletal processes required for tension generation. NM myosin II plays a critical role in airway SM contraction that is independent and distinct from the function of SM myosin.
Adaptaciones metodológicas para el análisis del discurso de niños con discapacidad intelectual: narrando sin lenguaje
Authors: Manghi Haquin Dominique , Otálora Cornejo Fabiola , Arancibia M. Marianela
Published: March 2017

Dada la necesidad de comprender las formas de comunicación de personas con discapacidad intelectual para favorecer su participación social, este estudio trata la narración como una instancia discursiva autogestionada más allá del lenguaje. El objetivo es sistematizar una metodología que permita explorar su discurso narrativo usando una perspectiva multimodal. La descripción corresponde a las narraciones de quince escolares chilenos con discapacidad intelectual y escaso desarrollo de la lengua oral, pero con intención narrativa.

La metodología resulta apropiada para dar cuenta de los recursos narrativos usados por estos estudiantes en los primeros años escolares y legitima sus estrategias narrativas, lo cual contribuye al desarrollo de la disciplina educación especial y al estudio de la comunicación desde una mirada inclusiva.
“Adaptación española de la escala HPLP-II con una muestra de empleados”
Authors: Serrano-Fernández María-José , Boada-Grau Joan , Gil-Ripoll Carme , Vigil-Colet Andreu
Published: March 2017

Antecedentes: Los estilos de vida tienen una gran influencia en la salud laboral de los trabajadores. En este contexto, el objetivo planteado fue la adaptación al castellano de la Escala HPLP-II de Walker and Hill-Polerecky en población trabajadora. Los factores que mide la escala original son 6 y se corresponden con Actividad física, Crecimiento espiritual, Manejo del estrés, Nutrición, Relaciones interpersonales y Responsabilidad hacia la salud. Método: Los participantes han sido 513 trabajadores (48,1 % hombres, 51,9 % mujeres), obtenidos mediante un muestreo no probabilístico. Se han utilizado los programas FACTOR (versión 7.2) y SPSS 20.0. Resultados: En la escala HPLP-II, los resultados apoyan una solución de cuatro factores reduciéndose el número de ítems de 52 a 48, presentando una fiabilidad adecuada (Responsabilidad hacia la salud = .81, Actividad física = .86, Nutrición = .70 y Crecimiento espiritual y relaciones interpersonales = .88) e indicios de validez con: MBI-GS, Autoeficacia, Satisfacción con la Vida y Engagement. Conclusiones: Las Escala HPLP-II es un instrumento fiable y válido, adecuado para ser usado en español.
Comparación de tres programas de prevención escolar para reducir el consumo de cannabis, en función del tipo de aplicador.
Authors: Gázquez Pertusa Mónica , García del Castillo Rodríguez José Antonio , García del Castillo-López Álvaro , López-Sánchez Carmen
Published: March 2017

El propósito general de este trabajo se encuadra en la línea de investigaciones que pretenden elevar los niveles de calidad de las estrategias preventivas desarrolladas, analizando la eficacia diferencial de los programas escolares al variar el perfil de las personas encargadas de implementarlos. Para ello, compara los resultados de la aplicación de tres programas de prevención escolar sobre el consumo de cannabis y las actitudes hacia su consumo, en función del tipo de aplicador empleado. La muestra se compuso de 280 alumnos de 1º de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (ESO), distribuidos en siete condiciones experimentales: seis de tratamiento (grupos experimentales) y otra en lista de espera (grupo control). Los grupos experimentales estuvieron determinados por la existencia de dos factores: Tipo de programa (programa Construyendo Salud, programa Saluda, programa Barbacana y Grupo Control) y tipo de Agente de aplicación (profesor habitual o psicólogo externo). Los profesores obtienen mejores resultados cuando aplican los programas Barbacana y Saluda, y los psicólogos cuando aplican el programa Construyendo Salud, tanto en el consumo de cannabis como en las actitudes relacionadas. Los resultados hallados apuntan hacia un efecto de interacción entre el tipo de programa y el tipo de aplicador.
LA TRANSICIÓN DEL COMPORTAMIENTO ALIMENTARIO: UNA EXPLICACIÓN DESDE LA TEORÍA DE LA CONDUCTA
Authors: López-Espinoza Antonio , Martínez Moreno Alma Gabriela
Published: March 2017

La Teoría de la Conducta representa un medio para explicar la transición del comportamiento alimentario de los seres humanos. Esta teoría organiza los eventos psicológicos y clasifica cualitativamente las funciones estímulo-respuesta. Por esta razón, el propósito del presente documento es abordar el proceso de transición del comportamiento alimentario detallando las cinco funciones psicológicas propuestas por la Teoría de la Conducta, con la finalidad de diferenciar los cambios conductuales de las prácticas alimentarias tradicionalmente explicadas en función de factores biológicos y culturales en la transición de la dieta. El análisis se organizó de tal modo que se distinguieron las dimensiones de los sistemas de alimentación respecto a las funciones psicológicas propuestas por Ribes y López en 1985.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Gas Flow Through Silicon Microchannels
Authors: Srinivasan K. , Subbarao P. M. V. , Kale S. R.
Published: March 2017

The present work investigates the extension of Navier–Stokes equations from slip-to-transition regimes with higher-order slip boundary condition. To achieve this, a slip model based on the second-order slip boundary condition was derived and a special procedure was developed to simulate slip models using FLUENT®. The boundary profile for both top and bottom walls was solved for each pressure ratio by the customized user-defined function and then passed to the FLUENT® solver. The flow characteristics in microchannels of various aspect ratios (a = H/W = 0.002, 0.01, and 0.1) by generating accurate and high-resolution experimental data along with the computational validation was studied. For that, microchannel system was fabricated in silicon wafers with controlled surface structure and each system has several identical microchannels of same dimensions in parallel and the processed wafer was bonded with a plane wafer. The increased flow rate reduced uncertainty substantially. The experiments were performed up to maximum outlet Knudsen number of 1.01 with nitrogen and the second-order slip coefficients were found to be C1 = 1.119–1.288 (TMAC = 0.944–0.874) and C2 = 0.34.
Experimental Investigation on Heat Losses From Differentially Heated Cylindrical Cavity Receiver Used in Paraboloid Concentrator
Authors: Jilte Ravindra D. , Nayak Jayant K. , Kedare Shireesh B.
Published: March 2017

In the present study, an experimental testing facility is created to analyze the heat losses from the cylindrical solar cavity. Tests are carried out under the temperature range from 225 °C to 425 °C for a cavity inclination from θ = 0–90 deg in steps of 30 deg. It is observed that for off-flux investigation of solar cavity receiver, near isothermal wall temperature condition can be realized with the differential heating arrangement. The total loss is found to be the highest when the cavity aperture is positioned at sideways (θ = 0 deg). It decreases by 43–51% when the cavity is inclined (θ = 90 deg). The conduction loss is found to be accounted for up to 32–34% of the total heat loss, whereas the cavity radiative loss is estimated to be 13%, 16%, and 20% of the total heat loss, respectively, for cavity wall temperature 225 °C, 325 °C, and 425 °C. The investigation of convective losses showed significant change with cavity tilt angles. It is 46–54% of the total heat loss when the cavity aperture is facing sideways (θ = 0 deg), whereas its value reduces up to 4% of the total heat loss when the cavity aperture is facing downward (θ = 90 deg). A Nusselt number correlation has been developed for predicting the convective heat loss from a open cavity. The Nusselt number correlation correlates 100% of data within ± 20% deviation.
Clarifying the Physics of Flow Separations in Steam Turbine Inlet Valves at Part Load Operation and Improved Design Considerations
Authors: Domnick Clemens Bernhard , Brillert Dieter , Musch Christian , Benra Friedrich-Karl
Published: March 2017

In steam turbine inlet valves used to adjust the power output of large steam turbines, the through-flow is reduced by lowering the valve plug and hence reducing the cross-sectional area between the plug and the seat. At throttled operation, a supersonic jet is formed between the plug and the seat. This jet bearing tremendous kinetic energy flows into the valve diffuser where it is dissipated. Depending on the dissipation process, a certain portion of the kinetic energy is converted to sound and subsequently to structural vibration, which can be harmful to the valve plug. The flow topology in the valve diffuser has a strong influence on the conversion of kinetic energy to sound and hence vibrations. Several studies show that an annular flow attached to the wall of the valve diffuser causes significantly less noise and vibrations than a detached flow in the core of the diffuser. The relation between the flow topology and the vibrations is already known, but the physics causing the transition from the undesired core flow to the desired annular flow and the dependency on the design are not fully understood. The paper presented here reveals the relation between the flow topology in the steam valve and the separation of underexpanded Coandă wall jets. The physics of the jet separations are clarified and a method to predict the flow separations with a low numerical effort is shown. Based on this, safe operational ranges free of separations can be predicted and improved design considerations can be made.
Study of Pressure Shock Caused by a Vortex Ring Separated From a Vortex Rope in a Draft Tube Model
Authors: Skripkin S. G. , Tsoy M. A. , Kuibin P. A. , Shtork S. I.
Published: March 2017

Operating hydraulic turbines under part- or over-load conditions leads to the development of the precessing vortex rope downstream of the turbine runner. In a regime close to the best efficiency point (BEP), the vortex rope is very unstable because of the low residual swirl of the flow. However, strong pressure pulsations have been detected in the regime. These oscillations can be caused by self-merging and reconnection of a vortex helix with the formation of a vortex ring. The vortex ring moves along the wall of the draft tube and generates a sharp pressure pulse that is registered by pressure transducer. This phenomenon was investigated on a simplified draft tube model using a swirl generator consisting of a stationary swirler and a freely rotating runner. The experiments were performed at Reynolds number (Re) = 105. The measurements involved a high-speed visualization technique synchronized with pressure measurements on the draft tube wall, which enables an analysis of the key stages of vortex ring formation by comparing it with the pressure on the draft tube wall. Quantitative information regarding the average velocity distribution was obtained via the laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) technique.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Withdrawal of Water-Capped Viscoplastic Fluid
Authors: Azimi Amir H. , Cai Jianan , Zhu David Z. , Rajaratnam Nallamuthu
Published: March 2017

Withdrawal of water-capped viscoplastic fluid was investigated using laboratory experimentation and numerical modeling. The viscoplastic fluid was modeled using a Laponite suspension, which was withdrawn by a vertical pipe intake. Variations of the Laponite–water interface and intake configurations were investigated in this study. The critical submergence, the depth of the intake in the Laponite layer when the upper water begins to withdraw, was studied under different experimental conditions, and the critical depths were measured for different flow rates. An empirical relationship was found between the withdrawal flow rate and the critical submergence. The averaged Laponite velocity was measured at different withdrawal stages to identify the critical stage. A series of numerical simulations were conducted to study the effect of intake structures so that a maximum amount of the Laponite suspension can be withdrawn before the water layer being withdrawn. It was found that a combination of a collar and a cone with an edge length to the intake diameter of 1.5 can increase the pumping duration by 16.7%. The installation of a collar or collar-cone setup can also decrease the disturbance in Laponite layer.
Pressure Drop Analysis of Pilot-Control Globe Valve With Different Structural Parameters
Authors: Jin Zhi-jiang , Gao Zhi-xin , Zhang Ming , Qian Jin-yuan
Published: March 2017

Pilot-control globe valve (PCGV) can use the pressure drop caused by fluid flowing through the orifice located at valve core bottom to open or close the main valve using a small pilot valve. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted to analyze the pressure drop before and after valve core of PCGV and minor loss of orifice under different structural parameters and inlet velocities, and the simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental results. It turns out that the valve diameters, orifice diameters, and pilot pipe diameters have great influences on the pressure drop and the loss coefficient. Moreover, an expression is proposed which can be used to calculate minor loss coefficient, then to estimate the pressure drop and driving force of a PCGV within limited conditions. This paper can be referenced as guidance for deciding the dimension of structural parameters and spring stiffness during design process of a PCGV.
Corrosion Resistance and Tribological Characteristics of Polyaniline as Lubricating Additive in Grease
Authors: Cao Zhengfeng , Xia Yanqiu
Published: March 2017

Polyaniline (PANI) was doped as lubricating additive to afford grease. The effect of PANI on the physicochemical characteristics, corrosion resistance, and tribological performances of lubricating grease was investigated in details, and the tribological action mechanisms of lubricating grease were analyzed in relation to worn surface analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). Results indicate that the PANI-doped grease has superior conductive and thermal properties. And PANI-doped grease has an excellent corrosion resistance, which is attributed to the isolation effect and the compact passivated film generated by reaction of PANI and metal. In the meantime, the PANI-doped grease performs superior friction reduction and wear resistance under different applied loads and frequencies. It is mainly ascribed that the PANI can perform like spacers to avoid direct contact between the contact interfaces, and the protective tribofilm is generated by physical adsorption and chemical reaction.
Differences in the temporal course of interaural time difference sensitivity between acoustic and electric hearing in amplitude modulated stimuli
Authors: Hu Hongmei , Ewert Stephan D. , McAlpine David , Dietz Mathias
Published: March 2017

Previous studies have shown that normal-hearing (NH) listeners' spatial perception of non-stationary interaural time differences (ITDs) is dominated by the carrier ITD during rising amplitude segments. Here, ITD sensitivity throughout the amplitude-modulation cycle in NH listeners and bilateral cochlear implant (CI) subjects is compared, the latter by means of direct stimulation of a single electrode pair. The data indicate that, while NH listeners are most sensitive to ITDs applied toward the beginning of a modulation cycle at 600 Hz, NH listeners at 200 Hz and especially bilateral CI subjects at 200 pulses per second (pps) are more sensitive to ITDs applied to the modulation maximum. This has implications for spatial-hearing in complex environments: NH listeners' dominant 600-Hz ITD information from the rising amplitude segments comprises direct sound information. The 200-pps low rate required to get ITD sensitivity in CI users results in a higher weight of pulses later in the modulation cycle where the source ITDs are more likely corrupted by reflections. This indirectly indicates that even if future binaural CI processors are able to provide perceptually exploitable ITD information, CI users will likely not get the full benefit from such pulse-based ITD cues in reverberant and other complex environments.
Automatic loudness control in short-form content for broadcasting
Authors: Pires Leandro da S. , Vieira Maurílio N. , Yehia Hani C.
Published: March 2017

During the early years of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) loudness calculation standard for sound broadcasting [ITU-R (2006), Rec. BS Series, 1770], the need for additional loudness descriptors to evaluate short-form content, such as commercials and live inserts, was identified. This work proposes a loudness control scheme to prevent loudness jumps, which can bother audiences. It employs short-form content audio detection and dynamic range processing methods for the maximum loudness level criteria. Detection is achieved by combining principal component analysis for dimensionality reduction and support vector machines for binary classification. Subsequent processing is based on short-term loudness integrators and Hilbert transformers. The performance was assessed using quality classification metrics and demonstrated through a loudness control example.
Decomposition of effective specific heat of molecular relaxation for gas detection in a mixture
Authors: Liu Tingting , Wang Shu , Zhu Ming
Published: March 2017

The effective specific heat (ESH) is the “footprint” of acoustic relaxation processes in gases, and is characterized by a semicircle curve that is dependent on the acoustic frequency in the complex plane. In this paper, the ESH of the molecular relaxation process of a gas mixture is decomposed to obtain the relaxation contributions of the individual gas components. The decomposed ESHs obtained by the proposed method have the same complex-plane curves as the ESHs of the corresponding pure gases; thus, the ESH curve of the mixture can be obtained by the sum of the ESH curves of the corresponding pure gases. This conclusion not only provides a theoretical foundation for the existing gas sensing method based on acoustic spectral peaks, but can also be used to identify gas components in mixtures. The connecting lines of the minimum points of the ESH curves were used to quantitatively detect carbon dioxide and methane in dry air, and to monitor contaminant gases in natural gas.
Acoustic and perceptual speech characteristics of native Mandarin speakers with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hsu Sih-Chiao , Jiao Yishan , McAuliffe Megan J. , Berisha Visar , Wu Ruey-Meei , Levy Erika S.
Published: March 2017

This study examines acoustic features of speech production in speakers of Mandarin with Parkinson's disease (PD) and relates them to intelligibility outcomes. Data from 11 participants with PD and 7 controls are compared on several acoustic measures. In speakers with PD, the strength of association between these measures and intelligibility is investigated. Speakers with PD exhibited significant differences in fundamental frequency, pitch variation, vowel space, and rate relative to controls. However, in contrast to the English studies, speech rate was consistently slow and most strongly correlated with intelligibility. Thus, acoustic cues that strongly influence intelligibility in PD may vary cross-linguistically.
DNA sequence-dependent epigenetic inheritance of gene silencing and histone H3K9 methylation
Authors: Wang Xiaoyi , Moazed Danesh
Published: March 2017

DNA sequence and inherited gene silencing

Cell fate decisions require a gene's transcriptional status, whether on or off, to be stably and heritably maintained over multiple cell generations. For silenced genes, heterochromatin domains are associated with specific histone posttranslational modifications, and these histone marks are maintained during DNA replication and chromosome duplication (see the Perspective by De and Kassis). Laprell
et al.
show that parental methylated histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) nucleosomes in
Drosophila
are inherited in daughter cells after replication and can repress transcription, but that they are not sufficient to propagate the mark. Trimethylation of newly incorporated nucleosomes requires recruitment of the methyltransferase Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) to neighboring cis-regulatory DNA elements. Coleman and Struhl demonstrate that H3K27 trimethylated nucleosomes play a causal role in transmitting epigenetic memory at a
Drosophila
HOX gene through anchoring of PRC2 at the Polycomb response element binding site. Wang and Moazed examine fission yeast and show that both sequence-dependent and chromodomain sequence-independent mechanisms are required for stable epigenetic inheritance of histone modifications and the epigenetic maintenance of silencing. These studies highlight the crucial role of DNA binding for heritable gene silencing during growth and development.

Science
, this issue p.
85
, p.
eaai8236
, p.
88
; see also p.
28
Anticancer sulfonamides target splicing by inducing RBM39 degradation via recruitment to DCAF15
Authors: Han Ting , Goralski Maria , Gaskill Nicholas , Capota Emanuela , Kim Jiwoong , Ting Tabitha C. , Xie Yang , Williams Noelle S. , Nijhawan Deepak
Published: March 2017

An old cancer drug's degrading new look

Typically, cancer drugs that help only a small number of patients in clinical trials are not pursued. This might change in a future world of precision medicine, where biomarkers will match specific drugs to the patients most likely to respond. Han
et al.
identified the mechanism of action of a cancer drug called indisulam, a sulfonamide tested previously in patients with solid tumors. Indisulam and related sulfonamides killed cells by disrupting precursor mRNA splicing. The drugs targeted a specific RNA splicing factor for degradation by “gluing” it to the CUL4-DCAF15 ubiquitin ligase. Experiments with cancer cell lines suggest that future clinical trials of these drugs should focus on leukemias and lymphomas with high DCAF15 expression levels.

Science
, this issue p.
eaal3755
Draft Genome Sequence of a Multidrug-Resistant Strain of Enterococcus faecalis, PM01, Isolated from the Nest of an American Bushtit,
Psaltriparius minimus
Authors: Esani Saika , Constable John V. H. , Van Laar Tricia A.
Published: March 2017

Pathogenic microorganisms associated with avian nests may detrimentally impact parental health and nest success for the nest primary users, potentially neighboring avian or terrestrial species, including humans. Here, we report the genome sequence of
Enterococcus faecalis
strain PM01, isolated from a failed nest of American bushtits,
Psaltriparius minimus
.
Complete Genome and Methylome Sequences of Salmonella enterica subsp.
enterica
Serovars Typhimurium, Saintpaul, and Stanleyville from the SARA/SARB Collection
Authors: Yao Kuan , Roberts Richard J. , Allard Marc W. , Hoffmann Maria
Published: March 2017

In this announcement, we report the complete genome and methylome sequences of three
Salmonella enterica
strains from the SARA and SARB collection:
S. enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Typhimurium (SARA13),
S. enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Saintpaul (SARA26), and
S. enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Stanleyville (SARB61).
Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli Strains Isolated at Calving from the Uterus, Vagina, Vulva, and Rectoanal Junction of a Dairy Cow That Later Developed Metritis
Authors: Jeon Soo Jin , Cunha Federico , Ginn Amber , Jeong KwangCheol Casey , Galvão Klibs N.
Published: March 2017

Escherichia coli
is involved in the pathogenicity of metritis in cows. We report here the genome sequences of
E. coli
strains isolated at calving from the uterus, vagina, vulva, and rectoanal junction of a dairy cow that later developed metritis. The genomic similarities will give an insight into phylogenetic relationships among strains.