bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topography and evidence of a separate “fascia plate” for the femoral nerve inside the iliopsoas – A dorsal approach
Authors: Kulow Charlotte , Reske Andreas , Leimert Mario , Bechmann Ingo , Winter Karsten , Steinke Hanno
Published: December 2020

The femoral nerve stretch test is an essential part of clinical neurological examinations. This test is performed alongside Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to determine if there is any evidence of nerve root irritation, usually as a consequence of disc prolapse. The test occasionally gives false positive results. Why such false positives can occur, is subject to continued research, however, no obvious reason has yet emerged. We hypothesize that connectives of the femoral nerve may explain such a phenomenon. To see these connectives, we approached the femoral nerve from dorsal in 12 cases. With the use of ink injection into the subparaneural compartment of the femoral nerve and dissections, a thin transparent structure can clearly be seen that is separate from the epineurium, perineurium, and a paraneural sheath. A continuation of the paraneural sheath produces a fascia plate approximately 1.5 cm in width and with a thickness of around 3 mm, which not only circumnavigates the nerve but projects into the surrounding tissues. Our qualitative observations show that not only does this femoral nerve fascia plate exists, but it also contains nerves and vessels. Furthermore, we show that the femoral nerve is connected to the myofascial complex of the iliopsoas, and in a separate fascia plate from the iliopsoas fascia. This plate is a hitherto neglected connective which extends as far as the spinal dura mater. Evidence from our plastinates and histological sections suggests that when tension is applied to the femoral nerve during the femoral nerve stretch test, tension is also applied to the femoral nerve fascia plate. The femoral nerve fascia plate could be a specific factor that contributes to pain resulting in a false positive femoral nerve stretch test.
Effects of preventing intercuspation on the precision of jaw movements
Authors: Hellmann Daniel , Glöggler Julia C. , Plaschke Katharina , Jäger Rudolf , Eiglsperger Ulrike , Schindler Hans J. , Lapatki Bernd G.
Published: December 2020

Background

Closing movements are among the jaw’s basic physiological motor actions. During functional movements, the jaw changes position continually, which requires appropriate proprioception. However, the significance of the various proprioceptive receptors involved and how they interact is not yet fully clear.

Objectives

This study’s main objective was to test whether preventing intercuspation (IC) for 1 week would affect the precision of jaw‐closing movements into IC and the functional space of habitual chewing movements (HCM). A secondary objective was to compare precision of jaw‐closing movements into IC with the precision of movements into a target position (TP) far from IC.

Methods

Fourteen participants’ HCM and jaw‐closing movements into IC were recorded on two sessions (T1 and T2) 1 week apart. Between sessions, participants wore posterior bite plates to prevent IC. They also received a 10‐minute training session at T1 to guide their jaw‐closing movements into TP. The precision of the closing movements into IC and TP was analysed. For HCM, the vertical amplitude, lateral width and area of chewing cycles were evaluated.

Results

The precision of jaw movements into IC increased as the jaw gap decreased, but precision did not differ significantly between T1 and T2. For HCM, the vertical amplitude and area of chewing cycles increased significantly between T1 and T2. The precision of the closing trajectory into TP increased significantly during the training session.

Conclusion

Our results confirm the excellent adaptability of the craniomandibular system, controlled by stringent motor programmes that are supported by continuous peripheral sensory input.
Efficacy of oral brush cytology cell block immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kujan Omar , Idrees Majdy , Anand Neeraj , Soh Brandon , Wong Elton , Farah Camile S.
Published: December 2020

Objectives

This study assessed the efficacy of using oral liquid–based brush cytology and cell block immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of oral leukoplakia as minimally invasive diagnostic adjuncts.

Methods

Seventy‐two patients diagnosed clinically with either oral leukoplakia (OLK) or oral squamous cell carcinoma were included. Oral brush samples using Orcellex® brushes were obtained from all participants directly before undergoing surgical biopsy. Cell blocks were prepared for all samples and assessed for cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry of DNA mismatch repair proteins (MSH‐6, MSH‐2, MLH‐1 and PMS‐2). A combined index score of immunocytochemistry expression and cytology grading was compared against the gold standard (histopathological diagnosis).

Results

A significant association was observed between the cytological assessments of oral liquid–based brush cytology samples and the histopathological diagnosis (P < .005). In addition, there was a significant inverse correlation between the grade of oral epithelial dysplasia and the cumulative score of the studied DNA mismatch repair proteins (P < .005). Grading criteria for both oral liquid–based brush cytology and immunocytochemistry cumulative index scores are proposed based on the analysis of receiver operating characteristic curve coordinates. The diagnostic accuracy of this approach was outstanding in terms of discrimination between the presence or absence of oral epithelial dysplasia (0.961) and squamous cell carcinoma (0.977) separately.

Conclusion

Oral liquid–based brush cytology cell block immunocytochemistry provides a reliable strategy to investigate oral mucosal epithelial disorders. This approach presents a minimally invasive, highly accurate and non‐technically demanding method for the surveillance of oral potentially malignant disorders and squamous cell carcinoma.
Ethanol‐soluble components in soybean meal influence the digestive physiology, hepatic and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of the marine fish pompano (Trachinotus blochii)
Authors: Nguyen Hung Phuc , Van Do Thinh , Tran Thi Nang Thu , Trieu Trung Anh
Published: December 2020

This study aimed to examine the effects of ethanol‐soluble components (Es) in soybean meal (SBM) on gut content transit, bile acid (BA) and pancreatic digestive enzyme secretions, nutrient apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC), liver and intestinal morphologies, and growth performance of pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The SBM was extracted with aqueous ethanol, then the supernatant and residue were separated and dried to produce ethanol‐extracted SBM (ESBM) and the Es. Four experimental diets were formulated with fish meal (FM), ESBM and SBM as main dietary protein sources. The diets were denoted as follows: FMD (FM diet), SBMD (SBM diet), ESBMD (ESBM diet) and ESBM + EsD (ESBM plus Es diet). Thirty‐five fingerling pompano with an initial body weight (BW) of 18.3 g were allocated to each of 12 polyvinyl chloride tanks (1000‐L holding capacity), resulting in triplicate tanks per dietary treatment. For 10 weeks, the fish were hand‐fed the experimental diets to apparent satiation twice daily. The results showed that the final BW, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly lower, while the feed conversion ratio was higher in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups than in the ESBMD and FMD groups (p < 0.05). Fish fed SBMD and ESBM + EsD showed accelerated gastric transit, slowed intestinal mobility, and lowered secretions of BAs and pancreatic digestive enzymes as compared to those fed ESBMD and FMD. Morphological abnormalities in mucosal folds of the posterior intestine, but not the liver, were clearly observed in the SBMD and ESBM + EsD groups. These results indicated that the Es in SBM inhibited the digestive system, leading to decreased nutrient digestibility and growth performance in pompano. The findings of the present study suggested that removal of the Es would effectively improve the nutritional quality of SBM and enhance growth performance of pompano fed a SBM‐based diet.
Hydrophilic titanium surface modulates early stages of osseointegration in osteoporosis
Authors: Siqueira Rafael , Ferreira Jessica Afonso , Rizzante Fábio Antônio Piola , Moura Guilherme Faria , Mendonça Daniela Baccelli Silveira , de Magalhães Denildo , Cimões Renata , Mendonça Gustavo
Published: December 2020

Objective

Using a mouse osteoporotic model, this study aimed to determine the influence of hydrophilic titanium surfaces on gene expression and bone formation during the osseointegration process.

Background

Based on the previous evidence, it is plausible to assume that osteoporotic bone has a different potential of bone healing. Therefore, implant surface modification study that aims at enhancing bone formation to further improve short‐ and long‐term clinical outcomes in osteoporosis is necessary.

Material and Methods

Fifty female, 3‐month‐old mice were included in this study. Osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomy (OVX, test group) in 25 mice. The further 25 mice had ovaries exposed but not removed (SHAM, control group). Seven weeks following the ovariectomy procedures, one customized implant (0.7 × 8 mm) of each surface was placed in each femur for both groups. Implants had either a hydrophobic surface (SAE) or a hydrophilic treatment surface (SAE‐HD). Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content was measured by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) after 7 days. The femurs were analyzed for bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) and bone volume fraction (BV) by nano‐computed tomography (nano‐CT) after 14 and 28 days. Same specimens were further submitted to histological analysis. Additionally, after 3 and 7 days, implants were removed and cells were collected around the implant to access gene expression profile of key osteogenic (Runx2, Alp, Sp7, Bsp, Sost, Ocn) and inflammatory genes (IL‐1β, IL‐10, Tnf‐α, and Nos2) by qRT‐PCR assay. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and paired t test with significance at P < .05.

Results

The amount of Ca and P deposited on the surface due to the mineralization process was higher for SAE‐HD compared to SAE on the intra‐group analysis. Nano‐CT and histology revealed more BV and BIC for SAE‐HD in SHAM and OVX groups compared to SAE. Analysis in OVX group showed that most genes (ie, ALP, Runx2) involved in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling were significantly activated in the hydrophilic treatment.

Conclusion

Both surfaces were able to modulate bone responses toward osteoblast differentiation. SAE‐HD presented a faster response in terms of bone formation and osteogenic gene expression compared to SAE. Hydrophilic surface in situations of osteoporosis seems to provide additional benefits in the early stages of osseointegration.
Capital inflows, sustained investment surges and the role of external economies of scale in a developing economy
Authors: Razmi Arslan
Published: December 2020

Standard open economy macro models with unemployment predict a contractionary short‐run effect of international capital inflows. Empirical evidence, moreover, often associates such inflows with short‐term booms and developing country policy makers frequently go out of their way to welcome foreign capital. Employing a portfolio balance framework, this paper distinguishes between international financial (i.e., bond) and “real” (i.e., equity) flows to explore the different consequences for capital accumulation that may follow over the medium‐run. The presence of external economies of scale generates multiple equilibria and different kinds of capital flows may push investment in one direction or the other for sustained periods of time.
Is two a crowd? A qualitative analysis of dyad learning in an OBGYN clinical clerkship
Authors: Noerholk Laerke Marijke , Morcke Anne Mette , Bader Larsen Karlen S. , Tolsgaard Martin G.
Published: December 2020

Introduction

Dyad learning occurs when two students work together to acquire new skills and knowledge. Several studies have provided evidence to support the educational rationale for dyad learning in the controlled simulated setting. However, the role of dyad learning in the clinical setting remains uncertain. Unlike the simulated setting, learning in the clinical setting depends on a complex interplay between medical students, doctors, nurses and patients potentially making dyad learning less valuable in clerkships. The objective of this study was to explore how key stakeholders perceive the value of implementing dyad learning during medical students’ clinical clerkships.

Methods

In a constructivist qualitative study, we conducted 51 semi‐structured interviews with 36 key stakeholders involved in dyad learning, including 10 medical students, 12 doctors, five nurses and nine patients. Data were coded inductively using thematic analysis, then coded deductively using stakeholder theory as a theoretical framework.

Results

We found that stakeholders generally perceived the educational impact of dyad learning in the clinical setting similarly but disagreed on its value. Students emphasised that dyad learning made them participate more actively during patient encounters and patients did not mind having two students present. Doctors and nurses considered dyad learning disruptive to the balance between service and training and reported that it did not resonate with their perception of good patient care.

Conclusion

Dyad learning enables students to be more active during their clinical clerkships, but it easily disrupts the balance between service and training. This disruption may be exacerbated by the shifted balance in priorities and values between different stakeholder groups, as well as by making implicit teaching obligations more explicit for supervising doctors and nurses. Consequently, implementing dyad learning may not be perceived as valuable by doctors and nurses in the clinical setting, regardless of its pedagogical rationale.
The PfAP2‐G2 transcription factor is a critical regulator of gametocyte maturation
Authors: Singh Suprita , Santos Joana M. , Orchard Lindsey M. , Yamada Naomi , van Biljon Riëtte , Painter Heather J. , Mahony Shaun , Llinás Manuel
Published: December 2020

Differentiation from asexual blood stages to mature sexual gametocytes is required for the transmission of malaria parasites. Here, we report that the ApiAP2 transcription factor, PfAP2‐G2 (PF3D7_1408200) plays a critical role in the maturation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. PfAP2‐G2 binds to the promoters of a wide array of genes that are expressed at many stages of the parasite life cycle. Interestingly, we also find binding of PfAP2‐G2 within the gene body of almost 3,000 genes, which strongly correlates with the location of H3K36me3 and several other histone modifications as well as Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1), suggesting that occupancy of PfAP2‐G2 in gene bodies may serve as an alternative regulatory mechanism. Disruption of pfap2‐g2 does not impact asexual development, but the majority of sexual parasites are unable to mature beyond stage III gametocytes. The absence of pfap2‐g2 leads to overexpression of 28% of the genes bound by PfAP2‐G2 and none of the PfAP2‐G2 bound genes are downregulated, suggesting that it is a repressor. We also find that PfAP2‐G2 interacts with chromatin remodeling proteins, a microrchidia (MORC) protein, and another ApiAP2 protein (PF3D7_1139300). Overall our data demonstrate that PfAP2‐G2 establishes an essential gametocyte maturation program in association with other chromatin‐related proteins.
Early versus late time‐restricted feeding in adults at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes: Is there an optimal time to eat for metabolic health?
Authors: Lynch S. , Johnston J. D. , Robertson M. D.
Published: December 2020

Time‐restricted feeding (TRF) is a novel dietary approach where energy intake is limited to a set number of hours in the day (typically ≤12 hours), which leads to an extension of the daily fast that generally occurs overnight. Human pilot studies (based on animal experiments) have demonstrated that TRF has the potential to reduce risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2DM): mediating weight loss, the reduction of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and improving insulin sensitivity. However, it remains unclear whether it is better to restrict food intake to earlier in the day (early‐TRF) or later in the day (late‐TRF). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of TRF on established risk factors for T2DM and its application to wider society. The primary hypothesis is that 10 weeks of daily TRF will reduce food intake, bodyweight and adiposity while improving markers of metabolic disease risk, such as LDL‐cholesterol and insulin sensitivity. The secondary hypothesis is that early‐TRF will induce larger metabolic changes in comparison to late‐TRF. Eligible volunteers will be randomised to either the early‐TRF (7 am to 3 pm), late‐TRF (12 pm to 8 pm) or control group (unrestricted eating window) for 10 weeks. Changes in fasting markers, diet, bodyweight and body composition will be assessed throughout the experiment, as well as the effects on psychological wellbeing and social and family interactions.
Regulation and Corruption: Evidence from the United States*
Authors: Choudhury Sanchari
Published: December 2020

I exploit a panel data set on United States for the time span 1990–2013 to evaluate the causal impact of government regulation on bureaucratic corruption. Despite the stylized fact that corruption and regulation are positively correlated, there is a lack of empirical evidence to substantiate a causal relationship. Using novel data on federal regulation of industries (Al‐Ubaydli and McLaughlin [2015], Regulation and Governance, 11, 109–123), and convictions of public officials from the Public Integrity Section, I apply a stochastic frontier approach to account for one‐sided measurement error in bureaucratic corruption and the Lewbel [2012, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 30, 67–80] identification strategy to control for potential endogeneity of regulation. Results are striking. Based on the preferred model, there is evidence of endogeneity of regulation and absence of a causal link between regulation and corruption. However, if any of the above two econometric issues are ignored, evidence of a spurious relationship between corruption and regulation is found.
Better Night Lights Data, For Longer*
Authors: Gibson John
Published: December 2020

Night lights data are increasingly used in applied economics, almost always from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). These data are old, with production ending in 2013, and are flawed by blurring, lack of calibration and top‐coding. These inaccuracies in DMSP data cause mean‐reverting errors. This paper shows newer and better VIIRS night lights data have 80% higher predictive power for real GDP in a cross‐section of 269 European NUTS2 regions. Spatial inequality is greatly understated with DMSP data, especially for the most densely populated regions. A Pareto correction for top‐coding of DMSP data has a modest effect.
Risk factors associated with osteoradionecrosis
Authors: Habib Saad , Sassoon Isabel , Thompson Ian , Patel Vinod
Published: December 2020

Aims

Risk factors have a seminal role in ORN development. Recent technological advances such as intensity‐modulated radiation treatment (IMRT) and the rise of human papilloma virus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal tumours require re‐evaluation of historic risk factors and consideration of these changes. This study aims to assess potential risk factors for ORN considering recent changes in head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

A cross‐sectional retrospective study was conducted including HNC patients who were diagnosed with ORN between 2014 and 2018. Data were collected under three main domains; patient, oncology and ORN related. The data were then grouped via tumour sub‐site and radiotherapy (RT) delivery system (IMRT vs. pre‐IMRT) for analysis.

Results

A total of 197 patients were included within the cohort. Men (79.9%) and the 60–70 age bracket (39.1%) were the most populous groups. The mandible (83.2%) and posterior regions (79.9%) dominated ORN characteristics. Two thirds of ORN cases occurred from induced causes of which dental extraction (81.1%) was the main instigator. RT supplementation with surgery or chemotherapy (p < 0.000), RT dose (p = 0.007), primary jaw location (p = 0.014) and secondary jaw location (p < 0.000) were all significant variable for ORN occurrence influenced by tumour sub‐site. Comparing risk factors with the groups sub‐divided by RT delivery systems identified HPV status (p < 0.000) as significant.

Conclusion

Traditional risk factors for ORN continue to be pertinent in the modern era of HNC even with novel targeted radiation delivery systems. Additionally, HPV status should be considered as a risk factor for ORN with the increasing positive oropharyngeal group of particular concern.
Three dimensional reconstruction imaging of temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis
Authors: Cameron Alice , Richards Charlotte A , Keating Chris , Colbert Serryth D
Published: December 2020

Aim

We have completed the first documented three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of temporomandibular joint synovial chondromatosis from computed tomography and discuss the application of this technique in diagnosis and treatment of this condition with particular relevance to its surgical management.

We describe our case of a 52‐year‐old woman who was admitted to the medical assessment unit with an acute exacerbation of headaches; diagnostic head imaging revealed left TMJ calcification most suggestive of synovial osteochondromatosis.

Methods and materials

Materialise Mimics inPrint 3.0 is an advanced tool that allows for the import of medical image data from either CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as DICOM files. The data is analysed by the user and then an image is segmented in an accessible environment resulting in an accurate 3D anatomical model that can be 3D printed or visualised in either augmented reality or virtual reality (AR/VR).

Results

We demonstrate our novel 3D reconstruction of this florid appearance of TMJ SC from an incidental finding on CT.

Conclusion

This is an unusual presentation of a rare condition; despite the florid appearance on imaging, the patient’s function was entirely normal. TMJ SC is a benign condition but can require surgical management. We present our novel 3D imaging technique for diagnosis and to aid surgical management.
The CC‐NB‐LRR OsRLR1 mediates rice disease resistance through interaction with OsWRKY19
Authors: Du Dan , Zhang Changwei , Xing Yadi , Lu Xin , Cai Linjun , Yun Han , Zhang Qiuli , Zhang Yingying , Chen Xinlong , Liu Mingming , Sang Xianchun , Ling Yinghua , Yang Zhenglin , Li Yunfeng , Lefebvre Benoit , He Guanghua
Published: December 2020

Nucleotide‐binding site–leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) resistance proteins are critical for plant resistance to pathogens; however, their mechanism of activation and signal transduction is still not well understood. We identified a mutation in an as yet uncharacterized rice coiled‐coil (CC)‐NB‐LRR, Oryza sativa RPM1‐like resistance gene 1 (OsRLR1), which leads to hypersensitive response (HR)‐like lesions on the leaf blade and broad‐range resistance to the fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, together with strong growth reduction. Consistently, OsRLR1‐overexpression lines showed enhanced resistance to both pathogens. Moreover, we found that OsRLR1 mediates the defence response through direct interaction in the nucleus with the transcription factor OsWRKY19. Down‐regulation of OsWRKY19 in the rlr1 mutant compromised the HR‐like phenotype and resistance response, and largely restored plant growth. OsWRKY19 binds to the promoter of OsPR10 to activate the defence response. Taken together, our data highlight the role of a new residue involved in the NB‐LRR activation mechanism, allowing identification of a new NB‐LRR downstream signalling pathway.
Lysine crotonylation of DgTIL1 at K72 modulates cold tolerance by enhancing DgnsLTP stability in chrysanthemum
Authors: Huang Qiuxiang , Liao Xiaoqin , Yang Xiaohan , Luo Yunchen , Lin Ping , Zeng Qinhan , Bai Huiru , Jiang Beibei , Pan Yuanzhi , Zhang Fan , Zhang Lei , Jia Yin , Liu Qinglin
Published: December 2020

Lysine crotonylation of proteins is a recently identified post‐translational modification (PTM) in plants. However, the function of lysine‐crotonylated proteins in response to abiotic stress in plants has not been reported. In this study, we identified a temperature‐induced lipocalin‐1‐like gene (DgTIL1) from chrysanthemum and showed that it was notably induced in response to cold stress. Overexpression of DgTIL1 enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic chrysanthemum. Ubiquitin membrane yeast two‐hybrid (MYTH) system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) assays showed that DgTIL1 interacts with a nonspecific lipid transfer protein (DgnsLTP), which can promote peroxidase (POD) gene expression and POD activity to reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improve resistance to cold stress in DgnsLTP transgenic chrysanthemum. In addition, we found that DgTIL1 was lysine crotonylated at K72 in response to low temperature in chrysanthemum. Moreover, lysine crotonylation of DgTIL1 prevented DgnsLTP protein degradation in tobacco and chrysanthemum. Inhibition of DgnsLTP degradation by lysine crotonylation of DgTIL1 further enhanced POD expression and POD activity, reduced the accumulation of ROS under cold stress in DgTIL1 transgenic chrysanthemum, thus promoting the cold resistance of chrysanthemum.
Wheat FRIZZYPANICLE activates VERNALIZATION1‐A and HOMEOBOX4‐A to regulate spike development in wheat
Authors: Li Yongpeng , Li Long , Zhao Meicheng , Guo Lin , Guo Xinxin , Zhao Dan , Batool Aamana , Dong Baodi , Xu Hongxing , Cui Sujuan , Zhang Aimin , Fu Xiangdong , Li Junming , Jing Ruilian , Liu Xigang
Published: December 2020

Kernel number per spike determined by the spike or inflorescence development is one important agricultural trait for wheat yield that is critical for global food security. While a few important genes for wheat spike development were identified, the genetic regulatory mechanism underlying supernumerary spikelets (SSs) is still unclear. Here, we cloned the wheat FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) gene from one local wheat cultivar. WFZP is specifically expressed at the sites where the spikelet meristem and floral meristem are initiated, which differs from the expression patterns of its homologs FZP/BD1 in rice and maize, indicative of its functional divergence during species differentiation. Moreover, WFZP directly activates VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and wheat HOMEOBOX4 (TaHOX4) to regulate the initiation and development of spikelet. The haplotypes analysis showed that the favourable alleles of WFZP associated with spikelet number per spike (SNS) were preferentially selected during breeding. Our findings provide insights into the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying wheat spike development and characterize the WFZP as elite resource for wheat molecular breeding with enhanced crop yield.
QTL analysis of deep‐sowing tolerance during seed germination in the maize IBM Syn4 RIL population
Authors: Han Qinghui , Shen Yao , Lv Lv , Lee Michael , Lübberstedt Thomas , Zhao Guangwu
Published: December 2020

In arid or semi‐arid regions, deep‐sowing is an effective treasure to ensure seeds absorbing water from deep soil layer at present. However, the existing maize varieties have poor tolerance to deep‐sowing, which is attributed to that few genes are explored and utilised. In this study, 243 IBM Syn4 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) constructed with B73 and Mo17 as parents and 1,339 DNA markers evenly distributed in 10 chromosomes, were used for QTL analysis of deep‐sowing tolerance during seed germination. There were significant differences in germination‐related traits between the parental lines at 12.5 cm sowing depth. Among them, 7, 7, 5, 10 and 2 QTLs for emergence rate, seedling length, plumule length, mesocotyl length and coleoptile length were detected, respectively. These QTLs explained 2.75% to 10.49% of the phenotypic variance with LOD scores ranging from 2.50 to 8.27. In addition, 12 overlapping QTLs formed five QTL clusters on chromosomes 3, 5, 7 and 9. This study provides a basis for molecular marker‐assisted breeding and functional study in deep‐sowing germination of maize.
Uptake of next‐generation sequencing in children with end‐stage renal disease secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and parental decision for kidney transplantation—Experience from a low resource setting: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sinha Rajiv , Sarkar Subhankar , Mandal Kausik , Tse Yincent
Published: December 2020

Background

Transplantation is the optimal modality for children with ESRD. High risk of disease recurrence and graft loss with FSGS, and its financial implications, may result in families refusing transplantation. Deceased donation is often preferred for FSGS, but access is limited in many low‐ and middle‐income group countries (LMIC; per capita gross national income between $1026 and $3995). As FSGS secondary to an underlying genetic etiology has low recurrence risk, we hypothesized that in LMIC such as India, families with children in ESRD secondary to FSGS with proven pathogenic mutation are more likely to consent for transplantation than those with unknown etiology.

Methods

Prospective cross‐sectional study with retrospective chart review was undertaken (March 2011 and February 2019) to identify children with ESRD from FSGS. The objective was to ascertain NGS uptake and findings, parental decision for transplantation, and transplant outcome.

Results

28 children with FSGS started transplant workup, and 15 (54%) families agreed for NGS testing. Pathogenic mutation (NPHS1 x 2, WT1 x 2, COL4A3 x 2, CD2AP, CRB2, COL4A5, INF 2, ACTN4, NPHP4: 1 each) was identified in 12 (80%). 92% (11/12) agreed to proceed with transplantation in contrast to 13% (2/16) who either did not undergo NGS testing or had no pathogenic mutation identified (P = .001). No disease recurrences were noted in those with a known pathogenic mutation.

Conclusion

In LMIC, NGS results are useful in transplant discussions with families for children with ESRD secondary to FSGS.
Young Hispanic fathers during COVID‐19: Balancing parenthood, finding strength, and maintaining hope
Authors: Recto Pamela , Lesser Janna
Published: December 2020

Objectives

This study examined how the effects of the COVID‐19 crisis has impacted young Hispanic fathers.

Design/Sample

Using qualitative description, in‐depth interviews were conducted among Hispanic fathers between the ages of 18 and 24 years, from community‐based fatherhood program. The interviews of seven young Hispanic fathers were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

The participants’ initial and ongoing fears about COVID‐19 resulted from not having adequate information about the severity of the disease and how easily one can contract and transmit it to others. They also expressed concerns about the threat of the pandemic on their family's well‐being, finances, and employment status. Providing for their families was their main priority, with some continuing to work, despite the risks of becoming infected with COVID‐19. Despite their many hardships, fathers found strength in their families and remained hopeful in overcoming the challenges during the pandemic.

Conclusions

The pandemic has presented difficulties and loss for many. Nurses in the community are well positioned to serve young Hispanic fathers to ensure their needs are met. A family‐centered approach is ideal for young fathers to provide them equal opportunity to be actively involved in promoting health for themselves and their families during the pandemic.
Implementing electronic health record‐based National Diabetes Prevention Program referrals in a rural county
Authors: Olsen Jeanette , Peterson Samantha , Stevens Alisyn
Published: December 2020

Background

Since 2016, public health professionals in a rural, Midwest county have collaborated with competing health care organizations to establish electronic health record (EHR)‐based systems for identifying patients with prediabetes and referring them to National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP) classes. The purpose of this program evaluation was to identify barriers and best practices learned from implementation in two rural health care organizations. Methods. A purposively selected program coordinator from each organization and a primary care provider and information technology administrator from one of the organizations provided perspectives on initiating the referral process. Data were collected using open‐ended questions in electronic survey format. Content analysis was used to identify themes. Results. Two barrier themes were identified: Timely, clear communication is challenging; and More education is needed for both patients and providers. Best practice themes included Start small with one provider champion; Create a referral process that doesn't exceed resources; and Providers should be actively involved in referral discussions and decisions. Conclusion. Retrospective queries are a feasible way to initially establish EHR‐based referral programs in rural areas. PHNs can facilitate this system change among competing health care organizations by leading partnerships, identifying common goals and timelines, and providing space for sharing challenges and best practices.
Interactions between Borrelia burgdorferi and its hosts across the enzootic cycle
Authors: Helble Jennifer D. , McCarthy Julie E. , Hu Linden T.
Published: December 2020

The bacterial pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease and is transmitted to humans through an Ixodes tick vector. B. burgdorferi is able to survive in both mammalian and tick hosts through careful modulation of its gene expression. This allows B. burgdorferi to adapt to the environmental and nutritional changes that occur when it is transmitted between the two hosts. Distinct interactions between the spirochete and its host occur at every step of the enzootic cycle and dictate the ability of the spirochete to survive until the next stage of the cycle. Studying the interface between B. burgdorferi, the Ixodes tick vector and the natural mammalian reservoirs has been made significantly more feasible through the complete genome sequences of the organisms and the advent of high throughput screening technologies. Ultimately, a thorough investigation of the interplay between the two domains (and two phyla within one domain) is necessary in order to completely understand how the pathogen is transmitted.
Respiratory quotient and the stoichiometric approach to investigating metabolic energy substrate use in aquatic ectotherms
Authors: Wang Shuangyao , Carter Chris G. , Fitzgibbon Quinn P. , Smith Gregory G.
Published: December 2020

The respiratory quotient (RQ) has been used extensively as an index to evaluate metabolic energy expenditure in terrestrial animals including humans. In contrast, RQ use in understanding physiology and nutrition of aquatic ectotherms has been restricted due to technical challenges in measuring total CO2in water. With technical advances in measuring total CO2in water, RQ in aquatic ectotherms can be accurately determined and is potentially available as a valuable method. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of studies on RQ and metabolic energy substrate use in aquatic ectotherms. Metabolic energy substrate use is evaluated by a reliable stoichiometric bioenergetic approach, based on measuring RQ and nitrogen quotient (NQ) simultaneously. Stoichiometry provides a non‐destructive and unequivocal way to quantify the instantaneous oxidation of each major energy substrate (protein, lipid or carbohydrate). This review aims to refine knowledge about bioenergetics of aquatic ectotherms under different conditions including nutritional aspects of sustainable aquaculture. Notably, stoichiometry provides a promising approach to optimize feeds and feeding regimes to realize sustainable aquaculture under differing conditions and with differing feed ingredients. It also provides an approach to consider climate change impacts and physiological adaptation mechanisms for survival and development in farmed environments and natural ecosystems. Stoichiometric bioenergetics knowledge in aquatic ectotherms has relevance to commercial impacts in the face of overfishing and food security, and ecological significance in the face of environmental change scenarios. We suggest expanding the use of stoichiometry in future bioenergetic research in emerging aquaculture species.
Timed artificial insemination in crossbred mares: Reproductive efficiency and costs
Authors: Macan Rodrigo Chaves , Camargo Carlos Eduardo , Zielinski Bruna Lampe , Cardoso Nathália Gonçalves Hesketh , de Lara Natália Santana Siqueira , Bergstein‐Galan Tácia Gomes , Weiss Romildo Romualdo , Kozicki Luiz Ernandes
Published: December 2020

Timed artificial insemination (TAI) has boosted the use of conventional artificial insemination (CAI) by employing hormonal protocols to synchronize oestrus and ovulation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a hormonal protocol for TAI in mares, based on a combination of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID), prostaglandin (PGF2α) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); and compare financial costs between CAI and TAI. Twenty‐one mares were divided into two groups: CAI group (CAIG; n = 6 mares; 17 oestrous cycles) and TAI group (TAIG; n = 15 mares; 15 oestrous cycles). The CAIG was subjected to CAI, involving follicular dynamics and uterine oedema monitoring with ultrasound examinations (US), and administration of hCG (1,600 IU) when the dominant follicle (DF) diameter's ≥35 mm + uterine oedema + cervix opening. The AI was performed with fresh semen (500 × 106 cells), and embryo was recovered on day 8 (D8) after ovulation. In TAI, mares received 1.9 g PRID on D0. On D10, PRID was removed and 6.71 mg dinoprost tromethamine was administered. Ovulation was induced on D14 (1,600 IU of hCG) regardless of the DF diameter's, and AI was performed with fresh semen (500 × 106 cells). On D30 after AI, pregnancy was confirmed by US. The pregnancy rate was 80.0% in TAIG and 82.3% in CAIG (p > .05). The TAI protocol resulted in 65% reduction in professional transport costs, and 40% reduction in material costs. The TAI was as efficient as CAI, provided reduction in costs and handlings, and is recommended in mares.
Optimizing injection time of GFP plasmid into sheep zygote
Authors: Ebrahimi Mohammadreza , Mara Laura , Chessa Bernardo , Chessa Fabrizio , Parham Abbas , Dattena Maria
Published: December 2020

Microinjection of exogenous DNA into the cytoplasm of matured oocytes or zygotes is a promising technique to generate transgenic animals. However, the data about the microinjection time and procedure in sheep are limited and have not treated in detail. To obtain more in‐depth information, the Sarda sheep oocytes from abattoir‐derived ovaries were subjected to IVM and IVF. Then, the GFP plasmid as a reporter gene was injected into the cytoplasm of MII oocytes (n: 95) and zygotes at different post‐insemination intervals (6–8 hpi, n: 120; 8–10 hpi, n: 122; 10–12 hpi, n: 110 and 12–14 hpi, n: 96). There were no significant differences in the cleavage rates between the groups. However, blastocyst rate of injected zygotes at all‐time intervals was significantly lower than injected MII oocytes and control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the proportion of GFP‐positive embryos was higher at 8–10 hpi compared with other injected groups (4 % versus 0 %, p  < 0.01). Among these, the proportion of mosaic embryos was high and two of those embryos developed to the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, we settled on the cytoplasmic microinjection of GFP plasmid at 8–10 hpi as an optimized time point for the production of transgenic sheep and subsequent experiments.
Why meta‐research matters to regulation and governance scholarship: An illustrative evidence synthesis of responsive regulation research
Authors: van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: December 2020

This article is an introduction to meta‐research, a systematic and replicable process of synthesizing research findings across a body of original research. After introducing the reader to the core of meta‐research methodology, meta‐research logic and tools are applied to present an evidence synthesis of empirical research on responsive regulation. The article concludes with a meta‐research agenda for regulation and governance scholarship, and five key lessons from the empirical responsive regulation literature.
Suicidal and violent ideation in acute psychiatric inpatients: prevalence, co‐occurrence, and associated characteristics
Authors: Furnes Desiré , Gjestad Rolf , Rypdal Knut , Mehlum Lars , Hart Stephen , Oedegaard Ketil J. , Mellesdal Liv
Published: December 2020

Objective

We studied the point prevalence of suicidal and violent ideation, as well as their co‐occurrence and associated characteristics in inpatients with mental health disorders.

Methods

Data on suicidal and violent ideation, and sociodemographic and clinical information, were gathered from 1,737 patients when admitted to the acute psychiatric ward.

Results

The point prevalence was 51.9% for suicidal ideation and 19.8% for violent ideation. The point prevalence of co‐occurring suicidal and violent ideation was 12.3%, which was significantly greater than expected by chance. Logistic regression analyses indicated that both suicidal and violent ideation were associated with young age and the absence of diagnoses of psychotic disorders; in addition, suicidal ideation was associated with female gender, violent ideation, and diagnoses of mood‐ neurotic and personality disorders, whereas violent ideation was associated with male gender, suicidal ideation, and diagnoses of mood and neurotic disorders.

Conclusions

Overall, the findings highlight the need for further research on suicidal and violent ideation in people with mental health problems including, but not limited to, their association with adverse behavioral outcomes, as well as the need to routinely assess both suicidal and violent ideation in clinical practice.
Gun‐free Zones? Political Opportunities, Resource Mobilization, and Shooting Sports Organizations at U.S. Colleges and Universities
Authors: McElroy Jericho R. , Coley Jonathan S.
Published: December 2020

Although the general public often thinks of schools as “gun‐free zones,” a growing number of U.S. colleges and universities recognize shooting sports organizations, enabling students to participate in rifle, pistol, shotgun, skeet, and trap sporting events. Building on recent scholarship that employs political opportunity and resource mobilization theories to analyze sports, we assess the roles that states’ political characteristics and schools’ resources play in the presence of student shooting sports organizations. Drawing on a comprehensive database of 1,953 four‐year colleges and universities in the United States, and employing logistic regression analyses, we show that Republican‐leaning states, schools with larger, mostly white, and majority men student bodies, and schools with Republican student organizations serve as conducive environments for shooting sports organizations. This article represents the most comprehensive study to date of shooting sports in U.S. schools and contributes to literatures on the sociology of guns, the sociology of sports, and social movements.
Adorno's negative psychology
Authors: Strosberg Benjamin B.
Published: December 2020

Following the Second World War, Adorno et al.’s The Authoritarian Personality (1950/2019) became the most influential engagement between Frankfurt School critical theorists and the field of psychology. The recent publication of Adorno's retracted “Remarks on The Authoritarian Personality” (2019) provides a timely impetus to reexamine and challenge certain long‐held ideas about Adorno's contribution to psychology—for instance that The Authoritarian Personality reduces complex social phenomena to individual motivation and personality. Adorno's Remarks provide an alternative approach to the usual reading of The Authoritarian Personality, where the psychology of authoritarianism points to a contradiction at the very core of the concept of psychology, aligning the study with Adorno's more critical and dialectical works. In this article, I challenge how Adorno and The Authoritarian Personality are commonly taken up in critical psychology and introduce “negative psychology” as Adorno's central contribution to the field modeled in his reading of psychoanalysis and his theory of negative dialectics. Reframed in this way, Adorno can continue to serve as a crucial site of critical engagement for psychologists.
Who Are “the Immigrants”? Beliefs About Immigrant Populations and Anti‐Immigration Attitudes in the United States and Britain
Authors: Zhirkov Kirill
Published: December 2020

Objectives

There is important variation in beliefs about immigration within the publics of immigrant‐receiving societies but empirical social research has largely overlooked it. The “imagined immigration” concept aims to bring these beliefs back in as an important component of public attitudes toward immigrants. It also offers a new perspective on the political conflict around immigration that persists despite the consensus on desired qualities of potential immigrants among citizens in industrial democracies.

Methods

I review the imagined immigration concept and present new empirical evidence in its favor using original survey studies in the United States and Britain.

Results

I describe respondents’ beliefs about immigrants, demonstrate their association with partisanship, and confirm that these beliefs are significantly related to perceptions of immigration as harmful—even when controlled for partisanship, ideology, and ethnocentrism.

Conclusion

I corroborate the foundations of the imagined immigration concept and discuss its promise and limitations.
Cervical Spine Musculotendon Lengths When Reading a Tablet in Three Seated Positions
Authors: Gallagher Kaitlin M. , Vasavada Anita N. , Fischer Leah , Douglas Ethan C.
Published: December 2020

A popular posture for using wireless technology is reclined sitting, with the trunk rotated posteriorly to the hips. This position decreases the head’s gravitational moment; however, the head angle relative to the trunk is similar to that of upright sitting when using a tablet in the lap. This study compared cervical extensor musculotendon length changes from neutral among 3 common sitting postures and maximum neck flexion while using a tablet. Twenty-one participants had radiographs taken in neutral, full-flexion, and upright, semireclined, and reclined postures with a tablet in their lap. A biomechanical model was used to calculate subject-specific normalized musculotendon lengths for 27 cervical musculotendon segments. The lower cervical spine was more flexed during reclined sitting, but the skull was more flexed during upright sitting. Normalized musculotendon length increased in the reclined compared with an upright sitting position for the C4-C6/7 (deep) and C2-C6/7 (superficial) multifidi, semispinalis cervicis (C2-C7), and splenius capitis (Skull-C7). The suboccipital (R2 = .19–.71) and semispinalis capitis segment length changes were significantly correlated with the Skull-C1 angle (0.24–0.51). A semireclined reading position may be an ideal sitting posture to reduce the head’s gravitational moment arm without overstretching the assessed muscles.