bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does formal research training lead to academic success in otolaryngology?
Authors: Bobian Michael R. , Shah Noor , Svider Peter F. , Hong Robert S. , Shkoukani Mahdi A. , Folbe Adam J. , Eloy Jean Anderson
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate whether formalized research training is associated with higher researcher productivity, academic rank, and acquisition of National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants within academic otolaryngology departments.

Methods

Each of the 100 civilian otolaryngology program's departmental websites were analyzed to obtain a comprehensive list of faculty members credentials and characteristics, including academic rank, completion of a clinical fellowship, completion of a formal research fellowship, and attainment of a doctorate in philosophy (PhD) degree. We also recorded measures of scholarly impact and successful acquisition of NIH funding.

Results

A total of 1,495 academic physicians were included in our study. Of these, 14.1% had formal research training. Bivariate associations showed that formal research training was associated with a greater h‐index, increased probability of acquiring NIH funding, and higher academic rank. Using a linear regression model, we found that otolaryngologists possessing a PhD had an associated h‐index of 1.8 points higher, and those who completed a formal research fellowship had an h‐index of 1.6 points higher. A PhD degree or completion of a research fellowship was not associated with a higher academic rank; however, a higher h‐index and previous acquisition of an NIH grant were associated with a higher academic rank. The attainment of NIH funding was three times more likely for those with a formal research fellowship and 8.6 times more likely for otolaryngologists with a PhD degree.

Conclusion

Formalized research training is associated with academic success in otolaryngology. Such dedicated research training accompanies greater scholarly impact, acquisition of NIH funding, and a higher academic rank.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:E15–E21, 2017
Management of primary T1–T4 glottic squamous cell carcinoma by transoral laser microsurgery
Authors: Day Andrew T. , Sinha Parul , Nussenbaum Brian , Kallogjeri Dorina , Haughey Bruce H.
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Evaluate the oncologic outcomes of patients with early and select advanced primary glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa) managed by transoral laser microsurgery (TLM).

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Ninety cases of TLM‐managed primary glottic SCCa were identified retrospectively using a prospectively collected database.

Results

Outcomes of patients with pTis–pT2a disease (n = 65) and pT2b–pT4a disease (n = 25) were, respectively: 5‐year local control, 86.2% and 67.5%; 5‐year disease‐free survival, 64.9% and 44.9%; 5‐year disease‐specific survival, 96.4% and 59.0%; laryngeal preservation, 96.9% and 80%. Five of nine patients (56%) with supraglottic–glottic–subglottic tumors were local recurrence‐free compared to the 70 of 81 (86%) patients with glottic, supraglottic–glottic, and glottic–subglottic tumors. Seven of 13 patients (54%) with positive or indeterminate margins were local recurrence‐free compared to 68 of 77 (88%) patients with negative margins.

Conclusions

Given sample size considerations, this study highlights the satisfactory oncologic outcomes of TLM‐treated glottic cancer and the potential importance of margin management and disease extension within the larynx.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 127:597–604, 2017
The influence of subway station design on noise levels
Authors: Shah Ravi R. , Suen Jonathan J. , Cellum Ilana P. , Spitzer Jaclyn B. , Lalwani Anil K.
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To investigate the impact of subway station design on platform noise levels.

Study Design

Observational.

Methods

Continuous A‐weighted decibel (dBA) sound levels were recorded in 20 New York City subway stations, where trains entered on either a straight track or curved track in 10 stations each. Equivalent continuous noise levels (Leq) at various locations on the boarding platform (inbound end, midplatform, and outbound end) during train entry and exit were compared between the straight and curved stations in broadband as well as narrow one‐third octave bands.

Results

Overall, curved stations trended louder than straight stations, although the difference in broadband Leq did not reach statistical significance (curve, 83.4 dBA; straight, 82.6 dBA; P = .054). Noise levels were significantly louder at the inbound end of the platform during train entry (inbound, 89.7 dBA; mid, 85.5 dBA; outbound, 78.7 dBA; P < .001) and at the outbound end during train exit (inbound, 79.7 dBA; mid, 85.3 dBA; outbound, 89.1 dBA; P < .001). Narrow band analysis showed that curved stations were significantly louder than straight stations at 100 Hz and high frequencies from 8 to 20 kHz. Peak impact levels ranged from 104 to 121 dBA.

Conclusions

Curved stations have a different noise profile compared to straight stations and are significantly louder than straight stations at high frequencies. Designing stations with straight tracks within the platform can help reduce commuter noise exposure.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:1169–1174, 2017
Surgical management of bilateral vocal fold paralysis: A cost‐effectiveness comparison of two treatments
Authors: Naunheim Matthew R. , Song Phillip C. , Franco Ramon A. , Alkire Blake C. , Shrime Mark G.
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Endoscopic management of bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP) includes cordotomy and arytenoidectomy, and has become a well‐accepted alternative to tracheostomy. However, the costs and quality‐of‐life benefits of endoscopic management have not been examined with formal economic analysis. This study undertakes a cost‐effectiveness analysis of tracheostomy versus endoscopic management of BVFP.

Study Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis.

Methods

A literature review identified a range of costs and outcomes associated with surgical options for BVFP. Additional costs were derived from Medicare reimbursement data; all were adjusted to 2014 dollars. Cost‐effectiveness analysis evaluated both therapeutic strategies in short‐term and long‐term scenarios. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was used to assess confidence levels regarding the economic evaluation.

Results

The incremental cost effectiveness ratio for endoscopic management versus tracheostomy is $31,600.06 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY), indicating that endoscopic management is the cost‐effective short‐term strategy at a willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000/QALY. The probability that endoscopic management is more cost‐effective than tracheostomy at this WTP is 65.1%. Threshold analysis demonstrated that the model is sensitive to both utilities and cost in the short‐term scenario. When costs of long‐term care are included, tracheostomy is dominated by endoscopic management, indicating the cost‐effectiveness of endoscopic management at any WTP.

Conclusions

Endoscopic management of BVFP appears to be more cost‐effective than tracheostomy. Though endoscopic cordotomy and arytenoidectomy require expertise and specialized equipment, this model demonstrates utility gains and long‐term cost advantages to an endoscopic strategy. These findings are limited by the relative paucity of robust utility data and emphasize the need for further economic analysis in otolaryngology.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:691–697, 2017
The use of injectable calcium hydroxylapatite in the surgically pretreated larynx with glottal insufficiency
Authors: Caffier Philipp P. , I. Nasr Ahmed , Weikert Sebastian , Rummich Julius , Gross Manfred , Nawka Tadeus
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the efficacy of vocal fold (VF) augmentation with calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) microspheres in the surgically pretreated larynx with glottal insufficiency.

Study Design

Prospective clinical pilot study.

Methods

After several prior reconstructive attempts (following tumor resection, VF paralysis, in sulcus vocalis, and VF scarring), CaHA was injected under general anaesthesia using a transoral microlaryngoscopic approach in 10 patients with residual glottal insufficiency ≤1.5 mm. The postinterventional result was assessed after 1 day, and 1 and 3 months. Evaluation of augmentation comprised intraoperative video/photo documentation, pre‐/postoperative videolaryngostroboscopy, as well as established subjective and objective voice function diagnostics (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness [GRB] Scale; Voice Handicap Index; voice range profile; and acoustic‐aerodynamic analysis).

Results

In the pretreated VF with no or minimal lamina propria remaining, the exact placement of CaHA was not possible due to unpredictable propagation into the scarred tissue. The results showed an insufficient postoperative augmentation. Accordingly, the voice function did not improve. However, a significant increase of the vocal range from 6.2 ± 3.2 to 8.7 ± 3.9 semitones was observed in the speaking voice profile (P =.02). All other acoustic and aerodynamic parameters remained on the whole unchanged; the slight differences between pre‐ and postoperative findings were not significant.

Conclusions

The application of CaHA in the surgically pretreated scarred larynx is not reliable to achieve a sufficient glottal closure and a satisfactory improvement of voice. Though CaHA is a welcome addition to our armamentarium against glottal insufficiency, the suitability for augmentation of scar tissue in the larynx must be considered carefully in each individual case.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 127:1125–1130, 2017
Safety of LigaSure in recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection‐porcine model using continuous monitoring
Authors: Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Kim Hoon Yub , Randolph Gregory W. , Mangano Alberto , Chang Pi‐Ying , Lu I‐Cheng , Lin Yi‐Chu , Chen Hui‐Chun , Wu Che‐Wei
Published: August 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

This study investigated recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) real‐time electromyography (EMG) data to define optimal safety parameters of the LigaSure Small Jaw (LSJ) instrument during thyroidectomy.

Study Design

Prospective animal model.

Methods

Dynamic EMG tracings were recorded from 32 RLNs (16 piglets) during various applications of LSJ around using continuous electrophysiologic monitoring. At varying distances from the RLN, the LSJ was activated (activation study). The LSJ was also applied to the RLN at timed intervals after activation and after a cooling maneuver through placement on the sternocleidomastoid muscle (cooling study).

Results

In the activation study, there was no adverse EMG event at 2 to 5 mm distance (16 RLNs, 96 tests). In the cooling study, there was no adverse EMG event after 2‐second cooling time (16 RLNs, 96 tests) or after the LSJ cooling maneuver on the surrounding muscle before reaching the RLNs (8 RLNs, 24 tests).

Conclusion

Based on EMG functional assessment, the safe distance for LSJ activation was 2 mm. Further LSJ–RLN contact was safe if the LSJ was cooled for more than 2 seconds or cooled by touch muscle maneuver. The LSJ should be used with these distance and time parameters in mind to avoid RLN injury.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 127:1724–1729, 2017
Poly(ethylene imine)‐Triggered Morphological Change of Anisotropic Micelles from Direct Aqueous Self‐Assembly of an Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer
Authors: Wu Gang , Chen Si‐Chong , Wang Yu‐Zhong
Published: August 2016

In this paper, “star anise”‐like anisotropic micelle (AM) from direct aqueous self‐assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(p‐dioxanone) amphiphilic diblock copolymer is presented. By adding poly(ethylene imine) (PEI), the AM shows morphological change from “star anise” to swollen sphere. The mechanism of PEI‐triggered morphological transition involving complexation and weakening of crystallizability is revealed.

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Dual Stimuli Responsive Gelatin‐CNT Hybrid Films as a Versatile Tool for the Delivery of Anionic Drugs
Authors: Cirillo Giuseppe , Curcio Manuela , Vittorio Orazio , Spizzirri Umile Gianfranco , Nicoletta Fiore Pasquale , Picci Nevio , Hampel Silke , Iemma Francesca
Published: August 2016

Hybrid hydrogel films able to modulate the release of anionic species, ketoprofen (Ket) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a function of their molecular size are prepared by UV‐induced polymerization of methacrylated gelatin in the presence of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT_COOH). The dual‐stimuli responsive composites can modulate the release in response to the variation of temperature and the application of an external voltage. Drug release profiles, analyzed by mathematical models, show that different temperatures (25 and 45 °C) and applied voltages (0 and 36 V) have a different effect on the release of the two therapeutics. Ket release is enhanced at 45 °C (77% vs 22% at 25 °C) with the maximum value recorded when 36 V is applied (94%). An increase in the amount of released BSA is recorded at 45 °C (96% vs 50% at 25 °C), while the application of the external voltage reduces this value (39%).

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Some relationships for the double modified generalized analytic function space Fourier–Feynman transform and its applications
Authors: Chang Seung Jun , Choi Jae Gil , Chung Hyun Soo
Published: August 2016

In this paper we first introduce the concept of a double modified analytic function space Fourier–Feynman transform using the double modified analytic function space integral. We then proceed to establish the existence of the modified analytic function space Fourier–Feynman transform for all functionals in the Banach algebra. Finally we use this double modified analytic function space transform to explain various physical phenomenon.
Mass spectral fragmentation of trimethylsilylated small molecules
Authors: Lai Zijuan , Fiehn Oliver
Published: August 2016

Mass spectrometry‐based untargeted metabolomics detects many peaks that cannot be identified. While advances have been made for automatic structure annotations in LC‐electrospray‐MS/MS, no open source solutions are available for hard electron ionization used in GC‐MS. In metabolomics, most compounds bear moieties with acidic protons, for example, amino, hydroxyl, or carboxyl groups. Such functional groups increase the boiling points of metabolites too much for use in GC‐MS. Hence, in GC‐MS‐focused metabolomics, derivatization of these groups is essential and has been employed since the 1960s. Specifically, trimethylsilylation is known as mild and universal method for GC‐MS analysis. Here, we comprehensively compile accurate mass fragmentation rules and pathways of trimethylsilylated small molecules from 80 research articles over the past 5 decades, including diagnostic fragment ions, neutral losses, and typical ion ratios, for alcohols, carboxylic acids, amines, amino acids, sugars, steroids, thiols, and phosphates. These fragmentation rules were subsequently validated by specificity and sensitivity assessments using the NIST 14 nominal mass library and a new in‐house GC‐QTOF MS library containing 589 accurate mass spectra. From 556 tested fragmentation patterns, 228 rules yielded true positive hits within 4 mDa mass accuracy. These rules can be applied to assign substructures for mass spectra computation and unknown identification. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:245–257, 2018
Comparison of Huntington's Disease in Europe and North America
Authors: Orth Michael , Bronzova Juliana , Tritsch Christine , Ray Dorsey E. , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Gemperli Armin ,   the EHDN REGISTRY and HSG COHORT Investigators
Published: August 2016

Background

In a rare disorder such as Huntington's disease (HD), a global network of clinical trial sites with access to patients speeds up recruitment into clinical trials. The objective was to test the hypothesis that demographics, HTT genotype, clinical spectrum, and progression are similar in HD participants of two large observational HD studies, the European Huntington's Disease Network's European REGISTRY study and the North American COHORT study.

Methods

REGISTRY cross‐sectional data were available from a total of 7,384 participants (1,125 [15.2%] premanifest and 6,259 [84.8%] manifest HD). COHORT cross‐sectional data from 1,499 participants at 44 study sites were available (175 pre‐HD [11.7%], 1,324 manifest HD [88.3%]). Participants were assessed clinically using the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Longitudinal data were available for total motor score and cognitive performance in more than 50% of REGISTRY participants and more than 70% of COHORT participants.

Results

Demographics, HTT genotypes, phenotype, and progression were similar in the two studies. Patients in Europe were prescribed antidyskinetics more frequently, and antidepressants less frequently, than in North America. In either study, participants on antidyskinetic medication had higher UHDRS total motor scores, worse function assessment scores, and worse cognitive scores than those taking antidepressants or no medication. In contrast, motor, function assessment, and cognitive scores were broadly similar in participants taking antidepressants or no medication. The differences in cognitive performances between languages were small.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that HD patients, and the way they are assessed, are similar across two continents with different cultures and languages.
Optimizing functional upper extremity reconstruction—Simultaneous free anterolateral thigh flap and tendon transfers—A case report
Authors: Sorice Sarah C. , Press Barry , Momeni Arash
Published: August 2016

Composite upper extremity defects involving muscle–tendon units are amongst the most formidable reconstructive challenges and mandate functional restoration in addition to stable soft‐tissue coverage. Here, the authors present a case of a composite defect involving the extensor muscle–tendon units of the forearm resulting from surgical resection of a recurrent Merkel cell cancer. Functional restoration was achieved via multiple tendon transfers followed by soft tissue coverage with a free anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap. No donor‐ or recipient‐site complications were encountered and complete flap survival was noted. Following a 6‐week period of immobilization, physical therapy and range of motion exercises were initiated. Excellent functional outcome and high patient satisfaction were noted at 8 weeks postoperatively. In summary, simultaneous tendon transfers and microsurgical tissue transfer may provide a potentially superior approach for upper extremity reconstruction in complex composite defects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:71–74, 2017.
Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation of thel,l‐Lactide Ring‐Opening Polymerization
Authors: Meimaroglou Dimitrios , Pladis Prokopios , Kiparissides Costas
Published: August 2016

In the present study, a comprehensive theoretical kinetic investigation of the homopolymerization ofl,l‐lactide in the presence of stannous octoate Sn(Oct)2as initiator for the synthesis of high‐molecular weight polylactide is carried out using the stochastic Monte Carlo (MC) numerical method. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed based on a detailed kinetic mechanism to predict the dynamic evolution of monomer conversion and molecular weight distribution. The validity of the implemented kinetic model and the accuracy of the produced simulation results are assessed via a direct comparison with theoretical predictions of the average molecular properties by the method of moments as well as with available experimental data. The effects of monomer to initiator molar ratio and polymerization temperature on the polymerization rate and average molecular weight properties of polylactide are studied.

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Decline in artificial urinary sphincter survival in modern practice—do we treat a different patient?
Authors: Farag Fawzy , van der Doelen Maarten , van Breda Jetske , D'Hauwers Kathleen , Heesakkers John
Published: August 2016

Aim

Over the past few years, we have been doing an increasing number of revisions for artificial urinary sphincters (AUS) at our center. The study aims to investigate reason for this change in our practice.

Methods

Demographics and surgical outcomes of patients who received AUS in 2003–2014 at our center were retrospectively evaluated, and patients were contacted to check the current status of their AUS. The outcomes of the study were: percentage of revisions and explanation, survival, and the risk factors associated with these events.

Results

A total of 102 patients (72 years (30–87)) underwent 214 procedures: 99 primary implants, 11 secondary implants, 84 revisions, and 20 explantations—median follow‐up was 54 months (5–146). The 5‐years and 10‐years revision‐free survival for AUS were 47% and 23%, respectively. The 5 and 10 years explantation‐free survival were 77% and 72%, respectively. The median time to revision for AUS implanted in 2010–2014 was shorter than in AUS implanted in 2003–2009 (6 vs. 13.5 months, P = 0.08). The percentage of AUS that were preceded by urethral surgery for incontinence was significantly higher in AUS implanted in 2010–2014 than in those implanted in 2003–2009 (19% vs. 63%, P = 0.001). The percentage of patients with AUS who received radiotherapy in the past 5 years was higher than in 2003–2009 (53% vs. 30%, P = 0.09).

Conclusions

In modern urological practice, more exposure to RT and previous surgeries for incontinence are associated with increased risk for revision with decline in AUS survival.
Localizing gradient damage model with decreasing interactions
Authors: Poh Leong Hien , Sun Gang
Published: August 2016

Nonlocal integral and/or gradient enhancements are widely used to resolve the mesh dependency issue with standard continuum damage models. However, it is reported that whereas the structural response is mesh independent, a spurious damage growth is observed. Accordingly, a class of modified nonlocal enhancements is developed in literature, where the interaction domain increases with damage. In this contribution, we adopt a contrary view that the interaction domain decreases with damage. This is motivated by the fact that the fracture of quasi‐brittle materials typically starts as a diffuse network of microcracks, before localizing into a macroscopic crack. To ensure thermodynamics consistency, the micromorphic theory is adopted in the model development. The ensuing microforce balance resembles closely the Helmholtz expression in a conventional gradient damage model. The superior performance of the localizing gradient damage model is demonstrated through a one‐dimensional problem, as well as mode I and II failure in plane deformation. For all three cases, a localized deformation band at material failure is obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Designing polymeric sensing materials: what are we doing wrong?
Authors: Stewart Katherine M. E. , Penlidis Alexander
Published: August 2016

Gas analytes, or volatile organic compounds, interact with polymeric sensing materials through various sensing mechanisms. The dominant sensing mechanisms are discussed for different types of volatile organic compounds, which are categorized by their functional groups. Based on these sensing mechanisms, a systematic approach is used to design and tailor polymeric sensing materials for specific analytes and applications. This approach also takes into consideration other constraints determined by the target application. We include practical prescriptions on how to efficiently and cost‐effectively design, tailor, and select potential polymeric sensing materials, as well as how to evaluate these sensing materials. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of PVC/ZnO‐EDTA nanocomposite films
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Javadpour Mashal
Published: August 2016

Covalent surface functionalization of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (NP)s with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was successfully carried out. Modified ZnO‐EDTA NPs as a viable and inexpensive filler were incorporated into poly(vinyl chloride) PVC matrix after their chemical modification to investigate the agglomeration behavior. All prepared materials including modified NPs and PVC/ZnO‐EDTA nanocomposites (NC)s were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fabricated PVC/ZnO‐EDTA NCs were reported to have high transparency and improved mechanical properties compared with PVC. Modified ZnO and the fabricated NCs were shown to exhibit excellent antibacterial activity against two bacteria species: Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The obtained NCs could be considered as self‐extinguishing materials on the basis of the LOI values. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgery combined with postoperative 125I seed brachytherapy for the treatment of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland in pediatric patients
Authors: Mao Ming‐hui , Zheng Lei , Wang Xi‐ming , Li Hua , Qin Li‐zheng , Zhang Jie , Han Zheng‐xue , Zhang Jian‐guo
Published: August 2016

Background

This retrospective study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness and safety of surgery combined with postoperative 125I seed brachytherapy in the treatment of mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the parotid gland with risk factors in pediatric patients.

Procedure

From September 2002 to January 2012, 24 patients, ages 5–16 years (mean, 13.2 years; median, 12.3 years), with MEC of the parotid gland were included. Patients with high risk factors received 125I seed brachytherapy (median actuarial D90, 97 Gy) within 4 weeks following surgery. Radioactivity was 18.5–33.3 MBq per seed and the prescription dose was 60–120 Gy. Overall and disease‐free survival rates, local control rate, and distant metastasis were recorded. Radiation‐associated late side effects, including dermatitis, hearing loss, thyroid nodules, and secondary malignancy, were also evaluated.

Results

During the follow‐up period of 5–13.4 years (median, 7.2 years), the overall and disease‐free survival rates were all 100%. No patients developed local recurrence, regional/distant metastasis, and no severe radiation‐associated complications including the second malignancy were noted.

Conclusion

Surgery combined with postoperative 125I seed brachytherapy is effective and safe in the treatment of MEC of the parotid gland in pediatric patients, with no evidence of severe late radiation‐related complications. More patients and longer follow‐up data are still needed to prove the efficacy of 125I brachytherapy.
Synergistic effects of modified hydrotalcite on improving the fire resistance of ethylene vinyl acetate containing intumescent flame retardants
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Tang Wufei , Sun Jun , Jiang Yu , Bu Xiangxing , Gu Xiaoyu
Published: August 2016

The NH2
intercalated MgAl‐LDH (SA‐LDH) was prepared and then introduced into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) in association with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) in order to improve the flame retardancy of the composite. The structure and thermal stability of SA‐LDH was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry analysis. The flame retardancy of EVA composite was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning UL‐94, and cone calorimeter tests. The presence of only 1 wt% SA‐LDH could increase the LOI of EVA/IFR composite from 24.8 to 26.9, and significantly reduced the peak HRR value. The morphology of char after combustion was observed by scanning electron microscope, and it revealed that the presence of SA‐LDH was beneficial to form compact char structure. It was proposed that there existed synergism between SA‐LDH and IFR in improving the fire performance of EVA composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:522–528, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Molecular aspects of the interaction between Mason—Pfizer monkey virus matrix protein and artificial phospholipid membrane
Authors: Junková P. , Prchal J. , Spiwok V. , Pleskot R. , Kadlec J. , Krásný L. , Hynek R. , Hrabal R. , Ruml T.
Published: August 2016

The Mason–Pfizer monkey virus is a type D retrovirus, which assembles its immature particles in the cytoplasm prior to their transport to the host cell membrane. The association with the membrane is mediated by the N‐terminally myristoylated matrix protein. To reveal the role of particular residues which are involved in the capsid‐membrane interaction, covalent labelling of arginine, lysine and tyrosine residues of the Mason–Pfizer monkey virus matrix protein bound to artificial liposomes containing 95% of phosphatidylcholine and 5% phosphatidylinositol‐(4,5)‐bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) was performed. The experimental results were interpreted by multiscale molecular dynamics simulations. The application of these two complementary approaches helped us to reveal that matrix protein specifically recognizes the PI(4,5)P2 molecule by the residues K20, K25, K27, K74, and Y28, while the residues K92 and K93 stabilizes the matrix protein orientation on the membrane by the interaction with another PI(4,5)P2 molecule. Residues K33, K39, K54, Y66, Y67, and K87 appear to be involved in the matrix protein oligomerization. All arginine residues remained accessible during the interaction with liposomes which indicates that they neither contribute to the interaction with membrane nor are involved in protein oligomerization. Proteins 2016; 84:1717–1727. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual mechanism of photoresponse in composite Si–Au nanolayers on crystalline silicon
Authors: Ken Olga , Yavsin Denis , Dementev Peter , Gurevich Sergey , Sreseli Olga
Published: August 2016

Silicon‐based structures comprised of crystalline silicon substrates and active layers of mixed silicon and gold nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized. Several layer compositions were studied. The investigated structures demonstrate very large spectral sensitivity (more than 10 A W−1) in the wide spectral range (400–1000 nm). Such large sensitivity implies presence of photocurrent amplification. A model which involves dual mechanism of the photoresponse was proposed in order to explain the appearance of the photocurrent amplification in the investigated structures.

Spectral sensitivity of the structure with composite layer of Si and Au nanoparticles on Si substrate (Au volume fraction is ∼50%) at reverse bias voltage of −0.4 V.
Direct correlation of microstructure and device performance of liquid phase crystallized Si thin film solar cells on glass
Authors: Kühnapfel Sven , Gall Stefan , Sonntag Paul , Schäfer Norbert , Abou‐Ras Daniel
Published: August 2016

Si thin films on glass grown by liquid phase crystallization (LPC) exhibit large grains resembling those in multicrystalline Si wafers. The present work gives direct insight into how planar defects in LPC‐Si thin films influence the device performance of the corresponding solar cells by acquiring electron‐backscatter diffraction maps and measuring solar cell parameters on the same identical positions. By this approach, it was possible to demonstrate how low scanning velocities of the laser line during the crystallization lead to lower densities of grain boundaries, to improved charge‐carrier diffusion lengths, and hence to improved device performances.

magnified image

Orientation‐distribution map acquired by electron backscatter diffraction on a Si thin film crystallized via liquid phase crystallization.
Increased open‐circuit voltage of ZnO nanowire/PbS quantum dot bulk heterojunction solar cells with solution‐deposited Mg(OH)2 interlayer
Authors: Zang Shuaipu , Wang Yinglin , Su Wei , Zhu Hancheng , Li Gang , Zhang Xintong , Liu Yichun
Published: August 2016

An ultrathin Mg(OH)2 layer was solution‐deposited onto the ZnO nanowires to solve the problem of interfacial charge recombination, caused by the increase of interfacial area in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) PbS colloidal quantum dot solar cells (CQDSCs). This Mg(OH)2 interlayer efficiently passivated the surface defects of ZnO nanowires and provided tunnel barrier at ZnO/PbS interface. As a result, the charge recombination at ZnO/PbS interface was largely suppressed, proved by the significantly elongated electron lifetime and the increased open‐circuit voltage of the Mg(OH)2‐involved BHJ CQDSCs. Careful thickness optimization of Mg(OH)2 interlayer finally brought a ∼33% increase in Voc and ∼25% improvement in power conversion efficiency.
Quantifying Submerged Deposited Fine Sediments in Rivers and Streams Using Digital Image Analysis
Authors: Turley M. D. , Bilotta G. S. , Arbociute G. , Chadd R. P. , Extence C. A. , Brazier R. E.
Published: August 2016

Deposited fine sediment is an essential component of freshwater ecosystems. Nonetheless, anthropogenic activities can modify natural fine sediment levels, impacting the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of these ecosystems. An ability to quantify deposited fine sediment is critical to understanding its impacts and successfully managing the anthropogenic activities that are responsible for modifying it. One widely used method, the visual estimate technique, relies on subjective estimates of particle size and percentage cover. In this paper, we present two novel alternative approaches, based on non‐automated digital image analysis (DIA), which are designed to reduce the subjectivity of submerged and surficial fine sediment estimates, and provide a verifiable record of the conditions at the time of sampling. The DIA methods were tested across five systematically selected, contrasting temperate stream and river typologies, over three seasons of monitoring. The resultant sediment metrics were strongly, positively correlated with visual estimates (rs = 0.90, and rs = 0.82, p < 0.01), and similarly strongly, but negatively correlated with a sediment‐specific biotic index, suggesting some degree of biological relevance. The DIA technique has the potential to be a valuable tool for application in numerous areas of river research, where a non‐destructive, less subjective and verifiable method is desirable. Copyright ©2016 The Authors River Research and Applications Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Devolving IEEE 802.1X authentication capability to data plane in software‐defined networking (SDN) architecture
Authors: Benzekki Kamal , El Fergougui Abdeslam , El Belrhiti El Alaoui Abdelbaki
Published: August 2016

Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a relatively new approach in network management that proposes to separate the network control (Control plane) and the forwarding process (Data plane) to optimize the network infrastructure and improve network performance, controllability, manageability and flexibility. However, like every technology, SDN has brought its own new challenges in terms of security and scalability which are very important aspects that should be considered to design and build a resilient architecture in order to meet carrier grade network requirements. In this paper, we propose a secure SDN architecture with IEEE 802.1X port‐based authentication where we also consider the controller's scalability issue by devolving the access control capability to the data plane. In this way, we reduce the high demand and the workload on the SDN controller. Our proposed model presents a novel SDN network architecture and logical network segmentation which provides an optimal and secure network access with low latency. We have implemented and tested our architecture to show its performance (authentication delays). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Activation of a DNA Nanodevice Using a Multilayer Nanofilm
Authors: Jeong Hyejoong , Ranallo Simona , Rossetti Marianna , Heo Jiwoong , Shin Jooseok , Park Kwangyong , Ricci Francesco , Hong Jinkee
Published: August 2016

A method to control activation of a DNA nanodevice by supplying a complementary DNA (cDNA) strand from an electro‐responsive nanoplatform is reported. To develop functional nanoplatform, hexalayer nanofilm is precisely designed by layer‐by‐layer assembly technique based on electrostatic interaction with four kinds of materials: Hydrolyzed poly(β‐amino ester) can help cDNA release from the film. A cDNA is used as a key building block to activate DNA nanodevice. Reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) and the conductive polymer provide conductivity. In particular, rGOs efficiently incorporate a cDNA in the film via several interactions and act as a barrier. Depending on the types of applied electronic stimuli (reductive and oxidative potentials), a cDNA released from the electrode can quantitatively control the activation of DNA nanodevice. From this report, a new system is successfully demonstrated to precisely control DNA release on demand. By applying more advanced form of DNA‐based nanodevices into multilayer system, the electro‐responsive nanoplatform will expand the availability of DNA nanotechnology allowing its improved application in areas such as diagnosis, biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery.
Interleukin-8, but Not the Related Chemokine CXCL1, Sustains an Autocrine Circuit Necessary for the Properties and Functions of Thyroid Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Liotti Federica , Collina Francesca , Pone Emanuela , La Sala Lucia , Franco Renato , Prevete Nella , Melillo Rosa Marina
Published: August 2016

Interleukin-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) mediates its biological effects through two receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. While CXCR1 recognizes IL-8 and granulocyte chemotactic protein-2, CXCR2 binds to multiple chemokines including IL-8, CXCL1, 2 and 3. Both IL-8 and CXCL1 have been implicated in the neoplastic features of thyroid cancer (TC). Here, we assessed the role of the autocrine circuits sustained by IL-8 and CXCL1 in determining TC stem cell (TC SC) features. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that thyroid epithelial cancerous, but not normal, cells stained positive for IL-8, whose levels correlated with lymph-nodal metastases. We assessed the expression of endogenous IL-8 and CXCL1, by ELISA assays, and of their receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, by flow cytometry, in a panel of TC cell lines. These molecules were expressed in TC cell lines grown in adherence, and at higher levels also in thyrospheres enriched in stem-like cells. RNA interference demonstrated that IL-8/CXCR1, but not CXCL1/CXCR2, is crucial for the sphere-forming, self-renewal and tumor-initiating ability of TC cells. Accordingly, treatment of TC cells with IL-8, but not with CXCL1, potentiated cell stemness. We identified CD34 as an IL-8-induced gene and as a TC SC marker, since it was overexpressed in thyrospheres compared to adherent cells. Moreover, CD34 is required for the efficient sphere-forming ability and tumorigenicity of TC cells. Our data indicate that IL-8, but not the CXCL1 circuit, is critical for the regulation of TC SCs, and unveils novel potential targets for the therapy of as yet untreatable forms of TC.
Past‐Free[ze] reachability analysis: reaching further with DAG‐directed exhaustive state‐space analysis
Authors: Teodorov Ciprian , Le Roux Luka , Drey Zoé , Dhaussy Philippe
Published: August 2016

Model‐checking enables the automated formal verification of software systems through the explicit enumeration of all the reachable states. While this technique has been successfully applied to industrial systems, it suffers from the state‐space explosion problem because of the exponential growth in the number of states with respect to the number of interacting components. In this paper, we present a new reachability analysis algorithm, named Past‐Free[ze], that reduces the state‐space explosion problem by freeing parts of the state‐space from memory. This algorithm relies on the explicit isolation of the acyclic parts of the system before analysis. The parallel composition of these parts drives the reachability analysis, the core of all model‐checkers. During the execution, the past states of the system are freed from memory making room for more future states. To enable counter‐example construction, the past states can be stored on external storage. To show the effectiveness of the approach, the algorithm was implemented in the OBP Observation Engine and was evaluated both on a synthetic benchmark and on realistic case studies from automotive and aerospace domains. The benchmark, composed of 50 test cases, shows that in average, 75% of the state‐space can be dropped from memory thus enabling the exploration of up to 14 times more states than traditional approaches. Moreover, in some cases, the reachability analysis time can be reduced by up to 25%. In realistic settings, the use of Past‐Free[ze] enabled the exploration of a state‐space 4.5 times larger on the automotive case study, where almost 50% of the states are freed from memory. Moreover, this approach offers the possibility of analyzing an arbitrary number of interactions between the environment and the system‐under‐verification; for instance, in the case of the aerospace example, 1000 pilot/system interactions could be analyzed unraveling an 80 GB state‐space using only 10 GB of memory. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User selection scheme with limited feedback processing and outdated CSI in multiuser relay networks
Authors: Bithas Petros , Rontogiannis Athanasios
Published: August 2016

A new user selection strategy is investigated and analyzed in a multiuser relaying environment in the presence of co‐channel interference. The proposed selection scheme aims at avoiding unnecessary feedback load processing, in cases where a target threshold, in the received instantaneous signal‐to‐noise ratio, is exceeded. Assuming that perfect channel state information is available, closed‐form lower bound expressions are derived for the cumulative distribution function of the output signal to interference plus noise ratio. Moreover, the impact of outdated channel state information on the system's performance is also investigated. In addition, under the assumption of high signal‐to‐noise ratio conditions, simplified approximated expressions are also provided for the cumulative distribution functions of the output signal to interference plus noise ratio, which are employed to study the outage probability and bit error probability performance of the system. It is shown that with the proposed approach, a significant reduction in feedback load processing is achieved, with only a slight loss in performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of efficient simplified genomic DNA and bisulfite sequencing in large plant populations
Authors: Wu Jinhua , Luo Zewei , Jiang Ning
Published: August 2016

The next generation sequencing enables generation of high resolution and high throughput data for structure sequence of any genome at a fast declining cost. This opens opportunity for population based genetic and genomic analyses. In many applications, whole genome sequencing or re‐sequencing is unnecessary or prohibited by budget limits. The Reduced Representation Genome Sequencing (RRGS), which sequences only a small proportion of the genome of interest, has been proposed to deal with the situations. Several forms of RRGS are proposed and implemented in the literature. When applied to plant or crop species, the current RRGS protocols shared a key drawback that a significantly high proportion (up to 60%) of sequence reads to be generated may be of non‐genomic origin but attributed to chloroplast DNA or rRNA genes, leaving an exceptional low efficiency of the sequencing experiment. We recommended and discussed here the design of optimized simplified genomic DNA and bisulfite sequencing strategies, which may greatly improves efficiency of the sequencing experiments by bringing down the presentation of the undesirable sequencing reads to less than 10% in the whole sequence reads. The optimized RAD‐seq and RRBS‐seq methods are potentially useful for sequence variant screening and genotyping in large plant/crop populations.
Advances in computational ChIA‐PET data analysis
Authors: He Chao , Li Guipeng , Nadhir Diekidel M. , Chen Yang , Wang Xiaowo , Zhang Michael Q.
Published: August 2016

Genome‐wide chromatin interaction analysis has become important for understanding 3D topological structure of a genome as well as for linking distal cis‐regulatory elements to their target genes. Compared to the Hi‐C method, chromatin interaction analysis by paired‐end tag sequencing (ChIA‐PET) is unique, in that one can interrogate thousands of chromatin interactions (in a genome) mediated by a specific protein of interest at high resolution and reasonable cost. However, because of the noisy nature of the data, efficient analytical tools have become necessary. Here, we review some new computational methods recently developed by us and compare them with other existing methods. Our intention is to help readers to better understand ChIA‐PET results and to guide the users on selection of the most appropriate tools for their own projects.
The Bakri tamponade balloon as an adjunct treatment for refractory postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Brown Haywood , Okeyo Stephen , Mabeya Hillary , Wilkinson Jeffrey , Schmitt John
Published: August 2016

Objective

To evaluate the Bakri tamponade balloon as an adjunct treatment for refractory postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).

Methods

A prospective observational intervention study was conducted between January 1, 2013, and May 31, 2015, at Great Lakes Hospital and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya. Eligible participants were diagnosed with PPH (blood loss > 500 mL after vaginal or > 1000 mL after cesarean delivery, and/or hemodynamic changes suggestive of excessive blood loss) unresponsive to standard intervention and were treated using the Bakri balloon. Case report forms were completed for all participants. The primary endpoint was the frequency of surgery after use of the Bakri balloon.

Results

Among 58 patients, postpartum bleeding was controlled without further surgical intervention in 55 (95%). Among the 55 women with uterine atony, the Bakri balloon successful controlled PPH in 52 (95%). Two of the three hysterectomies performed were for continued bleeding after placement of the Bakri tamponade balloon. Four maternal deaths occurred.

Conclusion

The Bakri tamponade balloon proved an effective adjunct in the management of refractory PPH.
Visualizing color term differences based on images from the web
Authors: Umezu Nobuyuki , Takahashi Eriho
Published: August 2016

Color terms are used to express light spectrum characteristics captured by human vision, and color naming across languages partition color spaces differently. Such partition differences have been surveyed through several empirical experiments that employ Munsell color chips. We propose a novel visualization method for color terms based on thousands of images collected from query results provided by an image search engines such as Google. A series of experiments was conducted using eight basic color terms in seven languages. Pixel values in the images are counted to form color histograms according to the color pallet used in the world color survey. The visualization results can be summarized as follows: (1) Japanese and Korean color terms have wider distributions in the color space than terms in other languages do and (2) color visualizations for color terms pink and brown are affected by their links to proper nouns.

Highlights Color terms are visualized with 3D histograms on WCS pallet. Color frequencies are assembled automatically from internet images. Red, orange, and yellow have sharp peaks. French pink has several peaks. Pink and brown are affected by their links to proper nouns. English and French colors have smaller distributions than those of Japanese and Korean.