bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimask
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter explains the emergence of antimask laws. It expounds on the origins of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. Similar to organizations affiliated with Ku Klux Klan, the American Knights supported racial segregation while also proclaiming itself as a religion. The chapter discusses how organizations like the Ku Klux Klan benefit from the anonymous free speech that was established by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and Manuel Talley. It elaborates on how New York City defended the mask ban to promote public safety at crowded public events. Pussy Riot protestors and the Ku Klux Klan fronted restrictions under the same New York antimask law even though the protestors only wanted to make a statement over Vladimir Putin's authoritarian regime in Russia, while the Ku Klux Klan spread their racial hatred.
Online Anonymity and Copyright
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the notion of online anonymity and copyright. It looks into the peer-to-peer (P2P) system allowing personal computer users to share media files without cost and without compensating labels or artists for their music, which led to the recording industry arguing that the P2P system and its users were infringing their copyright. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) announced it would begin gathering identifying information of people who shared large amounts of music on P2P networks as they considered the sharing to be stealing. Additionally, the RIAA file-sharing lawsuits often involved popular songs and the unmasking of file sharers. The chapter explains that the need for anonymity became more apparent when a company representing pornographic film makers eclipsed the recording industry in lawsuits against anonymous online file sharers. It highlights the significance of distribution and receipt of information in online communications, so heightened anonymity protection in copyright cases would better preserve the culture of anonymity empowerment.
Conclusion
Authors: Kosseff Jeff
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter explores the culture of anonymity empowerment. It insists that the benefits of America's strong anonymity protections outweigh the harm it gives. Colonial pamphlets, newspaper articles, and online posts have similar compelling motivations for anonymity. The First Amendment protections provide a good balance for anonymous speech, creating an atmosphere that prevents the government from mandating the real-name policies and other anonymity killers seen in other countries. The chapter also considers anonymity as a free speech issue and a privacy law issue simultaneously. It highlights that the culture of anonymity empowerment is essential to the spirited dissent and debate that undergirds democracy.
Subjectivation
Authors: Samimian-Darash Limor
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers scenario thinking and practicing generating a distinct mode of subjectivation. It explains that World Energy Council's scenario planners create global energy scenarios representing alternative plausible futures for the energy sector through a triennial cyclical process. The scenarios of the World Energy Council's strategic planning department shaped the new modalities of knowledge making and practicing concerning the global energy sector. Moreover, the three modes of veridiction, jurisdiction, and subjectivation seen in scenario planning are mutually constituted and together express a form of governance based on the rationality of uncertainty. The chapter notes how the technology of governing correlates to uncertainty as an ontological situation and modality of practicing and experiencing the world.
Introduction
Authors: Neuburger Mary C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the influences of modern bioimaginary on modern changes in Bulgarian food production, consumption, and exchange. It elaborates on biopolitics being used to define the ways a variety of actors intervened to make decisions about how bodies should be nourished, disciplined, regulated, and mobilized. Bulgaria was under socialism following the post-Word War II period, which resulted in the imperative to catch up to the West and trigger a transformative new bioimaginary and resultant biopolitics. As the Soviet Union had been born of hunger, food, like bread, was used as a tool for establishing and maintaining power. The chapter notes Bulgaria's level of development in food had not been able to keep up with the United States before communism.
China’s Troubled Road to Economic Rebalancing
Authors: Bell Stephen , Feng Hui
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses the question of whether changes to the banking system have helped with economic rebalancing and growth model reform in China. It examines the politics of rebalancing and the current statist reaction by the Xi regime to earlier market developments. For a time, increased financial liberalization did help in providing more credit to the household and private sectors and other positive changes saw slightly reduced savings rates and corporate debt levels, and moderate increases in household consumption. The chapter highlights the dynamic development of both the external and internal dimensions of China's economic structure, arguing that there have been emerging signs of external rebalancing that reflects more mixed results than internal rebalancing. It further explores the political forces that have constrained economic rebalancing in China.
A Society in Flux
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the rise of rural inequalities. In 1991, India voluntarily introduced radical economic reforms that changed the lives of people dabbling in the subsistence economy. However, the subsequent agrarian reforms resulted in the sector's depeasantization as small and marginal farmers were forced to sell their land and work as agricultural wage laborers or migrate to urban centers for different livelihoods. The chapter then notes the gradual change in the size of landholding in Haryana and Rajasthan following the advent of neoliberal economic reforms. State-driven expropriation of productive agricultural land resulted in large-scale evictions, dispossession, and displacement for rural families. The chapter acknowledges how the global process of capital accumulation aggravated gender inequalities in India. It also expounds on the notion of feminized dispossessions, marginalization of Indian Muslims, intercaste marriages, and Dalit assertion.
Docile Brides, Efficient Workers
Authors: Kukreja Reena
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the experiences of the bride after stepping away from her natal home. Cross-region brides tend to get the brunt of the stress of adapting to a new family, status, and lower position in the family power hierarchy. The marriage migration journey to another home always incurs multiple losses. The initial period of marriage involves intra-gender negotiation around the division of labor. However, patriarchal ideology co-opts older women into enforcing patriarchal norms and ideology. The chapter covers the myths of bride buying and its subsequent bargaining outcomes. It highlights the significance of dowry in bargaining. Moreover, the crisis of masculinity tends to influence marital relations. The chapter also considers women challenging the negative representation of their families, caste groups, and ethnicities.
Federal Policy As Catalyst, Barrier, And Duality
Authors: Crandell Doug
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the federal approach to employment and disability that has shifted both in name and policy over the decades. Lawmakers and regulators have struggled with everything from employer inducements to something known broadly as “work incentives,” a phrase geared toward helping workers with disabilities make choices about going to work or changing jobs. The chapter tells a story of lapsed legislation and mild incentives for businesses to hire workers with disabilities on the employer side. It looks at the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC), which is made available to employers to hire individuals from certain targeted groups that have consistently faced significant barriers to employment. The WOTC provides for a tax credit if a worker is part of a vocational rehabilitation program with a state plan written under the guidelines of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
Afterword
Authors: McGarvie Mark Douglas
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts Mary Field Parton's life as an intellectual. It asks whether she was true to herself: whether she integrated her attitudes, values, and beliefs into a consistent worldview and lived in accordance with it. The chapter then recalls how Mary committed her life to improving society and sought to influence individuals so as to redesign an entire society. It also emphasizes how the extent to which people like Mary embraced radical politics—the use of violence, an endorsement of socialism, and the consideration of anarchy—demonstrates the strength of the culture wedded to individual rights to withstand such challenges. The chapter concludes by analysing how pragmatism deviated from its roots in science and positivism, each of which imposed a rational framework upon pragmatist thought, toward a postmodernist humanism beginning in the 1960s. It also stresses how the life and worldview of Mary Field Parton presented a cautionary tale to today's progressives who fantasize about a new “democratic socialist” movement in the United States.
Brokenness
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter addresses the brokenness of the Sierra Nevada. Geologists have described whole families of joints cutting through the granites of the Sierra Nevada, running through the rock like the grain of split lumber. Some joints formed soon after the granite crystallized from melt and mineral slushes in glowing wombs deep below the surface. Some joints are stretch marks, traces of breakage under tension; they split the Sierra into sheets of stone. Ultimately, the Sierra Nevada teaches a central lesson: it is the very breaking and jointing, the cracking and carving and breakdown, the weathering and scouring, that all together give rise to the countless forms of beauty throughout the whole of the range.
Wolf Lichen
Authors: Nevle Richard J. , Nightingale Steven , Lanas Mattias
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the wolf lichen, which clings to the old boles in the heart of the Sierra's red fir forest. Used variably to kill, to heal, and to bestow beauty, wolf lichen lives for itself and brews poison for its protection. Though it cannot defend itself against toxins we emit into our air, it still sends a quiet warning. Only recently have we begun to rediscover the healing potential of wolf lichen, in particular its superpowers in combatting cancer, metabolic diseases, and an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections. Just as the wolf lichen relies on the bark of the fir for support, we rely on the physical world. Whether in the mountains, on the plains, or along a coast, we have as our holdfast the earth itself.
Ghosts of War
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

How do states and societies confront the legacies of war and occupation, and what do truth, guilt, and justice mean in that process? This book examines people's wartime choices and their aftermath in Belarus, a war-ravaged Soviet republic that was under Nazi occupation during the Second World War. After the Red Army re-established control over Belarus, one question shaped encounters between the returning Soviet authorities and those who had lived under Nazi rule, between soldiers and family members, re-evacuees and colleagues, Holocaust survivors and their neighbors: What did you do during the war? This book analyzes the prosecution and punishment of Soviet citizens accused of wartime collaboration with the Nazis and shows how individuals sought justice, revenge, or assistance from neighbors and courts. The book uncovers the many absences, silences, and conflicts that were never resolved, as well as the truths that could only be spoken in private, yet it also investigates the extent to which individuals accommodated, contested, and reshaped official Soviet war memory. The result is a gripping examination of how efforts at coming to terms with the past played out within, and at times through, a dictatorship.
Post-1944
Authors: Exeler Franziska
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the death and destruction following the Nazi rule that was brought through the Soviet western regions. It cites Belarus as one of the hardest hit places. Pre-war leaders of the republic like First Secretary Panteleimon Ponomarenko returned to Belarus, while Soviet authorities were tasked to rebuild the Soviet state. The chapter covers narratives of homecoming, which were marked by the happiness of returning and the grief of remembering loss. It then explains the significance of destroying any resistance to rebuilding the state. Party leaders believed most issues like local discontent could be traced back to the population's three-year exposure to Nazi rule. Thus, the state security organs invested time, information, and resources to look for the alleged servants of the Germans.
Fraternity Denied
Authors: Jensen Steffen Bo , Hapal Karl
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the central masculine youth peer groups in 2009 and 2010, the members of Tau Gamma Phi. It describes the youth groups' internal dynamics and engagements with local politics to be included as equal and dignified people despite the seemingly impenetrable glass ceilings of Philippine society. It also talks about their attempts of inclusion in a hundred-year-long struggle for equality that resonates strangely with the aspiration of the activists and communal politics. Through an analysis of ritualized violence, the chapter argues that the youth groups aspire to a transcendental world of significance beyond the spatial and temporal confinement of the relocation site. While young men were drawn to Tau Gamma Phi in their thousands in 2010, it had already begun to weaken and by 2017, the fraternity's power and influence had considerably waned.
The First Ncaa Tournament
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) tournament that involved Brown, Army, Cornell, Virginia, and Navy. It elaborates on the issue of home games, wherein Brown attempted to establish priority for being an automatic qualifier after it was announced that Cornell would host their game. Due to the following protests on similar issues, the locations remained unsettled when the NCAA committee scheduled another conference prior to the quarterfinal games. Moreover, the ramshackle nature of the selections did not escape the notice of the Baltimore establishment. The chapter notes College Park, Charlottesville, Ithaca, and West Point had been determined to host the first NCAA lacrosse tournament games. Moreover, the lacrosse event was broadcasted on live television in Baltimore only.
Assembling the Pieces
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into the changes in lacrosse in the 1970s. It starts with the Lacrosse Superstar Game being organized to try and raise money to send a US national team to the 1974 World Lacrosse Tournament in Australia. According to Sports Illustrated, the major lacrosse game also revealed how many top players used new lacrosse sticks with plastic heads and synthetic webbing. Moreover, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) approved several changes, such as lacrosse stick shafts made of aluminum and that goalkeeper's sticks could be larger than other positions. The chapter also covers the advent of the NCAA tournament. It explains how the competition in college lacrosse was becoming crowded.
The French Connection
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the 1975 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) season that Cornell hosted at Schoellkopf Field. It looks into Richie Moran's pre-season preparation for the Cornell team, which ranged between box lacrosse sessions and outdoor workouts. The 1975 season marked the debut of Cornell's promising offensive team, but it ended with Maryland's victory over the Navy. Moreover, the Schoellkopf Field was scheduled to host the North–South college All-Star game. The chapter clarifies that the scrimmages of the North and South teams featured players from Cornell, Hobart, and Syracuse. However, most participants from the quickly assembled local team heavily featured players that would play for Cornell in 1976.
End of an Era
Authors: Swezey Christian
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the legacy Richie Moran left as part of Cornell lacrosse. Following the 1979 season, the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association eliminated the face-off after every goal in an effort to make the pace of play faster. According to Sports Illustrated, college lacrosse is dominated by Johns Hopkins, Maryland, Navy, Virginia, and Cornell despite being played by about 130 colleges. The chapter explains how lacrosse expanded well beyond the Big Five teams. Moreover, Cornell remained a successful program under Moran's guidance and Cornell won or shared 15 Ivy League titles in twenty-nine years. The chapter also notes the change in standard admissions in the late 1970s. It acknowledges that the position of Cornell's lacrosse coach permanently retains the title of Richard R. Moran Endowed Chair to honor Moran's legacy.
A Man among Other Men
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This book examines competing constructions of modern manhood in the West African metropolis of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Engaging the histories, representational repertoires, and performative identities of men in Abidjan and across the Black Atlantic, the book shows how French colonial legacies and media tropes of Blackness act as powerful axes, rooting masculine identity and value within labor, consumerism, and commodification. Through a broad chronological and transatlantic scope that culminates in a deep ethnography of the livelihoods and lifestyles of men in Abidjan's informal economy, the book demonstrates how men's subjectivities are formed in dialectical tension by and through hegemonic ideologies of race and patriarchy. The book provides a historically grounded and empirically rich account of Black masculinity that illuminates the sustained power of imaginaries even as capitalism affords a deficit of material opportunities. Revealed is a story of Black abjection set against the anticipation of male privilege, a story of the long crisis of Black masculinity in racial capitalism.
Tropes of Black Masculinity
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows the French West African évolué and the Black Atlantic media icon as the two tropes that constitute idealized masculinities for Abidjanais men. It documents the hegemonic order of racial capitalism to trace the means by which capitalism situates Black labor, and how accordant imaginaries of Blackness structure the social order and legitimize domination. The chapter also interrogates value creation in racial capitalism, attentive to how inclusion on one axis may preclude resistance on another, to further demonstrate the production of consent among Black populations. The chapter argues that the incorporation of Black men in capitalism occurred under severe structural disadvantage, generating an enduring crisis of Black masculinity. It then assembles the theoretical components of Blackness, and particularly Black masculinity, in racial capitalism to examine the production of hegemony and consent.
Imaginaries of Negation
Authors: Matlon Jordanna
Published: January 2023

This chapter provides a historical account of labor from colonialism to la crise in the African city with an emphasis on Abidjan. It complements the colonial past and present by tracing lineages of Black Atlantic imaginaries. The chapter sketches the incorporation of Blackness in racial capitalism to analyze its multiple and dialectical potentialities: as negation and in the form of Blackness commodified, synthesis. It also defines the double commodification of Blackness, as productive potential and cultural artifact, as well as the project of racial capitalism. The chapter then investigates how these representations shape aspirational Abidjanais masculinities vis-à-vis capitalist processes of labor, consumption, and commodification. Finally, the chapter reveals mechanisms of racialization and, with an emphasis on aesthetic practices, interrogates expressions of Black masculinity in former slave and colonial economies from inception to the present.
Falling in Love across Ethnic Lines
Authors: Edgar Adrienne
Published: January 2023

This chapter highlights the experiences of ethnically mixed couples who met and married in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan between 1945 and 1991. It shows that there were important continuities in the experiences of mixed couples despite tremendous changes in Soviet society over this time period. Marriages between Central Asians and people of European ethnicity were much less common than those between people belonging to the same general cultural and religious group, such as marriages between Kazakhs and Tatars or Germans and Ukrainians. The chapter talks about the intermarriage of Central Asian women that was most commonly done with another Muslim, not to a Russian or Ukrainian. Such marriages were less likely to provoke opposition from the families, though occasionally parents did express displeasure at the prospect of a Muslim son- or daughter-in-law of different ethnicity.
New Colonial Vocabularies and Overseas Conquest in Vietnam
Authors: Carroll Christina B.
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses France's international interest in colonial expansion in northern Vietnam around the mid-1880s. It highlights how colonial conquests increased France's prestige despite the republicans' arguments over politique colonial. The 1885 arguments over colonial expansion grew visible due to the 1881 law eliminating censorship of the political press. However, forms of public expression remained relatively controlled by the colonial administration. The chapter explains that Napoleon III and France's defeat during the Franco-Prussian War continued to shape republican conversations about colonial expansion into the 1880s. It then elaborates on the criticisms journalists dished out regarding the government's policies in Vietnam and politique colonial.
An American Friendship
Authors: Weinfeld David
Published: January 2023

This book presents the biography of an idea, cultural pluralism, the intellectual precursor to modern multiculturalism. The book roots its origins in the friendship between two philosophers, Jewish immigrant Horace Kallen and African American Alain Locke, who advanced cultural pluralism in opposition to both racist nativism and the assimilationist “melting pot.” It is a simple idea—different ethnic groups can and should coexist in the United States, perpetuating their cultures for the betterment of the country as whole—and it grew out of the lived experience of this friendship between two remarkable individuals. Kallen, a founding faculty member of the New School for Social Research, became a leading American Zionist. Locke, the first Black Rhodes Scholar, taught at Howard University and is best known as the intellectual godfather of the Harlem Renaissance and the editor of The New Negro in 1925. Their friendship began at Harvard and Oxford during the years 1906 through 1908 and was rekindled during the Great Depression, growing stronger until Locke's death in 1954. To Locke and Kallen, friendship itself was a metaphor for cultural pluralism, exemplified by people who found common ground while appreciating each other's differences. The book demonstrates how this understanding of cultural pluralism offers a new vision for diverse societies across the globe. It provides critical background for understanding the conflicts over identity politics that polarize U.S. society today.
Introduction What Difference Does the Difference Make? Cultural Pluralism as Friendship
Authors: Weinfeld David
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter discusses the development of cultural pluralism through the friendship between Horace Kallen and Alain Locke. Kallen and Locke each rejected a crucial aspect of their identities: in Kallen's case, religion; in Locke's, biology. They met on the plane of high culture. They envisioned cultural pluralism as an elite project. They embraced the civilization they lived in and loved, particularly in the United States' and England's most prestigious institutions. These intellectual worlds provided space for transcending racial and religious barriers while upholding ethnic particularism. Both men came to embrace what they regarded as the strengths of their respective groups, rather than the weaknesses. Each man came to appreciate the value of the other's community, though Kallen more slowly than Locke. They would praise contributions Black people and Jews made to American and global civilization. Years later, when recalling his conversations with Locke, Kallen defined cultural pluralism as “the right to be different.” Kallen and Locke shared a fundamental belief in that right. Yet their adherence to cultural pluralism went beyond the language of rights. Group difference should not merely be tolerated; it should be celebrated.
The Plural Is Political
Authors: Weinfeld David
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how Horace Kallen and Alain Locke responded to the changes around them, to prejudice and nativism and immigration and assimilation, with programs for the promotion of elite secular cultures as part of a diverse and democratic United States. It shows how, from 1909 to 1935, in numerous essays and addresses, both men developed their philosophies of cultural pluralism. Until 1924, neither of them referred to the concept in those texts, and they elaborated these ideas separately, with limited correspondence and interaction. Yet their visions remained remarkably similar, a product of their friendship and intellectual exchange. Both imagined a United States, and a world, with a multitude of cultures, each bringing its particular gifts to strengthen society as a whole. Although they painted abstract pictures, their ideas had concrete manifestations in Kallen's Zionist activism and Locke's leadership of the Harlem Renaissance.
Epilogue
Authors: Beckeld Benedict
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to answer why living in an oikophobic civilization where tradition qua tradition is ridiculed, does not hinder us from great endeavors. It explores the seeming inevitability of history and a lack of freedom, then asks: What is this freedom of which we can make use in shaping our destinies and in influencing positively our oikophobic societies, and does it even exist? The chapter argues that there has been a very great tendency among philosophers over the centuries to want to defend at any price the concept of free will, which is usually understood as meaning that one could have chosen differently under identical circumstances. The chapter then plainly states that free will, the idea that there is an independent faculty of the will which in turn acts freely, is an illusion. The chapter isolates three basic phases in the history of free will: Philosophers have no conception of free will either way; most philosophers defend free will; and most philosophers deny, or redefine, free will. The chapter also distinguishes free will and moral responsibility since the two are so closely linked in the popular consciousness.
Westernizing Medicine
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes the six aspects of health care that the Meiji government took control of: medical education, medical licensing, hospitals and clinics, health care administration, medical associations, and the relationship with doctors and pharmacists. It shows how, by the time the Meiji Emperor died in 1912, Japan had become a modern nation and was recognized by many Western nations as an independent power in Asia. Health care policy then became part of the government's westernization plan. The government took the lead in adopting Western medicine as the official standard. Meiji officials had almost a free hand to create a new Japanese health care system. Health care policy became a tool to prevent epidemic catastrophes, to strengthen the military, control social order, and be accountable to the people.
Conclusion
Authors: Yamagishi Takakazu
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter summarizes the history and struggles of the health care system in Japan and how politics played a role in shaping it. People's lives and health in Japan have traditionally been considered as tools for nation building, national defense, and national economic development. Debate on health care policy has been limited to a small group, with the government setting the terms of the argument. Financial concerns have always been at the forefront of the discussion. The chapter argues that although financial considerations are very important in making the health insurance system more sustainable, health insurance policy cannot be sustainable without engaging more actors and developing a better deliberation process. The chapter offers some concluding thoughts regarding Japan's diversifying population as well as the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national health care system.
Crisis
Authors: Vanderhurst Stacey
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the immediate precedent for Nigeria's counter-trafficking campaign: the mass deportation of Nigerian women from Italy and the national panic that followed. It argues that evolving state efforts to control the migration, from public shaming to victim protection, reflect the global agenda of the Nigeria's new democratic republic. The Nigerian government sought not only to modernize law enforcement and border security but also to more effectively police the country's most embarrassing emigrants, eventually leading to the establishment of Nigeria's federal anti-trafficking agency in 2003. The chapter pays attention to women from the Edo ethnic group, who are most associated with human trafficking and migration into sex work from Nigeria. It considers the historical tensions that shaped the positions of Benin and Nigeria in global politics and rendered Edo women migrants as political problems.
Here’s to Crime!
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter details alcohol consumption in noir. The hard-boiled detective novel came into being during the raucous last years of Prohibition, hence the genre is soaked in whiskey, sinfulness, and the dark. The detective in Chandler, Hammett, and their successors is a loner who may not have a secretary, but he reliably has a bottle of whiskey in the desk drawer and a hip flask in his pocket, and he reaches for one or the other when bad news hits. The cocktail occurs in the narrative stream of Chandler's prose quite frequently. Though his detective doesn't mind drinking alone, he also revels in the cocktail hour as a social ritual, regardless of the venue.
The Great British Spymasters
Authors: Lehman David
Published: January 2023

This chapter is a brief overview of British espionage fiction. It begins with the works of W. Somerset Maugham, who initiated a more plausible, less flamboyant line of spy fiction compared to writers such as E. Phillips Oppenheim or Ian Fleming. Informed by his experience as an agent in Switzerland and Russia, the linked stories of Ashenden (1928) rank among Maugham's finest. Next, the chapter considers Eric Ambler, who was the most apt of Maugham's pupils. When he read Ashenden, Ambler found the antidote to novels of intrigue and adventure. In the half-dozen novels he wrote in the years leading up to World War II, Ambler injected the dose of seriousness that made the spy novel a politically savvy vehicle for sustained suspense in that decade of threat and appeasement, secret pacts, the persecution and forced exile of whole sectors of the populace, and the intervention of one government into the affairs of another. Finally, the chapter briefly explores espionage fiction during the Cold War.
Metamorphoses
Authors: Meyers Joan S. M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the origins and development of People's Daily Bread Bakery and One World Natural Grocery and explores their mutual journey beyond the collectivist model of their era as well as their divergence. In so doing it makes an argument that worker cooperatives are indeed viable businesses but that their ability to address inequalities changes as the organization evolves. The chapter focuses on what differences among contemporaneous cooperatives says about the limits of egalitarian commitments in capitalist economies. Both People's Daily Bread Bakery and One World Natural Grocery developed a critique of the “small is beautiful” and friendship network dogma of the period, and these adaptations seem critical to their survival. But they differed in their embrace or critique of the decentralized and distributed authority so widely used by their peer organizations, and in their sense of what it meant to be a member of a cooperative. As the chapter shows, neither the managerial or member-identification practices each developed were inevitable choices, but each choice was deeply consequential for workplace democracy and egalitarianism.
The Land Fragmented
Authors: Jones Darryl
Published: January 2023

This chapter emphasizes that spatial dimensions of a road (the width of the pavement and the verge; the distance from the habitat on one side to that on the other side; the cumulative area the road occupies) have lots of important consequences for animals living nearby. It argues that animals usually perceive the broad area including and surrounding the carriageways (the road corridor) as being endless in length; experiencing it—and this is of fundamental importance—as an elongated, open space that offers no cover. The chapter then illustrates some of the reactions that different types of animals may have to the road corridor. As the chapter highlights, their behaviors are not simply a response to moving traffic, and it moves on to discuss the “gap-crossing” issues that were conducted deep in the Amazonian rainforest. The chapter then considers the issues associated with the space occupied by roads as well as the significant area of land that roads occupy, space that was previously farmland, pasture, native or plantation forest, suburbs or natural areas.
Bathing in the Queer City
Authors: Petri Olga
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the urban adaptations and peculiarities that made communal bathing in St. Petersburg so notably convenient as a context for queer encounters. It discusses how the goalposts in the negotiation over this space shifted in response to government action in the form of the Bathhouse Ordinance of 1879. The chapter then describes how and why this unprecedented and ambitious legislation failed to achieve the intended reforms and instead reinforced queer spatial patterns and the commercial role of sex in the city's bathhouses. The ordinance marked the transition from a bathing tradition in which prostitution was peripheral to one in which it was central to the commercial viability of this singular urban space. Ultimately, the failed reforms provide an important example of an evolving entente and negotiation regarding the city's queer spaces among urban administrative authorities, people who had a pecuniary interest in bathing, queer men, and the general public.
Voice as Light
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks into epiphanic narratives and their association of the singing voice with light. It explains medieval vernacular singing as being associated between voice, spirit, and cosmos simultaneously. The alba of Fleury-sur-Loire had been known as the earliest instance of the form alba wherein the singing voice between the literal and figurative meanings of sight, as the lights of heaven illumine its performance and its sound echoes among the celestial bodies. The chapter elaborates on the interleaving discursive reflections on the song's relation to celestial spheres. It also references Thezaur by Peire de Corbin, alba “Reis glorious” by Giraut de Bornelh, and Domna dels angels Regina by Peire de Corbin. The songs feature an ambition to unite the understanding of cosmology with vernacular eloquence.
“Sweeter than a Siren”
Authors: Kay Sarah
Published: January 2023

This chapter covers the depiction of sirens in songs. The depiction of sirens tends to balance between contraries as their singing would either enchant or bewitch listeners. Due to Isidore's Etymologies and the Christianizing natural history of the Physiologus tradition, the aforementioned representation of sirens dominates during the medieval period. The chapter acknowledges the power of signing to captivate and prompts the speaker to reflect on the penetrative power of all senses. It highlights the sirens' appeal to vision with their looks and to hear with operatic reading. Moreover, songs featuring quasi-sirens engage with archaism, and the narratives of transformation often come with a cost.
Global Inequality and American Foreign Policy in the 1970s
Authors: Franczak Michael
Published: January 2023

This book demonstrates how Third World solidarity around the New International Economic Order (NIEO) forced US presidents from Richard Nixon to Ronald Reagan to consolidate American hegemony over an international economic order under attack abroad and lacking support at home. The goal of the nations that supported NIEO was to negotiate a redistribution of money and power from the global North to the global South. Their weapon was control over the major commodities—in particular oil—that undergirded the prosperity of the United States and Europe after World War II. This book reveals how the NIEO and “North–South dialogue” negotiations brought global inequality to the forefront of US national security. The challenges posed by NIEO became an inflection point for some of the greatest economic, political, and moral crises of 1970s America, including the end of golden age liberalism and the return of the market, the splintering of the Democratic Party and the building of the Reagan coalition, and the rise of human rights in US foreign policy in the wake of the Vietnam War. The policy debates and decisions toward the NIEO were pivotal moments in the histories of three ideological trends—neoliberalism, neoconservatism, and human rights—that formed the core of America's post-Cold War foreign policy.
Chasing Automation
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This book tells the story of how a group of reform-minded politicians during the heyday of America's industrial prowess (1921–1966) sought to plan for the technological future. Beginning with Warren G. Harding and the conference he convened in 1921, the book looks at how the U.S. political system confronted the unemployment caused by automation. Both liberals and conservatives spoke to the crucial role of technology in economic growth and the need to find work for the unemployed, and the book shows how their disputes turned on the means of achieving these shared goals and the barriers that stood in the way. This political history highlights the trajectories of two premier scientists of the period, Norbert Wiener and Vannevar Bush, who walked very different paths. Wiener began quietly developing his language of cybernetics in the 1920s, though its effect would not be realized until the late 1940s. The more pragmatic Bush was tapped by Franklin Roosevelt to organize the scientific community and his ultimate success—the Manhattan Project—is emblematic of the technological hubris of the era. The book shows that as American industrial productivity dramatically increased, the political system was at the mercy of the steady advance of job-replacing technology. It was the sheer unpredictability of technological progress that ultimately posed the most formidable challenge. Reformers did not succeed in creating a federal planning agency, but they did create an enduring safety net of laws that workers continue to benefit from today as we face a new wave of automation and artificial intelligence.
Full Employment
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows how the liberal–labor coalition embraced technology as the means of sustaining the momentum of wartime full employment. Everywhere, it seemed, there was an almost heady excitement over how the force of technological advancement that spurred victory could now be turned to extend prosperity. Indeed, the U.S. war production machine quickly transformed into a postwar economy scarcely imaginable before the war. Here, the liberal–labor coalition maintained its support for a strong social safety net and the need for public works projects as fail-safes in anticipation of sudden economic downturns. At the same time, a post-Depression new liberalism sought to sustain the momentum of the New Deal's stimulative policies while also acknowledging technology's potential to sustain near-wartime employment levels. “Full employment” legislation thus became an early political test.
The Automation Commission
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes President Lyndon Johnson's efforts at enacting an automation commission. In doing so, the chapter reveals an automation revolution which few had seen coming and which challenged politicians and policy experts to be just as creative in their response. Here, Norbert Wiener and Vannevar Bush embodied the larger dimensions of technology's oversized imprint on the U.S. economy. Wiener represented the sheer force of unpredictable scientific discovery, and Bush the opportunity to manage science in pursuit of larger societal goals. Johnson, still preoccupied with the challenges of his sudden transition, now hoped that his predecessor's idea of forming an automation commission would create a set of policy recommendations every bit as imaginative as Wiener's discoveries, and harness technology's impacts on employment in a manner befitting of Bush's managerial brilliance.
Back to the Future
Authors: Prout Jerry
Published: January 2023

This concluding chapter discusses events following the Automation Commission's recommendations and the continuing challenges of keeping up with the unpredictability of scientific discovery. While the recommendations offered by the Automation Commission that John F. Kennedy enabled may have finally met the threshold for boldness so often invoked by liberal–labor reformers, those recommendations came at a moment of economic and political transition. The trajectory of the postwar U.S. industrial juggernaut was leveling off just as the commission delivered its findings. Politically, the growing demands of social movements protesting an escalating war, racial discrimination, and technological materialism challenged the postwar order. Amid swirling social unrest, the increasingly tenuous liberal–labor coalition found that a New Left movement was defining the terms of a new progressive agenda that often seemed far removed from the interests of the blue-collar worker. The very core of the liberal–labor coalition was having to rethink its own future.
6 Campaigns, Context, and Consequences
Authors: Kramer Elisabeth
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers the challenges that the candidates discussed across the book faced, situating them within an analytical framework of campaign decision making that highlights the competing objectives of election campaigns, which simultaneously aim to inform, persuade, and embody the candidate. The chapter addresses the question of how different contextual factors shape decisions about campaign execution and, more explicitly, how anticorruptionism and vote buying are responses to context. The chapter then reflects on the normalization of money politics—namely vote buying but also, in Bontor's case, the use of clientelistic networks—and its impact. It also elaborates on the typology presented in this section, focusing on the circumstances that may lead an anticorruption candidate to reject, integrate, or acquiesce to money politics strategies, in the process laying bare the broader challenges posed during a campaign. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that while the Indonesian electoral environment places pressure on candidates to act in certain ways, the campaign outcomes of negotiating these pressures varies depending on an individual's unique operating context and the depth of commitment to their own values.
Improvisation
Authors: Pisano Jessica
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores people's interactions with local authorities over the course of a decade in villages in a southwestern border region of Ukraine. One of the places where twenty-first-century changes in economic relations shifted patterns of people's participation in political theater was Zakarpattia, a region in western Ukraine at the edge of the Pannonian basin. There, the threat of collective punishment that had hung over people's heads a decade earlier became a political economy of individualized coercion. Under pressure from their supervisors to deliver votes, yet often without additional resources at their disposal to do so, local agents in the countryside improvised approaches to securing broad participation in electoral performances. The threats they delivered were particular, calibrated to individual households' needs and fears.
Remembering Xining
Authors: Grant Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter studies how municipal authorities and popular writers have sought to narrate and commemorate Xining's urban infrastructure within a history of Chinese peripheral pacification and a mythology based on tourist-friendly Kunlun folklore. It focuses on narratives and memorialization practices that place Xining within the political and developmental ambit of China's civilizing center and mythology. These narratives are realized through two main sources: writings in provincial publications that introduce readers to the history of Xining and its hinterlands, and commemorations approved by municipal authorities for urban public spaces. The chapter also discusses toponyms and dromonyms (road names), as well as historically themed park displays. It then argues that urban places in Xining can work to assemble and narrate the city through a chronotope of pacification. Ultimately, the chapter reveals that although the civilizing machine has recoded the material landscape of the city, Tibetans participated in the politics of place by offering alternative urban pasts that they could still read in the redeveloped urban landscape.
Building a Tibetan Xining
Authors: Grant Andrew
Published: January 2023

This chapter displays how Tibetans have generated an alternative urbanism that works within and draws from dominant sensibilities by channeling these sensibilities to create places with material and rhythmic intensities that make such places sensorially and socially available to Tibetan co-ethnics. Through practices both coordinated and uncoordinated, the chapter shows how Tibetans and their more-than-human companions have built a rhizomatic urban form that sustains Tibetanness amid the civilizing machine. The chapter first discusses how and why Tibetans channel their places within Xining City, a municipal territory in which practices of place are restricted by virtue of being located within territories that carry explicit and implicit normative dimensions. It then explores Tibetans' place-making practices in private interiors and in the shared corridors and yards of housing communities, and Tibetans' efforts to build religious structures in closely regulated urban territories. The chapter draws from ethnography and the works of the writer and filmmaker Pema Tseden to explore the role of animals and animal products in the city and Tibetans' negotiation of which animals and diets belong in what places.