bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Debate About the Jews and Russian Literature (1908) as a Milestone in the History of Theorization of Jewish Literatures
Authors: Natkovich Svetlana
Published: January 2014

Der Artikel behandelt die Polemik um Juden in der russischen Literatur, die in russischen Zeitungen und Zeitschriften im Jahre 1908 stattgefunden hat. Dabei steht die kontrovers diskutierte Abhandlung von Korney Chukovsky im Mittelpunkt. Der Kern der Polemik hat sich vor allem mit der Frage befasst: »kann ein ethnischer Jude russische Literatur schreiben?«. Der Artikel konzentriert sich vor allem auf die Positionen des Schriftstellers und Ethnographen Vladimir Tan Bogoraz und des zionistischen Politikers Vladimir Jabotinsky . Ungeachtet des grundsätzlichen Widerspruchs zwischen ihnen haben sie es geschafft, den inhärenten Diskurs zu durchbrechen, in dessen Rahmen die Polemik bis dahin stattgefunden hatte, und vorgeschlagen, die Literatur mit einer weiter ausgreifenden Perspektive zu analysieren. Im zweiten Teil stehen Ideen im Mittelpunkt, die 1908 formuliert wurden und im gegenwärtigen kritischen Diskurs über die Definition jüdischer Literatur in nichtjüdischen Sprachen zu finden sind. Mit Blick auf Jabotinskys Grundideen schlägt der Artikel vor, dessen homogene und holistische Perzeptionen zur Definierung des literarischen Korpus zu dekonstruieren. In diesem Fall bekommen soziologische Fragen wie Zielpublikum und ideologische Tendenz den gleichen Platz innerhalb des kritischen Diskurses wie ästhetische und thematische Fragen.
Assistiertes und automatisiertes Rückwärtsrangieren mit Anhänger
Authors: Werling Moritz , Heidingsfeld Michael , Reinisch Philipp , Gröll Lutz
Published: January 2014

Das rückwärtige Manövrieren mit Anhänger stellt nicht nur
unerfahrene Freizeit-Gespannfahrer vor eine große
Herausforderung. Aus diesem Grund werden zwei Regler als Kern
eines Fahrerassistenzsystems entwickelt, das den Fahrer durch
automatische Lenkeingriffe gezielt entlastet.

Basierend auf den kinematischen Beziehungen von Fahrzeug und
Einachsanhänger wird hierfür zunächst mittels exakter
Ein-/Ausgangslinearisierung ein Regelungsgesetz hergeleitet, das
eine vorgegebene Sollkurskrümmung des Anhängers automatisch
umsetzt und stabilisiert. Hierdurch ist der Fahrer in der Lage,
z. B. mittels Drehknopf, den Anhänger direkt zu lenken; ein
irreversibles Einknicken wird automatisch verhindert.

Anschließend wird die Regelungsaufgabe dahingehend erweitert
und gelöst, dass nunmehr das Assistenzsystem in einem zweiten
Modus die gesamte Querführung entlang einer vorgegebenen Bahn
übernimmt, was in Kombination mit einem Bahnplanungsalgorithmus
z. B. ein automatisiertes Einparken ermöglicht.

Das Gesamtsystem ist prototypisch umgesetzt und wird im
Realversuch evaluiert.
Modellierung von Hybrid-Schrittmotoren für den optimierten, geregelten Betrieb
Authors: Henke Benjamin , Neumann Rüdiger , Sawodny Oliver
Published: January 2014

Hybrid-Schrittmotoren im geregelten Betrieb stellen für
einfache Anwendungen eine Alternative zu teuren Servomotoren
dar. Für den Reglerentwurf wird ein Modell benötigt, das die
Besonderheiten der Hybrid-Schrittmotoren berücksichtigt. In diesem
Beitrag wird ein Modell hergeleitet, das die Effekte der
ausgeprägten Pole berücksichtigt. Wichtige Modellparameter werden
dabei durch Minimierung des quadratischen Fehlers bestimmt. Das
Modell zeigt hohe Übereinstimmung mit Experimenten und kann zur
Optimierung des Servobetriebs hinsichtlich Energieverbrauch und
Drehmoment genutzt werden.
Entwurf von Fehlerisolationsbeobachtern für lineare Systeme mit unsicheren Parametern
Authors: Wahrburg Arne , Adamy Jürgen
Published: January 2014

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zum Entwurf von
Fehlerisolationsbeobachtern für lineare Systeme mit unsicheren
Parametern vorgestellt. Grundlage hierfür ist die Vollständige
Modale Synthese, welche für nicht-quadratische Systeme mit mehr
linear unabhängigen Messgrößen als potentiellen Fehlern eine
Charakterisierung der sich ergebenden Freiheitsgrade
liefert. Diese werden anschließend genutzt, um die strukturellen
Anforderungen an die Fehlerisolation im Sinne unterschiedlicher
Optimierungskriterien trotz vorhandener Unsicherheiten bestmöglich
zu erfüllen und so die Robustheit bezüglich unsicherer Parameter
zu erhöhen.
Optimale Regelung linearer, zeitvarianter Deskriptorsysteme
Authors: Labisch Daniel , Konigorski Ulrich
Published: January 2014

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zum Entwurf von
Riccatiregelungen für lineare, zeitvariante Deskriptorsysteme. Zur
Anwendung des Verfahrens ist lediglich die Regularität des zu
regelnden Deskriptorsystems notwendig, weshalb keine weiteren
Einschränkungen bezüglich Index oder Properheit des
Deskriptorsystems angenommen werden müssen. Darüber hinaus wird
gezeigt, dass eine optimale Lösung der
Matrix-Riccatidifferentialgleichung immer existiert und das
geregelte Deskriptorsystem stets regulär und proper ist. Zur
Anwendung kommen lineare, zeitvariante Deskriptorsysteme in vielen
Fällen bei der Linearisierung nichtlinearer Deskriptorsysteme
entlang von Trajektorien, weshalb dieser Fall eingehend behandelt
und speziell dafür ein alternativer Entwurfsweg angegeben
wird. Die exemplarische Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgt zuerst
in der Simulation einer Verladebrücke sowie anschließend an einem
realen Prüfstand eines Parallelroboters.
First record of the invasive red alga Polysiphonia morrowii Harvey (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) on the Patagonian shores of the Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: Raffo María P. , Geoffroy Alexandre , Destombe Christophe , Schwindt Evangelina
Published: January 2014

Seaweed invasions are recognized as one of the major threats to biological diversity and coastal resources. Nevertheless, the number of introduced macroalgae has been underestimated due to the increasing number of cryptic invasions. Polysiphonia morrowii is native to the North Pacific and several cryptic introductions of this species have been reported over the past decade. In this study, we recorded the presence of the invasive P. morrowii in the Southwestern Atlantic (Patagonia Argentina) using a morphological and molecular approach for the identification at species level. Polysiphonia morrowii specimens from Argentina showed no morphological differences from members of invasive populations in France. We found two different haplotypes, suggesting that P. morrowii was probably introduced into this area by multiple introduction events. The increasing number of shipping and aquaculture activities worldwide and the ability of this species to be a successful invader suggest that P. morrowii is likely to be a cosmopolitan invasive species and that further management planning is required for its early detection and control.
Integral Semantics and Conceptual Metaphor: Rethinking Conceptual Metaphor Within an Integral Semantics Framework
Authors: Faur Elena
Published: January 2014

The paper focuses, on the one hand, on two theoretical problems of Conceptual Metaphor Theory: namely, the cognitive status and the creative dimension of the conceptual metaphors; on the other, it aims at approaching some descriptive findings from Conceptual Metaphor Theory within the perspective of Coseriu’s semantics. Over the past years, the universalist claim of pre-linguistic embodiment via image schemas has been subject to much criticism. Recent attempts to simply situate conceptual metaphors within a social and cultural context did not bring the expected results. Therefore, the need for a radical breakthrough from the old conceptual and theoretical framework of Lakoff and Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory became urgent. The reconstruction of cognitive science on phenomenological and hermeneutical bases is on the way to being pursued within the rising of the third generation of cognitive science. It will certainly represent a major advance for bridging the gap between cognitive science and other traditions of research, such as integral semantics.
From Cognitive Linguistics to Social Science: Thirty Years after Metaphors We Live By
Authors: Leezenberg Michiel
Published: January 2014

In the thirty years since the appearance of Metaphors We Live By, cognitive linguistics has developed into a flourishing autonomous branch of inquiry. Interdisciplinary contacts, however, have largely been restricted to literary studies and the cognitive sciences and hardly extended towards the social sciences. This is the more surprising as, in 1970s anthropology, metaphor was seen as a key notion for the study of symbolism more generally. This contribution explores the cognitive linguistic view of social and cultural factors. Lakoff and Johnson appear ambivalent regarding the relation between culture and cognition; but they share the belief, elaborated in detail by Gibbs and Turner (2002), that cultural factors can be accounted for in terms of cognitive processes. This view runs into both methodological and philosophical difficulties. Methodologically, it assumes that cultural factors can be reduced to cognitive processes; philosophically, it boils down to a Cartesian emphasis on inner experience explaining outer phenomena. There are substantial anti-Cartesian strains both in contemporary philosophy and in a major current of Eighteenth- Century philosophy. The latter, in particular, emphasized the importance of embodiment and metaphor in cognition. As an alternative, I will sketch a more consistently semiotic- and practice-oriented approach that proceeds from linguistic practices to cognitive processes rather than the other way around. It takes practices as irreducibly public and normative; on this approach, so-called linguistic ideologies (Silverstein 1979) play a constitutive role in both linguistic practice and language structure. This alternative builds on recent developments in linguistic anthropology and the work of Peirce and Bakhtin. It suggests a different look at the relation between cognition, language, and social practice from that suggested in cognitive linguistics.
CMT and the 'Work' of Metaphor
Authors: Pawelec Andrzej
Published: January 2014

I propose to show that, in their Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), Lakoff and his collaborators do not offer a new account of metaphor but rather a wide-ranging representation of analogies, reconstructed on the basis of selected linguistic material (primarily collocations and idioms). Consequently, CMT is valuable not as an explanation of metaphorical language in use, nor a hypothesis about the genesis and development of concepts in individual minds, but primarily as a way to represent the results of unexplored social processes of lexicalization involving metaphor. If one adopts a more 'ecological', situated perspective, this global, post hoc approach may perhaps provide useful material to speculate on the forces that drive meaning extension in history.
Deliberate Metaphor Affords Conscious Metaphorical Cognition
Authors: Steen Gerard
Published: January 2014

Contrary to what is assumed in Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the conceptual power of metaphor may not lie in its widespread unconscious use but in its more limited and targeted deliberate use, which may or may not give rise to conscious metaphorical cognition. Deliberate and conscious metaphorical thought is connected to the general functions of all conscious thought as described by Baumeister and Masicampo (2010). Their theory provides a basis for demonstrating how deliberate and conscious metaphorical cognition facilitate social and cultural interactions, by reconsidering Musolff’s (2004) analysis of metaphor in political discourse on European integration. The paper concludes by formulating some implications of CMT’s neglect of conscious metaphor and of deliberate metaphor more generally. If the power of metaphor lies in thought, as has been held by CMT for thirty years, it may be that conscious rather than unconscious cognition - or, more generally, deliberate rather than non-deliberate metaphor use - enables that power. Given the relative infrequency of deliberate and conscious metaphor use, this, in turn, may entail that the online effect of metaphor is more restricted than has been assumed over the past three decades.
A Re-examination of UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING
Authors: Deignan Alice , Cameron Lynne
Published: January 2014

Cognitive metaphor theorists have identified a number of mappings that, it has been claimed, are both central to thinking and productive of linguistic metaphors. One of these is UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING. In this article, we re-examine UNDERSTANDING IS SEEING using two sources of naturally occurring data. Our first source is the Oxford English Corpus: a two-billion-word corpus of authentic contemporary English texts, from which we extracted a 1,000-citation concordance of the lemma SEE. We analyzed this into major sense groups and identified the most frequent lexico-grammatical patterns. Our second source of data is transcribed spoken English from focus-group discussions. We analyzed this dataset, using detailed discourse analysis, to identify the meanings of SEE and its most frequent phraseologies. Both analyses lead us to conclude that SEE is, indeed, used to talk about understanding, as claimed by Conceptual Metaphor theorists, but that the metaphor usually describes difficulties with understanding another speaker’s point of view or, more generally, the process of reaching an understanding: that is, it is used to talk about understanding or not understanding as processes, not states. Our findings are consistent with the construal of language and thought as a dynamic system.
The Role of Metaphor in the Structuring of Emotion Concepts
Authors: Sauciuc Gabriela-Alina
Published: January 2014

Conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) is one of the most prolific frameworks in the study of emotion concepts. Following the seminal work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and subsequent work by Kövecses (1986, 1990) and Kövecses and Lakoff (1987), an impressive number of studies in cognitive linguistics and psycholinguistics have sought to document and confirm the claim that conceptual metaphor (CM) structures affective concepts. I attempt a brief overview of CMT claims about and CMT-inspired research on emotion concepts. I continue by presenting a study based on data collected in six languages, to assess the role of CM in the structuring of emotion concepts. I introduce the procedure, the corpus, and the analyses that have been carried out, including a detailed discussion of the considerations that informed the coding decisions applied to the corpus in a tentative quantitative analysis. Finally, I highlight a series of difficulties and controversies raised by CMT-driven analysis of emotion concepts that could be employed in hypothesis-driven experiments to test conceptual processing claims made within CMT.
An Inquest into Metaphor Death: Exploring the Loss of Literal Senses of Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Allan Kathryn
Published: January 2014

In Metaphors We Live By, Lakoff and Johnson famously recast the notion of ‘dead’ metaphor. Rather than accepting conventionality as a criterion for ‘deadness’, they argued that only metaphors which ‘play no particularly interesting role in our conceptual system, and hence are not metaphors we live by... deserve to be called “dead”’ (1980: 55). In later work, Lakoff revisited this definition, suggesting that ‘dead’ was most accurately reserved for cases such as pedigree, a ‘one-shot’ metaphor that is not transparent for English speakers because no ‘literal’ sense exists. This paper examines a number of ‘dead’ or ‘historical’ linguistic metaphors for which no ‘literal’ sense exists in present day English, and considers how and why these ‘died’. Some, like pedigree, do not appear to reflect any system-wide mapping, and it is perhaps unsurprising that their metaphoric nature has become opaque. Others, like ardent and comprehend, demonstrate conceptual mappings that must have been active when their metaphorical senses first emerged, and which are still live in other lexemes. To date, there has been little interrogation of the reasons for the loss of literal senses of metaphorically motivated lexemes. I hope to demonstrate that an examination of the historical evidence for the different stages in the ‘life’ of particular linguistic metaphors can shed light on the nature of metaphor death.
Conceptual Metaphor Theory in Light of Research on Speakers’ Gestures
Authors: Cienki Alan
Published: January 2014

Research on speakers’ gestures1 supports the basic idea that metaphor is not just a matter of words but a means of thinking of and experiencing, through manual activity, one domain in terms of another. However, gestures as data also raise several theoretical and methodological questions for conceptual metaphor theory, given their dynamic nature, the variability of tiieir symbolic status, and the varying degrees to which speakers are even aware of producing them. The closer examination of these graded qualities that comes with gesture analysis leads to new insights into metaphoricity itself.
On Metaphor and Blending
Authors: Fauconnier Gilles , Lakoff George
Published: January 2014

There is a mistaken perception that ‘metaphor theory’ and ‘conceptual blending’ are competing views, and that there is some argument between us over this. The real situation is this: We have been good friends and colleagues for over forty years, and we remain so. We fully respect, and make use of, each other’s work. We are both scientists, who do both empirical research and theorizing. We see the research programs developed for metaphor and blending as mutually reinforcing and often deeply intertwined, rather than at odds with each other. So why do some see discord where we find remarkable convergence? The short answer is that over the years, we focused on what we were most interested in, with corresponding differences of emphasis and interpretation. To explain how all this unfolded, and dispel the view that pits metaphor against blending, we need to go over the basic developments over time in the study of conceptual metaphor and blends, and then do a comparison.
Polypyrrole microcontainer structures and doughnuts designed by electrochemical oxidation: an electrochemical and scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Páramo-Garcia Ulises , Avalos-Perez Angelica , Guzman-Pantoja Javier , Díaz-Zavala Nancy Patricia , Melo-Banda Jose Aaron , Gallardo-Rivas Nohra Violeta , Reyes-Gómez Juan , Pozas-Zepeda Dario , Ibanez Jorge G. , Batina Nikola
Published: January 2014

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is employed to monitor the surface morphology of polypyrrole films (PPy) grown on different working electrodes (i.e., vitreous carbon and Au (111)) under diverse experimental conditions (i.e., dynamic vs. static potential protocols) and anion dopants (i.e., I-and F-). The morphology of the electrosynthesized films includes rings (doughnuts) and microcontainers, and depends on the synthesis parameters such as the electropolymerization method, the nature of the substrate, the anion dopant, and the sequence of sandwich composite growth. The formation of well-defined rings and microcontainers is attributed to overoxidation occurring during the formation of F--doped PPy. It is possible to design microcontainers by controlling the overoxidation and degradation of the polymer surface.
The context of alcohol consumption among adolescents and their families
Authors: da Mata Ribeiro Gomes Betânia , Nascimento Lucila Castanheira , Silva Marta Angélica Iossi , de Campos Edemilson Antunes , Pillon Sandra Cristina
Published: January 2014

Aims: Alcohol consumption in adolescence has been an important topic in the study of public health policies. This study aimed to analyze and interpret the influence of the family in teenage alcohol consumption.

Materials and methods: A qualitative research was undertaken, using interviews, observation, genogram and eco-map, in order to investigate 22 participants at a Family Health Unit in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The family structure, composition, interaction, communication, and religion of the participants were considered.

Results: The results were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis and indicated three themes, namely, the internality of the family: fragility and conflicts; among us: limits, responsibilities and hope; and the decision to drink: fun permeated by risks.

Conclusion: The family and sociocultural context of adolescents can positively and negatively influence the use and abuse of alcohol and, therefore, can be a target of intervention in nursing.
Factors associated with physical inactivity among female and male rural adolescents in Borneo – a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cheah Whye Lian , Helmy Hazmi , Chang Ching Thon
Published: January 2014

Rural communities have shown marked increase in metabolic syndrome among young people, with physical inactivity as one of the main contributing factors. This study aimed to determine factors associated with physical inactivity among male and female rural adolescents in a sample of schools in Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 145 students aged 13–15 years. Data on socio-demographic, health-related, and psychosocial factors (perceived barriers, self-efficacy, social influences) were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric measurement was taken to generate body mass index (BMI)-for-age, while physical activity (PA) level was assessed using pedometers. The mean steps per day was 6251.37 (SD=3085.31) with males reported as being more active. About 27% of the respondents were either overweight or obese, with more females in this group. There was no significant difference in steps among males and females (p=0.212), and nutritional status (BMI-for-age) (p=0.439). Females consistently scored higher in most items under perceived barriers, but had significantly lower scores in self-efficacy’s items. Males were more influenced by peers in terms of PA (p<0.001) and were more satisfied with their body parts (p=0.047). A significantly higher body size discrepancy score was found among females (p=0.034, CI –0.639, –0.026). PA level was low and almost one-third of the respondents were overweight and obese. Female students faced more barriers and had lower self-efficacy with regards PA. Based on the findings, it is recommended that interventions focus on reducing barriers while increasing support for PA. This is particularly important in improving the health status of the youth, especially among the females.
Perspectives of clinical medical directors in child and adolescent psychiatry: diagnostic and treatment needs of migrant families
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce David , Siefen Rainer Georg
Published: January 2014

Germany is one of many nations characterized by an increasing number of children originating from families with a migration background. Medical treatment modalities will be required to adjust for diversity of social and cultural background. Initiated by the Federal Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (BKJPP), representing mainly those psychiatrists working in private practice, and by the Federal Working Commission of Medical Directors employed in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics (BAG), a questionnaire was constructed to identify mental health professionals’ (psychiatrists’) evaluation of the needs and quality of diagnosis and treatment for migrant families. The current study focused on medical directors and deputy chief physicians in clinics for child and adolescent psychiatry. Preliminary results of this survey – implementing descriptive statistics as well as univariate and multivariate statistical analyses – permitted an assessment of the current state of identification and treatment of migrant offspring attending child and adolescent psychiatric practices in Germany. Recommendations and concrete steps are offered, which aim to promote “cultural opening”, and assist in health and social policy makers’ decisions for improved mental health care.
Non-medical prescription drug and illicit street drug use among young Swiss men and associated mental health issues
Authors: Baggio Stéphanie , Studer Joseph , Mohler-Kuo Meichun , Daeppen Jean-Bernard , Gmel Gerhard
Published: January 2014

Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is increasing among the general population, particularly among teenagers and young adults. Although prescription drugs are considered safer than illicit street drugs, NMUPD can lead to detrimental consequences. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between drug use (NMUPD on the one side, illicit street drugs on the other side) with mental health issues and then compare these associations. A representative sample of 5719 young Swiss men aged around 20 years filled in a questionnaire as part of the ongoing baseline Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). Drug use (16 illicit street drugs and 5 NMUPDs, including sleeping pills, sedatives, pain killers, antidepressants, stimulants) and mental health issues (depression, SF12) were assessed. Simple and multiple linear regressions were employed. In simple regressions, all illicit and prescription drugs were associated with poorer mental health. In multiple regressions, most of the NMUPDs, except for stimulants, were significantly associated with poorer mental health and with depression. On the contrary, the only associations that remained significant between illicit street drugs and mental health involved cannabis. NMUPD is of growing concern not only because of its increasing occurrence, but also because of its association with depression and mental health problems, which is stronger than the association observed between these problems and illicit street drug use, excepted for cannabis. Therefore, NMUPD must be considered in screening for substance use prevention purposes.
Polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian adolescents
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Seddigheh , Delavar Mouloud Agajani , Amiri Mania , Khafri Soraya , Pasha Nargess Gholizadeh
Published: January 2014

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked with metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and endocrine function in patients with PCOS. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent PCOS and characteristics associated with PCOS in adolescents in Babol, Iran.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1549 girl high school students aged 16–20 years who were living in Iran. After overnight fasting, blood samples were collected to determine hormones and lipid levels in PCOS patients between the first and fifth days of their menstrual period or withdrawal bleeding.

Results: The overall prevalence of adolescent PCOS was 129 (8.3%) (95% CI; 4.0, 12.0). Irregular menstruation was observed in 24.1% of adolescents. A total of 68% of PCOS adolescents had insulin resistance. Compared with non-PCOS adolescents, the OR of adolescent PCOS for family history of hirsutism was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.06–2.20; p=0.024), family history of irregular menstrual cycle was 2.27 (95% CI, 1.56–3.30; p<0.001), menarche age <13 years was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.36–2.81; p<0.001), hirsutism was 1.14 (CI 95%, 1.10–1.17; p<0.001), acne was 5.10 (CI 95%, 3.52–7.40; p<0.001), and wrist circumference was 1.28 (CI 95%, 1.07–1.54; p=0.007).

Conclusion: The presenting findings showed the high prevalence of PCOS among Iranian adolescents. Emphasis should be placed on clinical screening in adolescents with high-risk factors, including irregular menstrual, menarche <13 years, hirsutism, acne, high wrist circumference, and paternal obesity to help reduce the risk of developing metabolic disturbance and to find ways to improve long-term health.
FEM-based Numerical Simulation of Water Flow Through a Road Shoulder Structure
Authors: Norambuena-Contreras J. , Arbat G. , García Nieto P.J. , Castro-Fresno D.
Published: January 2014

Water infiltration and its effects on road structures is a topic of great interest in civil engineering. Water is one of the primary factors which affects the mechanical function of roads. Road structures are more often found in unsaturated conditions as opposed to saturated ones. Under unsaturated conditions water flow is primarily by capillarity, while under saturation gravity is the primary force causing water movement. Moreover, under unsaturated conditions the equations describing water flow into soils are highly nonlinear, showing a higher difficulty in its numerical solution. At present there is a limited volume of literature on the hydraulic properties and numerical simulation of water flow in road structures under unsaturated conditions. This paper presents experimental data and nonlinear numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM) to analyze the water infiltration through a road should structure in unsaturated conditions. Results show that the shoulder section evaluated in this study does not represent a zone of high water infiltration due to the low infiltration capacity of the materials evaluated, and that hydraulic properties measured in the laboratory can be successfully used in numerical codes for assessing water flow through road structures in future analysis. This work indicates that continuous rainfall events, even of low intensity, can cause more infiltration than a single rainfall event of high intensity.
Gradient elasticity applied to a crack
Authors: Konstantopoulos Iason , Aifantis Elias
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to investigate the stress and the displacement field of a crack within a robust version of gradient elasticity, focusing at the standard Mode I, II, III problems. Special treatment is attributed to the crack configuration near its tip, deriving the gradient elasticity results that are analogous to the classical asymptotical solutions near the crack tip.
Introducing time delay in the evolution of new technology: the case study of nanotechnology
Authors: Georgalis Evangelos E. , Aifantis Elias C.
Published: January 2014

Starting with Feynman’s “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” prophetic lecture at Caltech in the 1960s, the term “nanotechnology” was first coined in the scientific literature in the 1980s. This was followed by the unprecedented growth in the corresponding scientific field in 2000 due to the financial incentive provided by President Clinton in the US, followed up by similar efforts in Europe, Japan, China and Russia. Today, nanotechnology has become a driving force for economic development, with applications in all fields of engineering, information technology, transport and energy, as well as biology and medicine. Thus, it is important to forecast its future growth and evolution on the basis of two different criteria: (1) the government and private capital invested in related activities, and (2) the number of scientific publications and popular articles dedicated to this field. This article aims to extract forecasts on the evolution of nanotechnology, using the standard logistic equation that result in familiar sigmoid curves, as well as to explore the effect of time delay on its evolution. Time delay is commonly known from previous biological and ecological models, in which time lag is either already known or can be experimentally measured. In contrast, in the case of a new technology, we must first define the method for determining time delay and then interpret its existence and role. Then we describe the implications that time delay may have on the stability of the sigmoidal behavior of nanotechnology evolution and on the related oscillations that may appear.
Derecho Comparado Aplicado a la Traducción: Aspectos Sucesorios (Reino Unido vs. España)
Authors: y del Árbol Esther Váquez
Published: January 2014

In the last few years, Spanish law firms’ workload and foreign business activity in Spain have increased. The number of English-speaking immigrants in the Peninsula has also substantially risen. These events make the English<>Spanish translation of Family Law documents in general, and succession instruments in particular of utmost importance. That is the reason why we researched and compared the Spanish and British testamentary notions and documents, aiming at facilitating the translation task; both direct (English-Spanish) and reverse (Spanish-English), of the text typology originated from this branch of Family Law.
Übersetzen als komplexes Problemlösen
Authors: Herold Susann
Published: January 2014

Professional translation is an excellent example of complex problem-solving processes. Current teaching theory in tertiary education in general and translation teaching in particular has established a systematic competence approach that allows teachers and trainers to apply new methodologies and strategies in translator training. The effectiveness of a competence-based approach has been shown in a number of graduate development statistics. But how can competence-oriented teaching approaches be developed and tested for the real classroom setting as embedded in a specific teaching context (consisting of educational system and institutions, university programme, exam regulations, curriculum and course system, target group and personalities, etc.)?

This paper presents the results of an experiment testing such an adapted sub-competence-oriented teaching approach in the BA Translation programme at IALT (University of Leipzig). It compares two groups of students in an introductory course on LSP translation; one group is taught according to an established methodology and one group is taught using a sub-competence-oriented methodology. The paper presents observations on teaching methods, student motivation and activity, and analyses their test results at the end of the semester. The competence-oriented group showed slightly better results, validating the teaching method in principle. However, the experiment has certain limitations and the results will have to be re-obtained to clarify these. The experiment can be used as a basis for developing further methods for testing the applicability of the competence approach and for exploring different approaches for different educational settings.
Das Übersetzen von Hörspielen: Cécile Wajsbrots Beaune-la-Rolande auf Deutsch
Authors: Mälzer Nathalie
Published: January 2014

This essay compares Cécile Wajsbrot’s radio drama Beaune-la-Rolande with the German version by Hans Thill. I investigate the formal differences in length and structure between the two dramas, the different ways in which acoustic space and narrative text interact with each other, and the two works’ distinctive textual features, particularly the status of direct speech and the use of foreign languages. My analysis shows that translation problems can be due to language-pair issues, but can also be specific to the medium or the genre of the work, and that even the slightest shifts in meaning occurring in the translation can affect directing decisions.
Von und nach TBX: Austausch terminologischer Daten (relativ) einfach gemacht
Authors: Reineke Detlef
Published: January 2014

Over the last years, TBX (TermBase eXchange) has become the main standard for terminology data exchange. However, the complexity of the standard has led to different implementation of TBX interfaces in professional terminology management tools that makes it difficult or impossible to exchange data even between different versions of the same tool without additional workarounds. The present article discusses how to easily migrate terminological data even in a worst-case scenario, namely from spreadsheet to TBX and back to spreadsheet, without any loss of information.
Can SMS Technology Improve Low Take-up of Social Benefits?
Authors: Blanco Mariana , Vargas Juan F.
Published: January 2014

Low take-up of stigma-free social benefits is often blamed on information asymmetries or administrative barriers. There is limited evidence on which of these potential channels is more salient in which contexts. We designed and implemented a randomized controlled trial to assess the extent to which informational barriers are responsible for the prevalent low take-up of government benefits among Colombian conflict-driven internal refugees. We provide timely information on benefits eligibility via SMS to a random half of the displaced household that migrated to Bogotá over a 6-month period. We show that improving information increases benefits’ take-up. However, the effect is small and only true for certain type of benefits. Hence, consistent with previous experimental literature, the availability of timely information explains only part of the low take-up rates and the role of administrative barriers and bureaucratic processes should be tackled to increase the well-being of internal refugees in Colombia.
Retention mechanisms and microstructure of Eu(III) on manganese dioxide studied by batch and high resolution EXAFS technique
Authors: Sheng G. D. , Yang S. T. , Li Y. M. , Gao X. , Huang Y. Y. , Hu J. , Wang X. K.
Published: January 2014

The batch experiment and high resolution EXAFS technique with bent crystal analyzer were combined to study Eu(III) retention
mechanisms on β-MnO2 as a function of various environmental factors. The results indicated that the sorption of Eu(III)
onto β-MnO2 was obviously dependent on pH but independent of ionic strength, suggesting the formation of inner-sphere
surface complexes. Results of high resolution EXAFS analysis showed that Eu was surrounded by 8 ± 1 O atoms in the first shell at
R
Eu−O ≈ 2.40 Å for all sorption samples. A second shell of Mn atoms at R
Eu−Mn ≈ 3.78 Å was
observed for all sorption samples, which was associated with the formation of a bidendate inner-sphere complex with chemical bonding
via edge sharing to MnO6-octahedron. This study shows the utility of high resolution EXAFS technique with bent crystal
analyzer to discriminate the fluorescence peak of Eu(III) from that of manganese hydroxides, whose fluorescence peaks are too close in
energy to be discriminated by the conventional EXAFS technique with a low resolving solid-state detector. Both the macroscopic
interaction data and the molecular level evidence of Eu(III) surface speciation at the oxide-water interface should be factored into
better evaluation of Eu(III) and related radionuclide mobility in the natural environment.
Solvent extraction of uranium(VI) by a dipicolinamide using a room-temperature ionic liquid
Authors: Sun Man , Yuan Li-Yong , Tan Ni , Zhao Yu-Liang , Chai Zhi-Fang , Shi Wei-Qun
Published: January 2014

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have recently received increasing attention as solvent alternatives for possible
application in spent fuel reprocessing, particularly in the extraction of metal ions from high-level radioactive aqueous waste, due to
their unique physical and chemical properties. Herein, the solvent extraction of the uranyl ions (UO2
2+) was performed using
N,N′-diethyl-N,N′-di(para)tolyl-dipicolinamide (Et(p)TDPA) as the extractant in a commonly used ionic
liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C4mim][PF6]). The effects of vortexing time, phase ratio and the
concentration dependence of Et(p)TDPA, nitric acid and sodium nitrate on the extraction were studied in detail. The extraction
mechanism was deduced based on the slope analysis and UV-vis measurement. The distribution ratio of U from 3 mol/L nitric
acid by 0.3 mol/L EtTDPA/C4mimPF6 is found to be almost 100. Conventional log-log plot analysis of the extraction
equilibrium data suggests that the ions are extracted as a complex in 2:3 ratio of UO2
2+ to extractant, and the extraction
most likely occurs by a cation-exchange mode since the concentration of C4mim+ in the aqueous phase increases linearly with
the percent extraction of UO2
2+ evidenced by UV-vis measurement. This work promises to provide new efficient media based on
RTILs for separation of uranium from the radioactive aqueous waste.
Radiopharmaceuticals in China: current status and prospects
Authors: Jia Hong-Mei , Liu Bo-Li
Published: January 2014

The review provides an overview of the current status of radiopharmaceuticals in China for in vivo clinical use and
also describes some important advances in the past three decades. Development of the diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals
as well as basic research on radiopharmaceutical chemistry are being introduced. The radiotracers developed in China include: (1)
Brain perfusion imaging agents and CNS radiotracers for β-amyloid plaques, σ
1 receptors, and dopamine D2 or
D4 receptors; (2) 99mTc- and 18F-labeled myocardial perfusion imaging agents; (3) tumor imaging
agents including integrin-targeting radiotracer, novel sentinel lymph node imaging agents, hypoxia imaging agents,
99mTc-labeled glucose derivatives, σ
2 receptor imaging agents, folate receptor imaging agents, and
potential radiotracers for imaging of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression; (4) Potential infection imaging agents; (5)
Potential asialoglycoprotein receptor imaging agents; (6) Other imaging agents. Moreover, some prospects of research and development
of radiopharmaceuticals in the near future are discussed.
Repositioning therapy for thyroid cancer: new insights on established medications
Authors: Kushchayeva Yevgeniya , Jensen Kirk , Burman Kenneth D , Vasko Vasyl
Published: January 2014

Repositioning of established non-cancer pharmacotherapeutic agents with well-known activity and side-effect profiles is a promising avenue for the development of new treatment modalities for multiple cancer types. We have analyzed some of the medications with mechanism of action that may have relevance to thyroid cancer (TC). Experimentalin vitroandin vivoevidences, as well as results of clinical studies, have indicated that molecular targets for medications currently available for the treatment of mood disorders, sexually transmitted diseases, metabolic disorders, and diabetes may be active and relevant in TC. For instance, the derivatives of cannabis and an anti-diabetic agent, metformin, both are able to inhibit ERK, which is commonly activated in TC cells. We present here several examples of well-known medications that have the potential to become new therapeutics for patients with TC. Repositioning of established medications for the treatment of TC could broaden the scope of current therapeutic strategies. These diverse treatment choices could allow physicians to provide an individualized approach to optimize treatment for patients with TC.
Effects of TSH on the function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Tian Limin , Zhang Luyan , Liu Jing , Guo Tiankang , Gao Cuixia , Ni Jing
Published: January 2014

Recent studies have reported that subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is associated with atherosclerosis (AS). Thyroid hormone is maintained at normal levels in patients with SCH, whereas TSH is increased. However, the pathogenesis of AS in association with SCH is only partially understood. In addition, endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the development of AS. The purpose of the present research was to study the direct effect of TSH on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The expression of some genes associated with endothelial dysfunction after treatment with TSH was evaluated by real-time PCR and western blotting respectively. At first, we showed that the TSH receptor (TSHR) is expressed in HUVECs. We also provide evidence indicating that TSH treatment promotes tumor necrosis factor α-induced endothelial cells interactions by upregulating the expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Furthermore, the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and prostacyclin (PGI2) was significantly attenuated following treatment with TSH in dose- and time-dependent manner. Conversely, the results indicated that TSH upregulated endothelin-1 (ET1) mRNA and protein expression in HUVECs, similar effects were observed for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI1) after treatment with various concentrations of TSH. Taken together, these results demonstrate that elevated TSH can promote endothelial dysfunction by altering gene expression in HUVECs.
Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes in Survivors of Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Holve Taylor J. , Patel Ajay , Chau Quyen , Marks Amy R. , Meadows Alison , Zaroff Jonathan G.
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Kawasaki disease (KD) may result in coronary aneurysm formation, but there is incomplete knowledge regarding its long-term effects. Our objective was to quantify the longer-term rates of adverse cardiac events in a modern North American KD cohort.

METHODS:

Using the Kaiser Permanente Northern California population, we performed a retrospective cohort study in patients with a history of KD versus matched patients without KD. Chart review was used to confirm the diagnosis of KD and all outcomes of interest, including acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization, heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia, valve disease, aortic aneurysm, and all-cause mortality. All outcomes occurring at age ≥15 years were included in the primary analysis. Outcome rates were compared between the 2 groups by using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

RESULTS:

The study included 546 KD patients and 2218 matched patients without KD. Seventy-nine percent of the KD patients received intravenous immunoglobulin and 5% had persistent coronary aneurysm. The average follow-up time was 14.9 years. Only 2 KD patients experienced outcomes after age 15 (0.246 events per 1000 person-years) compared with 7 events in the non-KD group (0.217 events per 1000 person-years), a nonsignificant difference (hazard ratio: 0.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.16–4.0). Within the KD subgroup, persistent coronary aneurysm predicted the occurrence of adverse events (P = .007).

CONCLUSIONS:

This is the largest US study of longer-term cardiac outcomes after KD and reveals a low rate of adverse cardiovascular events through age 21. Additional validation studies, including studies with longer-term follow-up, should be performed.
2010 Perinatal GBS Prevention Guideline and Resource Utilization
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sagori , Dukhovny Dmitry , Mao Wenyang , Eichenwald Eric C. , Puopolo Karen M.
Published: January 2014

OBJECTIVES:

To quantify differences in early-onset sepsis (EOS) evaluations, evaluation-associated resource utilization, and EOS cases detected, when comparing time periods before and after the implementation of an EOS algorithm based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2010 guidelines for prevention of perinatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) disease.

METHODS:

Retrospective cohort study of infants born at ≥36 weeks’ gestation from 2009 to 2012 in a single tertiary care center. One 12-month period during which EOS evaluations were based on the CDC 2002 guideline was compared with a second 12-month period during which EOS evaluations were based on the CDC 2010 guideline. A cost minimization analysis was performed to determine the EOS evaluation-associated costs and resources during each time period.

RESULTS:

During the study periods, among well-appearing infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation, EOS evaluations for inadequate GBS prophylaxis decreased from 32/1000 to <1/1000 live births; EOS evaluation-associated costs decreased by $6994 per 1000 live births; and EOS evaluation-associated work hours decreased by 29 per 1000 live births. We found no increase in EOS evaluations for other indications, total NICU admissions, frequency of infants evaluated for symptoms before hospital discharge, or incidence of EOS during the 2 study periods.

CONCLUSIONS:

Implementation of an EOS algorithm based on CDC 2010 GBS guidelines resulted in a 25% decrease in EOS evaluations performed among well-appearing infants ≥36 weeks’ gestation, attributable to decreased evaluation of infants born in the setting of inadequate indicated GBS prophylaxis. This resulted in significant changes in EOS evaluation-associated resource expenditures.