bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
USP19 is a ubiquitin-specific protease regulated in rat skeletal muscle during catabolic states
Authors: Combaret Lydie , Adegoke Olasunkanmi A. J. , Bedard Nathalie , Baracos Vickie , Attaix Didier , Wing Simon S.
Published: November 2004

Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is activated in skeletal muscle atrophying in response to various catabolic stimuli. Previous studies have demonstrated activation of ubiquitin conjugation. Because ubiquitination can also be regulated by deubiquitinating enzymes, we used degenerate oligonucleotides derived from conserved sequences in the ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP) family of deubiquitinating enzymes in RT-PCR with skeletal muscle RNA to amplify putative deubiquitinating enzymes. We identified USP19, a 150-kDa deubiquitinating enzyme that is widely expressed in various tissues including skeletal muscle. Expression of USP19 mRNA increased by ∼30–200% in rat skeletal muscle atrophying in response to fasting, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, dexamethasone treatment, and cancer. Increased mRNA levels during fasting returned to normal with refeeding, but 1 day later than the normalization of rates of proteolysis and coincided instead with recovery of muscle mass. Indeed, in all catabolic treatments, USP19 mRNA was inversely correlated with muscle mass and provided an index of muscle mass that may be useful in many pathological conditions, using small human muscle biopsies. The increased expression of this deubiquitinating enzyme under conditions of increased proteolysis suggests that it may play a role in regeneration of free ubiquitin either coincident with or after proteasome-mediated degradation of substrates. USP19 may also be involved in posttranslational processing of polyubiquitin produced de novo in response to induction of the polyubiquitin genes seen under these conditions. Deubiquitinating enzymes thus appear involved in muscle wasting and implicate a widening web of regulation of genes in the ubiquitin system in this process.
Sex-specific effects of dual ET-1/ANG II receptor (Dear) variants in Dahl salt-sensitive/resistant hypertension rat model
Authors: Kaneko Yuji , Herrera Victoria L. M. , Didishvili Tamara , Ruiz-Opazo Nelson
Published: November 2004

Essential (polygenic) hypertension is a complex genetic disorder that remains a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease despite clinical advances, reiterating the need to elucidate molecular genetic mechanisms. Elucidation of susceptibility genes remains a challenge, however. Blood pressure (BP) regulatory pathways through angiotensin II (ANG II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) receptor systems comprise a priori candidate susceptibility pathways. Here we report that the dual ET-1/ANG II receptor gene ( Dear) is structurally and functionally distinct between Dahl salt-sensitive, hypertensive (S) and salt-resistant, normotensive (R) rats. The Dahl S S44/M74 variant is identical to the previously reported Dear cDNA with equivalent affinities for both ET-1 and ANG II, in contrast to Dahl R S44P/M74T variant, which exhibits absent ANG II binding but effective ET-1 binding. The S44P substitution localizes to the ANG II-binding domain predicted by the molecular recognition theory, providing compelling support of this theory. The Dear gene maps to rat chromosome 2 and cosegregates with BP in female F2(R×S) intercross rats with highly significant linkage (LOD 3.61) accounting for 14% of BP variance, but not in male F2(R×S) intercross rats. Altogether, the data suggest the hypothesis that modification of the critical balance between ANG II and ET-1 systems through variant Dear contributes to hypertension susceptibility in female F2(R×S) intercross rats. Further investigations are necessary to corroborate genetic linkage through congenic rat studies, to investigate putative gene interactions, and to show causality by transgenesis and/or intervention. More importantly, the data reiterate the importance of sex-specific factors in hypertension susceptibility.
Subclones of Drug-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus Mutants and the Outcome of Breakthrough Hepatitis in Patients Treated with Lamivudine
Authors: Kumashiro Ryukichi , Kuwahara Reiichiro , Ide Tatsuya , Koga Yuriko , Arinaga Teruko , Hisamochi Akiko , Ogata Kei , Tanaka Kazuo , Sata Michio
Published: November 2004

Breakthroughs during lamivudine therapy were assessed according to hepatitis flares and mutational polymorphism of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infecting patients. Of 42 patients with chronic hepatitis B and positive for hepatitis B e antigen in serum, 13 (30%) harbored HBV mutants with lamivudine resistance after a mean duration of 29 months on lamivudine. The virological breakthrough occurred 14.5 months after the start of lamivudine treatment, and all the patients with it developed breakthrough hepatitis 3 months later. The clinical course of breakthrough hepatitis was self-limited except in one patient who had already developed cirrhosis at the baseline. One year after breakthrough hepatitis, serum ALT, albumin, prothrombin time and platelet counts were maintained well on conventional treatments without resorting to interferon. Major HBV mutants during breakthrough hepatitis were those with M552I in the YMDD motif of viral DNA polymerase/reverse transcriptase in 7 patients (54%), M552I/L528M in 4 patients (31%) and M552V/L528M in 2 patients (15%). There were no patients in whom mutations at nucleotide 529 occurred including the 2 who later developed hepatocellular carcinoma. There was no clear relationship between distinct mutational patterns and clinical courses. Further studies are needed for making out the effects of lamivudine-resistant mutants on clinical outcomes, taking into considerations genotypes of HBV.
Blended Wish Images: Chinese and Western Exemplary Women At The Turn of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Judge Joan
Published: November 2004

Authors intent on raising the level of Chinese women's basic and global literacy at the turn of the twentieth century took an archaeomodern approach to history—archaeo in their appropriation of ancient models and modern in their self-conscious break with the recent past and their embrace of foreign figures and ideas. This approach was manifest in the addition of Western heroines to the two-millennia-old repertoire of exemplary Chinese women in new-style textbooks and women's journals of the period. An examination of the ways the Western and Chinese biographies functioned in these materials provides important insights into the complex process of accommodating foreign ideas in this period, a process which defies the binaries of tradition/modernity, and East/West, and is crucial to our understanding of twentieth-century China.
Alternative Modernities, or a Classical Woman of Modern China: The Challenging Trajectory of Lü Bicheng's (1883-1943) Life And Song Lyrics
Authors: Fong Grace
Published: November 2004

Lü Bicheng is remembered today mostly for her accomplishment as a poet in the classical ci genre (song lyrics). Drawing on her writings and those of her contemporaries, this study attempts to reconstruct Lü Bicheng's multifaceted, cosmopolitan life trajectory that has become obscured by the nationalist turn in twentieth-century China. By excavating Lü Bicheng's many self-inventions and metamorphoses, I aim to show how the ci genre as her mode of self-inscription was transformed into a protean medium for the expression of progressive rhetoric, cultural identity, and the assimilation of new experiences. The complex cultural and linguistic dialogues exemplified by Lü's life and writings open up alternative readings of modernity.
Impaired interleukin-8- and GROα-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase result in decreased migration of neutrophils from patients with myelodysplasia
Authors: Fuhler Gwenny M , Knol Gerlinde J , Drayer A Lyndsay , Vellenga Edo
Published: November 2004

Patients with myelodysplasia suffer from recurrent bacterial infections as a result of differentiation defects of the myeloid lineage and a disturbed functioning of neutrophilic granulocytes. Important physiological activators of neutrophils are the cytokines interleukin-8/CXC chemokine ligand 8 (IL-8/CXCL8), which activates CXC chemokine receptor 1 and 2 (CXCR1 and CXCR2), and growth-related oncogene (GROα)/CXCL1, which stimulates only CXCR2. In this study, we show that migration toward IL-8/GROα gradients is decreased in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) neutrophils compared with healthy donors. We investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in IL-8/GROα-induced migration and showed that specific inhibitors for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K) abrogated neutrophil migration toward IL-8/GROα. In accordance with these results, we subsequently showed that IL-8/GROα-stimulated activation of ERK1/2 was substantially diminished in MDS neutrophils. Activation of the PI-3K downstream target protein kinase B/Akt was disturbed in MDS neutrophils when cells were activated with IL-8 but normal upon GROα stimulation. IL-8 stimulation resulted in higher migratory behavior and ERK1/2 activation than GROα stimulation, suggesting a greater importance of CXCR1. We then investigated IL-8-induced activation of the small GTPase Rac implicated in ERK1/2-dependent migration and found that it was less efficient in neutrophils from MDS patients compared with healthy donors. In contrast, IL-8 triggered a normal activation of the GTPases Ras and Ral, indicating that the observed defects were not a result of a general disturbance in CXCR1/2 signaling. In conclusion, our results demonstrate a disturbed CXCR1- and CXCR2-induced neutrophil chemotaxis in MDS patients, which might be the consequence of decreased Rac-ERK1/2 and PI-3K activation within these cells.
Inhibition of ryanodine receptor 1 in fast skeletal muscle fibers induces a fast-to-slow muscle fiber type transition
Authors: Jordan Theresa , Jiang Hongbin , Li Hui , DiMario Joseph X.
Published: November 2004

Skeletal muscle fiber type is regulated by innervation-induced cell signaling including calcium release mechanisms that lead to transcriptional activation of fiber type-specific genes. Avian fast pectoralis major (PM) and slow medial adductor (MA) muscles differentially control expression of the slow myosin heavy chain 2 (slow MyHC2) gene. We report here that slow MyHC2 gene expression in fast PM muscle fibers is repressed by endogenous activity of the ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1). Inhibition of RyR1 with ryanodine led to expression of the slow MyHC2 gene in innervated PM muscle fibers in vitro. Administration of ryanodine to innervated PM muscle fibers also decreased protein kinase C (PKC) activity, the reduction of which is necessary for slow MyHC2 gene expression in both PM and MA muscle fibers. Furthermore, RyR1 inhibition increased slow MyHC2 promoter activity in innervated PM muscle fibers and enhanced transcriptional activities of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), as well as their interactions with their respective binding sites of the slow MyHC2 promoter. These results indicate that RyR1 activity in innervated fast PM muscle fibers contributes to the cell type-specific repression of slow muscle specific genes.
PTEN regulates motility but not directionality during leukocyte chemotaxis
Authors: Lacalle Rosa Ana , Gómez-Moutón Concepción , Barber Domingo F. , Jiménez-Baranda Sonia , Mira Emilia , Martínez-A. Carlos , Carrera Ana C. , Mañes Santos
Published: November 2004

The localization at opposite cell poles of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases and PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10) governs Dictyostelium chemotaxis. To study this model in mammalian cells, we analyzed the dynamic redistribution of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PTEN chimeras during chemotaxis. N- or C-terminus GFP-tagged PTEN was distributed homogenously in the cytoplasm of chemotaxing PTEN-negative Jurkat cells and PTEN-positive HL60 cells. Moreover, we did not detect uropod accumulation of endogenous PTEN in chemoattractant-stimulated HL60 cells. Cell fractionation indicated that both endogenous and ectopically expressed PTEN were confined largely to the cytosol, and that chemoattractant stimulation did not alter this location. PTEN re-expression in Jurkat cells or PTEN depletion by specific siRNA in HL60 cells did not affect cell gradient sensing; PTEN nonetheless modulated chemoattractant-induced actin polymerization and the speed of cell movement. The results suggest a role for PTEN in regulating actin polymerization, but not directionality during mammalian cell chemotaxis.
Degradation of APCcdc20 and APCcdh1 substrates during the second meiotic division in mouse eggs
Authors: Chang Heng-Yu , Levasseur Mark , Jones Keith T.
Published: November 2004

Metaphase II-arrested mouse eggs are stimulated to complete meiosis by sperm-induced Ca2+ spiking. The Ca2+ signal causes activation of the E3 ligase anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), leading to the destruction of key proteins necessary for meiotic exit. We show, using western blots of mouse eggs, the presence of both APC activators cdc20 and cdh1, which target D-box and D-box/KEN-box substrates, respectively, for proteolysis. We decided to examine the temporal activation of APCcdc20 and APCcdh1 by coupling APC substrates to GFP and examining their destruction in real-time following release from second meiotic division arrest. D-box substrates were degraded quickly after the initiation of sperm-induced Ca2+ spiking, such that their degradation was complete by the time of second polar body extrusion. By contrast, KEN-box-containing substrates were degraded when CDK1 activity was low, during the period between polar body extrusion and pronucleus formation. This observation of apparent APCcdh1 activity in meiosis II based on destruction of exogenous GFP-coupled substrates was then confirmed by observing destruction of endogenous APCcdh1 substrates. These data are consistent with a model of initial APCcdc20 activation on sperm-induced activation, followed by APCcdh1 activation after second polar body extrusion. Interestingly, therefore, we propose that mammalian eggs undergo meiosis II with both APCcdc20 and APCcdh1, whereas eggs of other species so far described have APCcdc20 activity only.
Multiple mechanisms regulate NuMA dynamics at spindle poles
Authors: Kisurina-Evgenieva Olga , Mack Gary , Du Quansheng , Macara Ian , Khodjakov Alexey , Compton Duane A.
Published: November 2004

The large coiled-coil protein NuMA plays an essential role in organizing microtubule minus ends at spindle poles in vertebrate cells. Here, we use both in vivo and in vitro methods to examine NuMA dynamics at mitotic spindle poles. Using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we show that an exogenously expressed green-fluorescent-protein/NuMA fusion undergoes continuous exchange between soluble and spindle-associated pools in living cells. These dynamics require cellular energy and display an average half-time for fluorescence recovery of ∼3 minutes. To explore how NuMA dynamics at spindle poles is regulated, we exploited the association of NuMA with microtubule asters formed in mammalian mitotic extracts. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for human NuMA, we followed the fate of human NuMA associated with microtubule asters upon dilution with a hamster mitotic extract. Consistent with in vivo data, this assay shows that NuMA can be displaced from the core of pre-assembled asters into the soluble pool. The half-time of NuMA displacement from asters under these conditions is ∼5 minutes. Using this assay, we show that protein kinase activity and the NuMA-binding protein LGN regulate the dynamic exchange of NuMA on microtubule asters. Thus, the dynamic properties of NuMA are regulated by multiple mechanisms including protein phosphorylation and binding to the LGN protein, and the rate of exchange between soluble and microtubule-associated pools suggests that NuMA associates with an insoluble matrix at spindle poles.
Pharmacologic Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anderson Douglas C
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the current data on pharmacologic interventions intended to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

DATA SOURCES:

Searches of MEDLINE (1966–July 2002) and an extensive manual review of journals were performed using the key search terms diabetes mellitus, metformin, acarbose, troglitazone, orlistat, nateglinide, risk reduction, and prevention.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated, and all information deemed relevant was included for this review. Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses were included if the primary outcome measure was prevention of diabetes and/or change in the rate of progression to diabetes.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a growing epidemic. Major risk factors include obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose. Complications of diabetes result in significant morbidity and mortality and are a substantial public health issue. Four randomized, blinded, controlled trials have assessed the efficacy of different medications, including metformin, troglitazone, acarbose, and orlistat, at decreasing the risk of progression to diabetes in patients at risk for developing diabetes. All of these agents decreased the risk of progression to diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Metformin, troglitazone, acarbose, and orlistat have been shown to decrease the risk of progression to diabetes in patients at risk for developing diabetes. Other questions that address issues such as identifying target populations, cost-effectiveness, and screening strategies must be answered to more fully define the place of pharmacologic therapy to prevent or delay diabetes.
Incretin Mimetics as Emerging Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Joy Scott V , Rodgers Philip T , Scates Ann C
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To review the physiology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and the incretin mimetics exenatide and liraglutide in clinical studies.

DATA SOURCES:

Primary literature obtained via MEDLINE (1966–April 2004) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–April 2004) searches; abstracts obtained from meeting sources and manufacturers.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

All English-language studies and abstracts evaluating GLP-1, exenatide, and liraglutide in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes were reviewed. Data from animal studies were also included if human data were not available. Primary and review articles related to the physiology, development, and evaluation of GLP-1s were reviewed.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

GLP-1, exenatide (exendin-4, AC2993), and liraglutide (NN2211) are incretin mimetics that have been shown in human studies to be an effective treatment to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mechanisms by which these compounds improve glycemic control include enhancing glucose-dependent pancreatic secretion of insulin in response to nutrient intake, inhibiting glucagon secretion, delaying gastric emptying, and promoting early satiety. GLP-1 has been shown to promote pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and improve β-cell function and lifespan. Reported adverse effects of exenatide and liraglutide include nausea, vomiting, and transient headache, as well as increased risk of hypoglycemia when used with sulfonylureas.

CONCLUSIONS:

Clinical studies show that GLP-1, exenatide, and liraglutide improve glycemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes through unique mechanisms not available with current pharmaceutical products. Ongoing Phase III studies will help to further position these compounds as treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes.
Acute Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Ofloxacin/Levofloxacin Therapy
Authors: Hsiao Shu-Hwa , Chang Chia-Ming , Tsao Chao-Jung , Lee Yu-Yun J , Hsu May-Ying , Wu Ta-Jen
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of ofloxacin/levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis and to compare other reported cases from the literature.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 19-year-old male patient developed ofloxacin/levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis during admission for periorbital cellulitis. Symptoms of myalgia, weakness, and swelling of the arms developed after 3 days of treatment with ofloxacin 800 mg/day. Laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of urine myoglobin (381.2 μg/L) and a marked increase in serum myoglobin (590.8 μg/L), along with marked elevations in serum creatine kinase (up to 16 546 IU/L).

DISCUSSION:

In addition to ruling out other possible etiologic factors one by one, we assessed the probability of ofloxacin/levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis by observing the close time relationship between drug administration and the development of symptoms/signs, as well as the close time relationship between drug withdrawal and the disappearance of symptoms/signs. An objective causality assessment by use of the Naranjo probability scale revealed that the adverse drug reaction was probable.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although ofloxacin/levofloxacin-induced rhabdomyolysis appears to be rare, patients with muscle pain, swelling, or weakness during therapy should be closely monitored for this adverse effect.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Regulation of Retinal Growth Cone Filopodial Dynamics Is Mediated through Actin Depolymerizing Factor/Cofilin
Authors: Gehler Scott , Shaw Alisa E. , Sarmiere Patrick D. , Bamburg James R. , Letourneau Paul C.
Published: November 2004

The molecular mechanisms by which neurotrophins regulate growth cone motility are not well understood. This study investigated the signaling involved in transducing BDNF-induced increases of filopodial dynamics. Our results indicate that BDNF regulates filopodial length and number through a Rho kinase-dependent mechanism. Additionally, actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin activity is necessary and sufficient to transduce the effects of BDNF. Our data indicate that activation of ADF/cofilin mimics the effects of BDNF on filopodial dynamics, whereas ADF/cofilin inactivity blocks the effects of BDNF. Furthermore, BDNF promotes the activation of ADF/cofilin by reducing the phosphorylation of ADF/cofilin. Although inhibition of myosin II also enhances filopodial length, our results indicate that BDNF signaling is independent of myosin II activity and that the two pathways result in additive effects on filopodial length. Thus, filopodial extension is regulated by at least two independent mechanisms. The BDNF-dependent pathway works via regulation of ADF/cofilin, independently of myosin II activity.
Malfunction of Respiratory-Related Neuronal Activity in Na+, K+-ATPase α2 Subunit-Deficient Mice Is Attributable to Abnormal Cl-Homeostasis in Brainstem Neurons
Authors: Ikeda Keiko , Onimaru Hiroshi , Yamada Junko , Inoue Koichi , Ueno Shinya , Onaka Tatsushi , Toyoda Hiroki , Arata Akiko , Ishikawa Tomo-o , Taketo Makoto M. , Fukuda Atsuo , Kawakami Kiyoshi
Published: November 2004

Na+, K+-ATPase α2 subunit gene (Atp1a2) knock-out homozygous mice (Atp1a2-/-) died immediately after birth resulting from lack of breathing. The respiratory-related neuron activity inAtp1a2-/-was investigated using a brainstem-spinal corden blocpreparation. The respiratory motoneuron activity recorded from the fourth cervical ventral root (C4) was defective inAtp1a2-/-fetuses of embryonic day 18.5. The C4 response to electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) recovered more slowly inAtp1a2-/-than in wild type during superfusion with Krebs' solution, consistent with the high extracellular GABA in brain ofAtp1a2-/-. Lack of inhibitory neural activities in VLM ofAtp1a2-/-was observed by optical recordings. High intracellular Cl-concentrations in neurons of the VLM ofAtp1a2-/-were detected in gramicidin-perforated patch-clamp recordings. The α2 subunit and a neuron-specific K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 were coimmunoprecipitated in a purified synaptic membrane fraction of wild-type fetuses. Based on these results, we propose a model for functional coupling between the Na+, K+-ATPase α2 subunit and KCC2, which excludes Cl-from the cytosol in respiratory center neurons.
Intracerebral Transplantation of Adult Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells into the Niemann-Pick-A Mouse Leads to a Marked Decrease in Lysosomal Storage Pathology
Authors: Shihabuddin L. S. , Numan S. , Huff M. R. , Dodge J. C. , Clarke J. , Macauley S. L. , Yang W. , Taksir T. V. , Parsons G. , Passini M. A. , Gage F. H. , Stewart G. R.
Published: November 2004

Niemann-Pick disease is caused by a genetic deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) leading to the intracellular accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in lysosomes. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of direct intracerebral transplantation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) on the brain storage pathology in the ASM knock-out (ASMKO) mouse model of Type A Niemann-Pick disease. NPCs derived from adult mouse brain were genetically modified to express human ASM (hASM) and were transplanted into multiple regions of the ASMKO mouse brain. Transplanted NPCs survived, migrated, and showed region-specific differentiation in the host brain up to 10 weeks after transplantation (the longest time point examined).In vitro, gene-modified NPCs expressed up to 10 times more and released five times more ASM activity into the culture media compared with nontransduced NPCs.In vivo, transplanted cells expressed hASM at levels that were barely detectable by immunostaining but were sufficient for uptake and cross-correction of host cells, leading to reversal of distended lysosomal pathology and regional clearance of sphingomyelin and cholesterol storage. Within the host brain, the area of correction closely overlapped with the distribution of the hASM-modified NPCs. No correction of pathology occurred in brain regions that received transplants of nontransduced NPCs. These results indicate that the presence of transduced NPCs releasing low levels of hASM within the ASMKO mouse brain is necessary and sufficient to reverse lysosomal storage pathology. Potentially, NPCs may serve as a useful gene transfer vehicle for the treatment of CNS pathology in other lysosomal storage diseases and neurodegenerative disorders.
Hypoxia-Ischemia Induces DNA Synthesis without Cell Proliferation in Dying Neurons in Adult Rodent Brain
Authors: Kuan Chia-Yi , Schloemer Aryn J. , Lu Aigang , Burns Kevin A. , Weng Wei-Lan , Williams Michael T. , Strauss Kenneth I. , Vorhees Charles V. , Flavell Richard A. , Davis Roger J. , Sharp Frank R. , Rakic Pasko
Published: November 2004

Recent studies suggest that postmitotic neurons can reenter the cell cycle as a prelude to apoptosis after brain injury. However, most dying neurons do not pass the G1/S-phase checkpoint to resume DNA synthesis. The specific factors that trigger abortive DNA synthesis are not characterized. Here we show that the combination of hypoxia and ischemia induces adult rodent neurons to resume DNA synthesis as indicated by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and expression of G1/S-phase cell cycle transition markers. After hypoxia-ischemia, the majority of BrdU- and neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-immunoreactive cells are also terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-stained, suggesting that they undergo apoptosis. BrdU+neurons, labeled shortly after hypoxia-ischemia, persist for >5 d but eventually disappear by 28 d. Before disappearing, these BrdU+/NeuN+/TUNEL+neurons express the proliferating cell marker Ki67, lose the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p16INK4 and p27Kip1 and show induction of the late G1/S-phase CDK2 activity and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. This contrasts to kainic acid excitotoxicity and traumatic brain injury, which produce TUNEL-positive neurons without evidence of DNA synthesis or G1/S-phase cell cycle transition. These findings suggest that hypoxia-ischemia triggers neurons to reenter the cell cycle and resume apoptosis-associated DNA synthesis in brain. Our data also suggest that the demonstration of neurogenesis after brain injury requires not only BrdU uptake and mature neuronal markers but also evidence showing absence of apoptotic markers. Manipulating the aberrant apoptosis-associated DNA synthesis that occurs with hypoxia-ischemia and perhaps neurodegenerative diseases could promote neuronal survival and neurogenesis.
Entwurf von Multiraten-Abtastregelkreisen mit Linearer Programmierung (Design of Multirate Digital Control Systems with Linear Programming)
Authors: Hofer Anton , Horn Martin
Published: November 2004

In diesem Beitrag wird ein Verfahren zum Entwurf linearer Multiraten-Abtastregelkreise vorgestellt, wobei als Grundlage die Supremumsnorm für Signale und daraus abgeleitet die l
1-Norm für Übertragungssysteme zur Formulierung des Syntheseproblems verwendet werden. Es ist charakteristisch für die Synthesemethode, dass sie bei der praktischen Umsetzung die mehrfache Lösung kleiner Linearer Programme erfordert. An einem Beispiel wird demonstriert, dass der Multiraten-Ansatz eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Behebung des bekannten Problems der hohen Reglerordnung beim l
1-Entwurf sein kann.
Steuersysteme im Flugzeug – Fly-By-Wire (Flight Control Systems – Fly-By-Wire)
Authors: Reichel Reinhard
Published: November 2004

Der Einsatz komplexer Automatisierungsfunktionen erfordert computergesteuerte Plattformen. Werden solche Plattformen wie bei der Flugsteuerung in Bereichen eingesetzt, in denen das Leben von Personen unmittelbar vom sicheren Funktionieren der Plattform abhängt, muss diese ausfallsicher ausgelegt sein. Dieser Beitrag erörtert die zentralen Sicherheitsanforderungen an sicherheitskritische Fly-By-Wire-Plattformen, zeigt einen Weg der Verknüpfung von Sicherheitsanalyse und Systementwurf auf und stellt ergänzend zwei heute im Einsatz stehende und eine neue in einem Technologieprogramm erprobte Fly-By-Wire-Plattform dar.
shamanism and politics in late‐colonial Ecuador
Authors: SALOMON FRANK
Published: November 2004

Study of 18th‐century “witchcraft” trials from the Audiencia de Quito indicates that many acts of magical aggression and defense belonged to the South American tradition of shamanic combat but that the conflicts provoking them derived from specifically colonial stresses. Due in part to the poor fit between jurally mandated institutions of colonial governance and the dynamics of native communities, shamanic achievement continued to be a route to indigenous power. The failure of Spanish administrators to interpret such facts politically had the paradoxical effect of accrediting shamans' magical potency in European eyes and strengthening the conviction that peoples of the colonial periphery were ungovernable and dangerous. [shamanism, Andes, Ecuador, ethnohistory]
Tunisian kin ties reconsidered
Authors: LARSON BARBARA K.
Published: November 2004

Households, informal networks, and local state organizations constitute the major forms of social organization in the Tunisian village of al‐Qarya. Analysis of the networks reveals that close bilateral kinship (kindreds), geographic proximity, and patrilocal residence (not patrilineality) best explain the dynamics of intermediate‐level social organization in this village. This leads the author to question the universal applicability of lineage theory to the Middle East and North Africa. [kinship, social organization, Middle East, North Africa, complex societies]
unrestricted cognatic descent and corporateness on Niutao, a Polynesian island of Tuvalu
Authors: NORICKS JAY SMITH
Published: November 2004

This paper describes the system of unrestricted cognatic descent on the Polynesian island of Niutao. It addresses the controversy in anthropology concerning whether unrestricted cognatic descent groups can function as corporate groups with overlapping membership. Niutao descent groups are cognatic, overlapping, exogamous, and corporate. While these groups cannot handle the large array of functions of unilineal groups, the few functions they do handle are nevertheless important ones. [cognatic descent, corporations, descent theory. Polynesia]
mediation, dependency, and the goals of development
Authors: WELLS MIRIAM J.
Published: November 2004

Despite the recent interest in intermediary roles and structures as a focus for inquiry into the articulation between societal levels, the impact of mediation on programs of socioeconomic development is unclear. Two divergent but similarly typological views of mediation dominate the literature. This article argues that a clear, comparative understanding of the relationship between mediation and development requires replacement of prevailing typological approaches with an analysis of linkage mechanisms that function under specified conditions and with variable outcomes. Using case material from a federally sponsored cooperative development program in California, a contingency model of mediation is proposed that analyzes differential impacts on development, [political anthropology, mediation, dependency, ethnicity, rural development]
Reviews
Authors: HICKS GEORGE L.
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:

Religion and Sexuality: Three American Communal Experiments of the Nineteenth Century. LAWRENCE FOSTER.

An Ordered Love: Sex Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Utopias—the Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community. LOUIS J. KERN.
tribal ethnicity and the state in Vietnam
Authors: KEYES CHARLES F.
Published: November 2004

Sons of the Mountains: Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954. GERALD CANNON HICKEY.

Free in the Forest: Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands, 1954–76. GERALD CANNON HICKEY.
self and self‐conduct among the Javanese priyayi elite
Authors: ERRINGTON J. JOSEPH
Published: November 2004

Most students of Javanese culture and society have used a few crucial native terms and concepts to analyze aspects of traditional etiquette, statecraft, and mysticism. A unitary approach to priyayi ethics, aesthetics, and power is developed here by synthesizing themes common to earlier treatments. Several points of disagreement with Geertz's (1960, 1973) descriptions are discussed in conclusion as a way of drawing out lexicographic aspects of the methodology of interpretive anthropology. [Java, statecraft, etiquette, language in culture, native philosophy]
Cheyenne names and cosmology
Authors: MOORE JOHN H.
Published: November 2004

Cheyenne personal names reflect the structure of formal cosmology, both in the kinds of names selected and their frequency of appearance. A quantitative and statistical analysis of the 1880 U.S. Census shows a congruence between ethnobiology and the sex and ages of name‐bearers and confirms ethnographic assertions about naming and name changing from 1810 to the present. [Cheyenne, census, ethnobiology, cosmology, names]
apples are not a “kind of fruit”: the semantics of human categorization
Authors: WIERZBICKA ANNA
Published: November 2004

This paper examines the semantic structure of English classificatory terms in the area of concrete lexicon, linking differences in semantic structure with differences in grammatical characteristics of different classes of nouns. I argue that in recent literature on human categorization the strictly taxonomic categories (i.e., categories based on hierarchies of kinds) have not been distinguished from other types of categories. I discuss four types of supercategory that do not stand for “a kind of thing”: two different types of collective supercategories that stand for heterogeneous collections of things, a supercategory that stands for heterogeneous classes of materials, and a supercategory of purely functional concepts. [semantics, categorization, taxonomy, ethnobiology, cognition]
the paradox of Nuer feud and the leopard‐skin chief: a “creative” solution to the prisoner's dilemma
Authors: EVENS T. M. S.
Published: November 2004

It is argued that the study of Nuer feud discloses an existential dilemma the universal aspect of which is suggested by its similarity to the so‐called prisoner's dilemma. However, out of keeping with the rationalist spirit in which the prisoner's dilemma is typically presented in Western academic discourse, the Nuer do not attempt to resolve their dilemma once and for all, but instead temporize it: through a creative (arational) move, representatively constituted by the figure of the leopard‐skin chief, the Nuer repeatedly put off the dilemma's stultifying implication. The creative twist of the Nuer solution is basically conditioned by the paradoxical constitution of Nuer “reality.” This constitution, in sharp contrast to our own considered ontology, makes logically possible movement between domains — spirit and matter — that appear to us to be perfectly separate and distinct. The resulting practice is what is called here the Nuer folk model. [Nuer feud, leopard‐skin chief, prisoner's dilemma, folk model, ontology, paradox, East Africa]
anthropology and marxism: past and present
Authors: VINCENT JOAN
Published: November 2004

Marxism and Anthropology: The History of a Relationship. MAURICE BLOCH.

Anthropology and Marxism. JAMES W. WESSMAN.
kinship and economy: constitutive orders of a provisional kind
Authors: STRATHERN MARILYN
Published: November 2004

The contexts in which kinship seems theoretically distinguishable or indistinguishable from economic relations can be subjected to empirical sorting of a kind. Drawing on a debate over the nature of sexual inequality, this paper addresses the manner in which items produced by or transacted between people stand or do not stand for aspects of social relations. Traditional anthropological interest in “rights” or “roles” was perhaps developed in the ethnographic context of certain cultural equations between “things” and “persons.” In other contexts things fail to carry such reference to persons; western commodity logic, on the other hand, abstracts labor as simultaneously a part of the person and a thing. We run the danger of preempting our subject matter to assume we know what is transactable between persons. [anthropological models, bridewealth, gift systems, roles, sexual inequality]
ritual form and permutation in New Guinea: implications of symbolic process for socio‐political evolution
Authors: KNAUFT BRUCE M.
Published: November 2004

Ritual and religion have had an important impact upon political dynamics and societal size in many Melanesian societies, especially prior to Western influence. In the Strickland‐Bosavi area, the rituals of several societies appear as structural transformations of one another, but with crucial pragmatic differences. Ritual belief helped preclude some intergroup contacts, while facilitating others to the point of cultural amalgamation and political expansion. Religious and symbolic processes must be considered on a par with social‐structural, economic, and ecological factors in explaining cultural development and political evolution, [ritual, structuralism, evolution, Melanesia, Strickland‐Bosavi]
the social organization of property and work: a study of migrants from the rural Ecuadorian sierra
Authors: WEISS WENDY A.
Published: November 2004

The point of departure for this explanation of migration is a description and comparison of the patterns of access to property and labor in two generations, the migrants' generation and that of their parents. The author finds significant differences between the two generations and develops two points. First, changes in the mortality rate of seniors delayed the younger generation's inheritance of land. The dependent position of the juniors limited their ability to enter into labor arrangements used by their parents. Second, development in Ecuador and the associated changes in the organization of work exacerbated the constraints of this structurally anomalous position and promoted outmigration. [Ecuadorian Andes, rural‐urban migration, social organization of property and work, inheritance and migration, economic transition and migration]
perceptions of protest: defining the dangerous in colonial Sumatra
Authors: STOLER ANN
Published: November 2004

Historical analysis of how the Dutch administrative and plantation elite perceived protest in colonial Sumatra reveals a striking shift in focus. Whereas in the 1870s labor violence was personalized and downplayed, by the 1920s it was construed as a politically motivated prelude to communist revolt. This paper looks at the written rhetoric surrounding these issues not as a reflection or legitimation of colonial power, but as a site of negotiation over the nature of it, between the European planters and the colonial state. It is argued that this rhetoric shaped how danger was defined and how protection of corporate capital's private interests became synonymous with the maintenance of a public rust en orde (peace and order). [Indonesia, labor protest, colonial state, rhetoric, plantations]
the grammar of consciousness and the consciousness of grammar
Authors: HILL JANE H.
Published: November 2004

Symbolic values borrowed from Spanish into Mexicano (Nahuatl) usage simultaneously express differences in ritual status internal to peasant communities in central Mexico, but have also come to symbolize the threat to the peasant mode of production from a hostile peripheral‐capitalist marketplace. A system for examining the interaction of “voices” developed by Bakhtin applied to Mexicano discourses shows how examination of language use can contribute to the study of consciousness among proletarianizing peasant groups. [consciousness, Nahuatl, Mexico, Bakhtin, purism in language]
everyday understandings of the law in working‐class America
Authors: MERRY SALLY ENGLE
Published: November 2004

An ethnographic examination of the way working‐class Americans who use courts to manage their family and neighborhood disputes think about and use the law suggests that they share beliefs in legal rights and the legal ordering of society characteristic of American society in general. However, when they encounter the courts they develop a more complex understanding that incorporates the plural legal ideologies found within the courthouse. The process of constructing local as well as dominant ideologies has implications for understanding the role of ideology in the maintenance of social order and for analyzing the hegemonic function of law. [legal anthropology, ideology, dispute processing, social control, theory of the state]
the significance of the course events take in segmentary systems
Authors: DRESCH PAUL
Published: November 2004

Arguments about segmentation in the Middle Eastern context still turn on the presence or absence of solidary groups. Yemeni material is used to show that this is largely irrelevant. Segmentation concerns structural principles that apply to groups and individuals alike, to events that “follow the rules” and to those that contradict them. The principles of segmentation underlie a far wider range of events than those dealt with by segmentary lineage theory. [Middle East, Yemen, segmentation, social structure, forms of action]
reflections on a meeting: structure, language, and the polity in a small‐scale society
Authors: MYERS FRED R.
Published: November 2004

Careful attention to the importance of language shows it to be a constitutive part of Pintupi social life. Accounting for the value and form of this activity leads to reconceptualizing the nature of politics and the polity in an Australian Aboriginal society. Implications of these structural features for the practical experience of a cultural subject are explored through comparison with other societies. The existence of systematic variation argues that we must attend to kinds of structural differences in the polity of small‐scale societies.
young Malinowski and his later years
Authors: GROSS FELIKS
Published: November 2004

This essay is a revised version of a talk at Barnard College, 23 April 1985. We wish to thank Joan Vincent and Morton Klass for their part in organizing this occasion. Feliks Gross, Emeritus Professor at Brooklyn College and the CUNY Graduate Center, is director of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.
subordinate discourse: women, weaving, and gender relations in North Africa
Authors: MESSICK BRINKLEY
Published: November 2004

The discourse of women's domestic weaving in North Africa embeds a distinctively female worldview. Ethnography concerning one Moroccan text of this discourse is cross‐referenced with versions documented across the region. The reconstruction of the historically specific discourse of North African women is followed by an account of the political economy of its dissolution. In hierarchical societies, cultural accounts tap shared, public representations of gender relations, articulations of the dominant ideology. A subordinate discourse, characterized by its coexistence with such a dominant ideology and by its nonpublic, silent quality, can be interpreted using an initial structuralist step. [ideology, gender, cultural theory, North Africa]
seasonal population movement along the lower Columbia river: the social and ecological context
Authors: BOYD ROBERT T. , HAJDA YVONNE P.
Published: November 2004

Comparison of two versions of Lewis and Clark's “Estimate of the Western Indians” indicates substantial seasonal variation in lower Columbia river populations. Estimates made in fall assumedly represent resident winter Chinookan populations; higher estimates made the following spring suggest seasonal migration of non‐riverine people to riverbank fisheries. The Wappato Valley, with comparatively abundant early spring resources, averaged 244 percent higher. Widespread social networks among the linguistically diverse peoples of the region facilitated this movement. [ethnohistory, social networks, regional studies, seasonal migration, fisheries]
eloquent knowledge: Lesotho migrants' songs and the anthropology of experience
Authors: COPLAN DAVID B.
Published: November 2004

Oral literary forms such as sefela sung poetry of Basotho migrant workers in Southern Africa have important methodological and theoretical implications for cultural anthropology. The study of such performances privileges subjects' own self‐conscious discourse and provides an internal, reflexive account of the experience of labor migration and its social consequences. As aesthetic formulations of experience these performances both draw upon and are measured against the expressive traditions and authoritative values of Sotho historical culture. Current approaches to the anthropology of rhetoric, poetics, and performance are inadequate to the interpretation of forms like sefela unless they are revised so as to incorporate intra‐societal differences in experience, status, and autonomy among Basotho migrant workers and their women, [oral literature, poetics, performance, migrant labor, Southern Africa, gender and culture]
power and knowledge: discourse and ideological transformation among the Shuar
Authors: HENDRICKS JANET WALL
Published: November 2004

Language is constitutive of social reality through the constant articulation and reinforcement of significant linguistic concepts, which give meaning to social relations. Among the Shuar of southeastern Ecuador, discourses on power and knowledge validate the traditional ideological structure and create a new ideological structure through the mobilization of meaning in political speech that legitimates relations of domination. Ideological transformation is assisted by a cultural predisposition to seek non‐Shuar sources of technical and symbolic knowledge in the acquisition of power.