bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survival time following hospital discharge in dogs with palliatively treated primary brain tumors
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Jones Jeryl C. , Zimmerman Kurt L. , Robertson John L.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To analyze survival time and identify prognostic factors associated with outcome following discharge in dogs with primary brain tumors treated palliatively.

Design—Prospective case series.

Animals—51 dogs with 5 histopathologic types of brain tumors.

Procedures—Owners with dogs examined from 2004 to 2008 were invited to participate if dogs had CT or MRI evidence of a brain mass that was histopathologically confirmed as a neoplasm upon death, dogs survived for ≥ 48 hours after hospital discharge, and treatments following discharge were limited to administration of prednisone or phenobarbital. Prognostic factors, including signalment, clinical signs (including duration), tumor type, tumor location, degree of peritumoral edema, lesion burden, and prescribed treatment, were evaluated. Survival time was estimated and animal- and tumor-specific variables evaluated as potential prognostic factors.

Results—The median survival time in all dogs was 69 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 18 to 201 days). Multivariate analyses identified neuroanatomic location as the only significant prognostic variable, with the survival time of dogs with infratentorial tumors (n = 18) being significantly shorter (median, 28 days; 95% CI, 19 to 68 days) than survival time of dogs with supratentorial (33) tumors (median, 178 days; 95% CI, 119 to 270 days). Seizures were the most common clinical sign associated with supratentorial tumors (24/33 [73%]) and central vestibular dysfunction with infratentorial tumors (12/18).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs with palliatively treated primary brain tumors, particularly those with tumors in the cerebellum, pons, or medulla, had a poor prognosis. However, dogs with supratentorial tumors had survival times > 3 months.
Constrictive myelopathy secondary to hypoplasia or aplasia of the thoracolumbar caudal articular processes in Pugs: 11 cases (1993–2009)
Authors: Fisher Stephen C. , Shores Andy , Simpson Stephen T.
Published: December 2012

Objective—To report thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformations with secondary constrictive fibrosis of the spinal cord in Pugs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—11 Pugs with neurologic dysfunction resulting from constriction of fibrous tissue secondary to thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformation and 5 Pugs with no neurologic dysfunction.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs with myelopathy presumably caused by constriction of fibrous tissue secondary to thoracolumbar caudal articular process malformation at 2 referral institutions between 1993 and 2009 were reviewed. Dogs were included in the study if hypoplastic or aplastic thoracolumbar caudal articular processes were present on radiographs, CT images, or MRI images.

Results—The most common neurologic examination findings were paraparesis with ataxia or paraplegia but no evidence of hyperpathia along the vertebral column. All dogs' neurologic lesion localization was to the T3-L3 spinal cord segments. Median age at examination was 7. 7 years (range, 2 to 11 years). Five of 11 dogs had a history of unrelated trauma. Four of 11 dogs had urinary or fecal incontinence. Eight of 11 dogs underwent surgical exploration. Despite surgical intervention, all dogs that survived surgery continued to have neurologic deficits.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the present study, presence of aplastic or hypoplastic articular processes in the thoracolumbar region did not always produce neurologic signs. However, fibrous constrictive myelopathy should be considered in Pugs with pelvic limb gait and postural reaction deficits and lack of hyperpathia upon palpation of the vertebral column. Additional studies are warranted to further characterize the disease process and determine the most effective means of treatment.
Use of a barbed suture for laparoscopic closure of the internal inguinal rings in a horse
Authors: Ragle Claude A. , Yiannikouris Stavros , Tibary Ahmed A. , Fransson Boel A.
Published: December 2012

Case Description—A 4-year-old castrated Arabian horse was evaluated for a history of a right-sided nonstrangulating inguinal hernia that was manually reducable.

Clinical Findings—Physical examination revealed a right-sided hydrocele and bilateral enlargement of the inguinal rings detectable by both external digital and rectal palpation.

Treatment and Outcome—Biportal laparoscopic internal inguinal ring closure was performed with a continuous suture line of unidirectional barbed suture applied with a mechanical suturing instrument. The barbed suture contributed to a secure closure with the added benefit of not requiring knots to be tied at either the beginning or end of the suture line. Follow-up physical examination and laparoscopy confirmed healing of the surgical sites and a reduction in size of the inguinal rings. The horse exercised for 20 months following surgery without recurrence of the inguinal hernia.

Clinical Relevance—In horses, laparoscopic application of unidirectional barbed sutures should be considered among the treatment options for recurrent inguinal herniation. This technique was accomplished with only 2 portals/side, in contrast to the additional 3 to 4 portals that are most commonly required. The use of a barbed suture with a mechanical suturing instrument offered added security to the closure. The difficulties of dual instrument suturing and intracorporeal knot tying were eliminated, dramatically reducing the challenges of performing suture reduction of the internal inguinal ring.
Singularity-free model of electric charge in physical vacuum: non-zero spatial extent and mass generation
Authors: Dzhunushaliev Vladimir , Zloshchastiev Konstantin
Published: January 2013

We propose a model of a spinless electrical charge as a self-consistent field configuration of the electromagnetic (EM) field interacting with a physical vacuum effectively described by the logarithmic quantum Bose liquid. We show that, in contrast to the EM field propagating in a trivial vacuum, a regular solution does exist, and both its mass and spatial extent emerge naturally from dynamics. It is demonstrated that the charge and energy density distribution acquire Gaussian-like form. The solution in the logarithmic model is stable and energetically favourable, unlike that obtained in a model with a quartic (Higgs-like) potential.
Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training Before Cardiac Surgery in Routine Care
Authors: Valkenet Karin , de Heer Frederiek , Backx Frank J.G. , Trappenburg Jaap C.A. , Hulzebos Erik H.J. , Kwant Simone , van Herwerden Lex A. , van de Port Ingrid G.L.
Published: January 2013

Background

Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) before cardiac surgery has proved to be a promising intervention to reduce postoperative pneumonia in a randomized controlled trial setting. Effects of IMT in routine care have not been reported.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of IMT before cardiac surgery on postoperative pneumonia in routine care at a Dutch university medical center using propensity scoring.

Design

This was an observational cohort study.

Methods

All candidates for cardiac surgery were preoperatively stratified by a physical therapist for low risk or high risk for postoperative pulmonary complications. Patients at high risk either engaged in an unsupervised IMT program (20 minutes a day) at home for at least 2 weeks before surgery (group 1) or received usual care (no IMT) (group 2). Results in terms of outcome measures were adjusted with propensity scores to reduce bias caused by nonrandom treatment assignment.

Results

The results showed that of the 94 patients at high risk in group 1, 1 patient (1.1%) developed a postoperative pneumonia. In group 2, 8 out of the 252 patients at high risk (3.2%) developed this pulmonary complication (adjusted odds ratio=0.34, 95% confidence interval=0.04–3.38). No significant differences were found regarding median (25th–75th percentile) ventilation time (7 [5–9] hours versus 7 [5–10] hours), length of stay in the intensive care unit (23 [21–24] hours versus 23 [21–25] hours), or total postoperative length of stay (7 [6–11] days versus 7 [5–9] days).

Limitations

The most important limitations of this study were confounding, incomplete data collection, and a low incidence of the primary outcome.

Conclusions

Propensity scoring is believed to be a valuable tool of great potential interest to researchers in the field of observational studies. Whether IMT in routine care resulted in less postoperative pneumonia cannot be concluded.
Forecasting the range expansion of a recolonising wild boar Sus scrofa population
Authors: Saito Masayuki , Koike Fumito , Momose Hiroshi , Mihira Tosaku , Uematsu Seiji , Ohtani Toru , Sekiyama Kiichiro
Published: January 2013

Recolonising native mammals have the potential to cause environmental and agricultural damage. However, if their future distribution can be predicted, effective control measures can be scheduled beforehand to prevent the onset of damage. In this study, we predicted the future range expansion of recolonising wild boar Sus scrofa populations in the Chiba Prefecture, Japan, using simulations. Wild boars were extinct in the Chiba Prefecture until the 1970s, but since then, a new naturalised population has spread, probably due to release for hunting. Recently a small, isolated, naturalised population was found in the northern part of the prefecture, which was considered to be a new release. We divided the Chiba Prefecture (5,156 km2) into 3‐km grids and, based on nuisance control records, we examined the ‘presence’ of wild boar populations from 2002 to 2007 and in 2010. We simultaneously estimated habitat suitability and dispersal probability of the source population via range‐expasion modelling. We predicted the future distribution by the use of stochastic simulations for 20 years after 2010. According to the simulations, the wild boar populations will expand into the southern and northern regions of the Chiba Prefecture at a rate of 2,153 km/year, and crop damage should be expected in these areas in the future. Range expansion into the northern region of the prefecture will be completed by around 2025. If the northern isolated population is removed, it will be possible to delay the range expansion for about five years. The eradication of a small isolated population in the northern Chiba Prefecture may have significant economic benefits because the crop production in this area is relatively large.
Is a wind‐power plant acting as a barrier for reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus movements?
Authors: Colman Jonathan E. , Eftest⊘l Sindre , Tsegaye Diress , Flydal Kjetil , Mysterud Atle
Published: January 2013

Reindeer herdsmen and authorities in Scandinavia fear detrimental effects from wind‐power plants (WPs) on movements and area use of reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus. We tested the extent to which a WP represented a behavioural barrier for reindeer movement by comparing two neighbouring areas; one peninsula with and one without a WP. Both peninsulas had a parallel road and a power line bisecting them in a north‐south direction. Presence of a larger or similar number of reindeer on the outer western compared to the inner eastern sections in both areas indicated no barrier effect from the WP. Furthermore, no clear barrier effects were found for reindeer movements during summer in the WP or neighbouring area, as reindeer have continued to cross back and forth between the inner and outer sections of the two areas. Contrary to our expectation, our finding contrasted with previous studies finding negative barrier effects from linear structures such as power lines and roads, suggesting considerable variation in the extent to which infrastructure acts as barriers.
Electrical characterization of aluminum (Al) thin films measured by using four- point probe method
Authors: Panta GP , Subedi DP
Published: January 2013

This paper reports the results of electrical characterization of aluminum thin films. Uniform Al thin films were deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique on glass substrates. The electrical resistivity of the films as a function of film thickness was studied. These parameters have been measured by four-point probe method. The electrical resistivity was obtained by the measurement of current (in mA) and voltage in (mV) through the probe. The results showed that resistivity of the film decreases linearly with the film thickness in the range of the thickness studied in this work. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 31-36 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7322
Differences between male and female growth and sexual maturation in tilapia (oreochromis mossambicus)
Authors: Bhatta Sandip , Iwai Toshiharu , Miura Takeshi , Higuchi Masato , Maugars Gersende , Miura Chiemi
Published: January 2013

In tilapia, growth during critical periods of the life cycle varies at different ages of development and is influenced by sexual maturation. The mechanisms controlling gametogenesis and how growth affects this process are poorly understood. This study indicates that tilapia exhibit a sexually dimorphic growth pattern in which males grow faster and bigger than females. During critical periods of development growth patterns of tilapia vary between males and females as they increase in age and sexual maturation. In this study interactions between growth and reproductive development were examined by monitoring and comparing growth rates and reproductive histology. Female growth rate peaked at the very early stages of reproductive development during the cortical alveolar stages and male growth rate peaked after complete sexual maturation during spermiogenesis. The accumulation of cortical alveoli in the oocyte in females and spermiogenesis in males was determined to be the critical developmental periods of tilapia effecting growth rates. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 57-65 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7326
Time dependent temperature distribution model in layered human dermal part
Authors: Acharya Saraswati , Gurung DB , Saxena VP
Published: January 2013

The paper developed application of finite element method with linear function in the study of temperature distribution in the layers of dermal part-stratum corneum, stratum germinativum, papillary region, reticular region and subcutaneous tissues as elements. The method is applied to obtain the numerical solution of governing differential equation for one dimensional unsteady state bio-heat transfer using suitable values of parameters that effect the heat transfer in human body. The numerical results obtained are exhibited graphically for various atmospheric temperatures for comparative study of temperature distribution profiles. The loss of heat from the outer surface of the body to the environment is taken due to convection, radiation and sweat evaporation. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 66-76 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7327
Estimation of leachate from a pilot scale lysimeter
Authors: Manandhar Dinesh Raj , Hogland William , Krishnamurthy V , Khanal Sanjay Nath
Published: January 2013

The most important component of solid waste management is long-term safe and reliable disposal of solid waste in sanitary landfills. Leachate formed in landfills needs proper management. The biodegradable portion of waste is largely responsible for the production of leachate and landfill gas. This paper presents the outcome of the research on the water management of landfill in Nepal using a designed and built pilot scale field lysimeter model. The leachate production from the lysimeter as an effect of climatological factors is assessed. The Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) model is used to compute estimates of water balances. Simulation of the model indicates that the evapotranspiration (ET) is nearly constant and do not follow the precipitation and percolation trend. Also the evapotranspiration component in this case, is not high. This may be due to the small surface area of lysimeter and larger portion of the leachate percolated before evaporation could take place. The model has been calibrated for the local situation with the limited observed data of leachate generation from the lysimeter. However the trend of leachate generation on HELP simulation and Actual Data seem to be similar during month of October to December season, but during June to September, the trend shows higher actual percolation rate compared to the model output. This may be due to the higher value of permeability of barrier soil (in the range of 10-5 cm/s), which should be generally in the range of 10-7 cm/s or lower. The rainy season during June to September may be another reason, when soil is wet most of the time. The annual data shows that percolation is about 81-84% of precipitation amount, whereas evapotranspiration is about 15-19%. The application of the model may be a valuable tool to determine strengths and weaknesses of designing and operating of landfills in developing countries like Nepal. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 93-100 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7331
Land tenure in hydropower development: A review
Authors: Ghimire Subash
Published: January 2013

Land tenure issues such as tenure forms and its allocation and land acquisition procedure are not extensively considered in hydropower development. As a result hydropower projects are not sustainable. The main aim of the study is to find the role of land tenure in hydropower development. Desk study is carried out and is followed by the scientific literature review. The study reveals that the concession with broader negotiations and agreements is carried out for interfering the land rights for the construction of hydropower project in Norway because of which the Aurland hydropower project got successful. The capability and economical willingness to include land and environmental issues from the start of the project to operation stage made the development successful while concession is practiced in China without broader negotiations and public participation as in Nu river project. Therefore, a Chinese hydropower concession is controversial. Many of the proposed dam is situated in UNESCO world heritage site and in the conservation area. Nu river project affects number of distinct ethnic groups who maintain their religious and cultural tradition. Resettlement is not possible on this ethnic group because of integration into population of various customs, languages and agricultural tradition. In case of Nepal in general, concessions is not practiced during hydropower development. Transparency in information dissemination, decision making, involvement of key stakeholders on key issues and time bound solution can hardly be found during hydropower development. Mostly, land is expropriated for the development of the hydropower project. The study finds that Land tenure has very important role in hydropower development. Therefore, it should be extensively considered for sustainable development of the hydropower projects. Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 8, No. II, December, 2012, 101-108 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kuset.v8i2.7332
Neuropathic arthropathy caused by syringomyelia
Authors: Deng Xiaofeng , Wu Liang , Yang Chenlong , Xu Yulun
Published: January 2013

Object

Neuropathic arthropathy (Charcot joint) caused by syringomyelia is rare and commonly misdiagnosed. Few cases have been reported by neurosurgeons. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical and imaging presentations of neuropathic arthropathy and to discuss the effect of surgical management of the primary neurological deficits on neuropathic arthropathy.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed clinical and imaging data of 12 patients with neuropathic arthropathy caused by syringomyelia who were referred to the department of neurosurgery between January 2003 and September 2012. Radiographs revealed destruction, dislocation, disorganization, and increased density or debris in the joints. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a syrinx of the spinal cord in all patients, with Chiari malformation in 11 patients and tethered spinal cord in 1 patient. Neurosurgical operations were performed in 5 of 12 patients, including posterior fossa decompression in 4 patients and syrinx-subarachnoidal shunt placement in 1 patient. Surgical management of the neuropathic joints was not performed in any of the patients. All patients were followed up, with a mean duration of 39 months.

Results

Sixteen joints were involved, including 10 elbows, 3 shoulders, 2 interphalangeal joints, and 1 wrist. The side of the syrinx on cervical axial MRI was consistent with the side of the affected limb in every patient. Five patients who underwent neurosurgical treatments stated improvement in neurological dysfunctions and no deterioration in symptoms related to neuropathic arthropathy. In the 7 patients without neurosurgical treatments, 5 reported aggravation of neuropathic arthropathy manifestations, with deterioration of neurological symptoms in 4 of the 5 patients. The condition of the other 2 patients remained stable.

Conclusions

The elbow is the most frequently involved joint in neuropathic arthropathy caused by syringomyelia, followed by the shoulder. The authors speculate that the side of the syrinx determines the side of the neuropathic arthropathy. A detailed medical history and a careful physical examination are crucial for differentiating neuropathic arthropathy from other joint lesions. This study suggests that early management of the primary neurological condition may play an important role in preventing the development of neuropathic arthropathy and avoiding disease progression.
High Correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging, Ferric Reducing Activity Potential and Total Phenolics Content Indicates Redundancy in Use of All Three Assays to Screen for Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Plants from the Malaysian Rainforest
Authors: Clarke Garry , Ting Kang , Wiart Christophe , Fry Jeffrey
Published: January 2013

Extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest and other fragile habitats are being researched intensively for identification of beneficial biological actions, with assessment of antioxidant behavior being a common component of such assessments. A number of tests for antioxidant behavior are used, with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reduction activity potential (FRAP) assays often being used in parallel, and also with measurement of total phenolics content (TPC) as a surrogate marker for antioxidant capacity. The present study investigated the possible redundancy in using all three assays to determine antioxidant capacity in 92 extracts obtained from 27 plants from the Malaysian rainforest. The results demonstrated that the assays displayed a high (R ≥ 0.82) and significant (P < 0.0001) correlation with one another, indicating a high level of redundancy if all three assays are used in parallel. This appears to be a waste of potentially valuable plant extracts. Because of problems with the FRAP assay relating to color interference and variable rates of reaction point, the DPPH assay is the preferred assay in preliminary screening of extracts of plants from the Malaysian rainforest.
Achieving Cost Benefits in Sustainable Cooperative Housing
Authors: Coimbra José , Almeida Manuela
Published: January 2013

The cooperative housing sector is directed at low and medium income residents who cannot afford to buy their homes in the regular private market. Due to social housing legislation, it is possible to build cooperative housing below regular market costs and use tax benefits, therefore providing affordable dwellings to their owners. Traditional cooperative housing used to provide less comfort and higher running costs in indoor and domestic hot water heating than in standard construction. However, cooperative housing has started to change its method of traditional construction towards sustainable construction, in order to benefit from the savings on energy consumption and domestic water as well as to provide an improvement as far as the comfort of its residents is concerned. Therefore, in this article, the savings in electricity and natural gas in different building settlements, calculated for Madalena building—sustainable construction—and for Azenha de Cima building—traditional construction—will be presented, according to two different criteria of calculation: efficiency of dwellings at a pre-determined standard level of indoor comfort opposed to real consumptions made by residents. For each building under analysis, an energy audit and further monitoring were brought in, in order to issue an energy evaluation according to the Portuguese energy agency rules. Results showed an expected decrease of the operational costs of natural gas and electricity, obtained by the use of efficient building systems and equipment, as well as a decrease of the payback period for each situation.
CD8+ T Lymphocyte Epitopes From The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 Proteins To Facilitate Vaccine Design And Characterization
Authors: Platt Rebecca , Khodai Tansi , Townend Tim , Bright Helen , Cockle Paul , Perez-Tosar Luis , Webster Rob , Champion Brian , Hickling Timothy , Mirza Fareed
Published: January 2013

CD8+ T cells have the potential to control HSV-2 infection. However, limited information has been available on CD8+ T cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific T cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. Peptide panels from HSV-2 proteins ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human HLA-A*0201 and mouse H-2Kd, Ld and Dd molecules. Nine previously uncharacterized CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from HSV-2 infected BALB/c mice. HSV-2 specific peptide sequences stabilized HLA-A*02 surface expression with intermediate or high affinity binding. Peptide specific CD8+ human T cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes were generated from a HLA-A*02+ donor. High frequencies of peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses were elicited in mice by DNA vaccination with ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14, as demonstrated by CD107a mobilization. Vaccine driven T cell responses displayed a more focused immune response than those induced by viral infection. Furthermore, vaccination with ICP27 reduced viral shedding and reduced the clinical impact of disease. In conclusion, this study describes novel HSV-2 epitopes eliciting strong CD8+ T cell responses that may facilitate epitope based vaccine design and aid immunomonitoring of antigen specific T cell frequencies in preclinical and clinical settings.
Ameliorating Effects of Exogenously Applied Proline on Seed Composition, Seed Oil Quality and Oil Antioxidant Activity of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Drought Stress
Authors: Ali Qasim , Anwar Farooq , Ashraf Muhammad , Saari Nazamid , Perveen Rashida
Published: January 2013

This study was carried out to appraise whether or not the exogenous application of a potential osmoprotectant, proline, could ameliorate the adverse effects of drought stress on maize seed and seed oil composition, as well as oil antioxidant activity. Water stress reduced the kernel sugar, oil, protein and moisture contents and most of the seed macro- and micro-elements analyzed in both maize cultivars but it increased the contents of seed fiber and ash. Water stress increased the oil oleic acid content with a subsequent decrease in the amount of linoleic acid, resulting in an increased oil oleic/linoleic ratio for both maize cultivars. However, no variation was observed in oil stearic and palmitic acids content due to water stress. A considerable drought induced an increase in seed oil α-, γ-, δ- and total tocopherols and flavonoids were observed in both maize cultivars. However, oil phenolic and carotenoid content as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity decreased. Foliar-applied proline significantly increased the content of seed sugar, oil, protein, moisture, fiber and ash in both maize cultivars under well irrigated and water deficit conditions. Furthermore, exogenous application of proline increased the oil oleic and linoleic acid contents. The concentrations of antioxidant compounds namely phenolics, carotenoids, flavonoids and tocopherols estimated in the seed oil increased due to foliar-applied proline under water deficit conditions that was positively correlated with the enhanced oil DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Moreover, the increase in the contents of these antioxidant compounds and oil antioxidant activity due to the foliar application of proline was noted to be more pronounced under water deficit conditions.
Apoptosis is Induced in Cancer Cells via the Mitochondrial Pathway by the Novel Xylocydine-Derived Compound JRS-15
Authors: Sun Chao , Guo Xiao-Xi , Zhu Dan , Xiao Chuan , Bai Xiao , Li Yang , Zhan Zhuo , Li Xiang-Long , Song Zhi-Guang , Jin Ying-Hua
Published: January 2013

The novel compound JRS-15 was obtained through the chemical modification of xylocydine. JRS-15 exhibited much stronger cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity than its parent compound in various cancer cell lines, with IC50 values in HeLa, HepG2, SK-HEP-1, PC-3M and A549 cells ranging from 12.42 to 28.25 µM. In addition, it is more potent for killing cancer than non-cancerous cells. Mechanistic studies showed that JRS-15 treatment arrested cell cycle at the G1/S phase, which further triggered the translocation of Bax and Bak to the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and the subsequent release of cytochrome c and the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac). The sequential activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7 and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed following these mitochondrial events. Caspase-8, an initiator caspase that is required to activate the membrane receptor-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway was not activated in JRS-15-treated cells. Further analysis showed that the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and XIAP were significantly reduced upon JRS-15 treatment. Furthermore, the caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk, and Bcl-xL or XIAP overexpression all effectively prevented JRS-15-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that JRS-15 induces cancer cell apoptosis by regulating multiple apoptosis-related proteins, and this compound may therefore be a good candidate reagent for anticancer therapy.
Environmental and Human Controls of Ecosystem Functional Diversity in Temperate South America
Authors: Alcaraz-Segura Domingo , Paruelo José , Epstein Howard , Cabello Javier
Published: January 2013

The regional controls of biodiversity patterns have been traditionally evaluated using structural and compositional components at the species level, but evaluation of the functional component at the ecosystem level is still scarce. During the last decades, the role of ecosystem functioning in management and conservation has increased. Our aim was to use satellite-derived Ecosystem Functional Types (EFTs, patches of the land-surface with similar carbon gain dynamics) to characterize the regional patterns of ecosystem functional diversity and to evaluate the environmental and human controls that determine EFT richness across natural and human-modified systems in temperate South America. The EFT identification was based on three descriptors of carbon gain dynamics derived from seasonal curves of the MODIS Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI): annual mean (surrogate of primary production), seasonal coefficient of variation (indicator of seasonality) and date of maximum EVI (descriptor of phenology). As observed for species richness in the southern hemisphere, water availability, not energy, emerged as the main climatic driver of EFT richness in natural areas of temperate South America. In anthropogenic areas, the role of both water and energy decreased and increasing human intervention increased richness at low levels of human influence, but decreased richness at high levels of human influence.
Absorption Measurements of Periodically Poled Potassium Titanyl Phosphate (PPKTP) at 775 nm and 1550 nm
Authors: Steinlechner Jessica , Ast Stefan , Krüger Christoph , Singh Amrit , Eberle Tobias , Händchen Vitus , Schnabel Roman
Published: January 2013

The efficient generation of second-harmonic light and squeezed light requires non-linear crystals that have low absorption at the fundamental and harmonic wavelengths. In this work the photo-thermal self-phase modulation technique is exploited to measure the absorption coefficient of periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) at 1,550 nm and 775 nm. Themeasurement results are (84±40) ppm/cmand (127±24) ppm/cm, respectively. We conclude that the performance of state-of-the-art frequency doubling and squeezed light generation in PPKTP is not limited by absorption.
The Long-Time Chronoamperometric Current at an Inlaid Microband (or Laminar) Electrode
Authors: Bell Christopher
Published: January 2013

In this article, we derive an approximate asymptotic analytical expression for the long-time chronoamperometric current response at an inlaid microband (or laminar) electrode. The expression is applicable when the length of the microband is much greater than the width, so that the diffusion of the electrochemical species can be regarded as two-dimensional. We extend the previously known result for the diffusion-limited current response (Aoki, K. et al. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 225, 19–32 and Phillips, C.G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 333, 11–32) to accommodate quasi-reversible reactions and unequal diffusion coefficients of the oxidant and the reductant. Comparison with numerical calculations validates the analytical expression, and we demonstrate that unequal diffusion coefficients can substantially change the current response. Finally, we discuss the form of the long-time current response for a one-step, one-electron redox reaction if the rate constants are modelled in the Butler–Volmer framework, and indicate the importance of choosing the width of the microband appropriately to allow accurate experimental determination of the standard kinetic rate constant and the electron transfer coefficient.
Strategies and Challenges of Tourist Facilities Management in the World Heritage Site: Case of the Maritime Greenwich, London
Authors: Hassan Azizul , Iankova Katia
Published: December 2012

the World Heritage Site status is transforming into a highly priced honor in terms of destination branding and attracting diversified types of tourists. this study is based on the opinions of these tourists at Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site (MGWHS). the first objective is to
identify these tourists' satisfaction with existing facilities and their management. the second objective is to find out any lack of facilities and to suggest ways of overcoming this. Following the qualitative research method, this explanatory case study depends on primary data collection
through semistructured interviews. the results exhibit a gap between perception and expectation of the tourists. the results also demonstrate the need for recuperating the building and management of tourist facilities without disturbing the architectural and natural aesthetics. Areas identified
for attention include the sanitation, resting places, catering, facilities for the disabled or parents with infants, and the multilingual directional signage.
Apprendre avec les technologies numériques : quels effets identifiés chez les adultes ?
Authors: Blandin Bernard
Published: January 2013

Résumé Cette note de synthèse vise à répondre à la question suivante : quels sont les effets produits par l’usage des technologies numériques sur le processus apprendre chez l’adulte ? Elle présente les recherches bibliographiques menées pour répondre à la question, puis l’analyse des documents pertinents trouvés. Les réponses à la question qui apparaissent dans ces documents sont ensuite discutées au regard d’autres travaux de recherche sur les effets des technologies numériques. Pour terminer, sont formulées quelques questions de recherche sur des champs apparaissant inexplorés.
Hip Arthroscopy Distraction Without the Use of a Perineal Post: Prospective Study
Authors: Mei-Dan Omer , McConkey Mark Owen , Young David Alexander
Published: December 2012

Hip arthroscopy is being used with increasing frequency as the understanding of arthroscopic management of groin pain improves. To access the hip joint arthroscopically, traction must be placed on the leg. In most cases, countertraction is provided with a padded post in the groin. Complications of traction are often attributed to the post and include perineal or pudendal neuropraxias and skin complications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of a traction technique that avoids a perineal post. A supine position is used with the foot in a standard traction boot. The patient is moved down the table such that his or her perineum is located 7 to 10 cm proximal to the traction post. The post is also located 5 to 10 cm lateral to midline. The operative table is placed in 15° to 20° of Trendelenburg. With this position, enough friction is generated between the patient’s upper body and bed to allow successful hip distraction without the post contacting with the perineum. One hundred seventy patients (111 men and 59 women) were followed prospectively and evaluated for possible side effects of this traction technique immediately postoperatively and 1 and 14 days and 3 and 6 months postoperatively. Patients were examined at each visit. No significant complications related to traction occurred during follow-up.

The described technique has been used in more than 2000 hip arthroscopies without a documented groin or perineal complication. It allows easy positioning and access to the central compartment.
DYNAMIC MRI FOR TUMOR ENHANCEMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL BREAST CANCER MODEL
Authors: Leung Ting-Kai , Huang Pai-Jung , Lee Chi-Ming , Wu Chih-Hsiung , Chen Yi-Fan , Shen Li-Kuo , Hsiao Wen-Tien
Published: January 2013

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with post-processing is routinely used for the analysis of tumors. However, although breast MRI has gained broad clinical recognition, the relationship between imaging findings and tumor pathogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. We grafted tumors on rats, to examine dynamic MRI images of the tumors, using post-processing subtraction with 3D maximum intensity projection (sMIP). We established a preliminary platform for analysis to compare hemodynamic-based images with histopathological findings and to further biomolecular research. This platform could facilitate future research on the mechanisms of breast tumor enhancement using MRI, improvements to MRI analysis and reduction of the false positive rate, and the development of novel drugs and contrast media.
Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Dendrite Growth Using Phase-Field Method with a Magnetic Field Effect
Authors: Rasheed A. , Belmiloudi A.
Published: January 2013

In this paper, we present a new model developed in order to analyze phenomena which arise in the solidification of binary mixtures using phase-field method, which incorporates the convection effects and the action of magnetic field. The model consists of flow, concentration, phase field and energy systems which are nonlinear evolutive and coupled systems. It represents the non-isothermal anisotropic solidification process of a binary mixture together with the motion in a melt with the applied magnetic field. To illustrate our model, numerical simulations of the influence of magnetic-field on the evolution of dendrites during the solidification of the binary mixture of Nickel-Copper (Ni-Cu) are developed. The results demonstrate that the dendritic growth under the action of magnetic-field can be simulated by using our model.
Perceptions of Constraints to Leisure Time Physical Activity among Latinos in Wake County, North Carolina
Authors: Casper Jonathan M. , Harrolle Michelle Gacio
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

Examine and compare constraints to physical activity (PA) among Latinos based on age, gender, income, and self-reported leisure time PA (LTPA).

Design.

Cross-sectional survey. Partnered with a North Carolina nonprofit advocacy organization who recruited community leaders (promotores) to administer the survey to Latino constituents.

Setting.

Latino communities in Wake County, North Carolina.

Subjects.

Respondents (N = 457) were mostly women (58%), with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 11), low income (70% < $39K/year); 78% were born outside the United States, with a majority from Mexico (52%).

Measures.

Sociodemographics; Stanford Brief PA Survey; constraints on PA were measured with 20 items assessing seven constructs (accessibility, facilities, knowledge, partners, psychologic, safety, and time).

Analysis.

Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, t-tests, and analysis of variance.

Results.

Half of the sample was inactive. Eighty-one percent indicated that they would like to be more active and perceived lack of accessibility, partners, and knowledge of PA resources as the most constraining factors. Respondents in low-income categories cited significantly higher psychological and accessibility constraints. Inactive LTPA respondents perceived significantly higher constraints overall, with knowledge and accessibility having the largest effect sizes. No differences were found based on age and gender.

Conclusions.

This study highlighted that among Latinos, there may be an opportunity to increase activity levels by targeting knowledge about PA resources, increasing access to opportunities for PA, and enhancing the social environment for PA. Such efforts that target these constraints to increase PA may ultimately improve health.
An Intervention to Increase Compliance with a Tobacco-Free University Policy
Authors: Fallin Amanda , Johnson Andrew O. , Riker Carol , Cohen Elisia , Rayens Mary Kay , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

To test the effects of a population-based self-efficacy message card campaign on compliance with a tobacco-free campus policy.

Setting.

This study was conducted at a large public university in the South.

Subjects.

Three hundred twelve observational periods at 39 campus sites.

Intervention.

The message card campaign, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, consisted of distributing approximately 6000 efficacy-enhancing cards over 3 days. The intent of the cards was to increase awareness of the policy and resources available to help individuals stop smoking or remain comfortable while on campus.

Measures.

Policy compliance was measured using the Tobacco-Free Compliance Assessment Tool. Field notes were used to assess campaign reaction.

Analysis.

Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted to compare number of cigarette butts in hot spot areas before and after the intervention. A rate ratio was also calculated using Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping software to compare cigarette butts collected per day before and after the intervention at each of the study sites.

Results.

The median number of cigarette butts per day after the intervention was significantly lower than before the intervention (1.9 vs. 4.7, χ2: 8.1, p = .004). Eighteen sites (66.6%) had a post-pre ratio of .11 to .75, indicating a decrease in cigarette butts per day.

Conclusion.

An efficacy-enhancing message card campaign shows promise in improving compliance with tobacco-free campus policies.
A Content Analysis of Preconception Health Education Materials: Characteristics, Strategies, and Clinical-Behavioral Components
Authors: Levis Denise M. , Westbrook Kyresa
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

Many health organizations and practitioners in the United States promote preconception health (PCH) to consumers. However, summaries and evaluations of PCH promotional activities are limited.

Design.

We conducted a content analysis of PCH health education materials collected from local-, state-, national-, and federal-level partners by using an existing database of partners, outreach to maternal and child health organizations, and a snowball sampling technique.

Setting.

Not applicable.

Participants.

Not applicable.

Method.

Thirty-two materials were included for analysis, based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. A codebook guided coding of materials' characteristics (type, authorship, language, cost), use of marketing and behavioral strategies to reach the target population (target audience, message framing, call to action), and inclusion of PCH subject matter (clinical-behavioral components).

Results.

The self-assessment of PCH behaviors was the most common material (28%) to appear in the sample. Most materials broadly targeted women, and there was a near-equal distribution in targeting by pregnancy planning status segments (planners and nonplanners). “Practicing PCH benefits the baby's health” was the most common message frame used. Materials contained a wide range of clinical-behavioral components.

Conclusion.

Strategic targeting of subgroups of consumers is an important but overlooked strategy. More research is needed around PCH components, in terms of packaging and increasing motivation, which could guide use and placement of clinical-behavioral components within promotional materials.
The Implementation of Interconception Care in Two Community Health Settings: Lessons Learned
Authors: Handler Arden , Rankin Kristin M. , Peacock Nadine , Townsell Stephanie , McGlynn Andrea , Issel L. Michele
Published: January 2013

Purpose.

This study reports on an evaluation of the implementation of a pilot interconceptional care program (ICCP) in Chicago and the experiences of the participants in their first postpartum year.

Design.

A longitudinal, multi-method approach was used to gather data to measure success in achieving project benchmarks and to gain insights into women's experiences after an adverse pregnancy outcome.

Setting.

The ICCP interventions were provided in two different health care settings.

Subjects.

Low-income African-American women with a prior adverse pregnancy outcome were recruited to participate. Data on services delivered are available for 220 women; linked interview data are also available for 99 of these women.

Intervention.

The ICCP focused on the integration of social services, family planning, and medical care provided through a team approach.

Measures.

An interview questionnaire asked detailed information about interconceptional health status, attitudes, and behaviors. A services database documented all services delivered to each participant. Key informant interviews were conducted with the ICCP project staff.

Analysis.

Simple frequencies were generated. Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare participants and benchmarks at the two different sites.

Results.

The planned delivery of interventions based on women's unique interconceptional health needs was often replaced by efforts to address women's socioeconomic needs. Although medical care remained important, participants viewed themselves as healthy and did not view medical care as a priority. Women's perceptions of contraceptive effectiveness were not always in sync with clinical knowledge.

Conclusions.

Interconceptional care is a complex process of matching interventions and services to meet women's unique needs, including their socioeconomic needs.