bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive Value of Middle Cerebral Artery to Uterine Artery Pulsatility Index Ratio in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Adiga Prashanth , Kantharaja Indumathi , Hebbar Shripad , Rai Lavanya , Guruvare Shyamala , Mundkur Anjali
Published: February 2015

Aims and Objectives. (i) To determine the predictive value of cerebrouterine (CU) ratio (middle cerebral artery to uterine artery pulsatility index, MCA/UT PI) in assessing perinatal outcome among hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. (ii) To compare between CU ratio and CP ratio (MCA/Umbilical artery PI) as a predictor of adverse perinatal outcome.Methods. A prospective observational study was done in a tertiary medical college hospital, from September 2012 to August 2013. One hundred singleton pregnancies complicated by hypertension peculiar to pregnancy were enrolled. Both CU and CP ratios were estimated. The perinatal outcomes were studied.Results. Both cerebrouterine and cerebroplacental ratios had a better negative predictive value in predicting adverse perinatal outcome. However, both CU and CP ratios when applied together were able to predict adverse outcomes better than individual ratios. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and the negative predictive values for an adverse neonatal outcome with CU ratio were 61.3%, 70.3%, 56%, and 78.9%, respectively, compared to 42%, 57.5%, 62%, and 76% as with CP ratio.Conclusion.Cerebrouterine ratio and cerebroplacental ratio were complementary to each other in predicting the adverse perinatal outcomes. Individually, both ratios were reassuring for favorable perinatal outcome with high negative predictive value.
The Intergenerational Effects on Birth Weight and Its Relations to Maternal Conditions, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Silva Leide Irislayne Macena da Costa e , Gomes Filumena Maria da Silva , Valente Maria Helena , Escobar Ana Maria de Ulhôa , Brentani Alexandra Valéria Maria , Grisi Sandra J. F. E.
Published: February 2015

Background and Objectives.Parents’ birth weight acts as a predictor for the descendant birth weight, with the correlation more strongly transmitted through maternal line. The present research aims to study the correlation between the child’s low or increased birth weight, the mother’s birth weight, and maternal conditions.Methods.773 mother-infant binomials were identified with information on both the baby’s and the mother’s birth weight recorded. Group studies were constituted, dividing the sample according to birth weight (<2,500 grams (g) and ≥3,500 grams (g)). The length at birth was also studied in children ≤47.5 cm (lower quartile). Chi2test or Fisher’s exact test, Spearman’s Rho, and odds ratio were performed in order to investigate the relation between the children’s weight and length at birth and the mothers’ and children’s variables.Results.The girls were heavier at birth than their mothers, with an average increase at birth weight between the generations of 79 g. The child’s birth weight <2,500 g did not show any correlation with maternal birth weight <2,500 g (Fisher 0.264; Spearman’s Rho 0.048; OR 2.1 and OR lower 0.7) or with maternal stature below the lower quartile (<157 cm) (Chi2sig 0.323; with Spearman’s Rho 0.036; OR 1.5 and OR lower 0.7). The child’s low birth weight (<2,500 g) was lightly correlated with drug use by the mother during pregnancy (Fisher 0.083; Spearman’s Rho 0.080; OR 4.9 and OR lower 1.0). The child’s birth weight <2,500 g showed increased correlation with gestational age lower than 38 weeks and 3 days (Chi2sig 0.002; Spearman’s Rho 0.113; OR 3.2 and OR lower 1.5). The child’s weight at birth ≥3,500 g showed strong correlation with maternal weight at birth ≥3,500 g (Chi2sig 0; Spearman’s Rho +0.142; OR 0.5 and OR upper 0.7). It was also revealed that the higher the maternal prepregnancy BMI, the stronger the correlation with child’s birth weight ≥3,500 g ((maternal prepregnancyBMI>25.0withChi2sig 0.013; Spearman’s Rho 0.09; OR 1.54 and OR upper 2.17) and (maternal prepregnancyBMI>30.0withChi2sig 0 Spearman’s Rho 0.137; OR 2.58 and OR upper 4.26)). The child’s length at birth in the lower quartile (≤47.5 cm) showed strong correlation with drug use by the mother during pregnancy (Chi2sig 0.004; Spearman’s Rho 0.105; OR 4.3 and OR lower 1.5).Conclusions.The mother’s increased weight at birth and the prenatal overweight or obesity were correlated with increased weight and length at birth of the newborn, coupled with the tendency of increasing birth weight between generations of mothers and daughters. Also, descendants with smaller length at birth are the children of women with the lowest statures.
An MPI-OpenMP Hybrid ParallelH-LU Direct Solver for Electromagnetic Integral Equations
Authors: Guo Han , Hu Jun , Nie Zaiping
Published: February 2015

In this paper we propose a high performance parallel strategy/technique to implement the fast direct solver based on hierarchical matrices method. Our goal is to directly solve electromagnetic integral equations involving electric-large and geometrical-complex targets, which are traditionally difficult to be solved by iterative methods. The parallel method of our direct solver features both OpenMP shared memory programming and MPl message passing for running on a computer cluster. With modifications to the core direct-solving algorithm of hierarchical LU factorization, the new fast solver is scalable for parallelized implementation despite of its sequential nature. The numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed parallel direct solver for analyzing electromagnetic scattering problems of complex 3D objects with nearly 4 million unknowns.
TiC0.5N0.5-Based Cermets with Varied Amounts of Si3N4Nanopowders Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Lv Changchun , Peng Zhijian , Fu Zhiqiang , Wang Chengbiao
Published: February 2015

TiCN-based cermets with varied fractions of Si3N4nanopowder (0–5 wt.%) were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The microstructural and mechanical properties of these cermets were investigated. In general, with increasing addition amount of Si3N4nanopowder the relative density as well as mechanical properties of the as-prepared TiCN cermets increased first and then decreased. The samples containing 2 wt.% Si3N4nanopowder presented the best performance with the relative density of about 98%, bending strength of 1000 MPa, and Vickers microhardness of about 1810 HV10.
MicroRNA and mRNA Features of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and Benign Asbestos-Related Pleural Effusion
Authors: Ak Guntulu , Tomaszek Sandra C. , Kosari Farhad , Metintas Muzaffer , Jett James R. , Metintas Selma , Yildirim Huseyin , Dundar Emine , Dong Jie , Aubry Marie Christine , Wigle Dennis A. , Thomas Charles F.
Published: February 2015

Introduction. We investigated the expression of microRNAs and mRNAs in pleural tissues from patients with either malignant pleural mesothelioma or benign asbestos-related pleural effusion.Methods. Fresh frozen tissues from a total of 18 malignant pleural mesothelioma and 6 benign asbestos-related pleural effusion patients were studied. Expression profiling of mRNA and microRNA was performed using standard protocols.Results. We discovered significant upregulation of multiple microRNAs in malignant pleural mesothelioma compared to benign asbestos-related pleural effusion. Hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-320, hsa-let-7a, and hsa-miR-125a-5p were able to discriminate malignant from benign disease. Dynamically regulated mRNAs were also identified. MET was the most highly overexpressed gene in malignant pleural mesothelioma compared to benign asbestos-related pleural effusion. Integrated analyses examining microRNA-mRNA interactions suggested multiple altered targets within the Notch signaling pathway.Conclusions. Specific microRNAs and mRNAs may have diagnostic utility in differentiating patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma from benign asbestos-related pleural effusion. These studies may be particularly helpful in patients who reside in a region with a high incidence of mesothelioma.
Detection of Human Cytomegalovirus in Different Histopathological Types of Glioma in Iraqi Patients
Authors: Shamran Haidar A. , Kadhim Haider S. , Hussain Aws R. , Kareem Abdulameer , Taub Dennis D. , Price Robert L. , Nagarkatti Mitzi , Nagarkatti Prakash S. , Singh Udai P.
Published: February 2015

Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an endemic herpes virus that reemerges in cancer patients enhancing oncogenic potential. HCMV infection is associated with certain types of cancer morbidity such as glioblastomas. HCMV, like all other herpes viruses, has the ability to remain latent within the body of the host and can contribute in chronic inflammation. To determine the role of HCMV in glioma pathogenesis, paraffin-embedded blocks from glioma patients (n=50) and from benign meningioma patients (n=30) were obtained and evaluated by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction for the evidence of HCMV antigen expression and the presence of viral DNA. We detected HCMV antigen and DNA for IEI-72, pp65, and late antigen in 33/36, 28/36, and 26/36 in glioblastoma multiforme patients whereas 12/14, 10/14, and 9/14 in anaplastic astrocytoma patients, respectively. Furthermore, 84% of glioma patients were positive for immunoglobulin G (IgG) compared to 72.5% among control samples (P=0.04). These data indicate the presence of the HCMV virus in a high percentage of glioma samples demonstrating distinct histopathological grades and support previous reports showing the presence of HCMV infection in glioma tissue. These studies demonstrate that detection of low-levels of latent viral infections may play an active role in glioma development and pathogenesis.
Management of Metachronous Bilateral Testis Cancer in a Patient with Pre-B Cell ALL
Authors: Harris Kelly T. , Shaikh Shakil A. , Ball Mark W. , Allaf Mohamad E. , Pierorazio Phillip M.
Published: February 2015

We present a patient with a metachronous, second testicular cancer after being diagnosed with pre-B cell ALL and receiving induction chemotherapy for a bone marrow transplant. We discuss the management of bilateral testis masses in a young patient with a hematologic malignancy as well as the role of immunosuppressive chemotherapy in developing a second cancer. This case illustrates the importance of recognizing bilateral testicular cancer early, as well as the importance of follow-up care in oncology patients including routine measurements of tumor markers. A multidisciplinary approach between medical oncology and urology, including close monitoring of the contralateral testis, remains paramount to patient care.
Multiple Sclerosis Increases Fracture Risk: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dong Guixian , Zhang Ning , Wu Zhanpo , Liu Yumin , Wang Litao
Published: February 2015

Purpose.The association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and fracture risk has been reported, but results of previous studies remain controversial and ambiguous. To assess the association between MS and fracture risk, a meta-analysis was performed.Method.Based on comprehensive searches of the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, we identified outcome data from all articles estimating the association between MS and fracture risk. The pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.Results.A significant association between MS and fracture risk was found. This result remained statistically significant when the adjusted RRs were combined. Subgroup analysis stratified by the site of fracture suggested significant associations between MS and tibia fracture risk, femur fracture risk, hip fracture risk, pelvis fracture risk, vertebrae fracture risk, and humerus fracture risk. In the subgroup analysis by gender, female MS patients had increased fracture risk. When stratified by history of drug use, use of antidepressants, hypnotics/anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and glucocorticoids increased the risk of fracture risk in MS patients.Conclusions.This meta-analysis demonstrated that MS was significantly associated with fracture risk.
The Osteogenic Properties of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Cultures on TiO2Sol-Gel-Derived Biomaterial
Authors: Marycz Krzysztof , Śmieszek Agnieszka , Grzesiak Jakub , Siudzińska Anna , Marędziak Monika , Donesz-Sikorska Anna , Krzak Justyna
Published: February 2015

The biocompatibility of the bone implants is a crucial factor determining the successful tissue regeneration. The aim of this work was to compare cellular behavior and osteogenic properties of rat adipose-derived multipotent stromal cells (ASCs) and bone marrow multipotent stromal cells (BMSCs) cultured on metallic substrate covered with TiO2sol-gel-derived nanolayer. The morphology, proliferation rate, and osteogenic differentiation potential of both ASCs and BMSCs propagated on the biomaterials were examined. The potential for osteogenic differentiation of ASCs and BMSCs was determined based on the presence of specific markers of osteogenesis, that is, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCL). Additionally, the concentration of calcium and phosphorus in extracellular matrix was determined using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Obtained results showed that TiO2layer influenced proliferation activity of ASCs, which manifested by shortening of population doubling time and increase of OPN secretion. However, characteristic features of cells morphology and growth pattern of cultures prompted us to conclude that ultrathin TiO2layer might also enhance osteodifferentiation of BMSCs. Therefore in our opinion, both populations of MSCs should be used for biological evaluation of biomaterials compatibility, such results may enhance the area of investigations related to regenerative medicine.
Studies on Molecular Characterizations of the Outer Membrane Proteins, Lipids Profile, and Exopolysaccharides of Antibiotic Resistant StrainPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yehia Hany M. , Hassanein Wesam A. , Ibraheim Shimaa M.
Published: February 2015

Susceptibility of the testedPseudomonas aeruginosastrain to two different antibiotics, tetracycline (TE) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), was carried out using liquid dilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of TE and CIP were 9.0 and 6.0 mg/100 mL, respectively. Some metabolic changes due to both, the mode of action of TE and CIP onP. aeruginosaand its resistance to high concentrations of antibiotics (sub-MIC) were detected. The total cellular protein contents decreased after antibiotic treatment, while outer membrane protein (OMP) contents were approximately constant for both treated and untreated cells. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of the OMPs for untreated and TE and CIP treated cells indicated that the molecular changes were achieved as; lost in, induction and stability of some protein bands as a result of antibiotics treatment. Five bands (with mol. wt. 71.75, 54.8, 31.72, 28.63, and 20.33 KDa) were stable in both treated and untreated tested strains, while two bands (with mol. wt. 194.8 and 118.3 KDa) were induced and the lost of only one band (with mol. wt. 142.5 KDa) after antibiotics treatment. On the other hand, total lipids and phospholipids increased in antibiotic treated cells, while neutral lipids decreased. Also, there was observable stability in the number of fatty acids in untreated and treated cells (11 fatty acids). The unsaturation index was decreased to 56% and 17.6% in both TE and CIP treatments, respectively. The produced amount of EPSs in untreated cultures ofP. aeruginosawas relatively higher than in treated cultures with sub-MICs of TE and CIP antibiotics. It was also observed that the amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) increased by increasing the incubation period up to five days of incubation in case of untreated and antibiotic treated cultures.
TheCortinariusFungi Dyes as Sensitizers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zalas Maciej , Gierczyk Błażej , Bogacki Hubert , Schroeder Grzegorz
Published: February 2015

The dye-sensitized solar cells have been for the first time prepared usingCortinariusfungi extracts as a source of sensitizing dyes. The seven species ofCortinariusgroup, collected in the East Poland, have been used to obtain crude extracts of natural dyes used as sensitizing solutions to prepare DSSCs working electrodes. Extracts and sensitized electrodes have been well characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements. The device sensitized byCortinarius sanguineusextract has been found the most active in photon-to-current conversion process with efficiencyη=0.64%, fill factorFF=65.9%, photocurrent densityJSC=1.79 mA/cm2, and photovoltageVOC=541 mV.
Ring-Oxidative Biotransformation and Drug Interactions of Propofol in the Livers of Rats
Authors: Tai Yu-Ting , Lin Yi-Ling , Chang Chia-Chen , Cherng Yih-Giun , Don Ming-Jaw , Chen Ruei-Ming
Published: February 2015

Propofol, an intravenous anesthetic agent, is widely used for inducing and maintaining anesthesia during surgical procedures and for sedating intensive care unit patients. In the clinic, rapid elimination is one of the major advantages of propofol. Meanwhile, the biotransformation and drug interactions of propofol in rat livers are still little known. In this study, we evaluated the ring-oxidative metabolism of propofol in phenobarbital-treated rat livers and possible drug interactions. Administration of phenobarbital to male Wistar rats significantly increased levels of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1/2 and microsomal pentoxyresorufinO-dealkylase (PROD) activity. Analyses by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy revealed that propofol was metabolized by phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes into 4-hydroxypropofol. In comparison, PROD activity and 4-hydroxy-propofol production from propofol metabolism were suppressed by orphenodrine, an inhibitor of CYP2B1/2, and a polyclonal antibody against rat CYP2B1/2 protein. Furthermore, exposure of rats to propofol did not affect the basal or phenobarbital-enhanced levels of hepatic CYP2B1/2 protein. Meanwhile, propofol decreased the dealkylation of pentoxyresorufin by phenobarbital-treated rat liver microsomes in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, this study shows that rat hepatic CYP2B1/2 plays a critical role in the ring-oxidative metabolism of propofol into 4-hydroxypropofol, and this anesthetic agent can inhibit CYP2B1/2 activity without affecting protein synthesis.
A New Mechanism of Vitamin C Effects on A/FM/1/47(H1N1) Virus-Induced Pneumonia in Restraint-Stressed Mice
Authors: Cai Ying , Li Yi-Fang , Tang Lu-Ping , Tsoi Bun , Chen Min , Chen Huan , Chen Xiao-Mei , Tan Rui-Rong , Kurihara Hiroshi , He Rong-Rong
Published: February 2015

It is well known that vitamin C could protect against influenza infection, but little is known about the mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the influence and possible mechanisms of vitamin C on pneumonia induced by influenza virus in stressed mice. Results showed that restraint stress significantly increased the mortality and the severity of pneumonia in mice caused by A/FM/1/47(H1N1) virus infection, which was attenuated by oral administration of vitamin C (125 and 250 mg/kg). Moreover, vitamin C administration significantly decreased expression of susceptibility genes, including mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and increased expression of NF-κB. These work in conjunction to induce type I interferons (IFNs) and elicit innate antiviral response as key factors in RIG-I-mediated signal transduction pathway. The above effects of vitamin C were further found to relate with inhibition of excess CORT synthesis by regulating steroid hydroxylating enzymes in adrenal gland. In conclusion, the protective effects of vitamin C on influenza virus-caused pneumonia might be related to its inhibition of CORT synthesis, which reduces the susceptibility to influenza viral infection in restraint-stressed mice. These findings provide a new mechanism for the effects of vitamin C on influenza virus-induced pneumonia in restraint-stressed mice.
Community-Based Supports and Services for Older Adults: A Primer for Clinicians
Authors: Siegler Eugenia L. , Lama Sonam D. , Knight Michael G. , Laureano Evelyn , Reid M. Carrington
Published: February 2015

Although 20% of adults 60 years and older receive community-based supports and services (CBSS), clinicians may have little more than a vague awareness of what is available and which services may benefit their patients. As health care shifts toward more creative and holistic models of care, there are opportunities for CBSS staff and primary care clinicians to collaborate toward the goal of maintaining patients’ health and enabling them to remain safely in the community. This primer reviews the half-century history of these organizations in the United States, describes the most commonly used services, and explains how to access them.
Mode of Vaginal Delivery: A Modifiable Intrapartum Risk Factor for Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury
Authors: Simó González Marta , Porta Roda Oriol , Perelló Capó Josep , Gich Saladich Ignasi , Calaf Alsina Joaquim
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study was to analyze the comparative risks of this anal sphincter injury in relation to the type of intervention in vaginal delivery. We performed an observational, retrospective study of all vaginal deliveries attended at a tertiary university hospital between January 2006 and December 2009. We analyzed the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injury for each mode of vaginal delivery: spontaneous delivery, vacuum, Thierry spatulas, and forceps. We determined the proportional incidence between methods taking spontaneous delivery as the reference. Ninety-seven of 4526 (2.14%) women included in the study presented obstetric anal sphincter injury. Instrumental deliveries showed a significantly higher risk of anal sphincter injury (2.7 to 4.9%) than spontaneous deliveries (1.1%). The highest incidence was for Thierry spatulas (OR 4.804), followed by forceps (OR 4.089) and vacuum extraction (OR 2.509). The type of intervention in a vaginal delivery is a modifiable intrapartum risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Tearing can occur in any type of delivery but proportions vary significantly. All healthcare professionals attending childbirth should be aware of the risk for each type of intervention and consider these together with the obstetric factors in each case.
Optic Nerve Vascular Compression in a Patient with a Tuberculum Sellae Meningioma
Authors: Mizrahi Cezar José , Moscovici Samuel , Dotan Shlomo , Spektor Sergey
Published: February 2015

Background. Optic nerve vascular compression in patients with suprasellar tumor is a known entity but is rarely described in the literature.Case Description. We present a unique, well-documented case of optic nerve strangulation by the A1 segment of the anterior cerebral artery in a patient with a tuberculum sellae meningioma. The patient presented with pronounced progressive visual deterioration. Following surgery, there was immediate resolution of her visual deficit.Conclusion. Vascular strangulation of the optic nerve should be considered when facing progressive and/or severe visual field deterioration in patients with tumors proximal to the optic apparatus.
Mechanisms Linking Red Blood Cell Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Mozos Ioana
Published: February 2015

The present paper aims to review the main pathophysiological links between red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, provides a brief description of the latest studies in this area, and considers implications for clinical practice and therapy. Anemia is associated with a special risk in proatherosclerotic conditions and heart disease and became a new therapeutic target. Guidelines must be updated for the management of patients with red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and targets for hemoglobin level should be established. Risk scores in several cardiovascular diseases should include red blood cell count and RDW. Complete blood count and hemorheological parameters represent useful, inexpensive, widely available tools for the management and prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias, and stroke. Hypoxia and iron accumulation cause the most important cardiovascular effects of sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Patients with congenital chronic hemolytic anemia undergoing splenectomy should be monitored, considering thromboembolic and cardiovascular risk.
MicroRNAs and Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Nishiguchi Tsuyoshi , Imanishi Toshio , Akasaka Takashi
Published: February 2015

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) and heart failure have high mortality rate in the world, although much progress has been made in this field in last two decades. There is still a clinical need for a novel diagnostic approach and a therapeutic strategy to decrease the incidence of CAD. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved noncoding small RNA molecules that regulate a large fraction of the genome by binding to complementary messenger RNA sequences, resulting in posttranscriptional gene silencing. Recent studies have shown that specific miRNAs are involved in whole stage of atherosclerosis, from endothelium dysfunction to plaque rupture. These findings suggest that miRNAs are potential biomarkers in early diagnosis and therapeutic targets in CAD. In the present review, we highlight the role of miRNAs in every stage of atherosclerosis, and discuss the prospects of miRNAs in the near future.
A Novel Assembly Line Scheduling Algorithm Based on CE-PSO
Authors: Hu Xiaomei , Xu Zhenghao , Yang Long , Zhou Rujiang
Published: February 2015

With the widespread application of assembly line in enterprises, assembly line scheduling is an important problem in the production since it directly affects the productivity of the whole manufacturing system. The mathematical model of assembly line scheduling problem is put forward and key data are confirmed. A double objective optimization model based on equipment utilization and delivery time loss is built, and optimization solution strategy is described. Based on the idea of solution strategy, assembly line scheduling algorithm based on CE-PSO is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the standard PSO. Through the simulation experiments of two examples, the validity of the assembly line scheduling algorithm based on CE-PSO is proved.
The Involvement of Microtubules and Actin during the Infection of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Neuroblastoma Cell Line, IMR32
Authors: Henry Sum Magdline Sia
Published: February 2015

The role of the cytoskeleton, actin, and microtubules were examined during the process of Japanese encephalitis (JEV) infection in a human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR32. Cytochalasin D and nocodazole were used to depolymerise the cellular actin and microtubules, respectively, in order to study the effect of JEV infection in the cell. This study shows that depolymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton at early process of infection inhibits JEV infection in the cell; however infection was not inhibited when depolymerisation occurred at the later stage of infection. The microtubules, on the other hand, are required at 2 points in infection. The antigen production in the cells was inhibited when the infected cells were treated at time up to 2 hours after inoculation and there was no significant effect at later times, while the viable virus released continued to be affected until 10 hours after inoculation. In conclusion, infection of JEV in IMR32 cells required actin to facilitate early process in infection and the microtubular network is utilised as the transport system to the virus replication site and the release of mature virus.
Environmental Epidemiology of Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Uganda: Population Dynamics ofBiomphalaria(Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with Observations on Natural Infections with Digenetic Trematodes
Authors: Rowel Candia , Fred Besigye , Betson Martha , Sousa-Figueiredo Jose C. , Kabatereine Narcis B. , Stothard J. Russell
Published: February 2015

This study documented the population dynamics ofBiomphalariaand associated natural infections with digenetic trematodes, along the shores of Lake Albert and Lake Victoria, recording local physicochemical factors. Over a two-and-a-half-year study period with monthly sampling, physicochemical factors were measured at 12 survey sites and all freshwater snails were collected. RetainedBiomphalariawere subsequently monitored in laboratory aquaria for shedding trematode cercariae, which were classified as either human infective (Schistosoma mansoni) or nonhuman infective. The population dynamics ofBiomphalariadiffered by location and by lake and had positive relationship with pH (P<0.001) in both lakes and negative relationship with conductivity (P=0.04) in Lake Albert. Of theBiomphalariacollected in Lake AlbertN=6,183, 8.9% were infected with digenetic trematodes of which 15.8% were sheddingS. mansonicercariae and 84.2% with nonhuman infective cercariae. In Lake Victoria, 2.1% of collectedBiomphalaria  N=13,172were infected with digenetic trematodes with 13.9% sheddingS. mansonicercariae, 85.7% shedding nonhuman infective cercariae, and 0.4% of infected snails shedding both types of cercariae. Upon morphological identification, species ofBiomphalariainfected includedB. sudanica,B. pfeifferi, andB. stanleyiin Lake Albert andB. sudanica,B. pfeifferi, andB. choanomphalain Lake Victoria. The study found the physicochemical factors that influencedBiomphalariapopulation and infections. The number and extent of snails sheddingS. mansonicercariae illustrate the high risk of transmission within these lake settings. For better control of this disease, greater effort should be placed on reducing environmental contamination by improvement of local water sanitation and hygiene.
Detecting Key Genes Regulated by miRNAs in Dysfunctional Crosstalk Pathway of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Cao Yuze , Wang Jianjian , Zhang Huixue , Tian Qinghua , Chen Lixia , Ning Shangwei , Liu Peifang , Sun Xuesong , Lu Xiaoyu , Song Chang , Zhang Shuai , Xiao Bo , Wang Lihua
Published: February 2015

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular autoimmune disorder resulting from autoantibodies attacking components of the neuromuscular junction. Recent studies have implicated the aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of MG; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify key genes regulated by miRNAs in MG. Six dysregulated pathways were identified through differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in MG, and significant crosstalk was detected between five of these. Notably, crosstalk between the “synaptic long-term potentiation” pathway and four others was mediated by five genes involved in the MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, 14 key genes regulated by miRNAs were detected, of which six—MAPK1, RAF1, PGF, PDGFRA, EP300, and PPP1CC—mediated interactions between the dysregulated pathways.MAPK1andRAF1were responsible for most of this crosstalk (80%), likely reflecting their central roles in MG pathogenesis. In addition, most key genes were enriched in immune-related local areas that were strongly disordered in MG. These results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of MG and offer new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outpatients: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Etiology
Authors: Antunes Carla Valéria de Alvarenga , Hallack Neto Abrahão Elias , Nascimento Cristiano Rodrigo de Alvarenga , Chebli Liliana Andrade , Moutinho Ivana Lúcia Damásio , Pinheiro Bruno do Valle , Reboredo Maycon Moura , Malaguti Carla , Castro Antonio Carlos Santana , Chebli Júlio Maria Fonseca
Published: February 2015

Anemia is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, epidemiological studies of nonwestern IBD populations are limited and may be confounded by demographic, socioeconomic, and disease-related influences. This study evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, and etiology of anemia in Brazilian outpatients with IBD.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 100 Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and 100 ulcerative colitis (UC) subjects were assessed. Anemia workup included complete blood count, ferritin, transferrin saturation, serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12, and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration.Results. The overall prevalence of anemia in IBD was 21%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of anemia between CD subjects (24%) and UC (18%). Moderate disease activity (OR: 3.48, 95% CI, 1.95–9.64,P=0.002) and elevated CRP levels (OR: 1.8, 95% CI, 1.04–3.11,P=0.02) were independently associated with anemia. The most common etiologies of anemia found in both groups were iron deficiency anemia (IDA; 10% on CD and 6% on UC) followed by the anemia of chronic disease (ACD; 6% for both groups).Conclusions. In Brazilian IBD outpatients, anemia is highly concurrent condition. Disease moderate activity as well as increased CRP was strongly associated with comorbid anemia. IDA and/or ACD were the most common etiologies.
Thaliporphine Derivative Improves Acute Lung Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Chen Gunng-Shinng , Huang Kuo-Feng , Huang Chien-Chu , Wang Jia-Yi
Published: February 2015

Acute lung injury (ALI) occurs frequently in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with a poor clinical outcome. Aquaporins (AQPs), particularly AQP1 and AQP4, maintain water balances between the epithelial and microvascular domains of the lung. Since pulmonary edema (PE) usually occurs in the TBI-induced ALI patients, we investigated the effects of a thaliporphine derivative, TM-1, on the expression of AQPs and histological outcomes in the lung following TBI in rats. TM-1 administered (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) at 3 or 4 h after TBI significantly reduced the elevated mRNA expression and protein levels of AQP1 and AQP4 and diminished the wet/dry weight ratio, which reflects PE, in the lung at 8 and 24 h after TBI. Postinjury TM-1 administration also improved histopathological changes at 8 and 24 h after TBI. PE was accompanied with tissue pathological changes because a positive correlation between the lung injury score and the wet/dry weight ratio in the same animal was observed. Postinjury administration of TM-1 improved ALI and reduced PE at 8 and 24 h following TBI. The pulmonary-protective effect of TM-1 may be attributed to, at least in part, downregulation of AQP1 and AQP4 expression after TBI.
The Effect ofWalterinnesia aegyptiaVenom Proteins on TCA Cycle Activity and Mitochondrial NAD+-Redox State in Cultured Human Fibroblasts
Authors: Ghneim Hazem K. , Al-Sheikh Yazeed A. , Aboul-Soud Mourad A. M.
Published: February 2015

Fibroblast cultures were used to study the effects of crudeWalterinnesia aegyptiavenom and its F1–F7 protein fractions on TCA cycle enzyme activities and mitochondrial NAD-redox state. Confluent cells were incubated with 10 μg of venom proteins for 4 hours at 37°C. The activities of all studied TCA enzymes and the non-TCA mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase underwent significant reductions of similar magnitude (50–60% of control activity) upon incubation of cells with the crude venom and fractions F4, F5, and F7 and 60–70% for fractions F3 and F6. In addition, the crude and fractions F3–F7 venom proteins caused a drop in mitochondrial NAD+and NADP+levels equivalent to around 25% of control values. Whereas the crude and fractions F4, F5, and F7 venom proteins caused similar magnitude drops in NADH and NADPH (around 55% of control levels), fractions F3 and F6 caused a more drastic drop (60–70% of control levels) of both reduced coenzymes. Results indicate that the effects of venom proteins could be directed at the mitochondrial level and/or the rates of NAD+and NADP+biosynthesis.
Latent Tuberculosis Infection among a Large Cohort of Medical Students at a Teaching Hospital in Italy
Authors: Durando Paolo , Alicino Cristiano , Orsi Andrea , Barberis Ilaria , Paganino Chiara , Dini Guglielmo , Mazzarello Giovanni , Del Bono Valerio , Viscoli Claudio , Copello Francesco , Sossai Dimitri , Orengo Giovanni , Sticchi Laura , Ansaldi Filippo , Icardi Giancarlo
Published: February 2015

The surveillance of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in both healthcare workers and healthcare students is considered fundamental for tuberculosis (TB) prevention. The aim of the present study was to estimate LTBI prevalence and evaluate potential risk-factors associated with this condition in a large cohort of medical students in Italy. In a cross-sectional study, performed between March and December 2012, 1511 eligible subjects attending the Medical School of the University of Genoa, trained at the IRCCS San Martino-IST Teaching Hospital of Genoa, were actively called to undergo the tuberculin skin test (TST). All the TST positive cases were confirmed with an interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). A standardized questionnaire was collected for multivariate risk analysis. A total of 1302 (86.2%) students underwent TST testing and completed the questionnaire. Eleven subjects (0.8%) resulted TST positive and LTBI diagnosis was confirmed in 2 (0.1%) cases. Professional exposure to active TB patients (OR 21.7, 95% CI 2.9–160.2;Pvalue 0.003) and previous BCG immunization (OR 28.3, 95% CI 3.0–265.1;Pvalue 0.003) are independently associated with TST positivity. Despite the low prevalence of LTBI among Italian medical students, an occupational risk of TB infection still exists in countries with low circulation ofMycobacterium tuberculosis.
Infectious Causes of Cholesteatoma and Treatment of Infected Ossicles prior to Reimplantation by Hydrostatic High-Pressure Inactivation
Authors: Masanta Wycliffe Omurwa , Hinz Rebecca , Zautner Andreas Erich
Published: February 2015

Chronic inflammation, which is caused by recurrent infections, is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. If reimplantation of autologous ossicles after a surgical intervention is intended, inactivation of planktonic bacteria and biofilms is desirable. High hydrostatic pressure treatment is a procedure, which has been used to inactivate cholesteatoma cells on ossicles. Here we discuss the potential inactivating effect of high hydrostatic pressure on microbial pathogens including biofilms. Recent experimental data suggest an incomplete inactivation at a pressure level, which is tolerable for the bone substance of ossicles and results at least in a considerable reduction of pathogen load. Further studies are necessary to access how far this quantitative reduction of pathogens is sufficient to prevent ongoing chronic infections, for example, due to forming of biofilms.
American Ginseng Regulates Gene Expression to Protect against Premature Ovarian Failure in Rats
Authors: Zhu Lei , Li Ji , Xing Nannan , Han Dongwei , Kuang Haixue , Ge Pengling
Published: February 2015

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as lost ovarian functions before the age of 40. Three possible molecular markers (PLA2G4A,miR-29a, andmiR-144) have been identified in our previous study by integrated analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression profiles. The present study aimed to evaluate American ginseng root’s protective potential against POF by studying transcriptional and protein variations between American ginseng treatments and controls in rats. 4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) was administered to rats for 14 days to induce POF. Additionally, American ginseng was administered to POF rats for one month, andPLA2G4A,miR-29a, andmiR-144expressions were measured in rat ovaries by qRT-PCR. PLA2G4A protein expression was examined by Western Blot, and PGE2, LH, FSH, and E2 serum levels were detected by ELISA.PLA2G4AmRNA and protein were downregulated in American ginseng-treated rats,miR-29aandmiR-144levels increased, and PGE2serum levels decreased, while LH, FSH, and E2 increased compared to POF induction alone. Analysis of transcriptional and protein variations suggested that American ginseng protects the ovary against POF by regulating prostaglandin biosynthesis, ovulation, and preventing ovarian aging. High hormone levels (PGE2, FSH, and LH) were reduced, and E2 secretion approached normal levels, leading to improved POF symptoms and abnormal ovulation.
A New CDS Structure for High Density FPA with Low Power
Authors: Wang Xiao , Shi Zelin
Published: February 2015

Being an essential part of infrared readout integrated circuit, correlated double sampling (CDS)
circuits play important roles in both depressing reset noise and conditioning integration signals.
To adapt applications for focal planes of large format and high density, a new structure of CDS
circuit occupying small layout area is proposed, whose power dissipation has been optimized by
using MOSFETs in operation of subthreshold region, which leads to 720 nW. Then the
noise calculation model is established, based on which the noise analysis has been carried out
by the approaches of transfer function and numerical simulations using SIMULINK and Verilog-A.
The results are in good agreement, demonstrating the validity of the present noise calculation model.
Thermal noise plays a dominant role in the long wave situation while 1/f noise is the majority in the medium wave situation. The total noise of long wave is smaller than medium wave, both of which increase with the integration capacitor and integration time increasing.
Influence of Culture Media on Biofilm Formation byCandidaSpecies and Response of Sessile Cells to Antifungals and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Serrano-Fujarte Isela , López-Romero Everardo , Reyna-López Georgina Elena , Martínez-Gámez Ma. Alejandrina , Vega-González Arturo , Cuéllar-Cruz Mayra
Published: February 2015

The aims of the study were to evaluate the influence of culture media on biofilm formation byC. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei,andC. parapsilosisand to investigate the responses of sessile cells to antifungals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) as compared to planktonic cells. For biofilm formation, theCandidaspecies were grown at different periods of time in YP or YNB media supplemented or not with 0.2 or 2% glucose. Sessile and planktonic cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of antifungals, H2O2, menadione or silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Biofilms were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantified by the XTT assay.C. albicansformed biofilms preferentially in YPD containing 2% glucose (YPD/2%),C. glabratain glucose-free YNB or supplemented with 0.2% glucose (YNB/0.2%), whileC. kruseiandC. parapsilosispreferred YP, YPD/0.2%, and YPD/2%. Interestingly, onlyC. albicansproduced an exopolymeric matrix. This is the first report dealing with thein vitroeffect of the culture medium and glucose on the formation of biofilms in fourCandidaspecies as well as the resistance of sessile cells to antifungals, AgNPs, and ROS. Our results suggest that candidiasisin vivois a multifactorial and complex process where the nutritional conditions, the human immune system, and the adaptability of the pathogen should be considered altogether to provide an effective treatment of the patient.
Nitrate Promotes Capsaicin Accumulation inCapsicum chinenseImmobilized Placentas
Authors: Aldana-Iuit Jeanny G. , Sauri-Duch Enrique , Miranda-Ham María de Lourdes , Castro-Concha Lizbeth A. , Cuevas-Glory Luis F. , Vázquez-Flota Felipe A.
Published: February 2015

In chili pepper’s pods, placental tissue is responsible for the synthesis of capsaicinoids (CAPs), the compounds behind their typical hot flavor or pungency, which are synthesized from phenylalanine and branched amino acids. Placental tissue sections from Habanero peppers (Capsicum chinenseJacq.) were immobilized in a calcium alginate matrix and culturedin vitro, either continuously for 28 days or during two 14-day subculture periods. Immobilized placental tissue remained viable and metabolically active for up to 21 days, indicating its ability to interact with media components. CAPs contents abruptly decreased during the first 7 days in culture, probably due to structural damage to the placenta as revealed by scanning electron microcopy. CAPs levels remained low throughout the entire culture period, even though a slight recovery was noted in subcultured placentas. However, doubling the medium’s nitrate content (from 40 to 80 mM) resulted in an important increment, reaching values similar to those of intact pod’s placentas. These data suggest that isolated pepper placentas culturedin vitroremain metabolically active and are capable of metabolizing inorganic nitrogen sources, first into amino acids and, then, channeling them to CAP synthesis.
Hepatocyte-Specific Ablation of PP2A Catalytic SubunitαAttenuates Liver Fibrosis Progression via TGF-β1/Smad Signaling
Authors: Lu Na , Liu Yun , Tang An , Chen Lulu , Miao Dengshun , Yuan Xiaoqin
Published: February 2015

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a family of the major serine/threonine phosphatases in cells, regulates many aspects of physiological processes. However, isoform-specific substrates and the biological role of each specific member of the PP2A family remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether PP2A catalytic subunit Cα(PP2Acα) is involved in chronic hepatic injury and fibrosis. A hepatocyte-specific PP2Acαablation mice model was established to examine the effect of PP2Acαon carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced chronic hepatic injury and fibrosis. Our results showed that PP2Acαknockout mice were less susceptible to chronic CCl4-induced liver injury as evidenced by lower levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, decreased hepatocyte proliferation, and increased rate of apoptotic removal of the injured hepatocytes. PP2Acαknockout mice also displayed a lesser extent of liver fibrosis as a significant decrease in the proportion ofα-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells and collagen deposition was observed in their liver tissues. Furthermore, the levels of serum TGF-β1 and hepatocytic Smad phosphorylation were reduced in the PP2Acαknockout mice. These data suggest that hepatocyte-specific ablation of PP2Acαprotects against CCl4-induced chronic hepatic injury and fibrogenesis and the protective effect is mediated at least partially through the impaired TGF-β1/Smad signaling.
Effects of Surgical and Dietary Weight Loss Therapy for Obesity on Gut Microbiota Composition and Nutrient Absorption
Authors: Damms-Machado Antje , Mitra Suparna , Schollenberger Asja E. , Kramer Klaus Michael , Meile Tobias , Königsrainer Alfred , Huson Daniel H. , Bischoff Stephan C.
Published: February 2015

Evidence suggests a correlation between the gut microbiota composition and weight loss caused by caloric restriction. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), a surgical intervention for obesity, is classified as predominantly restrictive procedure. In this study we investigated functional weight loss mechanisms with regard to gut microbial changes and energy harvest induced by LSG and a very low calorie diet in ten obese subjects (n=5per group) demonstrating identical weight loss during a follow-up period of six months. For gut microbiome analysis next generation sequencing was performed and faeces were analyzed for targeted metabolomics. The energy-reabsorbing potential of the gut microbiota decreased following LSG, indicated by the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, but increased during diet. Changes in butyrate-producing bacterial species were responsible for the Firmicutes changes in both groups. No alteration of faecal butyrate was observed, but the microbial capacity for butyrate fermentation decreased following LSG and increased following dietetic intervention. LSG resulted in enhanced faecal excretion of nonesterified fatty acids and bile acids. LSG, but not dietetic restriction, improved the obesity-associated gut microbiota composition towards a lean microbiome phenotype. Moreover, LSG increased malabsorption due to loss in energy-rich faecal substrates and impairment of bile acid circulation. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.govNCT01344525.