bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Authenticity: Principles and Notions
Authors: Kono Toshiyuki
Published: October 2014

This paper illustrates the evolution of the concept in the context of the World Heritage Convention, following the World Heritage Committee’s records as primary source materials. Already in the late 1970s and the 1980s, the at-that-time-valid normative framework of the convention was under pressure from sections of the international community for revision based on a shift in emphasis from physical aspects to the cultural significance of properties. The change from physical to intangible significance is reflected in the expansion of heritage concepts and the recognition of diverse conservation practices. Against such a background, authenticity was given a new approach by the Nara Document: authenticity as credibility of information sources. The Nara Document was introduced into heritage practices in various regions and was accepted in UNESCO’s “Operational Guidelines” in 2005. The Nara Document recognized that the authenticity of a site is rooted in specific sociocultural contexts. Under the World Heritage Committee’s Global Strategy, certain types of properties may obtain new values attributed by society, and conservation of certain properties involves the continuous interrelationship between people, their activities, and heritage. As a result of the sociocultural perspective that the Nara Document introduced, some new issues have been identified to which the idea of authenticity will need to be adapted.
The Venice Charter Down Under: Its Legacy in Landscape Preservation
Authors: Lennon Jane
Published: October 2014

In examining the Venice Charter, Australia ICOMOS found its principles to be universally sound but not applicable to an ancient landscape with only two hundred years of settler society. In response, Australia ICOMOS members created the Burra Charter to deal with conservation of places of cultural significance, and in the years since 1981, it has been updated to reflect contemporary practice and improved understanding. It does have relevance to large landscapes, and although its principles and planning steps have been followed for large publicly-owned conservation landscapes such as national parks, the challenge is to apply it to freehold landscapes with significant cultural heritage values. Landowners, farmers, managers, politicians, and planners need to be convinced of its relevance. This paper examines a methodology involving landscape art, history, and literature to supplement more standard land-use classification and heritage assessment as a way of generating wider public support.
From International to Cosmopolitan: Taking The Venice Charter Beyond the “State-Party” Politics of Experts
Authors: Koziol Christopher
Published: October 2014

Contemporary globalization renders the Venice Charter’s implicit technocratic internationalism dated and possibly obsolete. Transnational economic markets and social movements embedded in civil society stand in contrast to the foundational assumptions of the charter, the sovereign nation-state, and the authority of expertise in service to the state. As both capital and labor have become increasingly migratory, the power of national governments to resist cultural change—whether through homogenization or hybridization—is diminished. This paper attempts to be both historical and analytical, and while establishing a framework for understanding a need for a new normative direction, it is not prescriptive. The Venice Charter expresses a relatively uncritical trust in the rational collaborations of nation-states and their experts. In the context of this short article, I argue that financial considerations have transformed heritage site management, and specifically, that International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) increasingly direct public attention and private capital to specific heritage sites. These investments are sometimes in line with charter values; at other times, they are in response to emerging voices, either within donor groups or by communities of interest expressing distinct world views. This has the potential to undermine an approach to governmental (statist) and expert-led planning that is assumed in the Venice Charter and other twentieth-century heritage conventions and structures. This analysis benefits from, and references, scholarly analyses performed in other policy sectors.
The Venice Charter and Cultural Landscapes: Evolution of Heritage Concepts and Conservation Over Time
Authors: Goetcheus Cari , Mitchell Nora
Published: October 2014

In revisiting the 1931 Athens Charter, the 1964 Venice Charter codified the tenants of universal heritage based on principles of good practice at that time. The Venice Charter articulated a preservation philosophy, with an emphasis on the tangible constructs of culture—monuments and sites. Subsequent years have seen a broadening of the concept of cultural heritage, and the Venice Charter has been both heralded and criticized by a breadth of disciplines within heritage preservation. With an eye to the ever-evolving world of cultural heritage, this paper explores the Venice Charter and other guiding documents through the lens of cultural landscapes. The Venice Charter influenced the 1982 Florence Charter on Historic Gardens as the concept of cultural heritage broadened to be inclusive of landscapes. By 1992, UNESCO’s Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention fully recognized cultural landscapes as a valued cultural resource. Since then, the concept of cultural heritage has continued to broaden to include intangible heritage, cultural routes, historic urban landscapes, and most recently, a world rural landscapes initiative. The paper closes with an overview of the challenges and opportunities in cultural landscape conservation today as practitioners address new types of landscape heritage, recognition of associative values and indigenous knowledge, and continuing agricultural landscapes.
Deconsecrating a Doctrinal Monument: Raymond M. Lemaire (1921–1997) and the Revisions of the Venice Charter
Authors: Houbart Claudine
Published: October 2014

Considering himself the ‘‘main author’’ of the Venice Charter, Raymond M. Lemaire was then one of the first (along with Piero Gazzola) to advocate for a revision of the document. As early as 1971, the two men—the first secretary general and president of ICOMOS, respectively—launched a debate, advocating for a better consideration of the social value of heritage. They also called for the development of specific principles for the preservation of historic cities, to be included in the Venice Charter. Lemaire’s experience in that field had convinced him that, contrary to the assertion of Article 14, ‘‘a literal application of principles valid for monuments, considered as such, is not always possible, nor desirable, for the ensembles.’’ The adoption of the Amsterdam Declaration did not put an end to his efforts. Despite his unsuccessful attempt to get a revised version approved by the ICOMOS General Assembly in Moscow in 1978, Lemaire always remained critical towards the charter and the application of its principles in the field. In the 1980s, he emphasized its shortcomings in terms of cultural diversity, and in 1996 one of his last texts articulated the negative effect of Article 9, leading to the idea that ‘‘the mere essence of a conservation operation is a modernist intervention on the edifice or neighborhood.’’ Beyond its interest for preservation history, an understanding of Lemaire’s early critical position toward the Venice Charter should inspire current debates and help us overcome our reluctance to challenge the sacred principles of what we consider a doctrinal monument.
The Care and Management of Historic Hindu Temples in India: An Examination of Preservation Policies Influenced by the Venice Charter in Non-Judeo-Christian Contexts
Authors: Krishna Ashima
Published: October 2014

Hindu temples constitute a complex architectural typology that has even more complicated cognitive associations in the form of traditional beliefs, rituals, and practices. This building typology is most abundantly found in India, but it is also growing outside the subcontinent, spurred by an increasing Hindu diaspora, making this discussion relevant in contexts far beyond India. This paper, however, examines how preservation policies in India, as well as provisions of the Venice Charter, often create conflict when applied to religious historic structures such as Hindu Temples and lead to struggles of designation, preservation, maintenance, and use. Many non-Judeo-Christian religions, such as Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Zoroastrianism, account for a significant share of the historic built environment in India, and each of these religions guides the care of its sites according to its particular set of beliefs and practices, including the use and reuse of sites and structures. While the diversity of these faiths deserves a detailed discussion, this paper will focus on places of Hindu worship as a means for facilitating a broader discussion regarding how non-Judeo-Christian sites are impacted by central and state policies in India, as well as the tenets of the Venice Charter. It will also propose to examine what can be done to better serve and preserve them, keeping the religious and cultural cognitions in mind.
Learning from a Legacy: Venice to Valletta
Authors: Veldpaus Loes , Roders Ana Pereira
Published: October 2014

Experts have been gathering for decades to discuss their ideals and experiences in heritage management. One of their objectives is the search for common ground and the clarification of best practice guidelines, to be endorsed and applied worldwide. However, in the past half-century, the reality and ideals of cultural heritage management have shifted significantly. This paper will reveal and discuss how this shift is evident in the field’s professional guidelines. What triggered this shift in heritage theory? And how did the concept of heritage evolve over the past decades? First, a literature review will discuss current theory on this topic. This is complemented by a comparative analysis of seven key doctrinal documents. The selection ranges from the Venice Charter (ICOMOS, 1964) to the Valletta Principles (ICOMOS, 2011). The content will be systematically analyzed using a descriptiveanalytical method from the narrative tradition in evidence-based policy evaluation research (Pawson 2002 [see reference 26]). Results are presented in a summary matrix, tracing and comparing the evolution of what is considered heritage and why. A correlation of the results will reveal triggers and ideologies behind this shift in the heritage concept over time. It will also provide some recommendations to shape the agendas for research in heritage theory, policy, and practice in relation to heritage management and sustainable development.
Civilization-Making and Its Discontents: The Venice Charter and Heritage Policies in Contemporary China
Authors: Shepherd Robert
Published: October 2014

An evaluation of the importance and impact of the 1964 Venice Charter on cultural heritage preservation efforts requires context, given that this accord had the very specific goal of preserving the world’s most significant archaeological sites and monuments. Over the past five decades the charter has been supplemented by more than forty additional international and regional conventions and accords on the nebulous topic of heritage. In the process, the meaning and scope of this concept has steadily expanded far beyond monumental and historical built space. Consequently, what began as an attempt to protect one type of built space and a particular type of scientific practice has been transformed into a transnational movement that claims to protect the material and cultural heritage of all the world’s peoples. Spearheaded by UNESCO, the world heritage movement has assumed the existence of not just cross-cultural agreement on what constitutes world heritage but also universal consensus on how heritage should be organized, displayed, and protected. Examining heritage policies in the People’s Republic of China illustrates the continued importance of culture in how heritage is conceived, as well as the multiple reasons why state actors and citizens engage in the practice of heritage-making.
Spain Under The Venice Charter
Authors: Mileto Camilla , Vegas Fernando
Published: October 2014

This article examines the Venice Charter’s influence on the evolution of restoration in Spain in the interesting period that bridges the gap between Francoism and the dawn of democracy. Under the organizational structure that prevailed during Francoism, the restoration of monuments in the whole state was assigned to seven specialized architects who engaged in a stylistic approach. With the subsequent dawn of democracy, the field of monument restoration opened to a large range of non-specialized architects who applied ideas of critical restoration theory. This blatant dichotomy led to a diverse interpretation of the Venice Charter that this text strives to analyze from the vantage point of its actors, starting with the work of the participants in the Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments and continuing with the protagonists of the discipline of restoration in this country who followed after them.
The Concept of Historic Authenticity and Its Methdology for Preservation of Historic Urban Areas in Chinese Contexts
Authors: Chen Shujie
Published: October 2014

According to the Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in China, ‘‘heritage sites must be historically authentic,’’ which means that physical remains of heritage sites must be in their historic condition and truly and credibly reflect the site’s historic reality. The concept of historic authenticity is inherently related to the spiritual perspective of authenticity in Chinese culture. This spiritual value legitimizes Chinese restoration traditions related to physical fabric renewal, in particular the processes of replacement, restoration, and reconstruction. However, this interpretation of authenticity could also lead to the inappropriate demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. According to the same principle of historic authenticity, historic urban areas must ‘‘retain their overall historic appearance’’ as the container of historic information. In order to protect the overall historic townscape of an area without sacrificing its use in contemporary daily life, townscape management becomes a significant challenge. In practice, there is a trend to classify all historic buildings of secondary importance into several classes, according to their physical integrity, vulnerability, associations with major heritage sites, and their contribution to their historic townscape. Under this system, designation classifications would then allow for preservation interventions at different levels of impact, including reconstruction and relocation. Although this classification-intervention method is gradually gaining acceptance in local preservation plans, its impact on authenticity is still a matter of debate. This paper will explain the concept of historic authenticity and its methodology in China. It will compare this concept to the principles of authenticity encapsulated in the Venice Charter and the Nara Document on Authenticity. Finally, it will introduce the classification method of historic buildings and present the author’s comments and opinions on them.
The Place of the Venice Charter Principles in the Context of National Cultural Revival in Ukraine after 1991
Authors: Goncharova Kateryna
Published: October 2014

A unique situation from a methodological standpoint occurred in Ukraine after the country gained independence in August 1991. The national cultural revival that followed created a nourishing background for enormous interest in significant monuments and sites that had been destroyed during the Soviet era. As a result, the question of reconstruction became a subject of vast discussion, splitting the professional community into followers of the Venice Charter and proponents of a new, more radical approach oriented around the reconstruction of lost monuments. A more moderate position declared that reconstruction could allow for the restoration of a building as ‘‘a document of revealed history,’’ but challenged the ultimate value of authenticity. The practice of preservation in Ukraine at that time illustrates the gravity of the reconstruction approach due to new social and cultural demands (as evidenced by the reconstruction of Dormition Cathedral in Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, St. Michael’s Cathedral in Kiev, and so forth). Continued obsession with reconstruction led to the neglect of methodological requirements and the misuse and misapplication of projects developed on a scientific basis. Subsequent disappointment with reconstruction revealed the importance and relevance of Venice Charter principles in Ukrainian modern preservation theory and practice.
The Political Economy of Discretionary Spending: Evidence from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Authors: Boone Christopher , Dube Arindrajit , Kaplan Ethan
Published: October 2014

We study in this paper the spatial allocation of expenditures in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), one of the largest discretionary funding bills in the history of the United States. Contrary to both evidence from previous fiscal stimulus programs and standard theories of legislative politics, we do not find evidence of substantial political targeting. The districts of party leaders did not receive more funds than those of rank-and-file legislators, nor did the districts of pivotal voters in the Senate or swing voters in the House receive more money. While Democratic districts overall received more per resident than Republican districts, this differential nearly disappears when we consider award per worker in each district or when we control for district poverty rate. Democratic states did receive modestly greater funds, but this is largely due to higher levels of funding going to places with more generous state welfare programs. At the same time, we find no relationship between the amount awarded and measures of the severity of the downturn in the local economy, while we do find more funds flowing to districts with higher levels of economic activity and greater incidence of poverty. The results are consistent with the discretionary component of ARRA being allocated through funding formulas or based on project characteristics other than countercyclical efficacy or political expediency, which stands in contrast to evidence from fiscal stimulus in the New Deal. One explanation suggests that over the past century, legislative norms have reduced the scope of discretion—with attendant benefits and costs.
Abenomics: Preliminary Analysis and Outlook
Authors: Hausman Joshua K. , Wieland Johannes F.
Published: October 2014

In early 2013, Japan enacted a monetary regime change. The Bank of Japan set a 2 percent inflation target and specified concrete actions to achieve this goal by 2015. In 2013, Shinzo Abe’s government supported this change with fiscal policy and planned structural reforms. Together with the Bank of Japan’s aggressive monetary easing, this policy package is known as “Abenomics.” We show that Abenomics ended deflation in 2013 and raised long-run inflation expectations. Our estimates suggest that Abenomics also raised 2013 output growth by 0.9 to 1.8 percentage points. Monetary policy alone accounted for up to a percentage point of growth, largely through positive effects on consumption. In both the medium and the long run, Abenomics will likely continue to be stimulative. However, the size of this effect, while highly uncertain, thus far appears likely to fall short of Japan’s large output gap. In part this is because the Bank of Japan’s 2 percent inflation target is not yet fully credible. We conclude by outlining a way to interpret future data releases in light of our results.
The Wealthy Hand-to-Mouth
Authors: Kaplan Greg , Violante Giovanni L. , Weidner Justin
Published: October 2014

The “wealthy hand-to-mouth” are households that hold little or no liquid wealth, whether in cash or in checking or savings accounts, despite owning sizable amounts of illiquid assets (assets that carry a transaction cost, such as housing or retirement accounts). We use survey data on household portfolios for the United States, Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain to document the share of such households across countries, their demographic characteristics, the composition of their balance sheets, and the persistence of hand-to-mouth status over their life cycle. The portfolio configuration of the wealthy hand-to-mouth suggests that these households may have a high marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income changes, a prediction for which we find empirical support in PSID data. We explain the implications of this group of consumers for macroeconomic modeling and fiscal policy analysis.
Effects of Unconventional Monetary Policy on Financial Institutions
Authors: Chodorow-Reich Gabriel
Published: October 2014

Monetary policy affects the real economy in part through its effects on financial institutions. High-frequency event studies show that the introduction of unconventional monetary policy in the winter of 2008–09 had a strong, beneficial impact on banks and, especially, on life insurance companies. I interpret the positive effects on life insurers as evidence that expansionary policy helped to recapitalize the sector by raising the value of legacy assets. Expansionary policy had small positive or neutral effects on banks and life insurers during the period 2010–13. The interaction of low nominal interest rates and administrative costs forced money market funds to waive fees, producing a possible incentive to reach for yield to reduce waivers. I show that money market funds with higher costs did reach for higher returns in 2009–11, but not thereafter. Some private defined-benefit pension funds increased their risk taking beginning in 2009, but again such behavior largely dissipated by 2012. In sum, unconventional monetary policy helped to stabilize some sectors and provoked modest additional risk taking in others. I do not find evidence that riskiness of the financial institutions studied fomented a trade-off between expansionary policy and financial stability at the end of 2013.
Are the Long-Term Unemployed on the Margins of the Labor Market?
Authors: Krueger Alan B. , Cramer Judd , Cho David
Published: October 2014

Long-term transition rates calculated from the Current Population Survey, the Survey of Income and Program Participation, and Rutgers University’s Work Trends Survey indicate that the long-term unemployed have a 20 to 40 percent lower probability of being employed 1 to 2 years in the future than do the short-term unemployed. In comparison with the short-term unemployed, for the long-term unemployed the job finding rate is less sensitive to the state of the business cycle, but their labor force withdrawal rate is more procyclical. A calibration exercise finds that the tendency of the labor force withdrawal rate of the long-term unemployed to decline in a recession and then rise in a recovery plays an important role in the well-documented loop around the Beveridge curve. Overall, the results suggest that the longer workers are unemployed, the less attached they become to the labor market.
Debt and Incomplete Financial Markets: A Case for Nominal GDP Targeting
Authors: Sheedy Kevin D.
Published: October 2014

For many households borrowing is possible only by accepting a financial contract that specifies a fixed repayment stream. However, the future income that will repay this debt is uncertain, so risk can be inefficiently distributed. This paper shows that when debt contracts are written in terms of money, a monetary policy of nominal GDP targeting improves the functioning of financial markets. By insulating households’ nominal incomes from aggregate real shocks, this policy effectively achieves risk sharing by stabilizing the ratio of debt to income. The paper also shows that when there is price stickiness, the objective of improving risk sharing should still receive considerable weight in the conduct of monetary policy relative to stabilizing inflation.
The Louvre in Ruins: A Revolutionary Sublime
Authors: Kassabova Biliana
Published: October 2014

This article analyses Hubert Robert’s 1796 painting Vue imaginaire de la Grande Galerie en ruines in the context of contemporary discourse on the sublime and of the Revolution of 1789. The Louvre is represented not as a national museum inaugurated by an enlightened revolution, but as the remains of a dying world. A possible result of the Terror of Year II is put on the canvas as a sublime terror of the kind that had fascinated eighteenth century philosophers.
Building the Louvre: Architectures of Politics and Art
Authors: Bray Patrick M. , Usher Phillip John
Published: October 2014

The Louvre has crystallized discourse on city space and national power for over a thousand years. What emerges transhistorically is a pattern of constant interaction that collects and legitimizes forms of authority. The Louvre connects modes of power and knowledge through an articulation of discrete discourses (spatial, historical, aesthetic, and political). Building the Louvre juxtaposes historical moments and objects of study in order to reveal what repeats across time (such as configurations of national identity, language, and power) and what remains a specific response to a given historical situation.
Les habitants du Louvre : The Museum and the List
Authors: Morris Kathleen
Published: October 2014

In 2009, Umberto Eco curated a series of Louvre programs on the theme of the list, titled Vertige de la liste . As part of these programs, Jacques Roubaud and Christian Boltanski produced a book on the theme, Les habitants du Louvre . In the book and exhibition, lists serve as a lens through which changing relationships between the Louvre and the display of its collections can be considered. The exhibition and book inhabit modes of epistemological inquiry endemic to the museum and collecting practices. They are, in a sense, artistic projects – producing unofficial versions of the history of art from within the Louvre itself.
A Public on Display: Making Civil Engagement Visible at the Musée des Français
Authors: Mitchell William
Published: October 2014

The opening of the Musée des Français was part of a strategy to repurpose a past cultural heritage to the ideological needs of a new republic. As a public institution, it was a rupture from the ancien régime ; as a space for public engagement, it implicated the public in an historical discourse in which they were now expected to take part. This function was made possible by creating a vision of the Republic and how and where the public, as citizens, fit into a national discourse that both included them and relied on them for its future.
Medieval Towers, or a Pre-History of the Louvre
Authors: Heller Sarah-Grace
Published: October 2014

Examining the initial construction of the Louvre as part of Philip Augustus’ program of fortifications in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, this article examines texts depicting towers defending waterways and their possible influence on the architectural imaginary. The ninth-century monk Abbo’s Latin poem about Norse raids on Paris in 885-886 conveyed the importance of elevation and solid stone construction for defensive towers, and the need to protect the Seine from the northern threats. Twelfth-century romances such as the Roman d’Enéas and Partonopeus de Blois describe impressive towers ten times taller than the Louvre’s citadel, but whose proportions were strikingly similar.
The Louvre Abu Dhabi: French Universalism, Exported
Authors: Graebner Seth
Published: October 2014

The construction of the Louvre Abu Dhabi provides an opportunity to consider the ways in which the Louvre represents the values the French consider “universal,” and the political and practical effects of exporting those values. While the alleged commercialization of the Louvre caused considerable controversy in France, participants in the debate shared assumptions about the importance of universalism within France. While the new museum’s purchases suggest that European painting continues to be the valued default signifier of universal value in art, the intentions and practices of the museum in the United Arab Emirates may challenge the French notion of universalism.
Collecting for Clio: Louis-Philippe’s Musée Espagnol or the Louvre as National History
Authors: Lerner Bettina
Published: October 2014

For a decade following its inauguration in 1838, the Musée Espagnol was billed as one of Paris’s main attractions. Created by Louis-Philippe d’Orléans, the Galerie Espagnole was emblematic of the continuities and contradictions that informed the rise of the bourgeois collector and the modern notion of patrimoine . In its attempt to blur distinctions between private collecting and public nation-building, the Musée Espagnol reveals crucial aspects of the July Monarchy’s political strategies. This analysis also reveals how the King’s strategic collection was met with tactical resistance by artists whose experiences as spectators read new meanings into the gallery and its paintings.
The Louvre of Charles V: Legitimacy, Renewal, and Royal Presence in Fourteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Cruse Mark
Published: October 2014

No monument better expressed the ambitions of King Charles V of France (r. 1364-80) than the Louvre. Charles V’s renovated Louvre asserted his legitimacy, served as a temple of wisdom, and was a majestic sign of the renewed presence of the monarch after years of royal absence. This article examines how Charles V’s Louvre created meaning through its association with its site, with other monuments, and with texts and images to become a political manifesto in stone. Through the expansion of the Louvre, Charles V sought to shape how his kingdom was perceived both by his subjects and by foreigners.
Prose Constructions: Nerval, Baudelaire, and the Louvre
Authors: Bray Patrick M.
Published: October 2014

This article examines the destruction of the bohemian neighborhood known as Le Doyenné found within the wings of the Louvre during Napoleon III’s remodeling of national politics and Parisian space. The razing of this quartier by Second Empire authorities simultaneously effaced from view artists and the poor. Gérard de Nerval’s two nostalgic works about the time he lived in the Doyenné neighborhood, La Bohême galante and Petits châteaux de Bohême: Prose et poésie along with Charles Baudelaire’s Spleen de Paris: Petits poèmes en prose form the aesthetic response to this political, spatial, and semiotic crisis through their writing of poetry into prose.
From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572
Authors: Usher Phillip John
Published: October 2014

Forging a dialogue between an architectural treatise (by Jacques Androuët du Cerceau), a literary text (by Agrippa d’Aubigné), and various other textual and artistic “traces,” this article examines how the late-Renaissance Louvre came to be not just a backdrop but a fully constituted theater for key events: the marriage of Catholic Marguerite de Valois to Huguenot Henri de Bourbon; and the assassination of Huguenot leader, Gaspard de Coligny. Usher shows how Du Cerceau and D’Aubigné, in conflicting ways, employ the Louvre to configure connections between art and royal and religious authority during this particularly difficult moment of French history.
A Museum at War: The Louvre 1914-1921
Authors: Maingon Claire
Published: October 2014

This article shows the hidden role the Louvre played in the cultural battles of WWI. The evacuation of the collections toward the provinces provoked the contemporary imagination. The French press used the image of an empty Louvre to fuel anti-German propaganda. In Toulouse, the Mona Lisa and the treasures of the Louvre were the objects of political maneuvering. After the Armistice, the Louvre showcased highly publicized exhibits featuring recuperated artwork. The reinstallation of artworks was the subject of much debate around the centrality of foreign schools versus the revalorization of the French tradition from the Romantics to the Realists.
“ Ce grand bastiment neuf et vieux ”: The Louvre Towards Political, Social, and Urban Transformations in the Grand Siècle
Authors: Visentin Hélène
Published: October 2014

With a focus on urban space and social and cultural interactions, this article argues that the Louvre, as both a physical and political site, articulates a rather ambiguous connection between art, culture, and politics in the seventeenth century. If the Louvre represents royal authority, it is no longer the place in which new culture circulates. By bringing together perspectives from art, literature, as well as urban and cultural studies, this article aims to question the relation between space and culture and to understand how the Louvre positions itself within a new kind of urban experience.
Le soleil naît derrière le Louvre : Malet, Surrealism, and the Modern Explosion of Paris
Authors: Goulet Andrea
Published: October 2014

Nationalistic discourse around the 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa set up a tension between conservation and anarchy that would affect debates about the revolutionary, even destructive, potential of surrealist art. Léo Malet’s detective stories of the 1950s seem to swerve away from the author’s earlier surrealist engagement, but actually extend a critique of the conservative (in both senses) spirit that the Louvre had come to represent. This essay reads the first story of Malet’s Nouveaux mystères de Paris , in which art theft in the Louvre quartier results in a bomb-like dispersal of bodies, paintings, and wealth, as an allegory of the mid-twentieth century shift from urban consolidation to an age of entropic globalism and unanchored capitalism.
Scale Models and Stables: Form and Function in the Eighteenth-Century Louvre
Authors: Lee Natasha C.
Published: October 2014

Though the eighteenth-century Louvre has often been read in a teleological framework for its coming into being as a museum, a closer look at the building’s history reveals how it took on contingent functions throughout the century, its empty form inviting new uses while resisting others. Accounts of the palace’s decrepit state depended upon whether one saw it as a symbol of royal power or as a building to be used by the people of France, a monument to the nation. Ultimately, the image of an abandoned Louvre was itself the product of an eighteenth-century century historiographical tradition.
Open City: Philibert’s La Ville Louvre
Authors: Flinn Margaret C.
Published: October 2014

This article examines Nicolas Philibert’s 1990 documentary La ville Louvre (1990), proposing a reading of its representation of art and work within the context of French politics of the 1980s. The film is situated in relationship to discourse about the controversy of François Mitterrand’s Grand Louvre renovations, particularly the glass pyramids designed by I. M. Pei. The film’s montage, its framing of workers and its contextual politics show it to be more politically inflected than is generally perceived.
“Taking the Gold Out of Egypt”: Prostitution and the Economy of Salvation in the Vida de María Egipciaca
Authors: Francomano Emily C.
Published: October 2014

This article explores how the thirteenth-century verse Vida de María Egipciaca portrays the sins, conversion, and spectacular penance of Mary of Egypt in terms of her rejection of and eventual entrance into orthodox economies. As I argue, hagiographic legends about prostitutes have economic subtexts and the Vida offers paradoxical visions of prostitution both as a foil and as an analogue for the financial metaphors that undergird the very economy of salvation. In the Vida prostitution, as practiced by the repentant María, not only represents sexual depravity, but also a move from economic indifference and the unregulated distribution of sexual activities to a consciousness of just prices and exchange values. The poem thus offers a striking medieval articulation of Christian salvation economy, relating the salvation economy to notions of women’s value as objects of exchange. In so doing, the Vida also interlaces the context of thirteenth-century Mediterranean economic culture with its poetics.
A las “mal tajadas plumas”: el antimodernismo de Ramón Franquelo
Authors: Valverde Sergio Constán
Published: October 2014

In the framework of Hispanic Modernist reception, the volumen by the Andalucian Ramón Franquelo y Romero entitled Frases impropias, barbarismos, solecismos y extranjerismos de uso más frecuente en la prensa y en la conversación (1910) has not been studied in depth. The book was initially conceived as a guide for the correct use of the Spanish language, but the author tries to take advantage of it by attacking modernist literature, following Antonio de Valbuena or Friar Martín Blanco’s harsh voices, among others. Ramón Franquelo represents two focal points against the controversial literary movement: religious setting and linguistic purism. Franquelo’s case offers new keys with which we can continue delving into antimodernism.
Ovidian Lyric Voice in the Iberian Baroque
Authors: Allen Guinevere W.
Published: October 2014

The present study is an analysis of the ways in which Ovid’s account of the myth of Echo and Narcissus ( Metamorphoses vv. 357–401) serves as a foundation for models of sonority and voice within Iberian Baroque aesthetics. In more specific terms, I argue that these models enabled seventeenth-century Iberian (and Ibero-American) poets—especially Luis de Góngora and those poets in dialogue with his work—to make strategic use of gendered discourse at both the semantico-referential and pragmatic levels of signification. Grounding my analysis in a close reading of selected works by Luis de Góngora, Sóror Violante do Céu, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, I point to the implementation of specific poetic elements (such as hyperbaton, enjambment, and rima abrazada ) which constitute a mode of poetic composition that works in large measure to foreground prosody over semantic and syntactic order. The result is a “poetics of Echo” that draws from a specific conception of Echo’s linguistic presence in the Ovidian version of the myth. I argue that a particularly Ovidian intersection of body, textuality, and voice emerges during the early seventeenth-century Ibero-Baroque poetry that I consider.
Memoria e identidad (auto)biográfica en La ninfa inconstante de Guillermo Cabrera Infante
Authors: Darancou Iván Eusebio Aguirre
Published: October 2014

In his last, posthumous novel, La ninfa inconstante , Guillermo Cabrera Infante presents a return to Havana before the Cuban Revolution. This article seeks to mobilize the strategies of autobiography, memory and autofiction to understand the author’s rewriting of his memoirs in a novelistic form. Memory is used as a tool to access and rewrite the past, seeking to bypass or question state ideologies, be they communist or capitalist. Using the theoretical model of Svetlana Boym’s work on nostalgia, I read the novel as a nostalgic return to a past that seeks to resignify the present history of Cuba before and during the Revolution; to create a lieux de mémoire that will testify for an alternative history of Cuba as well as serve as an example for other Cuban and non-Cuban exiles to (re)create their own spaces outside of official history without defying it openly.
El caso de las “mujeres sueltas”: Isabella de Luna, prostituta en el ejército imperial y cortesana española en Roma, y la Monja Alférez, Catalina de Erauso
Authors: Zafra Enriqueta
Published: October 2014

Prescriptive literature praised enclosure as the natural state for women and warned against talkative and footloose females. This article studies the trajectory followed by two singular women, one is the case of the pseudo autobiography of Catalina de Erauso, the so-called lieutenant-nun, who fought as a soldier for Spain and traveled throughout Europe and America disguised as a man. The other is Isabella de Luna, a young Spanish woman that followed the Spanish army and became a famous courtesan in Rome. Her sexual appetite and her traveling made her particularly dangerous and she became a target of criticism for women’s transgressions. This study will demonstrate how women out of place (the traveling woman) were a source of anxiety for the hegemonic powers of the time. Literature as this popular saying attests “la mujer honrada en casa y con la pata quebrada” contributed to maintain this soon to be shaken order.
Impossible Love and Victorian Values: J. A. Symonds and the Intellectual History of Homosexuality
Authors: Rutherford Emily
Published: October 2014

The historian and critic John Addington Symonds (1840–1893) was the first thinker in Britain to develop an academic model of male homosexual identity. Previous work on Symonds has not fully understood his distinctive blend of scholarship and sexual identity; this article situates Symonds’ thinking about homosexuality within a wider context of nineteenth-century ideas about the classics, modern history, ethics, religion, and science. It argues that intellectual and ethical concerns were more fundamental to Symonds’ sense of self than sexual expression, and that they shaped his understanding of his own and others’ sexuality.
The Making of the English: English History, British Identity, Aryan Villages, 1870–1914
Authors: Cook Simon John
Published: October 2014

In the last third of the nineteenth century an older model of folk migration was challenged and ultimately gave way to a new model of racial invasion. Where the first was associated with comparative philology and an evolutionary account of social institutions, the latter was associated with physiological ideas of race and a quasi-diffusionist idea of institutions. The debate began over the newly discovered pre-Roman prehistory of the British Isles, but was most bitterly fought over ethnological and agrarian interpretations of the Anglo-Saxon conquest. Resolution of the debate saw a redefinition of the nature and scope of English history.
Christians and Jews in the Twelfth-Century Werewolf Renaissance
Authors: Shyovitz David I.
Published: October 2014

In the late twelfth century, northern European Jewish mystics engaged in a sustained, unprecedented effort to explore the theological meaning of werewolves. This article seeks to anchor this surprising preoccupation in contemporary European religious culture, arguing that medieval Jews and Christians found werewolves “good to think with” in exploring the spiritual status of the (mutable, unstable) human body. Discourses of monstrosity were used as polemical ammunition in Jewish-Christian debates, but monstrous creatures were simultaneously held to be theologically resonant by both communities—a fact that sheds light upon the broader intellectual and cultural setting in which they were joint participants.
Ideas in Context and the Idea of Renaissance Philosophy
Authors: Celenza Christopher S.
Published: October 2014

This contribution to the symposium marking the publication of the 100th volume in the series Ideas in Context (Cambridge University Press) assesses the significance of the series for work on Renaissance philosophy.
Christian Ideas in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Gregory Brad
Published: October 2014

The revival of intellectual history in recent years, to which the series Ideas in Context has contributed, owes much to showing how ideas, beliefs, and aspirations inform all areas of human life. In the Reformation era, disagreements about Christian ideas disrupted society at large. Nearly all studies of Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries must address the consequences of these disagreements, including the books noted here by Todd, Van Gelderen, Tuck, Kusukawa, and Hoepfl.
Music-Historical Egyptomania, 1650–1950
Authors: Rehding Alexander
Published: October 2014

Starting with Athanasius Kircher in the seventeenth century, it became de rigueur for music histories to include a discussion of Ancient Egypt’s musical contribution. This is striking, considering that no notated sources of ancient Egyptian music exist. Due to stringent cultural demands, Egypt became an indispensable component of music histories in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The idea of Egyptian music, unfettered by actual examples of it, can give us a rare glimpse into wide-ranging ideas about the nature of evidence in music-historical narratives, the inner workings of music histories, and how the wider cultural tasks of music are imagined.
Oaths, Promises, and Compulsory Duties: Kant’s Response to Mendelssohn’s Jerusalem
Authors: McQuillan J. Colin
Published: October 2014

This article argues that Kant's essay on enlightenment responds to Moses Mendelssohn's defense of the freedom of conscience in Jerusalem. While Mendelssohn holds that the freedom of conscience as an inalienable right, Kant argues that the use of one's reason may be constrained by oaths. Kant calls such a constrained use of reason the private use of reason. While he also defends the unconditional freedom of the public use of reason, Kant believes that one makes oneself a part of the machinery of the church or state by swearing an oath to and assuming a position within those institutions.
“Their Song Filled the Whole Night”: Not Without Laughter , Hinterlands Jazz, and Rural Modernity
Authors: Oler Andy
Published: October 2014

This essay reads the rural Midwest as a modern space in which the sounds and material apparatus of early-twentieth-century jazz music compose the cultural field of Langston Hughes’s 1930 novel Not Without Laughter . It argues that Not Without Laughter does not attempt to supplant the more conventional urban modernities of Harlem and Chicago. Rather, the novel constructs a rural alternative that forms ambivalence through accumulation, both filling and exceeding the novel’s spaces and the experiences of its characters. Approaching Hughes’s novel through the sonic ambivalences of modern rurality evidences how some authors transgressed the supposed boundaries of the Harlem Renaissance by locating their texts outside conventional narratives. It also demonstrates how modernist turns to the rural space do not stop at exploring folk narratives and forms but can be seen to propose rural and regional modernities that accumulate materials, stories, and sounds.
From Sexual Love to Peace: Endless Care and Respect for Strangers in Michael Ondaatje’s Secular Love
Authors: Hsu Shou-Nan
Published: October 2014

Because many of the poems in Secular Love (1984) reveal the narrator’s pain, scholars have connected them to the life of Ondaatje, whose first marriage failed in the late 1970s and the early 1980s. However, the narrator’s reflections on ethical issues also deserve attention as he faces not only the sufferings of his wife and their children in the collapse of his family but also the pressure of his decision to cling to a female outsider. This essay shows that Ondaatje comes to propose a life-centered ethics that emphasizes the interconnectedness of lives as well as advocating mutual care and respect among them. According to this perspective, as life constantly changes, the desire to possess and control it should be replaced by an awareness of its fluidity and, consequently, more attention should be paid to the individual moments in life.