bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tissue-Selective Agents: Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators and the Tissue-Selective Estrogen Complex
Authors: Pickar James H , Mirkin Sebastián
Published: October 2010

Menopause has been associated with vasomotor symptoms, vulvar-vaginal atrophy and osteoporosis. One of the goals in exploring the potential of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) was to determine if they could prevent fractures, reduce menopausal symptoms and treat vaginal atrophy, while being neutral or protective on the uterus, breast and cardiovascular system. However, no SERM to date has achieved this goal. More recently, the idea of pairing a SERM with estrogen(s), known as a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC), has been studied in postmenopausal women. A TSEC combines the complementary tissue-selective activities of a SERM and estrogen(s), in an attempt to gain the benefits of each with better overall tolerability. The Selective estrogen Menopause And Response to Therapy (SMART) trials were multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled phase 3 studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of the SERM, bazedoxifene (BZA) paired with conjugated estrogens (CEs) in healthy postmenopausal women. In the first SMART trial, BZA/CE protected the endometrium from estrogenic stimulation, relieved hot flushes and maintained bone mass, with rates of amenorrhea, breast pain and overall adverse events similar to those with placebo in more than 3400 women over two years. BZA 20 mg was the lowest effective dose of BZA in BZA/CE to protect the endometrium and maintain bone mass when paired with CE 0.625 mg and CE 0.45 mg. In SMART-2, these BZA/CE doses significantly reduced the frequency and severity of hot flushes over 12 weeks. Collectively, these data support the TSEC containing BZA/CE as a new paradigm for treating menopausal symptoms and preventing osteoporosis while protecting the endometrium from unopposed estrogenic stimulation.
Testing overall and moderator effects in random effects meta‐regression
Authors: Huizenga Hilde M. , Visser Ingmar , Dolan Conor V.
Published: October 2010

Random effects meta‐regression is a technique to synthesize results of multiple studies. It allows for a test of an overall effect, as well as for tests of effects of study characteristics, that is, (discrete or continuous) moderator effects. We describe various procedures to test moderator effects: the z, t, likelihood ratio (LR), Bartlett‐corrected LR (BcLR), and resampling tests. We compare the Type I error of these tests, and conclude that the common z test, and to a lesser extent the LR test, do not perform well since they may yield Type I error rates appreciably larger than the chosen alpha. The error rate of the resampling test is accurate, closely followed by the BcLR test. The error rate of the t test is less accurate but arguably tolerable. With respect to statistical power, the BcLR and t tests slightly outperform the resampling test. Therefore, our recommendation is to use either the resampling or the BcLR test. If these statistics are unavailable, then the t test should be used since it is certainly superior to the z test.
A multinuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of wood with adsorbed water: Estimating bound water concentration and local wood density
Authors: Dvinskikh Sergey V. , Henriksson Marielle , Berglund Lars A. , Furó István
Published: October 2010

The interaction between moisture and the macromolecular wood tissue is of critical importance to wood properties. In this context, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is very promising as this method could deliver molecular information on the submillimeter scale (i.e., along concentration gradients) about both free and adsorbed water and the cell wall polymers. In the present study, it is demonstrated for the first time that wood containing adsorbed heavy water (2H2O) can be studied by MRI based on separated images due to water (2H MRI) and cell wall polymers (1H MRI). Data confirm that in specimens equilibrated at controlled humidity there is a direct correlation between bound water content and relative density of the polymers in wood tissue; there is a strong variation across annual rings.
Criteria for Small Scale Creep Testing Condition and Estimation of C
t
Authors: Wha Ma Young , Yoon Kee Bong
Published: October 2010

As new creep resistant materials are developed for the temperature range of 800–1100°C, the improved creep properties sometimes require the modification of the conventional approaches in high temperature life assessment procedures which have been applied for low alloy steels and chromium steels usually used in the temperature range of 500–650°C. In this study, finite element analyses were carried out by using the creep properties of a gas turbine material to establish the small scale creep testing requirements and to propose a corrected Ct estimation scheme. The maximum allowable creep zone size was estimated through the analogy between the small scale yielding conditions and the small scale creep conditions. The maximum time during which the small scale creep condition holds was also defined. The creep zone boundary with the definition of εc=εe was more suitable for Ct estimation than that with the definition of εc=0.002, since it was easy to find a proper correction function by applying the former definition. The newly estimated value of βr̃c=1/7=1/12 was derived for determining Ct instead of the conventional value of βr̃c=1/7.5. Excellent correlations were shown between the estimated Ct values obtained with the new βr̃c and the finite element calculated Ct values in all creep condition ranges. This result strongly supports the validity of the suggested small scale creep criterion and the new correction value βr̃c=1/12 proposed in this study.
One Grain, One Nation: Rice Genetics and the Corporate State in Early Francoist Spain (1939–1952)
Authors: Camprubí Lino
Published: October 2010

This paper aims to show the links between rice genetics and the corporatist political economy of early Francoism. After investigating the transition from prewar rice producers' associations to a new federation embedded in a vertical union, I identify three main novelties of the new organization: its national scope, its need to address lack of supply rather than overproduction, and its hierarchical functioning. I then focus on the one state-owned agricultural station devoted to rice research, showing how its agricultural scientists shaped, and relied on, the state-controlled unions, both for producing and distributing new varieties of rice and for controlling the seeds farmers used. Finally, I explore how this relationship made it possible for the scientists to test, multiply, and distribute throughout the Spanish landscape the seeds they produced at the laboratory, thus putting hierarchical unity and autarky to work and demonstrating the role of scientists as active agents of state formation and landscape transformation within a corporatist political economy.
The Fate of Peasant-Friendly Plant Breeding in Nazi Germany
Authors: Harwood Jonathan
Published: October 2010

The peasantry played a central role in National Socialist ideology, as both a source of racial strength and a foundation of the economy. In this paper I explore the extent to which the regime's policies actually favored peasant farming. The first section looks at the overall character of agricultural policy and demonstrates that although peasant farmers were targeted for special assistance from 1933 until 1936, they were neglected thereafter as the economy geared up for war. In the second section I focus upon a particular set of policies—-the regime's attempts to promote the use of high-quality seed—-and show that while farmers as a whole probably gained from these measures, peasants appear not to have benefited differentially. In the third section I examine agricultural officials' attempts to establish a "division of labor" between public-sector plant breeding institutions and commercial breeders. I demonstrate that although the former had been successfully developing new varieties specifically designed for peasant farmers since the turn of the century, this work was henceforth to be curtailed so as not to "compete" with the private sector. In the conclusion I argue that neither the regime's policies on plant breeding nor the highly centralized character of agricultural policy-making can be regarded as specifically fascist.
The Discovery of Sodom, 1851
Authors: Cocks H. G.
Published: October 2010

The alleged discovery of the sites of Sodom and Gomorrah by the French traveler Louis Félicien de Saulcy in 1851 provided the occasion for a series of debates in Britain on the question of biblical authority that were also, for some audiences, about examining the crimes and sins of the Sodomites and defining them openly as homoerotic lust. In this way, and at this moment, questions of same-sex desire became an important accompaniment to pressing debates about faith.
"Don't think, but look!": W. G. Sebald, Wittgenstein, and Cosmopolitan Poverty
Authors: Posnock Ross
Published: October 2010

This essay has two aims: to bring together the antinovelist Sebald with a figure he revered, the antiphilosopher Wittgenstein, via the theme and form of "desublimed" looking—vision that respects surface and avoids "Cartesian rigidity" (Sebald). The essay weaves these two writers into a larger constellation, inaugurated by the first cosmopolitan Diogenes the Cynic, and which includes his admirer William James, a grouping marked by an esteem of poverty and the desire to find an exit from the refinement of philosophy as metaphysics.
Pediatric Physician Assistants: Distribution and Scope of Practice
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Moote Marc J. , Lamarand Kara E. ,   the American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory Committee
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

Physician assistants (PAs) are licensed to practice with physician supervision. PAs do not specialize or subspecialize as part of their formal standard training; consequently, their license is not limited to a specific specialty. As such, PAs can, and do, change their practice settings at will. Some researchers have projected plans for the future use of the pediatric PA workforce. However, the information on which those projections have been based is limited.

OBJECTIVE:

To provide information regarding the current status of pediatric PAs and to inform future workforce deliberations, we studied their current distribution and scope of practice.

METHODS:

Data from the American Association of Physician Assistants and the US Census Bureau were used to map the per-capita national distribution of pediatric PAs. We conducted a mail survey of a random sample of 350 PAs working in general pediatrics and 300 working in pediatric subspecialties.

RESULTS:

Most states have <50 pediatric PAs, and there is significant variation in their distribution across the nation. The overall survey response rate was 83.5%; 82% (n = 359) were female. More than half of the respondents (57% [n = 247]) reported that they currently are working in pediatric primary care, mostly in private-practice settings.

CONCLUSIONS:

PAs can, and do, play an important role in the care of children in the United States. However, the impact of that role is limited by the relative scarcity of PAs currently engaged in pediatric practice.
Pediatric Nurse Practitioners: Roles and Scope of Practice
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Lamarand Kara E. , Loveland-Cherry Carol , Martyn Kristy K. ,   the American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory Committee
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:

There are ∼13 000 pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) in the United States. PNPs have been suggested as professionals who could provide care to the growing cadre of children with chronic illnesses and expand the pool of subspecialty care providers. Little is known about current roles of PNPs in primary or subspecialty care.

OBJECTIVE:

To gain a better understanding of the roles, focus of practice, professional setting, and professional responsibilities of PNPs.

METHODS:

We conducted a mail survey of a random national sample of 1200 PNPs stratified according to states that license NPs to practice independently. χ2 statistics were used to assess responses from PNPs in states that allow independent practice versus those that do not and on PNPs in primary versus specialty care.

RESULTS:

The overall response rate was 82.4%. Ninety-six percent (n = 636) of the PNPs were female. More than half of all the respondents (59% [n = 391]) worked in primary care, and almost two-thirds (64% [n = 394]) did not provide care in inpatient settings. Only 11% of the PNPs in states that allow independent practice, practiced independently.

CONCLUSIONS:

The majority of PNPs currently work in primary care, and most do not have any inpatient roles. It does not seem that independent PNP practices are responsible for a significant portion of pediatric visits. For those who posit that PNPs will help alleviate the currently perceived shortage of pediatric subspecialists, our findings indicate that it likely will not occur without a significant change in the PNP workforce distribution.
Characterization of the commercial hyperbranched polyesters
Authors: Dzunuzovic Jasna , Jovanovic Slobodan , Lechner Manfred
Published: October 2010

In this paper, properties of the commercially available Boltorn?
hydroxy-functional aliphatic hyperbranched polyesters of the second, third
and fourth pseudo generation, were investigated. Beside that, samples of the
third and fourth pseudo generation were fractionated using the precipitation
fractionation method to obtain three fractions of each sample, which were
also investigated in this paper. According to the results obtained by GPC
analysis, molar mass and polydispersity of the investigated Boltorn?
hyperbranched polyesters increased with increase of the pseudo generation
number. Value of the limiting viscosity number of the investigated samples,
determined using the viscosity measurements of dilute solutions of these
polymers in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, increased with increase of the pseudo
generation number. On the other side, value of the limiting viscosity number
of the fractions decreased from the first up to the third fraction. The same
trend was also observed for the values of the hydrodynamic diameter of parent
samples and their fractions, determined by dynamic light scattering using
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as solvent. The thermal properties of the investigated
Boltorn? hyperbranched polyesters were determined by thermogravimetry in
nitrogen atmosphere and it has been shown that thermal stability of these
samples increased with increase of the pseudo generation number. End hydroxyl
groups of the second and third pseudo generation samples were modified with
?-alanine to obtain hyperbranched samples soluble in water. That was fully
accomplished only for the Boltorn? hyperbranched polyester of the second
pseudo generation. On the other side, modified sample of the third pseudo
generation was possible to dissolve in water only after adding small amount
of the NaOH.
The search for a new development planning/policy mode: Problems of expertise in the transition period
Authors: Vujosevic Miodrag
Published: October 2010

The former system and practice of planning in Yugoslavia collapsed as early as towards the end of 1980s, not to be substituted for in the sequel by a new and legitimate development planning mode that has been compatible with the key processes and factors of the post-socialist transition, i.e., political pluralisation, privatisation, marketisation, and so forth. Under the recent circumstances, a number of new ?ideologies of planning? came to the surface, thereby rendering the current practice a peculiar mix of various concepts of ?quasi/pseudo planning? exercises, imbued with new biases, partisanship dominating the public scene, the notion of public interests almost lost, low transparency regarding the value and interest background of planning, etc. In effect, two general practices have been dominating the planning area, i.e., ?crisis management?, and ?planning-supporting-the-wild-privatisation-and-marketisation?. To a large extent, this has been caused by a poor experience, i.e., a lack of planners/experts to work under the new circumstances (?transition?), paralleled by a lack of critical mass of social and economic actors interested in the sustainable development matters and supportive to them, and a wide spread anti-planning stance among the political and economic elites (?architects of the transitional reforms?). A more modernising and emancipatory model, e.g., ?planning-supporting-complex-transformation of society?, seems to be still out of sight for some time to come. As the new coherent planning theory might not be expected for a longer period, preferably a preliminary planning heuristics would have to be elaborated, to more or less ?safely? direct the practice within the strategic framework defined. In this context, a number of specific issues of expertise would also have to be resolved, ranging from general theoretical and methodological issues, via practical methodologies, to the key issues within the triangle power ? knowledge ? action. Specifically, this should also apply to the majority of development planning policy documents that have been worked out in the recent period.
Regional sustainable development frameworks: Tools for sustainability planning in the English regions
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

Regional Sustainable Development Frameworks (RSDFs) have been prepared in each of the 8 English regions as a means of progressing sustainable development at the regional level. Promoted by central government, which has emphasised the overarching role of the Frameworks as a key reference for all regional plans, strategies and policies, their preparation and use in practice has offered scope for innovation and variety which are revealing of the relationships and tensions between various interests at the regional level. This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Frameworks, focusing in particular on their use in practice in appraising the sustainability of other regional plans and strategies, and their role in resolving conflicts. The paper also examines their role in integrating a consistent understanding of sustainable development, and reflects on the implications for different meanings of sustainability. It draws on work commissioned by the English Regions Network from CAG Consultants and Oxford Brookes University. A central aim of the research project was to evaluate how effective RSDFs have been in providing a direction and a vision for regional activity to progress sustainable development.
The technology park: A new spatial form of industry at major infrastructure corridors in serbiaca spatium
Authors: Zekovic Slavka
Published: October 2010

In this paper, technology parks as new spatial forms of industry and instruments of multilateral development are considered along with possibilities for establishing them at major transportation corridors in Serbia. The experiences of some developed countries and domestic practices in using these instruments of spatial and economic policy are portrayed. It is stressed that establishing and using these spatial planning instruments is of great importance for our country given the imminent macroeconomic reforms, privatization, open economy, economic restructuring, internationalization and trade exchange, in which direct foreign investments play an increasing role.
Sustainable development and urban identity a social context
Authors: Pusic Ljubinko
Published: October 2010

The most attractive idea within the scope of the present considerations of global future is the planning of sustainable development. The recent treatments of this idea have established a new paradigm of urban and territorial development. Presently, however, the thesis of sustainable development is acquiring negative connotations because it is being exploited for various manipulations. To demonstrate fully its value in the sphere of urban projecting, the theory of sustainable development should include a clearly expressed component of cultural-urban pluralism. In other words, the global strategy should retain the important local characteristics, to a measure and in a way that would contribute to the coherence of (European) urban system. In an urban-cultural context sustainable development implies a satisfying of social needs on a higher level of aspirations than is the case in a vulgar interpretation of the economic, urbanistic and ecological assumptions of sustainability for a community. In this it is assumed that the natural and necessary needs of the individual have been previously meet. For a holistic concept of sustainable development cannot be based only on strategies which insist on a full stomach for the world population, on normative approaches to the economic measuring of the growth and development of a society, on the premises of ecological purism or on the comprehensive urban planning. The main idea within the framework of general concern about urban future may be condensed to the following two questions: (a) how much are the social upheavals which characterize the modern world and which involve all European cities a prearranged framework and (b) how much are they a conceivable framework for urban future? Despite of holistic concept of sustainable development, reduction of the problems of the prospective city to geopolitical and cultural planes is not only possible and reasonable but necessary. This, however, does not mean that the apparently narrower view will make the search for possible answers any easier. The urban reality operates with a widely accepted syntagm about a large set of specific but unessential social and spatial characteristics of the (East European) city. But the reality is that these cities deserve all attributes that make them a full-fledged factor of the European urban milieu.
Sustainable urban development of metropolitan Johannesburg: The lessons learned from international practice
Authors: Mosha A.C. , Cavric Branko
Published: October 2010

This paper consists of an overview of programmes supporting sustainable planning and management in the City of Johannesburg one of the most important social and economic hubs of the transitional Republic of South Africa. Following from this is an analysis of the experience identified as most appropriate for Johannesburg City and its metropolitan region (Gauteng). This case study is used to highlight efforts and lessons learned from the international project "Designing, Implementing and Measuring Sustainable Urban Development" (DIMSUD) which have intended to contribute to new solutions for sustainable urban development through a collaborative multi-disciplinary, and participatory approach combining research, urban design, and capacity building. DIMSUD (http://sustainability.ethz.ch) is carried out jointly by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden), University of Botswana, University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) and the Catholic University of Santiago de Chile. Another partner was the United Nations University (UNU) at Tokyo. The project has enabled a global overview of core problems, providing a synthesis of realizable strategies and offering both a scientific forum and an "urban field laboratory" for joint learning. The strategies developed will not only help improve the conditions in the case study cities (Gaborone Johannesburg, Santiago de Chile), but will also provide working examples so that other cities can learn from and adapt and adopt appropriate "best practices".
New institutionalism as a new theoretical framework for urban political analysis
Authors: Grubovic Ljiljana
Published: October 2010

Using new institutionalism as a theoretical framework means focusing on two themes: rules in organizations, and informal links. These two themes might form the theoretical ground for the explanation of the many problems in Belgrade in the 1990s, for example, of illegal building. Instead of an analysis of the rigid structures of communist institutions and inherited weaknesses, the attention will be on the new institutions or more precisely rules and routines created in the new political system, as well as corruption being the most dominant one.
Sustainability of the city and its ecological footprint
Authors: Petric Jasna
Published: October 2010

There are some agreed sustainability indicators, even some agreed target values regarding a sustainable city, but they still have to be underpinned by empirical evidence. The common starting point of definitions is generally the destructive impact of the city on its regional and global environment which can be observed in form of the depletion of natural resources and the pollution of soil, water and air. A sustainable city is therefore generally regarded to be the one that is compact and preserves land, has mixed use to increase access and reduce need to travel, is socially and economically balanced, uses clean and renewable energy and recycles all its waste. However, the sustainable city cannot exist as a self-sufficient unit, in ignorance of relationship with its hinterland. The ecological footprint which is the amount of land required to produce resources to sustain our quality of life is a yardstick for measuring the ecological bottom line of sustainability. With a sustainable city target to relieve pressure on the countryside, there is an increasing awareness of the importance of calculating city?s ecological footprint and see how it relates to the target global average. Although problem of reducing ecological footprints primarily concerns the wealthiest countries, it has to be fully acknowledged in the less economically developed part of the world, while recognising that cities themselves provide many potential solutions.
Irrigation water quality as indicator of sustainable rural development
Authors: Trajkovic Slavisa
Published: October 2010

The sustainable rural development more and more depends on the efficient usage of water resources. Most often, at least in one part of the year, the rain is not sufficient for plant growth and rain plant production significantly depends on the yearly precipitation variation. The increase and stability of the agricultural production is possible in the irrigation conditions. The most part (around 70%) of the global water resources is used for food production. Irrigation water quality indicator is used to show if the available water resources have the required quality for application in agriculture. Irrigation is characterised by the complex water-plant-soil relationship, and in that eco-system the man as the end user of the irrigated fields occupies a very important place. That explains the difficulties in producing one universal classification of irrigation water quality. The paper analyses numerous water quality classifications from the aspect of the applicability on the quantifying of this indicator. The adopted classification should possess understandable, qualified and internationally comparable indicator. Thus, local classifications (Neigebauer, Miljkovic) cannot be used for this indicator. United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and US Salinity Laboratory (USSL) classifications are used for the evaluation of the irrigation water quality throughout the world. FAO classification gives the complex picture of the usability of the irrigation water from the point of its influence on the soil and the plants. However, the scope of the analyses is not often suited to the needs of that classification, which makes it difficult to apply. The conclusion is that the USSL (US Salinity Laboratory) classification is best suited to this range of chemical water analyses. The evaluation of the irrigation water quality indicator in the Juzna Morava river basin, upstream from the Toplica river estuary is given in this paper. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the irrigation isn?t limitation for sustainable rural development.
Probability maps as a measure of reliability for indivisibility analysis
Authors: Joksic Dusan , Bajat Branislav
Published: October 2010

Digital terrain models (DTMs) represent segments of spatial data bases related to presentation of terrain features and landforms. Square grid elevation models (DEMs) have emerged as the most widely used structure during the past decade because of their simplicity and simple computer implementation. They have become an important segment of Topographic Information Systems (TIS), storing natural and artificial landscape in forms of digital models. This kind of a data structure is especially suitable for morph metric terrain evaluation and analysis, which is very important in environmental and urban planning and Earth surface modeling applications. One of the most often used functionalities of Geographical information systems software packages is indivisibility or view shed analysis of terrain. Indivisibility determination from analog topographic maps may be very exhausting, because of the large number of profiles that have to be extracted and compared. Terrain representation in form of the DEMs databases facilitates this task. This paper describes simple algorithm for terrain view shed analysis by using DEMs database structures, taking into consideration the influence of uncertainties of such data to the results obtained thus far. The concept of probability maps is introduced as a mean for evaluation of results, and is presented as thematic display.
Intelligent buildings in context of energy rationalization
Authors: Pucar Mila , Pajevic Milan , Nenkovic Marina
Published: October 2010

This paper overviews state of the art, the development activities, and futuristic vision on 'smart' and 'intelligent' buildings' construction in context of measures which improve their energy efficiency. The technologies for programming, regulation and automation of energy consumption in buildings, which characterize the current form of 'smart' buildings together with the implementation of 'intelligent' facades, are already pointing to some significant results which may be accomplished in relation to energy efficiency optimization of buildings without compromising their greater flexibility and comfort in use. One of the major preconditions for further development of these systems is the integration of design processes which refer to the core of a building and to its installation utilities.
CIT in developing countries: The case of Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Bajic-Brkovic Milica
Published: October 2010

Trinidad and Tobago is faced with the challenge of developing strategies to integrate successfully in the new knowledge economy. Many governmental actions towards "wiring" the nation are currently taking place. Creation of the "intelligent nation" is among country's national development objectives. Vis-a-vis plans yet to be designed and implemented over the next ten years there is a reality of the www option that has gained a momentum, and is already playing an important role in Trinidad and Tobago. While during the first years the www has been accepted as a medium for communicating and sharing information, today it has moved onto the next generation transforming into the development supporting tool. The experience of Trinidad and Tobago in using the CIT-based alternative is the focus of this paper. It explores the state of the art in the field, and discusses the way the alternative has been utilized so far in the country's development and management practice. It also identifies the potentials for further development, and suggests a number of proposals for future strategies and actions.
Rural population and renewable energy sources: Experiences of the Republic of Serbia
Authors: Pucar Mila , Nenkovic Marina
Published: October 2010

During the last decade of the twentieth century the use of green (renewable) energy has become the imperative not only in developed countries worldwide, but also in poorer countries like Asia and Africa. The change from traditional to renewable energy sources carries valuable improvements in environmental protection and economic efficacy. This paper through individual examples, explores the possibility of replacing traditional with renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, energy of small hydroelectric power plants, etc. worldwide and in rural Serbian communities.
Chemical and radiological vulnerability assessment in urban areas
Authors: Stojanovic Bozidar , Jovasevic-Stojanovic Milena
Published: October 2010

Cities and towns are faced with various types of threat from the extraordinary events involving chemical and radiological materials as exemplified by major chemical accidents, radiological incidents, fires, explosions, traffic accidents, terrorist attacks, etc. On the other hand, many sensitive or vulnerable assets exist within cities, such as: settlements, infrastructures, hospitals, schools, churches, businesses, government, and others. Besides emergency planning, the land use planning also represents an important tool for prevention or reduction of damages on people and other assets due to unwanted events. This paper considers development of method for inclusion vulnerability assessment in land use planning with objective to assess and limit the consequences in cities of likely accidents involving hazardous materials. We made preliminary assessment of criticality and vulnerability of the assets within Belgrade city area in respect to chemical sites and transportation roads that can be exposed to chemical accidents, or terrorist attacks.
Attic extension and thermal renovation of the residential building: Case study
Authors: Jovanovic-Popovic Milica , Radivojevic Ana , Ignjatovic Dusan , Elezovic Martin
Published: October 2010

Buildings are the only resource growing constantly. Although relevant data for Serbia is not available, it is presumed that even more than 50% of energy production is spent on buildings in our country. This conclusion is based on two facts: the present industrial production and the state of buildings. In order to establish measures for energy efficient refurbishment, one residential building was analyzed in Belgrade. The chosen building represents the construction period when application of thermal insulation was not obligatory according to building regulation. As more than 35% of buildings were built in that period, they represent great potential for energy savings through the process of refurbishment.
Man-environment interaction: A review of modern architecture of Libya in transition
Authors: Toskovic Dobrivoje
Published: October 2010

The oil production has influenced evolution of housing types and a variety of civic and commercial buildings never present in the simple market place of the old town. A lot of buildings are erected in the recent past. The New Architecture became more sanitary in comparison with the old one, but it is mainly formless. The following pages explore architectural examples of this Transitory Phase showing evolution from the Old patterns to a New Architecture, functionally, structurally and aesthetically. Through a set of the newly introduced housing types, new mosques, commercial establishments, public buildings as well as health and educational facilities characteristic progress and deviations as well as new lessons are shown.
Patchwork or matrix: Testing the capacity of the contemporary city
Authors: Stupar Aleksandra , Djukic Aleksandra
Published: October 2010

Being exposed to the multiple needs of their contemporary users, the cities from all over the world have been forced to activate all capacities in order to intensify their land use, adjust their urban structure and reinvent some forgotten segments (ex-industrial areas, traffic nodes, docks, waterfronts) as generators of multilayered transformations and mutations. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare different approaches of this practice, as well as to emphasize the relation between the applied global imperatives/trends/myths, local conditions and limitations, and the outcomes. Consequently, the first part will be structured around four key-words which often "justify" and activate multifunctional and intensive land use - connectivity, profit, identity and sustainability. The second part will be focused on the case of Serbia, describing a unique postmodern example of the fusion of local and global influences. The multifunctional land use in this case is a result of numerous political and economic problems, the plurality of values and (il)legal transformations of urban structure. This condition has finally affected the rising need for urban redesign, the re-organization and revitalization of city centers, fringe areas, devastated and degraded urban zones, as well as the development of existing transport and communication networks i.e. improvement of urban and regional connectivity. Additionally, the "model of territorial values" will be explained as a planning tool which could be used in order to increase the level of urban attractiveness, define urban parameters and estimate land values. .
Political circumstances as a risk factor in urban development of the city
Authors: Djokic Vladan , Nikezic Zoran
Published: October 2010

This paper is primarily based on the observation of conditions and effects of functioning of Belgrade, the Capital of Serbia, in the period of its multiparty constellation. Although there were no significant intentions of political instrumentalisation of this segment of city functioning that would sacrifice social usefulness and efficiency of development to political marketing in the domain of urban planning, carrying out plans, and construction, , it is appropriate to point to these tendencies and needed to face the problem in order to operate according to the processes of free political competition and not opposing them.
Design and construction possibilities for photovoltaic integration in envelopes of new and existing buildings
Authors: Krstic Aleksandra
Published: October 2010

Sun is the renewable energy source whose usage exerts influence on architectural design. Facade concepts of energy efficient buildings are developed producing new facade structures and components. Photovoltaic systems, as elements of active solar systems are discussed in the paper and particular attention is paid to building integrated systems, as they influence building appearance. Classification and analyzes of PV systems - materials, supporting systems, coatings and design principles are presented in the paper. The purpose of this paper is discussion on design and construction possibilities for PV integration in envelopes of new and existing buildings. Possibilities for structural variability of envelopes with PV integrated systems are described in the paper. .
Rehabilitation project of an apartment building in Belgrade, Serbia
Authors: Jovanovic-Popovic Milica , Ignjatovic Dusan , Cukovic-Ignjatovic Natasa , Radivojevic Ana
Published: October 2010

As a part of a scientific project conducted at the Faculty of Architecture University of Belgrade a detailed survey of building fund has been made and a typical 1950?s building was chosen as a demonstration project for the energy conscious renovation and retrofit procedure. Rehabilitation has been done in three main phases: detailed analysis and inspection of present state based on available project documentation, on site inspection, thermography, as well as interviews with tenants. In this phase strategies for reconstructions were analyzed and evaluated; first phase of rehabilitation mainly concerned improvement of performance of envelope (fa?ade, windows) with addition of an attic level;. second phase maximizes performance of building using various architectural and technical methods. Addition of new volumes (glazed loggias, and partly double skin fa?ades), heat recuperating units, and hot water collectors with redefinition of heating system was the main objectives. For both phases techno-economical analyses were made optimizing possible thermal performance gains and used technology in accordance with economic potential and pay-back period. Also a detailed procedure algorithm was developed in order to give guidelines for future projects of this type.
Subotica municipality as a learning region
Authors: Pantic Marijana
Published: October 2010

Some differences in territorial organization between Serbian and EU countries are obvious. The level of centralization and tradition in systems for implementation of ideas are differently back- grounded. However, these are the most important facts for the opportunity to realize Learning Region as a concept of the European future. There is no part of space that should be considered as unchangeable and the way to a better position and Learning Region concept implementation of each region in Serbia in practice should lead towards few necessary steps and further. The starting point is awareness of the facts on the creation of Subotica region as it is at present. The healthy future of each region is provided by looking back in the past and learning from the history. The other important thing is bench marking- learning on the positive and successful experiences of other regions, and finally, making its own concept of Learning Region adapted to local surrounding and true need of local people. Some experiences, suggestions and comparisons will be made in this case study, in relation to one of the Serbian municipalities nearest t to EU neighboring countries in a territorial way. .
The Nisava river water quality as the indicator of the sustainable development of the city of Nis
Authors: Brankovic Sasa , Trajkovic Slavisa
Published: October 2010

The Nisava river has a great importance for the sustainable development of the city of Nis. From the Mediana spring, which is on the bank of the Nisava, the city of Nis satisfies around 30% of its water demand. The aim of this paper is to, on the basis of the analysis of several tens of parameters of water quality; determine whether the Nisava river is a limiting factor to the sustainable development of the city of Nis. For this purpose the data of Public Utility Company Naissus have been used, as it collects daily samples of the Nisava river water. The number of conducted analyses, depending on the water quality parameters, varies from 1 to 1,240. The obtained results, which have been presented in detail in the paper, indicate that a great majority of analyses, of almost all the water quality parameters, is within predicted range. At the end of the paper, certain measures have been proposed, which should contribute to the sustainable development of Nis in this field. .
Digital realm: Implications on urban development and planning
Authors: Brkovic-Bajic Milica
Published: October 2010

The implications of ICT on urban planning and development is the topic of this paper. At the outset, the relationship between the 'intelligent environment', and planning and development is outlined, followed by the discussion on new perspectives in the planning value system, and creation of the value-chains. The ICT based planning products and processes are outlined and explored. The author argues that ICT not only affects the very understanding of planning, its role and its attributes, but also changes the planning's scope, and the character of its performance. The challenges to the ICT alternative are highlighted in the last section, and debated vis-?-vis observed benefits. Implications for the concrete planning practice are at the heart of the overall discussion. .
Living in the technopolis: Between reality and imagination
Authors: Stupar Aleksandra
Published: October 2010

Perceived as one of the possible reflections of the contemporary society, the technopolis (or the 'techno-city') integrates the latest technology, various modernist and anti-modernist elements, as well as numerous 'utopian' features which should facilitate our lives and underline aspirations for the future. Consequently, our world, composed of overlapped digital and physical realms, flexible spaces and transformable webs, is balancing between utopia and anti-utopia, progress and decay, geography and non-geography. The stunning, but also horrifying images of the present create tension and confusion, while their fast-changing scales and modes additionally complicate the latest morphing and charting of the global world and its urban nodes. Obviously, the city, as always, depicts the technological background of the society, demonstrating its potentials, paradoxes and threats. However, the modern cities, whose spaces and buildings often represent the wonders of technology, are facing numerous problems. Placed between material and virtual reality, their landscapes are blended and distorted, but colored by similar imperatives and demands. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to define and analyze the outcomes of the urban/architectural interventions which explicitly or implicitly used modern technologies, generating a stage for the 21st century technopolis. .
Using sea to mainstream sustainable development: Some lessons from Scottish practice
Authors: Jackson Tony , Illsley Barbara
Published: October 2010

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is now a requirement for virtually all new Scottish public sector strategies, plans and programmes (SPPs), whether of a statutory or of a voluntary nature, which are deemed likely to have significant environmental effects. This major extension of the EU SEA Directive by the Scottish Government has been deliberately designed to mainstream sustainable development in Scottish policy formulation. The paper reviews current progress in this direction, raising some issues of principle and practice in the use of SEA before considering how SEA can be combined with environmental modeling techniques to deliver the challenging climate change targets adopted by Scottish public bodies. .
Green development and participation-implications for countries in transition: Case study of Stara Planina, Republic of Serbia
Authors: Perovic Masa
Published: October 2010

The following research looks at opportunities and obstacles for applying public participation and sustainable environmental management in countries in transition. The case study analyses how the plans to develop a ski resort on the Stara Planina in the Republic of Serbia were created. The results show that factors which influence unsustainable developments are a lack of enforceable laws and the rule of law; lack of public awareness and information on relevant issues; weak civil society and lack of community involvement in decision making; high level of corruption in government and the public sector; highly politicized society with much influence from informal sources of power and their interests. The research concludes that with effective public participation the developments would be more environmentally sustainable. For participation to be effective there is a need to raise environmental awareness in the region as a consequence of the communist past and marginalisation of rural areas. .