bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do krill fisheries compete with macaroni penguins? Spatial overlap in prey consumption and catches during winter
Authors: Ratcliffe Norman , Hill Simeon L. , Staniland Iain J. , Brown Ruth , Adlard Stacey , Horswill Catharine , Trathan Philip N.
Published: August 2015

Aim

To infer the potential for competition between an important Antarctic predator, the macaroni penguin, and the krill fishery by examining the spatial overlap in prey consumption and catches.

Location

Scotia Sea and adjacent waters.

Methods

The study focused on the winter period as this is the only time of the year when spatio‐temporal overlaps between macaroni penguin foraging and the krill fishery can occur. We tracked adult macaroni penguins from a colony in South Georgia using global location sensors to determine winter distribution, and bioenergetics models to calculate the biomass of food consumed during the winter period. We combined these to produce a surface of the tonnes of krill consumed, which could be compared directly with the spatial distribution of the tonnes of krill caught by the fishery.

Results

Adult macaroni penguins from South Georgia consumed 135,826 tonnes of krill (95% CIs: 83,446–188,140) during the winter, which is similar to the 98,431 tonnes caught by fisheries over the same period. However, macaroni penguins had a very wide pelagic distribution across the Scotia Sea, whereas the fishery was restricted to three small areas on shelf edges, such that their spatial overlap was negligible. The proportion of the estimated krill stock taken by macaroni penguins and the krill fishery was small at both the scale of the Scotia Sea and the local areas within which the fisheries operate.

Main conclusions

Competition between macaroni penguins and the krill fishery is low under current management and far less than that among the various species of krill predators that occur in the Scotia Sea. Our method will allow quantification of changes in competition between macaroni penguins and krill fisheries should the latter expand in the future, and provides a framework for assessing predator‐fishery competition in other systems.
Risk Mitigation Benefit from Backup Suppliers in the Presence of the Horizontal Fairness Concern
Authors: Chen Junlin , Zhao Xiaobo , Shen Zuo‐Jun(Max)
Published: August 2015

The backup supply strategy is demonstrated as an effective approach to mitigating supply risk. We study a supply chain in which a leader manufacturer designs a contract to a potential backup supplier to mitigate the yield uncertainty of the primary supplier. In this context, the backup supplier may compare with the primary supplier and have horizontal fairness concerns. We model the contract design problem using a Stackelberg game and characterize the optimal decisions for the manufacturer and backup supplier, in both fairness and off‐fairness settings. The theoretical results show that the leader manufacturer must sacrifice his own payoff to balance the payoffs of both suppliers. As a result, using a self‐interested backup supplier is the dominating strategy, whereas using a fair‐minded backup supplier is only suggested when the reliability of the primary supplier is low and the fairness concern of the backup supplier is not strong. Additionally, the backup supplier only benefits from fairness concerns when the level is not exceeding a threshold value. With regard to high fairness levels beyond this threshold, fairness concern has negative effects on the monetary payoff and even might lead to loss of the business. By conducting laboratory experiments, we provide evidence of the horizontal fairness concern from the backup supplier. Further, we show that if the primary supplier also has horizontal fairness concerns, the leader manufacturer can conditionally benefit from a promoted yield reliability due to an extra effort from the primary supplier.
Ethnic differences in cross‐sectional associations between impaired glucose regulation, identified by oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c values, and cardiovascular disease in a cohort of European and South Asian origin
Authors: Eastwood S. V. , Tillin T. , Mayet J. , Shibata D. K. , Wright A. , Heasman J. , Beauchamp N. , Forouhi N. G. , Hughes A. D. , Chaturvedi N.
Published: August 2015

Aims

We contrasted impaired glucose regulation (prediabetes) prevalence, defined according to oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c values, and studied cross‐sectional associations between prediabetes and subclinical/clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort of European and South Asian origin.

Methods

For 682 European and 520 South Asian men and women, aged 58–85 years, glycaemic status was determined by oral glucose tolerance test or HbA1c thresholds. Questionnaires, record review, coronary artery calcification scores and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging established clinical plus subclinical coronary heart and cerebrovascular disease.

Results

Prediabetes was more prevalent in South Asian participants when defined by HbA1c rather than by oral glucose tolerance test criteria. Accounting for age, sex, smoking, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides and waist–hip ratio, prediabetes was associated with coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in European participants, most obviously when defined by HbA1c rather than by oral glucose tolerance test [odds ratios for HbA1c‐defined prediabetes 1.60 (95% CI 1.07, 2.39) for coronary heart disease and 1.57 (95% CI 1.00, 2.51) for cerebrovascular disease]. By contrast, non‐significant associations were present between oral glucose tolerance test‐defined prediabetes only and coronary heart disease [odds ratio 1.41 (95% CI 0.84, 2.36)] and HbA1c‐defined prediabetes only and cerebrovascular disease [odds ratio 1.39 (95% CI 0.69, 2.78)] in South Asian participants. Prediabetes defined by HbA1c or oral glucose tolerance test criteria was associated with cardiovascular disease (defined as coronary heart and/or cerebrovascular disease) in Europeans [odds ratio 1.95 (95% CI 1.31, 2.91) for HbA1c prediabetes criteria] but not in South Asian participants [odds ratio 1.00 (95% CI 0.62, 2.66); ethnicity interaction P = 0.04].

Conclusions

Prediabetes appeared to be less associated with cardiovascular disease in the South Asian than in the European group. These findings have implications for screening, and early cardiovascular prevention strategies in South Asian populations.
Food insecurity is associated with diabetes self‐care behaviours and glycaemic control
Authors: Heerman W. J. , Wallston K. A. , Osborn C. Y. , Bian A. , Schlundt D. G. , Barto S. D. , Rothman R. L.
Published: August 2015

Aims

Food insecurity is the ‘limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods’. Our objective was to examine the association between food insecurity, diabetes self‐care and glycaemic control.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from adult patients with Type 2 diabetes who were enrolled in a randomized trial evaluating a health literacy‐focused diabetes intervention in safety net primary care clinics in middle Tennessee. Food insecurity was assessed with three items from the U.S. Household Food Security Survey. Diabetes self‐care behaviours were assessed with the Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities Scale, Personal Diabetes Questionnaire and Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale. Glycaemic control was assessed with HbA1c.

Results

The sample consisted of 401 participants, 73% of whom reported some level of food insecurity. Food insecurity was significantly associated with self‐care behaviours including less adherence to a general diet [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 0.9, P = 0.02], less physical activity (AOR 0.9, P = 0.04) and with a greater occurrence of medication non‐adherence (AOR 1.2, P = 0.002) and calorie restriction (AOR 1.1, P = 0.02). Food insecurity was also associated with worse glycaemic control (adjusted β = 0.1, P = 0.03). None of the self‐care behaviours were significantly associated with HbA1c, limiting the ability to test for self‐care as a mechanism linking food insecurity to glycaemic control.

Conclusions

There was a high rate of food insecurity in a sample of patients with Type 2 diabetes who were of low socio‐economic status. Food insecurity was associated with less adherence to recommended self‐care behaviours and worse glycaemic control.
Diabetic hepatosclerosis: another diabetes microvascular complication?
Authors: King R. J. , Harrison L. , Gilbey S. G. , Santhakumar A. , Wyatt J. , Jones R. , Bodansky H. J.
Published: August 2015

Background

Liver disease in diabetes is common and is frequently the result of hepatic steatosis. Diabetic hepatosclerosis is a relatively recent description of sinusoidal fibrosis, without steatosis, observed in liver biopsies of people with diabetes presenting with cholestasis. Its association with other microvascular complications suggests it is a form of hepatic diabetic microangiopathy.

Case report

We report the case of a 50‐year‐old woman with longstanding Type 1 diabetes, complicated by nephropathy resulting in cadaveric renal transplant, retinopathy, gastroparesis and neuropathy with slowly healing ulceration to her right foot. She was noted to have deranged liver function tests: alanine aminotransferase, 162 IU/l; bilirubin, 44 IU/l; alkaline phosphatase, 5279 IU/l (isoenzymes; bone 1029 IU/l, liver 4250 IU/l); γ–glutamyl transferase, 662 IU/l. A non‐invasive liver screen did not reveal the cause of the cholestasis. A liver biopsy demonstrated sinusoidal fibrosis without evidence of steatosis and thus a diagnosis of diabetic hepatosclerosis was made. Comparison with a biopsy performed 11 years previously at a different trust due to elevated alkaline phosphatase levels revealed slow progression of the sinusoidal fibrosis.

Discussion

This case describes the longest reported clinical course of diabetic hepatosclerosis, spanning 11 years, in which time the patient did not develop evidence of cirrhosis or portal hypertension. It is difficult to estimate the clinical relevance of this condition because little is known regarding its clinical course and effect on morbidity and mortality.

Identified patients should undergo low‐intensity, long‐term follow‐up to improve understanding of its clinical sequelae and relevance.
Experimental evidence for a time‐integrated effect of productivity on diversity
Authors: Armitage David W.
Published: August 2015

The time–area–productivity hypothesis is a proposed explanation for global biodiversity gradients. It predicts that a bioregion's modern diversity is the product of its area and productivity, integrated over evolutionary time. I performed the first experimental test of the time–area–productivity hypothesis using a model system for adaptive radiation – the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25. I initiated hundreds of independent radiations under culture conditions spanning a variety of productivities, spatial extents and temporal extents. Time‐integrated productivity was the single best predictor of extant phenotypic diversity and richness. In contrast, ‘snapshots’ of modern environmental variables at the time of sampling were less useful predictors of diversity patterns. These results were best explained by marked variation in population growth parameters under different productivity treatments and the long periods over which standing diversity could persist in unproductive habitats. These findings provide the first experimental support for time‐integrated productivity as a putative driver of regional biodiversity patterns.
Creating a Pronunciation Profile of First‐Year Spanish Students
Authors: Añorga Angel , Benander Ruth
Published: August 2015

Previous research has shown that improving pronunciation in the foreign language classroom is challenging, and there is often little time left over in a dense curriculum for pronunciation practice. In describing a pronunciation profile for all phonemes in Spanish, this study suggests that the principal challenge for native speakers of English who are learning Spanish may not be vowels, but the /r/ phonemes: the flap, the trill, and the cluster sound /tɾ/ pose the greatest challenges. Thus, if time is allocated to direct instruction in pronunciation, instructors and learners may focus on the pronunciation of Spanish language /r/ in its three forms, particularly since, when the /r/ phonemes are fronted in Spanish pronunciation, the following vowels are less likely to be pronounced as American English diphthongs. In addition, this study suggests that having students record themselves when reading aloud at multiple points during the course and then analyze and reflect on what they hear may result in pronunciation changes.
Constitutive role of GADD34 and CReP in cancellation of phospho‐eIF2α‐dependent translational attenuation and insulin biosynthesis in pancreatic β cells
Authors: Akai Ryoko , Hosoda Akira , Yoshino Mayuko , Iwawaki Takao
Published: August 2015

Insulin biosynthesis has been well characterized with respect to transcriptional and post‐translational regulation. However, the relationship between translational regulation of insulin and protein quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains to be clarified. Here we carried out forced expression of insulin in non‐insulin‐producing cells and compared activation level of ER stress‐responsive molecules between insulin‐producing cells and non‐insulin‐producing cells under normal culture condition or ER stress condition. Forced expression of insulin in non‐insulin‐producing cells caused severe ER stress with striking translational attenuation through phosphorylation of eIF2α by activation of protein kinase RNA‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), resulting in inhibition of insulin production at the protein level. We also found that GADD34 and CReP are highly expressed in the cells that endogenously produce insulin and that eIF2α shows constitutively low phosphorylation level in these cells although PERK is constitutively activated under both normal culture conditions and physiological conditions in the same cells. Inhibition of eIF2α phosphatase further decreased insulin level in pancreatic β cells. These findings suggest that eIF2α phosphorylation level is kept low by GADD34‐ and/or CReP‐regulated phosphatases in pancreatic β cells and that cancellation of phospho‐eIF2α‐dependent translational inhibition by the molecular mechanism contributes to mass production of insulin in pancreatic β cells.
Early prophylaxis in children with severe haemophilia A: clinical and ultrasound imaging outcomes
Authors: Altisent C. , Martorell M. , Crespo A. , Casas L. , Torrents C. , Parra R.
Published: August 2015

Aim

This observational study was undertaken with the aim to describe the characteristics and evaluate the outcomes of prophylactic treatment in children with severe haemophilia A (HA) treated at our centre.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients aged 4–19 years with severe HA, no history of inhibitors and treated with at least two infusions of factor VIII (FVIII) per week were studied. Prophylactic doses and annual joint bleeding rate (AJBR) were retrospectively evaluated over the last 5 years. Current joint status was assessed using the Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) (136 joints of 23 patients) and the Haemophilia Early Arthropathy Detection with Ultrasound (HEAD‐US) procedure (124 joints of 21 patients).

Results

Median AJBR was 0.2 and median prophylaxis dose 65.4 IU−1 kg−1 week−1. Median total HJHS was 0 (range 0–13) and total HEAD‐US 1 (0–8). At the joint level, 85.3% of joints were normal on HJHS and 79.0% on US. The ankle was the joint most commonly affected, considering bleeding and ultrasound results. Correlation was found between HEAD‐US scores and bleeding scores but not between HEAD‐US and HJHS scores. HJHS and HEAD‐US scores were concordant in 91/124 (73.4%) joints (86 joints normal and five abnormal). Ultrasound detected minimal changes in 19.6% of joints with normal physical function, whereas 12.2% of joints considered normal on ultrasound showed changes at HJHS.

Conclusion

A well‐preserved joint status was found in our cohort. High‐resolution US detected a higher percentage of abnormalities than the physical evaluation, but the clinical implications of these findings still need to be ascertained.
Over the Borderline? Rethinking Territoriality at the Margins of Empire and Nation in the Modern Middle East (Part II)
Authors: Ellis Matthew H.
Published: August 2015

This is the second of two connected articles examining the evolution of historical scholarship on borderlands within the field of Middle East studies. In both articles, I pay particular attention to how historians have addressed the relationship between borderland identities and modern territorializing empires and nation‐states. I argue throughout both parts that analyzing what I call the “lived experience of territoriality” in borderland regions ought to take precedence over approaches that presume the ultimate imposition of fixed nation‐state boundaries by the mid‐twentieth century. The adoption of borderlands as an analytical category along these lines presents an exciting opportunity for future research in modern Middle Eastern history precisely for its malleability. Historians who take a conceptually nuanced approach to borderlands and relate their work to new scholarship on territoriality will be able to explore a range of ways to understand local as well as state experiences and practices of power and politics; sovereignty and authority; and identity and belonging. In Part I, I focused primarily on laying out a framework for conceptualizing the relationship between borderland identities and the lived experience of modern territoriality. In Part II, I push this framework further by surveying two large themes that have defined the work of Middle East borderland historians over the last two decades – critical cartography and the visual representation of borderland identities and borderlands as sites of contestation and negotiation. In the final section, I sketch out some possibilities for future research, drawing largely on new scholarship from within Middle East studies.
Driven to Kill: British Serial Killers and their Occupations
Authors: LYNES ADAM , WILSON DAVID
Published: August 2015

Despite the wealth of academic literature relating to serial murder, there has been little research into how the occupational choice of serial killers influences their behaviour and subsequent offending. This article seeks to address this current gap by first examining the occupational history of known British serial murderers and determining if there were any particular work environments which were commonly selected. It was determined that there are four particular occupational ‘groups’ that known British serial murderers selected and these are described as: ‘Healthcare’; ‘Business’; ‘Public and personal service’; and ‘Driving and transient dependent work’. It is this latter occupational ‘grouping’ that was the most commonly selected form of employment. Through using a case study of Peter Sutcliffe – a serial murderer who was active during the 1970s and early 1980s – the reasons why such occupations may be so popular among serial sexual murderers are explored.
Silencing the Other: Gendered Representations of Co‐accused Women Offenders
Authors: BARLOW CHARLOTTE
Published: August 2015

This article explores the silencing process of female offender's voices in newspaper articles. It establishes the ways in which silencing, muting, and distortion, occurred in four case studies of co‐accused women who appeared in court between 2003 and 2013. In doing so, the article falls into three parts. The first part presents an analysis of what is known about the silencing of female offenders. The second part presents the findings of the empirical investigation, which explores the direct and hidden silencing techniques utilised by journalists to mute female offenders’ perspectives. In light of this analysis, the final section considers the potential consequence of this silencing and the ways in which such techniques serve to frame women as ‘unexplainable others’ and deny agency.
Grace Under Pressure: The Role of Courage in the Future of Probation Work
Authors: WORRALL ANNE
Published: August 2015

This article, based on the 18th Annual Bill McWilliams Memorial Lecture, explores the concept of ‘civil courage’ and its role in the future of probation work. The reader is invited temporarily to suspend their justifiable cynicism about the politics of probation and to examine how ‘nostalgia’ – the recollection of past good – can be used to build future cultures and identities that are recognisably ‘probation work’, regardless of the organisational environment in which they are located.  Drawing on recent research projects, the work of others and the emergence of the Probation Institute, I suggest that probation workers engage with courage in what has been termed ‘edgework’ in other contexts. Controlling the boundary between order and chaos through voluntarily testing one's values, knowledge and skills to their limits and thus experiencing the satisfaction of success in the face of predicted failure, may be one characteristic of courageous probation work.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate donepezil‐induced oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Imamura Osamu , Arai Masaaki , Dateki Minori , Ogata Toru , Uchida Ryuji , Tomoda Hiroshi , Takishima Kunio
Published: August 2015

Oligodendrocytes are the myelin‐forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Failure of myelin development and oligodendrocyte loss results in serious human disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that donepezil, an acetlycholinesterase inhibitor developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, can stimulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation of neural stem cell‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells without affecting proliferation or cell viability. Transcripts for essential myelin‐associated genes, such as PLP, MAG, MBP, CNPase, and MOG, in addition to transcription factors that regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination, were rapidly increased after treatment with donepezil. Furthermore, luciferase assays confirmed that both MAG and MBP promoters display increased activity upon donepezil‐induced oligodendrocytes differentiation, suggesting that donepezil increases myelin gene expression mainly through enhanced transcription. We also found that the increase in the number of oligodendrocytes observed following donepezil treatment was significantly inhibited by the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist mecamylamine, but not by the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine. Moreover, donepezil‐induced myelin‐related gene expression was suppressed by mecamylamine at both the mRNA and protein level. These results suggest that donepezil stimulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin‐related gene expression via nAChRs in neural stem cell‐derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.

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We show that donepezil, a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer disease, can stimulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Transcripts for essential myelin‐associated genes, such as PLP, MAG, MBP, CNPase and MOG in addition to transcripton factors that regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination were rapidly increased after treatment with donepezil. These effects were partly dependent on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR).
Down‐regulation ofBDNFin cell and animal models increases striatal‐enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase 61 (STEP61) levels
Authors: Xu Jian , Kurup Pradeep , Azkona Garikoitz , Baguley Tyler D. , Saavedra Ana , Nairn Angus C. , Ellman Jonathan A. , Pérez‐Navarro Esther , Lombroso Paul J.
Published: August 2015

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) regulates synaptic strengthening and memory consolidation, and alteredBDNFexpression is implicated in a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.BDNFpotentiatesN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor function through activation of Fyn andERK1/2.STriatal‐Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) is also implicated in many of the same disorders asBDNFbut, in contrast toBDNF,STEPopposes the development of synaptic strengthening.STEP‐mediated dephosphorylation of theNMDAreceptor subunit GluN2B promotes internalization of GluN2B‐containingNMDAreceptors, while dephosphorylation of the kinases Fyn, Pyk2, andERK1/2 leads to their inactivation. Thus,STEPandBDNFhave opposing functions. In this study, we demonstrate that manipulation ofBDNFexpression has a reciprocal effect onSTEP61levels. ReducedBDNFsignaling leads to elevation ofSTEP61both inBDNF+/−mice and after acuteBDNFknockdown in cortical cultures. Moreover, a newly identifiedSTEPinhibitor reverses the biochemical and motor abnormalities inBDNF+/−mice. In contrast, increasedBDNFsignaling upon treatment with a tropomyosin receptor kinase B agonist results in degradation ofSTEP61and a subsequent increase in the tyrosine phosphorylation ofSTEPsubstrates in cultured neurons and in mouse frontal cortex. These findings indicate thatBDNF‐tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling leads to degradation ofSTEP61, while decreasedBDNFexpression results in increasedSTEP61activity. A better understanding of the opposing interaction betweenSTEPandBDNFin normal cognitive functions and in neuropsychiatric disorders will hopefully lead to better therapeutic strategies.

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Altered expression of BDNF and STEP61has been implicated in several neurological disorders. BDNF and STEP61are known to regulate synaptic strengthening, but in opposite directions. Here, we report that reduced BDNF signaling leads to elevation of STEP61both in BDNF+/−mice and after acute BDNF knockdown in cortical cultures. In contrast, activation of TrkB receptor results in the degradation of STEP61and reverses hyperlocomotor activity in BDNF+/−mice. Moreover, inhibition of STEP61by TC‐2153 is sufficient to enhance the Tyr phosphorylation of STEP substrates and also reverses hyperlocomotion in BDNF+/−mice. These findings give us a better understanding of the regulation of STEP61by BDNF in normal cognitive functions and in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Role of Oestrogen α Receptors in Sociosexual Behaviour in Female Rats Housed in a Seminatural Environment
Authors: Snoeren E. M. S. , Antonio‐Cabrera E. , Spiteri T. , Musatov S. , Ogawa S. , Pfaff D. W. , Ågmo A.
Published: August 2015

The present study investigated the role of oestrogen receptor (ER)α in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN), the preoptic area (POA), the medial amygdala (MePD) and the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) in sociosexual behaviour in female rats. This was conducted in two sets of experiments, with the VMN and POA investigated in the first set, and the MePD and BNST in the second set. The VMN and POA received intense projections from the MePD and BNST. We used a short hairpin RNA encoded within an adeno‐associated viral vector directed against the gene for ERα to reduce the number of ERα in the VMN or POA (first set of experiments) or in the BNST or MePD (second set of experiments) in female rats. The rats were housed in groups of four ovariectomised females and three males in a seminatural environment for 8 days. Compared with traditional test set‐ups, the seminatural environment provides an arena in which the rats can express their full behavioural repertoire, which allowed us to investigate multiple aspects of social and sexual behaviour in groups of rats. Behavioural observation was performed after oestrogen and progesterone injections. A reduction of ERα expression in the VMN or POA diminished the display of paracopulatory behaviours and lordosis responses compared to controls, whereas the lordosis quotient remained unaffected. This suggests that ERα in the VMN and POA play an important role in intrinsic sexual motivation. The reduction in ERα did not affect the social behaviour of the females, although the males sniffed and pursued the females with reduced ERα less than the controls. This suggests that the ERα in the VMN and POA is involved in the regulation of sexual attractiveness of females. The ERα in the MePD and BNST, on the other hand, plays no role in sociosexual behaviour.
Faith in Conversation: Translation, Translanguaging, and the British God Debate
Authors: Brink‐Danan Marcy
Published: August 2015

Taking ideas about interfaith communication among stakeholders in the British “God Debate” as an illustrative case, I propose that the translation metaphor, widely adopted across disciplines, might productively be replaced by a different metaphor, “translanguaging” (García and Wei 2013). I suggest that the model of sociolinguistic relations offered by translanguaging nicely addresses the genealogical inseparability of “religious” language and “secular” language. This working replacement for the translation metaphor invites new kinds of philosophical and anthropological engagements with difference and may be extended to the analysis of other phenomena that demand nonbinary thought, such as transculturalism, transgenderism and transnationalism.
Russian Presence in Georgian Film Dubbing: Scales of Inferiority
Authors: Sherouse Perry
Published: August 2015

In Georgia, a law enacted on January 1, 2011 mandated that all foreign language films possess either Georgian dubbing or subtitling for public film showings. This legal measure was targeted at removing Russian presence in film language, as part of then‐President Saakashvili's shift away from alignments with Russia and Russianness in Georgian public cultural life. This article investigates the ideological and institutional dimensions of the creation of a new film dubbing industry in Tbilisi for an audience that was critical of it. Russian technical and artistic expression remained the rubric against which Georgian dubbing was compared. Soviet and Russian forms, which continue to permeate the Georgian social world, have structured expectations about “quality” or “art” in dubbing. Additionally, evaluations of dubbing as a form of linguistic mediation described Georgian language as in a relationship of inferiority with respect to Russian, which has long been linked to high‐culture forms of sociotechnical mediation. The emergence of a new film dubbing industry in Georgia draws out a number of contradictions in the ways that the institutional calibration of foreignness inheres in labor, aesthetics, and technical forms.
Optimal Mainline Variable Speed Limit Control to Improve Safety on Large‐Scale Freeway Segments
Authors: Li Zhibin , Liu Pan , Xu Chengcheng , Wang Wei
Published: August 2015

The primary objective of this study was to develop a procedure for determining the optimal variable speed limit (VSL) control strategy that aims at reducing both collision risks and injury severity on large‐scale freeway segments. The achieved reduction in collision risks and injury severity were evaluated using real‐time crash risk and severity prediction models. A modified cell transmission model (CTM) that took into consideration the capacity drop and the stop‐and‐go traffic was used to simulate the traffic operations with the VSL control. A computational procedure that incorporated the genetic algorithm and the CTM was proposed for the optimization of critical VSL control factors. Three scenarios with various placements of VSL signs on freeway mainlines were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal VSL control successfully decreased the collision risks by 22.62% and reduced the injury severity of crashes by 14.67%. We also evaluated how drivers’ compliance to speed limits affected the effectiveness of VSL control. The safety effects decreased as drivers’ compliance rate to the VSL control decreased. The finding suggests the use of speed enforcement techniques together with the VSL control to achieve the optimum control effects.
Anatomy of stem‐node‐leaf continuum in Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) in the Eastern Carpathians
Authors: Novikoff Andrew V. , Mitka Józef
Published: August 2015

Studies of the anatomical structure of the stem and leaf, with special emphasis on the organization of the vascular system, has been carried out on 13 Aconitum species from Aconitum subgenera Aconitum, Anthora and Lycoctonum. All investigated species show a more or less mesomorphic anatomical structure, typical for other Ranunculaceae. Hence, these species have similar trilacunar three‐trace organization of the nodal vascular system. In the stem the vascular system is open (with weakly developed cambium) or closed collateral, and incomplete (consisting of the bundles were represented), large complete, middle‐size complete and small incomplete or with weakly developed xylem. The number of vascular bundles in petioles appear to have no taxonomical value. Nevertheless, it was found that the spatial organization of these vascular bundles in the petiole are of taxonomic importance. As a result, the investigated species can be divided into four main groups congruent with the current sectional and subgeneric division of the genus. The only exception was A. × cammarum (A. sect. Acomarum) in which the is identical to that of A. sect. Cammarum. The most primitive vascularization is found in A. anthora, while the most advanced one is found in A. variegatum. The highly differentiated and distinct nodal anatomy of A. anthora suggests a high, plausibly subgeneric, taxonomical rank of this species.
Resveratrol and health from a consumer perspective: perception, attitude, and adoption of a new functional ingredient
Authors: Aschemann‐Witzel Jessica , Grunert Klaus G.
Published: August 2015

Resveratrol is an ingredient widely researched, with growing evidence of health‐promoting effects. However, the reactions of supplement or food consumers to resveratrol has not been researched, and the ingredient is yet unknown to most consumers. We used respective literature and our own resveratrol consumer studies with Danish and U.S. consumers to look at current findings and future research directions for three questions. (1) Which factors determine consumer interest in a yet unknown functional ingredient such as resveratrol? (2) How should resveratrol be marketed as a new functional ingredient to be understood and favorably perceived? (3) What could be the effects of adoption of an ingredient such as resveratrol on the healthy lifestyle of a consumer? Literature and first results indicate that personal relevance and familiarity are crucial factors; however, consumers show little interest in resveratrol and lack relevant knowledge, especially in Denmark. Favorable attitudes were explained by health outcome expectations, use of complementary and alternative medicine, and interest in the indulgence dimension of food. Nonscientifically phrased communication led to more favorable attitudes in Danish consumers; scientifically phrased communication, though, made U.S. consumers more likely to retain favorable attitudes in the presence of contradictory evidence. We discuss future research directions in different cultural backgrounds and market contexts and for different foods.
Resveratrol: challenges in analyzing its biological effects
Authors: Vang Ole
Published: August 2015

Testing the biological activities of a dietary compound like resveratrol presents various challenges, which are highlighted in this commentary, with some suggested direction for future research, focusing on five challenges: (1) many different cellular effects are observed for resveratrol, but it is not known whether they arise from one point of action (or a few) or whether resveratrol is non‐specific in its action; (2) the health‐promotion effect of dietary resveratrol is likely a combinatory effect of various bioactive components in the mixture (diet); (3) the known cell biological response to resveratrol is presently based on exposure to short‐term high levels, and better in vitro analyses have to be developed; (4) the actual level of resveratrol and resveratrol metabolites present in vitro and in vivo during experiments may be over‐ and underestimated, respectively, because resveratrol is not very soluble in water; and (5) only a few small clinical studies have been published to date, focusing on the therapeutic effects of resveratrol. Further, clinical trials addressing the disease‐preventive effects are especially challenging.
Acute acalculous cholecystitis with eosinophilic infiltration
Authors: Muta Yuki , Odaka Akio , Inoue Seiichiro , Komagome Masahiko , Beck Yoshifumi , Tamura Masanori , Arai Eiichi
Published: August 2015

We report a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis with eosinophilic infiltration. A previously healthy 6‐year‐old boy was referred with right abdominal pain. Imaging demonstrated marked thickening of the gallbladder wall and peri‐cholecystic effusion. Acute acalculous cholecystitis was diagnosed. Symptoms persisted despite conservative treatment, therefore cholecystectomy was performed. Pathology indicated infiltration of eosinophils into all layers of the gallbladder wall. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient has had no further symptoms. Eosinophilic cholecystitis is acute acalculous cholecystitis with infiltration of eosinophils. The causes include parasites, gallstones, allergies, and medications. In addition, it may be seen in conjunction with eosinophilic gastroenteritis, eosinophilic pancreatitis, or both. An allergic reaction to abnormal bile is thought to be the underlying cause. The present case did not fulfill the diagnostic criteria of eosinophilic cholecystitis, but this may have been in the process of developing.
Primary pleural angiosarcoma associated with pneumoconiosis: An autopsy case
Authors: Matsuda Katsuya , Yamaryo Takeshi , Akazawa Yuko , Kawakami Kenji , Nakashima Masahiro
Published: August 2015

We report a case of pleural angiosarcoma in an adult male patient confirmed by autopsy and possibly associated with pneumoconiosis. The lesion was characterized by thickened pleura of both lungs with nodular tumors. Histologically, the tumor was composed of spindle‐to‐polygonal epithelioid cells that were positive for CD31, CD34, vimentin, and cytokeratin on immunohistochemical staining but were negative for calretinin. Further examination revealed mix‐dust pathological findings consistent with the existence of pneumoconiosis; dystrophic ossification, anthracosis, and fractal small dust particles were observed in the lung parenchyma and a hilar lymph node. The current case suggests that pneumoconiosis‐associated pathologies may be risk factors for the development of angiosarcoma in the pleura.
Homeostatic regulation of h‐conductance controls intrinsic excitability and stabilizes the threshold for synaptic modification in CA1 neurons
Authors: Gasselin Célia , Inglebert Yanis , Debanne Dominique
Published: August 2015

Key points

We determined the contribution of the hyperpolarization‐activated cationic (h) current (Ih) to the homeostatic regulation of CA1 pyramidal cells in vitro using chronic treatments (48 h) that either increase (picrotoxin) or decrease (kynurenate) neuronal activity.

The h‐conductance was found to be up‐ or down‐regulated following chronic activity enhancement or activity deprivation, respectively. This bidirectional plasticity of Ih was found to subsequently alter both apparent input resistance and intrinsic neuronal excitability.

Bidirectional homeostatic plasticity of Ih also determined EPSP waveform and EPSP summation tested at 5–30 Hz.

Long‐term synaptic modification induced by repetitive stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals was found to be constant across treatments in the presence of Ih but not when Ih was blocked pharmacologically. Thus, bidirectional homeostatic regulation of Ih stabilizes induction of long‐term synaptic modification in CA1 pyramidal neurons that depends on EPSP summation.

The hyperpolarization‐activated cationic (h) current is a voltage‐shock absorber, highly expressed in the dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons. Up‐regulation of Ih has been reported following episodes of intense network activity but the effect of activity deprivation on Ih and the functional consequence of homeostatic regulation of Ih remain unclear. We determined here the contribution of Ih to the homeostatic regulation of CA1 pyramidal cell excitability. Intrinsic neuronal excitability was decreased in neurons treated for 2–3 days with the GABAA channel blocker picrotoxin (PiTx) but increased in neurons treated (2–3 days) with the glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate (Kyn). Membrane capacitance remained unchanged after treatment but the apparent input resistance was reduced for PiTx‐treated neurons and enhanced for Kyn‐treated neurons. Maximal Ih conductance was up‐regulated after chronic hyperactivity but down‐regulated following chronic hypoactivity. Up‐regulation of Ih in PiTx‐treated cultures was found to accelerate EPSP kinetics and reduce temporal summation of EPSPs whereas opposite effects were observed in Kyn‐treated cultures, indicating that homeostatic regulation of Ih may control the induction of synaptic modification depending on EPSP summation. In fact, stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals at 3–10 Hz induced differential levels of plasticity in PiTx‐treated and Kyn‐treated neurons when Ih was blocked pharmacologically but not in control conditions. These data indicate that homeostatic regulation of Ih normalizes the threshold for long‐term synaptic modification that depends on EPSP summation. In conclusion, bidirectional homeostatic regulation of Ih not only controls spiking activity but also stabilizes the threshold for long‐term potentiation induced in CA1 pyramidal neurons by repetitive stimulation.
Design of nonlinear metamorphic buffer layers for lattice-mismatched InxGa1−xAs/GaAs (001) semiconductor devices
Authors: Kujofsa Tedi , Ayers John E.
Published: August 2015

Equilibrium studies of metamorphic (partially relaxed) buffer layers are important in understanding the strain and misfit dislocation density configurations. The authors present a theoretical study of the equilibrium strain and misfit dislocation density profiles as well as appropriate design equations for nonlinearly graded (logarithmic) buffers for use in accommodating the lattice mismatch of heteroepitaxial InxGa1−xAs/GaAs (001) semiconductor devices. Minimum energy calculations show that the nonlinearly graded profile may be beneficial for the control of defect densities in lattice-mismatched devices because they have several characteristics which enhance the mobility and glide velocities of dislocations, thereby promoting longer misfit segments with relatively few threading arms. This study suggest that the use of nonlinear metamorphic buffer layers are beneficial because they contain (1) a misfit dislocation free zone (MDFZ) adjacent to the interface, which avoids dislocation pinning defects associated with substrate defects, (2) a misfit dislocation free zone near the surface, which reduces pinning interactions near the device layer which will be grown on top, and (3) a large built-in strain in the top MDFZ, which enhances the glide of dislocations to sweep out threading arms. In addition, the authors show that the use of nonlinear compositionally grading may be superior to linearly graded layers depending on the specific application of the heterostructure. Moreover, the use of a nonlinearity coefficient (deviation of the average lattice mismatch) enables comparison of nonlinearly graded metamorphic buffer layers to traditionally grown linearly graded heterostructures. The authors also present approximate design equations for the widths of the misfit dislocation free zones, the built-in strain, and peak misfit dislocation density for the general logarithmically graded semiconductor with diamond or zinc blende crystal structure and (001) orientation, and show that these design equations are in fair agreement with detailed numerical energy minimization calculations.
Vapor deposition on doublet airfoil substrates: Coating thickness control
Authors: Rodgers Theron M. , Zhao Hengbei , Wadley Haydn N. G.
Published: August 2015

A combined simulation and experimental approach is used to investigate vapor deposition onto model doublet guide vane substrates found in gas turbine engines. These substrates contain surface regions that are not visible to the vapor source. Particular attention is given to coatings on interior surfaces of the doublet airfoil geometry, which are only accessible through the leading and trailing openings of the doublet airfoil substrate. Deposition of nickel is simulated for several flow conditions and vane separation distances, using a direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The simulated coating thickness predictions are then evaluated by comparison with experimentally deposited nickel coatings. Coating uniformity along interior surfaces was found to be highly sensitive to deposition conditions, and to the separation distance between the pair of airfoils. Coating thickness on these surfaces were found to vary with the ratio of laminar flow distance through the interairfoil channel to the transverse diffusion distance across the channel gap; a parameter which can be applied to optimize the coating of many interior channel-like substrate using gas jet assisted deposition concepts.
Use of shear horizontal waves to distinguish adhesive thickness variation from reduction in bonding strength
Authors: Predoi Mihai Valentin , Ech Cherif El Kettani Mounsif , Leduc Damien , Pareige Pascal , Coné Khadidiatou
Published: August 2015

The capability of shear horizontal (SH) guided waves, to evaluate geometrical imperfections in a bonding layer, is investigated. SH waves are used in a three-layer structure in which the adhesive layer has variable thickness. It is proven that the SH waves are adapting to the local thickness of the adhesive layer (adiabatic waves). This is particularly useful in case of small thickness variations, which is of technical interest. The influence of thickness and stiffness of the adhesive layer on the wavenumbers are investigated. The selected SH2 mode is proven to be very sensitive to the adhesive layer thickness variation in the given frequency range and considerably less sensitive to the adhesive stiffness variation. This property is due to its specific displacement field and is important in practical applications, such as inspection techniques based on SH waves, in order to avoid false alarms.
Draft Genome Sequence of Dysgonomonas macrotermitis Strain JCM 19375T, Isolated from the Gut of a Termite
Authors: Sun Xinxin , Yang Yingjie , Zhang Ning , Shen Yulong , Ni Jinfeng
Published: August 2015

Here, we report the draft genome sequence ofDysgonomonas macrotermitisstrain JCM 19375T, which was isolated from the hindgut of a fungus-growing termite,Macrotermes barneyi. The genome information reveals the role of this strain in lignocellulose degradation and adaptation to the gut environment.
Complete Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus larvae MEX14, Isolated from Honey Bee Larvae from the Xochimilco Quarter in Mexico City
Authors: Peréz de la Rosa D. , Pérez de la Rosa J. J. , Cossio-Bayugar R. , Miranda-Miranda E. , Lozano L. , Bravo-Díaz M. A. , Rocha-Martínez M. K. , Sachman-Ruiz B.
Published: August 2015

Paenibacillus larvae
strain MEX14 is a facultative anaerobic endospore-forming bacterium that infects
Apis mellifera
larvae. Strain MEX14 was isolated from domestic bee larvae collected in a backyard in Mexico City. The estimated genome size was determined to be 4.18 Mb, and it harbors 4,806 protein coding genes (CDSs).
Genome Sequence of Bacillus alveayuensis Strain 24KAM51, a Halotolerant Thermophile Isolated from a Hydrothermal Vent
Authors: Filippidou Sevasti , Wunderlin Tina , Junier Thomas , Jeanneret Nicole , Johnson Shannon , McMurry Kim , Gleasner Cheryl D. , Lo Chien-Chi , Li Po-E , Vuyisich Momchilo , Chain Patrick S. , Junier Pilar
Published: August 2015

Bacillus alveayuensis
strain 24KAM51 was isolated from a marine hydrothermal vent in Milos, Greece. Its genome depicts interesting features of halotolerance and resistance to heavy metals.