bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Common Goods: American Folk Crafts as Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, 1932—33
Authors: Marshall Jennifer
Published: April 2011

During New York City's newly opened Museum of Modern Art's (MoMA's) fourth exhibition season of 1932–33, while director and intellectual leader Alfred H. Barr, Jr. was on sabbatical leave in Europe, interim director Holger Cahill mounted a show of 18th- and 19th-century American arts and crafts. Offered for sale in New England as antiques at the time of the show, the items on display in Cahill'sAmerican Folk Art: The Art of the Common Man in America 1750–1900obscured the divisions between theavant-gardeand the traditional, between high art and the everyday object. In an exhibit of items not easily categorized asmodernnor properly consideredart, MoMA admitted such local antiques and curiosities as weather vanes and amateur paintings into spaces otherwise reserved for the likes of Cézanne and Picasso.
Go Away Little Girl: Gender, Race, and Controversy in the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Authors: Theriault Kim S.
Published: April 2011

It's remarkably simple, really.

Constructed in 1982, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, generally referred to as the “Wall,” consists of two black granite wings, each almost 250 feet long, which meet at an obtuse angle that is submerged into the landscape of the National Mall, a green space between the Lincoln and Washington Memorials and some distance behind White House, in Washington, D.C. The form of the Wall, designed by Maya Ying Lin, is minimalist in nature, not only because it includes the right angles, hard edges, shiny surface, and repeated increments of Minimalism, but because even though it is a war memorial, unlike most, its only ornament and representation is the seemingly endless list of 58,226 names of American service men and women killed in Vietnam.
Anti-American Studies
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: April 2011

That Todd Gitlin, one of the leaders of the anti-Vietnam War movement in the 1960s, should have about-faced with regard to early millennial U.S. imperial ventures is one of the defining acts of our intellectual moment. In aNew York Timesop-ed piece in September of 2002, Gitlin wrote,

The American left … had its version of unilateralism. Responsibility for the [September 11] attacks had, somehow, to lie with American imperialism, because all responsibility has to lie with American imperialism — a perfect echo of the right's idea that all good powers are and should be somehow American. Intellectuals and activists on the far left could not be troubled much with compassion or defense…. Knowing little about Al Qaeda, they filed it under Anti-Imperialism, and American attacks on the Taliban under Vietnam Quagmire. For them, not flying the flag became an urgent cause…. Post-Vietnam liberals have an opening now, freed of our 60s flag anxiety and our reflexive negativity, to embrace a liberal patriotism that is unapologetic and uncowed.

Here, any sense of hesitancy about a war on “terror” is ascribed to a loony left; U.S. imperialism, if it isn't seen as some left fabrication, seems peculiarly untroubling to Gitlin. Indeed, the publication in which his op-ed appeared had published a couple of months earlier (in theNew York Times Magazine) an essay by Harvard's Professor of Human Rights Policy [sic] Michael Ignatieff proclaiming imperialism a necessary national exercise: “Imperialism used to be the white man's burden. This gave it a bad reputation. But imperialism doesn't stop being necessary because it is politically incorrect.” This, together with Gitlin's call for a “liberal patriotism,” is pitched against what Gitlin elsewhere, in redolent terminology, names the “reflexive anti-Americanism” to be found “on campuses and in coastal cities, in circles where reality checks are scarce.”
Anthropological Fictions: On Character, Culture, and Sexuality in the Work of Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Virginia Woolf
Authors: Engber Kimberly
Published: April 2011

In January 1932, anthropologist Ruth Benedict writes a letter to her colleague Margaret Mead on fieldwork in New Guinea, bringing Mead up to date on the health of “Papa” Franz Boas. Boas, the academic mentor that Benedict and Mead shared at Columbia University, acts as only the momentary locus for their continuing exchange about life and work and the relationship between the two. After giving “her hospital report,” Benedict turns eagerly to another conversation with Mead, asking, “Did you likeThe Waves? And did you keep thinking how you'd set down everybody you knew in a similar fashion? I did. I suppose I'm disappointed that she didn't include any violent temperaments, and I want my group of persons to be more varied” (Mead,Anthropologist at Work, 318). Focusing on the depiction of characters in Virginia Woolf's 1931 novelThe Waves, Benedict presents modernist fiction as a model for ethnography. However, she completely avoids the literary termcharacterin her discussion of Woolf, a particularly odd omission since Benedict had majored in English at Vassar College and since she and Mead regularly exchanged novels and their own poetry in letters.

Ruth Benedict's reading ofThe Waveshas been cited as evidence of her tendency toward a vaguely “poetic” anthropology, an argument that tends to separate the aesthetic from the sociopolitical in both Benedict and Woolf. In this essay, I consider Benedict's reading of Woolf, together with Margaret Mead's subsequent response, as evidence of a shared critical engagement with character, culture, and sexuality in the early 20th century.
Boys' and Girls' High School: Art and Politics in the Civil Rights Era
Authors: Cohen Michele
Published: April 2011

The story of public art in the United States is also the story of American democratic institutions. Our public schools in particular, malleable and shifting under changing societal expectations, provide clues about the nature of our educational enterprise in their very design and the commissioned art that enhances them. In New York City, home to the nation's largest public school system and one of the first, art in schools is a barometer of aesthetic preferences and a measure of larger social issues. The constellation of events that led to the decentralization of New York City's schools in 1970 also led to the creation of an outstanding collection of work by African-American artists at Brooklyn's Boys' and Girls' High School.

Better known for its athletics and as the school that hosted Nelson Mandela than for its public art, Boys' and Girls' High School first opened its doors as the Central School, with a Girls' department on Nostrand Avenue and a Boys' department on Court Street. In 1886, the Girls' department moved into a new building on Nostrand Avenue and in September 1890 school officials changed the official organization of the school to two schools, with Girls' High School on Nostrand Avenue (with added wings under construction) and Boys'High School (under construction) on Marcy Avenue. By 1960, efforts were under way to build a replacement school. The planning of the new Boys' and Girls' High School coincided with the fight by New York City minority groups for local school control, and the commissioning of art for the new building was paradigmatic of this struggle.
AuthoringGentlemen Prefer Blondes:Mass-Market Beauty Culture and the Makeup of Writers
Authors: Lutes Jean Marie
Published: April 2011

Lorelei Lee, the “professional lady” who narrates her own adventures in the 1925 international bestsellerGentlemen Prefer Blondes, is not a likely alter ego for an aspiring writer. Indifferent to most books and unlikely to indulge in introspection, Lorelei makes writing far less a priority than managing social invitations and sexual conquests. Accordingly, Anita Loos, the author ofGentlemen Prefer Blondes, went to considerable lengths to distance herself from her blonde-bombshell narrator. As if to acknowledge and enforce such distance, Loos has Lorelei remark offhandedly in the opening pages of the book, “It would be strange if I turn out to be an authoress.” The novel's first edition highlights the incongruity of Lorelei's status as author, illustrating this remark with a drawing of a wide-eyed young woman clutching a pen and bending over a ruffle-skirted vanity table. She is dressed for writing in a pair of highheeled slippers, a sheer, rose-trimmed negligee, and a frilly bed cap tied under her chin. Years later, a publicity still for the musical version ofGentlemen Prefer Blondescontinued to emphasize the distinction by juxtaposing a seated, conservatively clad Loos with the standing figure of Carol Channing as Lorelei Lee, elaborately gowned and dripping with diamonds. As the photograph suggests, Loos carefully positioned herself in opposition to the glamour girl whose appearance has since been labeled “the most significant event in the evolution of the dumb blonde” (Everett, 254).
Imaging the Panthers: Representing Black Power and Masculinity, 1960s–1990s
Authors: Doss Erika
Published: April 2011

When the moviePantherpremiered in American theaters in May 1995, it introduced a whole new generation to the rhetoric and radical politics of the Black Panther Party of a quarter-century earlier. It also sparked fierce debate about Panther fact, Panther fiction, and the power of images. Former leftie David Horowitz, now the head of the neoconservative Center for Popular Culture in Los Angeles, took out an ad inDaily VarietycallingPanthera “two-hour lie.” Damning director Mario Van Peebles for glorifying the positive aspects of the black power movement — the children's breakfasts and sickle cell anemia tests the Panthers sponsored, for example — Horowitz warned that people “will die because of this film” and faxed a seven-page press release to the media condemning the Panthers as “cocaine-addicted gangsters who … committed hundreds of felonies.”
On theC1non-integrability of differential systems via periodic orbits
Authors: LLIBRE JAUME , VALLS CLÀUDIA
Published: April 2011

We go back to the results of Poincaré [Poincare, H (1891) Sur lintegration des equations differentielles du premier ordre et du premier degre I and II,Rendiconti del circolo matematico di Palermo5, 161–191] on the multipliers of a periodic orbit for proving theC1non-integrability of differential systems. We apply these results to Lorenz, Rossler and Michelson systems, among others.
Review of periodical articles
Authors: LIDDY CHRISTIAN , ELLIOTT PAUL , MISKELL LOUISE
Published: April 2011

This year's publications address seven broad themes: urban growth and migration; the social structure of late medieval towns; women and gender; political communication and the circulation of news; the church in the city; urban decline; and writing about the city.
Testing the impact of seasonal phytodetritus deposition on δ13C of epibenthic foraminifer Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi: A 31,000 year high‐resolution record from the northwest African continental slope
Authors: Zarriess Michelle , Mackensen Andreas
Published: April 2011

Studies of temporal changes of ocean circulation and deepwater ventilation often rely on δ13C records of epibenthic foraminifer Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. However, primary productivity‐related overprints may distort the signal and simulate a chemical age of ambient water mass that is too old and simulates poorly ventilated ambient bottom waters. To further constrain the use of C. wuellerstorfi δ13C records from high‐productivity areas, we analyzed a 14CAMS‐dated gravity core from the upwelling regime off northwest Africa at 12°N. We compare this new record with 37 radiocarbon dated δ13C records from the eastern Atlantic Ocean between 45°N and 25°S that are bathed by the same water mass. Only during Heinrich events 1 and 2, when the investigated core site off northwest Africa experienced year‐round, sustained deposition of organic matter, the δ13C values at this site faithfully record deepwater ventilation states. During times of predominantly seasonal deposition of fresh phytodetritus, however, δ13C values were significantly lower than at the reference sites. This underscores that reconstruction of paleocirculation and deep ocean ventilation using C. wuellerstorfi δ13C from regions that experienced seasonal phytodetritus deposition needs to be validated by additional proxies that are not affected by local productivity.
Oxygen vacancies adjacent to Cu2+ ions in TiO2 (rutile) crystals
Authors: Brant A. T. , Yang Shan , Giles N. C. , Iqbal M. Zafar , Manivannan A. , Halliburton L. E.
Published: April 2011

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) are used to characterize Cu2+ ions substituting for Ti4+ ions in nominally undoped TiO2 crystals having the rutile structure. Illumination at 25 K with 442 nm laser light reduces the concentration of Cu2+ ions by more than a factor of 2. The laser light also reduces the EPR signals from Fe3+ and Cr3+ ions and introduces signals from Ti3+ ions. Warming in the dark to room temperature restores the crystal to its preilluminated state. Monitoring the recovery of the photoinduced changes in the Cu2+ ions and the other paramagnetic electron and hole traps as the temperature is raised from 25 K to room temperature provides evidence that the Cu2+ ions have an adjacent doubly ionized oxygen vacancy. These oxygen vacancies serve as charge compensators for the substitutional Cu2+ ions and lead to the formation of electrically neutral Cu2+-VO complexes during growth of the crystals. The Cu2+-VO complexes act as electron traps and convert to nonparamagnetic Cu+-VO complexes when the crystals are illuminated at low temperature. Complete sets of spin-Hamiltonian parameters describing the electron Zeeman, hyperfine, and nuclear electric quadrupole interactions for both the 63Cu and 65Cu nuclei are obtained from the EPR and ENDOR data. This study suggests that other divalent cation impurities in TiO2 such as Co2+ and Ni2+ may also have an adjacent oxygen vacancy for charge compensation.
Plume dynamics and cluster formation in laser-ablated copper plasma in a magnetic field
Authors: Pandey Pramod K. , Thareja R. K.
Published: April 2011

Laser-ablated copper plasma plume expanding in a nonuniform magnetic field and ambient gas is investigated to understand plume dynamics using optical emission spectroscopy and fast imaging of the plume. A peculiar oscillatory behavior of the plume observed in magnetic field is discussed. The appearance and enhancement of Cu2 (A–X) band in ambient gas and in the presence of magnetic field is reported. The presence of magnetic field favors the formation of copper clusters in the expanding plumes.
Thermal parameters of carbon nanotubes and potassium bromide composites
Authors: Depriester Michael , Hus Philippe , Sahraoui Abdelhak Hadj , Roussel Frédérick
Published: April 2011

Photothermal radiometry is employed to investigate the thermal parameters (diffusivity, effusivity, conductivity, and heat capacity) of carbon nanotubes [single-walled (SWNT) or multiple-walled (MWNT)] and potassium bromide (KBr) pressed pellets as a function of SWNT or MWNT mass fraction. A significant enhancement of the thermal conductivity for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) contents up to 2 wt. % was observed. Above 3 wt. % CNT, a morphological transition from a compacted to an unconsolidated granular media occurs leading to a sharp decrease of the thermal conductivity (k) caused by the presence of air interfaces. A geometrical model based on interpenetrating continua is applied to describe the unusual evolution of the thermal conductivity. The behavior of k is also discussed in regard to the latest theoretical reports.
Influence of the free-layer domain structure on domain-wall displacing type field sensors
Authors: Wang G. A. , Masuda Y. , Kato T. , Iwata S.
Published: April 2011

We propose a giant magnetoresistive sensor which utilizes the shifting of oscillatory domain walls to detect the external field along the easy axis. For this type of sensor the domains in the soft magnetic free layer play an import role and the sensor output is mainly determined by the domain-wall displacement. Domain structures in various micro-fabricated soft magnetic patterns have been investigated and two typical free-layer materials were selected to fabricate the sensor devices. The domain-wall displacing (DWD) type sensor with a 10 nm Ni80Fe20 free layer shows a higher field sensitivity than that with CoFeB, however the sensor output becomes saturated when the external field (Hex) > 0.4 Oe. For the sensor which has a 10 nm (Co90Fe10)92B8 free layer, the sensor output is linear even as Hex increases to 2.6 Oe. In addition, the sensors were operated under the magnetization rotation mode to compare the sensor outputs with the DWD mode. When the sensors were operated under the DWD mode a field sensitivity of at least two times higher was achieved.
Raman spectroscopy on etched graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Bischoff D. , Güttinger J. , Dröscher S. , Ihn T. , Ensslin K. , Stampfer C.
Published: April 2011

We investigate etched single-layer graphene nanoribbons with different widths ranging from 30 to 130 nm by confocal Raman spectroscopy. We show that the D-line intensity only depends on the edge-region of the nanoribbon and that consequently the fabrication process does not introduce bulk defects. In contrast, the G- and the 2D-lines scale linearly with the irradiated area and therefore with the width of the ribbons. We further give indications that the D- to G-line ratio can be used to gain information about the crystallographic orientation of the underlying graphene. Finally, we perform polarization angle dependent measurements to analyze the nanoribbon edge-regions.
Low noise Kα-band hopping reflectometer based on yttrium iron garnet sources at TEXTOR
Authors: Soldatov S. , Krämer-Flecken A. , Zorenko O.
Published: April 2011

The heterodyne hopping reflectometer system based on wide-tuned low noise yttrium iron garnet sources was developed for TEXTOR experiment. Being installed in 1998 it successfully operates more than 10 years providing the measurements of plasma density fluctuations. Owing to the advance multihorn antennae systems installed at three different positions around the tokamak, the correlation properties as well as the propagation measurements of plasma density fluctuations are realized. The reflectometer operates in ordinary polarization mode providing the access mostly to plasma gradient and pedestal region. The capabilities of the diagnostic are illustrated with the examples of measured fluctuation characteristics in the variety of TEXTOR plasmas.
Note: A scanning thermal probe microscope that operates in liquids
Authors: Aigouy Lionel , Lalouat Loïc , Mortier Michel , Löw Peter , Bergaud Christian
Published: April 2011

We have developed a scanning thermal probe microscope that operates in liquid environments. The thermal sensor is a fluorescent particle glued at the end of a sharp tungsten tip. Since light emission is a strongly thermally sensitive effect, the measurement of the particle fluorescence variations allows the determination of the temperature. No electrical wiring of the probe is needed. As a demonstrative example, we have measured the temperature map of a Joule-heated microheater immersed in a water/glycerol solution. Both topographical and thermal images are obtained with a good sensitivity.
Photonic crystal microdisk lasers
Authors: Chen Yi-Hao , Wu Yi-Kuei , Guo L. Jay
Published: April 2011

A photonic crystal (PC) microdisk laser cavity was introduced and demonstrated. The microlaser utilizes lossless surface modes within the PC forbidden band for vertical confinement and whispering gallery modes for lateral confinement. Analysis showed that this type of cavity mode has a smaller mode volume and a larger confinement factor than other resonant modes in the microdisk stacks. Initial experiments demonstrated lasing of optically pumped wavelength-size microdisks with four period GaAs/AlGaAs PCs and InGaAs quantum dots as gain media.
Scattering asymptotics for a charged particle coupled to the Maxwell field
Authors: Imaykin Valery , Komech Alexander , Spohn Herbert
Published: April 2011

We establish long time soliton asymptotics for the nonlinear system of Maxwell equations coupled to a charged particle. The coupled system has a six-dimensional manifold of soliton solutions. We show that in the long time approximation, any solution, with an initial state close to the solitary manifold, is a sum of a soliton and a dispersive wave which is a solution of the free Maxwell equations. It is assumed that the charge density satisfies the Wiener condition. The proof further develops the general strategy based on the symplectic projection in Hilbert space onto the solitary manifold, modulation equations for the parameters of the projection, and decay of the transversal component.
Strong strain dependence of ferroelectric coercivity in a BiFeO3 film
Authors: Biegalski M. D. , Kim D. H. , Choudhury S. , Chen L. Q. , Christen H. M. , Dörr K.
Published: April 2011

The ferroelectric polarization loop of an epitaxial BiFeO3 film on a piezoelectric substrate has been investigated as a function of continuously and reversibly varied biaxial strain of ε=0.36%–0.51%. Over this range, the ferroelectric coercive field (EC) at 80 K increases reversibly by 36% with the increasing tensile strain. In contrast, phase-field simulations predict the opposite trend of dEC/dε<0. Therefore, we attribute the observed EC(ε) dependence to the strain dependence of domain dynamics, which are not included in thermodynamic models. The strain dependence of the remanent polarization agrees with previous results.
The large quadrupole of water molecules
Authors: Niu Shuqiang , Tan Ming-Liang , Ichiye Toshiko
Published: April 2011

Many quantum mechanical calculations indicate water molecules in the gas and liquid phase have much larger quadrupole moments than any of the common site models of water for computer simulations. Here, comparisons of multipoles from quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVQZ level on a B3LYP/aug-cc-pVQZ level geometry of a waterlike cluster and from various site models show that the increased square planar quadrupole can be attributed to the p-orbital character perpendicular to the molecular plane of the highest occupied molecular orbital as well as a slight shift of negative charge toward the hydrogens. The common site models do not account for the p-orbital type electron density and fitting partial charges of TIP4P- or TIP5P-type models to the QM/MM dipole and quadrupole give unreasonable higher moments. Furthermore, six partial charge sites are necessary to account reasonably for the large quadrupole, and polarizable site models will not remedy the problem unless they account for the p-orbital in the gas phase since the QM calculations show it is present there too. On the other hand, multipole models by definition can use the correct multipoles and the electrostatic potential from the QM/MM multipoles is much closer than that from the site models to the potential from the QM/MM electron density. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations show that increasing the quadrupole in the soft-sticky dipole-quadrupole-octupole multipole model gives radial distribution functions that are in good agreement with experiment.
Determination of reaction coordinates via locally scaled diffusion map
Authors: Rohrdanz Mary A. , Zheng Wenwei , Maggioni Mauro , Clementi Cecilia
Published: April 2011

We present a multiscale method for the determination of collective reaction coordinates for macromolecular dynamics based on two recently developed mathematical techniques: diffusion map and the determination of local intrinsic dimensionality of large datasets. Our method accounts for the local variation of molecular configuration space, and the resulting global coordinates are correlated with the time scales of the molecular motion. To illustrate the approach, we present results for two model systems: all-atom alanine dipeptide and coarse-grained src homology 3 protein domain. We provide clear physical interpretation for the emerging coordinates and use them to calculate transition rates. The technique is general enough to be applied to any system for which a Boltzmann-sampled set of molecular configurations is available.
An effective one-particle theory for formation energies in doping Si nanostructures
Authors: Chan Tzu-Liang , Zhang S. B. , Chelikowsky James R.
Published: April 2011

By examining the formation energy (Eform) of P, As, and Al-doped Si nanostructures, we find that the many-body interactions related to the chemistry of the dopant are short ranged and hence size-insensitive when the dopant is at least a few bond length away from the surfaces. As a result, the size evolution of Eform can be understood remarkably well by an effective one-particle picture, and is found to follow two universal curves; one for donors and one for acceptors. Only for nanostructures smaller than ∼2 nm in diameter, different dopants may exhibit different Eform trend due to many-body interactions.
Robust properties of the superconducting ferromagnet UCoGe
Authors: Steven E. , Kiswandhi A. , Krstovska D. , Brooks J. S. , Almeida M. , Gonçalves A. P. , Henriques M. S. , Luke G. M. , Williams T. J.
Published: April 2011

The angular dependent magnetoresistance of the superconducting ferromagnet UCoGe is studied in detail at 40 mK to fields of 18 T in a single crystal sample with a low residual resistivity ratio [R(300 K)/R(1 K)=RRR=5]. A ferro-to-ferrimagnetic transition near 9 T that depends only on the field component along the uniaxial magnetic c axis is observed in both transport and susceptibility. Reverse hysteresis in the magnetoresistance in the critical field region indicates a coupling of the superconductivity to the magnetization for fields aligned closely to the ab plane. These results corroborate and advance previous findings on higher residual resistivity ratio samples.
Intersubband transitions at atmospheric window in AlxGa1−xN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on GaN/sapphire templates adopting AlN/GaN superlattices interlayer
Authors: Huang C. C. , Xu F. J. , Yan X. D. , Song J. , Xu Z. Y. , Cen L. B. , Wang Y. , Pan J. H. , Wang X. Q. , Yang Z. J. , Shen B. , Zhang B. S. , Chen X. S. , Lu W.
Published: April 2011

Defects and strain control in AlxGa1−xN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) for intersubband transitions (ISBTs) at atmospheric window grown on GaN/sapphire templates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition have been investigated adopting strain modulation technique using AlN/GaN superlattices (SLs) interlayer. It is found that cracking in the MQWs can be effectively avoided adopting AlN/GaN SLs interlayer. It is demonstrated that AlN/GaN SLs interlayer acts as a flexible layer and relieves most of the tensile strain through buried microcracks in AlN/GaN SLs interlayer. The intersubband absorptions at 3.6–4.1 μm wavelength region have been observed on the crack-free AlxGa1−xN/GaN MQWs. Our results open up prospects to realize crack-free and high quality AlxGa1−xN/GaN MQWs on GaN/sapphire templates for ISBTs devices at 3–5 μm atmospheric window.
Optical detection of magnetoelectric effect in the composite consisting of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells and FeCo thin film
Authors: Wei C. M. , Shih H. Y. , Chen Y. F. , Lin T. Y.
Published: April 2011

The magnetoelectric effect has been demonstrated based on the composite of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) and FeCo thin film. By applying an external magnetic field, the ferromagnetic layer will be deformed due to magnetostriction. This deformation is transmitted to the piezoelectric layers and results in piezoelectric effect, which induces electric polarization in the piezoelectric layers. The induced electric polarization changes the strain and the built-in internal electric field in the InGaN/GaN MQWs and therefore, the optical properties of the InGaN/GaN MQWs change. The results shown here open up a possibility for the application of nitride semiconductors in magneto-optical and magnetoelectric engineering.
Mn-doped thiolated Au25 nanoclusters: Atomic configuration, magnetic properties, and a possible high-performance spin filter
Authors: Zhou M. , Cai Y. Q. , Zeng M. G. , Zhang C. , Feng Y. P.
Published: April 2011

We report an ab inito investigation on the ground-state atomic configuration, electronic structures, magnetic, and spin-dependent transport properties of Mn-doped Au25 nanoclusters protected by thiolate. It is found that the most stable dopant sites are near surfaces, rather than the center position of the nanoparticles. Transport calculations show that high- performance spin filters can be achieved by sandwiching these doped clusters between two nonmagnetic Au electrodes. The nearly perfect spin filtering originates from localized magnetic moments of these clusters that are well protected by ligands from the presence of electrodes.
The chain sucker: Translocation dynamics of a polymer chain into a long narrow channel driven by longitudinal flow
Authors: Luo Kaifu , Metzler Ralf
Published: April 2011

Using analytical techniques and Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate the dynamics of polymer translocation into a narrow channel of width R embedded in two dimensions, driven by a force proportional to the number of monomers in the channel. Such a setup mimics typical experimental situations in nano/microfluidics. During the translocation process if the monomers in the channel can sufficiently quickly assume steady state motion, we observe the scaling τ ∼ N/F of the translocation time τ with the driving force F per bead and the number N of monomers per chain. With smaller channel width R, steady state motion cannot be achieved, effecting a nonuniversal dependence of τ on N and F. From the simulations we also deduce the waiting time distributions under various conditions for the single segment passage through the channel entrance. For different chain lengths but the same driving force, the curves of the waiting time as a function of the translocation coordinate s feature a maximum located at identical smax, while with increasing the driving force or the channel width the value of smax decreases.
High-quality DNA sequence capture of 524 disease candidate genes
Authors: Shen Peidong , Wang Wenyi , Krishnakumar Sujatha , Palm Curtis , Chi Aung-Kyaw , Enns Gregory M. , Davis Ronald W. , Speed Terence P. , Mindrinos Michael N. , Scharfe Curt
Published: April 2011

The accurate and complete selection of candidate genomic regions from a DNA sample before sequencing is critical in molecular diagnostics. Several recently developed technologies await substantial improvements in performance, cost, and multiplex sample processing. Here we present the utility of long padlock probes (LPPs) for targeted exon capture followed by array-based sequencing. We found that on average 92% of 5,471 exons from 524 nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes were successfully amplified from genomic DNA from 63 individuals. Only 144 exons did not amplify in any sample due to high GC content. One LPP was sufficient to capture sequences from <100–500 bp in length and only a single-tube capture reaction and one microarray was required per sample. Our approach was highly reproducible and quick (<8 h) and detected DNA variants at high accuracy (false discovery rate 1%, false negative rate 3%) on the basis of known sample SNPs and Sanger sequence verification. In a patient with clinical and biochemical presentation of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, we identified copy-number differences in the OTC gene at exon-level resolution. This shows the ability of LPPs to accurately preserve a sample's genome information and provides a cost-effective strategy to identify both single nucleotide changes and structural variants in targeted resequencing.
Aspirations and wellbeing in Romanian and US undergraduates
Authors: Stevens Michael J. , Constantinescu Petru‐Madalin , Butucescu Andreea
Published: April 2011

Updating cross‐cultural research of the past decade on the relationship between life aspirations and wellbeing, we compared Romanian (N = 69) and US (N = 64) undergraduates on the contribution of the importance and likelihood of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations to psychological maladjustment and life satisfaction, and on the qualitative meaning they assign to financial success. Similarly to prior studies, we found that extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations tended to be either negatively or positively correlated with life satisfaction, respectively; however, wealth predicted life satisfaction for Romanian students. Unlike previous research, we found generally negative relationships between intrinsic aspirations and psychological maladjustment. Although there were no differences between Romanian and US undergraduates on extrinsic and intrinsic orientation, on the overall importance of attaining aspirations, or on specific extrinsic and intrinsic aspirations, Romanian students expressed weaker expectations of fulfilling intrinsic aspirations than did US students. Finally, the groups produced similar rankings of aspirations and assigned similar meaning to financial success. The results favored a social cognitive rather than a self‐determination model of psychological wellbeing in that expectations for attaining aspirations were more often predictive of life satisfaction than were their content. We interpret these findings and their convergence and departure from earlier research in terms of political economic, demographic, and cultural factors. We encourage future cross‐cultural investigations of the social construction of aspirations, subsidiation of seemingly contradictory aspirations to each other, and cognitive and ecological mediation of the complex relationship of aspirations to psychological functioning.
Transcriptional consequences of genomic structural aberrations in breast cancer
Authors: Inaki Koichiro , Hillmer Axel M. , Ukil Leena , Yao Fei , Woo Xing Yi , Vardy Leah A. , Zawack Kelson Folkvard Braaten , Lee Charlie Wah Heng , Ariyaratne Pramila Nuwantha , Chan Yang Sun , Desai Kartiki Vasant , Bergh Jonas , Hall Per , Putti Thomas Choudary , Ong Wai Loon , Shahab Atif , Cacheux-Rataboul Valere , Karuturi Radha Krishna Murthy , Sung Wing-Kin , Ruan Xiaoan , Bourque Guillaume , Ruan Yijun , Liu Edison T.
Published: April 2011

Using a long-span, paired-end deep sequencing strategy, we have comprehensively identified cancer genome rearrangements in eight breast cancer genomes. Herein, we show that 40%–54% of these structural genomic rearrangements result in different forms of fusion transcripts and that 44% are potentially translated. We find that single segmental tandem duplication spanning several genes is a major source of the fusion gene transcripts in both cell lines and primary tumors involving adjacent genes placed in the reverse-order position by the duplication event. Certain other structural mutations, however, tend to attenuate gene expression. From these candidate gene fusions, we have found a fusion transcript (RPS6KB1–VMP1) recurrently expressed in ∼30% of breast cancers associated with potential clinical consequences. This gene fusion is caused by tandem duplication on 17q23 and appears to be an indicator of local genomic instability altering the expression of oncogenic components such as MIR21 and RPS6KB1.
Effect of Fusarium toxin‐contaminated triticale and forage‐to‐concentrate ratio on fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen
Authors: Hildebrand B. , Boguhn J. , Dänicke S. , Rodehutscord M.
Published: April 2011

In this study, the effect of Fusarium toxin‐contaminated triticale (FUS) at high (60%) and low (30%) concentrate proportion in ruminant rations on ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility was investigated, using in vivo and in vitro methods. Significant effects of the forage‐to‐concentrate ratio on ruminal degradation and digestibility of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as on the pH value and the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in rumen fluid were found. The production of SCFA was affected, and the degradation of crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre in the rumen was reduced by the inclusion of FUS at high concentrate proportion. The efficiency of microbial crude protein synthesis was higher in diets with 60% than in diets with 30% concentrates, but was impaired in the presence of FUS in vitro at the high concentrate level. Marginal effects of FUS on the amino acid pattern of microbial protein were detected. It was concluded that the use of FUS in high concentrate diets can influence ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis at a dietary deoxynivalenol concentration below 5 mg/kg dry matter.
Randomized controlled trial of virtual reality and hybrid simulation for robotic surgical training
Authors: Feifer Andrew , Al‐Ammari Adel , Kovac Evan , Delisle Josee , Carrier Serge , Anidjar Maurice
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research)

Level of Evidence 2c

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate if two commonly used laparoscopic simulators could be adapted and used successfully for the robotics platform in a laparoscopic and roboticnaïve medical student population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We identified two widely validated laparoscopic simulation programs, LapSim® (Surgical Science Sweden AB), and ProMIS® (Haptica, Ireland)for inclusion in the study. The McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills® task set was used for ProMIS, and adapted for the DaVinci® console (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) robotic platform.

We then randomized 20 naïve medical students to receive training on either LapSimor ProMIS, both or neither, and evaluated them beforeand aftertraining.

RESULTS

When the groups were compared at baseline, there were no statistical differences in mean scores amongst the groups in univariate analysis (α= 0.05).

Whencomparing mean scores within groups before and after training sessions, statistically significant performance enhancement in all four robotic tasks were identified in the groups receiving dual training.

CONCLUSION

We have shownthat the use of ProMIS hybrid and LapSimvirtual reality (VR) simulators in conjunction with each other can considerable improve robotic console performance in novice medical students compared with hybrid and VR simulation alone.
Getting Trapped in the Suppression of Exploration: A Simulation Model
Authors: Walrave Bob , van Oorschot Kim E. , Romme A. Georges L.
Published: April 2011

abstract

The benefits of strategically balancing exploitation and exploration are well documented in the literature. Nonetheless, many firms tend to overemphasize exploitation efforts, a situation commonly referred to as the ‘success trap’. Previous studies have attributed this behaviour to managerial incompetence or myopia. However, some management teams appear to adequately recognize the exploration need, while not being able to bring about the required strategic change. We draw on system dynamics modelling to investigate this phenomenon. A simulation model is developed and then the behaviour of a selected firm is replicated to uncover the underlying processes. As such, we develop a process theory of the success trap at the managerial level, coined the ‘suppression process’. This process theory describes and explains how the interplay between top managers, board members, and exploitation–exploration activities can trap the firm in the suppression of exploration.
When Should Zero be Included on a Scale Showing Magnitude?
Authors: Kozak Marcin
Published: April 2011

This article addresses an important problem of graphing quantitative data: should one include zero on the scale showing magnitude? Based on a real time series example, the problem is discussed and some recommendations are proposed.
Drug‐induced bullous pemphigoid in diabetes mellitus patients receiving dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors plus metformin
Authors: Skandalis K. , Spirova M. , Gaitanis G. , Tsartsarakis A. , Bassukas I.D.
Published: April 2011

Background  Preclinical data and reports of adverse skin reactions in patients treated with dipeptidyl peptidase‐IV inhibitors (gliptins) have increased awareness towards skin‐targeting side‐effects of these anti‐hyperglycaemic drugs. Bullous pemphigoid (BP), sometimes drug‐induced, is the most commonly acquired autoimmune blistering dermatosis in western countries, typically a disease of the elderly people with significant morbidity and excess mortality.

Objective  To report the development of BP in five diabetics under gliptin (4 vildagliptin, 1 sitagliptin) plus metformin in fixed‐dose drug combinations.

Case reports  From March to August 2010 six out of nine newly diagnosed BP patients in our Department were type 2 diabetics. Five of them were on gliptin plus metformin (three different trade preparations) for 2–13 months prior to BP onset. In all cases BP was controlled after withdrawal of the suspected medication and relatively mild therapeutic interventions. In two cases the eliciting role of the preceding treatment is supported by evidence at the level ‘probable/likely’ according to the WHO‐UMC algorithm.

Conclusions  This is the first report of drug‐induced BP as a group adverse event of the gliptins plus metformin combination therapy for glycaemia control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Ozone inhalation activates stress‐responsive regions of the CNS
Authors: Gackière Florian , Saliba Layal , Baude Agnès , Bosler Olivier , Strube Caroline
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 961–972.

Ozone (O3), a major component of air pollution, has considerable impact on public health. Besides the well‐described respiratory tract inflammation and dysfunctions, there is accumulating evidence indicating that O3 exposure affects brain functions. However, the mechanisms through which O3 exerts toxic effects on the brain remain poorly understood. This work aimed at precisely characterizing CNS neuronal activation after O3 inhalation using Fos staining in adult rat. We showed that, together with lung inflammation, O3 exposure caused a sustained time‐ and dose‐dependent neuronal activation in the dorsolateral regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius overlapping terminal fields of lung afferents running in vagus nerves. Furthermore, we highlighted neuronal activation in interconnected central structures such as the caudal ventrolateral medulla, the parabrachial nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. In contrast, we did not detect any neuronal activation in the thoracic spinal cord where lung afferents running in spinal nerves terminate. Overall, our results demonstrate that O3 challenge evokes a lung inflammation that induces the activation of nucleus tractus solitarius neurons through the vagus nerves and promotes neuronal activation in stress‐responsive regions of the CNS.
Factors of importance for self‐reported mental health and depressive symptoms among ages 60–75 in urban Iran and Sweden
Authors: Momeni Pardis , Wettergren Lena , Tessma Mesfin , Maddah Sadat , Emami Azita
Published: April 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 696–705

Factors of importance for self‐reported mental health and depressive symptoms among ages 60–75 in urban Iran and Sweden

Background:  Depression is a common experience affecting 121 million people around the world. In high income countries, depression is one of the most common psychiatric conditions among the elderly. Studies show that immigrants are particularly at risk for mental ill health.

Aim:  This study investigates the self‐reported mental health among two Iranian groups; one born and residing in Iran and one consisting of Iranian immigrants in Sweden, as well as native Swedes living in Sweden. The study also aims to explore and compare self‐reported depressive symptoms among three groups.

Methods:  This study is based on a cross‐sectional design measuring self‐reported health with a study specific questionnaire. The programme SPSS V.17.0 was used for all statistical analyses.

Findings:  1088 participants were approached (668 Iranians in Iran; 105 immigrated Iranians in Sweden; and 305 Swedes in Sweden). Factors effecting self‐reported mental health was self‐reported health, smoking, satisfaction with social life and also a sense of connection to ones cultural roots and traditions. Also demographic variables such as group belonging (Swedes vs. Iranians), sex and satisfaction with Income were shown to be important when performing the regression analysis. In the chi‐square analysis the Iranian samples reported depressive symptoms to a larger extent than the Swedish group in all aspects of self‐reported depressive symptoms. Self‐reported depressive symptoms were reported to a greater extend in women compared to men. Our findings indicate that the Iranian populations living in both Tehran and Stockholm report depressive symptoms to an extent that merits concern. The findings indicate that Iranians living in Tehran and Iranians who have immigrated to Sweden require more attention regarding mental health care. Health care providers in both countries should be aware of the current state of mental health among Iranians in both Sweden and Iran.
The making of a sub‐discipline: state initiatives and the production of British geographical studies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1945–71
Authors: Oldfield Jonathan , Matless David , Swain Adam
Published: April 2011

This paper explores the origins of British geographical studies of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, in particular the ways in which this sub‐discipline was shaped by state‐led initiatives after the Second World War, emerging as a small yet distinct area of geographical practice within UK universities. The historical focus of the paper incorporates the publication of the government‐initiated Scarbrough Commission Report in 1947 and the formalisation of cultural relations between the UK and the Soviet Union during the 1960s, in addition to such key initiatives as the Joint Services School for Linguists, the early work of the British Council’s Soviet Relations Committee and the 1961 Hayter Report. The paper draws from a range of sources including archival materials and oral history testimonies. It is argued that in addition to a steady stream of more or less standard regional textbooks, the published outputs associated with the sub‐discipline post‐1945 also comprised a range of systematically focused, as well as more strategically oriented, works. Such studies may put into question any straightforward distinction between traditional regional geography and emergent spatial science.