bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gendering the American Dream
Authors: McClearen Jennifer
Published: December 2021

The third chapter of Fighting Visibility investigates how the UFC incorporates diverse female fighters into discourses of meritocracy and the American dream. While sports media has long embraced the myth of the American dream in its storytelling, narratives and human-interest stories about pugilists rarely feature women as the central protagonists and pursuers of that dream. Branded difference in the UFC alters this discourse to include women of diverse nationalities, ethnicities, and sexualities. The revisions to include women of color and lesbians in the dream discourse entice an expendable labor force willing to sacrifice their health, wellness, and livelihood to pursue their UFC dreams, which proves yet again that making women visible in sports media does not automatically yield equity.
King Labor
Authors: Stanley Matthew E.
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores how the popular memory of the antislavery movement and emancipation proved central to Reconstruction era debates over land, labor, and political economy. Freedpeople were the first and most vocal laboring people to employ war memories to appeal for large-scale material redistribution. They anticipated the postwar period as one of revolutionary possibility. Meanwhile, trade unionists and agrarian radicals used cultural politics to frame postwar debates over land and labor as part of an antislavery tradition. They increasingly appropriated the legacy of African American bondage and liberation in order to confront “wage slavery” and articulate designs for “labor emancipation” in which the ruination of plantation slavery was but one step.
Epilogue
Authors: Stanley Matthew E.
Published: December 2021

The epilogue appraises the state of radical labor and Civil War memory surrounding the war’s semisesquicentennial. What Eric Hobsbawm terms “the patriotism of the Left,” including the cultural symbols of the Civil War era, was critical to political fights against right-wing nationalism and anti-liberalism. Emancipationist memory was especially central to the political culture of the Communist Party USA, as well as to the broader “Americanization” movement within the Popular Front. However, the “Good War” against fascism provided powerful nationalist mythologies surrounding “Victory Culture” that were less bound by class. Further, the Cold War--and a mass culture of domestic anti-communism--scuttled the revolutionary memory of the Civil War as a precursor to broader class emancipation.
8 “The female tribe as ‘angels’ on earth … is being … entirely dissipated”
Authors: Bailey Candace
Published: December 2021

During the Civil War, music functioned as a tool by which to gauge the war’s effect on the role and performance of gentility as hostilities and politics in a time of dramatic social change. Many antebellum practices and expectations were altered, including music circulation and transmission, class status, parlor performance, and school programs. Repeated staging of dramatic events in Richmond, public performances featuring ladies or nascent women’s organizations (with no male officers) elsewhere reflected a newfound acceptance in roles hitherto withheld from genteel women. The practicalities of war forced social classes to intermingle in ways that would have been unfathomable before the war.
Case Law: A Review of selected Pharmaceutical Patents in the UK Courts during 2020
Authors: Crawford Sarah-Jane , O'Brien Harry Melville , Stones James Alexander
Published: December 2021

Patentslie at the interface between technology and law. This article provides a criticalreview of four high profile cases from 2020 in which patents relating topharmaceuticals were litigated in the UK Courts. The selected cases in thisreview involved ‘sufficiency’, ‘novelty’, ‘inventiveness’, ‘plausibility’ and ‘infringement’issues. The first case is a dispute between Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and Kymab Ltd in relation to Regeneron’spatent for a transgenic mouse platform. The second case relates to Pfizer’s patent for their Prevnar®13pneumococcal vaccineand the alleged infringement of this patent by Merck Sharp & Dohme. The third case concerns the validity of apatent belonging to NeurimPharmaceuticals Ltd relating to a slow-release formulation of melatonin fortreating primary insomnia. The final case is a dispute between FibroGen Inc. and AkebiaTherapeutics concerning FibroGen’spatents for hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase enzyme inhibitors (“HIF-PHIs”) for use in treating anaemia. The article aims to focus onthe technology behind the patents and to provide an insight into how science interactswith law in the context of patent enforcement and infringement. 
CECILIA MILITO BARAONE. Conflicto y convivencia en el discurso pedagógico oficial durante el tardofranquismo y la transición democrática española, 1965-1982
Authors: Castillejo Cambra Emilio
Published: December 2021

Reseña
IBN ʿARABῙ: RETIRO Y RECUERDO
Authors: Twinch Cecilia
Published: December 2021

Resumen: El retiro se ha establecido durante mucho tiempo como un método de realización espiritual. Ibn ʿArabī escribe sobre el retiro, por un lado, como la práctica del aislamiento y, por otro, como un principio general de fuga en retorno hacia Dios, fuga desde la ignorancia hacia el conocimiento. Según Ibn ʿArabī, la dimensión interna del ser humano es la celda de su retiro. El recuerdo de Dios es una consciencia de la presencia divina y, cuando el corazón está vacío de preocupaciones mundanas, lo divino puede ser presenciado interna y externamente, en reclusión o en compañía.

Abstract: Retreat has long been established as a method of spiritual realization. Ibn ‘Arabi writes of retreat both as the practice of seclusion and as a general principle of fleeing to God, and of fleeing from ignorance to knowledge. According to Ibn ‘Arabi, the human being’s inward dimension is the cell of their retreat. The remembrance of God is an awareness of the divine presence and when the heart is empty of worldly concerns, God’s presence may be witnessed inwardly and outwardly, in seclusion or in company.
Simulation and practice: a repeated measurements perspective
Authors: Leppink Jimmie , Maestre José Maria , Rojo Santos Elena , Del Moral Ignacio
Published: December 2021

La simulación puede brindar oportunidades poderosas para el desarrollo de habilidades esenciales en un entorno seguro que no tiene consecuencias para los pacientes. Sin embargo, para comprender los efectos de la simulación en la práctica clínica, necesitamos un diseño que nos permita medir sistemáticamente una o más variables de interés repetidamente durante y después de la simulación y, cuando sea posible, también antes de la simulación. Aunque este tipo de investigación a menudo se asocia con muestras más grandes de participantes, a través de un ejemplo simulado este artículo demuestra que este tipo de diseño se puede utilizar incluso en entornos donde solo hay un participante. Un uso más frecuente de este tipo de diseño puede ayudarnos a comprender los efectos de la simulación en la práctica a corto y largo plazo y cómo estos efectos dependen del contexto en el que se lleva a cabo la simulación.

Simulation can provide powerful opportunities for the development of essential skills in a safe environment that has no consequences for patients. However, to understand the effects of simulation on clinical practice, we need a design that allows us to systematically measure one or more variables of interest repeatedly during and after the simulation and where possible also before the simulation. Although this kind of research is often associated with larger samples of participants, through a simulated example this article demonstrates that this type of design can be used even in settings where there is only one participant. An increased use of this kind of design may help us to understand the effects of simulation on practice on the short and long term and how these effects may depend on the context in which simulation takes place.
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Vignette Factors of Smartphone Auctions on the Allegro Auction Platform
Authors:   University of Economics in Katowice, Grabara Dariusz
Published: December 2021

Purpose: The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on e-commerce sales has been perceived from different points of view. This study focuses on changes in the usage of auction vignette factors on one of the most successful sales platforms, Allegro, at three points in time during the pandemic, considered as the pre-pandemic, deep-pandemic, and post-pandemic state. Design/methodology/approach: The research study uses 3 samples of offers – 320 for the 1st point in time, 259 for the 2nd point in time, and 303 for the 3rd point in time—in the category of Samsung S10 smartphones to determine the changes among the presentation factors belonging to the offers. 22 factors and 5 indexes were examined. Findings: The results show substantial changes in the usage of factors such as shipping cost, the increased importance of “Buy Now” auctions, platform currency, and the decreased importance of “Bid” auctions. The indexes were also proposed in order to adopt a synthetic view of the factor groupings. The shipping index was pointed out as one factor that may be affected by the pandemic. Research limitations/implications: The sampling technique limited the study to a preselected category of smartphones. The category was biased by the use of a non-category brand. Non-category items were removed from the data used. Other limitations include ambiguities involved in the assignment of the factors. Originality/value: The contribution of this study is its examination of a frequently omitted area of factors that buyers use as a first choice when selecting an offer. The uniqueness of the study is covered by the point in time used in the study, i.e. deep-pandemic. Other points in time were based on the announcements of the government of Poland.
Transmisión transgeneracional de la memoria del franquismo: el vídeo doméstico como documento en 'Haciendo memoria' (2005) de Sandra Ruesga
Authors: Rams Albuisech Maribel
Published: December 2021

En el cortometraje documental Haciendo memoria Sandra Ruesga edita fragmentos de películas domésticas que grabaron sus padres desde la transición hasta los años noventa junto con unas conversaciones telefónicas actuales entre ella y sus padres. El registro inocente de visitas familiares a los espacios monumentales franquistas cambia de contexto de recepción cuando es reciclado por la generación de la posmemoria para hacer una crónica microhistórica en el documental performativo. Mi objetivo en este artículo es indagar en la construcción de la memoria alrededor de los monumentos franquistas en el cine casero que se transforma en documento cuando pasa a la esfera pública. Para ello, me centro en las estrategias para suscitar el olvido del pasado y blanquear la dictadura materializadas en los vídeos originales de los que se apropia Ruesga. Asimismo, me sirvo de las teorías de la posmemoria, el documental performativo y la cultura material para analizar la recontextualización del archivo familiar como un medio de transmisión transgeneracional de la memoria.
The energetic basis for smooth human arm movements
Authors: Wong Jeremy D , Cluff Tyler , Kuo Arthur D
Published: December 2021

The central nervous system plans human reaching movements with stereotypically smooth kinematic trajectories and fairly consistent durations. Smoothness seems to be explained by accuracy as a primary movement objective, whereas duration seems to economize energy expenditure. But the current understanding of energy expenditure does not explain smoothness, so that two aspects of the same movement are governed by seemingly incompatible objectives. Here, we show that smoothness is actually economical, because humans expend more metabolic energy for jerkier motions. The proposed mechanism is an underappreciated cost proportional to the rate of muscle force production, for calcium transport to activate muscle. We experimentally tested that energy cost in humans (N = 10) performing bimanual reaches cyclically. The empirical cost was then demonstrated to predict smooth, discrete reaches, previously attributed to accuracy alone. A mechanistic, physiologically measurable, energy cost may therefore explain both smoothness and duration in terms of economy, and help resolve motor redundancy in reaching movements.
POEMA-REGULAR-TRAVESTI
Authors: Leoni Jô , Gottardi Pedro
Published: December 2021

Este ensaio visual objetiva discutir trabalhos e conceitos desenvolvidos por uma acadêmica travesti/transsexual em torno de experiências artísticas e estéticas nas potências do corpo trans enquanto criadora e objeto em artes visuais por meio da fotografia. Nos debruçamos nos principais autores que abordam a temática, como Canton (2009), Carvalho (2018), Geraldo (2010), Salih (2015), Pignatari (2005), Young (2005) e as visualidades que nos acompanham. Tem-se como foco de investigação as experiências em artes visuais apontadas pelas visualidades que expõem os desafios internos e externos/sociais de uma vivência travesti, bem como autoaceitação, estereótipos e o preconceito estrutural.
Effect of Bio-Pesticides on Mortality of Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella L.
Authors: Balpande S. , Yadav A. S.
Published: December 2021

Galleria mellonella larvae feed on wax, pollen, honey and damage the combs with in active bee colonies and storage condition. Galleria mellonella larvae can bore tunnel and feed around the midrib base of the wax comb. Larvae produce silk fibers that can trap bee brood cells. Comb is completely covered with webbing and extracted matter of the larvae condition described as “Galleriasis”.  The study was carried out at Apiculture Lab of RVSKVV-ZARS-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morena (M.P.) during 2019-20. Different three concentration of bio-pesticides viz., Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki  (1, 1.5 and 2%), custard apple seed extract (2, 4and 6%) and Neem Oil (1, 2 and 3%) were used against the Galleria mellonella to assess the effect of larval mortality at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after treatment. There was no significant effect showed in all the treatments after 24 hours. The maximum mortality of Galleria mellonella larvae was recorded in Bacillus thuringiensis Kurstaki 2.0 percent concentration (46.67, 87.08 and 96.67%) after 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively and it was at par with custard apple seed extract 6.0 percent concentration (45.83, 85.0 and 93.75%). Neem oil 3.0 percent concentration expressed 38.33, 75.42 and 87.50 percent larval mortality after 48, 72 and 96 hours respectively. Whereas minimum mortality was noticed in Neem oil 1.0 percent at 48 hours (22.08%), at 72 hours (37.08%) and at 96 hours (56.25%) among the treatments. The higher concentration of all the three bio-pesticides was proved effectiveness against Galleria mellonella during investigation.
MR Imaging of Pancreatic Lesions
Authors: Abd Rabou Mohamed Shawky Mohamed , El Shafey Khaled Ismail , El Deen Mohamed Rania Essam , Dawoud Rasha Mahmoud
Published: December 2021

Aim: The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of MRI in differentiating between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions and its correlation with histopathological results as the reference standard.

Patients and Methods: This MRI study included 30 patients, 17 females and 13 males with a mean age 50 years. Sixteen patients had malignant masses (14 patients were adenocarcinoma, one patient was lymphoma and one patient was metastasis) and 14 patients had benign masses (7 patients were pancreatic pseudocysts, two patients were pancreatic abscesses, three patients were simple cysts and two patients were focal pancreatitis). The main clinical symptom was abdominal pain and most of masses were located in the head of the pancreas.

Results: In our study, 25 cases of the 30 patients showed increased intensity at T2-weighted images. Most of malignant cases showed low or equal intensity on T1- and high intensity on T2-weighted images compared to normal pancreatic parenchyma. In our study, DW-MRI was performed on all subjects at b-values of 500 and 1000 s/mm2. Benign pancreatic masses as pancreatic pseudocyst, simple cyst and abscess show low signal intensities on DWI, however malignant pancreatic masses as adenocarcinoma, lymphoma and metastasis show high signal intensities on DWI with a cut-off value of 1.5 x10-3 s/mm2 for the differentiation of benign from malignant pancreatic masses by b-value 1000 s/mm2 with the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV& p value were 100%, 83.33%, 100%, 88.88% and <0.001 respectively.

Conclusion: MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis of different pancreatic lesions and can assess the neoplastic pancreatic lesions with accurate detection of extension, nodal involvement and hepatic metastatic lesions. It also has a major role in differentiation between benign and malignant pancreatic lesions by the aids of DWI.
Optimization of Hybrid Wind and Solar Power Generator at Izazi, Tanzania
Authors: Omari Arthur M.
Published: December 2021

Solar can be converted directly into electrical energy by using solar photovoltaic (PV) which convert solar radiation by the photoelectric effect, wind energy can be converted into electrical energy by using alternator coupled with a wind turbine. Solar power system consists of solar panels, solar PV cells and batteries for storing DC energy. Solar energy is available only during the day time whereas wind energy is available throughout the day; it is only depending upon the atmospheric conditions. Wind and solar are complimentary to each other and therefore makes the system more reliable throughout the year. The study at Izazi village, Iringa – Tanzania shows that the available solar energy and wind energy are potential and sufficient for solar-wind hybrid technology. Using the data obtained from NASA for local wind and solar resources for Izazi village Iringa, Tanzania. The simulation using homer analysis software, shows that to reach the minimum cost, the solar PV modules should contribute more energy than wind turbine. The optimization results obtained therefore shows the solar-wind hybrid system can provide a solution for supplying electricity at Izazi. This model result from Izazi village can be applied easily to other villages with similar environmental condition .
Stakeholders’ Interactions and Land Management Options in Bui Division, North West Region of Cameroon By
Authors: Mbuh Bailack Kevin , Lawrence Akei Mbanga
Published: December 2021

The lucid engagements of stakeholders in land management is an essential strategy in circumventing the stakes of land utilisation. This is symptomatic in ecumenes of intricate ecological traits with diverse stakeholders’ management interests. Bui Division of the North West Region of Cameroon, a citadel of stakeholders enmeshed and is manning their respective lands with signatures of rare plausible interaction options in a decentralisation framework. As such, the study sought to assess the stakeholders’ interaction options for land management in Bui Division. A historical and comparative research designs were used to obtain primary and secondary data from 1971-2021. This was through questionnaires, formal and informal interviews from 16.9% of population in 505 households and direct observations with consultation of published and unpublished documents. Data was analysed using inferential statistics with the Anova Test at 0.05 at a critical level and a df of 7 to determine the significant differences in stakeholders’ interaction options for land management. The results reveal the calculated values of 0.9, 8, 3.9, 3.6 and 8.3 higher than the tabulated ratios of 0.65, 0.000, 0.001, 0.002 and 0.000 respectively. This indicates that there were significant differences in stakeholders’ interaction options in land management based on stakeholders’ activities and interests. Multiple stakeholders’ collaborative and participatory interaction options were positively apt in diverse sectors of land management. The study posits that participatory interaction through multi-stakeholders’ involvements and collaborations are the best options to minimise the deprived perceptions of under representation of some stakeholders in land management platforms in Bui Division.
The Portrayal of Occultism in “The Call of Cthulhu” (1928) by H.P. Lovecraft
Authors: Sebayang Evan Arnoldi , Kristianto Bayu
Published: December 2021

H.P. Lovecraft crafted an intricate mythos which initially did not find success until after his death, and his works, most notably “The Call of Cthulhu” (1928), were regarded to be a landmark towards the relevancy of occultism both in the field of literature and religious belief. The short story was regarded to be the staple of “cosmic horror” which Lovecraft applied to almost all of his stories. The paper analyze how “The Call of Cthulhu” influenced the belief of modern occultism, which can be inferred from the literary elements in the story. Further analysis will also identify how Lovecraft portrayed the subgenre “cosmic horror” to enhance the elements of occultism within the short story. In relation to the previous elements, the paper examine how a particular cult, Typhonian Order, was influenced by the elements of occultism used in the story.
Speak Louder Than the Ballot: A Cognitive Study to Election Abstention Metaphors
Authors: Adam Muhammad
Published: December 2021

There have been few studies that highlight the use of metaphor in political discourse and election, but none of those studies focus on the election abstention –known in Indonesia as Golput phenomena- and the discussion of the intertwined components in metaphor. This research aims to investigate various metaphor components in the metaphorical description used to describe the abstention during the Indonesian election 2019 within the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980). Kovecses (2003) highlighted components of metaphor are also used to examine the essential components of conceptual metaphor in the use. The sources of data were from five foreign media reports that discuss the Indonesian issue of election abstention. The result shows there few essential components that can be revealed behind a metaphor such as the importance of mental image, cultural context, and highlighted elements in metaphor that contribute to the metaphorical function and interpretation
TATA KELOLA KEBIASAAN BARU DI TAMAN SUNGAI MUDAL YOGYAKARTA (Proses Adaptasi, Sosialisasi, Partisipasi oleh Pengelola dan Pengunjung)
Authors: Ningrum Dyaloka Puspita
Published: December 2021

Pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap sektor pariwisata karena banyak destinasi wisata yang tutup dan tidak dapat beroperasi secara maksimal. Tatanan kebiasaan baru menjadi alternatif kehidupan di masa depan yang tentu saja harus didasari dengan penerapan protokol kesehatan berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan RI Nomor : HK.01.07/Menkes/382/2020. Dibukanya kembali destinasi wisata harus didasari dengan tanggung jawab yang penuh oleh para pemangku kebijakan ataupun para pelaku wisatanya, termasuk di objek wisata Taman Sungai Mudal Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui “Tata Kelola Kebiasaan Baru yang Dilakukan oleh Pengelola maupun Pengunjung di Objek Wisata Taman Sungai Mudal Yogyakarta” dengan menggunakan pendekatan partisipasi dan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Tata kelola adaptasi kebiasaan baru sebagai acuan operasional di objek wisata Taman Sungai Mudal pada prinsipnya sudah disesuaikan dengan panduan CHSE (cleanliness, health, safety, and environment sustainability), meskipun masih belum begitu maksimal. Pemerintah sebagai salah satu bagian dari stakeholders pariwisata harus berperan ganda, yang tidak hanya membuat regulasi untuk mengatur kegiatan pariwisata dengan himbauan penerapan protokol kesehatan, namun juga dapat mengevaluasi pelaksanaan kegiatan tersebut sebagai salah satu langkah strategis yang berorientasi terhadap keselamatan bersama. Mengembangkan partisipasi dan dukungan dari para pemangku kebijakan sejatinya mendorong iklim yang kondusif dalam perencanaan pembangunan pariwisata yang unggul disuatu wilayah.
ANALISIS PERILAKU PENCARIAN INFORMASI DI INTERNET MELALUI FITUR VISUAL SEARCH
Authors: Kristiyono Jokhanan , Nurrosyidah Afifah
Published: December 2021

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang hasil pemikiran akademik yang mengangkat fenomena media komunikasi budaya visual dalam pencarian informasi di internet. Selama ini banyak penelitian tentang budaya visual lebih memfokuskan pada seni rupa dan media massa, masih sangat jarang yang mengangkat pada permasalahan aktivitas digital masyarakat dalam pencarian informasi visual di Internet (visual search engine – VSE). Jumlah informasi digital meningkat secara eksponensial, termasuk informasi visual. Penelitian ini menggunakan  metode kualititatif dengan studi literatur. Terbatasnya literatur yang mengulas tentang pencarian informasi melalui visual search engine memberikan kontribusi akan novelty terkait studi yang mengulas perilaku pengguna dalam melakukan proses pencarian. Data primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah hasil-hasil penelitian tentang budaya visual dan mesin pencarian yang telah dipublikasikan pada jurnal-jurnal internasional berindex reputasi. Pola pencarian search engine secara umum dengan visual search engine memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan, karena perbedaan fitur antara keduanya. Karena terbatasnya kajian terkait dengan perilaku pengguna dalam visual search engine, maka perlu dilakukan pengambilan data secara langsung untuk penelitian ke depan sehingga analisis terkait dengan pengguna visual search engine dapat lebih akurat.
PENGELOLAAN ACARA “BANDUNG LAUTAN SEPEDA” OLEH BIRO HUMAS DAN PROTOKOL SEKRETARIAT DAERAH PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Fauzziya Putri Meysha Nabila , Nugraha Aat Ruchiat
Published: December 2021

One of the characteristics of the success of public services carried out by an organization is in the form of delivering information and organizing an activity that is beneficial to stakeholders. Submitting information and organizing these activities is part of public communication that must be carried out by the public relations department of an organization. Is done by the Public Relations and Protocol Bureau of the Regional Secretariat of West Java Province which has the function as the front guard to provide information through various media publications with a deliberate strategy. The form of undertaken strategy is public relations events and media relations which packaged in activities with the theme "Bandung Ocean Bike". This article discusses how the contents of the communication message delivered in the "Bandung Lautan Sepeda" activity and how to use its publication media. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-based research approach through data collection conducted by interviews, field observations, and literature studies. The results of the research on the "Bandung Ocean of Bicycles" activity showed that the message content conveyed on the activity poster contained persuasive sentences while the type of media publication used is below the line media such as banners, posters, backdrops, and word of mouth
EMPATI DAN HOMOFILI DALAM KOMUNIKASI POLITIK PEMENANGAN PEMILIHAN LEGISLATIF
Authors: Muna Choirul , Prisanto Guntur Freddy , Ernungtyas Niken Febrina , Irwansyah Irwansyah , Putri Sekartaji Anisa
Published: December 2021

Empathy and homophily communication in campaigns is important to garner public support in the era of democracy. Loyal community support can be achieved if political actors make empathy and homophile communication appropriately. This study aims to find out how empathy and homophile communication carried out by Gus, a legislative candidate, is able to win votes from a community that is basically apathetic to politics, namely the thoriqoh congregation. The research method used is a qualitative approach, with in-depth interview and observation data collection techniques. The results showed that the communication of empathy and homophilia carried out by Gus, made it seen as part of the Thoriqoh congregation itself thus increasing its credibility. The homophile aspect fulfilled by Gus so that he gets full loyal support from the Thoriqoh congregation is in terms of equality in dressing, religion, speaking, behaving, and in carrying out rituals.
Profissionais do sexo:
Authors: De Sousa Juliana Carvalho , De Oliveira Hilderline Câmara , Do Vale Aline Francilurdes Nery
Published: December 2021

No mundo atual, dentre tantas acepções, pode-se admitir que a prostituição está consolidada como trabalho, mesmo de cunho informal. A história mostra que essa atividade persiste diante das adversidades enfrentadas, do preconceito e dos estigmas. O presente estudo objetiva contribuir para as discussões acerca da prostituição como profissão entre as mulheres. Caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa básica de cunho exploratório. Com este estudo, espera-se capturar a realidade, os conceitos e os fatores que rodeiam a vida destas profissionais, cuja imersão na sociedade é perpassada por severas polêmicas de aceitabilidade. Além disso, também espera-se apreender a existência ou não de precarização no ambiente laboral, buscando capturar um conhecimento epistemológico do fenômeno.
De um resgate:
Authors: Nery Pereira Edson Salviano
Published: December 2021

Resenha sobra a antologia Dissidências de género e sexualidade na literatura brasileira: uma antologia (1842-1930). Vol I e II.
PROPOSTA PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO EM EMPRESA INDUSTRIAL: O CASO DE UMA INDÚSRIA DE MÓVEIS SOB MEDIDA
Authors: Colauto Romualdo Douglas , Beuren Ilsen Maria
Published: December 2021

O artigo objetiva apresentar uma proposta para avaliar a gestão do conhecimento em uma empresa industrial. A viabilidade implica que a alta administração promova a ligação entre as informações provenientes dos indicadores com o planejamento e o controle das estratégias definidas. Para tanto, realizou-se uma pesquisa exploratória, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa, por meio de um estudo realizado em uma indústria de móveis sob medida. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta utilizou-se uma entrevista semi-estruturada com o gerente-proprietário e de um checklist para identificar se a organização dispõe de elementos para operacionalizar o estudo. A pesquisa contribui para a proposição de um conjunto de indicadores que possam facilitar a monitoração da estrutura interna e externa da empresa.
Bilingualism and Cognition
Authors: De Groot Annette M. B.
Published: December 2021

Bilingualism affects various aspects of verbal and nonverbal cognition. The first part of this entry discusses the influence of bilingualism on language representation and use—verbal cognition. The second part demonstrates its effect on various aspects of nonverbal cognition. The effect of bilingualism on language shows from many studies exhibiting the ubiquitous interaction between bilinguals' two languages, even in purely monolingual communicative settings. The mutual influence of the two languages is evident in both production and comprehension, in all linguistic subdomains (e.g., phonology, syntax, semantics), and occurs across both pairs of similar and dissimilar languages. A consequence of the inherently interactive nature of the bilingual language system is “accented” language, that is, differences in the linguistic expressions and comprehension processes of monolinguals and bilinguals. This phenomenon is illustrated with examples of phonological, grammatical, and semantic accents, and two possible sources of accented bilingual language are considered: differences between the representations of specific linguistic units in monolinguals and bilinguals, and cross‐language activation of linguistic representations in bilinguals. Concerning the effect of bilingualism on nonverbal cognition the question is first posed how linguistic relativity—the idea that the different ways in which languages encode the surrounding world cause their speakers to think about the world differently—affects bilinguals' conceptual worlds. Next, the relation between bilingualism and intelligence is discussed, recent evidence suggesting that bilingualism is advantageous for intelligence and cognitive functioning in general. The final section focuses on the relation between bilingualism and one specific aspect of cognitive functioning: executive control.
Computer‐Mediated Communication and Second Language Development
Authors: Ziegler Nicole
Published: December 2021

Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) is person‐to‐person communication that takes place via a range of computer‐supported transmission technologies that enable both synchronous real‐time and asynchronous interaction across different modalities. Thus, CMC encompasses such technologies as e‐mail and text chat, blogs, video blogs, bulletin boards and voice boards, and Web sites and wikis. CMC for educational purposes can be traced back several decades to the development of computer‐assisted instructional systems, with early research describing the potential for CMC to support language learning. Scholars then turned to documenting the similarities and differences in second language production across text chat and spoken interaction. Results of these studies revealed that text chat discussion diverged from oral interaction with respect to the quantity and quality of language learners produced, yet resembled oral interaction with respect to the amount of negotiation fostered by different communication tasks. Building on this foundational research, researchers and instructors next began to examine the enduring benefits of CMC for the development of skills and knowledge in a second language. Meta‐analyses and reviews have since demonstrated positive effects for CMC regarding the development of holistic language skills as well as for the learning of discrete vocabulary or grammatical knowledge, providing evidence for the potential benefits of CMC for second language development. This entry addresses key findings regarding the effects of asynchronous and synchronous CMC on second language development, including research on error correction and individual differences. Suggestions for future research are also provided.
Linguistic Landscape Studies
Authors: Gorter Durk
Published: December 2021

Linguistic landscape research is an emerging field of applied linguistics. In recent years increasing numbers of researchers have analyzed the texts on signs in public spaces in different sociolinguistic contexts around the world. These contexts are predominantly urban and multilingual. Current research covers a series of innovative empirical and theoretical studies that deal with important themes such as language policy, the spread of English, minority languages, multimodality, and other issues such as language ecology, tourism, graffiti, or economic analysis. Collecting data about the linguistic landscape has become a significant research tool, as well as an important data source for studies of multilingualism. Overall, the various emerging perspectives in linguistic landscape studies are an additional source of information about multilingual and multimodal processes and can deepen our understanding of multilingualism, urban spaces, and language users. Linguistic landscape studies will certainly get more attention in the coming years as the results of several ongoing projects become available. Many questions are still open and there is a need for further data, refinement of methodologies, foundation of theories, and useful applications.
Natural Language Processing and Language Learning
Authors: Meurers Detmar
Published: December 2021

Natural language processing (NLP) is concerned with the automated processing of human language. It addresses the analysis and generation of written and spoken language, though speech processing is often regarded as a separate subfield. NLP can be seen as the applied side of computational linguistics, the interdisciplinary field concerned with formal analysis and computational modeling of language at the intersection of linguistics, computer science, and psychology. In terms of the aspects analyzed by NLP, traditionally lexical, morphological, and syntactic aspects of language were the center of attention, but aspects of meaning, discourse, and the relation to the extralinguistic context have become increasingly prominent in the last decade. This entry focuses on showing the relevance, characterizing the techniques, and delineating the uses of NLP for second language learning. It distinguishes two broad uses of NLP related to language learning. On the one hand, NLP can be used to analyze learner language, that is, words, sentences, or texts produced by language learners. This includes the development of NLP techniques for the analysis of learner language by tutoring systems in intelligent computer‐assisted language learning (ICALL), automated scoring in language testing, as well as the analysis and annotation of learner corpora. On the other hand, NLP for the analysis of native language can also play an important role in the language learning context. Applications in this second domain support the search for and the enhanced presentation of reading material for language learners as well as the generation of exercises and tests based on authentic materials.
Knowledge Base of Language Teachers
Authors: Kubanyiova Magdalena
Published: December 2021

Language teachers' knowledge base is a relatively young notion in applied linguistics. Although the professional preparation of language teachers has traditionally drawn from disciplines such as linguistics, literature, cultural studies, education, and second language acquisition (SLA), it was not until Richards and Nunan's (1990) seminal publication of second language teacher education research that a more systematic inquiry was initiated into what language teachers need to know in order to do their job well. Critical to these debates was a shift in general teacher education research from the predominantly behaviorist and transmission‐oriented conceptions of teaching to a deeper appreciation of the less observable and multidimensional knowledge base of teaching, encompassing an elaborate network of teachers' content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, as well as knowledge of curriculum, learners, educational contexts, and educational ends. In applied linguistics, this shift was reflected in increased empirical activity focused on processes that underlie language teachers' work and in calls for reconceptualizing the second language teacher education knowledge base. Since the first edition of this entry, significant sociopolitical shifts across the globe and the debates that ensued in applied linguistics more generally have brought into a sharper relief the social, ethical, and political dimensions of language, language learning, and language teaching. Some of the consequences for the language teachers' knowledge base are outlined in this brief overview.
Upgraded Heterogenization of Homogeneous Catalytic Systems by Hollow Porous Organic Frameworks with Hierarchical Porous Shell for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Conversion
Authors: Xu Xiahong , Sui Yan , Huang Wei , Chen Wentong , Li Xiaodan , Li Yuntong , Wang Guanhui , Ye Huixian , Zhong Hong
Published: December 2021

The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts is one promising approach to achieve recyclability and reusability of catalyst, while it inevitably tied to the poorer accessibility of reactants and less effectiveness of catalytic sites. Herein, we present a hollow porous organic frameworks (HPOFs) with unique large hollow cavity, hierarchical porous shell and well dispersed catalytic active sites. The shell thickness of HPOFs is controllable via tune the amount of building blocks. Compared with their solid counterpart, the hollow interior of HPOFs accelerated the mass transfer of reactants into catalytic sites and products out of catalyst skeleton. Meanwhile, the hierarchical porous thin shell exposed more active catalytic species to interact with substrate molecules. These advantages enable HPOFs to best maintain the performance of homogeneous counterpart after heterogenization. The relationship of catalytic activity and hollow structure was investigated by the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with 2‐(chloromethyl)oxirane in the absence of solvents, co‐catalysts and additives. The catalytic activity increased gradually with the decrease of shell thickness. This work provides a new insight for the development of heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts based on hollow porous organic frameworks.
Joint intergroup aggression in female colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) is associated with grooming bonds, male participation, and group size
Authors: Wikberg Eva C. , Gonzalez Sofia , Rodriguez Cynthia , Sicotte Pascale
Published: December 2021

Cooperative home range defense is common in primates, despite a collective action problem that arises when group members benefit from winning the intergroup encounter regardless of whether they participate. The costs associated with this collective action problem may be mitigated by residing in small groups, residing with kin, or by forming strong bonds with group members. The potential to decouple the effects of these variables provided an opportunity to investigate which of these three variables best explains coparticipation in intergroup encounters among adult and subadult female colobus at Boabeng‐Fiema, Ghana. Because males are often the main participants, we also investigated the relationship between female–female coparticipation and adult and subadult male participation. We collected intergroup behaviors from 94 adult and subadult individuals in eight groups during 1 year. We quantified female grooming bond strength and approach rates using focal samples. We classified female dyads as close kin (i.e., halfsiblings or more closely related) or nonkin based on partial pedigrees and genotypes generated from 17 STR loci. Female–female coparticipation was higher in dyads with stronger grooming bonds but was not associated with dyadic kinship, approach rate, or age class. Female coparticipation decreased with increasing female group size as expected if there is a collective action problem. Females coparticipated less in groups with more males and male intergroup aggression, possibly because there is less need for female–female cooperation if males are participating in the intergroup encounter. Females in smaller groups may not only benefit from increased female–female cooperation during intergroup encounters, they are also likely to reside with a higher‐quality alpha male, both of which may increase the likelihood of winning intergroup encounters. There may be strong selection for facultative female dispersal in populations like the Boabeng‐Fiema colobus in which small groups are associated with multiple benefits and cooperation is not affected by kinship.
A Membrane‐Permeable and Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) Enrichable Cross‐Linking Reagent to Advance In Vivo Cross‐Linking Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jiang Pin‐Lian , Wang Cong , Diehl Anne , Viner Rosa , Etienne Chris , Nandhikonda Premchendar , Foster Leigh , Bomgarden Ryan D. , Liu Fan
Published: December 2021

Cross‐linking mass spectrometry (XL‐MS) is an attractive method for the proteome‐wide characterization of protein structures and interactions. Currently, the depth of in vivo XL‐MS studies is lagging behind the established applications to cell lysates, because cross‐linking reagents that can penetrate intact cells and strategies to enrich cross‐linked peptides lack efficiency. To tackle these limitations, we have developed a phosphonate‐containing cross‐linker, tBu‐PhoX, that efficiently permeates various biological membranes and can be robustly enriched using routine immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. We have established a tBu‐PhoX‐based in vivo XL‐MS approach that enables cross‐links in intact human cells to be identified in high numbers with substantially reduced analysis time. Collectively, the developed cross‐linker and XL‐MS approach pave the way for the comprehensive XL‐MS characterization of living systems.
Asymmetric Henry Reaction of Trifluoromethyl Enones with Nitromethane Using a N,N‐Dibenzyl Diaminomethylenemalononitrile Organocatalyst
Authors: Kawada Masahiro , Tsuyusaki Ryo , Nakashima Kosuke , Yamada Misaki , Kozakai Akihiro , Matsushima Yasuyuki , Hirashima Shin‐ichi , Miura Tsuyoshi
Published: December 2021

A novel N,N‐dibenzyl diaminomethylenemalononitrile organocatalyst efficiently promoted asymmetric Henry reactions of trifluoromethyl enones with nitromethane, affording corresponding highly functionalized products in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 90% ee). This study is the first to report the successful example of the asymmetric 1,2‐additions of nitromethane to trifluoromethyl enones.
Rapid at‐line early cell death quantification using capacitance spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Suyang , Ketcham Stephanie A. , Corredor Claudia C. , Both Douglas , Drennen James K. , Anderson Carl A.
Published: December 2021

Cell death is one of the failure modes of mammalian cell culture. Apoptosis is a regulated cell death process mainly observed in cell culture. Timely detection of apoptosis onset allows opportunities for preventive controls that ensure high productivity and consistent product quality. Capacitance spectroscopy captures the apoptosis‐related cellular properties changes and thus quantifies the percentage of dying cells. This study demonstrated a quantification model that measures the percentage of apoptotic cells using a capacitance spectrometer in an at‐line setup. When predicting the independent test set collected from bench‐scale bioreactors, the root‐mean‐squared error of prediction was 8.8% (equivalent to 9.9% of the prediction range). The predicted culture evolution trajectory aligned with measured values from the flow cytometer. Furthermore, this method alarms cell death onset earlier than the traditional viability test, that is, the trypan blue exclusion test. Compared to flow cytometry (the traditional early cell death detection method), this method is rapid, simple, and less labor‐intensive. In addition, this at‐line setup can be easily transferred between scales (e.g., lab‐scale for development to manufacturing scale), which benefits process transfers between facilities, scale‐up, and other process transitions.