bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eyes-closed task-free electroencephalography in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease: an emerging method based upon brain dynamics
Authors: van Straaten Elisabeth CW , Scheltens Philip , Gouw Alida A , Stam Cornelis J
Published: December 2014

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a longstanding technique to measure electrical brain activity and thereby an indirect measure of synaptic activity. Synaptic dysfunction accompanies Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and EEG can be regarded as a potentially useful biomarker in this disease. Lately, emerging analysis techniques of time series have become available for EEG, such as functional connectivity and network analysis, which have increased the possibilities for use in AD clinical trials. In this review, we report the EEG changes in the course of AD, including slowing of the EEG oscillations, decreased functional connectivity in the higher-frequency bands, and decline in optimal functional network organization. We discuss the use of EEG in clinical trials and provide directions for future research.
The Irish in London and “The London Irish,” ca. 1660–1780
Authors: Barnard Toby
Published: December 2014

The essay looks at individuals from Ireland who came to London between the 1660s and 1780s. Some belonged to groups that had particular reasons to be there, such as wealthy landowners with property in both England and Ireland, would-be lawyers and physicians, writers and artists, clergymen and active members of religious sects. Occasions when sizable numbers of the Irish met are discussed. Also, other factors that may have encouraged a sense of “Irishness,” such as residential districts favored by the Irish or continuing use of the Irish language, are considered. The occasional evidence of coordinated activity is set against the forces that encouraged assimilation into the local London and English cultures, thereby diluting “Irishness.”
Irish Catholics and Their Networks in Eighteenth-Century London
Authors: Bergin John
Published: December 2014

Many Catholics migrated from Ireland to other European countries during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Those who settled in Catholic regions of Europe are relatively well known, but little attention has been paid to an Irish Catholic community that appeared in London in the late seventeenth century and flourished during the eighteenth century. This community included aristocrats, gentry, merchants, and professionals, who often retained close connections with Ireland, and who belonged to wider Irish Catholic networks in continental Europe and in some European colonies. These Irish had many connections with English Catholics of their own class, with whom they often attended school, and among whom they often intermarried. London, the capital city of a Protestant state, was sufficiently large, diverse, and tolerant to accommodate a vibrant Catholic community. Catholics were excluded from public office and subject to certain forms of legal discrimination, but their lives were in many ways indistinguishable from those of their Protestant counterparts. The Irish community in London merits recognition as an important part of the Irish Catholic “diaspora,” and some of its members played an influential role in representing the interests of Catholics in Ireland to the government in London.
The London Irish and the Antients Grand Lodge
Authors: Berman Ric
Published: December 2014

Formed in London in 1751, the Antients Grand Lodge of Freemasons was created as a rival to the pro-establishment Grand Lodge of England, itself created in 1717. The Antients was shaped by the Irish diaspora in London, although disaffection within London Freemasonry was then so great that the new lodge also attracted English Masons. Its rapid growth in London and provincial England was seeded by the bigotry and condescension with which many in England viewed the Irish, but was more a function of the Antients’ social inclusivity and its commitment to mutual support. This resonated not only among the émigré Irish, but also within the lower orders more generally. Under the guidance of Laurence Dermott, its enterprising grand secretary, the Antients extended and altered Freemasonry’s profile in Britain and elsewhere, and the Craft became a means by which a broad cross section of male society could associate and obtain communal support. The movement’s success set an explicit challenge to the authority of the original Grand Lodge of England, which the Antients disparagingly termed “the Moderns,” and led to a schism in English Freemasonry that lasted some sixty years.
Irish Money on the London Market: Ireland, the Anglo-Irish, and the South Sea Bubble of 1720
Authors: Walsh Patrick
Published: December 2014

London’s emergence as a significant financial center in the decades after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 created new opportunities not just for Londoners, but also for those living either in the English provinces or in the metropolitan provinces of Ireland and Scotland. This article focuses on the new opportunities available to both Irish men and women for accumulating capital and wealth in the City. It examines the growth in Anglo-Irish investment, during what historians call “the Financial Revolution,” and analyzes the development of increasingly complex financial networks, which spanned both sides of the Irish Sea. Its particular focus is on the experience of Irish investors in the South Sea Company, before, during, and after the famous stock-market bubble of 1720. Drawing on a variety of source materials, including private correspondence, exchange-rate data, and banking ledgers, this article shows how Irish investors, both those living in London, and those more normally residing in Ireland, interacted with the London markets. The importance of personal and familial links is emphasized, while the experience of Irish investors is also situated within the broader context of nonmetropolitan investment in the bubble.
Postnatal subventricular zone progenitors switch their fate to generate neurons with distinct synaptic input patterns
Authors: Ravi Namasivayam , Li Zhijun , Oettl Lars-Lennart , Bartsch Dusan , Schönig Kai , Kelsch Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

New granule cell neurons (GCs) generated in the neonatal and adult subventricular zone (SVZ) have distinct patterns of input synapses in their dendritic domains. These synaptic input patterns determine the computations that the neurons eventually perform in the olfactory bulb. We observed that GCs generated earlier in postnatal life had acquired an ‘adult’ synaptic development only in one dendritic domain, and only later-born GCs showed an ‘adult’ synaptic development in both dendritic domains. It is unknown to what extent the distinct synaptic input patterns are already determined in SVZ progenitors and/or by the brain circuit into which neurons integrate. To distinguish these possibilities, we heterochronically transplanted retrovirally labeled SVZ progenitor cells. Once these transplanted progenitors, which mainly expressed Mash1, had differentiated into GCs, their glutamatergic input synapses were visualized by genetic tags. We observed that GCs derived from neonatal progenitors differentiating in the adult maintained their characteristic neonatal synapse densities. Grafting of adult SVZ progenitors to the neonate had a different outcome. These GCs formed synaptic densities that corresponded to neither adult nor neonatal patterns in two dendritic domains. In summary, progenitors in the neonatal and adult brain generate distinct GC populations and switch their fate to generate neurons with specific synaptic input patterns. Once they switch, adult progenitors require specific properties of the circuit to maintain their characteristic synaptic input patterns. Such determination of synaptic input patterns already at the progenitor-cell level may be exploited for brain repair to engineer neurons with defined wiring patterns.
VEGF189 binds NRP1 and is sufficient for VEGF/NRP1-dependent neuronal patterning in the developing brain
Authors: Tillo Miguel , Erskine Lynda , Cariboni Anna , Fantin Alessandro , Joyce Andy , Denti Laura , Ruhrberg Christiana
Published: December 2014

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA, VEGF) regulates neurovascular patterning. Alternative splicing of the Vegfa gene gives rise to three major isoforms termed VEGF121, VEGF165 and VEGF189. VEGF165 binds the transmembrane protein neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and promotes the migration, survival and axon guidance of subsets of neurons, whereas VEGF121 cannot activate NRP1-dependent neuronal responses. By contrast, the role of VEGF189 in NRP1-mediated signalling pathways has not yet been examined. Here, we have combined expression studies and in situ ligand-binding assays with the analysis of genetically altered mice and in vitro models to demonstrate that VEGF189 can bind NRP1 and promote NRP1-dependent neuronal responses.
A Direct Urine Fuel Cell Operated at Intermediate Temperatures
Authors: Nagao Masahiro , Kobayashi Kazuyo , Hibino Takashi
Published: December 2014

Direct utilization of urine in fuel cells is a promising technology for conversion into electricity. Here, we report the design of anode materials for high-temperature direct urine fuel cells and the performance of a fuel cell with an optimized anode at 300 °C. The resultant peak power densities reached 16.7 mW cm−2 for urine and 26.5 mW cm−2 for urea.
An explanatory evo-devo model for the developmental hourglass
Authors: Akhshabi Saamer , Sarda Shrutii , Dovrolis Constantine , Yi Soojin
Published: December 2014

The "developmental hourglass'' describes a pattern of increasing morphological divergence towards earlier and later embryonic development, separated by a period of significant conservation across distant species (the "phylotypic stage''). Recent studies have found evidence in support of the hourglass effect at the genomic level. For instance, the phylotypic stage expresses the oldest and most conserved transcriptomes. However, the regulatory mechanism that causes the hourglass pattern remains an open question. Here, we use an evolutionary model of regulatory gene interactions during development to identify the conditions under which the hourglass effect can emerge in a general setting. The model focuses on the hierarchical gene regulatory network that controls the developmental process, and on the evolution of a population under random perturbations in the structure of that network. The model predicts, under fairly general assumptions, the emergence of an hourglass pattern in the structure of a temporal representation of the underlying gene regulatory network. The evolutionary age of the corresponding genes also follows an hourglass pattern, with the oldest genes concentrated at the hourglass waist. The key behind the hourglass effect is that developmental regulators should have an increasingly specific function as development progresses. Analysis of developmental gene expression profiles from Drosophila melanogaster and Arabidopsis thaliana provide consistent results with our theoretical predictions.
Culture and identification of Borrelia spirochetes in human vaginal and seminal secretions
Authors: Middelveen Marianne J. , Burke Jennie , Sapi Eva , Bandoski Cheryl , Filush Katherine R. , Wang Yean , Franco Agustin , Timmaraju Arun , Schlinger Hilary A. , Mayne Peter J. , Stricker Raphael B.
Published: December 2014

Background:Recent reports indicate that more than 300,000 cases of Lyme disease are diagnosed yearly in the USA. Preliminary clinical, epidemiological and immunological studies suggest that infection with the Lyme disease spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi(Bb) could be transferred from person to person via intimate human contact without a tick vector. Detecting viableBorreliaspirochetes in vaginal and seminal secretions would provide evidence to support this hypothesis.

Methods:Patients with and without a history of Lyme disease were selected for the study after informed consent was obtained. Serological testing for Bb was performed on all subjects. Semen or vaginal secretions were inoculated into BSK-H medium and cultured for four weeks. Examination of genital cultures and culture concentrates for the presence of spirochetes was performed using light and darkfield microscopy, and spirochete concentrates were subjected to Dieterle silver staining, anti-Bb immunohistochemical staining, molecular hybridization and PCR analysis for further characterization. Immunohistochemical and molecular testing was performed in three independent laboratories. Positive and negative controls were included in all experiments.

Results:Control subjects who were asymptomatic and seronegative for Bb had no detectable spirochetes in genital secretions by PCR analysis. In contrast, spirochetes were observed in cultures of genital secretions from 11 of 13 subjects diagnosed with Lyme disease, and motile spirochetes were detected in genital culture concentrates from 12 of 13 Lyme disease patients using light and darkfield microscopy. Morphological features of spirochetes were confirmed by Dieterle silver staining and immunohistochemical staining of culture concentrates. Molecular hybridization and PCR testing confirmed that the spirochetes isolated from semen and vaginal secretions were strains ofBorrelia, and all cultures were negative for treponemal spirochetes. PCR sequencing of cultured spirochetes from three couples having unprotected sex indicated that two couples had identical strains of Bbsensu strictoin their semen and vaginal secretions, while the third couple had identical strains ofB. hermsiidetected in their genital secretions.

Conclusions:The culture of viableBorreliaspirochetes in genital secretions suggests that Lyme disease could be transmitted by intimate contact from person to person.
Technology-enabled care services: novel method of managing liver disease
Authors: Holmes Mark , Clark Sian
Published: December 2014

Alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) accounts for 37% of the patients who die from liver disease. Moreover, health professionals appear to have a pessimistic attitude toward these patients because ARLD is a self-inflicted illness and a lifestyle disease. This article examines a pilot study of follow-up services for patients with ARLD, particularly ascites, who are cared for by a team of alcohol-related long-term condition nurses. This simple telehealth approach required patients to take their weight readings and report their units of alcohol, texting them to a secure server for immediate automatic analysis and individual review. There were 12 participants in this service improvement study. This simple telehealth strategy was met with high levels of patient satisfaction, with a small cohort showing indications of feelings of control and support. This management approach should thus be considered for widespread implementation for clinical management of ascites and a further number of patients included to evaluate its effectiveness with a larger group.
Do place-of-death preferences for patients receiving specialist palliative care change over time?
Authors: Evans Rebecca , Finucane Anne , Vanhegan Lynsey , Arnold Elizabeth , Oxenham David
Published: December 2014

Background

Discussing preferred place of death (PPD) with patients approaching end of life is an important part of anticipatory care planning. Preferences at a specific point in time have been described; however the extent to which preferences may change is unclear. This study examines changes in PPD.

Methods

A retrospective case note review of all patients who died under the care of a specialist palliative care service during a 6-month period in 2012 was undertaken. Notes relating to 299 patients were examined by a member of the clinical team.

Results

Of the 204 patients who had more than one PPD assessment, 57% showed a change in preference status between the first and last assessment. The majority changed from an unclarified preference to identifying a preferred place. Only 15% of patients with two or more assessments switched from one location to another.

Conclusions

Most patients under the care of a specialist palliative care service identify a preference for place of death as end of life approaches. Only a minority change their preference once a preferred place has been elicited. We recommend that patients are supported to explore their preferences for PPD as part of specialist palliative care, and that preferences are reviewed as end of life approaches.
Orthodontic therapists
Authors: Storey Madeleine , Mitchell Laura
Published: December 2014

In July 2007 the first training course for orthodontic therapists opened at Leeds Dental Institute. This was the culmination of more than 40 years of campaigning by orthodontists. 1
The impact and influence of digitisation on dentistry
Authors: Knott Nigel
Published: December 2014

The time when practice management was a small part of a practice principal’s daily routine has passed and the days of the small practice are numbered. It is not only a question of implementing the GDC’s professional standards but also of having to address legislation regulated by the Information Commissioner’s Office 1 (the Data Protection Act and Freedom of Information Act among others) and, of course, the Care Quality Commission (CQC).
‘I’m reviewing (bedebede-bum), the situation (bedebede-bum)’*
Authors: Spinnbarkeit Dr
Published: December 2014

My precocious niece is anticipating a major increase in cash-based Christmas gifts this year.
Gamma-rays, Neutrinos and Particle Astronomy as Messengers of the Universe
Authors: Spurio Maurizio
Published: December 2014

Observations of charged cosmic-rays, γ-rays and neutrino are possible thanks to the availability of new detectors coming from technologies typical of experimental particle physics. In conjunction with more traditional techniques used by astronomers, these multimessenger correlations of experimental data are opening a new scenario in astrophysics. We review some of the more recent developments in the field.
The Formation of Massive Stars: from Herschel to Near-Infrared
Authors: Persi Paolo , Tapia Mauricio
Published: December 2014

We have studied a number of selected high mass star forming regions, including high resolution near-infrared broad- and narrow-band imaging, Herschel (70, 160, 250, 350 and 500 μm) and Spitzer (3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 m) images. The preliminary results of one of this region, IRAS 19388+2357(MOL110) are discussed. In this region a dense core has been detected in the far-infrared, and a young stellar cluster has been found around this core. Combining near-IR data with Spitzer and Herschel photometry we have derived the spectral energy distribution of Mol110. Finally comparing our H2 and Kc narrow-band images, we have found an H2 jet in this region.
V2282 Sgr Revisited
Authors: Nesci Roberto , Rossi Corinne , Frasca Antonio , Marilli Ettore , Persi Paolo , Cornero Nicola
Published: December 2014

The nature of V2282 Sgr is examined on the basis of several multiband observations: a 20 years long I-band light curve of V2282 Sgr obtained from archive photographic plates of the Asiago and Catania Observatories; a CCD R-band light curve obtained at Cornero Observatory; JHK photometry from 2MASS and UKDISS; Spitzer IRAC and MIPS images; optical spectra from Loiano Observatory; X-ray flux from CHANDRA. The star has a K-type spectrum with strong emission lines and is irregularly variable at all wavebands. The overall evidences suggest that V2282 Sgr is a Pre Main Sequence star with an accretion disk.
Latest Results from the Fermi Gamma-Ray Telescope
Authors: Morselli Aldo
Published: December 2014

Can we learn about New Physics with astronomical and astro-particle data? Since its launch in 2008, the Large Area Telescope, onboard of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, has detected the largest amount of gamma rays in the 20 MeV - 300 GeV energy range and electrons + positrons in the 7 GeV- 1 TeV range, opening a new observational window on a wide variety of astrophysical objects.
ARGO-YBJ: Highlights and Prospects
Authors: Di Sciascio Giuseppe
Published: December 2014

The ARGO-YBJ experiment has been in stable data taking for 5 years at the YangBaJing Cosmic Ray Laboratory (Tibet, P.R. China, 4300 m a.s.l., 606 g/cm2). With a duty-cycle greater than 86% the detector collected about 51011 events in a wide energy range, from few hundreds GeV up to the PeV. A number of open problems in cosmic ray physics has been faced exploiting dierent analyses. In this paper we summarize the last results in gamma-ray astronomy and in the cosmic ray physics and introduce the LHAASO project, mainly driven by the Chinese community, to study the cosmic ray physics up to 1017 eV.
Modelling the Multifrequency SED of AGN Candidates among the Unidentied EGRET and Fermi Gamma-Ray Sources
Authors: Meintjes Pieter J. , Nkundabakura Pheneas , Van Soelen Brian , Odendaal Alida
Published: December 2014

Of the 271 sources in the 3rd EGRET catalogue, 131 were reported as unidentied, i.e. not associated with any particular class of point source in the sky. Since the largest fraction of the EGRET sources were extragalactic, a sample of 13 extragalactic unidentied sources have been selected for multi-wavelength follow-up studies. Five of the selected EGRET sources coincide with gamma-ray flux enhancements seen in the Fermi-LAT data after one year of operation. In this article, we report the multi-wavelength properties of, among others, the 5 sources detected by Fermi-LAT from our sample of high galactic latitude unidentied EGRET sources. Recent spectroscopic observations with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) conrmed one of the unidentied EGRET sources as a possible Seyfert 2 galaxy, or alternatively, a narrow line radio galaxy. The detected gamma-ray emission (Eγ > 30 MeV) of the 5 coinciding EGRET/Fermi-LAT sources are tted with external Compton and Synchrotron Self Compton (SSC) models to investigate the energetics required to produce the EGRET/Fermi gamma-ray flux. In all the models the inclination angle of the jet with respect to the observer is jet 60, between those of Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2/radio galaxies. These results confirm the possibility of Seyfert and radio galaxies sources are constituting a new class of gamma-ray source in the energy range Eγ > 30 MeV.
Data Analysis of Globular Cluster Harris Catalogue in View of the King Models and Their Dynamical Evolution. I. Theoretical model
Authors: Merafina Marco , Vitantoni Daniele
Published: December 2014

We discuss the possibility to analyze the problem of gravothermal catastrophe in a new way, by obtaining thermodynamical equations to apply to a selfgravitating system. By using the King distribution function in the framework of statistical mechanics we treat the globular clusters evolution as a sequence of quasi-equilibrium thermodynamical states.
Data Analysis of Globular Cluster Harris Catalogue in View of the King Models and Their Dynamical Evolution. II. Observational Evidences
Authors: Merafina Marco , Vitantoni Daniele
Published: December 2014

We summarize some observational comparison concerning the features of globular clusters (GCs) population in connection to the evolution of King models. We also make a comparison with some extragalactic GCs systems, in order to underline the effects of the main body on the dynamical evolution.
Active Galactic Nuclei: Jets as the Source of Hadrons and Neutrinos
Authors: Meli Athina , Ciarcelluti Paolo
Published: December 2014

Active galactic nuclei are extragalactic sources, and their relativistic hot-plasma jets are believed to be the main candidates of the cosmic-ray origin, above the so-called knee region of the cosmic-ray spectrum. Relativistic shocks, either single or multiple, have been observed or been theorized to be forming within relativistic jet channels in almost all active galactic nuclei sources. The acceleration of non-thermal particles (e.g. electrons, protons) via the shock Fermi acceleration mechanism, is believed to be mainly responsible for the power-law energy distribution of the observed cosmic-rays, which in very high energies can consequently radiate high energy gamma-rays and neutrinos, through related radiation channels. Here, we will focus on the primary particle (hadronic) shock acceleration mechanism, and we will present a comparative simulation study of the properties of single and multiple relativistic shocks, which occur in AGN jets. We will show that the role of relativistic (quasi-parallel either quasi-perpendicular) shocks, is quite important since it can dramatically alter the primary CR spectral indices and acceleration eciencies. These properties being carried onto gamma-ray and neutrino radiation characteristics, makes the combination of them a quite appealing theme for relativistic plasma and shock acceleration physics, as well as observational cosmic-ray, gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy.
Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM): State of the Art
Authors: Blay Pere , Sabau-Graziati Lola , Reglero Víctor , Connell Paul H. , Rodrigo Juana M. , Macián Juan M. Macian , Biosca José T. , Eyles Chris
Published: December 2014

Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) mission is an ESA pay load which will be installed in the Columbus module of the International Space Station (ISS). ASIM is optimized to the observation and monitoring of luminescent phenomena in the upper atmosphere, the so called Transient Luminous Event (TLEs) and Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes(TGFs). Both TLEs and TGFs have been discovered recently (past two decades) and opened a new field of research in high energetic phenomena in the atmosphere. We will review the capabilities of ASIM and how it will help researchers to gain deeper knowledge of TGFs, TLEs, their inter-relationship and how they are linked to severe thunderstorms and the phenomena of lightning.
Personal Conclusions
Authors: Colafrancesco Sergio
Published: December 2014

I present here some personal considerations on the main theoretical, observational and technological challenges offered to the discussion during the Meeting "Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources".
Concluding Address
Authors: Giovannelli Franco
Published: December 2014

Before I offcially conclude this workshop - far be it from me to attempt to compete with some concluding remarks already delivered at the meeting with various levels of passion by Gennady Bisnovatyi-Kogan, Giulio Auriemma and Sergio Colafrancesco - I would like to comment on some of the highlights emerging from our fruitful week of discussions about Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources, without any pretension of completeness.
Further Reflections on Moral Education: A Response to Strike
Authors: Garlikov Rick
Published: December 2014

While moral discourse is in need of much help, there is a solution which is not dependent on Kenneth Strike's remedy of understanding or building character, as such, and which teaches moral reasoning without promoting particular moral values or character traits. Further, contrary to Strike's claim, moral skepticism is not the main problem with moral debate today, which often features diametrically opposed, absolutely certain, dogmatic assertions by all sides. The author teaches ethics courses, and has found among students from a variety of ages and socio-economic backgrounds that the understanding of certain topics in ethics is necessary and often sufficient for promoting more reflective and responsible behavior, and for promoting discourse that has a greater chance to resolve differences.
A Reply to Mr. Hodas
Authors: Monk David H.
Published: December 2014

David Monk offers arguments in rebuttal of the article by Steven Hodas (Problems with the Production Function Model in Education) which was published in this journal as Issue 12 of Volume 1.
Three Book Reviews
Authors: Fountaine Steven J. , Haag Susan , Scribner Kent Parades
Published: December 2014

This issue of the Archives contains reviews of three books: Robert Leestma and Herbert J. Walberg (Eds.), Japanese Educational Productivity, reviewed by Steven J. Fountaine, Thomas Sowell, Inside American Education: The Decline, the Deception, the Dogmas, reviewed by Susan Haag, Chester E. Finn Jr. and Theodor Rebarbar (Eds.), Education Reform in the '90s, reviewed by Kent Parades Scribner
Students and Educational Productivity
Authors: Levin Benjamin
Published: December 2014

The literature on productivity in education is extensive. The object of this effort is to find a production function--a mathematical expression of the relationship between inputs and outputs in education. In this paper, the status of the literature on production functions is reviewed. Most of these approaches have seen schooling as something that is done to students, rather than thinking about education as something that students essentially do for themselves. An argument is developed that makes students the key factors in shaping school outcomes, and therefore a central focus of our thinking about productivity. The paper concludes with suggestions for research and policy.
Learning on the Job: Understanding the Cooperative Education Work Experience
Authors: Griffith Alison I.
Published: December 2014

Cooperative learning programs in Ontario provide on the job learning experiences for students. This paper analyzes three cases of student work placements described in extensive interviews with students, teachers and co-workers. Some students had enjoyed their work experience while others had not. When the student experiences were situated in the socially organized work processes of the work sites, the diverse experiences were found to have a common theme. When students are able to participate in and make sense of the work process, their work placement experience was seen to be useful for making future employment decisions. Where students were marginal to the work process, their lack of knowledge often translates into an unpleasant work experience and decisions about employment based on an experience of failure. This article suggests that our understanding of student learning on the job would be strengthened by a focus on the socially organized work process.
Evidence, Ethics & Social Policy Dilemmas
Authors: Miller Steven I. , Safer L. Arthur
Published: December 2014

Within the philosophy of the social sciences, the relationship between evidence, ethics, and social policy is in need of further analysis. The present paper is an attempt to argue that while important social policies can, and perhaps ought to be, grounded in ethical theory, they are seldom articulated in this fashion due to the ambiguity surrounding the "evidence condition." Using a consequentialist-utilitarian framework, and a case study of a policy dilemma, the authors analyze the difficulties associated with resolving policy-based dilemmas which must appeal to evidential support as a justification for an ethical stand. Implication for the relevance of ethics to social policy formulation are discussed in detail.
Data “big” and “small” – Examples from the Australian lexical database
Authors: Bowern Claire
Published: December 2014

The twenty-first Century has been billed the era of “big data”, and linguists are participating in this trend. We are seeing an increased reliance on statistical and quantitative arguments in most fields of linguistics, including the oldest parts of the field, such as the study of language change. The increased use of statistical methods changes the types of questions we can ask of our data, as well as how we evaluate the answers. But this all has the prerequisite of certain types of data, coded in certain ways. We cannot make powerful statistical arguments from the qualitative data that historical linguists are used to working with. In this paper I survey a few types of work based on a lexical database of Pama-Nyungan languages, the largest family in Aboriginal Australia. I highlight the flexibility with which large-scale databases can be deployed, especially when combined with traditional methods. “Big” data may require new methods, but the combination of statistical approaches and traditional methods is necessary for us to gain new insight into old problems.
Precollege nanotechnology education: a different kind of thinking
Authors: Jones M. Gail , Gardner Grant E. , Falvo Michael , Taylor Amy
Published: December 2014

The introduction of nanotechnology education into K-12 education has happened so quickly that there has been little time to evaluate the approaches and knowledge goals that are most effective to teach precollege students. This review of nanotechnology education examines the instructional approaches and types of knowledge that frame nanotechnology precollege education. Methods used to teach different forms of knowledge are examined in light of the goal of creating effective and meaningful instruction. The developmental components needed to understand concepts such as surface area to volume relationships as well as the counterintuitive behavior of nanoscale materials are described. Instructional methods used in precollege nanotechnology education and the levels at which different nanoscale topics are introduced is presented and critiqued. Suggestions are made for the development of new nanotechnology educational programs that are developmental, sequenced, and meaningful.
Effect of irradiation on some actinide and fission product ions' extraction using several tetraalkyl diglycolamides
Authors: Gujar Rajesh Bhikaji , Dhekane Gunesh Bhalchandra , Patil Ajay Bhagwan , Mohapatra Prasanta Kumar
Published: December 2014

The radiolytic stability of different substituted diglycolamides such
as N,N,N′,N′-tetrapentyl diglycolamides(TPDGA), N,N,N′,N′-tetrahexyl
diglycolamide (THDGA), N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA),
N,N,N′,N′-tetradecyl diglycolamide (TDDGA) and N,N,N′,N′-tetra-2-ethyl
hexyl diglycolamide (T2EHDGA) was investigated in solvent systems
containing 30% iso-decanol as a phase modifier in
n-dodecane kept in contact with a 3 M HNO3
aqueous solution while irradiating in a gamma ray chamber up to
1000 kGy. The degradation of the solvent systems was
qualitatively ascertained from measuring the distribution ratio values
at 3 M and 0.2 M HNO3 which gave
a direct indication of the reusability of the solvent for long term
reuse in separation processes such as `actinide partitioning'. The
effect of irradiation on distribution values of Sr, Pu,
U was also investigated with diglycolamide extractants both
under extraction and stripping conditions. Stoichiometry of the
extracted species was determined for Am(III) extraction using
the fresh as well as the irradiated solvent systems involving all the
five substituted diglycolamides at 3 M HNO3 and
the results indicated only marginal changes. GC-MS analysis was done
for fresh and irradiated solvent systems of all the diglycolamides and
attempts were made to identify the degradation products.
A new 2-oxy-N,N-dioctylacetamide grafted resin for the separation of trivalent actinides from nitric acid medium
Authors: Robert Selvan B. , Prathibha T. , Venkatesan K. A. , Antony M. P. , Vasudeva Rao P. R.
Published: December 2014

A novel 2-oxy-N,N-dioctylacetamide anchored on Merrifield resin was
synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, TG-DTA and IR
spectroscopy, for the first time. The extraction behavior of
Am(III) and Eu(III) from nitric acid medium in the
dioctylacetamide anchored resin (R-DOA) was studied as a function of
various parameters such as duration of equilibration, concentration of
nitric acid and sodium nitrate etc. The distribution coefficient
(K
d) of Am(III) and Eu(III) in R-DOA
increased with increase in concentration of nitric acid. The
K
d values reached a maximum at 3–4 M
nitric acid concentration in both cases, followed by decrease in
K
d values. Rapid extraction of Am(III) and
Eu(III) from nitric acid medium was observed in the initial
stages of equilibration followed by the establishment of equilibrium
occurred within 60 min. The extraction data was fitted in
to the first order rate equation. The recovery of Am(III) and
Eu(III) from the loaded organic phase was studied using dilute
nitric acid. The results revealed that 2-oxyacetamide functionalized
resin is the promising candidate for the separation of trivalent
actinides and
lanthanides from nitric acid medium.
Partitioning and speciation of Pu in the sedimentary rocks aquifer from the deep liquid nuclear waste disposal
Authors: Kalmykov Stepan N. , Vlasova Irina E. , Romanchuk Anna Yu. , Zakharova Elena V. , Volkova Anna G. , Presnyakov Igor A.
Published: December 2014

Plutonium partitioning and speciation was studied under the conditions
of a liquid nuclear waste repository site. The dominating effect of
corrosion products (Fe and Cr) oxides on plutonium
partitioning was established in batch sorption tests at
150 ℃ and by using sequential extraction. Various
techniques including Mössbauer spectrometry, XRD and TEM were used to
characterize Fe/Cr oxide phases that form both
precipitates and surface coatings which sorb plutonium. The sorption
and speciation of plutonium was modeled thermodynamically using
Pourbaix diagram that takes into account both surface complexation
reaction and precipitation of insoluble PuO2.
Effects of Nanomaterials on the Hydration Kinetics and Rheology of Portland Cement Pastes
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Kejin , Tanesi Jussara , Ardani Ahmad
Published: December 2014

In this paper, effects of nanomaterials on the hydration kinetics and rheology of ordinary Portland cement pastes were investigated. Three nanomaterials, nano-limestone, nano-silica, and nano-clay (a highly purified magnesium aluminosilicate), were added to a cement paste at the levels of 0.0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, and 1.5 % (by mass) of cement. The heat of cement hydration of the paste was measured using isothermal calorimetry. Rheological behavior of the paste was characterized using a rotational rheometer. The rheology measurements were performed at 10, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the cement was mixed with water. Set times of the paste were measured according to ASTM C191 [Standard Test Methods for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA]. The experimental results indicate that the addition of nano-limestone and nano-silica accelerated cement early hydration, the maximum heat flow increased, whereas the time to reach the heat-flow peaks decreased. The initial and final set times were also reduced. These effects were enhanced with increased nano-addition level. The addition of nano-clay also significantly increased the intensity of the heat flow peaks, and, especially, the peak corresponding to the renewed reaction of the aluminate phase. Addition of these nanomaterials generally increased yield stress and viscosity of the cement paste, especially after 60 min when cement hydration started to accelerate. Nano-clay considerably influenced the rheological behavior of the cement paste. Significantly higher shear stresses were required to initiate the flow.
The Sm protein methyltransferase PRMT5 is not required for primordial germ cell specification in mice
Authors: Li Ziwei , Yu Juehua , Hosohama Linzi , Nee Kevin , Gkountela Sofia , Chaudhari Sonal , Cass Ashley A , Xiao Xinshu , Clark Amander T
Published: December 2014

PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase with roles in stem cell biology, reprograming, cancer and neurogenesis. During embryogenesis in the mouse, it was hypothesized that PRMT5 functions with the master germline determinant BLIMP1 to promote primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. Using a Blimp1‐Cre germline conditional knockout, we discovered that Prmt5 has no major role in murine germline specification, or the first global epigenetic reprograming event involving depletion of cytosine methylation from DNA and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation from chromatin. Instead, we discovered that PRMT5 functions at the conclusion of PGC reprograming I to promote proliferation, survival and expression of the gonadal germline program as marked by MVH. We show that PRMT5 regulates gene expression by promoting methylation of the Sm spliceosomal proteins and significantly altering the spliced repertoire of RNAs in mammalian embryonic cells and primordial cells.
Superoxide anion radicals induce IGF‐1 resistance through concomitant activation of PTP1B and PTEN
Authors: Singh Karmveer , Maity Pallab , Krug Linda , Meyer Patrick , Treiber Nicolai , Lucas Tanja , Basu Abhijit , Kochanek Stefan , Wlaschek Meinhard , Geiger Hartmut , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin
Published: December 2014

The evolutionarily conserved IGF‐1 signalling pathway is associated with longevity, metabolism, tissue homeostasis, and cancer progression. Its regulation relies on the delicate balance between activating kinases and suppressing phosphatases and is still not very well understood. We report here that IGF‐1 signalling in vitro and in a murine ageing model in vivo is suppressed in response to accumulation of superoxide anions () in mitochondria, either by chemical inhibition of complex I or by genetic silencing of ‐dismutating mitochondrial Sod2. The ‐dependent suppression of IGF‐1 signalling resulted in decreased proliferation of murine dermal fibroblasts, affected translation initiation factors and suppressed the expression of α1(I), α1(III), and α2(I) collagen, the hallmarks of skin ageing. Enhanced led to activation of the phosphatases PTP1B and PTEN, which via dephosphorylation of the IGF‐1 receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐triphosphate dampened IGF‐1 signalling. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of PTP1B and PTEN abrogated ‐induced IGF‐1 resistance and rescued the ageing skin phenotype. We thus identify previously unreported signature events with , PTP1B, and PTEN as promising targets for drug development to prevent IGF‐1 resistance‐related pathologies.
Detection of Alternative Splice and Gene Duplication by RNA Sequencing in Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Wang Wenji , Wang Jing , You Feng , Ma Liman , Yang Xiao , Gao Jinning , He Yan , Qi Jie , Yu Haiyang , Wang Zhigang , Wang Xubo , Wu Zhihao , Zhang Quanqi
Published: December 2014

Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is one of the economic important fish in China. Sexual dimorphism, especially the different growth rates and body sizes between two sexes, makes this fish a good model to investigate mechanisms responsible for such dimorphism for both fundamental questions in evolution and applied topics in aquaculture. However, the lack of “omics” data has hindered the process. The recent advent of RNA-sequencing technology provides a robust tool to further study characteristics of genomes of nonmodel species. Here, we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing for a double haploid Japanese flounder individual using Illumina sequencing. A single lane of paired-end sequencing produced more than 27 million reads. These reads were assembled into 107,318 nonredundant transcripts, half of which (51,563; 48.1%) were annotated by blastx to public protein database. A total of 1051 genes that had potential alternative splicings were detected by Chrysalis implemented in Trinity software. Four of 10 randomly picked genes were verified truly containing alternative splicing by cloning and Sanger sequencing. Notably, using a doubled haploid Japanese flounder individual allow us to analyze gene duplicates. In total, 3940 “single-nucleotide polymorphisms” were detected form 1859 genes, which may have happened gene duplicates. This study lays the foundation for structural and functional genomics studies in Japanese flounder.
Too Much of a Good Thing: The Unique and Repeated Paths Toward Copper Adaptation
Authors: Gerstein Aleeza C , Ono Jasmine , Lo Dara S , Campbell Marcus L , Kuzmin Anastasia , Otto Sarah P
Published: December 2014

Copper is a micronutrient essential for growth due to its role as a cofactor in enzymes involved in respiration, defense against oxidative damage, and iron uptake. Yet too much of a good thing can be lethal, and yeast cells typically do not have tolerance to copper levels much beyond the concentration in their ancestral environment. Here, we report a short-term evolutionary study of Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to levels of copper sulfate that are inhibitory to the initial strain. We isolated and identified adaptive mutations soon after they arose, reducing the number of neutral mutations, to determine the first genetic steps that yeast take when adapting to copper. We analyzed 34 such strains through whole-genome sequencing and by assaying fitness within different environments; we also isolated a subset of mutations through tetrad analysis of four lines. We identified a multilayered evolutionary response. In total, 57 single base-pair mutations were identified across the 34 lines. In addition, gene amplification of the copper metallothionein protein, CUP1-1, was rampant, as was chromosomal aneuploidy. Four other genes received multiple, independent mutations in different lines (the vacuolar transporter genes VTC1 and VTC4; the plasma membrane H+-ATPase PMA1; and MAM3, a protein required for normal mitochondrial morphology). Analyses indicated that mutations in all four genes, as well as CUP1-1 copy number, contributed significantly to explaining variation in copper tolerance. Our study thus finds that evolution takes both common and less trodden pathways toward evolving tolerance to an essential, but highly toxic, micronutrient.
Evaluation of patients with Alzheimer's disease before and after dental treatment
Authors: Rolim Thaís de Souza , Fabri Gisele Maria Campos , Nitrini Ricardo , Anghinah Renato , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Siqueira José Tadeu T. de , Cesari José Augusto Ferrari , Siqueira Silvia Regina Dowgan Tesseroli de
Published: December 2014

Oral infections may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective To describe the orofacial pain, dental characteristics and associated factors in patients with Alzheimer's Disease that underwent dental treatment. Method 29 patients with mild AD diagnosed by a neurologist were included. They fulfilled the Mini Mental State Exam and Pfeffer's questionnaire. A dentist performed a complete evaluation: clinical questionnaire; research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders; McGill pain questionnaire; oral health impact profile; decayed, missing and filled teeth index; and complete periodontal investigation. The protocol was applied before and after the dental treatment. Periodontal treatments (scaling), extractions and topic nystatin were the most frequent. Results There was a reduction in pain frequency (p=0.014), mandibular functional limitations (p=0.011) and periodontal indexes (p<0.05), and an improvement in quality of life (p=0.009) and functional impairment due to cognitive compromise (p<0.001) after the dental treatment. Orofacial complaints and intensity of pain also diminished. Conclusion The dental treatment contributed to reduce co-morbidities associated with AD and should be routinely included in the assessment of these patients.
Intervenção nas situações de crise psíquica: dificuldades e sugestões de uma equipe de atenção pré-hospitalar
Authors: Almeida Alexsandro Barreto , Nascimento Eliane Regina Pereira do , Rodrigues Jeferson , Schweitzer Gabriela
Published: December 2014

Pesquisa descritiva, qualitativa, que objetivou conhecer como os profissionais de atenção pré-hospitalar percebem as intervenções nas pessoas em crise psíquica. O estudo foi realizado, no estado de Santa Catarina, com quatro equipes das Unidades de Suporte Básico do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, mediante entrevista, no período de abril a junho de 2011. Utilizou-se como método de análise o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Dos resultados emergiram dois temas: Percepção das dificuldades no atendimento à pessoa em crise psíquica e Sugestões na busca por um atendimento mais próximo do desejado à pessoa em crise psíquica. As dificuldades apontadas se relacionam à falta de capacitação e de um local para encaminhamento e sugerem treinamento e sistematização do atendimento. Conclui-se que se faz necessário investir em processo de formação pautado em novas estratégias de cuidado norteadas pelos princípios do SUS e no paradigma psicossocial, além de rediscutir a estratégia de protocolos como sistemas norteadores e não padronizadores.