bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of treatment response in cervical carcinoma patients infected with human papillomavirus 16 and human papillomavirus 18 who are treated with chemoradiation
Authors: Narayanan Geeta S. , Ganesh M. S. , Kumar Rishabh
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

The primary objective of this study was to compare the treatment response of cervical carcinoma patients infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and HPV 18 who are treated with chemoradiation.

Materials and Methods:

Ninety-six biopsy-proven cervical cancer patients, suitable for curative treatment with definitive radio-chemotherapy with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Stage IB2–IIIB, were included in this prospective study. HPV testing was done using TRUPCR® HPV 16 and 18 real-time polymerase chain reaction kit. All the patients received a dose of 83–90 Gy total equieffective dose to the high risk clinical target volume(HRCTV) using tele- and brachytherapy.

Results:

Of the 96 patients, 79 (82.3%) patients were positive for HPV DNA. Seventy-three patients showed HPV genotype 16 positivity and six patients were positive for genotype 18. The response was correlated with HPV genotype. There was a statistically significant increase in complete radiological response in HPV 16 compared to HPV 18 and negative groups at 3 months, 80.8%, 50%, and 52.9%, respectively (χ2= 36.5, P < 0.001). There was also a statistically significant increase in clinical response at 3 months in HPV 16 group compared to HPV 18 and negative groups, 87.5%, 50%, and 50%, respectively (χ2= 29.9, P < 0.001). The age, volume of the disease, overall treatment time, average hemoglobin level, and the number of blood transfusions did not have any correlation.

Conclusion:

HPV genotype 16 positivity shows higher complete response in cervical carcinoma patients treated with definitive chemoradiation compared to HPV 18 genotype. Further HPV genotyping could potentially help stratify cervical cancer patients for more effective therapeutic regimens.
Analysis of in-flight spatial disorientation among military pilots in Taiwan
Authors: Tu Min-Yu , Cheng Chao-Chien , Hsin Yi-Hsiang , Huang Wun-Wei , Li Fang-Ling , Hu Je-Ming , Chiang Kwo-Tsao , Lai Chung-Yu
Published: June 2020

Background:

In-flight spatial disorientation (SD) is a predominant threat to flight safety in aviation. This study was conducted to understand the prevalence, severity, and frequency of in-flight SD among military pilots in Taiwan.

Methods:

A survey was conducted to collect tri-service pilots' experiences of SD during flight. Participants completed anonymous SD questionnaires during refresher physiology training. There were 486 questionnaires delivered to trainees and the completion rate was 97.1% (n = 472). All data were processed using SPSS version 24 software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results:

Of the 472 participants, the average age of the pilots was 36.7 so 7.3 years and 97.7% were male. About 80% of participants experienced in-flight SD events. There was a significant difference between prevalence of SD in fighter (87.0%), trainer (89.8%), transporter (70.6%), and helicopter (66.7%) pilots (P < 0.001). Less than 10% of the events were severe, and there was no obvious variation between aircraft types (P = 0.126). Pilots were sensitive to SD in clouds and under low visibility. Over 70% of pilots experienced visual illusions, especially loss of horizon during bad weather (45.1%), followed by leans (44.5%), false horizon (44.1%), false sense in clouds (39.6%), Coriolis illusion (25.0%), and confusion on entry to instrument meteorological conditions (25.0%).

Conclusions:

Our survey showed that SD is a common physiological problem among military pilots, who were easily disoriented by in-flight SD without visual cues. Visual illusion was relatively more frequent, especially for trainer and fighter pilots.
Extrapancreatic insulinoma
Authors: Garg Robin , Memon Saba , Patil Virendra , Bandgar Tushar
Published: June 2020

A 38-year-old female presented with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia for 5 years. On 72-h fast test, critical sample biochemistry was suggestive of endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Both constrast-enhanced computed tomography and 68Ga-DOTATATE positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) revealed no pancreatic lesion but showed a jejunal lesion suggestive of neuroendocrine tumor (NET) but not confirmatory of insulinoma. 68Ga-Exendin-4 PET/CT showed intense uptake in the proximal jejunum, and this being a specific scan for insulinoma, confirmed it as an ectopic insulinoma. The patient attained normoglycemia after excision of this NET confirming it to be a case of ectopic insulinoma located in the jejunum. Although most insulinomas are located in the pancreas, rarely ectopic cases have been described in the spleen, perisplenic tissue, duodenohepatic ligament, adjacent to the ligament of Treitz, duodenum, and the jejunum. Functional scanning with 68Ga-Exendin-4 PET/CT scan aids the localization of ectopic insulinoma.
An unusual case of hyperparathyroidism, presenting as multiple skeletal lesions
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Pruthi Ankur , Verma Ritu , Manocha Anisha
Published: June 2020

We report the case of a 43-year-old male patient, who presented with severe osteoporosis and pain at multiple sites and a chest X-ray suggestive of few cystic lesions in bilateral ribs. Subsequently, the patient was referred for bone scan, in view of the suspicion of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia or neoplastic lesions. Bone scan showed homogenously increased tracer uptake in the axial and appendicular skeletal system, suggestive of metabolic superscan. Computed tomography neck localized right inferior parathyroid adenoma and expansile lytic skeletal lesions suggestive of brown tumors were also seen. This case highlights the importance of bone scan, helping in the differential diagnosis of multiple skeletal lesions.
Spines for amoebas of rational curves
Authors: Mikhalkin Grigory , Rau Johannes
Published: June 2020

To every rational complex curve

C \subset (\mathbb C^\times)^n

we associate a rational tropical curve

\Gamma \subset \mathbb R^n

so that the amoeba

\mathcal A(C) \subset \mathbb R^n

of

C

is within a bounded distance from

\Gamma

. In accordance with the terminology introduced in [PR], we call

\Gamma

the
spine
of

\mathcal A(C)

. We use spines to describe tropical limits of sequences of rational complex curves.
لائحة الذوق العام في المملكة العربية السعودية من المنظور الفقهي: دراسة فقهية و مقاصدية
Authors: د. فاطمة علي فهد الأحمدي د. فاطمة علي فهد الأحمدي
Published: June 2020

يتناول هذا البحث لائحة الذوق العام في ضوء نظام الذوق العام في المملكة العربية السعودية والفقه الإسلامي، وقد جاء في مقدمة، وتمهيد، ومبحثين، وخاتمة، أما المقدمة: فقد اشتملت على أهمية الموضوع وأسباب اختياره، وأهدافه، والدراسات السابقة، ومنهج البحث، وخطته، وجاء التمهيد في التعريف بالذوق العام وأهميته، وأثره على الفرد والمجتمع، والمبحث الأول في آداب الذوق العام في النظام في المملكة العربية السعودية والفقه الإسلامي، وفيه مطلبان: المطلب الأول: آداب الذوق العام في النظام السعودي الوارد في اللائحة، والمطلب الثاني: التأصيل الفقهي لما ورد في اللائحة من آداب الذوق العام، وأما المبحث الثاني: فقد تناول العقوبات الصادرة ضد مخالفي اللائحة، وموقف الفقه الإسلامي منها، وفيه مطلبان: المطلب الأول: العقوبات الصادرة ضد مخالفي الذوق العام، والمطلب الثاني: موقف الفقه الإسلامي من هذه العقوبات. وأما الخاتمة: فقد تناولت أهم النتائج التي توصل إليها البحث، وكان من أهمها: أن الذوق العام هو: مجموعة القواعد المتعلقة بصون القيم الأخلاقية السليمة التي تؤثر في بناء المجتمع وسلامته، وهى جميع المحامد والمحاسن والأخلاق والعادات، والآداب التي تحكم السلوك، والذوق وضع الأشياء في موضعها، وهو كل ما يستحب من المعاني والأفعال، وأن المواد الواردة في لائحة النظام السعودي عن آداب الذوق العام من المقاصد التحسينية التي جاءت الشريعة الإسلامية بها وأمرت بالمحافظة عليها، وأن العقوبات في الشريعة الإسلامية جزاء وضعه الله للردع عن ارتكاب ما حظر وترك ما أمر وشرعها لعباده لحفظ مصالحهم وإقامة العدل بينهم وإرشادهم إلى الطاعة ومنعهم عن المعاصي، وهي عقوبة مخالفة آداب الذوق العام عقوبة تعزيرية، وهي مفوضة إلى رأي القاضي، يختار نوع العقوبة ومقدارها، التي يرى مناسبتها لزجر الجاني، مراعياً في ذلك ظروف الجاني والجريمة والمجني عليه والزمان والمكان، وأن التعزير بأخذ المال مناطاً بالحاكم، فمتى ما رآه عمل به، ومتى ما رأى تركه تركه. فهناك من يناسبه السجن، وهناك من يردعه الأخذ من ماله.
مستوى الشراكة المجتمعية بين جامعة نجران ومنطقة نجران من وجهة نظر اعضاء هيئة التدريس في الجامعة
Authors: د. فؤاد شبيب الخصاونة د. فؤاد شبيب الخصاونة
Published: June 2020

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى مستوى الشراكة المجتمعية بين جامعة نجران ومنطقة نجران من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس في الجامعة، واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (158) عضو هيئة تدريس. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن مستوى الشراكة المجتمعية بين جامعة نجران ومنطقة نجران من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس في الجامعة " (3.078) جاء بدرجة متوسطة، وأشارت الدراسة إلى عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية تعزى لأثر متغير الخبرة ومتغير الرتبة الأكاديمية في مستوى الشراكة المجتمعية بين جامعة نجران ومنطقة نجران من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التدريس في الجامعة على جميع المجالات وفي الأداة ككل, وانتهت الدراسة بعدة توصيات.
Checklist and Comparison of Butterfly Species found in Zoological and Botanical Gardens, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Echude D , Amobi MI , Umar SU , Ezenwa IM , Okechukwu CN
Published: June 2020

Butterflies are creatures of nature with great economic importance as pollinators and bio-indicators. This study provides checklist of butterfly species present in Zoological and Botanical gardens of University of Nigeria, Nsukka and was conducted for three Months. Butterflies were sampled twice a week between 7.00 -10.00am from May to July 2019; using sweep net along existing transects within the gardens. Non-invasive method was adopted, butterflies were captured, photographed and released. Photographed samples were identified to species level by cross matching with relevant keys. A total of 91 butterflies belonging to 16 species, 10 genera and 3 families were sampled. Alpha diversity test showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in terms of Relative Abundance, Diversity and Dominance of butterfly species between the two gardens. The Botanical garden had Relative Abundance of 63.73%, Dominance of 0.23 which was higher compared to Zoological garden which had 36.16% and 0.10; but these was contrary to species diversity where Zoological garden was more diverse (H1=2.48) than botanical garden (H1=1.82). The differences observed could be attributed to variations in vegetation composition.
Impact of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the populations of rhizobium and meloidogyne species in Awka, Nigeria
Authors: Okolie Henry , Ekwuribe Chukwuemeka , Obidiebube Eucharia , Obasi Chiamakai
Published: June 2020

The impact of palm oil mill effluent (POME) on the populations of Rhizobium and Meloidogyne species was tested at the Teaching and Research Farm of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria. Three cowpea cultivars ,Dan Kano, Borno local and Sokoto local were used as target crops on plots that received 0 l/ha(control),4000l/ha,6000l/ha and 8000l/ha levels of  POME applications. The  treatments combinations were randomized  within each block and replicated three times. Generally, increasing level of POME application increased number of functional root nodules in all the cultivars, but decreased length of roots and number of non- functional nodules. Nematode populations drastically decreased with increase in POME quantities. Both Rhizobium and Meloidogyne species compete for establishment sites on cowpea roots and high POME rates decreased Nematode population which is why all the three cowpea cultivars had their highest yields at 8000l/ha  POME application  rate. So POME, an organic waste from oil palm processing can be used at up to 8000l/ha to effectively control obnoxious root knot nematode and enrich soil for crop cultivation especially Sokoto local cowpea cultivar.

Keywords: POME (palm oil mill effluent), Rhizobium, Meloidogyne liters/hectare, cowpea cultivars
Paleo-environmental deduction from pebble morphometry and textural studies of sandstone deposits of Isuochi and Environs, Anambra Basin, South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ezike Ejiofor C. , Okonkwo Henry I. , Iyi Emmanuel C.
Published: June 2020

Textural analysis and pebble morphomentric were carried out on the sandstone deposits of Isuochi area in Anambra Basin, in an attempt to  reconstruct the paleoenvironment of deposition. Field observation shows that the sandstone samples, collected from various locations were  analyzed for sieve analysis, while two hundred fresh quartz pebbles that are greater than 2.00mm in diameter were collected for pebble  morphomentric. Morphomentric parameters include; elongation ratio, flatness index, oblate index, and maximum projection sphericity were computed. Bivariate plots of Maximum Projection Sphericity against Oblate Prolate Index show that about 69% of the pebbles are of fluvial origin,while 31% is surf, bivariate plots of Flatness Index against Maximum Projection Sphericity show that about 57% is of fluvial origin, while 43% show surf; these imply that the associated pebbles are of fluvial origin. Bivariate plots of sandstone textural parameters such as skewness against standard deviation also suggest that the sediments are more of fluvial origin while multivariate parameter shows partly shallow marine  environment.

Keywords: Pebble Morphometry, Oblate-Prolate Index, Paleoenvironment.
Boosting land restoration success in the Great Green Wall through the use of symbiotic microorganisms for propagated tree seedlings
Authors: Fofana Barkissa , Sacande Moctar , Blagna Fanta , Dibloni Théophile O. , Compaore Emmanuel , Sanon Kadidia B. , Maiga Ynoussa , Ouattara Aboubakar S.
Published: June 2020

Several studies have clearly demonstrated the scientific and practical use of the symbiotics microorganisms for plants in earth ecosystems. The main goal of this study was to rehabilitate a degraded soil of the sahelian zone of Burkina Faso by using the rhizobia and mycorrhizal symbiosis through the inoculation technique. Native rhizobial strains were isolated from soil samples. These strains were then tested in laboratory and greenhouse conditions for their effects on the nodulation and growth of Vachellia seyal. At the end of these tests three promising strains were selected to form a complex that was used with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus for the inoculation of plants produced in nursery or issued from direct seedling at the field. After 3, 12 and 14 months of cultivation, respectively, the growth parameters of plants such as the height and the collar diameter were measured. In addition, the field survival rate of plantations was evaluated. The results showed that inoculation has improved the growth and survival rate of Vachellia seyal plants in the field. The double inoculation was more effective than the single inoculation. With these promising results, we recommend inoculation of seedlings for a better success of restoration plantings in the Sahel.

© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Symbiosis, native strains, rehabilitate, inoculation, sahelian zone
Vegetative propagation of Afzelia africana Sm. Ex Pers.: a multipurpose and threatened tree
Authors: Ogbimi Ejeoghene Rita , Sakpere Ayobola Moninuola , Akinropo Seun Michael
Published: June 2020

Afzelia africana is at the verge of extinction from continuous exploitation without replacement, thus propagation of this tree species is expedient. Vegetative propagation is a reliable means of propagation of tree species. This study therefore describes a protocol for the vegetative propagation of Afzelia africana by using stem cuttings from its mature tree (20 years old) and saplings (2 years old). Herbaceous (non - lignified portion of the stem) and semi – hard wood cuttings (lignified portion of the stem) (with and without leaves) were treated with high and low concentrations of Indole butyric acid (IBA) solution via the quick dip and the soaking method of application and planted on forest soil and river sand in a humidifier. Cuttings from mature tree planted on forest soil and river sand did not respond to any treatment. Also, no response was observed on cuttings collected from saplings and planted on forest soil; however, cuttings planted on river sand sprouted. The presence and absence of leaves and IBA treatment had an interaction effect on root number (0.02) and root length (0.0001). The response from herbaceous cuttings was significantly higher than from semi – hard wood cuttings with respect to root number (1.00) and root length (5.82 cm). Cutting type and IBA treatment also had an interaction effect on root number (0.05) and root length (0.0007). Herbaceous leafy stem cuttings of A. africana treated with 400 ppm IBA and planted on river sand is suitable for rooting stem cuttings of A. africana for raising seedlings for reforestation, afforestation and other conservation purposes.

© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Rooting, cuttings, Afzelia africana, hormone, humidifier
Cytokine levels of interleukin-2 and 7 amongst antiretroviral therapy success and failure HIV patients attending the University Teaching Hospital, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Authors: Ikomey George Mondinde , Mbakam Cedric Happi , Assoumou Marie Claire Okomo , Brandon Jacobs Graeme , Mesembe Martha , Mbamyah Emilia Lyonga , Murphy Edward , Tagny Claude Tayou
Published: June 2020

Immune reconstitution complications (IRC) are major problems faced by HIV treated patients worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7 play vital roles in peripheral T-cell homeostasis. Our study objective was to measure and compare the blood plasma levels of IL-2 and IL-7 amongst antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients attending the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon. We performed a cross-sectional study with 296 HIV positive patients enrolled between July 2017 and May 2018 at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital. IL-2, IL-7, T-cell profile counts and plasma viral load were measured on whole blood specimens. Data obtained were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 5.0 and Epi info 7.0 Software. IL-2 and IL-7 plasma concentration levels were higher in patients with ART failure compared to ART success, with a mean ± SD of 19.4±8 and 17.1±6 pg /ml, 35.26±11 and 21.5±5 pg/ml, with p < 0.001 and < 0.001. There was a direct and significant correlation between viral load, IL-2 and IL-7 with p values = 0.028, and 0.020, respectively. There was an association between IL-2, IL-7 and viral load in relation to the duration on treatment (DT), with p values = 0.003 (R2= 0.041, CI= 0.069 – 0.34) ,0.017 (R2= 0.027, CI= -0.30 – 0.030), and 0.001 (R2= 0.048, CI= -0.047–0.76). Considering that limited surrogate markers are available for monitoring immune reconstitution and high associated mortality rates, IL-2 and IL-7 could be a good immunological predictor for ART failure and success in HIV infected individuals.

© 2020 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Homeostasis, Immune reconstitution, Interleukins, ART
Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial analysis of Schiff bases of o-phenylenediamine and 2-aminopyridine-3-carboxylic acid with ofloxacin and their metal (II) complexes
Authors: Putaya Habila A.N. , Ndahi Naomi P. , Bello Hauwa S. , Mala Grema , Osunlaja Adekunle A. , Garba Hussaini
Published: June 2020

The increasing multi-drug resistance of microbes to the existing anti-biotic drugs has been of great concern to medical scientists and challenge has directly concerned pharmacologists, inorganic chemists, molecular microbiologists etc. This work attempted modifying a second generation fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin) toward attaining more improved activity. Schiff base Ligands HL1 and HL2 were obtained from separate condensation of o-phenylenediamine and 2-aminopyridine-3-carboxylic acid with ofloxacin in 2:1 and 1:1 mole ratio respectively. These ligands were complexed with chloride salts of Ni (II), Mn (II) and Zn (II) to afford their metal complexes. The new compounds were characterized on the basis of physicochemical properties, IR spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, Molar conductance and metal analysis. The IR spectra revealed that the metal ions coordinated with the ligands through azomethine nitrogen and carboxylato oxygen depicting tetradentate character with the formular type ML and ML2 for HL1 and HL2 metal complexes respectively. The antimicrobial evaluation of the ligands and their respective complexes in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Aspergellus niger and Aspergellus fumigatus presented a promising to excellent activity except for A. niger which showed no activity in all the tested compounds.

© 2019 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved

Keywords: Schiff base, metal complexes, ofloxacin, o-phenylenediamine, 2-aminopyridine-3-carboxylic acid, antimicrobial activity
Caractérisation des systèmes d’élevage de cobaye (Cavia porcellus L., 1875) dans trois zones agroécologiques de la Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Kouadio Kouakou Parfait , Yao N’goran Aphonse , Ayagirwe Basengere Rodrigue , Yéo Gnenissongui Joseph , Soro Yadé René , Fantodji Agathe
Published: June 2020

En Côte d’Ivoire, la pratique de l’élevage de cobaye est une activité marginalisée et méconnue des statistiques officielles des productions animales. Pour pallier ce déficit d’informations scientifiques et techniques, et promouvoir le développement de l’élevage de ce rongeur herbivore, une étude a été entreprise sur la caractérisation du système d’élevage du cobaye (Cavia porcellus, Linneaus, 1758) en Côte d’Ivoire. Une interview de 70 éleveurs sélectionnés dans les trois zones agroécologiques de la Côte d’Ivoire a été réalisée sur la base d’un questionnaire. Les résultats montrent que l’élevage de cobaye est pratiqué à majorité (70%) par les adolescents ayant un niveau de scolarisation d’étude primaire dont 73,33% sont de sexe masculin. L’aliment de base est à 80 % le fourrage récolté et il n'existe aucune prophylaxie sanitaire. Les cobayes élevés sont destinés à l’autoconsommation. Deux types d’élevage de cobaye ont été déterminés avec des techniques de conduite encore rudimentaires, correspondant ainsi à l’élevage familial traditionnel. Toutefois, cet élevage peut constituer un gage de sécurité alimentaire important pour les adolescents. Cependant, une sensibilisation efficiente pour son adoption et sa prise en compte dans les programmes de développement par tous les acteurs s’avèrent nécessaire.Mots clés : Cobaye, caractérisation, mini-élevage, système de production, Côte d’Ivoire.

English Title: Characterization of cavy (Cavia porcellus L., 1875) breeding system in three agroecological zones of Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d'Ivoire, the practice of cavy breeding is a marginalized activity and little known by official statistics of animal production. To overcome this lack of scientific and technical information, and to promote development of cavy breeding, this study was undertaken on characterization of cavy breeding system (Cavia porcellus, Linneaus, 1758) in Côte d 'Ivoire. For interviewing, 70 cavy breeders selected from three agroecological zones of Côte d’Ivoire was carried out basis on questionnaire edited. Majority cavy breeder are adolescents (70%) with a level of primary school education, whom 73.33% are male. The staple food is 80% harvested fodder and no sanitary prophylaxis existing. Cavy is breeding for self-consumption for the holder. Two groups of cavy breeding have been determined with still rudimentary management techniques, thus corresponding to traditional family breeding animal. However, breeding cavy can constitute a pledge of important food security for youth. However, efficient awareness-raising for its adoption and its inclusion in development programs by all stakeholders is necessary.Keywords: Cavy, characterization, small stock, production system, Côte d’Ivoire.
Caractérisation phénotypique du néré (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae) dans trois types de savane de Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Kouonon Léonie Clémence , Koffi Kouamé Guillaume , Adjoumani Koffi , Mobio Anouman Désirée Sandrine , Goba Koudougnon Alice Estère
Published: June 2020

Afin de préserver les nombreux biens et services fournis par Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae, il est fondamental de connaître la variabilité  phénotypique de l’espèce pour sa domestication. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer des caractères morphologiques permettant d’identifier des arbres-plus dans les savanes de Côte d’Ivoire. La variabilité phénotypique d’arbres distants d’au moins 100 m des trois types de savane a été étudiée à travers 22 caractères quantitatifs relatifs aux troncs, feuilles, fruits et graines. La matrice de données obtenue a été analysée avec différents tests tels que MANOVA suivie de ANOVA 1, AFD et la CAH. Les paramètres permettant de distinguer les arbres selon leur origine sont : hauteur totale d’arbre, épaisseur graine, poids de graine et pulpe par fruit, longueur du fruit, longueur et épaisseur du pédicelle, longueur et épaisseur du pédoncule. Les arbres en savane guinéenne ont de longs et épais pédoncules, des pédicelles épais et de longs fruits. Les arbres en savane sub-soudanaise sont hauts avec des graines et pédicelles épais, un poids de graine et de pulpe par fruit en moyenne élevé alors que les arbres en savane soudanaise sont hauts avec un long pédoncule.

Mots clés: Parkia biglobosa, néré, variabilité phénotypique, conservation, savane.

English Title: Phenotypical caracterization of african locust bean (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae) from three savannahs types in Côte d’Ivoire

To preserve goods and services provided by Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don, Fabaceae, it is essential to know the phenotypical variability of this species for domestication purpose. The objective of this study is to define morphological discriminant traits to identify tree-plus in the savannahs from Côte d'Ivoire. The phenotypical variability of trees distant at least 100 m from three types of savannah was studied through 22 quantitative traits related to trunks, leaves, fruits and seeds. Matrix data was analyzed with different tests such as MANOVA followed by ANOVA 1, AFD and CAH. Traits that allow distinguishing trees according to their origin are: total height, seed thickness, seed and pulp weight per fruit, fruit length, pedicel length and thickness, peduncle length and thickness. In the Guinean savannah, trees have long and thick peduncles, thick pedicels and long fruits. In Sub-Sudanese savannah, trees are tall with thick seeds and pedicels, high seeds and pulp weight per fruit while Sudanese savannah trees are tall with a long peduncle.

Keywords: Parkia biglobosa, locust bean, phenotypical variability, conservation, savannah.
Mycotoxin contamination of herbal medications on sale in Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Authors: Ikeagwulonu Richard C. , Onyenekwe Charles C. , Ukibe Nkiruka R. , Ikimi Charles G. , Ehiaghe Friday A. , Emeje Isaac P. , Ukibe Solomon N.
Published: June 2020

The practice of herbal medication is as old as the culture of the people and despite the advent of modern medication, many people of south eastern Nigeria, still patronizes herbal medication. Herbal medications are consumed directly and could be contaminated with mycotoxins which are detrimental to human and animal health. This study was therefore, designed to determine the extent of mycotoxin contamination of herbal medications on sale in Ebonyi State, South-Eastern Nigeria. In this regard, a multistage random sampling technique was used to select 19 herbal medication samples from stores and markets in Ebonyi State, Nigeria and evaluated for occurrence of three major mycotoxins- aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins (FB). Employing wet extraction procedure, mycotoxin occurrence and levels were determined via lateral flow immunoassay technique. Results showed high prevalence of all three mycotoxins in the samples in the order OTA (89.47%), FB (82.46%) and AF (82.21%). Ochratoxin A was highest in Goodswill herbal (23.66 ± 3.51 ppb) and lowest in Goko mixture (0.00 ± 0.00) while fumonisin was highest in Ukwara (634.33 ± 8.00 ppb) and lowest in Iketo-2 mixture (0.00 ± 0.10). Aflatoxin B1 was highest in African Iba (20.00 ± 2.00 ppb) and lowest in Dunamis and Divine roots herbals (0.00 ± 0.00). Data from the analysis of herbal medication samples showed varying concentrations of mycotoxins AFs (0 – 20 ppb); OTA (0 – 23 ppb); FB (0 – 634 ppb) respectively. In conclusion, mycotoxins concentration determined in the herbal samples were above Nigerian and European Union (EU) set limits for OTA only. The co-occurrence of these mycotoxins in herbal samples analyzed in this study raises further awareness to the health risks consumers of these herbal commodities.Keywords: Mycotoxin, herbal medicine, quality, Nigeria.
Influence of unscheduled stop and dwell time of minibus public transport on transit time in Kano Metropolis
Authors: Ibrahim M.N. , Alhassan H.M.
Published: June 2020

Minibus has been one of the modes of public transport in Nigerian cities. Despite its positive impact on urban mobility demand, it is however,  associated with some problems which make its service ineffective. This study explores the operating characteristics of minibus public transport in  Kano metropolis. It also examines the influence of unscheduled random stops and dwell times of minibus on passengers' transit time. Data were collected on the number of random stop, dwell time per stop, and travel time from route’s origin to destination using an in-vehicle observation  technique. Four major routes on which minibuses operate were used for the study. Finding from this study revealed that minibus public transport in Kano city is characterized by recurring unscheduled random stops and long dwell time. Across the routes studied, the total number of unscheduled  stops ranges from 18 to 23 per trip while the cumulative dwell time per trip constitutes 40 to 60% of the transit time leading to increase in overall passenger’s travel time, with attendant delay to the users. A weak correlation exists between the number of unscheduled stops and transit time,  indicating a less influence on the transit time. However, a strong correlation exists between dwell time during stops and travel time which is an indication of a substantial influence on transit time. Further analysis revealed that variations of recurring unscheduled stops and dwell times  account for about 74% of variability in minibus transit time. Finding from test of significance at α 0.05 revealed pvalues of 0.845 and 7.34E-43 for number of stop and dwell time, respectively. This suggests that the number of stop does not influence the transit time significantly; whereas, the  dwell time influences the transit time significantly. This implies that increase in passengers’ transit time is substantially due to the long dwell time during unscheduled random stop rather than the number of stop itself.

Keywords: Minibus, public transport, unscheduled stop, dwell time, transit time
A 3D modelling of the in-cylinder combustion dynamics of two stroke internal combustion engine in its service condition
Authors: Ikpe A.E. , Owunna I.B.
Published: June 2020

In this study, a two stroke internal combustion engine was successfully modeled as a closed cycle with the intake, compression, expansion and exhaust processes considered in two strokes of the reciprocating piston. The in-cylinder combusted gases with respect to air-fuel mixture of 14.4:1 in the two stroke engine model were analyzed, showing the dynamics of the combusted gases, the flame pressure and temperature trajectories. It was observed that provided compression and expansion takes place at air-fuel mixture near ideal condition (14.7:1), the combusted gas temperature which occurred in the range of 293.92-3000.60 K is directly proportional to the cylinder gas pressure which occurred in the range of 60.76-80.20 bar. With a heat transfer coefficient of 581.236 W/m2K, the maximum temperature of the IC engine material was found to be 2367.56K at equilibrium and the maximum shear stress was found to be 176 x 102 MPa (1.76 x 105 bar). The 14.4:1 air-fuel mixture implies that 26% O2, 73% N2 and 1% trace gases are the in-cylinder air constituent that will react with 1 mole of hydrocarbon to form the combusted products of 96.2% CO2, 3.2% H2O and 0.6% N2. This will vary in conditions where the air-fuel mixture changes.

Keywords: Modelling, Gas dynamics, Two stroke, IC engine, Air-fuel mixture.
Investigation of pumpkin pod extract as corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl Solution
Authors: Okewale A.O. , Adebayo T.
Published: June 2020

This work focused on the use of natural, and eco-friendly waste material as an inhibitor for inhibiting carbon steel corrosion. In order to obtain minimum rate of corrosion on carbon steel, optimization of the process factors that affect carbon steel corrosion was undertaken using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three parameters were fluctuated viz; temperature, pumpkin pod extract concentration and time of exposure and their corresponding effects on rate of corrosion of carbon steel were ascertained. The data obtained was fitted to a model that is quadratic which was subsequently validated. The predicted lowest rate of corrosion by the model is 2.5427mm/yr with optimal conditions of 178.07ppm of pumpkin extract concentration, exposure time of 2.26hrs, and 35.28oC of temperature. The conditions were validated in three replicates and corrosion rate of 2.75mm/yr was obtained.

Keywords: corrosion, optimization, pumpkin pod, response surface methodology.
Actuarial modelling of equilibrium condition in life and pension using integral transform
Authors: Ogungbenle G.M. , Adeyele J.S.
Published: June 2020

This paper aims at deriving actuarial modelling of equilibrium condition in life and pension mathematics under the framework of integral transform. The specific objective is to establish net actuarial balance representing the difference between the present values of contributions and benefit outgo of the defined benefit scheme. This is the equilibrium position such the plan sponsor cannot borrow to pay plan members at the point of retirement. Our investigation confirms that the present value of benefit outgo payable by the trustees equals the present value of total contribution of the plan sponsor so that the equilibrium point is reached under the framework of integral transform.

Keywords: Integral transform, defined benefit, force of interest, equilibrium Fredholm, liability and Thiele
Effect of salt concentrations on in vitro rumen fermentation of cellulose, starch, and protein
Authors: Costa E.C.B. , Araújo G.G.L. , Oliveira J.S. , Santos E.M. , Henriques L.T. , Perazzo A.F. , Zanine A.M. , Pereira G.A. , Pinho R.M.A.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of three salts (sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), and calcium chloride (CaCl2)) on the in vitro rumen fermentation of cellulose, starch, and protein substrates. Six salt concentrations were tested, separately, namely 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/dL. The experiment was conducted using the completely randomized design in a 6 × 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of salt concentration and salt type (six levels of three salts (NaCl, MgCl2, or CaCl2) (0, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 mg/dL) into three substrates [starch, cellulose, and glucose]) with three replicates. Cellulose- and glucose-fermenting bacteria were sensitive to NaCl concentrations greater than 400 mg/dL (17.48 decisiemens per metre (dS/m)) and 800 mg/dL (20.55 dS/m) in the media, respectively. In contrast, starch-fermenting bacteria continued to grow in NaCl concentrations up to 1600 mg/dL (29.09 dS/m). Thus, it was concluded that starch-fermenting microorganisms tolerated higher concentrations of NaCl compared with the other microbial groups. Cellulose-fermenting microorganisms are less tolerant to MgCl2 in relation to the other microbial groups. Starch, cellulose-, and glucose-fermenting bacteria from cattle tolerate CaCl2 concentrations of up to 1600 mg/dL (12.26 dS/m). These results suggest that brackish water may be used for ruminants. However, it is important perform an analysis of that water and then to adjust diets to minimize the effects of types of salt and concentrations of salt on rumen microorganisms.

Keywords: brackish water, dissolved salts, rumen microbes, water quality
Influence of feeding systems on selected beef quality and sensory attributes
Authors: Moholisa E , Strydom P.E. , Van Heerden I , Hugo A
Published: June 2020

Feeding systems and other factors associated with processing influence meat quality, and therefore sensory attributes. This study was conducted to assess the meat quality attributes of young grain-fed and older grass-fed steers that mostly affect consumer acceptability of beef. Eighty Bonsmara steers consisting of 20 each of A-age (0-tooth) grain-fed (AC) and grain-fed supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ), 20 each of grass-fed AB (1-2 teeth) and B-age (3 - 6 teeth) animals were used. This combination represented the typical feeding systems of South Africa and other countries using similar classification systems, therefore describes the typical feeding systems of the South African beef industry. The longissimus lumborum (LL), semitendinosus (ST), and biceps femoris (BF) muscles were tested for colour, moisture properties, lipid oxidation and sensory attributes. It was found that diet in combination with animal age influenced meat colour. Muscles of the older grass-fed steers were generally darker and duller (darker red) compared to muscles of young grain-fed animals. Moisture loss was consistently higher in zilpaterol supplemented meat samples compared to the feedlot controls, while muscles of the grass-fed animals had lower moisture loss. A sensory panel clearly distinguished between cuts of grain-fed (AZ and AC) and grass-fed carcasses (AB and B) on the grounds of flavour characteristic. The AB and B cuts scored higher for grassy, animal-like and rancid flavour overtones and lower for roasted flavour and sourness than AZ and AC grain-fed cuts. This indicated that typical flavours related to diet define expected eating quality.

Keywords: age, grain, grass, meat quality, zilpaterol
Effects of pasture type and level of concentrate supplementation on quality and fatty acid profile of lamb meat
Authors: Rossatti J.A. , Vargas Junior F.M. , Retore M , Britez G.D.V. , Silva M.C. , Fernandes T , Fernandes A.R.M. , Mele M
Published: June 2020

Objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of grazing tropical forage species and level of supplementation with grain on characteristics of lamb meat. Ninety-day-old lambs (n = 36) (22.54 ± 2.72 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of pasture types (Aruana and Marandu) and levels of concentrate supplementation (0%, 1.5% and 3% of bodyweight). Water retention capacity, shear force, weight loss after cooking, pH, colour, and intramuscular lipid content of the meat were evaluated. A panel of 145 consumers evaluated the appearance, flavour, fat flavour, odour, and softness of the meat and provided an overall assessment. Supplementation at 3% of bodyweight reduced the luminosity of the meat. The appearance of meat from lambs that grazed Aruana grass was deemed preferable to that of meat from lambs that grazed Marandu grass. Total branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were increased when grazing Marandu grass compared to Aruana grass. Lambs supplemented with concentrate had reduced BCFA/kg of meat and its content of both monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were increased. Supplementation with concentrate at 1.5% and 3.0% of bodyweight increased n-6 PUFAs by 16.8% and 90.0%, decreased n-3 PUFAs by 49.7% and 35.9%, and thus increased the n-6/n-3 ratio by 135.0% and 183.8%, respectively. Lambs that were finished on grass without supplementation had a more healthful fatty acid profile and received better scores for flavour and global appreciation. To improve the quality of fatty acids in the meat, the pasture system is recommended.

Keywords: Brachiaria brizantha, lipid content, Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, Panicum maximum, sheep feeding
Performance trait analysis and genetic diversity of the SA Boerperd
Authors: Breytenbach N , Grobler J.P. , Bindeman H
Published: June 2020

This study determined the occurrence and frequency of mutations that influence performance traits in the SA Boerperd horse and evaluated genetic diversity within the breed. Two gait-associated and two heightassociated mutations were investigated. Seventeen microsatellite markers were genotyped for 363 horses and used to assess genetic diversity. The C-allele of the height-associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BIEC2_808543 was present in 5% of the population, and 57% of the horses possessed the A-allele of BIEC2_1105377, which has been also associated with height. However, these SNPs did not significantly affect measured phenotypic height within the breed. The minor alleles for SNP DMRT3_Ser301STOP and BIEC2_620109, which have been associated with gaitedness, occurred with frequencies of 0.105 and 0.091, respectively, within the breed. The microsatellite data revealed observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.679) to be similar to that found 15 years ago, while the level of inbreeding had decreased from 8.4% to 3.2%. However, allelic richness had declined from 4.212 to 3.804. Analysis of the population structure revealed that two distinct founder populations have contributed to the present-day breed. Compared with nine European breeds, the SA Boerperd had above average levels of heterozygosity and a high number of private alleles (17.6%). A high degree of variation remained in the SA Boerperd, despite selective breeding, and levels of inbreeding were still manageable. Results obtained in this study can be used by SA Boerperd breeders to develop the breed, while simultaneously conserving its genetic potential.

Keywords: gaitedness, height, horses, inbreeding, selective breeding
Effect of zinc nanoparticles on embryo and chicken growth, and the content of zinc in tissues and faeces
Authors: Łukasiewicz M , Łozicki A , Casey N.H. , Chwalibog A , Niemiec J , Matuszewski A , Sosnowska M , Wierzbicki M , Zielinska M , Bałaban J , Sawosz E
Published: June 2020

The hypothesis was that owing to their high bioavailability, zinc oxide nanoparticles (NanoZnO) can effectively replace (Zn) salts and reduce Zn excretion with faeces. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of NanoZnO on the development of chicken embryos, the growth of broiler chickens, and Zn excretion with faeces. At day 1 of incubation, 120 eggs were randomly divided between a control group (not injected) and groups injected with a hydrocolloid of NanoZnO in increasing concentrations (50, 100, 500 mg/L). At day 19 of incubation, no differences were observed in the bodyweight, but 100 and 500 mg/L affected liver and heart weights, indicating that high levels of NanoZnO may induce differential organ development. In the subsequent experiment, 308 chickens were randomly divided into six groups. The control diet was supplemented with 55 mg Zn/kg (standard level), the 0 group received no Zn supplement, and groups fed NanoZnO received 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the standard level. The 100% replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO increased the chickens’ bodyweight compared with the standard level of ZnO, but to the same level as the diet without ZnO supplementation. Furthermore, NanoZnO did not reduce the content of Zn in faeces, which was only significantly lower in the group without ZnO supplementation in comparison with other groups. The results indicate that the replacement of ZnO with NanoZnO had no negative effects on chicken growth. Compared with ZnO, NanoZnO did not reduce Zn excretion with faeces.

Keywords: broiler, development, excretion, mineral, nanonutrition
Correlations between PORCUS classification and androstenone in boars, and effects of cooking methods thereon
Authors: Needham T , Van Zyl K , Hoffman L.C.
Published: June 2020

The aim of this research was to evaluate relationships between the PORCUS classification system and factors affecting boar taint in pork. Intact male pork carcasses (n = 176) were randomly selected in a South African commercial abattoir from three PORCUS carcass classification groups (P, O and R) and samples from their Longissimus lumborum (LL) were obtained at 24 hours post mortem. Correlations between carcass weight, backfat depth, intramuscular fat percentage and subcutaneous fat androstenone concentrations were estimated. A sub-sample of O carcasses (n = 12) with high levels of androstenone levels were used to determine the influence of pan-frying, oven-roasting and sous vide cooking methods on meat proximate composition and fat androstenone concentration. Although O carcasses were heaviest, backfat depth increased over the carcass classifications. Intramuscular fat percentages were lowest in O carcasses, and crude protein percentages were higher in O compared with R carcasses. The correlation between percentages of backfat depth and LL intramuscular fat was insignificant.No differences were observed between classifications in androstenone concentration, which had a weak positive correlation with carcass weight. All cooked samples exceeded the established sensory threshold for androstenone (>0.45 μg/g). Cooking methods were ineffective in decreasing the potential for consumers to experience boar taint. Therefore, alternative processing methods should be considered for these carcasses. In addition, the PORCUS classification system cannot be used reliably to estimate the intramuscular fat content or androstenone concentration of a carcass. These findings are interpreted to suggest a revision of the application of the current classification system is required.

Keywords: androstenone-related boar taint, backfat, carcass, longissimus, pork
Effect of breed on meat quality and global acceptance of native lambs and their crosses
Authors: Lage R.R.P. , Vega W.H.O. , Costa H.H.A. , Costa A.C. , Sousa L.C.O. , Lima L.D. , Landim A.V.
Published: June 2020

International projections point to the growth in global production of sheep meat, mainly from developing countries. However, the exigencies of consumers on characterization of production systems, nutritional information, and sensorial analysis to target the preferences must be answered. The aim of this study was to characterize the meat quality and the global acceptance of Brazilian native ovine breeds and their crosses, and discuss these aspects on the current basis of human health and wellbeing. Three native breeds (Morada Nova, Rabo Largo, and Santa Inês) that were managed in semi-intensive systems and raised in semi-arid Brazilian regions were used. Chemical composition and fatty acid analysis, sensory evaluation and health indices were accessed. The combined effects of breed, sex and breed by sex interaction produced differentiation in meat fatty acid (FA) profiles. The cholesterol contents ranged between 51 and 59.1 mg/100 g. The Morada Nova lambs showed the lowest lipid content (1.93%). The Morada Nova x Rabo Largo crossbreed breed has the potential to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid. The high content of α-linolenic acid, which is considered hypocholesterolemic, was responsible for better health indices. The moderate acceptability obtained in sensory traits is compatible with the requirements of the consumer market. The combination of nutritional and sensory traits associated with human health and wellbeing that is presented by these native ovine breeds qualifies them as a good choice of red meat to be included in a larger proportion in human food.

Keywords: fatty acids, healthier meat, semi-arid region, sheep