bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High resolution MRI evaluation of meniscal volume and anthropometric correlations
Authors: Narvy Steven J. , Asami Danny K. , Solomon Thomas C. , Burke Wendy S. , Colletti Patrick M. , Vangsness C. Thomas
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to digitally determine meniscal volumes, and compare them with linear and surface area anthropometric measurements to evaluate these measurements for meniscal allograft sizing. Eighteen subjects (10 male and 8 female; mean age 37.5 years) underwent 3.0 T knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the dominant leg. The following morphometric measurements were evaluated: medial meniscal volume (MMV), lateral meniscal volume (LMV), tibial plateau width (TPW), width of the femoral condyles (WFC), and tibial plateau surface area (TPSA). MMV and LMV were compared to TPW, WFC, and TPSA. Meniscal volume and TPW were correlated to height and body‐mass index (BMI) and stratified by gender. Statistical analysis included coefficient of determination (r2) between MRI‐based MMV, LMV, TPW, TPSA, WFC, height, BMI, and gender. Significance was set at the P = 0.05 level. The mean MMV was 2275 mm3 and the mean LMV was 2102 mm3. TPW correlated well with meniscal volumes (r2 > 0.62). WFC and TPSA correlated with meniscal volumes in the range of 0.40 < r2 < 0.61. Height, BMI, and gender correlated poorly with total meniscal volume and TPW with values of r2 < 0.44. Medial and lateral menisci have statistically similar volumes. TPW had the greatest utility for volumetric meniscal sizing. MRI‐based TPW can be considered as a statistically accurate measurement for determining meniscal volumes and meniscal size. Clin. Anat. 28:786–791, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A web‐based virtual power electronics laboratory
Authors: Yalcin Nedim Aktan , Vatansever Fahri
Published: June 2015

In the science and engineering, supporting theoretical knowledge with practical information is crucial. Thus, there are laboratory courses together with theoretical lectures in engineering education. However, laboratory applications can't give expected successful results because of insufficient laboratory environment of educational institutions, excessive number of students etc. Depending on the developments in the computer field, concepts such as computer aided education, computer‐assisted learning, computer‐aided engineering have gained importance. In the carried out study, remote accessible virtual laboratory consisting of six modules is designed for power electronics courses. Realized software which can run online or offline and includes almost forty circuits (rectifiers, dc–dc converters, ac–ac converters, dc–ac converters, power supplies) belongs to power electronics field. Detailed analysis and applications can be realized with the virtual laboratory which also contains description of subjects, animations, online support, environment for preparing lab reports etc. The software is available in Uludag University, 111 undergraduate students and 17 faculty members tested it separately without requesting their personal information. Obtained results from two questionnaires are evaluated here. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. 24:71–78, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21673
Poor mobility predicts adverse outcome better than other frailty indices in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Cockburn James , Singh Meera Sundar , Rafi Nur Hanis Mohammed , Dooley Maureen , Hutchinson Nevil , Hill Andrew , Trivedi Uday , de Belder Adam , Hildick‐Smith David
Published: June 2015

Background

Surgical risk scoring systems are poor at predicting outcome in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Frailty indices might more accurately predict outcome. Aims: To examine multiple frailty indices as markers of performance to see whether they predict outcomes both in the shorter (30 days) and longer terms (5 years) in patients who have undergone TAVI.

Methods

Frailty indices (Mobility; Brighton Mobility Index, New York Heart Association (NYHA), Karnofsky Performance Index, Canadian Study Health Association (CSHA) clinical frailty scale, and Katz Index of Dependence) were assessed in 312 consecutive TAVI patients. Mortality tracking was obtained from the Office of National Statistics as of May 2014.

Results

Mean age was 81.2 ± 7.0 years; 53.2% were male. Mean Logistic EuroSCORE and STS were 17.4 ± 9.4 and 4.6 ± 2.8, respectively. Mean peak aortic valve gradient and aortic valve area were 79.1 ± 28.0 mm Hg and 0.72 ± 0.25 cm2, respectively. 30‐day mortality was 4.8%; long‐term mortality (maximum 5.8 years, mean 2.2 ± 1.5 years) was 25.3%. Both univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed poor mobility (defined as severe impairment of mobility secondary to musculoskeletal or neurological dysfunction (Euroscore II risk)), as the best predictor of adverse outcome over both the short‐term (OR 4.03, 95% CI (1.36–11.96), P = 0.012 (30 days)) and longer term (OR 2.15, 95% CI (1.33–3.48), P = 0.002, (2.2 ± 1.5 years.)).

Conclusion

Poor mobility predicts worse survival among patients undergoing TAVI, both in the shorter and longer terms. Our data suggest that mobility impairment, of either neurological or musculoskeletal etiology, is an appropriate screening measure when considering patients for TAVI. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Creation of a transcatheter fenestration in children with failure of fontan circulation: Focus on extracardiac conduit connection
Authors: Rupp Stefan , Schieke Christin , Kerst Gunter , Mazhari Nona , Moysich Axel , Latus Heiner , Michel‐Behnke Ina , Akintuerk Hakan , Schranz Dietmar
Published: June 2015

Objectives

We report our experience with a transcatheter technique to bypass the lung and to thus improve single‐ventricle preload and reduce venous congestion in Fontan patients.

Background

In the absence of a dedicated power source to serve the pulmonary circulation and a significantly elevated transpulmonary pressure gradient, fenestration of the Fontan circulation is an option to improve hemodynamics in patients by relieving excessive systemic venous pressure.

Methods and Results

From 2005 to 2011, 22 transcatheter fenestrations were performed without any major complications in 19 patients (median age 3.2 years, interquartile range (IQR) 2.7–3.7 years)) with failing Fontan circulation and exceeding systemic venous pressure. In 16 patients, the procedure was performed for acute postoperative failure 1–24 days after surgery. After perforation of the conduit and atrial wall by a Brockenbrough needle and gradual balloon dilation, premounted stents were expanded to create a diabolo configuration with flaring stent edges, leaving a slight but definitive central waist. The procedure resulted in regression of pleural effusions and a significant decrease in systemic venous pressure. Clinical improvement was observed in 16 of the 19 treated patients. Follow‐up demonstrated sustained fenestration in 85% of treated patients for at least 24 months.

Conclusion

Transcatheter creation of a Fontan fenestration is a safe approach despite the anatomic gap between the extracardiac conduit cavity and the atrial wall. Stent implantation allows defining the diameter of the fenestration, reduces spontaneous occlusion, and ensures sustained clinical improvement. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ortho‐surgical management of a Conradi–Hünermann syndrome patient: rare case report
Authors: Capelozza Filho Leopoldino , de Almeida Cardoso Mauricio , Caldeira Eduardo José , Capistrano Anderson , da Silva Cordeiro Aldir , Rocha Diógenes
Published: June 2015

Key Clinical Message

The Conradi–Hünermann Disease is a rare syndrome, which affects the cranial development and the anatomy of dental occlusion. After interdisciplinary treatment completion, the patient reached satisfactory facial anatomy, as well as regular occlusal relationship, attested 2 years of accompaniment.
Suzuki–Miyaura Diversification of Amino Acids and Dipeptides in Aqueous Media
Authors: Willemse Tom , Van Imp Karolien , Goss Rebecca J. M. , Van Vlijmen Herman W. T. , Schepens Wim , Maes Bert U. W. , Ballet Steven
Published: June 2015

The Suzuki–Miyaura derivatisation of free amino acids, peptides and proteins is an attractive area with considerable potential utility for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Here we report the modification of unprotected and Boc‐protected aromatic amino acids and dipeptides in aqueous media, enabling heteroarylation and vinylation. We systematically investigate the impact of the peptide backbone and adjacent amino acid residues upon the reaction. Our studies reveal that although asparagine and histidine hinder the reaction, by utilising dppf, a ferrocene‐based bidentate phosphine ligand, cross coupling of halophenylalanine or halotryptophan adjacent to such a residue could be enabled. Our studies reveal dppf to have good compatibility with all unprotected, proteinogenic amino acid side chains.
MgI2‐Mediated Chemoselective Cleavage of Protecting Groups: An Alternative to Conventional Deprotection Methodologies
Authors: Berthet Mathéo , Davanier Florian , Dujardin Gilles , Martinez Jean , Parrot Isabelle
Published: June 2015

The scope of MgI2 as a valuable tool for quantitative and mild chemoselective cleavage of protecting groups is described here. This novel synthetic approach expands the use of protecting groups, widens the concept of orthogonality in synthetic processes, and offers a facile opportunity to release compounds from solid supports.
White Electroluminescence with Simultaneous Three‐Color Emission from a Four‐Armed Star‐Shaped Single‐Polymer System
Authors: Jiu Yuanda , Wang Jianyun , Liu Chengfang , Lai Wenyong , Zhao Lingling , Li Xiangchun , Jiang Yi , Xu Weidong , Zhang Xinwen , Huang Wei
Published: June 2015

A four‐armed star‐shaped single‐polymer system with 4,7‐bis(5‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)‐4‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FTBT) as a red emissive core, polyfluorene (PF) as blue emissive arms and 1,3‐benzo thiadiazole (BT) as green emissive dopants was designed and synthesized, in which red, green, and blue (RGB) emission balance can be achieved by adjusting the doping concentration of FTBT and BT discreetly. A typical single‐emissive‐layer device (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/TPBI/LiF/Al) was studied and discussed, realizing a pure and stable white emission with a luminous efficiency (LE) of 1.59 cd·A−1 and CIE coordinates of (0.31, 0.34). The high‐color‐quality white electroluminescence of the devices could be mainly attributed to the suppressed intermolecular interactions, and partial energy transfer from the blue PF arms to the red and green dopants.
Use of FTA cards for the storage of breast carcinoma nucleic acid on fine‐needle aspiration samples
Authors: Peluso Anna Lucia , Cascone Anna Maria , Lucchese Lucrezia , Cozzolino Immacolata , Ieni Antonio , Mignogna Chiara , Pepe Stefano , Zeppa Pio
Published: June 2015

BACKGROUND

The preservation and storage of nucleic acids is important for DNA molecular techniques. The material obtained by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is often scanty and can not be wasted. FTA cards are filter papers that immobilize and stabilize nucleic acids and can be stored at room temperature. The current study evaluated whether nucleic acids of breast carcinoma cells, obtained by FNA in a clinical setting, may be collected, stored, and preserved on FTA cards.

METHODS

Thirty breast carcinoma, 5 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and 5 benign reactive lymph node (RLN) cell samples obtained by FNA were stored at −80°C and on FTA cards. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction were performed on cells at −80°C and on 2 punched disks of FTA cards. Fifty nanograms of extracted DNA from both sample types were used to amplify the Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) gene.

RESULTS

The mean value of DNA extracted from breast carcinoma cells was 28.19 ng/µL for that stored at −80°C and 3.28 ng/µL for that stored on FTA cards. Agarose gel analysis demonstrated expected bands of DNA in 29 cases (97%) with both methods. The mean value of DNA extracted from NHL and RLN samples was 37.54 ng/µL and 4.28 ng/µL, respectively, and agarose gel analysis demonstrated bands of high molecular weight DNA in both methods. Significant differences in DNA yield were found between storage at −80°C and FTA cards (P<.0001), but no differences were detected between 260/280 nm ratios in breast carcinoma and NHL/RLN samples.

CONCLUSIONS

FTA cards can be conveniently used for the storage of breast carcinoma cells obtained by FNA, thus providing a reliable alternative to traditional methods. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:582–92. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Color constancy from invariant wavelength ratios: An algorithm to simplify the chromatic adaptation model
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W.
Published: June 2015

In a recent article on color constancy, the chromatic adaptation model was of a novel type comprising three components separately calculated—hue, chromaticness, and lightness. The constant hue component was a simple calculation of predicted wavelength but the other two components were less direct. This article provides an algorithm to simplify the model's calculation. Calculation is far simpler and more intuitive than conventional models using complex 3 × 3 matrix transforms with their various and contentious adaptation primaries and potential disadvantages (e.g., in brightness and color gamut). The model is shown to be at least as accurate as six other (conventional) models and does not require high math skill. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 41, 468–476, 2016
Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells with Biferrocenyl Antennae Having Quinoxaline Spacers
Authors: Chauhan Ratna , Shahid Mohammad , Trivedi Manoj , Amalnerkar Dinesh P. , Kumar Abhinav
Published: June 2015

Four biferrocene‐based dyes with quinoxaline spacers possessing functional groups [H (2), Cl (3), NO2 (4) and COOH (5)] were successfully synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, electronic absorption, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The synthesized dyes as well as the starting diketenone (1), from which quinoxalines 2–5 were synthesized, were exploited as photosensitizers in TiO2‐based dye‐sensitized solar cells. The spectral responses of dyes 2–5 were extended into the visible region up to λ = 550 nm. Amongst all the ferrocenyl dyes with a quinoxaline spacer, dyes having Cl (3), NO2 (4), and COOH (5) substituents showed photovoltaic performance that was superior to that of starting material 1 and that of quinoxaline derivative 2. The superior performances of 3, 4, and 5 are probably because of the abilities of these systems to accept high loadings of the dye on the TiO2 surface and the long lifetime of electrons in the TiO2 conduction band. Dye 5 showed better thermal stability than the state‐of‐art dye N719 and has a comparable lifetime of electrons in the conduction band.
No associations between objectively measured physical activity and spinal pain in 11–15‐year‐old Danes
Authors: Aartun E. , Hartvigsen J. , Boyle E. , Hestbaek L.
Published: June 2015

Background

Physical activity is thought to play a role in spinal pain (neck pain, mid back pain, low back pain) in children and adolescents, either as a risk or protective factor, but current evidence is conflicting. The overall aim of this study was to determine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between different levels of objectively measured physical activity, i.e. sedentary; moderate and vigorous; vigorous physical activity, and spinal pain in 11–15‐year‐old Danes.

Methods

Data were collected at baseline (2010) (n = 906) and at follow‐up 2 years later (n = 625) in a school‐based prospective cohort study. Physical activity was measured using the Actigraph GT3X Triaxial Activity Monitor, which measures the intensity of physical activity over time. This was worn for 1 week and spinal pain was assessed via e‐survey that participants completed during school time. Potential confounders included in the multivariable analyses were sex, anthropometry, physical fitness, social status and psychosocial factors. In the longitudinal study, analyses stratified by baseline pain status were performed.

Results

There were neither cross‐sectional nor longitudinal associations between different levels of objectively measured physical activity and spinal pain over the 2‐year period.

Conclusion

Objectively measured physical activity was not associated with spinal pain. However, it remains to be seen whether there is an association over a longer follow‐up period. Future research should focus on the more qualitative aspects of physical activity, such as different sports activities.
Inkjet‐Printed TiO2 Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs)
Authors: Cherrington Ruth , Hughes Darren J. , Senthilarasu S. , Goodship Vannessa
Published: June 2015

This work reports on the formulation of suitable ink for inkjet printing of TiO2 by investigating the critical parameters of particle size, pH, viscosity, and stability. Aqueous suspensions of TiO2 nanoparticles (Degussa, P25) were prepared with the addition of 25 wt % polyethylene glycol 400 as a humectant to minimize drying at the printer nozzles and reduce the likelihood of nozzle blockage. The inkjet‐printed TiO2 layers were assembled into dye‐sensitized solar cells. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics were measured under one sun (air mass 1.5, 100 mW cm−2) using a source meter (Model 2400, Keithley Instrument, Inc.), and the active area of the cell was 0.25 cm2. The inkjet‐printed TiO2 photoanode produced a device with a short‐circuit current (Isc) of 9.42 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.76 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.49, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.50 %.
Hydrodechlorination of PCDD/PCDF/PCB contaminants by simple grinding of contaminated soils with a nano‐size calcium reagent
Authors: Mitoma Yoshiharu , Simion Alina M. , Mallampati Srinivasa Reddy , Miyata Hideaki , Kakeda Mitsunori , Simion Cristian
Published: June 2015

PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs present in soil can be hydrodechlorinated without a preliminary separation (extraction) step using a nano‐size dispersed mixture of metallic Ca and CaO (206 nm average particle size). The treatment is quite simple: grinding in an electric mortar (100 rpm) at room temperature in open atmosphere for 24 h, producing up to 91, 99 and 97% hydrodechlorination yield for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs, respectively. The method is sensitive to soil moisture content, but because of its simplicity and low‐cost, it can accommodate larger‐scale adaptation. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 34–40, 2016
Evaluation of dual permeability of gas flow in municipal solid waste: Experiment and modeling
Authors: Liu Lei , Xue Qiang , Wan Yong , Tian Yu
Published: June 2015

Non‐homogeneity of permeability largely depends on heterogeneity of the pore structure of waste in a landfill, which contributes to variation in gas flow state. Gas pressure dropping test (GPDT) was one of the most effective methods to describe the gas preferential flow, was used to investigate the gas breakthrough curves in initial pressures, moisture contents and degradation phases in lab test. Dual‐permeability model was developed to quantify the gas preferential flow in waste column. The reliability of the model was verified by a good agreement from the gas flow rate between the simulation results and experimental results. The simulation results show the biodegradation of the waste produced an obviously decrease in the permeability in fracture system due to the variation of the particle distribution. The porosity and mass transfer in fracture system has largely decreased with the continued biodegradation and moisture content increasing. It will be provided useful evidence for assessing the gas preferential flow during the well operation in landfill. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 41–47, 2016
Solar radiation transfer and performance analysis for a low concentrating photovoltaic/thermal system
Authors: Zhao Jiafei , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Bin , Liu Jingwen , Yang Mingjun , Jiang Lanlan , Zhang Yi , Song Yongchen
Published: June 2015

In this study, we investigated a concentrating solar photovoltaic/thermal system that uses solar radiation in the visible and infrared ranges separately. In this system, photoelectric and photothermal conversions are achieved independently via the thermal unit and the photovoltaic (PV) module, respectively. The operation of the thermal unit is not affected by temperature limitations imposed by the PV module. The results indicate that water as the working fluid in the thermal unit directly absorbs 33% of the solar radiation. When the mass flow rate was reduced, the water temperature at the thermal unit outlet increased; however, both the temperature and the electrical efficiency of the solar cell remained constant. When the solar radiation increased from 640 to 3200 W/m2, the concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (CPV/T) system produced high‐grade heat with an only 1.4% drop in electrical efficiency. Moreover, the exergetic efficiency of the CPV/T system increased with increasing incident solar irradiance. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 263–270, 2016
The Spanish Validation of the Accommodation and Enabling Scale for Eating Disorders Among Carers: A Pilot Study
Authors: Quiles Marcos Yolanda , Quiles Sebastián María José , Pamies Aubalat Lidia , Sepúlveda García Ana Rosa , Treasure Janet
Published: June 2015

Literature suggests that families may accommodate patients' symptoms in attempts to alleviate family conflict and stress. These accommodating and enabling behaviours may have a negative impact on carers and those they care for. There are no self‐report questionnaires validated in Spanish to measure accommodation among relatives of patients with an eating disorder. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Accommodation and Enabling Scale for Eating Disorders (AESED‐S) among relatives of eating disorder patients. A cross‐sectional study of 90 relatives was carried out to explore the factor structure, reliability and validity of the AESED‐S. The internal consistency of the Spanish version of the AESED subscales was good, ranging from .89 to .81. The correlation of the five subscales with conceptually related measures (negative caregiving experience and distress) supports the convergent validity of this instrument in this sample. Results indicated that the Spanish version of the AESED provides a reliable and valid tool for assessing family accommodation in the context of having a relative with an eating disorder. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Flame Spray Synthesis of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3–δ Electrolyte Nanopowders for Intermediate Temperature Proton Conducting Fuel Cells
Authors: Bozza F. , Arroyo Y. , Graule T.
Published: June 2015

Flame Spray Synthesis (FSS) technique has been used for the preparation of BaZr0.8Y0.2O3–δ (BZY20) nanoprecursors. The nanoprecursors were composed of a perovskite phase mixed with doped Zirconia and barium nitrate. Pure phase powder could be obtained after calcining the precursors at 1,200 °C. Both nanoprecursors and pure phase powder were then sintered at 1,600 °C to obtain dense specimen. AC impedance spectroscopy performed on the sintered samples allowed correlation of the electrical properties of the samples to their microstructures. The sintered nanoprecursors compared with the sintered pure phase powders showed enhanced grain growth associated with higher grain boundary conductivity. The influence of the reactive sintering on the enhanced grain growth and electrical properties in the nanoprecursors is discussed. The high total proton conductivity measured (7.7·10−3 S cm−1 at 450 °C) promotes FSS as an effective powder synthesis method for the preparation of BZY20 electrolyte material for proton conducting fuel cells operating in the intermediate temperature range.
Factors associated with self‐rated sexual function in Korean patients with schizophrenia receiving risperidone monotherapy
Authors: Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kim Sung‐Wan , Lee Yo‐Han , Kang Hee‐Ju , Kim Seon‐Young , Bae Kyung‐Yeol , Kim Jae‐Min , Shin Il‐Seon , Yoon Jin‐Sang
Published: June 2015

Objective

This study aims to investigate the factors associated with sexual function in Korean patients with schizophrenia.

Methods

This study evaluated 169 patients with schizophrenia who were receiving risperidone monotherapy. The Visual Analog Scale was used to assess sexual function in terms of sexual desire, sexual arousal, and sexual satisfaction. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Korean version of the Subjective Well‐being under Neuroleptic Treatment—Brief Form (SWN‐K) scale, and the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI) were also administered.

Results

Sexual function was negatively associated with age, duration of illness, gender (female), marital status (single), the presence of tardive dyskinesia, and Beck Depression Inventory score, but positively associated with the SWN‐K and DAI scores. A linear regression analysis revealed that being male and married had significant positive associations with sexual arousal, sexual satisfaction, and/or sexual desire, while the presence of tardive dyskinesia and a longer duration of illness were associated with poor sexual arousal and/or sexual desire. Additionally, sexual function was significantly associated with the SWN‐K and DAI scores in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The acknowledgement and management of sexual dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia by clinicians may be important for improvement of their quality of life and adherence to medication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral treatment of rumination: Research and clinical applications
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: June 2015

This brief review describes research on rumination treatment that emphasizes functional analysis, recent intervention methods (supplemental feeding, fixed‐time stimulus presentation, continuous access to preferred stimulation), clinical implications, and procedural recommendations.
An evaluation of resistance to change with unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers
Authors: Vargo Kristina K. , Ringdahl Joel E.
Published: June 2015

Several reinforcer‐related variables influence a response's resistance to change (Nevin, 1974). Reinforcer type (i.e., conditioned or unconditioned) is a reinforcer‐related variable that has not been studied with humans but may have clinical implications. In Experiment 1, we identified unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers of equal preference. In Experiments 2, 3, and 4, we reinforced participants' behavior during a baseline phase using a multiple variable‐interval (VI) 30‐s VI 30‐s schedule with either conditioned (i.e., token) or unconditioned (i.e., food; one type of reinforcement in each component) reinforcement. After equal reinforcement rates across components, we introduced a disruptor. Results of Experiments 2 and 3 showed that behaviors were more resistant to extinction and distraction, respectively, with conditioned than with unconditioned reinforcers. Results of Experiment 4, however, showed that when prefeeding disrupted responding, behaviors were more resistant to change with unconditioned reinforcers than with conditioned reinforcers.
Polycaprolactone fiber meshes provide a 3D environment suitable for cultivation and differentiation of melanocytes from the outer root sheath of hair follicle
Authors: Savkovic Vuk , Flämig Franziska , Schneider Marie , Sülflow Katharina , Loth Tina , Lohrenz Andrea , Hacker Michael Christian , Schulz‐Siegmund Michaela , Simon Jan‐Christoph
Published: June 2015

Melanocytes differentiated from the stem cells of human hair follicle outer root sheath (ORS) have the potential for developing non‐invasive treatments for skin disorders out of a minimal sample: of hair root. With a robust procedure for melanocyte cultivation from the ORS of human hair follicle at hand, this study focused on the identification of a suitable biocompatible, biodegradable carrier as the next step toward their clinical implementation. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a known biocompatible material used for a number of medical devices. In this study, we have populated electrospun PCL fiber meshes with normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM) as well as with hair‐follicle‐derived human melanocytes from the outer root sheath (HUMORS) and tested their functionality in vitro. PCL fiber meshes evidently provided a niche for melanocytes and supported their melanotic properties. The cells were tested for gene expression of PAX3, PMEL, TYR and MITF, as well as for proliferation, expression of melanocyte marker proteins tyrosinase and glycoprotein 100 (gp100), L‐DOPA‐tautomerase enzymatic activity and melanin content. Reduced mitochondrial activity and PAX‐3 gene expression indicated that the three‐dimensional PCL scaffold supported differentiation rather than proliferation of melanocytes. The monitored melanotic features of both the NHEM and HUMORS cultivated on PCL scaffolds significantly exceeded those of two‐dimensional adherent cultures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 26–36, 2016.
Long‐term outcomes and safety of laparoscopic liver resection surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Geller David A. , Tsung Allan
Published: June 2015

Highlight

Two recent multi‐institutional Japanese studies used propensity score matching to compare the perioperative and long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma or colorectal liver metastases. They found no difference in oncologic outcomes between the two groups, while the laparoscopic liver resection group had less blood loss and shorter hospital stay.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Hydrazide, Pyrazole, Triazine, Isoxazole, and Pyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Refat Hala M. , Fadda A. A.
Published: June 2015

In continuation of our efforts to find a new class of antimicrobial agents, a series of pyrazole, 1,2,4‐triazine, isoxazole, pyrimidine, and other related products containing a hydrazide moiety were prepared via the reaction of 2‐cyano‐N‐((2‐methoxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)methylene) acetohydrazide (1) with appropriate chemical reagents. These compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities, and also their minimum inhibitory concentration against most of test organisms was performed. Among the tested compounds 4, 5, 6, and 16 displayed excellent antimicrobial activity. All the synthesized products were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and mass spectral data.
Unilateral versus bilateral percutaneous kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of RCTs
Authors: Feng Hui , Huang Peng , Zhang Xuesong , Zheng Guoquan , Wang Yan
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this research was to compare the efficacy and safety of unilateral versus bilateral PKP for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). Six databases (Cochrane, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, SinoMed, and CNKI) were searched without language restrictions. Twelve randomized controlled trials involving a total of 1,030 patients were identified. The results indicate that unilateral PKP had a better degree of pain relief (visual analog scale) than bilateral PKP (p = 0.04; 95%CI = −0.36 to −0.00) with short‐term follow‐up (within 4 weeks) after operation. The radiological outcome assessment with short‐term follow‐up after operation indicates bilateral PKP had a better degree of anterior vertebral height restoration (p = 0.03; 95%CI = −2.58 to −0.14). Operation time and cement dosage were less for unilateral PKP (p < 0.05). There were no differences in complications such as cement leakage and adjacent vertebral fractures between two approaches (p = 0.06 and p = 0.97, respectively). Life quality assessment (SF‐36) indicates unilateral PKP had a better result of bodily pain relief (p < 0.05; 95%CI = 3.93 to 7.48) and general health benefit (p < 0.05; 95%CI = 0.02 to 2.93) with short‐term follow‐up after operation. We suggest that a unilateral PKP is advantageous. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1713–1723, 2015.
Response to tumor necrosis factor‐α mediated inflammation involving activation of prostaglandin E2 and Wnt signaling in nucleus pulposus cells
Authors: Hiyama Akihiko , Yokoyama Katsuya , Nukaga Tadashi , Sakai Daisuke , Mochida Joji
Published: June 2015

The cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), acts through a family of G protein‐coupled receptors designated E‐prostanoid (EP) receptors that mediate intracellular signaling by multiple pathways. However, it is not known whether crosstalk between tumor necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐α)–PGE2‐mediated signaling and Wnt signaling plays a role in the regulation of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between TNF‐α–PGE2 signaling and Wnt signaling in IVD cells. TNF‐α increased the expression of COX‐2 in IVD cells. The EP receptors EP1, EP3, and EP4 were expressed in IVD cells, and TNF‐α significantly increased PGE2 production. Stimulation with TNF‐α also upregulated EP3 and EP4 mRNA and protein expression in IVD cells. The inductive effect of the EP3 and EP4 receptors on Topflash promoter activity was confirmed through gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies using selective EP agonists and antagonists. PGE2 treatment activated Wnt–β‐catenin signaling through activation of EP3. We conclude that TNF‐α‐induced COX‐2 and PGE2 stimulate Wnt signaling and activate Wnt target genes. Suppression of the EP3 receptor via TNF‐α–PGE2 signaling seems to suppress IVD degeneration by controlling the activation of Wnt signaling. These findings may help identify the underlying mechanism and role of Wnt signaling in IVD degeneration. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1756–1768, 2015.
Relationship between synovial fluid ARGS‐aggrecan fragments, cytokines, MMPs, and TIMPs following acute ACL injury: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tourville Timothy W. , Poynter Matthew E. , DeSarno Michael J. , Struglics André , Beynnon Bruce D.
Published: June 2015

Severe knee trauma, such as an ACL disruption, produces aggrecan degradation as evidenced by elevated synovial fluid (SF) N‐terminal (393) Alanine–Arginine–Glycine–Serine (ARGS) neoepitope (or ARGS‐aggrecan) and is associated with inflammatory activity soon after injury. However, it is not known if this process persists for a substantial time interval following the initial trauma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate relationships between SF ARGS concentrations and an array of cytokines, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMPs) during the initial 6 months following ACL rupture. SF samples from 67 ACL‐injured subjects (29 women) were analyzed within 6 months of injury (18–155 days), immediately prior to surgical ACL reconstruction. Relationships between ARGS and individual analyte concentrations, as well as MMP/TIMP ratios were evaluated. Statistically significant relationships were found between ARGS and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) (p = 0.03) and TIMP‐3 (p = 0.01). Our findings suggest that FGF2, considered to be primarily catabolic in articular cartilage, is not downregulated as ARGS concentration declines over time since injury. In addition, these results support the hypothesis that an upregulation of TIMP‐3, the primary aggrecanase inhibitor, is elicited in response to increased aggrecan degradation, which may inhibit further cleavage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1796–1803, 2015.
Comparison of volumetric bone mineral density in the operated and contralateral knee after anterior cruciate ligament and reconstruction: A 1‐year follow‐up study using peripheral quantitative computed tomography
Authors: Mündermann Annegret , Payer Nina , Felmet Gernot , Riehle Hartmut
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) in the tibial plateau of the operated and contralateral leg measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) before and 3, 6, and 12 months after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The ACL was reconstructed with a hamstring tendon autograft using press‐fit fixation. pQCT measurements of the proximal tibia were obtained in 61 patients after ACL reconstruction, and total, cortical, and trabecular vBMD were calculated. vBMD in the operated leg decreased from baseline to 3 months (−12% [total], −11% [cortical], and −12.6% [trabecular]; p < 0.001) and remained below baseline for 12 months after surgery (6 months: −9.5%, −9.4%, and −9.6%, p < 0.001; 12 months: −8%, −5%, and −11%, p < 0.001). vBMD in the contralateral leg was slightly reduced only 6 months after surgery. Including age and sex as covariates into the analysis did not affect the results. ACL reconstruction contributed to loss in bone mineral density within the first year after surgery. The role of factors such as time of weight‐bearing, joint mechanics, post‐traumatic inflammatory reactions, or genetic predisposition in modulating the development of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis after ACL injury should be further elucidated. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1804–1810, 2015.
Complementary Therapies for Parkinson's Disease: What's Promoted, Rationale, Potential Risks and Benefits
Authors: Rabin Marcie L. , Stevens‐Haas Claire , Havrilla Emilyrose , Rosenstein Adam , Toffey Brittany , Devi Tanvi , Earnhardt Mary Cathryn , Kurlan Roger
Published: June 2015

Background

Nearly half of all patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) utilize some form of complementary therapy often identified on the Internet and frequently not reported to their physicians. Treating physicians are sometimes unaware of such treatments, including their rationale, mechanisms, potential efficacy, and potential adverse effects.

Methods

Methods for this study included systematic Internet search of products recommended for PD, medical literature review to determine scientific rationale, any evidence of efficacy, and potential risks.

Results

A large number of complementary therapies are recommended for patients with PD, generally falling into the following categories: dietary and nutritional; chelation; and physical. Most have reasonable justifications based on mechanism of action and current theories on causes of neurodegeneration in PD, but few have documented evidence of benefit. Fortunately, most have few risks and side effects, although some are very expensive. The protein redistribution diet has substantial evidence of symptomatic benefit. Some antioxidative or ‐inflammatory supplements, aerobic exercise, Tai chi, and dance and music therapy have preliminary evidence of symptomatic benefit or potential neuroprotective effects, but more research is needed to establish efficacy.

Conclusions

Patients with PD are faced with many recommendations for complementary therapies. Physicians should know about these in order to have informed discussions with their patients. Some deserve further study.
Spectral recycling strategies for the solution of nonlinear eigenproblems in thermoacoustics
Authors: Salas Pablo , Giraud Luc , Saad Yousef , Moreau Stéphane
Published: June 2015

In this work, we consider the numerical solution of large nonlinear eigenvalue problems that arise in thermoacoustic simulations involved in the stability analysis of large combustion devices. We briefly introduce the physical modeling that leads to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem that is solved using a nonlinear fixed point iteration scheme. Each step of this nonlinear method requires the solution of a complex non‐Hermitian linear eigenvalue problem. We review a set of state‐of‐the‐art eigensolvers and discuss strategies to recycle spectral information from one nonlinear step to the next. More precisely, we consider the Jacobi–Davidson algorithm, the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi method, the Krylov–Schur solver and its block‐variant, and the subspace iteration method with Chebyshev acceleration. On a small test example, we study the relevance of the different approaches and illustrate on a large industrial test case the performance of the parallel solvers best suited to recycle spectral information for large‐scale thermoacoustic stability analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocompatibility of thermo‐responsive PNIPAAm‐PLLA‐PNIPAAm triblock copolymer as potential drug carrier
Authors: Su Feng , Shen Xin , Hu Yanfei , Darcos Vincent , Li Suming
Published: June 2015

This work aims to evaluate the cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility of thermo‐responsive polymers as potential drug carrier. Thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide)‐poly(l‐lactide)‐poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm‐PLLA‐PNIPAAm) triblock copolymer were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using ethyl α‐bromoisobutyrate or Br‐PLLA‐Br as initiator under mild conditions. The self‐assembly and thermo‐responsive properties of the copolymer in aqueous medium were investigated by critical micelle concentration, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and lower critical solution temperature measurements. The critical micelle concentration was 0.014 mg ml−1. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy results show that the micelles are spherical in shape with sizes between 20 and 40 nm. The lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAAm and PNIPAAm‐PLLA‐PNIPAAm is 34.8°C and 32.8°C, respectively. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxicity of polymers, and the hemocompatibility was assessed from hemolysis ratio and plasma recalcification time measurements. The results show that PNIPAAm‐PLLA‐PNIPAAm presents outstanding biocompatibility and could be promising for applications in targeted drug delivery. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of functionality on direct arylation of model systems as a route toward fluorinated copolymers via direct arylation polymerization (DArP)
Authors: Livi Francesco , Gobalasingham Nemal S. , Bundgaard Eva , Thompson Barry C.
Published: June 2015

A screening of direct arylation conditions on a model small molecule system is carried out to develop suitable conditions for the direct arylation polymerization (DArP) of fluorinated copolymers, which are incompatible with conditions previously utilized successfully for nonfluorinated systems. The model system features a coupling between a 2‐substituted thiophene and a pentafluorobenzene, where one of the partners was brominated. A substantial difference in reactivity is observed, demonstrating that the optimal functionalization for direct arylation between a thiophene‐based donor and a highly fluorinated acceptor is a halogenated thiophene and an unfunctionalized fluorinated unit, which is opposite of typical cross coupling reactions, where the acceptor is typically halogenated. The best conditions are applied to the copolymerization of 1,2,4,5‐tetrafluorobenzene and 2,2'‐(2,5‐bis((2‐hexyldecyl)oxy)−1,4‐phenylene)dithiophene. Polymers are free of β‐defects and significant homocoupling. This work further underscores the attractive simplicity, relevance, and ease of DArP while reconfirming its broad compatibility with increasingly popular fluorinated copolymers. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2598–2605
Synthesis of poly(2‐oxazoline)s with side chain methyl ester functionalities: Detailed understanding of living copolymerization behavior of methyl ester containing monomers with 2‐alkyl‐2‐oxazolines
Authors: Bouten P. J. M. , Hertsen Dietmar , Vergaelen Maarten , Monnery Bryn D. , Catak Saron , van Hest Jan C. M. , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: June 2015

Poly(2‐oxazoline)s with methyl ester functionalized side chains are interesting as they can undergo a direct amidation reaction or can be hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid, making them versatile functional polymers for conjugation. In this work, detailed studies on the homo‐ and copolymerization kinetics of two methyl ester functionalized 2‐oxazoline monomers with 2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline, 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline, and 2‐n‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline are reported. The homopolymerization of the methyl ester functionalized monomers is found to be faster compared to the alkyl monomers, while copolymerization unexpectedly reveals that the methyl ester containing monomers significantly accelerate the polymerization. A computational study confirms that methyl ester groups increase the electrophilicity of the living chain end, even if they are not directly attached to the terminal residue. Moreover, the electrophilicity of the living chain end is found to be more important than the nucleophilicity of the monomer in determining the rate of propagation. However, the monomer nucleophilicity can be correlated with the different rates of incorporation when two monomers compete for the same chain end, that is, in copolymerizations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2649–2661
Complement C4a inhibits the secretion of hepatitis B virus screened by surface‐enhanced laser desorption ionization time‐flight mass spectrometry‐based ProteinChip analysis
Authors: Song Ya‐Nan , Zhang Gui‐Biao , Hu Xue‐Qing , Lu Yi‐Yu , Zhao Yu , Yang Yang , Yang Yi‐Fu , Zhang Yong‐Yu , Hu Yi‐Yang , Su Shi‐Bing
Published: June 2015

Purpose

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a kind of chronic liver disease caused by persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The study aims to seek the factors of host resistance to HBV and investigate their roles.

Experimental design

Protein profiles of 58 healthy controls and 121 CHB patients were obtained by SELDI‐TOF/MS. Predicted protein was validated by ELISA. Protein expression was evaluated by Western blot in the persistently HBV expressing cell line HepG2.2.15 and non‐HBV expressing cell line HepG2. The level of HBV DNA was subsequently detected by quantitative real‐time PCR in HepG2.2.15 cells with complement C4a treatment.

Results

Significantly altered protein peaks were found through statistical analysis, and m/z 4300 was predicted by databases and successfully matched with the fragment of complement C4a. According to ELISA, serum complement C4a was found to be significantly lower in CHB patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001) and the area under receiver operating characteristics curve is 0.78. Furthermore, complement C4a showed lower expression in HepG2.2.5 cells and the secretion of HBV DNA was inhibited by complement C4a.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The present study implied the important role of complement C4a in inhibiting the HBV DNA secretion in CHB.
System Reliability with Multiple Failure Modes and Time Scales
Authors: Noorossana Rassoul , Sabri‐Laghaie Kamyar
Published: June 2015

Lifetime of some systems can be measured based on multiple time scales. For instance, the lifetime of an airplane may be affected by its mileage or number of landings. Furthermore, most systems are exposed to competing risks. In this regard, time scales can accelerate the failure mechanism of these systems. In this paper, the behavior of systems is investigated under competing risks and multiple time scales. The time scales follow independent Poisson processes. As it is not straight forward obtaining closed‐form relations for the system reliability, we have provided a parametric upper bound. Also, the upper bound can be tightened by considering an error function. The error function can be built by regression on a sample containing real values of system reliability for given time units. Performance of the upper bound is studied in two numerical examples and a case study. Results show that the obtained upper bound is very tight. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.