bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Knowledge about First Aid Methods, Diagnosis, and Management of Snakebite among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study from Palestine
Authors: Kharusha Isra K. , Sulaiman Suha S. , Samara Ahmad M. , Al-Jabi Samah W. , Zyoud Sa’ed H.
Published: December 2020

Background. Snakebite is a serious and important medical emergency encountered in many parts of the world. The estimated number of victims of venomous snakebites in Palestine is about 100 to 150 annually, with death occurring in 2 to 3 of them. This study was designed to assess the level of knowledge on the diagnosis and management of snakebites among nursing students in Palestine, as well as their attitude towards snakebites. Methods. This was a cross-sectional survey that took place at An-Najah National University. Two hundred nursing students were asked to fill a questionnaire that was developed to assess the participants' knowledge and attitude regarding snakebite's diagnosis and management. Different knowledge scores were calculated, and the relationships between students' knowledge and their characteristics were calculated by implementing the Mann–Whitney U test and the Kruskal–Wallis test. The statistical significance limit of

p

values was set at 0.05. Results. The majority of the participants (57%) were fourth-year students with an average age of 20.7 ± 1. Areas of knowledge and the participants’ mean scores on them were as follows: Vipera palaestinae snake, 5.1/13; signs and symptoms, 9.6/16; laboratory investigations, 6.1/10; anti-venom, 4.2/11; and first aid, 6.6/15. The only statistically significant differences in knowledge were between male and female students on Vipera palaestinae (male students scored higher,

p

value = 0.004) and between different types of residence (village dwellers scored the highest,

p

value = 0.041). Conclusions. We found knowledge gaps in many aspects of snakebite’s diagnosis and management among nursing students in Palestine. Based on the results of this study, we suggest integrating more materials on this topic in the curriculum of Palestinian nursing schools, as well as more practical training, which will positively reflect on the care for snakebite victims.
Commercial Vinegar Tablets Do Not Display the Same Physiological Benefits for Managing Postprandial Glucose Concentrations as Liquid Vinegar
Authors: Feise Natasha K. , Johnston Carol S.
Published: December 2020

Objective. Research evidence suggests that vinegar may effectively reduce postprandial glucose in both healthy adults and those with type 2 diabetes. There is heightened consumer interest in commercially available vinegar tablets; however, it is not known whether these products lower postprandial glycemia to the same extent as liquid vinegar. This crossover trial examined the impact of liquid vinegar versus commercial vinegar tablet ingestion at the start of a meal on the 60-minute glucose excursion postmeal in healthy adults. Methods. Twelve young men and women (22.6 ± 0.6 y; 21.2 ± 1.2 kg/m2) completed this 4-arm Latin square crossover trial. Testing was separated by one week and consisted of a test meal (64 g carbohydrate) consumed immediately following one of the four oral treatments: CON, 60 g water (control treatment); VIN, 25 g liquid vinegar (5% acidity; 1.25 g acetic acid) diluted with 35 g water; PILL, four vinegar tablets (1.50 g acetic acid) swallowed whole with 60 g water; and PILL-c, four crushed vinegar tablets dissolved in 60 g water. Capillary blood glucose was tested in the fasted state and at 30 and 60 minutes postmeal. Results. The 60-minute glucose excursion varied significantly by treatment (iAUC: 4.9 ± 0.6, 3.4 ± 0.4, 4.9 ± 0.6, and 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol˖h/l for CON, VIN, PILL, and PILL-c, respectively; F (3, 33) = 3.037,

p

 = 0.043; repeated measures ANOVA). Post hoc analysis revealed a 31% reduction in the glucose postmeal excursion for VIN in comparison to CON and PILL (

p

 = 0.040 and

p

 = 0.049, respectively). Conclusions. These data suggest that commercial vinegar tablets taken whole at mealtime are not as effective as liquid vinegar for reducing the postmeal glucose excursion in young, healthy adults.
A Review of the Current Evidence Connecting Seborrheic Dermatitis and Parkinson’s Disease and the Potential Role of Oral Cannabinoids
Authors: Rietcheck Hope R. , Maghfour Jalal , Rundle Chandler W. , Husayn Sameeha S. , Presley Colby L. , Sillau Stefan H. , Liu Ying , Leehey Maureen A. , Dunnick Cory A. , Dellavalle Robert P.
Published: December 2020

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with multiple comorbidities, including seborrheic dermatitis (SD), which develops in more than half of PD patients. SD in patients with PD can be severe and frequently intractable by traditional topical therapy. Cannabinoids possess anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory properties working within the intrinsic endocannabinoid system, the activation of which may alleviate the motor symptoms of PD. The effect of cannabinoids on SD is unknown. Here we explore the pathophysiological mechanisms and possible therapeutic role of oral cannabinoids in PD patients with SD, and review speculative mechanisms underlying the association of PD and SD. Current data supporting the use of cannabinoids in both PD and SD, as well as oral cannabinoid safety and tolerability, are presented. Cannabinoids may provide the possibility of simultaneous treatment of both SD and PD. Specific SD studies and additional safety data on oral cannabinoids are needed.
Editorial
Authors: Martins Lilian Al-Chueyr Pereira , Prestes Maria Elice de Brzezinski
Published: December 2020

Editorial da revista
Recent HIV Infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana
Authors: Skaathun Britt , Pines Heather A. , Patterson Thomas L , Semple Shirley J , Pekar Jonathan , Harvey-Vera Alicia , Rangel Gudelia , Mehta Sanjay R.
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE: To characterize recent HIV infections among newly diagnosed men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana. METHODS: Limiting Antigen (LAg)-Avidity testing was performed to detect recent HIV infection within a cohort of newly-diagnosed men who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana. Logistic regression was used to determine characteristics associated with recent infection. A partial transmission network was inferred using HIV-1 pol sequences. Tamura-Nei 93 genetic distances were measured between all pairs of sequences, and the network was constructed by inferring putative transmission links (genetic distances ≤ 1.5%). We assessed whether recent infection was associated with clustering within the inferred network. RESULTS: Recent infection was detected in 11% (22/194) of newly-diagnosed participants. Out of the participants with sequence data, 60% (9/15) with recent infection clustered compared with 31% (43/139) with chronic infection. Two recent infections belonged to the same cluster. In adjusted analyses, recent infection was associated with years of residence in Tijuana (OR = 1.5; 95%CI 1.01–1.09), cocaine use (past month) (OR = 8.50; 95%CI 1.99–28.17), and ever experiencing sexual abuse (OR = 2.85; 95%CI 1.03–7.85). DISCUSSION: A total of 11% of men newly diagnosed with HIV who have sex with men and transgender women in Tijuana were recently infected. The general lack of clustering between participants with recent infection suggests continued onward HIV transmission rather than an outbreak within a particular cluster.
DESCRIPTORS: HIV Infections, epidemiology. Sexual and Gender Minorities. Transgender Persons. Disease Transmission, Infectious.
A quem afetou o desabastecimento de penicilina para sífilis no Rio de Janeiro, 2013–2017?
Authors: Araujo Rachel Sarmeiro , Souza Ana Sara Semeão de , Braga José Ueleres
Published: December 2020

OBJETIVO: Analisar o desabastecimento da penicilina benzatina (PB), caracterizando sua evolução temporal e distribuição espacial no município do Rio de Janeiro de 2013 a 2017. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo ecológico misto realizado com notificações de sífilis gestacional e congênita, registros de distribuição de PB e de dados sociodemográficos da população dos bairros do município do Rio de Janeiro. Para mensurar o desabastecimento foi calculado por trimestre um indicador de abastecimento de PB para cada bairro, entre 2013 e 2017. Mapas temáticos foram produzidos para identificar áreas e períodos com maior desabastecimento de PB, o qual foi descrito segundo condições sociodemográficas, rede de serviços de saúde e aspectos epidemiológicos da incidência de sífilis por bairro. RESULTADOS: O desabastecimento de PB no município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2013 a 2017, não foi homogêneo no espaço ou no tempo. A evolução temporal e a distribuição espacial da escassez de PB revelam que o desabastecimento afetou de formas distintas os habitantes do município, sendo menor em 2013 e 2016 e mais intenso em 2014, 2015 e 2017, principalmente nos bairros das áreas programáticas AP3 e AP5, mais pobres e com maiores taxas de sífilis gestacional e congênita. CONCLUSÕES: Analisar o desabastecimento de PB e sua evolução temporal e distribuição espacial no município do Rio de Janeiro permitiu reconhecer que os habitantes do município são afetados de diferentes modos. Compreender esse processo ajuda a planejar ações para enfrentar crises de desabastecimento, minimizando possíveis impactos no controle da sífilis, além de reduzir a desigualdade no acesso ao tratamento.
Primum non nocere – Are chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine safe prophylactic/treatment options for SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19)?
Authors: Biguetti Claudia , Marrelli Mauro Toledo , Brotto Marco
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT Chloroquine (CQ) and its analog hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) were recently included in several clinical trials as potential prophylactic and therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2 infection/covid-19. However, drug effectiveness in preventing, treating, or slowing the progression of the disease is still unknown. Despite some initial promising in vitro results, rigorous pre-clinical animal studies and randomized clinical trials have not been performed yet. On the other hand, while the potential effectiveness of CQ/HCQ is, at best, hypothetical, their side effects are factual and most worrisome, particularly when considering vulnerable groups of patients being treated with these drugs. In this comment, we briefly explain the possible mechanisms of action of CQ/HCQ for treating other diseases, possible actions against covid-19, and their potent side effects, in order to reinforce the necessity of evaluating the benefit-risk balance when widely prescribing these drugs for SARS-CoV-2 infection/covid-19. We conclude by strongly recommending against their indiscriminate use. DESCRIPTORS: Coronavirus Infections. Chloroquine, toxicity. Hydroxychloroquine, toxicity. Contraindications, Drug.
Aortic Gene Expression Profiles Show How ApoA-I Levels Modulate Inflammation, Lysosomal Activity, and Sphingolipid Metabolism in Murine Atherosclerosis
Authors: Busnelli Marco , Manzini Stefano , Chiara Matteo , Colombo Alice , Fontana Fabrizio , Oleari Roberto , Potì Francesco , Horner David , Bellosta Stefano , Chiesa Giulia
Published: December 2020

Objective:

HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles are known to possess several antiatherogenic properties that include the removal of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues, the maintenance of endothelial integrity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. ApoA-I overexpression in apoE-deficient (EKO) mice has been shown to increase HDL levels and to strongly reduce atherosclerosis development. The aim of the study was to investigate gene expression patterns associated with atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice and how HDL plasma levels relate to gene expression patterns at different stages of atherosclerosis development and with different dietary treatments.

Approach and Results:

Eight-week-old EKO mice, EKO mice overexpressing human apoA-I, and wild-type mice as controls were fed either normal laboratory or Western diet for 6 or 22 weeks. Cholesterol distribution among lipoproteins was evaluated, and atherosclerosis of the aorta was quantified. High-throughput sequencing technologies were used to analyze the transcriptome of the aorta of the 3 genotypes in each experimental condition. In addition to the well-known activation of inflammation and immune response, the impairment of sphingolipid metabolism, phagosome-lysosome system, and osteoclast differentiation emerged as relevant players in atherosclerosis development. The reduced atherosclerotic burden in the aorta of EKO mice expressing high levels of apoA-I was accompanied by a reduced activation of immune system markers, as well as reduced perturbation of lysosomal activity and a better regulation of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway.

Conclusions:

ApoA-I modulates atherosclerosis development in the aorta of EKO mice affecting the expression of pathways additional to those associated with inflammation and immune response.
Novel Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products‐Blocking Antibody to Treat Diabetic Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Johnson Lynne L. , Johnson Jordan , Ober Rebecca , Holland April , Zhang Geping , Backer Marina , Backer Joseph , Ali Ziad , Tekabe Yared
Published: December 2020

Background

Expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) plays an important role in diabetic peripheral artery disease. We proposed to show that treatment with an antibody blocking RAGE would improve hind limb perfusion and muscle viability in diabetic pig with femoral artery (FA) ligation.

Methods and Results

Purpose‐bred diabetic Yucatan minipigs with average fasting blood sugar of 357 mg/dL on insulin to maintain a glucose range of 300 to 500 mg/dL were treated with either a humanized monoclonal anti‐RAGE antibody (CR‐3) or nonimmune IgG. All pigs underwent intravascular occlusion of the anterior FA. Animals underwent (
201
Tl) single‐photon emission computed tomography/x‐ray computed tomography imaging on days 1 and 28 after FA occlusion, angiogenesis imaging with [
99m
Tc]dodecane tetra‐acetic acid–polyethylene glycol–single chain vascular endothelial growth factor (scVEGF), muscle biopsies on day 7, and contrast angiogram day 28. Results showed greater increases in perfusion to the gastrocnemius from day 1 to day 28 in CR‐3 compared with IgG treated pigs (
P
=0.0024), greater uptake of [99mTc]dodecane tetra‐acetic acid‐polyethylene glycol‐scVEGF (scV/Tc) in the proximal gastrocnemius at day 7, confirmed by tissue staining for capillaries and vascular endothelial growth factor A, and less muscle loss and fibrosis at day 28. Contrast angiograms showed better reconstitution of the distal FA from collaterals in the CR‐3 versus IgG treated diabetic pigs (
P
=0.01). The gastrocnemius on nonoccluded limb at necropsy had higher
201
Tl uptake (percentage injected dose per gram) and reduced RAGE staining in arterioles in CR‐3 treated compared with IgG treated animals (
P
=0.04).

Conclusions

A novel RAGE‐blocking antibody improved hind limb perfusion and angiogenesis in diabetic pigs with FA occlusion. Contributing factors are increased collaterals and reduced vascular RAGE expression. CR‐3 shows promise for clinical treatment in diabetic peripheral artery disease.
Efficacy and Safety of Adjunctive Cilostazol to Clopidogrel‐Treated Diabetic Patients With Symptomatic Lower Extremity Artery Disease in the Prevention of Ischemic Vascular Events
Authors: Kalantzi Kallirroi , Tentolouris Nikolaos , Melidonis Andreas J. , Papadaki Styliani , Peroulis Michail , Amantos Konstantinos A. , Andreopoulos George , Bellos George I. , Boutel Dimitrios , Bristianou Magdalini , Chrisis Dimitrios , Dimitsikoglou Nikolaos A. , Doupis John , Georgopoulou Chrysoula , Gkintikas Stergios A. , Iraklianou Styliani , Kanellas Κonstantinos , Kotsa Kalliopi , Koufakis Theocharis , Kouroglou Maria , Koutsovasilis Anastasios G. , Lanaras Leonidas , Liouri Eirini , Lixouriotis Charalampos , Lykoudi Akrivi , Mandalaki Efthymia , Papageorgiou Evanthia , Papanas Nikolaos , Rigas Spyridon , Stamatelatou Maria I. , Triantafyllidis Ioannis , Trikkalinou Aikaterini , Tsouka Aikaterini N. , Zacharopoulou Ourania , Zoupas Christos , Tsolakis Ioannis , Tselepis Alexandros D.
Published: December 2020

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for lower extremity arterial disease. Cilostazol expresses antiplatelet, anti‐inflammatory, and vasodilator actions and improves the claudication intermittent symptoms. We investigated the efficacy and safety of adjunctive cilostazol to clopidogrel‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus exhibiting symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease, in the prevention of ischemic vascular events and improvement of the claudication intermittent symptoms.

Methods and Results

In a prospective 2‐arm, multicenter, open‐label, phase 4 trial, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with intermittent claudication receiving clopidogrel (75 mg/d) for at least 6 months, were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio, either to continue to clopidogrel monotherapy, without receiving placebo cilostazol (391 patients), or to additionally receive cilostazol, 100 mg twice/day (403 patients). The median duration of follow‐up was 27 months. The primary efficacy end point, the composite of acute ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack, acute myocardial infarction, and death from vascular causes, was significantly reduced in patients receiving adjunctive cilostazol compared with the clopidogrel monotherapy group (sex‐adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.468; 95% CI, 0.252–0.870;
P
=0.016). Adjunctive cilostazol also significantly reduced the stroke/transient ischemic attack events (sex‐adjusted HR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.15–0.98;
P
=0.046) and improved the ankle‐brachial index and pain‐free walking distance values (
P
=0.001 for both comparisons). No significant difference in the bleeding events, as defined by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria, was found between the 2 groups (sex‐adjusted HR, 1.080; 95% CI, 0.579–2.015;
P
=0.809).

Conclusions

Adjunctive cilostazol to clopidogrel‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with symptomatic lower extremity arterial disease may lower the risk of ischemic events and improve intermittent claudication symptoms, without increasing the bleeding risk, compared with clopidogrel monotherapy.

Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02983214.
THE RISKS OF INFORMATION SOCIALIZATION AS A MANIFESTATION CRISIS OF MODERN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Karabanova Olga A.
Published: December 2020

The relevance of the article is explained by crisis nature of modern childhood and the risks of informational socialization, reflected in loss of value in becoming mature, the loss of the leading role of education, and the growth of deviant behavior in children and adolescents. Social anomie and cultural deprivation create a diverse information environment that poses the risks of promoting the cult of violence, cruelty, extremism, suicidal behavior, involving children and adolescents in the consumption of psychoactive substances, the formation of Internet addiction and computer gaming addiction. The purpose of the article is to analyze risk management capabilities of information socialization as a manifestation of a childhood crisis. Methods — theoretical and comparative analysis, generalization. The results. The risks of information socialization associated with a low level of information security are highlighted. Significant age-related psychological characteristics of the child are identified and analyzed. These characteristics determine the effect of the psychological impact of information products on the development of the child. They are specified for preschool, primary school age, younger and older adolescents. A comparative analysis of the features of cognitive activity and mental development is presented: the degree of vulnerability of the child to the effects of harmful content; preservation of psychological well-being; readiness to imitate the social patterns of behavior presented on the Internet. The tasks to ensure informational security of children and adolescents have been specified. Conclusions. Accounting for age-related psychological characteristics will allow to create an effective risk management system for informational socialization of children. Such a system includes the tasks of the age classification of information products and building the developing content of the information environment. The creation of interdisciplinary science of social ecology of childhood will make it possible to make significant progress in overcoming the crisis of modern childhood.
Traditional and innovative trends in math education in preschoolers in Russia: Do they fit to educational criteria?
Authors: Aslanova Margarita S. , Bukhalenkova Daria A. , Veraksa Alaksander N. , Gavrilova Margarita N. , Liutsko Liudmila N. , Sukhikh Vera L.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. There is growing interest in the market for educational applications in Russia. A significant number of these are aimed at preschoolers. Although much is known about the key features of preschoolers learning ( due to the cultural-historical approach as well ), there is still little research analyzing whether these features are taken into account in the design and methodology of mobile applications available on the market. Objective. To analyze math apps for preschoolers from the standpoint of cultural-historical theory. Design. We went to Google Play and AppStore with the query “mathematics for preschoolers” and selected four apps that are most popular among users and recommended by experts. We analyzed them according to the following criteria: (1) adult engagement, (2) quality of the child’s interactions with the application content, (3) types of content, (4) forms of material presentation and the correspondence of the method of number concept formation to the preschool age specifics, (5) the quality of mathematical content, that ensures the principle of continuity with the primary school curriculum. Results. None of the apps was based on developmental learning methodology, and none used opportunities for involving an adult in a dialogue and joint activities with a child. Not all the apps considered the characteristics of the age group in their design of content and the child’s interactions with the app. Only one of the apps provides continuity with the primary school curriculum. Conclusions. Scientific knowledge and practical achievements in the field of mathematical education for preschoolers are not always reflected even in the most popular programs. Our analysis allows to draw the attention of parents, teachers, and developers to important design elements that could make an app really educational for preschool children.
SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPEUTICDEVELOPMENTAL ENVIRONMENT FOR A PROBLEM CHILD: HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY DESIGN POSSIBILITIES
Authors: Burlakova Natalia S. , Oleshkevich Valery I.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. It can still be seen in contemporary studies that the difficulties of problem children are explored in an isolated manner, without any connection to the research on social-psychological practices of aid and correction. The goal of the article is to integrate the approaches aimed at understanding a problem child with main organizational practices of medical, psychological and pedagogical help. The phenomenon of a problem child is being looked at in the context of developing a project-oriented approach in cultural-historical psychology. Methods. The article uses the method of analyzing historically formed views on understanding a difficult child together with studying major views on organizing and structuring practical medical, psychological and educational help. The research was aimed at finding common features both in studies on different groups of problem children and that of different types of practices. Results and conclusions. In the course of the historical-analytical study the authors highlighted main principles in structuring the rehabilitation of problem children and adolescents, showed the directions of the latest research. These principles are described as social structures and may serve as basis for designing and later constructing required social-psychological and therapeutically-developing environments for problem children. These social structures are actively involved in shaping the child’s mental organization. They are expressed in the external social relations which can be described and later organized in a particular way to help a child to overcome the existing difficulties. These social relations can be described on different levels: microsocial (interpersonal relations) and macrosocial (different social groups and stratas, subcultures, mass social processes in the society). It allows to integrate the existing research in a cross-disciplinary field. In such systematic studies, one language can be used to describe difficulties of problem children as well as therapeutic environments most suitable for their correction. Thus, it opens up a new possibility to elaborate on project-oriented approach constructed on the basis of cultural-historical psychology.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PREDICTORS OF POOR SCHOOL PERFORMANCE
Authors: Khokhlov Nikita A. , Slovenko Ekaterina D.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. Underachieving schoolchildren are characterized by underdevelopment of higher mental functions (HMF) as compared to well-performing pupils. At the same time, there is a lack of explicit data on which dysfunctions are the most specific to underachievers. It is unknown how much particular neurocognitive dysfunctions affect school performance and what are the possibilities to compensate for isolated defects. Objectives. To identify the predictors of poor academic performance in school and to evaluate capabilities for children with certain neurocognitive dysfunctions for better progress at school. Method. The neuropsychological examination was used to evaluate the characteristics of neurocognitive development. Four daily routine activities, fourteen HMF, and the overall level of neurocognitive development were assessed. The index of isolation-multiplicity of neurocognitive dysfunctions was calculated. To evaluate academic performance (average grade for all disciplines) interviews with pupils and their parents were conducted, school exercise-books and assignment books were thoroughly studied. The study involved 427 children (292 boys and 135 girls) aged from 6 to 17 years, (11.7 ± 3). Results. The results of neuropsychological diagnostics explain 24% variance in the academic performance in school grades 1–4 and 18% variance in grades 5–11. Underachievement is predominantly related to the reduction in thinking, attention, audio-verbal memory, and overall level of neurocognitive development. Time orientation turns out to be more reduced than other everyday functions in underachievers. Certain mental functions in underperforming elementary school pupils can spontaneously improve through education. Isolated neurocognitive dysfunctions (up to 3) do not result in poor school performance. Conclusion. Thinking, attention, and audio-verbal memory dysfunctions against the background of the low overall level of neurocognitive development are most specific to underachieving schoolchildren. Under-development of attention is the most significant predictor of poor school performance in 1–4 school grades, low level of thinking — in 5–11 grades. Isolated neurocognitive dysfunctions (up to 3) that can be compensated for have no negative impact on educational performance.
MORAL DECISION-MAKING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Enikolopov Sergey N. , Medvedeva Tatina I. , Boyko Olga M. , Vorontsova Oksana Yu. , Kazmina Olga Yu.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. The COVID-19 pandemic reveals the problem of moral choices for a large number of people: who should be treated first; who can be considered as a subject for urgent vaccines and drugs testing; choice between personal convenience and observation of restrictions for the sake of the “common good.” The objective of the study was to evaluate whether the stress experienced by people during the COVID-19 pandemic can change moral decision making. Materials and methods. The data of an online survey conducted from March 30 to May 31 (311 people) were analyzed. The survey included sociodemographic questions, questions about assessing one’s current condition, the Simptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the Moral Dilemmas Test, consisting of 30 dilemmas. The relationship of a number of utilitarian choices in personal moral dilemmas with sociodemographic characteristics, respondents’ assessments of their state and psychopathological characteristics was analyzed. Solving personal moral dilemmas was considered within subgroups of respondents with a high level of somatization and a high level of psychopathological symptoms and it was reviewed separately. Results. The results showed a high level of distress throughout the survey and an increase of utilitarian choices in personal moral dilemmas by the end of the survey. The number of choices in personal dilemmas was lower among older respondents, higher among men, and positively correlated with psychopathological symptoms. In the subgroup with a high level of somatization, personal choices slightly decreased by the end of the survey. On the contrary, in the subgroup with high levels of psychopathological symptoms, the number of personal choices significantly increased. Conclusions. Against the background of quarantine, assessments of moral standards change. The level of stress ambiguously affects moral decisions. A high level of somatization leads to a decrease in utilitarian personal choices, and a higher level of psychopathological symptoms leads to an increase in utilitarianш choices. Utilitarian personal choices are more often made by men and younger people
THE COMPETENCE PHENOMENON: OPEN QUESTIONS
Authors: Tolochek Vladimir A.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. Historically formed scientific traditions, approaches, concepts (including those called the “competency-based approach” — the K-approach) are formed in certain social conditions to solve certain social problems, beyond them they discover their limitations. Identification of the possibilities and limitations of the K-approach contributes to both its development and the refinement of the conditions under which its implementation will be more constructive and effective. Methods: historical and theoretical analysis. Results. “Open questions” of the problem are highlighted: inconsistencies in the judgments of specialists in listing the qualities that determine the success of the subject; the number of competencies “necessary and sufficient”; non-realization of holistic, integrated approach; the place of competencies in the structure of professionalism, their role in career success and professional longevity of people; the issue of “universal” / “specific competencies”; the question about the place of the phenomenon of “competence” and the K-approach in the system of psychological knowledge; the question about the validity of the methods and the measure of the predictive value of the estimates. Conclusions. The interpretation of competencies and the K-approach proposed by specialists are unsatisfactory and poorly coordinated with each other. The K-approach and the established earlier approach of professionally important qualities (PVC-approach) are historically transient scientific concepts (falling into the scale of “small theories”). Both approaches have their own limitations as well as opportunities for development and integration with others. The PVC approach is characterized by an initial extremely broad statement of tasks; the K-approach — by the pragmatism of the original goals and objectives, empiricism in assessing the qualities of the subject. It is possible and necessary to search and find areas of their mutual complementarity, taking into account their ultimate goals and conditions of formation. Ignoring the merits and limitations of any scientific approach is not the best solution. The transition to an open discussion of all complex issues is in demand.
CATEGORISATION OF BODILY SENSATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH EXCORIATION DISORDER WITH IMPULSIVE ACTIONS
Authors: Vinogradova Maria G. , Ermusheva Anastasia A.
Published: December 2020

Relevance. Categorization, being one of the main cognitive processes, is involved in the perception and comprehension of objects with meaning, depending on the personal significance. Exceptional subjectivity of bodily experience makes it important to explore its structuring and mediating with sign through the analysis of bodily sensations categorisation in patients with complaints of pathological bodily sensations. Objective: description of specific characteristic features of categorization of bodily sensations in patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions. Methods and Sample. 15 patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions (mean age 47±17 years) and 50 patients with depression with somatic symptoms (mean age 42±13 years) took part in the study. They were asked to perform psychosemantic test “Choice of intraceptive sensations descriptors” for describing all bodily sensations and health-related bodily sensations. Results. Patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions, when categorizing all bodily sensations and health-related bodily sensations, chose descriptors of actions with the skin and descriptors of negative emotional states. Significant differences were found in the choice of descriptors of emotional states. Their number was less in patients with excoriation disorder with impulsive actions in comparison with patients with depression with somatic symptoms who demonstrated a variety of choices of descriptors of different classes in response to both instructions of the test. Conclusion. Bodily sensations categorisation study allowed to discuss the features of bodily experience in general and health-related bodily experience. In excoriation disorder with impulsive actions the bodily sensations categorisation was characterized by an attribution of actions with skin and emotions to bodily experience. The characteristics of bodily sensations choices in patients from different groups allowed to associate features of bodily sensations categorisation with clinical symptoms of these mental disorders.
Marx’s ‘Bonn Notebooks’ in Context
Authors: Kangal Kaan
Published: December 2020

The following is a critical reconstruction of the collaboration between Bauer and Marx between 1839 and 1842. The turbulences in the period in question reveal themselves in Marx’s thought as well as in his relationship with Bruno Bauer. Correspondingly, Marx’s detours, false paths, dead ends and abandoned work are therefore made the focus of this study. The ambivalent initial relations between the two of them, which both made their collaboration possible and hindered it, clearly go back further than 1841, when Bauer was not yet an atheist and was still a proponent of church doctrine. This was the Bruno Bauer that Marx had come to know in the Doctor’s Club. We then meet Bauer the atheist at the end of 1839 or perhaps the beginning of 1840, as he was planning a comprehensive attack on orthodox theology and wanted Marx to fight on his side. This attack continued in Bauer’s Trumpet and in Hegel’s Doctrine.
Taking Onboard the Issue of Disembarkation
Authors: van Berckel Smit Jasper
Published: December 2020

Disembarkation of rescued refugees is increasingly denied by Mediterranean States, as disembarkation triggers obligations of refugee reception in the absence of a distribution mechanism. This article assesses the international law of the sea to answer the question why a distributive mechanism is needed to provide for a predictable solution for disembarkation of rescued refugees in the Mediterranean. It concludes that, due to States’ shared obligation to allow disembarkation of seaborne refugees and uncertainties over ill-defined essential concepts and responsibilities, States enjoy much discretion to securitize maritime migration. It frustrates search and rescue (SAR). A successful way to reestablish the integrity and effectiveness of the SAR regime is to create an effective and foreseeable relocation mechanism. Finally, this article’s critical analysis of the Malta declaration—which failed to resolve the stalemate in the central Mediterranean—provides for valuable lessons towards a new system of responsibility-sharing in Europe.
Sustainable Halal? The Intersection of Halal, Organic and Genetically Engineered Food in Turkey
Authors: Atalan-Helicke Nurcan
Published: December 2020

Despite standardization initiatives among states, businesses and non-profit agencies, the understanding and practice of halal requirements vary. This fragmentation of halal certification is particularly significant in terms of genetically engineered food. Studies in both global North and South show that women consumers are more concerned about food choices. This paper examines the convergence of halal and organic through genetically engineered food with recourse to women consumers’ definitions of ‘wholesome food’ in Turkey. Using data from a total 13 focus groups carried in the cities of Ankara and Konya in the summer of 2015, and in the cities of Ankara and Balikesir in the summer of 2019, the paper examines the concerns of women consumers about food in a Muslim majority country fully integrated into globalized markets. It also questions how women consumers negotiate their food choices particularly in relation to genetically engineered food, halal and organic food. The paper argues that both secular and devout Muslim women consumers as mothers have growing concerns in feeding their family with clean and healthy food. However, halal certified food does not address their expectations about ‘wholesome food’. The discussions about the convergence of halal, organic and genetically engineered food highlight the tensions in the alternative food movement about what clean and good food look like.
The Jesuits and Slavery
Authors: Rothman Adam
Published: December 2020

Despite extensive historiography, most people are not aware that the Society of Jesus owned people. Even Jesuit historiography sometimes neglects that complicated history. The historiography of slavery, however, has long tapped into Jesuit sources and produced a rich scholarship on Jesuit debates over slavery and their slaveholding practices across the Americas. This essay places Jesuit slaveholding in the context of the Jesuits’ global history and argues that genealogical research and calls for reconciliation provide an opportunity to renew and reorient scholarship towards the social history of the people owned by the Jesuits.
Antoine Lavalette, Slave Murderer: A Forgotten Scandal of the French West Indies
Authors: Dial Andrew
Published: December 2020

The name Antoine Lavalette (1708–67) is infamous within the Society of Jesus. The superior of the Martinique mission in the mid-eighteenth century, he is known for triggering the 1764 expulsion from France. Less known is his torture to death of four enslaved men and women. The visitor sent to investigate Lavalette’s commercial activities, Jean-François de la Marche (1700–62), discovered these murders and reported them to Rome. This paper analyzes La Marche’s account of the atrocities within their Caribbean context. It demonstrates that Lavalette’s killings were within the established norms of the planter class. It further argues that his actions were part of the Society’s attempts to reconcile its religious calling with the gruesome realities of plantation slavery.
A National Legacy of Enslavement: An Overview of the Work of the Slavery, History, Memory, and Reconciliation Project
Authors: Schmidt Kelly L.
Published: December 2020

As the Jesuit mission in the United States expanded to the west in the early nineteenth century, the Society bought, owned, hired, sold, and forcibly moved enslaved people to support their activities. Enslaved people lived and labored at Jesuit schools, scholasticates, churches, and farms in Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Kansas. Aspects of their lives, including names and family relationships, can be gleaned from Jesuit and other archival materials. These records show what daily life was like for enslaved people owned by the Jesuits as they built communities, sought to protect their families, and resisted their enslavement. They negotiated with the Jesuits to be allowed to purchase their freedom; sued the Jesuits for their freedom in court; and ran away. Undertaken by the Jesuits of Canada and the United States, the Slavery, History, Memory, and Reconciliation Project endeavors to shed light on this history and its contemporary legacies while working with descendants of the people the Society of Jesus held in slavery to determine steps forward today.
Thinking with Weber’s Religion of China in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Sun Anna
Published: December 2020

This paper proposes a new approach to Max Weber’s Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, which is to make the development of Confucianism, rather than the development of modern capitalism, the dependent variable in our analysis of Chinese society. In this light, Weber’s treatment of Confucianism and Daoism as an interconnected whole (the orthodoxy and heterodoxy of Chinese society) may be seen as a promising step in understanding the ecological dynamics of the Chinese religious system. In this system, diverse religious traditions coexist and are often interdependent, forming a rich tapestry of practices, beliefs, and ethics that give meaning to people in their everyday lives.
The Four Basic Religious Themes in the Development of Philosophical Thinking in the West
Authors: Dooyeweerd Herman
Published: December 2020

Translation of “De vier religieuze grondthema’s in den ontwikkelingsgang van het wijsgeerig denken van het avondland” by Herman Dooyeweerd (1941), Philosophia Reformata 6 (4), pp. 161–179.
Proto-Japonic Verbal Morphology: Insights from the South Ryukyuan Negative Forms of Vowel Verbs
Authors: Jarosz Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

This paper provides a comparative analysis of Old Japanese negative forms of bigrade verbs and their cognates in Sakishima/South Ryukyuan languages. South Ryukyuan cognates of bigrade verbs in their negative forms, as well as a number of other forms traditionally associated with the irrealis (mizenkei, 未然形) base, essentially present two suffixes: one, a straightforward cognate with the analogous suffixes elsewhere in Japonic, being traceable to Proto-Sakishima *-en-, the other being traceable to Proto-Sakishima *-on-, with no clear Japonic cognates. My argument is that despite the appearances, this *-en-/*-on- alternation is not a result of a Sakishima innovation, but instead is rooted in Proto-Japonic morphology of vowel verbs. By applying the rules of vowel crasis and contraction known for Proto-Japonic and Old Japanese, I postulate the proto-language coexistence of two forms of verbal negation: one derived from the Proto-Japonic ancestor of nominalized (one of the functions of the ren’yōkei 連用形) and the other from the finite (shūshikei 終止形) base forms. I conclude that the former was broadly distributed throughout the Proto-Japonic area, while the latter was confined to the regions that eventually bore Proto-Sakishima speakers.
Reflexives, Reciprocals, and Intensifiers in Ewen: An Exercise in Tungusic Dialectology
Authors: Matić Dejan
Published: December 2020

The dialects of Ewen vary widely with respect to the forms and uses of reflexive, reciprocal, and intensifier pronouns derived from the stems meːn and bej. This paper establishes nine isoglosses based on the features of these pronominal forms and plots them on the dialectal map of Ewen. In a second step, comparative evidence from other Tungusic and some contact languages of Ewen is adduced in order to shed light on the diachronic developments underlying the current dialectal distrubtion of the forms in question. As a result, a number of tentative historical scenarios for the developments of reflexives and intensifiers both in Ewen and in Tungusic in general are suggested.
Two Newly Found Xiōng-nú Inscriptions and Their Significance for the Early Linguistic History of Central Asia
Authors: Vovin Alexander
Published: December 2020

The present article deals with two recently excavated Xiōng-nú inscriptions from the Xiōng-nú capital Lóng Chéng in Mongolia. Although these inscriptions are in Chinese, they contain the title of the Xiōng-nú supreme ruler 單于 *darƣwa, which is attested for the first time outside of Chinese dynastic chronicles. On the basis of this fact, I propose a hypothesis that Xiōng-nú used Chinese characters to transcribe phonographically their own language.
A new species of Nemipterus (Pisces: Nemipteridae) from the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: RUSSELL BARRY C. , GOUWS GAVIN
Published: December 2020

A new species of threadfin bream, Nemipterus elaine, from the Western Indian Ocean is described. The new species is known so far only from off the coast of southern Mozambique, and appears most closely related morphologically and genetically to N. randalli Russell, 1986, but differs in having shorter pectoral and pelvic fins, and the upper caudal lobe produced to form a short, bright yellow filament (a long red trailing filament present in N. randalli). A key to the species of Nemipterus in the Western Indian Ocean is provided.
Pandanipora fragilis—a new deep-water cyclostome bryozoan from the subequatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Atlantic Ocean, and a review of Pandanipora worldwide
Authors: GRISCHENKO ANDREI V. , GORDON DENNIS P. , MELNIK VIACHESLAV P.
Published: December 2020

A new cyclostome bryozoan, Pandanipora fragilis n. sp., is described from 3453 m depth on the subequatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It differs from the type species, P. helix Grischenko, Gordon & Melnik, 2018, by a combination of colonial and zooidal characters. These include regular branching of a uniserial stem along the entire colony length; a straight or just slightly elevated and gently curved distal autozooidal peristomial component, forming a sharp angle with the frontal wall of the next zooid; the pattern of zooidal budding, achieved via development of a partition from the floor of the parent zooid in its distal quarter to third, leaving the proximal portion of daughter zooids not overlapping, so that preceding and subsequent zooids are not appressed along their proximal segments; props are uniformly straight and filiform, with their diameter much smaller than in P. helix; the exceptionally rare presence of slit-like pseudopores, restricted to props; and wedge-shaped crystallites on the internal surface of developing zooids, with irregular, ragged edges. The discovery of P. fragilis suggests that Pandanipora is most likely a relict element of a more-widespread ancient distribution that existed in tropical and boreal zones of both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans prior to formation of the Isthmus of Panama in the Pliocene.