bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introductory Biology Courses: A Framework To Support Active Learning in Large Enrollment Introductory Science Courses
Authors: Smith Ann C. , Stewart Richard , Shields Patricia , Hayes-Klosteridis Jennifer , Robinson Paulette , Yuan Robert
Published: June 2005

Active learning and research-oriented activities have been increasingly used in smaller, specialized science courses. Application of this type of scientific teaching to large enrollment introductory courses has been, however, a major challenge. The general microbiology lecture/laboratory course described has been designed to incorporate published active-learning methods. Three major case studies are used as platforms for active learning. Themes from case studies are integrated into lectures and laboratory experiments, and in class and online discussions and assignments. Students are stimulated to apply facts to problem-solving and to learn research skills such as data analysis, writing, and working in teams. This course is feasible only because of its organizational framework that makes use of teaching teams (made up of faculty, graduate assistants, and undergraduate assistants) and Web-based technology. Technology is a mode of communication, but also a system of course management. The relevance of this model to other biology courses led to assessment and evaluation, including an analysis of student responses to the new course, class performance, a university course evaluation, and retention of course learning. The results are indicative of an increase in student engagement in research-oriented activities and an appreciation of real-world context by students.
Blood Lipid Peroxides and Muscle Damage Increased following Intensive Resistance Training of Female Weightlifters
Authors: LIU JEN‐FANG , CHANG WEI‐YIN , CHAN KUEI‐HUI , TSAI WEN‐YEE , LIN CHEN‐LI , HSU MEI‐CHIEH
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine changes in muscle cell injury and antioxidant capacity of weightlifters following a 1‐week intensive resistance‐training regimen. Thirty‐six female subjects participated in this study, and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. The sample group included 19 elite weightlifters with more than 3 years of weightlifting training experience, while the control group comprised 17 non‐athletic individuals. Compared with non‐athletes, weightlifters had significantly lower glutathione peroxidase activity and plasma vitamin C concentrations. Weightlifters also had significantly higher malondialdehyde + 4‐hydroxy 2‐(E)‐nonenal (MDA+4‐HNE) and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) levels and creatine kinase (CK) activity. For weightlifters, the plasma vitamin E level and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased, and CK activity increased significantly (P < 0.05) after a 1‐week intensive resistance‐training regimen. Both the TBARS levels and CK activity returned to values of pre‐intensive training after a 2‐day rest. The MDA+4‐HNE level strongly correlated with CK activity in weightlifters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both long‐term exercise training and 1 week of intensive resistance training resulted in increased oxidative stress and cell injury in female weightlifters. Furthermore, proper rest after intensive training was found to be important for recovery.
Mitochondrion‐Targeted Photosensitizer Enhances the Photodynamic Effect‐Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Apoptosis
Authors: PENG TSUNG‐I , CHANG CHENG‐JEN , GUO MEI‐JIN , WANG YU‐HUAI , YU JAU‐SONG , WU HONG‐YUEH , JOU MEI‐JIE
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Recently, the mitochondrion has been considered as a novel pharmacological target for anticancer therapy due to its crucial role involved in arbitrating cell apoptosis. We have previously demonstrated that 488‐nm laser irradiation induced a specific mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) formation and apoptotic death. In this study, we used a second generation of photosensitizers, the benzoporphyrin‐derivative monoacid ring A (BPD‐MA). We investigated specifically mechanisms at the mitochondrial level for BPD‐MA coupled with 690‐nm laser irradiation, the photodynamic effect (PDE) of BPD‐MA, using conventional and laser scanning imaging microscopy in intact C6 glioma cells. We demonstrated BPD‐MA localized mainly in the mitochondrial area. The phototoxicity induced by 1∼10 J 690‐nm laser irradiation was minor as compared to that induced by 488‐nm laser irradiation. Unlike other mitochondrion‐targeted photosensitizers, the dark toxicity induced by BPD‐MA (0.05∼5 mg/mL, effective doses used for the PDE) was relatively low. Nevertheless, the PDE of BPD‐MA using 0.5 mg/mL coupled with 5J 690‐ nm irradiation induced profound and rapid (< 1 min) mitochondrial swelling, mROS formation, and severe plasma membrane blebing as compared to that induced by 488‐nm laser irradiation (< 10 min). Later, the PDE of BPD‐MA resulted in positive propidium iodide cell‐death stain and positive TUNEL apoptotic nuclear stain and DNA laddering. Finally, the PDT of BPD‐MA also instantaneously promoted the mitochondrion to diminish its covalent binding with a mitochondrial marker, MitoTracker Green. We conclude that the PDT of BPD‐MA targeted primarily and compellingly the mitochondrion to induce effective mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis and thus may serve as a powerful photosensitizer for clinical cancer therapy.
Attenuation of UV‐Induced Apoptosis by Coenzyme Q10 in Human Cells Harboring Large‐Scale Deletion of Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: LEE CHENG‐FENG , LIU CHUN‐YI , CHEN SHU‐MEI , SIKORSKA MARIANNA , LIN CHEN‐YU , CHEN TZU‐LING , WEI YAU‐HUEI
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) syndrome is one of the mitochondrial diseases caused by large‐scale deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that impair the respiratory function of mitochondria and result in decreased production of ATP in affected tissues. In order to investigate whether CPEO‐associated mtDNA mutations (i.e., 4,366‐bp and 4,977‐ bp large‐scale deletions) render human cells more vulnerable to apoptosis, we constructed cybrids carrying the deleted mtDNA. Assays for cell viability, DNA fragmentation, cytochrome c release, and caspase 3 activation revealed that UV irradiation at 20 J/m2 triggered apoptosis in all the cybrids. This treatment also produced elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The rate of UV‐induced cell death was more pronounced in the cybrids harboring mtDNA deletions than in the control cybrid with wild‐type mtDNA. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of coenzyme Q10 on the UV‐triggered apoptosis. The results showed that after pretreatment of the cybrids with 100 μM coenzyme Q10 the UV‐induced cell damage (i.e., ROS production and activation of caspase 3) was significantly reduced. Taken together, these findings suggest that large‐scale deletions of mtDNA increased the susceptibility of human cells to the UV‐triggered apoptosis and that coenzyme Q10 mitigated the damage; hence, it might potentially serve as a therapeutic agent to treat mitochondrial diseases resulting from mtDNA deletions.
Nitric Oxide Induces Osteoblast Apoptosis through a Mitochondria‐Dependent Pathway
Authors: HO WEI‐PIN , CHEN TA‐LIANG , CHIU WEN‐TA , TAI YU‐TING , CHEN RUEI‐MING
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Osteoblasts contribute to bone remodeling. Nitric oxide can regulate osteoblast activities. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the pathophysiological effects of nitric oxide on osteoblasts and its possible mechanism using neonatal rat calvarial osteoblasts as the experimental model. Exposure of osteoblasts to sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, decreased alkaline phosphatase activities and cell viability in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Apoptotic analysis revealed that sodium nitroprusside time‐dependently increased the percentages of osteoblasts undergoing apoptosis. Administration of sodium nitroprusside reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of osteoblasts. In parallel with the mitochondrial dysfunction, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c were significantly elevated following sodium nitroprusside administration. Exposure of osteoblasts to sodium nitroprusside significantly increased caspase‐3 activity. Results of this study show that nitric oxide, decomposed from sodium nitroprusside, can induce osteoblast apoptosis through a mitochondrion‐dependent cascade that causes mitochondrial dysfunction, release of intracellular reactive oxygen species and cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and activation of caspase‐3.
Detection of Apoptosis and Necrosis in Normal Human Lung Cells Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: SHIH CHWEN‐MING , KO WUN‐CHANG , YANG LIANG‐YO , LIN CHIEN‐JU , WU JUI‐SHENG , LO TSUI‐YUN , WANG SHWU‐HUEY , CHEN CHIEN‐TSU
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study aimed to detect apoptosis and necrosis in MRC‐5, a normal human lung cell line, by using noninvasive proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). Live MRC‐5 cells were processed first for 1H NMR spectroscopy; subsequently their types and the percentage of cell death were assessed on a flow cytometer. Cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) induced apoptosis and necrosis in MRC‐5 cells, respectively, as revealed by phosphatidylserine externalization on a flow cytometer. The spectral intensity ratio of methylene (CH2) resonance (at 1.3 ppm) to methyl (CH3) resonance (at 0.9 ppm) was directly proportional to the percentage of apoptosis and strongly and positively correlated with PI staining after Cd treatment (r2= 0.9868, P < 0.01). In contrast, this ratio only increased slightly within 2‐h Hg treatment, and longer Hg exposure failed to produce further increase. Following 2‐h Hg exposure, the spectral intensity of choline resonance (at 3.2 ppm) was abolished, but this phenomenon was absent in Cd‐induced apoptosis. These findings together demonstrate that 1H NMR is a novel tool with a quantitative potential to distinguish apoptosis from necrosis as early as the onset of cell death in normal human lung cells.
Protective Effect of α‐Keto‐β‐Methyl‐n‐Valeric Acid on BV‐2 Microglia under Hypoxia or Oxidative Stress
Authors: HUANG HSUEH‐MEEI , OU HSIO‐CHUNG , CHEN HUAN‐LIAN , HOU ROLIS CHIEN‐WEI , JENG KEE CHING G.
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) is a mitochondrial enzyme in the TCA cycle. Inhibition of KGDHC activity by α‐keto‐β‐methyl‐n‐valeric acid (KMV) is associated with neuron death. However, the effect of KMV in microglia is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of KMV on BV‐2 microglial cells exposed to hypoxia or oxidative stress. The results showed that KMV (1‐20 mM) enhanced the cell viability under hypoxia. KMV dose‐dependently reduced ROS and LDH releases from hypoxic BV‐2 cells. KMV also reduced ROS production and enhanced the cell viability under H2O2 but failed to reduce the SIN‐1 and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) toxicity. KMV also reduced caspase‐3 and ‐9 activation under stress. These results suggest that KMV protects BV‐2 cells from stress and acts by reducing ROS production through inhibition of KDGHC.
Kainic Acid‐Induced Oxidative Injury Is Attenuated by Hypoxic Preconditioning
Authors: WANG CHENG‐HAO , CHANG ANYU , TSAI MAY‐JYWAN , CHENG HENRICH , LIAO LI‐PING , LIN ANYA MAAN‐YUH
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Female Wistar rats were subjected to 380 mmHg in an altitude chamber for 15 h/day for 28 days. Hypoxic preconditioning attenuated kainic acid (KA)‐induced oxidative injury, including KA‐elevated lipid peroxidation and neuronal loss in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, KA‐induced translocation of cytochrome c and apoptosis‐inducing factor from mitochondria to cytosol was attenuated in the hypoxic rats. In addition, hypoxic preconditioning attenuated the KA‐induced reduction in glutathione content and superoxide dismutase as well as KA‐induced increase in glutathione peroxidase. Although local infusion of KA increased hippocampal NF‐κB binding activity in the normoxic rat, hypoxia further enhanced KA‐elevated NF‐κB binding activity. Moreover, hypoxic preconditioning potentiated the KA‐induced increase in Bcl‐2 level in the lesioned hippocampus. Our data suggest that hypoxic preconditioning exerts its neuroprotection of KA‐induced oxidative injury via enhancing NF‐κB activation, upregulating the antioxidative defense system, and attenuating the apoptotic process.
In silico design and adaptive evolution of Escherichia coli for production of lactic acid
Authors: Fong Stephen S. , Burgard Anthony P. , Herring Christopher D. , Knight Eric M. , Blattner Frederick R. , Maranas Costas D. , Palsson Bernhard O.
Published: June 2005

The development and validation of new methods to help direct rational strain design for metabolite overproduction remains an important problem in metabolic engineering. Here we show that computationally predicted E. coli strain designs, calculated from a genome‐scale metabolic model, can lead to successful production strains and that adaptive evolution of the engineered strains can lead to improved production capabilities. Three strain designs for lactate production were implemented yielding a total of 11 evolved production strains that were used to demonstrate the utility of this integrated approach. Strains grown on 2 g/L glucose at 37°C showed lactate titers ranging from 0.87 to 1.75 g/L and secretion rates that were directly coupled to growth rates. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An examination of non‐formalin‐based fixation methods for Xenopus embryos
Authors: Acton Anthony , Harvey Tia , Grow Matthew W.
Published: June 2005

Despite the growing availability of non‐formalin‐based fixatives, the vast majority of researchers in developmental biology continue to fix embryos and tissue in 4% paraformaldehyde. This fixation method has proven useful for both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, yet working with paraformaldehyde has distinct disadvantages in its toxicity and the short shelf life of prepared solutions. In a search for viable alternative fixatives, we have evaluated two non‐formalin‐based commercial products, FineFIX (Milestone Microwave Laboratory System) and NOTOXhisto® (Scientific Device Laboratory). These products were tested side‐by‐side with a commonly used 4% paraformaldehyde solution (MEMPFA) on Xenopus laevis embryos and assayed using whole mount immunohistochemistry and whole mount in situ hybridization. The results indicate that NOTOXhisto® can be used as a substitute for MEMPFA in both tested Xenopus protocols with no loss of sensitivity or tissue morphology. Developmental Dynamics 233:1464–1469, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry of sesquiterpene lactones: a study of goyazensolide and its congeners
Authors: Crotti Antônio E. M. , Lopes João L. C. , Lopes Norberto P.
Published: June 2005

Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) was used to investigate the fragmentation pattern of ten sesquiterpene lactones of the goyazensolide type under low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The analysis revealed that loss of CO2[M + H − 44]+ is the predominant process for compounds that exhibit a hydroxyl at C‐8. In contrast, compounds with different acyloxy groups at C‐8 fragment by means of elimination of the corresponding carboxylic acids [M + H − (R2CO2H)]+ and consecutive losses of CO and H2O. Our results also demonstrate the influence of both the stereochemistry of the acyloxy group at C‐8 on the relative abundances of product ions and the hydroxyl at C‐15, which creates an additional pathway, resulting in highly diagnostic product ions. This work clearly demonstrates the utility of tandem quadrupole low‐resolution mass spectrometry for studies on the rationalization of the fragmentation of a series of compounds with a highly conserved core structure, but differing in substituent groups. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of stereochemistry on the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of transition metal chloride complexes of monosaccharides
Authors: Madhusudanan K. P. , Kanojiya Sanjeev , Kumar Brijesh
Published: June 2005

The effect of stereochemistry on the complexation of aldohexoses (glucose, mannose, galactose, allose and talose) and ketohexoses (fructose, tagitose and sorbose) with transition metal chlorides (CoCl2, NiCl2, MnCl2and ZnCl2) has been investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization of methanolic solutions of hexoses containing metal chlorides gave abundant ions corresponding to [M + MetCl]+and [2M + MetCl]+which on collision‐induced dissociation gave characteristic fragment ions. The fragmentation pathways have been confirmed by examining methyl glucoside and several isotopically labeled glucoses. Eliminations of H2O and HCl, CC cleavages and elimination of metalhydroxychloride are the competing fragmentation pathways observed. All these pathways seem to be influenced by the stereochemistry of the molecule. The fragmentation of the dimeric complexes, [2M + MetCl]+, is also controlled by the stereochemistry of the molecule. The abundance of the product ions corresponding to elimination of HCl is found to increase with increasing number of axial hydroxyl groups in aldohexoses. [2M + MetCl]+dissociates by elimination of HCl followed by C2H4O2in aldohexose complexes and by elimination of HCl followed by C3H6O3in ketohexose complexes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002
Authors: Butler C. J. , García Suárez A. M. , Coughlin A. D. S. , Morrell C.
Published: June 2005

Three independent mean temperature series for Armagh Observatory, covering the period 1796–2002 have been calibrated and corrected for the time of reading and exposure. Agreement between the three series is good in regions of overlap. With a short gap in the Armagh data from 1825 to 1833 filled by data from two stations in Dublin, the resulting series is the longest for the island of Ireland and one of the longest for any single site in the British Isles.

Over the past 207 years, we note that temperatures in Armagh, in all seasons, show a gradual overall trend upwards. However, there are seasonal differences: summer and spring temperatures have increased by only half as much as those in autumn and winter. This is partly due to the exceptionally cold winters and autumns experienced prior to 1820. Relative to the overall trend, warm periods occurred in Ireland, as in other parts of Europe, in the mid‐19th century, in the mid‐20th century and at the end of the 20th century. Relatively cool temperatures prevailed in the early 19th century, in the 1880s and in the 1970s. Thus, if the baseline against which current temperatures are compared were moved from the late 19th century to include the earlier warm period, the apparent warming at the end of the late 20th century would be correspondingly reduced.

A gradual decline in the daily temperature range at Armagh since 1844 may have resulted from higher minimum temperatures associated with increased cloudiness.

A 7.8 year periodicity is identified in winter and spring mean temperatures at Armagh, which is probably a consequence of the North Atlantic oscillation. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Photodynamic therapy of head and neck basal cell carcinoma according to different clinicopathologic features
Authors: Kaviani Ahmad , Ataie‐Fashtami Leila , Fateh Mohsen , Sheikhbahaee Nasim , Ghodsi Maryam , Zand Nasrin , Djavid Gholamreza Esmaeeli
Published: June 2005

Background and Objectives

We aimed to treat different pathologic types of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) using photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Thirty lesions in six patients underwent PDT. The photosensitizer used was Photoheme, a hematoporphyrin derivative IX. It was injected intravenously at the dose of 2–3.25 mg/kg. After 24 hours, the lesions were illuminated by laser light (λ = 632 nm, light exposure dose = 100–200 J/cm2). Lesions were evaluated pre and post‐operatively and at follow‐up sessions (of up to 6 months).

Results

After a single session of PDT, the average response rate in different histopathologic kinds of basal cell carcinoma (e.g., ulcerative, superficial, nodular, and pigmented forms) were 100%, 62%, 90%, and 14%, respectively. In patients who responded completely, the cosmetic results were excellent and there were no recurrence at 6th month of follow‐up.

Conclusion

Although PDT seems to be an effective treatment modality for superficial, ulcerative, and nodular BCCs, it is not recommended for pigmented lesions. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:377–382, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodological issues related to exhaled nitric oxide measurement in children aged four to six years
Authors: Napier Edward , Turner Stephen W.
Published: June 2005

This study was designed to test five methodological issues related to measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in children aged 4–6 years using commercially available apparatus. Participants attended two randomly selected schools. A respiratory questionnaire was completed. Measurements of FENO were made on successive days, using a NIOX® analyzer employing standard or modified methodologies. Ninety‐one children participated in the study (mean age, 5.3 years; 46 boys). Using a standard methodology (n = 61), FENO was successfully measured in 28 (46%) children, 1/12 aged 4 years, 12/25 aged 5 years, and 15/24 aged 6 years (trend test P = 0.01). On the first assessment, FENO could be determined in more boys than girls (64% vs. 30%, respectively, P = 0.008), but this gender difference was not apparent on the second assessment. Exhaled NO was reproducible over a 24‐hr period; the mean difference between repeated measurements of natural log (ln) FENO was 0.016 parts per billion (ppb) (95% confidence limits, −0.479, 0.511), n = 20. Data from 35 assessments showed that values of FENO did not alter over nine individual, successive measurements. Use of a modified methodology in 30 children increased success in obtaining FENO, but these values were unreliable. In conclusion, measurements of FENO can be obtained in the majority of 5‐ and 6‐year‐old but not 4‐year‐old children. Exhaled NO measurements were reproducible over a 24‐hr interval, and did not change over up to nine expiratory maneuvers in these young children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:97–104. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An Accessory Superficialis Tendon Involved by Dupuytren's Contracture
Authors: Srivastava S. , Nancarrow J. D.
Published: June 2005

A 60-year-old Caucasian male presented with Dupuytren's contracture affecting his left little finger. On exploration he was found to have a band of Dupuytren's tissue attached to an accessory superficialis tendon.
Functional Anatomy of the Vagina Fibrosa of the Flexors of the Fingers
Authors: Hoving E. W. , Hillen B.
Published: June 2005

The flexor tendon sheaths of 40 fingers were investigated to determine which classification of the annular and cruciform pulleys seems to be justified. The classification of Kleinert et al. (1981) into five annular and four cruciform pulleys was the most consistent with our results. The constant presence of the mid-phalangeal annular pulleys in zones III and VII shows their major role in preventing the tendons from bow-stringing. The cruciform pulleys seem to allow the tendon sheath to deform during flexion.
Multiple Carpo-Metacarpal Dislocations
Authors: De Beer J. De V. , Maloon S. , Anderson P. , Jones G. , Singer M.
Published: June 2005

Ten patients with closed multiple carpo-metacarpal dislocations have been reviewed. Closed manipulation was found to be successful if performed within two days of the injury. Plaster cast immobilisation supplemented by percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation is recommended to maintain the reduction, due to the unstable nature of the dislocation. Early appropriate treatment of these injuries carries a good prognosis.
Reconstruction of the Central Slip by the Transverse Retinacular Ligament for Boutonnière Deformity
Authors: OHSHIO I. , OGINO T. , MINAMI A. , KATO H.
Published: June 2005

A method of repair of boutonnière deformity is described, using the transverse retinacular ligament. Six fingers in five patients were treated by this procedure. The deformity was improved in all fingers; complete or almost complete correction was obtained in four fingers and incomplete correction in two. However, severe limitation of flexion of the D.I.P. joint appeared in two fingers after surgery. This procedure is not indicated for boutonnière deformities with severe contracture of the lateral band; its best indication is in cases in which the central slip is defective and conservative treatment is not effective.
Restoration of Forearm Rotation Following Malunited Fractures: Baldwin's Operation
Authors: KERSLEY J. B. , SCOTT B. W.
Published: June 2005

The technique and results of a series of 38 Baldwin's operations (excision of the ulnar neck) are described. This is a simple and effective procedure to restore forearm rotation following malunited fractures of the distal forearm.
Mechanical Properties of Human Pulleys
Authors: LIN G.-T. , COONEY W. P. , AMADIO P. C. , AN K.-N.
Published: June 2005

In order to determine the mechanical properties of the fibro-osseous pulleys in the hand, the diaphyseal annular pulleys, the volar plate annular pulleys and the cruciate or condensable portions were tested. A custom-made loading device provided proper fit of the soft tissues for a uniform distribution of the pulley load during testing. The A2 pulley was found to be the strongest of the pulleys; the A1 and A4 were the next strongest. The A3 pulley was nearly equal in mean breaking strength to the other annular pulleys, but in absolute breaking load was considerably weaker because of its shortness. The A4 was the least compliant of the pulleys. We concluded that the fibro-osseous A2 and A4 were mechanically stronger and stiffer pulleys than the A1, A3, A5 (volar plate) pulleys. In testing one type of pulley reconstruction, we found that the “belt loop” technique of Karev nearly matched the annular pulleys in strength and energy absorption.
Trigger Finger Secondary to Soft Tissue Chondroma
Authors: STOCKLEY I. , NORRIS S. H.
Published: June 2005

Although chondromata are the most common bony tumours in the hand, soft tissue chondromata are much less frequent. We report a case of trigger finger secondary to a soft tissue chondroma.
Experimental Study of Radial Ray Deficiency
Authors: KATO H. , OGINO T. , MINAMI A. , OHSHIO I.
Published: June 2005

The teratogenic mechanisms of radial ray deficiency were investigated. Radial ray deficiencies were induced in WKAH/Hkm rat foetuses by maternal administration of myleran on day 10, 10.5, or 11 of pregnancy. The skeletal anomalies in rats were similar to those in human beings, suggesting that exposure to some environmental factors at a sensitive period of embryogenesis may cause radial ray deficiency in humans. Ulnar ray deficiency has also been induced in rat foetuses by maternal administration of myleran, so it is suggested that radial deficiency and ulnar deficiency are caused by a common teratogenic mechanism in humans. However, the critical period for radial deficiency is one day later than that for ulnar deficiency in rats, which may contribute to the greater frequency of radial deficiency than ulnar deficiency in clinical cases.
Radial Nerve Laceration two years after a Stab Wound to the Distal Humerus: a Case Report
Authors: MALOON S. , SINGER M.
Published: June 2005

A patient is described who was stabbed in the upper arm and two years later developed a radial nerve palsy. X-rays showed that the tip of the knife had broken off in the arm. At operation this bit of blade was loose and had completely divided the radial nerve.
Ulnar Translocation after Excision of Giant Cell Tumour of Distal Radius
Authors: BHAN S. , BIYANI A.
Published: June 2005

Translocation of the ipsilateral ulna has been carried out in six cases after radical resection of a giant cell tumour of the distal radius. The carpo-ulnar junction united readily in all cases. Union of the radio-ulnar junction is often delayed, but this can be overcome by the addition of cancellous grafts at the time of ulnar translocation. All the patients had very good forearm rotation and an acceptable appearance. There were no significant complications.
Proliferative Fasciitis of a Finger: a Case Report
Authors: RICHARDS R. H. , EVANS G. , FITZGERALD J. A. W. , MILL WARD-SADLER G. H.
Published: June 2005

This is the first report of proliferative fasciitis presenting in a finger. This is a benign pseudo-sarcomatous lesion which normally runs a self-limiting course.
Digital Periarterial Sympathectomy for Ischaemic Digital Pain and Ulcers
Authors: EL-GAMMAL T. A. , BLAIR W. F.
Published: June 2005

Digital periarterial sympathectomy was performed on 11 digits in three patients with chronic digital ischaemia which was a manifestation of either Raynaud’s disease, C.R.E.S.T. syndrome or traumatic ulnar artery thrombosis. Before operation, all patients had pain in the affected fingers and five digits had ulcers, two of which were infected. Using the operating microscope, the adventitia was stripped circumferentially over the distal 2 cm. of the common digital arteries, the bifurcation and the proximal 1 cm. of the proper digital arteries distal to the bifurcation. The same procedure was repeated, at the wrist level, for the ulnar artery and/or the radial artery and its dorsal branch. Follow-up ranged from three to 16 months. After two weeks, all patients reported relief of pain and the ulcers were progressively healing. By three months, all ulcers had healed.
Replantation of the Completely Avulsed Thumb Using Long Arterial and Venous Grafts
Authors: NYSTRÖM Å. , BACKMAN C.
Published: June 2005

Long arterial and venous grafts (10–15 cm. in length) were used in the replantation of thumbs amputated by avulsion. All replanted parts survived and thrombosis requiring anastomotic revision did not occur in any of the cases. Based upon a consideration of different factors that may lead to the formation of thrombus in reconstructed vessels, a method is recommended for routine use in replantation of the thumb, with specific reference to avulsion injuries.
Transmetacarpal Replantation of the Right Hand onto the Left
Authors: ZHANG Y. L. , YANG K. F. , LI C. , WEI J. N.
Published: June 2005

Successful replantation of four fingers with the distal palm of the right hand onto the left hand is reported.
An Investigation into the Role of Inflammatory Cells in Dupuytren’s Disease
Authors: ANDREW J. G. , ANDREW S. M. , ASH A. , TURNER B.
Published: June 2005

An immunohistochemical study was performed on nodules excised from the palmar fascia of patients with Dupuytren’s contracture. In cellular nodules, antibodies to actin (used as a marker for myofibroblasts), desmin, vimentin, Mac 387 (a macrophage marker) and leucocyte common antigen were used. A correlation was demonstrated between the numbers of macrophages and the presence of myofibroblasts. The presence of myofibroblasts is generally considered to indicate the active stage of the disease. Inflammatory cells other than macrophages were largely absent from the nodules, although lymphocytes were frequent in the tissue around the nodules. Microvascular changes were prominent in the nodules and pericyte proliferation was observed around occluded capillaries. Release of growth factors from macrophages may be important in Dupuytren’s contracture, as is the case in other fibrotic diseases. The possible role of macrophages in the aetiology of Dupuytren’s disease is discussed.
Dupuytren’s Contracture: The Long-Term Results after Day Surgery
Authors: MÄKELÄ E. A. , JAROMA H. , HARJU A. , ANTTILA S. , VAINIO J.
Published: June 2005

220 operations in 211 hands in 160 consecutive patients suffering from Dupuytren’s contracture were performed from 1976 through 1984 at the Kuopio University Central Hospital in Finland. 179 operations were carried out as day cases. The mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Sub-total fasciectomy resulted in good immediate and long-term improvement in 86% of patients. The recurrence rate was 27%. Surgical treatment of Dupuytren’s contracture was well-suited to day surgery. A properly planned follow-up programme is suggested because of the relatively high rate of recurrence, which usually appeared within two years after operation.
The Rheumatoid Wrist: Patterns of Disease Progression
Authors: HINDLEY C. J. , STANLEY J. K.
Published: June 2005

50 wrists in 28 patients have been followed in a retrospective radiographic review for a mean period of 9.56 years. Patterns of disease and the rates of change in the severity of the disease have been determined, with particular reference to the changing relationship in time between involvement of the wrist and hand. In the wrist, there was relative sparing of the mid-carpal joint, with a significant correlation between a high incidence of triquetro-lunate disease and changes in the ulnar styloid. Wrist disease was found to “protect” the hand for the first five years but not after this time. On the basis of these results, earlier surgical intervention is proposed, with the intention of shifting the emphasis of surgery from salvage to prophylactive or reconstructive procedures.
The Wrist in Juvenile Arthritis
Authors: EVANS D. M. , ANSELL B. M. , HALL M. A.
Published: June 2005

Patients with juvenile arthritis affecting the wrist have been reviewed six months or more after treatment, which has included steroid injection, synovectomy, arthroplasty, arthrodesis and distraction lengthening of the ulna. The pattern of wrist involvement is described, the general management reviewed, and the indications, techniques and results of these various procedures are presented.
Accessory Roles of the Vinculum Breve of the Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Check-Rein Ligaments at the Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Authors: FLINDALL EMMA , McGROUTHER D. A.
Published: June 2005

The vinculum breve of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was found to apply traction to the volar plate on flexion of the distal interphanageal joint. It was also observed that the check-rein ligaments of the joint only became taut in the hyperextended position. This may account for the greater amount of passive hyperextension that can be achieved at the distal than the proximal interphanageal joint.
Does Training Reduce the Incidence of Industrial Hand Injuries?
Authors: TAN K. K. , FISHWICK N. G. , DICKSON W. A. , SYKES P. J.
Published: June 2005

The incidence of industrial hand injuries remains high despite the introduction of statutory measures and other advances in health and safety awareness. A prospective study was undertaken to determine if training before employment helps to reduce these injuries. A significant number of patients did not receive any training and this may have played a part in their injury but other contributory factors, such as human error, must also be taken into consideration. Some recommendations are made for future prevention.
Progressive Constriction Band Caused by Black Magic Thread
Authors: GAUR S. C. , SWARUP A.
Published: June 2005

We report a progressive constriction band due to a thread tightly applied around the wrist as a “black magic” practice, which cut through skin, veins and part way through the extensor tendons.
Applying “Cell Surgery” to Nerve Repair: A Preliminary Report on the First Ten Human Cases
Authors: DE MEDINACELI L. , MERLE M.
Published: June 2005

We have applied a new technique of nerve repair, based on the principles of “cell surgery”, to ten nerve lesions of the upper limb. Eight lesions were recent, five to 36 hours; they were divisions of the ulnar nerve (1), median nerve (2), sensory radial nerve (1), palmar and digital nerves (4). One lesion was 15 days old (median nerve). One eight-month-old loss of 4.5 cm. of the median nerve was grafted.

In nine out of the ten cases, the short-term results were encouraging. Poor local conditions (fibrosis of the nerve bed) or poor general health (chronic alcoholism) had no adverse influence on the results. In the remaining case, the protocol was not followed in its entirety: it was not possible to crystallise properly the nerve, and trimming was done with scissors in the conventional way instead of smoothly trimming the solidified tips. The functional result in this case is a failure. These preliminary results seem to indicate that correctly applying the technique in its entirety may be more important than local conditions.

We think that this technique can be applied to the majority of nerve lesions. The appropriate equipment is absolutely necessary in order to apply the method.
A Comparative Electrophysiological Study on Neurotisation in Rats
Authors: CHIU D. T. W. , CHEN L. , SPIELHOLTZ N. , BEASLEY R. W.
Published: June 2005

A comparative experimental study has been carried out in rats with denervated gastrocnemius muscles. Three groups of five rats were treated by three different types of implantation of nerve directly into muscle (neurotisation). In the fourth group, the common peroneal nerve was sutured to the transected tibial nerve. The fifth group was left denervated as a control. The muscles were studied by serial electrodiagnostic studies and later histologically. The results showed little difference between nerve suture and implantation of nerve directly into muscle. Extension of the common peroneal nerve with a pair of sural nerve grafts did not produce a detrimental effect.
Comparison of Results of Repair of Digital Nerves by Denatured Muscle Grafts and End-to-End Sutures
Authors: PEREIRA J. H. , BOWDEN R. E. M. , GATTUSO J. M. , NORRIS R. W.
Published: June 2005

A further report is made on patients with primary and delayed repair of digital nerves with autogenous denatured muscle grafts. There was evidence of continued improvement in threshold response to tactile stimuli, and discriminative function. These results were superior to those in 24 patients with conventional end-to-end sutures on clinical testing.
Results of Primary Repair of Digital Nerves
Authors: ALTISSIMI M. , MANCINI G. B. , AZZARÀ A.
Published: June 2005

Recovery of sensitivity following repair of 54 digital nerves was evaluated after one to seven years. Normal two-point discrimination has been regained in only seven cases (13%), two-point discrimination between 6 and 10 mm in 20 (37%), between 11 and 15 mm in 13 (24%) and protective sensation in 14 (26%). A close correlation between age and recovery of sensation after repair has been confirmed by statistical analysis. Microsurgical repair of digital nerves gives satisfactory results, since a normal or good two-point discrimination can be obtained in one-half of cases while sensation improves in the others. However a high rate of complete recovery of sensation is to be expected only in children
Computer-Aided Localisation of Peripheral Nerve Lesions
Authors: BURGE P. , TODD B.
Published: June 2005

The clinical localisation of peripheral nerve lesions can sometimes be difficult, particularly following injury to the brachial plexus when multiple lesions are often present. In this situation, computers may be of assistance in interpreting the complicated patterns of clinical findings. This paper describes the evaluation of a computer program that uses a simulation model of the consequences of nerve injury, based on a representation of the relevant anatomy. A retrospective study of 26 patients with upper limb nerve lesions was carried out. The computer program compared favourably with three clinicians in interpreting the findings correctly. It is suggested that this approach may be transferable to other applications.
The Fate of Tendon Grafts Used to Reconstruct the Digital Annular Pulleys
Authors: DEFFINO H. L. A. , BARBIERI C. H. , VELLUDO M. A.
Published: June 2005

An experimental morphological study on the reconstruction of the digital annular pulleys has been carried out in dogs. The segment corresponding to zones 1 and 2 of the flexor apparatus of the 2nd and 5th digits of the left forepaw was chosen for the experiment. The whole flexor apparatus was resected and a single digital pulley (A 2) was reconstructed, using segments of the animals own deep flexor tendon. A length of silicone rubber tube was used as tendon spacer. The new pulleys showed marked degeneration of the collagen fibres and thinning which increased with time and may be the cause of decrease in strength. A layer of mesothelial cells with secretory properties developed at the interface between the tendon graft and the spacer.
The Influence of Age and Sex on Ulnar Variance
Authors: NAKAMURA R. , TANAKA Y. , IMAEDA T. , MIURA T.
Published: June 2005

Ulnar variance was measured in 325 normal wrists and 41 wrists with Kienböck’s disease. A positive correlation between ulnar variance and age was confirmed in normal wrists, and it was lower in males than in females. Therefore, studies comparing ulnar variance in abnormal and normal wrists require carefully selected age- and sex-matched controls. There was no significant difference in ulnar variance between Japanese with normal wrists and those affected by Kienböck’s disease, when the effects of sex and age were taken into account. Based on these results, we believe that ulnar variance is highly unlikely to be an important predisposing factor in Kienböck’s disease.
Human Muscle Cell Denervation: The Results of a 31-Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study
Authors: FROSTICK S. P. , TAYLOR DORIS J. , DOLECKI M. J. , RADDA G. K.
Published: June 2005

The results presented here demonstrate that there is a major abnormality of high and low energy phosphate metabolism in muscle following peripheral nerve damage. Using 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy the changes in phosphocreatine, adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate and metabolites of membrane metabolism could be observed in vivo in human subjects. The data indicate that there may be a metabolic myopathy in the muscle cells after nerve injury. Further, the metabolic changes did not always return to the control level, indicating a persistence of the abnormality. This failure of the metabolic function of the cells may be important in determining the ultimate outcome of peripheral nerve surgery.
Percutaneous Kirschner Wire Stabilisation following Closed Reduction of Colles’ Fractures
Authors: MAH E. T. , ATKINSON R. N.
Published: June 2005

32 consecutive unstable Colles’ fractures were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous Kirschner wire stabilisation through the radial styloid, followed by a below-elbow cast. Radiological assessment was made at five stages of treatment: at the time of the fracture, immediately after operation, after two weeks, after six weeks and a final review at an average period of 15.9 months. Functional assessment was made at the final review. Only three fractures developed secondary displacement, which was due to the wrong placement of the Kirschner wire. There were no complications.
The Recovery of Peripheral Nerves following Tissue Expansion
Authors: MILNER R. H. , WILKINS P. R.
Published: June 2005

A rat sciatic nerve model has been used to study the response of nerves to tissue expansion and their recovery at intervals up to 100 days using electrophysiology and histological methods. Tissue expansion has been shown to increase nerve length by 32% of which half remained at 100 days. Following tissue expansion the mean conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve was reduced to 30.0 ± 1.35 m/s which represented 60.3% of control values, by 100 days the conduction velocity had almost returned to normal. Histological examination showed the cause of the reduction in function to be due to segmental demyelination without axonal degeneration, these changes returned towards normal during the recovery period but were not completely reversed by 100 days.
A Biomechanical Analysis of a New Interlock Suture Technique for Flexor Tendon Repair
Authors: ROBERTSON G. A. , AL-QATTAN M. M.
Published: June 2005

Using a computerised tensometer, both the gap-producing and breaking forces of a new interlocking suture for flexor tendon repair were compared to the modified Kessler and the Strickland techniques. 30 porcine deep flexor tendons were used in each group and all repairs were performed with 3/0 polypropylene sutures. The interlock technique withstood gap-producing and breaking forces significantly better than the modified Kessler and Strickland techniques. Also, the gap-producing force was closer to the breaking force with the interlock technique than with the other two techniques.
Intra-Articular Fractures at the Base of the Fifth Metacarpal
Authors: KJÆR-PETERSEN K. , JURIK A. G. , PETERSEN L. K.
Published: June 2005

The treatment of 64 intra-articular fractures at the base of the fifth metacarpal was studied. 11 fractures with minimal displacement had been immobilised in a plaster cast without reduction. The position was improved in five of 25 fractures treated by closed reduction and a plaster cast, six of nine fractures after percutaneous pinning, and 12 of 19 fractures after open reduction and internal fixation. At follow-up after a median of 4.3 years, 19 of 50 patients answering a questionnaire had intermittent pain, especially on firm grip. 43 patients were re-examined clinically and radiographically: 21 (49%) had decreased grip power, and 28 had radiographical signs of osteoarthrosis.
Locked Metacarpo-Phalangeal Joint Due to an Intra-Articular Fracture of the Metacarpal Head
Authors: SCHUIND F.
Published: June 2005

A case of post-traumatic locked metacarpo-phalangeal joint is described. The locking was caused by an intra-articular fracture of the metacarpal head which was not diagnosed on the pre-operative radiographs.
Partial Flexor Tendon Injuries: To Repair or Not
Authors: MCGEORGE D. D. , STILWELL J. H.
Published: June 2005

The correct management of partially divided flexor tendon injuries is still in dispute. This study compares the results of repair with non-repair in zone 2 injuries. We conclude that tendons divided by 60% or less in cross-sectional area should not be repaired.
Nail Bed Reconstruction with Split-Thickness Nail Bed Grafts
Authors: YONG F. C. , TEOH L. C.
Published: June 2005

The results of reconstruction of chronic post-traumatic nail deformities are thought to be unpredictable. We have reviewed eight patients treated by split-thickness nail bed grafts for deformities arising from defects in the sterile matrix. Appearance, adherence and function were improved in all cases, with no significant morbidity of the donor area.
The Long-Term Results of Enzymic Fasciotomy
Authors: McCARTHY D. M.
Published: June 2005

We reviewed ten hands in nine patients who had enzymatic fasciotomy for Dupuytren’s contracture, with an average follow-up of 6.5 years. While all patients were initially satisfied with the results, the disease recurred quite rapidly to pre-operative levels in seven patients over the subsequent two to three years.
Operative Findings in Camptodactyly of the Little Finger
Authors: OGINO T. , KATO H.
Published: June 2005

In five of six cases of camptodactyly in which an abnormality of the flexor tendon was examined at operation, the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon was hypoplastic and there was no continuity of the normal tendon between the muscle belly and bony insertion. The proximal end of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon was attached to the palmar aponeurosis and the flexor tendon sheath of the ring finger in two patients, to the palmar aponeurosis in one, to the undersurface of the transverse carpal ligament in one and to the flexor tendon sheath of the ring finger in one. The tenodesis effect of the abnormal tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis is considered to play an important role in the cause and rapid increase of the deformity of camptodactyly.