bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Effect of Dietary Fats on Postprandial Vascular Function in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Jovanovski Elena , Au‐Yeung Rodney , Zurbau Lucia A. , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Vuksan Vladimir
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Research has shown an association between fat consumption and vascular function. Recent evidence suggests that a high saturated fat meal may impair vasodilatory mechanisms post‐ingestion, while other types of dietary fats, depending on chain length, saturation and omega 3:6 ratio may potentially improve vascular function. There have been no head to head comparisons of postprandial effects on commonly consumed sources of dietary cooking oils on vascular function.

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of 5 different dietary fat sources of varied fatty acid profiles (coconut oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, Salba‐chia seed oil, and butter) on indices of vascular function and the glycemic response in a healthy adult population.

Methods

The study recruited 15 healthy individuals (10F:5M; age 29±8; SBP/DBP: 121±10/82±4 mmHg) in a double blind, randomized, crossover, controlled design. Participants visited the clinic at St. Michael's Hospital 5 different times following an overnight fast. At each visit, following collection of anthropometric data and baseline outcome measures, 1 of 5 500ml study shakes were consumed containing 50g of fat (from either: coconut oil, canola oil, grapeseed oil, chia oil or butter) and 50g of available carbohydrate. Over a 3 hour period following intake of study interventions, vascular measures were obtained at hourly intervals and fingerprick blood samples at 0,15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 180min. The primary outcome was a change in pulse wave reflection (augmentation index‐AIx (%)). Secondary outcome measures included postprandial blood glucose area under the curve (AUC), peripheral and central systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Results

Intervention high in omega‐3 fatty acids (Salba‐chia seed oil) produced a reduction in pulse wave reflection relative to the butter control (1h AIx:−5.9±6%, p=0.041; 3h AIx: −3.8±7% p=0.048). All study beverages resulted in a similar acute blood pressure response (−1.2±3mmHg, p=0.25), independently of the type of oil ingested. No significant differences in blood glucose AUC (p=0.69) to the 5 fat‐rich glucose beverages were observed.

Conclusions

No difference was found in the acute effect of the ingestion of different vegetable oils on hemodynamic indices. All vegetable oils produced a postprandial decrease in hemodynamic indices in healthy participants.

Support or Funding Information

Internal
Fish Oil Dietary Supplement Modifies Inhaled Ozone‐Induced Vascular and Pulmonary Effects
Authors: Snow Samantha J. , Henriquez Andres , Hodge Myles , Schladweiler Mette , Richards Judy , Tong Haiyan , Gowdy Kymberly M. , Kodavanti Urmila P.
Published: November 2023

The omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids present in fish oil supplements are proposed to offer cardioprotective benefits, but it is not established if these supplements can protect against the adverse health effects induced by exposure to air pollution. Ozone, an ubiquitous air pollutant and a component of smog, is associated with premature cardiovascular mortality. We hypothesized that fish oil dietary supplementation would attenuate ozone‐induced vascular and pulmonary impairments. Male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed either a normal diet or a diet enriched with fish oil (6% by weight) starting at 4 weeks of age. Eight weeks following the initial start of the diet, animals were exposed to filtered air or 0.8 ppm ozone, 4h/day for 2 days. Aortic segments were isolated for myograph assessment of vascular reactivity in response to pharmacological intervention. The phenylephrine‐induced vasoconstriction that was increased following ozone exposure in the animals fed the normal diet was completely abolished in the animals fed the fish oil diet, demonstrating vascular protection against this ozone‐induced effect. Contrary to the vasoprotective response, the fish oil supplementation exacerbated pulmonary injury and inflammation. The fish oil diet increased baseline levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) total protein, inflammatory cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils), inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α and KC/GRO), as well as, lactate dehydrogenase, gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase, and n‐acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, but did not increase albumin leakage. Fish oil further exacerbated increases in NAG activity, TNF‐α and IL‐6 proteins following ozone exposure, but attenuated the ozone‐induced albumin leakage, neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation. Furthermore, fish oil supplementation regardless of exposure led to enlarged, foamy macrophages in the BALF that coincided with decreased mRNA expression of cholesterol transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1), cholesterol receptors (SR‐B1 and LDLR), and nuclear receptors (LXR‐α and PPAR‐α) in the lung. Collectively, these data indicate that while fish oil offered protection from ozone‐induced aortic vasoconstriction and vascular albumin leakage in the lung, it increased pulmonary injury/inflammation and impaired lipid transport mechanisms resulting in foamy macrophage accumulation. These data demonstrate the need to be cognizant of potential off‐target pulmonary effects that might offset the overall benefit of this vasoprotective dietary supplement. (Does not reflect the US EPA policy).

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by US EPA funds.
Postprandial Inflammation and Coagulation Responses to High‐Fat Meals rich in Saturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Kaviani Sepideh , Stevenson Jada L. , Paton Chad M , Cooper Jamie A
Published: November 2023

Objective

It has been largely shown that high‐fat meals are pro‐thrombotic and pro‐inflammatory in animal models, especially high‐fat meals rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs). However, there is little evidence to support a clearly defined impact of a high‐fat meal on postprandial increases in fibrinolytic and inflammatory markers in healthy normal weight humans.

Purpose

To test whether high‐fat meal consumption that is rich in SFAs leads to increases in markers of inflammation (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF‐α)) and coagulation (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1)) in normal weight adult men and women.

Methods

Twenty‐five sedentary (perform < 3h/week of structured exercise), normal weight (BMI=18–24.9 kg/m2) adult men and women between the ages of 18–35 years were recruited for the study (13 men and 12 women). Prior to the meal challenge visit, all participants consumed a 3‐day lead‐in diet (50% carbohydrate, 35% fat, 15% protein) that was provided by research personnel. No other food or drink was permitted during the lead‐in diet period, and all diets were designed to keep subjects in energy balance. On the day of testing, participants were given 2 high‐fat meals rich in SFAs for breakfast and lunch. Each liquid meal contained Ensure®, butter, coconut oil and palm oil so that 70% of total energy was derived from fat with 45% of total energy being SFAs. Blood draws were taken at fasting, 2h and 4h post breakfast, and 2h and 4h post lunch. To look at coagulation potential, PAI‐1 was measured at all 5 time‐points of blood collection, and to study inflammation, TNF‐α was measured at the fasting and 2h postprandial time‐points.

Results

There was no significant change in PAI‐1 from fasting to postprandial time‐points (35.06±5.86ng/mL to 30.11±5.39ng/mL for fasting and postprandial values, respectively; ns). Additionally, there was no change in TNF‐α from fasting to 2h postprandial (1.60±0.51pg/mL to 1.10±0.52pg/mL (log transformed) for fasting and postprandial values, respectively; ns). When analyzed by sex, women had significantly lower fasting TNF‐α levels than men (0.84±0.57pg/mL and 2.29±0.81pg/mL for women and men, respectively; p=0.02) but there was no difference in the postprandial TNF‐α response between sexes. Additionally, there was no difference between men and women for fasting or postprandial PAI‐1 concentrations. Finally, a correlation analysis between fasting PAI‐1 and TNF‐α values showed a significant positive relationship (R2=0.19, p=0.03); however, no relationship was found with postprandial PAI‐1 and TNF‐α concentrations (R2=0.02, ns).

Conclusion

Two SFA‐rich, high‐fat meals did not lead to changes in select markers of coagulation or inflammation in either normal weight men or women.

Support or Funding Information

This research project has been funded by the California Walnut Commission.
Serum and Brain Fatty Acid Profile of Growing Rats Feed With High‐Dietary Lipid Concentration from Different Sources.
Authors: Perris Paula Daniela , Fernandez Inés , Mambrin María Cecilia , Pellegrino Néstor , Slobodianik Nora , Feliu María Susana
Published: November 2023

Introduction

A balanced diet is important to maintain an optimal health status, to prevent chronic diseases. Diet lipid profile is important for the growth and development of the nervous system during the different stages of life. The central nervous system consists predominantly of lipids, much of them, they are composed of fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by diet. The ω3 and ω6 fatty acids are determinants in the development of the brain.

Objetive

analyze the effect of high dietary lipid concentration from different sources, on serum and brain fatty acid profile.

Methods

Weanling Wistar rats were fed during 40 days diet containing 42Kcal of lipids% provided by: butter (B); Olive oil (O); high oleic acid sunflower oil (HO) and sunflower oil (S). Control group (C) received normocaloric diet (soy oil, 15Kcal of lipids%;) according to AIN'93. Serum and brain fatty acids profile were determined by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis: Dunnett (*p<0.01). Results, expressed as %Area±SD, were: PALMITIC SERUM B:20,63±2,54*▲ O:18,23±1,09 HO:12,96±2,99 S:15,83±1,48 C:16,08±2,15 BRAIN B:16,89±1,61 O:17,35±4,12 HO:20,94±1,87 S:19,35±1,32 C:18,69±1,44, OLEIC SERUM B:20,37±2,23*▲ O:21,03±2,41*▲ HO: 26,96±3,71*▲ S:11,46±3,86 C:11,29±2,27 BRAIN B:19,63±6,30 O:18,45±6,82 HO:15,53±1,26 S:14,31±0,99 C:13,00±1,76 LINOLEIC SERUM B:9,79±1,12*▼ O:14,59±1,09 HO:7,41±1,89*▼ S:30,87±2,58*▲ C:18,50±3,31 BRAIN B:0,96±0,40 O:1,26±0,43 HO:0,40±0,04 S:1,21±0,24 C:1,00±0,20 LINOLENIC SERUM B:0,44±0,14*▼ O:0,29±0,05*▼ HO:0,32±0,13*▼ S:0,28±0,05*▼ C:0,81±0,22 BRAIN B:0,24±0,09 O:0,24±0,05 HO:0,24±0,02 S:0,26±0,09 C:0,34±0,09.

Conclusions

B, O y HO groups showed higher serum oleic acid levels with decrease of essential fatty acids levels compared to C. This fact would exacerbate the route of the ω9 family. On the other hand, S group presented in serum low linolenic acid values and high linoleic acid levels. In all groups the changes presented in serum were not observed in brain. These results suggest that the body tries to compensate the brain essential fatty acids needs at expense of its modification in serum. These changes observed were in response to differences in the sources of dietary lipids.

Support or Funding Information

UBACyT 20020150100011BA
Differential Effects of Unsaturated Dietary Fatty Acids from a High Fat Diet on Metabolism
Authors: Polley Kristine , Paton Chad , Cooper Jamie
Published: November 2023

Background

Dietary fatty acid (FA) composition in a high fat diet may influence changes in metabolism, thus playing a role in the development of obesity.

Purpose

To compare the effects of a diet rich in poly‐unsaturated FAs (PUFAs) to a diet rich in mono‐unsaturated FAs (MUFAs) on substrate oxidation and diet induced thermogenesis (DIT).

Methods

Thirteen normal weight men (18–45y), completed a randomized cross‐over study consisting of two feeding trials (3d lead‐in diet, baseline visit, 5‐day PUFA‐ or MUFA‐rich diet, post‐diet visit). The 5d diets (50% of energy from fat) were rich in either PUFAs (25% of total energy) or MUFAs (25% of total energy). There was a 2‐wk washout period between trials, and diets were designed to keep participants in energy balance. At baseline and post‐diet visits, subjects consumed 2 high‐fat test meals (breakfast, lunch; rich in the FA that coincided with that 5‐day diet). Indirect calorimetry was used for 8h to determine respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and DIT.

Results

From pre‐to post‐diet, there were no significant changes in fasting RER and energy expenditure for either the PUFA‐ or MUFA‐rich diets. When comparing the baseline to post‐diet test meals, there was a significant time effect (p< 0.001) and diet effect (p<0.05) in RER, carbohydrate oxidation and fat oxidation. For the diet effect, there was a significant decrease in RER from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (area under the curve (AUC) ‐ 0.86±0.01 vs. 0.83±0.01, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, AUC RER did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (0.85±0.01 vs. 0.84±0.01, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). There was also a significant decrease in AUC carbohydrate oxidation from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (26.46±1.43 vs. 22.86±1.08 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, it did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (23.62±1.51 vs. 23.68±1.24 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). There was a significant increase in AUC fat oxidation from pre to post PUFA‐rich diet (8.96±0.68 vs. 10.58±0.42 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively; p< 0.01); however, it did not differ from pre to post MUFA diet (10.00±0.70 vs. 10.56±0.68 g/8h, for pre vs. post, respectively, ns). No difference was found in DIT from pre to post diet in either trial.

Conclusion

Chronic ingestion of a PUFA‐rich, high fat diet decreased postprandial RER (indicating greater fat oxidation) in normal weight men whereas a MUFA‐rich, high fat diet did not alter substrate oxidation. No differences in EE or DIT existed with either diet.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by Cotton Incorporated.

Research was also supported by a seed grant from the AU/UGA Medical Partnership and UGA Clinical and Translational Reseach Unit.
In Vivo Antioxidant Potency of Pomegranate Juice and Extract Consumed With a Cooked Hamburger Meat Patty Containing Oxidized Lipids
Authors: Henning Susanne M , Hsu Mark , Yang Alicia D , Thames Gail , Lee Ru‐Po , Huang Jianjun , Heber David , Li Zhaoping
Published: November 2023

Pomegranate juice (PJ) made by squeezing whole pomegranates of the Wonderful variety of Punica granatum and pomegranate extract (POMx) made by squeezing pomegranate peels have been extensively studied for their antioxidant potency since both contain a number of ellagitannins including punicalagin and ellagic acid. Using five different in vitro methods of assessing antioxidant potency we demonstrated that PJ and POMx have highly potent antioxidant activity. Since in vitro antioxidant potency does not prove in vivo biological activity, efforts have been undertaken to demonstrate antioxidant activity in humans in the presence of endogenous antioxidant defenses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that lipid oxidation can contribute to atherogenesis and other age‐related chronic diseases. The consumption of foods such as cooked hamburger meat containing oxidized lipids can lead to increased oxidative stress measured by quantitating urinary malondialdehyde (MDA). Consumption of antioxidants can inhibit the bioreactor functions of the stomach and reduce oxidative stress in vivo. The present study was designed to test the in vivo antioxidant potency of PJ or POMx consumed together with a cooked 250 g hamburger patty with 20% of fat containing oxidized phospholipids formed during cooking. 32 healthy normal weight subjects were enrolled. Each subject was placed on a low polyphenol diet for 7 days and on day 8 consumed a soft drink (Sprite® 8 ounces), as an isocaloric control for PJ with a 250 g cooked hamburger patty. Blood and urine were collected before and 2 hours after hamburger consumption. After an additional 7 days of washout with a low polyphenol diet, participants consumed either a standardized pomegranate extract (POMx: n=17) or an 8‐ounce glass of PJ together (n=15) with the hamburger patty. For the next 4 weeks participants consumed daily one 8 oz glass of PJ or POMx to provide equivalent antioxidant concentration and the same hamburger test was repeated. After the hamburger challenge with sprite (isocaloric control) postprandial urinary MDA concentration increased to 557±266% of baseline (T‐0). PJ/POMx consumption with the hamburger significantly reduced the postprandial urinary MDA rise by 25% (422±220% of T‐0, p<0.05). After 4 weeks of daily PJ/POMx consumption the postprandial urinary MDA rise was significantly decreased by 18% (456±225% of T‐0 (p<0.05)). These observations support the concept that drinking PJ or taking POMx can counter diet‐induced oxidant stress in vivo.
CHOP is indispensable for fatty acid‐driven NLRP3 inflammasome and IL‐1β secretion by gamma tocotrienol
Authors: Kim Yongeun , Chung Soonkyu
Published: November 2023

Nod‐like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the intracellular innate immunity sensor for IL‐1β secretion in response to microbial invasion or metabolic danger signals. Previously, we demonstrated that gamma tocotrienol (GT3), an unsaturated form of vitamin E, is effective in attenuating palmitate‐driven NLRP3 inflammasome and IL‐1β secretion via AMPK/autophagy axis activation. Here, we hypothesized that GT3 attenuates palmitate‐induced ER stress during NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS‐primed macrophages. To test this hypothesis, primary bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were prepared from wild‐type and ER stress‐deficient mice due to CHOP deletion, a key transcription factor for ER stress responses. Chronic palmitate treatment induced NFκB activation and BiP/CHOP activation in LPS‐primed wild‐type BMDM, which was attenuated by GT3. In contrast, CHOP deletion not only abrogated palmitate‐induced ER stress, but also substantially inhibited palmitate‐induced NFκB activation and GT3‐mediated AMPK/autophagy activation. Despite the absence ER stress and NFkB activation, CHOP deletion failed to inhibit the secretion of IL‐1β and reversed GT3‐dependent attenuation of IL‐1β secretion. Intriguingly, CHOP deletion was associated with NF‐κB independent ERK activation, implicating that there exist alternative signaling pathways for inflammasome activation in the absence of ER stress, which is not modifiable by GT3. Collectively, these results suggest that prior CHOP activation is required for GT3‐mediated AMPK/autophagy axis activation to attenuate IL‐1β secretion.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by American Heart Association
Effect of 12‐week tocotrienol supplementation on postmenopausal women with low bone mass: a serum metabolomics profile
Authors: Shen Chwan Li , Tomison Michael D , Romero Amanda W , Yang Shengping Reinoso , Mo Huanbiao , Watkins Bruce A.
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis is a major health problem in postmenopausal women. This study evaluated the effects of 12‐week tocotrienol (TT) supplementation on serum metabolites in postmenopausal osteopenic women. Eighty nine participants (59.7±6.8 yr, BMI 28.7±5.7 kg/m2) were assigned to 3 treatments: placebo (860 mg olive oil/day), TT300 (300 mg TT/day), and TT600 (600 mg TT/day) for 12 weeks. TT consisted of 90% d‐TT and 10% g‐TT. After 12 weeks, 2 participants dropped out (3% attrition rate, one from placebo and one from TT600) due to non‐compliance. Pill compliance rates for placebo, TT300, and TT600 were 93%, 92%, and 91%, respectively. In this serum metabolomics study, we only evaluated the placebo and TT600 at baseline and 12 weeks. At baseline, there were no differences in any demographic parameters, comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), and oxidative stress biomarker (8‐OHdG) between the placebo and TT600 groups. At 12 weeks, the TT600 group had significantly lower 8‐OHdG than the placebo group, whereas no differences in any CMP parameters were observed. Metabolomics analysis of serum samples revealed that 48 biochemicals were higher and 65 biochemicals were lower in the TT600 group at 12 weeks, compared to baseline at 0 week. The results confirmed higher tocotrienols as expected, lower catabolites of tryptophan, and several changes in lysophospholipids and acylcarnitines in subjects given TT600. The results showed that 12‐week TT supplementation modulated serum metabolite profiles in postmenopausal, osteopenic women, a response potentially linked to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.

Support or Funding Information

American River Nutrition, Inc., Hadley, MA.
Anti‐oxidant and Anti‐inflammatory Effects of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Leaves Extracts
Authors: Wu Wen‐Tzu , Wu Yan‐Yi , Ou Yu‐Wen , Lan Xiang‐Zhen
Published: November 2023

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) leaves are usually treated as worthless waste and little is still known about the biological activities. The aim of this study was to explore the antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential of C. quinoa leaf extracts using cold water, 95% ethanol, 50% ethanol, and methanol. The highest extraction yield was obtained by using cold water (26–37.5%). The crude 95% ethanol and methanol extracts at 50 mg/mL were found to harbor better quenching activity against DPPH radical (53% and 54%, respectively) than those at 10 and 100 mg/mL. Cold water and methanol extracts possessed higher ferrous ion‐chelating capacity (29% and 26%, respectively) at 10 mg/mL. Further, crude ethanol (95% and 50%) and methanol extracts significantly suppressed nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS (1 μg/mL) and the potentially inhibitory activity of NO production was showed in a concentration dependent manner. The results suggest that the biological activities of C. quinoa leaf extracts could be considered as natural antioxidants and anti‐inflammatory agents for functional food. Further in vitro experiments are necessary to clarify the effects of molecular mechanism involved in the process.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by the National Science Council Grant 105‐2320‐B‐468‐001 Taipei, Taiwan.
Luteolin prevents palmitic acid‐induced hepatic steatosis by regulating ER stress in HepG2
Authors: Chei Sungwoo , Hwang Ji‐Hyun , Lee Yeon‐Joo , Koh Eun‐Jeong , Choi Jia , Song Ji‐Hyeon , Seo Young‐Jin , Choi Seo‐Yun , Park Min‐Ki , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: November 2023

Luteolin is a plant flavone and most often found leaves. In this study, we determine whether luteolin prevents palmitic acid‐induced hepatic steatosis by regulating ER stress in HepG2 cells, human hepatocyte cell line. To examine the effects of luteolin on palmitic acid‐induced hepatic steatosis, HepG2 cells were treated with low dose and high dose of luteolin in the presence or absence of palmitic acid. We indicated whether palmitic acid induced the hepatic steatosis in HepG2 cells. Palmitic acid increased lipid accumulation via stimulated SREBP protein level and phosphorylation of ACC. Also, palmitic acid‐stimulated HepG2 cells were observed apoptosis and necrosis. Using the in vitro model, we treated luteolin on palmitic acid‐stimulated HepG2. Luteolin reduced lipid accumulation and inhibited SREBP1 protein level and phosphorylation. Beside, luteolin treatment decreased apoptosis and necrosis via regulation of ER stress related factor (PERK and eIF2α) in palmitic acid‐stimulated cells. Furthermore, luteolin decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin and TNF, by inhibiting NF‐κB activation. Luteolin may inhibit the ER stress and the inflammatory responses on palmitic acid‐induced hepatic steatosis.
Determination of flaxseed and its health promoting compounds role in nuclear factor‐kB and its inhibitor gene expression
Authors: Wiltgen Ashton , Mann Michael , Silvernagel Kelsie , Rhee Yeong
Published: November 2023

Obesity is a root cause behind nuclear factor (NF)‐kB activation, causing various health problems including inflammation and chronic diseases such as diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Flaxseed and its health promoting compounds, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside and alpha‐linolenic acid, have anti‐inflammatory effects. This study was to determine flaxseed and its health promoting compounds role in NF‐kB and its inhibitor (IκBα) and IkB kinase (IKK) gene expression. Sixty C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned into one of the following diet groups and fed for eight weeks: 1) 45% Kcal fat; 2) 45% Kcal fat, 10% whole flaxseed; 3) 45% Kcal fat, 6% defatted flaxseed; 4) 45% Kcal fat, 4% flaxseed oil; and 5) 16% Kcal fat. NF‐κB, IκBα, and IKKβ expressions in obese mouse liver and intestine samples were determined by real‐time quantitative PCR. The fold change in NF‐κB, IκBα, and IKKβ expression was calculated using 2‐ΔΔCT method. IκBα expression in liver or intestine samples was significantly decreased in flaxseed oil, defatted flaxseed, or whole flaxseed diet group compared to high fat diet group (p<0.0001). IKKβ expression in intestine samples were significantly decreased in defatted flaxseed, flaxseed oil, and whole flaxseed supplemented groups (p<0.005). Although no significant change was observed in NF‐kB expression, positive correlations between NF‐κB and IKKβ expressions were observed in liver and intestine samples. How flaxseed and its health promoting compounds down‐regulate selected gene expression and its relationship to inflammation regulation need further study.

Support or Funding Information

NDSU HDE College and HNES Department
Anti‐melanogenic and Anti‐wrinkle Effects of Fermented Angelica tenuissima Extract
Authors: Lee Jin‐Woo , Park Yuna , Kim Youn Kyu , Park Myung Rye , Yoon Seung Won , Kang Se Chan , Koo Hyun Jung , Sohn Eun‐Hwa
Published: November 2023

Angelica tenuissima Nakai (Umbelliferae) has been used as a traditional medicine in Korea. In this study, we investigated the anti‐melanogenic and anti‐wrinkle activities of Angelica tenuissima ethanol extract fermented with Aspergillus oryzae (FAT). Anti‐melanogenesis activity was determined by the regulation of melanin content and tyrosinase activity in α‐MSH (melanin stimulating hormone)‐stimulated B16F10 melanocytes. Anti‐wrinkle effect was assessed by the synthesis of type‐I procollagen in human fibroblast Hs68 cells. FAT significantly suppressed the melanin production and the tyrosinase activity in α‐MSH‐stimulated cells. In addition, FAT increased type‐I procollagen with and without exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. These results suggest that FAT could be used as a multifunctional cosmeceutical agent with whitening and anti‐wrinkle effects.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade. Industry and Energy (MOTIE), Korea Insititute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region.
Garlic‐derived Compounds Increase Expression of ABCA1 mRNA in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages
Authors: Madden Abbie J. , Krehbiel Madison D. , Clarke Stephen L.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Considerable interest remains in the role of bioactive components in garlic. While extensive studies have explored the potential of these compounds to initiate epigenetic modification beneficial in cancer treatment, mechanism(s) underlying the effects of garlic on cholesterol metabolism remain unclear. Of particular interest is the ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a protein that facilitates reverse cholesterol efflux from macrophages to high density lipoproteins (HDL). Efflux can prevent macrophages from becoming pro‐atherogenic foam cells, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects in mouse macrophages of garlic compounds allyl mercaptan (AM) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) on expression of ABCA1 compared with Trichostatin A (TSA), a drug known to induce ABCA1 via histone modification.

Methods

RAW 264.7 cells were treated for 6 hours with 1.2 mM AM, 200 μM DADS, or 10 ng/mL TSA. Total RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed, and ABCA1 mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Analysis was done using the 2−ΔΔCt method, with cyclophilin B as the invariant control.

Results

qPCR analysis revealed a 11‐ and 7‐fold increase of ABCA1 mRNA expression compared to control after treatment of AM and DADS, respectively. In comparison, TSA induced expression by 3‐fold. Studies are ongoing to test effects of garlic treatment on cholesterol synthesis and efflux, as well as potential molecular mechanism(s) through which these compounds regulate ABCA1 expression.

Conclusion

AM and DADS induce mRNA expression of ABCA1 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These compounds may play an important protective role in promoting reverse cholesterol efflux, which can subsequently benefit overall cholesterol homeostasis.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of RCTs on the effect of psyllium fiber on lipid targets for CVD risk reduction
Authors: Zurbau Andreea , Ho Hoang Vi Thanh , Jovanvoski Elena , Mejia Sonia Blanco , Sievenpiper John , Jenkins Alexandra , Vuksan Vlad
Published: November 2023

Background

Psyllium fiber, while initially promoted for its digestive health benefits, is now known to moderately improve LDL cholesterol. However, it is less known whether psyllium fiber has an effect on two newer clinical lipid targets of cardiovascular disease, non‐HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the cholesterol‐lowering impact of psyllium fiber on LDL cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk reduction.

Design

MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. We included RCTs of 3‐week duration assessing the effect of psyllium fiber on LDL cholesterol, non‐HDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed study quality and risk of bias. Data were pooled using the generic inverse‐variance method with random effects models and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran Q‐statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic.

Results

Sixteen studies (n = 1208) were included in the meta‐analysis. Psyllium fiber significantly reduced LDL cholesterol (MD = −0.26 [−0.33, −0.20] mmol/L), non‐HDL cholesterol (MD = −0.43 [−0.81, −0.05] mmol/L), and apolipoprotein B (MD = −0.06 [−0.10, −0.02] g/L).

Conclusion

Pooled analyses show that psyllium fiber significantly improves LDL cholesterol and non‐HDL cholesterol. Inclusion of psyllium fiber may be a strategy for achieving targets in CVD risk reduction.
Thaumatococcus daniellii Seed Improves Lipid Profile in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Iheagwam Franklyn N. , Chinedu Shalom N. , Emiloju Opeyemi C. , Anichebem Chisom J. , Okolie Ositadinma K.
Published: November 2023

Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth, a rainforest berry of West Africa produces fruits containing a black, hard, impervious seed surrounded by a jelly coat. The seeds are reported to have some therapeutic effects. This study examined the effect of ethanolic seed extract of T. daniellii on lipid profile in male Wistar rats. Ethanolic extract of T. daniellii seeds was prepared and graded concentrations were administered orally to the rats for 14 days. Blood, heart, brain and testes were excised and lipid parameters where assayed. Result were statistically analysed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) supplemented with Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and a significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL‐cholesterol concentration compared to the normal and positive control. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in animal weight, organ weight and LDL‐cholesterol concentration. The hypolipidemic potential of the seed extract can be exploited for the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Red Raspberries and Insulin Action: Understanding the Role of Red Raspberry Consumption on Postprandial Metabolic Indices
Authors: Xiao Di , Huang Yancui , Park Eunyoung , Edirisinghe Indika , Burton‐Freeman Britt
Published: November 2023

Red raspberries contain appreciable amounts of polyphenols and dietary fiber with documented biological activities suggesting metabolic benefits for people at risk for diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of red raspberries on meal‐induced postprandial metabolic responses in individuals with impaired fasting glucose and hyperinsulinemia (PreDM) or normo‐glycemia and insulinemia (Reference). Twenty eight adults (PreDM, n=17, age 36±13 y, Body Mass Index (BMI) 30.3±5.1 kg/m2, fasting blood sugar 110.7±0.9 mg/dL, fasting insulin 13.2±1.4 uIU/mL and Reference, n=11, age 28±6 y, BMI 23.1±3.0 kg/m2, fasting blood sugar 93.5±1 mg/dL, fasting insulin 3.7±0.4 uIU/mL) were randomized in a 2:1 ratio, respectively to a 3‐arm, single blinded, crossover clinical trial. Participants were provided 0 (Control), 125, or 250 g frozen red raspberries with a high fat high carbohydrate breakfast meal on 3 separate occasions. Blood samples were collected over 24 h. Preliminary analyses indicate a significant reduction in postprandial glucose when 250 g red raspberries (~2 cups) were consumed with the meal compared to the 125 g red raspberries or control study arms (p<0.05). A significant study group*time*treatment interaction (p<0.0001) indicated that the glucose lowering benefits of the 250 g red raspberry meal was more pronounced in the PreDM group than the Reference group. Additionally, postprandial insulin was significantly lower when either dose of red raspberries vs Control (no raspberries) were consumed with the meal (all subjects, p<0.05). No treatment related effect of red raspberries was observed on postprandial triglyceride concentrations (p=0.08), although the triglyceride response was significantly greater in the PreDM than Reference group (p<0.05). These data suggest that red raspberries have a role in post meal glycemic control in individuals with PreDM; and furthermore, indicate the effects may be related to an action of improved insulin sensitivity in both PreDM and Reference group individuals.

Support or Funding Information

This research is funded by National Processed Raspberry Council.
Gelidium elegans Extracts Improve Insulin Sensitivity in C57BL/KsJ m+/+db Mice and C57BL/KsJ‐db/db Mice
Authors: Choi Seo‐Yun , Choi Jia , Koh Eun‐Jeong , Seo Young‐Jin , Song Ji‐Hyeon , Hwang Ji‐Hyeon , Lee Yeon‐Joo , Chei Sungwoo , Park Min‐Ki , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: November 2023

Gelidium elegans is a species of red algae that mostly grows in the northeastern Sea of Asia. Recent research using 3T3‐L1 adipocytes suggests that the ethanol extract of Gelidium elegans may have anti‐obesity effects. Specifically, reported that Gelidium elegans contains various flavonoids, including hesperidin, which has an anti‐obesity effect. Gelidium elegans extracts exert an anti‐diabetic effect in C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice. Gelidium elegans extracts supplementation significantly reduced bodyweight, water intake, fasting blood glucose, and plasma insulin levels compared with db/db mice. In additiona biomarker of insulin secretion, was significantly decreased by Gelidium elegans extracts treatment. Regarding plasma lipid profiles, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, were effectively reduced in the Gelidium elegans extracts treated groups. This result showed that Gelidium elegans extracts regulate blood glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity in the diabetic condition. Our data suggest that Gelidium elegans extracts may be anti‐diabetic agents.
Quantification of Triterpenoid Acids in North Carolina Heritage Apple Peels
Authors: Root Martin , Petroski Weston , Lambiase Samantha , Wilson Brooke , Serini Justin
Published: November 2023

Background

Pentacyclic triterpenoid acids are found in a variety of medicinal plants and common foods. In particular, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid, found in the cuticular wax on apple peels, have anti‐inflammatory, anti‐diabetic, and cancer‐inhibiting properties in murine and in vitro models. This project aimed to find the variation of these three acids in western North Carolina heritage and commercially grown apples from the 2014 season.

Methods

A total of 48 North Carolina apple cultivars were studied. Apples peels were collected and stored in −80° C. For extraction and analysis, peel samples were freeze dried, ground, and soaked in ethanol overnight. Samples were then extracted twice with ethanol. The filtrate was dried and resuspended in methanol for reverse‐phase isocratic HPLC analysis. Separation was achieved in 20 minutes with a methanol/water/acetic acid mobile phase (85/15/0.1), monitored at 207 nm.

Results

All three triterpenoids were quantifiable in the 48 cultivars analyzed. Average total triterpenoid content was 19 mg/g dry peel weight, ranging from 2.0 mg/g (Roxbury Russet) to 36.3 mg/g (Virginia Gold). Betulinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acid averaged 0.26, 3.6, and 14.9 mg/g, respectively. Russet cultivars, such as Roxbury Russet and Sour Rusty Coat tended to contain less total triterpenoids than waxy cultivars such as Virginia Gold and Sweet Sixteen. No substantial differences were observed between green/yellow cultivars and red ones or across the season from early to late cultivars.

Conclusion

Heritage apple peels are a variable source of potentially salutary pentacyclic triterpenoids. Total amounts may vary almost 20 fold across cultivars with ursolic acid predominating.

Support or Funding Information

Appalachian State University Office of Student Research
Dietary effect of Kaempferia parviflora, a PPARγ agonist, on glucose tolerance in non‐obese type diabetic mice
Authors: Ochiai Masaru , Azuma Yoshiyuki , Matsuo Tatsuhiro
Published: November 2023

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Asian countries is often characterized as non‐obese type. PPARγ agonists are known to reduce adipocyte size and improve adiponectin secretion and insulin resistance, but to induce abdominal fat accumulation as an adverse effect. Search for PPARγ agonists which have little adverse effects from natural food resources is desirable for people with non‐obese T2DM. We previously showed that Kaempferia parviflora (black ginger, BG) and its ethanol extract (BGE) had PPARγ agonistic activities in a binding study, and exerted a beneficial impact on adiponectin secretion in an animal study. Although some studies showed anti‐T2DM effects of BG in diet‐induced obesity animal model, little is known to have suppressive effect of BG and BGE on T2DM in non‐obese T2DM model. We here investigated the effect of BG and BGE in diet on glucose tolerance in NSY mice with non‐obese T2DM. Male NSY mice were divided into five dietary groups and fed each diet for 8 weeks; mice fed an AIN‐93G diet (N‐LF), high‐fat and high‐sucrose diet (HF), HF diet supplemented with BG (1%) (BG), and HF diet supplemented with BGE (0.19%) (BGE). Half of mice in HF group were treated with pioglitazone (3 mg/kg) as PPARγ agonistic positive control (PIO). ICR mice fed the LF diet are used as non‐diabetic control (I‐LF). At the end of 6th and 7th week, oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests (OGTT and ITT) were respectively carried out. In OGTT, elevation of plasma glucose level was significantly suppressed in the BG and BGE groups. In ITT, plasma glucose level was significantly lowered in the BG and BGE groups. These effects were equivalent to those of pioglitazone. In conclusion, BG and its methanol extract can be effective for prevention of insulin resistance and T2DM.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K21349 and Mishima Kaiun Memorial Fundation.
A Closer Look at the Influence of Processing on Polyphenol Composition and Degree of Polymerization in Wine and Wine‐like Products
Authors: Griffin Laura Elizabeth , Neilson Andrew , Stewart Amanda
Published: November 2023

Associations of moderate wine intake with positive health outcomes are often hypothesized to be attributable to polyphenols in wine. Polyphenol size, or mean degree of polymerization (mDP) may influence bioactivity. This study examined how starting materials and processing parameters in the wine production process impact the polyphenolic profile in finished wine and wine‐like products. Cabernet Sauvignon grapes were fermented under typical red winemaking conditions and following an extended chilled fruit maceration period. Additionally, rosé wine was made from the same grapes processed and fermented under typical rosé winemaking conditions, with excess skins, with excess seeds, and with excess crushed seeds (from the same lot of grapes). Analytical replicates (n =5) of each wine or wine‐like product (n = 8) were thiolyzed to determine mean degrees of polymerization (mDP) using UPLC‐MS, and the polyphenolic profile of each wine was characterized using normal‐phase HPLC. Examination of the normal‐phase HPCL chromatograms revealed that the polyphenol profiles of the wines were different, but most peaks were identified in the monomer region. Interestingly, the rosé wines with excess seeds had the greatest amount of oligomer (DP = 2–8) and polymer (DP >9–10) compounds. Monomers were the most abundant flavanols present in all wines. Due to the high concentrations of baseline monomers, mDP of flavanols were not significantly different among the products (p > 0.05). mDP for each wine was approximately 2, indicating that the average size of the flavanols in these products were dimers, not large polymers. It can be concluded that processing parameters, even when pushing the boundaries of winemaking practice, are not the primary factor enriching wine in large polymeric flavanols. Flavanol solubility may limit enrichment potential in wine, particularly for larger species. Future research in this area will include products made from other fruits, and subjected to other processing methods such as oxidation and cooking.

Support or Funding Information

Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Virginia Tech Translational Obesity Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program
Do Healthcare Professionals with High Weight Biases Provide Different Quality of Care to Obese Compared to Normal Weight Patients?
Authors: Seymour Justine , Barnes Jennifer L , Schumacher Julie , Vollmer Rachel L
Published: November 2023

Although weight bias has been established as an issue in healthcare, it is less understood if, and how it may impact quality of care. The purpose of this study was to determine if weight bias exhibited by healthcare professionals (HCPs) impacts quality of healthcare provided to obese individuals. HCPs (n=220; 89% female, 94% nurses) in the Midwest region of the United States were recruited to complete an online survey. Participants completed the Attitude Towards Obese Persons scale (ATOP) to assess weight bias and responded to hypothetical patient scenarios to evaluate quality of care. A median split was calculated for ATOP scores to divide participants into high or low weight bias groups. Within these groups, thematic analysis was used to uncover themes in quality of care based upon participants' responses to scenarios. Results revealed that overall, diet and exercise modifications were the most common treatment methods. Additionally, in both weight bias groups, obese patients were started on pharmaceutical therapies sooner, given more specific diet and exercise recommendations, and offered health advice regarding weight loss. A word count revealed “educate” and “encourage” were used in similar frequencies (69–73%) for patients; however, in the high weight bias group, these words were used less frequently (25%) for obese patients. The findings of this study suggest a need to educate HCPs, especially those with high weight bias, on the importance of empathy and compassion when providing treatment to all patients, regardless of weight, to improve patient outcomes.
Paradoxical effects of PGC‐1 isoforms on retinal pigment epithelium: Implication for neovascular retinal diseases
Authors: SAINT‐GENIEZ MAGALI , Charles Quincy , Rosales Mariana , Khadka Arogya , Iacovelli Jared
Published: November 2023

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly population of industrialized countries. A compelling set of evidences indicates that oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are key early events in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) but the root mechanisms for RPE pro‐angiogenic switch remain unclear. The transcriptional co‐activators, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator‐1alpha and beta (PGC‐1α and β) are critical regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in many tissues. We recently demonstrated that RPE maturation in vitro is correlated with PGC‐1α induction, mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that PGC‐1α controls RPE cells oxidative metabolism and efficiently protects cells from cytotoxic oxidative damage. Remarkably, our results indicate that, conversely to PGC‐1α, PGC‐1β expression is repressed during RPE maturation in a PGC‐1α‐dependent manner. Here we examined the role of PGC‐1β in RPE biology and response to oxidative damage. We showed that while forced expression of PGC‐1β stimulates RPE mitochondrial respiration similarly to PGC‐1α, PGC‐1β significantly repressed the expression of critical antioxidant transcription factors (FOXO3 and NFE2L2) and enzymes (HMOX1, CAT) leading to increased oxidative damage and cell death in RPE exposed to cytotoxic levels of H2O2 (0.5 mM for 18 hours). We next evaluated whether AMD‐related toxicants could induce PGC‐1β expression in cultured RPE and demonstrated that PGC‐1β, but not PGC‐1α, is selectively induced by cytotoxic doses of oxidized LDL (500 μg/ml for 24 hrs) while non‐oxidized LDL had no effect. Finally we demonstrated that PGC‐1β overexpression in RPE robustly induced PlGF (Placenta Growth factor) expression but not VEGFA and strongly repressed the RPE‐secreted anti‐angiogenic factors, thrombospondin‐1 (THBS1) and PEDF. All together, these findings indicate that PGC‐1s exert paradoxical functions in RPE and that pathologic induction of PGC‐1β may promote RPE oxidative damage and choroidal neovascularization.

Support or Funding Information

Supported by the National Institutes of Health (1R01EY023682 to M.S.G.), a Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant (M.S.G), donations to the Macular Degeneration Research, a program of the BrightFocus Foundation (M.S.G) and the NIH National Eye Institute core grant P30EY003790.