bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiolekto požymiai elektroninių laiškų leksikoje
Authors: Žalkauskaitė Gintarė
Published: June 2016

Šiame straipsnyje tyrinėjama asmeninių elektroninių laiškų leksika. Tyrimo tikslas yra nustatyti, ar elektroninių laiškų leksikoje atsispindi laiškų autoriaus idiolektas, ir kokios žodžių grupės gali padėti jį atpažinti. Šiuo tikslu tirta, kokios dažnai vartojamos žodžių formos skiriasi šešių asmenų rašytuose elektroniniuose laiškuose. Nustatyta, kad žodžių formos, kurias vieni autoriai pasirenka dvigubai arba kelis kartus dažniau nei kiti, sudaro nuo 7 proc. iki 21 proc. vieno autoriaus elektroniniuose laiškuose pasikartojančios neteminės leksikos. Vartosenos dažniu išsiskiriančios žodžių formos priklauso įvairioms kalbos dalims, tad idiolekto atpažinimui reikalinga plati visų kalbos dalių vartosenos analizė. Nustatyta, kad elektroniniuose laiškuose idiolektus labiausiai skiria autoriaus požiūrį perteikiantys žodžiai, žodžių formos, pasirenkamos iš galimų sinonimų ir variantų, nenorminės vartosenos žodžių formos ir laiko dimensiją nusakantys žodžiai. Šis tyrimas parodo, kad elektroninių laiškų leksikoje esama idiolekto požymių, kurie, šalia kitų kalbos lygmenų analizės, gali padėti atpažinti autoriaus stilių ir atskirti jo parašytus tekstus nuo kitų autorių tekstų.
Ein phraseologisches Lernerwörterbuch? Warum denn nicht!
Authors: Lapinskas Saulius , Stanulevič Irena
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje aprašomos trikalbio vokiečių, lietuvių ir lenkų kalbų mokomojo frazeologijos žodyno, skirto moksleiviams ir studentams, sudarymo problemos. Straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti, kokiu optimaliausiu būdu galima išspręsti šias problemas: frazeologizmų lematizaciją, jų išdėstymo principus, antraštinių formų pateikimą, deskriptorių, kilmės aiškinimo, vartosenos ir pragmatinių komentarų, nuorodų ir pavyzdžių pateikimo galimybes. Sprendžiant šias problemas nustatyta, kad būtina sudaryti žodyno rašymo etapus, parengti frazeologinį antraštyną, kuris atspindėtų į žodyną įtraukiamus semantinius laukus, ypatingą dėmesį teikiant frazeologizmų denotacinių, konotacinių ir kultūrologinių reikšmių aprašymui. Straipsnyje aptariama žodyno apimtis ir struktūra, žodyno apipavidalinimo galimybės, pateikiamų frazeologizmų tipai, siekimas pateikti bendrinės ir dalykinių kalbų frazeologijos pavyzdžius.
Evidential adjectives in Lithuanian academic discourse
Authors: Ruskan Anna
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama bevardės giminės būdvardžių akivaizdu, aišku, natūralu ir panašuvartosena lietuvių rašytiniame akademiniame diskurse. Tyrimo tikslas yra aptarti šių būdvardžių morfosintaksinį statusą, nustatyti jų funkcijas ir svarbą autoriaus argumentacijai reikšti. Straipsnyje pateikiama kiekybinė ir kokybinė būdvardžių analizė. Tyrime remiamasi tekstynų inspiruota metodologija − medžiaga yra paimta iš Lietuvių akademinio tekstyno, kurį sudaro įvairių mokslo sričių tekstai.Kokybinė ir kiekybinė bevardės giminės būdvardžių akivaizdu, aišku, natūralu ir panašuanalizė rodo, kad dažniausiai šie būdvardžiai vartojami kaip komplementiniai predikatai, kurie nurodo autoriaus žinių šaltinį, ir rečiau vartojami kaip parentezė. Komplementinė vartosena yra dažnesnė negu parentetinė, nes parentezė yra labiau būdinga sakytiniam diskursui. Pažymėtina, kad socialiniuose ir humanitariniuose moksluose šie būdvardžiai yra dažnesni negu biomedicinos, technologijų ir fizinių mokslų srityse. Skirtinga kiekybinė būdvardžių distribucija įvairiose mokslo srityse paaiškinama mokslo sričių specifika.Kiekybinė analizė atskleidžia, kad pagrindinė šių būdvardžių funkcija yra evidencinė, t.y. jie nurodo autoriaus žinių šaltinį. Šie būdvardžiai reiškia autoriaus numanymą, kuris gali remtis išoriniu arba vidiniu autoriaus žinių šaltiniu. Išorinis žinių šaltinis nurodo, kad autorius remiasi percepcijos duomenimis, tyrimo rezultatais, su kuriais supažindina ir skaitytoją. Vidinis žinių šaltinis nurodo, kad numanymas yra paremtas daugiau autoriaus samprotavimu arba prielaida apie skaitytojo žinias. Remdamasis vidiniu žinių šaltiniu, autorius įtikina skaitytoją propozicijos teisingumu arba pradeda su skaitytoju polemizuoti. Skirtingas numanymo pagrindas lemia skirtingą autoriaus poziciją. Numanymas akademiniame diskurse yra intersubjektyvus, nes autorius aiškiai nurodo žinių šaltinio prieinamumą skaitytojui.
Autoriaus pozicijos adverbialai ir adverbializacija lietuvių mokslo kalboje
Authors: Smetona Antanas , Usonienė Aurelija
Published: June 2016

Straipsnio tikslas parodyti, kodėl reikėtų ir kodėl galima būtų skirti semantinę-funkcinę adverbialų klasę lietuvių kalboje. Pastaroji nėra tapatinama su prieveiksmiais kaip tradicine kalbos dalimi gramatikoje ar aplinkybėmis kaip tradicine sakinio dalimi sintaksėje. Be to, nėra kvestionuojamas aptariamų kalbos reiškinių statusas kalbos dalių ar sakinio dalių požiūriu. Siūloma atkreipti dėmesį į kalboje objektyviai egzistuojančią straipsnyje aptariamų raiškos priemonių aiškinimo įvairovę. Jų semantinė-funkcinė charakteristika netelpa į prieveiksmių (DLKG 1996, 422-429; Valeckienė 1998, 169-170), aplinkybių (DLKG 1996, 527-553; Valeckienė 1998, 55-66) bei modifikuojamųjų dalelyčių (Valeckienė 1998, 191) reikšmių ir tipų klasifikaciją. Šios semantinės-funkcinės klasės aptarimas remiasi autoriaus pozicijos raiškos tyrimu lietuvių mokslo kalboje1. Visi kalbos duomenys surinkti iš Lietuvių mokslo kalbos tekstyno (Corpus Academicum Lithuanicum: http://coralit.lt/). Darbe trumpai apžvelgiami akademinio diskurso ypatumai ir autoriaus pozicijos vaidmuo užmezgant ir plėtojant dialogą su skaitytoju. Epizodiškai gretinami adverbialinių autoriaus pozicijos sąvokos apimties ir jos raiškos būdų ypatumai kitose kalbose. Pateikiama autoriaus pozicijos adverbialų semantinė klasifikacija ir jų raiškos priemonių įvairovė. Labai trumpai aptariama adverbializacijos proceso esmė ir jo sąsajos su gramatikalizacija bei intersubjektyvumu.
Evaluation in discussion sessions of conference presentations: theoretical foundations for a multimodal analysis
Authors: Querol-Julián Mercedes , Fortanet-Gómez Inmaculada
Published: June 2016

Discussions sessions have not received much attention within the genre of conference presentations. In this paper, we present the theoretical framework that underlies the approach followed to analyse the multimodal expression of evaluation. Then, an example of the application of the study has been considered necessary to understand it. Corpus linguistics provided the indications to collect the corpus, annotate it and find the appropriate software to digitalise the relevant information for the study. Secondly, genre studies and conversational analysis gave the clues to establish a structure in the linguistic expressions found in the discussion sessions of paper presentations. Thirdly, systemic functional linguistics and pragmatics provided the basis for an evaluative scheme that could be applied to the academic discourse of the corpus, considering its multimodal nature. Fourthly, the tools to observe the non-verbal communication associated with evaluative language were found in multimodal discourse analysis studies. All together, the application of these variables led to an original study of discussion sessions, which deployed interesting results.
Pozicijos konstrukcijos: tarp depiktyvų ir rezultatyvų
Authors: Riaubienė Benita
Published: June 2016

The paper examines Lithuanian posture constructions such as stovi stačias ‘stands uprightʼ which have been briefly discussed in Holvoet (2008). However, a more exhaustive examination has not been carried out yet. The discussion is based on 1002 examples fromThe Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language.Some of the secondary predicates occurring in posture constructions exhibit semantic features of either resultatives or depictives, while the others cannot be clearly judged as resultatives or depictives since they show both kinds of features. The encoding of the secondary predicates also oscillates between the depictive and the resultative marking. Thus the purpose of the paper is to establish the factors which determine different semantic interpretations and different formal marking of the construction.The author follows Holvoet (2008) in assuming that the semantic structure of the constructions depends on the semantic features of the verb. It is proposed that the lexical aspect and the lexical meaning of the verb determine a resultative, a depictive or a “neutralized” (“intermediate”) interpretation of the construction.As the data show, the secondary predicate is usually encoded by an adjective (depictive-like marking), however, sometimes it is expressed by an adverb (resultative-like marking) as well. It is assumed that the choice between the adjective and the adverb is determined by the lexical features of the secondary predicate rather than of the verb. Some of the posture notions seem to be more oriented towards the participant of an event and thus opt to be expressed by an adjective, while others are more oriented towards the event and therefore are encoded by an adverb.It is hypothesized that the reason for the oscillating marking lies in the constructions with a neutralized meaning. The cases which are ambiguous between the depictive and the resultative meaning constitute a precondition for establishing the double marking. This twofold marking is then extended to the constructions which carry clearly the depictive or the resultative meaning.
Parent Health Literacy, Depression, and Risk for Pediatric Injury
Authors: Cheng Erika R. , Bauer Nerissa S. , Downs Stephen M. , Sanders Lee M.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:

Population-wide research on the impact of parent health literacy to children’s health outcomes is limited. We assessed the relationship of low parent health literacy to a range of pediatric health risks within a large cohort of primary care patients.

METHODS:

Data were from 17 845 English- and Spanish-speaking parents of children aged ≤7 years presenting for well-child care. We used a 3-item screener to measure health literacy. Outcomes included secondhand smoke exposure, asthma treatment nonadherence, parent depression, child-rearing practices, injury prevention, and parent first-aid knowledge. We summarized study variables with descriptive statistics and then performed multivariable logistic regression to identify associations between low parent literacy and our dependent measures.

RESULTS:

Mean child age was 4.8 years (SD 3.7); 36.5% of parent respondents had low health literacy. In models adjusted for child gender, race/ethnicity, insurance, age, and parent language preference, low parent health literacy was related to a range of pediatric health risks, including parent depression (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.32; 95% confidence interval 1.18–1.48), firearm access (AOR 1.68; 1.49–1.89), not having a working smoke detector (AOR 3.54; 2.74–4.58), and lack of first-aid knowledge about choking (AOR 1.67; 1.44–1.93) and burns (AOR 1.45; 1.29–1.63). Children of parents with low health literacy were also more likely to watch >2 hours of television per day (AOR 1.27; 1.17–1.36).

CONCLUSIONS:

Low parent health literacy is independently and significantly related to parent depression, child television viewing, and at-risk family behaviors associated with child injury. Use of low-literacy approaches to health-behavior interventions may be essential to address common child morbidities.
The Mechanism of Action of LCZ696
Authors: Menendez Juan Tamargo ,   Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
Published: June 2016

Heart failure (HF) represents a growing financial burden on healthcare systems and despite therapeutic advances, mortality remains high. Current treatments focus on blocking neurohormonal pathways, such as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Recent research has focused on the natriuretic peptide system, which confers beneficial effects in HF, whereas activation of the RAAS and of the sympathetic nervous system has detrimental effects. LCZ696 (sacubutril/valsartan), a first-in-class angiotensin II AT1receptor neprilysin inhibitor, has a unique mode of action that targets both pathways. Clinical studies to date indicate that LCZ696 is effective and safe in mild to moderate arterial hypertension and in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction, and has been shown to be superior to enalapril in patients with moderate to severe HF due to reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.
Should Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors Replace Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Heart Failure With a Reduced Ejection Fraction?
Authors: Hayman Sam , Atherton John J ,   Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,   Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia,   University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Published: June 2016

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been the cornerstone of treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) for over two decades. Inhibition of neprilyisin augments vasoactive substances including natriuretic peptides, which may have multiple advantageous effects in chronic HF. Early studies of neprilyisin inhibition led to drug discontinuation due to lack of efficacy or safety concerns. Sacubitril/valsartan is a first-in-class combined angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI). The PARADIGM-HF study demonstrated robust superiority of ARNI compared with enalapril in patients with chronic symptomatic HFrEF, raising the question of whether ACEI should still have a role in the management of HFrEF.
Current Understanding Of The Compensatory Actions Of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides in Cardiac Failure: A Clinical Perspective
Authors: Lee Noel S , Daniels Lori B ,   Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,   Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Published: June 2016

Natriuretic peptides play a crucial role in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Among their properties are vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and inhibition of cardiac remodeling. As heart failure progresses, however, natriuretic peptides fail to compensate. Knowledge of their processing and signaling pathways has guided the development of pharmacological therapies aimed at bolstering their effects. The drugs that have achieved the most clinical success have also stirred the most controversy. Nesiritide, the synthetic B-type natriuretic peptide, yielded significant symptomatic relief and improved haemodynamics but its use was plagued with questions surrounding its possibly harmful impact on renal function. More recently, compounds containing inhibitors of neprilysin, the enzyme responsible for degrading natriuretic peptides, have demonstrated morbidity and mortality benefit, but have also been linked to possible negative side effects. Clearly, potentiating the actions of natriuretic peptides for the benefit of patients is not as simple as just raising their serum concentration. This article reviews the current understanding of the compensatory actions of cardiac natriuretic peptides in heart failure and how this knowledge is revolutionizing heart failure therapy.
Wie nutzen Lernende des Deutschen das Internet zur Bearbeitung von Lernaufgaben?
Authors: Vargas Pineda Carlos Andrés
Published: June 2016

Das Fremdsprachenlernen geschieht schon längst nicht nur im Klassenzimmer. Die Lernmöglichkeiten sind aufgrund der durch das Internet entstandenen kommunikativen  Möglichkeiten allgegenwärtig. Der vorliegende Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie Lernende des Deutschen sich der im Internet befindlichen Werkzeuge (Suchmaschinen, Wörterbücher, Foren, usw.) zur Bearbeitung von Lernaufgaben bedienen. Um der Antwort auf die Frage näher zu kommen, wurde die Methode „Lautes Denken“ im Laufe der Bearbeitung der Lernaufgabe eingesetzt. Im Artikel gehe ich erstens der Definition des Begriffes Lernaufgabe und seinen Merkmalen im Rahmen der Neuen Medien nach. Zweitens beschäftige ich mich mit dem Einfluss der Lernereigenschaften und des Lernkontextes auf die Aufgabenbearbeitung. Den verschiedenen, von den Lernenden eingesetzten Strategien zur Bearbeitung der Online-Aufgabe widme ich mich an dritter Stelle. Anschließend gehe ich auf die Methode „Lautes Denken“ und die Probleme ihres Einsatzes ein. Zum Schluss stelle ich die Analyse der Ergebnisse und einige Bemerkungen für künftige ähnliche Forschungsvorhaben vor. Die Arbeit ist als Modellversuch konzipiert, welcher darauf abzielt, die Qualität und die Verlässlichkeit des Verfahrens „Lautes Denken“ und der durch diese Methode erhobenen Daten zu überprüfen und über die Erfahrung der Durchführung eines derartigen Vorhabens für nachfolgende und umfangreichere Projekte zu berichten.
Invisibilidad, visibilidad y “mal-visibilidad” de las poblaciones afro en los libros de enseñanza de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE). Una mirada cruzada entre Francia y Gabón
Authors: Lefèvre Sébastien , Okome-beka Véronique
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo parte de dos experiencias docentes en enseñanza del español en dos contextos diferentes. Esencialmente se buscó en una serie de libros de texto de enseñanza del español, analizar la presencia y la representación de las poblaciones afro. En un primer momento, se estudió el contexto francés y posteriormente el contexto gabonés. Este cruce de miradas permitió en conclusión plantear la idea de la permanencia de un continuum colonial en cuanto a la invisibilidad y/o mal-visibilidad de las poblaciones afro en los libros de texto de ELE y proponer una serie de principios para remediar esta situación.
Les nouvelles technologies face à l’historiographie positiviste de l’histoire de France : étude sur le 19ème siècle en français : enjeux et perspectives
Authors: Bailblé Olivier , Bailblé Eric
Published: June 2016

Cet article a donné la possibilité de rendre compte d’une analyse lexicale du 19ème siècle français dans l’édition mondiale produite durant les 19ème et 20ème siècles à l’aide d’un nouvel outil lexicométrique nommé « N-gram-Viewer » (visualisateur de fréquence de mots). Cet instrument numérique en ligne sur l’Internet nous a permis de réaliser une approche assez précise des occurrences lexicales des deux derniers siècles. Ce logiciel qui manipule un corpus de 5 millions de livres numérisés est à la fois linguistique et historique. Il offre en effet des possibilités nouvelles pour apprécier et expliquer l’histoire du 19ème siècle français entre mythe et réalité.La problématique centrale de cet article a donc été la suivante : dans quelle mesure peut-on dire que les nouvelles technologies linguistiques permettent d’obtenir un autre re- gard sur l’histoire dite traditionnelle d’un pays ? Et plus avant encore : dans quelle mesure peut-on dire aussi qu’une analyse structurelle macro-lexicale peut débusquer des représen- tations inédites et constitutives gravitant autour des « Grands Hommes » liés naturellement à l’histoire événementielle ou des positivistes d’un pays ?Les données obtenues ont permis de construire des courbes d’occurrences lexicales (nommées N-grammes) qui nous ont donné accès à un monde numérique jusqu’ici caché. Cet outil nous a permis surtout de voir un double immatériel de la mémoire de l’humanité car il offre l’accès à des traitements algorithmiques accélérés et à des enregistrements mas- sifs d’information connectés à l’édition mondiale.La science de fouilles de données (data mining), la science de réseaux (les graphes obtenus par l’Internet) et leur mise à jour par des « datas centers », tels ont été les trois pa- ramètres essentiels de cette recherche. Ces trois aspects techniques ont constitué la toile de fond de cette étude qui dispose au final de plus de 500 milliards de mots, soit environ 5 téraoctets. La création numérique de ce méga-texte réalisé par les laboratoires « Google » et l’université d’Harvard en 2010 a donc ouvert des perspectives inédites entre culture et nu- mérique, d’où le néologisme récent de « Culturomique » pour nommer ce microscope d’analyse linguistique au service de l’histoire.
Educación bilingüe en Argentina – Programas y docentes
Authors: Banfi Cristina , Rettaroli Silvia , Moreno Laureana
Published: June 2016

Actualmente, existe una gran variedad de programas de educación bilingüe a nivel mundial y Argentina no es una excepción. Allí, la etiqueta “educación bilingüe” suele aplicarse a una amplia gama de programas que abarcan diversas poblaciones y necesidades específicas.El educador se presenta como elemento clave, así como la importancia de su formación docente que, en algunos casos, ha sufrido modificaciones en los últimos años. Estos cambios se han dado de forma paulatina y como consecuencia de políticas educativas que, además, asisten en la búsqueda de docentes con perfiles específicos.Este artículo presenta un estado de la cuestión actualizado en lo referido a los programas considerados “bilingües” en Argentina. Se detallaron los objetivos y alcances de cada uno de los programas. En segundo lugar, se describieron las características de los docentes que se desempeñan en estos contextos y el tipo de formación que reciben en la actualidad. Por último, se analizaron las posibles áreas de convergencia de los programas bilingües en Argentina, a saber, la relación de poder relativa de las lenguas involucradas y las áreas de base de conocimiento que resultan indispensables para enseñar en los diversos programas de educación bilingüe de Argentina.
De francisant à enseignant de français : réflexion sur le parcours de formation des enseignants arabophones de français langue 3
Authors: Zanchi Carine
Published: June 2016

Cet article tente de dresser un état des lieux de la formation des enseignants de fran- çais langue étrangère dans deux pays arabes à savoir la Jordanie et le Bahreïn où le français a le statut de langue 3.Dans la Jordanie et le Bahreïn, le français est une langue étrangère enseignée comme matière optionnelle ou obligatoire dans le système scolaire et universitaire dans le cadre d’accords de coopération entre le pays d’accueil et la France.Fort de ce constat, s’intéresser à ces enseignants en charge de la diffusion de la langue française principalement à leur formation initiale et continue mais aussi à leur propre contexte professionnel, retient notre attention. De fait, il faut souligner que nom- breux sont ces enseignants à être passés du statut de francisant à francophone en un laps de temps assez court.Cet écrit veut également s’adresser à tous les professionnels de la diffusion du fran- çais langue étrangère qui peuvent ainsi découvrir d’autres réalités de formation universi- taires dans différents contextes éducatifs.Cet article s’articule autour de cinq points : la présentation de ces pays arabes de tradition anglophone, l’introduction du français dans ces pays, les raisons de la diffusion de la francophonie, l’état des lieux de la formation initiale des enseignants de français en Jor- danie et au Bahreïn et la réception des formations universitaires franco-françaises pour de- venir professeur de français.
Editorial
Authors: Reinhard Babel
Published: June 2016

Editorial
Evaluación del crecimiento de la jaiba Callinectes sapidus en la costa de Tamaulipas, México: comparación de tres métodos indirectos
Authors: Rodríguez Castro Jorge Homero
Published: June 2016

Abstract: Evaluation of the growth of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus in coastal Tamaulipas, Mexico: comparison of three indirect methods. The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is one of the major fisheries of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico; both in volume and selling price, such as employment generation, but has little information on its biological characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth parameters of the blue crab, establishing the most appropriate method to do it. Length frequency of 17 814 crabs from commercial catch of thirteen locations, including four coastal lagoons, was estimated. The lagoons was El Barril, Madre, Morales and San Andrés., from Tamaulipas, State. Growth parameters were evaluated using indirect methods ELEFAN PROJMAT and SLCA in combination with the jackknife technique to establish the uncertainty of estimates inherent in each method. The growth parameters L ∞ and K were consolidated for purposes of comparison with the growth index phi prime (Φ '). The shell length interval varied between 60 and 205 mm. Estimates by jackknife detected no variability in Φ ' between locations and significant differences between methods. The ranges of values of Φ ' and PROJMAT estimated SLCA (4.70 to 4.71 and 4.66 to 4.70, respectively) were in the range reported in the literature ( 4.201 – 4.798), while lower values ELEFAN contributed significantly ( 3.87 to 4.27 ). The SLCA and PROJMAT methods in combination with the jackknife technique, proved to be the most suitable to estimate the growth parameters of C. sapidus.
Effect of temperature and salinity on the reproductive cycle of males and females of Crassostrea virginica (Bivalvia: Ostreidae).
Authors: Ascencio Aguirre Luis Alfonso , Enríquez D. Martha , Martínez M. Imelda , Aldana A. Dalila
Published: June 2016

The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, is one of the most important economic coastal fishery activities in Mexico. As for other bivalve molluscs, its sustainability is based on healthy populations, and additional information on current reproductive cycles, will reinforce local management strategies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and salinity on the gonadal development stages in both sexes and in two size groups (40-60 mm and ≥ 61 mm) of C. virginica from Tamiahua Lagoon, Gulf of Mexico. Monthly surveys of 90 organisms were undertaken, for a yearly total of 1 080 oysters sampled from the lagoon in 2011. Both field and laboratory work used standard procedures. Our results showed that reproduction was continuous in both sexes, but some peaks of the reproductive cycle were observed along the year. Peaks registered from January to July were for gametogenesis; those of June and September were for mature individuals; and in January, February, and from September to December, for spawning/spent oysters. Maturity of females of both range sizes was positively correlated with temperature, but not for males. For spawning, spent individuals, males of sizes ≥ 61 mm were positively correlated with salinity, whereas smaller males (40-60 mm) and females of both sizes, did not show any correlation. In this study, we observed that temperature and salinity had a different effect in the reproduction of the American oyster of different sizes and sexes of Tamiahua lagoon.
Ecuaciones alométricas de biomasa aérea para la estimación de los contenidos de carbono en manglares del Caribe Colombiano
Authors: Yepes Adriana
Published: June 2016

Abstract: Tree above-ground biomass allometries for carbon stocks estimation in the Caribbean mangroves in Colombia

In this study, we analyzed the above ground biomass of the species Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans in the mangrove ecosystem located at Marine Protected Area called in Spanish Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Cispatá-Tinajones-La Balsa, Caribbean Colombian coast. We harvest 30 individuals of each species in field and built allometric models in order to estimates of aboveground biomass with low levels of uncertainty. Our results indicate that the above ground biomass of mangrove forests in the DMI Colombian Caribbean is the 129.69±20.24Mg/ha, the equivalent to 64.85±10.12MgC/ha. The DMI has an area of 8 570.9ha in mangrove forests, and we estimated the total carbon potential stored is about 555 795.93Mg. Although there are pantropical and national above ground biomass allometric models, most of them do not discriminate mangrove forests, despite being particular ecosystems. The equations generated in this study can be considered as an alternative for the assessment of carbon stocks in above ground biomass of mangrove forests in Colombia, and can be used for analysis at a more detailed scale and they are useful for determinate the potential for carbon storage in mangrove forests like an option for the country in forest conservation and emission reduction by deforestation.
Comparison of forest regeneration in two sites with different primate abundances in Northwestern Ecuador
Authors: Calle-Rendón Bayron R. , Peck Mika , Bennett Sara E. , Morelos-Juarez Citlalli , Alfonso Felipe
Published: June 2016

There is increasing evidence that large-bodied primates play important roles as seed dispersers and in the maintenance of tree diversity in forest ecosystems. In this study we compared forest regeneration at two sites with differing primate abundances in the Ecuadorian Chocoan rainforest. We predicted: (1) significant differences in primate abundance between the two sites; (2) higher understory tree species richness and density at the site with greater primate abundance; (3) the site with lower primate abundance characterized by tree species dispersed by non-primate biotic agents and/or abiotic factors. We compared two sites, Tesoro Escondido (TE) a campesino cooperative, and the El Pambilar (EP) wildlife refuge that both maintain populations of mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), the brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps fusciceps) and the capuchin monkey (Cebus capucinus). We characterized canopy structure by point-quadrant sampling, determined primate abundance and sampled seedlings/saplings in 1 m2 plots, classifying tree species based on three dispersal syndromes: adapted for primate dispersal, dispersed by other biological agents, and abiotic dispersal. We compared sites in terms of primate abundance (groups and individuals observed per day) and regeneration characteristics (overall density, species richness, and dispersal syndrome). We carried out within site comparisons and constructed understory tree species accumulation curves. Overall the forests were structurally similar - with significantly higher densities of A. f. fusciceps at TE. Encounter rates for the other two primate species were similar at both sites. Understory tree density and species richness was significantly higher in TE with no stabilization of tree species accumulation curves. The species accumulation curve for understory trees at EP stabilized. Higher densities and species richness of primate dispersed tree species were observed at TE, with non-primate biotically dispersed tree species the dominant dispersal syndrome at both sites. Our observations are consistent with those from other studies investigating the role of large-bodied frugivorous primates in forest regeneration, and point to a general pattern: future lowland tropical forest tree diversity depends on maintaining robust populations of large primate species in these systems. It is highly probable that the maintenance of high levels of tree diversity in Chocoan rainforests is dependent on the conservation of its largest resident primate, the critically endangered brown-headed spider monkey (A. f. fusciceps).
Seed colour affects light and temperature requirements during germination in two Lotus species (Fabaceae) of the Arabian subtropical deserts
Authors: Bhatt Arvind , Gairola Sanjay , El-Keblawy Ali A.
Published: June 2016

The effect of seed colour on germination behavior and both light and temperature requirements was assessed in Lotus glinoides and Lotus halophilus (Fabaceae) from the hyper-arid deserts of the United Arab Emirates. Germination was assessed in term of both final germination level (percentage) and germination rate, as expressed by Timson’s germination velocity index. Lotus glinoides produces black and yellow-colored seeds and L. halophilus produces green and yellow seeds. Different seed lots were germinated in both light and darkness at different temperatures. Yellow seeds of the two species attained significantly lower germination, compared to black and green seeds. There was no specific light or temperature requirements for the germination of the two coloured seeds of L. glinoides; the effect of interactions between seed colour and both light and temperature of incubation on final germination percentage were not significant. In L. halophilus, green seeds germinated significantly more in both light and darkness at lower temperatures (15/25 °C) and in light at higher temperatures (25/35 °C), compared to yellow seeds. Yellow seeds germinated faster, compared to black at 15/25 °C in L. glinoides and compared to green seeds at15/25 °C and 25/35 °C in L. halophilus. Seed colour variation, at least in L. halophilus, could be a survival strategy that would determine the time of germination throughout the year in the unpredictable desert environment.
Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how a supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?
Authors: Costa Fernanda Vieira da , Queiroz Antônio César Medeiros de , Maia Maria Luiza Bicalho , Júnior Ronaldo Reis , Fagundes Marcílio
Published: June 2016

Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defence against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. The trade-off between vegetative growth and defence, and their indirect effects on herbivory in Copaifera langsdorffii was evaluated during two consecutive years of high and low reproductive investment of host plant. We asked: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by CNBH, resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defence? (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defence between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (high fruiting) and 2009 (no fruiting) years to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defence (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory. During fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources which could be invested both in growth and defence. In addition, plant resistance and galling attack were positively influenced by tannin concentration and leaf biomass, suggesting that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defence and an effective defence strategy for C. langsdorffii. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several effects on plant development, demonstrating the importance of evaluating different plants traits when characterizing the vegetative investment of a species. As expected, the trade-off promoted changes in defence compounds production and patterns of herbivory. The understanding of this important element of insect-plant interactions will be fundamental to decipher coevolutionary life histories and interactions between plants reproduction and herbivores attack. These direct and indirect trajectories of animal-plant interactions are important keys for the development of appropriate strategies for diversity conservation in tropical areas.
Cellular development of the germinal epithelium during the gametogenic cycle of the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)
Authors: Dei Tos Claudenice , Quagio Grassiotto Irani , Mazzoni Talita Sarah
Published: June 2016

The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive species that has quickly dispersed and colonized several potential different habitats distributed all over the world, causing environmental and economic impacts. The control of the species depends on knowledge of its reproductive aspects. Approximately 1 200 specimens of L. fortunei were sampled periodically on the upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil) from March 2010 to December 2012. Thus, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive aspects of L. fortunei, using high resolution histology, we described the cellular dynamic of the male and female germinal epithelium during the annual reproductive life history of this species. Based on the activity of the germinal epithelium and consequent germ cell development, this study has resulted in the recognition of the following reproductive phases: Developing, Spawning Capable, Regressing and Regenerating. In the characterization of these phases the following germ cells were described for males: spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Cell nests, oogonia, early prophase oocytes, previtellogenic oocytes and vitellogenic oocytes (early vitellogenic oocytes, middle vitellogenic oocytes and full-grown oocytes) were described for females. The morphological data and reproductive parameters shown here confirm how informative the cellular dynamic of the germinal epithelium is for the understanding of the cyclic gonadal events during the adult reproductive life of the mollusk in general. These knowledge about the gametogenesis of invasive species can become a fundamental tool for the development of control strategies and implementation of programs to decrease their proliferation in natural environments.
The diversity of ant communities and its connections with other arthropod communities from three temperate forest of Central Mexico
Authors: Guzmán-Mendoza Rafael , Castaño Meneses Gabriela
Published: June 2016

Ants have been considered as useful to bioindication due to their ecological characteristics. However, an important characteristic of a bioindicator group, there must be a consistent and repeatable response to an environmental disturbance. On this matter, divergent responses have been reported, even among closely related taxa. The aim of this work was to compare the diversity of ant communities from three temperate forests with different disturbance level and correlate their abundance, species richness and diversity with that found in other arthropod communities in the same forests. The results suggest that the site has an important influence on community ants and their values of richness, abundance and diversity are correlated to communities of spiders, beetles, grasshopers and true bugs, but not in all studied zones. The answers to environmental changes are not only by numerical ratios of abundance, richness or diversity, but also by indirect and causal ecological interactions. Finally the data seems to be indicating that the responds of ants to environmental disturbing are not necessarily reflected on other organism communities, in consequence the role of ants as bioindicator could be misleading
Rubiaceae in Brazilian Atlantic Forest remnants: floristic similarity and implications for conservation
Authors: Marques de Paiva Alessandra
Published: June 2016

The Atlantic Forest presents great biological complexity and high richness and endemism levels, but it is one of the most threatened phytogeographic domain on the planet. Brazil is one of the Rubiaceae diversity centers in the Neotropics. The relevance and representativeness of the Rubiaceae family in the Atlantic Forest is highlighted in floristic composition studies and tropical forest community structures. However, despite the urban expansion in the state of Rio de Janeiro, we still find large areas of continuous vegetation with high connectivity degree. Recently, Rubiaceae flora and floristic surveys were conducted in Restinga and forest areas of Rio de Janeiro state protected by Conservation Units. New Rubiaceae species also have been described in the fluminense flora and they showed localized distributions and small populations. The current paper analyzes the floristic composition of the Rubiaceae in eight Atlantic Forest remnants in the State of Rio de Janeiro - Área de Proteção Ambiental de Grumari, Área de Proteção Ambiental Palmares, Parque Estadual da Serra da Tiririca, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Parque Nacional de Jurubatiba, Reserva Biológica de Poço das Antas, Reserva Biológica do Tinguá e Reserva Ecológica de Macaé de Cima - using the PAST software ("Paleontological Statistics") with Sørensen coefficient. Low similarity levels were found due to the habitats’ heterogeneity. Restinga and forest remnants formed distinct groups. The dendrogram showed the formation of three groups, but only Área de Proteção Ambiental de Grumari and Parque Nacional de Jurubatiba (Restinga areas) showed strong bootstrap support (98%). The current study pointed out 19 micro endemic species from the Atlantic Forest, thus conservation strategies were herein discussed. Discrepancies between the Catalogue of Flora of Rio de Janeiro and the Red Book of Brazilian Flora (two of the main reference catalogs of Brazilian flora) have been identified. We also highlight the need for recollecting microendemic species from the Atlantic Forest. We have suggested developing the Red Book of Endangered Species Plant of the State of Rio de Janeiro and launching research projects based on the phylogeographic approach and on conservation biology to faster broadcast information about species that face restricted distribution in the Atlantic Forest.
Contrasting effects of habitat management on different feeding guilds of herbivorous insects in cacao agroforestry systems
Authors: Novais Samuel
Published: June 2016

Human pressure on natural habitats increases the importance of agroforests for biodiversity conservation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of traditional cacao agroforests, known as “cabrucas,” on the conservation of the herbivorous insect community in compared with that of monodominant rubber agroforests. The insects were sampled in three habitats in southeastern Bahia, Brazil: native forests, cabrucas and rubber agroforests. In each habitat, 18 plots of 10 m2 were established, and the structural measures were collected and herbivorous insects were sampled with a Malaise/window trap. The diversity of folivores decreased with the simplification of vegetation structure, but species composition was similar among habitats. In addition to a decrease in the availability of resources in monodominant rubber agroforests, the latex present in these systems limits the occurrence of species that cannot circumvent latex toxicity. The diversity of sap-sucking insects was similar among habitats, but species composition was similar only in the cabruca and native forest, and it was different in the rubber agroforest. We observed turnover and a higher frequency of individuals of the family Psyllidae in the rubber agroforest. The biology and behavior of psyllids and absence of natural enemies enable their diversity to increase when they are adapted to a new host. We observed a shift in the composition of xylophagous insects in the rubber agroforest compared with that of the other habitats. Moreover, this agroforest has low species richness but high individual abundance. Latex extraction is likely an important additional source of volatile compounds discharged into the environment, and it increases the attraction and recruitment of coleoborers to these sites. We conclude that cabrucas have an herbivorous insect community with a structure similar to the community found in native forests of the region, and they present a more interesting conservation strategy when compared with the rubber agroforests. We also emphasize the potential risk of local pest outbreaks in rubber agroforests for both the rubber trees and associated cacao tress.
Biological aspects and mating behavior in Leucothyreus albopilosus (Coleoptera)
Authors: Rodrigues Sergio Roberto , Ferreira Kleyton Rezende , Gomes Elias Soares
Published: June 2016

Members of the genus Leucothyreus Macleay, are little investigated, therefore, studies were conducted in the municipality of Aquidauana and Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, to analyze the biological aspects and mating behavior in Leucothyreus albopilosus. Adults were captured in a light trap. Afterwards, they were sexed and couples were isolated in the laboratory for reproduction and mating behavior. The biological studies started from eggs under laboratory conditions. In the field, we observed that adults were collected mostly in warmer and wetter periods, from August to March. The embryonic period of L. albopilosus lasted 20.5 days, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars lasted 31.0, 33.1 and 85.6 days, respectively. The pupal stage lasted 20 days and the egg to adult period was completed in 185.5 days. These results suggest that L. albopilosus can be characterized as univoltine specie. In laboratory, the adults performed the flying action after the sunset and normally the male seeks the female to start mating. The copulations occurred from 19:00 to 23:00 hours and lasted 19,45 minutes in average. The female is able to refuse the male in order to not start the copulation process. Adults were observed feeding on ripe bananas (Musa sp., Musaceae) and on mangaba flowers (Hancornia speciosa, Apocynaceae).
Early harvest increases post-harvest physiological quality of Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae) seeds
Authors: Shibata Marilia , Coelho Cileide Maria Medeiros
Published: June 2016

Araucaria angustifolia is a native conifer from Brazil and an endangered species. Its seeds have a short period of viability, and this factor contributes to its vulnerability. This study aimed to evaluate physiological quality during the development and post-storage period of A. angustifolia seeds. Cones A. angustifolia were collected in the Curitibanos – Santa Catarina - Brazil in March, April, May, June, July and classified in cotyledonary, I, II, III and IV development stage according to the month of collection. Thereafter, seeds were stored in a refrigerator for 60 and 120 days and submitted to germination test in a germination chamber (25°C – photoperiod 12 h), moisture content (105 °C by 24 hours), tetrazolium test (0.1% by 1 hour) and vigor tests: electric conductivity (75 mL distilled water at 25 °C) and germination speed index, shoot, root length. During seed development, the moisture content decreased from the cotyledonary stage (66.54%) to stage IV (47.44%), and an increase in viability and vigor at the last stage, was observed. During the storage, the moisture content at the cotyledonary and I stage was stable. On the other hand, at stages II and III, stored seeds showed decrease after 120 days.  Physiological quality at the cotyledonary stage increased germination to 86% and 93% after 60 and 120 days of storage, respectively. Unlike the stages II and III, that showed a decrease in seeds viability and vigor after storage. Electrical conductivity was higher for fresh seeds at the cotyledonary stage than for those stored for 60 days and 120 days. However, at other stages, released leachates content, after 120 days of storage, was higher with the advance of collection period. Germination speed index, shoot and root lengths showed seeds at cotyledonary and I stage had the highest values after storage period, unlike at stages II and III, where short root and shoot lengths were observed during storage. Thus, the maintenance of seed moisture content during storage was variable and dependent on the period of collection. Furthermore, the behavior of the physiological quality was different at the early and later stages. An early collection favored seeds physiological quality, and may be a strategy to increase the conservation of A. angustifolia seeds.