bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health
Authors: Lieberman Alicia F.
Published: July 2004

This article describes the interface between the fields of attachment and child trauma, their respective contributions to an understanding of infant mental health disturbances, and the clinical applications of an integration between attachment theory and trauma‐informed treatment and research. The organizing theme is that a dual attachment and trauma lens must be used in the assessment and treatment of infants and toddlers with mental health and relationship problems. The quality of attachment is an important factor in children's capacity to process and resolve traumatic experiences. At the same time, traumatic events often have a damaging effect on the quality of existing attachments by introducing unmanageable stress in the infant–parent relationship. It is argued that trauma in the first years of life needs to be assessed and treated in the context of the child's primary attachments. Reciprocally, the etiology of attachment disturbances should include an assessment of possible exposure to trauma in the child and in the parents. Current conceptualizations of attachment and trauma are reviewed from this perspective, and a clinical illustration is presented to highlight how a traumatic stressor can trigger behaviors reminiscent of disorganized attachment.
Foster mother state of mind and treatment use: Different challenges for different people
Authors: Dozier Mary , Sepulveda Sandra
Published: July 2004

On the basis of our research findings from the last 10 years, we have developed a training program for foster parents that targets three critical needs for infants in foster care. This treatment program has now been manualized to allow dissemination to other sites. With our intervention as well as any other, we see it as critical to tailor services to the needs of individual clients rather than adhering in doctrinaire fashion to the manual. In particular, we suggest that attending to foster parents' state of mind with regard to attachment is vital to providing an effective treatment. In this article, we present examples of foster parents with different states of mind and describe how treatment is tailored to meet their individual needs.
Thinking Differently About Academic Departments: The Academic Department as a Team
Authors: Eckel Peter
Published: July 2004

The notion of teams is applied to academic departments, and findings are
compared to conceptual models of self‐managing teams.
Demographic Trends and Projections Affecting Higher Education
Authors: Zúñiga Robin Etter
Published: July 2004

The demographic trends that will impact higher education enrollments as we enter the twenty‐first century are discussed.
Financing American Higher Education in the 1990s
Authors: Hauptman Arthur M.
Published: July 2004

The major aspects and prospects for the financing of higher education in the United States are reviewed.
Enrollment Forecasting and Revenue Implications for Private Colleges and Universities
Authors: Day James H.
Published: July 2004

The unique issues faced by private institutions of higher education in enrollment planning are discussed with suggestions for practice.
Methods and Techniques of Enrollment Forecasting
Authors: Brinkman Paul T. , McIntyre Chuck
Published: July 2004

The factors affecting enrollment are outlined, and alternate enrollment‐forecasting methodologies are reviewed and critiqued.
Methods and Techniques of Revenue Forecasting
Authors: Caruthers J. Kent , Wentworth Cathi L.
Published: July 2004

Several factors that should be considered in the development of revenue forecasts are identified and analyzed.
Meaningful Engagement for Sustained Change: The University of Calgary
Authors: Yeager Howard , Rogers Gayla , Finley Donna
Published: July 2004

The University of Calgary deployed a comprehensive, universitywide planning process to develop a vision for the university in the Knowledge Age and to redirect existing budget planning and resource allocation to meet new opportunities and changing federal and provincial resources.
The Cyberschool Initiative: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Authors: Blythe Earving
Published: July 2004

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University launched a $10 million Cyberschool initiative to infuse technology into the learning environment, both on and off campus. This initiative involved a powerful vision, campuswide training for all faculty, extensive development of IT and faculty infrastructure, and spreading of technology‐rich learning throughout the environment.
An Intrusive, Comprehensive Advising and Career Planning System: Eastern Michigan University
Authors: Erwin J. Michael
Published: July 2004

Eastern Michigan University fused its academic, developmental, and career advising and planning functions to create an intrusive, consolidated advising system that positions the university to advance a learner‐centered culture.
What Have We Learned from the Case Studies?
Authors: Norris Donald M. , Morrison James L.
Published: July 2004

The editors summarize the insights from the cases in this volume and other cases and describe lessons for all campuses approaching the Knowledge Age. They conclude by suggesting the basic competence campuses will need in order to succeed in the twenty‐first century.
Student Aid Issues at Private Institutions
Authors: Mulugetta Yuko , Saleh Donald A. , Mulugetta Abraham
Published: July 2004

The private sector faces unique challenges that can be addressed by research, including tuition discounting, the precipitous rise in student loans, and issues inherent in recycling tuition dollars as financial aid.
The Financial Nexus Between College Choice and Persistence
Authors: Paulsen Michael B. , St. John Edward P.
Published: July 2004

The connections between student aid, college choice, and persistence are not always fully understood by institutional researchers. Drawing from a national sample, the authors illustrate these linkages in useful ways for institutional researchers on their campuses.
Copyright Law and Institutional Researchers
Authors: Hollander Patricia A.
Published: July 2004

An attorney provides answers to frequently asked questions about the application of copyright law to the printed and electronic work of institutional research and its dissemination.
The Impact on Institutional Research of Open Meeting and Open Records Laws in Higher Education
Authors: Letzring Timothy D.
Published: July 2004

By reviewing court cases that have established precedents for public access to institutional records and meetings, this chapter suggests appropriate institutional responses to public requests for information.
State Synopses of Performance Funding Programs
Authors: Burke Joseph C. , Serban Andreea M.
Published: July 2004

This chapter summarizes the major elements of performance funding programs
in eleven states.
Performance Funding Indicators: Concerns, Values, and Models for State Colleges and Universities
Authors: Burke Joseph C.
Published: July 2004

The indicators for performance funding implicitly reflect concerns, values,
and models for the performance of public colleges and universities.
Performance Funding Criteria, Levels, and Methods
Authors: Serban Andreea M.
Published: July 2004

Along with goals and indicators, the design and implementation of performance
funding require the establishment of success standards, indicator
weights, allocation methods, and funding levels.
Performance Funding: Arguments and Answers
Authors: Burke Joseph C.
Published: July 2004

The components of performance funding can address the arguments against
its implementation.
Graduate Students: Institutional Climates and Disciplinary Cultures
Authors: Hirt Joan B. , Muffo John A.
Published: July 2004

This chapter discusses the decentralized and discipline‐specific nature of
graduate education and how it creates a unique and diverse climate for graduate
students.
Faculty and Staff: The Weather Radar of Campus Climate
Authors: Somers Patricia , Cofer James , Austin Jan L. , Inman Dean , Martin Tim , Rook Steve , Stokes Tim , Wilkinson Leah
Published: July 2004

Using a weather radar analogy, this chapter discusses climate issues related
to faculty and staff members.
The Climate for Diversity: Key Issues for Institutional Self‐Study
Authors: Hurtado Sylvia , Carter Deborah Faye , Kardia Diana
Published: July 2004

This chapter highlights key diversity issues for consideration in a climate
study, including those that affect women; racial and ethnic minorities; lesbian,
gay, bisexual, and transgendered students; and disabled students.
Campus Climate Issues to Consider for the Next Decade
Authors: Cress Christine M. , Sax Linda J.
Published: July 2004

Campus climate includes, and is affected by, student values, aspirations, and
behaviors. In light of these characteristics, this chapter discusses trends in
climate issues that have occurred in recent history and poses some research
questions for the future.
Introducing Quality Assurance in the Spanish University
Authors: Mora José‐Ginés , Vidal Javier
Published: July 2004

Quality assurance is a recent issue in Spain, but through imitation and innovation
the contours are crystallizing.
Quality Assurance in the Entrepreneurial University
Authors: Neal John E.
Published: July 2004

This emerging breed of institution is challenging traditional notions of academic rigor and quality while also providing alternative approaches to the quality assurance movement.
The Future Dynamics of Quality Assurance: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Gaither Gerald H.
Published: July 2004

Is quality assurance merely the latest tide of management reform to wash up
on the shores of academia, and will it survive into the new millennium?
Development of multinuclear giant cells during the degradation of Bioglass® particles in rabbits
Authors: Vogel Martin , Voigt Christian , Knabe Christine , Radlanski Ralf J. , Gross Ulrich M. , Müller‐Mai Christian M.
Published: July 2004

Bioglass® particles of the compositions 45s5, 52s, and 55s were implanted in the distal femoral epiphysis of rabbits. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 28, and 84 days postoperatively and specimens investigated using electron microscopy and electron dispersive X‐ray analysis. The intention was to correlate the finding of different types of multinuclear giant cells (MNGC) in the center of the implantation bed with earlier hypothesized accumulated particle eluates and changed particle compositions. The distribution of Si, Na, Ca, P, O, S, and Cl throughout the implantation bed was analyzed. Bioglass® particles degraded either in Si‐rich remnants or in CaP‐shells. MNGC of foreign body giant cell type in high numbers as well as of osteoclast‐like type at later time intervals in small numbers were found on the surface of Si‐rich as well as on Ca‐ and P‐rich particle remnants. Osteoclast‐like cells were detected on the particles after transformation in CaP‐shells. It is concluded that the formation of different types of MNGC is determined by the composition of the substrate, that is, osteoclast‐like cells develop exclusively on resorbable substrates. The absolute number of MNGC depended on the time after implantation and the solubility of the implant. Bone bonding, however, only occurred on Ca‐ and P‐rich surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 370–379, 2004
Injectable microparticle–gel system for prolonged and localized lidocaine release. II. in vivo anesthetic effects
Authors: Chen Pen‐Chung , Kohane Daniel S. , Park Yoon Jeong , Bartlett Robert H. , Langer Robert , Yang Victor C.
Published: July 2004

Current treatment protocols for postoperative pain are beset by either the short duration of the anesthetic effect or requirement of hospitalization of the patients. We reported herein a novel treatment by applying to the surgical site a biodegradable microparticle–gel system for prolonged and localized release of encapsulated anesthetic drugs. In a previous publication, lidocaine‐loaded poly(D,L‐lactic acid) microspheres were fabricated and their formulations were optimized. In vitro characterization of these lidocaine‐loaded microspheres, however, revealed a shortcoming of this system; that is, microspheres tend to fuse physically. Fusion of the microspheres could hinder their clinical applications, as it would clog the needle. In this article, we demonstrated that fabricating microspheres with high molecular weight (∼60 KDa) poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) would increase the glass transition temperature of the microspheres after lidocaine loading, thereby increasing their mechanical stability and eliminating their fusion during storage. Such microspheres containing 31% (w/w) lidocaine in the presence or absence of 25% (w/v) poloxamer 407 gel were then evaluated in vivo by monitoring the sensory and motor functions of the rats after sciatic nerve block, using the previously established hot‐plate and weight‐bearing testing methods. Results showed that microspheres formulated with poloxamer 407 gel yielded the longest duration of sensory and motor block for a period of approximately 8.5 h, compared to 5 h by microspheres in saline, 5 h by lidocaine in poloxamer 407 gel, and 2 h by lidocaine in saline. This study suggests that the microsphere–gel system containing lidocaine could potentially be applied clinically to the treatment of postoperative pain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 459–466, 2004
Fluctuation analysis and accuracy of a large‐scale in silico screen
Authors: Merlitz H. , Herges T. , Wenzel W.
Published: July 2004

Using a cascadic version of the stochastic tunneling method we perform an all‐atom database screen over 186,000 flexible ligands of the NCI 3D database against the thymidine kinase receptor. By analyzing the errors in the binding energy we demonstrate how the cascadic technique is superior to conventional sequential docking techniques and how reliable results for the determination of the top‐scoring ligands could be achieved. The substrate corresponding to the crystal structure used in the screen ranks in the upper 0.05% of the database, validating both docking methodology and the applicability of the scoring function to this substrate. Several high ranking ligands of the database display significant structural similarity with known substrates. A detailed analysis of the accuracy of the screening method is carried out, and its dependence on the flexibility of the ligand is quantified. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 1568–1575, 2004
Mechanisms of vascular angiotensin II surface receptor regulation by epidermal growth factor
Authors: Ullian Michael E. , Webb Jerry G. , Chen Ruihua , Paul Richard V. , Morinelli Thomas A.
Published: July 2004

We investigated mechanisms by which epidermal growth factor (EGF) reduces angiotensin II (AngII) surface receptor density and stimulated actions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). EGF downregulated specific AngII radioligand binding in intact cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells but not in cell membranes and also inhibited AngII‐stimulated contractions of aortic segments. Inhibitors of cAMP‐dependent kinases, PI‐3 kinase, MAP kinase, cyclooxygenase, and calmodulin did not prevent EGF‐mediated downregulation of AngII receptor binding, whereas the EGF receptor kinase inhibitor AG1478 did. Total cell AngII AT1a receptor protein content of EGF‐treated and untreated cells, measured by immunoblotting, did not differ. Actinomycin D or cytochalasin D, which interacts with the cytoskeleton, but not the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, prevented EGF from downregulating AngII receptor binding. Consistently, EGF inhibited AngII‐stimulated formation of inositol phosphates in the presence of cycloheximide but not in the presence of actinomycin D or cytochalasin D. In conclusion, EGF needs an intact signal transduction pathway to downregulate AngII surface receptor binding, possibly by altering cellular location of the receptors. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of calbindin‐D28K on cyclosporine toxicity in cultured renal proximal tubular cells
Authors: Wu Ming‐Ju , Lai Li‐Wen , Lien Yeong‐Hau H.
Published: July 2004

Cyclosporine A (CsA) is known to have direct toxicity to renal tubular cells. Its toxicity may be mediated by intracellular calcium because CsA increases intracellular calcium concentration and enhances the activities of calcium‐dependent calpains and caspases. Calbindin‐D28k, a cytosolic calcium binding protein, has been used as an intracellular Ca2+ buffer to reduce calcium‐mediated cytotoxicity in non‐renal cells such as neuronal cells. We investigated the effects of gene transfer of calbindin‐D28k cDNA on CsA cytotoxicity and intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured murine proximal tubular (MCT) cells. A plasmid containing calbindin‐D28k cDNA under the control of CMV promoter was transfected to MCT cells with liposomes. Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH release and cell viability assay, and [Ca2+]i was measured ratiometrically with fura‐2. Compared with MCT cells, cells transfected with calbindin‐D28k cDNA showed a reduction in LDH release by 27, 30, 32, 33, and 19% (all P < 0.05), respectively, after 24 h exposure to 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 μM CsA. Cell viability after CsA treatment was also significantly higher in CB cells. A mock transfection using plasmid without calbindin‐D28k cDNA insert did not affect the LDH release or cell viability after CsA treatment. CsA treatment did not affect the protein and mRNA abundance of transfected calbindin‐D28k cDNA. The expression of calbindin‐D28k did not affect the baseline [Ca2+]i, but significantly suppressed CsA‐induced elevation in [Ca2+]i. The expression of calbindin‐D28k in renal tubular cells provides cytoprotective effects against CsA toxicity, probably through its buffering effects on [Ca2+]i. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1B on Na,K‐ATPase activity in lens
Authors: Bozulic Larry D. , Dean William L. , Delamere Nicholas A.
Published: July 2004

The abnormal sodium content of many cataracts suggests Na,K‐ATPase is vital for maintenance of eye lens transparency. Since tyrosine phosphorylation is considered a possible regulatory mechanism for Na,K‐ATPase, experiments were conducted to test the influence of protein tyrosine phosphatase‐1B (PTP‐1B) on Na,K‐ATPase activity. Membrane material was isolated separately from porcine lens epithelium and fiber cells. Tyrosine phosphoproteins, Na,K‐ATPase α1 polypeptide and PTP‐1B were examined by Western blot. Na,K‐ATPase activity was determined by measuring ATP hydrolysis in the presence or absence of ouabain. Western blot analysis revealed tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins in both lens cell types, the differentiated fiber cells and non‐differentiated epithelium. When membrane material was subjected to immunoprecipitation using an antibody directed against Na,K‐ATPase α1, a colocalized phosphotyrosine band was detected in lens fibers but not epithelium. Incubation with PTP‐1B caused a ∼50% increase of Na,K‐ATPase activity in fiber membrane material. Na,K‐ATPase activity in lens epithelium membrane material was not significantly altered by PTP‐1B treatment even though PTP‐1B was demonstrated to cause dephosphorylation of multiple membrane proteins in the epithelium as well as fibers. While endogenous PTP‐1B was detected in both cell types, endogenous tyrosine phosphatase activity was low in both epithelium and fiber membrane material. The results illustrate endogenous tyrosine phosphorylation of Na,K‐ATPase α1 polypeptide in fibers. Na,K‐ATPase α1 in lens fibers may be a potential target for PTP‐1B. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractional chromatic number and circular chromatic number for distance graphs with large clique size
Authors: Liu Daphne Der‐Fen , Zhu Xuding
Published: July 2004

An Erratum has been published for this article in Journal of Graph Theory 48: 329–330, 2005.

Let M be a set of positive integers. The distance graph generated by M, denoted by G(Z, M), has the set Z of all integers as the vertex set, and edges ij whenever |i−j| ∈ M. We investigate the fractional chromatic number and the circular chromatic number for distance graphs, and discuss their close connections with some number theory problems. In particular, we determine the fractional chromatic number and the circular chromatic number for all distance graphs G(Z, M) with clique size at least |M|, except for one case of such graphs. For the exceptional case, a lower bound for the fractional chromatic number and an upper bound for the circular chromatic number are presented; these bounds are sharp enough to determine the chromatic number for such graphs. Our results confirm a conjecture of Rabinowitz and Proulx 22 on the density of integral sets with missing differences, and generalize some known results on the circular chromatic number of distance graphs and the parameter involved in the Wills' conjecture 26 (also known as the “lonely runner conjecture” 1). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 129–146, 2004
Infinite paths in planar graphs I: Graphs with radial nets
Authors: Yu Xingxing
Published: July 2004

Let G be an infinite 4‐connected planar graph such that the deletion of any finite set of vertices from G results in exactly one infinite component. Dean et al. proved that either G admits a radial net or a special subgraph of G admits a ladder net, and they used these nets to show that G contains a spanning 1‐way infinite path. In this paper, we show that if G admits a radial net, then G also contains a spanning 2‐way infinite path. This is a step towards a conjecture of Nash‐Williams. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 147–162, 2004
Consuming lives, consuming landscapes: interpreting advertisements for cafédirect coffees
Authors: Wright Caroline
Published: July 2004

This paper analyses newspaper advertising for the fairtrade coffee company Cafédirect, focusing particularly on the ways UK consumers are urged to transform unequal social relations with coffee producers through consumption. The paper argues that whilst producers' lives are rendered ‘knowable’ to potential consumers, the reverse is not true. In addition, consumer gain is privileged over producer gain, with the commodity imbued with the ‘authentic’ lives and landscapes of coffee production. Thus, the ‘public face’ of development portrayed is that UK consumers can ‘make a difference’. However, attracting potential consumers may depend on representations which are embedded in unequal power relations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The production of a contemporary famine image: the image economy, indigenous photographers and the case of Mekanic Philipos
Authors: Clark D. J.
Published: July 2004

This paper discusses the photographic representation of disaster in the minority world. It argues that the international image economy has a strong influence on the content of the images produced; this is demonstrated through the analysis of Mekanic Philipos's image as published in the UK at the end of May 2003. The paper critically analyses images of a recent trip by Bob Geldof to Ethiopia in relation to the trade of photographs of the majority world in the international image economy, the photographer's ethnicity, issues of power, ethics and style and a particular public face of development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development moments: radio's public face of development
Authors: Poland Kate
Published: July 2004

The focus of this paper is on the radio news reporting of development issues. We specifically concentrate on one news agency—the BBC World Service. We outline some of the problems of news reporting, examining what makes something ‘newsworthy’. The nature of news means that a certain kind of story is produced—and therefore a particular portrayal of development is reflected. Practical constraints, such as time, and the need for a news narrative, make it difficult to cover development issues in any depth. The paper then focuses on what we call ‘development moments’ which provide the meeting points for ‘news’ and ‘development’ and explores how these could provide us with a possible reconciliation between the two fields. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The public face of debt
Authors: Yanacopulos Helen
Published: July 2004

The end of the last century inspired the ‘forgiving’ of an estimated 100 billion dollars of debt from highly indebted southern countries. In this paper we will be exploring the changing norm around debt cancellation—how debt cancellation was turned into something that G7 governments and International Financial Institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund became concerned with. The focus of this paper is on the roles that two organizations played in this process—Oxfam International and Jubilee 2000. The paper utilizes a norm cycle framework to examine how these two organizations influenced the public face of debt. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From development awareness to enabling effective support: the changing profile of development education in England
Authors: Cameron John , Fairbrass Stephen
Published: July 2004

Development Education (DE) finds a significant part of its public face in England through the activities of local NGOs/Development Education Centres (DECs). DECs have emerged over a period of about 30 years as civil society institutions with little central government support. The creation of a Department for International Development (DFID) in 1997 encouraged fresh engagement with central government. The paper shows how inter‐organisational relations deteriorated after 2000 producing disillusion. The paper then reflects on structural reasons for this process and finds clues in how the concept of citizenship has historically emerged. The paper concludes that changing the public face of development education depends on changes in governance in the UK. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The phase plane method for the solution of equations applied to semiconductor device modelling
Authors: Cole E. A. B.
Published: July 2004

A new method is introduced for solving the sets of discretized non‐linear equations which arise in the modelling of semiconductor microwave devices. The technique involves writing the functions to be solved as the right‐hand sides of damped differential equations. Following the solution path of these equations in phase space leads to the equilibrium point which corresponds to the solution of the original set of equations. An error analysis is made of the method, and the method is illustrated by applying it to a model of a four‐layer HEMT with two recesses and a fieldplate. In the early stages of developing the modelling equations for a new device, it is necessary to be able to add or subtract features into the equations; the main benefit of the method introduced here is that the minimum amount of preparation needs to be done in order to discretize the amended equations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable modelling of arbitrary thin slots in the finite‐element time‐domain method
Authors: Edelvik F. , Weiland T.
Published: July 2004

A subcell model for arbitrarily located thin wires in the finite‐element time‐domain (FETD) method using modified telegraphers equations has been developed by Edelvik et al. Recently a dual set of equations has been proposed for modelling of thin slots. In this paper, we show that using a similar algorithm as for thin wires we can take thin slots of arbitrary location into account. Previous thin slot models have been susceptible for instabilities. We prove that a symmetric coupling between field and slot yields a stable time‐continuous field–slot system and that the fully discrete field–slot system is unconditionally stable. The proposed method is demonstrated for scattering from straight and circular slots in an infinite conducting wall and for calculating the power delivered to a shielding enclosure including a slot. The results are in good agreement with published experimental data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general stability analysis of FIT/FDTD applied to lossy dielectrics and lumped elements
Authors: Edelvik F. , Schuhmann R. , Weiland T.
Published: July 2004

Stability analysis of the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method is usually performed using von Neumann analysis, where a necessary condition for stability is obtained by requiring the amplitude of discrete Fourier modes defined on the grid to remain bounded. However, this limits the analysis to homogeneous materials, equidistant grids and unbounded domains. A rare situation in practical computations. In this paper we analytically derive sufficient conditions for stability of FDTD using the energy method. This method does not have the restrictions of von Neumann analysis and we are therefore able to derive closed‐form conditions for stability in the case of non‐homogeneous and lossy dielectrics, non‐homogeneous permeability and varying cell sizes. Moreover, the analysis is applied to different lumped elements. In addition, a discussion of advantages and disadvantages of different discrete energy definitions in FDTD is included. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutralization of the chemokine CXCL10 enhances tissue sparing and angiogenesis following spinal cord injury
Authors: Glaser Janette , Gonzalez Rafael , Perreau Victoria M. , Cotman Carl W. , Keirstead Hans S.
Published: July 2004

After spinal cord injury, there is a chemoattractant‐mediated inflammatory response that is associated with secondary degeneration. The chemoattractant CXCL10 recruits CD4 Th1 cells via the CXCR3A receptor and inhibits growth and chemotaxis of endothelial cells via the CXCR3B receptor. To test the hypothesis that CXCL10 inhibits angiogenesis following spinal cord injury, we assayed the brainstems and spinal cords of spinal cord‐injured mice treated with anti‐CXCL10 antibodies for expression of angiogenesis‐associated genes and quantified blood vessels within their spinal cords. Brainstem microarray analysis indicated eight angiogenesis‐associated genes that had significantly higher expression levels in the treated mice than in the untreated mice. Ribonuclease protection assays of the spinal cords showed a significant increase in eight angiogenesis‐associated genes in treated animals compared with untreated animals. Histological analysis of the spinal cords of treated and untreated mice showed a significant increase in the number of blood vessels in treated animals. We conclude that CXCL10 plays a critical role in vasculature remodeling following spinal cord injury and that angiogenesis is enhanced following anti‐CXCL10 treatment of spinal cord injuries. Improved blood flow and oxygen supply to the injury site may contribute to the functional improvement associated with this treatment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microarray analysis of postmortem temporal cortex from patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Aston Christopher , Jiang Lixin , Sokolov Boris P.
Published: July 2004

To examine molecular mechanisms associated with schizophrenia this study measured expression of approximately 12,000 genes in the middle temporal gyrus from 12 subjects with schizophrenia and 14 matched normal controls. Among the most consistent changes in genes with robust expression were significant decreases in the expression of myelination‐related genes MAG, PLLP (TM4SF11), PLP1, ERBB3 in subjects with schizophrenia. There was also altered expression of genes regulating neurodevelopment (TRAF4, Neurod1, histone deacetylase 3), a circadian pacemaker (PER1), and several other genes involved in regulation of chromatin function and signaling mechanisms. These findings support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with abnormalities in oligodendroglia and provide initial evidence suggesting a role for epigenetic mechanisms and altered circadian rhythms in this disorder. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpreting shock tube ignition data
Authors: Davidson D. F. , Hanson R. K.
Published: July 2004

Chemical kinetic modelers make extensive use of shock tube ignition data in the development and validation of combustion reaction mechanisms. These data come from measurements using a range of diagnostics and a variety of shock tubes, fuels, and initial conditions. With the wide selection of data available, it is useful to realize that not all of the data are of the same type or quality, nor are all the data suitable for simple, direct comparison with the predictions of reaction mechanisms. We present here a discussion of some guidelines for the comparison of shock tube ignition time data with reaction mechanism modeling. Areas discussed include definitions of ignition time; ignition time correlations (with examples taken from recent n‐heptane and isooctane measurements); shock tube constant‐volume behavior; shock tube diameter and boundary layer effects; carrier gas and impurity effects; and future needs and challenges in shock tube research. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36:510–523, 2004
Polymerization Catalysis in Liquid Propylene: High Activities and Molecular Weights in Propylene/CO Copolymerization Reactions
Authors: Hollmann Frank , Meier Uwe W. , Pérez‐Foullerat David , Rieger Bernhard
Published: July 2004

Summary: The dicationic [(dppp)Pd(NCCH3)2](BF4)2 catalyst (dppp = 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) was applied in a liquid monomer, two phase process for the CO/propene copolymerization reaction. For the first time it was possible to synthesize propene/CO copolymers with an activity up to 7 500 g/(mol · h) and molecular weights of 500 000 g/mol. Activities up to 40 000 g/(mol · h) could be obtained with the use of the unsymmetric catalyst [(CF3‐dppp)Pd(NCCH3)](BF4)2 (CF3‐dppp = 1‐diphenylphosphino‐3‐bis[3,5‐di(trifluormethyl)phenyl]phosphinopropane) in homogeneous liquid propene solution.

Granules found after copolymerization.

magnified image

Granules found after copolymerization.
Tetrathiophene on Graphite: Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Marcon Valentina , Raos Guido , Allegra Giuseppe
Published: July 2004

Summary: We describe molecular dynamics simulations of α‐tetrathiophene molecules deposited on a flat graphite substrate, at two different temperatures (300 K and 400 K) and several degrees of coverage (from approximately one to three molecular layers). The simulations employ a modified version of the CFF91 force field, with the torsion parameters tailored on high‐level ab initio calculations on 2,2′‐bithiophene. We found that the molecules in the first layer were relatively planar and packed against the underlying surface, while those outside it were not arranged in well‐defined layers and were more conformationally disordered. On the time scale of the simulation, the molecules did not crystallize but rather achieved a liquid crystalline‐like state with their average director parallel to the surface.

Side view of the final configuration in the simulation of 24 tetrathiophenes at 300 K. Molecules are depicted with different shades of gray according to their z coordinate (first, second or third layer).

image

Side view of the final configuration in the simulation of 24 tetrathiophenes at 300 K. Molecules are depicted with different shades of gray according to their z coordinate (first, second or third layer).
Effects of upper‐patch displacement on the operation of dual‐band stacked microstrip patch antennas
Authors: Akhavan H. G. , Mirshekar‐Syahkal D.
Published: July 2004

The displacement of the upper patch in the resonant direction in a dual‐band stacked microstrip patch antenna controls the centre frequencies of the bands, their separation, the input impedance, and the radiation pattern at the upper band. The radiation pattern has low sensitivity to the displacement and, hence, dual‐band stacked microstrip patch antennas can be designed with have similar radiation patterns at both bands. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 351–353, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20302
Dispersion‐compensation techniques for the PSTD algorithm
Authors: Gao Xiang , Mirotznik Mark S. , Prather Dennis W.
Published: July 2004

In this paper, simple modifications to the pseudospectral time‐domain (PSTD) algorithm that offer dispersion compensation are presented. In a homogeneous lossless medium, the compensation offers an exact solution for one‐dimensional (1D) propagation. For 2D and 3D propagation, the proposed method can compensate dispersion for a central frequency in any direction. The techniques are then extended to inhomogeneous materials containing piecewise constant electromagnetic properties and are shown to offer dispersion compensation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 357–361, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20304
Sommerfeld integrals for left‐handed materials
Authors: Chew W. C.
Published: July 2004

We study the properties of left‐handed materials (LHMs) with the precise help of Sommerfeld integrals. First we argue by energy conservation principles that LHM has to be a backward‐wave material (BWM). Then we derive the equivalence of the loss and the Sommerfeld far‐field radiation conditions for a BWM. Next, we solve the realistic Sommerfeld problem of a point source over an LHM half‐space and an LHM slab. This analysis lends physical insight into the interaction of a point source field with an LHM, showing that super‐resolution is possible with an LHM slab. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 369–373, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20307
An improved electronic selector circuit for WDM optical receivers in packet‐switched PON networks
Authors: Manfrin S. K. , De Dominicis M. , Orengo G. , Giannini F. , Romero M. A.
Published: July 2004

In this work, we revisit a tunable optical‐receiver configuration based on nontunable wavelength demultiplexing and electronic channel selection. Compared to previous designs, our novel electronic selector circuit provides a significant reduction in the average noise current, while simultaneously achieving the high tuning speed required at the optical network unit (ONU) of packet‐switched WDM‐PON networks. Also, for the first time (to our knowledge), this kind of circuit is demonstrated to operate well above one GB/s. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 373–377, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20308
Experimental characterization of light polarization in active erbium‐doped fiber
Authors: Quintela M. A. , Jauregui C. , Madruga F. J. , López‐Higuera J. M.
Published: July 2004

Experimental results on the dependence of the polarization state of the optical signal upon pump power, signal wavelength, and optical‐signal power in active erbium‐doped fibers (EDFs) are reported in this paper. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 395–397, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20315
Temperature characterisation of long‐period gratings for sensor applications
Authors: O'Flaherty F. J. , Ghassemlooy Z. , Mangat P. S. , Dowker K. P.
Published: July 2004

Long‐period gratings, which display sensitivity to ambient temperature variations, are proposed as sensors. Therefore, full temperature characterisation is essential. In this paper, the effects of temperature upon the spectral profiles of two sets of long period gratings (LPGs) of different periods are investigated. The results obtained show that the shorter‐period LPGs were found to be less sensitive than the longer‐period LPGS over identical temperature ranges. The coupling wavelength shifts due to temperature are also seen to be linear and in opposite directions in each set of LPGs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 402–405, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20317
Studies of the microstrip monopole antenna with windowed ground plane
Authors: Wang Chien‐Jen , Hsu De‐Fu
Published: July 2004

In this paper, the effects of the monopole antenna with windowed ground plane have been studied, including the impedance condition and the radiation patterns. A circularly microstrip monopole antenna is used as a radiated element. By utilizing a circular or rectangular slot of the extended ground plane to change the distribution of the electrical field, the injected power radiates from the slot and patch regions. According to the measured results, the radiation patterns and the antenna gain have been improved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 407–411, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20319
A synthetic‐aperture algorithm for ground‐penetrating radar imaging
Authors: Ozdemir Caner , Lim Sungkyun , Ling Hao
Published: July 2004

A formulation for ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) imaging using the synthetic‐aperture concept is introduced. We show that it is possible to form a 3D image by inverse Fourier transforming the multifrequency, multispatial scattered field. The proposed algorithm for GPR imaging is tested with measured and simulated data. The resultant images demonstrate good agreement between the measured and simulated cases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 412–414, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20320
An injection locked sub‐harmonic self‐oscillating mixer for multi‐band operation
Authors: Chiu L. , Yum T. Y. , Cheng T. F. , Xue Q. , Chan C. H.
Published: July 2004

A high‐performance X‐band subharmonic self‐oscillating mixer (SOM) is proposed. By using a reconfigurable transistor pair in conjunction with open‐ and short‐circuit stubs, the proposed SOM is capable of down‐converting four RF frequency bands with center frequencies at 7.35, 8.65, 11.35, and 12.65 GHz with a conversion gain ranging from 7.83 to 18.7 dB. The measured phase noise of the free‐running oscillation is −85.4 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 100 kHz. With injection locking, the phase noise is reduced to less than −100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz, without affecting the conversion gains. This is the first demonstration of a multiband subharmonic SOM. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 415–419, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20321
Dielectric permittivity and loss factor of tap water at 915 MHz
Authors: Komarov Vyacheslav V. , Tang Juming
Published: July 2004

Real and imaginary parts of complex dielectric permittivity of hot tap water are measured at 915 MHz. The obtained results are compared with theoretical and experimental data available in the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 419–420, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20322
Series‐coupled microring resonator filters with embedded semiconductor optical amplifiers
Authors: Schwelb Otto , Frigyes István
Published: July 2004

Back reflections from series‐coupled optical microring resonator filters caused by waveguide discontinuities are numerically investigated and optimized. The focus is on small discontinuities, such as those that can be expected from GaInAsP/InP‐based semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) embedded in ring resonators. Significant improvement of the return loss is obtained when the length of the SOA is appropriately chosen. The design principle is applied to both all‐pass (two‐port) and add/drop (four‐port) filters. The sensitivity of the design to fabrication parameters is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 427–432, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20326
Application of micropolar plasticity to post failure analysis in geomechanics
Authors: Manzari Majid T.
Published: July 2004

A micropolar elastoplastic model for soils is formulated and a series of finite element analyses are employed to demonstrate the use of a micropolar continuum in overcoming the numerical difficulties encountered in application of finite element method in standard Cauchy–Boltzmann continuum. Three examples of failure analysis involving a deep excavation, shallow foundation, and a retaining wall are presented. In all these cases, it is observed that the length scale introduced in the polar continuum regularizes the incremental boundary value problem and allows the numerical simulation to be continued until a clear collapse mechanism is achieved. The issue of grain size effect is also discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political Reform Comes from Communities
Authors: Bainter Ric , Lhevine Paul
Published: July 2004

From Texas to Minnesota, America's communities are leap frogging the national debate about campaign finance reform and building a grassroots movement for meaningful political change. The lessons learned from successful local reform efforts should instruct future leaders and eventually shape national legislation.
Overcoming Cynicism: Youth Participation and Electoral Politics
Authors: Strama Mark
Published: July 2004

Young people have not lost their civic spirit. Studies indicate a much higher level of volunteerism in today's generation of young people than in that of their more politically active parents thirty years ago.Yet voter turnout among youth is lower than ever before. Structural barriers to youth voting account for some of the problem, but attempts to engage youth in politics must take into account the need for fundamental reforms to make the system more open, fairer, and more accountable.
Mobilizing Citizens: Study Circles Offer a New Approach to Citizenship
Authors: Leighninger Matt , McCoy Martha
Published: July 2004

Active citizenship is an important ideal that is often difficult to sustain
in everyday life. “Study circle” groups offer encouraging opportunities
for citizens to engage in deliberative discussions on important
community issues.
The American Experiment
Authors: Gardner John W.
Published: July 2004

Societies that keep their values alive do so not by escaping the process of decay but by embracing powerful processes of regeneration. Increasing citizen involvement in local government is an important step in the process of regenerating our democratic values.
Four Communities on the Cutting Edge of Change: Seattle, Washington; Lee's Summit, Missouri; Lima, Ohio; and Bronx County, New York
Authors: Bainter Ric , Lhevine Paul , Okubo Derek , Leighninger Matt , McGrath Michael
Published: July 2004

Civic activists are breaking new ground on a wide variety of public concerns—everything from political reform to the need to bridge the racial gaps in our communities. From the community‐based work of the National Civic League and the Study Circles Resource Center come four examples of cutting‐edge approaches to problem‐solving efforts at the local level.
Targeting Community Development in Orange County, Florida
Authors: Denhardt Robert B. , Gray Joseph E.
Published: July 2004

The government of Orange County, Florida, has been experimenting with a citizen‐based collaborative process to identify and address the needs of traditionally underserved communities. The purpose of the initiative is to promote active, involved, and responsible citizenship and to increase local government responsiveness to citizens.
Perspectives on Public Participation
Authors: Stephens John B.
Published: July 2004

Dealing with an Angry Public: The Mutual Gains Approach to ResolvingDisputes
, by Lawrence Susskind and Patrick Field

Involving Citizens in Community Decision Making: A Guidebook
, by James L.Creighton

Public Participation in Public Decisions: New Skills and Strategies forPublic Managers
, by John Clayton Thomas