bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Device for Controlling the Chlorination in Small Umbrian Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Casinini Francesco , Ferrante Marco
Published: August 2024

Umbria is an Italian region with a highly fragmented water supply, with many small water distribution systems fed by local sources. The chlorination in these small water systems faces many difficulties related to the high demand variation, low economic relevance, and access to infrastructures. As a result, there are many noncompliances with the quality of the supplied water, which causes a decrease in the performance indicators and tariff. This research investigates the possibility of using a low-cost chlorination system to consider different environmental conditions (e.g., temperature variations of water and environment, pH, ...) and discontinuous consumption. A device for this specific use is developed and tested by laboratory tests and is ready for use in the field.
Decoding Cold Mechanisms of Enhanced Bone Repair through Sensory Receptors and Molecular Pathways
Authors: Zakaria Matthew , Matta Justin , Honjol Yazan , Schupbach Drew , Mwale Fackson , Harvey Edward , Merle Geraldine
Published: August 2024

Applying cold to a bone injury can aid healing, though its mechanisms are complex. This study investigates how cold therapy impacts bone repair to optimize healing. Cold was applied to a rodent bone model, with physiological responses analyzed. Vasoconstriction was mediated by an increase in TRP channels, TRPA1 (p=0.012) and TRPM8 (p<0.001), within cortical defects enhancing sensory response and blood flow regulation. Cold exposure also elevated hypoxia (p < 0.01) and VEGF expression (p < 0.001), promoting angiogenesis vital for bone regeneration. Increased expression of osteogenic proteins PGC-1α (p = 0.039) and RBM3 (p<0.008) suggests stimulated reparative processes. Enhanced osteoblast differentiation and ALP presence at days 5 (three-fold, p=0.014) and 10 (two-fold, p=0.010) were observed, along with increased osteocalcin (OCN) at day 10 (two-fold, p = 0.010) indicating presence of mature osteoblasts capable of mineralization. These findings highlight cold therapy's multifaceted effects on bone repair, offering insights for therapeutic strategies.
Analisis tingkat kognitif soal pada buku matematika kelas IV kurikulum merdeka
Authors: Karomah Adinda Khoirul , Istiyati Siti , Surya Anesa
Published: August 2024

This research aims to (1) Describe the suitability of competency test questions with learning outcomes in mathematics textbooks for class IV independent curriculum, and (2) Describe the cognitive level of competency test questions for mathematics textbooks for grade IV independent curriculum according to the revised Bloom taxonomy. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source in this research is the 2022 revised Independent Curriculum Class IV mathematics book. Data collection was carried out using document study techniques. The data validity testing technique used is investigator triangulation and increasing persistence. Data analysis uses analytical techniques according to Miles and Huberman. The results of this research are as follows: (1) There are still many competency test questions that are not in accordance with the learning objectives, namely around 68.57%, and 31.43% of the questions that are appropriate. (2) The composition of the most competency test questions is 31.43% C1 level, 28.57% C2 level, 8.57% C3 level, 11.43% C4 level, 5.71% C5 level, 14 C6 level .29%. It is hoped that the implications of this research can be used as material for consideration and evaluation in choosing books, especially in mathematics learning.
Pengaruh ekstrakurikuler kepramukaan terhadap kedisiplinan peserta didik sekolah dasar di Kecamatan Laweyan
Authors: Nugraheni Fauziah , Riyadi Riyadi , Ardiansyah Roy
Published: August 2024

One of the factors that affect student discipline is the habituation to be disciplined. Schools can apply or instill discipline habituation through extracurricular activities. Scout extracurricular is one of the activities that can support character education and the formation of children's discipline. Scouts have a very important role in the process of character building, values, discipline and responsibility in accordance with article 3 of Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System (National Education System). The research was carried out at SDN Mangkubumen Kidul No 16 Surakarta as an instrument trial, SDN Mangkubumen Lor No 15 Surakarta, SDN Bratan 2, and SDN Bratan 3 in January 2023 – January 2024. The research approach used is a quantitative approach in the form of an associative problem formulation of causal relationships. The sampling technique in this study uses probability sampling, namely Cluster random sampling. The data collection technique uses a Likert scale  questionnaire with closed statements. The instrument validity test in this study uses content validity with   the Gregory  formula and reliability test using the Alpha Cronbach formula. The normality test in this study used  the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the linearity test using the test of linearity. The hypothesis testing techniques used in this study are simple regression analysis including correlation analysis, meaningfulness test, and coefficient of determination. The result of the correlation coefficient between extracurricular scouting and student discipline is 0.635 and is classified as a strong correlation. The results of the significance test obtained > results so that it can be concluded that there is a positive and significant influence between extracurricular scouting on student discipline and the contribution of scouting extracurricular influence on student discipline by 40.3% while 59.7% is influenced by other factors that were not studied in this study.
Pengaruh penerapan model joyfull learning berbantuan kartu carakan terhadap hasil belajar aksara jawa siswa kelas IV sekolah dasar
Authors: Sari Serlia Novita , Sukarno Sukarno , Karsono Karsono
Published: August 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of applying the joyful learning model assisted by carakan cards on the learning outcomes of Javanese script for grade IV students of SD Negeri Sambi District, Boyolali Regency. This research is quantitative with a quasi-experimental design with the pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group type. The sampling technique used in this research is probability sampling with simple random sampling. The sample was 41 students: 21 in an experimental class and 20 in a control class. The method of data collection is carried out using tests and observations. Test the validity of test and observation instruments using expert judgment and product moment correlation formulas. At the same time, the reliability test uses the Kuder Richardson formula (KR-20) with the help of software SPSS 26 for Windows and the analysis prerequisite test, namely the normality test with the Shapiro-Wilk formula. Data analysis using parametric statistical techniques, namely Independent Sample T-Test with the help of SPSS 26 software for Windows. The results showed that the joyful learning model assisted by carakan cards affected the learning outcomes of Javanese script students. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis of the Independent Sample T-Test with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.040<0.05. There is an increase in the learning outcomes of Javanese script students, with the average posttest score of the experimental class higher than the average posttest score of the control class, with a difference in value of 13.29 The study results show that the use of joyful learning models assisted by carakan cards affects the learning outcomes of Javanese script students.
Analisis kemampuan representasi matematis peserta didik sekolah dasar ditinjau dari resiliensi matematis
Authors: Lestari Anggita Puji , Riyadi Riyadi , Wahyuningsih Siti
Published: August 2024

This research aims to describe the mathematical representation abilities of students with high, medium and low mathematical resilience. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires, tests, and interviews. The data analysis technique in this research used the Miles and Huberman model which consists of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research concluded that: 1) Students with high mathematical resilience fulfill all indicators of mathematical representation ability in both linguistic, visual and symbolic aspects; 2) Students with moderate mathematical representation abilities meet both indicators in visual representation and do not meet indicators in language and symbolic aspects; 3) Students with low mathematical resilience, one of whom does not meet the indicators for language, visual or verbal. One of the students met one indicator, namely the verbal indicator aspect.
EXCHANGE RATES AND STOCK MARKET DYNAMICS: ISLAMIC VERSUS CONVENTIONAL FINANCIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Alshater Muneer M.
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the changes and persistence in dynamic connectedness between stock market performance and exchange rate fluctuations, comparing conventional and Islamic financial systems. With an eye on a global financial landscape characterized by the integration of capital markets and the adoption of floating exchange rate regimes, it examines the effects of exchange rate variations on the dynamics of the stock market in nine different countries - the United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, Singapore, Canada, China, India, Korea, and South Africa. The study employs daily data spanning from November 2015 to July 2023 and uses a comprehensive analysis of three-step methodology, including nonparametric causality-in-quantiles tests, asymmetric slope Conditional Autoregressive Valueat-Risk (CAViaR), and Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregressive (TVP-VAR) Connectedness measure.  Our results underline the asymmetric impact of exchange rate fluctuations on stock markets and highlights the distinctive characteristics of Islamic financial markets. Comparing Islamic and conventional stock markets in the context of exchange rate fluctuations, this study not only serves to fill a gap in the existing literature but also emphasizes the significance of currency exchange rate swings for global investors, policymakers, and practitioners trying to understand the intricacies of global financial markets.
A PESCA DOS EMBARCADOS EM MANAUS
Authors: Masulo da Cruz Manuel de Jesus , Batista Nogueira Ricardo José , Castro de Jesus Ana Beatriz , Oliveira Neto Thiago
Published: August 2024

Analisa alguns problemas relacionados com a pesca comercial na Bacia Amazônica: Estuda as mudanças provocadas pela introdução de barcos a motor, os intermediários que atuam como ponto de ligação entre a produção e o consumo, a forma de remuneração de trabalho e a possibilidade de que o estoque de peixe se esgote. Os estudos foram realizados na cidade de Manaus por seu alto consumo de peixe.
Evaluation of a Rapid Diagnostic Tool to Estimate Geometry Evolution of Multiple Simultaneously Propagating Fractures from Crosswell Fiber-Optic Strain Measurements
Authors: Leggett Smith , Chen Ming
Published: August 2024

Crosswell low-frequency distributed acoustic sensing (LF-DAS) strain rate measurements generate data useful for hydraulic fracture (HF) diagnostics. These data contain information about HF geometry; however, interpreting the data has relied on time-consuming and computationally expensive numerical interpretation methods. This study aims to evaluate the applicability of a rapid diagnostic tool, known as the “zero strain rate location method” (ZSRLM), for characterizing the geometry of multiple fractures propagating simultaneously.

Simulations of multiple fracture propagation are conducted using a planar 3D multifracture simulator that incorporates 3D rock deformation, fluid flow in the wellbore, fluid leakoff, and multiscale fracture propagation regimes. A supertimestepping algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear parabolic equations governing fluid-driven fractures. The far-field strain profile induced by multiple propagating fractures along a crosswell fiber-optic cable is computed using the displacement discontinuity method (DMM). Various scenarios are simulated by adjusting key completion parameters, including the number of clusters, cluster spacing, in-situ stress states, and geomechanical properties. The ZSRLM is then applied to the computed strain field to estimate fracture extents and propagation rates. The accuracy of the ZSRLM is assessed by comparing the estimated fracture geometry parameters with the known simulated values.

Our observations indicate that the ZSRLM is not effective when two or more fractures approach the observation well at similar times, as it becomes challenging to discern unique strain-rate converging patterns on waterfall plots for each fracture. However, when fracture arrivals at the monitor well are offset, distinct strain rate patterns emerge, enabling the application of the ZSRLM. Errors between simulated and estimated fracture extent propagation rates are quantified. Finally, the ZSRLM is applied to a field case involving multicluster fracture propagation, and the interpretation of the results is discussed in light of these findings.

This research demonstrates the applicability of the ZSRLM for diagnosing the velocities and final extents of multiple fractures propagating simultaneously. The method offers a rapid means of characterizing stimulations using crosswell LF-DAS measurements, which can inform decisions regarding completion design, well spacing, and landing zone. The study contributes to the advancement of efficient fracture diagnostics in the industry, reducing the reliance on numerical interpretation methods.
Enhancing Real-World Data Extraction in Clinical Research: Evaluating the Impact of the Implementation of Large Language Models in Hospital Settings
Authors: Wang Bin , Lai Junkai , Cao Han , Jin Feifei , Li Qiang , Tang Mingkun , Yao Chen , Zhang Ping
Published: August 2024

Aims
This study aims to assess the feasibility and impact of the implementation of the ChatGLM for real-world data (RWD) extraction in hospital settings. The primary focus of this research is on the effectiveness of ChatGLM-driven data extraction compared with that of manual processes associated with the electronic source data repository (ESDR) system.
Methods and results
The researchers developed the ESDR system, which integrates ChatGLM, electronic case report forms (eCRFs) and electronic health records (EHRs). The LLaMA (Large Language Model Meta AI) model was also deployed to compare the extraction accuracy of ChatGLM in free-text forms. A single-center retrospective cohort study served as a pilot case. Five eCRF forms of 63 subjects, including free-text forms and discharge medication, were evaluated.
Results
Data collection involved electronic medical and prescription records collected from 13 departments. The ChatGLM-assisted process was associated with an estimated efficiency improvement of 80.7% in the eCRF data transcription time. The initial manual input accuracy for free-text forms was 99.59%, the ChatGLM data extraction accuracy was 77.13%, and the LLaMA data extraction accuracy was 43.86%. The challenges associated with the use of ChatGLM focus on prompt design, prompt output consistency, prompt output verification, and integration with hospital information systems.
Conclusion
The main contribution of this study is to validate the use of ESDR tools to address the interoperability and transparency challenges of using ChatGLM for RWD extraction in Chinese hospital settings.
Hybrid polyimide foams with hyperbranched organosilicon for high-temperature sound absorption
Authors: Xu Yang , Bo Luwei , Wang Yandong , Xu Haocheng , Jiang Xiaolin , Wei Zhaobo , Xi Kai
Published: August 2024

Lightweight and flexible polyimide foams (PIFs) with superior thermal and acoustic properties were high demand for advanced aerospace and industrial machinery, however, traditional foams could not offer both satisfactory acoustic and thermal insulation simultaneously. In this study, we successfully developed a new class of flexible PIFs by incorporating hyperbranched polysiloxanes (NH2-HBPSi) into ammonium salt oligomer (PAES) through a thermal foaming process. The complex viscosity, micro-foaming behavior of PAES and cell morphology of the resulting PIFs could be precisely controlled by tuning the ratio of NH2-HBPSi/ODA. Significantly, PIFHBPSi-4, a PIF with a NH2-HBPSi loading of 33.3% and exceptional thermal property (T5% exceeded 480 ℃), exhibited a compressive strength of 149 kPa at room temperature (over 100 times higher than commercial PIFs) and a Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) of 0.375, which is substantially improved compared to previously reported polyimide composites. Additionally, NH2-HBPSi could form a dense oxide layer at high temperature, impeding the transmission of heat. This allowed PIFHBPSi-4 to withstand a 10-minute exposure to high heat flux of 50 kW/m2 without any significant erosion. These lightweight, flexible, thermally resistant, and acoustically superior hybrid PIFs had the potential to revolutionize applications in high-tech fields like aerospace, acoustics, and aviation.
Blending of slow-release N fertilizer and urea improve rainfed maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency while reducing apparent N loss
Authors: Guo Jinjin , Yang Hanran , Yuan Yong , Yin Pengzhou , Zhang Nv , Lin Zhizhao , Ma Qichang , Yang Qiliang , Liu Xiaogang , Wang Haidong , Zhang Fucang
Published: August 2024

Background and Aims
Effective nitrogen (N) management practices are essential for achieving efficient and sustainable agricultural production. The purpose of this study was to improve N use efficiency (NUE) and minimize N loss by optimizing the rate and type of N fertilizer application, while maintaining high yield of maize.
Methods
A two-year field experiment with U (urea), S (slow-release N fertilizer), and SU (Blending of S and U) under four N application levels (N1: 90 kg ha-1, N2: 120 kg ha-1, N3: 180 kg ha-1, N4: 240 kg ha-1) was conducted to investigate their effects on ammonia (NH3) volatilization, residual soil nitrate N (NO3−-N), yield, NUE, apparent N loss of rainfed maize.
Results
NH3 volatilization in SU and S were 38.46% and 16.57% lower than that in U, respectively. SU and S were found to reduce the apparent N loss by 42.98% and 62.23%. SU decreased NO3−-N leaching in deep soil, and increased NO3−-N content in topsoil. Compared with U and S, SU significantly increased yield, plant N accumulation and NUE. SUN4 achieved the maximum maize yield and plant N accumulation, averaging 7968.36 kg ha-1 and 166.45 kg ha-1. In addition, mixing ratio of U and S was 53%-58%, which was the best ratio for high yield and NUE. Meanwhile, N fertilization with 150-220 kg ha-1 can keep high yield and NUE.
Conclusion
The findings highlight SU effectively reduced N application rate and was an optimized N fertilization strategy for high yield and N efficient utilization of rainfed maize.
Tripartite W-States and LOCC Marvel: Quantum Communication's Dynamic Duo
Authors: Aman Muhammad , Khan Mansoor Ali , Ullah Najeeb , Sikdar Biplab
Published: August 2024

Central to the transformative endeavor of quantum communication are entangled states, the fundamental building blocks that ensure data security through unassailable encryption. The tripartite entangled W-state stands out for its high degree of entanglement and resilience against decoherence, making it a key player in this domain. Despite its importance, there is a scarcity of simulation prototypes or experimental proofs demonstrating its effectiveness in practical applications. Additionally, the correlation/fusion of W-states with Local Operations and Classical Communication (LOCC) protocols to enhance communication efficiency has not been extensively explored. Optimizing W-state-based communication protocols for diverse applications, especially splitting and sharing of quantum information, remains an active research area. The pivotal aspect of our research is the integration of perfect W-states with LOCC, creating a synergy that significantly boosts the effectiveness and security of quantum communication systems. We propose a prototype/protocol for quantum information sharing and splitting (QISS) using LOCC by experimentally creating and controlling the W-states. We also delve into generating and utilizing tripartite W-states via quantum circuits, underscoring their applications in quantum computing, error correction, and secure data transmission. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed protocol are quantified using quantum state tomography. Employing superconducting qubits (Eagle r3 processor), our results demonstrate a fidelity of 0.82 ± 0.02 for the W-state circuit and 0.55 ± 0.03 for the combined W-state + LOCC in QISS communication process, under controlled experimental conditions. These findings have significant implications for the development of secure communication systems. Furthermore, our work paves the way for future research into scalable quantum networks and advanced quantum encryption methods, marking a substantial stride in the realm of quantum communication.
Applicants Selection Process for Orthodontic Programs in Saudi Arabia: Survey of Program Directors
Authors: Alsaeed Suliman , Albakran Ghadah , Albarrak Shug , Alnamnakani Eman
Published: August 2024

Introduction:
In recent years, Saudi Arabia has experienced a noteworthy increase in the annual influx of dentistry graduates, prompting expectations of a corresponding rise in postgraduate study applications. Consequently, postgraduate program directors find themselves compelled to continually refine their selection criteria, utilizing a combination of objective and subjective measures. Limited research exists on the selection process for orthodontic programs, with no studies conducted to investigate this process in Saudi Arabia. The study aims to describe the applicant selection criteria for orthodontic specialty programs in Saudi Arabia, offering insights from the perspective of orthodontic program directors.
Method:
The research surveyed orthodontic program directors in Saudi Arabia on general program information, details obtained from applications, the interview process, the decision-making process, a retrospective view of currently accepted applicants and the criteria used for selection, and demographic information of program directors. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed via Google Forms. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics and ranking.
Results:
Most programs were hospital-based (75%), primarily in central and western regions. Interview ratings, class rank, and recommendation letters were top factors, with research experience and clinical attachment also crucial. Interviews were mandatory, often lasting 15 minutes. Positive characteristics included maturity, attire, and analytical thinking. Selection committees, including program directors and faculty, played a vital role in admitting applicants.
Conclusion:
This study provides valuable insights for dentists aspiring to apply for the Saudi Board of Orthodontics. Understanding the selection criteria, prioritizing training in the desired orthodontic department, and emphasizing research in orthodontics enhance applicants' chances. The findings aim to improve the transparency and fairness of the selection process, ultimately strengthening orthodontic education in the country.
Enhanced Forecasting of Rice Price and Production in Malaysia Using Novel Multivariate Fuzzy Time Series Models
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Aamir Muhammad , Abdullah Saleem , Norrulashikin Siti Mariam , Albalawi Olayan
Published: August 2024

A significant portion of the world's population relies on rice as a primary source of nutrition. In Malaysia, rice production began in the early 1960s, which led to the cultivation of the country's most significant food crop up till the present day. Research on various aspects of the price and production of rice has been done by various methods in the past. In this study, we have adopted novel multivariate fuzzy time series models (MFTS) i.e fuzzy vector autoregressive models (FVAR) alongside conventional vector autoregressive model (VAR) for assessing rice price and production using a dataset from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MERDI). The proposed method(s) especially with the usage of Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (TrFNs) have commendable accuracy with great future forecasts over the VAR model. The model selection was made by the least MAPE with the corresponding highest Relative Efficiency as criteria. The proposed method(s) possess the potential to help local farmers and stakeholders in the expansion of their businesses to the local Malaysian market as well as improving the exports worldwide, which will lead to prosperity and betterment in the country.
Understanding the Lived Experience of Female Caregivers of Loved Ones with Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Anderson Trista Michelle
Published: August 2024

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of females providing care to a loved one with glioblastoma, a highly aggressive form of brain cancer. Previous research demonstrated that caregivers providing care to a loved one with an aggressive form of cancer are at a higher risk for caregiver burden.
Methods
A qualitative, phenomenological study was conducted utilizing Giorgi’s method of phenomenological inquiry to analyze the data. Six female participants were interviewed regarding their experience as a caregiver to a loved one diagnosed with glioblastoma.
Results
Seven themes emerged that described the lived experience of the caregivers: life before diagnosis, day of diagnosis, life after diagnosis, challenges of caregiving, things that were helpful and comforting, looking back – what was needed, and lasting effects.
Conclusion
The lived experience of female glioblastoma caregivers is unique and different from the experience of caregivers of patients with other cancers.
Preparation and application of Dahlia protoplast
Authors: Zhou Jing , Yang Dong , Zhou NingNing , Tian YangBo , Tian Zhen , Duan Qing , Ahmed Mohamed A.A. , Wang LiHua , Wu Xuewei
Published: August 2024

Dahlia (Dahlia sp.), a species of the Asteraceae family, is widely cultivated in China and exhibits seasonal blooming. The main challenges associated with this species are low cross-breeding efficiency and slow breeding. In this study, dahlia leaves and petals were employed as test materials to ascertain the optimal conditions for protoplast isolation, to refine the critical factors for transient transformation, and to develop a system for the isolation, purification and utilisation of dahlia protoplasts. The best procedure for isolation of dahlia leaves protoplasts was 4°C dark pretreatment for 12 h + 1.0% cellulase + 0.5% macerozyme + 0.4% pectinase + enzyme digestion time for 4 h + 0.8 mol/L mannitol, with a maximum yield of 6.13 × 106 protoplasts/mL and a maximum viability of 89.23%; and the best procedure for dahlia petal protoplasts was 1.0% cellulase + 0.5% macerozyme + 0.4% pectinase + enzyme digestion time 10 h + 1.0 mol/L mannitol, with a maximum yield of 5.46 × 106 protoplasts/mL and a maximum viability of 88.83%. The pGBin-EGFP vector was used to assess transient transformation rates in leaves and petals protoplasts. The rates exhibited considerable variation across the samples, with values ranging from 32.57–60.67%. The optimal conditions for gene transfer in dahlia protoplast were identified as 50 ng/µL plasmid, 20% PEG, and a 20-minute transformation time.
In vitro seed germination and protocorm development of Eulophia graminea Lindl. (Orchidaceae).
Authors: TOKUHARA KEN , Sato Hiroyuki , Abe Atsushi , Mii Masahiro
Published: August 2024

Effects of various factors on seed germination and subsequent protocorm growth of Eulophia graminea, an endangered terrestrial orchid species native to Japan, were examined using New Dogashima medium without applying plant growth regulators and natural ingredients. For the culture, aseptic mature seeds collected from undehiscent pods were used throughout of the study, and New Dogashima medium supplemented with 29.2 mM sucrose and 8 g/L agar was used as standard medium. For examining the effect of calcium hypochlorite on seed germination, the seeds were pre-treated for 0–60 min with the solution containing 1% available chlorine and cultured on standard medium. The effects of other factors were examined using the seeds without calcium hypochlorite pretreatment. The effects of culture temperature on seed germination and subsequent growth were examined at the temperature range of 15–35°C. Optimum sucrose concentration and suitable kind of carbohydrate were examined using 0-175.3 mM of sucrose and 29.2 mM of sucrose, maltose, trehalose and glucose, respectively. As the results, germination rate increased with increase in the treatment duration of calcium hypochlorite solution and the maximum germination rate was 85.8% at 60 min treatment. Optimum sucrose concentrations for seed germination were 29.2–58.4 mM, which gave low germination rates (7–8%). Among the four kinds of carbohydrates tested, trehalose gave the highest germination rate (26.8%). On the effect of temperatures, both the highest germination rate and subsequent growth with shoot development were obtained at 30°C. Direct shoot development from protocorm without forming rhizome was shown at this high temperature.
Experimental study on the enhancement of extraction and mass transfer characteristics of the kerosene-acetic acid-water system using impinging stream reactor
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Xin QIN , Xin DONG , Ying FENG , Ziyu HE , Haoming ZHANG
Published: August 2024

The impinging stream technology is used to extract kerosene-acetic acid-water system. The effects of different structural parameters and operating conditions on the extraction efficiency and mass transfer coefficient of liquid-liquid extraction in the impinging stream reactor are studied. The results show that the extraction efficiency firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of nozzle diameter D, nozzle spacing L, impact chamber height H, acetic acid concentration ψ and inlet velocity u. The mass transfer coefficient firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of nozzle spacing, acetic acid concentration and inlet velocity, increases with the increase of nozzle diameter and decreases with the increase of impact chamber height. A dimensionless correlation is established to accurately predict the mass transfer coefficient in the impinging stream reactor. The process parameters (inlet velocity, nozzle spacing and nozzle diameter) are optimized for the extraction efficiency using response surface methodology (RSM). The order of influence of each factor on the extraction efficiency is as follows: inlet velocity > nozzle spacing > nozzle diameter. The optimal operating conditions are obtained: inlet velocity u = 2.56m/s, nozzle diameter D = 4mm, nozzle spacing L/D = 2, and the extraction efficiency is 91.27%, which is 10% higher than that of traditional stirring equipment.
Neuroprotective Potential of 6-O-(3-Hexadecyloxy-2-Hydroxypropyl)-Piperine-Nanoparticles in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Tripathi Amit , Kumar Gaurav , Ray Lipika , Mukherjee Sumedha , Mishra Sunil Kumar , PATNAIK RANJANA
Published: August 2024

Purpose
Piperine is an alkaloid found in black pepper (piper nigrum) responsible for pungent smelling, potential therapeutic benefits. It has several significant biological properties, such as bioavailability enhancer, therapeutic potential, low water solubility, pharmakinetic properties, cardiovascular benefits, and neuroprotective effects. In a rodent model of transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (TFCIRI), piperine has been demonstrated to have a protective effect on the brain.
Methods
The present study was designed to prepare 6-O-(3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl dextran (HDD)--Piperine-Nanoparticles (HDD-PIP-NPs), its physicochemical characterization and neuroprotective potential against TFCIRI. The piperine was encapsulated in self-assembled 6-O-(3-hexadecyloxy-2-hydroxypropyl)-dextran (HDD) nanoparticles (HDD-PIP-NPs). HDD-PIP-NPs were characterized for their drug loading, entrapment efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, and in-vitro drug release profile.
Results
Plasma pharmacokinetics (Cmax (4.71 ± 0.77), Tmax (60 min), t1/2 (449.19 ± 98.02), UAC1 − infinite (641.62 ± 54.01), and UAC1 − 360 (641.62 ± 54.01)) brain distribution profile of PIP in cerebrum, cerebellum and cortical region, and the neuroprotective potential of HDD-PIP-NPs have been characterised in rat model of TFCIRI. HDD-PIP-NPs (14, 28, and 56 mg/kg) was administered orally after 1h onset of TFCIRI. HDD-PIP-NPs chemical synthesis and its biochemical and biophysical characterization have been done. The percentage decreased infarction (~ 52.52%) of orally administered HDD-PIP-NPs (56 mg/kg) is ameliorated in rat model of TFCIRI. Physiological parameters such as CBF (~ 201.23), pCO2 (~ 38.55 mmHg), pO2 (~ 128.42 mmHg) and rectal temperature (~ 36.9ºC) was recorded the 56mg/kg oral treatment. Neurological deficit score recorded after the 24h, 48h and 72h of reperfusion injury. Brain penetration studies and bioavailability of PIP estimated in male Charles foster albino rats. The results indicated that HDD-PIP-NPs treatment significantly decreased the percentage of infarction, percentage brain water content and neurological deficit scores in dose dependent manner.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that piperine (PIP) possesses significant neuroprotective potential. Its nano-formulation, HDD-PIP-NPs, has shown enhanced plasma and brain pharmacokinetics, leading to improved neurological outcomes following transient focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (TFCIRI) in rats. HDD-PIP-NPs could potentially be useful for neuroprotective interventions against various neurological disorders.
Strengthening SIDH Protocol Security: Mitigating the Castryck-Decru Attack with Structural and Algorithmic Enhancements
Authors: Baraka Mohammed El , Ezzouak Siham
Published: August 2024

The Supersingular Isogeny Diffie-Hellman (SIDH) protocol is a leading contender for post-quantum cryptography. However, recent advances, specifically the Castryck-Decru attack, have exposed significant security flaws, primarily related to the predictability of torsion points and vulnerabilities in curve parameters. This study proposes and evaluates enhancements to the SIDH protocol, including increasing the size of torsion subgroups, introducing randomized isogeny generation , and employing advanced obfuscation techniques. Experimental results demonstrate that these modifications substantially improve SIDH’s security, with a manageable increase in computational overhead, positioning SIDH as a more resilient candidate for post-quantum cryptographic applications.
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Optimization of Ready-Mix Concrete for Enhanced Strength, Cost Efficiency, and Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction
Authors: Faridmehr Iman , Azarsa Meysam , Varjavand Iman , Valerievich Kiyanets Aleksandr
Published: August 2024

This study builds upon the evolving landscape of sustainable construction practices, where optimizing ready-mix concrete for strength, cost-efficiency, and reduced CO2 emissions is crucial in aligning with global environmental sustainability targets. Through an extensive analysis of diverse input parameters, including water-cement ratio, aggregate characteristics, additives, and their interactions with critical output parameters, this research has unveiled a substantial dependence on concrete performance, cost-efficiency, and environmental impact on cement selection and proportioning. This research emphasizes the pivotal role of cement in determining both the cost and CO2 emissions of concrete production, highlighting a notable positive correlation between cement content and compressive strength (R2 = 0.4946), and an even more pronounced correlation with CO2 emissions (R2 = 0.9529). This underlines the importance of optimizing cement use for balanced performance. Furthermore, the study reveals that while admixtures play a limited role in enhancing compressive strength (R2 = 0.0426), their impact on other concrete properties like workability and durability is significant. The optimization of concrete components, including a strategic reduction in admixture use, can lead to considerable cost and CO2 emission reductions, exemplified by a 5% cost decrease and a 7% drop in emissions with a 20% admixture reduction. Overall, these findings highlight the transformative impact of AI in concrete mix design, paving the way for more sustainable construction methods and contributing to global efforts to reduce the infrastructure sector's carbon footprint.
Enriching Fluorotelomer Carboxylic Acids-Degrading Consortia from Sludges and Soils
Authors: Wu Chen , Li Mengyan
Published: August 2024

Fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs) has drawn increasing attention due to their prevalent occurrence, high toxicity, and bioaccumulating effects. In this study, we enriched and characterized microbial consortia with sustainable FTCA removal abilities from two activated sludges and five soils when no external carbon sources were supplemented. After four generations of enrichment, stable 6:2 FTCA and 5:3 FTCA biodegradation were achieved, reaching 0.72~0.98 and 0.53~1.05 µM/day, respectively. Coupling with 6:2 FTCA biotransformation, fluoride release co-occurred, conducive to approximate 0.19 fluoride per 6:2 FTCA molecule that was biodegraded. In contrast, minimal free fluoride was detected in 5:3 FTCA-amended consortia, indicating the dominance of “non-fluoride releasing pathways”. Microbial community analysis revealed the dominance of 13 genera across all consortia. Among them, 3 genera, including Hyphomicrobium, Methylorubrum, and Achromobacter, were found more enriched in consortia amended with 6:2 FTCA than those with 5:3 FTCA from an identical inoculation source, suggesting their involvement in biodefluorination. This study uncovered that microbial consortia can degrade FTCAs without the supplement of external carbon sources, though with low biotransformation and biodefluorination rates. Further research is underscored to investigate the involved biotransformation pathways and biodefluorination mechanisms, as well as effects of external carbon sources.
Unveiling the Characteristics of the Mainland-Indochina Southwest Monsoon: Interannual Variability and ENSO Exclusion via a New Monsoon Index
Authors: Oo Kyaw Than , Chen Haishan , Dalhatu Aminu , Jonah Kazora , Dong Yinshuo , Madhushanka Dinesh , Yohannes Tamirat
Published: August 2024

The south Asian summer monsoon (SASM) is a crucial weather system in South Asia, characterized by three main types according to the Asia-Pacific monsoon split: East Asian Monsoon (EASM), Indian Monsoon (ISM), and Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon (WNPSM). The Mainland-Indochina (MIC) study region lies at the transition between ISM and WNPSM, displaying a unique climate influenced by these monsoon systems. Understanding the SASM's onset, particularly the Mainland-Indochina Southwest Monsoon (MSwM), is vital for agricultural planning and water resource management. This study examines the onset dates of the MSwM over Mainland Indochina region using various meteorological datasets and indices. An objective, non-threshold definition of the MSwM onset is established based on surface winds and moisture flux transport changes. The study reveals significant interannual variability in MSwM onset dates, impacting agricultural activities and water resources. Spatial patterns of MSwM onset dates are analyzed, highlighting localized variations within the MIC region. The study correlates MSwM onset dates with May rainfall across Asia, showing significant relationships with moderate to strong correlations, particularly over MIC. Atmospheric circulation anomalies associated with late and early MSwM onsets are investigated, revealing distinct patterns in wind, vertical velocity, and sea surface temperature anomalies. Convective activity and atmospheric heating play crucial roles in driving circulation anomalies, affecting rainfall distribution across MIC. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of the MSwM onset, its impact on regional rainfall, and the underlying atmospheric processes driving these phenomena. Understanding these complexities is essential for improving seasonal monsoon predictions and enhancing resilience in agriculture and water management in South Asia.
Preparation of Gray ZnO 1-x Photocatalyst Containing Oxygen Vacancies for the Highly Efficient Removal of Nitric Oxide and Acetaminophen
Authors: BI Xiang , DU Gao-Hui , WANG Li-Zhong , ZHAO Dong , XU Hao-Yu , QIU Yue , DAI Le
Published: August 2024

“defect engineering” has been consiered as an effective strategy to improve its photocatalytic activity. ZnO1 − x photocatalysts containing oxygen defects were prepared by “oxygen-atom capture” method in different lithium-naphthalene solution. The effect of concentration of lithium-naphthalene solution on the oxygen vacancies and photocatalytic performance of ZnO were researched comprehensively. The results indicate that ZnO photocatalysts treated in lithium-naphthalene solution show disordered structure on the material due to the presence of oxygen vacancies. Compared with W-ZnO, ZnO1 − x exhibit higher visible light absorption and enhanced photocatalytic properties. Moreover, more oxygen vacancies are introduced into ZnO−0.8, which reduce its bandgap to 3.04 eV and improve the separation efficiency and transfer speed of photo-generated carriers. Therefore, the efficiency of NO removal by ZnO−0.8 is enhanced to 54.3% under ultraviolet light irradiation, and its degradation efficiency of NO is ~ 12 times greated than that of W-ZnO. Oxygen vacancies acted as capturer of electrons, inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Thus, increasing the appropriate concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the material can enhance its photocatalytic activity.
Assessing the Performance of WRF-ELEC and Lightning Potential Index for Lightning Forecasting in Odisha, India: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Mahapatra Debasish , Panda Subrat Kumar , Banik Trisanu , Banerjee Bijit Kumar
Published: August 2024

This study evaluates the WRF-ELEC model with the LPI (Lightning Potential Index) approach for lightning prediction in Odisha using data from the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) Lightning Location Network. It compares model outputs against observed data, focusing on capturing the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning occurrences. Specific cases from 15 June 2019, 24 June 2020, 27 July 2020, and 8 August 2021 were analysed. Results indicate WRF-ELEC's superior accuracy, with Aggregate Mismatch Count for FOD showing a maximum of 12 (mean 1.06) versus Lightning Density's 19 (mean 2.74). Percentage Mismatch for FOD was 50% (mean 4.42%) compared to Lightning Density's 79.17% (mean 11.48%). The Normalized Linear Intensity Mismatch for FOD had a maximum of 4.40 (mean 0.16), significantly lower than Lightning Density's 19.48 (mean 2.01). These findings highlight WRF-ELEC's strengths and weaknesses, contributing to enhanced operational lightning prediction and hazard mitigation strategies in severe weather-prone regions, aiming to improve preparedness in vulnerable areas.
Exploring the spatial-temporal arrangements of urban activity space from individual's daily commute: A Geospatial-Agent based Approach Using Empirical Data
Authors: Azari Mehdi , Moridpour Sara , Hatami Mohsen , Hosseini Monireh
Published: August 2024

The study explores the significance of individual mobility measures, such as activity space, in understanding how individuals interact with their daily environments. Existing measures often overlook geographical concepts like spatial-temporal arrangements of activity spaces, focusing solely on numerical assessments. To address this gap, a multi-level modeling approach combining Agent-Based Modeling (ABM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is utilized to simulate activity destination selection throughout a workday in Zanjan, Iran. The model integrates individual preferences, built environment characteristics, network attributes, and travel generation data. Real-world data from Emerging Data Sources (EDSs) validate the model's reliability and accuracy. Key findings include: (1) clustering analysis identifying four types of activity destinations at different hourly intervals, (2) a central activity space acting as a hub for activity-based travel with a monocentric distribution pattern, (3) individual preference for destinations with diverse and dense built environments, and (4) a decrease in trip frequency as distance from the main activity space increases, indicating a spatial decay effect on activity-based travels.
Firms’ fixed investment and global value chain position: Evidence from China’s value-added tax reform
Authors: Yang Qizhong
Published: August 2024

The increased fragmentation of production on the global value chains (GVCs) is a key trend in international trade. This study examines the causal effect of an investment in fixed assets on a firm’s position in the GVCs. It employs a combined panel data of Chinese firms spanning 2000–2007, where identification relies on a quasi-experimental design via China’s 2004 value-added tax reform to encourage fixed investment purchasing. Accordingly, investment in fixed assets decreases a firm’s GVC upstreamness of exports and imports, with a larger impact on the former, inducing a wider production stage span for GVC firms. Further trade margin analysis demonstrates that fixed investment firms import high-quality inputs from more specific suppliers, followed by increasing exports. Notably, the findings explain the causal effect as the concentration of a firm’s production operations, given specialized equipment from fixed investments, and channels through which investment affects a firm’s positions.
GPD1L may inhibit the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway： bioinformatics analysis and experimental exploration
Authors: Gan LanLan , Zhou Lu , Chu ALan , Sun Chen , Wang YongTai , Yang MengLin , Liu ZongWen
Published: August 2024

Background
Esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) is the most prevalent pathological subtype of esophageal cancer (EC). It has the characteristics of significant local invasion, quick disease progression, high recurrence rates, and a dismal prognosis for survival. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K/AKT) is a signaling system whose aberrant activation regulates downstream factors, leading to the promotion of cancer development. This study looks at a protein called Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1-like (GPD1L), which strongly affects the development of several cancers. However, its association with ESCC development and its underlying mechanisms are not clear.
Methods
In this paper, we analyzed six ESCC transcriptome data obtained from the GEO database. We utilized bioinformatics technology and immunohistochemistry to differentially analyze GPD1L levels of mRNA and protein expression in ESCC and normal adjacent tissues. Furthermore, we conducted survival, co-expression, enrichment, immune infiltration and drug sensitivity analysis. Finally, we further investigated the role and mechanism of GPD1L by Western Blot (WB), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), wound healing assay, Transwell assay, and flow cytometry.
Results
The findings manifest that the expression of GPD1L was low in ESCC, and functional experiments showed that GPD1L promoted apoptosis in vitro while blocking cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Based on mechanism research, GPD1L's impact on ESCC could be explained by its suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway's activation.
Conclusion
To sum up, our findings imply that GPD1L may impede the initiation and advancement of ESCC via modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. GPD1L is considered to be a promising therapeutic target and biomarker to diagnose and treat ESCC.