bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Werkzeuge zur Leistungsbewertung von dynamischen Anwendungen in
Wireless Mesh-Netzwerken
Authors: Schleinzer Benjamin , Samsel Christian , Inden Nicolas
Published: September 2012

Bei der Evaluierung von verteilten Anwendungen lassen sich vorhandene
Messwerkzeuge zur Leistungsbewertung nicht ohne Einschränkungen in heutigen
heterogenen Netzwerken nutzen. In Verbindung mit Anwendungen, die ihr Verhalten
den Netzwerkstrukturen und verfügbaren Kommunikationspartnern anpassen,
erzeugen sie Metriken, die keine Aussage über das individuelle Verhalten
einzelner Komponenten ermöglichen. Zum Beispiel sind einfache
Durchsatzmessungen zwischen zwei Knoten eines Netzwerkes nicht geeignet, das
Verhalten eines dynamischen Peer-to-Peer-Systems (P2P) in einem Wireless
Mesh-Netzwerk zu beschreiben. Netgrind ist ein Messwerkzeug, mit dem
Vergleichsmessungen und Leistungsbewertungen von verteilten, dynamischen
Anwendungen durchgeführt werden können. Netgrind steuert die Anwendung
und misst die realen Datenflüsse zwischen den kommunizierenden Knoten.
Zusätzlich kann Netgrind verschiedene Datenflüsse aktiv emulieren, um
die Interaktion mit anderen Anwendungen zu ermöglichen und die
Leistungsfähigkeit des Gesamtsystems zu verbessern. Durch diese Messungen
ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten, dynamische Anwendungen in heterogenen
Netzwerken zu analysieren und zu bewerten.
Ist SOA obsolet? -- Eine kritische Betrachtung
Authors: Mandl Peter
Published: September 2012

Die Diskussion um SOA dauert zwar nun schon viele Jahre an, ist aber in der
letzten Zeit deutlich abgeflacht. Dies führt zu der Frage, ob das Konzept nun in
die ewigen Jagdgründe der IT-Hypes eingeht oder ob es einen Stand erreicht hat,
der sich bei richtiger Anwendung in der Praxis auch umsetzen lässt. Dieser
Artikel widmet sich dieser Frage. Nach einer kurzen Auffrischung der
SOA-Geschichte sowie der SOA-Ideen werden ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit
einige durchaus kontrovers zu sehende Hypothesen zur Diskussion gestellt.
Synthesis and properties of new polyamide-organoclay nanocomposites containing pyrazine moiety in the main chain
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Naderi-Ghomi Mohammad , Hajibeygi Mohsen
Published: September 2012

A series of polyamide (PA)/montmorillonite nanocomposites containing pyrazine moiety in the main chain were synthesized by a convenient solution intercalation technique. PA 3 as a source of polymer matrix was synthesized by the direct polycondensation reaction of pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 1 with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2 in the presence of triphenyl phosphite, CaCl2, pyridine, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The resulting nanocomposite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that organo-modified clay was dispersed homogeneously in the PA matrix. TGA indicated an enhancement of thermal stability of new nanocomposites compared with the pure polymer.
Study on in situ Al-Si functionally graded materials produced by traveling magnetic field
Authors: Xu Yanjin , Su Yanqing , Luo Liangshun , Liu Jiangping , Guo Jingjie , Fu Hengzhi
Published: September 2012

The aim of this contribution was to investigate the microstructure of in situ Al-Si functionally graded materials produced by traveling magnetic field. The research shows that the composition and associated microstructural feature of Al-Si alloys processed by this method changes from the outer of samples to the inner, respectively, from Al-Si hypereutectic with particles of primary Si to Al-Si eutectic to hypoeutectic composition with a great number of primary Al dendrites. Moreover, the hardness, the wear resistance of samples and the volume fraction of primary Si particles all have obviously gradient characteristics in the samples.
Thermal buckling load optimization of laminated folded composite plates
Authors: Topal Umut
Published: September 2012

In this study, thermal buckling load optimization of symmetrically laminated composite folded plates subjected to uniformly distributed temperature load is investigated. The objective function is to maximize the critical temperature capacity of laminates and the fiber orientation is considered as a design variable. The first-order shear deformation theory is used to study thermal buckling response of the laminates. The modified feasible direction method is used as the optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on Fortran is used for the optimization. Finally, the significant effects of crank angles, plate lengths and boundary conditions on the optimum results are demonstrated and the results are compared.
Frequency optimization of laminated composite plates with different intermediate line supports
Authors: Topal Umut
Published: September 2012

This paper deals with frequency optimization of symmetrically laminated 4-layered angle-ply plates with one or two different intermediate line supports. The design objective is the maximization of the fundamental frequency and the design variable is the fiber orientation in the layers. The first order shear deformation theory and nine-node isoparametric finite element model are used for finding the natural frequencies of laminates. The modified feasible direction method is used for the optimization routine. For this purpose, a program based on FORTRAN is used. Finally, the numerical analysis is carried out to investigate the effects of location of the internal line supports, plate aspect ratios and boundary conditions on the optimal designs and the results are compared.
Historical Institutionalism and Comparative Federalism
Authors: Broschek Jörg
Published: September 2012

With some exceptions, efforts to systematically apply a historical-institutionalist framework to the study of federalism have been few and far between. This paper argues, however, that historical institutionalism lends itself particularly well for addressing two important research questions in the field of comparative federalism: the origins of federal systems and their dynamics. It is suggested that a historical-institutionalist framework can significantly contri­bute to encourage theoretical cross-fertilization within the field of comparative federalism.
Cyclic Voltammetric Study of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer Rate Constants of Various Organic Compounds in Ionic liquids: Measurements at Room Temperature
Authors: Siraj Noureen , Grampp Günter , Landgraf Stephan , Punyain Kraiwan
Published: September 2012

Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are of growing interest due to their outstanding solvent properties. The high conductivity and large electrochemical window of RTILs have enabled their use in electrochemistry without adding supporting electrolyte. Heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k
het
) and diffusion coefficients (D) of ferrocene, 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone, bromanil, tetracyanoethylene, tetrathiofulvalene, methylviologen, and ethylviologen were determined in several RTILs such as [emim][BF4], [bmim][OTf], [bmim][BF4] and [bmim][PF6] using cyclic voltammetry. The results obtained for k
het and D, range from 0.25–29.6 × 104 cm s-1 and 1.27–25.5 × 108 cm2 s-1 respectively. Both were significantly lower than those found in organic solvents like acetonitrile (MeCN), dimethylformamide (DMF), etc. It was found that k
het and D were two to three orders of magnitude lower in more viscous RTILs. Diffusion coefficients were inversely proportional to the viscosity of the RTILs for all substances under investigation. Marcus theory was applied to compare the k
het. The main problem arising is to understand the role of solvent reorganization energy (λ
o). Whereas Marcus theory describes λ
o in two parts of polarization, a fast electronic and a slower orientational contribution both expressed by the Pekar factor γ = (1/n
2 - 1/ɛ
s), the solvent is treated as a continuum having a dielectric constant (ɛ
s) and a refractive index (n). Such a concept seems to be not applicable to ionic liquids.
La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ
(LSC) Thin Film Electrodes with Very Fast Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Prepared by a Sol-Gel Route
Authors: Januschewsky Judith , Stöger-Pollach Michael , Kubel Frank , Friedbacher Gernot , Fleig Jürgen
Published: September 2012

La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ
(LSC) thin film electrodes of about 80 nm thickness were prepared via a sol-gel route on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) solid electrolytes. Impedance measurements on microelectrodes fabricated from these films revealed very low polarization resistances for electrochemical oxygen exchange at intermediate temperatures (500–600 ºC). Prerequisite for the very fast oxygen reduction kinetics was a limitation of the preparation (annealing) temperature to 600 ºC. Already after ca. 15 minutes annealing of the sol-gel prepared layer at this temperature, electrodes were electrochemically highly active despite low crystallinity (almost XRD amorphous). LSC electrodes on GDC showed much higher polarization resistances. However, this originated from an additional interfacial resistance rather than from kinetically slow LSC surfaces.
Nutritional Control of Growth and Development in Yeast
Authors: Broach James R
Published: September 2012

Availability of key nutrients, such as sugars, amino acids, and nitrogen compounds, dictates the developmental programs and the growth rates of yeast cells. A number of overlapping signaling networks—those centered on Ras/protein kinase A, AMP-activated kinase, and target of rapamycin complex I, for instance—inform cells on nutrient availability and influence the cells’ transcriptional, translational, posttranslational, and metabolic profiles as well as their developmental decisions. Here I review our current understanding of the structures of the networks responsible for assessing the quantity and quality of carbon and nitrogen sources. I review how these signaling pathways impinge on transcriptional, metabolic, and developmental programs to optimize survival of cells under different environmental conditions. I highlight the profound knowledge we have gained on the structure of these signaling networks but also emphasize the limits of our current understanding of the dynamics of these signaling networks. Moreover, the conservation of these pathways has allowed us to extrapolate our finding with yeast to address issues of lifespan, cancer metabolism, and growth control in more complex organisms.
Weak Selection and Protein Evolution
Authors: Akashi Hiroshi , Osada Naoki , Ohta Tomoko
Published: September 2012

The “nearly neutral” theory of molecular evolution proposes that many features of genomes arise from the interaction of three weak evolutionary forces: mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection acting at its limit of efficacy. Such forces generally have little impact on allele frequencies within populations from generation to generation but can have substantial effects on long-term evolution. The evolutionary dynamics of weakly selected mutations are highly sensitive to population size, and near neutrality was initially proposed as an adjustment to the neutral theory to account for general patterns in available protein and DNA variation data. Here, we review the motivation for the nearly neutral theory, discuss the structure of the model and its predictions, and evaluate current empirical support for interactions among weak evolutionary forces in protein evolution. Near neutrality may be a prevalent mode of evolution across a range of functional categories of mutations and taxa. However, multiple evolutionary mechanisms (including adaptive evolution, linked selection, changes in fitness-effect distributions, and weak selection) can often explain the same patterns of genome variation. Strong parameter sensitivity remains a limitation of the nearly neutral model, and we discuss concave fitness functions as a plausible underlying basis for weak selection.
Reginald Crundall Punnett: First Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics, Cambridge, 1912
Authors: Edwards A W F
Published: September 2012

R. C. Punnett, the codiscoverer of linkage with W. Bateson in 1904, had the good fortune to be invited to be the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at Cambridge University, United Kingdom, in 1912 when Bateson, for whom it had been intended, declined to leave his new appointment as first Director of the John Innes Horticultural Institute. We here celebrate the centenary of the first professorship dedicated to genetics, outlining Punnett’s career and his scientific contributions, with special reference to the discovery of “partial coupling” in the sweet pea (later “linkage”) and to the diagram known as Punnett’s square. His seeming reluctance as coauthor with Bateson to promote the reduplication hypothesis to explain the statistical evidence for linkage is stressed, as is his relationship with his successor as Arthur Balfour Professor, R. A. Fisher. The background to the establishment of the Professorship is also described.
Airport security check of medical substances used during patient repatriation
Authors: Felkai Péter
Published: September 2012

Introduction: During airport security check of passenger luggage, hazardous items and substances are prohibited to be taken into the restricted safety zone of the airport and the aircraft. Among equipment of the medical staff escorting the patient, there are several devices and materials which are considered hazardous for security reasons. However, medical equipment and substances are indispensable for treating patients during the flight. Aim: The aim of the author was to present his experience obtained with the use of an instrument developed for testing liquids, aerosols and gels for security reasons. Method: An instrument based on Raman spectroscopy was used for the identification of medical substances. Results: The results confirmed that the instrument was able to recognize the tested medical substances. The non-destructive testing maintained sample integrity and asepsis. Conclusions: The data indicate that the instrument has a promising utility for the identification of medical substances. It seems important that during repatriation medical substances should be selected not only on the ground of their medical necessity, but their packaging should be also taken into consideration. It is necessary to perform more tests on different medical substances used in emergency care in order to make the database of medical substances stored in the library of instrument more complete. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1469–1474.
Urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography: to whom, when and how to perform?
Authors: Czakó László
Published: September 2012

Although the effectivity of an urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography was documented, some aspects relating to this method are still debated. Timing of this procedure has not been established yet. Indications for urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography with stone extraction from the common bile duct in patients with biliary pancreatitis remains controversial. Biliary decompression and drainage is the cornerstone of acute cholangitis treatment. The timing of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography should be based on the grade of the severity of the disease. Using endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography, the accurate diagnosis and treatment of bile leaks in a timely manner is imperative to limit associated morbidity and mortality. Difficulty in cannulating the common bile duct is one of the main risk factors for pancreatitis occurring after the procedure. Alternative techniques to facilitate difficult cannulation are discussed. Organized training and introduction of objective measures of the investigator’s competence are emphasized to improve the performance of the procedure in Hungary. Orv. Hetil., 2012, 153, 1456–1464.
A MOF based meta-model and a concrete DSL syntax of IIS*Case PIM concepts
Authors: Celikovic Milan , Lukovic Ivan , Aleksic Slavica , Ivancevic Vladimir
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we present a platform independent model (PIM) of IIS*Case tool for information system (IS) design. IIS*Case is a model driven software tool that provides generation of executable application prototypes. The concepts are described by Meta Object Facility (MOF) specification, one of the commonly used approaches for describing meta-models. One of the main reasons for having IIS*Case PIM concepts specified through the meta-model, is to provide software documentation in a formal way, as well as a domain analysis purposed at creation a domain specific language to support IS design. Using the PIM meta-model, we can generate test cases that may assist in software tool verification. The meta-model may be also a good base for the process of the concrete syntax generation for some domain specific language.
The Sociology of Sporta
Authors: Young T. R.
Published: September 2012

A Marxian theory of sport has two major dimensions: A political economy in which one weighs the degree to which sports serve the accumulation problems of advanced monopoly capital and a cultural-Marxist dimension in which one examines the ways in which sports solve the problems of legitimacy and help produce alienated consciousness in self and society. This article provides insight in both uses to which commodity sports are put. In brief, advanced monopoly capitalism uses the advertising industry to colonize desire and myth in sports as an envelope in which to insert commercial messages. The human desire for good and enlivening social relations is transferred to the lifeless commodity. A better use of sports is to locate desire within community and interpersonal concerns rather than profit and false solidarity. A radical research agenda is summarized in the last section.
Religion, Family, and Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Amoateng Acheampong Yaw , Bahr Stephen J.
Published: September 2012

Using a national sample of over 17,000 high school seniors, we examined the effect of education of parents, employment status of mother, number of parents in household, religiosity, religious affiliation, gender, and race on alcohol and marijuana use. Contrary to some previous research, neither parental education nor employment status of mother was related to use of alcohol or marijuana. Adolescents who lived with both parents were less likely than adolescents in single-parent homes to use marijuana, although the differences were relatively small. Number of parents in household was not related to adolescent alcohol use. Level of religiosity had a significant association with alcohol and marijuana use among all religious denominations, although the magnitude of the relationship varied by denomination. Religious denomination, gender, and race were also related to drug use.
Sex and Race Differences in Mathematics Aptitude
Authors: Moore Elsie G. J. , Smith A. Wade
Published: September 2012

The differential course-work hypothesis posits that intergroup differences in mathematics aptitude result from differences between groups in both the extent and type of in-school exposure to mathematics and to related quantitatively oriented courses. Differential course-work effects on gender differences in mathematics aptitude are ambiguous, and research on racial differences is limited. This article examines the extent of the reduction in sex and race differences in mathematics competence when accounting for course-work in high school. The findings indicate that the previously more-researched sex differences in mathematics competence may or may not be significantly reduced when course work is controlled, depending on which component of mathematics competence is measured. However, racial differences in all components of mathematics competence are significantly reduced when racial differences in exposure to relevant high school course work are taken into account. These findings imply that simply increasing the exposure of females to math-related high school courses may not be sufficient to reduce sex differences in all aspects of mathematics aptitude. However, standardizing the math (and related) curricula of blacks to that of whites could potentially improve all aspects of black students' mathematics performance.
Downtown Vitality
Authors: Reitzes Donald C.
Published: September 2012

The changing function of downtowns from dominant centers to specialized service and office centers has made the maintenance of a vital downtown more problematic. The data are derived from a telephone survey of 735 city and suburban residents of metropolitan Atlanta. The analysis explores the impact of demographic, social background, and familiarity variables, as well as cognitive images, affective responses, and evaluative assessment on the use of downtown dining and entertainment facilities. Findings include the following: (1) people who go downtown regularly or work downtown and people who have a greater affective attachment to the area are more likely to participate in downtown drinking and dining activities and (2) younger, better educated, higher status adults and people who have a greater affective attachment to the area are more likely to go downtown for entertainment.
Organized Groups, Land Use Decisions, and Ecological Theory
Authors: Hudson James R.
Published: September 2012

Human ecological theory has often been faulted for failing to consider the effects of the conscious actions of individuals and groups in the shaping of land use development. Given the current theoretical formulation of human ecological theory developed by Hawley, this criticism is not justified. A unique example of invasion-succession in an urban area offers an opportunity to illustrate how organized groups can influence this process, and to demonstrate how such actions fit into human ecological theory, and, by extension, general ecological theory. Those who do not recognize this dimension of human ecology will continue to be deprived of its analytic potential.
Boomtowns and Offshore Energy Impact Assessment
Authors: Gramling Bob , Brabant Sarah
Published: September 2012

The boomtown scenario has, over the last decade, become closely associated with energy-related development in the western United States. The model based on this scenario has been generalized to other energy-related production activities, notably offshore oil and gas development. The basic mechanism underlying the boomtown model is the rapid growth of population that occurs as individuals move into an area to take advantage of employment opportunities in the energy production sectors of the economy. In contrast to western energy development, the structure of employment in the primary sectors of offshore oil and gas production allows individuals to commute from considerable distances rather than relocate. Without relocation and the corresponding population growth, some of the negative social and economic impacts generally associated with boomtowns do not occur. Thus the traditional boomtown model is limited in its appropriateness as a tool for energy-related impact assessment. In the present article, the original boomtown model is modified to provide greater flexibility and comprehensiveness, not only with respect to offshore oil and gas production in the gulf coast but for other areas of rapid development as well.
The Economic Success of Hong Kong
Authors: So Alvin Y.
Published: September 2012

This article studies the origins and development of the economic success of Hong Kong. After pointing out the problems of the free-market explanation and the authoritarian state explanation, this article turns to the world-system perspective for new insights. It is argued that the historical development of Hong Kong is shaped both by the capitalist world-system and by the interactions between socialist China and the capitalist power bloc between the 1950s and the 1970s. This article contributes by showing how these world-system dynamics have affected the Hong Kong political economy over the past three decades.
Adorno Encounters Cu-Bop
Authors: Lindstrom Fred B. , Lindstrom Naomi
Published: September 2012

Suggesting a typology of musical listeners, Adorno (1976/1962) invites his readers to refine his proposed schema and to apply it to their real-world observations. This study takes up his invitation. It uses Adorno's typology to examine the responses of jazz critics and their implied audiences at a moment of profound innovation in the development of jazz, the introduction of Caribbean-influenced Cu-bop.
The Ambivalence of Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew
Published: September 2012

Marx is at his most persuasive when he shows that technology is not an autonomous thing one can be for or against, but that technological design is relative to political forces which depend in turn on social interests. Thus, technology is an ambivalent dimension of the social process and, like education, law, the military, and the corporate structure, it is involved in social struggles which determine what it is and will become. This position implies the necessity of a democratic technical politics, contrary to the prevailing practice of the existing communist and socialist societies which treat technology as a sociopolitical invariant.
New Directions in the Political Economy of Agriculture
Authors: McMichael Philip , Buttel Frederick H.
Published: September 2012

Recent tendencies in the literature on the sociology and political economy of agriculture in advanced industrial societies are analyzed with respect to their adequacy for guiding future research and their implications for sociology at large. We argue that the emergent tradition of agrarian political economy, while it has been productive in many respects, has tended to have two limitations. First, agriculture has typically been reified by being conceptualized as a distinct and autonomous sector when, in fact, modern agriculture is increasingly characterized by a decline in its sectoral and national identities. Second, major contending theories, despite their apparent differences, have been rooted in common deductivist approaches that fail to recognize the contingent character of agricultural organization. Two theoretical strategies with particular promise for transcending these limitations are then discussed.
Fallacy of a Single Model for School Achievement: Considerations for Ethnicity
Authors: Cooper Ann M.
Published: September 2012

Ethnic group differences in school achievement, often resulting in life cycle and generational cumulative disadvantages in stratified societies, are apparent in elementary education. Socioeconomic, family, and school factors affecting school achievement are frequently assumed to be equally applicable across ethnic groups. This study questions if a single model for school achievement, where the effect of socioeconomic factors is mediated by family processes, truly represents the processes occurring for different ethnic groups. Results show that the proposed theoretical model for school achievement fits blacks, Chicanos, and whites differently. The model best predicts school achievement for Chicanos. Socioeconomic status alone plays a small direct role in school achievement for whites but it is mediated by the intervening family socialization, school contact, and child study-time factors for Chicanos and blacks. The intervening factors also affect school achievement differently for blacks and Chicanos. The only ethnic similarity is that increased child study-time directly improves school achievement.
Counterinsurgent Vigilantism and Public Response: A Philippine Case Study
Authors: Kowalewski David
Published: September 2012

Vigilantism against political dissent is a common phenomenon which provokes intense reactions from a number of social sectors. But what shape do these reactions take? Two competing models, crystallized simplicity and fluid complexity, make differing predictions about the dimensionality of issues, social grouping, and temporal dynamics of public concern. Issue dimensions, sectoral clustering, and change of opinion over time are examined with data on counterinsurgent vigilantes in the Philippines. Seven dimensions of opinion were observable: displacement, unrepresentativeness, terror, elite mobilization, extralegality, grievance nonredress, and destabilization. With respect to these seven issue dimensions, social sectors fell into five coalitional clusters: counterinsurgent functionaries, lumpen class, peace and justice coalition, legal lobby, and populist organizations. Most sectors became alienated from the vigilantes over time and polarization occurred on the issues of displacement, unrepresentativeness, and grievance nonredress. The superiority of the fluid complexity model is suggested.
Two Experiments in Simplifying Response Categories: Intensity Ratings and Behavioral Frequencies
Authors: Schaeffer Nora Cate , Charng Hong-Wen
Published: September 2012

Two experiments compare simpler with more complex response categories in a telephone survey. The first experiment develops a method for predicting the effects of changing modifiers in labels for response categories. The experiment compares two response scales for rating the friendliness of parent-parent and parent-child relationships. The second experiment examines a flexible, self-documenting, procedure for recording answers to open questions about the frequency of events by comparing this procedure to a closed-frequency question. The open format for recording the frequency of events preserves more information about contact patterns than the closed question. Data are from 400–500 parents who participated in the Wisconsin Survey of Children, Income, and Program Participation, a random-digit-dialing household survey conducted in the spring of 1985.
A Nonlinear Effect of the Number of Children on the Division of Household Labor
Authors: Kamo Yoshinori
Published: September 2012

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 3,472), the effect of the number of children on a husband's relative contribution to the household work is examined. When couples' mean age, employment status, income, education, employment hours, and gender-role attitudes are controlled, the number of children living in the home shows a nonlinear and U-shaped effect on the husband's relative share in the household work. The husband's share is the smallest when three children live in the home. It is largest when there are no children and when there are five or more children in the home. When the amount of time each spouse spends on the household work is examined, this U-shaped effect is found to be a result of the differential responses of the husband and wife to the increasing demand created by children.
Interorganizational Influences on Mental Health Diagnoses
Authors: Holman John E. , Caston Richard J.
Published: September 2012

In this study, it is hypothesized that mental health diagnoses are influenced by power relations and value conflicts between community mental health centers and the organizations in their catchment areas. A case study of a community mental health center in a large western city provides evidence to confirm this hypothesis. However, these macro-level influences on the diagnostic process are found to be reduced substantially when clients possess other personal status resources.
Alzheimer's Disease Victims: The “Unbecoming” of Self and the Normalization of Competence
Authors: Fontana Andrea , Smith Ronald W.
Published: September 2012

This study examines the importance of routinized practices for the self Alzheimer's disease victims are observed in their daily lives. The deterioration of self is discussed, followed by a discussion of routinized actions and normalization practices by caregivers that allow the patients to be seen as competent selves. Finally, the last remnants of the self in Alzhiemer's patients are discussed. The authors conclude that when the individual self undergoes an “unbecoming” process, due to the mental deterioration caused by the disease, it is largely social practices that allow the self to continue to exist in the eyes of others.
Change in the Structure of Bureaucracy
Authors: Stevenson William B.
Published: September 2012

The impact of pressures for change over time in three city government bureaucracies is analyzed, and the cities are found to accommodate demands for change by adding structural units and not hiring additional employees. It is suggested that managers respond to pressures for change by adding structures, regardless of increases in administrative cost and complexity, because bureaucratic structure is the legitimate, socially prescribed vehicle to accomplish bureaucratic goals. This implies that attempts at major changes in public bureaucracies may lead to more bureaucratic structure and increased costs of administration.
The Social Bases of Support for Workplace Democracy
Authors: Zipp John F. , Luebke Paul , Landerman Richard
Published: September 2012

After analyzing attitudes toward the distribution of political power, Form and Rytina (1969) called for increased investigation of the relationship between social stratification and political ideology. This article complements their focus by analyzing attitudes toward the distribution of power in the workplace. We do this specifically by examining the social bases of support for workplace democracy in the United States. Workplace democracy is important because in and of itself, it is an indicator of the democratic versus undemocratic tendencies of individuals, and support for it questions the existing distribution of power between workers and owners/managers. Drawing on data from a 1975 national sample, our principal findings are that there is widespread support for a democratic reorganization of power in the workplace, with blue-collar workers being the most in favor of it and managers the least disposed to it. Furthermore, affluence does not seriously decrease blue collar workers' support for it. In the concluding section, we discuss the practical and scholarly implications of these results.
The Office Affair
Authors: Schneider Beth E.
Published: September 2012

In the last few years, there has been increased interest in “office affairs.” Although traditionally workplace sexual relationships were the subject of gossip, but little serious attention, they are currently considered tantamount to sexual harassment. However, their incidence and consequences remain relatively unknown. Understanding about these relationships assume heterosexuality; the emphasis is therefore on the combined effect of inequalities of occupational location and gender. Rarely acknowledged are relationships between co-workers or persons of the same sex. This article summarizes research contrasting heterosexual and lesbian women workers' involvements in sexual relationships with persons from their workplace. The findings indicate that the workplace is an important context for the beginnings of a sexual relationship. Lesbians have greater opportunity to meet partners at work and have more equitable relations (that is, ones with co-workers), whereas heterosexuals more often experience negative consequences from the mix of occupational and gender inequality. The evidence suggests that the truth of the “office affair” more nearly approximates the heterosexual pattern than the lesbian one, though it captures neither terribly well.
Earnings Differentials between Whites and Japanese: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Dwyer Jeffrey W. , Lovell Peggy
Published: September 2012

Recent studies of wage inequality show that there are many similarities between Brazil and other multiracial countries. The present research adds to this literature by examining wage differentials between white and Japanese-Brazilian males ages 18 to 64 in the state of Sao Paulo. Data are from the 0.8 percent sample of the 1980 Brazilian census. The effects of labor force experience, schooling, class of worker, location, and background characteristics on earnings are estimated separately for white and Japanese wage earners. Subsequently, the wage gap is decomposed into unexplained, composition, and interaction components. The data show that the average wage for Japanese-Brazilians is 61 percent higher than for whites and that 74 percent of this disparity is explained by differences in the means of the independent variables (composition). Compared to whites, Japanese-Brazilians are better educated and are more likely to be employers or self-employed. In addition, ambition, persistence, deferred gratification, and intergenerational mobility—characteristics associated with Asian attainment in the United States—provide a plausible explanation for the 22 percent of the earnings differential that is “unexplained.” This research suggests that the socioeconomic achievements of people of Japanese descent in Brazil surpass those of the white majority as has been the case in other multiracial countries.
The Military, State Involvement in the Economy, and Economic Growth (1960–1975): A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Shin Gi-Wook
Published: September 2012

The effect of the military on economic growth has been an important issue among specialists in economic and political development, but the relationship between them has not been fully formulated. The key is to examine the role of the state. The military as an institution has a positive effect on economic growth through effective and strong state involvement in the economy. Though the data at first do not seem to support this hypothesis, an analysis that separates the cases into two groups of less-developed countries (LDCs) works well with the data from relatively rich ones, but not with the data from the relatively poor ones. Thus, greater internal power for the military leads to successful economic growth through state's effective and strong involvement in economic affairs only for relatively rich LDCs. A nonadditive model is an appropriate specification for testing this hypothesis.
Belief in a Just World and Depression
Authors: Ritter Christian , Benson D. E. , Synder Clint
Published: September 2012

This paper explores the relationship between a belief in a just world and depression. Building on the work of Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, and Mullan (1981), we investigate the role that a belief in a just world might play in the relationship between chronic stressors and depression. Using a random sample of noninstitutionalized adult residents (N = 283) of Northern Ireland, we find that a belief in a just world and a sense of mastery are independent cognitive structures, and that a belief in a just world has a significant effect on depression over and above the effect of mastery. Theoretical implications and research questions generated by this effort are discussed.
Apparent and Genuine Affluence
Authors: Lacy Michael G.
Published: September 2012

The twentieth century rise in energy consumption appears to be due more to rises in affluence than changes in energy technology. This conclusion is disputed by suggesting that the rise in energy consumption is due not to a genuine rise in affluence, but to the use of energy to produce goods and services that only compensate for the poorer character of new products and the environment within which they function. This thesis is examined using data on durability of products, and a measure of affluence that takes account of changes in the socioeconomic environment. These data indicate that changes in the environment can partly explain the rise in energy consumption, whereas changes in durability have had little if any effect.
Scaling Labor Markets
Authors: Smith D. Randall , Noma Elliot
Published: September 2012

Theoretical analyses of labor market segmentation have traditionally emphasized discrete aspects of this structure (e.g., primary and secondary markets). In contrast, the literature on the segmentation of firms and industries has moved from discrete, unidimensional views of economic sectors (e.g., core or periphery) to continuous, multidimensional conceptualizations. Following this shift, we argue that labor market segments should also be seen as the result of multidimensional phenomena. To illustrate our contention, we use centroid scaling to analyze a 79 by 79 mobility matrix for intercollegiate athletic personnel. The results show the complexity of this labor market and suggest that, at the national level, market segments are continua in a multidimensional structure.
Personal Relationship Ads: An Informal Balancing Act
Authors: Montini Theresa , Ovrebro Beverly
Published: September 2012

This study is a grounded theory analysis of 1,169 personal relationship ads placed in the San Francisco Bay Guardian between 1973 and 1987. The results of the coding process yielded four major categories: Up Front, Con-Avoidance, Presentation of Self as Unique, and Appeal to Fate, which are described and illustrated. These categories are integrated into a model of anticipatory relationship management. Analysis of advertisements reveals ad placers' attempts to balance their desire for a relationship partner and the need to protect themselves from possible exploitation.
In the Interest of the State: Production Politics in the Nineteenth Century Prison
Authors: Staples William G.
Published: September 2012

During the nineteenth century, the jails, penitentiaries, and reformatories of America were “industrialized” under both public and private production regimes. Society-centered revisionist writing in both sociology and history has failed to explain adequately the appearance, consequence, and ultimate dismantling of these regimes. In this paper I offer an alternative, state-centered analysis which locates the political state within its interdependent relationship with the economic and normative spheres of society. My view underscores the role of state managers and agents as historical subjects whose actions have consequences for the structuring of the state apparatus.
Why People Obey
Authors: Hamilton Gary G. , Biggart Nicole Woolsey
Published: September 2012

Recent sociological studies of power in organizations, although oriented toward practical ends, offer promise for a general sociological theory of power. Empirically grounded organizational studies examine social life as practiced by actors and preserve the tension between structure and action. Exchange theory and structural theories of power, in contrast, are abstract and theoretical; by asserting the primacy of structures (structural theories) or action (exchange theory), they cannot account well for the dialectic of human agency and structural constraint. We suggest the theoretical implications of organizational analysis and compare this perspective with traditional sociological approaches to power.
Bringing Social Theory to Hazards Research
Authors: Bogard William C.
Published: September 2012

This article relates some examples of current research on the mitigation of environmental hazards to recent sociological work in the theory of action. My intentions are to isolate common themes in an otherwise heterogeneous literature, to encourage debate on mitigation issues, and to enhance the legitimacy of this research program by bringing it to the center of contemporary theoretical concerns in the discipline. Much of the current debate in the field of mitigation still harbors implicit ties to sociological functionalism. These ties are made explicit and critiqued. It is argued that functional conceptions of mitigation present an unbalanced picture of mitigation as a reaction to potential extremes in the environment to the neglect of mitigation's active role in altering hazard potentials.
The “Real” Marriage Squeeze
Authors: Veevers Jean E.
Published: September 2012

Among persons in midlife, about one in five is unmarried. The sex ratio in this group is about 80, which is markedly unbalanced. Although changes in fertility and in mortality are contributing factors, the “real” squeeze is due largely to the ubiquitous norm that husbands should be older than their wives. This mating gradient is the most significant determinant of the competition for mates as it is experienced by older unmarried women compared with older unmarried men. The nature and magnitude of this marriage squeeze are demonstrated using Canadian vital statistics and census data. Age differentials of brides and grooms in all marriages registered in 1981 are used to create “availability indices” that estimate the number of unmarried persons of the opposite sex that are potentially available for every 100 unmarried persons. For men, availability indices are low in the 20s, and they increase with advancing age to about one-to-one in the 50s. For women, access to potential grooms is highest in the 20s and decreases with advancing age until, in the 50s, there are only 50 potential grooms per 100 unmarried women. The implications of unbalanced sex ratios are discussed with reference to changes in marriage and the family. Markedly skewed sex ratios may shift the balance of power between the sexes and produce a demographic reaffirmation of the double standard.
When the Bombs Drop
Authors: Balch Robert W. , Farnsworth Gwen , Wilkins Sue
Published: September 2012

This article reports the results of an ethnographic study of a millennial Baha'i sect whose leader predicted that the world would be devastated by nuclear war on April 29, 1980. Shortly before that date we began a participant-observer study of the sect, and during the following eight months we supplemented our observations by interviewing members and defectors in the four states where the group's leader had a substantial following. The purpose of the investigation was to replicate the classic study of disconfirmed prophecy reported in When Prophecy Fails by Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter. They found that prophetic disconfirmation was followed by an increase in conviction and heightened efforts to recruit new believers. We report contrary findings and explore social psychological factors that might account for the difference between our findings and the results of the Festinger et al. study. We argue that reactions to prophetic failure are shaped less by psychological forces than by social circumstances existing at the time of disconfirmation.
Uneven Development and National Income Inequality in Third World Countries
Authors: Sullivan Gerard
Published: September 2012

This article examines the extent to which Third World nations' dependent position in the world economy contributes to intercountry differences in income inequality. International economic dependence is measured using investment dependence — the penetration of a country by foreign capital, commodity production concentration, and the degree to which a country relies on particular markets for its imports and exports. It is hypothesized that the effect of dependency on inequality is mediated by its effect on the uneven development of the productive capacities of a nation. Level of development is included as a control variable in the analysis. The results of a cross-sectional regression analysis indicate that dependency is related to uneven development, which in turn is associated with level of national income inequality.
The Social Construction of Reality in Marriage; An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Ross Catherine E. , Mirowsky John
Published: September 2012

A marriage is not a concrete reality that necessarily reveals itself to husband and wife in the same form. It is a history of actions and interactions, combined with mutual expectations based on that history and on broader cultural norms and values. It is therefore possible for the husband's and wife's perceptions of and reports about the marriage to differ. Using a national random telephone sample of 680 married couples, we test four hypotheses concerning the sources of disagreement in the husband's and wife's reports of decision making and housework: (1) The more dissimilar the sociodemographic backgrounds of husband and wife, the more dissimilar their reports; (2) The shorter the marriage, the more dissimilar their reports; (3) The fewer children they have, the more dissimilar their reports; (4) The extent and nature of dissimilarity in their reports depends on the nature of the objects of the reports. Our results support the fourth hypothesis but not the first three. We argue that differences appear to be due to the nature of the particular aspect of the marriage beging reported in combination with variations in preconceptions and with the contrasting positions of husband and wife in the marital relationship.