bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DENOISING AND REMOTE MONITORING OF ECG SIGNAL WITH REAL-TIME EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER IN A WEARABLE SYSTEM
Authors: Ozkaraca Osman , Guler Inan
Published: December 2014

In this paper, a prototype of wearable and wireless electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring system is developed and implemented on DSP and PDA. We present a real-time extended Kalman filtering framework for extracting motion and electromyography (EMG) artifacts from a single-channel ECG in wearable systems as different from other offline studies. Realized prototype is a good example for the usage of the Kalman filter in biomedical real-time system. The average SNR advancement of 9.1430 dB was achieved for denoising, which is average 1 dB more than the other methods such as MABWT, EKF2 by using MIT-BIH database. Additionally, the usability and performances of conductive textile electrodes were evaluated with disposable Ag – AgCl electrodes by using daily activities. A novel textile electrode gave approximately 25.23% better results compared to Ag – AgCl electrodes. Also, UDP, TCP and Web Socket communication protocols have been tested. UDP has been the fastest method for the ECG signal transferring from the patient to the doctor. At the same time, a method is proposed for direct access to the patient by the doctor. The results illustrate that this type of system will submit highly ergonomic solutions among biomedical device technologies. In addition, the usage of such kinds of systems is foreseen for requiring long-term follow-up and disorders.
A NOVEL METHOD TO EVALUATE HUMAN LOCOMOTION ABILITY BASED ON THE FINITE ELEMENT MODELING AND SIMULATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Authors: Wei Gaofeng , Yu Xudong , Ren Qiushi
Published: December 2014

A novel method based on the finite element modeling and simulation of human musculoskeletal system was proposed to evaluate the human locomotion ability in this paper. Biomechanical models that compute muscle forces and human joint forces are broadly applicable to the study of factors that promote human musculoskeletal injury and optimize musculoskeletal motion planning. However, it is still difficult to acquire the biomechanical characteristics of human skeletal system in vivo. Especially, there is little research about the biomechanical modeling and simulation of the entire human skeletal system. The finite element method was broadly used various mechanical analyses. It has been used to model and simulate biomechanical behavior of segments of human skeletal system, such as arthrosis, organs and so on. A novel finite element model of the entire human skeletal system was proposed in this paper. As far as we know, there is no similar reports yet. First, the anatomical detailed three-dimension models of human musculoskeletal system were reconstructed from the cross-sectional images of China Visible Human Project. Second, the sectional finite element models of musculoskeletal system was built. And, the finite element model of the entire human musculoskeletal system was integrated. In the end, a weightlifting motor task simulation was implemented as a case study using the proposed method on supercomputer platform Dawning4000A in Shanghai Supercomputer Center. The muscle forces and the skeleton stresses of subject during weightlifting locomotion were obtained. Based on these parameters, the locomotion ability of subject was evaluated. It was validated that the proposed method could provide the inbeing biomechanical information of musculoskeletal system in vivo. Furthermore, it could evaluate human locomotion ability based on these information from a novel viewpoint.
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA CLASSIFICATION WITH ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK BASED ON TWO SYNCHRONIC HRV SERIES
Authors: Akşahin Mehmet , Erdamar Aykut , Fırat Hikmet , Ardıç Sadık , Eroğul Osman
Published: December 2014

In the present study, "obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients" and "non-OSA patients" were classified into two groups using with two synchronic heart rate variability (HRV) series obtained from electrocardiography (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. A linear synchronization method called cross power spectrum density (CPSD), commonly used on HRV series, was performed to obtain high-quality signal features to discriminate OSA from controls. To classify simultaneous sleep ECG and PPG signals recorded from OSA and non-OSA patients, various feed forward neural network (FFNN) architectures are used and mean relative absolute error (MRAE) is applied on FFNN results to show affectivities of developed algorithm. The FFNN architectures were trained with various numbers of neurons and hidden layers. The results show that HRV synchronization is directly related to sleep respiratory signals. The CPSD of the HRV series can confirm the clinical diagnosis; both groups determined by an expert physician can be 99% truly classified as a single hidden-layer FFNN structure with 0.0623 MRAE, in which the maximum and phase values of the CPSD curve are assigned as two features. In future work, features taken from different physiological signals can be added to define a single feature that can classify apnea without error.
IN VIVOEVALUATION OF A NEW β-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE SUBSTITUTE IN A RABBIT FEMUR DEFECT MODEL
Authors: Chan Kam-Kong , Chen Chia-Hsien , Wu Lien-Chen , Kuo Yi-Jie , Liao Chun-Jen , Chiang Chang-Jung
Published: December 2014

Calcium phosphate ceramics, of a similar composition to that of mineral bone, and which possess the properties of bioactivity and osteoconductivity, have been widely used as substitutes for bone graft in orthopedic, plastic and craniofacial surgeries. A synthetic β-tricalcium phosphate, Osteocera™, a recently developed bone graft substitute, has been used in this study. To evaluate the affinity and efficacy of Osteocera™ as bone defect implant, we used a New Zealand white rabbit femur defect model to test the osteoconductivity of this new bone substitute. Alternative commercially available bone substitutes, Triosite®and ProOsteon500, were used as the control materials. These three bone substitutes show good biocompatibility, and no abnormal inflammation either infection was seen at the implantation sites. In the histological and histomorphometric images, newly formed bone grew into the peripheral pores in the bone substitutes. After six months implantation, the volume of bone formation was found to be 20.5 ± 5.2%, 29.8 ± 6.5% and 75.5 ± 4.9% of the potential total cavity offered by ProOsteon500, Triosite®and Osteocera™, respectively. The newly formed bone area within the femur defect section for Osteocera™ was significantly larger than ProOsteon500 and Triosite®. We concluded that Osteocera™ shows better bioresorbability, biocompatibility and osteoconductivity in the rabbit femur defect model.
Target Antigen Density Governs the Efficacy of Anti–CD20-CD28-CD3 ζ Chimeric Antigen Receptor–Modified Effector CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Watanabe Keisuke , Terakura Seitaro , Martens Anton C. , van Meerten Tom , Uchiyama Susumu , Imai Misa , Sakemura Reona , Goto Tatsunori , Hanajiri Ryo , Imahashi Nobuhiko , Shimada Kazuyuki , Tomita Akihiro , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Nishida Tetsuya , Naoe Tomoki , Murata Makoto
Published: December 2014

The effectiveness of chimeric Ag receptor (CAR)–transduced T (CAR-T) cells has been attributed to supraphysiological signaling through CARs. Second- and later-generation CARs simultaneously transmit costimulatory signals with CD3ζ signals upon ligation, but may lead to severe adverse effects owing to the recognition of minimal Ag expression outside the target tumor. Currently, the threshold target Ag density for CAR-T cell lysis and further activation, including cytokine production, has not yet been investigated in detail. Therefore, we determined the threshold target Ag density required to induce CAR-T cell responses using novel anti-CD20 CAR-T cells with a CD28 intracellular domain and a CD20-transduced CEM cell model. The newly developed CD20CAR–T cells demonstrated Ag-specific lysis and cytokine secretion, which was a reasonable level as a second-generation CAR. For lytic activity, the threshold Ag density was determined to be ∼200 molecules per target cell, whereas the Ag density required for cytokine production of CAR-T cells was ∼10-fold higher, at a few thousand per target cell. CD20CAR–T cells responded efficiently to CD20-downregulated lymphoma and leukemia targets, including rituximab- or ofatumumab-refractory primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Despite the potential influence of the structure, localization, and binding affinity of the CAR/Ag, the threshold determined may be used for target Ag selection. An Ag density below the threshold may not result in adverse effects, whereas that above the threshold may be sufficient for practical effectiveness. CD20CAR–T cells also demonstrated significant lytic activity against CD20-downregulated tumor cells and may exhibit effectiveness for CD20-positive lymphoid malignancies.
Relative sea-level projections in Canada and the adjacent mainland United States
Authors: James T S , Henton J A , Leonard L
J , Darlington A , Forbes D L , Craymer M
Published: December 2014

Relative sea-level projections are provided for 59 locations in Canada and 10 in the adjacent mainland United States (New England and Washington State) through the 21st century, relative to 1986-2005. The projections are based on the Representative Concentration
Pathway (RCP) scenarios of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR5). They include contributions from thermal expansion of the ocean (steric effect), land ice melting and discharge, and anthropogenic influences. The global mean sea-level projection for
RCP8.5, the largest emissions scenario, at 2100 is 74 cm (5%-95% range is 54 to 98 cm). Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of vertical land motion are incorporated into the relative sea-level projections. In the regions presented here, vertical land motion, largely arising from
glacial isostatic adjustment, plays a prominent role in determining projected relative sea-level change. On the east coast, crustal subsidence, combined with dynamic oceanographic changes, generates relative sea-level projections that are similar to or larger than the global mean projections in
large parts of Atlantic Canada and New England. On the west coast, most relative sea-level projections are smaller than the global means, although some sites in Washington State and southern British Columbia feature relative sea-level projections similar to the global values. The largest variation
in projected relative sea-level rise occurs in the Arctic, owing to the very large spatial differences in present-day crustal uplift due to glacial isostatic adjustment. Here, projected relative sea-level at 2100 varies from around 1 m of sea-level fall (median values) where land is rising quickly
on Hudson Bay, while it reaches about 70 cm of sea-level rise on the Beaufort coast where the land is subsiding. A scenario featuring partial collapse of a portion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet provides an additional 65 cm of sea-level rise to RCP8.5, and may be appropriate to consider when
tolerance to the risk of sea-level rise is low. The relative sea-level projections given here only provide a trajectory through this century, but the IPCC AR5 projects continued global sea-level rise in coming centuries. As understanding improves of the various components of sea-level rise, it will
be necessary to update, on an occasional basis, the relative sea-level projections and re-evaluate the implications for infrastructure, habitat, and marine navigation.
Report on 2013 field activities and collection of ground thermal and active layer data in the Mackenzie Corridor
Authors: Chartrand J , Ednie M , Smith S L , Duchesne C , Riseborough D W
Published: December 2014

This report presents a summary of field activities conducted in 2013 in the Mackenzie corridor, N.W.T. Air temperature, ground thermal and active layer data acquired from permafrost monitoring sites visited in 2013 throughout the corridor are provided in
graphical and tabular format. The data presented provide essential baseline information that can be utilized by stakeholders and others for various purposes such as land management activities, regulatory processes and design of northern infrastructure. This report will be distributed to community
organizations and stakeholders in the study region to provide an update on field activities.
Editorial
Authors: Abrahams Mark A. , Nkamleu Guy B.
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
Evaluation et gestion de la carriere de la femme
Authors: Henriette Marie
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
Essential newborn care in rural settings: The case of Warrap State in South Sudan
Authors: Rosales Alfonso C. , Hedrick Juli A. , Cherian Dennis T. , Moore Erin C. , Brown Kelley M. , Walumbe Elizabeth
Published: December 2014

Essential newborn care is taking a predominant role in addressing under-five healthcare delivery interventions. There are no current well-established guidelines or common methodologies on how to assess the situation of newborn care in countries with weak health information systems, especially when addressing situational needs in rural settings. The main objective of this study was to test the feasibility of collecting information using a community based approach to assess the level of coverage of essential newborn care, especially for rural settings. Six indicators related to promotion and provision of thermal care, early initiation of exclusive breastfeeding, and hygienic cord care, were measured. A two-stage stratified and weighted random sampling was carried out. Standard sample calculations were used to determine a sample of 511 respondents. Descriptive results from the population survey showed that the prevalence of newborns receiving all recommended elements of essential new born care in the surveyed area was 1%. The most common element completed, with nine out of ten respondents, was wrapping the newborn immediately after birth, but only 1% were not bathed within the first six hours after birth. Survey results confirmed low coverage of systematic application of essential newborn care measures in rural areas of Warrap State in South Sudan.This observational study indicates that the collection of information on health care behaviours around essential newborn care indicators (thermal, cord and eye care, and breastfeeding) can be reliably achieved, especially in hard-to-reach areas, at the community level.
Isolated angiomyolipoma of vulva
Authors: Garg Monika , Duhan Amrita , Bindroo Smridhi , Kaur Jasveen , Mahajan N. C.
Published: December 2014

Extra renal angiomyolipoma is an exceedingly rare entity. This is usually not associated with tuberous sclerosis as it has no human melanoma black 45 immune reactive cells although it shares the terminology with renal angiomyolipoma. The histological features are characterized by admixture of blood vessels, smooth muscles, and mature adipose tissues in variable proportion. Surgical excision is considered curative. We report a case of isolated vulval angiomyolipoma in a 45-year-old female which clinically and radiologically presented as lipoma like lesion. Our case of isolated vulval angiomyolipoma is the first reported case in the literature.
Adrenal neuroblastoma with metastatic mandibular mass
Authors: Mittal Deepak , Mandelia Ankur , Bajpai Minu , Agarwala Sandeep
Published: December 2014

Neuroblastoma very rarely presents as a mandibular mass. We report the case of a 3-year-old female child who presented to us with a right mandibular mass of 3 months duration. She was investigated and diagnosed as a case of stage 4 right adrenal neuroblastoma with mandibular and skull metastasis.
Web Tool for Estimating the Cancer Hazard Rates in Aging
Authors: Mdzinarishvili Tengiz , Sherman Alexander , Shats Oleg , Sherman Simon
Published: December 2014

A computational approach for estimating the overall, population, and individual cancer hazard rates was developed. The population rates characterize a risk of getting cancer of a specific site/type, occurring within an age-specific group of individuals from a specified population during a distinct time period. The individual rates characterize an analogous risk but only for the individuals susceptible to cancer. The approach uses a novel regularization and anchoring technique to solve an identifiability problem that occurs while determining the age, period, and cohort (APC) effects. These effects are used to estimate the overall rate, and to estimate the population and individual cancer hazard rates. To estimate the APC effects, as well as the population and individual rates, a new web-based computing tool, called the CancerHazard@Age , was developed. The tool uses data on the past and current history of cancer incidences collected during a long time period from the surveillance databases. The utility of the tool was demonstrated using data on the female lung cancers diagnosed during 1975–2009 in nine geographic areas within the USA. The developed tool can be applied equally well to process data on other cancer sites. The data obtained by this tool can be used to develop novel carcinogenic models and strategies for cancer prevention and treatment, as well as to project future cancer burden.
The geometry of the dyadic maximal operator
Authors: Nikolidakis Eleftherios
Published: December 2014

We prove a sharp integral inequality which connects the dyadic maximal operator with the Hardy operator. We also give some applications of this inequality.
Semiclassical hypoelliptic estimates with a loss of many derivatives
Authors: Parmeggiani Alberto , Pravda-Starov Karel
Published: December 2014

We study the pseudospectral properties of general pseudodifferential operators around a doubly characteristic point and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for semiclassical hypoelliptic a priori estimates with a loss of many derivatives.
Application of Weierstrass units to relative power integral bases
Authors: Jung Ho Yun , Koo Ja Kyung , Shin Dong Hwa
Published: December 2014

Let

K

be an imaginary quadratic field not equal to

\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-1})

or

\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-3})

. We construct relative power integral bases between certain abelian extensions of

K

in terms of Weierstrass units.
Simulating War
Authors: Sabin Philip
Published: December 2014

Over the past 50 years, many thousands of conflict simulations have been published that bring the dynamics of past and possible future wars to life.

In this book, Philip Sabin explores the theory and practice of conflict simulation as a topic in its own right, based on his 30 years of experience in designing wargames and using them in teaching. Simulating War sets conflict simulation in its proper context alongside more academically familiar techniques such as game theory and operational analysis. It explains in detail the analytical and modelling techniques involved, and it teaches you how to design your own simulations of conflicts of your choice. The book provides eight simple illustrative simulations of specific historical conflicts, complete with rules, maps and counters.

Simulating War is essential reading for all recreational or professional simulation gamers, and for anyone who is interested in modelling war, from teachers and students to military officers.
Revisiting residential self-selection issues: A life-oriented approach
Authors: Zhang Junyi
Published: December 2014

It has been widely argued that residential self-selection stems from two sources: attitudes and sociodemographic traits. This argument would be true if decisions were made with respect to only residential choice and travel behavior. Because they are just a part of people’s life choice, the influence of life choice on self-selection cannot be ignored. In this context, a life-oriented approach becomes relevant, where residential and travel decisions are interdependent not only with each other, but also with other life domains as a part of general life decisions. This paper conceptually argued and empirically confirmed the necessity of developing a life-oriented approach to reexamine residential self-selection issues. I proposed that life choices should be treated as an additional source of the self-selection, and dynamic interdependences between residential choice, travel behavior, and other life choices should be properly modeled. From a policy perspective, the life-oriented approach suggests that successful transport and land use policies should be designed together with policies in other significantly relevant sectors (e.g., health and environment) and such cross-sectoral policies could better contribute to the improvement of people’s quality of life.
Tempest in a teapot: The exaggerated problem of transport-related residential self-selection as a source of error in empirical studies
Authors: Naess Petter
Published: December 2014

While numerous studies have investigated influences of built environment characteristics on travel behavior, many scholars are concerned about the confounding effect of residential self-selection. This paper argues that the existence of transport-attitude-based residential self-selection hardly represents any threat to the validity of the basic knowledge on how residential location within urban contexts influences travel behavior. The causal mechanisms by which residential location influences travel behavior exist regardless of whether or not transport-related residential self-selection occurs. Moreover, the cases presented in this paper suggest that residential self-selection based on attitudes to travel is unlikely to represent any great source of error for parameter estimates of the effects of residential location variables on travel behavior as long as “traditional” demographic and socioeconomic variables have already been accounted for. The doubts raised by certain scholars about the implications of attitude-based residential self-selection for the validity of the knowledge base of land use and transportation policies thus appear to be not very well-founded.
A abordagem tecnogênica: reflexões teóricas e estudos de caso
Authors: Silva Erika Cristina Nesta , Dias Marcel Bordin Galvão , Mathias Dener Toledo
Published: December 2014

O desenvolvimento das técnicas e os avanços no campo científico possibilitaram a ampliação da capacidade interventora das sociedades sobre os ambientes, modificando-os de acordo com as demandas por recursos necessários à sua sobrevivência. Tal capacidade está relacionada às características sociais, políticas, econômicas e culturais dos diferentes grupos humanos. Dada a magnitude das intervenções antrópicas nas paisagens, observam-se inúmeras alterações nas dinâmicas e processos naturais, especialmente aqueles relacionados ao relevo e aos solos. A materialização destas modificações pode ocorrer, entre outras formas, através da gênese de depósitos tecnogênicos, constituídos por materiais sedimentares acrescidos de artefatos diversos, produto das diferentes atividades humanas desenvolvidas ao longo do processo histórico. Em áreas urbanas, estes depósitos têm sua gênese relacionada ao uso-ocupação do solo, considerando-se as práticas realizadas no intuito de adequar as características do meio físico às necessidades dos citadinos. Estas práticas resultam, por vezes, na instalação de um quadro de degradação ambiental, caracterizado pela ocorrência de erosão antrópica, assoreamento, disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos, entre outros. Sob essa perspectiva, este trabalho objetiva retratar a ação antrópica e seus desdobramentos sobre o ambiente urbano, materializados por meio da formação dos depósitos e coberturas tecnogênicas. Para tanto, elegeram-se três áreas de estudo localizadas nos municípios de Goiânia (GO), São Pedro (SP) e Presidente Prudente (SP), visto que estas localidades apresentam similitudes quanto à formação de depósitos e coberturas tecnogênicas relacionados ao uso-ocupação do solo, possibilitando uma análise comparativa entre os diferentes contextos socioambientais.
CULTIVO DA MICROALGA Chlorella vulgaris EM FOTOBIORREATOR DE PLACAS PLANAS E PRODUÇÃO DE ÉSTERES POR TRANSESTERIFICAÇÃO in situ
Authors: Cavalcanti Valéria Ferreira , Leal Bruna Elise Sauer , Prado Marcelo Real , Sakuma Anderson Cardoso , Pegoraro Leandro Andrade , Ramos Luiz Pereira
Published: December 2014

O presente trabalho visou obter a biomassa liofilizada da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, cultivada em fotobiorreatores de placas planas, e avaliar seu potencial de produção de ésteres alquílicos por transesterificação in situ. O cultivo foi feito em meio Chu suplementado por emissões geradas na queima do carvão em uma churrascaria. A obtenção da biomassa seca foi feita por eletroflotação, seguida de decantação, congelamento e liofilização, apresentando um rendimento de 0,3397 g de biomassa seca por L de solução do fotobiorreator submetido à eletroflotação. A síntese de ésteres foi realizada pela transesterificação in situ da biomassa liofilizada tanto pela rota metílica quanto pela etílica, empregando HCl37% e n-hexano. O rendimento, em massa, de produto por biomassa seca foi de 8,73 % para ésteres metílicos e 21,83 %  para ésteres etílicos.
ESTIMATIVA DO POTENCIAL ENERGÉTICO DE RESÍDUOS CELULÓSICOS DE FABRICAÇÃO DE PAPEL ATRAVÉS DE ANÁLISE IMEDIATA
Authors: Ferreira Italo Tadeu , Schirmer Waldir Nagel , Machado Gilmara De Oliveira , Gueri Matheus Vitor Diniz
Published: December 2014

A fabricação de papel cartão utiliza produtos de madeira, além de biomassa na forma de cavacos para geração de vapor em caldeira. O processo gera resíduos como cascas, fibras e fiapos da fabricação de pasta de madeira, lodo da estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE), coque e coque peneirado da caldeira. O poder calorífico dos cavacos e dos resíduos foi estimado a partir de análise imediata, para avaliar o potencial de reaproveitamento energético dos resíduos na combustão em mistura com cavacos. Considerando que o poder calorífico útil (PCU) dos cavacos foi de 1917 kcal/kg, analisou-se a viabilidade de secagem do lodo da ETE e das fibras e fiapos em secador de biomassa, que é possível da utilização dos gases quentes da chaminé da caldeira. Os resultados indicaram que o PCU do lodo da ETE a 55% de umidade foi de 1729 kcal/kg e a 20% aumentaria para 3096 kcal/kg. O PCU de fibras e fiapos a 80% de umidade foi de 671 kcal/kg e a 20% aumentaria para 2895 kcal/kg. A determinação do poder calorífico através de análise imediata é proposta em conjunto com a prospecção de tecnologias disponíveis para secagem de biomassa para aumentar o poder calorífico dos resíduos.
Mere Civility, or Genuine Forgiveness? Prosocial Consequences of Belief in Free Will
Authors: Carmody Patrick C. , Gordon Kristi C.
Published: December 2014

Recent empirical findings suggest that greater belief in free will predicts positive behavioral outcomes, such as lowered aggression, decreased cheating, bettered work performance, and improved learning. To expand on this research, the current investigation re-examines the link between stronger belief in free will and pro-social behavior in the context of transgressions in interpersonal relationships. Taking into account that one’s philosophical beliefs can fluctuate in strength and across time, we conducted a daily diary survey of 85 undergraduates who reported interpersonal offenses for 14 days. Data were analyzed with a multi-level approach. We found that believing more strongly in free will was associated with greater decisional forgiveness, but was unrelated to emotional forgiveness. Higher levels of belief in scientific determinism, on the other hand, were related to greater emotional forgiveness. These relationships were not mediated by relationship attributions.
Double Exposure: Photography and the Great War Paintings of Frank Johnston, Arthur Lismer, and Frederick Varley
Authors: Brandon Laura
Published: December 2014

Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, trois artistes membres du futur Groupe des Sept – Frank Johnston (1888–1949), Frederick Varley (1881–1969) et Arthur Lismer (1885–1969) – ont utilisé le médium photographique pour créer des oeuvres dédiées au thème de la guerre. Johnston et Lismer n’ont jamais reconnu avoir utilisé la photographie dans leurs peintures de guerre, mais ont gardé certaines de leurs images sources dans leurs archives personnelles. Varley n’a conservé aucune photo de guerre et a rarement discuté publiquement de son usage de la photographie. De surcroît, ses biographes ont plutôt eu tendance à minimiser cet aspect de son travail et à hiérarchiser la peinture par rapport à la photographie. Le modèle se répète : après l’établissement du Fonds de souvenirs de guerre canadiens en décembre 1916, la photographie, malgré sa popularité, a été reléguée à un rôle secondaire de commercialisation visant à générer des revenus pour des commandes et des achats d’autres oeuvres d’art.
Walid Raad’s Double Bind: The Atlas Group Project, 1989–2004
Authors: Narusevicius Vytas
Published: December 2014

L’Atlas Group Project de Walid Raad (1989–2004) élabore une contre-histoire des guerres civiles libanaises à partir de la création d’archives picturales qui interrogent les discours existants et perturbent les normes historiques établies. Raad a oeuvré pendant plus de dix ans sur ce projet, créant un corpus aux multiples facettes qui illustre les façons dont les récits historiques sont assemblés, autorisés et validés. Il dévoile la logique interne de l’archive et met en doute la préséance associée à certains types de discours d’autorité, en particulier la valeur témoin accordée à la photographie. Il souligne la faculté de persuasion de ce discours documentaire et le peu de résistance avec lequel il est accepté. De plus, Raad emploie l’humour et la fiction, examinant leur capacité à communiquer des connaissances utiles et la comparant à celle des faits historiques traditionnellement acceptés. Cette analyse du projet de Raad porte sur ce qui constitue la validité d’une archive, les protocoles auxquels l’archive est soumise, et, en particulier, le rôle de l’historien / archiviste dans le maintien de ces protocoles. En fin de compte, il s’agit de savoir si une contre-histoire est possible. La question devient alors : est-ce que la façon innovatrice dont Raad utilise les protocoles d’archives permet un nouveau type de récit historique, ou est-ce que les protocoles se réinscrivent subtilement dans son travail afin de le normaliser ?
Photographing the War in Afghanistan: An Interview with Louie Palu
Authors: Fitzpatrick Blake
Published: December 2014

La représentation joue un grand rôle dans les conflits militaires. Elle participe à la façon dont le public prend connaissance de la guerre, et comment il y réagit. Le photographe canadien Louie Palu a contribué à la compréhension de la guerre par son travail à titre de photojournaliste « embarqué » (« embedded ») au coeur des troupes canadiennes, britanniques et américaines en Afghanistan et aussi comme photographe indépendant. Son travail se démarque pour avoir su combiner les approches journalistiques et artistiques de représentation du conflit et pour avoir fait des rapprochements entre l’idée de guerre comme expérience à multiples facettes, chaotique et fragmentaire, et les formes de représentation qui, proportionnellement, vont au-delà des systèmes singuliers de références. Dans cet entretien, Palu révèle les expériences d’un photographe dans une zone de combat et offre une perspective interne des pratiques de journalisme embarqué, et de l’éthique et des pratiques de la photographie de guerre. En discutant des limites de la photographie comme véhicule d’expérience multisensorielle d’un conflit, il insiste sur l’importance du pouvoir des images pour faire connaître à la société civique ce qui est accompli en son nom au travers de la guerre.
The Art of War: Painted Photographs and Australia’s “War on Terror”
Authors: Cahill Susan
Published: December 2014

De novembre 2008 à décembre 2010, l’exposition Framing Conflict : Iraq and Afghanistan est présentée dans un grand nombre d’institutions culturelles et militaires à travers l’Australie. Organisée par le Australian War Memorial et sous l’égide du commissaire Warwick Heywood, elle est principalement composée d’huiles sur toile de lin réalisées par le duo d’artistes australiens Lyndell Brown et Charles Green. Leurs oeuvres s’appuient sur une série de photographies prises en 2007 pendant leur « embarquement » (« embed ») en tant qu’artistes officiels du War Art Scheme, au sein de la Australian Defense Force basée en Afghanistan et au Moyen-Orient. J’examine ces peintures réalisées sur commande par Brown et Green dans le but d’explorer la façon dont ces artistes complexifient les attentes par rapport à l’art commandité par l’État et les récits officiels de l’histoire militaire australienne. Pour ce faire, j’effectue un rapprochement entre une analyse de ce que les tableaux dépeignent et la manière dont les artistes ont négocié leur rôle en tant qu’héritiers d’une mémoire de l’art militaire, et ce, en lien avec leur propre pratique esthétique, leurs croyances politiques, et le contexte plus large du rôle de l’Australie dans « la guerre au terrorisme » internationale.
Emphasis on various subtopics in the anatomy curriculum for chiropractic training: An international survey of chiropractors and anatomists
Authors: Chapman Peter D. , Meyer Amanda , Young Kenneth , Wibowo Daniel , Walker Bruce
Published: December 2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to conduct an international survey of the perceived optimal level of anatomy teaching from anatomy academics and practicing chiropractors. We hypothesized that the optimum level of anatomical understanding for chiropractic students does not differ between the anatomists teaching the students and practicing chiropractors.

Methods

The opinion of anatomists teaching in a chiropractic course (n = 16) was compared to practicing chiropractors (n = 589). The students' level of understanding was based on the revised Bloom's taxonomy for 16 different curriculum areas. Anatomists were recruited by contacting the accredited chiropractic courses worldwide. Snowball sampling was used for the practicing chiropractors. Independent-samples Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the results of anatomists and chiropractors.

Results

Opinions differed between anatomists and chiropractors on 9 out of the 16 questions. Where opinions differed, chiropractors recommended a higher standard of anatomical knowledge. The level suggested by chiropractors for these curriculum areas is equal to the “evaluating” level where chiropractic students can remember, understand, apply, and analyze anatomical knowledge to be able to justify a clinical decision.

Conclusion

Compared to anatomists working in chiropractic programs, chiropractors suggest a higher standard of anatomy be taught to undergraduates. Collaboration between chiropractors and anatomists would likely be beneficial in creating or modifying anatomy curricula for chiropractic students.
Development and psychometric evaluation of an information literacy self-efficacy survey and an information literacy knowledge test*
Authors: Tepe Rodger , Tepe Chabha
Published: December 2014

Objective

To develop and psychometrically evaluate an information literacy (IL) self-efficacy survey and an IL knowledge test.

Methods

In this test–retest reliability study, a 25-item IL self-efficacy survey and a 50-item IL knowledge test were developed and administered to a convenience sample of 53 chiropractic students. Item analyses were performed on all questions.

Results

The IL self-efficacy survey demonstrated good reliability (test–retest correlation = 0.81) and good/very good internal consistency (mean κ = .56 and Cronbach's α = .92). A total of 25 questions with the best item analysis characteristics were chosen from the 50-item IL knowledge test, resulting in a 25-item IL knowledge test that demonstrated good reliability (test–retest correlation = 0.87), very good internal consistency (mean κ = .69, KR20 = 0.85), and good item discrimination (mean point-biserial = 0.48).

Conclusions

This study resulted in the development of three instruments: a 25-item IL self-efficacy survey, a 50-item IL knowledge test, and a 25-item IL knowledge test. The information literacy self-efficacy survey and the 25-item version of the information literacy knowledge test have shown preliminary evidence of adequate reliability and validity to justify continuing study with these instruments.
A History of Classical Scholarship
Authors: Sandys John Edwin
Published: December 2014

Sir John Edwin Sandys (1844–1922) was a leading Cambridge classicist and a Fellow of St. John's College. His most famous work is this three-volume History of Classical Scholarship, published between 1903 and 1908, which remains the only large-scale work on the subject to span the entire period from the sixth century BCE to the end of the nineteenth century. The history of classical studies was a popular topic during the nineteenth century, particularly in Germany, but Sandys stands out for the ambitious scope of his work, even though much of it was based on earlier scholarship. His chronological account is subdivided by genre and region, with some chapters devoted to particularly influential individuals. Volume 1 covers the Classical period, Byzantine scholarship, and the medieval West to 1350.
A Treatise on Differential Equations
Authors: Boole George
Published: December 2014

The need to support his family meant that George Boole (1815–64) was a largely self-educated mathematician. Widely recognised for his ability, he became the first professor of mathematics at Cork. Boole belonged to the British school of algebra, which held what now seems to modern mathematicians to be an excessive belief in the power of symbolism. However, in Boole's hands symbolic algebra became a source of novel and lasting mathematics. Also reissued in this series, his masterpiece was An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854), and his two later works A Treatise on Differential Equations (1859) and A Treatise on the Calculus of Finite Differences (1860) exercised an influence which can still be traced in many modern treatments of differential equations and numerical analysis. The beautiful and mysterious formulae that Boole obtained are among the direct ancestors of the theories of distributions and of operator algebras.
The Soldier's Manual of Sanitation
Authors: Gordon Charles Alexander , Eaton Robert Coleman
Published: December 2014

This joint reissue comprises two works on military medicine, providing instruction on the treatment of ailments common to soldiers, and methods for preventing their occurrence. The title work, written by Charles Alexander Gordon (1821–99) and published in 1873, is followed by A Guide to Health for the Use of Soldiers by fellow surgeon R. C. Eaton (1842–1902), which first appeared in 1890. Intended to be read by infantrymen and officers, both works offer succinct and practical advice on topics ranging from malaria to drunkenness. The texts take slightly different approaches in their presentation of advice: Gordon adopts a crisp and formal style, while Eaton incorporates instructive medical facts in his brief yet fluent explanations. Together, the works provide an effective exposition of problems and practicalities that would assume tremendous significance decades later in the trenches of the First World War.
A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials
Authors: Todhunter Isaac
Published: December 2014

A distinguished mathematician and notable university teacher, Isaac Todhunter (1820–84) became known for the successful textbooks he produced as well as for a work ethic that was extraordinary, even by Victorian standards. A scholar who read all the major European languages, Todhunter was an open-minded man who admired George Boole and helped introduce the moral science examination at Cambridge. His many gifts enabled him to produce the histories of mathematical subjects which form his lasting memorial. First published between 1886 and 1893, the present work was the last of these. Edited and completed after Todhunter's death by Karl Pearson (1857–1936), another extraordinary man who pioneered modern statistics, these volumes trace the mathematical understanding of elasticity from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Volume 2 (1893) was split into two parts. Part 2 covers the work of Neumann, Kirchhoff, Clebsch, Boussinesq, and Lord Kelvin.
The Architect, Engineer, and Operative Builder's Constructive Manual
Authors: Davy Christopher
Published: December 2014

Little is known about Christopher Davy (c.1803–49), despite his regular contributions to architectural and engineering magazines in Britain and America. Describing himself as an 'architect and teacher of architecture', he also took an interest in steam engines and railway construction. In this work, published in 1839, and using information gathered from experiments by the Board of Ordnance, Davy begins by describing the characteristics of the geology of England and Wales, with regard to its suitability for obtaining building materials and laying strong foundations. He describes the means by which soil and rock samples may be taken, and gives details relating to the construction of the foundations of St Paul's Cathedral on the troublesome London clay. Later chapters discuss the practicalities of pile driving, the use of concrete, and the properties of limestone. Reflecting the progress of technical knowledge in the early nineteenth century, the work features several illustrations of contemporary apparatus.
The Past and Future of British Relations in China
Authors: Osborn Sherard
Published: December 2014

In 1860, naval officer Sherard Osborn (1822–75), a veteran of both Opium Wars, published this collection of remarks and predictions on Chinese affairs in relation to British imperial interests. Osborn writes in forthright style of his time in the East and his negative experiences of Chinese diplomacy to support his view that 'the European has ever to use force rather than argument to obtain his ends in China, be they however moderate, however just'. He also sets out some advice on how to prevent British smugglers from taking advantage of the Chinese. A number of Osborn's other publications are also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection, including Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal (1852), The Discovery of the North-West Passage by HMS Investigator (1856), and The Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Captain Sir John Franklin (1860).
Lieut. John Irving, R.N., of H.M.S. Terror, in Sir John Franklin's Last Expedition to the Arctic Regions
Authors: Bell Benjamin
Published: December 2014

John Irving (1815–1847?) was a lieutenant on board H.M.S. Terror during Sir John Franklin's fateful expedition, and had the melancholy distinction of being the first identifiable body to be found by a subsequent search party - that of the US officer Frederick Schwatka - in 1878. Irving was identified by a silver medal, won for mathematics in 1830. His remains were brought back to Britain and reburied in his home town, Edinburgh, and at the request of Irving's father this 'memorial sketch', including some of the young lieutenant's letters to his family, was published in 1881 by Benjamin Bell (1810–83), great-grandfather of the surgeon Joseph Bell, Conan Doyle's model for Sherlock Holmes. As well as the touching memoir, the work includes details of the various search and rescue attempts, and a reconstructed chronology by Clements Markham of the Franklin expedition up to its disastrous end.
Popular Scientific Lectures
Authors: Mach Ernst
Published: December 2014

The Austrian scientist Ernst Mach (1838–1916) carried out work of importance in many fields of enquiry, including physics, physiology, psychology and philosophy. Many significant thinkers, such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and Bertrand Russell, benefited from engaging with his ideas. Mach delivered the twelve lectures collected here between 1864 and 1894. This English translation by Thomas J. McCormack (1865–1932) appeared in 1895. Mach tackles a range of topics in an engaging style, demonstrating his abilities as both a researcher and a communicator. In the realm of the physical sciences, he discusses electrostatics, the conservation of energy, and the speed of light. He also addresses physiological matters, seeking to explain aspects of the hearing system and why humans have two eyes. In the final four lectures, he deals with the nature of scientific study. The Science of Mechanics (1893), Mach's historical and philosophical account, is also reissued in this series.
Opuscula
Authors: Haupt Moritz
Published: December 2014

A prolific philologist of both the German and classical languages, Moriz Haupt (1808–74) enjoyed a successful academic career at the universities of Leipzig and Berlin. As well as founding the Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum, which is still published, he was a painstaking yet somewhat bold editor of many classical texts. In the years immediately following his death, his shorter works were gathered together in this three-volume collection, edited by fellow philologist Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff (1848–1931). Volume 3 (1876) originally appeared in two parts, which are reissued here together. Among the articles in German and Latin are a discussion of a fragment of the eulogy for the Ostrogoth king Theodahad and a talk given at the celebration of the Kaiser's birthday in 1871. This work remains of value to researchers interested in nineteenth-century philology, particularly the significant contributions made by its German practitioners.
Miscellaneous Works of Edward Gibbon, Esquire
Authors: Gibbon Edward
Published: December 2014

On the death of Edward Gibbon (1737–94), his unpublished papers were left to his friend John Baker Holroyd, first earl of Sheffield, who published them in two volumes in 1796. Gibbon had written six manuscript accounts of his own life, and, according to Sheffield, had always intended to publish his autobiography in his lifetime. The memoir as edited by Sheffield begins with Gibbon's family history, and taking in his education, travels, and career as a historian, finishes with his anxiety over the future of Europe in 1788. Sheffield then continues the story until Gibbon's death through his correspondence, providing a linking narrative, and this, together with 210 other letters to and from Gibbon, takes up Volume 1. His great work, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, is also reissued (in the 1896–1900 edition by J. B. Bury) in the Cambridge Library Collection.
Life of Benjamin Robert Haydon, Historical Painter
Authors: Haydon Benjamin Robert
Published: December 2014

Before the painter Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786–1846) committed suicide, he had left instructions that an account of his life should be published, using his autobiography up to 1820 and his letters and journals for the rest. The writer and dramatist Tom Taylor (1817–80) took on the editing, and the three-volume work was published in 1853. (The slightly enlarged second edition, also of 1853, is reissued here.) Haydon was a history painter at a time when that genre was perceived as the greatest form of the art, and his friends included Wordsworth, Keats, Shelley, Charles Lamb, Hazlitt and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. However, he was constantly in financial difficulties, and in later life a sense of failure seems to have turned into outright paranoia. Volume 1 reproduces Haydon's autobiographical writings up to 1820. His Conversations and Table-Talk, edited in two volumes by his son, is also reissued in this series.