bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lidar Depolarization Ratio of Atmospheric Pollen at Multiple
Wavelengths
Authors: Bohlmann Stephanie , Shang Xiaoxia , Vakkari Ville , Giannakaki Elina , Leskinen Ari , Lehtinen Kari , Pätsi Sanna , Komppula Mika
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Lidar observations during the pollen season 2019 at the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network (EARLINET) station in Kuopio, Finland were analyzed in order to optically characterize atmospheric pollen. Previous studies showed the detectability of non-spherical pollen using depolarization ratio measurements. We present lidar depolarization ratio measurements at three wavelengths of atmospheric pollen in ambient conditions. In addition to the depolarization ratio detected with the multiwavelength Raman polarization lidar PollyXT at 355 and 532 nm, depolarization measurements of a co-located HALO Photonics Streamline Doppler lidar at 1565 nm were utilized. During a four days period of high birch (Betula) and spruce (Picea abies) pollen concentrations, unusually high depolarization ratios were observed within the boundary layer. Detected layers were investigated regarding the share of spruce pollen to the total pollen number concentration. Daily mean particle depolarization ratios of the pollen layers on the day with the highest spruce pollen share are 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.38 ± 0.23 and 0.29 ± 0.10 at 355, 532 and 1565 nm, respectively. Whereas on days with lower spruce pollen share, depolarization ratios are lower with less wavelength dependence. This spectral dependence of the depolarization ratios could be indicative of big, non-spherical spruce pollen. The depolarization ratio of pollen particles was investigated by applying a newly developed method and assuming a backscatter-related Ångström exponent of zero. Depolarization ratios of 0.44 and 0.16 at 532 and 355 nm for the birch and spruce pollen mixture were determined.
Measurement of iodine species and sulfuric acid using bromide
chemical ionization mass spectrometers
Authors: Wang Mingyi , He Xu-Cheng , Finkenzeller Henning , Iyer Siddharth , Chen Dexian , Shen Jiali , Simon Mario , Hofbauer Victoria , Kirkby Jasper , Curtius Joachim , Maier Norbert , Kurtén Theo , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kulmala Markku , Rissanen Matti , Volkamer Rainer , Tham Yee Jun , Donahue Neil M. , Sipilä Mikko
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Iodine species are important in the marine atmosphere for oxidation and new-particle formation. Understanding iodine chemistry and iodine new-particle formation requires high time resolution, high sensitivity, and simultaneous measurements of many iodine species. Here, we describe the application of bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers (Br-CIMS) to this task. During iodine new-particle formation experiments in the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber, we have measured gas-phase iodine species and sulfuric acid using two Br-CIMS, one coupled to a Multi-scheme chemical IONization inlet (Br-MION-CIMS) and the other to a Filter Inlet for Gasses and AEROsols inlet (Br-FIGAERO-CIMS). From offline calibrations and inter-comparisons with other instruments attached to the CLOUD chamber, we have quantified the sensitivities of the Br-MION-CIMS to HOI, I2, and H2SO4 and obtain detection limits of 5.8 × 106, 6.3 × 105, and 2.0 × 105 molec cm−3, respectively, for a 2-min integration time. From binding energy calculations, we estimate the detection limit for HIO3 to be 1.2 × 105 molec cm−3, based on an assumption of maximum sensitivity. Detection limits in the Br-FIGAERO-CIMS are around one order of magnitude higher than those in the Br-MION-CIMS; for example, the detection limits for HOI and HIO3 are 3.3 × 107 and 5.1 × 106 molec cm−3, respectively. Our comparisons of the performance of the MION inlet and the FIGAERO inlet show that bromide chemical ionization mass spectrometers using either atmospheric pressure or reduced pressure interfaces are well-matched to measuring iodine species and sulfuric acid in marine environments.
Marine terraces of the last interglacial period along the Pacific
coast of South America (1° N–40° S)
Authors: Freisleben Roland , Jara-Muñoz Julius , Melnick Daniel , Martínez José Miguel , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Tectonically active coasts are dynamic environments characterized by the presence of multiple marine terraces formed by the combined effects of wave-erosion, tectonic uplift, and sea-level oscillations at glacial-cycle timescales. Well-preserved erosional terraces from the last interglacial sea-level highstand are ideal marker horizons for reconstructing past sea-level positions and calculating vertical displacement rates. We carried out an almost continuous mapping of the last interglacial marine terrace along ~5,000 km of the western coast of South America between 1° N and 40° S. We used quantitatively replicable approaches constrained by published terrace-age estimates to ultimately compare elevations and patterns of uplifted terraces with tectonic and climatic parameters in order to evaluate the controlling mechanisms for the formation and preservation of marine terraces, and crustal deformation. Uncertainties were estimated on the basis of measurement errors and the distance from referencing points. Overall, our results indicate a median elevation of 30.1 m, which would imply a median uplift rate of 0.22 m/ka averaged over the past ~125 ka. The patterns of terrace elevation and uplift rate display high-amplitude (~100–200 m) and long-wavelength (~102 km) structures at the Manta Peninsula (Ecuador), the San Juan de Marcona area (central Peru), and the Arauco Peninsula (south-central Chile). Medium-wavelength structures occur at the Mejillones Peninsula and Topocalma in Chile, while short-wavelength (
Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active
tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalayas
Authors: Simoes Martine , Sassolas-Serrayet Timothée , Cattin Rodolphe , Le Roux-Mallouf Romain , Ferry Matthieu , Drukpa Dowchu
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The quantification of active tectonics from geomorphological and morphometric approaches most often implies that erosion and tectonics have reached a certain balance. Such equilibrium conditions may however be seldom found in nature, as questioned and documented by recent theoretical studies, in particular because drainage basins may be quite dynamic even though tectonic and climatic conditions remain constant. Here, we document this drainage dynamics from the particular case example of the Bhutan Himalayas. Evidence for out-of-equilibrium morphologies have for long been noticed in Bhutan, from major (> 1 km high) river knickpoints and from the existence of high-altitude low-relief regions within the mountain hinterland. These peculiar morphologies were generally interpreted as representing a recent change in climatic and/or tectonic conditions. To further characterize these morphologies and their dynamics, and from there discuss their origin and meaning, we perform field observations and a detailed quantitative morphometric analysis using Chi plots and Gilbert metrics of drainages over various spatial scales, from major Himalayan rivers to local streams draining the low-relief regions. We first find that the river network is highly dynamic and unstable. Our results emphasize that the morphology of Bhutan does not result from a general wave of incision propagating upstream, as expected from most previous interpretations. Also, the specific spatial organization in which all major knickpoints and low-relief regions are located along a longitudinal band in the Bhutan hinterland, whatever their spatial scale and the dimensions of the associated drainage basins, calls for a common local supporting mechanism most probably related to active tectonic uplift. From there, we discuss previous interpretations of the observed landscape in Bhutan. Our results emphasize the need for a precise documentation of landscape dynamics and disequilibrium over various spatial scales as a first-order step in morpho-tectonic studies of active landscapes.
Synthetic seismicity distribution in Guerrero–Oaxaca subduction zone, Mexico, and its implications on the role of asperities in Gutenberg–Richter law
Authors: Monterrubio-Velasco Marisol , Zúñiga F. Ramón , Rodríguez-Pérez Quetzalcoatl , Rojas Otilio , Aguilar-Meléndez Armando , de la Puente Josep
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Seismicity and magnitude distributions are fundamental for seismic hazard analysis. The Mexican subduction margin along the Pacific Coast is one of the most active seismic zones in the world, which makes it an optimal region for observation and experimentation analyses. Some remarkable seismicity features have been observed on a subvolume of this subduction region, suggesting that the observed simplicity of earthquake sources arises from the rupturing of single asperities. This subregion has been named SUB3 in a recent seismotectonic regionalization of Mexico. In this work, we numerically test this hypothesis using the TREMOL (sThochastic Rupture Earthquake MOdeL) v0.1.0 code. As test cases, we choose four of the most significant recent events (6.5 < Mw < 7.8) that occurred in the Guerrero–Oaxaca region (SUB3) during the period 1988–2018, and whose associated seismic histories are well recorded in the regional catalogs. Synthetic seismicity results show a reasonable fit to the real data, which improves when the available data from the real events increase. These results give support to the hypothesis that single-asperity ruptures are a distinctive feature that controls seismicity in SUB3. Moreover, a fault aspect ratio sensitivity analysis is carried out to study how the synthetic seismicity varies. Our results indicate that asperity shape is an important modeling parameter controlling the frequency–magnitude distribution of synthetic data. Therefore, TREMOL provides appropriate means to model complex seismicity curves, such as those observed in the SUB3 region, and highlights its usefulness as a tool to shed additional light on the earthquake process.
The Community Inversion Framework v1.0: a unified system for atmospheric inversion studies
Authors: Berchet Antoine , Sollum Espen , Thompson Rona L. , Pison Isabelle , Thanwerdas Joël , Broquet Grégoire , Chevallier Frédéric , Aalto Tuula , Bergamaschi Peter , Brunner Dominik , Engelen Richard , Fortems-Cheiney Audrey , Gerbig Christoph , Groot Zwaaftink Christine , Haussaire Jean-Matthieu , Henne Stephan , Houweling Sander , Karstens Ute , Kutsch Werner L. , Luijkx Ingrid T. , Monteil Guillaume , Palmer Paul I. , van Peet Jacob C. A. , Peters Wouter , Peylin Philippe , Potier Elise , Rödenbeck Christian , Saunois Marielle , Scholze Marko , Tsuruta Aki , Zhao Yuanhong
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Atmospheric inversion approaches are expected to play a critical role in future observation-based monitoring systems for surface greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. In the past decade, the research community has developed various inversion softwares, mainly using variational or ensemble Bayesian optimization methods, with various assumptions on uncertainty structures and prior information and with various atmospheric chemistry-transport models. Each of them can assimilate some or all of the available observation streams for its domain area of interest: flask samples, in-situ measurements or satellite observations. Although referenced in peer-reviewed publications and usually accessible across the research community, most systems are not at the level of transparency, flexibility and accessibility needed to provide the scientific community and policy makers with a comprehensive and robust view of the uncertainties associated with the inverse estimation of GHG fluxes. Furthermore, their development, usually carried out by individual research institutes, may in the future not keep pace with the increasing scientific needs and technical possibilities. We present here a Community Inversion Framework (CIF) to help rationalize development efforts and leverage the strengths of individual inversion systems into a comprehensive framework. The CIF is primarily a programming protocol to allow various inversion bricks to be exchanged among researchers. In practice, the ensemble of bricks makes a flexible, transparent and open-source python-based tool to estimate the fluxes of various GHGs both at global and regional scales. It will allow running different atmospheric transport models, different observation streams and different data assimilation approaches. This adaptability will allow a comprehensively assessment of uncertainty in a fully consistent framework. We present here the main structure and functionalities of the system, and demonstrate how it operates in a simple academic case.
Novel Combination Strategies to Enhance Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Narrative Review
Authors: Hermel Jonathan A. , Bruni Cassi M. , Sigal Darren S.
Published: December 2020

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint receptor that induces and maintains tolerance of T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, among other lymphocytes. Immune checkpoint inhibition by PD-1 blockade restores the lymphocytic immunostimulatory phenotype and has been successful in the treatment of various malignancies. However, while immune checkpoint blockade has been shown to provide robust antitumor treatment outcomes, its overall response rate remains low in a significant portion of cancer patients. An essential unmet need in cancer therapy is the development of novel pharmacologic strategies designed to lower rates of resistance associated with immune checkpoint blockade. Therefore, efforts that seek to enhance the efficacy of PD-1 inhibition possess profound immunotherapeutic potential. Here, three promising combination strategies that harness the antitumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) together with non-ICI antitumor therapeutic agents are reviewed. These agents include (1) ABX196, a potent inducer of iNKT cells, (2) chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, and (3) NK cell therapy. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for scientific articles and active trials, respectively, pertaining to immune checkpoint inhibition, iNKT cells, CAR-T cells, and NK cell immunotherapy. Preliminary clinical and preclinical data suggest that these combination treatment regimens greatly suppress tumor growth and may serve as innovative methods to enhance and optimize anticancer immunotherapy.
'La Paz que queremos': Geografía legal, imaginación urbana y las formas de la ciudad en La Paz (Bolivia)
Authors: Limón López Pedro , Lois Barrio María Dolores
Published: December 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es acercarnos al proceso de producción de los imaginarios sobre el espacio público en el planeamiento urbanístico de la ciudad de La Paz (Bolivia). Para ello, recurriremos a la geografía legal, como marco teórico que analiza las interacciones entre las normativas de las instituciones públicas y la planificación del espacio; nuestra hipótesis es que los imaginarios geográficos que proyectan dichos documentos construyen representaciones espaciales de la ciudad y definen los usos del territorio urbano. En términos de metodología, realizaremos un análisis de contenidos de “La Paz que queremos”, plan integral urbano que abarcaría de 2015 a 2040. Para dicho análisis, trabajaremos sobre tres líneas de significado: por un lado, las diferentes escalas presentes en la planificación urbana de la ciudad; por otro, las imaginaciones cartográficas urbanas proyectadas desde el documento; y finalmente, en torno a las narrativas sobre Bolivia y lo urbano, para cerrar con una breve discusión en torno a las representaciones de lo urbano, los poderes públicos y la imaginación geográfica del espacio de las ciudades.
Luigi Mancinelli, Giulio Ricordi y Francesco Tamagno, figuras fundamentales en la recepción del primer Puccini en España: el estreno de Edgar en el Teatro Real (1892
Authors: Rosal Moral Isabel
Published: December 2020

Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) solo estuvo una vez en España. Fue durante los meses de febrero a marzo de 1892, en los que viajó desde Italia a Madrid para supervisar los ensayos de Edgar y asistir a su posterior estreno en el Teatro Real. A diferencia de Giuseppe Verdi años antes, Puccini apenas tuvo tiempo para conocer otras ciudades españolas. Los ensayos absorbieron todo su tiempo y, tras el estreno, rápidamente regresó a Milán. Edgar fue la primera ópera de Puccini que consiguió estrenarse fuera de Italia, de ahí su importancia para entender la recepción del músico en el extranjero y, sobre todo, en España. Por todo ello, en este artículo pretendemos estudiar el estreno de la primera ópera de Puccini en España, la recepción de la obra y del compositor italiano en Madrid, así como la estancia del músico en la mencionada ciudad.
Divine Initiative and Paul’s Theological Epistemology: From 1 Corinthians 1–2 to Romans 9–11
Authors: Barnhill Gregory M.
Published: December 2020

The focus of this article is the function of divine initiative in the structure of Paul’s theological epistemology. In two key passages, 1 Cor 1:26–31 and Rom 9:6–29, Paul deploys the language of “calling” to emphasize the concept of divine initiative, specifically highlighting God’s freedom to “call” whomever he wants, paying no regard to any status of the recipient of his gracious love. In both texts, Paul deploys the language of “calling” to shift the focus to the God who calls, and even though each section plays a different role in relation to its context, both emphasize that God’s initiative plays a key role in how one knows Paul’s God. In both Corinth and Rome, the communities to which Paul writes face a significant problem (among others): improper boasting. And the solution to improper boasting that Paul offers to both the Corinthian and Roman Christ-believers is epistemological in nature: it has to do with knowing Paul’s God and his plan for the world correctly. This essay aims to capture Paul’s theologizing in action on the specific matter of boasting and to demonstrate that these situations in Corinth and Rome call forth from Paul a similar strategy: to highlight God’s initiative in knowledge of the divine. Moreover, because the topics of “faith” and “justification” are usually deemed more central to Paul’s theology, the role of “knowledge” as such is an under-explored factor in Paul’s theologizing as a whole. But as an apocalyptic theologian and thinker, the idea of revelation and “knowledge” must be retained as a central theological concept in Paul’s theologizing. In other words, recovering the structure of Paul’s epistemology is a key task for understanding his gospel. Paul’s God is known because he makes himself known, definitively in the Christ-event and prior to all human movement toward this God.
People of the Day: Temporal Aspects of Social Identity in 1 Thessalonians
Authors: O’Reilly Matthew
Published: December 2020

This article examines questions about Paul’s attitude toward the future in his first letter to the Thessalonians. Whether the fate of the dead, future bodily resurrection, the parousia, or questions about judgment and destruction, Paul has plenty to say about what is to come in one of his earliest letters. This essay takes up Paul’s attitude toward the future in 1 Thessalonians to consider its role in the formation and maintenance of the recipients’ social identity. What social categories govern Paul’s vision of the future? How does he portray those categories? How does his portrayal of the past (including past social categorizations) relate to his vision of the future? How does his portrayal of past and future relate to the behavioral expectations set forth in the letter? Drawing on models from the field of Social Identity Theory, I argue that Paul defines the community in relation to “the day” (1 Thess 4:8) of Christ’s anticipated return and all that it entails. He portrays the past, in terms of both the Christ story and the conversion of the Thessalonians, to cohere with that anticipated future. This coherent representation frames and strengthens the ethical expectations Paul articulates in the letter.
Is There a Universal Love Ethic in 1 Thessalonians 3:12? Probing a Pervasive Presupposition
Authors: Matson David Lertis
Published: December 2020

Paul’s wish-prayer in 1 Thess 3:12 contains the twofold desire that the Lord Jesus increase the Thessalonians’ love “for one another” (εἰς ἀλλήλους) and “for all” (εἰς πάντας). An overwhelming number of commentators, buttressed by some tendentious English translations, think that the latter phrase is commending a love for all people, even extending to the Thessalonians’ persecutors. Yet insights from epistolary analysis as well as Paul’s own linguistic usage and apostolic example call into question this pervasive presupposition. The wish-prayer of 3:12 points not only back to themes earlier in the letter (2:17–3:10) but forward to themes developed in 4:1–5:22, most particularly brotherly/sisterly love at 4:10–12, which contains the interpretive key to the identity of εἰς πάντας in 3:12. Paul has a different term for outsiders altogether, which he can and does use in the letter to distinguish from insiders. Paul’s own apostolic example, called on to undergird the community’s love εἰς ἀλλήλους and εἰς πάντας, makes sense only within an ever-expanding insider-love ethic, which now includes those believers in the wider regions of Macedonia. In short, this article contends that no such universal love ethic exists in Paul and certainly not in this wish-prayer. For Paul (and arguably for the New Testament writings as a whole), love remains firmly embedded in the mutual caring and concern of the Christian community. While Christians do good to outsiders, outsiders are not the object of Christian love, which remains the prerogative of insiders only.
What Are the Standards of Excellence for Theological Interpretation of Scripture?
Authors: East Brad
Published: December 2020

The canon of Holy Scripture is unique, given its nature and ends in the economy of grace and the mission of the church. Its reading must accordingly be unique, though not wholly dissimilar to ordinary practices of reading. This article advances a proposal for the standards of excellence proper to specifically theological interpretation of Scripture. That is, it seeks to answer the question, “What makes a theological reading of the Bible good?” Following an overview of the theological and ecclesial status of Scripture and its reception, the article offers two sets of standards for excellent theological interpretation. The first is theological, measuring the proposed reading by its relation to the triune God’s purposes for Scripture in the life of the church. The second is hermeneutical, judging the proposed reading by specifically literary or textual criteria. These latter overlap with more common scholarly practices of reading, though they remain distinctively Christian; their secondary status, moreover, emphasizes the difference made by Scripture’s character as God’s word and the church’s book.
Land, Burial, and Temple: Deuteronomy 30:5, John 19–20, and the Burial of Jesus as a Land Claim
Authors: Emerson Matthew Y.
Published: December 2020

The argument of this article is that Jesus’s burial is portrayed in the Gospel of John as a claim on the promised land. Support for this thesis is given in four arguments. First, the fulfillment of the land promise in the OT moves narratively from a burial site to a temple site. Second, the king and temple emphases in the Gospel of John are tied directly to the land promise in the OT. Third, Jesus’s burial in John 19:38–42 uses OT allusions that serve to describe Jesus’s body using that same nexus of king and temple. Finally, burial is related to land claims not only in the OT but also in a variety of sociocultural contexts. Thus the intertextual and narrative matrix of John 19:38–42—namely that of burial, king, and temple—serves to present Jesus’s burial as a land claim.
Acts and the Praxis of Early Christian Ecumenism
Authors: Smith David Andrew
Published: December 2020

This article is a study in practical ecumenism as expressed in the Acts of the Apostles. As the only canonical narrative to tell the story of the church, Acts has always been a key text for reflection upon ecclesial identity. Yet one feature of the ecclesiological vision of Acts, which is particularly relevant for our time, remains largely unstudied: how does Acts deal practically with difference as a characteristic of early Christian life? A surface reading of Acts, as of early Christian history generally, makes clear that ecclesial difference was a pervasive and often troubling fact of life in early Christianity. Indeed, since the time of F. C. Baur, Acts that is particularly relevant for our time remains largely understood as a rhetorical attempt to remedy a situation of ecclesial discord, though the precise divisions and troubles facing the Lukan community have been variously understood. Recent studies of Acts have rightly stressed the theological character of Luke’s vision, according to which the church’s identity and witness are fundamentally grounded in its life in Christ. Yet the practical question remains: how did such communities, separated as they were by geographic, ethnic, and theological differences, come to understand themselves as one church? This article charts the practical ecumenism according to which, in Luke’s telling, the theological identity of the church was given tangible expression, and it argues that Luke’s attention to these practices provides key data for characterizing Acts as an ecumenical document in its own right.
Los medios telemáticos como propuesta para la constitución de sociedades mercantiles en Nicaragua. Exposición de experiencias legislativas del derecho peruano y español
Authors: Cruz Colomer Kevin José
Published: December 2020

El ordenamiento jurídico mercantil de Nicaragua en materia de constitución de sociedades mercantiles se encuentra desfasado, su retraso se demuestra evidente al contar con una legislación  de vieja data que no se acopla a los actuales estándares jurídicos internacionales que están íntimamente relacionados a las tecnologías de la información y comunicación y a las actuales prácticas mercantiles que van de la mano con la economía globalizada. Con este artículo se pretende demostrar que una ulterior constitución telemática de sociedades mercantiles vendría a beneficiar al sistema de registro público mercantil de Nicaragua y a promover la creación de empresas de una forma ágil en la que los procesos burocráticos que, generalmente, caracterizan a cualquier administración pública ya no sean un problema, tomando como principales referentes a legislaciones mercantiles pioneras de España y Perú para tener como ejes principales sus experiencias legislativas y prácticas en materia de constitución telemática de sociedades mercantiles, así mismo, se brinda un breve análisis de los impedimentos legales que hoy en día imposibilitan la creación de empresas de una forma expedita y se brindan supuestos de lege ferenda para solventar dichas limitaciones.
Intento de suicidio en trans femeninas VIH positivas en Managua, Nicaragua
Authors: Torres Mendoza María Del Carmen
Published: December 2020

Esta investigación pretende determinar el intento de suicidio en Trans femeninas VIH positivas. El estudio fue observacional, transversal, analítico, realizado en el departamento de Managua con la población trans femenina VIH positivo. La muestra fue de conveniencia, igual al universo que estableció el MINSA en su Informe de Situación Epidemiológica del VIH 2015. El método estadístico utilizado fue Análisis de Correspondencias. Se determinó que el 52.5% ha intentado suicidarse desde los catorce años, de ellas el 47.5% lo ha intentado de una a tres veces y el 4.9% lo intentó de cuatro a diez veces. Se estableció que en los últimos seis meses el 32.8% tuvieron pensamientos suicidas y pensaron realizarlo por diferentes medios: Ingiriendo Fosfuro de Aluminio en pastillas, ahorcamiento, cortándose los pulsos, ingiriendo tabletas de ácido acetilsalicílico y acetaminofén. Se evidencio que el 52.5% de las trans femeninas VIH positivas intentó suicidarse desde los catorce años y el 36.1% intentó suicidarse en los últimos seis meses. Se concluye que los datos encontrados son más altos que los reportados en los estudios internaciones sobre el intento de suicidio de las trans femeninas.
Cenário da desertificação no território brasileiro e ações de combate à problemática no estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Albuquerque Diêgo Souza , Souza Sérgio Domiciano Gomes de , Souza Anny Catarina Nobre de , Sousa Maria Losângela Martins de
Published: December 2020

A desertificação é um problema de ordem ambiental com repercussões sociais e econômicas. Tal problema é alvo de discussões nos âmbitos científico, acadêmico e institucional, tanto no entendimento conceitual quanto na compreensão das suas causas e consequências, com vistas a ações de mitigação. Nessa conjuntura, o presente trabalho tem por objetivos evidenciar o cenário da desertificação no território brasileiro e realizar um panorama das ações de combate a essa problemática que têm sido executadas no estado do Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil. Para tanto, a pesquisa, quanto ao objetivo, é exploratório-descritiva e possui procedimentos de investigação bibliográfica e documental. O estudo da desertificação no Brasil tem se dado por diversos setores, carecendo, ainda, de incentivos para pesquisas que melhor aprofundem o conhecimento do fenômeno nas áreas vulneráveis, assim como na efetivação de estratégias que consigam frear esse processo. Quanto ao contexto do Ceará, as ações de enfrentamento perpetradas têm conseguido, mesmo que de modo pontual, reverter quadros de degradação ambiental. Tais ações contemplam as dimensões política/institucional, com envolvimento do Estado, dispondo de técnicas e treinamento da população para o enfrentamento do problema; ambiental, mitigando os processos de deterioração natural a partir de intervenções físicas no ambiente; e cultural, orientando a população sobre a necessidade de conservação e convivência com as peculiaridades do semiárido. Destarte, as estratégias de mitigação dos efeitos da desertificação têm alcançado implicações positivas, o que faz necessário sua replicação em outras porções do estado cearense acometido por esse fenômeno.
Nursing student and faculty perspectives following involvement in women, children, family scholars pilot program
Authors: Mohr Lynn D. , Rousseau Jennifer , O'Shea Shannon , Zillweger Kuehn Patricia
Published: December 2020

Background: Mentoring by experienced faculty can provide opportunities for nursing students to grow personally and professionally in their pursuit of establishing a clinical specialty focus. At a Midwest pre-licensure nursing (pre-licensure clinical nurse leader) program, faculty sought to assist students in pursuing knowledge and experiences within the Women, Children, and Family Nursing (WCFN) specialty.Methods: After completing an application process, selected scholars were matched with a faculty mentor to discuss student objectives/goals, project work, and engage in post-program employment opportunities conversations. At program end, both scholar and mentor completed satisfaction surveys.Results: Surveys revealed the WCFN scholar pilot program proved beneficial for both student scholar and faculty mentor. Small program changes would improve the scholar experiences.Conclusions: A WCFN Scholar program provides nursing students’ access to experienced faculty mentors who provide encouragement, assist with problem solving, and offer professional development advice, and networking. Faculty mentors reported personal satisfaction knowing they were supporting new nurse development in the WCFN specialty.
Challenges of Pharmacovigilance in Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Vanessa M. , Gubert-Matos Vanessa T. , Tutes Alexandre A. , Ferreira Cristiane M. , Vasconcelos-Pereira Erica F. , Toffoli-Kadri Monica C. , Monreal Maria T. F. D.
Published: December 2020

Pharmacovigilance encompasses the detection, evaluation, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. Knowledge of real and independent pharmacovigilance data is essential because clinical trials with medicinal products are limited and do not reveal all adverse effects of a product. The spontaneous notification system is one of the main tools used in pharmacovigilance. However, important remaining challenges for health professionals are the accurate recognition of adverse drug reactions and reporting routinely and systematically during their work. Once low notification rates make it harder to detect and monitor potential safety issues, it is needed risk assessment, and regulatory actions to safeguard patient safety. The objective of this study is to present the challenges of pharmacovigilance in Brazil. The implementation of computerized active search tools significantly improves the identification of possible adverse drug effects. Effective pharmacovigilance is crucial to ensure the safety and integrity of healthcare systems, to avoid lengthy hospital stays and to optimize healthcare spending. However, pharmacovigilance tools remain underused, undervalued, or even unknown in Brazil.
E-democracy Applications in Greek Social Enterprises
Authors: Kotsios Panagiotis , Triantafyllopoulos Christos
Published: December 2020

Electronic democracy and its features are slowly starting to be adopted in various countries and organisations across the world, as its practical advantages are gradually being recognised and concerns about security are being dealt with. Meanwhile, social enterprises are rising as a strong alternative against the purely private economy, and for this type of enterprises, democracy is in the core of their governance process. However, the links between these two topics remain unexplored. The current research investigated the use of e-democracy applications by Greek social enterprises, as well as the opinions of their members regarding the value of e-democracy. The results show relatively small adoption rate, but wide interest in merging e-democracy procedures in their daily activities.
Turksih schools around the world :
Authors: Chuluunbaatar Tserennadmid
Published: December 2020

As part of a wide-ranging clampdown in the aftermath of the failed July coup, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s administration has urged countries in Eurasia to shut down schools associated with Fethullah Gülen, Islamic Cleric. Following this, Gülen`s supporters in Turkey have been arrested, fired from their state jobs. The Turkish government has also classified Gülen’s organization as a terrorist group. This article attempts to explore the origins of the Turkish schools supported by the Gulenist movement that was established in early 1970s in Turkey, its expansion in the country and other countries, in central Asian republics and Mongolia. It also aims to provide summarized information to the reader about the establishment and activities of Turkish schools in Mongolia, and to highlight the recent development and potential impact of communications and bilateral relations between the Republic of Turkey and Mongolia on this matter.

Турк сургуулиуд: Төв Азийн орнууд ба Монголын жишээ

Хураангуй: 2016 оны 7 дугаар сард гарсан төрийн эрх мэдлийг цэргийн хүчээр авах оролдлого нуран унасны дараагаар БНТУ-ын ерөнхийлөгч Р.Т.Эрдоан Евроазийн бүс нутгийн улс орны удирдагч нарт хандан шашны номлогч Ф.Гюлений байгуулсан сургуулиудыг яаралтай хаахыг уриалж эхэлжээ. Энэ үйл явдлын дараагаар Туркийн засгийн газар Гюлений үзэл санааг дэмжигч, тус улсад ажиллаж, амьдарч буй иргэд, төрийн албан хаагчид, их дээд сургуулийн багш нарыг баривчлах, цагдан хорих, албан тушаалаас нь халах зэрэг арга хэмжээ авлаа. Ф.Гюлений ФЕТО байгууллагыг террорист байгууллага хэмээн БНТУ засгийн газар албан ёсоор зарлав.

Энэхүү өгүүлэлд 1970-аад оны эхэн үеэс үүсгэн байгуулагдаж, зөвхөн Турк улс төдийгүй дэлхийн олон улс оронд салбараа нээн, үйл ажиллагаагаа тэлэн, хөгжиж эхэлсэн Гюлений гэх тодотголтой боловсролын байгуулагууд Төв Азийн орнууд болон Монгол улсад хэрхэн үүсч, хөгжсөн талаар товч дурдаж, эдгээр сургуулийн асуудал, Монгол, Турк хоёр орны харилцаанд үзүүлж буй нөлөө, цаашдын хандлага, шийдлийн талаар цэгцтэй мэдээлэл өгөхийг зорьлоо.

Түлхүүр үгс: Турк сургуулиуд, “Хизмет” хөдөлгөөн, төрийн эргэлт, зөөлөн хүч.
Customs tariff reforms in Mongolia
Authors: Nyamdaa Otgonsaikhan , Shagdar Enkhbayar
Published: December 2020

Mongolia has been pursuing a free trade policy since the transition to a market economy, and today, with a sharp increase in imports and a boom in raw materials exports, domestic production has fallen, and the country became overly dependent on mining products. Therefore, there is an urgent need to review the methods for implementing foreign trade policy, to study their optimal use and update them effectively. This study examines how Mongolia’s import tariff regulations have been reforming since the transition to a market economy, and discusses some potential impacts of the import tariff reform on the Mongolian economy.

Монгол Улсын импортын гаалийн тарифын шинэчлэл

Хураангуй: Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс чөлөөт худалдааны бодлого баримталсаар ирсэн бөгөөд өнөөдөр импортын урсгал эрс нэмэгдэж, түүхий эдийн экспорт хөгжсөнөөр дотоодын үйлдвэрлэл уналтад орсон, уул уурхайн бүтээгдэхүүнээс хэт хамааралтай улс болжээ. Иймд гадаад худалдааны бодлогыг хэрэгжүүлэх арга хэрэгслүүдийг эргэн харах, тэдгээрийг хэрхэн оновчтой хэрэглэх, шинэчлэх зэрэг асуудлыг судлах зайлшгүй шаардлага бий болоод байна. Энэхүү ажлын хүрээнд Монгол Улс зах зээлийн эдийн засгийн харилцаанд шилжсэн үеэс өнөөг хүртэл импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого зохицуулалтын шинэчлэл хэрхэн хийгдсэн талаар судалж, импортын гаалийн тарифыг шинэчилснээр Монгол Улсын эдийн засагт үзүүлэх зарим үр нөлөөг авч үзсэн.

Түлхүүр үгс: гадаад худалдааны бодлого; импортын гаалийн тарифын бодлого, зохицуулалт; нэн тааламжтай тариф; ДХБ-тай тохирсон тарифын дээд хэмжээ; тарифын шинжилгээ.
CHARAKTERYSTYKA WARUNKÓW PLUWIALNO-TERMICZNYCH w ARBORETUM WIRTY W LATACH 1996-2018
Authors: Frydel Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

The area where the meteorological observations were carried out lies in Pomerania in a region with a cool and humid climate. There are late spring frosts, but also early autumn ones. Increasing rainfall is becoming more frequent, and winters with less than the average number of days with a snow cover. There is a noticeable tendency to the deterioration of optimal conditions for the existence and preservation of forest habitats.
PROBLEM USZKODZEŃ POWODOWANYCH PRZEZ JELENIOWATE W LASACH GOSPODARCZYCH
Authors: Stróżczyński Andrzej
Published: December 2020

The increasing quantity of game in ecosystems has consequences for people. Forests have been managed and today they are the favourable environment for further increase in size of game populations, especially cervids. These species decrease forest trees biomass and affect silvicultural quality and biodiversity of stands. On one side, this is the natural process of feeding, on the other side, from a forester’s point of view these damages have negative effects on forests. Causes of game damages are complex including many environmental factors, which are enhanced by anxiety induced by human activity. Costs resulted from damages by cervids and costs of forest protection can be reduced using the suitable methods of forest and game management. In managed forests, silvicultural measures conducted from the establishment of plantation through selection of trees, choice of logging technology and methods of forest protection influence significantly the size of the game damages. These activities should take into account the periods of occurrence of highest damages and the ability of trees to regenerate. Besides silvicultural measures, reasonable game populations management which consits in maintaining an optimal population density and regulation of spatial population structure as well as age and sex population structure should be applied.
Prisoning Indigenous Women: Strength and Resilience in the Face of Systemic Trauma
Authors: Grekul Jana
Published: December 2020

The overrepresentation of Indigenous peoples in the Canadian criminal justice system is an enduring and systemic issue that must be addressed. Over the past 10 years, the proportion of women behind bars has increased by almost 30 percent; for Indigenous women, this number is 60 percent (Office of the Correctional Investigator 2017). Using a critical feminist criminological lens, this paper explores the ways in which colonial legacies, patriarchy, trauma, and systemic victimization inside and outside the criminal justice system contribute to the criminalization and (over)prisoning of Indigenous women and questions the practice of prisoning an already marginalized and oppressed group of people. Drawing on critical feminist criminological research and empirical studies, I theorize a victimization–criminalization–incarceration cycle concept to explain the ways in which societal- , institutional- , and individual-level factors intersect and impact Indigenous women’s journeys through the criminal justice system in tangled and complicated ways. Future research could provide additional insights into the potential value of this concept for policy and practice.
Burned
Authors: Rose Chelsea
Published: December 2020

Excavations at the Jacksonville Chinese Quarter, one of the earliest Chinese communities in the Pacific Northwest, uncovered the in situ remnants of a Chinese-occupied dwelling that burned in the fall of 1888. The large artifact, faunal, and botanical assemblage, when paired with forensic fire science, identified details about the spatial layout and occupation of the building at the time it burned. In addition to the archaeological recovery of possessions and structural remains, the burned house feature provides insight into the placemaking that has occurred at the site, allowing us to consider the material culture as expressions of the choices, opportunities, and human experience of the residents at the time of the fire.
Was wird aus dem harten Kern? Auswirkungen der Corona-Krise auf das Engagement für Geflüchtete
Authors: Berg Clara van den , Grande Edgar , Hutter Swen
Published: December 2020

Wie wirkt sich die Corona-Krise auf die Strukturen und Formen des Engagements mit und für Geflüchtete aus, die sich nach dem Aktivierungsschub von 2015 in Deutschland herausgebildet haben? In diesem Beitrag liefern wir erste Antworten auf diese Frage. Wir stützen uns dabei auf 16 semi-strukturierte Interviews mit Engagierten aus Bayern, Baden-Württemberg und Brandenburg. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten an, dass die Corona-Krise bereits bestehende Herausforderungen der Zivilgesellschaft in diesem Bereich in besonderer Weise sichtbar gemacht hat. Das Engagement reduzierte sich vor der Corona-Krise auf einen harten Kern von Beteiligten - und dieser Kern wird nun an manchen Orten in seinem Bestand gefährdet.
Klausurtraining Verfassungsrecht
Authors: Augsberg Ino , Augsberg Steffen , Schwabenbauer Thomas
Published: December 2020

Angesichts komplexer und von der eigenen Lebenserfahrung deutlich entfernter Problemkonstellationen, dem weitgehenden Fehlen leicht subsumierbarer normativer Grundlagen und den zusätzlichen Erfordernissen des (Verfassungs-)Prozessrechts stellen Klausuren aus dem Verfassungsrecht Studenten häufig vor besondere Probleme. Um so wichtiger ist es, die gemeinsamen Strukturen zu kennen, die dem Verfassungsrecht in seiner grundrechtlichen und seiner staatsorganisationsrechtlichen Gestalt eigen sind.

Dem dient das vorliegende Buch, das insoweit eine Lücke schließt: Es ersetzt nicht die klassischen Lehrbücher, sondern leistet Hilfestellung für den dort kaum behandelten Übergang vom abstrakten Wissen zur klausurrelevanten Anwendung. Zu diesem Zweck werden zunächst mit Blick auf die Zulässigkeits- wie Begründetheitsprüfung allgemeine Schemata herausgearbeitet und diese Grobstrukturierung der Klausur näher erläutert. Im Anschluss hieran erfolgen Hinweise zu spezielleren Aufbauproblemen und zum unentbehrlichen juristischen „Handwerkszeug“: der gelungenen sprachlichen Gestaltung und Schwerpunktsetzung sowie der klaren Argumentation. Ein abschließender umfangreicher Abschnitt mit Beispielsklausuren bietet zudem hinreichend Anschauungsmaterial für die konkrete Umsetzung. Die so erzielte Vertrautheit mit typischen Klausurstrukturen ermöglicht es, auch neue, unbekannte Fallkonstellationen erfolgreich zu bewältigen.
Richter der eigenen Sache
Authors: Materna Markus
Published: December 2020

The ‘re-Nazification’ of many professions after 1945 has been proven beyond doubt. In this book, the author addresses the question of how it was possible for National Socialist lawyers, who had often been involved in cases in which indefensible sentences were passed (including the death sentence), to not only be reinstated in their positions but also to even frequently pursue a career in the judicial system. What mechanisms and preconditions were decisive in this respect? What role did superior authorities play? Why did attempts to investigate this topic in the 1950s and 60s fail? Using the example of lawyers involved in cases at special courts in Bavaria in which the death penalty was administered, this study is the first to answer these and other questions accurately, in exact detail and using manifold sources.
Improving Students’ Sense of Three-Dimensional Shapes
Authors: Leeson Neville J.
Published: December 2020

Children construct composite shapes of their own choice and identify the composite parts.
Data Buddies: Primary-Grade Mathematicians Explore Data
Authors: Bloom Stephen J.
Published: December 2020

Imagine th at you must meet a person you do not know in a crowded public place, such as an airport or a shopping center.
Telling Tales: Creating Graphs Using Multicultural Literature
Authors: Karp Karen S.
Published: December 2020

The focus in primary classrooms on children's literature through the whole-language approach to reading encourages the elimination of artificial divisions among subjects through such natural and desirable mixtures as mathematics and storybooks.
Math by the Month
Authors: Owen Sherilyn , Fields Andrea
Published: December 2020

The calendar is designed to speak directly to students, giving them open-ended questions to engage their intellect through their interests. Students are encouraged to work on the activities individually, in pairs, or in small groups. No answers are provided for the calendar questions to encourage students to research, to look to themselves as the mathematical authority, and to develop the confidence and critical-thinking skills necessary to validate their thinking.
Early Childhood Corner: Calendar Reading: A Tradition That Begs Remodeling
Authors: Schwartz Sydney L.
Published: December 2020

Acherished tradition of primary classrooms that has been adopted by the kindergarten and prekindergarten community is daily calendar reading.
Links to Literature
Authors: Bertheau Myrna
Published: December 2020

The most important thing about a square is that it is a polygon with four sides and four corners. All four of its sides are equal. All four of its corners are equal. A square has four square corners. Square corners are 90 degrees and look like anL. All four sides are congruent and all four angles are congruent. I can have a square meal and get a square deal but I do not want to be a square. A square is used for a lot of things but the most important thing is that it is a polygon with four sides.
A Teacher's Journal: Celebrate with Mathematics
Authors: Peterson Winnie J.
Published: December 2020

Creating colorful holiday chains constitutes an excellent activity for a mathematics class. Using red and green construction paper, rulers, scissors, and glue sticks, students enjoy making pattern chains. In my fifth-grade class, two groups came up with simple chains: red, green, red, green, red, green, and so on; one red, two green, three red, four green, and so on. A third group created a chain of triangular numbers: one green, three red, six green, ten red, and so on. The completed chains were displayed around the room at the conclusion of each class, and the patterns became more intricate as the days progressed.