bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The regional consumer market as a factor of structural shifts in energy resources consumer economy of the region
Authors: Lukhovskaya O.K. , Kochetkova T.S. , Zhukova Y.E.
Published: February 2020

The role of the consumer market in effective sales policy formation in power engineering of regions is not debatable. According to project estimates it is necessary to accept that the regional consumer market is strategically important factor of the energy market structural changes in regions of Russia. Its balanced development provides the acceleration of progressive structural changes in their economy. The scientific results given in the article and obtained by the authors are directed to the consumer market justification as one of the leading strategic factors of power engineering development in regional economy structure, in particular in Ivanovo region, and analysis of its growth influence at energy resources consumption efficiency. It is shown that the main consequence of structural transformations in economy was the sharp decline in industrial production (in particular, in textile manufacture of the Ivanovo region) which was followed by decrease in energy consumption and its growth in service sector. Currently the consumer market acts as the dominating factor in electricity consumption and formation of regional electricity balance. These researches are aimed at justification of this conclusion at the moment.
Dynamic strength of end mills when processing wood and composite materials in panel house building
Authors: Sergeevichev Alexander , Sokolova Viktoria , Fedyaev Artur , Sergeevichev Vladimir
Published: February 2020

The endurance of end mills during operation is determined by the bearing capacity of the working part of the housing and the wear resistance of the teeth. The bearing capacity of the working part is its ability to absorb the arising loads from the cutting forces and to provide rigidity and strength of mill. The required strength of end mills is determined by their design parameters and working conditions. A feature of the working conditions of end mills during the processing of chipboards and composite materials in panel house-building is that milling occurs with a depth of two cutting diameters. Therefore, at the most rational feeds on the tooth, the mills experience significant loads, leading to elastic extraction bending of the working part and, often, to their breakage. During milling of chipboards and composite materials in panel house building, rapid wear and dulling of the side cutting edges of end mills is associated with uneven thickness of the processed materials. The presence in plates of more dense layers filled with binder causes zones of local intense wear. Thus, the presence of abrasive wear inclusions in plate and composite materials leads to rapid wear and dulling of the mill tooth, causes an increase in energy consumption during the milling process. The forces acting on the mill by the cutting resistance force cause elastic extraction of the spindle-mill system, friction of rear surfaces against the material being processed, that leads to the heating and breaking of mills. Hence, low bearing capacity and wear resistance of end mills determine their short durability.
Microbiota Research: From History to Advances
Authors: Lu Zhengyu
Published: February 2020

Microbiota are communities of diverse microorganisms found in multicellular creatures. The study of microbiota in human bodies initiated since the late of the 19th century, and has been flourishing with the proceeding of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), an international project aimed to identify the types and roles of the microorganisms in human. So far, human microbiota, especially the microbiota residing in human intestines, have been shown to affect various aspects of human life, including metabolism, immunity, neural activities, aging process, and so on. Some of them are pathogenic, while some of them are beneficial, or even essential to human. In this review, we summarized the up-to-date studies characterizing the influence of different microorganism to human.
Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action of Perilla essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: He Wenbing , Shi Ce , Long Xiaoyin , Liu Xuelian , Zhao Xingchen
Published: February 2020

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is an important cause of foodborne illness in humans and animals. In some Asian countries, Perilla (Perilla frutescens) is widely used for cooking and medicinal purposes. The current study reports its antibacterial activity against S. aureus. PEO exhibited significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus with MIC values ranged from 1 to 2 mg/ml. Growth curve illustrated that PEO had time and concentration-dependent antibacterial effects against S. aureus. The results of this study showed that PEO exerted the inhibitory effect on S. aureus through cell membrane permeabilization which was associated with generalized membrane-disrupting effects, and this corresponded to a simultaneous loss of 260-nm absorbing materials. FCM assay also demonstrated that PEO treatment markedly damaged the membrane of S. aureus. Moreover, the SEM and TEM observations also support the above hypothesis, and strongly indicated the membrane-destructing activity of PEO. This study may contribute to the effective application of PEO as a natural antibacterial agent to control foodborne pathogens in food industries.
Progress on biodegradable films for antibacterial food packaging
Authors: Han Guocheng , Guo Rui , Yu Zhaohui , Chen Guangxue
Published: February 2020

The applications of common-used antibacterial agents and biodegradable polymer materials in food packaging were reviewed. The research progress on biobased antibacterial agents (such as chitosan, plant essential oils, plant extracts, bacteriocins) in food packaging films synthesized from biodegradable polymer materials (such as starch and its derivatives, chitosan, cellulose, protein) was summarized. Most of the biodegradable antibacterial films are applied in the packaging of postharvest transportation and storage of fruits and vegetables. This work provides guidance to develop new intelligent food packaging materials featured by degradability, bacteriostasis and environmental protection.
Rapid Analysis of Alcohol Content During the Green Jujube Wine Fermentation by FT-NIR
Authors: Li Guifeng , Yan Ni , Yuan Lu , Wu Jianhu , Du Junjie , Gao Yu’e , Peng Yankun
Published: February 2020

The near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least square regression (PLS) were applied for the prediction of the alcohol content of jujube wine. The NIR spectroscopy was used to collect the spectral data of the jujube wine samples during fermentation and the data were used to establish the quantitative model of alcohol content to achieve rapid on-line detection. The NIR spectroscopy in the range of 950 to 1650 nm from jujube wine were collected and pre-treated by MSC (Multiplicative Scatter Correction) and FD (First Derivative). The alcohol content was measured with alcohol meter. Spectral wavelength selection and latent variables were optimized for the lowest root mean square errors. The results show that the FD - PLS model, which yielded R2 of 0.9246 and RMSEC of 0.6572, is superior to the MSC- PLS model. Results confirmed that NIR spectroscopy is a promising technique for routine assessment of alcohol content of jujube wine and is a viable and advantageous alternative to the chemical procedures involving laborious extractions. The feasibility of the method was thus verified.
Research progress of NPR genes in signal pathway of salicylic acid mediated plant disease resistance
Authors: Wang Pan , Xiang Meiqin
Published: February 2020

Salicylic acid (SA) is considered to be an endogenous signal molecule in plants, and it is related to many resistances in plants. In Arabidopsis, Non-expressor of pathogenesis-related gene1 (NPR1) mediates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PRs) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induced by SA. NPR1 is a key factor in SA signaling pathway, and the research shows that NPR1, NPR3 and NPR4 play a key role in SA mediated plant disease resistance. In this review, the interaction between NPR and transcription factors is discussed, and we also describe the progress of NPR in SA mediated SAR signal transduction pathway, likewise, we introduce the relationship between NPR1 and its paralogues NPR3/NPR4. This paper analyzes the research prospect of NPR as the intersection of multiple signal paths.
The Situation and Development Strategies for Environmental Protection Standardization in Transportation Industry of China
Authors: Liu Huan , Wang Yanqin , Shao Shegang
Published: February 2020

Standardization for environmental protection in the transportation industry is an important driving force for the development of green transportation. This study introduces the current status and main problems of environmental protection standardization in transportation. In addition, major countermeasures, such as strengthening the system construction and basic support, are studied and proposed to provide theoretical support and research basis for future standardization in related areas.
Vegetation protection and road landscape construction technology along the Yunmao expressway
Authors: Lou Jian , Zeng Siqing , Cai Min , Liang Tianwen , Wang Dan , Yao Ke
Published: February 2020

The construction of green highways must not only combine the characteristics of regional ecological environment, but also do a good job of landscape greening to create a good driving environment. Taking Yunmao expressway as an example, from the perspective of ecological protection and restoration, this paper describes the design ideas of vegetation protection and landscape construction along the expressway, and discusses the landscape greening design of expressways characteristic of Guangdong Province based on the actual experience of landscape greening of expressways in Guangdong Province.
Investigation and Study on the Design and Construction Status of Spoil Yards in Mountainous Highways
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Wei
Published: February 2020

This study conducts field investigation, survey and analysis on the spoil yards in 37 mountainous highways across the country and analyzes the current protection features of the spoil yard projects and the main type, effect and applicability of restoration measures to provide technical support for design and construction.
Concept and Practice of Open-pit Mining Area Restoration and Reuse --- Taking an Open-pit Coal Mining Area in Datong, Shanxi as an Example
Authors: Jiayin Huang , Baoan Hu , Xiangjun Tan , Jin Cheng , Long Li
Published: February 2020

The restoration of open-pit mining coal mine areas is imminent, and it is of great significance to put forward a set of reasonable restoration concepts. According to the geographical location and economic conditions of the mining areas, this paper combines multiple restoration concepts and measures such as “fundamental reforestation”, “near-natural restoration”, “introduction of agricultural and forestry industries” and “development of cultural tourism in abandoned land” in a scientific way, the combination has been successfully applied in the restoration and comprehensive utilization project in an open-pit coal mine area in Datong, Shanxi, China. This concept realizes the reuse of abandoned open-pit coal mines and closely follows the national strategy of poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, in pursuit of the national vision of “clear waters and green mountains are mountains of gold and silver.”
A Brief Analysis of the Current Situation and Development Trend on Green Transportation Standard System
Authors: Wang Wei , Han Juan , Shi Yanlei
Published: February 2020

It is great significance to improve green transportation standards system for promoting the construction of ecological civilization and the sustainable development of recycling and low carbon of transportation. This paper summarizes the status of green transportation standards system and the progress of standard publication and revision. According to the key areas and links of green transportation development, the development trends of green transportation and the requirement of green transportation standards were analysed, and policy recommendations for improving the construction of green transportation standards system was proposed. The paper is trying to provide decisive support for the industry to promote the development of green transportation standardization.
Study on Soil Erosion Law of Highway Spoil Ground
Authors: Dong Zhang , Shegang Shao , Dong Ni , Jian Wang
Published: February 2020

In this study, a typical spoil ground was selected in the test area, and runoff plots were set up. Through rainfall tests and statistical analysis of the data, the soil erosion law of the spoil ground was studied. The results show that under different rainfall intensities, the soil bulk density is positive to the runoff rate. Correlation indicates that the increase of soil bulk density and runoff rate increase; the increase of soil bulk density increases the soil’s impact resistance, and the erosion rate decreases with the increase of bulk density.
Influence of surface topography on brightness temperature of the regions along the road
Authors: Xu Gang , Yang Ying , Meng Zhiguo
Published: February 2020

Internal temperature of the road is one of the important indicators to evaluate the safety of the road, and the microwave radiometer data is only efficient way to acquire the internal temperatures. This study is to evaluate the influence of the surface topography on the brightness temperature (TB) measured the microwave radiometer data. The results are as follows. (1) The surface slope (θ) and its direction play the important roles on the TB. (2) The influence of θ on TB is weaker compared to that of the surface temperature. (3) At least in low latitude regions, the influence of topography on the TB can be neglected in macro scale. The conclusions are essential to better understand the internal physical parameters of the road with the microwave radiometer data.
Discussion on Management and operation guarantee measures for tourist highway construction in Shanxi Province
Authors: Ma Jianrong , Liu Huan , Meng Qiang
Published: February 2020

With the industrial economy in Shanxi Province showing the pressure of gear shifting and transformation and upgrading, the province’s GDP growth has slowed down significantly. In sharp contrast to this, the tourism industry in Shanxi Province has maintained rapid growth, becoming a new bright spot in the transformation and development of Shanxi Province, and a new driving force for economic development. As one of the pillars of the development of the tourism industry, tourist roads have put forward new requirements for the construction scale, service quality, and operation management of tourist roads. Based on the status of the planning and demonstration construction of tourism roads in Shanxi Province, This paper analyses and discusses the management and management issues that are incomplete in the implementation process, involving too many procedures of management departments, insufficient funds, and unclear operation and profit models. Organizational management and operation guarantee measures for the whole province’s tourist highways.
Assessment of Nutrient and Heavy Metal Pollution in Channel Dredged Sediments in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze basin
Authors: Xiong Hongxia , Peng Shitao , Huang Wei , Liu Xinlei , Liu Xianbin
Published: February 2020

There was a large amount of dredged materials produced stably in the Yangtze waterway each year. How to dispose these dredged materials was a major technical problem in the field of port and waterway engineering. The dredged materials were valuable resource, and the utilization of dredged materials in landscape can be an important direction in the future. To analyze the feasibility of dredging for landscaping, the waterway dredged sediments from middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, such as Dongting Lake, Chenglingji section, Zhenjiang section, Nantong section and Taihu Lake were collected, and the nutrient characteristics, heavy metal content and pollution degree were analyzed. The results showed that the pH, moisture content, petroleum hydrocarbons, organic matter and available P in Yangtze River waterway dredging sediments were 7.28~7.74, 3.75~28.27%, 14.21~121.84 ppm, 1.88~5.29% and 16.96~65.38 ppm respectively, which were moderate pollution and suitable for plants growth. The content of available N and available K content were 67.12~87.97 ppm and 2.78~20.11 ppm, which were too low to meet the needs of plant growth. Extra sources of nitrogen and potassium should be added into the sediments when reused. Dredged sediments were contaminated by heavy metals Cu, Pb and Zn, the evaluation results showed that their enrichment effect was not obvious, which won’t affect the sediment utilization. Dredged sediments were widely contaminated by Cd (0.05~2.68 mg/kg), and there was a certain enrichment effect, so some Cd hyperaccumulators should be planted to remediate Cd in dredged sediments.
Discussion on Integrated Design of Emergency Storage Facilities for Dangerous Chemicals Transportation Accidents and Bridge Drainage Run off Treatment Facilities of Expressway
Authors: Zhao Jing , Shao Shegang , Ni Dong , Yuan Minmin , Zhang Dong , Wang Dan
Published: February 2020

Based on the investigation on the collection and treatment of the runoff from the bridge-deck of some expressways involving sensitive water bodies, this paper proposed an integrated design idea of the emergency storage facility and the bridge-deck rainwater runoff treatment facility for the transportation accident of dangerous chemicals in the expressway. The integrated design idea improves the disadvantages of simultaneous treatment of rainwater and accident-water in the bridge-deck runoff treatment system. The process flow, plane layout, functional unit volume design, conversion device, and control system involved in the integrated design are discussed.
Research on Creating Ecological Highway for Serving Construction of Powerful Transportation Country
Authors: Lv Anqi , Xin Dong , Zhang Lu , Shi Ling , Geng Rui
Published: February 2020

Green transportation is an important feature and intrinsic requirement of a powerful transportation country. Therefore, we shall fully implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, effectively implement the new development concept, further promote the development of green transportation and serve the construction of a powerful transportation country. An important part of green transportation system is the ecological highway. Therefore, this paper firstly clarifies the concept, connotation and characteristics of ecological highway, defines the whole life cycle of ecological highway construction, that is, different control points in each stage from planning, design, construction to operation, management and maintenance, introduces the built ecological highway in China, proposes the implementation scheme of ecological highway construction based on the specific requirements and key technologies and finally elaborates the safeguard measures for ecological highway construction. Besides, this paper also provides a reference for clarifying the idea and development of ecological highway construction.
Has the construction of industrial pollution treatment improved the status of environmental pollution in China?
Authors: Luo Yunyun
Published: February 2020

In recent years, China’s economy has developed rapidly and the people’s material living standards have continued to improve, but environmental problems have gradually become apparent, which seriously threatens people’s daily lives and production. Therefore, the state is actively constructing industrial pollution control projects, hoping to improve China’s environmental pollution status and achieve green development. Based on data from 31 provinces in China in 2017, this paper finds that the construction of wastewater treatment projects significantly reduces wastewater discharge and has a significant effect on improving water pollution; while the construction of waste gas treatment projects does not significantly improve the status of air pollution. Further research found that coal Consumption has significantly increased the level of air pollution and weakened the role of waste gas treatment projects. At the same time, investment in technological innovation has significantly improved the state of environmental pollution.
Frictional effect of spherical convex textured rigid bodies sliding on smooth PDMS
Authors: Zhang Zixin , Chu Zhuangzhuang , Zhu Xuli
Published: February 2020

Surface texturing was applied to flexible friction couples to improve their tribological behavior. Spherical convex texture was fabricated on the surface of photosensitive resin by stereolithography (SLA), the friction coefficient between the textured resin sample and smooth polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) under the conditions of low sliding speed and dry friction was measured using a self-made frictional test bench. It was found that surface texture is capable of reducing friction at low applied normal load compared with the non textured friction couple, as well as increasing friction at high load, in addition, smaller texture radii tend to increase friction. At last, the friction mechanism of the textured flexible friction couple was discussed by establishing a mechanical model.
Microemulsion Oil Displacement Effect of Fracture Reservoirs
Authors: Jia Jiangfen , Xu Zhengdong , Zhang Bin , Wang Peng , Kong Weizhong , Xu Zhiyuan , Xiong Wei , Jia Yuanzhao , Cao Jiefeng
Published: February 2020

In order to compare the oil repellent effect of microemulsion drive and water drive, the remarkable effect of improving recovery rate of microemulsion drive is proved from the microemulsion aspect by analyzing the crack core oil drive experiment and the distribution law of the residual oil in the pore. The experimental results show that the yield rate of microemulsion drive can increase by 10.8% compared with the water drive, and the final recovery rate is as high as 49.7%, which shows that the recovery rate of microemulsion drive system has a significant effect. The proportion of residual oil with pore decreased with the decrease of pore radius, which shows that the pore radius has a significant effect on the distribution of residual oil. And compared with the matrix core, the proportion of residual oil pore in the fissure core is larger and the oil removal efficiency is relatively low.
Oil Chromatographic Analysis and Fault Diagnosis Case Analysis for Transformers
Authors: Li Yanping , Li Yong , Li Yunqi
Published: February 2020

The production principle of characteristic gas in transformer oil and its corresponding transformer fault type are discussed in this paper. Aiming at the fault of multiple characteristic gases exceeding the standard in a 110 kV transformer oil, this paper analyzed the fault reasons according to the characteristic gas method and the three-ratio method, and combined with relevant tests, it was judged that the transformer core multiple grounding fault caused the fault. The on-site inspection verifies the correctness of the failure analysis results and the corresponding measures were adopted to eliminate the transformer faults.
Research on support vector machine method for comprehensive evaluation after compression
Authors: Chengwang Wang , Shuai Chen , Gaojie Chen , Han Lu
Published: February 2020

Hydraulic fracturing is one of the important measures to increase production of oil and gas reservoirs. Pressure after the assessment of the existing technology is usually divided into direct and indirect diagnosis of hydraulic fracture. The diversity of evaluation results is due to the uncertainty and immaturity of the technology itself. Up to now, we have not found an economical and accurate hydraulic fracture evaluation method in the development and application of fracturing technology. In this paper, the pressure treatment technology after the comprehensive evaluation of boundary conditions is studied. By introducing the support vector regression theory, an evaluation model and a solution for correcting fracturing parameters are proposed. Fracturing parameters include fracture length, fracture height, fracture width, integrated fracturing fluid leakage coefficient, fracture conductivity, fracture closure pressure, and so on. For the optimization of various parameters, objective and scientific comprehensive evaluation results can be obtained by selecting different kernel functions. The results show that the model and method based on support vector machine are effective and practical.
Experimental study on the effect of graphene on the thermal conductivity of natural rubber latex
Authors: Li Lin , Huang Wen , Ma Yingchao , Hou Chaoping
Published: February 2020

Graphene is a new type of carbon material with excellent performance. It not only has good electrical, mechanical and thermal properties, but also can be used as a filler of natural latex materials to optimize the thermal conductivity of natural latex materials. Therefore, graphene is widely used in aviation, automobile, machinery and other fields. In order to study the influence of the coordination ratio of graphene and rubber materials on the thermal conductivity, the natural rubber latex was first diluted and dissolved with volatile organic solvent toluene; then 0g, 0.5g, 1g, 1.5g, 2g, and graphene were respectively mixed into 20g natural rubber latex to prepare 6 thin samples (type I, type II, type III, type IV, type V, type VI). Finally, the thermal conductivity of 6 samples was measured by fla laser thermal conductivity instrument. The results showed that with the increase of graphene dosage, the thermal conductivity of natural rubber latex sheet increased significantly; when the ratio of graphene dosage to natural rubber latex was about 1:10, the rate of improving thermal conductivity of natural rubber latex decreased.
Research on Trend of Nutrients and its Response to Human Activities in the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Long Yingxian , Sun Qiang , Yang Kun
Published: February 2020

This is a research on the change of nutrients and its structure in the Pearl River Estuary by the principal component analysis (PCA) according to the data and materials on water quality observation in the last 30 years around the Pearl River Estuary. Results showed that inorganic nitrogen (DIN) presented an obvious increase trend in the last 30 years, while phosphate and silicate presented an outstanding decrease trend in this area by the influence of human activities. The average N/P ratio increased by 1.44 times, the Si/N ratio decreased by 66.8%, the Si/P ratio decreased by 18.5%, and the structure of nutrients changed significantly. According to the results of PCA, the first two principal components (PC) were extracted. PC1 was associated with GDP, population, industrial output value and wastewater discharge, which explained 80.9% of the variance. PC2 was characterized by cultivated land area, which explained 14.6% of the variance. It indicates that the change of nutrients content and structure in the Pearl River Estuary was closely related to economic development and industrial pollution discharge, and the effect of the change of land use and land cover on the change of nutrients should not be ignored.
Polymer-functionalized silica nanoparticles for improving water flood sweep efficiency in Berea sandstones
Authors: Bila Alberto , Åge Stensen Jan , Torsæter Ole
Published: February 2020

Extraction of oil trapped after primary and secondary oil production stages still poses many challenges in the oil industry. Therefore, innovative enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies are required to run the production more economically. Recent advances suggest renewed application of surface-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) for oil recovery due to improved stability and solubility, stabilization of emulsions, and low retention on porous media. The improved surface properties make the NPs more appropriate to improve microscopic sweep efficiency of water flood compared to bare nanoparticles, especially in challenging reservoirs. However, the EOR mechanisms of NPs are not well understood. This work evaluates the effect of four types of polymer-functionalized silica NPs as additives to the injection water for EOR. The NPs were examined as tertiary recovery agents in water-wet Berea sandstone rocks at 60 °C. The NPs were diluted to 0.1 wt. % in seawater before injection. Crude oil was obtained from North Sea field. The transport of NPs though porous media, as well as nanoparticles interactions with the rock system, were investigated to reveal possible EOR mechanisms. The experimental results showed that functionalized-silica NPs can effectively increase oil recovery in water-flooded reservoirs. The incremental oil recovery was up to 14% of original oil in place (OOIP). Displacement studies suggested that oil recovery was affected by both interfacial tension reduction and wettability modification, however, the microscopic flow diversion due to pore plugging (log-jamming) and the formation of nanoparticle-stabilized emulsions were likely the relevant explanations for the mobilization of residual oil.
Improved method for complete gas-brine imbibition relative permeability curves
Authors: Ben Clennell M. , White Cameron , Giwelli Ausama , Myers Matt , Esteban Lionel , Cullingford Michael , Richardson William , Ward Gavin , Waugh Matt , Cole Scott , Hunt Ashley , Bright Peter
Published: February 2020

Standard test methods for measuring imbibition gas-brine relative permeability on reservoir core samples often lead to non-uniform brine saturation. During co-current flow, the brine tends to bank up at the sample inlet and redistributes slowly, even with fractional flow of gas to brine of 400:1 or more. The first reliable Rel Perm point is often only attained after a brine saturation of around Sw=40% is achieved, leaving a data gap between Swirr and this point. The consequent poor definition of the shape of the Rel Perm function can lead to uncertainty in the performance of gas reservoirs undergoing depletion drive with an encroaching aquifer or subjected to a water flood. We have developed new procedures to pre-condition brine saturation outside of the test rig and progress it in small increments to fill in the data gap at low Sw, before continuing with a co-current flood to the gas permeability end-point. The method was applied to series of sandstone samples from gas reservoirs from the NW Shelf of Australia, and a Berea standard. We found that the complete imbibition relative permeability curve is typically ‘S’ shaped or has a rolling over, convex-up shape that is markedly different from the concave-up, Corey Rel Perm curve usually fitted to SCAL test data. This finding may have an economic upside if the reservoir produces gas at a high rate for longer than was originally predicted based on the old Rel Perm curves.
Is contact angle a cause or an effect? – A cautionary tale
Authors: Ruth Douglas
Published: February 2020

The most influential parameter on the behavior of two-component flow in porous media is “wettability”. When wettability is being characterized, the most frequently used parameter is the “contact angle”. When a fluid-drop is placed on a solid surface, in the presence of a second, surrounding fluid, the fluid-fluid surface contacts the solid-surface at an angle that is typically measured through the fluid-drop. If this angle is less than 90°, the fluid in the drop is said to “wet” the surface. If this angle is greater than 90°, the surrounding fluid is said to “wet” the surface. This definition is universally accepted and appears to be scientifically justifiable, at least for a static situation where the solid surface is horizontal. Recently, this concept has been extended to characterize wettability in non-static situations using high-resolution, two-dimensional digital images of multi-component systems. Using simple thought experiments and published experimental results, many of them decades old, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not primary parameters – their values depend on many other parameters. Using these arguments, it will be demonstrated that contact angles are not the cause of wettability behavior but the effect of wettability behavior and other parameters. The result of this is that the contact angle cannot be used as a primary indicator of wettability except in very restricted situations. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that even for the simple case of a capillary interface in a vertical tube, attempting to use simply a two-dimensional image to determine the contact angle can result in a wide range of measured values. This observation is consistent with some published experimental results. It follows that contact angles measured in two-dimensions cannot be trusted to provide accurate values and these values should not be used to characterize the wettability of the system.
Two-Phase Fluid Flow Experiments Monitored by NMR
Authors: Hiller Thomas , Hoder Gabriel , Amann-Hildenbrand Alexandra , Klitzsch Norbert , Schleifer Norbert
Published: February 2020

We present a newly developed high-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) flow cell, which allows for the simultaneous determination of water saturation, effective gas permeability and NMR relaxation time distribution in two-phase fluid flow experiments. We introduce both the experimental setup and the experimental procedure on a tight Rotliegend sandstone sample. The initially fully water saturated sample is systematically drained by a stepwise increase of gas (Nitrogen) inlet pressure and the drainage process is continuously monitored by low field NMR relaxation measurements. After correction of the data for temperature fluctuations, the monitored changes in water saturation proved very accurate. The experimental procedure provides quantitative information about the total water saturation as well as about its distribution within the pore space at defined differential pressure conditions. Furthermore, the relationship between water saturation and relative (or effective) apparent permeability is directly determined.
Inverted bucket centrifugation with fluorinated oils and its applications to T2 cut-offs
Authors: Anger Ben , Hertel Stefan , Love Keith , Ehiwario Michael , Appel Matthias
Published: February 2020

Hydrocarbon reservoirs with a large column height as well as tight gas rocks require a large range of capillary pressures to describe the saturation of fluids present in these formations. While mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) can achieve high equivalent capillary pressures, the tests are destructive to the core plugs. Centrifuge techniques have gained in popularity since they are faster than the porous plate technique, but they are limited in the achievable pressure range. Here, we propose the use of fluorinated oils to extend the achievable capillary pressure of the air-brine centrifuge technique by a factor of two. We use Fluorinert FC-70 in an inverted bucket configuration which doubles the radius of rotation and keeps the density contrast comparable to an air-brine system. Furthermore, we show the application to NMR T2 cut-off determination as a function of capillary pressure. Since Fluorinert does not contain any hydrogen, there is no signal overlapping with the brine in the core plugs. Furthermore, in the inverted bucket configuration, the outlet face of the plug is not in contact with a drainage surface so that the Hassler-Brunner boundary condition of Pc = 0 is satisfied. Additionally, the method allows the storage under a liquid Fluorinert phase, which prevents evaporation and significantly extends the available time for NMR measurements at low water saturations.
Methane Isotherms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Shales
Authors: Dick M. J. , Heagle D. , Veselinovic D. , Green D.
Published: February 2020

Adsorption isotherms of light hydrocarbons on reservoir rocks are key data used to quantify the total gas content in reservoirs and isotherms are now being used to improve our understanding of the processes affecting subsurface gas flow associated with gas injection from Enhanced Oil Recovery techniques. This project combined elements of the traditional pressure-volume gas adsorption isotherm technique and an NMR-based adsorption isotherm approach to determine the adsorption isotherms of light hydrocarbons on to tight rocks from oil and gas reservoirs. The new approach allows isotherms to be derived from NMR data. First, a T2distribution of the gas is determined over a range of gas pressures. Next, the volume of pore gas is estimated using the pore volume of the rock and the Van der Waals gas equation. The adsorbed gas content is then calculated by subtracting pore gas content from the total gas content. This is repeated for a range of gas pressures to determine the adsorption isotherm. This project used the NMR method described above and measured the gas pressure decay in the NMR cell. This combined approach includes the advantages of the NMR method but it also produces a pressure-time curve that can be used to identify when equilibrium is attained in low permeability rocks and can be used to compare adsorption kinetics of different gases. The advantages of our approach are that 1) the samples remain intact and the measurements provide information on the pore size distribution; 2) analyses can be carried out at reservoir pressures; 3) isotherms can be measured for any gas containing hydrogen atoms; and 4) the results can be used to examine the processes controlling gas flow through the rock. Future work to develop this technique will improve our quantification of the amount of pore gas in the cell, which will improve our partitioning between adsorbed gas and pore gas as well as allow for an improved analysis of the pressure response of the sample after degassing.
Review Vibriosis Management in Indonesian Marine Fish Farming
Authors: Istiqomah Indah , Sukardi  , Murwantoko  , Isnansetyo Alim
Published: February 2020

Vibriosis is a bacterial disease that has been reported in Indonesian marine fish culture since the 1990s. The disease was reported mostly in grouper and shrimp (monodon and vanname) farming, although the infections in snapper (Lates calcarifer)and abalone (Haliotis squamata)aquaculture were also occurred. Causative agents of vibriosis in Indonesia marine fish is involving 14 species of vibrio namelyVibrio harveyi, V. anguillarum, V. alginoluticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, V. furnisii, V. methcnikovii, V. vulnificus, V. ordalii, V. cincinnatiensis, V. carchariae, V. azureus, V. mimicus and V. damsela. Control of vibriosis is conducted with water quality management, applications of vaccines, antibiotics, probiotics and immunostimulants. Most vaccines developed and commercially available in Indonesia are in the form of inactive-whole cell types. The vaccine product is effective enough to protect fish from vibriosis. Probiotics have been widely studied since the 2000s and have been shown to increase fish and shrimp growth and resistances against vibriosis. Immunostimulants began to be developed since 2010 based on the extracts of terrestrial plants, seaweeds and chitosan. It is therefore concluded that the continuous existence of pathogenic strains in aquaculture farm requires further development of the control methods, including periodic updating of the vaccines, probiotics and immunostimulant formulas for more potent efficacies.
White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Based Agroindustry Through Recirculating Aquaculture System to Increase Competitiveness
Authors: Fauzi Ridwan Latif , Pamungkas Agung Putra , Purwadi Didik
Published: February 2020

White shrimp is one of potential aquaculture products and economically valuable. Because of the business prospect, a lot of fish farmers take place the agroindustry as well as providing white shrimp cultivation. Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) is a method for cultivating white shrimp in order to increase the production of shrimp in limited aquaculture environment. The purpose of this study is to discuss how to increase competitiveness of agroindustry based white shrimp culture. In order to increase white shrimp culture competitiveness there are two ways should be provided: introduction RAS cultivation technology, and RAS cultivation management. This study obtained the result that indicates RAS cultivation technology can be applied for white shrimp fish farmers with optimum density is 400 shrimp/m3, 1.13 of Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and 70% of Survival Rate (SR). Industrial management should be considered to support aquaculture such as product, raw material, cultivation process, marketing, and financial.
Production and Maximum Sustainable Yield of fisheries activity in Hulu Sungai Utara Regency
Authors: Rais Aroef Hukmanan , Wulandari Tuah Nanda Merlia
Published: February 2020

Production and fishing activities of inland waters in the Hulu Sungai Utara Regency (HSU) have a large contribution to fulfill the food needs for the local people in South Borneo. A total of 65% of the inland waters in the HSU Regency are floodplains. This research aimed to describe the production of capture fisheries products from 2010 to 2016, the catch per unit of effort (CPUE), the estimation of maximum sustainable (MSY), the biodiversity of fish species in the flood plain waters of Hulu Sungai Utara Regency (HSU). Research and field data collection was carried out throughout 2016, by collecting fishing gears and catch data from fishermen at Tampakang Village and Palbatu Village. The highest fish production was found in 2014, which reached a value of 2053 tons/year, and tended to decline in the following year. The highest catch per unit of effort per year was found to be in 2014 (151.65 tons/effort), and significantly dropped in 2016 (36.05 tons/effort). The Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) analysis obtained a value of 2103.13 tons/year with an effort value of 16.57 for standard fishing gear. The research identified 31 species of fish and the largest composition was baung (Mystusnemurus) and Nila (Tilapia nilotica).
Morphological and molecular identification of hairtail (Trichiurus spp.) caught in Pangandaran Waters
Authors: Aprianti Lestari Tia , Murwantoko Murwantoko , Setyobudi Eko
Published: February 2020

This study aimed to identify the species of hairtail caught in Pengandaran waters based on morphological, meristic character and molecular approach. In total 135 fish samples were collected from Pangandaran Waters, during March-April 2017. Each sample was identified, measured on 22 morphometric and 4 meristic characters, then analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Molecular identification was conducted by sequenced of 16S rRNA gene. The result of the research showed that hairtail characterized by III spines and 125-140 soft rays of dorsal fin (D.III, 125-140), the anal fin situated below 38th to 41th of dorsal-fin soft ray, I spine and 10 soft rays of pectoral fin (P.I.10), and I spine and 91 to 112 spinules of anal fin (A.I.91-112). Based on the morphological identification, the hairtail was belonged to Trichiurus lepturus. Principal Component Analysis showing the morphometric variation was presented in the caudal peduncle length. Molecular analysis of mitochondrial DNA of the partial 16S rRNA gene confirmed the hairtail as T. lepturus with similarity 98-99% based on previously published data. Phylogenetic analysis showed that T. lepturus from Pangandaran were closely similar to related species caught from the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta Special Territory (Indian Ocean) and Hainan China (Pacific Ocean).
Effect of Different Formulations on Characteristic of Biobased Alginate Edible Films as Biodegradable Packaging
Authors: Racmayani Novia , Husni Amir
Published: February 2020

Edible film can be used for food packaging. The main raw materials for edible film were alginates and plasticizers including glycerol and olive oil. This study aims to determine the characteristics of edible film composed of alginate, glycerol and olive oil. The study was carried out through the manufacture of edible films composed of alginates with various concentrations (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6%, w / v), 10% glycerol and 0.01% olive oil. Characteristics of edible film was observed including thickness, tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate, solubility and elongation. The results showed that the products met the edible film standard of the Japanese Industrial Standard. Concentration of alginate used had significant effect on thickness, tensile strength, solubility and elongation of the edible film. The films with 6% concentration of alginate showed optimum results with thickness 0,227 ± 0,008 mm, tensile strength 3,097 ± 0,384 MPa, elongation 86,682 ± 5,090 %, solubility 8,690 ± 2,892 % and water vapor transmission rate 45,477 ± 6,262 g/m2/24 h.
Effects of Nanoencapsulated Carotenoid of Spirulina platensis on the Sensory Profiles of Dark and Milk Chocolate
Authors: Hamdan Asep Bayu , Riaty Ciacia , Fitriya Wahdan , Ekantari Nurfitri
Published: February 2020

The addition of Spirulina platensis in chocolate bar was reported to be able to increase the carotenoid content. Unfortunately, the fortified dry biomass generated fishy odor. In recent years, we succeeded to extract carotenoid from S. platensis, which was then encapsulated using a mixture of gum arabic and WPC by nanoemulsion technique. It helped reduce the fishy odor and concentrate carotenoid content in the nanocapsules. This study aimed to determine the effect of S. platensis’s carotenoid nanocapsules on the flavor profiles of dark and milk chocolate. The S. platensis’s carotenoid nanocapsules were added at a dose of 0.37% (w/w). Flavor profiles were detected using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A total of 79 aroma active were detected. The dark chocolate had a specific aroma of strong acidic chocolate, enriched with creamy and sweet. Meanwhile, the milk chocolate was dominated by creamy, cheesy, and sweet. The fortified chocolate had lower concentration of acids and aldehydes but had higher pyrazines and alcohols. Volatile compound that responsible for the fishy odor in Spirulina platensis was not detected in fortified chocolate. In conclusion, the fortification increased the intensity of sweet and chocolate flavor, decreased the bitter and sour flavor, and did not generate any unpleasant odor.
Isolation and Molecular Identification of Chitinolytic Bacteria from Ronto
Authors: Haryogya Aziza Mahdania , Ustadi
Published: February 2020

Ronto is a traditional food from South Kalimantan made of processed rebon shrimp. The production of Ronto relies on the fermentation process done by various types of microorganisms, especially bacteria. With shrimp as the main ingredient, Ronto has a high salt concentration and low pH level. Therefore, there is a potential in the exploration of chitinolytic bacteria with specific characteristics in Ronto. This study aimed to isolate and identify chitinolytic bacteria in Ronto. Ronto that was used in this experiment had a pH of 5. The isolation of chitinolytic bacteria using chitin agar obtained 10 isolates, namely RNT1, RNT2, RNT4, RNT5, RNT6, RNT7, RNT8, RNT9, RNT10, and RNT11. The chitinolytic index of these isolates ranged from 1.1 to 2.8. The highest chitinolytic index was shown by isolate RNT8. Molecular identification using a partial 16s rRNA gene shows that all isolates were similar to Bacillus sp.