bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commercial Social Capital and Social Conflict: Historical Evidence From China
Authors: Xiao Weiwei , Yi Xing , Zhong Yuqing , Yin Xiuxiu
Published: December 2024

Social stability is a crucial prerequisite for the prosperity and development of a country or region, and social conflict has long been a focal topic in academia. However, few studies examine the impact of commercial social capital on social conflict. This paper addresses this gap by investigating the influence of shanghui (chambers of commerce) in the late Qing Dynasty, a form of commercial social capital, on regional social conflict. Utilizing prefecture‐level panel data from 1902 to s and employing a DID approach, we empirically explore the impact of shanghui on regional social conflict during this period. The results show that the establishment of shanghui significantly increased the likelihood of regional social conflict, and this effect remains robust across a variety of robustness tests. As a form of commercial social capital, shanghui effectively promoted the formation of merchant networks, facilitating collective action among merchants to safeguard their interests. Further historical evidence suggests that the impact of shanghui on regional social conflict is primarily evident in three areas: (1) supporting social revolutions, particularly the Revolution of 1911; (2) resisting actions by foreign merchants and the Qing government that threatened their interests, exemplified by the Boycott of American Goods and the Railway Protection Movement; and (3) siding with merchants in labor disputes, thus leading to worker strikes.
Harnessing the gut microbiome to enhance cancer immunotherapy: Current advances and future directions in microbiota‐based therapeutic strategies
Authors: Zhao Binyan , Zhou Bailing , Li Qing , Su Chunyan , Ma Jing , Yang Li
Published: December 2024

Cancer immunotherapies, developed on the basis of research into tumor escape mechanisms, manipulate the immune system to reactivate an antitumor immune response to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy has demonstrated promising and exciting outcomes in the treatment of many cancers, yet not all patients experience favorable responses. The gut microbiota plays a critical role in modulating the host immune system, influencing responses to cancer immunotherapy. Research has increasingly demonstrated that specific microbial communities can increase the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, although the mechanisms involved remain under investigation. However, a clear gap exists in the understanding of how bacterial therapies can be further optimized for cancer treatment. This review provides an in‐depth analysis of current bacterial therapies used in clinical trials as adjuncts to cancer immunotherapy, summarizing common research approaches and technologies utilized to investigate gut microbiota interactions with the immune system. Additionally, advanced strategies for modifying bacteria, including genetic engineering, surface modifications, and the development of bacterial derivatives, are discussed. By synthesizing these findings, this review highlights the potential of microbiota‐based therapies to improve immunotherapy outcomes and offers future directions for improving clinical applications.
CMMSE: New Properties of Auto‐Wave Solutions in Activator‐Inhibitor Reaction‐Diffusion Systems With Fractional Derivatives
Authors: Datsko Bohdan , Gafiychuk Vasyl
Published: December 2024

In this article, we analyze new properties of auto‐wave solutions in fractional reaction‐diffusion systems. These new properties arise due to a change in fractional derivative order and do not occur in systems with classical derivatives. It is shown that the stability of steady‐state solutions and their evolution are mainly determined by the eigenvalue spectrum of a linearized system and the fractional derivative order. It is also demonstrated that the basic properties of auto‐wave solutions in fractional‐order systems can essentially differ from those in standard systems. The results of the linear stability analysis are confirmed by computer simulations of the generalized fractional van der Pol–FitzHugh–Nagumo mathematical model. A common picture of possible instabilities and auto‐wave solutions in time‐fractional two‐component activator‐inhibitor systems is presented.
Numerical Analysis of Stabilizer‐Free Weak Galerkin Finite Element Method for Time‐Dependent Differential Equation Under Low Regularity
Authors: Liu Xuan , Zou Yongkui , Wang Yiying , Zhou Chenguang , Wang Huimin
Published: December 2024

In this article, we focus on investigating the optimal convergence order of error estimates for the stabilizer‐free weak Galerkin finite element method for a second‐order time‐dependent differential equation under low regularity assumptions. In most of the existing literature on stabilizer‐free weak Galerkin finite element methods, the exact solution is usually assumed to have at least regularity so as to achieve convergence rates. But in many applications, the exact solution has only regularity, and hence the existing error analysis is no longer applicable. Our objective is to build a theoretical framework for filling in this gap. Our key idea is to interpolate an approximation between the exact solution and the stabilizer‐free weak Galerkin approximation as an intermediate auxiliary step. Based on this, the optimal convergence order of error estimates is proved to be of . Finally, we present several numerical experiments on uniform triangulations and square partitions to demonstrate the theoretical convergence properties.
Numerical simulation of damage under thermal effect in drilling CFRP
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhao Qing , Shi Zhanli , Ning Qiao
Published: December 2024

Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) is sensitive to temperature, serious drilling damage occurs due to the accumulation of cutting heat during the drilling process. In order to explore the thermal effect on drilling damage, in this study, a stress–strain model of CFRP with thermal effect is developed first. According to the calculation results, it can be obtained that the initial failure strength of single layer of CFRP reduces by 22.97% as the temperature increasing from 160.68 to 185.44°C. Furtherly, simulation model of drilling CFRP is established based on the proposed constitutive model, according to the simulated results, it can be obtained that the intralaminar damage is mainly presented as fiber tensile failure and matrix tensile failure, and the damage variable of matrix tensile failure increases evidently with the increase of drilling temperature. Moreover, the damage of hole wall is more serious under higher drilling temperature, which is presented as pitting defects with the fiber cutting angle of 90°–135°.

Highlights

A stress–strain model of CFRP with thermal effect is proposed.

Initial failure strength of single layer of CFRP is obtained.

Simulation model of drilling CFRP is developed based on the proposed constitutive model.

Matrix tensile failure is more sensitive to temperature.
Synthesis of the fluorescent polymer containing pyrene and its application in the detection of tea polyphenol
Authors: Yi Cuilian , Xu Chunyan , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Chenyi , Xiang Hengxue
Published: December 2024

Tea polyphenol (TP) is used as a food additive to inhibit lipid peroxidation reactions and extend shelf life, but excessive intake can affect the human immune system. Therefore, developing effective TP detection is significant. Here, pyrene‐based polyimide (Py‐PI) was synthesized by one‐step condensation copolymerization. This polyimide possessed excellent solubility and photoluminescence due to the introduction of pyrene‐conjugated groups. It could be used as fluorescent probe for TP detection in solution. In addition, Py‐PI fluorescent test paper with different morphology were prepared by electrospinning. As the concentration of the spinning solution was 15 wt%, the bead‐like porous polymer electrospun membrane displayed excellent surface wettability which could make the water droplet completely penetrate into the sample within 6 min. The fluorescence enhancement phenomenon could be observed for 5 × 10−6 mg/mL TP solution on Py‐PI test paper. Furthermore, interference investigation of pH on test paper indicated that the sample exhibited a relatively stable fluorescence “turn‐on” response in acidic conditions. This work provides a convenient and rapid detection of TP antioxidant in the future.
Understanding Localized Current Leakage in Silicon‐Based Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Tang Hanbo , Lin Hao , Wang Genshun , Su Qiao , Wang Tingting , Xue Chaowei , Fang Liang , Xu Xixiang , Han Can , Gao Pingqi
Published: December 2024

Current leakage through localized stacked structures, comprising opposite types of carrier‐selective transport layers, is a prevalent issue in silicon‐based heterojunction solar cells. Nevertheless, the behavior of this leakage region remains unclear, leading to a lack of guidance for structural design, material selection and process sequence control, thereby causing fluctuations of device performance. This study elucidates current‐voltage characteristics, influential factors, and underlying carrier transport mechanism of the leakage region with different stacking sequences and explores their impact on various configurations of solar cells. Characteristics of the leakage region resembling Esaki diodes or reverse diodes are revealed, along with the bias conditions of the leakage region at different locations across the solar cell. The findings suggest that modulating the behavior of the leakage region is feasible for improving device performance or serving specific purposes. This work provides guidance for the design and assessment of current leakage in the edge region of front and back contact cells, in the gap region of conventional back‐contacted cells, as well as in the tunneling region of tunneling back‐contacted cells and tandem cells.
The Correlation Between Body Mass Index and Prostate Volume: A Retrospective Analysis of Pre and Postoperative Measurements in Prostate Cancer Patients
Authors: Barone Biagio , Amicuzi Ugo , Massanova Matteo , Napolitano Luigi , Reccia Pasquale , Mirto Benito Fabio , Balsamo Raffaele , Giudice Francesco Del , Ferro Matteo , Busetto Gian Maria , Tataru Octavian Sabin , Lucarelli Giuseppe , Manfredi Celeste , Biondo Dario Del , Caputo Vincenzo Francesco , Falabella Roberto , Fusco Ferdinando , Imbimbo Ciro , Crocetto Felice
Published: December 2024

Background

This study aims to assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and prostate volume, utilizing pre and postoperative measurements.

Methods

A retrospective, observational study was conducted at a single site using data from an institutional database. Medical records of patients who underwent robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy were reviewed. Data included age, BMI, and prostate volumes measured through digital rectal exam (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical specimen weight (SPW).

Results

A total of 168 patients were identified and included in the analysis. Spearman's correlation test revealed a significant association between BMI and prostate volume for all measurement methods, reporting r = 0.146 (p = 0.047) for DRE, r = 0.268 (p < 0.0001) for TRUS, r = 0.177 (p = 0.021) for MRI and r = 0.234 (p = 0.002) for SPW. Linear regression analysis confirmed the significant association between BMI and prostate volume, reporting, respectively, R2 = 0.026 (p = 0.036) for DRE, R2 = 0.076 (p < 0.0001) for TRUS, R2 = 0.038 (p = 0.011) for MRI and R2 = 0.040 (p = 0.009) for SPW. Notably, considering the SPW the best way to estimate prostate volume, for every increase in BMI, the predicted increase of prostate volume is 0.865gr.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates a positive linear correlation between BMI and prostate volume, highlighting the importance of considering BMI in prostate volume assessments.
Exploring the Genetic Association Between Connective Tissue Diseases and the Risk of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Yang Leilei , Gu Bingjie , Su Dinglei
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to explore the potential causal link between genetic predisposition to various connective tissue diseases (CTDs), namely systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjögren's syndrome (SS), polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), systemic sclerosis (SSc), mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) utilizing Mendelian randomization (MR). Employing a two‐sample MR approach, genetic variants associated with CTDs served as instrumental variables to investigate the exposure‐outcome relationship, with GWAS data sourced from the FinnGen Biobank. Comprehensive statistical analyses, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, were conducted, alongside heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and sensitivity tests to ensure the robustness and validity of findings. The results revealed that in the Finnish population, no significant causal associations were identified between PAH and SLE, SS, PM, DM, MCTD, or RA. Notably, a significant association was observed between SSc and an increased risk of PAH (IVW: OR = 1.278, 95% CI = 1.061–1.540, p = 0.010). However, this finding was not replicated in other European populations. These results indicate the unique genetic and pathological pathways underlying SSc‐associated PAH, emphasizing the need for tailored screening and management protocols in this patient group.
Interval Observer Based Fault Detection for Lipschitz Nonlinear Systems Under Ellipsoidal Analysis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Ma SiYuan , Gao Sheng , Ai ChenGuang
Published: December 2024

This study devotes itself to the issue of fault detection for a class of discrete‐time Lipschitz nonlinear systems by virtue of a set of restricted frequency‐domain specifications. First of all, unlike traditional Luenberger‐like observers, which only contain a unitary parameter matrix, a novel, more design–degree of freedom incorporated fault detection observer (FDO) under linear‐matrix‐inequality (LMI) conditions is innovatively constructed to access a more flexible practical adjustment range. And the evaluations of both fault sensitivity and disturbance robustness were quantified via finite‐frequency and indices, respectively. Besides, the actuator and sensor faults were concurrently addressed in a more wide circumstance, where the reformulated Lipschitz property is utilized to handle what the complex nonlinear term causes. Furthermore, a novel, less computational dynamic threshold based on the ellipsoidal set‐membership technique was creatively synthesized during timely fault detection so as to guarantee a smaller range of residual intervals. Finally, simulation examples were conducted to demonstrate the viability and validity of the proposed strategy.
3D‐Porous Carbon Nitride Through Proton Regulation and Photocatalytic Synergy for Efficient Uranium Extraction From Seawater
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhao Ruolan , Zhou Zhong , Xu Yachao , Yu Peng
Published: December 2024

Extracting uranium from seawater is crucial for tapping oceanic resources vital to future energy supply. This study synthesized a novel nitrogen vacancy carbon nitride (NCN) grafted polyethyleneimine (PEI) composite material (NCNP). Experiments and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that NCNP effectively hinders the diffusion of uranyl ions (UO22+) to the NCN surface, thereby inhibiting electron transfer reactions. This is primarily achieved by the PEI layer, which repels UO22+ and prevents its direct contact with the NCN surface. Water‐soluble O2 can still diffuse to the NCN surface for reduction reactions, ensuring the reduction performance of NCNP. The introduction of PEI enhances the proton affinity of the material. Under acidic conditions, protons (H+) bind with PEI, reducing competition between protons and uranyl ions for adsorption on the NCN surface. Under alkaline conditions, protons detach from PEI, facilitating H2O2 generation and promoting uranium extraction. This dynamic proton regulation allows NCNP to perform effectively under varying pH conditions. Experimental results show that NCNP achieves a uranium extraction capacity of 498.7 mg g−1 in uranium‐spiked simulated seawater, which is significantly higher than that of unmodified carbon nitride (CN), which is one of the highest performances for simulating seawater uranium extraction.
Recycled Anode Materials from Manufacturing Industry for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Lee Sung Jun , Jin Hyun Soo , Soh Baek San , Kang Bong Kyun , Mishra Brajendra , Park Yoo Sei
Published: December 2024

As the energy industries, such as secondary batteries and fuel cells, expand rapidly, the demand for transition metals used as electrode materials is increasing, which has led to a rise in their prices. One promising strategy to address these challenges is upcycling, which involves recycling transition metal‐based waste from various industries. In this study, a heterostructure electrocatalyst for anion exchange membrane water electrolysis is developed by upcycling iron‐based waste from the automotive industry. The iron‐based swarf is converted into single‐phase Fe2O3 by removing surface impurities through calcination in air. Subsequently, NiFe‐LDH is formed via sequential hydrothermal synthesis, resulting in NiFe‐LDH/Fe2O3 heterostructured electrocatalysts. The hetero‐interface between NiFe‐LDH and Fe2O3 significantly reduced the electrochemical activation barrier, enhancing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and, furthermore, achieving high‐performance AEMWE. This approach not only reduces waste but also provides a cost‐effective alternative to traditional materials, highlighting the potential for sustainable and efficient energy solutions.
Impact of Side Chain Chemical Structure on Doping and Thermoelectric Properties of Oriented PBTTT Thin Films
Authors: Guchait Shubhradip , Oummouch Saïd , Durand Pablo , Kamatham Narayanaswamy , Jismy Badr , Herrmann Laurent , Mery Stéphane , Leclerc Nicolas , Brinkmann Martin
Published: December 2024

In this contribution, doping of oriented thin films is investigated for three PBTTT polymers bearing different side chains including linear alkyl ─(CH2)12─H, single ether ─(CH2)7─O─(CH2)4─H and alkyl‐siloxane ─(CH2)5─(Si(CH3)2O)2─Si(CH3)3 A combination of transmission electron microscopy, polarized UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy and transport measurements helps uncover the essential role of the chemical nature of side chains on the efficacy of the doping and on the resulting thermoelectric performances in oriented PBTTT films. Siloxane side chains help to reach record alignment level of PBTTT with dichroic ratio beyond 50 for an optimized rubbing temperature but they impede effective doping of PBTTT crystals with F6TCNNQ, resulting in very poor TE properties. By contrast, doping the amorphous phase of all three PBTTTs with magic blue (MB) results in excellent TE performances. Both, chemical nature of side chains and semi‐crystalline structure of the polymer determine the efficacy of doping. The use of siloxane side chains further impacts the scaling laws S ∝ σ−1/s between the Seebeck coefficient S and the charge conductivity σ. An unexpected s  =  2 exponent is observed and tentatively attributed to the dimensionality of charge transport in the highly oriented mesophase of PBTTT.
Unveiling the Potential of Tetrahedral DNA Frameworks in Clinical Medicine: Mechanisms, Advances, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Yang Zhengyang , Shi Lin , Wang Yun , Zhou Dongfang , Zhang Chao , Lin Yunfeng
Published: December 2024

As deoxyribonucleic acis (DNA) nanotechnology advances, DNA, a fundamental biological macromolecule, has been employed to treat various clinical diseases. Among the advancements in this field, tetrahedral frameworks nucleic acids (tFNAs) have gained significant attention due to their straightforward design, structural simplicity, low cost, and high yield since their introduction by Turberfield in the early 2000s. Due to its stable spatial structure, tFNAs can resist the impact of innate immune responses on DNA and nuclease activity. Meanwhile, structural programmability of tFNAs allows for the development of static tFNA‐based nanomaterials through the engineering of functional oligonucleotides or therapeutic molecules and dynamic tFNAs through the attachment of stimuli‐responsive DNA apparatuses. This review first summarizes the key merits of tFNAs, including natural biocompatibility, biodegradability, structural stability, unparalleled programmability, functional diversity, and efficient cellular internalization. Based on these strengths, this review comprehensively analyzes applications of tFNAs in different clinical settings, including orthopedics, stomatology, urinary system diseases, liver‐related diseases, tumors, infection, neural system diseases, ophthalmic diseases, and immunoprophylaxis. We also discuss the limitations of tFNAs and the challenges encountered in preclinical studies. This review provides new perspectives for future research and valuable guidance for researchers working in this field.
Unraveling the Interplay Between Memristive and Magnetoresistive Behaviors in LaCoO3/SrTiO3 Superlattice‐Based Neural Synaptic Devices
Authors: Yang Zeou , Huang Xiaozhong , Liu Yu , Wang Ze , Zhang Zhengwei , Ma Bingyang , Shang Hailong , Wang Lanzhi , Zhu Tao , Duan Xidong , Hu Hailong , Yue Jianling
Published: December 2024

Memristors and magnetic tunnel junctions are showing great potential in data storage and computing applications. A magnetoelectrically coupled memristor utilizing electron spin and electric field‐induced ion migration can facilitate their operation, uncover new phenomena, and expand applications. In this study, devices consisting of Pt/(LaCoO3/SrTiO3)n/LaCoO3/Nb:SrTiO3 (Pt/(LCO/STO)n/LCO/NSTO) are engineered using pulsed laser deposition to form the LCO/STO superlattice layer, with Pt and NSTO serving as the top and bottom electrodes, respectively. The results show that both memristive and magnetoresistive properties can coexist without any compromise in performance, and the values of ROFF/RON and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio are both improved by ≈1000% compared to a single‐period heterostructure. Notably, the Pt/(LCO/STO)5/LCO/NSTO device demonstrates superior multilevel storage performance, characterized by extended endurance, reliable retention, high ROFF/RON ratio, significant TMR ratio, and fundamental synaptic behaviors. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) is employed to calculate the changes in oxygen vacancies, affecting the overall energy bands and magnetic moments in the monolayer and multi‐periodic structures. Simulations using the handwritten digit recognition classification achieve the highest accuracy of 94.38%. These attributes suggest that the devices hold considerable promise for application in data storage and neuromorphic computing, offering a platform for high‐density neural circuits in intelligent electronic devices.
Analytical study on axial compression—Bending interaction behavior of fiber reinforced square concrete columns with GFRP rebars
Authors: G. R Balaji , Patil Ganapati M. , Suriya Prakash S.
Published: December 2024

Fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars have become an attractive alternative for replacing steel reinforcement due to their superior corrosion resistance. Columns reinforced with GFRP rebars can fail in a brittle manner than those reinforced with steel rebars. Adding discrete fibers in GFRP‐reinforced concrete (RC) columns can improve its ductility by bridging the cracks formed in concrete. Both steel and synthetic discrete fibers can be combined to form hybrid fiber‐reinforced concrete (HFRC) which synergizes the advantages of both fiber types. An analytical approach is presented here to estimate the axial compression (P) and bending moment (M) interaction behavior of FRC GFRP columns. Moment‐curvature analysis using suitable constitutive relations for concrete and GFRP bars under compression and tension is adopted. Bending moment capacity at different axial compression loads is established. Later, P–M interaction curves for square RC columns with GFRP rebars and discrete fibers are obtained and validated with test results. After that, a parametric study is carried out to understand the effect of concrete strength, amount of reinforcement, and different fiber dosages for GFRP RC columns. Results show that adding fibers can improve the bending and compression capacities at all combinations of axial and bending loads. The axial compression and bending capacity of the steel RC and GFRP columns with equal reinforcement ratios showed that GFRP HFRC had higher capacity than steel RC column sections under combined axial and bending loads.
Conceptualising Energy Citizenship
Authors: Dunphy Niall P. , Lennon Breffní , Revez Alexandra , Pearce Bin Bin J.
Published: December 2024

This chapter moves the discussion on by examining the conceptualisation of energy citizenship. Situating the reader within the authors’ understanding of energy systems as fundamentally social structures, the chapter adopts an inclusive perspective of the citizen in the energy domain. It posits that an energy citizen is not something one becomes, nor something one earns, rather it is something that inherently exists. This chapter expands the discourse on energy citizenship by exploring emerging (often normative) notions that shape citizen engagement in energy. It also acknowledges how engagement is framed by different processes, including political struggles for recognition and prescriptive institutional ideas about being a ‘good citizen’.
Earned Citizenship? Normative Constructs of Participation
Authors: Dunphy Niall P. , Lennon Breffní , Revez Alexandra , Pearce Bin Bin J.
Published: December 2024

This chapter further develops these ideas of energy citizenship, particularly the concept of the ‘good citizen’ in the context of system change as it appears to be emerging as the rapidly normative notion shaping citizen engagement in energy. Broadening this discussion on emerging normative expressions, assumptions, and expectations that influence how citizens participate in the energy sector, the chapter provides an analysis of emerging ideals of energy citizenship from a normative perspective, focusing on solidarity, cosmopolitanism, and resilience. Embracing this dynamic and evolving concept to redefine its normative significance for diverse communities and locations can significantly serve as a foundational framework for questioning the processes of inclusion or exclusion within energy citizenship discourses.
Towards a Better Understanding of Energy Citizenship
Authors: Dunphy Niall P. , Lennon Breffní , Revez Alexandra , Pearce Bin Bin J.
Published: December 2024

This chapter concludes the book. Despite considerable effort having been already expended within the academic communityṇ on conceptualising energy citizenship, a fundamental question remains. How can ideas around energy citizenship be harnessed for actioning fairer and more just citizen participation in the energy transition? Drawing together the key themes presented throughout the book, it seeks to conceptualise energy citizenship as a sociotechnical imaginary of the “roles that citizens could, or perhaps should play in the energy system” (Dunphy & Lennon, 2022, p. 435). Acknowledging its position as a contested notion, it provides an overview of its many expressions before summing up our definition of energy citizenship and the role it should take, along with potential avenues for future study.
Energy Citizenship in Belgium: Potentials and Paradoxes
Authors: Pel Bonno , Huhnt Jönne
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the forms, contexts, and conditions of energy citizenship that have emerged in Belgium. Regarding the forms, it presents data from a large-scale mapping of energy citizenship initiatives throughout Europe. For Belgium, this comprises 21 initiatives differing in objective, size, and organisational form. Regarding the contexts and conditions, the analysis discusses the factors that shape the development of energy citizenship in Belgium. It reflects on the energy citizenship potential of the Belgian context and its apparent paradoxes: energy citizenship is a universalist concept, yet related practices tend to develop around rather particularistic understandings of citizenship. Second, energy citizenship is developing thanks to a seriously energy-inefficient building stock, which creates awareness and urgency. This adverse material context also renders many energy-citizenship-related agencies ineffective, invisible, and unrewarding, however—thus the material context is at once a ‘driver’ and a barrier. Third, energy citizenship revolves around the activation of citizens, yet this tends to be successful only through the intermediation of institutions—ultimately leaving citizens relatively passive. These universality, materiality, and agency paradoxes represent important reality checks for energy citizenship policies.
Energy Citizenship in Bulgaria: Revealing the Current Energy Landscape and the Way Forward
Authors: Hajdinjak Marko , Asenova Desislava
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines the energy citizenship landscape in Bulgaria. Based on the review of 22 energy citizenship initiatives in the EnergyPROSPECTS project, the chapter establishes that a typical Bulgarian energy citizenship case can be described in the following way: it is supported by public funds (often the EU), operates on a local or municipal level, does not participate in larger networks, and is managed by or significantly benefits from the involvement of an NGO. The chapter then turns its attention to the external conditions, which support or hinder the emergence and development of energy citizenship in the country. It argues that Bulgaria’s current political situation is, in principle, conducive to cultivating energy citizenship but too unstable to offer concrete support. Technological developments are creating a range of opportunities, while concerns about climate change are a strong source of motivation. The analysis shows that the economic, legal, and social contexts strongly deter the development of energy citizenship in Bulgaria.
Digitising the National Collection
Authors: Cassar Anthony
Published: December 2024

The digitisation of cultural heritage, particularly within national collections such as those of Heritage Malta, presents a blend of opportunities and challenges. The establishment of the Digitisation Unit has been pivotal in adopting 3D digitisation technology, which enhances the preservation and accessibility of the National Collection. However, the lack of common international standardised methodologies and procedures has led to inconsistencies in the quality and interoperability of 3D models.

This paper explores the critical differences between 2D and 3D digitisation, highlighting the advanced equipment and methodological complexities involved in 3D processes. It discusses the experiences faced during the digitisation of the National Collection, with a focus on item prioritisation and the need for robust strategies and standards. The importance of metadata and paradata, along with equipment and methodological challenges, are examined to illustrate the multifaceted nature of 3D digitisation. Despite these challenges, strategic actions such as developing internal guidelines, investing in storage solutions, and participating in initiatives like TwinIt! are identified as crucial for overcoming current barriers. The paper concludes that while the field of 3D digitisation is still evolving, the concerted efforts of institutions like Heritage Malta, coupled with ongoing innovations and standardisation efforts, hold promise for preserving and sharing cultural heritage with future generations, ensuring its accessibility and integrity in the digital age.
Dive into Heritage: Paradata and Metadata in an Immersive Digital Heritage Experience
Authors: Ammirati Luisa , Watrous Bethany , Ftaita Amira , Rigauts Thomas , de Gruchy Michelle
Published: December 2024

The importance of paradata and metadata in fully complying with FAIR data principles is clear, particularly within the context of 3D models that are shared online through platforms such as Sketchfab [1], where it is expected that other users will want to use/reuse the models.

Paradata and metadata serve crucial roles in elucidating the decision-making process behind the design and reconstruction of 3D models depicting historical sites or objects. The process of optimizing 3D models significantly impacts the documentary value and authenticity of the final model. Understanding the dynamics is essential for transparency and reliability in representing cultural heritage. At the same time, integrating metadata into an immersive web-based platform presents challenges as it risks disrupting the narrative flow.

This paper uses the case study of the UNESCO Dive into Heritage (DIH) project, which combines reused existing 3D models, newly acquired 3D data captured by UNESCO, and original 3D models by UNOSAT to create an immersive experience. This paper aims to start a discussion about best practices on the representation of paradata on websites like the DIH platform that will enrich the user experience while ensuring scholarly rigor and authenticity are maintained throughout the exploration of cultural heritage and their narratives.
Virtual Access to Fossil & Archival Material from the German Tendaguru Expedition (1909–1913): More Than 100 years of Data-Meta-paradata Management for Improved Standardisation
Authors: Depraetere Marin , Akhlaq Sara , Díaz Verónica Díez , Heumann Ina , Schwarz Daniela
Published: December 2024

As the number of digital objects associated with scientific studies and collection objects of all kinds grows, the data associated with these digital objects must be standardised so that it is easily accessible, distributed to the greatest number of people, and archived in the best conditions on long term basis, and the associated studies are reproducible. This study proposes ideas for defining metadata and paradata connected with digital objects, specifically 3D models. Above all, it evaluates existing data standards in the field of natural collections, such as nomenclature codes (Zoological and Plants), the Darwin Core, ABCD, and LIDO data standards, as well as the FAIR and CARE principles that apply to such data. To that purpose, this work proposes methods for standardising the data created by digital objects in biological collections and, by extension, for 3D digital documentation of cultural resources. The DFG project “Research & Responsibility. Virtual access to fossils and archival material from the Tendaguru expedition” at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, is an excellent case study for this, as it encompasses more than 100 years of data-meta-paradata collection starting from the historic paleontological excavations (1909–1913) to the current digitization.
IDOVIR – A New Infrastructure for Documenting Paradata and Metadata of Virtual Reconstructions
Authors: Grellert Marc , Wacker Markus , Bruschke Jonas , Beck Daniel , Stille Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

In the context of source-based virtual reconstructions and its underlying decision-making processes (paradata), there has been a long-time demand for documenting why a reconstruction was executed in a certain way, and presenting it in a comprehensible and public manner. Lacking documentation leads to a loss of knowledge and that the scientific nature of a reconstruction won’t be guaranteed anymore. Based on earlier prototypes, TU Darmstadt and HTW Dresden developed IDOVIR (Infrastructure for Documentation of Virtual Reconstructions) which enables the documentation of this kind of paradata and metadata, and, at the same time, supports communication during the reconstruction phase. The tool can be used free of charge and independently by registering via ORCID. The core of IDOVIR is the division of an entity into different spatial areas and time periods to which multiple variants can be assigned. Each variant contains the triple of 1) the representation of the reconstruction (2D or 3D), 2) the sources used, and 3) a textual argumentation that explains how the reconstruction has been inferred from the sources. For long-term storage and availability, IDOVIR is hosted by the University and State Library Darmstadt.
Matched pair analysis of wide versus narrow focus during shockwave lithotripsy for urolithiasis
Authors: Sharp Anna J. , Lovegrove Catherine E. , Sreekumar Roshan , Spencer Mandy , Turney Benjamin W. , Howles Sarah A.
Published: December 2024

Purpose

To compare stone clearance and complications between a ‘wide’ (9 × 50 mm) and ‘narrow’ shockwave focus (6 × 28 mm) when undertaking shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) in patients with renal or ureteric stones.

Methods

Data from patients undergoing SWL using the dual focus Storz Modulith SLX-F2 lithotripter at a single centre were prospectively collected between February 2018 and September 2020. Patients were matched by stone size, location, and number of treatments. Stone clearance, re-presentation within 31 days, symptoms, complications, and need for post SWL-interventions were compared using McNemar’s test.

Results

Patients receiving wide focus SWL (WF-SWL, n = 152) were matched with patients receiving narrow focus SWL (NF-SWL, n = 152). Median stone size was 6 mm; energy delivered to WF-SWL and NF-SWL groups was comparable. Complete stone clearance was achieved in 55% of WF-SWL patients (n = 84) and 41% (n = 63) of NF-SWL patients (p = 0.04). Treatment was considered successful in 74% (n = 113) of WF-SWL cases and 66% (n = 100) of NF-SWL (p = 0.20). No difference in rates of readmission, post-procedural pain, haematuria, urinary tract infections, analgesia or antibiotic requirements were identified.

Conclusion

This service evaluation demonstrates no differences in rates of overall treatment success nor complications on comparing WF-SWL and NF-SWL.
CSF synaptic biomarkers and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Barba Lorenzo , Gaetani Lorenzo , Sperandei Silvia , Di Sabatino Elena , Abu-Rumeileh Samir , Halbgebauer Steffen , Oeckl Patrick , Steinacker Petra , Parnetti Lucilla , Di FIlippo Massimiliano , Otto Markus
Published: December 2024

Background

People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) experience various degrees of cognitive impairment (CI). Synaptic dysfunction may contribute to CI in PwMS but cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic biomarkers are unexplored in MS.

Objective

To assess the role of CSF synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), β-synuclein, neurogranin and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) in patients with early relapsing MS with and without CI.

Methods

We measured CSF SNAP-25, β-synuclein, and neurogranin in 48 untreated PwMS and 50 controls with other neurological diseases (ONDs) and tested their associations with neuropsychological and MRI data.

Results

CSF synaptic protein levels did not discriminate between MS subjects and patients with ONDs, with only SNAP-25 values being slightly increased in MS (p = 0.009). CSF synaptic markers were positively correlated with each other and with CSF NfL. Moreover, lower biomarker levels were found to be correlated with longer disease duration and lower brain volumes (especially of the thalamus). Moreover, we found significantly lower CSF SNAP-25 (p = 0.025), β-synuclein (p = 0.044), and neurogranin (p = 0.007) levels in PwMS with vs. without domain-specific cognitive impairment.

Conclusion

Lower CSF synaptic biomarker levels were found in PwMS with longer disease duration and lower brain volumes and may identify PwMS at risk of CI.
Emerging clinical evidence of a dual role for Ang-2 and VEGF-A blockade with faricimab in retinal diseases
Authors: Chaudhary Varun , Mar Florie , Amador Manuel J. , Chang Andrew , Gibson Kara , Joussen Antonia M. , Kim Judy E. , Lee Junyeop , Margaron Philippe , Saffar Insaf , Wong David , Wykoff Charles , Sadda Srinivas
Published: December 2024

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies have transformed the treatment of retinal diseases. However, VEGF signaling is only one component of the complex, multifactorial pathophysiology of retinal diseases, and many patients have residual disease activity despite ongoing anti-VEGF treatment. The angiopoietin/tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (Ang/Tie2) signaling pathway is critical to endothelial cell homeostasis, survival, integrity, and vascular stability. Ang-2 can interfere with Ang-1/Tie2 signaling and is increased in several retinal diseases. Lack of Tie2 signaling due to elevated Ang-2 levels drives vascular instability through pericyte dropout, neovascularization, vascular leakage, inflammation, and fibrosis. Although Ang-2 and VEGF can synergistically promote vascular instability and neovascularization, Ang-2 may also mediate vascular instability independently of VEGF. Faricimab is a bispecific antibody designed for intraocular use that inhibits two distinct pathways via Ang-2 and VEGF-A blockade. Clinical biomarkers of vascular instability are important for evaluating disease control and subsequent treatment decisions. These biomarkers include measurement/evaluation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) of intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, central subfield thickness, and pigment epithelial detachments (PEDs), and fluorescein angiography imaging of macular leakage and PEDs. Hyperreflective foci (HRF), thought to be representative of activated microglia, indicating an inflammatory microenvironment, and epiretinal membranes (ERMs), a marker for retinal fibrotic proliferation in diabetic macular edema (DME), are both also identified using OCT. Here we summarize data (secondary endpoint and prespecified exploratory analyses as well as post hoc analyses) from six Phase III trials suggest that dual therapy Ang-2/VEGF-A inhibition with faricimab (6 mg) has a greater effect on reducing/resolving biomarkers of vascular instability than aflibercept (2 mg), by both controlling neovascularization and vascular leakage (with resultant resolution of exudation associated with DME, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, and retinal vein occlusion), as well as by targeting inflammation (reduction of HRF in DME) and retinal fibrotic proliferation (reducing the risk of ERMs in eyes with DME). Modulation of both the Ang-2 and VEGF-A pathways with faricimab may therefore provide greater disease control than anti-VEGF monotherapy, potentially leading to extended treatment durability and improved long-term outcomes.
Derivation of Multi-Exponential Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Equations in Simple Pore Geometries
Authors: Afrough Armin
Published: December 2024

The common interpretation of magnetic resonance relaxation time distribution of liquids in porous media assumes a one-to-one relationship between the pore size and the relaxation time constants. This common conviction may not be correct in many microporous materials. Each pore size may be associated with more than one peak in the NMR relaxation time distributions: a single dominant peak and also possibly one or a few minor peaks. The appearance of minor peaks is due to the non-vanishing nonground eigenvalues of the diffusion–relaxation equation. Brownstein and Tarr (Phys Rev A 19:2446, 1979) described these features, but their solutions at conditions beyond the fast-diffusion regime are not widely adopted. We provide the derivation of Brownstein–Tarr equations for multi-exponential magnetic resonance relaxation decay for liquids in simple pore geometries. General solutions are presented for planar, cylindrical, and spherical pores—as well as two limiting cases of fast and slow diffusion for each geometry. Similar solutions are also relevant to first-order dilute reactions in porous media in heterogeneous reaction–diffusion systems. We hope that the availability of these derivations helps wider adoption of more realistic interpretation of magnetic resonance relaxation in porous media in the light of the multi-exponential Brownstein–Tarr model.
The (un)secured debt puzzle: evidence for U.S. public firms
Authors: Biguri Kizkitza
Published: December 2024

Collateral availability determines secured debt, while creditworthiness determines unsecured debt. Both are relevant for the debt structure. Regardless of the benefits that pledging collateral may offer, firms substitute away from secured debt as financial constraints relax. An increase in the share of unsecured debt leads to an increase in investment. A higher investment and the preference for unsecured debt can be explained by firms’ desire to minimize financing costs, spreads on unsecured debt are on average lower. This novel evidence complements existing literature on the collateral channel.
Effect of oral nintedanib vs placebo on epistaxis in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: the EPICURE multicenter randomized double-blind trial
Authors: Hermann Ruben , Grobost Vincent , Le-Guillou Xavier , Lavigne Christian , Parrot Antoine , Rivière Sophie , Séguier Julie , Fargeton Anne-Emmanuelle , de-Montigny Aurélie , Huot Margaux , Decullier Evelyne , Roux Adeline , Gervaise Caroline , Cartier César , Dufour Xavier , Grall Margaux , Jegoux Frank , Laccourreye Laurent , Michel Justin , Saroul Nicolas , Wagner Isabelle , Kerjouan Mallorie , Dupuis-Girod Sophie
Published: December 2024

Epistaxis greatly affects patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Although few systemic treatment exist, nintedanib, is a good candidate thanks to its anti-angiogenic activity. Our main objective was to evaluate the efficacy of oral nintedanib on epistaxis duration in HHT patients with moderate to severe epistaxis. This multicenter phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted between June 2020 and February 2023. Inclusion criteria were being over 18 years old and having a confirmed HHT diagnosis with an epistaxis severity score greater than 4. Sixty patients were randomized to receive either nintedanib or placebo for 12 weeks with a 12 week follow-up. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving a reduction of at least 50% in mean monthly epistaxis duration comparing the 8 weeks before treatment to the last 8 weeks of treatment. Main secondary outcomes included monthly duration and frequency of epistaxis and hemoglobin levels. Of the 60 randomized patients, 56 completed the trial. Thirteen patients (43%) in the nintedanib group vs 8 (27%) in the placebo group met the primary endpoint (p = 0.28). We observed a significant decrease in median epistaxis (57% vs 27%, p = 0.013) and a significant increase in median hemoglobin levels (+ 18 vs − 1 g/L, p = 0.02) in the nintedanib vs the placebo group. Although we did not achieve our primary outcome, we observed a significant reduction in epistaxis duration and a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in patients treated with nintedanib. This supports the efficacy of nintedanib, and further studies are needed.