bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Labour Market
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter focuses on one extremely important non-financial market which has so far escaped attention — the labour market. It addresses the following questions. How does the labour market fit in? How does, or rather how can, a labour market work?
The Old Trade Cycle
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the old style of the financial cycle and its eventual demise. The work of Keynes was a turning-point between one epoch of economic thinking and another. That it was also associated with another turning-point, in what economists call the ‘real world’, has not been given sufficient attention. Keynes was writing during and just after the world economic crisis of 1929–34; this is background to what he writes about. At that time it was obvious to his readers that there was this association; not only his occasional pieces, to be collected as Essays in Persuasion, but also his major works, had a topical side to them. They reflected his perception of what was going on around him — the passage from one way of organizing economic affairs to what would have to be another. Other economists did not see it like that. They had their own idea of what was happening; they looked upon it as an example of a familiar type of disturbance which was called the trade cycle or business cycle. It was already many years since that had first been recognized.
The Credit Economy: Wicksell
Authors: Hicks John
Published: October 2003

This chapter begins with a discussion of two pure models of a credit economy — the monocentric and polycentric models — each of which has its uses. It then analyzes the simplest example of a monocentric model constructed by Knut Wicksell. Revisions of the Wicksell model are considered.
The Institutional Environment
Authors: Fruin W. Mark
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the institutional environment of late nineteenth and early twentieth‐century Japan, highlighting the role of government and emerging private firms in shaping the business and economic environment of early modern Japan. It argues that the government tried to foster cooperation among Japan's nascent firms while the firms themselves more often adopted a competitive stance. The different sections of the chapter discuss the distinctiveness of the early Japanese enterprise system, the institutional context of the corporation, the emergence of the modern enterprise system, the evolution of business traditions, comparative perspectives on organizational forms and attributes, the modern corporate system, and the role of entrepreneurs and new methods and motivation within this.
Focal Factories
Authors: Fruin W. Mark
Published: October 2003

This chapter offers a detailed examination of the evolution of focal factories, drawing most of its empirical evidence from a close reading of the histories of several Toshiba factories. Looking at the changing organizational interface between focal factories and company‐wide structures offers a valuable examination of the introduction of the multidivisional model of company organization and its impact on factory and shop‐floor practices at Toshiba. The chapter starts by looking at the general institutional consequences of late development, and then, for Toshiba, examines its history and organizational patterns, organizational boundaries and the focal factory, pre‐war and post‐war organization, post‐war product diversity, factory organization and management, and corporate strategy and factory response.
Interfirm Networks
Authors: Fruin W. Mark
Published: October 2003

This chapter uses the interfirm network model developed by the Toyota Motor Company and its suppliers as an example of multi‐layered managerial coordination and network organization‐based business strategy. It is argued that Toyota's strategy of producing high‐volume, high‐quality, low‐cost motor vehicles is directly related to the interfirm network model of organization that it has adopted. The three main sections of the chapter look at the multi‐layered managerial coordination at Toyota, the nature of interfirm relations in the Toyota group, and choice and interdependence.
Dynamic and Structured Interdependence
Authors: Fruin W. Mark
Published: October 2003

In this concluding chapter, the historical underpinnings of the Japanese enterprise system are reviewed and the dynamic nature of the structural and strategic adjustments between factory, firm, and interfirm network are emphasized. The Japanese enterprise system, it is argued, is an inter‐organizational innovation of local design, major significance, and global proportion. The different sections of the chapter discuss the making of the Japanese enterprise system, the corporation and its environment, the bases for coalition‐building, the theoretical implications of interorganizational cooperation, hierarchical origins and outcomes, order and reciprocity in interdependence, the development and evolution of the Japanese enterprise system, and the divergent development of firms in Japan and the West.
Foundations of Corporate Success
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

Corporate success derives from a competitive advantage, which is based on distinctive capabilities. Competitive advantage relates to the unique character of a firm's relationship with its suppliers, customers, or employees, which must be precisely identified and applied to the relevant markets. Distinctive capabilities as sources of competitive advantage can be separated into four broad categories.

Architecture refers to a network of relationships or implicit contracts within or around the firm. It adds value by helping to create organizational knowledge and routines, which enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allow easy exchanges of information. Reputation is the main commercial mechanism for conveying information to consumers. By protecting and exploiting innovation, the company can derive competitive advantage, if it can appropriate the gains associated with it. A final potential source of competitive advantage not based on the distinctive capabilities of firms is a strategic asset that includes government‐mandated monopolies or other features of market structure, which restrict market access by competitors.

Firms that enjoy distinctive capabilities must seek to transform them into competitive advantages. To achieve this, distinctive capabilities must be sustainable and their benefits must be appropriated through corporate and competitive strategies. Corporate strategy is concerned with the businesses the firm is in, competitive strategy with its relationship with other firms in the businesses it chooses. In each case, the key measure of corporate success is the ability of the firm to add value to the resources it uses.
Adding Value
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

Using the example of six British supermarket chains, different measures of corporate performance are evaluated while their strengths and weaknesses are discussed. Added value is identified as the main driver of success, and consequently, as the most appropriate measure of corporate performance.
Reputation
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

The second primary distinctive capability is ‘Reputation’, as it is the most important commercial mechanism for conveying information. Reputation can be costly to build, yet once established, it can yield substantial added value, particularly in markets where the quality of the product is immediately observable.
Innovation
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

The final primary distinctive capability is ‘Innovation’. However, firms may often fail to secure the returns from innovation for themselves. In this context, the chapter analyses the problems of achieving competitive advantage that is both sustainable and appropriable.
The Value of Competitive Advantage
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

Using examples from supermarket chains, car manufacturers, and banks, this chapter explains how competitive advantage can be quantified in the form of added value or economic rent. It is then demonstrated how added value underpins all the principal measures of corporate performance, including cash flows, accounting profitability, and shareholder value.
Vertical Relationships
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses vertical relationships and the allocation of added value among stakeholders. This allocation will depend on the design of the contract, which will also influence the risk allocation and the incentive structure of the relationship. The nature of the relationships that will emerge will in turn influence the market structure.
Conclusions
Authors: Kay John
Published: October 2003

This concluding chapter discusses how the military analogy wrongly continues to exercise such a powerful hold on thinking about corporate strategy, and how it has lead to two of the most widespread fallacies in the interpretation of business behaviour and economic performance. The first one is the overestimation of the importance of size and scale, while the second is the excessive emphasis on leadership vision and determination as a determinant of corporate success. The central theme of this book is that competitive advantage and corporate success are generally based on stability, continuity in relationships and on the identification and exploitation of distinctive capabilities
Multicultural Citizenship
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

The increasingly multicultural fabric of modern societies has given rise to many new issues and conflicts, as ethnic and national minorities demand recognition and support for their cultural identity. This book presents a new conception of the rights and status of minority cultures. It argues that certain sorts of rights for minority cultures are consistent with liberal democratic principles, and that standard liberal objections to recognizing such rights on the grounds of individual freedom, social justice, and national unity can be answered. However, no single formula can be applied to all groups, and the needs and aspirations of immigrants are very different from those of indigenous peoples and national minorities. The book analyses some of the issues, which, though central to an understanding of multicultural politics (such as language rights, group representation, land rights, federalism, and secession), have been surprisingly neglected in contemporary liberal theory.
Rethinking the Liberal Tradition
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: October 2003

Traces the historical evolution of the relationship between liberalism and minority rights. There was widespread support among liberals for minority rights during the nineteenth century and the interwar period, and the post‐war shift in liberal theory is attributable to a complex set of factors. These include the decline of the British Empire, the failure of the League of Nations, and the increased influence throughout the world of the American conception of an ethnicity‐neutral constitution. The chapter argues that this conception has been shaped by unique factors (e.g. racial desegregation and immigration patterns) not applicable to other countries, and indeed that it has not been fully implemented within the US itself.
Thede factoTransnationalizing of Immigration Policy
Authors: Sassen Saskia
Published: October 2003

This chapter discusses the emergence of a de facto transnationalism in the handling of immigration issues. Transnationalism is applied to immigration policy developments that are viewed as fragmented and incipient, have not been fully captured at the most formal levels of international public law and conventions, nor in the national representations of the sovereign state. Discussions cover the operation of states under a new rule of law, the two cornerstones of immigration policy in developed countries — the border and individual as sites for regulatory enforcement, and the constraints faced by developed nations in formulating immigration policy.
The Re‐Evaluation of American Citizenship
Authors: Schuck Peter H.
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses the reasons behind increasing debates on the issue of American citizenship. It is argued that the intensity of these debates reflects the tensions arising within and among three analytically distinct relational domains: international law and politics, national politics, and federalism. Observations are presented on the theory of “post-national citizenship”.
Reconfiguring Citizenship in Western Europe
Authors: Feldblum Miriam
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the changes in citizenship in Europe. It is argued that national citizenship is being reconfigured into two distinct directions: post-national membership and neo-national membership, which constitute limited kinds of convergence among European states. The changing strategies evident in policies, public discourse, collective action, and other political and institutional outcomes are identified.
A Model of Nutrition and Economic Productivity
Authors: Svedberg Peter
Published: October 2003

Within the nutritionist profession, the focus is on the inter‐linkages between body weight, basal metabolism, physical activity and nutrition (calorie) requirement. Economists are primarily interested in the two‐way linkage between income and food (calories) consumption, i.e. the demand for food as a function of income, and also food as a determinant of individuals’ labour productivity, and hence income earned. In this chapter, a nutrition‐cum‐efficiency wage model is set up, which incorporates all these relationships as separate functions. In the model, body weight, optimal work intensity, calorie intake, and income are derived endogenously, while the wage rate and body characteristics (stature of adults) are treated as exogenous parameters. Comparative static experiments are carried out.
Undernutrition: The FAO Estimates
Authors: Svedberg Peter
Published: October 2003

In this chapter, the most well‐known model used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition worldwide is presented. This is the model proposed by the FAO and applied for monitoring the progress towards the UN Millennium objective: to reduce undernutrition by half before 2015. The model comprises three main building blocks: the national food (calorie) supply, a function for the distribution of calories across households, and a norm for what is the lowest acceptable per person calorie intake in households. The main statistical data used by the FAO to estimate the model are presented. Finally, a simple robustness test is provided, demonstrating that the FAO estimates of undernutrition are highly sensitive even to small variations in the values attached to the three key parameters.
Aggregate Estimations of Prevalence of Undernutrition: Scope for Improvements?
Authors: Svedberg Peter
Published: October 2003

This chapter summarizes the main findings in the preceding five chapters, aimed at critically assessing the FAO's food‐supply‐based approach for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition. The scope for improvements of this supply‐side estimation method in the short, medium, and long terms is assessed, and the critical data now missing are identified. Finally, as a bridge to part IV of the book, which deals with the main alternative estimation method, anthropometrics, the justification for spending resources on improving the supply‐side method is discussed. A main conclusion is that whatever refinements of this method may come forth in the distant future, the method is nevertheless of doubtful value. The main reason is that this aggregate method can never be used for identifying and targeting undernourished individuals in intervention programmes, an important policy objective for which nutritional indicators are needed.
Anthropometric Status: An Incomplete Indicator of Undernutrition
Authors: Svedberg Peter
Published: October 2003

This chapter addresses conceptual issues related to the use of anthropometric measures as indicators of nutritional status. One problem is that there is no consensus on whether children of different ethnic origin have the same genetic potential for growth in stature (as the uniform norms imply). It is also acknowledged that anthropometric measurements are silent on how much energy (calories) a person expends on physical activity; a person can in extreme cases have an adequate body weight, but be undernourished in the sense that he or she is too inactive to stay healthy. Further, a new more disaggregated classification of anthropometric failure is suggested, with the intention to improve targeting efficiency, i.e. to raise the predictability power of anthropometrics for subsequent (avoidable) morbidity and mortality. Finally, a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is constructed that captures all individuals in a population with at least one anthropometric shortcoming.
Campaign Strategy
Authors: McLean Joan E.
Published: October 2003

This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.
Women, Women's Organizations, and Political Parties1
Authors: Baer Denise L.
Published: October 2003

This chapter reviews existing research about women's participation in political parties and women's organizations, including both groups that developed as part of the contemporary women's movement and more traditional groups. Baer suggests an agenda for future research that would help bridge the gap between the sub‐fields of women and politics and interest groups and parties, and that includes more attention to historical context and to issues of leadership, recruitment, and organizational culture.
On Nationality
Authors: Miller David
Published: October 2003

Nationalism is often dismissed today as an irrational political creed with disastrous consequences. Yet most people regard their national identity as a significant aspect of themselves, see themselves as having special obligations to their compatriots, and value their nation's political independence. This book defends these beliefs, and shows that nationality, defined in these terms, serves valuable goals, including social justice, democracy, and the protection of culture. National identities need not be illiberal, and they do not exclude other sources of personal identity, such as ethnicity or religion. An ethics that gives weight to special relationships is more effective in motivating people to pursue justice and other values because it connects peoples’ duties to their identity; but this is consistent with recognizing some universal values, such as human rights. There are strong reasons for making the boundaries of states and nations coincide wherever possible, but in other cases, nations can achieve forms of self‐determination that fall short of full sovereignty. Multicultural arguments in favour of identity politics and special rights for minority groups ignore the benefits that such groups derive from participating in a shared national identity and the kind of democratic politics that such an identity makes possible. Although national identities are often said to be in decline in an increasingly globalized world, they serve such important purposes that our aim should be to rebuild them in a form that makes them more accessible to excluded cultural minorities.
Introduction
Authors: Miller David
Published: October 2003

Nationalism is a powerful force in contemporary societies, and poses unavoidable questions about state boundaries, political self‐determination, cultural pluralism, and our duties to people inside and outside the nation. It should not be dismissed as an irrational force outside our control. The book defends ‘the principle of nationality’ which can be summed up in three propositions: that national identities are genuine forms of personal identity, that we have special duties to fellow‐nationals and that nations have a good claim to be politically self‐determining.
Nationality in Decline?
Authors: Miller David
Published: October 2003

It is often claimed that national identities are weakening as a result of changes at global level in culture and politics. In fact, public cultures still differ significantly cross‐nationally, and national identities continue to matter to most people. Popular attachment to Europe, for example, is largely instrumental in character. The evolution of British national identity shows how historical beliefs in national superiority and uniqueness have had to be abandoned, and how nation‐building projects today must recognize the religious and ethnic pluralism of contemporary societies.
Democracy and Secession
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: October 2003

This chapter takes issue with a common argument linking democracy, understood as popular sovereignty, and rights to secession. Buchanan argues that the justifications for democracy and for recognizing a group's right to secede are quite distinct, and that a commitment to democracy is consistent with a constrained stance on secession.
Self‐Determination in Practice
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: October 2003

This chapter defends the moral right of national communities to self‐determination, but examines the problems involved in institutionalizing such a right, and the problem of perverse consequences in exercising the right.
National Self‐Determination: Some Cautionary Remarks Concerning the Rhetoric of Rights
Authors: Beiner Ronald S.
Published: October 2003

This chapter argues that the language of ‘rights’ to secession is not helpful in dealing with the complexities of national self‐determination and is unnecessarily inflammatory and oppositional.
Beyond Electoral Participation
Authors: Topf Richard
Published: October 2003

Moves beyond the analysis of electoral turnout presented in the preceding chapter to look at wider forms of participation in the democratic process. It offers a general discussion of typologies of political activity and involvement. Taking trends across Western Europe as a whole, it concludes that, whereas electoral turnout has remained remarkably stable, political participation beyond voting has risen dramatically.
Party Membership and Party Representativeness
Authors: Widfeldt Anders
Published: October 2003

The analysis is based on the conception of political parties as participatory and/or representative linkages between the public and their governments. Its main purpose is to investigate how the parties match up to their linkage role. Some findings are rather discouraging—membership levels are often low, and memberships can be socially unrepresentative, tending to be more extreme than the base of party supporters. Other findings are less negative—there has been no sharp drop overall in party membership, and the ideological gap between party members and party supporters is not that wide. Although there must be a question mark about how well the parties are functioning as participatory linkages, there is no evidence of acute crisis.
Party Positions and Voter Orientations
Authors: Klingemann Hans‐Dieter
Published: October 2003

Focuses on two main questions. First, have the citizens of modern representative democracies been abandoned by their political parties? Second, have the parties entered an era of crisis in which their traditional linkage functions are no longer performed? The evidence points firmly to a negative answer to each. The positions of the parties match the orientations of their supporters rather well. To the extent that if there is change, it is in the direction of increasingly accurate representation of popular wishes by those collective élites who define the purpose and direct the actions of political parties in modern representative democracies.
Support for the Democratic System
Authors: Fuchs Dieter , Guidorossi Giovanna , Svensson Palle
Published: October 2003

Presents an empirical test of the hypothesis that support for the democratic system is in decline, based on the Eurobarometer indicator of public satisfaction with democratic function. It begins with discussion of the concept of political support and its operationalization. The second part examines trends in political support in each country and across Western Europe as a whole. The third part compares levels of political support between Western European countries. Finally, the trend and level of political support in each country are considered in order to make a more accurate estimation of the state of democracy in these countries. The analysis shows quite clearly that there has been no legitimation problem in the Western European democracies, nor are there signs of any to come.
Support for Democratic Values
Authors: Thomassen Jacques
Published: October 2003

Attempts to distinguish between lack of confidence in a democratic government that falls short of public expectations, and lack of confidence in democratic government per se. There has been too little research into what the word ‘democracy’ means to people, but such research as there has been suffices to support the view that it is a multi‐dimensional concept. If one applies the familiar distinction between individual and collectivist theories of democracy, it is clear that different countries have found different points of balance between the two, although there is little evidence to suggest that public attitudes to democracy have clustered around the two poles.
Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development
Authors: Olson Mancur
Published: October 2003

Part of a series of writings that began with the author's essay on ‘Autocracy, Democracy, and Prosperity’, published in 1991. It puts forth, in an intuitive and non‐technical way, a part of the theory that is set out with formal proofs and crucial additional results in McGuire and Olson's ‘Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule’. It analyses the kings or dictators who control autocratic governments—and the oligarchies or majorities or other ruling interests that control other types of government—in just the way that economists analyse the behaviour of firms, consumers, and workers. That is, it takes a broader approach to economics by applying the familiar assumption of rational self‐interest to the autocrats or other ruling interests that control a government, and then finds what types of policy will best serve the ruling interest.
Overstrong Against Thyself: War, the State, and Growth in Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution
Authors: De Long J. Bradford
Published: October 2003

A historical analysis of early modern Western Europe demonstrates that it was the interests of princes and kings, and the forms of government, that mainly determined whether there was economic growth or stagnation—and that these even partly explain the Industrial Revolution. The different parts of the chapter discuss prince‐ and merchant‐dominated city states in pre‐industrial Europe, the military revolution (with sections on the decline of Spain, and the stagnation of the Dutch Republic), and the anomaly of Britain as the only nation state that continued to grow its economy under the burden of maintaining the military effort required of an early modern European great power.
Affirmative Action and Reservations in the American and Indian Labor Markets: Are They Really That Bad?
Authors: Montgomery Edward
Published: October 2003

The theoretical and empirical evidence of the economic effects of affirmative action or quota (positive discrimination) programmes for minority racial groups in the USA, and of reservations of government jobs for scheduled castes and tribes in India, are compared and discussed. The focus is on the effects on wages and employment in the labour market as well as on the acquisition of skills. Consideration is also given to how the dynamics of collective action may turn these programmes, which were designed to be temporary and limited in scope, into larger, more permanent ones.
Choosing an Electoral System1
Authors: Reynolds Andrew
Published: October 2003

This is the third of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, and deals with the theoretical debate underlying the choice of electoral system in divided societies. The five sections of the chapter are: The Importance of Electoral Systems; The Range of Electoral Systems; What Criteria Should Electoral Systems Aim to Fulfil?; The Debate over Electoral Systems and Conflict Management in Africa (single-member district plurality, proportional representation, the alternative vote in multi-member districts (the Horowitz proposal for South Africa); and Conclusion. The overall discussion includes reference not only to four of the country case studies presented in the rest of the book (Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) but also to numerous other countries worldwide.
Majoritarian or Power‐Sharing Government
Authors: Reynolds Andrew
Published: October 2003

This is the last of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as provides qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It deals with the theoretical debate underlying the debate over majoritarian or power-sharing governments in divided societies. The ethos and defining institutional characteristics of five democratic types that have, at some stage, been advocated for use in the new democracies of southern Africa are outlined: three majoritarian (unadulterated, qualified, and integrative) and two power-sharing (consociational, and consensual (integrative)). The five main sections of the chapter are: Majoritarian Democracy (unadulterated and qualified; integrative); Power-Sharing Democracy (consociationalism; integrative consensual power-sharing); The Relevance of Presidentialism; Applying the Types to Fledgling Democracies in Southern Africa; and Prescriptions for Southern Africa.
Cross‐Country Comparisons: Legislative and Executive Inclusion
Authors: Reynolds Andrew
Published: October 2003

A comparative analysis is given of both actual and simulated election results of the five country case studies (from Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) presented in the book, along a number of dimensions relating to system inclusiveness: party system dynamics, disproportionality, executive formation, and descriptive representation. Chief among the questions addressed are: what determines the index of disproportionality, how representative are comparative parliaments in terms of the presence of women and ethnic minorities, what are the electoral system implications for voter accessibility, does the chosen system alleviate or accentuate entrenched and geographically concentrated party fiefdoms, how competitive or frozen is the party system, is there an electoral system effect on cabinet formation, and does the type of proportional representation (PR) used matter to the final results? The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the Horowitz alternative vote in multi-member districts (AV-MMD) proposal across all five case study countries, and an institutional choice-based analysis of the interaction between negotiated transitions to democracy and the type of electoral system chosen for the new democratic constitution. Overall, the chapter demonstrates that in the context of institutional design in southern Africa, PR systems outperform their plurality–majority alternatives in almost all the categories of analysis.
Rational Choice and British Politics
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: October 2003

A study of rhetoric and manipulation (otherwise known as heresthetics). Rhetoric is the art of making people believe that the world is as you say it is. A recent example is Margaret Thatcher's claim that ‘there is no alternative’ to her economic policies—a claim that she persuaded many to believe was true. Manipulation, or heresthetics, is the art of arranging politics so that you win. It is connected with the number of issue dimensions in politics. If most issues that come up belong in the same dimension, so that people recognize that one bundle of beliefs and practices is ‘left wing’ and another is ‘right wing’, then powerful forces will drive political outcomes towards the favourite issue positions of the median voter. But if politics is multidimensional, it may give rise to chaos, in the technical sense that the social choice may move by successive majority votes from any position to any other and back. In the spirit of W. H. Riker, this book celebrates those British politicians since 1846 who saw further than their contemporaries, and who either succeeded or heroically failed to move majority‐rule politics to a quite new issue position. The politicians mostly discussed are Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Benjamin Disraeli, W.E. Gladstone, Lord Salisbury, Joseph Chamberlain, Enoch Powell, David Lloyd George, Margaret Thatcher, and Gordon Brown.
The Great Victorian Realignment
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: October 2003

A case study of the great Victorian electoral realignment. Corrects existing claims about landslide elections, and tabulates the bias and responsiveness of the UK electoral system from 1868 to 1918. Examines the opportunities and problems for politicians in two‐dimensional space. A new account of the reasons for Gladstone's failure to achieve Home Rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893 is offered, as is a solution to the puzzle of why politicians whose interest lay in widening the franchise after 1900, especially by introducing women's suffrage, failed to do so.
The Failure of Imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain and Enoch Powell
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: October 2003

A case study of the two politicians who came closest to constructing a winning majority for (the white) race and the British Empire: Chamberlain and Powell. Analyses Chamberlain's success over Home Rule for Ireland and his failure over protection. Discusses how close Powell came to overthrowing British politics at the peak of his career. Establishes that he won the 1970 general election for the Conservatives and probably won the February 1974 general election for Labour.
Lloyd George: Supreme Tactician and Ambitious Strategist
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: October 2003

The first of two case studies of Lloyd George. Discusses his successes at widening the social base of the Liberal Party and at provoking the House of Lords into fighting and losing the constitutional crisis of 1909–11. Considers why he failed to construct a hegemonic centre party after the First World War, or to stifle the rise of the Labour Party.
Big Business
Authors: Cassis Youssef
Published: October 2003

This is a major comparative study of big business in Britain, France and Germany across the twentieth century. It provides an analysis, based on a wealth of empirical data, of the character and performance of the major companies in each country at five benchmark years: 1907, 1927, 1953, 1972 and 1989. Particular attention is given to size, sectoral distribution, profits and profitability, and survival and growth. It also focuses on business leadership, both at professional and social levels. It considers the competence of top businessmen and major aspects of the decision‐making process, and places business elites within the context of social and political developments. It challenges widely held assumptions about, in particular, entrepreneurial failure in Britain, the power of German big business, France's backwardness and modernity, and sociocultural determinants of business performance. It concludes to a clear British advance well into the 1950s and European convergence thereafter, despite the persistence of strong national characteristics of business organization. The latter, however, are unlikely to have had much impact on the performance of each country's leading business enterprises.
Liberal Justifications for Ethnic Group Rights
Authors: Bauböck Rainer
Published: October 2003

The third question, Do Minorities Require Group Rights?, has provoked sharply opposite answers. Rainer Baubock presents four arguments for ethnic group rights, one based on historical boundaries, a second referring to past discrimination, a third and fourth insisting on the intrinsic values of membership and diversity, respectively. Baubock urges liberals to abandon their hostility to ethnic group rights on grounds of principle, while conceding that such rights are justifiable to some, but not all circumstances.
Multiculturalism and American Exceptionalism
Authors: Glazer Nathan
Published: October 2003

American multiculturalism, Nathan Glazer holds, has been ‘exceptional’, in its benign version reflecting America's positive legacy of multi‐ethnic immigrant nation, and in its less benign version compounding America's original sin of slavery. Glazer also points to a unique limitation (or conversely, strength) of American multiculturalism. For all its ethnic pluralism, the US has held firm to its rejection of foreign enclaves. There is nothing ‘multicultural’ about its formal citizenship regime yet, which requires a change of identity and loyalty.
The Unanticipated Fallout of European Monetary Union: The Political and Institutional Deficits of the Euro
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: October 2003

The institutional deficits surrounding the single European currency are formally analysed, and a number of possible future scenarios is outlined.
The Political Economy of European Union Financial Integration: The Battle of the Systems
Authors: Story Jonathan
Published: October 2003

European financial integration imposes a major challenge to insider financial systems of the French and German kind. European monetary union will favour more open systems of the Anglo‐American type, which will win the battle of the systems.
Republicanism
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: October 2003

The long republican tradition is characterized by a conception of freedom as non‐domination, which offers an alternative, both to the negative view of freedom as non‐interference and to the positive view of freedom as self‐mastery. The first part of the book traces the rise and decline of the conception, displays its many attractions and makes a case for why it should still be regarded as a central political ideal. The second part of the book looks at the sorts of political and civil institutions that would be required in a society in which freedom as non‐domination is systematically fostered. It outlines the causes and policies, the constitutional and democratic forms, and the regulatory controls that a republican state ought to endorse. And it argues for a vision of the state's relation to civil society in which there is no pretence of doing without widespread civility and trust; the argument is that the state ought, at once, to foster and build on such extra‐political foundations.
Liberty, Equality, Community
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: October 2003

Freedom as non‐domination is a significantly egalitarian good. Maximizing the intensity of the non‐domination that people enjoy will require that people enjoy non‐domination with equal intensity, even though maximizing the extent of undominated choice—maximizing the resources and opportunities that people enjoy—need not require its equal distribution; the project supports structural equality but not material equality. Freedom as non‐domination is also a communitarian good. It can be realized only under an arrangement involving people in communal interaction. And it can be realized for one person only so far as it is realized for others in the vulnerability classes to which that person belongs: thus, a woman can be fully free in this sense only so far as womanhood is not a badge of vulnerability, only so far as all women are free. The communitarian character of freedom as non‐domination means that the freedom of a community is as basic a notion as the freedom of individuals, and that there is every reason, as communitarians require, why people should be able to identify with a state that promotes such freedom.
The Implementation of Constitutional Social Rights
Authors: Fabre Cécile
Published: October 2003

I consider the claim that social rights cannot be constitutionalized and protected by the judiciary, because the latter is unable to adjudicate rights which, by nature, are vague and cannot constitute a solid basis for assessing governmental policy‐making. I reject this practical objection to constitutional social rights whilst taking on board some of its insights, by looking at the ways in which social rights are given specific content by institutions such as the ILO and the UN, and at the way constitutional social rights are dealt with by some domestic constitutional courts.
The Ethics of Nationalism
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: October 2003

This chapter defines ‘nationalism’ and its related terms, and examines various accounts of the origin and persistence of national identities, and their relevance to developing an ethics of nationalism. It distinguishes between three types of constructivist arguments, and argues that only one type seems adequate in explaining how national identities originate and maintain themselves.
Instrumental Arguments (Or, Why States Need Nations)
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines arguments that link national identity with other goods (democracy, social justice). This analysis of this chapter does not reject the instrumental arguments of Rousseau, Mill, Gellner, O’Leary, Galston, and Miller, but it examines the limits of this type of argument and the empirical evidence.
Self‐Determination, Rights to Territory, and the Politics of Respect
Authors: Moore Margaret
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the appropriate view of the relationship between territory, national communities, and self‐determination. It examines various (historical, indigenous, efficiency, divine) arguments for territorial rights.
Round Up the Usual Suspects!: Globalization, Domestic Politics, and Welfare State Change
Authors: Schwartz Herman
Published: October 2003

The first of three chapters on the sources of pressure on contemporary national welfare states, all of which seek to show how examining the sources of strain carries implications for identifying who is likely to fight with whom over what; the authors of the three chapters are not of one mind on this issue. Schwartz, for whom social protection includes regulatory arrangements in sectors such as telecommunications and transportation, is most convinced that some aspects of globalization do play a critical role, and he reviews a series of broad claims about the sources of pressure on the welfare state, arguing that the impact of globalization is often misconstrued. He distinguishes alternative possible causal connections between changes in the international economy and welfare state distress, and, in many cases, finds little evidence for these causal pathways, or evidence that only supports an assessment of modest impact. He argues, however, that one dimension of globalization has been crucial: a wave of deregulatory pressures emanating from changes in the US political economy, which has led to a dramatic erosion of forms of protected employment in the affected sectors of other countries.
Welfare State and Production Regimes in the Era of Retrenchment
Authors: Huber Evelyne , Stephens John D.
Published: October 2003

This is the first of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform. They explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Huber and Stephens explore at length the linkages between different types of welfare states and different production regimes, and demonstrate that there are in fact quite different configurations within the universe of affluent democracies, with particular types of welfare states strongly associated with distinct systems of economic organization. Their analysis proceeds in three steps: first, a conceptualization is provided of welfare state and production regimes, with an analysis of their performance up to the 1980s; second, an analysis is made of pressures on these regimes and the resulting welfare state retrenchments since the 1980s; and third, an assessment is made of possible future paths to adaptation, recovery, and consolidation.
Comparative Institutional Advantages of Welfare State Regimes and New Coalitions in Welfare State Reforms
Authors: Manow Philip
Published: October 2003

This is the second of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform. They explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Section 1 of Manow's chapter offers a critical account of contributions that predict the formation of new political coalitions along the cleavage line between those firms and workers that are forced to adjust to international market pressures and those that enjoy domestic shelter from globalized markets; a brief discussion is included of the relative importance of the electorate in current welfare reforms as compared with the role played by organized interests of capital and labour. Section 2 presents a transaction cost argument that seeks to identify one central logic linking production and protection in continental welfare states and coordinated market economies, respectively; the central argument is that generous welfare state programmes may enhance and not diminish international competitiveness and can be part of the comparative institutional advantage of an economy rather than solely contributing to its comparative cost disadvantage. Section 3 concludes by briefly discussing the implications of the argument presented in Sect. 2 for the present debate on the compensatory role of the welfare state in a globalized economy.
The Political Economy of Social Pacts: ‘Competitive Corporatism’ and European Welfare Reform
Authors: Rhodes Martin
Published: October 2003

This is the third of three chapters on the role of economic interests, and of systems for representing those interests, in the politics of welfare state reform; they explore the linkages between national welfare states and national economies, and examine the processes through which economic actors press their interests on policy makers. Here Rhodes explores the implications for welfare states of nationally negotiated social pacts in bridging and making innovative linkages between social security systems and employment rules and wage bargaining. The essential argument of Sect. 1 is that the emergence of social pacts is linked to common domestic and external pressures for welfare state reform in the European Union, and that contrary to the expectations of many commentators, these pressures are neither ‘disorganizing’ European capitalism nor neutralizing the power of the state; furthermore, rather than fragmenting political‐economic structures, pressures for reform have in many instances modified or even bolstered efforts at coordination via bargaining. Section 2 introduces the notion of ‘competitive corporatism’, and shows that underpinning these social pacts are varying degrees of associational cohesion, and two types of coalition — seeking distributional deals and productivity gains — which have complex linkages and overlaps. In ideal typical terms, it can be suggested that competitive corporatism is successfully achieved if underpinned by a close but flexible interlocking of these two types of coalition, although in practice it is not always possible, as has been demonstrated in various continental European countries.