bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VAISHESHIKA DARSHANA: A DARSHANA AHEAD OF TIME EXPLAINED THROUGH PILUPAKAVADA
Authors: Fulkar Sonali N. , Yawale Roshani , Nirmal Ketkee , Bagde Ashvin , Saxena Chitranshu
Published: September 2023

Ayurveda is an ancient science which still has relevance in the present era. Ayurveda has taken references from Darshana at various places. Darshana is the philosophical view of the person. Darshana has given an opinion regarding the formation of srushti (universe). ‘Vaisheshika Darshana’, one of the Nastika Darshana, has explained the srushti utpatti through Pilupakavada. Pilupkavada is the theory that explains the universe's formation through ‘pilu’, that is, ‘parmanu’, which could be considered an atom according to modern science. The Darshana, which is more than 2500 years old, explains the element similar to the atom without any advanced technology. This article attempts to prove how Vaisheshika Darshana was ahead of time and still relevant in the present era through the concept of Pilupakavada by comparing it with the chemical reaction of water formation. The Pilupakavada have explained the changes happening in a material at the chemical level in three stages. The chemical reaction explained by modern sciences could correlate with the three stages of the Vaisheshika Darshana. Thus, we can say the Darshana was ahead of time. What modern sciences have explained with lots of technology Darshana have given base for that without having any access to the technology.
THE NARRATIVE REVIEW ON SIDDHA POLYHERBAL FORMULATION: GARUDAN KIZHANGU ENNAI
Authors: Deepika R. , Selvi M. Tamil , Hazel AM Amala , Sundaram M. Meenakshi , Meenakumari R.
Published: September 2023

Garudan kizhangu ennai is a polyherbal Siddha formulation widely used for various skin diseases, especially alopecia areata, mentioned in the Siddha literature "Siddha vaidya thirattu". Alopecia areata can be correlated with the term "Puzhuvettu" in the Siddha system of medicine. This is a complex autoimmune condition that causes non-scarring hair loss. Nowadays, the prevalence rate of alopecia is higher among children and adolescents. Hence, this review aims to emphasise the potential role of Garudan kizhangu ennai in managing alopecia areata in Siddha. The ingredients of Garudan kizhangu ennai are briefly explained here in Siddha aspects, actions, chemical constituents and pharmacological aspects. All the above information was collected from various scientific articles and books. The scientific studies explored the ingredients of Garudan kizhangu ennai, predominantly possessing antihistamine, antivenom, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and anticancer activities. This review revealed that the Garudan kizhangu ennai could be effective for managing alopecia areata, and further clinical studies will be needed to prove the drug's efficacy.
Examining Civic Education Learning and Assessment Strategies in Selected Secondary Schools in Zambia
Authors: Mainde Davy , Mtonga Dingase E. , Magasu Oliver , Mpolomoka Daniel L.
Published: September 2023

Aims: This study explored learning and assessment of Civic Education from the pupils’ standpoint.

Study Design: Employed a qualitative research paradigm, in particular a descriptive research design.

Place and Duration: The study was conducted in selected rural secondary schools of Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces of Zambia, between April 2022 and April 2023.

Methodology: It targeted 300 learners from 30 secondary schools in Central, Lusaka and Southern provinces. Schools and participants were systematically selected. Data was collected using a questionnaire with open-ended questions, analysed descriptively and thematically.

Results: Findings show that teachers employ teacher-centered methods and neglect learner-centered methods which are ideal in teaching and learning Civic Education in schools. Findings also revealed that most learners like answering section A (multiple choice), followed by section B (one word or short phrased answers), with section C (essay writing) being the least. All participants contended that teachers could not prepare learners for section C during both formative and summative assessment.

Conclusion: The Examinations Council of Zambia (ECZ) should train all teachers of Civic Education as examiners so that they acquire knowledge, build and sharpen their assessment skills; and ECZ should consider including continuous assessment in Civic Education as part of grade 12 national examination to allow learners interact with the community through research projects when they are in grade 11.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Fishermen’s Income in Darmaraja District, Sumedang Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Maghfira Riezka , Maulina Ine , Grandiosa Roffi , Suryana Asep Agus Handaka
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the income of fishermen from the Jatigede Reservoir in Darmaraja District, Sumedang Regency. This research was conducted in Darmaraja District, Sumedang Regency. This research is descriptive quantitative with survey method. The sampling technique was accidental sampling, the samples obtained were 82 fishermen. Data collection using interview techniques with the help of questionnaires, and data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the factors that affect fishermen's income are experience, capital, fish prices, and catches. Based on the results of partial analysis, the variables of experience, capital, fish prices, and catches have a significant effect on the income of fishermen in Darmaraja District. Simultaneously the experience and capital variables have no significant effect on fishermen's income, while fish prices and catches have a significant effect on fishermen's income in Darmaraja District. The coefficient of determination (R-Square) of 0.690 indicates that experience, capital, fish prices and catches can affect income by 69.0% while the remaining 31.0% is explained by other factors not included in this study.
Unlocking the Potential: Impact of Plant Growth Regulators on Hybrid Rice Growth, Grain Yield and Harvest Index
Authors: Shahi Shikha , Singh P. K. , Kushwaha S. P. , Singh O. P. , Pratap Mayank
Published: September 2023

Aim: This research focused on rice, especially in Asia, and examined how plant growth regulators, including hormones and synthetic compounds, affect crucial plant processes. The findings strongly support the use of foliar Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) application to enhance hybrid rice growth, grain yield, and harvest index, promising advancements in agriculture.

Study Design: Randomised Block Design with 11 treatments.

Place and Duration of Study: The study, conducted at the Student Instructional Farm of C. S. Azad University of Agriculture & Technology in Kanpur, aimed to investigate the impact of foliar application of plant growth regulators on rice growth and yield during 2021 and 2022.

Methodology: The experiment employed a rigorous randomized block design, testing various treatments involving the foliar application of IAA (25 & 50 ppm), IBA (25 & 50 ppm), NAA (25 & 50 ppm), Ascorbic Acid (50 & 100 ppm), and Kinetin (5 & 10 ppm). The profound effects of these different regulator concentrations were observed at key developmental stages, including tillering, anthesis, dough, and maturity.

Results: Significant improvements in growth parameters, such as leaf and stem dry weights per plant, along with total leaf area per plant, were evident with the application of IAA at 50 ppm. Moreover, a notable increase in grain yield per plant and harvest index was observed at maturity, primarily with the foliar spray of IAA at 50 ppm, followed closely by IAA at 25 ppm. This consistent trend was also observed in yield-related attributes.

Conclusion: The use of Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) significantly impacted plant growth and yield, including leaf and stem dry weights, leaf area, grain yield, and harvest index, showing promise for enhancing hybrid rice production.
Efficacy of Some Essential Oil for the Management of Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) on Stored Wheat
Authors: Ghosh Abin , Yadav Usha , Panigrahi Chandan Kumar , Roy Anindita
Published: September 2023

The experiment was conducted in Completely Block Design (CRD) at the laboratory of the Department of Entomology, Naini Agriculture Institute Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Science and Technology, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh with three replications seven treatments and untreated control against Rice Weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) i.e.T1 (Neem Oil), T2 (Clove Oil), T3 (Lavender Oil), T4 (Karanj Oil), T5 (Eucalyptus oil), T6 (Lemongrass Oil), and T7 (Tea tree Oil) and T0 (control). The experiment was conduct on the efficacy of different essential oil for the management of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae and adult mortality at 24, 48 and 72 hrs of exposure. The treatments included Neem Oil (0.5ml/lit), Clove Oil (0.5ml/lit), Lavender Oil (0.4ml/lit), Karanja Oil (0.4ml/lit), Eucalyptus Oil (0.5ml/lit), Lemon grass Oil (0.5ml/lit) and Tea tree Oil (0.5ml/lit). Among the treatments the largest number of mortality was observed in neem oil (83.33%), followed by karanj oil (77.77%), and least mortality was observed in the lavender oil (31.11%), rest of the treatments were found intermediate as followed by clove oil (67.77%), followed by eucalyptus oil (57.77%), followed by lemon grass oil (54.44%) and tea tree oil (51.10%). Percent weight loss of treated wheat grains at intervals of 30, 60 and 90 days after treatment. The results revealed that neem oil (7.32%), followed by karanj oil (11.99%). Least weight loss was recorded in lavender oil (41.06%). Whereas rest of treatments were found intermediate. And the highest germination was found in neem oil treated wheat seeds. The present study clearly revealed that these naturally occurring indigenous plant products could be used to manage the storage insect pests in wheat.
Effect of Foliar Feeding of Nutrients, Salicylic Acid and Sea Weed Extract on Yield and Yield Attributes of Wheat Varieties under Tarai Region
Authors: Pal Som , Malik Naresh , Singh Shivendra , Pandey Vaibhav , Yadav Rajat , Dheer Vineet , Sachan Dhruvendra Singh , Gangwar Parthik
Published: September 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the E-2 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre (NEBCRC) of Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (GBPUA&T), Pantnagar during rabi of 2021-2022. The experiment envisages study the growth and productivity and economic feasibility wheat under variable varieties and foliar nutrition management. The experiment was laid in Factorial Randomized Block Design with two varieties (DBW-17&WH-1105) and five foliar spray treatments viz., no spray (control), NPK mixture at 45 & 60 DAS (FN-1), Micro-nutrients mixture at 45 & 60 DAS (FN-2), salicylic acid at 45 & 60 DAS (FN-3) and seaweed extract at 45 & 60 DAS (FN-4). Variety WH-1105 recorded higher plant height, number of tillers/m2 and dry matter accumulation (g/m2) than DBW-17 at 60, 90 DAS. At harvest, variety WH-1105 indicated the effective tillers/m2, spike length, number of grains/spikes, number of spikelets/spike and grain weight per spike were higher by 2.7, 8.0, 4.6, 3.3 and 17.2%, respectively over variety DBW-17. Thousand grain weight and number of sterile spikelets/spikes was also exhibiting significant increase. Significantly higher grain yield, straw yield and biological yield were recorded under WH-1105 as compared to DBW-17 and the respective increase was 4.9, 4.3 and 5.0 percent. The net return and B:C ratio were improved by 5.6 & 5.7%, respectively at variety WH-1105 over variety DBW-17.
Documentation of Viruses Infecting Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) Beans in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Ramya, P.  , Angappan, K.  , Murugan, M.  , Manikanda Boopathi, N.  , Vignesh, S.  , Karthikeyan, G.
Published: September 2023

Field surveys were conducted in lablab-bean growing areas of Tamil Nadu to document the occurrence and distribution of virus diseases. Samples collected from lablab bean field showed symptoms like bright yellow mosaic patches and puckering on leaves. The total DNA and RNA were isolated from the symptomatic samples separately. The DNAs were subjected to polymerase chain reaction using Begomovirus universal primers and the positive samples amplified 1200 bp amplicon. Similarly, the isolated RNAs were subjected to reverse transcription PCR using Potyvirus universal primers and which amplified 350 bp in preliminary confirmation of viruses. The amplified products were sequenced and the DNA sequences were compared with the sequences available in the NCBI database and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using Mega 11 software. The occurrence of viruses viz., Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Dolichos yellow mosaic virus (DoYMV) were documented. The results indicated a higher incidence of Begomovirus, DoYMV with a mean incidence of 86 per cent followed by the Potyvirus, BCMV with an incidence of around 70 per cent.
Exploring the World of Mungbean: Uncovering its Origins, Taxonomy, Genetic Resources and Research Approaches
Authors: Manjunatha P. B. , Harisha Rajappa , Kohli Manju , Naik Pavan Kumar , Sagar S. P.  , Shashidhar B. R.  , Patel Manoj Kumar , Ganesh Botta Thandava , Madhusudhan B. S.  , Chethan Kumar K. B.  , Kumar Shahil , Ragi Shridhar , Patil Shivanagouda , Manoj Gowda M.
Published: September 2023

The mungbean is one of the important leguminous crops, holds great importance in agriculture and nutrition in Asian countries. It is a vital source of protein, playing a key role in vegetarian diets and offering versatility in culinary applications. The crop wild relatives and landraces are invaluable sources of novel genes and alleles, augmenting mungbean resilience against both biotic and abiotic stresses. Researchers have meticulously examined the roles of additive and dominant gene effects in governing vital traits, including seed weight, seed yield, plant height, days to flowering, and yield components. However, despite their potential, these genetic resources remain underutilized due to several constraints, encompassing interspecific hybridization barriers, limited trait evaluation data, and the absence of advanced breeding tools. Announcement of the VC1973A draft reference genome utilizing next-generation sequencing, have facilitated rapid DNA marker development, gene mapping, and the identification of candidate genes for complex traits, predominantly within the last decade. Reports on GBS analysis of mungbean relatively limited and mostly includes investigating population structure and LD in mungbean. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the origin, taxonomy, gene pool dynamics, and the pivotal role played by mungbean CWRs in ensuring agricultural sustainability and elevating crop improvement initiatives. Additionally, it discusses about genotypic characterization of CWRs, advances in sequencing technologies, QTLs mapping for various economically important traits and validation techniques that aid in confirming the QTLs found through GWAS.
Sexual Dimorphism of Cerebral Aqueduct Dimensions Using Computerized Tomographic Scan in Sokoto North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Jibrin Danjuma Usman , Abubakar Bello
Published: September 2023

Aim: This study aims to determine the sexual dimorphism of cerebral aqueduct dimensions using computerized tomographic scan in Sokoto North-western Nigeria

Study Design: Retrospective cross- sectional

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto and Department of Radiology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto, between January, 2020 and January, 2022.

Methodology: The images were analysed on a viewing monitor and the measurements were made using a computer software program Radiant DICOM Viewer version 4.0. The anterior-posterior diameter of the cerebral aqueduct was measured as the distance between the posterior end of the third ventricle to the upper part of the fourth ventricle in sagittal plane. While, the transverse diameter was measured as the distance between the lateral margins of the aqueduct at the midpoint of the anterior posterior diameter in sagittal plane.

Results: The range of anterior posterior diameter of aqueduct observed in males was 24.25mm to1.64mm and 24.3mm to32.27mmin females. While the range of width of the aqueduct was 2.18mm to 3.79mm in males and 2.16mm to 3.51mm in females. The largest length 32.32mm of the aqueduct was observed in the age group 51-60years for and 32.27mm in females seen in the age group 51-60 and 61-70years.

Conclusion: The anterior-posterior and transverse diameter of the cerebral aqueduct shows no sexual dimorphism and changes slightly in the first decade of life, but thereafter, there is progressively increase in the cerebral aqueduct diameters with advancing age.
Children’s Attitude and Preferences of Paediatric Dentist’s Attire and Dental Clinic Set up in Paediatric Dental Practice
Authors: Patil Rucha Bhise , Kodical Sanjana , Joshi Amil , Nampalle Apurva , Sanghavi Miloni
Published: September 2023

Background: The biggest issue for any paediatric dentist, despite the many advancements in the field of paediatric dentistry, is to reduce patient anxiety associated with dental visits and encourage them to accept the necessary care. In order to establish a good relationship with the child, the dentist's presentation is crucial.

Aim: To assess the children’s perception and preference towards the dentist’s appearance, dental clinic set-up.

Materials and Methods: A questionnaire designed to evaluate children’s attitudes and preferences towards dentists was distributed in public schools and was completed by 1012 children (459 males, 553 females) aged between 7–13 years. Data collected was entered into a computer and analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out.

Results: For about 526 children (52%) it was their first visit while 486 children (48%) had been to the dentist before.  Children’s preferred attire for receptionists was casual clothes (50.2%) while for the dentist, most of them (42.7%) preferred scrubs. Most (69.1%) of the children were not scared with the use of PPE kit.

Conclusion: The findings of this study can assist dentists in determining what to wear when working with kids to lessen their anxiety and enhance healthcare delivery.
Virtual Tumor Board to Foster Interinstitutional Head and Neck Cancer Subspecialty Care
Authors: Hung Tony K. W. , Gelblum Daphna Y. , Kuwada Clinton A. , Patel Akshay V. , Salner Andrew , Pfister David G. , Cracchiolo Jennifer R.
Published: September 2023

This cross-sectional study evaluates the concordance on treatment and diagnostic recommendations between clinicians at 2 collaborating health systems.
Nutrient‐dependent signaling pathways that control autophagy in yeast
Authors: Metur Shree Padma , Klionsky Daniel J.
Published: September 2023

Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process vital for cellular stress responses and maintaining equilibrium within the cell. Malfunctioning autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including certain neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Cells face diverse metabolic challenges, such as limitations in nitrogen, carbon, and minerals such as phosphate and iron, necessitating the integration of complex metabolic information. Cells utilize a signal transduction network of sensors, transducers, and effectors to coordinate the execution of the autophagic response, concomitant with the severity of the nutrient‐starvation condition. This review presents the current mechanistic understanding of how cells regulate the initiation of autophagy through various nutrient‐dependent signaling pathways. Emphasizing findings from studies in yeast, we explore the emerging principles that underlie the nutrient‐dependent regulation of autophagy, significantly shaping stress‐induced autophagy responses under various metabolic stress conditions.
Co‐design of a citizen science study: Unlocking the potential of eDNA for volunteer freshwater monitoring
Authors: Clarke Stewart J. , Long Emily , Biggs Jeremy , Bruce Kat , Weatherby Anita , Harper Lynsey R. , Hails Rosemary S.
Published: September 2023

Citizen science is increasingly being promoted as a means of gathering more data to help inform the management of ecosystems. Involving the participants in the design of data collection activities is a form of co‐design often proposed by those calling for a translational ecology.

In addition, novel monitoring approaches have the potential to improve the quality of data collected by citizen scientists. We explored the potential of environmental DNA (eDNA) for vertebrate (mainly fish) species monitoring through a co‐designed catchment monitoring strategy.

Having been introduced to the potential of eDNA, citizen scientists designed and executed an eDNA‐based survey of a small chalk stream catchment to explore questions of concern.

The eDNA survey provided data about fish and other vertebrate diversity in the catchment which would have otherwise required sampling approaches difficult for citizen scientists. These data give a preliminary answer to some of the citizen scientists' priority questions and are comparable to fish data collected through traditional electrofishing surveys.

Recommendations are offered for co‐design and the use of novel research techniques by citizen scientists.
Miltoncostaeaceae
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: September 2023

Mil.ton.cos.tae.a.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.
Miltoncostaea
, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff.–
eaceae
, ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Miltoncostaeaceae
, the
Miltoncostaea
family.

Actinomycetota / Thermoleophilia / Miltoncostaeales / Miltoncostaeaceae

The family
Miltoncostaeaceae
is a member of the order
Miltoncostaeales
. This family accommodates one genus,
Miltoncostaea
, composed of two validly published species named
Miltoncostaea marina
and
Miltoncostaea oceani
. Cells stain Gram‐negative and form rod‐shaped cells. Endospores are not observed. The members of this family are mesophilic and slightly halophilic. Strictly aerobic and chemoorganotrophic. The peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐Dpm) as diagnostic diamino acid and is of type A1γ'. The major respiratory quinone is menaquinone 7 (MK‐7). The polar lipid profile comprises phosphatidylglycerol (PG), unidentified phospholipids (PLs), and unidentified phosphoglycolipids (PGLs). Fatty acids are predominantly straight‐chain; branched fatty acids are also present. Isolated from marine sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 74.8–76.1 (genome).

Type genus
:
Miltoncostaea
Li et al. 2021, VL202.
Paeniclostridium
Authors: Anusha Rai , Jagadeshwari Uppada , Sasikala Chintalapati , Ramana Chintalapati Venkata
Published: September 2023

Pae.ni.clos.trid'i.um L. adv.
paene,
almost; N.L. neut. dim. n.
Clostridium,
a bacterial genus; N.L. neut. dim. n.
Paeniclostridium,
almost a
Clostridium
.

Bacillota / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Peptostreptococcaceae / Paeniclostridium

Gram‐stain‐positive and rod‐shaped. Cells are motile by peritrichous flagella and multiply by binary fission. Strains produce endospores. Obligate anaerobes and prefer mesophilic conditions for growth. Catalase and oxidase negative. Meat and casein are digested. Lipase and indole test positive. Gelatin hydrolysis varies. Produces H
2
and lecithinase. Members grow chemoorganoheterotrophically on a number of organic substrates. NaCl and growth factors are not necessary for growth. Strains are widely distributed and have been isolated from soil, marine sediment, human feces, and clinical specimens (soft tissue, lesions, and wounds). Many of the strains of
Paeniclostridium sordellii
are nonpathogenic, but some virulent strains can cause rare and fatal infections in humans. Peptidoglycan predominantly contains meso‐diaminopimelate (DAP). Major fatty acids are C
12
–C
18
, branched and unbranched fatty acids with minor amounts of C
19:0
cycloω8
c
fatty acid. Members contain diphosophatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and two unidentified amino lipids as major polar lipids. Phylogenetically a member of the family
Peptostreptococcaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 26–27 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Paeniclostridium ghonii
Sasi Jyothsna et al. 2016
VP
(basonym:
Clostridium ghonii
Prévot 1938
AL
).
Calidithermus
Authors: Albuquerque Luciana , Egas Conceição
Published: September 2023

Ca.li.di.ther'mus. L. masc. adj.
calidus
, warm; Gr. masc. n.
Thermus
, a bacterial genus; N.L. masc. n.
Calidithermus
, a lukewarm
Thermus
.

Deinococcota / Deinococci / Thermales / Thermaceae / Calidithermus

The genus
Calidithermus
comprises four validly named species,
Calidithermus chliarophilus
,
Calidithermus roseus
,
Calidithermus terrae
, and
Calidithermus timidus
. These organisms form nonmotile rod‐shaped cells capable of forming lengthy filaments. Cells stain Gram‐negative and endospores are not observed. Colonies are yellow‐pigmented. The species of the genus
Calidithermus
are strictly aerobic and slightly thermophilic with optimum growth temperatures of 50–60°C. Growth is aerobic with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, but all strains reduce nitrate to nitrite by nitrate reductase. Most strains also possess a
nir
K gene that codes for nitrite reductase. All strains possess the gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase. Possess cytochrome
c
oxidase and are catalase variable. The organisms are chemoorganotrophic. Growth factors are necessary for growth in minimal medium. Carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and polyols are used as sole carbon and energy sources. The only respiratory quinone of this genus is menaquinone 8 (MK‐8). The polar lipid profile includes one major phospholipid (PL‐2) and two glycolipid variants (GL‐1a and GL‐1b). Major fatty acids are primarily iso‐ and anteiso‐branched; 2‐hydroxy and 3‐hydroxy fatty acids are also present. Found in hydrothermal areas.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 65.3–69.5 (genome).

Type species
:
Calidithermus chliarophilus
Raposo et al. 2019
VP
.
Tichowtungia
Authors: Mu Da‐Shuai , Du Zong‐Jun
Published: September 2023

Ti.chow.tung'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Tichowtungia
, named in honor of Ti‐Chow Tung or Di‐Zhou Tong (1902–1979), a prestigious Chinese biologist and educator, main founder of Chinese experimental embryology and pioneer in bioscience research in the twentieth century.

Verrucomicrobiota / Tichowtungiia / Tichowtungiales / Tichowtungiaceae / Tichowtungia

Kiritimatiellia
is a widespread and ecologically important group in various anoxic environments. However, the portion of culturable bacteria within this taxon is quite low and, in fact, there are only a few currently described genera.
Tichowtungia
represents one of the few genera cultured from this group. It is an anaerobic, nonmotile, coccoid, Gram‐stain‐negative bacterium isolated from surface marine sediment. Cells grow poorly under low oxygen conditions.

Respiratory lipoquinones are not formed during anaerobic cultivation conditions. The major cellular fatty acids are C
18:0
, iso‐C
12:0
, iso‐C
16:0
, and iso‐C
18:0
. The major polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of the type strain has very low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strains of its closest relatives,
Kiritimatiella glycovorans
L21‐Fru‐AB
T
(84.9%) and
Pontiella sulfatiregulans
F21
T
(89%).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.1.

Type species
:
Tichowtungia aerotolerans
Mu et al. 2020
VP
.
Influence of Al and Ca on the Ductility of Mg–Al–Ca Alloys
Authors: Delis Wassilios J. , Huckfeldt Pia C. , Hallstedt Bengt , Sun Pei-Ling , Raabe Dierk , Korte-Kerzel Sandra , Sandlöbes-Haut Stefanie
Published: September 2023

Magnesium and its alloys offer huge potential for lightweight applications. However, many Mg alloys suffer from limited room‐temperature formability. It has previously been shown that the addition of aluminium and calcium to Mg can improve ductility. Therefore, in the present work, it is aimed to systematically vary the alloying content of Al and Ca and to study their effects on the slip system activity and crystallographic texture after rolling and recrystallization. In the results, it is shown that all investigated ternary alloys in the range of 1–2 wt% Al and 0.005–0.5 wt% Ca have an increased ductility (in the range of 10–17% increase compared to pure Mg), whereas the binary Mg–Al and Mg–Ca alloys suffer from limited ductility (10% tensile elongation) and strength (175 MPa ultimate tensile strength). Non‐basal and especially ‐slip is active in all compositions (in 15–33% of the grains examined). Basal‐type textures are observed for all compositions, but with significantly weaker basal peak intensities for Ca‐containing samples when compared to pure Mg. The combination of activation of the  slip system and texture weakening is discussed as being responsible for the improved ductility of the ternary Mg–Al–Ca alloys.
Interface Engineering Regulation by Improving Self‐Decomposition of Lithium Salt‐Type Additive using Ultrasound
Authors: Li Shiyou , Li Jingni , Wang Peng , Ding Hao , Zhou Junfei , Li Chengyu , Cui Xiaoling
Published: September 2023

Lithium salt‐type additives have triggered widespread concern because of their excellent film‐forming properties to construct a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high stability and low impedance. However, little attention has been paid to enhancing the utilization efficiency of the expensive lithium salt‐type additives. Herein, the main factor limiting the decomposition of lithium difluoro bis(oxalate) phosphate (LiDFBOP) during the initial SEI formation is clarified. Combining the electrochemical analysis results and quantum chemistry calculations, it is inferred that LiDFBOP preferentially decomposes and generates soluble products accumulating on the graphite surface due to diffusion control kinetics. The excessive aggregation of these products on the electrode inhibits the subsequent continuous decomposition of LiDFBOP. An ultrasound auxiliary method is developed to accelerate the soluble product diffusion and promote the reduction decomposition of LiDFBOP increasing the inorganics content of Li2C2O4 and LiF in the formed SEI. Accordingly, the cell performance is greatly improved compared with that without ultrasound: Li/graphite cells with ultrasound can retain 60.60% of initial capacity after 500 cycles at 1C. This work not only pioneers the study of improving the utilization efficiency of additives contributing to reducing the electrolytes cost but also has direct guiding significance in the targeted regulation of interface properties.
Exacerbated High‐Temperature Calendar Aging of SiOx‐Graphite Electrode Induced by Interparticle Lithium Crosstalk
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Wen‐Peng , Zhao Yao , Zhang Xing , Guo Hua , Gao Hongcai , Xu Di‐Xin , Zhao Yu‐Ming , Li Ge , Liang Jia‐Yan , Xin Sen , Guo Yu‐Guo
Published: September 2023

Silicon oxide‐graphite (SiOx‐G) composites are promising anode materials for building practical high‐energy Li‐ion batteries. To acquire long and safe operation of battery, extensive efforts are made to maintain stable Li storage of SiOx‐G against materials aging and the accompanied performance fade. While previous studies mostly focus on the cycling aging, the calendar aging occurred during battery storage at a high state of charge or high temperature has not received sufficient attention. In this work, a mechanism study on the calendar aging chemistry of fully lithiated SiOx‐G electrodes in half‐cells both at ambient and high temperature (60 °C) is performed. Unmodified SiOx is employed as active materials to inspect the change of thermodynamics properties in the bulk and at interfaces. By excluding the interference from cathode, it is revealed that besides aggravated parasitic reactions happening at interface, Li migration from the lithiated graphite to the vicinal SiOx particles is also responsible for calendar aging of SiOx‐G electrodes, and high‐temperature storage notably accelerates the aging process. This work enriches the fundamental understandings about the multifactor‐coupled aging process of anode materials and sheds lights on rational materials design toward improved calendar life of a high‐energy rechargeable battery.
Building‐Block Size Mediates Microporous Annealed Particle Hydrogel Tube Microenvironment Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ross Brian C. , Kent Robert N. , Saunders Michael N. , Schwartz Samantha R. , Smiley Brooke M. , Hocevar Sarah E. , Chen Shao‐Chi , Xiao Chengchuan , Williams Laura A. , Anderson Aileen J. , Cummings Brian J. , Baker Brendon M. , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: September 2023

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life‐altering event, which often results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of trauma. Biomaterial therapies have been widely investigated in SCI to promote directional regeneration but are often limited by their pre‐constructed size and shape. Herein, the design parameters of microporous annealed particles (MAPs) are investigated with tubular geometries that conform to the injury and direct axons across the defect to support functional recovery. MAP tubes prepared from 20‐, 40‐, and 60‐micron polyethylene glycol (PEG) beads are generated and implanted in a T9‐10 murine hemisection model of SCI. Tubes attenuate glial and fibrotic scarring, increase innate immune cell density, and reduce inflammatory phenotypes in a bead size‐dependent manner. Tubes composed of 60‐micron beads increase the cell density of the chronic macrophage response, while neutrophil infiltration and phenotypes do not deviate from those seen in controls. At 8 weeks postinjury, implantation of tubes composed of 60‐micron beads results in enhanced locomotor function, robust axonal ingrowth, and remyelination through both lumens and the inter‐tube space. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of bead size in MAP construction and highlight PEG tubes as a biomaterial therapy to promote regeneration and functional recovery in SCI.
AllHgMIVS4 (All = Sr, Ba, MIV = Si, Ge): A Series of Materials with Large Second Harmonic Generation Response and Wide Band Gaps
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Wu Hongping , Hu Zhanggui , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng , Yu Hongwei
Published: September 2023

Wide band gaps and large second harmonic generation (SHG) response are two crucial yet contradictory parameters for nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. Herein, through exploring the influence of anion groups on structural crystallization dimension and space group, a series of new NLO Hg‐based chalcogenides AIIHgMIVS4 (AII = Sr, Ba, MIV = Si, Ge) with wide band gaps and large SHG responses have been successfully designed and synthesized. The structures of these compounds consist of 2D [HgMS4]2− (M = Si and Ge) layers composed of distorted (HgS4 and MS4) tetrahedra arranged alternately, and the layers are separated by eight‐coordinated A2+ (A = Sr and Ba) cations. Their band gaps and SHG responses meet the basic requirements (SHG > 1 × AgGaS2; Eg > 2.33 eV). Especially, SrHgSiS4 and SrHgGeS4 exhibit both large SHG effects (2 and 2.4 × AgGaS2) and wide band gaps (3.06 and 2.97 eV), respectively, indicating they are promising IR NLO crystals. This work opens a new avenue for new NLO material design to achieve the balance between strong SHG response and large band gaps.
Biodegradability of bio‐based materials produced with dry heating treatment‐modified cassava starch
Authors: La Fuente Carla I. A. , Atanazio‐Silva Gabriel A. , Anjos Carlos A. R. , Tadini Carmen C.
Published: September 2023

Among the different types of starch modification that increase their performance, dry heating treatment (DHT) is a promising green technique that results in plastic materials with enhanced characteristics, mainly in their mechanical and barrier properties. The effect of this type of modification on its biodegradability and disintegration behavior has yet to be described in the literature. Therefore, this work aims to produce bio‐based plastic with cassava starch previously modified by DHT and study its disintegration and biodegradation in compost media. The main results showed that all materials showed up to 80% and 90% biodegradation and disintegration, respectively, for all materials in 45 days. Moreover, higher rates of disintegration were visualized until day 7, as well as microbial growth and disappearance of functional groups, which is attributed to the highly hydrophilic nature of starch that facilitates the hydrolysis of the polymer in the early stages. In particular, the sheet submitted to DHT for 4 h showed higher rates.
Misspecification analysis of gamma‐ and inverse Gaussian‐based perturbed degradation processes
Authors: Esposito Nicola , Mele Agostino , Castanier Bruno , Giorgio Massimiliano
Published: September 2023

Albeit not equivalent, in many applications the gamma and the inverse Gaussian processes are treated as if they were. This circumstance makes the misspecification problem of these models interesting and important, especially when data are affected by measurement errors, since noisy/perturbed data do not allow to verify whether the selected model is actually able to adequately fit the real (hidden) degradation process. Motivated by the above considerations, in this paper we conduct a large Monte Carlo study to evaluate whether and how the presence of measurement errors affects this misspecification issue. The study is performed considering as reference models a perturbed gamma process recently proposed in the literature and a new perturbed inverse Gaussian process that share the same non‐Gaussian distributed error term. As an alternative option, we also analyze the more classical case where the error term is Gaussian distributed. We consider both the situation where the true model is the perturbed gamma and the one where it is the perturbed inverse Gaussian. Model parameters are estimated from perturbed data using the maximum likelihood method. Estimates are retrieved by using a new sequential Monte Carlo EM algorithm, which use allows to hugely mitigate the severe numerical issues posed by the direct maximization of the likelihood. The risk of incurring in a misspecification is evaluated as percentage of times the Akaike information criterion leads to select the wrong model. The severity of a misspecification is evaluated in terms of its impact on maximum likelihood estimate of the mean remaining useful life.
Observations récentes sur le processus d'oxydation du cuivre par germination
Authors: Bénard J. , Grønlund F. , Oudar J. , Duret M.
Published: September 2023

The influence of several factors on the oxidation of copper by nucleation was investigated experimentally. Especially the influence of temperature and of oxygen pressure on the number of nuclei and on the kinetics of their growth was examined.

The experimental results are discussed and a mechanism is proposed which is based on surface diffusion in an oxide film primarily covering the complete surface of the metal.
Membrane permeation in systems far from equilibrium
Authors: Schlögl R.
Published: September 2023

A method is discussed which makes possible an approximate integration of the Nernst‐Planck equations of motion with the additional consideration of a convective term. Only systems at constant temperature and in a stationary state without the occurence of chemical reactions are treated. Comparison of the approximate solution with the exact integral shows satisfactory agreement. The driving potentials in the membrane are expressed in terms of measurable potential differences between the outer phases. An explicit approximate formula for the so‐called “diffusion potential” is derived. The conditions necessary for the separation of different types of ions are formulated. In the appendix the exact integral for the bi‐ionic case is presented in parametric form.
Zum elektrochemischen Verhalten des Systems Metall/gemischter Leiter/Elektrolyt. 1. Das System Ag/Ag2S/Lösung
Authors: Jaenicke W. , Khairy B. M. , Schäfer W.
Published: September 2023

Durch anodische Polarisation bei konstantem Strom werden halbleitende Schichten von β‐Ag2S auf Silber in Dicken bis zu 40 μm erzeugt und ihre Eigenschaften potentiostatisch und galvanostatisch mit stationären und nichtstationären Methoden untersucht.

Die mit der potentiostatischen Dreieckspannungsmethode gemessene Strom‐Spannungs‐Kurve zeigt eine fallende Charakteristik bei Potentialen, an denen die Oxydation von Sulfidionen möglich wird. Die bei konstantem Strom gebildete Deckschicht besitzt die Ionenleitfähigkeit von β‐Ag2S im Gleichgewicht mit Silber, solange die Phasengrenze auf der Lösungsseite für Elektronendurchtritt gesperrt ist. Wenn die Widerstandspolarisation das Redoxpotential des Schwefels übersteigt, bildet sich das im Gleichgewicht mit Schwefel stehende schlecht leitende Ag2S. Die Gesamtleitfähigkeit der Schicht läßt sich mit kurzen Stromimpulsen messen und so die Überführungszahl der Silberionen gewinnen. Im Verlauf anodischer Stromimpulse sinkt die Leitfähigkeit; sie steigt während kathodischer Belastung. Dies beruht auf dem Transport von Raumladungen durch die Schicht in Form einer wandernden Grenze und erlaubt, die Beweglichkeiten elektronischer Ladungsträger abzuschätzen.

Mit Hilfe kurzer rechteckiger Stromimpulse werden die Strom‐Spannungs‐Kurven der Durchtrittsreaktionen am System Ag/Ag2S/S−− ermittelt. Aus ihnen ergibt sich als geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt eine Reaktion erster Ordnung hinsichtlich der Sulfidionenkonzentration. Die Durchtrittsfaktoren sinken mit wachsender Schichtdicke und Überspannung. Das letztere folgt daraus, daß zwei Durchtrittsreaktionen an den beiden Phasengrenzen Ag/Ag2S und Ag2S/Lösung hintereinandergeschaltet sind.
A rapid and accurate B.E.T. Surface area measurement using radioactive krypton
Authors: Houtman J. P. W. , Medema J.
Published: September 2023

A new method for the determination of the surface area of a solid is described. This method is based on the measurement of the reversible part of the gas adsorption isotherm, with the aid of radioactive 85Kr as adsorbate. The amount adsorbed and the gas pressure are measured with Geiger‐Müller tubes. The advantages of this method are simple apparatus and the possibility of rapid exact measurements. The same instrument can be used to measure areas of 0.003 m2/g to 1000 m2/g. The amounts of krypton‐85, necessary for it, are specified. For determining surface areas of high density materials a correction for „bremsstrahlung”︁ should be applied.
Untersuchungen über die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion O2(g) = 2O(ad) an der Oberfläche von Cu2O und NiO
Authors: Stotz S.
Published: September 2023

Die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffaufnahme dünner Cu2O‐ und NiO‐Folien wurde mit Hilfe der Relaxation des elektrischen Widerstandes nach Änderung des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks in der Gasphase als Funktion des Metalldefizits bestimmt. Sie ist bei den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen (800–1000 °C; 0,94‐17 μ Foliendicke) im wesentlichen durch die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffdissoziation an der Phasengrenze Oxid/Gas gegeben, indem Diffusionsvorgänge in der Gasphase und im Oxid vergleichsweise schnell erfolgen. Die Meßergebnisse werden an Hand verschiedener Reaktionsmechanismen diskutiert.
Über den α‐Fe‐FeAl2O4‐Mischkristall in aktivierten Ammoniakkatalysatoren
Authors: Hosemann R. , Preisinger A. , Vogel W.
Published: September 2023

Röntgenographische Präzisionsmessungen der integralen Reflexbreiten von mit 3% Al2O3 aktivierten α‐Fe‐Katalysatoren beweisen, daß es sich um Parakristallite von etwa 200 Å Durchmesser handelt. Die parakristallinen Gitterstörungen sind anisotrop und haben senkrecht zu den (100)‐ bzw. (010)‐ und (001)‐Netzebenen den größten g‐Wert. Die Gitterstörungen werden quantitativ aus kugelförmigen Koordinationsstatistiken der nächsten Nachbarn errechnet. Sie werden zurückgeführt auf dreidimensional im α‐Fe‐Wirtsgitter eingebaute FeAl2O4‐Gruppen, wobei das Fe++‐Ion auf einem Fe‐Gitterplatz sitzt und von 4O−−‐Ionen in Form eines in der z‐Richtung verzerrten Tetraeders umgeben ist. Die Al+++‐Ionen sitzen auf der z‐Achse über den Tetraederkanten. Diese FeAl2O4‐Gruppen sind endotaktisch, d.h. dem Volumen und der dreidimensionalen Gestalt nach dem Wirtsgitter eingepaßt. Die aus den Linienbreitenmessungen errechneten parakristallinen Gitterstörungen entsprechen den durch diese Einbaugruppen hervorgerufenen.

Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, daß der maximale 7,5%ige, endotaktische FeAl2O4‐Einbau mit der Entmischungskurve im Fe3O4‐FeAl2O4‐System im Zusammenhang steht. Bei höheren Al‐Gehalten kann die Ausscheidung epitaktisch als Spinellphase erfolgen.

Mit diesem beschriebenen Fe‐Al2O3‐Mischkristall lassen sich viele von anderen Autoren am Ammoniak‐katalysator beobachtete Eigenschaften zwanglos erklären.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung der Oxydation und Reduktion des Nitrosobenzols in wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Beck G. , Henglein A. , Wigger A.
Published: September 2023

Die Zwischenprodukte der Oxydation und Reduktion des Nitrosobenzols wurden auf Grund ihrer optischen Absorption und elektrischen Leitfähigkeit nachgewiesen. Das OH‐Radikal bildet mit Nitrosobenzol C6H5NO‐H (k = 1,1 · 1010 mole−1 liter sec−1). Das hydratisierte Elektron reagiert mit Nitrosobenzol zu C6H5NO− (k = 4,3 · 1010). Der pK‐Wert des Gleichgewichts C6H5NOH ⟷ C6H5NO− + H+ beträgt 11,7. Die opti‐schen Absorptionsspektren von C6H5NOH und C6H5NO− werden beschrieben. Sowohl die sauren als auch die basischen Formen der Alkoholradikale reduzieren Nitrosobenzol; mehrere Geschwindigkeitskonstanten solcher Prozesse wurden gemessen. CO überträgt ein Elektron an C6H5NO (k = 4 · 109). C6H5NO reagiert mit C6H5NOH bzw. mit C6H5NO− zu Nitrobenzol und Phenylhydroxylamin (k = 2,1 · 108 bzw. 106). C6H5NOH bzw. C6H5NO− reagieren mit ihresgleichen unter Aufbau eines bei 3300 Å absorbierenden stabilen Produktes; die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist vom pH‐Wert der Lösung abhängig (∼5 · 105 bei pH = 7).
Zum Einfluß des Stickstoffs auf die chemische Verschiebung von Protonenresonanzen. Die 1H‐NMR‐Spektren von Diphenyl‐methyl‐s‐triazin, 3,6‐Diphenyltetrazin und 2‐Phenylpyridin
Authors: Günther Harald , Castellano Salvatore
Published: September 2023

Die Protonenresonanzspektren der im Titel genannten Verbindungen wurden bezüglich Kopplungskonstanten und chemischer Verschiebungen analysiert. Die Ursache für die zwischen den Resonanzen der ortho‐und metaständigen Protonen der aromatischen Ringe gefundene Verschiebungsdifferenz wird diskutiert und auf Grund von Modellrechnungen quantitativ beschrieben. Die wahrscheinlichsten Torsionswinkel für die Drehung der Phenylkerne um die C‐C‐Bindung zum Azinring werden abgeschätzt.
Designing multicenter individually randomized group treatment trials
Authors: Tong Guangyu , Tong Jiaqi , Li Fan
Published: September 2023

In an individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trial, participant outcomes can be positively correlated due to, for example, shared therapists in treatment delivery. Oftentimes, because of limited treatment resources or participants at one location, an IRGT trial can be carried out across multiple centers. This design can be subject to potential correlations in the participant outcomes between arms within the same center. While the design of a single‐center IRGT trial has been studied, little is known about the planning of a multicenter IRGT trial. To address this gap, this paper provides analytical sample size formulas for designing multicenter IRGT trials with a continuous endpoint under the linear mixed model framework. We found that accounting for the additional center‐level correlation at the design stage can lead to sample size reduction, and the magnitude of reduction depends on the amount of between‐therapist correlation. However, if the variance components of therapist‐level random effects are considered as input parameters in the design stage, accounting for the additional center‐level variance component has no impact on the sample size estimation. We presented our findings through numeric illustrations and performed simulation studies to validate our sample size procedures under different scenarios. Optimal design configurations under the multicenter IRGT trials have also been discussed, and two real‐world trial examples are drawn to illustrate the use of our method.