bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD4+ CD5+ regulatory T cells render naive CD4+ CD25– T cells anergic and suppressive
Authors: Qiao Miao , Thornton Angela M. , Shevach Ethan M.
Published: March 2007

CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTreg) are potent inhibitors of almost all immune responses. However, it is unclear how this minor population of cells is capable of exerting its powerful suppressor effects. To determine whether nTreg mediate part of their suppressor function by rendering naive T cells anergic or by converting them to the suppressor phenotype, we cocultured mouse nTreg with naive CD4+ CD25– T cells from T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice on a RAG deficient (RAG–/–) background in the presence of anti‐CD3 and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) to promote cell viability. Two distinct responder cell populations could be recovered from the cocultures. One population remained undivided in the coculture and was non‐responsive to restimulation with anti‐CD3 or exogenous IL‐2, and could not up‐regulate IL‐2 mRNA or CD25 expression upon TCR restimulation. Those responder cells that had divided in the coculture were anergic to restimulation with anti‐CD3 but responded to restimulation with IL‐2. The undivided population was capable of suppressing the response of fresh CD4+ CD25– T cells and CD8+ T cells, while the divided population was only marginally suppressive. Although cell contact between the induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) and the responders was required for suppression to be observed, anti‐transforming growth factor‐β partially abrogated their suppressive function. The iTreg did not express Foxp3. Therefore nTreg are not only able to suppress immune responses by inhibiting cytokine production by CD4+ CD25– responder cells, but also appear to modulate the responder cells to render them both anergic and suppressive.
Older caregivers’ coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to quality of life
Authors: Ekwall Anna Kristensson , Sivberg Bengt , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm
Published: March 2007

Aim.  This paper reports a study to investigate coping strategies and sense of coherence in relation to gender, the extent of care, caregiving activities and health‐related quality of life in a population‐based sample of caregivers aged 75 and over.

Background.  Caring for another person can be stressful both emotionally, and caregiver burden may affect quality of life in a negative way for the carer. Caregivers’ experience of burden may depend on for example, the behaviour of the person cared for, their own health and their sense of coherence. Older people take a great part of caregiving responsibility and thus understanding of their strain and coping is required.

Methods.  A postal survey was carried out in 2001 with 171 informal caregivers, aged 75 or older. The response rate was 47%. The questionnaire included the Short‐Form 12, Carer's Assessment of Managing Index, and Sense of Coherence instrument.

Results.  Almost 70% of caregivers provided help every day. Higher health‐related quality of life was predicted by using self‐sustaining coping strategies and by high sense of coherence. Poor economic situation and demanding social and practical support predicted low scores.

Conclusion.  These findings could help identify those at risk of low quality of life due to caregiving, dysfunctional coping or lack of information about care. Early intervention, including education about alternative coping strategies and practical information, might allow caregivers better possibilities to continue caring with less negative effects on their lives.
Establishing a super‐link system: spinal cord injury rehabilitation nursing
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Yu , Boore Jennifer R.P.
Published: March 2007

Aim.  This paper reports a study to identify the needs of clients with spinal cord injury and their family/carers during rehabilitation, and the strategies used by rehabilitation nurses to meet those needs.

Background.  In Taiwan, spinal cord injury is a major problem with financial implications for the state and major bio‐psycho‐social and spiritual implications for the individual. Rehabilitation nurses do not have an appropriate nursing theory to guide their care.

Methods.  Using a grounded theory approach, data were collected from October 2002 to March 2003 in a rehabilitation hospital in Taiwan by means of interviews, participant observations and documentary resources; analysis was an interrelated process. A total of 39 interviews was carried out with 31 individuals, including eight rehabilitation nurses, one nurse supervisor, seven clients with tetraplegia, eight with paraplegia and seven family/carers. There were 18 participant observations. Data were analysed using a multi‐step analytic procedure, based on the works of Glaser, Charmaz, and Strauss and Corbin.

Findings.  The core category, ‘establishing a super‐link system’, explained the complex structure of interactions observed during the investigation and the importance of developing a middle‐range theory entitled the ‘Super‐Link System Theory’. This theory includes the following four links: ‘linking to client’, ‘linking to family/carer’, ‘linking to interdisciplinary rehabilitation team’ and ‘linking to community’.

Conclusion.  This Super‐Link System Theory will help rehabilitation nurses to organize their thinking about spinal cord injury rehabilitation nursing, to transfer their thinking into practice by making links effective, and to promote their professional position in the interdisciplinary rehabilitation team.
PCR‐RFLP genotypes associated with quinolone resistance in isolates of Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Authors: Izumi S , Ouchi S , Kuge T , Arai H , Mito T , Fujii H , Aranishi F , Shimizu A
Published: March 2007

A novel genotyping method for epizootiological studies of bacterial cold‐water disease caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum and associated with quinolone resistance was developed. Polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was performed on 244 F. psychrophilum isolates from various fish species. PCR was performed with primer pair GYRA‐FP1F and GYRA‐FP1R amplifying the A subunit of the DNA gyrase (GyrA) gene, which contained the quinolone resistance determining region. Digestion of PCR products with the restriction enzyme Mph1103I showed two genotypes, QR and QS. The difference between these genotypes was amino acid substitutions at position 83 of GyrA (Escherichia coli numbering). The genotype QR indicated an alanine residue at this position associated with quinolone resistance in F. psychrophilum isolates. Of the 244 isolates tested in this study, the number of QR genotype isolates was 153 (62.7%). In isolates from ayu (n = 177), 146 (82.5%) were genotype QR. With combination of this technique and previously reported PCR‐RFLP genotyping, eight genotypes were observed in F. psychrophilum isolates. Using this genotyping system, the relationships between genotype and host fish species, or locality of isolation, were analysed and are discussed.
Metoclopramide modifies oral cephalexin pharmacokinetics in dogs
Authors: PRADOS A. P. , KREIL V. , ALBARELLOS G. , WAXMAN S. , REBUELTO M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether previous administration of metoclopramide affects cephalexin pharmacokinetics after its oral administration in dogs as well as whether these changes impair its predicted clinical efficacy. Six healthy beagle dogs were included in this study. Oral 25 mg/kg cephalexin monohydrate and intravenous 0.5 mg/kg metoclopramide HCl single doses were administered. Each dog received cephalexin or cephalexin following metoclopramide, with a 2‐week washout period. Plasma concentrations of cephalexin were determined by microbiological assay. Cephalexin peak plasma concentration and area under the curve from 0 to infinity significantly increased from 18.77 ± 2.8 μg/mL and 82.65 ± 10.4 μg·h/mL to 21.88 ± 0.8 μg/mL and 113.10 ± 20.9 μg·h/mL, respectively, after pretreatment with metoclopramide. No differences between treatments were found for other pharmacokinetic parameters. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices calculated for highly susceptible staphylococci were similar for both experiences. Metoclopramide pretreatment may have increased cephalexin absorption by affecting its delivery to the intestine, and/or enhancing intestinal transporter PEPT1 function. Neither difference in the efficacy of cephalexin nor an increase in toxicity is expected as a result of this modification. Consequently, no dose adjustment is required in cephalexin‐treated patients pretreated with metoclopramide.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of nimesulide in goats
Authors: RAO G. S. , MALIK J. K. , SIDDARAJU V. B. , SHANKARAMURTHY N. C.
Published: March 2007

The pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 selective nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug nimesulide were investigated in female goats following intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration at a dose of 4 mg/kg BW. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture at predetermined times after drug administration. Plasma concentrations of nimesulide were determined by a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography method. Plasma concentration–time data were subjected to compartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic parameters for nimesulide after i.v. and i.m. administration were calculated according to two‐ and one‐compartment open models respectively. Following i.v. administration, a rapid distribution phase was followed by the slower elimination phase. The half‐lives during the distribution phase (t1/2α) and terminal elimination phase (t1/2β) were 0.11 ± 0.10 and 7.99 ± 2.23 h respectively. The steady‐state volume of distribution (Vd(ss)), total body clearance (ClB) and mean residence time (MRT) of nimesulide were 0.64 ± 0.13 L/kg, 0.06 ± 0.02 L/h/kg and 11.72 ± 3.42 h respectively. After i.m. administration, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of nimesulide was 2.83 ± 1.11 μg/mL attained at 3.6 ± 0.89 h (tmax). Plasma drug levels were detectable up to 72 h. Following i.m. injection, thet1/2βandMRTof nimesulide were 1.63 and 1.73 times longer, respectively, than the i.v. administration. The bioavailability of nimesulide was 68.25% after i.m. administration at 4 mg/kg BW. These pharmacokinetic data suggest that nimesulide given intramuscularly may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory disease conditions in goats.
Blind component separation for polarized observations of the cosmic microwave background
Authors: Aumont J. , Macías-Pérez J. F.
Published: March 2007

We present in this paper the PolEMICA (Polarized Expectation-Maximization Independent Component Analysis) algorithm which is an extension to polarization of the SMICA (Spectral Matching Independent Component Analysis) temperature multidetectors multicomponents (MD-MC) component separation method. This algorithm allows us to estimate blindly in harmonic space multiple physical components from multidetectors polarized sky maps. Assuming a linear noisy mixture of components we are able to reconstruct jointly the anisotropies electromagnetic spectra of the components for each mode T, E and B, as well as the temperature and polarization spatial power spectra, TT, EE, BB, TE, TB and EB for each of the physical components and for the noise on each of the detectors. PolEMICA is specially developed to estimate the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature and polarization power spectra from sky observations including both CMB and foreground emissions. This has been tested intensively using as a first approach full-sky simulations of the Planck satellite polarized channels for a 14-month nominal mission assuming a simplified linear sky model including CMB, and optionally Galactic synchrotron emission and a Gaussian dust emission. Finally, we have applied our algorithm to more realisticPlanck full-sky simulations, including synchrotron, realistic dust and free–free emissions.
International study into the use of intermittent hormone therapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate: a meta‐analysis of 1446 patients
Authors: Shaw Greg L. , Wilson Peter , Cuzick Jack , Prowse David M. , Goldenberg S. Larry , Spry Nigel A. , Oliver Tim
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE

To review pooled phase II data to identify features of different regimens of intermittent hormone therapy (IHT), developed to reduce the morbidity of treating metastatic prostate cancer, and which carries a theoretical advantage of delaying the onset of androgen‐independent prostate cancer, (AIPC) that are associated with success, highlighting features which require exploration with prospective trials to establish the best strategies for using this treatment.

METHODS

Individual data were collated on 1446 patients with adequate information, from 10 phase II studies with >50 cases, identified through Pubmed.

RESULTS

Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were developed to predict treatment success with a high degree of statistical success. The prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir, the PSA threshold to restart treatment, and medication type and duration, were important predictors of outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

The duration of biochemical remission after a period of HT is a durable early indicator of how rapidly AIPC and death will occur, and will make a useful endpoint in future trials to investigate the best ways to use IHT based on the important treatment cycling variables described above. Patients spent a mean of 39% of the time off treatment. The initial PSA level and PSA nadir allow the identification of patients with prostate cancer in whom it might be possible to avoid radical therapy.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A RESPONSE TO NYIKA
Authors: VAN BOGAERT DONNA KNAPP
Published: March 2007

Like other so‐called ‘parallel’ practices in medicine, traditional medicine (TM) does not avoid criticism or even rejection. Nyika’s article ‘Ethical and Regulatory Issues Surrounding African Traditional Medicine in the Context of HIV/AIDS’ looks at some of the issues from a traditional Western ethical perspective and suggests that it should be rejected. I respond to this article agreeing with Nyika’s three major criticisms: lack of informed consent, confidentiality and paternalism. However, as traditional healers are consulted by over 70% of South Africans before any other type of healthcare professional, a blanket negation of TM is not possible, nor is it politically feasible. A pragmatic approach would be to work within the current structures for positive change. I point out that, as all cultural practices do, TM will change over time. Yet, until some regulations and change occur, the problem of harm to patients remains a major concern.
THE ECONOMIST, “CONSIDER JAPAN”
Authors: KISHI KōICHI
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Akamatsu Kaname , Noda Fukuo , Uchida Naosaku , Nagai Shinichi
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

JAN TINBERGEN, Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy.

MYRON WEINER, The Politics of Scarcity—Public Pressure and Political Response in India.

LEA E. WILLIAMS, Overseas Chinese Nationalism: the Genesis of the Pan‐Chinese Movement in Indonesia, 1900–1916.

Lucian W. Pye, Politics, Personality and Nation Building: Burma's Search for Identity.
MARX'S VIEW OF ASIAN SOCIETY AND HIS “ASIATIC MODE OF PRODUCTION”
Authors: SHIOZAWA KIMIO
Published: March 2007

In this article Marx's view of Asian society and his “Asiatic mode of production’ are analysed. It is concluded that Marx at first regarded Asian society as a special society which was stagnant and devoid of history, but that at length he overcame this view, considered that the Asiatic mode of production was begotten out of the dissolution of primitive society and was the earliest form of class society and the specific mode of production preceding the ancient mode of production, and placed this mode of production in the series of historical stages of development. Thereafter the author sets out his own views regarding the logical structure of the genesis, development, and fall of this Asiatic mode of production.
BOEKE'S VIEW OF EASTERN SOCIETY — With Special Reference to His Critics —
Authors: YAMADA HIDEO
Published: March 2007

Today those who characterize the economy of underdeveloped areas by the coexistence of a modern sector and a pre‐modern sector within one political unit tend to refer to J. H. Boeke as a pioneer exponent in theorizing this dualism. But his dualism differs from the economic dualism of this sort. Again it differs from the so‐called sociological dualism, despite his emphasis on social dualism. By confusing theoretically social dualism with economic dualism, he advocates in effect what is called a socio‐economic approach. Inspite of Boeke's logical inconsistency abundant in his theorizing, what he was virtually claiming in order to find the real cause of economic stagnation in Eastern colonial society was the importance of making searching inquiry into the structural interrelationship between economic factors and social factors.
THE JAPANESE LAND REFORM: ITS EFFICACY AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: ÕCHI TSUTOMU
Published: March 2007

Land Reform in Japan has been regarded as one of the most successful and drastic in the world. But it has been confronting the new phase of structural problems which requires resolution from the point of view of the long‐run prospect of agriculture and national economy.

Policies for establishment of owner‐farmers introduced by the reform gave an incentive to high productivity and secured the stability of the farmer's household. However, since the stage of so‐called High Economic Growth, the small‐scale farming and fragmentary holding of arable land have resulted in a bottleneck to the further development of the Japanese economy.
AGRARIAN REFORM IN MEXICO: AN INTERPRETATION
Authors: OKABE HIROJI
Published: March 2007

The Agrarian Reform in Mexico has been capitalist in nature ever since its initiation. The difference in opinion between the radical and the conservative groups lies in which path should be taken for capitalist development, whether or not some precapitalist elements should be permitted to remain. It has become increasingly difficult to develop capitalism in its pure form because industrialists have acquired vested interests. The reason for the failure of the Agrarian Reform to liberate working farmers from poverty and desolation is to be found in the nature of the socio‐economic structure as a whole, not in the reform's inability to enhance productivity, nor any lack of measures to implement it.
DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT AND MARKETED SURPLUS OF FOODGRAINS IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY
Authors: EZEKIEL HANNAN
Published: March 2007

The thesis of Balanced Growth in the underdeveloped countries provided by Prof. Nurkse was strengthened by this essay throwing light on the problems which were not deeply treated in the original theoretical frame; and some critical comments were included in this paper against the criticism which has been brought against Nurkse's theory.
THE NORTH‐SOUTH PROBLEM AND JAPAN
Authors: Miyazaki Yoshikazu
Published: March 2007

The author intends to clarify the poverty of the prevailing economic theories for the fundamental solution of the new “World Dispute.” The so‐called “Theory of Modern Capitalism” was characterized as backward nationalism expressing the interests of the industrialized countries, in contrast to the forward nationalism of growing countries who are demanding the renovation of the present international economic system.

This paper contains some proposals in order to take a step further towards solving the problem of integrating both the backward and forward aspects of nationalism, which by nature is dual.
THE NATURE OF THE RECTIFICATION MOVEMENT IN CHINA
Authors: Niijima Atsuyoshi
Published: March 2007

The Rectification (Cheng Feng) Movement carried on by the Yenan Government between 1941 and 1945 is the archetype of the Movements of the present day. The Rectification Movement is carried out on the basis of the three necessities of (1) re‐education of the Party member, (2) mobilizing everyone for production, and (3) overcoming “right” or “left” deviations within the Party, and is an intra‐Party educational movement which spreads outwards from the Party among the masses who are not members of the Party. Although the Rectification Movement was an intra‐Party movement it differed from a “purge,” and had as its aim the re‐education of the opposition.
THE INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN JAPAN
Authors: ISHIZAKI TADAO
Published: March 2007

In this paper the author has atempted to clarify the characteristic of the chanes in he income distribution in post‐war Japan, in particular from he viewpoint of income equalization. The problem of equaliation in income distribution is the most important one for every welfare state, and in the case of Japan, there is a willingnes to create a welfare state, whether the trend of income distribution trends towards equalizations or not is attracting increasing atention among he authorities and among persons having an interest in Japanee affaris. The results of the author's analyses show an equalization trend up to 1949; an unequalization trend after 950; and again an equalization trend from around 1965.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FINANCE IN THE MEIJI PERIOD (THE PERIOD OF TAKE‐OFF)
Authors: ASAKURA KŌKICHI
Published: March 2007

The financiers and merchants had accumulated enormous amounts of capital by the end of the Tokugawa period. The finance of the Meiji period remained in the hands of these men hence reflected to a great extent a pre‐modern type of finance.

Furthermore, the fact that the financial sector was able to contribute to increases in productivity and to become one factor in providing a base for economic take‐off may be attributed to financing carried out on the profitable and safe security of landed property. This type of credit is a special characteristic of Japanese finance, and has been one of the factors sustaining the recent high rate of economic growth.
RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH IN POST‐WAR JAPAN —With Special References to “Excessive Competition” and the Formation of “Keiretsu”
Authors: MIYAZAKI YOSHIKAZU
Published: March 2007

This article intends to analyse the “miraculous” economic growth of post‐war Japan from three points of view: the aqcquisition of investmnet funds by enterprises, the investment behaviour of enterprises, and the role of the government. It is revealed that the economy, after the dissolution of the pre‐war zaibatsu, has passed through a unique reorganization process, i.c., the formation of keiretsu. In this process there has been excessive competition among enterprises, and the competition has played the role of the driving force realizing the rapid economic growth.
DIVERSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN SOME SOUTH‐EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES
Authors: DESHPANDE V. D.
Published: March 2007

An attempt is made in this paper to study the diversification of agricultural production attained during the 1950's by some of the Southeast Asian countries. Diversification of agricultural production was thought to be one of the important steps towards the transformation of a colonial economy into a national one. Characteristics of the colonial economy in the context of conditions around 1950 have been exhaustively studied from time to time.1 During the subsequent years, however, conditions changed and new forms of dependence on the metropolitan countries emerged. These were summarized by the term neo‐colonialism, the main characteristics of which are dependence on foreign collaboration for industrialization and chronic foreign exchange difficulties. It is not necessary to go into details of this problem in this paper.
THE CONDITIONS GOVERNING AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: MOTOOKA TAKESHI
Published: March 2007

The author was Director of the Bangkok Office of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies of Kyoto University from 1963 to 1966, during which period he made a study of agricultural development in Thialand and also visited the various countries of Southeast Asia. On the basis of this field‐work he makes clear the factors impeding the development of agriculture in Southeast Asia with regard to such matters as decision‐making units, capital, socio‐economic conditions, technology, and prices, and goes on to advocate some feasible development policies.
PADDY FARMING AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN A MALAY VILLAGE —A Social Anthropological Study of a Community in Kedah —
Authors: KUCHIBA MASUO , TSUBOUCHI YOSHIHIRO
Published: March 2007

This paper is an outline of a social anthropological study concerning the relationship between paddy farming and social structure in a Malay paddy‐farming village in Kedah, Malaysia. In particular the following topics are discussed: the influence of natural environment on the peasants' health and labour power; the dynamic relationship of the Malay family and inheritance patterns with the nature of landholding and the tenancy system; the changing aspects of the co‐operative labour system; the prospects for formation of co‐operative associations, etc.
STRATEGIC ELEMENTS IN THE RAPID ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TAIWAN
Authors: KAWANO SHIGETŌ
Published: March 2007

The termination of the Japanese colonial tie, the new supply of American aid, and the peculiar domestic conditions, etc., acted, through multiple processes, as impeding as well as accelerating factors for the post‐war economic development of Taiwan. By tracing these processes, the author tries to suggest that there may be such general factors as will effectively be applicable to the other underdeveloped countries on the one hand, and such historical, social, and international factors which may preclude their ready applicability on the other.
RESOURCE FLOW BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY —The Chinese Experience*—
Authors: ISHIKAWA SHIGERU.
Published: March 2007

The author has previously been engaged in a series of comparative studies on the role of the agricultural sector among the developing countries, being in doubt about the validity of the generally recognized view that in those countries much of the capital for industrialization has been supplied from this sector. For the purpose of re‐examining this view, in this article the author analyses the resource outflow‐inflow position of the agricultural sector in the Chinese economy and presents a grave question: Can the agricultural sector provide sufficient capital for industrial development in developing countries?
COMPARISON OF THE SOCIALIST ECONOMIES IN CHINA AND KOREA
Authors: MOTOHASHI ATSUSHI.
Published: March 2007

The socialist economies of the Far East, Mainland China and North Korea, started their economic development from the condition of colonial agricultural countries, so that the initial social reforms, especially Land Reform, are of extremely great significance for their development. In the socialist economies the reconstruction of their economies comes earlier than socialist industrialization, and, in particular, the agricultural co‐operatives precede mechanization and electrification. The organized use of labour power as one of the productive forces becomes important and this seems characteristic of the Asian pattern of socialism. From such a viewpoint as this, the present author tries to compare the two economies.
THE PRICING SYSTEM IN PUBLIC ENTERPRISE IN INDIA
Authors: RAMANADHAM V. V.
Published: March 2007

This review of pricing in Indian public enterprise is broadly concerned with the relationship, planned or actual, between prices and surpluses, the distinctive techniques of pricing adopted by different public enterprises, and the conceptual as well as the practical implications of the pricing policies adopted in the public sector. Except for a few remarks on state government enterprises which, in fields other than electricity and road transport, yet constitute a relatively small segment of the public sector in the country, the present study relates mainly to the enterprises of the central government.
SARIT AND THAILAND'S “PRO‐AMERICAN POLICY”
Authors: YANO TōRU
Published: March 2007

The idea of “pro‐Americanism,” appearing at the same time as America's sense of world mission, is a phenomenon of the post World War II period, and for this reason has a very short history. The basic point is that “pro‐Americanism”fluctuates according to American conditions, but fundamentally it is controlled by the internal conditions of the “pro‐American”country. At the same time, as in most diplomatic relations, “pro‐Americanism”is too a basically unstable condition and by trying to stabilize it and make it permanent, both American and the other countries undergo severe stresses. The “pro‐American”relationship which ties the United States with numerous small countries in a chiefly bilateral relationship is certainly not immutable. How should the changes be measured and in what context should they be viewed? I shall take the case of Thailand, the most “pro‐American”of the Southeast Asian countries. I shall be looking at political leadership as the basic key to the changes, and from this angle the main problem of this article is how to evaluate the part played by Sarit.
TRADITIONAL AND MODERN INDUSTRIES IN INDIA
Authors: KOGA MASANORI
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author attempts to clarify the actual condition of traditional industries and the main trends in their changes, giving a definition of their relation with modern industry. First, the author presents a definition of traditional industry, then shows statistically that small‐scale industry is mainly composed of traditional industries. Second, the author investigates the existing forms of small‐scale industries in terms of groups and areas, using the results of the National Sample Surveys. The detrimental factors impeding the growth and transformation of traditional industries into modern small‐scale industries are also examined. Third, the author tries to clarify the reasons why the traditional industries have strongly competitive powers vis‐à‐vis modern industry and why they have continued to exist.
THE DEBATABLE ISSUES IN THE STUDY OF THE CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF INDIA*
Authors: NAKAMURA HEIJI.
Published: March 2007

The present study is an attempt to present the issues which arise out of the task of making a historical evaluation of the major problems in the development of contemporary Indian history. First, the period from the Indian Rebellion to World War I is defined as the transition stage from modern history to contemporary history. Second, the problems in contemporary Indian history after World War I have been reviewed applying the rules of historical methodology. Finally, the problems of the post‐independence era are considered mainly from the aspects of the role of Jawaharlal Nehru, of the changes in the character of the Congress Government, and of the split of the Communist Party and its ideological struggles. An attempt has also been made to forecast the India's prospects from the point of view of unity of the nation‐states in South Asia.
TOWARD AN AUTONOMOUS HISTORY OF INDONESIA
Authors: NAGAZUMI AKIRA.
Published: March 2007

The chronicles of pre‐colonial Indonesia were influenced by Hindu legends and by the concept of divine kingship and the cyclical view of history both of which stemmed from Hindu Philosophy. It was not until the late eighteenth century that the Europeans initiated scientific studies of Indonesian history. By the end of the nineteenth century these studies had evolved into what might be called Dutch colonial history with its primary interest in the expansion of Dutch power in Indonesia. Indonesian nationalists have subsequently tried to revive their own history. Although the idea of “Indonesia‐centric” history was advocated after independence, the writing of history for political purposes is being replaced by more substantial studies in each field of history.
THE CAMPESINOS' PERSPECTIVES IN LATIN AMERICA*
Authors: FEDER ERNEST
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the aborted attempts at land reform in Latin America during the 1960's and outlook for 1970–1980. It has long been evident to the sophisticated—and even to less alert—observers of the Latin American panorama that land reforms are both an essential prerequisite for improving the welfare of the hard‐pressed campasinos (peasants) and a cornerstone of general economic, political and social progress.
STABILIZATION AND ADJUSTMENT: A SECOND LOOK AT THE SRI LANKAN EXPERIENCE, 1977–93
Authors: DUNHAM David , KELEGAMA Saman
Published: March 2007

Mainstream thinking on economic policy assumes a logical progression from stabilization to liberalization and adjustment that is rarely attainable in practice. Most developing countries have been forced to undertake them simultaneously with a resulting tension between them, and with conflicting demands being made on economic policy. This paper reexamines Sri Lankan economic performance in the 1980s from this perspective. It argues that the pristine application of theory is not an appropriate yardstick and that “economic mismanagement” is at best an incomplete explanation of what was happening. It contends that incompatible demands were at the time being made on economic policy, and stresses the importance of external shocks and the political sustainability of the reform process.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Satō Yukihito , Abe Makoto
Published: March 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:

Enterprise and the State in Korea and Taiwan.

Industrialization and the State: The Korean Heavy and Chemical Industry Drive.
THE GLOBAL BANK MERGER WAVE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: DYMSKI GARY A.
Published: March 2007

This paper reconsiders causes and implications of the global bank merger wave, especially for developing economies. Previous studies of the global bank mergers—that is, mergers between banks from different nations—had assumed that these combinations are efficiency‐driven, and that the U.S. case defines the paradigm for all other nations' banking systems. This paper argues that the U.S. experience is unique, not paradigmatic, and that bank mergers are not efficiency‐driven; instead, this merger wave has arisen because of macrostructural circumstances and because of shifts over time in banks' strategic motives. This paper argues that large, offshore banks often engage in cross‐border mergers because they want to provide financial services to households and firms that have reached minimal threshold wealth levels. For developing economies, this suggests that cross‐border acquisitions of local banks by offshore banks will have mixed effects; and it cannot be assumed that the net social impact is positive.
THE IMPACT OF M&As ON SHAREHOLDER WEALTH: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWANESE CORPORATIONS
Authors: TSUNG‐MING YEH , HOSHINO YASUO
Published: March 2007

This study, using forty‐six M&A events in Taiwan between 1987 and 1998, investigates the effects of M&As on shareholder wealth. The shareholders of the acquiring firms gain modestly positive abnormal returns around the announcement dates. We also distinguish M&As of different purposes, finding that M&As for technology‐acquiring purposes are most favored by the market, while vertical M&As are detrimental to shareholder wealth.
SHOULD THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES FORM A CURRENCY UNION?
Authors: NG Thiam Hee
Published: March 2007

This paper examines some of the factors related to the formation of a currency union in Southeast Asia. The main part of the paper presents the results of our examination of the correlation of shocks for the Southeast Asian countries using a structural vector autoregression. The shocks are identified using restrictions on the long‐run coefficient matrix as suggested by Blanchard and Quah (1989). The correlations of shocks for the EU and NAFTA countries are used for comparison. The Southeast Asian countries are shown to have more strongly correlated shocks than the EU countries. Compared with the NAFTA countries, external shocks are more closely correlated for the ASEAN countries, but the supply and demand shocks are less correlated. Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia, in particular, exhibit a high degree of correlation of shocks. Other criteria for monetary union, such as intra‐regional trade, openness of the economy, and similarity of monetary policy are also examined.
CAPITAL STRUCTURES IN EMERGING STOCK MARKETS: THE CASE OF HUNGARY
Authors: NIVOROZHKIN Eugene
Published: March 2007

This paper studies developments in the Hungarian capital markets during 1992–95 and investigates the determinants of the capital structures of companies listed on the Budapest Stock Exchange. Hungarian companies had very low leverage ratios. Empirical findings indicate that the negative relationship between leverage and proportion of tangible assets was primarily caused by the lack of long‐term debt financing. The relationship between leverage and the size of the company provides some indication of the importance of trade credits for the companies. The more profitable companies had less debt than less profitable ones. This is attributed to the firms’financial incentives aggravated by the segmentation of Hungarian credit markets and credit rationing within the financial environment. Manufacturing firms and firms with the state among their major shareholders enjoyed higher levels of debt financing relative to other companies.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO CHINA BY HONG KONG'S CROSS‐BORDER GARMENT FIRMS
Authors: THOMPSON EDMUND R.
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong manufacturers have historically been one of the main sources of foreign direct investment to China, but their contribution to the transfer of technology to the mainland has been questioned due to the generally labor‐ rather than capital‐intensive, low‐value‐adding activities they perform there. Using data from eighty‐four Hong Kong‐based garment manufacturers that have invested directly in mainland China, this paper examines the role of Hong Kong FDI in the transfer of technology to China. Analyses show that Hong Kong garment firms are in fact human‐capital‐intensive and are endowed with valuable managerial technology and, moreover, act as effective channels for the transfer of such technology to mainland China.
THE MIDDLE CLASSES IN THAILAND: THE RISE OF THE URBAN INTELLECTUAL ELITE AND THEIR SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: FUNATSU TSURUYO , KAGOYA KAZUHIRO
Published: March 2007

This paper, based on an analysis of quantitative survey data, reexamines the stereotype of the Thai “middle class” as a homogeneous elite class at loggerheads with the lower strata. Our results support the contention that the Thai middle classes are, in fact, of mixed social origins, and suggest that their process of emergence is characterized by the fact that a large number have risen from the lower urban strata We argue that because of these characteristics, the social consciousness of the Thai middle classes is more complex than the stereotyped explanation, and contains elements that cannot be fully explained by a perspective based on class theory
THE EFFECTS OF WORKERS' REGION OF BIRTH ON LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA
Authors: KIM Yong‐Min , PARK Ki Seong
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we investigate empirically whether there are differences in labor market outcomes according to workers' region of birth. We also investigate whether wage differentials by region of birth are due to taste discrimination, statistical discrimination as measurement error, or both of these things. The empirical analyses based on the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) data show the following. First, Honam‐born workers have a higher migration ratio to other regions than Youngnam‐born workers. Second, workers born in other regions have a higher propensity to become contingent workers and are paid significantly lower wages than Seoul/Kyonggi‐born workers. Finally, our empirical tests support the third hypothesis that wage differentials by region of birth are attributable partly to statistical discrimination as measurement error and partly to taste discrimination. We rejected a hypothesis based solely on taste discrimination as well as a hypothesis based solely on statistical discrimination as measurement error.
DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT IN INDIA: THE ROLE OF RETURN, RISK, AND INFLATION
Authors: RAI Kulwant , BHANUMURTHY N. R.
Published: March 2007

The present study examines the determinants of foreign institutional investments (FII) in India, which by January 2003 almost exceeded U.S. $12 billion. Given the huge volume of these flows and their impact on the other domestic financial markets, understanding the behavior of the flows becomes very important, especially at a time of liberalizing the capital account. By using monthly data, we found that FII inflow depends on stock market returns, inflation rates (both domestic and foreign), and ex‐ante risk. In terms of magnitude, the impact of stock market returns and the ex‐ante risk turned out to be the major determinants of FII inflow. Unlike some of the other investigations of this topic, our study has not found any causative link running from FII inflow to stock returns. Stabilizing stock market volatility and minimizing the ex‐ante risk would help to attract more FII, an inflow of which has a positive impact on the real economy.
THE DETERMINANTS OF GRADE ATTAINMENT IN LOW‐INCOME COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: GRIRA Hayfa
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the effects of child health on school enrollment and grade attainment in Bungladesh. It improves on past studies in a number of ways mainly by incorporating into its analysis the endogenous nature of child health. The results challenge the conclusions found in the literature. First, it finds that in Bangladesh, a child's health and his/her probability of being enrolled in school are at best weakly related. Second, it shows that once enrolled, nutritional deficiencies retard substantially school progress: Underweight children tend to be in lower grades than well‐fed children of the same age. It is estimated that a one standard deviation improvement in weight‐for‐age would be expected to reduce the grades behind by about 0.25 years or about 13.5 percent of the actual years completed. Finally, the estimates suggest that the weight‐for‐age indicator appears as the best predictor of nutritional status.
ARE PRIVATE TRANSFERS CROWDED OUT BY PUBLIC TRANSFERS? THE CASE OF NEPAL
Authors: KANG Sung Jin
Published: March 2007

Using household data from Nepal for 1995/96, this paper investigates the motives underlying private transfers and examines whether or not public transfers crowded out private transfers and the resultant effects on income inequality. The estimation results of Probit and Tobit models show that the private transfers received were altruistically motivated while public transfers exerted no crowding‐out effect. Although the probability of receiving private transfers decreases with household size, having more children or more elderly members of the family increases the probability as well as the amount of transfers. By contrast, the age of the household head does not appear to be a significant factor. Furthermore, the study shows that public transfers did not contribute to a lowering of income inequalities among households. These findings suggest that the Government of Nepal should design its public transfer schemes in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of its social safety net programs.
LATIN AMERICAN EXPORT SPECIALIZATION IN RESOURCE‐BASED PRODUCTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GROWTH
Authors: BATISTA JORGE CHAMI
Published: March 2007

Given Latin America's general specialization in resource‐based products, this paper focuses on the question of whether or not a country specialized in resource‐based products can have high rates of export and economic growth. To examine this question, an attempt is made to develop and apply a new taxonomy to a sample of resource‐based products exported by Latin American countries to the United States. This taxonomy is based on the role played by prices in the mechanism through which countries compete in specific international product markets. Resource‐based products are then classified as homogeneous, differentiated, or highly differentiated goods. The paper argues that exports of countries specialized in differentiated or highly differentiated goods tend to be much more dynamic than of those specialized in homogeneous goods.
FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE WELFARE STATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA: PROCESS OF REFORM OF THE PUBLIC ASSISTANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Jo‐Seol Kim
Published: March 2007

The legal framework for social security in the Republic of Korea began to be formed in the early 1960s (the first period) and further progress was made during the process of democratization in the 1980s (the second period). However, it remained a “top‐down” residual system, preserving conservative elements. With the constitutional lawsuit over the right to life in 1994 as a turning point, however, there was a major shift to a universal system, supported by “bottom‐up” efforts through petitions to the National Assembly and legislation by Assembly members. This led to the enactment of the Framework Act on Social Security (1995), the National Basic Livelihood Security Act (1999) and other measures (the third period). This paper attempts to analyze the Korean‐style welfare state by tracking these institutional changes as well as the main actors.
Hegel's Theory of Freedom
Authors: Matarrese Craig
Published: March 2007

Hegel's theory of freedom is complex and sweeping, and while most interpreters of Hegel will readily agree that it is the centerpiece of his political philosophy, perhaps also of his social philosophy and philosophy of history, they will just as readily disagree about what exactly the theory claims. Such interpretive disagreements have fueled, in large part, the resurgence of interest in Hegelian philosophy over the last few decades.
REDUCTIONS IN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION DURING DIVES AND ESTIMATED SUBMERGENCE LIMITATIONS OF STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS)
Authors: Hastie Gordon D. , Rosen David A. S. , Trites Andrew W.
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Accurate estimates of diving metabolic rate are central to assessing the energy needs of marine mammals. To circumvent some of the limitations inherent with conducting energy studies in both the wild and captivity, we measured diving oxygen consumption of two trained Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in the open ocean. The animals dived to predetermined depths (5–30 m) for controlled periods of time (50–200 s). Rates of oxygen consumption were measured using open‐circuit respirometry before and after each dive. Mean resting rates of oxygen consumption prior to the dives were 1.34 (±0.18) and 1.95 (±0.19) liter/min for individual sea lions. Mean rates of oxygen consumption during the dives were 0.71 (±0.24) and 1.10 (±0.39) liter/min, respectively. Overall, rates of oxygen consumption during dives were significantly lower (45% and 41%) than the corresponding rates measured before dives. These results provide the first estimates of diving oxygen consumption rate for Steller sea lions and show that this species can exhibit a marked decrease in oxygen consumption relative to surface rates while submerged. This has important consequences in the evaluation of physiological limitations associated with diving such as dive duration and subsequent interpretations of diving behavior in the wild.