bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defective Lithium Storage Boosts High Rate and Long‐Life Span of Carbon Fibers
Authors: Li Zhi , Li Gangyong , Ouyang Jie , He Binhong , Chen Liang , Wang Wei , Zhou Minjie , Xu Wenyuan , Zhang Yuxia , Hou Zhaohui
Published: May 2019

Carbonaceous‐based materials have been extensively investigated as anode of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to their low‐cost and good stability. However, the charge storage mechanism of graphitic carbon based on insertion/deinsertion of Li+ ions is difficult to meet the needs for high‐performance LIBs because of the low specific capacity and limited rate property, and thus, it is quite necessary to develop novel carbon‐based anode materials beyond traditional energy storage mechanism. Herein, we demonstrate that appropriate thermal treatment endows N‐doped carbon fibers (N‐CFs) with attractive merits in LIB application, and show that N‐CFs with dominated capacitive contribution exhibit superior Li‐storage properties in the aspects of high reversible capacity (864.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (212.1 mAh g−1 at a super‐high current density of 20 A g−1), and long‐life span (no capacity decay over 2000 cycles at 5.0 A g−1) in half‐cells. The remarkable Li‐storage performance of N‐CFs can be attributed to the capacitive contribution‐dominated energy storage mechanism.
Catalyst‐free Azo‐arylation of Arenes/Heteroarenes at Room Temperature
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Ravi Chitrakar , Joshi Abhisek , Semwal Rashmi , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: May 2019

Azo arylation of heteroarenes with aryldiazoniumtetrafluoroborate under transition metal/base‐free conditions has been described. The reactions proceed through ionic pathway without additives and oxidants. Under these conditions good to excellent yields of desired products were obtained with broad functional group tolerance. Applicability of the process for gram scale synthesis of two products has been demonstrated.
In Situ Probing Multiple‐Scale Structures of Energy Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhu He , Huang Yalan , Zhu Hekang , Wang Liguang , Lan Si , Xia Xinhui , Liu Qi
Published: May 2019

Knowledge of atomic interactions with high‐energy photons or particles has opened a window to the microscopic structures of materials. In particular, X‐rays and neutrons interact with electrons and nuclei of atoms in different ways, which enables their complementary scattering, spectroscopic, and imaging capabilities for structural characterizations. In the past decades, techniques based on X‐ray and neutron interactions, capable of being time‐resolved and combined, have been well developed for encoding structures in various length, elemental and temporal levels, and, in turn, have ignited breakthroughs in the field of battery science and engineering. Herein are reviewed the advanced in situ X‐ray and neutron techniques for studying lithium‐ion batteries, which offer dynamic observations of chemical, electronic, and geometric changes during realistic battery operations. For each of the techniques, with a brief description of the theory on account of characterizing principles is given (i.e., scattering, excitation, and emission), followed by an introduction of operando methodologies including instruments, setups, and cell designs employed in synchrotron and neutron beamlines. Finally, a few practical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of these techniques in studying Li‐ion batteries, with a particular emphasis on each of their structural sensitivities at various time, elemental, and length levels.
Water‐Based TiO2 Nanocrystal as an Electronic Transport Layer for Operationally Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Yao , Han Zhengyuan , Zhou Wenke , Li Qi , Fu Rui , Yu Dapeng , Zhao Qing
Published: May 2019

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) provide a new opportunity for next‐generation photovoltaic applications. However, traditional low‐temperature solution‐processed TiO2 that acts as an electron transport layer for PSCs shows an inferior stability compared with solar cells based on high‐temperature (typically 500 °C) TiO2; however, the high‐temperature process is energy consuming and is not compatible with flexible device processing. Traditional TiO2 nanoparticles made from titanium tetrachloride dispersed in an organic solvent usually have many organic molecules attached on their surface that lead to the formation of deep‐level defect states during long‐term operations. Herein, environmentally friendly, water‐based Cl‐passivated TiO2 nanoparticles (W‐TiO2) are invented, and surface organic molecules are removed by a vacuum rotary evaporation process. W‐TiO2‐based PSCs can reach up to a 20.5% power conversion efficiency with reduced hysteresis and can maintain 80% of their initial performance after 500 h of continuous operation under 1 sun illumination at the maximum power point. This improved performance is ascribed to the organic‐molecule‐free and Cl‐passivated surfaces. The water‐based TiO2 nanoparticle dispersion also offers a convenient and universal way to introduce other passivation agents to further improve the photovoltaic performance of PSCs.
Assessing the needs of international markets against an emerging market company's capabilities: A tool for internationalization
Authors: Piedrahita Carlos E. , De Villa Maria A.
Published: May 2019

Senior managers in emerging markets often strive to ensure that their companies develop sufficient capabilities to confront the needs they encounter in international markets. However, extant research and practice remain unclear as to how senior managers in emerging market companies can approach assessing the needs of their international markets against their own company's capabilities, to aim for a balance between both. This article offers an innovative approach for assessing the needs of international markets against an emerging market company's capabilities. Based on the assessments of 100 senior managers leading emerging market companies, we explain how this approach can provide two key insights. First, evidence of a balance between the needs of international markets and an emerging market company's capabilities, that indicates the company's competitive position is focused; or evidence of an imbalance between the needs of international markets and an emerging market company's capabilities, that indicates the company's competitive position is either vulnerable or overqualified. Second, an understanding of where the gaps between the needs of international markets and an emerging market company's capabilities are, that enables improving the company's competitive position by closing these gaps. Drawing on this approach, we offer an open access tool that allows senior managers in emerging markets to identify and improve their own company's competitive position for internationalization. Using this tool, senior managers can lead their emerging market companies toward a focused competitive position in international markets, providing better chances of successfully capturing potential benefits.
Topological couplings in higher derivative extensions of supersymmetric three-form gauge theories
Authors: Nitta Muneto , Yokokura Ryo
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We consider a topological coupling between a pseudo-scalar field and a 3- form gauge field in

$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$

N
=
1

supersymmetric higher derivative 3-form gauge theories in four spacetime dimensions. We show that ghost/tachyon-free higher derivative Lagrangians with the topological coupling can generate various potentials for the pseudo-scalar field by solving the equation of motion for the 3-form gauge field. We give two examples of higher derivative Lagrangians and the corresponding potentials: one is a quartic order term of the field strength and the other is the term which can generate a cosine-type potential of the pseudo-scalar field.
Modular symmetries and the swampland conjectures
Authors: Gonzalo E. , Ibáñez L. E. , Uranga A. M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Recent string theory tests of swampland ideas like the distance or the dS conjectures have been performed at weak coupling. Testing these ideas beyond the weak coupling regime remains challenging. We propose to exploit the modular symmetries of the moduli effective action to check swampland constraints beyond perturbation theory. As an example we study the case of heterotic 4d$$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$N=1compactifications, whose non-perturbative effective action is known to be invariant under modular symmetries acting on the Kähler and complex structure moduli, in particular SL(2,Z) T-dualities (or subgroups thereof) for 4d heterotic or orbifold compactifications. Remarkably, in models with non-perturbative superpotentials, the corresponding duality invariant potentials diverge at points at infinite distance in moduli space. The divergence relates to towers of states becoming light, in agreement with the distance conjecture. We discuss specific examples of this behavior based on gaugino condensation in heterotic orbifolds. We show that these examples are dual to compactifications of type I’ or Horava-Witten theory, in which the SL(2,Z) acts on the complex structure of an underlying 2-torus, and the tower of light states correspond to D0-branes or M-theory KK modes. The non-perturbative examples explored point to potentials not leading to weak coupling at infinite distance, but rather diverging in the asymptotic corners of moduli space, dynamically forbidding the access to points with global symmetries. We perform a study of general modular invariant potentials and find that there are dS maxima and saddle points but no dS minima, and that all examples explored obey the refined dS conjecture.
A supersymmetric color superconductor from holography
Authors: Faedo Antón F. , Mateos David , Pantelidou Christiana , Tarrío Javier
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We use holography to studyd= 4,$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$N=4, SU(Nc) super Yang-Mills coupled toNf≪Ncquark flavors. We place the theory at finite isospin densitynIby turning on an isospin chemical potentialμI=Mq, withMqthe quark mass. We also turn on two R-symmetry charge densitiesn1=n2. We show that the ground state is a supersymmetric, superfluid, color superconductor, namely a finite-density state that preserves a fraction of supersymmetry in which part of the global symmetries and part of the gauge symmetries are spontaneously broken. The holographic description consists ofNfD7-brane probes in AdS5× S5. The symmetry breaking is due to the dissolution of some D3-branes inside the D7-branes triggered by the electric field associated to the isospin charge. The massless spectrum contains Goldstone bosons and their fermionic superpartners. The massive spectrum contains long-lived, mesonic quasi-particles ifnI ≪ μI3, and no quasi-particles otherwise. We discuss the possibility that, despite the presence of mass scales and charge densities in the theory, conformal and relativistic invariance arise as emergent symmetries in the infrared.
The action with manifest E7 type symmetry
Authors: Kallosh Renata
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We generalize Cremmer-Julia 1st order action of

$$ \mathcal{N}=8 $$

N
=
8

supergravity with manifest E
7(7) symmetry to cases of

$$ \mathcal{N}=6 $$

N
=
6

with manifest SO∗(12) and

$$ \mathcal{N}=5 $$

N
=
5

with manifest SU(1, 5) duality symmetries. These U dualities belong to groups of type E7 which do not admit a symmetric bilinear invariant for vector fields. Therefore the 2d order classical action derived from the one with manifest E7 type duality has a ghost vector field which, under appropriate boundary conditions, decouples. We show that when classical

$$ \mathcal{N}\ge 5 $$

N
≥
5

supergravitiesaredeformedbyacandidateUVdivergencetheghostfielddoesnot decouple. Therefore we argue that U duality and supersymmetry suggest an explanation of the mysterious cancellation of UV infinities at L = 4,

$$ \mathcal{N}=5 $$

N
=
5

in d=4. The same reasoning implies that, in absence of duality and supersymmetry anomalies, which still require a better understanding,

$$ \mathcal{N}\ge 5 $$

N
≥
5

perturbative supergravities may be UV finite at higher-loops.
Quantized mirror curves and resummed WKB
Authors: Zakany Szabolcs
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Based on previous insights, we present an ansatz to obtain quantization conditions and eigenfunctions for a family of difference equations which arise from quantized mirror curves in the context of local mirror symmetry of toric Calabi-Yau threefolds. It is a first principles construction, which yields closed expressions for the quantization conditions and the eigenfunctions when ℏ/2π ∈ ℚ, the so-called rational case. The key ingredient is the modular duality structure of the underlying quantum integrable system. We use our ansatz to write down explicit results in some examples, which are successfully checked against purely numerical results for both the spectrum and the eigenfunctions. Concerning the quantization conditions, we also provide evidence that, in the rational case, this method yields a resummation of conjectured quantization conditions involving enumerative invariants of the underlying toric Calabi-Yau threefold.
Direct detection and LHC constraints on a t-channel simplified model of Majorana dark matter at one loop
Authors: Mohan Kirtimaan A. , Sengupta Dipan , Tait Tim M. P , Yan Bin , Yuan C.-P.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

An interesting class of models posits that the dark matter is a Majorana fermion which interacts with a quark together with a colored scalar mediator. Such a theory can be tested in direct detection experiments, through dark matter scattering with heavy nuclei, and at the LHC, via jets and missing energy signatures. Motivated by the fact that such theories have spin-independent interactions that vanish at tree level, we examine them at one loop (along with RGE improvement to resum large logs), and find that despite its occurrence at a higher order of perturbation theory, the spin-independent scattering searches typically impose the strongest constraints on the model parameter space. We further analyze the corresponding LHC constraints at one loop and find that it is important to take them into account when interpreting the implications of searches for jets plus missing momentum on this class of models, thus providing the corresponding complementary information for this class of models.
Coherent vs incoherent transport in holographic strange insulators
Authors: Andrade Tomas , Krikun Alexander
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Holographic strange metals are known to have a power law resistivity rising with temperature, which is reminiscent of the strange metal phases in condensed matter systems. In some holographic models, however, the exponent of the power law in the resistivity can be negative. In this case one encounters phases with diverging resistivity at zero temperature: holographic strange insulators.

These states arise as a result of translational symmetry breaking in the system, which can either be strong explicit and relevant in the IR, or spontaneous, but pinned by a small explicit source. In some regards, one can associate these two classes to the normal band insulators due to the strong ionic potential, and Mott insulator due to the commensurate lock in of the charge density wave.

We study different features of these classes on the explicit example of a holographic helical model with homogeneous Bianchy VII type translational symmetry breaking, and uncover the main mechanisms underlying transport in these two cases. We find that while transport in the explicit relevant case is governed by the incoherent conductivity, in the pinned spontaneous case the leading contribution comes from the coherent part.
Collinear matching for Sivers function at next-to-leading order
Authors: Scimemi Ignazio , Tarasov Andrey , Vladimirov Alexey
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We evaluate the light-cone operator product expansion for unpolarized transverse momentum dependent (TMD) operator in the background-field technique up twist-3 inclusively. The next-to-leading order (NLO) matching coefficient for the Sivers function is derived. The method, as well as many details of the calculation are presented.
The dark side of fuzzball geometries
Authors: Bianchi M. , Consoli D. , Grillo A. , Morales J. F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Black holes absorb any particle impinging with an impact parameter below a critical value. We show that 2- and 3-charge fuzzball geometries exhibit a similar trapping behaviour for a selected choice of the impact parameter of incoming massless particles. This suggests that the blackness property of black holes arises as a collective effect whereby each micro-state absorbs a specific channel.
Exploring attentional focus of older adult fallers during heightened postural threat
Authors: Ellmers Toby J. , Cocks Adam J. , Young William R.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Threats to balance, and subsequent increases in fall-related anxiety, can disrupt attentional processing during gait in older adults, leading to behavioral adaptations which may increase fall risk. However, limited research has investigated what changes in attention occur to contribute to these disruptions. The aim of this research was to describe changes in attention that occur during gait when older adults’ balance is threatened, while exploring how previous fall history and trait movement reinvestment (conscious monitoring and control of movement) also influence attention.

Methods

Forty older adults reported where they focus their attention when walking during two scenarios: (1) when they are relaxed and there is little risk of falling, and; (2) when their balance is threatened and they are anxious of falling.

Results

During the high-threat condition, participants reported greater attention towards movement processes, threats to balance, worries/disturbing thoughts and self-regulatory strategies, with less attention directed towards task-irrelevant thoughts. However, fall history influenced attentional focus, with fallers directing greater attention towards worries/disturbing thoughts. Contrary to predictions, trait movement reinvestment was not associated with attention directed towards movement processes.

Discussion

As processing worries/disturbing thoughts will likely reduce attentional resources available for effective postural control, we highlight this as one potential area to target interventions aimed at reducing the likelihood of repeated falling.
Essentialist modal rationalism
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: May 2019

It used to be thought that rational coherence and metaphysical possibility went hand in hand. Kripke and Putnam put a spanner in the works by proposing examples of propositions which seem to violate this principle. I will propose a nuanced form of modal rationalism consistent with the Kripke/Putnam cases. The rough idea is that rational coherence entails possibility when you grasp the essential nature of what you’re conceiving of.
A matter of trust
Authors: Gordon Scott
Published: May 2019

As identity becomes the new perimeter, there is an ongoing trend that suggests that a ‘zero trust’ security model can augment conventionalfirewalls and VPNs to fortify an organisation's security posture. This movement towards more available access but with dynamic authorisation is growing asIT becomes more hybrid and applications migrate to the cloud. Prior requirements of forcing users to go through the corporate network – for example,using simple two-factor authentication registration – will change as well.

This movement towards more available access but with dynamic authorisation is growing as ITbecomes more hybrid and applications migrate to the cloud. Prior requirements of forcing users to go through the corporate network will change as well.And software defined perimeter (SDP) technology can deliver the new trust models we need, argues Scott Gordon of Pulse Secure.
A New Era in Spatial Data Recording: Low-Cost GNSS
Authors: Hill Austin Chad , Limp Fred , Casana Jesse , Laugier Elise Jakoby , Williamson Malcolm
Published: May 2019

Archaeologists have long recognized that precise three-dimensional coordinates are critical for recording objects and features across sites and landscapes. Traditionally, for relatively small areas, an optical transit or, more recently, an electronic distance measurement device (EDM) has been used to acquire these three-dimensional points. While effective, such systems have significant limitations in that they require a clear line of site. Real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS/GNSS systems (Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite Systems) have been available for well over a decade, and can provide quick and accurate point measurements over a wide area without many of the limitation of older technologies. The cost of such systems, however, has generally been prohibitive for archaeologists, and so their use has been rare. Recently, a new generation of low-cost systems has become available, making this technology more accessible to a wider user base. This article describes the use, accuracy, and limitations of one such low-cost system, the Emlid Reach RS, to show why this is an important tool for archaeological fieldwork.
Exploring Archaeological Organizations’ Communication on Facebook: A Review of MOLA's Facebook Page
Authors: Kelpšienė Ingrida
Published: May 2019

OVERVIEW

MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology) is one of the leading archaeological companies in the UK. It provides professional archaeological services and implements award-winning community engagement programs with a high-profile online presence. Its Facebook page is an important communication channel, serving the organization in raising public awareness, reaching the widest audiences, and engaging with the community. MOLA has developed a strategic approach to its archaeological communication on Facebook by ensuring regular updates of its research and by providing rich archaeological content aligned with media campaigns of the most notable archaeological excavations. This strategy helps the organization build a steady and engaged community of interest. The use of social networks for public engagement, the possibilities of rapid dissemination, and the challenges of ensuring sustainable online participation via social networks resonate with major concerns discussed by different researchers in the field. This review explores MOLA's Facebook page, seeking to showcase how the archaeological organization communicates through Facebook on a day-to-day basis and to reveal how Facebook users react to different kinds of archaeological content through measurable metrics.
Clinical Course of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Post-Natalizumab
Authors: Fiander Maximillian D. J. , Bhan Virender , Stewart Samuel A. , Parks Natalie E.
Published: May 2019

Natalizumab is an efficacious disease modifying therapy (DMT) for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), often limited by risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. We describe the clinical course of RRMS patients switched from natalizumab to another DMT. We identified all RRMS patients treated with natalizumab ≥3 months with JC virus antibody positivity who switched to another DMT. Overall, 84 individuals switched DMT with 57 (68%) beginning fingolimod. On fingolimod, survival without a relapse was 74% (55.8–85.6%) at 36 months and survival without disease progression was 78% (62.6–87.6%) at 36 months. In conclusion, fingolimod is an effective therapy post-natalizumab.
Subacute Phase After an Earthquake: An Even More Important Period
Authors: Gao Ping , Wang Yun-Dou
Published: May 2019

An earthquake is a very common natural disaster. Numerous studies have focused on the acute phase, but studies concerning the subacute phase after an earthquake were very limited. This aroused more attention being paid to medical relief in the subacute phase, and this study elaborated on the division of the medical relief period and the definition of medical relief targets. More importantly, major types of disease were analyzed by reviewing the relevant published studies, which were identified by searching electronic databases. Findings suggested that the clear division of medical relief stage is vital for determining the priority of medical aid and allocating medical resources scientifically, and all concerned populations should be targeted for medical assistance. The focus of acute phase is injury (64.2%), and the subacute phase is disease (27.8% respiratory disease, 22.9% common disease, 12.5% wound/injury, 10.5% skin disease, 8.7% gynecological and pediatric disease, 8.5% digestive disease). However, due to the limited available studies, the included articles perhaps did not reflect the actual proportion of each type of disease. More studies are needed to better understand the proportion of different diseases in each phase of an earthquake.
Clustering of rapidly settling, low-inertia particle pairs in isotropic turbulence. Part 2. Comparison of theory and DNS
Authors: Rani Sarma L. , Dhariwal Rohit , Koch Donald L.
Published: May 2019

Part 1 (Rani et al. J. Fluid Mech., vol. 871, 2019, pp. 450–476) of this study presented a stochastic theory for the clustering of monodisperse, rapidly settling, low-Stokes-number particle pairs in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The theory involved the development of closure approximations for the drift and diffusion fluxes in the probability density function (p.d.f.) equation for the pair relative positions $\boldsymbol{r}$. In this part 2 paper, the theory is quantitatively analysed by comparing its predictions of particle clustering with data from direct numerical simulations (DNS) of isotropic turbulence containing particles settling under gravity. The simulations were performed at a Taylor micro-scale Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}=77.76$ for three Froude numbers $Fr=\infty ,0.052,0.006$, where $Fr$ is the ratio of the Kolmogorov scale of acceleration and the magnitude of gravitational acceleration. Thus, $Fr=\infty$ corresponds to zero gravity, and $Fr=0.006$ to the highest magnitude of gravity among the three DNS cases. For each $Fr$, particles of Stokes numbers in the range $0.01\leqslant St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}\leqslant 0.2$ were tracked in the DNS, and particle clustering quantified both as a function of separation and the spherical polar angle. We compared the DNS and theory values for the exponent $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ characterizing the power-law dependence of clustering on separation. The $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ from the $Fr=0.006$ DNS case are in reasonable agreement with the theoretical predictions obtained using the second drift closure (referred to as DF2). To quantify the anisotropy in clustering, we calculated the leading–order coefficient in the spherical harmonics expansion of the p.d.f. of pair relative positions. The coefficients predicted by the theory (DF2) again show reasonable agreement with those calculated from the DNS clustering data for $Fr=0.006$. However, we note that in spite of the high magnitude of gravity, the clustering is only marginally anisotropic both in DNS and theory. The theory predicts that the spherical harmonic coefficient scales with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}(=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{2}St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}^{2})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{2}$ is the ratio of the drift and diffusion flux coefficients. Since the drift flux, and thereby $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{2}$, is seen to decrease with gravity for $St_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}}<1$, the anisotropy is also correspondingly diminished.
Knowledge Management in Brazil: What Governance Mechanisms are Needed to Boost Innovation?
Authors: Dávila Guillermo Antonio , Andreeva Tatiana , Varvakis Gregório
Published: May 2019

The need to innovate is relevant to many firms around the globe and is particularly pressing for those in emerging markets. They face global competition, are under-resourced, and suffer from weaker institutional support. It is suggested that to innovate successfully in this context, indigenous firms would benefit from focusing on managing their current knowledge base more efficiently. We know little about how knowledge management works outside developed economies and which knowledge governance mechanisms have more influence than others in the context of emerging economies. To address this gap, we explore how context may matter for the use of knowledge governance mechanisms and their effect on innovation performance in Brazilian firms. Using the survey data of 109 firms, structural equation modelling, and cluster analysis, our findings suggest that the joint application of knowledge-focused rewards, organizational design, and information and communication technologies that support knowledge processes is critical for boosting innovation performance. We discuss how the peculiarities of the Brazilian context may shape these findings. Our article contributes to the knowledge management and innovation literature by demonstrating that the joint effects of bundles of knowledge governance mechanisms and contextual variables should be explored in order to understand their impact on organizational outcomes.
Spectral partitions for Sturm–Liouville problems
Authors: Tilli Paolo , Zucco Davide
Published: May 2019

We look for best partitions of the unit interval that minimize certain functionals defined in terms of the eigenvalues of Sturm–Liouville problems. Via Γ-convergence theory, we study the asymptotic distribution of the minimizers as the number of intervals of the partition tends to infinity. Then we discuss several examples that fit in our framework, such as the sum of (positive and negative) powers of the eigenvalues and an approximation of the trace of the heat Sturm–Liouville operator.
Hume on Identity and Imperfect Identity
Authors: Kornegay R. Jo
Published: May 2019

In §6 of Book 1, Part 4 of the Treatise, Hume appears to be inconsistent in his comments about ascriptions of identity to series of successive, significantly related items or to purported single things whose temporal stages are qualitatively different or temporally discontinuous. For example, in the first few pages of §6, Hume explicitly labels such ascriptions “mistakes” and “confusions” (THN, 1. 4. §6, 253–254). Later on in the same section, however, he deals with the alleged identity-preservation of minds, churches, rivers, and so forth and no longer remarks that these attributions of identity are confused or mistaken. Hume claims that the idea of identity is the idea of an item which is (1) invariable, i.e., serially uniform, and (2) uninterrupted, i.e., temporally continuous, which seems to last through time (THN, 1. 4. §2, 200–201; 1. 4. §6, 253). Thus, on page 255 he states that “identity” is used “in an improper sense” if attributed to a series of related items which are either different in kind or temporally discontinuous, viz., to a purported identity-preserving thing whose temporal stages are different in kind or temporally discontinuous. Yet, on page 258, he comments that calling a church which has been rebuilt of different materials and in a different architectural style the same church as the former one can be done “without breach of the propriety of language”. Presumably, this use of “same” is a proper sense of “same”.
On the Unity of Orphic and Milesian Thought
Authors: Finkelberg Aryeh
Published: May 2019

In the first volume ofA History of Greek PhilosophyW. K. C. Guthrie points out that “the promulgators ofteletaiin the name of Orpheus were concerned in the religious sphere with the same problem of the relation between the One and the Many which in a different form was the problem of the Milesian philosophers.” Elsewhere Guthrie provides a more detailed explanation of the similarities and differences between the Orphic and the Milesian treatment of the One-Many problem:

Sixth-century religious and philosophical thought … was dominated by one central problem, the problem of the One and the Many. This appeared in two forms, one referring to the macrocosm, the other to the microcosm. In its first form it was the problem of the Milesian natural philosophers, who asked: “What is the relation between the manifold variety of the world in which we live and the one primary substance out of which, as we are convinced, it must in the first place have arisen?” In its second form it was the problem of the religious minds of the age. Their question was: “What is the relation of each individual man to the divine, to which we feel we are akin, and how can we best realize and actualize the potential unity which underlies the two?”
Bentham's Metaphysics and the Science of Divinity
Authors: Crimmins James E.
Published: May 2019

The utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) has long been recognized as an exponent of a new science of society. However, scholars of his thought have given scant attention to at least one important aspect of that science: the relationship between the metaphysical presuppositions of his social science and his view on religion. Rarely is it considered that Bentham's aspiration to create a science of society in emulation of physical science was fundamental to his critique of religion just as it was to all other areas of his thought. This critique of religion was set out principally in a series of works written between the years 1809 and 1823. Swear Not at All was published in 1817, and followed a year later, after earlier efforts were aborted in 1809 and 1813, by Church-of-Englandism and its Catechism Examined. The Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind appeared in 1822 and Not Paul, but Jesus in 1823. It was not merely a coincidence that in the very period when Bentham devoted so much of his time to religion his work on metaphysics and logic substantially reached fruition. The “Book on Logic,” on which Bentham worked at intervals between 1811 and 1821, was intended to give a full description of his “method.” The work was never completed but was eventually edited and included in several fragments in John Bowring's edition of The Works of Jeremy Bentham. The essay on “Nomography” with an appendix on “Logical Arrangements, or Instruments of Invention and Discovery Employed by Jeremy Bentham” is included in the third volume, and in the eighth volume is to be found the “Essay on Logic,” “A Fragment on Ontology,” the “Essay on Language,” and the “Fragments on Universal Grammar.” The metaphysics described in these essays by Bentham was initially developed by him during the formative years of his intellectual life in the early 1770s, and he was always aware of its particular consequences in the field of religion.
The Rise of the Lay Catholic Evangelist in England and America
Authors: Campbell Debra
Published: May 2019

In December 1916 David Goldstein, Catholic convert and former Jewish socialist cigarmaker, approached Boston's Cardinal William Henry O'Connell with a novel plan. Goldstein wanted to deliver lectures on Catholicism from a custom-built Model-T Ford on Boston Common. A little over a year later, across the Atlantic, Vernon Redwood, a transplanted tenor from New Zealand, asked Francis Cardinal Bourne of Westminster for permission to speak on behalf of the church in Hyde Park. Both Goldstein and Redwood received episcopal approval and Boston's Catholic Truth Guild and London's Catholic Evidence Guild were born. The emergence of these two movements marked a new epoch in the history of the Roman Catholic laity in the English-speaking world. The fact that the lay evangelist appeared on the scene during the First World War and in the aftermath of the Vatican condemnations of Americanism (1899) and Modernism (1907), actions generally assumed to have dampened the spirit of individual initiative in the church, renders them all the more illuminating to scholars of modern Catholicism. Goldstein and Redwood both exemplified and encouraged the new assertiveness which began to characterize a growing number of the American and English laity by the First World War. They call our attention to a significant shift in the self-identity of the lay population which came to fruition during the period between the World Wars, a shift which prompted even tenors and cigarmakers to mount the public pulpit.
Toward a Critical Theological Education
Authors: Thiemann Ronald F.
Published: May 2019

One hundred and seventy years ago, on 17 July 1816, the Society for the Promotion of Theological Education in Harvard University was established, thus beginning a process that led to the founding of a “faculty of theology” or Theological Seminary at the University. Undergraduate education at Harvard College had by this time moved quite far from the founders' original concern to provide a literate ministry to the churches. By the beginning of the nineteenth century Harvard men were educated in a broad curriculum oriented more toward liberal education than professional training. So the theological faculty was created in order to provide specialized training for those preparing to enter the Christian ministry
Copyright in Software and Data
Authors: Shalgi Moshe
Published: May 2019

The advent of a new brand of intellectual creativity, which followed developments in computer technology, created a considerable body of proprietory interests in computer software and data. There was therefore a search for legal instruments to provide protection against unauthorized exploitation of the intellectual property in them.

Several legal paths were attempted: contractual protection, patent law, trade secrets law and copyright. Of these, the current opinion is that copyright law is the most suitable instrument to protect rights in software and data.
Tax Aspects in Tort Compensation
Authors: Yoran Aharon
Published: May 2019

Is there room for tax laws that would tax compensation differently than they would loss suffered by the person receiving compensation? This question must be posed at the outset of the discussion of taxation and tort compensation. The unanimous view would seem to be against taxing compensation resulting from loss that would not have been liable to tax. It follows that if the tax laws bring about such a result, for example, in Israel with regard to the interest component up to the date of judgment in compensation for loss not in the nature of income, or if such compensation is liable to capital profits tax, then the tax law concerned should be corrected. A more difficult question, however, is whether to exempt from tax compensation for loss of earnings brought about by personal injury – particularly physical injury.
Nathan Feinberg: A Tribute
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: May 2019

Colleagues, students and admirers of Professor Nathan Feinberg take pleasure and pride in presenting this issue of the Israel Law Review to the great Maître on his 90th birthday, as a small token of our gratitude. We respect Professor Feinberg for his vast and deep knowledge in international law in general; we admire him for his particular expertise and contributions in the study of legal problems related to the Jewish people, to the Zionist cause and to the State of Israel; and we are grateful to him for the leading role he played in the establishment of the first faculty of law in this country, at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Nathan Feinberg was born in Kovno on June 6, 1895. His aptitude for learning was such that the severe numerus clausus did not prevent his admission to the Russian high school, from which he graduated with distinction in 1914. At the same time he was given a Jewish and Hebrew education privately. He then proceeded to the Faculty of Law of the University of Zurich, from which he graduated magna cum laude in 1918.
The Legality of the use of Armed Force by Israel in Lebanon—June 1982
Authors: Feinstein Barry A.
Published: May 2019

The Government of the United States cannot be expected to suffer the indefinite continuance of existing lawless conditions along its border, which expose its citizens to maltreatment at the hands of ruffianly elements of the Mexican population, which their Government seems unable to control. …

No violation of the national sovereignty of Mexico was intended by this expedition [into Mexico by United States troops to hunt down bandits]. It was despatched upon the hot trail of the bandits in question with the sole object of punishing them …, and of preventing future activities of a similar nature upon our frontier…

United States Secretary of State Lansing, 26 August 1919

The entrance of Israeli forces into Lebanon in June 1982 (“Operation Peace for Galilee”) raises far-reaching legal issues that transcend this particular occurrence. One of the issues raised in this context is the legality of the use of armed force by a State to counter terrorists directing their attacks against its citizens from the territory of another State. Israel considered the action it took against the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon to be legitimate self-defence, directed not against the territorial integrity of Lebanon, but rather against the armed PLO terrorists operating from it against Israel. Others viewed Israel's actions as aggression, and Israel as an invader violating Lebanon's sovereignty. This invasion, it was asserted, was contrary to international law.
A response to te Nijenhuiset al. (2019)
Authors: Flynn James R.
Published: May 2019

Te Nijenhuiset al. (2019) cite studies that show that training on cognitive tasks produces the largest standardized gains on the easiest items and the smallest standardized gains on the most difficult items. They note that this creates an anti-Jensen effect, and use this as a trump that is supposed to show that my basketball examples are irrelevant. I use a new basketball example that is compatible with those studies. It assumes that at some point improvement on the easy skills ‘stalls’ – and all that is left is some improvement on the hard skills. Therefore, further environmental enhancement means the higher level skill gap is increased, which gives a classic Jensen effect, which shows that the presence of such does not entail genetic causality. The difference is that we really can produce virtually optimum basketball skills while for cognition, we are still well short. I also address the problem of why IQ gains over time do not show an anti-gpattern. After all, they are environmentally caused, and ‘should’ do so if an anti-gpattern and environmental causes go together.
Recent Tunisian Historical Writing on State and Society in Modern Tunisia
Authors: Robert Hunter F.
Published: May 2019

One problem faced by many Western historians of the Middle East and North Africa is a relative ignorance of what is being produced by the local scholars themselves. In the case of the Maghreb, for example, without regular visits to the area, an American researcher may have to wait several years to learn about the publication of a new book or a local research project relevant to his own interests. This observation is certainly true for Tunisia, where a small, active group of historians at the University of Tunis has been examining aspects of Tunisia's political and social evolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but whose works, with few exceptions, are not well known to scholars in America.
Using AlKaatibTM: Pedagogical and Research Applications
Authors: Parkinson Dilworth B.
Published: May 2019

This Article consists of a short review of the Arabic and Persian word processing software for the Macintosh computer called AlKaatibTM, as well as a presentation of some of the ways in which it is now being used as a pedagogical and research aid. It should be stated at the outset that although I did not personally develop this software, I was intimately involved with developing the fonts for it, and with testing it in its initial stages, thereby providing input that was incorporated into the present version. This article should therefore be viewed not so much as an outside review of the software, but as an expression by someone who uses it on a daily basis of what it has meant to him.
Alterations of empathy in mothers with a history of early life maltreatment, depression, and borderline personality disorder and their effects on child psychopathology
Authors: Dittrich Katja , Bermpohl Felix , Kluczniok Dorothea , Hindi Attar Catherine , Jaite Charlotte , Fuchs Anna , Neukel Corinne , Herpertz Sabine C. , Brunner Romuald , Winter Sibylle Maria , Lehmkuhl Ulrike , Roepke Stefan , Kaess Michael , Heim Christine , Boedeker Katja
Published: May 2019

Background

Early life maltreatment (ELM), borderline personality disorder (BPD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) have been associated with empathy deficits in different domains. Lack of maternal empathy has also been related to child behavioral problems. As ELM, BPD, and MDD often co-occur, we aimed to identify dissociable effects on empathy due to these three factors. In addition, we aimed to investigate their indirect effects via empathy on child psychopathology.

Methods

We included 251 mothers with and without MDD (in remission), BPD and ELM and their children, aged 5–12. We used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index as a measure of empathy on four different dimensions (personal distress, empathic concern, perspective taking, and fantasy) and the Child Behavior Checklist as a measure of child psychopathology.

Results

Having included all three factors (ELM, MDD, BPD) in one analysis, we found elevated personal distress in MDD and BPD, and lower levels of perspective-taking in BPD, but no effects from ELM on any empathy subscales. Furthermore, we found indirect effects from maternal BPD and MDD on child psychopathology, via maternal personal distress.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated the dissociable effects of maternal ELM, MDD, and BPD on empathy. Elevated personal distress in mothers with BPD and MDD may lead to higher levels of child psychopathology.
Extraction and Separation of Chlorsulfuron and its Metabolites from Treated Plants
Authors: Bestman Hank D. , Devine Malcolm D. , Born William H. Vanden
Published: May 2019

14C-chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} and its metabolites were extracted from flax (Linum sativumL.), field penny cress (stinkweed) (Thlaspi arvenseL. # THLAR), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) with an average efficiency of 94% using an aqueous extraction procedure. Chlorsulfuron and its metabolites were separated on a reverse-phase preparative chromatography column by eluting with a step gradient of aqueous 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and methanol. Major peaks were eluted at 35 and 45% methanol, and minor peaks at 10, 25, and 100% methanol. The 45% methanol peak represented unmetabolized chlorsulfuron or its hydroxylated derivative and was the only fraction that exhibited biological activity. In wheat and flax, 75 and 62%, respectively, of the extracted activity were eluted by 35% methanol and, in the case of wheat, this fraction was shown to be a glycosylated derivative of chlorsulfuron. Although14C-chlorsulfuron was metabolized to a lesser extent in field pennycress, our data indicate that over 50% of the absorbed14C-activity was recovered in forms other than14C-chlorsulfuron 5 days after treatment. The separation procedure can be used readily to assess the amount of chlorsulfuron detoxification that occurs in plants.