bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Present Position of New Testament Theology
Authors: Scott Ernest F.
Published: November 2011

It is not a little significant that several books have appeared within the last year or two which deal with the subject of New Testament Theology in its whole extent. For a considerable time there has been a shrinking from this large enterprise, and the work of Holtzmann was allowed to maintain its place without serious competition. The attention of younger scholars has been more directed to the literary and historical criticism of the New Testament than to its theology; and while the theology has been by no means neglected, it has been discussed in many separate monographs rather than in works of a comprehensive nature. Now, however, we have the three books of Weinel, Feine, and Schlatter, appearing almost simultaneously, while the monumental work of Holtzmann is being reissued in a fully revised edition.
Plymouth's Debt to the Indians
Authors: Kinnicutt Lincoln N.
Published: November 2011

In considering the relations of the early settlers of Massachusetts and the Indians it is greatly to be regretted that the Red Men possessed no civilized method by which they could leave a record of their own ideas, their own thoughts, and their own reasons for their actions, and that consequently nothing has survived except through tradition or through the medium of records compiled and written by the invaders of their country. All that we really know is the White Man's version; he has always been the judge, the jury, and the advocate for the plaintiff, all in one. The defense has had no means of being heard except through the plaintiff's lawyers, whose knowledge, even of the Indian language, was very slight. Certainly a unique trial. When we stop for a few minutes in our present energetic, busy, hurrying everyday life, and consider the luxury in which we now live, our comfortable homes, our variety of food, our steam cars, our motor cars, our telegraph and telephone, all of which we now demand as necessities and as our lawful rights, it is almost impossible to realize that three hundred years ago in this same land, in our own Massachusetts, for one winter and more or less for two years, our ancestors were absolutely dependent on the Indians for food sufficient to sustain life.
“Strain Out a Gnat and Adorn a Camel”
Authors: Torrey Charles C.
Published: November 2011

In the late Professor Camden Cobern's useful book entitled The New Archaeological Discoveries and their Bearing upon the New Testament a section is devoted to Tatian's Harmony of the Gospels, and on pages 205–207 a list of its remarkable readings is given, according to the Arabic text published by Ciasca. The list is misleading, for many of the supposed examples of variation from, the standard text are not such in reality. Hamlyn Hill's English translation, on which Cobern relied, is not always correct, and the Arabic translator himself was sometimes unfortunate in his rendering of an ambiguous Syriac word or phrase.
Small-scale gill-net fisheries cause massive green turtle Chelonia mydas mortality in Baja California Sur, Mexico
Authors: Mancini Agnese , Koch Volker , Seminoff Jeffrey A. , Madon Bénédicte
Published: November 2011

The coastal waters of Baja California Sur, Mexico, include some of the most important foraging grounds of the East Pacific green turtle Chelonia mydas. However, they are also important fishing grounds for artisanal fleets, leading potentially to high levels of bycatch mortality. We studied the impact of a small-scale gill-net fishery at San Ignacio lagoon, north-west Mexico, an important green turtle feeding ground. We conducted mortality censuses and interviewed local fishers to estimate total bycatch mortality at the lagoon. We also used marked drifters and carcasses to estimate stranding probabilities of turtles taken as bycatch. During 2006–2009 we found 262 dead turtles; 96% of the mortality occurred in May–August corresponding to the fishing season for halibut Paralichthys californicus and guitar-fish (Rhinobatus sp.). Stranding probability estimated from drifters was 0.062 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.035–0.094), yielding a minimum mortality of 3,516 turtles during 2006–2008 (95% CI 2,364–6,057) or 1,172 animals per year. This is probably an underestimate of real mortality as the drifters have higher stranding probabilities than carcasses and most of the nets were set in the lower lagoon where carcasses rarely strand. Interviews with local fishers yielded a similar estimate of 1,087 (95% CI 901–1,286) dead turtles per year. This study is emblematic of the impact of artisanal fleets on marine turtles caused by overlap of fishing and turtle feeding areas. In 2009 strandings declined by > 97%, resulting from a change in fishing practices because of increased vigilance by enforcement authorities, underscoring the importance of law enforcement to protect threatened species.
Using population viability analysis to guide research and conservation actions for Australia's threatened malleefowl Leipoa ocellata
Authors: Bode Michael , Brennan Karl E. C.
Published: November 2011

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata populations across Australia are declining and the range of the species is contracting. Despite a century of research much uncertainty remains about which factors are driving this decline. Consequently, it is also unclear which conservation actions will reduce the species’ extinction risk. In particular, we lack a quantitative understanding of malleefowl population dynamics. Here we use estimates derived from the literature to provide the first parametrization of a population viability analysis (PVA) for malleefowl. This model creates a quantitative framework for synthesizing existing information and comparing potential management strategies, and will help guide research activities by identifying critical aspects of the malleefowl’s life history. We model population dynamics as stochastic events that depend on individual characteristics, weather conditions and local management actions. Our PVA indicates that an isolated population of 32 adult birds would almost certainly decline to extinction over a 20-year period. Translocating and releasing captive-bred juveniles slows this rate of decline and intensively baiting for foxes can reverse it. Adult mortality rates have the greatest influence on population viability, and land managers should therefore prioritize conservation actions that target adult survivorship over actions that benefit earlier life stages. Quantitative research on the malleefowl should focus on the demographics of the adult life stage, their dispersal and the impacts of fire and grazing. Our analysis highlights the role of PVA models in assessing the cost-effectiveness of alternative management actions, and framing future research priorities for threatened species.
Did hybridization save the Norfolk Island boobook owlNinox novaeseelandiae undulata?
Authors: Garnett Stephen T. , Olsen Penny , Butchart Stuart H.M. , Hoffmann Ary. A.
Published: November 2011

The population of the Norfolk Island boobook owlNinox novaeseelandiae undulata, a nocturnal bird restricted to the Australian territory of Norfolk Island, was reduced to a single female in 1986. Deliberate introduction of two males of its nearest relative, the New Zealand boobookN. n. novaeseelandiae, as a conservation intervention has allowed the taxon to persist on Norfolk Island, albeit in hybrid form. Although declared Extinct in 2000, a re-examination of this unique situation has concluded there is a strong argument that the taxon should be categorized as Critically Endangered because, on average, approximately half the nuclear genome of the original taxon and all the mitochondrial DNA is conserved in all living owls on the island. This thus represents a special case in which the taxon can be considered to be extant, in hybrid form, even though no pure-bred individuals survive. More generally, we suggest that, in exceptional cases, hybridization may not be a threat to highly threatened species and that guidelines are needed to determine when to consider hybrid populations as extant forms of the original taxon, and when to declare extinction through hybridization.
Effects of prednisolone on murine strongyloidiasis
Authors: Grove D. I. , Dawkins H. J. S.
Published: November 2011

The effects of prednisolone were investigated in C57B1/6 mice infected with Strongyloides ratti. In primary infections, the numbers of adult worms in the small intestine and larvae in the stools were increased and there was a slight delay in the spontaneous expulsion of worms. In secondary infections, there was an initial suppression of acquired resistance, with larvae appearing normally in the stools on the 5th day after infection. This was followed, however, by a rapid development of resistance and expulsion of worms over the next few days. Prednisolone treatment did not alter fecundity in primary or secondary infections. There was no evidence of autoinfection in control or corticosteroid-treated animals. Prednisolone abrogated innate resistance to infection in C3H mice. It is concluded that prednisolone probably facilitated infection by non-specific mechanisms as well as by suppressing specific acquired immunity.
Cellular immune response of Drosophila melanogaster against Asobara tabida
Authors: Nappi A. J.
Published: November 2011

The successful cellular immune response of larvae of D. melanogaster against A. tabida is characterized by an increase in the number of blood cells, a premature transformation of spherical plasmatocytes to flattened, disc-shaped lamellocytes, and the lysis of crystal cells. The plasmatocytes and transformed lamellocytes rapidly aggregate around the eggs of the parasite to form a cellular capsule, while the lysing crystal cells release substances causing the melanization of the capsule. The early appearance of large numbers of transformed blood cells in the haemolymph prior to their involvement in capsule formation suggests that transformation is independent of cell contact with the parasite and may be due instead to biochemical stimuli emitted from the parasite and/or by hormonal changes. Quantitative blood cell studies of hosts exhibiting no encapsulation and melanization response indicate that successfully developing parasites are recognized by the immune system but are able sufficiently to block the blood cell transformation and thus prevent capsule formation.
Investigations on a Babesia isolated from Scottish sheep
Authors: Purnell R. E. , Lewis D. , Holman M. R. , Young E. R.
Published: November 2011

The pathognomic, serologie and morphometric identity of a Babesia sp. recently isolated from sheep in Argyllshire was studied. Initially, problems were encountered due to the occurrence of Eperythrozoon ovis as a contaminant of the isolate and treatment with neoarsphenamine failed to remove it. Finally, a combination of oxytetracycline therapy and rapid passage allowed isolation of the Babesia sp. and its preservation in the form of a glycerolized, infected blood stabilate. Inoculation of the stabilate into splenectomized sheep produced a mild non-pyrogenic disease. Serologically the parasite was seen to have no affinity with either of the two Babesia recognized as parasitizing sheep, but some affinity with the cattle parasite B. divergens. Morphometrically it was seen to have affinity with the deer parasite B. capreoli and with the Babesia sp. isolated from red deer in Scotland, and the low number of budding forms of the parasite seen suggested that the parasite might be reproducing slowly in an alien host. It was concluded that the parasite was likely to be B. capreoli derived from red deer via the tick Ixodes ricinus.
Hatching mechanisms of nematodes
Authors: Perry R. N. , Clarke A. J.
Published: November 2011

Investigations of nematode hatching have concentrated on the parasitic forms, especially on synchronization between host and parasite life-cycles which, in some species, is so close that the parasite is dependent on the host for the hatching stimulus. Research into nematode hatching reflects the artificial separations created throughout nematology by defining research groups and their activities in terms of the host; consequently, useful comparisons between hatching of plant and animal parasitic nematodes have been few. With the increasing use by geneticists of nematodes as model animals and the interest in them by neuro-physiologists, molecular biologists and others, we hope that such distinctions will be lessened.
Academic and public attitudes to the notion of ‘standard’ Canadian English
Authors: Dollinger Stefan
Published: November 2011

This paper reflects on ‘standards’ in Canadian English in scholarly research and the public debate about English in Canada from a number of viewpoints. The goals of these reflections are three-fold. First, I aim to characterize the chasm between scholarly and public debates about a language ‘standard’ in Canadian English (CanE). While this debate is not new (e.g. Kretzschmar, 2009: 1–5 for a recent example), its application in the Canadian context is a desideratum. Second, I aim to characterize the standard in CanE from a demographic point of view: what is this standard and, above all, which Canadians (and, more importantly, how many) presently speak it? And third, what can linguists who research Canadian English offer to the public, and how can the perceived gap in knowledge be bridged?
Urban dictionary: youth slanguage and the redefining of definition
Authors: Smith Rachel E.
Published: November 2011

In November 2009, Principal Thomas Murray banned the word meep from Danvers High School, located outside of Boston (Netter, 2009). Parents and students received automated e-mails and calls with a warning that saying or displaying the word meep would entail suspension. Students had ignored requests from teachers and administrators to stop, leading to the school-wide ban. This story contains entertaining elements: an overzealous principal who forwarded emails containing meep to the police; references to the meeping Muppet, Beaker; students sporting ‘FREE MEEP’ t-shirts; and Facebook-coordinated meepings. Referring to meep, Danvers High School student Mike Spiewak commented: ‘I think it's unfair that they banned a word that's not even a real word’ (Raz, 2009). According to Melanie Crane, another Danvers student, meep ‘doesn't mean anything in particular’ (Netter, 2009). As a result, its ambiguity allows for countless definitions. The authoritative source in defining the term throughout news coverage of the Danvers incident has been Urbandictionary.com, an online and open-source dictionary for slang and subculture terminology. For those of you who have never meeped, the primary Urban Dictionary (UD) entry deems it ‘the most versatile word in the English language [which] can mean whatever you want it to mean.’ UD lists 93 other definitions for the word, the most popular being.
Spelling reform – a lesson from the Greeks
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: November 2011

Every now and again a call goes up for the reform of English orthography to make it more user-friendly. After all, it is said, the Spanish, the Germans, and even the French, have accepted changes to their spelling systems. By way of comparison, we could think of the suggestion that the Greeks should abandon their alphabet and adopt the Roman one, to come into line with most other European countries. Thankfully, there seems no serious possibility that this will happen. The reasons against it are solidly linguistic and not ones prompted by blind tradition. The same sorts of reasons should prevail for English. The Greek case, though, can provide some lessons. For there have, in fact, been changes to Greek orthography in recent times. An important one was in 1982, when the variety of diacritic signs was reduced to a single accent.
Bali and Beyond: Eugenio Barba's Ur-Hamlet
Authors: Cremona Vicki Ann
Published: November 2011

In this article Vicki Ann Cremona traces the development of the complex process of montage used by Eugenio Barba for Ur-Hamlet, based on the oral tale Amleth, which Saxo Grammaticus included in his history of the Danes (circa 1216). Besides Odin Teatret, the project involved a large number of actors and musicians from Bali, Brazil, and Japan, and other participants and trainees with whom Barba had worked at the International School of Theatre Anthropology (ISTA). The author here recounts how the work was developed from different cultural perspectives, describing how the actors' physical scores were combined without their cultural specificity being modified in any way. Vicki Ann Cremona is an Associate Professor at the University of Malta, currently serving as Malta's Ambassador to Tunisia. Her co-edited texts include Costume in Malta: a History of Fabric, Form, and Fashion (1998) and Theatrical Events: Borders, Dynamics, Frames (2004). She updated, revised and edited Nicola Savarese's Eurasian Theatre: Drama and Performance between East and West from Classical Antiquity to the Present, translated from the Italian by Richard Fowler (Holstebro, Malta, Wrocław: Icarus Publishing, 2010).
Tragedy in the Arab Theatre: the Neglected Genre
Authors: Mahfouz Safi Mahmoud
Published: November 2011

In this article Safi Mahmoud Mahfouz investigates the current state of tragedy in the Arab theatre and suggests some of the reasons behind the lack of an authentic Arabic tragedy developed from the Aristotelian tradition. Through analyses of the few translations and adaptations into Arabic of Shakespearean and classical tragedy, he both confirms and questions the claims of non-Arabic scholars that ‘the Arab mind is incapable of producing tragedy’. While the wider theatre community has been introduced to a handful of the Arab world's most prominent dramatists in translation, many are still largely unknown and none has a claim to be a tragedian. Academic studies of Arabic tragedy are insubstantial, while tragedy, in the classical sense, plays a very minor role in Arab drama, the tendency of Arab dramatists being towards comedy or melodrama. Safi Mahmoud Mahfouz is Head of the Department of English Language and Literature at UNRWA University, Amman, Jordan. His research interests include American Literature, Arabic and Middle Eastern literatures, modern and contemporary drama, contemporary poetics, comparative literature, and synchronous and asynchronous instructional technology.
What Management Does to Space Projects: The Franco-Soviet Project ARCAD 3 in the Late 1970s
Authors: Lamy Jérôme
Published: November 2011

Argument

Space projects represent, after World War II, the archetype of large-scale organization of scientific practices that are flexible, temporary, and oriented towards specific goals. A new form of activity, the project, emerged through the management of technical means, allocation of skills, and coordination of various players. Project management emerged as the synthesis of a set of social practices designed to subordinate as well as synchronize the initiatives of researchers, engineers, and technicians who had temporarily joined forces. This article presents the genesis and deployment of the Franco-Soviet space program ARCAD 3 whose purpose was to study the magnetosphere with a satellite. This study is situated at the junction of three historiographical dimensions: scientific writings, links between action and graphic forms, and Big Science. The diagrams, organization charts and schedules produced by the French space agency throughout the entire project form the documentary substrata of this analysis. These graphic management tools define the role of each player, designate fields of competence, and specify the temporality of actions. A self-monitoring system as well as surveillance instrument, diagrams, organization charts and schedules are linked to form a certain vision of authority along the lines of the “neoliberal governmentality” defined by Michel Foucault. By defining in advance and in writing all the possible (or impossible) relationships, the chronological order of activities as well as the actions to be performed, graphic project management tools contribute to the transfer of coercive panoptic mechanisms towards a minimal organization of relationships between individuals.
Status assessment of the Critically Endangered Azores BullfinchPyrrhula murina
Authors: CEIA RICARDO S. , RAMOS JAIME A. , HELENO RUBEN H. , HILTON GEOFF M. , MARQUES TIAGO A.
Published: November 2011

The Azores Bullfinch is endemic to the island of São Miguel (Azores, Portugal). Its status was uplisted to Critically Endangered in 2005 on the basis of an extremely small and declining population that was considered to be restricted to a very small mountain range (43 km2), in a single location, within which the spread of invasive plants constituted a threat to habitat quality. Nevertheless, information was mostly inferred, or the product of, non-systematic studies. In order to carry out a complete assessment of the conservation status we analysed: (i) population trend, calculated from annual monitoring 1991–2008, (ii) population size, and (iii) range size, obtaining estimates in a single morning study in 2008 involving the simultaneous participation of 48 observers. Contrary to previous inferences, the population is no longer decreasing, although quality of laurel forest habitat continues to decline due to the persistent threat of invasive species. Population size (mean ± SE) was estimated at 1,064 ± 304 individuals using distance sampling methods, although the estimate was very sensitive to the survey method used. Range size estimates (extent of occurrence and area of occupancy) were 144 km2and 83 km2respectively. Given the present information, we propose the downlisting of Azores Bullfinch to Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Economic impacts of regional water scarcity in the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil: an application of a linked hydro-economic model
Authors: Torres Marcelo de O. , Maneta Marco , Howitt Richard , Vosti Stephen A. , Wallender Wesley W. , Bassoi Luís H. , Rodrigues Lineu N.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a linked hydro-economic model and uses it to examine the regional effects of water use regulations and product price changes on the agriculture of the São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. The effects of weather on surface water availability are explicitly addressed using the hydrological model MIKE-Basin. Farmers’ adjustments to changes in precipitation, surface water availability, and other factors are quantified using an economic model based on non-linear programming techniques. The models are externally linked. Results show that regional impacts, at the sub-basin level, vary depending on the location of each sub-basin relative to river flows. The effects of water use regulations and of exogenous price shocks on agriculture depend on weather, location, product mix and production technology. Implications of these results for policies designed to manage agriculture and water use are discussed.
Multivariate Veränderungsmodelle für Schulnoten und Schülerleistungen in Deutsch und Mathematik
Authors: Hülür Gizem , Wilhelm Oliver , Robitzsch Alexander
Published: November 2011

Zusammenfassung. Schülerleistungen in standardisierten Leistungstests weisen einen mittleren Zusammenhang zu Schulnoten im gleichen Fach auf. Über die Fächergrenzen hinweg sind die Zusammenhänge geringer aber positiv. Über längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Schulnoten und Schülerleistungen ist wenig bekannt. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge zwischen Schülerleistungen und Schulnoten in Deutsch und Mathematik. Die vorliegenden Analysen wurden an Prä- und Postmessungen einer Gymnasialstichprobe (N=168) vorgenommen, die zu Studien- und Kontrollgruppen einer intensiv-längsschnittlichen Studie gehörte. Multigruppenanalysen weisen auf vollständige Messinvarianz zwischen beiden Gruppen hin, Testungseffekte zeigen sich nicht. Die längsschnittlichen Zusammenhänge wurden mit dem Change-Score-Modell analysiert. Die Veränderungen in Schülerleistungen in beiden Schulfächern korrelieren nicht signifikant, die Veränderungen in Schulnoten beider Schulfächer korrelieren positiv. In beiden Schulfächern zeigen Veränderungen der Schülerleistungen und der Schulnoten einen positiven Zusammenhang. Die Korrelation ist nur moderat, da Schulnoten aus Gründen wie Referenzrahmeneffekte auch querschnittlich nur moderat mit Schülerleistungen korrelieren. Der Leistungszuwachs lässt sich am effektivsten mit normreferenzierten Skalen quantifizieren.
Benthic and pelagic sources of carbon dioxide in boreal lakes and a young reservoir (Eastmain‐1) in eastern Canada
Authors: Brothers S. M. , Prairie Y. T. , del Giorgio P. A.
Published: November 2011

Lakes and reservoirs typically emit CO2to the atmosphere as a result of respiration in excess of primary production. For reservoirs, this respiration is often assumed to be primarily of benthic origin, associated with drowned vegetation and soils. This study took measurements from a young hydroelectric reservoir (Eastmain‐1) in boreal Canada and nearby natural lakes to compare the rates of water column respiration and hypolimnetic CO2 accumulation during a stratified period. Reservoir water column respiration rates were significantly higher than those in natural lakes, with surface means of 61.4 ± 4.6 mg C m−3 d−1in Eastmain‐1 and 40.2 ± 3 mg C m−3 d−1 in lakes and profundal means of 58.1 ± 11 mg C m−3 d−1in Eastmain‐1 and 17.6 ± 7.5 mg C m−3 d−1 in lakes. Reservoir hypolimnetic CO2 accumulation rates were also higher than those in natural lakes, with means of 78.8 ± 16 mg C m−3 d−1in Eastmain‐1 and 19.8 ± 2.7 mg C m−3 d−1 in lakes. Our findings further indicate that the relative contribution of benthic respiration (estimated as the difference between hypolimnetic CO2 accumulation and water column respiration) toward total net CO2production during stratified periods was similar in both aquatic systems (23% in lakes, 27% in Eastmain‐1). By identifying the major role of the water column in the reservoir's CO2 production, this study calls for a significant paradigm shift away from the common assumption that reservoir CO2 emissions are predominantly the result of decaying vegetation in the benthic environment.
Tropospheric clouds in Antarctica
Authors: Bromwich David H. , Nicolas Julien P. , Hines Keith M. , Kay Jennifer E. , Key Erica L. , Lazzara Matthew A. , Lubin Dan , McFarquhar Greg M. , Gorodetskaya Irina V. , Grosvenor Daniel P. , Lachlan‐Cope Thomas , van Lipzig Nicole P. M.
Published: November 2011

Compared to other regions, little is known about clouds in Antarctica. This arises in part from the challenging deployment of instrumentation in this remote and harsh environment and from the limitations of traditional satellite passive remote sensing over the polar regions. Yet clouds have a critical influence on the ice sheet's radiation budget and its surface mass balance. The extremely low temperatures, absolute humidity levels, and aerosol concentrations found in Antarctica create unique conditions for cloud formation that greatly differ from those encountered in other regions, including the Arctic. During the first decade of the 21st century, new results from field studies, the advent of cloud observations from spaceborne active sensors, and improvements in cloud parameterizations in numerical models have contributed to significant advances in our understanding of Antarctic clouds. This review covers four main topics: (1) observational methods and instruments, (2) the seasonal and interannual variability of cloud amounts, (3) the microphysical properties of clouds and aerosols, and (4) cloud representation in global and regional numerical models. Aside from a synthesis of the existing literature, novel insights are also presented. A new climatology of clouds over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean is derived from combined measurements of the CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellites. This climatology is used to assess the forecast cloud amounts in 20th century global climate model simulations. While cloud monitoring over Antarctica from space has proved essential to the recent advances, the review concludes by emphasizing the need for additional in situ measurements.
Permeability anisotropy and fabric development: A mechanistic explanation
Authors: Daigle Hugh , Dugan Brandon
Published: November 2011

We develop a model to describe development of permeability anisotropy and fabric in clay‐rich sediments due to clay grain reorientation during consolidation and shearing. The model considers porosity, grain aspect ratio, and average angle of grains with respect to the horizontal plane. To validate the model, we determined permeability anisotropy ratios (ratio of horizontal permeability to vertical permeability) of porous media composed of flat cylindrical particles by lattice‐Boltzmann simulations. Over representative ranges of grain aspect ratio (diameter/thickness = 1–20) and porosity (44%–82%) the simulation results match the predicted values well. We show that permeability anisotropy ratios up to ∼20 can be attained within highly sheared (shear strain >20), low‐porosity (<40%) materials with aspect ratios >20, and that the maximum anisotropy ratio attainable by grain rotation is limited by grain aspect ratio. We further show that the anisotropy ratio of mixtures of low aspect ratio and high aspect ratio particles, like silty clays, are low (<2). This occurs because the low aspect ratio particles reduce the difference in tortuosity in transverse directions. Our results demonstrate why larger permeability anisotropy ratios are possible only through diagenesis, layering, or development of aligned microcracks.
Insights into inflammatory bowel disease using Toxoplasma gondii as an infectious trigger
Authors: Egan Charlotte E , Cohen Sara B , Denkers Eric Y
Published: November 2011

Oral infection of certain inbred mouse strains with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii triggers inflammatory pathology resembling lesions seen during human inflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn's disease (CD). Damage triggered by the parasite is largely localized to the distal portion of the small intestine, and as such is one of only a few models for ileal inflammation. This is important because ileal involvement is a characteristic of CD in over two‐thirds of patients. The disease induced by Toxoplasma is mediated by Th1 cells and the cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ. Inflammation is dependent upon IL‐23, also identified by genome‐wide association studies as a risk factor in CD. Development of lesions is concomitant with emergence of E. coli that display enhanced adhesion to the intestinal epithelium and subepithelial translocation. Furthermore, depletion of gut flora renders mice resistant to Toxoplasma‐triggered ileitis. Recent findings suggest complex CCR2‐dependent interactions between lamina propria T cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes in fueling proinflammatory pathology in the intestine. The advantage of the Toxoplasma model is that disease develops rapidly (within 7–10 days of infection) and can be induced in immunodeficient mice by adoptive transfer of mucosal T cells from infected donors. We propose that Toxoplasma acts as a trigger setting into motion a series of events culminating in loss of tolerance in the intestine and emergence of pathogenic T cell effectors. The Toxoplasma trigger model is providing new leaps in our understanding of immunity in the intestine.
GLP-1, exendin-4 and C-peptide regulate pancreatic islet microcirculation, insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in rats
Authors: Wu Lin , Olverling Anna , Huang Zhen , Jansson Leif , Chao Hongfen , Gao Xin , Sjöholm Åke
Published: November 2011

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) and its mimetic exendin-4 are used against Type 2 diabetes. C-peptide has also proven promising to enhance insulin action. Since insulin secretion in vivo can be rapidly tuned by changes in islet microcirculation, we evaluated the influence of GLP-1, exendin-4 and C-peptide on pancreatic IBF (islet blood flow), and dynamic changes in insulin secretion and glycaemia in the rat. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups given intravenous saline, GLP-1, exendin-4 or C-peptide respectively and administered either saline or 30% glucose. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of intravenous infusion of different doses of exendin-4 into either the femoral vein or the portal vein on islet microcirculation. A non-radioactive microsphere technique was adopted to measure the regional blood flow. Both GLP-1 and exendin-4 prevented the glucose-induced PBF (pancreatic blood flow) redistribution into the islets. Infusion of exendin-4 into the portal vein did not alter pancreatic islet microcirculation, while infusion of exendin-4 into femoral vein significantly decreased basal IBF. C-peptide increased basal IBF and the proportion of IBF out of total PBF, but did not affect the islet microcirculation after glucose administration. GLP-1, exendin-4 and C-peptide stimulated insulin secretion and significantly decreased glycaemia. Blocking NO formation did not prevent the decreased IBF and post-load glycaemia evoked by exendin-4, but further decreased IBF and KBF (kidney blood flow) and increased basal glycaemia. Blocking the vagus nerve enhanced pancreatic IBF and further decreased post-load glycaemia and KBF and increased basal glycaemia. The vascular modulatory effect on pancreatic islet microcirculation described herein, with subsequent effects on in vivo insulin secretion and glycaemia, might be one of the mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic actions of GLP-1 and its long acting mimetic exendin-4, as well as that of C-peptide.
Personal Technique for Primary Repair of Alveolar Clefts
Authors: Badran Hassan A. , Ali Hazem M. , Elbarbary Amir S.
Published: November 2011

From 1969, the senior author (H.B.) has developed a technique for the repair of alveolar clefts during primary cheiloplasty at patient age of 3 months. The operation used palatally hinged mucoperiosteal flaps from the edges of the cleft to reconstruct the posterior and inferior walls of the alveolar box. The roof was reconstructed by repairing the nasal floor, and the anterior wall was reconstructed using a buccal mucosal flap from the undersurface of the lateral lip segment. Fourteen operated patients were selected to scientifically follow the long-term results of the technique. The results indicated restoration of the arch form, varying degrees of ossification in the repaired alveolar box, and eruption of canines through the repaired alveolus. One case of anterior cross-bite was observed in these selected cases. However, a limited cross-bite was present at the site of the repaired cleft in many cases.
Many laboratories try for fusion with electron beams
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

For nearly a decade several laboratories in the US—the Naval Research Laboratory, Sandia Laboratories and Physics International among others—have been experimenting with intense relativistic electron beams. More recently interest in laser fusion also has stimulated interest in electron-beam fusion, and the pace quickened with several more laboratories joining the fray—Cornell University, Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, Air Force Weapons Research Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Maxwell Laboratories in San Diego, as well as laboratories in the Soviet Union.
Proton–proton total cross section shows unexpected rise
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

It has been generally believed for proton–proton collisions that as the energy was raised beyond present experimental limits, the total cross section would continue to be constant at about 39 millibarns. Now CERN has announced that two independent experiments at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings have found that the cross section increases by about 10% as the center-of-mass energy goes from 23 to 53 GeV, or in equivalent laboratory energies from 300 to 1500 GeV. The increase is consistent with a theoretical prediction made three years ago by Hung Cheng (MIT) and Tai Tsun Wu (Harvard University), who predicted that the total cross section would increase as a+b(log s)2 where s is the square of the center-of-mass energy.
The continuing search for quarks
Authors: Jones Lawrence W.
Published: November 2011

The story of quarks really begins in the mid 1950's with the classical experiments on the proton's electromagnetic structure. This work, done by Robert Hofstadter and his group at Stanford, showed that a proton has a finite size (a root-mean-square charge radius of 0.8 fermi), rather than being a point particle, as is an electron. In the early 1960's, the emerging spectra of mesons and baryons led theorists to organize hadrons according to various symmetry schemes. The most successful of these, then and to the present time, has been the so-called “SU(3)” scheme. In an attempt to provide a physical basis for the SU(3) symmetry, Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig proposed the concept of quarks, which were (are) presumed to be the physical manifestations of the SU(3) parameters and hence the structural constituents of hadrons.
Acoustics of Greek theatres
Authors: Shankland Robert S.
Published: November 2011

The best of the classical Greek theatres have remarkable acoustics for speech intelligibility, solo or unison singing, chanting, and for solo musical instruments. The essential property of the theatre structure to achieve this condition appears to be the architectural features that produce a profusion of “early reflected sound,” that is, sound reaching the listeners within 50 milliseconds of the direct sound, scattered by both seats and people. To a lesser degree, sound reflected from the orchestra and stage house appears to be important when these (as in the original Greek structures but not in the later Roman theatres) provide a spectrum of early reflected sounds with time delays of 20 millisec or less following the direct sound. The almost complete absence of reverberation and a wide spread of time delays (50 milliseconds or more) in the reflected and scattered sound make Greek theatres unattractive for orchestral music. But for their principal purpose of play production they were excellent, and when we consider that they employed no sound amplification but only strenuous effort by the performers, they are truly remarkable acoustical achievements.
Observers prepare for Comet Kohoutek
Authors: Rothenberg Marian S.
Published: November 2011

The brilliance of the newly discovered Comet Kohoutek and its relatively early observation, nearly a year before the predicted 28 December perihelion, have stimulated astronomers to an abundance of experimental efforts. Results of the studies, which will take place from ground-based telescopes, from airplanes, from orbiting satellites and balloons and probably from Skylab, could provide some answers to long-standing questions about the origins of comets, the forces that operate within them and the origin of the solar system itself.
Fluid dynamics of electron gases
Authors: Fowler Richard G.
Published: November 2011

Although fluid dynamics may be regarded by many physicists as a quiet and wholly classical backwater, those of us in the field know it to be complex, dynamic and exciting. The resurgence of this field was due in no small way to the work of Otto Laporte, who died on 28 March 1971 after an extraordinarily full career dating from the 1920's. Laporte's interest in fluid dynamics, stemming from his early association with Arnold Sommerfeld in Munich, grew after he took over the Shock Tube Laboratory at Michigan in 1946, where he developed many of the now well known results and methods in shock-wave technique.
Conformation and diffusion behavior of ring polymers in solution: A comparison between molecular dynamics, multiparticle collision dynamics, and lattice Boltzmann simulations
Authors: Hegde Govind A. , Chang Jen-fang , Chen Yeng-long , Khare Rajesh
Published: November 2011

We have studied the effect of chain topology on the structural properties and diffusion of polymers in a dilute solution in a good solvent. Specifically, we have used three different simulation techniques to compare the chain size and diffusion coefficient of linear and ring polymers in solution. The polymer chain is modeled using a bead-spring representation. The solvent is modeled using three different techniques: molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a particulate solvent in which hydrodynamic interactions are accounted through the intermolecular interactions, multiparticle collision dynamics (MPCD) with a point particle solvent which has stochastic interactions with the polymer, and the lattice Boltzmann method in which the polymer chains are coupled to the lattice fluid through friction. Our results show that the three methods give quantitatively similar results for the effect of chain topology on the conformation and diffusion behavior of the polymer chain in a good solvent. The ratio of diffusivities of ring and linear polymers is observed to be close to that predicted by perturbation calculations based on the Kirkwood hydrodynamic theory.
Absence of orderings in Hubbard models
Authors: Wojtkiewicz Jacek
Published: November 2011

In this paper, an absence of certain orderings in multiparameter family of Hubbard models is proved. A technical tool is a reflection positivity, which allows to establish upper bounds on certain susceptibilities. These bounds in turn imply an absence of magnetic, charge, and superconducting orderings. The models considered are extended Hubbard models with charge and spin interactions, correlation hopping, and pair hopping.
Photoluminescence of diamondoid crystals
Authors: Clay William A. , Sasagawa Takao , Iwasa Akio , Liu Zhi , Dahl Jeremy E. , Carlson Robert M. K. , Kelly Michael , Melosh Nicholas , Shen Zhi-Xun
Published: November 2011

The photoluminescence of diamondoids in the solid state is examined. All of the diamondoids are found to photoluminesce readily, with initial excitation wavelengths ranging from 233 nm to 240 nm (5.3 eV). These excitation energies are more than 1 eV lower than any previously studied saturated hydrocarbon material. The emission is found to be heavily shifted from the absorption, with emission wavelengths of roughly 295 nm (4.2 eV) in all cases. In the dissolved state, however, no fluorescence is observed for excitation wavelengths as short as 200 nm. We also discuss predictions and measurements of the quantum yield. Our predictions indicate that the maximum yield may be as high as 25%. Our measurement of one species, diamantane, gives a yield of 11%, the highest ever reported for a saturated hydrocarbon, even though it was likely not at the optimal excitation wavelength.
Investigation of defects by admittance spectroscopy measurements in poly (3-hexylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester organic solar cells degraded under air exposure
Authors: Khelifi Samira , Decock Koen , Lauwaert Johan , Vrielinck Henk , Spoltore Donato , Piersimoni Fortunato , Manca Jean , Belghachi Abderrahmane , Burgelman Marc
Published: November 2011

Electrical transport properties of poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) solar cells, with and without encapsulation, have been investigated and analyzed using admittance spectroscopy and capacitance voltage measurements at different temperatures. The admittance spectroscopy clearly reveals two defect states with activation energies of 53 and 100 meV, and a concentration ten times higher in the unencapsulated sample. These defects seem to have a strong effect on the charge transport and the solar cell performance when they are present with a high concentration, since they lead to a decrease of the mobility and also the short-circuit current and the efficiency. The origin of these defects has been assigned to reaction of the blend with O2 which is also known to induce p-type doping in pure P3HT. In an attempt to understand the effect of these defects on the organic solar cell performance, modeling and simulation were carried out using the effective medium layer model and gave good agreement with the measurements results.
Circular mode: A new scanning probe microscopy method for investigating surface properties at constant and continuous scanning velocities
Authors: Nasrallah Hussein , Mazeran Pierre-Emmanuel , Noël Olivier
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we introduce a novel scanning probe microscopy mode, called the circular mode, which offers expanded capabilities for surface investigations especially for measuring physical properties that require high scanning velocities and/or continuous displacement with no rest periods. To achieve these specific conditions, we have implemented a circular horizontal displacement of the probe relative to the sample plane. Thus the relative probe displacement follows a circular path rather than the conventional back and forth linear one. The circular mode offers advantages such as high and constant scanning velocities, the possibility to be combined with other classical operating modes, and a simpler calibration method of the actuators generating the relative displacement. As application examples of this mode, we report its ability to (1) investigate the influence of scanning velocity on adhesion forces, (2) measure easily and instantly the friction coefficient, and (3) generate wear tracks very rapidly for tribological investigations.
Single-layer magnetic memory based on Rashba three-terminal quantum dot device
Authors: Xing M.-J. , Li Y. , Jalil M. B. A. , Tan S. G. , Jiang Y.
Published: November 2011

It has been shown that three-terminal quantum dot (TTQD) devices and their variants can generate a rather high spin current in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit coupling (RSOC) at low temperature. The effect of contacting ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes to the TTQD devices is studied theoretically via the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s function method. The spin torque and spin current in the system are subsequently calculated. It is found that the spin torque in the middle FM lead can be reversed symmetrically by applying a bias voltage with opposite sign. This suggests that current-induced magnetization switching can be applied for data writing. Moreover, the charge current shows significant modulation when the orientation of the FM moment is varied, a feature which can be utilized for reading data. Based on this, we propose an integrated Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) device made up of Rashba TTQD unit cells. In each cell, the electron transport can be modulated by means of a gate voltage without the need for a transistor — unlike the case of conventional MRAMs. What is more, owing to the combination of RSOC and exchange interaction with the local FM moments, both the writing and reading process can be effected with a single FM layer.
Abnormal electronic transport and negative differential resistance of graphene nanoribbons with defects
Authors: An Yipeng , Yang Zhongqin
Published: November 2011

Electronic transport properties of zigzag graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with two kinds of triangular defects are explored by using an ab-initio method. At a certain bias, the current of the GNR with an upward-triangle defect can be surprisingly larger than that of the perfect GNR due to the defect-induced symmetry breaking and more conductive channels. Dissimilarly, if the orientation of the triangle is changed rightward, the current is depressed much and shows negative differential resistance behavior. Our findings indicate that defect designs can be an efficient way to tune the electronic transport of GNR nanodevices.
Electronic structure and optical properties of Ag3PO4 photocatalyst calculated by hybrid density functional method
Authors: Liu J. J. , Fu X. L. , Chen S. F. , Zhu Y. F.
Published: November 2011

The electronic structure and optical properties of Ag3PO4 were studied by hybrid density functional theory. The results indicated that the band gap is 2.43 eV, which agrees well with the experimental value of 2.45 eV. The conduction bands of Ag3PO4 are mainly attributable to Ag 5s and 5p states, while the valence bands are dominated by O 2p and Ag 4d states. The highest valence band edge potential was 2.67 V (vs. normal hydrogen electrode), which has enough driving force for photocatalytic water oxidation and pollutants degradation. The optical absorption spectrum showed that Ag3PO4 is a visible light response photocatalyst.