bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a New Hysteresis Control Strategy for Autonomous Parallel Active Filter
Authors: Benslimane Tarak , Aliouane Kamel , Chetate Boukhmis
Published: December 2005

The goal of this paper is to evaluate performances of a new hysteresis current control strategy for autonomous three phase parallel active filter in harmonic currents elimination (by simulation an experiment) as well as the reactive power compensation (by simulation). This strategy, called the Optimized Hysteresis Control Strategy, is based on currents errors and their derivatives calculation each time the zero voltage vector is set at the AC side of the inverter of the active filter. The harmonic currents are identified using the method of the instantaneous real and imaginary powers. A voltage regulation loop is used to regulate the condenser DC voltage which ensure a constant DC voltage to the inverter. A digital software C++ simulation program was developed and implemented via the data acquisition board (AT-MIO-16X DAQ from National Instruments). Simulation and experimental results are presented.
Equilibrium Moisture Content of Semi-Defatted Pumpkin Seed Flour
Authors: Menkov Nikolay D , Durakova Albena G
Published: December 2005

Moisture equilibrium data (adsorption and desorption) of semi-defatted (fat 10.6 % wet basis) pumpkin seed flour were determined using the static gravimetric method of saturated salt solutions at three temperatures 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C. The range of water activities for each temperature was between 0.11 and 0.85. Equilibrium moisture content decreased with the increase in storage temperature at any given water activity. The experimental data were fitted to five mathematical models (modified Oswin, modified Halsey, modified Chung-Pfost, modified Henderson and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer). The GAB model was found to be the most suitable for describing the sorption data. The monolayer moisture content was estimated using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation.
Effect of Various Technological Processes on the Fatty Acid Composition of Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis, L.)
Authors: Otles Semih , Sengor Gulgun
Published: December 2005

In this study the effect of various processing techniques on the fatty acid composition of mussel, a member of bivalves, was investigated. According to the results, applied techniques such as smoking, pickling, and different kinds of cooking are recorded to have caused important changes in their fatty acid compositions. It was also seen that these changes were occurred from PUFAs, ecosapentaenoic (EPA) (C20:5 n-3), and docosahexanoic (DHA) (C22:6 n-3) which are important especially in nutrition. Generally, in accord with the processing technique, a decrease in different proportions was found in the quantity of ecosapentaenoic and docosahexanoic acids. Maximum decrease in the mentioned fatty acids was especially observed in the mussels processed by frying and cooking.
Measurement of Surface Tension of Homogenised Milks
Authors: Mukherjee Niloshree , Bansal Bipan , Chen Xiao Dong
Published: December 2005

Surface tension of different homogenized milk and cream, available in New Zealand, has been measured using the Capillary Rise method as well as the automated Wilhelmy Plate method. The measured values are slightly higher than the values reported in the literature. Increasing the fat content is found to have an inverse effect on the surface tension. This effect diminishes progressively for fat concentrations beyond 30%. Milk proteins, reported in the literature as surface-active components, are observed to have no effect on the surface tension.
Parameters Affecting Milling Qualities of Undefatted Soybeans (Glycine max, l. Merill) (1): Selected Thermal Treatment
Authors: Famurewa John Alaba Victor , Raji AbdulGaniy O.
Published: December 2005

In the developing countries animal proteins are very expensive and cannot meet with the protein requirement of the current explosive population trend hence, supplementing with plant protein is pertinent. Soybean, which is widely consumed when processed to flour and flour products, is one of the best substitutes if properly processed. This study, therefore, aimed at establishing the best thermal treatment among the commonly used methods that will conserve the protein content of soy flour maximally, result in high flour yield and acceptability. Four different methods: Roasting (ROA), Extrusion (EXT), Boil and Sun Dry (BSD) and Boil and Oven Dry (BOD), were used to prepare samples from Tax 1448 soybean variety obtained from International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and mixed variety obtained from market. The samples were milled in an attrition mill and the flours obtained were subjected to proximate, sieve and organoleptic evaluations. The results of the experiment, showed a protein content of 40.5, 40.7, 40.1 and 40.3%, flour yields of 32.0, 3.7, 29.7 and 37.9%, and acceptability of 58.0, 61.0, 36.0, and 48.0% and protein content of 33.7, 34.4, 32.7 and 32.7%, flour yields of 17.0, 5.0, 14.1 and 12.3%, and acceptability of 64.0, 68.0, 48.0 and 60.0% for BOD, EXT, ROA and BSD respectively for Tax 1448 and mixed variety. These results indicated that BOD is a better method over others. EXT, though, has the highest acceptability and protein contents, these values (p < 0.05), have no significant difference from those of BOD. EXT however has a very low flour yield. This study has therefore established that BOD is the best of the commonly used domestic methods for producing acceptable soy flour of high protein content and flour yield.
An Improved and Efficient Method for the Extraction of Phycocyanin from Spirulina sp
Authors: Doke Jayant Mahadev
Published: December 2005

This paper describes an improved drying method and efficient procedure for the optimum extraction of phycocyanin from the Spirulina sp. We observed that, when Spirulina biomass is dried at 250C under shadow by air circulation and extraction of phycocyanin at 40C for 24 h in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 (0.1 M) yield maximum phycocyanin (80 mg/g). This also shows relatively highest purity ratio of 1.8. When extraction of phycocyanin with other available methods were carried out, showed purity ratio of 0.45 to 1.34. The extraction of phycocyanin in hydrochloric acid (2.0 N to 10.0 N) showed the contamination of chlorophyll in the phycocyanin extract. The proposed method of air-drying and extraction suggested in this paper showed only 5 to 7% loss of phycocyanin during drying process.
Effects of Single and Combined Atmosphere Packages on Preservation of Strawberries
Authors: Zhang Min , Xiao Gongnian , Peng Jian , Salokhe Vilas M
Published: December 2005

Effects of single and combined Modified Atmosphere Package (MAP) on the preservation of strawberries were studied in this paper. The modified atmosphere package combined with ozone and edible coating films were used for improving the effect of preservation of strawberry. The results show that the optimum gas composition of MAP tests for strawberry was 2.5%O2+16%CO2. The composite membrane of LDPE & PVC was superior to single LDPE and PVC membranes. The storage tests show that MAP could inhibit the respiration and weight loss of strawberries. Furthermore, it also can retard soluble sugars, titrable acidity and anthocyanin decrease. In addition, the dynamic change of gas composition in package was studied.
In Praise of Environmental Education
Authors: Cartea Pablo ángel Meira
Published: December 2005

Environmental education (EE) is going through a critical stage. The wide acceptance of education for sustainable development (ESD) as a reference guiding the educational response to the environmental crisis has strengthened the critical views of EE. This article tries to refute the arguments put forward by those who criticize EE and advocate its ‘substitution’ by ESD. The article points out the theoretical weaknesses and the political and ideological bias of the notion of ‘sustainable development and sets these against the rich historical development of EE. In this approach, ESD is shown to offer no original responses to the challenges of the environmental crisis and of development. The author admits that ESD may be one of the options in the multi-paradigmatic essence attributed to EE, but believes that other interpretations of educational action are coherent with a view of society which is equally sustainable, but which is at the same time oriented towards the attainment of justice and equity today and in the future of mankind.
Evaluation of a bladder tumor antigen test as a screening test for transitional cell carcinoma of the lower urinary tract in dogs
Authors: Henry Carolyn J. , Tyler Jeff W. , McEntee Margaret C. , Stokol Tracy , Rogers Kenita S. , Chun Ruthanne , Garrett Laura D. , McCaw Dudley L. , Higginbotham Mary Lynn , Flessland Karen A. , Stokes Pam Koffend
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the veterinary version of the
bladder tumor antigen (V-BTA) test as a screening test
for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the lower urinary
tract of dogs.

Animals—229 client-owned dogs.

Procedure—Urine samples from dogs were shipped
overnight to a single laboratory to facilitate testing
within 48 hours of collection by use of the V-BTA rapid
latex agglutination urine dipstick test. Groups of dogs
included the following: 1) dogs with TCC of the lower
urinary tract, 2) healthy control dogs, 3) unhealthy
control dogs with non-TCC urinary tract disease, and
4) unhealthy control dogs without urinary tract disease.
Test sensitivity and specificity were calculated
by use of standard methods. Logistic models were
developed to assess the effect of disease status, test
conditions, urine composition, and signalment on the
performance of the V-BTA test.

Results—A total of 229 urine samples were analyzed,
including 48 from dogs with suspected (n = 3) or confirmed
(45) TCC. Test sensitivities were 88, 87, and
85% for all dogs with (suspected and confirmed) TCC,
dogs with confirmed TCC at any site, and dogs with
confirmed TCC of the urinary bladder, respectively.
Test specificities were 84, 41, and 86% for healthy
control dogs, unhealthy control dogs with non-TCC
urinary tract disease, and unhealthy control dogs
without urinary tract disease, respectively. The test
performed slightly better on centrifuged urine samples
than on uncentrifuged urine samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results
indicate that the V-BTA test is useful in screening for
urinary tract TCC in dogs. (Am J Vet Res
2003;64:1017–1020)
Calculation of the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids and the effective dissociation constant of nonvolatile buffers in plasma for use in the strong ion approach to acid-base balance in cats
Authors: McCullough Sheila M. , Constable Peter D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine values for the total concentration
of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot) and effective
dissociation constant of nonvolatile weak acids (K
a) in
plasma of cats.

Sample Population—Convenience plasma samples
of 5 male and 5 female healthy adult cats.

Procedure—Cats were sedated, and 20 mL of blood
was obtained from the jugular vein. Plasma was
tonometered at 37oC to systematically vary PCO2
from 8 to 156 mm Hg, thereby altering plasma pH
from 6.90 to 7.97. Plasma pH, PCO2, and concentrations
of quantitatively important strong cations (Na+,
K+, and Ca2+), strong anions (Cl–, lactate), and buffer
ions (total protein, albumin, and phosphate) were
determined. Strong ion difference was estimated
from the measured strong ion concentrations and
nonlinear regression used to calculate Atot and Ka
from the measured pH and PCO2 and estimated
strong ion difference.

Results—Mean (± SD) values were as follows: Atot =
24.3 ± 4.6 mmol/L (equivalent to 0.35 mmol/g of protein
or 0.76 mmol/g of albumin); Ka = 0.67 ± 0.40 ×
10–7; and the negative logarithm (base 10) of Ka (pKa) =
7.17. At 37oC, pH of 7.35, and a partial pressure of CO2
(PCO2) of 30 mm Hg, the calculated venous strong ion
difference was 30 mEq/L.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results
indicate that at a plasma pH of 7.35, a 1 mEq/L
decrease in strong ion difference will decrease pH by
0.020, a 1 mm Hg decrease in PCO2 will increase
plasma pH by 0.011, and a 1 g/dL decrease in albumin
concentration will increase plasma pH by 0.093.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1047–1051)
Effect of hypothyroidism on kinetics of metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein in mares
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Sojka Janice E. , Patterson Bruce W. , Wood Karl V. , Bonham Connie C. , Latour Mickey A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare kinetics of the metabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) apolipoprotein B (apoB) before and after thyroidectomy in mares.

Animals—5 healthy adult mares.

Procedure—Thyroidectomy was performed in euthyroid mares. Kinetics of VLDL apoB metabolism were measured before and after thyroidectomy by use of a bolus IV injection of 5,5,5-2H3(98%) leucine (5 mg/kg) and subsequent isolation of labeled amino acid from plasma and VLDL. Labeled leucine was quantified by use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Production rate (PR), delay time, and fractional catabolic rate (FCR) were calculated for the 2 forms of equine VLDL, apoB-48 VLDL, and apoB-100 VLDL. Plasma lipid concentrations were measured, and VLDL composition was determined.

Results—Physical appearance of horses was not altered by thyroidectomy. Significantly lower mean blood concentrations of thyroid hormones and nonesterified fatty acids were detected following thyroidectomy. Mean percentage of free cholesterol in VLDL was significantly higher after thyroidectomy. Mean plasma VLDL concentration or kinetics of apoB-48 or apoB-100 were not significantly altered by thyroidectomy. Mean ± SEM PR was significantly lower (8.70 ± 1.61 mg/kg/d) and mean delay time significantly longer (1.58 ± 0.12 hours) for apoB-48 VLDL in euthyroid mares, compared with values for thyroidectomized mares (16.15 ± 2.24 mg/kg/d and 0.93 ± 0.10 hours, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypothyroidism did not significantly alter plasma VLDL concentrations or kinetics of VLDL apoB metabolism. Metabolism of apoB-48 VLDL differed significantly from that of apoB-100 VLDL in euthyroid mares. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1052–1058)
Determination of extrarenal plasma clearance and hepatic uptake of technetium- 99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine in cats
Authors: Drost William Tod , McLoughlin Mary A. , Mattoon John S. , Lerche Phillip , Samii Valerie F. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J. , Barthez Paul Y.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine maximum extrarenal plasma clearance of technetium-99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (99mTc–MAG3) and maximum extrarenal hepatic uptake of99mTc–MAG3in cats.

Animals—6 clinically normal adult cats.

Procedure—Simultaneously, baseline plasma clearance and camera-based uptake of99mTc–MAG3were determined in anesthetized cats. Double exponential curves were fitted to plasma clearance data. Injected dose was divided by area under the curve and body weight to determine99mTc–MAG3clearance. Regions of interest were drawn around kidneys and liver, and percentage dose uptake was determined 1 to 3 minutes after injection. After bilateral nephrectomy, simultaneous extrarenal plasma clearance and camera- based hepatic uptake of99mTc–MAG3were evaluated in each cat.

Results—Mean ± SD baseline plasma clearance and extrarenal clearance were 5.29 ± 0.77 and 0.84 ± 0.47 mL/min/kg, respectively. Mean extrarenal clearance (as a percentage of baseline plasma clearance) was 16.06 ± 7.64%. For right, left, and both kidneys, mean percentage dose uptake was 9.42 ± 2.58, 9.37 ± 0.86, and 18.79 ± 2.47%, respectively. Mean hepatic percentage dose uptake before and after nephrectomy was 12.95 ± 0.93 and 21.47 ± 2.00%, respectively. Mean percentage change of hepatic uptake after nephrectomy was 166.89 ± 23.19%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats, extrarenal clearance of99mTc–MAG3is higher than that of other species; therefore,99mTc–MAG3is not useful for estimation of renal function in felids. Evaluation of renal function in cats may be more accurate via camera- based versus plasma clearance-based methods because camera-based studies can discriminate specific organs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1076–1080)
Evaluation of various compounds to inhibit activity of matrix metalloproteinases in the tear film of horses with ulcerative keratitis
Authors: Ollivier Franck J. , Brooks Dennis E. , Kallberg Maria E. , Komaromy Andras M. , Lassaline Mary E. , Andrew Stacy E. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Stevens Gary R. , Blalock Timothy D. , Setten Gysbert-Botho van , Schultz Gregory S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To examine in vitro effects of various antiproteolytic compounds on activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 in the tear film of horses with active corneal ulcers.

Sample Population—Samples of tear film obtained from the eyes of 34 horses with active ulcerative keratitis.

Procedure—Horses were sedated, and tear samples were collected from the lower fornix of 34 ulcerated eyes by use of capillary tubes. The protease inhibitors 0.2% EDTA, 0.1% doxycycline, 10% N-acetylcysteine (NAC), 0.1% solution of a modified dipeptide that contains hydroxamic acid (ie, ilomostat), 0.1% α1-proteinase inhibitor (PI), 0.5% α1-PI, and 100% fresh equine serum (ES) were used to treat pooled samples. Amount of latent and active MMP-2 and -9 was measured by optical density scanning of gelatin zymograms of treated and untreated tear samples.

Results—Pooled tear samples obtained from ulcerated eyes contained the latent and active forms of MMP-2 and -9. Compared with MMP activity in untreated samples, total MMP activity (sum of all bands detected) observed on the gelatin zymogram gels was reduced by 99.4% by EDTA, 96.3% by doxycycline, 98.8% by NAC, 98.9% by ilomostat, 52.4% by 0.1% α1-PI, 93.6% by 0.5% α1-PI, and 90.0% by ES.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—We documented that EDTA, doxycycline, NAC, ilomostat, α1- PI, and ES inhibited MMP activity in vitro. Because these compounds use different mechanisms to inhibit various families of proteases in the tear film of horses, a combination of these protease inhibitors may be beneficial for treatment of corneal ulcers in horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1081–1087)
Magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and cross-sectional views of the anatomy of normal nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in mesaticephalic dogs
Authors: Rycke Lieve M. De , Saunders Jimmy H. , Gielen Ingrid M. , Bree Henri J. van , Simoens Paul J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To use computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to provide a detailed description of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses in clinically normal mesaticephalic dogs.

Animals—2 clinically normal Belgian Shepherd Dogs that weighed 25 and 35 kg, respectively.

Procedure—The first dog was anesthetized and positioned in ventral recumbency for CT and MRI examinations, and transverse slices were obtained from the caudal part of the frontal sinuses to the nares. For MRI, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and proton-density sequences were obtained. The second dog was anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency with the head perpendicular to the table, and CT and MRI examinations were again conducted. At the completion of the MRI examination, each dog received an IV injection of heparin and then was euthanatized. A 4% solution of formaldehyde was perfused IV immediately after each dog was euthanatized. The skull was prepared, decalcified, embedded with gelatin, and sectioned into 5-mmthick sections by use of a stainless-steel knife. Each anatomic section was photographed and compared with the corresponding CT and MRI views.

Results—Structures on the CT and MRI views matched structures on the corresponding anatomic sections. The CT scans provided good anatomic detail of the bony tissues, and MRI scans were superior to CT scans for determining soft-tissue structures.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CT and MRI provide a means for consistent evaluation of all structures of the nasal cavities and frontal sinuses. Both techniques could be useful for evaluation of diseases that affect the nasal region. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1093–1098)
Influence of age and body size on orocecal transit time as assessed by use of the sulfasalazine method in healthy dogs
Authors: Weber Mickaël P. , Martin Lucile J. , Biourge Vincent C. , Nguyen Patrick G. , Dumon Henri J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare orocecal transit time (OCTT) as assessed by use of the sulfapyridine appearance time in plasma after oral administration of sulfasalazine in dogs of varying age and body size and determine whether OCTT correlates with fecal quality.

Animals—6 Miniature Poodles (MP), 6 Standard Schnauzers (SS), 6 Giant Schnauzers (GS), and 6 Great Danes (GD).

Procedure—Determinations of OCTT were made at 12, 22, 36, and 60 weeks of age. Dogs were fed sulfasalazine mixed with a meal. Blood samples were then collected for 6 hours. The OCTT was the time from ingestion of the meal to detection of sulfapyridine in plasma. Fecal moisture content and consistency were recorded during the same periods.

Results—Mean OCTT decreased during growth of GS and GD dogs. No correlation was found between OCTT and fecal variables during growth in the 4 breeds. Effect of body size was observed at 12 and 22 weeks of age, with a longer OCTT in GS and GD than in MP and SS dogs. Similar OCTTs were observed at 36 and 60 weeks of age in all breeds, although GS and GD dogs had poorer fecal quality during those periods.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An effect of age on OCTT was observed only in large-breed dogs, with longer transit times in puppies (12 weeks old) than in adults (60 weeks old). Mean OCTT is not correlated with body size in adult dogs. No relationship was detected between OCTT and fecal variables in healthy dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1105–1109)
Use of the proximal portion of the tibia for measurement of the tibial plateau angle in dogs
Authors: Abel Steven B. , Hammer Douglas L. , Shott Susan
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether the canine tibial
plateau angle (TPA) can be accurately measured from
lateral radiographic views of the stifle joint that
include only the proximal portion of the tibia.

Sample Population—282 lateral radiographic views
of the stifle joint from 128 dogs.

Procedure—236 radiographs were obtained from 102
dogs with no stifle joint disease, and 46 were
obtained from 26 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament
rupture. Radiographs were digitized. Tibial plateau
angles were determined by measuring the angle
between the intersection of the tibial plateau slope
line and perpendiculars to 4 tibial axes. The gold standard
TPA was based on a reference axis that used the
entire length of the tibia and was determined by the
line connecting the midpoint of the tibial intercondylar
eminence and the center of the talus. Tibial plateau
angle1, TPA2, and TPA3 were based on tibial axes that
were determined by use of only the proximal portion
of the tibia.

Results—TPA determined on the basis of the shortest
proximal reference axis (TPA1) was not accurate.
However, as the length of the reference axis
increased, reliability of the TPAs obtained from proximal
reference axes improved, and their correlations
with the gold standard TPA increased ( r = 0.78, 0.86,
and 0.92 for TPA1, TPA2, and TPA3, respectively).
Equations obtained by regression analysis allowed
estimation of the gold standard TPA with some
degree of accuracy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a proximal
reference axis to calculate TPA may be an alternative
to a calculation based on the full-length axis.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1117–1123)
Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: Muir III William W. , Wiese Ashley J. , March Philip A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of constant rate infusion of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine- lidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combination on endtidal isoflurane concentration (ET-Iso) and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and monitor depth of anesthesia by use of the bispectral index (BIS).

Animals—6 adult dogs.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane on 5 occasions, separated by a minimum of 7 to 10 days. Individual isoflurane MAC values were determined for each dog. Reduction in isoflurane MAC, induced by administration of morphine (3.3 µg/kg/min), lidocaine (50 µg/kg/min), ketamine (10 µg/kg/min), and MLK, was determined. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2), core body temperature, and BIS were monitored.

Results—Mean ± SD isoflurane MAC was 1.38 ± 0.08%. Morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and MLK significantly lowered isoflurane MAC by 48, 29, 25, and 45%, respectively. The percentage reductions in isoflurane MAC for morphine and MLK were not significantly different but were significantly greater than for lidocaine and ketamine. The SpO2, mean arterial pressure, and core body temperature were not different among groups. Heart rate was significantly decreased at isoflurane MAC during infusion of morphine and MLK. The BIS was inversely related to the ET-Iso and was significantly increased at isoflurane MAC during infusions of morphine and ketamine, compared with isoflurane alone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Low infusion doses of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and MLK decreased isoflurane MAC in dogs and were not associated with adverse hemodynamic effects. The BIS can be used to monitor depth of anesthesia. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1155–1160)
Transient and stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with the recombinant feline erythropoietin gene and expression, purification, and biological activity of feline erythropoietin protein
Authors: Baldwin Susan L. , Powell Tim D. , Wonderling Ramani S. , Keiser Katherine C. L. , Morales Tony , Hunter Shirley , McDermott Martin , Radecki Steven V. , Milhausen Michael J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To use transient and stable transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells to clone the gene encoding feline erythropoietin (feEPO) protein, characterize the expressed protein, and assess its biological activity.

Sample Population—Cultures of Chinese hamster ovary or TF-1 cells.

Procedure—The gene encoding feEPO was cloned into a eukaryotic expression plasmid. Chinese hamster ovary cells were transiently or stably transfected with the plasmid. Expressed recombinant feEPO (rfeEPO) protein was purified from transiently transfected cells. The protein was characterized by use of SDS gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Biological activity was assessed by measuring thymidine incorporation by TF-1 erythroleukemic cells.

Results—Purified rfeEPO from supernatants of transiently transfected cells was determined to be 34 to 40 kilodaltons (kd) by use of SDS gel electrophoresis, whereas the molecular weight predicted from the amino acid sequence was 21.5 kd. The banding pattern and high molecular weight suggested the protein was glycosylated. The rfeEPO proteins derived from transient or stable transfections subsequently were determined to be biologically active in vitro.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The gene encoding feEPO can be transfected into eukaryotic cells, and the expressed rfeEPO protein is biologically active in vitro. Cats with chronic renal failure often are anemic as a result of reduced expression of erythropoietin (EPO). Treatment with human-derived EPO stimulates RBCs in anemic cats; however, treatment is often limited by the development of antibodies directed against the recombinant human protein, which can then cross-react with endogenous feEPO. Recombinant feEPO may prove beneficial for use in cats with chronic renal failure. (Am J Vet Res2003; 64:1465–1471)
Evaluation of multiple radiographic predictors of cartilage lesions in the hip joints of eight-month-old dogs
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Grohn Yrjo T. , Bliss Stuart P. , Wilfand Ashley , Williams Alma J. , Vernier-Singer Margaret , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Dykes Nathan L. , Wu Rongling , Casella George , Acland Gregory M. , Lust George
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the radiographic methods that best predict the development of osteoarthritis in the hip joints of a cohort of dogs with hip dysplasia and unaffected dogs.

Animals—205 Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, and Labrador Retriever-Greyhound crossbred dogs.

Procedure—Pelvic radiography was performed when the dogs were 8 months old. Ventrodorsal extendedhip, distraction, and dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) radiographs were obtained. An Orthopedic Foundation for Animals-like hip score, distraction index, dorsolateral subluxation score, and Norberg angle were derived from examination of radiographs. Osteoarthritis was diagnosed at the time of necropsy in dogs ≥ 8 months of age on the basis of detection of articular cartilage lesions. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the radiographic technique or techniques that best predicted development of osteoarthritis.

Results—A combination of 2 radiographic methods was better than any single method in predicting a cartilage lesion or a normal joint, but adding a third radiographic method did not improve that prediction. A combination of the DLS score and Norberg angle best predicted osteoarthritis of the hip joint or an unaffected hip joint. All models that excluded the DLS score were inferior to those that included it.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A combination of the DLS score and Norberg angle was the best predictor of radiographic measures in 8-month-old dogs to determine whether a dog would have normal or osteoarthritic hip joints. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1472–1478)
Effect of velocity on ground reaction forces in dogs with lameness attributable to tearing of the cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: Evans Richard , Gordon Wanda , Conzemius Mike
Published: December 2005

Objective—To ascertain the effectiveness of evaluating ground reaction forces (GRFs) at velocities during walking and trotting in dogs with naturally occurring lameness and determine whether walking would provide sufficient motion to adequately characterize GRFs with respect to trotting.

Animals—29 dogs with a naturally occurring tear of the cranial cruciate ligament.

Procedure—Dogs were walked and trotted over a force platform, and GRFs were recorded during the stance phase. Correlation was used to assess the agreement between walking and trotting for GRF. The coefficient of variation was calculated to assess the relative variation of outcome variables among the gaits. Group means for walking GRF were compared between dogs that trotted and that failed to trot.

Results—GRFs during walking and trotting were highly correlated. The coefficient of variation was smaller for GRFs during walking than during trotting. Dogs that failed to trot had significantly smaller mean values of peak vertical force and vertical impulse during walking, compared with values for dogs that were able to trot.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Either velocity is acceptable for GRF evaluation in dogs. Mean GRF during walking was significantly different between dogs that could and could not trot, principally because dogs with the most severe lameness failed to trot. These dogs would be eliminated from a clinical study, and thus, that study would become biased toward dogs that were less lame. In that situation, differences between interventions may be less pronounced, because they would be evaluated on dogs with less lameness. (Am J Vet Res2003;64: 1479–1481)
A cohort study of telomere and telomerase biology in cats
Authors: McKevitt Tom P. , Nasir Lubna , Wallis Corrin V. , Argyle David J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate telomere lengths in tissues
of domestic shorthair (DSH) cats of various
ages, evaluate the relationship between telomere
length and age of cats, and investigate telomerase
activity in the somatic tissues of cats.

Sample Population—Tissues obtained from 2 DSH
cats and blood samples obtained from 30 DSH cats.

Procedure—DNA isolated from blood cells and
somatic tissue samples was subjected to terminal
restriction fragment (TRF) analysis to determine
mean telomere repeat lengths. Protein samples were
subjected to analysis by use of a telomeric repeat-amplification
protocol to assess telomerase activity.

Results—Mean TRF values of cats ranged from 4.7 to
26.3 kilobase pairs, and there was significant telomeric
attrition with increasing age of cat. Telomerase
activity was not found in a wide range of normal tissues
obtained from 2 cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
these results clearly indicates that telomeres are
shorter in older cats, compared with young cats;
therefore, telomeres are implicated in the aging
process. The analysis of telomerase activity in normal
somatic tissues of cats reveals a pattern of expression
similar to that found in human tissues.

Impact for Human Medicine—Fundamental differences
in the biological characteristics of telomeres and
telomerase exist between humans and the other most
widely studied species (ie, mice). The results reported
here reveal similarities in telomere and telomerase biologic
characteristics between DSH cats and humans.
Hence, as well as developing our understanding of
aging in cats, these data may be usefully extrapolated
to aging in humans. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1496–1499)
Effects of exercise and glucose administration on content of insulin-sensitive glucose transporter in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: Lacombe Véronique A. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Devor Stephen T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To characterize insulin-sensitive glucose-transporter (GLUT-4) protein in equine tissues and determine effects of exercise and glucose administration on content of GLUT-4 protein in equine skeletal muscle.

Sample Population—Tissue samples from 9 horses.

Procedure—Western blot analyses were performed on crude membrane preparations of equine tissues to characterize GLUT-4. In a crossover, randomized study, horses were strenuously exercised for 3 consecutive days and then administered 13.5% glucose or isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl; control) solution, IV, at similar infusion rates for 12.1 hours. Samples were collected from the middle gluteal muscle before and after exercise and 10.1 hours after completion of an infusion and used for measurements of glycogen concentration and total content of GLUT-4 protein.

Results—Immunoblot analyses detected specifically immunoreactive bands for GLUT-4 in insulin-sensitive tissues. Content of GLUT-4 protein in skeletal muscle increased significantly by 27.3 and 12.3% 22.2 hours after exercise for control and glucose groups, respectively. Intravenous infusion of glucose resulted in a significantly higher rate of glycogenesis, compared with results for the control group (mean ± SD, 3.98 ± 0.61 and 1.47 ± 0.20 mmol/kg/h, respectively). Despite enhanced glycogenesis, we did not detect an increase in content of GLUT-4 protein after glucose infusion, compared with values after exercise.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—GLUT-4 protein was expressed in equine skeletal and cardiac muscles. Exercise increased total content of GLUT-4 protein in skeletal muscle, and replenishment of muscle glycogen stores after glucose infusion attenuated the exercise-induced increase in the content of GLUT-4 protein in equine skeletal muscle. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1500–1506)
Identification of geographic factors associated with early spread of foot-and-mouth disease
Authors: Rivas Ariel L. , Smith Stephen D. , Sullivan Patrick J. , Gardner Beth , Aparicio Juan P. , Hoogesteijn Almira L. , Castillo-Chávez Carlos
Published: December 2005

Objective—To explore whether early analysis of spatial data may result in identification of variables associated with epidemic spread of foot and mouth disease.

Sample Population—37 farms with infected cattle (ie, case farms) reported within the first 6 days of the 2001 Uruguayan foot-and-mouth disease epidemic.

Procedure—A georeferenced database was created and retrospective analysis was performed on case farm location in relation to farm density, cattle density, farm type (ie, beef vs dairy cattle production), road density, case farm distance to the nearest road, farm size, farm ownership, and day of infection. Mean or median results of 1 to 3 day versus 4 to 6 day spatial data were compared. Spatial-temporal associations were investigated by correlation analysis.

Results—Comparison of mean or median values between the first 3 days and days 4 to 6 of the epidemic and results of correlation analysis indicated a significant increase in road density, cattle density, and dairy cattle production and a significant decrease in farm size and case farm distance to the nearest road that developed over time. A route that linked most case farms by the shortest possible distance and also considered significantly associated variables was created. It included 86.1% of all case farms reported by 60 days into the epidemic.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidemic direction can be assessed on the basis of road density and other spatial variables as early as 6 days into an epidemic. Epidemic control areas may be more effectively identified if local and regional georeferenced data are considered. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1519–1527)
Minimum alveolar concentration measures of central nervous system activation in cats anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: March Philip A. , Muir III William W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the minimum alveolar concentration
(MAC) of isoflurane required to prevent
corticocerebral activation, autonomic responses, and
purposeful movements after somatic or visceral stimulation
in cats anesthetized with isoflurane.

Animals—17 healthy spayed female cats.

Procedure—Bispectral index (BIS), autonomic parameters,
and purposeful movements were monitored
before and after somatic or visceral stimuli in cats
anesthetized with isoflurane. End-tidal (ET) isoflurane
concentration was varied to determine MAC values
for cortical arousal (MACBIS), autonomic responsiveness
(MACBAR), and purposeful movement (MAC).
Bispectral index values ≥ 60 were considered to represent
corticocerebral activation.

Results—Minimum alveolar concentration for purposeful
movement was significantly less than MACBIS
and MACBAR for both somatic and visceral stimulation.
Individual MAC values for somatic stimulation were
not significantly different from respective MAC values
for visceral stimulation. The percentage of cats that
had a BIS response ≥ 60 was inversely related to the
end-tidal isoflurane concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Corticocerebral
arousal and subcortical autonomic reflexes occured at
isoflurane anesthetic concentrations at which reflexive
or purposeful movements were absent. These results
suggested that isoflurane had a preferential effect on
voluntary motor output at low end-tidal isoflurane concentrations,
and that sensory pathways, subcortical
sympathetic output, and cortical responsiveness are
less susceptible to the anesthetic effects of isoflurane.
Bispectral index values obtained after somatic or visceral
stimulation were sensitive for the detection of early
changes in cortical excitability. (Am J Vet Res 2003;
64:1528–1533)
Quantitation of house dust mites and house dust mite allergens in the microenvironment of dogs
Authors: Randall Amy , Hillier Andrew , Cole Lynette K. , Kwochka Kenneth W. , Needham Glen , Wassom Donald L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To quantitate the density ofDermatophagoides farinaeandD pteronyssinusand concentrations of house dust mite (HDM) allergens (Der f 1, Der p 1, and Group 2 allergens) in the indoor microenvironment of dogs.

Sample Population—50 homes in Columbus, Ohio.

Procedure—In each home, samples of dust were collected from 3 locations in which dogs spent most time. Whenever possible, the species of mites collected was identified. Mite density (mites/g of dust) was assessed, and allergen concentrations were assayed by standardized ELISAs. Relative humidity and temperature in each home were monitored during a 5-day period. Characteristics of homes and sample sources were evaluated.

Results—Dust samples from all 50 homes contained ≥ 1 HDM allergen; Der f 1 and Der p 1 were detected in 100 and 74% of homes, respectively. Fifteen homes had HDMs; compared withD pteronyssinus,D farinaewas found more commonly (14/15 homes) and at a higher density. Basements, homes without central air-conditioning, and dog beds that were ≥ 1 year old had high HDM allergen concentrations. Homes with ≥ 2 µg of Der f 1 or Group 2 allergens/g of dust or ≥ 100 mites/g of dust were significantly more likely to have a maximum relative humidity ≥ 75%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated the presence of HDMs and HDM allergens in the specific microenvironment of dogs in homes. Factors associated with high levels of exposure were identified, which may be associated with increased risk for sensitization and development of atopic diseases. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1580–1588)
Isolation and differentiation of bovine mammary gland progenitor cell populations
Authors: Holland Margo S. , Tai Mei-Hui , Trosko James E. , Griffin Lorri D. , Stasko Judith A. , Cheville Norman C. , Holland Robert E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To isolate bovine mammary gland cells
with stem cell characteristics.

Sample Population—Monolayers of bovine mammary
gland cells.

Procedure—Mammary gland cell populations were
separated by use of selected media supplements.
Phenotypic characteristics were examined via light
and transmission electron microscopy. Cellular
expression of casein and connexin 43 was identified
immunohistochemically. A scrape-loading and dye
transfer assay was used to examine the mammary
gland cell populations for homogenous gap junctional
intercellular communication (GJIC).

Results—Subpopulations of mammary gland cells
grown in vitro are classified on the basis of their distinct
morphologic features and ability to communicate via gap
junctions. Ultrastructurally, 2 morphologically distinct cell
types were classified as type I and II cells. Type I cells
were small light undiffertiated cells and large light undifferentiated
cells that were deficient in functional gap
junctions (as is characteristic of stem cells). Type II cells
included large light differentiated cells and terminally differentiated
cells; GJIC was functional in type II cells.
Type II cells had cytoplasmic expression of connexin 43,
whereas, type I cells did not. All cells expressed casein.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Subpopulations
of bovine mammary gland cells with stem
cell characteristics were identified. Phenotypic differences
are observed among type I bovine mammary
gland cells with stem cell characteristics. Gap junctional
intercellular communication may be necessary
for the differentiation of stem cells. Characterization
of bovine mammary gland stem cells and their progeny
may provide a new tool with which to study mammary
gland health. (Am J Vet Res 2003;63:396–403)
Power of a Labrador Retriever-Greyhound pedigree for linkage analysis of hip dysplasia and osteoarthritis
Authors: Todhunter Rory J. , Casella George , Bliss Stuart P. , Lust George , Williams Alma Jo , Hamilton Samuel , Dykes Nathan L. , Yeager Amy E. , Gilbert Robert O. , Burton-Wurster Nancy I. , Mellersh Cathryn C. , Acland Gregory M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To estimate the number of dogs required to find linkage to heritable traits of hip dysplasia in dogs from an experimental pedigree.

Animals—147 Labrador Retrievers, Greyhounds, and their crossbreed offspring.

Procedure—Labrador Retrievers with hip dysplasia were crossed with unaffected Greyhounds. Age at detection of femoral capital ossification, distraction index (DI), hip joint dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, and hip joint osteoarthritis (OA) were recorded. Power to find linkage of a single marker to a quantitative trait locus (QTL) controlling 100% of the variation in a dysplastic trait in the backcross dogs was determined.

Results—For the DI at the observed effect size, recombination fraction of 0.05, and heterozygosity of 0.75, 35 dogs in the backcross of the F1to the Greyhound generation would yield linkage at a power of 0.8. For the DLS score, 35 dogs in the backcross to the Labrador Retriever generation would be required for linkage at the same power. For OSS, 45 dogs in the backcross to the founding Labrador Retrievers would yield linkage at the same power. Fewer dogs were projected to be necessary to find linkage to hip OA. Testing for linkage to the DLS at 4 loci simultaneously, each controlling 25% of the phenotypic variation, yielded an overall power of 0.7.

Conclusions and Clinical Significance—Based on this conservative single-marker estimate, this pedigree has the requisite power to find microsatellites linked to susceptibility loci for hip dysplasia and hip OA by breeding a reasonable number of backcross dogs. (Am J Vet Res2003;222:418–424)
Clinical characteristics, prevalence, influence on sow performance, and assessment of sow-related risk factors for granulomatous mastitis in sows
Authors: Hultén Fredrik , Persson Arne , Eliasson-Selling Lena , Heldmer Eva , Lindberg Maria , Sjögren Urban , Kugelberg Christina , Ehlorsson Carl-Johan
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence and clinical
appearance of granulomatous mastitis in sows, to
identify sow-related risk factors for development of
granulomatous mastitis, and to explore the manner in
which the disease influences sow performance.

Animals—1,254 sows from 76 herds.

Procedure—A clinical examination was performed at
time of weaning and 7 days later. In addition, some
sows were reexamined at time of weaning in the subsequent
lactation. Data were collected on sow performance.

Results—At time of weaning, 205 of 1,254 (16%)
sows had granulomatous mastitis, and 7 days later, the
prevalence was 19%. Variation between herds was
large (0 to 50%). In most of the affected sows (156/205
[76%]), only 1 mammary gland was affected. Parity,
duration of lactation, and number of teat wounds were
identified as risk factors for development of the disease.
In 264 of 559 (47%) sows (38/104 [37%] mammary
glands), a granuloma recurred in the subsequent
lactation. Risk for recurrence was related granuloma
appearing in multiple form but not to granuloma size.
Affected glands were less distended in the subsequent
lactation, suggesting lower milk production. Litter size
appeared to be negatively affected by the disease.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Granu
lomatous mastitis is a common disease in sow herds
maintained on straw bedding and in group housing,
and it has negative effects on sow productivity. A
thorough description of the clinical appearance of the
disease and the identification of risk factors should
contribute to development of relevant control measures.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:463–469)