bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics of the foot in diabetes mellitus. Some theoretical considerations
Authors: Payne CB
Published: April 2014

Although diabetes mellitus is a biochemical disease, it has biomechanical consequences for the lower extremity. Numerous alterations occur in the function of the foot and lower extremity in people with diabetes. This article evaluates biomechanical alterations of the foot in the presence of neuropathy in patients with diabetes in the context of several theoretical concepts. Further study of these hypotheses will result in a better understanding of how diabetes causes elevated plantar pressures and the potential of strategies to prevent these changes so that the burden of diabetic foot disease can be reduced.
Emergence of non-group A streptococcal necrotizing diabetic foot infections
Authors: Reyzelman AM , Armstrong DG , Vayser DJ , Hadi SA , Harkless LB , Hussain SK
Published: April 2014

Recently the authors have noted a disturbing trend toward an increased incidence of necrotizing infections caused by non-group A streptococcal species. This article describes the typical clinical course of such an infection. Prompt surgical intervention, coupled with an antibiotic regimen aimed at mitigating exotoxin release, may be both limb- and life-preserving.
Three-dimensional movement of the foot during the stance phase of walking
Authors: Cornwall MW , McPoil TG
Published: April 2014

This study presents research on typical movement of the rearfoot during walking. The data demonstrate the global nature of foot pronation and supination during gait. Study participants (N = 153) walked along a walkway while the angular displacement of the calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal relative to the tibia was measured; three-dimensional movement patterns for all three bones were very similar. This study provides additional information on how the foot functions during walking. This information should help to define and refine clinical management strategies for treating foot dysfunction.
The effects of increasing heel height on forefoot peak pressure
Authors: Mandato MG , Nester E
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of increasing heel height on peak forefoot pressure. Thirty-five women were examined while wearing sneakers and shoes with 2-inch and 3-inch heels. An in-shoe pressure-measurement system was used to document the magnitude and location of plantar peak pressures. Pressure under the forefoot was found to increase significantly with increasing heel height. As the heel height increased, the peak pressure shifted toward the first metatarsal and the hallux. The reproducibility of data obtained with the in-shoe pressure-measurement system was tested in five subjects; the data were found to be reproducible to within approximately 3% of measured pressures.
Retrospective review of endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. 1994 through 1997
Authors: Stone PA , McClure LP
Published: April 2014

In the September 1996 issue of the Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, the authors published a retrospective review of their experiences with and results of plantar fasciotomy from 1992 through 1994. Since then, patients who underwent endoscopic plantar fasciotomy from 1994 through 1997 have been reviewed by utilizing materials and methods identical to those used in the original study. This article provides an update of the results of endoscopic plantar fasciotomy and compares them with the results described in the 1996 study.
Effect of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion on rearfoot motion during walking
Authors: Cornwall MW , McPoil TG
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the amount of ankle passive dorsiflexion range of motion influences the pattern of frontal plane rearfoot motion during walking. Three-dimensional motion of the rearfoot was measured in two groups of subjects, those with ankle passive dorsiflexion range of motion less than or equal to 10 degrees, and those with ankle passive dorsiflexion range of motion greater than 15 degrees, while they walked along a 6.1-m walkway. The results indicated that the only statistically significant differences between the two groups were in the time to reinversion of the rearfoot and the time to heel-off. Slight-to-moderate limitation of ankle passive dorsiflexion range of motion significantly alters the timing, but not the magnitude, of frontal plane rearfoot motion during walking.
The effect of foot orthoses on transverse tibial rotation during walking
Authors: McPoil TG , Cornwall MW
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two types of foot orthoses in controlling the magnitude and rate of internal tibial rotation, measured by the tibial pointer device, during walking. Ten subjects between the ages of 23 and 43 years volunteered to participate in the study. Prior to data collection, each subject was issued two types of foot orthoses: a pair of rigid, plastic orthoses with posting in either the forefoot or the rearfoot, and a pair of soft, accommodative, premolded orthoses with no posting. All subjects wore standardized footwear. Following a controlled break-in period for both footwear and orthoses, each subject was asked to walk at a self-selected speed over a 12-m walkway while the movement of internal tibial rotation was recorded with a video camera during five trials. The results indicated that both the rigid plastic and the accommodative foot orthoses significantly reduced the magnitude and the rate of internal tibial rotation. No significant difference was noted between the soft and rigid foot orthoses conditions.
Comparison of three types of postoperative management for endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. A retrospective study
Authors: Zimmerman BJ , Cardinal MD , Cragel MD , Goel AR , Lane JW , Schramm KA
Published: April 2014

This study compared three types of postoperative management of patients undergoing endoscopic plantar fasciotomy. Participating in the study were 38 patients (45 feet) who had undergone endoscopic plantar fasciotomy from 1995 to 1998. One group of patients wore a below-the-knee walking cast with a molded medial longitudinal arch for 2 weeks; another group was allowed immediate plantigrade weightbearing; the third group was nonweightbearing with crutch-assisted ambulation for 2 weeks. The results showed that the patients who wore the below-the-knee walking cast for 2 weeks required less time to obtain 80% pain relief, needed less time to return to full activities, and had fewer complications than those patients who were allowed immediate plantigrade weightbearing. Moreover, patients who wore the below-the-knee walking cast were more satisfied with their postoperative results than patients who were nonweightbearing for 2 weeks.
The biomechanics, etiology, and treatment of cycling injuries
Authors: Sanner WH , O'Halloran WD
Published: April 2014

The authors review the biomechanics of cycling and discuss the ideal cyclist's morphology. Examination of the cyclist when resting and when cycling is described. A variety of overuse injuries commonly sustained by cyclists are reviewed, and strategies for altering the cyclist's mechanics to relieve the pain are described. Because the bicycle and the cyclist must be considered as a unit, this article offers instruction for adjusting the bicycle as well as the cyclist.
Nontraumatic foot complaints in older people. A population-based survey of risk factors, mobility, and well-being
Authors: Gorter KJ , Kuyvenhoven MM , de Melker RA
Published: April 2014

In a population-based cross-sectional survey conducted in the Netherlands of 7,200 people aged 65 years and older (with a response rate of 79%), 20% of the respondents were found to have nontraumatic foot complaints of more than 4 weeks' duration, often involving the forefoot. Female sex, joint disease, and multimorbidity were found to be risk factors for the presence of foot complaints; older age and obesity were not. Respondents with these complaints had limited mobility and poor perceived well-being.
Foot Orthosis Prescription Habits of Australian and New Zealand Podiatric Physicians
Authors: Landorf Karl , Keenan Anne-Maree , Rushworth R. Louise
Published: April 2014

This research project investigated the orthotic prescription habits of podiatric physicians in Australia and New Zealand. A 23-item questionnaire was distributed to all members of the Australian Podiatry Association and the New Zealand Society of Podiatrists. When asked what type of foot orthoses they prescribe most often, 72% of respondents reported functional foot orthoses; the next most common response was prefabricated orthoses (12%). A typical prescription for functional foot orthoses consisted of a modified Root style orthosis, balanced to the neutral calcaneal stance position, with the shell made from polypropylene and an ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) rearfoot post applied. The majority of podiatric physicians surveyed used a commercial orthotic laboratory to fabricate their orthoses. However, New Zealand respondents were three times more likely to prescribe prefabricated foot orthoses, and males were twice as likely as females to manufacture the orthoses themselves rather than use a commercial orthotic laboratory. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(4): 174-183, 2001)
Effectiveness of a Nonrinse, Alcohol-Free Antiseptic Hand Wash
Authors: Moadab Anoosh , Rupley Kathryne F. , Wadhams Peter
Published: April 2014

This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel surfactant, allantoin, and benzalkonium chloride hand sanitizer using the US Food and Drug Administration’s method for testing antiseptic hand washes that podiatric physicians and other health-care personnel use. The alcohol-free product, HandClens, was compared with an alcohol-based product, Purell. Independent researchers from the California College of Podiatric Medicine conducted the study using 40 volunteer students from the class of 2001. The results show that HandClens outperformed Purell and met the regulatory requirements for a hand sanitizer. Purell failed as an antimicrobial hand wash and was less effective than a control soap used in the study. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(6): 288-293, 2001)
Surgically Induced Charcot’s Foot
Authors: Fishco William D.
Published: April 2014

The neuropathic foot has the potential to develop Charcot arthropathy. This study describes multiple cases of Charcot’s foot following surgery. Of all the cases described, only one patient had any preexisting Charcot deformity or acute Charcot event. The study concludes that alterations of mechanical forces in the foot play an important role in triggering an acute Charcot episode. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 91(8): 388-393, 2001)
Scientific Analysis of Phenol Nail Surgery
Authors: Boberg Jeffrey S. , Frederiksen M. Shane , Harton Francois M.
Published: April 2014

Chemical matrixectomy using phenol is one of the most common surgical procedures for the permanent removal of toenails. The concentration of phenol solution and duration of its application have varied widely and have not been subjected to scientific study. The authors studied the histologic effects of phenol on the nail matrix and determined the optimal concentration of phenol and time the phenol solution needs to be in contact with the nail bed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(10): 575-579, 2002)
Infant Heel Nodules
Authors: Lemont Harvey , Brady Jane
Published: April 2014

Calcified nodules of the heel have been reported in high-risk neonates following multiple needle sticks to draw blood. Previous reports suggest that the needle stick trauma causes dystrophic calcification. A case of multiple discrete firm heel lesions, which began shortly after birth in an immature-birth weight neonate who had sustained multiple needle sticks of the heel, is presented. Histologically, these lesions demonstrated foci of calcification and fragments of keratin surrounded by an epithelial lining, suggesting that calcified nodules may also arise from epidermal implantation cysts that secondarily calcify. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(2): 112-113, 2002)
Treatment of Dermatophyte Toenail Onychomycosis in the United States
Authors: Gupta Aditya K.
Published: April 2014

This study attempted to determine the cost-effectiveness of therapies for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in the United States in 2001. The antimycotic agents evaluated were ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer and the oral agents terbinafine, itraconazole (pulse), itraconazole (continuous), fluconazole, and griseofulvin. A treatment algorithm for the management of onychomycosis was developed, and a meta-analysis was carried out to determine the average mycologic and clinical response rates for the various agents. The cost of the regimen was figured as the sum of the costs of drug acquisition, medical management, and management of adverse effects. The expected cost of management and disease-free days were determined, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. It was concluded that ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer, which has recently become available in the larger size of 6.6 mL, is a cost-effective agent for the management of toenail onychomycosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(5): 272-286, 2002)
Extensor Hallucis Longus Tendon Rupture Repair Using a Fascia Lata Allograft
Authors: Zielaskowski Lorne A. , Pontious Jane
Published: April 2014

The authors present a case of a traumatic extensor hallucis longus tendon rupture sustained 2 days after hallux valgus and hammer toe correction. The ruptured tendon, separated by a 6-cm defect, was repaired using a fascia lata allograft. This case demonstrates a serious complication of a commonly performed procedure and a salvage technique useful for dealing with large tendon defects. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(8): 467-470, 2002)
Relationship Between Onychocryptosis and Foot Type and Treatment with Toe Spacer
Authors: Günal Izge , Koşay Can , Veziroğlu Arzu , Balkan Yasemin , İlhan Funda
Published: April 2014

The relationship between onychocryptosis and foot type was investigated in a series of 512 patients. Of these patients, 124 had signs or a history of onychocryptosis. Among the nine foot types identified by digital and metatarsal formulas, the Greek index minus and squared index minus types showed the strongest association with onychocryptosis, which was present in more than one-third of such feet. When anteroposterior radiographs of each type of foot were taken after binding the first and second toes together to simulate a tight shoe, the enlargement of bony structures of the second toe at the distal interphalangeal level in the Greek and squared index minus feet moved toward the distal enlargement of the distal phalanx of the first toe where the ingrowing occurs. Ten cases of stage I and four cases of stage II onychocryptosis were treated by placing a toe spacer between the first and second toes; all healed in about 3 weeks, suggesting that counterpressure of the second toe in tight shoes is a factor in the development of onychocryptosis. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(1): 33-36, 2003)
Relationship Between “Growing Pains” and Foot Posture in Children
Authors: Evans Angela M.
Published: April 2014

Many young children present to the podiatric physician with the complaint of aching legs. Many of these children are clinically assessed as having a pronated foot posture. This foot posture is thought to be deleterious and is often treated with in-shoe devices such as triplane wedges or orthoses. Intervention aiming to reduce the amount of foot pronation in both stance and gait has been reported by parents and children to reduce, and in many cases eliminate, the episodes of aching legs. To test this theory and establish a degree of causality, a single-case experimental design was used in conjunction with age-appropriate pain scores for the children and independent parental ratings. Single-case experimental design is a useful research tool for the clinical practice setting that can identify cause-effect relationships and obviates large sample sizes. Eight complete single-case experimental designs were performed in the clinical setting. The in-shoe intervention proved efficacious for children with a pronated foot posture and aching legs. These findings may provide the impetus for a more rigorous examination of the possible relationship between pronation and “growing pains.” (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(2): 111-117, 2003)
High Plantar Pressure and Callus in Diabetic Adolescents
Authors: Duffin Anthony C. , Kidd Robert , Chan Albert , Donaghue Kim C.
Published: April 2014

This study examined the incidence of high peak plantar pressure and plantar callus in 211 adolescents with diabetes mellitus and 57 nondiabetic controls. The percentage of subjects with these anomalies was the same in both groups. Although diabetic subjects were no more likely than nondiabetic controls to have high peak plantar pressure and callus, these anomalies place individuals with diabetes at greater risk of future foot problems. The effects of orthoses, cushioning, and both in combination were monitored in 17 diabetic subjects with high peak plantar pressure and in 17 diabetic subjects with plantar callus; reductions of up to 63% were achieved. Twelve-month follow-up of diabetic subjects fitted with orthoses showed a significant reduction in peak plantar pressure even when the orthoses were removed. The diabetic subjects who had not received any interventions during the same 12-month period showed no significant change in peak plantar pressure. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 214-220, 2003)
Criticality and degeneracy in injury-induced changes in primary afferent excitability and the implications for neuropathic pain
Authors: Ratté Stéphanie , Zhu Yi , Lee Kwan Yeop , Prescott Steven A
Published: April 2014

Neuropathic pain remains notoriously difficult to treat despite numerous drug targets. Here, we offer a novel explanation for this intractability. Computer simulations predicted that qualitative changes in primary afferent excitability linked to neuropathic pain arise through a switch in spike initiation dynamics when molecular pathologies reach a tipping point (criticality), and that this tipping point can be reached via several different molecular pathologies (degeneracy). We experimentally tested these predictions by pharmacologically blocking native conductances and/or electrophysiologically inserting virtual conductances. Multiple different manipulations successfully reproduced or reversed neuropathic changes in primary afferents from naïve or nerve-injured rats, respectively, thus confirming the predicted criticality and its degenerate basis. Degeneracy means that several different molecular pathologies are individually sufficient to cause hyperexcitability, and because several such pathologies co-occur after nerve injury, that no single pathology is uniquely necessary. Consequently, single-target-drugs can be circumvented by maladaptive plasticity in any one of several ion channels.
Efeitos da associação de glyphosate e fosfito em plantas de milho
Authors: Gomes Giovanna Larissa Gimenes Cotrick , Velini Edivaldo Domingues , Carbonari Caio Antonio , Trindade Maria Lucia Bueno
Published: March 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da associação do herbicida glyphosate com fosfito de potássio em plantas de milho. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, com a semeadura do híbrido simples Pioneer 30F53H em vasos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quarto repetições. A aplicação dos tratamentos foi realizada com as plantas em estágio V7. Foram realizadas avaliações da taxa de transporte de elétrons (TTE) no fotossistema II nos períodos de 1, 2, 5, 32, 56, 80, 104, 128, 152, 176, 200 e 360 horas após a aplicação (HAA) e também se efetuou determinações visuais de intoxicação das mesmas plantas aos 2, 4, 6, 10 e 15 dias após a aplicação (DAA). No final do experimento (15 DAA) determinou-se a altura das plantas com régua graduada rente ao solo até a inserção da última folha totalmente expandida, e a massa seca de folhas e colmos. A associação do fosfito de potássio Fosway® (3,0 L ha-1, com 30% de P2O5 e 20% de K2O) com o glyphosate na dose de 72 g e.a. ha-1 aumentou os níveis de intoxicação das plantas. As plantas de milho submetidas à dose de 72 g e.a. ha-1 isolada, apresentaram maior crescimento do que as da testemunha. O TTE das plantas tratadas apresentou incremento nas primeiras horas após a aplicação, e posterior redução nas plantas submetidas a 720 g e.a. ha-1 de glyphosate associada ou não ao fosfito de potássio.
Avaliação do glyphosate e paraquat no manejo da Brachiaria ruziziensis
Authors: Costa Neumarcio Vilanova , Peres Eduardo Jorge de Lima , Ritter Lucas , Silva Pabluo Volpato , Fey Emerson
Published: March 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar o efeito de doses do paraquat e do glyphosate na dessecação da forrageira Brachiaria ruziziensis. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As doses do do glyphosate foram 0, 90, 180, 360, 720 e 1440 g ha-1 e do paraquat foram 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 e 800 g ha-1. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o paraquat foi ineficiente na dessecação da B. ruziziensis e que o glyphosate foi eficiente apenas nas doses de 720 e 1440 g ha-1. Não houve emissão de novos perfilhos após a dessecação das plantas da forrageira que permitisse utilização prática para manejo no sistema agricultura-pecuária.
Dessecação de espécies de cobertura do solo com formulações de glyphosate
Authors: Krenchinski Fábio Henrique , Albrecht Leandro Paiola , Krenchinski Leandro Rafael , Placido Henrique Fabricio , Reckziegel Jean Elisier , Ecco Fernando Henrique
Published: March 2014

O manejo das espécies de cobertura pode ser realizado por métodos mecânicos ou químicos. No método químico são utilizados herbicidas não seletivos principalmente do grupo do glyphosate. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a fitotoxicidade e a eficiência agronômica de duas formulações com princípio ativo glyphosate na dessecação em espécies de cobertura do solo. O presente trabalho foi conduzido no campo no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon/PR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições com esquema fatorial de 2x5 (formulações x espécies), no qual as espécies constituíram-se de aveia-branca, aveia-preta, azevém, ervilhaca e nabo-forrageiro, dessecados por dois herbicidas: Zapp QI® (ZQ) e Glyphosate 480 Agripec® (GA). Foram avaliados fitotoxicidade e eficiência agronômica das espécies de cobertura. Zapp Qi® proporcionou maior fitotoxicidade e eficiência agronômica nas espécies de cobertura em relação ao Glyphosate 480 Agripec®. O Zapp Qi® aos 32 dias após a dessecação apresentou os maiores valores de eficiência agronômica. A única espécie que apresentou 100% de eficiência agronômica foi o nabo-forrageiro.
Dessecação de canola em diferentes pontos de maturação das síliquas
Authors: Albrecht Leandro Paiola , Krenchinski Fábio Henrique , Placido Henrique Fabrício , Bomm Marco Aurélio Riedi , Kunz Vilson Luis , Korber Ângelo Henrique Canan , Bieler Renato Rodrigo
Published: March 2014

A canola vem se destacando como ótima opção de cultura de inverno e hoje ocupa a quarta colocação mundial entre as oleaginosas em produção. Uma das grandes dificuldades no cultivo da canola é a época de colheita, pois suas síliquas não amadurecem de forma uniforme. Uma técnica que pode ser usada para favorecer a colheita é o uso de dessecantes. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da dessecação, em diferentes maturações das síliquas na cultura da canola. O trabalho foi realizado a campo no município de Terra Roxa - PR, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação de paraquat (2,5 L ha-1 de Gramoxone 200®), pulverizados em épocas distintas do desenvolvimento da canola, a partir de três porcentagens de síliquas maduras, 30, 45 e 75% (avaliação visual), mais uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas dessecantes. Não houve diferença significativa para produtividade e massa de mil sementes. Para o fator umidade das sementes ocorreu diferença significativa, com 75% de síliquas maduras ocorrendo nas menores umidades.
Efeito de herbicidas nos componentes de rendimento de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Galon Leandro , Silva Alexandre Ferreira da , Aspiazú Ignacio , Ferreira Evander Alves , Concenço Germani , Tironi Siumar Pedro , Ferreira Francisco Affonso
Published: March 2014

O método de manejo de plantas daninhas mais usado em cana-de-açúcar tem sido o químico. Porém, ocorre grande variação de tolerância dos genótipos dessa cultura aos herbicidas utilizados. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de herbicidas sobre os componentes de rendimento de genótipos de cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental adotado foi de blocos casualizados, arranjado em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas alocaram-se os tratamentos; ametryn (2000 g ha-1), trifloxysulfuron-sodium (22,5 g ha-1), ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium (1463 + 37 g ha-1) e a testemunha capinada. Nas subparcelas foram dispostos os genótipos de cana-de-açúcar; RB72454, RB835486, RB855113, RB855156, RB867515, RB925211, RB925345, RB937570, RB947520 e SP80-1816. Os resultados demonstram que a fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas foi maior nos genótipos RB835486 e RB855113, em relação a testemunha capinada. O diâmetro de colmos dos genótipos RB867515, RB925211 e SP8018-16 não foi afetado pelos herbicidas nas doses utilizadas. O número de nós por planta e o número de plantas de cana-de-açúcar m-1 foram reduzidos pelo uso de trifloxysulfuron-sodium e ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium nos genótipos RB867515, RB925211 e RB947520. A produtividade de açúcar do genótipo RB855156 foi menor ao se aplicar os herbicidas. Comparando-se todos os genótipos observou-se que o SP80-1816 e o RB867515 foram os mais tolerantes, sobressaindo-se aos demais. Com base nos resultados conclui-se que existe tolerância diferenciada dos genótipos de cana-de-açúcar aos herbicidas testados.
Eficácia do Herbicida Haloxyfop R (GR-142) Isolado e Associado ao 2,4-D no Controle de Híbridos de Milho RR® Voluntário
Authors: Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Zobiole Luiz Henrique Saes , Souza João Igor de , Hirooka Eige , Lima Lucas Geaniny Noro Vargas de , Soares Carlos Rafael Brandalise , Pivatto Ricardo Angelo Deparis , Fuchs Gabriel Martins , Helvig Enelise Osco
Published: March 2014

O milho voluntário Round up Ready® tem sido eficientemente manejado por graminicidas inibidores de ACCase, assim como na dessecação antes da semeadura da soja. Entretanto, antes da implantação da cultura, existem outras planta daninhas resistentes ao glyphosate como Conyza sp., Commelina sp., Ipomoea sp., Spermacoce latifolia and Richardia brasiliensis. Assim, a mistrua em tanque de inbidores de ACCase com 2,4-D esta aumentando nesse segmento. O milho RR® como planta voluntária na cultura da soja RR® tem sido manejado por herbicidas inibidores de ACCase tanto na dessecação de manejo como em pós-emergência. O presente trabalho avaliou a eficácia do herbicida Haloxyfop R (GF-142) isolado e associado ao 2,4-D (DMA 806 BR®) no controle de milho RR® voluntário em diferentes estádios. Um experimento foi conduzido a campo com os híbridos RR® DKB 240 PRO2, AG 8025 RR2, Pioneer 30F53HR e AG 9045RR2, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8x2+1, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator representou haloxyfop GF-142 (25, 50 e 62 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim (84 g i.a. ha-1) associados ou não ao herbicida 2,4-D (62 g e.a. ha-1). O segundo fator o estádio de desenvolvimento dos híbridos de milho, caracterizados por V5 e V7. O herbicida GR-142, isolados e/ou em mistura em tanque com 2,4-D, foi eficiente no controle em pós-emergência dos híbridos DKB 240 PRO2, AG 8025 RR2, AG 9045 RR2 e Pionner 30F 53HR, nos estádios V5 e V7. Os mesmo resultados foram observados para o padrão clethodim, isolado e/ou em mistura em tanque com 2,4-D. Entretanto, o controle no estádio V7 foi mais lento que no estádio V5.
Outflow in global magnetohydrodynamics as a function of a passive inner boundary source
Authors: Welling D. T. , Liemohn M. W.
Published: March 2014

Numerous studies of the terrestrial magnetosphere that use global magnetohydrodynamic codes have found that the model's inner boundary can act as a significant source of plasma, even if the radial velocity about the boundary is held at zero. Though inherent in many models, this “de facto outflow” is poorly understood. This work uses the Block Adaptive Tree Solar Wind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme MHD model to investigate the behavior of this type of outflow as a function of boundary conditions and solar wind drivers. It is found that even for temporally and spatially constant boundary conditions, the mass is accelerated away from the body in a dynamic manner. Fluxes organize into cusp, polar cap, and auroral zone concentrations. Pressure gradient forces appear predominantly responsible for cusp and polar cap outflow, while the Lorentz force, resulting from field‐aligned current systems, is the strongest driver of outflow in other regions. Integrated fluxes probed just outside of the inner boundary vary linearly as a function of cross polar cap potential and solar wind dynamic pressure. The resulting dynamics strongly resemble patterns found in in situ measurements, while net fluences agree within an order of magnitude. Two free parameters, inner boundary mass density and composition, can strongly affect results. Accounting for these unknowns is likely best left to physics‐based or empirical specifications of outflow. Despite this, such outflow appears to be an acceptable proxy.
A search for evidence of secondary static stress triggering during the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers, California, earthquake sequence
Authors: Meier M.‐A. , Werner M. J. , Woessner J. , Wiemer S.
Published: March 2014

Secondary triggering of aftershocks is widely observed and often ascribed to secondary static stress transfer. However, small to moderate earthquakes are generally disregarded in estimates of Coulomb stress changes (ΔCFS), either because of source parameter uncertainties or a perceived lack of importance. We use recently published high‐quality focal mechanisms and hypocenters to reassess the role of small to moderate earthquakes for static stress triggering of aftershocks during the 1992 Mw7.3 Landers, California, earthquake sequence. We compare the ΔCFS imparted by aftershocks (2≤M≤6) onto subsequent aftershocks with the total ΔCFS induced by the M>6 main shocks. We find that incremental stress changes between aftershock pairs are potentially more often positive than expected over intermediate distances. Cumulative aftershock stress changes are not reliable for receivers with nearby aftershock stress sources because we exclude unrealistic aftershock stress shadows that result from uniform slip models. Nonetheless, 27% of aftershocks receive greater positive stress from aftershocks than from the main shocks. Overall, 85% of aftershocks are encouraged by the main shocks, while adding secondary stress encourages only 79%. We infer that source parameter uncertainties of small aftershocks remain too large to convincingly demonstrate (or rule out) that secondary stress transfer induces aftershocks. An important exception concerns aftershocks in main shock stress shadows: well‐resolved secondary stress from detected aftershocks rarely compensates negative main shock stress; these aftershocks require a different triggering mechanism.
Mesospheric and stratospheric NOy produced by energetic particle precipitation during 2002–2012
Authors: Funke B. , López‐Puertas M. , Stiller G. P. , von Clarmann T.
Published: March 2014

Global distributions of the six principal reactive nitrogen (NOy) compounds (HNO3, NO2, NO, N2O5, ClONO2, and HNO4) have been derived from midinfrared limb emission spectra taken by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on board Envisat during 2002–2012. The obtained data set provides a unique climatological record of NOy in the middle atmosphere. The contribution of NOy produced by energetic particle precipitation (EPP) has been discriminated from that produced by N2O oxidation using a tracer correlation method based on MIPAS CH4 and CO observations. The EPP‐NOy distributions, obtained in the vertical range 20–70km, allow to trace odd nitrogen polar winter descent from the mesosphere down to the middle and lower stratosphere, where it contributes to catalytic ozone destruction. Highest EPP‐NOy concentrations (up to 1 ppmv) are found in the winter solstice mesosphere, decreasing continuously with time and toward lower altitudes. Springtime peak concentrations of a few parts per billion by volume are observed at 22–25km, demonstrating a regular EPP impact on the entire stratosphere. The interannual variation shows a clear solar cycle signal in consonance with geomagnetic activity variations. A pronounced hemispheric asymmetry of EPP‐NOy is observed, with higher concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and stronger variability in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Poleward of 60°, EPP‐NOy contributes to the winter NOy column at 20–70km by 10–40% in the SH and 1–30% in the NH. Smaller contributions (0.1–1%) are found at midlatitudes (30°–60°). This study provides the first assessment of EPP‐NOy intrusions into the stratosphere based on globally available satellite data on a decadal scale.
Reconstruction of Pacific Ocean bottom water salinity during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Insua Tania Lado , Spivack Arthur J. , Graham Dennis , D'Hondt Steven , Moran Kathryn
Published: March 2014

Knowledge of salinity in the deep ocean is important for understanding past ocean circulation and climate. Based on sedimentary pore fluid chloride measurements of a single Pacific site, Adkins et al. () suggested that, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the Pacific deep bottom water was saltier than expected based on lower sea level alone. Here we present high‐resolution salinity profiles from five sites in the South, Equatorial, and North Pacific Ocean. Our study greatly constrains understanding of LGM salinity in the Pacific Ocean. Our results show that LGM chloride concentrations of deep Pacific bottom water were 4.09 ± 0.4% greater than today's values. Pacific Ocean bottom water salinity was also indistinguishable from being homogeneous across the wide range of latitudes studied here. These LGM salinity reconstructions are on average slightly higher (~1.4 to 1% higher) than expected from sea level of the time, which is generally inferred to have been ~120 to ~135 m lower than today.
STO/BTO Modulated Superlattice Multilayer Structures with Atomically Sharp Interfaces
Authors: Petrov Peter K. , Zou Bin , Wang Yiqian , Perkins James M. , McComb David W. , Alford Neil McN.
Published: March 2014

A comparative study is carried out investigating the microstructure and the electrical properties of BaxSr1‐xTiO3 films with x = (0.25, 0.5, 0.75) deposited as modulated superlattice (SL) multilayer structures by laser ablation on both LaAlO3 and MgO substrates. The SL structures are examined using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Their interfaces and chemical composition are investigated using energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, complemented with electron energy loss spectra analysis performed to give insight to the local chemistry, structure and bonding. It is found that all modulated SL samples consisted of continuous well defined 1 nm SrTiO3 and 4 nm BaTiO3 layers. When modulated SL multilayered structures are compared with their single target deposited equivalents, they exhibit similar electrical properties (e.g. dielectric constant and dielectric loss) but undergo phase transition in a broader temperature region. A very important observation is that the oxygen K‐edges in SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 layers are distinctive. Therefore it can be used as finger‐print signature for analysis of ultra‐thin SrTiO3/BaTiO3 layers and their interfaces. Finally it is demonstrated that by varying the modulation period it is possible to develop structures with engineered ferroelectric properties and improved thermal stability.
Piezoelectricity Across a Strain‐Induced Isosymmetric Ferri‐to‐Ferroelectric Transition
Authors: Gou Gaoyang , Rondinelli James M.
Published: March 2014

We identify a first‐order, isosymmetric transition between a ferrielectric (FiE) and ferroelectric (FE) state in A‐site ordered LaScO3/BiScO3 and LaInO3/BiInO3 superlattices. Such a previously unreported ferroic transition is driven by the easy switching of cation displacements without changing the overall polarization direction or crystallographic symmetry. Epitaxial strains less than 2% are predicted to be sufficient to traverse the phase boundary, across which we capture a ≈5× increase in electric polarization. Unlike conventional Pb‐based perovskite ceramics with a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) that show polarization rotation, we predict an electromechanical response up to 102 pC/N in the vicinity of the FiE‐FE phase boundary due to polarization switching without any change in symmetry. We propose this transition as an alternative ferroic transition to obtain a piezoelectric response, with the additional advantage of occurring in benign chemistries without chemical disorder.
The Demand for Pork Products in Canada: Discount Promotions and Cannibalization
Authors: Hailu Getu , Vyn Richard J. , Ma Yong
Published: March 2014

We estimate the effectiveness of offering discounts on the demand for featured pork products using Ipsos‐Reid's Consumer Panel of Canada data for a 1‐year period from April 2007 to March 2008, and explore whether there are any positive or negative spillover effects on non‐featured products because of these discounts. We find strong evidence that, as expected, discounts increase the purchases of the featured products. However, we find that offering discounts may have cannibalistic effects – negative cross‐discount effects – on non‐featured products, and that these effects vary considerably among pork products. From the retailers’ perspective, as profit margins have become smaller, our results indicate the need to develop a promotion strategy that minimizes the cannibalistic effects from discounts.
Follicular lymphoma: 2014 update on diagnosis and management
Authors: Freedman Arnold
Published: March 2014

Disease overview

Follicular lymphoma is generally an indolent B cell lymphoproliferative disorder of transformed follicular center B cells. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by diffuse lymphoadenopathy, bone marrow involvement, splenomegaly, and less commonly other extranodal sites of involvement. In general cytopenias can occur but constitutional symptoms of fever, nightsweats, and weight loss are uncommon.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is based on histology of preferably a biopsy of a lymph node. Immunohistochemical staining is positive in virtually all cases for cell surface CD19, CD20, CD10, and monoclonal immunoglobulin, as well as cytoplasmic expression of bcl‐2 protein. The overwhelming majority of cases have the characteristic t(14;18) translocation involving the IgH/bcl‐2 genes.

Risk stratification

The Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index prognostic model for FL uses five independent predictors of inferior survival: age >60 years, hemoglobin <12 g/dL, serum LDH > normal, Ann Arbor stage III/IV, number of involved nodal areas > 4. The presence of 0, 1, 2, and ≥ 3 adverse factors defines low, intermediate, and high‐risk disease. With the use of more modern therapies, outcomes have improved.

Risk‐adapted therapy

Observation continues to be adequate for asymptomatic patients with low bulk disease and no cytopenias. For patients needing therapy, most patients are treated with chemotherapy plus rituximab, which has improved response rates, duration of response and overall survival. Randomized studies have shown additional benefit for maintenance rituximab both following chemotherapy‐rituximab and single agent rituximab. Experimental therapies as well as stem cell transplantation (SCT) are considered for recurrent disease. Am. J. Hematol. 89:430–436, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Competition for food in a solitarily foraging folivorous primate (Lepilemur leucopus)?
Authors: Dröscher Iris , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: March 2014

Group‐living folivorous primates can experience competition for food, and feeding competition has also been documented for solitarily foraging gummivorous and omnivorous primates. However, little is known about the types and consequences of feeding competition in solitary folivorous foragers. We conducted this study in the spiny forest of Berenty Reserve, southern Madagascar, to characterize the competitive regime of the nocturnal solitarily foraging white‐footed sportive lemur (Lepilemur leucopus), a species that lives in dispersed pairs. We analyzed 1,213 hr of behavioral observations recorded simultaneously for the male and female of each of seven social units and recorded seasonal changes in food availability over a complete annual cycle. Lepilemur leucopus exhibited low selectivity in its dietary choice and mainly included the most abundant plant species in its diet. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find evidence for increased rates of contest (i.e., displacement from food trees) or scramble competition (i.e., shared use of food patches) during the lean season, neither within nor between social units. Instead, conflict rates were low throughout the year, and, during these observations, any feeding stress may have been more related to food quality than quantity. The resource defense hypotheses may not explain pair‐living in this species as there was no indication that males defend food resources for their female pair‐partners. The observed lack of feeding competition may indicate that a cryptic anti‐predator strategy is a better predictor of spatial avoidance of pair‐partners than conflict over food. While anti‐predator benefits of crypsis may explain, at least partly, female‐female avoidance, studies on the relationship between territory size/quality and reproductive success are required to understand whether feeding competition reduces the potential for female association in L. leucopus. Am. J. Primatol. 76:842–854, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. American Journal of Primatology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human–animal relationships in zoo‐housed orangutans (P. abelii) and gorillas (G. g. gorilla): The effects of familiarity
Authors: Smith Joshua J.
Published: March 2014

I examined human–animal relationships (HARs) in zoo‐housed orangutans (Pongo abelii) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to see if they followed patterns similar to conspecific relationships in great apes and humans. Familiarity and social relationships guide humans' and great apes' behaviors with conspecifics. Inter‐individual relationships, based on shared social history, and “generalized” relationships, based on a history of interactions with relevant classes of individuals, guide behavior with familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics, respectively. I examined whether both familiarity and social relationships similarly guides great apes' cross‐species interactions with humans. I used repeated measures MANOVA to compare hourly rates and average durations of ape‐initiated human‐directed behaviors (HDBs) between familiar and unfamiliar humans and between great ape species. HDB patterns were consistent with familiarity‐based HAR predictions, indicating more negative relationships with unfamiliar humans and more positive relationships with familiar humans. Findings for unfamiliar humans are consistent with negative effects of humans on apes' behavior reported in traditional visitor effect studies (VES). However, findings for familiar humans may be overlooked in VES due to pooling across levels of human familiarity or failure to consider humans other than primarily unfamiliar visitors. Additionally, species differences in apes' HDBs suggest that data pooling across species, common in many zoo studies, may mask important differences. These findings have important methodological implications for studies of human–animal interaction as well as for captive animal wellbeing. Am. J. Primatol. 76:942–955, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New insights into phenol–formaldehyde‐based gel systems with ammonium salt for low‐temperature reservoirs
Authors: Ren Qiang , Jia Hu , Yu Di , Pu Wan‐Fen , Wang Li‐Li , Li Bin , Yang Jian‐Jun , Ni Ji‐Hui , Chen Lei
Published: March 2014

Polymer gels are effective tools that are still widely used in mature oilfield development to stop unwanted fluid production from oil and gas wells, but conventional gelant formulations have become increasingly difficult to apply at low and ultralow temperatures. Because of this situation, the gelation performance of phenol–formaldehyde‐based gel systems at a low temperature of 25°C is discussed in this article. The results show that the gelation time and strength of the gel systems can be perfectly controlled by the adjustment of the polymer concentration, the molecular weight, the crosslinking agent concentration, the ammonium salt concentration, and the composition. The polymer concentration and molecular weight can affect not only the gelation time and the gel strength but also its stability. The ammonium salt concentration affected not only the gelation time but also its viscosity before a detectable gel formed. Among them, the polymer concentration was the most important factor affecting the gel stability. For low‐temperature reservoirs, the phenol–formaldehyde‐based gel system achieved a much longer gelation time. Polymer gels formulated with a combination of 0.2–0.4 wt % polymer, 0.5–1.0 wt % formaldehyde or phenol–formaldehyde, and 0.1–0.6 wt % ammonium salt, and we added 0.02–0.03 wt % resorcinol to provide a gelation time between 2 h and 2 days. The maximum gel strength reached code I. The results of this study suggest that the formaldehyde‐based gel system could be used effectively in low‐temperature reservoirs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40657.
Improved thermomechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite using amino functionalized XDCNT
Authors: Hossain Mohammad K. , Chowdhury Md Mahmudur R. , Salam Mahmud B. , Malone Johnathan , Hosur Mahesh V. , Jeelani Shaik , Bolden Nydeia W.
Published: March 2014

Carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites (CFEC) are fabricated infusing up to 0.40 wt % amino‐functionalized XD‐grade carbon nanotubes (XDCNT) using the compression molding process. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and thermomechanical properties of these composites are evaluated through short beam shear and dynamic–mechanical thermal analysis tests. XDCNTs are infused into Epon 862 resin using a mechanical stirrer followed by sonication. After the sonication, the mixture was placed in a three roll milling processor for three successive cycles at 140 rpm for uniform dispersion of CNTs. Epikure W curing agent was then added to the resin using a high‐speed mechanical stirrer. Finally, the fiber was reinforced with the modified resin using the compressive mold. ILSS was observed to increase by 22% at 0.3 wt % XDCNT loading. Thermal properties, including storage modulus, glass transition temperature, and crosslink density demonstrated linear enhancement up to the 0.3 wt % XDCNT loading. Scanning electron microscopy revealed better interfacial bonding in the CNT‐loaded CFEC. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40709.