bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morpho‐palynological investigation of gymnospermal flora from subalpine and alpine zones of northern Pakistan using LM and SEM
Authors: Kayani Sadaf , Hussain Manzoor , Ahmad Mushtaq , Khan Mir Ajab , Butt Maryam Akram , Ahmed Sidra N. , Rashid Sofia , Jamal Zafar , Nazir Hafiza Mamona
Published: December 2021

The pollen morphology, with special reference to exine sculpture, of some species of the gymnosperms was assessed for the first time from the subalpine and alpine zones of western Himalayas northern Pakistan. The pollen of all these species is airborne and allergenic, so pollen morphology helps for identification of this allergenic pollen at specific level. Different morpho‐palynological characteristics were analyzed including size range of pollen, polar and equatorial diameter ratio, exine ornamentation, sculpturing, exine thickness, pollen type, and shape. For accurate and quick identification of species, taxonomic key was made based on different morpho‐palynological characteristics. The quantitative data were processed using SPSS software. Gymnospermal pollen includes inaperturate, rarely 1‐colpate observed in (Cupressaceae), hexazonocolpate in (Ephedraceae), vesiculate, bissacate in (Pinaceae), and inaperturate in (Taxaceae). Different pollen shapes observed were prolate (4 spp), sub‐spheroidal (7 spp), and oblate (1 spp). Variation was observed in exine sculpturing granular (4 spp), reticulate (1 spp), areolate‐punctate (3 spp), and psilate (2 spp). This is based on the analysis of 10 plants belonging to four families of gymnosperms. Distinct pollen shape has emerged as the most diagnostic feature to separate some genera such as spheroidal in (Cupressaceae, Taxaceae), prolate and radiosymmetrical in (Ephedraceae), and bilateral in (Pinaceae). Exine thickness and sculpturing proved to be helpful at generic and specific levels. The results reinforced the significance of gymnospermal pollen morphological features which were used as aid for valuable taxonomic tool in plant systematics.
Detection of food fraud of meat products from the different brands by application of histological methods
Authors: Abd‐Elhafeez Hanan H. , El‐Sayed Abeera Mohamoud , Ahmed Ali Meawad , Zaki Rania S. , Abd El‐Mageed Doaa S. , Soliman Soha A.
Published: December 2021

In Sohag City, 400 samples were collected from different food markets of different meat products from two companies with high and low prices (e.g., minced meat, kofta sausage, beef burger, and luncheon meat) for determining food fraud. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the samples. “Special histochemical stains” permit the microscopic examination of different cell types, structures, and/or microorganisms. Histological examination revealed variant tissue types, besides skeletal muscles. Nuchal ligaments, bones, hyaline cartilages, white fibrocartilages, large and medium arteries, cardiac muscles, tendons, and collagenous connective tissues comprised the capsule of a parenchymatous organ. Additionally, a crystal of food additives was recognized using light microscopy and SEM. SEM allows the visualization of bacterial contamination. Using different microscopic anatomy techniques is an efficient methodology for qualitative evaluations of various meat products. No difference in quality was observed between low‐ and high‐priced meat products.
Cropping management in a livestock–pasture–crop integration modifies microbial communities, activity, and soil health score
Authors: Menefee Dorothy S. , Collins Harold , Smith Douglas , Haney Richard Lee , Fay Philip , Polley Wayne
Published: December 2021

Understanding indicators of soil health is crucial for developing agricultural systems that are sustainable and climate resilient. Labile soil carbon (C), microbial properties, and nutrient status are all incorporated into the Haney Soil Health Tool with the goal of summarizing several indicators into one index. Monthly soil samples from an integrated crop–livestock system in Central Texas were collected from 2017 to 2019. Fields represented a range of management practices, including cover crops, no‐till, rotational grazing, and a native prairie remnant. Soil samples were analyzed for total C, water‐soluble C, macro‐ and micronutrient content and bioavailability, and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Microbial activity was determined via a 24‐h CO2 incubation. Soil health score, C, and PLFAs were well correlated with each other. The greatest total PLFA (219.5 nmol g–1 soil) and organic C (54.3 g kg–1 soil) were found in the native prairie, and the lowest were found in the unfertilized continuous‐corn system (60.5 nmol PLFAs g–1 soil and 24.0 g organic C kg–1 soil). Of all agroecosystems, the perennial grazing system (soil health score, 24.7) was most similar to the native prairie (soil health score, 27.4), having high soil C and a large microbial community. Of the row cropping systems, the no‐till system approached the perennial systems better than the conventional till and unfertilized conventional till (soil health score, 11.1 vs. 8.0 and 5.3, respectively). This study highlights the value of perennial grass grazing in agroecosystems and appropriate best management practices. Expanding this analysis to other sites may provide additional insight.
Colorectal cancer survivorship care plans: Variations in documentation and posttreatment surveillance recommendations
Authors: Chodoff Alaina , Smith Katherine C. , Shukla Aishwarya , Blackford Amanda L. , Ahuja Nita , Johnston Fabian M. , Peairs Kimberly S. , Ngaiza Justinian R. , Warczynski Tam , Nettles Brenda , Stotsky‐Himelfarb Eden , Murphy Adrian G. , Mayonado Nancy , DeSanto Jennifer , Snyder Claire F. , Choi Youngjee
Published: December 2021

Background

Survivorship care plans (SCP) should outline pertinent information about cancer treatment and follow‐up.

Methods

We descriptively analyzed the content of 74 colorectal cancer SCPs completed as part of a randomized, controlled trial of SCPs at an academic and community cancer center. Surveillance recommendations were compared with American Cancer Society, American Society of Clinical Oncology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines.

Results

SCP information provided in >80% of the plans included participant age, cancer diagnosis, details, and side‐effects of treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, radiation) and health promotion recommendations. SCP content documented less frequently included predisposing conditions, genetic counseling/testing information and staging. Posttreatment surveillance recommendations were documented in >90% SCPs. For stage 2–3 cancer, rates of guideline concordant recommendations were 100% for colonoscopy surveillance (Year 1 only), 87% for imaging surveillance, 65% for carcinoembryonic antigen surveillance, and 33% for follow‐up visits. Excluding colonoscopy, >15 unique recommendations were listed for each modality across stages and sites, with more variation at the academic site.

Conclusions

SCPs consistently recorded information about cancer diagnosis and treatment but omitted critical information about cancer‐specific details denoting risk. Surveillance recommendations varied considerably between cancer centers. Future work to improve the consistency of surveillance recommendations documented in SCPs may be needed.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines reduce myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion in young children in Japan
Authors: Ogawa Yui , Kunimoto Masaru , Takeno Sachio , Sonoyama Toru , Ishino Takashi , Hamamoto Takao , Ueda Tsutomu
Published: December 2021

Objective

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been reported to reduce the incidence of myringotomy with tympanostomy tube insertion (MTTI) in children. However, little information is available focusing specific ages. We examined the prophylactic efficacy of PCVs on the onset of complex otitis media (ComOM) that requires MTTI.

Method

From 2011, the public support for PCV7 started with the usual four‐dose schedule and an emergency schedule for 2‐ to 4‐year‐old children in Japan. PCV7 was replaced with PCV13 in 2013. We reviewed the nationwide database obtained from the JMDC Claims Database (https://www.jmdc.co.jp/en/) to examine the MTTI incidence during the era before and after PCV introduction (from 2008 to 2010 and from 2011 to 2017, respectively). Subjects were analyzed by stratified age groups (from 0 to 8 years old) and in subdivided groups of 6 months (from 0 to 35 months old). We compared the MTTI incidence between the groups for each age as well as between those for each calendar year.

Results

A significant reduction in the MTTI incidence was detected in the 1‐year‐old children of the PCV era compared to those of the pre‐PCV era. The reduction rates were more prominent in the 12–17 months group as compared to the 18–23 months group (PCV7 p = .005 and PCV13 p = .011, PCV7 p = .014 and PCV13 p = .153, respectively). The significant difference in the 1‐year‐old children continued in six of seven calendar years from 2011 to 2017, whereas no significant reduction was detected in children >3 years old.

Conclusions

The introduction of both PCV7 and PCV13 reduced MTTI incidences in children around 1 year old, and the effects were more prominent during the early half‐periods. Our results support etiological evidence that pneumococcal infection in children aged 1 year and younger might play roles in the pathogenesis of ComOM that requires MTTI.
Dysphagia, hypothyroidism, and osteoradionecrosis after radiation therapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Ranta Pihla , Kytö Eero , Nissi Linda , Kinnunen Ilpo , Vahlberg Tero , Minn Heikki , Haapio Eeva , Nelimarkka Lassi , Irjala Heikki
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To analyze the long‐term side effects of radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

Retrospective chart analysis of all 688 HNC patients treated during 2010–2015 at Turku University Hospital, Finland. All patients who survived for more than a year after RT/chemoRT were included (n = 233). Intensity modulated RT (IMRT) with standard fractionation was applied in each case.

Results

One hundred and six patients (45%) reported persisting dysphagia, for which neck RT increased risk. Definitive neck RT to high‐risk volume did not increase late toxicity risks compared to elective neck RT. Radiation‐induced hypothyroidism (29%, n = 67) was more common among younger patients and females. Osteoradionecrosis (12%, n = 29) was more common in the oral cavity cancer group (20.7%, n = 92) compared to all other subsites.

Conclusions

Late toxicities of RT for HNC are common. Age, gender, tumor subsite, and neck RT affect susceptibility to long‐term side effects.

Level of evidence

4.
Realization of Exciton‐Mediated Optical Spin‐Orbit Interaction in Organic Microcrystalline Resonators
Authors: Ren Jiahuan , Liao Qing , Ma Xuekai , Schumacher Stefan , Yao Jiannian , Fu Hongbing
Published: December 2021

The ability to control the spin‐orbit interaction (SOI) of light in optical microresonators is of fundamental importance for future photonics. Organic microcrystals, due to their giant optical anisotropy, play a crucial role in spin‐optics and topological photonics. Here, the controllable and wavelength‐dependent Rashba–Dresselhaus (RD) SOI is realized that is attributed to the anisotropic excitonic response in an optical microcavity filled with an organic microcrystalline. This work investigates the transition of the spin‐splitting from twice winding caused by the splitting of the transverse‐electric and transverse‐magnetic modes to once winding caused by the RD effect. The interplay of the two allows engineer the SOI of light in organic microcavities, which besides its fundamental interest promises applications in spin‐controlled on‐chip integrated nanophotonic elements, toward exploiting nonmagnetic and low‐cost spin‐photonic devices.
Two Selective Sites Control of Cr3+‐Doped ABO4 Phosphors for Tuning Ultra‐Broadband Near‐Infrared Photoluminescence and Multi‐Applications
Authors: Zhang Qianqian , Liu Dongjie , Dang Peipei , Lian Hongzhou , Li Guogang , Lin Jun
Published: December 2021

Achieving ultra‐broadband and tunable photoluminescence of near‐infrared (NIR) emitting phosphors is a key challenge for realizing its multi‐applications. Here, a series of new ABO4:Cr3+`(A3+ = Ga, Sc, In; B5+ = Ta, Nb) NIR‐emitting phosphors with unprecedented tunable photoluminescence based on crystallographic site engineering and crystal field regulation is reported. Large spectral tuning from NIR‐I to NIR‐II is realized with the peak position varying from 825 to 1025 nm, by cation substitution with decreasing crystal field strength. Broadened full‐width at half maximum from 125 to 231 nm can be tailored by controlling the occupancy of Cr3+ on two different sites. Potential multi‐applications of the tunable NIR emitting phosphors are proposed and validated in NIR spectroscopy detection, night vision, penetrating biology tissue, and so on. This work demonstrates that crystallographic site engineering can effectively tune the NIR optical properties of Cr3+‐doped phosphor materials for multi‐photoelectric applications.
Lisdexamfetamine Therapy in Paroxysmal Non‐kinesigenic Dyskinesia Associated with the KCNMA1‐N999S Variant
Authors: Keros Sotirios , Heim Jennifer , Hakami Wejdan , Zohar‐Dayan Efrat , Ben‐Zeev Bruria , Grinspan Zach , Kruer Michael C. , Meredith Andrea L.
Published: December 2021

Background

KCNMA1‐linked channelopathy is a rare movement disorder first reported in 2005. Paroxysmal non‐kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD) in KCNMA1‐linked channelopathy is the most common symptom in patients harboring the KCNMA1‐N999S mutation. PNKD episodes occur up to hundreds of times daily with significant morbidity and limited treatment options, often in the context of epilepsy.

Cases

We report 6 cases with the KCNMA1‐N999S variant treated with lisdexamfetamine (0.7–1.25 mg/kg/day), a pro‐drug of dextroamphetamine. Data were collected retrospectively from interviews and chart review. Parent‐reported daily PNKD episode counts were reduced under treatment, ranging from a 10‐fold decrease to complete resolution.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that lisdexamfetamine is an effective therapy for PNKD3 (KCNMA1‐associated PNKD). Treatment produced dramatic reductions in debilitating dyskinesia episodes, without provocation or exacerbation of other KCNMA1‐associated symptoms such as seizures.
Variable expressivity in a family with an aggrecanopathy
Authors: Denis Antoine , Chergui Sami , Basalom Shuaa , Campeau Philippe M. , Janelle Chantal , Pauyo Thierry
Published: December 2021

Background

Osteochondritis dissecans is a condition wherein there is a subchondral bone lesion that causes pain, inflammation, and cartilage damage. Dominant Familial Osteochondritis Dissecans is a rare and severe form of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). It is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the gene encoding Aggrecan; ACAN. Aggrecan, a proteoglycan, is an essential component of the articular and growth plate cartilage.

Methods

Herein, we report three individuals from one family; the proband who presented with short stature, a lower limb bone exostosis, and bilateral knee and elbow OCD at the age of 13 years old. His twin brother presented with isolated short stature and his father with short stature and lumbar disc herniation.

Results

Next‐generation sequencing of the ACAN gene in the proband identified a frameshift variant which is also present in the brother and father with short stature. The proband was treated surgically with bilateral elbow microfracture, after the failure of conservative therapy.

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first patient with an aggrecanopathy who presents with osteochondritis dissecans due to a frameshift variant. This family presents with variable expressivity which might be attributed to modifier genes.
Molecular Energies Derived from Deep Learning: Application to the Prediction of Formation Enthalpies Up to High Energy Compounds
Authors: Mathieu Didier
Published: December 2021

Total electronic energies and frequencies predicted using the deep learning models ANI‐1x and ANI‐1ccx are converted to gas‐phase formation enthalpies ΔfH0 using an atom equivalent (AE) scheme for a database of CHNO compounds. As expected from the accuracy of those models in predicting reference DFT frequencies and DLPNO‐CCSD(T)/CBS energies, this procedure usually outperforms DFT‐based AE schemes. However, for some compounds, including energetic molecules, significant deviations from experiment are observed, larger than obtained using DFT procedures. A close examination of the GDB‐11 database from which the training data was drawn reveals that many structures of interest in the energetic materials community are excluded from this extensive compilation primarily focused on drug discovery and designed with stability constraints in mind. This points to the urgent need to set up a comparable database including energetic species of interest for the design of energetic materials such as propellants or explosives.
Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients in Thirteen Animal-Based Feedstuffs by the Orange-spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides
Authors: He Yuanfa , Wang Wenjuan , Tan Beiping , Dong Xiaohui , Yang Qihui , Liu Hongyu , Chi Shuyan
Published: December 2021

In this study, the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of 13 animal-based feedstuffs were determined for a common aquaculture fish, the Orange-spotted Grouper Epinephelus coioides. The feedstuffs included five kinds of fish meal (white fish meal [WFM]; low-temperature-steam-dried brown fish meal [LTSBFM]; domestic flame-dried fish meal; imported flame-dried fish meal; miscellaneous fish meal [MFM]), two kinds of blood meal (spray-dried hemoglobin meal; dried-blood meal [DBM]), and six kinds of animal by-product meal (chicken meal; meat and bone meal; pork meat meal; fermented feather meal [FFM]; hydrolyzed feather meal [HFM]; shrimp meal). Experimental diets were composed of reference diet at 699 g/kg, yttrium oxide at 1 g/kg (as a tracer), and each tested feedstuff at 300 g/kg. The ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, gross energy, phosphorus, and amino acids were determined for each experimental diet by the fecal sedimentation method. Overall, the ADCs of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, energy, phosphorus, and amino acids had ranges of 61.39–76.72, 72.23–91.96, 60.75–91.56, 45.20–88.45, 39.61–76.20, and 70.39–96.71%, respectively. The protein ADCs of the WFM (91.96%) and LTSBFM (91.28%) diets were significantly higher than those of the other feeds. The protein ADCs of the remaining tested diets were over 80%, except for those of the MFM, DBM, and HFM diets. The DBM and HFM diets each had the lowest and second-lowest ADCs of crude protein, lipid, and energy. In conclusion, Orange-spotted Grouper demonstrated high nutrient digestibility for the tested animal-based feedstuffs except MFM, DBM, FFM, and HFM. This digestibility information can aid in the formulation of feed substitutes for least cost diets to be used with cultured Orange-spotted Grouper.
Effects of Replacing Fish Meal with Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles on the Growth Performance and Gut Microbiota in Juvenile Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Gyan Ray Watson , Yang Qihui , Tan Beiping , Dong Xiaohui , Chi Shuyan , Liu Hongyu , Zhang Shuang
Published: December 2021

This research was conducted to assess the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at various levels (D1 [0% of total diet] as control diet, D2 [2%], D3 [4%], D4 [6%], D5 [8%], D6 [12%], and D7 [16%]) on the growth performance and gut microbiota in juvenile Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimp with an initial weight of 0.23 ± 0.00 g (mean ± SD) were stocked (40 shrimp/tank) in seven different tanks, with three replicates of each treatment group. Shrimp were fed their respective experimental diets for 56 d. Afterwards, an Illumina-based sequencing method was used to examine the intestinal bacterial composition of the shrimp. The results showed an enhancement of growth performance, including final weight and weight gain, in shrimp that were fed DDGS diets. In addition, the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in shrimp that were fed D6 and D8 than in shrimp that received D0. Survival rates ranged from 76.6% to 92.50%. The richness estimates (Chao 1 and the abundance-based coverage estimator) and diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson) of the microbial community were affected when DDGS were included in the shrimp diet. Beneficial bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, dominated the gut microbiota at the phylum level for shrimp that were fed DDGS diets. The number of operational taxonomic units obtained ranged from 783 to 920. These results suggest that replacing FM with DDGS at 8% (D5) in the total shrimp diet could enhance the growth performance and affect gut microbiota composition in Pacific whiteleg shrimp.
Development and Application of a Size Structure Index for Blue Sucker
Authors: Carlson Tanner L. , Schall Benjamin J. , Lucchesi David O. , Wesner Jeff S.
Published: December 2021

Blue Sucker Cycleptus elongatus is a species of concern across much of its native range due to population fragmentation and habitat loss. A primary component of managing this species is monitoring various population characteristics, including size structure. A common way to quickly index population size structure is to calculate the proportional size distribution (PSD). However, no standard length categories have been established for Blue Suckers, precluding the use of this index. We used databases, literature searches, field guides, and sampling records to find the largest recorded Blue Sucker. The maximum size Blue Sucker on record was 93 cm, so we propose the following standardized length categories: stock = 23 cm, quality = 38 cm, preferred = 51 cm, memorable = 59 cm, and trophy = 74 cm. We estimated mean values for PSDs using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, with a multinomial likelihood for populations of Blue Suckers from six rivers: the James, Big Sioux, Colorado, Red, Wabash, and Missouri. Most of these populations exhibited large size structures except for the James River. The length categories that we derived from the values for PSD should provide an additional tool for evaluating spatial and temporal changes in the size structure of Blue Sucker populations when monitoring the status of this species of concern.
“When I go my family will see my life in programmes”: Legacy giving and identity at the Royal Opera House
Authors: Jones Marina , Routley Claire
Published: December 2021

With £5.5 trillion due to be transferred between generations over forthcoming decades in the UK alone, non‐profits stand to increase their income from legacy giving significantly, if they can make lasting and meaningful connections with donors. Extant research suggests that autobiographical memory may play a key role in this process. In this article, we go beyond considering autobiographical memory in general to examining how connection with a particular non‐profit, and the memories that are generated can shape individual identity. We report the results of twenty life‐history interviews with people who plan to leave a legacy to the Royal Opera House, and discuss how identity is created through a connection with opera and/or ballet in general and the Royal Opera House in particular. We then go on to explore how the strength of that connection and development of a shared identity can create a sense of symbolic immortality and influence the legacy giving decision, drawing on peak memorable experiences and nostalgia as a social emotion that connects people to what they love. We conclude by reflecting on how other non‐profits might create or stimulate such identities.
Developing a children's rights approach to fundraising with children in primary schools and the ethics of cultivating philanthropic citizenship
Authors: Body Alison , Lau Emily , Cameron Lindsey , Ali Shazza
Published: December 2021

Fundraising literature predominantly focuses on adult donors, with limited literature addressing younger donors, particularly children, and virtually no discussion on the normative ethics which inform fundraising with children. Addressing this gap, this article examines the ethical dilemmas posed by the mainstreaming of charity fundraising in primary schools. Regardless of high levels of participation, research with primary school pupils shows that children's engagement in fundraising activities is often passive, with little decision making afforded to children. First, we question the ethics of passively engaging children in the fundraising relationship. Second, we question the role of fundraising more broadly in helping to cultivate children's philanthropic citizenship, suggesting that current fundraising mechanisms in schools are counter‐intuitive to fostering long‐term philanthropic engagement. We argue that by critically engaging children in the process of giving, children develop a deeper understanding of the cause areas that matter to them, which cultivates a longer‐term commitment to philanthropy. This is potentially a different goal than that of many organisations involving schools in fundraising, where the focus is on incentivising transactional fundraising efforts aiming to raise as much money as possible and thus raises particular ethical challenges which must be considered. In this paper we draw on previous research and established frameworks for understanding philanthropic behaviour to explore the ethical challenges of fundraising with children in schools and present a pathway towards a more child‐led, children's rights approach to fundraising in primary schools.
The impact of tightened prescribing restrictions on proton pump inhibitor use in Australia: An evaluation using interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Daniels Benjamin , Schaffer Andrea , Buckley Nicholas A. , Bruno Claudia , Jun Min , Pearson Sallie‐Anne , Zoega Helga
Published: December 2021

Aim

In May 2019, Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) tightened the prescribing restrictions for publicly subsidized high and standard strength proton‐pump inhibitors (PPIs). We aimed to determine the impacts on PPI use in Australia.

Methods

Population‐based interrupted time series analysis of PBS dispensing claims for a 10% sample of PBS‐eligible Australian residents from January 2017 to December 2020 and national prescription and over‐the‐counter sales to pharmacies from January 2017 to October 2020. We examined trends in monthly PPI dispensings, switches from higher to lower strength formulations, and volume (kg) dispensed and sold.

Results

From May 2019, we observed a small, immediate decrease (−7830 [95%CI: −8818 to −6842]) in standard strength PPI dispensings/month, which rebounded to exceed pre‐intervention levels by December 2020. High strength dispensings decreased until the end of the study period to less than half their pre‐intervention average/month; low strength dispensings/month increased until the end of the study period to more than double their pre‐intervention average/month. We observed transient increases in switches to lower strength formulations post‐intervention. The kilograms of PPIs sold/month followed a similar pattern to PBS kilograms dispensed/month with the exception of standard strength formulations where PBS dispensings decreased by −74 (95%CI: −93 to −55) but total sales remained unchanged (comprising PBS and private prescriptions, and over‐the‐counter sales).

Conclusions

Tightened prescribing restrictions had an immediate and sustained impact on PPI use in Australia, with decreased high strength use and increased low strength use. Some patients likely switched to private market prescriptions for standard strength PPI, given the observed patterns in total volume sold/dispensed.
A mini‐review of microstructural control during composite fiber spinning
Authors: Xu Weiheng , Jambhulkar Sayli , Ravichandran Dharneedar , Zhu Yuxiang , Lanke Shantanu , Bawareth Mohammed , Song Kenan
Published: December 2021

From wool to Kevlar, one‐dimensional (1D) fiber has experienced the transition from clothing materials to structural applications in the past centuries. However, the recent advancements in tooling engineering and manufacturing processes have attracted much attention from both academia and industry to fabricate novel, versatile fibers with unique microstructures and unprecedented properties. This mini‐review focuses on the fabrication techniques of porous, coaxial, layer‐by‐layer and segmented fibers with continuous solution and melt fiber spinning methods. In each section of this review article, the unique structure‐related applications, including intelligent devices, healthcare devices, energy storage systems, wearable electronics and sustainable products, are discussed and evaluated. Finally, the combination of additive manufacturing for 1D fiber patterning in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional devices, in addition to challenges in the reviewed fiber microstructures, is briefly introduced in the conclusion. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Inheritance and mechanism of glyphosate resistance in annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.)
Authors: Barua Rajesh , Malone Jenna , Boutsalis Peter , Gill Gurjeet , Preston Christopher
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

In initial screening, glyphosate was ineffective in controlling five Poa annua populations. These populations were tested for resistance, and studies undertaken to determine resistance mechanisms and inheritance pattern.

RESULTS

Dose–response studies conducted at 16/12°C and 27/20°C on the five putative resistant populations showed low‐level resistance (1.4‐ to 2.5‐fold) to glyphosate. Shikimic acid accumulation in response to glyphosate confirmed differences among the populations, with greater shikimic acid accumulation in the susceptible population. The EPSPS gene copy number was 0.5‐ to 5.2‐fold greater in one resistant population (HT) than in the susceptible (S) population, but not in the others. EPSPS gene expression was five‐ to tenfold higher in HT compared with the susceptible population. Target site mutations, differences in glyphosate absorption or translocation or altered expression of aldo‐keto reductase (AKR) were not identified in any of the resistant populations. Crosses were successful between one resistant population and the susceptible population (P262‐16♂ ✕ S♀) and inheritance of glyphosate resistance appears to be controlled by a single, nuclear dominant gene in this population.

CONCLUSION

Our study identified EPSPS gene amplification in a South Australian glyphosate‐resistant P. annua population (HT). This mechanism of resistance was not identified in the other four glyphosate‐resistant populations, and other common mechanisms were excluded. Although the resistance mechanism in some P. annua populations remains unknown, inheritance studies with one population suggest the involvement of a single dominant gene. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Japanese knotweed increases soil erosion on riverbanks
Authors: Matte Rébecca , Boivin Maxime , Lavoie Claude
Published: December 2021

For years, Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) has been suspected of accelerating riverbank erosion, despite a lack of convincing evidence. The stems of this invasive plant die back following the first autumn frosts, leaving the soil unprotected during winter and spring floods. In Québec (Canada), riverbank erosion may also be accentuated by ice during mechanical ice breakups. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of knotweed on riverbank erosion along a river invaded by the species, within a context of floods with ice. The elevation along 120 cross‐sectional riverbank profiles, occupied or not by knotweed, was measured before and after the spring flood of 2019. On average, riverbanks occupied by knotweed had nearly 3 cm more soil erosion than riverbanks without knotweed, a statistically significant difference. Stem density also influenced erosion: the higher the density, the greater the soil loss. Certain riverside conditions, such as the slope of the riverbank or being located on an islet, interacted with knotweed, further accentuating erosion. Soil losses measured between November 2018 and May–June 2019 were particularly pronounced, but the spring flood was also exceptional, with a recurrence interval close to 50 years. On the other hand, soil loss from rivers invaded by knotweed can be expected to increase over time, as this invasive species spreads rapidly in riparian habitats.
Semiconductor Gas Sensor for Triethylamine Detection
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Zhang Liuyang , Fan Jiajie , Yu Jiaguo
Published: December 2021

With the demanding detection of unique toxic gas, semiconductor gas sensors have attracted tremendous attention due to their intriguing features, such as, high sensitivity, online detection, portability, ease of use, and low cost. Triethylamine, a typical gas of volatile organic compounds, is an important raw material for industrial development, but it is also a hazard to human health. This review presents a concise compilation of the advances in triethylamine detection based on chemiresistive sensors. Specifically, the testing system and sensing parameters are described in detail. Besides, the sensing mechanism with characterizing tactics is analyzed. The research status based on various chemiresistive sensors is also surveyed. Finally, the conclusion and challenges, as well as some perspectives toward this area, are presented.
MnOx‐Decorated Nickel‐Iron Phosphides Nanosheets: Interface Modifications for Robust Overall Water Splitting at Ultra‐High Current Densities
Authors: Wang Pan , Luo Yuanzhi , Zhang Gaixia , Wu Mingjie , Chen Zhangsen , Sun Shuhui , Shi Zhicong
Published: December 2021

Exploring highly active and stable bifunctional water‐splitting electrocatalysts at ultra‐high current densities is remarkably desirable. Herein, 3D nickel‐iron phosphides nanosheets modified by MnOx nanoparticles are grown on nickel foam (MnOx/NiFeP/NF). Resulting from the electronic coupling effect enabled by interface modifications, the intrinsic activities of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are improved. Meanwhile, 3D nanosheets provide abundant active sites for HER and OER, leading to accelerating the reaction kinetics. Besides, the shell‐protection characteristic of MnOx improves the durability of MnOx/NiFeP/NF. Therefore, MnOx/NiFeP/NF shows exceptional bifunctional electrocatalytic activities toward HER (an overpotential of 255 mV at 500 mA cm−2), OER (overpotentials of 296 and 346 mV at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively), and overall water splitting (cell voltages of 1.796 and 1.828 V at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively). Furthermore, it owns remarkably outstanding stability for overall water splitting at ultra‐high current densities (120 and 70 h at 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively), which outperforms almost all of the non‐noble metal electrocatalysts. This work presents efficient strategies of interface modifications, 3D nanostructures, and shell protection to afford ultra‐high current densities.
Excellent Li/Garnet Interface Wettability Achieved by Porous Hard Carbon Layer for Solid State Li Metal Battery
Authors: Chen Linhui , Zhang Jian , Tong Rong‐Ao , Zhang Jingxi , Wang Hailong , Shao Gang , Wang Chang‐An
Published: December 2021

Garnet‐type Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) electrolyte is considered as a promising solid electrolyte because of its relatively high ionic conductivity and excellent electrochemical stability. The surface contamination layer and poor Li/LLZTO interface contact cause large interfacial resistance and quick Li dendrite growth. In this paper, a porous hard carbon layer is introduced by the carbonization of a mixed layer of phenolic resin and polyvinyl butyral on the LLZTO surface to improve Li/garnet interfacial wettability. The multi‐level pore structure of the hard carbon interlayer provides capillary force and large specific surface area, which, together with the chemical activity of the carbon material with Li, promote the molten Li infiltration with garnet electrolyte. The Li/LLZTO interface delivers a low interfacial resistance of 4.7 Ω∙cm2 at 40 °C and a higher critical current density, which can achieve stable Li+ conduction for over 800 h under current densities of 0.1 and 0.2 mA∙cm−2. The solid‐state battery coupled with Li and LiFePO4 exhibits excellent rate and cycling performance, demonstrating the application feasibility of the hard carbon interlayer for a solid state Li metal battery.
Adaptation and the distributional effects of heat: Evidence from professional archery competitions
Authors: Qiu Yun , Zhao Jinhua
Published: December 2021

We examine the distributional effects of high temperature on worker performance and the effectiveness of adaptation when capital investments such as air conditioning are not feasible. Using a longitudinal data set of 3196 professional archers in 57 competitions during 2010–2016 in China, which includes accurate performance measures at the individual‐by‐contest level, we show that heat causes more uneven performance distributions by hurting the bottom performers more than the top performers. More frequent heat reduces average performance and raises distributional inequality more than increases in average temperature. Gaining experience and long‐term acclimatization together can mitigate 70% of the heat impacts, demonstrating the potential of adaptation.
Novel hydrodynamic cavitation based hand pump for disinfection of groundwater
Authors: Doltade Sarjerao Bapu , Pandit Aniruddha Bhalchandra
Published: December 2021

India Mark‐II hand pump was successfully modified in the present study so as it can serve as an efficient tool for the disinfection of the borewell water. This modified Hand Pump works on the principle of hydrodynamic cavitation, which can potentially disrupt the bacteria and fungi rendering them unviable. The reduction in organic carbon was also found in the borewell water. However hydrodynamic cavitation technology was induced first time in the hand pump for the disinfection of groundwater. Several field trials were carried out at different field locations in Maharashtra, India to validate the modifications of this novel technology. This modification does not require any additional energy to purify the water and is found to have yielded > 90% water disinfection. The third‐party analysis was carried out from NABL certified microbiological laboratories which showed that all Gram negative pathogens were successfully destroyed. Therefore, the people who rely on hand pumps across the world for groundwater pumping will be able to access quality potable water and can be rescued from pathogen‐based waterborne diseases. Hand pump cavitation will be a water disinfection milestone in the emerging era of ecologically benign, innovative, and cost‐effective rural water disinfection technology.
Analytical solution of micropolar functionally graded materials (FGM) hollow cylinder under thermal asymmetric load (r, θ)
Authors: Dehbani Hossein , Jabbari Mohsen , Khorshidvand Ahmad Reza , Javadi Mehrdad
Published: December 2021

This paper focuses on the analysis of two‐dimensional steady‐state thermal stresses based on micropolar theory in hollow and solid cylinders which are made of functionally graded materials (FGM) under asymmetric loading condition (r, θ) with the general thermal and mechanical boundary conditions along the inside and outside surfaces. The heat conduction and Navier equations were solved using the separation of variables and complex Fourier series for micropolar theory. Finally, the exact numerical results for both micropolar and classical solutions are illustrated and discussed using two examples: In Example 1, based on the micropolar theory, when thermal tensions are exerted on the inside surface of the cylinder, some of the strain energy is used for the object rotation; therefore, considering this condition, the calculated values resulted from the micropolar theory are smaller than those of the classic theory. In Example 2, by exerting normal tension on the inside surface of the cylinder, the rotation created is very small; therefore, the results of the micropolar and classic theories are similar. In addition to FGM materials, this solution is applicable to minerals and organic matter multiphase fiber and particulate composites, soil, rock, concrete, and various granular materials [59].
Component 1 (Macro): Quantitative (Regression) Analysis
Authors: García Portilla Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter corresponds to the macro-quantitative component. It discusses how competitiveness and corruption were modelled, how the methods were applied in the correlation analysis and which empirical results were achieved.

Regression analysis is used to test the relationship between variables of some prominent prosperity/corruption theories. This part does not seek to prove causation, but instead empirically explores whether competitiveness/transparency are related to indicators such as state religion or a population’s religious affiliation.

Consistent results of the models on competitiveness (GCI) are: (1) a positive influence of EPI on GCI; (2) a positive influence of a German legal origin (or German language) on GCI; (3) a negative influence of an Orthodox population on GCI; and (4) a negative influence of a Roman Catholic population (or Roman Catholic State Religion) on GCI. These results are also consistent with the predictions in the theory chapters (Chaps. 6–11).

The corruption model applied here tests the interrelations between GDP, political liberties (democracy proxy), and language and ethnic fractionalisation. The results of the models on corruption are entirely compatible with theory. The results confirm my hypothesis that transparency levels are directly (i.e. positively) related to the proportion of Protestants in countries in Europe and the Americas.
c) Cuba: A Sui Generis Case Study (Communist Proxy)
Authors: García Portilla Jason
Published: December 2021

The anti-clerical elements of the Revolution helped Cuba succeed in various indicators (e.g. education quality and coverage, equality, health). The Cuban regime seized, dismantled, and limited the institutional influence of Roman Catholicism on these areas of public life. However, a strong cultural influence of a highly syncretised Roman Catholicism persists in Cuba even if its institutional influence has been curbed. Also, the Communist regime, by adopting Marxism, “threw the baby out with the bathwater” through persecuting all types of religion, including Protestant liberals. Finally, the Cuban regime conveniently turned to Rome to legitimise itself after the collapse of the Soviet Union and to silence Protestantism with a corporatist strategy. The socialist legal tradition had an effect opposite to its claims (e.g. lack of freedom, corruption), even if its anti-clerical element was an advantage. Comparing the Cuban experience to other Latin American countries with leftist dictatorships (e.g. Venezuela) helps understand their failure to achieve the Cuban indicators (e.g. education). The crucial factor in this regard is whether or not the power and influence of the Roman Church-State are reduced.
Integrative Conclusions
Authors: García Portilla Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents general conclusions based on integrating the theory and the results obtained from all methods. It also offers seven specific conclusions for each of the prosperity determinants considered.

Combining three main factors accounted for uneven socio-economic and institutional performance in Europe and the Americas. These factors are: 1. Religion: 1.1) Historical Protestantism and its positive influence on law, institutions, and language (highest performance); 1.2) anti-clericalism (medium-high performance); 1.3) Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy (medium-low performance); 1.4) Syncretism (low performance). 2. Political non-religious influences: 2.1) Communism (low performance). 3. Geography and environment, which modulate overall performance.
The Outcome (Criterion Variables)
Authors: García Portilla Jason
Published: December 2021

This chapter characterises the outcome of the research model in this study (transparency/prosperity) in three sections. Sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively, define corruption and competitiveness (prosperity) from different perspectives, including moral and theological. Transparency and prosperity are linked as part of the same outcome, prosperity equals competitiveness, and competitiveness includes transparency (Sect. 3.3.).
Vacuum instability due to the creation of neutral fermion with anomalous magnetic moment by magnetic-field inhomogeneities
Authors: Adorno T. C. , He Zi-Wang , Gavrilov S. P. , Gitman D. M.
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We study neutral fermions pair creation with anomalous magnetic moment from the vacuum by time-independent magnetic-field inhomogeneity as an external background. We show that the problem is technically reduced to the problem of charged-particle creation by an electric step, for which the nonperturbative formulation of strong-field QED is used. We consider a magnetic step given by an analytic function and whose inhomogeneity may vary from a “gradual” to a “sharp” field configuration. We obtain corresponding exact solutions of the Dirac-Pauli equation with this field and calculate pertinent quantities characterizing vacuum instability, such as the differential mean number and flux density of pairs created from the vacuum, vacuum fluxes of energy and magnetic moment. We show that the vacuum flux in one direction is formed from fluxes of particles and antiparticles of equal intensity and with the same magnetic moments parallel to the external field. Backreaction to the vacuum fluxes leads to a smoothing of the magnetic-field inhomogeneity. We also estimate critical magnetic field intensities, near which the phenomenon could be observed.
Searching for heavy leptoquarks at a muon collider
Authors: Qian Sitian , Li Congqiao , Li Qiang , Meng Fanqiang , Xiao Jie , Yang Tianyi , Lu Meng , You Zhengyun
Published: December 2021

Abstract

The LHCb Collaboration recently gave an update on testing lepton flavour universality with B+→ K+ℓ+ℓ−, in which a 3.1 standard deviations from the standard model prediction was observed. The g-2 experiment also reports a 3.3 standard deviations from the standard model on muon anomalous magnetic moment measurement. These deviations could be explained by introducing new particles including leptoquarks. In this paper, we show the possibility to search for heavy spin-1 leptoquarks at a future TeV scale muon collider by performing studies from three channels: 1) same flavour final states with either two bottom or two light quarks, 2) different flavour quark final states, and 3) a so-called “VXS” process representing the scattering between a vector boson and a leptoquark to probe the coupling between leptoquark and tau lepton. We conclude that a 3 TeV muon collider with 3 ab−1 of integrated luminosity is already sufficient to cover the leptoquark parameter space in order to explain the LHCb lepton flavour universality anomaly.
Quantum Spectral Curve for AdS3/CFT2: a proposal
Authors: Cavaglià Andrea , Gromov Nikolay , Stefański Bogdan , Torrielli Alessandro
Published: December 2021

Abstract

We conjecture the Quantum Spectral Curve equations for string theory on AdS3× S3× T4 with RR charge and its CFT2 dual. We show that in the large-length regime, under additional mild assumptions, the QSC reproduces the Asymptotic Bethe Ansatz equations for the massive sector of the theory, including the exact dressing phases found in the literature. The structure of the QSC shares many similarities with the previously known AdS5 and AdS4 cases, but contains a critical new feature — the branch cuts are no longer quadratic. Nevertheless, we show that much of the QSC analysis can be suitably generalised producing a self-consistent system of equations. While further tests are necessary, particularly outside the massive sector, the simplicity and self-consistency of our construction suggests the completeness of the QSC.