bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in magnitude of paleoearthquakes revealed by trenching and historical records, along the Haiyuan Fault, China
Authors: Liu‐Zeng Jing , Shao Yanxiu , Klinger Yann , Xie Kejia , Yuan Daoyuang , Lei Zhongsheng
Published: October 2015

Paleoseismology provides fundamental data for generalizing earthquake recurrence behavior, by revealing past surface‐rupturing events. Determining the size of paleoseismic events is notoriously more challenging than their timing. Paleoearthquakes exposed in trenches are vaguely defined as large enough to break to the surface and often assumed to be similar in size. Here we show an example where the paleoseismic record includes events of both moderate and large magnitudes. At the Salt Lake site on the active left‐lateral Haiyuan Fault, northern Tibetan Plateau, a high‐resolution stratigraphic sequence recorded three and possibly four events since A.D. 1500, constrained by accelerator mass spectrometry14C dating. Historical accounts of earthquake damage in the study region suggest that several earthquakes exposed in the trenches markedly differ in magnitude. With the exception of the most recentM~8 earthquake that occurred in A.D. 1920, two earlier events, which occurred in A.D. 1760 (or 1709) and 1638, respectively, are considerably smaller, with magnitudeM < 7 and more likelyM~6 or less. Thus, this section of the Haiyuan Fault that broke during moderate‐magnitude events failed again after a short interval during a largeMw7.8–8.3 earthquake, as part of a larger multisegment rupture. Our study shows that moderate‐magnitude events can be preserved in the stratigraphy and exposed by paleoseismic trenching under ideal conditions, for instance, if sedimentation is fast enough and there is no hiatus in deposition. Eventually, the data presented add to the growing body of paleoseismic records containing events of different magnitudes with a large variability in rupture length and coseismic slip.
Universal scaling of the formation factor in clays: Example from the Nankai Trough
Authors: Daigle Hugh , Ghanbarian Behzad , Henry Pierre , Conin Marianne
Published: October 2015

Electrical conductivity is a fundamental characteristic describing how strongly a network opposes flow of electrical current. In fully water‐saturated porous media the conductivity, represented by the formation factor, is mainly controlled by porosity, connectivity of the conducting phases, and the tortuosity of electrical current paths. Previous work has shown that universal scaling derived from percolation and effective medium theories accurately describes the relationship between formation factor and porosity when the percolation threshold is taken account, as well as the porosity value at which the scaling switches from percolation theory to effective medium theory. We determined the formation factor in clay‐rich sediments based on cation exchange capacity measurements on samples from five scientific ocean drilling sites in the Nankai Trough. We then compared the results to predictions from universal scaling after determining the volume of clay‐bound water and the percolation threshold. We found that the previously reported universal scaling relations hold in these clay‐rich sediments once the corrections are made for the clay‐bound water and that percolation scaling appears to be valid over the entire range of observed porosities, probably due to relatively broad pore size distributions or low pore system connectivity. Our results show that universal scaling can be applied to describe the porosity dependence of the formation factor in clay‐rich sediments when appropriate corrections are made for the presence of clay‐bound water.
Earthquake rupture process recreated from a natural fault surface
Authors: Parsons Tom , Minasian Diane L.
Published: October 2015

What exactly happens on the rupture surface as an earthquake nucleates, spreads, and stops? We cannot observe this directly, and models depend on assumptions about physical conditions and geometry at depth. We thus measure a natural fault surface and use its 3‐D coordinates to construct a replica at 0.1 m resolution to obviate geometry uncertainty. We can recreate stick‐slip behavior on the resulting finite element model that depends solely on observed fault geometry. We clamp the fault together and apply steady state tectonic stress until seismic slip initiates and terminates. Our recreatedM ~ 1 earthquake initiates at contact points where there are steep surface gradients because infinitesimal lateral displacements reduce clamping stress most efficiently there. Unclamping enables accelerating slip to spread across the surface, but the fault soon jams up because its uneven, anisotropic shape begins to juxtapose new high‐relief sticking points. These contacts would ultimately need to be sheared off or strongly deformed before another similar earthquake could occur. Our model shows that an important role is played by fault‐wall geometry, although we do not include effects of varying fluid pressure or exotic rheologies on the fault surfaces. We extrapolate our results to large fault systems using observed self‐similarity properties and suggest that larger ruptures might begin and end in a similar way, although the scale of geometrical variation in fault shape that can arrest a rupture necessarily scales with magnitude. In other words, fault segmentation may be a magnitude‐dependent phenomenon and could vary with each subsequent rupture.
Periodic variations of oxygen EUV dayglow in the upper atmosphere of Venus: Hisaki/EXCEED observations
Authors: Masunaga K. , Seki K. , Terada N. , Tsuchiya F. , Kimura T. , Yoshioka K. , Murakami G. , Yamazaki A. , Kagitani M. , Tao C. , Fedorov A. , Futaana Y. , Zhang T. L. , Shiota D. , Leblanc F. , Chaufray J.‐Y. , Yoshikawa I.
Published: October 2015

Using the Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscope for Exospheric Dynamics (EXCEED) aboard Hisaki and the Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Monitor on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, we investigate variations of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) dayglow brightness for OII 83.4 nm, OI 130.4 nm, and OI 135.6 nm in the Venusian upper atmosphere observed in March–April (period 1), April–May (period 2), and June–July (period 3) in 2014. The result shows that characteristic periodicities exist in the dayglow variations other than the ~27 day solar rotational effect of the solar EUV flux: 1.8, 2.8, 3.1, 4.5, and 9.9 day in period 1; 1.1 day in period 2; and 1.0 and 11 day in period 3. Many of these periodicities are consistent with previous observations and theory. We suggest these periodicities are related to density oscillations of oxygen atoms or photoelectrons in the thermosphere. The cause of these periodicities is still uncertain, but planetary‐scale waves and/or gravity waves propagating from the middle atmosphere, and/or minor periodic variations of the solar EUV radiation flux may play a role. Effects of the solar wind parameters (velocity, dynamic pressure, and interplanetary magnetic field's intensity) on the dayglow variations are also investigated using the Analyser of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐4) and magnetometer aboard Venus Express. Although clear correlation with the dayglow variations is not found, their minor periodicities are similar to the dayglow periodicities. Contribution of the solar wind to the dayglow remains still unknown, but the solar wind parameters might affect the dayglow variations.
Sexual Contract
Authors: Pateman Carole
Published: October 2015

“The sexual contract” is used in two senses. First, to refer to the book
The Sexual Contract
(1988) and to Anglo‐American societies. The book provides a feminist interpretation of classic theories of an original contract, showing that it has two dimensions, the social contract and a sexual contract, and that the familiar marriage contract and employment contract have been shaped by ideas in the texts. Much has changed today, including marriage law and the economy, but many components of the sexual contract still persist. The second sense refers to the general domination of women by men in any society. The sexual contract is enforced in a variety of forms ranging from legal sanction for powers of husbands to prevention of women earning a living. Men's government of women is one of the most deeply entrenched of all power structures.
Simulation Evidence of Hexagonal‐to‐Tetragonal ZnSe Structure Transition: A Monolayer Material with a Wide‐Range Tunable Direct Bandgap
Authors: Li Lei , Li Pengfei , Lu Ning , Dai Jun , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: October 2015

2D material with tunable direct bandgap in the intermediate region (i.e., ≈2–3 eV) is key to the achievement of high efficiency in visible‐light optical devices. Herein, a simulation evidence of structure transition of monolayer ZnSe from the experimental pseudohexagonal structure to the tetragonal structure (t‐ZnSe) under lateral pressure is shown, suggesting a possible fabrication route to achieve the t‐ZnSe monolayer. The as‐produced t‐ZnSe monolayer exhibits highly tunable bandgap under the biaxial strains, allowing strain engineering of t‐ZnSe's bandgap over a wide range of 2–3 eV. Importantly, even under the biaxial strain up to 7%, the t‐ZnSe monolayer still keeps its direct‐gap property in the desirable range of 2.40–3.17 eV (corresponding to wavelength of green light to ultraviolet). The wide‐range tunability of direct bandgap appears to be a unique property of the t‐ZnSe monolayer, suggesting its potential application as a light‐emitting 2D material in red–green–blue light emission diodes or as complementary light‐absorption material in the blue–yellow region for multijunction solar cells. The straddling of the band edge of the t‐ZnSe monolayer over the redox potential of water splitting reaction also points to its plausible application for visible‐light‐driven water splitting.
Reversing the Resistivity Contrast in the Phase‐Change Memory Material GeSb2Te4 Using High Pressure
Authors: Xu Ming , Yu Zhenhai , Wang Lin , Mazzarello Riccardo , Wuttig Matthias
Published: October 2015

Phase‐change memory devices distinguish “1” and “0” states by the electrical contrast between the amorphous and the crystalline phases. Under ambient conditions, the amorphous phase normally exhibits a higher resistivity, exceeding its crystalline counterpart by 2–5 orders of magnitude. Here, however, it is demonstrated that such pronounced resistivity contrast is remarkably reduced and even reversed with increasing hydrostatic‐like pressure in the prototypical phase‐change material GeSb2Te4 (GST). This anomalous resistivity reversal originates from the differences in the pressure‐induced atomic rearrangement of these two phases, as revealed by ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, a low to medium pressure (<7 GPa) primarily compresses the bonds in crystalline GST without significantly displacing the atoms and vacancies off the lattice sites. As a result, only relatively small changes in the band structure are induced. In contrast, in amorphous GST, the fraction of voids changes drastically with pressure and the Peierls‐like distortion is greatly reduced, yet the average bond length remains almost constant. These effects eventually turn the semiconducting glass into a metallic one. Our work reveals distinct behaviors of amorphous and crystalline phase‐change materials under stress, shedding light on the mechanisms of electronic transport in different phases, and thus may have important implications on the design of phase‐change memory devices.
Transparent Cuprous Oxide Photocathode Enabling a Stacked Tandem Cell for Unbiased Water Splitting
Authors: Dias Paula , Schreier Marcel , Tilley S. David , Luo Jingshan , Azevedo João , Andrade Luísa , Bi Dongqin , Hagfeldt Anders , Mendes Adélio , Grätzel Michael , Mayer Matthew T.
Published: October 2015

Photoelectrochemical water splitting represents an attractive method of capturing and storing the immense energy of sunlight in the form of hydrogen, a clean chemical fuel. Given the large energetic demand of water electrolysis, and the defined spectrum of photons available from incident sunlight, a two absorber tandem device is required to achieve high efficiencies. The two absorbers should be of different and complementary bandgaps, connected in series to achieve the necessary voltage, and arranged in an optical stack configuration to maximize the utilization of sunlight. This latter requirement demands a top device that is responsive to high‐energy photons but also transparent to lower‐energy photons, which pass through to illuminate the bottom absorber. Here, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) is employed as a top absorber component, and the factors influencing the balance between transparency and efficiency toward operation in a tandem configuration are studied. Photocathodes based on Cu2O electrodeposited onto conducting glass substrates treated with thin, discontinuous layers of gold achieve reasonable sub‐bandgap transmittance while retaining performances comparable to their opaque counterparts. This new high‐performance transparent photocathode is demonstrated in tandem with a hybrid perovskite photovoltaic cell, resulting in a full device capable of standalone sunlight‐driven water splitting.
Impact of SNP array karyotyping on the diagnosis and the outcome of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with low risk cytogenetic features or no metaphases
Authors: Palomo Laura , Xicoy Blanca , Garcia Olga , Mallo Mar , Ademà Vera , Cabezón Marta , Arnan Montse , Pomares Helena , José Larrayoz María , José Calasanz María , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. , Huang Dayong , Shih Lee‐Yung , Ogawa Seishi , Cervera Jose , Such Esperanza , Coll Rosa , Grau Javier , Solé Francesc , Zamora Lurdes
Published: October 2015

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a clonal hematopoietic disorder with heterogeneous clinical, morphological and genetic characteristics. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities are found in 20–30% of patients with CMML. Patients with low risk cytogenetic features (normal karyotype and isolated loss of Y chromosome) account for ∼80% of CMML patients and often fall into the low risk categories of CMML prognostic scores. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP‐A) karyotyping could detect cryptic chromosomal alterations with prognostic impact in these subgroup of patients. SNP‐A were performed at diagnosis in 128 CMML patients with low risk karyotypes or uninformative results for conventional G‐banding cytogenetics (CC). Copy number alterations (CNAs) and regions of copy number neutral loss of heterozygosity (CNN‐LOH) were detected in 67% of patients. Recurrent CNAs included gains in regions 8p12 and 21q22 as well as losses in 10q21.1 and 12p13.2. Interstitial CNN‐LOHs were recurrently detected in the following regions: 4q24–4q35, 7q32.1–7q36.3, and 11q13.3–11q25. Statistical analysis showed that some of the alterations detected by SNP‐A associated with the patients' outcome. A shortened overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) was observed in cases where the affected size of the genome (considering CNAs and CNN‐LOHs) was >11 Mb. In addition, presence of interstitial CNN‐LOH was predictive of poor OS. Presence of CNAs (≥1) associated with poorer OS and PFS in the patients with myeloproliferative CMML. Overall, SNP‐A analysis increased the diagnostic yield in patients with low risk cytogenetic features or uninformative CC and added prognostic value to this subset of patients. Am. J. Hematol. 91:185–192, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From the 1930 International Johannesburg conference on silicosis, to “tables” of occupational diseases, France, 2000 onward: A comparative reading
Authors: Cavalin Catherine
Published: October 2015

Through the concept of “thought collectives” in particular, Ludwik Fleck was a pioneer in demonstrating how much scientific knowledge is inherently made up of social and historical material. In this article, I propose to follow a Fleckian path by comparing the proceedings of the 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg on the one hand, and on the other the content of the debates that took place in France in the 2000s to revise the “tables” of occupational diseases which define the compensation rules for salaried workers in the French general (as well as the farm) health insurance scheme. The text offers an analysis of the striking similarities between these two distant sources, pointing out particularly the repetitiveness of ignorance and knowledge, and the nature of what can be admitted as a body of “evidence” in medico‐legal issues such as the definition and compensation of occupational diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S59–S66, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reaction‐Based Mechanistic Investigations of Asymmetric Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reactions of Enones with Isatins Catalyzed by Amine‐Based Three‐Component Catalyst Systems
Authors: Cui Hai‐Lei , Chouthaiwale Pandurang V. , Yin Feng , Tanaka Fujie
Published: October 2015

Reaction‐based mechanistic investigations were performed for the hetero‐Diels–Alder (hDA) reactions of enones with isatins that were catalyzed by an amine‐based catalyst system composed of three molecules (an amine, an acid, and a thiourea). The results indicated that the hDA product obtained from the reaction between hept‐3‐en‐2‐one and isatin using the amine‐based catalyst system was generated via a kinetically controlled [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of the in situ‐generated enamine of the enone as the diene and isatin as the dienophile. The amine of the three‐component catalyst system was essential for the catalysis and stereocontrol, but the other components of the catalyst system also played important roles. Based on the results, plausible transition states are discussed, and the system was further improved by altering the loadings of the catalyst components for faster reactions with high stereoselectivities. The three‐component catalyst systems are flexible and can be tuned to obtain better results.
A High‐Valent Iron(IV) Peroxo Core Derived from O2
Authors: Kishima Takahiro , Matsumoto Takahiro , Nakai Hidetaka , Hayami Shinya , Ohta Takehiro , Ogo Seiji
Published: October 2015

Dioxygen‐tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenases catalyze not only the conversion of H2 into 2 H+ and 2 e− but also the reduction of O2 to H2O. Chemists have sought to mimic such bifunctional catalysts with structurally simpler compounds to facilitate analysis and improvement. Herein, we report a new [NiFe]‐based catalyst for O2 reduction via an O2 adduct. Structural investigations reveal the first example of a side‐on iron(IV) peroxo complex.
Isolation of Elusive HAsAsH in a Crystalline Diuranium(IV) Complex
Authors: Gardner Benedict M. , Balázs Gábor , Scheer Manfred , Wooles Ashley J. , Tuna Floriana , McInnes Eric J. L. , McMaster Jonathan , Lewis William , Blake Alexander J. , Liddle Stephen T.
Published: October 2015

The HAsAsH molecule has hitherto only been proposed tentatively as a short‐lived species generated in electrochemical or microwave‐plasma experiments. After two centuries of inconclusive or disproven claims of HAsAsH formation in the condensed phase, we report the isolation and structural authentication of HAsAsH in the diuranium(IV) complex [{U(TrenTIPS)}2(μ‐η2:η2‐As2H2)] (3, TrenTIPS=N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)3; Pri=CH(CH3)2). Complex 3 was prepared by deprotonation and oxidative homocoupling of an arsenide precursor. Characterization and computational data are consistent with back‐bonding‐type interactions from uranium to the HAsAsH π*‐orbital. This experimentally confirms the theoretically predicted excellent π‐acceptor character of HAsAsH, and is tantamount to full reduction to the diarsane‐1,2‐diide form.
Creating Reactivity with Unstable Endmembers using Pressure and Temperature: Synthesis of Bulk Cubic Mg0.4Fe0.6N
Authors: Serghiou George , Ji Gang , Odling Nicholas , Reichmann Hans J. , Morniroli Jean‐Paul , Boehler Reinhard , Frost Dan J. , Wright Jonathan P. , Wunder Bernd
Published: October 2015

Alloy and nitride solid solutions are prominent for structural, energy and information processing applications. There are frequently however barriers to making them. We remove barriers to reactivity here using pressure with a new synthetic approach. We target pressures where the reasons for cubic endmember nitride instability can become the driving force for cubic nitride solid solution stability. Using this approach we form a novel rocksalt Mg0.4Fe0.6N solid solution at between 15 and 23 GPa and up to 2500 K. This is a system where, neither an alloy nor a nitride solid solution form at ambient conditions and bulk MgN and FeN endmembers do not form, either at ambient or at high pressure. The new nitride is formed, by removing endmember lattice mismatch with pressure, allowing a stabilizing redistribution of valence electrons upon heating. This approach can be employed for a range of normally unreactive systems. Mg, Fe and enhanced nitrogen presence, may also indicate a richer reaction chemistry in our planets interior.
Synthesis of Atomically Thin Boron Films on Copper Foils
Authors: Tai Guoan , Hu Tingsong , Zhou Yungang , Wang Xufeng , Kong Jizhou , Zeng Tian , You Yuncheng , Wang Qin
Published: October 2015

Two‐dimensional boron materials have recently attracted extensive theoretical interest because of their exceptional structural complexity and remarkable physical and chemical properties. However, such 2D boron monolayers have still not been synthesized. In this report, the synthesis of atomically thin 2D γ‐boron films on copper foils is achieved by chemical vapor deposition using a mixture of pure boron and boron oxide powders as the boron source and hydrogen gas as the carrier gas. Strikingly, the optical band gap of the boron film was measured to be around 2.25 eV, which is close to the value (2.07 eV) determined by first‐principles calculations, suggesting that the γ‐B28 monolayer is a fascinating direct band gap semiconductor. Furthermore, a strong photoluminescence emission band was observed at approximately 626 nm, which is again due to the direct band gap. This study could pave the way for applications of two‐dimensional boron materials in electronic and photonic devices.
Aquation Is a Crucial Activation Step for Anticancer Action of Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes to Trigger Cancer Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Li Meng , Lai Lanhai , Zhao Zhennan , Chen Tianfeng
Published: October 2015

Aquation has been proposed as crucial chemical action step for ruthenium (Ru) complexes, but its effects on the action mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, we have demonstrated the aquation process of a potent Ru polypyridyl complex (RuBmp=[RuII(bmbp)(phen)Cl]ClO4, bmbp=2,6‐bis(6‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl) pyridine, phen=phenanthroline) with a chloride ligand, and revealed that aquation of RuBmp effectively enhanced its hydrophilicity and cellular uptake, thus significantly increasing its anticancer efficacy. The aquation products (H‐RuBmp=[RuII(bmbp)(phen)Cl]ClO4, [RuII(bmbp)(phen)(H2O)]ClO4, bmbp) exhibited a much higher apoptosis‐inducing ability than the intact complex, with involvement of caspase activation, mitochondria dysfunction, and interaction with cell membrane death receptors. H‐RuBmp demonstrated a higher interaction potency with the cell membrane and induced higher levels of ROS overproduction in cancer cells to regulate the AKT, MAPK, and p53 signaling pathways. Taken together, this study could provide useful information for fine‐tuning the rational design of next‐generation metal medicines.
Evaluation of Pseudoenantiomeric Mixed Carbonates as Efficient Fluorogenic Probes for Enantioselectivity Screening
Authors: Zadlo Anna , Koszelewski Dominik , Borys Filip , Ostaszewski Ryszard
Published: October 2015

We report mixed carbonates as enzyme substrates and demonstrate their application as fluorogenic probes for lipase and esterase enantiopreference screening. By the application of pseudoenantiomers with distinct fluorescence behaviors, it is possible to evaluate the activity and enantiopreference of hydrolytic enzymes. In order to validate our method, enantioselectivities calculated from fluorometric measurements were compared with the results obtained from larger‐scale kinetic resolution.
Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase deficiency accelerates chronological aging in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Ogata Toshiya , Senoo Takanori , Kawano Shinji , Ikeda Shogo
Published: October 2015

A mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2) is the first line of antioxidant defense against mitochondrial superoxide. Even though the involvement of SOD2 in lifespan has been studied extensively in several organisms, characterization of the aging process has not been performed for the sod2 mutant (sod2Δ) of a prominent model Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this study, we measured the chronological lifespan of sod2Δ cells by their ability to survive in long‐term culture. SOD2 deficiency drastically decreased cell viability in the stationary phase. The mutation frequency of nuclear DNA in sod2Δ was elevated in the stationary phase, and cellular proteins and nuclear DNA were extensively degraded, concurrent with cell death. The sod2 gene in wild‐type cells could be induced by an increase in endogenous oxidative stresses, after which, SOD2 activity was substantially elevated during the stationary phase. Culture in a lower glucose concentration (calorie restriction) prominently extended the sod2Δ lifespan. Therefore, S. pombe SOD2 plays a critical role in longevity through its upregulation in the non‐dividing phase.
Chemodivergent Palladium‐Catalyzed Processes: Role of Versatile Ligands
Authors: Nava Paola , Clavier Hervé , Gimbert Yves , Giordano Laurent , Buono Gérard , Humbel Stéphane
Published: October 2015

Whereas the reaction of norbornadiene with terminal alkynes in the presence of a phosphapalladacycle catalyst leads to the formation of hydroalkynation products, the use of phosphinous acid–phosphinito‐containing palladium complexes gives rise to formal [2+1] cycloadducts. An experimental and computational approach was employed to study the mechanisms of the palladium‐promoted hydroalkynation and [2+1] cycloaddition. On the one hand, experiments highlight the crucial role of acidolysis steps on the catalytic activities. On the other hand, DFT calculations demonstrate the specificity of the phosphinito–phosphinous acid ligands, that is, the non‐equivalence of the two phosphorus atoms but the interchangeability of their properties. These results may have important implications for the mechanism of other palladium‐catalyzed transformations especially those involving phosphapalladacycles and phosphinous acid–phosphinito‐containing palladium complexes.
Effects of Anxiety and Depression on Arterial Elasticity of Subjects With Suboptimal Physical Health
Authors: Sun Ningling , Xi Yang , Zhu Zhiming , Yin Huijun , Tao Qiushan , Wang Hongyi , Wang Luyan , Ma Zhiyi , Chen Yuanyuan , Yao Dan
Published: October 2015

Background

The authors investigated the effects of suboptimal health status (SHS; high‐normal blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids) on arterial elasticity in subjects with or without anxiety or depression.

Hypothesis

Suboptimal physical health status and anxiety or depression increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, observational, multicenter study. Among 1520 subjects who underwent physical examination between May 2009 and December 2012 in Beijing and Chongqing, China, 955 were included. All subjects completed anxiety and depression questionnaires. Systemic vascular compliance (SVC), systemic vascular resistance, and brachial artery distensibility (BAD) were measured during arterial elasticity evaluation.

Results

Of 955 participants, 633 were classified as having SHS and 322 were classified as healthy. Systemic vascular compliance and BAD were worse in SHS subjects than in healthy subjects (SVC: 1.23 ± 0.22 vs 1.29 ± 0.25 mL/mm Hg; BAD: 6.26 ± 1.32 vs 6.61 ± 1.24%/mm Hg, respectively; both P < 0.05). Of 955 subjects, 37.7% and 43.9% had anxiety and depression, respectively. Systemic vascular compliance and BAD in SHS subjects with concomitant anxiety or depression were significantly lower than in SHS subjects without anxiety or depression (SVC: 1.22 ± 0.23 vs 1.23 ± 0.20 mL/mm Hg; BAD: 6.10 ± 1.36 vs 6.33 ± 1.20 %/mm Hg, respectively; both P < 0.05) and even lower than in healthy subjects.

Conclusions

Though anxiety and depression had less impact on arterial elasticity in a healthy population, they may be involved in pathogenesis of vascular damage in the population with SHS.
Criteria for liver transplantation in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kulik Laura
Published: October 2015

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Systemic disease associated with noncirrhotic portal hypertension
Authors: Semela David
Published: October 2015

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Numerical modeling of fluid–structure interaction in arteries with anisotropic polyconvex hyperelastic and anisotropic viscoelastic material models at finite strains
Authors: Balzani Daniel , Deparis Simone , Fausten Simon , Forti Davide , Heinlein Alexander , Klawonn Axel , Quarteroni Alfio , Rheinbach Oliver , Schröder Joerg
Published: October 2015

The accurate prediction of transmural stresses in arterial walls requires on the one hand robust and efficient numerical schemes for the solution of boundary value problems including fluid–structure interactions and on the other hand the use of a material model for the vessel wall that is able to capture the relevant features of the material behavior. One of the main contributions of this paper is the application of a highly nonlinear, polyconvex anisotropic structural model for the solid in the context of fluid–structure interaction, together with a suitable discretization. Additionally, the influence of viscoelasticity is investigated. The fluid–structure interaction problem is solved using a monolithic approach; that is, the nonlinear system is solved (after time and space discretizations) as a whole without splitting among its components. The linearized block systems are solved iteratively using parallel domain decomposition preconditioners. A simple – but nonsymmetric – curved geometry is proposed that is demonstrated to be suitable as a benchmark testbed for fluid–structure interaction simulations in biomechanics where nonlinear structural models are used. Based on the curved benchmark geometry, the influence of different material models, spatial discretizations, and meshes of varying refinement is investigated. It turns out that often‐used standard displacement elements with linear shape functions are not sufficient to provide good approximations of the arterial wall stresses, whereas for standard displacement elements or F‐bar formulations with quadratic shape functions, suitable results are obtained. For the time discretization, a second‐order backward differentiation formula scheme is used. It is shown that the curved geometry enables the analysis of non‐rotationally symmetric distributions of the mechanical fields. For instance, the maximal shear stresses in the fluid–structure interface are found to be higher in the inner curve that corresponds to clinical observations indicating a high plaque nucleation probability at such locations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atomic Layer Deposition of a Particularized Protective MgF2 Film on a Li‐Ion Battery LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 Cathode Powder Material
Authors: Kraytsberg Alexander , Drezner Haika , Auinat Mahmud , Shapira Alon , Solomatin Nickolay , Axmann Peter , Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens Margret , Ein‐Eli Yair
Published: October 2015

A several atomic layers thick magnesium fluoride (MgF2) film is successfully deposited onto each individual grain of an ultrahigh‐potential LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4‐powder material for Li‐ion batteries. The resulting film has a marked protection action, as it does not compromise the cathode performance substantially, while it extends the cycle life of the cathodes prepared from the coated powder. The protective effect is pronounced at 45 °C and the catastrophic capacity fading is halted. The essence of the protecting action is suggested to be in blocking the access of aggressive electrolyte‐decomposition byproducts to the cathode material surface.
When slower is faster
Authors: Gershenson Carlos , Helbing Dirk
Published: October 2015

The slower is faster (SIF) effect occurs when a system performs worse as its components try to do better. Thus, a moderate individual efficiency actually leads to a better systemic performance. The SIF effect takes place in a variety of phenomena. We review studies and examples of the SIF effect in pedestrian dynamics, vehicle traffic, traffic light control, logistics, public transport, social dynamics, ecological systems, and adaptation. Drawing on these examples, we generalize common features of the SIF effect and suggest possible future lines of research. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 9–15, 2015
Highly Efficient Polymer‐Supported Catalytic System for the Valorization of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Desens Willi , Kohrt Christina , Frank Marcus , Werner Thomas
Published: October 2015

Polydibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 was utilized as a co‐catalyst and polymeric support in combination with potassium iodide for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides under mild and solvent‐free conditions. The efficiency of this catalytic system can be easily increased by loading the polymer with KI prior to the reaction. The influence of various reaction parameters were studied thoroughly. The scope and limitation of the catalyst system was studied at 80 °C and 100 °C. A large number of terminal epoxides (14) were converted to the desired cyclic carbonates in yields up to 99 %. We could successfully recover and reuse the catalyst >20 times with excellent yields up to 99 %. Although, we observed that the activity gradually decreased after repetitive cycles. This decrease was attributed to KI leaching and partial degradation caused by mechanical stirring. This assumption is supported by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.
Intrathecal CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses to endogenously synthesized candidate disease‐associated human autoantigens in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: van Nierop Gijsbert P. , Janssen Malou , Mitterreiter Johanna G. , van de Vijver David A.M.C. , de Swart Rik L. , Haagmans Bart L. , Verjans Georges M.G.M. , Hintzen Rogier Q.
Published: October 2015

MS pathology is potentially orchestrated by autoreactive T cells, but the antigens recognized remain unknown. A novel APC/T‐cell platform was developed to determine intrathecal CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell responses to candidate MS‐associated autoantigens (cMSAg) in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS, n = 7) and MS (n = 6) patients. Human cMSAg encoding open reading frames (n = 8) were cloned into an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐based vector to express cMSAg at high levels in EBV‐transformed B‐cells (BLCLs). Human cMSAg cloned were myelin‐associated and ‐oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, ATP‐dependent potassium channel ATP‐dependent inwards rectifying potassium channel 4.1, S100 calcium‐binding protein B, contactin‐2, and neurofascin. Transduced BLCLs were used as autologous APC in functional T‐cell assays to determine cMSAg‐specific T‐cell frequencies in cerebrospinal fluid derived T‐cell lines (CSF‐TCLs) by intracellular IFN‐γ flow cytometry. Whereas all CSF‐TCL responded strongly to mitogenic stimulation, no substantial T‐cell reactivity to cMSAg was observed. Contrastingly, measles virus fusion protein‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell clones, used as control of the APC/T‐cell platform, efficiently recognized transduced BLCL expressing their cognate antigen. The inability to detect substantial T‐cell reactivity to eight human endogenously synthesized cMSAg in autologous APC do not support their role as prominent intrathecal T‐cell target antigens in CIS and MS patients early after onset of disease.
Intramolecular C–O Insertion of a Germanium(II) Salicyl Alcoholate: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Kitschke Philipp , Rüffer Tobias , Korb Marcus , Lang Heinrich , Schneider Wolfgang B. , Auer Alexander A. , Mehring Michael
Published: October 2015

The synthesis of germanium(II) 2‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐(oxidomethyl)phenolate (1) starting from Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2 and the corresponding salicyl alcohol is reported. Compound 1 undergoes an intramolecular oxidative insertion reaction of germanium into a C–O bond to result in a cyclic germanium(IV) tetraoxidogermocane (2). Addition of 3‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzyl alcohol to either compound 1 or 2 gave a spirocyclic monoorgano dioxagermine (3). The results of 1H NMR spectroscopic studies and DFT‐D calculations are in agreement with the proposed reaction cascade in which the novel germylene 1 is first converted into the germocane 2 followed by reaction with 3‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxy‐5‐methylbenzyl alcohol to finally provide compound 3. Addition of 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine to a solution of germylene 1 resulted in the formation of an air‐stable monomeric 1:1 complex (4). The characterization of compounds 1–4 by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, and 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy is presented.
A micromorphological record of contemporary and relict pedogenic processes in soils of the Indo‐Gangetic Plains: implications for mineral weathering, provenance and climatic changes
Authors: Srivastava Pankaj , Aruche Manini , Arya Ajay , Pal Dilip K. , Singh Lalan P.
Published: October 2015

Micromorphology has important application in earth surface process and landform studies particularly in alluvial settings such as the Indo‐Gangetic Plains (IGP) with different geomorphic surfaces to identify climatic changes and neotectonic events and their influence on pedogenesis. The soils of the IGP extending from arid upland in the west to per humid deltaic plains in the east developed on five geomorphic surfaces namely QIG1 to QIG5 originating during the last 13.5 ka. Four soil‐geomorphic systems across the entire IGP are identified as: (i) the western Yamuna Plains/Uplands, (ii) the Yamuna‐Ganga Interfluve, (iii) the Ganga‐Ghaghara Interfluve, and (iv) the Deltaic Plains.

Thin section analysis of the soils across the four soil‐geomorphic systems provides a record of provenance, mineral weathering, pedogenic processes and polygenesis in IGP. The soils over major parts of the IGP dominantly contain muscovite and quartz and small fraction of highly altered feldspar derived from the Himalayas. However, soils in the western and eastern parts of the IGP contain large volumes of fresh to weakly altered plagioclase and smectitic clay derived from the Indian craton. The soils in western Yamuna Plains/Uplands dominated by QIG2–QIG3 geomorphic surfaces and pedogenic carbonate developed in semi‐arid climate prior to 5 ka. However, soils of the central part of the IGP in the Yamuna‐Ganga Interfluve and Ganga‐Ghaghara Interfluve regions with dominance of QIG4–QIG5 surfaces are polygenetic due to climate change over the last 13.5 ka. The clay pedofeatures formed during earlier wet phase (13.5–11 ka) show degradation, loss of preferred orientation, speckled appearance in contrast with the later phase of wet climate (6.5–4 ka). The soils over the deltaic plains with dominance of vertic features along with clay pedofeatures suggest that illuviation of fine clay is an important pedogenic process even in soils with shrink‐swell characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two-generational effects of contaminants in Daphnia magna: Effects of offspring quality
Authors: Campos Bruno , Jordão Rita , Rivetti Claudia , Lemos M.F.L. , Soares A.M.V.M. , Tauler Roma , Barata Carlos
Published: October 2015

The authors set up a protocol to perform a 2-generational ring test using the existing guidelines for the Daphnia magna reproduction test. It is well known in ecology that size and quality of offspring vary across the first clutches in D. magna and that certain chemicals affect offspring quality. Therefore, the origin of the second generation is an important factor to consider. Two-generational effects across first, second, and third clutches were evaluated using 4-nonylphenol; those across first and third clutches were evaluated using tributyltin, and those across the third clutch were evaluated using piperonyl butoxide. The compound showing the greatest aggravation of toxic effects between the parental and second generations was piperonyl butoxide, followed by 4-nonylphenol, whereas intergenerational effects of tributyltin varied across experiments. The studied chemicals affected the quantity and quality of the offspring produced by exposed females of the parental generation, those effects being greater in third-clutch neonates. Therefore, when third-clutch offspring were further exposed, they turned out to be more sensitive than the parental generation. The results are in line with those obtained in multigenerational studies using mammalian tests, which showed that, in many cases, effects on the second generation can be predicted by evaluating the quality of the offspring produced. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1470–1477. © 2015 SETAC
Functional organization of an Mbp enhancer exposes striking transcriptional regulatory diversity within myelinating glia
Authors: Dionne Nancy , Dib Samar , Finsen Bente , Denarier Eric , Kuhlmann Tanja , Drouin Régen , Kokoeva Maia , Hudson Thomas J. , Siminovitch Kathy , Friedman Hana C , Peterson Alan C.
Published: October 2015

In mammals, large caliber axons are ensheathed by myelin, a glial specialization supporting axon integrity and conferring accelerated and energy‐efficient action potential conduction. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is required for normal myelin elaboration with maximal mbp transcription in oligodendrocytes requiring the upstream M3 enhancer. To further characterize the mechanism regulating mbp transcription, we defined M3 structure/function relationships by evaluating its evolutionary conservation, DNA footprints and the developmental programing conferred in mice by M3 derivatives. Multiple M3 regulatory element combinations were found to drive expression in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells with a minimal 129 bp sequence conferring expression in oligodendrocytes throughout myelin elaboration, maintenance and repair. Unexpectedly, M3 derivatives conferred markedly different spatial and temporal expression programs thus illuminating striking transcriptional heterogeneity within post‐mitotic oligodendrocytes. Finally, one M3 derivative engaged only during primary myelination, not during adult remyelination, demonstrating that transcriptional regulation in the two states is not equivalent. GLIA 2016;64:175–194
Red and processed meat, nitrite, and heme iron intakes and postmenopausal breast cancer risk in the NIH‐AARPDiet and Health Study
Authors: Inoue‐Choi Maki , Sinha Rashmi , Gierach Gretchen L. , Ward Mary H.
Published: October 2015

Previous studies have shown inconsistent associations between red and processed meat intake and breast cancer risk. N‐nitroso compounds and heme iron have been hypothesized as contributing factors. We followed 193,742 postmenopausal women in the NIH‐AARP Diet and Health Study and identified 9,305 incident breast cancers (1995–2006). Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. We adjusted daily intakes of meat, nitrite and heme iron for energy intake using the nutrient density method. We estimated multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by quintiles of dietary exposures for all breast cancer, by stage (in‐situ, localized, regional/distant) and by estrogen/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) status using Cox proportional hazards regression. Total red meat intake was positively associated with risk of regional/distant cancer (p‐trend = 0.02). The risk was 25% higher in the highest vs. lowest intake quintile (95% CI = 1.03–1.52). Higher processed red meat intake (Q5 vs. Q1) was associated with 27% higher risk of localized breast cancer (95% CI = 1.01–1.27, p‐trend = 0.03) and a 19% higher risk of regional/distant cancer (95% CI = 0.98–1.44, p‐trend = 0.10). In addition, higher nitrite intake from processed red meat was positively associated with localized cancer (HR for Q5 vs. Q1 = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.09–1.39, p‐trend < 0.0001). Heme iron intake was positively associated with breast cancer risk overall and all cancer stages (p‐trend = 0.02–0.05). No heterogeneity was observed in risk associations by hormone receptor status. Our findings suggest that high consumption of red meat and processed meat may increase risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Added nitrite and heme iron may partly contribute to these observed associations.
INCOSE Certification Program Knowledge Exam Update 2015
Authors: Wright Courtney
Published: October 2015

The International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) has offered a Professional Certification Program since 2004 as a means to recognizing the knowledge and experience of Systems Engineering professionals. To become an Associate Systems Engineering Professional (ASEP) or Certified Systems Engineering Professional (CSEP), a candidate must pass a timed, multiple‐choice knowledge exam based on the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook. This paper will describe the motivation and process of creating the INCOSE certification knowledge exam, as followed in 2014 to support the 2015 update of the exam. This paper will also capture the impacts of the ongoing updates to the Certification Program. The new exam, released on 1 May 2015, aligns with the 2015 release of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook version 4.
A Layered Requirement Development model for Railway Infrastructure Development
Authors: Maarschalkerweerd Maarten , Bosma Arjan
Published: October 2015

ProRail is the infrastructure manager of the Dutch railway network. The development of the railway infrastructure is an important task of ProRail. The infrastructure should enable a frequent, reliable and comfortable transport of passengers and freight. Managing the requirement information is an ongoing challenge in infrastructure development. In this paper we present a requirement development model, soon to be introduced at ProRail. It provides a practical basis to secure both the traceability between requirements and between requirements and design. The network character of the railway system is the reason that there are in practice distinct levels recognizable in the design process. The aim of this requirement development model is also to manage the requirement and design information at a level in the design process and between levels. The model is still in a development phase. With this model we hope to contribute to the development of practical SE applications in the transport sector.
Learning Systems Engineering by Teaching It
Authors: Armstrong James , Wade Jon
Published: October 2015

Research has been conducted to learn how systems engineers develop their expertise. One finding is that many expert systems engineers credit teaching for part of their development. This paper summarizes the overall research results and expands on this particular finding. It addresses factors related to learning by teaching and how the systems engineering community can better take advantage of this mode of learning.
Foundational Aspects of System Complexity Reduction
Authors: Simpson Joseph J. , Simpson Mary J
Published: October 2015

Six foundational aspects of system complexity reduction have been derived and identified from an analysis of four methodologies for systems complexity reduction. All six of these foundational aspects are associated with uncertainty reduction in the system description process. A system is described using a formal language (mathematics). The mathematical description of the system is described and discussed using informal language (natural language). This general approach, when properly organized has demonstrated significant, measurable complexity reduction.