bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of linolenate. I. Fractionation and characterization studies
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Nowakowska Janina , Selke E. , Sreenivasan B. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Methyl linolenate hydrogenated at 140°C, with 0.5% Ni catalyst and 1.1 mole of hydrogen at atmospheric pressure was separated into octadecenoate, octadecadienoate, and octadecatrienoate fractions by countercurrent distribution. Gas chromatography on a 200‐ft. capillary Apiezon L column revealed one component in the triene fraction, four in the diene fraction, and nine in the monoene fraction. These components were partially fractionated by low‐temperature crystallization, and their solubilities were correlated with alkali conjugation results, with infrared data forcis andtrans configuration of bonds and with dibasic acids isolated from the fractions after oxidative cleavage. Approximately 45% oftrans acids were present in both the monoene and diene fractions. Considerable migration of double bonds from the original 9, 12, and 15 positions occurred.Cis, cis dienes which could not be conjugated by alkali were formed. Little alteration of the residual methyl linolenate was observed. The results demonstrate the applicability and utility of new techniques of fractionation and analysis to the study of the hydrogenation mechanism.
The oxyethylation of 9, 10‐octadecanediols and 9, 10‐dihydroxystearonitrile. Nonionic soaps
Authors: Wrigley A. N. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

The alkali‐catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with themeso‐ anddl‐forms of 9,10‐octadecanediol and withthreo‐9,10‐dihydroxystearonitrile was carried out in an apparatus that was equipped with automatic controls for temperature and pressure.

The earlier consumption found for thedl‐form compared to themeso is attributed to intramolecular hydrogen bonding. A characteristic constant for the distribution of products is calculated.

The products formed are nonionic surface‐active agents with the hydrophilic portion at the middle rather than at the end of the hydrophobic chain. Properties were primarily determined by the value of n, the average number of oxyethyl groups. Optimum emulsifying properties were found at n=4; optimum wetting at n=12.

The oxyethylated nitriles were hydrolyzed to the corresponding “nonionic soaps”, which have typical nonionic characteristics; unlike soap they are not easily precipitated by hard water or various metal ions.
The effect of some amino acids on the oxidation of linoleic acid and its methyl ester
Authors: Marcuse R.
Published: May 2007

Manometric studies of the effect of certain amino acids on oxidation (measured as oxygen consumption) of linoleic acid, as well as the methyl esters of linoleic acid and linolenic acid dispersed in water or phosphate buffers at pH 7 to pH 5 have shown that

The amino acids tested (except cysteine) have a potential antioxidative effect.

The antioxidative capacity of different amino acids may be rather different (it is especially pronounced in the case of histidine and tryptophane).

Under suitable conditions extremely low amino acid concentrations may have rather strong effect.

The antioxidative efficiency is less pronounced than in earlier experiments with linoleate at pH>7, and decreases with decreasing pH.

There may be a tendency towards a prooxidative inversion with relatively high amino acid concentrations, or at low pH.

The antioxidative effect is enhanced and a prooxidative effect may be lowered or inverted into an antioxidative one by an addition of phosphate, or an emulsifier like Tween.

A strong inhibitory effect is obtained by combined addition of phosphate and emulsifier like Tween, together with the amino acid.

The antioxidative tendency was stronger in the case of methyl linoleate than with linoleic acid, and was also stronger with methyl linoleate than with methyl linolenate.
Interesterification of lard
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Mallery M. F. , Burgers J.
Published: May 2007

The graininess, which develops at 27C (80F) in lard shortening which has not undergone interesterification, is due to large crystal aggregates of disaturated 2‐palmitoyloleoylstearin (OPS) of intermediate melting level and existing in a ॆ′‐type form of triple‐chain‐length structure. This ॆ′‐3 phase exists in ordinary lard accompanied by the commonly reported ॆ phase which is largely due to trisaturated glycerides. Random interesterification eliminates graininess, not by reducing the disaturated content which remains about the same, but by reducing OPS to its 舠random舡 proportion and producing a mixture of disaturated glycerides, which is substantially lower melting than the original OPS. The resulting product crystallizes typically in a ॆ′‐2 form, characteristic of hydrogenated vegetable oil shortenings. (Directed interesterification actually reduces disaturated content as well as graininess, while simultaneously creating trisaturated 舠hardstock.舡)
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. XIV. Preparation and properties of styrenated fatty vinyl ether polymers
Authors: Schneider Wilma J. , Gast L. E. , Schwab A. W. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

New polymeric products have been prepared from conjugated linseed vinyl ether polymers and styrene. Up to 64% by weight of styrene can be incorporated by heating the preformed fatty vinyl ether polymer and monomeric styrene in an aromatic solvent. Primary factors influencing the course of the reaction were molecular weight and peroxide content of the starting vinyl ether polymer, reaction temperature, and type of solvent used. Formation of heterogeneous reaction products and gelation were encountered unless styrene was consumed in the reaction or removed.

Films of these styrenated vinyl ether polymers show improved properties over the homopolymers previously studied. Baked films exhibit better gloss, color, and hardness; are more throughly cured; and show good flexibility and adhesion. Their resistance to 5% aqueous alkali is outstanding. The films also exhibit air‐drying properties.

Fatty vinyl ether polymers and copolymers have shown only limited compatibility with commericial resins. However, styrenated polymers are compatible with long oil alkyd, urea, epoxy, hydrogenated rosin, and polyurethane resins.
Semiquantitative structural analysis of fats by thin‐layer chromatography of the allyl esters of the products of von rudolff oxidation
Authors: Vander Wal R. J.
Published: May 2007

Each unsaturated acyl group in a fat molecule retards its migration on a silica‐silver nitrate TLC plate to a degree dependent on its number of double bonds. Thus S2U in which U is linoleic would migrate with SU2 in which U is oleic. Therefore the molecular families S3, S2U, SU2 and U3 cannot be separated, as such, by this variety of TLC.

Oxidation of fats by the von Rudloff technique converts the glyceryl esters of the original unsaturated acids into the glyceryl half esters of dicarboxylic saturated acids, such as azelaic. Subsequent formation of allyl esters at the free carboxyls, in effect replaces each mono‐ or polyunsaturated acyl group with another group containing only a single double bond.

Fats so altered can be separated, at least semiquantitatively, into the famlies S3, S2U, SU2, and U3 where U is monounsaturated and represents, but is not identical with, the original acyl group. These results can be translated directly into the percentages of the original molecular families. Results of determinations are given.

Procedures for assigning spots to specific molecular families are (1) comparison of Rf ȕ 100 values with given experimental ranges, (2) comparison of the percent of S theoretically present after tentative assignment of spots, with the percent of S found by GLC analysis of the sample, (3) use of internal standards, and (4) miscellaneous.
Color index for cottonseed oils
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Kuck James C. , Frampton Vernon L.
Published: May 2007

The color index determined by the area under the absorption curve in the region of 400–500 millimicrons is preferred over the A.O.C.S. photometric method in research on cottonseed oil color because the color index gives the more accurate measure of the relative chromogen concentration in cottonseed oils. The evidence that the color index method is more retiable includes: (a) a demonstration that the area under the absorption curve may be used in place of absorbance in the Beer‐Lambert equation; b) a panel score for cottonseed oil color intensity that agrees with the color index better than it does with the photometric color; and c) sources of error in the photometric method that do not occur in the color index method, including those contributed by the high emphasis on absorption at 550 and 670 millimicrons.
Analysis of volatile compounds in almond and plum kernel oils
Authors: Pićurić‐Jovanović K. , Milovanović M.
Published: May 2007

Almond and plum kernel oils were analyzed for volatile flavor components by headspace sampling, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The most important volatiles at 37°C, from both fruit oils, are derivatives of benzene,n‐alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics and furan compounds. The structures were established mainly by interpretation of mass spectral data in comparison with literature data.
Regressional models that describe oil absolute viscosity
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Infante‐Guerrero R.
Published: May 2007

Equations that describe the temperature dependence (298–338°K) of absolute viscosity (μ) of 21 oils and oil‐liquid fat mixtures were obtained based on two different approaches. Fitting each particular viscosity profile to a quadratic extension of the Andrade equation provided the best predictive models (R2>0.96). However, the coefficients associated with temperature effect did not have a physical‐chemical meaning. In contrast, the multiple variable regressional approach fitted, in just one equation, the μ of all 21 oil systems (R2≈0.93). This equation included terms associated with structural parameters of acylglycerides, namely the degree of unsaturation (i.e., iodine value) and chainlength (i.e., saponification value) of the fatty acids. The models described effects of thecis double bonds and fatty acid chainlength on the acylglycerides’ interactions that determine both the μ of the system and its capability to crystallize. Therefore, multiple variable regressional analysis might be an excellent tool to better understand the quantitative structure‐functional property relationships in lipids systems.
Dilution polymerization of linseed oil
Authors: Sims R. P. A.
Published: May 2007

An inert diluent, molecularly distilled mineral oil, when present in 90% concentration, permitted, in linseed oil, the polymerization of acyl groups in the absence of inter‐glyceride reaction. Comparison of the data for the polymerization of linseed oil in 10, 20, and 100% concentrations showed a marked concentration dependence for the following: polymerization of acyl groups and glyceride molecules; change in specific refraction and the ratio of percentages by weight polymeric acyl groups to polymeric glyceride molecules.
Some observations on the microscopy of lard and rearranged lard
Authors: Herb S. F. , Audsley M. C. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

Phase contrast and polarized light microscopy were employed to observe the crystalline nature of lard and rearranged lard. Special attention was given to the technique of specimen preparation, controlled conditions of tempering the sample, and photographic reproduction of crystal appearance. Photomicrographs are reproduced to show the difference in appearance of the crystals from lard and rearranged lard when both polarized light and phase contrast are employed. The peculiar long, thread‐like crystals characteristic of lard are more clearly shown with phase contrast.
Molecular distillation of some Indian vegetable oils
Authors: Bhat S. G. , Kane J. G. , Sreenivasan A.
Published: May 2007

Karanja, malkanguni, undi, and sesame oils were molecularly distilled, and the fractions obtained were characterized for their physical and chemical constants.

Generally, the first few fractions were found to be rich in odor, free fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matter.

Sesamin could be isolated from the first fraction of molecularly distilled sesame oil by crystallization.

Karanjin and pongamol were similarly separated from the first fraction of molecularly distilled karanja oil.

With malkanguni oil there was some fractionation of the glycerides.

Elimination curves of karanja, malkanguni, undi, and sesame oils are given.
New technology in centrifugal processing of fats and oils
Authors: Klein K. , Crauer L. S.
Published: May 2007

The mechanical features of the SRPX‐317 hermetic high capacity, self‐cleaning separator are described. The operation of this centrifuge in degumming and refining systems is given, noting throughput capacities, yields, product quality, and the advantages of automation.
Properties of aqueous solutions of several salts of α,ω‐alkanediol disulfates
Authors: Ueno Minoru , Yamamoto Satoshi , Meguro Kenjiro
Published: May 2007

Several salts of α,ω‐sulfates, MO3SO(CH2)n OSO3M(n=12, 14, 16, 18, and M=Li, Na, and K) were prepared from the corresponding α,ω‐alkane diols. The Krafft points of these α,ω‐sulfates with common counterion as estimated by electroconductivity measurements increased with the increase of the hydrocarbon chain length, and the effect of the counterions on the Krafft points of the α,ω‐sulfates with the same hydrocarbon chain length was in the order : Li<Na<K. Solutions of the α,ω‐sulfates, except disodium dodecanediol disulfate, showed two break points corresponding to the first and second critical micelle concentration in each plot of the electroconductivity as a function of the concentration. The existence of the second break point suggested that another aggregation of rearrangement of the existing aggregates occurs in α,ω‐sulfate solutions in addition to the usual micelle formation. The first and second break points of α,ω‐sulfates with sodium counterion decreased logarithmically with increasing total number of methylene groups. The relationships were given as follows: log(first break point)=−0.138Nc−0.095; log(second break point)=−0.104Nc−0.251. The effect of the counterions upon the break points of α,ω‐sulfates with the same hydrocarbon chain length was in accordance with their positions in the lyotropic series.
Gas chromatographic resolution of butteroil and synthetic triglycerides beyond their carbon numbers
Authors: Kuksis A. , Breckenridge W. C.
Published: May 2007

Preparative gas chromatography was used to isolate the C26 to C38 triglycerides of butteroil in groups of uniform molecular weight. Determination of fatty acids allowed a preliminary assignment of triglyceride structure and an estimation of the relative proportions of the various glyceride types. A basis for a further gas chromatographic resolution of saturated triglycerides of identical molecular weight but differing in composition and positional distribution of fatty acids was recognized in the easy separation of various derivatives of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides. The study indicated that it might be practical to separate positional isomers of those triglycerides which contain fatty acids of both short and long chain lengths. Other promising routes to increased glyceride resolution were suggested by experiments using chromatographic conditions approaching gas‐solid systems.
Free radical addition of hydrogen sulfide to conjugated and nonconjugated methyl esters and to vegetable oils
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E.
Published: May 2007

The rate of addition of hydrogen sulfide to high purity methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl 9,11‐trans,trans‐octade‐cadienoate and methyl β‐eleostearate was investigated at 25 C with UV irradiation. A similar study was carried out with soybean, linseed and tung oils in the absence and presence of 2,2′‐azo‐bis(isobutyronitrile) with UV photolysis. Initially the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methyl esters appears to follow pseudo‐zero‐order kinetics although as the reaction proceeds the kinetics of the polyunsaturated ester reactions become more complex. For nonconjugated systems the overall rate is determined by the initiation step, whereas the overall rate of addition to conjugated systems is a function of the stability of the resonance‐stabilized addition radical in the chain transfer step. For methyl esters the following order of reactivity appears to hold:

Methyl oleate ≅ methyl linoleate ≅ methyl linolenate >> methyl 9,11‐trans,trans‐octadecadienoate > methyl β‐eleostearate. Using 2,2′‐azo‐bis(isobutyronitrile) with UV photolysis markedly increases the rate of addition of hydrogen sulfide to nonconjugated vegetable oils.
Isomerization during hydrogenation of soap: II. Potassium elaidate and potassium linoleate
Authors: Raju D. S. , Subbaram M. R. , Achaya K. T.
Published: May 2007

Potassium elaidate in slightly alkaline solution was hydrogenated for up to 7 hr with 1.5% of Rufert nickel catalyst at 150 C and 20 kg/sq cm pressure. Potassium linoleate was similarly hydrogenated with 1.0% catalyst for 7 hr, and the hydrogenation continued for another 7 hr after addition of 0.5% fresh catalyst. Periodic samples from each were analyzed for component acids. The positional isomers in thecis andtrans monoenes, isolated by preparative argentation thin layer (TLC) or column chromatography, were estimated after oxidation to dicarboxylic acids. Some diene fractions were isolated for further examination. In potassium elaidate hydrogenation,cis monoenes were initially produced in considerable amounts, but to a lesser extent thereafter. Positional isomers were similarly distributed in bothcis andtrans monoenes after prolonged hydrogenation. In the hydrogenation of potassium linoleate, a drop in iodine value (IV) of 60 units occurred in the first hour, and 38% oftrans monoenes (in which the 10‐ and 11‐monoenes constitute 32% each) were formed. The IV then fell only slowly, and up to 38% ofcis monoene (mostly 9‐ and 12‐isomers) was formed. Addition of fresh catalyst caused a major shift ofcis monoenes totrans forms. The diene fraction was mostly nonconjugated material with the first double bond at the 9, 8 and 10‐positions. Minor amounts of conjugated dienes were present as well as a dimeric product.
Preparation of epiminostearates. Comparison of methods
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Maerker G. , Smith G. R.
Published: May 2007

The addition of N,N‐dichlorourethan (DCU) to internal olefins has been found to be an acceptable reaction leading to the preparation of internal fatty acid aziridines. The yields of isolated epimino derivatives are in the 50–60% range, only slightly lower than those obtained by the iodine isocyanate (INCO) method. In order to compare the stereochemistry of the two methods, an IR spectroscopic procedure was developed which permits an estimation of the relative amounts ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines in mixtures of the two. In agreement with literature reports, the INCO method is stereospecific, thecis‐olefins giving rise tocis‐aziridines and thetrans‐olefins formingtrans‐aziridines. On the other hand, DCU addition to olefins results in mixtures ofcis‐ andtrans‐aziridines in which the latter isomers predominate. This finding is compatible with the reported free‐radical nature of the DCU reaction.
Lipid and fatty acid composition of turkey liver, skin and depot tissue
Authors: Marion W. W. , Maxon S. T. , Wangen R. M.
Published: May 2007

Total lipid and phospholipid contents of liver, skin and depot fat from yearling hen turkeys have been studied. Liver lipid averaged 88.5 mg/g wet tissue; skin, 385.0 and depot fat, 753.5. Phospholipids comprised 32.05% of total lipid of liver, but only 0.81% of skin and 0.46% of depot fat. Fatty acids of liver differed from those of skin or depot fat by larger amounts of 16∶0, 18∶0, 20∶4, 22∶0 and 24∶0, and smaller amounts of 16∶1, 18∶1, 18∶2, 18∶3 and 20∶0. Similarity existed between skin and depot fat.
Nutritive values of oilssed proteins
Authors: Rice Eldon E.
Published: May 2007

A protein seldom serves independently as a source of dietary amino acids—it works in concert with other proteins. Hence, the most important characteristic of each protein in the diet is its ability to fill gaps between the quantities of essential amino acids needed and those supplied by other foods. When examined from this viewpoint, oilseed proteins differ somewhat, but they all appear to be more valuable as supplementary proteins than their individual protein qualities imply. In general, feeding tests substantiate the theoretical supplementary values. Properly processed oilseed flakes, flour or concentrates of proteins prepared from them have great potential value as human food.
The composition of beeswax alkyl esters
Authors: Holloway P. J.
Published: May 2007

The alkyl esters of beeswax, after isolation from the unhydrolyzed wax by preparative layer chromatography (PLC), have been analyzed directly by high temperature GLC using 1.5% OV1 as liquid phase. In two commercial wax samples examined the ester homologues are predominantly even carbon numbered ranging from C36to C54. The principal alkyl esters are C40, C42, C44, C46and C48. The GLC analysis of the ester hydrolysis products revealed that the variations in ester chain length are produced by variations in the esterified primary alcohol chain lengths. The esterified fatty acid is chiefly hexadecanoic acid. The esterified fatty acids differ in composition from the free fatty acids which are also present in the wax.
Cis, trans isomerization of conjugated linoleates by lodine and light
Authors: Tolberg W. E. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: May 2007

Infrared and ultraviolet studies have shown that the three geometrically isomeric types of conjugated linoleates (cis, cis; cis, trans; andtrans, trans) are readily equilibrated by dilute iodine and light. Infrared shows that the equilibrium is at 32%cis, trans and 64%trans, trans isomer. Probably no more than 5–10%, if any,cis, cis isomer exists at equilibrium. The equilibrated mixture can be used to determine total conjugation in mixtures of conjugated geometric isomers by either infrared or ultraviolet absorption.
Antioxidative activity of derivatives of vitamin B6 and structurally related compounds
Authors: Sakuragi Taketami , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: May 2007

Fat‐soluble derivatives of vitamin B6 including ethylN‐pyridoxyl‐p‐aminobenzoate, pyridoxal isonicotinoylhydrazone, and pyridoxine 5‐monopalmitate showed little or no antioxidative activity for lard as well as for vitamin A at 37°C. The structurally related compounds, ethylN‐vanillyl‐p‐aminobenzoate, vanillin isonicotinoylhydrazone, and the nicotinoylhydrazone were found to be antioxidants although free vanillin was inactive. The removal of the electron‐withdrawing nature at the formyl group in a vanillin molecule might be functional in the development of antioxygenic properties.

Evidence was obtained to show that an isonicotinoylhydrazonomethyl group not only activated a phenolic compound as an antioxidant but also removed pro‐oxidative metallic ions from lard through chelation. For example, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (BHB‐INH), a structural analogue of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), stabilized lard more efficiently than BHT on a molar basis in the presence as well as in the absence of Cu++.
Quantitative separations of higher fatty acid methyl esters by adsorption chromatography on silica impregnated with silver nitrate
Authors: De Vries B.
Published: May 2007

A chromatographic adsorbent has been developed for the separation of geometric isomers of fatty acid methyl esters. The adsorbent consists of silicic acid impregnated with silver nitrate.

Quantitative separations of saturated,cis‐, andtrans‐monoenoic and polyenoic methyl esters in 30 to 100 mg quantities are reported.
Preparation of highly purified fatty acids via liquid‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nickell E. Christense
Published: May 2007

The application of reversed‐phase, liquid‐liquid partition chromatography to the preparation of highly purified methyl esters of fatty acids is described. The parameters of fractionation of methyl esters by this method are demonstrated with model mixtures of these compounds. Model mixtures are also used to demonstrate the use of adsorption chromatography on columns of silicic acid, impregnated with silver nitrate, in conjunction with liquid‐liquid partition chromatography to eliminate fractional distillation in the preparation of polyunsaturated methyl esters.

The formation of artefacts of 4, 5 and 6 double bond methyl esters during fractional distillation and their fractionation is described.

The use of liquid‐liquid partition chromatography for preparative purposes on a large laboratory scale is demonstrated by the preparation of pure methyl linolenate from linseed oil esters. Methyl arachidonate, eicosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate are also prepared in high purity.
Raw materials for soap. Saturated and unsaturated fats
Authors: Stirton A. J.
Published: May 2007

Four classes of glycerides have been discussed as raw materials for soap. They are the animal fats, for example tallow and grease; the lauric acid oils, for example coconut oil and babassu oil; the oleiclinoleic acid oils, for example cottonseed oil foots and palm oil; and the marine oils, for example hydrogenated whale oil. Soybean oil foots is still another class, representing the linolenic acid oils. No single fat has a fatty acid composition which would make it generally useful in soap making, and it is the usual practice to blend the raw materials.
Epoxy resins from fatty esters derived from cyclohexane and epoxycyclohexane
Authors: Scholnick Frank , Ault W. C. , Port W. S.
Published: May 2007

The magnitude of the physical properties of resins obtained by the phthalic anhydride cure of non‐terminal epoxy monomers, prepared from fatty derivatives, was shown to be dependent on the distribution of the epoxy groups in the monomer.

The monomers were prepared by epoxidizing a series of unsaturated esters, selected to test the effect of the addition of a single symmetrically disposed epoxide group. Oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of tetrahydrophthalyl alcohol, as well as dioleyl and dilinoleyl tetrahydrophthalate, were epoxidized and cured with phthalic anhydride (Group A). For comparison, epoxy monomers were prepared from oleoyl and linoleoyl esters of hexahydrophthalyl alcohol, as well as dioleyl and dilinoleyl hexahydrophthalate (Group B). When these epoxides were cured with phthalic anhydride, it was found that the resins derived from Group A had heat distortion temperatures which were approximately 55舑65C higher than those from Group B.
Difunctional derivatives of cyanoethylated hydroxystearate
Authors: Kenney H. E. , Maerker G. , Donahue E. T.
Published: May 2007

The conversion of the nitrile function of methyl 12‐(2‐cyanoethoxy)‐octadecanoate II to a series of carboxylic acid derivatives has been investigated, and a series of 12 diester derivatives has been prepared. Compound II undergoes decyanoethylation in alkaline medium, and II and its derivatives degenerate in acid medium to a mixture of Δ11 and Δ12 methyltrans‐octadecenoates by a concerted process.
A dimeric oxidation product of γ‐tocopherol in soybean oil
Authors: Komoda Mamoru , Harada Ichiro
Published: May 2007

A dimeric oxidation product (5‐γ‐tocopheroxy‐γ‐tocopherol) has been isolated from soybean oil and identified. The dimer content in extracted oil was increased by elevating the moisture level in raw soybeans. With moisture increase, no change in the quantity of α‐tocopherol was observed, but γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol contents were greatly decreased and two kinds of dimer were formed from γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols. When the moisture level in moistened beans was lowered, these dimers reverted to their corresponding original tocopherols. The same results were obtained by treating pulverized soybeans with various reducing agents. γ‐Tocopherol added to autoxidizing soybean oil was oxidized more easily in the presence of oxidation products derived from tocopherols and turned into the dimeric product.
Cocoa butter‐like fat from cottonseed oil: Preliminary cost study
Authors: DeCossas K. M. , Koltun S. P. , Spadaro J. J. , Feuge R. O. , Pollard E. F. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

This paper includes a preliminary cost study for producing cocoa butter‐like fat from hydrogenated cottonseed oil and triolein at an annual rate of 8.4 million lb in a hypothetical plant, employing interesterification and fractional crystallization as used in pilot plant studies at the Southern Utilization Research and Development Division. Equipment costs, total plant cost, manufacturing costs, and general expenses are given. Operating cost is estimated at 36.9ϕ/lb of product. This includes 31.8ϕ for manufacturing, 4.1ϕ for general expenses, and 1ϕ for refining of the recycled mixture of saturates and unsaturates.
The toxicity of pesticides for livestock
Authors: Radeleff R. D.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

In this discussion I have covered the relationship of toxicity to hazard, and I have argued that normally expected residues of pesticides on forage are practically never a hazard to livestock, but that some of the pesticides are stored in the tissues of livestock and excreted in their milk, creating a potential hazard to people. This hazard can be avoided by carefully following label instructions as to dosage and proper intervals which must occur between treatment and harvest of slaughter.

I have indicated that chemical analyses are of virtually no value for diagnostic purposes.

I have pointed out that all the toxicological information developed for a given compound can be utilized only if the manufacturer, formulator, and consumer contribute equally to safe, intelligent usage. The manufacturers and formulators must prepare the compounds in stable, readily usable form, and devise labels for the final product, which will clearly define the intended uses and limitations of the product. The consumer must read the label and adhere strictly to the suggestions found there.

I believe that the rational use of pesticides in agriculture is essential if we are to maintain maximum productivity in the face of constantly shrinking farm and ranch land and an exploding population. I believe that these materials can be, and are being, used with complete safety to man and animals when label instructions are followed.
Lipid composition of beef brain, beef liver, and the sea anemone: Two approaches to quantitative fractionation of complex lipid mixtures
Authors: Rouser George , Kritchevsky Gene , Heller Dorothy , Lieber Ellen
Published: May 2007

Two new schemes for fractionation of complex lipid mixtures are presented. Their use for the study of lipids of beef brain, beef liver, and the sea anemone are described. Apparatus and techniques for working in an inert atmosphere, evaporation of solutions in the cold under nitrogen, use of infrared spectroscopy for examination of lipids and their hydrolysis products, preparation and clution of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose and silicic acid‐silicate columns and general column combinations that can be used to fractionate complex lipid mixtures are considered in detail. The first scheme, employing DEAE cellulose columns followed by thin layer and paper chromatographic examination of the fractions, was applied to liver lipids. The many components, some of them new lipids not previously detected, are clearly seen with this technique but are not seen when paper or thin layer chromatography alone or silicic acid chromatography are used.

The second scheme employing DEAE for initial fractionation, followed by complete separation on silicic acid and silicic acid‐silicate columns, was applied to lipids of the sea anemone and beef brain. Typical lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were isolated, but sphingomyelin was not found. A new sphingolipid, ceramide aminoethylphosphonate, with a free amino group and a direct carbon to phosphorus bond was isolated and characterized. The methods used for quantitative isolation, the infrared spectra, and the amounts of cholesterol, ceramide, cerebroside, galactosylglyceride, sulfatide, sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, triphosphoinositide, phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and ganglioside of beef brain are presented. Finally, the types of lipid‐nonlipid interactions disclosed by column chromatography and their potential application to biological problems are discussed.
Fluorometric measurement of aflatoxins
Authors: Childs E. A. , Ayres J. C. , Koehler P. E.
Published: May 2007

An accurate, precise and sensitive fluorometric method for quantifying purified aflatoxins in solution is proposed. After purification, aflatoxin samples are read in a fluorometer with a primary filter of 365 nm and a secondary filter of 435 nm for B1 and B2 and 465 nm for G1 and G2. The method is precise at as little as 0.0002 µg/ml B1 and G1 and 0.00006 µg/ml B2 and G2, and accurate at concentrations of 0.002 µg/ml B1 and G1 and 0.0006 µg/ml B2 and G2.
Papid method for determining antioxidant activity and fat stability
Authors: Berner David L. , Conte Joseph A. , Jacobson Glen A.
Published: May 2007

The acceleration of lipid oxidation by hemin was used to determine antioxidant activity and either fat or oil stability. The test system consisted of a fat or oil emulsion dispersed in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). The temperature of the system was maintained at 45 ± 1 C. The antioxidant was added to the fat before emulsification. The rapid rate of oxygen uptake which occurred on the addition of hemin to the emulsion was measured with a Beckman oxygen analyzer and was recorded automatically. All fats and oils tested exhibited a typical induction period, which could be increased by the addition of an antioxidant. This increase in the induction period was related to antioxidant activity. The age and purity of the hemin solution, the concentration of hemin in the emulsion, the age and pH of the emulsion, the peroxide value of the fat, and the temperature affect the induction period and the rate of oxygen uptake. For a given set of conditions, the induction period was reproducible, although the rate of oxygen uptake was not. The activities of several antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate,tertiary‐butylhydroquinone, and Topanol) and synergists (ascorbic acid, citric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), determined by the hemin‐catalyzed oxygen uptake method, are compared with those obtained by the active oxygen method.
Gas chromatographic analysis of ester‐type surfactants by using mixed anhydride reagent
Authors: Tsuji Kazuro , Konishi Kazuo
Published: May 2007

Polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates, and polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester‐type surfactants have been analyzed by gas chromatography after chemical decomposition by using the mixed anhydride of acetic and p‐toluene‐sulfonic acids. In this way, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates can be identified in the form of alkyl acetates, and the alkyl compositions can be determined easily. On the other hand, the hydrophobic groups of the polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester‐type surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid ester, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, have been identified after conversion into their corresponding fatty acids. At the same time, the base compounds of the hydrophilic groups have been converted into ethylene glycol diacetate, glycerol triacetate, and isosorbide diacetate, respectively, so these surfactants may be distinguished easily.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. II. Hydrazine reduction
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Jones E. P. , Nowakowska Janina , Selke E. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Observations by Aylward and Rao that hydrazine is a reducing agent for a number of unsaturated fatty acids were extended. The hydrazine reaction on linolenic acid was followed by periodic sampling until methyl esters prepared from the reduced acids had an iodine value of 162. These esters were shown by countercurrent distribution to consist of 26% triene, 43% diene, 26% monoene, and 5% stearate and by infrared analysis to contain notrans bonds.

Oxidation of the separated monoene and diene fractions by permanganate‐periodate mixtures and gas chromatography of the dibasic acids showed that the double bonds were in the original 9, 12, and 15 positions and that the double bonds farthest from the carboxyl were reduced at a slightly faster rate. Gas chromatography of the monoene fraction indicated three components that were identified in the order of elution from the column as 9, 12, and 15 monoenes; in the diene fraction three components were identified in the order of elution as 9,12; 9,15; and 12,15 dienes. After alkali isomerization of this diene fraction, the conjugated material was reacted with maleic anhydride; the unreacted 9,15 diene isomer was separated by distillation.
The phosphorus content of refined soybean oil as a criterion of quality
Authors: Beal R. E. , Lancaster E. B. , Brekke O. L.
Published: May 2007

Restricted tests in pilot‐plant equipment have indicated that, starting with good quality crude soy‐bean oil, the phosphorus level of the deodorized oil is closely associated with its color and oxidative stability but that the refined or bleached color is not a good criterion for predicting the quality of the finished oil. Phosphorus is removed by water in the presence of adequate concentrations of alkali, and optimum oil quality is achieved at phosphorus levels in the deodorized oil of no less than about 2 and no greater than about 20 p.p.m. Over‐refining to a lower phosphorus content, by the use of too great an excess of caustic (and therefore of water) was harmful to oxidative stability in every instance and generally increased the color of the deodorized oil. The ash analysis of the deodorized oil is a fair indication of its residual phosphorus content at levels above 20 p.p.m.
An improved constant temperature bath for the active oxygen method fat stability apparatus
Authors: Schroeder W. F. , Draper J. W.
Published: May 2007

A constant temperature bath of a type not heretofore reported has been developed. It eliminates the objectionable features of previous apparatus and provides precise control of the very critical temperature factor in AOM stability measurement. The apparatus is easily constructed from readily available materials; it operates reliably, safely and without attention for extended periods of time. Certain matters of technique are discussed, such as submersion of the sample below the top of the bath.
The difficultly extractable lipides of cottonseed meats, their composition and effect on the refining characteristics of the crude oils
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Spadaro J. J. , D'Aquin E. L. , Crovetto A. J. , Cirino V. O. , Stansbury Mack F. , Hoffpauir C. L.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Crude lipides fractions were produced from raw, tempered, and cooked meats from two lots of cottonseed by a series of successive stepwise extractions, designed to obtain fractional portions of the total lipides in the order of the difficulty of their extraction. The proximate composition of the crude lipides fractions was determined. It was found that the composition of successive lipides fractions varied with the degree of exhaustiveness of extraction. The fractions obtained by more exhaustive extraction contained greater amounts of undesirable non‐neutral oil material and lesser amounts of desirable neutral oil. It was also established that the method used in preparing meats for extraction was of paramount importance in its effect on the composition of the crude lipides obtained. The crude lipides fractions from raw and tempered meats contained large amounts of impurities while the crude lipides fractions similarly obtained from cooked meats were relatively low in impurities.

Crude oils equivalent to varying degrees of total lipides extraction were reconstituted from the crude lipides fractions and evaluated for refining characteristics. The impurities content of the reconstituted oils varied as the degree of total lipides extraction and increases in the impurities content of the oils were generally reflected in disproportionate increases in refining losses and/or refined oil color. The oils obtained from the cooked meats at all degrees of extraction were outstandingly low in refining losses as compared to the oils from the raw and the tempered meats.
Determination of 1‐alkene‐1,3‐sultones in alkylethoxy sulfates
Authors: Connor D. S. , Kowollik H. , Thomas D. W.
Published: May 2007

1‐Alkene‐1,3‐sultones, which have been found as skin sensitizers in certain batches of alkylethoxy sulfates, are measured by an isotope dilution method, using a13C‐labeled sultone. The sultone is recovered by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography, and its dilution with unlabeled sultone is measured by mass spectrometry. Chlorosultones, also implicated as sensitizers, are determined at the same time by a dehydrohalogenation treatment that converts them to unsaturated sultones.
Color development in C18 unsaturated hydroxyamides
Authors: Schneider W. J. , Gast L. E.
Published: May 2007

Dark colors both of hydroxyamides produced from unsaturated fatty acids and of alkanolamine compounds in general might possibly limit their industrial applications. While metal salts have long been recognized as probably involved in the problem, little appears in the literature concerning the nature of these colored compounds. When we prepared linseed and soyN,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethy)amides as intermediates for protective coatings, we discovered that metals‐iron and copper in particular‐formed highly colored products with these unsaturated hydroxyamides. On standing at room temperature, these intermediates became deep reddish brown (18 on the Gardner scale) if only 1 ppm of cooper was present. Because purified starting materials (i.e., alkanolamines, methyl esters, or oils) do not color or darken in the presence of copper and air, several structural features and conditions must be present if color is to develop. While either chelating agents or antioxidants are somewhat effective over a short time, color formation has been successfully retarded during long‐term storage of polyunsaturatedN,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)amides by adding 1% potassium borohydride.
Citric acid: Inactivating agent for metals or acidic synergist in edible fats?
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Cooney Patricia M. , Evans C. D.
Published: May 2007

Oxidative stabilities of soybean oil and lard are improved by the addition of either sorbitol or citric acid. Sufficient sorbitol gives enough improvement in stability so that added citric acid gives no increased stability. Unless sorbitol acts as a neutral synergist, forms a powerful acidic synergist in trace amounts or a new antioxidant, the antioxidant activity of citric acid appears to come from its inactivating capacities for metals.
The effect of heat on pure triglycerides
Authors: Crossley A. , Heyes T. D. , Hudson B. J. F.
Published: May 2007

A knowledge of the mechanism of the degradation of triglycerides at temperatures from 190ŶC. is important in predicting the type of breakdown products likely to be formed in processing oils at elevated temperatures, or in the usage of oils and fats in frying or baking.

The effect of heat on tricaprin and 2‐oleo‐dipalmitin has been studied both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. The results show that even a pure fully saturated triglyceride is rendered organoleptically unacceptable, due to breakdown in the temperature range studied, although the mechanism differs according to whether oxygen is present or not. Unsaturated glycerides are more readily degraded, fission at or near the double bonds being superimposed on the processes previously established for saturated triglycerides. Many of the degradation products have been identified.

Degraded triglycerides can be refined to an acceptable standard by conventional means but their keeping times, in the refined state, are considerably less than those of the original pure materials. Hence, it is inferred that precursors of off‐flavors persist in the products and survive the refining operations.
Identification of soapstocks by gas chromatographic techniques
Authors: Beck E. C. , Jungermann E. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

In tallow‐coconut soapstocks vapor‐phase chromatographic techniques are superior in accuracy and less time‐consuming than conventional physical‐chemical methods.

For stocks containing other than tallow and coconut base, or where partial hydrogenation has been carried out, vapor‐phase chromatography gives a more complete picture.

Vapor‐phase chromatography gives indications of the source and/or prior treatment of a given stock.
Lysine, gossypol, and nitrogen solubility in chemically treated cottonseed meals
Authors: King W. H. , Kuck J. C. , Frampton V. L.
Published: May 2007

The effects of treatment of commercial prepress‐solvent extracted and direct‐solvent extracted cottonseed mares with several chemical agents and solvents were studied. The analytical results for 舠free舡 and 舠total舡 gossypol of the finished meals show that treatment with aliphatic amines, followed by extraction with a suitable solvent, removed large proportions of the 舠free舡 as well as 舠bound舡 gossypol. This reduction of 舠free舡 and 舠bound舡 gossypol was accompanied, in some experiments, by an increase in the nitrogen solubility and available lysine, as compared with the results obtained with the untreated air‐dried marcs. The available lysine contents of the treated mares was significnatly correlated with the nitrogen solubility in 0.02N aqueous NaOH.
Wax esters of barracudina lipid: A potential replacement for sperm whale oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Hooper S. N. , Epstein S. , Kelleher M.
Published: May 2007

A sample of barracudina, a small fish potentially available in large quantities off Nova Scotia, contained 17.7% body lipid of which 10% was triglyceride and 85% wax ester. The triglyceride, of calculated iodine value 48, was unusually rich in 14:0 (25.8%), 18:0 (4.3%), 20:0 (1.19%), 22:0 (0.45%) and 24:0 (0.75%). The wax ester fatty acids had a calculated iodine value of 126 and a “normal” marine oil fatty acid composition. The wax ester fatty alcohols contained 42.2% hexadecanol, 29.5% octadecenols, 8.2% eicosenols and 3.8% docosenols. Certain interrelationships between fatty alcohols and fatty acids are indicated by details of composition. The potential exploitation of barracudina lipid as a substitute for sperm oil in some uses appears possible.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: II. Oxyethylated fatty amides as lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Weil J. K. , Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Nonionic surface active agents with two oxyalkyl chains were prepared from the triethylamine catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with diethanolamides of palmitic, stearic and tallow fatty acids. The addition of 4 moles of ethylene oxide was required to render these diethanolamides water soluble, whereas 9 moles were required to make the corresponding monoethanolamide soluble. Efficiency of lime soap dispersion increased as oxyethyl chain length was increased. Best detergency of soap‐nonionic combinations was achieved when the oxyethyl chain length was at the minimum required for water solubility. Theγ‐hydroxyethanolamides and ‐diethanolamides were prepared by the uncatalyzed reaction of the corresponding amines withγ‐stearolactone. These compounds became water soluble at lower levels of oxyethylation, but the lime soap dispersing power and detergency were not improved over those of corresponding compounds derived from stearic acid.