bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Issues and Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Schlegel Alice
Published: March 2007

Gender issues have compelled comparativists to look at research problems in new ways. This paper addresses some of these problems and the methodological issues they entail. It surveys a few of the recent comparative studies of the social and cultural construction of gender and suggests some topics for further research.
Starvation and Famine: Cross-Cultural Codes and Some Hypothesis Tests
Authors: Dirks Robert
Published: March 2007

This article provides a set of codes that rate the starvation and famine experiences of societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample. The codes are used to test several theoretical generaliza tions regarding the underlying cultural causes of famine. The results indicate that several changes arising from world systems involvements increase the likelihood of famine. They suggest fur ther that the extent to which societies experience famine depends on cultural definitions of property and exchange rights. In addition, results confirm the understanding that famine is especially prone to break out in environments of chronic hunger and recurrent starvation.
Women, Men, and the Construction of Individual Modernity Scales in China
Authors: Broaded C.Montgomery , Zhongde Cao , Inkeles Alex
Published: March 2007

The authors' research explores the applicability of Inkeles and Smith's individual modernity paradigm to women and men in the People's Republic of China. The authors' analysis of questionnaire data demonstrates that, for the Chinese male respondents, individ ual modernity scales can be constructed that are highly reliable and that are essentially the same in structure and content as the overall modernity scales created for the (exclusively male) respondents in the six nonsocialist developing countries included in the original study. Also, despite some minor variations, there is a very high degree of similarity in the structure, content, and reliability of scales constructed independently for the male and female respondents. Finally, on the basis of these results, the authors construct gender- neutral individual modernity scales based on the entire sample.
Individualism-Collectivism Revisited
Authors: Niles F. Sushila
Published: March 2007

The constructs individualism and collectivism have been exten sively researched and written about by cross-cultural psychologists and seem to be widely accepted as important bases for explaining differences in behavior between people of diverse cultures. However, existing research evidence seems to raise questions about some specific characteristics identified as typical of individualist or collectivist behavior. Therefore, a study was undertaken to reexamine some aspects of these constructs. As fitting emic-type studies, the study was based on just two cultures, Australian and Sri Lankan, each representing one of these dimensions. The results distinguish broadly between individualist and collectivist orientation and confirm earlier evidence that self-reliance, long considered to be uniquely individualist, is an important attribute among collectivist cultures also. Clarity in conceptualization and refinement of measurement is suggested.
Measuring Depression in Korean Immigrants: Assessing Validity of the Translated Korean Version of CES-D Scale
Authors: Noh Samuel , Kaspar Violet , Xinyin Chen
Published: March 2007

Results are reported about the validity of a translated Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), a self-report or interview measure of depressive sympto matology used widely in Asian and other ethnic populations. Compared to Euro-Americans, Asians are more reluctant to endorse CES-D items that tap subjective experiences of positive affect, a response bias resulting in observations of more depressive symptoms among Asians. Thus, it was previously recommended that the four positive affect items be deleted when assessing depressive symptoms in Asian populations, including Chinese and Koreans.

This recommendation is reassessed here by comparing psychometric properties of alternate forms of the translated Korean version of the CES-D scale: the original 20-item scale, the 16-item scale in which positive affect items were deleted, and a revised 20-item scale in which positive items were rephrased in negative terms. Results revealed that reliability and validity were highest in the revised 20-item scale.
REGIONAL REPORT Russia
Authors: Jancar-Webster Barbara
Published: March 2007

As the ecological devastation of the former Soviet Union (FSU) becomes well known inside and outside of the Newly Independent States, central and regional government officials, domestic environmental groups, and foreign governmental and nongovernmental organizations are seeking to remediate environmental damage in the midst of economic and political upheaval. In Russia, the search for a sustainable environmental policy rests on a founda tion of five basic parts: the extent to which new policy builds on past Soviet experience; the adjustment to democracy and a market economy; the balance of power among leading actors in the Russian polity; definition of a new role in policymaking for environmental action groups; and immediate steps to remediate the worst environmental "hot spots." In many ways, the debate over how best to craft a long-term environmental policy mirrors historically familiar debates over the role of the West in Russian affairs. This author suggests that U.S., European, and other foreign actors can play a vital role in assisting Russian environmental protection and remediation plans.
REGIONAL REPORT Singapore
Authors: Toh K.C. , Wong Y.W. , Lu G.Q.
Published: March 2007

Environmental conservation is high on Singapore's development agenda. This report presents a systematic overview of energy resources, consumption and conservation in Singapore and their relationship to affected local industries. The effects of the recently implemented environmental white paper "Singapore Green Plan" on local industries are presented and the implications of the plan are highlighted. A host of environmental programs and technological developments have been initiated as a result of the recentgreen policies, and it is Singapore's aim to answer successfully to environmental challenges while maintaining international competitiveness.
■ REVIEW : ORL-1: An Awkward Child of the Opioid Receptor Family
Authors: Zaki Paulette A. , Evans Chris J.
Published: March 2007

The cloning of the δ-opioid receptor allowed for the rapid cloning of the two other classically defined opioid receptors, the μ- and κ-opioid receptors. However, several groups cloned a fourth receptor (ORL-1, for opioid receptor-like) that had high homology to the opioid receptors but did not bind any known endogenous opioid peptides (i.e., endorphins) or exogenous opiates. Recently, two independent groups isolated a 17- amino-acid peptide that is an endogenous ligand for ORL-1; one group named it orphanin FQ (OFQ), the other named it nociceptin (N). It was reported that intracerebroventricular administration of this heptadeca peptide (OFQ/N) in mice induced an increased responsiveness to painful stimuli, an effect in striking contrast to the analgesia that is a hallmark of classical opiate drugs. Further research has revealed that OFQ/N has complex effects on pain perception: OFQ/N has been touted as having analgesic, hyperalgesic, and anti opioid properties. In addition to discussing these disparate findings, this review highlights the structural and pharmacological parallels between ORL-1 and opioid receptors as well as their respective endogenous ligands. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:172-184, 1998
Eigenvalue Analysis of Mode-Coupling Chatter for Machine-Tool Stabilization
Authors: Gasparetto Alessandro
Published: March 2007

The mode-coupling chatter phenomenon, due to self-excited vibrations occurring during many machining operations, is studied in this paper. Although mode-coupling chatter has been widely treated in the specialized literature, the authors propose here an approach that is rather different from the classical one, namely, an eigenvalue analysis of chatter based on system theory. A mathematical model of the workpiece- tool system is established first, so as to define the system equations. A closed-form equation, expressing the stability condition of the system as a function of the system parameters, and particularly of the angle between the feed direction and the piece surface, is then obtained from the eigenvalues of the system. Moreover, a study of the eigenvectors of the system enables one to analytically express the tool trajectories, both in the stable and in the unstable case. The model thus formulated and the related considerations about the system stability are then employed in a real case. Namely, a wood-cutting machine subject to mode-coupling chatter is considered, and a technique for stabilization, based on the considerations made on the model, is presented. The authors believe that the eigenvalue analysis of mode-coupling chatter presented in this paper provides a more detailed and complete analysis of the phenomenon than what is currently present in the literature.
Control of Nonlinear Vibration of Beams Using Active Constrained Layer Damping
Authors: Ray M.C. , Baz A.
Published: March 2007

Active constrained layer damping (ACLD) treatment is used to control the nonlinear vibration of beams. The beams are fully treated with ACLD treatment. A variational model of the beam /ACLD system is derived based on the von Kármán-type nonlinear deformations. The resulting governing partial differential equations of motion are reduced to nonlinear differential equations using Galerkin's method. These equations are solved by the method of harmonic balance. The effectiveness of the ACLD treatment to damp out the nonlinear vibration is demonstrated with frequency response function plots for a simply supported beam. The obtained results suggest the potential use of ACLD treatment in controlling the nonlinear vibrations of beams.
Combination Resonance of a Centrally Clamped Rotating Circular Disk
Authors: Manzione Piergiuseppe , Nayfeh Ali H.
Published: March 2007

The transverse vibrations of a circular disk of uniform thickness rotating about its axis with constant angular velocity are analyzed when the disk is subject to a space-fixed linear spring. Combination resonances are shown to occur at rotational speeds different from the classical critical speeds at which, in the linear analysis, the spinning disk is unable to support arbitrary spatially fixed transverse loads. Using the method of multiple scales, the authors determine a set of eight nonlinear ordinary-differential equations governing the modulation of the amplitudes and phases of four interacting modes. The symmetry of the system and the loading conditions are reflected in the symmetry of the modulation equations. Using convenient variable transformations, the authors obtain an equivalent set of equations, which they use to prove that no single- mode solution is possible for this case. The stability characteristics of the trivial solution for all of the possible interactions among four of the lowest modes are studied.
On the Accuracy of Discontinuous Galerkin Methods in the Time Domain
Authors: Fung T.C. , Leung A.Y.T.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the solution accuracy of the time-discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) and bi-discontinuous Galerkin (BDG) methods is studied. It has been shown that the accuracies for TDG and BDG methods are of order 2 m — 1 and 2 m — 2, respectively, at the end of the time interval. It is found that the accuracy is in general of order m — 1 and m — 2 for TDG and BDG methods, respectively, within the time interval. The discrepancy at the initial time is of the same order of accuracy as the other points within the time interval. It is also found that some points within the time interval are of one-order higher in accuracy. These locations for lower-order interpolations are given. To maintain higher-order accuracy at the end of the time interval, it is shown that the forcing excitation should be accurate up to order 2 m — 1 and 2 m — 2 for TDG and BDG methods, respectively.
An Efficient Approach to Analysis of Generalized Systems
Authors: Ansary Omid , Rahrooh Alireza
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a new mathematical representation for generalized systems is first presented. Some of the important properties associated with this representation are then developed. These properties are incorporated into the existing analyses methods to reduce their affiliated computational costs and errors. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed method.
Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Laminated Composite Plates: Experiments and FEA
Authors: Anderson T.J. , Nayfeh A.H.
Published: March 2007

The natural frequencies and mode shapes of several graphite-epoxy plates were determined using experimental modal analysis and finite-element analysis. The experimental and theoretical results are com pared. The samples tested included four types of layups: ±15°, ±30°, cross-ply, and quasi-isotropic plates. Each plate was tested in three configurations: free-hanging, cantilever, and fixed-fixed for a total of twelve test configurations. The material properties of the plates and the test methods used to obtain them are in cluded. There is a very good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results for the free-hanging and cantilever configurations. The agreement for the fixed-fixed results is poor. This indicates that the clamps for the fixed-fixed configuralion are not ideal and that they introduce some uncertainty in the boundary condi tions. The free-hanging results provide accurate experimental natural frequencies of several composite plates; they can be used to validate future theoretical developments. The fixed-fixed results are used to provide pos sible explanations for the discrepancies between the measured and calculated natural frequencies previously reported in the literature.
Dynamic Behavior of a Semi-Infinite Elastic Hardening- Softening Beam Subjected to a Pulse Loading
Authors: Su X.Y. , Yu T.X.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic response of a semi-infinite elastic hardening-softening beam subjected to a suddenly applied moment and a transverse pulse loading at its tip, with the magnitude being inversely proportional to the square root of time, is analyzed. Four different deformation modes are identified. The numerical results demonstrate that in one of these modes, a finite softening region exists and propagates along the beam.
Nonlinear Vibrations of Chains
Authors: Pfeiffer Friedrich , Fritz Peter , Srnik Jürgen
Published: March 2007

Chains are important machine components in cars, in gears, and in armored vehicles. The dynamics of chains typically are characterized by free motion and contact processes, which may include impacts and friction. Therefore, modeling by multibody theory augmented by methods of contact mechanics represents an appropriate way to evaluate dynamic chain behavior. This paper gives some examples.
The Effect of Vibration Isolator Properties and Structural Stiffness on Isolator Performance
Authors: Norwood C.J. , Dickens J.D.
Published: March 2007

The structural stiffness above and below a vibration isolation mount has an important effect on isolator performance. Knowledge of these as well as isolator properties is necessary to be able to predict the insertion loss of an isolator and the transmitted power to the foundation. A set of generalized mobility equa tions is used to analyze both the single-connection point and multiple-connection points cases. Experimental methods for determining the four-pole parameters, which describe the frequency-dependent dynamic proper ties of a vibration isolator, are discussed, and the test facility developed by the authors for the measurement of four-pole parameters is described. Test results for a commercially available isolator are presented. The importance of the structural dynamic properties above and below the isolator is illustrated by calculating the isolator effectiveness for different foundation properties.
Stabilization of Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Mechanical Systems: Controllability and Stability
Authors: Van De Vorst E.L.B. , Kant A.R. , Van De Molengraft M.J.G. , Kok J.J. , Van Campen D.H.
Published: March 2007

In nonlinear mechanical systems, which show stable (sub)harmonic, quasi-periodic and/or chaotic responses, together with coexisting (unstable) harmonic solutions, a large reduction of maximum subharmonic, quasi-periodic, or chaotic displacement might be established if the coexisting unstable harmonic solution could be made stable. The control effort to obtain this goal can be very small. In this article, a method is presented for determining the controllability of periodically excited nonlinear mechanical systems. This method determines if an unstable periodic solution can be stabilized using control. Furthermore, a method for calculating the local stability of an earlier developed control method (i.e., sliding computed torque control) for the above-mentioned goal is presented. Simulation results are presented for a periodically excited beam system supported by a one-sided spring to demonstrate the capabilities of the above-presented methods.
Passive Control of Flow-Induced Oscillations Using Rectangular Nutation Dampers
Authors: Modi Vinod J. , Seto Mae L.
Published: March 2007

This paper studies control of vortex resonance and galloping type of wind-induced instabilities using rectangular nutation dampers. To begin with, parametric investigation, conducted using a horizontal Scotch- Yoke table, provides favorable configuration of the damper. This is followed by an extensive wind tunnel test program to assess the effectiveness of the damper in suppressing wind-induced oscillations. The damper also proved successful in arresting vortex resonance of a structure located in the wake of another structure. A flow visualization study of the surface waves complements the experimental results. It provides better appreciation of the energy dissipation process, which is most efficient during the condition of wave-breaking.
Endpoint Control of a Two-Link Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Jnifene A. , Fahim A.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the endpoint control of a lightweight, two-link planar manipulator with flexible links. Three types of control methods are presented. The first method is based on the computed torque techniques where the actuators and the angular position sensors are collocated at the joints. The second method uses the deflections of the links and the joint angles to control the angle of a selected point along each link. This method is referred to as the noncollocated control. To add active damping to the flexible links, a third method that uses the noncollocated control combined with a delayed deflection has been introduced. Simulation studies have been conducted to compare the tracking performance of each method.
Development of Mathematical Model of a Plate for Active Vibration Suppression
Authors: Fariborzi F. , Golnaraghi M.F. , Heppler G.R.
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model of the transverse vibration of a plate to be used for free and forced vi bration control purposes is presented. For the analysis of plate flexural vibration, the eigenfunctions of a Poisson-Kirchoff plate have been used as basis functions in a Galerkin formulation. Separation of variables and a double Fourier expansion coupled with Navier's method are used to find the optimal location of the sensors/actuators. A quadratic control objective is defined as a measure of system performance. The control objective is composed of those error variables that are important to the design, and they are used to approx imate the high-order plant system by a lower order model. To guarantee that the error in the reduced model is smaller than the desired error, a minimum required number of modes in the plate model has been derived analytically.
Exponentially Stabilizing Boundary Control of String-Mass Systems
Authors: Baicu Catalin F. , Rahn Christopher D. , Dawson Darren M.
Published: March 2007

Exponentially stabilizing controllers are derived for the transverse vibration of a string-mass sys tem modeled by the one-dimensional wave equation with a pinned and a controlled boundary condition. Lya punov's theory for distributed parameter systems, the Meyer-Kalman-Yakubovitch Lemma, and integral in equalities prove that a class of boundary controllers provide strong exponential stability. These controllers are designed so that the transfer function between boundary slope and velocity satisfies a restricted strictly positive real condition. An example controller, consisting of boundary position, velocity, slope, slope rate, and integrated slope feedback, is implemented on a laboratory test stand. In experimental impulse response tests, the controlled response decays six times faster than the open-loop response and has half the response amplitude.
Inpatient Group Therapy in a Managed Health Care Environment: Application to Clinical Nursing Practice
Authors: Farkas-Cameron Michelle M.
Published: March 2007

This article applies Gunderson's (1978) conceptual framework of the therapeutic milieu and Yalom's (1985) therapeutic factors in group therapy to the inpatient time-limited therapy group in the managed health care environment. Case examples demonstrate how Gunderson's therapeutic processes (containment, support, structure, involvement, validation) serve as a foundation to support Yalom's therapeutic factors. The combina tion of these two frameworks can serve as a model for a plan of care that promotes suc cessful inpatient group therapy sessions in the time constraints of managed care. Constructive inpatient group therapy can be the catalyst for patients to continue with treatment after discharge. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [1998]. 4, 145-152)
Chinese Cultural Values and Performance at Job Interviews: a Singapore Perspective
Authors: Wong Irene F. H. , Phooi-Ching Lai
Published: March 2007

In a country like Singapore, which is rated high in power distance and low in indi vidualism (using Hofstede's dimensions of national cultures), interviews for entry- level positions in multinational corporations (MNCs) may reveal subtle clashes in culture. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed transcripts of job interviews involving nine English-speaking applicants from Chinese backgrounds and two experienced interviewers from Anglo-American MNCs in Singapore. Our assumption was that a person's cultural background and upbringing influence his or her perform ance at job interviews. The findings reveal that Chinese applicants tend to defer to the interviewer (i.e. superior) and focus on the group or family, besides being averse to self-assertion. Hence, applicants from a Chinese background may be dis advantaged when being interviewed for jobs with MNCs which are heavily influ enced by Anglo-American culture.
Computer Conversations and Writing Apprehension
Authors: Mabrito Mark
Published: March 2007

As participants in a growing number of online business writing courses, students must communicate with each other and the instructor electronically. One group of students may face particular challenges in this environment: those with high degrees of writing apprehension. This study examined the online communications behavior of such students as they communicated with both familiar and unknown audiences via Internet newsgroups. Low-apprehensive writers tend to exhibit simi lar communication strategies in both types of newsgroups. But high-apprehensive writers contributed more, initiated more topics of discussion, and felt more com fortable participating in electronic discussions with unknown audiences than they did when communicating with familiar audiences.
Professionals and Professors: Substance or Style?
Authors: Seshadri Srivatsa , Theye Larry D.
Published: March 2007

To determine what aspects of writing are most important in a business context, previous researchers have often surveyed business professionals as well as business faculty. We recently took a different approach. We asked business professionals to critique and evaluate a set of writing samples. We then asked business faculty to evaluate the same samples, and we analyzed the results from the two groups. We found that professionals judge writing on different criteria than do faculty. While both groups emphasize organization, professionals also emphasize wording/style, content, and sentence structure more than do faculty, who emphasize conciseness, spelling/grammar, appearance, and purpose. In addition, professionals are signifi cantly more lenient in assigning grades than are faculty and spend less time in evaluating the writing. In general, business professionals judge papers more on substance (content) and less on style (mechanics) than do business faculty.
Writing Across the Accounting Curriculum: An Experiment
Authors: Riordan Diane A. , Riordan Michael P. , Sullivan M. Cathy
Published: March 2007

To improve the writing skills of accounting students, we developed a structured writing effectiveness program across three junior level courses in the accounting major: tax, cost, and financial accounting. Writing counted for approximately five percent of the grade in each course and accounting professors discussed grammar, sentence structure, and word choice. A consulting expert on writing also con tributed to the program. We tested the results of our program empirically through both a pretest/posttest design and a control/treatment group comparison. The results provide evidence that our writing across the curriculum project significantly improved the students' writing skills.
Applying Distributed Learning Theory in Online Business Communication Courses
Authors: Walker Kristin
Published: March 2007

Distributed learning theory is valuable for teachers of online business communica tion courses because it 1) highlights complexities of software tools, not only the online course interface, but also tools used to produce Websites, brochures, CDs, and other multi-media elements; 2) provides a way to address online communica tion dynamics, such as online chats and discussions, that students will practice in the workplace; and 3) allows teachers to examine how their previous experiences teaching business communication in more " traditional" classrooms affect teaching online. Highlighting these areas allows business communication teachers to focus on the critical use of technology in online formats that entail relatively new teach ing media. The critical application of technology use can be seen in areas like tool evaluation and use, power and divisions of labor, and community participation.
Resume Writing and the Minority Student
Authors: Davis Barbara D. , Muir Clive
Published: March 2007

writing is a difficult task for most job applicants, but minority students face unique challenges as they decide what information to present to a potential employer. A minority applicant's name, address, education, work history, extra curricular activities, and choice of references may trigger unfavorable assumptions by the reader and unfairly influence the selection process. To reduce the chances of "detection" and being eliminated prematurely, some minority students Anglicize their names, use street addresses of relatives and friends in more desirable parts of town, and downplay ethnic-specific education, jobs, and affiliations. Concealing one's ethnic background, however, may be difficult and, more important, may be counterproductive. Minority students should write resumes that are accurate and accentuate the achievements that a potential employer would focus on. Business communication instructors should address concerns about discrimination in selec tion and hiring as they help all students choose the appropriate resume format and language to present their best selves.
The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Communications
Authors: Nance James J.
Published: March 2007

Since the early 1920's Nance has been a signifi cant face in the executive suites of American indus try and business: at National Cash Register, Frigi daire Division of General Motors, Hotpoint (General Electric), Studebaker-Packard, Ford, Central Na tional Bank of Cleveland, and First Union Realty Investment Trust. During more than a half-century as a successful business chief executive, Mr. Nance has consistently supported higher education as trustee of his Alma Mater, Ohio Wesleyan Univer sity, as trustee-now life trustee-of Northwestern University, and as first chairman of the Board of Trustees o f Cleveland State University.
Helping Business Writing Students Improve as Document Designers
Authors: Curry Jerome
Published: March 2007

Most introductory-level business writing texts fail to carry page design challenges beyond the chapter that outlines fundamentals. Clearly, if business writing instructors wish to help their students improve as designers, they must go beyond what textbooks offer. They must challenge their students repeatedly throughout the course. Three design challenges that are meant to be presented to stu dents over an eight-to-ten-week period are described.
Résumé Content and Format—Do the Authorities Agree?
Authors: Culwell-Block Beverly , Sellers Jean Anna
Published: March 2007

A review of business communication textbooks was con ducted to determine, according to the textbook authors, what information should and should not be included on the résumé, the format, and the importance of the overall appearance. Although the research shows there is agree ment among the textbook authors on many issues, there is also disagreement in several areas. But the message is clear—with the increasing competition in the employment market, college graduates would be well advised to develop a résumé that is complete, concise, clear, and error-free.
Ethos at Sea
Authors: Shenk Robert
Published: March 2007

A study of writing in the United States Navy indicates the wide usefulness of the rhetorical concept of ethos. Although almost never formally taught, the concept is continually being rediscovered and applied within a wide variety of naval contexts, from naval personnel evaluations to ship- repair reports. But ethos is still too seldom consciously present or habitually applied in the naval profession. And, as the Tailhook episode has recently demonstrated, a lack of such understanding can sometimes have adverse effects on the credibility of the Navy as a whole.
Diversity Training: Effects of an Intervention Treatment on Nonverbal Awareness
Authors: Mausehund Jean A. , Timm Susan A. , King Albert S.
Published: March 2007

The diversity of society today requires people to interact with others who have different cultural backgrounds. The simplest communication can be complicated by nonverbal factors. This study used a pretest-posttest design to deter mine the effect of an intervention treatment consisting of students viewing pictures of people and identifying attrib utes based solely on what they see. Then in groups the students discussed their varying interpretations. The findings were that the treatment made students more aware of nonverbal factors and how they are involved in interper sonal communication.
The Rising Tide of Estuary English: The Changing Nature Of Oral British Business Communication
Authors: Scott James Calvert
Published: March 2007

Estuary English is a combination of nonregional and local southeastern English pronunciation and intonation that lies between R. P. English and London street speech and is sweeping across the United Kingdom, including its business community. This article identifies characteristics of Estuary English, documents the usage of Estuary English within the British business community, describes the milieu that causes Estuary English to be acceptable in the British business community, speculates about the future of Estuary English in the British business community, identifies the implications of Estuary English for business communicators, and discusses the implications of Estuary English for business communication teachers and consultants.
Enhancing the Student Listening Skills and Environment
Authors: Glenn Pearce C. , Johnson Iris W. , Barker Randolph T.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of an investigation using an interactive approach to teaching listening skills that appears to be ideal for a business communication class. The authors describe their experiences with integrating listen ing activities into the content of an undergraduate organi zational behavior course. The conclusion is drawn that this can be done quite successfully.
Introducing Realism into Business Writing: Extended Conflict with a Hostile Audience
Authors: Curry Jerome
Published: March 2007

While business writing textbooks generally do an adequatejob of helping instructors introduce real-life challenges into the classroom, there are at least two that they tend to slight or overlook. One is an encounter with a hostile, closed-minded audience, and the other is an extended conflict. An exercise that provides students with the practice they need in dealing with both of these challenges is described. Also, the method of grading the exercise is outlined, and the exercise's benefits are listed.
Addressing Issues of Cultural Diversity in Business Communication
Authors: Tovey Janice
Published: March 2007

The global business community makes understanding cultural differences importantfor business communication students, ourfuture managers and negotiators. But discussions of cultural diversity or multiculturalism should not be limited to cultures of a foreign country only. They should also include an understanding of the diversity within one culture. This article discusses several terms used to denote cultural diversity and their implications and then provides assignments that give students experience in researching various aspects of "culture," in exploring issues of cultural diversity, and in producing appropriate documents.
What Communication Abilities Do Practitioners Need? Evidence from MBA Students
Authors: Reinsch N. Lamar , Shelby Annette N.
Published: March 2007

We collected written critical incidents from young business practitioners entering our MBA program, asking each person to describe a work-related communication episode that had challenged him or her and to answer several questions about the episode. Most often, respondents reported face-to-face oral events that required the respondent to function as an advocate or to manage conflict. Both gender and first language correlated with responses, suggesting that persons of different genders and cultures have differing business experi ences or draw differing conclusions from their experiences. On the basis of these results, we call for management communication courses to give sufficient attention to oral communication events that require spontaneity, persuasion, conflict management, and boundary spanning.
Developing a Competency-based Fundamentals of Management Communication Course
Authors: Murranka Patricia A. , Lynch David
Published: March 2007

An innovative course in fundamentals of management communication derives from competency-based instruction. Course designers created a list of competen cies and behavioral objectives for each of four modules: business writing funda mentals, formal report writing, informative oral presentations, and persuasive oral presentations. Students receive the list before instructions. Students also gain instruction in class or through self-study or both. They are assessed through multi ple forms of assessment, and those assessments are measured in relation to individ ual demonstration of competencies rather than course norms. In general, the stu dents, faculty, and administration have viewed this course positively.
Bringing Outdoor Challenge Education Inside the Business Communication Classroom
Authors: DuFrene Debbie D. , Sharbrough William , Clipson Tim , McCall Miles
Published: March 2007

Outdoor challenge education has gained a dedicated following since its inception in the 1940s. Outdoor programs provide a framework for organizations to improve teamwork, problem solving, risk-taking, self-esteem, and interpersonal communi cation. The advantages of outdoor-based programs include high participation in learning by trainees, opportunity to experience real emotions and adopt new pat terns of thinking, ability to promote experimentation in problem solving, and pro motion of group awareness and trust. Many advantages of outdoor education can be maintained when a program goes indoors. Indoor adaptations are safe and nondiscriminatory; they can be conducted anywhere regardless of weather, can facilitate easier transfer of learning to the workplace, and are less expensive. Using the outdoor model, teachers can devise challenge activities for classroom use. Such activities provide variety and the opportunity for experiential learning in the busi ness communication classroom.
Physico-chemical and sensory property changes in almonds of Desmayo Largueta variety during toasting / Cambios en las propiedades físico-químicas y sensoriales de almendras de la variedad Desmayo Largueta durante el tostado
Authors: Gou P. , Diaz I. , Guerrero L. , Valero A. , Arnau J. , Romero A.
Published: March 2007

Almonds modify their properties during toasting due to the high temperatures reached. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory property changes in shelled almonds, Desmayo Largueta variety harvested in Tarragona (Spain) and toasted at 200 and 220°C. Internal tem perature and moisture content were determined in almonds during toasting, and fatty acid composi tion, the index of acidity, the peroxide value and the TBA test in almond oil. Sensory analysis of almonds with different toasted intensity was performed. Rancidity was also evaluated by sensory analysis after a year of storage. There was a delay in the internal temperature increase of the almonds between 120 and 130 °C, which coincided with the period of maximum rate of water evaporation. There was no significant variation in the fatty acid composition of the almond oil during toasting. The peroxide value of almond oil had a slight increase from 6 min at 220°C and from 8 min at 200°C, reaching a maximum at 10 min. Rancidity after a year of storage increased up to 8 min and then decreased. The maximum crispiness was obtained at the end of the period of a maximum rate of water evaporation: between 6 and 8 min of toasting at 220 °C and between 8 and 10 min of toasting at 200°C. Over-toasting produced an antioxidant effect in the product, but decreased sweetness and increased bitterness and grittiness.
Nota. Composición nutritiva de la biomasa de la microalga Porphyridium cruentum / Note. Nutrient composition of the biomass of the microalga Porphyridium cruentum
Authors: Fuentes M.M. Rebolloso , Femández F.G Acién , Pérez J.A. Sánchez , García M.D. Gil , Guerrero J.L.Guil
Published: March 2007

Nutritional composition of biomass of several stationary phases of the red microalga Porphyridium cruentum cultured in an external tubular photobioreactor is analyzed. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, available carbohydrates, fiber, ARN, lipids and energy), mineral elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Mn, Co, S), C/N ratio and fatty acids were determined. The mean values of different biomass analyses indicated high proportions of available carbohydrates (33.2 g/ 100 g d.w.) and protein (34.4 g/100 g d.w.). Mineral elements content was high, especially Ca (1248 mg/100 g), K (1219 mg/100 g), Na (1170 mg/100 g), Mg (63.0 mg/100g) and Zn (37.4 mg/100 g). The composition of fatty acids expressed as mg/100 g (dry biomass) was: C16:0 1.73; C18:2 w6 0.51; C20:4 m6 1.92; C20:5 0)3 1.68. Principal components analyses showed a group of variables formed by lipids, ash, Fe, Ca and Zn; and another group formed by available carbohydrates, external irradiance and C/N ratio. According to these, Porphyridium cruelltllm biomass could be used for nutritional purposes, due to the amount and diversity of nutrients computed and the absence of toxic factors.
Caracterización microestructural del queso de Burgos mediante diferentes técnicas microscópicas / Microstructural characterization of Burgos cheese using different microscopy techniques
Authors: Hernando I. , Pérez-Munuera I. , Lluch M.A.
Published: March 2007

Electron microscopy has made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the structure of foods and the interaction among their components. In this paper, several electron microscopy techniques are applied to study the Burgos cheese microstructure. Burgos cheese samples fixed in glutaraldehyde and observed by scanning electron microscopy showed a continuous three-dimensional network of protein, with roundish empty spaces, which probably contained fat, whey or air in the original sample. Fixation in osmium tetroxide showed the distribution of fat, which is organized in globules (1-3 ltm in diameter). Water closely and uniformly interacting with proteins and the protein shells deposited around the fat globule membranes (0.2 pm thick) can be observed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy. Samples observed by transmission electron microscopy showed loosely or ' strongly aggregated proteins forming the continuous network. Furthermore, a core and lining structure were distinguished; this structure could be related to the presence of B-lactoglobulin. Finally, this technique allows observations of individual casein grains and the interstitial spaces among them.
Influence of some commercial proteases and enzymatic associations on the hydrolytic solubilization of deboned poultry meat proteins Influencia de algunas proteasas comerciales y preparados enzimáticos en la solubilización hidrolitica de las proteínas de la carne de pollo separada mecánicamente
Authors: de Barros Soares L.H. , Marques D. Ney , Albuquerque P. Melchionna , Záchia Ayub M.A.
Published: March 2007

Mechanically deboned poultry meat (MDPM) was used as a basic source of protein to assess the efficiency of seven proteolytic enzymes and some enzymatic associations over the hydrolysis of that protein. As a main parameter, the evolution of protein solubilization during 4 h of proteolysis was evaluated. The enzymes alcalase, esperase, flavourzyme, fungal protease, HT-proteolytic, papain, proteopex, and combinations of alcalase + flavourzyme, esperase + flavourzyme, HT-proteolytic + flavourzyme, and proteopex + flavourzyme were applied at concentrations of 0.60% and 1.20% of commercial product as a function of total protein. The initial pH was adjusted to 7.0 or 8.0 and the temperature was maintained at 50 °C or 60 °C according to optimal conditions for each enzyme. The proteolytic activities of the enzymes were also compared with azocasein. The hydrolysis index (HI), i.e., the rate between the maximum value and the initial amount of soluble protein was formulated to allow the comparison among treatments. Results showed that the temperature did not influence the proteolysis in the tested model. The association of alcalase + flavourzyme was shown to be more efficient than all other treatments, obtaining more than 70% of soluble protein. Fungal protease pre sented the lowest results.
Formación y estabilidad de emulsiones de aislados proteicos de soja con diferente contenido de sulfhidrilos libres Formation and stability of emulsions of soy protein isolates with different sulfhydryl content
Authors: Santiago L.G. , Bonaldo A.G. , González R.J.
Published: March 2007

This work evaluated the formation and stability of emulsions prepared with three soy protein iso lates with different sulfhydryl content (SHL) and at two different pHs (6.00 and 7.00). Solubility (Sol), emulsifying activity index (IAE), coalescence (%Coal), surface concentration of proteins (r), and ki netics of the creaming process were determined. The effects of pH and sample types or their interac tion were significant (p < 0.05) for the four variables. IAE was little enhanced by the SHL increment, while stability to coalescence decreased. Also, it was verified that Γ is negatively affected by the SHL increment. The pH effect on IAE depended on the SHL. When pH decreased, %Coale lowered and Γ increased. Emulsions destabilized by the floculation-creaming mechanism more slowly at pH 6.00 than at pH 7.00.
Evaluation of hydrolyzed oat flour as a replacement for butter and coconut cream in bakery products Evaluación del uso de harina de avena en sustitución de la mantequilla y crema de coco en productos de pastelería
Authors: Inglett G.E. , Maneepun S. , Vatanasuchart N.
Published: March 2007

Hydrolyzed oat flour, called Oatrim, was found able to cr eate suitable food desserts when partially substituted for butter or coconut cr eam. In bakery pr oducts, a 25% Oatrim gel was substituted for butter in rice cookie, br ownie, and banana cake r ecipes. The cholester ol contents of the rice cookie, banana cake, and br ownie wer e reduced by 24.7%, 13.5%, and 24.1%, r espectively. Coconut cream was replaced with a 15% Oatrim suspension in the Thai desserts coconut custar d, coconut cream spread, and mungbean conserve. In these pr oducts, a substantial r eduction in saturated fat content was found: coconut custar d (60.6% reduction), mungbean conserve (76.4% r eduction), coconut cream spread (83.7% reduction). Although adequate textur e measurements wer e observed for most par- tially substituted products, the breaking strengths of the rice cookie and mungbean conserve wer e significantly increased over control foods. These data suggested that the use of the gel should be limited to less than 50% of the substitution. W ithin the experimental parameters examined, the baked goods and Thai desserts exhibited satisfactory sensory qualities in the 50% to 60% substitution range.
nfluencia de la especie del roble de barricas nuevas y usadas en el envejecimiento de un vino tinto de la D.O. Ribera del Duero Influence of the type of barrels and oak variety on the aging of a Ribera del Duero red wine
Authors: del Alamo Sanza M. , Bernal Yagüe J.L. , Gomez-Cordovés de la Vega C.
Published: March 2007

Se ha estudiado la evolución de un vino tinto con D.O. Ribera del Duer o durante su envejecimiento en barricas nuevas y usadas, fabricadas por la misma tonelería con distintos tipos y variedades de roble. El volumen de las barricas fue de 225 L, las condiciones de humedad y de temperatura fuer on del 80-90% y 10-14 °C, respectivamente. El análisis de varianza (ANOV A) aplicado a los parámetr os analíticos básicos de contr ol (acidez total, acidez volátil, azúcar es reductores), suma de hexosas, suma de pentosas, familias de polifenoles y parámetr os de color, indicó, que el vino sufría más cambios en los primeros meses de crianza y de forma más acusada en las barricas nuevas. T ambién se observó que el vino en la barrica de r oble americano Clásico envejecía de forma más rápida que en el r esto. La aplicación del análisis discriminante a los datos analíticos puso de manifiesto la difer ente evolución del vino en función de la barrica en que se había envejecido, lo que permitió identificarla y conocer la influencia de la especie y de variedad del r oble utilizado para su fabricación. Los vinos de las barricas nuevas se difer enciaron entre sí más que los de las barricas usadas.