bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kafka. Technique and significance of cytological examination of the craniocerebral fluid. Ueber Technik und Bedeutung der cytologischen Untersuchung des Liquor cerebrospinalis. — Monatschrift für Psych. and Neurol. XXVII,414 (1910)
Authors: Likhnitsky Vitaly N.
Published: March 2022

The most accurate results in determining the number of formed elements in the cerebrospinal fluid are obtained, as the author notes, with the use of stained preparations. He studied the cerebrospinal fluid in a whole series of nervous and mental illnesses; most of his observations are made on progressive paralytics. With this disease, he noted the interesting fact that the number of formed elements presents significant fluctuations, and the negative results obtained in one of the studies do not give the right to draw any definite conclusions. It is also very important that the strengthening or weakening of leukocytosis does not correspond to exacerbations or weakening of the disease process, and there is no parallelism between these phenomena. So, often the condition of a progressive paralytic deteriorates sharply, and the study of the cerebrospinal fluid does not reveal an increase in the number of formed elements.
Peculiarities of Hypericum perforatum L. reproduction in vitro culture and development of plants in the open field
Authors: Mikhovich Zhanna Eduardovna , Echishvili Elmira Elizbarovna , Portnyagina Nadezhda Vasilyevna , Skrotskaya Olga Valerievna
Published: March 2022

The possibility of using the method of cell and tissue culture for microclonal reproduction of St. Johns wort is shown. Direct morphogenesis was obtained using seedlings without roots at the age of 12 days. It was found that the introduction of BAP in a low concentration (0,1 mg/l) with IAA 1,0 mg/l into the MS nutrient medium promoted the minimum bud formation with the maximum yield of morphologically normal shoots without the need for an elongation phase. At the stage of rhizogenesis, the process of root formation was observed in all variants of the experiment; the proportion of shoots with roots was high and ranged from 88 to 90%. The maximum height of shoots, the number of pairs of leaves per shoot, and the length of plant roots were reached on the MS nutrient medium with IAA 1,0 mg/l. The period of adaptation to non-sterile conditions was 30 days, while a high yield of regenerant plants was observed. The survival rate of the adapted regenerant plants in field conditions was high (100%). Regenerant plants developed rapidly and bloomed in the first year. It was revealed that before planting in open ground, St. Johns wort plants propagated in vitro culture and passed the stage of adaptation to non-sterile conditions in containers with soil mixture formed a sufficiently developed root system from regenerant plants with a large number of adventitious roots 68 cm long. At the base of the shoot, from 2 to 5 renewal shoots 912 cm in height were formed. On the 65th day after transplanting, the number of renewal shoots more than doubled and averaged 7,8 pcs. per individual with a shoot height of 23 cm. In the third decade of August, the plants entered the budding phase, and on September 20, they entered the flowering phase. It was noted that by the beginning of flowering, the height of the plants increased to 4954 cm, and the diameter of the shoot up to 0,4 cm. From 16 to 24 pairs of oblong-ovoid standard leaves were formed on the plant. The formation of the floral part of the shoot (inflorescence) 2027 cm long began with the axils of 914 leaves and consisted of 710 pairs of lateral axes (paracladia). The average number of flowers was 82. The amplitude of variability of the main morphological traits of the shoot of the studied plants was at low and medium levels. It was found that the development of microclonally propagated plants by the end of the first growing season corresponded to the growth and development of St. Johns wort plants of the second year of life grown by seedlings.
Horse breeding in the Urals in 1922–1941
Authors: Bakhtiyarov Rustam Suleimanovich , Fedorova Alla Vladimirovna
Published: March 2022

This work aims to study the history of one of the most important branches of animal husbandry of the pre-war period horse breeding. The processes taking place in horse breeding largely influenced the results of the development of the entire national economy of the country in the 2030s of the 20th century and the Ural economic region in particular. Normalization of the situation in horse breeding in the late 30s increased the countrys military and economic capabilities in 19411945. After the end of the Civil War in the USSR the total number of horses by 1923 fell by almost 2 times compared to the level of livestock available in the Russian Empire before the outbreak of the First World War. On some territories of the Urals these indicators fell to a larger size. The economic security of the state was put at risk, since horse-drawn transport in the early 20s had virtually no alternative dominance in the countrys economy. Thanks to the measures taken, by 1929 the number of animals managed to return to the pre-revolutionary level up to almost 35 million heads. But the processes of industrialization and collectivization that began, which changed the structure of both the countrys agriculture and the entire economy as a whole, contributed to a sharp displacement of horsepower and a reduction in livestock. If in 1929 the agricultural sector of the USSR was horse-drawn by 96,2% of the energy capacity, by the end of the 30s this figure did not exceed 23%. Therefore, the number of horses from 1930 to 1935 fell from 34,5 million heads to a little more than 14 million. Nevertheless, the leadership of the Soviet Union, realizing the ruinousness of such a policy, took a number of effective measures that allowed during 19351940 to stop the decline in the number of animals and achieve a significant increase in the number of livestock, which by the beginning of 1941 reached 21 million heads. These processes were also characteristic of the regions of the Urals, which during the Great Patriotic War became the most important source of horses for the Red Army and the national economy.
Features of emigrant Baptist communities existence in the west, north and northeast of China in the second half of the 1940s
Authors: Drobotushenko Evgeny Viktorovich , Lantsova Yuliya Nikolaevna , Kamneva Galina Petrovna , Sotnikov Andrey Aleksandrovich , Sotnikov Sergey Aleksandrovich
Published: March 2022

The paper analyzes the processes that took place in the emigrant religious groups of Baptists in western, northeastern and northern China in the second half of the 1940s. The authors note that the problems of the history of the existence and activities of the Baptists who emigrated to the West (in 19441949 the East Turkestan Republic), North-East and North China from the territory of Soviet Russia, the Far East of the USSR has not become the subject of a serious scientific analysis yet. There are not many scientific publications on the topic. This predetermined that the basis of the study was made up of archival sources. These are documents, documents of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (SA RF). It is noted that until the considered time the Baptist communities on the considered territories lived in isolation. The impetus for a change in the situation was the creation of the All-Union Council of Evangelical Christians-Baptists (AUCECB) in the USSR. This led to the stirring up of Baptist believers in the west, north and northeast of China. Some of the communities joined the AUCECB, some established contacts with it. There was correspondence with relatives and friends in the Soviet Union. There is a clear need for further study of the history of the emigrant Baptist communities in China.
Concert life of the South Ural province in the post-war decade
Authors: Trifonova Marina Sergeevna , Godovova Elena Viktorovna
Published: March 2022

The paper studies the main patterns of productive life development in the South Ural province. The geography of the paper is limited to the rural areas of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Chelyabinsk and Chkalov (Orenburg). The chronological framework covers the first post-war decade. This is a period when the country gradually returned to the realities of the world life. The source base for the research was the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the archives of Orenburg, Chelyabinsk and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The methodological basis of the paper is based on the problem-chronological method. To achieve this goal the authors consider the organization of professional and amateur business practices. Immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War amateur performances returned to the houses of culture and clubs, the philharmonic society resumed tours, which played a key role in organizing the concert life of the province. An integral record of the cultural life of the province was the participation of the population in amateur art. Mostly these were small groups that met on a non-permanent basis. They made the musical life of their village more diverse. The authors of the paper come to the conclusion that the South Ural province took passive and active parts in the musical life of the region.
Pedagogical conditions for civil identity formation
Authors: Buranok Sergey Olegovich , Levin Yaroslav Aleksandrovich
Published: March 2022

Features of civil identity formation in the educational process depend on the pedagogical conditions. Scientific interest in defining the specifics of approaches and methods can be traced both at the school level and at the secondary special and university level. The researchers paid special attention to such subjects as history and social studies. At the present stage of the development of pedagogy and teaching methods of the designated subjects, the formulation of new research problems will help to highlight in more detail the meaning and role of existing approaches to civil identity formation and substantiate new approaches that correspond to modern state and pedagogical tasks. The posing of new topics and questions within the framework of this vast topic will help to approach the process of civil identity formation more substantively and purposefully for both students and teachers at the level of general secondary education and at the level of higher and further education. The trends and patterns discovered in the course of the study will help to create both a new model and a new concept of Russian civil identity formation in the educational process. In addition, the analysis of approaches and models to civil identity formation will help to determine the relationship of scientific developments with the practice of manipulating history, historical memory, images of the past. An integrated approach to the study of the pedagogical conditions for civil identity formation will help to create new concepts and approaches to teaching history.
Electronic educational resources as a means of students’ information competence development in Geography at a modern school
Authors: Suppes Natalia Evgenievna
Published: March 2022

The paper discusses the relevance of the use of electronic educational resources (EER) in educational activities as a means of students information competence development. A variety of electronic educational resources, widely represented in the modern educational space, are actively used at Geography lessons and contribute to the development of students ability to work competently with information: to search for it in various sources; apply computer technology and use information devices to solve educational problems; independently select and analyze data; establish causal relationships; present information in a structured form using maps, presentations, virtual objects, tables, diagrams, etc. In order to study various aspects of the use of EER, a questionnaire survey was launched for Geography teachers at secondary schools in the south of the Tyumen Region. The paper contains a number of conclusions based on the analysis of the study results. Teachers note significant experience and high activity in the use of EER due to both the implementation of projects digitizing the educational environment and a change in the education format because of the pandemic. For solving various educational problems preference is given to electronic educational platforms, electronic textbooks and teaching aids, as well as Internet resources for preparing for the Basic State Exam and the Unified State Exam. Electronic educational resources have become an integral component of the educational process, significantly expanding educational opportunities for students skills and abilities development when they work with information.
Ancestry Specific variation in neuropsychological disorders among the South Asian population
Authors: M Swathy Krishna , SM Gaana Rukmini , K Nishmitha , Das Ranajit
Published: March 2022

The enormous genetic diversity in South Asia resulting from a long and complex admixture history resulted in the emergence of variation in various traits and variations in disease susceptibility. Neuropsychological disorders are one such example that shows variation at the population level. In this study, we aimed at understanding the variation in neuropsychological disorders at the population level among South Asian populations by curating, comparing and contrasting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), known to be associated with the same. Whole-genome data comprising of 1662 South Asians, belonging to 241 distinct populations were obtained from the database of Dr. David Reich, Harvard Medical School, USA. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that the Ancestral Tibeto Burman (ATB) genomes form a distinct and distinguishable cluster for the SNPs known to be associated with neuropsychological disorders. Identical By Descent (IBD) analysis showed that out of the top seven populations in terms of IBD sharing, six are from Southern India indicating that these populations may have undergone a recent selective sweep for these SNPs. Further, out of the top ten genomes, according to the number of genomes fixed for the minor alleles, seven were from Southern India. Furthermore, several indigenous populations from South India depicted high F values (>0.25) for SNPs associated with neuropsychological disorders, indicating higher susceptibility for neuropsychological disorders among these South Indian populations. Interestingly, we found that most of the SNPs, fixed for the alternative alleles, were also found to be fixed among the ancient genomes from Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), indicating that these SNPs likely got transmitted to various modern-day South Indian populations from IVC.
Multiple Intelligence’s and Computational Thinking
Authors: TADEU Pedro , BRİGAS Carlos
Published: March 2022

Stakeholders from education are determined to introduce computational thinking (CT) and programming much earlier into the educational process. Thus, according to international trends, programming has grown progressively, reaching a significant focus within the EU and other countries. Since future research needs to be undertaken to investigate the interrelationship between CT skills and competencies, we designed a project to be carried out during one year with 9-year-old students attending a primary school of Basic Education. This article presents the results achieved until we had the chance since the COVID pandemic disturbed the investigation's final part.
Guía de servicio inclusivo para personas con discapacidad en el sector de Infraestructura y Energía
Authors: Neira Montes María Alejandra , Becerra Sáenz Ricardo , Prieto Hernández Dilia Lucía , Berrocal Mora Luisa Fernanda
Published: March 2022

La guía de servicio inclusivo para personas con discapacidad en el sector de infraestructura consiste en una herramienta práctica que indica paso a paso cómo una empresa puede transformarse para ofertar un servicio inclusivo a sus clientes, independientemente de sus condiciones. Esta guía está dirigida a todas empresas que de alguna manera interactúa con un cliente: distribuidoras de electricidad, puntos de pago de agua, estaciones de autobuses o metros. La guía es una invitación a promover y facilitar la inclusión de todas las personas. Tiene por objeto contribuir al logro de la meta planteada mediante la presentación de pautas básicas, buenas prácticas y ejemplos internacionales que permiten mejorar la calidad de los servicios mediante la realización gradual de “ajustes razonables” que cualquier organización puede implementar. Dichos ajustes suponen sencillas pero significativas transformaciones de las políticas corporativas y de los procesos de atención al cliente en sus diferentes canales: el presencial, el telefónico y el virtual.
Atenção à saúde da pessoa em sofrimento psíquico na Estratégia Saúde da Família
Authors: Cruz Elaine Lima da , Santos Rose Manuela Marta
Published: March 2022

Objetivos: identificar na literatura acadêmica nacional a concepção dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família sobre a atenção à saúde da pessoa em sofrimento psíquico; conhecer as ações assistenciais realizadas pelos profissionais da equipe e apontar as dificuldades e estratégias encontradas pelos profissionais na assistência à pessoa em sofrimento mental. Fonte de dados: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada através da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, de 15 artigos publicados de 2012 a 2016 referentes a assistência à pessoa em sofrimento mental na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Os dados foram analisados com base na categorização de dados proposta por Bardin. Os resultados foram apresentados em quatro categorias: Percepção/concepções dos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família acerca do atendimento a pessoas em sofrimento psíquico; Assistência prestada por profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família ao paciente em sofrimento psíquico; Dificuldades encontradas na assistência ao paciente em sofrimento psíquico e sua família e Estratégias apontadas para a assistência ao paciente em sofrimento psíquico e sua família na ESF. Resumo das conclusões: apesar do esforço para a inclusão das ações de saúde mental na Atenção Básica, essa realidade ainda é pouco frequente e ocorre principalmente devido a formação profissional incipiente em saúde mental, desarticulação e fragmentação do serviço, desqualificação da escuta e do acolhimento, falta de apoio matricial, além do estigma ainda existente. Assim, faz-se necessário uma rede de suporte qualificada e capacitada e os profissionais precisam se despir do preconceito enraizado culturalmente e desmistificar a ideia de que só especialistas trazem resolutividade.
Cinco anos de Saúde em Redes: versatilidade e responsabilidade
Authors: Ferla Alcindo Antonio
Published: March 2022

editorial de 5 anos da Revista Saúde em Redes.
Особенности качественной характеристики поверхностных вод Нахчыванской Автономной Республики
Authors: Мамедова Ф.С. , Аббасов А.Д. , Сеидова И.М. , Гусейнли Л.И.
Published: March 2022

В статье анализируются формирование, физико-химические показатели и закономерности распространения поверхностных вод, как важных природных ресурсов в Нахчыванской Автономной Республике. Также показано современное состояние существующих в регионе водохранилищ и озер, компонентный состав донных отложений и пути их эффективного использования в аграрной сфере. Проведенное нами исследование показывает, что в настоящее время в целом по автономной республике и отдельных его районов обеспеченность потребностью водой, особенно в сельской местности, на удовлетворительном уровне.
Ценность семьи в современной культуре Китая
Authors: Васильченко А.В.
Published: March 2022

Рассмотрена ценность семьи в современной китайской культуре. Обозначены основные проблемы семьи в Китае. На основе проведенного анализа автором сделан вывод: современная китайская семья все больше отдаляется от традиционной модели и развивается в соответствии с общемировыми тенденциями
Impacts of Major Crop Production on the Agricultural Sector in Bangladesh: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Dey Sudip
Published: March 2022

The main objective of this research article is to analyze the impact of the production of some major crops, namely rice, jute, wheat, sugarcane, and potato on the agriculture sector in Bangladesh. The agriculture sector is considered an important sector of the Bangladeshi economy, which supplies a significant proportion of the gross domestic product (GDP). Annual time-series data for the period 1988–2017 is used for the study. Several econometric techniques are employed to examine the data, including the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen cointegration test, and ordinary least squares (OLS) method. To validate the model, some residual diagnostic tests, namely a normality test, heteroskedasticity test, serial correlation test, and stability diagnostic test are conducted. The findings of the study demonstrate that there are two cointegrating equations in the model. Furthermore, both wheat and jute production have a significant positive impact on the agriculture sector. Although the impacts of rice and potato production on the agriculture sector are positive, these are not significant at the 5 or 10 percent significance level. On the other hand, sugarcane production has a negative and significant impact on the agriculture sector, which was not expected. Based on the results, this paper recommends that the government of Bangladesh should focus on designing and implementing new funding policies and subsidies to improve the growth, production, and development of the sugarcane sector. Finally, the government should be concerned about climate change-related factors that negatively affect crop production in Bangladesh.
Macedonia and Scythia – History Long of Ten Years
Authors: BRUYAKO I.V.
Published: March 2022

Interrelations between Macedonia and Scythia in the 30th years of IV cent.BC are discussed here. The decade of these contacts may be divide into 3 phases. Events of each of this phase had a military character. First of them included the Scythian-Macedonian war 339 BC. Following was the North campaign of Alexander Great against barbarian tribes had been living in the Bas-Danube (335 BC). Finally, the military expedition of Zopirion (331/330 BC) completed this very lively and dynamic epoch, that was a one single time in the history of direct relations between two peoples of antiquity.
Value of justice in the perception of modern youth
Authors:   Saratov State University, Kazakov Alexander A.
Published: March 2022

The article analyzes results of an online survey (N = 519) and focus group interviews (N = 36) of young people (aged between 14 and 35) living in the Saratov region. The author summarizes answers to an open question about the way respondents understand social justice. Key elements of justice are highlighted and ranked. The results obtained are compared with the ideological preferences of the respondents. Conclusion is drawn that, in the perception of young people, the basis of justice consists of equal opportunities and equality of rights, welfare, political freedoms, and harmonious interaction between the individual and the state.
Saratov Trans-Volga Region in «a Guide» for Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Smirnov Yuri N.
Published: March 2022

The article is devoted to identifying the significance of the published manuscript “Description of the Volga coastal area of the Samara province and its most remarkable localities” as a source on the history of the territories of the Saratov region on the left bank of the Volga. As it was revealed the manuscript came from the encirclement of the “enlightened bureaucracy” close to the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. It contains valuable information about the history and the situation in the middle of the 19th century of the population, economy, trade, culture of a vast region and some important settlements.
Relocation of the workforce from the Pskov region to the Amur (1961–1967)
Authors:   Pskov State University, Filimonov Anatoly V.
Published: March 2022

The article deals with the problems of the implementation ofstate tasks in the Pskov region for the planned relocation of labor to multiland areas of the Amur region (1961–1967). Statistical data on the number of resettled are given, the difficulties of the ongoing campaigns and their consequences for one of the indigenous regions of Russia are revealed.
Nikifor Mikhailovich Koshelev: The pages of biography
Authors:   Saratov State University, Rabinovich Yakov N.
Published: March 2022

For the first time, the article presents the life of the Ryazan landowner Nikifor Mikhailovich Koshelev, whose service in the 1620s was closely associated with Saratov. Having been appointed commander of the streletsky order in the left-bank Saratov (streletsky head), he distinguished himself in many battles against thieves Cossacks and Tatars, for which he was twice awarded by the government of Mikhail Romanov. His further service has been traced during the embassy to Denmark together with Vasily Gavrilovich Korobyin. After returning from Denmark, Nikifor Koshelev became a Moscow nobleman, he was entrusted with the execution of important assignments.
Presidential diplomacy in Brazil: Achievements and drawbacks
Authors:   Moscow State University of International Relations (MGIMO) under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Timofeeva Yuliya А.
Published: March 2022

The article deals with the history of the presidential diplomacy concept in Brazil, contribution of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and presidents to thecreation of the foreign policyconcept and to the enhancement of Brazil’sstance in theworld. It isshown that in the XXcentury the Brazilian Foreign Ministry, which is known as Itamaraty, was the strongest body among other executive governmental structures. Its chancellors developed foreign policy strategy and its structural changes reflected Brazil’s priorities. At the same time, heads of state were more focused on the national agenda. However, globalization, development of public diplomacy and appearance of new actors in the world politics turned many problems international and began to require more presidential efforts. Today, Itamaraty no longer has such strong positions as before and departs from its most important principle – neutrality – in foreign policy, but the presidents continue to return to the postulates of foreign policy developed by the ministry in the XX century.
Somatization Mediates the Structural Relationship of Alexithymia with Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Farhoumandi Nima , Zarean Mostafa , Nasiri Mohammad , Jega Muhsin
Published: March 2022

Objective: The study of factors affecting anxiety and depression as the most common emotional disorders has always been at the forefront of psychological research. Among different factors, alexithymia and somatization have considerable importance due to their emotional nature with makes them more integrated with anxiety and depression. Several studies have demonstrated a link between these four concepts, but as far as we know, the quality of the relationship has not been addressed yet. The present paper aims to investigate the mediating role of somatization in the structural relationship of alexithymia with anxiety and depression.
Method: A total of 334 college students were recruited through cluster sampling and were asked to complete the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Beck Depression Inventory – Second Edition (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Somatization Subscale from the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlational as well as structural equation modeling.
Results: Based on the correlation analysis, there was significant relationship between alexithymia, somatization, anxiety, and depression. According to the results of regression weights, there is a moderate relationship between alexithymia and somatization (regression weight = 0.44). The relationship between somatization and depression is at moderate level (regression weight = 0.42) and the relationship of somatization with anxiety is at strong level (regression weight = 0.85). the goodness of fit indices for the hypothetical model showed significant coefficients at P < 0.05 (CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.059).
Conclusion: Findings indicated the important and influential role of somatization in explaining the relationship of alexithymia with anxiety and depression. Therefore, it seems that emotional components such as difficulty in identifying and expressing emotions as well as regulating mood states are important in the psychopathology of emotional disorders.
Burnout Syndrome among Doctors in Greek Oncology Departments
Authors: Pittaka Maria , Sakellakis Minas , Metaxas Vasileios , Kardamakis Dimitrios , Wagland Richard
Published: March 2022

Objective: Economic crisis and austerity has dramatic consequences for health care professionals’ mental health. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of burnout syndrome among doctors working in public or private oncology departments in Greece and its association with factors determined by economic crisis.
Method: Medical or radiation oncologists who are members of the National Oncology Societies and practicing oncology at least for one year were enrolled in this study. An On-Line questionnaire consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and an informative questionnaire was utilized.
Results: Eighty-six On-Line questionnaires waere analyzed. Radiation oncologists had significantly higher Depersonalization (DP), whereas medical oncologists had significantly higher Emotional Exhaustion (EE) scores. Registrars had higher scores compared to consultants in all subscales of the burnout syndrome. Factors such as ‘‘hospitals are not safe due to the lack or reductions in medical supplies and personnel shortage’’ and ‘‘receiving less than 50% of annual leave’’ were associated with significantly higher levels of EE. Factors such as ‘‘not afraid of moving abroad’’ and ‘‘receiving 100% of annual leave’’ were associated with significantly higher levels of low Personal Accomplishments (PA). The principal component analysis yielded three principal components: ‘future insecurity’, ‘feeling secure while working’ and ‘working conditions associated with burnout syndrome.
Conclusion: Several factors associated with austerity resulting from economic crisis significantly influenced prevalence of burnout syndrome among oncologists in Greece. Further studies need to be conducted to mobilize policy makers to develop and implement policies to improve oncologists' mental health.
Relationship of Hardiness Components to General Health, Spiritual Health, and Burnout: The Path Analysis
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Morteza , Hesam Saeed , Hosseini Seyed Amirhossein
Published: March 2022

Objective: Acknowledging the key role of hardiness, importance of health and its various dimensions, the present study aimed to investigate the simultaneous relationship between hardiness components and spiritual health, burnout, and general health, among Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences staff.
Method: 307 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences’ staff in Tehran with at least five years work experience participated in this cross-sectional study using simple random sampling. Four questionnaires were used to evaluate the participants: the 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to assess general mental problems with four subscales, 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) with two aspects (frequency and intensity) and three subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment, the 20-item Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS) Questionnaire with two subscales of religious well-being and existential well-being and the 50-item Kobasa Hardiness Questionnaire to measure psychological hardiness with three subscales of control, commitment and challenge. At the end, two conceptual models which have shown effect of hardiness and its subscales on general health, Spiritual health and burnout were evaluated by path analysis.
Results: According to the path analysis results, it was found that hardiness and its subscales, which were approved by univariable and multivariable analyses, had significant relationship with general health (direct effect: -0.525, P < 0.001), spiritual health (direct effect: 0.555, P < 0.001) and burnout (direct effect of frequency aspect: -0.523, P < 0.001). Thus, by increasing hardiness and its subscales, spiritual health increases while symptoms of illness and burnout decrease.
Conclusion: Spiritual health increases as hardiness and its subscales increase as well; therefore, symptoms of illness and burnout decrease as hardiness and its subscales increase.
Vitamin B6 Antidepressant Effects Are Comparable to Common Antidepressant Drugs in Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin Induced Depression Model in Mice
Authors: Mesripour Azadeh , Golchin Shirin
Published: March 2022

Objective: Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) inoculation in mice produces an acute period of illness followed by a chronic depressive-like behavior period that lasts for few weeks. The aim was to evaluate vitamin B6 antidepressant effect in comparison with common antidepressants.
Method: BCG (0.2 ml/mouse) single dose was intraperitoneally inoculated in male mice. Vitamin B6 (100 mg/kg), fluoxetine, imipramine, or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg each) were intraperitoneally injected for 14 consecutive days following BCG administration. Illness was evaluated following inoculation and depressive-like behaviors were assessed on days 7 and 14.
Results: Illness was induced by BCG since mice lost weight and locomotor activity was reduced. Illness was prevented by vitamin B6 similar to antidepressant drugs. Despair was measured by immobility time during the forced swim test and BCG increased it compared to control (193 ± 3s vs 151 ± 7s, P < 0.01) on day 7, and (200 ± 5s vs 147 ± 6s, P < 0.001) on day 14. Vitamin B6, like antidepressants, reduced despair. BCG clearly induced anhedonia evaluated by sucrose preference test (47.5%), and it was soothed by B6 and the antidepressants. Novelty-suppressed feeding test evaluated long term depressive behavior after 14 days. BCG increased the latency to first feeding (222 ± 41s vs control 87 ± 2.6s, P < 0.001) and reduced food consumption per body weight (13 ± 1 mg/g vs control 19 ± 2 mg/g, P < 0.001) while B6 like antidepressants reduced latency and improved food consumption.
Conclusion: Vitamin B6 efficiently prevented BCG sickness and depression that was comparable to common antidepressant drugs. Therefore, B6 supplement for preventing depression in high-risk individuals is suggested for further clinical research.
Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Patient Care on Families of Healthcare Workers
Authors: Sachdeva Ankur , Kumar Vipin , Nandini Harsh , Shaan Faisal
Published: March 2022

Objective: The Coronavirus‑19 (COVID‑19) pandemic has perpetrated a significant mental health burden amongst health care workers (HCWs) and their families. Families of HCWs are at significant risk of various mental health problems due to concerns regarding the wellbeing of the HCW, fear of contacting the virus from HCWs, staying isolated during periods of quarantine and being the passive recipient of public stigma directed towards HCWs. The objective of this study was to assess the perceived stress, resilience and coping tendencies of families of HCWs managing the COVID 19 crisis.
Method: A cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India, where close relatives of 150 HCWs managing COVID-19 patients (directly or indirectly involved in patient care) were selected using systematic random sampling. They were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale, Brief Resilience Coping Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pearson’s correlation and Independent t-test were used for statistical analysis using the SPSS software.
Results: Majority (75%) of the family members associated with frontline HCWs had moderate to high level of perceived stress, while23% and 17% had clinically significant anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively. More than 50% had low resilience and coping scores. High levels of stress, anxiety and depression were seen in female respondents, those less than 40 years old, having a child or an elderly family member and when the HCW had direct involvement in COVID-19 patient care.
Conclusion: Families of HCWs suffer from significant psychological burden due to the COVID-19 crisis. They face significant risk of depression and anxiety associated problems, which are augmented by low resilience and impaired coping. Mental health of HCWs and their family members should be given due attention with a focus on early identification, providing psychological support and improving resilience.
A Case Report on Charles Bonnet Syndrome
Authors: Maruzairi Husain , Joo Chin Lie
Published: March 2022

Objective: Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) consists of visual hallucinations occurring in patients with visual impairment. CBS is commonly overlooked by medical professionals and underreported by patients due to the underlying stigma attached to the presence of hallucinations. Lack of awareness regarding CBS among medical professionals may lead to failures in providing forewarning and education to patients with visual impairment. In patients who are not familiar with CBS, this might lead to a higher risk of distress, misattribution to cultural belief or mental illness, and the potential of developing psychosis, especially in elderly patients with other modalities of sensory deprivation. This case report aims to increase awareness and knowledge about CBS among clinicians for the proper management of patients.
Method: This case illustrated a patient with worsening visual impairment who presented with typical CBS and later progressed to visual hallucination and persecutory delusion
Results: Providing information on CBS and antipsychotics resulted in less distress and improved the patient’s visual hallucination and delusion
Conclusion: Education and reassurance play a role in the management of CBS. It is important for medical professionals to be aware of CBS and provide clear information for patients who are at risk to lower their distress.
Understanding exposure risks of women and children to PAHs in biomass using households of Brahmaputra valley
Authors: Deka Pratibha , Medhi Chandana , Bhuyan Pranamika , Gope Manash , Balachandran Srinivasan , Rafiqul Hoque Raza
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Biomass burning is a principal contributor of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air. A vast majority of rural households in South Asia are still using crude biomass fuel in kitchens causing poor air quality. This pushes the children and women population to severe exposure risk. In this work, 14 PAHs out of 16 priority PAHs of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-bound to Biomass Fuel Smoke Particles (BFSPs) produced during burning various crude biomass fuels in rural kitchens had been characterized.
Materials and methods: Representative rural households were taken for this study. Two sets of samples were collected during dry and wet periods using filter paper by a passive collection method and analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Results: PAHs with even number of rings (2-ring and 4-ring PAHs) dominated the Biomass Fuel Smoke Particles (BFSPs). PAH contents in BFSPs of the wet period were higher than the dry period samples. Different PAH ratios differed from reported studies on ambient atmosphere particulates and test environment. Higher Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) values were found during the wet period compared to the dry period in most BFSPs. The risk via ingestion and dermal contact was about 104 to 105 magnitudes higher than the inhalation risk.
Conclusion: The study reported seasonal variation of PAHs from biomass fuels and associated health risks to the exposed population. The higher levels of PAHs and the associated health risks may pose significant risks to the exposed women and children.
Measuring the ambient air pollutants in Garmsar industrial district
Authors: Maleki Ramin , Azhdari Seyyede Sara
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Nowadays, air pollution is one of the main health and environmental problems in developing cities, which is a result of the increasing use of fossil fuels, heat generators and the activities of industrial districts and industries.
Materials and methods: In order to conduct this descriptive cross-sectional study, the sampling site of Garmsar industrial district in Semnan province was selected. For air sampling, a large sample sampling pump, a cyclone holder filter and a fiberglass filter were used. The air sampling operation lasted from June to September, 2021. Sampling was performed in three days a week at a speed of 0.5 m/s. Therefore, 15 samples were taken per month and 60 samples were taken in each study period to measure each group of particles.
Results: Based on the results of the evaluation of air pollutants, among the measured pollutants, only the amount of suspended particles and sulfur dioxide in some sampling days is higher than the maximum allowable concentration of the standard ambient air. The Air Quality Index (AQI) for Particulate Matter less than 10 µm (PM10) in August exceeded the allowable level (100), and for Sulfur dioxide (SO2) in September.
Conclusion: Since the concentration of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide and consequently the amount of AQI in some sampling days is higher than the maximum allowable concentration of ambient air standard, continuous monitoring of emission sources, determination and control of emission sources, and creating local and industrial guidelines in this area is essential.
Impacts of petroleum refinery emissions on the health and safety of local residents
Authors: Otitolaiye Victor Olabode , Al-Harethiya Ghadeer Mubarak
Published: March 2022

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 25% of mortality in developing countries arises from environmental hazards. Over the years, soaring demand for humanity’s essential needs has prompted industrial-scale production and the generation of large quantities of waste. Petroleum refineries generate large quantities of waste which gives rise to health effects such as cancer, eye defects, birth defects, and reproductive defects. Furthermore, the residents living around refineries encounter several hazards arising from operations that generate noise, radiation, chemicals, vibration, dust and toxic pollutant gases. The current research landscape indicates that Petroleum Refinery Emissions or PREs pose significant risks to human health, safety and the environment. Therefore, this paper presents a concise review of the acute and chronic effects of PREs on the health and safety of residents living within the vicinity of petroleum refineries. The reviewed literature revealed that PREs cause various cancers, leukaemia, as well as cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproduction disorders. Hence, numerous approaches to mitigate, eliminate or address the short   and long term effects of PREs have been proposed in the literature. The proposed approaches include the bioremediation as well as the monitoring and evaluation of PREs to promptly detect, remediate and eliminate the hazards. However, other measures that could help address the outlined occupational health and environmental safety-related issues will go a long way in mitigating or curbing the socio-economic, environmental, health and safety impacts of PREs and industrial wastes.
Consequences and health effects of toxic air pollutants emission by industries
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Javad , Iswanto Acim Heri , Mansourimoghadam Sara , Taifi Ahmed , Maleki Heydar , Fakri Mustafa Yasser , Dehaghi Behzad Fouladi , Afra Arghavan , Taherian Masoume , Kiani Fatemeh , Hormati Maryam
Published: March 2022

Emission large amounts of air pollutants can cause many problems in the environment and human health. The purpose of this review study was evaluating consequences and health effects of toxic air pollutants and expressing strategies for controlling these pollutants.
A narrative review of the literature was done based on searched databases. All relevant studies published 1998 until 2021 gathered. According to the databases, 360 articles were retrieved. 24 studies were screened after review and 16 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 9 articles were selected in this study.
The results of this study showed that industrialization, increasing urbanization, technological development, rapid population growth, increased desertification and deforestation, occurrence of dust phenomenon, uncontrolled growth of motor vehicles, entry of various pollutants and environmental degradation cause a phenomenon called air pollution. Based on the results, the toxic air pollutants causes many health endpoints in human such as respiratory disease, asthma, chronic lung disease, respiratory and cardiovascular system dysfunction, decreased immune system, headache, dizziness, gastrointestinal disease and increased risk of cancer (lung, stomach, intestine, eye, liver and brain).
According to research related to the subject, air pollution is a positive function of energy consumption, volume of industrial activities, and the uncontrolled increase of human activities. The most vital factors are increasing the level of public awareness, reducing the exposure to toxic air pollutants, improving quality of the products and consumption of consumed fuels.
Association of TCF7L2 Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Motamadinasab Maryam , Dastgheib Seyed Alireza , Golshan-Tafti Mohammad , Bahrami Reza , Javaheri Atiyeh , Tabatabaie Razieh Sadat , Ordooei Mahtab , Neamatzadeh Hossein
Published: March 2022

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a complex metabolic disorder of pregnancy with a strong genetic predisposition. GDM is associated with complications during pregnancy and increased risk of type 2 diabetes later in mothers and develops a vicious cycle of metabolic diseases for future generations. Evidence is accumulating that women with genetic variants at transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene are more susceptible to GDM. The aim of the current meta-analysis was to assess the association of the TCF7L2 polymorphisms with GDM risk.
Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SID and CNKI databases were searched to identify relevant studies up to November 01, 2020. Using the fixed-effect or random-effect model, the pooled odds ratio and its corresponding 95% confidence interval were computed.
Results: A total of 38 case-control studies including 24 studies with 6021 cases and 13289 controls on rs7903146, eight studies with 2404 cases and 2615 controls on rs12255372 and six studies with 1357 cases and 2858 controls on rs7901695 polymorphism were selected. Pooled data showed that there was a significant association between the TCF7L2 rs7903146, rs12255372 and rs7901695 polymorphisms and an increased risk of GDM in whole population. Stratified analysis showed that the TCF7L2 rs7903146 polymorphism was associated with GDM in Caucasian, mixed and Chinese women, but not in Asians. Moreover, the TCF7L2 rs12255372 polymorphism was associated with GDM in Asians and Caucasians women with GDM.
Conclusion: The combined data indicated that the TCF7L2 rs7903146, rs12255372 and rs7901695 polymorphisms were associated with a significant risk of GDM in whole population, especially in Caucasian women.