bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Recycling Perspective towards Circular Economy
Authors: Guimarães Lucas Fonseca , Tenório Jorge Alberto Soares , Vaccari Mentore , Espinosa Denise Crocce Romano , Botelho Junior Amilton Barbosa
Published: August 2024

Recycling processes of lithium-ion batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles are widely studied today. To perform such recycling routes, it is necessary to know the composition of these batteries and their components. In this work, three pouch and three cylindrical LIBs were discharged, dismantled, and characterized, having their compositions known and quantified. The dismantling was performed using scissors, pliers, and a precision cutter equipment. The organic liquid electrolyte was quantified via mass loss after it evaporated at 60 °C for 24 h. The separators were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the cathode and anode active materials were analyzed using a scanning electronic microscope coupled to an energy-dispersive spectroscope (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XDR), and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). All LIBs were identified by type (NCA, NMC 442, NMC 811, LCO, and two LFP batteries), and a preliminary economic evaluation was conducted to understand their potential economic value (in USD/t). Both results (characterization and preliminary economic evaluation) were considered to discuss the perspective of recycling towards a circular economy for end-of-life LIBs.
Frustrated Alternative Approaches towards the Synthesis of a Thermally Stable 1,2-Diazacyclobutene
Authors: Breton Gary W. , Martin Kenneth L.
Published: August 2024

We have previously demonstrated that an appropriately substituted four-membered-ring 1,2-diazacyclobutene is a useful compound in organic synthesis for the introduction of strained 1,2-diazetidine rings. In order to further explore the reactivity of this interesting heterocycle, we sought a method to improve upon the poor synthetic yield reported earlier. A novel route involving the synthesis of a similarly substituted 1,2-diazetidine compound followed by free-radical bromination and base-catalyzed debromination appeared promising. While there are some studies on the synthesis of the desired 1,2-diazetidine precursor, when we attempted its synthesis, we instead observed the exclusive formation of an eight-membered “dimer”-like compound. The structure of this compound was confirmed via single-crystal X-ray analysis. Fortunately, an alternative synthetic approach for the formation of the desired 1,2-diazetidine precursor proved successful, and the structure of the precursor has been confirmed via X-ray analysis. However, unfortunately, the required bromination step proved to be more challenging than expected, and ultimately, this route had to be abandoned since the anticipated improvement upon the original yield did not seem promising. Single-crystal X-ray analysis proved pivotal in properly identifying the structures of the synthesized compounds.
Assessing the Limit of CO2 Storage in Seawater as Bicarbonate-Enriched Solutions
Authors: Varliero Selene , Jamali Alamooti Samira , Campo Francesco Pietro , Cappello Giovanni , Cappello Stefano , Caserini Stefano , Comazzi Federico , Macchi Piero , Raos Guido
Published: August 2024

The dissolution of CO2 in seawater in the form of bicarbonate ions is an attractive alternative to storage in geological formations, on the condition that the storage is stable over long periods and does not harm the marine environment. In this work, we focus on the long-term chemical stability of CO2 absorbed in seawater as bicarbonate by monitoring the physico-chemical properties of the solutions (pH, dissolved inorganic carbon and alkalinity) in six different sets of experiments on both natural and artificial seawater lasting up to three months. The bicarbonate treatment of natural seawater consists of mixing it with pre-equilibrated solutions obtained from the reaction of CO2 and Ca(OH)2, with the same pH as natural seawater. This was achieved with a pilot plant working with tons of seawater, while small-scale laboratory experiments were carried out by adding sodium bicarbonate to artificial seawater solutions. If the increase in the overall carbon concentration in the final mixture does not exceed a critical threshold (about 1000–1500 μmol/L), the resulting bicarbonate-rich solutions are found to be stable for over three months.
Study on the Hydrophobic Modification Mechanism of Stearic Acid on the Surface of Coal Gasification Fly Ash
Authors: Yang Jian , Li Longjiang , Wang Wenyuan
Published: August 2024

In this study, the hydrophobic modification of coal gasification fly ash (FA) was investigated given the adverse effects of surface hydrophilic structures on the material field. The surface of FA was modified using stearic acid (SA), which successfully altered its hydrophilic structure. When the contact angle of S-FA increased from 23.4° to 127.2°, the activation index increased from 0 to 0.98, the oil absorption decreased from 0.564 g/g to 0.510 g/g, and the BET-specific surface area decreased from 13.973 m2/g to 3.218 m2/g. The failure temperature of SA on the surface of S-FA was 210 °C. The adsorption mechanism of FA was analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD). The adsorption of water molecules by FA involved both chemical and physical adsorption, with active adsorption sites for Al, Fe, and Si. The adsorbed water molecules on the surface of FA formed hydrogen bonds with a bond length of 1.5–2.5 Å, leading to agglomeration. In addition, the long alkyl chain in SA mainly relied on the central carbon atom in the (-CH3) structure to obtain electrons in different directions from the H atoms in space, increasing the Coulomb repulsion with the O atoms in the water molecule and thereby achieving the hydrophobic effect. In the temperature range of 298 K to 358 K, the combination of FA and SA became stronger as the temperature increased.
Synergistic Enhancement of Diagnostic Imaging: Synthesis and Preliminary Safety Evaluation of Gadolinium-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Dual-Contrast Agent
Authors: Wojnicki Marek , Wojtaszek Konrad , Tokarski Tomasz , Csapó Edit , Knutelska Joanna , Bednarski Marek , Skórkowska Alicja , Pomierny-Chamioło Lucyna , Kotańska Magdalena
Published: August 2024

The present study explores the synthesis and bio-safety evaluation of gadolinium-doped carbon quantum dots (GCQDs) as a potential dual-contrast agent for diagnostic imaging. GCQDs exhibit both fluorescent and magnetic properties, making them suitable for UV–Vis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The synthesis of GCQDs was achieved via hydrothermal treatment, incorporating gadolinium into the carbon quantum dot matrix. The magnetic properties of GCQDs were analyzed, showing significantly enhanced values compared to gadobutrol, a common MRI contrast agent. However, synthesis constraints limit the gadolinium content achievable in nanodots. To assess the safety of GCQDs, their effects on the embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) were examined. Various concentrations of GCQDs were tested, observing mortality rates, hatchability, malformations, heartbeats, spontaneous movement, and GCQDs uptake. Dialysis studies indicated that gadolinium ions are incorporated into the internal structure of the carbon nanodots. Zebrafish toxicity tests revealed that while survival rates were comparable to control groups, hatchability decreased significantly with higher gadolinium concentrations in GCQDs. Fluorescence microscopy showed no statistical differences in the fluorescence intensity between groups. These findings suggest that GCQDs could serve as an effective dual-contrast agent, combining the optical imaging capabilities of CQDs with the enhanced MRI contrast provided by gadolinium. This study underscores the need for further research on the synthesis methods and biological interactions of GCQDs to ensure their safety and efficacy in medical applications.
Microsolvation of a Proton by Ar Atoms: Structures and Energetics of ArnH+ Clusters
Authors: Montes de Oca-Estévez María Judit , Prosmiti Rita
Published: August 2024

We present a computational investigation on the structural arrangements and energetic stabilities of small-size protonated argon clusters, Ar nH +. Using high-level ab initio electronic structure computations, we determined that the linear symmetric triatomic ArH +Ar ion serves as the molecular core for all larger clusters studied. Through harmonic normal-mode analysis for clusters containing up to seven argon atoms, we observed that the proton-shared vibration shifts to lower frequencies, consistent with measurements in gas-phase IRPD and solid Ar-matrix isolation experiments. We explored the sum-of-potentials approach by employing kernel-based machine-learning potential models trained on CCSD(T)-F12 data. These models included expansions of up to two-body, three-body, and four-body terms to represent the underlying interactions as the number of Ar atoms increases. Our results indicate that the four-body contributions are crucial for accurately describing the potential surfaces in clusters with n> 3. Using these potential models and an evolutionary programming method, we analyzed the structural stability of clusters with up to 24 Ar atoms. The most energetically favored Ar nH + structures were identified for magic size clusters at n = 7, 13, and 19, corresponding to the formation of Ar-pentagon rings perpendicular to the ArH +Ar core ion axis. The sequential formation of such regular shell structures is compared to ion yield data from high-resolution mass spectrometry measurements. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed sum-of-potentials model in describing trends in the nature of bonding during the single proton microsolvation by Ar atoms, encouraging further quantum nuclear studies.
Superior Single-Entity Electrochemistry Performance of Capping Agent-Free Gold Nanoparticles Compared to Citrate-Capped Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Heo Dain , Kim Ki Jun , Kwon Seong Jung
Published: August 2024

In observing the electrocatalytic current of nanoparticles (NPs) using single-entity electrochemistry (SEE), the surface state of the NPs significantly influences the SEE signal. This study investigates the influence of capping agents on the electrocatalytic properties of gold (Au) NPs using SEE. Two inner-sphere reactions, hydrazine oxidation and glucose oxidation, were chosen to explore the SEE characteristics of Au NPs based on the capping agent presence. The results revealed that “capping agent-free” Au NPs exhibited signal magnitudes and frequencies consistent with theoretical expectations, indicating superior stability and catalytic performance in electrolyte solutions. In contrast, citrate-capped Au NPs showed signals varying depending on the applied potential, with larger magnitudes and lower frequencies than expected, likely due to an aggregation of NPs. This study suggests that capping agents play a crucial role in the catalytic performance and stability of Au NPs in SEE. By demonstrating that minimizing capping agent presence can enhance effectiveness in SEE, it provides insights into the future applications of NPs, particularly highlighting their potential as nanocatalysts in energy conversion reactions and environmental applications.
Prediction of Mechanical Properties of Nano-Clay-Based Biopolymeric Composites
Authors: Voicu Rodica Cristina , Gologanu Mihai , Tibeica Catalin , Santiago-Calvo Mercedes , Asensio María , Cañibano Esteban , Nedelcu Oana , Sandu Titus
Published: August 2024

An understanding of the mechanical behavior of polymeric materials is crucial for making advancements in the applications and efficiency of nanocomposites, and encompasses their service life, load resistance, and overall reliability. The present study focused on the prediction of the mechanical behavior of biopolymeric nanocomposites with nano-clays as the nanoadditives, using a new modeling and simulation method based on Comsol Multiphysics software 6.1. This modeling considered the complex case of flake-shaped nano-clay additives that could form aggregates along the polymeric matrix, varying the nanoadditive thickness, and consequently affecting the resulting mechanical properties of the polymeric nanocomposite. The polymeric matrix investigated was biopolyamide 11 (BIOPA11). Several BIOPA11 samples reinforced with three different contents of nano-clays (0, 3, and 10 wt%), and with three different nano-clay dispersion grades (employing three different extrusion screw configurations) were obtained by the compounding extrusion process. The mechanical behavior of these samples was studied by the experimental tensile test. The experimental results indicate an enhancement of Young’s modulus as the nano-clay content was increased from 0 to 10 wt% for the same dispersion grades. In addition, the Young’s modulus value increased when the dispersion rate of the nano-clays was improved, showing the highest increase of around 93% for the nanocomposite with 10 wt% nano-clay. A comparison of the modeled mechanical properties and the experimental measurements values was performed to validate the modeling results. The simulated results fit well with the experimental values of Young’s modulus.
Biological Effects of Green Synthesized Al-ZnO Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract from Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze on Living Organisms
Authors: Sugitha S. K. Johnsy , Latha R. Gladis , Venkatesan Raja , Vetcher Alexandre A. , Ali Nemat , Kim Seong-Cheol
Published: August 2024

The synthesis of Al-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) was achieved using a green synthesis approach, utilizing leaf extract from Anisomeles indica (L.) in a straightforward co-precipitation method. The goal of this study was to investigate the production of Al-ZnO nanoparticles through the reduction and capping method utilizing Anisomeles indica (L.) leaf extract. The powder X-ray diffraction, UV spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EDAX analysis were used to analyze the nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of spherical structures with an average grain size of 40 nm in diameter, while UV–visible spectroscopy revealed a prominent absorption peak at 360 nm. FTIR spectra demonstrated the presence of stretching vibrations associated with O-H, N-H, C=C, C-N, and C=O as well as C-Cl groups indicating their involvement in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles. SEM image revealed the presence of spongy, spherical, porous agglomerated nanoparticles, confirming the chemical composition of Al-ZnO nanoparticles through the use of the EDAX technique. Al-ZnO nanoparticles showed increased bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant property of the green synthesized Al-ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by DPPH radical scavenging with an IC50 value of 23.52 indicating excellent antioxidant capability. Green synthesized Al-ZnO nanoparticles were shown in in vivo studies on HeLa cell lines to be effective for cancer treatment. Additionally, α-amylase inhibition assay and α-glucosidase inhibition assay demonstrated their potent anti-diabetic activities. Moving forward, the current methodology suggests that the presence of phenolic groups, flavonoids, and amines in Al-ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with Anisomeles indica (L.) extract exhibit significant promise for eliciting biological responses, including antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects, in the realms of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
Effect of Sulfur Modification on Structural and Electrochemical Performance of Pitch-Based Carbon Materials for Lithium/Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Zihui , Wen Zhe , Song Yan , Yang Tao , Tian Xiaodong , Wu Jinru , Liu Yaxiong , Liu Zhanjun , Wang Huiqi
Published: August 2024

Coal tar pitch (CTP) has become an ideal choice in the preparation of anode precursors for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its abundant carbon content, competitive pricing and adjustable structure properties. In this paper, sulfurized pitch-based carbon (SPC-800) was obtained by allowing CTP to react with sulfur at 350 °C and subsequently achieve carbonization at 800 °C. SPC-800 was more disordered and had a larger layer spacing than carbonized CTP (PC-800). Upon utilization as an anode for LIBs, SPC-800 possessed a higher reversible specific capacity (478.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), while utilization in SIBs displayed a capacity of 220.9 mAh g−1 at 20 mA g−1. This work is an important guide to the design of high-performance anodes suitable for use with both LIBs and SIBs.
Understanding the Changes in Brain Activation When Viewing Products with Differences in Attractiveness
Authors: Sin Emily L. L. , Wong Clive H. Y. , Chau Bolton K. H. , Rauterberg Matthias , Siu Kin Wai Michael , Shih Yi-Teng
Published: August 2024

Product design and attractiveness are pivotal factors that determine people’s positive reactions when viewing a product and may eventually affect their purchasing choices. Comprehending how people assess product design is crucial. Various studies have explored the link between product attractiveness and consumer behavior, but these were predominantly behavioral studies that offered limited insight into the neural processes underlying perceptions of product attractiveness. Gaining a deeper understanding of these neural mechanisms is valuable, as it enables the formulation of more objective design guidelines based on brain activity, enhancing product appeal and, ultimately, spurring consumer purchases. In our study, we sought to (1) elucidate the neural network engaged when individuals evaluate highly attractive product images, (2) delineate the neural network activated during the evaluation of less attractive product images, and (3) contrast the differences in neural networks between evaluations of highly and less attractive images. We utilized fMRI to investigate the neural activation patterns elicited by viewing product images of varying attractiveness levels. The results indicated distinct neural activations in response to the two types of attractive images. Highly attractive product images elicited activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the occipital pole, whereas less attractive product images stimulated the insula and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The findings of this project provide some of the first insights of its kind and valuable insights for future product design, suggesting that incorporating more positive and rewarding elements could enhance product appeal. This research elucidates the neural correlates of people’s responses to product attractiveness, revealing that highly attractive designs activate reward-related brain regions, while less attractive designs engage areas associated with emotional processing. These findings offer a neuroscientific basis for further studies on developing design strategies that align with consumers’ innate preferences, potentially transforming product design and marketing practices. By leveraging this knowledge, designers can craft products that not only meet functional needs but also resonate more deeply on an esthetic level, thereby enhancing consumer engagement and purchase likelihood.
First Trial of a Novel Caseous Lymphadenitis Inactivated Vaccine in South Korea: Experimental Evaluation across Various Animal Models
Authors: Park Gyeong-Seo , Lee Somin , Jeong Min A , Lee So Young , Cho Dong-Geun , Cho WonIl , Kim Seung-Chai , Kim Hwan-Ju , Lee Taek Geun , Jeong Chang-Gi , Kim Won-Il , Oh Yeonsu , Cho Ho-Seong , Seo Byoung-Joo , Kim Chonghan
Published: August 2024

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) is a chronic and subclinical bacterial disease of ruminants caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) infection. Until 2014, there were no reports of CLA outbreaks in South Korea; however, the prevalence of CLA cases has steadily increased. In this study, we used recently obtained field isolates to develop the first inactivated CLA vaccine in South Korea and evaluated it in various animal models. The inactivated vaccine was evaluated for virulence and effectiveness. Mice were tested for virulence and immunization challenges, and guinea pigs and Korean Native Black Goats (KNBGs) evaluated various vaccine concentrations to determine the optimal dose and effectiveness. In the case of KNBGs, clinical symptoms were not observed after vaccination. In addition, CLA-specific IgG was detected at a significantly (p < 0.05) high level and was maintained. In histopathological evaluations, inflammation was predominantly observed in the prefemoral lymph nodes in the non-vaccinated+CHAL group. The genetic diversity of C. pseudotuberculosis, which has become widespread in South Korea, is less than 0.5% our vaccine is expected to prevent infection by a wide range of strains effectively. In summary, our CLA vaccine can potentially prevent CLA and foster the growth of South Korea’s domestic KNBG industry.
Contributions of Long-Read Sequencing for the Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Sierra Roberto , Roch Mélanie , Moraz Milo , Prados Julien , Vuilleumier Nicolas , Emonet Stéphane , Andrey Diego O.
Published: August 2024

Background. In the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of bacteria is considered a highly accurate and comprehensive surveillance method for detecting and tracking the spread of resistant pathogens. Two primary sequencing technologies exist: short-read sequencing (50–300 base pairs) and long-read sequencing (thousands of base pairs). The former, based on Illumina sequencing platforms (ISPs), provides extensive coverage and high accuracy for detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and small insertions/deletions, but is limited by its read length. The latter, based on platforms such as Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), enables the assembly of genomes, particularly those with repetitive regions and structural variants, although its accuracy has historically been lower. Results. We performed a head-to-head comparison of these techniques to sequence the K. pneumoniae VS17 isolate, focusing on blaNDM resistance gene alleles in the context of a surveillance program. Discrepancies between the ISP (blaNDM-4 allele identified) and ONT (blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-5 alleles identified) were observed. Conjugation assays and Sanger sequencing, used as the gold standard, confirmed the validity of ONT results. This study demonstrates the importance of long-read or hybrid assemblies for accurate carbapenemase resistance gene identification and highlights the limitations of short reads in the context of gene duplications or multiple alleles. Conclusions. In this proof-of-concept study, we conclude that recent long-read sequencing technology may outperform standard short-read sequencing for the accurate identification of carbapenemase alleles. Such information is crucial given the rising prevalence of strains producing multiple carbapenemases, especially as WGS is increasingly used for epidemiological surveillance and infection control.
Progression of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis after Pregnancy: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Jacquerioz Frederique A. , La Rosa Mauricio , González-Lagos Elsa , Alvarez Carolina , Tipismana Martin , Luhmann Karen , Gotuzzo Eduardo
Published: August 2024

HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive non-remitting and incapacitating disease more frequently seen in women and with a patchy worldwide distribution. HAM/TSP develops in a small percentage of HTLV-1-infected individuals during their lifetime and etiologic factors for disease progression are still unclear. This study aims to describe the first case series of the progression of HAM/TSP in relation to pregnancy. Between January and March of 2012, we reviewed medical charts of women with HAM/TSP currently enrolled in the HTLV-1 cohort at the institute of tropical medicine of Cayetano Heredia University. Inclusion criteria included having a diagnosis of HAM/TSP according to the WHO guidelines and self-reported initial symptoms of HAM/TSP during pregnancy or within six months of delivery. Fifteen women reported having had symptoms compatible with HAM/TSP within four months of delivery. Among them, ten women had no symptoms before pregnancy and reported gait impairment after delivery. Five women with mild gait impairment before pregnancy noticed a worsening of their symptoms after delivery. Symptoms worsened after successive pregnancies. Recent studies have shown that HTLV-1 infection induces a strong T cell-mediated response and that the quality of this response plays a role in HAM/TSP pathogenesis. The relative immunosuppression during pregnancy, including blunting of the T-cell response, might allowed in certain women enhanced replication of HTLV-1 and disease progression in the postpartum. This is the first study looking specifically at HAM/TSP and pregnancy and the number of cases is remarkable. Further prospective studies of HTLV-1-infected women assessing immune markers during pregnancy are warranted. Breastfeeding was the main route of transmission. Strategies to prevent vertical transmission need to be evaluated in HTLV-1 endemic countries of Latin America.
Anticancer Activity of Imidazolyl Gold(I/III) Compounds in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Galassi Rossana , Sargentoni Nicola , Renzi Sofia , Luciani Lorenzo , Bartolacci Caterina , Pattabhi Prasad , Andreani Cristina , Pucciarelli Stefania
Published: August 2024

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide that needs updated therapies to contrast both the serious side effects and the occurrence of drug resistance. A panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells were herein employed as cancer models. Eight structurally related gold(I) and gold(III) complexes with NHC and halides or triphenylphosphane ligands were investigated as lung cancer cell growth inhibitors. As expected, gold compounds with PPh3 were found to be more cytotoxic than homoleptic [(NHC)2-Au(I)]X or heteroleptic NHC-Au(I)X or NHC-Au(III)X3 complexes. Mixed ligand gold(I) compounds exhibiting the linear NHC-AuPPh3 (compound 7) or the trigonal NHC-Au(Cl)PPh3 (compound 8) arrangements at the central metal were found to be the best lung cancer cytotoxic compounds. Analysis of the TrxR residual activity of the treated cells revealed that these compounds efficiently inhibit the most accredited molecular target for gold compounds, the TrxR, with compound 8 reaching more than 80% activity reduction in lung cells. Some of the current cancer lung therapy protocols consist of specific lung cancer cell cytotoxic agents combined with antifolate drugs; interestingly, the herein gold compounds are both TrxR and antifolate inhibitors. The human DHFR was inhibited with IC50 ranging between 10–21 µM, depending on substrate concentrations, proceeding by a likely allosteric mechanism only for compound 8.
Enhancing Oral 5-ASA Effectiveness in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis through an H. erinaceus-Based Nutraceutical Add-on Multi-Compound: The “HERICIUM-UC” Two-Arm Multicentre Retrospective Study
Authors: Tursi Antonio , D’Avino Alessandro , Brandimarte Giovanni , Mocci Giammarco , Pellegrino Raffaele , Savarino Edoardo Vincenzo , Gravina Antonietta Gerarda ,   the HERICIUM-UC Study Group
Published: August 2024

Mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis (UC) management is centred on 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) derivatives. Whether supplementing 5-ASA with nutraceuticals can provide real advantages in UC-relevant outcomes is unclear. This retrospective multicentre study compared clinical remission, response rates, and faecal calprotectin levels in a two-arm design, including patients treated with 5-ASA alone and those with additional H. erinaceus-based multi-compound supplementation. In the 5-ASA alone group, clinical response rates were 41% at three months (T1) and 60.2% at six months (T2), while corresponding clinical remission rates were 16.9% and 36.1%. In the nutraceutical supplementation group, clinical response rates were 49.6% (T1) and 70.4% (T2), with clinical remission rates of 30.4% (T1) and 50.9% (T2). No significant differences in clinical response rates between the groups at T1 (p = 0.231) and T2 (p = 0.143) emerged. Clinical remission rates differed significantly at both time points (p = 0.029 and p = 0.042, respectively). Faecal calprotectin levels decreased significantly in both groups during the retrospective follow-up (p < 0.05), and this was more pronounced in nutraceutical supplementation patients at both T1 (p = 0.005) and T2 (p = 0.01). No adverse events were reported. This multi-component nutraceutical supplementation offers real-world potential in controlling disease activity in patients with mild-to-moderate UC.
Evaluation of Anti-Xa Target Attainment with Prophylactic Enoxaparin Dosing Regimens for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Morbidly Obese Patients
Authors: Sabers Andrew , Langenhan Emilie , Avedissian Sean N. , Reynolds Brandon
Published: August 2024

Subcutaneous enoxaparin has been shown to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among hospitalized patients. However, alternative enoxaparin dosing strategies may be necessary in morbid obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the rate of target anti-Xa attainment with three enoxaparin dosing regimens for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in morbidly obese patients. In this retrospective study, anti-Xa target attainment was assessed among adult patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2 receiving enoxaparin 40 mg twice daily (BID), 60 mg BID, or 0.5 mg/kg BID. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Target anti-Xa levels were defined as a steady-state, peak level of 0.2–0.5 IU/mL. This study included 120 patients with 55 patients receiving 40 mg BID, 44 patients receiving 60 mg BID, and 21 patients receiving 0.5 mg/kg BID. Target anti-Xa levels were achieved in 29.1% of patients in the 40 mg BID arm, 54.5% in the 60 mg BID arm, and 90.5% in the 0.5 mg/kg BID arm. Anti-Xa target attainment was significantly increased in both the 60 mg BID arm (p = 0.01) and the 0.5 mg/kg arm (p < 0.0001), compared to the 40 mg BID arm. In morbidly obese patients, weight-based dosing was associated with a greater attainment of target anti-Xa levels. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of these dosing regimens on clinical outcomes.
What Dawned First: Early Buddhist Philosophy on the Problem of Phenomenon and Origin in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Divino Federico
Published: August 2024

This article explores the issues of phenomenon and genesis in Early Buddhist thought through a comparative analysis with the Eleatic tradition, aiming to enrich the understanding and dialogue between these philosophical and religious traditions. By examining the comparability of Buddhist thought and Parmenidean philosophy, the study challenges the notion that these traditions are fundamentally alien to each other. The focus is on the concept of genesis, not as creation from nothingness—rejected by both the Buddha and Parmenides—but as the manifestation of the world to the human observer. The article argues that the world reveals itself in particular forms and appearances, which are intimately linked to the phenomenon and its perception by humans. This process is not solely a domain of rigid logical propositions but can be expressed through mythological and religious narratives. The study posits that the poetic expressiveness found in archaic philosophies of both India and Greece provides a valid medium for engaging in philosophical discourse. By adopting this comparative and dialogical perspective, the article aims to generate new philosophical insights and inspire future philosophical inquiry. The reflection on phenomenon and genesis, framed through this comparative lens, highlights the nuanced ways in which different traditions address the nature of reality and human perception, ultimately advocating for a broader, more inclusive understanding of philosophy that transcends conventional boundaries.
Refractive Index Evaluation in Active TDBC Layers for Photonics Applications
Authors: Gadedjisso-Tossou Komlan S. , Albaric Tessa , Habouria Adam , Lian Deru , Symonds Clémentine , Benoit Jean-Michel , Bellessa Joel , Gassenq Alban
Published: August 2024

Tetrachlorodiethyl Benzimidazo Carbocyanine (TDBC) layers are very interesting for photonics applications due to their huge oscillator strength, narrow absorption and low-cost fabrication. They are mainly used in strong coupling studies but also for wavelength selective grating fabrication, light concentration, absorption enhancement and so on. However, these intrinsic properties, particularly the refractive index, require further investigation. In this work, we first reviewed the values of the refractive index of TDBC layers reported in the literature. Using fitting with the Drude–Lorentz model, differences are highlighted. We then fabricated pure TDBC layers and measured their properties using ellipsometry and absorption spectroscopy. Finally, we also evaluated the refractive index as a function of the layer bleaching. This work shows that although the precise refractive index evaluation of pure TDBC layers is dependent on the measurement method, their oscillator strength force still remains very high without bleaching.
Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard
Authors: Acosta Jose A. , Imbernón-Mulero Alberto , Gallego-Elvira Belén , Maestre-Valero Jose F. , Martínez-Martínez Silvia , Martínez-Álvarez Victoriano
Published: August 2024

Agroecological ecosystems produce significant carbon dioxide fluxes; however, the equilibrium of their carbon sequestration, as well as emission rates, faces considerable uncertainties. Therefore, sustainable cropping practices represent a unique opportunity for carbon sequestration, compensating greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, we evaluated the short-term effect of different management practices in alleys (tillage, no tillage, alley cropping with Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus hyemalis on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and CO2 emissions in a grapefruit orchard under semiarid climate). For two years every four months, soil sampling campaigns were performed, soil CO2 emissions were measured, and rhizosphere soils were sampled at the end of the experimental period. The results show that alley cropping with Thymus and Rosmarinus contributed to improve soil fertility, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and nutrients. The CO2 emission rates followed the soil temperature/moisture pattern. Tillage did not contribute to higher overall CO2 emissions, and there were no decreased SOC contents. In contrast, alley crops increased CO2 emission rates, especially Rosmarinus; however, the bigger root system and biomass of Rosmarinus contributed to soil carbon sequestration at a greater rate than Thymus. Therefore, Rosmarinus is positioned as a better option than Thymus to be used as an alley crop, although long-term monitoring is required to evaluate if the reported short-term benefits are maintained over time.
Improving Cuticle Thickness and Quality Traits in Table Grape cv. ‘Italia’ Using Pre-Harvest Treatments
Authors: La Spada Paolo , Continella Alberto , Dominguez Eva , Heredia Antonio , Gentile Alessandra
Published: August 2024

Table grape viticulture, due to the impact of climate change, will have to face many challenges in the coming decades, including resistance to pathogens and physiological disorders. Our attention was focused on fruit cracking due to its ubiquitous presence in several species. This study explores the effects of three different treatments on the epidermis and cuticle of table grape berries by evaluating the impact of the girdling technique on various fruit quality parameters, including cuticle thickness, sugar content, acidity, color, bunch weight, and rheological properties. The treatments were (1) calcium chloride (CaCl2), (2) calcium chloride + salicylic acid (CaCl2 + SA), and (3) calcium chloride + Ascophyllum nodosum (CaCl2 + AN), with and without girdling, plus an untreated control. This research was conducted over the 2021–2022 growing season in a commercial vineyard in Licodia Eubea, Sicily, Italy. The results indicate significant variations in cuticle thickness and other qualitative traits throughout the growth and ripening phases, with notable differences depending on the treatment used. This study’s findings suggest that specific treatments can influence the structural integrity of the grape cuticle, potentially impacting the fruit’s susceptibility to cracking and overall marketability. The findings provide valuable insights into the role of chemical treatments and cultural techniques in enhancing fruit quality and resistance to environmental stresses in table grape cultivation.
Enhancing Corn (Zea mays L.) Productivity under Varying Water Regimes with At-Plant Application of Xyway Fungicide
Authors: Poudel Isha , Shekoofa Avat
Published: August 2024

A fungicide’s ingredients can play a physiological role in crop water-management decisions. Our greenhouse study in 2021 demonstrated that Xyway LFR@FMC at-plant fungicide can significantly improve water-saving potential in corn. In 2022 and 2023, a field study was conducted to validate this finding. The 1.11 L ha−1 of Xyway LFR@FMC and no-fungicide/check were the main plot effects. Three water regimes, high (HI) and low (LO) numbers of irrigation events and rainfed (RF), were the subplot effect. Plants treated with Xyway LFR@FMC had significantly higher plant height, stem diameter, and leaf water potential (LWP), and had 11.9, 13.4, and 18.3% higher yield under RF, LO, and HI, respectively, in 2022. In 2023, there were no significant differences for the yield components and growth parameters when the combined effect of fungicide treatments and water regimes was considered. However, plants treated with the fungicide had a higher number of rows per ear, kernel number per row, and cob diameter compared to the check. There was no significant separation for yield among the water regimes in 2023, but the crop yield was overall higher for the fungicide-treated plots. Our results indicate that Xyway LFR@FMC fungicide has the potential to improve plant growth and protect the yield when limited water is applied.
Liquid Overlay-Induced Donor Plant Vigor and Initial Ammonium-Free Regrowth Medium Are Critical to the Cryopreservation of Scrophularia kakudensis
Authors: Lee Hyoeun , Park Hana , Park Sang-Un , Kim Haenghoon
Published: August 2024

Cryopreservation, storing biological material in liquid nitrogen (LN, −196 °C), offers a valuable option for the long-term conservation of non-orthodox seeds and vegetatively propagated species in the sector of agrobiodiversity and wild flora. Although the large-scale cryobanking of germplasm collections has been increasing worldwide, the wide application of cryopreservation protocols in wild flora is hampered by difficulties in vitro propagation and a lack of universal cryopreservation protocols, among others. This study established a systematic approach to developing an in vitro culture and droplet-vitrification cryopreservation procedure for shoot tips of Scrophularia kakudensis. The standard procedure includes a two-step preculture with 10% sucrose for 31 h and with 17.5% sucrose for 16 h, osmoprotection with loading solution C4-35% (17.5% glycerol + 17.5% sucrose, w/v) for 30 min, cryoprotection with A3-80% (33.3% glycerol + 13.3% dimethyl sulfoxide + 13.3% ethylene glycol + 20.1% sucrose, w/v) at 0 °C for 60 min, and cooling and rewarming using aluminum foil strips. After unloading, a three-step regrowth procedure starting with an ammonium-free medium with growth regulators was essential for developing normal plantlets from cryopreserved shoot tips. Liquid overlay on the gelled medium two weeks after inoculation resulted in vigorous growth during subcultures. Moreover, liquid overlay increased LN regeneration by up to 80%, i.e., 23% higher than no liquid overlay.
A Precise Prediction of the Chemical and Thermal Shrinkage during Curing of an Epoxy Resin
Authors: Jørgensen Jesper K. , Maes Vincent K. , Mikkelsen Lars P. , Andersen Tom L.
Published: August 2024

A precise prediction of the cure-induced shrinkage of an epoxy resin is performed using a finite element simulation procedure for the material behaviour. A series of experiments investigating the cure shrinkage of the resin system has shown a variation in the measured cure-induced strains. The observed variation results from the thermal history during the pre-cure. A proposed complex thermal expansion model and a conventional chemical shrinkage model are utilised to predict the cure shrinkage observed with finite element simulations. The thermal expansion model is fitted to measured data and considers material effects such as the glass transition temperature and the evolution of the expansion with the degree of cure. The simulations accurately capture the exothermal heat release from the resin and the cure-induced strains across various temperature profiles. The simulations follow the experimentally observed behaviour. The simulation predictions achieve good accuracy with 2–6% discrepancy compared with the experimentally measured shrinkage over a wide range of cure profiles. Demonstrating that the proposed complex thermal expansion model affects the potential to minimise the shrinkage of the studied epoxy resin. A recommendation of material parameters necessary to accurately determine cure shrinkage is listed. These parameters are required to predict cure shrinkage, allow for possible minimisation, and optimise cure profiles for the investigated resin system. Furthermore, in a study where the resin movement is restrained and therefore able to build up residual stresses, these parameters can describe the cure contribution of the residual stresses in a component.
Electro-Optic Response of Polymer-Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals with Different Polymer Concentrations
Authors: Saadaoui Lotfi , Yang Donghao , Hassan Faheem , Qiu Ziyang , Wang Yu , Fan Yujie , Drevensek-Olenik Irena , Li Yigang , Zhang Xinzheng , Xu Jingjun
Published: August 2024

Polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals (PSCLCs) have emerged as promising candidates for one-dimensional photonic lattices that enable precise tuning of the photonic band gap (PBG). This work systematically investigates the effect of polymer concentrations on the AC electric field-induced tuning of the PBG in PSCLCs, in so doing it explores a range of concentrations and provides new insights into how polymer concentration affects both the stabilization of cholesteric textures and the electro-optic response. We demonstrate that low polymer concentrations (≈3 wt. %) cause a blue shift in the short wavelength band edge, while high concentrations (≈10 wt. %) lead to a contraction and deterioration of the reflection band. Polarization optical microscopy was conducted to confirm the phase transition induced by the application of an electric field. The observations confirm that increased polymer concentration stabilizes the cholesteric texture. Particularly, the highly desired fingerprint texture was stabilized in a sample with 10 wt. % of the polymer, whereas it was unstable for lower polymer concentrations. Additionally, higher polymer concentrations also improved the dissymmetry factor and stability of the lasing emission, with the dissymmetry factor reaching the value of around 2 for samples with 10 wt. % of polymer additive. Our results provide valuable comprehension into the design of advanced PSCLC structures with tunable optical properties, enhancing device performance and paving the way for innovative photonic applications.
The Hydrogen Bonding in the Hard Domains of the Siloxane Polyurea Copolymer Elastomers
Authors: Bao Ming , Liu Tianyu , Tao Ying , Ni Xiuyuan
Published: August 2024

For probing the structure–property relationships of the polyurea elastomers, we synthesize the siloxane polyurea copolymer elastomer by using two aminopropyl-terminated polysiloxane monomers with low and high number-average molecular weight (Mn), i.e., L-30D and H-130D. To study the influence of the copolymer structures on the film properties, these films are analyzed to obtain the tensile performance, UV-vis spectra, cross-sectional topographies, and glass transition temperature (Tg). The two synthetic thermoplastic elastomer films are characterized by transparency, ductility, and the Tg of the hard domains, depending on the reacting compositions. Furthermore, the film elasticity behavior is studied by the strain recovery and cyclic tensile test, and then, the linear fitting of the tensile data is used to describe the film elasticity based on the Mooney–Rivlin model. Moreover, the temperature-dependent infrared (IR) spectra during heating and cooling are conducted to study the strength and recovery rate of the hydrogen bonding, respectively, and their influence on the film performance is further analyzed; the calculated Mn of the hard segment chains is correlated to the macroscopic recovery rate of the hydrogen bonding. These results can add deep insight to the structure–property relationships of the siloxane polyurea copolymer.
A Promising Recycling Strategy via Processing Polypropylene/Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Reactive Extrusion Using Dual Compatibilizers
Authors: Morshedi Dehaghi Fatemeh , Aberoumand Mohammad , Sundararaj Uttandaraman
Published: August 2024

Enhancing interfacial adhesion in polypropylene (PP)/recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) blends is crucial for the effective mechanical recycling of these commercial plastic wastes. This study investigates the reactive extrusion of PP/rPET blends using a dual compatibilizer system comprising maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) and various glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-based compatibilizers. The effects of backbone structure and reactive group on the morphological, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were systematically studied. This study sheds light on the effective compatibilization mechanisms using characterization methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and morphological analyses (SEM). The results indicate that GMA-based compatibilizers play a bridging role between rPET and PP-g-MA, resulting in improved compatibility between the blend components. A combination of 3 phr PP-g-MA and 3 phr ethylene-methyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (EMA-GMA) significantly improves interfacial adhesion, leading to synergistic enhancements of mechanical performance of the blend, up to 217% and 116% increases in elongation at break and impact strength, respectively, compared to the uncompatibilized sample. Moreover, a significant improvement in onset temperature for degradation is observed for the dual compatibilized sample, with 40 °C and 33 °C increases in onset temperature relative to the uncompatibilized and the single compatibilized samples. These findings underscore the immense potential of tailored multi-component compatibilizer systems for upgrading recycled plastic waste materials.