bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affordance
Authors: Carnes Natalie
Published: June 2024

As attunement is an aesthetic strategy, no less is it a political one. This chapter uses the category of affordance to elaborate attunement and describe why its aesthetic investments yield new political possibilities. Drawing on discourses around affordances starting in James Gibson together with the insights of those working in actor-network theory, this chapter pursues the connections among texts, transformations, aesthetics, and politics, first in the process of attuned reading and then in the process of attuned writing, speaking, and making, while acknowledging that the difference between the two is not a firm or stable one. In this work, affordances are helpful as a way of taking texts and artifacts seriously as texts and artifacts—as not, for example, reducible to politics—while insisting that the way texts and artifacts mean is inevitably caught up in myriad actants and forces of political significance.
Normative Self
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: June 2024

This chapter assesses Yeshayahu Leibowitz’s theocentric philosophy of halakhah (Jewish law) in view of its influences, including Ludwig Wittgenstein, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Hans Kelsen, as well as contemporary philosophers, like Iris Murdoch and Harry Frankfurt. It shows how Leibowitz justifies the commandments in terms of the value of worship of God. This must be an agent’s intention when performing the commandments as well as the governing principle for their implementation. Yet Leibowitz denies that values are metaphysically real. The source of normativity is the human will, and so only an individual’s radically free decision to worship God grounds the commandments. The chapter further argues that Leibowitz’s negative theology and voluntaristic axiology undermine both the relation between the justification and jurisprudence of the commandments and their source of normativity. Worship of God, as he understands it, is so contentless that it can neither guide jurisprudence nor justify any commandment.
Two Conceptions of Authority
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: June 2024

This chapter situates the concept of authority within a constructivist theory of practical reason and differentiates two conceptions of authority. An instrumental authority provides a service to agents through its norms by helping them better conform to their own reasons for action. Agents are rationally required to comply with the norms of a legitimate instrumental authority, and those norms must depend on their reasons for action, benefit their practical reason, and conform to morality. Relational authority holds between two persons, one who has the right to demand and another who is obligated to obey, when the normative basis of that relationship is acceptable to both as free and rational persons. The demands of a legitimate relational authority impose obligations, which must be consistent with this basis, conform to morality, and be intelligible. This chapter also offers a theological excursus that reflects on divine authority in view of the Jewish tradition.
Analytic of the Commandments
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y.
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides an analytic of the Jewish commandments by examining their normative fine structure. It considers the types of reasons the commandments aim to provide to agents, the reasons that could support the authority that issued them, and the constraints on their content. It clarifies how this differs from the traditional project of the reasons for the commandments (ta‘amei ha-mitzvot). It then develops a two-track analytic of the commandments as obligations deriving from God’s relational authority or as norms deriving from an instrumental authority. Lastly, it describes the mediated relation between the justification and jurisprudence (pesak halakhah) of the commandments and models it using the examples of the Noahide prohibition of eating a limb from a living animal and the Israelite prescription of circumcision.
Fugitive of Empire
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

In 1912, Rash Behari Bose made his dramatic entrance into India’s anti-colonial freedom movement when he orchestrated a bomb attack against the British Viceroy during a public procession in Delhi. Forced to flee his homeland, Bose settled in Japan, becoming the most influential Indian in Tokyo and earning the affectionate title “Sensei” among Japanese youth, military personnel, and far-right ultranationalists. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Bose remained a perpetual thorn in the side of the British Empire as he built and maintained a global network of anti-colonialists, radicals, smugglers, and intellectuals. After siding with Imperial Japan against his British adversaries during the Second World War, Bose died in 1945--just two years before India gained its independence. A complex, controversial, and often contradictory figure, Bose has been described as a committed democrat, an authoritarian, an advocate of religious harmony, a Hindu chauvinist, an anti-Communist, a political pragmatist, an idealist, a Japanese collaborator, an anti-racist, a cultural conservative, a Pan-Asianist, an Indian nationalist, and much more besides. Drawing on extensive archival research in India, Japan and the UK, this refreshing new biography brings to life the largely forgotten story of one of twentieth-century Asia’s most daring revolutionaries.
Unequal History
Authors: Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya
Published: June 2024

Olive Salaman (1921-2007) was a Welsh woman who fell in love with a Yemeni sailor, Ali Salaman and married him in 1937, in her words, causing a “stir” in her family and in her community. In marrying her sailor, she “swapped one culture for another.” Far from leading a quiet or secluded life, she was visible in her community, and is described as the “mother of the Yemenis” in Cardiff’s Bilād al-Welsh (Land of the Welsh). This chapter tells her story, setting it in the socio-cultural context of her time. Women are often rendered invisible in historical narratives, due to a devaluing of their social contributions, on account of their gender. For working class women like Olive Salaman, their social class added another layer of invisibility, further cloaking these women’s lives. In uncovering and telling Olive’s story, this chapter considers the power imbalances that determine how history is recorded and why certain stories are forgotten whereas others are remembered.
Muhammad’s Confrontations with the Jews
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 5 addresses Muhammad’s confrontations with the Jews of Medina and its neighboring settlements. Through traditions, Muslim narrators designed an image of a rival religious community to the Muslims upon their arrival in Medina. The Jews are displayed as ungrateful and disingenuous, as they rejected Muhammad and his prophethood. The Muslim-Jewish tension appears as inherently religious, but it soon crystallized into a tribal military combat. The chapter examines the raids against three major tribes in Medina and two nearby Jewish settlements. These stories are a product of medieval traditionists who likely sought to encourage an anti-Jewish disposition that is arguably more suitable for later generations living in the conquered lands. Additionally, historiographical reports appear to be shaped by the narrators to interpret Islam’s Scripture, particularly advancing anti-Jewish sentiments. Historical narratives are not only written but rewritten, tweaked, and adjusted to correspond to changing religious, social, and political necessities.
Back to Center Stage
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

During World War I, Tigray’s affairs were hardly noticeable outside the province. However, in the 1930s, as the world began escalating towards its second global conflict, Tigray’s internal rivalries gained significant importance. The two grandchildren of Yohannes, Seyum Mangasha in Adwa, and Gugsa Araya in Maqale, were both married (as of 1932); the imperial family and emperor Haile Selassie was confident that their mutual rivalry neutralized their threat to his regime. Meanwhile, the fascist Mussolini worked to exploit the Ethiopian internal rivalries in preparing the conquest of the entire country. In this respect Mussolini was successful in Tigray. The fall of Ethiopia to his hands in 1936 heralded the break of the great global war three years later.
Restored Hegemony, Inter-Tigrayan War
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

In May 1991, the Derg’s army collapsed and the EPRDF units, actually the TPLF, entered Addis Ababa. For the first time since the death of Emperor Yohannes, Tigrayans returned to dominate the country. Meles Zenawi led Ethiopia until his death in 2012, and the EPRDF was the ruling party to 2019. At the same 1991, Eritrea was liberated and was declared the new state in 1993. Isayas Afafworqi, rules Eritrea to this day (2024). Thus Tigrinya speakers, again led the greater Horn of Africa, and did so for the next three decades. It was a period of major achievements for Ethiopia, much less so for Eritrea. And, also, in line with long history, a period of inter-Tigrayan rising animosity and a costly war.
Non-conclusion
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

The intra-Ethiopian war in 2020–2022 was another vicious circle in the history narrated in this book. It was again between the “Amhara thesis” and the “Tigrayan thesis.” The period of 1991 to 2018 inspired new expectations, but the promise was hardly fulfilled. The federal new system contributed to the re-strengthening of ethnic tensions, to rising economic hopes, often illusionary, to growing frustrations and socioeconomic pains. All that in a situation when the ancient “magnetism” which held Ethiopia together had long gone. It seems that a possible key to the restoration of the all-Ethiopian state and identity is the Renaissance Dam. If the gigantic new structure on the Blue Nile, the great promise for a better future, could not be the new “magnet,” what else could hold Ethiopia together?
The ‘Rise’ of Islam after Independence, 1974–94
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses the period immediately after independence, until the 1990s. It looks at the party-state repression of religion after independence, the subsequent period of toleration and control in the 1980s, and the shift that took place in the 1990s when religion and Islam gained social space and political clout. The objective of the text is to understand the general and the internal dynamics of Islam after independence, the policy of the state towards religion during the same period, and reasons for the shift seeing Muslims become socially and politically influential.
Growth and Radicalization?
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

The chapter unpacks and tests the idea that Mozambique has seen a growth of Islam and a radicalization of Muslims in the years before a Jihadi insurgency began in 2017. In a first section, the text analyzes census data to see whether the number of Muslims has grown nationally or regionally. Next, it looks at the question of radicalization, exploring first a national controversy around the burqa and, second, national opinion polls about the nation and religion. Noting little growth and radicalization, the text discusses finally the changes that took place in the make-up of the Muslim community after 2004.
Conclusion
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

The text begins with a discussion of a new religious law that the Mozambican Parliament was meant to adopt in 2023. It reflects on the different religious regimes that Mozambique has seen since independence. Next, it considers what changes have taken place since independence in relation to state religious policy, secularism, competition, Wahhabism, and Muslim elites. Finally, the text considers anew the question of the historical inevitability of jihad in Mozambique.
Conclusion
Authors: Pargeter Alison
Published: June 2024

The conclusion argues that despite the decades of modernization and urbanization, as well as the earthshattering changes that have gripped the Arab world in the contemporary period, tribes remain a concrete reality in both Libya and Iraq. While they may have undergone transformative changes over the past decades, they still represent important modalities of identity and action, and cannot be dismissed as being part of a “hinterland” or an outmoded “periphery.” Nor should they be framed as standing in opposition to the state or to a more “civilized” urban center. Despite the ideological onslaught they have withstood over generations in the name of modernity, nationalism and progress, tribes are organic components of their own societies and their experiences in Libya and Iraq over the past decades shed important light on the nature of the state and of modernization in the contemporary Middle East.
The Social Ecology Model of “Homegrown” Jihadist Radicalization
Authors: Dawson Lorne L.
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues the merits of developing a social ecology model of radicalization, delineating how such a model facilitates the integration of macro, meso, and micro levels of analysis and data from a diverse range of relevant fields of study and disciplines. The model addresses relevant aspects of five ecological contexts that appear to influence the progressive radicalization of individuals, and primarily those who become jihadists: the social conditions of late modernity; the experience of Muslim immigrant communities; youthful rebelliousness; ideological framing; and small group dynamics. Each context highlights conceptual resources and empirical findings for delineating different sets of interactions between individuals and certain relevant environmental factors. The model starts with the most general, or macro context, the social-psychological consequences of certain structural aspects of late modern society, and proceeds to the most specific microenvironment, the interactions of friends, who help radicalize each other. The unifying nexus of concern in each context is the process by which youth form identities in situations of uncertainty.
Interpreting the Radicalization of Youth
Authors: Løøv Margrethe
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the striking parallels between converts to Islamic jihadist groups and converts to New Religious Movements (NRMs) during the 1960s and 70s. Recruits to both groups tend to be young, and typically become involved at some point from their late teens to their late twenties, hail from middle class backgrounds, and often experience an identity crisis, frequently reporting that they feel misguided, uncertain, and undecided about their future. The act of joining a radical new religion can be seen as a way of dealing with this crisis. Sectarian forms of religion entail a strict worldview that leaves little or no room for confusion—a perfect and instant solution to existential ponderings and insecurities. The community tends to be close-knit, with close personal relationships and a strong emphasis on the identity and well-being of the group as a whole. Hence the group provides a strong social support system that can provide a new identity for youth who struggle with finding a secure identity and meaning in life. As such, this chapter argues that it is not so much the content, but rather the form and function that ultimately draws young people to radical religious groups.
Transnational Far-Right Digital Publics and Radicalisation1
Authors: Ganesh Bharath , Froio Caterina
Published: June 2024

This chapter reviews existing accounts of far-right radicalization and contributes an audience-oriented methodology that combines social network analysis and discourse analysis to study the dynamics of far-right radicalization online, revealing key networks of users with commitments to disseminating far-right worldviews. By focusing on language, the chapter shows that the in-group construct centers on white identity rather than nationality alone, enabling spaces in which extremist constructions of white identity, nativism and white supremacist discourse proliferate. This chapter also shows that in all these contexts, the most stubborn problem is the role of mainstream voices in far-right digital publics that reinforce and legitimize extreme constructions of majority identity under threat. These voices present a challenge because they sanitize these viewpoints and make it difficult to identify consistent procedures for disruption. Further, this audience-oriented methodology explores how different segments of far-right digital publics can be studied in comparison to identify key networks, users, and language that are essential to counter transnational far right radicalization.
The Radical Right
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores masculinities in mobilization to, as well as activism and protest within the radical right. It begins with a discussion of masculinities and participant understanding of radical-right ideology. Most interviewees reject the term “ideology” in relation to their activism, associating the term with accusations of racism, or with Islam. Nonetheless, the chapter evidences how masculine cultures in radical right activism constitute ideology. The chapter considers the role of different masculinities within the various discourses active in the radical right, and how these construct key differences between activism in the groups explored: the English Defence League (EDL), Britain First (BF) and For Britain (FB). There are three key expressions around which activism mobilises: the idealized muscular, self-proclaimed (white) working-class and authentic masculinity typified within the EDL and by Tommy Robinson, incorporating subcultures of football and football violence; the militarized Christian masculinity of Britain First and Jayda Fransen; and—the odd one out—the explicit assertion of women’s and gay rights, as typified by Anne Marie Waters, then of For Britain.
Evolution of Elite Networks and Inequality
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 explains how and why inequality exhibits incredible persistence over time. One of the reasons has to do with the accumulation of power at the top since the dawn of civilization. Before the Industrial Revolution our societies were molded by autocratic rule in which wealth was fully expropriated by the ruling elites. After the Industrial Revolution, societies experienced the rise of rentiers who earned wealth based on ownership of land and capital, but whose position was also cemented thanks to political power. In modern times a new elite network is being formed: it is no longer composed of nobility (as before the 18th century) and various rentiers (as in the 18th and 19th centuries). It is composed of corporate managers with links to political decision-makers. The rise of the “supermanager” in terms of salary and total compensation is the biggest explanatory factor of rising inequality in the West.
Democracy and Inequality in the Short Run
Authors: Vuković Vuk
Published: June 2024

Chapter 3 focuses on contemporary trends in the rise of democracies, the rise of government spending, and the rise of inequality in the second half of the 20th century. It suggests that even with democracies evolving to make capitalism beneficial to all, and even when most people today enjoy far greater living standards than ever before (governments providing public goods and freeing entrepreneurial spirits), this mechanism has failed to sustain the rapid growth in wages of the top income earners (1% and 0.1%). The chapter seeks to provide a theoretical discussion as to why this might be the case. It also surveys all the alternative explanations and evidence on rising income inequality.
Challenging Chinese Mining Companies
Authors: Sändig Jan , Hönke Jana
Published: June 2024

As China has recently become the largest foreign investor in Africa, the question arises: how do NGOs respond to China's new-found prominence? The chapter examines advocacy practices regarding Chinese mining investments in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It shows that the classic “boomerang model” of transnational advocacy does not fit the case, especially considering closed action opportunities within China. That said, Congolese NGOs tend to challenge Chinese mining action within the DRC, partly through transcalar efforts, while international NGOs pursue advocacy “through the supply chain” associated with Chinese mining operations. Hence, while there is no transnational activism that directly targets company headquarters or the public in China, other advocacy practices still challenge Chinese, Western, and other Southern mining company practices. For advocacy research, the chapter illustrates the power of domestic networks within the Global South and the continued relevance of Northern-based NGOs, including for cases involving Chinese mining investments.
A Global Sense of Workplace
Authors: Gambino Elisa , Bagwandeen Mandira
Published: June 2024

China-Africa relations are increasingly unfolding beyond government-to-government agreements and elite relations, as extensive engagement in infrastructure development demonstrates. This chapter explores labour relations in Sino-African construction sites to illuminate “practices in the making” emerging from said encounters. With a specific focus on the Lamu Port construction site in Northern Kenya, the chapter delves into the practice of “living at work.” The chapter reveals the spatial, material, and social dimensions of Sino-African workplace dynamics. Drawing from Doreen Massey’s conceptualization of place, the chapter advances a dynamic understanding of workplace relations at the intersection of narratives within and beyond Sino-African construction sites. Based on ethnographic observations and interviews conducted at Lamu Port, this contribution uncovers the nuanced intersections of labour relations, managerial practices, and social connections.
The Principle of Non-Intervention in the Framework of the Sources of Contemporary International Law and in the Current Scholarly Debate
Authors: Roscini Marco
Published: June 2024

In the UN Charter era, the non-intervention principle appears in myriad global, regional, and sub-regional treaties and states of all affiliations have considered it as protecting both individual security interests and the general cause of world peace. Conduct inconsistent with it has been justified by intervening states on the basis of alleged exceptions or has been denied, thus confirming the principle’s validity. The result is that the principle persists in customary international law. However, only the narrower prohibition of armed intervention is an obligation owed erga omnes, and only those qualifying as acts of aggression constitute jus cogens violations. As to post-1945 scholarship, primarily international relations scholars have explored the broader aspects of this principle. On the other hand, international lawyers have generally focused on armed intervention and have approached the topic from a narrow jus contra bellum perspective.
General Conclusions
Authors: Roscini Marco
Published: June 2024

The study of the principle of non-intervention constitutes a litmus test to assess the health of the foundational notion of the international legal order, that of sovereignty. All in all, the legal history of the principle of non-intervention in the last 500 years shows little evidence of historical progression. The frequency of intervention has been directly proportional to the uniformity of the great powers’ ideologies and security interests. When they have shared the same values and interests, they have tended to use these values and interests as grounds to intervene in smaller states. When the great powers’ mutual relations have been confrontational, on the other hand, the principle of non-intervention has contributed to establishing a balance of power that has reduced the risk of major conflicts. The intervention pendulum, therefore, has always swung between solidarity and divisiveness and between a statist vision of world order and a communitarian one.
The Business of Print
Authors: Brophy James M.
Published: June 2024

This chapter explains the book business to show how publishers marketed political dissent. Rooted in the decentralized economy of the early modern era, this profession enjoyed a wide degree of autonomy that facilitated the sale of print wares. Older customs of barter and exchange served a new era of forbidden literature. The chapter surveys the hundreds of bookstores that formed central Europe’s print circuits, the commercial associations that organized their profession, the literacy rates that expanded readerships, and the mechanization of printing and transportation that fueled the growth of print markets. Commercial innovation also transformed the industry. With serialized novels, penny magazines, and politicized ephemera, the age of speculative publishing was born. It explains how publishers operated their literary underground through semiannual book fairs and other exchange associations, just as it elucidates the impact of religion, regionalism, and the absence of copyright on print circuits. Finally, it sketches the sociopolitical profile of publishers, whose urban, middle-class social status nurtured their enlightened belief in the freedom of expression.
Dissent in the Unification Era, 1848–74
Authors: Brophy James M.
Published: June 2024

Despite the end of censorship in 1848, the suppression of democratic print matter sharpened in the 1850s. Postpublication judicial review now threatened the livelihood of printers, just as cautionary deposits and stamp taxes discouraged oppositional newsprint. Prussia, Austria, and the German Confederation after 1849 crushed democratic activity by closing papers, exiling democrats, and restricting democratic print matter. Prior to German unification, publishers curtailed political dissent. The “New Era” of 1858 revived moderate liberalism, but the information order of bureaucratic absolutism remained intact and marginalized democratic discourse. The years of unification in Prussia-Germany witnessed a rightward shift in liberal politics, leaving bourgeois radicals with few options. Democratic dissent migrated to working-class political culture and its Social Democratic Party of Germany. Liberals hailed the Imperial Press Law of 1874 as a political and commercial success, but the suppression of Catholics, Poles, radicals, and Social Democrats marked the limits of dissent.
4QSg (4Q261)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSg of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Mourning and Memorializing
Authors: Ugolini Wendy
Published: June 2024

‘Mourning and Memorializing’ focuses on the commemorative practices surrounding the English Welsh war dead including Welsh epitaphs on the tombstones of English-born soldiers, officially commissioned memorial artwork at Westminster which acknowledged dualities, and the involvement of English Welsh sculptors and artists, such as Alice Meredith Williams, in British memorialization activity. It addresses the shift in English Welsh memorialization activity between the two conflicts. This chapter includes an in-depth case study of the London-born Squire of Hawarden, Lt William Gladstone MP, showing how the two-nation symbolism of the mourning processes surrounding his death and funeral elevated and entrenched the patrician expression of the bonds between Wales and England. Overall, this chapter shows how the signalling of English Welsh experience within commemorative iconography, reinforced the intersectionality of dual identities and constructions of Britishness, especially in the aftermath of the First World War.
Saudi State Capitalism
Authors: Young Karen E.
Published: June 2024

Diversification efforts in Saudi Arabia tend to repeat old patterns of state-led interventions in the economy, despite some real efforts at liberalization in financial markets and expansion of investment and ownership opportunity. This chapter argues that there may be an opportunity for significant foreign investment in tourism within the Kingdom, but it will most certainly be in partnership with state entities. Where other state-led development agendas have tried to create ecosystems guided by state industrial policy, those ecosystems usually deployed investments in human capital and an array of supporting institutions from universities to business groups to multiple supporting ministries, while the Saudi case seems to rely on the Public Investment Fund (PIF) for its diversification and revenue generation plans, as the PIF dominates the new Saudi state capitalism. The author demonstrates how the state intervenes in the economy—through the stock market and the PIF—and argues that its appetite for risk may have distinct social and political effects in the future. Competing in areas where the state is also in business, or acting as an investor competitor to the state when it has the PIF and its mandate to acquire domestic opportunities aggressively, is a significant challenge.
Saudi Arabia—Beyond the Rentier State?
Authors: Luciani Giacomo
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses at length the challenges facing the post-oil Saudi economy, arguing that in a decarbonizing world, major oil- and gas-producing countries may successfully adapt their economies after undertaking massive investments, but it remains to be seen if the necessary policies will be implemented. While the future price of oil and its impact on revenues often receives considerable attention, the added cost of eliminating carbon emissions that oil states will have to bear is neglected. The author emphasizes that diversification begins with the fiscal foundations of the state. Government budgets need to be adapted to revenues that will likely be both lower in absolute terms and different in terms of their composition, with oil revenues playing a reduced role. This will lead to a transformation of the state and alter its rentier nature. Other changes may involve a broader political participation and reduced regional rivalries, giving rise to regional economic integration.
Framework of Analysis
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This chapter presents the analytical framework used in the book to examine the causal relationships between the antecedents, occurrence, and outcome of arbitration. It surveys existing research on territorial disputes and their settlement with reference to the two main research questions in this study: (1) what explains states’ pursuit of arbitration over mediation to settle their territorial disputes, and (2) what explains states’ compliance or defiance with the outcome of arbitration. The first two explanations are framed as domestic cover and past failures. Turning to explain the compliance with, or defiance of the arbitration award, the framework introduces the constraining effect of reputational costs on state behaviour to explain compliance, and the legal notions of denial of justice by the tribunal, and justiciability, to explain defiance.
The Beagle Channel Arbitration (Argentina–Chile, 1971–1977)
Authors: Siniver Asaf
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the territorial dispute between Chile and Argentina over the Beagle Channel, a strategic waterway at the southernmost tip of Latin America. This case is unique because unlike the other dyadic rivalries examined in this book, Chile and Argentina had a long and successful experience with arbitration dating back to their independence in the nineteenth century and as such were more inclined to pursue it. Following a series of incidents in the area and the gradual escalation in relations between the countries, Chile referred the dispute to British arbitration in 1971. Six years later, the tribunal awarded the disputed territory unanimously to Chile and in response, Argentina declared it null and void and refused to comply with it. The failure of arbitration brought the parties closer than ever to a large-scale military confrontation, and it was only thanks to papal mediation that the dispute was finally settled in 1984. This case highlights not only the limits of arbitration (most notably in terms of enforceability) but also the different calculations of reputational costs by defiant states.
Heat and dust
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

After the western Britain and Ireland volcanoes and dykes became extinct an even bigger outburst of volcanic activity, to the west of the Rockall Bank, heralded the formation of a new plate boundary spreading ridge separating Greenland from Europe. Initially this volcanic activity was subaerial and the eruptions created ashfall downwind. The ash comprised fragments of volcanic glass, which exposed to water decayed into clay minerals. Across Britain the ash was transported by rivers to the southeast where it accumulated in the London Clay formation on which London is founded. This volcanic sourced clay was fired to manufacture the bricks from which, prior to the arrival of railways, much of the building stock of the city was built. An episode of global warming (‘the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum’) accompanied the release of hydrocarbons in the creation of the new plate boundary. Combined with the acidification caused by the decomposition of the ash, surface sands were turned into a hard ‘silcrete’ rock. As the underlying clays and sands were washed away, the silcrete layer foundered into slabs, known as sarsens. Suitably shaped sarsen slabs were revered by neolithic and bronze age communities as the bodies of ancestors while some of the largest of all slabs were transported tens of kilometres in the construction of Stonehenge. In Hertfordshire the silicification of gravel created puddingstone, contemporary with sarsen, and mined and carved by the Romans for manufacturing kitchen querns for grinding wheat. Sarsens are testimonial to the strongest episode of global warming in the last 66 million years, which resulted in the extinction of many species.
Up-land
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

A most notable feature of the geology of southern Britain is that readily eroded clays and sands can be found at 200 metres or more above sea-level. In fact we find from multiple sources of data that Britain has been rising over the past few millions of years. This information includes the current height of former warm period interglacials when sea-levels were similar to those of today. Raised beaches in the eastern Isle of Wight and on the mainland have risen almost 35 metres since they were laid down, 400,000 years ago. Abandoned river terraces high on the valley margins of some of the principal rivers indicate 60-70m uplift in a million years across central southern England. In southwest Britain, incised meanders of rivers formerly close to sea-level reveal geologically recent uplift, Meanwhile the central North Sea has sunk more than 1100m since the start of the Pleistocene while inland of East Anglia there is a consistent tilt up to the southwest of the early Pleistocene Red Crag formation by at least 180m. Even greater amounts of long term (20-30 million year) uplift has raised ancient metamorphosed terrains more than 1500m across western and northern Norway, again apparently without accompanying tectonic action. However, from the evidence of the heights of an extreme storm surge flood level in the early 17th century, allied with tide-gauge records in Cornwall, and continuous GPS station measurements, southern England currently continues to sink every year in contrast to the post-glacial uplift of Scotland.
Quake Britain
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert
Published: June 2024

The principal fault displacements encountered across Britain reflect repeated episodes of earthquake displacement. For example 5km of overall displacement on the Sticklepath Fault may have been accomplished in 2,000 magnitude 7 earthquakes, each exhibiting a typical 2.5 metre displacement. Reports of earthquakes go back to late Medieval times although there are few older events reported in sufficient detail to allow the impacts to be mapped and the epicentre identified. Over the past fifty years, networks of seismic recorders make it possible to locate and measure earthquake magnitude as well as determine the orientation and displacement on the causative fault. The largest earthquakes in the region have been close to moment magnitude 6, including a 1382 shock around the Straits of Dover and a 1931 shock far offshore from Humberside. Recent earthquakes have involved near horizontal displacements on faults oriented N-S or E-W. ‘Quake Britain’, the region which is currently active, spans the English Channel into France, extends into the southwestern North Sea but excludes the whole of Ireland and much of eastern Scotland and northeast England. Away from volcanoes, hot springs may also record past earthquakes, as they reflect the sudden opening of a narrow chimney connecting with a deep aquifer. From south Wales, to Aachen, thermal springs are aligned along the Variscan Front, the northernmost extent of 300 million year old shallow compressional thrust faulting.
Conclusion
Authors: Aalders Cynthia
Published: June 2024

It is possible to see a female spiritual practice illuminated in the preceding chapters for it was the women in eighteenth-century spiritual communities who more often used life writings to encourage and educate, and who were moved to preserve those encounters. While formal (typically male) religious activities are more easily uncovered in archives, women’s informal activities are often as hidden as their life writings, which might be anonymous or embedded in the papers of others. Identifying women’s manuscript cultures thus not only restores female voices that too long have been silenced but reveals the nature of their participation in spiritual communities. In transcribing their affection and devotion onto paper and then sharing those writings with family and friends, women did not only write their own lives: through their writings they formed religious communities.
Hamiltonian formalism and zero-curvature representation
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we adapt the Hamiltonian formalism to the infinite-dimensional setting, where it can be applied to the soliton equations. We also give a geometric reformulation of the Lax equations as a zero-curvature representation, and discuss integrable hierarchies.
Integrability of ASDYM and twistor theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we explore the integrability of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills equations (ASDYM) using twistor methods. The twistor transform is a far-reaching generalization of the inverse scattering transform studied in Chapter 2. All local solutions to the ASDYM equations are parameterized by certain holomorphic vector bundles over a three-dimensional complex manifold called the twistor space.
Vortices
Authors: Dunajski Maciej
Published: June 2024

In this chapter we describe vortices which are the solitons in the Abelian Higgs model. We focus on the vortices at the critical coupling which arise as solutions to the Taubes equation, and classify curved backgrounds on which the Taubes equation is integrable.
Civil Society and Activism in the Middle East
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

This chapter introduces the reader to the main arguments of the book. It discusses why and how authoritarian regimes utilize different strategies towards civil society actors in light of the literature on authoritarianism and autocratization. Here the strategies of long-lasting autocratic regimes towards civil society actors are differentiated from those of regimes that experienced a breakdown and are undergoing an autocratization and authoritarian regime-building process. In addition, the mechanisms and processes approach to social movements is employed to examine how civil society actors react to their political context, and how they interact with the prevalent political opportunities and threats when exposed to different repressive strategies.
Political Context, Co-Optation, and Targeted Repression in Jordan
Authors: Sika Nadine
Published: June 2024

In this chapter, the case of Jordan is analysed through examining the political and historical contexts with their political opportunities and threats as a means to understand how these have led to political liberalization measures, which in turn have shaped and influenced the presence of civil society and its ability to mobilize. This chapter demonstrates how the regime relies on an amalgam of targeted repression and concessions. It further demonstrates how civil society is capable of utilizing the political opportunities and threats to their own advantage to mobilize for different campaigns that are concerned with advancing socioeconomic and political change.
The Principles of the Law of Restitution
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This book provides detailed exposition and analysis of the Law of Restitution, encompassing the Law of Unjust Enrichment, Restitution for Wrongs, and Proprietary Restitutionary Claims. It is primarily doctrinal with a focus on clear exposition of a complex area of law and critical analysis of the law and its development. This edition has been substantially rewritten to reflect the significant changes in the Law, particularly the Law of Unjust Enrichment, and the expansion in the theoretical and critical commentary on the subject since the publication of the last edition in 2015. Following important decisions of the Supreme Court and other courts, large-scale changes have been made to the chapters on enrichment, at the expense of the claimant, lawful bases for receipt, and compulsion. Part III Restitution for Wrongs has been significantly rewritten to reflect important developments in the law and thinking about its operation. Chapters on absence of intention as a ground of restitution and the defence of illegality have been completely rewritten. References to developments in other Common Law jurisdictions have been expanded, particularly regarding Singapore and Australia. Further analysis of controversies about the justification for the Law of Unjust Enrichment has been substantially developed. However, one significant aspect of the book remains unchanged: the focus on the identification and analysis of the principles which underpin the Law of Restitution as a whole, but with reference to its three distinct parts. This tripartite division continues to reflect the law as it is applied and developed by the courts.
Failure of Basis
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the principle of failure of basis and the grounds of restitution which are founded on the principle. The first is the ground of total failure of basis. Identifying a basis is considered, as is the interpretation of the total failure requirement. Methods for establishing a total failure are examined, including collateral basis and apportionment. The operation of the total failure of basis ground in different contexts where contracts are no longer applicable is examined, including following breach and where the contract is anticipatory. The chapter also considers whether a partial failure of basis ground should be recognized and examines how such a ground operates when a contract is frustrated. Finally, the chapter examines the ground of absence of basis where the underlying transaction is void and how this relates to the ground of total failure of basis.
Restitution from Public Authorities
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the various reasons why restitutionary claims from public authorities raise particular issues. It examines various grounds of restitution which may be applicable, including extortion by colour of office, and focuses on the Woolwich ground, involving receipt of an ultra vires payment. The impact of Brexit is examined. Ultra vires payment is defined, and various issues relating to this ground of restitution are considered, including its relationship to other grounds. The application of particular statutory provisions for restitution are examined. The chapter concludes by analysing various defences to restitutionary claims against public authorities, including limitation periods, change of position, and the counterfactual defence.
General Principles
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the general principles relating to the award of restitutionary remedies where the cause of action is a wrong. It considers the relationship between this group of claims and the Law of Unjust Enrichment and proprietary restitutionary claims. The principles underpinning the award of gain-based remedies for wrongs are considered, as are the principles which are relevant to the identification of the wrongs for which gain-based remedies are available. The appropriate characterization of negotiation damages is considered. The range of gain-based remedies for wrongs is identified, including money had and received, account of profits, and restitutionary damages. The various tests of causation and remoteness are identified. The relationship between gain-based remedies and compensatory remedies is considered, along with the principle of election and the principle of compensatory damages being inadequate.
Restitution for Equitable Wrongdoing
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the gain-based remedies which are available where the defendant has committed an equitable wrong. It considers the wrongs for which gain-based remedies can be awarded. The first of these is breach of fiduciary duty. The principles relating to the identification of fiduciary relationships are identified and then the nature and ambit of fiduciary duties is considered. The categories of fiduciary relationship are identified, notably relationships of loyalty, relationships of confidence, and relationships of influence. The application of particular gain-based remedies is considered, especially, account of profits and the constructive trust. The wrong of breach of confidence and dishonestly assisting a breach of trust or fiduciary duty are also considered.
Incapacity
Authors: Virgo Graham
Published: June 2024

The key question considered in this chapter is whether the fact that the defendant was incapacitated in some way can act as a defence to defeat a restitutionary claim, regardless of the nature of that claim. Would the award of a restitutionary remedy to the claimant subvert the Law of Contract? Restitutionary claims founded on unjust enrichment, claims founded on wrongdoing, and the vindication of property rights are considered. Relevant policy and principle are identified. Particular forms of incapacity are then considered, notably minority, mental incapacity, and institutional incapacity. The significance of the enrichment being necessaries is analysed.
Omega Knowledge Matters
Authors: Goldstein Simon
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that omega knowledge is necessary for rational assertion and action. One argument relies on the infelicity of dubious assertions, sentences of the form p and I don’t know that I know that p. These are best explained through the norm that you should assert p only if you omega know p. Another argument relies on the Norm Iteration principle: if you are permitted to A only if p, then you are permitted to A only if you know p. This principle implies that permissible action requires omega knowledge. The chapter surveys arguments against the KK principle (that if you know p, then you know that you know p). The chapter also introduces various principles governing justified belief, for example that you are justified in believing p iff for all you know, you omega know p.