bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methoxylation of methyl oleate in the presence of dealuminated Y faujasites in their protonic form
Authors: Lansalot‐Matras Clément , Lozano Paul , Pioch Daniel , Finiels Annie , Moreau Claude , Claude Sylvain
Published: February 2007

Methoxylation of methyl oleate into methyl methoxy stearate was carried out in a batch reactor at temperatures ranging from 150 to 190°C in the presence of dealuminated H‐Y faujasites as catalysts. In the presence of an excess of methanol, the H‐Y faujasite with a Si/Al ratio of 15 was shown to achieve the title reaction with a yield of methyl methoxy stearate that does not exceed 40% because of the parallel formation, at comparable rates, of methyl oleate isomers identified as methyl elaidate, methyl trans‐vaccenate, and methyl cis‐vaccenate. Isomerization reactions were confirmed to occur rapidly in an independent manner. FFA are also present in small amounts owing to the in situ dehydration of methanol and subsequent hydrolysis of the esters. Finally, starting from pure oleic acid leads to results similar to those obtained with methyl oleate as the starting material.
Pure lycopene from tomato preserves extra virgin olive oil from natural oxidative events during storage
Authors: Montesano Domenico , Cossignani Lina , D'Arco Gilda , Simonetti Maria Stella , Damiani Pietro
Published: February 2007

In this study, changes in an extra virgin olive oil treated with lycopene during storage were analyzed. Pure lycopene (0.5 and 1.0 mg) obtained from tomato was added to two separate bottles, each containing 100 mL of extra virgin olive oil, while another bottle containing the same oil was stored without any treatment. Samples enriched with pure lycopene showed PV remarkably lower than the sample without lycopene, and the total phenol contents were higher in treated oil samples than in the reference sample. In addition, a good correlation (r2=0.969) between total phenol content and antioxidant power calculated as Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) was observed. The concentration of added lycopene decreased very slowly; after about 8 mon its residual value was over 60% with respect to the initial concentration.
Oxidative stability and storage behavior of fatty acid methyl esters derived from used palm oil
Authors: Loh Soh‐Kheang , Chew Soo‐Mooi , Choo Yuen‐May
Published: February 2007

Fatty acid alkyl esters, especially FAME, are the most commonly used liquid biofuel. Because biofuels are expected to be important alternative renewable energy sources in the near future, more studies on their stability against oxidation need to be addressed. Biofuel derived from vegetable oils is well researched, currently with more attention focused on the reuse of waste oil sources than on pure vegetable oil for such production. A method to convert used palm oil, i.e., used frying oil, and residual oil of spent bleaching earths (SPE) to their respective methyl esters has been established by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board. These methyl esters can be used as diesel substitute. However, the methyl esters obtained from used frying oil have a low induction period (3.42 h). In Europe, any methyl esters must have an induction period of at least 6 h in Rancimat stability to be usable as biodiesel, as required by European Biodiesel Standard (EN 14214). To meet this requirement, the used frying oil methyl esters (UFOME) obtained can be treated with different types of antioxidants, either synthetic or natural, at different treatment levels, such as vitamin E, 3‐ert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl‐phenol (BHT), 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), and n‐propyl gallate (PG), to investigate their oxidative stability and storage behavior. The order of increasing antioxidant effectiveness with respect to the oxidative stability of UFOME is: vitamin E<BHT<TBHQ<BHA<PG. Because methyl esters derived from residual oil of SBE have an induction period of 14.6 h, their treatment with antioxidants is unnecessary.
Supercritical fluid extraction of daphne (Laurus nobilis L.) seed oil
Authors: Beis Sedat H. , Dunford Nurhan T.
Published: February 2007

Laurus nobilis L., commonly known as daphne tree, is an evergreen that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Daphne trees produce grape‐sized shiny purplish berries having three parts: flesh, skin, and an inner kernel (single seed). This study examines supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction of oil from daphne seeds. The oil yield of ground seeds varied from 14 to 28% depending on the method and particle size used for oil recovery. Yields were similar for both petroleum ether and SC‐CO2 extraction. The extraction yield decreased significantly with increasing particle size. The amount of extract collected increased exponentially with increasing SC‐CO2 pressure. The highest extraction yield was obtained at the highest temperature studied, 75°C. More than 45% of the oil was lauric acid. SC‐CO2 is a viable technique to obtain high‐purity L. nobilis L. seed oil, which is a potential ingredient for the cosmetic industry.
πSynthesis and evaluation of a series of α‐hydroxy ethers derived from isopropyl oleate
Authors: Moser Bryan R. , Erhan Sevim Z.
Published: February 2007

Several fatty derivatives with bulky moieties were prepared by treatment of epoxidized isopropyl oleate with a number of alcohols in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to provide a series of α‐hydroxy ethers in good yield. The materials were analyzed for cold flow performance through cloud point and pour point determinations. The most promising α‐hydroxy ether produced in this study, with respect to both low temperature behavior and economic criteria, was isopropyl 9(10)‐(2‐ethylhexoxy) 10(9)‐hydroxystearate, which has a cloud point of −23°C and pour point of −24°C.
Stabilization of oils by microencapsulation with heated protein‐glucose syrup mixtures
Authors: Rusli Jenny Kartika , Sanguansri Luz , Augustin Mary Ann
Published: February 2007

The use of proteins [whey protein isolate (WPI) or soy protein isolate (SPI) in combination with dried glucose syrup (DGS) for stabilization of microencapsulated spray‐dried emulsions containing tuna oil, palm stearin, or a tuna oil‐palm stearin blend was investigated. Pre‐emulsions containing heated (100°C/30 min) protein‐DGS mixtures and oils at oil/protein ratios of 0.75∶1 to 4.5∶1 were homogenized at two passes (35+10 or 18+8 MPa) and spray‐dried to produce 20–60% oil powders. Microencapsulation efficiency decreased at lower homogenization pressure and as the oil load in the powder was increased beyond 50% but was independent of the type of oil encapsulated and the total solids (TS) content of the emulsions (24–33% TS) prior to drying. Oxidative stabilities of the powders, as indicated by headspace propanal values and PV after 4 wk of storage at 23°C, generally decreased with increasing oil content and homogenization pressure but increased with increasing TS of the emulsion prior to drying. Powder containing palm stearin was more stable to oxidation than powders containing a 1∶1 ratio of palm stearin and tuna oil or only tuna oil. Heated WPI‐DGS formulations were superior to corresponding formulations stabilized by heated SPI‐DGS, producing spray‐dried powders with higher microencapsulation efficiency and superior oxidative stability.
Flaking and extrusion as mechanical treatments for enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybeans
Authors: Lamsal B. P. , Murphy P. A. , Johnson L. A.
Published: February 2007

Flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans were evaluated as a means of enhancing oil extraction efficiency during enzyme‐assisted aqueous processing of soybeans. Cellulase, protease, and their combination were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving high oil extraction recovery from extruded flakes. Aqueous extraction of extruded full‐fat soy flakes gave 68% recovery of the total available oil without using enzymes. A 0.5% wt/wt protease treatment after flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans increased oil extraction recovery to 88% of the total available oil. Flaking and extruding enhanced protease hydrolysis of proteins freeing more oil. Treating extruded flakes with cellulase, however, did not enhance oil extraction either alone or in combination with protease. Discrepancies in oil extraction recoveries were encountered when merely considering crude free fat because some oil became bound to denatured protein during extrusion and/or sample drying. Bound fat was unavailable for determination by using the hexane extraction method, but was accounted for by using the acid hydrolysis method for total oil determination. Oil extraction recovery from extruded soybean flakes was affected by oil determination methods, which was not the case for unextruded full‐fat soy flour.
Evidence of selectively driven codon usage in rice: Implications for GC content evolution of Gramineae genes
Authors: Guo Xingyi , Bao Jiandong , Fan Longjiang
Published: February 2007

Two gene classes characterized by high and low GC content have been found in rice and other cereals, but not dicot genomes. We used paralogs with high and low GC contents in rice and found: (a) a greater increase in GC content at exonic fourfold‐redundant sites than at flanking introns; (b) with reference to their orthologs in Arabidopsis, most substitution sites between the two kinds of paralogs are found at 2‐ and 4‐degenerate sites with a T → C mode, while A → C and A → G play major roles at 0‐degenerate sites; and (c) high‐GC genes have greater bias and codon usage is skewed toward codons that are preferred in highly expressed genes. We believe this is strong evidence for selectively driven codon usage in rice. Another cereal, maize, also showed the same trend as in rice. This represents a potential evolutionary process for the origin of genes with a high GC content in rice and other cereals.
Occult stress incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Reena C. , Kekre A.N. , Kekre N.
Published: February 2007

Objectives: To study the prevalence of occult stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among Indian women with genitourinary prolapse, and determine the risk of developing SUI after vaginal hysterectomy and pelvic floor repair in Indian women with occult SUI. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 78 women with significant genitourinary prolapse without symptoms of SUI was conducted at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Before the surgical intervention, the prolapse was repositioned using a pessary and a Pyridium (Parke Davis, Morris Plains, NJ, USA) pad test was performed to detect occult SUI. The primary outcome studied was the risk of developing postoperative urinary incontinence. Results: Preoperatively, 67.9% of women were found to have occult SUI. The prevalence of SUI was 43.6% postoperatively, and 64.2% of the women with a positive result to the preoperative Pyridium pad test after pessary insertion were found to have urinary incontinence postoperatively. Postmenopausal women had twice the risk of developing occult SUI. Conclusion: Preoperative testing is useful to identify women with genitourinary prolapse who have occult SUI. Women with a positive result may need a systematic clinical evaluation and urodynamic studies to characterize the incontinence. They can be then counseled preoperatively regarding concomitant anti‐incontinence procedures.
Making a Difference: Stories from the Point of Care
Authors: Wheeler Rosemarie
Published: February 2007

Making a Difference: Stories from the Point of Care volume II Sharon Hudacek 2004, 325 pages $29.95 softcover
Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing: A Model for Practice
Authors: Miller Joan H.
Published: February 2007

Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing: A Model for Practice Rozzano C. Locsin 2005, 256 pages $29.95 softcover
SPECTRAL SELF-AFFINE MEASURES IN $\mathbb{R}^N$
Authors: Li Jian-Lin
Published: February 2007

The aim of this paper is to investigate and study the possible spectral pair $(\mu_{M,D},\varLambda(M,S))$ associated with the iterated function systems $\{\phi_{d}(x)= M^{-1}(x+d)\}_{d\in D}$ and $\{\psi_{s}(x)=M^{\ast}x+s\}_{s\in S}$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$. For a large class of self-affine measures $\mu_{M,D}$, we obtain an easy check condition for $\varLambda(M,S)$ not to be a spectrum, and answer a question of whether we have such a spectral pair $(\mu_{M,D},\varLambda(M,S))$ in the Eiffel Tower or three-dimensional Sierpinski gasket. Further generalization of the given condition as well as some elementary properties of compatible pairs and spectral pairs are discussed. Finally, we give several interesting examples to illustrate the spectral pair conditions considered here.
ALMOST-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL WITH INFINITE DELAYS
Authors: Xia Yonghui , Cao Jinde
Published: February 2007

By using Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem and constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, we study the following almost-periodic Lotka–Volterra model with $M$ predators and $N$ prey of the integro-differential equations

\begin{alignat*}{2} \dot{x}_i(t)\amp=x_i(t)\biggl[b_i(t)-a_{ii}(t)x_i(t)-\sum_{k=1,k\neq i}^{N}a_{ik}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tH_{ik}(t-\sigma)x_k(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\\ \amp\hskip45mm-\sum_{l=1}^{M}c_{il}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tK_{il}(t-\sigma)y_l(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\biggr],\amp\quad i\amp=1,2,\dots,N,\\ \dot{y}_j(t)\amp=y_j(t)\biggl[-r_j(t)-e_{jj}(t)y_j(t) +\sum_{k=1}^{N}d_{jk}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tP_{jk}(t-\sigma)x_k(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma \\ \amp\hskip45mm-\sum_{l=1,l\neq j}^{M} e_{jl}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tQ_{jl}(t-\sigma)y_l(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\biggr],\amp\quad j\amp=1,2,\dots,M. \end{alignat*}

Some sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of a unique almost-periodic solution of this model. Several examples show that the obtained criteria are new, general and easily verifiable.
MAXIMIZING MEASURES ON METRIZABLE NON-COMPACT SPACES
Authors: Davie Alexander M. , Urbański Mariusz , Zdunik Anna
Published: February 2007

We prove the existence and uniqueness of maximizing measures for various classes of continuous integrands on metrizable (non-compact) spaces and close subsets of Borel probability measures. We apply these results to various dynamical contexts, especially to hyperbolic mappings of the form $f_\lambda(z)=\lambda\mathrm{e}^z$, $\lambda\ne0$, and associated canonical maps $F_\lambda$ of an infinite cylinder. It is then shown that, for all hyperbolic maps $F_\lambda$, all dynamically maximizing measures have compact supports and, for all $0^+$-potentials $\phi$, the set of (weak) limit points of equilibrium states of potentials $t\phi$, $t\nearrow+\infty$, is non-empty and consists of dynamically maximizing measures.
THE DIRECT INTEGRAL OF SOME WEIGHTED BERGMAN SPACES
Authors: Chuah Meng-Kiat
Published: February 2007

Let $G$ be the abelian Lie group $\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^k/\mathbb{Z}^k$, acting on the complex space $X=\mathbb{R}^{n+k}\times\ri G$. Let $F$ be a strictly convex function on $\mathbb{R}^{n+k}$. Let $H$ be the Bergman space of holomorphic functions on $X$ which are square-integrable with respect to the weight $e^{-F}$. The $G$-action on $X$ leads to a unitary $G$-representation on the Hilbert space $H$. We study the irreducible representations which occur in $H$ by means of their direct integral. This problem is motivated by geometric quantization, which associates unitary representations with invariant Kähler forms. As an application, we construct a model in the sense that every irreducible $G$-representation occurs exactly once in $H$.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR NON-RESONANT SINGULAR BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS WITH A LINEAR TERM
Authors: Lü Haishen , O’Regan Donal , Agarwal Ravi P.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents new existence results for the singular boundary-value problem

\begin{gather*} -u''+p(t)u=f(t,u),\quad t\in(0,1),\\ u(0)=0=u(1). \end{gather*}

In particular, our nonlinearity $f$ may be singular at $t=0,1$ and $u=0$.
INCOMPLETE BESSEL FUNCTIONS. I
Authors: Jones D. S.
Published: February 2007

Incomplete Bessel functions of general order are defined. Their recurrence relations, integral representations and asymptotics are derived.
The lower Williamson Shale (Silurian) of New York: a biostratigraphical enigma
Authors: LOYDELL D. K. , KLEFFNER M. A. , MULLINS G. L. , BUTCHER A. , MATTESON D. K. , EBERT J. R.
Published: February 2007

The lower Williamson Shale at Tryon Park, Rochester, New York State is unique in the co-occurrence of Stimulograptus clintonensis (Hall), previously recorded only from the middle Telychian, and Pterospathodus amorphognathoides amorphognathoides Walliser, previously recorded only from the upper Telychian (Cyrtograptus lapworthi Biozone and higher). These two co-occurring fossils are clearly providing contradictory ages for the lower Williamson Shale. The incorporation of chitinozoan data from both the Williamson and Willowvale shales does not support unequivocally either the graptolite- or conodont-derived biostratigraphy and thus the age of the lower Williamson Shale remains problematical.
On the drag on an object immersed in a flowing plasma: the control surface approach
Authors: ALLEN J. E.
Published: February 2007

A theory of the drag force acting on an object immersed in a flowing plasma is presented. A control surface method is developed following the approach used in fluid mechanics rather than the linear dielectric response approach found in the literature. The situation examined is one in which the directed velocity of the ions dominates their thermal velocities; a cold ion model is employed.
Collisionless magnetic reconnection dynamics with electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility
Authors: SHIVAMOGGI BHIMSEN K.
Published: February 2007

Collisionless magnetic reconnection dynamics is considered by including the effects of electron inertia as well as parallel electron compressibility. A fluid treatment is adopted for both electrons and ions. Collisionless plasma dynamics properties near a two-dimensional X-type magnetic neutral line in the steady state are explored. The effects of electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility on the hyperbolicity (or lack thereof) of the magnetic field lines in the neutral layer are discussed. A unified linear tearing-mode formulation incorporating both electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility is given. The parallel-electron-compressibility branch is shown to couple in general to the electron-inertia branch in the presence of resistivity. A sufficient condition for linear stability in the Lyapunov sense for steady states of this collisionless plasma system signifying current confinement is deduced. Bounds on the equilibrium current gradient are shown to constitute sufficient conditions for nonlinear stability in the Lyapunov sense for steady states via nonlinear bounds for a suitable perturbation norm.
Nonlinear Hall MHD and electrostatic ion–cyclotron stationary waves: a Hamiltonian-geometric viewpoint
Authors: McKENZIE J. F. , MACE R. L. , DOYLE T. B.
Published: February 2007

Some supplementary results and interpretations on the theory of Hall MHD solitons (McKenzie and Doyle 2002 Phys. Plasmas9, 55) are presented. It is shown that the Hall MHD soliton reduces, in the appropriate limit, to an electrostatic ion–cyclotron soliton. It is also shown how the dynamical equations governing the Hall MHD soliton can be obtained from a Hamiltonian H. Soliton solutions correspond to H = 0, periodic solutions to H < 0 and rotation-type solutions to H >0. Possible applications are discussed. A non-canonical Hamiltonian picture is developed and compared to the well-known example of a free rigid body.
Localized coherent nonlinear wave structures in dusty plasma with non-thermal ions
Authors: GILL TARSEM SINGH , BEDI CHANCHAL , SAINI NARESHPAL SINGH , KAUR HARVINDER
Published: February 2007

In the present research paper, the characteristics of dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) and double layers (DLs) are studied. Ions are treated as non-thermal and variable dust charge is considered. The Korteweg–de Vries equation is derived using a reductive perturbation method. It is noticed that compressive solitons are obtained up to a certain range of relative density δ (=ni0/ne0) beyond which rarefactive solitons are observed. The study is further extended to investigate the possibility of DLs. Only compressive DLs are permissible. Both DASWs and DLs are sensitive to variation of the non-thermal parameter.
Endoparasitism in colonial hosts: patterns and processes
Authors: HILL S. L. L. , OKAMURA B.
Published: February 2007

This study begins to redress our lack of knowledge of the interactions between colonial hosts and their parasites by focusing on a novel host-parasite system. Investigations of freshwater bryozoan populations revealed that infection by myxozoan parasites is widespread. Covert infections were detected in all 5 populations studied and were often at high prevalence while overt infections were observed in only 1. Infections were persistent in populations subject to temporal sampling. Negative effects of infection were identified but virulence was low. Infection did not induce mortality in the environmental conditions studied. However, the production of statoblasts (dormant propagules) was greatly reduced in bryozoans with overt infections in comparison to uninfected bryozoans. Overtly-infected bryozoans also grew more slowly and had low fission rates relative to colonies lacking overt infection. Bryozoans with covert infections were smaller than uninfected bryozoans. High levels of vertical transmission were achieved through colony fission and the infection of statoblasts. Increased fission rates may be a strategy for hosts to escape from parasites but the parasite can also exploit the fragmentation of colonial hosts to gain vertical transmission and dispersal. Our study provides evidence that opportunities and constraints for host-parasite co-evolution can be highly dependent on organismal body plans and that low virulence may be associated with exploitation of colonial hosts by endoparasites.
Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: a SPECT study
Authors: PERES JULIO F. P. , NEWBERG ANDREW B. , MERCANTE JULIANE P. , SIMÃO MANOEL , ALBUQUERQUE VIVIAN E. , PERES MARIA J. P. , NASELLO ANTONIA G.
Published: February 2007

Background

Traumatic memory is a key symptom in psychological trauma victims and may remain vivid for several years. Psychotherapy has shown that neither the psychopathological signs of trauma nor the expression of traumatic memories are static over time. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of psychotherapy-related symptom changes.

Method

We studied 16 subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects by using a script-driven symptom provocation paradigm adapted for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that was read aloud during traumatic memory retrieval both before and after exposure-based and cognitive restructuring therapy. Their neural activity levels were compared with a control group comprising 11 waiting-list subthreshold PTSD patients, who were age- and profile-matched with the psychotherapy group.

Results

Significantly higher activity was observed in the parietal lobes, left hippocampus, thalamus and left prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval after psychotherapy. Positive correlations were found between activity changes in the left prefrontal cortex and left thalamus, and also between the left prefrontal cortex and left parietal lobe.

Conclusions

Neural mechanisms involved in subthreshold PTSD may share neural similarities with those underlying the fragmented and non-verbal nature of traumatic memories in full PTSD. Moreover, psychotherapy may influence the development of a narrative pattern overlaying the declarative memory neural substrates.
Teaching musical awareness: The development and application of a ‘toolkit’ of strategies for instrumental teachers
Authors: Ward Vicky
Published: February 2007

Despite recent moves toward a more collaborative relationship between the academic pursuit of music analysis and the practical pursuit of music performance, there remains a gulf between the two disciplines. This is partly because attempts at collaboration have generally focused on the use of music performance as a way of teaching music analysis rather than the use of music analysis as a way of teaching aspects of music performance. This article describes the development of a resource for teaching musical awareness using analytical techniques and assesses how this relates to teachers' own concerns and practices.
Students' perceptions of music courses in the Birmingham and Solihull Learning and Skills Council Area
Authors: Hancock Adrian , Hoskyns Janet
Published: February 2007

During 2003/4 a team from the University of Central England in Birmingham (now UCE Birmingham) undertook an evaluation of student perceptions of their music courses as part of the Birmingham and Solihull Learning and Skills Council review of music in the area. As well as identifying the wide range of courses available in the locality and students' perceptions of the teaching and learning they undertook, the research uncovered some significant issues about the nature of musical learning for those aged 14+ and the pathways and guidance that they received both before and during their courses of study.
Inventing music education games
Authors: Ghere David , Amram Fred M. B.
Published: February 2007

The first British patent describing an educational game designed for musical ‘amusement and instruction’ was granted in 1801 to Ann Young of Edinburgh, Scotland. The authors' discovery of Young's game box has prompted an examination of the nature and purpose of the six games she designed. Ann Young's patent is discussed in the context of her cultural environment, the history of women inventors, and eighteenth century educational theory. The activities are compared with musical instruction games recently patented in the UK and the USA.
To what extent does participation in extracurricular music affect the future aspirations of 11–12-year-olds? A small-scale investigation
Authors: Denny Eleanor
Published: February 2007

I undertook this project as a 12-year-old student while studying research methods at the Children's Research Centre at the Open University. It has already been shown that doing music improves children's Mathematics and English scores. The aim of this study was to find out if it also raises the aspirations of the children taking part. A questionnaire was given out to 80 Year 7 children at two schools in Milton Keynes. Questions investigated the children's musical participation and future aspirations as well as their parents' attitudes and education.

The most important findings are that the musical participation of the children is positively correlated with their future aspirations. Musical participation is most closely linked with parental enthusiasm for it. Parental pressure and education were found to have no link with musical participation, but families with low incomes may find affording musical activities hard to maintain.

It is recommended that more money be put into music education so children of low socio-economic backgrounds can have more of a chance to play musical instruments.
Editorial
Authors: COX GORDON , PITTS STEPHANIE
Published: February 2007

The British Journal of Music Education has always aimed to offer a variety of perspectives on musical teaching and learning, and in this issue the diversity of researcher and participant voices is wider than ever before. Most notably, we hear from a 12-year-old researcher, Eleanor Denny, whose project on extracurricular musical participation was carried out at the Children's Research Centre at the Open University. As John Finney says in his response to Eleanor's work, equipping young people with research skills leaves them ‘empowered to ask ever more interesting, challenging and sometimes uncomfortable questions’. The growing literature on ‘pupil voice’ in educational research invites us to consider, not just the views of the young people involved in musical learning, but also our own position as researchers and our responsibilities to those who inform our research and writing.
Seasonality in six enterically transmitted diseases and ambient temperature
Authors: NAUMOVA E. N. , JAGAI J. S. , MATYAS B. , DeMARIA A. , MacNEILL I. B. , GRIFFITHS J. K.
Published: February 2007

We propose an analytical and conceptual framework for a systematic and comprehensive assessment of disease seasonality to detect changes and to quantify and compare temporal patterns. To demonstrate the proposed technique, we examined seasonal patterns of six enterically transmitted reportable diseases (EDs) in Massachusetts collected over a 10-year period (1992–2001). We quantified the timing and intensity of seasonal peaks of ED incidence and examined the synchronization in timing of these peaks with respect to ambient temperature. All EDs, except hepatitis A, exhibited well-defined seasonal patterns which clustered into two groups. The peak in daily incidence of Campylobacter and Salmonella closely followed the peak in ambient temperature with the lag of 2–14 days. Cryptosporidium, Shigella, and Giardia exhibited significant delays relative to the peak in temperature (~40 days, P<0·02). The proposed approach provides a detailed quantification of seasonality that enabled us to detect significant differences in the seasonal peaks of enteric infections which would have been lost in an analysis using monthly or weekly cumulative information. This highly relevant to disease surveillance approach can be used to generate and test hypotheses related to disease seasonality and potential routes of transmission with respect to environmental factors.
New developments in BCG vaccine: implications for tuberculosis control
Authors: MacINTYRE C. R.
Published: February 2007

The efficacy of the conventional bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is often questioned because of conflicting trial results [1]. In this context, a new BCG vaccine developed by Grode et al. [2] has been seen as a favourable development in tuberculosis (TB) control [3]. BCG vaccine development is a challenge for many reasons, not least of which is the complex immunology of mycobacterial infections. The pathogenesis of TB, and prevention of TB by BCG, is predominantly a function of cell-mediated immunity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and BCG are phagocytosed, but remain viable for some time within the phagosome. There, BCG antigens must be presented to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to activate CD4+ cells, and to MHC class I molecules to activate CD8+ cells [3]. However, both MTB and BCG fail to activate CD8+ cells sufficiently. The relative failure of activation of CD8+ cells is thought to be related to the enzyme urease, which keeps the intracellular pH high and thus inhibits presentation of antigens to T cells which would otherwise activate the CD8+ response. Grode et al. [2] have engineered a BCG strain which overcomes this problem and allows release of antigen into the cell and thereby stimulates a CD8+ cell response in addition to the CD4 response seen with conventional BCG. They did this first by engineering a strain of BCG which secretes listeriolysin (Hly), an enzyme from Listeria monocytogenes which perforates cell membranes.
The impact of contact structure on infectious disease control: influenza and antiviral agents
Authors: DUERR H.-P. , SCHWEHM M. , LEARY C. C. , De Vlas S. J. , EICHNER M.
Published: February 2007

Planning adequate public health responses against emerging infectious diseases requires predictive tools to evaluate the impact of candidate intervention strategies. With current interest in pandemic influenza very high, modelling approaches have suggested antiviral treatment combined with targeted prophylaxis as an effective first-line intervention against an emerging influenza pandemic. To investigate how the effectiveness of such interventions depends on contact structure, we simulate the effects in networks with variable degree distributions. The infection attack rate can increase if the number of contacts per person is heterogeneous, implying the existence of high-degree individuals who are potential super-spreaders. The effectiveness of a socially targeted intervention suffers from heterogeneous contact patterns and depends on whether infection is predominantly transmitted to close or casual contacts. Our findings imply that the various contact networks' degree distributions as well as the allocation of contagiousness between close and casual contacts should be examined to identify appropriate strategies of disease control measures.
What happens to people diagnosed with tuberculosis? A population-based cohort
Authors: ANYAMA N. , BRACEBRIDGE S. , BLACK C. , NIGGEBRUGGE A. , GRIFFIN S. J.
Published: February 2007

We examined different patient outcomes following diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Incident cases were reported to the enhanced surveillance system in the East of England, between 2000 and 2003. For the 575 cases reported in 2001 and 2002, outcomes were assessed 1 year after initiating treatment. The crude clinical incidence rate of TB was 6·0 cases/100 000 person-years (pyr) [95% confidence interval (CI) 5·7–6·4], highest in the 25–29 years age group (14·9, 95% CI 12·9–17·1 cases/100 000 pyr) and among Black Africans (328·6, 95% CI 286·9–374·6 cases/100 000 pyr). Patients born abroad were 2·35 (95% CI 1·03–5·32) times more likely to be lost to follow-up than those born in the United Kingdom. Age at diagnosis (OR 1·05, 95% CI 1·04–1·07) and pulmonary disease (OR 2·73, 95% CI 1·21–6·15) were independently associated with mortality. Elderly patients and those with pulmonary TB appear to have worse outcomes despite treatment. Foreign-born patients may need closer follow-up to ensure favourable outcomes.
On the identification of a single body immersed in a Navier-Stokes fluid
Authors: DOUBOVA A. , FERNÁNDEZ-CARA E. , ORTEGA J. H.
Published: February 2007

In this work we consider the inverse problem of the identification of a single rigid body immersed in a fluid governed by the stationary Navier-Stokes equations. It is assumed that friction forces are known on a part of the outer boundary. We first prove a uniqueness result. Then, we establish a formula for the observed friction forces, at first order, in terms of the deformation of the rigid body. In some particular situations, this provides a strategy that could be used to compute approximations to the solution of the inverse problem. In the proofs we use unique continuation and regularity results for the Navier-Stokes equations and domain variation techniques.
Quelques éléments modaux dissociés dans le paragraphe oral dans des interviews en français L2 et L1
Authors: HANCOCK VICTORINE
Published: February 2007

Le propos de l'étude descriptive présentée dans cet article est de trouver des caractéristiques du discours de l'apprenant avancé en français L2. À cette fin, nous comparerons la production orale des apprenants avec celle des locuteurs natifs de français. Un trait du français parlé “spontané” (L1) est la dissociation d'un certain nombre de constituants discursifs du rhème, parmi ceux-ci des marqueurs du point de vue et des adverbes modalisateurs. Ces éléments devraient aussi être présents dans le discours d'un apprenant avancé de français. La question est ici de savoir de quelle façon la présence et le placement d'un nombre d'éléments modaux dans la chaîne parlée diffèrent entre les deux groupes de locuteurs. Pour les marqueurs du point de vue, nos résultats indiquent que les apprenants en emploient moins fréquemment, tandis que la plupart des adverbes modalisateurs sont aussi fréquents, mais que leur placement diffère de celui des locuteurs natifs.
L'influence du paradigme verbal de la langue maternelle sur la variabilité morphologique en acquisition du français L2 par des apprenants adultes
Authors: PRÉVOST PHILIPPE
Published: February 2007

Dans cet article, j'examine l'influence de la langue maternelle sur la variabilité morphologique en production orale spontanée chez 15 apprenants hispanophones du français. L'incidence des formes infinitives en contextes tensés est élevé chez les débutants et décline par la suite. En revanche, l'incidence des formes tensées en contextes non-tensés est très faible, ce qui diffère des apprenants anglophones du français (Prévost, 2003). Cette différence proviendrait du fait que l'espagnol possède des marqueurs infinitifs audibles, contrairement à l'anglais. La surgénéralisation des formes infinitives serait due à la lourdeur des coûts computationnels associés à la sélection des formes tensées, et non à une déficience grammaticale (Meisel, 1997).
Les noms nus inanimés attributs. Essai de classification syntaxique et sémantique
Authors: LAUWERS PETER
Published: February 2007

Dans cette contribution, nous proposons une analyse des noms attributs inanimés dépourvus de déterminant. Partant d'une typologie globale des emplois attestés dans Frantext, nous nous concentrerons surtout sur les emplois nominaux ‘productifs’, c'est-à-dire les emplois nominaux qui ne sont ni figés (X est fonction de), ni liés à une série d'items lexicaux particuliers (X est affaire/question…de). Il s'avère que les emplois nominaux se situent entre deux pôles sémantiques, qui correspondent à deux profils syntaxiques: un pôle [+ catégorisation] (Bruxelles est capitale de l'Europe) et un pôle [+ association conceptuelle] (Dieu est amour; un visage qui fut révélation). Le premier pôle se trouve dans le prolongement de la construction prédicative des noms humains (Pierre est médecin) et constitue l'interprétation par défaut. Les emplois se rattachant au second pôle se fondent sur un calcul inférentiel.
Mapping Fusion and Synchronized Hyperedge Replacement into logic programming
Authors: LANESE IVAN , MONTANARI UGO
Published: February 2007

In this paper we compare three different formalisms that can be used in the area of models for distributed, concurrent and mobile systems. In particular we analyze the relationships between a process calculus, the Fusion Calculus, graph transformations in the Synchronized Hyperedge Replacement with Hoare synchronization (HSHR) approach and logic programming. We present a translation from Fusion Calculus into HSHR (whereas Fusion Calculus uses Milner synchronization) and prove a correspondence between the reduction semantics of Fusion Calculus and HSHR transitions. We also present a mapping from HSHR into a transactional version of logic programming and prove that there is a full correspondence between the two formalisms. The resulting mapping from Fusion Calculus to logic programming is interesting since it shows the tight analogies between the two formalisms, in particular for handling name generation and mobility. The intermediate step in terms of HSHR is convenient since graph transformations allow for multiple, remote synchronizations, as required by Fusion Calculus semantics.
Constraint-based automatic verification of abstract models of multithreaded programs
Authors: DELZANNO GIORGIO
Published: February 2007

We present a technique for the automated verification of abstract models of multithreaded programs providing fresh name generation, name mobility, and unbounded control. As high level specification language we adopt here an extension of communication finite-state machines with local variables ranging over an infinite name domain, called TDL programs. Communication machines have been proved very effective for representing communication protocols as well as for representing abstractions of multithreaded software. The verification method that we propose is based on the encoding of TDL programs into a low level language based on multiset rewriting and constraints that can be viewed as an extension of Petri Nets. By means of this encoding, the symbolic verification procedure developed for the low level language in our previous work can now be applied to TDL programs. Furthermore, the encoding allows us to isolate a decidable class of verification problems for TDL programs that still provide fresh name generation, name mobility, and unbounded control. Our syntactic restrictions are in fact defined on the internal structure of threads: In order to obtain a complete and terminating method, threads are only allowed to have at most one local variable (ranging over an infinite domain of names).
Integration of declarative and constraint programming
Authors: HOFSTEDT PETRA , PEPPER PETER
Published: February 2007

Combining a set of existing constraint solvers into an integrated system of cooperating solvers is a useful and economic principle to solve hybrid constraint problems. In this paper we show that this approach can also be used to integrate different language paradigms into a unified framework. Furthermore, we study the syntactic, semantic and operational impacts of this idea for the amalgamation of declarative and constraint programming.
Combining relational algebra, SQL, constraint modelling, and local search
Authors: CADOLI MARCO , MANCINI TONI
Published: February 2007

The goal of this paper is to provide a strong integration between constraint modelling and relational DBMSs. To this end we propose extensions of standard query languages such as relational algebra and SQL, by adding constraint modelling capabilities to them. In particular, we propose non-deterministic extensions of both languages, which are specially suited for combinatorial problems. Non-determinism is introduced by means of a guessing operator, which declares a set of relations to have an arbitrary extension. This new operator results in languages with higher expressive power, able to express all problems in the complexity class NP. Some syntactical restrictions which make data complexity polynomial are shown. The effectiveness of both extensions is demonstrated by means of several examples. The current implementation, written in Java using local search techniques, is described.
Forward slicing of functional logic programs by partial evaluation
Authors: SILVA JOSEP , VIDAL GERMÁN
Published: February 2007

Program slicing has been mainly studied in the context of imperative languages, where it has been applied to a wide variety of software engineering tasks, like program understanding, maintenance, debugging, testing, code reuse, etc. This work introduces the first forward slicing technique for declarative multi-paradigm programs which integrate features from functional and logic programming. Basically, given a program and aslicing criterion(a function call in our setting), the computed forward slice contains those parts of the original program which arereachablefrom the slicing criterion. Our approach to program slicing is based on an extension of (online) partial evaluation. Therefore, it provides a simple way to develop program slicing tools from existing partial evaluators and helps to clarify the relation between both methodologies. A slicing tool for the multi-paradigm language Curry, which demonstrates the usefulness of our approach, has been implemented in Curry itself.
Microbial growth on partially saturated rough surfaces: Simulations in idealized roughness networks
Authors: Long Tao , Or Dani
Published: February 2007

A new model is developed to study the effect of aqueous phase configuration on microbial growth on rough surfaces under different hydration conditions. Surface roughness is idealized using a network of conical pits (sites) on a regular lattice connected by v‐shaped channels (bonds) with prescribed geometry that vary spatially. Aqueous phase distribution and connectivity within the surface network are calculated as functions of water potential or relative humidity. Microbial growth on the rough surface network is simulated using a hybrid method coupling the reaction‐diffusion method for the nutrient field with the individual‐based model for microbial activity. The modeling platform links variations in hydration conditions within simple heterogeneous porous media (rough surfaces) with microbial growth rates and expansion patterns. The results demonstrate effects of geometry and spatial distribution of roughness elements on aqueous phase connectivity and on effective diffusion and, consequently, control of microbial growth under different water potentials. The key parameter affecting microbial growth is the effective aqueous diffusion coefficient, which, in turn, is controlled by mean water content of the bonds in the network.
A kind of initial errors related to “spring predictability barrier” for El Niño events in Zebiak‐Cane model
Authors: Mu Mu , Xu Hui , Duan Wansuo
Published: February 2007

Seasonal dependence of initial error growth for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in Zebiak‐Cane model is investigated by using a new approach, i.e. conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP). It is found that CNOP‐type error tends to have a significant season‐dependent evolution, and produces most considerable negative effects on the forecast results. Therefore, CNOPs are closely related to spring predictability barrier (SPB). On the other hand, some other kinds of initial errors, whose patterns are different from those of CNOPs, have also been found. Although the magnitudes of such initial errors are the same as those of CNOPs in terms of the chosen norm, they either show less prominent season‐dependent evolutions, or have trivial effect on the forecast results, and consequently do not yield SPB for El Niño events. The results of this investigation suggest that the CNOP‐type errors can be considered as one of candidate errors that cause the SPB. If data assimilation or (and) targeting observation approaches possess the function of filtering the CNOP‐type or (and) other similar errors, it is hopeful to improve the prediction skill of ENSO.
Spectral analysis of gravity wave activity in SABER temperature data
Authors: Krebsbach Marc , Preusse Peter
Published: February 2007

Since January 2002, the SABER (Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry) instrument has performed continuous measurements from near the tropopause into the thermosphere. For the time period 29 January 2002–31 January 2006, we spectrally analyzed time series of weekly zonal root mean square gravity wave (GW) amplitudes for systematic intra‐annual, annual and inter‐annual GW activity. GWs considered have horizontal wavelengths between 100 km and zonal wave number 6 and vertical wavelengths between 5–30 km. Height‐latitude cross sections of spectral amplitudes and phases between 20–100 km and 55°S–55°N show several relevant oscillations. A strong semiannual variation is evident in the high‐latitude upper stratosphere/mesosphere. Annual components reveal two isolated maxima at mid‐latitudes in both hemispheres, associated with the winter polar vortices, and summertime maxima in the subtropics. Biennial amplitudes in the equatorial stratosphere coincide with the descending westerly shear phase and can be attributed to the quasi‐biennial oscillation.
Cooling of Northwest Atlantic slope waters during the Holocene
Authors: Sachs Julian P.
Published: February 2007

Climate of the last 11,000 years, the Holocene, is usually described as warm and stable. Benchmark temperature records from central Greenland ice cores show none of the large, abrupt variations that characterized the prior 100,000 years of glacial climate. Nor do they show any substantial trend, indicating at most 1°–3°C of cooling. Here we show that the slope waters east of the United States and Canada cooled 4°–10°C during the Holocene. Declining insolation, increasing convection in the Labrador Sea, and equatorward shifting of the Gulf Stream path may have caused the cooling.