bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Histories from the Papyri
Authors: Hickey Todd M.
Published: February 2013

Papyrology has a long tradition of broader inquiry and historical synthesis that extends all the way back to the days of Wilcken. Nor has the process itself of writing history from the papyri altogether escaped inquiry and discussion, with Peter van Minnen and Roger Bagnall making the most important contributions in recent years. This article has been written in conscious dialogue with their criticisms, prescriptions, and conclusions. Those who work with the material remains of Graeco-Roman Egypt are in a unique position among scholars of antiquity: the evidence is such that a much wider range of methods and approaches is available.
Burglary
Authors: Bernasco Wim
Published: February 2013

This article addresses burglary in various countries and jurisdictions, in criminal law as well as in victimization survey questions. It discusses victims, offenders, and the police as sources of information. It presents data on the current prevalence of burglary in the United States, England, and Wales. This article discusses burglary targets and reviews data on the people who commit burglaries. Burglars are described in terms of their demographic attributes, motivations for burglary, co-offending patterns, and level of planning involved in the commission of a burglary. The burglary daily time cycle and its relation to target choice are also mentioned. The next section is dedicated to the issue of repeated burglaries against nearby addresses and is a phenomenon that has received considerable attention during the past decades. It discusses evidence on the effectiveness of situational burglary prevention measures and concludes by enumerating future research priorities.
Financial Crimes
Authors: Levi Michael
Published: February 2013

This article begins by examining the evidence on the extent and costs of financial crimes. It includes a broad variety of deceptions against a spectrum of poor and wealthy individuals and businesses. It present an analysis of organization of financial crimes at a general level and then discusses subtypes of fraud, based on their techniques and victim sectors. It provides an understanding of the organization of fraud in terms of how would-be offenders confront problems of gaining finance, gaining access to crime opportunities, and retaining their freedom and crime proceeds. There is a discussion of alternative model of thinking about financial crimes and involves clustering them as the skill sets, contacts, start-up capital, and running costs that they require. It concludes with an examination of the major regulatory and criminal justice policy options.
Organizational Crime
Authors: Shover Neal , Scroggins Jennifer
Published: February 2013

This article reviews and assesses theory and research on organizational crime. It notes the behavioral distinctiveness of acts considered under this procedure. Sources of data and methods used in studies of organizational crime are also discussed. This article documents variation in the distribution of organizational crime and the application of rational choice theory for its explanation. It provides a description about organizational criminal careers and reports about state and private responses to organizational crime. The next section examines the effects of economic globalization on competition, oversight, and organizational crime. It presents a research agenda for further attention and investigation. The record of research on organizational crime shows the need for increased attention on international organizational crime, the enhanced understanding of the contexts and meanings of organizational crime, comparative studies of regulatory oversight styles, and better statistical information.
Organized Crime
Authors: Finckenauer James
Published: February 2013

This article examines current U.S. organized crime control policy and its attendant practices in light of some recent criticisms. It requires the establishment the nature and character of criminal organizations and organized crime that might require special means for combating them and costs associated with their use. It also discusses the efficacy of the various tools in U.S. policy for combating organized crime. It explores cross-national comparative research and evaluation possibilities and also deals with risks and moral hazards inherent in particular organized crime control strategies and policies justifiable when weighed against their demonstrated effectiveness. This article ends up with the need of much greater collaboration between researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to understand better organized crime and to improve the effectiveness of methods to combat it. Much more attention must be devoted to prevention-oriented approaches to organized crime.
Environmental Crime
Authors: Yeager Peter Cleary , Simpson Sally S.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on environmental offenses and policy within the United States with particular emphasis on legal approaches in other countries. It describes types and patterns of environmental lawbreaking by business organizations and analyses some of the data and measurement issues that perplex and challenge researchers. It explores individual, organizational, and structural explanations for environmental crime and examines national and international policies for regulating the environmental behaviors of business. Constraints on policy that shape environmental outcomes are also discussed. It concludes with a consideration of the implications of these findings for both future research and public policy. Future research should seek to assess, which combination of persuasion, inducement, and compulsion devices contribute most to industrial and state commitments to environmental protection.
Tax Evasion
Authors: Braithwaite Valerie
Published: February 2013

This article briefly maps the domain of tax evasion and draws on the best data available from the United States to illustrate the magnitude of the problem. It reviews the scientific literature on the primary drivers of tax evasion. The nature and extent of tax evasion vary across contexts and time, depending on opportunity to evade tax and the enforcement processes in place. It illustrates tax evasion as a white-collar crime, the substance of which is sometimes poorly specified and changes with economic and social conditions. There is a brief review on the reasons for individuals evading tax and includes discussion about benefits, coercion, obligation, and justice. It considers some of the strategies that governments are using to try to rebuild the effectiveness and integrity of their tax systems to ensure future sustainability.
Mainland Greece
Authors: Shelton Kim
Published: February 2013

Mycenaean civilization developed, grew to great heights, and collapsed, all during the Late Bronze Age. Rooted in Greece, where the period is called the Late Helladic (LH) period, the beginning, internal divisions, and end of this historical framework are based almost entirely on pottery styles. These ceramic phases do not necessarily correspond to historical periods, however, so there is occasionally a preference for chronological divisions centered on the life cycle of the palace—a defining cultural and architectural feature—following more closely the economic and political character of the society. The pottery sequence, though, allows for more narrowly refined periods that also take advantage of the most prevalent material artifact and one that is subject to relatively rapid style change and wide distribution.
Figurines
Authors: Tzonou-Herbst Ioulia
Published: February 2013

A recent thought concerning Aegean prehistoric figurines was penned by Colin Renfrew. The trajectory of Renfrew's scholarship parallels the trends in the study of Aegean Bronze Age figurines. In 1969, he produced the typological sequence of Early Cycladic figurines. After the establishment of typologies and chronologies, scholars have searched for interpretations based on certain criteria, and then they questioned whether the archaeological record preserves any clues to help uncover the meaning figurines had for their makers and owners. Before discussing the intricate problem of meaning, this article describes the archaeological evidence, the various types of figurines—Helladic, Minoan, and Cycladic—and their excavated contexts. It also considers methodologies of interpretation from different points of view: religion, identity, and context in archaeology.
Frescoes
Authors: Chapin Anne P.
Published: February 2013

Pictorial painting in fresco is a defining characteristic of Aegean culture, yet the art form presents numerous challenges to modern study. Prehistoric frescoes are durable but fragile, and as little as five to ten percent of any given composition may survive to the present day. Attempts to restore the original appearance of such fragmentary paintings often result in errors or overly imaginative reconstructions. Dating frescoes to specific phases of prehistory is also difficult. Fresco fragments are often found in secondary contexts, and mixed stratigraphy and/or scant documentation of excavations often obscure the dating of surviving frescoes. In the absence of written history, however, the pictorial imagery preserved on frescoes provides crucial information about the social practices and beliefs of the prehistoric Minoan, Cycladic, and Mycenaean civilizations of the Aegean. This article on Aegean wall painting focuses on recent scholarship.
Weapons and Warfare
Authors: Georganas Ioannis
Published: February 2013

Since the dawn of human history, conflict and warfare have been an integral part of life. The earliest concrete evidence for warfare in the Aegean comes from the Early Bronze Age, as the large number of daggers on Crete indicates. However, it is with the rise of the Mycenae that a warlike ethos becomes more prominent, as is evident by the numerous and spectacular weapons retrieved from the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, as well as the numerous representations of warriors and combat scenes. The Aegean Bronze Age has always been perceived as a time when warrior-heroes roamed the land and engaged in military campaigns in Greece, the Aegean, and beyond. This article provides a concise history of weapons and warfare in the Aegean during the Bronze Age. Aspects to be covered are offensive equipment, defensive equipment, and chariotry.
Eruption of Thera/Santorini
Authors: Manning Sturt W.
Published: February 2013

One especially dramatic type of archaeological moment, or short-lived horizon, occurs when a large volcanic eruption devastates a region. A world is, tragically, captured (entombed, frozen) forever at a specific time—in toto. The most famous example is the eruption of Vesuvius in ad seventy-nine. Although this catastrophe extinguished and entombed Pompeii and Herculaneum, it has provided archaeology with an unparalleled set of evidence. The prehistoric “Pompeii” of the Aegean world is the horizon of time sealed by the great eruption of the Thera/Santorini volcano in the Aegean in the mid-second millennium bc. This eruption entombed a thriving city with international links, laid down a clear marker horizon across much of the southern and eastern Aegean, western Anatolia, and some of the East Mediterranean. This article discusses when this important eruption occurred and begins with what is agreed and then moves on to what is debated and why.
Khania (Kydonia)
Authors: Andreadaki-Vlazaki Maria
Published: February 2013

It is generally agreed that the modern town of Khania has been established on the ruins of classical Kydonia, one of the fist-order city-states of Crete. According to Diodorus, Kydonia was one of the three cities founded by Minos in Crete. Taking all of this into account, as well as the wealth and significance of the Minoan settlement of Khania, this articles is compelled to locate the seat of a very important Minoan and Mycenaean palatial center in the same site occupied by the classical city. Many of the architectural features in the Khania settlement have been identified. However, the increase in number of these elements, in combination with the recovery of ceremonial and cult places, has allowed the article to formulate the hypothesis that part of the excavated constructions could well be included as further evidence of a palace.
Argolid
Authors: Voutsaki Sofia
Published: February 2013

The Argolid is one of the most intensively investigated and best-documented regions of the Aegean. Due to its fertile soils and its geographic position at the crossroads of communication routes, the area played an important role in social and cultural development throughout the Bronze Age. The Argolid, as this article defines it on the basis of modern administrative divisions, is divided into natural subregions that witnessed different types of development throughout the Bronze Age. The fertile Argos plain and the mountainous periphery that drains into it was—all through the Bronze Age—the heart of the Argolid, where the most important settlements were located. The valleys to the southeast, around Asine and Kandia, are reasonably fertile and had good anchorages. The Epidauria, the Methana peninsula with Troizenia, and the southern Argolid are less productive; these areas were separated from the Argos plain by mountains and were oriented more toward the Saronic Gulf.
Aegina Kolonna
Authors: Gauss Walter
Published: February 2013

Aegina was one of the major centers of the Aegean Bronze Age. This article discusses the most important information about the site of Kolonna, the main settlement known on the island. The importance of both the site and the entire island is mainly the result of its location in the center of the Saronic Gulf, at the maritime crossroads between central mainland Greece, the northeast Peloponnese, the Cyclades, and Crete. The material culture of Kolonna is generally associated with the Greek mainland, but foreign influences from the Cycladic islands and Crete also played a significant role. Kolonna flourished for almost a millennium as its impressive fortifications and wealth of material remains show. Kolonna seems to be the earliest example of a ranked society in the Aegean, outside Crete, and a large commercial and perhaps political center in the Saronic Gulf.
Rhodes
Authors: Marketou Toula
Published: February 2013

The cultural development of the elongated and fertile island of Rhodes is favored by its geographical diversity, its size (1,400 square kilometers), and its location at the crossroads of the Eastern Mediterranean, the Aegean, and Asia Minor. The spread of settlement on Rhodes was a long process that lasted from the beginning of the Late Neolithic to the synoecism of the city of Rhodes in 408/407 bc. The first scanty evidence for the Early Bronze Age (EBA) period in Rhodes came to light during the Danish archaeological expedition on the island, which took place between 1902 and 1914. However, due to the uncertain provenance of these finds, the settlement pattern on the island during the EBA is still obscure. The knowledge of the period has been enlightened only by the systematic excavation at Asomatos in the wider area of Ialysos.
Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck
Authors: Bass George F.
Published: February 2013

The Cape Gelidonya shipwreck lies at the western side of the mouth of the Antalya Bay in southern Turkey. The current between these islands, especially when a calm allows water backed up in the Eastern Mediterranean by the summer's prevailing northwest wind to flow back westward, is as strong as any in the Mediterranean. Around 1200 bc, a vessel of unknown size seems to have ripped open its bottom on a pinnacle of rock on the northeast side of the third island from land. As it sank, artifacts were strewn from the opening in its hull until it settled around fifty meters away. Almost invisible, its metal cargo was nevertheless seen by Bodrum sponge diver Kemal Aras in 1954. In 1958, he described it to American photojournalist Peter Throckmorton, who was living on Captain Kemal's sponge-diving boat while both were writing about the sponge divers of Turkey and cataloging the ancient shipwrecks they showed him.
Evidence from sources prior to 1500
Authors: Hough Carole
Published: February 2013

Sources for the history of English before 1500 include inscriptions (runic and non-runic), manuscript texts (religious and secular) and the onomastic corpus (personal and place names). None of these data sources can be considered representative. The epigraphical corpus depends on chance survivals and finds. Early manuscript production was concentrated in southern England and skewed towards the interests of the ecclesiastical and secular administrations. Onomastic evidence is geographically more even, but vulnerable to subsequent obfuscation. Used in conjunction with each other and with evidence from other disciplines, these sources can inform robust conclusions. As regards inscriptions and manuscripts, revisionist work has focused on the provenance, integrity and interpretation of extant witnesses. As regards onomastics, there has been a broadening of focus from etymology to historical and linguistic context, alongside a reappraisal of the relationship between the onomasticon and lexicon.
Using dictionaries and thesauruses as evidence
Authors: Coleman Julie
Published: February 2013

Dictionaries and thesauruses provide a wealth of evidence about language use, and about linguistic anxieties and attitudes. With the possible exception of those based on corpora, dictionaries cannot pretend to provide impartial representation of language use, but if their partialities and biases are taken into account, the evidence included in historical dictionaries can provide insights into the lexicon far beyond what is otherwise available. While it may be unwise to base an argument about language use or change solely on dictionary evidence, dictionaries provide valuable linguistic evidence which sometimes challenges the conclusions reached through corpus or cognitive approaches.
Evidence from surveys and atlases in the history of the English language
Authors: Kretzschmar William A. , Stenroos Merja
Published: February 2013

This article assesses the evidence provided by linguistic surveys and atlases in the history of the English language. It deals with two kinds of surveys: those which involved living informants when they were carried out but now provide historical evidence, and those historical surveys for which the informants are written texts. It focuses on two projects that represent the two kinds of survey: the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS, Georgia) which covers the mid-twentieth century, and the Middle English Grammar Project (Stavanger and Glasgow), which covers the period 1150–1500. In modern survey research, “representativeness” comes from the application of randomized survey methods in sampling, so that the sample is not biased towards any identifiable segment of the population.
Data retrieval in a diachronic context: The case of the historical English courtroom
Authors: Archer Dawn
Published: February 2013

The sensitive use of historical courtroom data can elucidate the evolution of both (English) legal language specifically and also spoken language more generally. “Sensitive use” means appreciating not only the strengths and weaknesses of any primary data used, but also the linguistic, social, cultural, political and/or religious context of that data; and, hence, making extensive use of secondary sources (including the work of legal and social historians). This article first outlines the strengths and weaknesses of some of the most popular primary sources and then provides an overview of sourcing historical trials. It also discusses how the advent of electronic or web-based datasets has enabled researchers to investigate trial data using data mining and data retrieval techniques.
Exploring variation and change in New Englishes: Looking into the International Corpus of English (ICE) and beyond
Authors: Mukherjee Joybrato , Schilk Marco
Published: February 2013

The term “New Englishes” refers to varieties of the English language that have emerged in former British colonies (or, in the case of the Philippines, of the United States). During the past several years, many New Englishes have been described in great detail at various linguistic levels, including phonetics and phonology, morphology and word-formation, syntax and style. This article looks at new developments in corpus-based research into New Englishes. It first outlines how new multi-layered corpus environments including components of the International Corpus of English (ICE), other databases and web-derived corpora offer fresh insights for corpus-based research into the structural nativization of New Englishes at the lexis-grammar interface. It then examines the currently existing limits to diachronic studies of intervarietal divergence (or convergence) between New Englishes and their historically relevant input varieties.
Change in the English infinitival perfect construction
Authors: Bowie Jill , Aarts Bas
Published: February 2013

This article explores recent grammatical change in the English perfect construction, with special focus on the infinitival perfect. Previous studies have typically drawn on written data, whereas this study reports on spoken data drawn from the Diachronic Corpus of Present-Day Spoken English, based at the Survey of English Usage, University College London. This is a parsed corpus of British English which includes a wide range of spoken genres and spans the period from the 1960s to the 1990s. First, the article compares the main inflectional subtypes of the perfect (present, past and infinitival) in terms of changing frequencies of use. Significant declines in frequency (measured per million words) are reported for the past perfect and infinitival perfect, while the present perfect appears stable. Next, the article focuses on the behaviour of the infinitival perfect in different grammatical contexts, showing that its decline within the context of a preceding modal auxiliary is independent of the declining frequency of modal auxiliaries themselves. The study shows the importance of considering changes in a linguistic category like the perfect in relation to its interaction with other categories such as morphological tense and modality.
Revisiting the reduplicative copula with corpus-based evidence
Authors: Curzan Anne
Published: February 2013

In an interview on National Public Radio Francis Ford Coppola made the following observation: “The difference is is that as it’s a love story wrapped in a mystery…” One may be tempted to call this double is a speech error. However, this grammatical construction, commonly known as the reduplicative copula (e.g., the point is is), is becoming more common in American English and other varieties of the English language around the world and appears to be grammatical for a significant subset of speakers. This article revisits the reduplicative copula using corpus-based evidence. It analyzes data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), the largest available corpus of spoken and written American English since the 1990s, containing more than 400 million words. Corpora of contemporary spoken language show what can be learned from what speakers actually do, especially when they speak in unscripted—or less scripted—ways. The article also examines historical corpus data and argues for a correlation between the rise of focusing expressions such as the point is and the emergence of the reduplicative copula.
Perceptions of dialects: Changing attitudes and ideologies
Authors: Montgomery Chris
Published: February 2013

In traditional dialectology, linguistic variation is studied in relation to geographical space. Researchers first gather evidence of linguistic forms “in the wild”, before plotting the distribution of those forms on maps. This article describes a different approach to the study of variation, that of perceptual dialectology. Whereas dialectology focuses on the distribution of actual linguistic forms, perceptual dialectology looks at speakers’ beliefs about language. Specifically, it addresses the similarities or differences between the speaker’s own speech and that of other areas; examines the other dialect areas and where they are located; describes the characteristics of these dialects; and identifies the value-judgments that speakers make about their own dialects and those of others. Perceptions of language can be investigated in three different ways: either through “societal treatment”, “direct” approach, or “indirect” approach. This article examines attitudes and ideologies in the development of the English language, focusing on the Early Modern English period and the contemporary period.
Ethnic dialects in North American English
Authors: Boberg Charles
Published: February 2013

A well-known principle of sociolinguistics is that languages reflect the people who speak them: social divisions result in associated differences in linguistic behavior. One of the main divisions is ethnic: North American English includes a wide range of ethnic dialects, or ethnolects, such as African American and Latino English, in addition to the 'standard' varieties associated with people of British and, later, European ethnic ancestry. This article focuses on the main types and most important studies of ethnic variation in North American English, with a special emphasis on subtler examples of ethnolectal variation among groups of European origin. It argues that the history of English in North America should be viewed not only in terms of its linear, language-internal development from British inputs in the seventeenth century, but also in terms of its contact with other North American languages, since these interfaces have played a crucial role in producing the unique varieties of English currently spoken in North America.
Typology and typological change in English historical linguistics
Authors: Kortmann Bernd
Published: February 2013

This article explores various ways in which established and recent theories, concepts and methods in language typology are, or can be, relevant for investigating language change in general and the history of English(es) in particular. It considers the ways that the study of the history of the English language may benefit from a modern typologist’s take on language variation and change. Language typology can be used in at least four different ways to rethink the history of English and English historical linguistics: in light of (pervasive) cross-linguistic tendencies; in light of larger patterns or correlations among structural changes; in light of the major branches of diachronic typology, especially diachronic word order typology and grammaticalization; and in light of recent theories and especially (quantitative) methods in language typology. Another factor involved in this rethinking process is dialectology.
Analyticity and syntheticity in the history of English
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt
Published: February 2013

The article adopts terminology, concepts, and ideas developed in quantitative morphological typology (cf. Greenberg 1960) to investigate the coding of grammatical information in English diachrony. Specifically, we utilize a quantitative, language-internal measure of overt grammatical analyticity, defined as the text frequency of free grammatical markers, and a measure of overt grammatical syntheticity, defined as the text frequency of bound grammatical markers. We subsequently apply these measures to the Penn Parsed Corpora of Historical English series, which covers the period between circa 1100 and 1900, and demonstrate that this time slice does not exhibit a steady drift from synthetic to analytic.
(Non)-rhoticity: Lessons from New Zealand English
Authors: Hay Jennifer , Clendon Alhana
Published: February 2013

English dialects are generally classified as either rhotic or non-rhotic. Rhotic dialects produce /r/ non-prevocalically (for example, in sword, car, and heart). Non-rhotic dialects produce these words with no /r/, having abandoned the production of /r/ in non-prevocalic position at some stage in their history. The worldwide geographic distribution of non-rhotic dialects has often been ascribed to the later dates of settlement from Britain. The loss of rhoticity appears to have resulted in the emergence of a system of linking and intrusive /r/ in most dialects. Linking /r/ and intrusive /r/ are together known as “/r/-sandhi,” and are characteristic of most non-rhotic varieties of the English language. This article takes a narrow and specific view of rhoticity and non-rhoticity by focusing on what can be learned from an analysis of the history of New Zealand English. Recent work at the University of Canterbury has investigated various aspects of the loss of rhoticity in this dialect, along with the subsequent emergence of /r/-sandhi.
Stress clash and word order changes in the left periphery in Old English and Middle English
Authors: Speyer Augustin
Published: February 2013

Syntactic change can result from both external and internal factors. Internal factors refer to the reaction of grammatical constraints on seemingly unrelated changes in other parts of the grammar; such interactions can offer important insights into the interplay of various components of grammar. This article describes a case of the interaction of constraints from different components that seem to be unrelated to one another. The first is a phonological constraint (dubbed in the text Clash Avoidance Requirement (CAR)) that is basically “dormant” in Old English and becomes “virulent” in Middle English. The second is the loss of verb-second (V2) syntax, a syntactic change that at first glance has nothing to do with phonology. CAR causes a decline in topicalization in sentences with full noun phrase subject.
Clefts as resolution strategies after the loss of a multifunctional first position
Authors: Los Bettelou , Komen Erwin R.
Published: February 2013

Until the fifteenth century, English was considered a V2 (verb-second) language. The loss of a multifunctional first position that could host adverbials and objects as well as subjects, along with unmarked topics and focused material, paved the way for new constructions (clefts) and a redefinition of old positions (with the presubject position increasingly reserved for a subset of contrastive topics). This article explores the interaction between syntax and information structure and argues that the loss of V2 resulted in the loss of a first position capable of hosting contrastive constituents. It suggests that the cleft evolves as a resolution strategy and maneuvers contrastive constituents in a position that fits the new, rigid SVO order while retaining their information-structural status. The article also considers another area where clefts partly stepped in after syntactic loss related to V2 compromised the expression of contrast: Contrastive Left Dislocation (CLD).
Community Music and Social Capital
Authors: Jones Patrick M. , Langston Thomas W.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses how music educators serve community music (CM) functions and CM facilitators serve music education functions. A key community role of music educators is to help students develop the musical skills, knowledge, habits, and dispositions to engage musically throughout life. A key music education role of CM facilitators is to help musicians in CM settings develop similar attributes, as well as fostering the types of ensembles and musical experiences in which people of various ages and social and economic strata can engage.
At-Risk Youth: Music-Making as a Means to Promote Positive Relationships
Authors: Cohen Mary L. , Silber Laya H. , Sangiorgio Andrea , Iadeluca Valentina
Published: February 2013

This article examines music programs for at-risk youth and their implications for music education and community music practices. It defines key terms, examines theoretical frameworks related to teaching at-risk youth, and describes practical applications of these frameworks. It discusses philosophies for addressing deviant behavior and controlling modes imposed from the outside to systems of cooperation. It is argued that cooperative systems are effective in facilitating music-making by for at-risk youth. The article concludes with implications for music education, suggestions for advocacy considerations, reflective questions, and a list of additional sources.
Adult Music Learning in Formal, Nonformal, and Informal Contexts
Authors: Veblen Kari K.
Published: February 2013

This article examines current research and practice in formal, nonformal, and informal learning for adult music students. In a formal setting, the teacher controls the materials, pacing, and interactions in a structured environment. Nonformal learning practices involve systematic and deliberate but less regulated pursuits that occur outside of educational structures. Informal practices comprise aspects of knowledge and skill acquisition that are largely experiential.
Music Education in the Postperformance World
Authors: Thibeault Matthew D.
Published: February 2013

This article examines music education in our present world, which is characterized as postperformance. The postperformance world is one where music is often experienced through recordings rather than live performances; where the music produced in a studio result in recordings that may be impossible to perform live due to sampling or synthesis; and where the prevalence of recordings radically changes the way we hear. The study discusses the awareness of media in the 1930; mass media as celebration in the 1960s; new media as transformative in the 1990s; and resituating music education in the postperformance world.
University Professors and the Entrepreneurial Spirit
Authors: Bresler Liora
Published: February 2013

The pressure of shrinking state budgets, uncertain returns on endowments, and the search for revenue producing course offerings and degree programs have made it important for academics to re-consider their roles in the university. This article discusses academic entrepreneurship as a mindset that attends to and promotes their commitments. It also identifies entrepreneurial characteristics that are related to habits of mind and enculturation of university faculty, as well as to those of musicians.
International Music Education: Setting up a Global Information System
Authors: Hentschke Liane
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the lack of systematized knowledge about international music education. The discussion represents a step forward in viewing music education from a global perspective and in putting together the accumulated knowledge of music in the so-called Global Information System in Music Education. The author presented this idea for the first time during her keynote address at the Sixth International Research in Music Education Conference (Exeter 2009). It is based on her experience as a professor and researcher in music education, and especially from the challenges she faced as president of the International Society of Music Education.
Across Borders and Technologies: Advancements in Virtual Teams Research
Authors: Kirkman Bradley L. , Gibson Cristina B. , Kim Kwanghyun
Published: February 2013

Research on virtual teams continues to grow as this form of teaming is increasingly adopted by organizations worldwide. To comprehensively analyze the growing literature on virtual teams, we reviewed 197 articles published between 1986 and 2008. We organize our review both by level of analysis (i.e., individual, group, and organization) and by relevance to the input-emergent state-process-output (IEPO) framework, yielding 12 theoretically meaningful categories of research. We summarize and synthesize this research over the last 22 years in each of these 12 areas, and we conclude with directions for future research related to five overarching themes: (a) the conceptualization of virtuality; (b) team development; (c) virtual team leadership; (d) levels of analysis; and (e) multidisciplinary approaches.
Behavior, Performance, and Effectiveness in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Campbell John P.
Published: February 2013

Sometime during the 1980s, industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology stopped merely complaining about the “criterion problem” and began thinking about occupational or work role performance as a construct that could be substantively modeled. Subsequently, there has been considerable theory and research dealing with the substantive latent structure of performance, performance dynamics, and performance measurement issues. This chapter reviews these developments and argues that, despite differences in terminology and points of emphasis, there is virtually complete convergence concerning the principal components of job performance. The convergent picture is described, along with its implication for theory and research in I/O psychology. Finally, and somewhat unexpectedly, it is argued that at a particular level of generality/specificity the substantive structure of individual work performance is invariant, regardless of occupation, organizational level, situational context, or performance dynamics.
Personnel Selection: Ensuring Sustainable Organizational Effectiveness Through the Acquisition of Human Capital
Authors: Ployhart Robert E.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter I propose a vision for the field of personnel selection: ensuring sustainable organizational effectiveness through the acquisition of human capital. This vision is used to organize and review historical approaches to selection, critique contemporary approaches, and identify future research needs. It is argued that while there is a rich history of research on personnel selection practices and techniques, this research falls short of achieving the vision. Rather, scholars will need to take a broader, and frequently more contextualized, orientation if they are to show the organizational benefits of selection procedures.
Person-Environment Fit in Organizational Settings
Authors: Ostroff Cheri
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this chapter is to review and synthesize research on the fit, congruence, and alignment between individuals and their organizational environment. Theoretical foundations and conceptualizations of person–environment (PE) fit are reviewed, highlighting areas of ambiguity and controversy. The framework of fit addresses different fit perspectives (similarity, fulfillment, and compilation), fit to different hierarchical levels (person-individual, person-job, person-group, and person-organization fit), and different modes of defining the environment (person-based versus situational-based). Distinctions are drawn between objective and subjective fit, and a set of organizational and individual differences variables are hypothesized to increase the convergence between the two. Further, misfit is defined, and moderators of the relationship between fit, misfit, and individual outcomes are suggested. Finally, the notion that individuals simultaneously desire to fit in terms of being similar to others and being distinctive from others is addressed as a means to further future research on the PE fit in organizations.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference
Authors: Hug Simon
Published: February 2013

An increasing number of analyses in various subfields of political science employ Boolean algebra as proposed by Ragin's qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). This type of analysis is perfectly justifiable if the goal is to test deterministic hypotheses under the assumption of error-free measures of the employed variables. My contention is, however, that only in a very few research areas are our theories sufficiently advanced to yield deterministic hypotheses. Also, given the nature of our objects of study, error-free measures are largely an illusion. Hence, it is unsurprising that many studies employ QCA inductively and gloss over possible measurement errors. In this article, I address these issues and demonstrate the consequences of these problems with simple empirical examples. In an analysis similar to Monte Carlo simulation, I show that using Boolean algebra in an exploratory fashion without considering possible measurement errors may lead to dramatically misleading inferences. I then suggest remedies that help researchers to circumvent some of these pitfalls.
The Mutualistic Fungus Piriformospora indica Protects Barley Roots from a Loss of Antioxidant Capacity Caused by the Necrotrophic Pathogen Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Harrach Borbála D. , Baltruschat Helmut , Barna Balázs , Fodor József , Kogel Karl-Heinz
Published: February 2013

Fusarium culmorum causes root rot in barley (Hordeum vulgare), resulting in severely reduced plant growth and yield. Pretreatment of roots with chlamydospores of the mutualistic root-colonizing basidiomycete Piriformospora indica (subdivision Agaricomycotina) prevented necrotization of root tissues and plant growth retardation commonly associated with Fusarium root rot. Quantification of Fusarium infections with a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay revealed a correlation between root rot symptoms and the relative amount of fungal DNA. Fusarium-infected roots showed reduced levels of ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), along with reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, GSH reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and monodehydroascorbate reductase. Consistent with this, Fusarium-infected roots showed elevated levels of lipid hydroperoxides and decreased ratios of reduced to oxidized forms of ascorbate and GSH. In clear contrast, roots treated with P. indica prior to inoculation with F. culmorum showed levels of ascorbate and GSH that were similar to controls. Likewise, lipid peroxidation and the overall reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities were largely attenuated by P. indica in roots challenged by F. culmorum. These results suggest that P. indica protects roots from necrotrophic pathogens, at least partly, through activating the plant's antioxidant capacity.
A Simple Method for Comparing Fungal Biomass in Infected Plant Tissues
Authors: Ayliffe Michael , Periyannan Sambasivam K. , Feechan Angela , Dry Ian , Schumann Ulrike , Wang Ming-Bo , Pryor Anthony , Lagudah Evans
Published: February 2013

Plant phenotypes resistant and susceptible to fungal pathogens are usually scored using qualitative, subjective methods that are based upon disease symptoms or by an estimation of the amount of visible fungal growth. Given that plant resistance genes often confer partial resistance to fungal pathogens, a simple, sensitive, nonsubjective quantitative method for measuring pathogen growth would be highly advantageous. This report describes an in planta quantitative assay for fungal biomass based upon detection of chitin using wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to a fluorophore. Using this assay, the growth of wheat rust pathogens on wheat was assayed and the additivity of several adult plant and seedling resistance genes to Puccinia striiformis, P. graminis, and P. triticina was assayed on both glasshouse- and field-grown material. The assay can discriminate between individual rust pustules on a leaf segment or, alternatively, compare fungal growth on field plots. The quantification of Erysiphe necator (powdery mildew) growth on Vitis vinifera (grapevine) is also demonstrated, with resistant and susceptible cultivars readily distinguished. Given that chitin is a major cell wall component of many plant fungal pathogens, this robust assay will enable simple and accurate measurement of biomass accumulation in many plant–fungus interactions.
Using the Entropy of Tracheal Sounds to Detect Apnea during Sedation in Healthy Nonobese Volunteers
Authors: Yu Lu , Ting Chien-Kun , Hill Bryce E. , Orr Joseph A. , Brewer Lara M. , Johnson Ken B. , Egan Talmage D. , Westenskow Dwayne R.
Published: February 2013

Background:

Undetected apnea can lead to severe hypoxia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest. Tracheal sounds entropy has been proved to be a robust method for estimating respiratory flow, thus maybe a more reliable way to detect obstructive and central apnea during sedation.

Methods:

A secondary analysis of a previous pharmacodynamics study was conducted. Twenty volunteers received propofol and remifentinal until they became unresponsive to the insertion of a bougie into the esophagus. Respiratory flow rate and tracheal sounds were recorded using a pneumotachometer and a microphone. The logarithm of the tracheal sound Shannon entropy (Log-E) was calculated to estimate flow rate. An adaptive Log-E threshold was used to distinguish between the presence of normal breath and apnea. Apnea detected from tracheal sounds was compared to the apnea detected from respiratory flow rate.

Results:

The volunteers stopped breathing for 15 s or longer (apnea) 322 times during the 12.9-h study. Apnea was correctly detected 310 times from both the tracheal sounds and the respiratory flow. Periods of apnea were not detected by the tracheal sounds 12 times. The absence of tracheal sounds was falsely detected as apnea 89 times. Normal breathing was detected correctly 1,196 times. The acoustic method detected obstructive and central apnea in sedated volunteers with 95% sensitivity and 92% specificity.

Conclusions:

We found that the entropy of the acoustic signal from a microphone placed over the trachea may reliably provide an early warning of the onset of obstructive and central apnea in volunteers under sedation.
Enduring consequences of early experiences: 40 year effects on survival and success among African elephants (
Loxodonta africana
)
Authors: Lee Phyllis C. , Bussière Luc F. , Webber C. Elizabeth , Poole Joyce H. , Moss Cynthia J.
Published: February 2013

Growth from conception to reproductive onset in African elephants (
Loxodonta africana
) provides insights into phenotypic plasticity, individual adaptive plastic responses and facultative maternal investment. Using growth for 867 and life histories for 2652 elephants over 40 years, we demonstrate that maternal inexperience plus drought in early life result in reduced growth rates for sons and higher mortality for both sexes. Slow growth during early lactation was associated with smaller adult size, later age at first reproduction, reduced lifetime survival and consequently limited reproductive output. These enduring effects of trading slow early growth against immediate survival were apparent over the very long term; delayed downstream consequences were unexpected for a species with a maximum longevity of 70+ years and unpredictable environmental experiences.
The impact of sex ratio and economic status on local birth rates
Authors: Chipman A. , Morrison E.
Published: February 2013

Human mating and reproductive behaviour can vary depending on various mechanisms, including the local sex ratio. Previous research shows that as sex ratios become female-biased, women from economically deprived areas are less likely to delay reproductive opportunities to wait for a high-investing mate but instead begin their reproductive careers sooner. Here, we show that the local sex ratio also has an impact on female fertility schedules. At young ages, a female-biased ratio is associated with higher birth rates in the poorest areas, whereas the opposite is true for the richest areas. At older ages, a female-biased ratio is associated with higher birth rates in the richest, but not the poorest areas. These patterns suggest that female–female competition encourages poorer women to adopt a fast life-history strategy and give birth early, and richer women to adopt a slow life-history strategy and delay reproduction.