bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rhodes Must Fall, Ulysses, and the Politics of Teaching Modernism
Authors: Parsons Cóilín
Published: November 2023

Riots and modernist theatre go hand in hand. Modernist novels, less of a spectacle in themselves, provoke less spectacular reactions, their controversies often played out in courts of law rather than in the street. This chapter proposes a contrapuntal examination of Ulysses, an epic of decolonization, and the re-emergence of decolonial thinking and political action in South Africa in the last ten years. It begins with a reflection on the experience of teaching modernism in South Africa, and identifying the ambivalent politics of Leopold Bloom as they are most prominently displayed in a brief flashback to Bloom’s experience of being caught up in a protest/riot against the South African war. From there, the chapter moves to the Rhodes Must Fall protests in South Africa in 2015/16 by way of The Fall, a devised stage play about the student protests in which one of the protestors/characters recalls feeling alienated in a first-year English lecture on E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India. Drawing these threads together, the chapter asks how the study of modernism, that self-proclaimed moment of violent rupture, can learn from and be energized by contemporary political protest and anger. It also considers how scholars might negotiate our desires for textual transhistoricism and the realities of a world, forged in riot and political protest, in which European modernism can no longer be taken for granted as a guide to the future.
‘If I write a Love poem it’s against the police’
Authors: Brooks Andrew , Lorange Astrid
Published: November 2023

This chapter reads ‘riot poems’ from the late 1960s to the present moment. We perform a materialist reading of this historical period (including the 1960s as a transitional period between post-war growth and 1973, a year that periodizes the beginning of sustained economic downturn), asking how the poem as a social object can allow us to sense the shape of social movements. Reading work by Miguel James, Wendy Trevino, Gwendolyn Brooks, and David Henderson, we argue that the ‘riot poem’ instructs readers to engage with the specific, contingent conditions in which struggle happens and is learned, shared, contested, won, and lost. We propose that the riot poem attempts to capture the conditions that produced the riot as well as the intensities that comprise rioting, in order to produce a document for future readers to study struggles for abolition in their historical situation. A riot poem makes a certain demand on its reader to consider the conditions of its making—that is, to consider the particular resistance it documents—and it also instructs a reader to be attentive to social meanings as they come to be articulated in new and unexpected ways.
Mobilizing the History of Protest and Dissent in Post-2011 Moroccan Novels
Authors: Laachir Karima
Published: November 2023

Literary and cultural production have always engaged with pressing social and political issues and have offered alternative visions and ‘imagining’ to the social and political spheres in Morocco. Novels written in Arabic and French, for example, have offered a rich cultural memory of social and political mobilization. They individually and collectively function to keep alive a memory of protest and riots that have largely been silenced in official history. This chapter focuses on the turn to memory in a sample of novels written post-2011 Arab Uprisings. It argues that these novels’ focus on memories of rural rebellions, urban riots, and students’ protests reinforces the interplay between past and present histories of dissent (and their suppression) as a reminder of the continuity of revolutionary movements of change. The novels demand the reader to reflect on Morocco’s political past, but also consider what sort of present is now available and what possible futures might be embraced.
From Caieta to Erato
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

The first chapter explores the series of interconnected panels at the beginning of Aeneid 7 that reveal Vergil’s extraordinary vision for Aeneid 7–12. An examination of the entire sequence from the epitaphic commemoration of Aeneas’ nurse Caieta (A. 7.1–4) to the invocation of the Muse Erato (A. 7.37–45) reveals how intergeneric interplay with amatory and sepulchral elegy articulates the conceptual and aesthetic framework of Vergil’s ‘Italian Iliad’. Vergil’s poetic gestures to Caieta (mors) and Erato (amor) in the opening sequence have crucial programmatic implications. The clear structural correlation between the two framing devices associates mors with amor and sets the linked pair in productive tension with arma, the primary matrix outlined in the culmination of the proem.
Wielding Passion as Power
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

The third chapter focuses on the encounter between Venus and Vulcan (A. 8.370–406), in which the goddess uses seduction to convince her husband, the divine craftsman, to create special armour for her son Aeneas. Vergil’s depiction of Venus and Vulcan has engendered analyses that consider its relation to gender and sexuality, political ideology, philosophy, and rhetoric. By contrast, this chapter concentrates on the intergeneric poetics of the Vergilian scene of divine enticement. It identifies amatory elegiac details that accentuate the overt erotic dynamics of Venus’ seduction of Vulcan. Moreover, it demonstrates how aesthetic fluctuation between epic and elegy reinforces Vergil’s conception of amor as inextricably linked to arma and mors, as the goddess procures through seduction the armaments with which Aeneas eventually dispatches Turnus to the underworld.
From Amor to Mors
Authors: McCallum Sarah L.
Published: November 2023

The final book of the Aeneid begins with a sequential dialogic exchange between Turnus, Latinus, Amata, and Lavinia that harks back to their programmatic introductions in Aeneid 7. In the martial escalation that follows the dialogic exchange, Vergil consigns Amata and Turnus to mors with marked funerary elegiac gestures, thereby fulfilling the teleogical progression established in Aeneid 7. This chapter disentangles the complicated nexus of interwoven elegiac material, both amatory and sepulchral, that underscores the problematic role of amor, which ignites and fuels lethal violence throughout the second half of Vergil’s epic. Turnus may pay lip service to political and martial ideals in his desire for single combat with Aeneas, but his ferocious enmity stems from amor; he cannot bear for Lavinia to be betrothed to his Trojan rival. The urgent speeches of Latinus and Amata call to mind the queen’s unseemly amor for Turnus, which leads to her death. Vivid erotic imagery in the description of Lavinia, blushing hotly in response to her mother’s fervent speech, suggests that amor lurks within her silent, dutiful persona. The intergeneric and allusive texture of Aeneid 12 make it the conceptual capstone of the established thematic trajectory, which brutally confirms the perilous consequences of amor for the central Italian characters of the maius opus.
Restraining Power through Institutions
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru V.
Published: November 2023

This book challenges mainstream scholarly literature which has argued that we cannot develop meaningful analogies between domestic and international politics. It shows that there are important parallels across these two realms, however, only if we compare political interactions among states over the past two centuries to those within states, going back about one thousand years. It focuses specifically on the evolution of institutions that restrain concentrated power, such as courts, assemblies, or bureaucracies. In doing so, the book complements the literature’s traditional emphasis on efforts to acquire power with a “Lockean” approach emphasizing restraints on power. The first chapters develop a set of theoretical arguments about the emergence, change, and consolidation of institutional restraints on power. These are primarily derived from literature focusing on domestic politics going back to events such as those involving the Magna Carta or the Curia Regis in England, and the Estates General or Parlement in France. The empirical chapters assess the relevance of such arguments for explaining the evolution of numerous intergovernmental organizations: international courts, such as the Permanent Court of Arbitration, International Court of Justice, and International Criminal Court; international assemblies and parliaments such as the League of Nations’ Assembly, UN General Assembly, and European Parliament; and international secretariats such as those of Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine, UN, and World Bank. The similarities between developments in the domestic and international realms lead to several important conclusions about future expectations for international institutions and, more broadly, for world politics.
Artificial intelligence to benefit humanity
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

The introduction highlights the book’s significance, key definitions, and chronologies, and outlines the blurred lines between civilian and military uses of AI: from the militarization to the weaponization of AI. It begins to explain common good governance in the context of a shifting geopolitical context of great power rivalries with no incentive to cooperate in the military realm. The militarization of AI, especially in the absence of any oversight rules and globally agreed forms of governance, is a developing phenomenon that will impact international relations. The chapter details the diplomatic process on autonomous weapons as the only part discussed at a high level at the United Nations, and shows that not all already deployed autonomous weapons integrate AI, and that some AI-enhanced military robotic systems are not autonomous weapons. Many aspects of the militarization of AI are highly contentious and questionable, and are viewed as destabilizing to international security, as well as raising legal and ethical questions. The chapter introduces common good governance and transnational networked cooperation for a shifting global order: a more inclusive and humanistic approach to cooperating to prevent autonomous and algorithmic killing, showing that a global legal framework governing military AI is a global public good of the highest order and warrants global cooperation.
The dynamics of international diplomacy
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a detailed account of the dynamics of the high-stakes diplomacy on autonomous weapons at the United Nations since 2013, beginning with how the debate to create an international treaty on autonomous weapons started at the Human Rights Council and how a group of scientists alerted the world to the perils of autonomous weapons. It also details the growing chorus of consensus vis-à-vis a new international treaty on autonomous weapons and AI-assisted systems: legally binding and comprising some prohibitions (proscriptions) and some regulations. Therefore, certain modes of autonomy devoid of human control and predictability would be prohibited. Additionally, some systems that target humans would also be made unlawful. The regulations—also legally binding—would apply to various other aspects of the use of autonomous systems. The chapter examines the International Committee of the Red Cross’s position on the matter and frames the debate within the larger scope of strategic instability and insecurity for all in which the major military powers have been redefining their national security in terms of their pursuit of superiority in the realm of AI. It also describes the role of the United Nations in seeking peace and instability by highlighting some existing global maps for cooperation and security—the AI for Good Movement and the Sustainable Development Goals—and provides steps to common good governance under international law.
War, humanity’s security, and arms: Existing global norms
Authors: Garcia Denise
Published: November 2023

This chapter advances the argument that the greater use of autonomy and AI is taking place at the intersection of the third revolution (use of autonomy and AI-assisted systems) in warfare and the fourth industrial revolution (digital and cyberspace’s prevalence) which makes for a volatile and consequential new reality with far-reaching repercussions. It examines previous evolutions and revolutions in warfare technologies—from chemical, biological, conventional to nuclear weapons—and identifies disarmament as an indubitably tried and tested route toward the attainment of common good governance to improve humanity’s security. Several new norms stemming from the prohibition of weapon systems examined have increased human security across the world and had a pacifying effect in international relations, making a difference in people’s lives by allowing the possibility of their pursuing gainful livelihoods. This is richly backed by a database of 25 international treaties that prove that precautionary measures outweigh the benefit of waiting until problems materialize. The findings inspire the creation of a common good governance-based regulatory framework on AI with fewer arms and more prosperity with a true framework for humanity.
Introduction
Authors: Macnish Kevin , Henschke Adam
Published: November 2023

Introductory chapter which frames the key debates and aims of the book, with an overview of the book’s structure and summaries of the individual chapters. It opens with a reflection on the lifting of the global Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns and how these have been managed by liberal democratic governments engaging in large scale surveillance. The approaches taken by governments are indicative of a changing relationship between the individual and the state in liberal democracies, marked by factors such as declining trust in government authority. The chapter then comments on significant ethical challenges raised by the increase in surveillance, such as privacy, digital exclusion and the uncertainties of the Collingridge dilemma. It then provides an overview of the structure of the book, introducing each chapter in context.
No States of Exception
Authors: Smith Patrick Taylor
Published: November 2023

It is common to suggest that certain threats generate emergency conditions that permit leaders to abjure deontic principles or to violate rights in the name of the common good. The idea that emergencies represent a kind of moral free-for-all has led some to argue that we should reject the concept in its entirety. This chapter argues that both positions are mistaken and unstable. Using neo-republican accounts of justice and legitimacy, this chapter makes three related points. First, it offers an account of emergency that is normatively relevant. Second, contrary to standard views—we should understand that institutions cannot change instantly and that emergencies should not be understood as justifying a permissively consequentialist political morality. Rather, using the Roman concept of ‘dictator’ as example, I argue that neo-republicans should create regulated spaces for controlled emergency reasoning. Finally, I apply this account to surveillance in the case of serious global health emergencies.
Ethical Requirements for Digital Systems for Contact Tracing in Pandemics
Authors: Lundgren Björn
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to provide ethical requirements for digital tracking and tracing systems for Covid-19. Moreover, the chapter also identifies risks in guidelines: that temporary measures become permanent; that temporary measures affect information distribution norms, creating a new normal which may not be desirable; and that measures in one country negatively influence policies in another country. Recognizing these risks, the chapter proposes a solution to the inherent limits of developing a guideline with a check-list function, or other forms of easily determinable guidelines that can be used by a non-expert.
Introduction
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

The Introduction explains the book’s main aim and situates the project in relation to other similar historical and contemporary work, identifying some of its key unique features. The goal of the book is to identify four pathways whereby individuals with ambiguous evidence for God can grow in virtue and attain greater flourishing by engaging in practices of faith toward God. This focus is compared and contrasted with Pascal’s Wager and with contemporary research concerned with benefits of religious practices that do not require cognitive commitments to religious realities. The book’s integration of conceptual and empirical research is highlighted.
Faith and Its Justification
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the cognitive commitments involved in the focal faith practices of the book, such as thanking or praising God. The chapter argues that these commitments can be supplied by either beliefs or nondoxastic assumptions, but that ten other candidates (e.g., hope, credence) fail. It then considers the concern that taking on these beliefs or assumptions would be epistemically unjustified for individuals with ambiguous evidence for God. In response, it is argued that these commitments either are not epistemically unjustified or are epistemically excused, or their epistemic disvalue is outweighed by their moral value. To defend this response, the chapter engages with work in mainstream epistemology and articulates a novel argument for why the epistemic norms governing assumptions differ from those governing beliefs.
Spiritual Excellence
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that individuals with ambiguous evidence for God can cultivate the virtue of spiritual excellence by engaging in contemplative practices that make use of minimal theism. Spiritual excellence involves a tendency to make skillful use of worldviews for which one has ambiguous evidence or better in order to experience morally transformative feelings of connectedness. The chapter presents an original empirical study with theists and agnostics who undertook a simple, contemplative faith practice that involved looking at awe-inspiring pictures with theistic or neutral prompts. Analysis of the data suggests that theists experience greater increases in connectedness when using the theistic prompts and that agnostics also experience such increases if they have a highly faithful orientation toward God and are comfortable and engaged with the exercise.
The Riot at Cannons
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the events before, during, and after a brawl that broke out at Cannons, the Lake country estate outside of London. It uses the Star Chamber court records from a suit that was filed the following year, as well as letters. Roos and the Lakes presented vastly different versions of what occurred: Roos argued that his wife asked him to fetch her, but really plotted with her brother to attack him and his men as they arrived at Cannons. The Lakes argued that Roos showed up unannounced very early in the morning, violently grabbed his wife, and then had his men attack the Lake household. The chapter analyzes the tales and concludes that Roos found himself in a gendered double-bind. The Lakes accused him of acting unmanly, and his and his grandfather’s attempts to defend and explain his actions emasculated him as well.
Interlude
Authors: Luthman Johanna
Published: November 2023

As Lady Roos’s accusations against the countess of Exeter caused a public scandal in England, Roos remained in Italy, stubbornly refusing to return to England. When word reached him that the earl of Exeter was now willing to go to court against the Lakes and seemed to believe Roos’s version of the Lakes’ mistreatment of him, Roos became bolder in his exile. He still did not intend to go home. He wrote the king an extraordinary letter, in which he told his version of events at the fight at Cannons, presented the Lakes and his wife as evil personified, and excused his own actions. He briefly stated that the countess of Exeter, like himself, was innocent of all charges. He also imagined that Italians would have solved this family dispute by simply murdering all the offenders, offering a violent solution to wounded honor. Shortly after writing this missive to the king, Roos fell ill and died in Naples. Rumors swirled that he had been poisoned. At this point, he had converted to Catholicism. The main sources for this chapter are Lord Roos’s own letter to the king, and diplomatic correspondence reporting his death.
Protection as a spectrum
Authors: Verweijen Judith
Published: November 2023

The literature on civilian protective agency has paid scant attention to forms of protection that are provided according to private logics, in particular, protection as a commodity or protection as part of relations of patronage. Yet in war-affected eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, as this chapter shows, soliciting private forms of protection constitutes a crucial way in which civilians try to shield themselves against physical, political, economic, and social insecurity. In eastern DRC, protection as a public good, protection as a commodity, and protection in the framework of individual and collective patronage are entangled in complex ways, and can be provided, even simultaneously, by the same armed actors. Moreover, the boundaries between these different forms of protection are porous and shifting, implying protection can best be conceptualized as located on a spectrum between more public and more private, more voluntary and more coerced forms. Identifying where on the spectrum protection is located is useful for better understanding civilian agency, including the degree and types of coercion civilians face from armed actors. In addition, a more nuanced conceptualization of protection helps draw attention to civilians’ time horizon, specifically whether they seek to avert immediate danger or try to ensure protection in the long term. Finally, it enables a better understanding of the longer-term effects of protection on social orders. In the case of eastern DRC, the effects of protection informed by private logics are mostly negative and include the militarization of dispute settlement and the erosion of trust in the state security services.
Trajectories of civilian resistance to criminal victimization in El Salvador and Nigeria
Authors: Moncada Eduardo
Published: November 2023

Why do groups of victims of crime that emerge to resist criminal victimization instead end up becoming predatory criminal victimizers themselves? Across the developing world civilians use extra-legal violence to resist criminal victimization and protect themselves and their communities in settings where states are unable or unwilling to enforce the rule of law. But, over time, resistance can turn predatory wherein vigilante groups begin to target civilians with the types of crimes that they emerged to end in the first place. What are the processes through which resistance to protect civilians ends in predation? This chapter identifies two such pathways: an endogenous pathway that results when vigilante groups attempt to scale up their coercive capacity, and an exogenous pathway where vigilante groups collude with political entrepreneurs. The chapter argues that which pathway a vigilante group takes depends on whether they have a robust pre-existing organizational foundation that enables them to satisfy the societal demand for protection and end criminal territorial control.
Graham Greene's Journeys in Spain and Portugal
Authors: Villar Flor Carlos
Published: November 2023

This book deals with Graham Greene’s travels around Spain and Portugal in the 1970s and 1980s in the company of a Spanish scholar and Catholic priest, Leopoldo Durán, and offers new angles on a decisive period in the life of a writer who continues to inspire and to fascinate. This detailed reconstruction of Greene’s visits to Spain between 1976 and 1989 has been put together from among specialized archives holding Greene’s and Duran’s diaries and personal papers. If their friendship is itself remarkable, a lively account of it provides numerous anecdotes, the emergence of charming and/or enigmatic characters, and several untold stories: the hilarious attempt by a Spanish nobleman to establish a Graham Greene Foundation; the possible motivations of Greene’s first visit to Spain related to his role as an informant for MI6; the mysterious visits to an old English lady located in Sintra; or the writer's attempts in the early 1980s to establish links with the emerging Spanish socialism following a modus operandi that had borne fruit in Panama, Chile, Nicaragua, or Cuba. The process of inspiration to write Monsignor Quixote (1982) comes to the foreground in the trips that took place between 1976 and 1982, while a later phase (1983–89) contemplates events related to the repercussions of this novel. Therefore, it can be affirmed that the present book provides essential information to understand the novel that would become Graham Greene’s own favourite among all his extensive production.
Geographies of urban dominance
Authors: McGregor JoAnn , Chatiza Kudzai
Published: November 2023

This chapter makes two conceptual contributions to debates over political dominance in urban contexts. First, it advocates a geographical approach that differentiates specific urban spaces, rather than treating capital cities as monolithic. Second, it calls for attention to the qualities of political dominance and change over time. This means looking beyond top-down strategies of co-optation or coercion and open forms of protest politics to explore authority and political manoeuvres within dominated locales. These arguments are grounded in a discussion of Zimbabwe’s capital, Harare. Zimbabwe’s ruling party, ZANU(PF), sought new modes of dominating the city after 2000, when voters turned to the Movement for Democratic Change. Opportunities for ‘generative’ patronage in this opposition-supporting capital were spatially concentrated and hinged on controlling land and new settlements on the city periphery. Dominance was co-constituted within these spaces, as residents mobilized themselves through the party for survival and access housing, and to lobby for regularization.
Self-organizing Molecules
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

The first part of this chapter discusses how order or disorder can be measured and introduces the concept of Kolmogorov complexity. Then it briefly explores the apparent nature’s tendency towards increasing disorder and the Second Law of Thermodynamics. This is followed by a discussion of the processes of self-assembly and self-organization, in which the state of physical matter ‘moves’ in the direction from disorder to order without contradicting the Second Law. The chapter also briefly discusses physics at a molecular scale, the concept of thermodynamic entropy and a related concept of free energy, the tendency to minimize which can be viewed as a driver of self-organizational processes. Several examples of molecular self-assembly and self-organization relevant to living systems are given.
Life on Earth
Authors: Brazma Alvis
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses how old Earth is, how old life on Earth is, how life and the recording of information emerged, and how evolution of life can be viewed as increasingly efficient means of information processing. It is shown that the main objects of Darwinian selection, which is at the basis of all known biological evolution, are pieces of information. It discusses how life began with polymer molecules accumulating information and the transition from pre-life to the first system of evolving replicators. Further, it looks at how a living cell emerged, how a complex eukaryotic cell emerged, as well as multicellularity, sexual reproduction, and then the animal brain. It shows that evolution can be viewed as learning. The last part of the chapter briefly discusses how animals communicate information to each other.
Assisting International Justice
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

Although the International Criminal Court—as the only permanent international court that addresses crimes against humanity, genocide, and war crimes—has important potential to end impunity and find justice for victims of these atrocities, it is dependent on others for almost all aspects of its functioning. Member states have often been fair-weather friends, which is why the Court has frequently relied on the peacekeeping operations that the UN deploys in the field. Assisting International Justice improves our understanding of the conditions under which UN peacekeepers address impunity in their mission areas. Over the past two decades, UN peacekeepers have provided logistical assistance and security to Court investigators, shared large amounts of information, and have even been involved in the arrest of Court suspects. But their track record has been inconsistent. Despite the empirical importance of this phenomenon, we know very little about the conditions under which it occurs. This book will seek to fill that gap, by presenting a first-of-its-kind single-country case study of assistance provided by the UN mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo and a plausibility probe of other peace operations in ICC situation countries. It relies on new empirical material, including over 130 interviews with key decision-makers and comprehensive archival research. The book will be of interest to readers interested in UN peacekeeping and international criminal justice, as it sheds light on how the UN navigates the terrain of conflict mediation and punitive accountability and the collaborative but contingent relationship between the UN and the ICC.
Introduction
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

The Introduction outlines the research question posed by this book, posits the main argument, and discusses its aims and contributions. The chapter makes the case that there is variation in the assistance of UN peace operations to the ICC that is worth studying but is left unexplained by existing scholarship. It then details the explanations that the book offers. Moreover, this chapter describes the methodological approach that the book takes and argues that a single-country case study design is the most appropriate to answer the research question. It also offers a brief background on the International Criminal Court, UN peace operations, and how they came to cooperate with each other. The chapter closes by detailing the structure and outline of the rest of the book’s chapters.
‘Walking a tightrope without a net’
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter studies the opening phase of the interactions between the UN’s peace operation in the DRC and the ICC, and shows how a set of activist decision-makers worked together to bring about substantial formal and informal cooperation. The ICC opened investigations in the DRC in June 2004 and relied heavily on the UN mission there to understand the conflict situation, obtain secure transports, and sometimes also for accommodation. The UN, though hesitant, provided much of this required support. This occurred despite the fact that the United States had explicitly told the mission that it did not support any cooperation with the ICC. The UN was even involved in an attempt to arrest the Number Two of Joseph Kony’s Lord’s Resistance Army, who was an ICC fugitive. This chapter closes with the run-up to the 2006 elections, which coincided with the ICC’s first warrant in the DRC situation.
Balancing stability and arrest warrants (September 2006–December 2008)
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter outlines the second phase in the interactions between MONUC and the ICC, which was shaped by much more restraint, especially on the side of the UN. The democratic elections of 2006 brought to power a legitimately elected government and the UN started to reconsider its role in the country, gearing towards a more deferential and supportive position than before the elections. The losers of the elections, moreover, escalated conflict in the east and the UN was heavily involved in trying to find a negotiated end to the violence. As the ICC started to produce more arrest warrants against individuals who were also involved in peace negotiations, the UN had to find a way to balance its efforts to promote stability in the DRC against its desire to help the ICC end impunity for atrocities committed there.
Peace first, justice later? (January 2009–March 2013)
Authors: Buitelaar Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes a significant souring of relations between the UN and the ICC. The 2009 DRC–Rwanda peace deal integrated the country’s largest rebel group (including several notorious war criminals) into the Congolese army. The UN, in turn, was supposed to engage in joint operations with this integrated army. The integration of Bosco Ntaganda into the Congolese army, and the UN’s alleged cooperation with this ICC-indicted war criminal, turned into a significant reputation crisis for the UN. Furthermore, the Congolese government suspended its cooperation with the ICC and this made it very difficult for the mission to provide any assistance to the ICC where it needed it the most, namely the arrest of fugitives. However, things changed again when Bosco Ntaganda mutinied from the army, initiating the M23 rebellion, after which the UN and the ICC found new ways of working together.
Centrist Anti-Establishment Parties and Their Struggle for Survival
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

Centrist Anti-Establishment Parties and Their Struggle for Survival explores the electoral fate of new parties that promise little more than to be better than the “dishonest” political establishment. Initially extremely successful, many centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) do not survive more than a few consecutive elections. Nevertheless, some CAPs do endure. How do parties survive when newness is their only selling point? As the first book-length study on this type of party, the volume explores this question in Central and Eastern Europe, where CAPs have dominated politics for more than two decades. The book’s main argument focuses on CAPs’ electoral strategies after their first elections. It derives three strategies of survival that lead to more sustainable electoral support: a reframed protest strategy, an anti-corruption strategy, and a mainstream strategy. Combining quantitative data from an original expert survey with qualitative evidence from elite interviews, the book demonstrates that CAPs only survive when they abandon their initial strategy of pure protest. While strategic change is necessary for party survival, several failed attempts at transformation show that it is not sufficient. Whether a party successfully adopts a new strategy depends on how coherent its voters’ preferences are. Analyses of CAPs’ voter bases show that the more a CAP first attracted voters from both the left and the right, the more it struggles. Ideology, seemingly irrelevant to CAPs’ initial successes, eventually determines CAPs’ fates. These findings have implications for other European countries, where CAP-like parties, such as the Italian Five Star Movement, follow similar trajectories.
Trajectories of CAPs after Their Initial Breakthrough
Authors: Engler Sarah
Published: November 2023

This chapter illustrates how the electoral strategies of centrist anti-establishment parties (CAPs) have evolved throughout their life spans. The chapter uses an original data set measuring anti-corruption and anti-establishment claims and combines it with ideological data from the Chapel Hill Expert Survey to show that only parties that adopted one of the three strategies of survival managed to survive in the long run. The short-term patterns are less clear; however, two observations do stand out. First, although the original protest strategy might work in the short term, no party continued to use this strategy in the long term: CAPs either adopted a new strategy or failed to survive. Second, the mainstream strategy is the most commonly adopted strategy, but it has also led to the highest number of party deaths. The adoption of a new strategy of survival seems to be a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition of party survival.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

A recent groundswell of findings from a range of different fields provides overwhelming evidence that we are actually pre-wired (enabled), hard-wired (compelled), and soft-wired (pre-disposed) to be empathic, cooperative, and socially oriented. To examine how ultrasociality works in practice, this chapter introduces four crucially important cases of international cooperation: (1) the European integration project, (2) the international relations of space exploration, (3) the global nuclear weapons taboo, and (4) the worldwide climate change regime. The story of how each of these issues emerged as an unexpected example of widespread, international cooperation is central to showing why an ultrasocial lens is so valuable.
European Transformation
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

From the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s, the formal European project became, at various points in time, more transactional, while in more informal settings, the power of possibility continued to occupy people’s imaginations and also to fuel change. Key leaders were able to recall and re-energize the federalist idea and the federalist movement at various points in time. This dynamic between more transactional and more transformational periods has determined whether the European project has been closer to the core of the ultrasocial landscape or further away. It takes human agency and continued belief in the power of possibility to maintain such a momentum.
Conclusion to Part III
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Human engagement with outer space shows how the draw of an idea, grounded in the ultrasocial landscape, has pulled people and countries together, even during periods of international conflict. It demonstrates the staying power of a cooperative idea, especially one that taps into our collective imagination. The impact of the Spaceflight Idea emerged out of the actions of non-state actors, including the regular public, and at key moments, permeated into the highest levels of governments. Various and wide-ranging efforts at space diplomacy, even during the height of the Cold War, made possible the numerous tangible outcomes in the 1970s and beyond.
The Climate Movement
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes the emergence of the early climate movement before the rise of the transformational idea of net zero. In the 1980s and 1990s, the climate movement, initially rooted as it was in the earlier environmental movement, at first struggled to have an impact, both on society and on governments. However, understanding precisely why this happened is valuable in highlighting the ways in which leaders and strategies can sometimes undermine what would otherwise be an area of human interaction that not only taps into but also requires ultrasociality. The more traditional environmental groups stopped being the primary engine behind the net-zero idea as other dimensions of civil society stepped forward. Every region of the world developed climate change organizations that increasingly brought people together under the goal of stopping climate change and fostering regional and international cooperation at the same time.
Automating Autism
Authors: Keyes Os
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Keyes critiques how the use of contemporary Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to ‘identify’ or ‘solve’ the ‘problem’ of autism reproduces the denial of autistic personhood. Keyes’s message is clear: the AI industry has no place deciding whether and how autists generate and communicate knowledge. The perspectives of autists speak for themselves. As Keyes argues, who is perceived to have self-knowledge and who has that ability denied to them has been of utmost concern to feminist movements. With the application of AI to these tasks, we must once again fight for the marginalised to have their authority over the recognition of their own capabilities and the definition of their own identities respected. AI’s ability to reinforce an unfounded ‘truth’ of disability is therefore an urgent area of feminist intervention.
Design Practices
Authors: Costanza-Chock Sasha
Published: November 2023

This essay explores the paradox of ‘user-centred design’, a dominant design practice that prioritises ‘real-world’ users but excludes those who currently have no access to the technology in question. Which potential user groups are catered for and which are not is a political choice that often goes unnoticed in tech development. They ask that more attention is paid to the demographic from which the ‘unmarked’ generic user persona derives, and how it matches up with the average tech worker: white, cis-male, person with internet access, and digitally literate. As a remedy, they point to participatory practices and asks that keener attention is paid to how ‘users’ themselves innovate products. Costanza-Chock’s rallying call for ‘design justice’ paved the way in the artificial intelligence (AI) sector for work that did not merely attempt to neutralise harmful systems but called for their active re-orientation towards redress. This remains a go-to text for practitioners and academics alike when drawing up ethical design processes.
Liberal Theory and the Ethics of Immigration
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: November 2023

The now burgeoning field of immigration ethics is comparatively new but has come to be dominated by an intra-liberal debate between liberal cosmopolitans and liberal nationalists. All sides appear to ignore hospitality. The first section of the chapter explores some of the marginal and limited ways in which hospitality has appeared in the field, especially via those international political theorists influenced by the work of Immanuel Kant and the natural law tradition. The second section uncovers the reasons behind hospitality’s marginalisation, showing how international political theory has limited its own ability to speak to public debates about everyday ethics through a shared foundation in liberal egalitarianism, a deeply ingrained Eurocentrism, and a method that abstracts from everyday forms of ethics in favour of general principles.
Introduction
Authors: Minks Amanda
Published: November 2023

The introduction charts the conceptual areas framing Indigenous Audibilities and puts the case studies in broader context. First, it explores concepts of records, recordings, and the effects of inscribing Indigenous music through various technologies. The inscription and reproduction of Indigenous music took place in artistic projects of composition as well as documentary projects of preservation, which sometimes intersected. The text reconceptualizes the notion of archival thinking through attention to music, sound, and listening. An understanding of the role of institutions, networks, and power structures is also crucial for setting up the case studies. The introduction ends with a detailed chapter outline.
Algorithmic and High-Frequency Trading
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

Security trading has become increasingly automated and often occurs at phenomenal speed, due to progress in information and computing technologies. This chapter starts by describing high-frequency traders’ main trading strategies. Next, it analyzes the channels through which high-frequency trading could affect liquidity and price informativeness, using the concepts presented in previous chapters, and presents the main empirical findings about the effects of algorithmic and high-frequency trading on liquidity and price discovery. To understand the determinants of high-frequency trading, it also studies speculators’ decision to invest in speed-enhancing technologies and the effects of such investment on liquidity. Finally, it inquires whether computerized trading is destabilizing, in the sense that it amplifies price movements, increases market vulnerability to manipulation, and/or transmits mispricing more rapidly across markets. Based on this analysis, we discuss the main policy interventions that have been proposed to alleviate the potentially harmful effects of high-frequency trading.
Ethics, Morals, Human Rights, and Justice in Social Work Practice
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the author introduces the concept of ethics, morals, human rights, and justice in social work practice. The chapter starts with the significance of change in social work to help individuals, communities, or systems evolve into better places. The core values of social work laid the foundation for social work practice and informed social work’s perspective on social issues. The author details how ethical standards guide professional decision-making and actions, including the challenging situation when social workers must decide which culture to respect. The responsibility of social workers to investigate violations of human rights is highlighted, and the author explains how human rights frameworks can help achieve social, economic, and environmental justice.
Evolving Concepts of Human Rights
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the evolving concepts of human rights. Scholars have traced the notion of human rights to religious and philosophical concepts of compassion, charity, justice, individual worth, and respect for all life found in religions like Hinduism and Judaism. The chapter explores the history of human rights by referencing natural law theories from ancient Greece and Rome, the American Revolution, and the aftermath of World War II. The values of social work often correlate with human rights and justice, and definitions of human rights change over time and according to culture. According to the United Nations, the basic principles of human rights include universality, equality, rights, interdependence, inclusion, and accountability. Brief biographies of social work pioneers are provided.
Modern Human Rights
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the emergence of modern human rights following the establishment in 1948 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The UDHR introduced the concept that a government’s treatment of its citizens is a matter of legitimate international concern and not simply a domestic issue. Even though the UDHR is neither a treaty nor a convention, it has achieved the status of customary international law. The author explains the differences between civil rights, political rights, social rights, economic rights, environmental rights, and cultural rights and provides details on some of the major international human rights treaties. The author discusses fundamental concepts in modern human rights such as rights and responsibilities, universalism and cultural relativism, progressive and immediate rights.
Change and Stability
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

From 1945 to 2010, LA suburbs transformed from bastions of the white middle class into spaces of multiracial social diversity. Data reveal patterns of change and continuity, in demography, housing, and the regional economy. These trends were shaped by the larger forces of economic restructuring, globalization, immigration, and civil rights gains. The racial change was pronounced. While postwar suburbs had developed a set of tools to ensure white racial exclusivity, by the 1970s, Latinos, Asians, and Black Americans began to breach the suburban color line and that trend intensified in subsequent years. Suburbia also saw rising class inequality, including a marked rise in suburban poverty, the shrinking of middle-class suburbs, and an expansion of ultra-rich suburbs. Suburban housing also evolved, with more multifamily housing in some areas and rising home prices overall. Suburban single-family homes remained dominant, and, by 2010, people of color outnumbered whites as homeowners in LA’s suburbs.