bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCIN A ON THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE BY ISOLATED TISSUES
Authors: Patrick S. J.
Published: December 2009

Hypoglycin A, an amino acid of novel structure isolated from a tropical fruit, Blighia sapida, is known to cause a profound hypoglycaemia when administered to animals. The in vitro effects of hypoglycin A on the metabolism of glucose C14by normal rat liver slices, rat diaphragm, and rat adipose tissue have been investigated. These experiments have been carried out in the absence and in the presence of insulin. With liver, hypoglycin A decreased the conversion of glucose C14to glycogen and fatty acid but increased the conversion to pyruvate. With diaphragms, hypoglycin A increased conversion of glucose C14to glycogen and carbon dioxide but only in the absence of insulin. No changes in glucose C14metabolism by the epididymal fat pad were demonstrated as a result of the presence of hypoglycin. Theories on the mechanism of action of hypoglycin A are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF GLYCEROL MEDIUM ON THE ACTIVATION OF HUMAN PLASMINOGEN BY STREPTOKINASE AND ON THE ACTION OF THE ENZYME, PLASMIN
Authors: Roberts Phyllis S.
Published: December 2009

A 50% glycerol medium affected the activation of plasminogen by streptokinase (SK) and the activity of plasmin (formed by glycerol incubation) on p-toluene-sulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe) in the following ways:(1) TAMe interfered strongly with the activation of plasminogen by SK in a glycerol medium but not in a water medium under the same conditions.(2) SK inhibited the action of plasmin on TAMe in a glycerol medium, but in a water medium SK increased the rate of hydrolysis of TAMe, the extent of the increase depending upon pH.(3) Phosphate buffer inhibited the activation of plasminogen by SK in a glycerol medium but not in a water medium. In the glycerol medium a lag period in the formation of enzyme was found, particularly noted with a phosphate buffer, and the lag period increased with increasing concentration of the buffer.(4) Phosphate buffer inhibited the action of plasmin on TAMe in a glycerol medium but not in a water medium.Mechanisms of activation of plasminogen by SK are discussed. The data presented support the postulate that a reaction takes place between plasmin and SK to form an enzyme called "activator".
LEVELS OF RADIOACTIVITY IN TISSUES AND IN EXPIRED CARBON DIOXIDE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF 1-C14-LABELLED PALMITIC ACID, 2-C14-LABELLED ERUCIC ACID, OR 2-C14-LABELLED NERVONIC ACID TO RATS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

Palmitic acid -1-C14, erucic acid -2-C14, and nervonic acid -2-C14were administered to young adult rats by mouth, and levels of radioactivity in various body tissues and in respiratory CO2were determined. After [Formula: see text] hours about 20% of the label from palmitic acid and erucic acid and 30% from nervonic acid was still in the intestinal tract but after 24 hours less than 5% remained. At [Formula: see text] or 24 hours, tissue lipids of rats given palmitic acid generally contained a higher percentage of radioactivity administered than lipids from corresponding tissues of rats given erucic acid or nervonic acid. Very little radioactivity was found in brain lipids of either adult or 12-day-old rats given the labelled acids. The fatty acids were also given to adult rats by tail-vein injection and highest activities were again observed in tissue lipids of rats given palmitic acid.When given by mouth, palmitic acid contributed more radioactivity to respiratory CO2during the first 6 hours than erucic acid or nervonic acid, and peak activities did not occur until 2 to 3 hours after administration. When given by tail vein, erucic acid and nervonic acid contributed more activity to respiratory CO2than palmitic acid. Highest activities were observed during the first hour but the peak was reached somewhat later in rats given erucic acid or nervonic acid.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF FATTY ACIDS: VI. DERIVATIVES OF MONO- AND DI-CARBOXYLIC AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Tolnai Susan , Morgan Joseph F.
Published: December 2009

Previous studies on the in vitro antitumor activity of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids have been extended to a series of hydroxy and keto derivatives and methyl esters of fatty acids. All compounds were tested against the ascites forms of the Ehrlich carcinoma, the Gardner lymphosarcoma, and the TA3 mammary carcinoma. Marked differences between the antitumor activity of the parent compounds and those of the substituted derivatives were observed. Most consistent in vitro antitumor activity was shown at both acid and neutral pH levels by the keto-derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids.
MOLYBDENOSIS INDUCED IN LABORATORY RABBITS
Authors: McCarter Anne , Riddell Patricia E. , Robinson G. A.
Published: December 2009

Molybdenosis was induced in 52 laboratory rabbits by feeding an oats–alfalfa diet containing 2.0 or 2.35 g Na2MoO4.2H2O/kg. Thirty-seven control rabbits received an equivalent amount of sodium as NaCl in place of the molybdate. Epiphyseal line fractures, demonstrated by radiographs, occurred in the long bones of some molybdate-fed animals after as few as 12 days. Body weight increased for approximately 7 days, then decreased until death of the animal or until termination of the experiment. Of the 34 deaths that occurred by the fifth week, 33 animals had lost 4 to 41% of their body weight; one animal which died on the sixth day had gained 8%. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, and serum sulphate concentration decreased to approximately 65, 60, and 75% respectively, of control values. One-fifth millicurie of Mo99 was injected intravenously into 16 control and 28 test animals. Gamma emission over the thorax was measured at intervals for 72 hours. Typical diphasic isotope curves were obtained for control animals; curves for the nine surviving molybdate-fed animals appeared to have no first component. Biological half-lives were calculated from exponential lines of best fit for the period from 12 to 72 hours. The mean biological half-life for the nine test animals was 19.4 ± 0.82 (S.E.M.) hours and for the control animals, 19.4 ± 0.46 hours.
PERCENTAGE OF ALPHA-LIPOPROTEINS, TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Allard Claude , Choquette Gaston
Published: December 2009

A relatively rapid procedure for the routine estimation of lipoproteins in prestained human sera by zone electrophoresis in paper was described. This technique was employed for the study of the percentage of alpha-lipoproteins in sera of healthy and coronary male subjects of various ages. The mean proportion of alpha-lipoproteins in healthy males (100) was observed to be about 24% in subjects at the age of 20–29 and 16% at the age of 30–59. In the coronary group (105) the mean percentage of alpha-lipoproteins was lower than 13% irrespective of age. From this study, the diagnostic value of alpha-lipoproteins percentage to characterize a coronary patient appeared to be superior to total cholesterol concentrations.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN ADRENAL-REGENERATION HYPERTENSION
Authors: Chappel C. I. , Voith K. , Rona G.
Published: December 2009

The role of the regenerated adrenal gland in adrenal-regeneration hypertension has been explored in a series of experiments in the rat. Sensitization of the animals by unilateral nephrectomy and replacement of the drinking water by 1% saline were instituted at various intervals after unilateral adrenalectomy and contralateral adrenal enucleation. Comparisons were made of blood pressure, heart and kidney weight, and cardiovascular lesion in groups of rats sensitized at 0, [Formula: see text], 5 and [Formula: see text] weeks after adrenal enucleation. The results suggest an inverse relationship between the degree of adrenal regeneration present and the severity of the hypertension which developed following sensitization.
EVALUATION OF PROTEIN IN FOODS: VII. FACTORS INFLUENCING NET PROTEIN UTILIZATION AS DETERMINED BY CARCASS ANALYSIS
Authors: Morrison A. B. , Sabry Z. I. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

The effects of deficiency of vitamins and minerals on net protein utilization (N.P.U.) values obtained with casein at various protein levels were studied in growing male rats. Animals given diets without added vitamins and minerals lost weight and had reduced N.P.U. values. Carcass analysis data indicated that nitrogen retention occurred in these animals concomitantly with loss of body water and fat. In further studies, a direct relationship was observed between N.P.U. values and the dietary lysine content, at lysine concentrations varying from 0.32 to 0.72%. The use of various control groups to estimate endogenous and metabolic nitrogen losses gave similar N.P.U. values.
THE ISOLATION OF 6β-HYDROXYCORTICOSTERONE AND ITS 11-DEHYDRO DERIVATIVE FROM THE ADRENAL GLAND, ADRENAL ADENOMA, AND URINE OF A PATIENT WITH PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM
Authors: Nowaczynski Wojciech , Koiw Erich , Genest Jacques
Published: December 2009

Isolation of large amounts of 6β-hydroxycorticosterone from incubates of human hyperplastic and adenomatous adrenal tissue from a patient with primary hyperaldosteronism is described for the first time.(1) Isolation of 11β-hydroxy-Δ4-androstene-3,17-dione from the incubates of the same adenoma is reported.(3) From urines of the above patient and urines of a second case of primary hyperaldosteronism, 6β-hydroxycorticosterone and 6β-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone were isolated.
HUMAN FIBRINOLYSIN WITH AND WITHOUT UROKINASE: ITS EFFECT ON EXPERIMENTAL ARTERIAL THROMBI IN DOGS
Authors: Roschlau Walter H. E. , Painter Robert H.
Published: December 2009

The lytic effects of heat-treated, sterile solutions of spontaneously activated and urokinase-activated fibrinolysin on occlusive experimental arterial clots have been studied. For this purpose methods for the preparation of urokinase and activation of profibrinolysin, the production of traumatic arterial thrombi in dogs, and the recording of clot lysis are described. Single injection as a means of administration was compared with the traditional method of infusion. When used in conjunction with a prompt assay of the in vivo fibrinolytic activity, which was developed for this purpose, the injection method was preferred. The results indicated that spontaneous fibrinolysin, given by single injection, was as effective in lysing clots as were preparations of fibrinolysin that contained activator. The approximate therapeutic dose for both types of fibrinolysin under the conditions described was found to be 225–325 Michigan Department of Health caseinolytic units per kg body weight. Lysis of occluding arterial thrombi was achieved within a few hours after administration of fibrinolysin by injection, and arteries remained patent during the week of posttreatment observation. No toxic effects due to the fibrinolysin or the glycerol present as stabilizer could be demonstrated after the therapeutic dose. The only undesirable side effect of overdose of fibrinolysin was a transient incoagulability of the blood.
INFLUENCE OF SELECTIVE AND NON-SELECTIVE HYDROGENATION OF RAPESEED OIL ON CARCASS FAT OF RATS
Authors: Craig B. M. , Youngs C. G. , Beare Joyce L. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Two rapeseed oils with erucic acid contents of 23 and 42%, their hydrogenated products produced under selective and non-selective conditions, corn oil, and a lard – olive oil mixture were fed to separate groups of rats for 4 weeks. Fatty acid composition of dietary oils and carcass fats was determined. The rapeseed oils and their hydrogenated products were associated with lower food intakes and lower body weight gains than were corn oil and the lard – olive oil mixture. Small amounts of erucic acid were incorporated into the body fats. It is possible that the amount of palmitic acid in the rapeseed oils and their products is too small for a good balance of dietary fatty acids, and is partially responsible for the lower weight gains.
THE WHEAT LEAF PHOSPHATASES: V. SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME SYSTEM HYDROLYZING β-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE IN CRUDE JUICE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: December 2009

Wheat leaf press juice contains an enzyme that has β-glycerophosphatase activity, which has a pH optimum close to pH 5.7. The enzyme is inhibited by orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, and 10−4 M fluoride. Fluoride inhibition can be abolished by thorough dialysis. Fluoride partially protects the enzyme from denaturation by heat.Enzyme kinetics shows that the log of the enzyme concentration is proportional to the log of the rate of liberation of orthophosphate from the substrate in the presence of excess substrate (0.2 M to 0.6 M) at pH 5.7. This observation can be used for quantitation of the enzyme.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY FORMATION: I. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN THE PRIMARY RESPONSE IN THE RAT
Authors: Juhasz A. , Rose B. , Maude M. B.
Published: December 2009

The nucleic acid and protein contents of the various subcellular fractions of rat spleen homogenates were determined at varying intervals of time following a single intravenous injection of sheep red blood cell membranes. Small differences were recorded in the NA content of the different fractions, as compared with controls. The microsomal fraction was the only one to exhibit significant increases in NA content. The protein content of the various subcellular fractions did not show significant deviations from control values. Antibodies could be eluted from microsomes of spleens of immunized rats by sodium deoxycholate and ribonuclease treatment. A quantitative difference was found in the immune response of the two strains of rats used (R.V.H. and Wistar rats).
GLYCINE METHYLTRANSFERASE
Authors: Blumenstein J. , Williams G. R.
Published: December 2009

The supernatant fraction of liver homogenate brings about the methylation of glycine by S-adenosylmethionine. The secondary amine formed in the reaction appears to be sarcosine. This conclusion is based on (I) the stoichiometry of the reaction, and (II) radioautography of chromatograms of the incubation products. The enzyme, glycine N-methyltransferase, was purified 80-fold, and certain of its characteristics are reported. The possible role of the enzyme in the biological oxidation of the methyl group of methionine is discussed.
A STUDY OF INTERMEDIATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN RATS EXPOSED TO HIGH OXYGEN PRESSURES
Authors: Gordon Ellen R. , Tinker D. O. , Watson W. J.
Published: December 2009

Exposure of male rats to 100% oxygen at 6 atmospheres for 20 minutes produced an increase in the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate in the liver and muscle, but not in the brain. The activities of aldolase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were measured in the liver and muscle. The change in the activity of these enzymes indicated that they had not become rate-limiting during exposure. The relation of these data to the Pasteur effect is considered.
INTERACTIONS OF CHLOROFORM WITH α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN AND OTHER EGG YOLK CONSTITUENTS
Authors: Burley R. W.
Published: December 2009

The absorption of chloroform by α- and β-lipovitellin from chloroform-saturated aqueous buffer solutions has been measured quantitatively. Absorption is rapid and reaches equilibrium values of 13 and 22% of the dry weights of α- and β-lipovitellin respectively. Ultracentrifugal examination of these lipovitellin solutions shows that chloroform absorption produces a heavier fraction that is not homogeneous and probably consists of aggregates. There appears to be a threshold concentration of chloroform in the aqueous solutions below which none is absorbed by the lipovitellins. Similar, but less extensive, experiments with the low-density lipoprotein of yolk and yolk lecithin have shown that they also absorb chloroform under the same conditions.
EFFECT OF AGING AQUEOUS NITROGEN MUSTARD ON WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT, BODY WEIGHT, AND WALKER 256 TUMOR IN THE RAT
Authors: Inch W. R. , McCredie J. A.
Published: December 2009

Aging an aqueous solution of nitrogen mustard up to 3 days did not alter significantly its ability to decrease the white blood cell count, body weight, or the growth of the established Walker 256 tumor in the rat. There was a direct relationship between the decrease in white blood cell count and depression of tumor growth but not between the depression of body weight and tumor growth. The acidity of aqueous nitrogen mustard (0.5 mg/ml) increased exponentially with time up to 100 days but was not related to the ability to decrease the white blood cell count, body weight, or tumor growth.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AUTOLOGOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN IN THE GLOMERULI OF RABBITS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Sherwin A. L. , Leznoff A. , Richter M. , Rose B.
Published: December 2009

Experimental glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by the intravenous administration of chicken antirabbit glomerulus serum (nephrotoxic serum). These rabbits were simultaneously immunized, either actively or passively, with bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin. Autologous gamma-globulin was identified in the glomeruli of these nephritic rabbits by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. It was not possible to demonstrate the presence of an anti-BSA or anti-OA component in the gamma-globulin even though these antibodies were present in high titer in the blood. This suggests that the autologous gamma-globulin present in the lesions is entirely specific antibody rather than an accumulation of serum gamma-globulin.
PARTICIPATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE AND KIDNEY DURING NONSHIVERING THERMOGENESIS IN COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Jansky L. , Hart J. S.
Published: December 2009

The oxygen consumption of the partly isolated leg muscles and of the kidney was measured in situ in cold-acclimated rats before and during exposure to cold or during noradrenaline infusion. All rats had been anesthetized with sodium barbital and those exposed to cold had been fully curarized to prevent muscle activity. During cold exposure and noradrenaline infusion oxygen consumption of the rats was approximately doubled, and the oxygen consumption of leg muscles was approximately doubled without increase in blood flow. No increase in oxygen consumption was observed in the kidney during exposure to cold or noradrenaline infusion in spite of an increase of 75% in the oxygen consumption of the whole animal. Direct evidence for significant participation of striated muscles in non-shivering thermogenesis has thus been obtained. However, it appears unlikely that the maximal potential increase in oxygen consumption of cold-acclimated rats at very low temperatures could be attributed solely to the metabolic activity of skeletal muscles.
THE ACTION OF FUMIGANTS ON INSECTS: IV. THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ON THE TOXICITY OF FUMIGANTS TO INSECTS
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: December 2009

Oxygen at and below 1 atmosphere pressure was found to enhance the toxicity of seven different fumigants to two species of insects. Although oxygen produced no obvious effects on untreated insects, it enhanced the effect of the poisons within the first 24–30 hours after treatment. In pure oxygen, cyanide-poisoned insects recovered the ability to consume oxygen more rapidly than in air but this did not enable them to overcome the effects of the cyanide; instead more of the insects died. Catalase was inhibited to varying degrees by different fumigants but this inhibition did not bear any obvious relationship to enhancement of toxicity by oxygen. Exclusion of oxygen from insects prior to fumigation increased their susceptibility to cyanide by a factor of 20.
GLUCOSE AND RIBOSE OXIDATION BY PSEUDOMONAS FRAGI
Authors: Leroux M. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: December 2009

The action of soluble and particulate fractions of sonically disrupted cells of Pseudomonas fragi on glucose and ribose was investigated. It was shown that ribose is oxidized by the particulate fraction to ribono-γ-lactone, but not further, thus verifying previous work. Evidence is presented in support of the fact that oxidation of both glucose and ribose is carried out by a single dehydrogenase enzyme, and that this enzyme is largely present in the particulate fraction. The soluble fraction possessed a lactonase enzyme which was purified slightly. This enzyme hydrolyzed glucono-δ-lactone but not glucono-γ-lactone. The washed particulate possessed no such lactonase activity. The soluble fraction possessed only about 4% of the dehydrogenase activity of the particulate fraction. Both the dehydrogenase and lactonase specific activities were similar when the organism was cultured in glucose or ribose-containing medium. Attempts to show that glucose was degraded by a phosphorolytic mechanism or that gluconic acid was degraded further failed. These findings are consistent with the fact that P. fragi oxidizes glucose to glucono-δ-lactone, and that this lactone is hydrolyzed to gluconic acid by a lactonase enzyme. No serious attempt was made to study the specificity of these enzymes, but it was observed that crude unwashed particulate fractions oxidized both galactose and mannose.
THE PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULAR TRANSPORT OF α-KETOGLUTARIC ACID
Authors: Vishwakarma P.
Published: December 2009

The transport of α-ketoglutaric acid along the length of the renal tubule was studied by the stop-flow method in the dog during infusion of sodium α-ketoglutarate. No deliberate attempts to change the acid–base balance were made. Under these conditions this acid was found to be excreted by a combined process of glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption. This reabsorption was confined only to the proximal tubule. No tubular secretion was seen in any part of the nephron. The concentration gradients between the luminal urine, cell water and the plasma were measured. It was seen that the gradients between the lumen and the cell and between the lumen and the plasma were against the direction of the transport. The gradient between the plasma and the cell was favorable to the uptake of the acid by the cell. Upon consideration of these gradients, the spontaneous pH changes and the physicochemical characteristics of the molecule, the hypothesis was forwarded that an active reabsorption of α-ketoglutarate must occur in the proximal tubule from the lumen into the cell. The possibility of active transfer of this acid from the blood into the cell was also suggested.
THE ACTIVATION OF GLUTAMIC ACID AND GLUTAMINE IN MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Alford M. A. , Brotman M. , Chudy M. A. , Fraser M. J.
Published: December 2009

Measurements of α-glutamyl-RNA synthetase and glutaminyl-RNA synthetase activities have been made in fractions derived from 105,000 × g supernatants of homogenates of rat liver and of mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Evidence is presented which indicates that each amino acid is activated by a specific enzyme. Both enzymes catalyze amino acid dependent ATP-32PP exchange. The α-glutamyl-RNA synthetase purified 42-fold from rat liver 105,000 × g supernatant is free of glutamine synthetase.
NITROGEN METABOLISM IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS
Authors: Beaton John R. , Orme T. , Laufer J. , Turner A.
Published: December 2009

In these studies, male albino rats were exposed to cold (2–3 °C) for a 7-day period. In vivo studies included the daily measurement of body weight gain, food intake, urine volume, body and liver composition, and nitrogen retention. In vitro, the activities of the following liver enzymes were measured: aspartic acid transaminase, alanine transaminase, arginase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, and phosphate-activated glutaminase. The results of these experiments demonstrate that exposure of rats to cold increases amino acid catabolism, in part at least to meet increased energy requirements, and reduces protein synthesis as a consequence in the period 2–5 days inclusive, despite a marked increase in food intake. Cold exposure was without effect upon protein absorption but, after 24 hours in the cold, the nitrogen which appeared in the urine increased from about 55% (at 22 °C) to about 76% of the amount that had been absorbed. No effect of cold exposure on nitrogen retention was apparent in the first 24 hours of cold exposure. The subsequent decreased nitrogen retention, on a time basis, appears to bear a relationship to changes in liver enzyme activities, particularly to the increased activities of liver transaminases and arginase.
A STUDY OF ENERGY-ABSORBING MATERIALS FOR THE PREVENTION OF IMPACT INJURY OF THE BRAIN
Authors: Girling F. , Topliff E. D. L.
Published: December 2009

A method has been developed for the quantitative evaluation of energy-absorbing materials in terms of prevention of impact injury to the brain. The amount of energy absorbed by these materials varies inversely with the density and directly with the thickness of the material. The evidence presented supports current concepts of the mechanism of closed-skull brain damage.
PRESSURE–VOLUME CURVES IN ISOLATED ATELECTATIC RAT LUNGS AFTER ALUMINUM OXIDE MICROPARTICLE INHALATION
Authors: Robillard E. , Alarie Y.
Published: December 2009

Volume–pressure curves obtained from isolated atelectatic rat lungs under normal control conditions were compared with those obtained from lungs of animals previously exposed to inhalation of submicronic aluminum oxide particles for various periods of time. A dilating effect was recorded in rat lungs after aluminum oxide particle inhalation contrasting with the constricting effect reported by many authors in guinea pig, dog, cat, and man. Inhalation of fine aluminum particles before or after inhalation of sympathomimetic aerosol resulted in a more intense dilatation. The constricting effect of carbachol was antagonized by prior inhalation of fine aluminum oxide dust and enhanced when the order of inhalations was reversed.
STEADY STATE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE HYPOTHYROID DIABETIC RAT: A ROLE FOR THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN GLUCOSE OXIDATION
Authors: Dow Dorothy S. , Allen C. E.
Published: December 2009

A steady state between the specific activities of blood glucose and expired CO2in the hypothyroid diabetic rat was maintained for extended periods of time following a single intraperitoneal injection of glucose-1-C14or glucose-6-C14. Rates of oxidation of the labelled sugars were measured during the steady state.Glucose oxidation by way of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the hypothyroid diabetic rat paralleled the decrease in expired CO2but glucose oxidation by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway was completely suppressed.It is suggested that the observed inhibitory effect on the hexose monophosphate pathway is due to the maintenance of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the reduced form as the result of goitrogen inhibition of steroid-catalyzed transhydrogenation.The results suggest that steroid concentration may be a critical factor in regulation of glucose oxidation by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway.
A NEW ALLOTYPIC SPECIFICITY IN THE MOUSE (MuA2)
Authors: Dubiski S. , Cinader B.
Published: December 2009

Inherited differences between the serum proteins of different mammals have been described for alpha, beta, and gamma globulins and milk proteins. Amongst the gamma globulins of at least three species, differences between individuals of the same species have been demonstrated by means of antibody obtained by isoimmunization. In the mouse, the discovery of one allotypic specificity (MuA1) has been reported in the past and a further, new, allotype (MuA2) is being described in this paper. This antibody has been obtained by immunization of mice (BALB/c strain) with serum (from C57BL/6J × C3H/HeN mice) incorporated in Freund's adjuvant or with microorganisms coated with antibody (raised in C57BL/6J × C3H/HeN mice). Allotypic specificity MuA2 has been found in C57BL/6J, C57BL/10J, and SJL/J, as well as in some non-inbred "Swiss" mice. This allotypic specificity has also been found in all hybrids which have one of the three above mentioned strains in their parentage.
STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF LARGE DOSES OF BACTERIAL PYROGEN IN THE DOG: 2. AN EXPLANATION FOR THE URINE DILUTION
Authors: Brandt J. Leonard , Voudoukis Ignatios J. , Harrop James
Published: December 2009

Previous studies with large IV doses of bacterial endotoxin in dogs have shown this material to cause a diuresis which is uniformly associated with a rise in total renal blood flow, increased solute excretion, and a fall in Uosm unresponsive to ADH. The present study has demonstrated that renal cortical tissue sodium concentration is unaffected by endotoxin whereas renal sodium concentration of outer and inner medullary portions showed a striking fall. Endotoxin-treated kidneys were compared to their respective paired control (no endotoxin). It is postulated that the rise in total renal blood flow, following endotoxin, is mainly medullary and causes a washout of medullary interstitium multiplier deposited sodium. The efficiency of the renal counter current exchanger is impaired and tubule to interstitium gradient reduced. This would account for observed falls in Uosm and relative unresponsiveness to ADH after endotoxin.
EFFECT OF MASSIVE SODIUM BICARBONATE INFUSION ON RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Kanter G. S.
Published: December 2009

The effect of both mild and severe acute alkalosis, due to intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusion, on glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and sodium and potassium clearance was investigated on 12 anesthetized dogs. The maximum load used was over 50 grams of NaHCO3administered intravenously in 4 hours, at a rate of 2.5 meq/minute. On a weight basis, in a 70-kg man, this would be equivalent to a load of 195 grams of NaHCO3given at the rate of nearly 10 meq/minute. The plasma potassium fell from 3.8 meq/l. to 2.7 meq/l. and the plasma sodium increased from 144.4 to 170.8 meq/l. with maximum NaHCO3loading. There was no apparent acute detrimental renal effect. No depression of GFR or RPF was seen in any series although the pH increased from 7.32 to 7.61. Similarly no significant effect was seen on blood pressure, hematocrit, filtration fraction, heart rate, or rectal temperature in any series. Urine flow and urine pH increased significantly with higher loading rates and concentrations.
INFLUENCE OF INGESTED CASEIN HYDROLYZATE ON THE HIGH ENERGY NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT OF WORKING MUSCLE
Authors: Afar J. M. , Rogozkin V. A.
Published: December 2009

The results of experiments carried out on albino rats show that administration, during periods of continued muscular activity, of casein hydrolyzate, a mixture of amino acids, or phosphoric acid salts, favors the maintenance of a higher than normal level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (CP) and a corresponding decrease in the level of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the muscles.It appears from this study that just as carbohydrate is known to have a protein-sparing action, so amino acids have been found to have a sparing action in the metabolism of carbohydrate and phosphate ester in the animal even under conditions of intense physical exercise at low temperatures.
NUCLEIC ACTD METABOLISM IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA: IV. THE EFFECT OF GLUCOSE ON INCORPORATION OF C14-FORMATE INTO PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES IN VITRO
Authors: Stewart Beryl E. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: December 2009

Slices of rat intestine were incubated in Krebs–Ringer phosphate buffer in the presence of C14-formate. The addition of glucose to the buffer stimulated the incorporation of radioactivity into the purines and, in some instances, the pyrimidines of the acid-soluble fraction and nucleic acids of the tissue. With Ehrlich ascites tumor cells studied under similar conditions, the increase in uptake of C14-formate into the purines was somewhat greater. The data suggest also that maximal stimulation with slices of intestine is obtained at glucose concentrations somewhat higher than that required with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A finding of interest was the increased incorporation of C14-formate into the thymine of the intestinal DNA in the presence of glucose. This result has not been observed with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Slices of rat intestine incubated for 2 hours in the presence of glucose had a higher content of RNA and DNA than tissue not exposed to added glucose.
GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION BY THE PERFUSED, ISOLATED RAT LIVER
Authors: Gordon Ellen R. , Camire Audrey
Published: December 2009

It is shown that the perfusion of an isolated liver is a suitable and useful technique for distinguishing and investigating liver function per se. Steady state conditions were used to determine net glucose consumption by the liver. The results indicate a linear relation exists between blood glucose level and net glucose consumption by the isolated, perfused liver. Net glucose consumption was achieved at blood glucose levels as low as 100 mg/100 ml.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF HOG KIDNEY ϵ-LYSINE ACYLASE
Authors: Paik W. K. , Benoiton Leo
Published: December 2009

ϵ-Lysine acylase has been purified 160-fold from hog kidney and its properties have been examined. It differs from the enzyme from rat kidney in optimum pH and in that it cannot be dialyzed without loss of activity. Specificity studies have shown that besides hydrolyzing various ϵ-N-acyl-L-lysine derivatives, it also splits off the ϵ-N-acetyl group from a lysine residue when either or both the α-amino and carboxyl groups are linked in a peptide bond.
MAINTENANCE OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES IN VITRO: II. CHANGES IN MUSCLE AND OVARY CARBOHYDRATES
Authors: Harpur R. P.
Published: December 2009

The possibility of using carbohydrate determinations to assess the nutritional state of the intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides, is discussed and investigated. For fresh material the following mean values and standard deviations were found: muscle glycogen (I) 14.8 ± 2.5 g%, muscle trehalose (II) 1.11 ± 0.35 g%, ovary glycogen (III) 7.2 ± 0.6 g%, and ovary trehalose (IV) 0.27 ± 0.13 g%. A single replication of a 3 × 25design, with confounding, was used to study the effects of 1, 2, and 3 days in vitro together with N2versus 5% O2and the presence and absence in the keeping medium of 14 mM NH4+, 0.2% glucose, a vitamin mixture, and an amino acid mixture. None of these substances affected the drop to 11.0 g% which occurred in I on the first day and only glucose showed a highly significant sparing action which was manifest on the second and third day. Glucose also had a significant sparing action with III but mainly on the third day. Highly significant decreases occurred in both II and IV on the second day.
THE WHEAT LEAF PHOSPHATASES: VII. FURTHER STUDIES ON INHIBITORS AT pH 5.7
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: December 2009

A survey of the inhibitory effect of various ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, sugars, phenols, and vitamins on the hydrolysis of 17 phosphatase substrates has been made. The more soluble ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of adenosine 5′-phosphate, phenolphthalein diphosphate, phenylphosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and in some cases the hydrolysis of adenosine 3′-phosphate, adenosine 2′-phosphate, and riboflavin 5′-phosphate. A 0.02 M concentration of orthophosphate inhibited the hydrolysis of all the compounds tested except adenosine 5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate.These results, together with earlier findings, are discussed in terms of the concept that wheat leaf press juice contains two types of acid phosphatase, namely, β-glycerophosphatase and adenosine 5′-phosphatase. These two types of enzyme appear to have partially overlapping substrate specificities.
STUDIES OF DIETARY FATS AND VITAMIN D TOXICITY IN THE RAT
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L.
Published: December 2009

The possible relationship between vitamin D toxicity and linoleate intake was investigated. Linoleate increased the survival time of essential fatty acid deficient rats given lethal doses of vitamin D but this effect was probably unspecific. Plasma calcium and kidney calcification, increased by vitamin D, was not influenced by linoleate intake while the fecal excretion of calcium was decreased by all fat supplements. Body fat composition was altered by a small daily intake of linoleate but not by large doses of vitamin D. Weight gains of rats given fat supplements and vitamin D were so variable that they were considered unsatisfactory criteria for judging the effect of linoleate intake on vitamin D toxicity.
THE BINDING OF THYROIDAL HORMONES BY TRITON WR-1339
Authors: Leahy William V. C. , McNickle Thomas F.
Published: December 2009

The ability of Triton WR-1339 to bind thyroxine was determined by the thyroxine-stabilization technic of Tata. In addition, the effect of Triton treatment on the amount of triiodothyronine bound by guinea pig plasma was measured by the erythrocytic system of Hamolsky et al. and the direct method of Scholer. It was found that Triton was as effective as whole serum protein in its ability to inhibit the drying-induced deiodination of thyroxine occurring on filter paper. Triton treatment resulted in a significantly decreased uptake of triiodothyronine in the erythrocytic system and, conversely, a significantly increased binding of triiodothyronine by plasma. These results are discussed in terms of a possible competition for available thyroxine in vivo between Triton and thyroxine-binding serum proteins.
PROTEIN REPLETION IN RATS DURING COLD EXPOSURE
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Body weight changes, nitrogen retention, liver protein, and certain blood metabolites were measured in male rats during dietary protein depletion for 11 days at an environmental temperature of 22 °C and during subsequent feeding of a diet containing 20% casein by weight at temperatures of 22 °C and of 2–3 °C for a period of 7 days. At both environmental temperatures, protein-depleted rats given dietary protein showed a rapid and marked increase of serum total proteins level and of the proportion and amount of liver protein. Indeed, in cold-exposed animals the proportion and amount of protein in liver during repletion exceeded the values for the animals maintained at 22 °C. It is concluded, therefore, that, although cold per se alters nitrogen metabolism, it does not impair the repletion of protein in rats previously provided with a protein-free diet.
THE RELATION OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL TO LIVER ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN COLD-EXPOSED RATS
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: December 2009

Male, albino rats were fed diets containing 5%, 20%, and 40% casein by weight for 7 days at environmental temperatures of 22 °C and 2–3 °C. In one experiment, food was provided ad libitum; in a second experiment, all groups were provided with equal amounts of food. At 22 °C, the activities in liver of alanine-glutamic transaminase, phosphate-activated glutaminase, and arginase increased with increasing dietary protein level. At 2–3 °C, activities of the last two enzymes increased with increasing dietary protein level from 5% to 20% but not from 20% to 40% whereas transaminase activities increased throughout the dietary protein range 5% to 40%. No relationship of glucose-6-phosphatase activity to dietary protein level was evident at either environmental temperature. Cold exposure per se increased the activities of alanine-glutamic transaminase and glucose-6-phosphatase in all dietary protein groups but increased the activities of arginase and phosphate-activated glutaminase only in rats fed the 5% and 20% protein diets. It is postulated that increased activities of these liver enzymes during cold exposure result from augmented catabolism of substrates to meet increased energy requirements. As previously observed with respect to other metabolic alterations, it is apparent that cold exposure modifies the response of liver enzymes to changing dietary protein levels.
THE ROLE OF A HUMORAL MECHANISM IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR ADJUSTMENTS OVER A PROLONGED PERIOD FOLLOWING THE PRODUCTION OF ACUTE EXCHANGE ANAEMIA
Authors: Hatcher J. Donald , Jennings Donald B. , Parker John O. , Garvock William B.
Published: December 2009

Cardiovascular measurements were made in groups of anaesthetized dogs at 1 and 3 hours and 2, 3, 4, 6–7 and 8–9 days after the rapid production of severe anaemia by dextran-for-blood exchange. At 1 and 3 hours after exchange the cardiac output was increased, fell to be at or close to control levels at 2 and 3 days, then rose again at 4 to 9 days after exchange. An increased percent extraction of arterial oxygen was present throughout, being greatest at the 2- to 3-day period. These mechanisms were responsible for maintaining the tissue demands for oxygen but these demands as evidenced by oxygen consumption were reduced below control levels at 1 and 3 hours after exchange, rose to control at 2 and 3 days, then increased above control at 4 to 9 days after exchange.Assays were carried out with blood from anaemic dogs at all periods for a cardiotonic agent, previously demonstrated in the blood of anaemic dogs, which induced cardiovascular changes in normal assay dogs comparable to those of the hyperkinetic circulatory state in anaemia. This material is absent from normal blood. The cardiotonic agent was present at 3 hours and at 3 to 9 days in maximal amounts. There was no cardiotonic agent detected at 1 hour and only a moderate amount was present at 2 days after exchange.Delineation of the exact role of the cardiotonic agent in the cardiovascular adjustments in anaemia requires further investigation, in particular of certain discrepancies which exist between the levels of cardiotonic agent and the circulatory changes in the anaemic animal.
IMMEDIATE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Beznák Margaret , Hacker P.
Published: December 2009

Subcutaneous injection of 40 mg/kg isoproterenol is followed within 2 minutes by a fall in blood pressure and peripheral resistance, by tachycardia, and by an increase in cardiac output. It seems likely that these hemodynamic changes are a consequence of a direct action of isoproterenol on the myocardium. Isoproterenol also causes a significant increase in the oxygen consumption of the rats. The increased oxygen demand of the tissues may play a role in maintaining the hemodynamic changes for periods of more than an hour after isoproterenol. Signs of histological damage in the myocardium begin to appear without affecting the function of the cardiovascular system, as measured by the tests used.
STUDIES ON THE ACYLATION OF LYSOLECITHINS
Authors: Tattrie N. H. , Bennett J. R.
Published: December 2009

"Semi-synthetic" lecithins were prepared by the acylation of lysolecithin cadmium chloride complexes (the lysolecithins were produced from egg lecithin by hydrolysis with phospholipase A) in the presence of pyridine with 1-C14myristoyl chloride. The labelled lecithins were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A to yield free fatty acids (94% of the label) and lysolecithins (6% of the label). However, when lysolecithins were enzymically acylated with 1-C14linoleic acid and the resulting labelled lecithins cleaved with phospholipase A, no labelled fatty acid was detected in the lysolecithin fraction.Labelled lecithins were also enzymically synthesized with 1-C14linoleic acid and lysolecithins prepared from egg lecithin by reaction with sodium methoxide. The labelled lecithins were hydrolyzed with phospholipase A and the labelled lysolecithins were isolated and reacylated enzymically with oleic acid. The hydrolysis of these lecithins with phospholipase A showed that the lysolecithins retained all the label.
IN VITRO UPTAKE OF Fe59BY BLOOD CELLS FROM NORMAL BIRDS AND BIRDS WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS
Authors: Bather R. , Dzuibalo Stella , Darcel C. le Q.
Published: December 2009

The cellular elements of blood obtained from birds with virus-induced erythroblastosis rapidly incorporated radioactivity when incubated in vitro with Fe59Cl3. This effect was not seen until primitive red cells entered the circulating blood. Little of the iron that was incorporated reached heme. Instead most of it was retained by a heat-resistant component which was precipitable with 35% ammonium sulphate and had properties suggestive of a ferritin-like substance. Plasma from leukemic blood had a slight promoting effect on incorporation of Fe59into normal blood cells in vitro when compared with normal plasma.Blood cells from birds in which the bone marrow was rendered hyperactive with phenylhydrazine also incorporated Fe59in vitro, a large proportion of this reaching heme. Incorporation into the heme fraction was also observed in blood cells from erythroblastosis-infected birds treated with phenylhydrazine, indicating that heme synthesis was not completely blocked in these birds.
POTASSIUM MOVEMENTS IN RAT UTERUS STUDIED IN VITRO: I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
Authors: Daniel Edwin E.
Published: December 2009

1. Potassium movements have been studied in vitro in uteri of estrogenpretreated rats with42K as a tracer. At 37 °C the uterus was nearly in potassium balance in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate and the exchange of potassium was adequately described by a single exchange constant, aside from a small fast fraction (17%) which probably contains potassium located superficially on cells as well as the extracellular potassium. No difference could be detected in their rates of exchange of potassium between two portions of the uterine horn, one containing only the longitudinal muscle layer and the other containing the remainder of the wall. The potassium exchange before or after flux correction for diffusion delay was about 5 or 9 moles cm−2sec−1, using a value of v/a of 1.8. There was a slow gain of sodium and water unrelated to potassium loss, attributed to expansion of the extracellular fluid.2. When the temperature of the Ringer fluid was reduced, the uterus remained in potassium balance at 27° and 17 °C. At 7 °C there was a net loss of potassium and exchange could no longer be described by one constant. On going from 37 to 7 °C the uterine horns shortened and the suggestion was made that muscle cells were depolarized initially by cold, or exuded water accounting for the rapidly exchanging fraction of potassium observed at this temperature. Loss of radioactive potassium from the myometrium owing to depolarization and associated with contraction appeared to account for the inhomogeneity on going to 7 °C. The Q10for influx of potassium between 27 and 7 °C was about 3 while that for efflux was about 1.6, excluding the fast fraction present at low temperatures. The Q10for efflux was diminished by depolarization and that for influx increased so that both may have been about 2. When uterine horns were stored overnight in the cold, they lost potassium and gained sodium, chloride, and water, but these ion changes were reversed on rewarming.
EFFECT OF SPLENECTOMY ON BIMODAL RES STIMULATION ELICITED IN MICE BY MYCOBACTERIUM PHLEI
Authors: Carlo Frederick J. Di , Meli Albert , Haynes Lloyd J. , Honrath William L. , Lucker William F. , Sliver Nancy J.
Published: December 2009

Splenectomized as well as intact mice responded to the injection of live Mycobacterium phlei Halpern with bimodal reticuloendothelial hyperfunction as measured by the intravascular clearance of colloidal carbon. The first stimulation persisted longer in splenectomized mice and the second stimulation endured longer in intact mice. Liver hyperplasia and lung inflammation were more severe after splenectomy, and made evident the manner in which the operated mice attempted to compensate for the extirpated organ. The phagocytic indices and histological findings indicate that the spleen suppresses the phagocytic activity of the liver and protects it from pathological change.