bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A hybrid semismooth quasi-Newton method for nonsmooth optimal control with PDEs
Authors: Mannel Florian , Rund Armin
Published: July 2020

We propose a semismooth Newton-type method for nonsmooth optimal control problems. Its particular feature is the combination of a quasi-Newton method with a semismooth Newton method. This reduces the computational costs in comparison to semismooth Newton methods while maintaining local superlinear convergence. The method applies to Hilbert space problems whose objective is the sum of a smooth function, a regularization term, and a nonsmooth convex function. In the theoretical part of this work we establish the local superlinear convergence of the method in an infinite-dimensional setting and discuss its application to sparse optimal control of the heat equation subject to box constraints. We verify that the assumptions for local superlinear convergence are satisfied in this application and we prove that convergence can take place in stronger norms than that of the Hilbert space if initial error and problem data permit. In the numerical part we provide a thorough study of the hybrid approach on two optimal control problems, including an engineering problem from magnetic resonance imaging that involves bilinear control of the Bloch equations. We use this problem to demonstrate that the new method is capable of solving nonconvex, nonsmooth large-scale real-world problems. Among others, the study addresses mesh independence, globalization techniques, and limited-memory methods. We observe throughout that algorithms based on the hybrid methodology are several times faster in runtime than their semismooth Newton counterparts.
How to minimize cycle times of robot manufacturing systems
Authors: Hofmann Tobias , Wenzel David
Published: July 2020

The employment of industrial robot systems especially in the automotive industry noticeably changed the view of production plants and led to a tremendous increase in productivity. Nonetheless, rising technological complexity, the parallelization of production processes, as well as the crucial need for respecting specific safety issues pose new challenges for man and machine. Our goal is to develop algorithms, guidelines, and tools that make the commissioning of industrial robot systems more reliable by verifying the programs of robots and logical controllers. This in particular includes optimizing the schedule of the robot systems in order to ensure desired period times as well as conflict-free timetables already in the planning stage. The applicability of the Periodic Event Scheduling Problem proposed by Serafini and Ukovich (SIAM J Discrete Math 2(4):550–581, 1989) is investigated to tackle this cycle time minimization task, and we establish a variant of the classical formulation in order to cover the special characteristics of our scenario. We want to demonstrate how this key element forms a part of a range of developed software tools that support engineers and programmers throughout the commissioning of real-world robot production systems.
The reconstruction and biochemical characterization of ancestral genes furnish insights into the evolution of terpene synthase function in the Poaceae
Authors: Luck Katrin , Chen Xinlu , Norris Ayla M. , Chen Feng , Gershenzon Jonathan , Köllner Tobias G.
Published: July 2020

Key Message

Distinct catalytic features of the Poaceae TPS-a subfamily arose early in grass evolution and the reactions catalyzed have become more complex with time.

The structural diversity of terpenes found in nature is mainly determined by terpene synthases (TPS). TPS enzymes accept ubiquitous prenyl diphosphates as substrates and convert them into the various terpene skeletons by catalyzing a carbocation-driven reaction. Based on their sequence similarity, terpene synthases from land plants can be divided into different subfamilies, TPS-a to TPS-h. In this study, we aimed to understand the evolution and functional diversification of the TPS-a subfamily in the Poaceae (the grass family), a plant family that contains important crops such as maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum. Sequence comparisons showed that aside from one clade shared with other monocot plants, the Poaceae TPS-a subfamily consists of five well-defined clades I–V, the common ancestor of which probably originated very early in the evolution of the grasses. A survey of the TPS literature and the characterization of representative TPS enzymes from clades I–III revealed clade-specific substrate and product specificities. The enzymes in both clade I and II function as sesquiterpene synthases with clade I enzymes catalyzing initial C10-C1 or C11-C1 ring closures and clade II enzymes catalyzing C6-C1 closures. The enzymes of clade III mainly act as monoterpene synthases, forming cyclic and acyclic monoterpenes. The reconstruction and characterization of clade ancestors demonstrated that the differences among clades I–III were already present in their ancestors. However, the ancestors generally catalyzed simpler reactions with less double-bond isomerization and fewer cyclization steps. Overall, our data indicate an early origin of key enzymatic features of TPS-a enzymes in the Poaceae, and the development of more complex reactions over the course of evolution.
The Barcan formulas and necessary existence: the view from Quarc
Authors: Ben-Yami Hanoch
Published: July 2020

The Modal Predicate Calculus gives rise to issues surrounding the Barcan formulas, their converses, and necessary existence. I examine these issues by means of the Quantified Argument Calculus (Quarc), a recently developed, powerful formal logic system. Quarc is closer in syntax and logical properties to Natural Language than is the Predicate Calculus, a fact that lends additional interest to this examination, as Quarc might offer a better representation of our modal concepts. The validity of the Barcan formulas and their converses is shown by Quarc to be a result of the specific incorporation of quantification in the Predicate Calculus, and not as reflecting a feature of the interaction of quantification and modality more generally. Necessary existence is shown to follow from the identification, in the Predicate Calculus on its canonical interpretation, of particular quantification, ascription of existence and the ‘there is’ construction, three constructions which are distinguished in both Quarc and Natural Language. The issues surrounding the Barcan formulas, their converses and necessary existence are thus shown to be an artefact of a specific logic system, not an essential feature of our relevant modal concepts or of formal logic.
Occurrence of microplastics in pellets from the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) along the Ticino River, North Italy
Authors: Winkler Anna , Nessi Alessandro , Antonioli Diego , Laus Michele , Santo Nadia , Parolini Marco , Tremolada Paolo
Published: July 2020

Previous research has reported avian plastic ingestion in marine bird species. Yet, while research attention on plastic pollution is shifting from marine to freshwater ecosystems, very few information on plastic ingestion is available for freshwater birds. Here, we examined the presence of microplastic in regurgitated pellets of the common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) collected along the Ticino River (North Italy). In total, 133 kingfisher’s pellets were examined between March and October 2019 from 54 transects along the river. Plastic elements were detected and identified by visual inspection followed by μ-FTIR and SEM-EDS. Overall, we found 12 (micro)plastics from at least three different polymers in 7.5% of the pellets. This study provides the first report of plastic uptake of this bird species. It highlights the importance of spectroscopic techniques in plastic monitoring studies in order to avoid misidentification of items found. Documenting the presence of plastic ingestion by top carnivores such as fish-eating birds is necessary to understand the pervasiveness and impact of (micro)plastic pollution in food webs of freshwater ecosystems.
Gesundheitsförderung mit Geflüchteten
Authors: Karg Stephanie , Blättner Beate , Süleyman Igde Talih
Published: July 2020

Hintergrund

Weltweit sind Millionen von Menschen aufgrund von Verfolgung, politischer Diskriminierung oder Krieg auf der Flucht. Geflüchtete gehören zu einer vulnerablen und gesundheitlich benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppe, die in Deutschland zugleich nur beschränkten Zugang zur medizinischen Versorgung und zu präventiven Maßnahmen hat. Sie bedarf besonderer Aufmerksamkeit in der Gesundheitsförderung.

Ziel der Arbeit

Es interessierte die Sicht in Deutschland lebender Geflüchteter auf ihre Erfahrungen und Bedürfnisse.

Methoden

Es wurden 13 leitfadengestützte Interviews mit insgesamt 30 Geflüchteten aus Afghanistan, Irak, Somalia und Syrien geführt, die entweder in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften oder in eigenen Wohnungen leben. Interviewt wurden Familien im Gruppeninterview sowie einzeln Männer und Frauen zu ihren Erfahrungen im Alltag und auf der Flucht sowie zum Thema Gesundheit.

Ergebnisse

Geflüchtete haben viel investiert, um nach Deutschland zu gelangen und investieren z. T. viele Ressourcen, um ihrem Ziel der Selbstbestimmung über ihr Leben ein Stück näher zu kommen. Ihr Aufenthaltsstatus, nicht anerkannte Qualifikationen und fehlende Arbeitschancen, die Wahrnehmung von Misstrauen, Willkür und Ausgrenzung, Sprachbarrieren, Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigungen und ein eingeschränkter Zugang zum Gesundheitssystem erschweren das Erreichen der Ziele.

Schlussfolgerung

Durch den Verlust von Selbstbestimmung und Mangel an Erfahrungen zur Teilhabe an sozial anerkannten Aktivitäten im Ankunftsland kann es zu einer Abnahme an Gesundheitsressourcen kommen. Daher bedarf es einer stetigen Unterstützung der Geflüchteten, das Empfinden von Kohärenz zu erhalten oder zu entwickeln.
Schließung durch berufliche Standardisierung? – Zur Signalwirkung in- und ausländischer Abschlüsse
Authors: Bürmann Marvin
Published: July 2020

Der Beitrag untersucht den Effekt des Standardisierungsgrads von Berufen auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Beschäftigten, trotz zu niedrigem Abschluss einer Tätigkeit mit höherem Anforderungsprofil nachzugehen. Auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels wird erstmals gezeigt, dass eine solche formale Unterqualifikation bei Beschäftigten mit berufsqualifizierenden Abschlüssen umso seltener ist, je standardisierter ein Beruf ist. Entgegen den theoretischen Erwartungen ist ein solcher Effekt bei Beschäftigten ohne berufsqualifizierende Abschlüsse allerdings nicht feststellbar. Wenn trotz fehlendem Abschluss der Zugang zu hoch standardisierten Berufen realisiert wird, ist eine Beschäftigung auf höheren Stellen mindestens gleich wahrscheinlich wie in gering standardisierten Berufen. Insgesamt wirkt sich der Standardisierungsgrad bei Migranten genauso stark auf die Unterqualifikation aus wie bei Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund. Migranten schaffen allerdings seltener den Zugang zu standardisierten Berufen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die berufliche Schließung bei Migranten zusätzlich zur berufsinternen Schließung über den erschwerten Zugang zu standardisierten Berufen wirksam wird.
The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Renal, Neurological, and Ophthalmic Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: the Taiwan Diabesity Study
Authors: Chang Yi-Cheng , Chao Seh-Huang , Chen Ching-Chu , Ser Kong-Han , Chong Keong , Lu Chieh-Hsiang , Hsieh Meng-Lun , Huang Yu-Yao , Lee Yi-Chih , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Chuang Lee-Ming , Lee Wei-Jei
Published: July 2020

Background

Bariatric surgery has been shown to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, less is known whether it can also reduce diabetic renal, neurological, and ophthalmic complications.

Methods

This prospective multicenter cohort study compared renal, ophthalmic, and neurological complications between 49 patients with obesity/overweight receiving bariatric surgery and 338 patients receiving standard medical treatment after follow-up for 2 years. Patients received neurological examinations including toe tuning fork vibration test, ankle tendon reflex test, 10-g monofilament test, and ophthalmic examinations including visual acuity measurement and fundus examinations. Multiple regressions, propensity score weighting, and matching were employed to adjust for baseline differences.

Results

After 2 years of follow-up, patients with type 2 diabetes receiving bariatric surgery had greater reduction in BMI, HbA1c, and urine albumin–creatinine ratio, greater improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate, and greater increase in tuning fork test score of right and left toes compared with the medical group. However, there is no improvement in 10 g-monofilament test, visual acuity, diabetic non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. Similar results were obtained using multiple regression adjustment, propensity-score weighting, or comparing age-, sex-, and BMI-matched subjects.

Conclusions

After 2-year follow-up, patients with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes receiving bariatric surgery have increased glomerular filtration rate, reduced albuminuria, and improved tuning folk vibration sensation.
Does Whole-Body Vibration Treatment Make Children’s Bones Stronger?
Authors: Swolin-Eide Diana , Magnusson Per
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

To summarize the last 10 years of literature regarding the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone in children, and if WBV results in increased bone acquisition.

Recent Findings

WBV intervention appears to be a safe intervention with beneficial effects on bone mass in some diseases and syndromes, but there is still low evidence for WBV in clinical practice. The positive effects on muscle strength, balance, and walking speed are more conclusive. One of the takeaways of this review is that well-trained individuals may not further improve bone mass with WBV; thus, interventions are more beneficial in pediatric individuals with Down syndrome or severe motor disabilities with low bone mass and reduced activity levels.

WBV appears to be a safe non-pharmacological anabolic approach to increase bone mass in some pediatric populations; however, longer (> 6 months) and larger prospective studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy of WBV on bone health in young individuals.
Building energy modeling at neighborhood scale
Authors: Mutani Guglielmina , Todeschi Valeria
Published: July 2020

The urban climate and outdoor air quality of cities that have a positive thermal balance depending on the thermal consumptions of buildings cause an increase of the urban heat island and global warming effects. The aim of this work has been to develop an energy balance using the energy consumption data of the district heating network. The here presented engineering energy model is at a neighborhood scale, and the energy-use results have been obtained from a heat balance of residential buildings, by means of a quasi-steady state method, on a monthly basis. The modeling approach also considers the characteristics of the urban context that may have a significant effect on its energy performance. The model includes a number of urban variables, such as solar exposition and thermal radiation lost to the sky of the built environment. This methodology was applied to thirty-three 1 km × 1 km meshes in the city of Turin, using the monthly energy consumption data of three consecutive heating seasons. The results showed that the model is accurate for old built areas; the average error is 10% for buildings constructed before 1970, while the error reaches 20% for newer buildings. The importance and originality of this study are related to the fact that the energy balance is applied at neighborhood scale and urban parameters are introduced with the support of a GIS tool. The resulting engineering models can be applied as a decision support tool for citizens, public administrations, and policy makers to evaluate the distribution of energy consumptions and the relative GHG emissions to promote a more sustainable urban environment. Future researches will be carried out with the aim of introducing other urban variables into the model, such as the canyon effect and the presence of vegetation.
The Ideological and Spiritual Transformation of Malcolm X
Authors: Jones Trevin
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the nexus between incarceration, spirituality, and self-discovery through the literary lens of The Autobiography of Malcolm X.
Providers’ Experiences with Delivering School-Based Targeted Prevention for Adolescents with Anxiety Symptoms: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Husabo Elisabeth , Haugland Bente S. M. , Wergeland Gro Janne , Maeland Silje
Published: July 2020

The school setting is important for delivering targeted prevention to adolescents with anxiety. However, schools may not have available providers with training or experience in delivering evidence-based interventions, e.g., school psychologists. Training providers available in the schools, e.g., school nurses, is important. Further, to investigate their experiences in delivering targeted prevention to adolescents with anxiety could help understand factors promoting implementation success. A qualitative study including focus groups with providers of school-based targeted prevention cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in adolescents was conducted. Focus group interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Systematic Text Condensation, a method for thematic cross-case analysis was used. The Active Implementation Framework (AIF) was used to contextualize the results. Seventeen providers participated in the study. They reported several facilitators contributing to successful implementation: Their feeling of competence in delivering the interventions were built through skills-based training, supervision, and collegial support. Conducting initial assessment of each adolescent helped the providers individualize the interventions. Seeing positive outcomes in adolescents gave the providers motivation to continue implementation. Further, collaborating with teachers facilitated both recruitment of adolescents and administering group sessions. Minimal leadership-oriented factors were reported. Overall, the findings correspond to some of the drivers in AIF. This study offers providers’ perspectives on implementation of targeted prevention for anxiety in the school setting. Our results show that providers experience mastery in delivery when receiving support, training, and supervision. This seems to be essential facilitators for implementing much needed targeted prevention for youth with anxiety.
Stabilization of Cut Slopes along the Highway by Optimizing Geometry, NH-58, Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Siddique T. , Pradhan S. P. , Das Nani , Anand A. K. , Singh T. N.
Published: July 2020

The Himalayan ranges are well known for active and incessant slope failures. The network of highways and local roads in the region is under sustained threat of potential fatal landslides. Urban sprawl and increased human intervention increased the vulnerability and probability of sliding to manifolds. Tampering the fragile conditions of the sensitive Himalayan orogen may generate new avenues of slope failures. Road widening and development projects have a close association with slope failures. However, such landslides can be coped with proper geotechnical planning and execution. The slopes along national highway-58 (NH-58) are being excavated for road widening. Large numbers of steep and unstable cut sections were visible soon after the excavation along the highway. The geotechnical assessment has been undertaken to determine stable slope geometry. The profile of existing slopes is modified by creating benches, and safety factor was determined at different overall angle. The optimization of slope geometry suggests that most of the unstable slope may have safety factor of 1.5, by creating benches of 10 m (height), 5 m (span), at an angle of 65°. It can also be inferred from the analysis that the safety factor may be improved from 11.5 to 32.2% for each 5° reduction in the overall slope angle. Certain adverse impacts and future projections of inadequately performed road widening were also discussed in the paper.
Toxin Analysis of Freshwater Cyanobacterial and Marine Harmful Algal Blooms on the West Coast of Florida and Implications for Estuarine Environments
Authors: Metcalf J. S. , Banack S. A. , Wessel R. A. , Lester M. , Pim J. G. , Cassani J. R. , Cox P. A.
Published: July 2020

Recent marine and freshwater algal and cyanobacterial blooms in Florida have increased public concern and awareness of the risks posed by exposure to these organisms. In 2018, Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee river, on the west coast of Florida, experienced an extended bloom of Microcystis spp. and a bloom of Karenia brevis in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico that coincided in the Fort Myers area. Samples from the Caloosahatchee at Fort Myers into Pine Island Sound and up to Boca Grande were collected by boat. High concentrations of microcystin-LR were detected in the cyanobacterial bloom along with brevetoxins in the marine samples. Furthermore, β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and isomers N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobuytric acid (DAB) were detected in marine diatoms and dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria of freshwater origin. High freshwater flows pushed the cyanobacterial bloom to barrier island beaches and Microcystis and microcystins could be detected into the marine environment at a salinity of 41 mS/cm. For comparison, in 2019 collections of Dapis (a new generic segregate from Lyngbya) mats from Sarasota showed high concentrations of BMAA, suggesting the possibility of long-term exposure of residents to BMAA. The findings highlight the potential for multiple, potentially toxic blooms to co-exist and the possible implications for human and animal health.
Radiation Oncology Fellowship: a Value-Based Assessment Among Graduates of a Mature Program
Authors: Ito Emma , Moraes Fabio Y. , Ramotar Matthew , Lunsky Isis , Soliman Hany , Catton Charles N. , Kassam Zahra , Morton Gerard , Tosoni Sarah , Gospodarowicz Mary , Wong Rebecca K.S. , Liu Fei-Fei , Chung Peter W. M.
Published: July 2020

The University of Toronto – Department of Radiation Oncology (UTDRO) has had a well-established Fellowship Program for over 20 years. An assessment of its graduates was conducted to evaluate training experience and perceived impact on professional development. Graduates of the UTDRO Fellowship Program between 1991 and 2015 were the focus of our review. Current employment status was collected using online tools. A study-specific web-based questionnaire was distributed to 263/293 graduates for whom active e-mails were identified; questions focused on training experience, and impact on career progression and academic productivity. As a surrogate measure for the impact of UTDRO Fellowship training, a comparison of current employment and scholarly activities of individuals who obtained their Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Canada (FRCPC) designation in Radiation Oncology between 2000 and 2012, with (n = 57) or without (n = 230) UTDRO Fellowship training, was conducted. Almost all UTDRO Fellowship graduates were employed as staff radiation oncologists (291/293), and most of those employed were associated with additional academic (130/293), research (53/293), or leadership (68/293) appointments. Thirty-eight percent (101/263) of alumni responded to the online survey. The top two reasons for completing the Fellowship were to gain specific clinical expertise and exposure to research opportunities. Respondents were very satisfied with their training experience, and the vast majority (99%) would recommend the program to others. Most (96%) felt that completing the Fellowship was beneficial to their career development. University of Toronto, Department of Radiation Oncology Fellowship alumni were more likely to hold university, research, and leadership appointments, and author significantly more publications than those with FRCPC designation without fellowship training from UTDRO. The UTDRO Fellowship Program has been successful since its inception, with the majority of graduates reporting positive training experiences, benefits to scholarly output, and professional development for their post-fellowship careers. Key features that would optimize the fellowship experience and its long-term impact on trainees were also identified.
Tumor-derived neomorphic mutations in ASXL1 impairs the BAP1-ASXL1-FOXK1/K2 transcription network
Authors: Xia Yu-Kun , Zeng Yi-Rong , Zhang Meng-Li , Liu Peng , Liu Fang , Zhang Hao , He Chen-Xi , Sun Yi-Ping , Zhang Jin-Ye , Zhang Cheng , Song Lei , Ding Chen , Tang Yu-Jie , Yang Zhen , Yang Chen , Wang Pu , Guan Kun-Liang , Xiong Yue , Ye Dan
Published: July 2020

Additional sex combs-like 1 (ASXL1) interacts with BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) deubiquitinase to oppose the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1)-mediated histone H2A ubiquitylation. Germline BAP1 mutations are found in a spectrum of human malignancies, while ASXL1 mutations recurrently occur in myeloid neoplasm and are associated with poor prognosis. Nearly all ASXL1 mutations are heterozygous frameshift or nonsense mutations in the middle or to a less extent the C-terminal region, resulting in the production of C-terminally truncated mutant ASXL1 proteins. How ASXL1 regulates specific target genes and how the C-terminal truncation of ASXL1 promotes leukemogenesis are unclear. Here, we report that ASXL1 interacts with forkhead transcription factors FOXK1 and FOXK2 to regulate a subset of FOXK1/K2 target genes. We show that the C-terminally truncated mutant ASXL1 proteins are expressed at much higher levels than the wild-type protein in ASXL1 heterozygous leukemia cells, and lose the ability to interact with FOXK1/K2. Specific deletion of the mutant allele eliminates the expression of C-terminally truncated ASXL1 and increases the association of wild-type ASXL1 with BAP1, thereby restoring the expression of BAP1-ASXL1-FOXK1/K2 target genes, particularly those involved in glucose metabolism, oxygen sensing, and JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways. In addition to FOXK1/K2, we also identify other DNA-binding transcription regulators including transcription factors (TFs) which interact with wild-type ASXL1, but not C-terminally truncated mutant. Our results suggest that ASXL1 mutations result in neomorphic alleles that contribute to leukemogenesis at least in part through dominantly inhibiting the wild-type ASXL1 from interacting with BAP1 and thereby impairing the function of ASXL1-BAP1-TF in regulating target genes and leukemia cell growth.
Assessment of bridge natural frequency as an indicator of scour using centrifuge modelling
Authors: Kariyawasam Kasun D. , Middleton Campbell R. , Madabhushi Gopal , Haigh Stuart K. , Talbot James P.
Published: July 2020

One of the most prevalent causes of bridge failure around the world is “scour”—the gradual erosion of soil around a bridge foundation due to fast-flowing water. A reliable technique for monitoring scour would help bridge engineers take timely countermeasures to safeguard against failure. Although vibration-based techniques for monitoring structural damage have had limited success, primarily due to insufficient sensitivity, these have tended to focus on the detection of local damage. High natural frequency sensitivity has recently been reported for scour damage. Previous experiments to investigate this have been limited as a result of the cost of full-scale testing and the fact that scaled-down soil-structure models tested outside a centrifuge do not adequately simulate full-scale behaviour. This paper describes the development of what is believed to be the first-ever centrifuge-testing programme to establish the sensitivity of bridge natural frequency to scour. A 1/60 scale model of a two-span integral bridge with 15 m spans was tested at varying levels of scour. For the fundamental mode of vibration, these tests found up to a 40% variation in natural frequency for 30% loss of embedment. Models of three other types of foundation, which represent a shallow pad foundation, a deep pile bent and a deep monopile, were also tested in the centrifuge at different scour levels. The shallow foundation model showed lower frequency sensitivity to scour than the deep foundation models. Another important finding is that the frequency sensitivity to “global scour” is slightly higher than the sensitivity to “local scour”, for all foundation types. The level of frequency sensitivity (3.1–44% per scour depth equivalent to 30% of embedment of scour) detected in this experiment demonstrates the potential for using natural frequency as an indicator of both local and global scour of bridges, particularly those with deep foundations.
The Influence of Tree Diversity on Natural Enemies—a Review of the “Enemies” Hypothesis in Forests
Authors: Staab Michael , Schuldt Andreas
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

Natural enemies are an important component for forest functioning. By consuming herbivores, they can be effective top-down regulators of potential pest species. Tree mixtures are generally expected to have larger predator and parasitoid populations compared to monocultures. This assumption is based on the “enemies” hypothesis, a classical ecological concept predicting a positive relationship between plant diversity (and complexity) and natural enemies, which, in turn, should increase top-down control in more diverse environments. However, the “enemies” hypothesis has mostly been tested and supported in relatively simple agricultural ecosystems. Until recently, research in forests was sparse. We summarize the upcoming knowledge-base for forests and identify forest characteristics likely shaping relationships between tree diversity, natural enemies (abundance, species richness, diversity), and top-down control. We further identify possible implications for mixed species forestry and key knowledge gaps.

Recent Findings

Tree diversity (almost exclusively quantified as tree species richness) does not consistently increase enemy abundance, diversity, or result in herbivore control. Tests of the “enemies” hypothesis are largely based on aboveground natural enemies (mainly generalists) and have highly variable outcomes across taxa and study systems, sometimes even finding a decrease in predator diversity with increasing tree diversity. Recurrent effects of tree species identity and composition indicate that a closer focus on tree functional and phylogenetic diversity might help to foster a mechanistic understanding of the specific circumstances under which tree diversity can promote top-down control.

Our review suggests that the “enemies” hypothesis may not unambiguously apply to forests. With trees as structurally complex organisms, even low-diversity forests can maintain a high degree of habitat heterogeneity and may provide niches for many predator and parasitoid species, possibly blurring correlations between tree and natural enemy diversity. Several further factors, such as latitude, identity effects, intraguild predation, or functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity, may confound the predictions of the “enemies” hypothesis. We identify topics needing more research to fully understand under which conditions tree diversity increases natural enemy diversity and top-down control—knowledge that will be crucial for forest management.
Numerical and experimental analysis for simulating fuel reactor in chemical looping combustor system
Authors: Ismail Tamer M. , Ding Lu , Ramzy Khaled , Abd El-Salam M.
Published: July 2020

The greenhouse problem has a significant effect on our communities such as, health and climate. Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases that cause global warming. Therefore, CO2 capture techniques have been the focus of attention these days. The chemical looping combustion technique adopted the air reactor and fuel reactor to recycle heat energy. This study presents a numerical and experimental investigation on a fuel reactor in chemical looping combustor (CLC) system. The present numerical model is introduced by the kinetic theory of granular flow and coupled with gas–solid flow with chemical reactions to simulate the combustion of solids in the CLC. The k–ε turbulent model was used to model the gas phase and the particle phase. The developed model simplify the prediction of flow patterns, particle velocities, gas velocities, and composition profiles of gas products and the distribution of heterogeneous reaction rates under the same operating conditions. The predicted and experimental results were compared according to the basis of determination coefficient (R2). In addition the results showed that there is a good agreement between the predicted and experimental data. The value of (R2) for CO, CO2 and CH4 was 0.959, 0.925 and 0.969 respectively. This shows that the present model is a promising simulation for solid particle combustion and gives the power direction for the design and optimization of the CLC systems.
Outcomes from COVID-19 across the range of frailty: excess mortality in fitter older people
Authors: Miles Amy , Webb Thomas E. , Mcloughlin Benjamin C. , Mannan Imran , Rather Arshad , Knopp Paul , Davis Daniel
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Our aim was to quantify the mortality from COVID-19 and identify any interactions with frailty and other demographic factors.

Methods

Hospitalised patients aged ≥ 70 were included, comparing COVID-19 cases with non-COVID-19 controls admitted over the same period. Frailty was prospectively measured and mortality ascertained through linkage with national and local statutory reports.

Results

In 217 COVID-19 cases and 160 controls, older age and South Asian ethnicity, though not socioeconomic position, were associated with higher mortality. For frailty, differences in effect size were evident between cases (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.93–1.12) and controls (HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.46–2.72), with an interaction term (HR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37–0.71) in multivariable models.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that (1) frailty is not a good discriminator of prognosis in COVID-19 and (2) pathways to mortality may differ in fitter compared with frailer older patients.
Geometrical Deposits on Microstructured Surfaces
Authors: Kubyshkina Veronika , Orejon Daniel , Dover Coinneach Mackenzie , Sefiane Khellil
Published: July 2020

Research into evaporating droplets on patterned surfaces has grown exponentially, since the capacity to control droplet morphology has proven to have significant technological utility in emerging areas of fundamental research and industrial applications. Here, we incorporate two interest domains — complex wetting patterns of droplets on structured surfaces and the ubiquitous coffee-ring phenomenon of nanofluids containing dispersed aluminium oxide particles. We lay out the surface design criteria by quantifying the effect of pillar density and shape on the wetting footprint of droplets, yielding complex polygon droplet geometries. Our work is not constrained to pure liquids only, as we delve into the shape selection of particle-laden droplets of different concentrations. We visualise the deposition patterns through microscopy on surfaces exhibiting different features and further establish the ordering of particles on microscale surface asperities. At a high nanofluid concentration, we observe intriguing self-assembly of particles into highly ordered intricate structures. The collective findings of this work have the potential to enhance many industrial technologies, particularly attractive for high performance optical and electrical devices.
Preliminary Take-Off Analysis and Simulation of PrandtlPlane Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Abu Salem K. , Palaia G. , Bianchi M. , Zanetti D. , Cipolla V. , Binante V.
Published: July 2020

The present paper deals with the take-off performance analysis of PrandtlPlane aircraft. The PrandtlPlane is a Box-Wing configuration based on Prandtl’s “Best Wing System” concept, which minimizes the induced drag once wingspan and lift are given. The take-off dynamics is simulated implementing the non-linear equations of motion in a numerical tool, which adopts a Vortex Lattice Method solver to evaluate the aerodynamics characteristics taking also ground effects into account. The take-off analysis is performed for both a PrandtlPlane and a reference monoplane, with the aim of comparing the performance of the two different architectures. The preliminary results show the potential advantages of the PrandtlPlane, such as runway length reduction and improved passenger comfort.
Complex bubble deformation and break-up dynamics studies using interface capturing approach
Authors: Fan Yuqiao , Fang Jun , Bolotnov Igor
Published: July 2020

The dynamics of bubble deformation has significant impacts on two-phase flow fundamentals such as bubble induced turbulence and flow regime transition. Despite the significant progress achieved by experimental studies on bubble deformation, certain limitations still exist especially for wide-range datasets. To significantly expand the flow conditions available from experiments, direct numerical simulation (DNS) is utilized to study the bubble-liquid interactions using finite-element solver with level-set interface capturing method. Different from conventional investigations of bubble rising and deforming in stagnant liquids, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) bubble controller is leveraged to maintain the bubble location in uniform liquid flow. This paper evaluates the reliability and reproducibility of the PID bubble controller for complex bubble deformation studies through a comprehensive set of verification and validation studies. An improved bubble deformation map is developed, based on Weber number and bubble Reynolds number, showing six zones for different deformation and break-up mechanisms. This research aims at producing virtual experiment level data source using interface resolved DNS and shedding light into the physics of interface dynamics. The insights obtained can be further incorporated in improved multiphase CFD models to guide the engineering designs and industrial processes where bubble deformation and break-up play a pivotal role.
Future preferences and prospection of future of outcomes: Independent yet specific associations with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Kostyrka‐Allchorne Katarzyna , Cooper Nicholas R. , Wass Sam V. , Fenner Benjamin , Gooding Peter , Hussain Sahir , Rao Vidya , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S.
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct problems have been associated with heightened temporal discounting of reward value resulting in a preference for immediate over delayed outcomes. We examined the cross‐sectional relationship between future preference (including intertemporal choice) and prospection (the ability to bring to mind and imagine the experience of future personally‐relevant events and outcomes) in adolescents with a range of ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviour.

Methods

A combination of behavioural tasks and self‐reports measured intertemporal decision making, individual differences in preference for future outcomes and experience of prospection in a convenience sample of English adolescents aged 11–17 (n = 64, 43.8% males). Parents rated symptoms of ADHD and aggression.

Results

& Conclusions: Factor analysis identified two factors: “Future Preference” and “Prospection”. Significant negative bivariate correlations were found between ADHD and the scores of both factors and between aggression and Future Preference. A path model confirmed the independent significant association of ADHD with both factors but not with aggression. There was no evidence that Prospection was associated with Future Preference or that it reduced the associations between ADHD symptoms and Future Preference. These results provide further evidence that ADHD is associated with a tendency to prefer immediate over future outcomes. The same association with aggression seemed to be driven by the overlap with ADHD symptoms. We provide some of the first evidence that individuals with high ADHD symptoms have difficulty in prospecting about future episodes. However, this is unrelated to their preference for future outcomes.
Climacturia After Radical Prostatectomy: MRI-Based Predictors
Authors: Sullivan John F. , Ortega Yanira , Matsushita Kazuhito , Choi Judy M. , Elterman Dean , Akin Oguz , Nelson Christian J. , Sandhu Jaspreet S. , Mulhall John P.
Published: July 2020

Background

After radical prostatectomy (RP), climacturia is a prevalent and distressing problem. To date, no specific predictors have been identified.

Aim

In this analysis, we sought to find associated pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters.

Methods

We identified all men in our departmental database who (i) had climacturia post-RP, ≥3 episodes; (ii) underwent a pre-RP endorectal MRI; (iii) had no radiation or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Soft tissue and bony dimensions were measured by 2 raters blinded to clinical and pathological data.

Outcomes

MRI parameters included the following: maximum height, width, and depth of prostate, prostate volume, urethral width and length, lower conjugate of pelvis, bony femoral width, outer and inner levator distances and thickness. Point-biserial correlations were run on univariate associations. Logistic regression was used for the multivariable model.

Results

194 consecutive pre-RP MRI studies were reviewed (56 men with and 138 without climacturia). Mean age was 60 ± 7 years, average time post-RP at assessment, 7 ± 7 months. Of MRI parameters, urethral width (r = 0.13, P = .03) and lower conjugate (r = 0.12, P = .05) were associated with presence of persistent climacturia. 2 others met criteria for multivariable analysis, prostate depth and outer levator distance. Of the non-MRI parameters, none were significantly related to climacturia and only body mass index (BMI) met criteria for multivariable analysis. On multivariable analysis, only urethral width was associated with climacturia (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.01–1.49, P = .04); the wider the urethra, greater the chance of climacturia.

Clinical Implications

Improved ability to predict the occurrence of orgasm-associated incontinence in the preoperative setting.

Strengths and Limitations

Limitations include the fact that the MRI endorectal probe may have distorted pelvic tissues during imaging and that our study population size was small. However, prospective data collection, blinded measurements by 2 trained readers, and rigorous statistical analysis should be considered strengths.

Conclusion

By identifying preoperative risk factors, such as urethral width on MRI, we may be able to better understand the pathophysiology of this condition and furthermore may permit us to better counsel men regarding this postoperative outcome.
Using the MCRISP Network for Surveillance of Pediatric Exanthema in Child Care Centers
Authors: Mahajan Aditi , DeJonge Peter , Modi Sarang , Chedid Khalil , Hayashi Michael , Martin Emily T. , Bradin Stuart , Hashikawa Andrew N.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Systematic monitoring of exanthema is largely absent from public health surveillance despite emerging diseases and threats of bioterrorism. Michigan Child Care Related Infections Surveillance Program (MCRISP) is the first online program in child care centers to report pediatric exanthema.

Methods:

MCRISP aggregated daily counts of children sick, absent, or reported ill by parents. We extracted all MCRISP exanthema cases from October 1, 2014 through June 30, 2019. Cases were assessed with descriptive statistics and counts were used to construct epidemic curves.

Results:

360 exanthema cases were reported from 12,233 illnesses over 4.5 seasons. Children ages 13-35 months had the highest rash occurrence (45%, n = 162), followed by 36-59 months (41.7%, n = 150), 0-12 months (12.5%, n = 45), and kindergarten (0.8%, n = 3). Centers reported rashes of hand-foot-mouth disease (50%, n = 180), nonspecific rash without fever (15.3%, n = 55), hives (8.1%, n = 29), fever with nonspecific rash (6.9%, n = 25), roseola (3.3%, n = 12), scabies (2.5%, n = 9), scarlet fever (2.5%, n = 9), impetigo (2.2%, n = 8), abscess (1.95, n = 7), viral exanthema without fever (1.7%, n = 6), varicella (1.7%, n = 6), pinworms (0.8%, n = 3), molluscum (0.6%, n = 2), cellulitis (0.6%, n = 2), ringworm (0.6%, n = 2), and shingles (0.2%, n = 1).

Conclusion:

Child care surveillance networks have the potential to act as sentinel public health tools for surveillance of pediatric exanthema outbreaks.
Wasta: Advancing a Holistic Model to Bridge the Micro-Macro Divide
Authors: Ali Sa'ad , Weir David
Published: July 2020

This article offers a synthesis of understandings ofwasta, seen as a form of social network prevalent in the Arab Middle East. Whilst there has been increasing interest in this practice, research remains fragmented and has been criticised for its limited theoretical rigor. To address this issue, a systematic review of peer-reviewed journal articles exploringwastapublished between 1993 and 2019 was conducted. We analysed the identified papers according to the theoretical lens from whichwastawas viewed, creating a bridge between a theoretical focus on the macro aspect ofwastaand an alternative focus on its micro aspects, leading to the development of a holistic model ofwasta. The model also helps us to understand the complexity ofwasta, both as the network itself and as the social ties that exist among its members, and sheds light on the complex nature of the role and interactions of thewasta. The findings respond to calls for more holistic and inclusive research to inform social networks research and bridge the micro–macro divide. This article offers recommendations to future researchers to build on the holistic and emic approach towastaresearch adopted here.
Investing in a Wealthy Resource-Based Colonial Economy: International Business in Australia before World War I
Authors: Ville Simon , Merrett David Tolmie
Published: July 2020

The article is a rare investigation into multinational activity in a wealthy resource-based colonial economy toward the end of the first wave of globalization. It challenges the conventional wisdom that multinationals had a limited presence in pre-1914 Australia, where government loans and portfolio investment from Britain into infrastructural and primary industries dominated. Our new database of nearly five hundred foreign firms, from various nations and spread across the host economy, shows a thriving and diverse international business community whose agency mattered for economic development in Australia. Colonial ties, natural resources, stable institutions, and high incomes all attracted foreign firms.
On the Bieri–Neumann–Strebel–Renz invariants of residually free groups
Authors: Kochloukova Dessislava H. , Lima Francismar Ferreira
Published: July 2020

We calculate the Bieri–Neumann–Strebel–Renz invariant Σ1(G) for finitely presented residually free groups G and show that its complement in the character sphere S(G) is a finite union of finite intersections of closed sub-spheres in S(G). Furthermore, we find some restrictions on the higher-dimensional homological invariants Σn(G, ℤ) and show for the discrete points Σ2(G)dis, Σ2(G, ℤ)dis and Σ2(G, ℚ)dis in Σ2(G), Σ2(G, ℤ) and Σ2(G, ℚ) that we have the equality Σ2(G)dis = Σ2(G, ℤ)dis = Σ2(G, ℚ)dis.