bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Properties of the Anterolateral Capsule and Iliotibial Band of the Knee
Authors: Rahnemai-Azar Ata A. , Miller R. Matthew , Guenther Daniel , Fu Freddie H. , Lesniak Bryson P. , Musahl Volker , Debski Richard E.
Published: January 2016

Background:

The role of the anterolateral capsule in knee stability has recently been advocated by studies reporting that a distinct ligament exists in this area. Defining the structural properties of the anterolateral capsule can provide insight into its contribution to joint stability. The structural properties of the iliotibial band also need to be determined, as it is a common graft used for extra-articular tenodesis.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to determine the structural properties of the anterolateral capsule and iliotibial band. The hypothesis was that the iliotibial band will have comparable structural properties to the anterolateral capsule because it is generally an accepted graft for extra-articular reconstruction surgeries.

Study design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Nine human cadaveric knees (average age, 57 ± 10 years) were dissected to assess the presence of a discrete capsular thickness originating from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the lateral tibial plateau between the Gerdy tubercle and the fibular head. For each knee, 2 constructs were prepared: (1) a bone–anterolateral capsule–bone specimen and (2) a strip of iliotibial band attached to the Gerdy tubercle. Structural properties, including ultimate load, ultimate elongation, and stiffness, were determined for the anterolateral capsule and the iliotibial band. After tensile testing, plain radiographs were obtained for evaluation of the Segond fracture. A paired t test was used to compare the structural properties of the anterolateral capsule with the iliotibial band. Significance was set at P < .05.

Results:

Two of the 9 specimens were found to have a discrete thickening of the anterolateral capsule. The iliotibial band had almost 50% higher ultimate load and nearly 3 times higher stiffness (487.9 ± 156.9 N and 73.2 ± 24.1 N/mm, respectively) compared with the anterolateral capsule (319.7 ± 212.6 N and 26.0 ± 11.5 N/mm, respectively) ( P < .05 for both). The anterolateral capsule had about double the ultimate elongation compared with the iliotibial band (15.5 ± 7.3 and 8.6 ± 1.4 mm, respectively; P < .05).

Conclusion:

The anterolateral capsule demonstrated significantly reduced structural properties compared with the iliotibial band. The anterolateral capsule did not have a higher ultimate load compared with the posteromedial capsule as reported in the literature.

Clinical Relevance:

The decision to perform an extra-articular reconstruction using an iliotibial band graft should be considered carefully. Unnecessary reconstructions using soft tissue grafts with structural properties that far exceed that of the anterolateral capsule may result in overconstraint of the ACL-reconstructed knee.
A new generally weighted moving average control chart based on Taguchi’s loss function to monitor process mean and dispersion
Authors: Mohsin Muhammad , Aslam Muhammad , Jun Chi-Hyuck
Published: January 2016

Several control charts have been constructed to simultaneously monitor the process mean and variability. A single chart is often used instead of two charts to detect shift in the process mean and variability separately. A new single generally weighted moving average control chart is now proposed to monitor the process mean and dispersion simultaneously, based on Taguchi’s loss function. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate average run length to study the performance of this control chart when the process is shifted. A comparison is made with an exponentially weighted moving average control chart in terms of average run lengths. Two examples are also included for showing the practical application of the proposed control chart.
Machining performance of cryogenically treated Ti–5Al–2.5Sn titanium alloy in electric discharge machining: A comparative study
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Batish Ajay , Singh Rupinder , Singh TP
Published: January 2016

In the present study, the effect of cryogenic treatment on the machining performance of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn alpha titanium alloy was investigated during electric discharge machining. Untreated, shallow cryogenically treated (−110 ℃), and deep cryogenically treated (−184 ℃) titanium alloys were machined by varying current and pulse-on-time. The machining performance was measured in terms of higher material removal rate and microhardness and low tool wear rate and surface roughness. The results showed a significant improvement in the machining performance with deep cryogenically treated alloy when compared with shallow and untreated alloy. Current and pulse-on-time also affected the machinability of titanium alloy. Higher material removal rate and microhardness were observed when titanium alloy was machined at high current and pulse-on-time. During machining, carbon was deposited on the machined surface due to the breakdown of hydrocarbon dielectric at high temperature thereby, affecting its properties.
Effects of ethics education on moral sensitivity of nursing students
Authors: Yeom Hye-A , Ahn Sung-Hee , Kim Su-Jeong
Published: January 2016

Background:

While nursing ethics education is commonly provided for undergraduate nursing students in most nursing colleges, consensus on the content and teaching modules for these ethics courses have still not been established.

Objectives:

This study aimed to examine the effects of nursing ethics education on the moral sensitivity and critical thinking disposition of nursing students in Korea.

Research design:

A one-group pre- and post-test design was used. Moral sensitivity was measured using the Korean version of the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire. Critical thinking disposition was measured using the Critical Thinking Disposition Questionnaire.

Participants and research context:

Participants were 70 undergraduate nursing students who were attending a university located in Seoul, Korea. The nursing ethics education was provided 7 times, from September to December 2010, and comprised 90-min sessions each week.

Ethical considerations:

This study was conducted in accordance with the Human Subject Research Ethics Committee guidelines.

Findings:

After the education, the levels for the patient-oriented care, a sub-domain of moral sensitivity, and inquisitiveness, a sub-domain of critical thinking disposition, significantly improved. There were no changes in overall scores for moral sensitivity and critical thinking disposition. There were significant positive correlations between moral sensitivity and critical thinking disposition both pre- and post-intervention.

Conclusion:

These results reflect the need for ongoing efforts to develop innovative content, structure, and instructional methods for undergraduate nursing ethics education programs.
Effect of surface roughness on the magnetic interaction between micron-sized ferromagnetic particles: Finite element method calculations
Authors: Vereda Fernando , de Vicente Juan , Hidalgo-Alvarez Roque
Published: January 2016

We report a finite element method study on the effect of surface roughness on the field-induced magnetization of micrometric iron particles and on the interparticle magnetostatic forces between them. Calculations were carried out for two-dimensional geometries in which particles were modelled as discs. Roughness was introduced as semicircular protrusions or as triangular- or square-wave profiles. Interestingly, we found that increasing amplitudes of the triangular- or square-wave profiles facilitated the magnetization of the particles, resulting in larger interparticle forces at fields below saturation. The effect of the semicircular protrusions and of the spatial frequency of the wave profiles was comparatively small, suggesting that in real systems the effect of particle roughness on magnetic properties may depend on the specific surface morphology. The permeability of the particles also influenced the extent to which roughness facilitated the magnetization process: a larger permeability resulted in larger differences between the magnetization curves of the smooth and the rough particles. Results are relevant to magnetorheological fluids, since we show that surface roughness can affect the magnetic interactions between particles.
Using the Short-Form Cigarette Dependence Questionnaire in a Busy Clinical Practice
Authors: Huang Chih-Ling , Cheng Chung-Ping , Lu Chia-Chen
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to refine the long version of the Cigarette Dependence Questionnaire (CDQ-29) that includes 29-items by removing some redundant questions, and then examining the predictive utility of the resulting scale in terms of its ability to explain saliva cotinine level, and testing the measurement structure of the remaining items. Across three diverse independent samples of smokers, we developed a one-factor CDQ-12 that showed good internal consistency and concurrent validity that was comparable with the CDQ-29. The proposed model was a good fit for the data. The reliability coefficient was .92, and the score of the 12-item CDQ had a moderate correlation with the total score of cigarette withdrawal ( r = .63, p < .01). The CDQ-12 is a reliable and valid Chinese-language instrument to assess cigarette dependence, which can be used to guide nursing interventions that support culturally and socially appropriate smoking cessation programs.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Renal Mass Biopsy
Authors: von Rundstedt Friedrich-Carl , Mata Douglas Alexander , Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Roth Stephan , Degener Stephan , Dreger Nici Markus , Goedde Daniel , Assaid Ahmed , Kamper Lars , Haage Patrick , Stoerkel Stephan , Lazica David A.
Published: January 2016

We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of renal mass biopsy in an ex vivo model, as well as compared the agreement of the preoperative radiological diagnosis with the final pathologic diagnosis. Two 18-gauge needle-core and 2 vacuum-needle biopsies were performed ex vivo from the tumors of 100 consecutive patients undergoing radical nephrectomy between 2006 and 2010. The median tumor size was 5.5 cm. There was no significant difference with regard to cylinder length or tissue quality between the sampling methods. At least 1 of 4 needle cores contained diagnostic tissue in 88% of patients. Biopsy specimens identified clear cell (54%), papillary (13%), or chromophobe (5%) renal cell carcinoma; urothelial carcinoma (6%); oncocytoma (5%); liposarcoma (1%); metastatic colorectal carcinoma (1%); squamous cell carcinoma (1%); unclassified renal cell neoplasm (1%); and no tumor sampled (12%). The sensitivity of the biopsy for accurately determining the diagnosis was 88% (95% CI: 79% to 93%). The specificity was 100% (95% CI: 17% to 100%). Biopsy grade correlated strongly with final pathology (83.5% agreement). There was no difference in average tumor size in cases with the same versus higher grade on final pathology (5.87 vs 5.97; P = .87). Appraisal of tumor histology by radiology agreed with the pathologic diagnosis in 68% of cases. Provided that the biopsy samples the tumor tissue in a renal mass, pathologic analysis is of great diagnostic value in respect of grade and tumor type and correlates well with excisional pathology. This constitutes strong ground for increasingly used renal mass biopsy in patients considering active surveillance or ablation therapy.
In vitro efficacy of shampoos containing miconazole, ketoconazole, climbazole or accelerated hydrogen peroxide against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton species
Authors: Moriello Karen A
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The objective was to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of shampoo formulations of ketoconazole, miconazole or climbazole and accelerated hydrogen peroxide wash/rinse against Microsporum canis and Trichophyton species spores.

Methods

Lime sulfur (1:16)-treated control, enilconazole (1:100)-treated control, accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP 7%) 1:20 and a 1:10 dilution of shampoo formulations of miconazole 2%, miconazole 2%/chlorhexidine gluconate 2–2.3%, ketoconazole 1%/chlorhexidine 2%, climbazole 0.5%/chlorhexidine 3% and sterile water-untreated control were tested in three experiments. In the first, a suspension of infective spores and hair/scale fragments was incubated with a 1:10, 1:5 and 1:1 dilution of spores to test solutions for 10 mins. In the second, toothbrushes containing infected cat hair in the bristles were soaked and agitated in test solutions for 10 mins, rinsed, dried and then fungal cultured (n = 12×). In the third, a 3 min contact time combined with an AHP rinse was tested (n = 10×). Good efficacy was defined as no growth.

Results

Water controls grew >300 colony-forming units/plate and all toothbrushes were culture-positive prior to testing. For the suspension tests, all test products showed good efficacy. Miconazole 2%, ketoconazole 1% and AHP showed good efficacy after a 10 min contact time. Good efficacy was achieved with a shorter contact time (3 mins) only if combined with an AHP rinse.

Conclusions and relevance

Lime sulfur and enilconazole continued to show good efficacy. In countries or situations where these products cannot be used, shampoos containing ketoconazole, miconazole or climbazole are alternative haircoat disinfectants, with a 10 min contact time or 3 mins if combined with an AHP rinse.
How is feedback from national clinical audits used? Views from English National Health Service trust audit leads
Authors: Taylor Angelina , Neuburger Jenny , Walker Kate , Cromwell David , Groene Oliver
Published: January 2016

Objective

To explore how the output of national clinical audits in England is used by professionals and whether and how their impact could be enhanced.

Methods

A mixed-methods study with the primary recipients of four national clinical audits of cancer care of 607 local audit leads, 274 (45%) completed a questionnaire and 32 participated in an interview. Our questions focused on how the audits were used and whether barriers existed to using the audits for local service improvement. We described variation in questionnaire responses between the audits using chi-squared tests. Results are reported as percentages with their 95% confidence intervals. Qualitative data were analysed using Framework analysis.

Results

More than 90% of survey respondents believed that the audit findings were relevant to their clinical work, and interviewees described how they used the audits for a range of purposes. Forty-two percent of survey respondents said they had changed their clinical practice, and 56% had implemented service improvements in response to the audits. The degree of change differed between the four audits, evident in both the questionnaire and the interview data. In the interviews, two recurring barriers emerged: (1) the importance of data quality, which, in turn, influenced the perceived relevance and validity of the audit data and therefore the ability to make changes based on it and (2) the need for clear presentation of benchmarked local performance data. The perceived authority and credibility of the professional bodies supporting the audits was a key factor underpinning the use of the audit findings.

Conclusion

National cancer audit and feedback is used to improve services, but their impact could be enhanced by improving the data quality and relevance of feedback.
Is single room hospital accommodation associated with differences in healthcare-associated infection, falls, pressure ulcers or medication errors? A natural experiment with non-equivalent controls
Authors: Simon Michael , Maben Jill , Murrells Trevor , Griffiths Peter
Published: January 2016

Objectives

A wide range of patient benefits have been attributed to single room hospital accommodation including a reduction in adverse patient safety events. However, studies have been limited to the US with limited evidence from elsewhere. The aim of this study was to assess the impact on safety outcomes of the move to a newly built all single room acute hospital.

Methods

A natural experiment investigating the move to 100% single room accommodation in acute assessment, surgical and older people’s wards. Move to 100% single room accommodation compared to ‘steady state’ and ‘new build’ control hospitals. Falls, pressure ulcer, medication error, meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile rates from routine data sources were measured over 36 months.

Results

Five of 15 time series in the wards that moved to single room accommodation revealed changes that coincided with the move to the new all single room hospital: specifically, increased fall, pressure ulcer and Clostridium difficile rates in the older people’s ward, and temporary increases in falls and medication errors in the acute assessment unit. However, because the case mix of the older people’s ward changed, and because the increase in falls and medication errors on the acute assessment ward did not last longer than six months, no clear effect of single rooms on the safety outcomes was demonstrated. There were no changes to safety events coinciding with the move at the new build control site.

Conclusion

For all changes in patient safety events that coincided with the move to single rooms, we found plausible alternative explanations such as case-mix change or disruption as a result of the re-organization of services after the move. The results provide no evidence of either benefit or harm from all single room accommodation in terms of safety-related outcomes, although there may be short-term risks associated with a move to single rooms.
Lessons for major system change: centralization of stroke services in two metropolitan areas of England
Authors: Turner Simon , Ramsay Angus , Perry Catherine , Boaden Ruth , McKevitt Christopher , Morris Stephen , Pursani Nanik , Rudd Anthony , Tyrrell Pippa , Wolfe Charles , Fulop Naomi
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Our aim was to identify the factors influencing the selection of a model of acute stroke service centralization to create fewer high-volume specialist units in two metropolitan areas of England (London and Greater Manchester). It considers the reasons why services were more fully centralized in London than in Greater Manchester.

Methods

In both areas, we analysed 316 documents and conducted 45 interviews with people leading transformation, service user organizations, providers and commissioners. Inductive and deductive analyses were used to compare the processes underpinning change in each area, with reference to propositions for achieving major system change taken from a realist review of the existing literature (the Best framework), which we critique and develop further.

Results

In London, system leadership was used to overcome resistance to centralization and align stakeholders to implement a centralized service model. In Greater Manchester, programme leaders relied on achieving change by consensus and, lacking decision-making authority over providers, accommodated rather than challenged resistance by implementing a less radical transformation of services.

Conclusions

A combination of system (top-down) and distributed (bottom-up) leadership is important in enabling change. System leadership provides the political authority required to coordinate stakeholders and to capitalize on clinical leadership by aligning it with transformation goals. Policy makers should examine how the structures of system authority, with performance management and financial levers, can be employed to coordinate transformation by aligning the disparate interests of providers and commissioners.
Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out
Authors: Zerback Thomas , Fawzi Nayla
Published: January 2016

In modern media environments, social media have fundamentally altered the way how individual opinions find their way into the public sphere. We link spiral of silence theory to exemplification research and investigate the effects of online opinions on peoples’ perceptions of public opinion and willingness to speak out. In an experiment, we can show that a relatively low number of online exemplars considerably influence perceived public support for the eviction of violent immigrants. Moreover, supporters of eviction were less willing to speak out on the issue online and offline when confronted with exemplars contradicting their opinion.
The Transmission of Legal Precedent among State Supreme Courts in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: January 2016

Theories of legislative policy diffusion are well formed and extensively tested, but scholars know far less about the diffusion of legal policy and reasoning. Three decades ago, Caldeira's “The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts” examined this topic, but the intervening decades have been marked by considerable changes in both technology and the institutional structure of state supreme courts. We explore the effect of these changes by explaining modern translegal judicial communication in the United States. Relying on an original dataset encompassing every citation in every legal decision made by all 52 state supreme courts in 2010, we explore the effect of the proximity of two states and the prestige of the cited court on how frequently state high courts use one another's precedents. We find evidence that both proximity and prestige increase cross-state citations.
Assessing the Accuracy of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Calibrated With Capillary Values Using Capillary or Venous Glucose Levels as a Reference
Authors: Andelin Mervi , Kropff Jort , Matuleviciene Viktorija , Joseph Jeffrey I. , Attvall Stig , Theodorsson Elvar , Hirsch Irl B. , Imberg Henrik , Dahlqvist Sofia , Klonoff David , Haraldsson Börje , DeVries J. Hans , Lind Marcus
Published: January 2016

Background:

Using the standard venous reference for the evaluation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems could possibly negatively affect measured CGM accuracy since CGM are generally calibrated with capillary glucose and venous and capillary glucose concentrations differ. We therefore aimed to quantify the effect of using capillary versus venous glucose reference samples on estimated accuracy in capillary calibrated CGM.

Methods:

We evaluated 41 individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using the Dexcom G4 CGM system over 6 days. Patients calibrated their CGM devices with capillary glucose by means of the HemoCue system. During 2 visits, capillary and venous samples were simultaneously measured by HemoCue and compared to concomitantly obtained CGM readings. The mean absolute relative difference (MARD) was calculated using capillary and venous reference samples.

Results:

Venous glucose values were 0.83 mmol/L (15.0 mg/dl) lower than capillary values over all glycemic ranges, P < .0001. Below 4 mmol/l (72 mg/dl), the difference was 1.25 mmol/l (22.5 mg/dl), P = .0001, at 4-10 mmol/l (72-180 mg/dl), 0.67 mmol/l (12.0 mg/dl), P < .0001 and above 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl), 0.95 mmol/l (17.1 mg/dl), P < .0001. MARD was 11.7% using capillary values as reference compared to 13.7% using venous samples, P = .037. Below 4 mmol/l (72 mg/dl) MARD was 16.6% and 31.8%, P = .048, at 4-10 mmol/l (72-180 mg/dl) 12.1% and 12.6%, P = .32, above 10 mmol/l (180 mg/dl) 8.7% and 9.2%, P = .82.

Conclusion:

Using capillary glucose concentrations as reference to evaluate the accuracy of CGM calibrated with capillary samples is associated with a lower MARD than using venous glucose as the reference. Capillary glucose concentrations were significantly higher than venous in all glycemic ranges.
‘I’ve taken confidence away from this’: The experiences and impact of moving image education with young people who require more choices, more chances
Authors: Head George , Jaap Angela
Published: January 2016

This article provides an overview of Reel to Real, a Moving Image Education project undertaken with groups of young people who require More Choices, More Chances, the overarching policy context in Scotland which aims to provide support for those young people aged 16–19 years who have completed compulsory education but find themselves not in employment, education or training. Supported by Skills Development Scotland, Scottish Screen (now Creative Scotland) and Urban Learning Space, Reel to Real aimed to promote learning with and through digital media. The overall project evaluation was to determine the benefits of learning and preparation for work in such a project as well as the experiences of the participants. This article focuses specifically on the perceptions and experiences of the young people involved in the project in order to understand what they felt they had gained from the project and how they perceived this may have helped them as they prepare to embark on employment. Data were gathered through observation and focus group interviews with groups of young people aged 16–19 years undertaking the Reel to Real project.
Spontaneous Iliopsoas Tendon Tear
Authors: Rubio Manolo , Rodriguez Mary , Patnaik Soumya , Wang Peter
Published: January 2016

Hip pain is one of the most common reasons for the elderly to present to the emergency department, and the differential diagnosis spectrum is vast. Iliopsoas injury is a relatively uncommon condition that may present with hip or groin pain. It is usually seen in athletes due to trauma, particularly flexion injuries. However, spontaneous iliopsoas tendon tear is extremely rare, and only a small number of cases have been reported; it has an estimated prevalence of 0.66% in individuals from 7 to 95 years. Risk factors include aging, use of steroids, and chronic diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using its high soft-tissue contrast resolution remains the most valuable imaging modality. A prompt diagnosis and treatment, which is usually conservative, is important to improve the quality of life in this group of patients. We describe a case of spontaneous iliopsoas tendon tear in an elderly woman.
Does the nucleation of clay minerals control the rate of diagenesis in sandstones?
Authors: Wilkinson Mark
Published: January 2016

Nucleation is much more important for clay minerals than for other authigenic cements as clay crystals are very small, so that a very large number of clay crystals must be nucleated. The role of this difficult kinetic step in the diagenesis of sandstones has not been considered adequately as a ratedetermining process. The relationship between pore-fluid supersaturation and the rate of nucleation of a mineral is very different from the relationship between supersaturation and the rate of crystal enlargement; thus the two processes will act at very different rates. A diagenetic model that predicts claymineral formation but omits the nucleation stage may make unreliable predictions. This may account partially for the discrepancy between numerical simulations of CO2injection that predict high degrees of reaction between the CO2and the host rock, and the results of studies of natural analogues that have much lower degrees of reaction.
Integrated genome-scale analysis of the transcriptional regulatory landscape in a blood stem/progenitor cell model
Authors: Wilson Nicola K. , Schoenfelder Stefan , Hannah Rebecca , Sánchez Castillo Manuel , Schütte Judith , Ladopoulos Vasileios , Mitchelmore Joanna , Goode Debbie K. , Calero-Nieto Fernando J. , Moignard Victoria , Wilkinson Adam C. , Jimenez-Madrid Isabel , Kinston Sarah , Spivakov Mikhail , Fraser Peter , Göttgens Berthold
Published: January 2016

Key Points

New genome-wide maps for 17 TFs, 3 histone modifications, DNase I sites, Hi-C, and Promoter Capture Hi-C in a stem/progenitor model. Integrated analysis shows that chromatin loops in a stem/progenitor model are characterized by specific TF occupancy patterns.
A longitudinal study of anxiety and cognitive decline in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Breitve Monica H. , Hynninen Minna J. , Brønnick Kolbjørn , Chwiszczuk Luiza J. , Auestad Bjørn H. , Aarsland Dag , Rongve Arvid
Published: January 2016

Background

Anxiety in dementia is common but not well studied. We studied the associations of anxiety longitudinally in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).

Methods

In total, 194 patients with a first-time diagnosis of dementia were included (n = 122 patients with AD, n = 72 patients with DLB). Caregivers rated the patients’ anxiety using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and self-reported anxiety was assessed with the anxiety and tension items on the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. The Mini Mental State Examination was used to assess cognitive outcome, and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)-Global and CDR boxes were used for dementia severity. Linear mixed effects models were used for longitudinal analysis.

Results

Neither in the total sample nor in AD or DLB was caregiver-rated anxiety significantly associated with cognitive decline or dementia severity over a 4-year period. However, in patients with DLB, self-reported anxiety was associated with a slower cognitive decline than in patients with AD. No support was found for patients with DLB with clinical anxiety having a faster decline than patients with DLB without clinical anxiety. Over the course of 4 years, the level of anxiety declined in DLB and increased in AD.

Conclusions

Anxiety does not seem to be an important factor for the rate of cognitive decline or dementia severity over time in patients with a first-time diagnosis of dementia. Further research into anxiety in dementia is needed.
Draft genome sequence of Paenibacillus sp. strain A2
Authors: Zheng Beiwen , Zhang Fan , Dong Hao , Chai Lujun , Shu Fuchang , Yi Shaojin , Wang Zhengliang , Cui Qingfeng , Dong Hanping , Zhang Zhongzhi , Hou Dujie , Yang Jinshui , She Yuehui
Published: January 2016

Paenibacillus sp. strain A2 is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a mixture of formation water and petroleum in Daqing oilfield, China. This facultative aerobic bacterium was found to have a broad capacity for metabolizing hydrocarbon and organosulfur compounds, which are the main reasons for the interest in sequencing its genome. Here we describe the features of Paenibacillus sp. strain A2, together with the genome sequence and its annotation. The 7,650,246 bp long genome (1 chromosome but no plasmid) exhibits a G+C content of 54.2 % and contains 7575 protein-coding and 49 RNA genes, including 3 rRNA genes. One putative alkane monooxygenase, one putative alkanesulfonate monooxygenase, one putative alkanesulfonate transporter and four putative sulfate transporters were found in the draft genome.
Cigarette Smoking Before and After Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Mortality From Breast Cancer and Smoking-Related Diseases
Authors: Passarelli Michael N. , Newcomb Polly A. , Hampton John M. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Titus Linda J. , Egan Kathleen M. , Baron John A. , Willett Walter C.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

Cigarette smoking increases overall mortality, but it is not established whether smoking is associated with breast cancer prognosis.

Methods

We evaluated the association between smoking status before and after breast cancer diagnosis and mortality in the Collaborative Breast Cancer and Women’s Longevity Study, a population-based prospective observational study conducted in Wisconsin, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. Participants included 20,691 women, ages 20 to 79 years, diagnosed with incident localized or regional invasive breast cancer between 1988 and 2008; a subset of 4,562 of these women were recontacted a median of 6 years after diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated according to smoking status for death as a result of breast cancer; cancers of the lung, pharynx, or intrathoracic organs; other cancer; respiratory disease; and cardiovascular disease.

Results

During a median of 12 years, 6,778 women died, including 2,894 who died as a result of breast cancer. Active smokers 1 year before breast cancer diagnosis were more likely than never smokers to die of breast cancer (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.13 to 1.37), respiratory cancer (HR, 14.48; 95% CI, 9.89 to 21.21), other respiratory disease (HR, 6.02; 95% CI, 4.55 to 7.97), and cardiovascular disease (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.80 to 2.41). The 10% of women who continued to smoke after diagnosis were more likely than never smokers to die of breast cancer (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.13 to 2.60). When compared with women who continued to smoke after diagnosis, those who quit smoking after diagnosis had lower mortality from breast cancer (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.19) and respiratory cancer (HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.95).

Conclusion

Smoking before or after diagnosis was associated with a higher mortality from breast cancer and several other causes.
Free IL-15 Is More Abundant Than IL-15 Complexed With Soluble IL-15 Receptor-α in Murine Serum: Implications for the Mechanism of IL-15 Secretion
Authors: Anderson Barbara G. , Quinn LeBris S.
Published: January 2016

IL-15 is a cytokine that is part of the innate immune system, as well as a proposed myokine released from skeletal muscle during physical exercise that mediates many of the positive physiological effects of exercise. Many of the immune functions of IL-15 are mediated by juxtacrine signaling via externalized IL-15 bound to membrane-associated IL-15 receptor-α (IL-15Rα). Serum and plasma samples also contain measurable concentrations of IL-15, believed to arise from proteolytic cleavage of membrane-associated IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes to generate soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα species. Here, we validate commercial assays that can distinguish the free form of IL-15 and IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes. These assays showed that most (86%) IL-15 in mouse serum resides in the free state, with a minor proportion (14%) residing in complex with IL-15Rα. Given the much shorter half-life of free IL-15 compared with IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes, these findings cast doubt on the currently accepted model for IL-15 secretion from cleavage of membrane-bound IL-15/IL-15Rα and suggest that IL-15 is released as a free molecule by an unknown mechanism.
BMP signaling and cellular dynamics during regeneration of airway epithelium from basal progenitors
Authors: Tadokoro Tomomi , Gao Xia , Hong Charles C. , Hotten Danielle , Hogan Brigid L. M.
Published: January 2016

The pseudostratified epithelium of the lung contains ciliated and secretory luminal cells and basal stem/progenitor cells. To identify signals controlling basal cell behavior we screened factors that alter their self-renewal and differentiation in a clonal organoid (tracheosphere) assay. This revealed that inhibitors of the canonical BMP signaling pathway promote proliferation but do not affect lineage choice, while exogenous BMP4 inhibits proliferation and differentiation. We therefore followed changes in BMP pathway components in vivo in the mouse trachea during epithelial regeneration from basal cells after injury. The findings suggest that BMP signaling normally constrains proliferation at steady state and this is break is released transiently during repair by the upregulation of endogenous BMP antagonists. Early in repair the packing of epithelial cells along the basal lamina increases, but density is later restored by active extrusion of apoptotic cells. Systemic administration of the BMP antagonist LDN-193189 during repair initially increases epithelial cell number but, following the shedding phase, normal density is restored. Taken together, these results reveal critical roles for both BMP signaling and cell shedding in homeostasis of the respiratory epithelium.
LEP-2/Makorin regulates LIN-28 stability to promote the juvenile-to-adult transition in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Herrera R. Antonio , Kiontke Karin , Fitch David H. A.
Published: January 2016

The heterochronic genes lin-28, let-7, and lin-41, regulate fundamental developmental transitions in animals, e.g. stemness vs. differentiation and juvenile vs. adult states. We identify a new heterochronic gene, lep-2, in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in lep-2 cause a delay in the juvenile/adult transition, with adult males retaining pointed, juvenile tail tips, and displaying defective sexual behaviors. In both sexes, lep-2 mutants fail to cease molting or produce an adult cuticle. We find that lep-2 post-translationally regulates LIN-28 by promoting LIN-28 protein degradation. lep-2 is the sole C. elegans ortholog of the Makorin (Mkrn) family of proteins. Like lin-28 and other heterochronic pathway members, vertebrate Mkrns are involved in developmental switches, including the timing of pubertal onset in humans. Based on shared roles, conservation, and the interaction between lep-2 and lin-28 shown here, we propose that Mkrns—together with other heterochronic genes—constitute an anciently conserved module regulating switches in development.
Unpacking the Dynamics of Ecologies of Routines: Mediators and Their Generative Effects in Routine Interactions
Authors: Sele Kathrin , Grand Simon
Published: January 2016

Building on an in-depth ethnographic study at a renowned research laboratory, we show how the interactions of organizational routines can be more or less generative by tracing and analyzing how human and nonhuman actors (actants) connect routines. Adopting a performative perspective, we compare the connecting of such actants and study how they are engaged in routine performances. We relate observed differences in the generativity of routine interactions to whether actants become mediators or intermediaries. Whereas intermediaries merely maintain connections between routines, mediators can modify them when performing routine connections. We identify three generative effects mediators can lead to: (1) the creation of innovative outcomes, (2) the adaptation of existing routine performances, and/or (3) the emergence of new routine performances. Similar to the conception of organizational routines as dynamic and generative systems, we show that the way actants operate through their engagement renders routine interactions and thus ecologies of routines more or less generative.
Relational autonomy: kinship and daughters-in-law negotiating affinity with their mothers-in-law
Authors: Galam Roderick
Published: January 2016

Research on mother- and daughter-in-law relationships has primarily focused on the conflict between the two. This article highlights the empowering potential of daughters-in-law of this problematic relationship by examining the struggle of Filipino seafarers’ wives to exercise agency and achieve autonomy in the context of living with their mothers-in-law. Drawing on in-depth semi-structured interviews, it analyses the women’s project for autonomy within kinship, that is, an autonomy deeply embedded in intersubjective relations through the conceptualisation of kinship as ‘cultures of relatedness’, which explicitly attends to the negative aspects of kinship. Three dimensions of their experiences are discussed: breaking their silence/talking back; becoming their husband’s designated recipient of their remittances; and having their own house. Their experiences demonstrate the importance of retaining normativity in the conceptualisation of kinship as relatedness.
El impacto de los movimientos Salvem: el caso de Salvem Parcent
Authors: Rafet Soriano Juan Miguel
Published: January 2016

El autor de este trabajo de investigación propone una aportación empírica que contribuya a avanzar en el insuficiente (pero no olvidado) estudio de los impactos de los movimientos sociales a partir del estudio empírico del caso de la Plataforma Salvem Parcent en el norte de la provincia de Alicante.
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: New concepts to further unravel adrenal insufficiency during critical illness
Authors: Boonen Eva , Van den Berghe Greet
Published: January 2016

The concept of ‘relative’ adrenal insufficiency during critical illness remains a highly debated disease entity. Several studies have addressed how to diagnose or treat this condition but have often yielded conflicting results, which further fuelled the controversy. The main reason for the controversy is the fact that the pathophysiology is not completely understood. Recently, new insights in the pathophysiology of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to critical illness were generated. It was revealed that high circulating levels of cortisol during critical illness are explained more by reduced cortisol breakdown than by elevated cortisol production. Cortisol production rate during critical illness is less than doubled during the day but lower than in healthy subjects during the night. High plasma cortisol concentrations due to reduced breakdown in turn reduce plasma ACTH concentrations via feedback inhibition, which with time may lead to an understimulation and hereby a dysfunction of the adrenal cortex. This could explain the high incidence of adrenal insufficiency in the prolonged phase of critical illness. These novel insights have created a new framework for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal failure during critical illness that has redirected future research.
Prevention and Management of Procedural Pain in the Neonate: An Update
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN and SECTION ON ANESTHESIOLOGY AND PAIN MEDICINE, Keels Erin , Sethna Navil , Watterberg Kristi L. , Cummings James J. , Benitz William E. , Eichenwald Eric C. , Poindexter Brenda B. , Stewart Dan L. , Aucott Susan W. , Goldsmith Jay P. , Puopolo Karen M. , Wang Kasper S. , Tobias Joseph D. , Agarwal Rita , Anderson Corrie T.M. , Hardy Courtney A. , Honkanen Anita , Rehman Mohamed A. , Bannister Carolyn F.
Published: January 2016

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed July 2020.

The prevention of pain in neonates should be the goal of all pediatricians and health care professionals who work with neonates, not only because it is ethical but also because repeated painful exposures have the potential for deleterious consequences. Neonates at greatest risk of neurodevelopmental impairment as a result of preterm birth (ie, the smallest and sickest) are also those most likely to be exposed to the greatest number of painful stimuli in the NICU. Although there are major gaps in knowledge regarding the most effective way to prevent and relieve pain in neonates, proven and safe therapies are currently underused for routine minor, yet painful procedures. Therefore, every health care facility caring for neonates should implement (1) a pain-prevention program that includes strategies for minimizing the number of painful procedures performed and (2) a pain assessment and management plan that includes routine assessment of pain, pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for the prevention of pain associated with routine minor procedures, and measures for minimizing pain associated with surgery and other major procedures.
Habilidades para la vida como estrategia de promoción de la salud en niños y niñas en riesgo social: programa educativo de enfermería
Authors: Moreira González Angie , Murillo Gamboa Paola
Published: January 2016

Introducción: El siguiente artículo es el resultado de la investigación realizada para optar por la licenciatura en Enfermería, en la modalidad de práctica dirigida, el cual consistió en un programa educativo desde Enfermería de habilidades para la vida como estrategia de promoción de la salud en niños y niñas en riesgo social del Hogar Vista del Mar en San José, Costa Rica durante el año 2014.Metodología: participaron 23 niños y niñas en edades entre 9 a 11 años (cuantos del personal de la institución). Se aplicó una metodología cualitativa. Primeramente, se realizó un diagnóstico en el que participaron tanto los niños (as) del programa así  como personal que labora para la institución. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en el  diagnóstico, se diseñó el programa educativo, desarrollado mediante la metodología de taller con siete sesiones y una actividad de cierre en las que se empleó la estrategia de rally. La evaluación del programa se realizó al finalizar cada una de las sesiones, además de una evaluación general al terminar todo el programa (actividad de rally).Resultados: Los resultados fueron analizados a la luz del modelo conceptual de sistema abiertos de la teorizante en enfermería Imogene King, entre los que se destaca la importancia de la implementación y el reforzamiento constante de este tipo de programas que, desde Enfermería, proporcionan herramientas para que los infantes cuenten con un mayor control sobre su cuidado, de modo que  implementen medidas para promover su salud de manera integral.Conclusión: Se evidencia la necesidad de reforzar las habilidades para la vida en las poblaciones en condición de riesgo social.
RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIAS PEDAGÓGICAS DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM NA MODALIDADE DE EDUCAÇÃO A DISTÂNCIA NO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM LETRAS ESPANHOL DO IFRN
Authors: De Sena Francisco das Chagas
Published: January 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar algumas experiências de ensino e aprendizagem vivenciadas em uma turma do 5º período do Curso de Licenciatura em Letras Espanhol na modalidade de educação a distância, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte – Campus Central, na disciplina Organização e Gestão da Educação Brasileira. Para tanto, propõe-se analisar tais experiências enfatizando os pontos positivos e negativos do processo pedagógico ora realizado, elencando todos os percursos formativos os quais os educandos, professores e tutores foram submetidos no desenrolar da disciplina citada acima. A perspectiva é a de entender as dificuldades, desafios e possíveis rumos a serem traçados na EaD no curso de Licenciatura em Letras Espanhol do IFRN.
PEDAGOGIA DA ALTERNÂNCIA NO IF BAIANO CAMPUS SANTA INÊS: UMA PROPOSTA QUE DEU CERTO
Authors: Nascimento Nelian Costa , Costa Nívia Ferreira
Published: January 2016

Este artigo se propõe a apresentar análises e reflexões acerca da Pedagogia da Alternância, desenvolvida numa turma do Programa de Integração da Educação Profissional ao Ensino Médio na Modalidade de Educação de Jovens e Adultos - PROEJA, no Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Campus Santa Inês, no município baiano de Santa Inês. Neste trabalho, adota-se o estudo de caso com 26 atores socais, e, como instrumentos de coleta de dados: entrevista e questionário semiestruturado. Utiliza-se também como metodologia, a análise de documentos institucionais. Como referencial teórico, aplica-se a Educação do Campo com ênfase na Metodologia da Alternância. Evidencia-se que a proposta da Pedagogia da Alternância, mostra-se como uma importante alternativa por possibilitar aos sujeitos do campo o fortalecimento da troca de saberes. Neste sentido, o IF Baiano Campus Santa Inês avança ao garantir para os jovens e adultos o caráter popular de uma política social que possibilita ao sujeito do campo e com distorção idade x série, ser incluído em um curso de educação profissional sem se desvincular do seu contexto, da sua cultura, de seu valor e de sua maneira de ver e se relacionar com o ambiente.
Kidney Injury in Newborns with Abdominal Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Morozov Dmitriy Anatol'evich , Morozova Ol'ga Leonidovna , Tsyplakov Aleksey Aleksandrovich , Mel'nikova Yuliya Aleksandrovna
Published: January 2016

The review represents the problems of a damage to the vital organs in newborns with the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (ACS). Particular attention is paid to the key predisposing factors and key links of the renal damage’s pathogenesis in newborns with ACS. This review presents the latest data about the role of the hypoxia at the initiation of damage of the renal parenchyma, the prospects for the use of various molecular markers for early diagnostics of nephropathy. Creation of molecular cell test system for the diagnostics and monitoring of renal damage in newborns with ACS is a promising trend in the treatment and prevention nephropathy in newborns.