bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versatile LaCo0.6Ni0.4O3‐δ Nanofiber Membrane for High Performance Oxygen Electrocatalysis over a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Zou Lu , Kong Weilin , Sheng Tong , Tian Yunfeng , Pu Jian , Kim Guntae , Chi Bo
Published: December 2024

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are key processes in numerous oxygen‐involved applications over a wide temperature range. Despite advances in nanofiber engineering to increase active site density and catalytic efficiency for ORR/OER, conventional electrode fabrication methods often compromise the integrity of nanofibrous structures. Herein, a robust strategy is presented for the fabrication of LaCo0.6Ni0.4O3‐δ (LCN) nanofibrous membranes using optimized electrospinning techniques. This approach achieves high specific surface area, increased porosity, rapid mass transport, and precise control of morphology and thickness. The resulting LCN nanofibers exhibit exceptional ORR and OER catalytic activity at room temperature, rivaling commercial Pt/C and RuO₂ catalysts. Moreover, in solid oxide cells (SOCs) operating at elevated temperatures, LCN nanofibrous membranes deliver remarkable ORR and OER performance, with a peak power density of 0.802 W cm−2 at 700 °C and excellent stability over 180 h. These results highlight the potential of nanofibrous perovskite catalysts for practical oxygen electrocatalytic applications and demonstrate that the LCN nanofibrous membrane, combined with a self‐assembly approach, exploits on the advantages of high porosity and specific surface area. This work opens up new avenues for the use of nanofibrous electrodes in a wide temperature range.
Boosting Enzyme‐Like Activity Through Controlled Coordination of Metal Single‐Atoms in Rhombic Cavity of Graphyne
Authors: Fu Ruixue , guo Jian , Jin Huan , Li Zhen , Xia Jianing , Tang Ya , Ding Yaping , Zhao Hongbin , Ye Daixin , Xu Jiaqiang
Published: December 2024

The coordination number of metal single‐atoms, being an important factor, should be precisely controlled as it affects both activity and specificity. Herein, the introduction of nitrogen into the para position of benzene in graphyne (2N‐GY) is proposed as a carrier for anchoring metal single‐atoms onto pyrazine nitrogen. These atoms are then coordinated to the center of the rhombic cavity, ensuring precisely controlled coordination numbers. Inspired by natural enzymes, a series of transition metal single‐atom nanozymes (SANs) are constructed utilizing 2N‐GY. Both theory calculations and experiments demonstrated that the incorporation of metal single‐atoms of Fe, Mn, and Mo effectively augmented the enzyme‐like activity, with Mo/GY exhibiting the highest peroxidase ‐like activity. Based on the differing activities of M/GY (M = Fe, Mn, Mo) and the varying abilities of sulfhydryl groups in biothiols to occupy metal active sites, sensing arrays for the high‐throughput identification of six biothiols are constructed. After combining the fingerprint feature responses of biothiols and SANs with machine learning algorithms, the efficient distinction of the six biothiols is achieved. This study introduces a novel pathway for designing and synthesizing SANs that mimic natural enzymes.
Triple‐Phase Interfacial Freestanding Fluffy Pine Needle Structures for Efficient Self‐Powered Photoelectrocatalysis
Authors: Jung Hyunhee , Baek Seunghui , Lee Chanhwi , Yoo Heesik , Lee Joonseok , Kim Kayoung
Published: December 2024

Approximately 2 billion people still lack access to clean drinking water. Extensive efforts are underway to develop semiconductor photocatalysts for water disinfection and environmental remediation, but conventional liquid‐solid diphase interfacial photocatalysts face challenges like low diffusion coefficients and limited solubility of dissolved oxygen. This study introduces freestanding copper oxide fluffy pine needle structures (CO‐FPNs) with tunable water pollutants‐gas‐solid (WGS) triple‐phase interfaces that enhance oxygen enrichment and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Three differently structured CO‐FPNs—microdendrites, hierarchical dendrites, and nanowires—are designed. The hierarchical CO‐FPN/WGS, predominantly in the Cassie‐Wenzel coexistence state, showed a 1.81‐ to 1.91‐fold higher reaction rate than the micro‐ and nanostructured CO‐FPNs due to increased interfacial O2 levels and high adsorption capability. Under illumination, the hierarchical CO‐FPN/WGS achieved 99.999% sterilization by preventing pathogen adhesion and enhancing ROS generation. Additionally, a self‐powered photoelectrocatalytic system is constructed using nickel‐iron oxide‐deposited bismuth vanadate (NiFeO/BiVO4) with hierarchical CO‐FPN/WGS, achieving 1.45 times higher than the hierarchical CO‐FPN/WGS alone, due to superior oxidation kinetics of NiFeO/BiVO4 and improved oxygen reduction via atmospheric oxygen from the hierarchical CO‐FPN/WGS. This study demonstrates the first example of a triple‐phase interfacial self‐powered platform for efficient photoelectrocatalysis.
Ferroelectric Polarization Coupling Effect in BiFeO3/α‐In2Se3 Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistor for Stable Non‐volatile Memory
Authors: Wang Yanrong , Cai Yuchen , Li Shuhui , Zhan Xueying , Cheng Ruiqing , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun , Wang Feng
Published: December 2024

Ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFETs) commonly utilize traditional oxide ferroelectric materials for their strong remanent polarization. Yet, integrating them with the standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process is challenging due to the need for lattice matching and the high‐temperature rapid thermal annealing process, which are not always compatible with CMOS fabrication. However, the advent of the ferroelectric semiconductor α‐In2Se3 offers a compelling solution to these challenges. Its van der Waals layered structure facilitates integration with dielectric oxides, bypassing the lattice mismatch problem. Moreover, the ferroelectric polarization of α‐In2Se3 synergizes with the polarization of the ferroelectric dielectric layer. This coupling effect significantly enhances the polarization retention and the data storage capabilities of FeFETs. Here, a dual FeFET is designed that incorporates a BiFeO3 dielectric layer and an α‐In2Se3 channel, showing an improvement in performance compared to FeFETs that use MoS2 as the channel material with a BiFeO3 dielectric, or those with an α‐In2Se3 channel and a HfO2 dielectric. The dual FeFET exhibits an extended retention time of up to 1000 s at 380 K. Though there is still room for further improvement in data retention capabilities, this achievement paves the way for advancements in non‐volatile memory technologies.
The Perspective of Agile Software Developers on Data Privacy
Authors: Peixoto Mariana , Gorschek Tony , Mendez Daniel , Silva Carla , Fucci Davide
Published: December 2024

Recent studies have shown that many software developers do not have sufficient knowledge and understanding of how to develop a privacy‐friendly system. This may become a challenge in developing systems complying with data protection laws. To address this issue, we investigated the factors that influence developers' decision‐making when developing privacy‐sensitive systems. We conducted an empirical study by means of a survey with 109 practitioners. Our data analysis is based on the principles of social cognitive theory, which includes personal, behavioral, and external environmental factors. We identified six personal, five behavioral, and five external environment factors that affect how developers make decisions regarding privacy, including confusion between privacy and security and reliance on informal practices and organizational support gaps. These findings contribute to understanding how practitioners and companies consider privacy, showing improvements in formal training and structured support over previous studies yet highlighting persistent challenges in consistent privacy integration.
Fast Kinetics Enabled by Ion Enrichment Layer for Dendrite−Free Zinc Anode
Authors: Pu Yujuan , Zhang Youkui , Zhan Kaiyuan , Zhang Qiwen , Qin Tao , Yang Xiaoyong , Luo Xiaoyu , Zeng Xuzhong , Yang Wenjing , Zhang Yunhuai , Li Xueming
Published: December 2024

Aqueous zinc−ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered a promising choice for energy storage devices owing to the excellent safety and favorable capacity of the Zn anode. However, the uncontrolled dendrite growth of Zn anode severely constrains the practical applications of AZIBs. Herein, a novel ion enrichment layer of CuS is designed and constructed on the Zn foil surface to achieve dendrite−free Zn anode. This CuS with appropriate Zn affinity and hollow architecture exhibits ion enriching characteristics. Furthermore, CuS@Zn anode can significantly reduce de−solvation barriers of hydrated Zn2+, promoting Zn2+ migration and minimizing nucleation overpotential. Benefiting from the above results, the Zn deposition kinetics are effectively improved. As expected, the CuS@Zn anode exhibits significantly improved Zn plating/stripping reversibility for 1000 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 900 h at 5 mA cm−2. Furthermore, the assembled CuS@Zn||MnO2 full battery also exhibits superior rate performance and cycling stability. This work provides a feasible method to achieve uniform and dense Zn deposition for the stabilization of Zn anode.
Anti‐Leakage Method of Sensitive Information of Network Documents Based on Differential Privacy Model
Authors: Su Shuhui , Luo Yonghan , Li Tao , Chen Qi , Liang Juntao
Published: December 2024

This article proposes a method for preventing sensitive information leakage in network documents based on differential privacy models to ensure the security of sensitive information in network documents. Based on the definition of differential privacy and its Laplace mechanism, a differential privacy model was constructed to prevent sensitive information leakage in network documents. Using differential privacy based Laplace mechanism to protect the sensitive information dataset of network documents, and inputting the sensitive information dataset of network documents into the differential privacy model, the sensitive information in network documents is generalized and perturbed, and Laplace noise is added after transformation and compression to prevent leakage. Using roulette wheel sampling technology to sample and sort the original histograms of sensitive data in network documents, using a hierarchical partitioning algorithm to group the sorted histograms, and adding Laplace noise to the groups based on differential confidentiality Laplace mechanism to achieve leak prevention when publishing sensitive messages in network documents. The experimental results show that this method can ensure the security of sensitive information data in network documents and prevent sensitive information leakage in network documents. There is no data loss during the data conversion and compression process of sensitive information. At the same time, the protection effect of sensitive information is less affected by the amount of data, and the loss rate of sensitive information is lower.
Traditional Market as a Public Space: Thomas Karsten’s Design for Johar Market in Semarang (1906–1939)
Authors: Surendro Annisa Maghfira , Kanumoyoso Bondan
Published: December 2024

For the first 10 years that Semarang was a municipality, the city council took over the traditional markets with the help of an architect and urban planning expert from the Netherlands, Thomas Karsten (1884–1945), as an early step in managing the economic spaces in Semarang. This chapter looks at Karsten’s design for Johar Market, mainly at how he managed to slowly replace the race segregation by managing economic spaces to act as a public space. His idea to design the traditional markets as the city’s public spaces where anyone of any race or ethnicity could mingle economically had been rare in ethnically divided colonial societies. The chapter ends with the status of Johar Market today, which is not auspicious, but with an acknowledgment of the clear impacts of Karsten’s ideas even in markets today.
The 2017 Jakarta Gubernatorial Election: The Production of Post-Truth and the Islamic, Urban, Middle-Class Identity
Authors: Acikgenc Gigay Citta , Pratama Herdito Sandi
Published: December 2024

As a previously overlooked source of knowledge, testimony now plays a prominent role in the age of digital information. With the advancement of technology, the internet has become our source of everyday information. It marks the urge to understand how testimony works and affects our social life, including the processes of public opinion formation that becomes accepted as “truth,” which, in turn, may affect the political mobility of voters and power dynamics in urban politics. This phenomenon is illustrated through an analysis of the social media campaign strategy of the election candidates of the DKI Jakarta Governor’s election in 2017. This chapter emphasizes that the reliability of testimony as a source of knowledge is doubtful when truth is not valued by society as a whole. The implication is seen in the public election wherein the winning candidate was chosen due to irrational considerations, including primordial considerations related to religion and race.
Application of scanning small-angle X-ray scattering in the identification of sheet formation techniques in historical papers
Authors: Grzelec Małgorzata , Haas Sylvio , Helman-Ważny Agnieszka
Published: December 2024

Among writing substrates produced historically in different regions of the world, paper is one of the most complex materials. Its complexity results not only from a variety of highly processed ingredients, which can be used in its production, but also from a variety of methods in which these materials are combined to form the fibrillar network referred to as paper. While material identification methods are well established in the analysis of historical papers, the identification of manufacturing technologies is still an under-researched topic, that requires the development of appropriate methods and measurement protocols. This paper reports on the results of a research project aimed at the application of synchrotron scanning small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) method in the characterization of paper structure, with emphasis on the assessment of fibrillar orientation as a marker characteristic for different, historical papermaking technologies. The main objective of this study consists of the development of a measurement protocol involving the SAXS technique complemented by other analytical methods in the characterization of the fibrous paper structure.
A simple, subjective, knee self-evaluation using a single question can be used for a quick assessment of patients undergoing knee surgery
Authors: Klasan Antonio , Donati Cedric , Compagnoni Riccardo , Grassi Alberto , Musahl Volker , Menetrey Jacques
Published: December 2024

Purpose

The use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMS) is the cornerstone of clinical research for surgical disciplines, but the use in daily routine can be challenging. One of the most widespread PROMS in knee surgery is the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential correlation of the IKDC score with a patient’s subjective assessment of the knee using a single question. We hypothesized a correlation between the IKDC score and single question score.

Methods

A prospective, single center study in a comprehensive knee outpatient clinic was performed. Patients willing to participate, presenting in the clinic for the first time were asked to complete the IKDC questionnaire and to answer the question: ”How does your knee know compare to when you were 16 years old, in percentage?” Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to analyze the IKDC score and the single-question percentage.

Results

After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 310 patients were included. The mean age of the participants was 43.3 ± 9.6 years, and 45.2% of the patients were female. Mean IKDC score was 41.11 ± 13.13, compared to the mean score of the single-question 40.90 ± 22.7 (p = 0.887). The correlation between the IKDC score and the single-question was significant (p < 0.001), however, the person coefficient was 0.460, indicating moderate correlation. The linear regression analysis was also statistically significant (p < 0.001), but with a model fitness of r2 = 0.211 and B = 0.266. From the 310 patients, 305 (98.4%) found the single-question of more relevance than the IKDC score.

Conclusion

IKDC score and a simple, subjective, knee self-evaluation using a single question demonstrate moderate correlation. The single question can be used for better understanding of discrepancy between the objective score and the patients’ subjective perception of knee function or as a fast, single question proxy score.
Antiplatelet therapy is not associated with increased risk of complications after lumbar puncture
Authors: Stichaller Laura , Krajnc Nik , Leutmezer Fritz , Stögmann Elisabeth , Zimprich Friedrich , Zrzavy Tobias , Berger Thomas , Bsteh Gabriel
Published: December 2024

Background

Lumbar puncture (LP) is a critical diagnostic procedure in the evaluation of neurological diseases. Although considered safe, complications such as post-dural puncture headache (PDPH), back pain, subdural hematoma or venous sinus thrombosis may still occur. Whether the use of antiplatelet therapy (APT) increases the risk of complications after LP, remains unclear.

Methods

This retrospective observational study included 783 patients who underwent diagnostic LP. We employed multivariate logistic regression models with complications as the dependent variable, and APT as the independent variable, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results

Among 783 patients included (54.0% female, median age 48 years [IQR 33–64], median BMI 24.7 kg/m2 [IQR 21.8–28.3], 111 [14.2%] receiving APT), complications were observed in 182 (23.2%) patients. The most common complications were PDPH and back pain in 152 (19.4%) and 42 (5.4%) patients, respectively. Venous sinus thrombosis occurred in one (0.1%) patient. In the multivariate logistic regression model, younger age (OR 1.49 per 10 years, 95% CI 1.32–1.69, p < 0.001) and female sex (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.19–2.54, p = 0.005) were associated with higher likelihood of complications, whereas APT (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.30–1.36, p = 0.241) and the final diagnosis were not.

Conclusion

Complications following LP occur in approximately one fourth of patients, with younger age and female sex being significant risk factors. As APT is not associated with increased risk of complications, withholding LP in patients on APT may not be necessary.
Ninjin’yoeito improves respiratory symptoms after lung cancer surgery: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Mitsui Suguru , Tanaka Yugo , Nishikubo Megumi , Doi Takefumi , Tane Shinya , Hokka Daisuke , Imai Takumi , Maniwa Yoshimasa
Published: December 2024

Purpose

This study evaluated the efficacy of ninjin’yoeito for alleviating postoperative symptoms after lung cancer surgery.

Methods

Overall, 140 patients who underwent lobectomy were randomized into a conventional treatment group and a ninjin’yoeito group. The primary endpoint was change in the Cancer Fatigue Scale (CFS) score from baseline and the secondary endpoints were the Cancer Dyspnea Scale (CDS) scores, the Kihon Checklist, and respiratory function.

Results

The mean change in the CFS score 8 weeks postoperatively was − 5.56 in the ninjin’yoeito group and − 5.53 in the conventional treatment group (P = 0.425), but this outcome did not meet the primary endpoint. Changes in the mean CDS scores 8 weeks postoperatively were − 5.60 and − 3.38 in the ninjin’yoeito and conventional groups, respectively, with a difference of − 1.95 (P = 0.049). The changes in the mean vital capacity 8 weeks postoperatively were − 340.5 mL in the ninjin’yoeito group and − 473.5 mL in the conventional treatment group, with a difference of + 135.1 mL (P = 0.041). The ninjin’yoeito group had a significantly lower proportion of patients with malnutrition 16 weeks postoperatively than the conventional treatment group (P = 0.040).

Conclusion

The results of this study show that ninjin’yoeito is effective for alleviating respiratory symptoms and improving malnutrition after lung cancer surgery.
Ultra-sensitive detection of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid herbicide using a porous Co-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate /montmorillonite nanocomposite sensor
Authors: Elfiky Mona , Abdo Moa’mena , Darwesh Mona , Salahuddin Nehal
Published: December 2024

The detection of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (CMPA) herbicide is crucial due to the potential health risks linked to exposure through drinking water, air, and food, which may adversely affect liver and kidney functions. To address this environmental concern and promote sustainable agriculture, a sensitive carbon paste sensor incorporating a composite material was developed. The composite sensor is based on porous cobalt-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate metal–organic framework and exfoliated montmorillonite nanolayers (Co-OF/MMt). This sensor enables the voltammetric detection of CMPA in real soil samples using linear sweep adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (LS-AdASV), facilitating early and accurate monitoring of herbicide levels. The Co-OF/MMt nanocomposite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method involving the precipitation of Co-OF in the presence of MMt. Comprehensive characterization of the synthesized materials was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SEM-Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX) and surface area analysis (BET). The resulting modified carbon paste sensor, utilizing 1.0% Co-OF/MMt nanocomposite, exhibited superior electrochemical properties compared with the bare carbon paste sensor, possessing an electroactive surface area of 1004.1 m2/g with a minimal resistivity (Rct) of 330 Ω. Under standard operating conditions, the developed sensor demonstrated detection limits of 0.03 nM and 0.1 nM across two broad linear ranges (0.03 to 0.10 nM – 0.10 to 1.0 nM) and (0.1 to 1.0 nM – 1.0 to 7.0 nM), respectively, for CMPA determination in both bulk and soil samples. These results pointed out the promising electrochemical modified sensor for the direct and simple detection of certain herbicides in environmental matrices, without the need for sample pretreatment steps. This capability supports sustainable development goals by enhancing effective environmental monitoring.

Graphical Abstract
Spasmodic dysphonia: the need for a combined neurological and phoniatric approach
Authors: Dressler Dirk , Kopp Bruno , Pan Lizhen , Blitzer Andrew , Adib Saberi Fereshte
Published: December 2024

Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is now generally considered to be a task-specific focal dystonia. For the first time, we wanted to explore the relationship between SD and dystonia from a combined neurological and phoniatric perspective. For this, we studied 115 patients with non-psychogenic SD by a combined neurological and phoniatric evaluation. Onset of SD was 49.7 ± 19.0 (6–68) years. The female/male ratio was 2. 63% had additional dystonia manifestations (cervical dystonia 35%, arm dystonia 15%, blepharospasm 11%, oromandibular dystonia 11%, writer’s cramp 11%, pharyngeal dystonia 10%, generalised dystonia 4%, axial dystonia 2%, spasmodic dyspnoea 2% and segmental dystonia 1%). 71% occurred before, 25% after and 4% together with SD. 17% had a family history of dystonia and 6% a history of exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents. 41% had mixed SD (SD-M), 31% abductor SD (SD-AB) and 28% adductor SD (SD-AD). SD-M was significantly correlated with additional dystonia manifestations and tremulous SD. No patient showed essential tremor or Parkinsonian syndromes. Two third of SD patients have additional dystonia manifestations and one fifth have a family history of dystonia, considerably more than previously described. In half of all patients, SD starts with non-SD dystonia. Our combined approach revealed a high prevalence of SD-M associated with frequent additional dystonia manifestations including dystonic tremor and a family history of dystonia. Patients presenting with SD should be evaluated for additional dystonia manifestations and dystonia patients should be evaluated for SD. Relevant coexistence of essential tremor and Parkinsonian syndromes cannot be confirmed.
Isoaspartate formation and irreversible aggregation of collapsin response mediator protein 2: implications for the etiology of epilepsy and age-related cognitive decline
Authors: Zhu Jeff X. , Aswad Dana W.
Published: December 2024

Collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) functions in the genesis and activity of neuronal connections in mammalian brain. We previously reported that a protein coincident with CRMP2 on 2D-gels undergoes marked accumulation of abnormal L-isoaspartyl sites in brain extracts of mice missing the repair enzyme, protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT). To confirm and explore the significance of isoaspartyl damage in CRMP2, we expressed and purified recombinant mouse CRMP2 (rCRMP2). A polyclonal antibody made against the recombinant protein precipitated CRMP2 from brain extracts of PIMT-KO mice, but not from WT mice, suggesting that (1) the rCRMP2 antigen underwent significant isoAsp formation in the process of antibody production and (2) the isoAsp form of CRMP2 is considerably more immunogenic than the native protein. In vitro aging of rCRMP2 at pH 7.4, 37 °C for 0–28 days led to robust accumulation of isoAsp sites that were repairable by PIMT, and also induced a progressive accumulation of apparent dimers and higher-mass oligomers as judged by SDS-PAGE. A similar pattern of CRMP2 aggregation was observed in mice, with levels increasing throughout the lifespan. We conclude that CRMP2 is indeed a major target of PIMT-mediated protein repair in the brain; that isoAsp forms of CRMP2 are highly immunogenic; and that CRMP2 dysfunction makes a significant contribution to neuropathology in the PIMT-KO mouse.
Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of vamorolone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed Said , Abdelwahab Omar Ahmed , Elawfi Bashaer , Ali Fatmaelzahraa Yasser , Amro Sarah , Mohammed Shrouk F. , Shaheen Nour , Negida Ahmed , Arndt Martin , Hijazi Mido Max , Schaefer Jochen , Siepmann Timo
Published: December 2024

Background

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder, often leading to wheelchair dependence by age 13 with limited treatment options, largely relying on glucocorticosteroids. We assessed the efficacy and safety of vamorolone, a modified synthetic corticosteroid, for DMD.

Methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using seven databases including prospective studies comparing vamorolone with glucocorticosteroids or placebo in DMD patients. We extracted data on efficacy and safety outcomes. We built fixed effects models to assess mean differences. (PROSPERO: CRD42023396908).

Results

Out of 210 identified records, two study reports were included in meta-analysis providing data from 210 patients. Vamorolone at 2.0 mg/kg/day was associated with improvement time to climb four stairs velocity (MD = 0.05 95% CI [0.03 to 0.08] P = 0.0002), and time stand from supine velocity (MD = 0.07 95% CI [0.01 to 0.07] P = 0.007). A higher dose of 6.0 mg/kg/day was additionally associated with higher time to run/walk 10 m velocity (MD = 0.10 95% CI [-0.0.1 to 0.21] P = 0.07, I2 = 0%). Among these beneficial effects only improvement in time to climb four stairs velocity was sustained after a follow-up period of 30 months. Vamorolone did not inhibit growth but increased the risk of weight gain, suppression of adrenal function, and insulin resistance.

Conclusion

The results of our systematic review and meta-analyis are suggestive of improved efficacy and safety of vamorolone for DMD compared to standard glucocorticosteroids but the external validity of these findings as well as the medication’s long-term effects remain to be determined.
Conventional teaching vs. e-learning: A case study of German undergraduate biology students
Authors: Bauermeister Tim , Janßen Nina , Engler John-Oliver
Published: December 2024

Digital learning environments such as virtual laboratories have been proposed to augment or even replace conventional forms of teaching in recent years. While there is some evidence on comparable learning outcomes between real and virtual labs, empirical evidence on the effectiveness of virtual labs as compared to conventional face-to-face teaching is largely lacking. Here, we used the virtual lab platform Labster in a first-year undergraduate course on general biology to evaluate its effectiveness against conventional teaching using a repeated measure randomized control trial (treatment group n = 131, control group n = 108). We find no evidence for a difference in terms of learning success between treatment and control groups, consistent with empirical studies on real vs. virtual labs. However, Labster exposure led to a more positive attitude towards e-learning, and a positive user experience was the strongest predictor of individual learning success, highlighting the importance of engagement in digital learning environments.
Quantitative ethnobotany of Afenmai people of Southern Nigeria: an assessment of their crop utilization, and preservation methods
Authors: Ogwu Matthew Chidozie , Ojo Aliu Olugbemiga , Osawaru Moses Edwin
Published: December 2024

The study assessed crop utilization, preservation, and conservation methods in six local government areas (LGAs) that make up Afenmai land in Southern Nigeria. The Afenmai people use a total of 36 economic crops belonging to 20 higher plant families. Among these crops, only eight are used in all the LGAs that make up Afenmai including Amaranthus hybridus, Dioscorea rotundata, Ipomoea batatas, Musa paradisiaca, M. sapientum, Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis, and Vernonia amygdalina. The similarity in crop utilization patterns within Afenmai land using Jaccard’s index ranged from 38.24 to 100. The plants are mostly used fresh immature, fresh mature, processed immature, and processed mature. The highest use report of 481 was recorded from V. amygdalina whereas Saccharum officinarum had the lowest number of use report of 41. In addition, the results from the cultural value index analysis suggest V. amygdalina has the highest cultural value (0.38) whereas A. hybridus, Mangifera indica, Ocimum gratissimum, S. officinarum, Theobroma cacao, and Zea mays had the lowest value (0.01). The use category rank was in the order food > medicine > ornamental > others > building > religious and cultural. Individual crop ranking revealed Cocos nucifera > Elaeis guineensis > T. occidentalis and T. cacao as the 36th-ranked crop. Crops are stored using diverse traditional systems for periods ranging from less than a month to less than two years depending on the crop. Respondents believe traditional preservation methods either improve taste, make the taste worse, or are not sure of the benefits. In conclusion, there is a need for advocacy and public enlightenment campaigns to promote value-addition and sustainable post-harvest crop management in Afenmai land.
Tackling Biofilm Resistance of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria Against Levofloxacin via Nanotechnology and Essential Oils
Authors: Sarhan Omnia Mohamed
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The generation of biofilms by bacteria has become a major factor in the rise of antibiotic resistance. Lipid nano-capsules (LNCs) have recently emerged as an innovative platform for drug delivery, due to their unique properties and ability to carry a wide array of therapeutic chemical compounds.

Objectives

The objective of this research was to create, optimize, and evaluate the antibiofilm efficacy of a peppermint oil emulsion (o/w) containing levofloxacin against resistant bacteria via biofilm formation.

Methods

Essential oils, particularly peppermint oil known for its antifungal properties, were employed instead of traditional medium chain triglycerides to formulate lipid nanocarriers, utilizing alternating surfactant types (Solutol HS 15 and Cremophor EL) and differing oil to surfactant ratios (2:1 and 1:1). The LFX-LNCs formula, with a 2:1 oil to surfactant ratio, was selected for further investigation due to its physical properties, including particle size, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and polydispersity index. The antibacterial efficiency of LFX-LNCs was evaluated, revealing their ability to eradicate established biofilms of Gram-negative pathogens, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), as well as Gram-positive strains such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).

Results

The mean particle size of LFX-LNCs varied from 30.86 ± 0.54 nm to 68.36 ± 0.56 nm, demonstrating a narrow size distribution, a negative zeta potential (-1.56 ± 0.24 to -20.2 ± 2.15 mV), and a polydispersity index (PDI) ranging from 0.062 ± 0.006 to 0.26 ± 0.002. Lipid nanocapsules generally exhibit a spherical morphology within the nanometric size range when analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antimicrobial activity assessment revealed that EL 2:1 exhibited the most significant antimicrobial efficacy, characterized by a reduced particle size and an inhibition zone measuring up to (2.43 ± 0.24 cm), demonstrating promising results against several pathogenic strains, including P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. coli.

Conclusion

This study illustrates the efficacy of LFX-LNCs in the treatment of non-healing wounds infected with biofilm-forming bacteria.

Graphical Abstract
Clinical outcomes from robotic transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair in patients under and over 70 years old: a single institution retrospective cohort study with a comprehensive systematic review on behalf of TROGSS - The Robotic Global Surgical Society
Authors: Rivero-Moreno Yeisson , Goyal Aman , Redden-Chirinos Samantha , Bulut Halil , Dominguez-Profeta Rebeca , Munnangi Pujita , Shenoi Jason , Ganguly Paulamy , Blanc Pierre , Alkadam Khalid , Pouwels Sjaak , Taha Safwan , Pascotto Beniamino , Azagra Juan Santiago , Yang Wah , Garcia Andrea , Morfin-Meza Kathia Dayana , Fuentes-Orozco Clotilde , González-Ojeda Alejandro , Suárez-Carreón Luis Osvaldo , Marano Luigi , Abou-Mrad Adel , Oviedo Rodolfo J.
Published: December 2024

Aim

This study aimed to assess and compare outcomes of robotic inguinal hernia repair (RIHR) in patients under and over 70 years old, performed by a fellowship-trained robotic surgeon at a single institution.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing robotic primary transabdominal preperitoneal inguinal hernia repair between 2020 and 2022 was conducted. Patients were categorized into two age groups: those under 70 years and 70 years and older. Data were collected through chart reviews with a mean follow-up of 30 days. Concurrently, a systematic review (SR) of relevant high-level literature was carried out.

Results

Among the 37 patients studied, 75.7% (n = 28) were male, with a mean age of 64.8 years. Demographic features did not significantly differ based on age groups. Patients > 70 years had a higher incidence of reported complications (52.3% vs. 87.5%, p < 0.461). There were no differences in operative time or length of stay between the groups. In the SR, only 23.7% (n = 9) of studies provided age-related conclusions. Three studies identified age over 70 as a risk factor for postoperative complications, while two studies suggested that RIHR is feasible and safe in patients aged 80 years and older.

Conclusion

Patients over 70 years old demonstrated a higher incidence of complications compared to younger patients. However, current literature indicates that the robotic approach may offer a safe and minimally invasive option for inguinal hernia repair in both younger and older adults.
Association between malnutrition, depression, anxiety and fatigue after stroke in older adults: a cross-lagged panel analysis
Authors: Huang Hongmei , Lu Mengxia , Zhang Pan , Xiao Lulu , Zhang Wanqiu , Xu Yingjie , Zhong Jinghui , Dong Yiran , Chao Xian , Fang Yirong , Wang Jinjing , Jiang Shiyi , Zhu Wusheng , Liu Xinfeng , Sun Wen
Published: December 2024

Background

Malnutrition, post-stroke depression (PSD), post-stroke anxiety (PSA), and post-stroke fatigue (PSF) in stroke survivors have complex relationships and are associated with adverse stroke outcomes.

Aims

This research aims to explore the temporal and directional relationships between malnutrition, PSD, PSA, and PSF after stroke in older adults.

Methods

Patients aged 65 years and older with their first ischemic stroke from two centers were selected and assessed at baseline, 3 months and 12 months. Malnutrition was evaluated using the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI), and the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI). PSD, PSA and PSF were measured with 24-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 14-item Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-14) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), respectively. The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) was employed to investigate the temporal and directional relationships among these variables.

Results

Among the 381 older patients included, 54.33%, 43.57%, and 7.87% were found to have malnutrition according to the CONUT, GNRI, and PNI scores, respectively. Significant bidirectional relationships were found between malnutrition and PSD, as well as between PSD, PSA, and PSF, but no significant bidirectional relationships between malnutrition, PSA and PSF were observed, irrespective of the malnutrition index used (CONUT, GNRI, or PNI).

Conclusions

Nutritional status and post-stroke neuropsychiatric disorders in older stroke survivors are worthy of attention. Specifically, early malnutrition after stroke can predict later PSD and vice versa. PSD, PSA, and PSF are mutually predictable. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms of these findings.
Non-planar degenerations and related fundamental groups
Authors: Amram Meirav
Published: December 2024

We present a preliminary investigation of algebraic surfaces that have non-planar degenerations, along with their Galois covers and fundamental groups. Specifically, we investigate the tetrahedron and the double tetrahedron. The resulting fundamental groups indicate that the tetrahedron and the double tetrahedron are in different components of the moduli space of algebraic surfaces.
The Somogyi hypothesis: a parallelism with Michael Somogyi’s life
Authors: González-Vidal Tomás , Ares-Blanco Jessica , Delgado Elías , Menéndez-Torre Edelmiro
Published: December 2024

Michael Somogyi (Somogyi Mihály, 1883–1971) was a Hungarian biochemist who developed his scientific career in Europe and, primarily, the United States. He gave the name to the eponymous Somogyi effect or Somogyi hypothesis (in short, rebound hyperglycemia after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, particularly nocturnal), which was an axiom in the treatment of diabetes for decades. Although it is currently debated whether the Somogyi hypothesis is a real or relevant phenomenon in patients with diabetes, Somogyi's other significant career achievements are often overlooked. The aim of this historical note is to compile and highlight Michael Somogyi's scientific achievements. Michael Somogyi was a pioneer in the administration of insulin to patients with diabetes in the United States and in devising a method for insulin production. In addition, he highlighted the relevance of diet in patients with diabetes and was one of the first chemists to be integrated into clinical laboratories. There, Somogyi standardized long-lasting biological determinations, such as that of amylase, and he was one of the first scientists to combine basic research (from his training as a biochemist) with clinical research in close collaboration with physicians caring for patients, which is what we know today as translational research. Notably, the trajectory of his scientific career resembles the rebound effect of Somogyi's hypothesis: after reaching a low point of work activity well below his professional qualifications, his effort and tenacity led to the aforementioned achievements, and he became part of the history of hypoglycemia and diabetes.
Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is responsible of cocoa crops wilt in Colombia: morphological and molecular characterization of isolates
Authors: Carrero-Gutiérrez Martha Liliana , González-Sayer Sandra , Jaimes-Suárez Yeirme , González-Almario Carolina , González-Almario Adriana
Published: December 2024

Cocoa phytosanitary problems in Colombia are one of the main causes of the decline in cocoa production, with losses that can reach 100% due to inadequate management. Ceratocystis wilt is a prevalent disease affecting cocoa crops in the country, with C. fimbriata identified as its causal agent. However, there are still inconsistencies at the morphological level regarding the causal species, which contradict the causal relationship of the pathogen with the disease, affecting its diagnosis. Studies based on the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Ceratocystis species are imperative for reliable identification of the pathogen. The objective of this study was to morphologically and molecularly characterize isolates of Ceratocystis spp. obtained from symptomatic samples in the cocoa-producing regions of Colombia. Morphological characteristics were evaluated at the macro and microscopic levels. Additionally, isolates were identified at the species level through multi-locus analysis and phylogenetic characterization using the β-tubulin (βT-1), guanine nucleotide-binding protein (MS204), second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPBII), and 60 S ribosomal protein L37 (FG1093) gene regions. The results revealed variations in the colony development and microscopic morphology. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses consistently classified all isolates as Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, confirming that this species is the causal agent of cocoa Ceratocystis wilt in Colombia.
Optimization of wheat straw ash for cement replacement in concrete using response surface methodology for enhanced sustainability
Authors: Sudeep Y H , Ujwal M S , Mahesh Raghavendra , Shiva Kumar G. , Vinay A , Ramaraju H. K.
Published: December 2024

This research explores the utilization of wheat straw ash (WSA), an agricultural by-product enriched with amorphous silica, as a partial cement replacement in concrete production. The WSA content ranged from 4% to 16% by mass, with water-to-cement (w/c) ratios varying between 0.4 and 0.6. Using response surface methodology (RSM) combined with central composite design, this study optimized mix designs and developed predictive models for key performance indicators, including workability and mechanical properties of concrete. The results demonstrate that an optimal balance of the WSA and a reduced w/c ratio significantly enhance both the workability and mechanical performance of concrete. The pozzolanic reaction between WSA and calcium hydroxide promotes the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel. The optimal mix composition, comprising 10.12% w(WSA) with a w/c ratio of 0.45, achieved a desirability score of 71.83%. This ground-breaking research underscores the viability of WSA as a supplementary cementitious material, offering a sustainable solution for concrete production while simultaneously enhancing its workability and mechanical properties.
On affine multicolor urns grown under multiple drawing
Authors: Sparks Joshua , Kuba Markus , Balaji Srinivasan , Mahmoud Hosam
Published: December 2024

Early investigation of Pólya urns considered drawing balls one at a time. In the last two decades, several authors have considered multiple drawing in each step, but mostly for schemes involving two colors. In this manuscript, we consider multiple drawing from urns of balls of multiple colors, formulating asymptotic theory for specific urn classes and addressing more applications. The class we consider is affine and tenable, built around a ‘core’ square matrix. We examine cases where the urn is irreducible and demonstrate its relationship to matrix irreducibility for its core matrix, with examples provided. An index for the drawing schema is derived from the eigenvalues of the core. We identify three regimes: small, critical, and large index. In the small-index regime, we find an asymptotic Gaussian law. In the critical-index regime, we also find an asymptotic Gaussian law, albeit with a difference in the scale factor, which involves logarithmic terms. In both of these regimes, we have explicit forms for the structure of the mean and the covariance matrix of the composition vector (both exact and asymptotic). In all three regimes we have strong laws.
Our Favorite Science Stories of 2024
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2024

What Earth and space science stories stood out this year?
Distinct Hadean Mantle Sources of Felsic and Mafic Terranes Juxtaposed in the Paleoarchean
Authors: Ravindran Arathy , Peters Bradley J. , Mezger Klaus , Hasenstab‐Dübeler Eric , J. M. Maya , Schönbächler Maria
Published: December 2024

The short‐lived radionuclide system 146Sm‐142Nd can provide direct information about geological differentiation events in the terrestrial Hadean (>4.0 Ga) mantle. The spatiotemporal formation and evolution of crustal material that formed from different mantle domains can constrain the existing geodynamic environment in which continental crust formed and plate tectonics was initiated. The coupled 146,147Sm‐142,143Nd isotope systematics of contemporaneous felsic and mafic‐ultramafic igneous rock suites emplaced in the western Dharwar Craton (India) at ∼3.6 Ga record distinct Hadean mantle differentiation events in their source. The older mantle differentiation at Ga ago is recorded in the felsic rock suites. The most primitive crustal representatives alone yield a differentiation age of Ga. This early Hadean event is contemporaneous with the large silicate differentiation event recorded globally by Archean rocks. In contrast, the contemporaneous mafic‐ultramafic suites from the Dharwar Craton record a later mantle differentiation event at Ga. Thus, distinct Hadean mantle differentiation events are preserved in coeval Archean felsic and mafic‐ultramafic igneous rock suites from a single location. The large spread in the isotope ratios in the differentiated felsic suites of the craton is likely related to the mixing of differentiated precursor material with other reservoirs prior to the formation of the first continental crust. The juxtaposition of coeval felsic and mafic crusts, each ultimately derived from mantle domains that evolved spatially and chemically separately for up to 1.1 Ga, implies the onset of lateral movement of lithospheric plates by ∼3.6 Ga.