bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The link between emotion identification skills and socio‐emotional functioning in early adolescence: A 1‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Ciarrochi Joseph , Heaven Patrick C.L. , Supavadeeprasit Sunila
Published: February 2008

Amongst adults, low emotion identification skill (EIS) relates to poor emotion regulation strategies, higher rates of anxiety and depression, and higher rates of somatic illness and disease [Taylor, G. J., & Bagby, R. M. (2004). New trends in alexithymia research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 68–77]. Little research has examined EIS in adolescence and, in particular, the longitudinal impact of EIS on social support and affective experience. Six hundred and sixty‐seven high school students completed measures of EIS, social support and positive and negative affects in Grade 8, and again in Grade 9. Repeated measure ANOVAS revealed that negative affect increased and positive affect decreased from Grades 8 to 9. Structural equation modelling revealed that low EIS predicted increases in fear, decreases in positive affect, and decreases in the quality and quantity of social support. Amongst boys, low EIS also predicted increases in sadness. We discuss the implications of these findings for early prevention programmes.
Holiday and school‐term sleep patterns of Australian adolescents
Authors: Warner Suzanne , Murray Greg , Meyer Denny
Published: February 2008

The holiday and school‐term sleep patterns of 310 Australian senior school students were surveyed in a longitudinal study, along with self‐reported sleep quality, mood, daytime functioning, grades and circadian preference. Evidence was found that with the impact of school schedule, students accrued a significant sleep debt, obtaining insufficient sleep for their needs and reporting lowered mood and daytime functioning. Support was found for the hypothesis that trait circadian preference mediates mood, daytime functioning and academic grades through its effect on sleep variables at school time. It was concluded that while the imposition of school schedule negatively impacted on mood and daytime functioning for the sample as a whole, evening‐oriented adolescents were the most vulnerable to poorer outcomes. These students obtained poorer quality and less sleep than morning‐oriented students. Sleep factors impacted negatively on evening‐oriented students’ mood and ability to function at school during the day, which in turn predicted poorer academic achievement.
Patterns of interaction in adolescent romantic relationships: Distinct features and links to other close relationships
Authors: Furman Wyndol , Shomaker Lauren B.
Published: February 2008

This study examined the similarities and differences between adolescents’ interactions with romantic partners and those with friends and mothers. Thirty‐two adolescents were observed interacting with a romantic partner, a close friend, and their mother. Adolescents and romantic partners engaged in more conflict than adolescents and friends. Adolescents’ affective responsiveness was less positive with romantic partners than with their friends. Additionally, the dyadic positivity was lower in romantic relationships than in friendships. More off‐task behavior occurred in romantic relationships than in mother–adolescent relationships. Romantic partners were also less skillful communicators and had lower levels of affective responsiveness than mothers. Adolescents perceived more support and fewer negative interactions in romantic relationships than in relationships with mothers. Consistent with expectations, adolescents’ interactions with romantic partners were associated with those with friends and mothers. Thus, romantic relationships are characterized by distinct patterns of interaction, yet also are associated with other close relationships.
Countervailing social network influences on problem behaviors among homeless youth
Authors: Rice Eric , Stein Judith A. , Milburn Norweeta
Published: February 2008

The impact of countervailing social network influences (i.e., pro‐social, anti‐social or HIV risk peers) on problem behaviors (i.e., HIV drug risk, HIV sex risk or anti‐social behaviors) among 696 homeless youth was assessed using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that older youth were less likely to report having pro‐social peers and were more likely to have HIV risk and anti‐social peers. A longer time homeless predicted fewer pro‐social peers, more anti‐social peers, and more HIV risk peers. Heterosexual youth reported fewer HIV risk peers and more pro‐social peers. Youth recruited at agencies were more likely to report pro‐social peers. Having pro‐social peers predicted less HIV sex risk behavior and less anti‐social behavior. Having HIV risk peers predicted all problem behavior outcomes. Anti‐social peers predicted more anti‐social behavior. Once the association between anti‐social and HIV risk peers was accounted for independently, having anti‐social peers did not independently predict sex or drug risk behaviors.
Retrospective report of social withdrawal during adolescence and current maladjustment in young adulthood: Cross‐cultural comparisons between Australian and South Korean students
Authors: Kim Jinkwan , Rapee Ronald M. , Ja Oh Kyung , Moon Hye‐Shin
Published: February 2008

The current study investigated associations between the frequency of and motivations for social withdrawal during adolescence and emotional distresses in young adulthood. Perceived motivations for social withdrawal included unsociability, isolation, shyness, and low mood. Social withdrawal during adolescence was assessed using a retrospective questionnaire completed by Australian and Korean university students. They also completed measures of general self‐worth, social relationships, loneliness, social anxiety, and depression at university. Partial correlations and path analyses revealed that different motivations for social withdrawal had different risk status for later adjustment across the two samples. In particular, it appeared that shy and unsociable individuals in Korea showed better social and emotional adjustment than their counterparts in Australia. In contrast, social relationships of sad/depressed and isolated respondents in Korea appeared to be more seriously impaired than their Australian counterparts. These cross‐cultural differences are discussed in terms of socio‐cultural values and environments unique to the two countries.
A new experimental method assessing attitudes toward adolescent dating and sibling violence using observations of violent interactions
Authors: Reese‐Weber Marla
Published: February 2008

The present study provides experimental data comparing emerging adults’ attitudes toward dating and sibling violence in adolescence using a new methodology in which participants observe a violent interaction between adolescents. The reported amount of violence experienced in dating and sibling relationships among emerging adults is also compared. The participants included 148 emerging adults (111 females, 37 males) who were in the dating violence condition and 134 emerging adults (93 females, 41 males) in the sibling violence condition. The results provide initial psychometric data on a new measure to assess attitudes toward interpersonal violence in adolescence—the Attitudes toward Interpersonal Violence Assessment (AIVA). Using this new observational measure in an experimental design, empirical evidence was found that (1) male initiated violence was less acceptable than female initiated violence, (2) females were less accepting of violence than males, (3) individuals were more complacent toward sibling violence than dating violence in adolescence, (4) males reported perpetrating more injuries than females, and (5) sibling violence was reported at higher frequencies than dating violence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Mechanisms of pain referral in patients with whiplash associated disorder
Authors: Kosek Eva , Januszewska Anna
Published: February 2008

The aim was to investigate the mechanisms of pain referral in patients with whiplash associated disorder. Pain was induced in 12 controls and 12 patients with whiplash associated disorder by intramuscular electrical stimulation in the infraspinatus muscle and the ipsilateral upper arm, i.e., the area where all subjects perceived referred pain during conditioning stimulation in the infraspinatus muscle. Conditioning stimulation amounted to a pain intensity rated as 2/10 and 4/10. During conditioning stimulation in the infraspinatus muscle, sensitivity to test stimuli was assessed in the referred pain area (i.e., upper arm) and vice versa. Test stimuli consisted of intramuscular electrical stimulation corresponding to innocuous perception threshold, electrical pain threshold, and pain intensities rated as 2/10, 4/10 and 6/10, respectively. Compared to controls, patients with whiplash associated disorder had increased pain sensitivity (p≤0.01) and indicated larger areas of referred pain ((p≤0.003) during stimulation at the infraspinatus muscle; p≤0.03 during stimulation at the upper arm), including proximal referral of pain which was never reported by controls (p≤0.05). During conditioning stimulation in the infraspinatus muscle (4/10) all subjects reported referred pain in the upper arm (corresponding to the test site) and innocuous perception thresholds (p<0.05)(patients) and electrical pain thresholds (p<0.001) (controls) decreased. Conditioning stimulation in the upper arm did not affect sensitivity to test stimuli in the infraspinatus muscle. In conclusion, patients with whiplash associated disorder had increased sensitivity to painful stimulation, reported larger areas of referred pain during the same subjectively painful conditioning stimulation (i.e., lower absolute stimulus intensities), including proximal pain referral which was never seen in controls, indicating aberrant processing of nociceptive input. The perceptual integration of nociceptive stimuli during simultaneous stimulation did not differ between groups suggesting that divergence of nociceptive input from the focal pain area leading to excitation of neurones with projected fields in the referred pain area most likely explains referred pain in both groups alike.
Pain, disability and coping reflected in the diurnal cortisol variability in patients scheduled for lumbar disc surgery
Authors: Johansson Ann‐Christin , Gunnarsson Lars‐Gunnar , Linton Steven J. , Bergkvist Leif , Stridsberg Mats , Nilsson Olle , Cornefjord Michael
Published: February 2008

Background: Symptoms of lumbar disc herniation can be induced by both mechanical compression of the nerve roots and by biochemical irritants from the disc tissues. Proinflammatory cytokines, as well as stress are potent stimulators of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, reflected in enhanced release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Altered cortisol production is also associated to behaviour and coping patterns.

The aim of the present study was to explore the relation between pain, physical function, psychosocial factors and quality of life to the diurnal cortisol variability, in patients with lumbar disc herniation.

Method: This study had a cross‐sectional design. Forty‐two patients with lumbar disc herniation, verified by magnetic resonance imaging and a clinical examination by an orthopaedic surgeon, were included in the study. All patients were scheduled for disc surgery. The diurnal cortisol variability was examined before surgery. The patients were dichotomised into two groups based on low or high diurnal cortisol variability. Pain, disability, work related stress, quality of life, coping and fear avoidance beliefs, were estimated by standardised questionnaires.

Results: The low diurnal cortisol variability group was distinguished by a higher median score regarding leg pain at activity and significantly more disability (p<0.05). The patients with a low diurnal cortisol variability had significantly lower coping self‐statement scores, but higher pain coping catastrophising scores (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Patients with lumbar disc herniation and a low diurnal cortisol variability had lower physical function, perceived lower possibilities of influencing their pain, and were more prone to catastrophise than patients with lumbar disc herniation and a high diurnal cortisol variability.
Effects of simultaneous dual‐site TENS stimulation on experimental pain
Authors: Claydon Leica S. , Chesterton Linda S. , Barlas Panos , Sim Julius
Published: February 2008

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is commonly used for pain relief. However, little robust research exists regarding the combination of parameters required to provide effective doses. This study investigated the hypoalgesic effects of different parameter combinations, applied simultaneously at two sites (segmental and extrasegmental), on pressure pain threshold (PPT) in pain‐free humans. Two‐hundred and eight volunteers (median age 22 years, range 20–26) were randomized to eight groups: six active TENS groups, placebo and control. Parameter combinations were such that frequency always differed at each site (110Hz or 4Hz), but intensity could be either the same or different levels: high (to tolerance without pain) or low (strong but comfortable). TENS was administered to the forearm over the radial nerve and the ipsilateral leg below the fibular head for 30min with monitoring for 30 further minutes. PPT measurements were taken bilaterally from the mid‐point of first dorsal interosseous muscle, by an independent blinded rater, at baseline and at six subsequent 10‐min intervals. Log‐transformed data were analysed using repeated‐measures analysis of covariance (baseline values and gender as covariates). Those groups using high‐intensity stimulation at the segmental stimulation sites showed significantly greater hypoalgesia than placebo (p<0.025 in each case). The largest hypoalgesic effect was for simultaneous high‐intensity stimulation at segmental and extrasegmental sites, using different frequencies. These results reaffirm that high‐intensity stimulation (regardless of frequency) is of fundamental importance in effective dosage.
Comparison of psychological and physical function in neuropathic pain and nociceptive pain: Implications for cognitive behavioral pain management programs
Authors: Daniel H. Clare , Narewska Jane , Serpell Michael , Hoggart Barbara , Johnson Robert , Rice Andrew S.C.
Published: February 2008

Research has increased our understanding of the psychological and physical functioning associated with persistent pain and has facilitated the development of cognitive behavioral pain management programs to help improve people's physical function and decrease their distress in the presence of persistent pain. The majority of this research has focused on nociceptive pain or pain of mixed etiology. There has been less focus on these aspects of neuropathic pain. It is possible that differences exist in the function and difficulties associated with nociceptive and neuropathic pain. These differences may be associated with our clinical observation that some people with neuropathic pain have difficulty applying some aspects of the theory and practice of cognitive behavioral pain management. The purpose of this study was to compare a single neuropathic pain condition (post‐herpetic neuralgia) with a persistent pain of nociceptive origin (low back pain) and determine whether differences exist in: (1) physical and psychological function; (2) factors that increase difficulties; (3) responses to pain; (4) beliefs about pain and (5) problems experienced. The results suggest that the differences between the two groups were not on the major variables of pain, mood, cognition and physical function. The main differences were in factors that increase pain, people's responses to pain, their beliefs about diagnosis and the cause of pain and the problems they reported as a result of experiencing pain. The implications of our findings for the development of cognitive behavioral pain management programs for people with neuropathic pain are discussed.
The pattern of Fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn following acute noxious mechanical stimulation of bone
Authors: Ivanusic Jason J.
Published: February 2008

Little is known of the spinal mechanisms that mediate bone nociception. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn following acute noxious mechanical stimulation of bone. This was achieved by examining Fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn following acute, noxious mechanical stimulation of the rat tibia. Noxious mechanical stimuli were applied by bone drilling and raising tibial intra‐osseous pressure. Control experiments consisted of surgery to expose the tibia. There was a significant increase in the number of Fos‐like immunoreactive (Fos‐LI) nuclei in the superficial, ipsilateral dorsal horn of animals in the bone drilling and pressure groups relative to animals of the control group at spinal cord segments L3 and L4 (P<0.05). The number of Fos‐LI nuclei in the deep dorsal horn was always lower than the number in the superficial dorsal horn (significant at L3 but not L4; P<0.05). Whilst there appeared to be a small increase in the number of Fos‐LI nuclei in the ipsilateral deep dorsal horn of bone drilling and pressure groups relative to the ipsilateral deep dorsal horn control group at both L3 and L4 segments, no significant effect was observed (P>0.05). The present study implicates the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord as a region of interest in studies of acute bone pain, and highlights the notion that spinal mechanisms that mediate bone nociception may be different to those that mediate nociception of cutaneous and visceral origin.
Toll‐like receptors stimulate regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the CSF‐1 receptor through Erk activation
Authors: Glenn Gary , van der Geer Peter
Published: February 2008

The CSF‐1 receptor is a protein‐tyrosine kinase that regulates the renewal, differentiation and activation of monocytes and macrophages. We have recently shown that the CSF‐1 receptor undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis, or RIPping. Here, we report that RIPping can be observed in response to pathogen‐associated molecules, which act through Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). TLR‐induced CSF‐1 receptor RIPping is largely independent of protein kinase C, while maximal RIPping depends on Erk activation. Our studies show that CSF‐1 receptor RIPping can be activated by various intracellular signal transduction pathways and that RIPping is likely to play an important role during macrophage activation.
Disease‐modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Salloway Stephen , Mintzer Jacobo , Weiner Myron F. , Cummings Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2008

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that places a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society. The disease affects approximately 5 million individuals in the United States, with an annual cost of care greater than $100 billion. During the past dozen years, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition and global function of AD patients, and recent advances in understanding AD pathogenesis has led to the development of numerous compounds that might modify the disease process. A wide array of antiamyloid and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches are under investigation on the basis of the hypothesis that amyloid beta (Aβ) protein plays a pivotal role in disease onset and progression and that secondary consequences of Aβ generation and deposition, including tau hyperphosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation, oxidation, inflammation, and excitotoxicity, contribute to the disease process. Interventions in these processes with agents that reduce amyloid production, limit aggregation, or increase removal might block the cascade of events comprising AD pathogenesis. Reducing tau hyperphosphorylation, limiting oxidation and excitotoxicity, and controlling inflammation might be beneficial disease‐modifying strategies. Potentially neuroprotective and restorative treatments such as neurotrophins, neurotrophic factor enhancers, and stem cell–related approaches are also under investigation.
Clinical course of pyruvate kinase deficiency in Abyssinian and Somali cats
Authors: Kohn Barbara , Fumi Christine
Published: February 2008

The objective of this study was to examine clinical signs, laboratory parameters, and course of disease in Abyssinian and Somali cats with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. The clinical course of 25 PK-deficient cats was followed over a time period of 0.8–11.3 years (median 4.3). Eleven cats (age 0.8–7.8 years, median 4.4) did not show signs according to the owners. In 14 cats (age 0.1–5 years, median 1.7) the owners noted lethargy (10), diarrhoea (seven), pale mucous membranes (six), inappetence (six), poor coat quality (six), weight loss (four), icterus (four), and pica (two). Sixteen cats had been used for breeding at least once before diagnosis. Laboratory abnormalities included anaemia (70%), increased aggregated reticulocyte counts (94%), hyperglobulinaemia (80%), hyperbilirubinaemia (53%), and increased liver enzymes (47%). Six of 25 affected cats died (four) or were euthanased (two) at ages ranging from 1.3 to 11.3 years (median 4.1) presumably because of PK-deficiency. These findings emphasise that PK deficiency shows variation in age of onset and severity of signs. As PK-deficient cats can be asymptomatic testing for PK deficiency before breeding is strongly recommended.
Ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis in a cat associated with retroperitoneal infarction
Authors: Ragni Rosa A. , Fews Debra
Published: February 2008

A 9-month-old cat was presented for routine vaccination before rehoming. Physical examination revealed a palpable mass in the cranial abdomen. The right kidney was severely enlarged (6 cm×4 cm) on plain abdominal radiographs, and failed to opacify normally during intravenous urography. Ultrasonography demonstrated a hydronephrotic right kidney. During exploratory coeliotomy, a retroperitoneal mass was identified, adherent to the caudal edge of the right kidney, enveloping the ureter and blocking urine outflow. The ureter caudal to the mass was of normal size. Right ureteronephrectomy was performed; the mass was subsequently freed from adhesions to the caudal vena cava and sublumbar muscles and excised. Histopathological examination revealed the mass to be composed of both normal and necrotic adipose tissue and fibrous tissue surrounding the ureter and a thrombosed, recanalised vessel. This appearance was consistent with an area of infarction and fibrosis with obstruction of the ureter. The cat was clinically well 3 months postoperatively.
Evaluation of real-time RT-PCR for the quantification of FCoV shedding in the faeces of domestic cats
Authors: Dye Charlotte , Helps Christopher R. , Siddell Stuart G.
Published: February 2008

Faecal samples were taken from cats living in multi-cat households with endemic feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection. Total RNA was extracted from faecal suspensions and FCoV RNA was quantified using a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. The real-time RT-PCR threshold cycle ( CT) values were consistently high suggesting that the samples contained very little viral RNA. However, experiments in which RNA extracted from FCoV-infected cell culture supernatants was combined with RNA extracted from faecal suspensions revealed the presence of faecal factors that significantly inhibited the reverse transcription reaction. Consequently, three methods of RNA extraction were investigated and RNA dilution was undertaken to investigate whether the effects of the faecal inhibitors could be reduced. Our results show that using the QIAgen RNA mini kit for RNA extraction and dilution of the RNA samples helps to reduce the inhibitory effects. However, because the extent of the inhibitory effects varied between faecal samples, accurate quantification proved difficult. We, therefore, conclude that although real-time RT-PCR provides an excellent method for detecting the presence of viral shedding, quantification of FCoV RNA in faecal material has to take into account the possible effects of RT-PCR inhibitors. It is, therefore, essential that all new assays, and the methods of sample preparation, are carefully evaluated before being used in a clinical setting.
Corynebacterium urealyticum urinary tract infection in a cat with urethral obstruction
Authors: Cavana Paola , Zanatta Renato , Nebbia Patrizia , Miniscalco Barbara , Vittone Valentina , Zanoni Maria G. , Serra Roberto , Farca Anna Maria
Published: February 2008

Corynebacterium urealyticum is an uncommon cause of urinary tract infections in cats. However, it is difficult to diagnose and if left untreated it may result in irreversible bladder lesions. C urealyticum is a multiantibiotic-resistant bacterium whose culture requires special care. Risk factors for the occurrence of this infection include urological procedures, foreign bodies, bladder mucosa abnormalities, immuno-suppressed states and antibiotic treatment. This report describes an unusual case of C urealyticum urinary infection in a young cat with pre-existing urethral obstruction. C urealyticum was isolated in pure cultures from two urine samples. Clinical and ultrasound features, results of the urinalysis and urine culture are described as well as therapeutic treatment and eventual favourable outcome to treatment with amoxycillin–clavulanic acid.
Gross and cytological characteristics of normal feline anal-sac secretions
Authors: Frankel Jessica L. , Scott Danny W. , Erb Hollis N.
Published: February 2008

This study was conducted to characterize the gross and cytological characteristics of secretions from normal feline anal sacs. Thirty cats with no recent history of anal-sac disease were selected consecutively and their anal sacs manually expressed. The color, cell counts, or presence of solid portions of the secretions in the youngest cats (<1 year old) were not significantly different from the rest. Young cats (<1 year old) tended to more often have watery secretions. The secretions contained 13 (median) epithelial cells per 600× magnification microscopic field, basophilic background debris, and a mixture of Gram-positive cocci (83 per field; median), Gram-negative cocci (38 per field; median), and Gram-negative rods (1.8 per field; median). Most secretions had occasional neutrophils, and a minority of cats had occasional yeasts in their secretion. Erythrocytes were found only rarely. Extreme heterogeneity existed in gross color, consistency, and amount of solid material. Hence, these latter parameters would not be valid indicators of anal-sac disease.
DEGREES OF POLARIZATIONS ON AN ABELIAN SURFACE WITH REAL MULTIPLICATION
Authors: WILSON JOHN
Published: February 2008

Let F be a real quadratic field, and let R be an order in F. Suppose given, a polarized abelian surface
(A; λ), defined over a number field k, with a symmetric action of R defined over k. This paper considers
varying A within the k-isogeny class of A to reduce the degree of λ and the conductor of R. It is proved,
in particular, that there is a k-isogenous principally polarized abelian surface with an action of the full
ring of integers of F, when F has class number 1 and the degree of λ and the conductor of R are odd
and coprime.
ASCENDING HNN EXTENSIONS OF FINITELY GENERATED FREE GROUPS ARE HOPFIAN
Authors: GEOGHEGAN ROSS , MIHALIK MICHAEL L. , SAPIR MARK , WISE DANIEL T.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that every ascending HNN extension of a finitely generated free group is Hopfian. An
important ingredient in the proof is that under certain hypotheses on the group H, if G is an ascending
HNN extension of H, then cd(G) = cd(H) + 1.
EXCISION IN CYCLIC TYPE HOMOLOGY OF FRÉCHET ALGEBRAS
Authors: BRODZKI JACEK , LYKOVA ZINAIDA A.
Published: February 2008

It is proved that every topologically pure extension of Fréchet algebras 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 such
that I is strongly H-unital has the excision property in continuous (co)homology of the following types:
bar, naive-Hochschild, Hochschild, cyclic, and periodic cyclic. In particular, the property holds for every
extension of Fréchet algebras such that I has a left or right bounded approximate identity.
INFINITELY MANY SOLUTIONS OF THE NEUMANN PROBLEM FOR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS INVOLVING THE p-LAPLACIAN
Authors: RICCERI BIAGIO
Published: February 2008

In this paper, we prove the existence of an unbounded sequence of weak solutions under an appropriate
oscillating behaviour of φ for a Neumann problem of the type
THE BICANONICAL MAP OF SURFACES WITH pg = 0 AND K2 [ges ] 7
Authors: LOPES MARGARIDA MENDES , PARDINI RITA
Published: February 2008

A minimal surface of general type with pg(S) = 0 satisfies 1 [les ] K2 [les ] 9, and it is known that the image
of the bicanonical map φ is a surface for K2S [ges ] 2, whilst for K2S [ges ] 5, the bicanonical map is always a
morphism. In this paper it is shown that φ is birational if K2S = 9, and that the degree of φ is at most 2 if K2S = 7 or K2S = 8.

By presenting two examples of surfaces S with K2S = 7 and 8 and bicanonical map of degree 2, it is
also shown that this result is sharp. The example with K2S = 8 is, to our knowledge, a new example of a
surface of general type with pg = 0.

The degree of φ is also calculated for two other known surfaces of general type with pg = 0 and
K2S = 8. In both cases, the bicanonical map turns out to be birational.
A NONOSCILLATION THEOREM FOR SECOND-ORDER NONLINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH DECAYING COEFFICIENTS
Authors: SUGIE JITSURO
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to give sufficient conditions for all nontrivial solutions of the nonlinear
differential equation x″ +a(t)g(x) = 0 to be nonoscillatory. Here, g(x) satisfies the sign condition xg(x) > 0 if x ≠ 0, but is not assumed to be monotone increasing. This differential equation includes the generalized
Emden–Fowler equation as a special case. Our main result extends some nonoscillation theorems for
the generalized Emden–Fowler equation. Proof is given by means of some Liapunov functions and
phase-plane analysis.
INVERSE MAPPING THEOREM ON COORDINATE SPACES
Authors: MA TSOY-WO
Published: February 2008

A mean-value theorem, an inverse mapping theorem and an implicit mapping theorem are established
here in a class of complex locally convex spaces, including the spaces of test functions in distribution
theory. Our main tool is the integral formula and the invariance of the domain, derived from topological
degrees, rather than from fixed points of contractions in Banach spaces.
SMOOTH LIPSCHITZ RETRACTIONS OF STARLIKE BODIES ONTO THEIR BOUNDARIES IN INFINITE-DIMENSIONAL BANACH SPACES
Authors: AZAGRA DANIEL , CEPEDELLO BOISO MANUEL
Published: February 2008

Let X be an infinite-dimensional Banach space, and let A be a Cp Lipschitz bounded starlike body (for instance the unit ball of a smooth norm). We prove that:

(1) the boundary ∂A is Cp Lipschitz contractible;

(2) there is a Cp Lipschitz retraction from A onto ∂A;

(3) there is a Cp Lipschitz map T : A → A with no approximate fixed points.
COMPACT LOCALLY CONFORMALLY FLAT RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: CHENG QING-MING
Published: February 2008

First, we shall prove that a compact connected oriented locally conformally flat n-dimensional
Riemannian manifold with constant scalar curvature is isometric to a space form or a Riemannian product
Sn−1(c) × S1 if its Ricci curvature is nonnegative. Second, we shall give a topological classification of
compact connected oriented locally conformally flat n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with
nonnegative scalar curvature r if the following inequality is satisfied:
[sum ]i,jR2ij [les ] r2/(n−1), where
[sum ]i,jR2ij is the squared norm of the Ricci curvature tensor.
THE COMPLEX PLANK PROBLEM
Authors: BALL KEITH M.
Published: February 2008

It is shown that if (vj)n1 is a sequence of norm 1 vectors in a complex Hilbert space and (tj)n1 is a
sequence of non-negative numbers satisfying

[formula here]

then there is a unit vector z for which

[formula here]

for every j. The result is a strong, complex analogue of the author's real plank theorem.
AN ISOPERIMETRIC RESULT FOR THE GAUSSIAN MEASURE AND UNCONDITIONAL SETS
Authors: BARTHE F.
Published: February 2008

The paper studies an isoperimetric problem for the Gaussian measure and coordinatewise symmetric
sets. The notion of boundary measure corresponding to the uniform enlargement is considered, and it is
proved that symmetric strips or their complements have minimal boundary measure.
SPECTRAL MULTIPLIERS ON DISCRETE GROUPS
Authors: ALEXOPOULOS GEORGIOS K.
Published: February 2008

The classical Mikhlin–Hörmander multiplier theorem is generalised to the context of discrete groups of polynomial volume growth.
A PROBABILISTIC PROOF OF THE ROGERS–RAMANUJAN IDENTITIES
Authors: FULMAN JASON
Published: February 2008

The asymptotic probability theory of conjugacy classes of the finite general groups leads to a
probability measure on the set of all partitions of natural numbers. A simple method of understanding
these measures in terms of Markov chains is given in this paper, leading to an elementary probabilistic
proof of the Rogers–Ramanujan identities. This is compared with work on the uniform measure. The
main case of Bailey's lemma is interpreted as finding eigenvectors of the transition matrix of a Markov
chain. It is shown that the viewpoint of Markov chains extends to quivers.
THE FUNDAMENTAL GROUP OF THE DOUBLE OF THE FIGURE-EIGHT KNOT EXTERIOR IS GFERF
Authors: LONG D. D. , REID A. W.
Published: February 2008

We prove that the fundamental group of the double of the figure-eight knot exterior admits a faithful
discrete representation into SO(4,1; R), for which the image group is separable on its geometrically finite
subgroups.
SPIN STRUCTURES ON LEFSCHETZ FIBRATIONS
Authors: STIPSICZ ANDRÁS I.
Published: February 2008

Necessary and sufficient conditions for Lefschetz fibrations over D2 and S2 to carry spin structures
are presented. The conditions are given in terms of vanishing cycles and homology sections.
English yesterday and today
Authors: Bolton Kingsley , Graddol David , Mesthrie Rajend
Published: February 2008

This is the first issue of ET in the ‘post-McArthur era’, edited by a new team, that happily still includes Tom. In preparing this issue, the new members of the squad became even more aware of Tom's editorial skills, the effort he has put into making ET succeed over 23 years and his general lightness of touch. It is entirely appropriate that this first issue therefore contain something of the old and the new in English studies. We decided to print, in the first half of this issue, short extracts from 6 seminal ET articles from its first 10 years, and invite the original authors to provide extended updates and comments.
Still a gender-biased language?
Authors: Cheshire Jenny
Published: February 2008

Starts with excerpt from Jenny Cheshire, A question of masculine bias? (ET1, 1985). The author says; My 1985 article ended on an upbeat note, confidently predicting that as more people take care to remove masculine bias from their own English, so the language will gradually stop distorting our perceptions of women. The twenty-two years that have passed represent pretty much a generation of speakers, making this a good time to consider whether or not my confidence was misplaced. How successful have language reforms been?
English circling the globe
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: February 2008

Starts with an excerpt from Braj B. Kachru, The sacred cows of English (ET16, 1988). The ‘Sacred Cows’ article has been a seminal piece for many reasons. It introduced the world to Braj's famous ‘Three Circles of English’ model. At roughly the same time, in the late 1980s, three pioneers in the field which was then known as ‘English as a World Language’ or ‘New Englishes’ came up independently with the idea of representing the spread of English in terms of concentric circles. Tom McArthur's ‘wheel model’ appeared in ET July 1987. Manfred Görlach, then editor of the journal English World Wide came up with a similar model, with some minor changes in a conference paper of 1988. It was only fitting that the co-editor of the third journal in the field, World Englishes, should have his own say. And it is in fact Braj's model that has come be the most widely accepted as the model with the best ‘fit’ for English as she has been spreading.
Assessing the Nigerianness of SMS text-messages in English
Authors: Chiluwa Innocent
Published: February 2008

To what extent does the distinctiveness of Nigerian English come through in text messages? In the history of the English language certain developments have left significant linguistic marks on the language. As new developments and cultural forms occur, new words and styles of expression evolve with them and spread. This is true of the new linguistic style that is associated with the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) revolution in Nigeria since 2001. GSM has brought with it a variety of English that is situationally distinctive and context. GSM came to Nigeria with the licensing of MTN and Econet (now Celtel) in 2001 during the Obasanjo administration, after many years of decaying telecommunication infrastructure. Within a short time after the introduction of mobile telecommunication, almost a million subscribers mainly in the cities made a rush at possessing mobile phones and were willing to pay any tariff. N50 (50 naira) were paid per minute per call as against N15 per text message. This was said to be the highest rate in Africa, causing many subscribers to opt for text-messaging as a cheaper alternative.
Tiger Woods as a linguistic role model?
Authors: Poole Brian
Published: February 2008

International sports stars are often required to speak to the media after their performances. When Tiger Woods does so, it is noticeable that he makes use of the formulaic expression ‘I feel/felt like I’ as a means of introducing descriptions of, or generalizations about, his actions or motivations. Drawing on corpus data, this paper offers some observations about this expression in relation to its use by speakers (and to a lesser extent writers) of both American and British English, and also investigates the apparent disparity in frequency between instances of ‘she’ and ‘he’ when it is used.
THE LIMIT DISTRIBUTION OF THE CUSUM OF SQUARES TEST UNDER GENERAL MIXING CONDITIONS
Authors: Deng Ai , Perron Pierre
Published: February 2008

We consider the cumulative sum (CUSUM) of squares test in a linear regression model with general mixing assumptions on the regressors and the errors. We derive its limit distribution and show how it depends on the nature of the error process. We suggest a corrected version that has a limit distribution free of nuisance parameters. We also discuss how it provides an improvement over the standard approach to testing for a change in the variance in a univariate times series. Simulation evidence is presented to support this.
CELEBRATING PLACE THROUGH LUXURY CRAFT PRODUCTION
Authors: Luke Christina , Tykot Robert H.
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the production of Late to Terminal Classic Ulua marble vases (ca. 600/650–800/850a.d.), the hallmark luxury good from the lower Ulua Valley of northwestern Honduras. Unlike other areas of the greater Maya world, no one center appears to have held political sway in the valley. Yet marble-vase production at Travesia indicates that, through the patronization of this specific artifact, the site was able to celebrate its identity at home as well as abroad. Here the long-term production of the vases is investigated through a detailed analysis of stylistic groups and corresponding stable-isotope signatures from vases and potential procurement zones. The stylistic data suggest centralized production, which is confirmed through chemical signatures of vases and one specific procurement site. We argue that longstanding traditions of carving vases from marble in the Ulua Valley guided Travesian artisans in their procurement choices. The stylistic and chemical data augment settlement and ceramic data to situate vase production in its local social and political environment. In this case, luxury production corresponds not to a rise in central political authority but, rather, to a centrally located social center. The prestige granted to these luxury vases, then, stems from local histories of social and political networks that linked, rather than fragmented, communities. The results indicate that studies of material-cultural remains should consider the relationships between distinctive local social relations and the organization of craft production as integrative, not separate, processes.
Internet food marketing on popular children’s websites and food product websites in Australia
Authors: Kelly Bridget , Bochynska Katarzyna , Kornman Kelly , Chapman Kathy
Published: February 2008

Objective

The aim of the present study was to describe the nature and extent of food marketing on popular children’s websites and food product websites in Australia.

Methods

Food product websites (n119) and popular children’s websites (n196) were selected based on website traffic data and previous research on frequently marketed food brands. Coding instruments were developed to capture food marketing techniques. All references to food on popular children’s websites were also classified as either branded or non-branded and according to food categories.

Results

Websites contained a range of marketing features. On food product websites these marketing features included branded education (79·0 % of websites), competitions (33·6 %), promotional characters (35·3 %), downloadable items (35·3 %), branded games (28·6 %) and designated children’s sections (21·8 %). Food references on popular children’s websites were strongly skewed towards unhealthy foods (60·8 %v. 39·2 % healthy food references;P< 0·001), with three times more branded food references for unhealthy foods. Branded food references displayed similar marketing features to those identified on food product websites.

Conclusions

Internet food marketing uses a range of techniques to ensure that children are immersed in brand-related information and activities for extended periods, thereby increasing brand familiarity and exposure. The relatively unregulated marketing environment and increasing use of the Internet by children point to the potential increase in food marketing via this medium. Further research is required to investigate the impact of Internet food marketing on children’s food preferences and consumption, and regulatory options to protect children.
Bedingungsfaktoren eines frühen Erstkonsumalters von Tabak
Authors: Schmid Brigitte , Laucht Manfred
Published: February 2008

Zusammenfassung. Bedingungsfaktoren eines frühzeitigen Beginns des Tabakkonsums, der als einer der besten Prädiktoren einer späteren Tabakabhängigkeit gilt, sollen überprüft und auf ihren Zusammenhang hin untersucht werden. In einer Längsschnittstudie an einer Geburtskohorte von 384 Risikokindern wurden das psychosoziale Risiko, das mütterliche Rauchen in der Schwangerschaft, der elterliche Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum sowie externale Verhaltensauffälligkeiten von Geburt bis zum Jugendalter erhoben. Mit 15 Jahren wurde das Alter beim ersten Tabakkonsum erfragt und mittels Überlebenszeitanalysen vorhergesagt. Jugendliche, die früh Zigaretten probierten, kamen eher aus Familien mit einer hohen psychosozialen Belastung, wobei dieser Einfluss über mehr externale Verhaltensauffälligkeiten vermittelt wurde. Ein starker täglicher Tabak- sowie ein riskanter Alkoholkonsum der Eltern erwiesen sich ebenfalls als Risikofaktoren für einen frühzeitigen Rauchbeginn der Kinder. Das elterliche Rauchen fungierte als Mediator für den Einfluss des mütterlichen Rauchens in der Schwangerschaft sowie der psychosozialen Belastung. Ein frühes Einstiegsalter in den Tabakkonsum kann als Folge genereller Risikofaktoren für die Entwicklung von Verhaltens- und Suchtproblemen interpretiert werden.
Ein Entwicklungsmodell des Substanzmissbrauchs im frühen Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Esser Günter , Wyschkon Anne , Schmidt Martin H. , Blanz Bernhard , Ihle Wolfgang
Published: February 2008

Zusammenfassung. Ziel ist die Erarbeitung eines Entstehungsmodells des Substanzmissbrauchs mit 25 Jahren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung vorangegangener psychischer Auffälligkeiten. Im Rahmen einer epidemiologischen Längsschnittuntersuchung (Untersuchungszeitpunkte im Alter von acht, 13, 18 und 25 Jahren; n = 321) wurden Substanzmissbrauch (Nikotin, Alkohol, illegale Drogen), Psychopathologie sowie psychosoziale und organische Risikofaktoren erfasst. Der Substanzmissbrauch im frühen Erwachsenenalter wird insbesondere durch eine bereits mit 18 Jahren bestehende Suchtsymptomatik bestimmt. Diese stellt sich als Folge psychosozialer Belastungen sowie insbesondere früher externalisierender Symptome dar, welche in enger Wechselwirkung zueinander stehen. Für den Nikotinmissbrauch der 25-Jährigen liefern die hyperkinetischen Symptome zu allen Messzeitpunkten auch nach Kontrolle dissozialer Auffälligkeiten einen eigenständigen Vorhersagebeitrag. Gleiches gilt für die hyperkinetischen Symptome der 13-Jährigen und den späteren Missbrauch von Alkohol. Von den übrigen Einzelsymptomen erwies sich die Fettsucht mit acht, 13 und 18 Jahren als herausragender Prädiktor für den Substanzmissbrauch der 25-Jährigen. Die frühzeitige Erkennung und effektive Behandlung externalisierender Störungen ist gleichzeitig Prävention für Substanzmissbrauch im jungen Erwachsenenalter. Eine Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist ebenfalls als Risikofaktor für späteren Substanzmissbrauch in Erwägung zu ziehen.
“Personality at Work” in Lüneburg - Rückblick und Ausblick
Authors: Deller Jürgen , Ones Deniz S.
Published: February 2008

Zusammenfassung. Im Rückblick auf eine Reihe von in der Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie in den Jahren 2006 bis 2008 erschienenen Beiträgen wird die Breite der Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Persönlichkeit im Arbeitskontext identifiziert. Die Beiträge stammen aus dem an der Universität Lüneburg durchgeführten Symposium “Personality at Work”. Sie beschäftigen sich mit den Zusammenhängen von Persönlichkeit im weiteren Sinne mit Arbeitsmarkt, Berufserfolg und Personalauswahl sowie dem Einfluss der Kriteriumserfassung auf die Validität von Verfahren.
Real‐time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for U.S. coastlines
Authors: Wei Yong , Bernard Eddie N. , Tang Liujuan , Weiss Robert , Titov Vasily V. , Moore Christopher , Spillane Michael , Hopkins Mike , Kânoğlu Utku
Published: February 2008

At 23:41 UTC on 15 August 2007, an offshore earthquake of magnitude 8.0 severely damaged central Peru and generated a tsunami. Severe shaking by the earthquake collapsed buildings throughout the region and caused 514 fatalities. The tsunami resulted in three casualties and a representative maximum runup height of ∼7 m in the near field. The first real‐time tsunami data available came from a deep‐ocean tsunami detection buoy within 1 hour of tsunami generation. These tsunami data were used to produce initial experimental forecasts within 2 hours of tsunami generation. The far‐field forecasts indicated that the tsunami would not flood any of the 14 U.S. communities. Comparison with real‐time tide gage data showed very accurate forecasts.