bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glaukosphaerite: A new nickel analogue of rosasite
Authors: Pryce M. W. , Just J.
Published: December 2006

Glaukosphaerite, a new secondary basic copper-nickel carbonate was first determined and described from Widgiemooltha (31° 30′ S., 121° 34′ E.), Western Australia, by R. C. Morris at the W.A. Government Chemical Laboratories in 1967. The mineral has since been found at the nickel mines at Kambalda, Windarra, Scotia, Carr Boyd Rocks, and St. Ives, Western Australia, and is apparently an indicator of copper-nickel sulphide mineralization. The name is derived from the colour and spherulitic formation. Associated minerals are goethite, secondary quartz, paratacamite, gypsum, nickeloan varieties of magnesite and malachite, and clays. Glaukosphaerite also fills joints in fresh basic rocks.

The type material is from Hampton East Location 48, 3 km N. of the Durkin Shaft, Kambalda. Glaukosphaerite is monoclinic, a 9·34 Å, b 11·93 Å, c 3·07 Å, β 90–1°, space group indeterminate, c axis disordered, six strongest X-ray powder lines are 2·587 (10b) 201, 3·68(7b) 220, 2·516(4) 240, 211, 5·04(3) 120, 2·124(3b), 1·473(3). The mineral occurs in green spherules of fibres cleaved and elongated along c, D = 3·78 to 3·96 increasing with Cu, is brittle, H. 3 to 4, and has dull to subvitreous to silky lustre.

α 1·69–1·71 green, β ≈ γ 1·83–1·85 yellow-green, α:[001] 7°.

Chemical analysis on the type material, D 3·78, containing 0·5 % goethite impurity and minimal inseparable malachite, gave CuO 41·57, NiO 25·22, CoO 0·07, ZnO 0·02, Fe2O3 0·47, MgO 1·23, SiO2 < 0·01, CO2 21·70, H2O+ 9·85, H2O− < 0·01, sum 100·13%. After deduction of goethite the unit cell contains 4[(Cu,Ni,Mg,Co)1.74C0·96H2·12O4·73]. This unit-cell content is deficient in metal ions and oxygen and contains excess H, when compared to 4[(Cu,Ni)2(OH)2CO3]. Two analyses of malachite-bearing glaukosphaerite from Widgiemooltha and Carr Boyd Rocks show the same deficiencies and excess not previously recorded in malachite, rosasite, or aurichalcite analyses. Glaukosphaerite, 4[(Cu,Ni)2(OH)2CO3] is the nickel analogue of rosasite 4[(Cu,Zn)2(OH)2CO3].

From results based on X-ray rotation patterns of oriented rosasite fibres from Sardinia and Durango with supplementary electron-microprobe studies and Guinier powder-film data, the authors consider glaukosphaerite and rosasite to be separate mineral species from the related malachite, 4[Cu2(OH)2CO3].

Type material is preserved in the government collection at the Government Chemical Laboratories, Perth, Western Australia.
Formation of laths in fine-grained micas and its relationship to stacking mechanism
Authors: Güven N.
Published: December 2006

Transmission electron images of fine-grained micas from various clay deposits exhibit lath-shaped units arranged in modes similar to the stacking of layers in different mica polymorphs. Micas in a Georgia bentonite display two sets of parallel laths intersecting at an angle of 120°. Selected area electron diffraction (SAD) of these micas gives a sharp spot pattern indicating a perfect registry between the lattices of individual laths. Furthermore, the SAD pattern has an intensity distribution similar to that of a 2M1 dioctahedral mica. Another mica in an India bentonite shows one set of parallel laths with an intensity distribution expected from a IM biotite. Some of the micas in the Marblehead illite exhibit three sets of parallel laths in a trigonal arrangement similar to the stacking in 3T mica.
Minerals from the charnockite series of Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh, South India
Authors: Ramaswamy A. , Murty M. S.
Published: December 2006

The potash feldspar in the charnockites is orthoclase and they are inferred to have been formed around 700 °C. A twin-law study of the plagioclase indicates an igneous origin of the charnockites and pyroxene granulites. The KD values of the coexisting pyroxenes in the granulites are appropriate to equilibrium at 670 °C. A substantial substitution of A1 for Si in the values of the coexisting pyroxenes in the granulites are appropriate to equilibrium at 670 °C. A substantial substitution of A1 for Si in the Z group in all mafic minerals studied also indicates relatively high temperatures of formation. Almandine is pyroperich, a result of high pressure. The charnockites and pyroxene granulites are inferred to be formed under conditions of high pressure and temperature.
Amphiboles and biotite in relation to the stages of metamorphism in granogabbro
Authors: Smulikowski W.
Published: December 2006

The Bratteggdalen granogabbro, a relict mass in the Caledonian amphibolites of Vestspitsbergen, shows a series of amphibole development reflecting its thermal history. A brown Ti-rich hornblende occurs as a late magmatic mantling of pyroxene. Low-grade metamorphism (greenschist facies) was accompanied by the development of actinolite from pyroxene; subsequent amphibolite facies metamorphism saw the development of an alkali-rich, blue-green hornblende. The chemical changes in the amphiboles are a succinct illustration of those found in progressive regional metamorphism.
Reductive Ti-crossed Claisen Condensation between Methyl α-Bromocarboxylates and Acid Chlorides Utilizing a TiCl4–PPh3–N-Methylimidazole Reagent
Authors: Iida Akira , Nakazawa Syogo , Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Misaki Tomonori , Tanabe Yoo
Published: December 2006

Reductive Ti-crossed Claisen condensation between methyl α-bromocarboxylates and acid chlorides utilizing a TiCl4–PPh3–N-methylimidazole reagent proceeded smoothly to give the α-monosubstituted and thermodynamically unfavorable α,α-disubstituted β-keto methyl esters in good to excellent yields (33 examples; 73–96% yield).
Alkylation of N-Protecting Group-free Indole with Vinyl Ketones Using Iron Salt Catalyst
Authors: Itoh Toshiyuki , Uehara Hiroyuki , Ogiso Koji , Nomura Shun , Hayase Shuichi , Kawatsura Motoi
Published: December 2006

Indole was reacted with vinyl ketones in the presence of 3 mol % of iron(II) tetrafluoroborate in acetonitrile or ionic liquids to give 3-alkylated product in an excellent yield. 2,3-Dialkylated indole was also obtained when the reaction was carried out using an excess amount of methyl vinyl ketone with the same catalyst; the results were significantly dependent on the reaction medium and both methanol and ionic liquid were found to be good solvents for double alkylation of indole.
Behavior of Rock Wool in Rat Lungs after Exposure by Nasal Inhalation
Authors: Kudo Yuichiro , Kohyama Norihiko , Satoh Toshihiko , Konishi Yoshihito , Aizawa Yoshiharu
Published: December 2006

Behavior of Rock Wool in Rat Lungs after Exposure by Nasal Inhalation: Yuichiro Kudo, et al. Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine—To evaluate the safety of rock wool (RW) fibers, we examined the biopersistence of RW fibers in the lungs of rats, based on the changes of fiber number and fiber size in the length and width, in a nose‐only inhalation exposure study. Twenty male Fischer 344 rats (6 to 10 wk old) were exposed to RW fibers at a fiber concentration of 70.6 (20.4) fiber/m3 and a dispersion density of 30.4 (6.6) mg/m3 [arithmetic mean (SD)] continuously for 3 h daily for 5 consecutive days. Five rats each were sacrificed shortly after exposure ended (baseline group) and at 1, 2, and 4 wk after exposure, and their lung tissues were ashed by a low temperature plasma‐asher. The numbers and sizes of fibers in the ash samples were determined using a phase contrast microscope and a computed image analyzer. The fiber numbers in the lungs at 4 wk after exposure had significantly decreased from the baseline value, i. e. shortly after exposure (p<0.05). The half‐lives of RW fibers calculated using the one‐compartment model were 32 d for total fibers and 10 d for fibers longer than 20 μm in length. Fiber number was 53.6% of the baseline at 4 wk after exposure (baseline group=100%). Likewise, fiber sizes had significantly decreased at 4 wk after exposure (p<0.05), probably because fibers had been dissolved in body fluid, phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages or discharged from the body by mucociliary movement. In future studies, it will be necessary to examine the carcinogenicity of RW fibers through long‐term inhalation studies.
Subjective Fatigue and Stress Hormone Levels in Urine according to Duration of Shiftwork
Authors: Park Jungsun , Ha Mina , Yi Yunjeong , Kim Yangho
Published: December 2006

Subjective Fatigue and Stress Hormone Levels in Urine according to Duration of Shiftwork: Jungsun Park, et al. Department of Safety Management and Policy Research, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, South Korea—To determine the associations between urinary catecholamines and cortisol and subjective complaints of fatigue in shiftworkers, we conducted a field survey of 113 male shiftworkers at a manufacturing company in South Korea from late October to late November in 1999. The shiftwork system in the company was the backward rapidly rotating 4‐crew 3‐shift, with the morning shift starting at 7:30 AM. Using a self‐report questionnaire, we assayed demographic characteristics, past medical history and working hours, as well as subjective complaints of fatigue in 3 categories of questionnaire. We found that, among workers with less than 5 yr of shiftwork experience, the concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine (Epi), and dopamine during the afternoon shift were positively correlated with Set II (difficulties in concentration) and Set III (projection of disintegration) of subjective fatigue symptoms. In addition, Epi concentrations were positively correlated with Set I (drowsiness and dullness), II, and III of subjective fatigue symptoms during the night shift. However, among workers with 5 or more years of shiftwork experience, there was no significant positive correlation between urinary catecholamine and subjective fatigue symptoms. In the long term shiftwork experience group, only the complaints scores of Set II fatigue symptoms (difficulties in concentration) during the morning shift were significantly higher than those of the short‐term shiftwork experience group within the same shift.
Solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of palladium with 2-(2-quinolylazo)-5-diethylaminobenzoic acid
Authors: Yang Weizu , Hu Qiufen , Huang Zhangjie , Yin Jiayuan , Xie Gang , Chen Jing
Published: December 2006

A sensitive, selective and rapid method for the determination of palladium based on the rapid reaction of palladium(II) with 2-(2-quinolylazo)-5-diethylaminobenzoic acid (QADEAB) and the solid phase extraction of the Pd(II) -QADEAB chelate with a reversed phase polymer-based C18 cartridge was developed. In the presence of 0.05 - 0.5 mol/L of hydrochloric acid solution and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) medium QADEAB reacts with palladium(II) to form a violet complex with a mole ratio 1:2 (palladium to QADEAB). The chelate was enriched by solid phase extraction with a reversed phase polymer-based C18 cartridge. An enrichment factor of 200 was obtained by elution of the chelate form the cartridge with the minimal amount of isopentyl alcohol. The molar absorptivity of the chelate in the isopentyl alcohol medium was 1.43?105 L mol-1 cm-1 at 628 nm. Beer?s law was obeyed in the range of 0.01-1.2 ?g/mL. The relative standard deviation for eleven replicate samples at the 0.2 ?g/L level was 2.18 %. The attained detection limit amounted to 0.02 ?g/L in the original samples. This method was applied to the determination of palladium in environmental samples with good results.
Sensitive extraction spectrophotometric methods for the determination of trazodone hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Harikrishna K. , Kumar Sudhir , Seetharamappa J. , Manjunatha D.H.
Published: December 2006

Two simple, rapid and sensitive extraction spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the assay of trazodone hydrochloride (TRH) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of chloroform soluble ion-association complexes of TRH with bromocresol green (BCG) and with methyl orange (MO) in a KCl-HCl buffer of pH 1.5 (for BCG) and in a NaOAc-HCl buffer of pH 3.29 (for MO) with absorption maximum at 415 nm and at 422 nm for BCG and MO, respectively. The reaction conditions were optimized to obtain the maximum color intensity. The absorbance was found to increase linearly with increasing concentration of TRH, which was corroborated by the calculated correlation coefficient values (0.9992 and 0.9994). The systems obeyed the Beer law in the range of 0.9-17 and 1-20 ?g/ml for BCG and MO, respectively. Various analytical parameters were evaluated and the results were validated by statistical data. No interference was observed from common excipients present in pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed methods are simple, accurate and suitable for quality control applications.
Synthesis, structure and properties of thermoplastic poly(ester-siloxane) elastomers
Authors: Antic Vesna , Djonlagic Jasna
Published: December 2006

Two series of thermoplastic poly(ester-siloxane) elastomers (TPES), with hard segments based on poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and soft segments based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), were synthesized by high-temperature two-step transesterification reaction in the melt. In series I, the mass ratio of hard and soft segments was kept constant (57:43), while the length of the segments was varied, whereas in series II, the mass ratio of hard and soft segments was varied in range from 70:30 to 40:60, with a constant length of the soft segments. The segmented structure of the poly(ester-siloxane) copolymers was verified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of the soluble and insoluble fractions, obtained after extraction of the samples with chloroform. The influence of the structure and composition of the TPES on the melting temperatures and degrees of crystallinity was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The rheological properties were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
Synthesis and biological activity evaluation of new functionally substituted 5-arylidene-2,4-dioxotetrahydro-1,3-thiazoles
Authors: Popov-Pergal Katarina , Rancic Milica , Pergal Miroslav , Bogdanovic Gordana , Kojic Vesna , Djokovic Dejan
Published: December 2006

New functionally substituted 5-arylidene-2,4-dioxotetrahydro 1,3-thiazole- 3-carboxylic acid cholesteryl esters were synthesized from 2,4-dioxotetrahydro- 1,3-thiazole and evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines and one normal lung fibroblast cell line.
Catalysis in the alkylation reaction of 1-naphthol with epichlorohydrin
Authors: Jovanovic Slobodanka , Vico-Stevanovic Milanka , Ugljesic-Kilibarda Dragana , Popadic Dragica , Simic Slobodanka , Dzeletovic Dijamanda
Published: December 2006

Two new and improved procedures were developed for the synthesis of 1-(1-naphthyloxy)-2,3-epoxypropane as an important intermediate in the production of the beta-blocker and antioxidant 1-[(1-methylethyl)amino]-3-(1-naphthyloxy)- 2-propanol (propranolol). Both base homogeneous and heterogeneous PTC catalysis were employed. High yields and remarkable selectivity were achieved. The improved purity is particularly important, in view of the quality requirements for propranolol hydrochloride as an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
The enantioselective β-keto ester reductions by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mahmoodi Nosrat , Tajik Hassan , Tabatabaeian Khalil , Shahbazi Mahmood
Published: December 2006

The enantioselective yeast reduction of aromatic ?-keto esters, by use of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium phosphate (monobasic), magnesium sulfate and ammonium tartrate (diammonium salt) (10:1:1:50) in water at pH7 as a buffer for 72-120h with 45-90 % conversion to the corresponding aromatic ?-hydroxy esters was achieved by means of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Synthetic, structural and antifungal studies of coordination compounds of Ru(III), Rh(III) and Ir(III) with tetradentate schiff bases
Authors: Sharma V.K. , Srivastava Ankita , Srivastava Shipra
Published: December 2006

A series of octahedral Ru(III), Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes have been prepared with tetradentate Schiff bases derived by condensing isatin with 1,2-diaminoethane, 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,2-diaminobenzene and 1,3-diaminobenzene. The obtained complexes were characterized on the basis of their elemental analyses, magnetic moment, conductance, IR electronic, 1HNMR and FAB mass spectra, as well as thermal analyses. The Ru(III) complexes are low spin paramagnetic, while Rh(III) and Ir(III) behave as diamagnetic complexes. The IR spectral data revealed that all the Schiff bases behave as tetradentate and are coordinated to Ru(III), Rh(III) and Ir(III) via nitrogen and oxygen. Antifungal studies of the ligands as well as their complexes were carried out by the agar plate method.
Infrared spectroscopy of bare single crystal and nano-particle covered surfaces
Authors: Marinkovic Nebojsa , Adzic Radoslav
Published: December 2006

Infrared spectroelectrochemistry is the leading technique for in situ investigation of electrode - solution interfaces because it can both identify the species adsorbed at the metal/solution interface, and quantitatively follow their reaction and kinetic behavior. The unique capabilities of the method have been demonstrated by selective examples, including the identification of preferentially adsorbed species on single crystal surfaces of noble metals with hexagonal symmetry, and electrochemical oxidation of CO on bare and Pt-decorated single crystal Ru surfaces.
The morphology of cavitation damage of heat-treated medium carbon steel
Authors: Dojcinovic Marina , Markovic Srdjan
Published: December 2006

In this paper the morphology of the cavitation damage to heat-treated medium carbon steel was analyzed. The experiments were conducted using a modified vibratory cavitation test set up. The erosion rates were measured by an analytical method. The morphology of the cavitation damage was studied by the scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy techniques. The present work was aimed at understanding the cavitation erosion behavior of heat-treated medium carbon steel under laboratory conditions. The results indicate that the heat-treated medium carbon steel is not to be recommended for the production of hydraulic machinery parts exposed to high hydrodynamic intensity.
Regularly varying probability densities
Authors: Bingham N.H. , Goldie Charles , Omey Edward
Published: December 2006

The convolution of regularly varying probability densities is proved asymptotic to their sum, and hence is also regularly varying. Extensions to rapid variation, O-regular variation, and other types of asymptotic decay are also given.
Good decomposition in the class of convex functions of higher order
Authors: Jankovic Slobodanka , Ostrogorski Tatjana
Published: December 2006

The problems investigated in this article are connected to the fact that the class of slowly varying functions is not closed with respect to the operation of subtraction. We study the class of functions Fk?1, which are nonnegative and i-convex for 0<_ i < k, where k is a positive integer. We present necessary and sufficient condition that guarantee that, no matter how we decompose an additively slowly varying function L ? Fk?1 into a sum L = F + G, F,G ? Fk?1, then necessarily F and G are additively slowly varying.
THE ABO BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS AND THEIR SECRETION BY HEALTHY AND DISEASED GASTRIC MUCOSA
Authors: Hoskins Lansing C.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The water‐soluble blood group antigens are a part of the mucous secretions of the gastric mucosa. Current evidence indicates that they are glycoproteins with repeating oligosaccharide side chains attached to a protein or polypeptide core. Variability in their molecular weights and electrophoretic mobility suggests that they form a family of closely related structures. The basis for blood group specificity appears to lie in the sugars forming the free, terminal portion of the oligosaccharide side chains. Their secretion by the gastric mucosa, when measured by antigen titer or fucose content in unfractionated gastric secretion, appears to be unaffected by mucosal disease, but there are limitations in the interpretation of these results. Some potential applications of our knowledge about the blood group substances to studies on the “mucous barrier” are suggested.
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE ALTERATIONS IN BURNED MONKEYS*
Authors: Fox Charles L. , Lasker Sigmund E.
Published: December 2006

Summary and Conclusions

These studies with monkeys demonstrate the difficulty of using the minimal thermal trauma that produced a localized full‐thickness injury to cause reproducible death in burn shock so that fluid therapy could be evaluated. Scalds that caused a full‐thickness injury were lethal in twelve hr when 55% of body surface was involved. In contrast, flash burns were lethal in 1–2 days when only 25% of body surface was involved. Fluid therapy which prolonged survival after scalds did not prolong survival after flash burns. The addition of whole blood or dextran to Ringer's lactate solution given in a total volume of 150 cc/kg body weight did not improve the results of therapy. Tissue analyses demonstrated that scald is an edema‐forming injury but flash burns cause huge influx of sodium without water into muscle under burned skin. These differences may explain in part the different response to fluid therapy. The rise in venous pressure post‐burn suggests the early onset of circulatory depression. The blood chemistry data demonstrate the metabolic acidosis with fall in plasma bicarbonate. Hyponatremia and renal shutdown did not occur in control or treated monkeys.

The dangers of excessive fluid administration in man are being detected more frequently, together with the previously unrecognized findings of a high incidence of thrombo‐embolic phenomena and pulmonary edema. These findings may be related to the increased viscosity of the blood in burns and vasoconstriction.

These comparative studies emphasize the fallacy of the often stated opinion that burns cause an influx of plasma or circulating fluid into tissues resulting in the reduction of plasma volume and that fluid therapy compensates for these changes and results in recovery. The “fluid loss,” particularly in flash or flame burns, is less than alleged and the recommended schedules of fluid therapy are less effective than is believed. The metabolic disturbances, such as acidosis and fall in body temperature, highlight the profound physiologic alterations which follow deep burns; more effective therapy awaits discovery in this direction.
DISTRIBUTION AND LOSSES OF PLASMA PROTEINS DURING THE EARLY STAGE OF SEVERE BURNS
Authors: Birke G. , Liljedahl S.‐O. , Plantin L.‐O.
Published: December 2006

Summary

The rate of distribution of albumin and gamma‐G globulin was studied in patients with burns of varying degree by means of isotopically labeled proteins. The rate was highest in patients with extensive burns and higher the sooner the examination was made after the accident. By isotope studies using whole‐body counting the magnitude of the extravascular distribution of albumin as well as the losses of albumin from the wound surfaces were established. In cases of very extensive burns about one plasma pool of albumin was retained extravascularly during the first few days, and up to one plasma‐pool can be lost from the wound surfaces. The importance of adequate protein therapy is emphasized.
THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN BURN MORTALITY
Authors: Markley Kehl
Published: December 2006

In summary, the evidence for the role of bacteria in burn mortality is: A majority of severely burned mice showed positive blood cultures during shock period; gram‐negative bacteria predominated.

Germ‐free mice showed a significant reduction in mortality during the shock period and later compared with conventional mice.

Pretreatment of conventional mice with sulfadiazine and/or antibiotics reduced shock and late mortality after burns.

E. coli added to the environment of mice reared in the absence of E. coli significantly increased shock mortality after severe burns.

Burned conventional and germ‐free mice were up to 1000 times more sensitive to E. coli endotoxin during the shock period than unburned mice.

E. coli endotoxin injected after thermal trauma made burned mice more susceptible to death after local pseudomonas challenge.

Conventional mice made tolerant to E. coli endotoxin were more resistant to burn shock mortality.

These results show conclusively for the first time that bacteria do play an important role in early or shock mortality as well as in late mortality after thermal injury.
PSEUDOMONAS VACCINE AND HYPERIMMUNE PLASMA IN THE TREATMENT OF THE SEVERELY BURNED PATIENT (A PROGRESS REPORT)
Authors: Feller Irving
Published: December 2006

Summary

This progress report demonstrates a pseudomonas vaccine and hyperimmune plasma used in treating 61 patients with burns involving a minimum of 20 percent of the body with full‐thickness (third degree) loss of 40 percent total injury (partial thickness and full‐thickness). The incidence of septicemia had decreased and mortality due to pseudomonas septicemia, when it does occur, has been greatly reduced.
AQUATIC ANIMALS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Ruggieri George D.
Published: December 2006

What nature hides in one life form she reveals in another. William Harvey (1578–1657)
ATOMS AS MONITORS OF GALACTIC EVOLUTIONfn1
Authors: Reeves Hubert
Published: December 2006

The evolution of the chemical composition of interstellar matter (gas and dust) is intimately related to the history of stellar formation and destruction throughout galactic life. If we knew the abundance of elements and isotopes as a function of time, we could go a long way toward understanding galactic evolution. Each isotope has potentially some information, and it is our job to extract it. To do so, we first need to identify the nuclear processes by which this isotope is made and by which it can be destroyed and then determine the plausible astrophysical circumstances under which these processes occurred.
OXIDATION‐REDUCTION REACTIONS OF HEMEPROTEINS
Authors: Castro C. E. , Bartnicki Eleanor , Robertson Colin , Havlin Robert , Davis Harry , Osborn Terry
Published: December 2006

i

i

i

i

i

Then on past C
1, C, and A On through copper and all the way To oxygen, with two‐faced grin Cavorting and contorting with unpaired spin.

i
BINDING CONSTRAINTS AND HELLY NUMBERS
Authors: Hoffman A. J.
Published: December 2006

Summary

Starting with axioms for an abstract intersectional system, we define the Helly number., Scarf number, and binding constraint number of such a system. The last concept is based on a definition of a mathematical programming problem in the system. From these definitions, we deduce (1) Bell's theorem that a collection of half spaces contains a point of ßn if the intersection of every subset of 2n of the half spaces does, and (2) Scarf's theorem that an integer programming problem on zn has at most 2n— 1 binding constraints. Our arguments use coordinates only at the last moment.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF COSPECTRAL COMPOSITE GRAPHS
Authors: Schwenk A. J. , Herndon W. C. , Ellzey M. L.
Published: December 2006

Summary

An operation loosely described as a type of composition of graphs is studied. Under rather flexible conditions, the resulting composite graphs must be cospectral. This operation is sufficiently powerful to generate eighty‐one cospectral pairs with at most nine vertices. These pairs include the unique smallest cospectral pair, the smallest cospectral connected pair, and one pair of trees with nine vertices. It is felt that this operation provides a unified explanation of cospectrality in several cases that were previously viewed as coincidental.
CORRELATED CHANGES IN δ‐CRYSTALLIN SYNTHESIS AND ION CONCENTRATIONS IN THE EMBRYONIC CHICK LENS: SUMMARY, CURRENT EXPERIMENTS AND SPECULATIONS
Authors: Piatigorsky Joram , Shinohara Toshimichi , Bhat Suraj P. , Reszelbach Rosalie , Jones Raymond E. , Sullivan Margery A.
Published: December 2006

Summaryand Implications

We have described a correlation between the ratio of synthesis of the higher to the lower molecular weight polypeptides of δ‐crystallin and the intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the cultured embryonic chick lens. The only structural differences we have found between the larger and smaller δ‐crystallin polypeptides are two, acidic, methionine‐containing tryptic peptides which are absent from the lower molecular weight polypeptides. We do not yet know whether the alteration in the ratio of synthesis of the polypeptides is regulated at the post‐transcriptional or post‐translational level. We are continuing to investigate this problem by studies on the cell‐free synthesis of δ‐crystallin and by analysis of the sequences and organization of δ‐crystallin DNA.

One implication of these experiments concerns protein synthesis in cataractous lenses, as has been reviewed elsewhere.15 Numerous cataracts are associated with appreciable changes in ion concentrations, particularly with an increase in Na+ and a decrease in K+. Differential reduction in crystallin synthesis has now been correlated with an increase in the Na+/K+ ratio in three types of cataracts, namely, in hereditary cataracts in mice (Nakano mouse),29 in galactose cataracts in rats,30 and in drug‐induced experimental cataracts in rats.31 It seem reasonable to propose that changes in ion concentrations will be correlated with alterations in protein synthesis in other cataracts and. possibly, with other diseases which result in electrolyte imbalances within cells.
AMPLIFICATION OF TRANSLATIONAL CONTROL BY MEMBRANE‐MEDIATED EVENTS: A PLEIOTROPIC EFFECT ON CELLULAR AND VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION*
Authors: Koch G. , Bilello J. A. , Kruppa J. , Koch F. , Oppermann H.
Published: December 2006

Summary

This review deals with the events which are triggered in tissue culture cells upon exposure to medium hyperosmolarity, to virus infection and to inducers of terminal differentiation. Increased medium osmolarity mimics, in several ways, events which follow infection of cells by cytopathogenic viruses. These are: inhibition of uptake of amino acids, glucose and uridine, the release or activation of a low molecular weight substance which mediates an immediate and specific inhibition of polypeptide chain initiation, and alteration in the phosphorylation state of ribosomal proteins. All these effects appear to be related to or be a consequence of membrane alterations. Similar alterations in transport and protein synthesis are initiated in Friend erythroleukemic cells upon induction of terminal differentiation.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF LIGHT WATER NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Authors: Lamarsh John R.
Published: December 2006

U.S. nuclear power plants are designed with a sequence of barriers to prevent the escape of fission products. These include the fuel itself, its cladding, a closed cooling system, and a massive containment structure. In addition, nuclear plants are sited away from major population centers so that the affected population can be evacuated if the need arises. While it is highly unlikely, a release of fission products could occur if the core were to melt due to an unintentional lack of cooling. To avoid such occurrences, all nuclear plants are equipped with emergency core cooling systems. The fundamental soundness of this design philosophy has been demonstrated by the, to date, untarnished record of minimal population exposure from all nuclear power plant operations.
HEALTH IMPACT OF THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT
Authors: Upton Arthur C.
Published: December 2006

The only health impact of the Three Mile Island accident that can be identified with certainty is mental stress to those living in the vicinity of the plant, particularly pregnant women and families with teenagers and preschool children. Although increased risks of cancer, birth defects, and genetic abnormalities are potential long‐term consequences of low‐level irradiation, few if any such effects of the accident are likely, because the collective dose of radiation received by the population within a 50‐mile radius of the plant was so small. Estimates of the number of people in the population who may ultimately experience any such effects range from 0.4 to 10, in comparison with hundreds of thousands in the same population who can be expected to develop cancer, birth defects, or genetic abnormalities through natural causes.
PROTEOLYSIS OF HUMAN FIXED, WASHED PLATELETS BY GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIAL METALLOPROTEASES: EFFECT ON von WILLEBRAND FACTOR‐HUMAN PLATELET INTERACTIONS*
Authors: Cooper Herbert A. , Bennett William P. , Kreger Arnold , Lyerly David , Wagner Robert H.
Published: December 2006

Summary

Fixed, washed platelets (FWP) are usually stable to aggregation with von Willebrand factor (vWF) from human and certain animal plasmas over several months of storage. When one lot of FWP lost its stability in less than 1 week, studies demonstrated contamination with Serratia marcescens. Extracellular proteases produced by s. marcescens, as well as by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Esherichia coli, were found to cause loss of FWP aggregability. Purified proteases were prepared from cell‐free culture filtrates of S. marcescens and two different strains of P. aeruginosa. They were used to study the effect on the interaction of FWP and vWF. All three purified proteases destroyed FWP aggregability in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent fashion. The protease produced by S. marcescens (SP) was found to be at least eight times more potent against FWP as a substrate than either of the two P. aeruginosa enzymes. The ability of SP to destroy FWP aggregability was prevented by EDTA and could be restored by the addition of Zn2+ in slight molar excess. When compared with trypsin and chymotrypsin, SP was found to be highly selective in digesting the FWP membrane, even at concentrations greater than that established to give a similar loss of FWP aggregability. SP does not induce aggregation of fresh, washed platelets or PRP, but renders them un‐aggregable with vWF. These proteases may be useful research tools for studying membranes and vWF‐platelet interactions.
Tumor‐derived Growth Factors That Support Proliferation and Differentiation of Normal and Leukemic Hemopoietic Cells
Authors: TWEARDY DAVID J. , CARACCIOLO DANIELE , VALTIERI MAURO , ROVERA GIOVANNI
Published: December 2006

The conditioned media of 34 human tumor cell lines were screened for the ability to induce granulocyte‐macrophage colonies in vitro in bone marrow cultures, to stimulate proliferation of a murine IL‐3 dependent hemopoietic cell line (32D clone 3) and to stimulate thymidine incorporation in suspension cultures of acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Twelve tumor cell lines produced factors that were active in these assays. The conditioned medium of the glioblastoma cell line U87 MG was characterized in detail and found to contain G‐CSF and GM‐CSF. Cloning and sequencing of the U87 MG G‐CSF indicated that it was derived from G‐CSF b mRNA, which encodes a protein with a deletion of 3 amino acids at residues 36–38. The gene for G‐CSF was mapped to human chromosome 17 band q21, a region involved in translocations frequently found in acute promyelocytic leukemia. G‐CSF (U87MG) was able to induce granulocytic differentiation of the total population of a murine IL‐3 dependent cell line, 32D clone 3; this effect was antagonized by IL‐3. GM‐CSF (U87‐MG) supported the proliferation without inducing differentiation of two growth factor‐dependent leukemic cell lines, TALL 101 and AML‐193.
Neurotransmitters and Sex‐Hormone Profiles in the Human Serum and Ovarian Follicular Fluid of in Vitro Fertilization Participants a
Authors: KAMBERI I. A. , SKAF R. A. , ANCES I. G.
Published: December 2006

From the data presented, it can be assumed that the increase in catecholamines and decrease in melatonin in the ovarian follicular fluid of IVF participants has physiological significance, particularly in the process of steroidogenesis. Furthermore, it is worthy of note that low SHBG levels in follicular fluid were associated with atretic oocytes. Therefore, NE, EP, ME, and SHBG titer, as well as E2 and LH measurements might usefully index prognoses for IVF.
Disease Problems in the Third World
Authors: WALSH JULIA A.
Published: December 2006

For those living in the Third World, no matter what their age, the risk of death and disability is always many times higher than for those living in the first world. Despite biomedical advances, illness and death remain common events. These stifle the ability to learn and the capacity to work and raise families, sap one's energy, discourage efforts for advancement, influence attitudes and pervade practically all activities. Table 1 shows these higher risks of death.1,2 The likelihood of dying in the Third World is almost 30 times greater for an infant, 40 to 75 times greater for a child, and more than a 1,000 times greater for a pregnant woman than in any of their counterparts living in an industrialized nation. Even the adolescent and elderly survivors continue to have a greater chance of becoming ill and dying.

One of the first steps in attempting to identify possible methods to prevent this excess ill health and death is to analyze the causes. This paper reviews the available information on the causes of death and outlines the changes that have occurred recently.
The Roles of the World Health Organization in Tropical Disease Research
Authors: GODAL TORE
Published: December 2006

The World Health Organization represents a unique focus of health for countries, particularly in the developing world, and its mission has been to emphasize the importance of primary health care throughout the world. Perhaps less appreciated is the fact that this effort has been supported in the past 10 years by a series of special programs designed to develop new tools and strategies, or “interventions,” ultimately to improve the primary health care effort. This requires new tools, new tools require new knowledge, and new knowledge requires research. To the question of how relevant research is likely to be to the practical goals of an international organization like WHO, let me remind you that it is precisely research that made it possible to discard the enormously expensive “iron lungs” used for poliomyelitis victims, and to develop effective and inexpensive vaccines to prevent the disease.

The aims of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), as is implicit from its title, is two‐fold. In an area poorly served by research priorities in the developed nations, one aim is to establish through research and development new weapons against tropical and parasitic diseases primarily in the developing world. The second objective is the training and strengthening of biomedical research capability in tropical countries. Under the leadership of WHO'S Director General, Dr. Halfdan Mahler, and now Dr. H. Nakajima, and my predecessor, Dr. Adetokunbo Lucas, we have tried to build up a strong scientific program, not so much to be measured in financial resources, but in human resources. Scientists from all over the world, fieldworkers, sympathetic officials in ministries of health, development experts, and a dedicated WHO Secretariat have all given generously of their knowledge and time to this program and have dedicated major portions of their activities to problems of tropical diseases. The program started with a scientific approach to six major diseases—malaria, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, filariasis and leprosy—and was intent on bringing the most advanced knowledge of immunology, pharmacology and epidemiology to the tropical diseases. The program is now moving to encompass areas ranging from molecular biology and biotechnology to field research and applications to control. The challenge remains.
B Physics at ARGUS
Authors: DESY HANS DIETRICH SCHULZ
Published: December 2006

The study of B mesons gives access to fundamental parameters of the Standard Model. Four of the nine elements of the Kobayashi‐Maskawa (KM) mass mixing matrix1 for three generations of quarks can be determined by measuring B meson properties. A precise determination of these matrix elements may also lead beyond the Standard Model. Any deviation from unitarity of the KM‐matrix for three generations requires the presence of new physics, e.g. a fourth generation of quarks.
Results of the NA31 Experiment on K0 Decays
Authors: RENK B.
Published: December 2006

Decays of neutral kaons are of high interest in high energy physics. The discovery of CP violation1 opened up a field of new physics. Today, interest is concentrated on precision measurements of CP‐violating parameters as well as on searches for rare decays that are suppressed or forbidden in the standard model.
BCS Mass Matricesa
Authors: KAUS PETER , MESHKOV SYDNEY
Published: December 2006

The Standard Model1,2 has been very successful, but it involves specifying many parameters including six quark and six lepton masses. Information about these masses comes from outside the Standard Model. In the present work, we present a model for the quark and lepton mass matrices which may lead to a better understanding of the systematics of the mass spectra for the charge −1/3 and +2/3 quarks and the charged leptons.
Neurokinin Receptor‐mediated Regulation of [Ca]i and Ca‐sensitive Ion Channels in Mammalian Colonic Muscle
Authors: MAYER E. A. , SUN X. P. , SUPPLISSON S. , KODNER A. , REGOLI M. , SACHS G.
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these findings suggest the following:
Isometries between Non–Archimedean Spaces of Continuous Functionsa
Authors: ARAUJO JESÚS , MARTINEZ‐MAURICA J.
Published: December 2006

Some characterizations of the conjugate of a Banach–Stone map T : C(X) → C(Y) between the non–Archimedean spaces of continuous functions C(X) and C(Y) are studied. The main result that T′ : C(Y)′→ C(X)′ is a Banach–Stone map if and only if T is a Banach–Stone map is proved.
On the Existence of Group Topologiesa, b
Authors: COMFORT W. W.
Published: December 2006

Results obtained by and with Dieter Remus are recapitulated and advanced as follows: If G is an Abelian group or a free group, and if |G|=γ≥ω, then G has 22γ‐many Hausdorff topological group topologies that are totally bounded, and an equal number that are not; each class contains an antichain of cardinality 22γ, and each class contains a chain of length β iff the power set ?(γ), partially ordered under inclusion, admits a chain of length β.

As to pseudocompact group topologies, the groups ⊕γQ serve as test spaces in this sense: If some group G with |G|=γ≥ω has a pseudocompact group topology of weight α, then so does ⊕γQ; in case the P‐space topology of {0, 1}α has density character (log α)ω (as is the case if the singular cardinals hypothesis is assumed), then the free Abelian group ⊕γZ is also a test space when α > ω.

Several unsolved questions are listed.
The Minimal Structures for TA
Authors: McCLUSKEY A. E. , McCARTAN S. D.
Published: December 2006

Given the lattice of all topologies definable for an infinite set X, a technique to solve many minimality problems is developed. Its potential in characterizing and, where possible, identifying those topologies that are minimal with respect to various invariants, including TA, is illustrated. Finally, an alternative description of each topologically established minimal structure in terms of the behavior of the naturally occurring specialization order and the intrinsic topology on the resulting partially ordered set is offered.
Weak Cardinal Algebras
Authors: RAO K. P. S. BHASKARA , SHORTT R. M.
Published: December 2006

A generalization of Tarski's notion of cardinal algebra is introduced. Weak cardinal algebras, a type of semigroup with an infinite additive operation, are studied from the standpoint of duality theory.
Biomarkers of Aging in the Neuroendocrine‐Immune Domain
Authors: FABRIS N.
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY
Mary Ellen Rudin's Early Work on Suslin Spacesa
Authors: WATSON STEPHEN
Published: December 2006

In the early 1950s, Mary Ellen Rudin wrote her first three papers: Concerning Abstract Spaces (1950), Separation in Non‐Separable Spaces (1951), and Concerning a Problem of Souslin's (1952). A Modern interpretation of these articles is given.
Promoting Active Learning in Developmental Biology Using the Japanese Medaka (Oryzias latipes) as an Experimental Model
Authors: HENSON VICTORIA , SCRIBAILO ROBIN
Published: December 2006

We use the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as an animal model for developmental studies in our introductory biology courses. These courses are designed for Elementary Education majors and students in non‐science degree programs. Introduction to the topic involves observation of live medaka embryos at various stages of development. These observations are guided by video clips and still photographs, which have been incorporated into an interactive computer presentation. In subsequent labs, students perform experiments that, they have designed, which utilize medaka embryos. Most choose to test the effect of various environmental treatments on normal development. We plan to end this unit with a “medaka symposium' in which the students will present data from their own experiments in posters or talks. We hope to reinforce students’ confidence in their ability to perform and understand scientific investigation. Students have been very favorable in their evaluation of the medaka unit as a learning tool.
Cellular Processing and Proteoglycan Nature of Amyloid Precursor Proteinsa
Authors: ROBAKIS NIKOLAOS K. , VASSILACOPOULOU DIDO , EFTHIMIOPOULOS SPIROS , SAMBAMURTI KUMAR , REFOLO LAWRENCE M. , SHIOI JUNICHI
Published: December 2006

Amyloid β protein (β/A4 or Aβ), the main protcinaceous component of the amyloid depositions of the Alzheimer's brain, derives from the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Cleavage of the amyloid precursor by at least two distinct secretase activities produces soluble secreted APP. The major secretase cleavage (site I) takes place between Aβ 16 and 17, while the minor cleavage (site II) takes place after Aβ Lys 28 and may produce potentially amyloidogenic secreted APP. Full‐length cellular APP is cleaved by secretase intracellularly in the Trans‐Golgi Network (TGN) or in post‐Golgi vesicles. The resultant soluble APP is transported to the plasma membrane and exocytosed.

The biological activity of the APP is still not completely understood, although it seems to act as a cell adhesion molecule. Recent studies have shown that in glioma cells, most of the soluble secreted APP occurs as a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). In addition, full length APP CSPG has been detected in neuroblastoma and fibroblast cells as well as on the surface of glioma cells, and in human brain. These results suggest that the proteoglycan nature of the APP proteins may be important for their biological function.
Closure Operators and Polaritiesa
Authors: CASTELLINI G. , KOSLOWSKI J. , STRECKER G. E.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. Basic results are obtained concerning Galois connections between collections of closure operators (of various types) and collections consisting of subclasses of (pairs of) morphisms in 𝓂 for an (E, 𝓂)‐category 𝓂 In effect, the “lattice” of closure operators on 𝓂 is shown to be equivalent to the fixed‐point lattice of the polarity induced by the orthogonality relation between composable pairs of morphisms in 𝓂.
On Topologies Generated by Filters of Relationsa
Authors: COLLINS P. J. , GARTSIDE P. M. , KOPPERMAN R. D. , KüNZI H. P. A. , MOODY P. J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT. A range of topologies, generated in a “preuniform” manner, is shown to give conditions for a space to be (1) Nagata over a regular infinite cardinal α, and (2) α‐metrizable. Connections with the structuring mechanism introduced by P. J. Collins and A. W. Roscoe are investigated. The metrizability degree of a regular space is shown to be equal to the minimum among cardinals arising as weights of compatible local uniformities, and the reader is asked to characterize topologies admitting monotonic quasi uniformities. Various relevant cardinal invariants are discussed; in particular, comparisons are made involving the transitivity and γ‐degrees.