bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Insect Vision to a Novel Bio-Inspired Algorithm for Image Denoising
Authors: Hartbauer Manfred
Published: July 2020

Night active insects inspired the development of image enhancement methods that uncover the information contained in dim images or movies. Here, I describe a novel bionic night vision (NV) algorithm that operates in the spatial domain to remove noise from static images. The parameters of this NV algorithm can be automatically derived from global image statistics and a primitive type of noise estimate. In a first step, luminance values were ln-transformed, and then adaptive local means’ calculations were executed to remove the remaining noise without degrading fine image details and object contours. Its performance is comparable with several popular denoising methods and can be applied to grey-scale and color images. This novel algorithm can be executed in parallel at the level of pixels on programmable hardware.
Un análisis de las metas en situación de aprendizaje para el alumnado de primaria y secundaria obligatoria
Authors: González Gómez Carlota , Torregrosa Germán , Navas Leandro
Published: July 2020

RESUMENEste trabajo se enmarca en dos contextos sobre la motivación por el aprendizaje escolar: la teoría atribucional de Weiner (1986, 1995) y las aportaciones de Dweck (1986) sobre las metas que persigue el alumnado. El objetivo general es averiguar las metas que muestran los alumnos de primaria y secundaria obligatoria en situación de aprendizaje, la relación que mantienen estas metas con las diferentes dimensiones causales y si hay diferencias entre las metas de los estudiantes de secundaria obligatoria y las de los alumnos de primaria. La muestra la componen 722 alumnos de primaria y secundaria. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las metas coinciden con las halladas en otros contextos pero que se producen diferencias en función de la etapa educativa.ABSTRACTThis work is based on two contexts regarding school learners motivation: the attribution theory by Weiner (1986, 1995) and the contributions made by Dweck (1986) about the goals schoolchildren expect to reach. The main aim of this work is to find the goals shown by primary and secondary school students during their learning stage, the relations these goals hold with the different causal dimensions and if there exist differences between the primary schoolchildren’s goals and those of the secondary school learners. The sample we have investigated consists of 722 students of both primary and secondary school. The results obtained indicate that their goals happen to be the same as those found in other contexts but that differences appear depending on the learning stage.
La transversalidad curricular, una década después
Authors: García Nieto Narciso , Carballo Rafael , Fernández Díaz Mª José
Published: July 2020

RESUMENEl presente artículo pretende revivir o replantear, a más de una década de su implantación, la vigencia y transcendencia de la Transversalidad Curricular. Tema que, en su origen, suscitó una gran expectación y polémica entre los educadores, pero que, actualmente, parece un tanto olvidado o relegado a un segundo plano. Sin embargo, hechos de la más reciente actualidad como el aumento precoz de consumo de alcohol ("botellón"), tabaco, drogas, accidentes juveniles de tráfico, etc. están pidiendo imaginación y esfuerzo a la educación, por ser un problema del que la escuela no puede desentenderse y, tal vez, uno de los medios más eficaces de prevención. Además de hacer una llamada a la sensibilidad y responsabilidad de los educadores y psicopedagogos, el trabajo pretende ofrecer reflexiones y pautas de actuación para llevar a cabo programas de intervención, sobre todo, en lo referente a la "educación para la salud", dentro de los colegios o instituciones educativas.ABSTRACTThis article try to remember, after more than a decade from its implementation, the relevance and actuality of the "Curricular Transversality". This issue, in its genesis, awoke a great expectation and polemic among educators, but nowadays it seems to be forgotten. However, some actual facts like the precocious increment of alcohol, cigarettes and drugs consumers, the huge number of teenager traffic accidents, etc., are asking to our Educative System for imagination and effort; cause schools cannot obviate these problems for being one of the most appropriate environments to treat them (counselors, teachers, ...). The present work offers thoughts and criteria to act and to elaborate intervention programs, mainly about "Health Education", cause it seems not to be developed with the seriousness and motivation which it needs. Furthermore it offers and justifies the bases and references that have to be considered in the daily reality of the Educational Institutions or Schools.
Enfoques y estilos de aprendizaje en educación superior
Authors: Hernández Pina Fuensanta , Hervás Avilés Rosa María
Published: July 2020

RESUMENEste artículo trata sobre los enfoques y estilos de aprendizaje de estudiantes universitarios. En el estudio se analizan sus perfiles de aprendizaje y como responden a las demandas educativas del entorno universitario.  Igualmente se  ha  analizado  la  relación  existentes  entre  los enfoques  y  los  estilos  deaprendizaje según las propuestas de Biggs y de Myers-Brigs. La muestra estudiada ha sido de 360 estudiantes de distintas titulaciones universitarias. Los resultados apunta a una relación entre enfoques y estilos de aprendizaje y una asociación de características de los estilos con los enfoques profundo y superficial.ABSTRACTIn this article a study on learning approaches and styles in University students is presented. We analyse students profiles and how they respond to the academic demands of the university envi-ronment. We also analyse the relationship between the approaches to learning and learning styles proposed by Biggs and Myers-Briggs. The sample is made of 360 students of different university degrees. The results suggest there is a relationship between approaches to learning and learning styles as well as an association of features of the learning style with the deep and superficial approaches.
El impacto del género en las elecciones académicas de los estudiantes asturianos que finalizan la ESO
Authors: Rodríguez Menéndez Mª del Carmen , Torío López Susana , Fernández García Carmen María
Published: July 2020

RESUMENEn el presente artículo se estudia la persistencia de las diferencias de género que se producen en las elecciones académicas de los estudiantes asturianos que finalizan 4º de la ESO. Se examinan las causas que generan esa elección diferencial, haciendo especial hincapié en el constructo autoeficacia como variable determinante en el proceso de elección vocacional. Se finaliza con algunas sugerencias que pueden facilitar la constitución de una orientación vocacional no sesgada por razón de género.ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the persistence of gender differences in academic choices of students that are about to finish the Secondary Compulsory Education. The reasons that generate that differential choice have been also examined, emphasizing the concept of self-efficacy as a decisive variable in the vocational process. It ends with some suggestions that may facilitate the construction of a non sexist vocational guidance.
Actitudes del profesorado de conservatorio sobre la integración educativa: un análisis exploratorio
Authors: Navas Martínez Leandro Navas Martínez , Castillo Martínez Ana Isabel
Published: July 2020

RESUMENLos objetivos de este estudio son conocer las actitudes del profesorado de Conservatorio ante los Alumnos con Necesidades Educativas Especiales (a.c.n.e.e.) y ante la integración, así como establecer posibles parámetros que fundamenten tales actitudes. Docentes de Conservatorio (n = 42) con una edad media de 34,7 años (σ = 7,24), responden a un cuestionario de actitudes (Mula et al., 2002) abreviado y reformulado según los fines perseguidos. Se realizan análisis factoriales cuyos resultados muestran que hay 3 factores de segundo orden subyacentes a las actitudes de los profesores y que suponen una polarización de las actitudes ante la integración (actitud negativa y posición positiva).ABSTRACTWe think it is essential to bf the attitudes of teaching staff towards students with special educational needs and their integration in musical education, and how to establish parameters in which we can base those attitudes. 42 teaching staff of the Conservatory (n = 42) with an average age of 34,7 years old (σ = 7,24), answer an attitudes questionnaire (Mula et al., 2002) abbreviated and reformulated according to the goals pursved. Factorial analyses are carried out with results that show 3 factors of second order related to the attitudes of the teachers which imply a positive position about the integration, and a negative position towards it.
Información general / AEOP / IAEVG news
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: July 2020

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Julgamento clínico em diagnosticos de enfermagem de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise
Authors: Aguiar Letícia Lima , Cordeiro Eloia Suzana Mara , Alencar Melo Geórgia Alcântara , Alves Silva Renan , Cavalcante Guedes Maria Vilani , Caetano Joselany Afio
Published: July 2020

Objetivo: Analizar el resultado del estado actual en pacientes renales crónicos en hemodiálisis. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, realizado con 25 pacientes sometidos a la terapia dialítica en un hospital terciario mediante realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas, examen físico y análisis de resultados de los exámenes de laboratorio. Para el análisis de las inferencias diagnósticas se utilizó el raciocinio clínico de Alfaro-LeFevre y luego se aplicó el Modelo de Análisis del Resultado del Estado Actual. Resultados: Fueron inferidos 12 diagnósticos de enfermería encontrados en el 70% de la muestra, siendo la ansiedad, el diagnóstico prioritario. Para minimizar los cambios en la salud del paciente, las intervenciones seleccionadas fueron: enseñanza: procedimiento/tratamiento; promoción del ejercicio, relajación muscular progresiva; distracción/falta de atención; apoyo emocional; control de la nutrición, y la mejora de la socialización. Conclusión: La técnica del raciocinio clínico utilizada por este modelo puede contribuir con la agilidad y ejecución del proceso de enfermería.

Objective: To analyze the result of the current state in chronic kidney patients on hemodialysis. Method: quantitative study performed with 25 patients undergoing dialysis therapy in a tertiary hospital through the accomplishment of semi-structured interviews, physical examination and analysis of laboratory test results. In order to analyze the diagnostic inferences, we used the clinical reasoning of Alfaro-LeFevre and then applied the Outcome-Present State Test Model. Results: We inferred 12 nursing diagnoses found in 70% of the sample, where anxiety was the priority diagnosis. In order to minimize changes in the health of the patient, the interventions chosen were: teaching: procedure/treatment; exercise promotion; progressive muscle relaxation; distraction/inattention; emotional support; nutrition control; and improved socialization. Conclusion: the clinical reasoning technique used by this model can contribute to the agility and execution of the nursing process.
Trait-associated noncoding variant regions affect TBX3 regulation and cardiac conduction
Authors: van Weerd Jan Hendrik , Mohan Rajiv A , van Duijvenboden Karel , Hooijkaas Ingeborg B , Wakker Vincent , Boukens Bastiaan J , Barnett Phil , Christoffels Vincent M
Published: July 2020

Genome-wide association studies have implicated common genomic variants in the gene desert upstream of TBX3 in cardiac conduction velocity. Whether these noncoding variants affect expression of TBX3 or neighboring genes and how they affect cardiac conduction is not understood. Here, we use high-throughput STARR-seq to test the entire 1.3 Mb human and mouse TBX3 locus, including two cardiac conduction-associated variant regions, for regulatory function. We identified multiple accessible and functional regulatory DNA elements that harbor variants affecting their activity. Both variant regions drove gene expression in the cardiac conduction tissue in transgenic reporter mice. Genomic deletion from the mouse genome of one of the regions caused increased cardiac expression of only Tbx3, PR interval shortening and increased QRS duration. Combined, our findings address the mechanistic link between trait-associated variants in the gene desert, TBX3 regulation and cardiac conduction.
Corrosive Esophagitis and Gastritis Induced by Glutaraldehyde Ingestion
Authors: Jun Donghwan , Kim Hye-Jin , Lee Hyun Suk , Yoon Hong Jip , Park Jae Yong , Kim Beom Jin , Kim Jae Gyu
Published: July 2020

Corrosive esophagitis and gastritis are characterized by caustic damage due to ingestion of chemical agents. Caustic agents cause tissue destruction through liquefaction or coagulation reactions. Here, we report a case of corrosive esophagitis and gastritis caused by accidental ingestion of glutaraldehyde in Korea. A 62-year-old man presented to the emergency department 8 hours after ingesting glutaraldehyde, which is widely used for the prevention of foot-and-mouth disease in pigs. Urgent endoscopic examination revealed severely damaged mucosae of the esophagus and stomach. With conservative treatment, the patient’s condition was improved, and he was discharged on the 35th day of admission.
Glomus Tumor of the Duodenum
Authors: Ha Tae Kyoung , Kim Gwang Ha , Lee Moon Won , Lee Bong Eun , Kwak Young Min , Park Guk Bin , Park Yong Bo
Published: July 2020

Glomus tumor is a benign tumor derived from the vascular wall of the arteriovenous anastomosis complex. Glomus tumors in the gastrointestinal tract are rare, especially those in the duodenum. Most gastrointestinal glomus tumors are found incidentally on endoscopy during routine health checkup and sometimes because of bleeding. We experienced a case of duodenal glomus tumor diagnosed after surgical resection of an incidental subepithelial tumor in the duodenum. Herein, we report the characteristic endoscopic ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced CT, and histopathological findings of duodenal glomus tumor.
Diagnostic and prognostic values of upregulated SPC25 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Xiaolin , Sun Hongzhi , Song Ying , Yang Li , Liu Haibo
Published: July 2020

Background

Spindle pole body component 25 (SPC25) plays a vital role in many cellular processes, such as tumorigenesis. However, the clinical significance of SPC25 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. This study aimed to explore the expression patterns of SPC25 in HCC and non-neoplastic tissues and to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of SPC25.

Method

The expression of SPC25 was examined in 374 HCC issues and 50 non-neoplastic tissues from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. The diagnostic and prognostic values of SPC25 were analyzed via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and survival analyses, respectively. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify the prognostic factors and to establish a nomogram. The diagnostic and prognostic values were further validated in an external cohort from the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) database.

Results

The expression of SPC25 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues in both cohorts (all P < 0.001). The ROC curve analysis indicated that SPC25 expression has high diagnostic value in HCC with area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.969 (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.948–0.984]) and 0.945 (95% CI [0.920–0.965]) for TCGA and ICGC cohorts, respectively. Patients with HCC exhibiting high SPC25 expression were associated with worse prognosis than those exhibiting low SPC25 expression in both cohorts (all P < 0.001). SPC25 was independently associated with overall survival in both cohorts (all P < 0.001). The concordance indices of the nomogram for predicting overall survival in TCGA and ICGC cohorts were 0.647 and 0.805, respectively, which were higher than those of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.

Conclusion

SPC25 was upregulated in HCC and independently predicted poor overall survival of patients with HCC. Therefore, SPC25 is an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for HCC. An SPC25-based nomogram was more accurate and useful than the AJCC staging system to predict prognosis of HCC.
Designing Biodegradable Shape Memory Polymers for Tissue Repair
Authors: Ramaraju Harsha , Akman Ryan E. , Safranski David L. , Hollister Scott J.
Published: July 2020

Shape memory materials, specifically nickel–titanium alloys, are used in a number of minimally invasive clinical procedures demonstrating significant improvements in clinical outcomes and standard of care compared to open procedures. However, concerns regarding erosion events, device failure, and consequent morbidities are driving interest in tissue engineering approaches which support or stimulate the patient's own tissue regenerative processes to repair and regenerate tissues. Growing interest in addressing these challenges using minimally invasive procedures is driving the rapid advancement of a new class of materials; biodegradable shape memory polymers (SMPs). These biodegradable SMPs are designed for compaction and delivery through keyhole incisions, expansion when they reach the target tissue, maintenance of mechanical continuity with surrounding tissues upon implantation, attachment of regenerative cells driving tissue growth and infiltration, and degradation into nontoxic byproducts. Polyesters are predominantly used in the design of these SMPs to impart biodegradability through hydrolysis. Use of homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, block‐copolymers, and interpenetrating networks has given rise to a range of SMPs spanning applications from endovascular to bone defect repair. Translating these materials to the clinic and applying these materials toward patient specific design can advance the current standard of care across various clinical disciplines.
Stepwise Hollow Prussian Blue Nanoframes/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Film as Ultrahigh Rate Sodium Ion Cathode
Authors: Wan Ping , Xie Hui , Zhang Nan , Zhu Shuang , Wang Changda , Yu Zhen , Chu Wangsheng , Song Li , Wei Shiqiang
Published: July 2020

Prussian blue and its analogues (PBAs) have been proposed as promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to high theoretical capacity and low cost, but they often suffer from poor electronic conductivity and structural instability. Herein, a stepwise hollow cubic framework structure is first designed and a hybridized hierarchical film synthesized from single‐crystal PBA nanoframes/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite is demonstrated as a binder‐free ultrahigh rate sodium ion cathode. This hierarchical configuration offers improved tolerance for lattice expansion, reduced sodium ion diffusion path, enhanced electronic conductivity, and optimized redox reactions, thereby achieving the excellent rate capability, high specific capacity, and long cycle life. As expected, the developed FeHCFe nanoframes/CNTs electrode film exhibits a super high rate capacity of 149.2 mAh g−1 at 0.1C and 35.0 mAh g−1 at 100C. Moreover, it displays an excellent cycling stability with about 92% capacity retention at 5C after 500 cycles. This work will pave a new way to engineer advanced electrode materials for ultrahigh rate SIBs.
Mechanical Modulation of Colossal Magnetoresistance in Flexible Epitaxial Perovskite Manganite
Authors: Yen Min , Lai Yu‐Hong , Kuo Chang‐Yang , Chen Chien‐Te , Chang Chun‐Fu , Chu Ying‐Hao
Published: July 2020

Heteroepitaxially flexible oxide systems have been intensely developed and considered as the most promising materials for leading the creation of next‐generation flexible electronic devices. Among them, perovskite manganites have attracted significant attention with their abundant and novel properties such as colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) and metal‐insulator transition. However, the requirement of high quality samples hampers this field, not to mention the advanced nanoengineering. In this study, fluorophlogopite mica (F‐mica) is selected as a flexible substrate to fabricate heteroepitaxial Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 (PCMO) with a nanocolumn structure. Through a precise control of thickness, different morphologies are realized to manipulate the magnetotransport properties (reduction of melting field). Moreover, thanks to the excellent flexibility of F‐mica, mechanical modulation of CMR (≈1000%) can be achieved in different flex modes while the magnetic properties remain unaffected. Detailed bending tests are performed to study the behavior of resistive change (≈30%). Through the combination of high flexibility, high quality PCMO, and well‐designed nanocolumn structure, the study exhibits the significant controllability of CMR via mechanical bending, and manifests the potential of such a heteroepitaxially flexible oxide system which can be applied on flexible magnetoresistive devices and sensors.
High‐Performance Phosphorene‐Based Transistors Using a Novel Exfoliation‐Free Direct Crystallization on Silicon Substrates
Authors: Rajabali Mona , Esfandiari Mehrnaz , Rajabali Shima , Vakili‐Tabatabaei Mojdeh , Mohajerzadeh Shokatollah , Mohajerzadeh Shams
Published: July 2020

Phosphorene is one of the most promising elemental 2D materials. So far, mechanical exfoliation is the main route toward the formation of phosphorene sheets. Although field‐effect transistors are realized on phosphorene, their arrangement and size are dictated by the randomness of the exfoliation and transfer methods. Here, the evolution of highly crystalline and large‐area phosphorene sheets with a laser‐assisted phase transition from red phosphorus directly on silicon substrates in desired locations is reported. The original red phosphorus can be patterned prior to laser‐assisted crystallization to achieve the desired shape, location, and layer thickness (either mono or few). A 1064 nm laser is employed as the source to impart energy onto the red phosphorus layer and to achieve allotrope transformation. A combination of argon–oxygen (Ar:O2) and helium–hydrogen (He:H2) gases is exploited in a sequential manner to lead to phosphorene sheets. Various techniques are used to examine the physical properties of phosphorene sheets. Field‐effect transistors are made at different phases of crystallization and a high field‐effect mobility of 1450 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratio of 103 are achieved. Moreover, the optoelectrical characteristics of the phosphorene‐based phototransistors under different illumination powers and back‐gate voltages are investigated, showing superior performance.
Observation of Binary Spectral Jumps in Color Centers in Diamond
Authors: Mu Zhao , Zhou Yu , Chen Disheng , Fröch Johannes E. , Yang Jianqun , Li Xingji , Aharonovich Igor , Gao Wei‐Bo
Published: July 2020

Optical “blinking” normally refers to a switching behavior of fluorescence for quantum emissions between “ON” and “OFF” state. For quantum dots, single molecules, and nitrogen‐vacancy centers in diamond, it usually stems from conversions between two different charge states, with one emitting strong and bright fluorescence while the other scattering weak or no fluorescence. Here, a different type of blinking from single emitters in ion implanted diamond is reported, with both blinking states exhibiting detectable photoluminescence under nonresonant excitation. Thanks to the low jumping rates, the dynamics of the emission can be directly monitored. The quadratic power dependence of the conversion rates suggests the possibility of two‐photon ionization process in quantum jumps. This work provides extra insights into the photodynamics of the spectral jumps on defect‐based single‐photon emitters hosted in wide‐bandgap semiconductors.
Rhodium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Synthesis of 4‐Alkyl‐4H‐Chromenes
Authors: Chang Zhiqian , Yao Jian , Dou Xiaowei
Published: July 2020

A general method for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 4‐alkyl‐4H‐chromenes was developed. With readily available β‐alkyl‐substituted enones and 2‐hydroxylated arylboronic acids, a rhodium‐catalysed asymmetric conjugate addition/intramolecular hemi‐acetalization/acid‐promoted dehydration sequence leads to the formation of 4‐alkyl‐4H‐chromenes in up to 99% yield and with up to >99% ee. The current study remedies the methodological deficiency in asymmetric synthesis of 4‐alkyl‐4H‐chromenes.

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Experimental Estimate of the Holstein Electron–Phonon Coupling Constants in Perylene
Authors: Masino Matteo , Salzillo Tommaso , Brillante Aldo , Della Valle Raffaele G. , Venuti Elisabetta , Girlando Alberto
Published: July 2020

A careful analysis of the vibrational spectra of two isostructural charge transfer systems with potential applications in optoelectronics, (perylene)3‐(TCNQF4)2, and (perylene)3‐(TCNQF2)2, highlights the presence of three strong infrared bands, polarized along the (perylene‐TCNQFx‐perylene) trimeric units present in the crystal. These bands are recognized as due to the Holstein, or electron–molecular vibration (e–mv) interaction. Use of appropriate modeling, based on the analysis of the frequency shifts due to the e–mv coupling, allows to extract the relevant Holstein coupling constants for the HOMO of the perylene molecule. The so‐obtained experimental values agree very well with density functional calculations, thus validating the results. The perylene relaxation energy, or small polaron binding energy, is about 70 meV, of the same order of magnitude as that of pentacene.
InGaZnO Tunnel and Junction Transistors Based on Vertically Stacked Black Phosphorus/InGaZnO Heterojunctions
Authors: Bi Jiahe , Zou Xuming , Lv Yawei , Li Guoli , Liu Xingqiang , Liu Yuan , Yu Ting , Yang Zhenyu , Liao Lei
Published: July 2020

The rapid development of mobile and internet‐of‐thing devices demands continuous scaling of metal–insulator–semiconductor field‐effect transistors for high‐resolution and low‐power displays. However, such technology is limited by inadequate scaling of supply voltage and sophisticated dielectric engineering. Here, to enable continued scaling, indium–gallium–zinc‐oxide (InGaZnO) tunnel field‐effect transistor (TFET) and junction field‐effect transistor (JFET) are designed and fabricated based on vertically stacked black phosphorus (BP)/InGaZnO van der Waals heterojunctions. By varying BP thickness, BP/InGaZnO heterojunctions can be operated as forward rectifying diode, Zener diode, and backward rectifying diode, respectively. Room‐temperature negative‐differential‐resistance behavior with large peak‐to‐valley ratio of 2.1 and high tunneling current density of 160 mA mm−2 is obtained in thick‐BP/InGaZnO heterojunction. On this basis, sub‐thermionic subthreshold swing (SS) of 11 mV dec−1 is achieved in InGaZnO TFET. Meanwhile, the InGaZnO JFET based on thin‐BP/InGaZnO heterostructure exhibits good transistor performance of on/off ratio exceeding 105, high field‐effect mobility of 23.5 cm2 V s−1, negligible hysteresis, and improved SS of 83 mV dec−1. The BP/InGaZnO heterojunction is possibly the only device architecture so far to realize the amorphous metal‐oxide‐semiconductors TFET and JFET, thus providing promising pathways for further thin‐film transistor technology.
Resonant Tunneling and Negative Differential Resistance in Black Phosphorus Vertical Heterostructures
Authors: Xu Kai , Wynne Eric , Zhu Wenjuan
Published: July 2020

Resonant tunneling diodes with negative differential resistance (NDR) have attracted significant attention due to their unique quantum resonant tunneling phenomena and potential applications in terahertz emission/detection and high‐density logic/memory. In this paper, resonant tunneling devices, where the carriers tunnel through a hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) barrier sandwiched by two black phosphorus (BP) layers, are explored. The resonance occurs when the energy bands of the two black phosphorus layers are aligned. The conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) measurements reveal prominent NDR peaks with large peak‐to‐valley ratios at room temperature. It is found that the positions of the NDR peaks are very sensitive to the amplitude and the shape of the voltage waveform used in CAFM, which can be explained by the charge trapping effect. Furthermore, resonant tunneling transistors are demonstrated based on BP/hBN/BP stacks in which the locations of the NDR peaks are tunable by the electrostatic gating. As compared to the traditional tunneling diodes based on bulk materials, the tunneling devices based on thin boron nitride tunneling barrier and high mobility black phosphorus offer ultra‐high‐speed response. This feature, together with the NDR characteristics, provides the potential for applications in THz oscillators and multi‐value logic devices.
No‐tillage increased corn yields and carbon sequestration
Authors: Chen Tianyu , Zhang Yifei , Fu Jian , Yang Li , Chi Yuxin , Wu Peng , Yin Xuewei , Wang Huaipeng , Yang Kejun , Wang Yufeng
Published: July 2020

Changes in agricultural management can potentially change the rate of C sequestration. The rain‐fed agricultural areas of the Songnen Plain are China's main grain‐producing areas, and this region has a temperate monsoon climate with an annual average temperature of 2.0−5.6 °C, annual average rainfall of 350−460 mm, and annual evaporation of 1,000−1,600 mm. In a short‐term experiment (2014−2019), the effects of no‐tillage (NT), no‐tillage and subsoiling (NTS), rotary and ridge tillage (RT), rotary and ridge tillage and subsoiling (RTS), rotary and flatten tillage (FT), and rotary and flatten tillage and subsoiling (FTS) on alkaline meadow soil in the surface 0−30 cm of soil was investigated. Measurements after 5 yr showed that, under NT at 0‐ to 30‐cm depth, the bulk density of soil, soil water content, and soil nutrient content significantly increased when compared with RT and FT. Soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at 0−30 cm were increased by 2.23% (0.99 Mg ha−1) under NT, and the annual accumulation rate of SOC stocks under NT reached 0.20 Mg ha−1. Under RT and FT, SOC stocks decreased by 2.11% (0.94 Mg ha−1) and 2.18% (0.97 Mg ha−1), respectively, when compared with the beginning of the experiment. This indicates that NT, compared with RT and FT, reduces soil C loss and is conducive to the C sequestration.
Interleukin 13 (IL‐13) alters hypoxia‐associated genes and upregulates CD73
Authors: Khalil Syed Muaz , Bernstein Isaac , Kulaga Heather , Gour Naina , Rowan Nicholas , Lajoie Stephane , Lane Andrew P.
Published: July 2020

Background

Interleukin 13 (IL‐13) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and other type 2 inflammation–related diseases. Increased IL‐13 expression can elicit several pro‐inflammatory effects, including eosinophilia, and pathology such as increased mucus secretion. Polypogenesis in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be caused by hypoxia, which can also lead to hyperpermeability of airway epithelium and epithelium‐to‐mesenchymal translation through the upregulation of hypoxia‐associated genes, such as HIF1. Whether T‐helper 2 (Th2) inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐13, can also induce sinonasal epithelial hypoxia‐associated genes is currently unknown.

Methods

Human air‐liquid interface (ALI) sinonasal epithelial cell cultures treated with recombinant IL‐13 were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry to determine the effect on epithelial cells.

Results

Whole tissue from CRSwNP subjects showed increased HIF1A gene expression. Treatment of fully differentiated human ALI cultures with IL‐13 resulted in a concurrent increase in HIF1A and ARNT messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. However, the level of EPAS1 expression was significantly reduced. IL‐13 also had a dose‐dependent response on the expression of HIF genes and the time course experiment showed peak expression of HIF1A and ARNT at 5 to 7 days poststimulation. Remarkably, CD73 surface expression also peaked at day 5 poststimulation.

Conclusion

Our data suggests that IL‐13 can induce hypoxia signaling pathway genes leading to surface expression of CD73, which has an anti‐inflammatory effect.
Heat‐Free Biomimetic Metal Molding on Soft Substrates
Authors: Chang Julia J. , Martin Andrew , Du Chuanshen , Pauls Alana M. , Thuo Martin
Published: July 2020

Fabrication of bio‐templated metallic structures is limited by differences in properties, processing conditions, packing, and material state(s). Herein, by using undercooled metal particles, differences in modulus and processing temperatures can be overcome. Adoption of autonomous processes such as self‐filtration, capillary pressure, and evaporative concentration leads to enhanced packing, stabilization (jamming) and point sintering with phase change to create solid metal replicas of complex bio‐based features. Differentiation of subtle differences between cultivars of the rose flower with reproduction over large areas shows that this biomimetic metal patterning (BIOMAP) is a versatile method to replicate biological features either as positive or negative reliefs irrespective of the substrate. Using rose petal patterns, we illustrate the versatility of bio‐templated mapping with undercooled metal particles at ambient conditions, and with unprecedented efficiency for metal structures.
Cobalt(II)/(III) complexes bearing a tetradentate thiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, experimental and theoretical characterization, and electrochemical and antioxidant properties
Authors: Kaya Büşra , Akyüz Duygu , Karakurt Tuncay , Şahin Onur , Koca Atıf , Ülküseven Bahri
Published: July 2020

New cobalt complexes, Co1 and Co2, were synthesized starting from acetylacetone‐S‐methylthiosemicarbazone. The square planar cobalt(II) and octahedral cobalt(III) complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, UV–visible, 1H NMR, and X‐ray diffraction spectroscopies and mass spectrometry. Frontier orbitals of the complexes were theoretically obtained to better understand the complex structures and intermolecular interactions. The electrochemical behaviors of Co1 and Co2 were investigated and the results were evaluated by comparing with each other and with similar published compounds to determine their possible usage in various electrochemical technologies, such as energy storage devices, electrocatalysts, and electrosensors. Metal‐based oxidation at around 0 V and metal‐based reduction at around −1.0 V indicated that these complexes are valuable for the proposed applications. By determining the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and the radical scavenging activity of the cobalt complexes, the compatibility between the antioxidant qualification, redox, and theoretical calculation results was discussed.
SCAI shock classification in acute myocardial infarction: Insights from the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative
Authors: Hanson Ivan D. , Tagami Travis , Mando Ramy , Kara Balla Abdalla , Dixon Simon R. , Timmis Steven , Almany Steven , Naidu Srihari S. , Baran David , Lemor Alejandro , Gorgis Sarah , O'Neill William , Basir Mir B. ,   National Cardiogenic Shock Investigators
Published: July 2020

Objectives

We applied the cardiovascular angiography and interventions (SCAI) shock staging system to patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS) who were enrolled in the National Cardiogenic Shock Initiative (NCSI).

Background

The SCAI shock staging system provides a framework for evaluation of patients with CS based on clinical and hemodynamic parameters, but has not been validated in patients with AMI‐CS managed with a contemporary treatment algorithm that incorporates early use of Impella.

Methods

Consecutive patients enrolled in NCSI were identified, all of whom were managed with invasive hemodynamic guidance and supported with Impella. Patients were retrospectively categorized into appropriate SCAI shock stages, and outcomes were assessed accordingly.

Results

A total of 300 patients were included in the analysis; 182 patients (61%) presented in Stage C shock, 25 (8%) in Stage D, and 93 (31%) in Stage E. Survival to hospital discharge was 76, 76, and 58%, respectively (p = .006). Survival was <20% among patients in Stage E at 24 hr, regardless of baseline stage. There was near perfect agreement in shock staging between two independent clinicians at baseline (kappa = 0.975, 95% CI, 0.95–1.00, p < .001) and at 24 hr (kappa = 0.985, 95% CI, 0.77–1.00, p < .001).

Conclusion

In patients with AMI‐CS enrolled in NCSI, SCAI Shock classification was reproducible, and predicted survival when applied at presentation and at 24 hr.
Subtotal cholecystectomy: An operative option for Salmonellae typhi gangrenous cholecystitis
Authors: Akello Vivian Valin , Bitamazire Denis , Wandabwa Joel , Ssebuufu Robinson
Published: July 2020

Typhoid gangrenous cholecystitis is uncommon and can be managed by subtotal cholecystectomy with nonclosure of the cystic duct if that is required for patient safety.
Seizure followed by lung edema: An intriguing link between the brain and the lung
Authors: Arakaki Wakako , Kinjo Takeshi , Nakamura Hideta , Fujita Jiro
Published: July 2020

When observing diffuse ground‐glass opacities in both lungs, physicians should consider several diseases, including heart failure, interstitial lung diseases, and pulmonary infections. However, brain diseases rarely cause lung infiltration. We present an instructive case of neurologic pulmonary edema showing a pathological link between the brain and the lung.
Forage potential of corn intercrops for beef cattle diets in northwestern Alberta
Authors: Omokanye Akim , Al‐Maqtari Buthaina , Lardner Herbert A. , Hernandez Guillermo , Gill Kabal S. , Sreekumar Lekshmi , Lee Alan
Published: July 2020

Intercropping systems involving cereals with legumes provide several advantages such as elevated forage yield and improved forage nutritive value. This study was designed to assess viability of corn (Zea mays L.) intercrops to improve the forage crude protein (CP) of corn forage for beef cattle production. A corn monocrop (C‐M) was compared with seven corn intercrops (five annual legumes, a non‐legume crop (radish (Raphanus sativus L.), C‐RA) and an annual crop mixture (ACM)). The corn forage dry matter (DM) yield was significantly improved (P < .05) for C‐M than all intercrops. Of the seven intercrops, only corn‐radish intercrop (C‐RA) produced significantly lower total forage DM yield (corn + companion) than C‐M. Of the seven corn intercrops, only corn‐hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (C‐HV) and corn–annual crop mixture (C‐ACM) had significantly (P < .05) improved forage CP and digestible CP than C‐M. Both C‐HV and C‐ACM exceeded the CP recommendations for mature beef cattle and also had adequate CP for young (growing and finishing calves) beef cattle, thereby eliminating the need for protein supplementation during the feeding of either C‐HV or C‐ACM beef cattle. Forage minerals were not significantly affected (P > .05) by corn intercrops. Forage total digestible nutrients (TDN) was significantly (P < .05) influenced by intercrops and varied from 65.9‐71.2%. Results indicate that selected corn intercrops can improve nutritive value of forage for beef cattle production.
Selective Phase Transfer Reagents (OxP‐crowns) for Chromogenic Detection of Nitrates Especially Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Chahal Mandeep K. , Payne Daniel T. , Labuta Jan , Karr Paul A. , D'Souza Francis , Ariga Katsuhiko , Hill Jonathan P.
Published: July 2020

Nitrogen and phosphorus‐containing ions such as ammonium, nitrates and phosphates are anthropogenic pollutants while ammonium nitrate may be diverted for nefarious purposes in improvised explosive devices. Crown ether‐oxoporphyrinogen conjugates (OxP‐crowns) are used to selectively detect nitrates, especially their ion pairs with K+ and NH4+, based on ion pair complexation of OxP‐crowns under phase transfer conditions. The presence of phosphate and carbonate lead to deprotonation of OxP‐crowns. OxP‐1N18C6 is capable of extracting ion pairs with nitrate from aqueous phase leading to a selective chromogenic response. Deprotonation of the OxP moiety leads to [OxP−]‐1N18C6[K+] and is promoted by crown ether selective cation binding coupled with hydration of basic oxoanions, which are constrained to remain in the aqueous phase. This work illustrates the utility of molecular design to exploit partitioning and ion hydration effects establishing the selectivity of the chromogenic response.
The Regularity of Parametrized Integer Stationary Varifolds in Two Dimensions
Authors: Pigati Alessandro , Rivière Tristan
Published: July 2020

We establish an optimal regularity result for parametrized two‐dimensional stationary varifolds. Namely, we show that the parametrization map is a smooth minimal branched immersion and that the multiplicity function is constant.

We provide some applications of this regularity result, especially in the calculus of variations for the area functional. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
High‐Quality GaN Crystal Growth Using Flux‐Film‐Coated LPE with Na Flux
Authors: Song Yelim , Kawamura Fumio , Taniguchi Takashi , Shimamura Kiyoshi , Ohashi Naoki
Published: July 2020

Flux‐film‐coated liquid phase epitaxy (FFC‐LPE), in which a liquid Ga–Na film is coated on a GaN surface, is used for the synthesis of GaN crystals. The addition of a minor amount of additives of group II elements (Ca and Sr) shows the effects that the inclusions are eliminated from a GaN crystal while significantly reducing dislocation density during FFC‐LPE. By performing FFC‐LPE growth with Ca and Sr additives, the wettability of the seed crystal and the flux is greatly improved, resulting in the achievement of the single molecule step growth mode. Inclusions that are inevitably included in the GaN crystal through the conventional Na flux method can be prohibited by the realization of this growth mode. The dislocation density of the seed–GaN decreases to 2.5 × 106 cm−2 (<1/100th of the seed crystal) after the growth thickness of 10 µm by means of the FFC‐LPE method.
Long‐Living Holes in Grey Anatase TiO2 Enable Noble‐Metal‐Free and Sacrificial‐Agent‐Free Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Ning , Mohajernia Shiva , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Hejazi Seyedsina , Plass Fabian , Kahnt Axel , Yokosawa Tadahiro , Osvet Andres , Spiecker Erdmann , Guldi Dirk M. , Schmuki Patrik
Published: July 2020

Titanium dioxide has been the benchmark semiconductor in photocatalysis for more than 40 years. Full water splitting, that is, decomposing water into H2 and O2 in stoichiometric amounts and with an acceptable activity, still remains a challenge, even when TiO2‐based photocatalysts are used in combination with noble‐metal co‐catalysts. The bottleneck of anatase‐type TiO2 remains the water oxidation, that is, the hole transfer reaction from pristine anatase to the aqueous environment. In this work, we report that “grey” (defect engineered) anatase can provide a drastically enhanced lifetime of photogenerated holes, which, in turn, enables an efficient oxidation reaction of water to peroxide via a two‐electron pathway. As a result, a Ni@grey anatase TiO2 catalyst can be constructed with an impressive performance in terms of photocatalytic splitting of neutral water into H2 and a stoichiometric amount of H2O2 without the need of any noble metals or sacrificial agents. The finding of long hole lifetimes in grey anatase opens up a wide spectrum of further photocatalytic applications of this material.
Biomass Fractionation and Lignin Fractionation towards Lignin Valorization
Authors: Xu Jiayun , Li Chenyu , Dai Lin , Xu Chunlin , Zhong Yongda , Yu Faxin , Si Chuanling
Published: July 2020

Lignin, as the most abundant aromatic biopolymer in nature, has attracted great attention due to the complexity and richness of its functional groups for value‐added applications. The yield of production of lignin and the reactivity of prepared lignin are very important to guarantee the study and development of lignin‐based chemicals and materials. Various fractionation techniques have been developed to obtain high yield and relatively high‐purity lignin as well as carbohydrates (hemicelluloses and celluloses) and to reduce the condensed and degraded nature of conventional biorefinery lignin. Herein, novel and efficient biomass fractionation and lignin fractionation towards lignin valorization are summarized and discussed.
Parent's anxiety links household stress and young children's behavioral dysregulation
Authors: Fields Andrea , Harmon Chelsea , Lee Zoe , Louie Jennifer Y. , Tottenham Nim
Published: July 2020

Young children rely heavily on their caregivers to gain information about the environment, especially during times of duress. Therefore, considering parental assessments of behavior in the context of stressful environments may better facilitate our understanding of the longstanding association between early environmental stressors and changes in child behavior and physiology. Confirming many previous reports, a higher degree of household stress exposure was associated with elevated mental health symptoms in 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children (N = 115; anxiety and externalizing behaviors), which were verified in a subset of children with laboratory‐based behaviors (N = 46). However, these associations were mediated by parental anxiety symptoms, which were also associated with increased cortisol levels in children. A closer look at the stressors indicated that it was the adult‐targeted, and not the child‐targeted, stressors that correlated most with children's behavior problems. These results highlight the importance of considering the mediating effect of parents, when examining associations between household stress and young children's behavioral development.
Responses of sympatric canids to human development revealed through citizen science
Authors: Kellner Kenneth F. , Hill Jacob E. , Gantchoff Mariela G. , Kramer David W. , Bailey Amanda M. , Belant Jerrold L.
Published: July 2020

Measuring wildlife responses to anthropogenic activities often requires long‐term, large‐scale datasets that are difficult to collect. This is particularly true for rare or cryptic species, which includes many mammalian carnivores. Citizen science, in which members of the public participate in scientific work, can facilitate collection of large datasets while increasing public awareness of wildlife research and conservation. Hunters provide unique benefits for citizen science given their knowledge and interest in outdoor activities. We examined how anthropogenic changes to land cover impacted relative abundance of two sympatric canids, coyote (Canis latrans), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) at a large spatial scale. In order to assess how land cover affected canids at this scale, we used citizen science data from bow hunter sighting logs collected throughout New York State, USA, during 2004–2017. We found that the two species had contrasting responses to development, with red foxes positively correlated and coyotes negatively correlated with the percentage of low‐density development. Red foxes also responded positively to agriculture, but less so when agricultural habitat was fragmented. Agriculture provides food and denning resources for red foxes, whereas coyotes may select forested areas for denning. Though coyotes and red foxes compete in areas of sympatry, we did not find a relationship between species abundance, likely a consequence of the coarse spatial resolution used. Red foxes may be able to coexist with coyotes by altering their diets and habitat use, or by maintaining territories in small areas between coyote territories. Our study shows the value of citizen science, and particularly hunters, in collection of long‐term data across large areas (i.e., the entire state of New York) that otherwise would unlikely be obtained.