bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the leakage mechanism in multi-channel GaN-on-Si SBDs
Authors: Zou Wensong , Chen Jiawei , Liu Junbo , Ma Jun
Published: August 2023

This work presented the reverse leakage current (I
R) mechanisms in multi-channel GaN-on-Si Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs). The device showed excellent performances in both ON and OFF-states thanks to the advanced multi-channel tri-gate architecture. The I
R is dominated by thermal field emission at 25 °C–75 °C before pinch-off of the 2-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) channel in the Schottky region, due to the thinned Schottky barrier, which turned to be thermal emission (TE)-dominated under further elevated temperatures resulted from the small Schottky barrier height. Once the 2DEG channel is pinched off by the tri-anode, the I
R is firstly dominated by Poole–Frenkel emission and then is trap-assisted tunneling after the full depletion of the channels beneath the field plates. These results are supported by excellent consistency between experimental results and theoretical models, offering a key understanding of multi-channel SBDs and shedding lights on this promising multi-channel technology for future energy conversion.
ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﻭﺍﺏ ﻟﺩﻯ ﻣﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺣﻳﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺭﺍﺋﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺵ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﺎﺑﻲ
Published: August 2023

إن ﺘﻘدم اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ورﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤد ﺒﺎﻟدرﺠﺔ اﻷﺴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻛـﻪ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ﻤـن

ﻗـوى ﺒﺸـرﻴﺔ ﻗـﺎدرة ﻋﻠـﻰ اﺴـﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﻤـواردﻩ اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ ﺒﺄﻓﻀـﻝ ﺼـورة ﻤﻤﻛﻨـﺔ ٬ وﺘﻌﺘﺒـر اﻟﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ

إﺤدى اﻟوﺴﺎﺌﻝ اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺨﻠف واﻟﺴﻴر ﻓﻲ رﻛب اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة واﻟﺘﻘدم ٬ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ

ﻤـن دور ﻛﺒﻴـر ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ اﻟﻔـرد ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ اﻟﺠواﻨـب اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ واﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ٬ واﻟﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ ٬

واﻟﺠﺴـﻤﻴﺔ ٬ وﻤﺴـﺎﻋدﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺘﻛﻴﻴـف اﻻﻴﺠـﺎﺒﻲ ﻤـﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟطﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ ٬ وان اﻫـم

ﻤﺤﺎو ارﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔﻫواﻟﻤـدرس ٬ ﺤﻴث ﻴﻌـد دورﻩ ﻤـن اﻫـم اﻟﻌواﻤـﻝ اﻟﻤـؤﺜرة ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠوك اﻟطﺎﻟـب وﻋﻠﻴـﻪ

ﻴﺘوﻗف ﻨﺠـﺎح اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴـﻨﻌﻛس ﻤردودﻫـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻘـدم اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ ورﻗﻴـﻪ.وﻟﻛﻲ ﻴﻘـوم

ﻤـدرس اﻟﻌﻠـوم ﺒـدورﻩ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ ﺒﻨﺠـﺎح ﻻﺒـد ﻤـن ان ﺘﺘـوﻓر ﻟدﻴـﻪ ﻛﻔﺎﻴـﺎت وﻤﻬـﺎ ارت

ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن اﻤﺘﻼﻛﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ٬ واﻫم ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﻬﺎ ارت ﻫﻲ ﻤﻬﺎرة اﻻﺴﺘﺠواب او

اﻟﺘﺴﺄوﻝ ٬ وان ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻘـﺎس ﺒدرﺠـﺔ ﻛﺒﻴـرة ﺒطﺒﻴﻌـﺔ اﻟﺴـؤاﻝ اﻟﻤوﺠـﻪ. ﻟـذا ﻴﻬـدف اﻟﺒﺤـث

اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻬﺎ ارت اﻻﺴﺘﺠواب ﻟدى ﻤدرﺴﻲ ﻤﺎدة اﻻﺤﻴﺎء ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ ﺒﻨـﺎء اداة

ﻟﻘﻴـﺎس ﺘﻠـك اﻟﻤﻬـﺎ ارت ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ ﻤﻼﺤظـﺔ ﺴـﻠوك اﻓـ ارد ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث ٬ وﺘـم إﻴﺠـﺎد ﺼـدﻗﻬﺎ ﻤـن

ﺨﻼﻝ ﻋرﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻟﺨﺒ ارء واﻟﻤﺤﻛﻤﻴن ٬ وﺘم اﻴﺠﺎد ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻴث ﺒﻠﻎ .(٠٬٨٢ )

ﻟﻘــد ﺘﻀــﻤﻨت اﻷداة (٣٧) ﻓﻘــرة ﻤوزﻋــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺜﻼﺜــﺔ ﻤﺠــﺎﻻت ﻫــﻲ (ﺘوﺠﻴــﻪ اﻷﺴــﺌﻠﺔ ٬ ﺘﻠﻘﻲ

اﻹﺠﺎﺒـﺎت ٬ ﺘﻨظـﻴم اﻟﺠــو اﻟﺼـﻔﻲ) وﻫــﻲ ﺨﻤﺎﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺒــداﺌﻝ ٬ ﺘﻛوﻨـت ﻋﻴﻨــﺔ اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻤــن (٢٣)

ﻤدرﺴـﺎ وﻤدرﺴـﺔ ﻤـن (٢٣) ﻤدرﺴـﺔ ٬ طﺒﻘـت ﻋﻠـﻴﻬم اﻷداة ﺒﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ .٢٠٠٢/٢/٢٥ اﺴـﺘﺨدﻤت

اﻟوﺴــﺎﺌﻝ اﻹﺤﺼــﺎﺌﻴﺔ آﻻﺘﻴــﺔ (ﻤﻌﺎﻤــﻝ ﻻرﺘﺒــﺎط ﺴــﻛوت ٬ اﻟوﺴــط اﻟﺤﺴــﺎﺒﻲ ٬ اﻟوﺴــط اﻟﻤــرﺠﺢ

٬ اﻟــوزن اﻟﻤﺌــوي) .وﻤــن اﻟﻨﺘــﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺘــﻲ ﺘوﺼــﻠت اﻟﻴﻬــﺎ اﻟد ارﺴــﺔ إن ﻫﻨــﺎك (٣٧) ﻤﻬــﺎرة ﻴوﻛــد

اﻟﻤدرﺴــﻴن ﻋﻠــﻰ اﺴــﺘﺨداﻤﻬﺎ ٬ واﺤﺘﻠــت اﻟﻤﻬــﺎ ارت آﻻﺘﻴــﺔ اﻟﻤرﺘﺒــﺔ اﻷوﻟــﻰ (ﺘوﺠﻴــﻪ أﺴــﺌﻠﺔ ذات

ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻤوﻀوع اﻟدرس أﻫداﻓﻪ ٬ ﻴﻛرر إﺠﺎﺒـﺔ اﻟﺴـؤاﻝ ﺒﺄﺴـﻠوب ﻴﻔﻬﻤـﻪ اﻟطﻠﺒـﺔ ﺠﻤﻴﻌـﺎ ٬ ﻻ ﻴﺴـﻤﺢ

ﻟﻠطﻠﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ دون اﺴﺘﺌذان).وﻓﻲ ﻀوء ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻟﺒﺤث وﻀﻌت ﻋدة ﺘوﺼﻴﺎت وﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺎت.
ﻣﺅﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﺑﻲ ﺃﻟﻣﻭﺳﻳﻘﻳﺔ ­ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻳﺔ­
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ. ﺧﺎﻟﺩ ﺇﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻡ
Published: August 2023

ﺒـﺎ َت ﻤـن اﻟﻀـروري ﺠـداً ﻋﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ٬ ﻨﺤـن أﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴن أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻟﻌـ ارﻗﻴﻴن واﻟﻌـرب ﺤﺼـ اًر ٬

أﻟوﻗـوف ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺎ ﻛﺘﺒـﻪ ﻋﻠﻤـﺎء أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ وﻤﻨ ٌﻀـرﻴﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ أﻟﻔﺘـرة أﻟﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ

أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ ﻗـد وﺼـﻠت إﻟـﻰ درﺠـﺎت ﻤﺘﻘدﻤـﺔ ﺒﻔﻀـﻝ اﻟد ارﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤـت ﻤـن ﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟﻔﻼﺴـﻔﺔ

 

أﻟﻤﻌروﻓﻴن آﻨذاك وﻤﻨﻬم أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ ٬ أﻟذي ﻴﻌﺘﺒر أﻟﻤﻌﻠم أﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻌد أرﺴطو.

 

وﻗـد ﻟﻔـت إﻨﺘﺒـﺎﻩ أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث اﻨﺘﺸـﺎر اﻟﻤ ارﻛـز أﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴـﺔ وﻤﻌﺎﻫـد أﻟد ارﺴـﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ أﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ

 

ﺒﺎﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻋواﺼـم اﻟﻌـﺎﻟم ﻛﺎﻓـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﺒﺎﺘـت ﺘﻌﻤـﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ د ارﺴـﺔ وﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻝ ﻤـﺎ ﻛﺘﺒـوا

 

ﻫـؤﻻء أﻟﻔﻼﺴـﻔﺔ ﻋـن اﻟﺴـﻼﻟم أﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ واﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋـﺎت ٬ ﻨﺎﻫﻴـك ﻋـن طﺒـﻊ ﻤﺨطوطـﺎﺘﻬم أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ

 

أﻟﻤﻌروﻓﺔ .

 

إن أﻛﺜر أﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن أﻷورﺒﻴﻴن ﻛﻤﺎ ﺴـﻨﻼﺤظ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـذا اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻗـد ﻗـﺎﻤوا ﺒﺘرﺠﻤـﺔ ود ارﺴـﺔ

 

ﻤﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ وﻏﻴرﻩ ﻤﺜﻝ اﻟﻘرن أﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر وﻫﻛذا اﺴﺘﻤروا ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟﻤﻨواﻝ.

 

واﻵن ﻋﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ﻨﺤـن أﻟﻌﻤـﻝ واﻟد ارﺴـﺔ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴـﻝ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ وأن ﻫـذﻩ أﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺘﺨﺼـﻨﺎ ﻨﺤـن

 

أﻛﺜر ﻤن ﻏﻴرﻨﺎ ٬ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘ ارﺜﻨـﺎ أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻲ أﻟ ازﺨـر أﻟـذي ُﺒﻨﻴـ ْت ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻨظرﻴـﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ

ﻤﻨذ أﻴﺎم ﻫؤﻻء أﻟﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ وﻫذا ﺜﺎﺒت وواﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨطوطﺎﺘﻬم اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺘﺸرة ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻛﺘﺒـﺎت

 

وﻋواﺼم اﻟﻌﺎﻟم .

 

أﻟﻔﺎ ارﺒﻲ أﺴم ﻋﻠم وﻓﻴﻠﺴوف ﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ ﺒﻐداد وﻤﺎرس أﻟﻌـزف واﻟﺘﻠﺤـﻴن وﻗـد وﺠـد أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث

 

ﻋـدداً ﻤـن ﻤؤﻟﻔﺎﺘـﻪ أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻲ ﻤوﻀـوع اﻟﺒﺤـث ﻓـﻲ ﻛﺘـﺎب أﻟﺴـﺎزﻨدﻩ أﻟﺘرﻛـﻲ وﻫـﻲ:

 

ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﺠم ﻤر ٌﺼﻊ ٬ ﺒﺸرف ﻋﺠم ﻤر ٌﺼﻊ ٬ ﺴﻤﺎﻋﻲ ارﺤﺔ أﻷرواح.

وﻴذﻛر ﻛﺘﺎب أﻟﺴﺎزﻨدﻩ ﺒﺎن أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻷﺘـ ارك أﻟﻘـدﻤﺎء ﻗـد دٌوﻨـوا ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻤؤﻟﻔـﺎت ﺒﺎﻟﻨوﺘـﺔ

اﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ ٬ وﻟﻛـن ﻟـم ﻴـذﻛر ﻤﺘـﻰ ﺘـم ﻫـذا وﻋﻠـﻰ ﻴـد ﻤـن ِﻤـ َن أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﻴﻴن أﻷﺘـ ارك أﻟﻤﻬـم إﻨـﺎ أﻤـﺎم

ﻤؤﻟﻔـﺎت أﻟﻔـﺎ ارﺒﻲ ﻤدٌوﻨـﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨوﺘـﺔ أﻟﺤدﻴﺜـﺔ واﻟﺘـﻲ ﻴﻤﻛﻨﻨـﺎ أﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺒﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬـﺎ وﻓﻘـﺎً ﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر أﻟﻤوﺴـﻴﻘﺎر

ﺒـﻴﻼ ﺒـﺎرﺘوك أﻟﻬﻨﻛـﺎري واﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤـد دوﻟﻴـﺎً ﻤـﻊ أﻹﺸـﺎرة إﻟـﻰ أن أﻟﺒﺎﺤـث ﻗـد ﻛٌﻴـف أﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر وﻓﻘـﺎً

 

ﻟﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ٬ ﺤﻴـث أن ﻫﻨـﺎك ﻨﻘﺎطـﺎً أو ﺠواﻨـب ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻴـﺎر رﺒﻤـﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻨطﺒـق

ﻋﻠﻰ أﻟﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ أﻟﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟذات
ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺩﺭﻳﺏ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﺎﺷﺋﻳﻥ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺳﻠﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﻳﻠﻲ
Published: August 2023

­۱ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اطﻼﻋﻨـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﺼـﺎدر ﻓـﻲ ﻤوﻀـوع اﺴـﺘﺨدام اﻨظﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب ﻟﻠﺒﺤـث ﻤـن

ﻤوﻀوع اﻟﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ و اﻻرﻗـﺎم اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ وﺠـدﻨﺎ ان ﻋـدة اﻻﻨظﻤـﺔ ﺘﻛـون وﻓـق

ﻤﻌطﻴﺎت اﻟﻤواﻀﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻴزﻴـﺎء و اﻟﻛﻴﻤﻴـﺎء واﻻﺤﺼـﺎء واﻟﻤﻴﻛﺎﻨﻴـك و اﻟـﺘﻌﻠم ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋﻼﻗـﺔ

ﻤﺒﺎﺸــرة ﻓــﻲ ﻫــذﻩ اﻻﻨظﻤــﺔ ﻻﻨــواع اﻻﻨﺸــطﺔ اﻟ ارﻀــﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ . ﻴﺘطﻠــب اﻟﺤﺼــوﻝ ﻋﻠــﻰ

اﻟﻤﺴـﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﻌﻤـﻝ ﻤـﻊ اﻟﻨﺎﺸـﺌﻴن و اﻟﺸـﺒﺎب ﻟﺘﺤدﻴـد اﻻﻨﺠـﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ وان

ﺘدرﻴب اﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﻴن ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘوﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺠب ان ﻨﺤـدد

اﻨظﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب و اﻻﻟﻌـﺎب اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ و ﻤـن ﻫـذﻩ اﻻﻨظﻤـﺔ ﻨظـﺎم اﻟﺘـدرﻴب ﻟﻠﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻲ

ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺸــﺌﻴن و ﻫــذا ﻤــﺎ ﺴــﻴﻔﺘﺢ ﻤﺠــﺎﻝ واﺴــﻊ اﻤــﺎم اﻟﺒﺤــوث ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻤﺠــﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻌــددة ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠــف

اﻻﻨظﻤــﺔ اﻟرﻴﺎﻀــﻴﺔ ﻟﻘــد ﺨــﺎض اﻟﻛﺜﻴــرون ﻓــﻲ ﻤﺠــﺎﻝ اﻟﺘــﺎﻟﻴف ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺘــدرﻴب و ﺘﻨــﺎوﻟوا ﻓﻴــﻪ

اﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻛﺜﻴرة ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝ اﻟﺘدرﻴب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻴدان اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻟزﻴـﺎدة اﻻﻨﺠـﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎﻝ

اﻻﻋﺠﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘد ارت اﻟﻤﻴداﻨﻴﺔ و ﻴﻘدم اﻟﻴوم اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻻﻨﺠﺎز اﻟرﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﺘﻘـدﻤﺎ ﺴـرﻴﻌﺎ و ﻫـذا

ﻴظﻬر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺎت اﻟرﻗﻤﻴـﺔ و ﻛـذﻟك ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺎت ﻏﻴـر اﻟرﻗﻤﻴـﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻨﺸـﺎﻫدﻩ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺒطـوﻻت

 

اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ واﻻوﻟﻤﺒﻴﺔ واﻟدوﻟﻴﺔ و ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ .

۲­۱ ﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺣﺙ:

 

اﻟﺘـدرﻴب اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻴﺴـﺎﻋد ﺒﺼـورة ﻓﻌﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﺠﺴـﻤﻴﺔ و اﻟﺘﻛﻨﻴﻛﻴـﺔ

واﻟﺘﻛﺘﻴﻛﻴــﺔ و اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌــﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴــﺔ و اﻟذﻫﻨﻴــﺔ و ﺒــﻨﻔس اﻟوﻗــت ﻟــﻪ ﺘــﺎﺜﻴر ﺘرﺒــوي ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﺸﺨﺼــﻴﺔ

اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ و ﻻﻴﻤﻛـن اﻟﻔﺼـﻝ ﺒـﻴن ﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ اﻟرﻴﺎﻀـﻲ ﻤـن ﻋـﺎدات و طﻤـوح و ﻨظـﺎم و اﺤﺘـ ارم

واﻟرﻏﺒـﺔ ﻋـن اﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌـﺔ اﻟﻔﻛرﻴـﺔ و اﻟذﻫﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اﻻد ارك و اﻟﺘﺼـور و اﻻﺒـداع ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
Human Leukocyte Antigen-DP in Acute Nonlymphocytic and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Majid Sakhi Jabir
Published: August 2023

Acute leukemias are characterized by the elonogenic proliferation

 

of haemopoietic progenitor cells arrested in maturation. Clinical

manifestations are related to the infiltration of the bone marrow and other

tissues by the leukemic blasts.

 

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) from luekemic patients

(29)ANLL,(36)ALL and from normal donors(55)were typed for HLA-

DP specificities using microlymphocytotoxicity assay.

 

Results showed frequencies of DPw alleles in ANLL patients were

not significantly different from controls ,exept that in DPw1 was absent

.In contrast ,in ALL,frequencies of DPw2 and DPw5 were significantly

increased (p<0.05, relative risk (RR) = 1.95 and p<0.01, RR=4.27,

respectively.

 

These results ,therefore ,demonstrate both positive negative

associations between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene

products which are in only very weak linkage with the rest of HLA ,and

ALL,ANLL patients.The HLD-DP region could thus contain long sought

– after genes influencing susceptibility and resistance to leukeemogenesis.
The Semantics, Pragmatics and Translation of Speech Acts
Authors: Kadhim M. Sultan
Published: August 2023

Apparently , both semantics and pragmatics appear to deal with the

question of meaning but differ in the way they consider the type of

meaning. On the one hand , semantics is often employed to account for

the truth – condition of an utterance in the abstraction from the context in

which this utterance occurs , as it plays an important role in determining

the truth – conditional meaning on basis of the formal elements

constituting this utterance ( Blakemore , 1987 : 11 ).That is , semantics is

concerned with ‘‘ what does x mean ’’ as Leech (1983:6) puts it . On the

other hand , pragmatics is concerned with those aspects of meaning

attributed to a user of language , or as Leech(ibid.) terms it , ‘‘ what did

you mean by x ’’ .

 

Speech acts are considered as a kind of pragmatic meaning . They

characterize utterances in terms of what they do- their illocution – rather

than what they literally say – their locution . Speech act theory does not

study the structure of language but its function , the structure being only

the vehicle to express the function (meaning) . This paper aims to give a

thorough and comprehensive picture of the semantics and pragmatics of

speech acts and their realizations in English and Arabic . The paper also

aims to look into some problems encountered by translation Arab

students in English / Arabic translation .
ﺃﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﻭﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ – ﻗﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻧﻳﺔ
Authors: ﻡ.ﻡ. ﻋﻁﻳﺔ ﻭﺯﺓ ﻋﺑﻭﺩ
Published: August 2023

اذا ﻛـﺎن ﻻﺒـد ﻤـن ﺘﺤﺴـﻴن اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻻﻨﺘﺎﺠﻴـﺔ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻨـﺎ ان ﻨﻬـﺘم ﺒﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ ﺘﻔﻛﻴـر اﻟطﺎﻟـب

 

اﻟطﺎﻟـب اﻟـذي ﻫـو ﻤﺤـور ﻫـذﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ ﻨﻌـد ﻟـﻪ اﻻﻫﺘﻤـﺎم اﻟـذي ﻴﻨﺎﺴـب اﻟﻤﺴـﺘوى اﻟﻌﻠﻤـﻲ

 

واﻟﺘرﺒوي ٬ ﻟﻘد ﺘوﺴﻊ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻓﻲ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻟ ارﻫن ﺒﻌد اﻟﺘطور اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻲ اﻟذي ط أر ﻋﻠﻰ

 

اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺒوﺠﻪ ﻋﺎم واﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﺒوﺠﻪ ﺨﺎص ٬ ﻓﻠـم ﻴﻌـد ﻴﻘﺘﺼـر ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘﻌﻠـﻴم اﻟﻤـﺎدة اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ

 

٬ واﻨﻤـﺎ ﻴوﺴـﻊ ﺜـروة اﻟطﺎﻟـب اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴـﺔ وزﻴـﺎدة ﻤـﺎ ﻋﻨـدﻩ ﻤـن ﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴم وﻤﻌـﺎرف وﻤﺼـطﻠﺤﺎت ٬

واﻟﻌﻤﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗد ارﺘﻪ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻬم واﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎب .

 

وﻟﻘـد اﻫﺘﻤـت اﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺎت واﻟﻤؤﺴﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﺒﺎﻋـداد اﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻫﺞ اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﺴـب

اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴـﺔ ﺒﻛـﻝ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـر اﻟﻤـﻨﻬﺞ "اﻻﻫـداف ٬ اﻟﻤـﺎدة ٬ اﻟطرﻴﻘـﺔ ٬ اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم " ﺘﻬـﺘم ﺒﻤـﺎ

ﻴﺤـدث ﻋﻨـد اﻟطﺎﻟـب ﻤـن ﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤواﻗـف اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وﺘـزودﻩ ﺒوﺴـﺎﺌﻝ اﻛﺘﺴـﺎب

 

اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﺔ .

 

وﻻﺴـﺘﻤ ارر اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻫﺘﻤـت اﻟﻤؤﺴﺴـﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ واﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﺒﺘطـور اﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻫﺞ اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ

وط ارﺌـق اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ووﺴـﺎﺌﻝ واﺴـﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم "ﺤﻴـث ﺘﺒـدأ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻘـوﻴم ﻤـﻊ ﺒداﻴـﺔ اﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ

ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ او أي ﺒرﻨـﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤـﻲ او ﺘـدرﻴﺒﻲ ٬ وﺘﺴـﺘﻤر ﺨـﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟـﺘﻌﻠم ﺤﺘـﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬـﺎ وﻫـﻲ

اﻟوﺴــــــــﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺘــــــــﻲ ﻴــــــــﺘم اﻟﺤﻛــــــــم ﺒواﺴــــــــطﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠــــــــﻰ ﻤــــــــدى ﺤــــــــدوث اﻟــــــــﺘﻌﻠم"

 

٢١٣) ص .(٢٠١ :

"وﺘﺴﺘﻨد ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘوﻴم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻤﻔﺎدﻫـﺎ ان اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻤﻨظﻤـﺔ

وﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ وﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺘﻬدف اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﻛد ﻤن ﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻷﻫداف وﺘزوﻴد اﻟﻤدرس ﺒﺒﻴﻨﺎت ﻋـن اداﺌـﻪ

 

ﺒﻬدف ﺘﺤﺴﻴن اﺠ ارءات ﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ ٬ وﺘطوﻴر ﺘﻌﻠم اﻟطﺎﻟب " ٢١٥) ص .( ٨٩٣ :

 

وﺘﺒﻨــﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ اﻟﺘﻘــوﻴم ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻋــدد ﻤــن اﻷﺴــس ﺘﻌﻤــﻝ ﺒﻤوﺠﺒﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻨﺠــﺎح اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺔ

 

اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وﻟﻐـرض ﺘﻘـوﻴم اﻟﺘﺤﺼـﻴﻝ اﻟد ارﺴـﻲ ﻤﺘﻌـدد اﻟﺠواﻨـب ﺘـوﻓر اﺴـﺎﻟﻴب ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴـق

 

ذﻟك.
ﺍﺛﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻏﻳﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﻫﻳﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﺻﻳﻝ ﺗﻼﻣﻳﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻳﻡ
Authors: ﺩ. ﺍﺑﺗﺳﺎﻡ ﻣﻭﺳﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻋﺩﻱ
Published: August 2023

ﻫﻨﺎك ﺠﻬود ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴرة ﺒذﻟت ﻤن اﺠﻝ ﺘطوﻴر ﺘدرﻴس اﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻌت ﺠﺎﻫدة ﻟﻠﻤواﻛﺒﺔ

 

اﻟﺘﻘدم اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺸود ﻓﻲ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ٬ اﻻ اﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ازﻟت ﻤﻘﻴدة ﺒﺄﺴﺎﻟﻴب ﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺴﺎدت اﻟﻤﺎﻀﻲ

 

وﺒﻘﻲ ﺘدرﻴﺴﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤد اﻻﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺔ ﺒدﻻً ﻤن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ اﻻﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘدرﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻻﻛﺜر ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ٬ اذ ﻨﺠد

 

اﻨﻬﺎ ﻗد اﻫﻤﻠت اﺜر اﻟطﺎﻟب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ واوﻟت اﻟﻤدرس اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻛﺒﻴ ار واﻋطﺘﻪ اﻻﺜر

 

اﻟرﻴﺎدي ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ٬ ﺒﻌﻛس ﻤﺎ ﻨﺎدت ﺒﻪ اﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ اﻟﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ( اﻟﺴﺎﻋدي ٬

 

( ٢٠٠٠٬٢ .

 

وﻗد اوﺼﻰ اﻟﻤؤﺘﻤر اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻘد ﻓﻲ ﻤﻛﺔ اﻟﻤﻛرﻤﺔ (١٩٩٧ ) ﺒﻀرورة اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗ ارءاة

 

اﻟﻘ ارن وﺤﻔظﻪ اﺒﺘداءاً ﻤن اﻟﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻟﺘوﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴر واﻟﻔﻬم اﻟدﻗﻴق ﻟﻠﺼﻔوف اﻟﻤﺘﻘدﻤﺔ

 

وﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻌود اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴذ ﻤﻨذ اﻟﺒداﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻼوة اﻟﻘ ارن وﺘدﺒر اﻴﺎﺘﻪ واﻟﻔﻬم اﻟواﺴﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ اﻟﻛرﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻘوﻟﻪ

 

ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ ( ورﺘﻝ اﻟﻘ ارن ﺘرﺘﻴﻼً ( (اﻟﻤزﻤﻝ (٤ / (ﻋﺒد اﷲ واﺨرون .( ٧٢ : ١٩٩١ ٬

 

وﺠﺎءت ﺘوﺼﻴﺎت ورﻗﺔ اﻟﻨﻬوض اﻟﺘرﺒوي ﺘﺒﻴﻴن ذﻟك ٬ اذ ﺘؤﻛد اﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻔﻬم اﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴذ اﻟﻘ ارن

 

اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ٬ً ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ان ﻴﻔﻬم اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم ﺒﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻤﺘﻛﺎﻤﻝ ٬

 

وان ﻴﻛون ذﻟك ﻤن دون اﺠﺘﻬﺎدات واﻴﻀﺎً ﻀرورة اﻴﺠﺎد وﺒﻨﺎء اﺴس ﺨطﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻟﻘ ارن اﻟﻛرﻴم واﻟﺘرﺒﻴﺔ

 

اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ واﻻﺠ ارءات اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ واﻟﻛﺘب واﻟﺨطط اﻟد ارﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﺘﻘوﻴم واﻻﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎت

 

واﻻﻋداد واﻟﺘدرﻴب واﻻﻨﺸطﺔ (ﻨﺼﻴف واﺨرون .(١٩٩٤:٩ ٬

 

وﺘوﺼﻲ د ارﺴﺔ ( اﻟﺒ ازز ( ١٩٩٤ ٬ ﺒﺎﻟﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀرورة اﻗﺎﻤﺔ دو ارت ﺘﻨﺸﻴطﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﻴرة ﻓﻲ

 

ﻤﺠﺎﻝ اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴر واﻟﺘﻼوة ﻤﻊ زﻴﺎدة اﻟﺠواﻨب اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺘدرﻴﺒﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟزﻴﺎدة ﻛﻔﺎﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن

 

واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻠﻴم ﻤﺴؤوﻟﻴﺔ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن ذوي ﻛﻔﺎﻴﺔ

 

ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ٬ اذ اﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤث ﺒذﻟك اﻟﺠﺎﻨب ﻤن اﻟﻤﻨظور اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﺘذﻟﻴﻝ ﺼﻌوﺒﺎت ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة واﻴﺠﺎد

 

ﺴﺒﻝ ووﺴﺎﺌﻝ ﺘطوﻴرﻫﺎ ٬ وﺘﺄﻛﻴد ﻀرورة اﻋداد اﻟﻤﻌﻠم اﻋداداً ﻴﻨﺴﺠم ﻤﻊ ﺘدرﻴس ﺘﺘﻠك اﻟﻤﺎدة ( اﻟﺒ ازز ٬

 

(١٩٩٤:٥٣ .
ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﻋﺯﻭﻑ ﻁﻠﺑﺔ ﻛﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻁﺑﻳﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﻳﺔ
Authors: ﺃ.ﻡ.ﺩ.ﻣﻧﻰ ﻁﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺩﺭﻱ  , ﻡ. ﻋﺑﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻭﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻭﺩ
Published: August 2023

إن ﻓـن اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ﻴﺘطـور ﻤـن ﺨـﻼﻝ اﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘـرﺒط ﻤﺒـﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم اﻟﻔﻌـﺎﻝ ﺒﻤﺠـﺎﻻت أداء

اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن داﺨـﻝ اﻟﺼـف ٬ وﻫـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻨﻘـﻴض ﻤـن اﻟﺘوﺠﻬـﺎت اﻟﻘدﻴﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﻛﺎﻨـت ﺘﻌﺘﻤـد ﻓـﻲ

ﺘﻘوﻴم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴن ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﺘرﻛﻴز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن ﻛﻤؤﺸـ ارت ﻤﻔﺘرﻀـﺔ ﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم

ﻓـﻲ ﺤـﻴن ﻨـرى إن اﻟﺘوﺠـﻪ اﻟﺤـدﻴث ﻓـﻲ ﺘﻘـوﻴم اﻟﻤﻌﻠـم ﻴﺠـب أن ﻴرﻛـز ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗدرﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺘرﺠﻤـﺔ

 

ﺤﺠم اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﻌرﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻤرﺘﺒطﺔ ﺒﻔن اﻟﺘدرﻴس واﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘرﺠم إﻟﻰ ﺨطوات ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ .

وﺤﺴـب اﻋﺘﻘـﺎد ﺒﻌـض اﻟﺘرﺒـوﻴﻴن ﻤـن إن اﻟﺘـدرﻴب اﻟﻛﺎﻤـﻝ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤـواد اﻟد ارﺴـﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻫـو

ﻤطﻠب ﻤﺴﺒق أﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻷﻴﺔ د ارﺴﺔ ﺠدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠـم اﻟﺘـدرﻴس وﻤـن اﻟﻤﻬﻤـﺎت اﻟواﻀـﺤﺔ واﻟﻼزﻤـﺔ

ﻟﺘطﺒﻴـــق ﻫـــذا اﻟﺘوﺠـــﻪ ﻫـــو ﺘﺤدﻴـــد ﻤﻌـــﺎﻟم ﻫـــذﻩ اﻟﻤﺒـــﺎدئ واﻟﺨﺎﺼـــﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘـــدرﻴس اﻟﻔﻌـــﺎﻝ

 

:٢٨) ص (٧ .

إن إﻋـداد ﻤﻌﻠـم اﻟﻤدرﺴـﺔ اﻻﺒﺘداﺌﻴـﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠـف إﻟـﻰ ﺤـد ﻛﺒﻴـر ﻤـن ﺒﻠـد إﻟـﻰ آﺨـر ﻤـن ﺤﻴـث ﻤـدة

اﻟد ارﺴﺔ ٬ وﻤؤﻫﻼت اﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎق ٬ وﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘدرﻴب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘـدرﻴس ٬ واﻟﻤـواد اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ اﻟﻤﺘـوﻓرة ﻟـدى

اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻋﻨد اﻟﺘدرﻴب وﻨوع اﻟد ارﺴﺔ . وﺒﻤﺎ أن ﻹﻋداد اﻟﻤﻌﻠم أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﻴرة ﻗﺒﻝ اﻟﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻘد اﻫﺘم

اﻟﺘرﺒوﻴــون واﻟﻤﺸــرﻓون ﺒﻬــذا اﻟﺠﺎﻨــب وﺒﺸــﻛﻝ ﻓﻌــﺎﻝ ﻤــن ﺨــﻼﻝ ﺘدرﻴﺴــﻬم ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻫــد ودور

وﻛﻠﻴـﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤـﻴن .... اﻨﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم ﻟﻬـﺎ ﻋـدة ﻤﺘطﻠﺒـﺎت ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺘـوى واﻟطﺎﻟـب وأﺴـﺎﻟﻴب

وط ارﺌق اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم وأﺴﺎﻟﻴب اﻟﺘﻘوﻴم وﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻤطﻠب ﻗد ﺘﺘواﺠد ﻤﻌوﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ طرق ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ ٬ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ

ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻛـﺎﻟﺘردد واﻟﻘﻠـق ﻋﻨـد اﻟﻘﻴـﺎم ﺒﻤﻬﻤـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴم وﻗـد ﻴﻌـود اﻟﺴـﺒب أﺤﻴﺎﻨـﺎ ﻓـﻲ

ذﻟك ﻟﻌـدم ﻤﻤﺎرﺴـﺔ اﻟﺘـدرﻴب واﻟـدروس اﻟﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ أﺜﻨـﺎء اﻹﻋـداد وﻗﺒـﻝ اﻟﺨدﻤـﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﻠﻴـﺔ ٬ إﻀـﺎﻓﺔ

إﻟـﻰ ﻨﻘـص اﻟﻤﻌﻠوﻤـﺎت . ﻛﻤـﺎ أن اﻟﺘﻐﻴـ ارت اﻟﺴـرﻴﻌﺔ واﻟﻤﺴـﺘﻤرة ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠـف ﻤﺠـﺎﻻت اﻟﺤﻴـﺎة

أدت إﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴر دور اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ وﻗد اﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼـون ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻝ اﻟﺘرﺒـوي

ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻤﻌﻠم ﻫـو ﺤﺠـر اﻟ ازوﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴـﺔ وان ﻛـﺎن ﻴﺸـﻛﻝ اﺤـد ﻋﻨﺎﺼـرﻫﺎ ﻹﺤـداث

اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴـر اﻟﺸـﺎﻤﻝ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﻠوﻛﻴﺎت واﺴـﺘﻌدادات اﻷﻓـ ارد ﻤـن اﺠـﻝ اﻟوﺼـوﻝ إﻟـﻰ ﺨﻠـق اﻟﻤـواطن

 

اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨدﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻪ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻤﻪ وﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴدﻩ.
Review of the collection of underwings Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Erebinae: Catocalini) of the Museum of Nature of the V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
Authors: Guglya Yu. O. , Geryak Yu. M.
Published: August 2023

A complete annotated list of the underwings Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Erebinae: Catocalini) of the lepidopterological collection of the Museum of Nature of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University is provided. In general, the Museum’s collection of underwings consists of 603 specimens of 48 species collected over the past 140 years in Ukraine and several other countries, mainly in the territory of the former USSR. Among them, Catocala lesbia Christoph, 1887 recorded for the first time in Armenia, C. afghana Swinhoe, 1885 — in Uzbekistan, and C. conversa (Esper, 1783) — in Kharkiv Region of Ukraine. At the same time, several species presented in the collection are generally little-known, locally distributed and rare
RETROPERITONEAL UNICENTRIC CASTLEMANS DISEASE – A RARE CASE REPORT
Authors: D. Makasana Monali , Gadhavee Jyoti , K. Patel Krishna , B Gandhi Minesh , Goyal Anjali , K Shah Cherry
Published: August 2023

Castleman disease is characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue. Clinically it presents in two forms either a unicentric or multricentric. Most
common location is mediastinum, neck, axilla and pelvis. Unicentric retroperitoneal location is rare. Three general histologic patterns are seen in
Castleman disease: (1) Hyaline vascular (2) hypervascular (3) Plasma cell rich, mainly seen in patients with multicentric disease. 49 Case report
year female came to our hospital with complaint of generalized abdominal pain since 1.5 months. Physical examination was unremarkable. No
history of any oswellings in any part of her body. HIV, HBsAg and Anti-HCV antibodies were negative. Other investigations including
hematological and biochemical tests were normal. The chest X-ray did not reveal any mediastinal mass. The CT IVP ndings are suggestive of a
well dened intensely homogenously enhancing soft tissue density lesion in anterior para renal space on left side with adjacent fat stranding and
enlarged lymph nodes. Possibility of 1) arteriovenous malformation 2) Reactive lymphoproliferative disease 3) Castleman disease. Complete
surgical excision was done. Pathological ndings showed localized hyaline vascular type of Castleman's disease.
UNUSUAL CASE OF ISOLATED SUPERIOR RECTUS MYOCYSTICERCOSIS
Authors: Shrinkha Shrinkha , Garg Pragati
Published: August 2023

Background: Human cysticercosis, one of the important zoonosis, caused by the parasitic infection by the larval form of Taenia solium, namely
cysticercus cellulosae, can have varied ocular manifestations. The unusual ocular manifestations can sometimes be misleading to the clinician.
This case represents an unusual case of isolated left eye superior rectus myocysticercosis mimicking as neurological cause. We Case summary:
present here a case of 18 years old boy, with chief complaint of redness in left eye and double vision in downgaze for last 9 months. On detailed
evaluation, he was diagnosed with isolated left eye superior rectus ocular myocysticercosis. Patient was given oral albendazole and oral steroids for
30 days. Patient showed signicant clinical and radiological improvement with the treatment. Patient was taught about sanitary hygiene and good
cooking habits. The isolated involvement of left eye superior rectus muscle, wi Observation: thout cerebral and intraocular manifestation might
create clinical dilemma. A strong suspicion and detailed investigation, in atleast cysticercosis endemic areas is required to early diagnose and
manage ocular cysticercosis. A strong suspicion and through investigation can be Conclusion: very helpful in early diagnosis and management of
ocular cysticercosis
STUDY OF CORRELATION BETWEEN THROMBOCYTOPENIAAND FUNGAL URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN NEONATES
Authors: Khan Shahrukh
Published: August 2023

Background: Thrombocytopenia is thought to be as an early marker of infection in neonate. Fungal infection is associated with greater degree of
thrombocytopenia as compared to bacterial infection ( either gram positive or gram negative organisms). Urine Culture is less invasive and may be
more safer and can help in early diagnosis of fungal infection whenever there is thrombocytopenia and other clinical features of fungal infection,
specially preterm neonates admitted in NICU. Aims and Objectives: To study the correlation of thrombocytopenia in neonate and fungal Urinary
tract infection. Materials and Methods:This retrospective study was conducted from 1st July 2022 to 31st December 2022 in the NICU of MGM
medical college and M.Y.hospital, Indore, Madhyapradesh. Out of 131 urine samples sent, 49 neonates with UTI were included and grouped into
fungal and bacterial urinary tract infection as per the growth of organisms. Urine cultures were done on Automated BacT/Alert 3 D Rapid Bacterial
Culture System. Platelet count was measured by automated cell counter and on peripheral smear by Pathologist. Thrombocytopenia was dened as
platelet count less than 150000/mm3. The data was analyzed using Chi Square test. Results: 33 (67%) and 16 (33%) cultures were positive for
bacterial and fungal UTI respectively. Thrombocytopenia seen in 14(87.5%) fungal urinary tract infection as compared to 05(15.15%) bacterial
urinary tract infection group which was statistically signicant. (P<0.05). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia was signicantly associated with
fungal urinary tract infection in neonate and can be taken as marker of fungal infection.
A STUDY ON COMPARISION OF SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS IN MUCOSAL AND SQUAMOUS TYPE OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA
Authors: Ray Debabrata , Agarwal Chandresh , Aggarwal Anubhav
Published: August 2023

Introduction:- Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM cause hearing impairment in about13.8- 36.2% of the people. Mainly people have conductive hearing loss. However, some people reported sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) do occur. The cause of SNHL can be through pus or infected tissue in middle ear which is concentrated at the round window thereby encouraging absorption through the round window leading to chemical contamination of the perilymph. To compare sensorineural hearing loss in Aim:- mucosal and squamous type of chronic suppurative otitis media. This is a observational study conducted in the Department Materials And Methods:- of Otorhinolaryngology in Saraswathi Institute Of Medical Science, Pilkhuwa. 30 cases of mucosal type CSOM and 30 cases of squamosal type CSOM in an age group of 10-50 years. A detailed history was taken from the patient and examined properly and each patient investigated with pure tone audiometry under the frequencies of 1 KHz, 2 KHz,3KHz and 4 KHz . SNHL develops as a sequel to both mucosal and squamous CSOM. Its incidence in Results: creases as the age of the patients increases. There is relation of age of the patients and different frequencies to the occurrence of SNHL but no relation with gender. The prevalence of SNHL was more in squamous CSOM and it was proved to be statistically signicant.
PHARMACEUTICAL MODIFICATION OF HINGWASHTAKA CHURNA INTO ARKA (DISTILLATE) FORM
Authors: Raghuveer Raghuveer , T. S. Akshatha , Priyanka Priyanka
Published: August 2023

Numerous dosage forms, including churna, vati, avaleha, modaka, asava-arishta, and others, were described in Ayurveda. The acharyas have
granted freedom to create various formulas. The colour and taste of Ayurvedic medicines are now drawing increasing attention from society. By
making simple changes, we can alter the colour and avour of Ayurvedic medications. The best technique to present Ayurvedic medicines in a fresh
way is through pharmaceutical modication. One Ayurvedic medicine in the powder form with signicant therapeutic value is Hingwashtaka
churna. Due to its palatability, distinctive fragrance, and colour, form, it is considered to be challenging to deliver to children. Here's an attempt to
make Arka (Distillate) from Hingwashtaka churna, changing the medication's solid (powder) form to liquid. Prepared Arka (Distillate) was
administered to different age grouped healthy volunteers; feedback was good in terms of palatability.
CARDIAC DYSPHONIA –UNUSUAL CASE SERIES WITH REVIEW
Authors: Valliappan Valliammai , Rajeevan Anjali , Subramaniam Somasundaram , Lenin Pradhap
Published: August 2023

Background: Dysphonia is a common symptom routinely encountered in patients in Otorhinolaryngology department. We are reporting three
cases of dysphonia secondary to cardiovascular pathology, better known as Ortner's or cardiovocal syndrome. We are publishing these cases
because of the rare and interesting associations. Very few case reports have been published till date. The rst case described is a Case presentation:
24 year old man diagnosed with severe pulmonary hypertension causing pressure over the recurrent laryngeal nerve leading on to cardiovocal
syndrome.The other cases reported are in elderly men with Ortner's syndrome secondary to aortic aneurysm. This case series Conclusion:
emphasize on the multidisciplinary approach needed in diagnosis
FUNCTIONAL AND RADIOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF UNSTABLE INTERTROCHANTERIC FRACTURES USING DYNAMIC HIP SCREW (DHS)
Authors: Nazir Bhat Aamir , Hussain Lone Aadil , Ahmad Rather Aabid , Ali Zameer , Nazir Qanoongo Owais
Published: August 2023

The Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) enables the proximal fragment to collapse in a controlled and concentric fashion, thereby locating its own position
of maximum stability. The present prospective study was conducted in the Post Graduate Department of Orthopedics, SKIMS, MCH Bemina,
Srinagar on 60 patients with unstable inter-trochanteric fractures and treated with an additional Trochanteric Stabilization Plate (TSP) imposed on
the regular Dynamic Hip Screw with the aim to determine the functional and radiological outcome of the Dynamic Hip Screw in treating unstable
inter-trochanteric fractures. The data was collected and recorded in Microsoft Excel sheet. The data was analysed with SPSS version 22.0. It was
observed that the most (26.6%) of the study subjects were in the age group of 51-60 years and the male to female ratio was 1.85:1. The most
common type of fracture was 31A2.2 that was 50% of study subjects and involved left side mostly. The average time for radiological union was
23.5 weeks. 18 (30%) patients reported excellent results, 33 (55%) patients reported good results and 9 (15%) patients reported fair results. 23%
patients were reported with complications. It is concluded that concluded that DHS provide a better functional and radiological outcome in patients
with unstable inter-trochanteric fractures.
ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CAUDATE LOBE OF LIVER AND ITS CLINICOEMBRYOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Maurya Sweta , Markam Yamini
Published: August 2023

Summary Introduction: The caudate lobe is one of four anatomical lobes of the liver. It has portal blood supply and hepatic vein drainage
independent of the remainder of the liver and may be differentially affected in liver pathologies. The study was carried out Material And Method:
on 30 adult cadaveric livers available in the Department of Anatomy, VMMC and Safdarjung Hospital in which morphology, morphometry and
variations were noted. The caudate lobe showed a wide range of variations. Caudat Result: e lobe was present in all 30 specimens of liver out of
which, 16 specimens showed rectangular shape (53.33%), 3 triangular (10%), 3 elongated (10%),2 oval (6.6%), 2 inverted ask (6.6%),1 pear
(3.3%), 1 irrregular (3.3%). The variations of the caudate lobe should be kept in mind in order to Clinical Implications: achieve correct
preoperative diagnosis, thus it will be helpful for the surgeon in planning for surgeries on caudate lobe of liver. The present study Conclusion:
strives to elucidate a detailed morphological account of the caudate lobe of liver .These ndings are of immense value for both pre-operative
evaluation and post- operative care of the patient.
EFFECTIVENESS OF WORKSHOP ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING ADMINISTRATION OF INOTROPIC DRUGS AMONG STAFF NURSES WORKING IN SELECTED HOSPITALS: A STUDY PROTOCOL
Authors: Madhukarrao Wankar Vaishali , Prakash Makasare Nutan
Published: August 2023

Background: Inappropriate use of inotropes has devastating and harmful effects on critically ill patients and Nurses have great responsibility for the administration of these medications. Nursing Staff who provided care to patients receiving inotropic drugs in a medical or surgical unit must have a piece of adequate knowledge about its administration. Studies had shown that the important factor contributing to medication administration errors in hospitals was inadequate knowledge. The workshop is an effective method to gain and retain knowledge Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of workshop on knowledge regarding the administration of inotropic drugs among staff Nurses working in selected hospitals. Material and methods: Pre experimental one group pre-test post-test design will be used. By simple random sampling technique, 80 staff nurses will be selected from selected hospitals in Nagpur. The tool consists of a self-structured knowledge questionnaire based on the administration of th inotropic drugs. After performing pre-test and conduction of workshop on administration of inotropic drugs, the post-test will be conducted on 7 day. The validity and reliability of the self-structured knowledge questionnaire will be assessed by appropriate procedures and statistical methods. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for the analysis of data. Expected outcomes: expected improvement in the knowledge score of Staff Nurses will be about 60% after conducting a workshop regarding the administration of inotropic drugs. Limitations: The study will be conducted in selected areas of Nagpur city only. Conclusion: In-service education regarding the administration of inotropic drugs is vital for improving the knowledge of Nurses for best clinical practices. Workshop is one of the best methods to enhance the knowledge of staff Nurses which will contribute to better management of patients receiving inotropic drugs.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ORAL TIZANIDINE AND ORAL TRAMADOL ON INTRA- AND POST-OPERATIVE SHIVERING IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING SPINAL ANAESTHESIA FOR TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF PROSTATE- A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL STUDY.
Authors: A. Asha. , R.Karthik M.
Published: August 2023

Introduction: Hypothermia can complicate Transurethral resection of prostate(TURP) and especially geriatric patients are predisposed to the risk
of hypothermia induced shivering under anaesthesia. Shivering escalates oxygen consumption, lactic acidosis and carbon dioxide production, thus
predisposing a patient with low cardiopulmonary reserve to potential harm. Various drugs have undergone investigative trial to reduce
perioperative shivering with more or less similar efcacy. Materials and Methods:Aprospective, double blind, randomised study was conducted
on 90 patients belonging to age group 40-80 years, ASA PS 1 & 2 posted for elective surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Group A received oral
tramadol 50mg (n=30), Group B received oral tizanidine 4mg (n=30), Group C received oral placebo (n=30), all at 90 minutes before spinal
anaesthesia. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, arterial oxygen saturation, skin surface temperature were recorded at the beginning,
then every 10 minutes during the operation. The incidence of nausea, vomiting, frequency of shivering during surgery and recovery were recorded.
The observed data were analysed by SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel 2016. Result: In terms of frequency of shivering during surgery, signicant
difference was seen between tramadol and placebo(p=0.04) and between tizanidine and placebo(p=0.04). A signicant difference was observed
between tramadol and placebo(p=0.0001) and between tizanidine and placebo(p=0.0001) with respect to severity of shivering. A signicant
difference was noted between tizanidine and the other two groups in terms of sedation, calculated by modied Ramsay sedation score (p=0.0001).
Conclusion:Both oral tramadol and oral tizanidine were equally effective in prevention of postspinal shivering with stable hemodynamics.
Anatomical differences in the arrangement of the brain and mouthparts in some Malawian grasshoppers
Authors: POPHAM E.I. , TEMBO C.
Published: August 2023

Some Malawian grasshoppers superficially resemble dried grass. In Acanthoxia gladiator Westwood, the head is elongated anterior to the eyes, but posterior to then Acrida sulphuripennis (Gerstoeck). Associated differences in the positions of the cerebral ganglia and in the form of the mouthparts are described
Resistance to yellow borer, Tryporyza incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in rice varieties
Authors: AKINSOLA E.A.
Published: August 2023

Fifty-seven rice varieties reported by other workers as possessing some resistance to the yellow borer, Tryporyza incertulas (Walker) and to some other insect pests and diseases of rice were intensively screened in field and greenhouse experiments. Only 6 out of these exhibited some resistance. Two varieties WC 1253 and WC 1251 were consistently more resistant than the others both in terms of larval survival and development. In the field screening, observations made at 35 and 55 days after transplanting were positively correlated. The expression of resistance in the field, however, differed from the observations made in the screenhouse as a result of the complex nature of the borer species in the field.
On the morphology of reproductive organs in the grass midge, Orseola difficilis Gagne (Cecidomyidae: Diptera)
Authors: ANSARI M.H. , PANDEY P.N.
Published: August 2023

The reproductive organs of the grass-midge. Orseolia difficilis Gagne are described. The egg laying apparatus is simple and lamellate, but the ovary is characteristic; it possesses about 75 ovarioles arranged like a bunch of grapes. Each ovariole has a large ripe ovum and a small unripe ovum. The male genitalia is simple but sclerotized. The testes are unique in having a terminal filament.
Reproductive status of a wild population of Glossina tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: TENABE S.O.
Published: August 2023

Data on the reproductive capacity of a wild population of female Glossina could indicate whether a population is under stress or is likely to collapse. Such data are of primary importance in a tsetse control programme involving the use of the Sterile Insect Technique. A total of 2,176 Glossina tachinoides were collected using Challier and Laveissiere traps. Out of this, 50.28 percent (i.e. 1,094) were females. Three hundred females (27.4 percent of the total females) were examined for the occurrence of mating scars and were dissected for an evaluation of follicular development, spermathecal filling and uterine content. The results showed that 68 percent of the females were parous, 82 percent of the total females or 96.5 percent of the females older than 10 days were inseminated with motile sperm and 18 percent were virgin. Three percent of the females had two pairs of mating scars indicating that they had mated twice and 2.7 percent showed evidence of reproductive abnormality which suggested abortion. The low incidence of reproductive abnormality in this species indicates that the population was well fed, the female were reproducing normally and there was no evidence of adverse stress conditions often imposed on the species by the environment.
Effects of nitrogen atmosphere on the adult and immature stages of some stored products insects.
Authors: ODEYEMI O.O. , O.A. AKINNUSI
Published: August 2023

The use of an inert gas-Nitrogen-to replace the traditional methods of insect control in stored products was tested. The exposure time required to achieve a 100percent kill of different stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and adults) of Dinoderus porcellus Lense, Lasioderma serricorne (F), Callosobruchus maculatus (F), Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Dermestes maculatus DeG. and Necrobia rufipes Deg. was investigated. The insects were exposed to nitrogen atmosphere in metal minisilos at an ambient temperature and relative humidity of 29.90°C and 67.3 percent respectively. It was found that the minimum exposure time required to achieve a 100 percent mortality of adult insects at 28 -2°C was 78 hrs for Dinoderus porcellus, 63hrs for Lasioderma serricorne, 99hrs for Collosobruchus, 72hrs for Rhyropertha dominica, 63 for Dermestes maculatus and 54hrs for Necrobia rufipes
An ecological survey of acridoid grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in the middle belt of Nigeria
Authors: OYIDI OBA
Published: August 2023

An ecological survey of acridoid grasshoppers was conducted in the northern Guinea/southern Guinea and derived savanna zones of the Middle Belt of Nigeria. Thirteen subfamilies, 83 genera and 114 acridoid species were encountered. One subfamily (Euschrnidtinae) two genera (Glyphoclonus and Euschmidtia) and three species. Afroxyrrhepes acuticerus (Tropidopolinae), Glyphoclonus miripennis (Acridinae) and Elischmidlia congona are new records for Nigeria. Also new are three subfamilies six genera and seven species of Tetrigidae namely Xerophyllum species (indeterminate), Pantelia horrenda, Trachytettix alatus, and Dasyleurotettix infaustus Xerophylinae Phloeonotus humilis, P masaiensis (Batrachideinae) and a Tetriginae whose genus and species are indeterminate and are probably new to science. The indeterminate. Xerophyllum species was described and named X. esebile whilst the indeterminate genius and species was described and named Adeletia aleareca. Several acridoid species were ecologically very plastic whilst many others showed ecological restriction. Several forest species were found in the derived savanna zone and most of them belonged to the Catantopinae. Many species were hygrophilous and were usually found in wet habitats. Five pest species namely Zonocerus variegatus, cataloipus fuscocoeruleipes, Hierogtypnus aaganensis, Kraussaria angutifera and Oedaleus Senegalesis were encountered. Zonocerus attacked seedling sorghum and millet in the northern Guinea savanna of Niger state and cassava in the derived savanna of Kwara state. Cataloipus and Heiroglyphus attacked millet, maize, rice and sorghum in the derived savanna of Kaduna slate, Kraussaria and Oedateus did not Occur in pest proportion and no crops were damaged by them.
The significance of multiple mating and mixed insemination by sterile and fertile males of Glossina PaipaJis Palpalis
Authors: TENABE S.O.
Published: August 2023

The influence of the duration of intervals between successive copulation of sterile and fertile males on female fecundity in Glossina palpalis palpalis was examined. Result indicated that there was no different in the receptivity of females to alternate mating chances with sterile or fertile males from 3 mating tests carried out within an interval of 24 hours. when females were 3 days old. Older females were less receptive to multiple mating. The first mating had a predominant effect on the productivity of the twice or thrice muted females. However sperm mixing was likely to have occurred in the spermathecae since the second or third mating with either sterile or fertile mall’s produced significant effects on the productivity of the mated females. This was irrespective of the order in which the types of males were presented. Where mixed insemination occurred. the sterile sperm from males treated with 12 had gamma rays in air were found to be competitive with fertile sperm in G.p. palpalis. Because multiple mating behaviour affects the ultimate goal of the Sterile Insect Technique only if the sperm from the sterile insects arc not competitive. multiple mating and mixed insemination in G p. palpalis are not likely to be detrimental to the success of sterile Insect Technique for tsetse control.
Pest control in maize: Search for source of resistance to stem borers
Authors: OGUNWOLU E.O. , NWOSU K.
Published: August 2023

The relative response of 48 maize cultivars to infestation by stem borers, predominantly Sesamia calamistis Hmps., was determined in replicated small plot tests spanning 3 years (1975 to 1977) at Amakama. Cultivars showed ·no significant differences (P = 0.05) for average number of eggs/plant and mean % stand loss. The year effect was highly significant (P <0.01) for average number of eggs/plant and mean % stand loss. Cultivar x year interaction was not significant for both characters. Gravid moths deposited from 0.3 to 5.1 eggs/plant, apparently preferring Poey B 15, Poey T 84, Bulk-3, Inia VS 450, FARZ 23, and Onitsha to Ikom, UCA, Okoma, ICA H302, and H-101. Larval feeding injury caused the loss of 38.1 to 87.7% of the population of maize stands established, showing that none of the test cultivars has the potential to serve as a source of genes conferring resistance against borers. Ikom and Inia VS 450 were the least susceptible to borer feeding injury.
Observations on the efficiency of two new monitoring devices for storage insect pests
Authors: AYERTEY J.N.
Published: August 2023

In preliminary trials carried out in Kano, Nigeria, two new insect detection devices, a corrugated paper insect trap containing a synthetic pheromone as well as a food lure, and a plastic probe trap, were separately compared with other devices used for monitoring insect pest infestation of stored products in a standard grain store and a traditional granary. Significantly more insect pests were trapped in the store with the corrugated paper trap than with the other devices used. In the traditional granary, significantly more insect pests were caught with the plastic probe trap; with or without food lure, than from visual examination of grain samples. The prospects for the use of these devices in early detection of insect infestation in grain stores and granaries at the small-scale farmer level are discussed.
Evaluation of insecticides and mulching materials for control of the tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera Hubner, at Kadawa, Nigeria
Authors: UVAH I.I., , AJAYI O. , OLAREWAJU J.D
Published: August 2023

An investigation was conducted to evaluate insecticides and mulching materials for the control of Helicoverpa (heliothis) damage to tomato fruits. The results revealed that permethrin (Ambush) ulv and cypermethrin/dimethoate (Cymbush Super ED) significantly controlled Helicoverpa damage to tomato fruits while decamethrin (Decis) ulv, cypermethrin ulv and dimethoate (Rogor) ec were ineffective. The level of fruitworm damage decreased with increase in the frequency of spray application. Lower fruitworm damage occurred on tomatoes mulched with grass than with maize or sorghum stalks. The generally low level of Helicoverpa damage failed to influence yield in the three experiments.
The susceptibility of a mosquito species (Culex pipiens quinquefasclatus) to the insecticides, malathion, DDT and UBMT in the Sudan savanna zone of Nigeria
Authors: MOLTA N.B. , GADZAMA N.M. , STANSFIELD F.
Published: August 2023

The susceptibility of adult females of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus to malathion, dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), and 1 – (- dimethylaminobenzylidene) – 3 -methylthiotriazene (DBMT) was assessed by residual application using the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) standard susceptibility test method on the Main Campus, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Also the susceptibility and contact bioassay studies were carried out on the larvae of this species for malathion and DBMT. The results obtained indicate that DBMT has insecticidal property on both larval and adult C.p. quinquefasciatus. Of the three insecticides tested, malathion was the most effective at high concentration while DBMT was the most effective at low concentration. C.p. quinquefasciatus has high resistance to DDT. The larvae were more susceptible to malathion than DBMT, the latter being poorly larvicidal. The results of the residual application test on a concrete wall surface indicate that malathion is much more stable than DBMT.
A Comprehensive Analysis of an Angular-Motion Electromechanical Device: Switching, Nonlinear-Averaged, and Small-Signal Linear Models
Authors: Campos-Salazar Jose M.
Published: August 2023

This paper presents a unified analysis of an integrated electromechanical system and a two-level full-bridge dc-dc converter. The study seeks to prove the feasibility and the behavior of the system using simulations. The analysis includes a stability study and reveals low-pass filter and amplifier characteristics in the transfer functions. The simulations confirm the stability of the system and provide valuable insights into its dynamics, providing a solid basis for further research and optimization of control strategies.
Digital Accessibility for People with Special Needs: Conceptual Models and Innovative Ecosystems
Authors: Dimitrova Maya , Bogdanova Galina , Noev Nikolay , Sabev Negoslav , Angelov Georgi , Paunski Yasen , Ekmekci Mirena Todorova - , Krastev Aleksandar
Published: August 2023

Digital technologies in present day interconnect globally, providing a dynamic environment to support the educational needs of any learner within a novel technological ecosystem. The paper discusses the identified aspects of providing relevant digital accessibility to learners with various needs by this ecosystem, such as sensor support, knowledge provision from a variety of digital and non-digital repositories, and support to the motivation of the learner to acquire better knowledge in the classroom, museum, or in rehabilitation. A novel tool for assessment of such technological ecosystems, called Accessibility Barometer, is described.
Synthetic Realities in the Digital Age: Navigating the Opportunities and Challenges of AI-Generated Content
Authors: Wang Yifei
Published: August 2023

In the age of rapid technological evolution, synthetic realities and AI-generated content are transforming the very fabric of digital interaction. This article delves into the multifaceted landscape of artificial intelligence's role in the creation of auto-generated content, spanning text, images, videos, and 3D mediums. The challenges posed by such developments—ranging from misinformation campaigns to threats against traditional forensics—are examined in depth. At the same time, the article highlights emergent opportunities in the realms of security, privacy, and digital forensics that are spurred by these AI advancements. Within this discourse, the paper seeks to propose robust policies and regulatory frameworks that can uphold the integrity of digital media while ensuring societal safety. Balancing ethical considerations, the article underscores the necessity of international cooperation, technological innovation, and public awareness to navigate the transformative potential of synthetic media. Through a blend of case studies, future projections, and policy discussions, the article offers a comprehensive perspective on the intricate interplay between AI-enabled content and societal implications.
Role of Visfatin Chemerin with Type Two Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mohammed Sulaiman Maad , Nafi Salih Khalid , Abdullah Alazzawy Muhannad
Published: August 2023

A cross-sectional study  was carried out in Kirkuk city from December 2016 to March 2017. The number of diabetic patients understudy were 180 whose ages were between 21-81 years old. These patients admitted to Kirkuk General Hospital and primary health care centers of Kirkuk first health care sector. The control group who were matched to the diabetic patients studied, included  90 healthy blood donors. Blood was collected for assessment of HbA1c test, blood glucose level, visfatin and chemerin levels. The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients comparing with healthy control ( 6.22±2.17 v.s. 3.54±1.91 ng/ml). The study showed that the highest mean level of chemerin was found in diabetic patients comparing with healthy control (146.13±12.67 v.s. 92.17±8.01 ng/ml). The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients who have elevated level of glucose and HbA1c (5.75±3.81 and  5.91±3.67 ng/ml) respectively,  as compared with patients with normal level of glucose and HbA1c (4.61±2.99 and  3.95±2.12 ng/ml) respectively (P: ≤0.05). The study showed that the highest mean level of visfatin was found in diabetic patients who have elevated level of glucose and HbA1c (148.9±25.7 and  158.6±23.5 ng/ml) respectively,  as compared with patients with normal level of glucose and HbA1c (111.5±14.6 and  105.1±15.7 ng/ml) respectively (P: ≤0.05),  Table 5 and 6.
Detection of some antioxidant markers in saliva of patients with beta thalassemia major
Authors: Kamil Mohammed Iyden
Published: August 2023

Background : Although evaluation and maintenance of antioxidant defence can be useful in protecting β-thalassemia patients from more serious complications of the disease, there are limited studies about assessment of antioxidant capacity in beta-thalassemic patients particularly in saliva.Methodology:Thirty patients with β thalassemia major were involved in this study in thalassemia center / Ebn- Albalady hospital in Baghdad, and fifteen normal subjects with matched age and sex were also involved and considered as control group. Age, gender, blood groups, BMI, secretory status, and antioxidant markers were determined in the saliva of normal and diseased subjects, however the status of HCV infection, liver and spleen are evaluated in beta-thalassemic patients.