bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cazadores-recolectores-pescadores del Holoceno medio-tardío en el norte semiárido de Chile: Revisitando Punta Teatinos (29°S)
Authors: Troncoso Andrés , Pascual Daniel , Escudero Antonia , Hernández Daniel , Pino Mariela , González Rolando , Alfonso-Durruty Marta , López Patricio , Bravo Gabriela , Misarti Nicole , Chávez María Alejandra , Belmar Carolina , Moya Francisca , Méndez César , Vera Francisca , Villalón Daniela , Becker Cristian
Published: December 2023

La costa del Pacífico de los Andes meridionales tiene una larga historia ocupacional que muestra una diversificación regional hacia el Holoceno medio y tardío. La costa del centro norte de Chile tuvo una importante ocupación cazadora-recolectora entre 6000 y 2000 cal aP, que difiere de las observadas en áreas vecinas por sus características ambientales e históricas. Los estudios de contextos funerarios revelan que estos grupos experimentaron una expansión demográfica y vivieron conflictos sociales durante este período. Sin embargo, el énfasis en la importancia de los contextos funerarios entre 6000 y 2000 cal aP ha limitado nuestro conocimiento de las estrategias medioambientales de estos grupos y el uso de los recursos costeros. Esta investigación examina evidencias recuperadas de contextos residenciales y funerarios del sitio Punta Teatinos (Bahía de Coquimbo, costa centro norte de Chile, 29°S) para evaluar las estrategias de uso ambiental aplicadas. El estudio de estas evidencias —incluyendo estratigrafía, fechados radiocarbónicos, material lítico, malacológico y zooarqueológico; microfósiles, cálculos dentales, isótopos estables y arte rupestre— indican una explotación de recursos costeros, a los que se sumaron otros de origen terrestre. Aunque no se identificaron cambios temporales en la explotación de los recursos costeros, las pruebas también indican cambios en la constitución de los paisajes históricos y de las redes sociales extrarregionales.
COEFFICIENT QUIVERS,
${\mathbb {F}}_1$
-REPRESENTATIONS, AND EULER CHARACTERISTICS OF QUIVER GRASSMANNIANS
Authors: JUN JAIUNG , SISTKO ALEXANDER
Published: December 2023

A quiver representation assigns a vector space to each vertex, and a linear map to each arrow of a quiver. When one considers the category
$\mathrm {Vect}(\mathbb {F}_1)$
of vector spaces “over
$\mathbb {F}_1$
” (the field with one element), one obtains
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations of a quiver. In this paper, we study representations of a quiver over the field with one element in connection to coefficient quivers. To be precise, we prove that the category
$\mathrm {Rep}(Q,\mathbb {F}_1)$
is equivalent to the (suitably defined) category of coefficient quivers over Q. This provides a conceptual way to see Euler characteristics of a class of quiver Grassmannians as the number of “
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-rational points” of quiver Grassmannians. We generalize techniques originally developed for string and band modules to compute the Euler characteristics of quiver Grassmannians associated with
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations. These techniques apply to a large class of
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations, which we call the
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations with finite nice length: we prove sufficient conditions for an
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representation to have finite nice length, and classify such representations for certain families of quivers. Finally, we explore the Hall algebras associated with
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations of quivers. We answer the question of how a change in orientation affects the Hall algebra of nilpotent
$\mathbb {F}_1$
-representations of a quiver with bounded representation type. We also discuss Hall algebras associated with representations with finite nice length, and compute them for certain families of quivers.
A Partisan Solution to Partisan Gerrymandering: The Define–Combine Procedure
Authors: Palmer Maxwell , Schneer Benjamin , DeLuca Kevin
Published: December 2023

Redistricting reformers have proposed many solutions to the problem of partisan gerrymandering, but they all require either bipartisan consensus or the agreement of both parties on the legitimacy of a neutral third party to resolve disputes. In this paper, we propose a new method for drawing district maps, the Define–Combine Procedure, that substantially reduces partisan gerrymandering without requiring a neutral third party or bipartisan agreement. One party defines a map of
$2N$
equal-population contiguous districts. Then the second party combines pairs of contiguous districts to create the final map of N districts. Using real-world geographic and electoral data, we employ simulations and map-drawing algorithms to show that this procedure dramatically reduces the advantage conferred to the party controlling the redistricting process and leads to less-biased maps without requiring cooperation or non-partisan actors.
Refinancing Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Agarwal Sumit , Chomsisengphet Souphala , Kiefer Hua , Kiefer Leonard C. , Medina Paolina C.
Published: December 2023

During the first half of 2020, the difference in savings from mortgage refinancing between high- and low-income borrowers was 10 times higher than before. This was the result of two factors: high-income borrowers increased their refinancing activity more than otherwise comparable low-income borrowers and, conditional on refinancing, they captured slightly larger improvements in interest rates. Refinancing inequality increases with the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and is characterized by an underrepresentation of low-income borrowers in the pool of applications. We estimate a difference of $5 billion in savings between the top income quintile and the rest of the market.
Advances in the axenic isolation methods of Blastocystis sp. and their applications
Authors: Mei Xuefang , Wei Lai , Su Changwei , Yang Zhenke , Tian Xiaowei , Zhang Zhenchao , Wang Shuai
Published: December 2023

Blastocystis sp. is a prevalent protistan parasite found globally in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and various animals. This review aims to elucidate the advancements in research on axenic isolation techniques for Blastocystis sp. and their diverse applications. Axenic isolation, involving the culture and isolation of Blastocystis sp. free from any other organisms, necessitates the application of specific media and a series of axenic treatment methods. These methods encompass antibiotic treatment, monoclonal culture, differential centrifugation, density gradient separation, micromanipulation and the combined use of culture media. Critical factors influencing axenic isolation effectiveness include medium composition, culture temperature, medium characteristics, antibiotic type and dosage and the subtype (ST) of Blastocystis sp. Applications of axenic isolation encompass exploring pathogenicity, karyotype and ST analysis, immunoassay, characterization of surface chemical structure and lipid composition and understanding drug treatment effects. This review serves as a valuable reference for clinicians and scientists in selecting appropriate axenic isolation methods.
Vulnerability Ethics, Abortion, and Organ Donation
Authors: Latham Elizabeth
Published: December 2023

In a recent issue of the Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, Emily Carroll and Parker Crutchfield published a paper entitled, “The Duty to Protect, Abortion, and Organ Donation.” They argued that a prohibition on abortion is morally equivalent to a positive mandate for parents to donate organs to their children and that opponents of abortion must be prepared to accept these mandates to remain consistent.
FINITELY PRESENTED INVERSE SEMIGROUPS WITH FINITELY MANY IDEMPOTENTS IN EACH -CLASS AND NON-HAUSDORFF UNIVERSAL GROUPOIDS
Authors: SILVA PEDRO V. , STEINBERG BENJAMIN
Published: December 2023

The complex algebra of an inverse semigroup with finitely many idempotents in each
$\mathcal D$
-class is stably finite by a result of Munn. This can be proved fairly easily using
$C^{*}$
-algebras for inverse semigroups satisfying this condition that have a Hausdorff universal groupoid, or more generally for direct limits of inverse semigroups satisfying this condition and having Hausdorff universal groupoids. It is not difficult to see that a finitely presented inverse semigroup with a non-Hausdorff universal groupoid cannot be a direct limit of inverse semigroups with Hausdorff universal groupoids. We construct here countably many nonisomorphic finitely presented inverse semigroups with finitely many idempotents in each
$\mathcal D$
-class and non-Hausdorff universal groupoids. At this time, there is not a clear
$C^{*}$
-algebraic technique to prove these inverse semigroups have stably finite complex algebras.
Morphometric diversity of some Nigerian accessions of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea)
Authors: Osundare Opeyemi Tunde , Akinyele Oluwole Benjamin , Odiyi Alexander C. , Abberton Michael , Oyatomi Olaniyi Ajewole , Paliwal Rajneesh
Published: December 2023

This study evaluated the morphological diversity of some Nigerian accessions of Bambara groundnut. Field experiments were conducted in Nigeria in two locations and the phenotypic variation of Bambara groundnut accessions evaluated in 3 years (2017–2020) using a randomized complete block design. Twenty-eight quantitative and 10 qualitative traits were observed. Twenty-three out of the 28 quantitative morphological traits showed significant differences. TVSu-589 (28.85) and TVSu-670 (28.57) had the highest plant height; TVSu-572 (121.52), TVSu-271 (113.10) and TVSu-336 (104.15) had the highest 100-seed weight. Genetic variations were also observed in seed colour, terminal leaflet shape, petiole colour and eye pattern. Principal component analysis showed PC1 constituting 23.36% and PC2 constituting 15.76% of the total variation, while the first eight principal components with eigenvalues ≥1 revealed 77.28% of the total variation. Cluster analysis grouped the accessions into four groups. Based on yield data in this study, accessions TVSu-594, TVSu-350, TVSu-336, TVSu-1242, TVSu-129, TVSu-14, TVSu-179, TVSu-2100, TVSu-261 and TVSu-589 were the best for yield and are recommended for further evaluation to improve yield. This study showed that a wide range of diversity exists in Bambara groundnut of Nigerian origin that could be useful for further utilization of genetic resources and improvement.
Quantitative Inquiry in the Early Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Conwell Jordan A. , Loughran Kevin
Published: December 2023

A New Du Boisian Sociology has recently clarified, elevated, and synthesized Du Bois’s sociological contributions. We argue that more systematic and detailed study of Du Bois’s research methodologies, with an eye towards their contemporary applicability, can further strengthen this body of scholarship. Here we begin this effort with sustained attention to Du Bois’s use of quantitative data and methods during a productive and illustrative period around the turn of the twentieth century (1898–1902). This adds a level of depth and specificity to a subset of existing Du Bois scholarship that has more generally noted quantitative inquiry as one aspect of Du Bois’s social-scientific approach of mixed-methods triangulation. We detail how and why Du Bois developed an inductive, theoretically generative approach to his research on race. This orientation appears, at first glance, to be a misfit for contemporary quantitative sociology, which is currently skewed towards deductive theory testing and causal inference. We demonstrate that Du Bois’s quantitative methodology invites sociologists to return to exploratory, descriptive, and theoretically generative quantitative research based on creative syntheses of primary and secondary data that span generations and levels of institutional and geographic aggregation. Such data can, among other possibilities, assess within- and between-race comparisons and intersections of race with factors including class, gender, age, place, and time. Our study also enters Du Bois, as historical precedent, into current debates regarding quantification’s productive role, if any, in social science research on race/racism and other axes of systemic inequality.
Addressing environmental damages in contexts of armed conflict through transitional justice in Colombia
Authors: Camacho Rincón Andrea , Parra Gallego Germán
Published: December 2023

It is unquestionable that Colombian armed conflicts have had adverse impacts on the natural environment in the country. Current transitional justice mechanisms offer an opportunity to recognize harm and responsibility, establish restorative sanctions and reparations and adopt public policies for the recovery of ecosystems and prevention of further damage. This article focuses on how transitional justice mechanisms, especially the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, have addressed the effects of armed conflicts on the natural environment. Specifically, it analyzes the criminal characterization of environmental degradation, the question of whether amnesties and pardons could be granted for such conducts, precautionary measures and the implementation of restorative sanctions related to the environment. It presents some challenges regarding the preservation of the natural environment due to the persistence of armed conflicts after the 2016 Peace Accord between the government and the FARC-EP guerrillas, and the sustainability of reparations for victims and prevention of further damage. It also sustains that the developments of current transitional justice mechanisms may have significant influence on ongoing and future peace negotiations with other armed groups and the processes for establishing responsibility for environmental damages.
Dead or alive? Global constitutionalism and international law after the start of the war in Ukraine
Authors: Suami Takao
Published: December 2023

Russia’s continued aggression against Ukraine has sent shock waves around the world. Russia has violated the most fundamental rule of international law and most people intuitively feel that the war in Ukraine has changed the entire landscape of international society. Given what is clearly a turning point, it is difficult to assume that global constitutionalism founded on ‘human rights, the rule of law and democracy’, called ‘the constitutional trinity’, will not undergo any changes. Can global constitutionalism survive such a difficult moment? This is a fundamental question that global constitutionalists must address. This article answers this question in the affirmative. First, despite its gross violations of international law, Russia is not necessarily attempting to withdraw from the current framework of international law. The existing individual-centred elements in international law, which are the central pillar of global constitutionalism, will not be replaced by any alternatives. Second, even if the existing framework of international law remains viable, there is an undeniable risk that the polarization of international law accelerated by the ongoing war will negatively affect global constitutionalism. Such polarization may hollow out the constitutional trinity in international law. However, global constitutionalism will continue to function as the principal cognitive framework for international society because the exercise of individuals’ rights embedded in international law will incessantly provide energy for global constitutionalism. This article concludes that insofar as international law keeps its individual elements, global constitutionalism will be able to retain its normative power under the present predicament in the world.
Strengthening self-regulation and reducing poverty to prevent adolescent depression and anxiety: Rationale, approach and methods of the ALIVE interdisciplinary research collaboration in Colombia, Nepal and South Africa
Authors: Lund Crick , Jordans Mark J. D. , Garman Emily , Araya Ricardo , Avendano Mauricio , Bauer Annette , Bahure Vikram , Dua Tarun , Eleftheriou Georgia , Evans-Lacko Sara , García Rodríguez Juan Felipe , Gautam Kamal , Gevonden Martin , Hessel Philipp , Kohrt Brandon A. , Krabbendam Lydia , Luitel Nagendra P. , Roy Sanchari , Seifert Bonifaz Manuel , Singh Rakesh , Sinichi Mohammadamin , Sorsdahl Katherine , Thornicroft Graham , Tol Wietse A. , Trujillo Daniela , van der Merwe Nicci , Wahid Syed Shabab , Yarrow Paula
Published: December 2023

Aims

Depression and anxiety are the leading contributors to the global burden of disease among young people, accounting for over a third (34.8%) of years lived with disability. Yet there is limited evidence for interventions that prevent adolescent depression and anxiety in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 90% of adolescents live. This article introduces the ‘Improving Adolescent mentaL health by reducing the Impact of poVErty (ALIVE)’ study, its conceptual framework, objectives, methods and expected outcomes. The aim of the ALIVE study is to develop and pilot-test an intervention that combines poverty reduction with strengthening self-regulation to prevent depression and anxiety among adolescents living in urban poverty in Colombia, Nepal and South Africa.

Methods

This aim will be achieved by addressing four objectives: (1) develop a conceptual framework that identifies the causal mechanisms linking poverty, self-regulation and depression and anxiety; (2) develop a multi-component selective prevention intervention targeting self-regulation and poverty among adolescents at high risk of developing depression or anxiety; (3) adapt and validate instruments to measure incidence of depression and anxiety, mediators and implementation parameters of the prevention intervention; and (4) undertake a four-arm pilot cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the feasibility, acceptability and cost of the selective prevention intervention in the three study sites.

Results

The contributions of this study include the active engagement and participation of adolescents in the research process; a focus on the causal mechanisms of the intervention; building an evidence base for prevention interventions in LMICs; and the use of an interdisciplinary approach.

Conclusions

By developing and evaluating an intervention that addresses multidimensional poverty and self-regulation, ALIVE can make contributions to evidence on the integration of mental health into broader development policy and practice.
Mental health–related structural stigma and discrimination in health and social policies in Nepal: A scoping review and synthesis
Authors: Gurung D. , Neupane M. , Bhattarai K. , Acharya B. , Gautam N. C. , Gautam K. , Koirala S. , Marahatta K. , Gurung P. , Khadka K. B. , Kohrt B. A. , Thornicroft G. , Gronholm P. C.
Published: December 2023

Aims

National policies can be used to reveal structural stigma and discrimination in relation to mental health. This review assesses how structural stigma and discrimination are manifested in the policies and legislations of Government of Nepal.

Methods

Scoping review methodology was followed to review policy documents (acts of parliament, legislation, policies, strategies, guidelines and official directives) drafted or amended after 2010.

Results

Eighty-nine policies were identified related to health, social welfare, development and regulations which were relevant to people with psychosocial and mental disabilities or have addressed the mental health agendas. Several critical policy failings and gaps are revealed, such as the use of stigmatizing language (e.g., ‘insane’ or ‘lunatic’), inconsistencies within and between policies, deviation from international protocols defining legal capacity and consent, lack of inclusion of the mental health agenda in larger development policies and lack of cost-effective interventions and identification of financing mechanisms. Provisions for people living with mental health conditions included adequate standard of living; attaining standard mental health; the right to exercise legal capacity, liberty and security; freedom from torture or discrimination; and right to live independently. However, other policies contradicted these rights, such as prohibiting marriage, candidacy for and retention of positions of authority and vulnerability to imprisonment.

Conclusion

Mental health–related structural stigma and discrimination in Nepal can be identified through the use of discriminator language and provisions in the policies. The structural stigma and discrimination may be addressed through revision of the discriminating policies, integrating the mental health agenda into larger national and provincial policies, and streamlining policies to comply with national and international protocols.
Erleben von Pflegefachpersonen in Bezug auf durchgeführte und versäumte Pflege
Authors: Mayer Pia , Hübsch Christine , Spirig Rebecca , Kleinknecht-Dolf Michael
Published: December 2023

Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Für Pflegefachpersonen ist zentral, auf Basis ihrer Caring Haltung eine qualitativ hochstehende Pflege zu erbringen. Versäumte Pflege kann bei ihnen Schuldgefühle und Unzufriedenheit hervorrufen. Publikationen zu ihrem Erleben im Übergang zwischen vollständig durchgeführter und versäumter Pflege fehlen. Solche können zum umfassenderen Verständnis von beeinflussenden Faktoren und den Auswirkungen auf das Erleben von Pflegefachpersonen beitragen. Ziel: Zu explorieren, wie Pflegefachpersonen an einem Deutschschweizer Zentrumsspital das Durchführen von Pflegeinterventionen in Bezug auf die Ausprägungen zwischen durchgeführter und versäumter Pflege beschreiben. Methode: Von September 2020 bis März 2021führte die Erstautorin elf qualitative, leitfadengestützte Einzelinterviews mit Pflegefachpersonen, die mit der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring und Knowledge Maps ausgewertet wurden. Ergebnisse: Die Analyse ergab fünf Hauptkategorien: Optimale Pflege, Befriedigung im Mittelmaß, Mangel an allen Ecken und Enden, Reaktionen von Patient_innen und beeinflussende Faktoren. Pflegefachpersonen beschreiben verschiedene Umgangsstrategien, um versäumter Pflege vorzubeugen und die Zufriedenheit von Patient_innen und ihrer selbst zu erhalten. Schlussfolgerungen: Neben Maßnahmen zur Prävention versäumter Pflegeinterventionen sollte das Erleben zum Erbringen der Pflege weiter exploriert werden. Damit kann das Verständnis für dessen Zusammenhang mit der beruflicher Caring Haltung sowie mit der patientenbezogenen und beruflichen Zufriedenheit vertieft werden.
An Examination of the Role of Inverted Dark Tetrad Items on	Structural Properties and Construct Validity
Authors: Blötner Christian , Grüning David J.
Published: December 2023

Abstract: The use of inverted items is under vigorous debate in psychometric research. However, especially in the field of the Dark Tetrad – a compound of the aversive yet subclinical traits Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism –, the use of items in which high endorsement indicates low levels appears promising to obtain more information about low scores on the four traits. In this preregistered research ( N = 500), we developed an alternative version of the Short Dark Tetrad (SD4) which – unlike the original SD4 – has a balanced set of regular and inverted items. Following the theory of utilizing inverted items, we demonstrate that more information (in the sense of item response theory) can be obtained from the newly devised Mixed SD4 (MSD4) as compared to the original SD4. Thereby, the scores of the MSD4 can be validly interpreted in the sense of the underlying traits’ theories (i.e., construct validity), and the SD4 and the MSD4 yield highly similar nomological networks. We conclude that including inverted items is advantageous for the assessment of the Dark Tetrad. More generally, we present this case as a demonstration that balanced item sets are necessary to capture traits and behaviors exhaustively.
Spatiotemporal Variability of Rainfall and Surface Salinity in the Eastern Pacific Fresh Pool: A Joint In Situ and Satellite Analysis During the SPURS‐2 Field Campaign
Authors: Chi Nan‐Hsun , Thompson Elizabeth J. , Chen Haonan , Shcherbina Andrey , Bingham Frederick , Rainville Luc
Published: December 2023

We perform a statistical characterization of the 2016–2017 SPURS‐2 field campaign in situ data and coincident satellite data spanning 8°–12°N, 120°–130°W to quantify the spatial and temporal scales of variability of rain and near‐surface salinity in the Eastern Pacific Fresh Pool. Observations of rain rate and near‐surface to surface salinity are obtained from ships, moorings, autonomous platforms, and satellite remote sensing: Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG); and Soil Moisture Active Passive (NASA SMAP L3 V5). The integral length and time scales of rain and near‐surface salinity vary seasonally. In the rainy season (August–October) when the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migrates over the SPURS‐2 study site, the integral time scales of rain were about 30–60 min and those of near‐surface salinity were closer to that of the rain, 1–2 days, indicating forcing by rain. Meanwhile, the zonal integral length scale of in situ near‐surface salinity was twice as large as the meridional scale (50 vs. 20 km), consistent with the ITCZ's zonally‐propagating and ‐organized rain features. The magnitude and seasonal variation of the sea surface salinity integral time scale were not captured by SMAP since the rainy ITCZ‐period scales were smaller than SMAP resolution (70 km, 8‐day running mean). In the dry season (February–May), the in situ rain integral time scale reduced to less than 30 min while that of the near‐surface salinity increased to 1–5 days, the ocean mesoscale. IMERG overestimated the rain integral time scale by a factor of two to ten in both seasons.
Six‐Component Earthquake Synchronous Observations Across Taiwan Strait: Phase Velocity and Source Location
Authors: Chen Chang , Wang Yun , Sun Lixia , Lin Chin‐Jen , Wei Yongxiang , Liao Chunqi , Lin Binhua , Qin Linpeng
Published: December 2023

With the development of rotational seismometers, especially the high‐sensitivity optical seismometers, rotational motions have shown increasing benefits for calculation of dispersion curves, estimation of back azimuth and many other applications. Here we present the six‐component observations of 2019 Hualien mww6.1 earthquake simultaneously on both sides of Taiwan Strait. Seismograms and time‐frequency spectrums show that the attenuations for rotations are more significant than translations. Calculations of the surface wave phase velocity are performed for both stations through single‐station records, indicating a distinct difference owning to the instrument installation conditions and site effect. Comparison of theoretical dispersion curves is consistently in trends with estimations, and reveals the influence of higher‐mode surface waves. For the first time, we locate the source of a earthquake through intersection of two stations' back azimuths estimated through rotational methods. Results of comparing to translational polarization verify that rotational observation can distinctly reduce the deviation of source location.
Simultaneous Precipitation of Sub‐Relativistic Electron Microburst and Pulsating Aurora Electrons
Authors: Namekawa T. , Mitani T. , Asamura K. , Miyoshi Y. , Hosokawa K. , Lessard M. , Moser C. , Halford A. J. , Sakanoi T. , Kawamura M. , Nose M. , Nomura R. , Teramoto M. , Shumko M. , Lynch K. A. , Jaynes A. N. , McHarg M. G.
Published: December 2023

We have identified for the first time an energy‐time dispersion of precipitating electron flux in a pulsating aurora patch, ranging from 6.7 to 580 keV, through simultaneous in‐situ observations of sub‐relativistic electrons of microburst precipitations and lower‐energy electrons using the Loss through Auroral Microburst Pulsation sounding rocket launched from the Poker Flat Research Range in Alaska. Our observations reveal that precipitating electrons with energies of 180–320 keV were observed first, followed by 250–580 keV electrons 0–30 ms later, and finally, after 500–1,000 ms, 6.7–14.6 keV electrons were observed. The identified energy‐time dispersion is consistent with the theoretical estimation that the relativistic electron microbursts are a high‐energy tail of pulsating aurora electrons, which are caused by chorus waves propagating along the field line.
Improving Subseasonal‐To‐Seasonal Prediction of Summer Extreme Precipitation Over Southern China Based on a Deep Learning Method
Authors: Lyu Yang , Zhu Shoupeng , Zhi Xiefei , Ji Yan , Fan Yi , Dong Fu
Published: December 2023

The reliable Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal (S2S) forecast of precipitation, particularly extreme precipitation, is critical for disaster prevention and mitigation, which however remains a great challenge for mission agencies and research communities. In this study, a deep learning method based on U‐Net with additional atmospheric factor forecasts included is proposed to improve S2S quantitative forecasts of summer precipitation over Southern China. The weighted loss function integrated by mean square error and threat score is introduced to capture extreme precipitation more precisely. Generally, the U‐Net model shows promising results in both general statistics and extreme events. Predictor importance analyses show that the U‐Net forecast skills at the 1‐week lead time mainly arise from synchronous precipitation forecasts, but the contributions made by atmospheric factor forecasts rise rapidly with increasing lead times. Therefore, the channel combining numerical weather prediction model and deep learning framework is demonstrated promising in S2S precipitation forecasts.
Impacts of Biomass Burning in Southeast Asia on Tropospheric CO2 Concentration Over South China
Authors: Li Jie , Fan Wenxuan , Wu Jian , Han Zhiwei , Li Jiawei , Zhang Chuwei
Published: December 2023

The field observations imply that the long‐range transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by biomass burning (BB) in Southeast Asia might impact the atmospheric CO2 in South China, while the transboundary path and the contributions of long‐range transport on atmospheric CO2 concentrations in South China remain poorly understood. In this study, a regional air quality model system (RAQMS) was developed by incorporating the atmospheric process of CO2 to investigate the impacts of BB in Southeast Asia on tropospheric CO2 concentration over South China in spring during 2009–2018. CO2 emissions from BB in Southeast Asia in spring varied greatly from 2009 to 2018, and high monthly mean emissions were concentrated in the west of Myanmar, the border between Myanmar, Thailand and Laos, the north of Laos, and Cambodia, with the maximum reaching 1.0 g m−2 hr−1. Higher monthly mean concentrations of near surface CO2 and tropospheric CO2 produced by BB were mainly distributed in the source regions of Southeast Asia and South China. The monthly mean tropospheric CO2 concentrations produced by BB in Southeast Asia were higher in March 2010, 2014, and 2015, which were obviously related to the interannual variation of BB emission, and affected by the atmospheric circulation as well. The contribution of BB emission in Southeast Asia to the net change of tropospheric CO2 concentration in South China presented a belt distribution from the southwest to the northeast, with a domain average of 5.7%–38.6% over South China in March 2009–2018.
Gap‐Filled Multivariate Observations of Global Land–Climate Interactions
Authors: Bessenbacher V. , Schumacher D. L. , Hirschi M. , Seneviratne S. I. , Gudmundsson L.
Published: December 2023

The volume of Earth system observations has grown massively in recent decades. However, multivariate or multisource analyses at the interface of atmosphere and land are still hampered by the sparsity of ground measurements and the abundance of missing values in satellite observations. This can hinder robust multivariate analysis and introduce biases in trends. Nevertheless, gap‐filling is often done univariately, which can obscure physical dependencies. Here, we apply the new multivariate gap‐filling framework CLIMate data gapFILL (CLIMFILL). CLIMFILL combines state‐of‐the‐art spatial interpolation with an iterative approach accounting for dependencies across multiple incomplete variables. CLIMFILL is applied to a set of remotely sensed and in situ observations over land that are central to observing land–atmosphere interactions and extreme events. The resulting gridded monthly time series covers 1995–2020 globally with gap‐free maps of nine variables: surface layer soil moisture from European Space Agency (ESA)‐Climate Change Initiative (CCI), land surface temperature and diurnal temperature range from Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, precipitation from GPM, terrestrial water storage from GRACE, ESA‐CCI burned area, and snow cover fraction as well as 2‐m temperature and precipitation from CRU. Time series of anomalies are reconstructed better compared to state‐of‐the‐art interpolation. The gap‐filled data set shows high correlations with ERA5‐Land, and soil moisture estimates compare favorably to in situ observations from the International Soil Moisture Network. Soil moisture drying trends in ESA‐CCI only agree with the reanalysis product ERA5‐Land trends after gap‐filling. We furthermore showcase that key features of droughts and heatwaves in major fire seasons are well represented. The data set can serve as a step toward the fusion of multivariate multisource observations.
The Predictability of the 2021 SSW Event Controlled by the Zonal‐Mean State in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Cho Hyeong‐Oh , Kang Min‐Jee , Son Seok‐Woo
Published: December 2023

Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) describes a disruption of the stratospheric polar vortex in the winter hemisphere. It affects not only the stratospheric circulation but also the surface climate for up to 2 months, serving as an important source of subseasonal‐to‐seasonal (S2S) predictability in midlatitudes. This study evaluates the predictability of the 2021 SSW and investigates the crucial factors that determine its predictability in the ECMWF and JMA S2S real‐time forecasts. In both models, only a subset of the ensemble members predicted the SSW at the lead time of about 2 weeks before the onset. By comparing the 10 ensembles with successful SSW predictions and those with failed predictions, we found that the ensembles predicting the SSW have relatively stronger wave fluxes from the upper troposphere to the stratosphere than the others. Stronger wave fluxes, particularly those of zonal wavenumber one, are not the result of the tropospheric precursors such as the Ural blocking and Aleutian cyclones but they result from the modulation of the wave propagation by the background state. In particular, the ensembles with failed SSW predictions tend to have a negative potential vorticity gradient in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, which limits the upward wave propagation into the stratosphere and provides an unfavorable condition for the SSW. This result suggests that not only the wave sources in the troposphere but also the background state in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere can modulate the predictability of SSW in S2S prediction models.
Celebrating 20 Years of JGR Earth Surface
Authors: East Amy E. , Attal Mikael , Hoitink A. J. F. , Sergienko Olga V.
Published: December 2023

December 2023 marks the 20th anniversary of the first issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. The past 20 years have brought rapid growth in the field of Earth‐surface processes, changes in AGU's structure and objectives, and new practices across the scientific publishing landscape. In recent years our mission has evolved to focus increasingly on science for the benefit of society and the global environment. The growth and diversification of the international Earth‐surface scientific community has enriched the science immeasurably, and we continue to reach out to scientists in parts of the globe that have remained under‐represented in the scientific literature. JGR Earth Surface strives to provide peer review that is rigorous, constructive, efficient, and with an increasing emphasis on also being civil and free of bias. As preferences and practices for publishing science change, the journal explores new opportunities, including publishing rigorous, insightful case studies and leading cross‐journal Special Collections. The Editorial Board thanks AGU for 20 years of support and the Earth‐surface scientific community for their continued dedication to moving our field forward.
2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Irfan Muhammad , Alanazi Mubarak A. , Atiq Shahid
Published: December 2023

In this paper, a 2‐bit water‐based programmable digital metasurface for beam steering and backscatter field reduction applications is presented, a reflective and transmissive type water based programmable metasurface (WPMS) for RCS reduction and the antenna's beam steering is suggested, respectively. It has been demonstrated that a 2‐bit water‐based programmable unit cell can reduce RCS by changing its state (0/1). If the unit cell channel is empty, the state is “0,” if the channel is filled, the state is “1.” So at different resonance frequencies, the four phase and reflection coefficient responses are achieved as "00"01"10"11". This functionality enables beam steering in both the elevation and azimuth axis and also backscattering reduction of the antenna. Furthermore, the impacts of the number of unit cells and reflection phase states on the far‐field pattern are examined. Beam steering of ±45° in the elevation is attained with 10‐dB impedance bandwidth of 4.25–4.40 GHz, radiation gain of more than 7.1 dBi is maintained. With the present antenna, it is possible to achieve volumetric beamsteering performance directly. The patterns of far‐field radiation that are predicted theoretically coincide well with full waves simulations. As such, the proposed prototype can be a good option for applications that require a low RCS platform including beam steering in radars, 5G/6G, etc.
Temporal Gap‐Filling of 12‐Hourly SMAP Soil Moisture Over the CONUS Using Water Balance Budgeting
Authors: Zhang Runze , Kim Seokhyeon , Kim Hyunglok , Fang Bin , Sharma Ashish , Lakshmi Venkataraman
Published: December 2023

Temporal gaps in satellite‐based soil moisture (SM) products are a persistent issue. This study presents an entirely observation‐based method to derive volumetric SM content for filling gaps in Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) retrievals. Using a water balance equation, 12‐hr topsoil water amount variations are determined based on observed precipitation from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (inflow) and a hydrologic loss function (outflow) built on SMAP dry‐downs. A temporally seamless SM product, composed of SMAP dry‐downs and precipitation‐driven moisture approximations, was generated as a secondary outcome in determining optimal water balance parameters. This data set maintains the original SMAP SM dynamics with a median Pearson correlation (R) of 0.69 and an unbiased root‐mean‐square error (ubRMSE) of 0.05 m3/m3. Using these parameters and available SMAP observations, a 12‐hourly SM product was produced over the conterminous United States. Validated against in situ measurements, this 12‐hourly SM product exhibits good performance with a median R of 0.63 and captures most SM peaks induced by heavy rainfall. A time series examination revealed the produced 12‐hourly SM product closely corresponds to in situ SM variations and outperforms two other SMAP‐based 12‐hourly SM products gap‐filled using temporal linear interpolation and a three‐dimensional smoothing approach, especially during sparse SMAP data periods. The proposed scheme's validity is further verified by the comparable performance of the exclusive filled‐on SM estimates. Utilizing the 12‐hourly SM data set and its paired hydrologic losses could enhance the quantification connections among the hydrologic components and benefit the understanding of land‐surface hydrology.
Effect of Solar Farms on Soil Erosion in Hilly Environments: A Modeling Study From the Perspective of Hydrological Connectivity
Authors: Liu Hu , Wu Chuandong , Yu Yang , Zhao Wenzhi , Liu Jintao , Yu Hailong , Zhuang Yanli , Yetemen Omer
Published: December 2023

Hydrological connectivity (HC) is a useful framework for understanding hydrological responses to landscape changes. We present herein a novel model (SOFAR) for utility‐scale solar farms (USFs), combining modules of soil moisture dynamics, roof effects of photovoltaic panels (PVs), vegetation growth and landform evolution. By augmenting the model with a DEM‐based HC index, we investigate hydrological behaviors following the construction of a USF in China's Loess Hilly Region. Nine scenarios are designed, to explore the effects of co‐evolving ecohydrology and landscape on soil erosion and HC in USFs deployed in different climates and terrains, by altering the annual precipitation, rainfall frequency, and ground slope. Our results show that the USF considerably increased runoff (99.18%–154.26%) during its operational period, and soil erosion rate (21.4%–74.84% and 25.35%–76.18%) and HC (0.08%–0.26% and 0.47%–0.91%) throughout construction and operational periods, respectively. The highest erosion rates were detected in the PV installation zones and in the areas close to the river channel. We prove the hypothesis that HC is a critical indicator for sediment yield in a USF, and thus the long‐term responses of soil erosion to USF installation and development can be explained in terms of HC. We conclude that USFs may increase soil erosion, mainly by increasing local HC and runoff, and higher background HC may in turn further aggravate the effects of USFs on soil erosion. Our results underscore the importance of including landscape ecohydrologic and geomorphic feedbacks, to improve the environmental impact assessment of USFs.
Identification of candidate DNA methylation biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease risk by integrating genome and blood methylome data
Authors: Sun Yanfa , Zhu Jingjing , Yang Yaohua , Zhang Zichen , Zhong Hua , Zeng Guanghua , Zhou Dan , Nowakowski Richard S. , Long Jirong , Wu Chong , Wu Lang
Published: December 2023

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with a late onset. It is critical to identify novel blood-based DNA methylation biomarkers to better understand the extent of the molecular pathways affected in AD. Two sets of blood DNA methylation genetic prediction models developed using different reference panels and modelling strategies were leveraged to evaluate associations of genetically predicted DNA methylation levels with AD risk in 111,326 (46,828 proxy) cases and 677,663 controls. A total of 1,168 cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) sites showed a significant association with AD risk at a false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05. Methylation levels of 196 CpG sites were correlated with expression levels of 130 adjacent genes in blood. Overall, 52 CpG sites of 32 genes showed consistent association directions for the methylation-gene expression-AD risk, including nine genes (CNIH4, THUMPD3, SERPINB9, MTUS1, CISD1, FRAT2, CCDC88B, FES, and SSH2) firstly reported as AD risk genes. Nine of 32 genes were enriched in dementia and AD disease categories (P values ranged from 1.85 × 10-4 to 7.46 × 10-6), and 19 genes in a neurological disease network (score = 54) were also observed. Our findings improve the understanding of genetics and etiology for AD.
Hypoxia-induced activation of NDR2 underlies brain metastases from Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Levallet Jérôme , Biojout Tiphaine , Bazille Céline , Douyère Manon , Dubois Fatéméh , Ferreira Dimitri Leite , Taylor Jasmine , Teulier Sylvain , Toutain Jérôme , Elie Nicolas , Bernaudin Myriam , Valable Samuel , Bergot Emmanuel , Levallet Guénaëlle
Published: December 2023

The molecular mechanisms induced by hypoxia are misunderstood in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and above all the hypoxia and RASSF1A/Hippo signaling relationship. We confirmed that human NSCLC (n = 45) as their brain metastases (BM) counterpart are hypoxic since positive with CAIX-antibody (target gene of Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)). A severe and prolonged hypoxia (0.2% O2, 48 h) activated YAP (but not TAZ) in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (HBEC) lines by downregulating RASSF1A/kinases Hippo (except for NDR2) regardless their promoter methylation status. Subsequently, the NDR2-overactived HBEC cells exacerbated a HIF-1A, YAP and C-Jun-dependent-amoeboid migration, and mainly, support BM formation. Indeed, NDR2 is more expressed in human tumor of metastatic NSCLC than in human localized NSCLC while NDR2 silencing in HBEC lines (by shRNA) prevented the xenograft formation and growth in a lung cancer-derived BM model in mice. Collectively, our results indicated that NDR2 kinase is over-active in NSCLC by hypoxia and supports BM formation. NDR2 expression is thus a useful biomarker to predict the metastases risk in patients with NSCLC, easily measurable routinely by immunohistochemistry on tumor specimens.
Genome-resolved metatranscriptomics reveals conserved root colonization determinants in a synthetic microbiota
Authors: Vannier Nathan , Mesny Fantin , Getzke Felix , Chesneau Guillaume , Dethier Laura , Ordon Jana , Thiergart Thorsten , Hacquard Stéphane
Published: December 2023

The identification of processes activated by specific microbes during microbiota colonization of plant roots has been hampered by technical constraints in metatranscriptomics. These include lack of reference genomes, high representation of host or microbial rRNA sequences in datasets, or difficulty to experimentally validate gene functions. Here, we recolonized germ-free Arabidopsis thaliana with a synthetic, yet representative root microbiota comprising 106 genome-sequenced bacterial and fungal isolates. We used multi-kingdom rRNA depletion, deep RNA-sequencing and read mapping against reference microbial genomes to analyse the in planta metatranscriptome of abundant colonizers. We identified over 3,000 microbial genes that were differentially regulated at the soil-root interface. Translation and energy production processes were consistently activated in planta, and their induction correlated with bacterial strains’ abundance in roots. Finally, we used targeted mutagenesis to show that several genes consistently induced by multiple bacteria are required for root colonization in one of the abundant bacterial strains (a genetically tractable Rhodanobacter). Our results indicate that microbiota members activate strain-specific processes but also common gene sets to colonize plant roots.
Thermodynamic behavior of correlated electron-hole fluids in van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Qi Ruishi , Joe Andrew Y. , Zhang Zuocheng , Zeng Yongxin , Zheng Tiancheng , Feng Qixin , Xie Jingxu , Regan Emma , Lu Zheyu , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Tongay Sefaattin , Crommie Michael F. , MacDonald Allan H. , Wang Feng
Published: December 2023

Coupled two-dimensional electron-hole bilayers provide a unique platform to study strongly correlated Bose-Fermi mixtures in condensed matter. Electrons and holes in spatially separated layers can bind to form interlayer excitons, composite Bosons expected to support high-temperature exciton condensates. The interlayer excitons can also interact strongly with excess charge carriers when electron and hole densities are unequal. Here, we use optical spectroscopy to quantitatively probe the local thermodynamic properties of strongly correlated electron-hole fluids in MoSe2/hBN/WSe2 heterostructures. We observe a discontinuity in the electron and hole chemical potentials at matched electron and hole densities, a definitive signature of an excitonic insulator ground state. The excitonic insulator is stable up to a Mott density of ~0.8 × 1012 cm−2 and has a thermal ionization temperature of ~70 K. The density dependence of the electron, hole, and exciton chemical potentials reveals strong correlation effects across the phase diagram. Compared with a non-interacting uniform charge distribution, the correlation effects lead to significant attractive exciton-exciton and exciton-charge interactions in the electron-hole fluid. Our work highlights the unique quantum behavior that can emerge in strongly correlated electron-hole systems.