bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography for Differentiating Long-standing Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Authors: Dotan Gad , Goldenberg Dafna , Kesler Anat , Naftaliev Elvira , Loewenstein Anat , Goldstein Michaella
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

To report on the efficacy of macular and optic nerve spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in differentiating between long-standing central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

SD-OCT scans of the macula and optic nerve in 24 patients with unilateral optic atrophy secondary to CRAO (12 patients) and NAION (12 patients) were compared both qualitatively and quantitatively for differentiating features.

RESULTS:

In patients with long-standing CRAO, there was a significantly greater (
P
< .001) thinning of the macula relative to the fellow uninvolved eye (–59.7 ± 31.8 μm) compared to patients with longstanding NAION (–19.9 ± 8.4 μm) even though both conditions caused a similar (
P
= .726) degree of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer loss (−42.4 ± 18.5 μm and −44.1 ± 12.4 μm, respectively).

CONCLUSION:

SD-OCT macular scans can be used as an adjunctive tool for differentiating between longstanding CRAO and NAION.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:38–44.]
Intraoperative Grasp Site Correlation With Morphologic Changes in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer After Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
Authors: Diaz Rocio I. , Randolph John C. , Sigler Eric J. , Calzada Jorge I.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Recent reports have demonstrated inner retinal changes after internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling, but the mechanism responsible for these findings remains poorly understood. The purpose of this report is to establish a correlation between ILM removal and postoperative morphologic changes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Prospective, observational case series of eight consecutive patients undergoing pars plana vitrectomy with ILM peeling for macular hole or epimacular membrane. Intraoperatively, all grasp sites were recorded and subsequently superimposed on postoperative infrared and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images. Repeat examination and imaging were performed at regular postoperative intervals.

RESULTS:

Infrared fundus photography revealed well-defined, hyporeflective arcuate striations in all patients during the early postoperative period. These defects followed the course of axonal pathways from the grasp site to the optic nerve. SD-OCT images on all patients revealed early focal nerve fiber layer swelling directly corresponding to grasp sites, with eventual atrophy.

CONCLUSION:

A dynamic process takes place within the inner retina following surgical removal of ILM. Inadvertent surgical trauma induced by ILM forceps may be the mechanism responsible for nerve fiber layer morphologic changes after ILM peeling.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:45–49.]
Surgical Correction of Retinal Folds Involving the Fovea
Authors: Zacharias Leandro C. , Nóbrega Priscilla F.C. , Takahashi Walter Y.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Retinal folds are a rare complication after retinal detachment repair. Surgery is required if the fovea is involved. There are few surgical reports in the literature, describing various surgical approaches.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The authors employed a surgical technique to treat retinal folds involving the fovea in a 59-year-old woman. Perimacular subretinal blebs were created with a 41-gauge cannula in conjunction with fluid-air exchange to coalesce the fluid at the macula. Perfluorocarbon liquid was injected to flatten the retina, and subretinal fluid drainage was performed through a peripheral retinotomy.

RESULTS:

The macula was successfully unfolded during surgery. Visual acuity improved from 20/800 to 20/50. After 3 months, mild changes at the outer nuclear layer were observed on optical coherence tomography, and autofluorescence showed tracks of hypoautofluorescence where the forced infusion of liquid started.

CONCLUSION:

The authors describe an effective surgical approach for the correction of retinal folds involving the fovea. Prompt treatment as well as gentle surgical manipulation are key points to obtain an improvement in visual acuity.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:50–53.]
Neovascular AMD With Marked Macular Fluid and Rapid Response to Anti-VEGF Therapy
Authors: Wood Edward , Chang Jonathan S. , Flynn Harry W. , Kitchens John W.
Published: February 2014

The authors describe the clinical management and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of three unusual cases of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Each patient presented with decreased vision and a diagnosis of neovascular AMD, with SD-OCT findings of marked macular fluid. Macular fluid was noted to be subretinal fluid, pigment epithelial detachment, or both. In each case, visual acuity improved and the fluid resolved rapidly with monthly anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2014;45:175–178.]
Caracterización de escorias metalúrgicas procedentes de yacimientos arqueológicos de Navarra (Siglos II a.C.- IV d.C.)
Authors: Ros-Latienda L. , Fernández-Carrasquilla J.
Published: February 2014

Desde la Sección de Arqueología del Gobierno de Navarra llegó la propuesta de caracterizar una serie de piezas comprendidas entre el siglo II a.C. y el siglo IV d.C. procedentes de yacimientos arqueológicos de esta provincia con objeto de obtener datos relacionados con la tecnología que las produjo y poder comparar el grado de desarrollo técnico de diferentes épocas y lugares. Interesaba el estudio de estas piezas desde el punto de vista metalúrgico, habiendo entre ellas mayoritariamente escorias metalúrgicas, restos de piezas fabricadas y restos minerales utilizados en la obtención de diversos metales. Además de proceder a su análisis químico mediante técnica de plasma acoplado inductivamente (ICP), se estudiaron seis muestras mediante microscopía óptica, electrónica de barrido y microanálisis por energía dispersiva de rayos X (EDAX) que reveló la composición de zonas amplias de las escorias y finalmente se completó el estudio determinando las fases presentes mediante difracción de rayos X.
Propiedades mecánicas de la aleación AZ31 procesada por una ruta eco-sostenible
Authors: D’Errico F. , Garcés G. , Hofer M. , Kim S. K. , Pérez P. , Cabeza S. , Adeva P.
Published: February 2014

Recientemente se ha demostrado la posibilidad de fabricar por moldeo, componentes libres de defectos de diferentes aleaciones comerciales de magnesio, añadiendo CaO al caldo, sin emplear SF6. En el caso de las aleaciones AZ este proceso, además, mejora notablemente las propiedades mecánicas, no sólo por la mayor limpieza de las aleaciones sino también por la presencia de la fase CaAl2 que se forma por la incorporación de calcio al caldo. Este trabajo, enmarcado dentro del proyecto Green Metallurgy (http://www.green-metallurgy.eu) financiado por la Unión Europea (Programa LIFE+2009), estudia la influencia de diferentes adiciones de CaO en la microestructura y propiedades mecánicas de la aleación Eco-Mg AZ31. El estudio se lleva a cabo en aleaciones AZ31 con 0,5, 1 y 1,5% CaO procesadas por dos rutas diferentes, aleaciones coladas y extruidas, y aleaciones procesadas por una ruta pulvimetalúrgica utilizando virutas (chips). Esto último tiene como objeto analizar la viabilidad de la reutilización de virutas para la fabricación de componentes de la industria del automóvil y del transporte en general. Se ha demostrado que los materiales fabricados a partir de virutas precompactadas son los más resistentes y la aleación con mayor concentración de CaO la que presenta los valores más altos de resistencia, cercanos a 320 MPa.
Mesozoic deposits of the Hudson Bay Lowlands and coal deposits of the Onakawana area, Ontario
Authors: Price L L
Published: February 2014

A thin sequence of Lower Cretaceous rocks, the Mattagami Formation, underlies the southern part of Moose River Basin adjacent to the Canadian Shield of northern Ontario. The sequence consists of non-indurated quartzose sand, clay and, in the lower part, lignitic
coal. These sediments are mainly first-cycle and were derived from deep weathering of crystalline basement rocks. They have been deposited in association with a large river system flowing out of the Precambrian upland, well upstream from marine estuary or tidal influence. A small deposit of
non-indurated Jurassic clay and quartzose sand lies near the northeastern limit of the Mattagami Formation. It is lithologically distinguishable from Mattagami material by the greater maturity of the well-sorted multi-cycle Jurassic sand. Mattagami sands, of nearly pure, angular, coarse-grained
quartz, are recognized as a potential source of industrial silica. The consistently high kaolinite content of Mattagami clays produces a material with good refractory qualities. Some of the kaolinite may have potential as a commercial source of kaolin. Lignite deposits are relatively thick and
sUlphur-free, but of low rank and have a large content of water. Approximately 200 million tons of lignite have been delineated in the Onakawana area. Two prospective lignite areas separated from the Onakawana field by deep Pleistocene channels have not been explored.
Evolution of the Selwyn Basin region, Sheldon Lake and Tay River map areas, central Yukon
Authors: Gordey S P
Published: February 2014

Late Precambrian to Cretaceous, weakly metamorphosed strata of the ancestral North American margin comprise four sequences:
Upper Precambrian to Middle Devonian (more than 3000 m) turbiditic sandstone, deep-water limestone, shale, and chert (Selwyn Basin), flanked southwesterly in the Siluro-Devonian by shallow-water carbonate and clastic sediments (McEvoy Platform). Early Cambrian pelite hosts deposits of stratiform
lead-zinc.
Upper Devonian and Mississippian turbiditic quartz-chert sandstone and chert-pebble conglomerate (2000 m) shed from elevated fault blocks of Selwyn Basin strata. Stratiform barite occurs within siliceous shale of mid- to Upper Devonian age.
Mississippian to Triassic shale, chert, limestone, minor sandstone, and siltstone (1700 m) deposited on a shallow-marine shelf; and Lower Cretaceous clastic sediments (120+ m) derived from Jura-Cretaceous deformation and uplift. Regional Jura-Cretaceous deformation formed décollement style,
northwest-trending folds and large, shallow-dipping thrust faults. Incompetent Cambro-Ordovician to Lower Devonian strata are complexly deformed above a regional flat-lying detachment. Deformation was accompanied by obduction of oceanic ultramafite, basalt, chert, and carbonate (Slide Mountain
Terrane) as well as siliceous mylonite and schist (Yukon-Tanana Terrane).
Granitic intrusions of the mid-Cretaceous (100 Ma) Selwyn Plutonic Suite crosscut regional structure and are responsible for small skarn and base-metal vein deposits. Coeval pyroclastic rocks of the South Fork volcanics are preserved within huge calderas.
Cretaceous-Tertiary dextral slip along Tintina Fault has offset geological elements at least 430 km and formed pull-apart basins along and near the fault. Eocene fill of fluvial clastic and bimodal volcanic rocks host epithermal precious-metal veins.
Response of dry bean white mould [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] to fungicides
Authors: Mahoney K. J. , McCreary C. M. , Gillard C. L.
Published: February 2014

Mahoney, K. J., McCreary, C. M. and Gillard, C. L. 2014. Response of dry bean white mould [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] to fungicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 905–910. White mould [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, causal organism] is a serious disease of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Producers frequently rely on preventative fungicides, yet, this represents a significant production cost. Studies were conducted in 2009, 2010, and 2011 to determine fungicide efficacy under conditions optimized for white mould. Disease incidence×severity ratings were used to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). After harvest, a return on investment (ROI) was calculated. AUDPC values were similar across boscalid, fluazinam, fluopyram, and thiophanate-methyl and lower than Bacillus subtilis, CaCl2, and the untreated. Yield was greatest for fluazinam and fluopyram, followed by thiophanate-methyl. Bacillus subtilis and CaCl2 yields were similar to the untreated. In early-planted environments, using fluazinam and fluopyram resulted in a $500 ha−1 greater ROI than the untreated with $554 gained for every tonne per hectare of dry bean harvested. In late-planted environments, fluazinam and fluopyram averaged about $200 ha−1 greater ROI than the untreated and $494 was returned for every tonne per hectare of dry bean. When dry bean yield potential is reduced under conditions of increased white mould severity, profit margins become narrowed and producers may have to select fungicides that are both efficacious and economical.
La presencia y representación de la mujer científica en la prensa española
Authors: Aladro Vico Eva , Padilla Castillo Graciela , Requeijo Rey Paula , Semova Dimitrina J. , García Agustín Julia , García Nieto María Teresa , Mónica Viñarás Abad Mónica
Published: February 2014

Este proyecto de investigación y desarrollo parte de la hipótesis de que las mujeres científicas son invisibles en los medios españoles. Objetivos y metodología: Para comprobar si esto es así en la prensa y cuál es la imagen de la mujer que se ofrece, analizamos la información científica difundida por los cinco principales diarios generalistas de pago durante seis meses no consecutivos. Conclusiones: Los resultados revelan que estos diarios dedican únicamente el 2,6% de sus páginas a información sobre ciencia y que, dentro de éstas, la mujer protagoniza el 14,3% de los artículos frente al 70,6%, que se centra en los hombres, y el 15%, que atiende a ambos. La representación que se hace de la mujer en estas informaciones relata sus investigaciones sin darle protagonismo y de forma aséptica, con ausencia de adjetivos valorativos. Encontramos así una importante desigualdad en el tratamiento informativo de los científicos y las científicas en España.
Collaborative Medical Engagement and Needs Assessment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Preliminary Report from Muanda
Authors: Lesho Emil , Okito Edmond Amisi , Mann Kelly , McCullough Michael , Hesse Elisabeth
Published: February 2014

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest and fourth most populous country in Africa. More than two decades of ongoing conflicts have degraded its healthcare system. A broad range of tropical diseases, along with opportunities for collaborative medical engagements (CMEs), are prevalent. However, reports from such events in this country are sparse. In June 2013, a CME was conducted in the western town of Muanda. Twenty-two hours of didactic sessions were collaboratively presented, and 158 patients were collaboratively evaluated. Durable dental and respiratory equipment, infrastructure improvements, and training opportunities were the top needs identified by the providers. Whether the regional referral hospital received sustainable benefit remains under investigation. However, the approach and needs assessment described herein provide a framework for future engagements or assistance. This CME established a precedence of medical partnership in the region because it led to the largest multidisciplinary joint collaboration in the history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Caseating Granulomatous Inflammation: Think beyond Tuberculosis
Authors: Chaganti Padmavathi Devi , Prabhakar YVS , Seetaram KA , Babu Kalyan
Published: February 2014

A 33 years old male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patient on antiretroviral therapy developed caseating granulomatous inflammation of lymph nodes. He did not respond to antituberculous treatment. Subsequently, he developed gastrointestinal tract lesions. Special stains show positivity for histoplasmosis

The case is presented because of its resemblance to tuberculosis.

How to cite this article

Chaganti PD, Prabhakar YVS, Seetaram KA, Babu K. Caseating Granulomatous Inflammation: Think beyond Tuberculosis. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2013;3(2):51-54.
Urbach-Wiethe Disease: A Rare Cause of Hoarseness of Voice
Authors: Koganti Deepthi
Published: February 2014

Urbach-Wiethe disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by infiltration of periodic acid-Schiff positive hyaline material into the skin, oral cavity, larynx and internal organs. The clinical manifestations include hoarseness of voice, beaded papules along the eyelid margins, skin scarring and an inability to protrude the enlarged and thickened tongue. Laryngeal involvement is typical and causes hoarseness of voice. In this paper, we present a case of a middle-aged female with clinical features suggestive of Urbach-Wiethe disease. This entity is of interest to the otolaryngologist as it is a rare cause of hoarseness of voice.

How to cite this article

Koganti D. Urbach-Wiethe Disease: A Rare Cause of Hoarseness of Voice. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2013;3(2):61-64.
Transitional relation exploration for the typical loess geomorphologic types based on the slope spectrum characteristics
Authors: Zhao S. , Cheng W.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Based on the Chinese Geomorphologic Database at 1 : 1 000 000 scales, the distribution of the typical loess geomorphologic types, such as the loess tableland, loess ridge and loess knoll is acquired in the Loess Plateau of China; then, based on the SRTM 5 (shuttle radar topography mission)-DEM data and topographic analysis methods, the slope spectrums are computed for the typical loess geomorphologic types and their sub-types; through achieving the tendency line of the slope spectrum and analyzing the slope spectrum characteristics of the loess typical geomorphologic types, the transitional relationships are explored: (1) the general rule is: the loess tableland transits to 10 the loess ridge, and then transits to the loess knoll; (2) the specific relationship for the subtypes is: in the loess tableland, from the loess terrace to the complete tableland, then to the residual tableland, and finally to the beam tableland; in the loess ridge, from the oblique ridge to the knoll ridge; the final types is the loess knoll.
Synch Holes and Patchwork in Early Feature-Film Scores
Authors: Dienstfrey Eric
Published: February 2014

The aesthetics of early feature-film scores were shaped by narrational problems introduced by multi-reel features and their longer durations. Using The Patchwork Girl of Oz, I show how stylistic devices like silences and musical punctuation were used to address the coherence and pacing of multi-reel storytelling.
DNA‐based microbial analysis detects and locates potential contamination in distribution systems
Authors: Ghylin Trevor
Published: February 2014

DNA technology can fill in the gaps left by other microbial testing methods.
Valveless flow control: The paradigm shift from centrifugals and control valves to progressive cavity pumps
Authors: Heigl David , Dewell Kathryn
Published: February 2014

Water utilities could save time and money if they embraced the use of progressive cavity pumps for chemical applications.
Pain in people living with HIV/AIDS: a systematic review
Authors: Parker Romy , Stein Dan J , Jelsma Jennifer
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Pain is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, wide ranges of pain prevalence have been reported, making it difficult to determine the relative impact of pain in PLWHA. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to establish the prevalence and characteristics of pain and to explore pain management in PLWHA.

Methods

Studies that included cross‐sectional data were included in the search, which was conducted in April 2012. Databases searched using a time limit of March 1982 to March 2012 included PubMed, Scopus, Africa‐wide: NIPAD, CINAHL, PsychARTICLES, PSYCINFO, PSYCHIATRYONLINE, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. Search terms selected were “pain” and “HIV” or “acquired immune deficiency syndrome.” Two reviewers independently screened all citation abstracts for inclusion. Methodological quality was evaluated using a standardized 11‐item critical appraisal tool.

Results

After full text review, 61 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Prevalence of pain ranged from a point prevalence of 54% (95%CI 51.14–56.09) to 83% (95%CI 76–88) using a three‐month recall period. The reported pain was of moderate‐to‐severe intensity, and pain was reported in one to two and a half different anatomical sites. Moderate levels of pain interference with function were reported. All nine studies reporting on the adequacy of pain management recorded marked under‐treatment of pain.

Discussion

The studies reviewed reported that pain commonly presents at multiple pain sites with a range of severity suggesting that there are several differing pathological processes contributing to pain at one time. The interplay of variables associated with pain suggests that the biopsychosocial model of pain is an appropriate paradigm from which to view pain in PLWHA and from which to approach the problem, explore causes and establish effective treatment.

Conclusions

The results highlight that pain is common in PLWHA at all stages of the disease. The prevalence rates for pain in PLWHA do not appear to have diminished over the 30 years spanning the studies reviewed. The body of work available in the literature thus far, while emphasizing the problem of pain, has not had an impact on its management.
Improvement in pixel signal uniformity of polycrystalline mercuric iodide films for digital X-ray imaging
Authors: Oh Kyungmin , Kim Jinseon , Shin Jungwook , Heo Seunguk , Cho Gyuseok , Kim Daekuk , Park Jigoon , Nam Sanghee
Published: February 2014

We investigated polycrystalline mercuric iodide (HgI2) that exhibits uniform pixel signals for its use in digital X-ray imaging. To fabricate thin polycrystalline HgI2 films, the particle-in-binder (PIB) method is used because it enables the fabrication of X-ray conversion films at a low temperature and a normal pressure. Moreover, it has a large-scale deposition capacity at a low cost. Although the thin layers fabricated by the PIB method have such advantages, they are chemically unstable and show poor reproducibility and nonuniform X-ray response. To solve these problems, in this study, additional physical and chemical treatments were performed along with the PIB method after taking the size confinement effect of photoconductive particles into consideration. Morphological and electrical properties were measured to investigate the effects of the physical and chemical treatments.
Effects of Sc- and Zr-doped MgO layers on electron emission and discharge characteristics of alternating-current plasma display panels
Authors: Jung Eun Young , Park Choon-Sang , Hong Tae Eun , Sohn Sang Ho
Published: February 2014

To improve the material properties of a protective layer for alternating-current plasma display panels, a small amount of Sc or Zr was added to a conventional MgO protective layer. The electrical properties and surface characteristics of the Sc and Zr doped MgO protective layers deposited by an ion plating method were investigated. Experimental results show that the secondary electron emission coefficients of the Sc and Zr MgO protective layers are higher than those of conventional MgO protective layers, resulting in the reductions in firing voltage and address discharge delay time. To elucidate the reason for the increase in secondary electron emission, the changes in work function and energy band structure were investigated by cathodoluminescence (CL) measurement and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The measurements show that the work functions of the Sc and Zr MgO protective layers markedly decreased in comparison with that of the conventional MgO protective layer. Experimental results reveal that the secondary electron emission has a strong correlation with the change in work function or energy band structure that is related to the defect level produced by doping, thereby resulting in changes in electrical discharge voltage and delay time.
A simulation model on photoresist SU-8 thickness after development under partial exposure with reflection effect
Authors: Huang Yuan-Te , Hsu Wensyang
Published: February 2014

The negative photoresist SU-8 is often used to fabricate thick micro structures. It was known that reflection from the interface between SU-8 and the substrate surface would affect the thickness after development and profile of SU-8 structures. However, the model to predict the thickness after development of SU-8 under reflection effect has not been reported yet. Here, a simulation model to predict SU-8 thickness after development under partial exposure with reflection effects is proposed. Two kinds of SU-8 micro structures with different exposure dosages and coated thickness are fabricated on glass substrates to demonstrate the capability of the proposed model. For different exposure dosages or coated SU-8 thickness, the maximum difference between simulated and experimental results is shown to be less than 3.1%, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed model.
Photoresponse enhancement of plasmonic terahertz wave detector based on asymmetric silicon MOSFETs with antenna integration
Authors: Ryu Min Woo , Lee Jeong Seop , Park Kibog , Park Wook-Ki , Han Seong-Tae , Kim Kyung Rok
Published: February 2014

We report the experiments of a plasmonic terahertz (THz) wave detector based on silicon (Si) field-effect transistors (FETs) in the nonresonant sub-THz (0.2 THz) regime. To investigate the effects of the overdamped charge asymmetry on responsivity (R
V), a FET structure with the asymmetric source and drain area under the gate has been proposed. R
V as a function of gate voltage in Si FET-based detectors integrated with an antenna has been successfully enhanced by the asymmetry ratio (ηa = W
D/W
S) of gate-overlapped drain width (W
D) to source width (W
S) in agreement with the nonresonant quasi-plasma wave detection theory. The experimentally measured photoresponse has been enhanced by about 36.2 times on average from various samples according to the 10-fold increase in ηa. The effect of the integrated bow-tie antenna on the performance enhancement has also been estimated as 60-fold at the maximum incident angle for the polarized THz wave source.
Experimental study on SET/RESET conditions for graphene resistive random access memory
Authors: Shindome Aya , Takahashi Tsunaki , Oda Shunri , Uchida Ken
Published: February 2014

The switching conditions of graphene resistive random access memories (ReRAMs) are studied. Multi terminal devices are used to clarify the location of ReRAM operations. It is shown that a metal/graphene interface has no effect on ReRAM operations and that there is only one local point where the ReRAM effect occurs in a two-terminal device. Further investigation of the SET conditions in a graphene ReRAM suggests that the SET operation is driven by a potential difference within the ReRAM device. Finally, the time dependence of the SET operation is assessed, revealing that it occurs when the transient gate voltage is reduced abruptly from 10 to 0 V.
Crystallographic and optical properties of Cu2Zn(Sn1−
xGex)Se4 solid solution
Authors: Morihama Masaru , Gao Feng , Maeda Tsuyoshi , Wada Takahiro
Published: February 2014

Cu2Zn(Sn1−

x
Ge
x
)Se4 (CZTGSe) solid solution powders with x = 0.0–1.0 were synthesized by mixing the elemental powders and heating at 600 °C for 5 h in an N2 gas atmosphere. Crystal structures of all CZTGSe samples were analyzed by Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction data on the basis of the tetragonal kesterite structure. Rietveld analysis showed that the lattice parameters, a and c, linearly decreased with increasing Ge content. The band gap energies of the CZTGSe solid solutions were determined by diffuse-reflectance spectra. The band gap energy (E
g) linearly increased from 0.99 eV for Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) (x = 0.0) to 1.35 eV for Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) (x = 1.0) by increased Ge content. We fabricated Cu2Zn(Sn,Ge)Se4 films by a screen printing and high-pressure sintering (PHS) process. The CZTGSe films were post-annealed at 550 °C for 10 min under H2S gas atmosphere. The Cu2Zn(Sn1−

x
Ge
x
)(S,Se)4 (CZTGSSe) solar cells with the device structure of Ag/ITO/i-ZnO/CdS/CZTGSSe/Mo/soda-lime glass showed an efficiency of 2.68%, with a V
oc of 268 mV, a J
sc of 22.1 mA/cm2, and an FF of 45.2%.
The role of soil processes in δ18O terrestrial climate proxies
Authors: Kanner Lisa C. , Buenning Nikolaus H. , Stott Lowell D. , Timmermann Axel , Noone David
Published: February 2014

A paleoclimate interpretation of a terrestrial hydrologic proxy such as the δ18O of tree cellulose or speleothem calcite may be biased or misinterpreted if the isotopic composition of the soil water from which the proxy originated undergoes isotopic exchange or fractionation. In this study, we use a global isotope‐enabled land surface model to investigate how the δ18O of precipitation may be altered in a soil column due to evaporation and vertical moisture transport. In order to assess how precipitation and evaporation contribute to the soil water isotopic variability, we compare seasonal and interannual changes in simulated xylem water δ18O within a control simulation and in a suite of sensitivity experiments where the effects of precipitation δ18O, water vapor δ18O, and soil water evaporation are independently removed. The simulations, carried out for the period 1979 to 2004, reveal that in semiarid regions, such as the southwest United States, the seasonal cycle in xylem water δ18O is strongly affected by evaporative loss during the dry season and evaporation can also constitute as much as 50% of the interannual δ18O variance. Additional simulations, including soil water tagging experiments, indicate that upward fluxes of soil water occur during drier periods. For soil water δ18O profiles that are isotopically more depleted in 18O at depth, this imparts a low isotopic signature to xylem water δ18O during such dry intervals. Hence, without taking into account vertical moisture transport in the soils, low δ18O years could be misinterpreted as wet conditions (due to decreased evaporative enrichment) when instead drier conditions are equally as likely.
The devastating Zhouqu storm‐triggered debris flow of August 2010: Likely causes and possible trends in a future warming climate
Authors: Ren Diandong
Published: February 2014

On 8 August 2010 in the northwestern Chinese province of Gansu, a rainstorm‐triggered debris flow devastated the small county of Zhouqu. A modeling study, using a new multiple‐phase scalable and extensible geofluid model, suggests that the cause is an intersection of several events. These were a heavy rainstorm, not necessarily the result of global warming, which triggered the landslide and followed a drought that created surface cracks and crevasses; the geology of the region, notably the loess covering heavily weathered surface rock; and the bedrock damage, that deepened the surface crevasses inflicted by the 7.9 magnitude Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008. Deforestation and topsoil erosion were critical contributors to the massive size of the debris flow. The modeling results underscore the urgency for a high‐priority program of revegetation of Zhouqu County, without which the region will remain exposed to future disastrous, “progressive bulking” type landslides. Debris flows are more predictable types of landslides; consequently, a series of “pseudo climate change” model experiments of future extreme precipitation events are carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, forced by temperature perturbations from an ensemble of climate models. In a possibly future warmer climate, extreme precipitation events are anticipated to be more severe, and this study has identified an atmospheric blocking pattern that might produce future extreme precipitation events in the peri‐Tibetan Plateau (TP) area (located to the northeast of the TP). Importantly, observations from gravity field measuring satellites indicate that the larger geological environment of this region also is becoming increasingly unstable.
Mexican GPS Tracks Convection From North American Monsoon
Authors: Adams David K. , Minjarez Carlos , Serra Yolande , Quintanar Arturo , Alatorre Luis , Granados Alfredo , Vázquez Esteban , Braun John
Published: February 2014

The North American monsoon (NAM) is a dominant feature of the climate of northwest Mexico and the southwest United States. The annual monsoon, which usually lasts from July to September, contributes more than half of the yearly precipitation for much of the region. Thunderstorms brought on by the monsoon are routinely responsible for severe weather, including flooding, hail, wind, dust storms, and lightning. Tropical storms and hurricanes during the NAM season can also wreak havoc on a much larger scale.
Chemical Spill in West Virginia Triggers More Studies to Understand Contaminants
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2014

Although a major chemical spill that contaminated the water supply for nearly 300,000 people living near the Elk River in and around Charleston, W.Va., took place more than a month ago, experts at a 10 February congressional hearing still were not willing to definitively state that the water is safe to use again.
Really Reaching the Public, Face‐to‐Face
Authors: Foukal Peter
Published: February 2014

This past summer I was able to provide a young couple with their first view of Saturn through a telescope, and afterward they told me what a profound experience this look into space had been for them. It wasn't the first time I'd seen such an emotional response since I opened the East Point Solar Observatory, a small public observatory in Nahant, Mass., in 1995. But listening to them reminded me how lucky we scientists are to pursue a career that brings out such warm feelings in our neighbors. It also made me wonder whether the effectiveness of our national approach to public outreach might be increased by more face‐to‐face contact between scientists and the public.
Changes in Marine Environments and Responses of Ecosystem Dynamics in the East Asian Pacific
Authors: Ogawa Hiroshi , Saito Hiroaki , Ju Se‐Jong
Published: February 2014

At an international symposium on the marine systems of the Pacific region of East Asia, scientists concluded that changes in the ocean environment are having a significant effect on biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems and, consequently, on humans and the food supply. The meeting, the 6th China‐Japan‐Korea (CJK) Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research symposium, was held in Japan at the University of Tokyo.
Tree ring records reconstruct streamflow variability in Utah
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: February 2014

People in northern Utah, including Salt Lake City, depend on water stored as winter snow and delivered by mountain streams to populated areas. Climate models predict that in the near future, warmer temperatures will lead to a decrease in winter snow and streamflow in mountain streams, possibly leading to water shortages for the region.
Direct evidence of double‐slope power spectra in the high‐latitude ionospheric plasma
Authors: Spicher A. , Miloch W. J. , Moen J. I.
Published: February 2014

We report direct observations of the double‐slope power spectra for plasma irregularities in the F layer of the polar ionosphere. The investigation of cusp irregularities ICI‐2 sounding rocket, which was launched into the polar cusp ionosphere, intersected enhanced plasma density regions with decameter‐scale irregularities. Density measurements at unprecedented high resolution with multi‐Needle Langmuir Probes allowed for a detailed study of the plasma irregularities down to kinetic scales. Spectral analysis reveals double‐slope power spectra for regions of enhanced fluctuations associated mainly with density gradients, with the steepening of the spectra occurring close to the oxygen gyrofrequency. These findings are further supported with the first results from the ICI‐3 rocket, which flew through regions with strong precipitation and velocity shears. Previously, double‐slope spectra have been observed in the equatorial ionosphere. The present work gives a direct evidence that the double‐slope power spectra can be common in the high‐latitude ionosphere.
Morphological Origin of Charge Transport Anisotropy in Aligned Polythiophene Thin Films
Authors: O'Connor Brendan T. , Reid Obadiah G. , Zhang Xinran , Kline R. Joseph , Richter Lee J. , Gundlach David J. , DeLongchamp Dean M. , Toney Michael F. , Kopidakis Nikos , Rumbles Garry
Published: February 2014

The morphological origin of anisotropic charge transport in uniaxially strain aligned poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films is investigated. The macroscale field effect mobility anisotropy is measured in an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) configuration and compared to the local aggregate P3HT mobility anisotropy determined using time‐resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) measurements. The field effect mobility anisotropy in highly aligned P3HT films is substantially higher than the local mobility anisotropy in the aggregate P3HT. This difference is attributed to preferentially aligned polymer tie‐chains at grain boundaries that contribute to macroscale charge transport anisotropy but not the local anisotropy. The formation of sharp grains between oriented crystalline P3HT, through tie chain removal by thermal annealing the strained aligned films, results in an order of magnitude drop in the measured field effect mobility for charge transport parallel to the strain direction. The field effect mobility anisotropy is cut in half while the local mobility anisotropy remains relatively constant. The local mobility anisotropy is found to be surprisingly low in the aligned films, suggesting that the π−π stacking direction supports charge carrier mobility on the same order of magnitude as that in the intrachain direction, possibly due to poor intrachain mobility through chain torsion.
Artificial Magnetic Bacteria: Living Magnets at Room Temperature
Authors: Martín Miguel , Carmona Fernando , Cuesta Rafael , Rondón Deyanira , Gálvez Natividad , Domínguez‐Vera José M.
Published: February 2014

Biogenic magnetite is a fascinating example of how nature can generate functional magnetic nanostructures. Inspired by the magnetic bacteria, an attempt is made to mimic their magnetic properties, rather than their structures, to create living magnets at room temperature. The non‐magnetic probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacteria breve are used as bioplatforms to densely arrange superparamagnetic nanoparticles on their external surfaces, thus obtaining the artificial magnetic bacteria. Magnetic probiotic bacteria can be produced by using superparamagnetic maghemite nanoparticles assembled at their surfaces. They present a collective ferromagnetic phase at room temperature. The blocking temperature of these maghemite nanoparticles increases more than 100 K when assembled at the artificial magnetic bacteria.
Surface Energy Engineering in the Solvothermal Deoxidation of Graphene Oxide
Authors: Lin Liangxu , Zheng Xuelin , Zhang Shaowei , Allwood Dan A.
Published: February 2014

A route to achieving high yields of monodisperse, deeply deoxidized graphene oxide (GO) in solution is presented. It overcomes many of the problems of dispersibility and inefficient reduction of GO in solvothermal deoxidation that are usually observed, despite the previous use of strong reducing agents (e.g. Fe2+, S or hydrazine). It is shown that the incomplete deoxidation is most likely due to agglomeration/self‐assembly of partially reduced GO, which also creates poor dispersibility. GO deoxidation is found to be highly sensitive to the solvent surface energy and, through experiments and empirical calculations, tuning the solvent surface energy to around 85.6 mJ/m2 (at 100 °C) leads to fully deoxidized GO. These calculations also allow appropriate solvent surface energies to be calculated for other temperatures for deep deoxidation of GO. This approach makes solvothermal deoxidation of GO a potential route to large scale, economic production of highly disperse monolayered graphene.
Measuring the Effects of a Sliding Scale Duty System on China's Cotton Market: A Spatial Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Wang Xuejun , Maeda Koshi , Hokazono Satoshi , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Kaiser Harry M.
Published: February 2014

We examined the impacts of China's implementation of a sliding scale duty (SSD) system on the world cotton market. The analysis was based on a spatial equilibrium model of major importing and exporting regions that incorporates key features of China's SSD. The model solutions suggest that implementation of the SSD system improved market access for imports of cotton in China, which benefitted cotton processors, and adversely affected China's cotton producers. The Chinese market price of cotton decreased, imports increased, and domestic production declined. Furthermore, subsequent adjustments of the SSD system increased market access for cotton, which benefitted China cotton processors. These changes in China's cotton trade policy altered conditions in the world. [EconLit Citations: C600; F130; Q170].
Robust modeling of mixture probabilistic principal component analysis and process monitoring application
Authors: Zhu Jinlin , Ge Zhiqiang , Song Zhihuan
Published: February 2014

In this article, a robust modeling strategy for mixture probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) is proposed. Different from the traditional Gaussian distribution driven model such as PPCA, the multivariate student t‐distribution is adopted for probabilistic modeling to reduce the negative effect of outliers, which is very common in the process industry. Furthermore, for handling the missing data problem, a partially updating algorithm is developed for parameter learning in the robust mixture PPCA model. Therefore, the new robust model can simultaneously deal with outliers and missing data. For process monitoring, a Bayesian soft decision fusion strategy is developed which is combined with the robust local monitoring models under different operating conditions. Two case studies demonstrate that the new robust model shows enhanced modeling and monitoring performance in both outlier and missing data cases, compared to the mixture probabilistic principal analysis model. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 2143–2157, 2014
Discriminating between essential thrombocythemia and masked polycythemia vera in JAK2 mutated patients
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Thiele Jürgen , Carobbio Alessandra , Guglielmelli Paola , Rambaldi Alessandro , Vannucchi Alessandro M. , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: February 2014

In patients not meeting the required hematocrit (HCT) or hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds according to BCSH and the WHO diagnostic criteria, the diagnosis of masked polycythemia vera (mPV) has been proposed. A comparison of HCT or Hb values with the expression of JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12, and CALR mutations in strictly WHO‐defined 257 overt PV and 140 mPV (59 mPV according to BCSH) and 397 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) was performed. Hb and HCT thresholds of mPV patients were significantly higher than JAK2V617F ET (P < 0.0001). The best cut‐off for Hb to discriminate JAK2‐mutated ET from PV was 16.5 g/dL for males and 16.0 g/dL for females. For HCT, this was 49% in males and 48% in females. The proportion of patients correctly classified as ET or PV when regarding Hb or HCT levels was 95% in males and 93% in females and 94% in both males and females, respectively. Am. J. Hematol. 89:588–590, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lower hemoglobin levels in first time mothers from Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Yoon Jessica , Tooba Rubabin , Borja Judith , Largado Fe , Quinn E.A.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

The association between parity and hemoglobin status in mothers is unclear. Closely spaced pregnancies may predict decreased hemoglobin in women, as these shorter intervals may limit the time available for iron repletion, or maternal age may be associated with general declines in hemoglobin. This study investigated the association between parity and hemoglobin status in a 1‐year birth cohort of mothers from Cebu, Philippines, with variable parities. It was hypothesized that maternal parity would be inversely associated with hemoglobin status and that among multiparous mothers, interbirth interval, and prior breastfeeding duration would be positively associated with hemoglobin level.

Methods

The study design was cross‐section with participants (n = 125) recruited from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey; all mothers were 24–25 years of age at the time of the study and currently breastfeeding infants less than 3 years of age. Hemoglobin was measured using B‐Hemocue Analyzer. Detailed dietary information, health recalls, anthropometrics, and reproductive histories were available on all mothers.

Results

Maternal parity ranged from 1 to 6 with an average of 2.2 (1.0) births. In this cross section of parity among similarly aged women, hemoglobin levels were significantly lower for primiparous (12.1 ± 1.8) compared to multiparous mothers (13.2 ± 1.5; P = 0.03), despite similar antianemic usage during gestation. There was no significant association between prior interbirth interval, prior, or current breastfeeding duration and hemoglobin in multiparas.

Conclusions

Low hemoglobin levels of primiparous women in this sample might indicate increased nutritional stress associated with first pregnancy. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:421–423, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
NIOSH Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers: Training and awareness of employer safety procedures
Authors: Steege Andrea L. , Boiano James M. , Sweeney Marie H.
Published: February 2014

Background

The Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers describes current practices used to minimize chemical exposures and barriers to using recommended personal protective equipment for the following: antineoplastic drugs, anesthetic gases, high level disinfectants, surgical smoke, aerosolized medications (pentamidine, ribavirin, and antibiotics), and chemical sterilants.

Methods

Twenty‐one healthcare professional practice organizations collaborated with NIOSH to develop and implement the web‐based survey.

Results

Twelve thousand twenty‐eight respondents included professional, technical, and support occupations which routinely come in contact with the targeted hazardous chemicals. Chemical‐specific safe handling training was lowest for aerosolized antibiotics (52%, n = 316), and surgical smoke (57%, n = 4,747). Reported employer procedures for minimizing exposure was lowest for surgical smoke (32%, n = 4,746) and anesthetic gases (56%, n = 3,604).

Conclusions

Training and having procedures in place to minimize exposure to these chemicals is one indication of employer and worker safety awareness. Safe handling practices for use of these chemicals will be reported in subsequent papers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:640–652, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.