bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lung transplantation in HIV seropositive recipients: An analysis of the UNOS registry
Authors: Donohue Jack K. , Chan Ernest G. , Clifford Sarah , Ryan John P. , Furukawa Masashi , Haidar Ghady , Bertani Alessandro , Hage Chadi A. , Sanchez Pablo G.
Published: January 2024

Background

Experience with lung transplantation (LT) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is limited. Many studies have demonstrated the success of kidney and liver transplantation in HIV‐seropositive (HIV+) patients. Our objective was to conduct a national registry analysis comparing LT outcomes in HIV+ to HIV‐seronegative (HIV−) recipients.

Methods

The United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried to identify LTs performed in adult HIV+ patients between 2016 and 2023. Patients with unknown HIV status, multiorgan transplants, and redo transplants were excluded. The primary endpoints were mortality and graft rejection. Survival time was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier analysis.

Results

The study included 17 487 patients, 67 of whom were HIV+. HIV+ recipients were younger (59 vs. 62 years, p = .02), had higher pulmonary arterial pressure (28 vs. 25 mm Hg, p = .04), and higher lung allocation scores (47 vs. 41, p = .01) relative to HIV− recipients. There were no differences in graft/recipient survival time between groups. HIV+ recipients had higher rates of post‐transplant dialysis (18% vs. 8.4%, p = .01), but otherwise had similar post‐transplant outcomes to HIV‐recipients.

Conclusions

This national registry analysis suggests LT outcomes in HIV+ patients are not inferior to outcomes in HIV− patients and that well‐selected HIV+ recipients can achieve comparable patient and graft survival rates relative to HIV− recipients.
How collectively integrated are ecological communities?
Authors: Zelnik Yuval R. , Galiana Nuria , Barbier Matthieu , Loreau Michel , Galbraith Eric , Arnoldi Jean‐François
Published: January 2024

Beyond abiotic conditions, do population dynamics mostly depend on a species' direct predators, preys and conspecifics? Or can indirect feedback that ripples across the whole community be equally important? Determining where ecological communities sit on the spectrum between these two characterizations requires a metric able to capture the difference between them. Here we show that the spectral radius of a community's interaction matrix provides such a metric, thus a measure of ecological collectivity, which is accessible from imperfect knowledge of biotic interactions and related to observable signatures. This measure of collectivity integrates existing approaches to complexity, interaction structure and indirect interactions. Our work thus provides an original perspective on the question of to what degree communities are more than loose collections of species or simple interaction motifs and explains when pragmatic reductionist approaches ought to suffice or fail when applied to ecological communities.
Cloud‐based deep learning architecture for DDoS cyber attack prediction
Authors: Arango‐López Jeferson , Isaza Gustavo , Ramirez Fabian , Duque Nestor , Montes Jose
Published: January 2024

Conventional methodologies employed in detecting distributed denial‐of‐service attacks have frequently struggled to adapt to the dynamic and multi‐faceted evolution of such threats. Furthermore, many of the contemporary detection and prevention solutions, while innovative, remain anchored to dedicated workstations, lacking the flexibility and scalability required in today's digital landscape. To bridge this technological chasm, this research introduces a state‐of‐the‐art intrusion detection system firmly rooted in advanced Deep Learning techniques. By leveraging the expansive and adaptable nature of cloud‐centric, service‐oriented architectures, we not only bolster detection precision but also offer a solution designed for modern infrastructures. This system provides enterprises with a robust, easily deployable tool that is both versatile in its application and proactive in its defence approach, ensuring that networks remain resilient against the continuously evolving spectrum of cyber threats.
Being adult children of late‐life divorced parents in Israel: A dyadic/familial perspective
Authors: Cohen Yafit , Demeter Naor , Koren Chaya
Published: January 2024

Objectives

In this study, the researchers examined adult children's experience during and after their parents' late‐life divorce. The study applies a familial/dyadic perspective. Family systems theory is used heuristically.

Background

Late‐life divorce is rising due to increased social legitimacy of divorce and life‐expectancy. As parents age, their adult children become more involved in their parents' lives. Accordingly, adult children are expected to fulfill roles in their parents' life transitions such as late‐life divorce. However, adult children's experiences regarding their parents late‐life divorce is not as available in previous studies, especially from a dyadic/familial perspective.

Method

Semistructured in‐depth qualitative‐interviews were conducted separately with 51 participants (28 adult children, 23 parents) composed of seven family units (n = 33) and nine parent–child‐dyads (n = 18). Thematic analysis and dyadic interview analysis were used.

Results

During the divorce, adult children experienced meaningful roles supporting their parents, mediating between them, or pushing them to finalize the divorce. Some avoided involvement. Parents described roles they assigned to their adult children and their consequences. After divorce, adult children continued supporting their parents, experiencing role reversal earlier than expected. Their new roles included relieving loneliness and worry and providing care.

Conclusion

The roles adult children experience reveals unique challenges for adult‐child–parent relationships after parents' late‐life divorce, influencing the family system.

Implications

Conceptualizing adult children's roles and the implications for family systems contributes to theoretical knowledge. Family counselors should provide families with relevant tools to deal with these consequences. Policy makers and training programs for family therapy should address the consequences of late‐life divorce.
Survey of K‐12 world language program evaluation
Authors: Malone Margaret E. , Stevenson Malik , Pineault Caitlyn
Published: January 2024

Language program evaluation has the potential for positive program impact by providing an opportunity for program stakeholders to reflect on their goals, examine their outcomes, and determine ways to move forward to maximize a program's effectiveness. However, many stakeholders are either unaware of the affordances of program evaluation or unable to access it for their programs. Moreover, many stakeholders have an incomplete understanding of what program evaluation entails and frequently confuse it with assessment. This paper examines the current capacities and needs of program evaluation for K‐12 world language programs, including the extent to which K‐12 world language professionals in this study currently utilize evaluation, and provides information on the kinds of language program evaluation workshops and tools that could be helpful for these populations.
The metabolic load‐capacity model and cardiometabolic health in children and youth with obesity
Authors: Orsso Camila E. , Vieira Flavio T. , Basuray Nandini , Duke Reena L. , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Rubin Daniela A. , Ajamian Faria , Ball Geoff D. C. , Field Catherine J. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Siervo Mario , Prado Carla M. , Haqq Andrea M.
Published: January 2024

Background

The metabolic load‐capacity index (LCI), which represents the ratio of adipose to skeletal muscle tissue‐containing compartments, is potentially associated with cardiometabolic diseases.

Objectives

To examine the associations between the LCI and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and youth with obesity.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study including 10–18 years‐old participants with a BMI of ≥95th. LCI by air‐displacement plethysmography (ADP) was calculated as fat mass divided by fat‐free mass, and LCI by ultrasound (US) as subcutaneous adipose tissue divided by skeletal muscle thickness. Sex‐specific medians stratified participants into high versus low LCI. Single (inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension) and clustered cardiometabolic risk factors were evaluated. Linear and logistic regression models tested the associations between these variables, adjusted for sexual maturation.

Results

Thirty‐nine participants (43.6% males; 59% mid‐late puberty) aged 12.5 (IQR: 11.1–13.5) years were included. LCI by ADP was positively associated with markers of inflammation and dyslipidemia; having a higher LCI predicted dyslipidemia in logistic regression. Similarly, LCI by US was positively associated with markers of dyslipidemia and blood pressure. In mid‐late pubertal participants, LCI by US was positively associated with markers of insulin resistance and inflammation.

Conclusions

Participants with unfavourable cardiometabolic profile had higher LCI, suggesting its potential use for predicting and monitoring cardiometabolic health in clinical settings.
4D food printing technology: Structural changes to culinary art and beyond
Authors: Singh Poornima , Pandey Vinay Kumar , Tripathi Anjali , Singh Rahul , Net Tarun Singh Shri , Ramniwas Seema , Pandiselvam R.
Published: January 2024

The evolution of food manufacturing through 3D printing has expanded with the development of 4D printing technology and opened new possibilities in culinary applications. Compared to conventional 3D printing, 4D printing incorporates time as a new dimension, allowing for dynamic modifications to food structures. Self‐assembly and reactions to external factors such as pH, moisture content, or temperature are examples of these alterations. The gastronomic design and nutritional possibilities have increased with the use of 4D printing in the food preparation process. Personalized nutrition is a significant use of 4D printing in the food industry. With the use of this technology, food products may be tailored to meet the dietary requirements of everyone, encouraging better eating practice and treating nutritional shortages. Furthermore, complex culinary designs that were previously difficult to accomplish are now possible by 4D printing. Intelligent materials that adapt their surroundings allow for self‐adjusting forms or packaging, which lowers waste and promotes sustainable food practices. Transportation and food storage could be revolutionized by 4D printing. Food deterioration and waste can be reduced, and food quality preserved throughout storage and transportation with the help of self‐adjusting packaging that adjusts to temperature fluctuations. Examining the most recent advancements in 4D food printing technology, this review highlights how this technology can revolutionize customized nutrition, sustainability, waste management, and culinary inventiveness.

Practical Applications

Understanding the concept and advances in food printing technology is important to develop nutritionally enriched food products with desired shape. The factors involved in 4D food printing technologies and the structural and biochemical changes in products during processing are critically analyzed.
I'm a 45‐year‐old woman in the body of an 80‐year‐old: The multiple losses of living and aging in the shadow of prostitution
Authors: Gnaim‐Mwassi Nora , Winterstein Tova Band , Avieli Hila
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Research on aging women who are involved in prostitution is currently limited, both in terms of the number of studies conducted and their scope. Nevertheless, the available research suggests that women who are aging while involved in prostitution may confront some unique challenges. Thus, the study aims to explore the experiences of aging as narrated by Arab women in prostitution, using Intersectionality as a theoretical framework.

Method

Interpretive phenomenological analysis was used, and semistructured interviews were performed with 12 participants.

Findings

Four themes emerged: “I'm a 45‐year‐old woman in the body of an 80‐year‐old:” Loss of physical and mental health; “There is no retirement plan in prostitution: Economic and social losses; As they were taken, my soul went with them too: The loss of the parenting experience and motherhood”; and “I'm going to get older with the disgust clinging to me:” The loss of authentic identity and dignity.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate how aging serves to exacerbate overlapping forms of discrimination and marginalization.

Clinical Relevance

Healthcare professionals, including nurses caring for older women in prostitution, should be aware of their unique circumstances, considering the social, economic, and healthcare obstacles they face. By being cognizant of these factors, healthcare practitioners can provide meaningful assistance in their pursuit of improved quality of life.
Racial/ethnic differences in living arrangements, distant relations, and later‐life mental health
Authors: Liu Jingwen
Published: January 2024

Objective

This research investigates associations between living arrangements and older adults' depressive symptoms and whether these associations are moderated by extended family, friends, and neighborhoods for White, Black, and Hispanic older adults.

Background

The drastic marriage and kinship decline since the 1970s has raised growing concerns about aging alone in both the public and scholarship. This paper adopts critical race theory to examine the social convoy model which argues that distant networks will fill in to protect individuals from stressors in the absence of proximal relations.

Methods

This paper applies multilevel mixed‐effects linear models to 2006–2018 waves of Health and Retirement Study (N = 44,304 obs., with 32,599 White, 7028 Black, and 4677 Hispanics).

Results

While married couples living alone have the best mental health among Whites, co‐residing with both spouses/partners and children (the intergenerational coresidence) is associated with the lowest depressive symptoms for Black and Hispanic older adults. Moreover, strong social support from extended family and friends and a high level of neighborhood social cohesion can significantly mitigate increased depressive symptoms associated with living alone or with others only (people other than spouses/partners and children) for Whites, but not for Blacks and Hispanics.

Conclusion

This research challenges the paradigm that considers “married couples living alone” as a normalized family structure. It also emphasizes the “double plight” of Black and Hispanic older adults, who show both a disproportionate decline in family ties and a lack of supportive distant relations serving as buffer zones in the absence of spouses and children.
Lot's Daughters and Naomi and Ruth: Of “Moral Love” and National Myths
Authors: Carter John E.
Published: January 2024

This essay argues that the book of Ruth's reopening of Israel's history and national mythology functions in such a way as to redeem, as it were, the plight of the subaltern Moabite—a plight begun with the daughters of Lot in Genesis 19. A parallel is then drawn with the 1619 Project, the recent journalistic project which posits the entire historical sweep of African slavery in North America since 1619 as the defining arc of the United States' founding. As theoretical frames, the essay draws on the work of literary critic Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (including her concept of “moral love”) and political philosopher Arash Abizadeh. In so doing, the essay illustrates how a “functionalist” approach to biblical ethics that balances the content of the biblical narrative with attention to how the text functions in its broader context can provide guidance for contemporary ethical application.
Heterologous expression of the human wild‐type and variant NaV1.8 (A1073V) in rat sensory neurons
Authors: Kapur Maryam M. , Soliman Marwa , Blanke Emily N. , Herold Paul B. , Janicki Piotr K. , Vrana Kent E. , Coates Matthew D. , Ruiz‐Velasco Victor
Published: January 2024

Background

Silent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition in which individuals with the active disease experience minor to no pain. Voltage‐gated Na+ (NaV) channels expressed in sensory neurons play a major role in pain perception. Previously, we reported that a NaV1.8 genetic polymorphism (A1073V, rs6795970) was more common in a cohort of silent IBD patients. The expression of this variant (1073V) in rat sympathetic neurons activated at more depolarized potentials when compared to the more common variant (1073A). In this study, we investigated whether expression of either NaV1.8 variant in rat sensory neurons would exhibit different biophysical characteristics than previously observed in sympathetic neurons.

Methods

Endogenous NaV1.8 channels were first silenced in DRG neurons and then either 1073A or 1073V human NaV1.8 cDNA constructs were transfected. NaV1.8 currents were recorded with the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique.

Key Results

The results indicate that 1073A and 1073V NaV1.8 channels exhibited similar activation values. However, the slope factor (k) for activation determined for this same group of neurons decreased by 5 mV, suggesting an increase in voltage sensitivity. Comparison of inactivation parameters indicated that 1073V channels were shifted to more depolarized potentials than 1073A‐expressing neurons, imparting a proexcitatory characteristic.

Conclusions and Inferences

These findings differ from previous observations in other expression models and underscore the challenges with heterologous expression systems. Therefore, the use of human sensory neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells may help address these inconsistencies and better determine the effect of the polymorphism present in IBD patients.
Effectiveness of promethazine on preoperative and intraoperative sequelae in cleft palate surgeries
Authors: Vedha Vivigdha A. , Senthil Murugan P. , Santhosh Kumar M. P. , Khuntia Sibasish
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Anxiety and nosocomial infection are the most common reported problems in children undergoing cleft surgeries. Research shows that there is an enigma in the use of antihistamine therapy in children for the management of upper respiratory tract infection. ‘Promethazine’ is a first‐generation H1 receptor antagonist, and antihistamine also has strong sedative effects. Our study aims at evaluating the Effectiveness of Promethazine (Phenergan) in preoperative and intra operative sequelae in cleft surgeries.

Materials and Methods

This is a single‐centre, parallel, randomized, double‐blinded randomized control clinical trial, which was conducted among 128 children between 2 and 4 years of age undergoing cleft palate surgery under general anaesthesia. After randomization, the case group was subjected to promethazine syrup 1 mg/kg body weight twice a day, orally for 3 days. The primary outcomes were preoperative anxiety levels which were recorded by children fear scale. The secondary outcomes include preoperative sleep quality and cough rate of children which are recorded by using sleep and cough objective scale respectively. The intraoperative heart rate is monitored with an ECG connected to a monitor.

Results

Promethazine causes a reduction in the anxiety level by 70%, 64% reduction in cold and cough, improvement in sleep score by 70% and the heart rate was found to be stable throughout the surgery when compared to the control group.

Conclusion

As the benefits of promethazine in cleft palate surgery rule over its adverse effects, promethazine is considered safe to be used as premedication for children undergoing cleft palate surgeries.
Late recurrence of calcifying odontogenic cyst: Report of a rare case and review of the literature
Authors: Tamiolakis Paris , Georgaki Maria , Christopoulos Panagiotis , Nikitakis Nikolaos G.
Published: January 2024

Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is a relatively uncommon cyst of odontogenic origin, occurring in the second decade of life, with no jaw predilection. Radiographically, it typically appears as a well‐defined unilocular radiolucency containing irregular calcifications of varying size and opacity. Treatment consists of conservative surgical excisions with low recurrence rates. The purpose of this paper is to report a rare case of late COC recurrence and review the pertinent literature. A 42‐year‐old female patient presented for evaluation of a painless swelling in the palate, which had been present for 5 years with a gradual, slow increase in dimensions. Twenty years before, a lesion at the same site was surgically excised with a diagnosis of COC. Clinical examination revealed a hard‐in‐consistency swelling in the anterior segment of the hard palate. Radiographically, a radiopaque lesion with an irregular outline was noticed in the left palate adjacent to the left maxillary canine and first premolar, along with a well‐defined radiolucent lesion between the maxillary central incisors. Both lesions were surgically excised, and histopathological examination revealed that the main lesion in the left palate was consistent with recurrent COC, while the lesion between the central incisors was compatible with a nasopalatine duct cyst. Even though the recurrence rate of COC is low, estimated at 3.4% based on our review of the relevant English‐language literature, the current case highlights the possibility of a late recurrence, even several years after the initial diagnosis and treatment, and therefore the need for long‐term follow‐up.
Upgrade from leadless to transvenous pacemaker with left bundle branch area pacing: A case report
Authors: Palmisano Pietro , Parlavecchio Antonio , Guido Alessandro , Accogli Michele , Coluccia Giovanni
Published: January 2024

An 80‐years‐old patient with permanent atrial fibrillation and symptomatic, paroxysmal atrioventricular blocks (AVBs) underwent leadless pacemaker (L‐PM) implantation. Seven years after implantation, as a consequence of a progression of the AVB towards a persistent form, resulting in an increased need for pacing, he developed a pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy. He then underwent a successful upgrade from L‐PM to a transvenous pacemaker (T‐PM) with left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP). The L‐PM did not interfere with the T‐PM and was turned off and abandoned. One month after the upgrading the patient showed a significant improvement in cardiac function and functional capacity.
Where have all the pediatric anesthesiology fellows gone in the USA? Anesthesiology fellowship trends
Authors: Giustini Andrew J. , Sivak Erica L. , Nasr Viviane G. , Cladis Franklyn P. , Andropoulos Dean B. , Deutsch Nina , Lockman Justin L. , Bower Bree , Corridore Marco , Muffly Matthew K.
Published: January 2024

Background

Recent consternation over the number of unfilled Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship positions in the United States compelled us to assess the change in the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to the number of graduating anesthesiology residents over the 14‐year period between 2008 and 2022. We also sought to report the total ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents and trends in the annual number of fellowship applicants relative to the number of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)‐accredited anesthesiology fellowship positions by specialty.

Methods

We used publicly available resources, including ACGME Data Resource Books, National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data, San Francisco (SF) Match data, and American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) data, to determine the ratio of anesthesiology fellows to graduating anesthesiology residents and to compare the number of fellowship applicants to fellowship positions for Adult Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Critical Care Anesthesiology, Obstetric Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Pediatric Anesthesiology.

Results

Since 2008, the ratio of ACGME‐accredited anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents increased from 0.36 in 2008 (2007 residency graduates) to 0.59 in 2022 (2021 residency graduates) and the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellows to graduating residents remained relatively stable from 0.10 to 0.11. The number of unmatched positions in Pediatric Anesthesiology increased from 17 in 2017 to 86 in 2023, and all ACGME‐accredited fellowships had more positions available than applicants in 2023.

Conclusion

In the USA, while the ratio of Pediatric Anesthesiology fellowship graduates to anesthesiology residency graduates remained relatively constant from 2008 to 2022, this is likely a lagging indicator that has not yet accounted for the recent decrease in fellowship applicants. These findings refute prior estimates for a surplus in Pediatric Anesthesia supply in the USA and have significant implications for the future.
Live‐attenuated vaccination for measles, mumps, and rubella in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Keutler Anne , Lainka Elke , Posovszky Carsten
Published: January 2024

Background

Infections are a serious short‐ and long‐term problem after pediatric organ transplantation. In immunocompromised patients, they can lead to transplant rejection or a severe course with a sometimes fatal outcome. Vaccination is an appropriate means of reducing morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine‐preventable diseases. Unfortunately, due to the disease or its course, it is not always possible to establish adequate vaccine protection against live‐attenuated viral vaccines (LAVVs) prior to transplantation. LAVVs such as measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) are still contraindicated in solid organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (IST), thus creating a dilemma.

Aim

This review discusses whether, when, and how live‐attenuated MMR vaccines can be administered effectively and safely to pediatric liver transplant recipients based on the available data.

Material and Methods

We searched PubMed for literature on live‐attenuated MMR vaccination in pediatric liver transplantation (LT).

Results

Nine prospective observational studies and three retrospective case series were identified in which at least 833 doses of measles vaccine were administered to 716 liver transplant children receiving IST. In these selected patients, MMR vaccination was well tolerated and no serious adverse reactions to the vaccine were observed. In addition, an immune response to the vaccine was demonstrated in patients receiving IST.

Conclusion

Due to inadequate vaccine protection in this high‐risk group, maximum efforts must be made to ensure full immunization. MMR vaccination could also be considered for unprotected patients after LT receiving IST following an individual risk assessment, as severe harm from live vaccines after liver transplantation has been reported only very rarely. To this end, it is important to establish standardized and simple criteria for the selection of suitable patients and the administration of the MMR vaccine to ensure safe use.
Policy feedback, varieties of federalism, and the politics of health‐care funding in the United States, Mexico, and Canada
Authors: Béland Daniel , Marchildon Gregory P. , Medrano Anahely , Rocco Philip
Published: January 2024

Long before the COVID‐19 pandemic, health‐care spending became a key policy issue across the OECD. Comparing recent institutional trends in public health‐care financing in three federal countries—Canada, the United States, and Mexico—this article explores the political struggles over fiscal federalism in health care related to both vertical and horizontal imbalances that can generate regional tensions and pit subnational governments against one another and, especially, against the national government. Grounded in a historical institutionalist perspective, the article shows how different institutional legacies shape current conflicts over federal health‐care funding in these three highly dissimilar federal countries. Such an analysis stresses the role of policy feedback in social politics and the enduring “varieties of federalism” in North American public health‐care funding. More specifically, the article shows how the distinct nature of policy feedback effects in the United States, Mexico, and Canada helps explain why the two former countries recently witnessed major changes in intergovernmental relations over fiscal federalism for health care while the latter did not.

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Lauby, Fanny, and Christopher J. McKinley. 2023. “Factors of Early COVID‐19 Prevention Policy Engagement in France and the United States.” Politics & Policy 51(5): 830–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12556.

Luccisano, Lucy, and Amy Romagnoli. 2007. “Comparing Public Social Provision and Citizenship in the United States, Canada, and Mexico: Are There Implications for a North American Space?” Politics & Policy 35(4): 716–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2007.00082.x.
Incidence of depression among community‐dwelling older adults: A systematic review
Authors: Brasileiro L.E.E. , Dantas Amanda Almeida Gomes , Linhares Dorothy Bezerra , Vale Heron Alves , Terradas‐Monllor Marc , Ochandorena‐Acha Mirari , Paiva Aílla Lorenna de Medeiros , de Medeiros Maria Yasmin Dantas , Jerez‐Roig Javier , de Souza Dyego Leandro Bezerra
Published: January 2024

We aimed to synthesise information related to the incidence of depression and depressive symptoms (DDS) in a community‐dwelling older adult population at a global level. In this systematic review, we included articles with a cohort study design that evaluated the incidence of depression or depressive symptoms in older adults aged 60 years or more in a community‐dwelling environment. Six databases were used: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO, and Cochrane, and the entire selection process was independently performed by peers. We divided the included articles into subgroups according to the DDS assessment instrument: (i) Geriatric Depression Scale; (ii) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; (iii) miscellaneous scales; and (iv) diagnostic interviews. Each cumulative incidence value obtained per item was adjusted for a 1‐year follow‐up period, which generated an annual cumulative incidence (AcI). From 46 articles, 42 used scales to evaluate the depressive variable, with an AcI estimate of around 4.5%. The articles that assessed depression categorically observed a variation in AcI between 0.2% and 7.0%. Among all the materials included, the group that used the Geriatric Depression Scale observed the lowest and the highest AcI, 1.3% and 26.6% respectively. Most of the productions were from countries in the Asian continent (52.2%), followed by Europe (30.4%), the Americas (13%), and Oceania (4.4%). Despite the variation of AcI, we found a frequent occurrence of DDS in older adults in the community‐dwelling environment, which highlights the need for preventive actions and better‐targeted early care, especially in terms of primary health care.
“Homophobia” in the Country? Rural America and the Stigmatization ofLGBTQPeople: An Empirical Test of Norm‐Centered Stigma Theory
Authors: Worthen Meredith G. F. , Jones Melissa S.
Published: January 2024

In‐depth explorations of LGBTQ attitudes among rural Americans are sparse and often rely upon sweeping stereotypes that cluster all perspectives into one broad statement such as “homophobia” in the country. As a result, little is known about the relationships between rurality and the stigmatization of LGBTQ people. In addition, though research demonstrates that men are less supportive of LGBTQ people than women are, these patterns are unclear among rural Americans. In the current study, data from a sample of U.S. adults aged 18–64 stratified by the U.S. census categories of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and census region collected from online panelists (N = 2,802,n = 492 rural Americans) are utilized to investigate the relationships between rurality and attitudes toward lesbian women, gay men, bisexual women, bisexual men, trans women, trans men, nonbinary people, queer women, and queer men. Specifically, we offer a test of Norm‐Centered Stigma Theory with a focus on hetero‐cis‐normativity and intersecting experiences with social power (gender identity: cis women and cis men) as they relate to rurality and LGBTQ attitudes. Findings indicate that hetero‐cis‐normativity, rurality, and being a cisgender man are all significantly related to the stigmatization of LGBTQ people. Implications are provided.
Prevalence of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis in Africa: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hailu Semira , Hurst Cameron , Cyphers Griffin , Thottunkal Stefan , Harley David , Viney Kerri , Irwin Adam , Dean Judith , Nourse Clare
Published: January 2024

Objective

The burden of extra‐pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is not well quantified in TB endemic countries such as those in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study aimed to quantify that burden via a systematic review of the prevalence of EPTB in African countries.

Methods

Studies were retrieved by searching five databases; 105 studies published between 1990 and 2023 were included. The studies described the prevalence of EPTB among the general population (4 studies), TB patients (68) and patients with other conditions, including HIV (15), meningitis (3), renal failure (3) and other comorbidities, some of which are cancer (12). Due to the low number of studies reporting EPTB in patients with conditions other than TB, the meta‐analysis was performed on studies reporting on EPTB among TB patients (68 studies). Meta‐analysis was performed on the 68 studies (271,073 participants) using a random‐effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence of EPTB. Meta‐regression was used to explore possible explanations for heterogeneity according to regions and time periods.

Results

The pooled prevalence of EPTB among TB patients was 26% (95% CI 23–29%). There was substantial heterogeneity of prevalence for the five African regions. The Eastern region had the highest prevalence of 32% (95% CI 28–37%) and the lowest in Western Africa, 16% (95% CI 10–24%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of EPTB between the 3 eleven‐year time periods.

Conclusions

Our systematic review and meta‐analysis give insight into the burden of EPTB in Africa. This review could inform clinical and programmatic practices–a higher suspicion index for clinicians and more effort for better services. This could contribute to efforts aiming to end TB, which have historically been focused on PTB.Coordinated efforts that target both EPTB and PTB are needed.
Human Designers' Dynamic Confidence and Decision-Making When Working With More Than One Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Chong Leah , Kotovsky Kenneth , Cagan Jonathan
Published: January 2024

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems become increasingly capable of performing design tasks, they are expected to be deployed to assist human designers' decision-making in a greater variety of ways. For complex design problems such as those with multiple objectives, one AI may not always perform its expected accuracy due to the complexity of decision-making, and therefore, multiple AIs may be implemented to provide design suggestions. For such assistance to be productive, human designers must develop appropriate confidence in each AI and in themselves and accept or reject AI inputs accordingly. This work conducts a human subjects experiment to examine the development of a human designer's confidence in each AI and self-confidence throughout decision-making assisted by two AIs and how these confidences influence the decision to accept AI inputs. Major findings demonstrate severe decreases in a human designer's confidence especially when working with one or more low-performing AI teammates and/or receiving negative feedback. Additionally, a human designer's decision to accept AI suggestions depends on their self-confidence and confidence in one of the two AIs. Finally, an additional AI does not increase a human designer's likelihood of conforming to AI suggestions. Therefore, in comparison to a scenario with one AI, the results in this work caution against the implementation of an additional AI to AI-assisted decision-making scenarios. The insights also inform the design and management of human–AI teams to improve the outcome of AI-assisted decision-making.
Maximizing the Throwing Distance of Robotic Manipulators: An Optimization Approach
Authors: Gallant André , Gosselin Clément
Published: January 2024

Manipulators are increasingly being called upon to perform a wide range of tasks. This paper explores the maximal distance throwing task for robotic manipulators and shows that this characteristic can be incorporated in the kinematic design process. Indeed, knowing the maximum distance that a manipulator can throw objects is useful in determining the viability of certain throwing tasks it might be called upon to execute. This paper studies three optimization problems: optimizing the release state to maximize the throwing distance, optimizing the kinematic trajectory subject to position, velocity, acceleration, and jerk constraints, and finally optimizing the kinematic design of manipulators to maximize the workspace as well as the throwing distance. Three manipulator architectures are used as case studies for these optimizations: a planar RR, a spatial RRR, and a wrist-partitioned 6R manipulator.
Timing of Caffeine Ingestion Does Not Improve Three-Point Shooting Accuracy in College Basketball Players
Authors: Tan Zhi Sen , Sim Rachelle Yahn Yee , Kawabata Masato , Low Dorrain Yanwen , Wang Yulan , Burns Stephen F.
Published: January 2024

This study investigated the effects of the timing of caffeine (3 mg/kg body mass) ingestion on three-point shooting accuracy and other performance parameters during a basketball exercise simulation test (BEST). Eighteen college basketball players (mean ± SD: age = 24.4 ± 1.5 years, height = 181.7 ± 9.5 cm, body mass = 80.9 ± 13.2 kg) underwent one familiarization trial and three main conditions in a randomized order: (a) placebo (maltodextrin) and placebo, (b) caffeine and placebo, and (c) placebo and caffeine. Participants ingested either the placebo or caffeine pill 75 and 15 min before performing four quarters of the BEST and a three-point shooting protocol. During each quarter, participants completed 16 rounds of the BEST and ten three-point shots. Vertical jump height, 6 m sprint timing, BEST completion timing, three-point shooting accuracy, heart rate, rate of perceived exertion, blood glucose, blood lactate, and psychological measures pertaining to performance were measured. The BEST completion timing differed among conditions (placebo and placebo = 26.4 ± 2.0 s, caffeine and placebo = 25.8 ± 2.0 s, placebo and caffeine = 25.9 ± 2.1 s; p = .031) but not three-point shooting accuracy (placebo and placebo = 12.33 ± 4.10; caffeine and placebo = 12.61 ± 2.81; placebo and caffeine = 11.67 ± 3.77; p = .648), vertical jump height, or sprint times. Manipulating ingestion timing of caffeine did not improve three-point shooting accuracy, vertical jump height, or 6 m sprint timings, but caffeine can improve performance times during simulated basketball exercise irrespective of ingestion timing.
Quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy for quantifying cellular forces
Authors: Xu Feng , Zhang Shuxiang , Ma Linjie , Hou Yong , Li Jie , Denisenko Andrej , Li Zifu , Spatz Joachim , Wrachtrup Jörg , Lei Hai , Cao Yi , Wei Qiang , Chu Zhiqin
Published: January 2024

The constant interplay and information exchange between cells and the microenvironment are essential to their survival and ability to execute biological functions. To date, a few leading technologies such as traction force microscopy, optical/magnetic tweezers, and molecular tension–based fluorescence microscopy are broadly used in measuring cellular forces. However, the considerable limitations, regarding the sensitivity and ambiguities in data interpretation, are hindering our thorough understanding of mechanobiology. Here, we propose an innovative approach, namely, quantum-enhanced diamond molecular tension microscopy (QDMTM), to precisely quantify the integrin-based cell adhesive forces. Specifically, we construct a force-sensing platform by conjugating the magnetic nanotags labeled, force-responsive polymer to the surface of a diamond membrane containing nitrogen-vacancy centers. Notably, the cellular forces will be converted into detectable magnetic variations in QDMTM. After careful validation, we achieved the quantitative cellular force mapping by correlating measurement with the established theoretical model. We anticipate our method can be routinely used in studies like cell-cell or cell-material interactions and mechanotransduction.
CRL4B E3 ligase recruited by PRPF19 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting ORF6 for ubiquitin-dependent degradation
Authors: Zhang Linran , Hao Pengfei , Chen Xiang , Lv Shuai , Gao Wenying , Li Chang , Li Zhaolong , Zhang Wenyan
Published: January 2024

The cellular biological function of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway as an important modulator for the regulation of many fundamental cellular processes has been greatly appreciated. The critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral pathogenesis has become increasingly apparent. It is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Some cellular proteins can function as restriction factors to limit viral infection by ubiquitin-dependent degradation. In this research, we identificated of CUL4B-DDB1-PRPF19 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex can mediate proteasomal degradation of ORF6, leading to inhibition of viral replication. Moreover, the CUL4B activator etoposide alleviates disease development in a mouse infection model, suggesting that this agent or its derivatives may be used to treat infections caused by SARS-CoV-2. We believe that these results will be extremely useful for the scientific and clinic communities in their search for cues and preventive measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
Supplemental Material: Iron fertilization–induced deoxygenation of eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean intermediate waters during the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Authors: Jiang Xiaodong , Chou Yu-Min , Yao Weiqi , al. et
Published: January 2024

Appendix S1–S4, Figures S1–S5, and Tables S1 and S2, plus references. 
Supplemental Material: Geoelectric evidence for a wide spatial footprint of active extension in central Colorado
Authors: Murphy Benjamin S. , al. et
Published: January 2024

Additional information pertaining to methodology and results.  
Integrating international policy standards in the implementation of postnatal care: a rapid review
Authors: Smith Helen , Wojcieszek Aleena M , Gupta Shuchita , Lavelanet Antonella , Nihlén Åsa , Portela Anayda , Schaaf Marta , Stahlhofer Marcus , Tunçalp Özge , Bonet Mercedes
Published: January 2024

Introduction

International legal and political documents can assist policy-makers and programme managers in countries to create an enabling environment to promote maternal and newborn health. This review aimed to map and summarise international legal and political documents relevant to the implementation of the WHO recommendations on maternal and newborn care for a positive postnatal experience.

Methods

Rapid review of relevant international legal and political documents, including legal and political commitments (declarations, resolutions and treaties) and interpretations (general comments, recommendations from United Nations human rights treaty bodies, joint United Nations statements). Documents were mapped to the domains presented in the WHO postnatal care (PNC) recommendations; relating to maternal care, newborn care, and health systems and health promotion interventions, and by type of human right implied and/or stated in the documents.

Results

Twenty-nine documents describing international legal and political commitments and interpretations were mapped, out of 45 documents captured. These 29 documents, published or entered into force between 1944 and 2020, contained content relevant to most of the domains of the PNC recommendations, most prominently the domains of breastfeeding and health systems interventions and service delivery arrangements. The most frequently mapped human rights were the right to health and the right to social security.

Conclusion

Existing international legal and political documents can inform and encourage policy and programme development at the country level, to create an enabling environment during the postnatal period and thereby support the provision and uptake of PNC and improve health outcomes for women, newborns, children and families. Governments and civil society organisations should be aware of these documents to support efforts to protect and promote maternal and newborn health.
Is there a temporal relationship between atrial fibrillation and stroke? A review
Authors: Dlima Jessica , Kitisarn Rooj , Lim Han , Thijs Vincent
Published: January 2024

Importance

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an established risk factor for ischaemic stroke. The introduction of continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring devices has enabled detection of brief and asymptomatic episodes of AF.

Observations

The search yielded 727 studies, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria. Four studies suggested a strong temporal association between episodes of AF and stroke, while seven indicated a weak relationship. The conflicting nature of the studies may be attributed to inconsistencies in ischaemic stroke verification (n=5/11), event rate and power (n=6/11) and lack of controlling for anticoagulation (n=10/11), mitigating the relationship between AF episodes and stroke.

Conclusions and relevance

The temporal relationship between AF and stroke still remains unclear due to varying study methodology, lack of control for anticoagulation and inconsistent stroke subtyping. Our review identifies limitations to the current literature and makes recommendations for future studies assessing the temporal relationship between AF episodes and cardioembolic stroke.