bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in gaze following across the life span: A process‐level perspective
Authors: Prein Julia Christin , Maurits Luke , Werwach Annika , Haun Daniel B. M. , Bohn Manuel
Published: July 2024

Following eye gaze is fundamental for many social‐cognitive abilities, for example, when judging what another agent can or cannot know. While the emergence of gaze following has been thoroughly studied on a group level, we know little about (a) the developmental trajectory beyond infancy and (b) the sources of individual differences. In Study 1, we examined gaze following across the lifespan (N = 478 3‐ to 19‐year‐olds from Leipzig, Germany; and N = 240 20‐ to 80‐year‐old international, remotely tested adults). We found a steep performance improvement during preschool years, in which children became more precise in locating the attentional focus of an agent. Precision levels then stayed comparably stable throughout adulthood with a minor decline toward old age. In Study 2, we formalized the process of gaze following in a computational cognitive model that allowed us to conceptualize individual differences in a psychologically meaningful way (N = 60 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds, 50 adults). According to our model, participants estimate pupil angles with varying levels of precision based on observing the pupil location within the agent's eyes. In Study 3, we empirically tested how gaze following relates to vector following in non‐social settings and perspective‐taking abilities (N = 102 4‐ to 5‐year‐olds). We found that gaze following is associated with both of these abilities but less so with other Theory of Mind tasks. This work illustrates how the combination of reliable measurement instruments and formal theoretical models allows us to explore the in(ter)dependence of core social‐cognitive processes in greater detail.

Research Highlights

Gaze following develops beyond infancy. The highest precision levels in localizing attentional foci are reached in young adulthood with a slight decrease towards old age.

We present a computational model that describes gaze following as a process of estimating pupil angles and the corresponding gaze vectors.

The model explains individual differences and recovers signature patterns in the data. To estimate the relation between gaze‐ and vector following, we designed a non‐social vector following task.

We found substantial correlations between gaze following and vector following, as well as Level 2 perspective‐taking. Other Theory of Mind tasks did not correlate.
Vulvovaginal candidiasis and type 2 diabetes: A nationwide retrospective cohort study
Authors: Brieditis Emelie , Li Xinjun , Sundquist Kristina , Jansåker Filip
Published: July 2024

Aims

To examine whether vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) precedes type 2 diabetes and to quantify the possible time period between VVC and subsequent diabetes.

Material and Methods

We conducted a nationwide retrospective primary healthcare study including 1 838 929 women aged 35–65 years in Sweden (2007–2018). Cox regression models were used to examine associations between VVC and type 2 diabetes, while controlling for possible confounders. Propensity‐score‐weighted analysis was also conducted.

Results

The incidence rate of diabetes per 1000 person‐years was 3.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.05–3.08) in women without preceding VVC and 4.05 (95% CI 3.86–4.24) in women with preceding VVC. The incidence rate was particularly high in women aged 55 years and older with VVC: 9.56 (95% CI 8.01–11.11). Women with VVC had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.41 (95% CI 1.28–1.55) for diabetes compared to women without VVC in the multivariable‐adjusted model. The corresponding HR was 1.63 (95% CI 1.53–1.74) in propensity‐score‐weighted analysis. Women with prior VVC also seemed to have a stronger risk of diabetes with older age, particularly after the age of 55 years. The mean (range) time between VVC and subsequent diabetes was 0.57 (0–2) years, depending on the age of the woman.

Conclusion

We found temporal associations between VVC and diabetes. The findings demonstrate that the presence of VVC may indicate a future diagnosis of diabetes, especially in women aged 55 years and older. This knowledge could be valuable for clinicians when treating women with VVC.
Pyritic stromatolites from the Paleoarchean Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton: Resolving biogenicity and hydrothermally influenced ecosystem dynamics
Authors: Baumgartner Raphael J. , Van Kranendonk Martin J. , Caruso Stefano , Campbell Kathleen A. , Dobson Michaela J. , Teece Bronwyn L. , Verrall Michael , Homann Martin , Lalonde Stefan , Visscher Pieter T.
Published: July 2024

This study investigates the paleobiological significance of pyritic stromatolites from the 3.48 billion‐year‐old Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton. By combining paleoenvironmental analyses with observations from well‐preserved stromatolites in newly obtained drill cores, the research reveals stratiform and columnar to domal pyritic structures with wavy to wrinkly laminations and crest thickening, hosted within facies variably influenced by syn‐depositional hydrothermal activity. The columnar and domal stromatolites occur in strata with clearly distinguishable primary depositional textures. Mineralogical variability and fine‐scale interference textures between the microbialites and the enclosing sediment highlight interplays between microbial and depositional processes. The stromatolites consist of organomineralization – nanoporous pyrite and microspherulitic barite – hosting significant thermally mature organic matter (OM). This includes filamentous organic microstructures encased within nanoporous pyrite, resembling the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of microbes. These findings imply biogenicity and support the activity of microbial life in a volcano‐sedimentary environment with hydrothermal activity and evaporative cycles. Coupled changes in stromatolite morphology and host facies suggest growth in diverse niches, from dynamic, hydrothermally influenced shallow‐water environments to restricted brine pools strongly enriched in from seawater and hydrothermal activity. These observations, along with S stable isotope data indicating influence by S metabolisms, and accumulations of biologically significant metals and metalloids (Ni and As) within the microbialites, help constrain microbial processes. Columnar to domal stromatolites in dynamic, hydrothermally influenced shallow water deposits likely formed by microbial communities dominated by phototrophs. Stratiform pyritic structures within barite‐rich strata may reflect the prevalence of chemotrophs near hydrothermal venting, where hydrothermal activity and microbial processes influenced barite precipitation. Rapid pyrite precipitation, a putative taphonomic process for preserving microbial remnants, is attributed to microbial sulfate reduction and reduced S sourced from hydrothermal activity. In conclusion, this research underscores the biogenicity of the Dresser stromatolites and advances our understanding of microbial ecosystems in Earth's early history.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi attenuate negative impact of drought on soil functions
Authors: Tang Bo , Man Jing , Lehmann Anika , Rillig Matthias C.
Published: July 2024

Although positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant performance under drought have been well documented, how AM fungi regulate soil functions and multifunctionality requires further investigation. In this study, we first performed a meta‐analysis to test the potential role of AM fungi in maintaining soil functions under drought. Then, we conducted a greenhouse experiment, using a pair of hyphal ingrowth cores to spatially separate the growth of AM fungal hyphae and plant roots, to further investigate the effects of AM fungi on soil multifunctionality and its resistance against drought. Our meta‐analysis showed that AM fungi promote multiple soil functions, including soil aggregation, microbial biomass and activities of soil enzymes related to nutrient cycling. The greenhouse experiment further demonstrated that AM fungi attenuate the negative impact of drought on these soil functions and thus multifunctionality, therefore, increasing their resistance against drought. Moreover, this buffering effect of AM fungi persists across different frequencies of water supply and plant species. These findings highlight the unique role of AM fungi in maintaining multiple soil functions by mitigating the negative impact of drought. Our study highlights the importance of AM fungi as a nature‐based solution to sustaining multiple soil functions in a world where drought events are intensifying.
Subduction of the Paleo Pacific Plate at the southeast edge of the South China Block during the Early to Middle Jurassic: Sedimentary records from Fujian Province
Authors: Leng Long , Xu Zhongjie , Cui Kunning , Gao Shiyao , Sun Ningchen
Published: July 2024

During the Mesozoic, the tectonic evolution of the southeastern margin of the South China Block was mainly influenced by the subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate. The sedimentary basins along the southeastern margin of the South China Block have preserved the sedimentary record of this process. In this paper, the sedimentary rocks of the Lishan Formation and Zhangping Formation in the Zhangping area of the southeastern margin of the South China Block are studied in terms of sedimentology, petrography, lithogeochemistry, U–Pb chronology of detrital zircon, and zircon trace elements. The study shows that the detrital zircon U–Pb age of the Lishan Formation is 2965–202 Ma, with two major age groups: 253–220 Ma and 1925–1799 Ma; the detrital zircon U–Pb age of the Zhangping Formation is 2587–190 Ma, with two major age groups: 246–234 Ma and 1929–1861 Ma; the ancient sediments in the samples are affected by recycle, and the Early Jurassic source area in the study area is an acidic magma zone, while the Middle Jurassic source area is located in a moderately acidic magma zone and recycle body; the Early Jurassic Lishan Formation and Middle Jurassic Zhangping Formation are mainly derived from the Wuyi Massif. In the upper section of the Lishan Formation, the secondary age groups of ca.448 and ca.773 Ma occur, and the detrital zircons in this section are mainly from the Jiangnan orogenic belt. The ongoing subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate led to the formation of diverse back‐arc basins within the region; during the Early Jurassic, it was a back‐arc compressional basin, transitioning into a back‐arc extensional basin during the Middle Jurassic.
Prehospital emergency care family satisfaction scale for care provided by emergency medical technicians: Scale development and validation
Authors: Haruna Junpei , Uemura Shuji , Hayasaka Nobuyasu , Taguchi Yukiko , Muranaka Saori , Niiyama Sachi , Inamura Hirotoshi , Sawamoto Keigo , Mizuno Hirotoshi , Himuro Nobuaki , Narimatsu Eichi
Published: July 2024

Rationale

To date, family satisfaction with emergency medical technicians (EMTs) has only been reported through narrative statements in subjective evaluations. Although a quantitative assessment of healthcare professional satisfaction is desirable, no specific measures have been devised to assess family satisfaction with the healthcare and care provided by EMTs.

Aims and Objectives

This study aimed to develop and validate an EMT care family satisfaction scale to measure patient satisfaction with prehospital emergency care.

Methods

The study population comprised 216 family members (N = 216) of patients who used ambulances between November 2020 and May 2021 in a single region in Japan. Questionnaires were distributed to the participants who provided informed consent. An exploratory factor analysis of construct validity was performed to validate the Family Satisfaction Scale. The Cronbach's alpha was used to validate the internal consistency reliability of the scale.

Results

The exploratory factor analysis results revealed a four‐factor structure: 'explanation and communication,' ‘physical treatment,’ ‘psychological support,’ and ‘environment in the ambulance.’ The Cronbach's range (0.80–0.93) for the total score for each of these four factors and the overall total score confirmed favorable internal reliability of this study.

Conclusions

The family satisfaction scale developed in this study was constructed and validated to highlight the role of EMTs and needs of the families in the prehospital care settings. Moreover, this scale can be applied in the evaluation and consideration of interventions to improve family satisfaction with EMTs.
PE6c greatly enhances prime editing in transgenic rice plants
Authors: Cao Zhenghong , Sun Wei , Qiao Dexin , Wang Junya , Li Siyun , Liu Xiaohan , Xin Cuiping , Lu Yu , Gul Syeda Leeda , Wang Xue‐Chen , Chen Qi‐Jun
Published: July 2024

Prime editing is a versatile CRISPR/Cas‐based precise genome‐editing technique for crop breeding. Four new types of prime editors (PEs) named PE6a–d were recently generated using evolved and engineered reverse transcriptase (RT) variants from three different sources. In this study, we tested the editing efficiencies of four PE6 variants and two additional PE6 constructs with double‐RT modules in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants. PE6c, with an evolved and engineered RT variant from the yeast Tf1 retrotransposon, yielded the highest prime‐editing efficiency. The average fold change in the editing efficiency of PE6c compared with PEmax exceeded 3.5 across 18 agronomically important target sites from 15 genes. We also demonstrated the feasibility of using two RT modules to improve prime‐editing efficiency. Our results suggest that PE6c or its derivatives would be an excellent choice for prime editing in monocot plants. In addition, our findings have laid a foundation for prime‐editing‐based breeding of rice varieties with enhanced agronomically important traits.
Implementation of an external female urinary catheter strategy on prevention of skin breakdown in acute care: A quality improvement study
Authors: Baxter Carla M. , Matthews Carol L. , Zamarripa Cecilia , Johnston Jessica R. , Lane Robin , Chung Ashley , Palladino Katie , Kip Paula L. , Zapf Rachel L. , Wagester Suzanne , Snyder Graham M.
Published: July 2024

Aim(s)

To evaluate the incidence of skin‐related complications attributable to incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD) using an external female urinary catheter device strategy for urinary incontinent (UI) patients in acute care.

Design

Multicenter quality improvement study.

Methods

Randomized allocation of two commercially available external female urinary catheter devices was used in hospitalized UI female patients. Daily nursing skin assessments were documented in the electronic health record before, during and after external catheter device application. Methods and results were reported following SQUIRE guidelines.

Results

Three hundred and eighty‐one patients from 57 inpatient care units were included in the analysis. Both catheter devices were associated with an overall low risk (5 %) of new or worsening skin breakdown.

Conclusion

The overall benefit of external catheters is most persuasive for skin integrity, rather than infection prevention.

Impact

Significant negative outcomes are associated with UI patients. External female urinary catheters are a non‐invasive alternative strategy to reduce exposure of regional skin to urine contamination and IAD‐related skin complications. Use of external female urinary catheters in hospitalized UI female patients offers low risk (5%) of new or worsening overall skin breakdown.

Patient Contribution

Hospitalized UI female patients were screened for external catheter device eligibility by the bedside nurse. The quality improvement review committee waved consent because the intervention was considered standard care.
Early identification of pressure injuries in people with dark skin tones: Qualitative perspectives from community‐based patients and their carers
Authors: Oozageer Gunowa Neesha , Oti Kwame Adomako , Jackson Debra
Published: July 2024

Aim

To examine the personal experiences and perceptions of people with dark skin tones and their carers, in relation to pressure injury.

Design

Qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Twenty‐two interviews with people with dark skin tone and/or their family carers, who were known to and visited by community nurses for pressure area management or who had been identified as being at high risk for developing a pressure injury were carried out.

Results

Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed that skin discolouration towards a darker hue than usual was the commonest symptom identified by participants as a sign of altered skin integrity and potential pressure damage. Four main overarching themes were revealed through comprehensive analysis of the transcripts: (1) indicators of pressure injury; (2) experienced symptoms of pressure damage; (3) trust in healthcare workers; and (4) improving care for populations with dark skin tones.

Conclusion

The findings from this study clearly present how early‐stage pressure damage is identified among people with dark skin tones.

Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care

These findings have the potential to reduce health inequality by influencing and informing clinical policies and strategies in practice. Findings could also lead to the development of patient‐informed educational strategies for nurses and health workers which will enable the early identification of pressure ulcers among people with dark skin tones. Further research is needed to better understand health disparities in relation to preventable patient safety harm.

Impact

The findings demonstrate the importance of engaging with and listening to the stories and experiences of people living with pressure damage to help in the early recognition of pressure injuries.

Reporting Method

The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines for qualitative research were followed.

Patient or Public Contribution

A project steering group reviewed information sheets for participants and checked the interview questions were relevant and suitable.
Effect of carbonation and thickening on voluntary swallow in healthy humans
Authors: Iwamori Hajime , Magara Jin , Onuki Wakana , Ita Reiko , Sasa Anna , Tsujimura Takanori , Inoue Makoto
Published: July 2024

Background

Liquid modification is a widely established strategy of treatment for patients with dysphagia. The modification of liquid particularly by thickening or carbonation is a common approach to promote safe swallowing.

Objective

This study sought to investigate how carbonated and/or thickened water modulates swallowing behaviours during swallowing in healthy young individuals.

Methods

Thirty‐one healthy volunteers (9 men, 22 women; mean age ± standard deviation [SD], 25.7 ± 6.2 years) were instructed to swallow 20 mL of water, carbonated water and carbonated juice with and without added thickening agent. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the suprahyoid (S‐hyo) muscles were recorded to evaluate swallowing behaviours. Obtained S‐hyo EMG bursts was analysed using the following outcome parameters: onset latency, the time between swallowing que to onset of EMG burst; rising time and falling time, defined as the time between onset and peak, and between peak and offset, respectively; duration, defined as the time between onset and offset of EMG burst; and area integral value under the waveform.

Results

Effects of thickening demonstrated the extended onset latency, EMG burst duration including falling time and the larger area of EMG in thickened liquid compared to thin liquid, but there was not much difference between thin and thickened carbonated liquids. Carbonation significantly decreased the duration including falling time for thickened but not for thin liquids.

Conclusion

Patients with dysphagia can benefit from use of carbonated or thickened water while the effects on swallowing physiology may differ between carbonation and thickening.
Association between orthodontic treatment and upper airway changes in children assessed with cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT): A systematic review
Authors: Abdalla Yousef , Sonnesen Liselotte
Published: July 2024

Background

Some orthodontic devices used in children share similar design principles to appliances used to treat obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. As well as treating malocclusion, orthodontic appliances used in children may therefore also have effects on the upper airway.

Objective

A review of the literature to assess the effects of orthodontic treatment on the upper airway dimensions in children assessed on CBCT.

Materials and Methods

Following registration of the protocol (PROSPERO CRD42023439056), a systematic electronic search of published studies was performed using several databases (PubMed; Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct) in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were as follows: age under 18 years, orthodontic treatment with any appliance, a control group who received no treatment or a non‐active alternative treatment and airway measurement using CBCT. RoB‐2 and ROBINS‐I tools were used to assess risk of bias and quality of the evidence.

Results

In total, 341 studies were identified following the initial search. Title and abstract screening resulted in 45 studies for further full‐text analysis. On completion of the screening process, a total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study interventions included functional appliances (10 studies), rapid maxillary expansion (RME) (9 studies), reverse‐pull headgear (1 study) and 4 premolar dental extractions (3 studies). The included studies had moderate to high risk of bias, and the quality of evidence was low.

Conclusion

The scientific evidence shows that functional appliances are associated with significant improvements in both upper airway volume and constriction when used in children however, the effects on the nasal cavity are limited. RME was associated with a significant increase in nasal cavity and nasopharyngeal dimensions, but not the upper pharyngeal airway. Neither reverse‐pull headgear nor dental extractions were associated with any change in airway dimensions; however, the evidence is limited. Functional appliances may reduce the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in children.
The effects of fuel subsidies on regional income distribution through smuggling
Authors: Joshaghani Hosein , Morovati Mohammad , Moshiri Saeed , Rafizadeh Nima
Published: July 2024

Fuel subsidies, intended to improve consumer affordability, can result in economic distortions through altered relative prices and negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, these subsidies can lead to unintended consequences, such as fuel smuggling, especially to neighboring countries where significant price differences exist. While previous research has extensively explored the economic dimensions of fuel subsidies, the potential interplay between fuel smuggling and its impact on regional income distribution remains understudied. This study investigates the effects of fuel smuggling, stemming from Iran's long history of significant fuel subsidies, on income distribution across all 30 provinces of the country. We employ a model to specify the demand for fuel smuggling, using fuel prices in neighboring countries and the distance to the nearest border as sources of identification. Subsequently, we estimate the monthly smuggling profit across regions and assess this profit's influence on regional income distribution. Our empirical analysis draws on monthly data on gasoline and diesel sales from 160 fuel distribution districts in Iran, spanning the period from 2005 to 2014. Our findings demonstrate specific cases of smuggling activities that account for an average of 25% of total fuel consumption and generate substantial income in economically disadvantaged border provinces. We discuss the socioeconomic implications of fuel subsidies, with a focus on smuggling activities.
High‐throughput sequencing‐based detection and characterization of sugarcane viruses in Ethiopia
Authors: Abide Mereme , Kidanemariam Dawit , Kebede Misrak , Knierim Dennis , Margaria Paolo , Menzel Wulf , Abraham Adane
Published: July 2024

A virus discovery investigation using high‐throughput sequencing in sugarcane samples from Ethiopia revealed the presence of sugarcane mild mosaic virus (SCMMV, genus Ampelovirus) and sugarcane umbra‐like virus (SULV, genus Umbravirus). The genome sequences of two isolates of SCMMV and one SULV were determined. The sequences of the two SCMMV isolates were 13,005 nucleotides in length and showed ~73.5% nucleotide identity along the genome and ~90.2, 96.8, and 90.4% amino acid sequence identity among each other in the RdRp, CP, and HSP70h, respectively. Isolate SCMMV ET2 showed a close relationship to group A isolates from Colombia, the USA, and the Philippines, with amino acid sequence identity of the predicted virus proteins in the range of 94–98.9%. Conversely, SCMMV ET1 shared a closer relationship with group B isolates from Colombia, Ivory Coast, and Argentina, exhibiting a 93–99% amino acid sequence identity. The complete genome sequence of SULV, comprising 3041 nucleotides, exhibited the highest identity with its counterpart from South Africa (MN868593). These findings contribute to expanding our understanding of the viral diversity within the sugarcane crop in Ethiopia.
The convex relationship between plant cover and biomass: Implications for assessing species and community properties
Authors: Pan Xiaobin , Ferris Nathan D. , Applová Markéta , Gresse Johanne , Iamba Kari Sogera , Khum Warbota , Švancárová Tereza , Ayesh Piyar Wipulasena A. Y. , Hrcek Jan , Lepš Jan
Published: July 2024

Questions

Cover and biomass serve as common measures of species abundance in plant ecology. However, the underlying relationship between these two measures and its implications remain poorly understood. This makes results based on cover and biomass difficult to compare.

Locations

Wet meadow, southeast of České Budějovice, Czech Republic (48°57′ N, 14°36′ E).

Method

We developed theoretical expectations for systematic differences in characterizing vegetation using cover and biomass for species and community characteristics, including species diversity, temporal dynamics, and responses to experimental manipulations. We then tested these expectations using cover and biomass data from an experimental study of fertilization and dominant removal spanning 14 years (2001–2014).

Results

Consistent with our expectations, on average, species biomass corresponded to the power of species cover, with a power coefficient slightly below 3/2. Community diversity indices calculated using cover and biomass were tightly correlated but were higher for cover. Temporal variabilities based on cover and biomass for individual species were also correlated, but higher for biomass than cover. Though strongly correlated, cover data show much stronger asynchrony, suggesting higher importance of compensatory dynamics. However, using the sum of individual species' cover values as a measure of total community abundance or productivity is problematic. Such a measure is nearly independent of total biomass and leads to contradictory results when used to characterize temporal variability. Species‐ and community‐level responses to treatments were congruent between the measures.

Conclusions

Our study provides theoretical background for a convex relationship between plant cover and biomass. The data analysis confirms the relationship and its consequences for describing species‐ and community‐level properties. Most characteristics are well correlated between cover and biomass, but with one metric systematically shifted higher in many cases. Total abundance is the most sensitive measure and is well characterized by sum of biomass, but not by sum of cover. Understanding these systematic differences allows meaningful comparison of studies based on biomass and cover.
Rare variations within the serine/arginine‐rich splicing factor PtoRSZ21 modulate stomatal size to determine drought tolerance in Populus
Authors: Huang Rui , Jin Zhuoying , Zhang Donghai , Li Lianzheng , Zhou Jiaxuan , Xiao Liang , Li Peng , Zhang Mengjiao , Tian Chongde , Zhang Wenke , Zhong Leishi , Quan Mingyang , Zhao Rui , Du Liang , Liu Li‐Jun , Li Zhonghai , Zhang Deqiang , Du Qingzhang
Published: July 2024

Rare variants contribute significantly to the ‘missing heritability’ of quantitative traits. The genome‐wide characteristics of rare variants and their roles in environmental adaptation of woody plants remain unexplored.

Utilizing genome‐wide rare variant association study (RVAS), expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, genetic transformation, and molecular experiments, we explored the impact of rare variants on stomatal morphology and drought adaptation in Populus.

Through comparative analysis of five world‐wide Populus species, we observed the influence of mutational bias and adaptive selection on the distribution of rare variants. RVAS identified 75 candidate genes correlated with stomatal size (SS)/stomatal density (SD), and a rare haplotype in the promoter of serine/arginine‐rich splicing factor PtoRSZ21 emerged as the foremost association signal governing SS. As a positive regulator of drought tolerance, PtoRSZ21 can recruit the core splicing factor PtoU1‐70K to regulate alternative splicing (AS) of PtoATG2b (autophagy‐related 2). The rare haplotype PtoRSZ21hap2 weakens binding affinity to PtoMYB61, consequently affecting PtoRSZ21 expression and SS, ultimately resulting in differential distribution of Populus accessions in arid and humid climates.

This study enhances the understanding of regulatory mechanisms that underlie AS induced by rare variants and might provide targets for drought‐tolerant varieties breeding in Populus.
Optimal isolation, culture, and in vitro propagation of spermatogonial stem cells in Huaixiang chicken
Authors: Ibtisham Fahar , Tang Shuyan , Song Yiping , Wanze Wang , Xiao Mei , Honaramooz Ali , An Lilong
Published: July 2024

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) comprise the foundation of spermatogenesis and hence have great potential for fertility preservation of rare or endangered species and the development of transgenic animals and birds. Yet, developing optimal conditions for the isolation, culture, and maintenance of SSCs in vitro remains challenging, especially for chicken. The objectives of this study were to (1) find the optimal age for SSC isolation in Huaixiang chicken, (2) develop efficient protocols for the isolation, (3) enrichment, and (4) culture of isolated SSCs. In the present study, we first compared the efficiency of SSC isolation using 11 different age groups (8–79 days of age) of Huaixiang chicken. We found that the testes of 21‐day‐old chicken yielded the highest cell viability. Next, we compared two different enzymatic combinations for isolating SSCs and found that 0.125% trypsin and 0.02 g/L EDTA supported the highest number and viability of SSCs. This was followed by investigating optimal conditions for the enrichment of SSCs, where we observed that differential plating had the highest enrichment efficiency compared to the Percoll gradient and magnetic‐activated cell sorting methods. Lastly, to find the optimal culture conditions of SSCs, we compared adding different concentrations of foetal bovine serum (FBS; 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) and different concentrations of GDNF, bFGF, or LIF (5, 10, 20, or 30 ng/mL). We found that a combination of 2% FBS and individual growth factors, including GDNF (20 ng/mL), bFGF (30 ng/mL), or LIF (5 ng/mL), best supported the proliferation and colony formation of SSCs. In conclusion, SSCs can be optimally isolated through enzymatic digestion from testes of 21‐day‐old chicken, followed by enrichment using differential plating. Furthermore, adding 2% FBS and optimized concentrations of GFNF, bFGF, or LIF in the culture promotes the proliferation of chicken SSCs.
Cold atmospheric plasma therapy for Malassezia folliculitis: Laboratory investigations and a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Wang Na , Yan Tingting , Mei Xiaole , Liu Jia , Lei Yilong , Yang Chunjun
Published: July 2024

Background

Current treatment options for Malassezia folliculitis (MF) are limited. Recent research has demonstrated the inhibitory effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis in vitro, suggesting CAP as a potential therapeutic approach for managing MF.

Objectives

The objective of our study is to assess the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Malassezia yeasts to CAP. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of CAP in treating patients with MF.

Methods

We initially studied the antifungal effect of CAP on planktonic and biofilm forms of Malassezia yeasts, using well‐established techniques such as zone of inhibition, transmission electron microscopy, colony count assay and 2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide salt assay. Subsequently, a randomized (1:1 ratio), active comparator‐controlled, observer‐blind study was conducted comparing daily CAP therapy versus itraconazole 200 mg/day for 2 weeks in 50 patients with MF. Efficacy outcomes were measured by success rate, negative microscopy rate and changes in Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) scores. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs) and local tolerability.

Results

In laboratory investigations, CAP time‐dependently inhibited the growth of Malassezia yeasts in both planktonic and biofilm forms. Forty‐nine patients completed the clinical study. At week 2, success was achieved by 40.0% of subjects in the CAP group versus 58.3% in the itraconazole group (p = 0.199). The negative direct microscopy rates of follicular samples were 56.0% in the CAP group versus 66.7% in the itraconazole group (p = 0.444). No significant differences were found in the proportion of subjects achieving DLQI scores of 0/1 (p = 0.456) or in the GAIS responder rates (p = 0.588) between the two groups. Three patients in the CAP group and one patient in the itraconazole group reported mild AEs.

Conclusion

CAP demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Malassezia yeasts in vitro and exhibited comparable efficacy to itraconazole in treating MF patients. Without the associated adverse effects of oral antifungal drugs, CAP can be considered a promising and safe treatment modality for MF.
Outcomes of kidney transplant recipients exposed to Chagas disease under Benznidazole prophylaxis. A single center 10‐year experience
Authors: Budel Maria L. , Alegretti Ana P. , Prado Natália P. , Machado Fabiani P. , Bauer Andrea C. , Manfro Roberto C.
Published: July 2024

Background

Chagas disease (ChD) is endemic in many parts of the world and can be transmitted through organ transplantation or reactivated by immunosuppression. Organs from infected donors are occasionally used for transplantation, and the best way of managing the recipients remains a subject of debate.

Methods

We present a single‐center cohort study describing a 10‐year experience of kidney transplantation in patients at risk of donor‐derived ChD and or reactivation. Patients received prophylactic treatment with Benznidazole and were monitored for transmission or reactivation. Monitoring included assessing direct parasitemia, serology, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Fifty‐seven kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) were enrolled in the study. Forty‐four patients (77.2%) were at risk of primary ChD infection, nine patients (15.8%) were at risk of disease reactivation, and four patients (7.0%) were at risk of both. All patients received Benznidazole prophylaxis, starting on the first day after transplantation. Parasitemia was assessed in 51 patients (89.5%), serology also in 51 patients (89.5%), and PCR in 40 patients (70.2%). None of the patients exhibited clinically or laboratory‐detectable signs of disease. A single patient experienced a significant side effect, a cutaneous rash with intense pruritus. At 1‐year post‐transplantation, the patient and graft survival rates were 96.5% and 93%, respectively.

Conclusion

In this study, no donor‐derived or reactivation of Trypanosoma cruzi infection occurred in KTRs receiving Benznidazole prophylaxis.
Tetrodotoxin‐resistant mechanosensitivity and L‐type calcium channel‐mediated spontaneous calcium activity in enteric neurons
Authors: Amedzrovi Agbesi Richard J. , El Merhie Amira , Spencer Nick J. , Hibberd Tim , Chevalier Nicolas R.
Published: July 2024

Gut motility undergoes a switch from myogenic to neurogenic control in late embryonic development. Here, we report on the electrical events that underlie this transition in the enteric nervous system, using the GCaMP6f reporter in neural crest cell derivatives. We found that spontaneous calcium activity is tetrodotoxin (TTX) resistant at stage E11.5, but not at E18.5. Motility at E18.5 was characterized by periodic, alternating high‐ and low‐frequency contractions of the circular smooth muscle; this frequency modulation was inhibited by TTX. Calcium imaging at the neurogenic‐motility stages E18.5–P3 showed that CaV1.2‐positive neurons exhibited spontaneous calcium activity, which was inhibited by nicardipine and 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB). Our protocol locally prevented muscle tone relaxation, arguing for a direct effect of nicardipine on enteric neurons, rather than indirectly by its relaxing effect on muscle. We demonstrated that the ENS was mechanosensitive from early stages on (E14.5) and that this behaviour was TTX and 2‐APB resistant. We extended our results on L‐type channel‐dependent spontaneous activity and TTX‐resistant mechanosensitivity to the adult colon. Our results shed light on the critical transition from myogenic to neurogenic motility in the developing gut, as well as on the intriguing pathways mediating electro‐mechanical sensitivity in the enteric nervous system.

Highlights

What is the central question of this study?

What are the first neural electric events underlying the transition from myogenic to neurogenic motility in the developing gut, what channels do they depend on, and does the enteric nervous system already exhibit mechanosensitivity?

What is the main finding and its importance?

ENS calcium activity is sensitive to tetrodotoxin at stage E18.5 but not E11.5. Spontaneous electric activity at fetal and adult stages is crucially dependent on L‐type calcium channels and IP3R receptors, and the enteric nervous system exhibits a tetrodotoxin‐resistant mechanosensitive response.

Abstract figure legend Tetrodotoxin‐resistant Ca2+ rise induced by mechanical stimulation in the E18.5 mouse duodenum.
Dry and wet etching of single-crystal AlN
Authors: Wan Hsiao-Hsuan , Chiang Chao-Ching , Li Jian-Sian , Al-Mamun Nahid Sultan , Haque Aman , Ren Fan , Pearton Stephen J.
Published: July 2024

The dry etching of high crystal quality c-plane AlN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition was examined as a function of source and chuck power in inductively coupled plasmas of Cl2/Ar or Cl2/Ar/CHF3. Maximum etch rates of ∼1500 Å min−1 were obtained at high powers, with selectivity over SiO2 up to 3. The as-etched surfaces in Cl2/Ar/CHF3 have F-related residues, which can be removed in NH4OH solutions. The Al-polar basal plane was found to etch slowly in either KOH or H3PO4 liquid formulations with extensive formation of hexagonal etch pits related to dislocations. The activation energies for KOH- or H3PO4-based wet etching rates within these pits were 124 and 183 kJ/mol, respectively, which are indicative of reaction-limited etching.
A summary of the main themes and findings presented at the ASM Intermountain Branch meeting (2024)
Authors: Radke Jay , Ochoa-Repåraz Javier , Nixon Jamee , Acharya Sajal , Bridgewater Haley , Burger Joshua , Cheever Abigail , Darby Robert , Doyle William , Gaur Alka , Githuku Eva , Goodman Rose , Haynie Topher , Hedelius Hannah , Hill Kristina , Iqbal Misha , Laabi Salma , Moreno Carlos , Moss Melinda , Parveen Nagama , Rapier-Sharman Naomi , Sadeghi Sara , Saleh Saeed , Schumacher Sean , Sharp Miranda , Souza Noah , Thapa Soni , Aggabao Shule , Amsbury David , Bautista Sheena Isabelle , Bogh Atalie , Bohn Aaron , Brink Cade , Bryner B. Shaun , Cannon James , Carrington Scot , Chamberlain Hayzen , Cherry Alex , Cole McKaylin , Corrales Edgar , Cullimore Caz , Daines Sophie , Danielson Payson , Domike Monterey , East Matthew , Ellis Bronwyn , Evans Taryn , Fears Zach , Fellars Paige , Fisher Tate , Floyd Braxton , Gibson Trenton , Gueller Mason , Gupta Heather , Gwilliam Jacob , Hansen Mackenzie , Hardy Jacob , Harrell Christopher , Hassell Rebecca , Hendricks Wesley , Hendrix Colby , Henstrom Hirsche , Hernandez Sanguino Kelly , Higgins George , Hwang Hyunbi , Jackson Matt , Jensen Conner , Johnson Austin , Kang Chloe , Kim Sehi , LaFollette Alexandra , Larsen Phoenix , Larson Abbey , Leary Bryson , Longhurst Jayden , Mann Michael , Martinez Isreal , Matthews Brooklyn , McStraw Cody , Mireill Ninahazwe , Moffat Rachel , Mourik Peter , Mudrow Madelyn , Odell Mailon , Oler Blake , Olsen Natalie , Paymard Nazanin , Payne Spencer T. , Pearson Levi , Peter Josh , Peterson Tiffani , Puentes Navarro Daniel , Radke Kyla , Richardson Joseph , Ridd Russell , Rowe Akir , Schmanski Rylan , Scott Jacob , Scott Samuel , Simpkins Mya , Sisk Madalyne , Smith Tyler , Smith Brinley , Sy Jacob , Trejo Gisselle , Van Oostendorp Bartel , Walbom Ethan , Whetten Rebecca , Zollinger Dallin , Braunstein Miriam , Breakwell Donald P. , Chakraborty Anirban , Crook Matthew , Culumber Michele , Hatch Wayne , Jimenez Victor M. , Nematollahi Wales P. , Olson Michael , Poritz Mark , Ririe Seth , Schachterle Jeffrey , Wiltbank Lisa , Kelson Todd , Pickett Brett E.
Published: July 2024

The annual meeting for the Intermountain Branch was held in April 2024 on the campus of Brigham Young University. There were 127 branch members from Utah, Idaho, and Nevada who attended the meeting and were composed of undergraduate students, graduate or medical students, and faculty. This report highlights the diversity of, and the emerging trends in, the research conducted by American Society for Microbiology members in the Intermountain Branch.
Metagenomic clustering links specific metabolic functions to globally relevant ecosystems
Authors: Flinkstrom Zachary , Bryson Samuel , Candry Pieter , Winkler Mari-Karoliina H.
Published: July 2024

Metagenomic sequencing has advanced our understanding of biogeochemical processes by providing an unprecedented view into the microbial composition of different ecosystems. While the amount of metagenomic data has grown rapidly, simple-to-use methods to analyze and compare across studies have lagged behind. Thus, tools expressing the metabolic traits of a community are needed to broaden the utility of existing data. Gene abundance profiles are a relatively low-dimensional embedding of a metagenome’s functional potential and are, thus, tractable for comparison across many samples. Here, we compare the abundance of KEGG Ortholog Groups (KOs) from 6,539 metagenomes from the Joint Genome Institute’s Integrated Microbial Genomes and Metagenomes (JGI IMG/M) database. We find that samples cluster into terrestrial, aquatic, and anaerobic ecosystems with marker KOs reflecting adaptations to these environments. For instance, functional clusters were differentiated by the metabolism of antibiotics, photosynthesis, methanogenesis, and surprisingly GC content. Using this functional gene approach, we reveal the broad-scale patterns shaping microbial communities and demonstrate the utility of ortholog abundance profiles for representing a rapidly expanding body of metagenomic data.

IMPORTANCE

Metagenomics, or the sequencing of DNA from complex microbiomes, provides a view into the microbial composition of different environments. Metagenome databases were created to compile sequencing data across studies, but it remains challenging to compare and gain insight from these large data sets. Consequently, there is a need to develop accessible approaches to extract knowledge across metagenomes. The abundance of different orthologs (i.e., genes that perform a similar function across species) provides a simplified representation of a metagenome’s metabolic potential that can easily be compared with others. In this study, we cluster the ortholog abundance profiles of thousands of metagenomes from diverse environments and uncover the traits that distinguish them. This work provides a simple to use framework for functional comparison and advances our understanding of how the environment shapes microbial communities.
Identification and characterization of a skin microbiome on
Caenorhabditis elegans
suggests environmental microbes confer cuticle protection
Authors: Haghani Nadia B. , Lampe Robert H. , Samuel Buck S. , Chalasani Sreekanth H. , Matty Molly A.
Published: July 2024

In the wild,
C. elegans
are emersed in environments teeming with a veritable menagerie of microorganisms. The
C. elegans
cuticular surface serves as a barrier and first point of contact with their microbial environments. In this study, we identify microbes from
C. elegans
natural habitats that associate with its cuticle, constituting a simple “skin microbiome.” We rear our animals on a modified CeMbio, mCeMbio, a consortium of ecologically relevant microbes. We first combine standard microbiological methods with an adapted micro skin-swabbing tool to describe the skin-resident bacteria on the
C. elegans
surface. Furthermore, we conduct 16S rRNA gene sequencing studies to identify relative shifts in the proportion of mCeMbio bacteria upon surface-sterilization, implying distinct skin- and gut-microbiomes. We find that some strains of bacteria, including
Enterobacter
sp. JUb101
,
are primarily found on the nematode skin, while others like
Stenotrophomonas indicatrix
JUb19 and
Ochrobactrum vermis
MYb71 are predominantly found in the animal’s gut. Finally, we show that this skin microbiome promotes host cuticle integrity in harsh environments. Together, we identify a skin microbiome for the well-studied nematode model and propose its value in conferring host fitness advantages in naturalized contexts.

IMPORTANCE

The genetic model organism
C. elegans
has recently emerged as a tool for understanding host–microbiome interactions. Nearly all of these studies either focus on pathogenic or gut-resident microbes. Little is known about the existence of native, nonpathogenic skin microbes or their function. We demonstrate that members of a modified
C. elegans
model microbiome, mCeMbio, can adhere to the animal's cuticle and confer protection from noxious environments. We combine a novel micro-swab tool, the first 16S microbial sequencing data from relatively unperturbed
C. elegans
, and physiological assays to demonstrate microbially mediated protection of the skin. This work serves as a foundation to explore wild
C. elegans
skin microbiomes and use
C. elegans
as a model for skin research.