bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis secondary to diabetes provides better functional outcome than conservative management
Authors: Bansiwal Kanishk , Bhavani Prashant , Singh Bhim , Goyal Ankit , Naik Ananta K. , Sinha Skand
Published: December 2021

Objectives:

Comparison of outcome of subacromial bursal resection with capsular release for adhesive capsulitis of shoulder secondary to diabetes, with conservative management.

Materials and Methods:

This study was conducted on 68 patients of adhesive capsulitis of shoulder secondary to diabetes. The patients were divided into two groups: Arthroscopic capsular release group (group I n 32) and Conservative management group (Group II n 36) after fulfilling inclusion/ exclusion criteria. Follow-up was done at 2, 6, 24 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. In addition to pre-operative measurement, at each follow-up pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), range of motion (ROM) was assessed by goniometer and functional outcome was assessed by Constant-Murley score. Values obtained were filled in Excel sheet and analyzed by independent t-test, Wilcoxon Rankosin test, and Analysis of Variance test on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.

Results:

Two patients in Group I and six in Group II were lost to follow-up. There was statistically significant improvement in VAS of both groups at each follow-up, but the noticeable difference was that the patients in arthroscopic release group were pain free by 6 weeks and the pain relief was sustained till final follow-up. In contrast, though there was pain relief in conservative group but they were not completely pain free till final follow-up. There was statistically significant improvement in Constant Murley score in both groups at each follow-up but arthroscopic release group achieved near normal score by 6 months and the improvement was maintained till last follow-up. The comparison of mean and median values of ROM, between the arthroscopic capsular release group and conservative group were statistically significant (P value of 0.001) for each movement.

Conclusion:

The improvement in ROM, decrease in pain, and functional outcome are better in diabetic patients with adhesive capsulitis undergoing Arthroscopic capsular release than conservative management.
Interaction of a Short Antimicrobial Peptide on Charged Lipid Bilayer: A Case Study on Aurein 1.2 Peptide
Authors: Qian Shuo , Zolnierczuk Piotr
Published: December 2021

Aurein 1.2 is a short but potent α-helical membrane-active antimicrobial peptide that has shown inhibition on a broad spectrum of bacteria and anti-cancer cell activity. With well-defined helicity, amphipathicity, and cationic charges, it readily binds to membranes and causes membrane change and disruption. This study provides details on how Aurein 1.2 interacts with charged lipid membranes by using neutron membrane diffraction (NMD) and neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy on complex peptide-membrane systems. NMD provides higher resolution lipid bilayer structures than solution scattering. NMD revealed the peptide is mostly associated in the lipid headgroup region. Even at moderately high concentrations (e.g., peptide:lipid ratio of 1:30), aurein is located at the acyl chain-headgroup region without deep penetration into the hydrophobic acyl chain. However, it does reduce the elasticity of the membrane at that concentration, which was corroborated by the NSE results. Furthermore, NSE shows that aurein first softens the membrane, like other α-helical peptides at low concentration, but then makes the membrane much more rigid, even without membrane pore formation. The evidence shows that the action of aurein is quite strong for modifying charged lipid distribution without the need to form membrane pores or disintegrate membranes.
Abiotic sugar synthesis from CO2 electrolysis
Authors: Cestellos-Blanco Stefano , Louisia Sheena , Ross Michael , Li Yifan , Detomasi Tyler , Cestellos Spradlin Jessica , Nomura Daniel , Yang Peidong
Published: December 2021

CO2 valorization is aimed at converting waste CO2 to value-added products. While steady progress has been achieved through diverse catalytic strategies, including CO2 electrosynthesis, CO2 thermocatalysis, and biological CO2 fixation, each of these approaches have distinct limitations. Inorganic catalysts only enable synthesis beyond C2 and C3 products with poor selectivity and with a high energy requirement. Meanwhile, although biological organisms can selectively produce complex products from CO2, their slow autotrophic metabolism limits their industrial feasibility. Here, we present an abiotic approach leveraging electrochemical and thermochemical catalysis to complete the conversion of CO2 to life-sustaining carbohydrate sugars akin to photosynthesis. CO2 was electrochemically converted to glycolaldehyde and formaldehyde using copper nanoparticles and boron-doped diamond cathodes, respectively. CO2-derived glycolaldehyde then served as the key autocatalyst for the formose reaction, where glycolaldehyde and formaldehyde combined in the presence of an alkaline earth metal catalyst to form a variety of C4 - C8 sugars, including glucose. In turn, these sugars were used as a feedstock for fast-growing and genetically modifiable Escherichia coli. Altogether, we have assembled a platform that pushes the boundaries of product complexity achievable from CO2 conversion while demonstrating CO2 integration into life-sustaining sugars.
Organic Photoredox Catalyzed Direct Hydroamination of Ynamides with Azoles
Authors: Deng Yongming , Wang Ban , Mccabe Gavin , Parrish Mitchell , Singh Jujhar , Zeller Matthias
Published: December 2021

Disclosed herein is a novel photoinduced selective hydroamination of ynamides with nitrogen heteroaromatic nucleophiles. By using an organocatalytic photoredox system, a direct method to construct a diverse of (Z)-α-azole enamides from ynamides and pyrazoles, as well as triazoles, benzotriazoles, indazoles, and tetrazoles, is developed, thus providing a concise route to heterocyclic motifs common in medicinal agents. Based on the mechanistic studies, the hydroamination is postulated to operate via a mechanism in which the single-electron oxidation of ynamide and the intermediacy of an alkyne radical cation, is responsible for the observed reactivity.
Ratiometric Flapping Force Probe That Works in Polymer Gels
Authors: Yamakado Takuya , Saito Shohei
Published: December 2021

A ratiometric flapping force probe that can evaluate the nanoscale stress concentration in the polymer chain network of common organogels has been developed. Stress-dependent dual-fluorescence properties of the chemically doped flapping force probe has been demonstrated even when the probe is solvated in the wet materials (Figure 1). The fluorescence ratiometric analysis is robust against the local concentration change induced by the macroscopic polymer deformation. While the force-responsive FRET dyads, widely used in mechanobiology, are sensitive to the distance and orientation of the two chromophores, the flapping fluorophore works as a single-component flexible force probe regardless of the FRET efficiency. Realtime and reversible spectral response to the mechanical stress is observed with a low threshold on the order of sub-MPa compression due to its conformational flexibility. The previously reported flapping probe only shows a negligible response in the solvated environments because the undesired spontaneous planarization occurs in the S1 excited state, even without mechanical force. The excited-state engineering by changing the flapping wings from the anthraceneimide units to the pyreneimide units endows this molecule with the force probe function in the wet conditions. The structurally modified force probe also has an advantage in terms of a wide dynamic range of the fluorescence response in solvent-free elastomers, which enabled the ratiometric fluorescence imaging of the molecular-level stress concentration during the crack growth in a stretched polyurethane film. The percentage of the stressed force probes has been experimentally estimated to be approximately 30–40% before the fracture of the elastomers. The flapping force probe is useful for elucidating the toughening mechanism of recently focused unique topological gels and elastomers at molecular level.
The Growth Mechanism of Lithium Dendrites and its Coupling to Mechanical Stress
Authors: Becherer Julian , Kramer Dominik , Mönig Reiner
Published: December 2021

Operando high-resolution light microscopy with extended depth of field is used to observe large regions of an electrode during electrodeposition of lithium. The analysis of the morphology of the evolving deposit reveals that besides electrochemistry, mechanics and crystalline defects play a major role in the growth mechanism. Based on the findings, a growth mechanism is proposed that involves the diffusion of lithium atoms from the lithium surface into grain boundaries and the insertion into crystalline defects in the metal. Crystalline defects are a result of plastic deformation and hence mechanical stimulation augments the insertion of lithium.
Kesalahan Berbahasa Bidang Fonologi Lowongan Kerja Soloraya di Instagram
Authors: Mariyah Fitria , Purwanti  , Agustin Fitria Nur
Published: December 2021

Informasi lowongan pekerjaan yang tersebar di kalangan masyarakat luas ternyata terdapat kesalahan berbahasa. Segala informasi yang diunggah ke media sosial tidak memperhatikan kaidah kebahasaan. Hal ini tidak berlaku pada informasi lowongan kerja yang notabene menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis resmi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui susunan kesalahan fonologi pada informasi lowongan kerja di instagram serta mengetahui faktor penyebabnya. Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan motode simak bebas libat cakap, data berbentuk ungkapan kata informasi yang diobservasi oleh peneliti sehingga mendapatkan hasil yang sesuai. Hasil penelitian ini dari 10 sumber data ditemukan 59 data yang terdapat kesalahan berbahasa bidang fonologi berupa (1) perubahan bunyi 23 data; (2) penghilangan bunyi 12 data; dan (3) penambahan bunyi 24 data. Kesalahan tersebut berupa perubahan bunyi seperti [a] menjadi [e], perubahan bunyi [a] menjadi [o], perubahan bunyi [e] menjadi [a] dst. penghilangan bunyi [n], [e], [o], [r] dan penambahan bunyi [h], [l], [h], [t], [n], [a], [o], [u], [i], [d]. Hal ini dilatarbelakangi oleh adanya pengaruh bahasa asing atau penyerapan unsur serapan, kurangnya kompetensi berbahasa Indonesia atau ketidaktahuan seorang penutur, dan pembiasaan di lingkungan.
Tindak Tutur Ekspresif Tokoh dalam Novel Pulang-Pergi Karya Tere Liye
Authors: An Nisa Alfi Khoiru , Trisnawati Yunita , Prihatini Arti
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dari tindak tutur ekspresif yang ada pada kalimat atau tuturan yang ada pada setiap tokoh dalam novel Pulang-Pergi karya Tere Liye. Penelitian ini termasuk ke dalam jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif. Sumber data yang digunakan adalah tuturan yang ada pada novel Pulang-Pergi. Data yang digunakan adalah tuturan atau kalimat dari tokoh yang relevan dengan teori tindak tutur ekspresif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik baca-catat, yaitu membaca dengan kritis novel Pulang-Pergi yang kemudian jika menemukan tuturan yang relevan dengan teori tindak tutur ekspresif akan dicatat, kemudian dilakukan pengelompokkan seusai dengan indikator yang telah disiapkan, yang kemudian data tersebut dianalisis dengan bentuk deksriptif. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa tindak tutur ekspresif dalam novel Pulang-Pergi terdapat 9 bentuk yaitu ucapan terima kasih, ucapan maaf, ucapan selamat, ucapan pujian, ucapan menyalahkan, ucapan harapan, ucapan menyetujui, ucapan tidak menyetujui, dan ucapan terkejut.
Saved by the Bell: A Feminist Approach to High School Architecture
Authors:   , Nathu Ekta
Published: December 2021

The years spent as high school students are some of the most formative to the development of confidence in identity, and in preparing young people to be resilient adults. The school environments in which development occurs have an imperative role to play in providing space for identity to form freely and in providing equal opportunity for students to succeed. This research will focus on understanding how architecture might provide the space for identities to form freely and how processes and spatial outcomes could encourage this development to happen equitably.  This research engages feminist theory, processes and practices to increase spatial agency and identity agency for students. Encouraging the autonomy of students hopes to influence a sense of purpose and belonging to the space, and help students feel belonging within a community.  The theoretical position of this research is between feminist practice and gender and space. Supporting fields of research include pedagogy and policy. Whilst each existing field is independently expansive in scope, this research explores how these fields intersect, overlap and function when applied to the context of high school architecture.  A design-led methodology will inform four Pieces towards the completion of this research, each considering ‘design’ as the process, outcome and representation strategies. The first Piece, Processes, will involve the design and running of participatory workshops with students. The second Piece, Sites, will include photo analysis of existing schools to uncover what information existing architecture might be disseminating. The third Piece, Interventions, will be the design of actionable guides, posters, zines and ‘take- aways’ that share the findings of the research. The fourth and final Piece, Speculations, will include speculative concept designs that respond to the accumulated knowledge and provoke curiosity for the potential in this research area and way of practicing.  The outcomes of this research, the feminist architectural processes, designs and communication, aim to better understand how to facilitate participation in architecture for identity development and therefore help equalise opportunities in education.
If spaces could talk what would they say - Spatial communication and Representation in Landscape Architecture
Authors:   , Pead Samantha
Published: December 2021

An important component of landscape architecture is its ability to represent processes of re-imagining and designing the places we live in. The way we represent these processes of designing landscape presents an interesting opportunity for change in the current planning mechanisms of Aotearoa, New Zealand. Planning processes, such as engagement and consultation with the public, play a critical role in our ability to design the places we work and live successfully. These processes are often complex as they seek to address a wide range of technical, political, social and environmental issues. In all there complexity it is most often the task of engaging with community which is the first to be abandoned. Meaningful community engagement is critical to the success of any public project and needs to be better understood with regards to access and agency. If done well, community engagement has the ability to create good social outcomes and can lead to a greater sense of collective ownership. Landscape Architecture has the capability to bridge the gap between planning, public space, and communities by endeavouring to re-conceptualise the current approach toward community engagement processes. Current approaches to engagement in planning remain relatively formal and most often rely solely on written modes of public participation such as submissions. Spatial methods of communication are yet to be explored and tested in community engagement and provide an opportunity to reach marginalised communities, who are often missed in the current processes. This research identifies Kilbirnie as a suburb on the brink of significant spatial and social change. Based upon its spatial proximity to Wellington’s CBD, its growing and diversifying community, Kilbirnie presents a contentious site for future planning. The aim of this research is to expand traditional engagement mechanisms by using spatial mediums which provoke, and in turn, create meaningful community participation in the long term planning of Kilbirnie. This thesis will test the spatial as an effective medium for planning communication through a series of installations in Kilbirnie. The installations will be tested in sites that offer different typological qualities in order to understand how existing infrastructure can aid in the processes of spatial communication and engagement. This research argues that through installation and spatial communication it is possible to transform traditional forms of representation in planning and the attitudes of communities toward engaging with planning.
Analysis of the levelized cost of green hydrogen production for very heavy vehicles in New Zealand
Authors:   , Perez Rapha Julysses
Published: December 2021

This study examined the feasibility of green hydrogen as a transport fuel for the very heavy vehicle (VHV) fleet in New Zealand. Green hydrogen is assumed to be produced through water electrolysis using purely renewable energy (RE) as an electricity source. This study chose very heavy vehicles as a potential market for green hydrogen, because it is considered “low- hanging fruit” for hydrogen fuel in a sector where battery electrification is less feasible. The study assumed a large-scale, decentralized, embedded (dedicated) grid-connected hydrogen system of production using polymer electrolytic membrane (PEM) electrolysers. The analysis comprised three steps. First, the hydrogen demand was calculated. Second, the additional RE requirement was determined and compared with consented, but unbuilt, capacity. Finally, the hydrogen production cost was calculated using the concept of levelized cost. A sensitivity analysis, cost reduction scenarios, and the implications for truck ownership costs were also undertaken.  The results indicate an overall green hydrogen demand for VHVs of 71 million kg, or 8.5 PJ, per year, compared to the 14.7 PJ of diesel fuel demand for the same VHV travelled kilometres. The results also indicate that the estimated 9,824 GWh of RE electricity from consented, yet unbuilt, RE projects is greater than the electricity demand for green hydrogen production, which was calculated to be 4,492 GWh. The calculated levelized hydrogen cost is NZ$ 8.42/kg. Electricity cost was found to be the most significant cost parameter for green hydrogen production. A combined annual cost reduction rate of 3% for CAPEX and 4% for electricity translates to a hydrogen cost reduction of 30% in 10 years and more than 50% in 20 years.
Optimising the Massive MIMO Downlink in the Presence of Power Amplifier Nonlinearities
Authors:   , Humphrey Peter
Published: December 2021

Massive MIMO is known for its high level of spectral efficiency in multipath rich environments. We present a detailed Massive MIMO cell system using maximum-ratio transmission (MRT) and zero-forcing (ZF) where energy efficiency is taken into account. This is done through the use of a realistic model of moderate performance and hence moderate cost power amplifiers (PAs) for the base station downlink, which could be applied in a practical Massive MIMO system. In the process of detailing the linear aspects of the Massive MIMO system, results for the normalisation factor and array gain are derived, which as far as the author is aware are original. These results are used to derive an expression to optimise the downlink signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR) in a linear system, which is also original as far as the author is aware. A process is outlined to optimise the downlink SINR when nonlinear PAs are used and a simulation of a cell system is performed where the benefits of applying the nonlinear optimisation process are demonstrated.
In Business with God: The Role of Religion in the Private Sector of Apia, Samoa
Authors:   , Bush Gabriel
Published: December 2021

Religion, in particular Christianity, has a large impact on Business in Samoa. Through surveys and interviews, this research was able to ascertain areas in which Christianity and business intersect to determine its daily function and the broader implications of doing business in a highly Christian nation. Christianity has taken on its own form of ‘Samoan Christianity’ through the merging of religion and fa’aSamoa which allows business owners facilitate the practice of religion, primarily for their staff members, while not being deeply religious themselves. This ‘Samoan Christianity’ is influenced by the disproportionate number of Catholics represented in the private sector who face fewer practical and financial demands than other denominations along with the assistance of historical privileges gained the status of the Catholic Marist Brothers. Businesses in Apia are heavily impacted by staff loans, theft and cultural demands, but owners maintain a positive outlook on the spiritual benefits that religion brings to their lives. Business owners are heavily critical of organised religion in Samoa, particularly the church and priests, believing fewer financial demands on staff members would ease the negative impacts of religion on business. However, interested in preserving the culture and religion of their unique homeland, business owners have opted to observe religiously motivated practises such as closing on Sundays as they believe this to be more important than financial gain.
Continuity of Midwifery Care in Complexity
Authors:   , Martin Eleanor
Published: December 2021

Continuity of midwifery care has demonstrated some beneficial outcomes for mothers and their babies with no evidence of poorer outcomes. Much of the evidence to support this claim is sourced from research conducted with women described as ‘low risk’. The model of midwifery in New Zealand, which is based on continuity of midwifery carer, has the potential for midwives to continue care even when significant risk has been identified. This care would be provided in collaboration with and support from medical personnel and hospital-based midwives. There is no research that has specifically examined the outcomes for women with complex needs, also called ‘high risk’, who have been provided continuity of midwifery carer. Given the increased incidence of morbidity in the childbearing population it is important to examine this issue in some depth. This small piece of research begins this, by looking at how women with complex needs and who have had continuity of midwifery care have experienced this care.  The aim of this research therefore is to provide a comprehensive description of how women with complexities experience continuity of midwifery care across the maternity episode. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted in one part of New Zealand. Three women, all with varying types of complexity were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed, and the transcripts were analysed thematically. There were four themes: the relationship was everything; knowing what was happening was important; power was managed and balanced; and extra care was needed. The three women had the same needs and experiences of continuity as did low risk women described in the literature. However, another aspect, not previously reported, was that the women thought that the midwives spent a lot more time with them than they otherwise would have needed to. They were grateful for this.
Orbital Habitability: Architectural Design for Extra-Terrestrial Habitation
Authors:   , Tozer Griffin
Published: December 2021

Companies like SpaceX and Virgin Galactic are privatising the space industry. This privatisation will allow more and more people to inhabit space for more extended periods, with less training than prior astronauts. Space habitation brings with it a vast array of issues, which significantly limit the designs that are possible in orbit. This thesis explores how the challenges of inhabiting outer space can be mitigated through architectural design.  The theoretical basis for this exploration is research into habitability. Habitability is how conducive an environment is to living and working. This is crucial to understanding the risks of inhabiting environments in orbit and how these can be challenged through design.  The Framework for this exploration’s site and program is asteroid mining. Asteroid mining is an exciting possibility for the next stage of human presence in space. Utilising asteroid resources could greatly aid in establishing orbital infrastructure around the Earth and allowing us to travel even further. As a framework, this defines a tighter scope than looking at space habitation in general and allows this thesis to dive deeper into the finer details of habitability for a specific group of people.  The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate designed solutions to issues of habitability within the constraints necessary to construct a space station. This thesis considers how a design might be; designed and modelled, deployed in space, constructed, and most fundamentally, how it could mitigate the psychological and physiological issues of long-term space habitation.  This is accomplished through a research-led design process centred on self-evaluation through the habitability principles defined in this thesis.  This thesis fundamentally collates and builds upon our existing knowledge of space habitation and presents one possibility for the future of space habitation. This is merely one small step for the furthering of human habitability in space.
Clients Coming Out – Men speak out about purchasing sex in New Zealand’s decriminalised environment
Authors:   , Mower Shannon
Published: December 2021

This thesis explores the client experience of purchasing sex in New Zealand in the context of decriminalisation. This research was conducted at a time when speculation over the impact of decriminalisation on the conduct of clients was at an all-time high. Despite vast speculation by critics, little to no research exists on client populations in New Zealand. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap and offers an initial insight into the experiences of clients in this context. The research that forms the basis of this thesis involved qualitative semi-structured interviews with 12 men and women who purchase sex in New Zealand, along with three key informants with broader contextual knowledge of clients. The clients interviewed constituted a diverse group, and in many ways, they challenged common stereotypes. For example, while all participants were motivated by sexual desire, half the sample placed more significance on their desire for human interaction. Hegemonic masculinity was also discussed as motivating their engagements with the sex industry. The interviews also revealed the impacts of purchasing sex on participants, which related more to their interactions with sex workers than the physical act of having sex. Lastly, the research explored participants’ interactions with sex workers under decriminalisation, finding that they emphasised clear communication, respect of sex worker’s boundaries, and a desire to purchase sex ethically. There are three key conclusions of this thesis. Firstly, that client stereotypes are inapplicable to the entire client population as the participants challenged many and provided support for the ‘every man perspective’. Second, that support exists for non-sexual client motivations, and following the impacts participants discussed, sex workers and their services can be considered therapeutic and supporting the well-being of participants. Lastly, that legal context does make a difference on the conduct within sex industries and under decriminalisation. The participants’ conduct was driven by an awareness for sex worker rights and working conditions, thus producing an informed, harm-reductionist approach to purchasing sex.
Vulnerable Territories: The Perpetually Shifting Edge
Authors:   , Wellwood Joseph
Published: December 2021

New Zealand’s coastline is rapidly receding. The increased threat of rising sea levels continues to erode the shore line causing extensive and irreparable damage to thousands of coastal properties, often dismantling communities and the kiwi dream of living near the ocean. With global temperatures continuing to rise, all of our coastal communities are at risk. The current measure of response to this issue is through managed retreat, the removal and relocation of all ‘at risk’ buildings in coastal hazard zones. While this approach is successful in preserving the physical structures, it remains an undesirable solution that forces homeowners to abandon their community and the coastline for the safety of higher ground. The retreat is hampered among debate within the effected regions as the forced detachment of long standing communities often results in the loss of ‘sense of place’ that living within a coastal community enables.  This thesis proposes that Haumoana in Hawkes Bay offers the fitting location to introduce an alternative coastal community model that actively responds to the impending hazards whilst retaining the societal poetics. Situated just south of the nearby communities of Te Awanga and Haumoana, two of the most at-risk coastal regions in New Zealand that are currently facing the prospect of dismantlement. The site was specifically chosen due to the fact that erosion is predicted to diminish half its usable land over the next century, this thesis will investigate the potential risks to the respective coastline, the role that this would play in an adaptive community, and the possible design options that can respond and enhance a future sustainable landscape.  This thesis argues that a coastal community can be designed to actively adapt and respond to the threat of erosion rather than being dismantled through retreat; that by adopting design principles that protect the land on which they are placed, the coastal hazards of the region can be lessened; and that an adaptive community model can be achieved whilst retaining the ‘sense of place’ that coastal community’s exhibit.  The thesis proposes that this can be achieved by incorporating and reinforcing natural features of the coast into the architectural design at various scales; accommodating for, and adapting to the imminent threat of erosion; and by invoking principles of sustainable design in company with adaptive planning and resilient design, thereby pushing the standards of coastal planning beyond typical practice.
Advancing Craft: A translation to modern tectonics
Authors:   , Tran Jasmine
Published: December 2021

Well-made joinery can be pricey, no matter if it is hand-crafted or prefabricated. This thesis attempts to understand all available tectonics used to fabricate joints and find a potential alternative to generate well-made joints in a more accessible manner. Specifically looking at traditional Japanese carpentry, Japanese joinery is a crucial precedent for examining due to its prestigious nature for withstanding the test of time and earthquakes. Here following the crafting of traditional joints is necessary to understand the hand-tool tectonic, allowing for an understanding to then iterate joints in the other tectonics with machine-tools and information-tools. Retrofitting provides for the opportunity for owners to add additional components to their existing properties. The standard residential home is commonly retrofitted by the owners to follow the ‘trend’ and ‘personalise’ their home. The want for retrofitting is usually due to the basic nature of cookie-cutter homes that are common to the New Zealand suburbs. By studying ways to construct joints, methods of fabricating joinery can assist the DIY culture in New Zealand, whether through prefabrication on the CNC router that is sold as kitsets or machine jigs that can be made onsite.
Stratigraphic development and petroleum prospectivity of northern Zealandia
Authors:   , Dos Santos Zelia
Published: December 2021

Northern Zealandia lies between Australia, New Zealandia, and New Caledonia. It has an area of 3,000,000 km2 and is made up of bathymetric rises and troughs with typical water depths of 1000 to 4000 m. I use 39,309 line km of seismic-reflection profiles tied to recent International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) drilling and three boreholes near the coast of New Zealand to investigate stratigraphic architecture and assess the petroleum prospectivity of northern Zealandia.  Sparse sampling requires that stratigraphic and petroleum prospectivity inferences are drawn from better-known basins in New Zealand, Australia, New Caledonia, TimorLeste and Papua New Guinea. Five existing seismic-stratigraphic units are reviewed. Zealandia Seismic Unit U3 is sampled near New Zealand and may contain Jurassic Muhiriku Group coals. Elsewhere, Seismic Unit 3 may have oil-prone equivalents of the Jurassic Walloon Coal Measure in eastern Australia; or may contain Triassic-Jurassic marine source rocks, as found in offshore Bonaparte Basin, onshore Timor-Leste, and the Papuan Basin in Papua New Guinea. Seismic Unit U2b (Mid-Cretaceous) is syn-rift and may contain coal measures, as found in Taranaki-Aotea Basin and New Caledonia. Seismic Unit U2a (Late Cretaceous to Eocene) contains coaly source rocks in the southeastern part of the study area, and may also contain marine equivalent carbonaceous mudstone, as found at Site IODP U1509. Unit U2a is transgressive, with coaly source rocks and reservoir sandstones near its base, and clay, marl and chalk above that provides a regional seal. Seismic Unit U1b (Eocene-Oligocene) is mass-transport complexes and basin floor fans related to a brief phase of convergent deformation that created folds in the southern part of the study area and regionally uplifted ridges to create new sediment source areas. Basin floor fans may contain reservoir rock and Eocene folding created structural traps. Seismic Unit U1a is Oligocene and Neogene chalk, calcareous ooze, and marl that represents overburden. Mass accumulation rates (MAR) and climatic temperatures were high in the late Miocene and early Pliocene, resulting in peak thermal maturity and hydrocarbon expulsion at ~ 3 Ma.  Approximately one-fifth of the region has adequate source rock maturity for petroleum expulsion at the base of Seismic Unit U2: Fairway Basin (FWAY), southern New Caledonia Trough (NCTS) and Reinga Basin (REIN). Plays may exist in either Seismic Unit U3 or U2, with many plausible reservoir-seal combinations, and several possible trapping mechanisms: unconformities, normal faults, folds, or stratigraphic pinch-out. The rest of the region could be prospective, but requires a source rock to exist within Seismic Unit U3, which is mostly unsampled and remains poorly understood.
Lead maternity care midwives' perspectives on the effect of severe perineal trauma on their relationship with women
Authors:   , Samuel Audrene
Published: December 2021

Although childbirth is a time of happiness and joy for couples, happiness can be flawed by pain and discomfort associated with perineal trauma sustained during childbirth. It is estimated that 85% of vaginal births are accompanied by trauma to the perineum. A higher risk of trauma is sustained at the first birth compared with subsequent vaginal births. In New Zealand, midwives work in partnership with the woman. The Lead Maternity Care (LMC) midwife has an ongoing relationship with the woman in her care that starts when the pregnant woman books with the midwife and ends at six weeks postpartum. The relationship between the woman and the LMC midwife involves trust, shared control, responsibility and a shared meaning through mutual understanding. Midwives fear they will be held responsible by women who sustain severe perineal trauma during their birth for the outcome. There is a lack of research into how New Zealand midwives’ relationships are affected when women in their care sustain severe perineal trauma. This research sought to explore the experiences of LMC midwives who have cared for women who sustained severe perineal trauma during childbirth. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of severe perineal trauma on the midwife/ woman relationship. The aim was to explore LMC midwives` perception of how they were affected when women in their care sustained severe genital tract trauma during birth. Qualitative descriptive methodology was used. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with LMC midwives from three geographical regions in lower North Island of New Zealand. The participants were eight midwives who had personal experience of caring for a woman who sustained severe genital tract trauma during childbirth. The findings revealed three themes: building a relationship with women, participants’ perceptions of the effects of severe perineal trauma on women, and the impact of severe perineal trauma on the midwife. The findings demonstrate that LMC midwives build relationships with women during the antenatal period. This relationship ensures an excellent partnership, established on the foundation of trust and respect, developed with the women. Midwives are affected on a personal and professional level when woman sustains trauma during childbirth, and the midwife adopts ways of coping. In the aftermath of severe perineal trauma, the woman may suffer health problems. This can impact her relationship with her LMC midwife during the postnatal period.
Exploring the role of schizotypy in creative cognition
Authors:   , Hedley Sophie
Published: December 2021

Creativity is hugely important in our everyday lives. Understanding what makes some people more creative than others is not just important in traditional creative fields. Creative problem solving is the key to solving all significant challenges we face as a society, including but not limited to technological, political and environmental challenges. Mental illness, in both popular culture and in psychological science, have long been linked to creative thought. Many eminent creatives, both past and current, attribute their success to their mental illness. For example, in schizophrenia, the grandiose thinking and florid hallucinations that characterise this disorder may be supportive of creative thinking.   However, schizophrenia is characterised by severe cognitive deficits that, according to models of creativity, would be disadvantageous to creative thinking. Schizotypy is a personality trait that is characterised by some features of schizophrenia (unusual thinking, poor interpersonal communication), but is not accompanied by the same severe cognitive deficits seen in schizophrenia. Based on this view, it is reasonable to assume that people high on schizotypal traits may be more creative than those who are low on schizotypal traits.   While there a number of studies examining this relationship, findings are inconsistent, with effect sizes ranging from -.42 to .8. In my thesis, I explored a) whether there was a relationship between schizotypy and creativity and b) whether that relationship could be explained by underlying differences in cognitive processing (associative processing and executive control). I predicted that positive schizotypy in particular (typified by unusual thinking, superstitious beliefs) would be positively correlated with schizotypy in three different measures of creativity (two performance based tasks and one self-report measure) in two different samples of participants.   In Chapters 3 + 4, I tested the relationship between schizotypy and creativity using two different methods. In chapter 3, I found no evidence for the predicted effect. In fact, I found a negative association between positive schizotypy and scores on one measure of creativity (the Remote Associates test) and a positive association between negative schizotypy (characterised by interpersonal deficits) and performance on the RAT. These effects did not replicate in the second sample. Finally, there was a positive association between disorganised schizotypy and creativity on the Alternate Uses task. The results of Chapter 4, using a latent profile analytic approach, mirrored the results of Chapter 3. Finally, Chapter 5 found no support for any relationship being mediated by associative processing or executive control; however, there was partial support for two models of creativity. Overall, evidence suggests that schizotypal traits are not helpful for creativity. These results shed light on some of the challenges when conducting research regarding both schizotypy and creativity.
Building Information Modelling: An analysis of the methods used to streamline design-to-construction in New Zealand
Authors:   , Chan Nelson
Published: December 2021

The following study explores and investigates the current methods New Zealand (NZ) Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms use to enable effective BIM coordination in their projects. The purpose was to gain and contribute knowledge of the various methods for successful BIM delivery, as well, as to bridge the gap between academia and industry for a greater understanding of BIM use in an NZ context.  A qualitative research approach was carried out and comprised of semi-structured interviews in which eight industry participants across the design-to-construction supply chain were selected and interviewed. From the results, the different methods identified were: BIM-to-fabrication; change of procurement methods; and incorporating BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) plugin platforms. These methods identified contribute to knowledge for future researchers to undertake; predominantly to provide direction and recommendations to explore each method in an NZ industry context further.  Further discussions of the results identify that although the different methods can contribute to better BIM coordination, the success of a BIM model to be delivered effectively is dependent on two significant factors. The factors are; firstly, to capture the BIM requirements and needs of the client to establish well-defined deliverables in the BEP; and secondly, to ensure that the project team are to understand their role and responsibilities right throughout the project. This was a crucial finding in this thesis as although the methods are effective in enabling greater BIM coordination; ultimately it comes down to BIM understanding and expertise from key project stakeholders; which brings the notion of the issue back to the root of the problem. Other key findings from this thesis indicate a positive future for BIM within the NZ AEC industry, with many of the participant firms recognised to be proactive and open to incorporating BIM into their projects. Though the signs are encouraging, discussions with industry participants still express their concerns on needing to align the understanding of BIM between key project stakeholders. Therefore, an education piece which focuses on the client and their understanding of BIM in an NZ context is suggested for future research. This thesis also presents academia with valuable industry BIM workflow diagrams which the author has either illustrated or been provided by participants.
Accessibility in Aotearoa: A Mixed-Methods Study of Low-Emissions Transport Demand in the Greater Wellington Region
Authors:   , Petredean Han Ling
Published: December 2021

Like many nations, Aotearoa New Zealand’s land-use and transport development has prioritised planning for mobility, movement, over accessibility, access. This has contributed to an auto-centric transportation system and a high national road emissions profile. In light of the imminent threat of catastrophic climate change, a low-emissions transport sector transition is needed. Understanding how and why people travel is a critical prerequisite for achieving this shift.   Planners and policymakers increasingly recognise that transport demand is fundamentally influenced by the desire for access over movement. An accessibility-based framework aligns with this interpretation and supports analysing personal and contextual drivers of transport demand. Policymakers tasked with promoting a low-emissions transport sector transition are seeking to identify existing low-emissions transport uptake constraints and potential avenues for their improvement.   Using a mixed-methods approach, this thesis addresses an existing gap in the literature by analysing low-emissions transport demand in the Greater Wellington Region (GWR), informed by an accessibility-based framework. Survey responses supplied quantitative data on user-based needs, abilities, and attitudes towards GWR low-emissions transport options. Practicality – the degree to which a transport option facilitates access in reasonable time, at reasonable cost, and with reasonable ease – was found to be the strongest predictor of ability to use low-emissions transport. Qualitative data was also collated from stakeholders knowledgeable of transport policy and planning at the local, regional, and central government level. This provided insight into GWR low-emissions transport supply and oversight, as well as the impact of land-use policies, transport policy and funding structures, and governance agendas and capabilities. These findings support augmenting low-emissions transport with an accessibility orientation, but also reveal the challenges of doing so within current governance structures.
Belief, Belonging, or Both? The Interaction Between Supernatural Belief and Identity Fusion, and their Influence on Cooperative Behaviour
Authors:   , Twitchin Samuel
Published: December 2021

Research within the psychology of religion has illustrated the importance of both religious belief and religious belonging for facilitating cooperative behaviour. Specifically, the supernatural punishment hypothesis (Johnson, 2016; Johnson & Krüger, 2004) and identity fusion (Swann et al., 2009; Whitehouse, 2018) discuss belief and belonging, respectively. This thesis examines the connection of these two areas, with a focus on the understudied religious concept of karma. In Study 1, 193 participants took part in an online questionnaire, with a five-condition between subjects design, that investigated the content of religious belief by using karma and god related religious priming stimuli (images and vignettes) to influence individual’s belief. None of the four experimental conditions were found to change responses on belief in supernatural agents or karma. Belief in god/karma was associated with endorsement of both a punitive and benevolent god/karma. However, when both endorsements were included in the model, only benevolent endorsement was significant. In Study 2, 402 participants took part in a three-condition mixed-methods design with six repeated trials of a voluntary contribution task, which investigated how karma and god related religious priming stimuli (vignettes) influenced cooperative behaviour. Mixed methods analysis revealed that those in the karma condition had higher cooperative tendencies than those in the neutral condition, but did not differ from the god condition. Belief in supernatural agents did not affect how individuals were affected by the god condition. However, those with higher belief in supernatural agents and higher identity fusion were the least cooperative within the karma condition. Contrary to what was predicted, increased belief in karma predicted un-cooperative behaviour in the karma condition. These and other important findings are discussed with focus on the New Zealand context and how the findings from this thesis contributes to the supernatural punishment and identity fusion literature, by highlighting implications, limitations, and areas of focus for future research.