bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mixed Languages as Outcomes of Code-Switching: Recent Examples from Australia and Their Implications
Authors: McConvell Patrick
Published: March 2011

There has been much debate about whether mixed languages arise from code-switching. This paper presents one clear example of this kind of genesis, Gurindji Kriol, and other probable examples, from recent language contact in Australia between traditional Australian languages and English-based pidgins/creoles. In particular the paper focuses on what has been called the Verbal-Nominal split in the genesis of these languages, which is parallel to other cases elswhete in the world, such as Michif. Here the Verbal-Nominal split is reanalysed as a split between INFL (Tense-Aspect-Mood) dominated elements and the rest of the clause. There are two classes of such INFL mixed languages with contrasting characteristics: those in which the new language takes over the INFL elements and the nominal morphology is still drawn from the old language, like Gurindji Kriol; and those in which the verb and its morphology is retained from the old language but other elements are drawn from the new language. This is explained in terms of the 'arrested turnover' hypothesis of Myers-Scotton. The original 'centre of gravity' hypothesis of McConvell related the two kinds of mixed language outcomes to the grammatical type of the old language: whether it was 'dependent-marking' or 'headmarking'. In this paper this hypothesis is modified by seeing the important causal factor in the second type as incorporation of INFL and pronouns in the verb in head-marking and polysynthetic languages. Finally some other examples of mixed languages of the INFL-split type are mentioned, and a research program outlined aiming to detect where this kind of language-mixing forms part of the history of other languages by looking at the current pattern of composition of elements from different language sources.
How languages Change and How They Adapt: Some Challenges for the Future Dynamique du langage et élaboration des langues : quelques défis à relever
Authors: Nicolaï Robert
Published: March 2011

Aujourd'hui l'étude du multiple, de la variabilité et l'hétérogène va de soi dans les recherches sur l'évolution des langues et le changement linguistique. Corrélativement, des modèles évolutionnistes ont été proposés (cf. Lass 1997, Croft 2000, Mufwene 2001, etc.) ce qui suppose d'engager une réflexion sur leur pouvoir de description et leur degré d'adéquation aux phénomènes. Je m'intéresse ainsi aux 'modélisations métaphoriques' parce qu'elles témoignent de changements importants dans notre perception de la dynamique des langues, et parce que chaque fois qu'on envisage d'exporter un modèle se pose la question cruciale de savoir ce qu'on modélise dans le transfert. Un modèle néo-darwinien va introduire de nouveaux questionnements et conduira à précontraindre et à transformer les problématiques linguistiques. Il importe donc de s'intéresser au risque de surmodélisation qu'il est susceptible d'introduire : cela demande de s'interroger sur certains aspects fondamentaux et nécessaires à l'élaboration du linguistique (variabilité dans les langues, sémiotisation des formes) mais aussi sur la place des 'acteurs' dans les procès de communication.En considérant ces aspects on atteint l'interface où, activement, les acteurs construisent de l'unitaire à partir du variable, de l'hétérogène et du multiple, dans l'espace anthropo-linguistique dont ils sont partie prenante ; ce qui ne veut pas dire que cela résulte d'un procès délibéré. Cette construction se matérialise à travers diverses modalités de saisie des phénomènes. J'en présenterai trois (linéarisation, massification et Gestalt) qui illustrent 'l'activisme' des acteurs dans les dynamiques de l'élaboration de leurs langues.
Constraints on Contact-Induced Linguistic Change
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania
Published: March 2011

In a recent paper on "Social and Linguistic Factors as Predictors of Contact-Induced Change" Thomason (2007) reiterates the claim made earlier by Thomason & Kaufman (1988) and others (e.g., Harris & Campbell 1995; Curnow 2001) that there are no linguistic constraints on interference in language contact, in that any linguistic feature can be transferred to any language, and any change can occur as a direct or indirect result of language contact, and she is satisfied to observe that all the specific constraints on contact-induced change that have been proposed have been counterexemplified.The present paper takes issue with this stance, arguing that it might be in need of reconsideration, in that there are in fact some constraints on contact-induced linguistic change. These constraints relate to grammatical replication, as it has been described in Heine & Kuteva (2003; 2005; 2006), thus lending further support to the generalizations on language contact proposed there.
Informal Economy of Translocations. The Case of the Twin City of Blagoveshensk-Heihe
Authors: Ryzhova Natalia
Published: March 2011

The article evaluates economic interactions between people in the adjacent border cities of Blagoveshensk (Russia) and Heihe (China). The article reveals the conflict between the development of translocality around the border of the two countries and recent Russian policy to strengthen the position of the nation-state.
Language and Ethnicity: Cadre-Speak in Contemporary Tibet
Authors: Barnett Robert
Published: March 2011

The paper looks at changes over time in the ways that leading nationality cadres use formalistic language conventions within a communist society to convey apparently heterodox opinions. It notes in particular how those changes are related to economic and developmental conditions. These produce shifts in meanings as a side-effect of changes in the relationships that nationality or religious leaders have with the state, so that what might look to outsiders like expressions of dissent may be, more precisely, reminders by those who once had significant stakes in the 'old society' of their original promissory or contractual relations with the Communist Party. In contrast to views of formalistic texts as moribund, official texts in the Tibetan case can be seen in terms of their 'liveliness', a result of reading practices which are highly attuned to the local effects of power and to ethnicity, with frequent interpretational tensions over questions of compliance and disloyalty. Detailed examples are given of writing conventions found in major texts produced by leading Chinese and Tibetan cadres in Tibet in the 1960s and after 1980. Particular attention is given to block writing and the use of standard formulations. A brief historical overview is given of the rise of such cases among leading Tibetan cadres in the late 1980s, and their subsequent decline as the economy surged and the first generation of nationality leaders anointed by the CCP aged and became less active, giving way to the current group of largely marginalised public intellectuals.
The 'Creative Bureaucrat': Conflicts in the Production of Soviet Communist Party Discourse
Authors: Humphrey Caroline
Published: March 2011

The paper explores the politics of language of the Soviet Communist Party bureaucracy. It argues against the recent conceptualisation of late socialist discourse as basically 'performative', i.e. as a vehicle for action that was virtually independent of its propositional dimension. Contrary to this, it is suggested that if the analysis is broadened to include the process of producing texts (drafts, censored passages, oral discussions, etc.) we see marked concern, and, indeed, conflict over the ideological meaning of the content. The argument is made through detailed analysis of the memoirs of one Party official, Georgii Lukich Smirnov. This case also shows that Party cadres were far from 'faceless' or without feelings. The ideological battles throughout the late Soviet period, which scarred Smirnov, were what led to perestroika (reconstruction) and glasnost' (transparency) under Gorbachev.
Intensive Contact and the Copying of Paradigms: An Éven Dialect in Contact with Sakha (Yakut)
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte
Published: March 2011

The development of the unique structure of Copper Island Aleut, which displays a combination of Russian finite verb morphology and Aleut nominal and non-finite verbal morphology as well as lexicon has been the subject of heated debate. In the absence of other examples of similar inflectional paradigm copying, the processes leading to this development are hard to elucidate. This paper discusses examples of paradigms copied from the Siberian Turkic language Sakha (Yakut) into a dialect of the Northern Tungusic language Éven spoken in the village of Sebjan-Küöl in northeastern Siberia. These data demonstrate that paradigm copying can take place in a situation of widespread bilingualism, with code-switching playing a vital role. Furthermore, they provide evidence that such mixed forms have the potential of serving as conduits for further copying of grammatical forms, and that they play an important role in the linguistic identity of the speakers, as has been suggested previously for mixed languages such as Copper Island Aleut.
"Fluent dysfluency" as Congruent Lexicalization: A Special Case of Radical Code-Mixing
Authors: Lipski John
Published: March 2011

Code-switching among bilinguals has been typologically classified into three categories e.g. by Muysken (2000): alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization as usually defined not only requires that the languages in contact be structurally congruent, but also presupposes a high level of bilingual competence, as well relatively equal prestige and no tradition of overt language separation. The present study presents data from several communities in which Spanish is in contact with languages increasingly less cognate: Portuguese, Italian, and English, respectively. The data are drawn from "fluently dysfluent" speakers, meaning that they use their L2 frequently and speak it without hesitation, but with much involuntary intrusion of their L1; these dysfluent bilinguals rely on their interlocutors' passive competence in the speakers' L1, and in so doing exhibit code-switching which fits the typological pattern of congruent lexicalization. A componential analysis of several dysfluent bilingual communities results in the suggestion that the definition of congruent lexicalization be expanded to include the special case of fluently dysfluent bilingualism, a situation that arises in several language contact environments.
Derivational Morphology under the Influence of Language Contact in French and German
Authors: Heinold Simone
Published: March 2011

This paper analyses deverbal nominalisations in English, German and French: under special consideration is the -ing-suffixation which appears in all three languages. In German and French, more and more -ing-derived loans have been adopted into the language during the past decades. In both languages, they have developed semantic and morphological properties of their own that overlap or contrast with rival native processes, such as the productive -ung and -en for German, and -age, -(t)ion and -ment for French. I will analyse this evolution especially from a semantic point of view and give reasons why the loan as well as the native forms can co-exist. Moreover, I will discuss the question of how far the -ing-suffixation can be considered an established and transparent word-formation rule for French and German.
Contacts de Langues et Multimodalite chez des locuteurs sourds : concepts et outils méthodologiques pour Llanalyse
Authors: Estève Isabelle , Millet Agnès
Published: March 2011

Cette contribution propose des outils de transcription et d'analyse des pratiques langagières de locuteurs sourds, dont les discours sont inscrits le plus souvent dans le bilinguisme, le contact de langues et la bimodalité. Réalisée sous le logiciel ELAN®, la grille hiérarchique que nous proposons et dont nous détaillons tous les niveaux d'analyse autorise des approches qualitatives et quantifiées des observables. Elle permet de rendre compte de la diversité des moyens utilisés (verbal/non verbal ; vocal/gestuel), de leur combinatoire et de leurs interactions. Elle permet également d'envisager des indices de complexité syntaxique et discursive, qui se construisent dans cette bilingualité particulière ancrée d'entrée de jeu dans la bimodalité. Les visées sont théoriques et descriptives et doivent trouver des prolongements psycholinguistiques et didactiques.
Confrontation on the River Ivd, or, How does Music Act in Social Life?
Authors: Legrain Laurent
Published: March 2011

In this paper, I describe a confrontation I witnessed in the Darhad region of the Northern part of Mongolia. The squabble reached its breaking point after the performance of a praise song and ended with a conflict between the various protagonists. Drawing on an analysis of some Darhad musical conceptions and on a thick description of the situation, I show how a musical figure comes to work on and impact social relations.
Respect for the State: Constructing the State on Present Humiliation and Past Pride
Authors: Dulam Bumochir
Published: March 2011

Respect for the state authority remains central in Mongolian political culture. Respect (hündetgel), a technology engaged in the construction of the notion of the state, produces the state power. People unite with the state in deference to the cult of the state and this enhances the power of the state, giving the state an after-life of its own. This paper discusses the dialectical relationship between people's respect for the rules and customs of the former state(s), which now come down to represent an abstract state devoid of historical context, and their engagement with the actual state.
Youth and 'The Movement' – Social Life in a Rural District of Buryatia
Authors: Breslavsky Anatoliy
Published: March 2011

This article describes the development of criminal youth networks in rural Buryatia, Eastern Siberia. As it shows, the criminal gangs emerging out of the state collapse in the 1990s have colonised entire villages: a movement originally offering escape from a harsh economic environment has acquired the power to dictate the social reality of the regions it occupies. This piece also investigates the extent to which the practices mediating power relations within these criminal networks generate a distinct subculture, using Huizinga's analysis of culture as a 'game', which has to be 'played out' according to mutually understood conventions and norms.
Representations of the Buryat in Political and Popular Newspaper Discourse: The Sanctification of Buryat Culture
Authors: Peers Eleanor
Published: March 2011

This article explores the influence of political communication on the development of Buryat identity in the contemporary Republic of Buryatia. It compares the discourse produced by Buryatia's leading government-sponsored newspaper with that of a popular commercial newspaper, to investigate both the understanding of Buryat identity these newspapers reproduce, and the way their ideas interact. As these newspapers suggest, political attempts to detach notions of Buryat identity from the state could in fact be hindering the Buryat population's affiliation with Russia's state institutions.
The Division of Goods and Praising Justice for Itself in Republic II
Authors: Payne Andrew
Published: March 2011

In Republic II Glaucon assigns to Socrates the task of praising justice for itself. What it means to praise justice for itself is unclear. A new interpretation is offered on the basis of an analysis of Glaucon’s division of goods. A distinction is developed between criterial benefits, those valuable consequences of a thing which provide a standard for evaluating a thing as a good instance of its type, and fringe benefits, valuable consequences which do not provide such a standard. Socrates is expected to praise justice by describing the benefits it constitutes as a valuable activity of soul. He may also use the criterial benefits of justice but not its fringe benefits. This account of Socrates’ task is superior to those interpretations which rule out all use of valuable consequences in praising justice and to those interpretations which fail to preserve the distinction between the second and third classes of goods.
Nutrient potential of various Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria for a free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus
Authors: Cao Li , Qiu Xuehong , Liu Xiaofen , Liu Xiuling , Han Richou
Published: March 2011

Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria are symbionts of entomopathogenic
nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. To
determine the nutrient potential of these bacteria for a free-living
nematode, Panagrellus redivivus, a promising food source for first-feeding
fish and crustacean, sterile first-stage juveniles (J1) of P. redivivus were
fed on various isolates of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria in liquid
cultures. Most of the tested bacterial isolates did not support the growth
of P. redivivus. However, four of the Xenorhabdus isolates (X. nematophila
All, X. bovienii T319, X. beddingii X-7 and X. poinarii KG) provided
nutrients for the production of these nematodes in a liquid medium. Two
Xenorhabdus isolates (X. beddingii X-7 and X. poinarii KG) even supported
mass production of the nematode in a sponge medium, with yields comparable
to those with yeast strains. This is the first report that Xenorhabdus
bacteria can function as a nutrient source for mass production of nematodes
other than their usual symbiotic partners.
Influence of temperature on the vertical movement of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TUR-H2), and infectivity of the moving nematodes
Authors: Susurluk I. Alper
Published: March 2011

The vertical movement of Turkish isolates of Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TURH2) was compared at different temperatures
in the presence and absence of larvae of the host insect, Galleria
mellonella. Nematodes of both species moved faster towards the bottom of the
column when an insect was placed there. Steinernema feltiae showed greater
vertical dispersal ability than H. bacteriophora. The vertical movement of
both species increased as the temperature increased and lower temperatures
depressed the movement of H. bacteriophora more than S. feltiae. The
nematodes that had migrated different distances were compared for their
infectivity to G. mellonella and the positive correlations between distance
travelled and infectivity indicate that there is a link between host
searching behaviour and infection behaviour in S. feltiae and, to a lesser
extent, also in H. bacteriophora.
Bursaphelenchus eproctatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) isolated from dead Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii Pars
Authors: Sriwati Rina , Kanzaki Natsumi , Phan Long Ke , Futai Kazuyoshi
Published: March 2011

Bursaphelenchus eproctatus n. sp. is described and figured from a dead
Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. The new species has a body length of
639 (580-714) μm in the female and 545 (550-595) μm in the male, ratio a =
35.9 (32.6-41.9) in the female and 33.8 (31.5-35.1) in the male, and c and
c′ ratios = 14.2 (13.3-15.0) and 2.7 (2.3-3.0), respectively, in the male. A
functional rectum and anus are absent, the intestine ending as a blind sac
in the female posterior region. The female stylet = 18.8-21.8 μm long and
the male stylet = 14.9-19.8 μm, the median bulb is elongate-oval and there
are three lines in the lateral field. The spicules are of medium size, 19.8
(18.8-20.8) μm long, and arcuate with a terminal cucullus; there are two
pairs of male caudal papillae and the female tail is tapered with a rounded
terminus and a clearly annulated dorsal surface near the tail tip. Based
upon spicule morphology the new species belongs to the B. piniperdae-group
sensu Ryss and is close to B. hunanensis, B. minutus and B. lini. However,
the new species is distinguished from these three species by a number of
morphological features and morphometric values.
Additional information on Meloidogyne inornata Lordello, 1956 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) and its characterisation as a valid species
Authors: Carneiro Regina M.D.G. , Lourdes Mendes Maria de , Almeida Maria Ritta A. , dos Santos Marcilene F.A. , Gomes Ana Cristina M.M. , Karssen Gerrit
Published: March 2011

A root-knot nematode parasitising yakon (Polymia sonchifolia) in São Paulo
State, Brazil, is identified as Meloidogyne inornata. The species is
redescribed from this material and compared with the original description of
M. inornata. The female perineal patterns have a distinct, high, dorsal arch
composed of smooth to wavy striae, similar to Meloidogyne incognita. The
female stylet is 15.0-17.0 μm long with the cone generally slightly curved
dorsally and with well developed knobs. DGO is 3.5-4.5 μm. Males have a
high, rounded, head cap that is continuous with the body contour and has a
large, round, centrally concave, labial disc raised above the medial lips.
The head region is never marked by incomplete annulations and the stylet is
robust, 20.0-25.0 μm long, with a straight cone, cylindrical shaft with
several small projections and pear-shaped, backwardly sloping knobs. The
stylet length of second-stage juveniles is 10.0-13.0 μm, DGO is 2.5-3.5 μm,
tail length is 35.0-58.0 μm and c = 6.7-13.9. Biochemically, the esterase
phenotype I3 (= Y3) is species-specific and is the most useful character for
differentiating M. inornata from other Meloidogyne species. Reproduction is
by mitotic parthenogenesis, 3n = 54-58. In a soybean test, cv. Abura was
susceptible and cv. LA411219 was highly resistant. As the type material is
lost, a neotype female is formally designated.
Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants
Authors: Poinar Jr George , Kerp Hans , Hass Hagen
Published: March 2011

Nematodes are one of the most abundant groups of invertebrates on the face of the earth. Their extremely poor fossil record hinders our ability to assess just when members of this group invaded land and first became associated with plants. This study reports fossil nematodes from the stomatal chambers of the Early Devonian (396 mya) land plant, Aglaophyton major. These nematodes, which are tentatively assigned to the order Enoplia, are described as Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. in the new family Palaeonematidae fam. n. Diagnostic characters of the family are: i) cuticular striations; ii) uniform, cylindrical pharynx with the terminal portion only slightly set off from the remainder; and iii) a two-portioned buccal cavity with the upper portion bearing protuberances. The presence of eggs, juveniles and adults in family clusters within the plant tissues provide the earliest evidence of an association between terrestrial plants and animals and may represent an early stage in the evolution of plant parasitism by nematodes.
Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister & Zhang, 2005 (Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae), an associate of Monochamus subfasciatus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Aikawa Takuya , Maehara Noritoshi , Matsumoto Kazuma
Published: March 2011

Bursaphelenchus doui was isolated from a dead Japanese red pine, Pinus
densiflora, in Shizuoka, and from the tracheal system of a species of
longhorn beetle, Monochamus subfasciatus, collected at Tama Forest Science
Garden of Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. The
Japanese populations of B. doui were compared with the original description
of material obtained from coniferous packaging materials imported from
Taiwan and Korea to continental China. Additional characters from the
Japanese population include a constricted female mucron with a step-like
appearance and several morphometric values. The molecular profiles of the
Japanese B. doui populations were determined by DNA sequencing and ITS-RFLP
profiles and were compared with those of the Taiwanese and Chinese
populations of B. doui and other species in the genus. The phylogenetic
analysis of the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA indicated that
B. doui is clearly included in the xylophilus-group of the genus
Bursaphelenchus and may be close to B. conicaudatus and B. luxuriosae. The
potential risk of B. doui for pine species is considered to be relatively
low because B. doui did not display any pathogenicity to Japanese black pine
in an inoculation test.
Saving Private Ryan: Realism and the Enigma of Head-Wounds
Authors: Roberts John
Published: March 2011

In Ernst Friedrich's Krieg dem Kriege there is a large section of photographs of survivors of World War I with the most hideous disfigurements of the face: jaws are missing, gaping slashes stare out where mouths should be. Friedrich leaves this gallery of ‘untouchables’ to the end of the book as if to achieve the maximum debasement of military glory and heroism. The head and face are obviously the most vulnerable part of the body in warfare – brutal wounds to the face and decapitations are common. In World War I, a number of hospitals were set up to deal solely with head-wounds, developing the basis of what we now know as plastic surgery. Yet, in the representation of combat on screen, even in the most candid and unsentimental of war films, such as Hamburger Hill and Platoon, injuries to the face are rare or nonexistent. This absence has something to do with the difficulty of producing convincing prosthetic wound-cavities on the head; blown-off limbs can obviously be created with ease through covering up the actor's extant limb with padded clothing; bloody disembowellings can be simulated with the judicious use of imitation innards and the illusionistic application of broken flesh, and so on. But the problems of modelling head-wounds clearly only half-explain the consistency of the absence.
Marriage, Birth, and Bātinī Ta'wīl: A Study of Nusayrī Initiation Based on the Kitāb al-Hāwī fī 'ilm al-fatāwī of Abū Sa'īd Maymūn al-Tabarānī
Authors: Krieger Bella Tendler
Published: March 2011

This paper explores the description of Nusayrī initiation found in the recently published Kitāb al-Hāwī fī ‘ilm al-fatāwī of the Vth/XIth century Nusayrī scholar al-Tabarānī. Like other so called ġulāt sects, the Nusayrīs believed that religious knowledge must be hidden from the masses and should only be revealed to the elite after proper initiation. Al-Tabarānī's work gives new insight into this process, showing how the laws of Nusayrī initiation were systematically modeled on Islamic marital laws. Al-Tabarānī's description of initiation is a perfect example of the type of esoteric exegesis characteristic of the bātinī sects active in early Islamic times and reveals the extent to which the Nusayrīs made use of the Qur’ān and Hadīth. Rather than discarding Islamic precepts, as they have often been accused of doing, the early Nusayrīs paid great attention to the laws of Islam, extracting inner meanings from the text of the Qur’ān in order to create their own legal system that was at the same time Islamic and distinctly sectarian.
The Druze Faith: Origin, Development and Interpretation
Authors: Firro Kais M.
Published: March 2011

This study examines the basic components of the Druze doctrine which had become crystallized at the beginning of the eleventh century by five dā‘īs (propagators). The study attempts to introduce some new insights for understanding the Druze faith as articulated by its founders and as interpreted by the guwwānī (internal) literature of the Druze ‘uqqāl. Although the Druze doctrine follows Ismaili terminologies and the Ismaili esoteric interpretation of the Qur’ān, it adds many new elements that placed the Druze doctrine outside the main stream of Ismā‘īliyya. The study argues that the Druze doctrine elaborates early Ismailism where bātin is set above zāhir and ta’wīl above tanzīl and the ritual acts are considered as divine punishment. The Qur’ānic verses were invariably quoted to differentiate between three stages of believers: ahl al-zāhir, i.e. the Sunnis, ahl al-bātin i.e. the Shiites and the Ismailis, and finally ahl al-tawhīd i.e. the Druze. With its allegorical interpretation of the Qur’ānic verses, the Druze faith considers the seven pillars of Islam (five for the Sunnis and two for the Shiites and Kharijites) as rituals meant only for those who accept the outward meanings of the Qur’ānic verses in the literal sense. The Druze faith substitutes these seven da‘ā’im taklīfiyya (the ritual pillars) with seven Unitarian principles. It would appear that the derogatory attitude of the Druze doctrine toward ritual obligations was strongly influenced by Sufi extremists who argued that God should be reached without intermediaries. Druze guwwānī literature holds Sufism in high regard and greatly reveres Sufi behavior.
Age Determination of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Minors in the European Union: A Health Law Perspective
Authors: Abbing Henriette D.C. Roscam
Published: March 2011

In the European Union, unaccompanied asylum seekers below 18 years of age are entitled to specific treatment. Age assessment practices to verify the age-statement by the asylum seeker differ between EU Member States. Medical methods in use raise questions about accuracy, reliability and safety. The medical, legal and ethical acceptability of invasive methods (notably X-rays) in particular is controversial. Human rights are at stake. The lack of common practices results in different levels of protection (discrimination). The absence of standardisation is an obstacle for the functioning of the Common European Asylum System. EU Best Practice Guidelines should remedy the situation; such guidelines should reflect the best interest of the child.
Playing Hard(er) to Get: The State, International Couples, and the Income Requirement
Authors: Kulu-Glasgow Isik , Leerkes Arjen
Published: March 2011

In recent years, several European countries have tightened the criteria for the legal immigration of a partner from outside the EU. In the Netherlands, the income requirement for ‘family formation’ was raised in 2004 from 100% to 120% of the minimum wage, potentially excluding about thirty percent of the working population from eligibility. The outcomes of this measure for international couples and, on the aggregate level, for migration flows were examined on the basis of administrative trend data and fifty in-depth interviews among international couples. It is demonstrated that the potential power of governments to intervene in partner migration risks being at odds with strongly felt cultural values surrounding partner choice and family life. Partner immigration decreased substantially, especially among poorer groups (ethnic minorities, women, youngsters). At the same time, the measure put pressure on the well-being of a segment of the international couples. In 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the Dutch income requirement contradicts the EU directive on family reunification.
Pre-departure Integration Strategies in the European Union: Integration or Immigration Policy?
Authors: Groenendijk Kees
Published: March 2011

Several States require immigrants from outside the EU to participate in language or integration courses after arrival. In recent years, some EU Member States made passing a language test (Netherlands and Germany) or participating in a language course (France) a condition for a visa for family reunification for immigrants from certain third countries. Denmark and the UK introduced a similar requirement in 2010. The focus of his article is on three aspects: the political debate, the legal constraints and the effects. Firstly, the development of the pre-departure integration strategies is analyzed. What was the rationale behind the introduction and does is vary between Member States? Secondly, the legal constraints of EU and international law are discussed. Finally, the results of the first studies evaluating this policy instrument are presented. Is pre-departure a good predictor for immigrant’s ability to integrate? Does it actually assist integration, and what are the unexpected or counterproductive effects?
Towards a Pro-active Approach Concerning the Intersections between the Jordan Patents of Invention Law, United States Patent Law and European Patent Convention
Authors: Razem Zein J. , Mahafzah Qais Ali
Published: March 2011

Attempts to harmonize patent laws worldwide have increased, leaving bits of argumentative issues untouched in the patent systems under scrutiny. However, diversity can sometimes prove desirable since majority rule is not always right and the minority wrong. Sometimes a part is more righteous than the whole. This research focuses on areas where the Jordan Patents of Invention Law, United States Patent Law, and the European Patent Convention intersect. It concludes that although most countries, including Jordan, follow a different path than that taken by the United States, it may be unnecessary for the United States to change its system in order to be in sync with the rest of the world. Thus, it may prove advantageous to have two separate systems that can provide different patent protections where humanity achieves progression and development.
Reservations on the “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)” Based on Islam and its Practical Application in Jordan: Legal Perspectives
Authors: Bydoon Maysa
Published: March 2011

A significant number of Muslim countries, rather like other States, initially acceded with reservations to the “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women” (CEDAW). Many Muslim States, however, have noted their reservations on this convention, given the possible contradictions with Islam. Other States have questioned such religious-based reservations as they contradict the object and purpose of the CEDAW. This article examines whether these types of reservations to the CEDAW in Muslim countries are incompatible with Article 28(2) of CEDAW and Article 19(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, and, if this is the case, who might be able to assess the validity of such reservations. In focusing on the practical application of CEDAW in Jordan, this article argues that there are many challenges on lifting the reservation on Article 15(4) of CEDAW that impact the effectiveness of the implantation of CEDAW.
L’ordre public transnational devant l’arbitre international
Authors: Trari-Tani Mostefa
Published: March 2011

La notion de l’ordre public transnational est évoquée à tous les stades de l’arbitrage : devant les institutions d’arbitrage, devant le juge d’appui, devant le juge de la reconnaissance et de l’exequatur, ou même celui de l’annulation, pour lesquels, la vérification de la conformité de la sentence à l’ordre public international pourrait s’appuyer sur un ou plusieurs éléments de l’ordre public transnational. Certaines de ces règles et principes sont issus du jus cogens, ce corps de règles appartenant au droit international public et applicables à chaque fois que l’État est partie à une relation juridique, comme dans ses rapports avec un investisseur étranger, ou même face à des particuliers dans ses contrats commerciaux internationaux. D’autres procèdent de la lex mercatoria, règles issues de la pratique en vigueur dans la société internationale des marchands et dont le caractère de droit privé n’est pas incompatible avec celui de l’intérêt général, qui sous-tend le concept de l’ordre public en général.
Transformations of the Ketubbah; or, the Gallery of Broken Marriages
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: March 2011

Ketubbot (Jewish marriage contracts) exemplify the dynamics of ritual objects in Jewish life from ancient times to the present. Though often characterized in modern publications and museum exhibitions as demonstrating the continuity of traditional practice, their history is characterized less by endurance than by transformation, as a shifting series of purposes are assigned to the ketubbah: legal document, ritual object, collectible, artifact, domestic artwork. Each of these purposes entails its own contestations of the ketubbah’s significance, thereby challenging claims that these objects betoken cultural (and, by implication, demographic) continuity. The contemporary design of ketubbot offer an unprecedented array of aesthetic possibilities, and the practices surrounding their creation and disposition following the wedding (including their fate in cases of divorce) sometimes challenge rabbinic authority, familiar customs, and the conventions of Jewish public culture. These most recent developments in the long trajectory of ketubbot reveal how disjuncture and contestation figure as animating forces in Jewish life.
Israeli Art Discourse and the Jewish Voice
Authors: Sperber David
Published: March 2011

Israeli critical art discourse reflects both opposition to Jewish tradition and its enduring influence. Even when artists employ Jewish sources, scholars and critics often detach their art from the traditionalist world. In this essay, the sociological concepts of “hybridization” and “purification” are therefore presented as fundamental processes underpinning the mainstream discourse of Israeli art.This essay demonstrates how while processes of rift and reconstitution with respect to Jewish tradition inform the Israeli art scene, Israeli art discourse, like modern art discourse in general, seeks to set itself apart from the worlds of religion and faith. This essay explains that a byproduct of this phenomenon is that those artists most squarely identifiable as “religious” are largely invisible to, and ignored by, the discourse.
Jewish Inter-Communication in the Mediterranean Basin in the Eleventh Century as Documented in the Correspondence of 'Eli Ben 'Amram
Authors: Bareket Elinoar
Published: March 2011

Over the years a variety of topics related to the Jewish experience in the Middle Ages have been studied. One topic that has still not been researched thoroughly, on its own, is the means of internal communication. The primary channel for conveying messages between individuals and between communities all over the Jewish world was the Jewish letter, which constitutes a literary genre of its own.Within the realm of this correspondence, poems, which mainly accompanied the letters, but were often sent by themselves, constitute a special and interesting sub-genre of their own. It appears that the writing of poems for purposes of communication was one of the necessary qualifications, which a community leader had to have in order to withstand the constant pressure of heading a demanding community that closely scrutinized his actions. Another fact worthy of mention is that in the Middle Ages the Jews living in the lands of Islam were multi-cultured, or put another way, multi-lingual, or at least bi-lingual. The poems were all written in Hebrew, whereas some of the letters were written in Hebrew, others in Judeo- Arabic, and still others only in Arabic.Since the Genizah documents prove beyond a doubt that letters were written not only by leaders and high-ranking figures, but also by members of the middle and lower classes, it would not be incorrect to say that most of the Jews of the Middle Ages were literate, at least in two languages. Another noteworthy fact is that the authors, no matter what their social status, frequently quoted passages from the Bible, Mishnah, Talmud, and Midrash. Many of these quotes were written from memory (since they deviate slightly from the original), which attests to a basic education acquired in all levels of society. The higher the person's rank, the more time they had to devote to broadening their education, but even ordinary people did not deny themselves basic education.The fundamental assumptions are examined on the basis of the correspondence of 'Eli ben 'Amram, who headed the Jerusalem Congregation (kahal) in Fustat, Egypt, in the second half of the eleventh century (1055–1075). Evidently he did not overlook any leader in the Jewish world, inside or outside Egypt, who he could utilize for his political, social, and economic purposes. 'Eli ben 'Amram was an untiring correspondent. Dozens of examples of his writing were discovered, and are still being discovered in the Genizah, identified mainly by means of his handwriting; in his poems, he often signed the beginning of the lines, which helps the identification process.
King Seneferka in the King-lists and His Position in the Early Dynastic Period
Authors: Ryholt Kim
Published: March 2011

Seneferka remains one of the most obscure rulers of the Early Dynastic Period. Through an analysis of the hypercorrection of royal names in the king-list tradition, it becomes possible to identify him with the first and otherwise unattested king recorded under the name Neferkare. This, in turn, indicates that Seneferka ruled about one century later than hitherto assumed, in the late Second Dynasty rather than at the end of the First Dynasty.
The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon and its Historical Context
Authors: Broekman Gerard
Published: March 2011

The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, inscribed at the Bubastite Portal at Karnak, is an important historical document, containing the narrative of Osorkon's vicissitudes and actions during the period from Takeloth II's 11th regnal year until Shoshenq III's 29th regnal year. From the combination of the narrative of the Chronicle with other sources it may be deduced that year 6 of Shoshenq III must coincide with or precede the “rebellion” of year 11 of Takeloth II. The political relations during the period at issue reflect the inherently tribal nature of Libyan rule, and several events referred to in the Chronicle reveal features that are characteristic of the Libyan social hierarchy based on a patrilineal segmentary lineage system, such as rapid changes in group composition and fluctuating bonds among collateral lines.
To Forge a Book in the Medieval Ages: Nezām al-Molk's Siyar al-Moluk (Siyāsat-Nāma)
Authors: Khismatulin Alexey
Published: March 2011

Statements by medieval authors notwithstanding, the issue of counterfeiting the texts during the Islamic Medieval Ages has not been seriously discussed by modern researchers. The latter prefer to pass in silence over the possibility that an unauthentic text could be intentionally forged by someone with selfish, ideological, and other purposes. This problem especially concerns the texts written in the genre of medieval advice literature and attributed to the prominent state figures or outstanding Muslim scholars. The article presents conclusive evidence that such is the case of the Siyar al-moluk (Siyāsat-nāma) forged by a Saljuq court poet, Mohammad Mo'ezzi, and ascribed by him to the famous Saljuq vizier Nezām al-Molk.
Grenzen im Licht. Über Licht und Schatten in den Zeichnungen von Rembrandt
Authors: Müller-Schirmer Andrea
Published: March 2011

This article presents a stylistic study on light and shadow as used in Rembrandt's drawings in which his various techniques are categorised and individually discussed. The analysis of almost 200 drawings helps to gain insight in the drawing method of Rembrandt and can therefore possibly be of assistance in questions regarding the attribution of his drawings.In Dutch art theory of the time one finds much practical advice on how a draughtsman could render light and shadow and how the desired tonal proportions could be achieved to attain a convincing pictorial illusion. A comparison with these sources demonstrates that though Rembrandt scarcely deviated from the customary studio practices, he often managed to achieve a large range of tones with only a single colour. He created the necessary degrees of tone by means of an utmost effective use of light and dark lines and areas. Notable is his consistency in rendering the direction of the fall of light within each composition and his precise observation of the various manifestations of light, such as incident and reflected light or the diversity of shadow tones. Both, the choice of medium and the use hereof is quite varied and Rembrandt often limited himself to a few precise accents with which he could suggest plasticity, texture and space.All of the characteristics of Rembrandt's techniques as mentioned in this study were employed to create spatial boundaries and thereby to aid in the legibility of the composition. By the Dutch sources of the time this means of construction was termed houding [in the sense of 'relative placement']. The goal was to achieve a convincing suggestion of spatial relationships through the use of various tones. The individual compositional elements in Rembrandt's drawings are always distinguishable, despite their execution being rather calligraphic at times. A quick comparison with the work of his students and followers demonstrates their less skilled use of houding and therefore that the refined creation of boundaries between forms is a characteristic stylistic element of Rembrandt's drawing method.
The OSCE 2007 Spanish Chairmanship
Authors: Jorrin José Ángel López
Published: March 2011

The article provides a general overview of the 2007 Spanish OSCE Chairmanship. Starting with a general reflection on the CSCE/OSCE evolution, it characterizes the Spanish perception of the situation in the OSCE and explains the main Spanish aims and priorities. The Madrid Ministerial Council is dealt with in detail, highlighting its most relevant and important achievements, while also reflecting those issues that could not be agreed upon. The author concludes that, placed at the crossroads in the further adaptive evolution of the OSCE, the Madrid Ministerial Council's main legacy has been to restore the truly political nature of this organisation.
The Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religion and Beliefs in Public Schools
Authors: Ferrari Silvio , Santoro Simona , Durham Jr. Cole
Published: March 2011

In line with the OSCE's conflict prevention role and its commitments to fostering a culture of mutual respect and understanding, the ODIHR published the Toledo Guiding Principles on Teaching about Religions and Beliefs in Public Schools. The Toledo Guiding Principles have been prepared in order to contribute to an improved understanding of the world's religious diversity. Their rationale is based on two core principles: first, that there is positive value in teaching that emphasizes respect for everyone's right to freedom of religion or belief, and second, that teaching about religions and beliefs can reduce harmful misunderstandings and stereotypes. The primary purpose of the Toledo Guiding Principles is to assist OSCE participating States whenever they choose to promote the study and knowledge about religions and beliefs in schools, particularly as a tool to enhance religious freedom. The Principles focus solely on the educational approach that seeks to provide teaching about different religions and beliefs.
Observations on an OSCE Chairmanship: Intentions, challenges and outcomes
Authors: Suomalainen Nina
Published: March 2011

The OSCE rotating Chairmanship in 2008 was held by Finland. The golden years of the OSCE in the 1990s were in early 2000s replaced by strain and difficulties when the Organization could barely agree on each year's budget let alone on major substantive political declarations. The aim of the Finnish Chairmanship was to get back to basics by drawing from the joint value base that brought about ambitious commitments on all three dimensions in 1990s. The three objectives of the Finnish Chairmanship — continuity, coherence and co-operation — besides focusing on dialogue and keeping the Organization operational, also included a hint to those that possibly sought to undermine the commitments. This article will look at the challenges known to the 2008 Chairmanship at the start of the year, and how the Organization responded to them and to the events of the year as they evolved. It also glances on what are the possible issues raising from the concrete cooperation and coordination within the Organization and between its Institutions.