Everyday comforting practices in psychiatric hospital environments: A design anthropology approach
Authors: Duque Melisa , Annemans Margo , Pink Sarah , Spong Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject

Comfort as a conceptual and lived experience is essential in psychiatric hospital contexts and for overall mental health wellbeing.

Comfort is a valuable aspect when designing hospitals and built environments for psychiatric care.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge

This article presents the results from a Design Anthropology study at four Psychiatric Units co‐located in a newly built regional hospital based on 126 ethnographic interviews with staff, within which 63 participants mentioned the importance of comfort in generating environments conducive to wellbeing.

An in‐depth qualitative understanding of comforting practices, as emergent forms of everyday care. These may receive less attention within more established interventions from organisational models of care (e.g., Safewards) and might appear to be implicit gestures of courtesy. However, they contribute to meaningful encounters and contribute to individual and organisational wellbeing in psychiatric care.

What are the implications for practice

This paper builds on comfort theories and demonstrates implications for practice through ethnographic examples. Comfort, often unnoticed until it is absent, needs to be maintained through continuous “small” but intentional acts of care. These constitute a finely tuned repertoire of everyday comforting practices of care at psychiatric contexts.

Corridors and doors are presented as spaces where people have brief interactions that can contribute to everyday comforting experiences.

Comfort is discussed in dialogue with existing literatures from psychiatric nursing, healthcare building design and design anthropology. Implicit and improvised practices of care that foster comforting environments have vital potential to support institutionally endorsed models of care (e.g., Safewards).

The article proposes that design has a dual role for comforting environments in psychiatric care; (a) through the practice of architectural design and (b) through the practices of staff when creating everyday comforting interactions for wellbeing.

Introduction

Creating a comforting environment is essential for delivering psychiatric care. While healthcare organisations explicitly implement care models and adapt the physical environment, attention to staff's implicit everyday practice is limited.

Aim

Developing a design anthropology approach tailored specifically to the research site, we examine the social and physical environment to unpack how staff integrate both—implicit comforting interventions, and the explicit measures taken by the organisation—into their everyday practices of psychiatric care.

Method

Design and sensory ethnography, using extended observations and “walking tours” were undertaken with 126 staff members. A thematic analysis was conducted on all visual and audio material.

Results

Staff's everyday implicit care practices and situated design decisions provide a comforting environment for patients, visitors and staff.

Discussion

Implicit practices combine with an explicit organisational model of care to achieve a comforting environment. The value of design anthropology to uncover these dynamics is emphasized. Comforting practice involving implicit gestures of courtesy, which are infrequently addressed within organisational models of care (e.g., Safewards), are foregrounded.

Implications for practice

Explicit models of care have clear value in generating comfort; however, psychiatric hospital care also benefits from less visible modes of delivering comfort through everyday practices. By acknowledging both explicit and implicit modes of comfort, we can better understand how care models and psychiatric cultures of care are nurtured. Continuous “small” but intentional acts of care (e.g., brief interactions in corridors and at doors) constitute a finely tuned repertoire of everyday comforting practices.