bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sir James Steuart: Principles of Political Economy
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart
Published: October 2011

The lives of James Steuart and Adam Smith, their careers, and their perspectives on political economy could hardly have been more different. Reading Steuart's book Principles of Political Economy in 1767, Smith could hardly fail to appreciate Steuart's scientific purpose, his concern with the emergence of the ‘present establishments in Europe’, the successful deployment of the ‘theory of stages’ which Smith himself had used in his Lectures, or the interest shown in the relationship between the mode of subsistence and the patterns of authority and subordination. In terms of economic analysis, Smith would have confronted a sophisticated theory of population, an advanced theory of the determination of prices, and the same clear grasp of the interdependence of economic phenomena that marked his own early work in the Lectures on Jurisprudence. Other and more general parallels are to be observed in Steuart's awareness of the potential for economic growth and in his appreciation of the contribution made to the process by international trade.
Stanley Cavell
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: October 2011

The author of the book presents a full-length philosophical study of the work of Stanley Cavell, best known for his highly influential contributions to the fields of film studies, Shakespearian literary criticism, and the confluence of psychoanalysis and literary theory. It is not properly appreciated that Cavell's project originated in his interpretation of Austin's and Wittgenstein's philosophical interest in the criteria governing ordinary language, and is given unity by an abiding concern with the nature and the varying cultural manifestations of the sceptical impulse in modernity. This book elucidates the essentially philosophical roots and trajectory of Cavell's work, traces its links with Romanticism and its recent turn towards a species of moral pefectionism associated with Thoreau and Emerson, and concludes with an assessment of its relations to liberal-democratic political theory, Christian religious thought, and feminist literary studies.
Psychoanalysis: Practices of Recovery
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: October 2011

The concepts and practices of psychoanalysis have fed into Cavell's work from its earliest stages. This chapter distinguishes three different levels or dimensions on which this influence has operated. On one level, specific Freudian diagnostic and therapeutic insights have helped guide Cavell's readings of specific texts and the interpersonal relationships represented in them. Cavell also believes that just as the Cartesian Meditations and Shakespearean corpus signalled the simultaneous advent of scepticism and of attempts to overthrow it at the inception of the modern era, so the development of Freudian science of the mind can be seen as a further stage in the story of scepticism's impact on post-Enlightenment culture.
Proper Names I: The Nominal Description Theory
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: October 2011

No doctrines in 20th-century philosophy have met with more unwarranted abuse than Russell's theory of descriptions and his description theory of ordinary proper names. Chapter 5 addressed the main objections to his view that definite descriptions, despite grammatical appearances, function semantically not as logical subject expressions but as (disguised) quantifier phrases. It argued that the underlying problem with these objections is their systematic confusion of pragmatics with semantics: in so far as Russell's theory is understood to concern only the meaning of sentences containing descriptions, it is immune to these objections. This chapter takes up his view that proper names are disguised or ‘truncated’ descriptions. It will not defend his version of the description theory, which suffers from some serious problems exposed by Kripke. Instead, it will develop a different version, which Russell hints at but never actually endorses; this is defended against Kripke's objections.
Quantifier Phrases and Pronouns: Plural Reference and Anaphora
Authors: Bach Kent
Published: October 2011

This chapter begins by trying to describe, without assuming any specific formalism, how quantifier phrases differ from other noun phrases. Then we will be better able to appreciate what it means to say that they can be used to refer, as a variety of examples to be given in the second section will illustrate. The third section surveys plural pronouns. The next two sections take up the interaction of quantifier phrases with pronouns. So-called ‘bound’ pronouns are often likened to variables bound by quantifiers. However, despite the impressive influence of the Fregean tradition and of Chomsky's recent (1981) theory, it is argued that the bound variable approach to pronouns is unsatisfactory and unnecessary. The chapter then extends the argument of the previous chapter — that the relation between a pronoun and its so-called antecedent is a not grammatical one — to so-called bound pronouns: the fact that the use of such a pronoun mayor may not be referentially dependent on the use of a quantifier phrase does not make the pronoun ambiguous. It is denied that when a pronoun functions as a ‘bound’ rather than as a ‘free’ pronoun it plays a different semantic role. Rather, the difference can be explained pragmatically with the help of the notion of referential dependence. The final section offers a pragmatic account of E-type pronouns used in environments containing quantifier phrases.
Neuroscience and Quantum Theory
Authors: Honderich Ted
Published: October 2011

Among the living cells of the human body, and of the central and the peripheral nervous systems, it is neurons or nerve cells which are most immediately bound up with consciousness — with the antecedents of mental events, mental events themselves, and their consequents, the latter being other mental events and also actions. Neurons vary from very short indeed to a considerable length, and are constituted of structures and substructures which are open to study by light and electron microscopy and by many other converging means. Inspite of how scientific this bodily system is, and this is not the most often point of controversy, there remains to be various questions on consequences and still comes three categories of theories: determinist, near-determinist, and indeterminist.
The Case against a Mathematicist Account of Judicial Probability
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan
Published: October 2011

This chapter investigates the case against a mathematicist account of judicial probability. It considers the influence of accumulated anomalies. Each of the six anomalies in a mathematicist analysis of juridical proof might be tolerable on its own. But together, they constitute a reason for preferring an analysis of juridical proof that is not confronted by such anomalies — if an analysis of this kind is available. It does not disputed that a mathematicist analysis may fit the actual procedures illegitimately employed by some lawyers or triers of fact, or that it might fit the correct procedures in a suitably altered legal system. But at present the laymen who serve on juries must be presumed capable of operating with a different concept of probability than the mathematical one.
Intensional Logic
Authors: Bealer George
Published: October 2011

This chapter constructs an intensional language called Lω. The semantics for Lω requires a new semantic method, one which harks back to the work of Boole, Peirce, and Schroder. This algebraic semantic method does not appeal to possible worlds even as a heuristic. The heuristic that is used is simply that of properties, relations, and propositions, taken at face value, and fundamental logical operations on properties, relations, and propositions. Using this new algebraic method, the chapter defines two notions of validity, one for the first traditional conception of intensional entities and one for the second traditional conception. Then, surprisingly as it might seem, the logics for Lω relative to these two notions of validity are found to be both sound and complete. This way, two complete theories of PRPs are obtained, one ideally suited for modal matters and the other for intentional matters.
Number
Authors: Bealer George
Published: October 2011

Since the theory of properties, relations, and propositions (PRPs) is a full-fledged part of natural logic, it can support a well justified logicist philosophy of mathematics. This chapter argues that this version of logicism is free from the standard criticisms of logicism, even those that proved fatal to the original logicism of Frege and Russell.
The Nature of Finite Spirit
Authors: Harris H. S.
Published: October 2011

Hegel's first attempt to write a systematic treatise for use in connection with lectures on ‘natural law’ survived. This is the so-called ‘System of Ethical Life’. It presents a progressive conceptual movement from an undeveloped intuition toward the conceptual whole that is implicit in it. What guides Hegel's whole argument is the positive intuition of the Absolute Idea. The rest of this chapter examines the intuition of life, the institution of property, the experience of liberty, and the Idea of the Community.
‘Through Philosophy to Learn to Live’
Authors: Harris H. S.
Published: October 2011

In the spring of 1803, Schelling left Jena. That summer Hegel delivered the course for which the systematic manuscript of which the surviving System of Ethical Life formed the third part, was prepared. It was a meditation on the ‘need of philosophy’. In that essay, Hegel argued that a culture that has developed tensions and conflicts that are not properly comprehended becomes a system of ‘relative’ necessity, in which spiritual freedom is reduced to a hopeless striving or is driven in upon itself so that it takes refuge in a dream world. The discussion examines his ‘Outline of Universal Philosophy’, his concepts of ‘consciousness’ and ‘spirit’, Absolute Spirit in the ‘Outline’, and philosophy as absolute cognition.
The Scenes of Inquiry
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This book advocates a radical shift of concern in philosophical, historical, and sociological studies of the sciences — from answers and doctrines to questions and problems — and explores the consequences of such a shift. This book is at once naturalistic and historicist: naturalistic in considering the philosophy of the sciences, in particular as it relates to questions concerning the methods of the sciences and their justifications, to be continuous with the sciences themselves; naturalistic in connecting reality and truth in the sciences with the procedures and outcomes of scientific inquiry; historicist in taking as the basis of sound historical interpretation awareness of past material and social conditions, together with sensitivity to past agents' own modes of interpretation; historicist in holding all questions, categories, and meanings to be historicist constructs; and historicist in taking history to be the primary domain of reflection and criticism for all disciplines.
Introduction: Focusing on Questions
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter first discusses the origin of the work then presents the aims of this book that are addressed to the students of the sciences — philosophers, historians, and sociologists. It suggests a shift in focus to the questions and answers posed by science, arguing that this shift makes it possible to overcome long-standing obstacles to the understanding of sciences and opens up new fields of inquiry. Then, the chapter raises some questions regarding the philosophy of science, which is almost always focused on scientific doctrines. Lastly, the chapter presents a plan of the work and an outline of the topics arranged according to chapters.
Scenes of Natural History
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the notion of transformation of a scientific discipline, a major change in the range of questions real for certain communities of its practitioners. The opening sections present an account of the agenda of natural history in the mid-18th century and indications of the natural historical controversies of the latter half of that century. Then it looks into a specific framework that was widely adopted in the German lands for the pursuit of natural history set out by Immanuel Kant and J. F. Blumenbach around 1800. This framework defines the range of concerns of natural historians. The following sections consider the other schemes of Goethe, Schelling, and Oken. The final section illustrates an interpretation of the changes in terms of shifts of inquiry.
Local Reality and Interpretation
Authors: Jardine Nicholas
Published: October 2011

This chapter begins with an account of the reality of questions in a community of inquirers. It evaluates this account on the basis of presupposition, relevance, communal acknowledgement, and evidential considerations. It follows with a discussion on the relations between local reality and the understanding of the questions by exploring the notions of reality and intelligibility. The chapter concludes with general reflections upon historical analysis, and explores the similarities between Hans-Georg Gadamer's Truth and Method and this chapter's angle of the interpretative understanding of past works. The two essential components of Gadamer's interpretation are his two theses: the ‘enabling power of prejudice’ and ‘fusion of horizons’.
Eliminativism and the Problem of Epiphenomenalism
Authors: Steward Helen
Published: October 2011

In Chapter 8 it was argued that the token identity theory is not only false, but proves ultimately to be unintelligible, when it is conceived of as a general theory of the nature of mind, i.e., as a theory which is intended to encompass such psychological ‘states’ as beliefs, desires, intentions, and so on. This chapter traces two lines of thought which can be seen to be rooted in the token identity theory, in the sense that both, in their different ways, arose out of the perception that that theory was not satisfactory, despite its attractive simplicity, as an attempt to provide a physicalistically respectable understanding of the nature of psychological states. The first line of thought led to a radical conclusion and to what might justly be called a new position in the philosophy of mind — eliminativism; the second has not really resulted in the emergence of a new philosophical position, as such, since its end-point — the conclusion that mental properties have no causal relevance to anything (a conclusion referred to as ‘epiphenomenalism’) — has (rightly) normally been regarded as a reductio ad absurdum of its presuppositions.
Conclusion
Authors: Flegg Columba Graham
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Catholic Apostolic Church. It describes the Catholic Apostolic Church in its historical, social, and religious contexts, its strengths and weaknesses, and its ethos and tradition. It also discusses the significance of the Catholic Apostolic apocalyptic philosophy for the modern charismatic movement and its ecumenism for the uniqueness and the comprehensiveness of Catholic Apostolic's witness.
Words: A Paradigm
Authors: HARRISON CAROL
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines how the very darkness and obscurity of man's temporal life, and especially of the revelation of God recounted in Scripture, becomes a positive quality for Augustine. It is treated as sacramental, as inspiring man's desire and love, as demanding of him an intuitive, imaginative, symbolic, image-making apprehension of God's Word. Owing to his former profession as a rhetor, and his continuous and sustained reflection, as a bishop, upon the task of communicating divine truth as embodied in Scripture, Augustine had much cause to reflect upon the nature of language and communication. His philosophical and theological reflections, and his personal experience in these matters, serve to illustrate his attitude to the spiritual apprehension of truth and beauty within, and the perception of them by outward means; in this case, by spoken or written words.
The Hellenistic Schoolroom
Authors: SCOTT ALAN
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores a variety of sources to provide a philosophical background of Origen and discusses the changes in astronomy during the Hellenistic age. During this age, great strides were made in astronomy. In the philosophical schoolrooms, there was a broad consensus on the nature of the cosmos. The earth is a sphere, remaining motionless at the centre of the universe, surrounded by all the other heavenly bodies which were likewise spheres. Aside from the Epicureans, all the major philosophical schools in the Hellenistic era believed in the divinity of the stars. The concept of the stars' activity was partly shaped by older ideas on the place of heaven controlling generation and daily occurrences such as the weather, and was strengthened by the growing importance of astrology in the Hellenistic period.
‘Conversion’, Initiation, and Succession
Authors: Johansen Julian
Published: October 2011

This chapter is devoted to an examination of two instances in which the tension between the Sufis and their hostile critics has been overcome, and individuals once critical of a particular Sheikh, or of Sufism in general, realize and acknowledge a radical change in their views. This phenomenon is called ‘conversion’. The practical aspects of the initiation of blessing are explained. A discussion on succession is then provided. One single reference to the question of succession by Sheikh Muṭammad is addressed. In attempting to draw any conclusions about individual and institutionalized taṣwwuf, one encounters the problem of speaking meaningfully about that which ‘by definition’ defies description. This study has gone some way to describing the language and content of the Islamic religious discourse, as well as pointing out the dangers of relying on narrowly defined conceptions of ideas, individuals and groups. It has also offered an impression of recent change in the parameters of controversy.
The Bible
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

If there is a God who acts in the world, and if these acts can be seen by humans, then one would expect the divine voice to somehow be heard through human articulations and writings. These writings, some say, contain the divine truth. This chapter addresses whether a scientific approach to the text of the Bible can prove that it can be a means of attaining divine revelation. It looks at how modern methods of biblical criticism can take a scientific viewpoint, and whether conclusions made can be accepted as though they have undergone scientific processes. Important points include viewing the Bible as having substantial stylometrical literature, and looking into the historical compliance with the events in the Bible.
Towards the Age of Coal
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the rising use of coal and growth of the coal industry from the 16th century onwards. Between the mid-16th century and the later 17th century coal was transformed from an occasional or specialized source of heat into the habitual fuel of much of the nation. By the dawn of the 18th century coal output in Britain was many times greater than that in the whole of the rest of the world, and the firm foundations which were to underpin the fuelling of the industrial revolution had been laid.
Management
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

A venturer, having decided to mine coal, was presented with a number of choices of how to manage his enterprise. Basically, the alternatives lay between managing directly, with a high degree of personal involvement, or indirectly, by delegating managerial functions to subcontractors and agents. This chapter discusses the priorities of colliery management, the management of small collieries, the management of larger collieries, and accounting procedures.
The Consumption of Coal
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses coal consumption for domestic and industrial purposes. It is probable that more than half of all the coal which was produced in Britain before 1700 was burnt in the home, to warm the inhabitants and to cook their meals. Yet the adoption of coal for domestic heating in place of wood, turf, or any other combustible vegetation, was not simply a matter of price or even of preference, it was a matter also of the design and technology of grates, hearths, flues, and chimneys, and the ventilation of rooms and houses. Manufacturing and processing were very substantial consumers of fuel. In the food and drink trades, for example, high temperatures were required in the brewing of ale and beer, the boiling of salt, the refining of sugar, and in distilling and baking. The production of bricks, tiles, and glass for the building industry depended upon kilns and furnaces, as did the firing of pottery and the burning of lime for use in both building and husbandry.
Sales and Transport
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

The carriage of coal eclipsed by weight and bulk that of all other commodities. It is probable that more than two million tons each year in this period had to be transported; of which a million tons or so was carried by sea, and a quarter of a million tons by river. The carriage of coal was by far the most important stimulus to the growth of England's merchant marine in the 17th century, and it also exerted a prime influence over the size and design of ships. This chapter discusses landsales and transport, riversales and transport, shipping, and the economics of shipping.
Rationality, the Body, and the World: From Production to Regeneration
Authors: Apffel-Marglin FrÉdÉrique
Published: October 2011

This chapter believes it is important that we extend the initial explanation regarding the historical summary of Cartesian rationality and how this rationality has been able to proliferate within society, influence the pursuit of knowledge, and affect everyday practices and the way experiences are constructed. Since Western epistemic knowledge is often associated with universal validity and application, this historical work asserts how implications of the Western episteme entail an approach to contemporary reality adopted by many non-Western people. Since development, whether it be expressed through either practice or knowledge, relies immensely on knowledge, specifically in the field of economics and other such social sciences, anthropology is increasingly gaining attention as a field of study which establishes character.
Footnotes to Vavilov: An Essay on Gene Diversity
Authors: Visvanathan Shiv
Published: October 2011

Although Russian scientist Nikolai Vavilov contributed greatly to the field of genetics, as he was one of the prominent geneticists of the Soviet Union and he served as the director of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding, he was arrested in 1940 because his works and contributions seemed to advocate Lysenkoism. Vavilov suffered much torture and over 400 interrogation sessions because of his contributions. Although his sentence was changed, Vavilov died in 1943 after falling ill due to the suffering he had experienced. Vavilov became the focus of two different debates, the first concerned the death of diversity while the other revolved around the Lysenko affair. This chapter looks into issues regarding science and various ideologies.
Expertise and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This book explores information technology (IT)-based innovations in the particular setting of commercial computing in the retail financial services industry. It examines how software is produced in large-scale commercial projects, as well as the patterns of change in industries such as banking and insurance. It is interested in how sector-level constructs influence and contribute to the development of innovative projects. It focuses on the management of expertise as a critical moment in the appropriation of technology, bracketing strategy and technology as joint aspects of innovation rather than viewing them as discrete variables. The book is divided into three parts: a discussion of the problematic nature of IT strategy, an analysis of the relevant aspects of the development of information technologies, and an examination of expertise and its management.
The Negotiation of the Sector
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

During the period of research, financial services were undergoing sweeping legal and regulatory changes that were challenging institutional demarcations. Information technology systems had important effects on the interface between the organization and its customers. All of the case firms studied depended to some degree on supplier networks and occupational links that traversed the sector. This chapter examines the relationship between firm and sector, focusing on the role of the social construction of knowledge in connecting organizational action and environmental change. It examines long-term interaction between the key competencies in firms and the emergence of major sectoral structures. The technology of remote banking provides a good illustration of the way in which sectoral and competitive relations could enhance the status of well-placed expert groups. In Scotland, banks had particular reasons for an interest in this technology. Projects emerged from a process of negotiation between firm and sector that reflected the competition between different forms of expertise.
A Pure Theory of Underdeveloped Economies
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses ‘pure theory’ analysis, so-called because it mostly ignores many important features of underdeveloped countries in order to concentrate on one relationship. The discussion also explores implications for the shadow pricing of labour, both in urban and rural production.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

The main problem in bargaining, the choice between individual and collective exchange, is rooted on the structural asymmetry evident in organizations since actual bargaining involves exchanges even if two parties are not of the same status. To arrive at collective bargaining, the state has to encourage an organized mode of labor relations (Crouch 1994) and labour must reach a point where the costs and benefits of bargaining appeal to the employers and to the state. This chapter compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of single-employer bargaining with those of multi-employer bargaining. This chapter differentiates individual bargaining from collective bargaining in terms of power, domain, and the control capacity to prevent free-riders.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

In analysing the impact of labour relations, particularly on issues regarding efficiency, employment, inflation, and economic growth need to be considered. This approach however does not take the dual-link causality of the possible effects of labour relations on performance into account. The first chain in this dual-link considers how differences in the degrees of organization have corresponding differences in the ability to associate labour costs with economic requirements. The second chain, coming from mainstream economics, asserts how ‘excessive’ increases in wages result in a decrease in performance levels. Aside from using ‘technical’ controls to see effects exclusive to certain periods, four control variables — the monetary regime, trade-offs between employment and wages, the increasing exposure to competition in the world market, and real output growth — can be observed in testing the impact of labour relations on labour costs.
Wage Regulation
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

While there is no definite relationship between the organization of interests and the system of wage regulation, these labour relation dimensions may have different effects on performance. The differentiation between collective bargaining, coverage, centralization, bargaining coordination, and its government capacity are simplified as follows: centralization and coordination do not co-vary but performance values coordination more. Along with this notion, horizontal coordination — bargaining on behalf of different jobs and sectors — should be differentiated with vertical coordination which involves ranking. The distinction between horizontal and vertical coordination lies in the difference between macroeconomic coordination and bargaining governability. Governability or state action on procedural regulation may also affect performance through the bargaining process.
Corporate Strategy and Environmental Regulation: Baptist-Bootlegger Coalitions
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

In this chapter, we look into how environmental regulatory protectionism also expands to the operations of ‘baptist–bootlegger’ coalitions. These coalitions are said to provide the initial indication that a trade-restricting environmental regulation was implemented by the government for the protection of industry interests instead of environmental interests. A list of criteria is provided to demonstrate how to differentiate between situations in which the relative costs of produce are affected by environmental regulation and situations in which cross-border issues develop from environmental regulations. The chapter also offers a historical perspective of the trade–environment disputes, while giving emphasis to the institutional opportunities brought about during the NAFTA era through presenting ten cases from 1982 to the present.
Trade and Environment Institutions: The NAFTA Regime
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

Through their legally based mechanisms for settling various disputes, trade agreements play no small part in affecting corporate strategic behaviour. NAFTA, because of its provisions, has been able to improve in terms of dispute settlements, since foreign nationals and corporations are enabled to act against government measures for breach of treaty obligation. It is important to note that NAAEC's Articles 14–15 have also allowed firms to correspondingly act over the failure of the government to implement the said regulations. Trade agreements are also capable of avoiding and preventing disputes since these entail institutions and rules for environmental regulation application, the operations of regulatory systems, and establishing the content of the regulations. Companies may be provided with knowledge, not only about foreign regulations, but about how these foreign systems work as well.
Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

This book looks at how the shift to a knowledge-based economy is redefining firms, empowering individuals, and reshaping the links between learning and work using economic, management and knowledge-based theories, supported by empirical data, illustrations, and trends. The book argues that industrial-era models of firm-market boundaries, work arrangements, and ownership and control are inhibiting firms and individuals success in the emerging knowledge economy. New models are proposed based on knowledge-centred organisation, knowledge-led growth, and knowledge supply as distinct from labour supply or flexible employment. Continuous learning is shown to be critical to firms as integrators of disparate knowledge resources, and the only practical route for individuals to become free agents. The book illuminates the new business landscape and provides a practical tool-set for business practitioners and theorists to interpret and manage change in a rapidly deconstructing economic environment.
Transitional Recession: Expectations, Reality, Interpretations
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

In order to examine the conditions where equilibrium between demand and supply takes place, this chapter establishes the connection of individual expectations and the understanding of the implementation of trade liberalisation and structural stabilisation, which resulted in the widespread financial depression and political chaos in the 1990s. Also, shortcomings in policy planning and execution as well as drawbacks of ineffective execution of the ‘shock therapy’ and the ‘creative destruction’ are taken into consideration. Legal practitioners, government officials, and other concerned individuals took relief methods to counteract these consequences through collaboration of the strengths and resolution of the flaws of planned systems and free market. Another technique is the alteration on the regulations about property rights and production means and results.
Transition from Plan to Market: Concept and Implementation
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

In the course of presenting arguments pertaining to socialism, reforms and capitalism, this chapter conducts comparative studies of private ownership and management as well as state ownership and management. Transfer of possession and utility rights of capitals and establishments from an administration to a privately owned entity is believed to elicit better production, enhanced efficiency, and improved standards of living. Discovery of the private sectors is made possible under two assumptions: first, as the market undertakes its usual processes, there is an innate tendency toward the growth of current establishments and the entry of new competitors; and second, property privileges are reassigned from the state to private entities in the context of transition economies. The emergence and prevalence of privatisation are discussed here in relation to the realization of government's roles and the affirmation of the position of this institution in society.
Marketization and Democratization
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W.
Published: October 2011

This chapter cites from various countries successful accounts specifically regarding national output, where democracy is perceived to be absent. But, it is irrational to conclude that autocracy and growth have a direct relationship with each other and that, inverse associations exists between development and democracy. To support this notion, the chapter elaborates on the three justifications on how democratic practices and organisations positively contribute to economic activities that eventually foster growth. First it refers to the idea that the term itself means freedom to enter into any field of business given a free market system; and consequently, entrepreneurs acquire returns, which then influence nationwide output. Second is the assertion that democracy puts forward a basis for an efficient economic guiding principle. And lastly, democracy augments the propensity for growth if and only if politics does not overrule economics. In the latter part of this chapter, these reasons are integrated into the general argument. The chapter provides an identification of possible resolutions using the feedback loop paradigm.
Developments in user organizations
Authors: Bradburn Jane
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the growth of the user movement and the contribution that this has made to giving a ‘voice to the voiceless’. It explores the way cancer user organizations in particular have developed user involvement along with the NHS initiatives. The chapter also provides a description of some current developments, highlights some of the issues that relate to palliative care services user involvement, and offers examples of good practice.
Theoretical Bearings: The British Societal Model
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter aims to provide a better understanding of the German Kaserreich. It discusses an argument suggesting that the Second Reich was an induration with institutional forms no longer appropriate to the notional needs of a modern industrial society. It mentions a historian's view indicating that German society did not become bourgeois but remained quasi-feudal because industrialization failed to produce a self-confident bourgeoisie with its own political aspirations. It also suggests that fascism succeeded in Germany because of the persistence of illiberal, authoritarian structures in state and society.
Possibilities of Reform in Britain and Germany
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the possibility of reform in German and British history in the nineteenth century. It suggests that German historians have normally had a special kind of reformism in mind when castigating the German bourgeoisie for its illiberalism and the German liberals for their infirmity. This reformism is derived from mid-twentieth century definitions of parliamentary democracy and political participation, which is closely linked to notions of the welfare state. This chapter explains that this kind of reformism tends to be viewed as the logical consequence of a bourgeois triumphalism which has successfully deposed the pre-industrial elites from their command of the political system.
German Peculiarities
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the peculiarities of German history. It suggests that most of those who wrote the history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries regarded what did not happen as more important than what did, and most of these accounts attributed the sins of omission to the German bourgeoisie. This chapter argues that the great strength of bourgeois revolution, in many respects, was its very lack of open action.
Economy and Society: A Silent Bourgeois Revolution
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the so-called silent bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that one of the main changes brought about by this silent revolution was the emergence and consolidation of the capitalist system based on the sanctity and disposability of private property and on production to meet individual needs through a system of exchange dominated by the market. It also describes the changes in the law, in mechanical civilization, and in patterns of sociability.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of Germany during the nineteenth century. The results suggest that most historians have adopted a rather restricted idea of what constituted a successful bourgeois program and therefore blamed the failure of the German bourgeois revolution for Germany's peculiar history. This chapter proposes a redefinition of the concept of bourgeois revolution to denote a broader pattern of material, institutional, legal, and intellectual changes whose cumulative effect was all the more powerful for coming to be seen as natural.
Nations, States, and Violence
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: October 2011

This book presents a revisionist view of the sources of nationalism, the relationship of the nation to culture, and the implications of nationalism and cultural heterogeneity for the future of the nation-state. It accepts the now-standard view that national identities are not inherited traits but constructed communities in order to serve political ends. But the resulting national identities do not emerge from some metaphorical plebiscite as had been suggested by some; rather they result from efforts by people to coordinate their identities with people who share at least some cultural traits with them. Coordination leads to powerful social and cultural ties that are hard to unravel, and this explains the persistence of national identities. Understood as the result of coordination dynamics, the implications of national homogeneity and heterogeneity are explored. The book shows that national heterogeneity is not, as it is sometimes accused of being, a source of hatred. Nonetheless, there are advantages to homogeneity for the production of public goods and economic growth. Whatever the positive implications of homogeneity, the book shows that in the current world, classic nation-states are defunct. Heterogeneity is proliferating not only due to migration but also because small groups in many states once thought to be homogeneous are coordinating to demand national recognition. With the prohibitive costs of eliminating cultural heterogeneity, citizens and leaders need to learn how best to manage, or even take advantage of, national diversity within their countries. Management of diversity demands that we understand the coordination aspects of national heterogeneity, a perspective that this book provides.
Managing the Multinational State
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: October 2011

While not a culprit in fostering violence, there is a downside to cultural diversity: it weakens the social solidarity necessary for a healthy public life. It is therefore imperative to find a route toward the management of diversity that does not compromise economic growth or the efficient production of public goods. This chapter proposes a route to managing the costs of diversity, which has the added potential of enhancing democratic participation. It serves as a normative response to the political trends outlined in the previous chapters. While the route that outlined is designed for rich democratic states, the chapter draws some implications of the proposal for poor countries that suffer from abysmal levels of public goods provision.
Temporary Parts and Intermittent Existence
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

There are a number of mereological issues which are relevant to the ontology of continuants. First, there is simply the question as to what happens when we attempt to extend the notions developed in the tenseless extensional mereology to a temporally modified part—whole relation. Many of the complications arise because continuants may have temporary parts, or be mereologically variable. This chapter examines some of the implications of this view and defends it against criticisms by Roderick Chisholm. It argues that mereological considerations lead to the perhaps surprising view that continuants need not exist continuously, and shows how this in turn leads to a novel solution to the Ship of Theseus problem.
Superposition, Composition, and Matter
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

Rejection of the antisymmetry of part—whole allows us to recognise different objects having the same parts. Objects with the same parts are necessarily in the same place at all times at which they have the same parts. This leads to the more general question as to how more than one object can be in the same place at the same time. This chapter defends this idea against objections and considers the more difficult issue of the conditions under which such superposition is possible. It turns out that this frequently happens when one object is the matter of, composes, or constitutes another, and this in turn leads us to a general consideration of matter and its likely mereological properties. It is impossible to isolate mereological from more general ontological issues.
Essential Parts
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

Since the rapid development of modern modal logic, there has been nothing to stop anyone interested from developing a modal extension of the calculus of individuals or mereology. But in fact, those logicians interested in modal logic and those interested in part—whole theory overlap hardly at all, for largely ideological reasons: modal logic tends to be intensionalist and mereology extensionalist. This logical apartheid of modality and mereology is however a recent phenomenon and, it is to be hoped, a transient one; in the writings of Roderick Chisholm and David Wiggins, the two groups of concepts are once again brought together. In the work of the earliest systematic mereologist of this century, Edmund Husserl, modal and mereological considerations are inexorably bound together. The whole of this third part may be taken as an attempt to carry further the project which Husserl began in the third of his Logical Investigations.
Ontological Dependence
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

Implicit in the criticism of mereological theories which permit the existence of arbitrary sums is the view that something cannot count as an individual, as one object, unless it is possessed of a certain degree of integrity or internal connectedness. There are problems with this criticism, however. First, arbitrary sums may be bizarre or ontologically wasteful, but they are algebraically neatening and appear not to lead to contradictions. Second, the properties said to keep individuals on the right side of respectability are hardly very clear. Integrity or connectedness, whatever they are, presumably come in degrees. Yet it seems to be counter-intuitive to suppose that there are degrees of being an individual. This chapter discusses ontological dependence, independence, substance, accident, disturbance, non-modal theories of foundation and dependence, and unconditional existence.
Case Study. Property Rights: Access to Land and Forest Resources in Uganda
Authors: Gombya-Ssembajjwe W. S. , Banana A. Y. , Bahati J.
Published: October 2011

Since property rights entail certain rules that every person has to comply with especially in terms of interactions with other people, property rights also have an effect on incentives and on the behavior of individuals. As such, tenure — an individual's bundle of rights imposed over a particular resource — includes the terms and conditions which cover issues such as how these resources are accessed, owned, managed, and even transferred. While these rights have significant effects on incentives for the use of resources, tenure should also be considered in strategy planning for the management of natural resources. In Uganda, such matters are governed by a wide variety of social systems and laws that is made evident throughout history. This chapter examines Uganda's three fundamental land tenure forms and their respective roles in land access — customary tenure, mailo-land tenure, and leasehold and freehold tenure.
Devolution of Control of Common Pool Resources to Local Communities: Experiences in Forestry
Authors: Arnold J. E. Michael
Published: October 2011

In overlapping situations which involve how rural households used their own resources in dealing with income and material flows through drawing on scrubland, forest, and woodland and where woodland and forests comprise a larger livelihood systems where land had to be managed by its various users as a group, common pool resources (CPR) of forest products has played no small part. In such systems, rotational agriculture is adopted wherein periods of cultivations are alternated with longer bouts of forest fallow. With ongoing political and economic changes, along with the effects of the growing population, the collective systems that were in charge of managing and utilizing CPR have encountered several difficulties. This chapter looks into how systems that employ a certain amount of local collective control on the access and management of forest and forest product resources.
Case Study. Grassroots-Initiated Land Reform in Brazil: The Rural Landless Workers' Movement
Authors: Wolford Wendy
Published: October 2011

Although Brazil may be perceived as the Latin American country which has experienced the least progress through land reform that has been initiated by the state, this country is not without the motivation to provide land to the poorest rural groups. In contrast, however, to the earlier attempts in the 1960s, these endeavours are initiated not by the government, but from nationally organized groups of small squatters communities which is furthered by one of the most prominent grassroots organizations in the country — the Rural Landless Workers' Movement (MST). MST has already been able to establish a large number of land reform settlements through convincing families to utilize ‘unproductive’ land and asserting negotiation to the government for the title to property.