bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A retrospective molecular study of select intestinal protozoa in healthy pet cats from Italy
Authors: Mancianti Francesca , Nardoni Simona , Mugnaini Linda , Zambernardi Lucia , Guerrini Alessandro , Gazzola Valentina , Papini Roberto Amerigo
Published: May 2014

The feline gut can harbour a number of protozoan parasites. Recent genetic studies have highlighted new epidemiological findings about species of Cryptosporidium, assemblages of Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii. Furthermore, epidemiological studies suggest the occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus in cats is on the increase worldwide. The prevalence of selected intestinal protozoa was determined by PCR using DNA previously extracted from the faeces of 146 privately owned healthy cats from Italy. Molecular genotyping on T gondii, G duodenalis and Cryptosporidium DNA was achieved. PCR assays were positive in 32 (22.9%) samples. Three animals (2.0%) were positive for T foetus and Cryptosporidium DNA, 15 specimens (10.3%) were positive for T gondii and 11 (7.5%) for G duodenalis. Co-infections were never observed. Results of the typing analysis allowed the identification of Cryptosporidium felis in all cases. The specimens positive for T gondii hinted at clonal genotype I (n = 7), genotype II (n = 1) and genotype III (n = 7). The G duodenalis isolates were referable to assemblages F (n = 9) and C (n = 2). In conclusion, the results obtained in this study add to the literature regarding the epidemiology of these parasites by confirming their presence in the faeces of healthy pet cats.
Treatment of Troglostrongylus brevior (Metastrongyloidea, Crenosomatidae) in mixed lungworm infections using spot-on emodepside
Authors: Di Cesare Angela , Iorio Raffaella , Crisi Paolo , Paoletti Barbara , Di Costanzo Romina , Dimitri Carmelo Flavio , Traversa Donato
Published: May 2014

Feline lungworms have long been known as pathogens of cats. However, an increased incidence of clinical cases in some areas has been the focus of a number of recent epidemiological and clinical studies. While Aelurostrongylus abstrusus causes respiratory signs in cats all over the world, Troglostrongylus brevior has recently been found in domestic cats from Spain and Italy (where it often causes severe clinical signs). Capillaria aerophila, a parasite that infects many wild carnivores, may cause respiratory distress in cats. A variety of treatment options are known for A abstrusus, while almost no information is available on the treatment of troglostrongylosis and capillariosis. This series describes two mixed infections in clinically affected kittens with T brevior, one with concurrent A abstrusus and the other with C aerophila. In both cases, the nematodes were identified and confirmed by copromicroscopic examination and specific DNA-based assays. Kittens showed respiratory signs that resolved after one or two administrations of a spot-on solution containing emodepside. Larval ( T brevior and A abstrusus) and egg ( C aerophila) shedding was also eliminated 2–4 weeks after treatment. New clinical insights into these parasitoses are discussed.
Examining a hierarchical model of Australia’s destination image
Authors: Assaker Guy
Published: May 2014

This study presents a hierarchical model of a country’s destination image (DI). The model is empirically tested in the context of Australia as a tourism destination. Data were collected from 600 residents in four countries representing Australia’s main market segments for inbound visitors – China, the United Kingdom, the United States and South Korea. Partial least squares structural equation modelling confirmed that DI is best operationalized as a second-order factor model, which is formed by six first-order factors (destination attributes) of natural and well-known attractions, variety of tourist services and culture, quality of general tourist atmosphere, entertainment and recreation, general environment and accessibility. More specifically, the cross-sectional standardized regression/loadings demonstrate that ‘natural and well-known attractions’ as well as ‘accessibility’ had the largest effects on overall image formation. The attribute of ‘general environment’, on the other hand, had lowest effect on the country’s DI. Thus, the findings from this study advance existing knowledge on DI formation. Through a greater understanding of how DI is formed, the findings are of benefit to both tourism researchers and destination managers. New insights into how DI is formed among Australia’s key inbound markets present opportunities for new and effective marketing strategies.
Differentiating with brand personality in economy hotel segment
Authors: Li Xiangping , Yen Chih-Lun (Alan) , Uysal Muzaffer
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of brand personality in the economy hotel segment and whether hotel brand personality could differentiate between similar hotel brands. Courtyard and Hampton Inn are used in this study. The results of this study suggest that brand personality dimensions can be clearly delineated in the economy hotel sector, in consistent with Aaker’s dimensions, ruggedness, competence, excitement, sophistication, and sincerity. Moreover, similar hotel brands can be perceived differently based on their personalities. Additionally, although common brand personality factor structure can be used to describe economy hotel brands in general, specific hotel brand does exhibit some unique dimensions.
Blind savings or unforeseen costs? How consumers perceive the benefits and risks of using opaque travel selling Web sites
Authors: Chen Hsiang-Ting , Yuan Jingxue
Published: May 2014

Opaque selling Web sites are considered to provide deep discounted rates compared with a products’ market price. However, consumers have to endure several uncertainties that are associated with purchasing a product with an unknown identity. This article aims to identify how consumers assess the perceived benefits and risks when purchasing opaque travel products online and how they formulate risk reduction strategies in order to acquire desired outcomes. Two focus groups were conducted in April 2013 with a total of 12 participants. The analysis revealed low price, value-added deal, and enjoyment from playing with the bidding system as the main benefits. The main risks included insignificant value margin, uncertainty of product quality or performance, and potential hidden fees. The study defined the ‘intentional buying’ process and provided insight for hospitality and tourism suppliers to cautiously evaluate and target customers.
Understanding the tourist’s response to natural disasters
Authors: Walters Gabrielle , Mair Judith , Ritchie Brent
Published: May 2014

This article presents the results of a quantitative study designed to investigate the perceptual and behavioural responses of tourists to a disastrous event. Looking specifically at the 2011 Queensland floods, this article explores the image perceptions held by 2113 members of the Australian tourism market in light of this event. It also investigates pull motivations of tourists who claimed they would be willing to visit Queensland despite the flood event. Tourists’ past experiences with the state of Queensland, namely their visitation frequency and personal affiliations, are considered in terms of their influence on tourists’ attitudes towards visiting the destination and their reasons for doing so. Demographic differences are also explored. The conclusions present marketing implications relating to how to attract the attention of tourists who are willing to visit a destination in the wake of a disastrous event and how to encourage those who are not.
Creating brand equity when using travel-related online social network Web sites
Authors: Barreda Albert
Published: May 2014

Based on an empirical analysis, the author offers an online social network (OSN), user-based brand equity framework, for application in business branding efforts and investigation. The author finds novel elements of brand equity that should be contemplated by travel researchers and practitioners. Elements of brand equity produced from literature review are portrayed in theoretical relationships. The proposed model is examined with data collected from travel-related OSN Web site users in the United States. Findings authenticate the validity and reliability of the designed theory-driven framework.
The fourth freedom
Authors: Favell Adrian
Published: May 2014

The article challenges the orthodoxy of current critical readings of the European crisis that discuss the failings of the EU in terms of the triumph of ‘neo-liberalism’. Defending instead a liberal view on international migration, which stresses the potentially positive economic, political and cultural benefits of market-driven forces enabling movements across borders, it details the various ways in which European regional integration has enabled the withdrawal of state control and restriction on certain forms of external and internal migration. This implementation of liberal ideas on the freedom of movement of persons has largely been of benefit to migrants, and both receiving and sending societies alike. These ideas are now threatened by democratic retrenchment. It is Britain, often held up as a negative example of ‘neo-liberalism’, which has proven to be the member state that most fulfils the EU’s core adherence to principles of mobile, open, non-discriminatory labour markets. On this question, and despite its current anti-immigration politics, it offers a positive example of how Europe as a whole could benefit from more not less liberalization.
Deliberation, political knowledge and vote choice: Results from an experiment with second-order elections
Authors: Bernhagen Patrick , Schmitt Hermann
Published: May 2014

This article assesses the effects of deliberation and increased political knowledge on vote choice. The observed knowledge gains result from participation in a deliberative experiment in the context of second-order elections, which facilitates realistic estimates of information gains that can be expected if citizens were politically more engaged than they actually are. Using survey data on 333 participants in the deliberative experiment and 729 respondents from a control group, we find that deliberation is associated with significant changes in vote choice. Specifically, participating in the deliberative event is related to an increased likelihood of vote switching in favour of Green parties. However, there is no support for the expectation that changes in citizens’ party choices are related to the observed increase in political knowledge.
Scaling and dimensional methods to incorporate knock and flammability limits in models of high-efficiency gasoline and ethanol engines
Authors: Lewis Anne , Ortiz-Soto Elliott , Lavoie George , Assanis Dennis N
Published: May 2014

Recent work has shown the utility of using simplified models with prescribed burn rates to assess the potential of advanced combustion strategies to increase engine efficiency. However, this approach can be improved by incorporating knock and flammability limits. This work incorporates such limits using a combination of simplified conceptual models that are based on theoretical understanding of knock and flame phenomenon and calibration with experimental results. Using this method, the ideal (unconstrained) and feasible (constrained by knock and flammability) potential of a high efficiency gasoline and E85 engine are compared against a baseline naturally aspirated gasoline engine. Turbocharging, dilution with EGR, and higher compression ratios are used to increase the efficiency potential of the high efficiency gasoline and E85 engines. Results demonstrate the benefit of using this simplified approach in modeling high efficiency engines: the high efficiency gasoline engine is most limited by knock while the E85 engine is limited much less; also increased EGR can be used for the E85 engine due to the higher flame speeds of ethanol. Fuel economy maps are created for each engine/fuel strategy and evaluated in a vehicle model to obtain fuel economy results. Results comparing feasible engines show that peak brake thermal efficiency (BTE) is increased by 11.4% for the high efficiency gasoline engine and 17.8% for the E85 engine, as compared to the baseline gasoline engine. Projected vehicle fuel economy (energy equivalent) improvements are 30.1% for the high efficiency gasoline, and 40.9% for the E85 engine relative to baseline.
Multisensory Stimulation on Mood, Behavior, and Biomedical Parameters in People With Dementia
Authors: Maseda Ana , Sánchez Alba , Marante Ma Pilar , González-Abraldes Isabel , de Labra Carmen , Millán-Calenti José Carlos
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of multisensory stimulation in a multisensory stimulation environment (MSSE) such as a Snoezelen room versus one-to-one activity sessions with regard to mood, behavior, and biomedical parameters (heart rate and blood oxygen saturation). The MSSE group and activity group (one-to-one activities) of patients with dementia participated in 2 weekly individualized intervention sessions over 16 weeks, where mood and behavior before, during, and after the sessions, and biomedical parameters immediately before and after, were recorded. Immediately after the sessions, patients spoke more spontaneously, related better to others, were more attentive to their environments, more active/alert, less bored/inactive, and more relaxed/content. Both groups exhibited decreases in heart rate and increases in oxygen saturation (Spo2) values from before to after the sessions. The MSSE sessions in a Snoezelen room were found to be as effective as activity sessions, highlighting the importance of the one-to-one interaction with the therapist.
The Impact of Dynamic Balance Measures on Walking Performance in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fritz Nora E. , Marasigan Rhul Evans R. , Calabresi Peter A. , Newsome Scott D. , Zackowski Kathleen M.
Published: May 2014

Background: Static posture imbalance and gait dysfunction are common in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the impact of strength and static balance on walking has been examined, the impact of dynamic standing balance on walking in MS remains unclear. Objective: To determine the impact of dynamic balance, static balance, sensation, and strength measures on walking in individuals with MS. Methods: Fifty-two individuals with MS (27 women; 26 relapsing-remitting; mean age = 45.6 ± 10.3 years; median Expanded Disability Status Scale score = 3.5) participated in posturography testing (Kistler-9281 force plate), hip flexion, hip extension, ankle dorsiflexion strength (Microfet2 hand-held dynamometer), sensation (Vibratron II), and walk velocity (Optotrak Motion Analysis System). Analyses included, Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Results: All measures were abnormal in individuals with MS when compared with norms ( P < .05). Static balance (eyes open, feet together [EOFT]), anterior-posterior (AP) dynamic sway, and hip extension strength were strongly correlated with walking velocity (AP sway r = 0.68; hip extension strength r = 0.73; EOFT r = −0.40). Together, AP dynamic sway (ρ r = 0.71; P < .001), hip extension strength (ρ r = 0.54; P < .001), and EOFT static balance (ρ r = −0.41; P = .01) explained more than 70% of the variance in walking velocity ( P < .001). Conclusions: AP dynamic sway affects walking performance in MS. A combined evaluation of dynamic balance, static balance, and strength may lead to a better understanding of walking mechanisms and the development of strategies to improve walking.
A Home-Based Program of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Task-Related Trunk Training Improves Trunk Control in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Chan Bill K. S. , Ng Shamay S. M. , Ng Gabriel Y. F.
Published: May 2014

Background. Impaired trunk motor control is common after stroke. Combining transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) with task-related trunk training (TRTT) has been shown to enhance the recovery of lower limb motor function. Objective. This study investigated whether combining TENS with TRTT would enhance trunk control after stroke. Methods. Thirty-seven subjects with stroke were recruited into a randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to any one of the three 6-week home-based training groups: (1) TENS + TRTT, (2) placebo TENS + TRTT, or (3) control without active training. The outcome measures included isometric peak trunk flexion torque and extension torque; forward seated and lateral seated reaching distance to the affected and unaffected side; and Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) scores. All outcome measures were assessed at baseline, after 3 and 6 weeks of training, and 4 weeks after training ended at follow-up. Results. Both the TENS + TRTT and the placebo-TENS + TRTT groups had significantly greater improvements in isometric peak trunk flexion torque and extension torque, lateral seated reaching distance to affected and unaffected side, and TIS score than the control group after 3 weeks of training. The TENS + TRTT group had significantly greater and earlier improvement in its mean TIS score than the other 2 groups. Conclusions. Home-based TRTT is effective for improving trunk muscle strength, sitting functional reach and trunk motor control after stroke in subjects without somatosensory deficits. The addition of TENS to the trunk augments the effectiveness of the exercise in terms of TIS scores within the first 3 weeks of training.
Applications of Cognitive Transformation Theory
Authors: Wiltshire Travis J. , Neville Kelly J. , Lauth Martin R. , Rinkinen Clyde , Ramirez Luis F.
Published: May 2014

Complex domains require cognitive work for which current approaches to training may be ill-suited. To improve training for cognitive work, Klein and Baxter have proposed Cognitive Transformation Theory (CTT), a learning theory that characterizes sensemaking processes as essential to the development of expertise. The objectives of this research were to compare CTT with the instructional strategies of two expert air traffic control instructors to evaluate the relevance of CTT’s four teaching practices, propose refinements to CTT, and identify potential instructional strategies to serve as guidance for the application of CTT. Data were collected using cognitive task analysis methods, including course observation, artifact examination, and knowledge elicitation with two instructors and seven of their students. Data were coded using categories derived from theory and patterns emergent within the data. Results suggest that many of the instructional strategies used were consistent with the teaching practices of CTT and that learning was aligned with the active sensemaking claims of CTT. An integrated set of instructional strategies and a few refinements to CTT are advanced to further its application to training in complex domains. Although this set of strategies may benefit current training practices, further research is needed to evaluate their effectiveness.
Elevated Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Postincarcerated Young African American Males in the South
Authors: Ricks JaNelle M. , Crosby Richard A. , Terrell Ivy
Published: May 2014

The dramatic racial disparities in the rates of HIV/STIs(sexually transmitted infections) among African Americans make understanding broader structural factors that increase the risk for HIV/STIs crucial. The current study of young 564 African American men attending STI clinics investigated whether those who had ever been incarcerated reported recent sexual behaviors relatively more risky than their counterparts who had never been incarcerated. Participants were recruited from clinics treating STIs in three southern U.S. cities. Males 15 to 23 years of age who identified as Black/African American and reported recent (past 2 months) sexual activity were eligible. Linear mixed-effects models and generalized estimating equation models were used to assess associations between baseline incarceration history and sexual risk behavior over a 6-month follow-up period. Mean age was 19.6 years ( SD = 1.87). At baseline, 240 (42.6%) men reported history of incarceration. Incarceration history predicted several risk behaviors over a 6-month follow-up period. Compared with those with no incarceration history, men previously incarcerated reported a desire to conceive a pregnancy (β = .40, p = .02), were less likely to have used a condom at last sex act (odds ratio = .91, p = .02) and were more likely to have used drugs and alcohol before sex in the past 2 months (β = .69, p < .001; β = .41, p < .001). A history of incarceration may influence the sexual risk behavior of young African American males. Prevention programs and interventions should intensify support for postincarceration African American males to help mitigate this behavior.
Dating, Marriage, and Parenthood for HIV-Positive Heterosexual Puerto Rican Men
Authors: Sastre Francisco , Sheehan Diana M. , Gonzalez Arnaldo
Published: May 2014

HIV-positive men are living long and healthier lives while managing HIV as a chronic illness. Although research has extensively documented the experiences of illness of people living with HIV, dating, marriage, and fatherhood among heterosexual Latino men has not been examined. To address this gap, this study used a qualitative study design to examine patterns and strategies for dating, marriage, and parenthood among 24 HIV-positive heterosexual Puerto Rican men living in Boston. The findings in our study indicate that an HIV diagnosis does not necessarily deter men from having an active sexual life, marrying, or having children. In fact, for some of the men, engaging in these social and life-changing events is part of moving on and normalizing life with HIV; these men planned for, achieved, and interpreted these events in the context of establishing normalcy with HIV. Although the HIV diagnosis discouraged some men from engaging in sexual relations, getting married, or having children, others fulfilled these desires with strategies aimed to reconciling their HIV status in their personal life, including dating or marrying HIV-positive women only. Additional important themes identified in this study include the decision to disclose HIV status to new sexual partners as well as the decision to accept the risk of HIV transmission to a child or partner in order to fulfill desires of fatherhood. Understanding the personal struggles, decision-making patterns, and needs of HIV-positive heterosexual men can aid in designing interventions that support healthy living with HIV.
Adjuvant valproate therapy for patients with suspected mixed-depressive features
Authors: Liu Chen-Chung
Published: May 2014

Objective:

Mixed-depressive features imply an occult bipolarity and might be linked to resistance to antidepressant therapy and a higher risk of suicide. Currently, there is no consensus about or any clinical guidelines available for this ill-defined clinical entity. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of mood stabilizers, such as valproate, for adjuvant therapy in patients suspected of having mixed-depressive features.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records of psychiatric outpatients attended by the author from 2008 to 2013. Patients who presented with inadequately treated, long-lasting atypical depressive- and/or anxiety-spectrum symptoms, and who started adjuvant valproate therapy for the first time in their course of treatment, were identified. Patient demographics, clinical profiles, treatment responses, and treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) were examined in detail.

Results:

A total of 22 patients (7 men and 15 women) ranging in age between 25 and 78 years were treated with valproate 100–1250 mg/day and observed for 3–60 months. The majority exhibited much or moderate improvement, and only four showed a limited response. During follow up, 12 continued adjuvant valproate, 3 were intermittent users, and 3 quit after no apparent response; 4 experienced an aggravation of symptoms after discontinuation but were stabilized soon after reinstitution. AEs were reported by 12 patients and 4 stopped valproate for intolerability despite improvement.

Conclusion:

Adjuvant valproate therapy seems to be a promising approach to treating patients who manifest atypical neurotic or mood disorders with subthreshold bipolarity at a dosage around the lower end of that used to treat full-syndromal bipolar disorders.
Economic Cost of the Treatment of Fractures Among Old People
Authors: Diémé Charles Bertin
Published: May 2014

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to assess the cost of hospital care related to fractures among the elderly patients.

Materials and Methods:

The aim was to conduct a study over a 12-month period involving patients aged 60 and older with at least 1 musculoskeletal fracture. The population under investigation included 314 patients, mainly female, with 319 fractures. Only 25.47% of the patients had access to government financial assistance. The cost of hospital treatment was assessed on the basis of 3 expense items; the standard currency used was the African Financial Community Franc (CFA franc) and 1 CFA franc equals 656 euros. Expense item No. 1: It related to the cost of diagnostic services that included surgical consultation and x-rays. Expense item No. 3: It is related to the duration of the stay at the hospital.

Results:

The cost of diagnostic services amounted to 5625 euros. The cost of the second item was put at 43 054 euros: conservative treatment: 43 118 euros; surgical treatment: 41 053 euros. Cost of the hospital stay amounted to 2607 euros. Proximal femur fractures accounted for 43.46% of the overall cost of the care provided.

Discussion:

Our patients’ medical history is similar to the data provided in developed countries: female predominance; predominance of proximal femoral fractures. The cost of the care provided was boosted by the surgical treatment and proximal femur fractures, whereas the cost of hospital stay was rather insignificant. Medical care is a problem among our patients, as few of them have access to government financial assistance.

Conclusion:

Among elderly people, fractures will soon become a public health issue in our context.
Development of Physical Performance After Acute Hip Fracture
Authors: Chandrasekaran Davidpremkumar , Andersson Åsa , Hindenborg Maria , Norlin Rolf , Akner Gunnar
Published: May 2014

Background and aim:

Hip fracture is a leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability in older people. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess the development of physical performance in patients with hip fracture after surgery.

Setting:

Prospective, observational study in a Swedish university hospital.

Methods:

Assessment of 102 consecutive patients (65 females), with a mean age of 82 years (range 35-98) without specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. Seven physical functions were assessed using the following 4 measuring methods and 3 rating scales at baseline 7 to 10 days after surgery and follow-up after 4 months (F4): 10-m habitual walking speed (HWS), timed up and go (TUG), 30-second chair stand test (CST), handgrip strength (HGS), Berg balance scale (BBS), functional ambulation category (FAC), and general mobility.

Results:

The 47% dropout patients were significantly older and more often lived alone or in nursing homes and used indoor walking aids. At baseline, the mean HWS was 0.4/0.5 (females/males) m/s; TUG 53/30 s; CST 4/5 kg, and HGS 17.4/31.2 kg. The medians of BBS and FAC were 20/20 and 4/4, respectively. There were significant mean improvements at F4 for all 4 measured functions, except for HGS in males but for neither of the rating scales. There was a large heterogeneity in all assessed variables, both at baseline and regarding change at 4 months. Therefore, the mean/median results are depicted in figures, showing all individual results at baseline and F4, compared to reference values and discussed in relation to degree of improvement.

Conclusion:

The observed large heterogeneity at baseline as well as F4 makes it essentially meaningless to report means and median data of functional assessment of patients with hip fracture. There is a strong need for individualization in both health analysis and how the treatment program is targeted, carried through, and evaluated over time in patients with hip fracture.
“Tiers of Delay”
Authors: Eardley W. G. P. , Macleod K. E. , Freeman H. , Tate A.
Published: May 2014

Anticoagulation reversal is a common cause of operative delay. We sought to establish for the first time the impact this has on best practice tariff (BPT) for patients with hip fracture admitted on warfarin. All patients with hip fracture treated operatively over a 32-month period were reviewed. Basic demographics, time to theater, length of stay, and mortality were recorded for all patients. Independent samples t-tests were used to identify statistically significant differences between patients on warfarin and those not taking the drug. A total of 83 patients were admitted anticoagulated with a mean international normalized ratio of 2.65 and a median time to theater of 49.7 hours. Of these patients, 79% breached BPT, incurring significant financial loss. In the control group, 908 patients took a median 24.5 hours, a 28% breach of BPT ( P < .01). Length of stay, Nottingham Hip Fracture Score, and predicted 30-day mortality were similar for both the groups. As well as affecting clinical outcome following hip fracture, delay due to anticoagulation causes considerable loss of BPT. Potential loss of revenue due to delays over the study period was £80 000, inspiring the establishment of an “early trigger” anticoagulation protocol. Although it is accepted that there are limitations to this work, it should raise awareness of the real impact of warfarin on patients with hip fracture both in terms of outcome and for the first time, loss of potential revenue.
Embracing the Social in Social Media
Authors: Armstrong Cole G. , Delia Elizabeth B. , Giardina Michael D.
Published: May 2014

This article addresses the rise of social media in professional sport and the varying ways in which sport organizations have interacted with consumers in the social media environment. We examine one particularly interesting case: The innovative social media marketing practices of the Los Angeles Kings hockey organization, most especially through its twitter account @LAKings. Through the use of digital ethnography, we analyze and interpret official statements produced within the context of the Kings marketing and consumer strategies. We argue that the Los Angeles Kings’ social media strategy illustrates the potential collaborative efforts of an organization and its consumers in a social media space. This “coexistence” between brand and consumer provides the organization an opportunity to encourage relationship development and brand community.
Prevalence and Predictors of Important Telaprevir Drug Interactions Among Patients Coinfected With Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Patel Nimish , Veve Michael , Bliss Steven , Nasiri Mona , McNutt Louise-Anne , Lazariu Victoria , Roman Martha , Miller Christopher
Published: May 2014

Background: Among patients with HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) coinfection, drug–drug interactions involving nonstructural protein 3/4 (NS3/4A) serine protease inhibitors for HCV infection are an important concern because these drugs affect cytochrome P450 metabolism and p-glycoprotein transporters. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of clinically significant drug–drug interactions (CSDDIs) in HIV/HCV coinfected patients if telaprevir-based HCV therapy is added to patients’ medication regimens. Secondary objectives were to identify antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens associated with the lowest risk of CSDDI and determine the clinical risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among adult HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Demographics, comorbidities, social history, and medication lists were extracted from medical records. For each patient, CSDDIs were identified by entering all medications and pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and telaprevir into Lexi-Interact drug interaction software. The number and nature of CSDDIs were recorded before and after addition of telaprevir-based therapy. Results: There were 335 patients included. Prior to the addition of telaprevir-based HCV therapy, there was a high frequency (82.1%) of any CSDDI. After the addition of telaprevir-based HCV therapy, the frequency of any CSDDI increased to 97% ( P < .001). Contraindicated interactions rose from 20.0% to 38.2% of patients after addition of telaprevir-based therapy. Use of ≥10 non-HIV medications, dyslipidemia, and HIV protease inhibitors were independently associated with the occurrence of a contraindicated interaction. Conclusions: Clinicians considering initiating telaprevir in HIV/HCV coinfected patients should be vigilant of drug–drug interactions, particularly among patients with dyslipidemia, those using ≥10 non-HIV medications, and those using HIV protease inhibitors.
Modified activin receptor IIB ligand trap mitigates ineffective erythropoiesis and disease complications in murine β-thalassemia
Authors: Suragani Rajasekhar N. V. S. , Cawley Sharon M. , Li Robert , Wallner Samantha , Alexander Mark J. , Mulivor Aaron W. , Gardenghi Sara , Rivella Stefano , Grinberg Asya V. , Pearsall R. Scott , Kumar Ravindra
Published: May 2014

Key Points

Modified ActRIIB ligand trap promotes terminal erythroid differentiation and mitigates ineffective erythropoiesis in murine β-thalassemia. This agent reduces anemia, α-globin aggregates, hemolysis, and disease complications such as iron overload, splenomegaly, and bone defects.
Connective tissue disease-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension in Chinese patients
Authors: Hao Yan-Jie , Jiang Xin , Zhou Wei , Wang Yong , Gao Lan , Wang Yu , Li Guang-Tao , Hong Tao , Huo Yong , Jing Zhi-Cheng , Zhang Zhuo-Li
Published: May 2014

We sought to investigate the characteristics, survival and risk factors for mortality in Chinese patients with connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (APAH) in modern therapy era.

129 consecutive adult patients who visited one of three referral centres in China with a diagnosis of CTD-APAH confirmed by right heart catheterisation during the previous 5 years were enrolled. The end-point was all-cause death or data censoring.

Systemic lupus erythematosus was the most common underlying CTD (49%) and systemic sclerosis just accounted for 6% in this cohort. The overall survival at 1 and 3 years was 92% and 80%, respectively. Pericardial effusion, a shorter 6-min walk distance, lower mixed venous oxygen saturation, higher pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lower total cholesterol levels were all associated with a higher risk of death among the study population. Higher PVR and ALP were independent predictors of mortality.

In conclusion, unlike in western patients, systemic lupus erythematosus is the most common underlying disease in Chinese patients with CTD-APAH. The survival of Chinese patients with CTD-APAH in the modern treatment era is similar to that in western countries. Elevated PVR and ALP are independent risk factors for poor outcomes.
Exhaled nitric oxide, nitrite/nitrate levels, allergy, rhinitis and asthma in the EGEA study
Authors: Nadif Rachel , Rava Marta , Decoster Brigitte , Huyvaert Hélène , Le Moual Nicole , Bousquet Jean , Siroux Valérie , Varraso Raphaëlle , Pin Isabelle , Zerimech Farid , Matran Régis
Published: May 2014

Although interest in biomarkers in the nitrate–nitrite–NO pathway has recently increased, associations between nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−), and asthma, allergic sensitisation and rhinitis remain unclear.

The study aimed to evaluate the associations between NO2−/NO3−and exhaled fraction of nitric oxide (FeNO) levels with asthma, allergic sensitisation and rhinitis.

Plasma and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) NO2−/NO3−andFeNOlevels were measured in 523 adults of the French Epidemiological study on Genetics and Environment of Asthma. Allergic sensitisation was defined by a positive skin prick test for at least one aeroallergen. Subjects were classified as non-sensitised, sensitised and as having allergic rhinitis.

Plasma NO2−/NO3−level was unrelated to any disease phenotypes. EBC NO2−/NO3−level was unrelated to any asthma phenotypes. EBC NO2−/NO3−andFeNOlevels were correlated in sensitised subjects only (r=0.21±0.10, p=0.01). EBC NO2−/NO3−andFeNOlevels were higher in sensitised than in non-sensitised subjects (adjusted geometric mean (95% CI): 2.36 (1.96–2.84)versus1.72 (1.38–2.14) μmol per mg proteins, p=0.008; and 18.3 (16.7–20.0)versus14.8 (13.3–16.5) ppb, p=0.0006, respectively), with gradual relationships from sensitised subjects to those with allergic rhinitis (p<0.0001).

Results suggest that EBC NO2−/NO3−andFeNOlevels may be considered as biological markers of intensity of allergic sensitisation and rhinitis.
SuHx rat model: partly reversible pulmonary hypertension and progressive intima obstruction
Authors: de Raaf Michiel Alexander , Schalij Ingrid , Gomez-Arroyo Jose , Rol Nina , Happé Chris , de Man Frances S. , Vonk-Noordegraaf Anton , Westerhof Nico , Voelkel Norbert F. , Bogaard Harm Jan
Published: May 2014

The SU5416 combined with hypoxia (SuHx) rat model features angio-obliterative pulmonary hypertension resembling human pulmonary arterial hypertension. Despite increasing use of this model, a comprehensive haemodynamic characterisation in conscious rats has not been reported.

We used telemetry to characterise haemodynamic responses in SuHx rats and associated these with serial histology.

Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) increased to a mean±sdof 106±7 mmHg in response to SuHx and decreased but remained elevated at 72±8 mmHg upon return to normoxia. Hypoxia-only exposed rats showed a similar initial increase in RVSP, a lower maximum RVSP and near-normalisation of RVSP during subsequent normoxia. Progressive vascular remodelling consisted of a four-fold increase in intima thickness, while only minimal changes in media thickness were found. The circadian range in RVSP provided an accurate longitudinal estimate of vascular remodelling.

In conclusion, in SuHx rats, re-exposure to normoxia leads to a partial decrease in pulmonary artery pressure, with persisting hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodelling characterised by progressive intima obstruction.
Medical nanoparticles for next generation drug delivery to the lungs
Authors: van Rijt Sabine H. , Bein Thomas , Meiners Silke
Published: May 2014

Respiratory diseases are an increasing burden for the ageing population. Although our understanding of these diseases has improved significantly over the past decades, diagnostic and therapeutic options for treating lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer, remain limited. Multidisciplinary approaches that bridge the gap between medicinal and materials sciences will likely contribute to promising new therapeutic and diagnostic solutions. One such multidisciplinary approach is the use of nanoparticles as carriers for the delivery of drugs. The advantages of using nanoparticles to deliver drugs include: increased drug concentration at the disease site; minimised drug degradation and loss; ease of creating inhalable formulations; and the possibility of specific cell targeting. This article gives a brief overview on the emerging field of nanocarriers as drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of lung diseases.
Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Solanum lycopersicoides involves widespread transcriptional reprogramming
Authors: Smith Jonathon E , Mengesha Bemnet , Tang Hua , Mengiste Tesfaye , Bluhm Burton H
Published: May 2014

Background

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), one of the world’s most important vegetable crops, is highly susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogens such asBotrytis cinereaandAlternaria solani. Improving resistance through conventional breeding has been hampered by a shortage of resistant germplasm and difficulties in introgressing resistance into elite germplasm without linkage drag. The goal of this study was to explore natural variation among wildSolanumspecies to identify new sources of resistance to necrotrophic fungi and dissect mechanisms underlying resistance againstB. cinerea.

Results

Among eight wild species evaluated for resistance againstB. cinereaandA. solani,S. lycopersicoidesexpressed the highest levels of resistance against both pathogens. Resistance againstB. cinereamanifested as containment of pathogen growth. Through next-generation RNA sequencing andde novoassembly of theS. lycopersicoidestranscriptome, changes in gene expression were analyzed during pathogen infection. In response toB. cinerea,differentially expressed transcripts grouped into four categories: genes whose expression rapidly increased then rapidly decreased, genes whose expression rapidly increased and plateaued, genes whose expression continually increased, and genes with decreased expression. Homology-based searches also identified a limited number of highly expressedB. cinereagenes. Almost immediately after infection byB. cinerea,S. lycopersicoidessuppressed photosynthesis and metabolic processes involved in growth, energy generation, and response to stimuli, and simultaneously induced various defense-related genes, including pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1), a beta-1,3-glucanase (glucanase), and a subtilisin-like protease, indicating a shift in priority towards defense. Moreover, cluster analysis revealed novel, uncharacterized genes that may play roles in defense against necrotrophic fungal pathogens inS. lycopersicoides. The expression of orthologous defense-related genes inS. lycopersicumafter infection withB. cinerearevealed differences in the onset and intensity of induction, thus illuminating a potential mechanism explaining the increased susceptibility. Additionally, metabolic pathway analyses identified putative defense-related categories of secondary metabolites.

Conclusions

In sum, this study provided insight into resistance against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in the Solanaceae, as well as novel sequence resources forS. lycopersicoides.
Fixed point theorems on ordered vector spaces
Authors: Li Jin Lu , Zhang Cong Jun , Chen Qi Qiong
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we introduce the concept of ordered metric spaces with respect to some ordered vector spaces, which is an extension of the normal metric spaces. Then we investigate some properties of ordered metric spaces and provide several fixed point theorems. As applications we prove several existence theorems for best ordered approximation.

MSC: 46B42, 47H10, 58J20, 91A06, 91A10.
Assessment of nicotine for second hand smoke exposure in some public places in Romania by UPLC-MS
Authors: Bratan Alina , Mincea Manuela Maria , Lupşa Ioana-Rodica , Pirtea Marilen-Gabriel , Ostafe Vasile
Published: May 2014

Background

Air nicotine monitoring is a well-known procedure for estimation of exposure to second hand smoke. Few research studies were realized in Romania to evaluate environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure of humans in different public places. The levels of airborne nicotine from environmental tobacco smoke and urinary cotinine and nicotine levels of some subjects were analyzed. In order to better implement/enforce the European legislation regarding the interdiction of smoking in the public places the national authorities need a rapid and reliable analytical method to quickly asses the state of the pollution with cigarette smoke of these populated areas.

Results

The nicotine concentration in the air from different types of public buildings was determined. The median concentration of nicotine in the air from 32 pubs where the smoking was allowed was 590 ng · L-1, comparing with the pubs where the smoking was not permitted (22 locations) where the median concentration of nicotine was only 32 ng · L-1. Similarly, the median concentration of nicotine in restaurants where the smoking was allowed (23 locations) was 510 ng · L-1, in comparison with the restaurants where the smoking was prohibited (11 places) where the median value was 19 ng · L-1. The lowest concentrations of nicotine were found in high schools (8 locations, median concentration 7.4 ng · L-1), universities (5 locations, 23 ng · L-1) and hospitals (6 locations, 16 ng · L-1).

Conclusions

The method was validated and gave good linearity, precision, accuracy and limit of detection. The buildings included hospitals, high schools, universities, pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine was recorded in all buildings studied. The highest median levels of air nicotine were found in pubs and restaurants. The presence of air nicotine in indoor public buildings indicates weak implementation of the smoke free law in Romania.
Immortalization of human adipose-derived stromal cells: production of cell lines with high growth rate, mesenchymal marker expression and capability to secrete high levels of angiogenic factors
Authors: Balducci Luigi , Blasi Antonella , Saldarelli Marilisa , Soleti Antonio , Pessina Augusto , Bonomi Arianna , Coccè Valentina , Dossena Marta , Tosetti Valentina , Ceserani Valentina , Navone Stefania Elena , Falchetti Maria Laura , Parati Eugenio Agostino , Alessandri Giulio
Published: May 2014

Introduction

Human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs), due to their relative feasibility of isolation and ability to secrete large amounts of angiogenic factors, are being evaluated for regenerative medicine. However, their limited culture life span may represent an obstacle for both preclinical investigation and therapeutic use. To overcome this problem, hASCs immortalization was performed in order to obtain cells with in vitro prolonged life span but still maintain their mesenchymal marker expression and ability to secrete angiogenic factors.

Methods

hASCs were transduced with the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene alone or in combination with either SV-40 or HPV E6/E7 genes. Mesenchymal marker expression on immortalized hASCs lines was confirmed by flow cytometry (FC), differentiation potential was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and ELISA kits were used for evaluation of angiogenic factors. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene transduction was used to obtain fluorescent cells.

Results

We found that hTERT alone failed to immortalize hASCs (hASCs-T), while hTERT/SV40 (hASCs-TS) or hTERT/HPV E6/E7 (hASCs-TE) co-transductions successfully immortalized cells. Both hASCs-TS and hASCs-TE were cultured for up to one year with a population doubling level (PDL) up to 100. Comparative studies between parental not transduced (hASCs-M) and immortalized cell lines showed that both hASCs-TS and hASCs-TE maintained a mesenchymal phenotypic profile, whereas differentiation properties were reduced particularly in hASCs-TS. Interestingly, hASCs-TS and hASCs-TE showed a capability to secrete significant amount of HGF and VEGF. Furthermore, hASCs-TS and hASCs-TE did not show tumorigenic properties in vitr o although some chromosomal aberrations were detected. Finally, hASCs-TS and hASCs-TE lines were stably fluorescent upon transduction with the GFP gene.

Conclusions

Here we demonstrated, for the first time, that hASCs, upon immortalization, maintain a strong capacity to secrete potent angiogenic molecules. By combining hASCs immortalization and their paracrine characteristics, we have developed a “hybridoma-like model” of hASCs that could have potential applications for discovering and producing molecules to use in regenerative medicine (process scale-up).

In addition, due to the versatility of these fluorescent-immortalized cells, they could be employed in in vivo cell-tracking experiments, expanding their potential use in laboratory practice.