A Longitudinal Study to Assess Antidepressant Treatment Patterns and Outcomes in Individuals with Depression in the General Population
Authors: Ohayon Maurice M. , McCue Maggie , Krystal Andrew , Chrones Lambros , Touya Maelys , Lawrence Debra , Patel Sheetal , Cote Marie Lise 
Published: May 2021

Study Objectives

Depression is an important cause of disability in the United States (US). The care experience of major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly variable and has only been documented to a limited degree. This study examines the prevalence incidence and treatment patterns for MDD in the US general population.

Methods

In this longitudinal study 2 interview waves were conducted between 2002 and 2015. The initial wave (W1) was carried out with 12,218 individuals from the general population in 8 US states with participants aged 18 years or older. In the second wave (W2) 10,931 of the initial participants agreed to be interviewed again 3 years later; the analyses were carried out for individuals who participated in both interviews (N=10,931). Diagnosis of MDD was confirmed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria.

Results

The 3-year incidence of MDD was 3.4% (95% CI 3.1%–3.7%). The prevalence of MDD was 5.1% (95% CI 4.7%–5.5%) and 4.2% (95% CI 3.8%–4.6%) in W1 and W2, respectively. The percentages of participants who achieved partial and complete remission were 4.4% (95% CI 4.0%–4.8%) and 3.9% (95% CI 3.5%–4.3%) in W1 compared with 7.9% (95% CI 7.4%–8.4%) and 4.4% (95% CI 4.0%–4.8%) in W2, respectively. The prevalence of MDD was 13.4% and 16.5% in W1 and W2, respectively, when including participants with MDD partial and complete remission episodes. 61.9% of participants with an MDD diagnosis in W1 had at least one associated comorbidity. 41.8% of participants with an MDD diagnosis at W1 still reported significant depressive symptoms at W2. 19.9% of participants in partial remission and 5.5% of participants in complete remission in W1 did not achieve remission in W2. 52.2% and 42.9% of participants with MDD were treated with an antidepressant (AD) in W1 and W2, respectively; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were the most commonly prescribed (34.7% in W1 vs 28.3% in W2). ADs were mainly prescribed by primary care physicians (45.7%) followed by psychiatrists (31.4%), neurologists (2.5%), and other specialties (7.9%). The average duration of treatment was 36.9 (SE 2.4) months. More than one-third of AD users in W1 expressed dissatisfaction with their AD treatment which translated into changes in types of antidepressant in W2.

Conclusion

Depression affects a sizable part of the general population in the US with a prevalence of MDD at 13.4%–16.5%; yet MDD remains largely undertreated as shown by the finding that only about half (52%) of individuals in this study who met the diagnostic criteria for MDD were treated with an antidepressant (SSRI being the most common treatment). In addition, more than a quarter of patients with MDD in this study did not achieve remission after initial treatment underscoring the challenges in successful antidepressant treatment of MDD.

Funding

Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A. Inc. and Lundbeck LLC