bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation of the Maturín Foreland Basin, eastern Venezuela: Thrust sheet loading or subduction dynamic topography
Authors: Jácome Maria I. , Kusznir Nick , Audemard Felipe , Flint Steve
Published: September 2003

The Maturín Basin in eastern Venezuela is considered a good example of a peripheral foreland basin. Earthquake and tomographic data indicate that eastern Venezuela is affected by the oblique subduction of the South American Plate underneath the Caribbean Plate. New forward flexural isostatic modeling of eastern Venezuela has been carried out in order to determine whether the Maturín Basin was generated purely by thrust sheet loading from the Serranía and Monagas Foreland Thrust Belts. A sequence of forward models from middle Miocene to Present was generated for 3 profiles across the Serranía del Interior Thrust Belt, the Monagas Foreland Thrust Belt, and the Maturín Foreland Basin. The predictions of these models are constrained using seismic reflection and well data. The flexural isostatic modeling shows that thrust sheet loading associated with the Serranía del Interior and Monagas Foreland thrust belts is insufficient to generate the observed subsidence within the Maturín Basin. Dynamic fluid flow modeling of subduction related dynamic topography of eastern Venezuela has been used to investigate the influence of South American Plate subduction on the generation of the accommodation space observed in the Maturín Basin. Fluid flow modeling of subduction related dynamic topography suggests that the subduction of the South American lithospheric mantle caused downward deflection of the South American crust affecting the Maturín Basin and the Serranía Thrust Belt. This modeling suggests that the Maturín Basin subsidence has two components: 55% related to thrust sheet loading and 45% driven by continental subduction.
Coincident anomalies of seismic attenuation and electrical resistivity beneath the southern Bolivian Altiplano plateau
Authors: Haberland Christian , Rietbrock Andreas , Schurr Bernd , Brasse Heinrich
Published: September 2003

Reassessment of local earthquake data from the ANCORP seismological network allowed the calculation of 3D attenuation (Qp) tomographic images of crust and upper mantle beneath the southern Bolivian Altiplano around 21° S. The images reveal a low‐Qp middle and lower crust and a moderate‐Qp upper mantle beneath the southern Altiplano. Beneath the recent magmatic arc, Qp is not significantly decreased at this latitude. The distribution of crustal Qp coincides with the variation of electrical resistivity, thus limiting the possible mechanisms causing the anomalies. Our findings support the hypothesis that partial melts in middle and lower crust beneath the Altiplano are present on a large scale. We see no evidence for a shallow asthenosphere beneath the southern Altiplano.
A distribution‐free test to detect gradual changes in watershed behavior
Authors: Andréassian Vazken , Parent Eric , Michel Claude
Published: September 2003

This paper presents a distribution‐free statistical test aimed at detecting gradual changes in the hydrological behavior of watersheds. The proposed test uses a rainfall‐runoff model to identify watershed behavior over successive time periods and a resampling approach to quantify the significance of trends. The method can be applied with any model deemed suitable for the studied watershed. To assess test efficiency, we used three different case studies: An afforested agricultural watershed, a burnt‐over forested watershed, and a watershed covered by old‐growth forest. All three watersheds had a long period of rainfall and runoff records (60, 35, and 40 years, respectively), on which stationarity could be tested. The test was shown to adequately detect gradual changes, and it can therefore be useful to identify hydrological trends, wherever rainfall and streamflow time series are available.
Resolution of complex feline leukocyte antigen DRB loci by reference strand‐mediated conformational analysis (RSCA)
Authors: Kennedy L.J. , Ryvar R. , Brown J.J. , Ollier W.E.R. , Radford A.D.
Published: September 2003

Abstract:  The DRB genes of the domestic cat are highly polymorphic. Studies based on clonal sequence analysis have suggested the existence of two distinct loci within individual animals and good evidence for 24 distinct FLA‐DRB alleles. This variability, the complexity of clonal sequence analysis and its susceptibility to PCR‐induced artefacts has represented a bottleneck to further progress. In this study we have applied reference strand‐mediated conformational analysis (RSCA) to FLA‐DRB. This protocol has been shown to be highly reproducible. Using five reference strands including two derived from non‐domestic felines, we could distinguish 23 FLA‐DRB alleles. We used RSCA to explore genetic polymorphism of FLA‐DRB in 71 cats including 31 for which clonal sequence analysis was also available. On average, RSCA identified 0.9 more alleles within cats than clonal sequence analysis. Reference strand‐mediated conformational analysis was also able to identify animals containing new alleles that could be targeted for sequence analysis. Analysis of allele patterns showed clear evidence for different allele distributions between breeds of cats, and suggested the Burmese breed may have highly restricted FLA‐DRB polymorphism. Results from two families provided clear evidence for variation in the number of DRB genes on different haplotypes, with some haplotypes carrying two genes and some containing three. This study highlights the utility of RSCA for the resolution of complex amplicons containing up to six distinct alleles. A simple, rapid method for characterizing FLA‐DRB makes possible studies on vaccine response and susceptibility/resistance to viral infections, which are a significant clinical problem in cats.
New HLA haplotype frequency reference standards: High‐resolution and large sample typing of HLA DR‐DQ haplotypes in a sample of European Americans
Authors: Klitz W. , Maiers M. , Spellman S. , Baxter‐Lowe L.A. , Schmeckpeper B. , Williams T.M. , Fernandez‐Viña M.
Published: September 2003

Abstract:  A collaborative study involving a large sample of European Americans was typed for the histocompatibility loci of the HLA DR‐DQ region and subjected to intensive typing validation measures in order to accurately determine haplotype composition and frequency. The resulting tables have immediate application to HLA typing and allogeneic transplantation. The loci within the DR‐DQ region are especially valuable for such an undertaking because of their tight linkage and high linkage disequilibrium. The 3798 haplotypes, derived from 1899 unrelated individuals, had a total of 75 distinct DRB1‐DQA1‐DQB1 haplotypes. The frequency distribution of the haplotypes was right skewed with haplotypes occurring at a frequency of less than 1% numbering 59 and yet constituting less than 12% of the total sample. Given DRB1 typing, it was possible to infer the exact DQA1 and DQB1 composition of a haplotype with high confidence (>90% likelihood) in 21 of the 35 high‐resolution DRB1 alleles present in the sample. Of the DRB1 alleles without high reliability for DQ haplotype inference, only *0401, *0701 and *1302 were common, the remaining 11 DRB1 alleles constituting less than 5% of the total sample. This approach failed for the 13 serologically equivalent DR alleles in which only 33% of DQ haplotypes could be reliably inferred. The 36 DQA1‐DQB1 haplotypes present in the total sample conformed to the known pattern of permissible heterodimers. Four DQA1‐DQB1 haplotypes, all rare, are reported here for the first time. The haplotype frequency tables are suitable as a reference standard for HLA typing of the DR and DQ loci in European Americans.
HLA class I expression in bladder carcinomas
Authors: Cabrera T. , Pedrajas G. , Cozar J.M. , Garrido A. , Vicente J. , Tallada M. , Garrido F.
Published: September 2003

Abstract:  HLA class I molecules are frequently lost in a large variety of human carcinomas, possibly because of T‐cell immune selection of major histocompatibility complex class I deficient tumor variants. We report that this phenomenon is also a frequent event in bladder carcinomas. Of a total of 72 bladder carcinomas, 72% of the tumors had at least one alteration in HLA class I expression. These altered HLA class I phenotypes were classified as total HLA class I loss (25%; phenotype I); HLA‐A or/and HLA‐B locus‐specific loss (12%; phenotype III); and HLA class I allelic loss (35%; phenotype II or IV). Comparison of histopathological parameters with HLA class I expression showed a statistically significant relationship with the degree of differentiation and tumor recurrence.
Characterization of a new HLA‐C allele: Cw*1606
Authors: Mas V. , Gimferrer I. , Arias M.T. , Fabregat V. , Palou E. , Vives J. , Lozano F.
Published: September 2003

Abstract:  HLA‐Cw*16 is a relatively common HLA‐C specificity among Caucasoids, with Cw*1601 being the most frequent allele. We report herein the identification by sequence‐based typing of a new HLA‐Cw*16 allele in a Spanish Caucasoid blood donor. The novel allele, designated Cw*1606, differs from Cw*1601 by two nucleotide changes at positions 361 (T to A) and 368 (A to C) in exon 3, which leads to two amino acid changes from Trp (TGG) to Arg (AGG) and from Tyr (TAT) to Ser (TCT) at codons 97 and 99 in the α2 domain, respectively. Sequence comparisons suggest that the new HLA‐Cw*1606 variant could have arisen from an intralocus gene conversion event.
Unusual presentation of herpes virus infections in renal transplant recipients exposed to high mycophenolic acid plasma concentrations
Authors: Smak Gregoor P.J.H. , Van Gelder T. , Van Riemsdijk‐van Overbeeke I.C. , Vossen A.C.T.M. , IJzermans J.N.M. , Weimar W.
Published: September 2003

Abstract: Viral infections constitute an important problem for transplant recipients and their physicians. Often the balance between adequate and over‐immunosuppression is hard to find and therapeutic drug monitoring might be a welcome adjunct in the management of transplant patients. We report four renal transplant recipients with extra‐ordinary presentations of viral disease who were all treated with mycophenolate mofetil and in whom high mycophenolic acid (MPA) trough levels were found. High MPA levels may reflect over‐immunosuppression resulting in infectious complications.
Risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in kidney transplant recipients: a case–control study
Authors: Radisic M. , Lattes R. , Chapman J.F. , Del Carmen Rial M. , Guardia O. , Seu F. , Gutierrez P. , Goldberg J. , Casadei D.H.
Published: September 2003

Objective. To analyze risk factors for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in kidney transplant recipients.

Study design. In a case–control study, 17 PCP cases diagnosed between July 1994 and July 2000 were matched with two controls each (previous and subsequent kidney transplant recipients who did not develop PCP during the same follow‐up period). Demographics, organ origin, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches, use of poly‐ or monoclonal anti‐CD3 antibodies (Po/MoAb) for induction or rejection treatment, rejection episodes, cumulative steroid dose for rejection treatment, immunosuppressive regimens, and other infections were analyzed.

Results. No significant differences were seen in gender (male 10 vs. 15), mean age (39.7 vs. 35.4 years), organ origin (cadaver donor 13 vs. 19), HLA mismatches, or Po/MoAb use in induction treatment. Significant differences were observed in PCP cases for rejection history (P=0.02), and median and total number of rejection episodes (P=0.0018). The relative risks for PCP for 1, 2, and ≥3 rejection treatments vs. no such treatment were 1, 1.05, and 6.30, respectively (P=0.021). The relative risk for PCP for steroid‐resistant rejection was 4.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–18.89) (P=0.019), and that for the use of Po/MoAb for rejection treatment was 7.23 (95% CI, 1.28–49.34) (P=0.006). The relative risk for PCP for 0, 1, and ≥2 previous or concomitant cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection vs. no such infections were 1.0, 2.32, and 13.0, respectively (P=0.012). The relative risks for PCP for tuberculosis (TB) was 18 (95% CI, 1.76–852.03), that for bacterial pneumonia was 14.22 (95% CI, 2.16–150.23), and that for hepatitis C virus infection was 5.25 (95% CI, 1.03–28.91). Immunosuppressive regimens with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), steroids (P=0.06), and MMF as a single variable (P=0.05) were more frequently used in cases. Primary trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis failure was observed in 12 patients in association with heavy immunosuppression and concomitant infections.

Conclusions. The risk of PCP in kidney transplant recipients is related to the number and type of rejection treatments. It is also related to the occurrence of CMV infection, and to other immunomodulating infections such as TB and hepatitis C, and might also be increased with the use of newer and more potent immunosuppressive agents. Primary prophylaxis failure may occur in association with some of these risk factors.
Thrombotic microangiopathy and cytomegalovirus in liver transplant recipients: a case‐based review
Authors: Ramasubbu K. , Mullick T. , Koo A. , Hussein M. , Henderson J.M. , Mullen K.D. , Avery R.K.
Published: September 2003

Background. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare but potentially lethal complication encountered in solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, requiring rapid recognition, diagnosis, and initiation of therapy. Several potential causes have been identified in this setting, including viral infections and medications.

Methods. We report a case of TMA in a liver transplant recipient with active cytomegalovirus (CMV) gastritis. A 41‐year‐old female presented 3 months after liver transplantation with a 5‐week history of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrhea. CMV serology was donor seropositive and recipient seronegative (D+/R−). The immunosuppressive regimen consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Evaluation revealed CMV viremia with a high viral load and intravenous ganciclovir was started. A decline in hemoglobin and platelets with an increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) warranted hematologic evaluation, which revealed findings consistent with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Ganciclovir and tacrolimus were discontinued. Intravenous immunoglobulin was administered and daily plasmapheresis was initiated. As the patient's blood counts and LDH started to improve, ganciclovir was cautiously reinstituted. The patient's gastrointestinal symptoms gradually resolved and her blood counts continued to improve with prolonged plasmapheresis (a total of 23 plasmapheresis sessions). Tacrolimus and possibly CMV infection were suspected to be the cause for her TMA, and cyclosporine was substituted.

Conclusions. TMA is an important entity in the differential diagnosis of acute hemolytic anemia in liver transplant recipients. Many cases seem to be medication‐induced. However, in treatment‐resistant or relapsing cases, a possibility of concomitant CMV infection should be considered.
Enamel dissolution in citric acid as a function of calcium and phosphate concentrations and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite
Authors: Barbour Michele E. , Parker David M. , Allen Geoff C. , Jandt Klaus D.
Published: September 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate enamel dissolution in citric acid solutions as a function of solution calcium and phosphate concentrations and degree of saturation with respect to hydroxyapatite (DSHA). The primary relevance of the study is the development of soft drinks with reduced erosive potential. Nanoindentation was used to investigate changes in the hardness of polished human enamel surfaces after 120 s and 300 s exposure to solutions with pH 3.30 and a range of calcium and phosphate concentrations. All solutions were undersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite, with 0.000 ≤ DSHA ≤ 0.295. A complex dependence of enamel softening on calcium concentration was observed. Substantial enamel softening occurred in solutions with calcium concentrations equal to or less than 120 mm (DSHA ≈ 0.104), but there was little or no statistically significant softening of the enamel for calcium concentrations over 120 mm. This condition may be applicable to soft drink formulation. Furthermore, solutions with DSHA = 0.101 and different calcium/phosphate ratios resulted in different degrees of softening of the enamel. Hence, contrary to assumptions made in many models, enamel dissolution is not simply a function of DSHA, and individual calcium and phosphate concentrations are critical.
Resin–enamel bonds made with self‐etching primers on ground enamel
Authors: Hashimoto Masanori , Ohno Hiroki , Yoshida Eiji , Hori Minoru , Sano Hidehiko , Kaga Masayuki , Oguchi Haruhisa
Published: September 2003

Self‐etching primer adhesives have recently been introduced to simplify bonding. However, the fundamental bonding mechanism of self‐etching primers to enamel is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to investigate resin–enamel bonds of self‐etching primer adhesives on ground enamel. Two self‐etching primer adhesives (Clearfil Liner Bond 2 V and Clearfil SE Bond) were used in this study. A total‐etch adhesive (One‐Step) was used as a control. Resin–enamel beams were subjected to the microtensile bond test. Subsequently, the failure modes of all specimens were quantified using image analysis. Undemineralized and demineralized ultrathin sections of the resin–enamel bonded specimens were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The bond strengths of Clearfil SE Bond (39.8 ± 11.9 MPa) and One‐Step (46.2 ± 12.7 MPa) were significantly greater than that of Clearfil Liner Bond 2V (30.4 ± 6.2 MPa). Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces revealed the failure direction and weakest portion within each bond. Transmission electron microscopy showed a thin hybridized complex of resin in enamel produced by the self‐etching primers without the usual micrometer‐sized resin tags seen in resin–enamel bonds produced using the total‐etch adhesive. The morphological features of the resin–enamel bonds produced by two self‐etching primers tested were different from that created with the total‐etch adhesive.
Inhibition of orally produced volatile sulfur compounds by zinc, chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride – effect of concentration
Authors: Young Alix , Jonski Grazyna , Rölla Gunnar
Published: September 2003

Zinc ions, chlorhexidine (CHX) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are all known to inhibit production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs). The objective was to examine the anti‐VSC dose–response effects of each of the above agents. Oral malodor was induced in 13 test subjects using the cysteine challenge method. The oral VSC response to rinses with 6 mm l‐cysteine (pH 7.2) before and 1, 2 and 3 h after rinsing with zinc ions (Zn2+: 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0%), CHX and CPC (0.025 and 0.2%) was measured. Mouth air was analysed for VSC by gas chromatography (GC) according to current methodology. Zinc had a marked dose‐ and time‐dependent anti‐VSC effect. Zinc at 1% concentration had a somewhat unpleasant taste, whereas the lowest concentration was found acceptable. Chlorhexidine maintained a moderate anti‐VSC effect over time. At 3 h, 0.2% CHX was the most effective agent but tasted relatively unpleasant. Cetylpyridinium at a concentration of 0.2% was only marginally more effective than 0.025% CHX over the 3 h, while 0.025% CPC had no better anti‐VSC effect than water at both 2 h and 3 h. It was concluded that the three test agents demonstrated different anti‐VSC kinetics. Although Zn had the best anti‐VSC effect at 1 h, 0.2% CHX was at least as effective as 1% Zn at 3 h, most likely as a result of its unique substantivity.
Ultrastructural and histochemical examination of alveolar bone at the pressure areas of rat molars submitted to continuous orthodontic force
Authors: Bonafe‐Oliveira Lucienne , Faltin Rolf M. , Arana‐Chavez Victor E.
Published: September 2003

It is usually believed that repair in alveolar bone during orthodontic movement occurs after decreasing of force. However, we have recently observed signs of repair in previously resorbed cementum from human teeth exposed to continuous forces. In order to test the hypothesis that bone resorption and deposition occur concomitantly at the pressure areas, a continuous 15 cN force was applied in a buccal direction to upper first molars from eight 2.5‐month‐old male Wistar rats for 3 d (n = 4) and 7 d (n = 4). As a control, two additional rats did not have their molars moved. Maxillae were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde + 2.5% formaldehyde, under microwave irradiation, decalcified in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and processed for transmission electron microscopy. Specimens from one rat from each group were processed for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry. At both the times studied, the alveolar bone surface at the pressure areas showed numerous TRAP‐positive osteoclasts, which were apposed to resorption lacunae. In addition, osteoblasts with numerous synthesis organelles were present in the neighboring areas overlying an organic matrix. Thus, this study provides evidence that the application of continuous forces produces concomitant bone resorption and formation at the pressure areas in rat molars.
Molecular basis of non‐syndromic tooth agenesis: mutations of MSX1 and PAX9 reflect their role in patterning human dentition
Authors: Mostowska Adrianna , Kobielak Agnieszka , Trzeciak Wieslaw H.
Published: September 2003

Tooth agenesis constitutes the most common anomalies of dental development in man. Despite this, little is known about the genetic defects responsible for this complex condition. To date, the only genes associated with the non‐syndromic form of tooth agenesis are MSX1 and PAX9, which encode transcription factors that play a critical role during tooth development. This paper aims to review current literature about the molecular mechanisms responsible for selective tooth agenesis in humans.
Adsorption from black tea and red wine onto in vitro salivary pellicles studied by ellipsometry
Authors: Joiner Andrew , Muller Dries , Elofsson Ulla M. , Malmsten Martin , Arnebrant Thomas
Published: September 2003

The adsorption of black tea and red wine components onto a pellicle‐like protein layer formed in vitro by adsorption from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs were studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea readily adsorbed to the pellicle. Subsequent exposure to saliva led to further adsorption of salivary components to give an overall increase in the amounts adsorbed. The amounts adsorbed increased still further following a third tea and saliva exposure. Components of red wine gave significantly greater amounts of adsorption to the pellicle than black tea. The adsorption of components of black tea gave a concomitant increase in colour or stain as measured by a reflectance chromameter. In all cases, the black tea‐ and red wine‐modified pellicles were not eluted by either phosphate buffer or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) rinses. Thus, black tea and red wine components have been shown to have a profound effect on in vitro pellicle maturation, causing thickened layers of stained material to build up, which are not readily removed.
Abrasive wear on eroded root dentine after different periods of exposure to saliva in situ
Authors: Hara Anderson Takeo , Pedroso Turssi Cecilia , Teixeira Érica Capelletto Nogueira , Serra Mônica Campos , Cury Jaime Aparecido
Published: September 2003

The effect of salivary exposure time on the abrasive wear of acid‐eroded dentine was evaluated in situ. One‐hundred and twenty bovine root dentine slabs were randomly assigned into six groups (A–F) and placed in intraoral palatal devices, which were worn by 10 volunteers for 4 d. On the first day, no erosive/abrasive procedures were carried out. On the following 3 d, erosive challenges were performed extraorally, two times per day, by immersing the device for 90 s in a soft drink. Subsequently, the group A specimens were immediately brushed (40 strokes), and the others were brushed after the following times: B, 20 min; C, 40 min; and D, 60 min. Group E specimens were only acid‐eroded and those of group F were only brushed. Dentine wear was measured with a profilometer. anova and Dunnett's test showed that groups A–D did not differ statistically from the control group E but differed from the control group F. The lowest mean value was found for group F. Regression analysis was unable to show salivary effect on dentine wear reduction. The data suggest that the exposure time of saliva of up to 60 min has no effect on reducing the eroded dentine wear by toothbrushing.
Andromaque's choice
Authors: Tobin Ronald W.
Published: September 2003

The pivotal moment in Racine's Andromaque occurs when Andromaque announces her ‘innocent stratagème’ calculated to save her honour and Astyanax. Although her choice of self over son reveals her priorities, this is not the conclusion of the vast majority of critics who, for over 200 years, have made Andromaque the object of a form of cultural protectionism. It is time to put an end to an ill‐conceived myth that has become tradition: the moral perfection of the title character. This myth impoverishes the complexity of Racine's first great female figure, and by extension, the truth of his vision of humanity in his ‘tradition‐breaking’ tragedy.
Biography Matters: Carol Shields, Mary Swann, A. S. Byatt, Possession, Deborah Crombie, Dreaming of the Bones
Authors: Hansson Heidi
Published: September 2003

The interest in life writing in recent years has led to an awareness of the close connections between biographical and fictional writing, which in turn has made the art of biography an important theme in contemporary fiction influenced by feminism, New Historicism and poststructuralism. The main issue in works like A. S. Byatt's Possession, Carol Shields's Mary Swann and Deborah Crombie's Dreaming of the Bones is to what extent a biography can be trusted to tell the truth of someone's life, and how far it is compromised by the biographer's motives. Works like these can be said to stand in a metaphorical relationship to the genre of biography, drawing attention to the epistemological problems of biography‐writing by emphasising the slippage between fiction and biography. Yet, while these novels continually question the veracity of biographical evidence, they also make clear that biography is of vital importance for our understanding of literature.
Ästhetisches Bild und Christliche Mystik im Cántico espiritual des San Juans de la Cruz
Authors: Kluge Sofie
Published: September 2003

In diesem Zusammenhang werde ich, von dem Cántico espiritual des San Juans de la Cruz (1577) ausgehend und zentrale rezeptionsgeschichtliche Probleme einbeziehend, den mystischen Bildbegriff untersuchen. Auf der einen Seite bildet San Juans selbstständige Interpretation des biblischen Hohenliedes mit ihrem farbigen Bilderreichtum einen ausgezeichneten Ausgangspunkt für die Diskussion des komplizierten Verhältnisses zwischen dem Profanen und dem Heiligen, das sich in dem grundlegenden Schisma der San Juan‐Rezeption spiegelt; auf der anderen Seite ist das Problem der Funktion des ästhetischen Bildes im Fall Cántico besonders aktuell, weil San Juan sich bewußt in eine lange christliche Tradition, Hohelied‐Auslegung mit bildtheoretischer Diskussion zu verbinden, einschreibt.

Eine Untersuchung der Anatomie und Funktion des ästhetischen Bildes in der mystichen Dichtung des San Juans de la Cruz macht somit den übergeordneten Rahmen meiner Interpretation und Diskussion des Cántico espiritual mit dazugehörigen Prosakommentaren aus. Weil der Cántico espiritual als mysticher Text behauptet, er beschreibe eine paranormale Erfahrung (die unio mystica als intenses Gotteserlebnis), ist es relevant, die literarische Repräsentation genauer zu untersuchen und u.a. einzuschätzen, ob man die mystische Liebesdichtung des San Juans notwendigerweise im Rahmen einer Symbolästhetik verstehen muß, so wie die Majorität der profanen Interpreten behauptet. Der mystiche Text treibt irgendwie die Frage der Repräsentation auf die Spitze, und fordert eine Reflexion der Bild‐ oder Repräsentations problematik, die meiner Meinung nach ganz zentral für das Verständnis des komplizierten Verhältnisses zwischen dem Profanen und dem Heiligen als thematisches Problem und der Emblem‐artigen Dualität von Bild und Schrift als formales Problem ist.
Variability among Males in Sexually Selected Attributes
Authors: Archer John , Mehdikhani Mani
Published: September 2003

Greater male than female variability is found in behavioral and morphological traits in animals. A theory that greater male variability is associated with variability in parental investment is described and contrasted with sexual strategies theory, which posits no sex differences in variability. Predictions from the theories were tested through meta-analyses of variance ratios for data sets involving sexually selected characteristics (physical aggression and 5 aspects of mate choice) and 2 unlikely to have resulted from sexual selection (anger and self-esteem). Variation was significantly greater among men than women in 5 of the 6 former data sets and was similar for men and women in the latter 2 data sets, broadly supporting the predictions. A further analysis extends the theory to intellectual abilities.
Language use as Social Strategy: A Review and an Analytic Framework for the Social Sciences
Authors: Guerin Bernard
Published: September 2003

Language use as a social strategy is reviewed and a new interdisciplinary taxonomy developed. Four categories are suggested for using language: to get people to do things, to get people to say things, to keep people's attention, and to maintain social relationships. Within these categories, all of the discourse and conversational analysis literatures are reviewed, allowing a common framework within which to make more systematic analyses. Reinterpretations of psychological theories are suggested, and fresh avenues for interdisciplinary research are created. A major imperative from the review is that some form of ethnographic data collection is needed for all analyses of conversations and texts to incorporate more of the social, economic, historical, and cultural contexts into both our observations and theorizing.
Histochemical properties of skeletal muscles in Japanese cattle and their meat production ability
Authors: GOTOH Takafumi
Published: September 2003

The compositional characteristics of the three basic types of myofiber, namely type I (slow‐twitch oxidative), type IIA (fast‐twitch oxidative glycolytic) and type IIB (fast‐twitch glycolytic), are clarified in the skeletal muscles of Japanese Black cattle. The myofiber composition, which is characteristic of the muscles of Japanese Black cattle, markedly changes during their growth, when some type IIA myofibers are transformed into type I or IIB, depending on the different muscles. Independent of these changes with growth, inter‐ and intramuscular variations of myofiber type distribution is evident. The small extensor muscles in deep regions around bone contain a lot of type I myofibers, whereas the large muscles at surface regions have many type II myofibers. Japanese Black cattle have typical white muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Semitendinosus, containing half the myofibers as red (type I + IIA). The muscles of Japanese Black cattle show a tendency to contain a higher percentage of type I myofibers than other breeds over an intrabreed variation of the myofiber type composition. In the big muscles such as the Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris, a great diversity of myofiber type composition is observed among the different regions. When fattened, heifers produce Longissimus thoracis and Biceps femoris muscles of smaller weight than steers, but in heifers the myofiber size in each type is rather larger. In the Psoas major, Vastus lateralis and Serratus ventralis muscles, heifers contain a higher frequency of red (type I + IIA) myofibers with no differences in myofiber size. Among the several muscles of fattened Japanese Black steers, the percentage distribution of type I myofibers has a positive correlation with the percentage amount of intramuscular fat. From these results, the high potential of Japanese Black cattle to produce marbled beef could be based on the histochemical properties of myofibers in their skeletal muscles.
Direct enzyme immunoassay of progesterone in bovine plasma
Authors: ISOBE Naoki , NAKAO Toshihiko
Published: September 2003

The present study was undertaken to develop a novel, practical and simple procedure for enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of plasma progesterone in cows. Diluted plasma was heated for 70°C for 30 min and applied directly to wells of a microtitre plate without extraction. Then plasma was incubated with antiprogesterone antibody and horseradish peroxidase‐labeled progesterone. The sensitivity of the assay was estimated as 4.4 pg/mL (0.11 pg/well). The intra‐assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.7–19.1% and 6.6–19.3%, respectively. When 0.3, 1 and 3 ng of progesterone were added to plasma, the recovery rates ranged between 79.9 and 108.4%. Only 4 h were needed to complete an assay to measure progesterone concentration. To apply the present direct EIA, progesterone concentration in plasma was assayed in crossbred cows used for the embryo transfer program. During insertion of controlled‐internal drug release (CIDR), progesterone concentrations were kept at a high level, although the removal of CIDR with treatment of dinoprost trometamine reduced progesterone concentration drastically. These results suggest that the present direct EIA is a practical and suitable method for measuring the plasma concentration of progesterone.
Differential characteristics of microfold cells on the dome epithelium of porcine ileum
Authors: KIDO Taketomo , OHWADA Shyuichi , WATANABE Kouichi , ASO Hisashi , YAMAGUCHI Takahiro
Published: September 2003

The monospecific antibody directed against cytokeratin 18 consistently immunostained microfold cells (M‐cells) in the ileum epithelium of pigs. In adult pigs, M‐cells were numerously distributed in the dome epithelium overlying Peyer's patches, especially in the crypt epithelium to the lower dome epithelium. The M‐cells presented in the crypt epithelium were mostly columnar in shape and showed a gradual transition from columnar cells to pocket‐like cells as they drew near the lower dome epithelium. In contrast, the M‐cells that were sporadically located in the villus epithelium were all columnar and similar to enterocytes in shape. In newborn pigs, a few M‐cells were observed only in the infant dome epithelium, which were all columnar resembling the enterocytes. Of the 19 lectins used, the dome epithelial cells were selectively stained by lectins from Ulex europaeus‐I and Anguuilla anguilla. Especially, the M‐cells were stained by lectin from Anguuilla anguilla although the intensity varied on individual pigs. Lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria were well developed in the adults compared to these in the newborns, and lymphoid cells were more populated in the lower part than the upper part of the dome. The present results provide available information to understand the differentiation and functional heterogeneity of porcine M‐cells.
Nucleotide sequence of myostatin gene and its developmental expression in skeletal muscles of Japanese Black cattle
Authors: SHIBATA Masahiro , OHSHIMA Kazunaga , KOJIMA Takatoshi , MURAMOTO Takayuki , MATSUMOTO Kazunori , KOMATSU Masanori , AIKAWA Katsuhiro , FUJIMURA Shinobu , KADOWAKI Motoni
Published: September 2003

Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily, is a well known negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. In the present study, the 6660 bp nucleotide sequence of the myostatin gene in Japanese Black cattle (JBC), including the entire coding region of 1128 bp, was determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of JBC was well conserved with its sequence of other cattle, although it was found that an Α→G transition at nucleotide position 641 results in the substitution of asparagine by serine at amino acid position 214. In order to examine the expression pattern of the myostatin gene in the skeletal muscles of JBC, its expression in three skeletal muscles, Semitendinosus (ST) muscle, Biceps femoris muscle and Longissimus lumborum muscle, of fetal and calf stages was analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction. The highest level of the myostatin expression was observed in the fetal stage. In calf stages the highest expression was observed in ST muscle compared with the other two muscles. These results suggest that a higher expression of myostatin gene, especially in the fetal stage and in ST muscle during calf stages, is involved in the arrest in skeletal muscle growth and that its functional domains and genomic structure in JBC are well conserved with those in other mammals.
Longitudinal patterns of invertebrates in the hyporheic zone of a glacial river
Authors: Malard F. , Galassi D. , Lafont M. , Dolédec Sylvain , Ward J.V.
Published: September 2003

1. Longitudinal changes in physicochemical factors and the composition of the invertebrate community were examined in the hyporheic zone of a glacial river (Val Roseg, Switzerland) over a distance of 11 km from the glacier terminus. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the habitat preferences of taxa along an upstream‐downstream gradient of increasing temperature and groundwater contribution to river flow.

2. The hyporheos conformed to the longitudinal distribution model described for zoobenthic communities of glacial rivers in that taxonomic richness increased with distance from the glacier terminus. Spatial variation in taxonomic richness was best explained by temperature, the influence of groundwater, and the amount of organic matter. The overriding importance of these variables on the distribution of taxa was confirmed by the multivariate analysis.

3. The hyporheic zone contributed significantly to the overall biodiversity of the Roseg River. Whereas insect larvae were predominant in the benthos, hyporheic invertebrates were dominated by taxa belonging to the true groundwater fauna and the permanent hyporheos. Several permanently aquatic taxa (e.g. Nematoda, Ostracoda, Cyclopoida, Harpacticoida, Oligochaeta) appeared exclusively in the hyporheic zone or they extended farther upstream in the hyporheic layer than in the benthic layer. Leuctridae, Nemouridae, and Heptageniidae colonised hyporheic sediments where maximum water temperature was only 4 °C.

4. Despite strong seasonal changes in river discharge and physicochemistry in hyporheic water, the density and distribution of the hyporheos varied little over time.

5. Taxonomic richness increased markedly in the downstream part of a floodplain reach with an extensive upwelling zone. Upwelling groundwater not only maintained a permanent flow of water but also created several species‐rich habitats that added many species to the community of the main channel.
Effects of episodic acidification on macroinvertebrate assemblages in Swiss Alpine streams
Authors: Lepori F. , Barbieri A. , Ormerod S. J.
Published: September 2003

1. Despite long‐standing ecotoxicological evidence that episodes of acidification in streams are important biologically, there is still uncertainty about their effects on invertebrate communities. We surveyed 20 streams in an acid sensitive Alpine area (Canton Ticino, Switzerland), where episodes are driven by snowmelt in spring and by rainstorms at other times of the year. Samples of water and macroinvertebrates were collected in pre‐event conditions (winter and summer) and during periods of high flow (spring and autumn).

2. Using pH, [Ca2+] and [Aln+], streams were clustered into six acid–base groups that were either well buffered (groups 4–6), soft‐water with stable pH (group 3), or poorly buffered with low pH at high flow (groups 1 and 2).

3. Severe episodes occurred during snowmelt, when the group 1 streams became acidic with pH down to 5.0 and [Aln+] up to 140 μg L−1. pH declined to 6.2 in streams of group 2, but remained > 6.6 in groups 3–6.

4. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis showed that the streams sensitive to episodes (groups 1 and 2) had different invertebrate assemblages from well‐buffered sites (groups 4 and 5) or soft‐water stable streams (group 3), with faunal differences largest following spring snowmelt. Empididae,Isoperla rivulorum,Rhithrogenaspp. andBaetisspp. were scarce in streams sensitive to episodes (groups 1 and 2). By contrast,Amphinemura sulcicolliswas scarcer in hard‐water streams (groups 4–6). Taxonomic richness was lower in the episodic streams of group 1 than in other streams.

5. Together, these results indicate clear biological differences between acid‐sensitive streams with similar low‐flow chemistry but contrasting episode chemistry. Severe episodes of acidification appear to affect macroinvertebrate assemblages in streams in the southern Swiss Alps.
Success and failure in a lotic crayfish invasion: the roles of hydrologic variability and habitat alteration
Authors: Light Theo
Published: September 2003

1. This paper examines the distribution, habitat relationships, and potential for spread of non‐native signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) in streams of the Truckee River catchment, California, U.S.A. Crayfish associations with natural features and with impoundments and flow alteration were examined in a survey of 33 streams. Abundance changes were followed over 5 years, which included some of the highest and lowest flows on record, in three streams, two unregulated and one regulated. Movement of marked crayfish was studied in one 0.5 km stream reach just upstream from a reservoir.

2. Signal crayfish were most abundant in low‐gradient streams and were positively associated with proximity to reservoirs (both upstream and downstream). Crayfish were more likely to be found in regulated than unregulated sites, and did not occur in sites upstream of barriers, such as culverts, that separated them from reservoirs or lakes.

3. Crayfish declined in abundance in years following particularly intense and prolonged wet‐season spates, leading to a negative association between crayfish abundance and both peak discharge and duration of bankfull flows.

4. Crayfish moved distances of up to 277 m, and at rates of up to 120 m day−1, suggesting significant dispersal ability. Larger crayfish moved greater distances and were more likely to move downstream. Female crayfish showed a pattern of upstream movement in early summer and downstream movement late in the summer, opposite the pattern found in two other studies.

5. These results suggest that natural or artificial gradient barriers and, in regulated systems, management of flow regimes to include bankfull or greater flows may help to control invasive crayfish in streams.
The net result: evaluating species richness extrapolation techniques for littoral pond invertebrates
Authors: Foggo Andrew , Rundle Simon D. , Bilton David T.
Published: September 2003

1. Total species richness for an assemblage or site is a valuable measure in conservation monitoring and assessment, but protocols for sampling and species richness determination in wetland habitats such as ponds, bogs or mires remain largely unrefined.

2. Techniques for estimation of total richness of an assemblage based upon replicated sampling offer the opportunity to derive useful estimates of total richness based upon small numbers of samples, and limit sampling‐derived disturbance which can be particularly problematic in small aquatic habitats.

3. We quantified the performance of eight of the most commonly encountered estimators of species richness for a variety of littoral zone macrofauna from ponds, comparing estimated richness to maximum richness derived from sampling.

4. Estimates using non‐parametric techniques based on species incidence provided the most accurate and precise estimates. The estimators Chao 2 and incidence‐based coverage estimator (ICE) from this category were reliable and consistent slight over‐estimators; the abundance‐based estimator Chao1 also performed well.

5. Species inventory based on relatively small numbers of samples might be significantly improved by use of non‐parametric estimators for quantification of species richness.

6. Use of non‐parametric estimators of species richness can assist biodiversity inventory by preventing erroneous rankings of habitat richness based upon observed species numbers from limited sampling.
Seasonal variation in diel activity and microhabitat use of an endemic New Zealand stream‐dwelling galaxiid fish
Authors: David Bruno O. , Closs Gerard P.
Published: September 2003

1. Seasonal variation in microhabitat use and activity of 14 giant kokopu Galaxias argenteus, a drift‐feeding galaxiid fish, was compared using radiotelemetry.

2. During winter giant kokopu predominantly used low velocities and intermediate depths by night and day. Activity recorded during 24 and 72 h periods indicated that fish were consistently active at night and inactive during the day. Activity data corresponded with point‐in‐time habitat use data, both of which indicated that fish were concealed amongst cover during the day and used open water habitats at night.

3. During summer, giant kokopu used higher water velocities, shallower depths and coarser substrata, particularly at night but also occasionally during the day relative to winter. Giant kokopu were active by both day and night in summer, although periods of activity were less defined and less predictable than during winter.

4. Adults used predictable home reaches at base‐flow, with most individuals repeatedly using of one or two cover locations within their ‘home’ reach. Reaches used by fish were relatively short (rarely exceeding 26 m) irrespective of season and always included a single pool‐riffle sequence.

5. Diel and seasonal behaviour of giant kokopu was generally comparable with that exhibited by other drift feeding fish species in small temperate streams. However, the nocturnal activity of giant kokopu contrasts with activity patterns in various salmonids, indicating that the impact of predation by different drift feeding fish may vary considerably.