bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Evaluated Self-Esteem, Peer-Evaluated Self-Esteem, and Defensive Egotism as Predictors of Adolescents’ Participation in Bullying Situations
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Kaukiainen Ari , Kaistaniemi Leena , Lagerspetz Kirsti M. J.
Published: June 2007

Three dimensions of self-esteem (SE) (self-evaluated, peer-evaluated, defensive egotism) were related to each other and to adolescents’ social behavior. In addition to exploring links between single variables, five SE profiles were formed by means of a cluster analysis and connected to adolescents’ behavior in situations of bullying. Self-and peer-evaluated SEs were significantly correlated, whereas defensive egotism was not connected to either self-or peer-evaluated SE. Adolescents’ SE profiles were associated with their behavior in bullying situations; these connections were stronger among boys than among girls. Bullying others and assisting or reinforcing the bully were typical of adolescents with so-called defensive SE. Defending the victims of bullying was typical of adolescents with genuine high SE. Being victimized by peers was most typical of adolescents with low SE and, among girls, of those in the cluster thed authors named “humble pride.” The social behavior of so-called self-belittlers did not clearly distinguish them from the other groups.
The Politics of Global Media Reform, 1907–23
Authors: Pike Robert , Winseck Dwayne
Published: June 2007

In contrast to contemporary discussions of globalization and the rise of the global media that see these as fundamentally new phenomena, recent research suggests that the rise of the global media system can be traced back to a period between, roughly, the 1860s and 1920s. During this era the outlines of a global media system became apparent as a worldwide network of cable communications arose to support international markets, the expansion of global news agencies such as Reuters and Associated Press and, of course, colonialism. This article explores the era between 1907 and 1923, a second moment in long-standing efforts to change the way the global media system of the time was owned, regulated and used. This period followed an earlier one stretching from the 1880s to around 1902, and was anchored in three key issues: the critique of cable cartels, advocacy of state-owned cables and efforts to secure cheap rates. The politics of global media reform between 1907 and 1923 paralleled some aspects of the first period, as well as being distinguished from it, on the basis of a half dozen key themes: (1) debates over cable cartels and press/news agency monopolies; (2) continued, but weaker, advocacy of state-owned cables; (3) attempts to extend national regulatory authority to the global plane; (4) efforts to secure ‘cheap rates’ so that cable communications and telegraphy could become means of mass communication; (5) efforts to challenge cable cartels through radio before this ‘new medium’ succumbed to the idea that it would largely develop as an adjunct of cables and as part of the strategic arsenal of empire; and (6) the formalization of US global communication policy under the rubric of Wilsonian ‘internationalism’ linked to abortive efforts to establish a robust League of Nations.
The East Asian Model of Economic Development and Developing Countries
Authors: Park Jong H.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the debate on the East Asian model of economic development in light of the different approaches undertaken by different groups of countries (economies) in Northeast Asia and Southeast Asia. The common strengths and weaknesses shared by the East Asian countries (economies) have helped to reinforce the misconception that there is a single East Asian model of economic development. There are, however, significant differences in economic structures as well as development experiences among the East Asian economies, especially between the economic development paradigms of Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia. Nonetheless, one single common thread underlies the differences in development strategies and experiences among the East Asian economies—the role of the government. The governments of East Asia have recognized the limitations of markets (or market failures) in the allocation of scarce resources in the economy, and have used government interventions to promote economic development. The recent Asian crisis hardly signifies the end of the so-called East Asian model of economic development.
Nations without Nationalism: Ethno-Political Theory and the Demise of the Nation-State
Authors: King Lamont Dehaven
Published: June 2007

This paper examines the relationship between the ethnic group, the nation, and the state. In addition to the analysis of related concepts such as modes of production and world-systems theory, it uses examples from precolonial Northern Nigeria to emphasize how multi-ethnic states existed in Africa prior to the development of global capitalism and the imposition of the colonial state. In so doing, it challenges the standard notion that the nation-state first emerged in Europe after the French Revolution. Instead, it offers a conceptualization of patriotism as identification with the state, which is distinct from nationalism and it also suggests areas of research in which this conceptualization of patriotism might be fruitfully applied.
The FTAA: Health Hazard for the Americas?
Authors: Shaffer Ellen R. , Brenner Joseph E. , Yamin Alicia Ely
Published: June 2007

This article analyzes how the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) would likely exacerbate critical threats to health in the Americas, from the perspectives of public health and human rights. These threats include crises in access to health care, water, and other vital human services; reemerging but preventable fatal diseases; the advance of AIDS; and biohazards. Disparities in power, wealth, health spending, and infant mortality, that undermine equity between and within nations, are documented and analyzed. A case study from Peru proposes that further market liberalization would widen inequalities in health and health care. Major arguments for and against trade liberalization in health care are presented. Under the FTAA, countries’ domestic regulations, including those proven effective in advancing and protecting public health, could be challenged in international trade tribunals as unnecessary barriers to trade. Assigning regulatory decisions to trade tribunals violates the democratic obligations and rights of local, state, and national elected officials to protect public health. Addressing health crises is a high priority for the Americas and requires effective, cooperative international efforts.
Popular Resistance to Globalization and Neoliberalism in Latin America
Authors: Harris Richard L.
Published: June 2007

Popular resistance to globalization and neoliberalism in Latin America is extensive and has been increasing both in scale and intensity. The polyarchic neoliberal regimes in Latin America have responded to this increasing popular resistance by relying on two types of measures: (1) tactical measures aimed at suppressing eruptions of popular resistance; and (2) more strategic measures aimed at preventing or at least maintaining within manageable limits the growing resistance to their policies. The United States Government and the main international financial institutions operating in the region have played a major role in both developing the second type of measures and assisting most of the Latin American governments to implement these measures. This essay examines the increasing popular resistance to neoliberal policies and capitalist globalization in Latin America; the responses of the existing neoliberal regimes and their backers to this increasing resistance; and the alternatives to polyarchy, neoliberalism and capitalist globalization that are emerging in the region.
Entering Cuba’s Other Playing Field
Authors: Burgos Adrian
Published: June 2007

The development of Cuban professional baseball illuminates some of the contradictions between the discourse of a nonracial national identity and the lived experience of Afro Cubans. Unlike its amateur ranks, Cuban professional baseball had a long history as an integrated institution. On closer examination, it becomes clearer that race remained an issue. The formation of Afro Cuban baseball clubs in the late 1880s reflected the reality that Afro Cubans had to form their own social institutions to negotiate the time’s racial thinking. Their actions, however, produced lingering complaints. At various junctures between 1887 and 1912, critics assailed Afro Cubans for putting race (and not nation) first, thereby allegedly breaking the social compact forged by Cuban baseball pioneers.
Making Sport Of Tonya
Authors: Foote Stephanie
Published: June 2007

From their initial coverage of her as she first established a reputation as a skater to the deluge of media attention following the attack on Nancy Kerrigan, journalists have shared two narrative strategies for analyzing Tonya Harding. First, they focus relentlessly on what they consider to be the crisis of her working-class childhood, and second, they argue that no one has adequately considered the role of class in Harding’s life. This article looks closely at the way Tonya Harding has been figured by the press as the nexus of various scripts about the relationship between class and identity. As the author shall show, Harding fascinates the media because she does not conform to an easy role in the morality play about hard work and social ambition. Harding thwarts expectations about what good working-class girls should want and should do, and she crystallizes the public’s endless appetite for thinking about class and class distinctions. At the same time, the author shall argue that Harding’s departures from conventional class scripts reveal the limitations of analyses that attempt to take seriously the relationship between class and other elements of identity such as gender and race, as well as those that understand the more intangible ways that class is lived and experienced by social actors.
Silence, Sports Bras, And Wrestling Porn
Authors: Messner Michael A. , Duncan Margaret Carlisle , Cooky Cheryl
Published: June 2007

This study of televised sports news on three network affiliates and ESPN’s SportsCenter extends and expands on earlier studies in 1990 and 1994 to examine the quality and quantity of televised coverage of women’s sports.The dominant finding over the decade spanned by the three studies is the lack of change. Women’s sports are still “missing in action” on the nightly news, and are even less visible on SportsCenter. Textual analysis revealed some change over the decade, but mostly showed continued gender asymmetries in televised sports news and highlight shows: (a) the choice to devote a considerable proportion of the already-thin coverage of women’s sports to humorous feature stories on nonserious women’s sports, and (b) the (often humorous) sexual objectification of athlete women and nonathlete women. The authors conclude with a discussion of how and why television has continued to cautiously follow, rather than lead or promote, the growth in girls’ and women’s sports.
Social Exclusion from High-Performance Sport
Authors: Collins Michael F. , Buller James R.
Published: June 2007

The article is a case-study approach examining social exclusion in high-performance youth sport to see whether all talented young sports people in England have an equal opportunity to reach the Olympic Podium. The scheme studied was “Performance Resources” (PR), an initiative across Nottinghamshire, a local authority with a long history of active support for sport. Over 70 telephone interviews and a social need analysis of all past participants (N = 319) highlighted that PR as a route to improving children's sport performances was judged a resounding success. However, using social need as a surrogate for socioeconomic status, the article concludes that the majority of participants were from middle class and relatively affluent households, and there were disproportionately few from lower classes and deprived groups and areas. More direct “social marketing” with such children and their parents is needed to break the barriers.
The Home Advantage Revisited
Authors: Smith D. Randall
Published: June 2007

Home teams win over 50% of sporting contests. The sociological appeal of this is the assumption that home advantages are partly the result of the support fans provide, with the collective inspiring teams to performances above normal achievements. Recent changes in professional sports suggest that home support may not be as strong as once expected as structural conditions producing the home advantage have shifted. Distancing of players from fans via free agency and rapid salary escalation, coupled with marketing designed to create national publics, can produce declines in the home advantage. Levels of home advantage have decreased over 20 years, and now, an increase in crowd size reduces the home team's chances of winning. Teams can still garner support from home crowds, but professional sports are less likely to be representations for local communities; the social bases of the home advantage have been eroded by economic forces and league marketing.
Reactions of Hospital Staff Nurses to Recruitment Incentives
Authors: Mantler Janet , Armstrong-Stassen Marjorie , Horsburgh Martha E. , Cameron Sheila J.
Published: June 2007

In response to the nursing shortage, many hospitals offer sign-on bonuses to attract nurses. There are anecdotal reports that the use of such incentives negatively affects staff nurse morale. The present study is the first to empirically examine the reactions of staff nurses who have not received sign-on bonuses. Most of the 800 surveyed nurses were not opposed to the use of incentives, but almost all were concerned about the potential for negative impact on retention. Compared to nurses working in hospitals that did not offer sign-on bonuses, nurses working in hospitals that offer sign-on bonuses reported higher levels of anger and lower levels of optimism. Greater anger and less optimism were associated with a reduced sense of distributive justice. The less fairly treated nurses felt, the greater likelihood of withdrawal from the hospital. The use of recruitment incentives may result in reduced work effort or loss of experienced nurses, exacerbating the nursing shortage.
Memorializing White Masculinity: the Late 1990s “Crisis of Masculinity” and the “Subversive Performance” of Man on the Moon
Authors: Malin Brent
Published: June 2007

This article explores the late 1990s biopic Man on the Moon, discussing the ways in which the film's remembrance of Andy Kaufman relates to and negotiates the “crisis of masculinity” that many writers have identified with the 1990s. With a number of voices noting the ways in which contemporary identity politics have troubled traditional white masculinity, this sense of crisis had a profound impact on the masculinities of the 1990s, effectively marking an identity that has traditionally remained unmarked. Many have discussed the liberating possibilities of such marking practices, however, Man on the Moon illustrates a different dimension of these negotiations of identity. Man on the Moon remembers Andy Kaufman as a chaotic, conflicted performance of multiple selves, reflective of the chaotic identities that came to characterize the 1990s. In the process, however, Man on the Moon forgets Andy Kaufman's Jewishness, remembering a more traditional, white masculinity in its place. Owing to this, I argue that the ways in which Man on the Moon memorializes Kaufman's identity serve as an important caveat for discussions of gender and identity “performance.”
Higher education or vocational training? Some contributing factors to post-school choices of visually impaired students in Britain. Part 1, Great Britain
Authors: Wong Meng Ee
Published: June 2007

Two groups of visually impaired (VI) students in Britain confronting post-school transition are considered. One group aspires to enter university, the other group has decided on vocational training. Positive image, employment pragmatics and the notion of ‘something extra’ are contributing factors shaping VI students in their post-school choices. Underlying these influences is a determination to ensure employability is achieved at the completion of their chosen post-school path.
Racial Ambiguity and Relationship Formation in the United States: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
Authors: James Angela D. , Tucker M. Belinda
Published: June 2007

This article explores in conceptual terms the nature of romantic relationship formation and maintenance when a potential or actual partner does not fit into the dominant racial schema – a situation we define as ‘racial ambiguity.’ When a potential other cannot be classified according to one’s existing notions of racial organization, how does this ambiguity affect approach and maintenance? In the discussion, we first explore the concept of racial ambiguity as a function of the peculiar and distinctive American construction of race. Next, we examine conceptual perspectives that can be used to understand the role of racial classification and racial ambiguity in personal relationship formation and maintenance. And, finally, we discuss strategies for incorporating more fluid understandings of race into research on personal relationships.
Relative Influence of Antibiotic Therapy Attributes on Physician Choice in Treating Acute Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis
Authors: McGregor Jessina C. , Harris Anthony D. , Furuno Jon P. , Bradham Douglas D. , Perencevich Eli N.
Published: June 2007

Background. Reducing excess duration of antibiotic therapy is a strategy for limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance, but altering physician practice to accomplish this requires knowledge of the factors that influence physician antibiotic choice. The authors aimed to quantify physician willingness to trade between 4 attributes of antibiotic therapies: different therapy durations, failure rates, dosing frequencies, and days of diarrhea as a side effect when treating acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Methods. The authors distributed conjoint analysis questionnaires to physicians enrolling patients in a randomized trial comparing 2 antibiotics in pyelonephritis treatment. For each question, respondents were required to select 1 of 2 antibiotics based on the values of the 4 attributes. Proportional hazards regression was used to model predictors of physician choice. Results. Eighty-seven of 88 physicians completed the questionnaire. Duration of therapy, days of diarrhea, and failure rate were significant predictors of choice (P < 0.05), but dosing frequency (once daily v. twice daily) was not. Increasing days of diarrhea greatly reduced the probability of an antibiotic being chosen. If failure and side effects were equivalent, physicians were more likely to prescribe a 5- v. 10-day duration of therapy (odds ratio = 4.18, P < 0.01). Conclusion. Antibiotic choice is most influenced by physicians' desires to limit treatment failure and side effects, although physicians were willing to accept increases in treatment failure to obtain reduced days of diarrhea as a side effect. Because shorter-course therapy is frequently associated with fewer side effects, efforts to encourage physicians to choose shorter treatment durations should include mention of reduced treatment-associated side effects.
The Role of Psychiatric Epidemiology in Correctional Medicine
Authors: Love Edgar J. , Holley Heather L. , Arboleda-Flórez Julio
Published: June 2007

Epidemiology is the basic science of public health. Since WWII, epidemiology has changed its focus from infectious diseases to an understanding of organic and functional problems, including psychiatric illness, within various social and organizational contexts. More recently, epidemiologists have studied special populations. However, the authors argue that correctional populations have, as yet, been neglected. For example, the purpose of psychiatric epidemiological investigations is to discover etiological associations between biological, social, psychological, and environmental risk factors to disease. While many authors have described the effects of prisonization on mental health, socioenvironmental factors present in correctional settings have not been systematically studied as risk factors for mental illness. Current knowledge of the epidemiology of mental disorders must be extended beyond that gathered in mental hospital and normal populations to correctional settings. In order to accomplish this, there is a need to resolve several basic issues so that comparable data can be identified across different populations. First, there must be agreement on what constitutes a case. Second, standardized case finding methods that are appropriate to the range of pathology in correctional settings must be developed. Third, in addition to studying prevalence and incidence, we must begin to compare differences in the duration, disability, and outcome of illness across different populations. Finally, there is a need to evaluate the effects of policy decisions on the flow of mental patients to justice and correctional settings.
An Initial Assessment of a Fast-Track Intensive Treatment Program for Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Hagan Michael P.
Published: June 2007

An evaluation regarding success for completing aftercare with juvenile delinquents assigned to a fast-track intensive program is reported. All subjects had been assigned to a short-term intensive program after having been committed to the custody of the State of Wisconsin Division of Youth Services. The results indicate that a significant number of youths successfully completed aftercare programming.
Genetic and Cytogenetic Intersex Anomalies: Can They Help Us to Understand Gender Differences in Deviant Behavior?
Authors: Walsh Anthony
Published: June 2007

Across time and national boundaries males have been shown to be far more sociolegally deviant than females. Sociological criminology's faith in environmentalism has thwarted its efforts to provide theoretically meaningful explanations of this phenomenon. Biocriminality begins with the assumption that the neurohormonal differences between men and women have a lot to tell us about behavioral differences between the sexes as they apply to crime and deviance. This article examines the relatively scarce literature on psychosocial behavioral patterns of various genetic and cytogenetic anomalies (psudeohermaphrodites) arrayed on a continuum from the most "feminine" to the most "masculine." Behavioral pathologies of all kinds follow the general pattern: Turner's syndrome = androgen insensitivity syndrome normal female congenital adrenal hyperplasia females normal male Klinefelter's syndrome XYY syndrome. As in other scientific fields, severe departures from the norm may go a long way in helping us to define what the norm is.
Heat illness
Authors: Murphy Robert J.
Published: June 2007

It is hoped that by constant vigilance on the part of all physicians interested in athletic medicine and through the cooperation of the athletic coaches of this country, we can eliminate heat stroke as a cause of death in American football.
Cardiovascular fitness in a selected group of dentists
Authors: Cunningham David A. , Howard John , Rechnitzer Peter A. , Goode Robert B. , Everitt Deborah , Griffith John , Daniels Juri
Published: June 2007

Thirty-three dentists were studied as part of an exercise rehabititation clinic in order to evaluate their cardiovascular capacity and coronary prone risk factors Measure ments were made of their physical work capacity, predicted maximal oxygen up take, fatness, serum lipids and uric acid levels, pulmonary peak flow rates and personality Type A or B The group as a whole exhibited a moderately high level of fitness and a very active life style which probably reflected their presence at a clinic of this type. Cardiovascular fitness variables increased with age This in crease may be due to a need and desire on the part of the dentists to maintain their physical fitness as they become older This need for improved self image may also be a factor in their joining an exercise rehabilitation clinic
Investigation into hamstring strains: The case of the hybrid muscle
Authors: Burkett Lee N.
Published: June 2007

Past research on hamstring strains indi cated an imbalance in leg strength as a cause of hamstring strains No theory has been put forth to explain why the strength imbalance would cause strain Investiga tion on cadavers of the muscular attach ment of the short head of the biceps femoris indicated the varied attachment of this muscle to the linea aspera It is theorized that an extensive attachment to the linea aspera and a strength imbalance would cause hamstring strains
Fracture of the tibial tubercle
Authors: Levi James H. , Coleman Carl R.
Published: June 2007

Tibial tubercle fractures are uncommon and rarely occur after closure of the proximal tibial epiphysis. A study of 15 such injuries, all unilateral, showed the age range to be from 12 to 16 years. All injuries were sustained during athletic activities or vigorous play. All of the 15 injuries were treated by open reduction and internal fixation, followed by plaster immobilization for approximately 6 weeks. No early complications occurred, and no later deformities, such as genu recur vatum as reported by Blout, were de tected. All patients returned to normal activity including, in some cases, varsity athletics.
Surgical treatment of partial Achilles tendon rupture
Authors: Denstad Tor Finn , Roaas Asbjørn
Published: June 2007

Fifty-four patients with a total of 58 partial ruptures of the Achilles tendon were treated surgically. The postoperative observation time ranged from 8 months to 7 years. Forty-six patients indicated that they were pleased with the results, 8 were satisfied, and 3 were unsatisfied (one died during the interim). Thirty-seven of the 44 patients who had been engaged in competitive sports preoperatively were able to return suc cessfully to the activity. We recommend surgical treatment if conservative treatment for presumed tendinitis is not success ful. The operative procedure may encourage revascularization to the Achilles tendon and innervation after surgical excision of the pathologic and degenerated tissue.
Anterior cruciate ligament: functional anatomy of its bundles in rotatory instabilities
Authors: Norwood Lyle A. , Cross Mervyn J.
Published: June 2007

The functional anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament was studied in 18 freshly amputated specimens. The cruciates were observed in the extremes of flexion and extension, and in midposition in simulated weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing conditions. Five femoral shafts were split longitudinally so that the femoral and tibial attachments of the ligament could be inspected. The findings indicated that (1) the anterior cruciate ligament is a secondary static stabilizer against rotatory in stabilities of the knee; (2) the anteromedial bundle contributes to anterolateral stability; (3) the intermediate bundle adds to straight and anteromedial stability; and (4) the posterolateral bundle assists in posterolateral stability. Specific bundles and functions of bundles must be considered in reconstruction, substitution, or replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament.
Extra-articular reconstructive surgery for combined anterolateral-anteronnedial rotatory instability
Authors: Unverferth Louis J. , Bagenstose James E.
Published: June 2007

The knees of 14 patients (12 male and 2 female) were treated surgically by extra-articular reconstruction for combined an terolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. Healing and re habilitation required approximately 8 months after the opera tions. Only after adequate rehabilitation, including return of full confidence, were the patients released to full activity (al though contact sports are not recommended). Of the group, 12 patients returned for follow-up evaluations and one returned a questionnaire. One patient was lost to follow-up. One patient did not return to full activity because in the 3rd month post operatively, he stepped in a hole while jogging, reinjured his knee, and refused further surgery. The functional improvement in this series by our extra-articular procedure (a combination of an anteromedial capsulorrhaphy and pes transfer medially with Ellison's modification of an iliotibial band rerouting and partial biceps advancement laterally) compares favorably with the reported anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Fur ther comparisons with longer periods of time after surgical procedures are needed to determine whether extra-articular repair with interarticular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is significantly better than this technically easier extra-articular repair alone.
Cylinder or mobile cast brace after knee ligament surgery
Authors: Häggmark Tom , Eriksson Ejnar
Published: June 2007

Sixteen patients participated in a prospective randomized trial in which a standard cylinder cast was compared with a mobile cast brace. Both were worn for 4 weeks, beginning at 1 week after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. The athletes that had used a cast brace could return to sports activities in about one-half the time it took for the athletes with

a standard cast. The patients with a standard cast showed a significant atrophy of Type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis. The cast brace patients did not show any significant changes in cross-sectional areas of Type I or Type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers.

The standard cast patients had a significant reduction of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the vastus lateralis whereas the patients with the cast brace did not show any significant changes. No difference in surgical end result was found. A cast brace with a limited range of motion between 20 and 60° of flexion is recommended as the standard postopera tive treatment after knee ligament surgery.
Long-term results of extensor mechanism reconstruction
Authors: Turba John E. , Walsh W. Michael , Mcleod William D.
Published: June 2007

A numerical rating system was designed as a method of evalu ating results of extensor mechanism reconstructions of the knee. The method was applied in evaluating the long-term results of patients treated at one orthopaedic clinic. A para mount goal was to maintain objectivity in evaluations of pa tients' knees after reconstruction. Parameters of evaluations were swelling, pain, symptoms of instability, and limitations of activity. Each factor was rated on a scale of zero to three. Results were separated into four categories (excellent, good, fair, and poor). Weighted consideration was given to each parameter in relationship to others. Forty-four females (average follow-up time, 4.80 years) and 52 males (average follow-up time, 4.72 years) were evaluated subjectively and objectively. Twenty-two patients were older than 30 years of age and 74 were younger than 30 years of age at the time of surgery. Age had no effect on an "excellent" result; patients younger than 30 years had a higher proportion in the "good" category both subjectively and objectively than those older than 30 years of age. The data show no differences in the results for men and women. The presentation of the rating system and the criteria for definitions of the terms excellent and good form the intent of this paper, not the reporting of results. As one gains expe rience in these examinations, subjectivity will be minimized. A universally applicable scale, such as presented in this design, is one way investigators may compare results obtained by any surgical technique. Furthermore, the strict criteria can be applied preoperatively and post-operatively so that the results can be placed in perspective. The numerical rating system provides a standard for evaluation of results obtained from extensor mechanism reconstructions of the knee.
Lateral capsular ligament complex: anatomical and surgical considerations
Authors: Johnson Lanny L.
Published: June 2007

Acute avulsion of the bony attachment of the lateral capsular ligament was observed on x-ray films in September 1975. Seven instances were confirmed at surgery during the following 29- month period. The avulsion was reproduced in six amputation specimens which were dissected to identify the components of the lateral capsular complex. Dynamic studies were performed on a set of amputation specimens to determine the role of the various structures contributing to lateral rotary instability. The dissection revealed that the lateral capsular ligament complex has vertical and horizontal components. The dynamic studies showed that lateral pivot shift was produced by a lateral capsular release, a complete section of the anterior cruciate ligament, and a partial tibial collateral ligament release. Based on these observations, 30 patients have subsequently had re constructive surgery to eliminate their lateral rotational insta bility. In the reconstructive procedure, both the bony attach ment of the lateral capsular ligament and the iliotibial tract with Gerdy's tubercle have been moved anteriorly and inferiorly without separating their interconnections or any attachments. Clinical experience in these 30 patients supports the evidence obtained in the dynamic studies. Restoration of stability is secure when both the lateral capsular ligament and the iliotibial tract are advanced with their anatomical connections intact.
Multiphasic view of medial meniscectomy
Authors: Fox James M. , Blazina Martin E. , Carlson G. Joanne
Published: June 2007

In a retrospective study, the records of a group of 816 patients who had tears of the medial meniscus alone were selected for review from a total of 6,000 records of patients who had had knee surgery (1966 to 1976). According to the operative reports, these 816 patients had no other structural or pathologic findings at the time of medial meniscectomy. In an average of 2.0 years after initial surgery to the knee, 210 patients required subse quent surgical procedures for progressive meniscal pathology (38), articular cartilage damage (64), or ligamentous instability (108). The recognition of the possibility for future surgery after medial meniscectomy is an important finding which must be acknowledged by the treating physician and to the patient. The evidence from this review suggests that others should review series of patients with tears of the medial meniscus and should attempt to gain understanding of the basic pathologic pro cesses.
Primary internal fixation of carpal navicular fractures in the athlete
Authors: Huene Donald R.
Published: June 2007

Primary open reduction and internal fixation is an established procedure for treatment of carpal navicular fractures. With the use of an alignment device, the surgery can be performed on outpatients, under local anesthesia, in 30 to 45 min. The wrist is splinted in a protective device for approximately 6 weeks but no cast is necessary. Four of 13 patients in this series have been athletes. The procedure has allowed them to participate in sports during the healing period and to return to contact sports 6 to 8 weeks postoperatively without joint protection. These athletes have regained full range of motion in the wrist joint. Although the procedure is not recommended for hairline fractures which usually heal quickly or comminuted fractures of the navicular, it appears to be the treatment of choice for fractures of the carpal navicular bone at the level of the middle and proximal third of the bone or any displaced fragment with malposition in the axial or rotary plane.
Management of hand injuries in a professional football team
Authors: Ellsasser James C. , Stein Arthur H.
Published: June 2007

Thirty-eight players from one professional football team suf fered 46 major hand and wrist injuries during a 15-year period. Twenty-one of the injuries occurred in offensive players and 25 occurred in defensive players. The injuries included fractures, dislocations, fracture dislocations, and soft tissue injuries of the phalanges, metacarpals, carpals (particularly the navicular), and distal radius/ulna, including intra-articular injuries. Twelve surgical procedures were performed. Open reduction, internal fixation, and Lightcast immobilization devices (3M Company, Atlanta, Georgia) allowed the players to return to active par ticipation with a minimum loss of practice time and virtually no loss of Sunday game availability. Early aggressive surgery for intra-articular and certain metacarpal fractures is the correct course of treatment, according to our analysis, in order to achieve the best possible functional results.
Recommendations for the screening of military personnel over 35 years of age for physical training programs
Authors: Kowal Dennis M. , Daniels William L.
Published: June 2007

Persons over 35 years old have an increased prevalence of risk factors. Careful medical examinations, even in a fit military population, are needed before initiating intensive physical train ing regimens. Risk factor profiling, which synthesizes major risk factors into a composite score, is a beneficial procedure by which to evaluate individuals. Training programs should be based on several considerations: (1) the individual's age and physical condition; (2) his body composition; (3) his risk factor profile; (4) his preference and physical ability for activity; and (5) the available facilities and climatic conditions. Exercise should enhance work capacity and serve as a preventive mea sure for coronary heart disease. The most efficient types of exercise to meet these ends are activities that involve the large muscles in continuous activity for 20 to 30 min daily, including warm-up and cool-down periods.
Orthopaedic injuries in athletes (ages 6 to 17)
Authors: Chambers Richard B.
Published: June 2007

A prospective study of orthopaedic injuries to children (ages 6 to 17) was conducted for a calendar year in the controlled environment of a military post. Data were collected on the number of participants, the hours of participation, and the number of injuries for six supervised sports (football, soccer, basketball, baseball, swimming, and gymnastics). An injury index factor was derived by a formula: (number of injuries x 104) divided by [(number of participants) x (average number of hours of participation) × (number of weeks in the season of the sport)]. When the injury index factors were compared, the risk a participant has for sustaining an injury in football was twice as high (1.72) as its nearest competitors, basketball (0.88) and gymnastics (0.85). Soccer had an index factor of 0.29; baseball, 0.14; and swimming had a factor of zero. Eighty percent of all sports-related orthopaedic injuries involved the upper extrem ities. Lower extremity orthopaedic injuries occurred only in football and gymnastics. The evidence suggests that those persons concerned with reducing the number of injuries to the growing athlete in supervised sports should focus their attention on reducing the risk of injury to the upper extremities.
Tennis injuries: prevention and treatment
Authors: Kulund Daniel N. , McCue Frank C. , Rockwell David A. , Gieck Joe H.
Published: June 2007

When players are engaged in the sport of tennis, injuries may occur to the eyes, in the neck, to the shoulder and back, arm and elbow, wrist and hand, and feet. The key to prevention and treatment of these injuries is good coaching and a formal stretching and strengthening program.

The drooped "tennis shoulder" of professionals and senior tennis players is a natural response to heavy use. Shoulder elevating exercises are useful when soreness is associated. The treatment of tennis elbow includes wrist extensor stretching, isometrics, and light weightlifting. When a player follows this program, injections or counterforce braces are rarely needed. It is important for the player to bring his racket to the exami nation so that his stroke mechanics and grip can be checked. Wrist soreness in a tennis player may denote a hamate hook fracture. Special radiographic views are needed to discern the fracture and it is treated with a short arm cast and little finger extension splint. Nonunion of a hamate hook requires excision. The calf pain prodrome of "tennis leg" requires rest and then a stretching program. Tennis shoes should have rolled heels and large toe boxes with reinforced toe bumpers. The physician may have to fashion soft inserts for the tennis shoes; arch supports may be insufficient.
Eye injuries in Canadian amateur hockey
Authors: Pashby Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

Two studies, one retrospective (1972 to 1973) and one prospec tive (1974 to 1975), concerning eye injuries incurred by hockey players were conducted by the Canadian Ophthalmological Society with questionnaires to its members. Responses to the questionnaires were analyzed by age, type of injury, cause (i.e., hockey stick, puck, or other means), and results to visual acuity. The results were also designated by organized or unor ganized participation. Almost 300 eye injuries were reported in each study. In the first study, 13.7% of the injured players became legally blind as a result of the injury; in the second study, 16% became legally blind. Organized hockey produced more injuries than unorganized hockey. The majority of the injuries were caused by the hockey stick. The injuries were both intraocular and extraocular. The group of 11- to 15-year olds received the highest number of injuries, and the older age group had the higher incidence of blindness. Studies have led to setting more rigid standards, altering rules of the game, and selecting face protectors for hockey players. Older players who care for their equipment prefer the plastic shield face protec tors, and the younger players (who complain of fogging and scratching of the plastic) prefer mesh protectors through which neither the stick nor the puck can penetrate. New high sticking (above the shoulder level) rules were included in the 1976 official rule book for Canadian amateur hockey.
Proplast leader for use in cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: William Woods G. , Homsy Charles A. , Prewitt John M. , Tullos Hugh S.
Published: June 2007

A synthetic leader has been used in 18 cases of medial one- third patellar tendon substitution for the anterior cruciate ligament and in 10 cases of posterior cruciate substitution using the medial head of the gastrocnemius tendon. The device adds length and facilitates manipulation of the transplanted tissues. There have been no problems with biocompatibility and there have been no instances of staple loosening or disruption of the junction between the stabilizer and transplanted tissues. Early results with the anterior cruciate substitutions suggest that anchoring the transfer in bony tunnels in both the tibia and femur does not allow sufficient flexibility to prevent stretching or disruption of the tendon transfer.
Operative arthroscopy
Authors: Guhl James F.
Published: June 2007

In a period of 20 months, over 200 patients (age ranged from high school students to middle-aged persons) with knee injuries were treated by operative arthroscopy. The majority of the injuries were incurred while the patients had been participating in athletic events, either competitive or recreational. Operative arthroscopy offers the advantage of shortened hospital stay, rapid rehabilitation, lack of disfiguring scar, and reduced costs. Patients are followed yearly after the first postoperative year. Improved long-term results from diagnostic and operative ar throscopy, as compared to conventional surgical procedures, are expected. The proof of those expectations will be deter mined in the next several years as this group of patients requiring partial meniscectomies or procedures for pathologic and degenerative conditions is reevaluated.
Tears of the pectoralis major muscle
Authors: Zeman Stuart C. , Rosenfeld Robert T. , Lipscomb Paul R.
Published: June 2007

Nine athletes (men, 22 to 40 years old) who sustained tears of the pectoralis major muscle are described. Four were treated by the authors and five patients' cases were reviewed from records of orthopaedic surgeons for the National Football League. Eight of the nine patients sustained tears from exces sive tension; one was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a direct blow. Five patients were treated conserva tively and obtained good results (normal range of motion, mild pain, and weakness). They agreed that they could not return to their previous athletic functional ability. The other four were treated surgically and obtained excellent results (normal range of motion, excellent strength). They were able to return to vigorous athletic performance.
Surgical injury to the lateral aspect of the knee
Authors: Keene J.S. , Amalfitano J.N. , Clancy W.G. , Mcbeath A.A. , Narechania R.G.
Published: June 2007

We retrospectively evaluated postoperative straight lateral and anterolateral rotatory knee stability in patients having a lateral meniscectomy through vertical and horizontal capsular inci sions. The knees of 20 patients with transverse (Bruser) and 20 patients with vertical (parapatellar) incisions were clinically and mechanically evaluated. Varus-vagus and anterior drawer measurements were obtained from our knee stress machine and clinical examinations. We found that (1) horizontal and vertical lateral capsular incisions do not produce straight lat eral or anterolateral rotatory instability in patients with intact anterior cruciate ligaments, (2) a transverse lateral capsular incision may contribute to anterolateral rotatory instability, and (3) a vertical lateral capsular incision provides better visualization of the knee joint than a transverse incision.
Tourniquet-induced nerve ischemia complicating knee ligament surgery
Authors: Rorabeck C.H. , Kennedy J.C.
Published: June 2007

Five patients developed paralysis to the sciatic nerve after the application of a pneumatic tourniquet for knee ligament sur gery. Four of these patients made a complete neurologic recov ery within 6 months. A subsequent experimental investigation has demonstrated that some degree of impaired function in the sciatic nerve of a dog occurs with every tourniquet application. On the basis of this experimental work, it is recommended that a pneumatic tourniquet not be left inflated for periods longer than 1 hr and 15 min. In addition, it is suggested that once a tourniquet has been deflated during an operative procedure, that it should not be reinflated because of the excessive length of time required for the sciatic nerve conduction velocity to return to normal. Tourniquets should also be checked for calibration before use at time of an operation.
The shoulder in competitive swimming
Authors: Richardson Allen B. , Jobe Frank W. , Collins H. Royer
Published: June 2007

Shoulder pain is the most common orthopaedic problem in competitive swimming. In a group of 137 of this country's best swimmers, 58 had had symptoms of "swimmer's shoulder." Population characteristics of this group indicated that symp toms increased with the caliber of the athlete, were slightly more common in men, and were related to sprint rather than distance swimming. The use of hand-paddle training exacer bated symptoms, which were more common during the early and middle season. Consideration of shoulder mechanics in swimming reveals that freestyle, butterfly, and backstroke re quire similar motions; a swimmer using any of these strokes is susceptible to developing shoulder pain. Swimmer's shoulder represents chronic irritation of the humeral head and rotator cuff on the coracoacromial arch during abduction of the shoul der, the so-called impingement syndrome. Treatment included stretching, rest, ice therapy, oral antiinflammatory agents, judicious use of injectable steroids, and surgery as a last resort.