bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of the agitation granulation method to prepare granules containing a high content of a very hygroscopic drug
Authors: Hirai Nobuaki , Ishikawa Kazuyuki , Takahashi Koichi
Published: November 2006

This study describes a new approach to the preparation of a granulate with a high content of a very hygroscopic powder or drug, using the agitation granulation method, and the development of a tablet formulation using these granulates. A Chinese medicine extract, Hatimi-zio-gan, was used as the model of a very hygroscopic drug. Among the several excipients tested, only porous calcium silicate could be used to prepare granules, with a mixing ratio (extract to porous calcium silicate) from 2:1 to 20:1. With other excipients, very large lumps were formed during the granulation process. The best mixing ratio of extract to porous calcium silicate was 6:1. For preparation of the granules, water could be added to the mixed powder within a range of 1- to 4-times the amount of porous calcium silicate. From these results, it was concluded that the ability of porous calcium silicate to hold large amounts of water in its numerous pores may allow for the preparation of granulates with a high content of very hygroscopic drugs. Starch with partial α-links, carboxymethyl starch sodium salt and crospovidone were used for selection of the disintegration agent. When crospovidone was used as a disintegration agent, tablets containing about 70% of the Chinese medicine extract disintegrated in less than 7 min, with good dissolution rates. The same process was applied to extracts of Hotyu-ekki-to, Syo-seiryu-to, Boi-ogi-to and Bohu-tusyo-san. The absorption of paeoniflorin, a characteristic monoterpene glucoside contained in Hatimi-zio-gan extract, was evaluated in beagle dogs after oral administration of the Hatimi-zio-gan tablets prepared in this study. The values of Cmax and AUC obtained after administration of the tablets prepared in this study were significantly greater than those obtained for commercial tablets.
Inhibitory effects of angiotensin II receptor antagonists and leukotriene receptor antagonists on the transport of human organic anion transporter 4
Authors: Yamashita Fumiaki , Ohtani Hisakazu , Koyabu Noriko , Ushigome Fumihiko , Satoh Hiroki , Murakami Hideyasu , Uchiumi Takeshi , Nakamura Takanori , Kuwano Michihiko , Tsujimoto Masayuki , Sawada Yasufumi
Published: November 2006

Human organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4) is the only member of the OAT family that is expressed in the placenta and also expressed in kidney. Although OAT4 has been shown to transport certain organic anions as well as other members of the OAT family, fewer numbers of substrates have been identified for OAT4 compared with OAT1 and OAT3, suggesting that the substrate specificity of OAT4 is greater than other OAT members. However, the substrate specificity of OAT4 remains to be investigated in detail. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of various drugs on the OAT4-mediated transport of estrone-3-sulfate, a typical substrate of OAT4, by using human embryonic kidney cells stably transfected with OAT4 (HEK-OAT4). HEK-OAT4 cells exhibited concentration-dependent uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, with a Km value of 20.9 ± 3.53 μM. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and probenecid potently inhibited estrone-3-sulfate uptake. We also searched for the potential inhibitors of OAT4 and identified candesartan, candesartan cilexetil, losartan, losartan carboxyl (EXP3174) and valsartan as inhibitors of OAT4, with Ki values of 88.9, 135.2, 24.8, 13.8 and 19.6 μM, respectively. The above angiotensin II receptor antagonists and leukotriene receptor antagonists share a common structural feature, that is the tetrazole group. Although pranlukast is devoid of anionic motifs other than the tetrazole group, it potently inhibited the OAT4-mediated uptake of estrone-3-sulfate, indicating that a tetrazole group may be one important structural feature in substrate recognition by OAT4.
In-vitro mutagenic potential and effect on permeability of co-administered drugs across Caco-2 cell monolayers of Rubus idaeus and its fortified fractions
Authors: Kreander Kari , Galkin Anna , Vuorela Satu , Tammela Päivi , Laitinen Leena , Heinonen Marina , Vuorela Pia
Published: November 2006

This study investigated the mutagenic, anti-mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of acetone extract of raspberry, Rubus idaeus L. (v. Ottawa) Rosaceae, and the isolated and characterized ellagitannin and anthocyanin fractions thereof, suitable for food applications. The studied raspberry extract and fractions did not show any mutagenic effects determined in the miniaturized Ames test and were not cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells at the used concentrations. However, the anti-mutagenic properties were changed (i.e. decreased mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene in strain TA98, and slightly increased mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene in strain TA100) with metabolic activation. Further, their influence on the permeability of co-administered common drugs (ketoprofen, paracetamol, metoprolol and verapamil) across Caco-2 monolayers was evaluated. The apical-to-basolateral permeability of highly permeable verapamil was mostly affected (decreased) during co-administration of the raspberry extract or the ellagitannin fraction. Ketoprofen permeability was decreased by the ellagitannin fraction. Consumption of food rich in phytochemicals, as demonstrated here with chemically characterized raspberry extract and fractions, with well-absorbing drugs would seem to affect the permeability of some of these drugs depending on the components. Thus their effects on the absorption of drugs in-vivo cannot be excluded.
Enhanced delivery of nebulised salbutamol during non-invasive ventilation
Authors: Calvert Lori D , Jackson Judith M , White Judy A , Barry Peter W , Kinnear William J , O'Callaghan Christopher
Published: November 2006

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is used to treat acute respiratory failure. Nebulised drugs can be delivered concurrently with NIV or during breaks from ventilatory support. We hypothesised that the amount of nebulised salbutamol inhaled when delivered via bi-level ventilation would be no different to the amount available directly from the same nebuliser. A standard bi-level ventilation circuit was attached to a lung model simulating adult respiration. Drug delivery was compared when salbutamol (5 mg) was nebulised at different positions in the circuit and separately, with no ventilator. The amount of salbutamol contained in various particle size fractions was also determined. Nebuliser position within the NIV circuit was critically important for drug delivery. Optimal delivery of salbutamol occurred with the expiration port between the facemask and nebuliser (647 ± 67 μg). This was significantly better than nebulisation without the ventilator (424 ± 61 μg; P < 0.01). Delivery when the nebuliser was positioned between the facemask and expiration port was 544 ± 85 μg. The amount of salbutamol contained in particles < 5 μm was significantly increased when the nebuliser was used in conjunction with bi-level ventilation (576 ± 60 μg vs 300 ± 43 μg, P < 0.001). We conclude that nebulised bronchodilator therapy, using a Cirrus jet nebuliser, during bi-level ventilation increases respirable particles likely to be inhaled when the nebuliser is optimally positioned within the circuit.
Brokering Health Policy: Coalitions, Parties, and Interest Group Influence
Authors: Heaney Michael T.
Published: November 2006

Assuming a position as broker between disconnected interests is one way for an interest group to influence the making of federal health policy. This study demonstrates how groups use their connections with political parties and lobbying coalitions to augment their brokerage positions and enhance their influence over policy making. Evidence is drawn from statistical analysis of 263 interviews with health policy elites and a qualitative case study of the debate over the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003. The results explain, in part, how interest groups play their brokerage roles as dispersed actors in a decentralized system, rather than as central mediators that intervene in a wide range of policy disputes.
The Privatization of Health Care in Europe: An Eight-Country Analysis
Authors: Maarse Hans
Published: November 2006

This article presents an analysis of recent changes in the public-private mix in health care in eight European countries. The leading question is to what extent a process of privatization in health care can be observed. The framework for the analysis of privatization draws on the idea that there are multiple public/private boundaries in health care. The overall picture that emerges from our analysis is diverse, but there is evidence that health care in Europe has become somewhat more private. The growth of the public fraction in health care spending has come to an end since the 1980s, and in a few countries the private fraction even increased substantially. We also found some evidence for a shift from public to private in health care provision. Furthermore, there are signs of privatization in health care management and operations, as well as investments. Specific attention is spent on the identification of factors that push privatization forward and factors that work as a barrier to privatization.
Enterocystoma of the head and neck
Authors: Katz Arthur , Aimi K. , Skolnik E. M.
Published: November 2006

Two cases of gastric heterotopias in the head and neck are described. Also, a brief review of previous case reports is presented as well as a discussion of the etiologic possibilities.
Wegener's granulomatosis
Authors: Kornblut Alan D. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Eefries Hugh O. , Fauci Anthony S.
Published: November 2006

Wegener's granulomatosis is characterized by a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis which can be found in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and with either focal or proliferative glomerulonephritis. However, any organ system can be affected by the disease.

Over the past 17 years, 47 patients with histologically proven Wegener's granulomatosis have been treated at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease. Since 1972, patients with head and neck manifestations have been managed in collaboration with the Department of Otolaryngology, National Naval Medical Center. Experiences with these patients have shown that all have had some degree of respiratory tract involvement, with 42/47 having disease in the nose or paranasal sinuses. An effective therapeutic regimen is possible with immunosuppressants (particularly cyclophosphamide) and locally supportive measures. As a result of such therapy, more than 80% of the patients treated have experienced long‐term remissions. The clinical implications of this therapy are discussed, and a protocol for patient management presented.
Nasal polyps in children
Authors: Schramm Victor L. , Effron Morris Z.
Published: November 2006

The inflammatory nasal polyp is the most common benign or malignant nasal mass seen in children. Nasal polyps in the pediatric population appear to occur as inflammatory responses to bacterial infections. In 33% of the patients with polyps whom we studied, antral choanal polyps were noted, and in 20% of the patients the polyps were unilateral but not antral choanal. In 18% of the patients the polyps were bilateral and in an additional 29% they occurred bilaterally in association with cystic fibrosis. History of an allergy is infrequently associated with nasal polyps; allergies are potentially major contributing factors to nasal polyps only in patients without cystic fibrosis whose nasal polyps are bilateral. Patients with antral choanal polyps are most successfully managed by simultaneous Caldwell‐Luc antrostomy and polypectomy. Sixty percent of patients with nasal polyps and cystic fibrosis are adequately managed with a single intranasal polypectomy. Simultaneous sinus surgery and polypectomy should be considered for all patients with recurrent polyps and for all patients with clinical or radiographic evidence of significant sinusitis. Complications, including epistaxis and intranasal synechia, occurred in 3% of the 170 surgical procedures performed.
The otolaryngologist's role in the diagnosis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: McGuirt W. Frederick , Blalock David
Published: November 2006

In the early insidious phase of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), the patient will often present initially to the otolaryngologist for a presumed speech problem or dysphagia. Adult onset hypernasality, breathiness, articulation defects and voice harshness should all be seen as possible early signs of ALS and may allow the otolaryngologist to be the primary diagnostician for that disease; three such cases are reported here.

Once the diagnosis of ALS is made, the otolaryngologist may be involved at different stages in the disease, offering treatment such as Teflon® injections, pharyngeal flap, obturator fitting, cricopharyngeal myotomy, tracheostomy, and cervical esophagostomy for speech, swallowing and aspiration problems. Although they do not halt the progression of this fatal disease, these procedures provide an improved quality of life for the patient whose intellectual function is preserved while his motor functions progressively deteriorate. This is most important for the minority of patients having prolonged survival.
Laryngeal radiation after hemilaryngectomy
Authors: Lee Fransiska , Perlmutter Steven , Ogura Joseph H.
Published: November 2006

Laryngeal radiation was administered to 30 patients after hemilaryngectomy for true vocal cord carcinoma at Washington University Medical Center during the years 1957‐1976. Twelve patients were irradiated at the time of gross recurrence and 5/12 (42%) of these patients had recurrence of their disease after radiation. Eighteen patients were irradiated immediately after hemilaryngectomy because positive margins were seen in the hemilaryngectomy specimen and 5/18 (28%) of these had recurrence. All but 1 recurrence occurred within 13 months following radiation. Total laryngectomy salvaged an additional 3 patients for ultimate cancer control in 23/30 (77%). This high dose laryngeal irradiation was well tolerated. A major complication occurred in 1 patient (3%) and consisted of permanent laryngeal edema necessitating tracheostomy but permitting useful speech. Mild complications occurred in 5 patients.
Maximal nerve excitability testing versus neuromyography: Prognostic value in patients with facial paralysis
Authors: Adour Kedar K. , Sheldon Murray I. , Kahn Zev M.
Published: November 2006

Neuromyography (NMG) is compared with maximal nerve excitability testing (NET) as a prognostic tool in facial paralysis. Normal latencies, summation muscle action potentials, and test/retest reliability were determined in three groups of subjects. NMG was performed in 33 control subjects of Group 1 to determine test/retest reliability. To determine the range of normal facial nerve conduction latency and amplitude and configuration of the summation muscle action potentials, NMG was performed in 172 otolaryngologic control patients without facial paralysis. NMG arid NET were then compared in Group 3, which consisted of 43 patients with Bell's palsy. Fluctuations in NMG were then analyzed in a fourth test series of three subjects from Group 1, in whom summation muscle action potentials at various positions of the electrodes were compared. The high rate of fluctuations observed indicates the need for further assessment of test/retest reliability and standardization of normal values in NMG. Our results indicate that maximal NET is more reliable than NMG for prognosis of facial paralysis.
The evaluation of dizziness in children
Authors: Fried Marvin P.
Published: November 2006

A child with symptoms that relate to the balance mechanism can be a complex diagnostic problem. Often an adequate history is difficult to obtain because of the child's age and limitation of expression. Psychosomatic illness can frequently present as dizziness in children; however, this should not preclude a thorough evaluation. It is the purpose of this paper to outline these possibilities and the characteristics unique to each. The differential diagnosis can be grouped into central (central nervous system) and peripheral (otologic) categories, with a few miscellaneous conditions.

A basic evaluation should include a complete neurotologic examination, audiogram and electronystagmogram. An electroencephalogram is frequently a valuable diagnostic adjunct. Further testing should be decided on the basis of the patient's history, examination and prior results.

The records of children admitted to Boston City Hospital over a one‐year period were reviewed. Of 2,088 pediatric patients, 238 had discharge diagnoses pertinent to the balance mechanism. Of these, 14 had a presenting symptom of dizziness. These cases are analyzed.
A Waiting List to Go Home: An Analysis of Delayed Discharges From Surgical Beds
Authors: Benson RT , Drew JC , Galland RB
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this paper was to analyse patients who were unable to be discharged from a surgical ward despite being surgically fit to leave.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Data were collected on all surgical in-patients on a single day. Patients who were surgically fit for discharge but whose discharge was delayed were identified. Demographic data and reasons for delay were noted.

RESULTS

Nine of 75 patients (12%) were surgical bed blockers. These patients were more likely to have been admitted as emergencies (P = 0.035) and were older (P < 0.01) than the remaining patients. They occupied 35% of the total ‘bed-days’ of the group as a whole with a median in-patient stay of 41 days compared with 2 days for the other patients. Trust-collected data, based on UK Government guidelines, showed only one surgical delayed discharge patient on the day studied.

CONCLUSIONS

Due to problems in defining delayed discharge Government figures probably underestimate the true numbers. Lack of intermediate care and social service provision are a major cause of bed blocking.
Vascular Surgical Emergencies: How will Future Surgeons be Trained?
Authors: Richards T , Pittathankal AA , Kahn PY , Magee TR , Lewis MH , Galland RB
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION

We wished to assess whether pattern and impact of emergency vascular surgical referrals has altered since a previous study in 1990. Following introduction of shift working patterns, we wished to assess how these changes may affect vascular training and vascular on-call cover.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Prospective survey of emergency vascular referrals at two district general hospitals (DGH-R and DGH-L) in 2003. DGH-R received only regional referrals whereas DGH-L also received ‘next day’ referrals from a smaller hospital. Results were compared between centres and with a previous study undertaken at DGH-R in 1990.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2003 emergency vascular referrals at DGH-R increased by 51% (53 to 80). The number seen at DGH-R and DGH-L were similar in 2003. There were significantly more out-of-hours referrals in DGH-R than DGH-L (59% versus 35%; P = 0.0123). Referrals were more likely to be seen initially by the vascular team at DGH-L than DGH-R (80% versus 47%, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Vascular emergency referrals have increased. A trainee was likely to see more emergency referrals at DGH-L than DGH-R. This may impact on future training.
Impact of Changing Trend in Cold Ischaemic Time on Operating Times in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Seow Ying-Ying , Riad Hany , Dyer Philip
Published: November 2006

INTRODUCTION

The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) is calling for reduction in the working hours of doctors. Renal transplantation is well-recognised as an out-of-hours specialty. Our study looks at whether our renal transplant centre's attempt to reduce cold ischaemic time (CIT) has impacted on the pattern of operating times since this may have implications on the surgeons' working hours.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We studied 883 adult cadaver kidney transplants performed between 1 January 1992 and 31 December 2002. CIT and time of surgery was obtained from a local audit database (< www.nwkta.org >) and that held by UK Transplant. Time of surgery was divided into 07:30–17:59 (day),18:00–23:59 (evening) and 00:00–07:29 (night).

RESULTS

CIT has decreased since 1992, with a significant reduction after 1998 (P = 0.0001). There was, however, no difference in the percentage of operations performed during the three time periods before and after 1998. Between 1999–2002, 51.4% of transplants took place out of hours (i.e. 18:00–07:29).

CONCLUSIONS

Reduction in CIT does not appear to have impacted on our operating times. The large amount of out-of-hours work is, however, not compliant with EWTD requirements.
The Current Standard of Care in the Periprocedural Management of the Patient with Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: Clarke DL , Pillay Y , Anderson F , Thomson SR
Published: November 2006

This review provides a literature-based guide to the optimal management of the patient with obstructive jaundice with emphasis placed on prevention of complications.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Following Arthroscopy of the Knee Joint
Authors: Raj D , Iyer S , Fergusson CM
Published: November 2006

Arthroscopic surgery of the knee is considered to be a safe procedure. We had a microbiologically confirmed infection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although various rare infective cases are reported following arthroscopy of the knee joint, to the best of our knowledge there is no previous report of MRSA infection following arthroscopy of the knee joint.
Logbooks: A Review of ENT registrar surgery
Authors: Tassone P , Price T , Prinsley P
Published: November 2006

An annual snapshot of ENT SpR training is available at the Record of In-Training Assessment (RITA) when the regional trainees present their operative logs for scrutiny. Simple arithmetic reveals information about the quantity of operative training experience but rather less about quality. The logbook provides some insight into a trainee's surgical exposure and what opportunities are available in the region. This paper presents the summated logbooks of the ENT SpRs in the Eastern deanery presented at the annual RITA.
What is Surgery?
Authors: Marescaux Jacques
Published: November 2006

In a wide-ranging address to the Diplomates, Professor Marescaux of the Institute for Research into Cancer of the Digestive System (IRCAD)/European Institute of Telesurgery (EITS) considers the nature of surgery and the changing role of the surgeon in modern times. The surgeon, he argues, operates on the borderlines with many other disciplines, from engineering and technology, to ethics and the law, to art and philosophy. Despite the rapidly changing face of medical technology, he argues persuasively for the indispensable role of the surgeon in providing compassion and care.
Pilot st1 – 2 programmes in two deaneries
Authors: Foers Toni , Robson Denise
Published: November 2006

In August 2005, core surgical training (ST1–2 pilot training programmes) commenced in Mersey, Northern, and South Yorkshire and South Humber (SYSH) deaneries. This study is a select view on two particular areas, namely the latter two deaneries. A full evaluation has been undertaken during the year by the QA team.
Restorative diploma now aesthetically pleasing
Authors: Worker Charlotte
Published: November 2006

Until recently it has been difficult for general dental practitioners (GDPs) to access formally recognised postgraduate training while maintaining a full-time commitment to practice. The diploma in restorative dentistry from the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP(UK)) allows participants to do just that. In the latest development GDPs now have the option, for the first time, to choose a special interest module in aesthetic dentistry during the second year of the part-time diploma programme.
PC world
Authors: Dawson-Bowling Sebastian
Published: November 2006

A friend who also happens to hold fellowship of The Royal College of Surgeons recently told me about his elderly mother-in-law being admitted to hospital last year with what turned out to be an exacerbation of her ulcerative colitis. Living over 200 miles away, he was unable to visit the hospital immediately, so he very reasonably telephoned to find out what was happening, explaining both his family connection and professional background; only to be told by a series of nurses and doctors that such information could not be dispensed over the telephone for reasons of patient confidentiality.
Is German surgical training attractive for residents?
Authors: Schröder W
Published: November 2006

As in other western countries, the surgical disciplines in Germany are expecting a shortage in physician workforce, which might compromise the basic care of surgical patients. This shortfall is associated with a decreasing interest for German medical school graduates in surgical work and in the 'surgical way of life'. The lack of interest for graduates has been the object of recent discussions and is most likely caused by one or more of the following reasons: bad working conditions for German surgical residents in the hospital; poor quality of surgical training with limited future prospects for surgical positions; and the wish for a general change of lifestyle which would allow the residents more time with their families and free time to follow their own interests.
A multitude of syntheses: a comparison of five approaches from diverse policy fields
Authors: Boaz Annette , Ashby Deborah , Denyer David , Egan Matt , Harden Angela , Jones David R. , Pawson Ray , Tranfield David
Published: November 2006

English

This article addresses the synthesis and use of research evidence to inform policy and practice. Reviews of the evidence base in many fields have formed a crucial bridge between research, policy making and practice. Systematic review, in conjunction with meta-analysis, has become an established methodology for locating, selecting, appraising and quantitatively synthesising research evidence according to an explicit and reproducible methodology. However, the ‘standard’ systematic review template associated with the Cochrane Collaboration is often criticised for its perceived inability to cope with variation in study design, nature of evidence and study context. We present five approaches to research synthesis, conducted in different fields, using contrasting methodologies. A number of methodological, practical and strategic implications of conducting research syntheses are explored. The article aims to stimulate debate about what counts as good-quality synthesis, and to demonstrate the growing diversity in its practice. In so doing, the article offers researchers and commissioners a range of approaches to producing reviews of the evidence base.
Future time orientation predicts academic engagement among first‐year university students
Authors: Horstmanshof Louise. , Zimitat Craig.
Published: November 2006

Background. Enhancing student engagement is considered an important strategy for improving retention. Students' Time Perspective is an under‐researched factor that may significantly influence student engagement.

Aims. This study examines interrelationships between elements of student engagement and relationship with Time Perspective. We propose that there are significant relationships between psychological and behavioural elements of student engagement. We also posit that time orientation is an important factor in facilitating psychological and behavioural elements of student engagement.

Sample. Participants (N=347) were first‐year undergraduate students who had completed one semester of study and re‐enrolled for a further semester of study at an Australian university.

Methods. Participants were surveyed using instruments designed to measure Academic Application, Academic Orientation (McInnis, James, & Hartley, 2000), Time Perspective (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), the shortened version of the Study Process Questionnaire (Fox, McManus, & Winder, 2001) and hours spent preparing for class.

Results. There were interrelationships between the elements of student engagement (e.g. Academic Application) with productive educational behaviours (e.g. deep approach to learning). Students' perceptions of time appeared as a key factor mediating levels of Academic Application and Academic Orientation. Orientation to the Future emerged as a significant predictor of these elements of engagement.

Conclusions. Future orientation emerged as an important factor mediating students' academic engagement in these students who completed one semester of study. Interventions focusing on the development of time perspective may be helpful in encouraging and supporting academic engagement and, ultimately, persistence in higher education.
Effects of contextual cues in recall and recognition memory: The misinformation effect reconsidered
Authors: Campbell Justine M. , Edwards Mark S. , Horswill Mark S. , Helman Shaun
Published: November 2006

Research in semantic word list‐learning paradigms suggests that presentation modality during encoding may influence word recognition at test. Given these findings, it is argued that some previous misinformation effect research might contain methodologies which are problematic. Misleading information groups typically receive erroneous information in written narratives, which may be further impeded by written tests. Results may therefore be explained by misinformation or encoding specificity. In two experiments, participants received restated, neutral, and misleading post‐event information through auditory or written modalities. Participants' recognition and recall of critical details about the source event were tested. In a recognition test using the standard testing procedure, there were no condition differences for post‐event information presented via an auditory modality. However, for post‐event information presented in the text modality, recognition performance was more accurate for restated information relative to neutral information, which in‐turn was better than the misled condition. Using the modified testing procedure, the differences were again limited to the text condition. Better performance was evident in the restated condition relative to the average of the neutral and the misled conditions, and there was no difference in performance between the neutral and the misled conditions. Using a recall test, however, there was no effect of modality. Memory was significantly better for restated information than for the average of the neutral and the misled conditions and poorer in the misled condition relative to the neutral condition. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of contextual cues at test, and methodological and interpretational limitations associated with previous research.
A multi‐level perspective on the synergies between work and family
Authors: Grzywacz Joseph G. , Carlson Dawn S. , Kacmar K. Michele , Wayne Julie Holliday
Published: November 2006

In this paper we lay the conceptual foundation for work‐family facilitation. Work‐family facilitation is a process representing the synergies between the domains of work and family. We formally define facilitation as the extent to which an individual's engagement in one social system, such as work or family, contributes to growth in another social system. We develop the process through which facilitation occurs, provide a model and case studies of this process, and delineate additional theoretical and empirical research necessary to understand work‐family facilitation so that it can be managed and cultivated within organizations.
Thymus Uncoupling Protein 1 Is Exclusive to Typical Brown Adipocytes and Is Not Found in Thymocytes
Authors: Frontini Andrea , Rousset Sophie , Cassard-Doulcier Anne-Marie , Zingaretti Cristina , Ricquier Daniel , Cinti Saverio
Published: November 2006

A large number of studies have established the mitochondrial uncoupling protein UCP1 as a specific marker of brown adipocytes, where it controls energy dissipation of fatty acid oxidation as heat in response to physiological requirements. Following the recent report of the detection of UCP1 in thymocytes of rats and mice, we reinvestigated its presence in thymus. Light microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the UCP1 signal in thymus is entirely explained by the presence of typical brown adipocytes around the gland. Staining for UCP1 was not observed in thymocytes. Similarly, UCP1 failed to be observed in rat spleen, skeletal muscle, stomach, intestine, or uterus, even after exposure of animals to the cold. These data confirm the specificity of UCP1 expression in the thermogenic brown adipocytes and argue against a direct role for this mitochondrial transporter in immune cells. Whether brown adipocytes adjacent to thymic lobes play a role in thymus physiology remains to be investigated.
Oligodendrocytes and Radial Glia Derived From Adult Rat Spinal Cord Progenitors: Morphological and Immunocytochemical Characterization
Authors: Kulbatski Iris , Mothe Andrea J. , Keating Armand , Hakamata Yoji , Kobayashi Eiji , Tator Charles H.
Published: November 2006

Self-renewing, multipotent neural progenitor cells (NPCs) reside in the adult mammalian spinal cord ependymal region. The current study characterized, in vitro, the native differentiation potential of spinal cord NPCs isolated from adult enhanced green fluorescence protein rats. Neurospheres were differentiated, immunocytochemistry (ICC) was performed, and the positive cells were counted as a percentage of Hoescht+ nuclei in 10 random fields. Oligodendrocytes constituted most of the NPC progeny (58.0% of differentiated cells; 23.4% in undifferentiated spheres). ICC and electron microscopy (EM) showed intense myelin production by neurospheres and progeny. The number of differentiated astrocytes was 18.0%, but only 2.8% in undifferentiated spheres. The number of differentiated neurons was 7.4%, but only 0.85% in undifferentiated spheres. The number of differentiated radial glia (RG) was 73.0% and in undifferentiated spheres 80.9%. EM showed an in vitro phagocytic capability of NPCs. The number of undifferentiated NPCs was 32.8% under differentiation conditions and 78.9% in undifferentiated spheres. Compared with ependymal region spheres, the spheres derived from the peripheral white matter of the spinal cord produced glial-restricted precursors. These findings indicate that adult rat spinal cord ependymal NPCs differentiate preferentially into oligodendrocytes and RG, which may support axonal regeneration in future trials of transplant therapy for spinal cord injury.
Expression of the MDR-1 Gene-encoded P-glycoprotein in Cardiomyocytes of Conscious Sheep Undergoing Acute Myocardial Ischemia Followed by Reperfusion
Authors: Laguens Rubén P. , Lazarowski Alberto J. , Cuniberti Luis A. , Janavel Gustavo L. Vera , Cabeza Meckert Patricia M. , Yannarelli Gustavo G. , del Valle Héctor F. , Lascano Elena C. , Negroni Jorge A. , Crottogini Alberto J.
Published: November 2006

We have recently reported that in chronic myocardial ischemia, adult mammalian cardiomyocytes express P-glycoprotein (P-gp). We now investigate if P-gp is also expressed in acute regional ischemia followed by reperfusion. Adult conscious sheep underwent 12-min occlusion of the mid-left anterior descending artery (inflatable cuff). Successful ischemia-reperfusion was confirmed by monitoring percent systolic left ventricular anterior wall thickening (sonomicrometry) during the whole is chemic period and every 10 min over 2 hr following cuff deflation. At 3, 24, and 48 hr after reperfusion, P-gp expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot and MDR-1 mRNA by RT-PCR. Cardiomyocytes in the occluded artery territory (but not those in remote areas) consistently expressed P-gp at their sarcolemma. Whereas at 3 and 24 hr P-gp was mainly observed in the T tubules, at 48 hr it predominated in intercalated discs and gap junctions. RT-PCR and Western blot revealed higher expression in ischemic than in control myocardium. We conclude that in adult sheep with acute myocardial ischemia, the MDR-1 gene-encoded P-gp is expressed at the sarcolemma of the cardiomyocytes from 3 hr up to at least 48 hr after reperfusion.
Loss of Peroxisomes Causes Oxygen Insensitivity of the Histochemical Assay of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity to Detect Cancer Cells
Authors: Frederiks Wilma M. , Vreeling-Sindelárová Heleen , Van Noorden Cornelis J.F.
Published: November 2006

Oxygen insensitivity of carcinoma cells and oxygen sensitivity of non-cancer cells in the histochemical assay of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enables detection of carcinoma cells in unfixed cell smears or cryostat sections of biopsies. The metabolic background of oxygen insensitivity is still not understood completely. In the present study, rat hepatocytes, rat hepatoma cells (FTO-2B), and human colon carcinoma cells (HT29) were used to elucidate these backgrounds. The residual activity in oxygen was 0%, 55%, and 80% in hepatocytes, hepatoma cells, and colon carcinoma cells, respectively. N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), a blocker of SH-groups, did not affect G6PD activity in both carcinoma cell types but reduced G6PD activity in hepatocytes by 40%. Ultrastructural localization of G6PD activity was exclusively in the cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, but in hepatocytes both in cytoplasm and peroxisomes. NEM abolished peroxisomal G6PD activity only. Histochemical assay of catalase activity demonstrated absence of peroxisomes in both carcinoma cell lines. It is concluded that absence of SH-sensitive G6PD activity in peroxisomes in cancer cells is responsible for the oxygen-insensitivity phenomenon.
A Subset of p23 Localized on Secretory Granules in Pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Hosaka Masahiro , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Yamauchi Yoshio , Sakai Yuko , Suda Masayuki , Mizutani Shin , Takeuchi Toshiyuki , Isobe Toshiaki , Izumi Tetsuro
Published: November 2006

Proteins on the membrane of secretory granules (SGs) involved in their biogenesis and exocytosis are poorly characterized compared with those of synaptic vesicle in neurons. Thus the secretory granule membrane was prepared from a mouse pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 by subcellular fractionation, and protein constituents were analyzed by microscale two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Using this proteomics approach, one of the p24 family proteins, p23, was unexpectedly found in the granule fraction, although p24 proteins are generally regarded as functioning in the early secretory pathways between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. We further showed that p23 is expressed at high levels in endocrine cells. Furthermore, immunocytochemical analyses of pancreatic β-cells at the light and electron microscopic levels demonstrated that a significant amount of p23 is localized on the insulin granule membrane, although it is most intensely concentrated at the cis-Golgi compartment as previously shown in non-endocrine cells. These findings suggest that a fraction of p23 enters post-Golgi compartments and may function in the biogenesis and/or quality control of SGs.
Reflections on Noun-to-Verb Conversion In English
Authors: Baeskow Heike
Published: November 2006

English denominal verbs formed by conversion adopt complex morphosyntactic and semantic information in a rather mysterious way. For example, the lexical item bottle is unambiguously interpreted as a referential expression in a sentence like John bought a bottle of wine, but how do we account for the event-reading of the same lexical item in a sentence like John bottled the wine? In this study it will be argued that the lexical information of converted denominal verbs is not provided by an unspecified zero-affix, but by conceptual qualia structures, i. e. by modes of explanation, and that these make explicit the implicit knowledge speakers of English have about the referents of nominal bases and determine the interpretation and formation of the corresponding verbs. Moreover, qualia structures yield not only the basic meanings of denominal verbs, but also allow for context-dependent interpretations, which are a result of coercion (e. g. John bottled the spectators). A mapping relation between qualia structures and argument structures, the latter of which are part of the lexical representation of the denominal verbs, will be established by meaning postulates.
An Application of Thermal Analysis to Household Waste
Authors: Cheng Z , Chen H , Zhang Y , Hack P , Pan W-P
Published: November 2006

Thermal analysis combined with composition analysis has been used in this work to identify evolved gas when burning household waste. Thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with Fourier transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-MS) offers structural identification of compounds evolved during thermal processes. Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analysis and XRD offers raw materials information. All these combined can help to evaluate the chemical pathway for the degradation reactions by determining the decomposition products. For comparison purposes, emitted species concentrations are measured with multiple-sensors when burning household waste in a lab-scale fluidized bed combustor. There is excellent agreement between the two different approaches. The measured results also provided some insight into burning household waste as an energy source in large-scale incinerators.
Low-Dose Atomoxetine for Maintenance Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Michelson David , Kratochvil Christopher J. , Allen Albert J. , Ruff Dustin D. , Moore Rodney J. ,   for the Atomoxetine Low-dose Study Group
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVE. Data from acute studies of atomoxetine in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder suggest that a dose of ∼1.2 mg/kg per day is required to attain a maximal symptom response. However, lower doses could be effective during maintenance treatment, which would reduce drug exposure and potential problems related to tolerability during chronic treatment.

METHODS. Patients 6 to 16 years of age who had a robust response to an initial acute trial of atomoxetine were assigned randomly under double-blind conditions to continue treatment for up to 8 months with either the dose to which they had responded acutely (1.2–1.8 mg/kg per day, N = 116, continued same dose) or a lower dose (0.5 mg/kg per day, N = 113, low dose). The primary outcome measure was relapse, defined as an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version: Investigator-Administered and Scored total score returned to ≥90% of the original baseline value (before acute treatment) for 2 consecutive visits. Mean change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale total score was assessed as a secondary outcome.

RESULTS. At randomization, symptom severity was low and similar in both groups. At end point, relapse rates did not differ between the groups. Mean change in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale total score from the conclusion of acute treatment to end point also was not different between groups. Reports of affective lability were higher in the patients in the low-dose group. Also, increases in heart rate (compared with when atomoxetine was started) were higher in the patients in the continued same-dose group than in the low-dose group. Finally, increases in weight over the course of the trial were greater for the low-dose group than the continued same-dose group.

CONCLUSIONS. For patients who experience a robust response to atomoxetine, it may be possible to retain the response during maintenance treatment with a reduced dose of atomoxetine.
Positive operator valued measures and the quantum Monty Hall problem
Authors: Zander Claudia , Casas Montserrat , Plastino Angel , Plastino Angel R.
Published: November 2006

A quantum version of the Monty Hall problem, based upon the Positive Operator Valued Measures (POVM) formalism, is proposed. It is shown that basic normalization and symmetry arguments lead univocally to the associated POVM elements, and that the classical probabilities associated with the Monty Hall scenario are recovered for a natural choice of the measurement operators.
Acidification of the parasitophorous vacuole containing Toxoplasma gondii in the presence of hydroxyurea
Authors: Carvalho Cristiane S. , Melo Edésio J.T.
Published: November 2006

Toxoplasma gondii multiplies within parasitophorous vacuole that is not recognized by the primary no oxidative defense of host cells, mainly represented by the fusion with acidic organelles. Recent studies have already shown that hydroxyurea arrested the intracellular parasites leading to its destruction. In the present work we investigated the cellular mechanism involved in the destruction of intracellular Toxoplasma gondii. Fluorescent vital stains were used in order to observe possible acidification of parasitophorous vacuole-containing Toxoplasma gondii in presence of hydroxyurea. Vero cells infected with tachyzoites were treated with hydroxyurea for 12, 24 or 48 hours. Fluorescence, indicative of acidification, was observed in the parasitophorous vacuole when the cultures were incubated in presence of acridine orange. LysoTracker red was used in order to determine whether lysosomes were involved in the acidification process. An intense fluorescence was observed after 12 and 24 hours of incubation with hydroxyurea, achieving it is highly intensity after 48 hours of treatment. Ultrastructural cytochemistry for localization of the acid phosphatase lysosomal enzyme was realized. Treated infected cultures showed reaction product in vesicles fusing with vacuole or associated with intravacuolar parasites. These results suggest that fusion with lysosomes and acidification of parasitophorous vacuole leads to parasites destruction in the presence pf hydroxyurea.
Chemical signature of two Permian volcanic ash deposits within a bentonite bed from Melo, Uruguay
Authors: Calarge Liane M. , Meunier Alain , Lanson Bruno , Formoso Milton L.L.
Published: November 2006

A Permian bentonite deposit at Melo, Uruguay is composed of a calcite-cemented sandstone containing clay pseudomorphs of glass shards (0-0.50 m) overlying a pink massive clay deposit (0.50-2.10m). The massive bed is composed of two layers containing quartz and smectite or pure smectite respectively. The smectite is remarkably homogeneous throughout the profile: it is a complex mixed layer composed of three layer types whose expandability with ethylene glycol (2EG 1EG or 0EG sheets in the interlayer zone which correspond to low-, medium- and high-charge layers respectively) varies with the cation saturating the interlayer zone. The smectite homogeneity through the profile is the signature of an early alteration process in a lagoonal water which was over saturated with respect to calcite. Compaction during burial has made the bentonite bed a K-depleted closed system in which diagenetic illitization was inhibited. Variations in major, REE and minor element abundances throughout the massive clay deposit suggest that it originated from two successive ash falls. The incompatible element abundances are consistent with that of a volcanic glass fractionated from a rhyolite magma formed in a subduction/collision geological context.