bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease by Velocity Vector Imaging
Authors: Yang Zu‐rong , Zhou Qi‐chang , Lee Ling , Zou Ling , Zeng Shi , Tan Yi , Cao Dan‐ming
Published: November 2011

Objective: To assess the left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic function and asynchrony in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CAD) by syngo velocity vector imaging (VVI). Methods: Twenty‐eight control subjects and 79 patients with CAD were examined, including 28 patients with myocardial infarction, 26 patients with coronary lumen stenosis <50%, and 25 patients with myocardial ischemia. According to the results of coronary arteriography and electrocardiogram (ECG), the myocardial segments of the LV of CAD patients were divided into four groups: ischemic, infarcted, nonischemic, and normal. Dynamic imaging was performed on all subjects. The systolic peak strain (Smax), systolic strain rate (SRmax), time to peak strain (PTs), and time to peak strain rate (PTsr) in every cardiac cycle were measured. Results: A total of 1,253 out of 1,712 (96.5%) segments were successfully analyzed with VVI. Smax and SRmax of the ischemic and infarcted segments were impaired in CAD patients. Optimal sensitivity and specificity were obtained with strain and strain rate cutoffs of −14.08% and −0.83 s−1, respectively, for detecting ischemic segments and −6.65% and −0.38 s−1, respectively, for detecting infarcted segments. The PTs and PTsr were significantly longer in the ischemic and infarcted segments compared to those of the control group. Conclusions: Utilizing VVI, the longitudinal strain, strain rate, and peak time in CAD patients are easy to obtain and reproducible. Strain and strain rate cutoff values of abnormal myocardium are valuable for detecting ischemia and infarction. The PTs and PTsr values possibly estimate myocardium asynchrony in CAD patients. (Echocardiography 2012;29:340‐345)
Noncontraceptive Uses of Hormonal Contraception
Authors: King Joyce
Published: November 2011

Hormonal contraceptives are not only effective methods of birth control but also are effective at treating and/or preventing a variety of gynecologic and general disorders. Hormonal contraceptives can decrease the severity of acne, correct menstrual irregularities, treat endometriosis‐associated pain, decrease bleeding associated with uterine myomas, decrease pain associated with menstrual periods, moderate symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome, reduce menstrual migraine frequency, and increase bone mineral density as well as decrease the risk of specific cancers such as endometrial and ovarian cancer. Women need to receive this information to guide them in their decisions regarding choice of contraception as well as treatment options for gynecologic disorders.
Antenatal Corticosteroids at the Beginning of the 21st Century
Authors: Riley Cheryl A. , Boozer Kathileen , King Tekoa L.
Published: November 2011

Corticosteroids administered to women in preterm labor are the standard of care for reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with prematurity. These agents promote lung development and reduce the incidence of neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage. Several studies have investigated the method by which fetal lung fluid is cleared after birth. This exploration resulted in the elucidation of the Starling equation or the hypothesis that fluid filtration through capillary membranes is dependent on the balance between the pressure blood places on the capillary membranes and the osmotic pressure of the membranes. The clinical observation that a neonate experiences a vaginal squeeze during a vaginal birth may be important, but it can account for only a small percentage of the lung fluid absorbed. Perhaps more importantly, amiloride‐sensitive sodium transport channels (ENaCs) have emerged as key factors in the movement of alveolar fluid from the lung into the vascular system. Several potential clinical applications have been developed from this new knowledge about the physiology of lung fluid clearance at birth. Neonates born late preterm or at term by elective cesarean before the onset of labor are more likely to develop respiratory distress than those born vaginally. Based on the mechanism of action of antenatal corticosteroids, these drugs may be beneficial in the clearance of fetal lung fluid in this population. This article reviews how fetal lung fluid is cleared; the pharmacologic effects of corticosteroids on the fetus; and the risks, benefits, and controversies associated with corticosteroid use.
Safety and Risks of Nitrous Oxide Labor Analgesia: A Review
Authors: Rooks Judith P.
Published: November 2011

Introduction: This review of the safety and risks of nitrous oxide (N2O) labor analgesia presents results of a search for evidence of its effects on labor, the mother, the fetus, the neonate, breastfeeding, and maternal‐infant bonding. Concerns about apoptotic damage to the brains of immature mammals exposed to high doses of N2O during late gestation, possible cardiovascular risks from hyperhomocysteinemia caused by N2O, a hypothesis that children exposed to N2O during birth are more likely to become addicted to amphetamine drugs as adults, and possible occupational risks for those who provide care to women using N2O/O2 labor analgesia are discussed in detail.

Methods: Research relevant to the 4 special concerns and to the effects of N2O analgesia on labor and the mother‐child dyad were examined in depth. Three recent reviews of the biologic, toxicologic, anesthetic, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects of N2O; 3 reviews of the safety of 50% N2O/oxygen (O2) in providing analgesia in a variety of health care settings; and a 2002 systematic review of N2O/O2 labor analgesia were used.

Results: Nitrous oxide analgesia is safe for mothers, neonates, and those who care for women during childbirth if the N2O is delivered as a 50% blend with O2, is self‐administered, and good occupational hygiene is practiced. Because of the strong correlation between dose and harm from exposure to N2O, concerns based on effects of long exposure to high anesthetic‐level doses of N2O have only tenuous, hypothetical pertinence to the safety of N2O/O2 labor analgesia.

Discussion: Nitrous oxide labor analgesia is safe for the mother, fetus, and neonate and can be made safe for caregivers. It is simple to administer, does not interfere with the release and function of endogenous oxytocin, and has no adverse effects on the normal physiology and progress of labor.
Is time on cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery associated with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis?
Authors: Mancini Elena , Caramelli Fabio , Ranucci Marco , Sangiorgi Diego , Reggiani Letizia Bacchi , Frascaroli Guido , Zucchelli Annalisa , Bellasi Antonio , Santoro Antonio
Published: November 2011

It is commonly accepted that the longer the time on extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the higher is the likelihood of developing acute renal failure requiring dialysis (ARF‐D). Nonetheless, previous works elicited conflicting evidence. We investigated the relationship between CPB duration and ARF‐D occurrence. Data were extracted from a large observational study. All factors independently associated with ARF‐D were detected. Overall, 11,092 case record forms were analyzed. At the univariate analyses, time on CBP was associated with an increase in the ARF‐D risk (odds ratio of fifth vs. first quintile of CBP time: 3.84; 95% confidence interval: 2.58–5.7; P < 0.001). However, after adjusting for confounders, the association between time on CBP and ARF‐D lost its statistical significance. In this large dataset, CBP time did not predict ARF‐D occurrence. These results might suggest that an accurate risk assessment might be more important than time on CPB in determining ARF‐D occurrence.
SiOC Glass–Diamond Composites
Authors: Sellappan Pathikumar , Toma Liviu , Miehe Gerhard , Célarié Fabrice , Rouxel Tanguy , Riedel Ralf
Published: November 2011

New types of bulk SiOC glass matrix composites reinforced with diamond particles were successfully fabricated. Diamond particles were introduced into the SiOC matrix by the polymer‐derived ceramics (PDC) route using polysiloxane and two different sized diamond particles, 2 and 30 μm as starting precursors. Dense bulk specimens were prepared by warm pressing at 150°C–160°C followed by pyrolization at 1100°C for 2 h. The composites were characterized by means of SEM, TEM, optical observation, X‐ray diffraction, and Vickers indentation. Elastic properties were determined by means of ultrasonic echography, and Young's modulus was found to increase from 96 to 154 GPa when diamond content increased from 0 to 25 vol%. Reinforcement results in significant improvement, nearly 100%, in hardness compared to pristine SiOC glass sample. The size of the diamond particles has an influence on density and microstructure of the composites. The TEM investigations reveal that SiOC glass matrix and 2 μm diamond particles have excellent bonding. The present study demonstrates the possibility of fabricating bulk SiOC glass–diamond composites via the polymer‐processing route, resulting in composites with promising mechanical properties.
Thermal Activation of Albite for the Synthesis of One‐Part Mix Geopolymers
Authors: Feng Dingwu , Provis John L. , van Deventer Jannie S. J.
Published: November 2011

Precursors for the preparation of one‐part geopolymers are synthesized by thermal activation of albite with sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate, then cooling and crushing the resulting product. Albite is stable under thermal treatment up to 1000°C, but is able to be converted to depolymerized, disordered, and X‐ray amorphous geopolymer precursors in the presence of sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate at elevated temperatures. The geopolymer precursors react with the addition of water (i.e., form a “one part geopolymer mix”), forming geopolymers with acceptable compressive strength. One‐part geopolymers synthesized via thermal activation of albite with NaOH show a higher compressive strength than those produced with Na2CO3 at the same dosage. Some crystalline sodium‐aluminosilicate hydrates (zeolites) are also formed in addition to geopolymer gel in the geopolymers synthesized from albite activated by NaOH, compared to predominantly amorphous phases in the samples activated by Na2CO3. The activation of natural aluminosilicates including albite by thermal treatment with alkalis has great potential in the development of novel one‐part mix geopolymers.
Fatty acids and vitamins generate singlet oxygen under UVB irradiation
Authors: Regensburger Johannes , Knak Alena , Maisch Tim , Landthaler Michael , Bäumler Wolfgang
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  UVB radiation is already known as initiator and promoter of carcinogenesis in skin. UVB is well absorbed in proteins and DNA leading to products such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. In contrast, UVA radiation generates reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, which can initiate a variety of cellular damages and cellular signalling. It was the goal to investigate whether and to which extent UVB radiation is additionally able to cause oxidative damages via singlet oxygen. Potential endogenous photosensitizers such as vitamin B molecules or unsaturated fatty acids were irradiated in solution using monochromatic UVB radiation at 308 nm. Singlet oxygen was directly detected and quantified by its luminescence at 1270 nm. All investigated endogenous photosensitizers showed clear singlet oxygen signals with a quantum yield ranging from 5 to 40%. UVB radiation altered the photosensitizer molecules during irradiation yielding a change of absorption in the entire ultraviolet spectrum (280–400 nm). UVB irradiation of endogenous photosensitizers produced singlet oxygen that in turn changes the absorption of those molecules. Being an important prerequisite, the changed absorption may either reduce or increase singlet oxygen production. An increase in singlet oxygen generation may initiate a vicious cycle that has the potential to amplify UVB‐ or UVA‐mediated effects in skin cells.
Phytochemical variation within a single plant species influences foraging behavior of deer
Authors: Kimball Bruce A. , Russell John H. , Ott Peter K.
Published: November 2011

To determine how black‐tailed deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus respond to phytochemical cues while browsing in heterogeneous phytochemical environments, we offered captive and free‐range deer cloned rooted cuttings and seedlings of western redcedar Thuja plicata selected for varying monoterpene content. Black‐tailed deer were thus allowed to browse among a controlled array of phytochemical cues in a series of experiments designed to evaluate foraging behavior at fine (within plot) and coarse (plot selection) scales. Within‐plot diet selection experiments demonstrated that browse preference for individual western redcedar plants was a function of foliar monoterpene concentration. Individual plant palatability combined with momentary maximization foraging strategy promoted survival of heavily defended plants. Among‐plot foraging experiments demonstrated that coarse‐scale foraging preferences were strongly influenced by distributions of high monoterpene‐containing western redcedar in available plots. Olfaction may play a significant role in both fine and coarse‐scale browse behaviors of deer as they employ a risk‐averse foraging strategy.
Colonisation of urban environments is associated with reduced migratory behaviour, facilitating divergence from ancestral populations
Authors: Evans Karl L. , Newton Jason , Gaston Kevin J. , Sharp Stuart P. , McGowan Andrew , Hatchwell Ben J.
Published: November 2011

How individuals colonising novel environments overcome the diverse suite of new selection pressures is a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Urban environments differ markedly from the rural ones that they replace and successful colonisation of urban areas may therefore require local adaptation and phenotypic/genetic divergence from ancestral populations. Such a process would be facilitated by limited dispersal to and from the novel habitat. Here we assess divergence in migratory behaviour between seven pairs of urban and rural European blackbird Turdus merula populations along a 2800 km transect across Europe. This former forest specialist is now amongst the most abundant urban birds across most of its range. We use a stable isotope approach due to the lack of sufficient ringing data from multiple urban populations, and compare hydrogen isotopic ratios of tissues grown in the breeding (feathers) and wintering areas (claws) to derive an index of long distance migratory behaviour. We find a tendency for urban blackbirds to be more sedentary than rural ones at all sites and this divergence is particularly strong at the north‐eastern limit of our transect, i.e. in Estonia and Latvia. These urban populations are those that have been established most recently (from the late 1930s to 1950s) implying that urbanisation can promote rapid ecological divergence. The increased sedentary behaviour of urban birds could promote further ecological divergence between rural and urban populations, such as the earlier breeding of urban blackbirds, and in some cases may contribute to their previously documented genetic divergence.
Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Induce Pro‐Inflammatory Cytokine Production Alone and in Combination with Toll‐Like Receptor Ligands
Authors: Mirmonsef Paria , Zariffard Mohammad R. , Gilbert Douglas , Makinde Hadijat , Landay Alan L. , Spear Greg T.
Published: November 2011

Citation Mirmonsef P, Zariffard MR, Gilbert D, Makinde H, Landay, AL, Spear GT. Short‐chain fatty acids induce pro‐inflammatory cytokine production alone and in combination with Toll‐like receptor ligands. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 391–400

Problem  Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced at relatively high levels by anaerobic bacteria in bacterial vaginosis (BV), are believed to be anti‐inflammatory. BV, a common alteration in the genital microbiota associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, is characterized by increased levels of both pro‐inflammatory cytokines and SCFAs. We investigated how SCFAs alone or together with Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligands affected pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion.

Method of study  Cytokines were measured by ELISA. Flow was used for phenotyping and reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement.

Results  Short‐chain fatty acids, at 20 mm, induced interleukin (IL)‐8, IL‐6, and IL‐1β release, while lower levels (0.02–2 mm) did not induce cytokine secretion. Levels >20 mm were toxic to cells. Interestingly, lower levels of SCFAs significantly enhanced TLR2 ligand‐ and TLR7 ligand‐induced production of IL‐8 and TNFα in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner, but had little effect on lipopolysaccharide‐induced cytokine release. SCFAs mediated their effects on pro‐inflammatory cytokine production at least in part by inducing the generation of ROS.

Conclusion  Our data suggest that SCFAs, especially when combined with specific TLR ligands, contribute to a pro‐inflammatory milieu in the lower genital tract and help further our understanding of how BV affects susceptibility to microbial infections.
Genome technologies and personalized dental medicine
Authors: Eng G , Chen A , Vess T , Ginsburg GS
Published: November 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 223–235

The addition of genomic information to our understanding of oral disease is driving important changes in oral health care. It is anticipated that genome‐derived information will promote a deeper understanding of disease etiology and permit earlier diagnosis, allowing for preventative measures prior to disease onset rather than treatment that attempts to repair the diseased state. Advances in genome technologies have fueled expectations for this proactive healthcare approach. Application of genomic testing is expanding and has already begun to find its way into the practice of clinical dentistry. To take full advantage of the information and technologies currently available, it is vital that dental care providers, consumers, and policymakers be aware of genomic approaches to understanding of oral diseases and the application of genomic testing to disease diagnosis and treatment. Ethical, legal, clinical, and educational initiatives are also required to responsibly incorporate genomic information into the practice of dentistry. This article provides an overview of the application of genomic technologies to oral health care and introduces issues that require consideration if we are to realize the full potential of genomics to enable the practice of personalized dental medicine.
Digitization of clinical and epidemiological data from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos: Maternal risk factors and embryonic malformations
Authors: Kameda Tomomi , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Suganuma Nobuhiko
Published: November 2011

Understanding the causes of congenital anomalies is of prime importance to develop management and/or prevention strategies. It is widely accepted that the occurrence of congenital malformations in fetuses and neonates is heavily correlated with maternal genetic makeup and lifestyle. However, very few epidemiologic analyses have been conducted on the embryonic developmental period because of the rarity of data available. Instigated in 1961, the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos comprises approximately 45 000 specimens of embryos and fetuses. The collection's most unique feature is that most specimens were added to the collection along with epidemiologic information on the respective mothers. This is the first report on the digitization of data from the collection. A total of 22 262 embryonic specimens were selected on the basis of data integrity. Data related to the embryos were then classified according to the following criteria: developmental stage, sampling period, geographical area, maternal determinant, and external malformation. Results indicate that 7.8% of the embryos exhibit external anomalies and 92.2% are without anomalies. The three most common anomalies were nuchal bleb, holoprosencephaly and spina bifida. A special emphasis was placed on the potential association between maternal determinants and embryonic external anomalies, allowing for statistical analyses. The present study provides further evidence that this collection represents a unique source of information to conduct epidemiological analyses, not only to further the understanding of congenital anomalies but also to help establish preventive health guidelines for pregnant women.
Human leucocyte antigen typing: techniques and technology, a critical appraisal
Authors: Dunn P. P. J.
Published: November 2011

Methods for the identification of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) have changed significantly since this group of polymorphic proteins were first characterized by serological reagents in the 1960s and 1970s. The invention and development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) has been key in the progress of methods for HLA genotyping. As the complexity of HLA polymorphism has unravelled so it has exposed the weaknesses in techniques such as PCR – Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Reference Strand Mediated Conformation Analysis (RSCA), which are no longer in use today. Methods which have been considered routine laboratory tools in recent years, such as Sequence‐Specific Primer – PCR and Sequencing Based Typing (SBT) are now also threatened with extinction, not only because of the depth of HLA variation but also because of the rapid development of Next Generation Sequencing and technologies which will follow this. This review describes the merits and disadvantages of current technologies available to HLA Typing laboratories, future trends and the problems posed by new alleles.
NF‐κB Activity in Perinatal Brain During Infectious and Hypoxic‐Ischemic Insults Revealed by a Reporter Mouse
Authors: Kielland Anders , Camassa Laura M. A. , Døhlen Gaute , Munthe Ludvig A. , Blomhoff Rune , Amiry‐Moghaddam Mahmood , Carlsen Harald
Published: November 2011

Infants suffering from infection or hypoxia–ischemia around the time of birth can develop brain damage resulting in life‐long impairment such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cognitive disability. Inflammation appears to be an important contributor irrespective of whether the primary event is infection or hypoxia–ischemia. Activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB is a hallmark of inflammation. To study perinatal brain inflammation, we developed a transgenic reporter mouse for imaging NF‐κB activity in live animals and tissue samples. The reporter genes firefly luciferase and a destabilized version of enhanced GFP (dEGFP) were regulated by common NF‐κB sites using a bidirectional promoter. Luciferase activity was imaged in vivo, while dEGFP was detected at cellular level in tissue sections. In newborn mice subjected to experimental models of infections or hypoxia–ischemia; luciferase signal increased in brains of live animals. In brain sections dEGFP expression, revealing NF‐κB activation was observed in the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier in all disease models. In meningitis and hypoxia–ischemia expression of dEGFP was also induced in perivascular astrocytes. In conclusion, by using this transgenic reporter mouse in experimental models of perinatal complications, we could assess NF‐κB activity in vivo and subsequently determine the cellular origin in the tissues.
Identified Employee Surveys: Potential Promise, Perils, and Professional Practice Guidelines
Authors: Saari Lise M. , Scherbaum Charles A.
Published: November 2011

Over the years, employee opinion surveys have evolved in their use and how they are conducted. A major advancement has been the use of linkage analyses, whereby employee attitudes at a unit level are statistically related to other important organizational outcomes. A more recent development has been linkage analyses at the individual level and over time. In order to carry out these types of analyses, “identified surveys” must be used—surveys that retain identifying information on each survey respondent in order to link with other individual-level variables over time. The purpose of this article is to open up a discussion on identified surveys, describe under what circumstances they may be uniquely beneficial, and highlight potential concerns with them. We close with proposed guidelines for professional practice and recommend that our profession have a point of view on identified surveys for ourselves and to advise others.
The Uniform Guidelines Are a Detriment to the Field of Personnel Selection
Authors: Mcdaniel Michael A. , Kepes Sven , Banks George C.
Published: November 2011

The primary federal regulation concerning employment testing has not been revised in over 3 decades. The regulation is substantially inconsistent with scientific knowledge and professional guidelines and practice. We summarize these inconsistencies and outline the problems faced by U.S. employers in complying with the regulations. We describe challenges associated with changing federal regulations and invite commentary as to how such changes can be implemented. We conclude that professional organizations, such as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), should be much more active in promoting science-based federal regulation of employment practices.
Association between urinary angiotensinogen levels and renal and cardiovascular prognoses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sawaguchi Makoto , Araki Shin‐ichi , Kobori Hiroyuki , Urushihara Maki , Haneda Masakazu , Koya Daisuke , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Uzu Takashi , Maegawa Hiroshi
Published: November 2011

Aims/Introduction:  Activation of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in the kidney plays an important role in renal function. The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma and urinary angiotensinogen levels were associated with renal and cardiovascular prognosis in type 2 diabetic patients.

Materials and Methods:  We measured plasma and urinary angiotensinogen levels in the observational follow‐up cohort of 234 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (144 with normoalbuminuria, 90 with albuminuria) enrolled between 1998 and 1999 and followed them up until the end of 2008. The associations of these markers with the annual decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and incidence of renal and cardiovascular composite endpoints (chronic hemodialysis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke and cerebral hemorrhage) were evaluated.

Results:  At baseline, urinary angiotensinogen levels correlated with urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio, urinary β2‐microglobulin and inversely with eGFR. In contrast, plasma angiotensinogen levels correlated neither with these renal factors nor with urinary angiotensinogen levels. In the follow‐up study (median duration: 9 years), urinary angiotensinogen, but not plasma angiotensinogen, correlated inversely with the annual change in eGFR (r = −0.51, P < 0.001). When patients were divided into four subgroups according to albuminuria and urinary angiotensinogen levels, patients with albuminuria and high urinary angiotensinogen levels showed a progressive decline of eGFR and a higher incidence of renal and cardiovascular composite endpoints.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that the higher level of urinary angiotensinogen in type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria is a high risk factor for worsening renal and cardiovascular complications. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00172.x, 2011)
Formulation of solid dispersion of rebamipide evaluated in a rat model for improved bioavailability and efficacy
Authors: Tung Nguyen-Thach , Park Chun-Woong , Oh Tack-oon , Kim Ju-Young , Ha Jung-Myung , Rhee Yun-Seok , Park Eun-Seok
Published: November 2011

Objectives

Rebamipide, a novel anti-ulcer agent, is listed in biopharmaceutics classification class IV because of its low aqueous solubility and permeability. Consequently, the bioavailability of rebamipide is under 10% in humans. The aim of this study was to increase the solubility and determine the effect of solubility enhancement on the bioavailability and efficacy of rebamipide (RBM).

Methods

After taking into account the physiochemical properties of RBM (solubility, melting point, dosage etc.), solid dispersion was chosen as the solubility enhancement method. A rebamipide solid dispersion system containing the drug, l-lysine, PVP-VA 64 and poloxamer 407 was obtained from a spray-drying method. Solubility enhancement of RBM from the solid dispersion was determined by a dissolution test in 900 ml at pH 1.2. The bioavailability and efficacy of RBM solid dispersion were evaluated in a rat model.

Key findings

The aqueous solubility of RBM was improved 62.17 times by solid dispersion. The oral bioavailability of the drug was also increased 1.74-fold from solid dispersion compared with the reference product in a rat model. With regard to the anti-ulcer effect, the percentage inhibition of the solid dispersion was 2.71 times higher than that of the reference product in the ulcer-induced rat model.

Conclusions

A solid dispersion of rebamipide was successfully formulated using the spray-drying method. Bioavailability and efficacy of rebamipide were increased significantly by solubility enhancement of the drug.
Efficacy of herbal supplements containing Citrus aurantium and synephrine alkaloids for the management of overweight and obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Onakpoya Igho , Davies Lucy , Ernst Edzard
Published: November 2011

Numerous herbal supplements are presently marketed as weight‐loss aids, but the efficacy of most is not proven. One such supplement is the extract of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange). The objective of this systematic review is to critically evaluate the evidence of efficacy for C. aurantium and weight management. Electronic databases, conference proceedings and pertinent journals were searched for relevant RCTs. Bibliographies and our departmental files were searched also. No restrictions on date or language of publication, age of participants or duration of treatment were imposed. Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of studies, extracted data and evaluated the methodological quality of included studies. Seven studies were identified, of which four met the inclusion criteria. All RCTs had major methodological flaws. Two RCTs reported a marginal to statistically significant reduction in body weight and body fat in participants treated with C. aurantium‐containing supplements, when compared to placebo. One trial reported a statistically significant reduction in body fat only, while the other reported a statistically significant increase in body weight. Adverse events included anxiety, elevated heart rate and musculoskeletal complaints. The evidence of efficacy for C. aurantium and weight management is contradictory and methodologically weak. Until more rigorous RCTs emerge, C. aurantium cannot be recommended as a treatment for weight loss.
Supplementary evidence to support tai chi as an ‘alternative’ exercise for patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Dunlop RA
Published: November 2011

Liu J, Li B, Shnider R.

Effects of tai chi training on improving physical function in patients with coronary heart diseases.

J Exerc Sci Fit 2010; 8: 78–84.
The Jamaican root tonics: a botanical reference
Authors: Mitchell Sylvia A
Published: November 2011

An important part of Jamaica's ethnomedical heritage is its root tonics. These tonics are deep decoctions of barks, leaves and roots of forest species, which are consumed mainly to build strength and vitality. The objective of this article has been to gather information on a sample of Jamaican root tonics in order to provide further understanding about these tonics and also to establish a botanical reference to the plants used. Information was elicited by: (1) folk medicine questionnaires and interviews; (2) study of 38 indigenous root tonics; and (3) literature searches for similar Caribbean tonics. Jamaican root tonics are made mainly by men in rural communities. Botanical analysis of 38 indigenous root tonic drinks indicates thatSmilax balbisiana(chainy root; used in 100% of tonics),S. regelii(sarsaparilla; 94.7%), herbs covered by the common name ‘strong back’ which includedDesmodium canum, Cuphea parsonsiaandMorinda royoc(94.6%),Iresine diffusa(nerve wist; 57.9%),Trophis racemosa(ramoon; 57.9%),Alysicarpus vaginalis(medina; 55.3%) andZingiber officinale(ginger; 50.0%) are the most commonly used plants. A total of 24 plants was used in 20–100% of root tonics, with 70 other plant species making up the balance. Between three and 26 plants, with an average of 13.3 plants, were used in each root tonic. Since chainy root is endemic to Jamaica, these root tonics are uniquely Jamaican. Although a wide variety of plants are used in Jamaican root tonics, the method of making the tonics is the same. This is the first scientific documentation of Jamaican root tonics, and an important first step towards validating their efficacy and safety.
Biaxial Residual Surface Stresses From Grinding and Finish Machining 304 Stainless Steel Determined by a New Dissection Technique
Authors: Winter P. M. , McDonald W. J.
Published: November 2011

A new technique for measuring residual surface stresses in metals is described. This technique, which is based on the dissection method, yields detailed biaxial residual stress distributions. Metal layers are continuously removed from the specimen by electro-polishing, and the pertinent specimen shape changes are continuously monitored by differential transformers and the required circuitry. Calculations are carried out using a digital computer. The technique was used to measure residual stresses induced in 304 stainless steel by coated abrasive grinding, low-density abrasive treatment, shot peening, bonded wheel grinding, lathe finish machining, milling machine finish machining, and shaper finish machining (finish machining here is defined as light cuts).
A General Theory of Fatigue Damage Accumulation
Authors: Sorensen Arthur
Published: November 2011

The aim of this presentation is to develop a general linear theory of isotropic cumulative failure. This involves a phenomenological consideration of fatigue damage accumulation under very general conditions. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to extend the basic notion of cycle-dependent behavior for a harmonic stress variation to more complicated situations. The mean and alternating components of a conventional waveform are given a suitable interpretation to account for irregular stress-time variations. The state of stress also receives proper consideration to allow for independent variation of each tensor element. The entire program is motivated by a desire to achieve complete generality, and the systematic development of the analytical model is predicated upon the experimental observations and theoretical proposals of previous investigators. This provides a firm logical-empirical basis to support the proposals made in this investigation.
Neck-and-Split Tensile Fracture of Anisotropic Plate Steel
Authors: Clough W. R. , Solomon J. L.
Published: November 2011

Rolling-direction tensile specimens of 0.31 C quenched and tempered alloy plate steel displayed cup-and-cone, split-layered, neck-and-split, and square-break fracture configurations over distinct temperature ranges as testing temperature was lowered from 300 to −320 F. Formation of the neck-and-split configuration was investigated in terms of stress state, temperature, void formation, and anisotropy. Electron fractography identified quasicleavage as the fracture mode of the initially occurring longitudinal split. The brittle fracture phenomenon resulting in the neck-and-split fracture of plate specimens occurs under a unique combination of conditions.
A Reaction-Rate Treatment of the Life Fraction Hypothesis in Creep Testing
Authors: Grounes M.
Published: November 2011

The equation describing Robinson’s life fraction hypothesis has been derived from a generalized equation based on chemical reaction-rate theory. It is shown what further assumptions are needed in order to make this hypothesis valid. For design considerations the following equation is suggested ∑j=1mtjtaj≤k where tj = time spent at Tj, σj; taj = time needed to rupture, etc., at Tj, σj; k = empirical parameter, smaller than 1. The selection of a numerical value for k is based on an analysis of how conventional creep data comply with various assumptions made in the derivation of the equation; T = temperature; and σ = stress.
On Optimum Filtering for a Class of Linear Distributed-Parameter Systems
Authors: Thau F. E.
Published: November 2011

Filtering equations are derived for processes described by linear partial differential equations with known homogeneous boundary conditions. Both discrete-time and continuous-time measurements are treated. As in the case of linear systems with time delays, the filtering and variance equations become partial differential equations for processes with continuous measurements. A numerical solution to the nonlinear variance equation is obtained for a particular diffusion process.
A Quasi Method of Characteristics With Application to Fluid Lines With Frequency Dependent Wall Shear and Heat Transfer
Authors: Brown F. T.
Published: November 2011

The method of characteristics has been used in a variety of graphical, analytical, and numerical ways as a powerful tool in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations. The availability of digital computers permits the basic method to be applied to a greatly extended class of problems represented by semihyperbolic equations. This general extension is illustrated by problems of unsteady fluid flow in rigid tubes with the effects of frequency or history-dependent wall shear and heat transfer.
Optimization of a Certain Quality of Complete Controllability and Observability for Linear Dynamical Systems
Authors: Johnson C. D.
Published: November 2011

The problem of assigning a physically meaningful measure of the “quality” of controllability and observability to dynamical systems which are completely controllable and/or completely observable is considered. One particular analytical measure of quality, for a class of linear dynamical systems, is proposed and an effective computational procedure for maximizing the proposed quality, with respect to certain adjustable structural parameters of the dynamical system, is described. Three illustrative examples are worked in detail.
Sensitivity in Multivariable Control Systems
Authors: Horton W. F. , Leondes C. T.
Published: November 2011

Definitions of system sensitivity for linear single variable systems have been extended, in the past, to linear multivariable systems in the form of a sensitivity matrix. The role of the sensitivity matrix in multivariable feedback control systems is studied further in this paper. The sensitivity matrix serves the dual function of governing the effects of plant parameter variation on the system transfer matrix and governing the effects of disturbances on the system output. The design implications of this are considered and it is shown that certain controllability/observability conditions are necessary if the system design is to be effective. By appropriate design of the loop gain matrix, L(s), a desired insensitivity to system error sources may be achieved. Unless the system has certain controllability/observability properties insensitivity cannot be achieved. It is shown that L(s) must have the property of functional reproducibility which is a relatively strong controllability/observability requirement.
A New Integral Method for Analyzing the Turbulent Boundary Layer With Arbitrary Pressure Gradient
Authors: White F. M.
Published: November 2011

For routine calculations of the properties of the incompressible turbulent boundary layer with arbitrary pressure gradient, the presently accepted method is the Karman integral technique, which consists of three simultaneous equations, the three unknowns being the momentum thickness, the skin friction, and the shape factor. Considerable empiricism is contained in the Karman method, so that the reliability is only fair. The present paper derives an entirely new method, based upon a suggestion of R. Brand and L. Persen. The new approach results in a single equation for the skin friction coefficient, with the only parameter being the nominal Reynolds number and the only empiricism being a single assumption about the effect of pressure gradient. No other variables, such as shape factor or momentum thickness, are needed, although they can of course be calculated as byproducts of the analysis. The new method also contains a built-in separation criterion, which was the most glaring omission of the Karman technique. Agreement with experiment is as good or better than the most reliable Karman methods in use today.
Note on Stress and Strain Redistribution in a Notched Plate Specimen During Cyclic Loading
Authors: Mowbray D. F. , Slot T.
Published: November 2011

A finite-element computational method is employed to determine the spatial distribution of stress and strain in a notched-plate fatigue specimen fabricated of mild steel. Because of cyclic strain softening of the material, there is a redistribution of stress and strain in the specimen as a function of the number of load cycles. This phenomenon is considered in the analysis by using cyclic stress-strain diagrams as effective stress-strain curves. The numerical results are found to correlate well with measured strain distributions reported in the literature.
Static and Dynamic Low-Temperature KIc Behavior of Steels
Authors: Shoemaker A. K. , Rolfe S. T.
Published: November 2011

To determine the crack-toughness behavior of steels subjected to high strain rates, a study was undertaken to establish the effects of strain rate and temperature on the KIc-values of steels. As an initial step, a procedure was developed to obtain dynamic KIc-values of steels by impact loading a fatigue-cracked bend specimen in a drop-weight machine. Steel plates having widely different yield strengths (40, 140, and 250 ksi) were studied initially to establish testing techniques. The results indicate that the procedures and analysis developed were satisfactory for determining static and dynamic KIc-values. For the 250 ksi yield strength steel [18Ni(250) maraging] the KIc linearly increased with increased temperature over a 400 F temperature range with no significant effect of strain rate. The strain rate had no effect on the KIc-values of the 140 ksi yield strength steel [HY-130(T)] between −320 and −150 F. However, in the 1-in-thick specimens the increase in strain rate which occurred in the dynamic test increased the temperature range for which plane-strain crack extension occurred. The KIc behavior of the 40 ksi yield strength steel (ABS-C) showed a marked sensitivity to strain rate with the same crack toughness being measured dynamically at a temperature 190 F higher than for the static test. Correlations of ABS-C steel KIc-values with its yield strength and a rate parameter, T In A/ε demonstrated the equivalency between decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate as influencing the crack toughness. The agreement of an estimate of KId from the dynamic yield strength at the NDT with the measured dynamic KIc-value showed that the six orders of magnitude increase in strain rate for this dynamic test appears sufficient to give KIc-values within 10 percent of the crack-toughness value estimates for a running crack in rate and temperature-sensitive steels. In general, the results of this investigation showed that a dynamic KIc test has been developed which can be used to establish the strain-rate sensitivity of the crack toughness of steels as well as corresponding design information.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness of A533 Steel
Authors: Crosley P. B. , Ripling E. J.
Published: November 2011

The fracture toughness of A533 steel at room temperature, 0 deg and −70 deg F, was evaluated with 1 and 2-in-thick contoured double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens. To establish the effect of rate on thickness requirements, and to assess the strain rate sensitivity of KIc both initiation and arrest toughnesses were measured in tests covering a wide range of loading rates. The effect of thickness on the measured toughness, Kc, is discussed with reference to the parameter βc = 1/B (Kc/σY)2 where B is specimen thickness and σY is the yield stress at the temperature and strain rate of the test. Measurements at each temperature defined a single level of Kc for initiation, independent of loading rate and thickness, when the criterion βc ≤ 1.0 was satisfied. The values were 85–90 ksi in. at room temperature and 55–60 ksi in. at 0 deg and −70 deg F. As an alternative to identifying these numbers as KIc, an extrapolation function which associates KIc with an infinite plate thickness was applied to the data. The extrapolation defined KIc = 70 ksi in. at room temperature and KIc = 55 ksi in. at the 0 deg and −70 deg which values are consistent with the measured lower bound of arrest toughness. There was essentially no strain rate sensitivity of KIc. The difference between initiation and arrest toughness was small, and the dependence of Kc on loading rate could be attributed to the rate dependence of σY.
Mechanical Aspects of the Dynamic Tear Test
Authors: Nash G. E. , Lange E. A.
Published: November 2011

The impact forces and specimen bending moments generated during the NRL dynamic tear test are interpreted in terms of the dynamics of the system and the fracture characteristics of the material. It is shown that the impact forces and bending moments up to the time of crack initiation can be predicted using a simple analysis based on Timoshenko’s treatment of transverse beam impact problems. This implies the possibility of using this analysis for dynamic KIc determinations.
Stress-Corrosion-Cracking Characterization Procedures and Interpretations to Failure—Safe Use of Titanium Alloys
Authors: Judy R. W. , Goode R. J.
Published: November 2011

Ratio analysis diagram (RAD) interpretive procedures have been evolved recently to provide generalized engineering solutions for fracture toughness assessments of structural titanium alloys. Failure-safe design also requires consideration of possible sub-critical crack propagation (slow fracture) due to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Procedures for incorporation of SCC characterizations into the RAD system have now been developed. These procedures serve the dual purpose of providing simplified interpretations of critical flaw size-stress instability conditions by consideration of resistance of the material to both fast fracture and SCC. The failure conditions are expressed in terms of KI/σys ratios which provide an index of the general level of critical flaw sizes. The combination RAD also features limit lines that indicate: (a) the highest level of KIscc/σys ratios for which accurate plane strain interpretation to flaw size-stress conditions for SCC can be made for 1-in-thick plate, and (b) the highest level of SCC resistance measured in extensive surveys of plate material of this thickness.