bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of quality in exported Polyscias balfouriana "Marginata" by using different shade levels
Authors: Gunadasa HKSG , Dissanayake PK
Published: June 2012

Foliage plant industry in Sri Lanka often has to face difficulties due to problems associated with the qualities of the final product of plant especially, pale green colour leaves and poor quality shoots, which are not accept by the buyers in export market. An investigation was carried out to develop the green colour and other qualities of Polyscias balfouriana “Marginata” (PBM) using different shade levels within 10 weeks. Canes, 10 cm long were used as planting materials and planted in coir beds under, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95% shade levels. Other qualities evaluated for PBM were shoot length, leaf area, number of leaves per shoot. It was evident that the preferable forest green colour was achieved significantly (p = 0.001) at the highest shade levels of 85 and 90%. The leaf area of 14 cm2 and, sprout of 7 cm to 7.5 cm length also achieved at highest shade levels of 85% and 90%. Percentage of canes with 3 or more than 3 leaves per shoot was significantly higher than that of canes with less than 3 leaves at shade levels higher than the control. The higher percentage of acceptable canes with 3 or more than 3 leaves was found in shade level of 80%, 85% and 90 %. With these findings it can be concluded that the use of high shade levels such as 85% and 90% at foliage nurseries are favorable to obtain quality PBM plant for export market. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v7i2.4403 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, vol.7, no 2 58-65
Effect of sedative techniques on physiological parameters of calves at (minor surgical procedures) L or Herniorraphy
Authors: Sarker NC , Hashim MA , Ray BP
Published: June 2012

The effect of sedatives and analgesics on heart rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature were observed. Heart rate and respiration rate significantly (p<0.01) decreased during sedation with xylazine hydrochloride plus 2% lignocaine hydrochloride or 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride. A significantly decreased (p<0.01) heart rate and respiration rate also found during sedation with diazepam plus 2% lignocaine hydrochloride or 0.5%bupivacaine hydrochloride. Two percent lignocaine hydrochloride showed short onset, rapid spreading and no side effect. Duration of analgesia was longer with 0.5 % bupivacaine hydrochloride (55.88±1.58 min in Group B and 48±11.25 min in Group D) compared to 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (39.60±5.77 min in Group A and 43.6±5.81 min in Group C). Xylazine hydrochloride showed short onset and long duration of sedation compared to diazepam. Therefore, herniorraphy, xylazine hydrochloride can be used as a better sedative while 0.5 % bupivacaine hydrochloride can be used as a local analgesic for longer duration of action. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v7i2.4406 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, vol.7, no 2 66-75
Consumer perceptions on quality attributes of liquid food products: an empirical analysis based on urban households
Authors: Silva WGM , Udugama JMM , Jayasinghe-Mudalige UK
Published: June 2012

This study examined empirically the urban consumer perceptions on key food quality attributes, including price, food safety, labeling and packaging for four liquid food products, namely bottled water, pasteurized milk, ready-to-drink fruit juices and carbonated drinks. Given the multidimensional nature of issue, the Perceptual Mapping Method explained in the Multidimensional Scaling multivariate data analysis techniques was employed to estimate and map the variations in consumers’ similarity judgments on the quality attributes. A structured questionnaire was administrated with 300 households in the urban areas in the Colombo district to collect data from May to July 2011. The outcome of analysis revealed that, irrespective of the product, price plays the most significant role on consumer decision making process followed by food safety. Nevertheless, consumers were judged differently on these quality attributes as they decide on purchasing different product combinations and this behavior is correlated with the socio-economic status of a consumer. The results imply that manufacturers of these products shall pay attention to the food quality attributes in concern in their attempt to cater into their client-base and penetrate into new food markets. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/jas.v7i2.4409 The Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2012, vol.7, no 2 85-96
Global health: Integrating national laboratory health systems and services in resource-limited settings
Authors: Parsons Linda M. , Somoskovi Akos , Lee Evan , Paramasivan Chinnambedu N. , Schneidman Miriam , Birx Deborah , Roscigno Giorgio , Nkengasong John N.
Published: June 2012

Laboratory systems worldwide are challenged not only by the need to compete for scarce resources with other sections of national health care programmes, but also with the lack of understanding of the critical role that laboratories play in the accurate diagnosis and monitoring of patients suffering from high-burdens of disease. An effective approach to establishing cost-effective laboratory systems that provide rapid and accurate test results for optimal impact on patient care is to move away from disease-specific programmes and establish integrated laboratory services. An integrated laboratory network provides all primary diagnostic services needed for care and treatment without requiring patients to go to different laboratory facilities for specific tests. Such a network focuses on providing quality-assured basic laboratory testing through the use of common specimen collection, reporting and diagnostic platforms that can be used across diseases. An integrated laboratory system also provides specimen transport to specialised laboratories and an environment conducive to the introduction and use of new and more complex technologies that would benefit the patient population and public health systems as a whole. As such, this article described various strategies for, and practical examples of, the successful integration of laboratory services.
Evolution of the RALF Gene Family in Plants: Gene Duplication and Selection Patterns
Authors: Cao Jun , Shi Feng
Published: June 2012

Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are plant small peptides that could induce a rapid pH increase in the medium of plant cell suspension culture and play a critical role in plant development. The evolutionary process of the RALF gene family remains unclear. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and maize. Phylogenetic trees, evolutionary patterns and molecular evolutionary rates were used to elucidate the evolutionary process of this gene family. In addition, the different signatures of selection, expression patterns, and subcellular localization of RALFs were also analyzed. We found that the RALF gene family had a rapid birth process after the separation of the eudicot and monocot species about 145 million years ago, that tandem duplication played a dominant role in the expansion of Arabidopsis and rice RALF gene family, and that RALFs were under purifying selection according to estimations of the substitution rates of these genes. We also identified a diverse expression pattern of RALF genes and predominant extracellular localization feature of RALF proteins. Our findings shed light on several key differences in RALF gene family evolution among the plant species, which may provide a scaffold for future functional analysis of this family.
Gas phase formation of extremely oxidized pinene reaction products in chamber and ambient air
Authors: Ehn M. , Kleist E. , Junninen H. , Petäjä T. , Lönn G. , Schobesberger S. , Dal Maso M. , Trimborn A. , Kulmala M. , Worsnop D. R. , Wahner A. , Wildt J. , Mentel Th. F.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. High molecular weight (300–650 Da) naturally charged negative ions have previously been observed at a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland. The long-term measurements conducted in this work showed that these ions are observed practically every night between spring and autumn in Hyytiälä. The ambient mass spectral patterns could be reproduced in striking detail during additional measurements of α-pinene (C10H16) oxidation at low-OH conditions in the Jülich Plant Atmosphere Chamber (JPAC). The ions were identified as clusters of the nitrate ion (NO3−) and α-pinene oxidation products reaching oxygen to carbon ratios of 0.7–1.3, while retaining most of the initial ten carbon atoms. Attributing the ions to clusters instead of single molecules was based on additional observations of the same extremely oxidized organics in clusters with HSO4− (Hyytiälä) and C3F5O2− (JPAC). The most abundant products in the ion spectra were identified as C10H14O7, C10H14O9, C10H16O9, and C10H14O11. The mechanism responsible for forming these molecules is still not clear, but the initial reaction is most likely ozone attack at the double bond, as the ions are mainly observed under dark conditions. β-pinene also formed highly oxidized products under the same conditions, but less efficiently, and mainly C9 compounds which were not observed in Hyytiälä, where β-pinene on average is 4–5 times less abundant than α-pinene. Further, to explain the high O/C together with the relatively high H/C, we propose that geminal diols and/or hydroperoxide groups may be important. We estimate that the night-time concentration of the sum of the neutral extremely oxidized products is on the order of 0.1–1 ppt (~106–107 molec cm−3). This is in a similar range as the amount of gaseous H2SO4 in Hyytiälä during day-time. As these highly oxidized organics are roughly 3 times heavier, likely with extremely low vapor pressures, their role in the initial steps of new aerosol particle formation and growth may be important and needs to be explored in more detail in the future.
Future air quality in Europe: a multi-model assessment of projected exposure to ozone
Authors: Colette A. , Granier C. , Hodnebrog Ø. , Jakobs H. , Maurizi A. , Nyiri A. , Rao S. , Amann M. , Bessagnet B. , D'Angiola A. , Gauss M. , Heyes C. , Klimont Z. , Meleux F. , Memmesheimer M. , Mieville A. , Rouïl L. , Russo F. , Schucht S. , Simpson D. , Stordal F. , Tampieri F. , Vrac M.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. In order to explore future air quality in Europe at the 2030 horizon, two emission scenarios developed in the framework of the Global Energy Assessment including varying assumptions on climate and energy access policies are investigated with an ensemble of six regional and global atmospheric chemistry transport models. A specific focus is given in the paper to the assessment of uncertainties and robustness of the projected changes in air quality. The present work relies on an ensemble of chemistry transport models giving insight into the model spread. Both regional and global scale models were involved, so that the ensemble benefits from medium-resolution approaches as well as global models that capture long-range transport. For each scenario a whole decade is modelled in order to gain statistical confidence in the results. A statistical downscaling approach is used to correct the distribution of the model projection. Last, the modelling experiment is linked to a hind-cast study published earlier, where the performances of all participating models were extensively documented. The analysis is presented in an exposure-based framework in order to discuss policy relevant changes. According to the emission projections, ozone precursors such as NOx will drop to 30% to 50% of their current levels, depending on the scenario. As a result, annual mean O3 will slightly increase in NOx saturated areas but the overall O3 burden will decrease substantially. Exposure to detrimental O3 levels for health (SOMO35) will be reduced down to 45% to 70% of their current levels. And the fraction of stations where present-day exceedences of daily maximumO3 is higher than 120 μg m-3 more than 25 days per year will drop from 43% down to 2 to 8%. We conclude that air pollution mitigation measures (present in both scenarios) are the main factors leading to the improvement, but an additional cobenefit of at least 40% (depending on the indicator) is brought about by the climate policy.
Quantification and mitigation of the impact of scene inhomogeneity on Sentinel-4 UVN UV-VIS retrievals
Authors: Noël S. , Bramstedt K. , Bovensmann H. , Gerilowski K. , Burrows J. P. , Standfuss C. , Dufour E. , Veihelmann B.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The quality of trace gas products derived from measurements of a space-borne imaging spectrometer is affected by the inhomogeneity of the illumination of the instrument slit and thus by the heterogeneity of the observed scene. This paper aims to quantify this effect and summarise findings on how to mitigate the impact of inhomogeneous slit illumination on tropospheric O3, NO2, SO2 and HCHO columns derived from measurements of the Sentinel-4 UVN imaging spectrometer. For this purpose, spectra for inhomogeneous ground scenes have been simulated based on a combination of a radiative transfer model and spatially high resolved MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data. The resulting errors on tropospheric O3, NO2, SO2 and HCHO columns derived from these spectra have been determined via an optimal estimation approach. We conclude that inhomogeneous illumination results in significant errors in the data products if the natural inhomogeneity of the observed scenes are not accounted for. O3 columns are less affected than the other data products; largest errors occur for NO2 (mean absolute errors about 5%, maximum error exceeding 50%, standard deviation of the errors about 8%). These errors may be significantly reduced (by factors up to about 10) by an appropriate wavelength calibration applied individually to each Earthshine radiance spectrum. With wavelength calibration the estimated mean absolute errors due to inhomogeneity are for all gases well below 1%; standard deviations of the errors are 1.5% or lower; maximum errors are about 10% for NO2 and around 5% for the other gases.
Microstructure observations during the spring 2011 STRATIPHYT-II cruise in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Jurado E. , Dijkstra H. A. , van der Woerd H. J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Small-scale temperature and conductivity variations have been measured in the upper 100 m of the Northeast Atlantic during the STRATIPHYT-II cruise (Las Palmas–Reykjavik, 6 April–3 May 2011). The measurements were done at midday and comprised 2 to 15 vertical profiles at each station. The derived turbulent quantities show a transition between weakly-stratified and well-mixed waters, which was centered at about 48° N. The temperature eddy diffusivities, KT, range from 10−5 to 100 m2s−1 in the weakly-stratified stations, and range from 3 × 10−4 to 2 × 100 m2s−1 in the well-mixed stations. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates, ε, range from 3 × 10−8 to 2 × 10−6m2s−3 south of the transition zone, and from 10−7 to 10−5m2s−3 north of it. The station-averaged KT values throughout the mixed layer increase exponentially with the wind speed. The station-averaged ε values throughout the mixed layer scale with the wind stress similarity variable, u*3/(−κ z), with a scaling factor of about 1.8 in the wind-dominated stations. The values of KT and ε are about 10 times higher compared to the values measured at the same stations in July 2009. The results presented here constitute a unique data set giving large spatial coverage of upper ocean spring turbulence quantities.
The Mouse as Model System to Study Host‐Pathogen Interactions in Influenza A Infections
Authors: Wilk Esther , Schughart Klaus
Published: June 2012

The mouse is one of the most important mammalian model systems for studying host‐pathogen‐interactions during influenza A virus infections and for assessing the virulence of newly emerging influenza viruses. Here, we provide the basic protocols for infecting mice with influenza virus and studying the main pathological changes associated with disease. Critical parameters, e.g., virus variants and subtypes or mouse strains, are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:177‐205 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Health Evaluation of Experimental Laboratory Mice
Authors: Burkholder Tanya , Foltz Charmaine , Karlsson Eleanor , Linton C. Garry , Smith Joanne M.
Published: June 2012

Good science and good animal care go hand in hand. A sick or distressed animal does not produce the reliable results that a healthy and unstressed animal produces. This unit describes the essentials of assessing mouse health, colony health surveillance, common conditions, and determination of appropriate endpoints. Understanding the health and well‐being of the mice used in research enables the investigator to optimize research results and animal care. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:145‐165 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Beyond PCBM: Understanding the Photovoltaic Performance of Blends of Indene‐C60 Multiadducts with Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)
Authors: Nardes Alexandre M. , Ferguson Andrew J. , Whitaker James B. , Larson Bryon W. , Larsen Ross E. , Maturová Klára , Graf Peter A. , Boltalina Olga V. , Strauss Steven H. , Kopidakis Nikos
Published: June 2012

The effect of functionalization of the C60 cage with multiple indene groups in relation to the dynamics of photogenerated species in blends with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the performance of P3HT:indene‐C60 photovoltaic devices is reported. Despite the systematic decrease of the electron affinity of the acceptor with the number of additions, exciton dissociation is efficient in blends of P3HT with all three indene‐C60 derivatives. By replacing the prototypical acceptor [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with mono‐indene‐C60 (ICMA) or a sample of a mixture of bis‐indene‐C60 regioisomers (ICBA) the power conversion efficiency is enhanced, predominantly due to an increase in the open‐circuit voltage that originates from the lower electron affinity of the indene‐C60 acceptor. The use of an acceptor sample that represents a mixture of tris‐indene‐C60 (ICTA) regioisomers results in a reduction of the short‐circuit current density, fill factor, and open‐circuit voltage of the photovoltaic device. The electron mobility in ICTA domains is ca. a factor 10 lower than in ICMA and ICBA. Density functional theory calculations of the LUMO energies in ICTA isomers demonstrate that energetic disorder caused by the presence of regioisomers is unlikely to be responsible for the low electron mobility in ICTA. The observed deterioration in device performance is attributed to the formation of small ICTA clusters “coated” in insulating indene units that reduce electronic coupling between the molecules and cause the low electron mobility in ICTA domains. These findings indicate that while multiple additions to a fullerene cage provide a facile methodology for controlling the energy levels, they may have limited success in improving OPV device performance.
Self‐Assembled Multivalency: Dynamic Ligand Arrays for High‐Affinity Binding
Authors: Barnard Anna , Smith David K.
Published: June 2012

Multivalency is a powerful strategy for achieving high‐affinity molecular recognition in biological systems. Recently, attention has begun to focus on using self‐assembly rather than covalent scaffold synthesis to organize multiple ligands. This approach has a number of advantages, including ease of synthesis/assembly, tunability of nanostructure morphology and ligands, potential to incorporate multiple active units, and the responsive nature of self‐assembly. We suggest that self‐assembled multivalency is a strategy of fundamental importance in the design of synthetic nanosystems to intervene in biological pathways and has potential applications in nanomedicine.
Mechanical, thermal, and transport properties of nitrile rubber–nanocalcium carbonate composites
Authors: Balachandran Meera , Bhagawan S. S.
Published: June 2012

The article describes the properties of acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer (NBR)–nanocalcium carbonate (NCC) nanocomposites prepared by a two‐step method. The amount of NCC was varied from 2 phr to 10 phr. Cure characteristics, mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and transport properties of NBR–NCC composites were evaluated. For preparing NBR nanocomposites, a master batch of NBR and NCC was initially made using internal mixer. Neat NBR and the NBR–NCC masterbatch was compounded with other compounding ingredients on a two roll mill. NCC activated cure reaction upto 5 phr. The tensile strength increased with the nanofiller content, whereas NBR–NCC containing 7.5 phr exhibited the highest modulus. The storage modulus (E′) increased up to 5 phr NCC loading; the reinforcing effect of NCC was seen in the increase of modulus which was more significant at temperatures above Tg. The effect of nanofiller content and temperature on transport properties was evaluated. The solvent uptake decreased with NCC content. The mechanism of diffusion of solvent through the nanocomposites was found to be Fickian. Transport parameters like diffusion, sorption, and permeation constants were determined and found to decrease with nanofiller content, the minimum value being at 7.5 phr. Thermodynamic constants such as enthalpy and activation energy were also evaluated. The dependence of various properties on NCC was supported by morphological analysis using transmission electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Hemocompatibility of electrospun halloysite nanotube‐ and carbon nanotube‐doped composite poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanofibers
Authors: Zhao Yili , Wang Shige , Guo Qingshan , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: June 2012

One of the major problems of nanofiber scaffold or other devices like cardiovascular or blood‐contacting medical devices is their weak mechanical properties and the lack of hemocompatibility of their surfaces. In this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated within poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanofibers and the mechanical property and hemocompatibility of both types of composite nanofibers with different doping levels were thoroughly investigated. The morphology and internal distribution of the doped nanotubes within the nanofibers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Mechanical properties of the electrospun nanofibers were tested using a material testing machine. The hemocompatibility of the composite nanofibers was examined through hemolytic and anticoagulant assay, respectively. We show that the doped HNTs or CNTs are distributed in the nanofibers with a coaxial manner and the incorporation of HNTs or CNTs does not significantly change the morphology of the PLGA nanofibers. Importantly, the incorporation of HNTs or CNTs within PLGA nanofibers significantly improves the mechanical property of PLGA nanofibers, and PLGA nanofibers with or without doping of the HNTs and CNTs display good anticoagulant property and negligible hemolytic effect to human red blood cells. With the enhanced mechanical property, great hemocompatibility, and previously demonstrated biocompatibility of both HNTs‐ and CNTs‐doped composite PLGA nanofibers, these composite nanofibers may be used as therapeutic artificial tissue/organ substitutes for tissue engineering applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and characterization of N‐methyl‐2,6‐dinitrodiphenylamine‐4‐diazonium salt and its diazoresin
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Zou Yingquan
Published: June 2012

A new photosensitive agent, dinitro derivatives of diphenylamine diazonium salt (N‐methyl‐2,6‐dinitrodiphenylamine‐4‐diazonium salt, MDNDDS), and its diazoresin were synthesized. Their photoreactivities and thermostabilities were investigated. Our results revealed that MDNDDS and MDNDDS‐resin exhibited greatly improved thermostability both in solid state and in coating film comparing with the conventional unsubstituted and mononitro substituted diphenylamine diazonium salts (DDS and MNDDS, respectively) and their diazoresins. The photosensitivity of MDNDDS was found to be slightly lower than DDS but still comparable with MNDDS. As a result of its improved thermostability, both MDNDDS‐resin as a photosensitive agent and lithographic printing plate prepared by MDNDDS‐resin will have a long shelf‐life, which is very important to reduce waste and factory running‐cost. MDNDDS also has a maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) at 425 nm, which means that an iodine gallium lamp (main emission wavelength λem = 420 nm), is better than conventional mercury lamp (λem = 360 nm), to be used as the irradiation source in the photoimaging process. Compared with the mercury lamp, iodine gallium lamp is cheaper and greener. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and sorption properties of tunable polyester copolymers containing β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Poon Louis , Wilson Lee D. , Headley John V.
Published: June 2012

Polyester copolymers were prepared with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and sebacoyl (SCl) or terephthaloyl (TCl) chloride cross linker agents using a simple, one‐pot synthesis. Variation of the mole ratios (i.e., 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 3, 1 : 6, and 1 : 9) of β‐CD to diacid chloride linker units resulted in copolymers with differing solubility and chemical stability in aqueous solution. The sorption properties of copolymers such as 1 : 6 and 1 : 9 SCl, and 1 : 9 TCl materials were investigated because of their relative insolubility and resistance to hydrolysis at pH 4.6. The monolayer sorption capacity (Qm) of the copolymers varied according to the nature of the cross linker and the relative mole ratio of monomers. Qm values obtained from the Sips isotherm model range from 2.7 to 5.2 mmol/g for the sorption of p‐nitrophenol at 295 K and approach the value of Qm for a commercially available granular activated carbon sorbent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Extended Fluorochromism of Anthracene Trimers with a meta‐Substituted Triphenylamine or Triphenylphosphine Core
Authors: Li Zhiou , Ishizuka Hiromi , Sei Yoshihisa , Akita Munetaka , Yoshizawa Michito
Published: June 2012

Combining meta‐triphenylamine or triphenylphosphine with three anthracene fluorophores gives rise to fluorescent non‐planar triskelions 1 and 2. The emissive properties of 1 are highly solvatochromic, yielding blue to pale green and even pale yellow fluorescence, whereas the blue emission of 2 is solvent‐insensitive. Anthracene trimers 1 and 2 are both emissive in the solid state, displaying yellow and pale green fluorescence, respectively, with moderate quantum yields.
The microwave pyrolysis of biomass
Authors: Macquarrie Duncan J. , Clark James H. , Fitzpatrick Emma
Published: June 2012

Microwave pyrolysis of various biomass types has been reviewed. A range of biomass types has been subjected to microwave pyrolysis under various conditions, with char, bio‐oil, and a range of gases (predominantly CO2, CO, CH4 and H2) being produced. Studies aimed at individual biomass components, such as cellulose and hemicellulose, are included to develop a mechanistic understanding of the processes involved.
Economic analysis of municipal power generation from gasification of urban green wastes: case study of Fultondale, Alabama, USA
Authors: Abdoulmoumine Nourredine , Kulkarni Avanti , Adhikari Sushil , Taylor Steven , Loewenstein Edward
Published: June 2012

The economic viability of heat and power generation from biomass gasification is strongly influenced by the supply radius due to the low energy density of biomass relative to fossil fuels. Consequently, localized production of heat and electricity from biomass gasification is expected to play an eminent role in the future. In this study, an economic analysis was performed on a micro‐scale heat and power generation plant using urban waste from the city of Fultondale in Alabama, USA. The plant economics of heat and power production from urban biomass waste collected in Fultondale were analyzed by using a modular economic model with drying, chipping, gasification, power generation, and grid connection modules. Three gasification systems – fluidized bed, downdraft and updraft – and three power generation systems – internal combustion, steam turbine, and gas turbine – were assessed resulting in nine plant configuration scenarios. The fluidized bed gasifier and internal combustion engine plant configuration resulted in the lowest cost of electricity at ¢14/kWh for a micro‐scale installed capacity of 100kWe for a plant operating at 85% capacity with an annual green waste processing capacity of 1811 tons. The equipment and installation costs made up the largest contribution to the total capital investment whereas the operating labor and plant overhead make the largest contribution to the total annual production cost. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the plant capacity factor and the rate of return of investment had the strongest effect on the levelized cost of electricity under the best configuration.
Skew‐normal/independent linear mixed models for censored responses with applications to HIV viral loads
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Dipankar , Lachos Victor H. , Castro Luis M. , Dey Dipak K.
Published: June 2012

Often in biomedical studies, the routine use of linear mixed‐effects models (based on Gaussian assumptions) can be questionable when the longitudinal responses are skewed in nature. Skew‐normal/elliptical models are widely used in those situations. Often, those skewed responses might also be subjected to some upper and lower quantification limits (QLs; viz., longitudinal viral‐load measures in HIV studies), beyond which they are not measurable. In this paper, we develop a Bayesian analysis of censored linear mixed models replacing the Gaussian assumptions with skew‐normal/independent (SNI) distributions. The SNI is an attractive class of asymmetric heavy‐tailed distributions that includes the skew‐normal, skew‐t, skew‐slash, and skew‐contaminated normal distributions as special cases. The proposed model provides flexibility in capturing the effects of skewness and heavy tail for responses that are either left‐ or right‐censored. For our analysis, we adopt a Bayesian framework and develop a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to carry out the posterior analyses. The marginal likelihood is tractable, and utilized to compute not only some Bayesian model selection measures but also case‐deletion influence diagnostics based on the Kullback–Leibler divergence. The newly developed procedures are illustrated with a simulation study as well as an HIV case study involving analysis of longitudinal viral loads.
Photobioreactor design for isotopic non‐stationary 13C‐metabolic flux analysis (INST 13C‐MFA) under photoautotrophic conditions
Authors: Martzolff Arnaud , Cahoreau Edern , Cogne Guillaume , Peyriga Lindsay , Portais Jean‐Charles , Dechandol Emmanuel , Le Grand Fabienne , Massou Stéphane , Gonçalves Olivier , Pruvost Jérémy , Legrand Jack
Published: June 2012

Adaptive metabolic behavior of photoautotrophic microorganisms toward genetic and environmental perturbations can be interpreted in a quantitative depiction of carbon flow through a biochemical reaction network using isotopic non‐stationary 13C‐metabolic flux analysis (INST 13C‐MFA). To evaluate 13C‐metabolic flux maps for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, an original experimental framework was designed allowing rapid, reliable collection of high‐quality isotopomer data against time. It involved (i) a short‐time 13C labeling injection device based on mixing control in a torus‐shaped photobioreactor with plug‐flow hydrodynamics allowing a sudden step‐change in the 13C proportion in the substrate feed and (ii) a rapid sampling procedure using an automatic fast filtration method coupled to a manual rapid liquid nitrogen quenching step. 13C‐substrate labeling enrichment was controlled through the total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration in the pulsed solution. First results were obtained from steady‐state continuous culture measurements allowing the characterization of the kinetics of label incorporation into light‐limited growing cells cultivated in a photobioreactor operating at the maximal biomass productivity for an incident photon flux density of 200 µmol m−2 s−1. 13C label incorporation was measured for 21 intracellular metabolites using IC‐MS/MS in 58 samples collected across a labeling experiment duration of 7 min. The fastest labeling rate was observed for 2/3‐phosphoglycerate with an apparent isotopic stationary state reached after 300 s. The labeling rate was consistent with the optimized mixing time of about 4.9 s inside the reactor and the shortest reliable sampling period assessed at 5 s. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 3030–3040. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of New Ternary Compounds in RE—Pt—Pb and RE—Au—Pb Systems (RE = Rare Earth Metal).
Authors: Melnyk G. , Gulay L. D. , Tremel W.
Published: June 2012

The crystal structures of new compounds in the title systems are determined by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal and Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Divalent Europium Perovskite Oxides EuMO3 (M: Ti, Zr, and Hf): Experimental and First‐Principles Approaches.
Authors: Akamatsu Hirofumi , Fujita Koji , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Kawamoto Takahiro , Kumagai Yu , Zong Yanhua , Iwata Koji , Oba Fumiyasu , Tanaka Isao , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: June 2012

EuTiO3 is prepared by solid state reaction of Eu2O3 and TiO2 (pressed pellet; 1.
ChemInform Abstract: EuLiGe2 and YbLiGe2 — A Divalent and an Intermediate‐Valent Compound with CaLiSi2‐Type Structures.
Authors: Iyer Abishek K. , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: June 2012

The title compounds are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements (Ta tubes, 1173 K; high frequency furnace).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Acyloxy Migration and Subsequent Intramolecular [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of Vinylallene and Unactivated Alkyne.
Authors: Huang Suyu , Li Xiaoxun , Lin Claire L. , Guzei Ilia A. , Tang Weiping
Published: June 2012

Title reaction provides access to a variety of fused methylenecyclohexenones, e.g. (II), (IV), (VI) and (VIII), in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Annulation Reactions of Bisenolates Prepared Through Dearomatization Reactions of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Diesters.
Authors: Perez‐Vazquez Jaime , Veiga Alberte X. , Prado Gustavo , Sardina F. Javier , Paleo M. Rita
Published: June 2012

The process is applied to the synthesis of the tricyclic benzofuran derivative (XIX), a valuable intermediate in the synthesis of galantamine alkaloid acting as a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral NADH Analogue Based on Proline Template Including Thiourea and Nicotinic Acid Moieties.
Authors: Bagdziunas Gintautas , Haukka Matti , Butkus Eugenijus
Published: June 2012

A chiral reductase‐mimicking catalyst built on proline template incorporating a covalently bound NADH mimic is synthesized by conventional procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Promoted aza‐Michael Addition of Primary and Secondary Amines to α‐Substituted Acrylates.
Authors: Rulev Alexander Yu. , Kotsuki Hiyoshizo , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: June 2012

A variety of primary and secondary amines undergoes amination of ene ester (I) under high pressure at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Arylindium Reagents to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Tato Ruben , Riveiros Ricardo , Perez Sestelo Jose , Sarandeses Luis A.
Published: June 2012

The addition of MeOH is crucial for an efficient transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Samarium or Sodium Iodide Salts as an Alternative for the Aza‐Henry Reaction.
Authors: Rodriguez‐Solla Humberto , Concellon Carmen , Alvaredo Noemi , Soengas Raquel G.
Published: June 2012

A novel reaction of bromonitromethane (II) with imines (I) is investigated under mild conditions A) and B).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Hydroxymethylation of Aryl Halides and Triflates with Potassium Acetoxymethyltrifluoroborate.
Authors: Murai Norio , Yonaga Masahiro , Tanaka Keigo
Published: June 2012

The reaction of various aromatic, heteroaromatic and cycloalkenic chlorides with (II) proceeds best under conventional heating to afford the corresponding methanol products with moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Biobased Synthesis of Secondary Arylamines from (‐)Shikimic Acid.
Authors: Wu Wei , Zou Yong , Chen Yu , Li Jun , Lv Zeliang , Wei Wen , Huang Tongkun , Liu Xianke
Published: June 2012

A tandem amination—aromatization reaction of dehydroshikimate (I) with aromatic and aliphatic amines provides title arylamines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic C—H Amination of Alkenes with N‐Fluorodibenzenesulfonimide: Water Plays an Important Role.
Authors: Xiong Tao , Li Yan , Mao Lujia , Zhang Qian , Zhang Qian
Published: June 2012

A highly regioselective Pd‐catalyzed allylic C—H amination of various alkenes (I), (IV) and (VI) with NFSI is presented, which proceeds smoothly in the presence of catalytic amounts of water.
ChemInform Abstract: Chan—Lam‐Type S‐Arylation of Thiols with Boronic Acids at Room Temperature.
Authors: Xu Hua‐Jian , Zhao Yong‐Qiang , Feng Teng , Feng Yi‐Si
Published: June 2012

A mild, efficient, and environmentally friendly method to prepare various diaryl sulfides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Solutions of Facial Amphiphilic Carbohydrates as Sustainable Media for Organocatalyzed Direct Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Bellomo Ana , Daniellou Richard , Plusquellec Daniel
Published: June 2012

Optimal reaction conditions are found for the diastereoselective aldol reaction of m‐nitrobenzaldehyde (I) with cyclohexanone (II) in an aqueous solution of ethyl β‐D‐fructopyranoside.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Arylations of Terminal Olefins in Acetic Acid.
Authors: Xu Daichao , Lu Chunxin , Chen Wanzhi
Published: June 2012

The methodology is applicable to the coupling of both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl iodides leading to symmetrical and unsymmetrical β,β‐diarylated alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dihydrobenzo[c]thiophene‐imines via Tandem Reactions of o‐(1‐Alkynyl)benzamides and Lawesson′s Reagent.
Authors: Ding Qiuping , Liu Xianjin , Wang Hongming , Chen Min , Peng Yiyuan
Published: June 2012

Best results are obtained with substrates bearing an aromatic substituent at the nitrogen.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Complex Tetrahydrocarbazoles via a Diels—Alder/Benzoin Reaction Sequence.
Authors: Liu Yankai , Nappi Manuel , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo C. , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: June 2012

Diels—Alder reaction of various keto‐containing dienophiles and 3‐(2‐methylindol‐3‐yl)acrylaldehydes leads to the stereoselective formation of tetrahydrocarbazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Multicomponent Assembly of Enantiopure Oxazolopiperidines and ‐azepines.
Authors: Zill Nicolas , Schoenfelder Angele , Girard Nicolas , Taddei Maurizio , Mann Andre
Published: June 2012

A new, efficient, and stereoselective method to prepare the title compounds is applied to synthesize natural (+)‐ and (‐)‐coniceine (V).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Copper Mediated Synthetic Methodology for Benzo[d]isothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones and Related Sulfur—Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Bhakuni Bhagat Singh , Balkrishna Shah Jaimin , Kumar Amit , Kumar Sangit
Published: June 2012

A mild and practical synthesis of benzoisothiazolones and related pyridine derivatives such as (VI) is achieved by Cu‐mediated thionation/cyclization of o‐halobenzamides with elemental sulfur.
ChemInform Abstract: Flow Microreactor Synthesis of Tricyclic Sulfonamides via N‐Tosylaziridinyllithiums.
Authors: Takizawa Eiji , Nagaki Aiichiro , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: June 2012

A flow microreactor system is set up to deprotonate N‐tosyl aziridines with PhLi immediately followed by quenching with different electrophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Nα‐Z/Boc‐Protected S‐Linked 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Tethered Peptidomimetics.
Authors: Sureshbabu Vommina V. , Vasantha B. , Nagendra G.
Published: June 2012

A simple synthesis of oxadiazoles (III) from hydrazides (I) and CS2 is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 8‐Aryl‐Substituted Coumarins Based on Ring‐Closing Metathesis and Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling: Synthesis of a Furyl Coumarin Natural Product from Galipea panamensis.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Krehl Stefan , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe
Published: June 2012

The efficient approach to 8‐arylated coumarins includes the naturally occurring one (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Phosphane‐Mediated Diastereoselective, Domino aza‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman/Reduction Sequence Involving Water as Hydrogen Source.
Authors: Duvvuru Deepti , Retailleau Pascal , Betzer Jean‐Francois , Marinetti Angela
Published: June 2012

In the presence of water and tributylphosphane, conjugated dienes, imines and water afford functionalized coumarins (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 12‐Aryl‐8,9,10,12‐tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen‐11‐one Catalyzed by Silica Sulfuric Acid under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Song Ya‐Li , Lin Zhi‐Ping , Chen Guo‐Feng , Liu Quan‐Lin , Li Ji‐Tai
Published: June 2012

The catalyst can be reused several times with only a slight loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Aryl‐2‐quinolones from 3,3‐Diarylacrylamides Through Intramolecular Copper‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization/C—N Bond Formation.
Authors: Berrino Roberta , Cacchi Sandro , Fabrizi Giancarlo , Goggiamani Antonella
Published: June 2012

Starting from unsymmetrical diarylacrylamides regioisomeric mixtures are obtained.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) Hexafluorophosphate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of Triazolo[1,2‐a]indazole‐1,3,8‐trione and 2H‐Indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐trione Derivatives.
Authors: Azarifar Davood , Nejat‐Yami Razieh , Akrami Zahra , Sameri Fatemeh , Samadi Saadi
Published: June 2012

Copper‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes (III) with dimedone (II) and phthalhydrazide (I) or urazole (V) under neat conditions provides title indazolophthalazines (IV) and triazoloindazoles (VI) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual β2‐Adrenoceptor Agonists‐PDE4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Asthma and COPD.
Authors: Shan Wen‐Jun , Huang Ling , Zhou Qi , Jiang Huai‐Lei , Luo Zong‐Hua , Lai Ke‐fang , Li Xing‐Shu
Published: June 2012

Novel representatives of dual pharmacology bronchodilators targeting both β2adrenoceptor and PDE4 are designed and synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Stereocontrolled Intramolecular Cycloaddition Reaction of Azomethine Ylide Activated by a Pyrimidine Ring: Access to Novel Tricyclic Hexahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[2′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Xie Hongxiang , Xiang Jinbao , Dang Qun , Bai Xu
Published: June 2012

The pyrimidine ring of the substrates promotes the formation of azomethine ylides whose subsequent intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition produces a series of novel tricyclic N‐heterocycles in a completely stereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: New 6‐Hydroxyeunicellins from a Soft Coral Cladiella sp.
Authors: Sung Ping‐Jyun , et al. et al.
Published: June 2012

Isolation and structure determination of cladieunicellin G (I) and 6‐epi‐cladieunicellin F (II) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Nβ‐Fmoc‐amino Alkyl Isonitriles in Ugi‐4CR: An Assembly of Novel 1,1′‐Iminodicarboxylated Peptidomimetics.
Authors: Narendra N. , Vishwanatha T. M. , Nagendra G. , Sureshbabu Vommina V.
Published: June 2012

The known Ugi 5‐centre 3‐component reaction (U‐5C‐3CR) is restricted to the synthesis of peptidomimetic methyl esters such as (V), caused by the lesser reactivity of other alcohols compared to methanol (IV) during solvolysis of the cyclic intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Rhamnosides from 6‐Thio Mannosides.
Authors: Christina Alphert E. , van der Es Daan , Dinkelaar Jasper , Overkleeft Hermen S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Codee Jeroen D. C.
Published: June 2012

To investigate the stereodirecting effect of a mannosyl C‐5 thioether moiety, a panel of trifluoroacetamidates, such as (I), is condensed with acceptors (II).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Mixed‐Ligand Pd Catalytic System to Promote C—N Coupling for the Synthesis of N‐Arylaminotriazole Nucleosides.
Authors: Fan Yuting , Xia Yi , Tang Jingjie , Ziarelli Fabio , Qu Fanqi , Rocchi Palma , Iovanna Juan L. , Peng Ling
Published: June 2012

The newly synthesized compounds are tested for their anticancer activity against the drug‐resistant pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa‐2 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Doped ZnS Nanocrystals. Synthesis, Structure, and Optical Properties
Authors: Corrado Carley , Cooper Jason K. , Zhang Jin Z.
Published: June 2012

Review: 88 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethyl{2‐[(tributylstannyl)methyl]‐2‐propenyl}silane
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Kelly Brian D.
Published: June 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐2‐(Trimethylsilyl)vinyllithium
Authors: Cunico Robert F.
Published: June 2012

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Trimethylsilylcopper
Authors: Smith Janice Gorzynski
Published: June 2012

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐, (Z)‐ and (E + Z)‐1,1′‐(1‐Propene‐1,3‐diyl)bis[1,1,1‐trimethylsilane]
Authors: Seashore‐Ludlow Brinton , Somfai Peter
Published: June 2012

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designed Synthesis of Uniformly Sized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
Authors: Lee Nohyn , Hyeon Taeghwan
Published: June 2012

Review: 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Based Nanoprobes for Biomedical Imaging and Theranostic Applications
Authors: Vivero‐Escoto Juan L. , Huxford‐Phillips Rachel C. , Lin Wenbin
Published: June 2012

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Unique Role of Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine: Imaging, Drug Delivery and Therapy
Authors: Doane Tennyson L. , Burda Clemens
Published: June 2012

Review: 540 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Manipulation of Proteins and Cells
Authors: Pan Yue , Du Xuewen , Zhao Fan , Xu Bing
Published: June 2012

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intrinsic Therapeutic Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Arvizo Rochelle R. , Bhattacharyya Sanjib , Kudgus Rachel A. , Giri Karuna , Bhattacharya Resham , Mukherjee Priyabrata
Published: June 2012

Review: 318 refs.
A Lagrangian Approach for the Incompressible Navier‐Stokes Equations with Variable Density
Authors: Danchin Raphaël , Mucha Piotr Bogusław
Published: June 2012

We investigate the Cauchy problem for the inhomogeneous Navier‐Stokes equations in the whole n‐dimensional space. Under some smallness assumption on the data, we show the existence of global‐in‐time unique solutions in a critical functional framework. The initial density is required to belong to the multiplier space of \input amssym $\dot {B}^{n/p‐1}_{p,1}({\Bbb R}^n)$. In particular, piecewise‐constant initial densities are admissible data provided the jump at the interface is small enough and generate global unique solutions with piecewise constant densities. Using Lagrangian coordinates is the key to our results, as it enables us to solve the system by means of the basic contraction mapping theorem. As a consequence, conditions for uniqueness are the same as for existence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.