bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nine Plant Volatiles in the Field on the Sex Pheromones of Leguminivora glycinivorella
Authors: Hu Daihua , Feng Juntao , Wang Zhihui , Wu Hua , Zhang Xing
Published: March 2019

Attraction of the soybean pod borer, Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura), an economically important pest of soybean, to nine plant volatiles, alone or combined with two kinds of synthetic sex pheromone, (( E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate ( EE8,10-12:Ac), or a blend of EE8,10-12:Ac and ( E)-10-dodecenyl acetate in a 10:1 ratio), was evaluated in field trapping experiments in a soybean field in Harbin, China. By themselves, the plant volatiles (dose) linalool (0.1 mg), ( Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (0.1 mg), and geraniol (0.1 mg, 1.0 mg) were weakly attractive to L. glycinivorella males, but significantly reduced mean catches when higher doses were combined with pheromones. Conversely, ( E)-2-hexenal, benzaldehyde, and phenylacetaldehyde were not attractive to L. glycinivorella males at any dose tested, but significantly increased mean catch when certain doses were combined with the binary pheromone blend. Other plant volatiles, such as ( Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, ( Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, and ( E)-2-hexenyl acetate, were unattractive on their own, but significantly reduced mean catch of L. glycinivorella males when certain doses were combined with the pheromones. These results suggest that efficacy of pheromone-baited traps for survey and monitoring of L. glycinivorella male moths may be enhanced by the addition of specific plant volatiles and that the relative dose is critical.
Aloe ferox Seed: A Potential Source of Oil for Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Use
Authors: Dangarembizi Rachael , Chivandi Eliton , Erlwanger Kennedy
Published: March 2019

Aloe ferox is an important medicinal plant in Southern Africa whose seeds could be useful as a source of oil. The fatty acid composition of A. ferox seed oil was determined using gas chromatography. The physicochemical properties of the oil were analysed using standard methods. The seeds yielded 19.4% of a light textured oil using the Blight and Dyer's method and 12.3% using the Soxhlet extraction method. The saponification value of the seed oil was 241.9 mg KOH/g and the peroxide value was 8.9 meq/kg. The acid value of the seed oil was 51.5 mg KOH/g (25.9% free fatty acids). The major fatty acids found in the seed oil were linoleic acid (71.8%), oleic acid (12.0%), palmitic acid (11.2%) and stearic acid (2.9%). The results obtained suggest that as A. ferox seed oil is high in linoleic acid, it could be potentially exploited in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Isolation of Methyl 27-Caffeoyloxyoleanolate – A New Oleanane Triterpenoid from the Roots of Hibiscus Vitifolius
Authors: Ramasamy Duraisamy , Saraswathy Ariamuthu
Published: March 2019

A new oleanane triterpenoid, methyl 27-caffeoyloxyoleanolate (2), together with eight known compounds viz. oleanolic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, β-sitosterol-3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol-3- O-α-D-rhamnopyranoside, gossypin, quercetin-3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside and mangiferin were isolated from the ethanol extract of roots of Hibiscus vitifolius Linn. The structure of the new compound 2 was elucidated from spectroscopic, ESI-MS and physical data. The eight known compounds were identified by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of New Betulin and Betulinic Acid Esters with Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)
Authors: Tubek Barbara , Mituła Paweł , Niezgoda Natalia , Kempińska Katarzyna , Wietrzyk Joanna , Wawrzeńczyk Czesław
Published: March 2019

The synthesis of new ester derivatives of betulin (3a-c) and betulinic acid (4) with conjugated linoleic acid isomers (CLA; in a mixture of 43.4% 9c, 11t; 49.5% 10 t, 12 c; 7.1% other isomers) is presented. Esterification was carried out with N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as the coupling agent in the presence of 4-dimethylamino-pyridine (DMAP) in dichloromethane (or pyridine). The in vitro cytotoxic effect of betulin (1), betulinic acid (2), a mixture of CLA isomers and their derivatives (3a-c, 4) was examined using the MTT assay against four cancer cell lines (P388, CEM/C2, CCRF/CEM and HL-60) and the SRB assay on the HT-29 cell line. Ester 4 was the most active among the esters synthesized against the CEM/C2 cell line with an ID50 value 16.9 ± 6.5 μg/mL. Betulin (1), betulinic acid (2) and CLA were the most active agents against the cancer cell lines studied.
Berbanine: A New Isoquinoline-Isoquinolone Alkaloid from Berberis Vulgaris (Berberidaceae)
Authors: Hošt'álková Anna , Novák Zdeněk , Pour Milan , Jirošová Anna , Opletal Lubomír , Kuneš Jiří , Cahlíková Lucie
Published: March 2019

A new isoquinoline-isoquinolone alkaloid was isolated from the root bark of Berberis vulgaris and named berbanine. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods (including 2D NMR, HR-EI-MS).
Identification and Quantification of Furanocoumarins in Stem Bark and Wood of Eight Algerian Varieties of Ficus carica by RP-HPLC-DAD and RP-HPLC-DAD-MS
Authors: Rouaiguia-Bouakkaz Samia , Amira-Guebailia Habiba , Rivière Céline , Delaunay Jean-Claude , Waffo-Téguo Pierre , Mérillon Jean-Michel
Published: March 2019

Furanocoumarins are the major phytoalexins of Ficus carica and are effective natural drug candidates for treatment of several types of cancer and skin disease. The objectives of this study were to analyze and quantify linear furanocoumarins, mainly psoralen and bergapten, in wood and bark of stems from eight Algerian varieties of fig and to establish the differences in the content of these metabolites in the eight local samples. Psoralen and bergapten contents in the stem bark and wood (in μg/g DW) varied respectively from 146.6 to 1110.3 and from 395.7 to 1671.8 for psoralen, and from 114.3 to 524.0 and from 144.2 to 718.6 for bergapten. This study fills a gap in our knowledge of furanocoumarin distribution in different parts of the fig tree. Psoralen and bergapten concentrations were higher in the wood than in the stem bark. Most of the dark fruited fig trees produce these two coumarins more than the green ones.
Chemical Compositions of the Rhizome, Leaf and Stem Oils from Malaysian Hornstedtia leonurus
Authors: Jani Nor Akmalazura , Sirat Hasnah Mohd. , Ali NorAzah Mohamad , Aziz Azrina
Published: March 2019

The chemical compositions of the essential oil of the rhizome, leaf and stem of Hornstedtia leonurus Retz., collected from Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, are reported for the first time. The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventeen (96.4%), thirteen (89.2%) and nine components (98.8%) were successfully identified from the rhizome, stem and leaf oils, respectively. Phenylpropanoids were found to be the major fraction, with methyleugenol being the most abundant compound in all oils with percentage compositions of 76.4% (rhizome), 80.3% (stem) and 74.5% (leaf).
Chemical Characterization, Mineral Content and Radical Scavenging Activity of Sideritis scardica and S. raeseri from R. Macedonia and R. Albania
Authors: Karapandzova Marija , Qazimi Bujar , Stefkov Gjoshe , Bačeva Katerina , Stafilov Trajče , Panovska Tatjana Kadifkova , Kulevanova Svetlana
Published: March 2019

Chemical characterization was made of over-ground flowering parts of Sideritis scardica from R. Macedonia and S. raeseri from both R. Macedonia and R. Albania. GC/FID/MS investigation of the n-hexane extracts revealed more than 90 components, dominated by diterpenes and hydrocarbons. The most abundant components were hentriacontane, nonacosane and heptacosane, and two other components both with MW=286, probably diterpenes, which were not fully identified. In addition, the content of total phenols, made by the Folin-Cioclateu method, ranged up to 50.8 and up to 48.9 mg gallic acid/g for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively. Free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH assay and the activity, presented as IC50 values, ranged from 3.2-8.9 mg/mL and 7.6-12.6 mg/mL for S. scardica and S. raeseri, respectively. The content of twenty minerals in dried over-ground parts of the plants and in water tea-infusions were determined by the ICP-AES method and some of them alternatively by ETAAS. The most abundant minerals were K > Ca > Mg > P > Fe > Al > Na. The microelements and toxic elements contents were represented in the following order: Zn > Mn > B > Ba > Cu > Sr > Li > Ni > Cr > Co, and Cd > Pb > As, respectively. Water tea-infusions contained a large portion of the total K, P, Na, Cu and Pb, but smaller amounts of the other elements.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition Activity of Fennel and Coriander Oils from India
Authors: Chaudhary Sushil Kumar , Maity Niladri , Nema Neelesh Kumar , Bhadra Santanu , Saha Bishnu Pada , Mukherjee Pulok Kumar
Published: March 2019

Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Coriandrum sativum L. are very popular spices in Indian kitchens. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and antioxidant activity of the standardized oils of F. vulgare and C. sativum by an UV method using hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucine (HHL) as substrate. Standardization of the oils and identification of the chemical-markers (linalool and anethole) present in them was performed through HPLC and GC-MS. Coriander oil showed the higher ACE inhibition with an IC50 value of 34.8 ± 2.3 μg/mL, than fennel oil with an IC50 value of 40.7 ± 3.5 μg/mL. Both oils showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activity. This finding suggests that coriander and fennel oils can be potential leads for the management of hypertension as an ACE inhibitor.
Effect of Coriander Oil (Coriandrum sativum) on Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Duarte Andreia F. , Ferreira Susana , Oliveira Rosário , Domingues Fernanda C.
Published: March 2019

The increasing incidence of hospital-acquired infections caused by multi-drug resistant pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, coupled with the low efficacy of drugs and rising treatment costs has created interest in the potential antimicrobial properties of natural products. The main objective of this work was to determine the effect of coriander essential oil on Acinetobacter baumannii in different growth phases, as well as its ability to inhibit the formation or eradication of biofilms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of coriander oil using a microdilution broth susceptibility assay was determined. The effects of different concentrations of coriander oil (ranging from 0.125 to 4×MIC) on biofilm formation and on established biofilm were tested using 96-well microtiter plates. Crystal violet assay was used as indicator of total biofilm biomass and the biofilm viability was assessed with a XTT staining method. It was found that coriander oil presented significant antibacterial activity against all tested strains of A. baumannii, with MIC values between 1 and 4 μL/mL. The MBC values were the same as the MIC, being an indicator of the bactericidal activity of this essential oil. In what concerns the effect of this essential oil on biofilm formation inhibition was observed of at least 85% of biomass formation by all A. baumannii strains using 2×MIC of coriander oil, in addition to a decrease in the metabolic activity of the cells. After exposure to coriander oil, a decrease in 24 h and 48 h-old biofilm biomass and metabolism was seen for all tested concentrations, even with sub-inhibitory concentrations. Coriander essential oil proved to have a significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity and should be considered in the development of future disinfectants to control A. baumannii dissemination.
Epimanool and a New 2,6-Dideoxy-hexopyran-3-ulose Derivative from Celmisia viscosa
Authors: Sansom Catherine E. , Larsen Lesley , Evans Alison C. , Perry Nigel B.
Published: March 2019

Epimanool is reported for the first time in high yield (up to 7% w/w) from the New Zealand endemic shrub Celmisia viscosa (Asteraceae), together with a new derivative, containing the first natural example of a 2,6-dideoxy-hexopyran-3-ulose. The absolute stereochemistry of epimanool was proven by conversion to manool ketone, which also showed the potential of this plant as a source of perfume starting material. Epimanool is present in the sticky exudate on the leaf surfaces of C. viscosa.
Bioactive Triterpene Saponins from the Leaves of Schefflera elegantissima
Authors: Wanas Amira S. , Fouad Mostafa A. , Kamel Mohamed S , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: March 2019

A new sulfated oleanane-type triterpene, and five known saponins of the oleanane-type were isolated from the leaves of Schefflera elegantissima for the first time. The structure of the new saponin was determined by spectroscopic analyses. The cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of the isolated compounds are discussed.
Influence of the Bioclimatic Area on the Polyphenolic Composition, and Antioxidant and Bacteriostatic Activities of Rosmarinus officinalis
Authors: Jordán Maria J. , Lax Vanesa , Rota Maria C. , Lorán Susana , Sotomayor José A.
Published: March 2019

The effect of the ecological traits of the different bioclimatic areas of the province of Murcia on the chemical variability and antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities of individual rosemary extracts was studied. The main findings confirmed that a high thermicity index, favors both the methanolic extracts yielded by these shrubs and their biological activities. However, differences in their polyphenolic composition should be attributed to the genetic heritage of these plants rather than to the bioclimatic conditions in which they grow. As regards the relationship between the chemical composition of these extracts and their biological activities, it was noted that a high phenolic acid content, especially of rosmarinic acid, may increase the antioxidant activity exhibited by extracts containing high levels of carnosic acid. The bacteriostatic activity was higher ( p< 0.05) in those extracts in which carnosic acid was the major component quantified.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Species of Apiaceae Growing Wild in Sicily: Bonannia graeca, Eryngium maritimum and Opopanax chironium
Authors: Maggio Antonella , Bruno Maurizio , Formisano Carmen , Rigano Daniela , Senatore Felice
Published: March 2019

In the present study the chemical composition of the essential oils from aerial parts of Bonannia graeca (L.) Halácsy and Opopanax chironium (L.) Kock, and from aerial parts and roots of Eryngium maritimum L. was evaluated by GC and GC-MS. α-Pinene (15.2%) and β-pinene were recognized as the main constituents of B. graeca, whereas the aerial parts of O. chironium contained mainly the diterpene cembrene and the coumarin angelicin. In both aerial parts and roots of E. maritimum germacrene D (10.4% and 15.9%, respectively) and 2,4,5-trimethylbenzaldehyde (8.3% and 6.7%) were the most abundant components.
Synthesis of 3-Farnesyl Salicylic Acid a Novel Antimicrobial from Piper multiplinervium
Authors: Kraus George A. , Chaudhary Divya , Riley Sean , Liu Feng , Schlapkohl Allison , Weems Megan , Phillips Gregory J.
Published: March 2019

Both 3-farnesyl salicylic acid and 3-geranyl salicylic acid were synthesized from 2,6-dibromophenol and showed low levels of antimicrobial activity against E. coli strains.
Cyclopentanoids from Cyclopentadiene: Synthesis of (-)-Methyl jasmonate and (+)-12-Oxophytodienoic acid
Authors: Nokami Junzo , Fujii Kazuhiko , Mizutani Yusuke , Omatsu Rikiya , Watanabe Kiyoshi , Yasuda Hiroshi , Inokuchi Tsutomu
Published: March 2019

Linoleic acid metabolites (-)-methyl jasmonate and (+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid ((+)-12-oxo-PDA) were prepared from the same precursor (1,2-trans, 1,3- cis, 2′ Z)-2-(pent-2′-enyl)-cyclopent-4-en-1,3-diol which was obtained by regioselective pent-2-enylation of cyclopentadiene and following photooxidation to cis −1,3-diol. A methoxycarbonylmethyl substituent was introduced to the cyclopentane ring via alkylation of the π-allyl palladium intermediate derived from (1 R,2 S,3 S,2′ Z)-3-acetoxy-2-(pent-2′-enyl)cyclopent-4-ene-1-ol with dimethyl malonate for (-)-methyl jasmonate. The α-chain was introduced to the cyclopentane ring via the SN2 type nucleophilic substitution of (1 S,2 R,3 R,2′ Z)-3-acetoxy-2-(pent-2′-enyl)cyclopent-4-ene-1-ol with a dialkylcuprate for (+)-12-oxo-PDA.
Stereoselective Aminopalladation and Oxypalladation and Their Application to the Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Makabe Hidefumi
Published: March 2019

Stereoselective aminopalladation and oxypalladation are very important approaches for the synthesis of various natural products which contain N- and O-hetero-alicycles. The author has reviewed recent progress of synthesis of natural products using Pd(II)-catalyzed aminopalladation and oxypalladation including our work within this decade.
First Identification of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Seeds
Authors: Thanakosai Wannisa , Phuwapraisirisan Preecha
Published: March 2019

Infusion of roasted okra seeds has long been consumed in Turkey for diabetes mellitus therapy. Previous reports of a hypoglycemic effect observed in rats administrated with okra seed extract indicated a possible connection with inhibition of intestinal α-glucosidase. An attempt to identify active components was first herein conducted using α-glucosidase-inhibition-guided isolation, yielding two major flavonol glucosides named isoquercetin (2) and quercetin-3- O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1″′ →6″)-glucoside (3). They selectively inhibited rat intestinal maltase and sucrase, in which isoquercetin (2) was 6–10 times more potent than its related diglucoside 3. This result suggested that an increase in hydrophilicity by the additional glucose residue in 3 led to a significant decline in the inhibitory effect and raised the possible involvement of the free 3-OH in exerting the inhibition. Our postulation was evaluated by examining α-glucosidase inhibition of quercetin (1), and the aglycone of 2 and 3, whose 3-OH is free from any glucose moiety. Interestingly, 1 displayed a broad inhibitory effect toward rat intestinal and baker's yeast α-glucosidases, with improved potency. A kinetic study of 1 indicated that it inhibited maltase by two distinct mechanisms, in competitive ( K i 462 μM) and noncompetitive ( K i 2153 μM) manners, whereas the mechanism underlying the inhibition of sucrase was verified as being of a competitive behavior ( K i 218 μM).
Kaempferol 3,7,4’-glycosides from the Flowers of Clematis Cultivars
Authors: Sakaguchi Keisuke , Kitajima Junichi , Iwashina Tsukasa
Published: March 2019

A new kaempferol glycoside, kaempferol 3- O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranoside-7,4’-di- O-β-glucopyranoside (1) was isolated from the flowers of Clematis cultivars ‘'Jackmanii Superba'’ and ‘'Fujimusume'’, together with the known compound kaempferol 3,7,4’-tri- O-β-glucopyranoside (2). The chemical structures of the isolated kaemferol glycosides were established by UV, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy, LC-MS, and characterization of acid hydrolysates.
Pyranocoumarin and Triterpene from Millettia Richardiana
Authors: Rajemiarimiraho Manitriniaina , Banzouzi Jean Théophile , Rakotonandrasana Stéphane Richard , Chalard Pierre , Benoit-Vical Françoise , Rasoanaivo Léa Herilala , Raharisololalao Amélie , Randrianja Roger
Published: March 2019

From the stem bark of a Madagascan endemic plant, Millettia richardiana Baill., lonchocarpenin and betulinic acid were isolated and their structures established by spectroscopic methods. The analysis of dichloromethane fractions suggested the presence of β-amyrin, lupeol, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid. Except for β-amyrin and lupeol, these compounds are described for the first time for the Millettia genus.
A New Cytotoxic Phenolic Derivative from the Roots of Antidesma Acidum
Authors: Kaennakam Sutin , Sichaem Jirapast , Siripong Pongpun , Tip-pyang Santi
Published: March 2019

A new phenolic derivative, acidumonate (1), together with a synthetically known compound, 4-(( E)-3,3-dimethylpenta-1,4-dienyl)-phenol (2), and sixteen known natural products, antidesmol (3), mellein (4), sitosterol (5), stigmasterol (6), 5-cholesten-3 β-ol (7), 4-cholesten-3-one (8), 3-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-scopoletin (9), (-)- 5,7-dihydroxy-2-eicosyl-chromone (10), 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (11), barbatumol A (12), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (13), syringic aldehyde (14), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (15), taxifolin (16), (+)-catechin (17) and gallocatechin (18), were isolated from the roots of Antidesma acidum. The structural assignment of the new compound was based on spectroscopic methods. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity (KB and HeLa cells). Compound 1 showed good cytotoxicity against both cell lines (with IC50 values of 2.60 and 3.80 μg/mL, respectively).
In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Si-Miao-San, its Modifications and Pure Compounds
Authors: Lower-Nedza Agnieszka D. , Kuess Carmen , Zhao Haiyu , Bian Baolin , Brantner Adelheid H.
Published: March 2019

The ancient Chinese prescription Si-Miao-San (SMS), which is widely used for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. rheumatic disorders, has been modified (m1SMS, m2SMS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase effects of Si-Miao-San, of its two modifications, the component herbs, and its main pure ingredients. In vitro tyrosinase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays were carried out in order to determine the inhibitory potential of the samples. The traditionally applied decoctions as well as their fractions ( n-hexane, DCM, n-BuOH) were tested for their activities in concentrations of 100 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL, and the pure compounds in a range 6.25 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL. In conclusion, the decoction of m2SMS exhibited strong antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, while the decoction of the classical SMS formulation showed low activity. The present results have shown the modifications to be more efficient scavengers of free radicals, such as superoxide and peroxide radicals. In addition, the decoctions of the two modifications have been shown to be more potent tyrosinase inhibitors. These formulas may thus be used as anti-inflammatory and anti-aging prescriptions, as they may help to prevent cell damage. This study clearly establishes the two modifications of Si-Miao-San as valuable sources of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, and also as candidates in the search for modern pharmaceuticals.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Lepidagathis Fasciculata from Bondla Forest of Goa, India
Authors: Joshi Rajesh K.
Published: March 2019

The hydro-distilled essential oil obtained from the flowering aerial parts of Lepidagathis fasciculata Nees was analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 38 compounds have been identified, representing 91.2% of the total oil. The major constituents were δ-cadinene (14.4 %), γ-curcumene (9.8%), sandaracopimarinal (6.6%), germacrene D-4-ol (6.1%), cembrene (5.0%), β-calacorene (3.6%), ar-curcumene (3.3%), trans–4,10-epoxy-amorphane (3.2%), abietatriene (2.9%), and α-cubebene (2.8%). The oil was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (43.8%).
Cardiovascular Effects of the Essential Oil of Croton Zehntneri Leaves in DOCA-salt Hypertensive, Conscious Rats
Authors: Bezerra de Siqueira Rodrigo José , Duarte Gloria Pinto , Magalhães Pedro Jorge Caldas , Lahlou Saad
Published: March 2019

This study investigated the cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Croton zehntneri (EOCZ) in deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using isolated thoracic aortic rings were performed to assess the vascular effects of the EOCZ. In conscious hypertensive rats, intravenous (i.v.) injections of EOCZ (1–20 mg/kg) induced rapid (2–4 s) and dose-dependent hypotension and bradycardia (phase 1). The hypotension was followed by a significant pressor effect that was more evident at the higher doses (10 and 20 mg/kg) of EOCZ. Hypotension and bradycardia of EOCZ (phase 1) were abolished and respectively reversed into pressor and tachycardiac effects by methylatropine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) pretreatment. In isolated endothelium-intact aortic preparations, increasing concentrations (1–1000 μg/mL) of EOCZ relaxed the potassium-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 (geometric mean [95% confidence interval]) value of 202.0 [92.0–443.7] μg/mL. This vasorelaxant effect remained unaffected by either mechanical removal of functional vascular endothelium (IC50 = 189.0 [159.4–224.7] μg/mL) or the addition of atropine (1 μM) (IC50 = 158.6 [79.8–316.2] μg/mL) in the perfusion medium. These data show that i.v. administration of EOCZ in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats induces a vago-vagal reflex decreases in heart rate and blood pressure (phase 1). EOCZ may induce a second and delayed hypotension due to its direct endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects, but it seems to be buffered by the pressor component (subsequent to phase 1) of EOCZ. This pattern of blood pressure and heart rate responses to EOCZ seems unaltered by DOCA-salt hypertension, as was similar to that previously reported in conscious normotensive rats.
Pulchranins B and C, New Acyclic Guanidine Alkaloids from the Far-Eastern Marine Sponge Monanchora Pulchra
Authors: Makarieva Tatyana N. , Ogurtsova Ekaterina K. , Korolkova Yuliya V. , Andreev Yaroslav A. , Mosharova Irina V. , Tabakmakher Ksenya M. , Guzii Alla G. , Denisenko Vladimir A. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Lee Hyi-Seung , Grishin Eugene V. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: March 2019

New marine natural products, pulchranins B and C (2 and 3), were isolated from the marine sponge Monanchora pulchra and their structures were established using NMR and MS analysis. Compounds 2 and 3 were moderately active as inhibitors of TRPV1 (EC50 value of 95 and 183 μM, respectively) and less potent against TRPV3 and TRPA1 receptors.
Cloning and Characterization of a cDNA Encoding Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Glutamate Decarboxylase from Scutellaria Baicalensis
Authors: Kim Yeon Bok , Uddin Md Romij , Kwon Do Yeon , Lee Min-Ki , Kim Sun-Ju , Lee Chanhui , Park Sang Un
Published: March 2019

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), synthesized by glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), plays an important role in plants. To study the molecular mechanism of GAD regulation and to examine the levels of GABA in Scutellaria baicalensis, we isolated cDNA clones (SbGAD1 and 2) encoding GAD from S. baicalensis. The open reading frames of SbGAD1 and 2 were 1,503 and 1,494 bp long and had 450 and 497 amino acid residues, respectively. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis was performed to show the variation of transcript levels among different organs of S. baicalensis. Transcript levels of SbGAD1 and 2 were highest in the root and flower, respectively. The GABA content of different parts (ranked in descending order) was as follows: leaf > flower > stem > root. We concluded that the expression pattern of SbGAD1 and 2 did not match the accumulation pattern of GABA in different organs. We presume that GABA biosynthesis might be more controlled by SbGAD2 than SbGAD1. These data will aid in future studies that seek to understand the mechanisms underlying GABA biosynthesis, an important amino acid that is synthesized by the GAD enzyme. To explain adequately the GABA biosynthesis mechanisms in S. baicalensis, the enzyme activities of SbGAD1 and 2 should be determined in the near future.
Chemical Constituents of the Leaves of Triumfetta Semitriloba
Authors: Barraza-Morales Alejandra , Medrano-Nahuat Deisy , Peraza-Sánchez Sergio R.
Published: March 2019

The new flavone glycoside 6- O-(6″- O-E-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-galactoscutellarein (triumfettalarein, 1), along with indol-3-carboxylic acid (2), β-sitosterol glycoside, and squalene were isolated from the methanol extract of leaves of Triumfetta semitriloba. The structure of the new isolate was established by spectral methods.
Bioproduction and Optimization of Rosmarinic Acid Production in Solenostemon Scutellarioides through Media Manipulation and Conservation of High Yielding Clone via Encapsulation
Authors: Sahu Ranabir , Dewanjee Saikat , Gangopadhyay Moumita
Published: March 2019

The present study describes the role of different exogenous phytohormones, polyamines and sucrose on growth and rosmarinic acid (RA) production in whole plant culture of Solenostemon scutellarioides. It was further aimed to conserve elite clones via synthetic seed technology. S. scutellarioides was treated either singly or in combination with different phytohormones. Cultures incubated with NAA (0.5 mg L−1) yielded the highest RA accumulation (g−1FW), but negatively affected the growth. So, overall RA content was insignificant. Cultures incubated with IBA, BAP and GA3 at low concentration significantly improved growth and RA bioaccumulation. In the combinatorial study, IBA+BAP+GA3 (0.5 mg L−1 each) was found optimum for plant biomass and RA production (65.2% improvement of total RA). Amongst polyamines, putrescine (1 mg L−1) exhibited 20.4% improvement of total RA content. The intracellular RA accumulation (g−1FW) was significantly higher between 5 and 7% of sucrose concentrations. However, the total increase in RA content was inhibited due to deterioration of the culture with increasing sucrose concentration. Based on the effect of different treatments on growth and RA accumulation, a high yielding and stable plant line was selected for conservation via alginate encapsulation. Uniform shaped alginate coated synthetic seeds conserved up to 6 months exhibited high regeneration potential and RA content.
The Composition, Anti-mildew and Anti-wood-decay Fungal Activities of the Leaf and Fruit Oils of Juniperus Formosana from Taiwan
Authors: Su Yu-Chang , Hsu Kuan-Ping , Wang Eugene I-Chen , Ho Chen-Lung
Published: March 2019

In this study, anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf and fruits essential oil and its constituents from Juniperus formosana were evaluated in vitro against seven mildew fungi and four wood decay fungi, respectively. The main compounds responsible for the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities were also identified. The essential oil from the fresh leaves and fruits of J. formosana were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (41.0%), limonene (11.5%), α-cadinol (11.0%), elemol (6.3%), and β-myrcene (5.8%); the fruit oil was mostly α-pinene (40.9%), β-myrcene (32.4%), α-thujene (5.9%) and limonene (5.9%). Comparing the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the oils suggested that the leaf oil was the most effective. For the anti-mildew and anti-wood-decay fungal activities of the leaf oil, the active source compounds were determined to be α-cadinol and elemol.
3-Oxoabolene and 1-Oxocurcuphenol, Aromatic Bisabolanes from the Sponge Myrmekioderma sp
Authors: Yegdaneh Afsaneh , Putchakarn Sumaitt , Yuenyongsawad Supreeya , Ghannadi Alireza , Plubrukarn Anuchit
Published: March 2019

Two new aromatic bisabolane sesquiterpenes possessing an oxo functionality on the prenyl chain, (+)-3-oxoabolene (3) and (+)-1-oxocurcuphenol (4), along with two known sesquiterpenes, (+)-curcuphenol (1) and (+)-curcudiol (2), were isolated from the sponge Myrmekioderma sp. The antiproliferative activity of 2–4 was determined and showed an interesting selectivity; i.e., a good activity against HT-29 cells with IC50s in the μM range, but a weak and incalculable toxicity against Hela and normal fibroblast cells.
Acanthoic Acid Inhibits Melanogenesis through Tyrosinase Down-regulation and Melanogenic Gene Expression in B16 Melanoma Cells
Authors: Yoon Weon-Jong , Ham Young-Min , Yoon Hun Seok , Lee Wook-Jae , Lee Nam Ho , Hyun Chang-Gu
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of acanthoic acid (ACAN), isolated from Acanthopanax koreanum, on melanogenesis and its related enzymes such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 in B16 melanoma cells. We found that ACAN significantly attenuates melanin synthesis and reduces the activity of intracellular tyrosinase, the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme. Western blot analysis showed that ACAN also decreases tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 protein expression. In addition, ACAN significantly decreased the expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanogenesis. These results indicate that ACAN effectively inhibits melanin biosynthesis through down-regulation of MITF and thus could be useful as a new skin-whitening agent.
Impact of Ploidy Change on Secondary Metabolites and Photochemical Efficiency in Solanum Bulbocastanum
Authors: Caruso Immacolata , Dal Piaz Fabrizio , Malafronte Nicola , De Tommasi Nunziatina , Aversano Riccardo , Zottele Cristian Wulff , Scarano Maria-Teresa , Carputo Domenico
Published: March 2019

Plants are well known for producing a wide diversity of natural compounds and several strategies have been proposed to enhance their production. Among them, somatic chromosome doubling may represent an effective and inexpensive method. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of polyploidization on the leaf metabolic profile and content of tetraploids produced from a wild diploid (2n=2x=24) potato species, Solanum bulbocastanum Dun. Photochemical efficiency of tetraploids was also analyzed. Results from HPLC-DAD and LC/MS analyses provided evidence that tetraploid genotypes displayed either a similar or a lower phenylpropanoids, tryptophan, tyrosine and α-chaconine content compared with the diploid parent. Similarly, no significant differences were found among genotypes both for measures of gas and for chlorophyll fluorescence, except for non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Steroidal saponins content revealed superiority of some tetraploids with respect to the diploid parent, suggesting perturbations in the mechanism regulating the biosynthesis of such compounds following polyploidization. Lack of superiority may be attributed to the time required for adjustment, adaptation and evolution after the genomic shock induced by polyploidization, as well as the fact that an optimum ploidy level for each species may be crucial. Our results suggest that polyploidization as a strategy to enhance metabolite production cannot be generalized.
Antiproliferative Effect of Flavonoids from the Halophyte Vitex Rotundifolia on Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim You Ah , Kim Hojun , Seo Youngwan
Published: March 2019

Three flavonoids, luteolin (1), vitexicarpin (2) and artemetin (3), from the salt marsh plant Vitex rotundifolia, were tested for their anti-proliferative activities in AGS, MCF-7 and HT-29 human cancer cell lines and compared with the control using MTT assay. Among them, 2 was most effective with an IC50 of 6.9 and 22.8 μM against AGS and HT-29 cells, respectively. In addition, mRNA expression levels of major apoptosis-related genes such as p21, p53, Bcl-2 and Bax in AGS cells were evaluated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Compound 2 not only enhanced most remarkably the expression level of tumor suppressor genes p53 and p21, and pro-apoptotic gene Bax at a concentration of 25 μM, but also suppressed the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 to 20% at the same concentration, thus shifting the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in favor of apoptosis.
Inhibitory Effects of Stilbene Derivatives from Parthenocissus Tricuspidata on Adipocyte Differentiation and Pancreatic Lipase
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Liu Qing , Hwang Bang Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong
Published: March 2019

Obesity, which is characterized by excessive fat accumulation, occurs by fat absorption by lipase and sequential fat accumulation in adipocytes through adipocyte differentiation. Thus, inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity and adipocyte differentiation would be crucial for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Investigation of anti-obesity compounds from Parthenocissus tricuspidata stems resulted in the isolation of nineteen compounds including five acetophenones, five flavonoids and nine stilbene derivatives. Among them, the stilbene derivatives showed the most potent anti-obesity effects. Stilbene monomers showed strong inhibitory activity on both adipocyte differentiation and pancreatic lipase, followed by stilbene dimer and trimer. Flavonoids showed mild inhibition on adipocyte differentiation, whereas acetophenones showed little effect in our assay system. Taken together, P. tricuspidata might be a new candidate for the development of obesity treatment.
Proteinaceous Protease Inhibitor from Lawsonia Inermis: Purification, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Dabhade Arvind , Patel Priti , Patil Ulhas
Published: March 2019

A thermo-stable, proteinaceous protease inhibitor (LPI) from Lawsonia inermis is reported. The LPI was purified from Lawsonia inermis seeds by subsequent ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Cellulose) and gel permeation chromatography (Sephadex-50). The purified protease inhibitor is effective against a wide range of proteases viz. papain, trypsin, pepsin and metallo-protease. The apparent molecular weight of the protease inhibitor is 19 kDa, determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The protease inhibitor was found to be stable at 70 °C for 30 min. It was also examined for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 7926 and Staphylococcus aureus NCIM 2079; the IC50 values of the purified LPI were 11.4 μg/mL and 16.6 μg/mL respectively.
Comparative Analysis of the Essential Oil Composition of Murraya Paniculata and M. exotica
Authors: Lv Hai-Ning , Guo Xiao-Yu , Tu Peng-Fei , Jiang Yong
Published: March 2019

Murrayae Folium et Cacumen (MFC) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) derived from the leaves and twigs of two aromatic species of Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack and M. exotica L. It has long been used as a folk medicine in South China for the treatment of a variety of disorders, particularly for inflammatory lesions and pains. In the present study, a detailed chemical examination as well as a comparative analysis of the essential oil composition of M. paniculata and M exotica was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 141 volatile components were identified from the essential oil of these two plants. Sesquiterpenes were found to be the predominant constituents, accounting for 92.8% of the oil from M paniculata and 87.9% of that from M. exotica. A comparative analysis of the essential oil composition of these two plants revealed a high level of similarity in their main constituents, such as the co-occurrence of E-caryophyllene, spathulenol and δ-elemene, which gave the chemical evidence for their equal medicinal application as MFC in TCMs. Moreover, in combination with literature reports, E-caryophyllene was theoretically deduced as one of the pharmacologically effective components of MFC that is responsible for treating inflammatory lesions and for local anaesthesia.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Erechtites Valerianaefolia from Mérida, Venezuela
Authors: Hernández Johanna , Bracho Ismer , Rojas-Fermin Luis B. , Usubillaga Alfredo , Carmona Juan
Published: March 2019

The volatile components from the leaves of Erechtites valerianaefolia (Wolf) DC. were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. A total of 12 compounds, representing 99.8% of the oil, were identified. The dominant compounds were limonene (56.7%), myrcene (12.7%), trans-β-farnesene (10.2%) and 1-phellandrene (8.7%).
Chemical Relationships between Liverworts of the Family Lejeuneaceae (Porellales, Jungermanniopsida)
Authors: Ludwiczuk Agnieszka , Sukkharak Phiangphak , Gradstein Robbert , Asakawa Yoshinori , Glowniak Kazimierz
Published: March 2019

The major purpose of this study was to determine the chemical relationships between liverwort species belonging to the Lejeuneaceae family on the basis of sesqui- and diterpenoid composition. GC/MS analysis of the 31 liverwort specimens belonging to the Lejeuneaceae family indicated variability of the chemical composition of terpenoids depending on liverwort species. Each of the analyzed liverworts is characterized by the presence of particular compounds. However, there are some characteristic components, which can be chemical markers of this liverwort family. These are the pinguisane and monocyclofarnesane type sesquiterpenoids, the fusicoccane type diterpenoids, and also the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, isolepidozene. Chemical data also showed the differences among liverworts classified in the two subfamilies, the Ptychanthoideae and Lejeuneoideae. All of the mentioned characteristic components are present in species of the subfamily Ptychanthoideae. On the other hand, among the characteristic components, only β-pinguisene was detected in Cololejeunea stotleriana, Colura irrorata, and Myriocoleopsis gymnocolea classified in the subfamily Lejeuneoideae (subtribe Cololejeuneinae). The latter component was found to be a marker for members of the subtribe Cololejeuneinae. Neither isolepidozene nor the pinguisanes, fusicoccanes and monocyclofarnesanes were found in Lejeunea topoensis (subfamily Lejeuneoideae). The existence of the chemical polymorphism between both subfamilies is also evident from PCA analysis.
Structure and Biological Action of Cladolosides B1, B2, C, C1, C2 and D, Six New Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Cladolabes schmeltzii
Authors: Silchenko Alexandra S. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Avilov Sergey A. , Andryjaschenko Pelageya V. , Dmitrenok Pavel S. , Yurchenko Ekaterina A. , Dolmatov Igor Yu. , Kalinin Vladimir I. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: March 2019

Six new nonsulfated triterpene glycosides, cladolosides B1(1), B2(2), C (3), C1(4), C2(5) and D (6) and known holotoxin A1(7) have been isolated from the tropical Indo-West Pacific sea cucumber Cladolabes schmeltzii (Cladolabinae, Sclerodactylidae, Dendrochirotida). Structures of the glycosides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass-spectrometry. Glycosides 1 and 2 have pentasaccharide branched carbohydrate moieties and differ from each other by the aglycone structures. Compounds 3–6 are hexaosides; 3–5 contain identical carbohydrate moieties with two terminal 3- O-methylglucose residues and glucose as the fifth sugar unit and differ from each other in the structures of their aglycones. Cladoloside D (6) has a new variant of carbohydrate chain with xylose and glucose residues as fifth and sixth monosaccharides, correspondingly. All of the substances demonstrated rather strong cytotoxic and hemolytic effects.
Alkaloids from Chlidanthus fragrans and their Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase and Prolyl Oligopeptidase Activities
Authors: Cahlíková Lucie , Hrabinová Martina , Kulhánková Andrea , Benešová Nina , Chlebek Jakub , Jun Daniel , Novák Zdeněk , Macáková Kateřina , Kuneš Jiří , Kuča Kamil , Opletal Lubomír
Published: March 2019

Eleven Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (1–11) were isolated from fresh bulbs of Chlidanthus fragrans Herb. The chemical structures were elucidated by MS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments. Complete NMR assignments were achieved for deoxypretazzetine (1). All compounds were evaluated for their erythrocytic acetylcholinesterase and serum butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity using Ellman's method. In the prolyl oligopeptidase assay, Z-Gly-Pro- p-nitroanilide was used as substrate. In biological assays, only the crinine type Amaryllidaceae alkaloid undulatine showed promising acetylcholinesterase and prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition activity with IC50 values of 23.0 ± 1.0 μM and 1.96 ± 0.12 mM, respectively. Other isolated compounds were considered inactive.
Acylated Delphinidin Glycosides from Violet and Violet-Blue Flowers of Clematis Cultivars and their Coloration
Authors: Sakaguchi Keisuke , Kitajima Junichi , Iwashina Tsukasa
Published: March 2019

Three new acylated delphinidin glycosides, delphinidin 3- O-β-[(2″- trans-caffeoylglucopyranosyl)-(1→2)-(6″-succinylgalactopyranoside)]–7- O-β-glucopyranoside (1), delphinidin 3- O-β-[(2″- trans-caffeoylglucopyranosyl)-(1→2)-(6″- trans-caffeoyl-tartaroyl-malonylgalactopyranoside)]–7- O-β-glucopyranoside (2), and delphinidin 3- O-β-[(2″- trans-caffeoylglucopyranosyl)-(1→2)-(6″- trans-caffeoyl-tartaroyl-malonylgalactopyranoside)]–3′- O-β-glucuronopyranoside (3), were isolated from the violet and violet-blue sepals of Clematis cultivars ‘Jackmanii Superba’ and ‘Fujimusume’. The chemical structures of the isolated anthocyanins were determined by LC-MS, characterization of hydrolyzates, and UV, 1H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The visible absorption spectra of these anthocyanins were compared with those of fresh sepals and crude extracts in pH 5.1 buffer solution. In addition, the co-pigment effect with some kaempferol glycosides and caffeoylglucose was examined.
Identification of Sake Extract as a New Anti-melanogenic Ingredient by in vitro and Clinical Trials
Authors: Hwang Jeong-Ah , Goh Myeong-Jin , Kim Eun-Joo , Lee Myong-Ryul , Park Nok-Hyun , Na Yong-Joo , Cho Jun-Cheol , Lee Hae-Kwang
Published: March 2019

Overproduction of melanin is the cause of skin hyperpigmentation, which is related to several skin diseases and cosmetic concerns. Sake is a Japanese alcoholic beverage produced from rice and water by fermentation, but is little known for its effect on melanogenesis. To identify the effect of sake extract on melanin synthesis, a melanin assay was performed in melan-A murine melanocytes. Sake extract treatment significantly inhibited melanin production in a dose-dependent manner, and tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme of melanogenesis, decreased significantly at the protein level. Further investigations were performed with multiple assay systems; a sake extract reduced melanin production in melan-A/SP-1 murine cell co-culture, and also in MelanoDermTM, a skin equivalent model of human keratinocytes-melanocytes. Finally, subjects were treated with a formula containing the sake extract. Topical application of the sake extract product improved skin lightness (L*) significantly within 7 days. We identified sake extract as a new anti-melanogenic ingredient through in vitro and in vivo experiments. These results suggest that a sake extract can be used to improve skin hyperpigmentation.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Carapa guianensis Collected from Venezuelan Guayana and the Antimicrobial Activity of the Oil and Crude Extracts
Authors: Meccia Gina , Quintero Patricia , Rojas Luis B. , Usubillaga Alfredo , Velasco Judith , Diaz Tulia , Diaz Clara , Velásquez Jesús , Toro Maria
Published: March 2019

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae) leaves was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Twenty-three components were identified, which made up 93.7% of the oil. The most abundant constituents were bicyclogermacrene (28.5%), α-humulene (17.2%), germacrene B (11.9%), and trans-β-caryophyllene (9.9%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil, as well as the crude extracts of the leaves obtained by refluxing the dried leaves with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol, was determined using the disc diffusion assay. Activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29923 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was only found for the essential oil and the methanolic extract, at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 400 μg/mL and 50 μg/mL.