bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PrEP Communications Accelerator: a digital demand creation tool for sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Schwartz Katie , Ferrigno Briana , Vining Sarah , Gomez Anabel , Briedenhann Elmari , Gardiner Elizabeth , Jeckonia Patriciah , Torjesen Kristine
Published: November 2018

Background
Strategic communications are critical for successful market introduction of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This paper focuses on the OPTIONS Consortium’s approach to developing the PrEP Communications Accelerator, a digital tool that provides communication strategies and tools for generating demand for PrEP across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The PrEP Communications Accelerator was developed through needs assessment, communications landscape and gap analysis, market research and content development and testing. Stakeholder consultations across multiple African countries and audiences were conducted to validate and refine findings at each step. Results: The PrEP Communications Accelerator provides customised communications plans that vary by target audience (adolescent girls and young women, female sex workers, serodiscordant couples, men who have sex with men, people who inject drugs and the general population) and by setting (clinic, community, subnational or national level). Users of the interactive tool receive custom-built demand creation strategy guidance, including suggested media channels and communication tactics based on available evidence about the population and setting. Discussion: The PrEP Communications Accelerator is a digital demand creation tool intended to equip those who work in resource- and time-constrained environments with the evidence-based guidance needed to jump-start local demand creation efforts. The tool provides guidance on strategic PrEP communications for target audiences most at risk of HIV infection, as well as a broad profile of the general population to cultivate support for PrEP as a new public health product.
Relative effect of C and Mn on strength-toughness of medium Mn steels
Authors: Bhattacharya Ankita , Bokinala Praveen Kumar , Mitra Rahul , Chakrabarti Debalay
Published: November 2018

In order to find an alternative choice for structural load-bearing components, an effort was made to improve the impact toughness of medium Mn steel through inter-critical annealing treatment without significant reduction in strength. Besides, the relative effect of C and Mn contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium Mn steels was also studied. Fibrous microstructures with fine, alternate films of ferrite and martensite with retained austenite were obtained. The low-C, high-Mn steel showed a superior combination of yield strength, ductility and impact toughness due to finer microstructure and higher retained austenite fraction, as compared to high-C, low-Mn steel. Thus, the beneficial effect of Mn enrichment in stabilising retained austenite and improving mechanical properties by transformation induced plasticity effect becomes evident.
Assessment of university students’ level of financial literacy: the voices of the National University of Development Studies education students
Authors: Seotsanyana Malimpho Elsie
Published: November 2018

The study on which this article is based, intended to assess the level of financial literacy among the Government of Lesotho sponsored university students studying at the National University of Lesotho. The study was carried out during the academic year 2016/17. The objectives of the study were; first, to determine Development Studies education students’ level of financial literacy. Second, to identify if there is a change in Development Studies students’ attitude and behaviour towards handling National Manpower Development Secretariat financial support. Last, to identify strategies that could help students improve knowledge and skills in handling finances. The study adopted both a quantitative and qualitative approaches. It is a qualitative approach because it provided participants responses non-statistically, while quantitative approach descriptive statistics, frequency counts and percentages in order to hear the voices of the student teachers on how they handle their finances. A financial literacy survey questionnaire of four parts was developed to collect data from Development Studies education students/student teachers in the third year of study. The survey questionnaire was self – administered to a purposefully sampled group of 60 students. Data was analysed with the use of descriptive statistics, frequency counts and inclusion of participants’ verbatim excerpts. The study revealed that student teachers lack financial literacy. It concludes with the recommendation that student teachers require financial education that can assist them to understand the use of money.
Organ-Specific, Age-Dependent Associations of Steady-State Pressures and Pulsatile Pressure Wave Components With End-Organ Measures
Authors: Kolkenbeck-Ruh Andrea , Motau Tshegofatso H , Naran Ravi , Libhaber Carlos D , Sareli Pinhas , Norton Gavin R , Woodiwiss Angela J
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND

The contribution of steady-state pressures and the forward (Pf) and backward (reflected) (Pb) wave pressure components of pulse pressure to risk prediction have produced contrasting results. We hypothesized that the independent contribution of steady-state pressures (mean arterial pressure [MAP]), Pf and Pb, to cardiovascular damage is organ specific and age dependent.

METHODS

In 1,384 black South Africans from a community sample, we identified independent relations between MAP, Pf, or Pb (applanation tonometry and SphygmoCor software) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) (n = 997) (echocardiography), carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) (n = 804) (B-mode ultrasound), or aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) (n = 1,217).

RESULTS

Independent of risk factors, relations between Pf and IMT were noted in those over 50 years (P < 0.02), whereas in those less than 50 years, MAP (P < 0.005) was independently associated with IMT. Pb failed to show independent relations with IMT at any age (P > 0.37) In contrast, independent relations between Pb and LVMI were noted in those less than (P < 0.0001), and greater than (P < 0.02) 50 years, whereas MAP was not independently associated with LVMI at any age (P > 0.07) and Pf tended to show significant relations only in the elderly (P = 0.05). Moreover, although MAP (P < 0.005) and Pb (P < 0.01) showed independent relations with PWV at any age, Pf failed to show independent relations (P > 0.10).

CONCLUSION

Independent of confounders, steady-state and aortic Pf and Pb show associations with end-organ measures that are organ specific and age dependent.
5-Year Prospective Evaluation of Cytology, Human Papillomavirus Testing, and Biomarkers for Detection of Anal Precancer in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Clarke Megan A , Cheung Li C , Lorey Thomas , Hare Brad , Landy Rebecca , Tokugawa Diane , Gage Julia C , Darragh Teresa M , Castle Philip E , Wentzensen Nicolas
Published: November 2018

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related biomarkers have shown good cross-sectional performance for anal precancer detection in human immunodeficiency virus–positive (HIV+) men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the long-term performance and risk stratification of these biomarkers are unknown. Here, we prospectively evaluated high-risk (HR) HPV DNA, HPV16/18 genotyping, HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA (mRNA), and p16/Ki-67 dual stain in a population of HIV+ MSM.

Methods

We enrolled 363 HIV+ MSM between 2009–2010, with passive follow-up through 2015. All had anal cytology and a high-resolution anoscopy at baseline. For each biomarker, we calculated the baseline sensitivity and specificity for a combined endpoint of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and anal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or more severe diagnoses (HSIL/AIN2+), and we estimated the 2- and 5-year cumulative risks of HSIL/AIN2+ using logistic and Cox regression models.

Results

There were 129 men diagnosed with HSIL/AIN2+ during the study. HR-HPV testing had the highest positivity and sensitivity of all assays, but the lowest specificity. HPV16/18 and HPV E6/E7 mRNA had high specificity, but lower sensitivity. The 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+ were highest for those testing HPV16/18- or HPV E6/E7 mRNA–positive, followed by those testing dual stain–positive. Those testing HR-HPV– or dual stain–negative had the lowest 2- and 5-year risks of HSIL/AIN2+.

Conclusions

HPV-related biomarkers provide long-term risk stratification for anal precancers. HR-HPV– and dual stain–negativity indicate a low risk of HSIL/AIN2+ for at least 2 years, compared with negative anal cytology; however, the high positivity of HR-HPV in HIV+ MSM may limit its utility for surveillance and management in this population.
The development of an integrated behavioural model of patient compliance with diabetes medication: a mixed-method study protocol
Authors: Swarna Nantha Yogarabindranath , Haque Shamsul , Swarna Nantha Hemanath
Published: November 2018

Background

There has been a shift in worldwide disease burden from infections to non-communicable diseases, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). Behavioural change and self-management are key to optimal T2D control. Several universal models of diabetic care have been proposed to help explain the dimensions of T2D self-care such as medication adherence, physical activity, diet and patient–doctor interaction. These models do not allow an objective and quantifiable measurement of the problems faced by patients in terms of medication compliance.

Objective

To create a comprehensive conceptual model of behavioural change related to T2D medication compliance.

Methods

A cross-sectional study will be conducted at a regional primary care clinic using a mixed-method technique. First, a Grounded Theory qualitative inquiry will be used to investigate predictors of medication adherence in T2D patients. Consequently, the elements derived from the interview will be incorporated into the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework to generate an integrated behavioural model. This model will then be used to quantify the factors related to compliance with medication amongst T2D patients.

Discussion

The framework developed here could help in the design of policies to optimize T2D control by identifying lapses in patients’ intake of diabetic medications. This can be done by exploring the patients’ fundamental and unarticulated belief system via a naturalistic approach adopted in this study. The properties of the framework can be replicated in other settings to serve as a benchmark for quality improvement in T2D patient care.
Association between physical activity and scoliosis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Tobias Jon H , Fairbank Jeremy , Harding Ian , Taylor Hilary J , Clark Emma M
Published: November 2018

Background

Little is understood about the causes of adolescent onset idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). No prospective studies assessing the association between physical activity and idiopathic adolescent scoliosis have been carried out. We aimed to carry out the first prospective population-based study of this association.

Methods

The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) collected self-reported measures of physical ability/activity at ages 18 months and 10 years. Objective measures of physical activity were collected by accelerometry at age 11 years. scoliosis was identified using the dxa scoliosis Method at age 15 years. Participants with scoliosis at age 10 years were excluded.

Results

Of 4640 participants at age 15 years who had DXA scans, 267 (5.8%) had scoliosis. At age 18 months, those infants who were able to stand up without being supported were 66% less likely to have developed scoliosis by age 15 (P = 0.030) compared with infants who could not. Those children whose mothers reported they did most vigorous physical activity at age 10 years were 53% less likely to develop scoliosis (P = 0.027). Those children who did more objectively measured moderate/vigorous physical activity at age 11 were 30% less likely to have developed scoliosis (P < 0.001). Results were not affected by adjustment for age, gender, lean mass, fat mass or back pain.

Conclusions

We report reduced physical ability and activity as early as age 18 months in those who go on to develop scoliosis by age 15 years. Further research is justified to examine the mechanisms underlying this association.
MicroRNA 146a Polymorphisms and Expression in Indian Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Jemimah Devanandan Helen , Venkatesan Vettriselvi , Scott Julius Xavier , Magatha Latha Sneha , Durairaj Paul Solomon Franklin , Koshy Teena
Published: November 2018

Background

MicroRNAs (miR) have been reported to be involved in hematopoiesis and in the pathogenesis of several hematological malignant neoplasms. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human miR genes may alter the expression of those genes and influence the predisposition to childhood leukemia.

Objective

To evaluate the association of rs2910164 G>C, rs57095329 A>G and the expression of miRNA-146a in ethnic South Asian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Method

Genotyping and expression analysis using TaqMan Small RNA Assay was performed on 71 patients with pathologically confirmed ALL and 74 control individuals.

Results

No statistically significant association was found between the 2 SNPs, its expression levels, and ALL risk.

Conclusion

Haplotype analysis indicated a combination of allele A of rs57095329 and allele G of rs2910164 could represent a risk haplotype and an allele combination of G of rs57095329 and G of rs2910164 could represent a protective haplotype for ALL.
An interferon gamma release assay specific for Histoplasma capsulatum to detect asymptomatic infected individuals: A proof of concept study
Authors: Rubio-Carrasquilla Marcela , Santa Cristian David , Rendón Juan Pablo , Botero-Garcés Jorge , Guimarães Allan J , Moreno Ernesto , Cano Luz Elena
Published: November 2018

Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis in the Americas. Currently, there is no laboratory test capable to detect subclinical or latent infections by Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc), which might develop as severe infections in immunocompromised individuals. For the first time to our knowledge, we explore the suitability of an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) to detect latent Hc infection in asymptomatic individuals. A cohort of 126 volunteers was enrolled in the study, 13 of which underwent a Hc infection in the past, and 93 of them showing risk factors for this infection. The remaining 20 participants did not refer any risk factors of Hc infection, but eight of them showed evidences of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All participants were recruited in Medellin, Colombia, between January 2014 and December 2017. Whole blood samples were cultured with four different Hc crude antigens and phytohemaglutinin as positive control. The interferon (IFN)-γ released by T lymphocytes upon antigen stimulation was quantified by ELISA. A defined cutoff value of 20 pg/ml for the IFN-γ concentration allowed us to distinguish between the group with documented past infections and the group of noninfected individuals with high sensitivity (70–92%) and specificity (85–95%), for the four tested antigens. Positive 82–95% and negative 77–92% predictive values were also very high, comparable to those reported for commercially available IGRAs. The new test constitutes a promising screening method to detect individuals with latent Hc infection, even decades after the primary infection, as evidenced in this study.
Novel Paranannizziopsis species in a Wagler's viper (Tropidolaemus wagleri), tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum), and a rhinoceros snake (Rhynchophis boulengeri) in a zoological collection
Authors: Rainwater Kimberly L , Wiederhold Nathan P , Sutton Deanna A , Garner Michael M , Maguire Cheryl , Sanders Carmita , Gibas Connie , Cano José F , Guarro Josep , Stchigel Alberto M
Published: November 2018

We report several cases of fungal infections in snakes associated with a new species within the genus Paranannizziopsis. Three juvenile Wagler's vipers (Tropidolaemus wagleri) presented with skin abnormalities or ulcerative dermatitis, and two snakes died. Histologic examination of skin from the living viper revealed hyperplastic, hyperkeratotic, and crusting epidermitis with intralesional fungal elements. The terrestrial Wagler's vipers were housed in a room with fully aquatic tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum), among which there had been a history of intermittent skin lesions. Approximately 2 months after the biopsy of the viper, a skin sample was collected from one tentacled snake (TS1) with skin abnormalities and revealed a fungal infection with a similar histologic appearance. Fungal isolates were obtained via culture from the Wagler's viper and TS1 and revealed a novel species, Paranannizziopsis tardicrescens, based on phenotypic characterization and molecular analysis. P. tardicrescens was cultured and identified by DNA sequence analysis 8 months later from a dead tentacled snake in an exhibit in an adjacent hallway and 13 months later from a living rhinoceros snake (Rhynchophis boulengeri) with two focal skin lesions. Antifungal susceptibility testing on three of four cultured isolates demonstrated potent in vitro activity for terbinafine and voriconazole.
Repeat renal biopsy improves the Oxford classification-based prediction of immunoglobulin A nephropathy outcome
Authors: Jullien Perrine , Laurent Blandine , Berthoux François , Masson Ingrid , Dinic Miriana , Claisse Guillaume , Thibaudin Damien , Mariat Christophe , Alamartine Eric , Maillard Nicolas
Published: November 2018

Background

The prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is very heterogeneous. Predicting the nature and the rate of the disease progression is crucial for refining patient treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of an Oxford classification-based repeat kidney tissue evaluation to predict end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Methods

Patients with biopsy-proven primary IgAN who underwent two renal biopsies at our centre were analyzed retrospectively. Renal biopsies were scored by two pathologists blinded to the clinical data and according to the updated Oxford classification. Cox models were generated to evaluate the prognostic impact considering the Oxford classification elementary lesions from the first (Model 1) or the second (Model 2) biopsy, adjusted on clinical data at time of reevaluation. The prognostic impacts of the dynamic evolution of each elementary lesion between biopsies were also assessed through univariate and multivariate evaluation.

Results

A total of 168 adult patients were included, with a median follow-up duration of 18 (range 11–24) years. The second biopsy was performed either systematically (n = 112) of for-cause (n = 56), after a median time of 5.4 years. The prognostic performances of Model 2 (second biopsy) were significantly better than Model 1 (first biopsy, analysis of deviance P < 0.0001). The dynamic changes of C and T lesions were significantly associated with the progression toward ESRD after adjustment on variables from Model 2.

Conclusion

Both static and dynamic Oxford-based histological evaluation offered by a repeat biopsy improves the prediction of ESRD in patients with IgAN.
Serum 1,3-Beta-D-Glucan Values During and After Laparoscopic and Open Intestinal Surgery
Authors: Szyszkowitz Alexander , Zurl Christoph , Herzeg Anna , Berger Anton , Gemes Geza , Mitteregger Martin , Prüller Florian , Prattes Juergen , Zollner-Schwetz Ines , Valentin Thomas , Hoenigl Martin , Krause Robert
Published: November 2018

Background

1,3-beta-D Glucan (BDG) assay has good accuracy for distinguishing patients with invasive fungal infections from patients without. Some procedures and medications affect BDG levels, resulting in false-positive BDG results. The extent of intestinal surgery on BDG kinetics is unknown. We evaluated the influence of laparoscopic and open intestinal surgery on peri- and postsurgical serum BDG values.

Methods

BDG was determined in 346 samples from 50 patients undergoing laparoscopic (24) or open (26) intestinal surgery at the following time points: after insertion of arterial but before skin incision, after skin incision but before dissection of the intestinal mucosa, after completion of anastomosis, after completion of skin sutures, in the evening after surgery, day 2 after surgery, 4–5 days after surgery.

Results

BDG was positive (ie, concentration ≥80 pg/mL) in 54% to 61% of patients during laparoscopic and open surgery (highest rates after completion of skin sutures). BDG was still positive in 12% (open) to 17% (laparoscopic) of patients without any suspected or proven fungal infection or anastomotic leakage 4–5 days after surgery. After completion of gut anastomosis, the BDG increase was higher in open compared with laparoscopic intestinal surgery.

Conclusions

The value of positive BDG tests in the perioperative setting up to 5 days postsurgery seems to be limited due to BDG elevations from intestinal surgical procedures.
Chronicles and the Writings
Authors: Endres John C.
Published: November 2018

This chapter reviews recent scholarly opinions on the date and setting of the Books of Chronicles, different approaches to the study of this book, and related issues. Whereas much of the modern study of these books has taken the lead of Wellhausen and considered Chronicles in view of the similar “history” in Samuel and Kings, this study focuses more on synchronic issues, for example, literary appreciation of the texts and intertextual relationships with other books in the Writings/Ketuvim. It presents several historical views on the “location” of 1–2 Chronicles within the Writings. The final section samples relationships with the Books of Daniel, Ruth, Esther, and Psalms. The intertextual connections with Psalms are the most abundant and raise important questions about postexilic worship, the use of Psalms in narratives, and contemporary theories about Psalms texts at Qumran.
Esther’s Frame within the Writings
Authors: Stone Timothy J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines Esther’s canonical location in the Writings and the way this context frames the book’s main characters and theology. In particular, Lamentations and Daniel flank the book on either side. This context highlights, through thematic connections and narrative analogy, Mordecai and Esther’s lack of religious character. In both Lamentations and Daniel 1–6, the LORD’s reign over kings and kingdoms is strongly affirmed. This theme frames God’s absence in Esther. In this canonical context, God works behind the scenes in Esther but is hidden because Esther and Mordecai have forgotten the God of Israel. God’s promises are not dependent on the faithfulness of his people; instead, through his providential hand he keeps his promises, both to preserve his people and destroy his enemies. This reading finds support in the two primary ways in which Esther has been understood, which divide over whether to interpret the characters of Esther and Mordecai negatively or positively.
Lamentations and Canon
Authors: Ellington Scott
Published: November 2018

Lamentations uses distinct voices to explore the suffering caused by the destruction of Jerusalem and exile of her people. A dialogical approach to the book emphasizes the theological tension created as the poet considers the fate of Israel’s relationship with Yahweh. This dialogue is carried on at multiple levels, within the text itself, over against the silenced divine voice, between Lamentations and other books in the biblical canon, and between the text and its later interpreters. Utilizing the language of prayer and drawing on the divine name, Lamentations centers on the question of God’s continued presence with the Israel. A faithful rendering and reception of Lamentations attends to the multiple voices of the text, respects and provides place for their varied perspectives and contributions, identifies and engages with the community they address and of which they are a part, maintains space for an unspeaking God, and guards the open-ended question which is at the heart of this troubling exchange.
Reading Psalms Sapientially in the Writings
Authors: Brown William P.
Published: November 2018

The study of wisdom in the Psalms has often been limited to identifying particular “wisdom psalms.” This chapter widens the purview by setting Psalms and Proverbs in hermeneutical dialogue with each other and specifically by examining Psalms from the perspective of what Proverbs commends and values. Such an analysis highlights both similarities and differences between these two complex corpora. The sapiential “rebuke” in Proverbs finds its counterpart in “complaint” in the Psalms, but with an altogether different object of address. The shared language of “righteousness” in the Psalms is given a more theocentric cast than in Proverbs. The conjunction of Psalm 111 and Psalm 112 is particularly telling: while the profile of human righteousness in Psalm 112 coheres with Proverbs, its compositional linkage to its “twin” lays claim that human righteousness cannot stand on its own. The language of “seeking” and salvation is also compared, revealing pronounced rhetorical differences.
Ruth
Authors: Auld A. Graeme
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the story of Ruth in terms of the usages it shares, often uniquely, with single verses or discrete contexts elsewhere in the canons of the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. A review of its broadly symmetrical structure precedes a listing of more than a dozen such links, mostly with Genesis, Samuel, and Job. Wider allusions follow: to the ideal woman of Proverbs 31, the scandal at Gibeah (Judges 19), and the levirate law (Deuteronomy 25). It is argued that the meaning of Hebrew g’l, conventionally “redeem,” must be recovered within the story rather than imported from other texts. While obviously a women’s book, the role of Boaz as exemplar of biblical tradition should not be underplayed.
The Writings in the Early Postexilic Period (Cyrus through Ezra-Nehemiah)
Authors: Grabbe Lester L.
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the history of Judah and the Judeans in the early Persian period (from about 539 to about 398 bce), based not just on Ezra-Nehemiah but on a critical examination of a variety of biblical and extra-biblical sources. It covers the obscure figure of Sheshbazzar, the building of the second temple, the activities of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah, the satrap Tattenai, the governorship of Nehemiah, and questions about the activities of the enigmatic figure of Ezra, in the satrapy of Transeuphrates under the rule of the Persian emperors from Cyrus to Artaxerxes II.
Sexuality and Bilingualism
Authors: Cashman Holly R.
Published: November 2018

Research on sexuality and bilingualism from a sociocultural linguistic approach can and should encompass not only the diverse language practices of queer bilingual and multilingual people, but also a wide range of language contexts and a broad spectrum of research participants beyond non-heteronormative subjects. This chapter explores questions relating to language, sexuality, and bilingualism. It aims to show the quantity and scope of recent research on sexuality and bilingualism, as well as highlight areas that may warrant further research. The chapter attributes the complexity of the concepts of bilingualism and sexuality in part to migration and globalization as well as evolving understandings of identity and desire. Bilingual (and multilingual) speakers are discussed in the context of urban multilingual settings and more specifically LGBTQ communities within those settings. The chapter then features a reflection on what major issues and opportunities might arise from joining research on sexuality with research on bilingualism.
Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: McConnell-Ginet Sally
Published: November 2018

Semantics and pragmatics are increasingly seen as inextricably interwoven in understanding linguistically conveyed meaning. Scholarship on gender and sexuality now mostly considers cultural and bodily/biological concerns as enmeshed, not clearly separable. Gender and sexual identities and practices are also changing. Many contexts no longer support familiar assumptions about what “goes without saying”—for example, marriage is between a woman and a man, someone pregnant must be a woman (or girl), not protesting sexual overtures constitutes consenting to them, and many more. As the landscape surrounding gender and sexuality changes, so do linguistic actions and attitudes in that landscape, constructing new contexts. Familiar labels for sexual identities and activities shift and are often contested, new labels arise for possibilities once unrecognized (sometimes non-existent), people police others’ linguistic practices and jockey for semantic authority. Semantic and pragmatic approaches to language and sexuality show indeterminacy, change, and (sometimes competing) interests of language users.
Categorization and Indexicality in Language and Sexuality Research
Authors: Canakis Costas
Published: November 2018

While categorization and indexicality have been a recurring theme in language and sexuality research, and forms of talk are understood as indexically related to social practices and categories in specific contexts, the dynamic character of categorization is less often acknowledged. Although few, if any, linguists would subscribe to an Aristotelian, static view of categorization, language and sexuality research has rarely engaged with the insights provided by prototype theory into linguistic categorization. This chapter intends to show that although categories are motivated, binding, and potentially wounding, they are flexible and subject to change, as are their indexical relations. Categorization is inevitable, but the specific categories we employ are historical constructs and thereby negotiable and redefinable. It is argued that understanding categorization and indexicality as dynamic can contribute to language and sexuality research, especially to the queer linguistic critique of categories with respect to the normative discourses sustaining them.
Form
Authors: Grimley Daniel M.
Published: November 2018

Form is one of the most foundational concepts in music theory, but identifying a suitably precise and meaningful definition of the term proves challenging. This essay does not attempt to offer a singular definition, but rather seeks to explore aspects of the term’s history and origin, exemplifying its usage (and its implications for writing on music) across a broad repertoire from Machaut to Miles Davis. Form is predictive, regulative, and heuristic. Despite its central place in much musical thought and practice, however, it is form’s instability and openness to appropriation and change that is arguably its most persistent characteristic.
Critical Approaches to Global Health
Authors: Ingram Alan
Published: November 2018

This chapter places the critical analysis of global health in wider intellectual and political perspective, situating critical thinking in relation to the philosophical idea of Enlightenment and ensuing debates about the nature of power, knowledge, and freedom. After a brief genealogy of critical thought, the chapter considers some of the main sources of critical thinking in global health and provides a brief survey of critical takes on health in the era of globalisation. It then considers three influential varieties of critique—of political economy, of representation, and of biopower—while touching on other critical perspectives, including feminism and anticolonial thought. As a way of prompting further reflection, the concluding section of the chapter considers recent debates about the problems of the critical enterprise itself.
Designated Attention
Authors: Lanzendörfer Anselma
Published: November 2018

During the nineteenth century, new ideas about how to listen to music were developed. This chapter analyzes concert programs from the Leipzig Gewandhaus from the late eighteenth century through the mid-nineteenth. It looks at one aspect that has been largely ignored: the actual form that the announcements of music in concert programs took. Designations of musical pieces began to provide more and more information, specifying details such as composers’ name, key, running number, tempo and mood markings, and programmatic titles. This development was asynchronous and uneven, encompassing some composers and genres much earlier and more thoroughly than others. This chapter argues that the designations of works of music in concert programs—for a long time the medium closest to the actual listening experience—can be studied as an important factor that shaped (and shapes) music perception (e.g., the prestige effect of “the Ninth” and aesthetic hierarchies).
Architectural Acoustics and the Trained Ear in the Arts
Authors: Tkaczyk Viktoria , Weinzierl Stefan
Published: November 2018

This chapter shifts perspective from the history of architectural acoustics (as a branch of physics) to the history of architecture and practices of listening from around 1780 to 1830. In this period, operas, concerts, and spoken theater pieces, traditionally performed in the same venue, were increasingly regarded as separate genres, each related to a specific sonic reverberation time. As this chapter illustrates using acoustic data from major venues, this separation corresponded with ever-diverging concepts of acoustic design and the acoustic properties of new buildings. The shift occurred, first, because of the emergence of a bourgeois theater and music culture and, second, due to a fundamental epistemic shift in acoustic theory when sound reflection began to be thought of as a phenomenon related to energy, time, and building materials. The audience was conceived of as a group of genre-specific listening experts who paid attention to sound dying away over time.
Symmetries in Spaces, Symmetries in Listening
Authors: Zur Nieden Gesa
Published: November 2018

Based on the importance of the concept of symmetry in French sociological aesthetics circa 1900, this chapter analyzes the convergence of theaters, musical form, and musical understanding. The analysis focuses on architectural shape, audience response, and the musical repertoire in the new theaters built in Barcelona (1847), Paris (1862), and Rome (1880). While these theaters were fashioned after the baroque form of the “teatro all’italiana” that prevailed in Italy, France, and Spain during the late nineteenth century, they provided huge spaces accommodating a socially mixed audience within an architecturally symmetrical form. Music critics often aligned acoustic sound waves with actual visibility in the auditorium, and semicircular structures in the scenography on stage may have affected the reception of the musical performance. The newly built theaters arrived at a time when the “classical” music scene and a certain canon was developed, opposing the more “intellectual” audiences and repertories of contemporary music.
First Re-Creations
Authors: Hui Alexandra
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores how the goals of cognitive and behavioral psychologists contributed to a new kind of listening at the beginning of the twentieth century. This chapter focuses on two interrelated efforts to cultivate a new type of listening. First, it examines the efforts by the Edison Company to transform the listener into a consumer. Second, it looks at studies carried out by psychologists to understand the functional effects of music and apply their understanding. The Edison-Carnegie Research Program and the subsequent Mood Music marketing campaign show how new sounds and new ideas about listening to them were both actively created. This historical episode provides new insight into the processes by which new listening cultures develop. The understanding of music as functional—it could cause certain mood and bodily effects—co-developed with an understanding that listening could and should be altered.
Researching Audience Behaviors in Nineteenth-Century Paris
Authors: Ellis Katharine
Published: November 2018

This chapter starts by revisiting a now-familiar text: James H. Johnson’s book Listening in Paris (1995). On the basis of concert and opera reviews, images, and the paratexts of concert programs, Ellis reframes Johnson’s question “When did audiences fall silent?” as “Where and why did audiences fail to fall silent?” Multilayered answers show how (1) many of the noisier phenomena of the eighteenth century resurfaced in new guises from the 1850s onward; (2) the democratization of art music took place in contexts that could not always impose “religious” listening; and (3) there was a resurgent demand, possibly concomitant, for music as pure entertainment in venues where silence was neither required nor expected. The chapter argues that although attentive listening was a gold standard during the latter two-thirds of the nineteenth century in Paris, practice rarely lived up to such expectations, and it was in effect a niche activity.
Capturing the Landscape Within
Authors: Johnson James
Published: November 2018

This chapter situates the history of listening in the context of recent work in the histories of reading, seeing, and feeling. Using William Reddy’s The Navigation of Feeling (2001), it considers changes in practices—from the absence of silent reading in antiquity and the early Middle Ages, to public reading in the early modern period, to modern silent reading—and, using depictions of museum-goers, sketches a history of experience in the visual arts. By widening the field from listening, this chapter aims both to fill out and to integrate the modern history of experience. It also suggests ways of understanding how transformations in perception by one of our human senses affects those in another and why historic modes of perception and description will not likely return.
The Intimate Art of Listening
Authors: Fuhrmann Wolfgang
Published: November 2018

This chapter looks into the ways forms of domestic music making encouraged certain modes of listening. Musical intimacy develops and is nurtured among close friends or lovers in a social space of openness and trust. Such an intimate space unfolds in the physical staging of bourgeois private settings: in the typically cozy and cushioned interior of the nineteenth century, often enhanced by dimming lights, as witnessed by documents from the Mendelssohn family, among others. Such a setting allows musicians and listeners alike to indulge freely in “true” musical values. Musicians shun outward virtuosity and listeners concentrate on the music, often developing emotions, associations, and so on in close interdependence with the music. Listening intensely to music arguably originated in such settings, and it was only later transferred to public audiences, such as in the chamber concert. Musical intimacy could also encourage confidential discussion about music, as found in Johannes Brahms’s correspondence.
The Problem of Eclectic Listening in French and German Concerts, 1860–1910
Authors: Weber William
Published: November 2018

Between 1820 and 1870, European musical culture changed. Previously, a certain type of program had dominated the musical sphere: contemporary works spanning various genres including opera. In the 1870s new actors emerged. A learned world of classical music came into being, focusing on orchestral and chamber pieces, with less of a connection to opera. New kinds of songs, increasingly termed “popular,” began to make their mark in roughly similar European venues. In these contexts, listening practices reflected radically different social values and expectations. But did mixed programming remain in some concert performances? Did listeners demonstrate eclectic musical tastes? Taking examples from Paris, Frankfurt, Leipzig, and Berlin, this chapter shows how links were made between contrasting repertoires by the importation or adaptation of works. A process that seems at first to have been an exception turns out to have been a conventional system of exchange.
“Everybody in the Concert Hall should be Devoted Entirely to the Music”
Authors: Tewinkel Christiane
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the extent to which representations of “improper” listening are found in popular and academic literature of German and U.S. origin, for the process of reception is highly susceptible to error and interference. Indeed, despite near-ideal conditions, concert-goers are as prone to molding their experience according to subjective predilections as any other type of listener. They may not even be listening at all, despite being physically present and dependent on the musical performance. This mode of behavior as a fact of (concert) life is sometimes mentioned in recent popular books on music but seldom appears in older books; nor has it been part of musicological accounts of symphonic concerts, although scholars such as James H. Johnson (1995) and Peter Gay (1995) speak extensively about disruptions in historical performances. The chapter considers changes in the assessment of such listening in recent years and contemplates causes for these shifts.
Concert Listening the British Way?
Authors: Bashford Christina
Published: November 2018

It is a well-known fact that the provision of printed program notes at concerts of classical music was a nineteenth-century phenomenon aimed at guiding listener experiences. This chapter discusses why those notes first proliferated in Britain and whether there was anything peculiarly British about them. Program notes took root in 1840s Britain, initially at highly serious chamber concerts. They explained the formal structure by aural sign-postings and embodied a significant attempt to shape listening practices in Victorian Britain in a distinctive way. Underpinning their successful spread were several interlocking economic, cultural, and musical factors. These included the rapid development of a sizeable public concert culture, the growth of audiences eager for the elucidation of high art, the Victorian desire to educate and guide (related to notions of tourism, industry, rationality, progress, and religious reverence), and the absence of a tradition of publishing in-depth reviews of music in British journals.
“What Ought to be Heard”
Authors: Thorau Christian
Published: November 2018

The emergence of program notes and concert guidebooks in the second half of the nineteenth century in Europe and North America are symptoms of a culture of listening that shows many structural similarities between the practice of concert-goers and tourists. This chapter develops the cultural-historical argument that the tourist’s mode of discovering and appropriating the world established patterns of behavior that would soon enough make their entry into concert halls and opera houses. By analyzing the shared features between music listening and tourism, special focus has to be given to the markers that announce, promote, and explain the “musical sight.” Characteristic for the new auditory paradigm of “touristic listening” is a practical, work-focused knowledge that frames, guides, and canonizes the listening experience.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Evans Steven W. , Owens Julie S. , Monopoli W. John , Benson Kari
Published: November 2018

Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder experience impairment across multiple domains of functioning, with the characteristics changing with age. Thus, assessment and treatment must be appropriate for the home and school and relevant to the child’s developmental level. This chapter reviews effective assessment strategies for use with children and adolescents. Psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents are discussed separately, as the approaches with each group differ substantially. For children, strategies with a strong evidence base are described, and innovations and treatment modifications that have been examined recently are showcased. For adolescents, the results of the few randomized clinical trials conducted with this population are reviewed. A theoretical model for how to sequence treatments (i.e., intervention, medication, accommodations) for youth is referenced, and two case studies highlight this model, as well some of the new findings described in this chapter. Implications and recommendations for future research and practice are provided.
Developmental Psychology
Authors: Dollar Jessica M. , Calkins Susan D.
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the study of developmental psychology, with a focus on the acquisition of age-appropriate social and emotional skills from infancy through adolescence and its role in child and adolescent mental health and social adjustment. In particular, our goals are to (a) provide a discussion of leading relevant developmental theories; (b) describe important dimensions of social and emotional development from infancy through adolescence at the behavioral and biological levels and within the context of interpersonal relationships; (c) provide a selective review of the associations between emotion regulation abilities, social adjustment, and indicators of early psychopathology; and (d) discuss challenges for future research in the field of developmental psychology, focused on social and emotional research that may inform our understanding of the development of mental health challenges for children and adolescents.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: van Schalkwyk Gerrit I. , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: November 2018

Anxiety disorders are highly common in children and adolescents and are associated with significant impairment. This group of disorders includes a broad range of specific diagnoses that often co-occur. Well-established assessment measures exist to facilitate accurate differential diagnosis and characterization of anxiety disorders. Evidence-based treatments also are available. Cognitive behavior therapy has a uniquely broad and robust evidence base, although newer treatments such as attention bias modification training and parent accommodation interventions are the source of growing attention. Current research in the field includes attempts at understanding the basic nature of anxiety disorders, the development of new treatments, and innovative approaches to addressing the key challenge of limited access to treatment.
Tic Disorders
Authors: Alexander Jennifer , Woods Douglas W.
Published: November 2018

This chapter provides a broad overview of tic disorders. Specifically described are different tic disorders and the psychiatric and psychosocial difficulties commonly experienced by children with tic disorders. Common conceptual models of tic disorders and neurobiological and behavioral research that support these models are reviewed. Recommended practices for assessing children with tic disorders are discussed, commonly used measures for assessing tic-related severity and impairment are detailed, and both evidence-based and experimental treatments for tic disorders are described. A case example is provided to demonstrate how clinicians may implement the recommended assessment practices and one of the evidence-based treatments discussed in the chapter (Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics). The chapter concludes by considering theoretical and practical challenges and implications specific to tic disorders.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Sharp Carla , Michonski Jared D.
Published: November 2018

The current chapter considers personality disorder in adolescents. In keeping with the evidence-based approach taken in this volume, the focus is on adolescent borderline personality disorder (BPD), as BPD currently has the most robust evidence base in terms of assessment and treatment in adolescents. While understudied relative to other disorders of childhood and adolescents, the current chapter summarizes the nascent, but rapidly growing, literature base for the definition, prevalence, assessment, and intervention of BPD in adolescents. Assessment and intervention are considered from the vantage points of both the leading treatment approaches to BPD, namely, dialectical behavior therapy and mentalization-based treatment. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the next frontier for BPD research in adolescents.