bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political joke as an alternative literary form to official literature in the Moldavian SSR
Authors: Rusnac Ana Maria
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes the relationship between the political joke as an alternative literary form to official literature in the Moldavian SSR and the socio-political context. In the first part of the article are designed the terms joke and political joke, and further aspects of the socio-political context of MSSR are pursued, which are starting points in the analysis of the political joke in Soviet Bessarabia. Some themes of political jokes in Bessarabia of the 1940s and 1990s are highlighted, with some examples of jokes “from the people”, collected during field discussions with some citizens of the Republic of Moldova, from the online environment and from a literary periodical magazine from 1988. The article demonstrates the words and expressions of daily life of Bessarabians, who made their way into the political jokes of the Moldavian SSR. The jokes that were presented in the article, as examples of political jokes in the Moldavian SSR, reflect the social and political realities of that time period. In these jokes are told stories that cheer and amuse us through irony, sarcasms, suggestions, especially for the bizarre language that the characters used. The political joke is regarded as a form of satire or humor, being framed in a literary species, namely the species of comic folk prose. This literary form, such as the political joke, was an alternative to the official literature of the MSSR. In this article we analyze two themes on which the satire of political jokes in MSSR focused: the distortion of the Romanian language and the effects of propaganda.
The Aesthetics of Rhetoric in On the Sublime of Longinus
Authors: Haase Fee-Alexandra
Published: May 2024

This article localizes the treatise On the Sublime in the Hellenistic culture of the 3rd century. It is by some scholars attributed to Cassius Longinus, while others reject this attribution and cultural context completely. We argue that On the Sublime is by Longinus written and a document that is both a piece of evidence for the cultural change of a decline in the practice of rhetoric and also exemplifies the transformation and subordination of rhetoric to newly emerging concepts in the Hellenistic culture of Late Antiquity. We interpret the changing rhetorical culture its author observes as a state of rhetoric at the end of the movement of the Second Sophistic. The historical frame and the name of the author of the treatise, Longinus, is documented by the Suda and other sources. On the Sublime itself puts rhetorical devices into a new framework exceeding the limits of traditional treatises called rhetorike techne. ‘The sublime’ is present in nature, in god, in humans, and in artifices like writings of rhetoricians, philosophers, poets, and historians. With this contextualization as a universal principle, the sublime, previously used as a criterion of style and thinking, is by Longinus established as a universal concept.
Tools and Machines for Carving in Wood
Authors: Dobrovolschi Oleg
Published: May 2024

In this article, the properties and working methods of the tools and machines for wood carving are analyzed, starting with the simplest and primitive tools for processing materials up to the most complex machines. Wood is one of the oldest materials practiced in sculpture, and the following traditional tools are used for its processing: chisels, hammers, saws, abrasives. Along with the development of the industrial era, tools and machines for processing materials also developed. Therefore, it is found that the use of both traditional and modern utensils provides an opportunity to bring out the shape, texture, color and beauty of the sculpture. The working tools chosen by the artist, whether simple or complex, depend on the material used to make the work. This dependence has contributed to the development and modernisation tools and machinery for processing the materials used in sculpture, with the discovery and increasing knowledge of the ideational value offered by the material, be it clay, wood, stone, metal or unconventional materials.
Relationship between serum thyroid hormone and interleukin-1b levels and postmortem tissue deiodinase activity in critically ill patients
Authors: Zhong Zhenzhou , Xiao Xiaoliu
Published: May 2024

Background: This study investigated the relationship between serum thyroid hormones and interleukin-1b (IL-1b) levels and postmortem tissue deiodinase activity in critically ill patients. Methods: Serum thyroid hormones and IL-1b were measured on the 5th, 15th, and last day of 80 critically ill patients. Forty of these patients were non-survived, and liver and skeletal muscle were harvested to analyze type 1, 2, and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (D1, D2, and D3) activity. Results: Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), tetraiodothyronine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3) were decreased, and reverse triiodoth while serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels decreased or remained unchanged, and rT3 and IL-1b increase yronine (rT3) and IL-1b were increased in non-survivors. From day 5 to the last day, serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels increased, and rT3 and IL-1b levels decreased with time in survivors, while serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels decreased or remained unchanged, and rT3 and IL-1b increased in non-survivors. On the last day, liver D1 activity was negatively correlated with serum rT3 and IL-1b, while liver and skeletal muscle D3 activities were positively correlated. Conclusion: Serum thyroid hormones and IL-1b are correlated with postmortem deiodinase activity in critically ill patients.
Hydrogel polymer improves plant biomass and leaf relative water content in dill and fenugreek
Authors: Heidari Hassan , Hosseini Ali
Published: May 2024

Drought is the most important abiotic stress in arid and semi-arid regions of the world and causes a decrease in the yield of agricultural plants. One of the ways to deal with drought is the use of hydrogels. Two pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of hydrogel polymer on the growth and the physiological traits of fenugreek and dill plants. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The experiment included two factors: hydrogel polymer rates (0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.08 grams per kilogram of soil) and irrigation intervals (irrigation intervals of 3 and 6 days). Results showed that leaf, stem and seedling fresh and dry weight were increased by hydrogel polymer application in both plant species. Hydrogel polymer increased leaf relative water content but decreased chlorophyll content. Plants treated with the polymer applied at 0.08 g kg -1 produced the highest dry matter. The improvement was probably due to the increased leaf relative water content. The highest dry weight of the seedling was measured in plants treated with the polymer applied at 0.08 g kg-1 , whereas the lowest seedling dry weight was found in plants that were not treated with the polymer. The effect of irrigation interval on growth characteristics of both plant species was not significant. Overall, the use of hydrogel improves plant biomass in dill and fenugreek. Application of amounts higher than 0.08 g/kg of hydrogel on dill and fenugreek is recommended for further research.
Effect of irrigation regimes and organic fertilizer on rapeseed performance in the semi-arid area
Authors: Janmohammadi Mohsen , Kouchakkhani Hasan , Sabaghnia Naser
Published: May 2024

Climate changes and the cost of irrigation water in semi-arid areas seriously reduce the availability of water for irrigation. The optimal allocation of water resources to irrigation and limit water overexploitation are necessary in these regions. A field trial aimed to evaluate irrigation regimes (60, 80, and 100% based on field capacity, abbreviated as FC60, FC80 and FC100) and organic fertilizer (0, 15, and 30 t ha-1 farmyard manure, abbreviated as FYM) on two rapeseed varieties (Hydromel and Nathalie) in the semi-arid region of Qazvin, Iran. The highest lateral growth (branch number) was observed in the Hydromel cultivar with the application of 15 and 30 t ha-1 farmyard manure (FYM30 and FYM15) under FC100 and FC80 conditions. Comparison of lateral growth between the cultivars showed that Nathalie cultivar was less affected by FYM and irrigation. The chlorophyll content decreased under FC60; however, no significant difference was observed between FC80 and FC100. The maturity of Nathalie was earlier than that of Hydromel. However, the use of FYM significantly extended the days to maturity in Hydromel. Although the silique length of the Nathalie cultivar was 13% less than Hydromel, this component significantly decreased in Hydromel under water deficit conditions (FC80 and FC60). The highest number of siliques was recorded in the Hydromel under FYM30+FC100 and FYM30+FC80. The 60% irrigation regime caused a significant reduction in the number of siliques. Although the seed yield of Hydromel was higher than that of Nathalie, the stability of the seed yield in Nathalie was more evident under FC80 and FC60. Overall, the obtained results showed that the Hydromel variety can produce an acceptable yield under FYM30+FC80 and save 20% in water consumption. The results indicated that the 60% irrigation regime was a stressful deficit irrigation and cannot be recommended for this semi-arid region.
Japan Introduced Full VAT Liability Regime to Digital Platforms
Authors: Masuda T.
Published: May 2024

In this article, the author discusses a new Japanese tax reform named the “Platform Taxation” regime, which is, in effect, the long-awaited Japanese adoption of the full VAT/GST liability regime that is recommended in the OECD’s 2019 report.
EDUKASI PENGARUH CUACA TERHADAP PENDAPATAN NELAYAN DI TELUK MUARA SAMBAT DESA TANJUNG BESAR
Authors: Pridatulakia Pridatulakia , Kusuma Mertha
Published: May 2024

Potensi industri perikanan di Kota Bintuhan sangat tinggi, apalagi di Desa Tanjung Besar masih menjadi salah satu sektor penopang perekonomian,  bahkan di Teluk Muara Sambat sebagian besar warganya masih mengandalkan mata pencaharian sebagai nelayan. Dalam penelitian ini informasi diperoleh dari 30 responden nelayan  dengan menggunakan kuesioner dengan skala 1 sangat tidak setuju hingga 5 sangat setuju.  Dari hasil perhitungan dapat disimpulkan bahwa peranan kedua variabel independen terhadap variabel dividen sangat besar yaitu sebesar 0,625 atau dikalikan seratus maka besar pengaruhnya sebesar 62,5%. Walaupun secara parsial caranya terlihat t-score hitung lebih besar dari t-tabel, namun masing-masing variabel independen mempunyai korelasi yang positif  terhadap variabel dependen dan mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan, karena outputnya berada pada titik 0. 0,000 atau kurang dari 0,25.
Kata Kunci: Cuaca, Pendapatan, Nelayan
Modelo de gestión educativa para fortalecer la enseñanza-aprendizaje del nivel secundario en una Institución Educativa
Authors: Guevara Meléndez Gressy Thalia , Delgado Bardales José Manuel
Published: May 2024

El presente artículo de revisión de literatura científica tuvo como objetivo determinar si la gestión educativa podría fortalecer la enseñanza-aprendizaje en una Institución Educativa. Investigación de tipo básica, de revisión sistemática, desarrollado con un diseño no experimental descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo. La población y muestra lo conformaron 17 estudios relacionadas al objetivo del estudio. La técnica aplicada al recojo de datos fue el análisis documental. Los resultados mostraron que, la gestión educativa se caracteriza por ser regular según los estudios analizados. También, el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje en las instituciones asumen un nivel medio por ahora. Se llegó a concluir que, la gestión educativa si podría fortalecer la enseñanza-aprendizaje en las Instituciones Educativas. Esto después de que en varios de los estudios analizados se encontraron resultados que indicarían que la preposición dicha sea verdadera.
Chemical control of Septoria lycopersici in vitro as first screening for fungicide efficacy studies
Authors: Monteiro FP , Ogoshi C , Mallmann G
Published: May 2024

The disease septoriose causes severe defoliation in tomato plants that can reach 100% leaf fall. Consequently, the losses are significant due to the decrease in photoassimilate production and sun scald on tomato fruits. To apply a fungicide the dose used must follow the fungicide label instructions to keep the resistance risk low and comply with current legislation. This work presents in vitro studies of 16 active ingredients (17 commercial products) at the recommended doses to control the tomato septoriose and the molecular identification of 26 Septoria lycopersici isolates performed with the ITS gene. In vitro test was performed at Petri dishes filled with 20 mL of maltextract medium (20 g/L malt extract and 20 g/L agar). 100 µL of spore suspension (105 spores/mL) were spread onto Petri dishes with the Drigalski loop. In their label dose, 10 µL of each fungicide was added at the centre of the Petri dishes to measure the inhibition halo formed. Petri dishes were incubated for 14 days at 25 ºC and 12h of photoperiod. Among the fungicides tested, 14 commercial products formed inhibition halo showing the dose used was able to control the spore germination which indicates efficacy of the fungicide and also an adequate dose to control the pathogen. Only cuprous oxide (1344 mg a.i./L), azoxystrobin (80 mg a.i./L) and thiophanate methyl (490 mg a.i. /L) were unable to prevent spore germination and did not form an inhibition halo. The Septoria isolates were identified as Septoria lycopersici and sequences were deposited at the Genbank. No variation was observed for the species when using ITS region.
Encuesta sobre el Tribunal Constitucional
Authors: Aguado Renedo César , Bilbao Ubillos José María , García Roca Javier , López Guerra Luis , Pérez Vera Elisa , Rodríguez-Izquierdo Serrano Miryam , Ruíz-Rico Ruíz Gerardo
Published: May 2024

En esta encuesta un grupo de profesores de Derecho Constitucional contestan un conjunto de preguntas sobre el Tribunal Constitucional español, tras más de cuarenta años de existencia. De un lado, se plantean algunas preguntas sobre el diseño organizativo del Tribunal, la organización del trabajo y su funcionamiento, y sobre posibles reformas. De otro lado, se reflexiona sobre el papel desempeñado por el tribunal en sus diferentes facetas: como órgano de control de constitucionalidad de la ley, como garante de los derechos fundamentales y como actor en el desarrollo del Estado autonómico. Por último, se analizan los retos que el Tribunal debe enfrentar y que derivan de la integración supranacional y la globalización.
Neural Network Calibration Method For Varans Models To Analyse Wave-Porous Structures Interaction
Authors: DÍAZ-CARRASCO PILAR , MOLINES JORGE , GÓMEZ-MARTÍN M. ESTHER , MEDINA JOSEP R.
Published: May 2024

This study develops a calibration method for the porous media to properly model the interaction between waves and coastal structures using VARANS models. The proposed method estimates the porosity, np, and the optimum values of the Forchheimer coefficients,  and . Physical tests were conducted in a 2D wave flume for a homogeneous mound breakwater. Numerical tests were carried out using the IH-2VOF model to simulate the corresponding physical tests and incident wave conditions (HI, T). The numerical tests covered a wide range of Forchheimer coefficients found in the literature,  and , and the porosity, np, with a total of 555 numerical tests. The results of 375 numerical tests using IH-2VOF were used to train a Neural Network (NN) model with five input variables (HI, T, np,  and ) and one output variable . The NN model explained more than 90% (R2 > 0.90) of the variance of the squared coefficient of reflection, . This NN model was used to estimate the  in a wide range of np,  and , and the error () between the physical measurements and the NN estimations of was calculated. The results of  as function of np,  and  showed that for a given porosity, np, it was difficult to obtain a pair of  and  values that gave a common low error if few physical tests are used for calibration. The minimum root-mean-square error of  ( was calculated to find the optimum values of porosity and Forchheimer coefficients: np = 0.44,  = 200 and  = 2.825 for the tested structure. Blind tests were conducted with the remaining 180 numerical tests using IH-2VOF to validate the proposed method for VARANS models.
Directional Spectrum Estimation For Sea States Generated By The Single Summation Method
Authors: KROGH IVERSEN SARAH , ANDERSEN THOMAS LYKKE , FRIGAARD PETER
Published: May 2024

The influence of directional spreading of waves is significant for wave-induced loads, wave breaking and nonlinearity of the waves. For physical model testing performed at test facilities such as the Ocean and Coastal Engineering Laboratory at Aalborg University, it is crucial to validate if the test conditions match the target sea states by measurement and analysis of the generated directional wave field. Most of the existing methods assumes a double summation sea state to be present which is valid in the prototype. However, waves in the laboratory are usually generated by single summation. The current paper presents a method to analyse short-crested waves generated by the single summation method. Compared to similar methods oblique reflections are considered instead of only in-line reflections. The results show that the method successfully decomposes the incident and reflected wave fields in the time domain. Thus, for example the incident wave height distribution may be obtained. The sensitivity of the new method to additional reflective directions, noise, calibration errors and positional errors of the wave gauges was found small.
Sustainable And Bioengineered Concrete For Armor Units Of Low-Crested Structures
Authors: ESCUDERO MIREILLE , MOLINES JORGE , MEDINA JOSEP R.
Published: May 2024

In the last two decades, Eco-engineering has emerged to mitigate and compensate the environmental impacts of man-made structures while integrates benefits to society, being concrete the most widely alternative material used to natural rocks for construction of artificial coastal structures. Over the past three decades, an extensive literature has documented different supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to reduce CO2 emissions from Portland cement, with common SCMs used in marine and coastal structures such as fly ashes, ground granulated blast furnace slags, pozzolanas and limestones. However, there is a need to further investigate the suitability of SCMs for the construction of Low-Crested Structures (LCS) to decrease carbon footprint from concrete production and improve the bioreceptivity of concrete armor units during the breakwater lifetime. A literature review conducted in this study shows several advantages of slag cements compared to other SCMs to reduce carbon emissions and enhance biological colonization and durability of concrete submerged in seawater, identifying surface roughness as the most effective factor in design of bioreceptive concrete. This study also highlights the importance of the type and quantity of cement used in concrete mixes to reduce carbon footprint of the manufacture of concrete armor units of LCS and the implementation of long-term monitoring plans to fully understand the functioning of local communities that develop on concrete surfaces of artificial structures, and thus, to improve the integration of environmental parameters in the field of coastal engineering.
Spectral Wave Characterization Of The Pacific Coast Of Costa Rica
Authors: GOVAERE GEORGES , ALFARO HENRY
Published: May 2024

The results of the analysis of the wave measurement campaigns on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica are presented. After analyzing more than 14000 spectral shapes from sea states, it has been determined that many of them present 2 or more swell peaks, so it was proposed to perform a wave characterization in which 8 different types of spectra were defined to include all the data collected. Also, verifications were carried out in these sea states to check the reliability of many of the approximations usually used in coastal engineering that assume narrow-band spectra, such as the JONSWAP type.
Overtopping Reduction By Artificial Reefs
Authors: M. VAN BERGEIJK VERA , CAPEL ALEX , SPETH FLORINE , R.A. VAN GENT MARCEL
Published: May 2024

Artificial or Engineered reefs are primarily developed for enhancing the ecological system. In Guidelines for the Placement of Artificial Reefs (UNEP, 2009) they are described as "An artificial reef is a submerged structure deliberately constructed or placed on the seabed to emulate some functions of a natural reef such as protecting, regenerating, concentrating, and/or enhancing populations of living marine resources."
Often these artificial reefs have either a complex shape inspired by biomimicry (e.g. Coastruction) or a more regular shape, designed to function as modular blocks that can be easily placed on top of each other (e.g. Reefy). In many parts of the world, application of these engineered elements on top of existing shallow reefs may be a solution to not only enhance the ecosystem but also to increase the safety level of the hinterland. Also, in light of climate change and further increasing water levels, the artificial reefs may be a valuable alternative to reduce wave overtopping and prevent the land for extreme flooding.
To quantify the possible effect of such artificial reefs in more shallower areas, physical model testing have been performed in which both overtopping was measured with and without the use of engineered elements. Shallow water depths have been chosen here, since the reef should induce wave breaking, resulting in the wave energy to decrease. The performance of these engineered elements in relation to its submergence has been investigated and a reduction coefficient has been developed.
Physical Modelling Of A Centralized Controlled Array Of Five Wecfarm Wave Energy Converters
Authors: VERVAET TIMOTHY , CROMHEEKE LAURENS , QUARTIER NICOLAS , STREICHER MAXIMILIAN , STRATIGAKI VASILIKI , TROCH PETER
Published: May 2024

Point absorber wave energy converters (WECs) closely placed in array hydrodynamically interact through wave radiation and diffraction. The power absorption by these WECs is optimised by altering the WEC dynamics through the control of the Power Take-Off (PTO). As the WEC dynamics are changed, the hydrodynamic interactions change as well. Therefore, the PTO control should be optimized taking all these interactions into account, referred to as centralized control. The ‘WECfarm’ project has been initiated to study WEC arrays, and to address the research gap on available realistic and reliable data on WEC array tests to validate numerical models (Vervaet et al., 2022). This work discusses the experimental design, implementation and testing of a centralized controlled array of five ‘WECfarm’ heaving point absorber WECs, tested at the Coastal and Ocean Basin Ostend.
Physical Modelling Tests With Flexible Woody Vegetation Mimics
Authors: KALLOE SU A. , HOFLAND BAS , VAN WESENBEECK BREGJE K.
Published: May 2024

Riparian forests in front of dikes can dampen incoming waves and thereby contribute to flood safety. In real-scale flume experiments with live pollard willow trees (forming a 40-m-long forest), it was observed that during storm conditions, a maximum reduction of 20 % in incoming wave height could be achieved (van Wesenbeeck, et al., 2022). Notably, this amount of wave damping occurred at a water depth of 3 meters, aligning with the section of the trees with the maximum frontal-surface area. For a larger water depth, measured wave damping however declined. This is potentially partly caused by the natural tapering form of the trees. Typically, trees are characterized by smaller branch diameters and more flexible branches higher up in the canopy (McMahon & Kronauer, 1976); and flexible vegetation mimics are known to dampen less than rigid mimics due to motion (Van Veelen, T, Reeve, & Karunarathna, 2020). Hence, both the frontal-surface area and branch rigidity decrease along the height of the willow trees, potentially leading to less wave damping by the forest when subject to large waves at higher water levels.
Adapting Methods For Bed Level Assessment In And Around Submerged Vegetation
Authors: PAUL MAIKE , TAPHORN MAREIKE , MOGHIMI ARMIN
Published: May 2024

Coastal vegetation has the capacity to reduce flow and orbital velocities near the bed and stabilize the sediment with its root network. As a result it has an effect on sediment dynamics which gains increasing attention as ecosystem service in coastal protection. To quantify and predict this ecosystem service, laboratory experiments with live or artificial vegetation are often conducted. During these experiments the assessment of bed level change is challenged by the presence of the vegetation. Standard optical and acoustic measurement techniques cannot obtain data below vegetation canopies. Especially for submerged flexible vegetation like seagrass, this challenge is aggravated for airborne methods that require flume drainage (e.g. terrestrial laser scanning) (Follett and Nepf, 2012). Flexible blades will spread on the ground during drainage, potentially covering meadow edges and thus excluding areas of interest from the bed level analysis. Moreover, live aquatic vegetation may be stressed by air exposure, if the facility is drained for bed level measurements. This potentially leads to different, non-natural behaviour in consecutive experiments. And finally, draining and refilling the facility is time consuming, especially as it needs to be done very carefully as not to disturb any generated bedforms. This time aspect hampers the collection of time series and thus the assessment of the development of bed level changes with airborne methods. Underwater technology like sonar and echo sounder avoid shading of areas by spread-out vegetation, but are equally not capable of obtaining data below vegetation canopies. Moreover, instruments that can obtain spatially resolved data underwater often require a minimum water depth which may exceed the water depth relevant for experiments with vegetation.
In intertidal areas (e.g. salt marshes) the challenge of obtaining bed level data below vegetation canopies is overcome by the use of a sediment-erosion-bar (SEB) (Cahoon et al., 2002). For this method a horizontal bar is installed at a fixed height above the ground and the distance between this bar and the ground is measured at defined locations along the bar and set time intervals to obtain information on the bed level change. SEBs have successfully been adapted to laboratory settings in the past (Spencer et al., 2016), but still required flume drainage. We applied this method in an undrained flume to assess sediment dynamics in and around an artificial seagrass meadow. Additionally, we tested underwater photogrammetry to obtain 3D-spatial information (e.g., 3D models) on bed level and bedforms at and near the vegetation edges. Photogrammetry has been successfully applied to obtain bedform information in the presence of seagrass stands, but to date still required the drainage of the facility (Meysick et al., 2022).
Laboratory Study On Wave Overtopping Across Coastal Dikes With A Vegetated Foreshore
Authors: PENG ZHONG , CHEN XIANJIN , ZHAO YING
Published: May 2024

Coastal dikes are commonly engineered to safeguard coastal areas from various coastal hazards. When incoming waves interact with these coastal dikes, wave overtopping frequently occurs if the storm wave's runup exceeds the dike's freeboard. This wave overtopping can lead to natural disasters, such as coastal flooding and damage to the protective layers of the dikes. Consequently, extensive research has been conducted on this phenomenon, assuming the absence of vegetation, as documented in EurOtop (2018). However, in many tidal flat regions, like the Yangtze River Delta, vegetation is prevalent and forms a vegetated foreshore alongside coastal dikes. It is widely acknowledged that a vegetated foreshore not only dissipates waves more effectively than a natural beach, as demonstrated in studies by Suzuki et al. (2019), but also reduces flow velocities, resulting in sediment accumulation over the vegetated area, as observed in research by Chen et al. (2012) and Hu et al. (2018). While increased wave dissipation due to vegetation may lead to reduced wave overtopping, there is currently limited research available that addresses the influence of vegetation on wave overtopping across coastal dikes.
A Model Of Wave Attenuation In Vegetated Environments
Authors: KHANH LINH PHAN , HONG SON TRUONG , STIVE MARCEL
Published: May 2024

Mangrove degradation and rapid coastline erosion have been widely observed at many locations along the Mekong Delta Coast. These locales frequently display narrow mangrove forests, occasionally spanning as few as 100 meters. This phenomenon of the narrower mangrove forests is supposed to be due to the construction of sea dikes in a search to establish room for agricultural purposes and to hinder the salinity intrusion, referred to as "mangrove squeeze". Within the context of monitoring mangrove forest evolution alongside the shoreline's dynamic processes of erosion and accretion, the hypothesis of a "squeeze mangrove forest" was advanced by Phan (2015) and Truong (2017). This conceptual construct underscores the fundamental importance of "mangrove width" as a critical length scale influencing the sustainable growth of a mangrove forest. The physical interpretation of this length scale is intricately tied to the extent of the mixing layer's intrusion into the vegetative domain (Truong et al., 2019). It is important to note that while the mixing dynamics of estuarine mangroves are primarily regulated by lateral flow events induced by large vortex structures moving along the vegetation edge, the characteristics of incoming waves primarily determine the length to which the mixing layer penetrates within coastal mangroves. The latter is the primary focus of this study.
Physical Experiments Of Wave Attenuation Over Submerged Shellfish Reefs
Authors: VAN ROOIJEN ARNOLD , LOWE RYAN , GHISALBERTI MARCO , PANDIAN P.P.S.
Published: May 2024

Globally and across Australia shellfish reef ecosystems have become critically endangered due to decades of overfishing, pollution and dredging (e.g., Beck et al., 2011). In response, the Australian federal government, in partnership with The Nature Conservancy, committed to restoring 60 shellfish reef ecosystems across Australia by building reefs from limestone and recycled shells scattered with juvenile oysters or mussels. Although the primary aim is to promote healthy marine ecosystems and biodiversity, there are strong indications that these restored shellfish reefs may also substantially dissipate ocean waves and provide protection against coastal flooding. Analogies have been drawn with conventional engineering structures (submerged breakwaters, e.g. Dattatri et al., 1978) as well as nearshore shellfish reefs increasingly considered as a nature-based method for coastal resilience against flooding (“living shorelines”, see e.g. Morris et al., 2021). Although the currently restored reefs do present clear similarities, they also have distinct differences that raise questions to whether they can be as effective in dissipating wave energy. Observational data from laboratory or field to verify this is currently lacking.
This study aims to quantify the effectiveness of multiple parallel submerged reef structures in relatively deep water in dissipating wave energy. Experiments (1:10 scale) were carried out in a 54-m-long wave flume using 3 reef designs that vary in reef spacing, width and height, representative for shellfish reef ecosystems as recently restored and established across Australia and the US. All designs were subjected to two water depths (0.7 and 1 m on laboratory scale) and 8 (irregular) wave conditions covering 4 peak wave periods and significant wave heights ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 m (lab scale). For the cases with 0.7 m water depth, wave height reduction varied from 10 to 23%, while for the cases with 1 m water depth wave heights generally decreased slightly up to about 5%. The reefs were found to be particularly effective in reducing the largest waves within the timeseries that would have the highest potential of causing coastal impact (e.g., flooding or erosion). In addition, observations obtained with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter showed up to 45% reduction of near-bed orbital (rms) velocities, highlighting the potential for these structures to benefit seagrass restoration efforts. Overall, the results of this study show that restored shellfish reefs can reduce incident wave energy and orbital velocities considerably, in particular for relatively high waves in relatively shallow water, and have the potential to be considered in nature-based coastal defense strategies.
A New Wave Breaking Benchmark On Rubble Mound Breakwaters
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ BEATRI , REGUEIRA DELIA , TOMÁS ANTONI , ALTOMARE CORRADO , ÁLVAREZ ÁLVARO , BENGOETXEA LARRAITZ , GARITAONAINDIA REBECA , TAGLIAFIERRO BONAVENTURA , GIRONELLA XAVIER , GONZALEZ MANUEL , MARCO DANIEL GONZALEZ , HERNAEZ MARIO , LIRIA PEDRO , LARA JAVIER L. , MADER JULIEN , MENDOZA ANDRÉS , RUBIO ANNA , SÁNCHEZ ARCILLA JR AGUSTÍN , SOLABARRIETA LOHITZUN , VIÑES MANUEL , SOSPEDRA JOAQUIM , ARCILLA AGUSTÍN SÁNCHEZ
Published: May 2024

The potential of predictive maintenance for critical port infrastructure, reducing risks and extending its life cycle, remains to be unlocked by suitable quantitative information that fosters predictive maintenance and sustained investments towards progressive climate-proofing of the infrastructure. The PI-BREAK (Predictive Intelligent system for BREAKwater maintenance) project will apply state-of-the-art monitoring and modelling techniques to the maintenance of the Punta Lucero rubble mound breakwater in the port of Bilbao, Spain. This critical infrastructure is crucial to the welfare of coastal communities and the project aims to demonstrate how predictive maintenance can enhance port safety and efficiency, while also supporting economic recovery through low carbon footprint adaptation to future scenarios. By combining short-term risk reduction (for service limit states) with long-term structural reliability (for ultimate limit states) PI-BREAK will develop a sequenced maintenance model to progressively extend the breakwater life span with controlled risk levels and impacts.
Advp Measurements Of Flow Over Low-Angle Bedforms In A Laboratory Flume Setup
Authors: BOBILES KEVIN , CARSTENSEN CHRISTINA , LEFEBVRE ALICE
Published: May 2024

In many coastal and estuarine environments, bedforms develop due to the complex interactions between hydrodynamics, sediment transport and morphology which affect hydro-morphodynamic processes at various spatio-temporal scales. Furthermore, bedforms are considered main drivers of flow resistance via turbulence and affect near bottom processes such as bed roughness, bottom shear stress and turbulent structures. A detailed study and characterisation of flow over bedforms is therefore significant to many fundamental and engineering applications such as sediment transport calculation and prediction, channel managements, or burial of submarine cables.
Asymmetric dunes with an angle-of-repose (30°) lee side have been well studied (Best, 2005; Venditti, 2013). They are representative of dunes commonly found in laboratory flumes and small rivers. Over such bedforms, flow is characterised by a permanent flow separation zone and intense turbulence over their lee side. Recently, it was shown that bedforms in large rivers are mainly low- to intermediate-angle dunes (mean lee side ca. 5-20°) having their steepest slope located close to the trough (Cisneros et al., 2020). Over such low- and intermediate-angle river dunes, flow separation is inexistent or intermittent and only little turbulence is generated (e.g. Kwoll et al., 2016; Lefebvre and Cisneros, 2023).
Estuarine bedforms also possess mostly low- to intermediate-angle mean lee slopes between 5° and 20° (Dalrymple and Rhodes, 1995; Lefebvre et al., 2021). However, contrary to river bedforms, estuarine bedforms usually have a sharp pointed crest with the steepest slope situated near the crest and a relatively flat trough (Aliotta and Perillo, 1987; Lefebvre et al., 2021). It is not clear yet how much flow properties vary between high-angle flat-crested dunes and low-angle sharp-crested dunes. In particular, it is unknown whether a permanent or an intermittent flow separation can be observed over some segments of the lee side. Furthermore, the relation between the reversing tidal flow and natural estuarine morphology is not well understood yet.
In this study, laboratory flume experiments will be conducted to measure the mean flow and turbulence over estuarine bedforms. Previous experiments performed by Carstensen and Holzwarth (2023) demonstrated the potential of high-resolution measurements over a large-scale estuarine dune in a laboratory flume. Building on this, experiments will be carried out over a fixed concrete low- and intermediate- angle estuarine bedform field. The results from this study can be used to characterise in detail the flow dynamics over estuarine bedforms.
Delta Transport Processes Laboratory
Authors: BAYLE P.M. , WESTSTEIJN C.F. , MIDDELPLAATS L.N.M. , VAN DER GAAG P. , MOL J. , WILLEMS C. , HOFLAND B. , VAN DEN BREMER T.S.
Published: May 2024

The presence of marine pollutants such as marine plastics has increased significantly over the last decades and poses a major environmental problem, in both the coastal and offshore area. Marine pollutants are transported, mixed and diffused in the ocean, which means the understanding and modelling of marine transport is key for mitigation purposes (Moulton et al., 2022). Additional to large scale and planetary currents that play a major role in marine transport, free surface waves, internal gravity waves in density stratified fluids and the Coriolis force due to the rotation of the Earth are also fundamental drivers of transport that need to be accounted for. The fundamental fluid mechanics processes associated with these are often not resolved in large-scale models, but are instead included in a parametrised form. However, some fundamental processes associated with wave-induced currents (e.g., Stokes drift) in rotating, density-stratified fluids with a free surface remain unclear and untested. In addition, parametrisation for different environments, forcings and time scales must be developed and tested before being implemented into models for them to reliably predict transport, accumulation and storage of marine pollutants. For this purpose, the Delta Transport Processes Laboratory (DTPLab) is being developed at TUDelft Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory. This laboratory pioneers the combined experimental study of surface waves, density stratification and Coriolis forces in a single laboratory. The DTPLab was designed with a multi- users and purposes vision, with interchangeable facilities and state-of-the-art measurement devices. This paper presents the DTPLab facilities (under construction) and equipment that make this laboratory unique in the world, and describes, as an example of what is feasible, a novel experiment that will be performed in this lab.
Physical Modelling Of The Wave Field Around An Array Of Centrally Controlled Wave Energy Converters
Authors: CROMHEEKE LAURENS , VERVAET TIMOTHY , QUARTIER NICOLAS , STREICHER MAXIMILIAN , STRATIGAKI VICKY , TROCH PETER
Published: May 2024

To capture a substantial amount of wave energy, Wave Energy Converters (WECs) will be placed in arrays in a certain geometric configuration.  WECs spaced closely together will interact, affecting the hydrodynamics of these devices and thus the total power absorption of the WEC array. These are called ‘near-field effects’. Furthermore, a WEC array will also influence the wave field in the wake zone behind the farm, the so-called ‘far-field effects’. This affects the coastline and other users of the sea near the WEC array. Both near- and far-field effects are caused by the modification of the incident waves due to wave radiation by and wave diffraction around the WECs. To understand these effects, it is therefore necessary to study the wave field in and around a WEC array. This study investigates the wave field modifications for an array of up to five heaving point absorber WECs that was tested at the Coastal & Ocean Basin Ostend. To optimize the absorbed power of the array, the Power Take-Off (PTO) devices are controlled using a centralized control algorithm, influencing the hydrodynamic behaviour of the WECs and hence the wave field. The research fits into the larger scope of the ‘WECfarm’ project, which has been initiated to address the lack of available realistic and reliable data covering large centrally controlled WEC arrays to validate numerical models (Vervaet et al., 2022).
2D Model For Addu City Project - Wave Transformation Over Reef Flat
Authors: VAN KESTER DENNIS
Published: May 2024

Van Oord DMC was awarded the Contract for the Reclamation by Dredging and Shore Protection works for land in Addu City by The Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure of the Maldives. The Scope of Works consists of the Design and Construction of (among others) Reclamation and Shore Protection Works on various locations in the Addu City atoll. The project execution started in 2022 and has been finalized at the end of 2023.
The design of the Shore Protection Works has been verified in 2022 by means of 2D physical model testing in the wave flume of DHI in Denmark. Cross-sections of shore protection works for three different reclamation areas have been tested, where this abstract will focus on 2 locations at the outside of the atoll: Maradhoo and Four Lane Link Road (4LLR). All dimensions given in this abstract are prototype values, unless otherwise specified.
The length scale of the both models was selected at 1:30. The foreshore of the 2 tested cross-sections is very typical for atolls, consisting of a relatively shallow reef flat followed by a very steep slope to deep water. The modelled foreshores are presented in Figure 1. This figure also shows the locations of the wave gauges, which were placed both offshore (near the wave generator) and on top of the reef flat (in front of the structure). The tested seabed levels directly at the toe of the 4LLR and Maradhoo structures were MSL-0.70m and MSL-0.40m respectively. The target wave conditions were defined in deep water (in front of the wave generator), with design wave heights (Hm0) between 3.8m and 4.4m and 120% overload conditions. The tested peak wave periods (Tp) varied between 11.9s and 19.7s.
Experimental Test Bench In A Wave Flume For The Development Of A New Mini Morphable Wells Turbine
Authors: LA SPADA FRANCESCO , CASTELLINO MYRTA , MORONI MONICA , SCIPIONE FRANCESCA , CORSINI ALESSANDRO , DELIBRA GIOVANNI , BARNABEI VALERIO FRANCESCO , RUFFINI GIOELE , DE GIROLAMO PAOLO
Published: May 2024

The aim of this research study is to perform experimental tests on a new morphable mini Wells turbine designed to operate in presence of waves with limited energy content which presents a high frequency of occurrence along the Mediterranean coasts (Corsini et al., 2010). The strengths of these mini Wells turbines are: i) extremely light rotor; ii) no need of actuators to morph the rotor blades; iii) low construction and maintenance costs; iv) capability to produce energy starting from low wave heights in the order of a few decimetres. Furthermore, the small size and low investment costs of the turbine make it particularly suitable to be installed either in existing structures, such as anti-reflective perforated caissons (often used in the Mediterranean harbors), or in devices for coastal defense from erosive phenomena located on shallow water conditions. The need to carry out experimental tests derives from the difficulty of handling in a virtual Computational Fluid Dynamics environment the huge difference in the time scale of the turbine, which spins at 1500-3000 rpm, and the wave periods, in the order of some seconds (Corsini et al., 2012; Barnabei et al., 2020). Properly designed lab tests, executed in controlled conditions with irregular sea states, are therefore mandatory to fully characterize the behavior of morphable Wells turbines to be employed in the Mediterranean Sea, and in particular to assess their self-start capability.
Coastal Tidal Flat And Tidal Current Observation Based On Satellite Remote Sensing
Authors: HAN XIAOLIN , HE ZHIGUO
Published: May 2024

Satellite remote sensing has been an effective way to acquire surface image sequences of costal field, and the satellite video at a frame rate of multiple frames per second could provide chance for short-time observations at high temporal resolution such as the observation of surface tidal currents. The observation of surface tidal currents has been facilitated by advanced image preprocessing methods and large-scale image velocimetry, while the space-time volume velocimetry (STVV) was used in this study. STVV can simultaneously obtain the direction and magnitude of the flow velocity through the surface texture without any artificial tracers, hence it is considered as a promising method. Since it has only been proposed in recent years, this study evaluated the accuracy of the STVV algorithm and tested the robustness of the STVV to environmental disturbance factors firstly. The simulated image sequences were used so that the exact accuracy of STVV can be known by comparing the measured and ground truth values since the ground truth of the pixel flow velocity is predictable and modifiable. The effects of the two main STVV parameters, the size of the search area and the selected frames of images, on the results were analyzed, and the robustness against image noise and fog was examined. The size of the search area and selected frames of images were found having the similar effects on the calculation results that the larger both are, the higher the calculation accuracy will be. Although the lower Signal-to-noise ratios lead to more inaccurate results, STVV is robust to image noises from the results in the given cases. Additionally, the accuracy of STVV is acceptable for a small amount of mist, but thicker fog results in large errors. Further research to develop image processing methods to improve the accuracy of STVV in the future is highly necessary. Therefore, based on one satellite video with the frame rate of 10fps and the resolution of 0.95m shooting on September 15th, 2017, surface tidal current observation of the New York Harbor during the flood tide using STVV was achieved. The flow velocity magnitude can reach 3m/s, and the flow direction is consistent with the actual situation. The feasibility of surface tidal current observation using STVV from the satellite video was proved
Evaluation Of The Accuracy Of The Generated Wave Fields In The Coastal & Ocean Basin (Cob)
Authors: STREICHER MAXIMILIAN , PEPI YURI , STROOBANT WIETSE , VERVAET TIMOTHY , HERDAYANDITYA IVANDITO , LATAIRE EVERT , AERTSENS TIM , MONBALIU JAAK , SUZUKI TOMOHIRO , VANNESTE DIETER , BELLAFKIH KARIM , TROCH PETER
Published: May 2024

The Coastal & Ocean Basin (COB) wave tank facility is located in the Flanders Maritime Laboratory at the Ostend Science Park, Belgium. The COB and its associated testing services are designed (Troch et al. 2016) to facilitate the needs of the offshore renewable energy sector, coastal and offshore engineering community and offer the opportunity to academia, companies and government agencies, to test scale models under combined action of waves and currents in any relative direction, to develop innovative designs. The exploitation is managed by the consortium Ghent University, KU Leuven and Flanders Hydraulics. The COB is operational since March 2023 and has since then successfully completed its first projects on wave energy converters (WECFarm), wave diffraction study around a monopile (PhairywinD) and floating offshore photovoltaic islands (MarineSpots).