bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organizational socialization, organizational identification and organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Ge Jianhua , Su Xuemei , Zhou Yan
Published: June 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to: provide theoretical analysis and empirical study on the relationship between organizational socialization and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB); analyze the mediating role of organizational identification in their relationship; and draw from both of these to suggest practical implications to organizations aiming to effectively socialize employees, and for employees themselves.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the paper reviews the literature regarding organizational socialization, OCB and organizational identification. Second, it develops a theoretical model linking organizational socialization, organizational identification and OCB, and then proposes a series of research hypotheses. Third, drawing on samples of seven high‐tech manufacturing enterprises in China, it tests hypotheses based on a series of measurement and statistical analysis.

Findings

Organizational history, language, values and goals socialization are positively related to OCB and organizational identification. Further, organizational identification fully mediates the relationship between language, values and goals socialization and OCB, and partially mediates the relationship between history socialization and OCB.

Research limitations/implications

The cross‐sectional design prevented the making of causal statements. Data are from employees' self‐report, giving rise to concern about possible common source bias.

Originality/value

The paper explores the relationships between organizational socialization and OCB, and proposes and tests the mediating role of organizational identification.
How members' managerial social capital influences their opportunism in interfirm relationships
Authors: Jiang Han , Jin Zhan‐Ming
Published: June 2010

Purpose

Managerial social capital could exert valuable influences to firms' operating performance in social networks. Through the lens of structural hole theory, the relational rents of managerial social capital partly results from certain controlling power endured by the network structure, thereby potentially signifying opportunistic behaviors once such relational rents are acquired at the cost of other parties' potential value loss. As such, it can be expected that using managerial social capital may inherently evoke a focal firm's high tendency of opportunism in its cooperative arrangement. This paper mainly aims at shedding lights on the opportunism implications of managerial social capital in the context of interorganizational relationships.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors collected data from 197 manufacturing joint ventures in China mainland.

Findings

Based on these sample Chinese‐foreign joint ventures, this paper found that member firms' managerial social capital tend to strengthen their opportunistic behaviors in special interfirm relationships, such that opportunistic behaviors mainly aim at taking control of the procedure of relation arrangement without significantly influencing relationship performance as well as its outcome distribution.

Originality/value

By demonstrating certain downsides of social capital, such that using social capital could induce opportunistic behaviors in interfirm relationships, it is expected that the study to contribute to both future social capital and joint venture research and business practices, especially to joint venture operations in China.
Financial reporting quality and corporate investment efficiency: Chinese experience
Authors: Li Qingyuan , Wang Tielin
Published: June 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between financial reporting quality and investment efficiency in China.

Design/methodology/approach

By analyzing institutional background and hypotheses development, the paper selected listed firms in China to be the study samples. On the base of that, the relationship between financial reporting quality and investment efficiency of the samples were discussed.

Findings

Consistent with this claim, the paper finds proxies for financial reporting quality, namely self‐constructed composite measures, are negatively associated with both under‐ and overinvestment of the listed corporations; of which the effects of accrual quality and earnings smoothness on under‐ and overinvestment are most significant.

Research limitations/implications

Overall, this paper has implications for research examining the determinants of investment efficiency and the economic consequences of enhanced financial reporting.

Practical implications

This paper seeks to develop Chinese economic infrastructure into an economically efficient system of public financial reporting and disclosure in order to improve accounting information's role of allocating capital.

Originality/value

The conclusion of this paper might be the first empirical evidence to support prior research that financial reporting quality is positively related to investment efficiency for large, US publicly traded firms, thus the findings extend to public firms in emerging markets.
Reproductive ecology of the reef manta ray Manta alfredi in southern Mozambique
Authors: Marshall A. D. , Bennett M. B.
Published: June 2010

The application of a photographic identification methodology using the unique ventral surface markings (natural spot patterns) of an observed population in southern Mozambique enabled many aspects of the reproductive ecology of reef manta rays Manta alfredi to be examined. The region encompassing the study site was identified as a mating ground for M. alfredi based on observations of mating events and fresh mating scars on females. The distribution of these pectoral fin scars was highly biased and indicated a strong lateralized behavioural trait, with 99% of these scars occurring only on the left pectoral fin. No other elasmobranch has been reported to display behavioural lateralization. The study region also acts as a birthing ground, with individuals typically giving birth in the austral summer period after a gestation of c. 1 year. Reproductive periodicity in M. alfredi was most commonly biennial, but a few individuals were pregnant in consecutive years, confirming an annual ovulatory cycle. The production of a single pup appears to be the normal situation, although observations in the wild as well as during opportunistic dissections of individuals killed by fisheries revealed that two pups are conceived on occasion. Many aspects of the study have contributed to the limited baseline data currently available for this species and have highlighted the potential need for more conservative conservation strategies.
Outcome of adults with sickle cell disease admitted to critical care – experience of a single institution in the UK
Authors: Gardner Kate , Bell Cathy , Bartram Jack L. , Allman Marlene , Awogbade Moji , Rees David C. , Ervine Max , Thein Swee L.
Published: June 2010

Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are perceived to have a high mortality when admitted to the Critical Care Unit (CCU). We performed a retrospective analysis of all adult sickle admissions to CCU at a single centre over an 8‐year period (1 January 2000 to 31 December 2007). Thirty‐eight patients (14 male) were admitted 46 times to CCU; the commonest reasons for admission were acute chest syndrome (14, 30%), multi‐organ failure (8, 17%) and planned post‐elective surgery (7, 15%). CCU mortality for SCD patients was 19·6%, comparable to a CCU‐wide mortality of 17·6% during the study period in the same institution. Re‐admission to CCU was high (16% over the 8‐year period) but did not increase mortality risk.
Increased inflammation and lethality of Dusp1−/− mice in polymicrobial peritonitis models
Authors: Hammer Michael , Echtenachter Bernd , Weighardt Heike , Jozefowski Katrin , Rose‐John Stefan , Männel Daniela N. , Holzmann Bernhard , Lang Roland
Published: June 2010

The mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase Dusp1 (also known as MKP‐1) is essential for control of the inflammatory response to systemic challenge with the lipopolysaccharide of Gram‐negative bacteria. Here, we have investigated the consequences of Dusp1‐deficiency in colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) and caecal ligation and puncture (CLP), two mouse models of septic peritonitis. Following CASP, Dusp1−/− mice had increased serum levels of CCL4, interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and IL‐6, with differences from wild‐type mice being dependent on severity of sepsis. These cytokines, along with inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA, were also expressed at higher levels in spleen and liver. Similar over‐production of these cytokines was detected in the CLP model, with even larger differences from wild‐type mice. Despite the increased inflammatory response, bacterial clearance was impaired in Dusp1−/− mice subjected to CASP and CLP. Dusp1−/− mice suffered increased lethality in both peritonitis models. Together our data indicate that exaggerated inflammatory responses to gut bacteria introduced into the peritoneum in the absence of Dusp1 do not help to control bacterial replication but are detrimental for the host.
Expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 in Transgenic Cotton Confers Resistance to Non‐defoliating Isolates of Verticillium dahliae but not the Defoliating Isolates
Authors: Parkhi Vilas , Kumar Vinod , Campbell Le Anne M. , Bell Alois A. , Rathore Keerti S.
Published: June 2010

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb., causes severe yield and quality losses in most cotton growing areas of the world. Only moderate resistance has been achieved by traditional breeding. Therefore, transgenic approaches offer a possible alternative to obtain resistance against this disease. Overexpression of a homologous or heterologous NPR1 gene has been effective in conferring broad‐spectrum resistance to diverse pathogens in a variety of plants. We investigated the resistance of cotton plants, expressing the Arabidopsis NPR1 (AtNPR1) gene, to defoliating and non‐defoliating pathotypes of V. dahliae. The transgenic cotton plants showed significant resistance against two non‐defoliating V. dahliae isolates. Both visual symptoms and pathogen colonization were reduced, indicating that disease progression was curtailed in the AtNPR1‐transformants. In contrast, the same transgenic lines showed little, if any, resistance to two defoliating isolates. The NPR1‐mediated activation of cotton’s defences apparently is not sufficient to counter the disease mechanism(s) utilized by the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae.
Editorial introduction: Derrida, business, ethics
Authors: Jones Campbell
Published: June 2010

This special issue contains papers first presented at a conference that was held 14–16 May 2008 at the Centre for Philosophy and Political Economy at the University of Leicester. Each of the papers takes up ideas from the works of Jacques Derrida and seeks to apply these to questions of business, ethics and business ethics. The papers take up quite different parts of Derrida's works, from his work on the animal, narrative and story, the violence of codification and the limits of responsibility to the aporias of decision. As a whole, the papers offer a dangerous gift to business ethics, of which the stakes are here laid bare – if business ethics is to shrug off its philosophical immaturity and take seriously the work of major European thinkers such as Derrida, then many of its assumed categories, concepts and practices will be shown to shudder and tremble, as it becomes possible to demonstrate how they, one by one, unhinge themselves.
G. E. Moore and Bad Faith
Authors: Coleman Anthony
Published: June 2010

Abstract: G. E. Moore claimed to know a variety of commonsense propositions. He is often accused of being dogmatic or of begging the question against philosophers who deny that he knows such things. In this paper, I argue that this accusation is mistaken. I argue that Moore is instead guilty of answering questions of the form ‘Do I know p?’ in bad faith.
Decreased GABAB receptors in the cingulate cortex and fusiform gyrus in Autism
Authors: Oblak Adrian L. , Gibbs Terrell T. , Blatt Gene J.
Published: June 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1414–1423.

Autism is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder and among its symptoms are disturbances in face and emotional processing. Emerging evidence demonstrates abnormalities in the GABAergic (gamma‐aminobutyric acid) system in autism, which likely contributes to these deficits. GABAB receptors play an important role in modulating synapses and maintaining the balance of excitation‐inhibition in the brain. The density of GABAB receptors in subjects with autism and matched controls was quantified in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, important for socio‐emotional and cognitive processing, and the fusiform gyrus, important for identification of faces and facial expressions. Significant reductions in GABAB receptor density were demonstrated in all three regions examined suggesting that alterations in this key inhibitory receptor subtype may contribute to the functional deficits in individuals with autism. Interestingly, the presence of seizure in a subset of autism cases did not have a significant effect on the density of GABAB receptors in any of the three regions.
The rapid spread of invasive Eurasian Collared Doves Streptopelia decaocto in the continental USA follows human‐altered habitats
Authors: FUJISAKI IKUKO , PEARLSTINE ELISE V. , MAZZOTTI FRANK J.
Published: June 2010

Understanding factors related to the range expansion trajectory of a successful invasive species may provide insights into environmental variables that favour additional expansion or guide monitoring and survey efforts for this and other invasive species. We examined the relationship of presence and abundance of Eurasian Collared Doves Streptopelia decaocto to environmental factors using recent data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to understand factors influencing its expansion into the continental USA. A zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model was used to account for excess zero observations because this species was not observed on the majority of survey routes, despite its large geographical range. Model fit was improved when we included environmental covariates as compared with the null model, which only included distance from the route where this species was first observed. Probability of zero count was positively related to the distance from the first route and road density and was inversely related to minimum temperature and distance to coast. Abundance of the species was positively related to road density and was inversely related to annual precipitation and distance to coast. Random intercept by land‐cover type also improved model fit. Model fit was improved with the ZIP model over the standard Poisson model, suggesting that presence and abundance of this species are characterized by different environmental factors. However, overall low accuracy of model‐predicted presence/absence and abundance with the independent validation dataset may indicate either that there are other explanatory factors or that there is great uncertainty in the species’ colonization process. Our large‐scale study provides additional evidence that the range expansion of this species tends to follow human‐altered landscapes such as road and agricultural areas as well as responding to general geographical features such as coastlines or thermal clines. Such patterns may hold true for other invasive species and may provide guidelines for monitoring and assessment activities in other invasive taxa.
Making Art, Teaching Art, Learning Art: Exploring the Concept of the Artist Teacher
Authors: Hall James
Published: June 2010

The article explores the concept of the artist teacher, drawing upon an overview of relevant literature and two related pieces of research: the first investigated practices within the Artist Teacher Scheme (ATS); the second sought to understand the perceptions of practice‐based coursework in an MA Art Education programme at Roehampton University in London. Commonalities and differences between the perceptions and understandings of artist teachers (including masters' students), their tutors and gallery educators were explored. The data for each piece of research were collected through unstructured, open‐ended interviews. A significant reflexive and autobiographical dimension for the research was motivated by my own identity as an artist teacher, and by the exploration of reflective practice as a potential framework for realising and sustaining an artist teacher identity and practice.

The research concluded that connections between art practice and teaching are complex, diverse, difficult to articulate, challenging to implement and do not easily lend themselves to simple impact measurement. The ATS operates in a context that includes languages, cultures and identities from frameworks in education and art that can be both complementary and oppositional. Artist teachers need to develop skills of negotiation through which they can articulate and continuously reappraise their art practice and, at an appropriate stage, use that practice to inform their teaching.
The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer
Authors: LAJER CHRISTEL BRAEMER , BUCHWALD CHRISTIAN VON
Published: June 2010

Lajer CB, von Buchwald C. The role of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancer. APMIS 2010; 118: 510–519.

Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing awareness of a subset of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC), i.e. HPV‐positive HNSCC. These cancers seem to differ somewhat from HPV‐negative HNSCC. Patients with HPV‐positive HNSCC tend to be younger and have a lower intake of tobacco and alcohol. Distinct molecular profiles separate them from HPV‐negative cancers and show similarities with HPV‐positive cervical SCC. There is evidence that HPV‐positive HNSCC is a sexually transmitted disease. Patients with HPV‐positive HNSCC are often diagnosed at a late stage with large cystic lymph nodes in the neck. HPV‐positive HNSCC show an affinity for the oropharynx, especially the tonsils and the base of the tongue, and tend to show low differentiation histopathologically. There is a better prognosis regardless of the treatment regimen for HPV‐positive HNSCC compared with HPV‐negative HNSCC, and this seems to be related to the immune system. Whether the new vaccines for HPV will protect not only against cervical cancer but also against HPV‐positive HNSCC remains unknown.
Photophysical Properties of a Novel Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Material: Eu(III)‐β‐Diketone Complex Covalently Bonded to SiO2/ZnO Composite Matrix
Authors: Li Ya‐Juan , Yan Bing
Published: June 2010

In this article, dibenzoylmethane (DBM) was first grafted with the coupling reagent 3‐(triethoxysilyl)‐propyl isocyanate (TESPIC) to form precursor DBM–Si, and ZnO quantum dot was modified with 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) to form SiO2/ZnO nanocomposite particle. Then the precursor DBM–Si and the terminal ligand 1,10‐phenthroline (phen) were coordinated to Eu3+ion to obtain ternary hybrid material phen–Eu–DBM–SiO2/ZnO after hydrolysis and copolycondensation between the tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), water molecules and the SiO2/ZnO network via the sol–gel process. In addition, for comparison, the binary hybrid material with SiO2/ZnO network and ternary hybrid material with pure Si–O network were also synthesized, denoted as Eu–DBM–SiO2/ZnO and phen–Eu–DBM–Si, respectively. The results reveal that hybrid material with SiO2/ZnO network phen–Eu–DBM–SiO2/ZnO exhibits the stronger red light, the longer lifetimes and higher quantum efficiency than hybrid material with pure Si–O network phen–Eu–DBM–Si, suggesting that SiO2/ZnO is a favorable host matrix for the luminescence of rare earth complexes.
Loss of nuclear receptor RXRα in epidermal keratinocytes promotes the formation of Cdk4‐activated invasive melanomas
Authors: Hyter Stephen , Bajaj Gaurav , Liang Xiaobo , Barbacid Mariano , Ganguli‐Indra Gitali , Indra Arup Kumar
Published: June 2010

Keratinocytes contribute to melanocyte transformation by affecting their microenvironment, in part through the secretion of paracrine factors. Here we report a loss of expression of nuclear receptor RXRα in epidermal keratinocytes during human melanoma progression. In the absence of keratinocytic RXRα, in combination with mutant Cdk4, cutaneous melanoma was generated that metastasized to lymph nodes in a bigenic mouse model. Expression of several keratinocyte‐derived mitogenic growth factors (Et‐1, Hgf, Scf, α‐MSH and Fgf 2 ) was elevated in skin of bigenic mice, whereas Fas, E‐cadherin and Pten, implicated in apoptosis, cellular invasion and melanomagenesis, respectively, were downregulated within the microdissected melanocytic tumors. We demonstrated that RXRα is recruited on the proximal promoter of both Et‐1 and Hgf, possibly directly regulating their transcription in keratinocytes. These studies demonstrate the contribution of keratinocytic paracrine signaling during the cellular transformation and malignant conversion of melanocytes.
Ventilation‐perfusion relationships during graded exercise in the Standardbred trotter
Authors: NYMAN G. , BJÖRK M. , FUNKQUIST P. , PERSSON S. G. B. , WAGNER P. D.
Published: June 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary function in Standardbred trotters during graded exercise. The exercise test consisted of 4 work loads corresponding to 10%, 42%, 70% and 96% of the individual V̇O2max. Oxygen uptake was detected from an open bias flow system without valves. Cardiovascular and haemodynamic data were recorded at walk and during steady state exercise in 7 horses. Pulmonary gas exchange was assessed by conventional blood gas variables (arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions) and the ventilation‐perfusion distribution V̇A|Q̇ as estimated by the multiple inert gas elimination technique. The dispersion of perfusion and ventilation distribution respectively (SDQ) and the difference between measured PaO2 and that predicted on the basis of amount of ventilation‐perfusion mismatching and shunt that was observed (predicted‐measured), were determined. The latter reflects mostly diffusion limitation. At the highest work load the PaCO2 increased to 50.3 torr. V̇A|Q̇ inequality increased significantly with exercise [mean log = 0.32 ± 0.03 (walk) and 0.46 ± 0.06 (heavy exercise), P < 0.01]. Alveolar‐capillary diffusion limitation of oxygen was evident at and above exercise at 70% of V̇O2max. The arterial hypoxaemia seen during the highest work load was a result of a) hypoventilation, accounting for 4%, b) increase in V̇A|Q̇ mismatch, accounting for 41% and c) considerable diffusion limitation of oxygen, accounting for 55%.
Unsteadiness of pulmonary vascular pressures in rapid acceleration supramaximal exercise
Authors: MANOHAR M.
Published: June 2010

In competitive racing, horses rapidly accelerate to their top speed and probably perform supramaximal work. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to examine changes in pulmonary vascular pressures of Thoroughbreds with rapid acceleration to supramaximal exercise which could not be sustained for more than 90 s. Right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures were studied at rest and during supramaximal exercise in 10 healthy, sound, exercise trained Thoroughbred horses. Exercise was performed on separate days without (control) and with frusemide administration 250 mg i.v., 4 h before exercise. The protocol consisted of a warm‐up at treadmill speeds of 2 to 6 m/s (trot) for 60 s each followed by 8 m/s (canter) for 60 s. Thereafter, the treadmill was raised to 10% uphill incline and speed accelerated from 8 to 15 m/s in 8 s. None of the horses could sustain exercise at 15 m/s + 10% incline for more than 90 s. Mean right atrial, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary artery wedge and pulmonary capillary pressures increased sharply as horses accelerated rapidly attaining their zenith as speed reached 15 m/s. Peak values of various pressures were maintained only for the first 45 s of exercise at 15 m/s +10% uphill incline. Thereafter, a declining trend emerged and all pressures decreased significantly as exercise duration increased. Although frusemide significantly lowered the magnitude of pulmonary vascular pressures both at rest and during exercise, it did not affect the rapid escalation in pulmonary vascular pressures upon rapid acceleration of horses or their unsteadiness in the latter 45 s of supramaximal exercise. It is suggested that rapid rate of rise of pulmonary capillary blood pressure during a sudden burst of supramaximal exercise may be a crucial factor in precipitating stress failure of pulmonary capillaries and onset of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage.
Variation in angular pattern adaptation from trot in hand to passage and piaffe in the Grand Prix dressage horse
Authors: HOLMSTRÖM M. , FREDRICSON I. , DREVEMO S.
Published: June 2010

In searching for determinants of advanced dressage performance it is of great interest to know if the angular patterns change from trot in hand to passage and piaffe occurs in approximately the same way in all horses (i.e. the variation of the angular pattern adaptation is small), irrespective of the initial pattern. In the present study trot in hand, passage and piaffe of 6 Grand Prix dressage horses were recorded by high speed film (250 frames/s). The changes in locomotion pattern from trot in hand to passage and piaffe in each horse were calculated by subtraction of the trot in hand angular measurements from the passage and piaffe angular measurements, respectively. Group mean and s.d. curves for the differences were calculated. During the whole stride the pelvic inclination showed a small variation in the difference between passage and trot in hand and during the last 20% of the stride the variation was small in the fore hoof trajectory. During the swing phase the variation of the difference between piaffe and trot in hand was small in the hind hoof trajectory. Around lift off several variables had smaller variation in passage and piaffe than in trot in hand. It was concluded that the angular pattern of the pelvic inclination may be relevant as a selection criterion for passage performance.
Effects of intravenous dextrose infusion on muscle glycogen resynthesis after intense exercise
Authors: DAVIE A. J. , EVANS D. L. , HODGSON D. R. , ROSE R. J.
Published: June 2010

Muscle glycogen resynthesis rates were studied in 6 Standardbred geldings that were exercised on a treadmill inclined at 10% slope to deplete muscle glycogen prior to treatments. Each horse completed 15 min at 50% V̇O2max, 15 min at 70% V̇O2max, 5 min at 90% V̇O2max then rested for 30 min. This was followed by 6, 1 min sprints at 100% V̇O2max with 5 min rest periods between sprints. Muscle biopsies were taken from the middle gluteal muscle at a depth of 8 cm using the same locations in each horse. Samples were taken before, at the end of exercise and 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h after treatment. Blood samples were collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, then every 60 min for 8 h after treatment. Thirty min after exercise each horse was treated with either 6 g/kg dextrose i.v. as a 20% solution in an isotonic electrolyte solution at a mean (± s.e.) infusion rate of 1.67 ± 0.05 1/h, or with a solution of equivalent volume of polyionic isotonic fluid (control) at the same infusion rate. Mean pre‐exercise and post infusion peak plasma glucose concentrations were 4.9 ± 0.1 and 28.6 ± 2.8 mmol/l and 4.7 ± 0.2 and 6.0 ± 0.5 mmol/l, for treatment and control respectively. Mean pre‐exercise and peak insulin concentrations were 0.007 ± 0.002 and 0.123 ± 0.022 μu/l and 0.006 ± 0.001 and 0.012 ± 0.002 μu/l, for treatment and control respectively. There were significant effects of both time and treatment for glucose and insulin (P<0.05). Mean rates of glycogen resynthesis for the first 12 h were 14.6 ± 2.6 mmol/kg/h and 2.6 ± 3.1 mmol/kg/h respectively for treatment and control and 7.0 ± 1.6 mmol/kg/h and 3.8 ± 1.2 mmol/kg/h for the first 24 h after treatments. The administration of large doses of dextrose i.v. after exercise increases the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis.
Distribution of lactate between red blood cells and plasma after exercise
Authors: PÖSÖ A. REETA , LAMPINEN KIMMO J. , RÄSÄNEN LEENA A.
Published: June 2010

The distribution of lactate between blood cells and plasma, lactate concentration in whole blood and plasma, concentration of haemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured in Standardbred and Finnhorse trotters. Red blood cell (RBC) lactate was calculated from whole blood and plasma lactate concentrations and PCV. Plasma lactate concentration correlated positively with whole blood lactate concentration over a range of exercise intensities (r = 0.972; P < 0.001). Similarly, plasma lactate concentration correlated with the calculated RBC lactate concentration both after the standardised submaximal exercise test (SET) and races, although there was individual variation in gradients. The slope of regression after the SET increased with sampling time, but such an effect was not found after the races. The mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration did not show any correlation with RBC lactate concentration. Based on these results, we suggest that transport of lactate to erythrocytes occurs rapidly and is mainly determined by plasma lactate concentration. The great variation between individuals and individual similarity of plasma‐cell concentration differences after submaximal and maximal exercise indicates that distribution of lactate between plasma and erythrocytes depends not only on plasma lactate concentration. Other factors, such as lactate transporter, may be important.
Effect of two types of training on sweat composition
Authors: MCCONAGHY FINOLA F. , HODGSON D. R. , EVANS D. L. , ROSE R. J.
Published: June 2010

The principal aim of this study was to examine whether alterations in sweat composition occurred during training. Ten Thoroughbred horses were trained 6 days per week for 9 weeks on a treadmill (+10% slope), 5 at moderate intensity, (80–100% V̇O2max) and 5 at low intensity, (40–45 % V̇O2max). On Day 1 of training and at the end of weeks 1, 2, 5 and 9, the horses performed a standardised exercise test (SET). Sweat was collected onto an absorbent pad lined with plastic and held against the skin with rubber straps. Samples were obtained from the neck and girth areas during exercise and for 10 minutes post exercise. Sweat composition during exercise (in mmol/l) was [Na+] = 143.5, [Cl−] = 181.5, [K+] = 37.5, [Ca++] = 5.1, [Mg++] = 4.2, [urea] = 5.1 and [protein] = 6.4 g/l. Training resulted in a decrease in [Ca++] of 1.6 ± 0.8 mmol/l (P < 0.05) after the first week of training. The type of training had no effect on sweat composition. Sweat produced in the post exercise period had higher [Na+], [Cl−] and [urea] than that produced during exercise. Training does not substantially alter the composition of equine sweat in response to an intense SET.
Effects of warming‐up, racing and sodium bicarbonate in Standardbred horses
Authors: FREY L. P. , KLINE K. H. , FOREMAN J. H. , BRADY A. H. , COOPER S. R.
Published: June 2010

Twelve currently racing Standardbred horses were used to measure effects of pre‐race warm‐up exercise and racing on blood values for bicarbonate (HCO3−), pH, base excess (BE), PCO2, sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca++), chloride (Cl−) and potassium (K+). In a switchback study, 12 horses were administered NaHCO3(454 g) dissolved in 4 litres water via nasogastric tube and 12 were given 4 litres water as a control. Horses were exercised and raced in 3 groups of 4 with 2 horses in each group on each treatment. Mean durations of the 1 mile warm‐up and race were 143 and 122 s, respectively. Horses treated with NaHCOj had increased (P < 0.001) blood pH, Na+, HCO3−, PCO2and BE, while decreased (P < 0.001) K+and Ca++were found. Mean blood values for pH, HCO3−, PCO2, BE, Ca++and K+in NaHCO3treated horses, decreased (P < 0.01) after pre‐race warm‐up and racing. Blood Na+increased as a result of NaHCO3administration independent of exercise level. It is suggested that blood gas testing for the detection of illegal alkalinising agents should not be done immediately after high intensity warm‐up exercise.
Plasma carnitine concentration and uptake into muscle following oral and intravenous administration
Authors: HARRIS R. C. , FOSTER C. V. LOUISE , SNOW D. H.
Published: June 2010

A comparison was made in 5 horses of the effects of administering 10 g L‐carnitine by i.v. injection, nasogastric feeding or addition to the feed. The systemic bioavailability (reflecting intestinal absorption and hepatic first pass elimination) of L‐carnitine administered orally was 7.1 (s.d. 5.3%). Oral administration doubled the plasma carnitine concentration after 4 h with a return to near normal levels by 12 h. Oral feeding did not increase 24 h urinary carnitine output suggesting that the plasma concentration did not exceed the renal threshold, with consequent retention in the tissues. Disappearance of plasma L‐carnitine administered i.v. followed a 2‐compartment model. The half time of disappearance was initially (t >0.5 α) 18–23 min decreasing to 115–176 min over the second phase (t >0.5 β). Administration i.v. (but not per os) resulted in a significant increase in plasma acetylcarnitine (and possibly also acylcarnitine). Eighty to 90 per cent of the administered dose was eliminated through the urine as L‐carnitine within 24 h. Continued i.v. injection of 10 g/day for 26 days did not significantly affect the total L‐carnitine content of the middle gluteal muscle in horses maintained under light exercise. The results are consistent with the normal plasma carnitine concentration in the mature well fed horse being sufficient to saturate transport into skeletal muscle and, as a result, this tissue compartment is relatively refractory to change through supplementation.
Influence of the oestrous cycle on electrolyte excretion in the mare
Authors: KINSLOW PAMELA , HARRIS PATRICIA , GRAY JULES , ALLEN W. R.
Published: June 2010

Equine rhabdomyolysis syndrome (ERS) has been reported to occur more frequently around oestrus. Because electrolyte imbalances have been implicated in pathogenesis, this preliminary study was designed to investigate the possible influence of concentrations of reproductive hormones, progesterone and oestradiol‐17β upon the 24 h%FE values of certain electrolytes. Over a 35 day period, daily plasma progesterone concentrations were measured in 4 mature Thoroughbred mares and serum oestradiol‐17β concentrations in 3 of the mares. At various times during oestrus and dioestrus, 24 h urine collections were carried out and mean 24 h %FE values were determined, in each individual, for sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (CI), calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4) and magnesium (Mg).

Although the mares were maintained on a constant dietary intake of electrolytes, group mean %FE values showed cyclical trends which appeared to fluctuate in relation to the stage of the cycle. Large and relatively sudden increases in the volumetric urinary excretion of Na, Ca and Mg (mmol/24 h) were seen in samples collected during the period from 2 days preceding to 4 days following oestrus, compared to the rest of the cycle. Significant correlations were found, in one or more individual animals, between progesterone concentrations and 24 h %FE values for Na, K, Cl, Ca and PO4 and between serum oestradiol‐17β concentrations and Ca, Mg and Cl. This suggests that ovarian steroid hormones may exert an influence on urinary excretion of electrolytes in the mare. Such an influencecould be correlated, in certain individuals, to a significant effect on electrolyte status which, in turn, could potentially result in an increased risk of ERS at particular times of the oestrous cycle.
The effects of intensity and duration of training on blood lactate concentrations during and after exercise
Authors: EVANS D. L. , RAINGER JOANNE E. , HODGSON D. R. , EATON M. D. , ROSE R. J.
Published: June 2010

The effects of training intensity and duration on blood lactate concentrations during submaximal and after maximal treadmill exercise were investigated in 2 groups of 5 Thoroughbred horses. Horses were trained on a treadmill in either a ‘fast’ or ‘slow’ group. In the ‘fast’ group, all exercise after an initial warm‐up was at speeds which resulted in blood lactate concentrations in the range 4–8 mmol/l. In the ‘slow’ group, all training exercise was at half the speed but equal distance. Incremental speed treadmill tests were repeated after 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks training. Treadmill speeds and oxygen uptake at blood lactate of 4 mmol/l (VLa4 and V̇O2‐4) and blood lactate concentration at 9 m/s (La9) were measured. Blood was also collected at 2 or 5 min intervals after a run to fatigue at 115% of maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). Peak and 10 min post exercise lactate concentrations were measured, and disappearance rate (mmol/l/min) calculated. Runs to fatigue were repeated after 5 and 9 weeks of training. Data were analysed by repeated measures ANCOVA. Mean ± s.e.m. VLa4 increased from 7.0 ± 0.5 to 9.2 ± 0.2 m/s (P<0.001) and La9 decreased from 8.0 ± 1.0 to 3.9 ± 0.3 mmol/l (P<0.001) over the 9 weeks training. The pooled V̇O2‐4 increased from mean ± s.e.m. 96 ± 6.6 to 122 ± 5.6 ml/min/kg (P<0.01) after training. An increase in the pooled %V̇O2max‐4 from 79 ± 3.4% to 84 ± 2.4% after 9 weeks training was not statistically significant. There were no significant effects of training intensity on changes in VLa4, La9, or V̇O2‐4 and no significant effects of training on lactate concentrations after exercise to fatigue at 115% V̇O2max. The training induced decrease in blood lactate concentration during submaximal exercise is not dependent on intensity of exercise during training.
Effect of breathing frequency and airflow on pulmonary function in high‐intensity equine exercise
Authors: BAYLY W. M. , REDMAN M. J. , SIDES R. H.
Published: June 2010

It has been postulated that the hypoxaemia and hypercapnoea that characterise strenuous equine exercise are partly due to flow limitations imposed by high breathing frequencies (fb), and that gas exchange would be improved if fb could be lowered. To evaluate this possibility, 6 Thoroughbred horses underwent 4 incremental treadmill exercise tests at inclines of 0,5,10 and 25%, respectively. In the test, horses were given a warm‐up for 2 min, then ran sequentially for 1 min each at 60, 100 and 115% V̇o2max. Oxygen consumption (V̇o2), blood gas tensions (Pao2, Paco2), fb, tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (V̇e), transpulmonary pressure (Ptp), peak inspiratory and expiratory airflows (V̇I V̇E) and work of breathing (Ẇrm) were determined during the last 15 s of exercise at each intensity. The only effect of fb on Pao2 was seen at 60% V̇o2max. Also, maximal transpulmonary pressure difference (ΔPtpmax), and peak V̇I, and V̇E on a 25% slope were lower than those recorded at the other 3 inclines at 60% V̇o2max. At 100 and 115% V̇o2max, the effect of fb was less clear. While fb still differed, the only effects of fb at 100% V̇o2max were on ΔPtpmax. At 115% V̇o2max, fb on a 25% incline was lower than that for 0 and 5% slopes. The only other difference noted at this intensity was in VT on 10% slope. However, there was no difference between VTs recorded at inclines of 0,5 or 25% at 115% V̇o2max. There was no effect of fb or exercise intensity on V̇e at 100 or 115% V̇o2max. There was no change in Pao2, fb, VT, ΔPtpmax or V̇I and V̇E as exercise intensity increased from 60–115% V̇o2max on slopes of 0,5 or 10%. However, for exercise on the 25% incline (i.e. with lower fb), each of these parameters increased (or decreased for Pao2) from 60–100%, but not from 100–115% V̇o2max. Failure of peak airflow and VT to increase when intensity increased was associated with the development of hypoxaemia and hypercapnoea, regardless of slope or fb. It is concluded that while a low fb may have some beneficial effect on gas exchange during submaximal exercise at ˜60% V̇o2max, this effect disappears as exercise intensity increases. There appear to be limits to the peak airflows that can be generated by horses during strenuous exercise, and these limits may be reached regardless of fb. Flow limitation per se may play a greater role in the development of exercise‐induced hypoxaemia and hypercapnoea in horses than does fb.
A preliminary study of the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on lung mechanics in the standing horse with histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction
Authors: SWEENEY CORINNE R. , TOMASIC M. , RUSSELL GAIL E.
Published: June 2010

The effect of inhaled nitric oxide on pulmonary mechanics was studied in normal standing horses with histamine‐induced bronchoconstriction. The respiratory health status of 6 normal horses was established on the basis of history, clinical and bronchoalveolar lavage examination. Intrathoracic pressures were estimated using distal oesophageal pressures. Respiratory gas flows were measured using a heated pneumotachograph. Pulmonary mechanics variables were determined from these measurements on a breath by breath basis. Bronchoconstriction was induced by nebulising a 0.75% w/v solution of histamine over 5 min. Pulmonary function was assessed during 4 periods: 1) while breathing room air prior to histamine challenge; 2) 5 min post histamine challenge; 3) 10 min post histamine challenge and while breathing 5 ppm nitric oxide; and 4) 14 min post histamine challenge while breathing room air. Statistical analysis included Friedman's nonparametric repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons tests, where appropriate.

Criteria for demonstration of nitric oxide effect on pulmonary mechanics variables were taken as a return of the variable value following nitric oxide administration towards control value and subsequent restoration of the value toward post histamine levels with discontinuation of nitric oxide. Five variables (dynamic compliance, airway resistance, maximum developed pressure, work of breathing, and peak expiratory flow) had significant changes in response to histamine. Three variables (dynamic compliance, airway resistance, and maximum developed pressure) met the above criteria, but only dynamic compliance and airway resistance showed statistical significance (P<.05). These results suggest that nitric oxide partly dilates small airways constricted by histamine.
Effect of exercise on concentrations of immunoreactive endothelin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: BENAMOU AGNES E. , ART TATIANA , MARLIN D. J. , ROBERTS C. A. , LEKEUX P.
Published: June 2010

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a major cause of loss of performance in the horse. The role of endothelin (ET), a potent bronchoconstrictive and vasoactive peptide, is currently being investigated in asthma and other obstructive respiratory diseases in man. We have previously found elevated systemic and pulmonary endothelin levels in horses during exacerbation of COPD. In the present study, our aim was to examine possible variations in ET concentrations occurring during exercise in COPD horses. We compared the effects of intense treadmill exercise on the recovery of endothelin (ET) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as well as in arterial and venous blood, in a group of 5 healthy horses and a group of 5 COPD horses studied alternately in remission and while symptomatic. We also investigated the possible correlations between ET levels and pulmonary function tests during the study.

While exercise did not affect the ET levels recovered in BALF among controls, it caused a significant increase (P = 0.02) among symptomatic COPD horses. During remission, wide variations of ET levels among horses, at rest and during exercise, made any significant interpretation difficult. No correlation could be found between exercise‐induced changes in ET concentrations and pulmonary function tests or changes in arterial oxygen tension with exercise. We conclude that exercise appears to affect the release of ET by the airways in COPD horses, in contrast to healthy horses. It is still unclear, however, whether these differences relate to adjustments of lung function during exercise.
Ventilation‐perfusion relationships during exercise in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolemia
Authors: FUNKQUIST PIA , WAGNER P. D. , HEDENSTIERNA G. , PERSSON S. G. B. , NYMAN GÖREL
Published: June 2010

In order to evaluate the pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia (RCHV), 12 horses with RCHV were compared with 9 normovolaemic (NV) horses. V̇o2 and V̇co2 were determined with an open bias flow system. Cardiovascular and haemodynamic data were recorded during exercise at 4 different speeds on a treadmill. Pulmonary gas exchange was assessed by conventional blood gas variables (arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions), and the ventilation‐perfusion distribution V̇A/Q̇ was estimated by the multiple inert gas elimination technique. V̇A and AaDo2 were calculated. Dispersions of perfusion and ventilation distribution (SDQ, SDV) were determined.

HR, RR, Q̇t, V̇o2, V̇A, log SDV, C(a‐***v)o2 and lactate did not differ between groups. The degree of hypoxaemia was more pronounced in the RCHV than in the NV (Pao2 = 54 and 59 mmHg; AaDO2 = 41 and 34 mmHg in RCHV and NV, respectively, at highest workload). Further, pH was lower in the RCHV and Paco2 and V̇CO2 was significantly higher in the RCHV during the course of exercise (pH = 7.24 and 7.29; Paco2 = 56 and 51 mmHg; V̇co2 = 156 and 135 ml/kg x min in RCHV and NV, respectively, at highest workload). The Pao2 predicted from the V̇A/Q̇ distribution was higher than actually measured in blood during heavy exercise which may suggest a certain diffusion limitation over the alveolar‐capillary membranes in both groups but there was no difference between the 2 groups. The more pronounced hypoxaemia observed in RCHV trotters was mainly caused by increased V̇A/Q̇ mismatch expressed as a significantly increased log SDQ (0.78 and 0.45 in RCHV and NV, respectively, at highest workload).