bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RNAi mediated silencing of Nanog expression suppresses the growth of human colorectal cancer stem cells
Authors: Zhang Chen , Zhao Yuanyuan , Yang Yongjing , Zhong Chunlian , Ji Tianju , Duan Jinyue , Wang Yi
Published: May 2020

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world known for its poor recurrence-free prognosis. Previous studies have shown that it is closely linked with cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have self-renewal potential and the capacity to differentiate into diverse populations. Nanog is an important transcription factor that functions to maintain the self-renewal and proliferation of embryonic stem cells; however, many recent studies have shown that Nanog is also highly expressed in many cancer stem cells.Methods: To investigate whether Nanog plays a crucial role in maintaining the stemness of colorectal CSCs (CCSCs), RNA interference was used to downregulate Nanog expression in the CRC stem cell line, EpCAM+CD44+HCT-116. We examined the anti-tumor function of Nanog in vitro and in vivo, using small interfering RNA.Results: Our results revealed that the Nanog mRNA expression level in CCSCs was higher than that in HCT-116 cells. We found that the depletion of Nanog inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in EpCAM+CD44+HCT-116 cells. In addition, the invasive ability of EpCAM+CD44+HCT-116 cells was markedly restricted when Nanog was silenced by small interfering RNA. Furthermore, we found that the silencing of Nanog decreased tumor size and weight and improved the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice.Conclusions: In conclusion, these findings collectively demonstrate that Nanog, which is highly expressed in CRC stem cells, is a key factor in the development of tumor growth, and it may serve as a potential marker of prognosis and a novel and effective therapeutic target for the treatment of CRC.
Genome-wide association study of yield and related traits in common wheat under salt-stress conditions
Authors: Hu Pan , Zheng Qi , Luo Qiaoling , Teng Wan , Li Hongwei , Li Bin , Li Zhensheng
Published: May 2020

Background
Soil salinization is a major threat to wheat production. It is essential to understand the genetic basis of salt tolerance for breeding and selecting new salt-tolerant cultivars that have the potential to increase wheat yield.
Result
In this study, a panel of 191 wheat accessions was subjected to genome wide association study (GWAS) to identify SNP markers linked with adult-stage characters. The population was genotyped by Wheat660K SNP array and eight phenotype traits were investigated under low and high salinity environments for three consecutive years. A total of 389 SNPs representing 11 QTL were significantly associated with traits under different salt treatments, with the phenotypic explanation rate (R2) ranging from 9.14–50.45%. Of these, repetitive and pleiotropic loci on chromosomes 4A, 5A, 5B and 7A were significantly linked to yield and yield related traits under low salinity conditions. Spike length-related loci were mainly located on chromosomes 1B, 3B, 5B and 7A under different salt treatments. Two loci on chromosome 4D and 5A were related with plant height in low and high salinity environment, respectively. Three salt-tolerant related loci were confirmed to be important in two bi-parental populations. Distribution of favorable haplotypes indicated that superior haplotypes of pleiotropic loci on group-5 chromosomes were strongly selected and had potential for increasing wheat salt tolerance. A total of 14 KASP markers were developed for nine loci associating with yield and related traits to improve the selection efficiency of wheat salt-tolerance breeding.
Conclusion
Utilizing a Wheat660K SNPs chip, QTL for yield and its related traits were detected under salt treatment in a natural wheat population. Important salt-tolerant related loci were validated in RIL and DH populations. This study provided reliable molecular markers that could be crucial for marker-assisted selection in wheat salt tolerance breeding programs.
Comparing the differences in three measures of healthy life expectancy, effects of mortality, and proportions of unhealthy people according to prefectures in Japan: An Ecological study
Authors: TAIRA KAZUYA , Ogata Soshiro , Kamide Kei
Published: May 2020

Objective: An Ecological study using open data collected, compiled, and published in government statistics in Japan was conducted. The study aimed to verify the differences in these three measures of healthy life expectancy (HLE), namely disability-free life expectancy without activity limitation (DFLE-AL), life expectancy with self-perceived health (LE-SH), and disability-free life expectancy without care need (DFLE-CN), in relation to appropriate policymaking.Results: Using data from 47 prefectures in 2010, 2013, and 2016, the three types of HLE were extended over time. There were strong correlations between DFLE-AL and LE-SH (r = 0.69–0.83) as well as LE and DFLE-CN (r = 0.75–0.98) in both sexes. However, the other correlations were either weak or not significant. Regression analysis examining the association between the aging rate, mortality, the proportion of unhealthy people, and three types of HLE showed that the “subjective unhealthy rate” was significant (the standardized partial regression coefficients = -0.56– -0.34) in models with DFLE-AL and LE-SH as dependent variables. Therefore, DFLE-CN was suggested to be a different indicator from the other two HLEs. The “subjective unhealthy rate” had a significant influence on the prefectural DFLE-AL and LE-SH.
Relationship of chronic endometritis with chronic deciduitis in cases of miscarriage.
Authors: Kaku Shoji , Kubo Takuro , Kimura Fuminori , Nakamura Akiko , Kitazawa Jun , Morimune Aina , Takahashi Akimasa , Takebayashi Akie , Takashima Akiko , Kushima Ryoji , Murakami Takashi
Published: May 2020

Background: The presence of chronic deciduitis (CD) was determined in patients diagnosed with or without chronic endometritis (CE) before pregnancy.Objective: To study the effect of CE on decidua in cases of miscarriage.Methods: Decidual tissue was obtained from the patients who miscarried at the first pregnancy within a year after the diagnosis of the presence or absence of CE. The number and distribution pattern of plasma cells stained with CD138 in decidual tissue in 10 high-power fields (HPFs) was examined. The prevalence of CD diagnosed with four different grade; grade 0, no plasma cell in 10 HPFs, thus Non-CD ;grade 1, rare single plasma cells; grade 2, rare clusters or more than 5 single cells total; and grade 3, many plasma cells with more than 5 clusters, were examined and compared between Non-CE and CE.Results: The incidence rate of CD of grade2+3 was significantly higher in CE than Non-CE (53.8%; 7/13 vs. 0%; 0/13, P<0.01). Presence of clusters or a number of plasma cells in 10 HPFs of decidua showed a sensitivity of 53.8%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 68.4% for the diagnosis of CE.Conclusion: Presence of clusters of plasma cells or five or more of plasma cells in decidua was found in more than half of CE, but not found in Non-CE. When CD with cluster or five or more of plasma cells is confirmed histologically in miscarriage decidual tissue, the presence of CE before the pregnancy should be suspected.
A 31-bp Indel in the 5' UTR region of the GNB1L gene is significantly associated with body weight and carcass traits in chickens
Authors: Ren Tuanhui , Yang Ying , Lin Wujian , Li Wangyu , Xian Mingjian , Fu Rong , Zhang Zihao , Mo Guodong , Luo Wen , Zhang Xiquan
Published: May 2020

Background
G-protein subunit beta 1 like (GNB1L) can encode a G-protein beta-subunit-like polypeptide, the chicken GNB1L gene is up-regulated in the breast muscle of high-feed efficiency chickens, and its expression is 1.52-fold that of low-feed efficiency chickens. However, there are no reports describing the effects of GNB1L gene Indel on the growth and carcass traits of chickens.
Results
This study identified a 31-bp Indel in 5' UTR of the GNB1L gene and elucidated the effect of this gene mutation on the growth and carcass traits in chickens. The results indicated that the 31-bp Indel was highly significant associations with body weight at 8 different stages, and also significantly correlated with daily gain of 0 to 4 weeks and 4 to 8 weeks. Similarly, the mutation was significantly associated with small intestine length, breast width, breast deep and breast muscle weight in carcass traits. Moreover, DD and ID are inferior genotypes for the growth and carcass traits of chickens.
Conclusions
In a word, these findings suggest that the 31-bp Indel of GNB1L gene is significantly affected body weight and carcass traits in chickens, and can serve as a potential molecular marker for chicken genetics and breeding programs.
Does exhalation while rising from the bed relieve motion-induced pain after abdominal surgery?
Authors: SAKAGAMI Hisao , Otomo Atsushi , Nakae Hideyuki , Nagatomi Ryoichi
Published: May 2020

Background: After abdominal surgery, patients may strongly complain of pain during exercise, especially during the motion of rising from the supine to a sitting position. The effect of exhalation on wound pain relief during the rising motion was examined.

Methods: Seventy-seven patients who had undergone open renal biopsy and 11 patients who had undergone inguinal hernia repair surgery were made to rise, and subsequently, after a break, were instructed to perform the rising motion while exhaling. The wound pain associated with the rising motion before and after the instruction to exhale was compared and examined.

Results: In patients who had undergone open renal biopsy or hernia repair, wound pain during the rising motion was significantly reduced when the rising motion was performed with exhalation, compared to the pain when they did not exhale while rising.

Conclusion: This study suggests that abdominal surgery wound pain is relieved when the rising motion from a supine to a sitting position is performed while exhaling.

Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered at ISRCTN registry with study ID ISRCTN95502262.
A Tail of Two Pandas: Whole Genome K-mer Signature Analysis of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) and the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
Authors: Cserhati Matyas
Published: May 2020

Background: The red panda (Ailurus fulgens) is a riddle of morphology, making it hard to tell whether it is an ursid, a procyonid or a member of its own family. Previous genetic studies have given contradictory results as to its phylogenetic placement.Results: Therefore, a recently developed whole genome-based algorithm, the Whole Genome K-mer Signature algorithm was used to analyze the genomes of 28 species of Carnivora, including A. fulgens and several felid, ursid, mustelid, one mephitid species. This algorithm has the advantage of holistically using all the information in the genomes of these species. Being a genomics-based algorithm, it also reduces stochastic error to a minimum.The results show that A. fulgens is a member of the mustelid clade (p = 9·10-97). A. fulgens also separates from the mephitid Spilogala gracilis. The giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca also clusters away from A. fulgens, together with other ursids (p = 1.2·10-62). This could be due to the geographic isolation of A. fulgens from other mustelid species.Conclusions: The main conclusion that we can draw from this study is that on a whole genome level A. fulgens belongs to the mustelid clade, and not an ursid or a mephitid. This despite the fact that previously some researchers classified A. fulgens and A. melanoleuca as relatives. Since the genotype determines the phenotype, molecular-based classification takes precedence over morphological classifications. This affirms the results of some previous studies, which studied smaller portions of the genome. This study is more substantial because it takes the whole genome into account.
Association between Prehospital Arterial Hypercapnia in Acute Heart Failure and Admission to Acute Care Units: a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fabre Mathias , Fehlmann Christophe A , Gartner Birgit , Zimmermann Catherine G , Rey Florian , Sarasin François , Suppan Laurent
Published: May 2020

Background

Acute Heart Failure (AHF) is a common condition that often manifests by acute respiratory distress and requires urgent medical evaluation and treatment. Arterial hypercapnia is common in AHF. It has been associated with a higher rate of intubation and non-invasive ventilation in the Emergency Room (ER), but its prognostic value has never been studied in the prehospital setting.
Methods

A retrospective study was performed on the charts of all patients taken care of by a physician-staffed prehospital mobile unit between June 2016 and September 2019 in Geneva. After approval by the ethics committee, charts were screened to identify all adult patients with a diagnosis of AHF. The main predictor was prehospital hypercapnia. The primary outcome was admission rate in an acute care unit (ACU, composite of intensive care or high-dependency units). Secondary outcomes were ER length of stay (LOS), orientation from ER (intensive care unit, high-dependency unit, general ward, discharge home), intubation rate at 24 hours, hospital LOS and hospital mortality.
Results

A total of 104 patients with a diagnosis of AHF were included. Hypercapnia was found in 59 (57%) patients and vital signs were more severely altered in this group. The overall ACU admission rate was 47%, with a statistically significant difference between hypercapnic and non-hypercapnic patients (58% vs 33% respectively, p = 0.014). ER LOS was shorter in hypercapnic patients (5.5 hours vs 8.9 hours, p = 0.008).
Conclusions

There is a significant association between prehospital arterial hypercapnia and acute care unit admission in AHF patients.
Specific shifts in the endocannabinoid system in hibernating brown bears
Authors: Boyer Christian , Cussonneau Laura , Brun Charlotte , Deval Christiane , de Barros Jean-Paul Pais , Chanon Stéphanie , Bernoud-Hubac Nathalie , Daira Patricia , Evans Alina L. , Arnemo Jon M. , Swenson Jon E. , Gauquelin-Koch Guillemette , Simon Chantal , Blanc Stéphane , Combaret Lydie , Bertile Fabrice , Lefai Etienne
Published: May 2020

In small hibernators, global downregulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which is involved in modulating neuronal signaling, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and circannual rhythms, has been reported to possibly drive physiological adaptation to the hibernating state. We hypothesized that specific changes should occur in hibernating brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) due to specific features, including hibernation during half the year at only mild hypothermia while remaining physically inactive without drinking or eating, and the absence of arousal episodes although bears remain sensitive to external disturbances. We explored circulating lipids and the ECS in plasma and metabolically active tissues (muscle and adipose tissue), in free-ranging subadult Scandinavian brown bears when both active and hibernating. In winter bear serum, in addition to a 2-fold increase in total fatty acid concentration, we found significant changes in relative proportions of circulating fatty acids, such as a 2-fold increase in docosahexaenoic acid and a decrease in arachidonic acid. In adipose and muscle tissues of hibernating bears, we found lower concentrations of both two major ligands for endocannabinoid receptors, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA). Gene expression was reduced for enzymes that synthesize endocannabinoid compounds, whereas an increase was observed for catabolic enzymes. Reduction in ECS tone may promote mobilization of fat stores and favor carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle of hibernating bears. Additionally, high circulating of the endocannabinoid-like compound N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in winter could favor lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation in peripheral tissues. We also speculated on a role of OEA in the maintenance of torpor (reduction in locomotion), while promoting the capacity of bears to sense stimuli from the environment.
A multicenter prospective phase III clinical randomized study of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer: 3JECROG P-02 study protocol
Authors: Gao Lin-rui , Wang Xin , Han Weiming , Deng Wei , Li Chen , Wang Xiaomin , Zhao Yidian , Ni Wenjie , Chang Xiao , Zhou Zongmei , Deng Lei , Wang Wenqing , Liu Wenyang , Liang Jun , Zhang Tao , Bi Nan , Wang Jianyang , Zhai Yirui , Feng Qinfu , Lv Jima , Li Ling , Xiao Zefen
Published: May 2020

Background: Since the development of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), no prospective study has investigated whether concurrent chemoradiotherapy (SIB-IMRT with 60 Gy) remains superior to radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) alone for unresectable esophageal cancer (EC). Furthermore, the optimal therapeutic regimen for patients who cannot tolerate concurrent chemoradiotherapy is unclear. We recently completed a phase I/II radiation dose-escalation trial using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), elective nodal irradiation, and concurrent chemotherapy for unresectable EC. We now intend to conduct a prospective, phase III, randomized study of SIB-IMRT with or without concurrent chemotherapy. We aim to find a safe, practical, and effective therapeutic regimen to replace the conventional segmentation (1.8–2.0 Gy) treatment mode (radiotherapy ± chemotherapy) for unresectable EC.Methods: This two-arm, open, randomized, multicenter, phase III trial will recruit esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients (stage IIA–IVB [UICC 2002]; IVB only with metastasis to the supraclavicular or celiac lymph nodes). In all, 164 patients will be randomized using a 1:1 allocation ratio, and stratified by study site and disease stage, especially the extent of lymph node metastasis. Patients in the SIB arm will receive definitive SIB radiotherapy (95% planning target volume/planning gross tumor volume, 50.4 Gy/59.92 Gy/28 f, equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions = 60.62 Gy). Patients in the SIB + concurrent chemotherapy arm will receive definitive SIB radiotherapy with weekly paclitaxel and a platinum-based drug (5–6 weeks). Four cycles of consolidated chemoradiotherapy will also be recommended. The primary objective is to compare the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year overall survival of the SIB + chemotherapy group and SIB groups. Secondary objectives include progression-free survival, local recurrence-free rate, completion rate, and adverse events. Detailed radiotherapy protocol and quality-assurance procedures have been incorporated into this trial.Discussion: In unresectable, locally advanced EC, a safe and effective total radiotherapy dose and reasonable segmentation doses are required for the clinical application of SIB-IMRT + two-drug chemotherapy. Whether this protocol will replace the standard treatment regimen will be prospectively investigated. The effects of SIB-IMRT in patients with poor physical condition who cannot tolerate definitive chemoradiotherapy will also be investigated.Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03308552, November 1, 2017).
Sepsis and septic shock in COVID-19: a scoping review of the research data
Authors: Lakoh Sulaiman , JIBA Darlinda F. , BALDEH Mamadu , VANDY Alren O. , BENYA Hassan , LADO Marta , SEVALIE Stephen , YENDEWA George A. , SAHR Foday
Published: May 2020

Background

Sepsis is a major contributor to global mortality with an estimated 700, 000 sepsis-related deaths annually. As sepsis is an acute complication of COVID-19, the ongoing pandemic can increase its global burden. Despite this, there is still limited research evidence on COVID-19 and sepsis. In this scoping review, we described the research data on sepsis and septic shock among patients with COVID-19.
Methods

We adapted Arksey and O’Malley framework by reviewing relevant studies published on medRxiv, PubMed, and Google Scholar between January 01, 2020, and April 16, 2020, on sepsis and septic shock with the publication language restriction to English. The findings included the prevalence and outcome of COVID-19 patients with sepsis or septic shock, sepsis criteria, laboratory data, and the treatment given to COVID patients.
Results

Of the 16 eligible articles included in this review, 13 (81.2%) were conducted in China. With the exception of one article, the research work for all the articles was conducted in adult patients. The articles were retrospective studies (12, 75%), case reports (3, 18.8%) and prospective observational studies (1,6.2%). The estimated prevalence of sepsis and septic shock range from 6.8–100% and 4–28.9%, respectively. Serum lactate, platelets, C-reactive protein, white cell counts, and procalcitonin were elevated in 24.5%, 6.2%, 31.2%, 62.5%, 43.8% and 37.5% of the articles, respectively. Bacterial cultures were documented in 4(25%) of the eligible articles. 12 (75%) and 11 (68.8%) articles documented the use of antivirals and antibiotics, respectively. Other antimicrobials used among COVID-19 patients were hydroxychloroquine (1,6.3%), chloroquine (1, 6.3%), and unspecified antifungal drugs (2, 12.5%). Supportive therapies like oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and fluid therapy were documented in 12(75%), 13 (81.3%), and 2 (12.5%) articles, respectively. The highest and lowest mortality among the study participants is 29.8% (134) and 5.4% (12), respectively.
Conclusion

There is a paucity of data in the literature on sepsis in COVID-19 despite its high burden among the COVID-19 patient population resulting in a high rate of antimicrobial use that is not backed by clearly documented microbiology laboratory support. Research is needed to understand the burden of sepsis in COVID-19.
Nutritional Quality of Beverages Available in Vending Machines in Health and Social Care Institutions: Do We Really Want Such Offers?
Authors: Rozman Urška , Mis Nataša Fidler , Kupirovič Urška Pivk , Pravst Igor , Kocbek Primož , Strauss Maja , Turk Sonja Šostar
Published: May 2020

Background Vending machines represent one way of offering food, but they are overlooked in the efforts to improve people’s eating habits. The aim of our study was to analyse the variety and nutritional values of beverages offered in vending machines in social and health care institution in Slovenia.Methods The available beverages were quantitatively assessed using traffic light profiling and the model for nutrient profiling used by Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Vending machines in 188 institutions were surveyed, resulting in 3046 different beverages consisting of 162 unique product labels.Results Between 51% and 54% of beverages were categorized as unhealthy with regard to sugar content. Water accounted for only 13.7% of all beverages in vending machines. About 82% of beverages in vending machines were devoted to sugar-sweetened beverages, the majority (58.9%) presented in 500 ml bottles. The average sugar content and average calories in beverages sold in vending machines are slightly lower than in beverages sold in food stores.Conclusions We suggest that regulatory guidelines should be included in the tender conditions for vending machines in health and social care institutions, to ensure healthy food and beverage choices.
Novel Classification Forms for Xenia
Authors: Yang Qin , Fu Yan , Liu Yalan , Zhang Tingting , Peng Shu , Deng Jie
Published: May 2020

The xenia effect refers to the phenomenon whereby the pollen genotype directly affects seed and fruit development during the period from fertilization to seed germination, which leads to different characteristics in phenotypic traits. The xenia effect can create differences in the endosperm and embryo formed after double fertilization and can also alter various fruit parameters, such as the fruit-ripening period; the fruit shape, size, and color; the flavor quality, such as sugars and acids; as well as the nutrient quality, such as anthocyanins. The xenia effect manifests in various ways, playing an important role in increasing the yield of fruit trees, improving fruit appearance and internal quality, as well as in directional breeding. Compared with other pomology research areas, our understanding of the xenia effect is still in its infancy. Currently, xenia is classified into two types: xenia and metaxenia. In the former, the direct effects of the pollen genotype are exhibited in the syngamous parts of the ovules; that is, the embryo and endosperm only. In the latter, the effects of the pollen genotype are demonstrated in structures other than the embryo and endosperm; that is, in tissues derived wholly from the mother plant material, in seed parts such as the nucellus and testa, as well as in the carpels and accessory tissues. However, the current classification has various shortcomings. In the present study, we propose a novel classification based on whether the appearance of xenia results from the tissue formed by double fertilization. Three xenia types are proposed: double-fertilization xenia, non–double-fertilization xenia, and combined xenia. The new classification has great theoretical and practical significance for future studies on the xenia effect and its mechanisms and also provides a more effective, broader application of xenia in improving the yield and quality of fruit trees.
Seeding and Nitrogen Rates Required to Optimize Winter Wheat Yields following Grain Sorghum and Soybean
Authors: Staggenborg S. A. , Whitney D. A. , Fjell D. L. , Shroyer J. P.
Published: May 2020

No‐till planting winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) following summer crops requires different crop management than continuous wheat. A 3‐yr study was conducted to determine if increased seeding rates and N fertilizer rates were required to maximize wheat grain yields following grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Wheat seeding rates of 67, 101, 134, and 168 kg ha−1 and N treatments of 0, 45, 90, and 134 kg N ha−1 were applied to areas previously planted to grain sorghum and soybean. Grain yield increased as seeding rate increased in all 3 yr, with yield optimized at seeding rates of ≥134 kg ha−1 regardless of the previous crop. Wheat response to N varied with previous crop, with wheat following grain sorghum requiring 21 kg ha−1 more N to maximize grain yields compared with wheat planted after soybean. These previous‐crop effects were attributed to grain sorghum producing higher levels of residue and this residue immobilizing a greater amount of available N than soybean residue. Leaf N content decreased as seeding rates increased and increased as N rates increased. Leaf N content had a similar response to N rates and previous crops as grain yields. Grain N content increased as applied N increased. Results of this study indicate that different seeding and N rates are required to optimize wheat yields when no‐till planted after grain sorghum and soybean.
Foliar Nitrogen Application Timing Influence on Grain Yield and Protein Concentration of Hard Red Winter and Spring Wheat
Authors: Bly Anthony G. , Woodard Howard J.
Published: May 2020

Foliar N applications on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have increased grain protein. Foliar N timing evaluations have been minimal. The objectives were (i) determine the optimal timing of foliar N for increased grain protein of hard red winter wheat (HRWW) and spring wheat (HRSW), (ii) evaluate effect of foliar N on grain yield, and (iii) determine relationship of grain protein to foliar N application and grain yield. Foliar N was applied at Feekes stage 10.0 (boot) or 10.8 (postpollination) on two cultivars of HRWW and HRSW each year from 1995 to 2000. The foliar N rate (33.7 kg N ha−1) was applied as 1:1 solution of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) and water. Fertilizer N for a 3360 kg ha−1 grain yield goal was broadcast as UAN after planting. Soil type was Estelline silt loam (fine‐silty over sandy or sandy‐skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludoll). Postpollination foliar N gave the highest grain protein during all years. Grain yield was significantly reduced 5% by boot stage foliar N for HRSW. Neither timing application significantly reduced HRWW grain yield. All wheat data were pooled to relate grain yield level and protein response to foliar N. Grain protein and yield from plots without foliar N were inversely related (r2 = 0.57). Postpollination foliar N increased protein 70% of the time when yield goal was exceeded compared with only 23% when it was not. These results show that postpollination foliar N gave higher grain protein and was most effective when planned yield goal was exceeded.
Using the Dual‐Pathway Parallel Conductance Model to Determine How Different Soil Properties Influence Conductivity Survey Data
Authors: Lesch S. M. , Corwin D. L.
Published: May 2020

The correlation structure between apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) and various soil properties can often appear radically dissimilar in different field surveys. Ideally, some type of methodology for survey data validation should be developed that can predict the expected correlation structure between ECa survey data and various soil properties, given information about the soil properties themselves. In this paper, we review an existing model for ECa and hypothesize that this model can be used to accurately predict the expected correlation structure between ECa data and multiple soil properties of interest (such as soil salinity, saturation‐paste percentage, and soil water content). Our objective is twofold: (i) to demonstrate how this model can be employed to produce the expected correlation structure and (ii) to extend this ECa model to handle survey data collected under low water content situations by dynamically adjusting the model's assumed water content function. This adjustment can be estimated using acquired ECa signal and soil sample data, and its statistical significance can be determined for each specific survey situation. We demonstrate both of these techniques using acquired electromagnetic induction signal data and measured soil properties of interest from 12 different field salinity surveys performed in California and Colorado and in Alberta, Canada. Results from these 12 surveys suggest that the ordinary model is able to accurately predict the expected correlation structure between conductivity and soil property when the water content is near field capacity and that the dynamically adjusted model is able to substantially improve the accuracy of the predicted correlation structure when the water content is significantly below field capacity.
Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Rootzone Mixes Amended with Inorganics for Golf Putting Greens
Authors: Waltz Freddie C. , Quisenberry Virgil L. , McCarty Lambert B.
Published: May 2020

A trend to replace peat with inorganic amendments such as calcined clay (CC) and diatomaceous earth (DE) is occurring for athletic fields and golf course putting greens. For laboratory experiments, washed rootzone sand was amended at 15% (v/v) with either Canadian sphagnum peat (CSP), CC, or DE. Amendments reduced the bulk density and increased the total porosity of all mixtures. The DE mixture had the lowest Ksat (41.9 cm h−1), which was attributed to the 2% by weight of particles <0.05 mm in diameter. The inorganic mixtures retained 0.021 to 0.084 cm3 cm−3 less water than the CSP mixture at pressures less than −2.5 kPa. The CSP mixture held significantly more water in the entire profile and in the upper 15 cm compared with the inorganic mixtures and straight sand. Approximately 75% of the total water was lost within the first 15 min after drainage initiation for sand alone and the inorganic mixtures; only 65% was lost in the first 15 min for the CSP mixture. After 24 h of free drainage, the CC mixture lost the most water, while the DE mixture lost the least. Differences among the rootzone mixtures were measured in the first 3 min of drainage, with straight sand and the CC mixture having the greatest flow rate compared with DE and CSP mixtures. After 24 h of free drainage, the gravel layer remained saturated. For improved water retention in the rootzone, CSP remains the preferable amendment to sand when mixed at these ratios.
The Relationship of Leaf Strength to Cattle Preference in Tall Fescue Cultivars
Authors: MacAdam Jennifer W. , Mayland Henry F.
Published: May 2020

Low values of leaf blade tensile and shear strength have been related to herbivore preference and intake in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and other forage grasses. This study examined relationships between leaf strength and cattle (Bos taurus) preference for eight cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Both tensile strength and shear strength of tall fescue leaf blades were measured, along with several leaf blade anatomical characteristics. Leaf tensile strength was negatively correlated (r = −0.20, P ≤ 0.01) with preference in this study. ‘Mozark’, the cultivar with the highest leaf tensile strength, also had the highest proportion of structural tissue in leaf blade transverse sections. Shear strength was also negatively correlated with preference (r = −0.16, P ≤ 0.05). Leaf strength of both chamber‐ and field‐grown plants was negatively correlated with both leaf blade width and thickness. Leaf width and thickness increased together and were positively correlated with preference in all experiments. Wider leaves also had greater distance between veins and therefore more mesophyll tissue volume. We concluded that leaf width would be a useful trait in the selection of grasses for cattle preference, since it would result in grasses with a higher proportion of cell contents to fiber. This conclusion is supported by the positive correlation of preference with total nonstructural carbohydrates in an earlier study of the same tall fescue cultivars.
Double‐Crop Soybean Leaf Area and Yield Responses to Mid‐Atlantic Soils and Cropping Systems
Authors: Jones Brian P. , Holshouser David L. , Alley Marcus M. , Roygard Jon K.F. , Anderson‐Cook Christine M.
Published: May 2020

Double‐crop soybean (Glycine max L.) often yields less than full‐season soybean, due in part to decreased leaf area development. Information is lacking on the effect of cropping system and plant‐available water holding capacity (PAWHC) as affected by soil type on LAI in field‐scale environments. The objectives of this research were to (i) determine the effect of three cropping systems and three soil types that vary in PAWHC on double‐crop soybean leaf area and yield; and (ii) validate the LAI–yield relationship in a field‐scale experiment. Soybean LAI and yield were measured at random geographically located positions during the 1999 to 2001 cropping seasons. During years of early season or little drought stress, LAI and yield were 1.1 to 1.2 units and 480 to 558 kg ha−1 less on the lowest PAWHC soil compared with the soil with the highest PAWHC. Soybean LAI and yield were reduced 0.4 units and 301 kg ha−1 when soybean experience early season drought stress and was not rotated. Under conditions of late‐season drought stress, LAI and yield of rotated soybean were 1.6 units and 1350 kg ha−1 less on the lowest PAWHC soil. When soybean was not rotated and under conditions of late‐season drought stress, LAI and yield were reduced by 2.9 units and 1770 kg ha−1 for the soil with the lowest PAWHC, and 1.6 units and 760 kg ha−1 for the soil with intermediate PAWHC. Soybean LAI was linearly related to yield only on the lowest PAWHC soil where LAI was low.
Contingencias de las estructuras familiares del milenio
Authors: Quintero Velásquez Ángela María
Published: May 2020

La Familia como la máxima institución social, ha cambiado en su estructura, funcionamiento y ciclo vital. Es considerada como un sujeto prevalente de derechos y un nuevo actor social, a nivel nacional e internacional. En sus relaciones ecosistémicas, dinámicas, flexibles y adaptativas, es influenciada por los fenómenos socio-económicos, culturales y políticos del tercer milenio, que afectan todas la estructuras familiares, según su estrato socio-económico y condiciones. El artículo referencia algunos de los eventos, que deben ser considerados en la formación profesional universitaria, en la formulación de política pública y en la modernización de las legislaciones que amparan a la familia o a sus miembros. Tales son: Modernización del Estado y reformas legislativas, Movilidad social. Remesas Familiares. Desplazamiento forzado. Desigualdad en el capital humano. Empresas familiarmente responsables Desarrollo sustentable. Relación familia escuela. Homoparentalidad. TI CS - Tecnologías de la información.
A RELAÇÃO ENTRE O DIREITO E AS ARTES: CONTRIBUIÇÕES PARA O PENSAMENTO CRÍTICO CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Arrabal Alejandro Knaesel , Nascimento Carlos Eduardo do
Published: May 2020

A Criticidade, como a face visível da crise paradigmática do positivismo jurídico, surge em resposta aos problemas oriundos das limitações da Teoria Tradicional do Direito, tendo como principal objetivo a emancipação do Direito como indutor das transformações sociais. Destarte, o Direito desenvolve a Teoria Crítica, acrescendo a perspectiva social à observação jurídica, a fim de oferecer respostas concretas à sociedade. Por sua vez, a Arte consolida-se como expressão que representa e propaga os pensamentos e a realidade existencial. As expressões artísticas podem conter um apelo crítico intenso que instiga profundas reflexões no contexto social, a partir dos mais variados estudos e campos do saber – incluindo o jurídico. Tendo em vista o seu caráter crítico-reflexivo, a Arte oferece ao Direito releituras interdisciplinares que oportunizam uma compreensão mais plena e reflexiva do fenômeno jurídico. Assim, este trabalho procura demonstrar como ao Direito cabe, por meio da interdisciplinaridade, interpretar as Artes como denúncias metafóricas da realidade, de modo a compreender mais amplamente o pensamento crítico social e jurídico.
CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA: ESCÂNDALO, LEGADO E POSSÍVEIS FUTUROS PARA A DEMOCRACIA
Authors: Fornasier Mateus De Oliveira , Beck Cesar
Published: May 2020

O texto traz um referencial acerca do caso da empresa Cambridge Analytica (C.A). Foram demonstradas, ao longo do artigo, as causas que levaram ao escândalo ocorrido, o legado deixado a partir disso e as possibilidades de futuro para a referida empresa. São mencionados ainda os pontos que levaram a C.A a cometer erros que custaram sua reputação. O artigo aborda ainda que o ocorrido com a empresa poderá acontecer com diversos outros setores, necessitando, portanto, de ações preventivas capazes de trabalhar e modificar pontos falhos.  O texto é finalizado a partir da observação acerca da Fake News – tema amplamente mencionado no passado-recente e sobre a Deep Fake - tema do futuro-imediato. A importância do conhecimento acerca desses termos próximo das eleições a serem realizadas no ano de 2020 identifica que o eleitor brasileiro ainda precisa compreender melhor a questão da escolha consciente a fim de promover a boa manutenção do Estado Democrático de Direito, sendo essas questões um aprendizado ensinado a partir da análise do exemplo do escândalo da CA O estudo é feito por meio de uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva, com método hipotético-dedutivo, sendo um estudo de caso de abordagem qualitativa e transdisciplinar, com técnica bibliográfico-documental.
ÇOCUK RESİMLERİNDEN “ÇOCUK HAKLARI”
Authors: ÜSTÜNDAĞ Alev
Published: May 2020

Bu araştırma; anaokuluna devam eden
çocukların çocuk hakları konusunda yaptıkları resimlerin analiz edilmesi ve
çocuk hakları konusuna bakış açılarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.
4-5 yaş arasında bulunan ve anaokulu eğitimine devam eden 24 çocuk,
araştırmanın örneklem grubunu oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada, nitel araştırma
yöntemi ve nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılmış
olup, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme sırasında çocukların yaptıkları açıklamalar
araştırmacılar tarafından kaydedilmiştir.

Çocukların
çizdikleri resimlerinin analizinde 14 kategori ve 67 kod elde edilmiştir.
Çocukların resimlerinde en çok mavi, kırmızı ve yeşil renklerini kullandıkları;
çocuk, çiçek, kuş, bulut, yağmur, araba, elma, top, kaydırak, ev ve çadır
figürlerini daha sıklıkta çizdikleri ve genellikle park ortamını resmettikleri
belirlenmiştir. Yapılan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmenin analizinde çocukların,
çocuk haklarını tanımlarken birden fazla tanım ve açıklama yaptıkları
belirlenmiştir. Çocuklar, çocukların sahip olması gerektiğini düşündükleri
haklar konusunda da birden fazla açıklama yapmışlardır. Çocukların verdikleri
yanıtlar kategoriler halinde değerlendirilmiş olup, hem çocuk hakkı, hem de
çocukların sahip olması gereken hak en fazla “oyun oynamak” olarak
belirlenmiştir.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Topical Drug Delivery: Mechanisms, Dosage Form Perspectives, and Translational Status
Authors: Liu Mengyang , Wen Jingyuan , Sharma Manisha
Published: May 2020

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have shown potential as a novel lipid-based drug delivery system for
the topical applications of innumerable therapeutic compounds. However, the mechanisms governing the absorption
and cellular uptake of SLNs through topical route, along with the mechanism of drug release from SLNs are
still ambiguous, and require further investigation. In addition, the selection of an appropriate dosage
form/formulation base is essential for ease of application of SLNs and to enhance dermal and transdermal
delivery. Upscaling and regulatory approvals are other challenges that may impede the clinical translation of
SLNs. Therefore, this review focusses on different mechanisms involved in skin penetration and cellular uptake
of SLNs. This is followed by a comprehensive discussion on the physicochemical properties of SLNs including
various formulation and dosage form factors, which might influence the absorption of SLNs through the skin.
Finally, translational status with respect to scale-up and regulatory aspects are also discussed. This review will be
useful to researchers with an interest in topical applications of SLNs for the efficient delivery of drugs and
cosmetics.
Evaluation of Blood Oxidant/Antioxidant Changes and Testicular Toxicity after Subacute Exposure to Cadmium in Albino Rats: Therapeutic Effect of Nigella sativa Seed Extracts
Authors: Uchendu Ikenna Kingsley , Okoroiwu Henshaw Uchechi
Published: May 2020

Aim and Objective:

Cells and tissues of the body are prone to oxidative damage as a
result of an increased level of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen radical beyond the detoxifying
ability of the endogenous antioxidant system. This study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect
of methanolic extracts of Nigella sativa (MENS) against cadmium-induced blood oxidative stress
and testicular toxicity in albino rats.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-five (25) male albino rats, weighing (200 ± 20g), were randomly
grouped into five groups (A-E). Group B (Negative Control) received intraperitoneal
administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl2, 5 mg/kg) only, group C received CdCl2 and low dose
MENS (300 mg/kg, oral), group D received CdCl2 and high dose MENS (600 mg/kg, oral), group
E (Positive control) received CdCl2 and Vitamin C (200 mg/kg, oral), for 14 days. No treatment
was administered to group A (Normal control). The oxidative state of the blood was assessed by
measuring the blood levels or activities of MDA, CAT, GSH and SOD; while testicular injury was
assessed by measuring serum testosterone level using ELISA. The testes were harvested for
histopathological examination.

Results:

The results showed that cadmium induced a marked elevation in the level of MDA, and a
decrease in SOD, CAT and GSH levels or activities (p<0.05 or p<0.01); but no significant
alteration in the serum testosterone level was found (p>0.05); Histopathological studies on the
testes showed that cadmium significantly induced testicular injury, which was however
ameliorated by the seed extract of N. sativa.

Conclusion:

We conclude that N. sativa seed extract is potentially testiculoprotective and
attenuates oxidative stress against harmful chemical toxins such as cadmium.
Bioanalytical Method Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for Determination of Rifampicin in Liver Perfusion Studies
Authors: Izat Nihan , Kaplan Ozan , Celebier Mustafa , Sahin Selma
Published: May 2020

Background:

The number of validated quantification methods for rifampicin, a prototypical Oatp inhibitor, in biological rat samples was limited.

Objective:

This study was conducted to validate a modified reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method for the determination of rifampicin in rat liver tissue according to the current ICH M10 Bioanalytical Method Validation Draft Guideline (2019) for application to samples of in situ rat liver perfusion studies.

Methods:

Liver tissue samples were obtained from recirculatory in situ rat liver perfusion studies. The
analysis was performed on a C18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M phosphate buffer
(pH 4.58): acetonitrile (55:45, v/v). The assay was validated for selectivity, calibration curve and
range, matrix effect, carry-over, accuracy and precision, reinjection reproducibility, and stability.

Results:

he method was considered selective and stable, without having carry-over and matrix effects.
The calibration curve was linear (R2: 0.9983) within the calibration range (0.5-60 ppm). Accuracy and
precision values fulfilled the required limits. Liver concentrations of rifampicin in liver tissue, obtained
after 60 min perfusion with 10 μM and 50 μM of rifampicin, were 45.1 ± 11.2 and 313.4 ± 84.4 μM,
respectively.

Conclusion:

The bioanalytical method validation was completed and the method was successfully applied for the determination of rifampicin in rat liver tissue.
Determination of Free Amino Acids in Banlangen Granule and its Fractions by Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Ion-pair Hig-h Perfor mance Liquid Chromatography using a Corona-charged Aerosol Detector (SPE-HPLC-CAD)
Authors: Qian Xiuyu , Nie Lixing , Dai Zhong , Ma Shuangcheng
Published: May 2020

Background:

Banlangen granules are broad-spectrum effective antiviral drugs, and have a
large clinical demand in China. Free amino acid is one of the main antiviral active ingredients of Banlangen
granules. The pre-processing of samples by the existing pre-column derivatization reversed-
HPLC method is complicated. Therefore, the determination of free amino acids (AAs) by underivatized
ion-pair HPLC-CAD is advantageous for simplifying the preparation process and improving sensitivity.

Objective:

To better optimize AAs analysis methods, here a sensitive SPE-HPLC-CAD method with a
better resolution was established for the determination of underivatized AAs in Banlangen Granule for
the first time.

Method:

The analytes were separated only by HPLC using a Hypercarb column with gradient elution of solvent A (20
mM nonafluorovaleric Acid in water) and solvent B (0.3% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile-0.3% trifluoroacetic acid
in water (1:9, v/v)) at a flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. N2 gas pressure and evaporation temperature of CAD were held at a
constant 58.6 psi and 60 ℃, respectively.

Results:

This method was linear over the respective concentration range of six amino acids. The precision, accuracy,
stability and recovery were satisfactory in all samples examined. And the method was successfully applied to
determination of free amino acids in Banlangen granules and its fractions. The total contents of six amino acids in 28
batches of Banlangen Granule were between 1.36 mg/g-11.62 mg/g.

Conclusion:

The proposed method could be a simple, accurate and sensitive alternative approach for the determination
of free AAs in Banlangen Granule.