bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Response and Self‐Generated Behaviour of Severely Disturbed Children and Severely Subnormal Controls
Authors: HERMELIN BEATE , O'CONNOR N.
Published: July 2011

Children admitted to an institution for severely subnormal patients and subsequently diagnosed as schizophrenic were compared with a group of children of the same age, sex and I.Q. in the same hospital, who were free from schizophrenic characteristics. The two groups showed a similar amount of exploration of and orientation towards stimuli. Though the experimental group gave the same amount of social response and approach behaviour as the controls, the former also tended to retreat from the experimenter at times. Significantly more children talked in the control than in the experimental group.

Activity of a non‐object orientated kind was more frequently observed in the psychotic children than in the controls. While the amount of orienting behaviour varied according to the various stimulus situations in both groups, activity which did not occur in response to external stimuli did not.
A Note on the Cultural Aspects of the WAIS Vocabulary Subtest in Relation to British Mental Patients
Authors: RAFI A. ABI
Published: July 2011

An attempt has been made to study Robertson and Batcheldor's rank order of difficulty of the WAIS vocabulary subtest on a fresh sample of British mental patients. The results give general support to their findings with minor divergences, particularly in relation to the items slice and perimeter. It is suggested that the present order of difficulty of items would be preferable to Wechsler's, especially when dealing with psychiatric subjects. Furthermore, it is more advantageous to apply this test in full when dealing with such cases rather than to follow Wechsler's ‘discontinue’ direction.
On the Dual Nature of Extraversion
Authors: EYSENCK S. B. G. , EYSENCK H. J.
Published: July 2011

A factorial study is reported of a 70‐item matrix containing extraversion‐introversion, neuroticism, and lie scale items; the correlations were obtained from a sample of 300 men and women, and questionnaire responses were also available from another similar sample of identical size for the purpose of confirming certain findings. The questions to be answered related (1) to the unitary nature of extraversion, and (2) to the independence of extraversion from adjustment. A third problem raised was the possibility that there might be two identifiable components of extraversion, sociability and impulsiveness; the study was designed to investigate the existence and relationship of these two traits. The results showed (1) that extraversion may be regarded as a unitary factor, depending somewhat on the definition of the term ‘unitary’ (a) that extraversion and adjustment are essentially independent; and (3) that sociability and impulsiveness do emerge as separate traits, correlating about 0–5 with each other in two independent samples. It was also found (4) that sociability has a slightly positive correlation with adjustment, whilst impulsiveness has a slight negative correlation.
A Method for Testing ‘Simulated’ Visual Field Defects
Authors: INGLIS JAMES , MACKAY H. A.
Published: July 2011

It was required to discover if a patient's complaint of blindness in the upper field of vision were simulated or not. The results of an attempt to investigate this problem by conditioning techniques proved ambiguous. A technique was devised which gave unequivocal results.
Early Experience and Behaviour Disorders in Severely Subnormal Children*
Authors: WOODWARD MARY
Published: July 2011

A previous study of the relation between early experience and subsequent social behaviour in severely subnormal children has been followed up with a similar study of 130 more advanced severely subnormal children living in hospital. Groups which were distinguished on the basis of the type of social response to the investigator differed significantly in other aspects of behaviour both in the individual situation and in the classroom. The type of social response shown by children in hospital was significantly related to the presence or absence of adverse factors in the home before admission and to the number of previous hospital admissions. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Perceptual Sensitivity and Defense in Amputee Children
Authors: CENTERS LOUISE , CENTERS RICHARD
Published: July 2011

In order to test the hypothesis that amputee children will exhibit more conflict and defensiveness in the form of delayed recognition of an amputee figure which resembles their own body image than will non‐amputee children, a tachistoscopic speed‐of‐recognition test was given to two groups of children. Amputee children manifested a significantly longer reaction time in recognizing any difference between two figures presented tachistoscopically, one of which had an arm missing. When they did recognize a difference, however, they more readily attributed it to a difference in the arms of the figures than did the non‐amputee children. The latter more frequently accounted for the difference in the figures by referring to other parts of the bodies or proposing that the figures were posed differently. The findings are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of greater defensiveness of the amputee child, with a difference in perceptual sensitivity or vigilance also being involved.
The Effects of Depressant and Stimulant Drugs on the Relationship between Reaction Time and Stimulus Light Intensity
Authors: COSTELLO C. G.
Published: July 2011

A paradoxical increase in RT with increase in visual stimulus intensity has been found by previous workers using schizophrenic Ss. Their results had been interpreted in terms of Pavlovian theory. It was predicted on the basis of Pavlovian theory and previous results with schizophrenic Ss that both 10 mg D‐amphetamine sulphate by increasing the normal Ss level of excitation and 194 mg sodium seconal by decreasing his level of excitation would result in the paradoxical increase in RT with an increase in stimulus intensity.

Five groups of eight Ss each were tested after administration of one of the following treatments: 10 mg D‐amphetamine sulphate; 194 mg sodium seconal; 800 mg meprobamate; placebo tablets; no drug. Their RTs to lights of eight intensities increasing from 16 ft candles to 1500 ft candles were determined. The predictions were not confirmed.

The sodium seconal, meprobamate and placebo groups produced RTs significantly different from those of the D‐amphetamine and no drug groups which did not differ in their mean RTs.

Implications of the results in terms of the difference between cortical and subcortical excitation are discussed.
A Comparison of Four Methods of Scoring an Attitude Scale in Relation to its Reliability and Validity
Authors: POPPLETON PAMELA K. , PILKINGTON G. W.
Published: July 2011

The responses of 120 subjects to two parallel versions of a religious attitude scale were scored by four different methods: Thurstone scoring; Likert scoring; scale‐product scoring; and scoring by weighted proportions. The effect of these methods on the reliability and validity of the scale was then compared.

Likert scoring and scoring by weighted proportions produced the highest reliability coefficients (0.95), and Thurstone scoring the lowest (0.85). Scale‐Product scoring resulted in a reliability coefficient of 0.88. Reasons are given for considering this method of scoring to be unsatisfactory.

The validity coefficients given by each of five criteria over the four different methods of scoring were found to be quite closely comparable, but generally scoring by weighted proportions yielded the highest validity coefficients. But the simpler Likert system did almost as well.
Salience of Attributes and Commitment to Extreme Judgments in the Perception of People
Authors: TAJFEL HENRI , WILKES A. L.
Published: July 2011

The investigation is concerned with the relation between the subjective importance of a personal attribute and the manner of judging other people in terms of that attribute. A prediction was made that in a task involving the rating of others in terms of a number of attributes, there will be a tendency to use relatively extreme judgments for attributes which are important to the person making the judgments. This hypothesis, derived from a background of general findings about quantitative judgment, was confirmed. It was tested in a situation in which the subjects were able to give fairly free descriptions of others. Some time after these descriptions were made, each subject rated photographs on rating scales based on his own use of various attributes. The salience of attributes (i.e. their relative priority and frequency of occurrence in free descriptions of others) was assumed to be an index of their importance to the subjects. This assumption was tested and validated in a separate experiment.
Cultural Comparisons of Boys' Occupational Aspirations
Authors: LAMBERT WALLACE E. , KLINEBERG OTTO
Published: July 2011

The occupational aspirations of samples of 6‐, 10‐ and 14‐year‐old boys from eleven cultural settings were compared. Certain aspirations were popularly mentioned in most cultures represented although several exceptions to this general trend were noted. Each boy's aspirations was compared to his father's actual occupation, and ‘filial‐aspiration’ indices were calculated, reflecting a tendency to aspire below, above or at the same social‐class level as that represented by the father's occupation. Reliable differences in the distribution of these indices were noted for culture and age variations. Filial‐aspiration indices were found to be significantly correlated with an independent measure of cultural attitudes toward achievement. The results are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that cultures vary in the freedom given children to modify established levels of the family's social standing and that filial‐aspiration indices reflect these cultural differences.
Attitude Changes Associated with Training in Human Relations
Authors: SMITH PETER B.
Published: July 2011

Members of training groups in human relations change their attitudes toward social behaviour in a way that members of other groups do not. Those trained showed a convergence toward median scores on scales measuring their attitudes toward power and close personal relationships. These attitudes were found to be related to perceptions of their actual behaviour by other group members. Perceptions of the behaviour of those scoring median on the attitude scales were generally consonant with current descriptions of 'effective' behaviour.
The Personality of Judges as a Factor in the Validity of Their Judgments of Extraversion‐Introversion
Authors: EYSENCK SYBIL B. G. , EYSENCK HANS J.
Published: July 2011

The questionnaire responses of nominated extraverts and introverts on the extraversion and neuroticism scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory were studied, in conjunction with the E and N scores of the judges, and their intelligence test scores. High validity of choice was observed, but no relationship found between personality or intelligence of the judges, and the excellence of their judgments.
Persuasiveness and Persuasibility as Related to Intelligence and Extraversion*
Authors: CARMENT D. W. , MILES C. G. , CERVIN V. B.
Published: July 2011

Each pair of subjects in this experiment was required to discuss a topic on which they initially disagreed. The persuasiveness of one over the other was defined as shorter latency of first statement, and larger amount of participation, and persuasibility as likelihood of opinion change. Predictions of outcome were made for three groups of subjects paired in the following manner: Group I, high intelligent‐extraverted vs high intelligent‐extraverted; Group 2, high intelligent‐extraverted vs high intelligent‐introverted; and Group 3, high intelligent‐extraverted vs low intelligent‐extraverted. Results indicated that more intelligent and extra‐verted subjects are more persuasive and less persuasible.
The Attitudes of Student Teachers to Education: A comparison with the attitudes of experienced teachers and a study of changes during the training course
Authors: BUTCHER H. J.
Published: July 2011

Attitude scales of naturalism, radicalism and tender‐mindedness in education were administered to a representative sample of 300 serving teachers and also to three groups of student teachers, including both students in Training Colleges and graduate students in a University Department of Education. Significant differences between serving teachers and student teachers in attitude were found on all three scales.

Changes in educational attitudes during the course of professional training were studied in respect of both the graduate students. Results suggested that changes in attitude resulting from training courses are reversed after experience of full‐time teaching.
Changes in Developmental Quotient under Two Conditions of Maternal Separation
Authors: SCHAFFER H. R.
Published: July 2011

Developmental scales were administered to two groups of infants during and subsequent to a temporary period of institutionalization. Although both groups experienced maternal separation, only one group was, in addition, subjected to deprivation, in that it received very much less stimulation than the other. Results from a longitudinal testing programme show that (i) the scores of the deprived group during the period of separation were significantly lower than those of the non‐deprived group, (ii) no progressive deterioration of scores took place in the course of institutionalization, (iii) immediately following return home, while the scores of the non‐deprived group remained constant, those of the deprived infants jumped to the level of the other group. Three theories regarding the mechanism underlying the association between deprivation and developmental retardation are examined and it is suggested that an explanation in motivational terms best fits the results obtained.
Effect of Punishment on Probability Learning in Schizophrenia*
Authors: SERMAT V. , GREENGLASS E. RUTH
Published: July 2011

In Experiment I, forty‐five schizophrenics and forty‐five normals were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: information, non‐social punishment and social punishment. A probability learning task with event ratio of 80:20 was employed. Punishment facilitated learning in schizophrenics but not in normals. Social and non‐social punishment did not produce significant differences in response frequencies, but response latencies and questionnaire data were interpreted as evidence that social punishment produced more conflict and discomfort in schizophrenics than did the other two conditions. In Experiment II, thirty‐nine schizophrenics were randomly assigned to information, reward and punishment conditions. For the first 100 trials, the event ratio was 80:20, after which it was reversed to 20:80. After the shift, Ss receiving punishment learned the new ratio significantly better than Ss in the reward and information conditions. The results suggest that punishment is more effective than reward or information alone with schizophrenics.
A Synonym Learning Test for Use with Elderly Psychiatric Subjects: A Validation Study*
Authors: KENDRICK D. C. , PARBOOSINGH ROSE‐CECILE , POST F.
Published: July 2011

The Walton‐Black Test has been adapted by the authors to ensure the standardization of its administration. This report deals with the validity of the new form of the test as assessed against psychiatric diagnosis, the Inglis' Paired Associate Learning Test and by factor analytic methods.
Proximity as a Determinant of Positive and Negative Sociometric Choice
Authors: WARR PETER B.
Published: July 2011

The results of a study of sociometric choice in a University mens' Hall of Residence are described. Additional support is provided for the previously reported generalization that physical proximity is a factor determining positive choice. It is further shown that, although proximity is a factor in the generation of such choices, choices are stable in that they persist when the chooser and the chosen subject are no longer in physical proximity. An analysis of negative choices is presented which shows that these are also related to physical proximity.
A Method for Observing Symptoms and Attitudes
Authors: INGHAM J. G.
Published: July 2011

A method is described for obtaining information about subjective symptoms and attitudes towards them. It was developed, for epidemiological purposes, from a procedure used by Shapiro in his personal questionnaire technique. Subjects are required to choose between pairs of statements representing different degrees of severity of each symptom. The new method can be used with any number of statements when the statements are ranked according to severity but their scale values are unknown.

Scales have been devised for assessing five symptoms and attitudes of sympathy towards others who have the same symptoms. Preliminary results with sixty‐six individuals show that the scales are satisfactory as regards consistency of response patterns and discriminatory power. They can be used for epidemiological studies.
Dimensions of Personality and Meaning
Authors: HALLWORTH H. J.
Published: July 2011

Research in the field of personality assessment has established two main dimensions, referred to as ‘emotional stability’ and ‘introversion’. Osgood's work with the semantic differential has established three dimensions of meaning: evaluation, activity and potency. Analyses of teachers' personality ratings of their pupils led to the hypothesis that these two sets of dimensions are part of the same universe. An experiment was devised to test this hypothesis within a specific social context: teachers made personality ratings and applied semantic differential scales to 200 secondary school boys. The measures were correlated, a principal components analysis was obtained, and the axes were rotated to the Varimax criterion. An examination of the Varimax factors showed that, in general, the hypothesis was substantiated.
Group Support, Satisfaction, and the Behaviour Profiles of Group Members*
Authors: McCLINTOCK CHARLES G.
Published: July 2011

The response profiles of individuals systematically supported and non‐supported by other group members are compared to determine the effects of social reinforcement upon behaviour. These profiles are in turn contrasted with those reported by Bales for groups in which members report high and low satisfaction with the group's performance, and also with the combined behaviour profiles of twenty‐four groups, the latter serving as a ‘normative group’. The comparisons indicate that individuals in the support and satisfaction conditions make more positive affect and directive responses than individuals in the normative, non‐supported and dissatisfied conditions, where as individuals in the non‐supported and dissatisfied conditions make more inquiries and negative affect responses than those in the other three conditions.
Social Reinforcement, Socialization, and Chronic Delinquency
Authors: SARBIN THEODORE R. , ALLEN VERNON L. , RUTHERFORD ELDRED E.
Published: July 2011

This study compared the performance of delinquent and non‐delinquent boys on an operant conditioning task in which social reinforcement was given. It was hypothesized that chronic delinquents would perform poorly in a social learning situation because of an inadequate social environment during the important early periods of life.

Both delinquents and non‐delinquents showed evidence of some learning on the task; difference between the groups was greatest in the first part of the conditioning session. Subjects who had high scores on a socialization scale—whether delinquents or non‐delinquents—showed more conditioning than Ss with low scores. Results were discussed in terms of the cue property and the reinforcement property of a social stimulus.
Some Psychological Factors in Religious Conversion
Authors: ROBERTS F. J.
Published: July 2011

A study was made of forty‐three theological students in order to define the factors which had affected their religious experience, in particular, their acquisition of belief. The influence of age, parental belief and family relationships, guilt, neuroticism and extraversion were considered.

Those whose conversion was sudden and towards the faith of their parents were found to have high scores on the MPI neuroticism scale.
The Relation between Personality, Mental Health and Academic Performance in University Students*
Authors: KELVIN R. P. , LUCAS C. J. , OJHA A. B.
Published: July 2011

This is one of a series of reports on the medical, psychological and social factors associated with mental illness or distress among university students. It is based on a sample of students followed through from their entry into college until they obtained their degrees or left. Here we report on the relation between personality, intelligence, psychological distress and ultimate academic performance.

The results show that psychological distress is fairly widespread in the student population. Psychometric tests may indicate the potential for distress in a student, but they do not predict its actual occurrence, its likely severity or its effect on academic performance. Such tests may help in the early detection and therefore more efficient management of distress; but as part of a selection procedure they would exclude many highly successful students without massively reducing wastage.
Anxiety among Acute Schizophrenics and Temporal Lobe Patients
Authors: COURT J. H.
Published: July 2011

EEG records of acute psychiatric patients obtained routinely on admission to hospital revealed a high percentage of temporal lobe abnormalities. The clinical signs were of behavioural disturbance rather than a tendency to fits.

Personality testing using Cattell's 16 PF test, showed them to be indistinguishable from acute schizophrenics (without EEG abnormality) and twenty patients with temporal lobe abnormality (none diagnosed as acute schizophrenics) confirmed that the disturbance is essentially similar and of comparable intensity. The most significant common feature was a high anxiety level.
Some Psychological Aspects of Inter‐Generation Occupational Mobility
Authors: STACEY B. G.
Published: July 2011

The existing evidence concerning the relationship between various psychological factors and inter‐generation occupational mobility is reviewed. The evidence is examined under the headings of: (i) the influence of the family, (ii) the role of intelligence, (iii) achievement motivation, (iv) deferral of gratification, (v) other factors.

here is a mass of evidence that the family plays an important role in the mobility process. A number of studies have shown that there are personality differences between occupationally mobile and static people. The review indicates that intelligence, achievement motivation and the deferred gratification pattern are all related to mobility. Other factors which may be significant are social skills, physical characteristics, physical attractiveness and physical, mental and social disabilities. The review also indicates several deficiencies in the research carried out to date.
Constancy and Difference in Personality Structure and Mean Profile, in the Questionnaire Medium, from Applying the 16 P.F. Test in America and Japan
Authors: TSUJIOKA BIEN , CATTELL RAYMOND B.
Published: July 2011

A factor analysis of 32 variables constituted by scales in Forms A and B of the 16 P.F. on 117 American and 300 Japanese male undergraduates yielded highly congruent structures. Differences were no greater than for two American samples, suggesting that these personality source traits have high universality. On factor levels, however, very significant differences were found, explicable partly in terms of the Japanese being more introvert
A Cross‐Cultural Comparison of Parent‐Child Relationships in the United States and West Germany*
Authors: RABBIE JACOB M.
Published: July 2011

In view of conflicting reports on the alleged autocratic structure of the German family as contrasted with the alleged equalitarian structure of the American family, two matched samples of forty‐four American and forty‐four German high‐school graduates, all participants in a foreign exchange programme, were questioned about parent‐child relationships in their own country.

American parents were reported to be less strict and to give their children more autonomy than German parents, who also tended to use more punitive child‐rearing methods. In both nations the father is viewed as the main disciplinarian, while the mother is described as being more affectionate. The German father appears to be stricter with his children than his American counterpart, while the American mothers exert more achievement pressure than German mothers. In general, the parental role of father and mother is more differentiated in Germany than in the United States.

The author wishes to thank the officials and students of the American Field Service whose co‐operation made this research possible. He is also indebted to Mrs S. Soutendijk, J. Quint, J. Hörst and Miss I. Sixma who assisted in all parts of the investigation., Manuscript received 21 August 1964, Revised manuscript received 15 November 1964
Differences in Accuracy of Public and Private Judgments
Authors: TAYLOR RICHARD L.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the present study was to compare accuracy of judgmental behaviour when Ss responded before an audience of attentive but non‐communicating peers, which was regarded as a condition of incidental group pressure, and when they responded alone. In a sample of twenty‐five college students a highly significant increase in accuracy of response was found for both verbal and drawn estimates of the length of a line when there was incidental group pressure. It was suggested that incidental group pressure functions as a preliminary stage of communication.
The Role of Expectancy and Communication Content in Indirect Person Perception
Authors: Wsarr Peter B. , Knapper Chris
Published: July 2011

Two experiments are reported in which the role of expectancy in person perception is investigated. It is shown that measures of expectancy about an individual are significantly related to the way in which that individual is perceived. The experiments are concerned with perceptions mediated by newspaper reports which have appeared in the English national press. The importance of the mediating communication in indirect perception is shown by the finding that different communications which report the same behaviour generate significantly different perceptions of that behaviour. Some practical and conceptual implications of these results are discussed.
Social Class and Construct Systems: An Examination of the Cognitive Structure of Two Social Class Groups
Authors: WARREN NEIL
Published: July 2011

Bernstein contends that differences in linguistic coding are associated with social class groupings, and primary among consequences claimed for differential linguistic coding are differences in the organization of cognitive processes. The reported investigation attempted to examine the cognitive aspects of Bernstein's theory.

A modification of Kelly's repertory grid technique and the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale were administered to groups of middle and working class subjects, very similar in composition to those employed by Bernstein in his own empirical work. Three structural measures of cognitive processes were extracted from the repertory grid data, and an interesting incidental finding of class differences in the use of the construct ‘unusual’ is also reported. The results are discussed and various conclusions are drawn. It was considered that a measure of support had been provided for certain aspects of Bernstein's theory, with a possibility of further support awaiting clarification of one of the cognitive measures.
A note on the investigation of the MPI with different occupational groups in India
Authors: RAO SHARADAMBA
Published: July 2011

The Maudsley Personality Inventory was administered to six samples of randomly chosen Indian students studying different subjects like Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Agriculture, to investigate whether distinct personality tendencies are exhibited in students with different educational and professional interests. Further the MPI was administered to four professional groups—clerks, engineers, nurses and teachers. The age range of the students was 20–25 years and that of the occupational groups was 25–35 years. The individual members of each sample had more or less the same socio‐economic level, the index of socioeconomic status being the monthly income. Only the engineers belonged to a comparatively higher socio‐economic status.

Table I indicates the mean scores and standard deviations on the E and N scales of the various Indian samples as compared with the English norms. Table 2 indicates the major differences of the Indian clerical and student samples as contrasted with the engineer sample.
Introversion‐extraversion and the verbal conditioning and generalization of meaning responses to nonsense syllables in normal and alcoholic subjects*
Authors: FRANKS CYRIL M. , MANTELL DAVID
Published: July 2011

No adequate studies have extended Eysenck's theories to the area of classical verbal conditioning. Eyeblink, GSR and operant verbal conditioning studies have yielded equivocal results. In the present study Osgood's semantic differential technique was employed to establish classical conditioning and generalization of meaning responses to contiguously presented nonsense syllables. Neither conditioning nor generalization measures were consistently related either to extraversion or neuroticism as measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Alcoholics conditioned as well as normals. Verbal fluency, intelligence and vocabulary measures were also unrelated either to conditioning or personality measures in any systematic fashion. The implications of this study are discussed briefly with respect to (1) the investigation of the relationships between conditioning and personality variables; (2) the premature incorporation of any presumed relationships between verbal conditioning and personality into any comprehensive theory of behaviour or behaviour modification.
Individual Differences in Solution Time in Error‐Free Problem Solving
Authors: FARLEY F. H.
Published: July 2011

To investigate individual differences in the basic cognitive component of solution‐time in errorless problem‐solving, 30 subjects were given 21 Thurstone‐type letter‐series items to solve under stressed administration, and mean log speed scores of correct solutions were computed. Three groups of 10 subjects each were constructed on the basis of Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) extraversion scores, and their speed scores were compared. These groups were then reconstituted into three groups of 10 subjects each on the basis of MPI neuroticism (N) scores, and the speed scores of these groups were compared.

It was found that extraverts were significantly faster than introverts and ambiverts.

A curvilinear relationship between neuroticism and solution‐time was suggested, with the mid N subjects performing significantly faster than the combined low N and high N subjects The low N and high N subjects did not differ significantly from each other.

The results could not be attributed to differences in age, verbal (vocabulary) intelligence, or sex.
‘Social Desirability‘ and ‘Anxiety’ Variables in Three Measures of Anxiety
Authors: MUKHERJEE BISHWA NATH
Published: July 2011

The problem under investigation concerned relationship between three measures of anxiety: the Taylor MAS, the Freeman Manifest Anxiety Test, and the Martin Checklist of Personal Troubles. The correlation of each of these scales with Marlowe–Crowne SD Scale was also determined in order to test the hypothesis that the correlation will be significantly lower for the Freeman Test than for the Martin Checklist. The results support the above hypothesis and indicate that inference from one scale cannot be generalised to the other when anxiety is the relevant variable.
The Attitudes of Students towards International Affairs
Authors: MORRISON A. , McINTYRE D.
Published: July 2011

Graduate students rated sixteen concepts concerning the countries, political leaders and real or assumed policies of the East‐West blocs on seven evaluative scales of the semantic differential. From each student a pooled rating from the scales was obtained for each of the concepts. Correlations were run between the sets of concept ratings and the resulting matrix analysed by the method of principal components. Three interpretable factors were extracted, accounting for 50 per cent of the total variance. The first two factors may be interpreted respectively as evaluations of the countries and political leaders of the Western and Eastern blocs. Furthermore, they show that attitudes to East‐West are orthogonal, and not opposed. The third factor appears to contrast practical policies with more general social and political ideals. Results are discussed in relation to commonly reported findings of dimensions of Radicalism‐Conservatism and Tough‐Tendermindedness in previous studies of social and political attitudes.
Birth Order and Age at Marriage*
Authors: MURDOCH PETER H. J.
Published: July 2011

Two experiments are reported which were based on Schachter's (1959) work on birth order and affiliation in an anxiety provoking situation. Assuming first borns (1) are more dependent than later borns and (2) have learned, more than later borns, that being with others in an anxiety provoking situation reduces their anxiety, it was predicted that first borns would tend to marry earlier than later borns. Ninety‐three faculty members provided questionnaire data for the male and female sample. The mean marriage‐age of first born males was lower than that of the later born males (p < 0.03). There was no significant relationship between birth order and marriage‐age for females. The second experiment was conducted to clarify the unanticipated male‐female difference found in the first experiment. It was argued that even though first born females may not actually marry earlier than later borns, unmarried female first borns would say they wanted to get married earlier than later borns. Seventy‐one unmarried female students were asked to state the best age for them to get married. The mean best‐marriage‐age for first born females was lower than that for later born females (p < 0.001).
Machiavellianism and Decisions Involving Risk
Authors: RIM Y.
Published: July 2011

Previous experiments have shown that group decisions are more risky than individual decisions. ‘The best lead’, according to Marquis (1962), ‘is that the members whose initial decisions were the more risky are disproportionately influential.’ The present paper investigates the influence of Machiavellianism on decisions involving risk of both individuals and groups. It seems that subjects scoring high on the Mach IV Scale tend to take higher risk decisions as individuals, and are influential in group discussions, bringing about group decisions which signify a shift in the direction of increased risk.
The Significance of Decided and Query Answers to Lie‐Items in a Personality Questionnaire
Authors: WILDE G. J. S.
Published: July 2011

Query answers to several of the lie‐items in a neuroticism inventory show a relatively high discriminatory power when compared with that of the yes‐ and no‐answers to the same items. It is suggested that lie‐scales deserve a more independent rôle in personality measurement than that of mere suppressors. Lie‐scores, conceptualized as a measure of a self‐defensive versus a self‐critical attitude, may be related to rigidity and intolerance of ambiguity. To verify the rationale of lie‐items an investigation is reported in which it is shown that there is a negative correlation between the discriminatory power of yes‐ and no‐answers to lie‐items on the one hand and interpersonal variation in desirability judgments of these items on the other. In two independent investigations it was shown that the discriminatory power of query answers to lie‐items is positively related to the interpersonal variation of desirability judgments of the same items.
An Illustration of the Use of Repertory Grid Technique in a Clinical Setting
Authors: FRANSELLA FAY , ADAMS B.
Published: July 2011

A modification of repertory grid technique has been used to study a man who had committed several acts of arson. Six grids of different types were given showing its flexibility and, within the limits of the sample of constructs used, that the technique has internal, predictive and content validity and indications of an acceptable level of test‐retest reliability. These generalizations are true in spite of element changes but only so long as the elements are within the range of convenience of the constructs. Its possible uses include the testing of hypotheses derived from explanations of the behaviour of the individual patient, a method of tracing conceptual changes in the patient resulting from psychotherapy and a possible basis for the development of a measure of prognosis.
Sedation Threshold, Spiral After‐effect and Overinclusion
Authors: CLARIDGE G. S. , WAWMAN R. J. , DAVIES M. H. , BURNS B. H.
Published: July 2011

A previously demonstrated reversal of correlation between spiral after‐effect and sedation threshold in psychosis was confirmed, psychotics ranging in performance on these tests from High ST/Low SAE to Low ST/High SAE. Progression along this continuum was accompanied by a progressive change in the degree and kind of thought disorder present, as assessed by an object sorting test of conceptual thinking. Psychotics with high sedation thresholds produced a greater number of incorrect sortings than those with low thresholds. A negative correlation was also found between spiral after‐effect and overinclusive thinking. Some of the relationships between sorting test response and sedation threshold/spiral after‐effect performance were found to hold, not only in psychotics, but also in neurotic and normal individuals.
A Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: BANNISTER D. , FRANSELLA FAY
Published: July 2011

In two previous studies (Bannister, 1960 and 1962) thought disordered schizophrenics were discriminated from normals and other psychiatric groups (including non‐thought disordered schizophrenics) by forms of the repertory grid test. The primary characteristics of thought disordered schizophrenics, in terms of such tests, appear to be their failure to manifest substantial intercorrelations between constructs and their inability to maintain in a second grid the specific pattern of intercorrelations found in the first. In Construct Theory terms (Kelly, 1955; Bannister, 1962a) schizophrenics are limited to an overly loose and inconsistent subsystem for construing people, in conventional terms their ideas about people are both poorly related and unstable.

The forms of repertory grid test used in the two previous studies are not suitable for clinical purposes in that they are cumbersome and lacking in normative data. The purpose of the present study was to produce a clinically economic and adequately standardised grid test for detecting the presence of schizophrenic thought disorder.
The Relative Importance of Verbal and Visual Information in Indirect Person Perception
Authors: WARR PETER B. , KNAPPER CHRIS
Published: July 2011

It is argued that many cases of person perception are indirect, in that they are mediated by information provided by other persons. Several examples of indirect perception mediated by newspaper communications were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment the results of adding different types of visual information to a standard news item were investigated, and it is shown that the addition of a photograph to a verbal description can significantly alter subjects' perceptions of a stimulus person. In the second experiment a more sophisticated technique for comparing the perceptions generated by verbal and visual information was used. Verbal information was found to be of greater importance than visual material. Methods are discussed whereby the information transmitted by different communications can be assessed. These are based on the notion that information content is inversely related to predictability, which can be measured by correlational procedures.
On Not Being Able to Aggress*
Authors: BERKOWITZ LEONARD
Published: July 2011

An experiment was conducted with male college students in order to demonstrate the importance of cues in eliciting aggressive behaviour from angered persons. Most of the subjects were deliberately provoked by giving them an excessive number of electric shocks which supposedly were administered by a peer in a nearby room. Those subjects who had previously been led to believe they would have an opportunity to retaliate against the anger instigator but who, subsequently, were not able to do so, later displayed the greatest volume of aggression when all subjects were given an opportunity to attack the anger instigator. It is suggested that the anticipation of the first aggressive opportunity had provided symbolic cues activating an implicit aggressive response sequence which was then frustrated by the failure to attack the anger instigator. This thwarting had presumably strengthened the instigation to aggression.
The Effect of Context on Schizophrenic Speech
Authors: WILLIAMS MOYRA
Published: July 2011

Four experiments are described in which schizophrenic patients were asked to complete verbal passages varying in length and in verbal constraints. Their performance was compared with that of controls under normal conditions and under time‐pressure.

The performance of the schizophrenic patients was in some ways similar to that of the controls under time‐pressure; both groups tended to associate to the first words of the sequences presented rather than following the given verbal constraints.

It is suggested that the difference between schizophrenic and normal behaviour in the completion of verbal passages is mainly due to the speed with which incoming auditory stimuli are dealt with.
Knowledge of Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits
Authors: SPELMAN M. S. , LEY P.
Published: July 2011

The smoking habits of 164 volunteer subjects were related to their knowledge of lung cancer. Non‐smokers and light smokers did not differ in their knowledge. Heavy smokers, however, erred significantly more than non‐smokers in being over‐optimistic about the outcome of lung cancer. The relevance of these findings to present propaganda methods against cigarette smoking is discussed.
An Exploratory Study of Body‐Accessibility1
Authors: JOURARD SIDNEY M.
Published: July 2011

A body‐accessibility questionnaire was submitted to 168 male and 140 female unmarried college students. The aim was to determine the extent to which college students permit their parents and closest friends of each sex to see and touch their bodies, and the extent to which they have seen and touched the bodies of these ‘target‐persons’. The bodies of the Ss and of the target‐persons were reportedly more visually than tactually accessible. The greatest range of tactual interchange occurred between the Ss and their closest friends of the opposite sex. Significant relationships were found between the measures of seeing another's body and being seen by that person, and between touching the other's body, and being touched by him. The male Ss touched fewer regions of their mothers' bodies than were touched by their mothers, and they were not touched by their mothers on as many regions as the females were. The females exchanged physical contact on more areas of the body with their fathers than did the males. There was also significant correlation among the measures of contact with each of the target‐persons under consideration, suggesting that body‐accessibility is a personality trait. Protestant and Catholic females reported being touched by their boy friends on more body regions than did Jewish females. Ss who rated themselves as plain or unattractive reported being touched on less of their body surface than did Ss who rated themselves as average or attractive in appearance. There was much variability in body‐accessibility associated with region of the body, and both sexes showed similarity in the regions which were most, and which were least accessible to the touch of others.
The Effect of Age and Personality on Doctors' Clinical Preferences
Authors: WALTON H. J. , HOPE KEITH
Published: July 2011

General practitioners attending post‐graduate courses from various parts of Britain were studied. Two personality tests were used, the Complexity and the Thinking‐introversion scales. The doctors also completed a questionnaire evaluating their preferred method of approach to their patients' psychological disorders. An earlier analysis had shown that doctors' general tendency to either a physical or to a psychological bias was associated with their degree of reflectiveness, as measured by the Thinking‐introversion scale. The present analysis explored whether that factor, and also a second trait, the need for closure under conditions of uncertainty, influenced the clinical preferences of the doctors; the effect of ageing on style of practice was also studied.
Some Psychological Changes Associated with Improvement in Depression
Authors: MAYO P. R.
Published: July 2011

Twenty‐four mixed psychotic and neurotic depressive in‐patients were seen when first admitted, and again after six weeks when they had improved. Symptom‐Sign Inventory Measures changed significantly, and General Punitiveness and Intropunitiveness both dropped. The Hysteroid‐Obsessoid Questionnaire showed no change. A preliminary attempt to predict the likely degree of improvement of a patient is reported.
A Survey of the Idealized Self Images of Voters as Measured by a Projective Technique
Authors: GREEN R. T. , STACEY B. G.
Published: July 2011

A projective technique based on a set of photographs is described as used to measure the idealized self images of four groups of male voters; Conservative and Labour, each subdivided into working‐ and middle‐class groups. Actual voting behaviour serves as an external validating criterion. Besides meeting this criterion, the technique is shown to be reliable, objective, flexible, and convenient to administer under survey conditions. Of the eight personality dimensions explored relative to the self images, four fail to reveal any differences between the groups. Nearly everyone would like to see themselves as determined and confident, intelligent, independent, and to a lesser extent as other than quick tempered. The following differences did emerge: Middle‐class Labour supporters prefer to see themselves as less ambitious and enterprising, more generous and sympathetic, and more idealistic than the other three groups, while middle‐class Conservatives are inclined to see themselves as less generous and sympathetic, less idealistic and more anxious and cautious than the other three groups. None of the dimensions investigated helps to distinguish between the two working‐class groups, although there is some evidence that the working‐class Conservative suffers from the conflict between his class and party affiliations and is somewhat ambivalent on this account.