bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect ofMeasurement Method and Wet Sieving Time on Index of Soil Aggregate Stability
Authors: Baskoro Dwi Putro Tejo , Manurung Henry D.
Published: October 2019

Aggregate stability is one of the important factors to be taken into account in controlling soil degradation. It influences soil ability to resist soil erosion. Therefore, it is necessary to have accurate measurement of aggregate stability that able to express well its resistance to dispersion. In this study, aggregate stability of various soil types were measured using different wet sieving time and aggregate size. Latosol Sindangbarang showed the highest aggregate stability index (ASI), followed by Podsolik Jasinga, Andosol Sukamantri, Lalosol Darmaga, and Regosol Sindangbarang Wei sieving time significantly affected AS!. The ASI decreased as wet sieving time increased The result also showed that different methods result in significantly different stability index. The method that used smaller size aggregates (< 2.83 mm) results in about 3 to 4 times higher stability index.
Effect of Placement Method of Crop Residue and Irrigation on Soil Physical Properties and Plant Production
Authors: Baskoro Dwl Putro Tejo
Published: October 2019

A proper management of crop residue can increase crop production since it plays an important role on increasingwater availability. The effect of crop residue application on soil productivity depends on many factors. In this research. theeffect of placement of crop residue and irrigation on soil physical properties and crop production were examined under field condition on dry season. The result showed that crop residue placement had no significant effect on all parameters of measured soil physical properties both under dry condition (no irrigation) and wet condition (with irrigation). The effects ofcrop residue placements on maize growth were also not significant. Nevertheless there was a tendency that surface application produced higher biomass than buried application. On grain yield, however. the effect of crop residue placement was significant. especially under dry condition with no water applied Surface application of crop residues produced higher grain yield than buried application.
Exploration of Methanol Utilizing Microbes From Soil and Dung, as Source of Single Cell Protein
Authors: Hazra Fahrizal
Published: October 2019

The objectives of this research were to explore methanol utilizing microbes by isolation. selection and collection ofmethanol utilizing microbes from soil and dung. further it will be produced as single cell protein.The experiment covers two steps. i.e. I) Sampling of soil and dungfrom Bogor. Cianjur and Karawang. 2) Laboratoryactivity. consisted of: isolation. selection. identification and collection. The microbes were isolated by using the medium ofTani. et al (/982) and its modification. whereas the methanol utilizing microbes were identified by using standard method ofBergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology edition Ijh (/994) and Balow et al. (/99 I). The microbes were then proliferatedby using Medium of Mimura et al. (1978) and its modification. Furthermore the cell were harvested and measured itsnitrogen content. The collection of methanol utilizing microbes was conducted with the standard procedure of soilmicrobiology.This research indicated that from 72 samples of soil and dung were obtained 56 isolates of methanol utilizing microbesthat diverse in number and types. Most of methanol utili:ing microbes were isolated from soil and dung by methanol medium 1% and /.5 % in pH 5 and 7. From 56 isolates were chosen 12 isolates to be identified and made as a data base. and then upt as culture collection at Indonesian Center for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB). Laboratory of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology PPLH. and Laboratory of Soil Biology. IPB. From the 12 isolates. 2 isolates were classified into methylotrophic group and they have big potency to be exploited in producing single cell protein. i.e. MelhylococCJIS capsulatus and Acidomonas methanolica. Between 2 isolates. Methylococcus capsulatus (T2M 1 P 1 Cianjur) have a big potency to be used as a source of single cell protein. due to their high content of protein. i.e. 6.4%. Both of the microbes were not pathogenic for human and animal.
Perspectivas Metodológicas para a Educação Matemática a Distância
Authors: Costa Junior José Mário , Freitas Rony Cláudio de Oliveira
Published: October 2019

Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar as ações e metodologias utilizadas no planejamento de uma disciplina de matemática de um curso superior oferecido a distância, tendo como referencial uma abordagem metodológica dialógica e investigativa. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso, envolvendo a observação de duas salas virtuais da disciplina Matemática I do curso de Licenciatura em Informática, oferecido pelo Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo, e entrevista semiestruturada com a professora responsável pela elaboração e condução do componente curricular. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo. Os dados mostram que o planejamento da disciplina de Matemática na modalidade a distância se baseou na transposição de práticas normalmente utilizadas no ambiente escolar tradicional, priorizando a exposição de conteúdos em detrimento de ações dialógicas e investigativas. Esperamos contribuir no diálogo sobre formas de empregar na EaD estratégias de ensino que priorizem a investigação e a resolução de problemas, uma vez que os resultados apontam para a necessidade de formação docente sobre esses temas. Palavras-chave: Educação Matemática.  Educação a Distância. Resolução de Problemas.
Expectativas de professores quanto a inclusão do livro didático digital na sala de aula do ensino médio
Authors: Dutra Alexander
Published: October 2019

A popularização do uso de tablets tem levado gestores educacionais e editora a considerarem a conversão dos livros didáticos impressos em versões digitais. Uma mudança dessa natureza pode impactar o contexto de ensino e aprendizagem na escola, tendo em vista o papel significativo que o livro didático possui no contexto brasileiro. Nessa perspectiva, qual é a visão que os professores quanto a inclusão do livro didático digital na sala de aula? Essa foi a questão de investigação que motivou o estudo exploratório feito com professores do ensino médio de uma rede educacional brasileira. A análise qualitativa dos dados obtidos através de um questionário, permitiu perceber a receptividade dos professores a esta possibilidade tendo em vista a possibilidade de maior aproximação do contexto tecnológico dos estudantes, bem como a integração de diferentes recursos midiáticos. Por outro, ressalta-se a expectativa quanto à possíveis mudanças metodológicas para fazer frente ao desafio de uso de TIC no ambiente escolar o que demanda treinamento de professores e conscientização dos alunos.
Improving Student Vocabulary Mastery Through The Pictionary Words Game in Fifth Grade of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Tarbiyatul Athfal Sumurber
Authors: Tahmit Mohammad , Nastiti Novatrisna Dwi
Published: October 2019

This study aims to improve the ability of vocabulary in english through the implementation of pictionary words game in elementary school. Basically learning in the classroom must be done in a fun, but the teacher still do not know what techniques are able to attract student learning interest. In addition pictionary words game is also able to make all students active during the learning process. The author conducted a series of processes to identify problems that are happening. From interviews and observationS it can be concluded that the pictionary words game is quite effective in helping students remember vocabularies in English language
Influência do setor agropecuário no desenvolvimento econômico e social dos municípios do estado de Mato Grosso/Brasil
Authors: Toloi Marley Nunes Vituri , Toloi Rodrigo Carlo , Bonilla Silvia Helena , Silva Helton Raimundo Oliveira , Reinert José Nilson
Published: October 2019

O crescimento demográfico e o aumento da demanda por produtos alimentícios e energia, tornou necessária a intensificação da produção agropecuária, visando buscar melhor competitividade global dessa cadeia de suprimentos alimentar, fomentando os demais setores da economia. Diante da pujança desse setor econômico do país, o Estado brasileiro com maior destaque para a produção agropecuária é o Mato Grosso, principal produtor brasileiro de commoditties, tanto de grãos como o setor de carne (pecuária). Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise para verificar a correlação do PIB agropecuário de cada município com os índices de desenvolvimento socioeconômico IFDM do ano de 2015. Para este propósito, utilizou-se o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS® , realizando-se análise de correlação para identificar e medir a relação entre as variáveis. Os resultados mostram correlação positiva entre todos os indicadores. No entanto, foi observada forte correlação entre o PIB Agropecuario e o PIB Per capita, bem como com o IFDM Emprego e Renda.
Pathogenicity of field and laboratorygrown inoculum of Neonectria galligena on potted apple trees
Authors: Scheper R.W.A. , Fisher B.M. , Wood P.N.
Published: October 2019

European canker caused by Neonectria galligena is an important disease of apple trees worldwide In this study methods were developed for conidium production in culture and for testing the pathogenicity of N galligena Conidia produced in culture were one or twocelled while conidia collected from cankers were multicelled Isolate ICMP9472 produced enough conidia in culture to produce inoculum (210 5 conidia/ml) to test the pathogenicity in comparison with that of conidia harvested from apple cankers from Motueka (field inoculum) and a twodayold suspension of conidia from Motueka apple cankers on potted Royal Gala trees in a glasshouse under continual misting The germination rates of the three inocula were similar (5079) Two months after inoculation all inoculated wounds were infected regardless of inoculum source However cankers caused by field inoculum (fresh and two dayold) were significantly larger (average 108 mm and 106 mm respectively) than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 (51 mm) Six months after inoculation cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly larger than those caused by 2dayold inoculum which were significantly larger than those caused by isolate ICMP9472 In addition cankers caused by fresh field inoculum were significantly more active than those caused by older field inoculum or isolate ICMP9472
Southern ladybird (Cleobora mellyi) is now well established in New Zealand
Authors: Berndt L.A. , Withers T.M. , Gresham B.A.
Published: October 2019

The southern ladybird Cleobora mellyi (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) is a biological control agent of Eucalyptus and Acacia pests such as Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) in Tasmania Cleobora mellyi was introduced to New Zealand from Australia in the 1970s and 1980s in the hope that it would help control the Eucalyptus tortoise beetle Paropsis charybdis (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) However establishment was successful at only one site in the Marlborough Sounds Since that time additional psyllid species have established on eucalypts and acacia providing a needed alternative food source for C mellyi Further releases were made in 2005 and 2007 and 17 of the 21 release sites were reassessed in the summer of 2009/10 Established populations were found at eight of the sites checked across the upper North Island and in Southland Cleobora mellyi is therefore now established in Northland Auckland Coromandel Waikato Bay of Plenty and Southland as well as the Marlborough Sounds site Paropsis charybdis appears to be an alternative as opposed to primary food source for C mellyi so this predator is unlikely to exert control over P charybdis as originally hoped It remains to be determined whether C mellyi will be beneficial in controlling psyllids or the chrysomelid pest Dicranosterna semipunctata on A melanoxylon
Can insect body pollen counts be used to estimate pollen deposition on pak choi stigmas
Authors: Howlett B.G. , Walker M.K. , Rader R. , Butler R.C. , Newstrom-Lloyd L.E. , Teulon D.A.J.
Published: October 2019

Measuring pollen deposition onto stigmas by insects is one technique used to assess pollinator effectiveness but it can be unpredictable and timeconsuming as insects must visit test flowers This study examined whether a measurement of pollen grains from flowervisiting insects could be used to predict pollen deposited on stigmas Individuals were collected from four bee and six fly species as they visited pak choi flowers in commercial and trial seed fields to assess their body pollen Pollen was removed from insects by pressing their bodies (excluding activelycollected pollen on bees hind legs) with a cube of gelatinefuchsin In this study there appears to be a strong correlation between mean estimated pollen counts for each insect species and previously published data recording mean number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas for the same species Therefore the measurement of pollen grains directly from flowervisiting insects shows potential as a quicker and easier technique to assess pollinator effectiveness as insects can be directly collected from flowers
The current status of Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) as a pest in the North Island of New Zealand
Authors: Popay A.J. , McNeill M.R. , Goldson S.L. , Ferguson C.M.
Published: October 2019

Recent sampling in Waikato and Taranaki shows that Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) can still cause major damage to susceptible ryegrass pastures despite the introduction of the parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae in 1991 Percentage of tillers with L bonariensis larval damage in diploid and tetraploid perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in January and February were between 11 and 68 High egg numbers were noted on occasion Although there is evidence that M hyperodae reduces host populations parasitism levels vary considerably between years in Canterbury and are low in Otago and Southland where high populations of L bonariensis have recently been recorded Factors that may be lessening the impact of M hyperodae are considered These include asynchronous generations of the parasitoid and its host host behavioural adaptations compensatory oviposition and inhibition of flight in parasitised individuals leading to low levels of parasitism in new pastures
Recent developments with methyl isonicotinate a semiochemical used in thrips pest management
Authors: Teulon D.A.J. , Davidson M.M. , Perry N.B. , Nielsen M-C. , Van_Tol R.W.H.M. , Kogel W.J. de
Published: October 2019

Methyl isonicotinate is one of several recently discovered and patented semiochemicals used in thrips pest management Methyl isonicotinate is the current active ingredient of LUREMTR (Koppert Biological Systems) and FROC and THSP (PHEROBANK) These lures are mostly used in Europe but there are plans for the release of these or similar products in Australasia in the near future Field and glasshouse trapping experiments and wind tunnel and Ytube olfactometer studies in several countries have shown that methyl isonicotinate has activity against at least 10 thrips species including several important pest species not found in New Zealand Methyl isonicotinate in LUREMTR FROC and THSP is primarily used as a lure with coloured sticky traps for enhanced monitoring of thrips in greenhouses Recent research indicates that methyl isonicotinate has the potential to be used for other thrips management strategies such as mass trapping lure and kill lure and infect and as a behavioural synergist in conjunction with insecticides in a range of indoor and outdoor crops
Plantback safety of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris) following the application of tribenuronmethyl
Authors: Dowsett C. , James T.K. , Rahman A.
Published: October 2019

Tribenuronmethyl is a sulfonylurea herbicide for control of certain broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and prior to conservation tillage Safe plantback periods for this herbicide are expected to be shorter in acid soils compared to neutral or alkaline soils due to a faster rate of degradation at low pH levels This research was conducted to determine the safe plantback period for fodder beet following use of tribenuronmethyl in New Zealand soils Two similar sedimentary soils from Hawkes Bay were used in this glasshouse study one with a pH of 70 and the other with a pH of 55 Residual activity of the herbicide was measured by bioassay using fodder beet as the test species The plantback times were 14 28 42 or 56 days after spraying Assessments included number of plants emerged plant vigour scores and dry matter weights 8 weeks after planting The results showed that in the low pH soil a plantback period of 14 days is sufficient although the best growth and vigour was noted if planting was carried out 28 days after spraying In the high pH soil even the longest period of 56 days tested in this study was not safe for planting of fodder beet
Investigation into the entry pathway for tomato potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli
Authors: Thomas K.L. , Jones D.C. , Kumarasinghe L.B. , Richmond J.E. , Gill G.S.C. , Bullians M.S.
Published: October 2019

The tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera Triozidae) was first notified to the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) in May 2006 although it has been suggested by several authors to have been present in New Zealand in 2005 MAF undertook an entry pathway analysis during the initial investigation into TPP in 2006 TPP is a vector of the bacteriumlike pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (liberibacter) and MAF further analysed the entry pathway of TPP during the liberibacter incursion response in 2008 This paper summarises the data and reasoning behind the conclusion that TPP was most plausibly introduced to New Zealand as a result of smuggling rather than through slippage on regulated pathways
Spray droplet impaction models and their use within AGDISP software to predict retention
Authors: Forster W.A. , Mercer G.N. , Schou W.C.
Published: October 2019

The retention and distribution of spray droplets within the plant canopy have a crucial effect on the biological efficacy of pesticides To maximise spray retention droplets that impact a leaf must remain on the plant Three outcomes are possible when a droplet impacts a leaf surface adhesion bounce or shatter Those droplets that bounce or shatter can continue their journey through the canopy depositing at lower levels in the canopy or on the ground Mathematical models based on the physical processes involved in the bounce/ adhesion and shatter of droplets have been developed improved and described These processbased retention models have recently been implemented within an experimental build of the spray application simulation software AGDISP This has allowed differences in total spray retention to plants due to the spray formulation used or vegetative species studied to be predicted This paper discusses these new tools illustrates the effect different spray formulations and application parameters have on predicted retention and compares model predictions with measured retention
Mapping the abundance and distribution of Bactericera cockerelli in Hawkes Bay
Authors: Taylor N.M. , Van_den_Dijssel C.W. , Davidson M.M.
Published: October 2019

Since its discovery in New Zealand in 2006 the tomato/potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli and its associated pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum have caused serious yield losses and significantly increased management costs to cultivated solanaceous crops Hawkes Bay New Zealand is a major growing region for outdoor tomato crops and is also an area that experiences high TPP numbers This project aims to map TPP distributions in Hawkes Bay using geographical information systems (GIS) a tool useful for displaying where significant pest populations have occurred Between the years 2008 and 2012 TPP was monitored using standard yellow sticky traps and plant monitoring by a major processing company in commercial tomato crops in Hawkes Bay TPP abundance and distribution data were imported into a GIS software package and will then be linked to corresponding mapped sites throughout Hastings Havelock North and Napier (Hawkes Bay) This information may assist tomato and potato growers in the region with crop location decisions and where best to focus management efforts
Evaluation of selected entomopathogenic fungi and bioinsecticides against Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera)
Authors: Mauchline N.A. , Stannard K.A.
Published: October 2019

Entomopathogenic fungi could provide feasible pest management options for control of Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) an important pest of solanaceous crops in New Zealand In laboratory trials BotaniGard ES and BotaniGard 22WP (Beauveria bassiana; GHA strain) resulted in average nymph mortality of 82 which was significantly greater than the conventional insecticide Oberon (63) or the microbial standard eNtocide L (63) (P
Systemic movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae in kiwifruit vines in New Zealand
Authors: Tyson J.L. , Curtis C.L. , Manning M.A. , Rees-George J. , Snelgar W.P. , Blattmann P.
Published: October 2019

Systemic movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) was investigated in inoculated potted kiwifruit vines in a greenhouse and in naturally infected mature vines in the orchard In the potted vine experiment trunks of 2yearold Actinidia chinensis Hort16A on the rootstock A deliciosa Bruno were woundinoculated with Psa After 151 days Psa was detected up to 95 cm from the point of inoculation Psa moved upwards and downwards within the trunks and through the scion and the rootstock at similar rates In the orchard experiments samples were taken from mature kiwifruit vines at intervals along the vines during autumn winter and spring Psa moved systemically throughout mature Hort16A and A deliciosa Hayward kiwifruit vines and was detected in symptomless tissues In both greenhouse and field situations Psa was not inhibited by the graft union and was able to move into the rootstock and down to the base of the vine
Aerial surveillance to detect kauri dieback in New Zealand
Authors: Jamieson A. , Bassett I.E. , Hill L.M.W. , Hill S. , Davis A. , Waipara N.W. , Hough E.G. , Horner I.J.
Published: October 2019

The causal agent of kauri dieback Phytophthora taxon Agathis (PTA) poses a significant threat to kauri (Agathis australis) in northern New Zealand Groundbased field surveys have previously confirmed PTA presence at several locations across Auckland and Northland However ground surveys are limited to areas adjacent to tracks because of difficulty and cost associated with offtrack access in steep terrain along with concern about furthering spread of PTA A methodology for aerial photographic surveillance of kauri dieback was developed and implemented in Wait257;kere Ranges Hunua Ranges and adjacent forest areas Using recently developed GPS technology photographs were embedded with position data so unhealthy trees were easily located later for groundtruthing Aerial survey was found to be a time and costeffective method for surveying large inaccessible areas of forest for kauri dieback The methodology would also be applicable for detection of visible disease or damage symptoms in other canopy tree species
Agar media for isolation of Neonectria ditissima from symptomatic and asymptomatic apple tissues and production of infective conidia
Authors: Amponsah N.T. , Walter M. , Scheper R.W.A.
Published: October 2019

European canker pathogen caused by the fungus Neonectria ditissima could not be isolated when infected woody tissues were plated directly onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) malt extract agar (MEA) or acidified PDA (pH 45) However the alternative media water agar (WA) and apple sapamended water agar (ASAWA) were successfully used to isolate the pathogen In the preparation of ASAWA green shoots of 1yearold fresh Scilate apple were frozen overnight then allowed to thaw The tissues were then centrifuged and the sap collected to prepare the medium Neonectria ditissima could be isolated from both symptomatic and asymptomatic apple tissues on both WA and ASAWA Both media supported the production of large numbers of conidia in vitro with more conidia being produced on ASAWA than on WA The conidia produced in vitro had morphological characteristics and pathogenicity similar to those produced in the field
Development of a PCRRFLP method to distinguish species within the Ilyonectria macrodidyma complex
Authors: Outram M.A. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V. , Ridgway H.J.
Published: October 2019

Species within the Ilyonectria macrodidyma complex are known plant pathogens and several are implicated as the causal agents of black foot disease of grapevines The seven species within the complex can be identified by DNA sequencing of the histone H3 gene In this study a PCRRFLP method to identify the species was developed In silico digestion of the 500 bp histone H3 amplimer using MnlI showed that it could identify Ilyonectria sp 1 Ilyonectria sp 2 I alcacerensis and I macrodidyma Subsequent in silico digestion with Hinf1 identified I estremocensis I novozelandica and I torresensis The PCRRFLP was validated using a collection of 40 I macrodidyma complex isolates that had been recovered from symptomatic grapevines Ilyonectria macrodidyma I novozelandica and I torresensis were detected in that collection Intraspecific polymorphism was only detected in I torresensis This method provides a rapid procedure for identifying individual species of the I macrodidyma species complex
Effect of biorational and selective insecticides on transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum to potato plants
Authors: Barnes A.M. , Vereijssen J. , Thompson S.E. , Butler R.C.
Published: October 2019

Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) which is the putative causative agent of zebra chip an important disease of potato Laboratory bioassays using potted potato plants and CLsopositive TPP were conducted to assess the potential of biorational and selective insecticides to disrupt CLso transmission The first assay tested eight products with TPP introduced to plants 24 h after insecticide application and sprayed off after 24 h The second assay further tested five products and assessed systemic activity with TPP introduced 24 72 or 168 h after product application Stolon samples were collected and analysed for presence of the CLso gene using qPCR Results have shown potential for biorational and selective insecticides to reduce the quantity of CLso transmitted to plants with varying efficiencies and although none completely inhibited CLso transmission there is scope for these products to be included in crop management strategies
Novel release method proves successful the gum leaf skeletoniser parasitoid Cotesia urabae establishes in two new locations
Authors: Gresham B.A. , Withers T.M. , Avila G.A. , Berndt L.A.
Published: October 2019

The Australian braconid wasp Cotesia urabae was first released in New Zealand in 2011 as a biological control agent for the gum leaf skeletoniser Uraba lugens (Lepidoptera Nolidae) The larvae of this moth predominantly attack Eucalyptus spp (Class Symphyomyrtus) and since its predicted future geographic range is extensive there is concern it could become a serious pest of eucalypt plantations in New Zealand Initial releases of C urabae using adult parasitoids were made in Auckland at three separate sites between January and June 2011 Cotesia urabae established at each site and preliminary monitoring has revealed that the wasps have naturally dispersed to six other sites ranging up to 6 km from an initial release site In January 2012 C urabae were released in Whangarei and Tauranga trialling a novel method using parasitoidattacked host larvae rather than adult parasitoids This method proved to be successful with establishment now confirmed in both of these locations and also provided greater flexibility The two latest releases were made using the same method in Nelson (October 2013) and Napier (February 2014) but it is not yet known if the parasitoid has successfully established in these locations
Evaluation of spray drift in potatoes using various spray delivery systems
Authors: Roten R.L. , Ferguson J.C. , Hewitt A.J.
Published: October 2019

Spray deposition has previously been studied within a potato canopy In a followup study spray drift was evaluated using three treatments from the previous research plus two treatments encompassing an additional grower standard and a spray drift standard Treatments included (1) an airassisted Gambetti sprayer with fullcone nozzles applying spray at a rate of 400 litres/ha (2) a rotary atomizer spraying system (Proptec) applying spray at a rate of 200 litres/ha (3) a dropleg application spraying above (25) and below canopy (75) at 260 litres/ha (4) a conventional hydraulic nozzle spray boom with Guardian AIRtrade; Twin nozzles applying 200 litres/ha and (5) a conventional hydraulic nozzle spray boom with standard 11003 nozzles at 300 litres/ha Data were normalized per nozzle and application rate (200 litres /ha) With the exception of the Gambetti application results indicated a similar pattern with very low deposition beyond 10 m downwind The Gambetti results showed very low deposition near 0 m and spray cloud reaching 40 m but it is believed that the turbulent airflow from the Gambetti sprayer adversely affected the deposition samplers through a high level of disturbance so more data are necessary for further analysis of this effect
An overview of exotic plant pest and disease surveillance 2011 2014
Authors: Bullians M.S.
Published: October 2019

Active and passive surveillance form the backbone of New Zealands early pest and disease detection system and provide evidence about pest or disease status to support growing and maintaining export markets and trade for plant products Effective surveillance increases the number of options available to emergency management teams to manage new biosecurity risks from eradication and containment to pest management An overview of 3 years of plant pest and disease surveillance data is presented including an update of the surveillance system and potential areas for development The importance of increasing awareness by Intermediaries (a group that includes scientists crop scouts and biosecurity staff) of the Ministry for Primary Industries exotic pest and disease hotline (0800 80 99 66) to enable early risk management is highlighted
Performance of sown species and weed ingress in new dairy pastures based on tall fescue and perennial ryegrass
Authors: Tozer K.N. , Minnee E.M.K. , Cameron C.A.
Published: October 2019

Poor performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and subsequent weed ingress reduces pasture productivity Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) is more droughttolerant than perennial ryegrass and may perform better in summer dry upper North Island environments thus reducing weed ingress To compare swards based on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue for performance of sown species and weed ingress a replicated grazed plot study was established Measurements were made every 3 months from May 2010 until May 2013 Percentage cover of sown species at the canopy surface was significantly higher in perennial ryegrass than tall fescue swards over 3 years By the end of the third year basal and canopy cover of unsown species in tall fescue swards reached 28 and 40 respectively compared with only 13 and 7 respectively in perennial ryegrass Perennial ryegrass swards performed better and may provide a better option for keeping out weeds within the first 3 years of sowing
Toxicity of selected agrichemicals to clover root weevil and its parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides
Authors: McNeill M.R. , Eden T.M. , Cave V.M.
Published: October 2019

White clover (Trifolium repens) crops are attacked by various insect pests including Sitona obsoletus (S lepidus) (CRW) Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the toxicity of eight agrichemicals used against white clover insect pests or for weed control on CRW (parasitised and nonparasitised) and adults of its parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides Laboratory experiments evaluated insect toxicity through direct contact with the agrichemical spray or via exposure to residues on clover foliage At field rates pymetrozine had the lowest impact on CRW biocontrol but had poor activity against nonparasitised CRW Taufluvalinate provided 60 control of CRW while having reduced impact on M aethiopoides adults (060 mortality) and was considered the best option in the field over the summer period Lambdacyhalothrin and diazinon were the most detrimental to CRW and its biocontrol agent when applied directly and through exposure to residues Diquat and an adjuvant caused some mortality to CRW and parasitoid Field studies are needed to corroborate these results
Influence of dose bark cover and endgrain sealing on ethanedinitrile (C2N2) sorption by pine (Pinus radiata D Don) logs
Authors: Hall M.K.D. , Najar-Rodriguez A.J. , Pranamornkith T. , Adlam A.R. , Hall A.J. , Brash D.W.
Published: October 2019

High sorption by Pinus radiata (D Don) logs may limit insecticidal efficacy of a fumigant by rapidly removing it from the treated headspace The sorption characteristics of a new fumigant ethanedinitrile (EDN) were quantified for recently harvested pine logs and the robustness of a proposed EDN sorption model developed for sawn timber was tested Over a 10h period average concentrations were 173 plusmn;1048724; 07 of the initial dose for logs with sealed ends and 94 1048724;plusmn; 04 for unsealed ends This is a high rate of sorption compared with other fumigants such as methyl bromide A proportional drop in headspace concentration over time was consistent for the two doses (20 and 50 g/m3) evaluated confirming that EDN sorption is influenced by the dose applied Bark cover did not significantly influence EDN sorption A revised sorption model for EDN is proposed here
Feeding and oviposition by Argentine stem weevil on Epichlo uncinatainfected lolinecontaining Festulolium
Authors: Barker G.M. , Patchett B.J. , Gillanders T.J. , Brown G.S. , Montel S.J.Y. , Cameron N.E.
Published: October 2019

Responses of adult Argentine stem weevil to meadow fescueperennial ryegrass hybrids known as Festulolium infected with the endophyte Epichlo uncinata were investigated and compared with endophytefree Grasslands Wana cocksfoot and Grasslands Samson perennial ryegrass and with Samson infected with wild type and AR37 strains of Epichlo festucae var lolii Epichlo uncinata infection in the Festulolium seedline reduced oviposition but not feeding compared with an endophytefree seedline of the same plant genotype in Petri dish leafcomb and potted plant assays Feeding on Festulolium was similar to that on endophytefree Samson but higher than on Samson infected with wild type and AR37 endophytes In these experiments the numbers of eggs laid on E uncinatainfected plant material was similar to that on Samson perennial ryegrass infected with wild type and AR37 endophytes but lower than on endophytefree Samson
lepidus Economic benefits of biological control of Sitona obsoletus (clover root weevil) in Southland pasture
Authors: Basse B. , Phillips C.B. , Hardwick S. , Kean J.M.
Published: October 2019

Sitona obsoletus is a serious pasture pest in New Zealand where its rootfeeding larvae reduce white clover cover and nitrogen fixation To maintain production farmers may compensate by increasing inputs The parasitic wasp Microctonus aethiopoides Loan was introduced for biological control of S obsoletus and achieved parasitism rates exceeding 70 In Southland where S obsoletus was first detected in 2010 unusually severe and prolonged infestations during 2013 and 2014 prompted intensive biological control releases in 2014 and 2015 This study evaluated if they were cost effective in 2015 On dairy farms biological control returned 1478/ha/year or 23 million over the 158017 ha On sheep and beef farms the estimated return was 686/ha/year or 47 million over 719854 ha Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate returns (/ha/year) using plausible ranges of model parameter values and returns were positive in at least 975 of simulations Biological control of S obsoletus has returned a net benefit in Southland
Native and introduced bee abundances on carrot seed crops in New Zealand
Authors: Howlett B.G. , Lankin-Vega G.O. , Pattemore D.E.
Published: October 2019

In New Zealand unmanaged bees species can be important crop pollinators but their abundance and distribution is poorly known within hybrid carrot seed crops Standardised counts of bees visiting flowering carrot umbels (1350 umbels observed/field) across 19 commercial hybrid fields were conducted between 1000 h and 1500 h Despite honey bees being observed in all fields abundance varied greatly between fields (mean981; maximum330 minimum1) Other bees observed visiting umbels were Lasioglossum sordidum (17 fields; mean14; maximum65); Leioproctus sp (12 fields; mean20; maximum19); Hylaeus sp (one field; maximum 1) and Bombus terrestris (six fields; mean20; maximum11) The number of individual bees (all species together) counted/ umbel on male fertile umbels was significantly higher than on male sterile umbels a factor that could contribute to suboptimal pollen flow between umbel lines by bees Examination of their movements between male fertile and sterile lines is required to verify their efficiency as pollinators
LIDAR comparison for the use of orchard characterisation
Authors: Leseur T. , Hagedorn M. , Roten R.L.
Published: October 2019

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing technology that measures distance by illuminating a target with a laser and analysing the reflected light LIDAR is largely used in geography geology forestry and other sectors In agriculture LIDAR is used for creating topographic maps of fields and for crop mapping in orchards and vineyards The objective of this study was to test two LIDAR systems for their ability to obtain useful canopy characteristics within an apple orchard The two LIDAR systems included a SICK LMS20030106 and a SICK LMS51110100 PRO SR which mainly differ by the laser beam divergence the number of signal returns the range and the resolution as well as frequency values Methods involved mounting each LIDAR sidebyside in conjunction with a RTK GPS and computer system One orchard line was scanned on both sides in order to obtain a full scan at three differing ground levels 60 cm 115 cm and 120 cm As expected the captured data indicate differing resolutions and further analysis is being administered to determine canopy characteristics between the two LIDAR models such as percent open space and porosity This technology could be used for improving agrichemical application in orchards
Evaluation of spray drift with an experimental ultrasonic sensor sprayer in a dwarf apple orchard
Authors: Roten R.L. , Praat J.P.
Published: October 2019

Dwarf apple trees are becoming more common in New Zealand due to their easier maintenance and more efficient production However this may increase the risk of spray drift if orchardists do not adjust spraying practices to match shorter dwarf varieties of fruit trees as compared with larger more traditional canopies as dwarf trees have less foliage to intercept spray A study was carried out to examine the offtarget movement of the spray plume from a conventional airblast sprayer as compared with an experimental ultrasonic sensor sprayer in a dwarf apple canopy The experimental sensor sprayer was set up to respond to the target canopy Three treatments were carried out including a conventional Typhoon 1500 orchard sprayer and a single row ultrasonic sensor sprayer with either sensors ON or OFF Each sprayer was set to deliver 500 litres/ha of a 04 g/litre concentration of a fluorescent dye (PTSA 1368pyrenetetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt) The drift was quantified by using a series of mylar cards Petri dishes and fishing nylon Results indicated a 24 decrease of deposited drift from 1 to 100 m with the sensors turned on and a 5 increase with the sensors off as compared to the conventional sprayer
The role of woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum) at vectoring Neonectria ditissima conidia
Authors: Mackle L. , Walter M. , Amponsah N.T. , Braun P. , Reineke A.
Published: October 2019

Colonies of woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum) were sampled from canker lesions from apple orchards in Motueka New Zealand between February and April 2015 to determine their ability to vector the fungus Neonectria ditissima the causal organism of European canker Five percent of collected aphids carried N ditissima conidia Galls formed on young shoots by the feeding behaviour of these aphids also harboured symptomless infections of N ditissima (180) when such galls were incubated on apple sap amended water agar (ASAWA) Exposing some woolly apple aphids to N ditissima conidia contaminated glass slides for
Metaanalysis validation and application of fruit fly development times
Authors: Kean J.M.
Published: October 2019

Tephritid fruit flies have been comparatively well studied because of the damage they cause to horticultural crops in affected countries New Zealand benefits from this knowledge as it continues to exclude economically damaging fruit fly species For example fruit fly development models are used for biosecurity risk analysis and decision making during incursion responses Here the literature was searched for development times for three species of particular concern to New Zealand the Mediterranean fruit fly the Queensland fruit fly and the oriental fruit fly The published data were reanalysed to fit development models to the different life stages and the generation time The new models were then compared with previously published models for these species The generation time models were found to give reasonably accurate predictions when validated against published estimates of field voltinism overseas This paper presents the most comprehensive analysis to date of fruit fly development times and degree day models
The genetic variation in giant buttercup in New Zealand pastures
Authors: Houliston G.J. , Goeke D.F. , Smith L.A. , Fowler S.V.
Published: October 2019

Giant buttercup (Ranunculus acris L) is a widespread species that ranges in latitude from northern Norway to Morocco in the native range and has a large naturalised range in several countries including New Zealand Like many weed species with wide natural distributions R acris is a complex made up of different genotypes and races across the native range This paper shows R acris in New Zealand has high chloroplast diversity and variation in genome size even within populations indicating that introduced material was diverse Although it is not yet possible to determine the origin of R acris populations in New Zealand preliminary comparisons to R acris sourced from other countries are presented The importance of identifying the correct origin of naturalised species before undertaking control programmes especially where biological agents will be employed is discussed
Developing a generic biosecurity risk assessment model for imports
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Woodberry O. , McDonald C.M. , Ormsby M.
Published: October 2019

Developing decision support models to evaluate biosecurity risks objectively helps decision makers manage the associated risks with importation of goods We report on the development of a prototype generic risk assessment model to determine the probability and consequences of a plant pest establishment and spread event for an infection point given the biosecurity risk organism arrives via various pathways The model has a number of submodels including entry pathway which models the ratio of infested units coming from any pathway supplying the infection point; establishment and spread which models the chance of an establishment and spread event occuring at an infection point; and consequences which models the consequences of any establishment or spread event occurring at the site Future research is planned to develop a generic input interface to generate a support tool to allow a user to investigate the impacts of alternative whatif scenarios and to test the model on realworld plant pest inputs
Prevalence of tomato potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli Sulc) on red capsicum fruit in choice and nochoice tests
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Page-Weir N.E.M. , Griffin M.J. , Redpath S.P. , Chhagan A.
Published: October 2019

Tomato potato psyllid (TPP; Bactericera cockerelli) was first recorded in New Zealand in 2006 Exports to Australia must be fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) to comply with New Zealands phytosanitary export certification requirements Fumigation reduces the quality of the capsicums In tests using high densities of TPP adults TPP laid eggs mainly on the top of the calyx and the stem and some on the body of the fruit although far fewer eggs than were laid on tomato or capsicum leaves Given the choice between capsicum fruit body stem and calyx or capsicum leaves 992995 of eggs were laid on leaves Nymphs that hatched from the few eggs laid on the calyx and stem did not survive indicating that capsicum fruit are a poor host for TPP No eggs were laid beneath the capsicum calyx Some exported capsicums are washed using high pressure washing equipment which might dislodge TPP eggs The very low incidence and survival of TPP on capsicum fruit could result in this fruit already meeting or exceeding the phytosanitary requirements of the importing country
Life cycle and massrearing of Hylurgus ligniperda using a novel eggcollection method
Authors: Clare G.K. , George E.M.
Published: October 2019

The goldenhaired bark beetle Hylurgus ligniperda (Coleoptera Scolytidae) is an insect of quarantine concern associated with Pinus radiata in New Zealand Exported logs are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) before departure or on arrival Research is under way to find alternatives to MB for logs and to manage emissions This research requires large numbers of all stages of H ligniperda to identify effective treatments The study reports the first laboratory method for rearing large numbers of all life stages of H ligniperda A novel oviposition device enabled efficient egg collection Larvae were reared from eggs inoculated directly into artificial diet Life cycle data were obtained for all the developmental stages of H ligniperda Six continuous generations were produced with each generation taking a minimum of 72 days Females laid an average of 30919 eggs each Almost 70 of the eggs formed adults via four larval instars and a pupal stage
Survey of insect pests of stored grain in New Zealand
Authors: Chapman R.B. , Marris J.W.M. , Drummond J.B.
Published: October 2019

Producers and processors of cereal grains in New Zealand were invited in August 2015 to submit grain samples to allow extraction and identification of any insect pest species present Sixty grain samples were received of which 73 were infested with one or more insect species These were predominantly Coleoptera and Psocoptera The most frequently encountered beetle species were Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Cortinicara hirtalis The Psocoptera were predominantly unidentified species of Liposcelis Sitophilus species and lepidopteran pests were notable by their absence The proportion of storage facilities infested by insects in this survey (73) was higher than two previous surveys (38 5063) and the proportion of storage facilities treated with insecticides (62) was lower than a previous survey (83)