bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transporte a la degradación: estudio de caso sobre el trabajo de conductor en el Plan Transantiago, Chile
Authors: Ansaldo Ibarra Daniela , Retamal Eltit Danisa , Lorca Gutiérrez Eduardo , Abedrapo Gallardo Cristóbal
Published: March 2018

Cette recherche prétend explorer l’organisation du travail dans les transports publics de Santiago du Chili. On prend comme analyseur le suicide d’un chauffeur, lequel est interprété comme une dénonciation de la souffrance des travailleurs. Une équipe cherche à explorer cette interprétation en se disposant à l’écoute des chauffeurs. La méthodologie constitue une tentative exploratoire pour appliquer la clinique du travail française. Les résultats montrent les effets subjectifs qu’a eut l’intégration de ces travailleurs à un modèle de gestion exemplaire du néolibéralisme, qui sous couvert d’un savoir scientifique et dans la faille de la régulation de l’Etat, perpétue une organisation du travail pathogène. On observe une idéologie défensive à fort coût psychique qui donne comme résultat la dégradation et la détérioration subjective des travailleurs.
D’une dérive universitaire, la publication qui va de soi, entre-soi
Authors: de Kernier Nathalie , Ballouard Christian
Published: March 2018

À partir de l’expérience d’une soumission d’article à une revue dont l’éditeur vante le ranking , la description de la procédure montre le fonctionnement de ces revues prédatrices, encouragées à se développer dans la mesure où les universitaires s’asservissent aux indicateurs bibliométriques, que les éditeurs tentent de faire passer comme normes de qualité, à des fins commerciales. Cette logique va à l’encontre du travail de la pensée, pourtant nécessaire au développement d’une discipline comme la psychologie. Les conséquences sont lourdes pour les générations d’universitaires, elles commencent à poindre dans le fonctionnement des instances nationales de l’université.
Learner Autonomy and Playful Learning: Students' Experience of a Gamified Application for French as a Foreign Language
Authors: Cruaud Caroline
Published: March 2018

Learner autonomy is a central theme in foreign language learning (FLL) research and is encouraged by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In Norway, the national curriculum for foreign languages also emphasises the importance of taking charge of one's own learning. Games and gamification are perceived as ways to foster and develop learner autonomy in FLL classes. However, only a few studies have researched these assumptions in practice. The present study investigates the emergence of learner autonomy in relation to the use of a gamified application for a French-as-a-foreign-language course. The application was developed and implemented for a whole school year in a second-year class of a Norwegian upper-secondary school. Interview data, the data log, and observation data were collected to analyse the students' use of the application in practice. The study shows that the application supports the emergence of learner autonomy. The students take control of the learning activity and create their own learning paths. These results are promising for the use of gamification in FLL contexts. The structure of the gamified application provides a frame within which students could develop their learner autonomy and participate in the collaborative dimension of learning.
Breaking Language and Cultural Barriers
Authors: Clavijo-Olmos Sandra Bibiana
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes how since successful communication with stakeholders is a vital process for every company, it is necessary to consider language and cultural barriers as external factors to internationalize SMEs, that company owners must consider carefully. The language industry is constantly growing and getting stronger to supply business needs and to support SMEs in their internationalization processes. A survey was applied to a sample of Translation Service Providers in order to analyze the physical, digital and human resources they use in their translation processes. It found that they use different state of the art digital resources, they do not really use physical resources frequently (different from dictionaries) and they include proofreaders and experts in different areas as human resources, in addition to specialized translators, in their processes. As a conclusion, Translation Service Providers are getting prepared to support companies and especially to promote the internationalization of SMEs, by helping them break language and cultural barriers.
Financial Education and Inclusion
Authors: Castro Omar Alonso Patiño
Published: March 2018

One of the greatest drawbacks for entrepreneurship is to achieve the financial sustainability of a project in the short term. This is a phase of the venture in which mistakes can be made and ideas can be considered; in the beginning, they can be considered as good ideas, but they are usually not brought to a happy end because of wrong decision making. Being the access to venture capital a vital need for a project, it is very possible that the decisions that are made are not accurate and with this, financial pressure is placed on a project that, at its outset, requires support in this regard. Due to the above, the improvement in the levels of financial education and the early insertion in the financial services is a decision that helps to improve the quality of decision making and with this, to have greater certainty about the possibilities of success that an entrepreneurship project can have.
Innovation and Sustainability in SMEs
Authors: Baporikar Neeta
Published: March 2018

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the engines of economic growth, promote equitable development and create more opportunities for being innovative in providing sustainable solutions. They also play a crucial role in providing employment opportunities, aid industrialization in rural backward areas, reduce regional imbalances and assure equitable distribution of national income and wealth. But survival in the new global market calls not only for improved productivity but sustainability and growth through innovation on incessant basis. Business sustainability involves self-assessment to identify improvement opportunities, strengths and ideas for future organizational development. In India, though SME is an important contributor to economy, yet many face lot of difficulties and end winding up or becoming unsustainable. Several studies have shown that factors related to poor management, less innovative approaches, short short-termism are the causes of failure or closure. Hence, the core objective of this chapter is to explore the approaches which can lead to better understanding of sustainable replicas to enhance innovation and sustainability.
Corporate Entrepreneurship in Colombia
Authors: Bernal Leon Dario Parra , Cusi Milenka Linneth Argote
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on analyzing intra-entrepreneurship and corporate entrepreneurship as business renewal strategies, and to this end, it explores the case of two Colombian companies in the manufacturing sector. This is a qualitative study based on the analysis of contrast cases that were carried out in three phases: organizational characterization of companies, identification of corporate entrepreneurship through two dimensions of analysis (research, development, and innovation – R&D&I; and use of new technologies), and a contrast analysis among comparative firms. In this sense, a review of the literature was made to define the variables associated with intra-entrepreneurship and corporate entrepreneurship and how they have developed in the companies.
Advanced Visualization Systems in Industrial Environments
Authors: Pérez-Cota Manuel , González-Castro Miguel R. , Rodríguez María Díaz
Published: March 2018

Today's advanced visualization systems will revolutionize the way information is perceived in industrial environments. This will help the different industrial workers to interact more efficiently with the machines, equipment, and systems installed in the industrial plant. The display devices will provide operators with all the information they need to perform their work more efficiently, as well as inform them of all the hazards and safety in their environment. Also, screen operators, thanks to the use of a single 2.5D/3D screen, will possess exhaustive knowledge of the state of the industrial process. This increases the amount on quantity and quality of information that is offered to the operator and it avoids the superfluous navigation between operation screens. This chapter explores advanced visualization systems in industrial environments.
An Introduction to IWoT
Authors: Retamar Ángel , Ibaseta Daniel , Mangas Andrés G. , Gallego Iván , Canella Irene Alonso , Fernández Lucía
Published: March 2018

The major drawback of the industrial internet of things is the lack of interoperability across the plethora of IoT platforms. Cross-platform services often require the development of complex software components for protocol translation, device discovery, and thing lifecycle management. As a result, these systems are too expensive and hard to develop. The W3C Consortium launched the Web of Things Working Group to develop the standards for open interoperability in the internet of things. This chapter presents the web of things specifications for systems architecture and communication protocols and how they can be applied in industrial domains, building the industrial web of things. Finally, this chapter shows that this industrial web of things is built upon a network of systems and devices linked with universal open standards such as enterprise systems, which are nowadays communicated through the conventional “web of pages,” as a key player in the Industry 4.0 revolution.
Preparation of Raspberry Pi for IoT-Enabled Applications
Authors: Devare Manoj
Published: March 2018

This chapter shares the experiences in systematic, well-tested, and executed step-by-step procedure for the preparation of the Raspberry Pi single board computer (SBC) for the internet of things (IoT)-enabled applications. This chapter is useful for beginners and professionals working for automation of smart factories with the help of IoT and Cloud. Moreover, interesting data exchange techniques like low power wireless alternatives ZigBee, LORA, BLE, 6LowPAN, SigFox, and multi-queue telemetry transport (MQTT) are also stated. The related IoT preceding and succeeding technologies, like machine-to-machine(M2M), cyber-physical-systems (CPS), web of things (WoT), SCADA are also the part of insights. Various supporting technologies for the success of IoT like commercial and open source IoT cloud platforms, virtual agents(VA), and digital twins are also discussed.
World Language Learning
Authors: Burns Rachel , Rubin Donald , Tarrant Michael A
Published: March 2018

Research on the impacts of study abroad participation on world language proficiency indicates positive and significant associations between sojourning abroad and students' self-reported language skills. In recent years, student engagement and “deep-learning” have been found to exert powerful effects on student learning outcomes. However, the extent to which student engagement serves as a pathway to mediate and enhance the impact of study abroad on language learning has not been examined. This chapter uses pre- and post-test surveys and applies experiential learning theory (ELT) to model gains in language proficiency for students who studied world languages abroad versus on-campus. Results of mixed factorial ANOVA and regression path analysis indicate that students who studied world languages abroad experienced significantly greater gains in deep-learning and world language proficiency than students who studied world languages on-campus. This chapter is among the first to connect student deep-learning and engagement to world language learning.
Assessing Intercultural Sensitivity and Effectiveness
Authors: Liu Meihua
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines adult CSL (Chinese as a L2) learners' intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness while studying in a university in Beijing. Seventy-four international students from various countries answered the intercultural sensitivity scale (ISS) and intercultural effectiveness scale (IES) as well as other scales in the present study; eight participants were informally interviewed. The findings indicate that the participants were moderate in terms of intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness, that intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness were generally and significantly related to each other, and that students' intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness levels were not statistically correlated with their background variables. Based on these findings, some implications are therein discussed.
Integrating Odor Sensing in Robotics
Authors: Al-Omary Alauddin Yousif
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, the benefit of equipping the robot with odor sensors is investigated. The chapter addresses the types of tasks the mobile robots can accomplish with the help of olfactory sensing capabilities, the technical challenges in mobile robot olfaction, the status of mobile robot olfaction. The chapter also addresses simple and complex electronic olfaction sensors used in mobile robotics, the challenge of using chemical sensors, the use of many types of algorithms for robot olfaction, and the future research directions in the field of mobile robot olfaction.
Loss of Excitation Protection of Medium Voltage Hydro Generators Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Abdel Aziz Mohamed Salah El-Din Ahmed , Hassan Mohamed Ahmed Moustafa , Bendary Fahmy M. A.
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents a new method for loss of excitation (LOE) faults detection in hydro-generators using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The investigations were done under a complete loss of excitation conditions, and a partial loss of excitation conditions in different generator loading conditions. In this chapter, four different techniques are discussed according to the type of inputs to the proposed ANFIS unit, the generator terminal impedance measurements (R and X) and the generator terminal voltage and phase current (Vtrms and Ia), the positive sequence components of the generator terminal voltage magnitude, phase current magnitude and angle (│V+ve│, │I+ve│ and ∟I+ve) in addition to the stator current 3rd harmonics components (magnitudes and angles). The proposed techniques' results are compared with each other and are compared with the conventional distance relay response in addition to other techniques. The promising obtained results show that the proposed technique is efficient.
Dynamics Analysis and Synchronization in Relay Coupled Fractional Order Colpitts Oscillators
Authors: Alain Kammogne Soup Tewa , Romanic Kengne , Azar Ahmad Taher , Vaidyanathan Sundarapandian , Bertrand Fotsin Hilaire , Adèle Ngo Mouelas
Published: March 2018

In this chapter, the dynamics of a particular topology of Colpitts oscillator with fractional order dynamics is presented. The first part is devoted to the dynamics of the model using standard nonlinear analysis techniques including time series, bifurcation diagrams, phase space trajectories plots, and Lyapunov exponents. One of the major results of this innovative work is the numerical finding of a parameter region in which the fractional order Colpitts oscillator's circuit experiences multiple attractors' behavior. This phenomenon was not reported previously in the Colpitts circuit (despite the huge amount of related research works) and thus represents an enriching contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of Chua's oscillator. The second part of this chapter deals with the synchronization of fractional order system. Based on fractional-order Lyapunov stability theory, this chapter provides a novel method to achieve generalized and phase synchronization of two and network fractional-order chaotic Colpitts oscillators, respectively.
A Novel Hyperchaotic System With Adaptive Control, Synchronization, and Circuit Simulation
Authors: Vaidyanathan Sundarapandian , Azar Ahmad Taher , Sambas Aceng , Singh Shikha , Alain Kammogne Soup Tewa , Serrano Fernando E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter announces a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic system having two positive Lyapunov exponents, a zero Lyapunov exponent, and a negative Lyapunov exponent. Since the sum of the Lyapunov exponents of the new hyperchaotic system is shown to be negative, it is a dissipative system. The phase portraits of the new hyperchaotic system are displayed with both two-dimensional and three-dimensional phase portraits. Next, the qualitative properties of the new hyperchaotic system are dealt with in detail. It is shown that the new hyperchaotic system has three unstable equilibrium points. Explicitly, it is shown that the equilibrium at the origin is a saddle-point, while the other two equilibrium points are saddle-focus equilibrium points. Thus, it is shown that all three equilibrium points of the new hyperchaotic system are unstable. Numerical simulations with MATLAB have been shown to validate and demonstrate all the new results derived in this chapter. Finally, a circuit design of the new hyperchaotic system is implemented in MultiSim to validate the theoretical model.
Enhancing Humanitarian Logistics and the Transportation of Relief Supplies
Authors: Cruz-Cantillo Yesenia , González-Oquendo Carlos
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes a system dynamics model developed for forecasting, prioritization, and distribution of critical supplies during relief operations in case of a hurricane event, while integrating GIS information. Development of alternates' routes selection through vehicle routing procedures and the results incorporation into this system dynamics model allows decisions about the operation in case of a major catastrophe and any preparation for future events. The model developed is also able to (1) establish people's decision and transportation characteristics that determine evacuation time; (2) simulate the behavior of key variables due to the relation between hazard level and people's decision to evacuate; (3) estimate for each natural hazard level the time frequency to order and the order size of each relief supply to be needed in shelters and points of distribution; and (4) reveal which routes cause more delays during relief supplies distribution.
Preparing Trainee Translators for the Job Market
Authors: Robinson Bryan J. , Olvera-Lobo M. Dolores
Published: March 2018

Competence-based learning contrasts radically with content-focused education. Today's undergraduate programmes take a multidisciplinary approach that imbues learning with input from the professional workplace. This chapter describes possibly the first social network analysis of trainee translators participating in an intensive, randomised teamwork experience centred on project-based, cooperative learning. An online survey gathered data and perceptions of the teamwork experience and of interpersonal relations. Participants describe friendship relations, the quality of their peers' performance in professional roles, and their preferences with regard to the roles, and these are contrasted within the teams. These indicators of intra-team cohesion are compared with course-final achievement. Results indicate that the strengthening of friendship ties accompanies greater cohesion in teams and may be associated with higher achievement. This suggests that a multidisciplinary focus on teamwork competences enhances learners' professional prospects.
Reconsidering Interculturality in Online Language Education
Authors: Kanareva-Dimitrovska Ana
Published: March 2018

This chapter considers interculturality in language education using the example of online intercultural exchanges between Danish and francophone university students. The focus is on an intercultural approach in foreign language education that stands apart from the perspective that emphasizes “facts” about a “target culture.” The approach consists of the co-construction of intercultural competences by students in online interactions. The methodology of tracing evidence of intercultural competences in online interactions is questioned, in the sense that the author seeks the complementarity of different processes to trace manifestations of intercultural competences in online pedagogical interactions. This contributes to the description and evaluation of intercultural competences as a complex construct in the field of intercultural education.
Translation Learning Environments for the Future
Authors: Ramos Maria del Mar Sanchez
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes how recent years have seen a growing interest in so-called collaborative translation. This is the subject of an open debate in translation studies, where matters such as translator training in social translation or the motivation of volunteer translators are all widely discussed. This chapter recounts a teaching experience performed at a key stage of a localization course. It describes the social constructivist methodology used and the findings obtained from a qualitative analysis to bring collaborative translation into the classroom and to introduce students into new translation models and practices.
Virtual Networks in English-for-Specific-Purposes Education
Authors: Tzoannopoulou Marina , Maylath Bruce
Published: March 2018

This chapter reports on an international telecollaboration involving translation of published materials by students in a journalism course in Greece, followed by review and editing of the translations by students in an international technical writing course in the U.S. A key component of the collaboration was dialogue between the two parties about how best to render the meaning of the text in the source language when translated into the target language. Analysis of the collaboration's results revealed that three types of comments were found in the students' correspondence: translation decisions affecting the English used, translation decisions affecting the journalistic style, and translation decisions related to cultural references in the source texts. The comments helped students minimize misunderstandings and clarify meanings that arose in the drafts and enabled both parties to achieve clear, well-written texts. The collaboration increased students' language and trans-cultural awareness and contributed jointly to producing work at the level expected by professionals.
An Ethical Framework for Interconnected and Self-Organizing Moral Machines
Authors: van Lier Ben
Published: March 2018

Technology is responsible for major systemic changes within the global financial sector. This sector has already developed into a comprehensive network of mutually connected people and computers. Algorithms play a crucial role within this network. An algorithm is in essence merely a set of instructions developed by one or more people with the intention of having these instructions performed by a machine such as a computer in order to realize an ideal result. As part of a development in which we as human beings have ever higher expectations of algorithms and these algorithms become more autonomous in their actions, we cannot avoid including possibilities in these algorithms that enable ethical or moral considerations. To develop this ethical or moral consideration, we need a kind of ethical framework that can be used for constructing these algorithms. With the development of such a framework we can start to think about what we as human beings consider to be a moral action executed by algorithms that support actions and decisions of interconnected and self-organizing machines. This chapter explores an ethical framework for interconnected and self-organizing moral machines.
The Techoethical Ethos of Technic Self-Determination
Authors: Cortese Francesco Albert Bosco
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses concerns that the development and proliferation of human enhancement technologies (HET) will be dehumanizing and a threat to our autonomy and sovereignty as individuals. The chapter argues contrarily that HET constitutes nothing less than one of the most effective foreseeable means of increasing the autonomy and sovereignty of individual members of society. Furthermore, it elaborates the position that the use of HET exemplifies—and indeed even intensifies—our most human capacity and faculty, namely the desire for increased self-determination, which is referred to as the will toward self-determination. Based upon this position, the chapter argues that the use of HET bears fundamental ontological continuity with the human condition in general and with the historically ubiquitous will toward self-determination in particular. HET will not be a dehumanizing force, but will rather serve to increase the very capacity that characterizes us as human more accurately than anything else.
The Case Against Weapons Research
Authors: Forge John
Published: March 2018

Weapons research seeks to design new or improved weapons and their ancillary structures. This chapter argues that weapons research is both morally wrong and morally unjustified. This “case against weapons research” requires lengthy discussion and the argument given here is a summary of that discussion. The central claim is that the “standard justification” for all forms of weapons acquisition and deployment, which appeals to defense and deterrence, does not stand up for weapons research because the harms caused by the latter projects into the future in unknowable ways. Weapons research produces practical knowledge in the form of designs for the means to harm, and its practitioners cannot know how this knowledge will be used in the future.
Energy Consumers' Perspectives on Smart Meter Data
Authors: Winter Jenifer Sunrise
Published: March 2018

This chapter employs the framework of contextual integrity related to privacy developed by Nissenbaum as a tool to understand consumer response to implementation of residential smart metering technology. To identify and understand specific changes in information practices brought about by the introduction of smart meters, energy consumers were interviewed, read a description of planned smart grid/meter implementation, and were asked to reflect on changes in the key actors involved, information attributes, and principles of transmission. Areas where new practices emerge with the introduction of residential smart meters were then highlighted as potential problems (privacy violations). Issues identified in this study included concern about unauthorized use and sharing of personal data, data leaks or spoofing via hacking, the blurring distinction between the home and public space, and inferences made from new data types aggregated with other personal data that could be used to unjustly discriminate against individuals or groups.
Viral Art Matters
Authors: Iannone Alejandra Emilia
Published: March 2018

Over the last two decades, an impactful phenomenon called virality (i.e., when content circulates via internet among an increasingly broad audience at an exponentially rapid rate) has developed. Not all information achieves virality, so the phenomenon invites reflection. Yet, the academic literature on viral artwork is quite sparse. This chapter helps fill a gap in the literature by demonstrating the academic significance of viral art through comparative analysis of three cases where web-based artworks went viral: Ten Hours of Princess Leia walking in NYC, New Beginnings, and McKayla Is Not Impressed. The author argues that viral art merits rigorous study because doing so could, first, augment existing research on other topics; second, fortify philosophy of art investigations; and third, establish aesthetic principles to guide audience engagement with viral artwork.
Communication in the E-Culture and Media
Authors: Baeva Liudmila Vladimirovna
Published: March 2018

Online and media cultures have a dominant influence on modern society. This type of culture is characterized by specific forms of expression and ethical and aesthetic features mediated by technology. Virtual communication is one reflection of the phenomena of culture reflected through technology. The chapter identifies the typology of virtual communication using a systems approach as an example of online and media culture. This is based on the analysis of the development of social networks and forms of communication and shows the trends in the dynamics of virtual communication. The new environment, with its distinctive characteristics, indicators, forms, and images, creates new opportunities and new risks for humans and their cultures.
Quantum-Inspired Automatic Clustering Technique Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Dey Sandip , Bhattacharyya Siddhartha , Maulik Ujjwal
Published: March 2018

Quantum computing has emerged as the most challenging field of research in efficient computation. This chapter introduces a novel quantum-inspired ant colony optimization technique for automatic clustering. This chapter presents an application of this proposed technique to the automatic clustering of real-life gray-scale image data sets. In contrary to the other techniques, the proposed one requires no previous knowledge of the data to be classified. It finds the optimal number of clusters of the data by itself. The Xie-Beni cluster validity measure has been employed as the objective function for clustering purpose. Effectiveness of the proposed technique is exhibited on four real-life gray-scale images. Superiority of the proposed technique is established over its counterpart with respect to various aspects, which include accuracy, stability, computational time and standard errors. Finally, a statistical supremacy test, called unpaired two-tailed t-test, is conducted between them. It shows that superiority in favor of the proposed technique is established.
Aging Suit
Authors: Rivero Annika Maya
Published: March 2018

The population pyramid is being inverted and the designers are facing challenges in the way they design products, spaces, and services for elder people. Although the design is composed of both cultural and social aspects, the functional aspect takes relevance for autonomy and empowerment of the person that gets older. To design products centered on the physical capacities of the elder population, the aging suit has being used as a tool for the gerontodesign. In countries like Mexico, its application is limited by the manufacturing cost. For this reason, as part of a design methodology for elder people, a low-cost suit was developed focus on the design students and professionals located in Latin America.
Experimental Design to Analyze a Novel Stabilization Design of a Three-Wheel Vehicle
Authors: Dávila-Leyva Luis Elias , Nogueira Ludovico Soto
Published: March 2018

Given current trends in pedal vehicles, this chapter is intended to develop a product that is capable of driving without the use of hands, for people with disabilities or for simple recreation. An apparatus was developed to measure and record the necessary parameters to design the most adequate mechanism to achieve this objective. Twelve different positions were analyzed for the user, two vertical seat positions, two inverted angle configurations of the inverted pendulum, two free degree limits of the pendulum, two wheel rotation degrees regarding the body of the mechanism, and regarding the axis motion, two axial configurations. The conclusion resulted that the function of the mechanisms was optimal.
Trials and Simulators Research in User Analysis and Sustainable Packaging Development
Authors: Dominguez Berthana Ma Salas , Herrera Silvia Ana María Oropeza
Published: March 2018

The packing sector is an area with a high consuming problem. The actual consequence is the elevated environmental impact that is developing a real problem. Everyday each home consumes a big variety of products and most of them come in a package that will be disposed of in a matter of minutes, hours, or days. They also require a massive set of structures, barriers, seals, and shock absorbers that assure the final product will be delivered in good condition to the user. Packaging esthetical design is remarkable and catch the attention of the buyer but if there is a design error the user will feel frustrated and the final purpose of a comfortable use will be lost. Incorporating ergonomics, user habits analysis, trials, and simulators in the design process and making users aware of the need of taking environmental actions can lead to a packaging design that promotes actions for a more sustainable world. The development of research methods in this area will lead to better design products.
Understanding the Context of Design for Social Innovations
Authors: Ortiz Nicolás Juan Carlos , Harrison Thomas
Published: March 2018

The chapter describes the applicability of designers to the space of finding solutions to social issues through the generation of social innovations. Based on a literature review, it was evident that design requires new methods to apply to the resolution of social issues, and as such, this chapter presents a new method that supports designers in the development of solutions within the design for social innovation (DfSI) framework. The proposed method consists of six stages: (1) identifying the challenge, (2) analyzing the system in which the challenge co-exists, (3) understanding the system using user-centered design techniques, (4) defining the design brief, (5) generating proposals, and (6) evaluating and concluding. The chapter also introduces a design case study that describes in detail the implementation of the design method. The results indicated that the method supports designers to structure their process when aiming to design for social innovation and in particular to define the potential solution, which is reflected in a design brief.
Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: A powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis
Authors: Scimeca Manuel , Bischetti Simone , Lamsira Harpreet Kaur , Bonfiglio Rita , Bonanno Elena
Published: March 2018

The Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis is a technique of elemental analysis associated to electron microscopy based on the generation of characteristic Xrays that reveals the presence of elements present in the specimens. The EDX microanalysis is used in different biomedical fields by many researchers and clinicians. Nevertheless, most of the scientific community is not fully aware of its possible applications. The spectrum of EDX microanalysis contains both semi-qualitative and semi-quantitative information. EDX technique is made useful in the study of drugs, such as in the study of drugs delivery in which the EDX is an important tool to detect nanoparticles (generally, used to improve the therapeutic performance of some chemotherapeutic agents). EDX is also used in the study of environmental pollution and in the characterization of mineral bioaccumulated in the tissues. In conclusion, the EDX can be considered as a useful tool in all works that require element determination, endogenous or exogenous, in the tissue, cell or any other sample.
The "Thorin" colorimetric method for thorium determination: effect of some common ions, and methods for overcoming interferences
Authors: Bouvier J A F , Guest R J
Published: March 2018

The effect of a number of common ions on the Thorin colorimetric method for thorium determination has been investigated. A comparison was carried out on the use of the two reducing agents, ascorbic acid and hydroxylamine hydrochloride, for overcoming the
interference of iron and cerium. Molybdenum caused low thorium assays in the presence of ascorbic acid, whereas this effect was not .found with hydroxylamine hydrochloride present, or in the absence of a reducing agent. Titanium caused low thorium assays under any conditions tried and a very low
tolerance limit must be set for this ion. Zirconium caused high thorium assays under normal conditions, but its effect varied with the form in which it was added, and appeared to be enhanced by the presence of thorium. By using mesotartaric acid as a masking agent for zirconium approximately 5 mg
of zirconium could be tolerated in a final 25 ml volume taken for the colorimetric finish. In the absence of zirconium, mesotartaric acid is not required and a final volume of 250 ml is used
The elution with carbonate solution of an ion exchange resin loaded with uranyl sulphate
Authors: McNamara V M , Gow W A
Published: March 2018

A practical method has been developed by which sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate solutions can be employed to elute anion exchange resins which have been loaded with uranium from acid sulphate solutions. Carbon dioxide evolution on elution was prevented by
the passage of 1 ON Na2c03 solution until the eluate pH reached 4.5, followed by 1. ONNaHCO3 solution to accomplish the bulk of the actual-elution. A retention time of 30 minutes for the Na2CO3 solution is recommended. The optimum range of retention time for the NaHCO 3 solution was 15 to 30
minutes. A shorter time resulted in a considerable increase in bed volumes of eluate required. CO2 gas formation in the column during loading was prevented by rinsing the eluted resin thoroughly with water, followed by three bed volumes of 2% Na2SO4 solution.
A graphical determination of uranium and thorium in ores from their gamma-ray spectra
Authors: Horwood J L
Published: March 2018

A graphical method is described for calculating the uranium and thorium contents of ores. The intersection of straight lines, each relating to a selected interval in the gamma-ray spectrum, makes possible a rapid estimate of the respective contribution of each
series (uranium and thorium) to the total gamma activity. The departure from equilibrium in the uranium series and the effect of potassium are both considered. Spectrum curves were plotted for crushed ore samples. Count yields in a number of selected spectral intervals are given for natural uranium,
natural thorium, purified uranium oxide (less radium and daughters), and potassium, to illustrate the construction of the linear equations. Typical solutions are shown for several types of ore samples.
Electromotive force series of metals in fused salts and activities of metal chlorides in 1:1 molar KCl-NaCl solutions
Authors: Flengas S N , Ingraham T R
Published: March 2018

The potentials of a series of metal-metal chloride systems in an equimolar mixture of molten potassium and sodium chlorides have been measured against a silver-silver chloride reference electrode. An electromotive force series of metals at different temperatures
has been established for this particular solvent. Experiments with a chlorine electrode have shown that the solutions of silver chloride in the KCI-NaCI solvent are ideal, and hence, deviations from ideality of the other chlorides in this solvent can be attributed directly to the formation of
complexes in the rnelts. Three types of behavior have been observed for the salts studied in this solvent: ideality, and positive and negative deviations from ideality. The theoretical aspects of complex formation in melts are discussed
Surface area determination of magnesium powder with chromium-51 tracer solutions
Authors: Dibbs H P
Published: March 2018

A study has been made of the adsorption of chromium-51, from aqueous solutions of labelled potassium dichromate, on to coarse magnesium powder at room temperature. This has led to a simple method for the determination of the surface area of the
powder
The occurrence of native nickel-iron in the serpentine rock of the eastern townships of Quebec province
Authors: Nickel E H
Published: March 2018

Native nickel-iron has been found over a wide area in the serpentinized asbestos-bearing rock of the Eastern Townships of Quebec. The chemical composition (average of two analyses) is nickel 71.0%, iron 25.3%, cobalt 3.5%, and copper 0.2%. The
nickel-iron forms a single-phase alloy with a face-centred cubic structure and a cell constant which varies from 3.551 to 3.555 A. It occurs chiefly as tiny spheroidal grains, most of which are less than 10 microns in diameter, but also as larger crenulated grains up to 100 microns in diameter, and
as acicular crystals up to 100 microns in length. The nickel-iron appears to have been formed as the result of the breakdown, during serpentinization of primary olivine and enstatite containing about 0.2% combined nickel
Exchange reactions between zinc and its ions
Authors: Sandor J E
Published: March 2018

The exchange reaction between zinc metal and zinc ions in solution was studied by means of radioactive zinc-65. Polycrystalline zinc and bi-crystals of zinc were used under conditions where the radioactive material was incorporated either in the solid or the
liquid phase. Strain-free clean surfaces were obtained and autoradiographs taken. The results of the experiments using bi-crystals were interpreted on the basis that a local cell action sets up an electrochemical potential between liquid and solid at the beginning of the reaction. Exchange was found
to take place in both directions, but the reaction did not follow a simple logarithmic law.
Continuous monitoring of uranium leach solutions
Authors: Eichholz G G
Published: March 2018

A method for the determination of uranium content in leach solution by scintillation alpha-ray detection has been developed for possible application to the continuous monitoring and control of breakthrough in ion exchange columns. The radioactive solution flows
through a circular cell containing several thin disks of a plastic scintillation phosphor which respond to bombardment by alpha particles from uranium atoms in the solution. The fluorescence produced in the phosphor is observed and amplified by means of standard scintillation counter techniques.
Breakthrough curves have been obtained by this method and correlation with various alpha emitters has been attempted by the use of an alpha-ray spectrometer. Positive detection of activity to levels down to 0.2 el equivalent uranium content in solution seems possible on a continuous
basis.
Pillar loading part iv: inclined workings
Authors: Coates D F
Published: March 2018

The new hypothesis that was recently developed for the determination of pillar loads was subsequently modified in the light of extensive experimental work. The resulting equations include significant factors not contained in the older tributary area theory. In
this way, an improved basis is provided for predicting pillar loads. In the new theory, and also in the experimental work, it was assumed that the principal stresses in the formation were perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the orebody. It was implied that when the principal field stresses
were inclined to the plane of the orebody, the theory could still be used by only taking into account the components perpendicular and parallel to this plane. However, experimental substantiation of this assumption was required. The work described in this report includes an examination of the
theoretical implications of having the principal field stresses inclined to the plane of the orebody, and also includes measurements on models for these cases. The rigorous solution of the closure of an elliptical opening from the theory of elasticity is identical with the solution that would be
obtained from the pillar loading hypothesis. In addition, the experimental work on model pillars showed good agreement with the predicted values obtained from the equations provided by the new theory. The main conclusion from this work is that the use, in the previously reported derived equations,
of only the components of principal field stresses perpendicular and parallel to the plane of an orebody has been substantiated as valid for the determination of pillar loading.
The hydrogenation of Alberta bitumen over cobalt molybdate catalyst
Authors: O'Grady M A , Parsons B I
Published: March 2018

A laboratory investigation of the hydrogenation of Alberta bitumen over oxide and sulphide forms of commercial cobalt molybdate catalyst is described. Experiments were made with four reaction bed-preheater arrangements: a) porcelain ben l saddles in both the
preheater and the reaction bed (a no-catalyst system); h) porcelain packing in the preheater section, followed by the oxide form of cobalt molybdate catalyst in the reaction bed; c) the oxide form of the cobalt molybdate catalyst in both the preheater and the reaction bed; and d) the sulphide form
of the cobalt molybdate catalyst in both the preheater and the reaction bed. Coke was found to form quickly in the systems where Porcelain packing was used in the preheater section. Much improved operating life and activity were observed when the oil feed was brought up to temperature on catalyst
packing. A marked increase in activity and operating stability ' was also observed when the bitumen was diluted slightly with a heavy gas-oil fraction. From the standpoint of the conversion of residuum to distillable oil, the all-sulphide catalyst system was more effective than the oxide, but the
all-oxide system was more stable in operation and removed more sulphur. Under conditions where a high proportion of the products was in the liquid phase, the activity of the oxide system changed little with operation, whereas the activity of the sulphide catalyst decreased
rapidly.
Development and use of computer programs for finite element analysis
Authors: Yu Y S , Coates D F
Published: March 2018

A computer program has been developed to simulate the stress distributions around typical, irregularly-shaped mining openings. The actual, non-homogeneous mechanical properties of the rock can be taken into account in the program. The simulation also takes into
account the possibility that the stresses are produced by either of or both gravity and tectonic forces. In addition, supplementary computer programs to check the input data and to interpret the massive output of the finite element analysis have also been produced. This report describes the
development of these computer programs and provides detailed information and instructions on their use.
The application of neutron activation analysis to the determination of copper in minerals
Authors: Dibbs H P
Published: March 2018

An account is given of the application of neutron activation analysis to the rapid, non-destructive determination of copper in minerals, using a 14-MeV neutron source. Elements that interfere in the determination of copper by this method are given, together with
the errors in the estimation of copper that result from the presence of varying amounts of these elements. The possible use of a compact "sealed-tube" 14-MeV neutron generator for the field assay of copper in minerals is discussed.
Non-metallic thermal storage media for block-type electric space heaters
Authors: Svikis V D
Published: March 2018

A series of low-cost non-metallics was submitted to determinations of thermal properties, such as mean specific heat and heat capacity per unit volume, to evaluate their suitability as thermal-storage media for block-type electric space heaters. For this work a
special electric furnace and a large calorimeter using water were designed and constructed. The mean specific-heat determinations were made by the method of mixtures. The heat capacities per unit volume were calculated from the densities and mean specific heats of the materials examined. The results
indicate that of the ceramic products, rocks and mineral concentrates examined, dead-burned magnesia (over 95% MgO), 'highly calcined' alumina (over 99% Al z03), hematite concentrate, and rocks rich in hematite, magnetite and/or magnesian compounds have high heat capacities. Two- and
three-component bodies from ceramic products or ceramic products and rocks, bonded with aluminous cement, are economically more attractive but their heat capacities are lower than those of their single components without the cement bond. In certain cases, the dead-burned magnesia and the calcined
alumina -- relatively expensive materials -- can be successfully replaced in these body compositions by mineral concentrates and rocks, such as hematite concentrate, magnetite ore, olivine, and talc. The fireclay brick and the building brick can be successfully substituted by common rocks, such as
sandstone, quartzite and granite. It is concluded that materials and material compositions rich in hematite, magnetite, and magnesian compounds are excellent low-cost thermal-storage media for block-type electric space heaters.