bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypocrisy and Human Rights
Authors: CroninFurman Kate
Published: May 2023

This book examines what human rights pressure does when it does not work. Repressive states with absolutely no intention of complying with their human rights obligations often change course dramatically in response to international pressure. They create toothless commissions, permit but then obstruct international observers' visits, and pass showpiece legislation while simultaneously bolstering their repressive capacity. Covering debates over transitional justice in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other countries, the book investigates the diverse ways in which repressive states respond to calls for justice from human rights advocates, UN officials, and Western governments who add their voices to the victims of mass atrocities to demand accountability. The book argues that although international pressure cannot elicit compliance in the absence of domestic motivations to comply, the complexity of the international system means that there are multiple audiences for both human rights behavior and advocacy and that pressure can produce valuable results through indirect paths.
Introduction
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides a background on what human rights pressure does when it doesn't “work.” The chapter begins with the observation that many states facing the prospect of international censure choose a middle path between caving to human rights pressure or ignoring it. Even if pressure doesn't succeed in convincing violator states to remedy breaches of human rights, that doesn't mean it has no effect on their behavior. The chapter describes repressive states that have no intention of complying with their human rights obligations but often change course dramatically in response to international pressure. It illuminates the windows of opportunity for impact for victim communities pursuing justice in the face of extreme adversity.
Conclusion
Authors: Cronin-Furman Kate
Published: May 2023

This chapter summarizes arguments and their broader relevance for human rights theory and practice. It emphasizes the complicated, and often unintended, effects of international pressure on repressive states' behavior and its extremely limited ability to actually elicit compliance. It also analyzes the implications of findings for victim communities seeking accountability for mass atrocities and a reflection on the challenge of pursuing justice in the face of extreme adversity. The chapter presents evidence showing that accountability for mass atrocities is rare, that it is deeply beholden to domestic politics, and that international pressure is unlikely to achieve its aims. Two critical implications of the theory of quasi-compliance are that international pressure on repressive states' behavior has complicated unintended consequences, and that third-party audiences play an important role in producing human rights outcomes.
Sex, Love, and the Law
Authors: Eichner Carolyn J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into redefining Frenchness while in the empire. Olympe Audouard, Hubertine Auclert, Léonie Rouzade, and Paule Mink grappled with the constitutive racial, gendered, religious, and class-based elements of Frenchness. Feminists interested in jurisprudence focused on how legal systems shaped women's lives, which primarily revolves around patriarchal power relations played out around marriage, women's legal status, and polygamy. The chapter also looks into Audouard's assumptions regarding enslaved Southern Black women's freedom and their liberty relative to wedded French women. Moderate left and liberal feminists focused on legal structures as significant causes of gender inequities because they sought reform instead of revolution.
Imprisoned, Colonized
Authors: Eichner Carolyn J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles how Louis Michel built her form of anti-imperialism after experiencing exile in France's New Caledonia penal colony. Despite the punishment, Michel took the opportunity to see parts of the world she might otherwise never experienced. She became disillusioned with the Commune's revolutionary leadership and brutal repression. The chapter elaborates on Michel's interest and studies into Indigenous Kanak communities that resulted in her challenging the dichotomy of civilization and savagery between Europeans and Pacific Islanders. Michel interwove the promotion of Kanak culture and independence with her broader political goals, developing a language of liberation that reflected the complexity of her politics and defied a binary between pro-imperial and anti-imperial positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Eichner Carolyn J.
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter elaborates on the empire of feminism brought up by Olympe Audouard, Hubertine Auclert, Léonie Rouzade, Paule Mink, and Louis Michel. It considers how imperialism pervasively influenced the latter part of the nineteenth century as global political, cultural, and conceptual forms. The feminist perspective and central focus on gendered questions criticized anti-imperialism that was rooted in egalitarianism and justice. The chapter notes how Michel, Audouard and Auclert used the figure of the Jews as an ideological weapon and employed the associated stereotypes with no intention of challenging them. It clarifies that universal feminism does not exist as that fantasy erases the reality of multiple and conflicting perspectives.
Bond
Authors: Maskiell Nicole Saffold
Published: May 2023

This chapter tracks the business, social, and family connections forged by slavery that bound elites in New York to their counterparts in New England. As the chapter chronicles, the seeds planted during the seventeenth century under Dutch rule served to influence and guide the codification of slave laws, culture, and society under the English, as well as grow and expand family slaveholding networks into New England. Although the colony's fall challenged the social power structure, New Netherland's elite class found purchase and social cohesion under English rule by claiming human beings as property. The chapter emphasizes that other New Yorkers were solidifying both domestic and regional power through racial and gendered claims to the land and enslaved people. The chapter also highlights that enslaved people were traded to forge alliances and tighter cultural touchstones that were legible across colonies and even oceans, and also to demonstrate dominion. It concludes by emphasizing how the legal frameworks enacted by interconnected kin centralized control through the surveillance and criminalization of the enslaved.
Innovate to Dominate
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This book offers insight into why, how, and whether China will overtake the United States to become the world's preeminent technological and security power. This examination of the means and ends of China's quest for techno-security supremacy provides clues as to the long-term direction of the global order. The techno-security domain, the book argues, is where national security, innovation, and economic development converge, and it has become the center of power and prosperity in the twenty-first century. China's paramount leader Xi Jinping recognizes that effectively harnessing the complex interactions among security, innovation, and development is essential in enabling China to compete for global dominance. The book offers a richly detailed account of how China is building a potent techno-security state. It takes readers from the strategic vision guiding this transformation to the nuts-and-bolts of policy implementation. The state-led, top-down mobilizational model that China is pursuing has been a winning formula so far, but the sternest test is ahead as China begins to compete head-to-head with the United States and aims to surpass its archrival by mid-century if not sooner. The book is an examination of the key strategies guiding China's transformation of its capabilities in the national, technological, military, and security spheres and how this is taking place. It addresses the burning questions being asked in capitals around the world: Can China become the dominant global techno-security power? And if so, when?
Introduction
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter analyzes the nature, evolution, and dynamics of the making of the Chinese techno-security state, especially under the rule of Xi Jinping. It investigates how the state is able to effectively coordinate the national security, technological innovation, and economic systems so that they can work closely together to enhance national power, especially in the strategic and military domains. Is this best achieved through state-led, top-down approaches, or market-driven, bottom-up approaches—or a mix of both? As the chapter argues, the answer will vary and depends on critical factors such as regime type (statist or anti-statist), security environment (peaceful or threatening), and the nature of coordination mechanisms employed (direct or indirect regulatory controls). The chapter aims to offer a focused, nuanced, and detailed exploration of this transformational change in the security–innovation–development nexus, which is one of the principal areas where China's impact on the world will be most profoundly felt. It puts forward the concept of the techno-security state to make sense of China's comprehensive strategic rise in the first half of the twenty-first century.
Military Strengthening
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This chapter digs into Xi Jinping's military development guidance, known as military strengthening, and its relationship with the techno-security state. The chapter first discusses the crystallization of Xi's thinking on military strengthening since coming to power and the nature and relationship between China's national military strategy, or what is known as the Military Strategic Guidelines. It also reviews the strategies and policies guiding the country's development of its weapons and defense equipment. The chapter then elaborates on the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) ability to foster military technological innovation and armament development, and describes the efforts of the defense industrial base to reform and modernize its capabilities to ensure that it keeps up with the demands of military end users. The chapter then highlights the array of defense technology and weapons development programs directly responsible for the modernization of the PLA's combat capabilities that includes the 995 New High-Technology Project, Defense Medium-and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan, and five-year plans. It doing so, it provides an analysis of the generational upgrading of the PLA's frontline arsenal between the end of the 1980s and the end of the 2010s.
The Techno-Security State in Conceptual and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the nature of the techno-security state from a conceptual and comparative perspective with the goal of developing an analytical framework to identify key common characteristics. It emphasizes that different schools of thought from the economic-centric and bello-centric traditions are relevant in thinking about the nature of the techno-security state and its relationship to development, innovation, security, and power. The developmental state model is identified as being especially useful in providing insights into the catch-up approach pursued by China. The chapter also pays attention to insights from the experience of the US techno-security state, which has grappled extensively with the security–innovation–development nexus and has been able to find effective and durable institutional arrangements enabling collaboration and coordination across the civilian and national security divide. The chapter applies these conceptual and comparative perspectives to develop an analytical framework to assess the state of and prospects for the Chinese techno-security state, especially in the growing competition with its US counterpart.
Brave New World
Authors: Iandolo Alessandro
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the USSR's rediscovery of the Third World under Nikita Khrushchev. It highlights the importance of the Soviet Union's economic success, especially after it became the best asset to win friends in Africa and Asia. Economic cooperation and development aid dominated the USSR's foreign policy toward the Third World for the next decade. Additionally, Karl Marx's theory of economic development stipulated that primitive slave societies would evolve by feudalism and then by capitalism. The chapter notes that the USSR was not far behind in the field of modernization theory and development assistance on the ground. It clarifies that the Soviets' aims to convince newly independent countries to adopt socialism as a state-led development model instead of communism.
Conclusion
Authors: Iandolo Alessandro
Published: May 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the long-term legacy of Soviet engagement with West Africa. It looks into Soviet engagement in West Africa as a prime example of the USSR's approach to economic development abroad. Ghana, Guinea, and Mali took the chance with the Soviet Union after emerging from decades of colonial domination with a strong will to seek rapid modernization. Moreover, the Soviet philosophy of development put the state before the market and the collective before the individual. The chapter then highlights how in the political economy of development some binaries are very resistant, despite nuances like state versus the market.
The Southern Border
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows the day after the author left Springfield. It recounts how he left as an infant and only returned for brief visits. The chapter also examines how his ethnic ambiguity allowed him to blend in easily. In places where White people are the majority, he has been identified as all sorts of nationalities. Rarely does someone come up to him and correctly identify either his Indian or Italian heritage. Such experiences, as aggravating as they were, taught him that when people are not comfortable with him for any reason, they create trouble for him. The chapter then shifts to discuss his arrival in El Paso, a place where most people in the community would accept him as he is, as somebody who could well be a local and not an anomaly in their world. Though he would always feel like an outsider because of his nonnative Spanish accent and his lack of a personal history there, the chapter highlights that he would be more at home on the border than anywhere else he had ever lived.
Immigration Court
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the alien threat narratives—stories that promote a fear of the outsider. For the better part of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, the chapter emphasizes that these decades-long narratives have fostered a sense of resentment and underwritten a slew of anti-immigrant projects ranging from the 1980s and 1990s English-only education movement to the emergence of the “crimmigration” movement in the late 1990s. It argues that the political use of these criminalizing terms and narratives has fostered among some Americans a sense of sustained hostility toward unauthorized immigrants and turned them into convenient political scapegoats. Given that backdrop, the chapter utilizes a real-world sample of the people immigrating to the United States, one that the author could compare or contrast with the politically constructed scapegoat. To extend a metaphor, the chapter aims to uncover Schrödinger's box and find out what sort of immigrant was really inside. And that box turned out to be the Department of Justice's (DoJ) Executive Office for Immigration Review, what most people refer to as “immigration court.” The chapter hopes to cast a line and see whether the author could fish out some of the violent, dangerous drug trafficking types that, according to the political press and rhetoric, were supposedly threatening America's security.
Violence
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes the violence, conflict, and number of dead in Juárez. It argues that drug trafficking organizations in Mexico generally continue to compete for market presence and dominance. For most drug trafficking organizations, protection against outside threats, including the state and especially the organizations' competitors, remains a problem. The chapter then reviews the two solutions employed in Mexico: to recruit military and law enforcement personnel to deploy military tactics, and to recruit the gangs that developed throughout the 1990s following the deportation of prison gang members from the United States to Mexico. The chapter assesses how drug trafficking organizations throughout Mexico and their armed branches, or gang enforcers, employed violent tactics to establish dominance over their smuggling routes to fend off competition and to ensure that the state cannot reestablish control over security and protection in these spaces. The chapter elaborates on the emergence of the armed branch Zetas and its war with their former masters, the Gulf Cartel. It then reviews how gangs with extensive transnational connections or connections to large Mexican drug trafficking organizations differed from traditional street gangs in significant ways.
Gangs of the Valley
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter recalls that prison gangs—not the drug cartels—were the true facilitators of the drug trade along the border in El Paso, especially on the US side. It also mentions that prison gangs in Paso del Norte were the important facilitators for much of the wholesale trade across the border and were responsible for the lion's share of the retail trade in El Paso. With such in mind, the chapter highlights that understanding prison gangs meant understanding the drug trade. It then begins with a discussion of how the business model of illicit drug entrepreneurs unfolded in Phoenix. Since the Valley of the Sun had its share of street and prison gangs, the chapter seeks to understand their role in the drug trade. It also examines the claims of Arizona law enforcement that over 90 percent of the crime that occurs in the state is attributable to gangs. To understand the Phoenix-area gang makeup, the chapter recounts the author's conversations to a wide range of people, including community workers, police officers, and current and former street and prison gang members. It concludes by analyzing how prison gangs continued to have a significant presence in the Arizona prison system. As in Texas, Arizona prison gangs generally self-segregate by race.
Adelita and Calista
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that Guadalupe had historically produced street gang members, several of whom during their incarceration had become involved with the Arizona Mexican Mafia. Its street gang culture appears to belong to a particular generation whose members are in their thirties and forties. Nevertheless, as the chapter highlights, the drug trade, and different street gangs have come and gone. The chapter then focuses on the core problems of Guadalupe: poverty, low graduation rates, and high suicide rates consistently rank as the community's biggest problems. It stresses that drugs appear to be a symptom of these prevailing problems. The chapter follows the story of two women, Adelita and Calista, who grew up in Guadalupe. As girls, they were childhood friends with similar lives. As teens, Adelita and Calista began to follow in their fathers' footsteps and joined their neighborhood street gang. The chapter uncovers how they taught themselves how prison politics worked and how they struggled to transition out of prison and stay out.
Trainspotting
Authors: Gundur R. V.
Published: May 2023

This chapter recalls the years following the author's fieldwork, and the antidrug rhetoric in the United States. It recounts his encounter with a passenger on a train when he visited his mother in Springfield, Illinois, one last time before heading out again. The chapter also highlights that we, as members of the public, must consider a new narrative, one that examines the marginalization, poverty, and policing failures and above all the ongoing demand for mind-altering substances that make the drug trade commercially viable. It emphasizes that we must challenge discussions that focus on organized crime and its dangers by refocusing on the problems and societal circumstances that encourage people to take up illicit entrepreneurship. Ultimately, the chapter examines drug consumption and the responses to the business of illicit drugs in some countries.
“Watching to Banish Care”
Authors: Parris Benjamin
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates the roles of sleep and insomnia in books 1 and 4 of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, showing how an early modern reactivation of the Stoic ethics of sleep challenges core principles of Pauline political theology. Book 1's allegory of holiness suggests—contra Paul's paradigm—that human beings are radically unable to arise from spiritual sleep and to remain constantly vigilant due to the competing demands of physical life and waking cares. Hence, book 1 develops as its ethical paradigm a structure of mutual care modeled on Stoic oikeiôsis, and which only Redcrosse knight and Una can make whole. Meanwhile, in book 4, Spenser's turn toward forms of life and affiliation not buttressed by political theology emerges more clearly in his personification of Care as the headmaster to a team of hammering blacksmiths whose nocturnal labors keep Sir Scudamor from sleep. Care's minions circumvent sleep's vital powers of self-recovery and restoration using the hero's insomniac care to enlarge the stature of their allegorical master and exert a biopolitics of control over the animal oikeiôsis that organizes Scudamor's orientation toward self and world.
Return Home? Alsatian Industrialists in France and Germany after 1918
Authors: Rigó Máté
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the work of Alsatian industrialists in France and Germany after 1918. Alsace and Lorraine found themselves at the geographical center of a French-dominated Central and East-Central European zone of economic expansion. Due to economic protectionism, Alsatian and Lorrainer corporations could trade with France and Germany duty-free since the Paris government's military hegemony in Central Europe effectively forced Germany to receive products duty-free from the former Reichsland. However, the conclusion of treaties on the economy by French and German technocrats began simultaneously as the brutal expulsion and expropriation of Germans in Alsace and Lorraine. The chapter notes how Paris' introduction of more democratic labor laws led to a series of strikes after 1919.
The Latin West
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the interpretation of Romans from Latin fathers, such as Augustine of Hippo, Martin Luther, and John Calvin. The Jewish questions proceeded to spark discussion within the framework of avowedly anti-Jewish polemical treatises, even though the question of Israel's place in the divine economy of salvation hardly lost its currency during the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, Augustine's comments on Romans restore the salvation of “all Israel” to the end time. The chapter also notes how Thomas Aquinas' commentary on the Jews' role in salvation history only contributed to the ambiguity of Romans. Many great Christian theologians hedged their bets accommodating multiple, even contradictory, viewpoints on the salvation of eschatological Israel.
Antichrist and the Jews in Early Christianity
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the history of the Antichrist and the Jews in Early Christianity. It clarifies that Christian eschatology had roots in the religion of biblical Israel and Jewish apocalyptic thought and literature of the Second Temple period. According to Jerome, the advent, rise, and fall of the Antichrist have an overriding purpose: the punishment of the Jews. Additionally, the Sibylline Oracles feature many of the key features of the Antichrist myth. The chapter clarifies how Christianity inherited its idea of the Antichrist exclusively from Judaism. It elaborates on New Testament scholar Elaine Pagels' argument that the portrayal of satanic figures characterized a process of self-definition, whereby sectarian Jews asserted their superiority or election by contrasting themselves with demonic others.
Notes on the Book’s Format, and Tips for Exploring Chicago’s Geology
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the correlation between science and art. It considers the two generations of Chicagoans' architecture geology. Chicago buildings tend to collect monikers over the years, so the most commonly used terminologies or alternatives in architectural literature will be used despite the possibility of sounding whimsical. Additionally, many featured sites present more than one geologically derived building material. Some of Chicago's greatest geologic treasures can be found adorning houses in many different neighborhoods, such as the stratospheric streets of the Gold Coast to far-South-Side Pullman. The chapter encourages people to be respectful of private residential property regardless of the geologic treasures.
The Geology of Building Materials
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the geology of building materials. It acknowledges how human beings have relied upon a host of different materials taken from their local environments to provide themselves with a shelter over the centuries. The broad-ranging realm of geological inquiry has many subdisciplines, including the well-forged correlation between biology, physics, climatology, and chemistry. According to eighteenth-century lexicographer Samuel Johnson, geology is the doctrine of the earth. The chapter details the types of rocks: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks. It also elaborates on the architectural classification of stone, such as brick, terra-cotta, concrete, metal, glass and plaster.
The Loop
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the Southwestern Quadrant of the Chicago Loop. The Chicago Board of Trade Building follows the Grand Art Deco Formula, which is a skyscraper on a mountain of Salem Limestone, garnished at the bottom by a crystalline stone, and metal at its summit. Meanwhile, the Monadnock Building is famous in the architecture industry for its powerful design and its load-bearing masonry exterior. The Marquette Building is known to be one of the crown jewels of Chicago architecture and the Loop's top-tier displays of geologically derived materials. The chapter provides an overview of the geological features of the quadrant's buildings, such as The Rookery, Continental ＆ Commercial Bank, and Illinois Merchants Bank.
Near West Side, Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter tackles the features of the buildings along the Near West Side, Garfield Park, and Humboldt Park. Even though the buildings are out of the Chicago Loop, geologists can still sense one of the city's chief architectural glories by referencing the design ethic called Grand Art Deco Formula. The Richardsonian Romanesque style of the Church of the Epiphany provides the most immediate and sustained geological gratification, which is an architecture's highest calling. The chapter explains that the First Baptist Congregational Church is a time capsule of Chicago's architectural history prior to the Great Fire. It also considers the geologic features of the Humboldt Park Boathouse.
The Gold Coast and Old Town
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the geologic features of the buildings in Gold Coast and Old Town. In E. Bellevue Place, three nineteenth-century houses in a row feature interesting building stone, so it is its own geological mini-tour highlighting two of the city's most historic stone types: Artesian Dolostone and Salem Limestone. The Edwin J. Gardiner House received a petition to declare the site as a Grade A Protected Urban Outcrop and petition the federal government to make it a national monument. The chapter then elaborates on the usage of concrete in buildings such as the Midwest Buddhist Temple. It also looks into the architecture of the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial.
Logan Square, Lincoln Park, and Lake View
Authors: Wiggers Raymond
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks into the features of the buildings along Logan Square, Lincoln Park, and Lake View. The Holston Limestone plays a more daring role at Illinois Centennial Monument as a calcareous rock type completely exposed to the elements. Meanwhile, the Theatre School at DePaul University features two interesting Old World rock types: the Luna Pearl variety of Buddusò Granite and the white Antalya Limestone. The chapter also notes the use of the Michigan Buff Sandstone at the Lincoln Park Presbyterian Church. It also elaborates on the geologic features of the Elks National Memorial, Henry Rohkam House, and Temple Sholom.
Introduction
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that Christ's presence was so vitally important both for exceptional and for ordinary religion. It seeks to understand the central question pursued in this book: What connections are there between the exceptional and the ordinary? The answer is not simple, because the links were various. Most basically, ordinary and exceptional piety enjoyed a symbiotic connection. The chapter also investigates how late medieval religion worked at any level, exceptional or ordinary. It also explores how ordinary and exceptional religion related to each other. That, then, is the main point of the book: the embeddedness of the exceptional within the ordinary. The chapter traces the popular diffusion of mystical writing in the form of generally accessible devotional texts. It also looks at how religious themes and concerns such as penitence or devotion to Christ's Passion are shared between the exceptionally pious and ordinary devout Christians and woven into texts of all sorts.
Divine Person, Divine and ­Human Natures
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights that it may be useful to begin by asking about the Christ they encountered if people claimed to experience the presence of Christ. It argues that much of the historical literature over the past two generations has assumed that late medieval devotion was chiefly to the humanity of Christ. The chapter shows that this notion is problematic. In the religious literature and in common parlance, Christ is almost ubiquitously referred to as God. The chapter also explores the standard, long-standing theology of Christ's person and natures as well as the late medieval sources. It shows that Christ's divinity is not only a matter of faith but also a fundamentally important precondition for both ordinary and exceptional experience of his presence. The chapter concludes by discussing the basic argument and its theological implications.
Prayer, Meditation, and Presence
Authors: Kieckhefer Richard
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores further ways in which the “mystical presence of Christ” is exceptional yet grounded in ordinary religious experience. To understand the relationship between ordinary and exceptional piety, the chapter discusses something about the ways people prayed to Christ and the relationship between such prayer and experience of his presence. Prayers to Christ, meditations on his historical life, and scripted dialogues with him are all elements in the Christocentric devotion that contextualizes claims about his mystical presence. The chapter surveys these forms of prayer and meditation but argues that it is simpler prayers, interjections, and even repetition of the name “Jesus” that are the strongest links between ordinary piety and exceptional experience. The chapter emphasizes that the devotional and liturgical stimuli to intuition and perception of the divine were the same devotional, meditative, and liturgical exercises that were widely shared by ordinary Christians.
The Reagan Imprint: Democracy Promotion in US Foreign Relations after the Cold War
Authors: Schmidli William Michael
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the legacy Ronald Reagan left in US foreign relations after the Cold War. The Reagan administration's embrace of democracy promotion became the centerpiece of the US human rights policy and US foreign policy in the early post-Cold War era. Despite the calls for the United States to reconsecrate the mission of democracy promotion, the initiative overlooked the interventionism that underpinned the project in its foundational stages. The chapter considers the “End of History” thesis of Francis Fukuyama published in the National Interest. It clarifies that the Clinton administration's commitment to democracy promotion and human rights was distinctly limited.
Pink Triangle Legacies
Authors: Newsome W. Jake
Published: May 2023

This book traces the transformation of the pink triangle from a Nazi concentration camp badge and emblem of discrimination into a widespread, recognizable symbol of queer activism, pride, and community. The book provides an overview of the Nazis' targeted violence against LGBTQ＋ people and details queer survivors' fraught and ongoing fight for the acknowledgement, compensation, and memorialization of LGBTQ＋ victims. Within this context, a new generation of queer activists has used the pink triangle—a reminder of Germany's fascist past—as the visual marker of gay liberation, seeking to end queer people's status as second-class citizens by asserting their right to express their identity openly. The reclamation of the pink triangle occurred first in West Germany, but soon activists in the United States adopted this chapter from German history as their own. As gay activists on opposite sides of the Atlantic grafted pink triangle memories onto new contexts, they connected two national communities and helped form the basis of a shared gay history, indeed a new gay identity, that transcended national borders. This book illustrates the dangerous consequences of historical silencing and how the incorporation of hidden histories into the mainstream understanding of the past can contribute to a more inclusive experience of belonging in the present. There can be no justice without acknowledging and remembering injustice. As the book demonstrates, if a marginalized community seeks a history that liberates them from the confines of silence, they must often write it themselves.
George Kennan for Our Time
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This book examines the work and thought of the most distinguished American diplomat of the twentieth century and extracts lessons for today. In his writings and lectures, George Kennan outlined the proper conduct of foreign policy and issued warnings to an American society on the edge of the abyss. The book identifies the principles Kennan applied to US relations with Russia and Eastern Europe, and to the Far and Near East. The book takes particular note of Kennan's role in formulating postwar policy in Japan, the measured response to North Korea's invasion of South Korea, and opposition to the war in Vietnam. The book also considers Kennan's strong criticisms of his own country, its egalitarianism, unrestricted immigration, and multiple addictions. It cites Kennan's call for a greater closeness to nature, a revival of religious faith, and a return to the representative government established by the Founding Fathers. The book describes the often-disastrous results of rejecting Kennan's counsel, and the dangers, international and national, posed by an ongoing failure to draw upon his wisdom. In view of America's foreign policy disasters in Afghanistan, Iraq, and around the world, Kennan's realist approach provides important lessons for our current age.
Nature and Faith
Authors: Congdon Lee
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights George Kennan's hope for the revivification of the American society. It begins by looking at Kennan's critique of the motor vehicle, as well as industrialism and urbanism. Since 1993, the situation in American cities has become calamitous. Crime is now so widespread and violent that certain areas are quite literally war zones. Not having lived long enough to witness the contemporary American assault on civilization, Kennan identified environmental deterioration as the greatest danger confronting urban-industrial societies—only nuclear weapons posed a greater threat to the future of mankind. His growing and legitimate concern over the thoughtless and irresponsible exploitation of nature did throw him into the arms of those for whom environmentalism aimed less at conservation than at reconstructing the social order. Kennan also challenged the sixties radicals' conventional wisdom, recognized the dangers of contemporary McCarthyism, and warned against the decline of religious faith and erosion of moral standards.
Beyond the Banjar
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2023

This chapter looks at the role of Balinese gamelan in catalyzing global communities. It focuses on sanggar Manik Galih, directed by I Made Lasmawan and Ni Ketut Marni. Beginning with the ensemble's performance at the 2018 International Gamelan Festival, the chapter investigates the “local, regional, and transnational concepts of community formed by the interrelationship between academic and community gamelan in the United States and their affiliates in Indonesia.” As the chapter underlines, these “interlocking” and “overlapping” community affiliations enable both the development of “local” (both Indonesian and American) culture and new forms of transnational collaboration. The chapter delves into the various forms of community that coalesce around gamelan both in Indonesia and America, each in their own way manifesting the Balinese concept of desa, kala, patra: appropriate place, time, and context.
Keroncong in the United States
Authors: Sugiyanto Danis
Published: May 2023

This chapter highlights that keroncong has been described by several researchers as an Indonesian music that has been deeply influenced by Western (primarily European) music. Since its emergence in the seventeenth century, the chapter reveals that keroncong has developed into a dynamic and unique form, distinct from its original influences. The form has already spread to several other countries, including the United States. However, as the chapter argues, keroncong has been far less performed and studied. It has not received the kind of institutional support and popularization, in either Indonesia or America, that gamelan has. So what attracts these American students to keroncong? When were they first exposed to it? Why do they study and play this music? The chapter then shifts to describe trends in keroncong scenes, outlining the close aesthetic and social links between karawitan and keroncong communities in Solo, and the recent globalization of the genre. It focuses on the Virginia-based ensemble Rumput, and offers a reception analysis of local (Indonesian) responses to the globalization of keroncong, documenting a largely positive attitude.
INDONESIAN REGIONAL MUSIC ON VCD
Authors: Yampolsky Philip
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses the influence of commercial media on cultural representation and change in regional music, both popular and traditional. Focusing on the VCD format, introduced in Indonesia in the mid-1990s, the chapter seeks to see what is published on VCD and what is not, and to what extent regional genres on VCD are adapted to national conventions and standards, both musical and aesthetic. It also describes the categories and trends of VCD production, and discusses an example of the kind of traditional rural genre that is excluded from VCDs because it has no commercial appeal. The chapter shows a critique of ethnomusicology's current focus on popular music and global media flows, which, as it highlights, tends to discourage scholarly attention to the documentation of regional traditions not represented in commercial media. The chapter maintains that such a preoccupation allows localized traditional forms to go unrecognized and undocumented.
A Prolegomenon to Female Rampak Kendang (Choreographed Group Drumming) in West Java
Authors: Spiller Henry
Published: May 2023

This chapter describes the emergence of female rampak kendang (choreographed group drumming) in West Java in the 2010s. It explains that it is a relatively new genre, in which groups of (male) drummers combine coordinated, unison, virtuosic drumming with clever, sometimes surprising, and often amusing movements. While the form itself emerged in the 1970s, the chapter highlights that female performance is a new phenomenon, one that presents new implications for gender ideology in Sunda. Focusing on female rampak kendang, the chapter further illustrates the role of the performing arts in establishing, reinforcing, and challenging the norms of gendered behaviors in West Java. It elaborates on how the slippery gender representations in rampak kendang demonstrate that the landscape of gender ideology is remarkably fluid in modern Indonesia and supports the author's contention that the performing arts is an important arena for imagining and normalizing changing values—as well as for bolstering existing entrenched ideologies. The chapter concludes that while the form creates new spaces for “troubling” and “challenging” entrenched gender ideologies, rampak kendang primarily functions to reinforce existing ones.
Approaching the Magnetic Power of Femaleness Through Crossgender Dance Performance in Malang, East Java
Authors: Sunardi Christina
Published: May 2023

This chapter draws from the author's book Stunning Males and Powerful Females: Gender and Tradition in East Javanese Dance (2015) and other prior work to present some of the ways performers have expressed and embodied female power in the regency of Malang, East Java, through dance and its accompanying gamelan music. It digs into the intersection of gender, dance performance, and gamelan in Malang, East Java, focusing on the spiritual power of femaleness in cross-gender dancing. Ethnographic encounters with male, female, and transgender (waria) dancers reveal a fluid continuity of gender, including the performance of “female masculinity” and “male femininity” and the “layering” and “revealing” of performed gender roles. Nevertheless, the chapter identifies an “underlying femaleness” in the tayub dances, linking this “magnetic female power” to the ancient Hindu concept of shakti.
Nines on Teaching Beginning Gamelan*
Authors: Diamond Jody
Published: May 2023

This chapter opens with a poem by Jody Diamond, a veteran of the North American gamelan scene. It displays the poem with nine syllables in each line: Gong plays first, and sounds in the last place. All parts are made of relationships. Melody is in contour, not pitch. Every contribution has value. Listening is of prime importance. Awareness grows of drums leading time. No worries, the music's your teacher.
The Captives of the Kaiser
Authors: Keil André
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on Schutzhaft (protective custody) and political prisoners in Germany. In 1933, the Nazi regime resorted to the instrument of Schutzhaft to detain over two hundred thousand political opponents almost immediately after its ascent to power. Thus, Schutzhaft became essential to the attempts to establish social control on the home front and to protect the moral standards of the population. The chapter explains the historical significance of the correlation between the phenomenon of detention without trial and the dynamics of German home front politics. Additionally, the notion of the state of siege and the state of exception generally continued to influence political thought in the interwar years. The chapter then examines a case study that focused on the Berlin Police's handling of protective custody.
Prisoner-of-War Civilian Experience
Authors: Radauer Lena
Published: May 2023

This chapter covers the experiences of being a prisoner-of-war (POW) civilian by referencing administrative records from the central government overseeing the deployment of POW labor. It also elaborates on the role of the profession among POWs in Russia. According to migration historian Jochen Oltmer, the selection of the POW workforce in Germany increasingly took into account the prisoners' former civilian professions. The chapter also considers the factors that determined the treatment of POWs during World War I, while also looking into the motivations and consequences of work and the civilian characteristics of war prisoners. It explains how POW specialists were a valuable asset to all political powers ruling Russia between 1914 and 1920.
The Face and Race of the Enemy
Authors: Fitch Nancy
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses how pictures of captured colonial subjects from Africa and Asia and prisoners from Eastern Europe influenced Germany's perception of its enemies. The photographs were employed in distinctive ways to represent racial types and emphasize Germany's war against allegedly uncivilized enemies. Prisoners-of-war (POW) photographs also highlighted the novelty, diversity, and exoticism evident in the faces of these prisoners. The chapter elaborates on how scholarly and popular POW studies produced a powerful discourse that racialized Germany's enemies and helped shaped Germany's racial identity and sense of superiority during the war. Additionally, anthropological narratives being used to explain the photographs influenced viewers to think of the racial inferiority of Germany's enemies from both a visual and a scientific perspective.
Enveloped Lives
Authors: Praspaliauskiene Rima
Published: May 2023

Handing envelopes containing money or gifts to doctors in public health care is often seen as a remnant of socialism that continues as an integral part of the Lithuanian health care system. This book uses the envelope to explore complex doctor–patient interactions that go beyond notions of the gift or the bribe. The book reshapes our definition of corruption and encourages seeing these practices as emerging forms of care that impede the neoliberal health care reforms effected in the post-Soviet era. The book extends the analytical categories of gift, care, money, and transparency, shifting attention away from material transactions by prioritizing relations and practices that transcend economic rationality. At a time when health care reforms and the costs of care are being widely debated, this book is a contribution to the larger discussion about the ethics and future of health care around the world.
A National Theory of Civic Duty
Authors: Hur Aram
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses why some people feel a sense of civic duty to engage, contribute, and even sacrifice for their democracies while others do not. It analyzes the approach to why people feel a sense of civic duty to their democracies, which focuses on the role of national belonging. It also looks at the theory that builds on a central tenet of communitarianism, wherein certain special communities come to exert a powerful moral pull on their members. However, the theory is not about the blinding power of nationalism but rather about national identity politics. The chapter argues that for many modern individuals, the way that national membership is socialized makes the nation one such special community.
The Revolutionary Soviet Smoker
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2023

This introductory chapter highlights that tobacco remained integral to the Soviet experience and grew in use. The chapter introduces Vladimir Il'ich Lenin and Nikolai Aleksandrovich Semashko, who imposed no-smoking zones. Despite their efforts, smoking outlasted Lenin and Semashko as it persisted and intensified after the Bolshevik experiment collapsed. The chapter notes that the Bolshevik policy and politics dictated a different relationship to tobacco and assured that the growth of tobacco use in the Soviet Union strayed from the other standard narratives of market development. Culture, politics, and economics influenced the growth of smoking in the Soviet Union, and they influenced the Soviet reaction to research from the 1950s connecting tobacco to cancer and other diseases.