bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Fires and Oxygen Deficiency Risks Caused by Stored Agricultural Waste
Authors: Murasawa Naoharu , Koseki Hiroshi , Iwata Yusaku , Sakamoto Takabumi
Published: April 2018

In the Japanese agricultural industry, efforts are being made to recycle waste produced in order to use resources more efficiently. However, in some cases, when stored for long periods of time these materials generate heat through fermentation, which can eventually result in spontaneous ignition or oxygen deficiency in storage areas, resulting in the deaths of workers. In this study, we conducted a series of experiments on several types of agricultural waste (organic waste generated by agricultural production activities in Japan) frequently stored for recycling, using combinations of various thermal- and gas-analysers, in order to identify the risk factors related to spontaneous ignition and oxygen deficiency accidents. The aim of this research was to understand the circumstances leading to spontaneous ignition and oxygen deficiency accidents in storage facilities and to recommend safety measures to prevent such occurrences. Our results suggest that fermentation is likely responsible for the generation of heat and production of carbon dioxide at temperatures up to approximately 50 °C, where microbial activity diminishes. At temperatures beyond 50 °C, a transition into heat generation by the oxidation of fatty acid esters occurs. Additionally, when the barrier of heat absorption is overcome at around 100 °C due to the evaporation of water, there is a transition to thermal cracking that could lead to fire. Accidents due to oxygen deficiency may occur when a storage facility is well sealed and the amount of oxygen circulation is minimal. However, when the amount of oxygen is sufficient; the substance is stored in large deposits; and the facility is well insulated, fermentation can cause the temperature to increase. Therefore, it is desirable to periodically measure the temperature of stored materials and monitor the generated gases.
Energy Cost Optimization for Water Distribution Networks Using Demand Pattern and Storage Facilities
Authors: Chang Yungyu , Choi Gyewoon , Kim Juhwan , Byeon Seongjoon
Published: April 2018

Energy consumption in water supply systems is closely connected with the demand for water, since energy is mostly consumed in the process of water transport and distribution, in addition to the energy that might be needed to pump the water from its sources. Existing studies have been carried out on optimizing the pump operations to attain appropriate pressure and on controlling the water level of storage facilities to transfer the required demand and to reduce the energy cost. The idea is to reduce the amount of the water being supplied when the unit price of energy is high and to increase the supply when the unit price is low. To realize this scheme, the energy consumption of water supply systems, the amount of water transfer, the organization of energy cost structure, the utilization of water tanks, and so forth are investigated and analyzed to establish a model of optimized water demand management based on the application of water tanks in supplied areas. In this study, with the assumption that energy cost can be reduced by the redistribution of a demand pattern, a numerical analysis is conducted on transferring water demand at storage facilities from the peak energy cost hours to the lower energy cost hours. This study was applied at the Bupyeong 2 reservoir catchment, Incheon, Korea.
À propos des origines de la mosquée javanaise
Authors: Njoto Hélène
Published: April 2018

La genèse du type dit de la « mosquée javanaise », à plan concentrique et à toits superposés, répandu à Java mais aussi dans le monde malais, est sujette à débat. Pour certains spécialistes, ce type aurait été importé de l'Inde, à l'époque islamisée, donc tardivement. Pour d'autres, il se serait développé à Java avant l'islamisation, puis aurait été adopté pour les besoins du nouveau culte musulman vers le XVe siècle. Dans la continuité d'une réflexion ébauchée par quelques historiens et architectes, cet article propose de faire le point sur cette dernière hypothèse, à la lumière de nouvelles sources archéologiques et d'une iconographie peu exploitée. Si ces sources montrent bien l'antériorité du type de bâtiments à toits superposés et plan concentrique répandu à la période hindo-bouddhique, elles permettent également de déterminer que ce type était bien en usage, pour les cultes hindouiste et bouddhiste, dès le VIIe siècle à Java Ouest, vers les VIIIe et IXe siècles à Java Centre et au Xe siècle au moins à Java Est.
La plaine de Vientiane au tournant du second millénaire. Données nouvelles sur l'expansion des espaces khmer et môn anciens au Laos (II)
Authors: Lorrillard Michel
Published: April 2018

Cette étude sur les espaces khmer et môn de la vallée moyenne du Mékong fait suite à un premier article qui concernait le sud et le centre du Laos, et s'attache maintenant à la plaine de Vientiane. La situation archéologique y est sensiblement différente et montre une influence plus tardive des modèles culturels issus de l'Inde. Seuls des témoignages bouddhiques ont été retrouvés et ceux-ci ne remontent certainement pas au-delà du VIIIe siècle. L'occupation mône y est clairement attestée par une trentaine de sites positionnés le long de rivières ou autour de surfaces bien irriguées, principalement la Nam Ngum et le grand marais du That Luang. Pour deux sites rupestres, il semble bien qu'une transition se soit opérée entre la culture mône et la culture angkorienne. Cette dernière a également laissé sur le site de l'actuelle ville de Vientiane des vestiges dont la plupart datent manifestement du règne de Jayavarman VII. Certains de ces vestiges ont pu être apportés, mais les traces d'aménagements anciens montrent qu'une présence khmère a été effective : elle doit alors, tout comme c'est le cas pour l'occupation mône, être liée à des sites de la rive droite du Mékong.
Asbestos textiles from Batujaya (West Java, Indonesia): Further evidence for early long-distance interaction between the Roman Orient, Southern Asia and island Southeast Asia
Authors: Cameron Judith , Indrajaya Agustijanto , Manguin Pierre-Yves
Published: April 2018

This article presents and discusses fragments of cloth made of mineral asbestos fibres, in early first millennium CE burials in the Buni culture levels of the Batujaya site of West Java, Indonesia. They most probably belonged to shrouds used to wrap the bodies before placing the grave goods on them. The article then summarizes the overall context of textile trade in maritime Eurasia, and what is known so far of the circulation and usage of asbestos cloth, from the Roman Orient to China, via South and Southeast Asia.
Histoire d’un groupe de parenté du Fujian. Commerce au-delà des mers et mouvance
Authors: Salmon Claudine , Calanca Paola
Published: April 2018

La découverte fortuite à Makassar d’une généalogie des Li originaires de Xiamen au Fujian nous incita à entreprendre une recherche dans l’île. Si la généalogie d’origine a disparu nous pûmes néanmoins retrouver le temple ancestral alors en reconstruction et divers membres du lignage. Cette rencontre allait donner lieu pour nous à deux recherches parallèles : l’une visant à retracer l’histoire des Li dans le temps long ; l’autre s’intéressant à la résurgence de ce groupe de parenté dans les années 2010. Quant aux Li de Xiamen, la lecture de leur généalogie les amena à entreprendre de leur côté une vaste enquête dans le temps et dans l’espace relative à leurs origines et à leur parentèle, les incitant à renouer avec des pratiques cultuelles et à ranimer leurs souvenirs. Cette quête familiale s’inscrit dans le grand mouvement de recherche des racines qui traverse tout le monde chinois. De plus, cet essai d’histoire prosopographique révèle, en arrière-plan, celle de la région dans son ensemble.
Le débitage à la pierre tendre : exemple de deux postes de taille de l’extrême fin du Paléolithique en Haute-Normandie
Authors: Biard Miguel , Prost Dominique-Christian
Published: April 2018

Les récentes fouilles réalisées en Haute-Normandie par l’INRAP ont permis de placer cette région au sommet des découvertes pour la période de la fin du Paléolithique (Acquigny, Calleville et Alizay). Les études typo-technologiques ont livré des informations qui soudent les gisements entre eux et ne font plus aucun doute concernant leur homogénéité et leur contemporanéité. En 1998, l’un d’entre nous (D. P.) découvrait un petit amas de débitage bien conservé à Notre-Dame-de-l’Isle «la Plaine-du-Moulin-à-Vent » (Eure). Un an plus tard, R. Martinez mit au jour un autre amas, technologiquement très semblable, à Guerny «le Bois-Madame » (Eure). L’un des intérêts majeurs d’un des amas tient à la présence d’un percuteur en calcaire et à celle de produits de taille présentant des stigmates de percussions semblables à ceux obtenus au percuteur en bois de cervidés. Les nombreux remontages issus de ces deux concentrations permettent d’envisager la reconstitution d’une grande partie de la chaîne opératoire et de réfléchir sur les véritables intentions de l’utilisation d’un tel percuteur. Est-il volontairement utilisé ou est-ce une utilisation opportuniste ancrée dans une tradition de tailleurs à la pierre tendre ? Les caractéristiques de ces deux postes de taille (production laminaire et lamellaire débitée à la pierre tendre) avaient été attribuées à l’époque, à titre d’hypothèse, à l’extrême fin du Paléolithique, ce qui paraissait cohérent avec la position stratigraphique de l’un d’entre eux. Dans le cadre de cet article, nous proposons de revoir avec plus d’acuité ces deux concentrations sur le plan technologique en les soumettant à des comparaisons avec les dernières découvertes régionales. Nos résultats tendent à confirmer les hypothèses chronologiques émises auparavant et de proposer quelques idées concernant l’emploi d’un percuteur en calcaire. Ces postes de taille ponctuels et leur bon état de conservation sont aussi des témoins privilégiés qui fournissent une lecture technologique d’une partie d’une chaine opératoire que l’on suppose avoir été pratiquée uniquement par un ou deux tailleurs. Cette lecture rend compte assurément plus précisément de la spontanéité d’un mode opératoire et de ses objectifs immédiats qui se percevraient plus difficilement ou différemment sur de grands amas. Ces postes de taille s’avèrent également des témoins précieux des déplacements propres au mode de vie des chasseurs nomades et pourraient contribuer à mieux connaître leurs réseaux de circulation.
Un « succès pyramidal » : Le Solitaire du Vicomte d'Arlincourt
Authors: Lacoste Claudine
Published: April 2018

Cet article rappelle le nombre d'éditions du roman ; il étudie son adaptation à la scène et son invasion dans la vie courante (habillement, langage, bibelots, jeux). Il étudie également le rôle de la presse qui, se faisant l'écho de ce succès tout en critiquant « l'inversif Vicomte », est obligée de s'interroger sur les causes qui expliquent l'ampleur de ce phénomène.
Demand for Specialty Food Initiatives: Considerations for Meeting Planning and Destination Management
Authors: Slocum Susan L. , Knollenberg Whitney , Kline Carol
Published: April 2018

Food tourism studies in leisure travel markets are extensive, yet the role food plays in business markets is still under investigated. Specialty foods are recognized as a form of sustainable tourism, yet have not been adequately addressed as an avenue to differentiate destinations for
the meeting planning industry. With the growth in sustainable consumption values, travelers are seeking business travel packages that move beyond general "green" destinations and are seeking ethical options that support regional development, the humane treatment of animals, and showcase specialty
regional culinary treasures. This article assesses meeting planners' willingness to pay for specialty foods, including local, humane, and artisan food service menu options. Results show that there are wide varieties of sustainable food-based meeting initiatives that appeal to meeting planners
and provide new marketing options that can differentiate meeting destinations. However, this study also shows that the core aspects of meetings, specifically general venue attributes and diet-specific food offerings, are specific requirements that must be met before a sustainability option
will be considered.
Gourmet Travel: Culinary Television Representations of Food-Inspired Touring
Authors: Lynch Bernardine
Published: April 2018

This article examines one of the earliest forms of culinary television, the food/travel program. The vicarious travel opportunities such programs offer are explored to reveal the lifestyle aspirations of contemporary audiences. Food is an essential part of any culture and often relatively accessible, and therefore an easy way to experience other places and lives, however vicariously. In the close study of two contemporary Australian television programs,Food SafariandLuke Nguyen's Vietnam, this article examines media representations of cultures and cuisines, and constructions of otherness. The pivotal role the hosts of current food television play in the promotion of consumption is also explored. It finds that in combining the pleasures of food and travel, culinary programs provide a risk-free way of exploring foreignness, both locally and globally. Ideas of authenticity are key to these explorations. However, culinary television depictions of cultures and cuisines are complex and, at times, problematic in encouraging understanding primarily through consumption.
The KMTNet/K2-C9 (Kepler) Data Release
Authors: Kim H.-W. , Hwang K.-H. , Kim D.-J. , Albrow M. D. , Cha S.-M. , Chung S.-J. , Gould A. , Han C. , Jung Y. K. , Kim S.-L. , Lee C.-U. , Lee D.-J. , Lee Y. , Park B.-G. , Pogge R. W. , Ryu Y.-H. , Shin I.-G. , Shvartzvald Y. , Yee J. C. , Zang W. , Zhu W. ,   (KMTNet Collaboration)
Published: April 2018

We present Korea Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) light curves for microlensing-event candidates in the Kepler K2 C9 field having peaks within three effective timescales of the Kepler observations. These include 181 “clear microlensing” and 84 “possible microlensing” events found by the KMTNet event finder, plus 56 other events found by OGLE and/or MOA that were not found by KMTNet. All data for the first two classes are immediately available for public use without restriction.
Search for OH 18 cm Radio Emission from 1I/2017 U1 with the Green Bank Telescope
Authors: Park Ryan S. , Pisano D. J. , Lazio T. Joseph W. , Chodas Paul W. , Naidu Shantanu P.
Published: April 2018

This paper reports the first OH 18 cm line observation of the first detected interstellar object 1I/2017 U1 (‘Oumuamua) using the Green Bank Telescope. We have observed the OH lines at 1665.402, 1667.359, and 1720.53 MHz frequencies with a spectral resolution of 357 Hz (approximately 0.06 km s−1). At the time of the observation, ‘Oumuamua was at topocentric distance and velocity of 1.07 au and 63.4 km s−1, respectively, or at heliocentric distance and velocity of 1.8 au and 39 km s−1, respectively. Based on a detailed data reduction and an analogy-based inversion, our final results confirm the asteroidal origin of ‘Oumuamua with an upper bound OH production of Q[OH] < 0.17 × 1028 s−1.
The Dynamics of Truncated Black Hole Accretion Disks. II. Magnetohydrodynamic Case
Authors: Hogg J. Drew , Reynolds Christopher S.
Published: April 2018

We study a truncated accretion disk using a well-resolved, semi-global magnetohydrodynamic simulation that is evolved for many dynamical times (6096 inner disk orbits). The spectral properties of hard-state black hole binary systems and low-luminosity active galactic nuclei are regularly attributed to truncated accretion disks, but a detailed understanding of the flow dynamics is lacking. In these systems the truncation is expected to arise through thermal instability driven by sharp changes in the radiative efficiency. We emulate this behavior using a simple bistable cooling function with efficient and inefficient branches. The accretion flow takes on an arrangement where a “transition zone” exists in between hot gas in the innermost regions and a cold, Shakura & Sunyaev thin disk at larger radii. The thin disk is embedded in an atmosphere of hot gas that is fed by a gentle outflow originating from the transition zone. Despite the presence of hot gas in the inner disk, accretion is efficient. Our analysis focuses on the details of the angular momentum transport, energetics, and magnetic field properties. We find that the magnetic dynamo is suppressed in the hot, truncated inner region of the disk which lowers the effective α-parameter by 65%.
ALMA Observations of the IRDC Clump G34.43+00.24 MM3: Complex Organic and Deuterated Molecules
Authors: Sakai Takeshi , Yanagida Takahiro , Furuya Kenji , Aikawa Yuri , Sanhueza Patricio , Sakai Nami , Hirota Tomoya , Jackson James M. , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: April 2018

We have observed complex organic molecules (COMs) and deuterated species toward a hot core/corino (HC) associated with the infrared dark cloud clump G34.43+00.24 MM3 with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We have detected six normal-COMs (CH3OH, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CN, CH3OCH3, HCOOCH3, and NH2CHO), one deuterated-COM (CH2DCN), and two deuterated fundamental molecules (D2CO and DNC) toward G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC. None of these lines, except for CH3OH, are detected toward the shocked regions in our data, which suggests that COMs do not originate in shocks. The abundance of the COMs relative to CH3OH in G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC is found to be similar to those in high-mass hot cores, rather than those in hot corinos in low-mass star-forming regions. This result suggests that the physical conditions of the warm-up phase of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC are similar to those of high-mass sources. On the other hand, the D2CO abundance relative to CH3OH in G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC is higher than that of other hot cores, and seems to be comparable to that of hot corinos. The relatively high D2CO/CH3OH ratio of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC implies a long cold starless phase of G34.43+00.24 MM3 HC.
Global Evolution of an Accretion Disk with a Net Vertical Field: Coronal Accretion, Flux Transport, and Disk Winds
Authors: Zhu Zhaohuan , Stone James M.
Published: April 2018

We report results from global ideal MHD simulations that study thin accretion disks (with thermal scale height H/R = 0.1 and 0.05) threaded by net vertical magnetic fields. Our computations span three orders of magnitude in radius, extend all the way to the pole, and are evolved for more than 1000 innermost orbits. We find that (1) inward accretion occurs mostly in the upper magnetically dominated regions of the disk at z ∼ R, similar to predictions from some previous analytical work and the “coronal accretion” flows found in GRMHD simulations. (2) A quasi-static global field geometry is established in which flux transport by inflows at the surface is balanced by turbulent diffusion. The resulting field is strongly pinched inwards at the surface. A steady-state advection–diffusion model, with a turbulent magnetic Prandtl number of order unity, reproduces this geometry well. (3) Weak unsteady disk winds are launched beyond the disk corona with the Alfvén radius R

A
/R
0 ∼ 3. Although the surface inflow is filamentary and the wind is episodic, we show that the time-averaged properties are well-described by steady-wind theory. Even with strong fields, β
0 = 103 at the midplane initially, only 5% of the angular momentum transport is driven by the wind, and the wind mass flux from the inner decade of the radius is only ∼0.4% of the mass accretion rate. (4) Within the disk, most of the accretion is driven by the Rϕ stress from the MRI and global magnetic fields. Our simulations have many applications to astrophysical accretion systems.
A Strong Limit on the Very-high-energy Emission from GRB 150323A
Authors: Abeysekara A. U. , Archer A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Brose R. , Buchovecky M. , Bugaev V. , Connolly M. P. , Cui W. , Errando M. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Flinders A. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gillanders G. H. , Hütten M. , Hanna D. , Hervet O. , Holder J. , Hughes G. , Humensky T. B. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kertzman M. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Krennrich F. , Lang M. J. , Lin T. T. Y. , Maier G. , McArthur S. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , O’Brien S. , Ong R. A. , Park N. , Perkins J. S. , Petrashyk A. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rulten C. , Sadeh I. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Tyler J. , Wakely S. P. , Weiner O. M. , Weinstein A. , Wells R. M. , Wilcox P. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Zitzer B. ,   (VERITAS Collaboration), Vurm Indrek , Beloborodov Andrei
Published: April 2018

On 2015 March 23, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) responded to a Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detection of a gamma-ray burst, with observations beginning 270 s after the onset of BAT emission, and only 135 s after the main BAT emission peak. No statistically significant signal is detected above 140 GeV. The VERITAS upper limit on the fluence in a 40-minute integration corresponds to about 1% of the prompt fluence. Our limit is particularly significant because the very-high-energy (VHE) observation started only ∼2 minutes after the prompt emission peaked, and Fermi-Large Area Telescope observations of numerous other bursts have revealed that the high-energy emission is typically delayed relative to the prompt radiation and lasts significantly longer. Also, the proximity of GRB 150323A (z = 0.593) limits the attenuation by the extragalactic background light to ∼50% at 100–200 GeV. We conclude that GRB 150323A had an intrinsically very weak high-energy afterglow, or that the GeV spectrum had a turnover below ∼100 GeV. If the GRB exploded into the stellar wind of a massive progenitor, the VHE non-detection constrains the wind density parameter to be A ≳ 3 × 1011 g cm−1, consistent with a standard Wolf–Rayet progenitor. Alternatively, the VHE emission from the blast wave would be weak in a very tenuous medium such as the interstellar medium, which therefore cannot be ruled out as the environment of GRB 150323A.
Discovery of an Extremely Luminous Dust-obscured Galaxy Observed with SDSS, WISE, JCMT, and SMA
Authors: Toba Yoshiki , Ueda Junko , Lim Chen-Fatt , Wang Wei-Hao , Nagao Tohru , Chang Yu-Yen , Saito Toshiki , Kawabe Ryohei
Published: April 2018

We present the discovery of an extremely luminous dust-obscured galaxy (DOG) at z
spec = 3.703, WISE J101326.25+611220.1. This DOG is selected as a candidate of extremely luminous infrared (IR) galaxies based on the photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. In order to derive its accurate IR luminosity, we perform follow-up observations at 450 and 850 μm using the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array 2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and at 870 and 1300 μm using the Submillimeter Array, which enable us to pin down its IR Spectral Energy Distribution (SED). We perform SED fitting using 14 photometric data (0.4–1300 μm) and estimate its IR luminosity, L
IR (8–1000 μm), to be

×1014
L
☉, making it one of the most luminous IR galaxies in the universe. The energy contribution from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) to the IR luminosity is

%, which indicates that it is an AGN-dominated DOG. On the other hand, its stellar mass (M
*) and star formation rate (SFR) are

=

and

) = 

, respectively, which means that this DOG can be considered a starburst galaxy in the M
*–SFR plane. This extremely luminous DOG shows significant AGN and star-forming activity that provides us with an important laboratory to probe the maximum phase of the coevolution of galaxies and supermassive black holes.
A Catalog of Post-starburst Quasars from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7
Authors: Wei 魏 Peng 鹏 , Gu 顾 Yang 洋 , Brotherton Michael S. , Shi Yong , Chen Yanmei
Published: April 2018

We present a catalog of nearby (z ≤ 0.5) quasars with significant features of post-starburst stellar populations in their optical spectra: so-called post-starburst quasars, or PSQs. After carefully decomposing spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 (DR7) Quasar Catalog into quasar and host-galaxy components, we derive a sample of 208 PSQs. Their host-galaxy components have strong Hδ absorption (EW ≥ 6 Å) indicating a significant contribution of an intermediate-aged stellar population formed in a burst of star formation within the past 1 Gyr, which makes them potentially useful for studying the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies.
Properties of Merger Shocks in Merging Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung
Published: April 2018

X-ray shocks and radio relics detected in the cluster outskirts are commonly interpreted as shocks induced by mergers of subclumps. We study the properties of merger shocks in merging galaxy clusters, using a set of cosmological simulations for the large-scale structure formation of the universe. As a representative case, we focus on the simulated clusters that undergo almost head-on collisions with mass ratio ∼2. Due to the turbulent nature of the intracluster medium, shock surfaces are not smooth, but composed of shocks with different Mach numbers. As the merger shocks expand outward from the core to the outskirts, the average Mach number,

, increases in time. We suggest that the shocks propagating along the merger axis could be manifested as X-ray shocks and/or radio relics. The kinetic energy through the shocks, F

ϕ
, peaks at ∼1 Gyr after their initial launching, or at ∼1–2 Mpc from the core. Because of the Mach number dependent model adopted here for the cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration efficiency, their CR-energy-weighted Mach number is higher with

, compared to the kinetic-energy-weighted Mach number,

. Most energetic shocks are to be found ahead of the lighter dark matter (DM) clump, while the heavier DM clump is located on the opposite side of clusters. Although our study is limited to the merger case considered, the results such as the means and variations of shock properties and their time evolution could be compared with the observed characteristics of merger shocks, constraining interpretations of relevant observations.
The Formation of a Sunspot Penumbra Sector in Active Region NOAA 12574
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Yan Xiaoli , Wang Jincheng , Kong DeFang , Xue Zhike , Yang Liheng , Cao Wenda
Published: April 2018

We present a particular case of the formation of a penumbra sector around a developing sunspot in the active region NOAA 12574 on 2016 August 11 by using the high-resolution data observed by the New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory and the data acquired by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager and the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory satellite. Before the new penumbra sector formed, the developing sunspot already had two umbrae with some penumbral filaments. The penumbra sector gradually formed at the junction of two umbrae. We found that the formation of the penumbra sector can be divided into two stages. First, during the initial stage of penumbral formation, the region where the penumbra sector formed always appeared blueshifted in a Dopplergram. The area, mean transverse magnetic field strength, and total magnetic flux of the umbra and penumbra sector all increased with time. The initial penumbral formation was associated with magnetic emergence. Second, when the penumbra sector appeared, the magnetic flux and area of the penumbra sector increased after the umbra’s magnetic flux and area decreased. These results indicate that the umbra provided magnetic flux for penumbral development after the penumbra sector appeared. We also found that the newly formed penumbra sector was associated with sunspot rotation. Based on these findings, we suggest that the penumbra sector was the result of the emerging flux that was trapped in the photosphere at the initial stage of penumbral formation, and when the rudimentary penumbra formed, the penumbra sector developed at the cost of the umbra.
UKIRT-2017-BLG-001Lb: A Giant Planet Detected through the Dust
Authors: Shvartzvald Y. , Novati S. Calchi , Gaudi B. S. , Bryden G. , Nataf D. M. , Penny M. T. , Beichman C. , Henderson C. B. , Jacklin S. , Schlafly E. F. , Huston M. J.
Published: April 2018

We report the discovery of a giant planet in event UKIRT-2017-BLG-001, detected by the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) microlensing survey. The mass ratio between the planet and its host is

, about 1.5 times the Jupiter/Sun mass ratio. The event lies 0.°35 from the Galactic center and suffers from high extinction of A

K
 = 1.68. Therefore, it could be detected only by a near-infrared (NIR) survey. The field also suffers from large spatial differential extinction, which makes it difficult to estimate the source properties required to derive the angular Einstein radius. Nevertheless, we find evidence suggesting that the source is located in the far disk. If correct, this would be the first source star of a microlensing event to be identified as belonging to the far disk. We estimate the lens mass and distance using a Bayesian analysis to find that the planet’s mass is

, and it orbits a

star at an instantaneous projected separation of

au. The system is at a distance of

kpc, and so likely resides in the Galactic bulge. In addition, we find a non-standard extinction curve in this field, in agreement with previous results toward high-extinction fields near the Galactic center.
Misaligned Accretion and Jet Production
Authors: King Andrew , Nixon Chris
Published: April 2018

Disk accretion onto a black hole is often misaligned from its spin axis. If the disk maintains a significant magnetic field normal to its local plane, we show that dipole radiation from Lense–Thirring precessing disk annuli can extract a significant fraction of the accretion energy, sharply peaked toward small disk radii R (as R
−17/2 for fields with constant equipartition ratio). This low-frequency emission is immediately absorbed by surrounding matter or refracted toward the regions of lowest density. The resultant mechanical pressure, dipole angular pattern, and much lower matter density toward the rotational poles create a strong tendency to drive jets along the black hole spin axis, similar to the spin-axis jets of radio pulsars, also strong dipole emitters. The coherent primary emission may explain the high brightness temperatures seen in jets. The intrinsic disk emission is modulated at Lense–Thirring frequencies near the inner edge, providing a physical mechanism for low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). Dipole emission requires nonzero hole spin, but uses only disk accretion energy. No spin energy is extracted, unlike the Blandford–Znajek process. Magnetohydrodynamic/general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD/GRMHD) formulations do not directly give radiation fields, but can be checked post-process for dipole emission and therefore self-consistency, given sufficient resolution. Jets driven by dipole radiation should be more common in active galactic nuclei (AGN) than in X-ray binaries, and in low accretion-rate states than high, agreeing with observation. In non-black hole accretion, misaligned disk annuli precess because of the accretor’s mass quadrupole moment, similarly producing jets and QPOs.
Ce que peut apporter la résilience à la prévention des désastres : exemples en Lavours et en Chautagne (Ain, Savoie)
Authors: Pigeon Patrick , Rebotier Julien , Guézo Bernard
Published: April 2018

L’article justifie l’intérêt et les limites du recours à la notion de résilience, tant pour la recherche que pour la gestion, dans le domaine de la prévention des risques de désastres. Pour ce faire, il mobilise deux sites près du Rhône où l’aléa inondation est comparable (différencié, mais présentant des points communs), l’un à Culoz, près des marais de Lavours, et l’autre en Chautagne, sur la commune de Chanaz, mais où le risque d’inondation est géré de manière opposée. La compréhension du contraste de gestion et de peuplement observé révèle la recomposition de trois approches types de la prévention qui sont : aléa centré, approche territorialisée des risques, et résilience. L’intrication de ces approches successives permet de comprendre pourquoi il peut y avoir autant de définitions différentes de la résilience, leur caractère possiblement contradictoire, et les nombreuses contestations de la notion. Mais elle permet aussi de défendre pourquoi une approche intégrée de la résilience est utile à la compréhension des risques de désastres, tout autant qu’à la gestion. Ainsi envisagée, la résilience permet d’expliciter les apports, en même temps que les limites, des politiques de prévention des risques de désastres.
Des périphéries sous influence : l’attraction économique de l’agglomération parisienne, accélérateur du changement social ?
Authors: Desponds Didier , Gatineau Laurent
Published: April 2018

L’agglomération parisienne renforce son potentiel économique dans les emplois tertiaires à fortes valeurs ajoutées. Conjugué à l’insuffisance de l’offre de logements et au niveau élevé des prix de l’immobilier, ceci contribue à spécialiser socialement les populations résidentes. L’attention se portera ici sur les périphéries proches et lointaines de l’agglomération. Il s’agira à la fois de préciser l’évolution de son aire d’influence et d’évaluer les liens avec le profil social des populations résidentes. Les périphéries, souvent associées à des formes de marginalisation socio-spatiale, enregistrent pourtant des processus de gentrification conduisant à l’éloignement progressif des catégories les plus populaires. Ce mécanisme de tri social en fonction de la distance à l’agglomération a-t-il des conséquences en termes de fragilisation croissante des populations les moins favorisées, en particulier dans un contexte d’augmentation des coûts de l’énergie et de persistance d’un chômage élevé ?
Le travail partagé dans le dispositif « plus de maîtres que de classes » : contrastes des formes de collaboration et des dynamiques professionnelles
Authors: Maleyrot Éric
Published: April 2018

L’introduction en France, à la rentrée 2013, du dispositif « plus de maîtres que de classes » dans des écoles primaires recevant une majorité d’élèves en difficulté scolaire vise, non seulement, l’amélioration de leurs apprentissages mais également, une collaboration plus forte des enseignants. Par une enquête ethnographique dans trois écoles, cet article cherche à caractériser les formes de collaboration mais également à dégager les dynamiques professionnelles à l’œuvre. En s’appuyant sur les notions de travail partagé et de partenariat, les résultats montrent des formes de collaboration collective qui influencent le travail partagé interindividuel des enseignants. Ils mettent en relief que la reconnaissance professionnelle, les « principes tenus pour vrai » et les termes de la négociation des actions communes constituent trois facteurs influant sur ces collaborations. Enfin, ils révèlent des dynamiques professionnelles agissant de manières diverses sur la forme scolaire traditionnelle.
Le chalandage de traités à l’épreuve des accords d’investissement de nouvelle génération
Authors: Ngo Quoc Chien , Ly Van Anh
Published: April 2018

Les relations d’investissement entre les États sont souvent envenimées par les manœuvres des investisseurs pour tirer au maximum profit des avantages offerts par les accords d’investissement intergouvernementaux. Le chalandage de traités (emprunté au terme anglais treaty shopping), qui s’inscrit dans cette tendance, désigne une pratique de plus en plus fréquente dans laquelle l’investisseur étranger cherche à acquérir une nationalité « utile » par le changement de domicile ou par la restructuration de ses investissements pour bénéficier de la protection offerte par un traité bilatéral d’investissement (TBI) signé entre un État dont il n’a pas la nationalité et l’État hôte, dans lequel il a investi. Cet article, après un examen de la technique de chalandage de traités et de la jurisprudence arbitrale en matière d’investissements, examine les dispositions prévenant le chalandage dans certains accords de nouvelle génération.
Prophylactic Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATTCC 15703 supplementation reduces partially allergic airway disease in Balb/c but not in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Casaro M.C. , Crisma A.R. , Vieira A.T. , Silva G.H.M. , Mendes E. , Ribeiro W.R. , Martins F.S. , Ferreira C.M.
Published: April 2018

Allergic asthma is a chronic disease mainly characterised by eosinophil inflammation and airway remodelling. Many studies have shown that the gut microbiota of allergic individuals differs from that of non-allergic individuals. Although high levels of bifidobacteria have been associated with healthy persons, Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703, a gut bacteria, has been associated with allergic individuals in some clinical studies. The relationship between B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 and asthma or allergies has not been well elucidated, and its effect may be dependent on the host’s genetic profile or disease state. To elucidate this question, we evaluated the role of preventive B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 treatment on experimental allergic airway inflammation in two genetically different mouse strains, Balb/c and C57BL/6 (B6). Balb/c mice display a greater predisposition to develop allergic responses than B6 mice. Oral preventive treatment with B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 modulated experimental allergic airway inflammation, specifically in Balb/c mice, which showed decreased levels of eosinophils in the airway. B6 mice did not exhibit any significant alterations in eosinophils but showed an increased influx of total leukocytes and neutrophils into the airway. The mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of these bacteria in experimental allergic mice may involve products of bacteria metabolism, as dead bacteria did not mimic the ability of live B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 to attenuate the influx of eosinophils into the airway. To conclude, preventive oral B. adolescentis ATCC 15703 treatment can attenuate the major characteristic of allergic asthma, eosinophil airway influx, in Balb/c but not B6 mice. These results suggest that oral treatment with this specific live bacterial strain may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of allergic airway disease, although its effect is mouse-strain-dependent.
Multifactorial inhibition of lactobacilli against the respiratory tract pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis
Authors: van den Broek M.F.L. , De Boeck I. , Claes I.J.J. , Nizet V. , Lebeer S.
Published: April 2018

Probiotics, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), are widely focused on gastrointestinal applications. However, recent microbiome studies indicate that LAB can be endogenous members of other human body sites such as the upper respiratory tract (URT). Interestingly, DNA-based microbiome research suggests an inverse correlation between the presence of LAB and the occurrence of potential pathogens, such as Moraxella catarrhalis, an important URT pathogen linked to otitis media, sinusitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, a direct interaction between these microbes has not been explored in detail. This study investigated the direct antipathogenic effects of Lactobacillus species, including several well-documented probiotic strains, on M. catarrhalis using agar-based assays, time course analysis, biofilm assays and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing. These assays were performed using spent culture supernatans (SCS) at two pHs (4.3 and 7) and D- and/or L-lactic acid at three pHs (2, 4 and 7). In addition, cell line assays for adhesion competition and immunomodulation were used to substantiate the inhibitory effect of lactobacilli against M. catarrhalis. A proportion of Lactobacillus strains, including the model probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, showed a strong and direct activity against M. catarrhalis. Screening of the activity of the SCS after different treatments demonstrated that lactic acid has an important antimicrobial activity against this pathogen – at least in vitro – with mean MIC values for D- and L-lactic acid varying between 0.5 and 27 g/l depending on the pH. Furthermore, L. rhamnosus GG also decreased the adhesion of M. catarrhalis to human airway epithelial Calu-3 cells with more than 50%, and the expression of mucin MUC5AC, pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α at least 1.2 fold. This study suggests that several lactobacilli and their key metabolite lactic acid are possible candidates for probiotic therapeutic interventions against URT infections.
Lipoteichoic acids are embedded in cell walls during logarithmic phase, but exposed on membrane vesicles in Lactobacillus gasseri JCM 1131T
Authors: Shiraishi T. , Yokota S. , Sato Y. , Ito T. , Fukiya S. , Yamamoto S. , Sato T. , Yokota A.
Published: April 2018

Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a cell surface molecule specific to Gram-positive bacteria. How LTA localises on the cell surface is a fundamental issue in view of recognition and immunomodulation in hosts. In the present study, we examined LTA localisation using strain JCM 1131T of Lactobacillus gasseri, which is a human intestinal lactic acid bacterium, during various growth phases by immunoelectron microscopy. We first evaluated the specificity of anti-LTA monoclonal antibody clone 55 used as a probe. The glycerophosphate backbone comprising almost intact size (20 to 30 repeating units) of LTA was required for binding. The antibody did not bind to other cellular components, including wall-teichoic acid. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that LTA was embedded in the cell wall during the logarithmic phase, and was therefore not exposed on the cell surface. Similar results were observed for Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 9338 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469T. By contrast, membrane vesicles were observed in the logarithmic phase of L. gasseri with LTA exposed on their surface. In the stationary and death phases, LTA was exposed on cell wall-free cell membrane generated by autolysis. The dramatic alternation of localisation in different growth phases and exposure on the surface of membrane vesicles should relate with complicated interaction between bacteria and host.
Enterococcus faecium SF68 as a model for efficacy and safety evaluation of pharmaceutical probiotics
Authors: Holzapfel W. , Arini A. , Aeschbacher M. , Coppolecchia R. , Pot B.
Published: April 2018

As normal inhabitants of diverse ecosystems, including the human gastrointestinal tract, the enterococci, and especially the two species Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, can be considered ubiquitous with regard to our natural environment. E. faecium has gained special importance thanks to beneficial strains marketed as probiotics, and because of its beneficial role in traditional fermented foods such as artisanal cheeses in some Southern European countries. Yet, following reports on the increasing association of some enterococcal strains with nosocomial infections such as endocarditis and bacteraemia, it became evident that strains from clinical origin are frequently highly resistant to ‘last-defence-line’ antibiotics such as the glycopeptide derivatives. For this reason enterococci have been classified in risk group 2 in the European Directive 93/88. With this paper it is intended to clarify the uncertain situation around the safety of the species E. faecium, also with referring to intra-species heterogeneity. In fact, well established scientific and surveillance data support the safety of some probiotic E. faecium strains for both human and animal applications. As a model, summarising yet extensive information is provided on the efficacy and safety of E. faecium SF68®, a pharmaceutical probiotic with a long history of safe use. We propose the approach presented in this review as a model for the evaluation of safety of probiotic strains of this species.
Development, metabolism and nutrient composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in relation to temperature and diet
Authors: Gligorescu A. , Toft S. , Hauggaard-Nielsen H. , Axelsen J.A. , Nielsen S. Achim
Published: April 2018

Bio-conversion of different organic waste streams in Hermetia illucens larval biomass suitable for animal feed is a promising sustainable solution across different sectors. However, environmental factors can affect the allocation of energy to fitness, survival and growth of insects in complex ways and can therefore impact the optimal functionality of bio-conversion systems. This study investigated the influence of temperature and diet quality differences on the metabolic rate (MR), development, growth, food intake, and body nutrient composition of H. illucens larvae. The fifth instar larvae were reared on three artificial diets (unbalanced diets: Protein and Carbohydrate, and control diet: Gainesville) and exposed to two constant temperatures (20 and 27 °C), until they reached the prepupa stage. The MR was measured in the sixth instar larvae and the body nutrient composition was measured in the prepupa larvae. The MR of H. illucens larvae was found to increase with temperature, leading to a higher food intake and faster growth rate. When reared on unbalanced diets, the larvae were found to experience metabolic costs and to consequently increase larval development time and decrease food intake. There was a significant temperature × diet interaction across the investigated parameters, indicating that larvae of H. illucens can prioritise energy allocation and adjust their metabolism in order to ensure further development. The nutrient composition reveals that larval nutrient profile can be enhanced through diets. Nonetheless, caution should be taken when exploring this procedure, as it could be associated with an extra metabolic cost.
Dissection of mechanisms of resistance toAspergillus flavus and aflatoxin using tropical maize germplasm
Authors: Garrido-Bazan V. , Mahuku G. , Bibbins-Martinez M. , Arroyo-Bacerra A. , Villalobos-López M. Ángel
Published: April 2018

Aspergillus flavus induced ear rots and subsequent contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) by aflatoxin is a serious food safety issue, especially in developing countries where the crop is mostly cultivated by smallholder famers for own consumption and income generation. A better understanding of the mechanisms of resistance could help breeders to develop resistant maize varieties. In this study, a set of six tropical maize inbred lines previously identified as resistant or susceptible under natural field conditions were evaluated for response toA. flavus colonisation and aflatoxin contamination. Fungal biomass was significantly higher (P<0.05) in susceptible than resistant maize inbred lines, and this was highly correlated (P=0.001) to aflatoxin levels. Maize inbred lines MRI, MR2 and MR3 had low fungal biomass and low aflatoxin levels, suggesting that resistance in these lines was mediated through restricted fungal colonisation and establishment. Among the three putatively resistant inbred lines mentioned above, MR2 had a relatively high colonisation compared to the other two lines, revealing thatA. flavus could establish and colonise kernels that were injured during inoculation, but did not contain high levels of aflatoxin. This could signify the presence of host genes that interfere with the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway.