bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple key agreement scheme based on chaotic maps for VSAT satellite communications
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Chi
Published: June 2013

Security is an essential requirement in any data communication system because a cyber criminal might try to break into it at any point by any means possible. A key agreement procedure is a necessary technique to ensure the security of data communication by way of encryption and mutual authentication. This article proposes a simple key agreement scheme on the basis of chaotic maps for VSAT satellite communications. The new scheme keeps the advantages of all chaotic maps‐based public key cryptosystems, providing a secure function of session key agreement. Based on the intractability of chaotic map discrete logarithm problem and chaotic map Diffie–Hellman problem, the security of this new scheme has been proven to be robust enough against all the well‐known cryptographical attacks with perfect forward secrecy provided. In addition, compared with similar schemes that serve the same purposes, the proposed scheme demands a lower computation cost. With all the previous features put together, the proposed scheme is extremely suitable for the use in very small aperture terminal satellite communication environments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weaknesses in a new ultralightweight RFID authentication protocol with permutation—RAPP
Authors: Bagheri Nasour , Safkhani Masoumeh , Peris‐Lopez Pedro , Tapiador Juan E.
Published: June 2013

Tian et al. proposed a novel ultralightweight RFID mutual authentication protocol [1] that has recently been analyzed in several articles. In this letter, we first propose a desynchronization attack that succeeds with probability almost 1, which improves upon the 0.25 given in a previous analysis by Ahmadian et al. We also show that the bad properties of the proposed permutation function can be exploited to disclose several bits of the tag's secret (rather than just 1 bit as previously shown by Avoine et al.), which increases the power of a traceability attack. Finally, we show how to extend the aforementioned attack to run a full disclosure attack, which requires to eavesdrop less protocol runs than the proposed attack by Wang et al. (i.e., 192 < < 2 30). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric Power Regulations for Space Weather: Federal and State Actions Commence
Authors: Kappenman John G.
Published: June 2013

Key Points

News article on space weather policy and regulations
Identification and replacement of proton‐contaminated real‐time ACE solar wind measurements
Authors: Machol Janet L. , Reinard Alysha A. , Viereck Rodney A. , Biesecker Douglas A.
Published: June 2013

Real‐time solar wind speed measurements derived from measurements by the Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite are critical to specifying and forecasting current space weather and its impacts. When solar energetic protons produce high background levels in SWEPAM, the real‐time solar wind speed measurements can be corrupted due to errors in the onboard algorithm. We analyzed 14 years of ACE real‐time solar wind data for the years 1998 through 2011 to determine how to identify the contaminated measurements and what proxy might be substituted for these corrupt data. We find that good criteria for flagging contaminated data are that (1) the measured solar wind speeds are below 305 km s–1, and (2) the >10 MeV ion fluxes measured by the ACE Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) are above 180 pfu. We also compare several potential proxies for the contaminated solar wind and determine that the best proxy depends on the last valid measured wind speed, vinitial, and the duration of the contamination period. For the first 25 h, the best proxy is simply vinitial. At later times, if vinitial < 400 km s–1, then vinitial continues to be the best proxy, while if vinitial > 400 km s–1, the best proxy is a linear function of the Kp geomagnetic index.
Pricing carbon: the politics of climate policy in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate
Published: June 2013

This article provides an overview of the politics of climate policy with a focus on carbon pricing politics under recent Australian Labor governments. It reviews and explains the impact of politics upon climate policy and draws attention to the influence of the fossil fuel lobby. It reviews historical context, including early, failed attempts to set and pursue emissions reduction; the domestic and international recalcitrance of neoliberal leaders; and the recent shift to embrace carbon pricing. It considers the impact of politics upon climate policy outcomes, piecing together political and policy efforts to price carbon, and drawing attention to the agenda setting of the Australian States and Territories, and of Kevin Rudd both as Labor opposition leader and as Prime Minister. It argues that the capacity of industry to thwart effective carbon pricing was only checked by institutional influences once Labor assumed minority government in 2010. In these circumstances, Labor relied upon the Australian Greens, not only to support in part its government in office, but also to pass legislation in the Senate where the Greens hold the balance of power. Under these circumstances, carbon pricing could be negotiated and agreed upon by a Multi‐Party Committee on Climate Change (MPCCC) comprising the government and its parliamentary supporters, including independents and the Greens. Whilst political and economic interests have largely shaped Australia's climate change agendas, it is concluded that policy shifts are nevertheless possible where there is a propitious combination of political, normative, and institutional influences. WIREs Clim Change 2013, 4:603–613. doi: 10.1002/wcc.239

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior

Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
A novel approach to flow estimation in tidal rivers
Authors: Moftakhari H. R. , Jay D. A. , Talke S. A. , Kukulka T. , Bromirski P. D.
Published: June 2013

Reliable estimation of river discharge to the ocean from large tidal rivers is vital for water resources management and climate analyses. Due to the difficulties inherent in measuring tidal‐river discharge, flow records are often limited in length and/or quality and tidal records often predate discharge records. Tidal theory indicates that tides and river discharge interact through quadratic bed friction, which diminishes and distorts the tidal wave as discharge increases. We use this phenomenon to develop a method of estimating river discharge for time periods with tidal data but no flow record. Employing sequential 32 day harmonic analyses of tidal properties, we calibrate San Francisco (SF), CA tide data to the Sacramento River delta outflow index from 1930 to 1990, and use the resulting relationship to hindcast river flow from 1858 to 1929. The M2 admittance (a ratio of the observed M2 tidal constituent to its astronomical forcing) best reproduces high flows, while low‐flow periods are better represented by amplitude ratios based on higher harmonics (e.g.,
). Results show that the annual inflow to SF Bay is now 30% less than before 1900 and confirm that the flood of January 1862 was the largest since 1858.
Managing water utility financial risks through third‐party index insurance contracts
Authors: Zeff Harrison B. , Characklis Gregory W.
Published: June 2013

As developing new supply capacity has become increasingly expensive and difficult to permit (i.e., regulatory approval), utilities have become more reliant on temporary demand management programs, such as outdoor water use restrictions, for ensuring reliability during drought. However, a significant fraction of water utility income is often derived from the volumetric sale of water, and such restrictions can lead to substantial revenue losses. Given that many utilities set prices at levels commensurate with recovering costs, these revenue losses can leave them financially vulnerable to budgetary shortfalls. This work explores approaches for mitigating drought‐related revenue losses through the use of third‐party financial insurance contracts based on streamflow indices. Two different types of contracts are developed, and their efficacy is compared against two more traditional forms of financial hedging used by water utilities: Drought surcharges and contingency funds (i.e., self‐insurance). Strategies involving each of these approaches, as well as their use in combination, are applied under conditions facing the water utility serving Durham, North Carolina. A multireservoir model provides information on the scale and timing of droughts, and the financial effects of these events are simulated using detailed data derived from utility billing records. Results suggest that third‐party index insurance contracts, either independently or in combination with more traditional hedging tools, can provide an effective means of reducing a utility's financial vulnerability to drought.
Applicability of the local inertial approximation of the shallow water equations to flood modeling
Authors: de Almeida Gustavo A. M. , Bates Paul
Published: June 2013

Recent studies have demonstrated the improved computational performance of a computer algorithm based on a simplification of the shallow water equations—the so‐called local inertial approximation—which has been observed to provide results comparable to the full set of equations in a range of flood flow problems. This study presents an extended view on the local inertial system, shedding light on those key elements necessary to understand its applicability to flows of practical interest. First, the properties of the simplified system with potential impact on the accuracy of the solutions are described and compared to the corresponding full‐dynamic counterparts. In light of this discussion, the behavior of the solutions is then analyzed through a set of rigorously designed test cases in which analytical solutions to the shallow water system are available. Results show a general good agreement between the local inertial and full‐dynamic models, especially in the lower range of subcritical flows (Fr < 0.5). In terms of steady nonuniform flow water profiles, the error introduced by the local inertial approximation leads to milder water depth gradients, which results in attenuated spatial changes in depth. In unsteady problems, the local inertial approximation leads to slower flood propagation speeds than those predicted by the full‐dynamic equations. Even though our results suggest that the magnitude of these errors is small in a range of floodplain and lowland channels, it becomes increasingly relevant with increasing Fr and depth gradients.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Framework Phosphite Containing Infinite Edge‐Sharing Cobalt Chains
Authors: Wang Xuelei , Yan Yan , Wu Junbiao , Dong Zhaojun , Li Li , Li Jiyang
Published: June 2013

The three‐dimensional (3D) inorganic‐organic hybrid framework cobalt phosphite (C2H6N)[Co1.5(OH)(HPO3)] (CoHPO‐CJ10) was synthesized hydrothermally. Its structure is constructed by the connection of CoO6 octahedra, CoO5N octahedra, HPO3 pseudo‐pyramids, and 1,4‐butanediamine molecules. It exhibits a pillared‐layer structure with an unusual Co/P ratio of 3/2. The 1,4‐butanediamine molecule acts as a pillar to link the adjacent cobalt phosphite layers to form open framework. Interestingly, such structure contains infinite edge‐sharing connected Co–O–Co chains, that are rarely occurred in the structures of cobalt phosphates/phosphites. It was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectra, UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analyses. It exhibits antiferromagnetic interaction.
In Vitro TNF‐α‐ and Noradrenaline‐Stimulated Lipolysis is Impaired in Adipocytes from Growing Rats Fed a Low‐Protein, High‐Carbohydrate Diet
Authors: Feres Daniel D. S. , dos Santos Maísa P. , Buzelle Samyra L. , Pereira Mayara P. , de França Suélem A. , Garófalo Maria A. R. , Andrade Cláudia M. B. , Froelich Mendalli , de Almeida Fhelipe J. S. , Frasson Danúbia , Chaves Valéria E. , Kawashita Nair H.
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α)‐ and noradrenaline (NE)‐stimulated lipolysis in retroperitoneal (RWAT) and epididymal (EAT) white adipose tissue as a means of understanding how low‐protein, high‐carbohydrate (LPHC) diet‐fed rats maintain their lipid storage in a catabolic environment (marked by increases in serum TNF‐α and corticosterone and sympathetic flux to RWAT and EAT), as previously observed. Adipocytes or tissues from the RWAT and EAT of rats fed an LPHC diet and rats fed a control (C) diet for 15 days were used in the experiments. The adipocytes from both tissues of the LPHC rats exhibited lower TNF‐α‐ stimulated lipolysis compared to adipocytes from the C rats. The intracellular lipolytic agents IBMX, DBcAMPc and FSK increased lipolysis in both tissues from rats fed the C and LPHC diets compared to basal lipolysis; however, the effect was approximately 2.5‐fold lower in adipocytes from LPHC rats. The LPHC diet induced a marked reduction in the β3 and α2‐AR, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) content in RWAT and EAT. The LPHC diet did not affect TNF‐α receptor 1 content but did induce a reduction in ERK p44/42 in both tissues. The present work indicates that RWAT and EAT from LPHC rats have an impairment in the lipolysis signaling pathway activated by NE and TNF‐α, and this impairment explains the reduced response to these lipolytic stimuli, which may be fundamental to the maintenance of lipid storage in LPHC rats.
Enhancement of Antioxidants in Olive Oil by Foliar Fertilization of Olive Trees
Authors: Tekaya Meriem , Mechri Beligh , Bchir Amani , Attia Faouzi , Cheheb Hechmi , Daassa Mohamed , Hammami Mohamed
Published: June 2013

Oxidative stability (OS) of virgin olive oil is affected by different antioxidants whose levels may be influenced by nutrients availability. Changes in OS of virgin olive oil and antioxidants levels were evaluated according to foliar application of six nutrient‐based treatments: T1 (rich in nitrogen), T2 (rich in boron, magnesium, sulfur and manganese), T3 (rich in phosphorus and potassium), T4 (rich in phosphorus and calcium), T5 (application of T1 and T2) and T6 (application of T1, T2, T3 and T4). The foliar applications were carried out during two successive growing seasons and oils were extracted and analyzed at the end of the experiment (after 2 years). T3 and T6 treatments improved oil stability by increasing the content of antioxidants, while T2 and T4 affected negatively the antioxidant profile of oils. Measured correlations between OS and compositional variables showed that total phenols had the highest value (R = 0.937, p < 0.001), followed by α‐tocopherol (R = 0.775, p < 0.001) and oleic/linoleic ratio (R = 0.625, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the changing levels of antioxidant compounds, due to fertilization, may be used to obtain oils with the highest quality.
Systems biomedicine: It’s your turn —Recent progress in systems biomedicine
Authors: Zhang Zhuqin , Zhao Zhiguo , Liu Bing , Li Dongguo , Zhang Dandan , Chen Houzao , Liu Depei
Published: June 2013

The concept of “systems biology” is raised by Hood in 1999. It means studying all components with a systematic view. Systems biomedicine is the application of systems biology in medicine. It studies all components in a whole system and aims to reveal the patho‐physiologic mechanisms of disease. In recent years, with the development of both theory and technology, systems biomedicine has become feasible and popular. In this review, we will talk about applications of some methods of omics in systems biomedicine, including genomics, metabolomics (proteomics, lipidomics, glycomics), and epigenomics. We will particularly talk about microbiomics and omics for common diseases, two fields which are developed rapidly recently. We also give some bioinformatics related methods and databases which are used in the field of systems biomedicine. At last, some examples that illustrate the whole biological system will be given, and development for systems biomedicine in China and the prospect for systems biomedicine will be talked about.
Increasing the viscosity of oat β-glucan beverages by reducing solution volume does not reduce glycaemic responses
Authors: Kwong Melissa G. Y. , Wolever Thomas M. S. , Brummer Yolanda , Tosh Susan M.
Published: June 2013

The soluble fibre (1 → 3)(1 → 4)-β-d-glucan attenuates postprandial glycaemic responses when administered in solution. This attenuating effect is strengthened when solution viscosity is increased by increasing the β-glucan dose or molecular weight (MW). The effect of varying solution viscosity by changing solution volume, without changing the β-glucan dose or MW, on glycaemic responses was determined. A total of fifteen healthy subjects received six 50 g oral glucose beverages prepared with or without 4 g of high-MW (HMW, 580 000 g/mol) or low-MW (LMW, 145 000 g/mol) β-glucan, with a beverage volume of 250 or 600 ml. Postprandial plasma glucose concentration was measured over 2 h, and the peak blood glucose rise (PBGR) and the incremental area under the glycaemic response curve (AUC) were calculated. Subjects served as their own controls. The physico-chemical properties of the beverages were measured to examine their relationship with glycaemic response results. The HMW β-glucan beverage was more viscous and achieved greater reductions in PBGR than the glucose beverage with LMW β-glucan (P< 0·05). At the same MW, the 250 and 600 ml β-glucan beverages differed in viscosity (>9-fold difference) but not in PBGR (P>0·05). No differences in AUC were detected among the beverages (P= 0·147). The effects of β-glucan on glycaemic response were altered by changes in beverage viscosity achieved through changes in MW but not in volume. Therefore, β-glucan dose and MW are the most vital characteristics for optimising the bioactivity of β-glucan solutions with respect to glycaemic response.
VERY LOW, LOW AND HEAVY WEIGHT BIRTHS IN HONG KONG SAR: HOW IMPORTANT IS SOCIOECONOMIC AND MIGRANT STATUS?
Authors: VERROPOULOU GEORGIA , BASTEN STUART
Published: June 2013

Identification of modifiable factors and mediators linked to low and heavy birth weight is crucial in reducing infant mortality and health care expenditure. The present paper explores the associations of socio-demographic factors and immigrant status of parents with adverse pregnancy outcomes in Hong Kong. The analysis compares very low birth weight (VLBW: <1500 g), low birth weight (LBW: ≥1500 g and <2500 g) and heavy birth weight births (HBW: ≥4500 g) with births of normal weight (≥2500 g and <4500 g) using multinomial regression modelling of a large dataset of 828,975 births of singletons occurring between 1995 and 2009. The findings indicate the expected significant adverse associations between teenage and advanced age of the mother with compromised birth outcomes; teenage motherhood, however, has a protective effect against HBW births. A strong socioeconomic gradient is apparent, more marked among LBW births; low educational attainment of the father, low occupational class, public housing and single motherhood are strongly related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Regarding immigrant status, women born in South and South-East Asia exhibit consistently higher odds of a compromised outcome. Women born in Hong Kong have significantly higher chances of LBW births while Mainland Chinese and parents from developed countries face higher odds of HBW births. The study identifies high-risk groups such as teenage, older and single mothers, South-East Asians and couples of low socioeconomic profile. Implementation of policies supporting these groups would be beneficial.
Helminth parasites of fish and shellfish from the Santa Gilla Lagoon in southern Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Culurgioni J. , Sabatini A. , De Murtas R. , Mattiucci S. , Figus V.
Published: June 2013

An extensive survey of helminth parasites in fish and shellfish species from Santa Gilla, a brackish water lagoon in southern Sardinia (western Mediterranean), resulted in the identification of 69 helminth parasite taxa and/or species from 13 fish species (n= 515) and seven bivalve species (n= 2322) examined between September 2001 and July 2011. The list summarizes information on the helminth parasites harboured by fish and molluscs contained in the available literature. Digenea species (37), both adults and larvae, dominated the parasite fauna, whereas Cestoda were the least represented class (three species). Monogenea, Nematoda and Acanthocephala were present with 17, 6 and 6 species, respectively, which were mainly adults. The most widespread parasite species was the generalistContracaecum rudolphiiA (Nematoda). Other species, such as the Haploporidae andAscocotyle(Phagicola) spp. 1 and 2 (Digenea), showed a high family specificity in Mugilidae. Importantly, the study recorded the occurrence of potential zoonotic agents, such asHeterophyes heterophyes,Ascocotyle(Phagicola) spp. andC. rudolphiiA, the latter two reaching the highest indices of infection in the highly marketed fish grey mullet and sea bass, respectively. The highest parasite richness was detected inDicentrarchus labrax, which harboured 17 helminth species, whereas the lowest value was observed inAtherina boyeri, infected by only three species. The list includes the first geographical record in Italian coastal waters ofRobinia aurataandStictodora sawakinensis, and 30 reports of new host–parasite complexes, including the larval stages ofAscocotyle(Ascocotyle) sp. andSouthwellina hispidainD.labrax.
Speech perception in individuals with auditory dys-synchrony: effect of lengthening of voice onset time and burst duration of speech segments
Authors: Kumar U A , Jayaram M
Published: June 2013

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of lengthening of voice onset time and burst duration of selected speech stimuli on perception by individuals with auditory dys-synchrony. This is the second of a series of articles reporting the effect of signal enhancing strategies on speech perception by such individuals.

Methods:

Two experiments were conducted: (1) assessment of the ‘just-noticeable difference' for voice onset time and burst duration of speech sounds; and (2) assessment of speech identification scores when speech sounds were modified by lengthening the voice onset time and the burst duration in units of one just-noticeable difference, both in isolation and in combination with each other plus transition duration modification.

Results:

Lengthening of voice onset time as well as burst duration improved perception of voicing. However, the effect of voice onset time modification was greater than that of burst duration modification. Although combined lengthening of voice onset time, burst duration and transition duration resulted in improved speech perception, the improvement was less than that due to lengthening of transition duration alone.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that innovative speech processing strategies that enhance temporal cues may benefit individuals with auditory dys-synchrony.
Nothing is perfect! Trouble-shooting in immunological and molecular studies of cestode infections
Authors: ITO AKIRA
Published: June 2013

This personal review focuses on ways to approach and overcome some of the more common issues encountered while studying cestode zoonoses. The information presented here is based on the author's own experiences with immunological and molecular approaches for the detection of these parasites. There are many incongruities between immunological and molecular studies due to biased work. Nothing is perfect. Indirect approaches using either immunological, or even molecular tools, are limited without confirmation from direct evidence of infection. The dilemma of whether developing countries should develop their own diagnostic tests or rely on commercially available kits is also discussed.
IMPACTS OF POLITICS ON MATERIAL CULTURE: EVALUATING THE YAXUNA-COBASACBE
Authors: González Tatiana Loya , Stanton Travis W.
Published: June 2013

Over the past thirty years, Mayanists have increasingly discussed the relationships between large polities. Advances in our understanding of epigraphy have largely driven this increased focus. Yet in areas where the epigraphic record is less understood, as is the case with the northern Maya lowlands, archaeologists have turned to other data to piece together political relationships. These data often consist of architectural and ceramic styles. Models based on such data generally assume that styles of material culture will cluster among social groups that are more closely knit than others (familial or political ties) or will occur in an area after it has been subordinated by a particular polity. One case where such a model has been applied is the site of Yaxuna, which was connected to the metropolis of Coba by a 100 km-long causeway during the Late Classic period. The difference between this case and others is that not only do the two sites share some aspects of material culture during this period, but we can also physically see that the sites were integrated by an actual road. In most cases where stylistic models have been applied, the possible routes connecting sites do not preserve, making the correlation between styles and social interaction more speculative. In this paper, we reevaluate the Yaxuna-Coba case using a modal analysis of the Arena ceramic group shared by Yaxuna and Coba during that time. Our data suggest that one particularly important type (Arena Red) was produced in Yaxuna and exported in a limited range of forms down the causeway toward sites in Quintana Roo. Although several archaeologists have argued that the causeway represents the subordination of Yaxuna by an expanding Late Classic Coba polity, our data suggest that the resulting impact on material culture may be more complex than current models imply. Ceramic economies operating in a very limited fashion within or outside of spheres of political action may have been common among the Maya, although the idea that trade follows flag certainly appears to have existed in this case.
CERRO PORTEZUELO: STATES AND HINTERLANDS IN THE PRE-HISPANIC BASIN OF MEXICO
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Neff Hector , Cowgill George L.
Published: June 2013

George Brainerd directed excavations at Cerro Portezuelo in the mid-1950s to understand the Classic to Postclassic transition and the questions he asked are still salient. We have undertaken a reanalysis of the artifacts, survey, and excavation data from Brainerd's project to better understand the nature of relations between the Early Classic period city of Teotihuacan, its immediate hinterlands, and the change from the Teotihuacan state system to Postclassic period city-state organization. Because of Cerro Portezuelo's long occupation that began in the Late/Terminal Formative period and continued beyond the Spanish Conquest, it is a strategic site to investigate the dynamics of state formation and episodes of centralization and fragmentation over this long span. Here we review the history of research concerning Cerro Portezuelo, discuss the current research project reported in the articles that comprise this Special Section, and highlight some of the major findings.
SHIFTING ALLIANCES: EPICLASSIC AND EARLY POSTCLASSIC INTERACTIONS AT CERRO PORTEZUELO
Authors: Crider Destiny L.
Published: June 2013

This analysis takes a diachronic view of Epiclassic and Early Postclassic period production and consumption patterns of diagnostic pottery complexes at Cerro Portezuelo. Stylistic and chemical characterization studies indicate a dramatic shift in the directionality and participation in pottery complexes through time throughout the Basin of Mexico. In the Epiclassic period, Cerro Portezuelo was a participant in a southern basin cultural complex. Early Postclassic pottery at Cerro Portezuelo indicates full participation in the Mazapan/Tollan pottery complex extending from Tula, through Teotihuacan, and into the southern Texcoco region. This study expands upon a previous compositional study of Cerro Portezuelo materials that indicate that Epiclassic and Early Postclassic pottery consumption was predominantly from local sources in the southeastern basin. The current study further identifies stylistic affiliations in decorated pottery types with neighboring areas within the basin and significantly increases the sample size for Epiclassic and Early Postclassic compositional data at Cerro Portezuelo.
POSSIBLE MIGRATIONS AND SHIFTING IDENTITIES IN THE CENTRAL MEXICAN EPICLASSIC
Authors: Cowgill George L.
Published: June 2013

After a century or so of slow decline, major civic-ceremonial structures in the city of Teotihuacan were burned and desecrated, probably arounda.d. 600/650, at least some residential structures were abandoned, and the Teotihuacan state collapsed. Few features of Teotihuacan material culture survive in the Basin of Mexico in the ensuing Epiclassic period, which lasted from approximatelya.d. 600/650––800/850. Ceramic and other lines of evidence suggest a sizable in-migration of peoples from western Mexico. These newcomers may have arrived in time to add to internal stresses responsible for bringing about Teotihuacan's collapse, arrived later to take advantage of that collapse, or both. Whatever the case, interactions with Teotihuacan survivors were complex and still poorly understood. Descendants of Teotihuacanos probably soon adopted new cultural identities, making them untraceable in the archaeological record, except possibly by biological markers.
MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND POTTERY EXCHANGE UNDER AZTEC AND SPANISH RULE IN CERRO PORTEZUELO
Authors: Garraty Christopher P.
Published: June 2013

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) of Middle and Late Postclassic and Early Colonial period decorated and plain ware ceramic sherds from Brainerd's excavation collections at Cerro Portezuelo highlight diachronic changes in commercial pottery exchange prior to and during the Aztec empire and during the first century of Spanish colonial rule. The INAA results show that before the Aztec empire (Middle Postclassic period;a.d.1150–1350), most pottery used at Cerro Portezuelo was made locally or imported from various sources in the southern Basin of Mexico. After the empire formed (Late Postclassic period;a.d.1350–1521), local pottery exchange continued, but Tenochtitlan became the primary source of imported pottery in Cerro Portezuelo, despite its location within Texcoco's domain, which was likely attributable to Tenochtitlan merchants' successful exploitation of lake trafficking. After the Spanish Conquest (Early Colonial period;a.d.1521–1625), Texcoco became the principal supplier of pottery in Cerro Portezuelo. Tenochtitlan persisted as a commercial exporter of pottery after the conquest but on a smaller scale, probably because of the degradation and infilling of the lakes, especially Lake Texcoco.
OBSIDIAN BLADES FROM CERRO PORTEZUELO: SOURCING ARTIFACTS FROM A LONG-DURATION SITE
Authors: Parry William J. , Glascock Michael D.
Published: June 2013

This paper reports source identifications for a sample of obsidian prismatic blades from the site of Cerro Portezuelo, Mexico. Although the sample is highly biased and stratigraphically mixed, some interesting results were obtained. Compared to contemporary sites in the region, the frequency of green Pachuca obsidian was unusually low (65%), while obsidian from the distant Ucareo source was unusually abundant (14%). This pattern appears to hold for both the Classic and the Postclassic periods and differs from Classic Teotihuacan. This contrast implies that Cerro Portezuelo was not importing all of its obsidian directly from Teotihuacan during the Classic period but, rather, was obtaining some quantity of Ucareo obsidian from other sites, most likely located to the west. This trade pattern would eventually spread throughout the Basin of Mexico, after the fall of Teotihuacan, but it is foreshadowed during the Classic period at Cerro Portezuelo.
CERRO PORTEZUELO FAUNAL REMAINS AND WORKED BONE: WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM EARLY EXCAVATED COLLECTIONS
Authors: Teeter Wendy Giddens
Published: June 2013

Analyses of the faunal remains from Cerro Portezuelo indicate that the site's pre-Hispanic residents made use of both wild and domesticated animals commonly found near lakeshores and agricultural fields. Most of the faunal assemblage examined comes from a Postclassic period residential structure, providing information regarding the animal species utilized by the early inhabitants of the area and the types of household activities they engaged in using tools made from worked bone. Examination of the collections from another part of the site shows intriguing similarities to the animal selection practices previously identified in the Epiclassic period collections from Oztoyahualco, Teotihuacan.
CHANGING APPROACHES TO MAIZE PREPARATION AT CERRO PORTEZUELO
Authors: Biskowski Martin , Watson Karen D.
Published: June 2013

Analyses of grinding tools at Cerro Portezuelo provide an unusual opportunity to study changing subsistence priorities. Evidence in the Teotihuacan and Mezquital Valley indicates that established patterns of dependence on maize may have been interrupted during the Epiclassic and Early Postclassic periods. Grinding tool collections in both locations contain unusually high frequencies of closed-surface grinding tools (trough metates and mortars), which are less efficient for intensive maize grinding than the open-surface tools commonly used during both the Classic and Late Postclassic periods. While analyzing the Cerro Portezuelo grinding tool collection presents many problems because of imprecise chronology, this collection also contains an unusually high frequency of closed-surface tools that can be attributed to its Epiclassic and Early Postclassic inhabitants. Thus, Cerro Portezuelo contributes to a growing picture of subsistence after the collapse of Teotihuacan in which maize was deemphasized and may have been replaced by amaranth and other foods.
Determinants of Representatives' Votes on the Flake Amendment to End National Science Foundation Funding of Political Science Research
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E. , Klofstad Casey A.
Published: June 2013

In May 2012, political scientists learned of efforts by representative Jeff Flake (R-AZ) to eliminate political science funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) budget. The American Political Science Association (APSA) was caught off-guard, and concerned political scientists scrambled to contact their representatives and urge the amendment's defeat. Flake's initial effort to cut funds overall from the NSF was defeated, but a second measure, specifically to keep the NSF from funding political science, passed only hours later. This was the second time in three years that legislators targeted the NSF Political Science Program. Although these measures have been sponsored and widely supported by Republicans, some Democrats have supported these measures as well. This article examines the vote on the Flake Amendment to understand why individual representatives voted for or against cutting NSF funding for political science research.
Fieldwork in the Era of Social Media: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Côté Isabelle
Published: June 2013

Social networking sites have recently garnered academic attention for their role in fostering democracy and openness in both developed and developing regions. Unfortunately, in political science, this newfound interest has not yet translated into a greater interest in social media as a methodological tool for researchers conducting fieldwork. How has the era of social media influenced the way political scientists conduct their fieldwork? How can researchers make the most of the opportunities offered by social networking sites while abiding by the strict standards of their ethics board? This article highlights the potential in social networking sites for recruiting participants and gathering data and looks at the impact sites such as Facebook have had on building and maintaining trust with research participants. In contrast, it explores how social media may compromise one's ability to uphold the “do no harm” principle guiding all academic research by jeopardizing participants' confidentiality and anonymity, a risk deemed especially high for vulnerable populations or sensitive regions. Insight gleaned from the researcher's own fieldwork in two minority provinces of Indonesia in 2010–2011 is used as a case in point.
How Social Science Research Can Improve Teaching
Authors: King Gary , Sen Maya
Published: June 2013

We marshal discoveries about human behavior and learning from social science research and show how these can be used to improve teaching and learning. The discoveries are easily stated as three social science generalizations: (1) social connections motivate, (2) teaching teaches the teacher, and (3) instant feedback improves learning. We show how to apply these generalizations via innovations in modern information technology inside, outside, and across university classrooms. We also give concrete examples of these ideas from innovations we have experimented with in our own teaching.
Implicit Racial Attitude Measures in Black Samples: IAT, Subliminal Priming, and Implicit Black Identification
Authors: Orey Byron D'Andra , Craemer Thomas , Price Melanye
Published: June 2013

One of the shortcomings of the implicit racial attitudes literature is that it relies almost exclusively on white subjects. Arguably, there are two possible reasons for this. First, these measures were created to address issues of social desirability among whites who harbor negative racial attitudes toward blacks. Second, social desirability pressures and antiblack affect were not viewed as significant among black respondents (see Craemer 2008). This assumption is problematic because it treats black racial attitudes as a monolith. Rather than examining black racial opinion as a complicated and multivalenced set of evaluations about their own group and others, there has been an over emphasis on measures of group solidarity (e.g., linked fate). Understandably, bloc voting and cohesive policy opinions have partially justified this focus; however, the black community is more diverse than presidential election turnout suggests. Price (2009) argues that linked fate, the most common measure for black racial identity, is not adequately problematized as a potentially positive or negative measure of psychological attachment. Here, we hope to build on this literature by using an implicit black identity measure.
Implicit Political Knowledge
Authors: Ksiazkiewicz Aleksander
Published: June 2013

Political knowledge today is studied primarily at the explicit level. Measures of political knowledge often rely on testing whether voters are aware of various “facts” about political life, such as the names and offices of prominent political actors, the institutional structures of the political system, and the ideological or policy differences between the major political parties (e.g., Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996). These various kinds of political information are considered to be important by political scientists and other social scientists because they facilitate the informed voting decisions that are needed to hold elected leaders accountable (e.g., Lau and Redlawsk 2006; Pande 2011).
Implicit Political Identity
Authors: Theodoridis Alexander George
Published: June 2013

It is easy enough to rattle off numerous categories of social identities long of interest to political behavior scholars—race, sex, state or nation, party, ideology, social class, etc. But, a precise definition and measurement strategy for examining these identities is more elusive. This article discusses the conceptual foundations of a recently developed approach to measuring identity and focuses on its specific application as a new measure of partisanship in the United States.
Louis Fisher on the Constitution and the War Power
Authors: Adler David Gray
Published: June 2013

Lou Fisher's prolific writings on the war power—the constitutional repository of authority to initiate war and lesser military hostilities on behalf of the American people—have informed and, for the better part of four decades, shaped discussions and debates on the respective roles of Congress and the president, from the halls of academe to the corridors of power. Widely cited and invoked on hundreds of occasions by political scientists, historians, and legal academics, his work has opened doors for serious consideration of his views by representatives in all three branches of the federal government. It has, as well, established his place in the front-rank of constitutional scholars and, almost certainly, earned for his scholarship an enduring influence on discussions about the constitutional authority to order the use of military force.
Louis Fisher: A Public Intellectual
Authors: Oleszek Walter J.
Published: June 2013

During the 1950s, Isaiah Berlin wrote a famous essay entitled “The Hedgehog and the Fox.” The point behind the title is that the hedgehog knows one big thing and the fox knows many things. From this distinction, Berlin suggests there are two intellectual types: one who relates everything to a single idea and the other who explores a diversity of ideas. It is difficult and unrealistic to pigeonhole Fisher as one or the other intellectual type. The reality is that Fisher combines both types. My sense is that Fisher's wide diversity of scholarly and policy-influencing accomplishments, and his skepticism of conventional wisdom, put him in Berlin's second category rather than first. However, my position at the Congressional Research Service (CRS) also prompts me to say, on the other hand, one big idea has animated Fisher's contributions to the academic and political/legislative worlds. That idea is highlighted in the title of one of his plethora of publications:Defending Congress and the Constitution(2011). Of course, when you write about the Congress and the Constitution, you analyze—like Berlin's fox—a host of interrelated ideas and relationships: history, law, the presidency, the judiciary, and more.
Louis Fisher on Congress and the Budget: Institutional Responsibility and Other Taboos
Authors: Farrier Jasmine
Published: June 2013

The serial fiscal policy and budgeting woes of the United States over the last three decades have been compounded by a bipartisan evasion of institutional responsibility by elected leaders. Long before “sequestration” and “fiscal cliffs,” Louis Fisher argued that presidents and members of the House and Senate undermined constitutional power balance and the spirit of budgeting law. A variety of ill-conceived process “reforms” further damaged the separation of powers system. As a scholar, Fisher uses an institutional lens to explore budget concepts that are rare in political science, such ascapacity, accountability, andduty. And as a public intellectual, Fisher's relevance has been secured by his repeatedly broaching these scholarly and political taboos.
What's Old Is New Again: Political Science, Law, and Constitutional Meaning
Authors: Spitzer Robert J.
Published: June 2013

Political science and law intersect not only in the political world, but as disciplines. This is as it should be, and for two important reasons: disciplinary history and content. As Fisher (2009, 798) notes, the first political science graduate program, founded in 1880, studied “history, law, and philosophy.” The American Political Science Association, founded in 1903, defined itself in terms of six distinct areas of study, five of which—comparative legislation, international law, constitutional law, administrative law, and jurisprudence—were in some manner about law (798). In addition, law is the expression of authority by the state. Its formation, content, and consequences form the purest expression of governmental power through what we more comprehensively define today as public policy. Early in the history of our discipline, political scientists approached the law in a manner that was “legalistic, formalistic, conceptually barren and largely devoid of what would today be called empirical data” (Somit and Tannenhaus 1967, 69). That is, they approached it as did lawyers of the time. Yet as political science matured, those who studied public law ceased being merely “little lawyers,” vesting their work with no less respect for the content of law, but tempered also with the tools and perspectives of what was by now a distinct discipline. No early political scientist better exemplified this maturation than Edward Corwin, especially (although not exclusively) as reflected in his timeless study,The President: Office and Powers(1957).
Louis Fisher: Government and the Academy
Authors: Sollenberger Mitchel A.
Published: June 2013

A dozen years before thisPSsymposium, several political scientists came together in a similar manner to honor Louis Fisher's scholarship and highlight his contributions to the discipline (Spitzer 2000). Many wonderful insights and observations were made to shed light on Fisher's versatility and impact. However, that effort missed an opportunity to highlight a key contribution of Fisher's work: a revival of pre-behavioral era functions and concerns within political science. In many ways Fisher is a throwback to a traditional political science approach where scholars did not select subfields or specialties but sought to engage in broad public debates about governing and, most importantly, believed that normative and empirical studies could and should go hand in hand. With the latter approach Fisher has made his most important contribution to political science.
The Anatomy of a Regicide Attempt: Shāhrukh, the Ḥurūfīs, and the Timurid Intellectuals in 830/1426–27
Authors: BİNBAŞ İLKER EVRİM
Published: June 2013

This article provides a contextual analysis of the assassination attempt on the Timurid ruler Shāhrukh's life on 21 February 1427 in Herat. According to the contemporary Timurid chroniclers, Aḥmad-i Lur, a Ḥurūfī by profession, tried to kill Shāhrukh. Having survived the attack with light injuries, Shāhrukh reacted harshly and executed many of those who were accused of conspiring against him. During the interrogations, many other intellectuals who professed as a method of inquiry the‘ilm-i ḥurūf(the science of letters) were also accused of participating in the conspiracy. In this article, I treat the assassination attempt as a moment of crisis in Timurid politics, study it in relation to the transformation of the intellectual landscape towards the mid-fifteenth century, and provide an in-depth textual and contextual analysis of the historiographical sources as well as the writings of those intellectuals who left a first-hand testimony of the subsequent interrogations. After a close scrutiny of the available evidence, I demonstrate that the interrogations of those intellectuals who practiced the science of letters predated the assassination attempt, and I argue that the assassination attempt was just an episode, albeit an important one, in Shāhrukh's attempts to control and regulate the emerging public sphere in Iran and Central Asia.