bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE METABOLISM AND INSULATION OF SEALS AS BARE-SKINNED MAMMALS IN COLD WATER
Authors: Irving Laurence , Hart J. S.
Published: August 2008

The metabolic rate of five harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and two harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) was measured over a temperature range of 25° to −10 °C. in air and 20° to 0 °C. in water. Surface temperatures and tissue temperature gradients were also determined. In four normal harbor seals the critical temperature in water was 10 °C., and in air it was below −10 °C. (estimated as −30 °C). One "runt" seal had a much higher critical temperature and abnormally high metabolic rate. No critical temperature was found in harp seals in water above 0 °C. Tissue surface temperatures and tissue gradients reflected the metabolic response to cold, with cool surfaces and deep gradients (well insulated harp and harbor seals) corresponding to low metabolism in cold water and with warmer surfaces and shallow gradients (poorly insulated harbor seal) corresponding to high metabolism in cold water. Metabolic economy of the seals in ice water was preserved by exceptional cooling of all body surfaces (to about 1 °C), which cooling provided protection comparable to that of fur of large land mammals in coldest climates.
ASPECTS QUANTITATIFS DES BESOINS EN MINÉRAUX DES LARVES DE TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL: I. POURCENTAGE OPTIMUM D'UN MÉLANGE SALIN
Authors: Hout L. , Bernard R. , Lemonde A.
Published: August 2008

The quantitative requirements of the larvae of Tribolium confusum are studied. For optimal growth, the larvae require 1% to 8% of salt mixture No. 2 U.S.P. XIII. For the imaginal metamorphosis, we must add at least 2% of the salt Mixture. The requirements of the male and female are absolutely identical.
SPHAERULARIA BOMBI DUF. (NEMATODA: ALLANTONEMATIDAE) INFESTING BUMBLEBEES AND SPHAERULARIA HASTATA SP. NOV. INFESTING BARK BEETLES IN CANADA
Authors: Khan M. K.
Published: August 2008

Sphaerularia bombi Duf. is recorded for the first time as a parasite of bumblebee queens in Canada. The nematode was collected from the abdominal cavity of queens of Bombus terricola Kby. and B. ternarius Say from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.Sphaerularia hastata, sp. nov., is described from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonns monticolae Hopk., the Douglas-fir beetle, D. pseudotsugae Hopk., and the cocoon of a hymenopterous parasite, Coeloides dendroctoni Cush., from Steamboat Mountain, British Columbia.
BUXTONELLA SULCATA (CILIATA: HOLOTRICHA), A PARASITE OF BOS INDICUS AND BUBALUS BUBALUS IN THE WESTERN PUNJAB
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Buxtonella sulcata is recorded from Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalus from the Western Punjab.
ON SOME PELAGIC POLYCHAETA FROM THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC NORTH OF LATITUDE 40° N. AND EAST OF LONGITUDE 175° W.
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Two species (Otopsis longipes Ditlevsen and Epidiopatra hupferiana Augener) new to the Pacific Ocean and four new to it north of latitude 40° N. (Phalocrophorus pictus Greef, Plotohelmis tenuis (Apstein), Tomopteris cavallii Rosa, and Travisiopsis lobifera Levinsen) are recorded. Four others, one of which (Typhloscolex mülleri Busch) was taken at a more northerly latitude in the northeast Pacific than previously, are also listed.
EFFECTS OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE ON THE FERTILITY OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (ZETT.) (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Females of Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zett.) were more resistant than males to both the lethal and the sterilizing effects of treatment at 43 °C. Three major effects were discovered in the females: permanent sterilization, reduced fertility, and inactivation of the sperm stored in the spermatheca. In addition, temporary sterilization was indicated. Where sterilization occurred in the males it was usually permanent. It was shown that an apparently harmless amount of heat can have a significant effect on reproduction.
LIST OF HELMINTHS FROM ALBERTA RODENTS
Authors: Lubinsky George
Published: August 2008

Thirty species of helminths were found in material from Alberta rodents and lagomorphs. It was shown that Capillaria hepatica, a potential human parasite of high pathogenicity, occurs in Peromyscus maniculatus (a new host record) and in Thomomys talpoides, and is common throughout the entire province of Alberta.
CHANGES IN RESISTANCE TO DDT IN MACROCENTRUS ANCYLIVORUS ROHW. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Robertson J. G.
Published: August 2008

Exposure of the arrhenotokous parasite Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohw. to 23 μg./cm.2 of DDT for 3 minutes in each of 10 successive generations increased the level of resistance to four times that of the original stock. When the concentration of DDT was increased to 96 μg./cm.2 of DDT for 3 minutes from the F11 generation on, the resistance reached a maximum of 12 times that of the initial stock at the F19 generation, and at the F29 generation was nine times the original level. In the F30 to F71 generations, when only females were exposed to DDT, the level of resistance fell to seven times its initial value. When, beginning with the F72 generation, the parasite was reared for 13 generations without exposure to DDT, resistance fell to its initial level. Females were more DDT-resistant than males.
SPHAERULARIA UNGULACAUDA SP. NOV. (NEMATODA: ALLANTONEMATIDAE) FROM THE DOUGLAS FIR BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PSEUDOTSUGAE HOPK., WITH KEY TO SPHAERULARIA SPECIES (EMENDED)
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: August 2008

A new species of nematode, Sphaerularia ungulacauda (Allantonematidae), is described from the Douglas fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk, from British Columbia, Canada. The diagnostic characters of the genus Sphaerularia are emended and a key to species is given.
THE METAZOAN PARASITES OF THE HETEROSOMATA OF THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE: II. ENTOBDELLA CURVUNCA SP. NOV. (TREMATODA: CAPSALIDAE)
Authors: Ronald Keith
Published: August 2008

Entobdella curvunca sp. nov. (Trematoda: Capsalidae) is described from Hippoglossus hippoglossus from the Gulf of the St. Lawrence.
STUDIES ON THE ANATOMY OF LYMNAEA HUMILIS SAY
Authors: McCraw Bruce M.
Published: August 2008

The topographic anatomy of Lymnaea humilis is described, giving the relative positions of the various internal organs. A description of the anatomy of the cephalic hemocoele is also given. Like Lymnaea stagnalis the central nervous system of L. humilis consists of the paired cerebral, buccal, pedal, pleural, and parietal ganglia and the unpaired abdominal ganglion. The nerves arising from the central nervous system are described and particular attention was devoted to the nerves arising from the pedal ganglia and innervating the foot; fourteen new nerves are named or described. The reproductive system of L. humilis is divided into: (a) the ovotestis and its duct, (b) the female system, and (c) the male system. In reproductively active snails, the female system is the largest of the three portions, and consists of the uterus, oothecal gland, vagina, and seminal receptacle. An accessory structure, the albumen gland, is very large in L. humilis. The male system consists of the upper and lower prostate, vas deferens, and male copulatory organ. The connections between the hermaphrodite duct and the male and female systems show considerable structural consolidation compared to these connections in L. stagnalis. The muciparous gland is not a distinct entity in L. humilis.
RADIOPHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN ZOOPLANKTON AND MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Harris Eugene
Published: August 2008

The exchange of radiophosphonis between water on the one hand and Artemia, Gammarus, and microorganisms on the other was observed. Results are expressed as turnover time, which is related to the rate at which phosphorus moves back and forth, being defined as the time required for as much material as is present to enter or leave a phase of the system. Tt for Arlemia is 14 hours; for Gammarus 43 hours; the equilibrium between organic and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of microorganisms has a Tt of 19 hours. In Gammarus there is a lag period of a few hours before they reach a maximal uptake rate. Gammarus, treated with terramycin to kill bacteria, do not remove appreciable quantities of radiophosphorus from water. Evidently they must acquire their phosphorus from particulate matter, such as bacteria.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIAPTOMUS FROM ARCTIC AND SUBARCTIC CANADA (CALANOIDA, COPEPODA)
Authors: Reed Edward B.
Published: August 2008

Diagnoses of two new species of fresh-water copepods are presented, Diaptomus wilsonae from ponds of the Hudson Bay lowlands, and Diaptomus victoriaensis from tundra ponds on Victoria Island, N.W.T.
CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A REVISION OF THE GENUS ATRICHOPOGON BASED ON CHARACTERS OF ALL STAGES (DIPTERA, HELEIDAE)
Authors: Ewen A. B. , Saunders L. G.
Published: August 2008

The metamorphosis of 19 Atrichopogon species, 14 of which are described as new, is treated from a morphological point of view. Most of the characters that are employed in distinguishing adults of the species are of a quantitative nature and subject to great individual variation. Hence, we are forced to base the taxonomy to a great extent upon the immature stages; and yet at present the genus can be clearly separated from Forcipomyia only by adult characters. Three broad groups are distinguished on the basis of larval morphology. They are presented with the object of providing a foundation for the establishment of subgenera in the future when more material becomes available.
POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA AERIPENNIS DESTRUCTOR (BROWN) (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)
Authors: Zachakuk Russell Y.
Published: August 2008

In the male larva of Ctenicera aeripennis destructor (Brown), the reproductive system consists of paired mesodermal gonads situated in one of the second to fifth segments of the abdomen, an ectodermal genital capsule and paired mesodermal ampullae situated in the ninth segment of the abdomen, and a pair of mesodermal cell strands that connect the gonads to the ampullae. In the female larva, the reproductive system consists of paired mesodermal gonads situated similarly to those of the male, paired mesodermal ampullae situated at the posterior margin of the seventh segment, and a pair of mesodermal cell strands that connect the gonads to the ampullae. During the larval stage, prepupal period, and pupal stage, the gonads and cell strands of the male develop into testes and vasa deferentia, respectively, and those of the female, into ovaries and lateral oviducts, respectively. In the male, during the prepupal period and pupal stage, the ampullae develop into the paired spermatophoral and accessory glands and the seminal vesicles; the genital capsule develops into the ejaculatory duct and external genitalia. In the female, during the prepupal period and pupal stage, the ampullae develop into the common oviduct; the vagina forms from a groove in the ventral epidermis of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments; the uterus, spermatophoral receptacle, spermatheca, accessory gland, and its duct develop from invaginations in the vaginal groove in the eighth abdominal segment; the external genitalia develop from ridges on the sternal epidermis of the ninth abdominal segment.
FACTORS CONTROLLING THE INTERNAL TEMPERATURES OF SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.)
Authors: Shepherd Roy F.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory studies showed a direct relationship between the radiation intensity striking a larva and the excess of larval temperature over air temperature. These excesses were reduced as the square root of wind speed above 60–80 ft/min. Below this speed, changes in wind speed had a greater effect on the reduction of excesses. Evaporation tended to reduce larval temperatures to wet-bulb temperatures when water was placed on the cuticle of the larvae. Measurements made during days of bright sunshine indicated that larvae on over-storied spruce reproduction had an average temperature excess of 2.3 °C and larvae on reproduction in a stand opening had an average excess of 3.7 °C.
IMPREGNATION OF HETERODERA TRIFOLII BY MALES OF H. SCHACHTII (NEMATODA: HETERODERIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

A parthenogenetic nematode, Heterodera trifolii (Goffart, 1932) Raski and Hart, 1953, was impregnated by a bisexual nematode, H. schachtii Schmidt, 1871, in mixed cultures of these two cyst-forming species. No males occurred among several hundred offspring.
NEST ATTENTIVITY OF LINCOLN'S SPARROW DETERMINED USING THERMISTOR BRIDGE
Authors: Speirs J. Murray , Andoff R.
Published: August 2008

A new attentivity recorder is described for use in studying the incubation rhythm of nesting birds. This was used in a nest of Lincoln's sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii. On the fifth day of incubation 10 attentive periods averaged 20.4 minutes while 11 inattentive periods averaged 6.9 minutes. The incubation period was found to be 13 days (time from laying of last egg to hatching of last egg).
THE INHERITANCE OF LITTER SIZE, BODY WEIGHT, AND VARIABILITY, IN A CROSS BETWEEN TWO INBRED STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Butler L.
Published: August 2008

Crosses were made between the two inbred lines, C57BL and BALB, and the effects of maternity and genotype on litter size, survival, 30- and 60-day weights, and their variances were assessed. The maternal effect of BALB reduced litter size by.78 to 1.91 when compared with reciprocal crosses of identical genotype. No maternal effect was found for C57; neither did the genotype of the young have any effect on the litter size borne by mothers of this strain. There was a significant increase (2.26 ±.67) in litter size when BALB females produced hybrid instead of inbred young. This was not the result of hybrid males being more prolific, because BALB males mated to non-BALB females produced the largest litters in this experiment. The cross F1 × F1produced the largest mean litter size. A change in ration affected the litter size when BALB was the mother, but not when C57 was the mother. Fox chow plus linseed produced more young than any of the other three diets.There were no significant differences in the weights of males of any of the generations at 30 days, but the F1females borne in C57 mothers were larger than the females of other generations, and it appears that the C57 female exerts a maternal effect which causes the female young to mature earlier. The data indicate that the mother exerts the greatest influence on 30-day weights, the genotype of the young having little or no effect. The F1female has the greatest maternal effect: she increases the 30-day weight by 10–20%.At 60 days the F1mouse was 15% larger than the corresponding inbred borne in the same female. The mean weights of the F1and F2were the same, but the backcrosses were 10% lighter.The variance at 30 days was larger than the corresponding variance at 60 days, and 90% of the variance was in the between-litters component. At 30 days the largest variances were found in the P1, F1, and B.C. generations, while the smallest was found in the F2indicating that much of the variability was the result of the maternal environment. At 60 days the variances for all generations were essentially the same.MacArthur's large and small strains, which had been produced by 30 generations of selection with only moderate inbreeding, were carried through 20 generations of brother × sister mating. This inbreeding brought about a decrease in the weight of the large line, and an increase in the weights of the small strain. The former may be attributed to the loss of the heterozygotic effect on size, while the latter may be the result of natural counterselection; the smallest mice had few or no young.
PHORONIDEA FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Marsden Joan Rattenbury
Published: August 2008

Six phoronids from the west coast of North America, Phoronis vancouverensis, Phoronis pallida, Phoronis psammophila, Phoronis ovalis, Phoronopsis harmeri, and one that is possibly Phoronis architecta, are described. Phoronopsis harmeri is considered to be synonymous with Phoronopsis viridis. Taxonomic relationships within the Phoronidea are discussed. It is suggested that the phylum may most naturally be divided into four categories of wide geographic range. The characteristics of each of these categories are discussed.
SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF DIFFERENTIATION IN THE FROG EMBRYO BY CELL-FREE HOMOGENATES OF ADULT TISSUES
Authors: Clarke R. B. , McCallion D. J.
Published: August 2008

The hypothesis that adult tissues produce substances which may specifically inhibit the differentiation of like embryonic tissues and organs has been tested by Rose (3) by rearing frog embryos in the presence of living fragments of adult organs. In the present investigation frog embryos were reared in media containing cell-free homogenates of adult brain or heart. The homogenates specifically suppressed or inhibited the development of these organs in about 10–15% of the embryos tested.
SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF NEURAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Clarke R. B. , McCallion D. J.
Published: August 2008

Suspensions in Locke's solution of cell-free homogenates of the cerebra of recently hatched chicks were injected into the yolk of chicken eggs of 20–24 hours of incubation. Eggs were similarly injected with homogenates of chick muscle, mouse brain, and mouse muscle. About 37% of the embryos exposed to chick brain homogenates showed some degree of inhibition of development of the brain. Other treatments did not produce this effect. This is presented as further evidence in support of the concept of specific inhibition as a developmental mechanism.
NOTES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS BIZIO FOR THE COCKROACH BLATTELLA GERMANICA L.
Authors: Heimpel A. M. , West A. S.
Published: August 2008

Serratia marcescens Bizio sporadically caused mortality in cultures of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L. Extensive feeding tests showed this bacterium is not normally pathogenic, per os, for the insect. The LD50, by injection, for the cockroach is approximately 38,000 bacteria per insect. The possible modes of invasion of the insect gut are discussed briefly.
CUTICONEMA VIVIPARA N. G., N. SP., A NEW SAPROPHAGOUS NEMATODE OF THE SUBFAMILY PANAGROLAIMINAE THORNE, 1937, FROM CANADA, WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS BREVIBUCCA GOODEY, 1935
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Cuticonema vivipara n. g., n. sp. (subfamily Panagrolaiminae Thorne, 1937) is described from the roots of an oak tree. The genus is characterized by six flaplike lips separated by grooves with sclerotized borders; panagrolaimoid type of stomatorhabdions; large amphid apertures; an inner cuticle with pores enveloped by an outer cuticle, both striated but without incisures; esophagus divisible into four parts; single prodelphic reflexed ovary, posteriorly situated vulva, presence of uterine glands; single outstretched testis in the male, unequal spicules, rudder-shaped gubernaculum, and numerous caudal papillae in the male tail. The species is ovoviviparous. The new genus is compared with other genera of the Panagrolaiminae and with Brevibucca Goodey, 1935.
NUTRITION OF THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM, AGROTIS ORTHOGONIA MORR. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): I. EFFECTS OF UNDERFEEDING AND ARTIFICIAL DIETS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, AND A COMPARISON OF WHEAT SPROUTS OF THATCHER, TRITICUM AESTIVUM L., AND GOLDEN BALL, T. DURUM DESF., AS FOOD
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R.
Published: August 2008

Larvae of the pale western cutworm fed ad libitum on Thatcher wheat sprouts required six instars to mature and increased in weight from 0.25 mg to near 700 mg in about 4 weeks. Larvae fed for only 2 hours each day required an additional instar, developed more slowly, and were smaller. The growth curves were generally similar as both exhibited a plateau before each molt, followed by a rapid rise. Of four artificial diets tested, only the two containing wheat-leaf juice permitted weight increases. The percentages of dry matter and nitrogen in the cutworm varied according to the stage of larval development and the variety of wheat sprouts fed. These factors, as well as underfeeding, also influenced the efficiency with which the cutworm converted its food to body tissue.
CALIPERIA BREVIPES N. SP. (CILIATA: PERITRICHA), EPIZOIC ON RAJA ERINACEA MITCHILL AT SAINT ANDREWS, NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Two adults of the common skate, or tobacco box, Raja erinacea Mitchill, trawled in Passamaquoddy Bay, N. B., in June, 1958, bore myriads of peritrichous ciliates on and about the free edges of the gill filaments. The morphology of these epibionts refers them to the genus Caliperia Laird (Scyphidiidae), previously known from a single New Zealand species. C. brevipes differs from the genotype in having relatively shorter caudal processes, a posteriorly located micronucleus, and a prominent siderophilous collar at the cytostome. Comparisons are drawn between these organisms and Ellobiophrya donacis Chatton and Lwoff.
THE EFFECT OF MICROENVIRONMENT ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF BUNOSTOMUM TRIGONOCEPHALUM
Authors: Belle Edward A.
Published: August 2008

This investigation has shown that temperature and relative humidity are the microenvironmental factors governing the development of the free-living stages of Bunostomum trigonocephalum.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION OF THE SACRAMENTO MOUNTAINS SALAMANDER, ANEIDES HARDII
Authors: Schad Gerhard A. , Stewart Robert H. , Harrington Fred A.
Published: August 2008

The Sacramento Mountains salamander, Ancides hardii, previously known only from the region of the type locality (Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico) is reported from the adjoining White and Capitan Mountains. The three populations of A. hardii are believed to be geographically disjunct. A study of the differences between the three populations did not indicate that subspecific recognition is warranted.
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON THE FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS RETORTAEFORMIS
Authors: Prasad Devandra
Published: August 2008

The optimum temperature for development of Trichostrongylus retortaeformis is about 25 °C in a wet faecal culture, when the infective stage is reached in from 3 to 5 days, but at 3 to 5 °C a few larvae can develop in 8 to 10 weeks, and infective larvae can survive for 13 weeks. Both eggs and larvae can survive desiccation for considerable periods.
ON THE TAXONOMY OF THE GENUS CLADOTAENIA, THE LIFE HISTORIES OF C. GLOBIFERA (BATSCH, 1786) AND C. CIRCI YAMAGUTI, 1935, AND A NOTE ON DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE PLEROCERCOIDS OF THE GENERA PARUTERINA AND CLADOTAENIA
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

A review of the taxonomy of the genus Cladotaenia established that at least four species of this genus occur in Europe, Egypt, and Sudan; that four species occur in North America; and that there are 10 valid species in the world. C. circi Yamaguti, 1935 is redescribed from Circus cyaneus hudsonius and Accipiter cooperi, and C. globifera (Batsch, 1786) is redescribed from Accipiter gentilis atricapillus, A. striatus velox, Buteo p. platypterus, B. jamaicensis, and C. cyaneus hudsonius all collected in North America. The development of the plerocercoid of both species is described. Natural infections with the plerocercoid of C. circi, are reported from Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis, and with the plerocercoid of C. globifera in the rodents, Clethrionomys gapperi, Napaeozapus insignis, Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis, P. leucopus noveboracensis, Tamias striatus, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, and the insectivore Sorex cinereus. The ratio of the length of the hook to length of guard of the large hooks of Cladolaenia is less than 3.5:1, whereas this ratio is more than 3.5:1 on the large rostellar hooks of Paruterina, which is considered a good criterion for distinguishing the plerocercoids of the two genera.
A POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN YOLK SIZE AND DIFFERENTIATION IN TROUT EMBRYOS
Authors: Garside E. T. , Fry F. E. J.
Published: August 2008

Myomere numbers were counted in samples of reciprocal hybrids of lake and speckled trout. The fish which developed on speckled trout yolks, which are the smaller, had a lower mean myomere number. Myomere numbers of normal lake trout, speckled trout, and the F1 hybrid (lake trout egg) were compared with myomere numbers of their respective Siamese twins. An inverse relationship between myomere number and the degree of twinning was found in speckled trout but not in the lake trout or the hybrid. Since this relationship is not evident in fish developed on larger yolks it is assumed that there is a certain critical yolk size below which it becomes limiting and prevents the formation of the normal myomere complement.
WATER ABSORPTION BY THE EGGS OF CRICKETS
Authors: McFarlane J. E. , Ghouri A. S. K. , Kennard C. P.
Published: August 2008

Absorption of water by the eggs of Acheta configuratus, Gryllodes sigillatus, and a Canadian and a Pakistani strain of Acheta domesticus takes place during early embryonic development. The amount of water absorbed varies from about 60 to 120% of the weight of newly laid eggs, depending on the species or strain. The time of absorption is generally earlier the more rapid is embryonic development, indicating that the embryonic stage during which water is absorbed is similar in all forms. Absorption is more rapid at 33 than at 28 °C. In all forms, a small but rapid loss in water occurs just after maximal absorption; this loss takes place also when the eggs are immersed in distilled water. The incubation periods of the four forms at various temperatures (28–38 °C) are presented.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: I. OXYURIDAE FROM LIZARDS (GEKKO AND HEMIDACTYLUS)
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Pharyngodon kuntzi sp. nov. from Gekko gecko, P. frenatusi sp. nov. from Hemidactylus frenatus, and Thelandros sp. from G. gecko are described.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF SEVEN FORMS OF BLACK FLIES INCLUDED IN EUSIMULIUM AUREUM FRIES
Authors: Dunbar Robert W.
Published: August 2008

Seven closely related cytological forms are known for the dichromosomic black fly E. "aureum". All these forms have extremely similar salivary gland chromosomes but they differ from each other by (1) the floating (intraspecific) rearrangements present, (2) the details of the sex-determining mechanisms, and (3) at least one homozygous (interspecific) inversion in the first chromosome. Six of these forms are accounted for as three sympatric sibling species pairs. Although certain allopatric forms may yet be identified as geographic variants of a polymorphic species, evidence is presented to show that all seven forms are biologically distinct species. Their phylogenetic interrelationships have been traced by means of the homozygous interspecific inversions.
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF SEVEN SEGREGATES OF PROSIMULIUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) WITH A TRANSFORMED CENTROMERE
Authors: Basrur Parvathi K.
Published: August 2008

Preliminary surveys of species of the genus Prosimulium led to the discovery of a group of seven forms characterized by a transformation of the centromere of chromosome I. Samples of six of these forms were received from various parts of Europe and the remaining form is native to Ontario. A detailed cytological analysis was conducted on all seven forms with a view to determining their relationship with each other and with the species whose salivary gland chromosomes carry the standard gene arrangement for the genus Prosimulium.In the band comparisons, it was found that all these forms could be distinguished on the basis of characteristic cytological traits such as fixed rearrangements, floating inversions, and in some cases, specific chromosomal sex-determining mechanisms.Taking the shared, fixed rearrangements as indications of common ancestry, a phylogenetic chart was constructed in which these seven forms were placed in proper relation to one another:P. fontanum standing alone close to the hypothetical ancestor, P. hirtipes, and P. vigintiquaterni forming one line of descent, and P. inflatum and its allies (P. inflatum aff. 1, P. inflatum aff. 2, and P. inflatum aff. 3) forming another.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF MONOPETALONEMA ALCEDINIS (RUDOLPHI, 1819) (NEMATODA: FILARIOIDEA) INCLUDING ITS FIRST-STAGE LARVA
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Monopetalonema alcedinis (Rudolphi, 1819) is reported in Megaceryle a. alcyon (Linné) (belted kingfisher) from Ontario. The new material is described and several features of this important species are pointed out, viz. the cephalic papillae are double; the male caudal alae meet on the ventral surface in front of the anus; there is a median papilla immediately in front of the anus as well as two pairs of postanal structures (? phasmids and postdeirids); the cuticle of the body is covered with cuticular bosses; the distal filament of the left spicule is alate. M. alcedinis is compared with the other species assigned to the genus (arthricola, angustispiculum, upembanum, upembanum kilwezi, solilarium) and the egg and first-stage larva are described in detail.
REPRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN HARE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Reynolds J. K. , Stinson R. H.
Published: August 2008

Certain aspects of the reproductive biology and growth of the European hare, Lepus europaeus hybridus Desmarest, were studied in 1949–52 in southwestern Ontario. The breeding season began in January and declined in August, reaching its height between the second week of February and the third week of June when all females examined were pregnant. The litter size varied from one to four; an average of 1.6 foetuses occurred in the early litters (January–March) and 3.8 in later litters (April–June). One young raised in captivity grew to adult weight (4100 g) in 6 months.
THE CUTICLE OF THE TWO-SPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS TELARIUS (LINNAEUS) (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Gibbs K. E. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

The cuticle of T. telarius (L.) examined by light and electron microscopy and subjected to tests for chitin and lipids is shown to be a thin layer with a pattern of external ridges. It is about 1.25 microns thick measured in the troughs and twice that thickness measured at the ridges. The ridges average from 1 to 1.6 μ apart. There is no tectocuticle but an outside lipoid layer and a dark-staining non-chitinous epicuticular layer from 0.1 to 0.2 μ thick. A double-layered inner procuticle is present. The outer layer of the procuticle remains unstained in contrast to the dark-staining inner layer. The inside surface of the cuticle bears elevations or ridges opposite the external troughs. The epicuticle only is shed at molting. It bears the branched setae and over the eyes is striated, the ridges being about 0.14 microns apart. Either one or both layers of the procuticle contain chitin.
EMBRYOLOGY OF PIMPLA TURIONELLAE (L.) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Bronskill Joan F.
Published: August 2008

The embryogenesis of the parasitic ichneumonid Pimpla turionellae (L.) is more similar to that of the aculeate A pis mellifera L. and the chalcidoid Eurytoma aciculata Ratz, than to that of other Hymenoptera that have been studied, including the ichneumonid Banchus femoralis (Thoms.). The fact that P. turionellae is a parasitoid has had little influence on its embryogenesis, though in some other parasitic insects embryonic development has been simplified and the embryo hatches before histogenesis of its larval tissues is completed.
ABNORMALITIES IN SOME IMMATURE ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA)
Authors: Zacharuk Russell Y.
Published: August 2008

Prothetely was observed in 13 elaterid larvae, and metathetely in numerous pupae, that were exposed to near-freezing temperatures several days before metamorphosis would have occurred normally. Prothetely also occurred in nine larvae, and metathetely in seven pupae, that were reared in soil that is not inhabited by the species in nature. In dry soil, many larvae molted abnormally and developed a minor deformity of the ninth abdominal segment; some larvae molted only partially and died.Several embryos, 75 newly hatched larvae, and six larvae in later instars had aberrant ninth abdominal segments. In two other newly hatched larvae the third to ninth abdominal segments were missing. These aberrations appear to be external manifestations of a genetic disturbance that occurred in the parent generation. They were usually fatal in the embryonic or early larval stage, but a few of the newly hatched larvae and the six larger larvae, all of which exhibited nearly symmetrical aberrations of the ninth abdominal segment, developed and behaved normally in the larval stage.
ACCELERATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAE OF THE ONION MAGGOT, HYLEMYA ANTIQUA (MEIG.), BY MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Friend W. G. , Salkeld E. H. , Stevenson I. L.
Published: August 2008

On a chemical diet, larvae of H. antiqua developed more rapidly in the presence of various living bacteria, of certain nonviable bacterial cells, or of the dialyzate of these cells. The stimulation by the nonviable cells was not affected when the cells were disrupted by sonic treatment. Additions of ashed cells to the chemical diet had no stimulatory effect. Some stimulation in rate of development was noted on addition of casein to the diets but to a lesser degree than that caused by equivalent concentrations of nonviable cells. The growth rate and the rate of metamorphosis stayed in phase with one another when development was accelerated.
CLIMATE IN RELATION TO WINTER MORTALITY OF THE LODGEPOLE NEEDLE MINER, RECURVARIA STARKI FREE., IN CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARKS
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: August 2008

Four major air masses, tropical maritime (mT), polar maritime (mP), arctic maritime (mA), and arctic continental (cA) may be used in describing the winter climate of a lodgepole needle miner (Recurvaria starki Free.) outbreak area. The main circulation is from the north and west which results in a predominance of mP and cA air. Local topography and its effect on winter climate is described for four areas now sampled on a life-table basis. Variations in winter mortality from year to year and between sampling areas are related to climate. Extensive invasions of cA air, particularly of long duration, cause lethal winter temperatures. Winter mortality usually occurs during the coldest month, January, and may be exceptionally high when extreme minima of −30° F to −40° F persist long enough to depress the monthly mean temperature close to O° F. However, less extreme temperatures in other months may result in similar high mortalities if these are unseasonably low. The climatic conditions causing high mortality generally occur at the tops of slopes and at valley bottoms, allowing the middle slopes to serve as "refuge areas" for surviving needle miner populations.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN III: CAMALLANIDAE FROM FISH, AMPHIBIA, AND REPTILES
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Three species of Camallanidae Railliet and Henry, 1915, are described, namely, Camallanus nodulosus sp. nov., from Rana cyanophlyctis, C. thapari sp. nov., from R. tigrina, and Procamallanus daccai sp. nov., from an unidentified catfish. In addition Camallanides sp. from Hydrophis cyanocindus is described. A key to species of the genus Camallanus Railliet and Henry, 1915 from amphibia is given.
FUNGAL PARASITES OF MOSQUITO LARVAE FROM THE ORIENTAL AND AUSTRALIAN REGIONS, WITH A KEY TO THE GENUS COELOMOMYCES (BLASTOCLADIALES: COELOMOMYCETACEAE)
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Coelomomyces finlayae n. sp. and C. macleayae n. sp. are described from larvae of Aëdes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse) and A. (Macleaya) sp. respectively. Both type localities are in Queensland, Australia. C. stegomyiae Keilin var. rotumae n. var. parasitizes Aëdes (Stegomyia) sp. on the island of Rotuma, near Fiji. C. cribrosus Couch and Dodge and C. indiana Iyengar are recorded from new localities, British North Borneo in the first case and Cambodia in the second. New hosts are listed for C. cribrosus: Culex (Lophoceraomyia) fraudatrix Theobald; and C. stegomyiae: Armigeres obturbans (Walker). A key to the 21 adequately characterized species of Coelomomyces is followed by a brief discussion of the significance of these fungi.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE LODGEPOLE NEEDLE MINER, RECURVARIA STARKI FREEMAN, IN CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAIN PARKS
Authors: Stark R. W.
Published: August 2008

The lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria starki Freeman, has been studied intensively since 1948. Life tables, survival, and death-rate curves show clearly that there are five periods in the 2-year life cycle of the needle miner during which extensive mortality may occur: (1) between egg formation and oviposition; (2) between oviposition and larval establishment; (3) during the first larval hibernation; (4) during the second larval hibernation; (5) during the spring of moth emergence. Population success is also undoubtedly affected by conditions during the adult life.Population sampling has shown that the outbreak has declined since 1948. Defoliation and increment studies have shown that the period of greatest defoliation occurred from 1940 to 1944 and that the outbreak probably began in the late 1930's. The major cause of the decline was severe winter temperatures, probably during the coldest month. Parasitism was not an important factor in the outbreak decline, apparently because it was controlled in the same manner as the host, by winter temperatures. Other natural control factors are discussed as well as the possible effects of climatic factors on oviposition and fecundity.A detailed survey of weather records since 1920 and yearly averages since 1885 suggest that release of the needle miner population was due to a warming trend in the climate of western Canada. This trend began in the late 1930's, reached a peak in the mid-1940's, and has declined since that time. The warming trend in northern latitudes has been noted by other authors and is substantiated by weather records of this region. It is further postulated that the climate of the Canadian Rocky Mountains is generally too severe for an outbreak of the lodgepole needle miner to be prolonged.
SEPARATION OF THE PROTEIN CONSTITUENTS OF THE LARVAL DIETS OF THE HONEYBEE BY CONTINUOUS PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Habowsky J. E. J. , Shuel R. W.
Published: August 2008

The protein constituents of the larval diets of queen and worker honeybees were separated by continuous paper electrophoresis. The electrophoretic patterns of royal jelly of any age and the early worker diet were similar and comprised five ninhydrin-reactive bands or fractions. Fraction 1 (nearest the cathode) contained lysine as a free amino acid. Fractions 3 and 4 appeared to be complex polypeptides. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and an unidentified substance were found in chromatograms of the acid hydrolyzate of fraction 3; the hydrolyzate of fraction 4 contained the same amino acids except for threonine. Fractions 2 and 5 were not characterized. Electrophoresis of the diet of worker larvae older than 3 days showed a pronounced fading of all bands, attributable to the dilution of the solids by the addition of honey which occurs at this time. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between the protein fractions of royal jelly and worker diet which would account for the differentiation of female honeybees into queens and workers. The decrease with age in the percentage of protein in the worker diet may be significant.
THE OCULAR STRUCTURE, RETINOMOTOR AND PHOTO-BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES OF JUVENILE PACIFIC SALMON
Authors: Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

A histological study of the eyes of juvenile sockeye, coho, pink, and chum salmon in fresh water shows that the cones and external nuclear and plexiform layers of the retinae of embryos and alevins are poorly differentiated and do not attain normal histological or physiological proportions until the emergence of fry from the gravel. From a histophysiological study it is evident that only the emerged fry and older stages are capable of retinomotor responses and that these responses become more marked with age. Differences in rates of adaptation are found among the species and stages. Generally, the pigment layer shows a latent period before contraction in dark. Sensitivity to light is independent of the complete light adaptation of the retinal pigment or visual cells, while full acuity of vision is dependent upon the complete light adaptation of cones. Threshold values of cones and rods are indicated by the feeding and schooling responses. At light intensities between the cone and rod thresholds the thicknesses of pigment and cone layers obey the Weber-Fechner law. There is no diurnal rhythm in the positions of retinal pigment and cones of juvenile Oncorhynchus either under constant light or dark. Results are discussed in relation to the migratory, schooling, and feeding behavior. The rapid downstream migration of juvenile salmon during a relatively short period in the night may be related to a semi-dark-adapted state of the eye.
A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC EXENTERINI (HYMENOPTERA:ICHNEUMONIDAE): III. EXYSTON SCHIØDTE
Authors: Mason W. R. M.
Published: August 2008

The genus Exyston and its 20 Nearctic species are discussed. Ten new species are described and nine previously described species are reduced to synonymy. Two species have proved unrecognizable.
A PHARMACOLOGICALLY ACTIVE AGENT IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF INSECTS
Authors: Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The opaque accessory secretion from the male reproductive system of insects has been characterized in various ways. It exerts a melanophorotropic effect on the melanocytes in the skin of the frog, Rana pipiens, a property which, among naturally occurring compounds, is shared only by the indolalkylamines. The secretion also increases the rate of beating of the heart of the cockroach Periplaneta americana; its activity in this respect is unaffected by heating or by incubating with the enzyme trypsin, but it is destroyed by the action of the enzymes monoamine oxidase, tyrosinase, and o-diphenol oxidase. The active principle is associated with particles from which it is slowly released into solution. It is tentatively concluded that the material is an o-dihydroxyindolalkylamine.
AN INSECT HOST–PARASITE POPULATION
Authors: Burnett Thomas
Published: August 2008

Eight populations of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Encarsia formosa were propagated on tomato plants in the greenhouse for about eight months. Although there was some variation in the growth-forms of host and parasite among the experiments, the general trend in each experiment was one of fluctuations of slightly, but distinctly, increasing amplitude. As extraneous sources of variation had only a slight influence on the growth-forms, the fluctuations resulted from host–parasite interaction. The T. vaporariorum – E. formosa system, is well suited for an investigation of the principles of host–parasite interaction.
PRODUCTION OF PINE RESIN AND ITS EFFECT ON SURVIVAL OF RHYACIONIA BUOLIANA (SCHIFF.) (LEPIDOPTERA:OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Harris P.
Published: August 2008

The survival of Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) larvae on Pinus sylvestris L. is related to the amount of resin encountered during the initial attack on the buds, the larvae being unable to establish themselves in very resinous buds. The resin canals in the buds are developed in response to short days at the end of the summer while the development of the moth is associated with summer temperature. Thus more larvae survive in a warm summer than a cool one as they attack the buds before there is a well-developed resin protection. Also fewer larvae survive on the very resinous Pinus nigra Arn. than on P. sylvestris. However, the best survival was found on Pinus contorta Doug., which also was more resinous than P. sylvestris.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE, DURATION OF CONDITIONING, AND AGE OF ANAGASTA (EPHESTIA) KÜHNIELLA (ZELL.) (LEPIDOPTERA:PYRALIDIDAE) ON ACCLIMATION TO A SUB-ZERO TEMPERATURE
Authors: Atwal A. S.
Published: August 2008

When Anagasta (Ephestia) kühniella pupae of age groups 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 days were conditioned at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25 °C for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 hours, the mortality due to subsequent exposure at −15 °C for 4 hours was affected by each of the three factors, age, temperature, and duration of conditioning. As the temperature of conditioning was lowered from 25° to 10 °C, the mortality due to the sub-zero exposure gradually decreased; when conditioned at 5 °C mortality increased again. When conditioned for 1–16 hours the lowest average mortality was among the pupae conditioned for 4 hours; mortality was highest for 1 and 16 hours. Regardless of the temperature and duration of conditioning, pupal mortality due to sub-zero exposure increased as the age increased.Pupae conditioned at 10 °C, when deacclimated at 25 °C for 2–8 hours, exhibited a gradual increase in mortality, showing a tendency to reach the same high level as among the unacclimated.Adults 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 days old, when exposed to −15 °C for various durations, exhibited only a slight difference in the time required to kill 50% (ET50) in each of the age groups; the two oldest groups required the shortest exposures, between 50 and 60 minutes. Moths of a given age group, when conditioned at 10 °C, exhibited higher mortality after sub-zero exposure than the controls; hence, there was no acclimation. Without a subsequent sub-zero exposure, conditioning at 10 °C had no lethal effect on the insects.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE JUVENILE SOCKEYE SALMON RETINA
Authors: Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

A histological study of the retina of underyearling sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, reveals that temperature has no effect on the cones either in light or in dark. In light, the retinal pigment is not influenced by temperature, while in the dark, temperature above 15 °C brings about a slight expansion.
THE EFFECT OF VISIBLE LIGHT ON THE OVOTESTIS OF THE SLUG DEROCERAS RETICULATUM (MÜLLER)
Authors: Henderson Nancy E. , Pelluet D.
Published: August 2008

Slugs were exposed to light from daylight bulbs combined to give intensities ranging from 50 m-c to 5500 m-c. At 1000 m-c for 10 hours daily for 5 weeks, the cells of the gonad showed changes, first in the germinal epithelium which thickened and produced many nurse cells, then in a general acceleration of meiosis in the male germ cells, resulting in an untidy appearance of the gonad as a whole. By an increase in either the duration or the intensity of the light, further changes are induced, which interfere with cytokinesis in the spermatocytes, yielding large numbers of multinucleate spermatids. Slugs kept for 24 hours in the light at 1000 m-c, or in total darkness, for 5 weeks, show marked changes, but not of the same kind. Darkness induced an increased number of nurse cells to be proliferated from the germinal epithelium, with no effect on cytokinesis, whereas cytokinesis was upset when the animals were kept in the light throughout the night and day. Animals in which these changes had been induced showed a normal ovotestis after being returned to their usual environment.
CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS IN IRRADIATED CELLS OF CHINESE HAMSTER GROWN IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Wakonig Resa , Ford D. K.
Published: August 2008

Various types of chromosome aberrations were described and their incidence recorded from analyses of metaphases derived from irradiated tissue cultures of the Chinese hamster. The aberrations included: chromatid breaks, incomplete breaks, isolocus breaks, various types of chromatid interchanges, chromatid intrachanges, minutes, and rings. The chromosomes taking part in. various configurations could usually be identified, at least into certain groups. The aberrations encountered after irradiation were of the chromatid type. The lowest dose used was 15 rads and it caused abnormalities. The graph relating the incidence of breaks to the chromosome length was not a straight line but curved suggesting a nonproportionally large increase of breaks with the long chromosomes.The advantages of the tissue culture technique and the unusual chromosome complement of the Chinese hamster were found to be, as anticipated, of great value in this study and could be utilized in various research problems.