bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Contribution of Modern Margarine and Fat Spreads to Dietary Fat Intake
Authors: Patel Ashok R. , Lecerf Jean‐Michel , Schenker Sarah , Dewettinck Koen
Published: February 2016

The study of dietary fat consumption and its resultant effects on human health has been one of the most investigated topics in the field of human nutrition. Based on the results obtained from such studies, specific dietary recommendations on fat intake (both in terms of quantity and quality) have been established by health organizations around the globe. Among the various food industry sectors, the margarine manufacturers have also responded to these guidelines and now offer improved formulations with a desirable balance of fat contents and fat types. The main aim of this article is to provide an overview on how these modern margarines can contribute towards reaching the dietary guidelines relating to fat intake. In particular, the dietary recommendations with respect to the specific fatty acid types are comprehensively detailed along with an emphasis on the role of modern margarines in providing balanced fat types (more polyunsaturated fats, less saturated fats and a near‐complete absence of trans fats) in the daily diet.
Risk Factors for Early Failure of Arteriovenous Vascular Access Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yap Yit‐Sheung , Chuang Hung‐Yi , Wu Chien‐Hung , Chi Wen‐Che , Lin Cheng‐Hao , Liu Yi‐Chun
Published: February 2016

The aim of the study was to identify the potential risk factors for early arteriovenous access failure in a diabetic population. The data of 223 end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with type 2 diabetes who had an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or arteriovenous graft (AVG) placed as their initial vascular accesses were retrospectively reviewed. The association between clinical factors and risk for early failure was then analyzed. In multivariate analysis, the predictors associated with early failure were female gender (odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.52 (1.32–4.81); P = 0.005), AVF with prior peritoneal dialysis (3.26 (1.05‐10.11); P = 0.039), and lower hemoglobin level (P = 0.015). The results of significant predictors in the AVF group remained similar to the entire study population. In conclusion, there was an association of female gender, AVF with prior peritoneal dialysis and lower hemoglobin level with early arteriovenous access failure in a diabetic ESRD population.
Higher dietary quality and muscle mass decrease the odds of low phase angle in bioelectrical impedance analysis in Brazilian individuals
Authors: de França Natasha A.G. , Callegari Aliucha , Gondo Fernanda F. , Corrente José E. , Mclellan Kátia C.P. , Burini Roberto C. , de Oliveira Erick P.
Published: February 2016

Aim

Phase angle is a bioimpedance parameter that is suggested as an indicator of cellular death and membrane integrity. Studies have shown an association between phase angle and nutritional status in many diseases, but little is known about its association with body composition and diet in free‐living individuals. The present study investigated potential associations of dietary and anthropometric parameters with phase angle.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 493 individuals (97 men and 396 women), older than 18 years, clinically screened for a lifestyle modification program from 2005 to 2011. All participants were assessed for body composition, anthropometric and dietary data, and were divided in two groups according to the cut‐off point of phase angle determined by the median value (6.35°). Statistical comparisons were undertaken between groups and logistic regression was performed to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the potential predictors of phase angle.

Results

Participants with phase angle of 6.35° or below were older, had lower body mass index, waist circumference, muscle mass index, energy intake and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) score. After adjustments for confounding factors, higher muscle mass index (OR: 0.425; 95% CI: 0.204–0.887) and higher HEI score (OR: 0.357; 95% CI: 0.190–0.672) showed lower odds for low phase angle.

Conclusions

Higher dietary quality and muscle mass decreased the odds for low phase angle.
Effects of 3 Feeding Modes on the Volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds in the Edible Tissues of Female Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
Authors: Zhuang Kejin , Wu Na , Wang Xichang , Wu Xugan , Wang Shuai , Long Xiaowen , Wei Xuan
Published: February 2016

To reveal the impact of different feeding modes on the flavor quality of female Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) this study was conducted to compare the sensory evaluation scores, flavor compounds in meat and hepatopancreas of female E. sinensis fed with 3 feeding modes, that is, natural diets (NDs), traditional diets (TDs), and formulated diets (FDs). The result showed that crabs fed with ND had significantly lower sensory scores than the other 2 feeding modes in both edible tissues. The odor and taste profiles were evaluated by Electronic nose (E‐nose) and tongue (E‐tongue) techniques, respectively; results of perchloric acid showed each edible tissue had significant differences among the 3 modes. Contents of volatile compounds were measured by Headspace‐solid phase micro extraction combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometer. A total of 35 and 44 volatile compounds were identified in meat and hepatopancreas, respectively. ND mode of meat had the highest relative odor activity value (ROAV) summation among the 3 diet modes. TD mode of hepatopancreas had significantly higher ROAV summations. Based on the analysis of free amino acids and 5′‐nucleotides, nonvolatile compounds were evaluated by equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and taste active values (TAVs) methods. For both meat and hepatopancreas, TD had the highest contents of umami amino acid, as for the 5′‐nucleotide, FD had the highest 5′‐inosin monophosphate concentrations. Overall, the EUC and TAVs of TD were higher than that of FD, whereas ND mode had the lowest values in the 2 edible tissues. In conclusion, TD mode had the best performance in terms of sensory evaluation, ROAVs of aroma‐active compounds, and nonvolatile active compounds.
Pulmonary malignant melanoma with distant metastasis assessed by positron emission tomography‐computed tomography
Authors: Kim So Ri , Yoon Ha‐Yong , Jin Gong Yong , Choe Yeong Hun , Park Seung Yong , Lee Yong Chul
Published: February 2016

Melanoma is a cutaneous malignant neoplasm of melanocytes. Primary malignant melanoma (MM) of the lung is very rare. Although previous reports have described the radiologic features of pulmonary MM, its rarity means that many factors are unknown. Thus, radiologic diagnosis is very difficult. Furthermore, there is little information regarding diagnostic application and/or the usefulness of [18F]‐fluorine‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (FDG‐PET‐CT) for primary pulmonary MM. A 69‐year‐old patient with a productive cough lasting three weeks was admitted to our hospital. Chest CT showed a large single mass with a multi‐lobulated margin and homogeneous enhancement in the right upper lobe, which was subsequently diagnosed as a primary pulmonary MM with multiple metastases. On PET‐CT images, the pulmonary mass and multiple bone lesions showed very increased uptakes of FDG. Considering that pulmonary metastasis from a mucocutaneous melanoma is the main differential diagnosis of primary pulmonary MM, systemic assessment of the whole body is more important than for other types of lung malignancies. This report introduces PET‐CT as a useful diagnostic modality for pulmonary MM, especially in cases of distant multiple metastases.
Patient‐centered Outcomes Research in Emergency Care: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Rising Kristin L. , Carr Brendan G. , Hess Erik P. , Meisel Zachary F. , Ranney Megan L. , Vogel Jody A.
Published: February 2016

The Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) was established by Congress in 2010 to promote the conduct of research that could better inform patients in making decisions that reflect their desired health outcomes. PCORI has established five national priorities for research around which specific funding opportunities are issued: 1) assessment of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment options; 2) improving healthcare systems; 3) communication and dissemination research; 4) addressing disparities; and 5) improving methods for conducting patient‐centered outcomes research. To date, implementation of patient‐centered research in the emergency care setting has been limited, in part because of perceived challenges in meeting PCORI priorities such as the need to focus on a specific disease state or to have planned follow up. We suggest that these same factors that have been seen as challenges to performing patient‐centered research within the emergency setting are also potential strengths to be leveraged to conduct PCORI research. This paper explores factors unique to patient‐centered emergency care research and highlights specific areas of potential alignment within each PCORI priority.
IFRS non‐GAAP earnings disclosures and fair value measurement
Authors: Malone Lance , Tarca Ann , Wee Marvin
Published: February 2016

We investigate IFRS non‐GAAP earnings adjustments for fair value remeasurements made by companies and analysts and the usefulness of these disclosures for analysts. Examining Australian listed (ASX 200) companies during 2008–2010 (576 firm‐years), we find that companies disclosing non‐GAAP earnings are more likely to have a higher incidence and magnitude of profit or loss items reflecting asset remeasurements and impairment in their financial statements. We find non‐GAAP disclosing companies are more likely to have analyst adjustments to earnings for these items and lower forecast error and dispersion in the following year, suggesting usefulness rather than opportunism in the adjustments.
Ethical issues raised by tobacco industry‐linked research in the era of e‐cigarettes
Authors: McCambridge Jim
Published: February 2016

Commentary to: Should academic journals publish e‐cigarette research linked to tobacco companies?
The impact of quitting smoking on depressive symptoms: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four‐Country Survey
Authors: Cooper Jae , Borland Ron , Yong Hua‐Hie , Fotuhi Omid
Published: February 2016

Aims

To determine whether abstinence or relapse on a quit attempt in the previous year is associated with current depressive symptoms.

Design

Prospective cohort with approximately annual waves. Mixed‐effect logistic regressions tested whether time 2 (T2) quitting status was associated with reporting symptoms at T2, and whether time 1 (T1) symptoms moderated this relationship.

Setting

Waves 5–8 of the Four‐Country International Tobacco Control Study: a quasi‐experimental cohort study of smokers from Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.

Participants

A total of 6978 smokers who participated in telephone surveys.

Measurements

T1 and T2 depressive symptoms in the last 4 weeks were assessed with two screening items from the PRIME‐MD questionnaire. Quitting status at T2: (1) no attempt since T1; (2) attempted and relapsed; and (3) attempted and abstinent at T2.

Findings

Compared with no attempt, relapse was associated with reporting T2 symptoms [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.33, 1.59]). Associations between T2 quitting status and T2 symptoms were moderated by T1 symptoms. Relapse was associated positively with T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.45, 2.03) and those with T1 symptoms (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23, 1.70). Abstinence was associated positively for those without T1 symptoms (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.10, 1.71) and negatively for those with T1 symptoms (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.94). Age moderated these associations significantly. Relapse did not predict T2 symptoms for those aged 18–39 irrespective of T1 symptoms. The negative effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those with T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged 18–39 (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.94) and 40–55 (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.40, 0.84). The positive effect of abstinence on T2 symptoms for those without T1 symptoms was significant only for those aged more than 55 (OR =1.97, 95% CI = 1.35, 2.87).

Conclusions

Most people who stop smoking appear to be at no greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking. However, people aged more than 55 who stop smoking may be at greater risk of developing symptoms of depression than if they had continued smoking.
Impacts of dust on plant health, survivorship and plant communities in semi‐arid environments
Authors: Matsuki Mamoru , Gardener Mark R. , Smith Andrew , Howard Robert K. , Gove Aaron
Published: February 2016

There is a general perception that dust accumulation on plant surfaces causes negative impacts to plants. Consequently, it is common for environmental regulatory agencies to apply vegetation monitoring requirements to oil, gas and mining developments. We use two independent, medium‐term monitoring studies in semi‐arid Australia to examine this relationship at two scales: plant health and survivorship of a threatened subspecies (Tetratheca paynterae paynterae: Elaeocarpaceae) at Windarling Range between 2003 and 2014; and changes in plant health and floristic composition on Barrow Island between 2009 and 2014. Accumulation of dust decreased rapidly with distance from source. At Windarling Range, even at the site with the highest dust load, there was no significant impact on Tetratheca paynterae paynterae compared with the less dusty sites for 10 years. Similarly, there was no significant effect between distance from the source of dust and floristic composition on Barrow Island for 5 years. The probability of plants transitioning to a lower health condition between one year and the next did not appear to be related to dust load. This is further supported by comparing the same site before and after paving the road (removal of dust source), which showed no clear trends. Trends in plant health are likely to be driven more by the variability of cumulative rainfall in the preceding 5 months than dust load. The observed temporal variation in the mean dust load may also be related to variation in rainfall. In conclusion, in these case studies from semi‐arid Australia, we find no evidence to support the perception that, under the observed climatic condition and dust deposition rates up to 20 or 77 g m−2 per month at Windarling Range and Barrow Island, respectively, dust accumulation on plants causes negative impacts.
Determinants of growth of the flammable grass, Triodia scariosa: Consequences for fuel dynamics under climate change in the Mediterranean region of South Eastern Australia
Authors: Gibson Rebecca K. , Bradstock Ross A. , Penman Trent , Keith David A. , Driscoll Don A.
Published: February 2016

Environmental conditions may influence the presence and strength of competitive interactions between different life forms, thereby shaping community composition and structure, and corresponding fuel dynamics. Woodland and shrubland communities of the Mediterranean climate region of South Eastern Australia contain a varied mixture of herbaceous and woody plants. The ratio of herbaceous to woody plants changes along gradients of temperature, moisture and soil fertility. This study aimed to experimentally examine the relative importance of, and interactions between environmental controls (moisture and soil fertility) on the balance of dominant herbaceous (Triodia scariosa) and woody plants (e.g. Acacia ligulata and Leptospermum coriaceum) and their ultimate effects on fuel and fire regimes. The results suggest that environmental determinants of the growth of T. scariosa are likely to be more important than interactions with shrubs in controlling the distribution of T. scariosa. The growth of T. scariosa was consistently higher under hot temperatures and on the less fertile yellow sands, which dominate the south of the region. The results suggest that there is strong potential for the distribution and abundance of T. scariosa to be altered in the future with changes in temperature associated with climate change. The distribution of soil types across the Mediterranean climate region of South Eastern Australia may be predisposed to favour the southerly expansion of T. scariosa‐dominated communities in the future under a warmer climate.
Are French consumers ready to pay a premium for eco‐labeled seafood products? A contingent valuation estimation with heterogeneous anchoring
Authors: Salladarré Frédéric , Brécard Dorothée , Lucas Sterenn , Ollivier Pierrick
Published: February 2016

Could the future French eco‐label for fresh seafood products find its place in the French market? This study employs a contingent valuation method to estimate French consumers’ willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) for eco‐labeled fresh seafood products. We exploit original data from a survey carried out in 2010, where 626 participants responded to a double‐bounded dichotomous choice model, through an ascending or descending bid system. Controlling for shift and anchoring effects in random effect probit models, we significantly improve estimation of WTP and its determinants for the three species studied (monkfish, lobster, sole), in particular when using heterogeneous anchoring. We show that WTP is positively correlated to respondents’ income, and also to their environmental concern, to living alone, to living far from the coast, and to trusting NGOs or public institutions more than producer organizations to implement an eco‐label. We also show that the mean price premiums do not differ between species. Finally, on average, the maximum premium consumers accepted to pay is approximately 10% of the product price.
Massively Parallel Sequencing Detected a Mutation in the MFN2 Gene Missed by Sanger Sequencing Due to a Primer Mismatch on an SNP Site
Authors: Neupauerová Jana , Grečmalová Dagmar , Seeman Pavel , Laššuthová Petra
Published: February 2016

We describe a patient with early onset severe axonal Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease (CMT2) with dominant inheritance, in whom Sanger sequencing failed to detect a mutation in the mitofusin 2 (MFN2) gene because of a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2236057) under the PCR primer sequence. The severe early onset phenotype and the family history with severely affected mother (died after delivery) was very suggestive of CMT2A and this suspicion was finally confirmed by a MFN2 mutation. The mutation p.His361Tyr was later detected in the patient by massively parallel sequencing with a gene panel for hereditary neuropathies. According to this information, new primers for amplification and sequencing were designed which bind away from the polymorphic sites of the patient's DNA. Sanger sequencing with these new primers then confirmed the heterozygous mutation in the MFN2 gene in this patient. This case report shows that massively parallel sequencing may in some rare cases be more sensitive than Sanger sequencing and highlights the importance of accurate primer design which requires special attention.
“A plague of wild boars”: A New History of Pigs and People in Late 20th Century Europe
Authors: Fleischman Thomas
Published: February 2016

This paper looks at an ungulate irruption of wild boars that occurred in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the 1970s and 1980s. It argues that this hybrid phenomenon resulted from the confluence of three historically specific, intertwined factors in late 20th century Europe: first, East Germany's embrace of development ideology to remake their farms and forests; second, the simultaneous introduction of a specifically East German conservation program; and third, a new era in the longue durée of human–pig relationships. This ungulate irruption was particular to the GDR and the central European landscape of the Cold War, and only becomes visible through careful attention to the historical context and the materiality of pigs (Sus scrofa). For this reason it is possible to call these pigs new creatures of development. More broadly this paper asks both historians and social scientists to account for the temporal and spatial context when analyzing hybrid phenomena, while also raising important questions about the meaning and application of the neologism Anthropocene.
Donor sclera‐wrapped acrylic orbital implants following enucleation: experience in 179 patients in the Netherlands
Authors: Jongman Henri P. , Marinkovic Marina , Notting Irene , Koetsier Leonoor , Swart Wouter , Schalij‐Delfos Nicoline E. , Bleeker Jaco , Jager Martine J. , Luyten Gregorius P. M.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

To report the postoperative results after enucleation of using an acrylic orbital implant covered in donor sclera for implantation.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the charts of patients who were enucleated between 2007 and 2011. Only patients who received an acrylic implant covered with donor sclera were included.

Results

A total of 179 patients were included in our analysis. About 15.6% experienced postoperative problems of which the majority were related to the position of the eyelid. Only one patient (0.6%) had an exposure of the orbital implant.

Conclusion

Placing an acrylic orbital implant covered with donor sclera is a safe and effective method for reconstruction after enucleation.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are potent openers of human M‐channels expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes
Authors: Liin S. I. , Karlsson U. , Bentzen B. H. , Schmitt N. , Elinder F.
Published: February 2016

Aim

Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been reported to reduce neuronal excitability, in part by promoting inactivation of voltage‐gated sodium and calcium channels. Effects on neuronal potassium channels are less explored and experimental data ambiguous. The aim of this study was to investigate anti‐excitable effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the neuronal M‐channel, important for setting the resting membrane potential in hippocampal and dorsal root ganglion neurones.

Methods

Effects of fatty acids and fatty acid analogues on mouse dorsal root ganglion neurones and on the human KV7.2/3 channel expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes were studied using electrophysiology.

Results

Extracellular application of physiologically relevant concentrations of the polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential (−2.4 mV by 30 μm) and increased the threshold current to evoke action potentials in dorsal root ganglion neurones. The polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid, α‐linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid facilitated opening of the human M‐channel, comprised of the heteromeric human KV7.2/3 channel expressed in Xenopus oocytes, by shifting the conductance‐vs.‐voltage curve towards more negative voltages (by −7.4 to −11.3 mV by 70 μm). Uncharged docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester and monounsaturated oleic acid did not facilitate opening of the human KV7.2/3 channel.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that circulating polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a minimum requirement of multiple double bonds and a charged carboxyl group, dampen excitability by opening neuronal M‐channels. Collectively, our data bring light to the molecular targets of polyunsaturated fatty acids and thus a possible mechanism by which polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce neuronal excitability.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ activation favours selective subcutaneous lipid deposition by coordinately regulating lipoprotein lipase modulators, fatty acid transporters and lipogenic enzymes
Authors: Blanchard P. G. , Turcotte V. , Côté M. , Gélinas Y. , Nilsson S. , Olivecrona G. , Deshaies Y. , Festuccia W. T.
Published: February 2016

Aim

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) γ activation is associated with preferential lipoprotein lipase (LPL)‐mediated fatty acid storage in peripheral subcutaneous fat depots. How PPARγ agonism acts upon the multi‐level modulation of depot‐specific lipid storage remains incompletely understood.

Methods

We evaluated herein triglyceride‐derived lipid incorporation into adipose tissue depots, LPL mass and activity, mRNA levels and content of proteins involved in the modulation of LPL activity and fatty acid transport, and the expression/activity of enzymes defining adipose tissue lipogenic potential in rats treated with the PPARγ ligand rosiglitazone (30 mg kg−1 day−1, 23 days) after either a 10‐h fasting period or a 17‐h fast followed by 6 h of ad libitum refeeding.

Results

Rosiglitazone stimulated lipid accretion in subcutaneous fat (SF) ~twofold and significantly reduced that of visceral fat (VF) to nearly half. PPARγ activation selectively increased LPL mass, activity and the expression of its chaperone LMF1 in SF. In VF, rosiglitazone had no effect on LPL activity and downregulated the mRNA levels of the transendothelial transporter GPIHBP1. Overexpression of lipid uptake and fatty acid transport proteins (FAT/CD36, FATP1 and FABP4) and stimulation of lipogenic enzyme activities (GPAT, AGPAT and DGAT) upon rosiglitazone treatment were of higher magnitude in SF.

Conclusions

Together these findings demonstrate that the depot‐specific transcriptional control of LPL induced by PPARγ activation extends to its key interacting proteins and post‐translational modulators to favour subcutaneous lipid storage.
Personal Goal Realisation in Entrepreneurs: A Multilevel Analysis of the Role of Affect and Positive Orientation
Authors: Laguna Mariola , Alessandri Guido , Caprara Gian Vittorio
Published: February 2016

The study aims to explain the mechanisms of entrepreneurs’ goal realisation in the work and family domains. It contributes to the understanding of the role of positive and negative goal‐related affect and positive orientation in personal goal realisation. A multilevel perspective is applied, as goal realisation varies not only between but also within individuals. The participants in the study were 246 entrepreneurs; each of them had started and owned a business and was either married or had a stable partner. Three scales assessing three components of positive orientation (self‐esteem, life satisfaction, and optimism) and the Personal Projects Analysis method were used. Each of the entrepreneurs rated five personal goals related to work and five goals related to family life on dimensions measuring goal realisation and goal‐related affect. The results of multilevel structural equation modeling show that positive goal‐related affect and positive orientation are positively related, whereas negative affect is negatively related to personal goal realisation in entrepreneurs at the individual and goal levels. The relation of positive affect to family‐related (but not to work‐related) goal realisation can be further strengthened by positive orientation, both at the individual level and at the goal level.
Regulatory Focus and Information Cues in a Crowdfunding Context
Authors: Ciuchta Michael P. , Letwin Chaim , Stevenson Regan M. , McMahon Sean R.
Published: February 2016

It is well understood that information cues associated with an investment opportunity generally impact one's willingness to participate in that opportunity. What is less well understood, however, is how different types of information cues affect individuals differently, and whether this effect is contingent on the decision maker's individual attributes. Through a three‐study experimental design involving a simulated crowdfunding portal, this research examined the effects of venture quality information and social information on participants’ willingness to invest in a new venture. We hypothesised that participants’ responsiveness to these information cues was contingent on their regulatory focus. Our results were generally supported, although some counterintuitive findings emerged regarding prevention‐focused individuals. From a practical standpoint, our results suggest potential concerns regarding the general enthusiasm for crowdfunding, as well as some mitigating factors.
Cardiac volume overload and pulmonary hypertension in long‐term follow‐up of patients with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Wannhoff A. , Hippchen T. , Weiss C. S. , Friedrich K. , Rupp C. , Neumann‐Haefelin C. , Dollinger M. , Antoni C. , Stampfl U. , Schemmer P. , Stremmel W. , Weiss K. H. , Radeleff B. , Katus H. A. , Gotthardt D. N.
Published: February 2016

Background

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) cause haemodynamic changes in patients with cirrhosis, yet little is known about long‐term cardiopulmonary outcomes.

Aim

To evaluate the long‐term cardiopulmonary outcome after TIPSS.

Methods

We evaluated cardiopulmonary parameters including echocardiography during long‐term follow‐up after TIPSS. Results at 1–5 years after TIPSS were compared to those of cirrhotic controls. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) diagnoses rates were included. Endothelin 1, thromboxane B2 and serotonin were measured.

Results

We found significant differences 1–5 years after TIPSS compared to pre‐implantation values: median left atrial diameter (LAD) increased from 37 mm [interquartile range (IQR): 33–43] to 40 mm (IQR: 37–47, P = 0.001), left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter (LV‐EDD) increased from 45 mm (range: 41–49) to 48 mm (IQR: 45–52, P < 0.001), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) increased from 25 mmHg (IQR: 22–33) to 30 mmHg (IQR: 25–36, P = 0.038). Comparing results 1–5 years post‐implantation to the comparison cohort revealed significantly higher (P < 0.05) LAD, LV‐EDD and PASP values in TIPSS patients. PH prevalence was higher in the shunt group (4.43%) compared to controls (0.91%, P = 0.150). Thromboxane B2 levels correlated with PASP in the TIPSS cohort (P = 0.033). There was no transhepatic gradient observed for the vasoactive substances analysed.

Conclusions

TIPSS placement is accompanied by long‐term cardiovascular changes, including cardiac volume overload, and is associated with an increased rate of pulmonary hypertension. The need for regular cardiac follow‐up after TIPSS requires further evaluation.
Squamous cell carcinoma with hepatic metastasis in a saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)
Authors: Hill AG , Dennis MM , Pyne M
Published: February 2016

Background

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are uncommon in reptiles and there have been few reports of neoplasia in Australian crocodiles, despite increased numbers being raised in captivity.

Case report

We report a locally invasive SCC in the hindlimb of a wild‐caught saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) with hepatic metastasis. The gross appearance was soft tissue swelling adjacent to the nail bed, progressing to abscessation incorporating multiple toes. Diagnosis was achieved by biopsy during amputation of the affected toes. Hepatic metastasis was identified at necropsy, with a similar gross appearance resembling an abscess.

Clinical significance

Neoplasia is an uncommon finding in crocodilians and metastatic neoplasia is rarely documented. This is the first report of SCC in a crocodilian.
Demographics of Australian horses: results from an internet‐based survey
Authors: Smyth GB , Dagley K
Published: February 2016

Objective

To obtain information on the types of Australian horses, how they are kept and their activities.

Methods

An invitation to participate in an opt‐in, internet‐based survey was sent to 7000 people who had registered an email address to receive information from the Australian Horse Industry Council Inc.

Results

There were 3377 (48%) useable responses from owners of 26,548 horses. Most horses were kept on small properties (usually 2–8 ha) in paddocks in rural areas of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Most horses were female or geldings and the most common of 54 different activities was breeding. Owners reported 19,291 horses were used in different activities and 6037 (23%) horses were not kept for any stated purpose or activity. Owners used an average of 1.95 horses in 2.9 different types of activities. The most common of the 43 breeds were Thoroughbred, Australian Stock Horse and Australian Quarter Horse. Only 1% of the total numbers of Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds in this survey were used in horse racing, indicating there is a demand for these breeds in non‐racing activities. Microchip was the most favoured method of horse identification and 36% favoured compulsory registration of horses. Most respondents reported owning some other animal species.

Conclusions

There is a wide variation in horse breeds used in different activities by Australian horse owners. There are regional differences in various management systems. There needs to be considerable improvement in the collection and recording of information to improve the validity and reliability of horse industry data.
Bendamustine + rituximab chemoimmunotherapy and maintenance lenalidomide in relapsed, refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma: A Wisconsin Oncology Network Study
Authors: Chang Julie E. , Havighurst Thomas , Kim KyungMann , Eickhoff Jens , Traynor Anne M. , Kirby‐Slimp Rachel , Volk Lynn M. , Werndli Jae , Go Ronald S. , Weiss Matthias , Blank Jules , Kahl Brad S.
Published: February 2016

Bendamustine + rituximab (BR) has demonstrated high response rates in relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL). However, progression‐free survival (PFS) after BR is <18 months. This study was designed to determine if maintenance lenalidomide after BR induction could improve PFS in R/R CLL/SLL. Thirty‐four patients with R/R CLL/SLL who had received 1–5 prior chemotherapy regimens were treated with 6 cycles of BR induction. Patients achieving at least a minor response received twelve 28‐d cycles of lenalidomide 5–10 mg/d. The primary endpoint was PFS. The median age was 67 years, with a median of 2 prior therapies. Eleven patients had confirmed presence of 17p and/or 11q deletions. Twenty‐five (74%) completed 6 cycles of induction BR (response rate 56%). Nineteen (56%) patients received maintenance lenalidomide; only 6 patients completed the intended 12 cycles, highlighting the limited feasibility of lenalidomide in this setting, primarily due to haematological and infectious toxicities. The observed median PFS of 18·3 months is not significantly different from that of BR induction in R/R CLL/SLL without maintenance therapy (15·2 months). It is possible that lenalidomide maintenance may be more feasible and effective in the front‐line setting, which is being tested in an ongoing trial (NCT01754857).
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma in paediatric and young adult patients
Authors: Turner Suzanne D. , Lamant Laurence , Kenner Lukas , Brugières Laurence
Published: February 2016

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a heterogeneous disease of debateable origin that, in children, is largely anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive with aberrant ALK activity induced following the formation of chromosomal translocations. Whilst the survival rates for this disease are relatively high, a significant proportion (20‐40%) of patients suffer disease relapse, in some cases on multiple occasions and therefore suffer the toxic side‐effects of combination chemotherapy. Traditionally, patients are treated with a combination of agents although recent data from relapse patients have suggested that low risk patients might benefit from single agent vinblastine and, going forward, the addition of ALK inhibitors to the therapeutic regimen may have beneficial consequences. There are also a plethora of other drugs that might be advantageous to patients with ALCL and many of these have been identified through laboratory research although the decision as to which drugs to implement in trials will not be trivial.
Can chronic myeloid leukaemia in children and adolescents be successfully treated without haematopoietic stem cell transplant? A single centre experience
Authors: Giona Fiorina , Moleti Maria L. , De Benedittis Daniela , Santopietro Michelina , Nanni Mauro , Testi Anna M. , Orlando Sonia , Iori Anna P. , Piciocchi Alfonso , Gottardi Enrico , Barberi Walter , Diverio Daniela , Saglio Giuseppe , Foà Robin
Published: February 2016

We analysed the long‐term outcome of 35 children and adolescents (<20 years at diagnosis) with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in chronic phase: 20 patients had received interferon‐alpha and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and 15 underwent a haematopoietic stem cell transplant. The 10‐year survival probabilities were similar in transplanted and non‐transplanted patients (73·3% vs. 72·1%, respectively), whereas the survival probability was significantly lower in patients diagnosed before 1999 compared to those diagnosed afterwards (62·1% vs. 100%, P = 0·0384). The availability of TKIs and the standardized molecular monitoring have significantly improved treatment, management and outcome in children and adolescents with CML.
Outcomes of single‐ vs double‐cuff artificial urinary sphincter insertion in low‐ and high‐risk profile male patients with severe stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Ahyai Sascha A. , Ludwig Tim A. , Dahlem Roland , Soave Armin , Rosenbaum Clemens , Chun Felix K‐H. , Fisch Margit , Schmid Marianne , Kluth Luis A.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To evaluate continence and complication rates of bulbar single‐cuff (SC) and distal bulbar double‐cuff (DC) insertion in male patients with severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) according to whether the men were considered low or high risk for unfavourable artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) outcomes.

Patients and Methods

In all, 180 male patients who underwent AUS implantation between 2009 and 2013 were followed according to institutional standards. Patients with previous pelvic radiation therapy, open bulbar urethral or UI surgery (‘high risk’) underwent distal bulbar DC (123 patients) insertion, all others (‘low risk’) had proximal bulbar SC (57) insertion. Primary and secondary endpoints consisted of continence and complication rates. Kaplan–Meier analysis determined explantation‐free survival, and Cox regression models assessed risk factors for persistent UI and explantation.

Results

The median follow‐up was 24 months. Whereas there was no significant difference in pad usage/objective continence after SC vs DC insertion, superior rates of subjective/social continence and less persistent UI were reported by the patients with DC devices (all P ≤ 0.02). Overall, device explantation (erosion, infection or mechanical failure) occurred in 12.8% of patients. While early (<6 weeks) complication rates compared with SC patients were similar (P > 0.05), DC patients had a 5.7‐fold higher risk of device explantation during late follow‐up (P = 0.02) and significantly shorter explantation‐free survival (log‐rank, P = 0.003).

Conclusions

Distal bulbar DC insertion in patients with a ‘high‐risk’ profile (previous pelvic radiation, urethral surgery) leads to similar objective continence, but higher explantation rates when compared with patients considered ‘low risk’ with proximal bulbar SCs. Randomised controlled trials comparing both devices will be needed to determine whether the higher explanations rates are attributable to the DC device or to underlying risk factors.
Advance, deglacial and sea‐level chronology for Foxe Peninsula, Baffin Island, Nunavut
Authors: Utting Daniel J. , Gosse John C. , Kelley Samuel E. , Vickers Kayla J. , Ward Brent C. , Trommelen Michelle S.
Published: February 2016

The impact of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) deglaciation on Northern Hemisphere early Holocene climate can be evaluated only once a detailed chronology of ice history and sea‐level change is established. Foxe Peninsula is ideally situated on the northern boundary of Hudson Strait, and preserves a chronostratigraphy that provides important glaciological insights regarding changes in ice‐sheet position and relative sea level before and after the 8.2 ka cooling event. We utilized a combination of radiocarbon ages, adjusted with a new locally derived ΔR, and terrestrial in‐situ cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) exposure ages to develop a chronology for early‐Holocene events in the northern Hudson Strait. A marine limit at 192 m a.s.l., dated at 8.1–7.9 cal. ka BP, provides the timing of deglaciation following the 8.2 ka event, confirming that ice persisted at least north of Hudson Bay until then. A moraine complex and esker morphosequence, the Foxe Moraine, relates to glaciomarine outwash deltas and beaches at 160 m a.s.l., and is tightly dated at 7.6 cal. ka BP with a combination of shell dates and exposure ages on boulders. The final rapid collapse of Foxe Peninsula ice occurred by 7.1–6.9 cal. ka BP (radiocarbon dates and TCN depth profile age on an outwash delta), which supports the hypothesis that LIS melting contributed to the contemporaneous global sea‐level rise known as the Catastrophic Rise Event 3 (CRE‐3).
Molecular Diagnostics of Gliomas Using Next Generation Sequencing of a Glioma‐Tailored Gene Panel
Authors: Zacher Angela , Kaulich Kerstin , Stepanow Stefanie , Wolter Marietta , Köhrer Karl , Felsberg Jörg , Malzkorn Bastian , Reifenberger Guido
Published: February 2016

Current classification of gliomas is based on histological criteria according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Over the past years, characteristic genetic profiles have been identified in various glioma types. These can refine tumor diagnostics and provide important prognostic and predictive information. We report on the establishment and validation of gene panel next generation sequencing (NGS) for the molecular diagnostics of gliomas. We designed a glioma‐tailored gene panel covering 660 amplicons derived from 20 genes frequently aberrant in different glioma types. Sensitivity and specificity of glioma gene panel NGS for detection of DNA sequence variants and copy number changes were validated by single gene analyses. NGS‐based mutation detection was optimized for application on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens including small stereotactic biopsy samples. NGS data obtained in a retrospective analysis of 121 gliomas allowed for their molecular classification into distinct biological groups, including (i) isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH) 1 or 2 mutant astrocytic gliomas with frequent α‐thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X‐linked (ATRX) and tumor protein p53 (TP53) gene mutations, (ii) IDH mutant oligodendroglial tumors with 1p/19q codeletion, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and frequent Drosophila homolog of capicua (CIC) gene mutation, as well as (iii) IDH wildtype glioblastomas with frequent TERT promoter mutation, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutation and/or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Oligoastrocytic gliomas were genetically assigned to either of these groups. Our findings implicate gene panel NGS as a promising diagnostic technique that may facilitate integrated histological and molecular glioma classification.
Targeted Antioxidant, Catalase–SKL, Reduces Beta‐Amyloid Toxicity in the Rat Brain
Authors: Nell Hayley J. , Au Jennifer. L. , Giordano Courtney R. , Terlecky Stanley R. , Walton Paul A. , Whitehead Shawn N. , Cechetto David.F.
Published: February 2016

Accumulation of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) in the brain has been implicated as a major contributor to the cellular pathology and cognitive impairment observed in Alzheimer's disease. Beta‐amyloid may exert its toxic effects by increasing reactive oxygen species and neuroinflammation in the brain. This study set out to investigate whether a genetically engineered derivative of the peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT–SKL), is able to reduce the toxicity induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25–35 in the mature rat brain. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were used to evaluate neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. Spatial learning and reference memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. CAT–SKL treatment was able to reduce the pathology induced by Aβ25‐35 toxicity by significantly decreasing microglia activation in the basal forebrain and thalamus, and reducing cholinergic loss in the basal forebrain. Aβ25–35 animals showed deficits in long‐term reference memory in the Morris water maze, while Aβ25–35 animals treated with CAT–SKL did not demonstrate long‐term memory impairments. This preclinical data provides support for the use of CAT–SKL in reducing neuroinflammation and long‐term reference memory deficits induced by Aβ25–35.
Role of hyaluronan in pancreatic cancer biology and therapy: Once again in the spotlight
Authors: Sato Norihiro , Kohi Shiro , Hirata Keiji , Goggins Michael
Published: February 2016

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains the most deadly disease worldwide, with the lowest survival rate among all cancer types. Recent evidence suggests that hyaluronan (HA), a major component of ECM, provides a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma containing a large amount of HA. Accumulation of HA promotes tumor growth in mice and correlates with poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. Because HA is involved in various malignant behaviors of cancer (such as increased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance), inhibiting HA synthesis/signaling or depleting HA in tumor stroma could represent a promising therapeutic strategy against PDAC. In this review article, we summarize our current understanding of the role of HA in the progression of PDAC and discuss possible therapeutic approaches targeting HA.
FGF‐2 promotes initial osseointegration and enhances stability of implants with low primary stability
Authors: Nagayasu‐Tanaka Toshie , Nozaki Takenori , Miki Koji , Sawada Keigo , Kitamura Masahiro , Murakami Shinya
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) on osseointegration of dental implants with low primary stability in a beagle dog model.

Materials and methods

Customized titanium implants that were designed to have low contact with the existing bone were installed into the edentulous mandible of beagle dogs. To degrade the primary stability of the implants, the diameters of the bone sockets exceeded the implant diameters. FGF‐2 (0.3%) plus vehicle (hydroxypropyl cellulose) or vehicle alone was topically applied to the sockets in the FGF‐2 and control groups, respectively. In Study 1, the new bone area and length of new bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) were evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after installation using histomorphometry and scanning electron microscopy. In Study 2, the implant stability quotient (ISQ) values were sequentially measured for 16 weeks using an Osstell system.

Results

The histomorphometric analysis revealed that the new bone area and length of BIC in the FGF‐2 group were significantly larger than those in the control group at 4 weeks. Electron microscopic observation showed intimate contact between the mature lamellar bone and the implant surfaces, osseointegration, in both groups. The ISQ values in the FGF‐2 group were significantly increased from 6 to 16 weeks compared with those in the control group.

Conclusions

Taken together, our study demonstrates that FGF‐2 promoted new bone formation around the dental implants and subsequent osseointegration, resulting in promotion of stability of implants with low primary stability.