bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Triage in the veterinary emergency room: part 2
Authors: Jordan Lynn A , Brainard Benjamin M
Published: May 2014

The triage examination is a rapid assessment of the major organ systems in patients presenting emergently to the veterinarian. Major organ systems that are assessed as part of the primary survey are the respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic, and urogenital systems. Certain abnormalities in these systems merit immediate further examination for assessment and stabilization. Part 1 of this series discussed common findings on triage of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in veterinary patients. Part 2 will focus on guidelines for triage of the neurologic and urogenital system, as well as other ailments that do not ft into these categories, but which merit immediate veterinary attention. The mentation, gait, and cranial nerves are evaluated to determine neurologic status, and abdominal palpation alerts the examiner to the possibility of urinary obstruction. A thorough primary triage examination can allow the stratification of emergency room patients and allow those in most need to receive rapid, directed care.
Cuffed endotracheal intubation in cats
Authors: Adshead Samantha
Published: May 2014

Cuffed endotracheal (ET) intubation is used by many veterinary practitioners when anaesthetizing the feline patient. Cuffed ET intubation can, however, result in tracheal injury due to the delicate feline trachea and is a well-documented cause of Veterinary Defence Society claims.

This article examines the anatomy and physiology of the trachea and considers why it is susceptible to trauma relating to cuffed ET intubation. It explores current research into tracheal trauma and the findings relating to the cause of injury and suggests specific practical techniques which can minimize the potential damage to the trachea as a result of cuffed ET intubation. These include the choice of ET tubes, the mode of inflation, precautions that can be taken while moving the animal and intra-operative monitoring.

It concludes that there are relatively simple ways in which the likelihood of such iatrogenic tracheal trauma can be minimized.
Supraglottic airway devices in cats undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Slade Louisa
Published: May 2014

Supraglottic airway devices have been used in human anaesthesia for a number of years and are now being designed for use in companion animals. The v-gel is a supraglottic airway device that has been specifically designed for companion animals. This article discusses the use of the v-gel in three feline patients undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy. The device provided a patent airway for the procedure without the disadvantages of endotracheal intubation and was easily re-positioned by the qualified veterinary nurse monitoring the anaesthesia during one of the procedures.
How to set up a vivarium: maintaining the health and welfare of reptiles
Authors: Bowers Lynne
Published: May 2014

The class Reptilia consists of over 7780 species distributed throughout the world, with warmer regions being home to more species than cooler regions. However certain species of reptile, the common adder and European lizard for example, can be found as far north as the Arctic Circle. Given this incredible diversity of biomes, it is impractical to do justice to the husbandry needs of this class of animal in one article. The focus of this article, therefore, will be on the key concepts of setting up a standard vivarium in order to maintain the health and welfare of its occupants.
Practical avian venipuncture: how to take blood from birds
Authors: Low Amie
Published: May 2014

The avian case load is increasing in veterinary practice, and there is a higher expectation on the clinician to perform accurate diagnostics and treatment. This paper discusses the various sites, and methods for venipuncture in the avian patient, and which methods are currently most appropriate. General reference to the benefits of or indication for performing avian venipuncture, as well as associated risks is included. Particular comparison is made between the use of the jugular vein, the ulnar vein and the medial metatarsal vein. Reference to the benefits and negatives of each site is made, as well as indication of the most practical method to achieve restraint and collection. Support staff in the veterinary clinic trying to improve avian case management will find this useful as an aid for best practice for venipuncture.
Aseptic skin preparation: reducing the risk of surgical site infection
Authors: Bowers Lynne
Published: May 2014

Surgical site infection (SSI) is a potentially serious complication of surgery, with the consequences of infection varying from local inflammation to life threatening septicaemia. SSIs result in increased patient discomfort and client dissatisfaction due to prolonged periods of hospitalization and financial implications. Infections after surgery are often blamed on poor owner compliance or patient interference; however the patient's normal skin flora has been shown to be one of the leading causes of SSIs.

Efforts to reduce patient sources of infection are aimed at decreasing the number of bacteria on the skin prior to surgery and reducing potential bacterial contamination from within the patient during surgery. This article will focus on the former of these sources via discussion of aseptic surgical skin preparation.
How to manage seizures
Authors: Bloor Claire
Published: May 2014

Seizures are a period of disorganised brain activity, where there is overstimulation of the central nervous system and random involuntary muscle spasms. There are different forms of seizure activity that affect animals and a wide range of potential underlying causes. A veterinary nurse must be able to assist the veterinary surgeon in the management of any patient presenting following or during seizure activity, as prompt and appropriate intervention is required to achieve a favourable outcome for these patients. This article aims to outline the differing presentations associated with seizure activity and consider some of the potential underlying causes, before exploring the optimal stabilisation and management of any seizuring patient.
Common arrhythmias: the importance of ECG interpretation
Authors: Pace Charlotte
Published: May 2014

This article describes the importance of electrocardiogram interpretation in relation to some of the more common arrhythmias seen in veterinary practice. It discusses and illustrates those arrhythmias that are life threatening, providing clear explanation as to why they are so dangerous. Other common arrhythmias are explored, which perhaps are less clinically significant, but are nevertheless, seen frequently.
How to carry out initial treatment of traumatic wounds: debridement and wound bed preparation
Authors: Aldridge Paul
Published: May 2014

Traumatic wounds are commonly seen in veterinary practice, and can have a wide range of aetiology and severity. What all traumatic wounds have in common is that they present with the same impediments to healing: bacterial contamination; foreign material; and necrotic tissue. These impediments will be present in varying degrees depending on the aetiology and the time elapsed since injury, but in all cases they need to be addressed in the early stages of wound management. Wound lavage and debridement are commonly performed with the aim of producing a healthy wound bed. This article looks at how wounds are managed following lavage; utilising debridement techniques to remove necrotic tissue and foreign material from the wound, progressing the wound to a point where closure can be considered.
Peripheral intravenous catheters: improving patient safety with the use of a care bundle
Authors: Hancill Sarah
Published: May 2014

Objective: To introduce a peripheral intravenous catheter (PVC) care bundle as a tool to improve the management of PVCs and patient safety, and to audit staff compliance over a 9 week period. The long-term goal was to use data from the pilot study to implement the PVC bundle in other veterinary practices.

Methods: Over a period of 9 weeks, a PVC care bundle consisting of 14 quality indicators was introduced into Abbey House Veterinary Hospital, Leeds. This was to assess 49 patients who had an intravenous catheter in situ for more than 24 hours. Staff were asked to record on the PVC care bundle sheet when a quality indicator had been completed. Percentage compliance was then calculated for the completion of the entire bundle and the individual quality indicators.

Results: Over the 9 week period there was an overall decline in compliance for the entire bundle. It declined by 3% from an initial compliance of 94. Regression analysis was performed to calculate whether this value was significant using a p value of ≤0.05. There were improvements in some of the individual quality indicators, for example date and time of insertion and checking the insertion site and limb.

Conclusion: It was demonstrated that there was a low mean percentage compliance with completion of the care bundle in the hospital environment studied. However with more research and further implementation, changes could be made to the bundle to increase the rate of compliance, and improve patient safety.
Veterinary nurses creating a unique approach to patient care: part one
Authors: Welsh Perdi , Wager Catherine
Published: May 2014

Veterinary nursing has experienced the immigration of new concepts and terminology relating to human nursing theories for a number of years, many of which, such as nursing models and care plans, are now integral parts of the veterinary nursing academic landscape. Despite this, it is proposed by the authors that veterinary nurses are, for various reasons, reluctant to incorporate care planning into their daily clinical practice, resulting in the development of a theory–practice divide.

As there are published reports from veterinary nurses who have applied the Orpet and Jeffery Ability Model (2007) to their practice with successful outcomes, it is suggested that adoption of this veterinary nursing model provides the best chance of closing the theory–practice gap. When used in conjunction with the nursing process, the Orpet and Jeffery Ability Model (2007) can enable veterinary nurses to deliver a high standard of individualised nursing care to their patients in practice, in addition to further developing the profession as a whole.
Patient care report for feline patient with urethral obstruction
Authors: Brown Charlotte
Published: May 2014

Urethral obstruction in cats is a potentially life-threatening condition. The administration of sufficient pain relief and appropriate fluid therapy as part of a well balanced nursing care plan is vital for the care of these patients. Urinary output must be monitored following the removal of the urethral obstruction and this report discusses the considerations of an indwelling urinary catheter.
The use of negative pressure wound therapy in veterinary wound care
Authors: O'Dwyer Louise , Aldridge Paul
Published: May 2014

Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) or vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) of wounds is a treatment modality that consists of applying sub-atmospheric, or negative, pressure to a wound resulting in wound protection, drainage and accelerated wound healing. NPWT systems are constructed by the use of commercial or improvised systems; the wound is packed with open cell polyurethane foam or gauze, covered with adhesive drape and connected with tubing to an adjustable suction device. Recently, more portable, single-use systems have been developed, that make them more versatile for use, particularly in veterinary patients.
Preventative healthcare in companion animals: understanding owner triggers and changing behaviours
Authors: Murphy Donal
Published: May 2014

Britain is a nation of pet lovers, with 53% of all households having a pet. People are very much aware of the benefits pets bring to society. Hardly a day goes by without new statistics or a news story being published about how much pets benefit people, and how people would do ‘anything’ for their pets. Yet this love is not always transposed into knowledge, and there remains a lack of understanding of what our pets need to remain healthy.
Analgesia in veterinary patients — opioids part two
Authors: Yamaoka TT , Auckburally A
Published: May 2014

As discussed in the previous article, opioids form the basis of pain management in veterinary patients alongside non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesic adjuvants such as lidocaine, ketamine and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists. This second article will focus on commonly used opioids and their relevance to veterinary analgesia.
Ear cytology in otitis externa: when, why, how?
Authors: Bosznay Julie
Published: May 2014

Otitis externa is a common presentation in small animal practice. Due to the increasing concerns regarding antibacterial resistance both in human and veterinary medicine, empirical therapy of otitis externa with antibiotics-containing topical products without a specific diagnosis should be avoided. This article reviews how to perform cytological examination of ear discharge, and how it can be used to characterise infection and target therapy in order to optimise the management of the disease.
El algodón y la seda: mujeres americanas y españolas en Hazañas de los Pizarros de Tirso
Authors: Ferri Coll José María
Published: May 2014

Este artículo analiza diferentes funciones de los personajes femeninos en las tres comedias que conforman la trilogía Hazañas de los Pizarros (Todo es dar en una cosa, Amazonas en las Indias y La lealtad contra la envidia). El estudio se ha realizado atendiendo tanto al contexto histórico como dramático de las obras propuestas.
Alabado sea el que aún resiste y la huella de Enrique Lihn: la poesía de Federico Schopf
Authors: Alonso María Nieves
Published: May 2014

La poesía de Federico Schopf, poeta integrante de la llamada, entre otras designaciones, generación del 60, se inscribe con propiedad y decidido rasgo culturalista en el desarrollo de la poesía chilena, reconociéndose en ella sus filiaciones, continuidades y discontinuidades. Relevante en el diálogo que Schopf establece es la obra de Enrique Lihn con quien comparte la idea de poesía como «apenas consuelo», percepción nítida, desolada, amplia, de la muerte y la búsqueda o invención de un «lenguaje propio» para «dolerse, desesperarse y morir». De este diálogo fecundo y otros muchos de la biblioteca personal de quien cree que la cita y también la ironía es una exigencia inmanente al uso de la lengua poética trata este artículo.
Y Chimbote es el Perú: la construcción mítica de la ciudad costeña en El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo
Authors: Valero Juan Eva María
Published: May 2014

En El zorro de arriba y el zorro de abajo, la mirada andina, o sea, el punto de vista mítico, se enfoca hacia la ciudad costeña en profunda transformación desde mediados del siglo XX. Chimbote surge así como encrucijada del Perú cuyas dos progenies principales, la criolla y la indígena, se dieron la cita definitiva en la costa, con el aluvión migratorio de las provincias. Arguedas, que se presenta en la obra como escritor novel de la urbe, experimentó una nueva ecuación literaria, que combina la literatura urbana con la literatura mítica. Para ello, utilizó el mito de los zorros andinos que aparecen en el texto quechua Dioses y hombres de Huarochirí –traducido por primera vez al español por él mismo en 1966– para retratar el nuevo Perú de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. En este artículo me propongo observar cómo se combinan ambos factores para tratar de acercarnos a su resultado.
The Paleobiolinguistics of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Brown Cecil H. , Clement Charles R. , Epps Patience , Luedeling Eike , Wichmann Søren
Published: May 2014

Paleobiolinguistics is used to determine when and where maize (Zea mays) developed significance for different prehistoric groups of Native America. Dates and locations of proto-languages for which maize terms reconstruct generally accord with crop-origin and dispersal information from plant genetics and archaeobotany. Paleobiolinguistic and other lines of evidence indicate that human interest in maize was extensive millennia before the widespread development of a village‐farming way of life in the New World.
The Assassin and the Donor as third players in the traditional deterrence game
Authors: Carlson Lisa J. , Dacey Raymond
Published: May 2014

We develop two extensions of the traditional deterrence game to examine the influence of third players, called Assassin and Donor, upon the behavior of a Challenger. The results present the optimal behavior of Challenger when Assassin and Donor are included in the traditional deterrence game. The key result is that Challengers who back down, and thereby activate Assassin or Donor, are more prone to initiate conflict in the first place than are Challengers who escalate, and thereby avoid Assassin or Donor.
Provenance and Manufacture of Mixtec Style Objects Found on the Surrounding Structures of the Precinct of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan
Authors: Solís Ciriaco Ciriaco Reyna B. , Ruvalcaba Sil José L.
Published: May 2014

Seventy six speckled greenstone items have been recovered on the surrounding structures of the Aztec precinct of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan. Several researchers have identified the material as marble. Also, these objects have been labeled as Mixtec style due to the raw materials involved in their manufacture as well as their apparent similarity with other known Mixtec objects. The main objective of this essay is to determine the raw materials and the technology employed on its manufacture. Based on earlier composition analysis using Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), it became clear that all items are made of the same calcite-serpentine mineral alloy, which probably comes from the Oaxaca region. It is interesting the homogeneity and standardization among these pieces by analyzing them with experimental archaeology and the characterization of their manufacturing traces. Comparing their raw material, morphology and techniques with those of Mixtec sites, the analysis revealed that they are not in fact related at all; however they do coincide with the manufacturing process of Tenochca (Aztec) style objects. This fact might point towards the actual origin of the raw materials, their obtainment and the technology behind the elaboration of luxury goods at Tenochtitlan.
A LDA+U and LDA+DMFT study of uranium mononitride: from nonmagnetic to paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
Authors: Sun Weiwei , Di Marco Igor , Korzhavyi Pavel
Published: May 2014

The combination of density functional theory in local density approximation and dynamical mean field theory (LDA+DMFT) was employed in a preliminary study of the strong electron correlation effects in a promising nuclear fuel—uranium mononitride (UN). For the ferromagnetic phase, the effective impurity problem arising in the LDA+DMFT [1-3] cycle is solved with the spin-polarized T-matrix fluctuation exchange (SPTF) solver, which includes spin–orbit interactions. Concerning the paramagnetic phase, the disordered local moment (DLM) approach was used, based on both standard local density approximation (LDA) and LDA+U. Basic spectral properties and material properties, such as the spin, orbital and total magnetic moments on U atom were calculated for various values of the Hubbard parameter U with a fixed exchange parameter J. Our main focus was to compare the calculated spectral functions (density of states) for different magnetic phases and different methods to the experimental XPS data [4]. On top of that, the total moments of the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic phases are compared with the measured values by neutron spectroscopy [4, 5].
Evaluation Model for Applying an E-Learning System in a Course: An Analytic Hierarchy Process—Multi-Choice Goal Programming Approach
Authors: Lin Teng-Chiao , Ho Hui-Ping , Chang Ching-Ter
Published: May 2014

With the widespread use of the Internet, adopting e-learning systems in courses has gradually become more and more important in universities in Taiwan. However, because of limitations of teachers' time, selecting suitable online IT tools has become very important. This study proposes an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)–multi-choice goal programming (MCGP) evaluation model as a decision aid to help decision makers obtain appropriate online IT tools considering the time limitations of teachers and students. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method, this study implements the evaluation model in computer courses at a university in central Taiwan. For different purposes, teachers can set different time limitations and aspiration levels for each goal to rank the range of possible IT tools. With the AHP–MCGP evaluation model, teachers can find the most suitable time for the allocation of possible IT tools in the e-learning system to improve students' learning practice.
Industry Audit Experts and Ownership Structure in the Syndicated Loan Market: At the Firm and Partner Levels
Authors: Chin Chen-Lung , Yao Wei-Ren , Liu Pei-Yi
Published: May 2014

SYNOPSIS

The PCAOB has recently issued two concept releases that seek feedback on a proposal that requires audit firms to disclose the name of the engagement partner in the audit report. This paper provides evidence about the efficacy of this proposal by examining whether industry audit experts at the partner level are valued by stakeholders—lenders in the syndicate loan market. Our paper is based on the unique data in Taiwan, where the audit report is issued in the name of two signing auditors, as well as the audit firm. Prior research suggests that lead arrangers prefer to hold a lower share of the loan and to have a larger number of other lenders. First, we find no evidence that Big 4 audit firms are related to the lower share of a syndicated loan held by the lead arrangers, after controlling for industry audit expertise; we also find no evidence that firm-level expertise alone is associated with the share held by lead arrangers. However, we do find that partner-level industry audit experts, either alone or in conjunction with a firm-level industry audit expert, are associated with the lower share of syndicated loans held by lead arrangers. Second, we find that the number of lenders in general (or the number of foreign lenders in particular) in a loan is the largest when borrowers retain industry audit experts at both the firm and partner levels.
A Study of Assimilation Bias in Name-Based Sampling of Migrants
Authors: Schnell Rainer , Trappmann Mark , Gramlich Tobias
Published: May 2014

The use of personal names for screening is an increasingly popular sampling technique for migrant populations. Although this is often an effective sampling procedure, very little is known about the properties of this method. Based on a large German survey, this article compares characteristics of respondents whose names have been correctly classified as belonging to a migrant population with respondentswho aremigrants and whose names have not been classified as belonging to a migrant population. Although significant differences were found for some variables even with some large effect sizes, the overall bias introduced by name-based sampling (NBS) is small as long as procedures with small false-negative rates are employed.
The Effect Of Reference Plane On Values Of Areal Surface Topography Parameters From Cylindrical Elements
Authors: Podulka Przemysław , Dobrzański Paweł , Pawlus Paweł , Lenart Agnieszka
Published: May 2014

In this paper distortion of surface topography measurement results by improper selection of the reference plane is taken into consideration. The following types of surfaces from cylindrical elements were analyzed: cylinder liners after plateau honing, cylinder liners with additionally burnished oil pockets and turned piston skirts. Surface topographies of these elements after a low wear process were also studied. In order to obtain areal surface topography parameters, the form was eliminated using cylinders and polynomials of the following degrees: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Parameters of surfaces after form removal were compared. After analysis of results the reference elements for each kind of surface were recommended. A special procedure was proposed in order to select the degree of a polynomial. This method is based on surface topography changes with increase of polynomial degree. The effect of improper form elimination on measuring uncertainty was studied.
Survey of College Climates at All 28 US Colleges and Schools of Veterinary Medicine: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Greenhill Lisa M. , Carmichael K. Paige
Published: May 2014

In April 2011, a nationwide survey of all 28 US veterinary schools was conducted to determine the comfort level (college climate) of veterinary medical students with people from whom they are different. The original hypothesis was that some historically underrepresented students, especially those who may exhibit differences from the predominant race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexual orientation, experience a less welcoming college climate. Nearly half of all US students responded to the survey, allowing investigators to make conclusions from the resulting data at a 99% CI with an error rate of less than 2% using Fowler's sample-size formula. Valuable information was captured despite a few study limitations, such as occasional spurious data reporting and little ability to respond in an open-ended manner (most questions had a finite number of allowed responses). The data suggest that while overall the majority of the student population is comfortable in American colleges, some individuals who are underrepresented in veterinary medicine (URVM) may not feel the same level of acceptance or inclusivity on veterinary school campuses. Further examination of these data sets may explain some of the unacceptably lower retention rates of some of these URVM students on campuses.
Maximum Power of Thermally and Electrically Coupled Thermoelectric Generators
Authors: Camacho-Medina Pablo , Olivares-Robles Miguel , Vargas-Almeida Alexander , Solorio-Ordaz Francisco
Published: May 2014

In a recent work, we have reported a study on the figure of merit of a thermoelectric system composed by thermoelectric generators connected electrically and thermally in different configurations. In this work, we are interested in analyzing the output power delivered by a thermoelectric system for different arrays of thermoelectric materials in each configuration. Our study shows the impact of the array of thermoelectric materials in the output power of the composite system. We evaluate numerically the corresponding maximum output power for each configuration and determine the optimum array and configuration for maximum power. We compare our results with other recently reported studies.
A Biofuel Similar to Biodiesel Obtained by Using a Lipase from Rhizopus oryzae, Optimized by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Luna Carlos , Verdugo Cristobal , Sancho Enrique , Luna Diego , Calero Juan , Posadillo Alejandro , Bautista Felipa , Romero Antonio
Published: May 2014

A new biodiesel-like biofuel is obtained by the enzymatic ethanolysis reaction of sunflower oil with ethanol, in free solvent media, by using BIOLIPASE-R, a multipurpose alimentary additive from Biocon®-Spain that is a low cost lipase from a strain of Rhizopus oryzae. This biofuel is composed by two parts of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and one of monoglyceride (MG), which in this form integrates glycerol, through the application of the 1,3-selective lipases. Thus, this process minimizes waste generation and maximizes the efficiency of the process because no residual glycerol is produced. Response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to evaluate the main reaction parameters (reaction temperature, oil/ethanol ratio and pH) on the sunflower oil conversion. Water content and amount of lipase were also previously investigated. Regarding the results, we found that it operates optimally with a water content of the reaction medium of 0.15%, 0.05%–0.1% lipase by weight relative to the weight of oil used, 20 °C, volume ratio (mL/mL) oil/ethanol 12/3.5 and pH 12 (by addition of 50 µL of 10 N NaOH solution). These results have proven a very good efficiency of the biocatalyst in the studied selective process.
A Qualitative Investigation of Adolescents’ Perceived Mechanisms of Change from a Universal School-Based Depression Prevention Program
Authors: Shochet Ian , Montague Roslyn , Smith Coral , Dadds Mark
Published: May 2014

A recent meta-analysis provides evidence supporting the universal application of school-based prevention programs for adolescent depression. The mechanisms underlying such successful interventions, however, are largely unknown. We report on a qualitative analysis of 109 Grade 9 students’ beliefs about what they gained from an evidence-based depression prevention intervention, the Resourceful Adolescent Program (RAP-A). Fifty-four percent of interviewees articulated at least one specific example of program benefit. A thematic analysis of responses revealed two major themes, improved interpersonal relationships and improved self-regulation, both stronger than originally assumed. A more minor theme also emerged—more helpful cognitions. It is postulated that both improved interpersonal relationships and improved self-regulation are likely to enhance one another, and more helpful cognitions may express its contribution through enhanced self-regulation. These findings broaden our understanding of the impact of depression prevention programs, beginning to illuminate how such programs benefit participants.
Public Health Workers and Vaccination Coverage in Eastern China: A Health Economic Analysis
Authors: Hu Yu , Shen Lingzhi , Guo Jing , Xie Shuyun
Published: May 2014

Background: Vaccine-preventable diseases cause more than one million deaths among children under 5 years of age every year. Public Health Workers (PHWs) are needed to provide immunization services, but the role of human resources for public health as a determinant of vaccination coverage at the population level has not been assessed in China. The objective of this study was to test whether PHW density was positively associated with childhood vaccination coverage in Zhejiang Province, East China. Methods: The vaccination coverage rates of Measles Containing Vaccine (MCV), Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis combined vaccine (DTP), and Poliomyelitis Vaccine (PV) were chosen as the dependent variables. Vaccination coverage data of children aged 13–24 months for each county in Zhejiang Province were taken from the Zhejiang Immunization Information System (ZJIIS). Aggregate PHW density was an independent variable in one set of regressions, and Vaccine Personnel (VP) and other PHW densities were used separately in another set. Data on densities of PHW and VP were taken from a national investigation on EPI launched by Ministry of Health of China in 2013. We controlled other determinants that may influence the vaccination coverage like Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per person, proportion of migrant children aged <7 years, and land area. These data were taken from Zhejiang Provincial Bureau of Statistics and ZJIIS. Results: PHW density was significantly influence the coverage rates of MCV [Adjusted Odds Ratio(AOR) = 4.29], DTP3(AOR = 2.16), and PV3 (AOR = 3.30). However, when the effects of VPs and other PHWs were assessed separately, we found that VP density was significantly associated with coverage of all three vaccinations (MCV AOR = 7.05; DTP3 AOR = 1.82; PV3 AOR = 4.83), while other PHW density was not. Proportion of migrant children < 7 years and Land area were found as negative and significant determinants for vaccination coverage, while GDP per person had no effect on vaccination coverage. Conclusions: A higher density of PHWs (VP) would improve the availability of immunization services over time and space, which may increase the possibility of achieving a higher childhood vaccination coverage rate. It was indicated that the level of GDP per person had no association with the improved vaccination coverage after controlling for other potential factors. Our findings implicated that PHW density was a major constraint on immunization coverage in Zhejiang Province.
Direct 2,3-O-Isopropylidenation of α-D-Mannopyranosides and the Preparation of 3,6-Branched Mannose Trisaccharides
Authors: Jiang Rui , Zong Guanghui , Liang Xiaomei , Jin Shuhui , Zhang Jianjun , Wang Daoquan
Published: May 2014

A highly efficient, regioselective method for the direct 2,3-O-isopropylidenation of α-D-mannopyranosides is reported. Treatment of various α-D-mannopyranosides with 0.12 equiv of the TsOH·H2O and 2-methoxypropene at 70 °C gave 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-mannopyranosides directly in 80%~90% yields. Based on this method, a 3,6-branched α-D-mannosyl trisaccharide was prepared in 50.4% total yield using p-nitrophenyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-α-D-mannopyranoside as the starting material.
Evaluation of Bread Crumbs as a Potential Carbon Source for the Growth of Thraustochytrid Species for Oil and Omega-3 Production
Authors: Thyagarajan Tamilselvi , Puri Munish , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Barrow Colin
Published: May 2014

The utilization of food waste by microorganisms to produce omega-3 fatty acids or biofuel is a potentially low cost method with positive environmental benefits. In the present study, the marine microorganisms Thraustochytrium sp. AH-2 and Schizochytrium sp. SR21 were used to evaluate the potential of breadcrumbs as an alternate carbon source for the production of lipids under static fermentation conditions. For the Thraustochytrium sp. AH-2, submerged liquid fermentation with 3% glucose produced 4.3 g/L of biomass and 44.16 mg/g of saturated fatty acids after seven days. Static fermentation with 0.5% and 1% breadcrumbs resulted in 2.5 and 4.7 g/L of biomass, and 42.4 and 33.6 mg/g of saturated fatty acids, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies confirmed the growth of both strains on breadcrumbs. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for both strains were consistent with the utilization of breadcrumbs for the production of unsaturated lipids, albeit at relatively low levels. The total lipid yield for static fermentation with bread crumbs was marginally lower than that of fermentation with glucose media, while the yield of unsaturated fatty acids was considerably lower, indicating that static fermentation may be more appropriate for the production of biodiesel than for the production of omega-3 rich oils in these strains.
Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of 27 Indigenous Taiwanese Vegetables
Authors: Chao Pi-Yu , Lin Su-Yi , Lin Kuan-Hung , Liu Yu-Fen , Hsu Ju-Ing , Yang Chi-Ming , Lai Jun-You
Published: May 2014

The objectives of this study were to identify the antioxidants and antioxidant axtivity in 27 of Taiwan’s indigenous vegetables. Lycium chinense (Lc), Lactuca indica (Li), and Perilla ocymoides (Po) contained abundant quercetin (Que), while Artemisia lactiflora (Al) and Gynura bicolor (Gb) were rich in morin and kaempferol, respectively. Additionally, Nymphoides cristata (Nc) and Sechium edule (Se)-yellow had significantly higher levels of myricetin (Myr) than other tested samples. Cyanidin (Cyan) and malvidin (Mal) were abundant in Gb, Abelmoschus esculentus Moench (Abe), Po, Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) Presl (Ane), Ipomoea batatas (Ib)-purple, and Hemerocallis fulva (Hf)-bright orange. Relatively high levels of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenger were generated from extracts of Toona sinensis (Ts) and Po. Significant and positive correlations between antioxidant activity and polyphenols, anthocyanidins, Que, Myr, and morin were observed, indicating that these phytochemicals were some of the main components responsible for the antioxidant activity of tested plants. The much higher antioxidant activity of Po, Ts, and Ib (purple leaf) may be related to their higher Cyan, Que, and polyphenol content.
Structures and Synthesis of Zwitterionic Polymers
Authors: Laschewsky André
Published: May 2014

The structures and synthesis of polyzwitterions (“polybetaines”) are reviewed, emphasizing the literature of the past decade. Particular attention is given to the general challenges faced, and to successful strategies to obtain polymers with a true balance of permanent cationic and anionic groups, thus resulting in an overall zero charge. Also, the progress due to applying new methodologies from general polymer synthesis, such as controlled polymerization methods or the use of “click” chemical reactions is presented. Furthermore, the emerging topic of responsive (“smart”) polyzwitterions is addressed. The considerations and critical discussions are illustrated by typical examples.
A New Method for Ultrasound Detection of Interfacial Position in Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Coutinho Fábio , Ofuchi César , De Arruda Lúcia , Jr. Flávio , Morales Rigoberto
Published: May 2014

Ultrasonic measurement techniques for velocity estimation are currently widely used in fluid flow studies and applications. An accurate determination of interfacial position in gas-liquid two-phase flows is still an open problem. The quality of this information directly reflects on the accuracy of void fraction measurement, and it provides a means of discriminating velocity information of both phases. The algorithm known as Velocity Matched Spectrum (VM Spectrum) is a velocity estimator that stands out from other methods by returning a spectrum of velocities for each interrogated volume sample. Interface detection of free-rising bubbles in quiescent liquid presents some difficulties for interface detection due to abrupt changes in interface inclination. In this work a method based on velocity spectrum curve shape is used to generate a spatial-temporal mapping, which, after spatial filtering, yields an accurate contour of the air-water interface. It is shown that the proposed technique yields a RMS error between 1.71 and 3.39 and a probability of detection failure and false detection between 0.89% and 11.9% in determining the spatial-temporal gas-liquid interface position in the flow of free rising bubbles in stagnant liquid. This result is valid for both free path and with transducer emitting through a metallic plate or a Plexiglas pipe.
A New Acquisition and Imaging System for Environmental Measurements: An Experience on the Italian Cultural Heritage
Authors: Leccese Fabio , Cagnetti Marco , Calogero Andrea , Trinca Daniele , Pasquale Stefano , Giarnetti Sabino , Cozzella Lorenzo
Published: May 2014

A new acquisition system for remote control of wall paintings has been realized and tested in the field. The system measures temperature and atmospheric pressure in an archeological site where a fresco has been put under control. The measuring chain has been designed to be used in unfavorable environments where neither electric power nor telecommunication infrastructures are available. The environmental parameters obtained from the local monitoring are then transferred remotely allowing an easier management by experts in the field of conservation of cultural heritage. The local acquisition system uses an electronic card based on microcontrollers and sends the data to a central unit realized with a Raspberry-Pi. The latter manages a high quality camera to pick up pictures of the fresco. Finally, to realize the remote control at a site not reached by internet signals, a WiMAX connection based on different communication technologies such as WiMAX, Ethernet, GPRS and Satellite, has been set up.
Dynamic Bayesian Networks for Context-Aware Fall Risk Assessment
Authors: Koshmak Gregory , Linden Maria , Loutfi Amy
Published: May 2014

Fall incidents among the elderly often occur in the home and can cause serious injuries affecting their independent living. This paper presents an approach where data from wearable sensors integrated in a smart home environment is combined using a dynamic Bayesian network. The smart home environment provides contextual data, obtained from environmental sensors, and contributes to assessing a fall risk probability. The evaluation of the developed system is performed through simulation. Each time step is represented by a single user activity and interacts with a fall sensors located on a mobile device. A posterior probability is calculated for each recognized activity or contextual information. The output of the system provides a total risk assessment of falling given a response from the fall sensor.
Changes and Advances in Neonatal Care
Authors: Levine Milton I
Published: May 2014

A Pediatrician's View
Complications of Implanting Three-Piece C-Loop Posterior Chamber Lenses in the Anterior Chamber
Authors: Liu John F , Koch Douglas D , Emery Jared M
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

We have examined a total of four eyes in three patients who had undergone implantation of threepiece C-loop posterior chamber intraocular lenses into the anterior chamber. All four eyes exhibited four or more of the following complications: 1) loop encapsulation by peripheral anterior synechiae; 2) recurrent iritis; 3) central loop displacement with corneal endothelial touch; 4) progressive endothelial cell loss and corneal edema; 5) glaucoma; and 6) cystoid macular edema. Intraocular lens removal was required in all four eyes, and penetrating keratoplasty was performed in one. We believe that these complications are attributable to the inherent fallacies of fixating threepiece open-loop lenses in the anterior chamber angle.
An Improved Approach to Aqueous Paracentesis
Authors: May Donald R , Noll Francis G
Published: May 2014

ABSTRACT

We describe a quick and effective technique for performing safe anterior chamber paracenteses. The technique consists simply of inserting a small gauge disposable hypodermic needle without an attached syringe into the anterior chamber. The intraocular pressure and capillary action of the needle readily cause the rapid drainage of aqueous humor. This technique eliminates the cumbersome manipulations and potential complications associated with using an attached syringe for aspiration.
First-Time NCLEX-RN Pass Rate: Measure of Program Quality or Something Else?
Authors: Taylor Heidi , Loftin Collette , Reyes Helen
Published: May 2014

The first-time NCLEX-RN
®
pass rate is considered by many to be the primary, if not sole, indicator of the quality of prelicensure nursing education programs. Used by state boards of nursing, educational program accreditors, and nursing faculty, the first-time NCLEX-RN pass rate influences important decisions about overall program quality, admission and progression policies, curricula, and teaching and learning practices. In this article, the authors call for a professional dialogue about the use of first-time pass rate (F-TPR) as an indicator of program quality, offer alternative methods for using the F-TPR as one measure of program quality, and suggest further research. One program’s experience with low F-TPRs is offered as an exemplar of the unintended negative consequences that occur when the F-TPR is used as a sole criterion by a state board of nursing in judging a program’s quality. [
J Nurs Educ.
2014;53(6):336–341.]
Investigation into the Existence of Cavitation within Haemodialysis Needles
Authors: Fulker David , Barber Tracie J. , Simmons Anne , Keshavarzi Gholamreza
Published: May 2014

The source of micro bubbles within the haemodialysis extracorporeal circuit is currently unknown. If micro bubbles enter the body they may result in several health issues. Micro bubbles may be formed near the needles if the local pressure drops below the vapour pressure of blood, causing cavitation. Cavitation has been hypothesised to occur at the arterial needle due to the lower local pressures from the suction forces created by the peristaltic blood pump. A CFD model was developed to study the possible inception of cavitation from various options. Variations in needle flow rate and needle orientation were studied using a transient waveform, to determine the clinical conditions in which cavitation might occur. Cavitation may occur within the needle bore when the flow rates are temporarily elevated in the waveform. Needle orientation was also found to have no effect on cavitation potential.
Numerical Simulation of Biomechanical Behaviours in Novel Dental Restorations
Authors: Zhang Zhong Pu , Zheng Ke Ke , Le Ting Ting , Li Wei , Swain Michael V. , Li Qing
Published: May 2014

Besides the prevention strategies against early stage dental caries, restoration is a preferable way to prevent decayed tooth from further deterioration. This study aimed to compare the mechanical strengths of carious tooth, traditionally restored tooth, and novel conservatively restored teeth under occlusal loading. The two-dimensional (2D) finite element method (FEM) was applied to quantify and compare maximum tensile stresses thereby predicting the initiation of crack. Taking into consideration of peak tensile stresses, it was found that the conservative (minimal intervention) restorations exhibited better fracture resistance than traditional restoration.
Particle Finite Element Simulation of Granular Media
Authors: Zhang Xue , Krabbenhoft Kristian , Sheng Dai Chao
Published: May 2014

Despite their ubiquity, the simulation of granular materials poses a continuing challenge in computational mechanics, as these materials can behave like solid, liquid and gas. In this paper, a recently developed version of the Particle Finite Element Method is applied for analyzing the behaviour of granular media under very large deformations. Both quasi-static and dynamic problems are considered. It is shown that this continuum approach is applicable to general large deformation problems of granular materials, including liquid-like flows.
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Applied to the Modelling of Landslides
Authors: Lemiale Vincent , Karantgis Laura , Broadbrige Philip
Published: May 2014

Landslides are among the most devastating natural hazards because they often initiate rapidly and mobilize very large volumes of material. While the mechanics of landslides is relatively well understood it is still extremely difficult to anticipate any particular event and estimate its potential consequences. Mesh-free methods are ideally suited to handle large deformations associated with slope failure but they often assume the mechanism of failure a priori. In this work we apply Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics to simulate all phases of a landslide within one single numerical platform. A Drücker-Prager model is used to determine the onset of failure. The post-failure behaviour is accommodated naturally by the mesh-free nature of the method. The relevance of the method to the modelling of landslides is demonstrated on several examples of slope failure.
An Analysis of the Strength of Anisotropic Granular Assemblies via Discrete Methods
Authors: Galindo-Torres Sergio Andres , Pedroso Dorival , Williams David , Mühlhaus Hans
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a study on the macroscopic strength characteristics of granular assemblies with three-dimensional complex-shaped particles. Different assemblies are considered, with both isotropic and anisotropic particle geometries. The study is conducted using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), with so-called sphero-polyhedral particles, and simulations of mechanical true triaxial tests for a range of Lode angles and confining pressures. The observed mathematical failure envelopes are investigated in the Haigh-Westergaard stress space, as well as on the deviatoric-mean pressure plane. It is verified that the DEM with non-spherical particles produces results that are qualitatively similar to experimental data and previous numerical results obtained with spherical elements. The simulations reproduce quite well the shear strength of assemblies of granular media, such as higher strength during compression than during extension. In contrast, by introducing anisotropy at the particle level, the shear strength parameters are greatly affected, and an isotropic failure criterion is no longer valid. It is observed that the strength of the anisotropic assembly depends on the direction of loading, as observed for real soils.