bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Impact and Mechanism of Polyacrylate-Based Composite Paste on the Performance of Recycled Aggregate
Authors: Li Huaisen , Li Chunhe , Wei Hua , Li Qingan , Lu Hao , Ge Jinyu
Published: October 2024

This study developed three composite slurries for coating recycled aggregate by incorporating polyacrylate emulsion, fly ash, and gypsum into a cement-based mixture. The filling and pozzolanic effects of fly ash help to improve microcracks in the recycled aggregates. The polyacrylate emulsion forms a strong bonding layer between the cement matrix and the aggregates, enhancing the interfacial bond strength. Based on relevant studies, the following mix designs were developed: Slurry 1 consists of pure cement paste; Slurry 2 contains 15% fly ash and 3% gypsum added to the cement paste; Slurry 3 adds 22% polyacrylate emulsion to the slurry. The study first compared the effects of the three composite slurries on the crushing value and water absorption of recycled aggregates, and then analyzed their impact on the mechanical properties, permeability, and drying shrinkage of concrete. Finally, the mechanisms behind the enhancement were investigated using the Vickers Hardness Test (HV), Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results showed that the polyacrylate emulsion composite slurry had the most significant improvement effect. For recycled aggregate AL, the crushing value decreased from 28.8% to 22.5% and the saturated surface–dry water absorption decreased from 15.1% to 13.8% after cement slurry modification. After coating with the composite slurry, the crushing value further dropped to 18.2% and the water absorption to 9.5%. Two aspects of the performance of recycled aggregates are enhanced with the polymer composite slurry: first, fly ash provides nucleation sites for CH, reducing the tendency for directional CH alignment. Second, the long chains of PAE (polyacrylic ester) encapsulate cementitious particles, effectively filling surface defects on the recycled aggregates, improving the bonding strength at the new-to-old interface, and significantly enhancing the performance of both recycled aggregates and recycled concrete.
Strengthening Effect Evaluation of Developed Stiff-Type Polyurea Sprayed on Masonry Beam Surface Under Static Loading in Experimental and Numerical Tests
Authors: Lee Tae-Hee , Kim Jang-Ho Jay
Published: October 2024

Recently, deteriorated masonry structures aged over 30 years have shown serious structural problems. Simple and rapid maintenance plans are urgently needed for aging masonry structures. Polyurea (PU) is an effective retrofitting material for aging structures due to its easy spray application. This process saves time, reduces costs, and allows the structure to remain in use during retrofitting. However, a general PU is not suitable for retrofitting aged masonry and concrete structures due to its low stiffness. In this study, stiff-type polyurea (STPU) was selected as the reinforcement material for masonry structures. It was developed by modifying the chemical mix of general PU to improve stiffness. To evaluate the strengthening effect of STPU on masonry members under static loading, tests were conducted. The flexural load capacity of masonry beams with STPU-sprayed surfaces was assessed. Three different types of STPU applications were used to select the most efficient strengthening method. Reinforcing masonry structures with STPU allows brittle failure modes to achieve ductile behavior. This improves their structural performance under lateral stresses. The experimental data were used to calibrate FEM models for simulation. These models can be used for future parametric studies and masonry structural design.
Effect of Waste Glass Powder Replacement of Hydraulic Lime on Properties of Natural Hydraulic Lime Mortars
Authors: Sahin Murat , Ozyigit Polat
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the effects of the partial replacement of natural hydraulic lime (NHL) with waste glass powder (GP) on the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of NHL mortars. In the experimental study, five mixtures containing up to 50% GP were prepared to evaluate its effect on the flow, carbonation, unit weight, water absorption, porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, capillary water absorption, compressive strength, and microstructure of NHL mortars. The experimental results suggest that the partial replacement of NHL with GP significantly affects the properties of NHL mortars. A reduction in compressive strength was observed with increasing GP content in mortars at both early and later stages. Nevertheless, the compressive strength difference between samples containing 50% GP and the reference was found to be relatively minor at 91 days, implying an enhanced pozzolanic reaction over time. The incorporation of GP improved the consistency and capillary water absorption of mortars, while the opposite was observed for ultrasonic pulse velocity, porosity, and water absorption. The microstructural analysis revealed distinct changes in the structure of samples incorporating GP. The partial substitution of hydraulic lime with GP could be beneficial in reducing the CO2 emissions of NHL mortars.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Alkali-Activated Binder from Blast Furnace Slag and Marble Waste
Authors: Ulubeyli Gülden Çagın , Artır Recep
Published: October 2024

This study reports an alkali-activated binder including blast furnace slag (BFS) together with marble waste (MW). Cement is an industrial product that emits a significant amount of CO2 during its production and incurs high energy costs. MW is generated during the extraction, cutting, and processing of marble in production facilities, where dust mixes with water to form a settling sludge. This sludge is an environmentally harmful waste that must be disposed of in accordance with legal regulations. In this study, a substantial amount of MW, a by-product with considerable environmental and economic impacts worldwide, was utilized in the production of a binder through the alkaline activation of BFS. In doing this, different experimental parameters were tested to obtain the best binder samples according to workability and mechanical properties. Then, some experiments such as drying shrinkage determination, strength testing, and microstructure analyses were fulfilled through samples with the best values. The findings supported the improvement of the rapid-setting property of BFS by means of the addition of MW. MW reduced the time-dependent drying shrinkage values of BFS by 55%, especially in slag alkaline activation systems with a low or moderate alkali activator content. The substitution of MW (≤50%) in BFS increased flexural and compressive strengths (4.5 and 61.7 MPa), while a reference sample contained BFS only. Although the use of MW did not create a new phase, it contributed to a C-S-H bonding structure during the alkali activation of BFS in a microstructure analysis.
Magnetic CuFe2O4 Spinel–Polypyrrole Pseudocapacitive Composites for Energy Storage
Authors: Awad Mahmoud , Zhitomirsky Igor
Published: October 2024

This investigation focused on the fabrication of ceramic ferrimagnetic CuFe2O4–conductive polypyrrole (PPy) composites for energy storage. CuFe2O4 with a crystal size of 20–30 nm and saturation magnetization of 31.4 emu g−1 was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis, and PPy was prepared by chemical polymerization. High-active-mass composite electrodes were fabricated for energy storage in supercapacitors for operation in a sodium sulfate electrolyte. The addition of PPy to CuFe2O4 resulted in a decrease in charge transfer resistance and an increase in capacitance in the range from 1.20 F cm−2 (31 F g−1) to 4.52 F cm−2 (117.4 F g−1) at a 1 mV s−1 sweep rate and from 1.17 F cm−2 (29.9 F g−1) to 4.60 F cm−2 (120.1 F g−1) at a 3 mA cm−2 current density. The composites showed higher capacitance than other magnetic ceramic composites of the same mass containing PPy in the same potential range and exhibited improved cyclic stability. The magnetic behavior of the composites was influenced by the magnetic properties of ferrimagnetic CuFe2O4 and paramagnetic PPy. The composites showed a valuable combination of capacitive and magnetic properties and enriched materials science of magnetic supercapacitors for novel applications based on magnetoelectric and magnetocapacitive properties.
Improving the Nonvolatile Memory Characteristics of Sol–Gel-Processed Y2O3 RRAM Devices Using Mono-Ethanolamine Additives
Authors: Heo Seongwon , Choi Soohyun , Lee Sangwoo , Cho Yoonjin , Bae Jin-Hyuk , Kang In-Man , Kim Kwangeun , Lee Won-Yong , Jang Jaewon
Published: October 2024

In this study, Y2O3-based resistive random-access memory (RRAM) devices with a mono-ethanolamine (MEA) stabilizer fabricated using the sol–gel process on indium tin oxide/glass substrates were investigated. The effects of MEA content on the structural, optical, chemical, and electrical characteristics were determined. As the MEA content increased, film thickness and crystallite size decreased. In particular, the increase in MEA content slightly decreased the oxygen vacancy concentration. The decreased film thickness decreased the physical distance for conductive filament formation, generating a strong electric field. However, owing to the lowest oxygen vacancy concentration, a large electrical field is required. To ensure data reliability, the endurance cycles across several devices were measured and presented statistically. Additionally, endurance performance improved with the increase in MEA content. Reduced oxygen vacancy concentration can successfully suppress the excess formation of the Ag conductive filament. This simplifies the transition from the high- to the low-resistance state and vice versa, thereby improving the endurance cycles of the RRAM devices.
Low-Cost High-Voltage Power Supply for Hydraulically Amplified Self-Healing Electrostatic Applications
Authors: Tynan Levi , Gunawardana Upul , Liyanapathirana Ranjith , Perera Osura , Esposito Daniele , Centracchio Jessica , Gargiulo Gaetano
Published: October 2024

HASEL (Hydraulically Amplified Self-Healing Electrostatic) actuators have gathered momentum in recent years; they are made of very-low-cost materials, making it easy for anyone to develop their own actuators, and they are “soft” and can achieve tasks that are very difficult to complete with traditional rigid actuators, e.g., grasping soft objects. Unfortunately, HASEL actuators are driven by high-voltage (HV) power supplies, which are expensive to control accurately and difficult to scale up for multichannel applications, e.g., prostheses. This paper presents a low-cost HV power supply designed for HASEL applications that generates 2–10 kV DC at 5% of the cost of the existing HV power supplies used in HASEL actuators. At the core of our design, there is a new control strategy based on controlling the charging and discharging of the actuator from the supply’s low-voltage (LV) side rather than switching the HV side with expensive HV optocouplers. Discharge is achieved via a secondary transformer and multiplier circuit, generating a negative HV output capable of discharging the HASEL effectively and safely up to 10 kV.
The Influence of the Caputo Fractional Derivative on Time-Fractional Maxwell’s Equations of an Electromagnetic Infinite Body with a Cylindrical Cavity Under Four Different Thermoelastic Theorems
Authors: Al-Lehaibi Eman A. N. , Youssef Hamdy M.
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces a new mathematical modeling of a thermoelastic and electromagnetic infinite body with a cylindrical cavity in the context of four different thermoelastic theorems; Green–Naghdi type-I, type-III, Lord–Shulman, and Moore–Gibson–Thompson. Due to the convergence of the four theories under study and the simplicity of putting them in a unified equation that includes these theories, the theories were studied together. The bunding plane of the cavity surface is subjected to ramp-type heat and is connected to a rigid foundation to stop the displacement. The novelty of this work is considering Maxwell’s time-fractional equations under the Caputo fractional derivative definition. Laplace transform techniques were utilized to obtain solutions by using a direct approach. The Laplace transform’s inversions were calculated using Tzou’s iteration method. The temperature increment, strain, displacement, stress, induced electric field, and induced magnetic field distributions were obtained numerically and represented in figures. The time-fractional parameter of Maxwell’s equations has a significant impact on all the mechanical studied functions and does not affect the thermal function. The time-fractional parameter of Maxwell’s equations works as a resistance to deformation, displacement, stress, and induced magnetic field distributions, while it acts as a catalyst to the induced electric field through the material.
Balancing Privacy and Robustness in Prompt Learning for Large Language Models
Authors: Shi Chiyu , Su Junyu , Chu Chiawei , Wang Baoping , Feng Duanyang
Published: October 2024

This paper tackles the critical issue of privacy in Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems that process sensitive data by introducing a novel framework combining differential privacy and adversarial training. The proposed solution ensures formal privacy guarantees by minimizing the influence of individual data points on the model’s behavior, effectively preventing information leakage. Simultaneously, adversarial training is applied to strengthen model robustness against privacy attacks by exposing it to adversarial examples during training. The framework is rigorously evaluated across various NLP tasks, demonstrating its capability to balance privacy preservation with high utility effectively. These results mark a significant advancement in developing secure and reliable NLP systems, particularly for applications requiring stringent data confidentiality, such as healthcare and finance.
Order-Bounded Difference in Weighted Composition Operators Between Fock Spaces
Authors: Peng Xiao-Feng , Jiang Zhi-Jie
Published: October 2024

There are two aims in this paper. The first aim is to characterize the order-bounded weighted composition operators between Fock spaces, and the second is to further characterize the order-bounded difference in weighted composition operators between Fock spaces. At the same time, six examples are given to illustrate the relations between boundedness and ordered boundedness. Moreover, an interesting result is found that differences in weighted composition operators defined by some special weighted functions and symbol functions are order-bounded between Fock spaces if and only if each weighted composition operator is compact between Fock spaces. Finally, two open questions are also put forward for converting larger Fock spaces into smaller ones.
Neural Network Architectures and Magnetic Hysteresis: Overview and Comparisons
Authors: Licciardi Silvia , Ala Guido , Francomano Elisa , Viola Fabio , Lo Giudice Michele , Salvini Alessandro , Sargeni Fausto , Bertolini Vittorio , Di Schino Andrea , Faba Antonio
Published: October 2024

The development of innovative materials, based on the modern technologies and processes, is the key factor to improve the energetic sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of electrical equipment. In particular, the modeling of magnetic hysteresis is crucial for the design and construction of electrical and electronic devices. In recent years, additive manufacturing techniques are playing a decisive role in the project and production of magnetic elements and circuits for applications in various engineering fields. To this aim, the use of the deep learning paradigm, integrated with the most common models of the magnetic hysteresis process, has become increasingly present in recent years. The intent of this paper is to provide the features of a wide range of deep learning tools to be applied to magnetic hysteresis context and beyond. The possibilities of building neural networks in hybrid form are innumerable, so it is not plausible to illustrate them in a single paper, but in the present context, several neural networks used in the scientific literature, integrated with various hysteretic mathematical models, including the well-known Preisach model, are compared. It is shown that this hybrid approach not only improves the modeling of hysteresis by significantly reducing computational time and efforts, but also offers new perspectives for the analysis and prediction of the behavior of magnetic materials, with significant implications for the production of advanced devices.
Unlocking Market Potential: Strategic Consumer Segmentation and Dynamic Pricing for Balancing Loyalty and Deal Seeking
Authors: Gonen Limor Dina , Tavor Tchai , Spiegel Uriel
Published: October 2024

Background: This paper examines the economic implications of market segmentation on consumer purchasing behavior with a particular emphasis on intertemporal pricing strategies in dynamic markets. Methods: In order to analyze optimal discount rates and the timing for price reductions for consumer segments, including loyal and deal-prone customers, a detailed mathematical model was developed. The model incorporates theories of consumer behavior and pricing elasticity to simulate market responses to price changes throughout a product’s lifecycle. Results: This research indicates that market segmentation enhances sales by targeting the distinct preferences of loyal consumers, who are less price-sensitive and who stabilize revenue streams, and deal-prone consumers, who respond to price reductions. Customizing pricing strategies for loyal consumers and deal-prone consumers increases sales volumes and optimizes profitability. Conclusions: This research improves our comprehension of market segmentation and dynamic pricing, providing a practical framework for businesses to create effective pricing strategies that can be promptly implemented. It emphasizes the significance of understanding consumer behavior and price sensitivity in the interest of revenue promotion. This study also emphasizes the social implications of equitable pricing practices, promoting the implementation of transparent and value-based strategies to promote market inclusivity and consumer trust.
Existence of a Global Attractor for the Reaction–Diffusion Equation with Memory and Lower Regularity Terms
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Jin
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the large time behavior for the reaction–diffusion equation with memory and the forcing term g∈H−1(Ω). We prove the existence of a global attractor in L2(Ω)×Lμ2(R;H01(Ω)). Due to the lower regularity of g, one can hardly use the traditional energy estimates to derive the existence of a bounded absorbing set in the higher regularity space and then the compactness of the semigroup. Here, we utilize the contractive function method to establish the asymptotic smoothness of the semigroup.
Portfolio Selection with Hierarchical Isomorphic Risk Aversion
Authors: Chiu Wan-Yi
Published: October 2024

Researchers usually specify risk aversion coefficients from 1 (lowest) to M (highest) for a portfolio to indicate active or passive approaches. How effective is this practice? Recent studies suggest that the global minimum variance portfolio (GMVP) is statistically equivalent to portfolios with extensive risk aversion coefficients (the GMVP-equivalent). Expressing the risk aversion coefficient as a Taylor series of the target return and efficient set constants, we generalize the previous result to the non-GMVP-equivalents and segment mean-variance portfolios according to a hierarchy of risk aversion coefficients. In this paper, we show that hierarchical risk aversion coefficients are superior to isometric attributes.
Precipitation–Flotation Process for Molybdenum and Uranium Separation from Wastewater
Authors: Huang Yanfang , Yue Sa , Li Aohua , Sun Hu , Wang Yizhuang , Bu Qunzhen , Liu Bingbing , Han Guihong
Published: October 2024

The mining of molybdenum and uranium ores inevitably results in the generation of large volumes of wastewater containing low concentrations of metals, which poses significant threats to the environment. This study presents a novel precipitation–flotation process for the simultaneous separation of molybdenum and uranium from wastewater. A systematic investigation was conducted on the impacts of the type of precipitant, flotation reagent type, and flotation parameters on the experimental results. Ferric salt served better as a precipitant than aluminum salt and humic acid did, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was more suitable than sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate for acting as a surfactant and foaming agent. Under specific conditions, including a pH of 6.6, an Fe3+ dosage of 0.6 mmol·L−1, an SDS dosage of 40 mg·L−1, an air flow rate of 25 mL·min−1, and a flotation time of 10 min, the removal efficiencies of molybdenum and uranium reached 96.6% and 93.6%, respectively. After flotation, the molybdenum concentration, uranium concentration, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity of the treated water all meet the emission standards. Furthermore, the metal removal mechanisms, including the particle size distribution, functional group structure, surface element composition, microstructure, and element distribution, were elucidated on the basis of characterization of the precipitation–flotation products.
Dose–Response Relationship Between Serum 25(OH)D and the Risk of Abnormal Glycemic Status in Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Li Yuting , Chen Jing , Man Qingqing , Wang Rui , Mao Deqian , Li Min , Zhang Jian , Hu Yichun , Yang Lichen
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: The relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitaminD (25(OH)D) concentration and the risk of abnormal glycemic status remains contradictory. Whether sufficient 25(OH)D plays a role in reducing the risk of diabetes and prediabetes is debatable. Its dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold are not clear. This study investigated the relationship between serum 25(OH)D and the risk of abnormal glycemic status to explore the optimal cut-off value. Methods: This study included 5856 Chinese older adults aged 60 years and above from the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Survey (CACDNS 2015–2017). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was measured via an enzyme-linked immuosorbent assay. Abnormal glycemic status in the present study includes diabetes and prediabetes. Statistical methods such as a locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplot (LOESS), restricted cubic spline regression (RCS) and binary and trend logistic regression were used to explore the dose–response relationship and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold. Results: The concentration of 25(OH)D was nonlinearly related to the levels of FPG and HbA1C in the LOESS curves. The nonlinear relation between 25(OH)D and the risk of diabetes and prediabetes was illustrated in the RCS curves and the optimal 25(OH)D threshold beneficial for diabetes was preliminarily explored to be 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold for prediabetes was found. The dose–response results showed that for each 1 ng/mL increase in 25(OH)D, the risk of the fasting glucose type of diabetes reduced by 2.1%, the risk of the abnormal HbA1C type of diabetes reduced by 2.2% and the risk of the mixed type of diabetes reduced by 1.7%, whereas a dose–response relationship was not found for prediabetes. Conclusions: Higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Chinese older adults were associated with a reduced risk of glycemic abnormalities. The optimal 25(OH)D cut-off value was sufficiently beneficial if the diseased diabetes risk was 29.06 ng/mL, but no threshold was found for prediabetes.
Serum Irisin, Myostatin, and Myonectin Correlate with Metabolic Health Markers, Liver Disease Progression, and Blood Pressure in Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Hypertension
Authors: Sheptulina Anna F. , Mamutova Elvira M. , Elkina Anastasia Yu. , Timofeev Yuriy S. , Metelskaya Victoria A. , Kiselev Anton R. , Drapkina Oxana M.
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Recent data indicate the involvement of skeletal muscles in the regulation of metabolism and in the pathogenesis of chronic noncommunicable diseases. The goal of our study was to describe the serum concentrations of myokines in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and hypertension (HTN) and their correlation with laboratory parameters, blood pressure (BP), and MASLD severity. Methods: A total of 67 patients with MASLD and HTN underwent anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and point shear-wave elastography. The serum concentrations of myokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Patients with detectable serum myonectin concentrations had significantly higher maximum systolic blood pressure (p = 0.022) and higher blood levels of uric acid (p = 0.029). Serum irisin concentration ≥ 6.1 μg/mL was associated with higher FLI values (p = 0.042) and liver stiffness (p = 0.034), as well as with slightly higher waist circumference (p = 0.082) and triglyceride level (p = 0.062). Patients with serum myostatin concentration ≥ 4.98 ng/mL were significantly older (p = 0.033) and had a lower blood albumin level (p = 0.043). Conclusions: In conclusion, the myokine profile in patients with MASLD and HTN correlates both with the severity of MASLD and the parameters characteristic of metabolic health, suggesting the possible contribution of altered irisin, myonectin, and myostatin concentrations to the occurrence of cardiometabolic risks in patients with MASLD.
Flowing Liquid Crystal Torons Around Obstacles
Authors: Santos Júlio P. A. , Sedahmed Mahmoud , Coelho Rodrigo C. V. , Telo da Gama Margarida M.
Published: October 2024

Liquid crystal torons, localized topological structures, are known for their stability and dynamic behaviour in response to external stimuli, making them attractive for advanced material applications. In this study, we investigate the flow of torons in chiral nematic liquid crystals around obstacles. We simulate the fluid flow and director field interactions using a hybrid numerical method combining lattice Boltzmann and finite difference techniques. Our results reveal that the toron dynamical behaviour depends strongly on the impact parameter from the obstacle. At impact parameters smaller than half cholesteric pitch, the flowing toron is destabilized by the interaction with the obstacle; otherwise, the flowing toron follows a trajectory with a deflection which decays exponentially with the impact parameter. Additionally, we explore the scattering of torons by multiple obstacles, providing insights into how the dynamics of these structures respond to complex environments.
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructures with Anti-Reflection and Superhydrophobicity on the Silicon Surface Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Duan Junyu , Long Gui , Xu Xu , Liu Weiming , Li Chuankun , Chen Liang , Zhang Jianguo , Xiao Junfeng
Published: October 2024

In this paper, hierarchical micro/nano structures composed of periodic microstructures, laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), and nanoparticles were fabricated by femtosecond laser processing (LP). A layer of hydrophobic species was formed on the micro/nano structures through perfluorosilane modification (PM). The reflectivity and hydrophobicity’s influence mechanisms of structural height, duty cycle, and size are experimentally elucidated. The average reflectivity of the silicon surface in the visible light band is reduced to 3.0% under the optimal parameters, and the surface exhibits a large contact angle of 172.3 ± 0.8° and a low sliding angle of 4.2 ± 1.4°. Finally, the durability of the anti-reflection and superhydrophobicity is also confirmed. This study deepens our understanding of the principles of anti-reflection and superhydrophobicity and expands the design and preparation methods for self-cleaning and anti-reflective surfaces.
Fabrication and Characterization of Biocompatible Multilayered Elastomer Hybrid with Enhanced Water Permeation Resistance for Packaging of Implantable Biomedical Devices
Authors: An Dae Hyeok , Kang Hee Cheol , Lim Jun Woo , Kim Junho , Lee Hojin , Jeong Jae Hyun , Park Sung-Min , Chung Jae Woo
Published: October 2024

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of hexadecyl-modified SiO2 (HD-SiO2) nanoparticles and their application in the fabrication of a multilayered elastomer hybrid sheet to enhance water resistance in implantable biomedical devices. The surface modification of SiO2 nanoparticles was confirmed via FT-IR and TGA analyses, showing the successful grafting of hydrophobic hexadecyl groups. FE-SEM and DLS analyses revealed spherical HD-SiO2 nanoparticles with an average size of 360 nm. A multilayered elastomer hybrid sheet, consisting of a PDMS-based circuit-protecting body, a water resistance layer of HD-SiO2, a planarization layer, and a biocompatible layer of polydopamine, was fabricated and characterized. The water resistance layer exhibited superhydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle of 154.7° and a 27% reduction in water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) compared to the circuit-protecting body alone. The device packaged with both the circuit-protecting body and water resistance layer demonstrated a tenfold increase in operational lifespan in water medium compared to the device without the water resistance layer. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation tests on human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFn) confirmed the biocompatibility of the multilayered sheet, with no significant cytotoxicity observed over 48 h.
Alteration of the Intestinal Bacterial Community in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): The Role of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diets
Authors: Chervochkina Aleksandra S. , Pastukhova Nadezhda O. , Aksenov Andrey S.
Published: October 2024

Intestinal bacterial community in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is increasingly recognized as important for aquaculture and fish health. This review summarizes the current knowledge on how various feed components, including animal- and plant-derived ingredients, as well as other feed additives, influence the gut microbiota of rainbow trout. Studies using 16S rRNA gene profiling and metagenomics demonstrate how dietary changes affect the composition, diversity, and functionality of bacterial communities. The findings suggest that there is no single optimal alternative ingredient for fish feeds, but emphasize that the ratio of natural components plays a more significant role in shaping the intestinal bacterial community of trout. This balance is crucial for maintaining diversity, functionality, and overall fish health, thereby promoting growth and disease resistance, while enhancing aquaculture efficiency. The use of popular animal protein derived from the larva of Hermetia illucens increases the amount of Pseudomonadota, but the chitin they contain can prevent the absorption of nutrients. Thus, the development of optimal feed formulas requires careful selection and balancing of various natural ingredients to sustain a healthy microbiota and overall fish well-being.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factors, and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella from Wenzhou, China
Authors: Jin Yafang , Li Yi , Huang Shaojie , Hong Chengji , Feng Xucong , Cai Huidi , Xia Yanmei , Li Shengkai , Zhang Leyi , Lou Yongliang , Guan Wanchun
Published: October 2024

Salmonella species are important foodborne pathogens worldwide. Salmonella pathogenicity is associated with multiple virulence factors and enhanced antimicrobial resistance. To determine the molecular characteristics and genetic correlations of Salmonella, 24 strains of Salmonella isolated from different sources (raw poultry, human stool, and food) in the Wenzhou area were investigated to determine the distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Aminoglycoside resistance genes were detected in all samples. Over half of the samples found antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and point mutations for several clinically frequently used antibiotic, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, and quinolones. Of these strains, 62.5% were predicted to be multidrug-resistant (MDR). The quinolone-modifying enzyme gene aac(6’)-Ib-cr, detected in five samples (S1–S4 and S10), was located on integrons. The analysis of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI) profiles suggests that serotypes with close genetic relationships share the same distribution of virulence factors, revealing a link between genotype and SPI profiles. cgMLST analysis indicated that five isolates S14–S18 were closely related to strains originating from the United Kingdom, suggesting that they may share a common origin. Data from this study may enrich the molecular traceability database for Salmonella and provide a basis for effective public health policies.
Research on the Detection Principle of Coal Ash by X-Ray Transmission Based on FLUKA
Authors: Liu Haizeng , Liu Jiake
Published: October 2024

This study addresses the timely and accurate measurement of coal ash content by proposing a detection model based on nuclear science technology, which is validated using FLUKA 4-4.0 simulation software. The background provided highlights the fact that coal ash content is a critical sales indicator, and its precise measurement is essential for adjusting production parameters in coal preparation plants. In terms of methodology, this study employs the widely used FLUKA4-4.0 software in the field of nuclear physics to simulate X-ray transmission through coal, investigating the impact of changes in coal type on the accuracy of ash measurements. The results indicate that, when the proportions of high-atomic-number elements in coal remain constant, the ash measurement results are accurate and reliable. However, significant fluctuations occur when these proportions change. The conclusion emphasizes the fact that variations in coal type are the primary cause of inaccuracies in ash measurement, particularly when the ratios of high-atomic-number elements are altered. This research provides a new perspective on the online measurement of coal ash content and offers theoretical support for improving measurement accuracy.
Reusable SERS Platform of Femtosecond Laser Processed Substrate for Detection of Malachite Green
Authors: Lun Yinghao , Zhao Bing , Geng Yuanhai , Du Wenhan , Zhao Xiaona , Wang Xuan
Published: October 2024

This study presents the development of highly efficient Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates through femtosecond (fs) laser processing of crystalline silicon (Si), resulting in mountain-like microstructures. These microstructures, when decorated with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), exhibit remarkable SERS performance due to the creation of concentrated hotspots. The enhanced Raman signals originate from the excitation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the Au NPs and the multi-scale rough morphology of the Si substrates. Finite-element method simulations confirm the electromagnetic field enhancement in narrow gaps, supporting the experimental observations. The fabricated substrates show high uniformity, oxidation resistance, long-term stability, and exceptional reproducibility, making them ideal for molecular detection, especially in food safety applications. A remarkable enhancement factor (EF) of 1010 is attained in the detection of Malachite Green (MG), boasting a limit of detection (LoD) as low as 10−14 M. This underscores the immense potential of this technique for achieving highly sensitive and dependable SERS-based sensing capabilities.
Sustainable Synthesis of New Antioxidants from Hydroxytyrosol by Direct Biocatalytic Esterification in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Nieto Susana , Lozano Inmaculada , Ruiz Francisco J. , Costa Jose F. , Villa Rocio , Lozano Pedro
Published: October 2024

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a nutraceutical compound, mainly found in the fruit, leaves and waste from the olive oil industry, known for exhibiting one of the highest antioxidant activities among molecules of natural origin. To harness this bioactivity in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and the food industry, it is essential to modify the hydrophilicity of HT to enhance its compatibility with lipid-based mixtures. This chemical modification must be carried out with high selectivity to avoid compromising its radical scavenging activity. This work presents a highly efficient and selective approach to perform the biocatalytic esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) of different alkyl chain lengths with HT in a reaction medium based on the SLIL [C12mim][NTf2]. By using a 1:2 (mol/mol) HT:FFA mixture of substrates, the HT-monoester derivative was obtained up to 77% yield after 2 h at 80 °C. The optimized molar ratio of substrates, combined with the ability to recover the SLIL for further reuse, significantly reduces waste accumulation compared to other reported strategies and results in a more sustainable approach as demonstrated by different green metrics. The antioxidant activity of HT-monoester products was fully maintained with respect to that presented by the natural HT, being stable for at least 3 months at 4 °C, as demonstrated by the DPPH and FRAP antioxidant analysis.
Alkaloids with Their Protective Effects Against Aβ25-35-Induced PC-12 Cell Injury from the Tubers of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott
Authors: Chen Xu , Cao Yangang , Ye Kaili , Liu Yanling , Chi Fangge , Niu Ying , Lu Di , Zhao Bingxian , Chen Lan , Zheng Xiaoke , Feng Weisheng
Published: October 2024

Seven new alkaloids [1, (±)-2, (±)-3, 4, and 5] and one new natural product (6), along with eight known analogues, were isolated from the tubers of Pinellia pedatisecta Schott. Their structures were determined by a comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). In addition, the results of the bioactivity evaluation showed that compounds (±)-3, 6, and 9 exhibited significantly protective effects against Aβ25-35-induced PC-12 cell injury and ameliorated cell viabilities by decreasing the levels of the reactive oxidative species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP).
Molybdenum-Oxide-Modified PEDOT:PSS as Efficient Hole Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Fan Pu , Zhou Zhipeng , Tian Jianghao , Yu Junsheng
Published: October 2024

Over the last ten years, there has been a remarkable enhancement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiohene):poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) emerging as a prevalent choice for the hole transport layer (HTL). Nevertheless, the evolution of the widely utilized PEDOT:PSS HTL has not kept pace with the swift advancements in PSC technology, attributed to its suboptimal electrical conductivity, acidic nature, and inadequate electron-blocking performance. This study presents a novel approach to enhance the HTL by introducing molybdenum oxide (MoO3) into the PEDOT:PSS, leveraging the conductivity and solution processing compatibility of MoO3. Two methods for MoO3 integration were explored: an ammonium molybdate tetrahydrate (AMT) precursor and the direct addition of MoO3 nanoparticles. The carrier dynamics of PSCs modified by MoO3 are significantly optimized. Therefore, the PCE of the device modified by AMT and molybdenum oxide is increased to 18.23 and 19.64%, respectively, and the stability of the device is also improved. This study emphasizes the potential of MoO3 in contributing to the development of more efficient and stable PSCs.
Synthesis of a Small Library of Glycoderivative Putative Ligands of SGLT1 and Preliminary Biological Evaluation
Authors: D’Orazio Giuseppe , La Ferla Barbara
Published: October 2024

Sodium–glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) is primarily expressed on the membrane of enterocytes, a type of epithelial cell found in the intestines, where it mediates the unidirectional absorption of glucose and galactose. Beyond its well-established role in nutrient absorption, SGLT1 also plays a protective role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Specifically, the natural ligand of SGLT1 (d-glucose) and a synthetic C-glucoside developed by our group can induce a protective anti-inflammatory effect on the intestinal epithelium. In this paper, we report the creation of a small library of C-glycoside, putative ligands for SGLT1, to gain further insights into its unclear mechanism of action. Preliminary biological experiments performed on an in vitro model of doxorubicin-induced mucositis, a severe intestinal inflammatory condition, indicate that the aromatic moiety present in all the compounds of the library is crucial for biological activity, while the sugar component appears to have less influence. These findings will be exploited to develop new, more potent anti-inflammatory compounds and to better understand and rationalize the protective mechanism of action.
Smart Cancer-Targeting and Super-Sensitive Sensing of Eu3+/Tb3+-Induced Hyaluronan Characteristic Nano-Micelles with Effective Drug Loading and Release
Authors: Bi Yupeng , Li Longlong , Liu Jin , Wang Yao , Wang Boying , Wang Yanxin , Snow Christopher D. , Li Jun , Kipper Matt J. , Belfiore Laurence A. , Tang Jianguo
Published: October 2024

To avoid the critical problems of effective drugs not being carried to their targeted cancers and their quantity and location not being sensed in situ, this work presents a completely new innovative strategy to achieve both smart cancer targeting (SCT) and super-sensitive sensing (SSS), where one drug carrier works for effective drug loading and release. Herein, malignant melanoma treatment is used as an example of reliable detection and effective therapy. We report two characteristic dumbbell-like nano-micelles and spherical-like nano-micelles of hyaluronan induced by the Eu3+/Tb3+ complexes for effective drug loading and release, respectively. These special Eu3+/Tb3+-loaded nano-micelles (marked as ENM and TNM) have strong and sharp red/green luminescence that can sensitively detect the malignant melanoma drug dacarbazine through changes in fluorescence intensity. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that both ENM and TNM are not toxic to normal cells at very high concentrations of 4 mM. However, when loaded with cancer drugs (D-ENM and D-ENM), they both killed cancer cells with more than 40% efficacy at this concentration. The in vivo experiments confirmed that D-ENM and D-TNM can effectively target cancer cells in tissue and effectively impede cancer growth. The detection limits of ENM and TNM in sensing cancer drugs can reach 0.456 μg/mL and 0.139 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the reported Eu3+/Tb3+-induced hyaluronan nano-micelles (ENM and TNM) are distinguished carriers of this cancer drug and excellent in situ sensors, and they have highly therapeutic effects with extremely low toxicity to normal cells.
Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks with Carbazole-Embedded Frameworks Facilitate Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Processes
Authors: Xiao Yuchen , Wei Shanyue , Wu Xiaowei , Lu Canzhong
Published: October 2024

Catalytic technologies are pivotal in enhancing energy efficiency, promoting clean energy production, and reducing energy consumption in the chemical industry. The pursuit of novel catalysts for renewable energy is a long-term goal for researchers. In this work, we synthesized three two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) featuring electron-rich carbazole-based architectures and evaluated their catalytic performance in photocatalytic organic reactions and electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Pyrene-functionalized COF, termed as FCTD-TAPy, demonstrated excellent photocatalytic performance for amino oxidation coupling and showed a remarkable preference for substrates with electron-withdrawing groups (up to >99% Conv. and >99% Sel). Furthermore, FCTD-TAPy favored a four-electron transfer pathway during the ORR and exhibited favorable reaction kinetics (51.07 mV/dec) and a high turnover frequency (0.011 s−1). In contrast, the ORR of benzothiadiazole-based FCTD-TABT favored a two-electron transfer pathway, which exhibited a maximum double-layer capacitance of 14.26 mF cm−2, a Tafel slope of 53.01 mV/dec, and a hydrogen peroxide generation rate of 70.3 mmol g−1 h−1. This work underscores the potential of carbazole-based COFs as advanced catalytic materials and offers new insights into the design of metal-free COFs for enhanced catalytic performance.
Theoretical Investigation of Interconversion Pathways and Intermediates in Hydride/Silyl Exchange of Niobocene Hydride–Silyl Complexes: A DFT Study Incorporating Conformational Search and Interaction Region Indicator (IRI) Analysis
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Kishimoto Naoki
Published: October 2024

Niobocene hydride–silyl complexes exhibit intriguing structural characteristics with the potential for direct hydride/silyl exchange, where hydride migration plays a crucial role during conformational interconversion. In this study, quantum chemical calculations were utilized to investigate the transformation pathways involved in hydride/silyl exchange in niobocene trihydride complexes with various dichlorosilanes, including SiCl2Me2, SiCl2iPr2, and SiCl2MePh ligands. The conformational changes and hydride shifts within these niobocene hydride–silyl complexes were examined, and key intermediates were identified. Electronic wavefunction analysis provided insights into the coordination configurations and the nature of inter-ligand interactions. Interaction region indicator (IRI) analysis revealed Van der Waals interactions between chloride atoms and cyclopentadienyl rings, as well as between chloride atoms and Me, iPr, and Ph groups. Notably, distinct interactions between hydride ligands, including those from Si-H moieties and coordinated hydrogen atoms, were observed. Both lateral and central conformations, with respect to silicon coordination to the niobium center, were considered. This study enhances the understanding of intermediate conformations in the hydride/silyl exchange process and provides a detailed characterization of inter-ligand interactions, offering valuable insights for analyzing metallocene complexes with organic ligand coordination.
Adsorption Properties of Metal Atom (Co, V, W, Zr)-Modified MoTe2 for CO, CH3CHO, and C6H6 Gases: A DFT Study
Authors: Xiao Weizhong , Wang Zixuan , Gui Yingang
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the adsorption characteristics of the pristine MoTe2 monolayer and the metal atom (Co, V, W, Zr)-modified MoTe2 monolayer on the hazardous gases CO, CH3CHO, and C6H6 based on the density functional theory. The adsorption mechanism was studied from the perspectives of molecular density differences, band structures, molecular orbitals, and the density of states. Research analysis showed that the changes in conductivity caused by the adsorption of different gases on the substrate were significantly different, which can be used to prepare gas sensing materials with selective sensitivity for CO, CH3CHO, and C6H6. This study lays a reliable theoretical foundation for the gas sensing analysis of toxic and hazardous gases using metal atom-modified MoTe2 materials.