bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SİYASAL PAZARLAMA VE SİYASAL İLETİŞİMDE POST-TRUTH: DONALD TRUMP ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: YILMAZ Aykut , YOLCU Tarık , ÖZKAYNAR Kürşad , AYKAÇ Ömer Sezai
Published: September 2020

Özet
Siyaset, var olduğu günden günümüze dek, güçlerin çatışma alanı olmuştur. Postmodernizmin de etkisi ile değerler aşınmış, kavramlar anlamlarını yitirmiş, içerikleri boşalmıştır. Anlamı kayan veya önemsizleşen kavramlara örnek olarak “gerçek”, “doğru”, “hakikat” gibi kavramları gösterebilmekteyiz.
Daha fazla güç elde etmek için mevcut gücü ve kaynakları kullanma tercihi ise kültürden kültüre, toplumdan topluma değişmektedir. Her ne kadar ahlak, dürüstlük, şeffaflık gibi değerler üzerinden siyaset yapıldığı söylense de çağın gerçekleri ve siyaset ortamı düşünüldüğünde bu durumun uygulamada giderek değiştiği gözlenebilmektedir. Hatta Machiavelli ile bu durum kuramsallaşmış ve kurumsallaşmıştır.
Machiavelli, “hedefe giden yolda her yol mubahtır” derken insanın bencil olduğunu, çıkarcı olduğunu, haliyle bu insanlardan meydana gelen topluma da liderlik edebilmek için pragmatist davranılması, bencil olunması gerektiğini savunmaktaydı. Bu tarzın temsilcisi günümüzde 8 Kasım 2016 tarihindeki seçimlerde, Cumhuriyetçi Parti’nin adayı olarak seçimlere giren ve kazanarak günümüz Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı olan Donald Trump olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır.
Çalışmamızın amacı, siyasal pazarlama ve siyasal iletişim kapsamında Trump’ın çarpıttığı gerçekler karşısında toplumun tavrı ve bu söylemlerin etkisini incelemektir. Bu bağlamda Donald Trump örneğinden yola çıkarak doğruların önemsizleştiği bir dünyanın çerçevesini çizmeye çalışmak da bu çalışmanın ulaşmak istediği sonuçlardandır.
Çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelemesi metodu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri olarak, New York Times gazetesinde de yayınlanan Trump’a ait tespit edilmiş çarpıttığı gerçek beyanlar örnek olarak verilmiştir.
Ayrıca doğruların önemsizleşmesine örnek olarak Trump seçilmeden önce kendisi ile ilgili dürüstlük anketleri de çalışma içerisinde yer almıştır.
Description of Mother's Knowledge About the Growth and Development of Toddlers Ages 1-5 Years at the Village Maternity Cottage
Authors: Ismawati Ismawati , Riana Hernah , Haslan Hasliana
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge of mothers about the growth and development of toddlers aged 1-5 years at the village polindes (Village Maternity Cottage). Huko-Huko Village, Kec. Pomalaa. This type of research is descriptive with a population of 227. The sample of this study is the number of mothers who have children aged 1-5 years in Huko-huko Village in 2019, namely as many as 69. In determining the number of samples, the technique used is purposive sampling. This uses data obtained through a questionnaire. The results showed the level of knowledge about the growth and development of toddlers aged 1-5 years in Huko-huko Village in 2019 most of them had good knowledge as many as 37 people (53.62%) this shows the level of knowledge about the growth and development of toddlers aged 1-5 years in the village The shophouses of 2019 are well-informed. The government and health cadres must always be able to provide counseling to mothers of toddlers regarding infant growth and development.
The challenge of inclusive dialogic teaching in public secondary school
Authors: Rapanta Chrysi , Garcia-Mila Mercè , Remesal Ana , Gonçalves Cláudia
Published: September 2020

The challenge of creating more inclusive public schools addressing the needs of the 21st century Knowledge Society is a major one. In this paper, we focus on inclusion as a dialogical process to be adopted and developed by teachers and students alike in any classroom. The idea of inclusive dialogic teaching is explained and operationalised in an inclusive dialogic curriculum focusing on cultural literacy learning dispositions. In this study, which is part of a multi-country European project, eight Spanish and Portuguese secondary school teachers and their students participated in eight sessions performing dialogic lesson plans. Teachers attended two professional development sessions, one at the beginning of the project and another one later on. Classroom discourse data from sessions #3 and #8 were collected and analyzed using a pre-constructed coding scheme. The findings show a slight improvement in dialogicity from session #3 to session #8 with a persisting resistance from teachers to be more cumulative in their discourse. These findings confirm previous work showing that dialogic teaching is acquired gradually, and even when there are changes in teachers’ stance being more inclusive and inviting towards students, these changes do not necessarily represent a radical shift in the teaching methods towards being more student-centered.

El reto de promover escuelas públicas más inclusivas que aborden las necesidades de la Sociedad del Conocimiento del siglo XXI es importante. En este artículo nos centramos en la inclusión como un proceso de diálogo que tanto docentes como estudiantes deben adoptar y desarrollar por igual en las aulas. La idea de la enseñanza dialógica inclusiva se explica y operacionaliza en un currículo dialógico inclusivo centrado en las disposiciones de alfabetización cultural. En este estudio, que forma parte de un proyecto europeo de varios países, ocho docentes de secundaria españoles y portugueses y sus estudiantes participaron en ocho sesiones que implementan planes de lecciones dialógicas. El profesorado asistió a dos sesiones de desarrollo profesional, una al comienzo del proyecto y otra más adelante. Los datos del discurso en el aula de las sesiones n.º 3 y n.º 8 se recopilaron y analizaron utilizando un protocolo de codificación validado. Los resultados muestran una ligera mejora en la dialogicidad de la sesión n.º 3 a la sesión n.º 8 con una resistencia persistente de los docentes para ser más acumulativos en su discurso. Estos hallazgos confirman el trabajo previo que muestra que la enseñanza dialógica se desarrolla gradualmente e incluso cuando la postura del profesorado pasa a ser más inclusiva y atractiva para el alumnado, este cambio no representa necesariamente un cambio radical en los métodos de enseñanza centrados en el alumnado.
Aggressiveness, instability and social-emotional education in an inclusive environment
Authors: Tur-Porcar Ana-M. , Llorca-Mestre Anna , Mestre-Escrivá Vicenta
Published: September 2020

In the context of inclusive schools, social-emotional learning encourages student involvement in classroom life and is related to a decrease in maladaptive behaviour. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of a social-emotional education program on aggressiveness and emotional instability in childhood. Participants were 555 children aged 7 to 12 years (M=9.2 and SD=1.5), 55.5% boys and 45.5% girls. The children were students of primary education at six public schools in Valencia (Spain). The sample was distributed into an experimental group (317 children; 57.2% of the total participating population) and a control group (238 children). The teachers of the experimental group received training to implement the program in class. The teachers of the control group received no training and did not apply the program. The results in the pre-test and posttest phases in both groups are analysed. In the pretest phase, significant differences appeared between the groups: the experimental group showed higher levels of aggressiveness and emotional instability than the control group. In the post-test phase, aggressiveness and emotional instability decreased significantly in the experimental group (medium-high effect size), whilst aggressiveness and emotional instability increased in the control group. The effects of the program on the students are discussed further.

En el marco de la escuela inclusiva, el aprendizaje socioemocional y personalizado fomenta la implicación del alumnado en la vida del aula y se relaciona con la disminución de la conducta desadaptativa. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de un programa de educación socioemocional en la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en la infancia. Han participado 555 niños/as de 7 a 12 años (M=9,2 y DT=1,5), 55,5% niños y 45,5% niñas. Estudian Educación Primaria en seis colegios públicos del área metropolitana de Valencia (España). La muestra se ha distribuido en un grupo experimental (317 niños/as; 57,2% de la población total participante) y un grupo control (238 niños/as; 42,8% del total). El profesorado del grupo experimental recibió formación para implementar el programa en clase. El profesorado del grupo control no recibió formación ni aplicó el programa. Se analizan los resultados en la fase pretest y postest en ambos grupos. En la fase pretest, aparecen diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos: el grupo experimental muestra niveles más altos en agresividad e inestabilidad emocional que el grupo control. En la fase postest bajan significativamente la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en el grupo experimental, con un tamaño del efecto medio-alto; mientras que en el grupo control suben la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional. Se discuten los efectos del programa en el alumnado.
ICT and knowledge management in Teaching and Engineering Students
Authors: Ferrero-de-Lucas Elena , Cantón-Mayo Isabel , Menéndez-Fernández Marta , Escapa-González Adrián , Bernardo-Sánchez Antonio
Published: September 2020

The integration of Knowledge Management (KM) in various fields, including academia and business, has been fostered by the promotion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The aim of this study was, on the one hand, to understand the key processes of KM in students of the Faculty of Education and the School of Engineering in a Spanish university, and, on the other hand, to evaluate the extent to which ICTs serve as support to these processes. To this end, the designed and validated MAINGC questionnaire was administered to 200 students who entered university in the 2018-2019 academic year. Fourteen ICT tools and four dimensions of KM were analyzed: information management, transformation of information into knowledge, management of the resulting learning, and ICT tools for KM support. The results showed differentiated patterns of technology use and perceptions of KM according to sex, age and degree. Indeed, education degree students reported higher perceptions of competence in KM processes compared to engineering students. Participants’ responses regarding ICT tools suggested that the use of these tools has not yet been fully integrated into KM processes and revealed that both groups of students showed different patterns of use within the academic environment.

La integración de la Gestión del Conocimiento (GC) en diversos ámbitos tanto académicos como empresariales se ha visto favorecida gracias al impulso de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). El objeto de esta investigación ha sido, por un lado, conocer los procesos clave de la GC en estudiantes de la Facultad de Educación y de la Escuela de Ingenierías en una universidad española, y, por otro lado, evaluar en qué medida las TIC sirven como apoyo a estos procesos. Para ello se aplicó el cuestionario diseñado y validado MAINGC a 200 estudiantes que accedieron a la universidad en el curso 2018-2019. Se analizaron catorce herramientas TIC y cuatro dimensiones de GC: gestión de la información, transformación de la información en conocimiento, gestión del aprendizaje resultante y herramientas TIC en apoyo a la GC. Los resultados muestran patrones diferenciados en el uso de la tecnología y de la percepción de la GC en función del género, la edad y la titulación. Así, se observó que los estudiantes de Magisterio se sienten más capacitados que los de Ingeniería en relación con los procesos de GC. Referido al uso de herramientas TIC, las respuestas ofrecidas por los estudiantes encuestados sugieren que su empleo no está todavía totalmente integrado en los procesos de GC y que existen diferencias en los patrones de uso por parte de ambos grupos dentro el entorno académico.
News consumption and risk perception of Covid-19 in Spain
Authors: Mora-Rodríguez Alberto , Melero-López Inmaculada
Published: September 2020

Spain is one of the countries that has been most severely affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. In times of uncertainty and stress, the media plays an important role in disseminating information. This study establishes which factors affected risk perception regarding the Coronavirus, which factors determined trust in the measures taken by the Government, and how the presentation of information influenced the spread of fake news. To answer these questions an online survey was created and was completed by 2,034 people from different autonomous communities in Spain, using two multiple linear regression models, as well as different bivariate techniques for parametric statistical analysis. The data shows increased risk perception among the sectors with greater exposure to news about the Coronavirus. A second conclusion refers to the role played by an individual's pre-existing political biases, such as ideology, and their effects on the trust placed in the measures adopted by the Government. In addition, the analysis conducted shows that sectors that follow the news more closely are not immune to the spread of fake news. This research highlights the importance of communication in risk perception and the need to conduct further research in this field, in terms of the psychological, social, and economic implications of this phenomenon.

España ha sido uno de los países más azotados por la pandemia de la Covid-19. En un contexto de incertidumbre y estrés, los medios de comunicación desempeñan un papel relevante en la difusión de información. En esta investigación se determinan qué factores influyeron en la percepción del riesgo ante el Coronavirus, qué elementos condicionaron la confianza en las medidas adoptadas por el ejecutivo, y cómo influyó la exposición informativa a la propagación de fake news. Para responder a las cuestiones se realizó un cuestionario online en el que participaron 2.034 personas de diferentes comunidades autónomas de España, poniéndose a prueba dos modelos de regresión lineal múltiple, además de diferentes técnicas bivariadas de análisis estadístico paramétrico. Los datos evidencian una mayor percepción del riesgo entre los sectores con mayor exposición informativa a noticias sobre el Coronavirus. Una segunda conclusión referencia el papel que desempeñan las predisposiciones políticas previas del individuo, como la ideología, en la confianza que inspiran las medidas adoptadas por el Gobierno. Asimismo, los análisis realizados muestran que los sectores que realizan un mayor seguimiento informativo no son inmunes a la propagación de fake news. Esta investigación pone de manifiesto la importancia que desempeña la comunicación en la percepción del riesgo, y la necesidad de ahondar en este campo, por las implicaciones psicológicas, sociales y económicas que implica dicho fenómeno.
Presidential Twitter in the face of COVID-19: Between populism and pop politics
Authors: Manfredi-Sánchez Juan-Luis , Amado-Suárez Adriana , Waisbord Silvio
Published: September 2020

This paper analyses the use of Twitter as a presidential communication channel during the first few months of the COVID-19 crisis. The aim is to determine how four recently elected presidents (those of Spain, Argentina, Mexico and Brazil) managed their political communication, and to explore the thesis that they resorted to populist messages during the first months of their terms in office. Using a qualitative methodology and the XL Node tool to capture data, a comparative analysis was performed on the messages posted on their personal Twitter accounts during the first 20 weeks of 2020, classified in six categories: polarization; conspiracy; exaltation and leadership; personalisation and privacy; emotions and feelings; and media publicity. The results indicate that the four presidents share populist traits, but to a different extent. López Obrador and Bolsonaro display a more populist profile, with emotional appeals to the people and to their saving action as regards the implementation of health policies. Conversely, Alberto Fernández and Pedro Sánchez are more akin to the pop politician profile, posting photographs and media messages with a view to receiving press coverage. Both post tweets, based on values and historical events, aimed at their grassroots supporters. The main conclusion is that the pandemic has enhanced the presidential and personalist profiles of the four leaders, although their actions during the COVID-19 crisis were not necessarily in keeping with the populist paradigm. Thus, Sánchez and Bolsonaro implemented a health management communication strategy, while López Obrador and Fernández paid scant attention to health policy.

El trabajo analiza el uso de Twitter como canal de comunicación presidencialista en el periodo inicial de la COVID-19. El objetivo es conocer el manejo de cuatro presidentes (España, Argentina, México y Brasil) y analizar la tesis del presidencialismo populista en líderes en su primera mitad de mandato. El método es cualitativo y compara los mensajes de la cuenta personal de Twitter las primeras 20 semanas de 2020. Se analizan en seis categorías: polarización, conspiración, exaltación y liderazgo carismático, personalización y vida privada, emoción y sentimientos, y publicidad en medios. Los cuatro presidentes comparten rasgos populistas, pero en distinto grado o caracterización. López Obrador y Bolsonaro ofrecen un perfil más populista con apelaciones emotivas al pueblo y su acción sanitaria salvífica. En cambio, Alberto Fernández y Pedro Sánchez responden al perfil de política pop, de liderazgo mediatizado para que la prensa amplifique sus logros. Se concluye que la pandemia ha acentuado el perfil presidencialista y personalista, aun cuando no encajen en el paradigma populista. Así, Sánchez y Bolsonaro sí despliegan una estrategia de comunicación de gestión sanitaria, mientras que López Obrador y Fernández apenas prestan atención a la política sanitaria.
Media representation of minors who migrate on their own: The 'MENA' in the Spanish press
Authors: Gómez-Quintero Juan-David , Aguerri Jesús-C. , Gimeno-Monterde Chabier
Published: September 2020

This article analyses Spanish media treatment of a certain type of immigrant: the unaccompanied foreign minor ('MENA' in Spanish). The media play an important role in creating and disseminating ideas and images amongst the general public, thereby promoting the articulation of sets of meanings called discourses. The main goal of this research is to identify the discursive approaches that have been constructed around the term “MENA” in the main Spanish daily newspapers. To this end, we gathered and analysed all the news reports published between January 2017 and October 2019 by the digital editions of the four most widely-read newspapers in Spain (La Vanguardia, El País, El Mundo and ABC). This analysis was performed using text mining techniques (an important field in data science) such as term frequency, inverse document frequency, and correlation networks between words. Our results show that the term “MENA” evokes a criminalising, moralistic, welfare-dependent discourse that is articulated from an adult-centric, nationalist perspective. The study concluded that the conservative press uses the acronym more frequently than the left-wing media. However, no significant discursive differences were observed between conservative and progressive press in terms of the language used, which often had negative connotations that stigmatised the young people concerned.

Este artículo tiene como objeto abordar el tratamiento mediático realizado por la prensa española sobre una tipología de inmigrante: el menor extranjero no acompañado «MENA». Los medios de comunicación tienen un papel relevante en la creación y difusión de conceptos e imágenes entre el público, de tal modo, promueven la articulación de conjuntos de significados llamados discursos. La investigación se propone identificar los enfoques discursivos construidos en torno a la sigla «MENA» en los principales diarios de la prensa española. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea se han recopilado y analizado todas las piezas informativas publicadas sobre menores migrantes en las ediciones digitales de los cuatro diarios más leídos en España (La Vanguardia, El País, El Mundo y ABC) entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y 31 de octubre de 2019. Estas piezas han sido analizadas mediante técnicas de minería de datos (un área relevante dentro de la ciencia de datos) tales como la observación de «term frequency» y de «inverse document frequency». Estas técnicas, junto a la construcción de redes de correlaciones entre palabras, han permitido observar que el término «MENA» evoca un discurso asistencialista, criminalizador y moralista desde un enfoque adultocéntrico y nacionalista. Asimismo, se concluye que la prensa conservadora usa más la sigla que la prensa progresista, pero sin divergencias significativas en el lenguaje utilizado.
Meta-reflexivity for resilience against disinformation
Authors: Golob Tea , Makarovič Matej , Rek Mateja
Published: September 2020

The rise of digital media contributes to fake news and disinformation being circulated on a larger scale and pace. The central aim of the work is to consider the potentials of individuals to actively respond to disinformation and fake news. In that regard, the authors rely on Archer’s theoretical framework of reflexivity and its modes. It is argued that a specific mode of reflexivity, namely meta-reflexivity, can enable people to take a critical distance towards media messaging. The method involves the Reflexivity Measurement Tool (RMT) to provide an approximate assessment of one’s reflexivity in terms of quantitative scores. The survey has been conducted in Slovenia on a representative national sample and path analysis is applied to identify the relationship between demographic features, media exposure, reflexivity and fact-checking. The results show how age and education affect media preferences, in terms of how frequently an individual is exposed to a particular type of media. Younger people, women and persons with tertiary education are more meta-reflexive, which contributes to their active response to disinformation. It is concluded that meta-reflexivity is essential but not sufficient to produce an active response of individuals to disinformation. Need for professional fact-checking-services and media education is discussed.

El avance digital contribuye a que las noticias falsas y la desinformación aumenten en número y ritmo. El objetivo central de este trabajo es considerar el poder de las personas para responder activamente a la desinformación y noticias falsas. Para ello, los autores se basan en Archer, específicamente su propuesta teórica relacionada con la reflexividad y sus modos. Argumentamos que un modo específico de reflexividad, la meta-reflexividad, permite distanciarse críticamente de los mensajes de los medios de comunicación. El método consiste en el uso de la Herramienta de Medición de la Reflexividad (HMR) para proporcionar una evaluación aproximada de la propia reflexividad en términos de puntuaciones cuantitativas. La encuesta se ha realizado en Eslovenia sobre una muestra nacional representativa y se ha aplicado un análisis de la trayectoria para determinar la relación entre las características demográficas, la exposición a los medios de comunicación, la reflexividad y la verificación de los hechos. Los resultados muestran que la edad y la educación afectan las preferencias relacionadas con los medios, medidos en base a la frecuencia de exposición a un tipo particular de medio. Los jóvenes, las mujeres y las personas con educación terciaria son más meta-reflexivos, lo cual contribuye a que tengan una respuesta activa a la desinformación. Se concluye que la meta-reflexividad es necesaria pero no suficiente para producir una respuesta activa de los sujetos a los mensajes de los medios de comunicación. Finalmente se menciona la necesidad de tener servicios profesionales de verificación, además de programas de educación mediática.
Predicting wellbeing in children’s use of smart screen devices
Authors: Ortega-Mohedano Félix , Pinto-Hernández Fernando
Published: September 2020

This study presents an explanatory Ordinary Linear Regression Model for predicting wellbeing in the use of smart screen devices among children and youngsters in Spain, using a database of microdata for a total of 23,860 national representative households and some 6,106 total cohabiting minors under 15 years of age. The World Health Organization actively recommends children and youngsters to spend less hours in front of smart screen devices and encourages substituting them with more active play and direct socialisation. The main purpose of our research is to study the impact of the use of these devices on mental and physical well-being, sleep pattern, and the potential explanatory effects. To address the analysis, we contrasted the modelisation model proposed with microdata provided in the 2017 version of the National Health Survey in Spain. We performed a series of ordinary least square regression models OLS, obtaining significant information on the effects and risks excessive use of smart screen devices may be inflicting on children and adolescents in Spain. As a main result, we contrasted with the data and the modelisation that those individuals who use these devices more intensively have higher risk of mental health problems, significantly reduced sleeping hours and have a higher chance of suffering physical health problems such as obesity

Este artículo presenta un Modelo Lineal General de Regresión para predecir el bienestar en el uso de pantallas inteligentes entre niños y jóvenes en España utilizando una base de datos de microdatos para un total de 23.860 hogares representativos nacionales y unos 6.106 menores cohabitantes de menos de 15 años. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda activamente que los niños y jóvenes pasen menos horas frente a las pantallas inteligentes y alienta sustituirlas por un juego más activo y físico acompañado de socialización directa. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación es estudiar el efecto del uso de estos dispositivos en el bienestar mental y físico, el patrón de sueño y los posibles efectos explicativos que se derivarían. Para abordar el análisis, comparamos la modelización propuesta con los microdatos proporcionados por la versión 2017 de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud en España. Ejecutamos una serie de modelos de regresión de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios MCO, obteniendo información significativa sobre los efectos y con ella sobre los riesgos que el uso excesivo de estos dispositivos pudiese estar infligiendo en niños y adolescentes en España. Como resultado principal, hemos contrastado con los datos y la modelización que las personas que usan estos dispositivos con mayor intensidad tienen un mayor riesgo de padecer problemas de salud mental, han reducido significativamente sus horas de sueño y tienen una mayor probabilidad de sufrir problemas de salud física como obesidad
Landscape in Brazilian rurality: theoretical and methodological considerations for an applied multidisciplinary study
Authors: Ribeiro Claudia , Forno Marlise Amália Reinehr Dal , Miguel Lovois de Andrade
Published: September 2020

A paisagem é uma das possíveis categorias de pensamento a ser empregada como via de entendimento da complexa e multifacetada ruralidade brasileira contemporânea. Este artigoexpõe e discute os principais conceitos e métodos adotados em pesquisa multidisciplinar compreendida neste recorte. A questão norteadora é se a paisagem - enquanto um processo dinâmico e conectado às atividades agrárias – seria reconhecida por esta população rural. Adicionalmente, procura-se saber se essa paisagem poderia também ser entendida como um bem de uso comum no lugar. Vila Seca e Criúva constituem a área empírica de estudo, distritos rurais de Caxias do Sul, cidade localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no extremo sul do Brasil. Situações de conflito socioambiental entre as atividades agrícolas familiares e as práticas urbanas motivam esta pesquisa. Os resultados são sucintamente anunciados, frutos de uma abordagem etnográfica com observação participante. O trabalho de campo acompanhou o ciclo da Festa do Divino Espírito Santo, com categorias de atenção definidas pelo estudo dos sistemas agrários e a utilização de critérios empíricos para a detecção da noção de paisagem.
DNA methyltransferases hitchhiking on chromatin
Authors: Karemaker Ino D. , Baubec Tuncay
Published: September 2020

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a central regulatory role in various biological processes. Methyl groups are coupled to cytosines by the family of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), where DNMT1 is the main maintenance enzyme and the DNMT3 branch of the family is mostly responsible for de novo methylation. The regulation and function of DNA methylation are dependent on the genomic and chromatin context, such as binding sites for transcription factors or the presence of histone marks. Yet how local context, especially chromatin marks, influences the recruitment of the different DNMTs to their genomic target sites remains to be completely revealed. Elucidating the crosstalk between different histone modifications and DNA methylation, and their combined effect on the genome-wide epigenetic landscape, is of particular interest. Aberrant distribution of chromatin marks that guide DNMT activity or DNMT mutations that influence their correct recruitment to the genome have a profound impact on the deposition of DNA methylation, with consequences for genome function and gene activity. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on this topic and provide an overview on how chromatin marks can guide DNMT recruitment in healthy and diseased cells.
When a T cell engages a B cell: novel insights in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jelcic Ivan , Sospedra Mireia , Martin Roland
Published: September 2020

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which autoreactive T cells are considered to be the major effector cells in orchestrating and promoting CNS injuries. However, B cells emerged as additional important cellular player in multiple sclerosis immunopathogenesis since B cell depletion therapy has been found to be very effective in reducing new relapses. This short review summarises important new insights into the interaction between these two cell populations and outlines recent observations regarding how memory B cells activate brain-homing autoreactive T cells in multiple sclerosis.
Data protection and biomedical research in Switzerland: setting the record straight
Authors: Martani Andrea , Egli Philipp , Widmer Michael , Elger Bernice
Published: September 2020

Ensuring the protection of privacy and the compliance with data protection rules have become central issues for researchers active in the biomedical field. Data protection law is often perceived as very complex and difficult to interpret, which can hinder the efficacious planning and implementation of new research projects. Indeed, the sophisticated legal architecture that governs data processing activities in general and biomedical research in particular might feel overwhelming for both legal practitioners and researchers.
The objective of this article is to review the interaction of data protection law and biomedical research with a predominant focus on the Swiss context. In order to facilitate a better understanding of this issue, we discuss three crucial nodes that shape the interplay of law and data processing in research First, we explore the meaning of “personal” data, the requirements to classify data as “personal”, “non-personal”, “pseudonymised” or “anonymised” and the implications of such classifications from a legal perspective. We then consider the relationship between sector-specific data processing regulations for research and other laws on data protection. Finally, we examine the role of consent for data processing in the research field and its significance from a data protection perspective. In conclusion, this review underlines the importance of fostering reciprocal collaboration of data protection experts and biomedical researchers to facilitate the development of new projects in the future.
PedAMINES: a disruptive mHealth app to tackle paediatric medication errors
Authors: Ehrler Frédéric , Siebert Johan N.
Published: September 2020

Medication errors are among the most common medical adverse events and an important cause of patient morbidity and mortality, affecting millions of people worldwide each year. This problem is especially acute in paediatric settings, where most drugs given intravenously to children are provided in vials prepared for the adult population. This leads to the need for a specific, individual, weight-based drug-dose calculation and preparation for each child, which varies widely across age groups. This error-prone process places children at a high risk for life-threatening medication errors, particularly in stressful and critical situations, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation. To limit and mitigate the likelihood of their occurrence, hospitals are increasingly adopting eHealth interventions aimed at supporting and securing each individual stage along the whole medication process, but there is mixed evidence regarding their positive contribution. These technologies are helpful as long as they are used within the scope of their application and users are aware of their limitations, as their introduction has sometimes led to new, often unforeseen, types of errors.
The aim of the present work is to provide an overview of some of the main eHealth interventions used across the various stages of the medication process and to highlight areas that require attention in order to implement successful digital technologies. More specifically, the contribution of eHealth technologies in paediatrics is discussed, including the out-of-hospital setting, as well as barriers to their implementation in low- and middle-income countries. Finally, we describe our own work in this field with regards to the development and use of an innovative, evidence-based mobile device application (PedAMINES) to address the unmet need of reducing paediatric medication errors, especially during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The PedAMINES app has also the potential to make a very effective contribution to the goals of the Third World Health Organization Global Patient Safety Challenge to reduce severe, avoidable medication-associated harm by 50% in all countries over the next 5 years, including low- and middle-income countries.
The new remuneration system TARPSY in Swiss psychiatric hospitals: effects on length of stay and readmissions?
Authors: Hepp Urs , Reim Gautier Constanze , Baumgartner Markus , Bridler René , Hoff Paul , Minder Jacqueline , Müller Mario , Savaskan Egemen , Seifritz Erich , Stulz Niklaus
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND
In 2018, Switzerland introduced a nationwide case-based prospective remuneration system (TARPSY), with decreasing daily rates for reimbursement of inpatient care in mental health facilities. Initially, there were concerns that declining daily rates could result in early discharges and increased readmission rates.

METHODS
We compared length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates for patients in adult and geriatric psychiatry treatment at four psychiatric hospitals between 2017 (the last year with the traditional remuneration system) and 2018 (the first year with TARPSY).

RESULTS
A total of 26,324 treatment episodes of 15,464 patients were analysed. The reduction of average LOS was not statistically significant in the first year after the implementation of TARPSY, neither in adult (mean –0.6 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] –1.6 to 0.4; p = 0.226) nor in geriatric psychiatry (mean −1.6 days, 95% CI −3.8 to 0.7; p = 0.178). When compared with the traditional remuneration system with fixed daily rates, the readmission risk was statistically significantly reduced by −9.1% (95% CI −4.9 to −13.1%; p <0.001) in adult psychiatry but not in geriatric psychiatry (−6.8%, 95% CI −19.2 to 7.4%; p = 0.329).

CONCLUSIONS
If being evident at all, the effects of the new remuneration system TARPSY on LOS and readmission rates seem to be small. Concerns that declining daily rates in TARPSY would result in early discharges and increased readmission rates did not prove true in adult and geriatric psychiatry.
Understanding the mechanisms of placebo and nocebo effects
Authors: Frisaldi Elisa , Shaibani Aziz , Benedetti Fabrizio
Published: September 2020

Although placebos have long been considered a nuisance in clinical research, over recent years they have become an active and productive field of research. Indeed, the placebo effect represents an elegant model to understand how the brain works. It is worth knowing that there is not a single but many placebo effects, with different mechanisms across different systems, medical conditions and therapeutic interventions. For example, brain mechanisms of expectation, anxiety and reward are all involved, as well as a variety of learning phenomena. There is also some experimental evidence of different genetic variants in placebo responsiveness. Pain and Parkinson’s disease represent the most productive models to better understand the neurobiology of the placebo effect. In these medical conditions the neural networks involved have indeed been identified: that is, opioid, cannabinoid, cholecystokinin, cyclooxygenase, and dopamine modulatory networks in pain; and part of the basal ganglia circuitry in Parkinson’s disease. Overall, there is today compelling evidence that placebos and drugs share common biochemical pathways and activate the same receptor pathways, which suggests possible interference between social stimuli and therapeutic rituals on one hand and pharmacological agents on the other. The same holds true for the nocebo effect, the opposite phenomenon of placebo. The assessment of patients’ expectations should become the rule in clinical trials in order to allow us a better interpretation of therapeutic outcomes when comparing placebo and active treatment groups. Administering drugs covertly is another way to identify the placebo psychobiological component without the administration of any placebo, and this provides important information on the role of patient’s expectations in the therapeutic outcome. A further in-depth analysis of placebo and nocebo phenomena will certainly provide important information in the near future for a better understanding of human biology, medicine and society.
Use of SGLT2 inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases: why, when and how? A narrative literature review
Authors: Lu Henri , Meyer Philippe , Hullin Roger
Published: September 2020

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of drugs that reduce blood glucose levels by increasing urinary glucose excretion. On top of the glucose-lowering effect, they offer cardiovascular and renal benefits, the mechanisms of which are probably pleiotropic and include blood pressure reduction, volume depletion, weight loss and several metabolic effects (such as lipolysis and synthesis of ketone bodies). SGLT2 inhibitors are currently indicated in Europe and the USA, as first- or second-line treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with established cardiovascular disease, high/very high cardiovascular risk, renal disease or heart failure. The use of dapagliflozin has recently been extended to patients with heart failure without T2DM, as new emerging data show benefits in this population. Despite an overall favourable safety profile, attention has to be paid to the increased risk of euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis and genital mycotic infections, as well as lower limb amputations and fractures, which have been inconsistently associated with SGLT2 inhibition. For the moment, cost related data for the Swiss setting is lacking but corresponding analyses from abroad suggest cost-effectiveness. Despite their numerous favourable cardiorenal implications, many physicians remain hesitant to use SGLT2 inhibitors. In this article, we present an up-to-date narrative literature review of the physiological mechanisms of action, current indications, therapeutic utility and side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Value of the TTM risk score for early prognostication of comatose patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a Swiss university hospital
Authors: Kägi Emmanuel , Weck Anja , Iten Manuela , Levis Anja , Haenggi Matthias
Published: September 2020

Comatose patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest frequently die after withdrawal of life support. Guidelines recommend scheduling prognostication no sooner than 96 hours after cardiac arrest, and strict withdrawal criteria leave many patients waiting for improvement for days without ever reaching a favourable outcome. In clinical practice, physicians are frequently confronted with vague living wills expressed by next of kin or an imprecise advance care directive soon after cardiac arrest. Often a decision to admit a patient to an ICU or limiting ICU treatment in terms of time or intensity is made early, based on the patient’s preferences. The Target Temperature Management (TTM) risk score is an imperfect measure that predicts outcome early, at the time of ICU admission. It was developed on a data set of 939 patients included in the TTM Trial, a study in which unconscious patients after cardiac arrest were randomised into two temperature management arms. Patient selection in that trial might impede generalisability. We aimed to validate the TTM risk score with 100 consecutive patients treated in our ICU. Although we had different survival rates, reflecting a different patient population, we were able to confirm the score’s albeit imperfect ability to predict outcome early after cardiac arrest. The suggested cut-off values of 10 and 16 can be used as a basis for discussion with the family; in particular, a risk score value below 10 predicts a favourable outcome and might guide early discussion. As in the original study, the outcome of an individual patient cannot be predicted. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02722460)
BURDUR İLİNDE YAŞAYAN YETİŞKİN BİREYLERİN ORGAN BAĞIŞI TUTUMU VE ETKİLEYEN ETMENLER
Authors: ARISOY Azime , ÖNAL Özgür
Published: September 2020

Amaç: Bu çalışma, toplumun organ bağışına yönelik tutumlarını ve etkileyen faktörlerin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırmanın evreni; Burdur il merkezi ve kırsalında yaşamakta olan 18 yaş üstü bireylerden oluşmaktadır. Rastgele örneklem yöntemiyle 872 kişiye anket uygulanarak kesitsel analitik bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Ankette; “Bedensel Yaralanma Korkusu-FBM”, “Tıbbi olarak ihmal edilme korkusu- FMN” ve “Yardım severlik ve ahlaki değerler/İnançlar-HMC” alt boyutlarından oluşan Organ Bağışı Tutum Ölçeği-ODAS kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırma grubunun. organ bağışı tutum puanları incelendiğinde; HMC puanı ortalaması; 96.85±20.25, FMN puanı ortalaması; 27.29±11.23 ve FBM puanı ortalaması; 28.35 ±11.93’dir. Multivariate analiz sonuçlarına göre, HMC puanını, kadın olmanın, il merkezinde yaşamanın, kişide kronik hastalık bulunmasının, organ bağışını dini açıdan sevap olarak düşünme ve organ bağışında bulunma ile çalışma durumunun arttırdığı saptanmıştır. FMN puanını, eğitim seviyesinin artması, yaşın artması, il merkezinde yaşamanın, kişide kronik hastalık bulunmasının, organ bağışını dini açıdan sevap olarak düşünme ve organ bağışında bulunmanın azalttığı saptanmıştır. FBM puanını, eğitim seviyesinin artması, il merkezinde yaşamanın, organ bağışını dini açıdan sevap olarak düşünme ve organ bağışında bulunmanın azalttığı saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Kişilerin organ bağışına yönelik tutumlarını geliştirmeye yönelik müdahale çalışmaları yapılması gerekmektedir.
SOSYAL HİZMET VE İLAHİYAT LİSANS PROGRAMI ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ENGELLİ BİREYLERE İLİŞKİN TUTUMLARI
Authors: KARATAŞ Zeki
Published: September 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin engellilere yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesi ve bu tutumlarının çeşitli sosyodemografik değişkenlerle ilişkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yaklaşımına dayalı genel tarama modeli çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini bir devlet üniversitesinin sosyal hizmet ve ilahiyat programlarında öğrenim gören ve seçkisiz olarak belirlenen 324 gönüllü öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Engellilere Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği ve Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde t testi ve ANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda; üniversite öğrencilerinin engellilere yönelik tutum düzeylerinin ortalaması 4,42±0,33 bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların engellilere yönelik tutumlarıyla cinsiyet ve engelli bir arkadaşı olma durumu arasında anlamlı ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kadın öğrencilerin, engelli bir arkadaşı olanların engellilere yönelik tutumlarının daha olumlu olduğu belirlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin engellilere yönelik tutumlarına etki eden faktörler ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarla ilişkilendirilerek tartışılmıştır. Sonuç bölümünde genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak, üniversite öğrencilerinin engellilere yönelik tutumlarını olumlu yönde geliştirebilecek önerilere yer verilmiştir.
SAĞLIK ALANINDA ÇALIŞAN SOSYAL HİZMET UZMANLARININ MESLEKİ BENLİK SAYGILARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: TEKİN Merve , ULUDAĞ Ayhan
Published: September 2020

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlık alanında çalışan sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki motivasyon ve verimlilik açısından önemli olan mesleki benlik saygılarının incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Bu çalışma, sağlık alanında çalışan sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki benlik saygılarını inceleyerek uzmanların mesleki benlik saygılarını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi, var olan mevcut sorunlara çözüm önerileri getirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Nicel araştırma deseni ile gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmanın evrenini, Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği 2015 verilerine dayanılarak, Türkiye'de Sağlık Bakanlığı'nda görev yapan 938 tıbbi sosyal hizmet uzmanı oluşturmuştur. Rasgele örneklem yöntemi ile yapılan çalışma 150 tıbbi sosyal hizmet uzmanının gönüllü katılımı ile tamamlanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan tıbbi sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki benlik saygısı ölçeği puanlarının 118 ±21,39 ve dolayısıyla mesleki benlik saygılarının yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Mesleki benlik saygısının eğitim düzeyi, mesleki deneyim yılı, görüşme odasına sahip olma durumu, görüşme süresi gibi değişkenlere göre istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı (p0,05) saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Sağlık alanında çalışan sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki benlik saygılarını sosyo-demografik özelliklerinden öte çalışma yaşamına ait değişkenlerin etkilediği görülmüştür.