bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Anticoagulant Effects and Safety of Argatroban and Heparin in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Swan Suzanne K. , St. Peter John V. , Lambrecht Lawrence J. , Hursting Marcie J.
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate and compare the relationship between dosage and coagulation parameters, as well as safety profiles, of ascending bolus and infusion dosages of argatroban versus heparin in three phase I studies.

Design. Two randomized, double‐blind studies compared argatroban and heparin, and one open‐label, dose‐escalation study further evaluated argatroban.

Setting. University teaching hospital clinical research unit.

Patients. Healthy men (aged 22–62 yrs).

Intervention. In the first study, 36 subjects received an argatroban 30‐, 60‐, 120‐, or 240‐μg/kg bolus, or a heparin 30‐, 60‐, 120‐, or 240‐U/kg bolus for three subjects, then amended to 15, 30, 60, or 120 U/kg. In the second study, 37 subjects received argatroban 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 μg/kg/minute with or without a 250‐μg/kg bolus, or heparin 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, or 0.30 U/kg/minute with or without a 125‐U/kg bolus. In the third study (open‐label), nine subjects received an argatroban 250‐μg/kg bolus plus an infusion of 15, 20, 30, and 40 μg/kg/minute.

Measurements and Main Results. When administered as a bolus dose in the first study, argatroban and heparin both produced dose‐related increases in activated clotting time (ACT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) within 10 minutes of administration. Dissipation of anticoagulant effect was approximately 4‐fold faster for argatroban than for heparin. When administered by infusion with or without a bolus in the second study, argatroban, but not heparin, produced predictable dose‐related increases in ACT and aPTT that were generally consistent across both effect measures and modes of administration. Effect steady state was attained by five or more subjects per dosing group receiving argatroban (5–9) but typically two or fewer subjects per group receiving heparin (0–7). Furthermore, upon cessation of infusion, anticoagulant effects dissipated faster for argatroban (effect half‐life 18–41 min) than for heparin (effect half‐life 23–134 min). When argatroban was infused without a bolus, peak and effect steady‐state values for ACT and aPTT generally were attained within 1–3 hours. Data from the second and third studies show that for argatroban dosages up to 40 μg/kg/minute, plasma drug concentrations attained at 4 hours of infusion increased linearly with dose, and weight‐adjusted plasma clearance was dose independent. In all studies, argatroban and heparin were well tolerated.

Conclusion. Anticoagulation was more predictable with argatroban than with heparin as measured by ACT and aPTT, with comparable safety profiles.
Enoxaparin and Bleeding Complications: A Review in Patients with and without Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Gerlach Anthony T. , Pickworth Kerry K. , Seth Shiv K. , Tanna Saloni B. , Barnes Julie F.
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare the frequency of bleeding complications from enoxaparin in patients with normal renal function versus patients with renal insufficiency.

Design. Retrospective chart review.

Setting. University‐based tertiary care center.

Patients. One hundred six patients who received two or more doses of enoxaparin.

Measurements and Main Results. Total bleeding complications occurred in 22% of patients with normal renal function and 51% with renal insufficiency (p<0.01). Major bleeds were also significantly different, 2% and 30%, respectively (p<0.001). No patients with normal renal function were given fresh‐frozen plasma or packed red blood cells, whereas in those with renal insufficiency, 13% and 32%, respectively, received these products (p<0.01).

Conclusion. Enoxaparin may have resulted in increased bleeding complications and use of blood products in patients with renal insufficiency. Prospective studies need to be conducted to define the drug's role and dosage adjustments in these patients.

(Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20(7):771–775)
Dofetilide, a New Class III Antiarrhythmic Agent
Authors: Lenz Thomas L. , Hilleman Daniel E.
Published: June 2004

Dofetilide is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently approved for conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFl). It is a class III antiarrhythmic that works by selectively blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier outward potassium current. Dofetilide prolongs the effective refractory period in accessory pathways, both anterograde and retrograde. This can be seen on the electrocardiogram through a dose‐dependent prolongation of the QT and QTc intervals, with parallel increases in ventricular refractoriness. Approximately 80% of drug is excreted in urine, so dosing must be based on creatinine clearance. The elimination half‐life is approximately 10 hours. In clinical trials dofetilide was superior to flecainide in converting patients with AFl to normal sinus rhythm (NSR; 70% vs 9%, p<0.01). It also was more effective than sotalol in converting patients with both AF and AFl to NSR (29% vs 6%, p<0.05) and maintaining them in NSR for up to 1 year. Most patients converted within 24–36 hours. Dofetilide has a favorable risk:benefit profile. Torsades de pointes is the most serious side effect; it occurs in 0.3–10.5% of patients and is dose related. To minimize the risk of induced arrhythmia, patients who start or restart the drug should be hospitalized a minimum of 3 days for creatinine clearance measurements, continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, and cardiac resuscitation, if necessary.
Advances in the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure: New Approaches for an Old Disease
Authors: Skrabal Maryann Z. , Stading Julie A. , Behmer‐Miller Kathryn A. , Hilleman Daniel E.
Published: June 2004

Heart failure is a symptom complex of varied etiology associated with substantial mortality. Approximately 5 million Americans have the disease, with 400,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Despite better understanding of its pathophysiology, therapeutic options remain suboptimal and the syndrome remains associated with high rates of hospitalization and loss of economic productivity. Management traditionally included vasodilators, diuretics, and digoxin, with a focus on controlling symptoms and improving ejection fraction and exercise capacity. Drug therapy now is focused on improving survival, with a reduction in health care costs related to hospitalizations. Drugs with a proven benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality are angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, (β‐blockers, and the combination of hydralazine plus a nitrate. Diuretics, digoxin, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, catecholamine infusions, amiodarone, left ventricular assist devices, and transplantation are also options.
Using Focus Groups to Identify Barriers to Drug Use in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Simpson Scot H. , Farris Karen B. , Johnson Jeffrey A. , Tsuyuki Ross T.
Published: June 2004

Study Objective.To explore barriers to adherence to drug therapy identified by patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).

Setting.University‐associated heart failure clinic and a family practice clinic.

Patients.Twenty‐six patients with CHF.

Intervention.Four focus group sessions.

Measurements and Main Results.Participants were asked to describe how their lives changed as a result of developing CHF and the challenges they face when taking drugs for the condition. In the second half of each session, participants were asked for their opinions regarding various teaching and memory aids for improving adherence with therapy. They recognized the value of these aids and often created their own when health care professionals did not supply them. Transcripts were reviewed and comments grouped to identify patient‐perceived barriers to adherence. The disease placed significant limitations on lifestyle. Furosemide had dramatic effects on daily activities, and some patients altered the dosing schedule to accommodate their plans. Influences on adherence were generalized into five themes: confidence in health care providers; their own knowledge regarding the disease and drugs used to treat it; previous experience with drugs; support from family and friends; and ease of communication with health care professionals.

Conclusion.Focus groups are an effective and efficient method to explore patients' opinions of barriers to drug therapy adherence. Such information can have a direct impact on management of patients with CHF. Information gathered in this study will be used to construct a survey to measure barriers to drug adherence and design interventions to improve adherence.
Quality of Pharmacotherapy Consultations Provided by Drug Information Centers in the United States
Authors: Calis Karim Anton , Anderson Dallas W. , Auth Doris A. , Mays David A. , Turcasso Nannette M. , Meyer Christine C. , Young Linda R.
Published: June 2004

We evaluated the performance of 116 U.S. drug information centers in responding to specific questions about drugs. The primary measures were correctness of responses and extent of probing for patient data. Questions addressed the effect of ranitidine on blood alcohol concentrations, the potential interaction between didanosine and dapsone, prevention of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced peptic ulcers, and use of erythromycin for diabetic gastroparesis. The percentages of centers providing correct overall responses were 70% for the ranitidine question, 90% for the didanosine‐dapsone question, 8% for the NSAID question, and 20% for the erythromycin question. For the three patient‐specific questions, the percentages of centers eliciting vital patient data were 27% for the didanosine‐dapsone question, 86% for the NSAID question, and 5% for the erythromycin question. In providing pharmacotherapy consultations, drug information centers generally failed to obtain pertinent patient data, thereby risking incorrect responses and inappropriate recommendations.
Development and Validation of the Satisfaction with Pharmacist Scale
Authors: Hernández Lesbia , Chang Chih‐Hung , Cella David , Corona Ms. María , Shiomoto Gail , McGuire Deborah B.
Published: June 2004

To assess patients' satisfaction with pharmacists, seven questions were developed with semistructured input from 5 pharmacy practice faculty members and 11 patients with cancer. The study identified 1617 English‐ and Spanish‐speaking patients with cancer or human immunodeficiency virus infection or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who participated in a multisite validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Scale. Of these, 1124 had seen a pharmacist in the past 7 days and therefore were eligible; 608 spoke English and 516 Spanish. The seven items on the Satisfaction with Pharmacist (SWiP) scale were rated on a five‐point Likert scale (0 = not at all to 4 = very much). The reliability of the English and Spanish versions was evaluated by Cronbach's α coefficients. The unidimensionality and construct validity were analyzed with the Rasch rating scale model. The α coefficients for the English and Spanish versions were 0.90 and 0.92, respectively. Rasch analyses of item responses showed that none of the items in either language was a misfit, which supported their ability to measure a unidimensional construct. Item difficulty plots revealed that no item exhibited differential functioning, indicating that the items performed the same in both languages. The SWiP scale has reliable and valid psychometric properties in English and Spanish and can be used to document the value of the pharmacist‐patient relationship. It is easy to administer and is ready for further use and evaluation to determine and document outcomes of pharmaceutical care.
Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Clozapine Therapy
Authors: Wehring Heidi , Alexander Bruce , Perry Paul J.
Published: June 2004

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic that is associated with certain adverse effects that limit its usefulness. Published case reports have associated clozapine with impairment of glucose tolerance, including the onset or exacerbation of diabetes mellitus. We report two patients who experienced diabetes mellitus associated with the agent.
Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis: Is Propranolol Implicated?
Authors: Iliopoulou Angeliki , Giannakopoulos George , Synetos Andreas , Georgiou Angelos , Chalkiadaki Anthi
Published: June 2004

Drugs frequently cause cutaneous adverse reactions. The suspected agent is sometimes difficult to identify, especially in patients receiving multidrug treatment and with underlying illnesses that may contribute to the clinical picture. In our patient, propranolol‐induced leukocytoclastic vasculitis was diagnosed by exclusion.
Potential Interaction Between Ritonavir and Carbamazepine
Authors: Kato Yasuhiro , Fujii Teruhisa , Mizoguchi Nobuyuki , Takata Noboru , Ueda Kazuhiro , Feldman Mitchell D. , Kayser Steven R.
Published: June 2004

Ritonavir (RTV), a protease inhibitor, and carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant, were administered concurrently to a patient who had human immunodeficiency virus infection and epilepsy. The combination resulted in elevated serum concentrations of CBZ, with accompanying vomiting, vertigo, and transient liver dysfunction. After discontinuing RTV and reducing the dosage of CBZ, the serum concentration of CBZ returned to the optimal range, symptoms subsided, and liver function returned to baseline. Carbamazepine is metabolized in the liver to a large extent by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system, especially CYP3A4, 2C8, and 1A2, whereas RTV is metabolized primarily by CYP3A and is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Careful clinical monitoring may help prevent adverse drug interactions when these drugs are administered concurrently.
Synthesis and Characterization of Bifunctionalized Ordered Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Zhang W.‐H. , Lu X.‐B. , Xiu J.‐H. , Hua Z.‐L. , Zhang L.‐X. , Robertson M. , Shi J.‐L. , Yan D.‐S. , Holmes J. D.
Published: June 2004

Direct synthesis (co‐condensation reaction) and post‐synthesis reaction (grafting) are combined for the first time to efficiently fabricate bifunctionalized ordered mesoporous materials (OMMs). Ethylenediamine‐containing OMMs (ED‐MCM‐41) were first synthesized via direct synthesis and then further modified by the phenyl (PH) group in a supercritical fluid (SCF) medium via grafting reaction, resulting in OMMs with ED and PH groups (PH‐ED‐MCM‐41). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, N2 sorption properties, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 29Si and 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, chemical analysis, and hydrothermal treatment were used to characterize the bifunctionalized materials. Experiments show that bifunctionalized OMMs can be efficiently prepared by modifying the directly synthesized monofunctionalized OMMs via grafting reaction in a supercritical fluid medium. Both functional groups are distributed uniformly at the surfaces. The advantage of bifunctionalized OMMs over monofunctionalized OMMs was illustrated by introducing thiol groups into ED‐MCM‐41 materials and the subsequent formation of CdS nanocrystals inside thiol‐ and ED‐functionalized MCM‐41 (HS‐ED‐MC‐41). Because of the variety of the functional groups that can be introduced into OMMs by direct synthesis or post‐synthesis reaction, it is expected that the present strategy could provide a generally applicable approach to the design of OMMs with two functional groups.
Reliable Monolayer‐Template Patterning of SnO2 Thin Films from Aqueous Solution and Their Hydrogen‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Shirahata N. , Shin W. , Murayama N. , Hozumi A. , Yokogawa Y. , Kameyama T. , Masuda Y. , Koumoto K.
Published: June 2004

We demonstrate a novel lithographic technique utilizing a solvent to fabricate a chemically based semiconductor microdevice from an aqueous solution. According to this technique, SnO2 thin film could be integrated onto predefined sites on a SiO2/Si wafer. A patterned octadecyltrimethoxysilane self‐assembled monolayer (ODS‐SAM) was prepared by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) irradiation through a photomask to use as a template for the fabrication of a micropatterned SnO2 thin film on the SiO2/Si surface. A Sn‐based thin film was then deposited onto the entire surface of the ODS template from an aqueous solution containing 0.03 mol L–1 of SnCl2·2H2O at 60 °C for 16 h in an ambient atmosphere. The thin film deposited on the methyl‐terminated area of the template was then peeled using an ultrasonic rinse in anhydrous toluene for 30 min, while the film deposited on the silanol area remained intact and undamaged. Rinsing in hydrophilic solvents did not facilitate peeling of the thin film from the methyl‐terminated area. We succeeded by this process in obtaining a high‐resolution, micropatterned Sn‐based thin film on an ODS‐SAM template on Si. The as‐deposited film was composed of fine Sn‐based particles. The sensitivity of this SnO2 thin film to H2 gas increases linearly with improving crystallinity. The effectiveness of anhydrous toluene as a rinse in solution lithography is discussed from the viewpoint of the high hydrophobic affinity between the rinse solvent and the terminal groups in the monolayer template.
Photoregulation of Luminescence Quenching in Photochromic Porphyrin–Phenoxynaphthacene‐ quinone Copolymers
Authors: Myles A. J. , Gorodetsky B. , R. Branda N.
Published: June 2004

Fluorescence is reversibly photoregulated in high‐density random copolymers constructed from photochromic phenoxynaphthacenequinones and porphyrins (see Figure) using ring‐opening metathesis polymerization. Alternating irradiation of the polymers with ultraviolet and visible light toggles the photochromic components between two isomers differing in their ability to act as electron‐acceptors in a photoinduced electron‐transfer process.
A Simple and Effective Method for the Preparation of Porous Membranes with Three‐Dimensionally Arranged Pores
Authors: Yan F. , Goedel W. A.
Published: June 2004

A one‐step process for the preparation of porous polymer membranes (see Figure) by spreading mixtures of particles and organic liquid onto a water surface, followed by solidification of the liquid, removal of the particles, and transfer to desired supports, is reported (see Figure). The thickness of the porous membranes can be tuned from a single layer to more than ten layers.
Highly Organized Self‐Assembled Monolayer and Multilayer Films of Titania Nanosheets
Authors: Tanaka T. , Fukuda K. , Ebina Y. , Takada K. , Sasaki T.
Published: June 2004

Highly organized monolayer and multilayer films of titania nanosheets have been fabricated via electrostatic self‐assembly of large‐sized sheets and subsequent ultrasonic treatment. Overlapped or crumpled portions of the nanosheets in an as‐deposited film are effectively trimmed upon ultrasonication in a tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution, resulting in neat tiling of the nanosheets without gaps and extensive overlaps (see Figure).
Synthesis of Single‐Crystalline ZnO Polyhedral Submicrometer‐Sized Hollow Beads Using Laser‐Assisted Growth with Ethanol Droplets as Soft Templates
Authors: Jiang Z.‐Y. , Xie Z.‐X. , Zhang X.‐H. , Lin S.‐C. , Xu T. , Xie S.‐Y. , Huang R.‐B. , Zheng L.‐S.
Published: June 2004

A soft‐template method for the controlled synthesis of hollow beads using laser‐ assisted growth with ethanol droplets as the soft template is proposed (see Figure). Single‐crystalline ZnO polyhedral hollow beads in the range of 200–500 nm have been successfully synthesized.
Age at menarche and age of onset of pubertal characteristics in 6–14‐year‐old girls from the Province of L'Aquila (Abruzzo, Italy)
Authors: Danubio Maria Enrica , de Simone Michele , Vecchi Francesco , Amicone Elisa , Altobelli Emma , Gruppioni Giorgio
Published: June 2004

The present study is part of a research project on growth models of children in an area of central‐southern Italy. It analyzes the phases of pubertal breast development (BD) in 397 girls, pubic hair development (PHD) in 399 girls, and menarche in 583 girls from 6–14 years old. The status quo method was used to evaluate the age at menarche. Probit analysis was used to analyze the data for all three variables. The onset of BD and PHD (Tanner stage 2) occurs at age 7 in 6.1% of girls. Passage to stage 3 of one or both secondary sexual characteristics occurs at age 10 in 8.5% of girls. Comparison with data from the United States shows higher percentages of American white girls in stage 2 (or greater) of both characteristics at any age. The mean (median) age of onset (Tanner stage 2) of BD or PHD or both of them is 9.96 years. The passage to stage 3 occurs at age 12.36 for BD (95% confidence interval: 1.36 years) and at age 12.10 for PHD (95% confidence interval: 0.51 years). The mean age at menarche is 12.55 years, in general agreement with other values found in Italy. Sexual maturation at any considered stage for both pubertal characteristics is generally in line with literature data concerning other Mediterranean and industrialized countries or countries in which the demographic transition is in an advanced phase. It does not show a significant earlier onset. The evidence emerging from the general project suggests that the secular trend is still in progress in this region of Italy. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:470–478, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent decline in age at menarche: The Fels Longitudinal Study
Authors: Demerath Ellen W. , Towne Bradford , Chumlea W. Cameron , Sun Shumei S. , Czerwinski Stefan A. , Remsberg Karen E. , Siervogel Roger M.
Published: June 2004

A number of recent reports suggest that the average age at menarche of US girls has declined over the past 20 years. Because the putative declines in the age at menarche are concurrent with increases in childhood body mass index (BMI), it has been suggested that these two trends may be causally linked. We examined differences in mean age of menarche in Fels Longitudinal Study girls who were born in six 10‐year birth cohorts (1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s) and simultaneous cohort changes in mean BMI measured cross‐sectionally at selected ages from 3–35 years (n = 371). Girls born in the 1980s had a mean age at menarche of 12.34 years, which was ∼3–6 months earlier than that of girls born previously (P < 0.001). While the mean BMI values at ages 25 and 35 generally increased from the 1930s to the 1970s, the mean BMI during childhood and adolescence remained constant across the six birth cohorts. In summary, we found no evidence that the recent decline in the age at menarche in the Fels Longitudinal Study girls was reflected in concurrent increases in BMI at any point in childhood or adolescence. Conversely, girls born in the 1960s and 1970s have subsequently become heavier in young and mid‐adulthood than were girls from earlier birth cohorts, without any concurrent change in the mean age at menarche over that time period. These two findings suggest that population‐level shifts in BMI and the timing of menarche are largely independent, although sometimes coincident, processes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:453–457, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boas and beyond: Migration and craniometric variation
Authors: Relethford John H.
Published: June 2004

Migration is expected to affect craniometric variation in three ways: 1) movement into a different environment leading to developmental plasticity; 2) movement into a different environment followed by in situ adaptation through natural selection; and 3) changes in among‐group differentiation and genetic distance through the action of gene flow. The relative influence of these three factors has been argued in the literature, most recently in a series of articles debating the statistical and biological significance of Boas's immigration studies as they relate to cranial plasticity. The Boas debate is discussed within the broader context of debate over genetic and environmental influences on craniometric variation. Additional examples are provided from an ongoing study of global craniometric variation. Although developmental plasticity and climatic adaptation have had an impact on craniometric variation, these factors tend not to erase, or even obscure greatly, underlying patterns of population structure and history that fit a neutral model of quantitative variation. Thus, craniometric data can be used to explore questions of gene flow and genetic affinity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:379–386, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
History of migration studies in biological anthropology
Authors: Mascie‐Taylor C.G. Nicholas , Little Michael A.
Published: June 2004

The earliest studies of human biological factors in migration in which a clear research design was employed date back to the early 20th century in the United States. Maurice Fishberg's study of Jewish migrants, published in 1905, antedated the classic study of Franz Boas initiated in 1908. There have been two main approaches. The first approach examined the impact of migration in relation to changing environment and the importance of environmental plasticity. For example, Fishberg reported that migrants had offspring different in stature from themselves and with differences thought to be due to improvements in the environment, although some selection of genetically determined traits was suggested. Subsequently, a number of research designs have been used, ranging from Boas's simple design of sedente (nonmigrant) adults and children compared with first‐ and second‐generation migrants; Shapiro's extension of this study in Japanese migrants to Hawai'i; Goldstein's four‐fold comparison of Mexican sedentes and their offspring in Mexico, and migrants to the USA and their offspring in the USA; and Lasker's extension of Goldstein's Mexican study by including comparison of sedentes with returning emigrants. More sophisticated designs were used by Harrison and Baker in examining altitude effects and changes in subsistence and lifestyle during the 1960s through to the 1980s. The second approach has focused on the effect of migration on gene flow. For example, the clinal variation of ABO blood groups in Europe and Australia is generally purported to result from past migration, although increasing random migration for blood groups is likely to eliminate clinal variation. Migration has usually been considered from a spatial (geographic) perspective, but more recent studies have also investigated the impact of social or occupational movement (social mobility) alone, or in combination with geographic migration, and tested whether such movements are selective or random for a number of biological traits. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:365–378, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Genauigkeit von Heizwärme‐Bilanzverfahren. Einführung eines Heizperiodenbilanzverfahrens mit analytischen Klimafunktionen
Authors: Rabenstein Dietrich
Published: June 2004

Mit geglätteten harmonischen Verläufen der Außentemperatur und der Strahlungsintensitäten lassen sich Heizzeit, mittlere Außentemperatur und Globalstrahlung in der Heizperiode als Funktionen der Heizgrenztemperaturen angeben. Bei Vernachlässigung der zeitlichen Verschiebung zwischen Strahlungsintensitäten und Außentemperatur läßt sich auch die gemittelte Heizgrenztemperatur als einfache Funktion der Gebäudeparameter und der Klimagrößen darstellen. Vergleiche bei kleinen Wärmegewinnen zeigen, daß beim Monatsbilanzverfahren und noch ausgeprägter beim Heizperiodenbilanzverfahren nach EN 832 eine Tendenz zur Unterschätzung des Jahres‐Heizwärmebedarfs von Gebäuden besteht, die sich umso stärker auswirkt, je kleiner die Heizzeit ist. Bei kürzeren Heizzeiten als 4 Monaten pro Jahr steht sogar die Eignung des Monatsbilanzverfahrens als Referenzverfahren in Frage.

Das analytische Bilanzverfahren, ein einfaches, vollständig analytisches Heizperiodenbilanzverfahren zur Berechnung des Heizwärmebedarfs für unterschiedliche energetische Standards wird vorgestellt. Die erreichbare Berechnungsgenauigkeit wurde durch Vergleiche mit dem Monatsbilanzverfahren nach DIN EN 832 und DIN V 4108‐6 ermittelt. Für längere Heizzeiten als 5 Monate pro Jahr weicht der nach diesem Verfahren berechnete Jahres‐Heizwärmebedarf bei den meisten praktisch vorkommenden Berechnungsfällen um weniger als 2 % vom entsprechenden Ergebnis des Monatsbilanzverfahrens ab.

Das von Loga vorgeschlagene vereinfachte Heizperiodenbilanzverfahren für Gebäude mit unterschiedlichen energetischen Standards wird analysiert und mit dem analytischen Bilanzverfahren verglichen.
Perianal Crohn's disease
Authors: Singh B , McC Mortensen N J , Jewell D P , George B
Published: June 2004

Background

The management of perianal Crohn's disease is difficult. A wide variety of treatment options exist although few are evidence based.

Methods

A search was conducted using the National Library of Medicine for articles on perianal Crohn's disease and its incidence, classification, assessment and management.

Results and conclusion

Perianal Crohn's disease can manifest as skin tags, ulcers, fissures, abscesses, fistulas or stenoses. Improved radiological imaging with endoanal anal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging has improved its assessment and may be used to predict outcome after surgery. Many treatment options exist. During acute complications they are generally aimed at resolving the immediate problem and limiting damage to anal and perianal tissues; this may be a ‘bridge’ to definitive treatment. The likelihood of success of definitive treatment must be weighed against the risk of complications, especially faecal incontinence.
Adverse events
Authors: Carter D C
Published: June 2004

No room for complacency
Alternativen zu tierischen Proteinen: Schlüsselkomponenten der Nahrung
Authors: Doltsinis Stefanos , Andlauer Wilfried
Published: June 2004

Lebensmittel sind komplexe Systeme chemischer Stoffe. Ihre Minorbestandteile können Hürden bei der Bereitstellung essentieller Nährstoffe darstellen oder Förderer positiver metabolischer Mechanismen sein. Für die Bevölkerungen der verschiedenen Regionen der Welt sind unterschiedliche Produkte gefragt.
Elektronentransport in der DNA
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: June 2004

Die DNA‐Doppelhelix ist seit einem halben Jahrhundert als Speicher der genetischen Information eine molekulare Berühmtheit. Weniger bekannt ist, dass sie seit gut einem Jahrzehnt auch als molekulares Kabel für den Transport elektrischer Ladungen dient. Ein wichtiger Grund für die Erforschung der Leitfähigkeit der Erbsubstanz besteht darin, dass der Stromfluss von der korrekten Basenpaarung abhängt und somit als hochsensibler Sensor für eine bestimmte Gensequenz dienen kann.
A study of digital instantaneous value control with filter capacitor current compensation for PWM inverter
Authors: Yokoyama Tomoki , Igarashi Yoshitaka , Haneyoshi Toshimasa , Izumi Tomonori
Published: June 2004

A new approach for real‐time digital feedback control of PWM inverter is proposed, in which an instantaneous value control with filter capacitor current compensation is achieved. In this scheme, the sampling frequency of the inverter becomes half of the carrier frequency, and it is suitable to implement for higher carrier frequency.

In this paper, the output characteristics of the inverter for various LC filter components are evaluated. From the viewpoint of UPS applications, the advantages and disadvantages are discussed through simulations and experiments, and the superiority of the proposed control law is verified. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 72–79, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10329
Frontline: Epitope recognition on the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein differentially influences disease phenotype and antibody effector functions in autoimmune demyelination
Authors: von Büdingen Hans‐Christian , Hauser Stephen L. , Ouallet Jean‐Christophe , Tanuma Naoyuki , Menge Til , Genain Claude P.
Published: June 2004

Preliminary observations of humoral immunity against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and human multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest that a subset of anti‐MOG autoantibodies directed against conformational epitopes is of pathogenic predominance. Here, we provide proof that in marmoset EAE, autoantibodies reactive against conformational epitopes of MOG are not only responsible for aggravating demyelination, but also an essential factor for disease dissemination in space within the central nervous system, a hallmark for typicalforms of human MS. In terms of effector mechanisms, IgG deposition and complement activation occur exclusively in association with presence of these conformational antibodies, while microglial/macrophage activation appears to be a common immunopathological finding regardless of the fine determinant specificity of anti‐MOG antibodies. These findings highlight for the first time the complex heterogeneity of function and pathogenicity in the polyclonal anti‐MOG antibody repertoire of outbred species. Because the linear and conformational antibody determinants of MOG are shared between marmosets and humans, these results are directly relevant to understanding effector mechanisms of organ damage in MS.

See accompanying Commentary http//dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200425291
Mono‐ and Dinuclear High‐Spin Half‐Sandwich Manganese(II) Complexes Containing Acetylide and TMEDA Ligands
Authors: Kheradmandan Sohrab , Fox Thomas , Schmalle Helmut W. , Venkatesan Koushik , Berke Heinz
Published: June 2004

The d5 high‐spin MnII half‐sandwich complexes [Mn(C≡CR)(MeC5H4)(tmeda)] (R = SiMe3 2; Ph 3; tBu 4; C≡CSiMe3 5; C≡CPh 6; tmeda = N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) were prepared by the reaction of [Mn(MeC5H4)2(tmeda)] (1) with 1 equiv. of the corresponding acetylene or the trimethyltin acetylide. The dinuclear complexes [Mn(C≡C−C≡CSiMe3)2(tmeda)]2 (7) and [Mn2(MeCp)2(μ1‐tBuC≡C)2(μ1‐tmeda)] (8), which contain Mn−Mn bonds, were synthesized by treating 1 with an excess of HC≡C−C≡CSiMe3 or HC≡CtBu, respectively. Dinuclear complexes of the type [(MeC5H4)(tmeda)MnC≡C− X−C≡CMn(tmeda)(C5H4Me)] [X = 1,3‐C6H4 9; 1,4‐C6H4 10; 4,4′‐(C6H4)2 11] were obtained by treatment of 1 with 0.5 equiv. of the corresponding acetylides 1,3‐C6H4(C≡CSnMe3)2, 1,4‐C6H4(C≡CSnMe3)2 and 4,4′‐(C6H4)2(C≡CSnMe3)2 in benzene for 24 h to yield the corresponding dinuclear complexes in very good yields. All the mono‐ and dinuclear compounds have been characterized by NMR, IR, Raman spectroscopy and elemental analyses. X‐ray diffraction studies have been performed on complexes 3 and 5−11. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Electron Transfer Behavior of Multi‐Iron Sandwich‐Type Polyoxometalates and Electrocatalytic Reduction Reactions
Authors: Keita Bineta , Mbomekalle Israel Martyr , Lu Yu Wei , Nadjo Louis , Berthet Patrick , Anderson Travis M. , Hill Craig L.
Published: June 2004

The physicochemical and electrocatalytic behaviors of eight multi‐iron Wells−Dawson sandwich‐type polyoxometalates were studied with specific emphasis on the FeIII centers. Magnetization measurements were used to identify and quantify the antiferromagnetic interactions between the edge‐sharing FeIII units. Electrochemical studies show the stepwise reduction of the FeIII centers, in complete agreement with magnetization conclusions. The location of the potential of each wave depends on the pH of the solution, as well as the concentration and composition of the electrolyte. In addition, ion‐pairing studies show there is a positive shift of the FeIII centers with an increase in ion pairing (i.e. K+ > Na+ > Li+). The electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide is efficient for all the complexes. However, there is a pronounced increase in efficiency as the number of FeIII centers in the complex increases (i.e. 4 FeIII > 3 FeIII > 2 FeIII). The mixed‐metal complexes [αββα‐Na14(MnIIOH2)2(FeIII)2(As2W15O56)2 and αββα‐Na14(MnIIOH2)2(FeIII)2(P2W15O56)2] are also efficient catalysts for the reduction of NO and HNO2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Comparison of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin for In Situ Metabolite Generation in Chemical Toxicity Sensors Using a Metallopolymer Catalyst for DNA Damage Detection
Authors: Mugweru Amos , Yang Jing , Rusling James F.
Published: June 2004

Detection of DNA damage can serve as the basis for rapid, inexpensive screening of the toxicity of new chemicals. Sensors for this purpose can be constructed on electrodes using layer‐by‐layer electrostatic adsorption of DNA and bioactivating proteins that mimic liver cytochrome P450s. This paper evaluates the use of the inexpensive protein hemoglobin (Hb) as the bioactivating “enzyme” in such sensors. Stable films containing myoglobin (Mb) and DNA, and Hb and DNA, were assembled one layer at a time on rough pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes on top of a 900 nm thick layer of chloro‐bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)‐poly(vinylpyridine) [PVP‐ClRu(bpy)22+], a catalyst for DNA oxidation. The films showed independent, chemically reversible voltammetric peaks for protein heme FeIII/FeII and polymer RuIII/RuII redox sites. Incubation of PVP‐ClRu(bpy)22+‐(DNA/protein)3 films in pH 5.5 buffer containing styrene and hydrogen peroxide over 15 min resulted in nearly linear increases in catalytic square‐wave voltammetric (SWV) peaks at the RuII oxidation potential of ca. 0.73 V (vs. SCE). Films using Hb performed equally well as those containing Mb. No significant changes in SWV peaks were found for control incubations with toluene and hydrogen peroxide, styrene without hydrogen peroxide, or hydrogen peroxide alone.
Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography of drugs varying in charge and hydrophobicity Part II: Strategies for optimization of separation
Authors: Harang Valérie , Jacobsson Sven P. , Westerlund Douglas
Published: June 2004

The separation of anionic, cationic, and neutral drugs in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC) was studied. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; surfactant) and 2‐propanol (organic solvent) was varied in a three‐level full factorial design. 29 different model substances were chosen with different hydrophobicities and charges (neutral, positive, and negative). The models were calculated by means of multiple linear regression (MLR). The compounds were divided into five different subgroups, and different strategies for optimization of the separation within each group were investigated. The optimization was done by maximizing the selectivity using response surface plots in MODDE, by calculation of different chromatographic functions, and by using the software DryLab™. For all the different groups, MODDE, almost all chromatographic functions and DryLab™ gave approximately the same settings of the factors for optimum separation. Attempts were made to fit descriptors of the compounds to the retention data from the three‐level full factorial design by means of partial least squares projection to latent structures (PLS). Between 86 and 89% of all predictions of migration times were acceptable (80–120% of the observed value).
A new quantitative method for circulating DNA level in human serum by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Zhang Peng , Ren Jicun , Shen Zuojun
Published: June 2004

We present a method for the quantification of circulating DNA in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with laser‐induced fluorescence detection (LIF). The serum was digested by proteinase to release free DNA. SYBR Gold was utilized as DNA intercalating dye, fluorescein as internal standard (ISTD). CZE‐LIF was applied for the separation and quantification of total circulating DNA. Good linearity (R = 0.9992) in the low range of DNA concentrations (0.5–40 ng/mL) and a detection limit of 0.5 ng/mL for DNA (S/N = 3) were obtained. Our data demonstrated that CZE‐LIF system has a good linearity with excellent sensitivity and satisfactory reproducibility in the quantification of circulating DNA in serum. This method was successfully used for the quantification of circulating DNA levels in serum. We observed that the circulating DNA levels in certain cancer patients were significantly higher than that in healthy individuals. Compared to current methods, our protocol does not need the extraction of DNA from serum. Our preliminary results have illustrated that CZE‐LIF system is simple, rapid, and sensitive, and it is well suitable for large‐scale quantification of circulating DNA levels in clinical diagnosis.
Improved separation of palladium species in biological matrices by using a combination of gel permeation chromatography and isotachophoresis
Authors: Weber Günther , Messerschmidt Jürgen , von Bohlen Alex , Kastenholz Bernd , Günther Klaus
Published: June 2004

The binding of palladium to high‐molecular‐mass compounds in palladium‐treated lettuce is investigated as an example for a biological matrix. The total palladium concentration in lettuce leaves is 10.3 ng/g wet weight. After homogenization, high‐molecular‐mass compounds (> 10 kDa) are isolated by ultrafiltration. For separation of these palladium species a combination of preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and preparative isotachophoresis (ITP) is used. Palladium is determined in separated fractions by using a highly sensitive total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) method after preconcentration. After GPC separation, four main fractions of palladium species are collected, each containing palladium in ng quantities (3–10 ng). Two of these fractions are further separated by ITP, yielding at least three main peaks per GPC fraction, each containing palladium in the range of 0.3–3 ng. These palladium containing peaks are characterized by high‐performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) and capillary isotachophoresis (cITP) in parallel. HPSEC enables the estimation of the molecular mass of six main palladium peaks, covering a molecular mass range of 69–200 kDa. It is also shown that the estimation of molecular mass after separation is more reliable than the respective estimation directly in the first GPC run. However, cITP reveals that each of the separated peaks is still a mixture of at least five different compounds.
Efficient separation and analysis of peroxisomal membrane proteins using free‐flow isoelectric focusing
Authors: Weber Gerhard , Islinger Markus , Weber Peter , Eckerskorn Christoph , Völkl Alfred
Published: June 2004

We have elaborated a protocol for the fractionation of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic proteins using as a model the matrix and membrane compartments of highly purified rat liver peroxisomes because of their distinct proteomes and characteristic composition with a high quota of basic proteins. To keep highly hydrophobic proteins in solution, an urea/thiourea/detergent mixture, as used in traditional gel‐based isoelectric focusing (IEF), was added to the electrophoresis buffer. Electrophoresis was conducted in the ProTeam free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE) apparatus of TECAN separating proteins into 96 fractions on a pH 3–12 gradient. Consecutive sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) analysis demonstrated that both matrix and the integral membrane proteins of peroxisomes could be successfully fractionated and then identified by mass spectrometry. This is documented by the detection of PMP22, which is the most hydrophobic and basic protein of the peroxisomal membrane with a pI > 10. The identification of 96 prominent spots corresponding to polypeptides with different physical and chemical properties, e.g., the most abundant integral membrane polypeptides of peroxisomes and specific ones of the mitochondrial and microsomal membrane, reflects the fractionation potential of free‐flow (FF)‐IEF, accentuating its value in proteomic research as an alternative perhaps superior to gel‐based IEF.
Fast speciation analysis of iodophenol compounds in river waters by capillary electrophoresis‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry with off‐line solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Kannamkumarath Sasi S. , Wuilloud Rodolfo G. , Jayasinghe Sarath , Caruso Joseph A.
Published: June 2004

An analytical methodology for the fast separation and determination of iodophenol species in natural water samples was developed using capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Based on the element‐specific and highly sensitive detection provided by ICP‐MS, the methodology has been applied to the analysis of 2‐iodophenol, 4‐iodophenol, and 2,4,6‐triiodophenol. The use of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), after proper optimization, improved the signal by a factor of 100 leading to detection limits in the sub μg·L−1. Different desorption conditions of iodophenol compounds from the SPME microfiber were studied to achieve the optimum preconcentration factor and best analytical performance. Different CE conditions were studied to achieve complete baseline separation of iodophenols in short migration times. Three different CE buffer systems were evaluated using ICP‐MS detection. A buffer solution containing 20 mmol·L−1 3‐(cyclohexylamino)‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (CAPS) and an applied potential of +22 kV were finally selected leading to a maximum separation time of 6.6 min. A relative standard deviation (%RSD) of about 5.0% for ten consecutive determinations was obtained. Finally, the speciation methodology developed was utilized for the determination of iodophenol compounds in natural water samples.
Effect of pressure on electrophoretic mobility of polystyrene latex particles
Authors: Sakakibara Akira , Kitagawa Shinya , Tsuda Takao
Published: June 2004

A capillary electrophoresis system that can apply arbitrary helium gas pressures at both inlet and outlet reservoirs was constructed. The system was used to investigate the effect of pressure on electrophoretic behavior of polystyrene latex particles. The electrophoretic mobility of latex particles was increased with the application of pressure (< 3.0 kgf/cm2). The shrinkage of particle diameter under pressurization was observed using a microscope, however, the magnitude of shrinkage was not enough to explain the increase in electrophoretic mobility. Therefore, the application of pressure might increase the electric charge of the latex particle. Since methanol inhibited the enhancement in the electrophoretic mobility of the latex particles, water might play an important role in increasing mobility.
On‐line preconcentration for capillary electrophoresis‐atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of arsenic compounds
Authors: Yin Xue‐Bo
Published: June 2004

An on‐line preconcentration method was developed for capillary electrophoresis (CE) with hydride generation‐atomic fluorescence spectrometric (HG‐AFS) detection of arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsenic acid, and monomethylarsenic acid. These arsenic species were negatively charged in the sample solution with high pH. When the potential was applied to the electrophoretic capillary, the negatively charged analyte ions moved faster and stacked at the boundary of sample and CE buffer with low pH. So, high sample pH in combination with low buffer pH allowed the injection of large sample volumes (∼ 1100 nL). Comparison of the preconcentration of analyte solution, prepared with doubly deionized water and that prepared with lake or river water, indicated that preconcentration was independent on the original matrix. With injection of ∼1100 nL sample, an enrichment factor of 37–50‐fold was achieved for the four species. Detection limits for the four arsenic species ranged from 5.0 to 9.3 μg·L−1. Precisions (RSDs, n = 5) were in the range of 4.9–6.7% for migration time, 4.7–11% for peak area, and 4.3–7.1% for peak height, respectively. The recoveries of the four species in locally collected water solution spiked with 0.1 μg·mL−1 (as As) ranged from 83 to 109%.