bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the De Bruijn--Newman Constant and Its Implications for the Riemann Hypothesis
Authors: Shree Raghu Raj
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the De Bruijn–Newman constant Λ andits implications for the Riemann Hypothesis, a central unsolved problem inmathematics. The Riemann Hypothesis posits that all non-trivial zeros ofthe Riemann zeta function ζ(s) lie on the critical line Re(s) = 12. The DeBruijn–Newman constant Λ governs the transition of zeros of a family of entirefunctions H(λ, z), parameterized by the real variable λ, from non-real to real.The binary nature of Λ makes it a critical object for determining the validityof the hypothesis: if Λ = 0, the Riemann Hypothesis holds true; if Λ > 0, it isfalse.To explore the behavior of Λ, we analyze the integral H(0, z) = R ∞0 Φ(u) cos(zu) du,where Φ(u) is defined as a rapidly decaying series related to the zeta function.Through detailed evaluation of Φ(u), we demonstrate that Φ(u) = 0 for allvalues of u. Consequently, the integral H(0, z) evaluates to zero for all realand complex z. This result implies that Λ ̸= 0, posing significant challengesto the validity of the Riemann Hypothesis.The findings presented in this paper highlight the need for further exploration of the behavior of H(λ, z) under varying values of λ and its implicationsfor the distribution of zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Additionally, computational verification and analytical extensions of the results may providedeeper insights into the nature of the De Bruijn–Newman constant and itsbroader impact on number theory and the study of prime distributions.
Transforming Online Learning Research: Leveraging GPT Large Language Models for Automated Content Analysis of Cognitive Presence
Authors: Castellanos-Reyes Daniela , Olesova Larisa , Sadaf Ayesha
Published: February 2025

The last two decades of online learning research vastly flourished by examining discussion board text data through content analysis based on constructs like cognitive presence (CP) with the Practical Inquiry Model (PIM). The PIM sets a footprint for how cognitive development unfolds in collaborative inquiry in online learning experiences. Ironically, content analysis is a resource-intensive endeavor in terms of time and expertise, making researchers look for ways to automate text classification through ensemble machine-learning algorithms. We leveraged large language models (LLMs) through OpenAI’s Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (GPT) models to automate the content analysis of students’ text data based on PIM indicators and assess the reliability and efficiency of automated content analysis compared to human analysis. Using the seven steps of the Large Language Model Content Analysis approach, we proposed an AI-adapted CP codebook leveraging prompt engineering techniques (i.e., role, chain-of-thought, one-shot, few-shot) for the automated content analysis of CP. We found that a fine-tuned model with a one-shot prompt achieved moderate interrater reliability with researchers. The models were more reliable when classifying students’ discussion board text in the Integration phase of the PIM. A cost comparison showed an obvious cost advantage of LACA approaches in online learning research in terms of efficiency. Nevertheless, practitioners still need considerable data literacy skills to deploy LACA at a scale. We offer theoretical suggestions for simplifying the CP codebook and improving the IRR with LLM. Implications for practice are discussed, and future research that includes instructional advice is recommended.
Space Theory
Authors: Chen S.
Published: February 2025

The author introduces a novel theoretical framework that suggests matter and energy are both converted from curved space. In Space Theory, gravitation is generated by the flow of space, instead of being transmitted by the graviton as in String Theory. This theory also suggests that Newton's gravitational constant, denoted as G, may not be truly constant but could vary over time. The equivalent equation of space is S=Ec²=mc⁴ , and the gravitational force formula is S_μν=4πGm=(4/3)π((r+a)³-r³) . The Space Theory also predicts that the surface gravitational acceleration of the neutron star Crab Pulsar (PSR B0531+21) is approximately 8.21924883×10⁶ m/s².
Neural imbalance between feedback sensitivity and inhibitory control in compulsivity and negative urgency
Authors: Dieterich Raoul , Overmeyer Rebecca , Dück Kerstin , Wuellhorst Verena , Endrass Tanja
Published: February 2025

Compulsivity and emotional impulsivity (negative urgency) are considered transdiagnostic risk factors for compulsive-impulsive psychopathology that is linked to a neural imbalance between executive and motivational-emotional systems. However, existing evidence does not derive from within-subjects designs, leaving it unclear whether imbalance occurs with high expressions in compulsivity and negative urgency. To address this gap, we conducted a preregistered analysis to examine how feedback sensitivity and inhibitory control interact as a function of compulsivity and negative urgency.Participants (n = 205; collected 2018-2019) expressing a wide range in compulsivity and impulsivity performed two inhibition and two feedback tasks during electroencephalography. We examined how the relationship between neural correlates of inhibition (nogo/stop>go) and feedback sensitivity (loss>gain) was moderated by compulsivity and negative urgency. Compulsivity emerged as the most robust moderator. Across multiple tasks, feedback sensitivity was associated with inhibitory activity in participants with low, but not high, compulsivity. A similar, less pronounced effect was observed in low versus high negative urgency. However, the effect of negative urgency did not remain significant after controlling for compulsivity, whereas the moderation by compulsivity remained when controlling for negative urgency. These results suggest a neural imbalance between systems tied to executive functioning and feedback sensitivity in transdiagnostic risk. This imbalance manifests such that strong motivational-emotional sensitivity is insufficiently compensated by inhibitory resources. It could drive repetitive or rash behaviors in response to distress in compulsivity and negative urgency, respectively. Whereas shared mechanisms may underlie compulsivity and negative urgency, the current interactions appear most relevant to compulsive psychopathology.
A Programmatic Stage 1 Registered Report of global song-speech relationships replicating and extending Ozaki et al. (2024) and Savage et al. (2025)
Authors: Savage Patrick E. , Jia Zixuan , Ozaki Yuto , Pavlovich Danya Vivianne , Purdy Suzanne , Ampiah-Bonney Adwoa , Arabadjiev Aleksandar , Bamford Joshua Silberstein , Barbosa Brenda Suyanne , Beck Ann-Kathrin , Cabildo Anne , Chiba Gakuto , Coissac Chloé , Varnosfaderani Shahaboddin Dabaghi , Echim Simion , Fujii Shinya , Gabriel Shira , Grassi Massimo , Guiotto Nai Fovino Lucrezia , Hajič Jan , Han KaiYi (Kaye) , Hansen Niels Chr. , He Ye , Kitayama Yoichi , Kolios Sotirios , Krzyżanowski Wojciech , Kuikuro Urise , Kurdova Dilyana , Liu Fang , Loui Psyche , Mikova Zoya , Moya Dayna , Natsitsabui Rogerdison , Nguqu Nozuko , Novembre Giacomo , Nuska Petr , Nweke Florence Ewomazino , Opondo Patricia , Parkinson Hineatua , Parselelo Mark Lenini , Perry Gemma , Pfordresher Peter , Podlipniak Piotr , Popescu Tudor , Ravignani Andrea , Ross Robert M , Silva-Zurita Javier , Soto-Silva Ignacio , Thompson William Forde , Vaida Sebastian , der Nederlanden Christina
Published: February 2025

How cross-culturally consistent and general are relationships between song and speech? Ozaki et al. (2024) analysed singing and speaking from their 75 coauthors speaking 55 languages, concluding that songs are “slower and higher and use more stable pitches than speech”. However, the degree to which their findings would generalise to other speakers of their languages remains unclear. We will test the replicability of Ozaki et al.’s findings using matched singing and conversational speech audio recordings from 15-30 participants per language in 26 sites around the world (collected as part of a broader study of global song/speech relationships [Savage et al., In Principle Accepted]). Using Peer Community In Registered Reports (PCI-RR)’s “Programmatic” track will allow us to replicate and extend Ozaki et al.’s original findings in a rigorous and equitable manner by allowing each local research team to lead its own separate first-authored Stage 2 Registered Report based on a single shared Stage 1 protocol. This will allow us to test the replicability of Ozaki et al.’s original findings across diverse languages while also giving each team the flexibility to pursue their own exploratory analyses in directions most relevant to their local context. Regardless of results, our multi-site large-scale replications will enhance our understanding of cross-cultural relationships between music and language and provide a template for equitable global collaboration using PCI-RR’s Programmatic track.
The way of thinking about depressive symptoms using Poisson process and exponential distribution (exponential process)
Authors: Yabu Takuya
Published: February 2025

So far, we have been using stochastic differential equations to explain the process of deriving emotions and ways of thinking based on the assumption of a Wiener process. However, in reality, there are cases where depression suddenly appears when things are going well. If a person is suffering from depression, the values of the group of curves, such as the similarity curve, will be at their lowest negative value if we consider them using a Wiener process. However, there are cases where a person goes from feeling good to suffering from depression, in other words, where the values of the group of curves, such as the similarity curve, suddenly change from positive to their lowest negative value. This cannot be explained using the conventional approach of considering groups of curves such as similar curves using the Wiener process. Therefore, we considered depression symptoms using the Poisson process and the exponential distribution (exponential process). We derived a stochastic differential equation that gives the number of times a person becomes depressed, and showed that the number of times a person becomes depressed follows a Poisson process. We also derived a stochastic differential equation that gives the time a person is feeling depressed, and showed that the time a person is feeling depressed follows an exponential distribution (exponential process). Based on these results, we explained the relationship between the number of times one feels depressed and the length of time one is depressed, and stated that putting oneself in an environment or situation where one is less likely to become depressed is a way of dealing with depression.
Variability and stability of autistic traits in the general population: a systematic comparison between online and in-lab samples
Authors: Wu Qianying , Hong Qianhui , Kim Na Yeon , Adolphs Ralph , Paul Lynn K. , Charpentier Caroline J
Published: February 2025

The surge of online psychological assessments have brought the autism research community both opportunities and challenges: while they enable rapid large-scale data collection and more power to characterize individual differences, they also bring concerns about data quality, generalizability beyond online samples, and whether autistic traits can be reliably characterized with self-report measures administered online. Here we tackle these concerns by providing a systematic characterization of the autistic traits variability across individuals in a large cross-sectional dataset (N=2826) as well as its temporal reliability within individuals in a test-retest dataset (N=247), with both online and in-lab samples. We measured autistic traits using the Social Responsiveness Scale, 2nd version, Adult Self Report (SRS-2-ASR) - a tool that quantifies individual differences in autistic traits along a continuum for the general adult population. Across individuals, we found elevated SRS scores in online samples and were able to trace this effect to specific subsets of SRS items. SRS scores also covaried with internalizing symptoms, decreased with age, and were lower in women compared to other genders. Within individuals, we find moderate-to-good test-retest reliability of SRS scores over long intervals, with no difference between online and in-lab samples, suggesting robust temporal stability. We conclude that there are systematic differences in autistic traits between online and in-lab samples that are partly explained by systematic population-level differences in internalizing symptoms, particularly social anxiety. Future studies that sample across different populations should measure, control for, or stratify with respect to these factors.
Association of Psychological Resilience with Decelerated Brain Aging in Cognitively Healthy World Trade Center Responders
Authors: Seeley Saren H.
Published: February 2025

Background. Despite their exposure to potentially traumatic stressors, the majority of World Trade Center (WTC) responders – those who worked on rescue, recovery, and cleanup efforts on or following September 11th, 2001 – have shown psychological resilience, never developing long-term psychopathology. Psychological resilience may be protective against the earlier age-related cognitive changes associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this cohort. The current study estimated the difference between estimated brain age from structural MRI data and chronological age in WTC responders who participated in a parent fMRI study of resilience (N=97). We hypothesized that highly resilient responders would show the least brain aging, and explored associations between brain aging and psychological and cognitive measures. Method. WTC responders screened for absence of cognitive impairment were classified into three groups: WTC-related PTSD group (n=32), Highly Resilient (n=34) group without lifetime psychopathology despite high WTC-related exposure, and Lower WTC-Exposed (n=31) control group also without lifetime psychopathology. We used BrainStructureAges, a deep learning algorithm that estimates voxelwise age from T1-weighted MRI data, to calculate decelerated (or accelerated) brain aging relative to chronological age (“BSAGE gap”).Results. Globally, brain aging was decelerated in the Highly Resilient group and accelerated in PTSD, with a significant group difference (p=.021, Cohen’s d=0.58); the Lower WTC-Exposed control group exhibited no significant brain age gap or group difference. Lesser brain aging was associated with resilience-linked factors including lower emotional suppression, greater optimism, and better verbal learning. Conclusions. Cognitively healthy WTC responders show differences in brain aging related to resilience and PTSD.
Association between hearing loss but not age and mistuning perception in music
Authors: Madsen Sara Miay Kim , Kreft Heather A. , Purmalietis Elaea , Dau Torsten , Oxenham Andrew
Published: February 2025

Western music is enjoyed by millions worldwide, but this enjoyment can be severely disrupted when instruments or voices are out of tune with each other. Both hearing loss and aging may degrade pitch perception, potentially affecting the ability to detect mistuning. For younger listeners with normal hearing, mistuning perception in music relies on both beats (amplitude fluctuations between closely spaced frequency components) and inharmonicity (non-integer frequency relationships between components from different sources). This study investigated the associations between hearing loss and age with mistuning detection in music, as well as with beat and inharmonicity detection. We tested groups of younger and older listeners with normal hearing and older listeners with hearing loss (N = 91 total). Results showed that older listeners with normal hearing performed similarly to younger listeners. In contrast, hearing loss was associated with poorer mistuning detection but was not associated with poorer performance in our measures of beat or inharmonicity detection. Reduction of either beating or inharmonicity cues in music had comparable effects across all groups. Overall, the results suggest that hearing loss, but not age, is associated with poorer mistuning detection in music, but that similar cues are used by all groups to detect mistuning.
Energy Transition and Mining in the Global South
Authors: Stacciarini João Henrique Santana , Gonçalves Ricardo Junior de Assis Fernandes
Published: February 2025

The energy transition has driven the rapid expansion of associated technologies, such as solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. Although promoted as clean and renewable, these technologies, due to their intrinsic characteristics, rely heavily on minerals for their manufacturing - many of which have recently been classified as critical. This article examines the impact of the significant increase in demand for these minerals. Using the International Renewable Energy Agency’s definition of critical minerals - which includes cobalt, nickel, copper, lithium, and rare earth elements - we conducted extensive data collection, systematization, and analysis on a global scale to identify the main producing countries and the contexts surrounding their extraction. The results reinforce a historical pattern in which most critical minerals for the energy transition originate from Global South nations, predominantly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In countries where environmental, social, and economic regulations are often more flexible, the profitability of large international corporations is favored. Furthermore, our findings reveal that, in many cases, the extraction of these minerals is linked to severe social, environmental, and economic impacts, ranging from extreme pollution and worker contamination by toxic metals to the financing of militias associated with authoritarian military regimes. These issues, often overlooked in dominant energy transition narratives, deserve greater attention and reflection from both the scientific community and society at large.
DIAGNOSIS, PROCESS FLOW AND BLOCKCHAIN SUPPORTED CHAIN OF CUSTODY FOR SUBPOENAING TELEMATIC DATA IN BRAZILIAN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Nascimento Paulo Vitor Braga do , DE ARAÚJO GUSTAVO MEDEIROS , DA CUNHA BRUNO REQUIÃO , ALVAREZ EDGAR BISSET
Published: February 2025

The criminal investigation, after the digital revolution, began to work with criminal evidence from the most diverse technological sources, often requiring legal measures to obtain them from technology companies and their cloud data storage. In this work, we describe some of the main difficulties involved in the management of digital evidence from law enforcement subpoena, focusing on its pre-processing (acquisition, organization, data storage) and on chain of custody integrity. The work was supported by institutional diagnostic research and bibliographic research. The results allowed inferring some conclusions that corroborate the practical scenario. There is no similar routine among the various law enforcement professionals, each one in their work group will perform the task in a similar way, but not in a standardized way. A Web platform architecture based on blockchain technology was proposed to improve the life cycle and use of subpoenaing telematic data in the police investigation environment.
Social Activation of the Khambu Ethnic in Nepal's Indigenous Movement
Authors: Rai Ram Kumar
Published: February 2025

The paper analyses the social and political movement of Khambu communities of Nepal, focusing on historical political and cultural perspectives. It brings into light the essential causes and consequences of the rise and settlement of all ethnic movements in Nepal. The paper argues that the ethnic group of Eastern Nepal known as the Khambu, due to historical changes, has transitioned from a revivalist movement to a national autonomy movement. Understanding the Khambu people's position concerning other ethnic groups in Nepal and their effects outside of the country will be beneficial. The paper is presented inductively and the choice of methodology is qualitative.
Endangered Hayu Culture in Nepal; Historical Legacy of Marginalization
Authors: Hayu Talak Bahadur
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the rich cultural history of the Hayu people of Nepal, emphasizing the significant impact of their ongoing marginalization. Officially recognized by the Nepalese government as one of the most vulnerable ethnic groups, the Hayu face numerous social, economic, and political challenges. These issues are deeply rooted in systemic discrimination, notably the caste hierarchy formalized by the 1854 AD Civil Code, which labelled the Hayu as "Masinya Matawali" or enslaveable alcohol drinkers. This historical marginalization has contributed to restricted access to education, employment, and essential services for the Hayu community. Drawing from both historical and contemporary data, this paper examines the intersection of Hayu cultural identity, marginalization, and survival. It highlights briefly their unique language, traditions, and clan systems while stressing the urgent need for reforms to protect their cultural heritage and improve their living conditions. The study aims to provide a deeper understanding of ethnic marginalization in Nepal and advocate for inclusive policies for all indigenous minorities and endangered.
नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी माओवादीको वि.सं.२०५२ देखि २०६२ सम्मको भारतनीति
Authors: अर्याल Aryal केशबराज Keshavraj
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी माओवादीको शशस्त्र विद्रोहको समय बि.सं.२०५२ देखि २०६२ सम्म भएको भारतनीतिमा केन्द्रीत रहेको छ । विगत लामो समयदेखि नै नेपालले असंलग्न परराष्ट्र नीति अपनाउदै आएको छ । परराष्ट्रनीति निर्धारण गर्ने कार्यमा सरकार, बिदेशमामिलाका विज्ञहरू आदि संलग्न रहेका हुन्छन् । दलीय रजनीति अगालेको देशमा संसद र सरकार राजनीतिक दलहरूबाट निर्माण गरिएका हुन्छन् । यसअर्थमा बिदेशनीति निर्माणमा दलहरूको महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रहेको हुन्छ । नेपालको बिदेशनीति निर्माणमा संसदमा प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दै आएको माओवादी दलको पनि महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रहँदै आएको छ । नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी माओवादीले बि सं.२०५२ साल देखि २०६२ सम्म भूमिगत रही शशस्त्र द्वन्दमा रहेका बेला भारत विरोध नीति अगाडि सारेको थियो । माओवादीले शशस्त्र संघर्ष सुरु गर्ने समयमा जनतन्त्रको मुद्धा बोकेको थियो । संघर्ष सुरु गरेपछि राष्ट्रिय स्वाधिनता र जनतन्त्रका मुद्धालाई सँगसँगै लैजाने कुरा उल्लेख ग¥यो । पछि फुन्टीवाड बैठकबाट राष्ट्रिय स्वाधिनताको मुद्धालाई प्राथमिकता दिने भन्दै भारतसँग सुरुङ युद्ध गर्ने कुरा उल्लेख ग¥यो । तर त्यो पार्टीका केही प्रमुख नेताहरू भारतमै बसेर नेपालमा शशस्त्र यद्ध सञ्चालन गरिरहेका थिए । त्यो समयमा भारतमा केही माओवादी नेताहरू प्रकाउ परेपछि भारतलाई घुक्र्यााउन माओवादीले भारत विरोधी अभिव्यक्ति दिनुलाई विदेश नीतिमा रहेको अस्पष्टता देखिन्छ । यस विषयमा खोज र अध्ययनको गर्नु नै प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको रहेको छ । पछि माओवादी प्रतिबन्धित रहेकै र राज्यले आतङ्ककारी घोषणा गरेकै अवस्थामा सातदल र माओवादी बीच तत्कालिन राजा ज्ञानेन्द्रको शासन विरुद्ध संयुक्त संघर्ष गर्ने निर्णय पछि १२ बुदे सहमति भयो । १२ बुदे सहमति पनि भारतमै भएको थियो । वि.सं.२०५२ सालदेखि वि.सं.२०६२ सम्म माओवादी भारत परस्त रहेपनि सिद्धान्त र व्यवहारमा भने अन्तरबिरोध रहेको देखियो । गुणात्मक विधिमा आधारित रहेको यस लेखमा माओवादीका दस्तावेज, विज्ञहरूसंगका गहन अन्तरबार्ता, प्राथमिक स्रोतका रुपमा उपयोग गरिएका छन् भने पुस्तक, पत्रपत्रिकामा प्रकाशित लेखरचना द्वितीय स्रोतका रुपमा प्रयोग गरिएका छन् ।
नेपाल विश्वविद्यालयको अवधारणा तथा प्रस्तावित कार्ययोजना २०८१
Authors: पौडयाल Poudyal ज्ञानेन्द्र Gyanendra
Published: February 2025

नेपालको शैक्षिक पृष्ठभूमि तथा उच्च शिक्षाको इतिहास धेरै लामो छ । प्राचीन कालमा वैद्धिक शिक्षा, संस्कृत शिक्षा तथा गुरुकुल शिक्षा प्रचलित थियो जसलाई पाठशालामा नभई मठमन्दिर, मस्जिद, तथा गुम्बाहरूमा संचालन गरिन्थ्यो । क्रमश पछि केही सम्पन्न वर्गले गुरुको घर आगनमा बसी शिक्षा आर्जन गर्न थाले । यसैगरी मध्यकालमा वौद्ध शिक्षामा विशेष जोड दिएको पाइन्छ भने लिच्छिवीकालमा वेद व्यास कला र संस्कृति तथा सैनिक र प्रशासनिक शिक्षाको विकासमा जोड दिएको देखिन्छ । आधुनिक नेपालको पूर्वाद्धमा सैनिक शिक्षामा जोड दिएको पाइन्छ । यसै क्रममा पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले वि.सं. १८२६ मा भक्तपुर विजय गरेपछि आधुनिक काल शुरु हुन्छ र नेपालको एकीकरण सफल पार्न सैनिक शिक्षा तथा सेना सुदृढीकरणमा विशेष जोड दिइन्छ । यस बाहेक धर्म संस्कृति र परम्पराको संरक्षण तथा संस्कृत शिक्षामा सामान्य हरहिसाब र फारसी शिक्षा (गणितीय शिक्षा) लाई प्राथमिकता दिएको देखिन्छ । भीमसेन थापाले आपूm प्रधानमन्त्री भएको बेला भारतबाट फ्रेन्च अफिसरलाई बोलाएर आधुनिक सैनिक शिक्षा दिलाएको यथार्थ घटनाबाट पनि तत्कालीन नेपालमा अरु शिक्षालाई भन्दा सैनिक शिक्षालाई प्राथमिकता दिई युद्ध कलामा नेपालीलाई प्रशिक्षित बनाउन खोजेको देखिन्छ । भारतमा अंगे्रज बिरुद्घ भएको लडाइ तथा प्रथम र द्घितिय विश्वयुद्घमा नेपाली सेनाले देखाएको बहादुरीले यी प्रसङ्गहरूको पुष्टि गर्दछ ।
नेपाल एकीकरणमा बहादुर शाहको योगदान
Authors: सापकोटा Sapkota ढाकाराम Dhakaram
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन नेपालको एकीकरण कार्यमा बहादुर शाहको योगदानका विषयमा केन्द्रीत रहेको छ । कुनै समय विशाल भ ू भागमा समेटिएको नेपाल मध्यकालको उत्तरार्धसम्म आपुग्दा विभिन्न बाइसी, चौबिसी, सेन र उपत्यकाका मल्ल राज्यहरूमा विभाजन हुन पुगेको थियो । त्यसबेला राज्यलाई पैतृकसम्पती जसरी अंशवण्डा लगाउने समेत गरिन्थ्यो । त्यो भन्दा भिन्नसोच गोरखामा राजा पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले लिए । उनले विभिन्न टुक्रामा विभाजित भएका नेपाल भित्रका राज्यहरूलाई एकीकृत गर्ने अभियान चलाए जुन अभियान पुरा नहुँदै उनको मृत्यु भयो । उनको मृत्युपछि राजपरम्परा अनुसार उनका छोरा प्रतापसिंह शाह राजा भए । उनको छोटो समयमा नै मृत्यु भएपछि नायवीले शासन गर्ने अवस्था सृजना भयो । बहादुर शाह पृथ्वीनारायण शाहका कान्छा छोरा थिए । परिस्थितिवश नायवी बनेर शासन चलाउने जिम्मेवारी उनीमाथि आयो । त्यो पनि कठिन परिस्थितिको परिणाम थियो । जुन परिस्थितीमा जिम्मेवारी लिएको भए पनि आफ्ना पिताले सुरुवात गरेको एकीरकण अभियानलाई उनले अगाडि बढाए । दरवारमा विभिन्न खालका गुठ उपगुठहरू बन्दै गएका थिए । उनले त्यो जालोलाई तोड्न सफल भएपछि मात्र एकीकरण अभियानतिर लागेका थिए । यस अध्यनको उद्देश्य बहादुर शाहले नेपाल एकीकरणमा पु¥याएको योगदानमा केन्द्रित रहेको छ । त्यसका लागि एकीकरण अभियानमा बहादुर शाहको भूमिका खोज्ने कार्य गरिएको छ । अध्ययनमा द्धितिय स्रोतको प्रयोग गरी ऐतिहासिक अध्ययन विधिको प्रयोग  गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनबाट पृथ्वीनारायण शाहले अधुरो छाडेको एकीकरण अभियानलाई बहादुर शाहले पुरा गरेका थिए भन्ने निष्कर्ष रहेको छ । सोही निष्कर्षका साथ बहादुर शाहका कार्यको मूल्याङ्कन गर्दा उनलाई योग्य पिताको सुयोग्य छोरा उपमा दिन सकिने निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ ।
चितवन जिल्लाका थारु जातिको सामाजिक–सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन
Authors: श्रेष्ठ तिलु थापा
Published: February 2025

नेपाल बहुजातीय, बहुभाषिक, बहुसांस्कृतिक र बहुधार्मिक देश हो । यहाँ १४२ जातजातिहरुको बसोबास रहेको तथ्याङ्कले देखाउँदछ । यी मध्ये थारु जाति पनि एक हुन् । नेपालको पूर्व मेचीदेखि पश्चिम महाकालीसम्मको तराई र भित्री मधेशमा थारु जातिको बसोबास रहेको छ । वि.सं.२०५९ सालमा नेपाल सरकारले ५९ वटा जातजातिहरुलाई आदिवासी तथा जनजातिमा सूचिकृत गरी थारु जातिलाई सिमान्तकृत समूहअन्तर्गत राखेको छ । यस जातिको भाषा एउटै (थारु भाषा) भए पनि उनीहरुको संस्कार र संस्कृतिमा ठाउँ अनुसार भिन्नता रहेको पाइन्छ । आफुलाई  तराईको भूमिपुत्र आदिवासी मान्ने थारु जातिको संस्कार र संस्कृतिमा वर्तमान समयमा धेरै परिवर्तनहरु आएका छन् । यो परिवर्तन अन्य जातिसँगको सामिप्यताको प्रभावस्वरुप भएको मान्न सकिन्छ । प्रस्तुत लेखमा चितवन जिल्लाका थारु जातिको सामाजिक सांस्कृतिक पक्षको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा प्राथमिक र द्वितीय दुवै स्रोतहरुको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । अन्तर्वार्ता, स्थलगत अवलोकनबाट प्राथमिक स्रोत सामग्री र पूर्वकृतिहरुको अध्यनयबाट द्वितीय स्रोत सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यसको प्रस्तुतीकरण व्याख्यात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक ढाँचामा गरिएको छ । यसको प्रस्तुति ए.पि.ए. सातौं संस्करणमा आधारित रहेर गरिएको छ । चिवतनका थारु जातिको सामाजिक–सांस्कृतिक पक्षको जानकारी गराउनु  प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य रहेको छ ।
प्रा. डा. तुलसीराम वैद्यको इतिहास लेखनमा योगदान र व्यक्तित्व
Authors: खत्री Khatri नृसिह कुमार  Nrisingh Kumar
Published: February 2025

वि.सं.२०२० सालभन्दा पछाडि नेपालको इतिहास विषयको लेखन र अध्ययनमा विद्यालय तहमा इतिहासलाई जोडदिने, कलेज र विश्वविद्यालय तहमा पनि यस विषयलाई बढी अध्ययन र अनुशन्धानमा जोड दिने काम भएको थियो । लोकसेवा आयोगको परीक्षामा पनि इतिहास विषयको गहन अध्ययन गर्ने विद्यार्थीहरू उत्तीर्ण भएर सेवा प्रवेश गरेका थिए । त्यो समयदेखि इतिहास विषयको महत्व निकै बढेको थियो । “सवै घटनावलीहरू, तथ्यहरू इतिहासको कोष भण्डारमा जान्छन् र अरु विभिन्न बिषयहरूलाई भरण पोषण गर्दछ,” भनिन्छ । इतिहासलाई अध्ययन, अनुशन्धान, चिन्तन, मनन र विश्लेषण गर्नु पर्दछ । इतिहास विगतलाई सम्झना गर्नु पर्दछ तर कम कोट्याउने हो, धेरै होइन । वाहिरी विषयको इतिहास लेखनमा योगदान, इतिहासमा गोष्ठी, सेमिनार सम्मेलन गर्ने परम्पराको थालनी, यसमा आफ्नो परीवारलाई पनि सहभागी गराउने प्रचलनको थालनी, क्षेत्रीय इतिहासको लेखन गर्ने इतिहासलाई विविध विधागत विषयमा रहेर पनि अध्ययन गर्न प्रोत्साहन गर्ने कामको थालनी प्रा.डा. तुलशी राम वैद्यबाट प्रारम्भ भएको पाइन्छ । यही नै यो लेखको सार हो । तुलसीराम वैद्यको वारेमा लेख तयार गर्नु यसको उदेश्य हो ।
दहचोकको ऐतिहासिक तथा पर्यटकीय महत्व
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari बमबहादुर  Bam Bahadur
Published: February 2025

प्रस्तुत लेख काठमाडौं जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम नेपालको राजधानी शहर काठमाडौंदेखि १२ कि.मि. पश्चिम चन्द्रागिरि न.पा. को वडा नं. १ मा अवस्थित चौकेटार दहचोकगढी एक ऐतिहासिक किल्ला एवं नेपाल एकीकरणकालीन महवपूर्ण खलङ्गाको ऐतिहासिक तथा पर्यटकीय महŒवको विविध पक्षको विश्लेषणसँग सम्बन्धित छ । हाल यो खलङ्गाको वरपर साविक दहचोक गा.वि.स. का ७७० घरधुरी रहेका छन् । यो दहचोकगढीको निर्माण कार्य पृथ्वीनारायण शाहद्धारा काठमाडौं उपत्यकालगायत वरपरका क्षेत्रहरूसँगै ललितपुर, भक्तपुर विजय गर्ने र अंग्रेजसँगको प्रत्याक्रमण गर्ने हेतुले गरिएको थियो । गोरखाले त्यहाँ गढी निर्माण गर्नु केही समय पूर्व दहचोक इलाकामा पुराना गढीहरू पनि रहेका थिए । आज दहचोक क्षेत्रमा भत्केका पुराना कैयौ गढीहरूका अवशेषहरू प्राप्त भएका छन् । भक्तपुरको मूलकोटगढी, रानीकोटगढी, फुलबारीकोट, पलाञ्चोकगढी, काभ्रेको तिमालकोट, काभ्रेगढी र पृथ्वीगढी, सिन्धुपाल्चोकको साँगाचोकगढी, लिस्तिकोट, काठमाडौंको थामडाँडा, वानासुर र भष्मासुरगढी, दुगुनागढी, चितवनको कविलासपुरगढी सोमेश्वरगढी र उपरदाङगढी, ललितपुरको पूलचोकीगढीहरूको तुलनामा दहचोकगढी उत्कृष्ट गढी थियो । वास्तवमा दहचोकगढी, गोरखालीहरूको युद्धभ्यास भएको नुवाकोटको दरबारगढी नेपाल–अंग्रेज युद्धमा उपयोग गरिएको उपत्यका छिर्ने चिसापानीगढी, मकवानपुरगढीको मातहतमा रहेको बारागढी, पर्सागढी र समनपुरगढी, गोरखालीहरूको अंग्रेजसँग युद्ध भएको सिन्धुलीगढी भन्दा पनि महŒवपूर्ण गढीको रूपमा रहेको थियो । बाडभञ्ज्याङ्गको माथिल्लो भागमा रहेको दहचोक उपत्यका छिर्ने निकै महत्वपूर्ण नाकाको रूपमा रहीआएको छ । हाल वर्तमान नेपाल सरकारले दहचोकगढीलाई एउटा मनमोहक पर्यटकीय तथा ऐतिहासिक स्थलको रूपमा हेरेको छ ।  हाल इन्द्रदह रहेको स्थानबाट लगभग २ कि.मि. पूर्वको डाँडाको जंगलभित्र किल्लाहरू रहेका छन् । यही गढीभन्दा तलको भू–धरातलमा स्वीट्जरल्याण्ड पार्कको निर्माण गरिएको छ । यहाँको वन दुर्गबाट उपत्यकाको अधिकांश रमणीय भू–भागहरू देख्न सकिन्छ । यस गढीलाई चारैतर्फबाट रामकोट, भीमढुङ्गा, बाडभञ्ज्याङ र इन्द्रदहले शोभायमान बनाएका छन् । उनले चाहेअनुसार डाँडा–डाँडाका किल्ला गढीहरूमा जनताको बसोवासस्थल बनाएर तीन शहरका समथर भू–भागमा सघन कृषि व्यवसाय सञ्चालन गर्नु रहेको थियो । तर वर्तमान समयमा तीन शहरमा घरै–घर निर्माण भएर सुख्खा खण्डहर भएको छ । यसको ऐतिहासिक तथा पर्यटकीय महत्वमाथि चर्चा गर्नु यस लेखको मुख्य ध्येय रहेको छ ।
नेपालको कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनमा केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लस
Authors: पुरी Puri रामप्रकाश  Ramprakash
Published: February 2025

कहिले फुट्ने र कहिले जुट्ने क्रम जारी रहे । वि.सं.२०१४ सालमा सम्पन्न दोस्रो महाधिवेशनदेखि दरभंगा प्लेनम २०१७) सम्म पार्टी विवादग्रस्त बनिरह्यो । दोस्रो केन्द्रीय समितिका महासचिव केशरजंग रायमाझीले राजा महेन्द्रको वि.सं.२०१७ साल पौष १ गतेको शाही घोषणालाई समर्थन गरेपछि पार्टीमा चरम विवाद सुरू भएको थियो । वि.सं.२०१९ सालमा तेस्रो महाधिवेशनको मनोवैज्ञानिक रूपले विभाजन भएर समापन भयो । बहुकेन्द्रमा विभाजित भएको नेकपाको अन्तर्गभमा विभिन्न समूह अस्तित्वमा आउने क्रममा केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लसको पनि उद्भव भएको थियो । जेलबाट छुटेर आएपछि २०२८ सालमा मनमोहन, मोहनविक्रम लगायतले केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लस गठन गर्न निर्णायक भूमिका खलेका थिए । एउटा सानो भेला र प्रारम्भिक कार्य भएको कारणले नै न्यूक्लसको रूपमा त्यसलाई गठन गरिएको थियो । केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लस गठन गर्नुको उद्देश्य शक्तिशाली नेपाली कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीको निर्माण गर्नु थियो । केही समयसम्म त्यसले आफ्नो प्रयासलाई अगाडि बढाएपनि कालन्तरमा यसमा सामेल कैयौँ व्यक्तिले केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लस छाडे । केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लसमा रहेकाले चौथो महाधिवेशन गरेर नेकपाको पुनर्गठन गर्न महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेले । केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लसले मुख्य गरी कार्यक्रमसम्बन्धी राजनीतिक प्रस्ताव, तात्कालिक राजनीतिक प्रस्ताव, वर्तमान अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय र राष्ट्रिय परिस्थितिका विशेषताहरू, देशका राजनीतिक शक्तिहरूको विश्लेषण नेपाल कम्युनिस्ट पार्टीभित्र देखापरेका भड्कावहरू नामक दस्ताबेज पारित गरेको थियो । यिनै दस्तावेजका आधारमा कालन्तरमा फरक धार बन्ने गरी नीति निर्माण गरेको थियो । राजालाई सामान्तवादको नाइकेको रूपमा र नेपाली काँग्रैसलाई त्यसको सहयोगी संस्थाका रूपमा हेरेर ती दुबैलाई समान दुश्मनका रूपमा हेरिएको थियो। नेपाली क्रान्तिको प्रधान दुश्मनका रूपमा घरेलु सामन्तवाद तथा भारतीय विस्तारवाद र विश्व स्तरमा अमेरिकी साम्राज्यवादसित प्रधान अन्तर्विरोध हुने कुरा यसमा व्याख्या गरिएको थियो । नेकपाभित्र देखा परेका भड्कावको विश्लेषण दस्तावेजमा पार्टीमा विभाजन ल्याउने तत्वको विश्लेषण गरिएको थियो । यस अध्ययनको उद्देश्य सङ्गठन निर्माण गर्दै सैद्धान्तिक र राजनीतिक दिशा निर्धारण गरेर नेपाली कम्युनिस्ट आन्दोलनको अलग धाराको परम्पराको रूपमा केन्द्रीय न्यूक्लसको ऐतिहासिक स्थानको बारेमा खोज गर्ने रहेको छ ।
बी.पी.कोइरालाको संक्षिप्त जीवनी
Authors: मिश्र Mishra विजयप्रसाद  Bijaya Prasad
Published: February 2025

नेपालका प्रथम जननिर्वाचित प्रधानमन्त्री विश्वेश्वरप्रसाद कोइराला (बी.पी.कोइराला) को जन्म वि.सं.१९७१ साल भदौ २४ गते तद्नुसार १४ अगस्ट १९१४ मा भारतको बनारसमा भएको थियो । वि.सं.२०३९ साउन ६ गते उनको देहवसान भयो । सन् १९२७ मा कक्षा आठमा बनारसको हरिश्चन्द्र स्कूलमा बी.पी.भर्ना भएका थिए । महात्मा गान्धीले सन् १९२०–२१ मा शुरु गरेको असहयोग आन्दोलनमा बच्चाकै बेला स्कूल पढ्दा बीपीले मैले आजदेखि सरकारी स्कूल छाँडे भनेकै कारण बीपीलाई मञ्चमा लगेर गान्धीले फूलमाला लगाई दिएका थिए । त्यहाँबाट बीपीको राजनीतिक यात्रा शुरु भएको हो । नोभेम्बर १९४६ मा बीपी कोइरालाले देशका तरुणहरुलाई पार्टी खोल्नु पर्दछ भनेर एउटा बक्तव्य जारी गरेका थिए । भारतीय स्वतन्त्रताको प्रभावमा भारतमा वीपी कोइरालाको प्रयासमा नेपाली राष्ट्रिय काङ्ग्रेसको गठन भयो । कलकत्ताको सम्मेलनबाट नेपाली राष्ट्रिय काँग्रेस (बनारसवालाहरुको कमिटि) र नेपाली प्रजातान्त्रिक काँग्रेस कलकत्तावालाहरुको कमिटी मिलेर नेपाली काँग्रेस बन्यो । नेपाली काँग्रसलाई वि.सं.२०१२ सालमा बीरगञ्जमा भएको महाधिवेशनबाट समाजवादी पार्टीको रुपमा स्थापित गर्न बीपी सफल भएका थिए । वि.सं.२०१५ सालको निर्वाचनबाट नेपालको प्रथम जननिर्वाचित प्रधानमन्त्री भएका बीपीलाई राजा महेन्द्रको आदेशमा सेनाले  वि.सं.२०१७ साल पुस १ गिरफ्तार गरी जेलमा राखेको थियो । पछि जेलबाट छुटेर भएर निर्वासित जीवन विताउन बाध्य भएका बीपी वि.सं.२०३३ पुस १६ गते राष्ट्रिय मेलमिलापको नीति लिएर नेपाल फर्किएका थिए । वि.सं.२०३९ साउन ६ गते उहाँको निधन भएको थियो । नेपालमा प्रजातन्त्र ल्याउनका लागि बी.पी.ले गरेको योगदान अविस्मरणीय छ  । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन बी.पी. कोरालाको जीवनीमा आधारित रहेको छ ।
चमार जातिको इतिहास
Authors: हमाल Hamal सीता Sita
Published: February 2025

चमारलाई नेपाली शब्दसागरमा छालाको मालसामान बनाउने एक जाति, सार्की, मिझार, मिजार (कदर गर्दा) भनिएको छ । चमार जाति भारतको विहार र उत्तरप्रदेश लगायत बङ्गालबाट ईशाको पहिलो शताब्दीतिर नेपालमा प्रवेश गरेर तराई र मधेसका बस्तीहरूमा बसोबास गरेका हुन् । यस जातिलाई नेपालको पहाडी क्षेत्रमा सार्की, हरिजन भनिन्छ भने तराईका विविध क्षेत्रमा यिनीहरूलाई चमार, राम, हरिजन र रविदास भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ । चमार जातिको चर्चा आर्य सनातन हिन्दु धर्म, वर्णव्यवस्था, धर्मग्रन्थ, रामायण र महाभारत, पुराण र उपनिषद र वंशावलीहरूमा पनि पाइएको छ । नेपाली सभ्यता तथा संस्कृतिभित्र अनेकौं जातीय समूहहरूको सिर्जना र संरचना हुँदै दलित समुदाय र अछुत जातिको रूपमा  हेरिएको छ । चमार समुदायलाई कसैले भारतमा भएको मुस्लिम आक्रमणपश्चात् ज्यान बचाउन जसरी अन्य जातिका मानिसहरू नेपालको सरहदभित्र पसे, त्यसैगरी यिनीहरू पनि नेपालको तराई प्रदेशमा चमार नामले र पहाडमा सार्कीका नामले हजारौँ वर्षपहिले नेपाल प्रवेश गरेको वर्णन पाइन्छ । असली तराई मूलका चमार जातिका मानिसहरूको बसोवास पूर्वी तराईदेखि पश्चिम तराईका जिल्लाहरूका विविध गाउँठाउँमा रहेको पाइन्छ । यी चमार जातिका मानिसहरूको उत्पत्तिलाई हेर्दा भारतस्थित उराँव र मुण्डा समूहहरूसँगै नागपुर क्षेत्रबाट नेपाल पसेको वर्णन पनि पाइएको छ । इतिहास हेर्दा मुस्लिम धर्मको घोर विरोध गर्ने जति पनि हिन्दुहरू थिए, उनीहरूलाई इस्लामिक कालमा निम्न श्रेणीमा गणना गर्ने उर्दी फिँजाइयो । जसले इस्लाम धर्म वरण गर्दथ्यो उसलाई उच्च स्थान र जसले हिन्दुधर्म वरण गर्दथ्यो उसलाई निम्न जातमा परिणत गरियो र मृत्युदण्ड दिन असम्भव भएर उनीहरूलाई विद्रोही मानेर सजायस्वरूप क्षेत्रीय कुलका चंवर जातिका मानिसहरूलाई दण्ड स्वरूप पशुको छालाको काममा संलग्न गराइयो । ती चर्मकारहरू नै चमार भएका हुन । नेपालमा रहेका चमार जातिको इतिहास खोतल्दा उनीहरूको जातिय वर्ण व्यवस्थाको उत्पत्ति भएदेखि नै नेपालको तराई भुभागमा बस्दै आएको पाइन्छ भने केही भारतबाट विभिन्न कालखण्डलाई कोही जमिन्दार, राजा रजौटाहरूसंगसंगै लागेर र त कोही आफै जीवन निर्वाहको विकल्प खोज्दै बसाई सरेर नेपालको तराईभागमा आएको पाइएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनको उद्देश्य चमार जातिको इतिहास उजागर गर्नु रहेको छ ।
Shifting Paradigms in Higher Education: Balancing Humanism; Scientism, and Academic Capitalism
Authors: Karna Manoj Kumar
Published: February 2025

Not available.
Effect of Reward Satisfaction on Job Performance: Employee Perspectives
Authors: Shrestha Prakash , Chhetri Guna Raj , Khadka Keshab
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of reward satisfaction on job performance of employees. This research employs a descriptive research design. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed to seven insurance companies. The findings demonstrate a significant association between pay level satisfaction and job performance. They also show that salary administration has an important and positive effect on job performance. The findings indicate that raise satisfaction has a favorable and significant impact on job performance. They also demonstrate a positive and significant effect of benefits satisfaction on employee job performance. In fact, employee satisfaction with organizational rewards has a significant and favorable effect on job performance. Organizational rewards, both intrinsic (recognition, career growth chances) and extrinsic (bonuses, raises), have the potential to greatly increase enthusiasm. When employees believe their efforts are recognized and rewarded, they are more motivated to perform effectively. Rewards make employees feel valued and appreciated, which leads to increased job satisfaction. Employees who are satisfied with their rewards are more likely to be engaged and committed to their jobs. Therefore, today’s organizations must focus on effective rewards that satisfy employees and effectively improve their performance levels.
Effect of Digital Transformation in Customers’ Experience in Banking
Authors: Chhetri Ashmita Dahal , Aryal Khimananda
Published: February 2025

This research examines how the banking industry’s digital revolution has affected consumers’ experiences, with a particular emphasis on important elements including ease of use, speed, flexibility, and convenience. The research provides a thorough analysis by combining quantitative data from 172 respondents with quantitative insights from survey using both descriptive and causal-comparative research techniques. The results show that although customers prefer features like 24/7 access and customization, digital banking services are generally well-received, however opinions on their efficacy differ. The results of the regression analysis demonstrate that the independent variables (convenience, simplicity, flexibility, and time management) and customer experience are significantly correlated, with flexibility exhibiting the largest positive connection. Nonetheless, it seems that customer experience and simplicity are inversely correlated, indicating that excessively simplified procedures may lower satisfaction. These findings notwithstanding, several factors, such “Time Manner” and “Convenience,” did not substantially affect the customer experience, suggesting areas in need of more study. Overall, the study emphasizes how important digital transformation is to improving the banking customer experience, but it also emphasizes how constant development is required to keep up with changing customer expectations.
The Future Of Female Leadership In Education: Challenges And Opportunities
Authors: Khanal Nabin
Published: February 2025

Though female surpass men both in quantity and quality in academic world as a whole, many of them evade themselves from workforce participation because of various causes. Further, those who are in workforce are very rare in top roles and are massively in subsidiary roles. In addition, women have to overcome a variety of hurdles when in leadership roles and being an aspirant for it. Based on the above background, this review was started aiming to access the challenges women face ascending the leadership positions. The gap in leadership roles and the future prospects of women to occupy the roles made this study a necessity.
Two major academic and scientific journals as ResearchGate and Google Scholar have been selected. Twenty different review articles were selected for analysis and thematized into five heads namely female in politics, female in education, need of female leaders in education, barriers and biases to female leadership and strengthening female leadership through inclusion.
Even though women are doing well in education and politics, developing networking and leadership skills, they are still blocked to achieve leadership roles. Persistent barriers exist for women to achieve the position which ranges from personal, organizational, and cultural as well. These insights have implications for the future personnel management especially in leadership positions in the educational institutions in the scenario of teaching being the job of less attraction for males.
Current status of Remittance and Nepalese Economy
Authors: Ghimire Shankar
Published: February 2025

This article explores the current trends of remittance in Nepal and its relationship with economic growth during the period of three and half decades till 2021/22. The recent remittance utilization pattern reflects that 58.78 percent of the money earned from foreign employment is spent on daily consumption, 22.48 percent on education and health, 10.07 percent on debt repayment and 8.67 percent on entertainment. The result shows that mere increasing remittance income does not support for the economic growth and development of the nation unless it is extensively used into the productive sectors. The Nepalese economy is gradually becoming consumption oriented due to remittance income that naturally leads to dependency resulting in the dearth of resource for investment. Thus, it is recommended to the government agencies for the formulation and implementation of remittance utilization policy for the enhancement of national economy.
An Impact of Liquidity on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal (A Case Study of Agriculture Development Bank Limited and Nepal Bank Limited)
Authors: Neupane Mukti Prasad , Sapkota Chet Narayan
Published: February 2025

The study examines the relationship between liquidity and profitability in 20 Nepalese commercial banks, focusing on Nepal Bank Ltd. and Agriculture Development Bank Limited. The research used descriptive and causal-comparative approaches, analyzing financial indicators like return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), CR, CRR, CBBISD, and IGSCA. Results showed that liquidity indicators significantly influence profitability, with CR negatively influencing ROA and ROE, CRR weakly influencing ROA and ROE, and IGSCA showing limited influence. The findings underscore the importance of effective liquidity management for enhancing profitability and recommend stable liquidity practices to reduce variability
Analisis Content BPJS Dalam Melakukan Pelayanan Prima Bagi Pengguna
Authors: Rizkia Anisa Adha , Irsyad Haidan Agies , Amanda Marsya Tri
Published: February 2025

BPJS Kesehatan telah menyediakan layanan online yang memudahkan masyarakat, tetapi masih terdapat keluhan terkait sosialisasi dan pemahaman pada program website BPJS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh yang terdapat dalam website BPJS dalam penggunaan pelayanan di bidang kesehatan. Metode metode deskriptif  kualitatif dan analisis data interaktif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa website BPJS Kesehatan menyediakan berbagai fitur layanan dan informasi yang berguna, namun perlu perbaikan dalam sosialisasi, sistem pengelolaan, dan fitur live chat untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan dan pengalaman pengguna. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa diperlukannya evaluasi dan perbaikan terus diperlukan guna meningkatkan kualitas layanan dan keamanan website BPJS Kesehatan, serta pentingnya sosialisasi kepada masyarakat untuk optimalisasi penggunaan website ini.
Karakteristik Kepesertaan JKN Di Dusun Daris Desa Prasi Kecamatan Gading Kabupaten Probolinggo
Authors: Yunida Nabila Hafsyah , Utami Ngesti W , Sunindya Bernadus Rudy
Published: February 2025

Upaya Universal Health Coverage (UHC) sebagai perwujudan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan Kesehatan yang menyeluruh. Berkaitan dengan upaya mewujudkan UHC. Kepesertaan JKN di Dusun Daris, Desa Prasi, Kecamatan Gading, Kabupaten Probolinggo masih memiliki capaian kepesertaan JKN sekitar 55% dari total populasi 1100 jiwa. Sebanyak 600 warga sudah menjadi peserta JKN baik PBI maupun  Non PBI, dan 400 warga masih belum mengikuti JKN, jumlah sample 91 Responden yang ditentukan berdasarkan rumus slovin. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik kepesertaan masyarakat dalam program JKN di Desa Prasi, Dusun Daris, Kecamatan Gading, Kabupaten Probolinggo. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan karakteristik pada aspek pendidikan dengan kategori pendidikan rendah sebesar 54,2%, aspek pekerjaan dengan hasil paling banyak pekerja Informal sebesar 88%, aspek pengetahuan dengan pengetahuan cukup sebesar 55%, dan aspek pendapatan dengan pendapatan kurang dari UMR sebesar 77%. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah karakteristik Masyarakat Dusun Daris baik yang menjadi peserta JKN ataupun yang belum  menjadi peserta JKN sebagian besar memiliki Tingkat Pendidikan Dasar, aspek pekerjaan Informal, dengan Tingkat pengetahuan yang cukup, serta dengan tingkat pendapatan kurang dari UMR. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan pemerintah setempat untuk mengimplementasikan upaya pencapaian UHC yang lebih penuh dan lebih tepat lagi.
Hubungan Pola Makan Berlemak Dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kejadian Hyperkolesterolemia Pada Akseptor KB DMPA Di PMB Ana Amalia
Authors: Amalia Ana , Bachri Syaiful , Karnasih I Gusti Ayu
Published: February 2025

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a problem that many people complain about, especially DMPA birth control acceptors (Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate). The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between fatty eating patterns and physical activity with the incidence of hypercholesterolemia in Ana Amalia's PMB.
Methods: This research uses a type of Observational research with a cross sectional design. The population was 63 people with a sample size of 54 people and used the chi square test.
Results: Ha was accepted, which means there is a relationship between fatty eating patterns and physical activity and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia in Ana Amalia's PMB.
Conclusion: There is a close relationship between fatty eating patterns and physical activity and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia. The more frequently DMPA contraceptive acceptors consume fatty foods, the greater the incidence of hypercholesterolemia, as well as physical activity, people who do light physical activity tend to suffer from hypercholesterolemia, this is because fat in the body is not burned.