bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Configuration for CO2 Capture by High Temperature Fuel Cells
Authors: Rossi Federico , Nicolini Andrea , Palombo Massimo , Castellani Beatrice , Morini Elena , Filipponi Mirko
Published: September 2014

Many technological solutions have been proposed for CO2 capture in the last few years. Most of them are characterized by high costs in terms of energy consumption and, consequently, higher fossil fuel use and higher economic costs. High temperature fuel cells are technological solutions currently developed for energy production with low environmental impact. In CIRIAF—University of Perugia labs, cylindrical geometry, small-sized molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) prototypes were built and tested with good energy production and lifetime performances. In the present work, an innovative application for MCFCs is proposed, and an innovative configuration for CO2 capture/separation is investigated. The plant scheme is based on a reformer and a cylindrical MCFC. MCFCs are the most suitable solutions, because CO2 is used in their operating cycle. An analysis in terms of energy consumption/kgCO2 captured is made by coupling the proposed configuration with a gas turbine plant. The proposed configuration is characterized by a theoretical energy consumption of about 500 kJ/kgCO2, which is quite lower than actual sequestration technologies. An experimental campaign will be scheduled to verify the theoretical findings.
HYDRAULIC HEAVE – DESIGN CHARTS AND DESIGN FORMULA FOR THE REQUIRED EMBEDDED LENGTH
Authors: Aulbach Benjamin , Ziegler Martin
Published: September 2014

For the determination of the required embedded length for the safety against hydraulic heave several approximate solutions exist. However, most of these solutions do not take into account the geometrical boundary conditions such as width B and length L of the excavation as well as the thickness of the aquifer S. Thus, values obtained by such simplified approximate solutions can easily lead to either uneconomical or unsafe design. For this reason investigations on the safety against hydraulic heave have been carried out at the Chair of Geotechnical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University. Based on the results of numerous calculations dimensionless design charts have been generated. With the help of these design charts the required embedded length T can be determined quite easily taking into account the difference of the ground water level H, the Thickness of the aquifer S, the geometrical dimensions B and L of the excavation and the unit weight of submerged soil γ′. In addition to these design charts a formula has been developed. By use of this design formula the required embedded length can directly be determined taking into account the before mentioned boundary conditions.
Application of the Symphonological Approach to Faculty-to-Faculty Incivility in Nursing Education
Authors: Burger Kathleen G. , Kramlich Debra , Malitas Mary , Page-Cutrara Karin , Whitfield-Harris Lisa
Published: September 2014

The nature of ethical interactions among nurse educators is crucial in modeling ethically based relationships for nursing students. This article focuses on the issue of uncivil faculty-to-faculty relationships in nursing education and is supported by a literature review of incivility in academic settings and the experiential reflections of seasoned nurse educators. The bioethical practice-based theory of symphonology provides a new perspective for framing these reviews and reflections. This theory can facilitate decision making in difficult interactions and sustain a focus on the central agreements that are foundational to nursing education. Incivility exemplars are explored within the context of autonomy, freedom, objectivity, beneficence, and fidelity, and the integration of academia and ethics is discussed as essential to nursing education and human caring. [
J Nurs Educ
. 2014;53(10):563–568.]
Professional Socialization of Students Enrolled in an Online Doctor of Philosophy Program in Nursing
Authors: Goodfellow Linda M.
Published: September 2014

A descriptive online survey design was used to describe professional socialization of students enrolled in an online Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program in nursing. Twenty-six (48%) of 54 students participated by completing the Doctoral Student Socialization Questionnaire. Activities associated with four of the six dimensions of professional socialization, including student–peer interactions, supportive faculty environment, collegiality, and student scholarly encouragement, were prevalent in the analysis. Activities associated with student–faculty interactions and preparation in scholarly activities were evident but were not prevalent. Students in an online PhD program in nursing can be socialized to the graduate school environment, as well as to their future role in an academic setting. Although challenging in the online environment, faculty need to promote activities related to student–faculty interactions and preparation in scholarly activities. [
J Nurs Educ.
2014;53(10):595–599.]
Ascetismo en imágenes: los ermitaños del Desierto del Sordo en el siglo XVIII
Authors: De la Peña Velasco Concepción , Molina Gómez José Antonio
Published: September 2014

Las representaciones pictóricas de Tebaidas fueron comunes en la Edad Moderna. Sin embargo, apenas se conocen imágenes que muestren actividad eremítica con monjes de diversa procedencia y con distintos hábitos. De ahí la importancia del cuadro analizado del siglo XVIII, que plasma formas de religiosidad, vinculadas a la vida rupestre, de larga tradición en el paraje mostrado de La Luz en Murcia. Se estudia el locus amoenus pintado, que se inspira en un lugar simbólico y en un entorno real, con las cuevas que habitaron anacoretas, cuyas prácticas fueron reglamentadas por el prelado de la Diócesis de Cartagena, como prueban una inscripción y datos de archivo. Se aborda la singularidad del lienzo, relacionándolo con fuentes documentales y literarias alusivas al tema.
Hijacking of Clicks
Authors: Shahriar Hossain , Devendran VamsheeKrishna
Published: September 2014

Clickjacking attacks are an emerging threat on the Web. The attacks allure users to click on objects transparently placed in malicious Web pages. The resultant actions of the click operations may cause unwanted operations in the legitimate websites without the knowledge of users. Recent reports suggest that victims can be tricked to click on a wide range of websites such as social network (Facebook, Twitter), shopping (Amazon), and online banking. One reported incident on clickjacking attack enabled the webcam and microphone of a victim without his/her knowledge. To combat against clickjacking attacks, application developers need to understand how clickjacking attacks occur along with existing solutions available to defend the attacks. This chapter shows a number of basic and advanced clickjacking attacks. The authors then show a number of detection techniques available at the client, server, and proxy levels.
Trolling Is Not Just a Art. It Is an Science
Authors: Bishop Jonathan
Published: September 2014

This chapter seeks to explore the role media content ratings play in the age of “Internet trolling” and other electronic media issues like “sexting.” Using ANOVA to validate a four-factor approach to media ratings based on maturity, the chapter finds the ability of a person to withstand various media content, measured in “knol,” which is the brain's capacity to process information, can be used to calculate media ratings. The study concludes it is feasible to have brain-computer interfaces for PCs and kiosks to test the maturity of vulnerable persons and recommend to parents/guardians or cinema managers whether or not to allow someone access to the content they wish to consume. This could mean that computer software could be programmed to automatically censor content that person is likely to be distressed or grossly offended by. Public policy issues relating to these supply-side interventions are discussed.
Cyber Security Model of Artificial Social System Man-Machine
Authors: Ciufudean Calin
Published: September 2014

Cyber Security Model of Artificial Social System Man-Machine takes advantage of an important chapter of artificial intelligence, discrete event systems applied for modelling and simulation of control, logistic supply, chart positioning, and optimum trajectory planning of artificial social systems. “An artificial social system is a set of restrictions on agents` behaviours in a multi-agent environment. Its role is to allow agents to coexist in a shared environment and pursue their respective goals in the presence of other agents” (Moses & Tennenholtz, n.d.). Despite conventional approaches, Cyber Security Model of Artificial Social System Man-Machine is not guided by rigid control algorithms but by flexible, event-adaptable ones that makes them more lively and available. All these allow a new design of artificial social systems dotted with intelligence, autonomous decision-making capabilities, and self-diagnosing properties. Heuristics techniques, data mining planning activities, scheduling algorithms, automatic data identification, processing, and control represent as many trumps for these new systems analyzing formalism. The authors challenge these frameworks to model and simulate the interaction of man-machine in order to have a better look at the human, social, and organizational privacy and information protection.
Big Data Technologies and Analytics
Authors: Abdelhafez Hoda Ahmed
Published: September 2014

The internet era creates new types of large and real-time data; much of those data are non-standard such as streaming and sensor-generated data. Advanced big data technologies enable organizations to extract insights from sophisticated data. Volume, variety and velocity represent big data challenges, which cause difficulties in capture, storage, search, sharing, analysis and visualization. Therefore, technologies like No-SQL, Hadoop and cloud computing used to extract value from large volumes and a wide variety of data to discover business needs. This article's goal is to focus on the challenges of big data and how the recent technologies can be used to address those issues, which are illustrated through real world case studies. The article also presents the lessons learned from these case studies.
Biomechanical Properties of the Foot Sole in Diabetic Mellitus Patients
Authors: Narayanamurthy V. B. , Poddar Richa , Periyasamy R.
Published: September 2014

This aricle evaluates and quantifies the biomechanical properties of the foot sole like – loss of protective sensation, hardness of the foot sole and pressure distribution parameter called Power ratio (PR) and its alterations, which have a direct effect on ulcer formation. A new parameter PRS Index is developed to understand the interplay between these parameters and its role in ulcer formation. All diabetic subjects attending the Diabetic foot clinic from Dec2003 to June 2007 undergo a standard foot examination.A total of 652 diabetic patients including 57 ulcer patients are taken for our study. The biomechanical properties include loss of protective sensation (LOPS) which is measured by 10 gm Semmes Weinstein Monofilament (SWMF). Hardness of the foot sole or absence of suppleness is tested using the Durometer (ASTM-D 2240 standards). Plantar pressure measurement is done using the PedoPowerGraph(p) which measures pressure distribution parameter PR. Foot wear properties like hardness of the insole affecting the formation of plantar ulcers was also measured. The above mentioned important parameters can be measured objectively and calculate PRS index value for diabetic with history of previous ulcer patients. We found a single entity of either the PR or shore independently cannot predict the risk for ulcer formation.In this study we found newPRS index value for diabetic with history of previous ulcer patients show significant correlation (i.e. p<0.05 level) between footwear shore and PRS index for history of previous ulcer patients. No significant correlation was shown for diabetic without history of previous ulcer patients and this may be due to diabetic patients are wearing footwear randomly with different degree Shore. From the case studies we found that the PRS index values and other biomechanical parameter of the foot sole can be reversed if the patients wear proper MCR footwear with 20 degree Shore. Use of appropriate footwear has shown that these easily measurable parameters and thus prevent ulcer formation as mentioned in the earlier studies. Several methods are used previously for predicting ulceration in DM patients. But in this study the new index PRS was studied and its role in predicting ulceration. Use of appropriate footwear will reverse the hypertrophic response; this can be quantified by the PRS index. We have found that there is decrease in PRS index by proper off loading the pressure using 20-degree shore MCR footwear.
Ranking Web Services using Web Service Popularity Score
Authors: Elfirdoussi Selwa , Jarir Zahi , Quafafou Mohamed
Published: September 2014

Due to the increase of published Web Services (WSs), finding the suitable WS that satisfies the user goals among discovered WSs still needs deep investigations. Certainly, QoS requirements represent a more appropriate and decisive factor to distinguish similar WSs. A lot of research efforts in this direction have been made but are still limited due to the complexity and diversity of QoS constraints. The novelty of our approach lies in its simplicity since it is based on WS Popularity Score (WSPS). This score is computed using an algorithm based on both user's requirements and quality measures of each discovered WSs such as pertinence, age, frequency, etc. The paper reports a validation of the proposed algorithm, its implementation and evaluation trough Information Extraction (IE), in order to illustrate, and assess the convenience of our approach.
Enterprise Risk Management
Authors: Moon Karen K. L. , Mo Phyllis L. L. , Chan Rita L. Y.
Published: September 2014

The authors investigate strategic measures companies adopt to combat and manage risks in order to survive and grow in an unstable economic environment. Based on in-depth interviews with senior staff from six Hong Kong-based successful enterprises in the textile and clothing industry, they find that companies have adopted various enterprise-wide, holistic, and integrative approaches to effectively address and manage risks. Also found was that the use of a formal approach to manage risks by a company at a different stage of the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) maturity continuum is affected by its size, scope of operations, and legal structure. The findings from this study enhance the understanding of the relationship between organization structure and risk management.
Contemporary Financial Risk Management Perceptions and Practices of Small-Sized Chinese Businesses
Authors: Gao Simon S. , Oreal Serge , Zhang Jane
Published: September 2014

This study investigated the current perceptions and practices of financial risk management at small businesses in China. The researchers took an interpretative approach, using interviews within a case study, to collect qualitative data from Chinese business owners. Despite the well-documented importance of financial risk management in light of the 2008 global financial crises, surprisingly, the data indicated that little progress has been made on implementing an effective financial risk management in many Chinese small businesses. Analysis indicated the core problems in the case study organization stemmed from a lack of expertise, along with insufficient operational resources, for applying risk management. Interestingly, the researchers also found that Chinese small business managers perceived financial risks differently from managers of large organizations in China. Specifically, small business owners preferred to utilize risk transfer and insurance cover to hedge against financial risk.
The Cretaceous age of the Vinegar Hill silica sand deposit, southern New Brunswick: evidence from palynology and paleobotany
Authors: Falcon-Lang Howard J. , Fensome Robert A. , Venugopal D.V.
Published: September 2014

A small outcrop of quartz (silica) sand has been recognized at Vinegar Hill, near Cassidy Lake south of Sussex, New Brunswick, since the 1980s and extracted for commercial purposes. The deposit overlies Carboniferous rocks and underlies glacial deposits, and its setting is very similar to comparable, conﬁrmed Cretaceous deposits in Nova Scotia. The age of the Vinegar Hill deposit, which appears to be of ﬂuvial origin, has been unconﬁrmed until the present study. In this study, a general Mesozoic-early Tertiary age is indicated by the identity of a fossil araucarian wood specimen that occurs within the sand, and palynomorphs suggest a late Early Cretaceous, probably Albian, age. The absence of true growth rings in the wood implies a humid subtropical climate characterized by high temperatures, a conclusion consistent with a Cretaceous age because such climates are predicted for that age in the region by global paleoclimate reconstructions. The Vinegar Hill deposit represents the only known outcrop of Cretaceous strata in New Brunswick, but given its economic and scientiﬁc interest, a search for similar basins in the province would be worthwhile.

RÉSUMÉ

Un petit afﬂeurement de sable quartzeux (silice) a été repéré sur la colline Vinegar, près du lac Cassidy, au sud de Sussex, Nouveau-Brunswick, au cours des années 80 et il a fait l'objet d'extraction à des ﬁns commerciales. Le gîte recouvre des roches du Carbonifère et se trouve sous des dépôts glaciaires, dans un cadre semblable aux gîtes crétacés conﬁrmés comparables de la Nouvelle-Écosse. L'âge du gîte de la colline Vinegar, qui semble d'origine ﬂuviatile, n'avait pas été conﬁrmé avant la présente étude. L'étude le situe d'une façon générale au Mésozoïque-Tertiaire inférieur en s'appuyant sur l'identité d'un spécimen de bois araucarien fossile présent à l'intérieur du sable; les palynomorphes laissent supposer qu'il remonterait à la ﬁn du Crétacé inférieur, probablement l'Albien. L'absence de cernes réels dans le bois permet de supposer un climat subtropical humide caractérisé par des températures élevées, une conclusion qui est compatible avec un âge le situant au Crétacé parce qu'on peut déterminer la présence de tels climats dans la région à cette époque au moyen de reconstructions paléoclimatiques planétaires. Le gîte de la colline Vinegar représente le seul afﬂeurement connu de strates du Crétacé au Nouveau-Brunswick, mais vu son intérêt économique et scientiﬁque, il serait intéressant de rechercher des bassins semblables dans la province.
Sediment characteristics of some Nova Scotian beaches
Authors: Bryant Edward
Published: September 2014

A general model exists relating morphology, hydrodynamics and sediment transport behaviour of beach foreshores. This model states that on a reflective foreshore, where wave energy is reflected from the beach face, sediment size grades steeply in value (0.2 mm/km) along the beach face, downdrift and towards highest energy. This grading is temporally stable. On a dissipative foreshore, where wave energy is dissipated across a surf zone, size gradings are weakly developed (0.1 mm/km) and have a high degree of temporal variability. The model applies to high energy, swell-dominated, compartmentalized beaches with stable sea level and no sediment input. Most of the beaches studied in Nova Scotia, where sea level is rising, fit within this model; however the effects of source dominance, low wave energy levels and edge wave triggering processes must be considered.

RÉSUMÉ

L'effet combiné des facteurs agissant sur l’estran, soit la morphologie, l'hydrodynatnique et le mouvement des sédiments, est traite par un modèle général. Ce modèle propose que le long d'un est ran reflechissant, lè ou l'énergié de la houle est réfléchie par le rivage, la granulometrie des matériaux croft rapidement (0.2 mm/km) en direction de la dérive et vers les zones à haute énergié. Ce granoclassement est temporellement stable. Le long d'un rivage ou l'énergié de la houle est dissipée par une zone de brisants, le gradient granulométrique est moins bien exprimé (0.1 mm/km) et temporellement très variable. Ce modèle s'applique aux plages compartimentées, dotninées par la houle, ou l'énergié du milieu est haute, le niveau de la mer stable et l'apport de sédiments nul. En Nouvelle-Écosse, la plupart des plages étudiées cadrent avec ce modèle bien que le niveau marin soit à la hausse; cependant on doit tenir compte des effets dus à la dominance de la source, du faible niveau d'énergié de la houle, ainsi que des processus initiateurs de la houle transversale.

[Traduit par le Journal]
Geochemistry of Ordovician volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche Group of southwestern New Brunswick
Authors: Dostal J.
Published: September 2014

The Lower to Middle Ordovician volcanic suite of the Tetagouche Group from the southwestern part of the Miramichi Terrane in the Woodstock-Meductic area in southwestern New Brunswick is composed of a bimodal basalt-rhyolite association. The basaltshave calc-alkalic characteristics and were emplaced on the continental crust in a volcanic arc or back-arc environment. The rhyolites were probably derived by melting of an amphibolite-facies crust. The basalts differ from those of the Tetagouche Group from the Bathurst area which include within-plate basalts and MORB. However, they both may be part of a single Ordovician arc-back-arc system.

RÉSUMÉ

Le cortege volcanique du Groupe de Tetagouche (Ordovicien médian à inférieur) dans la portion sud-ouest de la Lanière de Miramichi (région de Woodstock-Meductic, sud-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick) se compose d'une association bimodèle de basalte et rhyolite. Les basaltes présentent des caractéres calco-alcalins et ils se sont mis en place sur la croûte continentale dans un milieu d'arc insulaire ou de rétro-arc. Les rhyolites proviennent probablement de la fonte d'une croûte de faciès à amphibolites. Les basaltes différent de ceux du Groupe de Tetagouche dans la région de Bathurst, qui comprennent des basaltes intra-plaques et des MORB, quoique tous deux puissent faire partie d'un système arc:rétro-arc ordovicien unique.

[Traduit par le journal]
Anthropical Structures in Coastal Sediments
Authors: Leatherman S. P.
Published: September 2014

Intense human activity in the coastal zone has resulted in widespread deformation of coastal features. Vehicular and pedestrian traffic are the primary means of creating anthropical structures. While the long-term preservation potential for these structures is generally quite low, geologic investigations have shown that a large number of modern environments contain deformed layers in their sedimentary records.
Earliest Silurian supra-subduction magmatism in central Cape Breton Island
Authors: Keppie J. D. , Dostal J. , Davis D. W. , Horton D. A.
Published: September 2014

The Skye Mountain pluton intruded the Late Proterozoic Bras d'Or Gneiss in the Creignish Hills of central Cape Breton Island. It is composed of amphibole-bearing mafic rocks (gabbro and diorite) with quartz diorite occurring in the northern portion. U-Pb isotopic analyses of zircon give an age of 438 ± 2 Ma, i.e., earliest Silurian. The rocks are calc-alkaline with mantle-normalized patterns characterized by high LILE/HFSE (large-ion-lithophile elements/high-field-strength elements) ratio and pronounced negative Nb anomalies. The pluton is inferred to have intruded a supra-subduction zone setting. As such, it represents a southern extension of an Early Silurian arc that extends along the axis of the Cape Breton Highlands. These calc-alkaline rocks contrast with contemporaneous, tholeiitic rift-related volcanism that occurs in the Antigonish Highlands. A possible tectonic setting that explains both these suites suggests that oblique, sinistral south-dipping subduction began north of Cape Breton Island and changed westwards into a sinistral transform boundary, which induced rifting in mainland Nova Scotia.

RÉSUMÉ

Le pluton du mont Skye fait intrusion dans le gneiss du protérozoique tardif de Bras D'Or des collines Creignish, dans le centre de l'ile du Cap-Breton. Il est constitue de roches mafiques amphibolifères (gabbro et diorite) accompagnées de diorite quartzique dans la partie septentrionale. Des analyses isotopiques au U-Pb du zircon le situent è 438 ± 2 Ma, c.- à-d. à la fin du Silurien précoce. Les roches sont des roches calco-alcalines presentant des structures normalises mantéliques caractérisées par un rapport élevé d'ELGI/EICE (éléments lithophiles à gros ions/éléments à intensite de champ éleveé) et par des anomalies négatives de Nb prononcées. On suppose que le pluton fait intrusion dans le cadre d'une zone de supra-subduction. Il représente comme tel un prolongement méridional d'un arc du Silurien précoce qui s'étend le long de l'axe des hautes-terres du Cap-Breton. Ces roches calco-alcalines font contraste avec le volcanisme tholéiitique contemporain lié à une fracture qui est survenu dans les hautes-terres d'Antigonish. Une compaction tectonique possible expliquant ces deux corteges laisse supposer que la subduction oblique sénestre inclinee vers le sud a commence au nord de Pile du Cap-Breton et s'est transformee vers l'ouest en une marge de cisaillement senestre qui a produit une distension continentale dans l'intérieur de la Nouvelle-Écosse.

[Traduit par la rédaction]
Soil erosion by snow gliding – a first quantification attempt in a subalpine area in Switzerland
Authors: Meusburger K. , Leitinger G. , Mabit L. , Mueller M. H. , Walter A. , Alewell C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Snow processes might be one important driver of soil erosion in Alpine grasslands and thus the unknown variable when erosion modelling is attempted. The aim of this study is to assess the importance of snow gliding as a soil erosion agent for four different land use/land cover types in a subalpine area in Switzerland. We used three different approaches to estimate soil erosion rates: sediment yield measurements in snow glide depositions, the fallout radionuclide 137Cs and modelling with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). RUSLE permits the evaluation of soil loss by water erosion, the 137Cs method integrates soil loss due to all erosion agents involved, and the measurement of snow glide deposition sediment yield can be directly related to snow-glide-induced erosion. Further, cumulative snow glide distance was measured for the sites in the winter of 2009/2010 and modelled for the surrounding area and long-term average winter precipitation (1959–2010) with the spatial snow glide model (SSGM). Measured snow glide distance confirmed the presence of snow gliding and ranged from 2 to 189 cm, with lower values on the north-facing slopes. We observed a reduction of snow glide distance with increasing surface roughness of the vegetation, which is an important information with respect to conservation planning and expected and ongoing land use changes in the Alps. Snow glide erosion estimated from the snow glide depositions was highly variable with values ranging from 0.03 to 22.9 t ha−1 yr−1 in the winter of 2012/2013. For sites affected by snow glide deposition, a mean erosion rate of 8.4 t ha−1 yr−1 was found. The difference in long-term erosion rates determined with RUSLE and 137Cs confirms the constant influence of snow-glide-induced erosion, since a large difference (lower proportion of water erosion compared to total net erosion) was observed for sites with high snow glide rates and vice versa. Moreover, the difference between RUSLE and 137Cs erosion rates was related to the measured snow glide distance (R2 = 0.64; p < 0.005) and to the snow deposition sediment yields (R2 = 0.39; p = 0.13). The SSGM reproduced the relative difference of the measured snow glide values under different land uses and land cover types. The resulting map highlighted the relevance of snow gliding for large parts of the investigated area. Based on these results, we conclude that snow gliding appears to be a crucial and non-negligible process impacting soil erosion patterns and magnitude in subalpine areas with similar topographic and climatic conditions.
Effects of land use changes on kinetics of potassium release in sweetpotato garden soils of the highlands, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Rajashekhar Rao B. K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The present study attempts to employ K release parameters to identify soil quality degradation due to changed land use pattern in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) gardens of Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Soils with widely differing exchangeable and non-exchangeable K contents were successively extracted 569 h in 0.01 M CaCl2 and K release data was fitted to four mathematical models: first order, power, parabolic diffusion and Elovich equations. Results showed two distinct parts in the K release curves and 58–80% of total K were released to solution phase within 76 h (first 5 extractions) with 20–42% K released in the later parts (after 76 h). Soils from older gardens which were subjected to intensive and prolonged land use showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower cumulative K release potential than the gardens which are recently brought to cultivation (new gardens). Among four equations, first order and power equations best described the K release pattern and the constant b, an index of K+ release rates, ranged from 0.005–0.008 mg kg−1h−1 in first order model, and was between 0.14 and 0.83 mg kg−1h−1 in power model for the soils. In the non-volcanic soils, model constant b values were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the volcanic soils thus indicative of vulnerability of volcanic soils to K deficiency. The food garden soils need management interventions either through improved fallow management or through mineral fertilizers plus animal manures to sustain productivity.
Protease inhibitor monotherapy is associated with a higher level of monocyte activation, bacterial translocation and inflammation
Authors: Torres Berta , Guardo Alberto C , Leal Lorna , Leon Agathe , Lucero Constanza , Alvarez‐Martinez Míriam J , Martinez Miguel J , Vila Jordi , Martínez‐Rebollar María , González‐Cordón Ana , Gatell Josep M , Plana Montserrat , García Felipe
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Monotherapy with protease‐inhibitors (MPI) may be an alternative to cART for HIV treatment. We assessed the impact of this strategy on immune activation, bacterial translocation and inflammation.

Methods

We performed a cross‐sectional study comparing patients on successful MPI (n=40) with patients on cART (n=20). Activation, senescence, exhaustion and differentiation stage in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subsets, markers of monocyte activation, microbial translocation, inflammation, coagulation and low‐level viremia were assessed.

Results

CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocyte subset parameters were not significantly different between both groups. Conversely, as compared with triple cART, MPI patients showed a higher proportion of activated monocytes (CD14+ CD16−CD163+ cells, p=0.031), soluble markers of monocyte activation (sCD14 p=0.004, sCD163 p=0.002), microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐binding protein; LBP p=0.07), inflammation (IL‐6 p=0.04) and low‐level viremia (p=0.035). In a multivariate model, a higher level of CD14+ CD16−CD163+ cells and sCD14, and presence of very low‐level viremia were independently associated with MPI. Monocyte activation was independently associated with markers of inflammation (IL‐6, p=0.006), microbial translocation (LBP, p=0.01) and low‐level viremia (p=0.01).

Conclusions

Patients on MPI showed a higher level of monocyte activation than patients on standard therapy. Microbial translocation and low‐level viremia were associated with the high level of monocyte activation observed in patients on MPI. The long‐term clinical consequences of these findings should be assessed.
Development of anisotropic contiguity in deforming partially molten aggregates: 1. Theory and fast multipole boundary elements method
Authors: Drombosky Tyler , Hier‐Majumder Saswata
Published: September 2014

The microstructure of partially molten rocks strongly influences the macroscopic physical properties. Contiguity, a geometric parameter, is a tensorial quantity that describes the area fraction of intergranular contact in a partially molten aggregate. It is also a key parameter that controls the effective elastic strength of the grain network. As the shape of the grains evolves during deformation, so does the contiguity of each grain. In this article, we present the first set of numerical simulations of evolution of grain‐scale contiguity of an aggregate during matrix deformation using a fast multipole boundary elements method‐based model. We simulate a pure shear deformation of an aggregate of 1200 grains up to a shortening of 0.47 and a simple shear deformation of 900 grains up to a shear strain of 0.75, for solid‐melt viscosity ratios of 1 and 50. Our results demonstrate that the initially isotropic contiguity tensor becomes strongly anisotropic during deformation. We also observe that the differential shortening, the normalized difference between the major and minor axes of grains, is inversely related to the ratio between the principal components of the contiguity tensor. In pure shear, the principal components of the contiguity tensor remain parallel to the irrotational principal axes of the applied strain. In simple shear, however, the principal components of the contiguity tensor rotate continually during the course of deformation in this study. In the companion article we present the seismic anisotropy resulting from the anisotropic contiguity and the implications for the Earth's lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary.
Field correlations for off‐axis Gaussian laser beams in atmospheric turbulence
Authors: Baykal Yahya
Published: September 2014

The absolute field correlations in atmospheric turbulence are evaluated for the off‐axis optical Gaussian beam incidence. Evaluations in the practical range of the source and the turbulent medium parameters show that an increase in the diagonal length at the receiver plane causes the absolute field correlations of the off‐axis Gaussian beam to decrease. At a fixed receiver diagonal length, the off‐axis Gaussian beams having smaller displacement parameters and larger source sizes exhibit larger absolute field correlations. Comparing the absolute field correlations of the off‐axis Gaussian beams in atmospheric turbulence with their no turbulence counterparts, it is observed that the behavior of the absolute field correlation variations remains the same; however, the diminishing of the absolute field correlations in turbulence occurs at smaller diagonal lengths.
Experimental assessment of snow‐induced attenuation on an Earth‐space link operating at Ka‐band
Authors: Amaya César , García‐Rubia José‐Miguel , Bouchard Pierre , Nguyen Tu
Published: September 2014

This investigation assesses the attenuation induced by snowfall on an experimental slant‐path link that monitors the 20.199 GHz beacon signal of the Anik F2 satellite. Beacon data collected at Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC) in Ottawa over 2 years, including the winters of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, were analyzed as part of this study. The antenna of one of the two receivers used in the propagation campaign with Anik F2 was shielded, the first year under a tent and the second year under the roof of a building, in order to prevent degradations on the measured beacon signal due to snow or ice accumulation on the parabolic reflector surface. One of the main challenges of the study was the unambiguous identification of snow events. Information provided by several weather sensors, a profiling radiometer, and meteorological reports were used to help identify the type of precipitation. Events of wet and dry snow along with freezing rain are presented and discussed. Radiometric measurements of sky noise temperature were particularly useful to detect light snowfall events and to estimate event durations. Statistics of snow attenuation were derived for the winter months of the study. It is found that snow attenuation is modest at 20.2 GHz; however, modest attenuation may be important for small‐margin communication systems.
Micromodel study of two‐phase flow under transient conditions: Quantifying effects of specific interfacial area
Authors: Karadimitriou N. K. , Hassanizadeh S. M. , Joekar‐Niasar V. , Kleingeld P. J.
Published: September 2014

Recent computational studies of two‐phase flow suggest that the role of fluid‐fluid interfaces should be explicitly included in the capillarity equation as well as equations of motion of phases. The aim of this study has been to perform experiments where transient movement of interfaces can be monitored and to determine interfacial variables and quantities under transient conditions. We have performed two‐phase flow experiments in a transparent micromodel. Specific interfacial area is defined, and calculated from experimental data, as the ratio of the total area of interfaces between two phases per unit volume of the porous medium. Recent studies have shown that all drainage and imbibition data points for capillary pressure, saturation, and specific interfacial area fall on a unique surface. But, up to now, almost all micromodel studies of two‐phase flow have dealt with quasi‐static or steady state flow conditions. Thus, only equilibrium properties have been studied. We present the first study of two‐phase flow in an elongated PDMS micromodel under transient conditions with high temporal and spatial resolutions. We have established that different relationships between capillary pressure, saturation, and specific interfacial area are obtained under steady state and transient conditions. The difference between the surfaces depends on the capillary number. Furthermore, we use our experimental results to obtain average (macroscale) velocity of fluid‐fluid interfaces and the rate of change of specific interfacial area as a function of time and space. Both terms depend on saturation nonlinearly but show a linear dependence on the rate of change of saturation. We also determine macroscale material coefficients that appear in the equation of motion of fluid‐fluid interfaces. This is the first time that these parameters are determined experimentally.
Runoff sources and flow paths in a partially burned, upland boreal catchment underlain by permafrost
Authors: Koch Joshua C. , Kikuchi Colin P. , Wickland Kimberly P. , Schuster Paul
Published: September 2014

Boreal soils in permafrost regions contain vast quantities of frozen organic material that is released to terrestrial and aquatic environments via subsurface flow paths as permafrost thaws. Longer flow paths may allow chemical reduction of solutes, nutrients, and contaminants, with implications for greenhouse gas emissions and aqueous export. Predicting boreal catchment runoff is complicated by soil heterogeneities related to variability in active layer thickness, soil type, fire history, and preferential flow potential. By coupling measurements of permeability, infiltration potential, and water chemistry with a stream chemistry end‐member mixing model, we tested the hypothesis that organic soils and burned slopes are the primary sources of runoff, and that runoff from burned soils is greater due to increased hydraulic connectivity. Organic soils were more permeable than mineral soils, and 25% of infiltration moved laterally upon reaching the organic‐mineral soil boundary on unburned hillslopes. A large portion of the remaining water infiltrated into deeper, less permeable soils. In contrast, burned hillslopes displayed poorly defined soil horizons, allowing rapid, mineral‐rich runoff through preferential pathways at various depths. On the catchment scale, mineral/organic runoff ratios averaged 1.6 and were as high as 5.2 for an individual storm. Our results suggest that burned soils are the dominant source of water and solutes reaching the stream in summer, whereas unburned soils may provide longer term storage and residence times necessary for production of anaerobic compounds. These results are relevant to predicting how boreal catchment drainage networks and stream export will evolve given continued warming and altered fire regimes.
Cyclotrons
Authors: Mackenzie George H. , Schmor Paul W. , Schneider H.R.
Published: September 2014

Since its inception in 1931, the cyclotron has undergone a large number of improvements and developments in various aspects. Presently, there are more than 130 cyclotrons operating commercially and about 75 more in research institutions. The primary use of cyclotrons has moved from basic research in nuclear physics and radiochemistry before and during 1960s, to non‐nuclear fields and industrial and medical applications. This chapter gives an overview of the history of cyclotrons and describes their working principle and design features in some detail. The applications of cyclotrons in material industry, medicine, and other new fields are also introduced.
Calorimeters in Particle Physics
Authors: Fabjan Christian W.
Published: September 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

The Task of Particle Detectors

Energy Measurement with Calorimeters

Calorimetry Methods in Nuclear Physics

Total Absorption and Range of Particles

Principal Detection Techniques: Scintillators and Solid‐State Detectors

Calorimetry Methods in Particle Physics: Photons, Leptons, and Hadrons

Absorption Mechanisms

Physics of the Electromagnetic Cascade

Physics of the Hadronic Cascade

Performance of Calorimeters

Energy Resolution in Homogeneous Electromagnetic Calorimeters

Instrumental Contributions to the Electromagnetic Energy Resolution

Time, Space, and Angular Resolution inEMCs

Energy Resolution of Hadron Calorimeters

Calorimeter Systems

Calorimeter Construction Principles

Instrumentation Techniques

Calorimeter Facilities

Calorimeters in Astroparticle Physics
Silicon Semiconductor Detectors for Particle Imaging
Authors: Heijne Erik H.M.
Published: September 2014

Large‐scale applications of silicon nuclear particle detectors have been developed during the recent decade for elementary particle physics experiments and for space‐based systems dedicated to studies of cosmic radiation. These detectors typically consist of arrays of highly segmented sensors with matching integrated circuit chips for the processing of the electric signals. Some of these systems cover an area exceeding 100 m2with millions of sensor cells. In the past, the strong point of semiconductor detectors was their capability to measure with high precision the energy of ionizing particles in a small volume. Now these radiation detector systems, in addition, perform imaging functions that allow the reconstruction in space and time of radiation‐emitting objects and processes or elementary particle interactions. The imaging detectors also begin to find applications in materials analysis at synchrotron light sources and in some types of industrial equipment. The basic principles are briefly described and a few examples are discussed. The emphasis is on the instruments and reasons for their development are indicated, and brief particulars are provided here about the significant results that they have enabled.
Tracking in Particle Detectors
Authors: Acevski A. , Meyer Thomas C. , Röhrich Dieter
Published: September 2014

Tracking detectors play a major role in nuclear and particle physics. They provide a full image of particle trajectories in various medias. There are gaseous ionization detectors (e.g. wire chambers, drift chambers, micropattern gaseous detectors) and solid‐state detectors (e.g. silicon pixel, strip, and drift detectors). Normally, a combination of detectors must be used in tracking systems, for example, large‐volume time projection chambers and silicon trackers.
Particle Impact Phenomena
Authors: Tolk Norman H. , Albert Michael , Gregory Justin , Mensing Glennys , Steigerwald Andrew , Wade Travis
Published: September 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Scattering from a Coulomb Potential

Electron Impact

Interaction Mechanisms

Collisions with Electrons in the Solid

Scattering from the Lattice

Bremsstrahlung

Phenomena

Plasmons

Radiative Transitions

Auger Processes

Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions (DIET)

Secondary Electron Emission

Applications

Scattered‐Beam Electrons

Electrons from the Target

Fluorescence Measurements

Ion Impact

Interaction Mechanisms

Elastic Collisions with Target Atoms

Collisions with Electrons in the Solid

Phenomena

Depth Dependence of Backscattering

Sputtering

Channeling

Damage and amorphization

Electronic Excitations

Applications

Measuring Beam Particles

Recoil Target Atoms

Fluorescence Measurements

Photon Impact

Interaction Mechanisms

Electronic Absorption

Nuclear Scattering

Coupling to Vibrational and Rotational Modes

Phenomena

Photoelectric Effect

Compton Scattering

Raman Scattering

Two‐Phonon Absorption

Resonant Bond Breaking

Laser Ablation

Exciton Creation

Pockels and Kerr Effects

Coherent Phonon Generation

Sum Frequency Generation

Applications

Scattered or Absorbed Incident Light

Electrons from the Target

Measuring Scattered Light

Mode Locking Lasers

Neutron Impact

Interaction Mechanisms

Scattering from Target Nuclei

Elastic Scattering from a Lattice

Neutron Activation

Neutron‐Bombardment Phenomena

Phonon Emission and Absorption

Decay‐Product Energy Loss

Applications

Elastic Scattering

Inelastic Scattering

Reaction Products

Spallation

Conclusion
Particle Physics
Authors: Green Dan
Published: September 2014

The field of particle physics is described. Present knowledge is synthesized in the “Standard Model”. Experimental facilities at accelerators and elsewhere are described with an emphasis on the newest collider, the LHC. Future facilities and experiments are discussed at the conclusion.
Radioactivity
Authors: Loveland Walter
Published: September 2014

A discussion of the most important features of radioactivity and its detection is presented. The questions of what causes radioactivity and which nuclei are radioactive are answered. The equations that describe radioactive decay and dating are presented. A detailed discussion of  α,   β,   and  γ decay is given along with descriptions of rarer modes of decay. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the detection and measurement of radioactivity.
Gamma‐Ray Spectrometers
Authors: Sandorfi Andrew M. , Lister Christopher J. (Kim) , Woody Craig
Published: September 2014

Gamma rays are the highest energy photons in the electromagnetic spectrum. Their detection techniques exploit the different mechanisms by which they interact with matter. Factors affecting the determination of their total energy, position, and arrival time are discussed, along with the trade‐offs encountered in large detector arrays.
Strong Interaction
Authors: Karsch Frithjof , Vogelsang Werner
Published: September 2014

We present an introductory overview of the strong force, one of the four known fundamental forces in nature. We review the historical developments of strong interaction physics, which led to the formulation of quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), our accepted theory of strong interaction. We discuss the salient features of QCD, its experimental evidence, as well as some of the techniques used in QCD calculations.
Synchrotrons and Storage Rings
Authors: Kobayakawa Hisashi , Boine‐Frankenheim Oliver
Published: September 2014

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Brief History

General Principles

Operating Principle

Particle Motion in a Circular Accelerator

Influence of Field Errors and Working Point on Resonance Diagram

Phase Stability

Momentum Compaction Factor, Transition Energy

Beam Injection and Extraction

Effects of Synchrotron Radiation

Radiation Damping and Quantum Fluctuation

Quantum Lifetime

Applications of Synchrotrons and Storage Rings

Synchrotrons and Storage Rings for Nuclear and for High‐Energy Physics

Applications of Synchrotrons and Storage Rings for Materials Science and Others

Neutron Sources for Materials Science

Synchrotron‐Radiation Sources

Radiotherapy

Technology and Engineering Aspects

Magnet System

Radio‐Frequency Engineering

Computers and Automatic Controls

High‐Vacuum Engineering

Civil Engineering

Superconducting System