bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Role of TNFα in the Regulation of Striatal Synapses
Authors: Lewitus Gil M. , Pribiag Horia , Duseja Rachna , St-Hilaire Michel , Stellwagen David
Published: April 2014

Elevation of inflammatory cytokines in the striatum precedes symptoms in a number of motor dysfunctions, but it is unclear whether this is part of the disease process or an adaptive response to the pathology. In pyramidal cells, TNFα drives the insertion of AMPA-type glutamate receptors into synapses, and contributes to the homeostatic regulation of circuit activity in the developing neocortex. Here we demonstrate that in the mouse dorsolateral striatum, TNFα drives the internalization of AMPARs and reduces corticostriatal synaptic strength, dephosphorylates DARPP-32 and GluA1, and results in a preferential removal of Ca2+-permeable AMPARs. Striatal TNFα signaling appears to be adaptive in nature, as TNFα is upregulated in response to the prolonged blockade of D2 dopamine receptors and is necessary to reduce the expression of extrapyramidal symptoms induced by chronic haloperidol treatment. These data indicate that TNFα is a regulator of glutamatergic synaptic strength in the adult striatum in a manner distinct from its regulation of synapses on pyramidal cells and mediates an adaptive response during pathological conditions.
Peripheral Administration of a Humanized Anti-PrP Antibody Blocks Alzheimer's Disease Aβ Synaptotoxicity
Authors: Klyubin Igor , Nicoll Andrew J. , Khalili-Shirazi Azadeh , Farmer Michael , Canning Stephanie , Mably Alexandra , Linehan Jacqueline , Brown Alexander , Wakeling Madeleine , Brandner Sebastian , Walsh Dominic M. , Rowan Michael J. , Collinge John
Published: April 2014

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with pathological assembly states of amyloid-β protein (Aβ). Aβ-related synaptotoxicity can be blocked by anti-prion protein (PrP) antibodies, potentially allowing therapeutic targeting of this aspect of AD neuropathogenesis. Here, we show that intravascular administration of a high-affinity humanized anti-PrP antibody to rats can prevent the plasticity-disrupting effects induced by exposure to soluble AD brain extract. These results provide anin vivoproof of principle for such a therapeutic strategy.
Free-Operant Avoidance Behavior by Rats after Reinforcer Revaluation Using Opioid Agonists and d-Amphetamine
Authors: Fernando Anushka , Urcelay Gonzalo , Mar Adam , Dickinson Anthony , Robbins Trevor
Published: April 2014

The associative processes that support free-operant instrumental avoidance behavior are still unknown. We used a revaluation procedure to determine whether the performance of an avoidance response is sensitive to the current value of the aversive, negative reinforcer. Rats were trained on an unsignaled, free-operant lever press avoidance paradigm in which each response avoided or escaped shock and produced a 5 s feedback stimulus. The revaluation procedure consisted of noncontingent presentations of the shock in the absence of the lever either paired or unpaired with systemic morphine and in a different cohort with systemicd-amphetamine. Rats were then tested drug free during an extinction test. In both thed-amphetamine and morphine groups, pairing of the drug and shock decreased subsequent avoidance responding during the extinction test, suggesting that avoidance behavior was sensitive to the current incentive value of the aversive negative reinforcer. Experiment 2 used central infusions of D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), a mu-opioid receptor agonist, in the periacqueductal gray and nucleus accumbens shell to revalue the shock. Infusions of DAMGO in both regions replicated the effects seen with systemic morphine. These results are the first to demonstrate the impact of revaluation of an aversive reinforcer on avoidance behavior using pharmacological agents, thereby providing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of avoidance behavior symptomatic of anxiety disorders.
Impaired Path Integration and Grid Cell Spatial Periodicity in Mice Lacking GluA1-Containing AMPA Receptors
Authors: Allen Kevin , Gil Mariana , Resnik Evgeny , Toader Oana , Seeburg Peter , Monyer Hannah
Published: April 2014

The hippocampus and the parahippocampal region have been proposed to contribute to path integration. Mice lacking GluA1-containing AMPA receptors (GluA1−/−mice) were previously shown to exhibit impaired hippocampal place cell selectivity. Here we investigated whether path integration performance and the activity of grid cells of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are affected in these mice. We first testedGluA1−/−mice on a standard food-carrying homing task and found that they were impaired in processing idiothetic cues. To corroborate these findings, we developed an L-maze task that is less complex and is performed entirely in darkness, thereby reducing numerous confounding variables when testing path integration. Also in this task, the performance ofGluA1−/−mice was impaired. Next, we performedin vivorecordings in the MEC ofGluA1−/−mice. MEC neurons exhibited altered grid cell spatial periodicity and reduced spatial selectivity, whereas head direction tuning and speed modulation were not affected. The firing associations between pairs of neurons inGluA1−/−mice were stable, both in time and space, indicating that attractor states were still present despite the lack of grid periodicity. Together, these results support the hypothesis that spatial representations in the hippocampal–entorhinal network contribute to path integration.
Social Equality in the Number of Choice Options Is Represented in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Aoki Ryuta , Matsumoto Madoka , Yomogida Yukihito , Izuma Keise , Murayama Kou , Sugiura Ayaka , Camerer Colin F. , Adolphs Ralph , Matsumoto Kenji
Published: April 2014

A distinct aspect of the sense of fairness in humans is that we care not only about equality in material rewards but also about equality in nonmaterial values. One such value is the opportunity to choose freely among many options, often regarded as a fundamental right to economic freedom. In modern developed societies, equal opportunities in work, living, and lifestyle are enforced by antidiscrimination laws. Despite the widespread endorsement of equal opportunity, no studies have explored how people assign value to it. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the neural substrates for subjective valuation of equality in choice opportunity. Participants performed a two-person choice task in which the number of choices available was varied across trials independently of choice outcomes. By using this procedure, we manipulated the degree of equality in choice opportunity between players and dissociated it from the value of reward outcomes and their equality. We found that activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) tracked the degree to which the number of options between the two players was equal. In contrast, activation in the ventral striatum tracked the number of options available to participants themselves but not the equality between players. Our results demonstrate that the vmPFC, a key brain region previously implicated in the processing of social values, is also involved in valuation of equality in choice opportunity between individuals. These findings may provide valuable insight into the human ability to value equal opportunity, a characteristic long emphasized in politics, economics, and philosophy.
Aberrant White Matter Microstructure in Children with 16p11.2 Deletions
Authors: Owen Julia P. , Chang Yi Shin , Pojman Nicholas J. , Bukshpun Polina , Wakahiro Mari L.J. , Marco Elysa J. , Berman Jeffrey I. , Spiro John E. , Chung Wendy K. , Buckner Randy L. , Roberts Timothy P.L. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. , Sherr Elliott H. , Mukherjee Pratik
Published: April 2014

Copy number variants (CNVs) of the chromosomal locus 16p11.2, consisting of either deletions or duplications, have been implicated in autism, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Since abnormal white matter microstructure can be seen in these more broadly defined clinical disorders, we used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tract-based spatial statistics to investigate white matter microstructural integrity in human children with 16p11.2 deletions. We show that deletion carriers, compared with typically developing matched controls, have increased axial diffusivity (AD) in many major central white matter tracts, including the anterior corpus callosum as well as bilateral internal and external capsules. Higher AD correlated with lower nonverbal IQ in the deletion carriers, but not controls. Increases in fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity were also found in some of the same tracts with elevated AD. Closer examination with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging revealed that fiber orientation dispersion was decreased in some central white matter tracts. Notably, these alterations of white matter are unlike microstructural differences reported for any other neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders that have phenotypic overlap with the deletion carriers. These findings suggest that deletion of the 16p11.2 locus is associated with a unique widespread pattern of aberrant white matter microstructure that may underlie the impaired cognition characteristic of this CNV.
Connecting to Create: Expertise in Musical Improvisation Is Associated with Increased Functional Connectivity between Premotor and Prefrontal Areas
Authors: Pinho Ana Luísa , de Manzano Örjan , Fransson Peter , Eriksson Helene , Ullén Fredrik
Published: April 2014

Musicians have been used extensively to study neural correlates of long-term practice, but no studies have investigated the specific effects of training musical creativity. Here, we used human functional MRI to measure brain activity during improvisation in a sample of 39 professional pianists with varying backgrounds in classical and jazz piano playing. We found total hours of improvisation experience to be negatively associated with activity in frontoparietal executive cortical areas. In contrast, improvisation training was positively associated with functional connectivity of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, dorsal premotor cortices, and presupplementary areas. The effects were significant when controlling for hours of classical piano practice and age. These results indicate that even neural mechanisms involved in creative behaviors, which require a flexible online generation of novel and meaningful output, can be automated by training. Second, improvisational musical training can influence functional brain properties at a network level. We show that the greater functional connectivity seen in experienced improvisers may reflect a more efficient exchange of information within associative networks of importance for musical creativity.
Differences in the Phagocytic Response of Microglia and Peripheral Macrophages after Spinal Cord Injury and Its Effects on Cell Death
Authors: Greenhalgh Andrew D. , David Samuel
Published: April 2014

Macrophages in the injured spinal cord arise from resident microglia and infiltrating, peripherally derived monocytes. It is still not clear if macrophages derived from these two populations differ in their roles after CNS injury. The aims of this study are to investigate the phagocytic response and clearance of damaged axons and tissue debris by these distinct subsets of macrophages and assess their viability after spinal cord injury (SCI). The lysozyme M EGFP-knockin mouse tags hematogenous macrophages, but not microglia. Using a combination of immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and neuronal tracing techniques, we show that microglia contact damaged axons early (24 h) after SCI and are the main type of macrophage to contain phagocytic material at 3 d. Thereafter, infiltrating macrophages become the predominant cell in contact with degenerating axons and contain more phagocytic material, which in contrast to microglia, persists for up to 42 d. Furthermore, after phagocytosis of myelinin vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages are much more susceptible to apoptotic and necrotic cell death than CNS microglia, which is mirroredin vivowith apoptotic TUNEL-positive cells of infiltrating macrophage origin. This work suggests that microglia play a major role in the early response to SCI, by phagocytosing damaged and degenerating tissue, processing phagocytic material efficiently, and remaining viable. Later, macrophages of peripheral origin contribute predominantly to phagocytosis but are less efficient at processing CNS debris, and their death,in situ, may contribute to the secondary damage after CNS injury.
Kainate Receptors Mediate Signaling in Both Transient and Sustained OFF Bipolar Cell Pathways in Mouse Retina
Authors: Borghuis Bart G. , Looger Loren L. , Tomita Susumu , Demb Jonathan B.
Published: April 2014

A fundamental question in sensory neuroscience is how parallel processing is implemented at the level of molecular and circuit mechanisms. In the retina, it has been proposed that distinct OFF cone bipolar cell types generate fast/transient and slow/sustained pathways by the differential expression of AMPA- and kainate-type glutamate receptors, respectively. However, the functional significance of these receptors in the intact circuit during light stimulation remains unclear. Here, we measured glutamate release from mouse bipolar cells by two-photon imaging of a glutamate sensor (iGluSnFR) expressed on postsynaptic amacrine and ganglion cell dendrites. In both transient and sustained OFF layers, cone-driven glutamate release from bipolar cells was blocked by antagonists to kainate receptors but not AMPA receptors. Electrophysiological recordings from bipolar and ganglion cells confirmed the essential role of kainate receptors for signaling in both transient and sustained OFF pathways. Kainate receptors mediated responses to contrast modulation up to 20 Hz. Light-evoked responses in all mouse OFF bipolar pathways depend on kainate, not AMPA, receptors.
Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy Reveals Nanoscale Defects in the Developmental Trajectory of Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Wijetunge Lasani S. , Angibaud Julie , Frick Andreas , Kind Peter C. , Nägerl U. Valentin
Published: April 2014

Dendritic spines are basic units of neuronal information processing and their structure is closely reflected in their function. Defects in synaptic development are common in neurodevelopmental disorders, making detailed knowledge of age-dependent changes in spine morphology essential for understanding disease mechanisms. However, little is known about the functionally important fine-morphological structures, such as spine necks, due to the limited spatial resolution of conventional light microscopy. Using stimulated emission depletion microscopy (STED), we examined spine morphology at the nanoscale during normal development in mice, and tested the hypothesis that it is impaired in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS). In contrast to common belief, we find that, in normal development, spine heads become smaller, while their necks become wider and shorter, indicating that synapse compartmentalization decreases substantially with age. In the mouse model of FXS, this developmental trajectory is largely intact, with only subtle differences that are dependent on age and brain region. Together, our findings challenge current dogmas of both normal spine development as well as spine dysgenesis in FXS, highlighting the importance of super-resolution imaging approaches for elucidating structure–function relationships of dendritic spines.
PMA induces androgen receptor downregulation and cellular apoptosis in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Itsumi Momoe , Shiota Masaki , Yokomizo Akira , Takeuchi Ario , Kashiwagi Eiji , Dejima Takashi , Inokuchi Junichi , Tatsugami Katsunori , Uchiumi Takeshi , Naito Seiji
Published: April 2014

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induces cellular apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, the growth of which is governed by androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling, but the mechanism by which PMA exerts this effect remains unknown. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the mechanistic action of PMA in prostate cancer cells with regard to AR. We showed that PMA decreased E2F1 as well as AR expression in androgen-dependent prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Furthermore, PMA activated JNK and p53 signaling, resulting in the induction of cellular apoptosis. In LNCaP cells, androgen deprivation and a novel anti-androgen enzalutamide (MDV3100) augmented cellular apoptosis induced by PMA. Moreover, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) C4-2 cells were more sensitive to PMA compared with LNCaP cells and were sensitized to PMA by enzalutamide. Finally, the expression of PKC, E2F1, and AR was diminished in PMA-resistant cells, indicating that the gain of independence from PKC, E2F1, and AR functions leads to PMA resistance. In conclusion, PMA exerted its anti-cancer effects via the activation of pro-apoptotic JNK/p53 and inhibition of pro-proliferative E2F1/AR in prostate cancer cells including CRPC cells. The therapeutic effects of PMA were augmented by androgen deletion and enzalutamide in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, as well as by enzalutamide in castration-resistant cells. Taken together, PMA derivatives may be promising therapeutic agents for treating prostate cancer patients including CRPC patients.
Somatostatin system: molecular mechanisms regulating anterior pituitary hormones
Authors: Eigler Tamar , Ben-Shlomo Anat
Published: April 2014

The somatostatin (SRIF) system, which includes the SRIF ligand and receptors, regulates anterior pituitary gland function, mainly inhibiting hormone secretion and to some extent pituitary tumor cell growth. SRIF-14 via its cognate G-protein-coupled receptors (subtypes 1–5) activates multiple cellular signaling pathways including adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK, ion channel-dependent pathways, and others. In addition, recent data have suggested SRIF-independent constitutive SRIF receptor activity responsible for GH and ACTH inhibitionin vitro. This review summarizes current knowledge on ligand-dependent and independent SRIF receptor molecular and functional effects on hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
Automated image analysis of a glomerular injury marker desmin in spontaneously diabetic Torii rats treated with losartan
Authors: Kakimoto Tetsuhiro , Okada Kinya , Hirohashi Yoshihiro , Relator Raissa , Kawai Mizue , Iguchi Taku , Fujitaka Keisuke , Nishio Masashi , Kato Tsuyoshi , Fukunari Atsushi , Utsumi Hiroyuki
Published: April 2014

Diabetic nephropathy is a major complication in diabetes and a leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Glomerular podocytes are functionally and structurally injured early in diabetic nephropathy. A non-obese type 2 diabetes model, the spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) rat, is of increasing preclinical interest because of its pathophysiological similarities to human type 2 diabetic complications including diabetic nephropathy. However, podocyte injury in SDT rat glomeruli and the effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment in the early stage have not been reported in detail. Therefore, we have evaluated early stages of glomerular podocyte damage and the beneficial effect of early treatment with losartan in SDT rats using desmin as a sensitive podocyte injury marker. Moreover, we have developed an automated, computational glomerulus recognition method and illustrated its specific application for quantitatively studying glomerular desmin immunoreactivity. This state-of-the-art method enabled automatic recognition and quantification of glomerular desmin-positive areas, eliminating the need to laboriously trace glomerulus borders by hand. The image analysis method not only enabled assessment of a large number of glomeruli, but also clearly demonstrated that glomerular injury was more severe in the juxtamedullary region than in the superficial cortex region. This applied not only in SDT rat diabetic nephropathy but also in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephropathy, which was also studied. The proposed glomerulus image analysis method combined with desmin immunohistochemistry should facilitate evaluations in preclinical drug efficacy studies as well as elucidation of the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy.
Browning of white fat: does irisin play a role in humans?
Authors: Elsen Manuela , Raschke Silja , Eckel Jürgen
Published: April 2014

The discovery of irisin as an exercise-regulated myokine inducing browning of WAT has gained interest as a potential new strategy to combat obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the relevance of irisin in humans. The regulation of FNDC5 mRNA expression by exercise and contraction could not be reproduced by a number of human studies using several exercise protocols and in vitro approaches. Furthermore, the nature of FNDC5 fragments and the presence of irisin in humans are questionable and probably contribute to conflicting data obtained with commercially available ELISA kits. Most importantly, the information regarding the concentration of circulating irisin in humans is not clear, as different studies using different kits measure irisin levels in a wide range. Data about the role of irisin in states of human obesity and metabolic diseases are conflicting and, in some cases, changes in irisin levels have been observed; they were only moderate in 10–20%. Independent of the presence and regulation of FNDC5/irisin in humans, the application of recombinant irisin could still represent a therapeutic strategy to fight obesity. However, the current data obtained from human cell models reveal that FNDC5/irisin has no effect on browning of the major WAT depots in humans and is likely to selectively target a small subpopulation of adipocytes, which are located in classical BAT regions, such as the supraclavicular adipose tissue. Thus, other candidates, such as BMP7 or CNPs, seem to be more prominent candidates as inducers of browning in humans.
Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde da Universidade de São Paulo (Campus Capital): o olhar dos tutores
Authors: Fonsêca Graciela Soares , Junqueira Simone Rennó
Published: April 2014

No sentido de gerar mudanças positivas no processo de formação em Saúde, os Ministérios da Saúde e da Educação instituíram, em 2008, o Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde). O estudo se propôs a obter o consenso de um grupo de conhecedores em potencial sobre o Programa, implementado na Universidade de São Paulo, Campus Capital. Os sujeitos do estudo foram os tutores que integraram a proposta no período 2010-2012. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, auxiliada pela técnica Delphi. Dentre os pontos levantados, os tutores acreditam que o Programa proporciona benefícios para a atuação docente e contribui para a qualificação dos profissionais inseridos nos serviços de saúde, além de oferecer melhorias para a formação na área da saúde. Na opinião dos sujeitos, os tutores representam o elo entre a academia e os serviços de saúde e os preceptores são de grande importância para garantir a efetividade das atividades. O planejamento de reuniões regulares e seminários auxiliam no processo. Os principais limites explicitados foram a falta de comprometimento manifestada por alguns estudantes e a alta carga horária dos cursos de graduação.
Occupation and factors associated with exposure to the sun among beach workers
Authors: Lucena Eudes Euler de Souza , Costa Danielle Clarisse Barbosa , Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas da , Lima Kenio Costa
Published: April 2014

Subjects were selected from five urban beaches to characterize the type of work conducted on urban beaches in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, and determine potential associated factors among workers exposed to the sun. Data collection was based on a validated questionnaire. Results were obtained for 362 workers. Individuals were predominantly male (72.6%) who worked under direct exposure to the sun (87.8%). Almost 95% had no more than 6 years of schooling and 87.91% earned an average monthly income of $318.75 dollars or more. Photoprotection was reported by 80.1%, among which sunscreen and caps/hats were predominant. Around 25% smoked and more than half did not consume alcohol. Male gender, no more than 6 years of schooling, daily exposure for up to 6 hours and use of photoprotection were the factors associated with the outdoor work category.
An ecological study on suicide and homicide in Brazil
Authors: Bando Daniel Hideki , Lester David
Published: April 2014

The objective was to evaluate correlations between suicide, homicide and socio-demographic variables by an ecological study. Mortality and socio-demographic data were collected from official records of the Ministry of Health and IBGE (2010), aggregated by state (27). The data were analyzed using correlation techniques, factor analysis, principal component analysis with a varimax rotation and multiple linear regression. Suicide age-adjusted rates for the total population, men and women were 5.0, 8.0, and 2.2 per 100,000 inhabitants respectively. The suicide rates ranged from 2.7 in Pará to 9.1 in Rio Grande do Sul. Homicide for the total population, men and women were 27.2, 50.8, and 4.5 per 100,000, respectively. The homicide rates ranged from 13.0 in Santa Catarina to 68.9 in Alagoas. Suicide and homicide were negatively associated, the significance persisted among men. Unemployment was negatively correlated with suicide and positively with homicide. Different socio-demographic variables were found to correlate with suicide and homicide in the regressions. Suicide showed a pattern suggesting that, in Brazil, it is related to high socioeconomic status. Homicide seemed to follow the pattern found in other countries, associated with lower social and economic status.
Violência conjugal: as controvérsias no relato dos parceiros íntimos em inquéritos policiais
Authors: Silva Anne Caroline Luz Grüdtner da , Coelho Elza Berger Salema , Njaine Kathie
Published: April 2014

Este artigo investiga as motivações da violência conjugal segundo os depoimentos de homens e mulheres registrados nos inquéritos policiais (IP) da 6ª Delegacia de Polícia de Proteção à Mulher, à Criança e Adolescente de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, em 2010. Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa realizada entre agosto e novembro de 2011. Foram analisadas as informações obtidas nos inquéritos sobre violência doméstica perpetrada pelo companheiro ou ex-companheiro e que continham o depoimento do casal, totalizando 172 IP. Os aspectos selecionados para a análise referem-se ao perfil do casal, e aos relatos da violência segundo a mulher e o homem. Os resultados apontaram que a maioria dos casais eram separados ou divorciados, com idade entre 31 e 40 anos, estavam empregados e conviveram entre um e onze anos. As agressões ocorreram em função do uso de drogas e ciúme, os homens ao assumirem a violência exercida culpam a mulher de serem responsáveis por seus atos ou minimizam a situação, e acrescentam serem vítimas de violência cometida pela companheira. O estudo conclui que questões culturais de gênero e socioecônomicas estão relacionadas a este tipo de violência, e demonstrou que os homens não reconhecem suas atitudes como violentas, banalizando na maioria das vezes as consequências dessa violência.
A sociologia da saúde no Brasil - a construção de uma identidade
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: April 2014

O artigo analisa na perspectiva de Wolf Lepenies as três dimensões - histórica, social e cognitiva - o campo da sociologia da saúde na construção de sua identidade. Entende-se que a construção de uma identidade não se encerra com as primeiras manifestações históricas, mas se consolida quando se institucionaliza e progressivamente se estrutura como campo do conhecimento criando suas formas próprias de expressão cognitiva. O texto está dividido em três partes: na primeira, são apresentados os precursores, destacando o papel desempenhado por alguns viajantes, naturalistas e estudiosos do folclore, seguidos pelos "médicos-cientistas sociais" e pelos primeiros cientistas sociais (1940-1969); na segunda, aspectos da consolidação das ciências sociais em saúde - dois momentos: os anos 70 e os anos 80; na terceira parte, de forma geral, são abordados os temas tratados pelo campo. Considera-se que, completadas as principais fases de sua disciplinarização há ainda a necessidade de que se estruturem os canais para a formação das novas gerações de cientistas sociais em saúde, se desenvolvam meios de divulgação da produção científica e se aprofundem e se institucionalizem as relações, de um lado, com as matrizes sociológicas e de outro com o campo da saúde.
A construção teórica na sociologia da saúde: uma reflexão sobre a sua trajetória
Authors: Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: April 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer algumas reflexões sobre a construção teórica na constituição da sociologia da saúde, ainda denominada em alguns países de sociologia médica, baseadas em duas ideias: a interdisciplinaridade e o grau de articulação presente nos campos da medicina e da sociologia. Buscamos estabelecer um diálogo com algumas dimensões - macro/micro, estrutura/ação - que constituem as bases na compreensão da medicina/saúde em sua relação com o social/sociológico. Inicialmente apresentamos aspectos dessas dimensões; em seguida abordamos as duas sociologias médicas de Straus2 e os impasses entre teoria/aplicação, assim como os dilemas do campo da sociologia da medicina dos anos 1960 e 1970. A partir dessas análises colocamos como contraponto a produção teórica anterior a 1970 e situamos a sociologia da saúde no cenário geral da sociologia, que a partir de 1970 sofre um processo de fragmentação com reflexos em todos os subcampos das ciências sociais. Esse processo é acompanhado de um repensar das questões teóricas num espectro ampliado de possibilidades. Destacamos a década de 80 quando se revigoram as questões teóricas da sociologia da saúde e concluímos retomando a questão da interdisciplinaridade.
Quase uma auto/biografia: um estudo sobre os cientistas sociais na saúde a partir do Currículo Lattes
Authors: Nascimento Juliana Luporini do , Nunes Everardo Duarte
Published: April 2014

Dentro das diversas maneiras de utilizar a abordagem biográfica, adotamos como material de pesquisa o Curriculum vitae (CV) de pesquisadores brasileiros que atuam como cientistas sociais da saúde. Estes CV fazem parte da Plataforma Lattes do CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), que inclui os Diretórios de Pesquisa e das Instituições. Neste trabalho são analisados 238 CV. Os CV contêm, entre outras, as seguintes informações: formação profissional, atividades e projetos, produção acadêmica, participação em bancas, núcleos e laboratórios de pesquisa, pequena autobiografia. Neste trabalho há breve revisão sobre a importância da auto/biografia para as ciências sociais, enfatizando o CV como uma forma de "prática autobiográfica". Destacamos como resultados: grupo formado predominantemente por mulheres, graduadas em ciências sociais, antropologia, sociologia ou ciência política, com pós-graduação; maior concentração de cientistas sociais nas regiões sul e sudeste; e em algumas instituições; atuação principal como docentes e pesquisadores; grande diversidade temática nas pesquisas.
El lugar del sujeto en el campo de la salud: enseñanzas de la investigación cualitativa
Authors: Martínez-Salgado Carolina
Published: April 2014

En este artículo se cuestiona la exclusión de la subjetividad derivada de los ideales de objetividad y neutralidad del paradigma científico moderno. Se exponen algunas de sus consecuencias en lo que atañe a la construcción de la salud y el cuidado de la enfermedad. Se discuten cinco nudos problemáticos en los que la investigación cualitativa tiene valiosos aportes qué ofrecer para la recuperación del lugar del sujeto: la salud y la enfermedad como experiencias subjetivamente percibidas y significadas; la brecha que separa a la visión de los expertos y de quienes no lo son; los desencuentros entre los profesionales de la salud y la población, tanto en el frente curativo como en el preventivo; el silenciamiento de la voz del enfermo sobre su vivencia de la enfermedad; y la esterilización de la creatividad subjetiva en la construcción de rutas más diversas para el cuidado de la salud. Se postula que, con todos los retos implicados, ciertas corrientes de la investigación cualitativa cuyos fundamentos se ubican en el polo más avanzado de la reflexión epistemológica, ética e incluso estética de nuestros días, pueden ayudar a abrir nuevas rutas hacia alternativas más ricas e imaginativas para el cuidado de la salud y la atención de la enfermedad en las sociedades latinoamericanas.
The sociology of health in the United States: recent theoretical contributions
Authors: Cockerham William C
Published: April 2014

This paper examines recent trends in theory in health sociology in the United States and finds that the use of theory is flourishing. The central thesis is that the field has reached a mature state and is in the early stage of a paradigm shift away from a past focus on methodological individualism (in which the individual is the primary unit of analysis) toward a growing utilization of theories with a structural orientation This outcome is materially aided by research methods (e.g. hierarchal linear modeling, biomarkers) providing measures of structural effects on the health of the individual that were often absent or underdeveloped in the past. Structure needs to be accounted for in any social endeavor and contemporary medical sociology appears to be doing precisely that as part of the next stage of its evolution. The recent contributions to theory in the sociology of health discussed in this paper are fundamental cause, medicalization, social capital, neighborhood disadvantage, and health lifestyle theories.
O ensino das ciências sociais em saúde: entre o aplicado e o teórico
Authors: Barros Nelson Filice de
Published: April 2014

Os modelos de ensino de ciências sociais e da clínica são insuficientes para as necessidades prático-reflexivas quando aplicados à saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os desafios e as perspectivas do ensino de ciências sociais para profissionais da saúde. Na década de 1950 iniciou-se o importante movimento de aproximação das ciências sociais com o campo da saúde, no entanto prevalecem relações de fraca credencial, devido: baixo status profissional dos cientistas sociais na área da saúde; localização pouco clara dos profissionais de ciências sociais no campo da saúde; pequena importância atribuída pelos estudantes às ciências sociais; reduzido número de profissionais e a colonização das ciências sociais pela cultura biomédica no campo da saúde. Dessa maneira, aos profissionais das ciências sociais aplicadas à saúde ainda é colocada a necessidade de construir uma identidade, mesmo após seis décadas de presença neste campo, pois sua condição ambivalente os tem fixado como presença parcial, incompleta e virtual, exigindo estratégia complexa de sobrevivência na fronteira entre as ciências sociais e a saúde.
Validación del cuestionario de medida del conocimiento del paciente sobre su medicamento adaptado al portugués
Authors: Rubio Joaquín Salmerón , García-Delgado Pilar , Ferreira Paula Iglésias , Santos Henrique Mateus , Martínez-Martínez Fernando
Published: April 2014

Validación de un cuestionario adaptado transculturalmente al portugués en cinco farmacias comunitarias de Portugal. Se determino la capacidad discriminante de los ítems, la validez de contenido y de constructo, análisis factorial de componentes principales, la fiabilidad y su estabilidad. Se observó un elevado grado de equivalencia semántica entre el cuestionario original y el cuestionario adaptado transculturalmente al portugués. Se obtuvo un índice de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin de 0.550, y el test de esferidad de Bartlett confirmó la adecuación de los datos para la aplicación del análisis factorial (p < 0.0001). Se consideraron 3 factores que explicaron el 52.6% de la variabilidad total. Con respecto a la fiabilidad se obtuvo un á de Cronbach de 0.519, un C.Kappa = 0.89 y CCI = 0.756 (IC = 0.598-0.963). En este trabajo se elabora la primera adaptación para la cultura portuguesa de un cuestionario específico para medir el grado de conocimiento que tienen los pacientes sobre los medicamentos.
Rastreio do câncer do colo do útero: limites etários, periodicidade e exame ideal: revisão da evidência recente e comparação com o indicador de desempenho avaliado em Portugal
Authors: Castro Bárbara , Ribeiro Daniela Pinheiro , Oliveira Joana , Pereira Miguel Basto , Sousa Jaime Correia de , Yaphe John
Published: April 2014

Esta revisão teve por objetivo avaliar a força de evidência do indicador de desempenho português relativo ao rastreio do Câncer do Colo do Útero (CCU): (1) limites etários das mulheres da população geral que o devem realizar, a (2) periodicidade com que deve ser realizado e (3) qual o melhor exame de rastreio. Foram pesquisados os seguintes termos MeSH: vaginal smears, age groups, periodicity, methods, uterine cervical cancer. Foram excluídos os artigos que não abordavam o objetivo da investigação ou que não fossem redigidos em Inglês, Português ou Espanhol. Para interpretar os artigos selecionados foi utilizada a classificação SORT. Foram encontrados 197 artigos, dos quais seleccionados 9: 1 revisão sistemática (RS), 1 estudo clínico controlado aleatorizado, 2 estudos observacionais retrospectivos e 5 normas de orientação clínica (NOC). Os autores optaram por incluir nesta revisão mais 4 NOCs e 2 RSs por considerarem ser relevantes para a população Portuguesa, apesar de não resultarem da pesquisa efectuada. Os estudos sugerem realização do rastreio entre os 21 e 25 até aos 65 anos, com uma periodicidade trienal usando a citologia convencional. Existe ainda controvérsia no que toca aos 3 objetivos deste artigo (limites etários, frequência e método).
O risco das aminas biogênicas nos alimentos
Authors: Gomes Myrna Barbosa , Pires Bruna Amatto Duarte , Fracalanzza Suely Aparecida Pimenta , Marin Victor Augustus
Published: April 2014

Aminas biogênicas são bases orgânicas de baixo peso molecular com atividade biológica, produzidas a partir da ação da enzima descarboxilase. Microrganismos utilizados na fermentação de alimentos são capazes de produzi-las. O consumo desses compostos causam graves efeitos toxicológicos, indesejáveis para a saúde humana. Embora não exista legislação específica sobre a quantidade máxima permitida de aminas em alimentos e bebidas, a presença e o acumulo destes compostos é de grande importância. O objetivo desta revisão é evidenciar a necessidade de mais estudos e discutir a presença de aminas biogênicas em alimentos variados.
Capacidade fotossintética de plantas de algodoeiro infectadas por ramulose e supridas com silício
Authors: Guerra Antonia Mirian Nogueira de Moura , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila , Lima Tricia Costa , Berger Paulo Geraldo , Barros Angélica Fátima , Silva Yasmin Cristina Rodrigues da
Published: April 2014

Nas plantas atacadas por patógenos ocorrem danos nas células do mesofilo, colonização dos espaços intra e intercelulares e fechamento de estômatos, afetando a transpiração, influxo do CO2 e taxa fotossintética. O uso de silício (Si) é importante para reduzir a intensidade de inúmeras doenças em várias espécies de plantas, além de ter um efeito positivo sobre a capacidade fotossintética. Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar o efeito do Si sobre a capacidade fotossintética de plantas de algodoeiro das cultivares BRS Araçá e FM 993 infectadas por Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides supridas (+Si) ou não (-Si) com Si. Avaliaram-se as variáveis de trocas gasosas: taxa de assimilação líquida de carbono (A), condutância estomática (g s), transpiração (E), razão entre a concentração interna e ambiente de CO2 (Ci/Ca), a eficiência instantânea no uso da água (A/E) e a concentração de pigmentos. Houve redução de A, g s, fixação de carbono, concentrações de clorofila a (cl a), clorofila b (cl b) e carotenoides, matéria seca total (MST) e aumento na E e na A/E. Com o fornecimento de Si, as plantas das duas cultivares de algodoeiro aumentaram a A devido ao aumento na g s e na fixação de CO2, além de no uso mais eficiente da água. O suprimento de Si aumentou as concentrações de cl a, cl b e carotenoides e MST nas duas cultivares. O Si afetou a fisiologia das plantas de algodoeiro infectadas por C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides, aumentando a resistência à ramulose devido a incrementos na capacidade fotossintética, na concentração de pigmentos e no acúmulo de biomassa.
Biological aspects of Harmonia axyridis in comparison with Cycloneda sanguinea and Hippodamia convergens
Authors: Santos Laís da Conceição dos , Santos-Cividanes Terezinha Monteiro dos , Cividanes Francisco Jorge , Matos Sidnéia Terezinha Soares de
Published: April 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the development, survival, reproductive capacity, and longevity of the Asian ladybug Harmonia axyridis in comparison with Cycloneda sanguinea and Hippodamia convergens. Coccinellid larvae and adults were fed daily with Schizaphis graminum. Ten couples of each species were isolated for evaluation of the adult phase. The duration of the larval stage of H. axyridis is the longest (10.2 days) and its adults are the heaviest (29.7 mg) compared with C. sanguinea and H. convergens. The three species showed similar percentages of survival during the developmental stages. An average of 82% of C. sanguinea, H. axyridis, and H. convergens larvae reached adulthood, which indicates that temperature (25°C) and the offered prey are favorable to coccinellid development. Harmonia axyridis produces a higher total number of eggs per female (1,029.2) than the other evaluated species. However, H. axyridis, which lives for an average of 147.2 days, does not show a significantly greater longevity than C. sanguinea (87.2 days) and H. convergens (134.3 days).
Tamanho de parcela e efeito de bordadura no melhoramento de Urochloa ruziziensis
Authors: Dias Kaio Olímpio das Graças , Gonçalves Flávia Maria Avelar , Souza Sobrinho Fausto de , Nunes José Airton Rodrigues , Teixeira Davi Henrique Lima , Moraes Bráulio Fabiano Xavier de , Benites Flávio Rodrigo Gandolfi
Published: April 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a necessidade de bordadura e estimar o tamanho ótimo de parcela em experimentos para avaliação de Urochloa ruziziensis. Foram avaliadas a altura das plantas e a produção de massa verde de oito progênies de meio-irmãos de U. ruziziensis, em dois cortes. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas de 16 m². Cada parcela foi subdividida em 32 estratos de 0,5 m², sendo cada estrato considerado como uma unidade básica. Para determinar a necessidade de bordadura, foi realizada análise de variância, tendo-se considerado a posição da unidade básica na parcela. As estimativas do tamanho ótimo da parcela foram realizadas pelo método da máxima curvatura do coeficiente de variação e pelo método da reamostragem. O uso de bordaduras não altera o desempenho médio e a classificação das progênies de meio-irmãos avaliadas. O emprego de parcelas com 3 m² é suficiente para obter boa precisão experimental em experimento com progênies de meio-irmãos de U. ruziziensis.
Ganho genético avaliado com índices de seleção e com REML/Blup em milho-pipoca
Authors: Freitas Ismael Lourenço de Jesus , Amaral Junior Antonio Teixeira do , Viana Alexandre Pio , Pena Guilherme Ferreira , Cabral Pablo da Silva , Vittorazzi Cássio , Silva Thiago Rodrigues da Conceição
Published: April 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar quatro índices de seleção e o método REML/Blup na avaliação de ganhos genéticos preditos das características de interesse ao programa de melhoramento do milho-pipoca UENF 14. Foram avaliadas 200 progênies de irmãos-completos, em uma safra, em dois ambientes (regiões Norte e Noroeste do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), com duas repetições, o que totalizou 800 observações. Avaliaram-se as características altura média de plantas, altura média de inserção da primeira espiga, estande final, tombamento, diâmetro de colmo, prolificidade, rendimento e capacidade de expansão dos grãos. Entre os índices de seleção testados, o de Mulamba & Mock proporcionou os melhores resultados para a seleção das progênies de irmãos-completos. O método REML/Blup mostrou-se muito eficiente, tendo selecionado progênies com desempenhos relativos elevados e com ganhos genéticos preditos melhores que os dos índices de seleção testados. As progênies selecionadas com uso do método REML/Blup, para maior rendimento de grãos, não são as mesmas selecionadas para maior capacidade de expansão. O índice de Mulamba & Mock e o método REML/Blup proporcionam os melhores ganhos preditos para a população UENF 14.
Survival of sugarcane shoot tips after cryopreservation by droplet-vitrification
Authors: Nogueira Gabriela Ferreira , Pasqual Moacir , Scherwinski-Pereira Jonny Everson
Published: April 2014

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of a plant vitrification solution (PVS2), and the survival of shoot tips of the sugarcane variety SP716949, after cryopreservation by droplet-vitrification. Shoot tips were precultured for 24 hours in MS medium containing 0.3 mol L-1 sucrose, and exposed to PVS2 for 0, 20 or 30 min. Shoot tips were then immersed in liquid nitrogen. Thawing was fast in concentrated sucrose solution (1.2 mol L-1). PVS2 is a nontoxic to shoot tips, which in turn are sensitive to liquid nitrogen. The best results occurred when shoot tips were maintained for up to 20 min in PVS2 solution, before freezing, with 20% survival.
"Eu posso resolver problemas" e oficinas de linguagem: intervenções para queixa escolar
Authors: Elias Luciana Carla dos Santos , Marturano Edna Maria
Published: April 2014

Com base na evidência de inter-relações entre os domínios de desenvolvimento acadêmico, interpessoal e comportamental, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos e a permanência dos efeitos de duas intervenções para crianças com problemas de comportamento associados à queixa escolar. Participaram 44 crianças de 7 a 11 anos, em duas condições: Oficinas de Linguagem (ênfase acadêmica) e Solução de Problemas Interpessoais - HSPI (ênfase interpessoal). As crianças foram avaliadas com Teste de Desempenho Escolar, Escala Comportamental Infantil e Child Interpersonal Problem Solving. Ambas as modalidades promoveram melhora acadêmica e redução nos problemas de comportamento, mantidas no seguimento. A redução dos problemas de comportamento foi maior no programa com ênfase interpessoal, sugerindo maior efetividade em relação à intervenção com foco acadêmico.
Escala de crenças sobre amor romântico: indicadores de validade e precisão
Authors: Andrade Alexsandro Luiz de , Garcia Agnaldo
Published: April 2014

Crenças individuais comumente interagem na dinâmica de envolvimento entre os membros de um relacionamento romântico, influenciando, entre outros aspectos, os padrões de percepção, construção de expectativas e estratégias de relacionamento. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo construir, validar e confirmar a estrutura dimensional de uma medida para avaliação de crenças sobre o amor em uma população brasileira. Participaram da pesquisa 1530 pessoas, sendo 660 do sexo masculino e 870 do sexo feminino subdivididas em duas subamostras. Os resultados apontaram um instrumento psicométrico com parâmetros de precisão e confiabilidade adequados e confirmaram uma estrutura dimensional de seis fatores de estilos de amor na população brasileira: eros, agape, ludus, storge, mania e pragma.