Some Questions Concerning the Terminology used in Narrative Sources to Designate the Byzantine State
Authors: LOUNGHIS T. C. 
Published: November 2014

&nbsp; <p>T. &Kappa;. &Lambda;&omicron;&upsilon;&gamma;&gamma;ή&sigmaf;</p><p>&nbsp;&Sigma;&chi;&epsilon;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ά &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; &omicron;&rho;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&gamma;ί&alpha; &tau;&omega;&nu; &alpha;&phi;&eta;&gamma;&eta;&mu;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ώ&nu; &pi;&eta;&gamma;ώ&nu; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&omicron; &chi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&eta;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;ό &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;&omicron;ύ &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; </p><p>1.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; ἐ&pi;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</em> &pi;&rho;&omicron;ϋ&pi;&omicron;&theta;έ&tau;&epsilon;&iota; &sigma;&upsilon;&gamma;&kappa;&epsilon;&kappa;&rho;&iota;&mu;έ&nu;&alpha; &sigma;ύ&nu;&omicron;&rho;&alpha; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &chi;&rho;&eta;&sigma;&iota;&mu;&omicron;&pi;&omicron;&iota;&epsilon;ί&tau;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&epsilon; &omicron;&lambda;ό&kappa;&lambda;&eta;&rho;&eta; &tau;&eta;&nu; &upsilon;&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&chi;&iota;&lambda;&iota;&epsilon;&tau;ή &zeta;&omega;ή &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; &beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;&omicron;ύ &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;.</p><p>2.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; ἀ&rho;&chi;ὴ</em> &pi;&rho;&omicron;ϋ&pi;&omicron;&theta;έ&tau;&epsilon;&iota; &sigma;ύ&nu;&omicron;&rho;&alpha; &mu;ό&nu;&omicron; &sigma;&tau;&eta; &delta;&iota;ά&rho;&kappa;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha; &tau;&omega;&nu; &laquo;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&tau;&epsilon;&iota;&nu;ώ&nu; &alpha;&iota;ώ&nu;&omega;&nu;&raquo; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&kappa;&alpha;&theta;&iota;&sigma;&tau;ά &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &Nu;&iota;&kappa;&eta;&phi;ό&rho;&omicron; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &Theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&phi;ά&nu;&eta; &tau;&omicron;&nu; ό&rho;&omicron; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; ἐ&pi;&iota;&kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha;</em>. &Beta;&alpha;&theta;&mu;&iota;&alpha;ί&alpha;, &omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &upsilon;&pi;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&epsilon;ί &tau;&omicron; &rho;&omega;&mu;&alpha;ϊ&kappa;ό &kappa;&rho;ά&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&mu;έ&nu;&omicron; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &chi;ώ&rho;&omicron;, &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&eta;&nu; Ά&nu;&nu;&alpha; &Kappa;&omicron;&mu;&nu;&eta;&nu;ή ώ&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&nu; &Iota;&omega;ά&nu;&nu;&eta; &Kappa;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&alpha;&kappa;&omicron;&upsilon;&zeta;&eta;&nu;ό.</p><p>3.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; <em>'&Rho;&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; ἀ&rho;&chi;ὴ</em> &epsilon;ί&nu;&alpha;&iota; &epsilon;&upsilon;&rho;ύ&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &sigma;&epsilon; &pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&epsilon;&chi;ό&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&omicron; &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron;&nu; ό&rho;&omicron; <em>'&Rho;&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&epsilon;ί&alpha;</em> (&Pi;&rho;&omicron;&kappa;ό&pi;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf; ή, &alpha;&kappa;ό&mu;&alpha;, &Pi;&rho;ί&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Pi;&alpha;&nu;ί&tau;&eta;&sigmaf;). &Alpha;&nu;&tau;ί&theta;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;, &sigma;&tau;&omicron;&nu; &Iota;&omega;ά&nu;&nu;&eta; &Mu;&alpha;&lambda;ά&lambda;&alpha;, &sigma;&tau;&omicron;&nu; &Epsilon;&upsilon;ά&gamma;&rho;&iota;&omicron; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&omicron;&nu; &Theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&phi;ύ&lambda;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron; &Sigma;&iota;&mu;&omicron;&kappa;ά&tau;&tau;&eta;, &omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; &Rho;&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&epsilon;ί&alpha; έ&chi;&epsilon;&iota; &epsilon;&delta;&alpha;&phi;&iota;&kappa;ή &sigma;&eta;&mu;&alpha;&sigma;ί&alpha;. &Eta; &sigma;&upsilon;&nu;ή&theta;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha; &alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ή &theta;&alpha; &upsilon;&iota;&omicron;&theta;&epsilon;&tau;&eta;&theta;&epsilon;ί &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf; &Nu;&iota;&kappa;&eta;&phi;ό&rho;&omicron; &pi;&alpha;&tau;&rho;&iota;ά&rho;&chi;&eta;, &Theta;&epsilon;&omicron;&phi;ά&nu;&eta; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &Kappa;&omega;&nu;&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&nu;&tau;ί&nu;&omicron; &Pi;&omicron;&rho;&phi;&upsilon;&rho;&omicron;&gamma;έ&nu;&nu;&eta;&tau;&omicron; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &nu;&alpha; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&delta;ώ&sigma;&epsilon;&iota; &kappa;&alpha;&tau;&alpha;&sigma;&tau;ά&sigma;&epsilon;&iota;&sigmaf; ώ&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron; 724.</p><p>4.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Alpha;&pi;ό &tau;&iota;&sigmaf; &alpha;&rho;&chi;έ&sigmaf; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; 9&omicron;&upsilon; &alpha;&iota;ώ&nu;&alpha; &epsilon;&mu;&phi;&alpha;&nu;ί&zeta;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; ἡ&gamma;&epsilon;&mu;&omicron;&nu;ί&alpha;</em> (&Gamma;&epsilon;&nu;έ&sigma;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Sigma;&kappa;&upsilon;&lambda;ί&tau;&zeta;&eta;&sigmaf;), &tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&tau;ό&chi;&rho;&omicron;&nu;&alpha; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; &epsilon;&pi;&alpha;&nu;&epsilon;&mu;&phi;ά&nu;&iota;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&omicron;&upsilon; ό&rho;&omicron;&upsilon; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&epsilon;ί&alpha;</em> &mu;&epsilon; &epsilon;&lambda;&alpha;&phi;&rho;ά &delta;&iota;&alpha;&phi;&omicron;&rho;&epsilon;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha; &tau;ώ&rho;&alpha; (&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή &omicron;&rho;&gamma;ά&nu;&omega;&sigma;&eta;). &Sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; Ά&nu;&nu;&alpha; &Kappa;&omicron;&mu;&nu;&eta;&nu;ή &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&omicron; &Nu;&iota;&kappa;ή&tau;&alpha; &Chi;&omega;&nu;&iota;ά&tau;&eta;, &omicron; ό&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf; Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&epsilon;ί&alpha; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigma;&iota;ά&zeta;&epsilon;&iota;, &epsilon;&nu;ώ &alpha;&pi;&alpha;&nu;&tau;ά&tau;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&epsilon; &kappa;&epsilon;ί&mu;&epsilon;&nu;&alpha; &pi;&omicron;&upsilon; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&pi;&nu;έ&omicron;&upsilon;&nu; &beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;ή &kappa;&rho;&alpha;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή &sigma;&upsilon;&nu;έ&chi;&epsilon;&iota;&alpha; &kappa;&alpha;&iota; &sigma;&tau;&alpha;&theta;&epsilon;&rho;ό&tau;&eta;&tau;&alpha; (&Lambda;έ&omega;&nu; &Delta;&iota;ά&kappa;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;, &Iota;&omega;ά&nu;&nu;&eta;&sigmaf; &Kappa;ί&nu;&nu;&alpha;&mu;&omicron;&sigmaf;).</p><p>5.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &Eta; &mu;&epsilon;&lambda;έ&tau;&eta; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&sigma;&pi;&alpha;&theta;&epsilon;ί &nu;&alpha; &pi;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&upsilon;&theta;&epsilon;ί &tau;&eta;&nu; &epsilon;&nu;&alpha;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;&gamma;ή &tau;&omega;&nu; &alpha;&pi;&omicron;&chi;&rho;ώ&sigma;&epsilon;&omega;&nu; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; έ&nu;&nu;&omicron;&iota;&alpha;&sigmaf; &tau;&omega;&nu; &pi;&iota;&omicron; &pi;ά&nu;&omega; ό&rho;&omega;&nu; &sigma;&epsilon; &alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&omicron;&iota;&chi;ί&alpha; &mu;&epsilon; &tau;&eta;&nu; &epsilon;&xi;έ&lambda;&iota;&xi;&eta; &tau;&eta;&sigmaf; &beta;&upsilon;&zeta;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&iota;&nu;ή&sigmaf; &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή&sigmaf; &iota;&delta;&epsilon;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&gamma;ί&alpha;&sigmaf; &sigma;&tau;&eta;&nu; &epsilon;&xi;&omega;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&kappa;ή &pi;&omicron;&lambda;&iota;&tau;&iota;&kappa;ή. &Pi;&rho;ό&kappa;&epsilon;&iota;&tau;&alpha;&iota; &gamma;&iota;&alpha; &pi;&rho;&omicron;&sigma;&omega;&rho;&iota;&nu;ά &sigma;&upsilon;&mu;&pi;&epsilon;&rho;ά&sigma;&mu;&alpha;&tau;&alpha;, &iota;&delta;&iota;&alpha;ί&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&alpha; &sigma;&epsilon; ό,&tau;&iota; &alpha;&phi;&omicron;&rho;ά &tau;&eta;&nu; &epsilon;&xi;έ&tau;&alpha;&sigma;&eta; &tau;&omega;&nu; ό&rho;&omega;&nu; <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ί&omega;&nu; &beta;&alpha;&sigma;&iota;&lambda;&epsilon;ί&alpha;</em>, <em>&tau;ὸ ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;ϊ&kappa;ό&nu;</em>, <em>Ῥ&omega;&mu;&alpha;&nu;ί&alpha; </em>&kappa;&lambda;&pi;.</p>