bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-elevation late Pleistocene (MIS 6–5) vertebrate faunas from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado
Authors: Sertich Joseph J.W. , Stucky Richard K. , McDonald H. Gregory , Newton Cody , Fisher Daniel C. , Scott Eric , Demboski John R. , Lucking Carol , McHorse Brianna K. , Davis Edward B.
Published: October 2014

The vertebrate record at the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site (ZRFS) near Snowmass Village, Colorado ranges from ~140 to 77 ka, spanning all of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5. The site contains at least 52 taxa of macro- and microvertebrates, including one fish, three amphibian, four reptile, ten bird, and 34 mammal taxa. The most common vertebrate isAmbystoma tigrinum(tiger salamander), which is represented by >22,000 elements representing the entire life cycle. The mastodon,Mammut americanum, is the most common mammal, and is documented by >1800 skeletal elements making the ZRFS one of the largest accumulations of proboscidean remains in North America. Faunas at the ZRFS can be divided into two groups, a lake-margin group dating to ~140–100 ka that is dominated by woodland taxa, and a lake-center group dating to ~87–77 ka characterized by taxa favoring more open conditions. The change in faunal assemblages occurred between MIS 5c and 5a (vertebrates were absent from MIS 5b deposits), which were times of significant environmental change at the ZRFS. Furthermore, the ZRFS provides a well-dated occurrence of the extinctBison latifrons, which has implications for the timing of the Rancholabrean Mammal Age in the region.
A phase-field model of two-phase Hele-Shaw flow
Authors: Cueto-Felgueroso Luis , Juanes Ruben
Published: October 2014

We propose a continuum model of two-phase flow in a Hele-Shaw cell. The model describes the multiphase three-dimensional flow in the cell gap using gap-averaged quantities such as fluid saturation and Darcy flux. Viscous and capillary coupling between the fluids in the gap leads to a nonlinear fractional flow function. Capillarity and wetting phenomena are modelled within a phase-field framework, designing a heuristic free energy functional that induces phase segregation at equilibrium. We test the model through the simulation of bubbles and viscously unstable displacements (viscous fingering). We analyse the model’s rich behaviour as a function of capillary number, viscosity contrast and cell geometry. Including the effect of wetting films on the two-phase flow dynamics opens the door to exploring, with a simple two-dimensional model, the impact of wetting and flow rate on the performance of microfluidic devices and geological flows through fractures.
Normal stress differences in suspensions of rigid fibres
Authors: Snook Braden , Davidson Levi M. , Butler Jason E. , Pouliquen Olivier , Guazzelli Élisabeth
Published: October 2014

Measurements of normal stress differences are reported for suspensions of rigid, non-Brownian fibres for concentrations of $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}nL^2d=1.5\text {--}3$ and aspect ratios of $L/d=11\text {--}32$, where $n$ is the number of fibres per unit volume, $L$ is the fibre length and $d$ is the diameter. The first and second normal stress differences are determined experimentally from measuring the deformation in the free surface in a tilted trough and in a Weissenberg rheometer. Simulations are performed as well, and the hydrodynamic and contact contributions to the normal stresses are calculated. The experiments and simulations indicate that the second normal stress difference is negative and that its magnitude increases as the concentration is raised and the aspect ratio is lowered. The first normal stress difference is positive and its magnitude is approximately twice that of the second normal stress difference. Simulation results indicate that, for the concentrations and aspect ratios studied, contact forces between fibres form the dominant contribution to the normal stress differences.
Large-scale vortices in rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Guervilly Céline , Hughes David W. , Jones Chris A.
Published: October 2014

Using numerical simulations of rapidly rotating Boussinesq convection in a Cartesian box, we study the formation of long-lived, large-scale, depth-invariant coherent structures. These structures, which consist of concentrated cyclones, grow to the horizontal scale of the box, with velocities significantly larger than the convective motions. We vary the rotation rate, the thermal driving and the aspect ratio in order to determine the domain of existence of these large-scale vortices (LSV). We find that two conditions are required for their formation. First, the Rayleigh number, a measure of the thermal driving, must be several times its value at the linear onset of convection; this corresponds to Reynolds numbers, based on the convective velocity and the box depth, $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}{\gtrsim }100$. Second, the rotational constraint on the convective structures must be strong. This requires that the local Rossby number, based on the convective velocity and the horizontal convective scale, ${\lesssim }0.15$. Simulations in which certain wavenumbers are artificially suppressed in spectral space suggest that the LSV are produced by the interactions of small-scale, depth-dependent convective motions. The presence of LSV significantly reduces the efficiency of the convective heat transport.
EDITORIAL FOREWORD
Authors: Baron Beth
Published: October 2014

This special issue on World War I appears on the centennial of the war. The issue went to press as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) was challenging the borders set nearly a hundred years ago in the Middle East by the imperial powers. Guest editor Mustafa Aksakal introduces the six research articles, part of a wave of scholarship examining the “transformative processes spawned by the war” in response to new historical questions and newly available archival sources. That half of the articles touch on sieges (in Medina) and famine (Syria/Lebanon, and in particular Beirut) produces an eerie echo at a time when civilians once again face hunger and the ravages of an armed conflict, with large numbers of refugees on the move. As we look back, so do the articles, moving backward chronologically from the “minority protection regime” established by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 to “atrocity propaganda” of the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. The issues raised by these two articles resonate loudly, as does the matter of American influence in the region, which is discussed in an article on the wartime politics of Syrians in Cairo. So, too, does the photograph on the cover of this special issue: Ruins of Gaza at the Time of the Great Attack, 1917.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Toby C.
Published: October 2014

For much of the modern era the Middle East has been beset by war. From imperial intervention to regional struggle, the reach of war has left few untouched. The region's geography, the rise and fall of its most powerful institutions, and the pressing challenges of daily life remain entangled with war and its legacies. Middle Eastern wars are most often explained in terms of struggles for land and other resources, autocratic machinations, and clashes over identity and religion. All of these are true. But war is never the same everywhere. In important ways these broad frameworks hollow out the complexity and scale of war, and why it matters so much. What else is there to say about “war”? Rather than the political forces that drive it, the essays here are interested in and suggestive of the productive power of war, the ways it has transcended the battlefield and become normalized socially, politically, and environmentally. In particular, the contributors reflect on the role of experts, technical expertise, and the science of war in the making of new social, political-economic, and cultural relations across the region in the century following the start of World War I.
The 21st-Century Turn to Culture: American Exceptionalism
Authors: Davis Rochelle
Published: October 2014

The U.S. Military's turn to culture in the 21st century occurred largely because of its inability to achieve its stated objectives in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan through conventional military force. Building on a long history of military strategies concerned with the cultural differences of others, the U.S. military crafted a warfighting strategy in 2006 based on a counterinsurgency (COIN) doctrine of using cultural knowledge to battle the enemy. Charting how and why culture was embraced as a 21st-century “weapons system” shows us how technopolitical systems inside the military-industrial complex are envisioned, built, and then dismantled. Close tracking of these changing 21st-century strategies of war reveals, deep within the counterterrorism discourse, a fundamental belief in American exceptionalism. The principle that emerged from this ideological environment is that the enemies to be fought are not only terrorists or the ideologues of al-Qaʿida but also the countries and cultures that produced them. The implementation of this principle, despite its obvious failures, reveals the ideological underpinning that has justified the incredible destruction and securitized implementation of warfighting.
Toxic War and the Politics of Uncertainty in Iraq
Authors: Jones Toby C.
Published: October 2014

The long American war on Iraq is not over. In a country ravaged for more than two decades by crippling sanctions and military occupation, the social, cultural, and political-economic legacies of war seem unending. Perhaps even more disturbing, Iraqis now face widespread environmental destruction and a dystopian environmental future. The ecological wages of America's long war in Iraq are partly the consequence of “routine” violence, resulting from the systemic destruction of vital electrical, water, and sewage infrastructure over two decades. It is possible to imagine that Iraq's cities and villages can be rebuilt. But even if it finds its way to the kind of political accommodation that makes reconstruction possible, parts of the country face other pernicious long-term environmental threats, among the most dangerous being the hidden toxic and radiological dangers that have settled in Iraqi bodies and deep in its landscape.
Age estimation and growth pattern of the grouper Cephalopholis taeniops (Epinephelidae) off the Cape Verde Archipelago, north-west Africa
Authors: Tariche O. , Pajuelo J.G. , Lorenzo J.M. , Luque A. , Gonzalez J.A.
Published: October 2014

The grouper Cephalopholis taeniops is a carnivorous fish of the Cape Verde coastal marine ecosystem. Nothing is known regarding the age and growth of this epinephelid. In this study, the age and growth of C. taeniops was investigated by annual growth increment counts from 2804 specimens (7–51 cm total length) collected between January 2005 and December 2011. Whole otoliths underestimated the age indicated in sections by approximately 70%; therefore, sectioned otoliths were used in this study. A year's growth was represented by one opaque and one translucent ring. There was no apparent time lag from the start of the increase in the seawater temperature and the beginning of the formation of the opaque ring. The formation of the translucent rings coincided with a decrease in surface seawater temperature. Cephalopholis taeniops is a slow-growing and long-lived species, with ages of up to 20 years recorded. The seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function was the best fitted among the four models tested, with an Akaike weight higher than 0.99. Growth was described by the seasonalized von Bertalanffy growth function as follows: L∞ = 54.26 cm, k = 0.135 year−1, t0 = −0.853 year, C = 0.439 and ts = 0.667.
Detection of high levels of anti-α-galactosyl antibodies in sera of patients with Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: a possible tool for diagnosis and biomarker for cure in an elimination setting
Authors: AL-SALEM WALEED S. , FERREIRA DANIELA M. , DYER NAOMI A. , ALYAMANI ESSAM J. , BALGHONAIM SALAH M. , AL-MEHNA AHMED Y. , AL-ZUBIANY SALEEM , IBRAHIM EL-KEIR , AL SHAHRANI ALI M. , ALKHUAILED HAMED , ALDAHAN MOHAMMED A. , AL JARALLH ABDULAZIZ M. , ABDELHADY SAMER S. , AL-ZAHRANI MOHAMMED H. , ALMEIDA IGOR C. , ACOSTA-SERRANO ALVARO
Published: October 2014

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is mainly caused byLeishmania majorandLeishmania tropicaparasites. Diagnosis of CL is predominately made by clinicians, who at times fail to detect the disease and are unable to identify parasite species. Here, we report the development of a chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) to measure the levels of anti-α-galactosyl antibodies in human sera. Using this assay, we have found that individuals infected with eitherLeishmaniaspp. had significantly elevated levels (up to 9-fold higher) of anti-α-Gal IgG compared to healthy control individuals. The assay sensitivity was 96% forL. major(95% CI; 94–98%) and 91% forL. tropica(95% CI; 86–98%) infections and therefore equivalent to restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction analysis of parasiteITS1gene. In addition, the assay had higher sensitivity than microscopy analysis, which only detected 68 and 45% of theL. majorandL. tropicainfections, respectively. Interestingly, up to 2 years following confirmed CL cure individuals had 28-fold higher levels of anti-α-Gal IgG compared to healthy volunteers. Monitoring levels of anti-α-Gal antibodies can be exploited as both a diagnostic tool and as a biomarker of cure of Old World CL in disease elimination settings.
The international relations of the ‘imagined community’: Explaining the late nineteenth-century genesis of theChinesenation
Authors: COOPER LUKE
Published: October 2014

Benedict Anderson'sImagined Communitieshas long been established as one of the major contributions to theories of nations and nationalism. Anderson located the rise of national identities within a long-evolving crisis of dynastic conceptions of identity, time, and space, and argued print-capitalism was the key cultural and economic force in the genesis of nations. This article offers a critical appropriation and application of Anderson's theory through two steps. Firstly, it evaluates the conceptual underpinning of his approach through an engagement with recent scholarship on the ‘theory of uneven and combined development’. The fruits of this interchange provide a deeper analytical framework to account for what Anderson calls the ‘modularity’ of national identity, that is, its universal spread across the globe. Modularity is now reconceptualised as a product of combined development with its causal efficacy derived from the latent dynamics of a geopolitically fragmented world. The latter gave shape and form to the new national communities. Secondly, this revised framework is applied to the emergence of Chinese national identity in the late nineteenth century. This allows Chinese nationalism to be recast as an ideological amalgam of indigenous and imported elements that emerged out of the crisis-ridden encounter between Imperial China and Western imperialism in the nineteenth century.
Tc-99m production with ultrashort intense laser pulses
Authors: Bychenkov V. Yu. , Brantov A. V. , Mourou G.
Published: October 2014

The interaction of a relativistic short laser pulse with thin foil is studied using 3D PIC simulations in the context of optimized high-energy proton generation for nuclear medicine and pharmacy. As an example, we analyze the Tc-99m yield from the Mo-100(p,2n)Tc-99m reaction with the International Coherent Amplification Network (ICAN) concept defined by a 10 J pulse energy and 10 kHz repetition rate. Based on 3D PIC simulation it has been demonstrated that normally incident 100 fs laser pulse with maximum intensity of 5 × 1021 W/cm2 is able to generate 1011 protons with energy upto 45 MeV from thin semi-transparent CH2 target. Such laser-produced proton beam after 6 hours bombardment of the thick metallic Mo-100 target gives around 300 Gbq activities of Tc-99m isotope. This gives reason to believe that laser technology for producing technetium is possible with ICAN concept to replace the traditional scheme through the fission of weapons-grade uranium.
Liminality and Low-Income Aging Families by Choice: Meanings of Family and Support
Authors: McDaniel Susan , Gazso Amber
Published: October 2014

Le vieillissement, à travers la lentille de l'individualisation, démontre des changements, tant dans la composition de la famille et le sens de la famille et du soutien. Les familles à faible revenu qui – pour survivre – aussi choisissent parfois de nouvelles relations flexibles de soutien social, y compris les parents et non-parents : celles sont les familles vieillissantes par choix. En appliquant le concept de liminalité (états transitoires de l’être), créé par l’individualisation, nous avons exploré les expériences de liens étroits dans les familles à faible revenu constitutées de parents et membres non-parents vieillissants. Des entretiens qualitatifs avec des répondants représentant deux ou trois générations de familles vieillissantes par choix ont montré comment ces familles perçoivent les sens de la famille et du soutien social. Nous trouvons que la reciprocité est moins essentielle aux rapports entre les plus vieux et les plus jeunes dans les réseaux familiaux que l’on pourrait s’attendre. La liminalité façonne les sens et les échanges dans les familles vieillissantes à faible revenu par choix, de sorte que n’importe la façon dont les relations soient-elles ténues, elles procurent un sentiment d’appartenance et de la signification.
Setting Things before the Mind
Authors: Martin M. G. F.
Published: October 2014

Listening to someone from some distance in a crowded room you may experience the following phenomenon: when looking at them speak, you may both hear and see where the source of the sounds is; but when your eyes are turned elsewhere, you may no longer be able to detect exactly where the voice must be coming from. With your eyes again fixed on the speaker, and the movement of her lips a clear sense of the source of the sound will return. This ‘ventriloquist’ effect reflects the ways in which visual cognition can dominate auditory perception. And this phenomenological observation is one what you can verify or disconfirm in your own case just by the slightest reflection on what it is like for you to listen to someone with or without visual contact with them.
SOLVING A SPECIAL CLASS OF MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE LINEAR FRACTIONAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
Authors: TANTAWY S. F.
Published: October 2014

In this paper a feasible direction method is presented to find all efficient extreme points for a special class of multiple objective linear fractional programming problems, when all denominators are equal. This method is based on the conjugate gradient projection method, so that we start with a feasible point and then a sequence of feasible directions towards all efficient adjacent extremes of the problem can be generated. Since methods based on vertex information may encounter difficulties as the problem size increases, we expect that this method will be less sensitive to problem size. A simple production example is given to illustrate this method.
ON TURBULENCE MODELLING AND THE TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW
Authors: FORBES LAWRENCE K.
Published: October 2014

Fluid turbulence is often modelled using equations derived from the Navier–Stokes equations, perhaps with some semi-heuristic closure model for the turbulent viscosity. This paper considers a possible alternative hypothesis. It is argued that regarding turbulence as a manifestation of non-Newtonian behaviour may be a viewpoint of at least comparable validity. For a general description of nonlinear viscosity in a Stokes fluid, it is shown that the flow patterns are indistinguishable from those predicted by the Navier–Stokes equation in one- or two-dimensional geometry, but that fully three-dimensional flows differ markedly. The stability of linearized plane Poiseuille flow to three-dimensional disturbances is then considered, in a Tollmien–Schlichting formulation. It is demonstrated that the flow may become unstable at significantly lower Reynolds numbers than those expected from Navier–Stokes theory. Although similar results are known in sections of the rheological literature, the present work attempts to advance the philosophical viewpoint that turbulence might always be regarded as a non-Newtonian effect, to a degree that is dependent only on the particular fluid in question. Such an approach could give a more satisfactory account of the underlying physics.
A rival Enlightenment? Critical international theory in historical mode
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: October 2014

This article proposes an understanding of critical international theory (CIT) as an historical rather than philosophical mode of knowledge. To excavate this historical mode of theorizing it offers an alternative account of CIT’s intellectual sources. While most accounts of critical international theory tend to focus on inheritances from Kant, Marx and Gramsci, or allude in general terms to debts to the Frankfurt School and the Enlightenment, this is not always the case. Robert Cox, for example, has repeatedly professed intellectual debts to realism and historicism. The argument advanced here builds on Cox by situating CIT in a longer intellectual heritage that extends from Renaissance humanism and passes through Absolutist historiography before reaching Enlightenment civil histories, including Vico’s history of civil institutions. The critical element in this intellectual heritage was the formation of a secular political historicism critically disposed to metaphysical claims based on moral philosophies. By recovering this neglected inheritance of criticism, we can articulate not only acriticaltheory to rival problem-solving theories, but propose a conception of theory as ahistoricalmode of knowledge that rivals philosophical modes yet remains critical by questioning prevailing intellectual assumptions in International Relations theory.
Theorizing emotions in world politics
Authors: Hutchison Emma , Bleiker Roland
Published: October 2014

Emotions play an increasingly important role in international relations research. This essay briefly surveys the development of the respective debates and then offers a path forward. The key challenge, we argue, is to theorize the processes through which individual emotions become collective and political. We further suggest that this is done best by exploring insights from two seemingly incompatible scholarly tendencies: macro theoretical approaches that develop generalizable propositions about political emotions and, in contrast, micro approaches that investigate how specific emotions function in specific circumstances. Applying this framework we then identify four realms that are central to appreciating the political significance of emotions: (1) the importance of definitions; (2) the role of the body; (3) questions of representation; and (4) the intertwining of emotions and power. Taken together, these building blocks reveal how emotions permeate world politics in complex and interwoven ways and also, once taken seriously, challenge many entrenched assumptions of international relations scholarship.
Feeling like a state: social emotion and identity
Authors: Mercer Jonathan
Published: October 2014

Can one use emotion at anything other than the individual level of analysis? Emotion happens in biological bodies, not in the space between them, and this implies that group emotion is nothing but a collection of individuals experiencing the same emotion. This article contends that group-level emotion is powerful, pervasive, and irreducible to individuals. People do not merely associate with groups (or states), they can become those groups through shared culture, interaction, contagion, and common group interest. Bodies produce emotion that identities experience: group-level emotion can be stronger than, and different from, emotion experienced as an individual; group members share, validate, and police each others’ feelings; and these feelings structure relations within and between groups in international politics. Emotion goes with identity.
Genetic Covariance Between Central Corneal Thickness and Anterior Chamber Volume: A Hungarian Twin Study
Authors: Toth Georgina Zsofia , Racz Adel , Tarnoki Adam Domonkos , Tarnoki David Laszlo , Szekelyhidi Zita , Littvay Levente , Suveges Ildiko , Nemeth Janos , Nagy Zoltan Zsolt
Published: October 2014

Background:Few, and inconsistent, studies have showed high heritability of some parameters of the anterior segment of the eye; however, no heritability of anterior chamber volume (ACV) has been reported, and no study has been performed to investigate the correlation between the ACV and central corneal thickness (CCT).Methods:Anterior segment measurements (Pentacam, Oculus) were obtained from 220 eyes of 110 adult Hungarian twins (41 monozygotic and 14 same-sex dizygotic pairs; 80% women; age 48.6 ± 15.5 years) obtained from the Hungarian Twin Registry.Results:Age- and sex-adjusted heritability of ACV was 85% (bootstrapped 95% confidence interval; CI: 69% to 93%), and 88% for CCT (CI: 79% to 95%). Common environmental effects had no influence, and unshared environmental factors were responsible for 12% and 15% of the variance, respectively. The correlation between ACV and CCT was negative and significant (rph= −0.35,p< .05), and genetic factors accounted for the covariance significantly (0.934; CI: 0.418, 1.061) based on the bivariate Cholesky decomposition model.Conclusion:These findings support the high heritability of ACV and central corneal thickness, and a strong genetic covariance between them, which underscores the importance of identification of the specific genetic factors and the family risk-based screening of disorders related to these variables, such as open-angle and also angle closure glaucoma and corneal endothelial alterations.
An Academic Tribute to Louis Gerald Keith, MD, PhD, ScD (Hon), FACOG, FRCOG, FACS, FICS, FRSM, FRSH, 1935–2014: A Multidisciplinary Mentor to Many
Authors: Teplica David
Published: October 2014

The world of twin research and the medical specialty of Obstetrics and Gynecology have lost a giant. Dr Louis G. Keith passed away on July 6, 2014 at the age of 79. Always full of optimism and energy, and considered indefatigable by friends and family, Dr Louis Keith returned from one of his many world lecture tours in June of this year and after two days of feeling tired received a surprise diagnosis of an occult Stage 4 kidney cancer. He died comfortably at home 2 weeks later surrounded by family and friends. His practical and elegant charm was intact to the end, as he counseled those close to him not to be sad, saying, ‘We should all celebrate that I have been fortunate to have the most amazing life imaginable.’
Do We Relatively or Absolutely Overestimate Rare Events?
Authors: Oeberst Aileen , Haberstroh Susanne
Published: October 2014

How good are we at estimating the frequency of rare events? Previous evidence has been mixed: While some studies report well-calibrated frequency judgments, others found rare events to be overestimated. We examined whether the distinctiveness of a rare event fosters overestimation. Distinctiveness may result from exceptional valence, statistical infrequency, or the joint occurrence of two distinct features. Such paired distinctiveness has been found to be particularly salient. We conducted two experiments to investigate the impact of paired distinctiveness and valence on frequency estimations of rare events by combining two paradigms from the decision-making literature and the social psychology literature on stereotypes. The results indicate that rarity alone does not necessarily result in overestimation; rather, the combination of statistical infrequency and small sample sizes (i.e., paired distinctiveness) led participants to overestimate the frequency of a rare event. We were able to rule out alternative explanations such as regression to the mean, but the exact role of outcome valence needs further investigation.
Lateralized Processing of Faces
Authors: Bombari Dario , Preuss Nora , Mast Fred W.
Published: October 2014

We investigated the lateralized processing of featural and configural information in face recognition in two divided visual field studies. In Experiment 1, participants matched the identity of a cue face containing either featural (scrambled faces) or configural (blurred faces) information with an intact test face presented subsequently either in the right visual field (RVF) or in the left visual field (LVF). Unilateral presentation was controlled by monitoring eye movements. The results show an advantage of the left hemisphere (LH) over the right hemisphere (RH) for featural processing and a specialization of the RH for configural compared to featural processing. In Experiment 2, we focused on configural processing and its relationship to familiarity. Either learned or novel test faces were presented in the LVF or the RVF. Participants recognized learned faces better when presented in the LVF than in the RVF, suggesting that the RH has an advantage in the recognition of learned faces. Because the recognition of familiar faces relies strongly on configural information ( Buttle & Raymond, 2003 ), we argue that the advantage of the RH over the LH in configural processing is a function of familiarity.
Short Form of the Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire for the German-Speaking Countries
Authors: Ruch Willibald , Martínez-Martí María Luisa , Heintz Sonja , Brouwers Symen A.
Published: October 2014

This paper addresses the development of a 9-item Short Form of the Orientations to Happiness (OTH) Questionnaire ( Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005 ) for German-speaking countries. This questionnaire measures three ways to happiness: life of pleasure, life of engagement, and life of meaning. In Experiment 1 (replication sample, N = 1,336), we replicated the three-factor structure found in the 18-item Parent Form. In Experiment 2 (validation sample, N = 222), we again replicated the three-factor structure, which showed a good fit to the data. The coefficients of congruence between the three factors in Experiments 1 and 2 were very high (.94–.98). The correlations between the corresponding scales of the Short and Parent Form were high (.49 – .91). The three scales of the Short Form had acceptable internal consistency. The pattern of relationships of both the OTH Short Form and Parent Form with sociodemographic variables, with the endorsement of prototypical behaviors related to the three orientations to happiness, and with meaning in life were very similar for both OTH forms.
Viability and stress protection of chronic lymphoid leukemia cells involves overactivation of mitochondrial phosphoSTAT3Ser727
Authors: Capron C , Jondeau K , Casetti L , Jalbert V , Costa C , Verhoeyen E , Massé J M , Coppo P , Béné M C , Bourdoncle P , Cramer-Bordé E , Dusanter-Fourt I
Published: October 2014

Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of functionally defective CD5-positive B lymphocytes. The clinical course of CLL is highly variable, ranging from a long-lasting indolent disease to an unpredictable and rapidly progressing leukemia requiring treatment. It is thus important to identify novel factors that reflect disease progression or contribute to its assessment. Here, we report on a novel STAT3-mediated pathway that characterizes CLL B cells-extended viability and oxidative stress control. We observed that leukemic but not normal B cells from CLL patients exhibit constitutive activation of an atypical form of the STAT3 signaling factor, phosphorylated on serine 727 (Ser727) in the absence of detectable canonical tyrosine 705 (Tyr705)-dependent activation in vivo. The Ser727-phosphorylated STAT3 molecule (pSTAT3Ser727) is localized to the mitochondria and associates with complex I of the respiratory chain. This pSer727 modification is further controlled by glutathione-dependent antioxidant pathway(s) that mediate stromal protection of the leukemic B cells and regulate their viability. Importantly, pSTAT3Ser727, but neither Tyr705-phosphorylated STAT3 nor total STAT3, levels correlate with prolonged in vivo CLL B cells survival. Furthermore, STAT3 activity contributes to the resistance to apoptosis of CLL, but not normal B cells, in vitro. These data reveal that mitochondrial (Mt) pSTAT3Ser727 overactivity is part of the antioxidant defense pathway of CLL B cells that regulates their viability. Mt pSTAT3Ser727 appears to be a newly identified cell-protective signal involved in CLL cells survival. Targeting pSTAT3Ser727 could be a promising new therapeutic approach.
TRAF2 inhibits TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis and necroptosis
Authors: Karl I , Jossberger-Werner M , Schmidt N , Horn S , Goebeler M , Leverkus M , Wajant H , Giner T
Published: October 2014

The relevance of the adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) for signal transduction of the death receptor tumour necrosis factor receptor1 (TNFR1) is well-established. The role of TRAF2 for signalling by CD95 and the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) DRs, however, is only poorly understood. Here, we observed that knockdown (KD) of TRAF2 sensitised keratinocytes for TRAIL- and CD95L-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while cell death was fully blocked by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone (zVAD-fmk) in control cells, TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes were only partly rescued from TRAIL- and CD95L-induced cell death. In line with the idea that the only partially protective effect of zVAD-fmk on TRAIL- and CD95L-treated TRAF2-depleted keratinocytes is due to the induction of necroptosis, combined treatment with zVAD-fmk and the receptor interacting protein 1 (RIP1) inhibitor necrostatin-1 fully rescued these cells. To better understand the impact of TRAF2 levels on RIP1- and RIP3-dependent necroptosis and RIP3-independent apoptosis, we performed experiments in HeLa cells that lack endogenous RIP3 and HeLa cells stably transfected with RIP3. HeLa cells, in which necroptosis has no role, were markedly sensitised to TRAIL-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis by TRAF2 KD. In RIP3-expressing HeLa transfectants, however, KD of TRAF2 also strongly sensitised for TRAIL-induced necroptosis. Noteworthy, priming of keratinocytes with soluble TWEAK, which depletes the cytosolic pool of TRAF2-containing protein complexes, resulted in strong sensitisation for TRAIL-induced necroptosis but had only a very limited effect on TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The necroptotic TRAIL response was not dependent on endogenously produced TNF and TNFR signalling, since blocking TNF by TNFR2-Fc or anti-TNFα had no effect on necroptosis induction. Taken together, we identified TRAF2 not only as a negative regulator of DR-induced apoptosis but in particular also as an antagonist of TRAIL- and CD95L-induced necroptosis.
Na-Faraday rotation filtering: The optimal point
Authors: Kiefer Wilhelm , Löw Robert , Wrachtrup Jörg , Gerhardt Ilja
Published: October 2014

Narrow-band optical filtering is required in many spectroscopy applications to suppress unwanted background light. One example is quantum communication where the fidelity is often limited by the performance of the optical filters. This limitation can be circumvented by utilizing the GHz-wide features of a Doppler broadened atomic gas. The anomalous dispersion of atomic vapours enables spectral filtering. These, so-called, Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filters (FADOFs) can be by far better than any commercial filter in terms of bandwidth, transition edge and peak transmission. We present a theoretical and experimental study on the transmission properties of a sodium vapour based FADOF with the aim to find the best combination of optical rotation and intrinsic loss. The relevant parameters, such as magnetic field, temperature, the related optical depth and polarization state are discussed. The non-trivial interplay of these quantities defines the net performance of the filter. We determine analytically the optimal working conditions, such as transmission and the signal to background ratio and validate the results experimentally. We find a single global optimum for one specific optical path length of the filter. This can now be applied to spectroscopy, guide star applications, or sensing.
Fracture-induced amorphization of polycrystalline SiO2 stishovite: a potential platform for toughening in ceramics
Authors: Nishiyama Norimasa , Wakai Fumihiro , Ohfuji Hiroaki , Tamenori Yusuke , Murata Hidenobu , Taniguchi Takashi , Matsushita Masafumi , Takahashi Manabu , Kulik Eleonora , Yoshida Kimiko , Wada Kouhei , Bednarcik Jozef , Irifune Tetsuo
Published: October 2014

Silicon dioxide has eight stable crystalline phases at conditions of the Earth's rocky parts. Many metastable phases including amorphous phases have been known, which indicates the presence of large kinetic barriers. As a consequence, some crystalline silica phases transform to amorphous phases by bypassing the liquid via two different pathways. Here we show a new pathway, a fracture-induced amorphization of stishovite that is a high-pressure polymorph. The amorphization accompanies a huge volume expansion of ~100% and occurs in a thin layer whose thickness from the fracture surface is several tens of nanometers. Amorphous silica materials that look like strings or worms were observed on the fracture surfaces. The amount of amorphous silica near the fracture surfaces is positively correlated with indentation fracture toughness. This result indicates that the fracture-induced amorphization causes toughening of stishovite polycrystals. The fracture-induced solid-state amorphization may provide a potential platform for toughening in ceramics.
Elevated serum 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 level attenuates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction in kl/kl mice
Authors: Sun Yujing , Zhou Gengyin , Gui Ting , Shimokado Aiko , Nakanishi Masako , Oikawa Kosuke , Sato Fuyuki , Muragaki Yasuteru
Published: October 2014

Previous studies have suggested that Klotho provides reno-protection against unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis (RTF). Because the existing studies are mainly performed using heterozygous Klotho mutant (HT) mice, we focused on the effect of UUO on homozygous Klotho mutant (kl/kl) mice. UUO kidneys from HT mice showed a significantly higher level of RTF and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling than wild-type (WT) mice, whereas both were greatly suppressed in kl/kl mice. Primary proximal tubular epithelial culture cells isolated from kl/kl mice showed no suppression in TGF-β1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) compared to those from HT mice. In the renal epithelial cell line NRK52E, a large amount of inorganic phosphate (Pi), FGF23, or calcitriol was added to the medium to mimic the in vivo homeostasis of kl/kl mice. Neither Pi nor FGF23 antagonized TGF-β1-induced EMT. In contrast, calcitriol ameliorated TGF-β1-induced EMT in a dose dependent manner. A vitamin D3-deficient diet normalized the serum 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 level in kl/kl mice and enhanced UUO-induced RTF and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. In conclusion, the alleviation of UUO-induced RTF in kl/kl mice was due to the TGF-β1 signaling suppression caused by an elevated serum 1, 25(OH)2 vitamin D3.
Synthesis aided structural determination of amyloid-β(1–15) glycopeptides, new biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Peng , Nilsson Jonas , Brinkmalm Gunnar , Larson Göran , Huang Xuefei
Published: October 2014

The structure of an Aβ glycopeptide is determined, which is a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
The first calcium-catalysed Nazarov cyclisation
Authors: Davies Jacob , Leonori Daniele
Published: October 2014

The first calcium-catalysed Nazarov cyclisation is described.
The copper(ii)–phytate–terpyridine ternary system: the first crystal structures showing the interaction of phytate with bivalent metal and ammonium cations
Authors: Veiga Nicolás , Torres Julia , Bazzicalupi Carla , Bianchi Antonio , Kremer Carlos
Published: October 2014

This work reports the solution and crystallographic study of the Cu(ii)–phytate–terpyridine systems, showing for the first time the phytate binding mode toward a bivalent cation and protonated polyamine groups.
Crystal growth and characterization of thulium calcium oxyborate high-temperature piezoelectric crystals
Authors: Hou Shuai , Yu Fapeng , Liu Yanqing , Zhang Shujun , Lu Qingming , Wang Shenglai , Zhao Xian
Published: October 2014

High-temperature stability of electromechanical and piezoelectric properties was obtained for TmCa4O(BO3)3 crystals over the temperature range of 20–900 °C.
Unimolecular reaction chemistry of a charge-tagged beta-hydroxyperoxyl radical
Authors: So Sui , Kirk Benjamin B. , Trevitt Adam J. , Wille Uta , Blanksby Stephen J. , da Silva Gabriel
Published: October 2014

The study of unimolecular isomerization and decomposition of a charge-tagged β-hydroxyperoxyl radical anion ˙CH2C(OH)(CH3)CH2C(O)O− using mass spectrometry, quantum mechanical calculations and master equation kinetic simulations.
Comparison of direct dynamics simulations with different electronic structure methods. F− + CH3I with MP2 and DFT/B97-1
Authors: Sun Rui , Davda Collin J. , Zhang Jiaxu , Hase William L.
Published: October 2014

In previous work, ion imaging experiments and direct chemical dynamics simulations with DFT/B97-1 were performed to study the atomic-level dynamics of the F− + CH3I → FCH3 + I− SN2 reaction at different collision energies.
Enhancement of ORR catalytic activity by multiple heteroatom-doped carbon materials
Authors: Kim Dae-wook , Li Oi Lun , Saito Nagahiro
Published: October 2014

Heteroatom-doped carbon matrices have been attracting significant attention due to their superior electrochemical stability, light weight and low cost.
Tailoring of the carbon nanowall microstructure by sharp variation of plasma radical composition
Authors: Mironovich Kirill V. , Itkis Daniil M. , Semenenko Dmitry A. , Dagesian Sarkis A. , Yashina Lada V. , Kataev Elmar Yu. , Mankelevich Yuri A. , Suetin Nikolay V. , Krivchenko Victor A.
Published: October 2014

In this paper we propose a new and simple method to tune the carbon nanowall microstructure by sharp variation of CH4/H2 plasma conditions.
Solvent effect-driven assembly of W/Cu/S cluster-based coordination polymers from the cluster precursor [Et4N][Tp*WS3(CuBr)3] and CuCN: isolation, structures and enhanced NLO responses
Authors: Liu Quan , Ren Zhi-Gang , Deng Li , Zhang Wen-Hua , Zhao Xin , Sun Zhen-Rong , Lang Jian-Ping
Published: October 2014

Solvent modulation of a W/Cu/S cluster and CuCN reaction system provides coordination polymers with enhanced nonlinear optical performances.
Synthesis, structure and photophysical properties of a highly luminescent terpyridine-diphenylacetylene hybrid fluorophore and its metal complexes
Authors: Ghosh Biswa Nath , Topić Filip , Sahoo Prasit Kumar , Mal Prasenjit , Linnera Jarno , Kalenius Elina , Tuononen Heikki M. , Rissanen Kari
Published: October 2014

A new fluorescent terpyridyl-diphenylacetylene hybrid chromophore is reported. The fluorophore displays bright blue emission with an exceptionally high quantum yield.
X-ray diffraction in temporally and spatially resolved biomolecular science
Authors: Helliwell John R. , Brink Alice , Kaenket Surasak , Starkey Victoria Laurina , Tanley Simon W. M.
Published: October 2014

Time-resolved Laue protein crystallography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) opened up the field of sub-nanosecond protein crystal structure analyses. There are a limited number of such time-resolved studies in the literature. Why is this? The X-ray laser now gives us femtosecond (fs) duration pulses, typically 10 fs up to ∼50 fs. Their use is attractive for the fastest time-resolved protein crystallography studies. It has been proposed that single molecules could even be studied with the advantage of being able to measure X-ray diffraction from a ‘crystal lattice free’ single molecule, with or without temporal resolved structural changes. This is altogether very challenging R&D. So as to assist this effort we have undertaken studies of metal clusters that bind to proteins, both ‘fresh’ and after repeated X-ray irradiation to assess their X-ray-photo-dynamics, namely Ta6Br12, K2PtI6 and K2PtBr6 bound to a test protein, hen egg white lysozyme. These metal complexes have the major advantage of being very recognisable shapes (pseudo spherical or octahedral) and thereby offer a start to (probably very difficult) single molecule electron density map interpretations, both static and dynamic. A further approach is to investigate the X-ray laser beam diffraction strength of a well scattering nano-cluster; an example from nature being the iron containing ferritin. Electron crystallography and single particle electron microscopy imaging offers alternatives to X-ray structural studies; our structural studies of crustacyanin, a 320 kDa protein carotenoid complex, can be extended either by electron based techniques or with the X-ray laser representing a fascinating range of options. General outlook remarks concerning X-ray, electron and neutron macromolecular crystallography as well as ‘NMR crystallography’ conclude the article.
Mechanism and application of halogen bond induced fluorescence enhancement and iodine molecule cleavage in solution
Authors: Zou Wen-Sheng , Lin Sen , Li Jia-Yuan , Wei Hong-Qing , Zhang Xiao-Qin , Shen Dong-Xu , Qiao Jun-Qin , Lian Hong-Zhen , Xie Dai-Qian , Ge Xin
Published: October 2014

Halogen bonding between iodine and ciprofloxacin (I⋯N XB) induces I–I cleavage with fluorescence enhancement.
Microencapsulation of hexadecane by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on a Pickering stabilizer
Authors: Yin Dezhong , Liu Jinjie , Geng Wangchang , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: October 2014

In a Pickering emulsion stabilized by particles containing ATRP initiators, ARGET SI-ATRP was conducted to prepare microcapsules with polymer–SiO2 shells.
Hydrogen-bonded chiral molecular switches: photo- and thermally-reversible switchable full range color in the self-organized helical superstructure
Authors: Jin Ouyu , Fu Dengwei , Ge Yixiu , Wei Jie , Guo Jinbao
Published: October 2014

New kinds of hydrogen-bonded chiral molecular switches and dual photo/thermo-responsive behavior of self-organized helical superstructure based on them were described.
Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots with strong blue luminescence
Authors: Ding Hui , Wei Ji-Shi , Xiong Huan-Ming
Published: October 2014

The optical properties of carbon dots are improved synergistically by co-doping nitrogen and sulfur, which renders excellent performances in cell imaging and Fe3+detection.
The atomistic mechanism of carbon nanotube cutting catalyzed by nickel under an electron beam
Authors: Lebedeva Irina V. , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Popov Andrey M. , Knizhnik Andrey A. , Zoberbier Thilo , Biskupek Johannes , Kaiser Ute , Khlobystov Andrei N.
Published: October 2014

Ejection of carbon atoms via transfer to a nickel cluster and direct knock-out of carbon atoms in contact with the cluster provide efficient nanotube cutting under electron irradiation.
Stability and interaction forces of oil-in-water emulsions as observed by optical tweezers – a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Nilsen-Nygaard Julie , Sletmoen Marit , Draget Kurt Ingar
Published: October 2014

This proof-of-concept study documents the suitability of optical tweezers in studies aiming at revealing the forces acting between emulsion droplets.
Integration of upconverting β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+@TiO2 composites as light harvesting layers in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Dyck N. C. , Demopoulos G. P.
Published: October 2014

NaYF4: Yb3+,Er3+@TiO2 “core–shell” composites are integrated into DSSCs as light harvesting layers, increasing efficiency by a factor of 1.16.