bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MOFs by Transformation of 1D‐Coordination Polymers: From $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}BtzH]$ to the Homoleptic Rare Earth 3D‐Benzotriazolate Frameworks $^{3}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}]$, Ln = La, Ce
Authors: Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Mokaddem Yassin
Published: September 2008

The solvent free reaction of rare earth elements with molten 1H‐benzotriazole gives 1‐dimensional coordination polymers of the formula $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}(L)]$. The ligand L therein is an additional neutral ligand and does not participate in the polymer linkage but saturates the coordination spheres of the lanthanide ions. L can be 1H‐benzotriazole (BtzH) and its thermal decomposition products (L = BtzH, Ph(NH2)2 (phenylene‐diamine), and NH3). $^{1}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}BtzH]$ transforms upon further heating into homoleptic 3‐dimensional networks of the formula $^{3}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}]$ under release of neutral donor molecules L. For Ln = La and Ce this was proven by a combination of single crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder diffraction, thermal and micro analysis. These are the first examples of transformations of 1D‐coordination polymers into 3D‐framework structures. La and Ce result in isotypic benzotriazolates. The 3D‐frameworks $^{3}_{\infty}\rm [Ln(Btz)_{3}]$ exhibit a cavity system with max. diameter of 15Å equalling 18 % free space and might therefore also be interesting as porous MOFs.
Electronic Structure and Physical Properties of Hf5Sb9 containing a Unique T Net of Sb Atoms
Authors: Xu Jianxiao , Kleinke Katja M. , Kleinke Holger
Published: September 2008

Hf5Sb9 was the first and thus far only example of an inorganic material that contains a pure T net, i.e. a planar layer of three‐bonded Sb atoms. It crystallizes in a super structure of the ZrSiS type, wherein the originally square layers are diluted and deformed to form said T net. Each Sb atom of this net, labeled Sb3, is connected to three symmetry equivalent Sb atoms at distances of about 3Å, reminiscent of molecular T examples such as BrF3. According to electronic structure calculations, these three Sb3–Sb3 interactions correspond to medium strong bonds. Hf5Sb9 is a high‐temperature antimonide that decomposes slowly under formation of HfSb2 at intermediate temperatures such as 750 °C, while it can be stored literally for years at room temperature. Like all other studied binary hafnium antimonides, Hf5Sb9 is metallic with a small Seebeck coefficient.
Cyclic Phosphazenes for the Surface Modification of Lanthanide Phosphate‐based Nanoparticles
Authors: Veldboer Katrin , Karatas Yunus , Vielhaber Torsten , Karst Uwe , Wiemhöfer Hans‐Dieter
Published: September 2008

Cyclic phosphazenes with positively charged substituents were investigated as surface modifiers for lanthanide phosphate nanoparticles. Cyclotriphosphazenes bearing aromatic (1, 2) and aliphatic (3‐6) substituents with terminal tertiary amino functions have been synthesized and subsequently quaternized by treatment with methyl iodide. In subsequent tests, their influence as surface modifiers for the lanthanide phosphate‐based nanoparticles was analysed with respect to the resulting particle solubility and the degree of surface interaction. While an interaction of the completely quaternized cyclic phosphazenes 2 and 4 with the nanoparticles leads to an agglomeration, stable nanocrystal‐linker complexes in methanol could be formed with the compounds 5 and 6. Aromatic functions were not suitable due to interference with the UV absorbance of the nanocrystals, while aliphatic side chains allowed a good fluorescence detection of the nanocrystals with UV excitation without any loss of intensity as compared to the untreated particles.
Alkylation of [N(SPPh2)(SPPh2)]−, [N(SePPh2)(SePPh2)]−, and [N(SPPh2)(SePPh2)]−
Authors: Sekar Perumal , Ibers James A.
Published: September 2008

A facile synthesis is described in which the compounds N(SPPh2)(CH3SPPh2), N(SePPh2)(CH3SePPh2), N(SPPh2)(CH3SePPh2), N(SePPh2)(NCCH2SePPh2), and N(SPPh2)(NCCH2SePPh2) have been obtained in good yield by alkylation of [N(QPPh2)2]− (Q = S or Se) or [N(SPPh2)(SePPh2)]− with CH3I or ClCH2CN in CH3OH at room temperature. These compounds have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic techniques. All five compounds have similar structures in which a CH3 or NCCH2 moiety is bonded to an S or preferentially an Se atom of an anion to form a neutral molecule.
Trifluoromethylphenyl Palladium(II) Complexes – Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Czauderna Christine , Wurziger Hanns , Sun Yu , Thiel Werner R.
Published: September 2008

4‐Bromotrifluoromethyl benzene efficiently undergoes oxidative addition to palladium(0) precursors to give phosphine stabilized bromo(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)palladium(II) complexes in high yields. Exchange of the bromo and the phosphine ligands allows further derivatization of these compounds. The solid state structures of two palladium(II) complexes of the type (L‐L)Pd(Br)(C6H4CF3), with L‐L either performing cis or trans coordination could be elucidated.
Preparation of esters, hydrazides and amides of carboxymethyldimethyl long‐chain aliphatic ammonium chlorides
Authors: Mehltretter C. L.
Published: September 2008

A series of hydrazides and amides of carboxymethyldimethyl C12‐C18 aliphatic ammonium chlorides were prepared by reaction of the corresponding ethyl esters with hydrazine and alcoholic ammonia, respectively. The intermediate carbethoxymethyldimethyl derivatives were readily synthesized from commercial dimethyl tertiary amines and ethyl chloroacetate. The crude products were obtained in high yields and, after recrystallization, chemical analysis verified the expected structures.
Autoxidation products from cholesterol
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Sims R. J.
Published: September 2008

Thin‐layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography were used to separate and identify products from the autoxidation of cholesterol. Both cholesterol‐a‐epoxide and 1,4‐cholestadien‐3‐one were found. In addition, several other compounds, identified also by previous workers, were shown to be present. Autoxidation in bulk was quite slow at 82C, requiring several weeks for development of detectable quantities of decomposition products. The reaction could be accelerated by irradiation with ultraviolet light or by heating the sterol above its melting point.
The influence of glyceride structure on the rate of autoxidation
Authors: Raghuveer K. G. , Hammond E. G.
Published: September 2008

The rate of autoxidation of mixtures of triunsaturated glycerides and tridecanoin was decreased by randomization with sodium methoxide. A theory, based on the hexagonal packing of glyceride acyl chains in the molten state, was proposed which accounted for the observed efforts on the rate of autoxidation. The theory suggests that the concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids on the 2‐position of glycerol should stabilize a fat towards autoxidation. This was confirmed with experiments on natural fats.
High‐oleic safflower oil. Stability and chemical modification
Authors: Fuller G. , Diamond M. J. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: September 2008

High‐oleic acid safflower oil has been shown to have high‐temperature oxidative stability comparable with that of hydrogenated vegetable oils. This stability, added to the ease of handling at low temperatures, should make the oil attractive as a commercial cooking oil. Epoxidation of the new safflower oil led to a product similar to epoxidized olive oil but lighter in color.
Salad oil manufacture and control
Authors: Weiss T. J.
Published: September 2008

Cottonseed salad oil is normally prepared by winterization, a process whereby oil is chilled slowly to form crystals of disaturated triglycerides, which are then removed by filtration. Hydrogenated soybean oil is similarly processed. Unhydrogenated soybean, corn, and safflower oils do not require winterization. A recent approach is to winterize from solvent, resulting in increased salad oil yield. The main control method is the cold test, a measure of the time required for the oil to cloud in an ice bath. Crystal inhibitors, such as oxystearin or polyglycerol esters, are used to lengthen the cold test.
Hydrogenation and bleaching control procedures
Authors: Lantondress E. G.
Published: September 2008

A brief description of various hydrogenation‐control tests, including refractive index, congeal points, and Wiley melting‐points, will be followed by a discussion of how these analyses are used to control the production of hydrogenated oils to meet certain specifications. The purpose of various bleaching operations will be discussed, including the degree of color reduction necessary in various stages of bleaching to meet specific customer requirements of final color.
Retraction Transaminitis: An Inevitable but Benign Complication of Laparoscopic Fundoplication
Authors: Morris‐Stiff Gareth , Jones Rhidian , Mitchell Su , Barton Karen , Hassn Ahmed
Published: September 2008

Background

Transient transaminitis has been identified following laparoscopic abdominal surgery. However, the importance of posture, duration of surgery, and mechanical retraction in its etiology remain unclear.

Methods

Liver function was assessed preoperatively then at 8, 24, 48 and 72 h following laparoscopic surgery including the following procedures: Nissen fundoplication (LN: n = 10); cholecystectomy (LC: n = 10); inguinal herniorrhaphy (LH: n = 10); and gastrectomy (LG: n = 5).

Results

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in LN patients exhibited a rapid rise within 8 h, peaking at 48 h before returning toward baseline. In the LN group, AST levels were significantly higher at 8 h and 24 hours compared to all other groups and compared to LG at 48 h and 72 h. At 6‐week follow‐up all AST levels were normal. No significant differences were seen in other hepatic parameters, and no correlation between AST and duration of operation, gender, or age was identified.

Conclusions

Antireflux surgery is associated with transaminitis related to hepatic retraction, which is independent of patient posture or duration of observation, and it resolves spontaneously with no clinical consequences.
A Pilot Study on the Role of T‐Tube in Typhoid Ileal Perforation in Children
Authors: Pandey Anand , Kumar V. , Gangopadhyay Ajay N. , Upadhyaya Vijai D. , Srivastava A. , Singh Ram B.
Published: September 2008

Background

Ileostomy is usually performed for patients of typhoid intestinal perforation with poor general condition, but it is associated with significant morbidity. We have used the T‐tube in such patients as an alternative to ileostomy.

Methods

This is a prospective evaluation of a cohort of children with proven typhoid intestinal perforation. Patients with multiple perforations and poor general condition were managed with a T‐tube inserted into the bowel lumen after closing all distal perforations (group 3). They were compared with patients who had primary closure of perforation (group 1) or bowel resection (group 2) to determine the efficacy of the use of T‐tube.

Results

The total number of patients for groups 1, 2, and 3 was 51, 4, and 12 (n = 67). The mean number of perforations for the three groups was 1, 3.5 ± 0.58, and 4.25 ± 0.97. The operation time for the three groups was 37.29 ± 3.24, 59.25 ± 3.09, and 59.17 ± 4.17 minutes, respectively. The T‐tube was removed after 13.17 days. The mean duration of fistula at T‐tube site to heal was 8.58 ± 2.11 days. The overall follow‐up period was 10.94 ± 1.15 months and none of the patients with T‐tube placement had features of intestinal obstruction.

Conclusions

In children with multiple typhoid intestinal perforations and poor general condition, the use of T‐tube may be an effective management option.
Resection Line Involvement After Gastric Cancer Surgery: Clinical Outcome in Nonsurgically Retreated Patients
Authors: Morgagni P. , Garcea D. , Marrelli D. , De Manzoni G. , Natalini G. , Kurihara H. , Marchet A. , Saragoni L. , Scarpi E. , Pedrazzani C. , Di Leo A. , De Santis F. , Panizzo V. , Nitti D. , Roviello F.
Published: September 2008

Purpose

Resection line infiltration (RLI) after surgical treatment represents an unfavorable prognostic factor in advanced gastric cancer. We performed a retrospective analysis of 89 patients with resection line involvement who did not undergo reoperation.

Methods

On behalf of the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer, we present the characteristics and outcome of 89 patients who were submitted to surgical resection for gastric cancer from 1988 to 2001 and did not undergo reoperation because of disease extension or associated pathologies.

Results

RLI was significantly higher in patients with T4 tumors and diffuse histological type. Anastomotic leakages were observed in 4.8% of infiltrated esophageal resection margins, whereas 1.9% of infiltrated duodenal resection lines showed duodenal fistulas. Five‐year overall survival of patients with RLI was 29%. Prognosis was not affected by RLI in early forms (100% 5‐year survival); however, 5‐year survival in T2 and T3 stages was significantly lower with respect to the same stages without residual tumor. The influence of RLI on prognosis was confirmed in N0 as well as in N1 and N2 patients. RLI also was an independent prognostic at multivariate analysis (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–2.08;P= 0.0144).

Conclusions

RLI significantly affects long‐term survival of advanced gastric cancer. The impact on prognosis is independent of lymph node involvement. Patients in good general condition for whom radical surgery is possible should be considered for reoperation.
A new graphical model for untangling complex relationships among environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Miki Takeshi
Published: September 2008

Recent advances in the research field of ‘biodiversity‐ecosystem functioning’ have successfully begun to reconcile the apparent controversy on relationships between productivity and species richness. By unifying new advances into a single framework, I propose a 3D graphical model connecting the relationships among resource availability, species richness, and ‘community productivity.’ An emergent pattern from this model predicts that the effect of species richness on community productivity is maximized at intermediate levels of resource availability. This model will contribute to better understanding the relationships among environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning.
Identifiability and Equivalence of GLLIRM Models
Authors: Revuelta Javier
Published: September 2008

The generalized logit–linear item response model (GLLIRM) is a linearly constrained nominal categories model (NCM) that computes the scale and intercept parameters for categories as a weighted sum of basic parameters. This paper addresses the problems of the identifiability of the basic parameters and the equivalence between different GLLIRM models. It is shown that the identifiability of the basic parameters depends on the size and rank of the coefficient matrix of the linear functions. Moreover, two models are observationally equivalent if the product of the respective coefficient matrices has full column rank. Finally, the paper also explores the relations between the parameters of nested models.
Hot Photoluminescence in γ-In2Se3Nanorods
Authors: Yang MD , Hu CH , Shen JL , Lan SM , Huang PJ , Chi GC , Chen KH , Chen LC , Lin TY
Published: September 2008

The energy relaxation of electrons in γ-In2Se3nanorods was investigated by the excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL). From the high-energy tail of PL, we determine the electron temperature (T
e) of the hot electrons. TheT
evariation can be explained by a model in which the longitudinal optical (LO)-phonon emission is the dominant energy relaxation process. The high-quality γ-In2Se3nanorods may be a promising material for the photovoltaic devices.
Morphology-Controllable Synthesis of CeO2on a Pt Electrode
Authors: Fu Y , Wei ZD , Ji MB , Li L , Shen PK , Zhang J
Published: September 2008

Nanoscale cerium dioxides with shape of nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanotubes were electrochemically synthesized. The morphology of CeO2was modulated by changing electrode potential and potential direction. CeO2nanorods and CeO2nanotubes were synthesized via the potentiostatic and cyclic voltammeteric methods, respectively. The morphology and structure of the obtained CeO2were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A possible formation mechanism has been suggested to illuminate the relationship between the preparation condition and the morphology of CeO2.
Optimization of an Alkylpolyglucoside‐Based Dishwashing Detergent Formulation
Authors: Bozetine I. , Ahmed Zaïd T. , Chitour C. E. , Canselier J. P.
Published: September 2008

The aim of this work was to formulate and optimize the washing performance of an alkylpolyglucoside‐based dishwashing detergent. The liquid detergent was formulated with five ingredients of commercial origin: anionic (linear sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate and sodium laurylethersulfate), nonionic (C12–C14 alkylpolyglucoside) and zwitterionic (a fatty acid amide derivative with a betaine structure) surfactants, and NaCl for viscosity control. In addition to the plate test, other properties were investigated including “cloud point”, viscosity, and emulsion stability. Statistical analysis software was used to generate a central composite experimental design. Then, a second order design and analysis of experiments approach, known as the Response Surface Methodology, was set up to investigate the effects of the five components of the formulation on the studied properties in the region covering plausible component ranges. The method proved to be efficient for locating the domains of concentrations where the desired properties were met.
Implications of Africa's Transportation Systems for Development in the Era of Globalization
Authors: Njoh Ambe J.
Published: September 2008

The paper identifies and discusses major implications of Africa's contemporary transport infrastructure for the continent's development in general and its active participation in the globalization process in particular. Initially it identifies and analyses major events in the evolution of the continent's modern transport systems. It is revealed that colonial authorities did the most to develop these systems. However, because the systems were designed to facilitate the extraction and transmission of products from the continent to the colonial master nations, they are deemed incapable of enhancing the active participation of African countries in the globalization process. In an effort to reverse this situation, a number of specific steps, including increasing the stock of all-season roads, regional integration, the promotion of intermodal transport facilities, and the adoption of safety measures in the transport sector, are proposed.
Cultural assimilation in the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies
Authors: Davis Craig R.
Published: September 2008

After the conversion of the various Anglo-Saxon royal houses to Christianity in the seventh century, the mythology of the late pagan cults which had supported their sovereignty was supplanted, but not utterly destroyed, by the sacred history of the Bible. Myths in which the old gods sired the founders of current dynasties proved uniquely adaptive. These foundation myths were preserved at a secondary stratum in the new ideological order, in that body of dynastic pseudo-history and heroic legend which was important but subordinate to the authoritative canon of Christian scripture. As J. M. Wallace-Hadrill suggested, the nascent Anglo-Saxon dynasties needed legitimizing ancestors as much after, as before, their conversion. And if they could no longer have gods, they would settle for men of the same name.
A second supplement to Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runic Inscriptions
Authors: Okasha Elisabeth
Published: September 2008

This supplement brings up to date my Hand-List of Anglo-Saxon Non-Runif Inscriptions (Cambridge, 1971). It contains twenty-eight entries, including all the Anglo-Saxon non-runic inscriptions which have come to my notice since the publication of the first supplement. The entries are followed by the Bibliography. This gives in full the references quoted in abbreviated form throughout this second supplement unless they have already appeared in the General Bibliography of the Hand-List or of the first supplement. This is followed by Addenda to the Hand-List and to the first supplement, where additional information about several inscriptions is given. Then follows a list of Corrigenda to the Hand-List and to the first supplement and, finally, a list of Addenda to the bibliographies of the entries in the Hand-List and the first supplement, to bring them up to date.
King Edgar's reliquary of St Swithun
Authors: Crook John
Published: September 2008

In May 1909 a medieval wall-painting was discovered behind the fitted bookshelves of the Morley Library at Winchester Cathedral. A brief description was published locally at the time of the discovery, but neither the precise subject matter nor the date of the painting were established. Thereafter the wall-painting lay virtually forgotten until it was re-examined early in 1990 by the present writer. It now seems possible that the painting includes the earliest known representation of Winchester Cathedral in its original, Romanesque form, and that it also portrays an important artifact within that church: the reliquary of St Swithun. This identification is supported by the other scene in the wall-painting, which, it is argued, represents either the saint's burial in 862 or (more probably) his translation in 971. In the second part of this paper the history of the reliquary of Swithun is traced. This important and welldocumented artifact had been presented by King Edgar to the Old Minster in 971–4 and was transferred to the Romanesque cathedral in 1093. It is suggested that this major piece of Anglo-Saxon metalwork may have survived until c. 1450.
Ælfric and Smaragdus
Authors: Hill Joyce
Published: September 2008

In his Latin preface to the First Series ofCatholic Homilies, Ælfric lists six source authors: Augustine, Jerome, Bede, Gregory, Smaragdus and Haymo. The fact that Haymo is named in a phrase of his own at the end, ‘et aliquando Haymonem’, and is specified as being used ‘aliquando’, suggests that he was in some sense a supplementary source, as modern studies have tended to confirm. Smaragdus, by contrast, stands with Augustine, Jerome, Bede and Gregory as if Ælfric, in thinking back over the work he had done for theCatholic Homilies, had found Smaragdus as useful as the others and had consulted him about as frequently. Yet it is a puzzling fact that modern source studies have identified very little material drawn from Smaragdus's exegeticalExpositio libri comitis. It is possible, of course, that Ælfric's claim to have used Smaragdus was unjustified, but although medieval writers often made false claims, Ælfric did not habitually do so; on the contrary, he was very conscious of his relationship to authoritative sources and, when he named an authority, his claims were usually as reliable as contemporary traditions allowed.
ON JUSTIFYING THE MORAL RIGHTS OF THE MODERNS: A CASE OF OLD WINE IN
NEW BOTTLES
Authors: Gaus Gerald F.
Published: September 2008

In this essay I sketch a philosophical argument for classical
liberalism based on the requirements of public reason. I argue that we can
develop a philosophical liberalism that, unlike so much recent philosophy,
takes existing social facts and mores seriously while, at the same time,
retaining the critical edge characteristic of the liberal tradition. I
argue that once we develop such an account, we are led toward a
vindication of “old” (qua classical) liberal
morality—what Benjamin Constant called the “liberties of the
moderns.” A core thesis of the paper is that a regime of individual
rights is crucial to the project of public justification because it
disperses moral authority to individuals thus mitigating what I call the
“burdens of justification.”
LIBERALISM, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, AND THE LIMITS OF MARKETS
Authors: Satz Debra
Published: September 2008

This paper points to a lost and ignored strand of argument in the
writings of liberalism's earliest defenders. These “classical”
liberals recognized that market liberty was not always compatible with
individual liberty. In particular, they argued that labor markets required
intervention and regulation if workers were not to be wholly subjugated to
the power of their employers. Functioning capitalist labor markets (along
with functioning credit markets) are not “natural” outgrowths
of exchange, but achievements hard won in the battle against feudalism.
Further, and crucially, the existence of such markets required closing off
other market choices.
LIBERTARIANISM AND THE STATE
Authors: Vallentyne Peter
Published: September 2008

Although Robert Nozick has argued that libertarianism is compatible
with the justice of a minimal state—even if does not arise from
mutual consent—few have been persuaded. I will outline a different
way of establishing that a non-consensual libertarian state can be just. I
will show that a state can—with a few important
qualifications—justly enforce the rights of citizens, extract
payments to cover the costs of such enforcement, redistribute resources to
the poor, and invest in infrastructure to overcome market failures.
ON CONSTITUTIONAL WELFARE LIBERALISM: AN OLD-LIBERAL
PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Zuckert Michael P.
Published: September 2008

One new form of liberalism is a doctrine that might be called
Constitutional Welfare Liberalism. It stands in some continuity with the
varieties of welfare and equality oriented liberalism that emerged in the
Nineteenth Century and which found expression in the U.S. in political
movements like the New Deal of F.D.R. and the Great Society of L.B.J.
Constitutional Welfare Liberalism differs somewhat from earlier versions
of Welfare Liberalism in that it claims to be solidly grounded in the
fundamentals of the liberal tradition and of the American Constitution.
Advocates of Constitutional Welfare Liberalism would replace what they
call the “negative-liberties model” of the Constitutional
order with a “benefits model.” They rest their case on an
analysis of rights that denies the meaningfulness of the common
distinction between negative and positive rights. Some advocates of
Constitutional Welfare Liberalism also base their claims on the positive
empowerments and ends of government as expressed in the Preamble to the
Constitution. It is shown here via an analysis of the
negative/positive rights distinction that the distinction is indeed
meaningful when understood more accurately than Constitutional Welfare
Liberalism theorists do. Likewise it is shown that neither the general
character of the Constitution as an empowerment of government, nor the
particular goals stated in the Preamble imply the benefits model.
WHY THE NEW LIBERALISM ISN'T ALL THAT NEW, AND WHY THE OLD
LIBERALISM ISN'T WHAT WE THOUGHT IT WAS
Authors: Galston William A.
Published: September 2008

It is conventional to distinguish between an old liberalism, with a
robust conception of private property and a limited role for government in
the economy, and a new liberalism that permits government to override
individual property rights in the pursuit of the general welfare. The New
Deal is often taken to mark the dividing line between these two forms of
liberal governance. But when we focus on property rights through the
magnifying lens of Takings Clause jurisprudence, we find that the movement
away from strong property rights begins not with the New Deal but in the
late 19th century, at what is normally taken to be the peak of
constitutionally protected private property. The much-criticized decision
in Kelo v. New London (2005) represents, not a break with past doctrine,
but rather its logical consequence.

Protecting individual property-holders against expansive state powers
of eminent domain runs into a structural conundrum: while categorical
restraints on state power limit government's ability to promote
important public purposes, an explicitly purposive approach renders all
limits on government power (including individual rights) vulnerable to an
aggregative calculus. The most plausible response is a two-tier approach:
respect for legally established categories in ordinary circumstances,
regardless of their aggregate consequences, and consequentialism in
circumstances of emergency, when the lives or basic wellbeing of citizens
are at stake. Judged against this template, the consequentialism guiding
modern takings clause jurisprudence in ordinary, non-emergency
circumstances is hard to justify.
Phonetic analysis of late babbling: a case study of a French child
Authors: Boysson-Bardies Bénédicte De , Sagart Laurent , Bacri Nicole
Published: September 2008

The late babbling productions of a French child are analysed and compared with a similar study of English-speaking children. English-speaking and French children are shown to share such universal phonetic preferences as cluster reduction, final devoicing, etc. However, there are also noticeable differences which may be ascribed to corresponding differences in the target language. Thus a selective, language-specific, phonetic acquisition has been taking place during the babbling stage. A comparison of the phonetic repertoires of French, English, Thai and the late babbling corpus confirmed the close similarity between the latter and French. This study reinforces the view that babbling is relevant to the study of linguistic performance.
Semantic roles and residual grammatical categories in mother and child speech: who tunes into whom?
Authors: Retherford Kristine S. , Schwartz Bonnie C. , Chapman Robin S.
Published: September 2008

Mother and child speech in two half-hour free play conversations of six pairs were analysed for 15 semantic roles such as AGENT and ACTION, and five additional syntactic categories such as negation. Children were taped at the beginning of word combinations (1; 7–2; 0) and again 3 to 6 months later. Mothers and children were similar to one another in the relative frequency with which they used the different semantic and syntactic categories. However, the mothers' use was stable, including a larger number of categories than the children and showing few shifts in relative frequency. Insofar as changes took place over time, it was the children who changed to become more like their mothers, both in the semantic roles present and in their relative frequency of use. These findings are interpreted as evidence against a Fine-Tuning Hypothesis to explain the content of mothers' speech to children. The role of discourse topic restrictions in limiting the distribution of semantic roles is discussed.
A spatiotemporal model of shifting cultivation and forest cover dynamics
Authors: BROWN DOUGLAS R.
Published: September 2008

Sustainable use of humid forest resources as a source of fertile land for cultivation requires long periods of fallow and the ability to move the zone of active cultivation from one location to another over time. At the individual field level, shifting cultivation is essentially a resource extraction problem akin to a pulse fishery – a short period of intensive use of the stock of soil fertility followed by a long idle period permitting regeneration. This paper describes a spatiotemporal model of resource extraction adapted to the use of forest resources by shifting cultivators. Theoretically grounded in the spatial and household modelling literature, it is a structural simulation model of household decision-making, and includes a demonstration of the concept with a limited data set from southern Cameroon. Use of a stated preference approach to modelling decision-making identifies individual preferences and spatial path-dependency as important sources of shortened fallows and resource degradation.
Resource degradation in the African commons: accounting for institutional decay
Authors: BROMLEY DANIEL W.
Published: September 2008

The development literature has devoted considerable attentiontothe commons and has ignored the wider economic contextofthe commons. I develop a model of two kinds of agents (naïve and sophisticated) using two kinds of assets (safe and unsafe) to illustrate the possibility of resource degradation in the commons in the absence of free riding, shirking, and general theft among members of the village and its associated commons. This model makes it possible to understand that degradation of the commons arises from factorsoutsideof the commons rather than arising from ‘perverse’ property rights and selfish behaviorwithinthe commons. This approach suggests a needed reformulation of development assistance away from prescriptions for the commons. Instead, development assistance must be refocused on the more serious challenge of institutional incoherence in the larger economy of which the village and its commons are but a part.
Sedimentary response to climate and sea level changes during the past ∼400 ka from borehole PRAD1–2 (Adriatic margin)
Authors: Ridente Domenico , Trincardi Fabio , Piva Andrea , Asioli Alessandra , Cattaneo Antonio
Published: September 2008

Borehole PRAD1–2 was drilled in ∼186 m water depth on the upper slope of the central Adriatic, in the frame of Profiles across Mediterranean Sedimentary Systems (PROMESS1) European Union‐funded project. The borehole penetrated 71.2 m through a stratigraphic interval characterized by subparallel seismic reflections and uniform seismic units. According to an age‐depth model based on several independent proxies (including foraminifera and nannoplankton stratigraphy, ∂18O curves, and magnetostratigraphy) the cored interval records Marine Isotope Stages and Substages (MIS) from MIS1 to the top of MIS11, thus encompassing the past ∼370 ka. PRAD1–2 therefore represents an unprecedented continuous record through the last four glacial‐interglacial cycles from a proximal continental margin setting where depositional sequences are typically composed of progradational units. These progradational units record dominantly interglacial intervals (MIS5, MIS7, and MIS9) and appear composed of thicker highstand deposits (HST) formed during interstadials and thinner forced‐regression units (FSST) deposited during stadials above distinctive downward shift surfaces. The development of thicker highstand deposits with a distinctively thicker bottomset reflects enhanced shore‐parallel advection any time sea level rise leads to the drowning of the Adriatic shelf, triggering the formation of dense water and vigorous cyclonic circulation. This advection mechanism persisted in each cycle throughout the early phases of the sea level fall but progressively decreased as sea level fall proceeded approaching the maximum lowstand position, when most of the shelf became exposed. Relative sea level falls punctuating interglacials within each 100‐ka cycle were thus accompanied by a dearth in sediment flux on the outer shelf. The alternation of HST and FSST progradational wedges with markedly different thickness and downlap geometry of their bottomsets is the most evident stratigraphic signature, within each 100‐ka depositional cycle, of the impact on the shelf of higher‐frequency (∼20 ka) sea level cycles and concomitant supply fluctuations.
Choosing splitting parameters and summation limits in the numerical evaluation of 1‐D and 2‐D periodic Green's functions using the Ewald method
Authors: Celepcikay Ferhat T. , Wilton Donald R. , Jackson David R. , Capolino Filippo
Published: September 2008

Accurate and efficient computation of periodic free‐space Green's functions using the Ewald method is considered for three cases: a 1‐D array of line sources, a 1‐D array of point sources, and a 2‐D array of point sources. A limitation on the numerical accuracy when using the “optimum” E parameter (which gives optimum asymptotic convergence) at high frequency is discussed. A “best” E parameter is then derived to overcome these limitations. This choice allows for the fastest convergence while maintaining a specific level of accuracy (loss of significant figures) in the final result. Formulas for the number of terms needed for convergence are also derived for both the spectral and the spatial series that appear in the Ewald method, and these are found to be accurate in almost all cases.
A Gibbs sampler for inequality‐constrained geostatistical interpolation and inverse modeling
Authors: Michalak Anna M.
Published: September 2008

Interpolation and inverse modeling problems are ubiquitous in environmental sciences. In many applications, the parameters being estimated or mapped have physical constraints, such as nonnegativity (e.g. concentration, hydraulic conductivity), solubility limits, censored data (e.g. due to dry wells or detection limits), and other physical boundaries or missing data. Geostatistical interpolation and inverse modeling techniques have often been applied for estimating such parameters, but these methods typically cannot enforce physical constraints. This paper describes a statistically rigorous and computationally efficient Gibbs sampler, a Markov chain Monte Carlo technique, based on an a priori truncated Gaussian distribution model, which allows for multiple and variable physical constraints to be enforced within a geostatistical framework. Sample interpolation and inverse modeling applications confirm that estimates, uncertainty bounds and conditional simulations reflect the specified constraints, leading to conclusions that are more consistent with the underlying conceptual model, and provide a more accurate measure of the posterior uncertainty of the parameters being estimated. In addition, especially in inverse modeling applications, a posteriori confidence bounds are narrower even in areas where constraints are not imposed. The method is applicable in multiple dimensions, for data with or without measurement error, and with any variogram model.
Upper crustal evolution across the Juan de Fuca ridge flanks
Authors: Nedimović Mladen R. , Carbotte Suzanne M. , Diebold John B. , Harding Alistair J. , Canales J. Pablo , Kent Graham M.
Published: September 2008

Recent P wave velocity compilations of the oceanic crust indicate that the velocity of the uppermost layer 2A doubles or reaches ∼4.3 km/s found in mature crust in <10 Ma after crustal formation. This velocity change is commonly attributed to precipitation of low‐temperature alteration minerals within the extrusive rocks associated with ridge‐flank hydrothermal circulation. Sediment blanketing, acting as a thermal insulator, has been proposed to further accelerate layer 2A evolution by enhancing mineral precipitation. We carried out 1‐D traveltime modeling on common midpoint supergathers from our 2002 Juan de Fuca ridge multichannel seismic data to determine upper crustal structure at ∼3 km intervals along 300 km long transects crossing the Endeavor, Northern Symmetric, and Cleft ridge segments. Our results show a regional correlation between upper crustal velocity and crustal age. The measured velocity increase with crustal age is not uniform across the investigated ridge flanks. For the ridge flanks blanketed with a sealing sedimentary cover, the velocity increase is double that observed on the sparsely and discontinuously sedimented flanks (∼60% increase versus ∼28%) over the same crustal age range of 5–9 Ma. Extrapolation of velocity‐age gradients indicates that layer 2A velocity reaches 4.3 km/s by ∼8 Ma on the sediment blanketed flanks compared to ∼16 Ma on the flanks with thin and discontinuous sediment cover. The computed thickness gradients show that layer 2A does not thin and disappear in the Juan de Fuca region with increasing crustal age or sediment blanketing but persists as a relatively low seismic velocity layer capping the deeper oceanic crust. However, layer 2A on the fully sedimented ridge‐flank sections is on average thinner than on the sparsely and discontinuously sedimented flanks (330 ± 80 versus 430 ± 80 m). The change in thickness occurs over a 10–20 km distance coincident with the onset of sediment burial. Our results also suggest that propagator wakes can have atypical layer 2A thickness and velocity. Impact of propagator wakes is evident in the chemical signature of the fluids sampled by ODP drill holes along the east Endeavor transect, providing further indication that these crustal discontinuities may be sites of localized fluid flow and alteration.
The nonseismic tsunami observed in the Bulgarian Black Sea on 7 May 2007: Was it due to a submarine landslide?
Authors: Ranguelov Boyko , Tinti Stefano , Pagnoni Gianluca , Tonini Roberto , Zaniboni Filippo , Armigliato Alberto
Published: September 2008

A tsunami‐like sea disturbance of nonseismic origin was observed on 7 May 2007 on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The maximum wave amplitude was three meters, and the sea oscillations lasted for several hours. The anomalous behaviour was seen in many places of the coast of Bulgaria and was stronger in the north. Several accounts of eyewitnesses as well as reports of local port authorities and three tide‐gauge recordings are available and have been collected and analysed. The tsunami could have been produced by a submarine landslide or by atmospheric pressure pulses. Here, we explore the former hypothesis, i.e., the possibility that the tsunami was induced by a landslide that may have occurred on the shelf margin off Bulgaria. By making use of numerical modelling we find that submarine mass movements taking place within a certain delimited source area off Bulgaria may have generated tsunamis compatible with the observations.
Estimation of the sea level trend south of Japan by combining satellite altimeter data with in situ hydrographic data
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Imawaki Shiro
Published: September 2008

The sea level trend from1992 to 2006 was estimated by combining satellite altimeter data with in situ hydrographic data along the TOPEX/POSEIDON and Jason‐1 subsatellite track south of Japan. The sea level trend estimates from the altimeter data were consistent with those from the coastal tide gauge data. The mean sea level trend along the hydrographic observation line was 4.2 ± 0.8 mm a–1. By assuming that the sea level trend due to large‐scale deformation of ocean basins from glacial isostatic adjustment is –0.3 mm a–1, the sea level trend by the ocean mass change was estimated to be 1.3 ± 0.4 mm a–1, and the steric height trend was estimated to be 3.2 ± 0.9 mm a–1 (2.8 ± 0.9 mm a–1 between 0 and 1800 dbar plus 0.4 ± 0.2 mm a–1 between 1800 and 4500 dbar). Steric height estimated from the altimeter data agreed well with that estimated from the conductivity‐temperature‐depth profiler and expendable bathythermograph data. However, steric height estimated from the Argo float data over year 2004–2006 was significantly biased of about –10 mm on average with respect to that estimated from the altimeter data. A systematic pressure error of about –2 dbar in the Argo float profiles could account for this negative bias in steric height.
Features of the conductivity of a 2D electron crystal over liquid helium at high driving fields
Authors: Syvokon V. E. , Nasyedkin K. A. , Neoneta A. S.
Published: September 2008

An electron crystal with a surface electron density ns=6.2×108cm−2 over the surface of superfluid liquid helium is investigated as a function of the amplitude of an ac electric field (1–30mV∕cm) in the plane of the layer at a temperature T=80mK. The frequency dependence of the response of the experimental cell to an ac voltage is measured at frequencies where coupled electron-ripplon resonances are excited (1–20MHz), and the dependence of the conductivity of an electron layer on the driving field at two fixed frequencies, 4 and 5MHz, is investigated. A complex nonmonotonic dependence of the conductivity of the crystal on the driving field is observed, which apparently reflects a dynamic phase transition in the system.
Magnetic and resonance properties of the two-dimensional S=1 compound Ni5(TeO3)4Cl2 with frustrated geometry
Authors: Gnatchenko S. L. , Kobets M. I. , Khatsko E. N. , Baran M. , Szymczak R. , Lemmens P. , Berger H.
Published: September 2008

The magnetic and magnetoresonance properties of a new single-crystal compound Ni5(TeO3)4Cl2 are studied. Measurements of the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of the crystal in a wide temperature range (5–300K) make it possible to conclude that Ni5(TeO3)4Cl2 is a quasi-two-dimensional antiferromagnet with the easy magnetization axis a* directed perpendicular to the crystallographic plane bc and a magnetic ordering temperature TN≈21K. Resonance measurements at 4.2K in wide range of frequencies (25–105GHz) and magnetic field (up to 200kOe) permit us to obtain the frequency-field dependence of the AFMR spectrum for a field applied along the easy magnetization axis a*. It is shown that a magnetic field directed along the antiferromagnetic axis (H∥a*) induces a magnetic phase transition of the spin-flop type, which is found to occur at Hsf≈120kOe. The magnetic resonance experimental data are described qualitatively in the model of a biaxial antiferromagnet.
On the magnetic susceptibility of niobium diselenide
Authors: Bartolomé J. , Bartolomé E. , Eremenko V. V. , Ibulaev V. V. , Sirenko V. A. , Petrusenko Yu. T.
Published: September 2008

The magnetic properties of 2H-NbSe2, a layered metal with a hexagonal structure of the crystal lattice, are measured, and the change of those properties after irradiation with high-energy electrons is investigated. It is shown that the main part of the magnetic susceptibility comes from the Pauli paramagnetism of free charge carriers. The low-temperature deviations from Pauli paramagnetism are explained by dangling interatomic bonds, which are present in small numbers even in the unirradiated samples.
Ioffe–Regel’ crossover and boson peaks in disordered solid solutions and similar anomalies in heterogeneous crystalline structures
Authors: Gospodarev I. A. , Grishaev V. I. , Kotlyar A. V. , Kravchenko K. V. , Manzheliĭ E. V. , Syrkin E. S. , Feodos’ev S. B.
Published: September 2008

Low-frequency features of the phonon spectra of disordered solid solutions and heterogeneous crystalline structures are analyzed at the microscopic level. It is shown that boson-peak type excitations can arise in disordered solid solutions whose sites have only translational degrees of freedom. Thus it is established that such excitations appear mainly because of the additional positional dispersion of sound waves which is due to the disordering. The influence of boson-peak excitations on the low-temperature specific heat is investigated. It is found that in a number of cases the specific heat is more sensitive to excitations of this kind than the low-frequency density of states is. It is shown that anomalies similar to Ioffe–Regel’ crossover and boson peaks can also arise in disordered heterogeneous crystalline structures with a complicated lattice.
Dark carrier recombination in organic solar cell
Authors: Wang Ying-Xuan , Tseng Shin-Rong , Meng Hsin-Fei , Lee Kuan-Chen , Liu Chiou-Hua , Horng Sheng-Fu
Published: September 2008

The carrier recombination in organic solar cells is investigated by numerical modeling to understand the weak dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the workfunction of the electrodes. In Ohmic contact structures, photocarriers recombine predominantly with dark carriers diffused from the electrode into the semiconductor. Such dark carrier recombination becomes the main limit of power conversion efficiency and open-circuit voltage. For a given semiconductor decreasing the workfunction difference of the electrodes reduces simultaneously the dark carrier recombination and the flat band voltage. The balance between these two opposite factors gives a nearly constant open-circuit voltage. In an ideal bilayer structure there is no dark carrier recombination and the efficiency is demonstrated to be 60% higher than single layer blend.