bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ab initio and RRKM calculations for the reaction channels of O(1D) + CH3CHF2
Authors: Song Chongfu , Tian Zhimei , Li Quanxin
Published: April 2011

Ab initio and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theories are carried out to study the potential energy surface and the energy‐dependent rate constants and branching ratios of the products for O(1D) + CH3CHF2 reaction. Optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies have been obtained by MP2/6‐311G(d,p) method. The main products of the title reaction are CH3CFO + HF, CH2CFOH + HF, and CH3 + CF2OH at lower collision energy; and CH3 + CF2OH, CH3CF2 + OH are the main products at higher collision energy. CHF2 + CH2OH are the main products in the whole range of collision energy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Discovery of anomalous spatio‐temporal windows using discretized spatio‐temporal scan statistics
Authors: Janeja Vandana P. , Gangopadhyay Aryya , Mohammadi Seyed , Palanisamy Revathi
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we address the discovery of anomalous spatio‐temporal windows using discretized spatio‐temporal scan (DSTS) Statistics. Anomalous spatio‐temporal window discovery is required in several key applications such as disease outbreaks in a region over a period of time, monitoring drinking water quality over time, identifying health risks to the population in a polluted region and urbanization patterns in a city, to name a few. In this paper, we address the issues arising out of the simultaneous effects of the properties of space and time in the discovery of anomalous windows. In such a framework, we identify (i) at what point in time the window changes, (ii) the spatial patterns of change over time, and (iii) a spatial extent in time which is completely or partially deviant with respect to the rest of the anomalous spatio‐temporal windows. None of the current approaches address all these issues in combination. We identify this knowledge keeping in mind the spatial and temporal autocorrelation, morphing shape of the window, and possible spatial or temporal discontinuities of the window. Subsequently, we perform experiments on several real‐world datasets, to validate our approach, while comparing with the established approaches. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 2011
Maximum inflation of the type 1 error rate when sample size and allocation rate are adapted in a pre‐planned interim look
Authors: Graf Alexandra C. , Bauer Peter
Published: April 2011

We calculate the maximum type 1 error rate of the pre‐planned conventional fixed sample size test for comparing the means of independent normal distributions (with common known variance) which can be yielded when sample size and allocation rate to the treatment arms can be modified in an interim analysis. Thereby it is assumed that the experimenter fully exploits knowledge of the unblinded interim estimates of the treatment effects in order to maximize the conditional type 1 error rate. The ‘worst‐case’ strategies require knowledge of the unknown common treatment effect under the null hypothesis. Although this is a rather hypothetical scenario it may be approached in practice when using a standard control treatment for which precise estimates are available from historical data. The maximum inflation of the type 1 error rate is substantially larger than derived by Proschan and Hunsberger (Biometrics 1995; 51:1315–1324) for design modifications applying balanced samples before and after the interim analysis. Corresponding upper limits for the maximum type 1 error rate are calculated for a number of situations arising from practical considerations (e.g. restricting the maximum sample size, not allowing sample size to decrease, allowing only increase in the sample size in the experimental treatment). The application is discussed for a motivating example. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A joint modeling approach to data with informative cluster size: Robustness to the cluster size model
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zhang Bo , Albert Paul S.
Published: April 2011

In many biomedical and epidemiological studies, data are often clustered due to longitudinal follow up or repeated sampling. While in some clustered data the cluster size is pre‐determined, in others it may be correlated with the outcome of subunits, resulting in informative cluster size. When the cluster size is informative, standard statistical procedures that ignore cluster size may produce biased estimates. One attractive framework for modeling data with informative cluster size is the joint modeling approach in which a common set of random effects are shared by both the outcome and cluster size models. In addition to making distributional assumptions on the shared random effects, the joint modeling approach needs to specify the cluster size model. Questions arise as to whether the joint modeling approach is robust to misspecification of the cluster size model. In this paper, we studied both asymptotic and finite‐sample characteristics of the maximum likelihood estimators in joint models when the cluster size model is misspecified. We found that using an incorrect distribution for the cluster size may induce small to moderate biases, while using a misspecified functional form for the shared random parameter in the cluster size model results in nearly unbiased estimation of outcome model parameters. We also found that there is little efficiency loss under this model misspecification. A developmental toxicity study was used to motivate the research and to demonstrate the findings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in investments in global energy research, development, and demonstration
Authors: Gallagher Kelly Sims , Anadon Laura Diaz , Kempener Ruud , Wilson Charlie
Published: April 2011

Recent national trends in investments in global energy research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) are inconsistent around the world. Public RD&D investments in energy are the metric most commonly used in international comparative assessments of energy‐technology innovation, and the metric employed in this article. Overall, the data indicate that International Energy Agency (IEA) member country government investments have been volatile: they peaked in the late 1970s, declined during the subsequent two decades, bottomed out in 1997, and then began to gradually grow again during the 2000s. The allocation of funding for different energy‐technology areas also varies hugely across different countries, but investments in fossil fuel and nuclear technologies continue to dominate spending. We have very poor data for private investments, but it is very likely that they have decreased as a result of the recent recession. Despite their increasing significance in the world's energy sector, little is known about public or private energy innovation investments in the rapidly developing countries. None of the six ‘BRIMCS’ countries reviewed here are members of the IEA, which is one of the few agencies that collects international statistical data on energy RD&D budgets. Like energy RD&D patterns in the United States and other IEA countries, BRIMCS country energy RD&D appears to take place predominantly in fossil fuel and nuclear technologies. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 373–396 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.112

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior
Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: clinical course and genetic studies in Spanish patients
Authors: Pérez‐Poyato María‐Socorro , Milà Recansens Montserrat , Ferrer Abizanda Isidre , Montero Sánchez Raquel , Rodríguez‐Revenga Laia , Cusí Sánchez Victoria , García González M. Mar , Domingo Jiménez Rosario , Camino León Rafael , Velázquez Fragua Ramón , Martínez‐Bermejo Antonio , Pineda Marfà Mercè
Published: April 2011

Background

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL, NCL3, Batten disease) is usually caused by a 1.02‐kb deletion in the CLN3 gene. Mutations in the CLN1 gene may be associated with a variant form of JNCL (vJNCL). We report the clinical course and molecular studies in 24 patients with JNCL collected from 1975 to 2010 with the aim of assessing the natural history of the disorder and phenotype/genotype correlations.

Patients and methods

Patients were classified into the groups of vJNCL with mutations in the CLN1 gene and/or granular osmiophilic deposit (GROD) inclusion bodies (n = 11) and classic JNCL (cJNCL) with mutations in the CLN3 gene and/or fingerprint (FP) profiles (n = 13). Psychomotor impairment included regression of acquired skills, cognitive decline, and clinical manifestations of the disease. We used Kaplan‐Meier analyses to estimate the age of onset of psychomotor impairment.

Results

Patients with vJNCL showed learning delay at an earlier age (median 4 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1–4.8) than those in the cJNCL group (median 8 years, 95% CI 6.2–9.7) (P = 0.001) and regression of acquired skills at a younger age. Patients with vJNCL showed a more severe and progressive clinical course than those with cJNCL. There may be a Gypsy ancestry for V181L missense mutation in the CLN1 gene.

Conclusions

The rate of disease progression may be useful to diagnose vJNCL or cJNCL, which should be confirmed by molecular studies in CLN1/CLN3 genes. Further studies of genotype/phenotype correlation will be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of this disease.
Haplotype variation in the ACE gene in global populations, with special reference to India, and an alternative model of evolution of haplotypes
Authors: Farheen Shabana , Basu Analabha , Majumder Partha P.
Published: April 2011

Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) is known to be associated with human cardiovascular and psychiatric pathophysiology. We have undertaken a global survey of the haplotypes in ACE gene to study diversity and to draw inferences on the nature of selective forces that may be operating on this gene. We have investigated the haplotype profiles reconstructed using polymorphisms in the regulatory (rs4277405, rs4459609, rs1800764, rs4292, rs4291), exonic (rs4309, rs4331, rs4343), and intronic (rs4340; Alu [I/D]) regions covering 17.8 kb of the ACE gene. We genotyped these polymorphisms in a large number of individuals drawn from 15 Indian ethnic groups and estimated haplotype frequencies. We compared the Indian data with available data from other global populations. Globally, five major haplotypes were observed. High-frequency haplotypes comprising mismatching alleles at the loci considered were seen in all populations. The three most frequent haplotypes among Africans were distinct from the major haplotypes of other world populations. We have studied the evolution of the two major haplotypes (TATATTGIA and CCCTCCADG), one of which contains an Alu insertion (I) and the other a deletion (D), seen most frequently among Caucasians (68%), non-African HapMap populations (65–88%), and Indian populations (70–95%) in detail. The two major haplotypes among Caucasians are reported to represent two distinct clades A and B. Earlier studies have postulated that a third clade C (represented by the haplotypes TACATCADG and TACATCADA) arose from an ancestral recombination event between A and B. We find that a more parsimonious explanation is that clades A and B have arisen by recombination between haplotypes belonging to clade C and a high-frequency African haplotype CCCTTCGIA. The haplotypes, which according to our hypothesis are the putative non-recombinants (PuNR), are uncommon in all non-African populations (frequency range 0–12%). Conversely, the frequencies of the putative recombinant haplotypes (PuR) are very low in the Africans populations (2–8%), indicating that the recombination event is likely to be ancient and arose before, perhaps shortly prior to, the global dispersal of modern humans. The global frequency spectrum of the PuR and the PuNR is difficult to explain only by drift. It appears likely that the ACE gene has been undergoing a combination of different selective pressures.
A local symmetry result for linear elliptic problems with solutions changing sign
Authors: Canuto B.
Published: April 2011

We prove that the only domain

Ω

such that there exists a solution to the following problem

\mathrm{\Delta }u + \omega ^{2}u = −1

in

Ω

,

u = 0

on

∂Ω

, and

\frac{1}{|\partial \Omega |}\int _{\partial \Omega }\partial _{\mathbf{n}}u = c

, for a given constant

c

, is the unit ball

B_{1}

, if we assume that

Ω

lies in an appropriate class of Lipschitz domains.
Are Central Asian Leaders Learning from Upheavals in Kyrgyzstan?
Authors: Kubicek Paul
Published: April 2011

Kyrgyzstan has experienced two violent overthrows of its government in recent years. Some hoped or feared these events would inspire or spark political change elsewhere. This article examines what the relevant lessons of those events are and if other Central Asian leaders, especially those in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, have learned these lessons and made adjustments to preserve their rule. It argues that while many of the lessons from Kyrgyzstan have already been incorporated into policy, the toughest task for rulers in the region is managing patronage politics, something that was done poorly in Kyrgyzstan.
Cytokines and effector T cell subsets causing autoimmune CNS disease
Authors: Petermann Franziska , Korn Thomas
Published: April 2011

Although experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is limited in its potency to reproduce the entirety of clinical and histopathologic features of multiple sclerosis (MS), this model has been successfully used to prove that MS like autoimmunity in the CNS is orchestrated by autoantigen specific T cells. EAE was also very useful to refute the idea that IFN‐γ producing T helper type 1 (Th1) cells were the sole players within the pathogenic T cell response. Rather, “new” T cell lineages such as IL‐17 producing Th17 cells or IL‐9 producing Th9 cells have been first discovered in the context of EAE. Here, we will summarize new concepts of early and late T cell plasticity and the cytokine network that shapes T helper cell responses and lesion development in CNS specific autoimmunity.
Engaging the Next Generation of Health Leaders: Perspectives of Emerging Health Leaders
Authors: Hunt Jennifer C. , Gruenwoldt Emily , Lyster Adrienne Hagen
Published: April 2011

Identifying and engaging the next generation of Emerging Health Leaders (EHLs) is a foremost challenge for the Canadian healthcare system. If intellectual capital is the currency of the 21st century, identifying and developing EHLs must be a strategic objective of innovative and progressive health organizations. We have integrated our experiential knowledge with some relevant findings from the literature and data collected from a cohort of EHLs to assist senior leaders and organizations with this challenge.
L'engagement de la prochaine génération de leaders en santé: Les perspectives de leaders en santé émergents
Authors: Hunt Jennifer C. , Gruenwoldt Emily , Lyster Adrienne Hagen
Published: April 2011

Repérer la prochaine génération de leaders en santé émergents (LSÉ) et favoriser leur engagement constituent des défis de premier plan pour le système de santé canadien. Si le capital intellectuel est la devise du XXIe siècle, repérer et perfectionner les LSÉ doivent constituer un objectif stratégique des organisations de santé novatrices et progressives. Nous avons intégré notre savoir expérientiel à des observations pertinentes tirées des publications scientifiques et à des données provenant d'une cohorte de LSÉ afin d'aider les leaders dirigeants et les organisations à relever ce défi.
Laparoscopic salpingo‐oophorectomy for ovarian ablation in women with hormone‐sensitive breast cancer
Authors: Haldar Krishnayan , Giamougiannis Panagiotis , Wilson Charles , Crawford Robin
Published: April 2011

Objective

To evaluate institutional experiences regarding laparoscopic salpingo‐oophorectomy in breast cancer patients and to compare the technique with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs among premenopausal women with hormone‐sensitive breast cancer.

Methods

Between 2004 and 2009, 103 women with breast cancer underwent laparoscopic salpingo‐oophorectomy at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. All relevant medical records—including reasons for salpingo‐oophorectomy, peri‐operative events, and subsequent follow‐up—were reviewed.

Results

In the study period, 3 (2.9%) women experienced a recurrence of breast cancer but none had primary peritoneal/ovarian cancer within a median follow‐up interval of 34 months (range, 0–70 months). No operative complications were noted among these women and all of them went home on the day of their operation.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic salpingo‐oophorectomy seems to be a safe, permanent, and cost‐effective method of ovarian ablation compared with the use of GnRH analogs. Salpingo‐oophorectomy also considerably reduces the risk of subsequent ovarian/fallopian tube malignancy in this high‐risk population.
Wearable Electromagnetic Apparatus for Endoscope Localization
Authors: Peng Xuewei , Xie Tianyu , Hao Ye , Chen Peng
Published: April 2011

Endoscope localization is important as it provides location information for disease diagnosis and treatment. Here, we describe a simple and highly accurate electromagnetic method for endoscope localization. The system includes an emitter circuit, a receiver circuit, and a signal acquisition and processing circuit. A new receiver apparatus was designed to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of localization. A virtual colon imaging method is also presented.
Contrasting rule‐based and similarity‐based category learning: The effects of mood and prior knowledge on ambiguous categorization
Authors: Noseworthy Theodore J. , Goode Miranda R.
Published: April 2011

This study adopts a dual‐system view of category learning. The findings suggest that consumers who learn a dominant feature as a verbal rule for a product category will classify a new ambiguous product according to that feature even if it more closely resembles a different product category. The findings also demonstrate that dominant features can bias categorization toward a less prototypical category in the event that the new product breaks the rule. We refer to this phenomenon as criterial inferencing. Lastly, we offer unique empirical evidence to suggest that mood influences category learning and thus attenuates the criterial inferencing bias.
Aortobronchial fistula after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer—A very rare complication
Authors: Li Hsien‐Pin , Hsieh Chong‐Chao , Chiang Hung‐Hsing , Wang Tung‐Heng , Lee Jui‐Ying , Huang Meei‐Feng , Chou Shah‐Hwa
Published: April 2011

Most aorto‐respiratory fistulas are related to aortic pathology or procedures, but fistula formation after esophageal resection has never been reported in the literature. We are now reporting a case of hemoptysis that occurred after esophagectomy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. Aortobronchial fistula was detected by computed tomography scan. The patient was finally saved by emergency surgery—Dacron graft interposition of the descending thoracic aorta. There was no malignant cell in the postoperative specimen of the fistula. The erosion of the ligaclips (Johnson & Johnson) might be responsible for the aortobronchial fistula formation. For esophageal surgery, avoidance of trauma to aortic wall and careful using of ligaclips are important to circumvent this complication.
Erfolgreiche Prävention braucht eine geschlechtergerechte Ansprache
Authors: Deitermann Bernhilde , Patzelt Christiane , Heim Susanne , Krauth Christian , Theile Gudrun , Hummers-Pradier Eva , Walter Ulla
Published: April 2011

Einleitung

Um die Bevölkerung zur Teilnahme an Präventionsmaßnahmen zu gewinnen, kommt es nicht nur auf einen geeignete Zugangsweg an, über den die Zielgruppe erreicht werden kann, sondern auch auf eine zielgruppengerechte Ansprache. Obwohl die ältere Bevölkerung als Zielgruppe erkannt wird und sich mittlerweile vielfältige Ansätze auf Bundes- und Landesebene sowie im kommunalen Bereich etabliert haben, sind die Ausrichtung der Präventionsprogramme und die Ansprache häufig nicht zielgruppenspezifisch. Innerhalb der älteren Bevölkerungsgruppe wird selten nach Lebens- und Problemlagen differenziert und die Kategorie Geschlecht wird dabei kaum berücksichtigt.
Export pricing and the cross‐country correlation of stock prices
Authors: Tervala Juha
Published: April 2011

This study analyses the cross‐country correlation of stock prices (values of firms) using the basic New Open Economy Macroeconomics model. It is shown that cross‐country correlations of stock prices greatly depend on the currency of export pricing in the case of monetary shocks but not notably for temporary technology shocks. In the case of a money supply shock, the producer (local) currency pricing version of the model generates negative (positive) cross‐country correlation of stock prices.
Associated terrestrial and marine fossils in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation, southern Maine, USA, and the marine reservoir effect on radiocarbon ages
Authors: Thompson Woodrow B. , Griggs Carol B. , Miller Norton G. , Nelson Robert E. , Weddle Thomas K. , Kilian Taylor M.
Published: April 2011

Excavations in the late-glacial Presumpscot Formation at Portland, Maine, uncovered tree remains and other terrestrial organics associated with marine invertebrate shells in a landslide deposit. Buds ofPopulus balsamifera(balsam poplar) occurred with twigs ofPicea glauca(white spruce) in the Presumpscot clay. Tree rings inPicealogs indicate that the trees all died during winter dormancy in the same year. Ring widths show patterns of variation indicating responses to environmental changes. Fossil mosses and insects represent a variety of species and wet to dry microsites. The late-glacial environment at the site was similar to that of today's Maine coast. Radiocarbon ages of 14 tree samples are 11,907 ± 31 to 11,650 ± 5014C yr BP. Wiggle matching of dated tree-ring segments to radiocarbon calibration data sets dates the landslide occurrence atca.13,520 + 95/−20 cal yr BP. Ages of shells juxtaposed with the logs are 12,850 ± 6514C yr BP (Mytilus edulis) and 12,800 ± 5514C yr BP (Balanussp.), indicating a marine reservoir age of about 1000 yr. Using this value to correct previously published radiocarbon ages reduces the discrepancy between the Maine deglaciation chronology and the varve-based chronology elsewhere in New England.
A Comparison of the Perceptions of Hong Kong Chinese and Australian International Marketing Managers regarding Ethical Problems
Authors: Armstrong Robert W.
Published: April 2011

THIS study measured the differences between Hong Kong Chinese and Australian managers in terms of perceptions of ethical problems within their organisation, industry and country. The study also tested the differences between the two cultures and the perceived importance of ethical problems. It was determined that the Hong Kong Chinese and Australian international managers differed significantly with respect to perceived ethical problems.
Marketing Journals and Asia-Pacific Marketing Academics
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Waller David S.
Published: April 2011

This paper is an exploratory study into marketing journals, their uses by, and importance to Asia-Pacific marketing academics. A problem for marketing academics in the Pacific Rim is to find journals to publish in and to support their research.

In an attempt to understand the role of journals to academics, a survey was conducted of academics teaching marketing and related areas in Australia, New Zealand and Asia. Academics were asked why they use journals and which journals are the most important to them in the following three categories: 1. importance/prestige to general marketing theory; 2. importance to marketing in the Asia-Pacific Rim; 3. importance to the academics own research;

Although it was an exploratory study, some particular attitudes to academic journals and publishing have arisen. This study will hopefully stimulate more research in this area.
Analysing Sales Variances: A Microeconomic Approach
Authors: Pollard R.J. , Steffens P.R. , Alford G.
Published: April 2011

Sales variance is a performance measure commonly reported by management accountants: it is the difference between the actual and the expected sales revenues. Given additional information, it can be decomposed into component variances arising from changes in price, sales volume, market size and market share. However, little guidance is provided to managers and marketers on the proper interpretation of these quantities. Further, the standard textbook analysis neglects the effect of price on sales volume and therefore may be misleading. Before an unambiguous interpretation of the causes of variance can be made, price-volume relationships must be either known or assumed. We present decompositions of the sales volume variance that incorporate the price-volume relationship and discuss their use, in order to help measure performance and formulate market strategy.
Business and Marketing Education in USA - Criticisms and Innovations
Authors: Valos Michael , Alford Geoff
Published: April 2011

The objective of this paper is to provide Australian business and marketing educators with ideas which may cause them to re-examine their curricula and pedagogy from a “zero base”. The paper principally attempts to do this by (a) providing examples of criticisms of the knowledge and skills of business school graduates, and of business school curricula, pedagogy and teaching staff, and (b) providing examples of innovative responses to these criticisms by USA business and marketing schools. Some European examples are also described, which allow a contrast with USA.

This paper may be especially pertinent at this time, given the recent mergers of CAE institutions with traditional universities in Australia, and the resulting tension between research and teaching foci. In addition, universities are being confronted by pressures to adopt “quality” and “customer service” philosophies in education, and to rely less on government and more on industry sources for funding.
Ruminal methane inhibition potential of various pure compounds in comparison with garlic oil as determined with a rumen simulation technique (Rusitec)
Authors: Soliva Carla R. , Amelchanka Sergej L. , Duval Stéphane M. , Kreuzer Michael
Published: April 2011

Ruminants represent an important source of methane (CH4) emissions; therefore, CH4mitigation by diet supplementation is a major goal in the current ruminant research. The objective of the present study was to use a rumen simulation technique to evaluate the CH4-mitigating potential of pure compounds in comparison with that achieved with garlic oil, a known anti-methanogenic supplement. A basal diet (15 g DM/d) consisting of ryegrass hay, barley and soyabean meal (1:0·7:0·3) was incubated with the following additives: none (negative control); garlic oil (300 mg/l incubation liquid; positive control); allyl isothiocyanate (75 mg/l); lovastatin (150 mg/l); chenodeoxycholic acid (150 mg/l); 3-azido-propionic acid ethyl ester (APEE, 150 mg/l); levulinic acid (300 mg/l); 4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-amino]-benzoic acid (PABA, 300 mg/l). Fermentation profiles (SCFA, microbial counts and N turnover) and H2and CH4formation were determined. Garlic oil, allyl isothiocyanate, lovastatin and the synthetic compound APEE decreased the absolute daily CH4formation by 91, 59, 42 and 98 %, respectively. The corresponding declines in CH4emitted per mmol of SCFA were 87, 32, 40 and 99 %, respectively, compared with the negative control; the total SCFA concentration was unaffected. Garlic oil decreased protozoal numbers and increased bacterial counts, while chenodeoxycholic acid completely defaunated the incubation liquid.In vitro, neutral-detergent fibre disappearance was lower following chenodeoxycholic acid and PABA treatments ( − 26 and − 18 %, respectively). In conclusion, garlic oil and APEE were extremely efficient at mitigating CH4without noticeably impairing microbial nutrient fermentation. Other promising substances were allyl isothiocyanate and lovastatin.
Timing of uplift in the Zagros belt/Iranian plateau and accommodation of late Cenozoic Arabia–Eurasia convergence
Authors: MOUTHEREAU F.
Published: April 2011

The motion of Arabia was stable with respect to Eurasia over the past 22 Ma. Deformation and exhumation in the Zagros is seen to initiate at the same time as argued by new detrital thermochronologic constraints and increasing accumulation rates in synorogenic sediments. A recent magnetostratigraphic dating of the Bakhtyari conglomerates in the northern Fars region of the Zagros further suggests that shortening and uplift in the Zagros Folded Belt accelerated after 12.4 Ma. Available temporal constraints from surrounding collision belts indicate that shortening and uplift focused in regions bordering the Iranian plateau to the south between 15 and 5 Ma. As boundary velocity was kept constant this requires concomitant decreasing strain rates in the Iranian plateau. Slab detachment has been proposed to explain the observed changes as well as mantle delamination, but the insignificant change in the Arabian slab motion and lack of unambiguous constraints make both hypotheses difficult to account for. It is proposed based on a review of shortening estimates provided throughout the Arabia–Eurasia collision that the total 440 km of convergence predicted by geodesy and plate reconstruction over the past 22 Ma can be accounted for by distributed shortening. I suggest that the topography and expansion of the Iranian plateau over Late Miocene–Pliocene time can be reproduced by the progressive thickening of the originally thin Iranian continental lithosphere presumably thermally weakened during the Eocene extensional and magmatic event.
‘Guess Who's coming to Dinner’: The Murder of Nero's Mother Agrippina in its Topographical Setting
Authors: KEPPIE LAWRENCE
Published: April 2011

One of the most abhorrent events of Nero's reign, as viewed at the time and by commentators thereafter, was the premeditated murder of the emperor's mother Agrippina in March AD 59, which some have felt marked the end of the ‘five good years’ of Nero's reign, the quinquennium Neronis. The murder took place, not in Rome as many others that disfigured the Julio-Claudian dynasty, but on the Bay of Naples, more particularly on the Gulf of Pozzuoli at or near the resort of Baiae, modern Baia.
Perception of long-distance coarticulation: An event-related potential and behavioral study
Authors: GROSVALD MICHAEL , CORINA DAVID
Published: April 2011

In this study we explore listeners' sensitivity to vowel to vowel (VV) coarticulation, using both event-related potential (ERP) and behavioral methodologies. The stimuli used were vowels “colored” by the coarticulatory influence of other vowels across one, three or five intervening segments. The paradigm used in the ERP portion of the study was intended to elicit the mismatch-negativity (MMN) component, a negative deflection typically seen at central midline scalp sites about 200 ms after the presentation of a “deviant” acoustic stimulus occurring among a train of “standard” acoustic stimuli. VV coarticulation at near and medium distances was associated with significant MMN-like effects, which however were not observed in response to the longest distance coarticulatory contrasts. Subjects' ERP results did not predict their performance on the behavioral task, which found evidence of listener sensitivity to even the furthest distance coarticulatory effects. Although the MMN has previously been shown to be sensitive to phonemic contrasts, this is the first study using ERP methodology to investigate the subphonemic processing associated with the perception of coarticulation.
Response to Gil: The double danger of English as a global language
Authors: Stephens Meredith
Published: April 2011

Gil (2010) argues that Australia needs to develop proficiency in Asian languages and cultures in order to ‘pursue its interests’ (p. 54) in the region. One of the reasons is that although English is widely studied in Asia few speakers achieve proficiency. However this view is contrary to the way the status of English is perceived in at least one Asian society that will be discussed here, Japan.
Meningococcal disease in Asia: an under-recognized public health burden
Authors: VYSE A. , WOLTER J. M. , CHEN J. , NG T. , SORIANO-GABARRO M.
Published: April 2011

A literature search traced existing information on meningococcal disease in Asia. Reviewed data describing the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in Asia are incomplete, due in part to absence of surveillance in many countries, poor bacterial detection methods and social and healthcare barriers to disease reporting. This suggests that meningococcal disease in some Asian countries may be under-recognized, with a need to introduce/improve existing surveillance and case identification systems. Nevertheless, in some developing Asian countries, the disease burden may be significant. Serogroup A meningococcal epidemics are responsible for high morbidity and mortality in some countries and continue to be an ongoing threat, particularly in developing countries. There is an increasing role played by serogroups C, Y, and W-135 in invasive disease, indicating evolving meningococcal disease epidemiology in some countries. Multivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccines offer new opportunities in the region for reducing the meningococcal disease burden.
A Holocene palaeoenviromental study of a sediment core from Ile de la Possession, Iles Crozet, sub-Antarctica
Authors: Ooms Marijke , van de Vijver Bart , Temmerman Stijn , Beyens Louis
Published: April 2011

Ile de la Possession is one of the few islands in the southern Indian Ocean, making the island a valuable place to reconstruct past environmental and climatic changes. In this study a peat sediment core was analysed to reconstruct the changes that occurred before, during and after the eruption of the Morne Rouge (10 000–5500 14C yr bp) volcano. In addition to sedimentological analyses, diatom communities were used to reconstruct humidity and altitude, based on existing transfer functions. Radiocarbon dating of a tephra layer showed that the Morne Rouge volcano erupted between 6700–6600 cal. yr bp, giving a much more precise time scale for this event. The eruption was preceded by a tsunami flooding, indicated by the high numbers of marine diatoms found immediately before the tephra layer. After the eruption pioneer diatom species recolonized the coring site. Evidence is presented of the late climatic optimum around 3050 cal. yr bp, preceded by a cooling event until 6600 cal. yr bp. Nutrient input from elephant seals and wandering albatrosses obscured the climate signal for the last 600 cal yr bp.
Do positive and negative temperament traits interact in predicting risk for depression? A resting EEG study of 329 preschoolers
Authors: Shankman Stewart A. , Klein Daniel N. , Torpey Dana C. , Olino Thomas M. , Dyson Margaret W. , Kim Jiyon , Durbin C. Emily , Nelson Brady D. , Tenke Craig E.
Published: April 2011

Researchers have long been interested in whether particular temperamental traits in childhood connote risk for depressive disorders. For example, children characterized as having high negative emotionality (NE; sadness, fear, anger) and low positive emotionality (PE; anhedonia, listlessness, and lack of enthusiasm) are hypothesized to be at risk for depression. Few studies, however, have examined whether (and how) these two temperamental dimensions interact to confer risk. In a sample of 329 preschoolers, the present study addressed this question by examining the relation between PE and NE and asymmetry in resting EEG activity in frontal and posterior regions, which are putative biomarkers for depression. Using a laboratory battery to define temperament, we found an interaction of PE and NE on posterior asymmetry. Specifically, when PE was high, NE was associated with greater relative right activity. When PE was low, NE was not related to posterior asymmetry. These results were driven by differences in EEG activity in right posterior regions, an area associated with emotional processing and arousal, and were specific to girls. We found no relation between temperament and frontal asymmetry. These findings suggest that, at least for girls, PE and NE may have an interactive effect on risk for depression.
School-based strategies to prevent violence, trauma, and psychopathology: The challenges of going to scale
Authors: Aber Lawrence , Brown Joshua L. , Jones Stephanie M. , Berg Juliette , Torrente Catalina
Published: April 2011

Children's trauma-related mental health problems are widespread, largely untreated and constitute significant barriers to academic achievement and attainment. Translational research has begun to identify school-based interventions to prevent violence, trauma and psychopathology. We describe in detail the findings to date on research evaluating one such intervention, the Reading, Writing, Respect, and Resolution (4Rs) Program. The 4Rs Program has led to modest positive impacts on both classrooms and children after 1 year that appear to cascade to more impacts in other domains of children's development after 2 years. This research strives not only to translate research into practice but also translate practice into research. However, considerable challenges must be met for such research to inform prevention strategies at population scale.
Language and cognitive outcomes in internationally adopted children
Authors: Eigsti Inge-Marie , Weitzman Carol , Schuh Jillian , de Marchena Ashley , Casey B. J.
Published: April 2011

This study focuses on the association between language skills and core cognitive processes relative to the duration of institutionalization in children adopted from orphanages abroad. Participants in the adoptive group (n = 46) had arrived in the United States between the ages of 2 and 84 months (mean = 24 months), and had been living in the United States for 1–9 years. Drawing on both experimental and standardized assessments, language skills of the international adoptees differed as a function of length of time spent in an institution and from those of 24 nonadopted controls. Top-down cognitive assessments including measures of explicit memory and cognitive control differed between adopted and nonadopted children, yet differences between groups in bottom-up implicit learning processes were unremarkable. Based on the present findings, we propose a speculative model linking language and cognitive changes to underlying neural circuitry alterations that reflect the impact of chronic stress, due to adoptees' experience of noncontingent, nonindividualized caregiving. Thus, the present study provides support for a relationship between domain-general cognitive processes and language acquisition, and describes a potential mechanism by which language skills are affected by institutionalization.
Dynamical Diffraction Simulations in FePt—I
Authors: Torres Karen L. , Vanfleet Richard R. , Thompson Gregory B.
Published: April 2011

A series of multislice simulations to quantify the effect of various degrees of order, composition, and thickness on the electron diffracted intensities were performed using the L10 FePt system as the case study. The dynamical diffraction studies were done in both a convergent electron beam diffraction and selected area electron diffraction condition. The L10 symmetry demonstrated some peculiar challenges in the simulation, in particular between the {111} plane normal and the ⟨111⟩ direction, which are not equivalent because of tetragonality. A hybrid weighting function atom of Fe-Pt was constructed to account for S < 1 or nonequiatomic compositions. This statistical approach reduced the complexity of constructing a crystal with the probability that a particular atom was at a particular lattice site for a given order parameter and composition. Considerations of accelerating voltage, convergent angle, and thermal effects are discussed. The simulations revealed significant differences in intensity ratios between films of various compositions but equivalent unit cell numbers and degree of order.
INCARCERATION AND THE HEALTH OF THE AFRICAN AMERICAN COMMUNITY
Authors: Schnittker Jason , Massoglia Michael , Uggen Christopher
Published: April 2011

This article reviews evidence linking incarceration and health, with a particular focus on African Americans, who are disproportionately affected by the incarceration system. Although inmates generally suffer from worse health than comparable, non-institutionalized adults, this comparison is not uniformly the case, and some of the strongest negative effects of incarceration emerge after release, suggesting that the struggles of reintegration into society are as important as the conditions of incarceration. We review evidence for the basic relationship between incarceration and health from individual-level and aggregate-level studies, as well as from evidence and speculation regarding potential mediating mechanisms. Many questions remain regarding these mechanisms and, by extension, which policies are most promising for reducing incarceration's impact on health. Among other issues, the incarceration-health connection also raises fundamental questions regarding the level of harm society is willing to accept as part of routine punishment for criminal behavior.
ADDRESSING RACIAL DISPARITIES IN HEALTH USING LIFE COURSE PERSPECTIVES
Authors: Colen Cynthia G.
Published: April 2011

In the United States, African Americans face stark inequalities in health. The life course perspective offers a unique viewpoint through which racial disparities in morbidity and mortality may be understood as the result of repeated exposures to risk factors during both childhood and adulthood. However, the utility of this approach is limited by its failure to investigate the degree to which racial/ethnic minorities are able to translate gains in socioeconomic status into favorable health outcomes, both for themselves and for their children. In order to adequately reflect the realities of marginalized groups, life course models must explore the interactive nature of linkages across lifecourse stages, pay particular attention to the unique processes that create and maintain health disparities over time, and consider the specific contexts in which these processes occur. To this end, I examine the ways in which exclusionary forces and discriminatory conditions are likely to prevent African American women and their children from reaping the health benefits typically associated with upward socioeconomic mobility.
PAST INSIGHTS, FUTURE PROMISES
Authors: Takeuchi David T. , Williams David R.
Published: April 2011

Over one hundred years ago, W. E. B. Du Bois (1899) documented large, pervasive, and persistent racial inequities in health. While the current demography of racial groups in the United States is radically different compared to the times when Du Bois first discussed issues of race and health, many of the significant developments in research on racial differences in health in the last century can be traced to his seminal work (Williams and Sternthal, 2010). Du Bois recognized that the limited access to economic resources and the social marginalization of some racial groups could have dire social, physical, and psychological consequences for them. Current research studies continue to document that racial groups with a long history characterized by economic exploitation and geographic marginalization—Blacks or African Americans, American Indians, and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders—have markedly poor health outcomes compared to the dominant White population. Immigrant Asians and Hispanics tend to have better health than the U.S. average, but their health tends to worsen over time and across subsequent generations. Despite Du Bois's prescience and the advances made by contemporary researchers, there are many substantive theoretical and methodological challenges confronting scholars who study the health of diverse racial and ethnic groups. This special issue of the Du Bois Review provides a state-of-the-art overview of some of these unanswered questions and critical research directions for the study of racial inequality in health.
Circulating tissue factor and microparticles are not increased in patients with deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Steppich  , Hassenpflug  , Braun  , Schömig  , von Beckerath  , von Beckerath  , Eckstein  , Ott
Published: April 2011

Background: Circulating Tissue Factor (TF) is associated with inflammation and may contribute to thrombotic events. Aim of this study was to analyze circulating TF activity and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Patients and methods: Forty-eight patients with deep vein thrombosis and 45 control subjects were included. Venous blood samples were obtained at diagnosis for analysis of TF activity, TF antigen, prothrombin fragment F1 + 2, microparticles (expressing phosphatidylserine and supporting FXa generation), Interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and Tumor-Necrosis-Factor-alpha (TNF). Results: TF antigen, activity and microparticles were similar in both groups: In contrast, a significant increase in plasma IL-6, IL-8 and F1 + 2 levels was found in thrombosis. This increase in IL-6 and IL-8 as well as F1 + 2 was not correlated with the extent of thrombosis, predisposing factors or onset of symptoms. Conclusions: Circulating TF and microparticles are not elevated in deep venous thrombosis. The increase in IL-6, IL-8 and F1 + 2 during thrombosis was not proportional to the extent or predisposing risk factors.
Necrosis of the leg after intraarterial drug injection
Authors: Betz  , Steinbauer  , Uhl  , Toepel
Published: April 2011

Inadvertent intraarterial injections in the context of drug abuse can cause damage to the vascular system. The clinical picture depends on the drug properties and ranges from partial ischemia to necrosis of the affected extremity. There are no current evidence-based guidelines regarding the management of intraarterial drug injections. In many cases the concept of solving vasospasm after injection is based on the use of intraarterial application of prostaglandins. We report a case in which a mixture of drugs was injected into the left femoral artery. The patient arrived 24 hours later with ischemia of the left leg at our emergency department. Angiography showed that there was no blood flowing in the leg. Despite intraarterial application of vasodilatators, regional neurolysis and thrombolyis with urokinase major amputation was unavoidable. The outcome after inadvertent injection depends on certain drug properties and the delay between injection and the beginning of therapy.