bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eumalacostracan Evolution: Conflict between Three Sources of Data
Authors: Wills Matthew , Jenner Ronald , Dhubhghaill Ciara
Published: July 2023

There is no consensus on the inter-ordinal relationships of eumalacostracans, despite the recent synthesis of several morphological matrices with data from four molecular markers. Signals from different molecules confl ict with each other, and all are conspicuously at odds with morphology. Can fossils help to resolve the problem? Here, we utilize palaeontological data in two ways. Firstly we coded a selection of fossil taxa into our morphological matrix, and assessed their impact upon inferred phylogeny relative to that of their living counterparts (fi rst order jackknifing). This revealed that our morphological tree is very sensitive to the precise taxon sample (a problem that must be addressed in future studies), but that our fossil groups were not disproportionately infl uential. Secondly, we asked whether the order in which groups appear in the fossil record provides a means to choose between competing trees. The congruence between morphological and stratigraphic signals was extremely weak and non-signifi cant in most cases, precluding the use of fossil dates in this way. Many trees imply ghost ranges of duration near the theoretical maximum, and worse than for the majority of other animal groups so far investigated. An incomplete fossil record and fragile/weakly-supported trees combine with considerable molecular rate heterogeneity to make the Eumalacostraca extremely poorly suited to molecular clock studies. Future insights into their phylogeny are likely to come from the development of new molecular markers, as well as hard-won data on internal anatomy and ultrastructure.
Evolution of morphology, ontogeny and life cycles within the Crustacea Thecostraca
Authors: Hoeg Jens , Pérez-Losada Marcos , Glenner Henrik , Kolbasov Gregory , Crandall Keith
Published: July 2023

We use a previously published phylogenetic analysis of the Thecostraca to trace character evolution in the major lineages of the taxon. The phylogeny was based on both molecular (6,244 sites from 18S rna, 28S rna and H3 genes) and 41 larval morphological characters with broad taxon sampling across the Facetotecta (7 spp.), Ascothoracida (5 spp.), and Cirripedia (3 acrothoracican, 25 rhizocephalan and 39 thoracican spp.). Morphological apomorphies are identifi ed in larval morphology for almost all major branches within the Thecostraca. Characters from the cypris larva provide a long suite of apomorphies for the Cirripedia and reinforce the concept that this larva was a prerequisite to the tremendous success of that taxon. The evolution of parasitism, obligatory in three major taxa, is discussed. We conclude that the last common ancestor to the Cirripedia was most likely a suspension feeder, and the advanced metamorphosis and endoparasitism known from the Rhizocephala and strongly indicated for the Facetotecta are the result of convergent evolution. We also discuss reproductive systems, which range from separate sexes, over hermaphrodites combined with a separate male sex (androdioecy), to pure hermaphroditism. It is concluded, as envisaged by Darwin, that the Thecostraca provide excellent opportunities for studying the evolution of a wide range of complex life history traits which can now be better analyzed and understood in a robust phylogenetic framework.
Cirripede cleavage patterns and the origin of the Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Thecostraca)
Authors: Scholtz Gerhard , Ponomarenko Ekaterina , Wolff Carsten
Published: July 2023

Several aspects of phylogenetic relationships among barnacles (Cirripedia) are still unresolved. One of the contentious issues is the position of the parasitic Rhizocephala. In most molecular phylogenies Rhizocephala are resolved as sister group to a monophyletic Thoracica. However, since Rhizocephala are morphologically highly derived there is not a single morphological character supporting this view. Here we present data on the early cleavage patterns and the gastrulation of two rhizocephalan species. Based on our results and data from the literature we suggest that early cleavage and gastrulation indicate a monophyletic group comprising the thoracican Iblomorpha and the Rhizocephala. This renders thoracicans paraphyletic with respect to Rhizocephala. Based on this, we develop a new hypothesis for the origin of parasitism in the rhizocephalan stem lineage starting with parasite-like dwarf males of an iblomorph-like ancestor which already had the ability to penetrate the surface of a host animal – originally conspecifi c females, but later the decapod, probably a pagurid, host.
Exopodites, epipodites and gills in crustaceans
Authors: Boxshall Geoff , Jaume Damià
Published: July 2023

The structure of the outer parts of the maxillae and post-maxillary limbs is compared across the major crustacean groups. New anatomical observations are presented on the musculature of selected limbs of key taxa and general patterns in limb structure for the Crustacea are discussed. Exopodites vary in form but are typically provided with musculature, whereas epipodites and other exites lack musculature in all post-maxillary limbs. Within the Crustacea, only the Myodocopa possesses an epipodite on the maxilla. New evidence from developmental genetics, from embryology, and from new Palaeozoic fossils is integrated into a wider consideration of the homology of exites (outer lobes). This evidence supports the homology of the distal epipodite of anostracan branchiopods with the epipodite-podobranch complex of malacostracans. The evidence for the homology of pre-epipodites across the Crustacea is less robust, as is the evidence that the possession of a proximal pre-epipodite and a distal epipodite is the ancestral malacostracan condition. The widely assumed homology of the peracaridan oostegite with the pre-epipodite is questioned: little supporting evidence exists and possible differences in underlying control mechanisms need further exploration.
Revision of the new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa (Araneae: Lycosidae: Artoriinae)
Authors: Framenau Volker
Published: July 2023

The new Australian wolf spider genus Kangarosa is revised to include ten species: Kangarosa alboguttulata (L. Koch, 1878) comb. nov., K. focarius sp. nov., K. ludwigi sp. nov., K. nothofagus sp. nov., K. ossea sp. nov., K. pandura sp. nov., K. properipes (Simon, 1909) comb. nov. (= Trochosa tristicula phegeia (Simon, 1909) new synonymy) (type species), K. tasmaniensis sp. nov., K. tristicula (L. Koch, 1877) comb. nov., and K. yannicki sp. nov. The presence of a basoembolic apophysis and the apicad orientation of the tegular apophysis in the male pedipalp identify Kangarosa as member of the subfamily Artoriinae Framenau, 2007. Kangarosa differs from all other artoriine genera by the distinct shape of the tegular apophysis, which forms an elongated hook. The female epigyne has a simple, shallow atrium that extends into a posterior lip. Kangarosa is a typical representative of the Bassian fauna as its representatives occur in the southeastern Australian mainland states, Tasmania and in southwest Western Australia. Here, members of the genus are commonly found in mesic areas, for example along watercourses and in swampy areas, although some species appear to prefer forested habitats. Male pedipalp morphology suggests close affinities of Kangarosa to Tetralycosa Roewer, 1960 in a clade that also includes Diahogna Roewer, 1960 and potentially a further undescribed Australian artoriine genus. Kangarosa is of Gondwanan origin and all but one species are restricted to eastern Australia suggesting the genus diversifi ed after an aridifi cation of Australia in the late Tertiary provided a barrier for dispersal between the eastern and western temperate regions.
Reproductive biology and postembryonic development in the basal earwig Diplatys flavicollis (Shiraki) (Insecta: Dermaptera: Diplatyidae)
Authors: Shimizu Shota , Machida Ryuichiro
Published: July 2023

Based on captive breeding, reproductive biology including mating, egg deposition and maternal brood care, and postembryonic development were examined and described in detail in the basal dermapteran Diplatys flavicollis (Shiraki, 1907) (Forficulina: Diplatyidae). The eggs possess an adhesive stalk at the posterior pole, by which they attach to the substratum. The mother cares for the eggs and offspring, occasionally touching them with her antennae and mouthparts, but the maternal care is less intensive than in the higher Forficulina. The prelarva cuts open the egg membranes with its egg tooth, a structure on the embryonic cuticle, to hatch out, and, simultaneously, sheds the cuticle to become the first instar. The number of larval instars is eight or nine. Prior to eclosion, the final instar larva eats its own filamentous cerci, with only the basalmost cercomeres left, and a pair of forceps appears in the adult. The present observations were compared with previous information on Dermaptera. The adhesive substance is an ancestral feature of Dermaptera, and the adhesive stalk may be a characteristic of Diplatyidae. The attachment of the eggs and less elaborate maternal brood care are regarded as plesiomorphic in Dermaptera. The number of larval instars in D. flavicollis (eight or nine) is remarkably larger than that in the higher Forficulina (generally four or five) and also exceeds that in another representative of basal Dermaptera or Pygidicranidae (six or seven). The largest number of larval instars among Dermaptera having been found in D. flavicollis confirms the perception of Diplatyidae being very primitive earwigs.
Phylogenetic placement of North American subterranean diving beetles (Insecta: Coleopera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: Miller Kelly , Jean April , Alarie Yves , Hardy Nate , Gibson Randy
Published: July 2023

A phylogenetic analysis of Hydroporinae (Coleoptera; Dytiscidae) is conducted with emphasis on placement of the North American subterranean diving beetles Psychopomporus felipi Jean, Telles & Miller, Ereboporus naturaconservatus Miller, Gibson & Alarie, and Haedeoporus texanus Young & Longley. Analyses include 49 species of Hydroporinae, representing each currently recognized tribe except Carabhydrini Watts. Data include 21 characters from adult morphology and sequences from seven genes, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, cytochrome c oxidase I, cytrochrome c oxidase II, histone III, elongation factor Iα, and wingless. The combined data were analyzed using parsimony and mixed-model Bayesian tree estimation, and the combined molecular data were analyzed using maximum likelihood. Less inclusive branches (genera, genus-groups, and tribes) are well-supported under each criterion, but relationships among tribes are not. These branches are short, poorly supported and in conflict among the estimation methods. Because of certain anomalous relationships in the parsimony and likelihood results, and greater consistency of the Bayesian results with morphological data, this is our preferred phylogenetic estimate. Haedeoporus Young & Longley is related to Neoporus Guignot, Heterosternuta Guignot, and other members of the Hydroporus-group of genera of Hydroporini sensu lato. Psychopomporus Jean, Telles & Miller and Ereboporus Miller, Gibson & Alarie are nested within the Graptodytes-group of genera of Hydroporini sensu lato, and are the only North American members of this otherwise Mediterranean group. Congruent results between optimality criteria indicate that Hydroporini sensu lato is conspicuously non-monophyletic.
The head morphology of the potentially basal heteropteran lineages Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: Spangenberg Rico , Friedemann Katrin , Weirauch Christiane , Beutel Rolf
Published: July 2023

The systematic positions of Enicocephalomorpha and Dipsocoromorpha are still controversial and the available morphological information is very fragmentary. Consequently, head structures of Cryptostemma (Dipsocoromorpha: Dipsocoridae) and Systelloderes (Enicocephalomorpha: Enicocephalidae) were investigated in detail using SEM, serial sectioning and computer-based 3D-reconstruction. The observed features were compared to putatively homologous structures in Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha. A cladistic analysis based on 71 cephalic characters scored for 16 heteropteran terminals and outgroup taxa resulted in a strict consensus of two minimum length trees. The monophyly of Heteroptera is strongly supported. However, in the present study, the branching pattern within the group is not compatible with recent hypotheses (e.g., Nepomorpha paraphyletic herein). Characters of the head alone are not sufficient to reconstruct the basal branching events in Heteroptera. This is arguably due to homoplasy related to similar feeding habits. Consequently, we evaluated the cephalic characters based on previously published cladograms. A hypothesis with Enicocephalomorpha as the sister group of the remaining Heteroptera (Euheteroptera), followed by Dipsocoromorpha, required the lowest number of steps. Euheteroptera are supported by the presence of distinct bucculae, and Neoheteroptera (Euheteroptera excl. Dipsocoromorpha) by the presence of paired postoccipital condyles and distinctly bi-lobed principal salivary glands. A conspicuous autapomorphy of Enicocephalomorpha is the distinct constriction of the head capsule posterad of the compound eyes and probably also the elongation of the head and the presence of “scapus sclerites”. Dipsocoromorpha differ strongly form Enicocephalomorpha in their head morphology. Convincing cephalic autapomorphies are lacking. Gerromorpha are characterized by cephalic trichobothria originating in a deep pit and by a quadrangular mandibular lever.
Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of Metanephrocerus Aczél, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae)
Authors: Kehlmaier Christian , Dierick Manuel , Skevington Jeffrey
Published: July 2023

The study is based on two Baltic amber inclusions from the middle Eocene, studied by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Inner male genitalic features are partly visualised and the specimens described as Metanephrocerus groehni Kehlmaier & Skevington sp.n. and Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum Kehlmaier & Skevington sp.n. Based on a phenetic comparison of the basic morphological composition of male terminalia on a subfamily level, Metanephrocerus Aczél, 1948 and Protonephrocerus Collin, 1931 are excluded from Nephrocerinae and placed into the new subfamily Protonephrocerinae Aczél, 1948 stat.n. An identification key to the named morphospecies of Metanephrocerus is provided.
Genital morphology and mating behaviour of Allostethus (Dermaptera), an earwig genus of enigmatic phylogenetic position
Authors: Kamimura Yoshitaka , Lee Chow-Yang
Published: July 2023

In the suborder Forficulina (order Dermaptera; earwigs), the families Apachyidae, Anisolabididae, and Labiduridae form a possibly paraphyletic assemblage Mesodermaptera, which is characterized by laterally paired penes that point in opposite directions (anterior and posterior) when in repose. A previous study of a labidurid species, Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773), revealed that males predominantly use the right penis for insemination, although both penes are functional. This result suggests that labidurids may have retained handedness in penis use, leading eventually to the loss of the less frequently used left penis in the common ancestor of the Eudermaptera, estimated to be the sister clade of Labiduridae. However, Haas & Kukalovà-Peck (2001: European Journal of Entomology 98: 445 – 509) included another representative of Labiduridae, Allostethus indicum (Burmeister, 1838) (Allostethinae) in their extensive phylogenetic analysis, and found that hindwing structures of this species showed multiple plesiomorphic characteristics, making Labiduridae (sensu lato) a polyphyletic assemblage. The aim of the present study was to describe the genital structures and copulation of A. indicum in detail. The genital morphologies of a congener and other labidurid genera (Nala, Labidura, Forcipula) were also examined for comparison. Male A. indicum predominantly used (or were ready to use) the right penis for insemination, as in L. riparia. However, the possible female genital structure responsible for this handedness differed between the two species: the base of the spermatheca showed a striking spiral in L. riparia, while the spermatheca opened to an asymmetrically arranged vagina in Allostethus. Female Allostethus also possessed a pair of elongated thin tubes, which have to date been reported only for the basal groups of earwigs, as well as the vagina and the internally branched spermatheca. The developmental origin of an ovipositor-like sutucture also differs between Allostethus and the other labidurids examined, lending support to the polyphyly of Labiduridae sensu lato.
Head anatomy of adult Nevrorthus apatelios and basal splitting events in Neuroptera (Neuroptera: Nevrorthidae)
Authors: Randolf Susanne , Zimmermann Dominique , Aspöck Ulrike
Published: July 2023

External and internal features of the head of adult Nevrorthus apatelios are described in detail. The results are compared with data from literature. The mouthpart muscle M. stipitalis transversalis and a hypopharyngeal transverse ligament are newly described for Neuroptera and herewith reported for the first time in Endopterygota. A submental gland with multiporous opening is described for Nevrorthidae and Osmylidae and is apparently unique among insects. The parsimony analysis indicates that Sisyridae is the sister group to all remaining Neuroptera. This placement is supported by the development of 1) a transverse division of the galea in two parts in all Neuroptera excluding Sisyridae, 2) the above mentioned submental gland in Nevrorthidae and Osmylidae, and 3) a poison system in all neuropteran larvae except Sisyridae. Implications for the phylogenetic relationships from the interpretation of larval character evolution, specifically the poison system, cryptonephry and formation of the head capsule are discussed.
Morphology of the first instar larva of Tenomerga mucida (Chevrolat, 1829) (Coleoptera: Archostemata: Cupedidae)
Authors: Yavorskaya Margarita , Kojima Kazuki , Machida Ryuichiro , Beutel Rolf
Published: July 2023

External and internal structures of 1st instar larvae of Tenomerga mucida are described and illustrated in detail. The larvae display previously identified archostematan autapomorphies such as the posterodorsal and posteroventral cephalic emarginations, the median endocarina, a distinctly reduced epicranial suture, the lateral cardinal sclerite, the loss of M. craniocardinalis, a sclerotized prominent ligula, a distinctly reduced tentorium, the transverse muscle of the posterior head capsule, tergal and sternal ampullae, and the strongly muscularized loop of the hind gut. Unusual plesiomorphies are the presence of a well-developed M. frontolabralis (M8) and a tentoriomandibular muscle. The presence of two extrinsic premental muscles and a subdivided postlabium are also plesiomorphic features. A derived character state described for the first time in an archostematan larva is the presence of glands in the anterior and posterior abdomen. The postcephalic musculature is similar to the condition found in Micromalthus and Rhipsideigma. The neck musculature is strongly developed, and also the dorsal and ventral longitudinal muscles, probably in correlation with wood-boring habits. The leg muscles are only moderately sized. Well-developed muscles of the eversibles lobes of segment IX are an apomorphy of Cupedidae. The cephalic central nervous system of the 1st instars is affected by the small size: the brain and suboesophageal ganglion are shifted to the prothorax. The postcephalic part is plesiomorphic, with three and eight distinctly separated ganglia in the thorax and abdomen, respectively. The phylogenetic results tentatively suggest a placement of Archostemata as sistertaxon of the other three beetle suborders. The monophyly of Archostemata is strongly supported but the interrelationships of the families are largely unresolved. Micromalthidae are placed as sistergroup of Crowsoniellidae in analyses of larval and adult morphological characters. Potential larval synapomorphies of Micromalthidae and Cupedidae are the transverse and laterally rounded head, the absence of stemmata, the shortened distal part of the mandibles, the presence of sternal asperities, the eversible lobes of segment IX and the caudal process of tergum IX. Cupedidae excl. Priacma and Paracupes are monophyletic. A cupedid subgroup well supported by larval features comprises the genera Tenomerga and Rhipsideigma, and possibly also Cupes (larval features unknown). The reconstruction of the phylogeny and character evolution of Archostemata is still greatly impeded by the scarcity of data, especially the lacking information on internal features and larval characters.
A review of the phylogeny of Palaearctic mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Kaydan M. Bora , Kozár Ferenc , Hodgson Chrıstopher
Published: July 2023

The mealybugs form the second largest family group within the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha), with about 2,300 species in almost 300 genera, and is currently considered to include two families, Pseudococcidae and Rhizoecidae. D.A. Downie & P.J. Gullan undertook the first molecular phylogenetic study of the group, and recognised three major clades which more or less equated to the Pseudococcinae, Phenacoccinae and Rhizoecinae. More recently, N.B Hardy and co-workers did a similar large study with more taxa, and included a morphological data matrix based on the adult female, adult males and first-instar nymphs; their results were broadly similar to those of Downie & Gullan except they found that the Rhizoecinae were included within the Phenacoccinae. Since this latter study, the Rhizoecinae has been recognized as a separate family, Rhizoecidae, and is used as an outgroup in this study. Both previous studies used mainly Nearctic, Tropical and Australian species in their analysis but, in the present study, we use only species collected in the Palaearctic and, in addition to a molecular study, add a data matrix based on the morphology of the adult female. We (1) review the phylogeny of mealybugs, focusing on Palaearctic taxa; (2) improve our understanding of mealybug molecular phylogeny based on Palaearctic mealybug taxa; (3) add morphological characters not previously included in systematic analyses; and (4) identify morphological characters that diagnose apparently monophyletic subgroups within the Pseudococcidae. The overall congruence between gene trees provides strong support for the subfamilies Pseudococcinae and Phenacoccinae, and for the tribes Planococcini, Trabutinini and Pseudococcini. Our results also strongly suggest that, as currently understood, the genera Phenacoccus (in Phenacoccinae) and Trionymus and Pseudococcus (in Pseudococcinae) are non-monophyletic. These results are discussed and compared with earlier studies.
The female cephalothorax of Stylops ovinae Noskiewicz & Poluszyński, 1928 (Strepsiptera: Stylopida)
Authors: Löwe Stephan , Beutel Rolf , Pohl Hans
Published: July 2023

External and internal features of the female cephalothorax of the strepsipteran species Stylops ovinae (Stylopidae) are described in detail. Many derived features are closely related with the obligatory endoparasitism. A conspicuous characteristic is the secondary tagmosis with an anterior cephalothorax and a large, sack-shaped posterior body region. The cephalothorax comprises the head, thorax and anterior half of abdominal segment I and protrudes from the host’s abdomen. It contains the mouth and birth opening, vestiges of cephalic appendages, and most internal organs including the large Nassonov’s glands. The posterior body part contains mainly the reproductive organs. The constriction of abdominal segment I probably prevents the exposed anterior body from slipping back into host’s body cavity. The narrow mouth opening is used for the uptake of the host’s hemolymph by the secondary larval stage and is maintained as a non-functional structure by the adult females. The tentorium is absent. The mandibles are immobilized in the adult female. They are used for penetrating the host’s body wall by the second larval instar. The brood canal formed by the larval and pupal exuvia is an autapomorphy of Stylopidia, the birth opening where the first instars are released from the female an autapomorphy of Stylopiformia, and the cephalothoracic invagination an autapomorphy of Stylops. A single pair of functional spiracles is laterally placed on abdominal segment I. An unusual circular hemolymph vessel is present in the pharyngeal region. The brain is shifted to the thorax. The suboesophageal complex and the thoracic and abdominal ganglia form a single ganglionic mass in the thoracic region. The musculature of the cephalothorax is extremely reduced. Nassonov’s glands, which produce sex pheromones, are the largest internal structures in the cephalothorax. Despite of the loss of the digestive function, the digestive tract is not degenerated including a foregut with well-developed muscles.
Chaetotaxy and larval morphometry of Cercyon praetextatus (Say) and C. quisquilius (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae) and their phylogenetic implications
Authors: Archangelsky Miguel
Published: July 2023

The primary and secondary chaetotaxy of the head capsule and head appendages of the three larval instars of Cercyon praetextatus (Say, 1825) and Cercyon quisquilius (Linnaeus, 1761) are described for the first time. Morphometric characters derived from the head capsule and mouthparts are also included, together with detailed illustrations of all characters. Morphology and chaetotaxy of these larvae is compared to that of Cercyon convexiusculus Stephens, 1829. Comparison of character states with other larvae of the tribes Megasternini, Coelostomatini, Protosternini and Shaeridiini confirms a well supported Megasternini, and a close relationship between Megasternini and Sphaeridiini.
The cephalic morphology of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Blattodea)
Authors: Wipfler Benjamin , Weissing Kevin , Klass Klaus , Weihmann Tom
Published: July 2023

The skeleto-muscular system of the head of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana is described in detail. The results are compared with previous partial descriptions of the cephalic morphology of this species and other dictyopterans. The head of Periplaneta is, as in other cockroaches, mostly characterized by plesiomorphies such as the typical orthopteroid mouthparts, the lateral position of the compound eyes, 5-segmented maxillary palps and 3-segmented labial palps, as well as long antennae. Periplaneta shows sexual dimorphism with the compound eyes of the males reaching further ventrally. The epistomal ridge is medially interrupted so that the frons and the clypeus are confluent. The cephalic musculature is typical for a polyneopteran insect and includes 59 muscles. Potential apomorphies for Blattodea in the cephalic area include the absence of the median ocellus, the bipartite condition of M. verticopharyngealis (0ph1) and of M. hypopharyngosalivaris (0hy12), and the presence of oesotendons. The lacinula, a subapical lobelet on the lacinia, is present in almost all studied blattodeans but its potential homology to the dentisetae of Palaeoptera or the lamellae of apterygotes cannot be addressed at the moment. A “perforate” tentorium, a membranous postmola, and a lacinia that fits into the concave mesal wall of the galea are confirmed as autapomorphies of Dictyoptera.
Cryptic diversity in the New World burying beetle fauna: Nicrophorus hebes Kirby- new status as a resurrected name (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae)
Authors: Sikes Derek , Trumbo Stephen , Peck Stewart
Published: July 2023

Burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus Fabricius, 1775) are known for their biparental care and monopolization of small vertebrate carcasses in subterranean crypts. They have been the focus of intense behavioral ecological research since the 1980s and the New World fauna was taxonomically revised in the 1980s. Here, with new molecular, ecological, reproductive incompatability, and morphological data, we report the discovery that N. vespilloides in most of North America, except Alaska + Yukon + Northwest Territories, is not conspecific with Old World N. vespilloides. DNA barcode data split this species into two BINs, each shows different habitat preferences, most larvae from hybrid crosses fail to reach four days of age, and diagnostic characters were found on the epipleuron and metepisternum that help to separate the species. The oldest available name for this other set of North American populations is Nicrophorus hebes Kirby, 1837, which we now treat as valid (new status). This study brings the New World total to 22 species for the genus, and given the rarity of N. hebes, and its tight association with wetlands, justifies further investigation into its conservation status.
Phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the genus Euryomma Stein (Diptera: Calyptratae: Fanniidae)
Authors: Domínguez M. , Roig-Juñent Sergio
Published: July 2023

The species of genus Euryomma is revised, and 16 valid species are recognized. Redescriptions for all species are provided, except for six species recently described from Colombia and Costa Rica for which only differential diagnoses are provided. Illustrations of the male genitalia have been added to Stein’s descriptions of E. rufifrons, E. longicorne and E. nigrifemur. The following synonyms are proposed: Euryomma erythrogaster Séguy = E. longicorne Stein; Euryomma tahami Grisales, Wolff & Carvalho = E. carioca Albuquerque; Euryomma cornuatum Grisales, Wolff & Carvalho = E. nigrifemur Stein; Euryomma steini Grisales & Carvalho = E. palpingens Wendt. New distribution records are added and maps showing the known distribution of each species are provided, except for the cosmopolitan E. peregrinum. An identification key to the species of Euryomma is also provided. We propose the first phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Euryomma based on a cladistic analysis using characters from male adult external morphology and male and female terminalia. A cladistic analysis performed using implied weighting shows the genus as a monophyletic group, but relationships among species show little support.
Systematics of the butterfly genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) using an integrative approach
Authors: Zacca Thamara , Casagrande Mirna , Mielke Olaf. , Huertas Blanca , Barbosa Eduardo , Freitas André , Magaldi Luiza , Espeland Marianne , Nakahara Shinichi , Willmott Keith
Published: July 2023

The genus Cissia Doubleday, 1848 is revised and its monophyly is tested using Maximum Likelihood analysis based on three genes (COI, GAPDH and RpS5). A new taxonomic arrangement is proposed based on molecular and morphological evidence, and Cissia now comprises six species, C. penelope (Fabricius, 1775), C. pompilia (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867), C. proba (Weymer, 1911), C. eous (Butler, 1867) comb.n., C. phronius (Godart, 1824) comb.n. and C. rubricata (W.H. Edwards, 1871) comb.n., distributed from the Southern US to Argentina. The remaining species previously treated in Cissia are here cited as “Cissia” until they can be removed to undescribed genera in upcoming papers. Euptychia moneta Weymer, 1911, E. austera Butler, 1867 and Paryphthimoides kiliani Anken, 1999 are new synonyms of Cissia penelope, C. pompilia and C. eous, respectively. Neotypes of Euptychia moneta, Satyrus phronius and Neonympha rubricata are designated, as well as the lectotypes of Neonympha pompilia, N. thelete Snellen, 1887, Euptychia usitata Butler, 1867, E. pieria Butler, 1867, E. erigone f. proba Weymer, 1911 and E. eous. The results confirm that is possible to distinguish most of the species of Cissia based on both morphological and molecular data, althougth C. rubricata shows some differences in the male genitalia compared to its sibling species.
Egg structure and embryonic development of arctoperlarian stoneflies: a comparative embryological study (Plecoptera)
Authors: MTOW Shodo , Machida Ryuichiro
Published: July 2023

Egg structure and embryonic development of nine arctoperlarian stoneflies from nine families, i.e., Scopuridae, Taeniopterygidae, Leuctridae, Capniidae, and Nemouridae of Euholognatha, and Perlidae, Chloroperlidae, Perlodidae, and Peltoperlidae of Systellognatha were examined and compared with previous studies. The primary aim of this study was to use embryological data to reconstruct the groundplan and phylogeny of Plecoptera and Polyneoptera. Euholognatha has eggs characterized by a thin, transparent chorion, while the eggs of Systellognatha are characterized by a collar and anchor plate at the posterior pole. These features represent an apomorphic groundplan for each group. The embryos form by the concentration of blastoderm cells toward the posterior pole of the egg. Soon after the formation of the embryo, amnioserosal folds form and fuse with each other, resulting in a ball-shaped “embryo-amnion composite” that is a potential autapomorphy of Plecoptera. As an embryological autapomorphy of Polyneoptera, embryo elongation occurs on the egg surface, supporting the affiliation of Plecoptera to Polyneoptera. After its elongation on the egg surface, the embryo sinks into the yolk with its cephalic and caudal ends remaining on the egg surface. This unique embryonic posture may be regarded as an apomorphic groundplan of Plecoptera. Arctoperlarian plecopterans perform three types of katatrepsis: 1) the first type, in which the embryo’s anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes change in reverse during katatrepsis, is found in Capniidae, Nemouridae, Perlidae, Chloroperlidae, and Perlodidae, and this sharing is symplesiomorphic; 2) the second one, in which the embryo’s axes are not changed during katatrepsis, is found in Scopuridae, Taeniopterygidae, and Leuctridae, and this may be regarded as synapomorphic to them; 3) the third one, in which the embryo rotates around its anteroposterior axis by 90° during katatrepsis as known for Pteronarcyidae, is found in Peltoperlidae, and this type may be synapomorphic to these two families.
A comparative analysis of the ventral nerve cord of Lithobius forficatus (Lithobiomorpha): morphology, neuroanatomy, and individually identifiable neurons
Authors: Schendel Vanessa , Kenning Matthes , Sombke Andy
Published: July 2023

In light of competing hypotheses on arthropod phylogeny, independent data are needed in addition to traditional morphology and modern molecular approaches. One promising approach involves comparisons of structure and development of the nervous system. In addition to arthropod brain and ventral nerve cord morphology and anatomy, individually identifiable neurons (IINs) provide new character sets for comparative neurophylogenetic analyses. However, very few species and transmitter systems have been investigated, and still fewer species of centipedes have been included in such analyses. In a multi-methodological approach, we analyze the ventral nerve cord of the centipede Lithobius forficatus using classical histology, X-ray micro-computed tomography and immunohistochemical experiments, combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy to characterize walking leg ganglia and identify IINs using various neurotransmitters. In addition to the subesophageal ganglion, the ventral nerve cord of L. forficatus is composed of the forcipular ganglion, 15 well-separated walking leg ganglia, each associated with eight pairs of nerves, and the fused terminal ganglion. Within the medially fused hemiganglia, distinct neuropilar condensations are located in the ventral-most domain. Immunoreactive neurons of different transmitter systems (allatostatin, histamine, and FMRF-amide) display serially homologous patterns that may lay the foundation for comparison with other arthropod taxa. Moreover, a pair of histaminergic neurons may constitute a promising intra- as well as interspecific IIN candidate.
Nuclear and mitochondrial markers suggest new species boundaries in Alloxysta (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae)
Authors: Ferrer-Suay Mar , Staverløkk Arnstein , Selfa Jesús , Pujade-Villar Juli , Naik Suresh , Ekrem Torbjørn
Published: July 2023

Due to their small size and smooth body, members of the figitid genus Alloxysta can be notoriously difficult to identify based on morphology alone. Moreover, several species are suspected to contain brachypterous variants that previously have been described under separate names. We used gene sequences of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI, DNA barcodes) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) to investigate the relationships between species within the genus. Our results show that there is considerably more intraspecific variation in COI than in ITS2, but that both markers can be used to identify potential synonyms of brachypterous and fully winged species. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of a concatenated dataset of both markers resulted in similar and fairly well supported phylogenies that indicate genetic divergence not matching morphological species boundaries for some groups. Some of the discrepancies can be explained by infections of the endosymbiont Wolbachia, here reported from the first time in Alloxysta and Charipinae. This study also presents the first records of A. arcuata, A. basimacula, A. brachycera, A. brachyptera, A. brevis, A. citripes, A. consobrina, A. curta, A. fracticornis, A. halterata, A. marshalliana, A. obscurata, A. proxima, A. pusilla, A. ramulifera and A. xanthopa from Norway.
Morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte Aspöck & Aspöck, 1994 (Neuroptera: Mantispidae) and phylogenetic implications to the order of Neuroptera
Authors: Jandausch Kenny , Pohl Hans , Aspöck Ulrike , Winterton Shaun , Beutel Rolf
Published: July 2023

The external and internal morphology of the primary larva of Mantispa aphavexelte was studied and documented with a broad spectrum of techniques. The cephalic anatomy, which is very similar to conditions found in other neuropteran immatures, is mainly affected by the formation of specialized mandibulo-maxillary sucking tubes and associated internal features. The postcephalic anatomy largely follows a generalized holometabolan pattern, with well-developed muscles in the thorax and the abdominal segments, an elongate, uncondensed ganglionic chain, and well-developed Malpighian tubules. The phylogenetic analysis of 70 larval characters suggests a weakly supported clade comprising Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and Mantispidae. Mantispoidea comprising Rhachiberothidae, Berothidae and paraphyletic Mantispidae is suggested by overlapping scales on antennae and maxillae, thoracic “trichobothria”, and hypermetamorphosis with scarabaeiform 2nd instar larvae. The relationships of the mantispoid terminals are not resolved, and Mantispa (Mantispinae) and Plega (Symphrasinae) are not retrieved as sister taxa. Spider parasitism and feeding in spider egg sacs is characteristic for Mantispinae, whereas immatures of Berothidae and non-mantispine mantispid larvae prey on the offspring of social or non-social aculeatan Hymenoptera, on termites, or on immatures living in soil or under bark, for example scarab larvae. Specializations of the legs like a trumpet-shaped empodium and a fixed tarsal pseudoclaw, enable mantispine larvae to cope with functional challenges linked with their specialized form of parasitism, like entering a host or penetrating its egg sack. The largely immobilized and straight sucking stylets are suitable for piercing eggs of spiders, but not for grasping prey. The terminal eversible attachment structure probably provides anchorage of the abdominal apex and thus may facilitate the penetration of the egg sac or membranes of the body surface of a spider. It may also facilitate boarding a passing suitable host. Very small size of the 1st instars and hypermetamorphosis are likely linked with parasitism. Even though the primary larvae of M. aphavexelte belong to the smallest immatures in Neuroptera, the effects of miniaturization are very limited.
An Overview of the French eDNA Data Landscape: Focus on a national technical repository of reference genetic sequences
Authors: Lacoeuilhe Aurélie , Pamerlon Sophie , Archambeau Anne-Sophie , Denys Gael , Le Bras Yvan , Norvez Olivier
Published: July 2023

Environmental DNA (eDNA) data enables biodiversity to be monitored at unprecedented resolution and scale. There is great potential in combining knowledge from traditional and innovative methods such as eDNA for biodiversity assessment. eDNA use cases are increasing in aquatic and marine environments, and studies on soils have been developed in recent years.

PatriNat*1 (under the guardianship of the French Biodiversity Office (OFB), National Museum of Natural History (MNHN), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), and Research Institute for Development (IRD)) is a French data and expertise center working with environmental and research stakeholders to develop data exchanges at all levels. We discuss what eDNA data is (Fig. 1), the different types of data, and the importance of their storage and accessibility.

As the amount of eDNA data increases, public agencies need to propose FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) tools and methods to facilitate their use and foster the development of relevant scientific expertise. We give an overview of the French eDNA data landscape and links with existing standards SINP*2 (National Heritage Inventory Information System), Darwin Core*3(Wieczorek et al. 2012) and workflows (Fig. 2).

A priority of eDNA data is to have reliable reference bases and FAIR metadata. PatriNat's new tool will provide access to expertly validated genetic sequence data on species present in France, and is urgently needed for research but also knowledge, monitoring, public policies, and potential law enforcement purposes. We therefore present this technical database built in conjunction with, among other initiatives, DiSSCo*4, iBOL*5 and TaxRef*6 (Gargominy et al. 2022).

It will manage 3 data types:

Intrinsic sequence data (marker, sequencing methods, etc.).

Sequence management (organization, identifiers, URLs, etc.).

Voucher data

Intrinsic sequence data (marker, sequencing methods, etc.).

Sequence management (organization, identifiers, URLs, etc.).

Voucher data

It will use the nomenclature of Chakrabarty et al. (2013) as well as:

The Global Genome Biodiversity Network (GGBN) standard*7 (Droege et al. 2016)

The Minimum information about any sequence (MIxS) standard (Yilmaz et al. 2011)

The Biological Collection Data (ABCD) standard*8 (Holetschek et al. 2012)

The Collections Descriptions terms*9 (Woodburn et al. 2021)

The Global Genome Biodiversity Network (GGBN) standard*7 (Droege et al. 2016)

The Minimum information about any sequence (MIxS) standard (Yilmaz et al. 2011)

The Biological Collection Data (ABCD) standard*8 (Holetschek et al. 2012)

The Collections Descriptions terms*9 (Woodburn et al. 2021)

The DwC DNA extension*10 can be used for sharing parts of its contents to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, but referencing sequences associated with specimens/vouchers will require other standards.
Nanoemulsions as medicinal components in insoluble medicines
Authors: Al-Hussaniy Hany A. , Аlmajidi Yasir Q. , Oraibi Amjad I. , Alkarawi Abdulwahhab Нameed
Published: July 2023

Background: Medicine’s success relies on solubility, which is the process of dissolving a solid substance in a fluid phase to create a uniform molecular dispersion. However, hydrophobic active medicinal components exhibit poor solubility in water, limiting their effectiveness and incorporation into medications.

Aim: This review explores the potential of nanoemulsions as a solution for delivering hydrophobic medicinal components with low solubility. The study investigates the benefits of nanoemulsions, including enhanced absorption, effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of encapsulated bioactive ingredients.

Materials and methods: Nanoemulsions are formulated by combining two immiscible liquids with emulsifying agents within a thermodynamically stable colloidal dispersion system. The review categorizes various preparation techniques into high-energy and low-energy spontaneous emulsification methods. The choice of preparation procedures and materials used significantly affects the stability of nanoemulsions over time. Evaluation of nanoemulsions includes studying medication release in vitro, in vitro permeation, stability and thermodynamic stability, shelf life, viscosity, interfacial tension, pH, and osmolarity.

Results: Nanoemulsions, such as Celecoxib (Phase Inversion), acetylsalicylic acid (Ultrasonication), and Flurbiprofen (Homogenization and Ultrasonication), offer distinct advantages for medications with low solubility compared to conventional emulsions. These nanoemulsions comprise small droplets with a larger surface area, promoting enhanced absorption. They demonstrate effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of encapsulated bioactive ingredients. Moreover, the diminutive droplet sizes of nanoemulsions contribute to their reduced susceptibility to issues like flocculation, coalescence, sedimentation, or creaming.

Conclusion: Nanoemulsions hold great promise in overcoming the solubility limitations of hydrophobic medicinal components. They provide enhanced absorption, effective targeting, controlled release, and protection of bioactive ingredients. The choice of preparation techniques and materials plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability of nanoemulsions over time. Further studies are warranted to optimize their use and explore their potential applications in drug delivery systems.
Primulina pingnanensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from Guangxi, China
Authors: Li Zheng-Long , Kuang Yan-Yun , Xu Qing-Qing , Chou Wei-Chuen , Hong Xin , Ding Li
Published: July 2023

A new species of Primulina, P. pingnanensis, from the Guangxi Zhuangzu Autonomous Region, China, is described and illustrated here. It is morphologically similar to P. orthandra but has significant differences in the bracts, corolla tube and lobes shape, as well as in the indumentum of the outer surface of the corolla, the filaments, the staminodes and the anthers. Colorful photographs and essential information of this new taxon are also provided, including detailed taxonomic description, distribution, habitat, the comparison table, and the IUCN conservation status. We also discuss a validation of new combination P. crassifolia and Chirita crassifolia.
A new species of Atriplex (Amaranthaceae) from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Sukhorukov Alexander P. , Singh Nidhan , Kushunina Maria , Zaika Maxim A. , Sennikov Alexander N.
Published: July 2023

A new subshrubby C4-species from the lowlands and foothills of India, Pakistan and SE Afghanistan, Atriplex pseudotatarica, is described and illustrated. Previously, it was incorrectly identified as A. crassifolia auct. non C.A.Mey. belonging to a distant C3-group of the genus. A phylogenetic analysis based on nrITS and nrETS revealed its position as sister to A. schugnanica (sect. Obionopsis). Both species share aphyllous inflorescence and smooth bract-like cover, but differ in life form, leaves, seed colour, and geographical distribution. We revised native Indian Atriplex species and excluded some of them from the flora of the country. An improved checklist of the native Atriplex species in India with their corrected synonymy and nomenclature is given, and a new diagnostic key is provided.