bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Multiple Realities and Experiences of Internal
Organisation Development Consultation in Health Care
Authors: Leticia Ramirez I. , Bartunek Jean M.
Published: May 2006

This article describes experiences during, and outcomes of, an OD
intervention conducted by an internal consultant in an outpatient health
centre. It focuses on how the “multiple realities”
associated with the medical and administrative hierarchies of the health
centre affected the course of the intervention, both for the
participants and for the consultant. The article describes the setting
and context for the intervention, the intervention itself, and various
events that occurred in conjunction with the intervention and were
integral to its experience. On the basis of this material, the article
suggests likely outcomes of OD interventions for both participants and
consultants in settings containing multiple realities. It also suggests
implications for evaluation and practice in such settings.
Breaking down the walls
Authors: Wiggans Ted , Turner Gareth
Published: May 2006

An examination of Motorola′s experience of TQM, illustrating the reasons for considering TQM, the barriers to TQM introduction, how they can be overcome and the measures taken by Motorola to ensure continued quality implementation.
Levelling out the future
Authors: Lascelles D.M. , Dale B.G.
Published: May 2006

Research carried out at the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology over a ten‐year period has led to the authors identifying six levels of TQM adoption. The article examines all six in detail, moving from level one: uncommitted, through to level six‐ world‐class. Agues that the levels are not inevitable for every organization as it progresses through a TQM project, but they do indicate common characteristics and behaviour in relation to TQM. Focuses on Uncommitted, Drifters, Tool pushers, Improvers, Award winners and World‐class organisations, giving examples of activity typical to each category. Concludes by inviting managers to consider the six levels of TQM adoption and place their organization in one of them.
Elementary School Principals as Boundary Spanners: Their
Engagement with Parents
Authors: Goldring Ellen B.
Published: May 2006

The elementary school principal, the chief administrator at the
local school level, occupies the boundary‐spanning role. One aspect of
the principal′s role as boundary spanner is to engage with parents. The
principals′ interactions with parents in terms of their
boundary‐spanning functions are described. Interviews of 113 suburban
elementary school principals suggest they are concerned with buffering
and bridging between the school organisation and their parental
clientele as boundary spanners. When buffering, principals mediate
between angry parents and their superiors at central office and moderate
the impact of complaining parents on their schools. When bridging,
principals aim at obtaining parental support through promoting public
relations.
Marathon Running on a Sand Dune: The Changing Role of the
Headteacher in England and Wales
Authors: Weindling Dick
Published: May 2006

Details the research findings of a longitudinal national study to
examine the changing role of secondary headteachers. Provides some basic
information about the United Kingdom′s (UK) education system, and
outlines the traditional role of the head in a short historical
perspective which shows that education in the UK is currently undergoing
unprecedented change, and legislation has created restructuring on a
national scale. Details the new education context. Relates the heads′
views on the changing situation, as well as the changes in
administrative roles and style that take place as new heads settle into
the job.
The Principalship in an Era of Transformation
Authors: Murphy Joseph , Hallinger Philip
Published: May 2006

Draws on the analyses presented in the other articles in the Journal of Educational Administration Vol. 30 No. 3 to identify
emergent themes concerning the evolving role of the principal in several
countries. Focuses especially on the manner in which the policy context
of educational organizations is leading to a decentralization of
management and the resulting impact on the administrative practice of
principals. Finally, suggests some of the implications of these changes
for the preparation and development of principals.
SHOPPER CIRCULATION IN A PLANNED SHOPPING CENTRE
Authors: Brown Stephen
Published: May 2006

The circulation of shoppers is the ultimate determinant of the
success or failure of planned shopping centres and the retail outlets
therein. However, as a consequence of the practical difficulties
involved, this issue has attracted relatively little empirical research.
A week‐long observation survey of shopper behaviour is described, which
reveals that shopper movement is confined to a comparatively small part
of the centre. Weaknesses in the existing tenant mix are also
highlighted, as is the importance of “atmospherics”.
Skill Requirements of Senior‐level Logisticians: Practitioner Perspectives
Authors: Murphy Paul R. , Poist Richard F.
Published: May 2006

With logistics increasingly adopting a strategic orientation in
many firms, senior‐level logisticians must possess certain skills in
order to successfully manage the logistics function. This article argues
that the contemporary senior‐level logistics manager needs to be
proficient in three categories namely: business, logistics and
management skills. The purpose of this research is to report the results
of a survey of US logistics managers designed to assess the importance
of business, logistics, and management skills. Management skills emerged
as the most important of the three, followed by logistics and business
skills. These findings suggest that contemporary senior‐level logistics
executives must be managers first and logisticians second. In addition,
the emphasis on management skills suggests that high‐ranking logistics
executives may have the opportunity of rising to top management
positions such as the Chief Executive Officer – a career path
unheard of two decades ago.
Transportation Outsourcing: A Survey of US Practices
Authors: Bardi Edward J. , Tracey Michael
Published: May 2006

The majority of the companies surveyed are outsourcing some
transportation functions. The most frequently outsourced transportation
functions are freight bill auditing, freight payment and transportation
reports, which are basically clerical/repetitive in nature. Also,
frequently outsourced are international shipping and fleet maintenance,
functions that require considerable technical expertise and assets.
Transportation functions of a strategic nature are usually not
outsourced. The primary reasons for outsourcing are labour cost savings,
specialisation, asset reduction, and expanding workload. Generally, the
firms that outsourced transportation are satisfied with the service.
Loss of management control is the most important reason for not
outsourcing, although loss of control was not identified as a major
problem area for firms who do outsource. The providers of transportation
outsourcing services are relatively small corporations.
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO WOMEN’S ADVANCEMENT IN EUROPEAN ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Povall Margery
Published: May 2006

Composed earlier this century, the distribution
of men′s and women′s jobs in the 1980s
demonstrates a concentration of women in
low‐paid, low‐opportunity jobs despite women
having longer working lives and being better
educated. Barriers to women′s progress, both
attitudinal and structural are examined, with
examples from banking and other industries.
The role of legislation in stimulating
questioning of women′s under‐representation
in management positions is acknowledged,
and the reasons for starting positive action
programmes are explored. An explanation is
given of these programmes, which are similar
to the American affirmative action
programmes. How positive action can break
down barriers is discussed in relation to the
European banks studied. It is concluded that
without positive action the position of women
at work will deteriorate, but that employers
will increasingly become involved in the
programmes, as will unions and consultants.
Flattening the Tax Rate Structure, Changing the Tax Mix and Unions′ Wage Demands
Authors: Creedy John
Published: May 2006

In the last decade there has been considerable interest in the
analysis of Trade Union behaviour, but surprisingly little discussion of
the effect of tax changes on wage demands. Previous analyses have been
limited by the use of simple tax structures. The discussion is extended
by considering a multi‐rate tax system that can easily be applied to
most countries. The effect on unions′ wage demands of eliminating the
top marginal tax rate, while raising VAT, is examined in detail. It is
shown that this policy can be expected to lead to an increase in the
wage demands of all unions, producing a once‐and‐for‐all increase in
nominal wages and unemployment.
Cointegration: An Introduction to the Literature
Authors: Perman Roger
Published: May 2006

An overview of the cointegration approach to econometric
specification and estimation is provided. A non‐technical approach is
adopted, and is intended to serve as an entry into this important new
literature for the reader with no background knowledge of the subject
but with some limited knowledge of econometrics. Particular emphases are
given to the rationale for using cointegration techniques in the
estimation of economic relationships, to providing intuitive
explanations of the concepts and techniques, and to demonstrating their
applications in practice. Reference is made throughout to other articles
which explain particular methods or recent developments more formally
and fully than is possible here. Finally, a simple application of
cointegration techniques to the estimation of the consumption function
is provided.
Psychic Stock: An Independent Variable Category of Inventory
Authors: Larson Paul D. , DeMarais Robert A.
Published: May 2006

The supply‐side or demand‐servicing functions of
inventory are well‐known in the inventory,
logistics, and retailing literature. However, this
literature has yet to develop the demand‐stimulating
function of inventory. This article
introduces the concept of psychic stock, defined
as retail display inventory for stimulating demand.
Psychic stock is a minimum inventory level, which
is modelled by a partitioning of psychic, cycle, and
safety stock.
Information Technology: Personnel Management’s Lost Opportunity?
Authors: Legge Karen
Published: May 2006

The monograph analyses (a) the potential impact of information
technology (IT) on organisational issues that directly concern the
personnel function; (b) the nature of personnel’s involvement in the
decision making and activities surrounding the choice and implementation
of advanced technologies, and (c) their own use of IT in developing and
carrying out their own range of specialist activities. The monograph
attempts to explain why personnel’s involvement is often late,
peripheral and reactive. Finally, an analysis is made of whether
personnel specialists – or the Human Resource Management function
more generally – will play a more proactive role in relation to
such technologies in the future.
Creating a Learning Organisation
Authors: Easterby‐Smith Mark
Published: May 2006

This article, arguing that a key feature in the
success of Japanese companies is their ability to
learn rapidly from their experiences, reviews
some of the more important contributions to the
theory of organisational learning. Additionally the
author considers, from a practical point of view,
what principles can be adopted by organisations
wishing to increase their capacity to learn.
Human Resource Management: A Multiparadigmatic Analysis
Authors: Kamoche Ken
Published: May 2006

The decade has witnessed unprecedented interest in what has been
seen as a radically new direction in the management of people in
organisations: human resource management (HRM). HRM has, however, been
bedevilled by controversy and ambiguity to the extent of being regarded
as just another “flavour of the month” management rhetoric.
There is little consensus about what HRM means and what it entails in
practice. Conceptual clarity is sought by adopting a multiparadigmatic
approach to analyse HRM, which is classified into “hard” and
“soft” variants. The use of paradigmatic
“frames” or “lenses” enriches our understanding
of them, and should enhance our appreciation of the implications of
different approaches in the management of employees.
Is There a Latin Model in The Management of Human Resources?
Authors: Filella Jaime
Published: May 2006

It has been argued that, within Europe, different models of
management are discernible: the Latin, the Central and the Scandinavian.
Focusing on the Latin model, analyses the concept of such a model
through an examination of the data and by comparison with the other
areas of Europe. Concludes that whilst there is no definite answer to
the question of whether there is a Latin model there is evidence for the
existence of such a model and its features are outlined.
Performance‐related Pay: A Case Study
Authors: Swabe A.I.R.
Published: May 2006

Performance‐related pay (PRP) is becoming a fashionable concept in
Britain nowadays, but there is a shortage of detailed examination of how
such systems work in practice. To help alleviate this, a case study is
presented of a scheme introduced into a company in the financial
services sector. Although PRP may offer a way forward for companies
seeking to maximise productivity from wage costs, there is no guarantee
that it will prove adaptable enough to survive far into the future.
Change‐centred Leaders: Empirical Evidence of a Third
Dimension of Leadership
Authors: Ekvall Göran
Published: May 2006

Current thinking on leadership styles emphasises two major
categories which can be roughly classed as task‐oriented and
people‐oriented. This article reports empirical work supporting a third
style which is active in creating and supporting renewal within
organisational systems.
Styles of Scholarship: “Tonight Let’s Do Thompson”
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: May 2006

The way an innovator perceives his role is discussed, along with
the concept of the scholar as curator and futurist as well as
opportunistic observer and tight thinker.
Tellers into Sellers?
Authors: Burton Dawn
Published: May 2006

Banks in the UK are facing increased competition. As a consequence
there is much more emphasis on realising the potential of their
extensive branch networks and large numbers of branch staff. One of the
effects of these changes is that bank personnel are being placed in
proactive marketing roles with the responsibility of cross‐selling a
variety of financial services to clients. It is not, however, clear to
what extent and how successfully employees are adapting to this new
role. Assessment is sought regarding to what extent clerical employees
in a UK clearing bank have taken on board this new marketing focus.
Determinants of National Innovativeness and International
Market Segmentation
Authors: Lee Chol
Published: May 2006

Prior findings on consumer and organisational innovativeness are
extended to the international setting to identify determinants of
national innovativeness. The stepwise regression analysis finds that
national innovativeness can be explained by four variables: GNP per
capita, literacy rate, the ratio of manufacturing and service sectors to
total GNP, and number of scientists and engineers per population. Based
on this finding, international markets are segmented in terms of
national innovativeness.
Grapes and Wine Seminar – Prospering in the 1990s:
Changing Your View of the Consumer
Authors: Spawton A.L.
Published: May 2006

Who is the wine consumer? Who cares? The wine industry globally is
a multibillion dollar industry, yet research into the behaviour of the
typical wine consumer is limited. This article is a partial review of
the literature and by deduction from current trends endeavours to
provide the wine maker with a broad profile of who drinks wine and what
they might be drinking in the future.
BS5750/ISO9000 ‐ The Experience of Small and Medium‐sized Firms
Authors: Rayner Paul , Porter Leslie J.
Published: May 2006

The costs, benefits and implications of BS5750/ISO9000 certification for small and medium‐sized firms are investigated on the basis of a review of published literature and a survey of the actual experience of a representative sample of firms. The principle motivation for installing BS5750‐based quality systems appears to be customer pressure; retaining existing customers is a key benefit. A minority of firms discover that “internal” benefits, such as greater control and discipline, turn out to be more valuable. Developing and installing a BS5750‐based system is a major exercise for small firms but through reductions in quality costs, the costs of certification can typically be recovered within three years of commencing to operate the system. The attitude of the chief executive is a key determinant of effectiveness.
DUAL‐CAREER FAMILIES IN THE UK: AN UPDATE
Authors: Lewis Suzan
Published: May 2006

Dual‐career families were first identified and discussed by British
researchers but subsequent research has been predominantly American.
This article first discusses the social context for couples combining
careers and family in Britain. It then addresses the questions of
whether gender roles within the family, and employers′ expectations are
changing with the growth of dual‐career families. It concludes that
change is slow to occur and that changes in work and family are
interdependent. Implications for further organisational change are
briefly discussed.
China in Our Hands: Mutual Opportunities for Higher
Education
Authors: Hackney Ray
Published: May 2006

Outlines the experience of participating in the first mission
organized by the British Council (South China Office) to mainland China.
The area visited, Guangdong province, has enjoyed substantial economic
growth in recent years. Opportunities for both UK and Chinese higher
education are apparent, particularly given the observed changing
political environment.
What is a Building for?: Part I
Authors: Leaman Adrian
Published: May 2006

A building should enable its occupants to function more effectively
and efficiently but frequently this is not the case. The reverse can
occur to the extent where the building inhibits rather than enables its
occupants. Three causal factors identified are: (1) pace of
organisational change; (2) the design process; and (3) building
management. Considering these together creates a different way of
thinking about buildings and what they are for. Each factor is discussed
individually as a potential source of constraint and solutions are
proposed. Part I this month looks at cultural change and design. Part II
next month will discuss management.
Bacteriological Examination of Sandwiches Sold from Petrol Filling Stations
Authors: Mills Steven
Published: May 2006

Samples of sandwiches were taken from all petrol filling stations
in the Bolton area selling such foodstuffs. These were bacteriologically
examined and, when the results were obtained, all the petrol stations
were visited and advice was given where improvements could be made.
Resampling was carried out and the results were compared with the
initial samples. The second set of results indicated a significant
improvement in microbial flora. Further recommendations were made where
necessary and it was possible to produce a Code of Practice from the
results obtained.
Health Messages in Food Labelling and Advertising: The Need for New Controls
Authors: Kirk Terry
Published: May 2006

Health messages create an awareness of the possible links between
nutrition and health, about which consumers have the right to know. The
food label is the most appropriate medium for providing this information
along with controlled advertising.
Framing and Sales Promotions: The Characteristics of a ″Good Deal″
Authors: Campbell Leland , Diamond William D.
Published: May 2006

Considers the differences between consumer perceptions of
nonmonetary promotions such as free extra product and monetary
promotions such as discounts and rebates. Reports on an experiment which
found that monetary promotions did not have to be as large as
nonmonetary promotions to be noticed by the consumer, and that large
incentives make consumers sceptical. Concludes that the decision about
which type of promotion to use depends on whether a price‐conscious or a
premium product market segment is being sought.
The Role of Haggling in Marketing: An Examination of Buyer Behavior
Authors: Wossen Kassaye W.
Published: May 2006

Examines the marketing function performed by haggling in both price
setting and providing price information to customers who do not read and
write. Considers the process of haggling and how it can replace
promotion as a marketing mix. Concludes that the success of firms in a
haggling‐oriented culture depends on: type of product, the way goods are
sold as well as the market they are sold into, and the channels of
distribution the firm uses to sell its products.
Understanding dampness in historic buildings
Authors: Ashurst Nicola
Published: May 2006

Explores damp in the context of historic buildings, explaining why
these structures require an individualistic approach. Outlines historic
building materials and construction and the history of damp treatments.
Discusses the causes of damp related damage, concentrating on direct
penetration of rainwater, rising damp, condensation and hydroscopic
salts. Details the principles of historic pointing and rendering, and
the differences in modern techniques, touching on preventatives such as
leadwork, water repellents and consolidants. Concludes that the primary
consideration when working on any aspect of historic building work is
that any clash between building conservation and human comfort ought to
favour the building.
Networking and interlending in the United Kingdom
Authors: Heaney Henry
Published: May 2006

Describes the development of the Consortium of University Research
Libraries (CURL) and the initiatives which it, together with the
Scottish Academic Libraries Bibliographic Information Network (SALBIN)
has taken in opening up direct access to academic library catalogue
databases in the UK over the Joint Academic Network (JANET). Considers
the significant impact of such developments on document supply.
Document delivery and interlibrary lending in the Arab
countries
Authors: Aman Mohammed M
Published: May 2006

Examines efforts currently underway in Arab libraries to establish
a formalized document delivery system across the regions, taking
advantage of new technology and modern methods of information
transmission. Argues that more data on regional and national ILL and
document delivery patterns are needed, and the possibility of
establishing national and regional clearing houses, as well as exploring
verification and location tools. Concludes that progress is being made,
albeit somewhat slowly, but there are no easy answers to some of the
questions raised.
Cost concepts and interlending
Authors: Siew Mun Khoo
Published: May 2006

Considers some of the different perspectives to interlending and
library practices. Attempts to clarify the nature of some of the costs
associated with interlibrary lending (ILL). Observes that basically
there is no contradiction in library attitudes towards the need for ILL.
Shows that if all costs are taken into consideration, a case for better
stocks within a lending system, compensatory measures to net lenders,
and a more efficient document delivery system outside the library
environment can be made.
Proximate causes of sexual size dimorphism in Colorado pikeminnow, a long‐lived cyprinid
Authors: Osmundson D. B.
Published: May 2006

Evidence for sexual size dimorphism (SSD) and its possible causes were examined in the endangered Colorado pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, a large, piscivorous, cyprinid endemic to the Colorado River system of North America. Individuals representing 18–24% of the upper Colorado River population were captured, measured, sexed and released in 1999 and 2000. Differing male and female total length‐(LT) frequency distributions revealed SSD with females having greater mean and maximum sizes than males. Although both sexes exhibit indeterminate post‐maturity growth, growth trajectories differed. The point of trajectory divergence was not established, but slowed male growth might coincide with the onset of maturation. Differing growth rate was the dominant proximate cause of SSD, accounting for an estimated 61% of the observed difference in mean adult LT. The degree of SSD in adults, however, was also related to two other factors. Evidence suggests males become sexually active at a smaller size and earlier age than females; a 2 year difference, suggested here, accounted for an estimated 12% of the between‐sex difference in mean adult LT. Temporal shifts in gender‐specific survival accounted for an additional 27% of the observed between‐sex difference in mean adult LT. Estimated age distributions indicated a higher number of older females than older males and more younger males than younger females in the population during the period of sampling. Dissimilarity of age distributions was an unexpected result because the male : female population sex ratio was 1 : 1 and estimates of long‐term annual survival for adult males and females were equal (88%). Future assessments of SSD in this population are apt to vary depending on the prior history of short‐term gender‐specific survival. Without recognizing SSD, non‐gender‐specific growth curves overestimate mean age of adult females and underestimate mean age of adult males of given LT. Assuming age 8 years for first reproduction in males and age 10 years for females, the adult male : female ratio was estimated as 1·1 : 1 and mean adult age, or generation time, was estimated as 16·4 years for males and 18·4 years for females.
Migration flexibility between freshwater and marine habitats of the pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis
Authors: Arai T. , Yang J. , Miyazaki N.
Published: May 2006

The life histories of the pond smelt Hypomesus nipponensis collected from Japanese fresh waters and brackish (sea) waters were studied by examining the strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) concentrations in their otoliths. The Sr:Ca ratios in the otoliths changed with the salinity of the habitat. The pond smelt living in a freshwater environment showed consistently low Sr:Ca ratios throughout the otolith, averaging 1·2–1·3 × 10−3. These samples were identified as a standard freshwater type. In contrast, fish collected from the intertidal zone showed higher otolith Sr:Ca ratios than those in the standard freshwater type, and the ratios fluctuated along the growth phase. In addition to the two representative life‐history types of H. nipponensis, i. e. freshwater and anadromous life‐history types, other pond smelts were found to have an estuarine resident life history‐type with no freshwater phase, indicating that the pond smelt has a flexible migration strategy with a high degree of behavioural plasticity and an ability to utilize the full range of salinity in its life history.
Autoinducer 2: a concentration‐dependent signal for mutualistic bacterial biofilm growth
Authors: Rickard Alexander H. , Palmer Robert J. , Blehert David S. , Campagna Shawn R. , Semmelhack Martin F. , Egland Paul G. , Bassler Bonnie L. , Kolenbrander Paul E.
Published: May 2006

4,5‐dihydroxy‐2,3‐pentanedione (DPD), a product of the LuxS enzyme in the catabolism of S‐ribosylhomocysteine, spontaneously cyclizes to form autoinducer 2 (AI‐2). AI‐2 is proposed to be a universal signal molecule mediating interspecies communication among bacteria. We show that mutualistic and abundant biofilm growth in flowing saliva of two human oral commensal bacteria, Actinomyces naeslundii T14V and Streptococcus oralis 34, is dependent upon production of AI‐2 by S. oralis 34. A luxS mutant of S. oralis 34 was constructed which did not produce AI‐2. Unlike wild‐type dual‐species biofilms, A. naeslundii T14V and an S. oralis 34 luxS mutant did not exhibit mutualism and generated only sparse biofilms which contained a 10‐fold lower biomass of each species. Restoration of AI‐2 levels by genetic or chemical (synthetic AI‐2 in the form of DPD) complementation re‐established the mutualistic growth and high biomass characteristic for the wild‐type dual‐species biofilm. Furthermore, an optimal concentration of DPD was determined, above and below which biofilm formation was suppressed. The optimal concentration was 100‐fold lower than the detection limit of the currently accepted AI‐2 assay. Thus, AI‐2 acts as an interspecies signal and its concentration is critical for mutualism between two species of oral bacteria grown under conditions that are representative of the human oral cavity.
A modelling approach to estimate the effect of exotic pollinators on exotic weed population dynamics: bumblebees and broom in Australia
Authors: Stokes Kate E. , Buckley Yvonne M. , Sheppard Andrew W.
Published: May 2006

The role of mutualisms in contributing to species invasions is rarely considered, inhibiting effective risk analysis and management options. Potential ecological consequences of invasion of non‐native pollinators include increased pollination and seed set of invasive plants, with subsequent impacts on population growth rates and rates of spread. We outline a quantitative approach for evaluating the impact of a proposed introduction of an invasive pollinator on existing weed population dynamics and demonstrate the use of this approach on a relatively data‐rich case study: the impacts on Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) from proposed introduction of Bombus terrestris. Three models have been used to assess population growth (matrix model), spread speed (integrodifference equation), and equilibrium occupancy (lattice model) for C. scoparius. We use available demographic data for an Australian population to parameterize two of these models. Increased seed set due to more efficient pollination resulted in a higher population growth rate in the density‐independent matrix model, whereas simulations of enhanced pollination scenarios had a negligible effect on equilibrium weed occupancy in the lattice model. This is attributed to strong microsite limitation of recruitment in invasive C. scoparius populations observed in Australia and incorporated in the lattice model. A lack of information regarding secondary ant dispersal of C. scoparius prevents us from parameterizing the integrodifference equation model for Australia, but studies of invasive populations in California suggest that spread speed will also increase with higher seed set. For microsite‐limited C. scoparius populations, increased seed set has minimal effects on equilibrium site occupancy. However, for density‐independent rapidly invading populations, increased seed set is likely to lead to higher growth rates and spread speeds. The impacts of introduced pollinators on native flora and fauna and the potential for promoting range expansion in pollinator‐limited ‘sleeper weeds’ also remain substantial risks.
Safety of living‐related liver transplantation for progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Cutillo Luisa , Najimi Mustapha , Smets Françoise , Janssen Magda , Reding Raymond , De Goyet Jean de Ville , Sokal Etienne M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract:  Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) is a severe cholestatic liver disease of early life often requiring liver transplantation. Organ shortage leads to consider living‐related liver transplantation. Because of possible partial metabolic defect in heterozygotes, the use of familial donors might be questionable. We therefore evaluated the safety of this procedure, for both donors and recipients. We compared a series of seven parental–children pairs, having participated in the living related liver transplant program for PFIC between 1994 and 2001, with that of a series of seven parental–children pairs, performed for biliary atresia (BA) during the same period. No primary graft dysfunction was observed. There was no difference in the course of transaminases, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase and bilirubin levels after transplantation in both donor and recipient series. Thirteen recipients and 14 donors are alive and well 3–10 yr post‐surgery. One PFIC recipient died nine months post‐orthotopic liver transplantation from sepsis. We conclude that PFIC heterozygote status of the donor does not increase the risk of liver dysfunction in either recipients or donors, with a similar course compared with BA recipients and donors.
Sex‐ and cell‐type‐specific patterns of GABAA receptor and estradiol‐mediated signaling in the immature rat substantia nigra
Authors: Galanopoulou Aristea S.
Published: May 2006

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) is involved in movement and seizure control. In male but not female postnatal day 15 (PN15) rats, GABAA receptor agonists depolarize the SNR neurons and increase the expression of the calcium‐regulated gene KCC2 (potassium/chloride cotransporter). Moreover, in PN15 rat SNR, 7β‐estradiol down‐regulates KCC2 expression only in the presence of depolarizing GABAA receptor responses. The hypothesis tested here was that GABAA receptors and estradiol also regulate the expression of the phosphorylated form of the transcription factor cAMP responsive element binding protein (phosphoCREB), in PN15 rat SNR and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC). Rats were injected with muscimol or 17β‐estradiol or their vehicles, and killed 1 h later. Sections were stained with an antibody specific for phosphoCREB alone or counterstained with either tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐ or parvalbumin (PRV)‐specific antibodies. Muscimol increased phosphoCREB‐ir in male but not in female SN neurons. Using gramicidin perforated patch clamp of PN14–15 SNC neuron, it was shown that muscimol bath application depolarized male SNC neurons but did not significantly alter membrane potential in females. In males, 17β‐estradiol decreased phosphoCREB expression in all studied cell types. In females, 17β‐estradiol did not influence phosphoCREB expression in PRV‐ir SNR cells, but increased it in the dopaminergic SN neurons. These data suggest that GABAA receptor activation and estradiol promote the sexual differentiation of the SN in a cell‐type‐specific manner, by influencing calcium‐regulated gene transcription, and therefore promoting the acquisition of sex‐specific roles of the SN in movement and seizure control.
‘An Unfortunate Coincidence’: Jews and Jewishness in Twentieth‐century English Judicial Discourse
Authors: Herman Didi
Published: May 2006

This paper explores the neglected area of representations of Jews and Jewishness in English legal cases. In considering judicial knowledge of ‘the Jew’, I ask three primary questions. First, how do English judges understand and represent ‘the Jew’ and in relation to what material factors do these understandings and representations change? Second, how do English judges construct racial knowledge, what rhetorical technologies are fashioned and deployed? Third, are the effects of contemporary judicial racializations of Jewishness different in substance from earlier ones? The purpose of this paper is to study the encounter between English judges and ‘the Jew’ in the twentieth century, eschewing a reading that centres ‘antisemitism’ or ‘discrimination’ in favour of one that focuses on the complex and contradictory narratives in these judgments and the kinds of work these narratives do.
Ties Between the Lexicon and Grammar: Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies of Bilingual Toddlers
Authors: Conboy Barbara T. , Thal Donna J.
Published: May 2006

Studies using the English and Spanish MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories demonstrated that the grammatical abilities of 20–30‐month‐old bilingual children were related more strongly to same‐language vocabulary development than to broader lexical‐conceptual development or maturation. First, proportions of different word types in each language varied with same‐language vocabulary size. Second, individual changes in predicate and closed class word proportion scores were linked to growth in same‐language vocabulary but not to total conceptual vocabulary. Third, increases in English utterance length and English and Spanish sentence complexity were related to growth in same‐language vocabulary but not to growth in conceptual vocabulary. Increases in Spanish utterance length were linked to growth in both Spanish vocabulary and conceptual vocabulary. Possible mechanisms underlying these patterns are considered.
Effective social support: Antecedents and consequences of partner support during pregnancy
Authors: RINI CHRISTINE , SCHETTER CHRISTINE DUNKEL , HOBEL CALVIN J. , GLYNN LAURA M. , SANDMAN CURT A.
Published: May 2006

This longitudinal study investigated a new conceptualization of the effectiveness of social support attempts called social support effectiveness (SSE) that takes into account the quantity and quality of support attempts and the extent to which they meet the needs of recipients. SSE was assessed in a sample of 176 pregnant women with regard to their partners’ social support behaviors. Potential antecedents of SSE were investigated, including individual and relationship variables. In addition, it was hypothesized that women who appraised their partner’s support as more effective would have lower prenatal anxiety, both concurrently (in mid‐pregnancy) and prospectively (in late pregnancy). Factor analyses confirmed that all hypothesized aspects of SSE contributed to a unitary factor of SSE. Structural equation modeling was used to test the proposed antecedents and consequences of SSE. Results revealed that women’s ratings of the effectiveness of partner support were predicted by their interpersonal orientation (adult attachment, network orientation, kin individualism–collectivism, and social skills) and by characteristics of their relationships with their partners (relationship quality, emotional closeness and intimacy, and equity). Furthermore, women who perceived themselves to have more effective partner support reported less anxiety in mid‐pregnancy and showed a reduction in anxiety from mid‐ to late pregnancy. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for advancing research on social support processes, especially within relationship contexts.
Working models of romantic attachment and the subjective quality of social interactions across relational contexts
Authors: SIBLEY CHRIS G. , LIU JAMES H.
Published: May 2006

Two diary studies examined the effects of domain‐specific representations of romantic relationships (assessed using the Relationship Questionnaire in Study 1 and the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire in Study 2) on the subjective quality of social interactions across four relational contexts: those with a romantic partner, family member, platonic friend, or acquaintance/other. In both studies, domain‐specific romantic attachment, particularly attachment avoidance, was more strongly related to subjective experiences of social interactions involving a romantic partner than those with family members, platonic friends, or acquaintances/others. These results complement previous diary research using earlier categorical measures of attachment and elaborate upon the contextual effects of the attachment behavioral system in naturally occurring social interactions with different relational partners. The conditions under which working models of different relationship domains should influence interpersonal functioning are discussed, and a context‐congruence hypothesis of attachment effects, which encompasses the current findings and generates further predictions, is detailed.
Lanthanum: A Safe Phosphate Binder
Authors: Persy Veerle P. , Behets Geert J. , Bervoets An R. , De Broe Marc E. , D’Haese Patrick C.
Published: May 2006

Accumulation of inorganic phosphate due to renal functional impairment contributes to the increased cardiovascular mortality observed in dialysis patients. Phosphate plays a causative role in the development of vascular calcification in renal failure; treatment with calcium‐based phosphate binders and vitamin D can further increase the Ca × PO4 product and add to the risk of ectopic mineralization. The new generation of calcium‐free phosphate binders, sevelamer and lanthanum, can control hyperphosphatemia without adding to the patients calcium load. In this article, the metabolism of lanthanum carbonate and its effects in bone, liver and brain are discussed. Although lanthanum is a metal cation its effects are not comparable to those of aluminum. Indeed, in clinical studies no toxic effects of lanthanum have been reported after up to four years of follow‐up. The bioavailability of lanthanum is extremely low. The effects observed in bone are due to phosphate depletion, with no signs of direct bone toxicity yet observed in rats or humans. The liver is the main route of excretion for lanthanum carbonate, which can be localized in the lysosomes of hepatocytes. No lanthanum could be detected in brain tissue.
VISCOELASTIC AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE PUREE‐BASED BABY FOODS
Authors: AHMED JASIM , RAMASWAMY HOSAHALLI S.
Published: May 2006

Viscoelastic properties of three commercial vegetable puree‐based baby foods (pea, corn and wax bean) were evaluated in the temperature range of 20 to 80C using dynamic oscillatory viscometry, and the thermal properties were evaluated using a standard differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) (−10 to 100C). Test samples behaved like viscoelastic fluids with consistently higher magnitudes of storage modulus (G′) as compared to loss modulus (G″) in an oscillatory frequency (ω) range between 0.628 and 62.800 rad/s. Both G′ and G″ versusωdata were well fitted by a power‐type relationship at all temperatures employed in the study. However, the derived power‐law parameters of G′ and G″ showed no consistent trends with temperature. Both pea and wax bean purees exhibited similar viscoelastic patterns with an increase in both G′ and G″ at 50C, somewhat coinciding with the initiation of starch gelatinization. However, the corn puree exhibited a stronger elastic characteristic with starch gelatinization occurring around 80C. The rheological measurements were well supported by the calorimetric data from the DSC.
Tube Bending Under Axial Force and Internal Pressure
Authors: Wang Jyhwen , Agarwal Rohit
Published: May 2006

Tube bending is a widely used manufacturing process in the aerospace, automotive, and various other industries. During tube bending, considerable in-plane distortion and thickness variation occurs. Additional loadings such as axial force and internal pressure can be used to achieve better shape control. Based on plasticity theories, analytical models are developed to predict cross-sectional distortion and thickness change of tubes under various loading conditions. The model predictions are in good agreement with finite element simulations and published experimental results. The models can be used to evaluate tooling and process design in tube bending.
On-chip inductors incorporating porous-Si and intrinsic-amorphous-Si films for rf integrated circuits
Authors: Chang Stella , Sivoththaman Siva
Published: May 2006

The quality factor (Q) of inductors on silicon (Si) is limited by the series resistance of the metal at low frequency and by the substrate resistivity at high frequency. Oxide is generally used to isolate the useful signal of the inductor from the lossy Si substrate. However, stoichiometric silica (SiO2) is processed at high temperature which restricts the possibility of post-complementary metal-oxide semiconductor integration, and due to the large thermal mismatch with Si, thick oxide films introduce considerable stress. In this work, we apply electrochemically formed porous Si (PS) and intrinsic amorphous Si (i-a-Si:H) deposited at low temperature (250°C) in an approach asan isolation bilayer for planar inductors on Si for rf integrated circuits. An improvement of morethan 45% in Q was measured at a frequency of 6.4GHz for 1.6nH inductor incorporating PS andi-a-Si:H films. The experimental results presented indicate that these low-temperature materials are promising for the isolation of rf devices on low-resistivity Si.
Photolithographically defined polythiophene organic thin-film transistors
Authors: Li Flora M. , Vygranenko Yuri , Koul Sarswati , Nathan Arokia
Published: May 2006

A photolithography process for the fabrication of organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) and integrated circuits will be presented. Fully encapsulated polythiophene OTFTs in the top-gate, bottom-gate, and dual-gate configurations have been demonstrated using this approach. Photolithography steps are incorporated for the definition of gate electrodes and source/drain contacts, isolation of transistors, and formation of vias and interconnects. These steps are vital to achieve device integration and to realize organic integrated circuits for applications such as flat panel displays and radio-frequency identification tags. The fabrication process is compatible with various substrates (e.g., glass and plastic), and enables the realization of discrete transistors and OTFT-based circuits through consecutive photolithographic steps and a tailored etch recipe for patterning of the polymer film. This article will provide a detailed examination of the fabrication approach, analyze the electrical performance of various photolithographically defined regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) OTFT structures, and explore the device and circuit advantages of the photolithography strategy.
Modified single missing air-hole defects in InAs∕InP quantum dot membrane photonic crystal microcavities
Authors: Dalacu Dan , Frédérick Simon , Lapointe Jean , Poole Philip J. , Aers Geof C. , Williams Robin L.
Published: May 2006

Hexagonal lattice photonic crystal microcavities with modified single missing air-hole defects were fabricated in suspended InAs∕InP quantum dot membranes. The cavity modes predicted from finite-difference time-domain simulations are observed in photoluminescence measurements. The resonant energies of the defect modes are tuned across the band gap of the photonic crystal through modifications of the size and position of the inner ring holes surrounding the defect. Up to a 20-fold enhancement of the quality factor of the modes are observed as they are tuned across the band gap, with measured Q values of up to 6000.
Analysis of unstable species in cyclo-C4F8 plasma by ion attachment mass spectrometry
Authors: Nakamura Megumi , Hirano Yoshiki , Shiokawa Yoshiro , Takayanagi Masao , Nakata Munetaka
Published: May 2006

Ion attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS) was used to analyze the species in cyclo-C4F8 plasma quantitatively. Not only stable neutral molecules but also less stable radicals were detected. Ions and species without a charge in the plasma were perfectly distinguishable. The measured dependence of the product distribution on the rf power shows that IAMS can be used to clarify and control the processes in the plasma.
Effects of Pt addition on the formation of Co–ITO granular magnetoresistance films by a two-step method
Authors: Ekawati Wanti , Shi Ji , Nakamura Yoshio , Nittono Osamu
Published: May 2006

Platinum (Pt) has been added to Co–ITO (ITO: indium tin oxide) films to promote the formation of Co(Pt)–ITO granular structure by a two-step method which includes sputtering deposition at room temperature and postdeposition thermal annealing in a vacuum. Such films consist of magnetic Co(Pt) nanoparticles distributed uniformly in an amorphous ITO matrix. The Co(Pt) particles are formed during the thermal annealing by precipitation, and the matrix also contains certain amount of Co and Pt that suppress the crystallization of the amorphous ITO. Pt plays an important role in controlling the precipitation of Co(Pt) particles and the microstructure formation. First, by adding Pt into the films, more Co can be incorporated into the amorphous phase in the as-deposited state, which ensures sufficient Co to form magnetic particles through precipitation. Second, by incorporating Co and Pt into the film, the crystallization temperature of amorphous ITO is also increased to a temperature as high as 400°C. These two effects make it possible to fabricate the Co(Pt)–ITO granular magnetoresistance films by the two-step method.