bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Headwater stream condition and nutrient runoff: Relating SWAT to empirical ecological measures in an agricultural watershed in Pennsylvania
Authors: Hirt Claire C. , Veith Tamie L. , Collick Amy S. , Yetter Susan E. , Brooks Robert P.
Published: February 2020

Managing nonpoint sources of nutrients and sediments is the primary challenge for improving conditions in the Susquehanna‐Chesapeake basin. Aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used indicators of stream ecological integrity, but the relationship between nutrient runoff and macroinvertebrate response remains indistinct. Logistical and financial hurdles hinder collection of high‐resolution empirical nutrient data, but landscape‐based models like the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) offer a more practical approach. Nutrient runoff was simulated with SWAT for a small, upland, agricultural Pennsylvania watershed. Three levels of ecological assessment were used to interpret SWAT results. Macroinvertebrate communities (intensive) were sampled at 14 sites and described using an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). Biological integrity was moderately degraded in many reaches. The Stream–Wetland–Riparian (SWR) Index (rapid) and landscape metrics (remote) also indicated prevalent agricultural stressors. Baseflow nitrate grab samples, collected once per season, showed no significant relationship with IBI score. Thirty spatiotemporal scales of nutrient data were extracted from SWAT for phosphorus, nitrate, and organic nitrogen. Best subsets regression was performed on IBI scores using SWAT, land cover, and SWR variables. Results were significant (p < .001) with high R2 values (84.8 and 86.2), signifying a negative relationship between instream nutrient concentration and IBI score. This study demonstrates the viability of SWAT as an alternative to in‐field nutrient sampling, the value of spatiotemporal scale in model outputs, and the importance of site condition variables in relating nutrients to stream ecological health.
Bounded‐excess flows in cubic graphs
Authors: Tarsi Michael
Published: February 2020

An (r, α)‐bounded‐excess flow ((r, α)‐flow) in an orientation of a graph G = (V, E) is an assignment f : E → [1, r−1], such that for every vertex x ∈ V, . E+(x), respectively E−(x), is the set of edges directed from, respectively toward x. Bounded‐excess flows suggest a generalization of Circular nowhere‐zero flows (cnzf), which can be regarded as (r, 0)‐flows. We define (r, α) as Stronger or equivalent to (s, β), if the existence of an (r, α)‐flow in a cubic graph always implies the existence of an (s, β)‐flow in the same graph. We then study the structure of the bounded‐excess flow strength poset. Among other results, we define the Trace of a point in the r − α plane by and prove that among points with the same trace the stronger is the one with the smaller α (and larger r). For example, if a cubic graph admits a k‐nzf (trace k with α = 0), then it admits an ‐flow for every r, 2 ≤ r ≤ k. A significant part of the article is devoted to proving the main result: Every cubic graph admits a ‐flow, and there exists a graph which does not admit any stronger bounded‐excess flow. Notice that so it can be considered a step in the direction of the 5‐flow Conjecture. Our result is the best possible for all cubic graphs while the seemingly stronger 5‐flow Conjecture relates only to bridgeless graphs. We also show that if the circular‐flow number of a cubic graph is strictly less than 5, then it admits a ‐flow (trace 4). We conjecture such a flow to exist in every cubic graph with a perfect matching, other than the Petersen graph. This conjecture is a stronger version of the Ban‐Linial Conjecture [1]. Our work here strongly relies on the notion of Orientable k‐weak bisections, a certain type of k‐weak bisections. k‐Weak bisections are defined and studied by L. Esperet, G. Mazzuoccolo, and M. Tarsi [4].
Effect of Glepaglutide, a Long‐Acting Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐2 Analog, on Gastrointestinal Transit Time and Motility in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome: Findings From a Randomized Trial
Authors: Hvistendahl Mark Krogh , Naimi Rahim Mohammad , Enevoldsen Lotte Hahn , Madsen Jan Lysgaard , Fuglsang Stefan , Jeppesen Palle Bekker
Published: February 2020

Background

Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) and distal‐bowel resections lack neuroendocrine feedback regulations, potentially resulting in rapid gastrointestinal (GI) transit. The objective was to assess the efficacy of glepaglutide, a long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐2 analog, on GI transit in patients with SBS.

Methods

In this single‐center, double‐blind, dose‐finding, phase 2 trial, patients with SBS were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (0.1, 1, and 10 mg) in a 2‐period crossover design. Each treatment period included 3 weeks of daily, subcutaneous glepaglutide injections separated by a washout period of 4–8 weeks. Endpoints were changes from baseline and included scintigraphy, wireless motility capsule (WMC, SmartPill Given Imaging, Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), and paracetamol absorption test.

Results

A total of 18 patients were randomized. In the 10‐mg dose group (n = 9), glepaglutide significantly increased time to 10% gastric emptying (GE) of solids by 27 (4–50) minutes (adjusted mean [95% CI]), time to 50%GE of fluids by 40 (1–80) minutes, and time to 10% small bowel–emptying of solids by 21 (1–41) minutes. The WMC transit did not significantly change in any of the dose groups. The maximum paracetamol concentration significantly increased in the 10‐mg dose group; however, the area under the curve remained the same.

Conclusion

The prolonged GI transit after glepaglutide treatment, along with demonstrated positive effects on intestinal mucosal growth and potential effects on GI hypersecretions, is believed to contribute to the observed beneficial effects on fecal output (primary endpoint) and associated improvement in intestinal absorption.
Nonionic Isatin Surfactants: Synthesis, Quantum Chemical Calculations, ADMET and Their Antimicrobial Activities
Authors: Hussein Ahmed M. , Khowdiary Manal M.
Published: February 2020

The most challenge task in the building up of surface‐active molecules is maximizing their surface activity with good biological activity. A nonionic surfactant (N‐isatin‐EO
m‐C
n where m is 5, 7 and 9 ethylene glycol units and n is 8, 10 and 12) is achieved by first reacting isatin with chloroacetic acid and then with different types of ethoxylated (C8–C12) fatty alcohols that possess 5, 7 and 9 ethylene oxide units. The prepared surfactants were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR to confirm the structure. The surface activity, biodegradability, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity of the surfactants were evaluated. In addition, quantum chemical calculations and computations of oral bioavailability were performed. The obtained data show that all the synthesized compounds had good surface activity, biodegradability and biological activity.
Nitrogen preference and genetic variation of cotton genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Iqbal Asif , Dong Qiang , Wang Xiangru , Gui Hui‐Ping , Zhang Hengheng , Pang Nianchang , Zhang Xiling , Song Meizhen
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Although nitrogen (N) availability is a major determinant of cotton production, little is known about the importance of plants' preference for ammoniumversusnitrate for better growth and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). We aimed to assess the growth, physiology, and NUE of contrasting N‐efficient cotton genotypes (Z‐1017, N‐efficient and GD‐89, N‐inefficient) supplied with low and high concentrations of ammonium‐ and nitrate‐N.

RESULTS

The results revealed that ammonium fed plants showed poor root growth, lower dry biomass, N content, leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange than those under nitrate irrespective of the concentration. However, the highest N uptake and utilization efficiency were obtained with nitrate fed plants, which also resulted in the highest dry biomass, N content, leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange as well as root growth. The results further confirmed that N‐efficient (Z‐1017) genotype performed better under both N sources, showing more flexibility to contrasting N condition by increasing growth and NUE in either source of N. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed a strong relationship of root morphological traits with N utilization efficiency, suggesting the physiological importance of roots over shoots in response to low nitrate concentration.

CONCLUSION

Thus, it was confirmed that nitrate‐N is superior to ammonium‐N and the use of nitrate and N‐efficient genotype is the best option for optimum cotton growth and NUE. Further, field evaluation is required to confirm the hypothesis that nitrate is a preferred N source for better cotton production and NUE. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Improving oxidative stability and release behavior of docosahexaenoic acid algae oil by microencapsulation
Authors: Fu Jingjing , Song Liang , Liu Yunhang , Bai Changjun , Zhou Dayong , Zhu Beiwei , Wang Tong
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND

Spray‐dried docosahexaenoic acid algae oil (DHA AO) microcapsules were prepared using whey protein isolate and glucose syrup (WPI + GS), or sodium starch octenylsuccinate and glucose syrup (SSOS + GS), or whey protein isolate and lactose (WPI + L). The effect of the formulations on encapsulation properties, oxidative protection and in vitro oil release pattern of the resulting microencapsulates was investigated.

RESULTS

A high encapsulation efficiency of over 98% of DHA AO was obtained for microcapsules with all three wall materials. Among the wall materials, SSOS + GS exhibited a better micro‐particulation ability reflected by more uniform size and smoother surface of the formed microcapsules and no agglomerates. DHA AO microcapsules with all the wall materials showed good protection of the oil from oxidation during storage with an increasing order of WPI + GS, SSOS + GS and WPI + L. Moreover, microencapsulation significantly increased the release of DHA AO in the intestinal phase of the in vitro digestion process with an increasing order of SSOS + GS, WPI + GS and WPI + L, indicating the increased stability of the oil in the highly acidic gastric environment and the enhanced lipid digestibility in the small intestine.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that it is possible to transform a highly oxidizable liquid functional food ingredient such as DHA AO into a stable and easy‐to‐handle solid powder through spray drying with properly selected wall materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Appearance of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Liver Abscesses
Authors: Whang Gilbert , Harris Robert D. , Tchelepi Hisham
Published: February 2020

There has been a paradigm shift with Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) emerging as the most frequently isolated bacterium in pyogenic liver abscesses in immunocompetent patients. Colonization of this hypervirulent KP strain has led to community‐acquired liver abscesses. Septic seeding to distant sites of the body has been recognized and is strongly associated with diabetes. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomographic features have been described. Grayscale ultrasound (US) features remain inconclusive, with variable US appearances. Here we describe the contrast‐enhanced US features of KP liver abscesses, which correlated with previously described computed tomographic findings. The use of contrast‐enhanced US eliminates the need for radiation exposure.
A project knowledge management framework grounded in design science research
Authors: Narazaki Rosana Sue , Silveira Chaves Marcirio , Drebes Pedron Cristiane
Published: February 2020

Knowledge management (KM) dynamics have caused a lack of traceability and loss of explicit and tacit knowledge during a project's lifecycle. In addition, individuals desire ease of use and accessibility, suggesting that social media (SM) should be integrated. For this purpose, this research analyzed a solution with a technical instrument, through a design science research approach, with the intention of answering the research question: How well does knowledge project management work with the integrated use of project management tools? The Social Media for Project Management (SM4PM), a prescriptive framework for guiding the integrated use of SM in project management (PM), was instantiated to evaluate KM in PM in a public security organization. Data collection was done through interviews, direct observations, document analysis, and focus group. These data were analyzed using MaxQdaPlus. After the implementation, SM4PM was refined and redesigned. Results showed that SM support KM in activities related to PM, giving strong evidence that SM4PM can be generalized to solve a class of problems, such as collecting lessons learned naturally during the project lifecycle, managing the knowledge in PM, and understanding the relationship between processes and their integration. As a contribution, the study empirically applied “theory to practice” by instantiating a technical instrument based on the “theory of doing well” and applied “theory from practice” to refine this technical instrument. This applied research solves a class of problems involving KM in PM during the whole project lifecycle with a unique artifact.
Conservation tillage and residue management improves soil properties under a upland rice–rapeseed system in the subtropical eastern Himalayas
Authors: Das Anup , Layek Jayanta , Idapuganti Ramkrushna Gandhiji , Basavaraj Savita , Lal Rattan , Rangappa Krishnappa , Yadav Gulab Singh , Babu Subhash , Ngachan Shishomvanao
Published: February 2020

Poor soil properties and low soil moisture content (SMC) are major limitations for cultivating a second crop after the rainy season rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the uplands of the Eastern Himalayas. Information on impact of conservation tillage and residue management (RM) to alleviate soil constraints is limited in the region. Thus, a field study was conducted in a rice–rapeseed (Brassica campestris Var. Toria) system under rainfed conditions with two tillage systems (CsT—conservation and CT—conventional) and five RM practices (100% NPK fertilizer, 50% NPK; 50% NPK + in‐situ rice residue retention [ISRR, 5 Mg ha−1], 50% NPK + weed biomass [WB, 10 Mg ha−1] fresh weight basis (FW)]; 50% NPK + green manuring [GM, 10 Mg ha−1 FW]), and their impact on soil quality parameters were assessed after 3 years. Significantly lower bulk density and penetration resistance (0–15 cm) and higher water infiltration rate were recorded under CsT than CT. The soil water holding capacity (WHC) and SMC in rapeseed were significantly higher under CsT than those under CT at 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths. The WHC and SMC were the maximum under 50% NPK + GM/WB and the minimum under sole application of 50% NPK. After 3 years, there were 5.7% higher available nitrogen (N), 7.3% phosphorus (P), and 3% potassium (K) (kg ha−1) in 0–15 cm depth under CsT than those under CT, respectively. Similarly, SOC stock (0–30 cm), soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) under CsT were significantly higher than CT. Application of 50% NPK + WB/GM/ISRR registered significantly higher available NPK, SMBC, and DHA in soil than those under 50% and 100% NPK. Thus, CsT along with 50% NPK + WB/GM/ISRR are recommended for improving soil properties under the rice–rapeseed system of the region.
THE EIGHT PILLARS FOR CREATING HUMANIZED HIGH PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Hlupic Vlatka
Published: February 2020

Creating humanized, high performing organizations is essential but a not well understood concept. Studies and surveys on engagement show that a majority of the global workforce is disengaged and dissatisfied with their work, resulting in challenges to creating high performing organizations. This article presents findings from qualitative research conducted with 58 leaders worldwide on how to create high performing organizations that leverage the potential and power of their employees. Based on qualitative data analysis of interview transcripts using NVivo software, eight key pillars for leveraging ‘humane capital’ are identified and presented using examples from interviews. Material is adapted from the author's books Humane Capital: How to Create a Management Shift to Transform Performance and Profit, and The Management Shift – How to Harness the Power of People and Transform Your Organization for Sustainable Success. Factors are explored for how individuals and organizations can move within five levels of leadership in the emergent leadership model. For instance, individuals in Level 4 are enthusiastic, and organizations at the same level are collaborative. Implications for research and practice are discussed and conclusions are drawn, including that organizations that become more people–centric outperform those that are more focused on numbers and processes.
THE CUSTOMER OF THE FUTURE: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL, TECHNICAL, AND EXPERIENTIAL STRATEGIES
Authors: Morgan Blake
Published: February 2020

This article examines how the most successful companies have become increasingly customer‐centric, especially as the evolve to better serve the customer of the future. It is based on my research for a new book, The Customer of The Future: 10 Guiding Principles For Winning Tomorrow's Business, as well as research studies from such organizations as Temkin Group, Gartner, Forrester Research, and McKinsey. The approach used by the profiled companies can be applied to the work of leaders in all sectors of society's organizations.The article divides the customer experience into three categories: psychological, technical, and experiential. Within psychological, examples are drawn from Amazon, Capital One, and Pixar; within technical, from Sephora, Best Buy, and Macy's; and within experiential, from Hasbro, Lyft, and Allstate. The impact of artificial intelligence is noted, with examples from The North Face and Macy's; and the use of predictive analytics by ride‐sharing firm Lyft is explained. Particular importance in the article is given to the strategic and ethical use of customer data. For instance, Allstate's CEO Tom Wilson mentions that customer data is the new currency, and his company is building ways that people can be better aware of their personal data and accounts online.
Polycaprolactone Electrospun Fiber Mats Prepared Using Benign Solvents: Blending with Copper(II)‐Chitosan Increases the Secretion of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in a Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Line
Authors: Gritsch Lukas , Liverani Liliana , Lovell Christopher , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: February 2020

Inducing the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is an essential requirement for successful tissue engineering. Approaches have been proposed to enhance angiogenesis using growth factors and other biomolecules; however, this approaches present drawbacks in terms of high cost and patient safety. Copper is known to effectively regulate angiogenesis and can offer a more cost‐effective alternative than the direct use of growth factors. With this study, a strategy to incorporate copper in electrospun fibrous scaffolds with pro‐angiogenic properties is presented. Polycaprolactone (PCL) and copper(II)‐chitosan are electrospun using benign solvents. The morphological and physicochemical properties of the fiber mats are investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), static contact angle measurements, energy dispersive X‐ray, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopies. Scaffold stability in phosphate buffered saline at 37 °C is monitored over 1 week. A bone marrow stromal cell line (ST‐2) is cultured for 7 days and its behavior is evaluated using SEM, fluorescence microscopy and a tetrazolium salt‐based colorimetric assay. Results confirm that PCL/copper(II)‐chitosan is suitable for electrospinning. The fiber mats are biocompatible and favor cell colonization and infiltration. Most notably, the angiogenic potential of PCL/copper(II)‐chitosan blends is confirmed by a three‐fold increase in VEGF secretion by ST‐2 cells in the presence of copper(II)‐chitosan.
Visible Light Catalyzed Step‐Growth Polymerization through Mizoroki–Heck Coupling Reaction
Authors: He Liting , Jia Chunbo , Zhang Yunjia , He Junpo
Published: February 2020

The results of polymer synthesis via visible light (blue light λ = 465 nm) and a Pd‐catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction at ambient temperature are reported. The kinetic study demonstrates that the polymerization rate is faster under light irradiation than that in the dark, affording larger molecular weight of polymer product in the former. A mechanistic study using 19F NMR indicates that light can activate the oxidative addition step, increasing the rate of formation of the oxidative addition intermediate. The present work not only reveals a new mechanism of light's effect on Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction in the absence of sensitizer, but also represents the first example of its application in step‐growth polymerization.
Free tibia and fibula‐fillet‐of‐leg flap for pelvic ring reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Sawyer Justin , Van Boerum Melody Scheefer , Groundland John , Lorimer Shannon , Agarwal Jayant
Published: February 2020

Pelvic sarcoma resections present large and complex defects, which are a challenge to reconstruct. At times, these cancers are treated with external hemipelvectomy, and both the soft tissue and bony framework of the pelvic ring must be addressed. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of a free tibia and fibula‐fillet‐of‐leg flap for pelvic ring reconstruction, performed to enhance the quality of life of a patient following hemipelvectomy. A 50‐year‐old female with advanced stage undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the left thigh and pelvis underwent free vascularized tibia and fibula‐fillet‐of‐leg flap, including 21 cm of bone length and 21 cm long and full circumferential soft tissues of the leg, accompanying the bone, for the reconstruction of the bony pelvis and soft tissue. Postoperatively, the patient had no surgical complications, was followed for 6 months and went on to have bony healing, and was able to sit prior to disease progression and eventual death from metastatic disease. In the reported case, we have shown that composite tibia–fibula free flap with lower leg soft tissues may be a viable option for the reconstruction of massive external hemipelvectomy defects.
Optimal control of plant virus propagation
Authors: Chen‐Charpentier Benito , Jackson Mark
Published: February 2020

Plants are a food source for man and many species. But, plants are subject to diseases, many of which are caused by viruses. Usually, virus propagation is done by a vector. Insect vectors typically have a seasonal behavior, and processes have delays. To combat the vectors, chemical insecticides are commonly used as a control. Unfortunately, these chemicals not only are expensive but also have toxic effects on humans, animals, and the environment. An alternative is to introduce a predator species to prey on the insects and limit the spread of the virus. A combination of insecticide and predators can be used to control the vector population. The question is whether there is an optimal combination. We introduce a mathematical model of ordinary differential equations describing the interaction between plants, vectors, and predators. To determine the optimal amount of predators to introduce and insecticide to use, an objective function giving the total cost to the farmer of the disease is given. We find the controls that minimize the objective function subject to the population variables satisfying the differential equation model and initial conditions together with constraints. There are two main different approaches that can be used to solve the optimal control problem: indirect and direct methods. We use direct methods to solve the problem with and without seasonality and delays. From the practical side, the model can be used to help farmers determine the right balance of insecticide and predators to minimize the total cost.
On global classical solutions to 1D compressible Navier‐Stokes equations with density‐dependent viscosity and vacuum
Authors: Lü Boqiang , Wang Yixuan , Wu Yuhang
Published: February 2020

For the initial boundary value problem of compressible barotropic Navier‐Stokes equations in one‐dimensional bounded domains with general density‐dependent viscosity and large external force, we prove that there exists a unique global classical solution with large initial data containing vacuum. Furthermore, we show that the density is bounded from above independently of time, which yields the large time behavior of the solutions as time tends to infinity. More precisely, the density and the velocity converge to the steady states in
and in
(
), respectively. Moreover, the decay rate in time of the solutions is shown to be exponential. Finally, we also prove that the spatial gradient of density will blow up as time tends to infinity when the vacuum states appear initially even at one point.
Feature‐shared adaptive‐boost deep learning for invasiveness classification of pulmonary subsolid nodules in CT images
Authors: Wang Jun , Chen Xiaorong , Lu Hongbing , Zhang Lichi , Pan Jianfeng , Bao Yong , Su Jiner , Qian Dahong
Published: February 2020

Purpose

In clinical practice, invasiveness is an important reference indicator for differentiating the malignant degree of subsolid pulmonary nodules. These nodules can be classified as atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), or invasive adenocarcinoma (IAC). The automatic determination of a nodule's invasiveness based on chest CT scans can guide treatment planning. However, it is challenging, owing to the insufficiency of training data and their interclass similarity and intraclass variation. To address these challenges, we propose a two‐stage deep learning strategy for this task: prior‐feature learning followed by adaptive‐boost deep learning.

Methods

The adaptive‐boost deep learning is proposed to train a strong classifier for invasiveness classification of subsolid nodules in chest CT images, using multiple 3D convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based weak classifiers. Because ensembles of multiple deep 3D CNN models have a huge number of parameters and require large computing resources along with more training and testing time, the prior‐feature learning is proposed to reduce the computations by sharing the CNN layers between all weak classifiers. Using this strategy, all weak classifiers can be integrated into a single network.

Results

Tenfold cross validation of binary classification was conducted on a total of 1357 nodules, including 765 noninvasive (AAH and AIS) and 592 invasive nodules (MIA and IAC). Ablation experimental results indicated that the proposed binary classifier achieved an accuracy of with an AUC of 81.3. These results are superior compared to those achieved by three experienced chest imaging specialists who achieved an accuracy of , , and , respectively. About 200 additional nodules were also collected. These nodules covered 50 cases for each category (AAH, AIS, MIA, and IAC, respectively). Both binary and multiple classifications were performed on these data and the results demonstrated that the proposed method definitely achieves better performance than the performance achieved by nonensemble deep learning methods.

Conclusions

It can be concluded that the proposed adaptive‐boost deep learning can significantly improve the performance of invasiveness classification of pulmonary subsolid nodules in CT images, while the prior‐feature learning can significantly reduce the total size of deep models. The promising results on clinical data show that the trained models can be used as an effective lung cancer screening tool in hospitals. Moreover, the proposed strategy can be easily extended to other similar classification tasks in 3D medical images.
Online dose delivery verification in small animal image‐guided radiotherapy
Authors: Anvari Akbar , Modiri Arezoo , Pandita Ravina , Mahmood Javed , Sawant Amit
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To accomplish novel radiation treatment techniques in preclinical radiation research, small animal image‐guided radiotherapy systems have been increasingly integrated into preclinical radiation research over the last decade. Although such systems have sophisticated tools (such as cone‐beam computed tomography–based image guidance, robotic couch, treatment planning system (TPS), and electronic portal imaging devices [EPIDs]). To our knowledge, no established technique can perform independent and online verification of the delivered dose during radiotherapy. In this study, we implement an online EPID dosimetry for each administered SA‐IGRT fraction in a rat orthotopic model of prostate cancer.

Methods

To verify the accuracy of delivered dose to rat, we compared the two‐dimensional (2D) calculated dose distribution by TPS as the planned dose, with online dose distribution estimated using an EPID as the delivered dose. Since image acquisition software was not capable of acquiring integrated images over a long period of time, we used the EPID to estimate dose rate rather than dose. The central axis (CAX) dose rate values at the beam’s exit surface were compared. In addition, 2D dose distributions were also compared under different gamma criteria. To verify the accuracy of our EPID dosimetry technique, we measured transit and exit doses with film during animal treatment. In this study, 20‐mm cone was used to collimate beam. We previously observed that the EPID response was independent of collimator size for collimator size ≥15‐mm, we did not apply for additional correction factor.

Results

Comparison of exit CAX dose rate values of TPS‐calculated and EPID‐estimated showed that the average difference was 3.1%, with a maximum of 9.3%. Results of gamma analysis for 2D comparison indicated an average of 90% passing rate with global gamma criterion of 2 mm/5%. We observed that TPS could not calculate dose accurately in peripheral regions in which the penumbra effect was dominant. Dose rate values estimated by EPID were within 2.1% agreement with film at both the imager plane and the beam’s exit surface for 4 randomly selected animals for which film measurement verification was performed.

Conclusions

The small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) system’s built‐in EPID was utilized to estimate dose delivered to rats at kilovoltage energy x‐rays. The results of this study suggest that the EPID is an invaluable tool for verifying delivered dose to small animal to help validate conclusions made from preclinical radiation research.
Regulation of Gdnf expression by retinoic acid in Sertoli cells
Authors: Saracino Rossana , Capponi Chiara , Di Persio Sara , Boitani Carla , Masciarelli Silvia , Fazi Francesco , Fera Stefania , Vicini Elena
Published: February 2020

Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and retinoic acid (RA) are two molecules crucial for the regulation of the spermatogonial compartment of the testis. During the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, their relative concentration oscillates with lower GDNF levels in stages where RA levels are high. It has been recently shown that RA negatively regulates Gdnf expression but the mechanisms behind are so far unknown. Here, we show that RA directly downregulates Gdnf mRNA levels in primary murine Sertoli cells through binding of RARα to a novel DR5‐RARE on Gdnf promoter. Pharmacological inhibition and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that the underlying mechanism involved histone deacetylase activity and epigenetic repression of Gdnf promoter upon RA treatment.
Intravoxel B0 inhomogeneity corrected reconstruction using a low‐rank encoding operator
Authors: Lam Fan , Sutton Bradley P.
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To present a general and efficient method for macroscopic intravoxel inhomogeneity corrected reconstruction from multi‐TE acquisitions.

Theory and Methods

A signal encoding model for multi‐TE gradient echo (GRE) acquisitions that incorporates 3D intravoxel field variations is derived, and a low‐rank approximation to the encoding operator is introduced under piecewise linear assumption. The low‐rank approximation enables very efficient computation and memory usage, and allows the proposed signal model to be integrated into general inverse problem formulations that are compatible with multi‐coil and undersampling acquisitions as well as different regularization functions.

Results

Experimental multi‐echo GRE data were acquired to evaluate the proposed method. Effective reduction of macroscopic intravoxel inhomogeneity induced artifacts was demonstrated. Improved estimation from the corrected reconstruction over standard Fourier reconstruction has also been obtained.

Conclusions

The proposed method can effectively correct the effects of intravoxel inhomogeneity, and can be useful for various imaging applications involving GRE‐based acquisitions, including fMRI, quantitative and susceptibility mapping, and MR spectroscopic imaging.
Multiphoton magnetic resonance in imaging: A classical description and implementation
Authors: Han Victor , Liu Chunlei
Published: February 2020

Purpose

To develop a classical geometric interpretation of multiphoton excitation and apply it to MRI. To investigate ways in which multiphoton excitation can enable novel imaging techniques.

Theory and Methods

We present a fully geometric view of multiphoton excitation by taking a particular rotating frame transformation. In this rotating frame, we find that multiphoton excitations appear just like single‐photon excitations again, and therefore, we can readily generalize concepts already explored in standard single‐photon excitation. With a homebuilt low frequency coil, we execute a standard slice selective pulse sequence with all of its excitations replaced by their equivalent two‐photon versions. In the case of no extra hardware, we use oscillating gradients as a source of extra photons for excitation. Finally, with the multiphoton interpretation of oscillating gradients, we present a novel way to transform a standard slice selective adiabatic inversion pulse into a multiband version without modifying the RF pulse itself. The addition of oscillating gradients creates multiphoton resonances at multiple spatial locations and allows for adiabatic inversions at each location.

Results

With Bloch‐Siegert shift corrections, analytical multiphoton excitation expressions match with Bloch equation simulations. Two‐photon gradient‐echo images of a lemon and a pork rib match with their single‐photon counterparts. Frequency‐offset RF combined with oscillating gradients generate excitation where the RF alone does not.

Conclusion

The multiphoton interpretation presents new flexibilities for imaging. Excitation needs not be bound to the Larmor frequency, which opens doors to RF pulse design beyond the usual filter design and the potential for further imaging innovations.
Molecular Characterization and Taurine Regulation of Taurine Transporter in Goldfish
Authors: Xiong Ding , Jiang Guomin , He Zhimin , Wu Qin , Song Peng , Luo Wenjie , Xu Wenqian , Cao Shenping , Qu Fufa , Zhou Yonghua , Wang Guiqin , Liu Zhen
Published: February 2020

Taurine transporter (TauT) is a sodium- and chloride-dependent transport carrier, and it plays a key role in the transportation of taurine. At present, the many functions of TauT in fish remain obscure. In this study, a cDNA clone for encoding a taurine transporter was isolated from Goldfish Carassius auratus. The nucleotide sequence predicted 625 amino acids with significant homology to the TauT gene of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Hydropathic analysis revealed stretches of hydrophobic amino acids that were indicative of 12 transmembrane domains that were similar to those proposed for other cloned TauT genes. The results of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated that TauT broadly expressed in all of the selected tissues and developmental stages in Goldfish but with prominent differential expression levels. The expression of TauT in Goldfish has diurnal changes. The highest expression was at 1200 hours, and the lowest was at 2100 hours. Moreover, taurine treatments showed similar stimulatory effects on the expression of TauT in the intestines of Goldfish both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results may provide new insights into the regulation of TauT expression in fish, which has potential applications for improving fish dietary formulations.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: Experts' consensus recommendations
Authors: Krššák Martin , Lindeboom Lucas , Schrauwen‐Hinderling Vera , Szczepaniak Lidia S. , Derave Wim , Lundbom Jesper , Befroy Douglas , Schick Fritz , Machann Jürgen , Kreis Roland , Boesch Chris
Published: February 2020

1H‐MR spectroscopy of skeletal muscle provides insight into metabolism that is not available noninvasively by other methods. The recommendations given in this article are intended to guide those who have basic experience in general MRS to the special application of 1H‐MRS in skeletal muscle. The highly organized structure of skeletal muscle leads to effects that change spectral features far beyond simple peak heights, depending on the type and orientation of the muscle. Specific recommendations are given for the acquisition of three particular metabolites (intramyocellular lipids, carnosine and acetylcarnitine) and for preconditioning of experiments and instructions to study volunteers.
Fluid structure interaction by means of variational multiscale reduced order models
Authors: Tello Alexis , Codina Ramon , Baiges Joan
Published: February 2020

A reduced order model designed by means of a variational multiscale stabilized formulation has been applied successfully to fluid‐structure interaction problems in a strongly coupled partitioned solution scheme. Details of the formulation and the implementation both for the interaction problem and for the reduced models, for both the off‐line and on‐line phases, are shown. Results are obtained for cases in which both domains are reduced at the same time. Numerical results are presented for a semistationary and a fully transient
case.
Differential Impact of Weight Loss and Glycemic Control on Inflammasome Signaling
Authors: Antonioli Luca , Moriconi Diego , Masi Stefano , Bottazzo Dario , Pellegrini Carolina , Fornai Matteo , Anselmino Marco , Ferrannini Ele , Blandizzi Corrado , Taddei Stefano , Nannipieri Monica
Published: February 2020

Objective

Interleukin (IL)‐1β is involved in obesity‐associated inflammation and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus. Our aim was to correlate serum IL‐1β and caspase‐1 levels with weight loss, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance (IR) after bariatric surgery.

Methods

A total of 32 patients with morbid obesity and T2D (Ob‐T2D) and 29 patients with morbid obesity and normal glucose tolerance (Ob‐NGT), treated by Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, were studied before and 1 year after surgery. Sixteen healthy individuals served as a control (HC) group. IR was assessed by the oral glucose insulin sensitivity method. Plasma IL‐1β levels and caspase‐1 were measured.

Results

Presurgery BMI was similar in Ob‐NGT and Ob‐T2D. IR was progressively impaired in Ob‐NGT and Ob‐T2D (P < 0.0001). Fasting plasma IL‐1β and caspase‐1 levels were lower in HCs than in patients with Ob‐NGT or Ob‐T2D (P < 0.02; P = 0.05), and both were inversely correlated with IR (P = 0.01; P = 0.02). After surgery, BMI decreased and IR improved to a similar extent in Ob‐NGT and Ob‐T2D (P < 0.0001). Plasma caspase‐1 concentrations normalized in both groups (P < 0.0001), whereas plasma IL‐1β levels normalized only in Ob‐NGT.

Conclusions

Plasma IL‐1β and caspase‐1 levels were inversely correlated with IR. Caspase‐1 levels normalized after weight loss, whereas IL‐1β normalized only in people without T2D, suggesting the persistence of a systemic inflammatory condition in people with T2D.
Preparation of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane modified cellulose microcrystalline and their applications as flame retardant and reinforcing agents in epoxy resin
Authors: Wang Minghang , Yu Ting , Feng Zhengyu , Sun Jun , Gu Xiaoyu , Li Hongfei , Fei Bin , Zhang Sheng
Published: February 2020

Cellulose microcrystalline (CMC), a linear polysaccharide with glucosidic bond, was successfully extracted from bamboo powder and modified by 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane coupling agent (KH550) to prepare KH550‐CMC. The prepared KH550‐CMC, in association with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), was introduced into epoxy resin (EP) by casting process to obtain flame retardant composites. The fire performance evaluation indicated that the presence of 10‐phr APP and 5‐phr KH550‐CMC in EP achieved the maximal LOI value of 28.9%, passed the UL‐94 V‐0 rating, and significantly decreased the peak heat release rate from 1055 kW/m2 of neat EP to 286 kW/m2. The improved fire performance is due to the improvement of dispersity of CMC in EP matrix and formation of better char layer, thus protecting the matrix effectively. Moreover, the introduction of KH550‐CMC could also partly eliminate the negative influence of flame retardants on the mechanical properties of EP composites due to the strengthening effect of CMC and better interfacial compatibility after modification with KH550.
Disorder of sex development with germ cell tumors: Which is uncovered first?
Authors: Faure‐Conter Cécile , Orbach Daniel , Fresneau Brice , Verité Cécile , Bonneau Jacinthe , Thebaud Estelle , Poirée Maryline , Thouvenin Sandrine , Pluchart Claire , Mure Pierre Yves , Dijoud Frederique , Morel Yves
Published: February 2020

Background

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare conditions. Although they are known to predispose to germ cell tumors (GCT), there is a paucity of information regarding the circumstances of DSD discovery.

Design/methods

All patients with DSD registered in two French pediatric GCT protocols (TGM95 and 13) were analyzed.

Results

Sixteen patients were identified among 276 ovarian, 160 testicular, and 24 mediastinal GCT. Eleven phenotypic females (median age 15 years) exhibited gonadal GCT, including 10 with a 46,XY karyotype and gonadal dysgenesis and one with 46XX,45X0 mosaicism. None had genital anomalies, seven had spontaneous pubertal changes, and one had spontaneous menarche. The tumors were bilateral in four cases. DSD was diagnosed after the GCT diagnosis in seven cases. The reasons for karyotyping were bilateral tumors (3), gonadoblastoma/streak gonad/absence of egg follicles (3), or systematic for GCT (1). The karyotyping was performed before the GCT diagnosis in four cases: for polymalformative syndrome (2) or primary amenorrhea (2). Four males (median age 14 years) exhibited mediastinal GCT (metastatic in two cases) indicative of Klinefelter syndrome, despite typical phenotypes in all cases. The remaining patient had severe hypospadias, leading to the discovery of 46,XY/45,X0 mosaicism before the diagnosis of testicular nonseminomatous GCT at 16 years of age.

Conclusion

DSD are often uncovered at the time of GCT diagnosis (11/16 cases). This should prompt oncologists to rule out a DSD in patients with GCT, even in case of pubertal development. Earlier recognition of Klinefelter syndrome could potentially lead to GCT detection at an earlier stage.
Melt Processing of Ethylene‐Acrylic Acid Copolymer Composites Reinforced with Nanocellulose
Authors: Abhijit Venkatesh , Johannes Thunberg , Sahlin‐Sjövold Karin , Mikael Rigdahl , Boldizar Antal
Published: February 2020

To investigate the impact of process design factors such as number of passes, screw design and screw type, a poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) and a masterbatch containing 40 vol% nanocellulose were compounded using a twin‐screw extruder with two different screw configurations. The 20 vol% composite pellets obtained, containing nanocellulose of different morphologies, cellulose nanofibrils and cellulose nanocrystals, were re‐extruded several times to study the effect of re‐extrusion. The compounded pellets were extruded into films using a single‐screw extruder. These films contained aggregates of the nanocellulose material, which was reduced in size upon re‐extrusion leading to an improvement in properties of the composites. With the best combination of process factors, the Young's modulus and stress at break of the composites increased by factors of 10 and 1.6, respectively. The presence of a strong network of the cellulosic entities was observed qualitatively using melt rheology upon re‐extrusion. Re‐extrusion had a negligible effect on the crystallinity of the composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:956–967, 2020. © 2020 The Authors. Polymer Engineering & Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Plastics Engineers.
Practical target values of Shockley–Read–Hall recombination rates in state‐of‐the‐art triple‐junction solar cells for realizing conversion efficiencies within 1% of the internal radiative limit
Authors: Nakamura Tetsuya , Imaizumi Mitsuru , Akiyama Hidefumi , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: February 2020

In order to identify the cause of the difference between actual efficiency and the theoretical limit in state‐of‐the‐art triple‐junction solar cells, we investigate the internal luminescence efficiency in the depletion region (
). The average internal luminescence efficiency of the whole subcell volume (
) is obtained experimentally, and the
is deduced by numerical calculations using rate equations. We find that
and
agree well in the low‐recombination current regime including the maximum power point. This indicates that the non‐radiative recombination loss at the maximum power point strongly depends on the recombination in the depletion region. Furthermore, we determine the actual Shockley–Read–Hall recombination coefficient in the depletion region, Adep, which is proportional to the effective density of recombination centers. Our analysis reveals the target values of Adep required for realizing conversion efficiencies that are within 1% of the internal radiative limit. The analysis also clarifies the extent of reduction of the effective density of recombination centers (in the depletion region) that is required to realize a given target efficiency.
Incorporating evidence‐based behavioral teacher training into Head Start mental health consultation: Description and initial outcomes of a large‐scale program
Authors: Hubel Grace S. , Cooley John L. , Moreland Angela D.
Published: February 2020

Development of a multicomponent mental health consultation program for a countywide Head Start program is described. The consultation program incorporates strategies from the evidence‐based practice, Teacher–Child Interaction Training (TCIT). Through large group professional development trainings before the school year, comprehensive feedback reports based on observations, and in‐class coaching via modeling and performance feedback on teachers' use of TCIT skills, the consultation program served 55 Head Start classrooms with 789 children. Outcome data are presented on teachers' improvement in TCIT skill use and the relative effectiveness of two coaching methods (i.e., modeling and performance feedback) used during consultation. Results from multilevel modeling analyses indicated that teachers improved in the use of multiple observed TCIT skills between the initial and midyear assessment (i.e., increased frequency of labeled praises, reflections, behavioral descriptions, and commands that were complied with; decreased frequency of commands that children did not have an opportunity to comply with). Additionally, teachers who received coaching in the form of performance feedback, in comparison to modeling, exhibited greater gains in the frequency of labeled praises and commands that resulted in compliance. Discussion focuses on implementation of evidence‐based practice in large‐scale preventative early interventions, study limitations, and directions for future research.