bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing from 2002–2010: ozonesonde measurements and modeling analysis
Authors: Wang Y. , Konopka P. , Liu Y. , Chen H. , Müller R. , Plöger F. , Riese M. , Cai Z. , Lü D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Using a combination of ozonesonde data and numerical simulations of the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS), the trend of tropospheric ozone (O3) during 2002–2010 over Beijing was investigated. Tropospheric ozone over Beijing shows a winter minimum and a broad summer maximum with a clear positive trend in the maximum summer ozone concentration over the last decade. The observed significant trend of tropospheric column ozone is mainly caused by photochemical production (3.1% yr−1 for a mean level of 52 DU). This trend is close to the significant trend of partial column ozone in the lower troposphere (0–3 km) resulting from the enhanced photochemical production during summer (3.0% yr−1 for a mean level of 23 DU). Analysis of the CLaMS simulation shows that transport rather than chemistry drives most of the seasonality of tropospheric ozone. However, dynamical processes alone cannot explain the trend of tropospheric ozone in the observational data. Clearly enhanced ozone values and a negative vertical ozone gradient in the lower troposphere in the observational data emphasize the importance of photochemistry within the troposphere during spring and summer, and suggest that the photochemistry within the troposphere significantly contributes to the tropospheric ozone trend over Beijing during the last decade.
A combustion setup to precisely reference δ13C and δ2H isotope ratios of pure CH4 to produce isotope reference gases of δ13C-CH4 in synthetic air
Authors: Sperlich P. , Guillevic M. , Buizert C. , Jenk T. M. , Sapart C. J. , Schaefer H. , Popp T. J. , Blunier T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Isotope records of atmospheric CH4 can be used to infer changes in the biogeochemistry of CH4. One factor currently limiting the quantitative interpretation of such changes are uncertainties in the isotope measurements stemming from the lack of a unique isotope reference gas, certified for δ13C-CH4 or δ2H-CH4. We present a method to produce isotope reference gases for CH4 in synthetic air that are precisely anchored to the VPDB and VSMOW scales and have δ13C-CH4 values typical for the modern and glacial atmosphere. We quantitatively combusted two pure CH4 gases from fossil and biogenic sources and determined the δ13C and δ2H values of the produced CO2 and H2O relative to the VPDB and VSMOW scales within a very small analytical uncertainty of 0.04‰ and 0.7‰, respectively. We found isotope ratios of −39.56‰ and −56.37‰ for δ13C and −170.1‰ and −317.4‰ for δ2H in the fossil and biogenic CH4, respectively. We used both CH4 types as parental gases from which we mixed two filial CH4 gases. Their δ13C was determined to be −42.21‰ and −47.25‰ representing glacial and present atmospheric δ13C-CH4. The δ2H isotope ratios of the filial CH4 gases were found to be −193.1‰ and −237.1‰, respectively. Next, we mixed aliquots of the filial CH4 gases with ultrapure N2/O2 (CH4 ≤ 2 ppb) producing two isotope reference gases of synthetic air with CH4 mixing ratios near atmospheric values. We show that our method is reproducible and does not introduce isotopic fractionation for δ13C within the uncertainties of our detection limit (we cannot conclude this for δ2H because our system is currently not prepared for δ2H-CH4 measurements in air samples). The general principle of our method can be applied to produce synthetic isotope reference gases targeting δ2H-CH4 or other gas species.
Subseafloor basalts as fungal habitats
Authors: Ivarsson M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The oceanic crust is believed to host the largest potential habitat for microbial life on Earth, yet, still we lack substantial information about the abundance, diversity, and consequence of its biosphere. The last two decades have involved major research accomplishments within this field and a change in view of the ocean crust and its potential to harbour life. Here fossilised fungal colonies in subseafloor basalts are reported from three different seamounts in the Pacific Ocean. The fungal colonies consist of various characteristic structures interpreted as fungal hyphae, fruit bodies and spores. The fungal hyphae are well preserved with morphological characteristics such as hyphal walls, septa, thallic conidiogenesis, and hyphal tips with hyphal vesicles within. The fruit bodies consist of large (∼50–200 µm in diameter) body-like structures with a defined outer membrane and an interior filled with calcite. The fruit bodies have at some stage been emptied of their contents of spores and filled by carbonate-forming fluids. A few fruit bodies not filled by calcite and with spores still within support this interpretation. Spore-like structures (ranging from a few µm to ∼20 µm in diameter) are also observed outside of the fruit bodies and in some cases concentrated to openings in the membrane of the fruit bodies. The hyphae, fruit bodies and spores are all closely associated with a crust lining the vein walls that probably represent a mineralized biofilm. The results support a fungal presence in deep subseafloor basalts and indicate that such habitats were vital between ∼81 and 48 Ma.
Carbon-nitrogen feedbacks in the UVic ESCM
Authors: Wania R. , Meissner K. J. , Eby M. , Arora V. K. , Ross I. , Weaver A. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A representation of the terrestrial nitrogen cycle is introduced into the UVic Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM). The UVic ESCM now contains five terrestrial carbon pools and seven terrestrial nitrogen pools: soil, litter, leaves, stem and roots for both elements and ammonium and nitrate in the soil for nitrogen. Nitrogen cycles through plant tissue, litter, soil and the mineral pools before being taken up again by the plant. Biological N2 fixation and nitrogen deposition represent external inputs to the plant-soil system while losses occur via leaching. Simulated carbon and nitrogen pools and fluxes are in the range of other models and observations. Gross primary production (GPP) for the 1990s in the CN-coupled version is 129.6 Pg C a−1 and net C uptake is 0.83 Pg C a−1, whereas the C-only version results in a GPP of 133.1 Pg C a−1 and a net C uptake of 1.57 Pg C a−1. At the end of a transient experiment for the years 1800–1999, where radiative forcing is held constant but CO2 fertilisation for vegetation is permitted to occur, the CN-coupled version shows an enhanced net C uptake of 1.05 Pg C a−1, whereas in the experiment where CO2 is held constant and temperature is transient the land turns into a C source of 0.60 Pg C a−1 by the 1990s. The arithmetic sum of the temperature and CO2 effects is 0.45 Pg C a−1, 0.38 Pg C a−1 lower than seen in the fully forced model, suggesting a strong nonlinearity in the CN-coupled version. Anthropogenic N deposition has a positive effect on Net Ecosystem Production of 0.35 Pg C a−1. Overall, the UVic CN-coupled version shows similar characteristics to other CN-coupled Earth System Models, as measured by net C balance and sensitivity to changes in climate, CO2 and temperature.
Fate of river Tiber discharge investigated through numerical simulation and satellite monitoring
Authors: Inghilesi R. , Ottolenghi L. , Orasi A. , Pizzi C. , Bignami F. , Santoleri R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the dispersion of passive pollutants associated with the Tiber discharge into the Tyrrhenian Sea using numerical marine dispersion models and satellite data. Numerical results obtained in the simulation of realistic discharge episodes were compared with the corresponding evolution of the spatial distributions of MODIS diffuse light attenuation coefficient at 490 nm (K490), and the results were discussed with reference to the local climate and the seasonal sub-regional circulation regime. The numerical model used for the simulation of the sub-tidal circulation was a Mediterranean sub-regional scale implementation of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM), nested in the large-scale Mediterranean Forecasting System. The nesting method enabled the model to be applied to almost every area in the Mediterranean Sea and also to be used in seasons for which imposing climatological boundary conditions would have been questionable. Dynamical effects on coastal circulation and on water density due to the Tiber discharge were additionally accounted for in the oceanographic model by implementing the river estuary as a point source of a buoyant jet. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model fed with the POM current fields was then run in order to reproduce the effect of the turbulent transport of passive tracers mixed in the plume with the coastal flow. Two significant episodes of river discharge in both winter and summer conditions were discussed in this paper. It was found that the winter regime was characterized by the presence of a strong coastal jet flowing with the ambient current. In summer the prevailing wind regime induced coastal downwelling conditions, which tended to confine the riverine waters close to the shore. In such conditions sudden wind reversals due to local weather perturbations, causing moderate local upwelling, proved to be the only effective way to disperse the tracers offshore, moving the plume from the coast and detaching large pools of freshwater.
Topical Cyclosporine for Severe Dry Eye Disease in Liver-Transplanted Portuguese Patients with Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy (ATTRV30M)
Authors: Beirão João M. , Matos Maria E. , Beirão Idalina B. , Costa Paulo P. , Torres Paulo A.
Published: September 2012

Purpose.

Evaluation of the use of topical cyclosporine eyedrops in the treatment of severe dry eye disease in liver transplanted patients with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) unresponsive to therapy with artificial tears and lacrimal plugs.

Methods.

A prospective clinical study of 5 patients (10 eyes) admitted to the Ophthalmology Department of the Centro Hospitalar do Porto with severe dry eye disease refractory to artificial tears and lacrimal plug treatments. Evaluation of the patients included best-corrected visual acuity, corneal punctuate fluorescein staining, tear break-up time, Schirmer test without anesthesia, and Ocular Surface Disease Index. Patients were observed at time 0, and at 3, 7, and 11 months.

Results.

Treatment with topical cyclosporine improved all studied parameters from baseline, and in all the patients (p<0.001). The safety profile was excellent, without topical or systemic adverse events.

Conclusions.

Topical cyclosporine was beneficial in the treatment of severe dry eye disease in liver transplanted patients with FAP.
Affinity and Matrix Effects in Measuring Fish Plasma Vitellogenin Using Immunosorbent Assays: Considerations for Aquatic Toxicologists
Authors: Bartell Stephen E. , Schoenfuss Heiko L.
Published: September 2012

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are important tools in aquatic toxicology and have become crucial in assessing exposure concentrations in the aquatic environment and acute physiological responses in exposed organisms. These assays utilize the inherent properties of antibodies to recognize and selectively bind a target molecule, while largely ignoring other molecules to provide semiquantitative values. A variety of methodologies to measure plasma vitellogenin using ELISAs have generated widely divergent data. Limitations of the ELISA method are known in the wider immunology field, though aquatic toxicologists may be less familiar with these limitations. We evaluated several mechanisms contributing to the divergent vitellogenin data in the literature. Antibody affinities and the matrix in which standard curves are constructed are possible error generators. These errors can be amplified by large sample dilutions necessary to fall within the standard curve. It is important for the aquatic toxicology research community to realize the limitations and understand the pitfalls of absolute plasma vitellogenin data in their studies.
Water plants can become LEED certified
Authors: Bloetscher Frederick , Orlando Dominic F. , Kiefer Curtis “Kurt” A. , Goldman Jonathan Z. , O'neil Timothy J. , Alford Michael T. , Dare Ronald J.
Published: September 2012

Using a design‐build approach, engineering and construction teams, and city and academic resources, Dania Beach, Florida, has become the first LEED‐certified process building at any water or wastewater plant in the United States.
A disruptive innovation that will transform water conservation performance
Authors: Brehe Todd A. , Coll Emily
Published: September 2012

Water conservation is overdue for a disruptive innovation because the water‐saving results generated by commonly implemented initiatives are often unpredictable and all too frequently poor.
Report from the Contamination Warning System CIPAC Workgroup
Authors: Spence Shannon , Sullivan John P. , Schmelling Dan
Published: September 2012

A workgroup of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council was convened in May 2011 to assess contamination warning systems for early detection of and response to contamination events in drinking water distribution systems. This article summarizes the workgroup's efforts and excerpts significant findings from the report.
Gastroparesis: Concepts, Controversies, and Challenges
Authors: Bielefeldt Klaus
Published: September 2012

Patients with gastroparesis often present a challenge to the treating physician. Postprandial symptoms with nausea and vomiting may not only lead to nutritional and metabolic consequences, but also cause significant disruptions to social activities that often center around food. While the definition of gastroparesis focuses on impaired gastric emptying, treatment options that affect gastric function are limited and often disappointing. The female predominance, the mostly idiopathic nature of the illness with a common history of abuse, and coexisting anxiety or depression show parallels with other functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. These parallels provided the rationale for some initial studies investigating alternative therapies that target the brain rather than the stomach. This emerging shift in medical therapy comes at a time when clinical studies suggest that gastric electrical stimulation may exert its effects by modulating visceral sensory processing rather than altering gastric motility. Physiologic and detailed anatomic investigations also support a more complex picture with different disease mechanisms, ranging from impaired accommodation to apparent visceral hypersensitivity or decreased interstitial cells of Cajal to inflammatory infiltration of myenteric ganglia. Delayed gastric emptying remains the endophenotype defining gastroparesis. However, our treatment options go beyond prokinetics and may allow us to improve the quality of life of affected individuals.
TB DOTS-CHE KAP Baseline Survey in the Province of Antique
Authors: Mallorca Rezyl R.
Published: September 2012

This paper is part of the overall baseline study assessing the knowledge, attitudes and care-seeking practices on Tuberculosis of the residents in the provinces of Antique, Cebu, Ilo-Ilo, Lanaodel Norte, Misamis Occidental and in the cities of Mandaluyong, Kidapawan and Surigao commissioned by Holistic Community Development and Initiatives, Inc. This is a descriptive research which used stratified random sampling in choosing the respondents per community with the aid of a map, totaling 2,435 residents. Since most of the covered community had no house maps, identifying respondents was also conducted with interviews using structured and centralized questionnaire prepared by the Philippine Business for Social Progress. Findings revealed that almost all residents heard about tuberculosis, knew that it is serious and contagious. However, results showed that despite respondents’ awareness on existence of tuberculosis, they lacked knowledge about its nature, cause, symptoms, preventions and treatment. Researchers also found out that attitudes of residents toward tuberculosis are positive though many feared mingling with TB infected individuals for possible contamination. With these, respondents need to be educated regarding tuberculosis’ prevention and treatment. Aggressive health education, enhanced programs for information dissemination and further assessment on TB DOTS program’s effectiveness are the ones recommended.   Keywords - care seeking practices, tuberculosis, TB DOTS program
A Development of Knowledge Database Management System of Sufficiency Economy for Basic Education Principal
Authors: Nak Ai Nikom
Published: September 2012

Knowledge database management system of sufficiency economy for basic education principal has been developed by Moodle, the open source of learning management system (LMS) and developed seventh step of the research cycles. Step 1: The need assessment for analyses element of sufficiency economy database for basic education and concentrate to school administration. Step 2 : The Product Design , the Researcher developed core of Database System by Moodle and consisted of; Assignment Module, Chat Module , Choice Module, Forum Module, Journal Module, Quiz Module, Resource Module, Survey Module, Workshop Module, Lesson Module, Glossary Module, WiKi Module and SCORM Module . Step 3 : Product Development , We used Moodle Version 9 to Designed login Menu and Registered Domain Name to Hosting , powered by LAMP, Integrated Application used of Linux , Apache server , MySql and PHP. Step 4: Preliminary Field Test and Initial Product Revision, the researchers to monitor and improve the quality of early found that the stability is satisfactory and reasonable speed. Step 5: Main Field Test and Step 6: Final Product Revision, Check the system with the primary goal found that the first web page (Homepage) modules will be even complete set. Step 7: Publishing database, Main target groups covered test system. Interesting name that is friendly and clearly defined in line with research. Result of the development of knowledge management issues under the principle of modesty, the validity Principle of immunity as well, Conditions of knowledge and integrity, applied to management of basic education for school administrators.   Keyword - Knowledge Database Management System, Sufficiency Economy, Education Principal.
Correlation Between Subjective Well Being and Self-Esteem Levels of College Nursing Students
Authors: Avci Dilek , Yilmaz Figen Alp , Koç Ayşegül
Published: September 2012

The study describes the relationship between subjective well-being and self-esteem levels of candidate nurses studying at the University of Balikesir and University of Bozok Colleges of Nursing. A total of 338 students enrolled at University of Balikesir, Bandirma College of Nursing and University of Bozok, College of Nursing formed the research sample tested under this study. Data were obtained by employing the “Personal Data Inquiry Form”, “Coopersmith Self- Esteem Inventory” and “Subjective Well-being Scale”. For the statistical evaluation of data, frequency distribution, t test, one-way analysis of variance and correlation coefficient were used. Of the participants 76.9% female and 23.1% male and the average age was 20.45 years. Most described their levels of income as average (80.2%) and family household relations as being at good levels (78.1%). The study revealed the presence of a positive significant relationship between subjective well-being and self-esteem levels of students. Furthermore, a significant relation was observed also between the subjective well-being and selfesteem levels of students by their perceived income levels and family relations. While a significant difference was observed between the subjective well-being and self-esteem scores by gender, no difference was found to exist between subjective well-being scores. At the end of the study, a significant relationship was found to exist between subjective well-being and self-esteem levels of nursing students.   Keywords - Subjective well-being, self-esteem, nursing, university student
Critically minded shopping as a process of adult learning and civic engagement
Authors: Jubas Kaela
Published: September 2012

This chapter explores how shopping practices that challenge mainstream consumerism can be understood as forms of social movement learning and civic engagement, and illuminate complexities and paradoxes inherent in these processes.
Adaptive tracking control for dynamic nonholonomic mobile robots with uncalibrated visual parameters
Authors: Yang Fang , Wang Chaoli , Jing Guangzhu
Published: September 2012

The trajectory tracking control problem of uncertain dynamic nonholonomic mobile robots is addressed in this paper. A novel uncertain camera‐object visual servoing kinematic tracking error model is proposed firstly. And then, on the basis of this model, a new adaptive torque tracking controller is presented in the presence of parametric uncertainties associated with the camera system and mechanical dynamic system. The controller synthesis is based on Lyapunov's direct method and backstepping technique. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the control law. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanotube Fiber Based Stretchable Conductor
Authors: Zu Mei , Li Qingwen , Wang Guojian , Byun Joon‐Hyung , Chou Tsu‐Wei
Published: September 2012

Carbon nanotube (CNT) based continuous fiber, a CNT assembly that could potentially retain the superb properties of individual CNTs on a macroscopic scale, belongs to a fascinating new class of electronic materials with potential applications in electronics, sensing, and conducting wires. Here, the fabrication of CNT fiber based stretchable conductors by a simple prestraining‐then‐buckling approach is reported. To enhance the interfacial bonding between the fibers and the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate and thus facilitate the buckling formation, CNT fibers are first coated with a thin layer of liquid PDMS before being transferred to the prestrained substrate. The CNT fibers are deformed into massive buckles, resulting from the compressive force generated upon releasing the fiber/substrate assembly from prestrain. This buckling shape is quite different from the sinusoidal shape observed previously in otherwise analogous systems. Similar experiments performed on carbon fiber/PDMS composite film, on the other hand, result in extensive fiber fracture due to the higher fiber flexural modulus. Furthermore, the CNT fiber/PDMS composite film shows very little variation in resistance (≈1%) under multiple stretching‐and‐releasing cycles up to a prestrain level of 40%, indicating the outstanding stability and repeatability in performance as stretchable conductors.
Increased sphingoid base‐1‐phosphates and failure of neural tube closure after exposure to fumonisin or FTY720
Authors: Gelineau‐van Waes Janee , Rainey Mark A. , Maddox Joyce R. , Voss Kenneth A. , Sachs Andrew J. , Gardner Nicole M. , Wilberding Justin D. , Riley Ronald T.
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND: Fumonisin B1(FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by a common fungal contaminant of corn. Ingestion of FB1‐contaminated food is associated with increased risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). FB1induces NTDs in inbred LM/Bc mice. FB1inhibits ceramide synthase in de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis, resulting in accumulation of sphinganine and sphinganine‐1‐phosphate (Sa1P). Sa1P functions as a ligand for a family of G protein‐coupled S1P receptors.METHODS:Pregnant SWV and LM/Bc mice were treated with FB1(20 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally on embryonic day (ED) 7.5–8.5) or the known S1P receptor agonist FTY720 (10 mg/kg/day oral gavage on ED 6.5–8.5). LC/MS was used to detect sphingoid base‐1‐phosphates in maternal blood spots, plasma, and embryonic tissue. Strain‐specific SWV and LM/Bc mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and serum free mouse embryo (SFME) neural progenitor cells were treated with FB1(40 μM for 24 hr) and LC/MS was used to detect sphingoid base‐1‐phosphates.RESULTS:FTY720 induced NTDs in both the SWV and the LM/Bc strains of mice. Sphinganine‐1‐P (Sa1P) and FTY720‐P were elevated in the blood spots and plasma of mice treated with FB1or FTY720, respectively. FTY720‐P was elevated in ED 9.5 exencephalic embryos. Sa1P was elevated in SFME and MEF cells treated with FB1, and Sa1P was higher in MEFs generated from the FB1‐NTD–susceptible LM/Bc strain.CONCLUSIONS:Elevated sphingoid base‐1‐P after FB1or FTY720 suggest a potential role for these bioactive lipid ligands and activation of S1P receptor signaling pathways in the failure of neural tube closure after FB1or FTY720. Sa1P may represent a biomarker for FB1‐NTD risk assessment. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a portal to stem cell characters embedded in gene networks
Authors: Asli Naisana S. , Harvey Richard P.
Published: September 2012

Cells can transit between a range of stable epithelial and mesenchymal states and this has allowed the evolution of complex body forms. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse, mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET), occur sequentially in development and organogenesis. EMT often accompanies transitions between stem‐like cells and their more differentiated progeny, as occurs at gastrulation, although the relevance of this had not been clarified. New findings from the cancer and cell reprogramming fields suggest that EMT and MET can act as essential portals to stem cell character. Here, we review these findings in the broader context of EMT and MET with emphasis on stem cell biology. Using the heart as an example, we also explore the potential role of EMT/MET in organ regeneration. Understanding EMT and MET at a network level will give us new tools to probe stem cell character and enhance tissue repair.
Synthesis of 3‐Fluoropyrrolidines and 4‐Fluoropyrrolidin‐2‐ones from Allylic Fluorides
Authors: Combettes Lorraine E. , Schuler Marie , Patel Rakesh , Bonillo Baltasar , Odell Barbara , Thompson Amber L. , Claridge Tim D. W. , Gouverneur Véronique
Published: September 2012

Various 3‐fluoropyrrolidines and 4‐fluoropyrrolidin‐2‐ones were prepared by 5‐exo‐trig iodocyclisation from allylic fluorides bearing a pending nitrogen nucleophile. These bench‐stable precursors were made accessible upon electrophilic fluorination of the corresponding allylsilanes. The presence of the allylic fluorine substituent induces syn‐stereocontrol upon iodocyclisation with diastereomeric ratios ranging from 10:1 to > 20:1 for all N‐tosyl‐3‐fluoropent‐4‐en‐1‐amines and amides. The sense and level of stereocontrol is strikingly similar to the corresponding iodocyclisation of structurally related allylic fluorides bearing pending oxygen nucleophiles. These results suggest that the syn selectivity observed upon ring closure involves I2–π complexes with the fluorine positioned inside.
Chrysin activates Notch1 signaling and suppresses tumor growth of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yu Xiao‐Min , Phan TramAnh , Patel Priyesh N. , Jaskula‐Sztul Renata , Chen Herbert
Published: September 2012

BACKGROUND:

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a very aggressive thyroid gland malignancy with very poor prognosis. It is suspected that the Notch signaling pathway, which is not active in ATC, may have a tumor suppressor function in this neoplasm. However, it remains unknown whether activation of Notch can yield therapeutic efficacies in ATC.

METHODS:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of chrysin, a potential Notch inducer identified via high‐throughput screening, on ATC both in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS:

Chrysin treatment of ATC cells led to a dose‐dependent inhibition of cellular growth. Protein and messenger RNA levels of Notch1 and Hes1 (hairy/enhancer of split 1), a downstream Notch1 effector, were both up‐regulated with treatment. Luciferase reporter assays incorporating the C promoter‐binding factor 1 (CBF1) binding site also confirmed the functional activity of chrysin‐induced Notch1. Oral administration of chrysin suppressed the growth of ATC xenografts by an average of 59% compared with the vehicle control group (P = .002). In addition, calculated median time to tumor progression was 11 days for control mice and 21 days for the chrysin treatment group (P = .008). Analysis of chrysin‐treated ATC tumors revealed an increase in the active intracellular domain of Notch1 protein. Activation of Notch1 in vivo was associated with the induction of cleaved Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) protein, indicating that the growth inhibition was due to apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS:

The novel Notch1 activator chrysin inhibits tumor growth in ATC both in vitro and in vivo. Chrysin could be a promising therapeutic candidate for ATC, and this justifies further clinical studies. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Carbon isotope ratio analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites after cortisone acetate and adrenosterone administration for doping control
Authors: Brooker Lance , Cawley Adam , Kazlauskas Ray , Goebel Catrin , George Adrian
Published: September 2012

Glucocorticoids are listed on the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List of substances. The detection of the administration of hydrocortisone and cortisone is complicated by the fact that the human body also produces these steroids naturally. Gas chromatography‐combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry can be utilized to determine the use of endogenous glucocorticoids by measuring the carbon isotope ratio (CIR) of their resulting metabolites in human urine samples. A comprehensive sample preparation protocol for the analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites was developed and validated, incorporating the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for purification and chemical oxidation for derivatisation. Target compounds were tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone, and 11β‐hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11‐oxoetiocholanolone and 11β‐hydroxyandrosterone, while pregnanediol functioned as the endogenous reference compound. Urine samples from a population of 50 volunteers were analyzed to determine CIR reference limits. Excretion studies of the endogenous glucocorticoid preparation cortisone acetate (25 mg oral) and the dietary supplement adrenosterone (75 mg oral) were conducted with six male individuals. Variable changes in steroid metabolite isotopic composition were found across subjects after administration. The study also revealed that CIR analysis of the major glucocorticoid metabolites tetrahydrocortisol and tetrahydrocortisone is necessary to unambiguously distinguish administration of cortisone and adrenosterone, the former officially restricted to out‐of‐competition use by athletes, the latter not being restricted at the current time. Moreover, this study reaffirms that CIR methods for the doping control of endogenous steroids should not rely upon a single ERC, as the administration of an appropriate precursor to that ERC could cause complications during analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of study sponsorship on head and neck cancer randomized trial results
Authors: Sun Gordon H. , Houlton Jeffrey J. , MacEachern Mark P. , Bradford Carol R. , Hayward Rodney A.
Published: September 2012

Background

The purpose of this study was to identify associations between study sponsorship and the methodological quality and published outcomes of head and neck cancer randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for qualified RCTs, evaluating journal impact factor (IF), Jadad score (measure of study quality), and results favoring or not favoring experimental therapy.

Results

Of 118 RCTs, the most common sponsor was government (38; 32%), followed by nonprofit organizations (30; 25%) and industry (26; 22%). Industry‐supported RCTs were associated with publication in journals with higher IF compared with RCTs without industry support (p = .013). Government‐supported RCTs were associated with higher mean Jadad score (p = .026) and results favoring experimental therapy (p = .034).

Conclusions

Government‐supported, but not industry‐supported, RCTs were significantly associated with positive study results. These findings may be confounded by broadly applied definitions of sponsorship. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1515–1520, 2013
Increased presence of capillaries next to remodeling sites in adult human cancellous bone
Authors: Kristensen Helene Bjoerg , Andersen Thomas Levin , Marcussen Niels , Rolighed Lars , Delaisse Jean-Marie
Published: September 2012

Vascularization is a prerequisite for osteogenesis in a number of situations, including bone development, fracture healing, and cortical bone remodeling. It is unknown whether a similar link exists between cancellous bone remodeling and vascularization. Here, we show an association between remodeling sites, capillaries, proliferative cells, and putative osteoblast progenitors. Iliac crest biopsies from normal human individuals were subjected to histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry to identify the respective positions of bone remodeling sites, CD34-positive capillaries, smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive putative osteoblast progenitors, including pericytes, Ki67-positive proliferative cells, and bone remodeling compartment (BRC) canopies. The BRC canopy is a recently described structure separating remodeling sites from the bone marrow, consisting of CD56-positive osteoblasts at an early differentiation stage. We found that bone remodeling sites were associated with a significantly increased presence of capillaries, putative osteoblast progenitors, and proliferative cells in a region within 50 µm of the bone or the canopy surface. The increases were the highest above eroded surfaces and at the level of the light-microscopically assessed contact of these three entities with the bone or canopy surfaces. Between 51 and 100 µm, their densities leveled to that found above quiescent surfaces. Electron microscopy asserted the close proximity between BRC canopies and capillaries lined by pericytes. Furthermore, the BRC canopy cells were found to express SMA. These ordered distributions support the existence of an osteogenic-vascular interface in adult human cancellous bone. The organization of this interface fits the current knowledge on the mode of action of vasculature on osteogenesis, and points to the BRC canopy as a central player in this mechanism. We propose a model where initiation of bone remodeling coincides with the induction of proximity of the vasculature to endosteal surfaces, thereby allowing capillary-BRC canopy interactions that activate marrow events, including recruitment of osteoblast progenitors to bone remodeling sites. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Increased cortical porosity in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women with fragility fractures
Authors: Patsch Janina M , Burghardt Andrew J , Yap Samuel P , Baum Thomas , Schwartz Ann V , Joseph Gabby B , Link Thomas M
Published: September 2012

The primary goal of this study was to assess peripheral bone microarchitecture and strength in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes with fragility fractures (DMFx) and to compare them with postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetics without fractures (DM). Secondary goals were to assess differences in nondiabetic postmenopausal women with fragility fractures (Fx) and nondiabetic postmenopausal women without fragility fractures (Co), and in DM and Co women. Eighty women (mean age 61.3 ± 5.7 years) were recruited into these four groups (DMFx, DM, Fx, and Co; n = 20 per group). Participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) of the ultradistal and distal radius and tibia. In the HR-pQCT images volumetric bone mineral density and cortical and trabecular structure measures, including cortical porosity, were calculated. Bone strength was estimated using micro–finite element analysis (µFEA). Differential strength estimates were obtained with and without open cortical pores. At the ultradistal and distal tibia, DMFx had greater intracortical pore volume (+52.6%, p = 0.009; +95.4%, p = 0.020), relative porosity (+58.1%, p = 0.005; +87.9%, p = 0.011) and endocortical bone surface (+10.9%, p = 0.031; +11.5%, p = 0.019) than DM. At the distal radius DMFx had 4.7-fold greater relative porosity (p < 0.0001) than DM. At the ultradistal radius, intracortical pore volume was significantly higher in DMFx than DM (+67.8%, p = 0.018). DMFx also displayed larger trabecular heterogeneity (ultradistal radius: +36.8%, p = 0.035), and lower total and cortical BMD (ultradistal tibia: −12.6%, p = 0.031; −6.8%, p = 0.011) than DM. DMFx exhibited significantly higher pore-related deficits in stiffness, failure load, and cortical load fraction at the ultradistal and distal tibia, and the distal radius than DM. Comparing nondiabetic Fx and Co, we only found a nonsignificant trend with increase in pore volume (+38.9%, p = 0.060) at the ultradistal radius. The results of our study suggest that severe deficits in cortical bone quality are responsible for fragility fractures in postmenopausal diabetic women. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Characterization of Epstein–Barr virus reactivation in a modeled spaceflight system
Authors: Brinley Alaina A. , Theriot Corey A. , Nelman‐Gonzalez Mayra , Crucian Brian , Stowe Raymond P. , Barrett Alan D.T. , Pierson Duane L.
Published: September 2012

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of mononucleosis and is also associated with several malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, among others. EBV reactivates during spaceflight, with EBV shedding in saliva increasing to levels ten times those observed pre‐and post‐flight. Although stress has been shown to increase reactivation of EBV, other factors such as radiation and microgravity have been hypothesized to contribute to reactivation in space. We used a modeled spaceflight environment to evaluate the influence of radiation and microgravity on EBV reactivation. BJAB (EBV‐negative) and Raji (EBV‐positive) cell lines were assessed for viability/apoptosis, viral antigen and reactive oxygen species expression, and DNA damage and repair. EBV‐infected cells did not experience decreased viability and increased apoptosis due to modeled spaceflight, whereas an EBV‐negative cell line did, suggesting that EBV infection provided protection against apoptosis and cell death. Radiation was the major contributor to EBV ZEBRA upregulation. Combining modeled microgravity and radiation increased DNA damage and reactive oxygen species while modeled microgravity alone decreased DNA repair in Raji cells. Additionally, EBV‐infected cells had increased DNA damage compared to EBV‐negative cells. Since EBV‐infected cells do not undergo apoptosis as readily as uninfected cells, it is possible that virus‐infected cells in EBV seropositive individuals may have an increased risk to accumulate DNA damage during spaceflight. More studies are warranted to investigate this possibility. J. Cell. Biochem. 114: 616–624, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid detection of gasoline by a portable Raman spectrometer and chemometrics
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Qi Xiaohua , Zou Mingqiang , Wu Jingwei
Published: September 2012

Identification of the gasoline purity is important for quality control and detection of gasoline adulteration. Principal component analysis and Raman spectroscopy were used to authenticate gasoline adulterated with methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene. Gasoline could be clearly distinguished from gasoline adulterated with MTBE and benzene by a plot of the first principal component (x‐axis) against the second principal component (y‐axis). And the radial basis function neural network was used for quantitative prediction of the volume percentages of MTBE and benzene in gasoline based on Raman Spectra. The correlation coefficient (r) and mean absolute percentage error between predictive values and spiked values were 0.9907 and 0.9934 and 15.73 and 8.19%, respectively. Moreover, the Raman spectra of the samples were obtained with a portable Raman spectrometer. Therefore, the method is simple, effective, fast, does not require sample pre‐processing, and is promising for rapid gasoline detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes following resection of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Witkowski Elan R. , Smith Jillian K. , Tseng Jennifer F.
Published: September 2012

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive and highly lethal malignancy. Surgical resection is a modest tool, but it provides the only potential for curative therapy and often prolongs survival. This article reviews the progress made on both local and national levels towards an era of safer pancreatic surgery, while discussing both perioperative outcomes and long‐term survival after resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:97–103. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hearing loss resulting in malpractice litigation: What physicians need to know
Authors: Reilly Brian K. , Horn Gayle M. , Sewell Ryan K.
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To evaluate the relationship between hearing loss and malpractice litigation.

Study Design:

Retrospective study evaluating state and federal civil malpractice litigation pertaining to physician treatment and patient hearing loss in the United States during a 10‐year period (2001–2011).

Methods:

A Westlaw search of the computer database Jury Verdicts‐All for 2001–2011 was performed using the search terms “hearing loss” and “malpractice.” This database includes jury verdicts, judgments, and settlements.

Results:

Niney‐four cases were analyzed. There were 53 verdicts favorable for the defense (56%), 28 verdicts favorable for the plaintiff (30%), and 12 settlements. One case resulted in a mistrial. Settlements ranged from $42,500 to $12,500,000, and verdicts ranged from $0 to $8,784,000. The average payout for adult plaintiffs was less ($549,157) than the payout for minors ($1,349,121). The average payout for a surgical case was $579,098, compared to $960,048 for medical etiology of hearing loss. Otolaryngologists were the most frequently sued treating physician for hearing loss; the second most common defendant was pediatricians (eight cases). In the 13 cases in which an otolaryngologist was sued, there were nine defense verdicts and four verdicts in plaintiffs' favor. The average indemnity for an otolaryngologist was $313,230.

Conclusions:

Otolaryngologists are successful in most (70%) hearing loss litigation brought against them. This is true regardless of whether the allegations are of medical error or include operative procedures. Pediatric patients received more favorable jury verdicts when litigating malpractice claims than their adult counterparts, and the payouts were highest when there was alleged birth trauma and/or meningitis. Finally, the severity and degree of hearing loss sustained correlate with higher payouts. Laryngoscope, 2013
Is the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 a suitable evaluation for septorhinoplasty?
Authors: Poirrier Anne‐Lise , Ahluwalia Suki , Goodson Alexander , Ellis Matthew , Bentley Melissa , Andrews Peter
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

It is becoming increasingly important for clinicians to demonstrate the impact of their interventions. The Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test‐22 (SNOT‐22) questionnaire is a disease‐specific questionnaire involving 22 symptoms combining rhinologic issues with general health issues. We evaluated the SNOT‐22 score as a quality‐of‐life outcome measure in septorhinoplasty surgery.

Study Design:

Outcome research.

Methods:

We carried out a prospective case series in 76 patients undergoing septorhinoplasty. Their SNOT‐22 scores were compared pre‐ and postoperatively. We also recorded individual symptom scores to study the impact of surgery. To check its reliability, the SNOT‐22 score was correlated to patient‐reported symptoms on a visual analogue scale. Patients were screened for comorbid conditions. Interactions with the surgical technique and/or with the initial sinonasal disease were sought.

Results:

The SNOT‐22 is a reliable and responsive outcome measure in septorhinoplasty surgery. Septorhinoplasty was especially effective at addressing nasal obstruction, discharge, olfaction, related sleep disturbance, and emotional symptoms such as embarrassment or frustration. Comparison to the visual analogue scale instrument confirmed the outcome measured by the SNOT‐22.

Conclusions:

The SNOT‐22 could be used in routine clinical practice to highlight the impact of nasal disease in each patient and to measure the outcome and the effectiveness of the surgical intervention. Laryngoscope, 2013
The effect of topically applied antimycotic agents on inner ear vestibular and cochlear function
Authors: Perez Ronen , Nazarian Yoram , Sohmer Haim , Sichel Jean‐Yves
Published: September 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To assess and compare the effect of commonly used topical antimycotic agents and their solvents on the function of the vestibular and cochlear parts of the sand rat's inner ear.

Study Design:

Prospective, controlled, animal study.

Methods:

Forty‐five fat sand rats were randomly assigned to five major groups, each receiving topical application of a different agent: saline (control), gentamicin (ototoxic control), and three antimycotic agents: nystatin, clotrimazole solution (Agisten), and bifonazole solution (Agispor). All animals underwent a right labyrinthectomy, and a polyethylene tube was inserted into the left middle ear followed by baseline recording of vestibular evoked potentials (VsEPs) and auditory nerve and brainstem responses (ABR). Subsequently, each animal received five consecutive daily applications of the specific agent into the left middle ear. Evoked potential recordings were repeated 3 and 10 days after the last application and compared to baseline. For clotrimazole and bifonazole solutions, the effect of the solvents was assessed by comparing ABR recordings at similar intervals.

Results:

Administration of saline did not affect VsEPs or ABR. Both could not be recorded following gentamicin application. In all three antimycotic agents, no statistically significant difference was found between VsEPs recordings before and after application. Clotrimazole and bifonazole solutions caused a significant ABR threshold elevation similar to that caused by their solvents. Nystatin caused a less significant ABR threshold elevation.

Conclusions:

The three commonly used topical antimycotic agents investigated here did not affect vestibular function but had a toxic effect on inner ear cochlear function. It seems the main offenders were the solvents.