bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size Distributions of Amphibole EMPs Used in Two Independent Intraperitoneal Injection Studies on Rats
Authors: Chatfield Eric J.
Published: December 2021

Intraperitoneal injection has been described as the most sensitive way in which carcinogenicity of elongate mineral particles (EMPs) can be determined. Accordingly, a number of such animal experiments have been reported, but in general, the materials injected have not been appropriately characterized, and dosage has been measured in terms of mass, rather than the number of fibers. In one study conducted in 1991, the tremolite samples used were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resolution and image contrast that could be achieved by scanning electron microscopes in 1991 were limited, however, and in the light of more recent work, improved measurement accuracy for the thinnest EMPs would be desirable. In an animal study reported in 2014, characterization of the tremolite and anthophyllite used in the study was limited to optical microscopy. This study could not be fully interpreted without accurate measurement of the size distributions. The respirable fractions of the bulk materials used in both of these animal studies have been separated by water elutriation. The size distributions of the respirable fractions were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and these results were compared with the mesothelioma frequencies reported by the authors of the animal studies. The results show major discrepancies between the two studies. In particular, the numbers of tremolite EMPs injected that had dimensions associated with mesothelioma differed by a factor of 33.8 for the same biological outcome. The authors of the 2014 study suggested that the different strain of rat used in their study may explain discrepancies between their experiments and some of their earlier work on anthophyllite. The TEM results reported for the tremolite used in the 2014 study support this suggestion.
Studies on the Equivalence of Air and Water Elutriation of Amphibole Elongate Mineral Particles
Authors: Chatfield Eric J.
Published: December 2021

There appear to be few, if any, published data on the size distributions of the respirable fractions of airborne elongate mineral particles (EMPs) that can arise from dispersion of dust generated by comminution of known nonasbestiform amphiboles. Some air sample information is available from mining activities thought to contain only nonasbestiform amphibole, but these data can be criticized on the basis that mines are inhomogeneous and may contain minor occurrences of asbestiform material. Selected crystals of five nonasbestiform amphiboles were used in a laboratory study to compare the size distributions of the respirable fractions separated by water and air elutriation. Water elutriation was carried out using the fractional extraction procedure. For the air elutriation measurements, emissions of EMPs from a dual-component vibrating bed aerosol generator were sampled on to polycarbonate filters at the top of a vertical elutriator. For the water elutriation measurements, TEM specimens were prepared from the aqueous suspensions using the filtration and preparation procedures of ISO 13794. For the air elutriation measurements, TEM specimens were prepared from the polycarbonate filters using ISO 10312. For each of the measurements, the dimensions of approximately 200 EMPs longer than 5 μm were determined. The size distributions of the respirable fractions derived from each of the elutriation procedures were compared. It was determined that separation of the respirable fractions of comminuted nonasbestiform amphiboles by water elutriation is a reproducible procedure, both with respect to the size distributions and the number of respirable EMPs per gram of respirable dust. Air elutriation gave similar results for the five nonasbestiform samples, but differences were observed in some of the EMP size distributions. It appears that, in TEM analyses, the mean widths of a proportion of the nonasbestiform amphibole EMP population are overestimated for water deposition on filters, and are underestimated for air deposition on filters.
Asbestos Fiber Release Studies Using a Constructed Simulation Chamber
Authors: Compton Steven P. , Underwood Matthew R.
Published: December 2021

When activities involving asbestos-containing materials are performed in a simulation chamber, the collection of air samples can provide critical information about the concentrations to which the individuals performing the tasks are exposed. Air sampling is used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during Superfund investigations (activity-based sampling), by industrial hygienists to determine the appropriateness of different types of personal protective equipment (exposure assessments), and in litigation to investigate the possible significance of historical exposures (work practice studies). Regardless of the application, the underlying concept of collecting air samples while performing an activity remains the same. The investigative approach using a testing chamber can be used to better understand each potential exposure because the study can be designed to keep as many variables constant as possible such that the asbestos-containing material and the task at hand are the only significant variables. To that end, air sampling conducted inside of a simulation chamber allows for reproducible investigation of a wide variety of tasks on different types of asbestos-containing materials. More than four dozen chamber study results are presented for various asbestos-containing materials, including friction linings (brakes for automotive passenger vehicles and heavy duty equipment), industrial piping and small engine gaskets, compressed packing, rope packing, cement pipe, dry powder construction materials (joint compound and wood putty), resinous and cementitious electrical components, heat shields (found in vintage consumer electronics and appliances), and woven fabrics.
Indexing and Interpretation of Zone-Axis SAED Patterns of Amphibole Asbestos Minerals in the Asbestos Analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Su Shu-Chun
Published: December 2021

The analysis of asbestos minerals below optical resolution is conducted by the analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) protocol requires the measurement of three properties: the morphology by the TEM imaging, the elemental composition by the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and the crystal structure by the zone-axis selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern. Among the three categories of analysis, the most challenging one is the SAED pattern analysis. After the acquisition of a zone-axis SAED pattern with EDX-derived mineral identity, the practical and effective methodology of indexing and interpretation is the comparison of the measured (observed) values of the d-spacings of two intersecting direct lattice planes and their interplanar angle against the respective reference values in precalculated d-spacing and interplanar angle lookup tables (d-θ table) based on the mineral's unit cell parameters and symmetry. This paper presents a detailed procedure of the indexing and interpretation—that is, the determination of the Miller indices of (hk0) and (hkl) lattice planes and the determination of the corresponding zone axis—the intersection line of (hk0) and (hkl). This is applicable not only to the traditional airborne asbestos analysis but also to all asbestos analysis by TEM, such as asbestos in water, dust, bulk, and human tissue samples. Pertinent issues in the execution of the procedure are also discussed in detail.
Asbestos Bulk Sample Analysis Methods in the United States: It's about Regulated Work
Authors: Laubenthal Thomas G.
Published: December 2021

Over the past 40 years or so, the asbestos detection and control industry in the United States has grown to include many sectors of commercial pursuit. At its very root was the notion that asbestos had to be controlled in workplace environments and in those environments where asbestos could present potential harm. A significant effort began in the 1970s when the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) started regulating asbestos issues. Over the years, many other issues involving asbestos became important to various commercial sectors. Installed building materials are the requirement for testing and management by the EPA and a primary focus for OSHA. For those involved in natural resource exploitation, in the form of mining and aggregate, this sector was also awakened to the necessity of determining potential asbestos in their products. As regulations and methods have been developed, we have relied on those in the academic community to provide assistance in the definition of what constitutes asbestos. These arguments are with us still today. All of these issues are noteworthy, but the real majority of asbestos-related work in the United States, and likely internationally, resides in compliance with federal, state, and local asbestos rules, not that which constitutes research. Much of the sampling and analysis used for litigation or research work resides in a handful of firms that specialize in these endeavors. They may elect to use methods outside regulatory requirements or those developed for certain applications. This is not the majority of work that occurs with asbestos analysis in the United States; it is commercial work, by commercial concerns for regulatory compliance. In this paper, we look at what constitutes the required bulk sample analysis requirements for installed building materials as defined by specific U.S. EPA and OSHA regulations.
Analysis of Baseline, Perimeter and Off-Site Air Monitoring Data from the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, Fremont, California
Authors: Erskine Bradley G. , Bailey Mark
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the results of 810 pre-project baseline samples collected over four years, and 7,210 off-site samples and 14,314 perimeter samples collected over seven years during the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project (CDRP). The principal asbestos particles were chrysotile from serpentinite and glaucophane-winchite amphibole from blueschist. The baseline data showed that asbestos concentrations are station-dependent, and are influenced by the location on or near naturally occurring asbestos (NOA)–containing units, duration and intensity of disturbance, wind direction, and time of year. The increase of background over the time period shows that baseline sampling cannot be assumed as a measure of “background” or “ambient” conditions. Project perimeter and off-site data also revealed a strong influence by these variables, particularly the composition and location of NOA-bearing lithologic units. To differentiate local source impacts from the primary CDRP asbestos emissions, the data were analyzed independently for chrysotile and amphibole, and by composition of the amphiboles that comprise each unit. Of particular value was the comparison of the calcic-group amphibole to total amphibole ratio measured in air samples. This analysis delineated three asbestos sources: (1) alluvium in the Sunol Valley with high calcic ratios, (2) imported road surfacing aggregate with moderate calcic ratios, and (3) blueschist with low calcic ratios. When the data were sorted by wind direction, the analysis showed that the contribution of CDRP-generated asbestos to monitoring stations was significant near the point of disturbance only and did not significantly affect off-site stations that were located at or near sensitive receptors. The data also emphasize the shortfalls of applying a commercial definition of asbestos on large scale and long-duration construction projects that disturb NOA. Excluding amphibole particles that are compositionally deviant from those applied to building materials may result in a data set that is not representative of the minerals that actually are disturbed and may lead to a severe underestimation of exposure to workers and off-site receptors.
Analysis of Personal Exposure Monitoring Data for Naturally Occurring Asbestos at the Calaveras Dam Replacement Project, Sunol, California
Authors: Hernandez Dan , Erskine Bradley G.
Published: December 2021

This paper presents the results of contractor worker personal exposure monitoring from 3,663 samples and construction management (CM) worker monitoring from 1,292 samples collected during the 7-year Calaveras Dam Replacement Project. The samples were analyzed using NIOSH M7400 and adjusted using NIOSH M7402. The contractor monitored workers who were involved in the disturbance activities, such as laborers, drillers, bulldozers, and excavators, whereas the CM team monitored workers such as geologists, engineers, and biologists. The data set was analyzed by work categories and lithologic units (chrysotile from serpentinite and amphiboles from blueschist). The CM team data set was also differentiated by amphibole species, providing sets by two metrics: chrysotile plus all amphiboles included, and chrysotile plus the five “regulated” amphiboles only. Exposure by amphiboles to the contractor's workers were highly elevated, with the daily maximum ranging from 0.129 f/cc to 1.813 f/cc, and means ranging from 0.042 f/cc to 0.106 f/cc. The highest exposures were associated with the laborers and the drillers working within blueschist. Lower exposure concentrations were reported for serpentinite, with mean exposure concentrations ranging from 0.01 f/cc to 0.024 f/cc. The amphibole exposures (62% likelihood of permissible exposure limit [PEL] exceedance) were higher than chrysotile (3% likelihood of PEL exceedance) largely because the hard-rock blueschist could not be thoroughly wetted. Exposures to the CM team members were significantly lower: the mean exposure concentrations ranged from 0.0049 f/cc to 0.0085 f/cc (all-amphibole metric) and from 0.0002 f/cc to 0.0048 (“regulated” amphibole metric). CM workers did not work on the site all day, which depressed their exposures when reported as an 8-h time weight average. Exposures ranged from 0.0037 f/cc to 0.0069 f/cc (all-amphibole metric), and 0.0001 f/cc to 0.0034 (“regulated” amphibole metric). The data show that reporting only the Occupational Safety and Health Administration–regulated amphiboles would have resulted in an underestimation of exposure by 98%.
Quality of life in patients with scabies in Erbil, Iraq
Authors: Bilal Khalis , Othman Samir , Asaad Yassin
Published: December 2021

Background and objective: Scabies, known as the seven-year itch, is a contagious skin infestation by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that causes a pruritic skin eruption. Scabies is endemic in most of the communities of the developing world. This study aimed to assess the quality of life of scabies patients, taking into consideration the demographic profile and clinical presentation of patients in Erbil. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 107 scabies patients attending a private dermatology clinic were recruited. Dermatology Quality of Life Index questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: More than half (51.4%) of the patients were less than 30 years of age, including 58.9% males, 70.1% of them were married, and 67.3% were living in the urban area. More than 84% of the study sample’s quality of life was very large and extremely large affected. The overall mean of the quality of life scores was 14.95±4.5 with no significant association between the overall quality of life scores to disease severity and certain sociodemographic characteristics of the patients. The mean scores of the two domains of embarrassment and shopping were significantly associated with the male gender (P = 0.003 and 0.021, respectively). However, 40.2%, 35.5%, and 29% of the patients reported that the disease affected very much on their shopping, clothing, and working activities, respectively. Conclusion: The disease had caused a significant effect on patients' lives, with no significant association between the severity of the disease and overall quality of life scores. The disease in its mild, moderate, and severe forms adversely affected patient lives. The commonest quality of life scores were those in the range of 11-20. Keywords: Quality of life; Scabies; Erbil; Iraq.
Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among bodybuilders in Erbil city
Authors: Ahmed Ramadhan , Sulaiman Karwan , Hasan Muhammed , Dauod Ali
Published: December 2021

Background and objective: Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic testosterone derivatives with a longer duration of action than physiological androgens. They are abused by bodybuilders because of their potential to enhance muscle strength. Serious medical and psychological complications may be associated with their non-medical use. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids among bodybuilders and their awareness of health-related risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from the 1st of January 2019 to the end of July 2019 in 18 randomly selected gym centers in Erbil city, Iraq using stratified random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 400 bodybuilders to assess the prevalence and knowledge of using Anabolic-androgenic steroids. Results: The study showed a high prevalence of Anabolic-androgenic steroid consumption (26.3%) among gym users in Erbil city. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use was significantly higher among participants with a longer duration of bodybuilding practice ≥4 years (P = 0.001). Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse was significantly associated with drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes, and using growth hormones. Trainers were the commonest source of recommendation. Conclusion: The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroids abuse is high among bodybuilders in Erbil city. Public health awareness is essential and may help avoid the propagation of the problem. Keywords: Anabolic steroids; Gym users; Bodybuilders; Knowledge, Erbil.
DAYA TERIMA KONSUMEN PADA ROTI SOFT ROLL (STUDI TENTANG PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN RAGI ALAMI SOURDOUGH BERBASIS UMBI-UMBIAN)
Authors: Fadiati Ari
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya terima konsumen pada produk roti soft roll penggunaan ragi alami sourdough dengan penambahan kentang. Luaran dari penelitian ini adalah hasil uji daya terima konsumen pada produk roti soft roll Â penggunaan ragi alami sourdough dengan penambahan kentang yang dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan Â bagi para produsen dan calon wirausahawan di bidang bakery, serta publikasi jurnal nasional. Proses penelitian dilaksanakan di lingkungan kelurahan Malaka Sari, Kecamatan Duren Sawit, Kota Madya Jakarta Timur pada 30 orang, dimulai dari bulan Maret hingga November 2020. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Uji daya terima konsumen menggunakan uji hedonik yang akan menilai beberapa aspek baik aspek eksternal (volume, warna kerak, rata pembakaran dan kerak roti) maupun aspek internal (rasa, aroma, struktur jaringan, dan kualitas pengunyahan) dimulai dengan kategori penilaian sangat suka hingga sangat tidak suka. Analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis adalah uji unpaired T-test, karena data penelitian ini merupakan Â 2 data Â kategori yang tidak berpasangan. Hasil dari uji ini menunjukan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap penggunaan ragi instan dan ragi alami pada roti soft roll terhadap faktor internal maupun faktor eksternal pada daya terima konsumen.
Komposisi Dodol Ganyong (Canna Edulis Ker), Tape Ketan Hitam, Sari Kedelai Ditinjau dari Uji Organoleptik
Authors: Minantyo Hari , Audrey Kendrick , Yuwono Victor Kurniawan
Published: December 2021

Komposisi Dodol  Ganyong (Canna Edulis Ker), Tape Ketan Hitam, Sari Kedelai Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi dodol dari bahan dasar  ganyong, tape ketan hitam dan sari kedelai. Uji organoleptik dilakukan pada 90 orang panelis secara acak yang dibagi dalam tiga kali pengulangan dengan membagikan kuesioner dengan penilaian menggunakan skala likert. Uji organoleptik dilakukan untuk menilai tekstur, aroma, warna dan rasa dari dodol. Hasil uji organoleptik dianalisis menggunakan software SPSS 22. Hasil rata-rata dari seluruh kualitas indrawi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi dodol dengan ganyong 100 gram paling disukai oleh panelis dengan nilai rata-rata total sebesar 3,46 atau netral agak suka. Tekstur tidak lengket, aroma dodol harum, warna dodol cokelat mengilap dan rasa dodol manis tidak asam.
KONSEPSI KECANTIKAN DIBALIK TATA RIAS PENGANTIN BERCADAR PADA MEDIA INSTAGRAM
Authors: Antika Kusuma Lisa Nur , Faidah Mutimmatul
Published: December 2021

Performa perempuan bercadar saat ini banyak dijumpai di social media. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan detail tata rias pengantin bercadar dari media Instagram dan (2) menemukanÂ  karakter dan konsep kecantikan dari tampilan pengantin bercadar di media Instagram. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dengan dokumentasi. Obyek penelitian adalah tiga akun Instagram selebgram bercadar di Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini, pertama,Â  pemilik akun @wardahmaulina menggunakan pengantin adat aceh untuk golongan rakyat dengan busana pengantin dan cadar berwarna hitam serta trend make up Bold. Pemilik akun @sonia ristanti menggunakan adat aceh golongan ulee baling yaitu golongan raja/sultan berwarna merah serta cadar berwarna cokelat muda dengan trend make up arabican look. Pemilik akun @unialfi menggunakan tata rias pengantin internasional serta cadar berwarna putih menggunakan trend make up flawless. Kedua, Karakter yang dimunculkan pengantin bercadar terlihat dari wajah, tubuh, peran di ranah publik, dan peran di ranah domestik. Perempuan bercadar juga ingin dikatakan cantik meski tidak terlihat wajahnya. Kecantikan dalam persepsi perempuan bercadar adalah ketika dirinya berbuat baik, berucapan yang baik serta menunjukkan tingkah laku yang baik, karena kecantikan tidak untuk diperlombakan. Gaya kecantikan perempuan bercadar di Instagram memiliki ciri khas tersendiri seperti, busana yang digunakan fashionable dan menggunakan eye make up yang menonjolkan bagian mata.
PENERAPAN BAHAN TWEED PADA PEMBUATAN BUSANA READY TO WEAR
Authors: Krisnayadi Febbry Dwiyanti , Prihatin Pipin Tresna
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to 1) develop the writer's creativity in making ready to wear fashion using tweed material, and 2) apply the knowledge and skills gained during lectures, especially in fashion design and textile knowledge courses in ready to wear fashion products with using tweed material. The method used is the Project Based Learning (PBL) method. Supported by the study of literature is done by reading material in the form of books, articles and journals, or documents that are relevant to the problem under study. The results of the study are that ready to wear fashion brands have the opportunity to be developed into ready to wear clothing in Indonesia, because fashion processing using tweed material is rarely produced. In its use this tweed material can be used as ready to wear fashion and also used in parties. This ready to wear fashion with tweed material is proposed to target the market for teenage women to adults with age around 19-35 years. Rready to wear fashion by using tweed material can provide innovation to designers and the public in making a fashion product.Â Keywords: Fashion, Tweed, Ready to WearÂ Abstrak . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk 1) mengembangkan kreativitas penulis dalam pembuatan busana siap pakai dengan menggunakan bahan wol, dan 2) menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang diperoleh selama perkuliahan, khususnya di mata kuliah mode desain busana dan pengetahuan tekstil pada produk busana siap pakai dengan menggunakan bahan tweed. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode Project Based Learning (PBL). Didukung dengan studi literatur dilakukan dengan membaca materi berupa buku-buku, artikel, dan jurnal, atau dokumen-dokumen yang relevan dengan permasalahan yang dikaji. Hasil penelitian yaitu bahwa merek busana siap pakaimemiliki peluang untuk dikembangkan menjadi busana siap pakai di Indonesia, karena pengolahan busana menggunakan bahan tweed masih jarang pakai. Dalam penggunaannya penggunaan bahan tweed ini dapat digunakan sebagai busana siap pakai dan juga digunakan dalam acara pesta. Busana siap pakai dengan bahan tweed yang diajukan di pasar untuk wanita remaja hingga dewasa dengan usia sekitar 19-35 tahun. Busana siap pakai dengan menggunakan bahan tweed dapat memberi inovasi kepada desainer maupun masyarakat dalam pembuatan suatu produk busana.Â Kata Kunci: Busana, Tweed, Siap Pakai
Ekplorasi Motif Tumpal Sarung Betawi pada Busana Pesta dengan Hiasan Teknik Lekapan Payet
Authors: Sekartinah, Astuti Sri
Published: December 2021

Busana pesta adalah busana yang dikenakan untuk menghadiri kesempatan acara pesta. Model busana pesta lebih bervariasi dan lebih rumit. Lekapan payet merupakan teknik menghias kain, busana dan pelengkap busana, menggunakan payet dan manik-manik, dengan jenis, ukuran dan warna yang disesuaikan dengan benda yang dihias. Tujuan pembuatan produk busana pesta dengan motif tumpal Betawi yaitu karena batik adalah salah satu warisan Indonesia yang wajib dilestarikan masyarakat Indonesia terutama kaum remaja sebagai generasi penerus bangsa. Dengan eksplorasi motif tumpal pada pembuatan busana pesta wanita diharapkanÂ  dapat melestarikan dan mempromosikan salah satu batik khas Betawi. Manfaat pemasangan lekapan payet pada busana pesta dengan motif tumpal pada busana pesta dimaksudkan agar busana menjadi lebih indah dan lebih menonjolkan motif yang ada pada batik tersebut. dan busana menjadi lebih terlihat menarik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan karya ilmiah ini yaitu Project Based Learning dengan tahapan: penentuan sumber ide, pembuatan moodboard, pembuatan desain, dan pembuatan produk, pemasangann Teknik lekapan payet pada busana dan finishing.
Corporate Communications in Contribution to Addressing Environmental Problems: Case Study of an Indonesian State Oil Company
Authors: Yasir Yasir , Nurjanah Nurjanah , Yohana Nova , Samsir Samsir
Published: December 2021

This study aims to explain the corporate communication of state oil companies through CSR in contributing to overcoming the problems of peatland fires and coastal abrasion. This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies. Research findings indicate that Pertamina’s CSR communication targets farmer groups in dealing with peatland fires, namely establishing good relations, strengthening farmer group institutions, and connecting with other stakeholders or groups. Meanwhile, to overcome coastal abrasion, Pertamina empowers fishing groups in meetings, provides training and develops innovations to conserve mangroves. CSR communication to overcome the problem of forest fires and abrasion is carried out by developing ecotourism through community-based tourism (CBT). CSR activities are carried out with a limited area scale, so that it seems only for publication and corporate imagery. However, the company’s communication with CBT can be an effective communication model in making people aware of protecting the environment. The Peat Arboretum and Mangrove Education Center are not only tourist destinations, but also a medium of communication for environmental education for the community. Environmental communication is not only directed to the local community, school students, and youth, but also to visitors, for media coverage and discussions on social media. Corporate environmental communications must be integrated with communication channels and stakeholders to support sustainable environmental development.
“The Merchandise Has Appeared on the Market”: The Typology of Plunderers, Schemes of Illegal Realization, and Legal Practice in Soviet Lithuania (1945–1947)
Authors: Indrišionis Darius
Published: December 2021

This research focuses on plunder from variuos co-operative or state institutions (mostly those which had belonged to the Ministry of Internal Trading or the Unity of Co-operatives of Lithuanian SSR) in the first post-war years (1945–1947) in the Lithuanian SSR. The primary source for this article is comprised by 54 criminal cases from the archive of the Supreme Court of the Lithuanian SSR. Cases used in this study were chosen based on one important criteria: that there were not only acts of plunder but also the realization of stolen goods. This would most likely be achieved by selling the goods through various marketplaces (looking from the Soviet point of view, the plundered items belonged to the black market anyway – even if the market activities were not forbidden). Also, the practices of punishment applied in the cases of plunderers and speculators are analyzed. The research shows that even in the very first years of the post-war period, illegal economic processes were widespread in Soviet Lithuania. Plunderers were hitting the Soviet economy hard – despite the harsh practice of punishment, the Soviet government would lose tens of millions of rubles in the Lithuanian SSR each year.
Great Expectations – Sluggish Performance
Authors: Žukas Teodoras
Published: December 2021

Rec.: Katja Hoyer, The Rise and Fall of German Empire, Stroud: The History Press, 2021.
Impact of High Flow Nasal Cannula on Resource Utilization in Bronchiolitis
Authors: Biggerstaff Scott , Markham Jessica L. , Winer Jeffrey C. , Richardson Troy , Berg Kathleen J.
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES

High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is increasingly used for children hospitalized with bronchiolitis. We aimed to validate identification of HFNC use in a national database, then compare resource utilization among children treated with and without HFNC.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional, multicenter study, we obtained clinical and resource utilization data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database for healthy children aged 1 to 24 months admitted for bronchiolitis. We assessed HFNC use based on a combination of billing codes and reviewed charts at 2 hospitals to determine their accuracy. We compared costs, length of stay, and readmissions between the HFNC and no HFNC groups at hospitals utilizing the HFNC codes.

RESULTS

The PHIS codes demonstrated 90.4% sensitivity and 99.3% specificity to detect HFNC use as verified by chart review at 2 hospitals. However, only 24 of 51 PHIS hospitals used these codes for ≥1% of patients with bronchiolitis. Within those hospitals, children treated with HFNC had greater total costs ($7054 vs $4544; P < .001), greater daily costs ($2922 vs $2613; P < .001), and longer length of stay (57.6 vs 41.6 hours; P < .001). Those treated with HFNC were less likely to be readmitted at 3 and 7 days (P < .001), but by 14 days, readmissions were similar in the 2 groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Billing codes for HFNC are inconsistently applied across PHIS hospitals; however, among those hospitals that routinely apply these codes, HFNC was associated with more intense resource utilization. Standardization of billing practices for HFNC would allow future study to more broadly describe the value of HFNC.
Impact of Catheter Ablation on Quality of Life and Healthcare Utilisation
Authors: Mohanty Sanghamitra , Natale Andrea
Published: December 2021

Impairment of quality of life (QoL) is a well-known complication of AF. Because of the association of AF with older age and many other cardiovascular comorbidities, there are multiple factors that could influence QoL score even after successful AF intervention. However, substantial improvement in QoL has been reported following catheter ablation for AF regardless of ablation outcomes. In terms of healthcare resource utilisation, the expenses associated with AF are very high because of the hospitalisations for AF-related thromboembolic complications, aggravation of heart failure, AF interventions, and emergency room visits for incessant arrhythmia episodes, and they represent a large economic burden worldwide. Several trials have shown a drastic reduction in healthcare costs following successful AF ablation. In this review, the authors discuss this evidence systematically.
Successful Identification of and Discrimination Between Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmia with the Aid of Pacing and Defibrillator Devices
Authors: Mukherjee Rahul K. , Sohal Manav , Shanmugam Nesan , Pearse Simon , Jouhra Fadi
Published: December 2021

The presence of supraventricular tachycardia is the leading cause of inappropriate shock in ICD recipients, and it can be a significant cause of morbidity, psychological distress and worsened clinical outcome. Modern pacing and ICD systems offer a number of discriminators that are integrated into algorithms to differentiate sustained ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia. These algorithms can be adapted and optimised for each individual patient to ensure that only those arrhythmias that need treatment through the use of an ICD, are actually treated. This review summarises the single- and dual-chamber discriminators that can be used in the detection and classification of tachyarrhythmias.
Hematopoietik kök hücre nakli uygulanan bireylerde nakil tipine göre kas kuvveti, ağrı, yorgunluk ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin incelenmesi
Authors: YILDIZ KABAK Vesile , ATASAVUN UYSAL Songul , ALADAĞ Elifcan , GOKER Hakan , DÜGER Tülin
Published: December 2021

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı, hematopoietik kök hücre nakli (HKHN) tedavisi uygulanan bireylerde nakil tipine göre kas kuvveti, ağrı, yorgunluk ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyini araştırmaktı.
Yöntem: Çalışmamıza HKHN ile tedavi olmuş ve en az 3 ay geçmiş toplam 61 birey dahil edildi. Ağrı ve yorgunluk düzeyi Vizuel Analog Skalası ile değerlendirildi. Katılımcıların kavrama kuvveti ve periferal kas kuvveti skorları dinamometre ile ölçüldü. 30-saniye Otur-Kalk Testi fonksiyonel performansı değerlendirmede kullanıldı. Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi, fiziksel aktivite düzeyini ölçmede kullanıldı.Bulgular: Bireyler nakil tipine göre otolog (n=30) ve allojenik (n=31) olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Katılımcıların tanısı dışında gruplar arasında demografik ve medikal karakteristikler açısından anlamlı bir fark yoktu (p˃0,05). Gruplar arasında kaydedilen sonuç ölçümleri karşılaştırıldığında; allojenik HKHN uygulanan bireylerin otolog HKHN uygulanan bireylere göre anlamlı ölçüde daha yüksek yorgunluğu var iken (p=0,027); Quadriceps femoris kas kuvveti (p=0,042) ve 30-saniye Otur-Kalk Testi sonuçları (p=0,006) anlamlı ölçüde daha düşüktü. Gruplar arasında diğer kaydedilen sonuç ölçümleri açısından anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p˃0,05).Sonuç: Allojenik HKHN uygulanan bireyler otolog HKHN uygulanan bireylere göre daha fazla fiziksel problemlere sahiptir. Fizyoterapistler, nakil tipinin hastanın fonksiyonel defisitlerini artırabileceğinin farkında olup egzersiz programlarını nakil tipine göre ayarlayarak kişilerin en erken seviyede toparlanmalarına destek olmalıdırlar.
Numerical modeling of the formation of D-T mixture spherical layer in micro-targets of LTS
Authors: Kireicheva Ekaterina Yu. , Veselova Elena A. , Mamedova Tatyana F.
Published: December 2021

The article presents a two-dimensional economical computational model of the formation of D-T mixture cryogenic layer in a spherical shell. The model is based on the description of the motion of the gas phase in the Boussinesq approximation. The thermal problem is a Stefan problem with a gas-solid phase transition. The technique is based on the finite volume method, the use of a structured mobile grid, whose movement is associated with the separation of the phase front, implicit approximations and the method of splitting two-dimensional equations in directions into one-dimensional equations. It is numerically shown that, due to natural radioactivity, the target is symmetrized. A calculated estimation of the symmetrization time for one geometry of the target with different filling coefficients is carried out.
Results of Malnutrition Correction in Children with Cystic Fibrosis with Hypercaloric Formulas for Enteral Nutrition for One Month: Cohort Study
Authors: Maksimycheva Tatiana Y. , Kondratyeva Elena I. , Sherman Victoria D. , Voronkova Anna Y. , Kulevatova Anna Y.
Published: December 2021

Background. The use of hypercaloric formulas in cystic fibrosis patients has the risks of negative effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Thus, it is interesting to analyze the efficacy of malnutrition correction and the safety of hypercaloric enteral products with a low glycemic index and with medium-chain triglycerides content of 50%.

Objective. The aim of the study is analyze the efficacy of malnutrition correction with therapeutic hypercaloric product for enteral nutrition in children with cystic fibrosis.

Methods. The study included patients aged from 3 to 18 years with malnutrition (BMI < 50 percentile) who were prescribed therapeutic hypercaloric formula to correct the malnutrition. Anthropometric indicators (height, body weight), actual nutritional status, pancreatin doses, lung function, carbohydrate metabolism rates, and cholestasis marker (bile acid concentration) were measured initially and after 1 month of using formula nutrition.

Results. The children’ body weight (Me) has increased from 24.5 (21.2; 38.7) to 25.3 kg (21.6; 39.7) (p = 0.001), growth (Me) — from 133.5 (120.2; 146.5) to 136.5 cm (123.0; 148.5) (p < 0.001) after 1 month of using hypercaloric formula. The growth percentile increased from 33 to 40, the z-criterion values — from –0.5 to –0.3 SD (p < 0.001). There was no increase in BMI in dynamics due to the fact that the growth of children was ahead of body weight increase. The daily energy intake increased by an average of 450 kcal that was 21.8% regarding physiological need.

Conclusion. The inclusion of hypercaloric formula in the diet of children with cystic fibrosis for 1 month significantly increases the indicators of linear growth and positively affects the overall physical development. There were no negative effect of formula on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH-EAST REGION
Authors: Bran Mariana , Dobre Iuliana , Voicu R.
Published: December 2021

The regional development is a complex process of harmonious transformation of all the area of a country, i.e., it keeps a moderate balance between the economical development and social development of different areas, taking into account the sustainable management of the natural resources and the protection of the environment. In the context of the rural space conditions, the agriculture needs to effectively contribute to the development of the whole set of social, economical and ecological issues that they present. Considering its size (88,7% of the entire land of the country), rural land is very important for the agriculture that needs to be looked at within an integrated approach with strong emphasis on the environment protection, respectively on the preservation of the landscapes and natural habitats that are not deteriorated.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMANIAN RURAL AREA
Authors: Constantin Elena , Maracineanu F. , Cazanescu S.
Published: December 2021

One of the major deficiencies of the rural area is the missing of production diversification and the leak of compliance with Communitarian norms and with International Quality Management Systems. A reduced competitiveness of the processed products determines a trade balance deficit of the agro-food products for the majority traditional agricultural areas.

Based on these considerations and on the present tendency in the world economy management regarding the gradual

reduction of the fossil fuels use by their replacement with bio-fuels, an applicative study has been elaborated. Its purpose is to support the rural areas sustainable development which has difficulties, by re-conversion of some of their activities towards agricultural crops used for bio-fuels production and the organization of their production in the area where raw materials can be obtained.
THE POLLUTION OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE QUALITY OF THE COMPRESSED AIR USED IN FOOD INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE
Authors: Cristea Alexandru
Published: December 2021

The designing of the compressed air local installations used in the ranches from agriculture and in the fabrics from the food industry has as base the idea that they must realize compressed air at the parameters assessed by the technological process, usually without oil and in some cases, sterile, according to the standard ISO 8573-1. The compressed air obtained by the vacuum, the compression, the cranking of the polluted atmospheric air in compressors contains the same quantity of the pollutant substances like the polluted atmospheric air. The condensation water that appears on the compressed air installation, as a noxious secondary product, also contains pollutant substances; due to thid reason, it must be collected, evacuated from the

installation, stored and treated in specialized units. The handling of the compressed air on the compressed air installation is realized with ratio separator, filters, air dryers, compressed air tanks.
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH THE NATIONAL ACCOUNTANCY
Authors: Criveanu Maria , Simionescu Silvia
Published: December 2021

In the conditions of the current period, characterized through demographic increase, economical and industrialization development but also through the action often uncontrolled of human upon the environment, it is matter of environment protection.

The preoccupations for the protection of natural environment were felt since the beginning of XIX century when was implied the active participation to the protection of nature beauties and to the prevention of abusive exploitation of the natural rich. In 1930 was published the Law for Protecting the Monuments of Nature, the first law for the environment protection, and one year later took place the Committee for the Protection of Nature Monuments that functions today also under the patronage of the Romanian Academy. Under the impact of the economical development, of the industrial revolution and mostly, of the technical-scientific revolution, were created lacks of balance in the environment through the pollution phenomena, more or less serious the soil level, water and air; disappearance or about to disappear many plants and animals species; the apparition of various diseases caused by pollution (SIDA, cancer, syndrome of mad cow, etc), phenomena that manifest today at the level of all countries and continents.

Among time it was observed that, destroying the forests, due to which there is stability and quality of three fundamental elements of human lives, soil, air and water, provoked disastrous effects upon the environment.

The actual problems of the environment may be solved through the most precise evaluation of the outturn in future of the natural resources (exhaustion of hydrocarbons deposits, restrain of wooded surfaces) in the national accountancy. National accountancy (System of national accounts) represents an evidence system and the macro economical analyze used in the statistics of the countries with a market economy, in the statistics O.N.U. and other international organizations to represent quantitative the economical reality in a period of time or at a certain moment.

The evaluation and integration of the environment in the national accountancy is difficult matter, hard to realize because regarded from the economical point of view is ascertained as it offers support for the economical activity.
RESARCH REGARDING THE ALIMENTARY PREFFERANCE OF CONSUMER PANELS REFFERING TO THE ORGANOLEPTIC PARAMETERS OF SOME ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL TOMATO HYBRIDS
Authors: Fitiu Avram
Published: December 2021

The research aimed thrrough the knowlidge of alimentary prefferance of some consumer panels upon studying of alimentary prefferance tests. The tests have been accomplished on 5 panels of 20 consumers taken by occurance. The global appreciation of each consumer was graded on a gustatory form from 1 to 9. The results of the organoleptic analysis tests permits a global estimation (average grade) given by the consumer panels in the case of the two experimental panels (conventional toamtoes and organic toamtoes. The treaty of the results was accomplished through a Sigmasat logicy which was used for parameter analysis.
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING RURAL LANDSCAPE AND BIODIVERSITY PRESERVATION
Authors: Maracineanu F. , Constantin Elena , Bozianu Catalina
Published: December 2021

The landscape represents a defined zone in a specific area, formed during time by the interaction between physic environment, biotic environment and human activity, which state reflects the society organization and development.
RESEARCH REGARDING THE GENETICAL DIVERSITY OF CARROT (DAUCUS CAROTA)
Authors: Maxim A. , Sandor M. , Sima Rodica , Papp Ruxandra , Hapca A. , Lucian Cristina
Published: December 2021

The reduction of agro biodiversity started to concern more and more international organizations. The most important documents drawn up regarding this are: Convention on Biodiversity adopted in ONU Conference of Rio de Janeiro (1992), 98/95 EEC Directive, The International Convention regarding Genetic Resources of Plants for Alimentation and Agriculture (2001). These were transposed further in the Romanian legislation. Starting with 2007 year, at USAMV Cluj-Napoca, actions for inventorying seed producers and actions for collecting vegetable seeds from traditional varieties and local varieties of vegetables were being made. These were selected, characterized from agro biological, biochemical and molecular point of view and the seeds obtained in controlled conditions will be preserved in gene banks. From the 61 studied cultivars, 27 proved to be local authentic varieties
WIND-REGENERABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY; CASE STUDY ORADEA-2005
Authors: Mintas Olimpia
Published: December 2021

Within the rational usage of the so-called “alternative” or “integrative” energy, the

exploitation of the wind energy is surely of great importance. Particularly, a more considerable usage of windenergy

has many advantages both of technical nature (the safety of the energetic source in contrast with natural ecosystems with very low environmental impacts, having a possible high global efficiency, construction simplicity and the duration of the assembly), and of economical one (low financial investment, low maintenance and functioning costs). Although, globally, the energy of wind is in an advanced technological maturity, it can be stated that in Romania the heft of wind energy within the energetical balance, on the short term, is situated below

the real possibilities of economical exploitation, because of the high price and administrative difficulties. These reasons have prevented so far the recycling energies from really competing with fossil fuels.
An Approach to E-Commerce with Voice Recognition
Authors: Choudhury Debangi , Saha Riya , Dey Anushka , Dey Tiyasha , Mukherjee Srilekha
Published: December 2021

E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce is process of doing business through computer networks virtually. A person sitting in front of his computer can access all facilities to buy and sell products. E-commerce has reduced human effort by reducing physical work and saving time of the seller
and buyer both. The main advantage of E-commerce is that the user can browse online shops and compare prices of products sitting at home in their comfort. The buyer/consumer surfs through the internet to the seller's website and views the products sold by them. There the buyer compares the
price and selects items that he/she wants to buy and then proceeds with transaction. Most E-commerce websites are limiting consumer's senses to only viewing. Shopping can be made more convenient if the buyer could communicate with the website just by verbally asking for the product and receiving
audio + visuals as a result. Here comes the role of AI powered voice recognition. This is the problem we aim to solve to make the user experience better by combining two very popular technologies that are Reactjs and Alan AI. The power of React makes a website faster. React allows developers
to create large web applications that can change data, without re-loading the page. The main purpose of React is to be fast, scalable, and simple. Alan AI is an advanced Voice AI Platform that allows us to add a voice interface to our app without overhead.