bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitors: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for the Management of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Prabhakar Pranav K. , Sivakumar Ponnurengam M.
Published: July 2019

Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine non-communicable metabolic disorders which is mainly caused either due to insufficient insulin or inefficient insulin or both together and is characterized by hyperglycemia. Diabetes emerged as a serious health issue in the industrialized and developing country especially in the Asian pacific region. Out of the two major categories of diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes is more prevalent, almost 90 to 95% cases, and the main cause of this is insulin resistance. The main cause of the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been found to be insulin resistance. The type 2 diabetes mellitus may be managed by the change in lifestyle, physical activities, dietary modifications and medications. The major currently available management strategies are sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, α-glucosidase inhibitors, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist. Binding of insulin on the extracellular unit of insulin receptor sparks tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor which induces autophosphorylation. The phosphorylation of the tyrosine is regulated by insulin and leptin molecules. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) works as a negative governor for the insulin signalling pathways, as it dephosphorylates the tyrosine of the insulin receptor and suppresses the insulin signalling cascade. The compounds or molecules which inhibit the negative regulation of PTP1B can have an inductive effect on the insulin pathway and finally help in the management of diabetes mellitus. PTP1B could be an emerging therapeutic strategy for diabetes management. There are a number of clinical and basic research results which suggest that induced expression of PTP1B reduces insulin resistance. In this review, we briefly elaborate and explain the place of PTP1B and its significance in diabetes as well as a recent development in the PTP1B inhibitors as an antidiabetic therapy.
Non-linear Relationship between Tacrolimus Blood Concentration and Acute Rejection After Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies
Authors: Yin Saifu , Song Turun , Li Xingxing , Xu Hanyue , Zhang Xueling , Jiang Yamei , Lin Tao
Published: July 2019

Background:

Maintaining the exposure of tacrolimus (Tac) after kidney transplantation (KT) must be necessary to prevent acute rejection (AR) and improve graft survival，but there is still no clear consensus on the optimal Tac target blood concentration and concentration-effect relationship is poorly defined.

Methods:

We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to quantitatively assess the association between Tac blood concentration and (AR) or adverse effects after KT. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library databases was conducted to find eligible studies up to 10th September 2018. Unpublished data from patients receiving KT in West China Hospital (Sichuan University, China) were also collected. Both twostage dose-response and one-stage dose-response meta-analysis models were used to improve the statistical power.

Results:

A total of 4967 individuals from 10 original studies and 1453 individuals from West China Hospital were eligible for the ultimate analysis. In the two-stage dose-response meta-analysis model, we observed a significant non-linear relationship between Tac blood concentration and AR (P < 0.001) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 46.0%, P = 0.08). Tac blood concentration at 8ng/ml was associated with the lowest risk of AR (RR: 0.26, 95%CI: 0.13 - 0.54) by reference to 2ng/ml. Tac concentration at 7.0 - 11.0 ng/ml reduced the risk of AR by at least 70%, 5-14 ng/ml by at least 60%, and 4.5 – 14 ng/ml at least 50%. In the one-stage dose-response model, we also found a strong non-linear relationship between Tac and AR (P < 0.001) with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 41.2%, P = 0.10). Tac concentration of 7.5 ng/ml was associated with the lowest risk of AR (RR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.16 - 0.77). The blood concentration at 5.5 - 9.5 ng/ml was associated with the reduced AR by at least 60% and 4.5 - 10.5 ng/ml by at least 50% by reference to 2 ng/ml.

Conclusion:

Maintaining Tac blood concentration at 5 - 9.5 ng/ml within the first year may prevent AR most effectively.
Polyphenols Regulate Endothelial Functions and Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Yamagata Kazuo
Published: July 2019

Background:

Previous studies have shown that intake of polyphenols through the consumption of
vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) by potentially influencing endothelial cell
function.

Objective:

In this review, the effects and molecular mechanisms of plant polyphenols, particularly resveratrol,
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin, on endothelial functions, and their putative protective effects
against CVD are described.

Methods:

Epidemiologic studies examined the effect of the CVD risk of vegetables and the fruit. Furthermore,
studies within vitro models investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of the action of the flavonoid class
of polyphenols. These findings help elucidate the effect of polyphenols on endothelial function and CVD risk
reduction.

Results:

Epidemiologic and in vitro studies have demonstrated that the consumption of vegetables and fruits
decreases the incidence of CVDs. Furthermore, it has also been indicated that dietary polyphenols are inversely
related to the risk of CVD. Resveratrol, EGCG, and quercetin prevent oxidative stress by regulating the expression
of oxidase and the antioxidant enzyme genes, contributing to the prevention of stroke, hypertension, heart
failure, and ischemic heart disease.

Conclusion:

High intake of dietary polyphenols may help prevent CVD. Polyphenols inhibit endothelial dysfunction
and induce vascular endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation viz. redox regulation and nitric oxide production.
The polyphenol-induced healthy endothelial cell function may be related to CVD prevention.
Vitamin D and Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Overweight Adults: An Overview of the Evidence
Authors: Valer-Martinez Ana , Martinez J. Alfredo , Sayon-Orea Carmen , Galvano Fabio , Grosso Giuseppe , Bes-Rastrollo Maira
Published: July 2019

Background:

Several studies have suggested a potential association between low vitamin D serum levels and several pathological conditions apart from the well-known bone disorders. Thus, vitamin D insufficiency has been linked to cardiometabolic risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, as well as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Objective:

This review intends to provide an overview of recent evidence from clinical studies on vitamin D [25- hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)] and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight adults. Furthermore, we also discussed potential mechanisms and limits of the retrieved results.

Methods:

The search process was based on the selection of publications (RCT) listed in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases.

Results:

Vitamin D status evidenced an inversely strong association with subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adiposity, but not significantly related to other bodyweight measures (i.e., body mass index). Studies have shown a potential inverse association of hypovitaminosis D with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors.

Conclusion:

The mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency enhances adiposity, as well as putative association with metabolic syndrome features, remain still unclear. Further investigation would be required to conclude whether vitamin D has an independent role in preventing cardiometabolic disorders.
Sarcopenia in Ovarian Cancer Patients, Oncologic Outcomes Revealing the Importance of Clinical Nutrition: Review of Literature
Authors: Cianci Stefano , Rumolo Valerio , Rosati Andrea , Scaletta Giuseppe , Alletti Salvatore Gueli , Cerentini Taís Marques , Sleiman Zaki , Lordelo Patricia , Angerame Daniela , Garganese Giorgia , Uccella Stefano , Tarascio Mattia , Scambia Giovanni
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among gynecological malignancies. Its usual clinical manifestation is at advanced stages, with nutritional impairment, weight loss, and a consequent decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength (defined as sarcopenia). The relationship between sarcopenia and decreased survival was demonstrated not only in ovarian cancer but also in other cancer types, such as hepatocellular, pancreatic, lung, colon, cervical, metastatic breast, and renal cancer. The aim of this study is to review the current evidence regarding the relationship between sarcopenia and the surgical and oncological outcomes in ovarian cancer patients.

Methods:

The systematic search was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRSIMA) statement. The terms “SARCOPENIA” AND “OVARIAN CANCER” were systematically used to search PubMed and Scopus databases. Original reports in English language were identified, with the purpose to include all relevant papers regarding the role of sarcopenia and indicators of skeletal muscle quality assessment in gynecological ovarian cancer.

Results:

A total of 9 studies were considered eligible for the present review. The strength of recommendation was moderate and the level of evidence was low in all selected articles. No prospective studies were conducted and most of the papers were case-control series comparing ovarian cancer sarcopenic population vs. non sarcopenic population.

Conclusion:

Sarcopenia appears to have an important role in oncological outcomes of ovarian cancer patients. However, sarcopenia occurrence during disease history and mechanisms underlying the possible impairment in prognosis should be better investigated. Prospective trials are awaited in order to obtain a better insight in this topic.
Laccase: An Environmental Benign Pretreatment Agent for Efficient Bioconversion of Lignocellulosic Residues to Bioethanol
Authors: Nawaz Ali , Mukhtar Hamid , ul Haq Ikram , Mazhar Zainab , Mumtaz Muhammad Waseem
Published: July 2019

Abrupt urbanization and industrialization around the world resulted in elevated environmental pollution and depletion of natural energy resources. An eco-friendly and economical alternative for energy production is the need of an hour. This can be achieved by converting the waste material into energy. One such waste is lignocellulosic agricultural residues, produced in billions of tons every year all around the world, which can be converted into bioethanol. The main challenge in this bioconversion is the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic material. The removal of cementing material is lignin and to overcome the potential inhibitors produced during the disintegration of lignin is the challenging task for biotechnologist. This task can be achieved by a number of different methods but laccase is the most effective and eco-friendly method that can be used for effective removal of lignin along with the increase the accessibility of cellulose and bioethanol yield.
Expression Profile of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-3 in Different Grades of Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Oplawski Marcin , Dziobek Konrad , Zmarzły Nikola , Grabarek Beniamin , Halski Tomasz , Januszyk Piotr , Kuś-Kierach Agnieszka , Adwent Iwona , Dąbruś Dariusz , Kiełbasiński Kamil , Boroń Dariusz
Published: July 2019

Background:

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, -D, and VEGF receptor-3 are proteins characterized as crucial for tumor lymphangiogenesis. It is accompanied by angiogenesis during wound healing, but also in the neoplastic process. The research studies have shown that the lymphatic system plays a key role in the progression of carcinogenesis.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in different grades of endometrial cancer (G1-G3).

Methods:

The study included 45 patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer (G1=17; G2=15; G3=13) and 15 patients without neoplastic changes. The expression of VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFR-3 was assessed using microarray technique and immunohistochemistry. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.

Results:

Statistically significant changes in the expression at the transcriptome level were found only in the case of VEGF-C (G1 vs. C, fold change - FC = -1.15; G2 vs. C, FC = -2.33; G3 vs. C, FC = - 1.68). However, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 were expressed at the protein level. Analysis of VEGF-D expression showed that the optical density of the reaction product in G1 reached 101.7, while the values in G2 and G3 were 142.7 and 184.4, respectively. For VEGF-R3, the optical density of the reaction product reached the following levels: 72 in control, 118.77 in G1, 145.8 in G2, and 170.9 in G3.

Conclusion:

: An increase in VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 levels may indicate that VEGF-D-dependent processes are intensified along with the dedifferentiation of tumor cells. The lack of VEGF-C expression in endometrial cancer samples may suggest that this tumor is characterized by a different mechanism of metastasis than EMT. Our study emphasizes that when analyzing the metastatic potential of cancer, the expression of more than one factor should be taken into account.
Biotechnological Production of Statins: Metabolic Aspects and Genetic Approaches
Authors: Neto Roberval N.M. , Barros Gomes Edelvio de , Weba-Soares Lucas , Dias Léo R.L. , da Silva Luís C.N. , de Miranda Rita de C.M.
Published: July 2019

Statins are drugs used for people with abnormal lipid levels (hyperlipidemia) and are among the best-selling medications in the United States. Thus, the aspects related to the production of these drugs are of extreme importance for the pharmaceutical industry. Herein, we provide a non-exhaustive review of fungal species used to produce statin and highlighted the major factors affecting the efficacy of this process. The current biotechnological approaches and the advances of a metabolic engineer to improve statins production are also emphasized. The biotechnological production of the main statins (lovastatin, pravastatin and simvastatin) uses different species of filamentous fungi, for example Aspergillus terreus. The statins production is influenced by different types of nutrients available in the medium such as the carbon and nitrogen sources, and several researches have focused their efforts to find the optimal cultivation conditions. Enzymes belonging to Lov class, play essential roles in statin production and have been targeted to genetic manipulations in order to improve the efficiency for Lovastatin and Simvastatin production. For instance, Escherichia coli strains expressing the LovD have been successfully used for lovastatin production. Other examples include the use of iRNA targeting LovF of A. terreus. Therefore, fungi are important allies in the fight against hyperlipidemias. Although many studies have been conducted, investigations on bioprocess optimization (using both native or genetic- modified strains) still necessary.
The Solubility-Permeability Interplay for Solubility-Enabling Oral Formulations
Authors: Nainwal Nidhi , Singh Ranjit , Jawla Sunil , Saharan Vikas Anand
Published: July 2019

The Biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) classifies the drugs based on their intrinsic
solubility and intestinal permeability. The drugs with good solubility and intestinal permeability
have good bioavailability. The drugs with poor solubility and poor permeability have solubility dependent
and permeability dependent bioavailability, respectively. In the current pharmaceutical field,
most of the drugs have poor solubility. To solve the problem of poor solubility, various solubility enhancement
approaches have been successfully used. The effects of these solubility enhancing approaches
on the intestinal permeability of the drugs are a matter of concern, and must not be overlooked.
The current review article focuses on the effect of various solubility enhancing approaches viz.
cyclodextrin, surfactant, cosolvent, hydrotropes, and amorphous solid dispersion, on the intestinal
permeability of drugs. This article will help in the designing of the optimized formulations having balanced
solubility enhancement without affecting the permeability of drugs.
Prevention and Medical Treatment of Pouchitis In Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Benlice Cigdem , Shen Bo , Steele Scott R.
Published: July 2019

Approximately 50% of patients who have undergone IPAA surgery for Ulcerative Colitis
(UC) develop at least 1 episode of pouchitis. Patients with pouchitis have a wide range of symptoms,
endoscopic and histologic features, disease course, and prognosis. To date, there are no universally accepted
diagnostic criteria in terms of endoscopy and histology; though, semi-objective assessments to
diagnose pouchitis in patients with ileal pouch- anal anastomosis (IPAA) have been proposed using
composite scores such as the Pouchitis Triad, Heidelberg Pouchitis Activity Score and Pouchitis Disease
Activity Index (PDAI). In a systematic review that included four randomized trials evaluating
five agents for the treatment of acute pouchitis, ciprofloxacin was more effective at inducing remission
as compared with metronidazole. Rifaximin was not more effective than placebo, while budesonide
enemas and metronidazole were similarly effective for inducing remission of acute pouchitis. Patients
with pouchitis relapsing more than three times per year are advised maintenance therapy, and
guidelines recommend ciprofloxacin or the probiotic VSL#3. In patients with antibiotic-refractory
pouchitis, secondary factors associated with an antibiotic-refractory course should be sought and
treated. In this review, we will discuss the prevention and management of pouchitis in Ulcerative Colitis
patients.
Computational Methods for Predicting DNA Binding Proteins
Authors: Pan Gaofeng , Wang Jiandong , Zhao Liang , Hoskins William , Tang Jijun
Published: July 2019

Background:

DNA-binding proteins are very important to many biomolecular functions.
The traditional experimental methods are expensive and time-consuming, so, computational methods
that can predict whether a protein is a DNA-binding protein or not are very helpful to researchers.
Machine learning has been widely used in many research areas. Many researchers have proposed machine
learning methods for DNA-binding protein prediction, and this paper highlights their advantages
and disadvantages.

Objective:

There are many computational methods that can predict DNA-binding proteins. Every
method uses different features and different classifier algorithms. In this paper, a review of these
methods is provided to find out some common procedures that can help researchers to develop more
accurate methods.

Methods:

Firstly, the information stored in the protein sequence and gene sequence is presented. That
information is the basis to find out the patterns leading to binding. Then, feature extraction methods
and classifier algorithms are discussed. At last, some commonly used benchmark datasets are analysed
and evaluated by methods.

Conclusion:

In this review, we analyzed some popular computational methods to predict DNAbinding
protein. From those methods, we highlighted many features necessary to build up an accurate
DNA-binding protein classifier. This can also help researchers to build up more useful computational
tools. Currently, there are some machine learning methods with good performance in predicting DNAbinding
proteins. The performance can be improved by using different kinds of features and classifiers.
Proteomics Study in Urolithiasis
Authors: Jain Manavi , Yadav Paramveer , Priyadarshini
Published: July 2019

Urolithiasis, which is the presence of stones in the urinary tract, has long been linked with a higher risk of causing chronic kidney diseases and associated illnesses, such as diabetes-affecting 12% of the world population. This clinical condition arises due to the supersaturation of urine and alterations in the expression of cellular and urinary proteins. The renal stone mineral composition has been well understood and incorporated as a routine part of stone removal, however, the protein composition, an essential fraction of the stone matrix has been inadequately understood and not adeptly established. Stone proteomics consists of a number of techniques including crystal analysis using X-ray diffractometry and IR spectroscopy, sample purification, identification and characterization of proteins using high throughput mass spectrometric methods. However, not many studies have utilized the data obtained from these experiments to assign functional significance to associated identified proteins. Protein network analysis using bioinformatic tools such as STRING to study protein-protein interactions will enable researchers to get better insight into stone formation mechanics. Hence, a comprehensive proteomic study of kidney stone matrix will help in deciphering protein-crystal pathways generating novel information useful for clinical application.
Heteroaromatization with 4-Phenyldiazenyl-1-naphthol. Part IV: Synthesis of Some New Heterocyclic Compounds with Potential Biological Activity
Authors: Mohamed Hany M. , Abd El-Wahab Ashraf H.F.
Published: July 2019

Background:

Synthetic azo compounds and their derivatives have been studied extensively due to
their biological and pharmacological activities. Pyranopyridines, pyranopyrimidines and tetrazoles derivatives
have emerged as a promising and attractive scaffold in the development of potent biological and
pharmacological agents.

Objectives:

To design a series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives and evaluate
their antimicrobial activity against some bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and some fungal
strains.

Materials and Methods:

The (E)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(phenyldiazenyl)-10-thioxo-7,9,10,11-tetrahydro-8Hnaptho[
1,2-b]pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-8-one (4) was synthesized by the reaction of 4H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-3-
carbonitrile (3) with carbon disulfide in alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. Reaction of 3 with sodium
azide in DMF and in presence of ammonium chloride afforded 6-(phenyldiazenyl)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4Hbenzo[
h]chromen-2-amine (7) while with malononitrile, thiourea or urea gave chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine-9-
carbonitrile (8), chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-10-thione (9) and chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-10-one (10),
respectively. The assignment structures were established on the basis of spectral data.

Results:

In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized compounds 3-12 was examined for their in
vitro antimicrobial activity by using agar diffusion method such as Mueller-Hinton agar medium for bacteria
and Sabouraud’s agar medium for fungi. Ampicillin and mycostatine were included in the experiments as
reference drugs.

Conclusion:

A series of new benzochromeno(pyridine/pyrimidine/tetrazole) derivatives were synthesized in
this work. All compounds were evaluated in antimicrobial activities.
Recent Progress in the Synthesis of Quinolines
Authors: Xuan Duc Dau
Published: July 2019

Background:

Quinoline-containing compounds present in both natural and synthetic products are an important class of heterocyclic compounds. Many of the substituted quinolines have been used in various areas including medicine as drugs. Compounds with quinoline skeleton possess a wide range of bioactivities such as antimalarial, anti-bacterial, anthelmintic, anticonvulsant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity. Due to such a wide range of applicability, the synthesis of quinoline derivatives has attracted a lot of attention of chemists to develop effective methods. Many known methods have been expanded and improved. Furthermore, various new methods for quinoline synthesis have been established. This review will focus on considerable studies on the synthesis of quinolines date which back to 2014.

Objective:

In this review, we discussed recent achievements on the synthesis of quinoline compounds. Some classical methods have been modified and improved, while other new methods have been developed. A vast variety of catalysts were used for these transformations. In some studies, quinoline synthesis reaction mechanisms were also displayed.

Conclusion:

Many methods for the synthesis of substituted quinoline rings have been developed recently. Over the past five years, the majority of those reported have been based on cycloisomerization and cyclization processes. Undoubtedly, more imaginative approaches to quinoline synthesis will appear in the literature in the near future. The application of known methods to natural product synthesis is probably the next challenge in the field.
Evaluation of the Agreement Between the Tissue Sample and Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Fluid in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Patients with Anthracosis
Authors: Samet Mohammad , Rahimian Masoud , Meshkat Samaneh , Zand Sanaz
Published: July 2019

Background:

Black dust deposited in the lungs is called anthracosis. By damaging
bronchial mucosa, anthracosis can affect the mucociliary cleaning function. Initial reports indicate
that there is a relationship between anthracosis and pulmonary tuberculosis. Due to obstructive
effects of anthracosis on distal airways and disruption in a proper sampling of bronchoalveolar
lavage (BAL), other diagnostic methods are necessary for estimating the tuberculosis prevalence in
these patients. The aims of this study was to evaluate tissue samples adjacent to an anthracotic plaque
for acid-fast bacilli smear and culture.

Methods:

his is a cross-sectional analysis study on 100 patients referred to Shahid Sadoughi
Hospital who required bronchoscopy and anthracotic plaque based on bronchoscopy results.
Bronchial fluid lavage, two biopsy samples for culture, and a smear of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
from the surrounding of these plaques were prepared. Data analyses were carried out using SPSS
(version 18).

Results:

One-hundred patients og the age range 46-91years were studied. The patients with
tuberculosis diagnosis based on the smear of BAL and bronchial tissue samples and culture of BAL
and bronchial tissue samples were 7%, 13%, 6% and 8% respectively. The presence of granuloma in
histopathology was seen in 15 patients infected with tuberculosis. (κ > 0.04, p-value <0.05). In
patients with positive tuberculosis, culture of bronchoalveolar lavage was superior to other methods.

Conclusions:

Diagnostic value of BAL method and tissue biopsy in anthracosis patients with
tuberculosis did not show a statistically significant difference. As compared with other methods,
BAL culture was more positive. Therefore, tissue biopsy is not a good alternative to BAL.
Determination and Evaluation of Natural and Synthetic Dyes in Traditional Rock Candies (Nabat) Distributed in Tehran
Authors: Sadeghi Zahra , Shariatifar Nabi , Khaniki Gholamreza J. , Nabizadeh Ramin , Khaneghah Amin M.
Published: July 2019

Background:

The color of food products is one of the most important factors proposed by the consumer. Therefore, incorporation of coloring agents into food dates back to ancient times. Nowadays, various types of synthetic dyes are produced and widely used as part of formulations of food products to increase customer’s interest As the safety of this material is questionable, many of them are banned, or the level of their use is limited by the authorities. Among them, saffron is the only food color permitted for use in Nabat as a traditional rock candy which is mostly consumed in Iran. Therefore, the current investigation was aimed to determine the levels of artificial colors in traditional hard candy (Nabat) manufactured by organized and unorganized sectors distributed in Tehran.

Methods:

In this regard, 137 samples, (68 samples from unorganized sector and 69 samples from the organized sector), were collected in summer 2016. Analysis of samples was done according to the Iranian national standard through thin layer chromatography method. Also, the High-performance thin layer chromatography was used for reanalyzing five samples.

Results:

Findings showed that 64.7% of unorganized rock candy contained artificial food colors that 26.53% of these dyes are banned. About 5.8% of samples from the organized sector contained synthetic dyes that 25% of them are forbidden. The most commonly used color in both groups was defined as quinoline yellow.

Conclusion:

The high percentage of synthetic food color usage in unorganized sectors urges the necessity to control them, especially the incorporation of synthetic food dyes in Nabat. Therefore, the training providers and consumers and the monitoring of the production, have encouraged the manufacturers to develop and deploy health professionals and health license.
A New Reactive Ketenaminal: Synthesis, Coupling Reaction, Tautomeric Study, Docking and Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Products
Authors: Mahmoud Huda K. , Katouah Hanadi A. , Harras Marwa F. , Farghaly Thoraya A.
Published: July 2019

Background:

One of the most successful reagents used in the synthesis of the reactive
enaminone is DMF-DMA, but it is very expensive with harmful effects on the human health and
reacts with special compounds to generate the enaminone such as active methylene centers.

Aim:

In this article, we synthesized a new ketenaminal by simple method with inexpensive reagents
(through desulfurization in diphenylether).

Methods:

Thus, a novel reactive ketenaminal (enaminone) was synthesized from the desulfurization
of 2-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)thio)-5,7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-
4(3H)-one with diphenylether. The starting keteneaminal was coupled with diazotized anilines via
the known coupling conditions to give a new series of 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2-(arylhydrazono)-2-
oxoethyl)-5,7-bis(4-methoxy-phenyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-ones.

Results:

The structures of the new compounds were elucidated based on their IR, 1H-NMR,
13CNMR, and Mass spectra. Moreover, the potency of these compounds as antimicrobial agents
has been evaluated. The results showed that some of the products have high activity nearly equal
to that of the used standard antibiotic. Additionally, the docking study was done to get the binding
mode of the synthesized compounds with the binding site of the DHFR enzyme. The results of molecular
docking of the synthesized arylhydrazono compounds are able to fit in DHFR binding site
with binding energies ranging from -4.989 to -8.178 Kcal/mol.

Conclusion:

Our goal was achieved in this context by the synthesis of new ketenaminal from inexpensive
reagents, which was utilized in the preparation of bioactive arylhydrazone derivatives.
Highly Active and Durable Nanostructured Ni-CNTs-HG Composite Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Du Jing , Wang Lixin , Li Jingmei , Cao Lei , Dang Shijia , Qin Xiujuan
Published: July 2019

Background:

World energy crisis has triggered more attention to energy developing of
clean energy carrier. To find simple, economical and effective hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts
is one of the major challenges. Rational design and modification of electrocatalysts materials are of
great importance for the development of low-cost and effective catalysts.

Methods:

Herein, we report a Ni-CNTs-HG/NF electrode catalyst, which is fabricated on the surface
of Ni foam by electrodeposition technique. The fabrication strategy allows the construction of a
composite architecture with the Ni foam morphology at the macro level, and the Ni nanoparticles
supported by carbon nanotubes and Hydrophilic graphene nanosheets at the nanoscopic level.

Results:

Compared to NF electrocatalyst, the Ni-CNTs-HG/NF, the CNTs and HG sheets possess the
largest electrocatalytic active surface area, providing Ni nanoparticles with catalytically active sites.
The Ni-CNTs-HG/NF electrocatalyst exhibits better HER performance in alkaline electrolytes.

Conclusion:

The Ni-CNTs-HG cathode performs its activity under alkaline conditions with an overpotential
i.e 56 and 227 mV at a current density of 10 and 100mAcm-2, which is much lower than
that of Ni foam electrode (423 and 278 mV). The secret of the enhanced electrochemical activity lies
in its interior structure by coupling metal nanoparticles with carbon materials.
Hydroxytyrosol and Oleuropein Inhibit Migration and Invasion of MDA-MB-231 Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell via Induction of Autophagy
Authors: Lu Hui-Yuan , Zhu Jian-Sheng , Zhang Zhan , Shen Wei-Jian , Jiang Shan , Long Yun-Feng , Wu Bin , Ding Tao , Huan Fei , Wang Shou-Lin
Published: July 2019

Background:

Breast Cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. As such, novel chemotherapeutic agents are urgently needed, especially for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and Oleuropein (OL) are rich in olive oil, which is associated with a low occurrence of BC. However, the effects and mechanisms of action of HT and OL in BC cells are still unclear. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumor effect of HT and OL in TNBC.

Methods:

TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with HT and OL in combination with Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), rapamycin (Rapa, an inducer of autophagy) or 3-methyladenine (3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagy). Cell viability, migration, invasion, and autophagy signaling were analyzed by scratch assays, transwell migration assays, and Western blot analysis.

Results:

Treatment with HT or OL reduced MDA-MB-231 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. MDAMB- 231 cells were more sensitive to HT treatment than OL treatment. Rapa treatment could significantly block HGF-induced MDA-MB-231 cell migration and invasion, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy could promote migration and invasion. Moreover, HT or OL treatment significantly suppressed HGF or 3-MA induced cell migration and invasion by reversing LC3-II/LC3-I and Beclin-1 downregulation and reversing p62 upregulation.

Conclusion:

These data indicated that HT and OL may inhibit migration and invasion of TNBC cells by activating autophagy. These findings provide potential therapeutic strategies that target autophagy to limit the pathogenesis and progression of BC.
Design of an Intelligent Target Spraying Robot for Processing Hyphantria Cunea Larva Nets
Authors: Zhao Ying , Gao Rongzhi , Ma Changqing , Tian Zhonglai , Zhao Dongjie , Zhang Laigang , Sun Qun
Published: July 2019

Background:

The Hyphantria cunea is a worldwide quarantine pest. It has the characteristics
of a wide variety of recipes, strong adaptability, wide transmission channels and serious harm,
which seriously endanger the sustainable development of the ecological environment. At present, the
control methods of the Hyphantria cunea are costly and inefficient.

Objective:

An intelligent target spraying robot based on machine vision is designed for cleansing Hyphantria
cunea larva nets according to the characteristics of the net curtain and the background color.

Methodology:

The mobile mechanism of the spraying robot is based on a crawler type trolley and the
three-dimensional movements are achieved by stepping motor and synchronous belt driving linear
guide slider in the horizontal plane, and by the lead screw in the vertical direction. The on-board
software controls the hand-eye actuator to scan the target trees with a specific trajectory, and performs
image processing to identify the target so as to intelligently spray on the target.

Results:

The spraying robot can cope with the irregular distribution of Hyphantria cunea larva nets,
and can realize the three-dimensional movement of the nozzle, and perform the progressive scanning
to identify the larva nets, and the robot controls the nozzle to spray the medicine, thereby realizing
the intelligent spraying of the target.

Conclusion:

Experiments show that accurate target spraying of the robot can be achieved, and the
target coverage rate can reach up to 85% of the total larva nets, which greatly improves the spraying
efficiency.
A Hybrid Data Reduction and Knowledge Extraction Algorithm for Quality Prediction
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhou Shiyuan , Dong Zhankui , Li Xiupeng
Published: July 2019

Background:

With the explosive growth of the manufacturing data, the manufacturing
enterprises paid more and more attention to dealing with the manufacturing big data. The manufacturing
big data also can be summarized as "5Vs”, volume, variety, velocity, veracity and value. Recently,
the researchers are focused on proposing better knowledge discovery algorithms to handling
the manufacturing big data.

Objective:

The high dimensional data can be reduced from two directions. The one was the dimension
reduction. It makes the data set simple and overcome the problem of curse dimensionality.
This method reduced the data set form the data width.

Methods:

We proposed a hybrid data reduction and knowledge extraction algorithm (HDRKE) for
quality prediction. There are 5 steps in the algorithm: Step 1: Data preprocessing; Step 2: Dimension
reduction; Step 3: Extract SVs by SVM; Step 4: Extract rules from the subset; Step 5: Prediction
by the rules extracted in step 3.

Results:

The presented HDRKE method reduced the data scales from the data dimensions and the
data attributions. Then, the prediction method was used on the subset of reduced data. At last, the
HDRKE method was applied to a enterprise sample, the validation of the method can be validated
on the enterprise sample.

Conclusion:

Quality prediction and control was an important procedure in manufacturing. The
HDRKE algorithm was a novel method based on the attribution reduction and dimensionality reduce.
The data set simplified from double direction made the data set easily to calculate. The
HDRKE method also proposed a new thought of decision rules extracting on the low-embeddings.
The HDRKE method also applied to a manufacturing instance and proved its validity.
Nitrogen, Sulfur Co-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Abdul Mannan Md. , Hirano Yudai , Quitain Armando T. , Koinuma Michio , Kida Tetsuya
Published: July 2019

Objective and Method:

In this present research, a simple hydrothermal implantation technique
for synthesizing N,S co-doped reduced graphene oxide (NS-r-GO) has been presented in which
thiourea was used as a single-source precursor of N and S atoms.

Results:

Maximum N and S atoms, with an atomic percentage of 3.50 and 7.50 (at.%), were achieved
in the GO matrix at the reaction temperature of 250°C. Introduction of N and S atoms into the GO lattice
was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Different chemical bonds such as –C–
S–C, C=O, N–O, and C–N–C have been suggested from the corresponding C1s, N1s, O1s, and S2p
high-resolution XPS spectral analyses.

Conclusion:

FT-IR measurement also confirmed the presence of different functional groups as well as
the formation of different bonds such as –OH, –N–H, –C=O, –C–OH, and C-S. XRD and Raman
spectroscopy analyses confirmed the defects structures that arose from the penetration of N and S atoms
into the GO lattice.
Formulation, Optimization, and Evaluation of Ketoconazole Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Gel for Topical Delivery
Authors: Ranpise Hemant A. , Gujar Kishore N. , Pawar Sachin C. , Awasthi Rajendra , Dua Kamal , Mathure Dyandevi , Madan Jyotsana R.
Published: July 2019

Objective:

Ketoconazole is used in the treatment of superficial and systemic fungal infections.
It acts by blocking the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of the fungal cell membrane.
The purpose of this work was to formulate ketoconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers
formulation for skin targeting to minimize the adverse side effects and to prolong release.

Methods:

The ketoconazole loaded nanostructured lipid carriers were optimized using 32 factorial design
to evaluate the effects of process and formulation variables. The nanostructured lipid carriers were
prepared by melt-dispersion ultra-sonication method. The formulations were finally incorporated into
polymeric gels of Carbopol 940 for convenient application. The gels were evaluated comparatively
with commercially available formulations of ketoconazole with respect to ex vivo skin permeation and
deposition study on human cadaver skin.

Results:

Nanostructured lipid carriers showed average particle size, zeta potential, and percentage entrapment
in the range of 125.8 ± 1.8 to 295.0 ± 3.8 nm, -13.2 ± 1.1 to -30.9 ± 2.2 mV, and 69.47 ± 2.8
to 95.49 ± 4.5, respectively. Thermal studies revealed no drug-excipient incompatibility and amorphization
of ketoconazole. Ex vivo study of the gel exhibited prolonged drug release up to 12 h. In vitro
drug deposition study showed that the gel formulation can avoid the systemic uptake, better accumulative
uptake of the drug, and nonirritant to the skin compared to marketed formulation. Optimized formulation
exhibited better antifungal activity when compared to ketoconazole loaded gel and marketed
cream (Keto ® cream). Histolopathology results indicated no toxic effect on the skin.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that developed nanostructured lipid-carriers gel formulation represents
a promising carrier for topical delivery of ketoconazole, having controlled drug release, and potential
of skin targeting.
Diagnóstico de parásitos en heces del huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) en el centro y sur de Chile
Authors: Hinojosa-Sáez Ana , Pérez S Marco , López R Rodrigo , Rubilar C Luis , Llanos-Soto Sebastián , González-Acuña Daniel
Published: July 2019

Objetivo. Identificar parásitos en heces del huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) presente en áreas naturales protegidas del centro y sur de Chile y evaluar diferencias en la prevalencia de parásitos entre regiones y estaciones del año. Materiales y métodos. 200 muestras de heces de huemul fueron colectadas de distintas localidades de las regiones de Ñuble, Aysén y Magallanes a lo largo de todas las estaciones entre los años 2006 y 2008. Las muestras fueron analizadas utilizando las técnicas de flotación y sedimentación, para ser posteriormente observadas en el microscopio con el objetivo de detectar parásitos. Adicionalmente, se analizaron 124 de estas muestras para determinar la presencia de Fasciola hepatica. Resultados. El 38.0%(n=76/200) de las muestras analizadas fueron positivas a algún parásito, observándose una prevalencia de 11.8%(n=2/17) en Ñuble, 22.8%(n=28/123) en Aysén y un 76.7%(n=46/60) en Magallanes. En Ñuble se encontraron huevos de Moniezia sp., mientras que en Aysén y Magallanes se identificaron huevos tipo Estrongílido, Nematodirus sp. y ooquistes de Eimeria spp. No se evidenció F. hepatica en las muestras analizadas. Se detectan diferencias de parasitismo entre las estaciones (p≤0.05) en Aysén y Magallanes. Conclusiones. La diferencia en la prevalencia y diversidad parasitaria entre regiones incluidas en este estudio pueden estar relacionadas con la disimilitud en la densidad poblacional de huemules y la masa ganadera de cada región. Es necesario continuar con monitoreos parasitológicos en poblaciones de huemul en Chile sur y central y estudiar la relación de esta especie con el ganado y la posible transmisión inter- e intraespecífica de parásitos.
Efectos de la generación de energía hidroeléctrica en la reproducción de Prochilodus magdalenae (Prochilodontidae): evidencia de la respuesta endocrina
Authors: De Fex-Wolf Daniela , López-Casas Silvia , Jiménez-Segura Luz Fernanda
Published: July 2019

Objetivo. Describir la respuesta endocrina asociada con la reproducción de un pez potamódromo tropical ante cambios en el régimen de descarga de caudal producido por la generación de hidro-energía en un río Andino. Materiales y métodos. Se analizó la reproducción de Prochilodus magdalenae en individuos de dos sectores de una cuenca neotropical: uno con flujo hidrológico natural y otro con un régimen regulado. Resultados. En la sección de la cuenca con flujo natural, se encontró que la producción de hormonas relacionadas con la reproducción de peces (FSH y LH) estaba correlacionada con el índice gonadosomático, mientras que en peces bajo la influencia del pulso de agua producto de la operación hidroeléctrica esta correlación no fue detectada. Conclusiones. La producción de hormonas asociadas con la reproducción en peces potamódromos fue sensible a cambios en el nivel/caudal. En consecuencia, peces expuestos a las alteraciones en el pulso de caudal estarían recibiendo estímulos ambiguos que afectan la producción de hormonas, la sincronización de la reproducción con las señales ambientales y la maduración, lo cual es esencial para el éxito reproductivo.
Comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc
Authors: Ayazo Genes Julia Eva , Pertuz Buelvas Vicente Manuel , Jiménez Velásquez César Augusto , Espinosa Araujo José Alonso , Atencio-García Víctor Julio , Prieto-Guevara Martha Janeth
Published: July 2019

Objetivo. Describir las comunidades planctónicas y bacterianas asociadas al cultivo de bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae con tecnología biofloc (BFT). Materiales y métodos. En nueve tanques rectangulares de concreto con volumen útil de 6.0 m3, se sembraron alevinos de bocachico con peso promedio de 1.6±0.2 g, a tres densidades 5 (T1), 10 (T2) y 20 (T3) peces/m3 con BFT, durante 120 días de cultivo. La identificación y cuantificación de los microorganismos se realizó cada ocho días, en una muestra de 250 ml de agua por tanque, mediante análisis de alícuotas en cámaras Sedgwick-Rafter y/o Neubauer bajo microscopio a 10x y 40x. Los días 15, 45 y 90 del cultivo se caracterizaron las comunidades bacterianas tomando una muestra de 2 g de floc en 90 ml de solución salina estéril y sometidas a pruebas microbiológicas convencionales. Resultados. Se identificaron cinco grupos planctónicos (microalgas, rotíferos, cladóceros, copépodos y protistas con predominancia de ciliados) con mayor cantidad de rotíferos y protistas en los cultivos con menor densidad (T1 y T2); y la mayor afluencia de microorganismos osciló entre 174.9±21.4 ind/ml (T1) y 125.6±16.1 ind/ml (T2). En el grupo de bacterias fue posible identificar 10 cepas: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Salmonella sp. (Enterobacteriaceae) Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp (Vibrionaceae), Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp (Cocos gram+). Conclusiones. La composición del plancton fue similar en todos los tratamientos, con rotífero y protistas como los más abundantes; la mayor proporción de bacterias fueron Enterobacterias y Heterotróficas.