bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Vasorelaxant Effects of Ethanolic Extract from the Seeds of Swietenia humilis
Authors: Hernández Elizabeth Alejandrina Guzmán , Galindo Gladys Chirino , Chávez Rubén San Miguel , Moreno Patricia Castro , Barajas Maximiliano Ibarra , Duque Tomás Ernesto Villamar , Antúnez Anayantzin Paulina Heredia , Mondragón Leonardo del Valle , Guerrero Gil Alfonso Magos , Cobos David Segura
Published: February 2025

Arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus are components of the cardiometabolic syndrome that arises from a sedentary lifestyle, excess calorie intake, and obesity. Swietenia humilis Zucc has been used in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus; this work investigated the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract of S. humilis seeds. The phytochemical composition of the extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. To study the hypoglycemic effect, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) and markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2-desoxyguanosine) were evaluated in the model of diabetes mellitus induced by nicotinamide and streptozotocin in rats. The vasodilatory effect of the extract was tested in rat aortic rings. The ethanolic extract of seeds of Swietenia humilis showed antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects, probably by blocking calcium transport, likely due to ursolic acid and α-amyrin, phytochemical compounds more abundant in the extract.
Special Issue “Adipose Tissue Diseases: Physiopathology, Molecular Mechanism, Diagnosis, and Treatment”
Authors: Cannataro Roberto , Michelini Sandro , Cione Erika
Published: February 2025

Adipose tissue (AT) is now considered an organ in all respects; therefore, it is customary to refer to it as an adipose organ [...]
Development of a Dihydrofolate Reductase Selection System for Saccharomyces boulardii
Authors: Yu Hua , Nyasae Lydia , Lee Rachel , Lu Wenyan , So Edward , Feng Hanping , Yang Zhiyong
Published: February 2025

Saccharomyces boulardii, the only commercially available probiotic yeast, has gained attention as a recombinant live biotherapeutic product (rLBP) empowered with the expression of heterologous therapeutic proteins for treating gastrointestinal diseases. However, the genetic modification of S. boulardii intended for clinical use is hindered by regulatory and technical challenges. In this study, we developed a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-based selection system as an innovative alternative to traditional auxotrophic selection strategies for engineering S. boulardii. The DHFR selection system overcame inherent resistance of the yeast to methotrexate (MTX) by incorporating sulfanilamide, a dihydrofolate synthesis inhibitor, to enhance selection efficiency. The system demonstrated robust functionality, enabling the efficient screening of high-expression clones and tunable expression of therapeutic proteins, such as cytokines and antibodies, by modulating MTX concentrations. Furthermore, the yeast’s endogenous DHFR homolog, DFR1, was shown to be a viable selection marker, providing greater host compatibility while maintaining functionality compared to DHFR. This selection system avoids reliance on foreign antibiotic selection markers and the construction of auxotrophic strains, thus simplifying engineering and allowing for a tunable protein expression. These advancements establish the DHFR/DFR1 selection system as a robust and versatile platform for developing S. boulardii-based live biotherapeutics.
Inhibition of Thioredoxin-Reductase by Auranofin as a Pro-Oxidant Anticancer Strategy for Glioblastoma: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
Authors: Chmelyuk Nelly , Kordyukova Maria , Sorokina Maria , Sinyavskiy Semyon , Meshcheryakova Valeriya , Belousov Vsevolod , Abakumova Tatiana
Published: February 2025

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in cancer progression and antitumor therapy. Glioblastoma is a highly heterogeneous tumor with different cell populations exhibiting various redox statuses. Elevated ROS levels in cancer cells promote tumor growth and simultaneously make them more sensitive to anticancer drugs, but further elevation leads to cell death and apoptosis. Meanwhile, various subsets of tumor cells, such a glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) or the cells in tumor microenvironment (TME), demonstrate adaptive mechanisms to excessive ROS production by developing effective antioxidant systems such as glutathione- and thioredoxin-dependent. GSCs demonstrate higher chemoresistance and lower ROS levels than other glioma cells, while TME cells create a pro-oxidative environment and have immunosuppressive effects. Both subpopulations have become an attractive target for developing therapies. Increased expression of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is often associated with tumor progression and poor patient survival. Various TrxR inhibitors have been investigated as potential anticancer therapies, including nitrosoureas, flavonoids and metallic complexes. Gold derivatives are irreversible inhibitors of TrxR. Among them, auranofin (AF), a selective TrxR inhibitor, has proven its effectiveness as a drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and its efficacy as an anticancer agent has been demonstrated in preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo. However, further clinical application of AF could be challenging due to the low solubility and insufficient delivery to glioblastoma. Different delivery strategies for hydrophobic drugs could be used to increase the concentration of AF in the brain. Combining different therapeutic approaches that affect the redox status of various glioma cell populations could become a new strategy for treating brain tumor diseases.
Cytosolic and Nucleosolic Calcium-Regulated Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Target Protein-Coding Genes in Response to Hyperosmolarity and Salt Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Doudou , Zheng Kaifeng , Long Wenfen , Zhao Liang , Li Wanjie , Xue Xiuhua , Han Shengcheng
Published: February 2025

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in plant biotic and abiotic stress responses, in which Ca2+ also plays a significant role. There is diversity in the regulation of different gene expressions by cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) and nucleosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]nuc). However, no studies have yet explored the interrelationship between lncRNAs and calcium signaling, nor how calcium signaling regulates the expression of lncRNAs. Here, we use transgenic materials PV-NES and NLS-PV, which simulate [Ca2+]cyt- and [Ca2+]nuc-deficient mutants, respectively, and wild type (WT) materials in response to hyperosmolarity (250 mM sorbitol) or salt stresses (125 mM NaCl) at different time points to obtain RNA-seq data, respectively. Then, we proceed with the screening of lncRNAs, adding 688 new lncRNAs to the known Arabidopsis lncRNA database. Subsequently, through the analysis of differentially expressed lncRNA genes, it was found that cytosolic or nucleosolic calcium signals have distinct regulatory effects on differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and differentially expressed protein-coding genes (DEPCGs) treated with high-concentration NaCl and sorbitol at different times. Furthermore, through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA), it is discovered that under hyperosmolarity and salt stresses, lncRNA-associated PCGs are related to the cell wall structure, the plasma membrane component, and osmotic substances through trans-regulation. In addition, by screening for cis-regulatory target PCGs of Ca2+-regulated lncRNAs related to osmotic stress, we obtain a series of lncRNA-PCG pairs related to water transport, cell wall components, and lateral root formation. Therefore, we expand the existing Arabidopsis lncRNA database and obtain a series of lncRNAs and PCGs regulated by [Ca2+]cyt or [Ca2+]nuc in response to salt and hyperosmolarity stress, providing a new perspective for subsequent research on lncRNAs. We also explore the trans- and cis-regulated target PCGs of lncRNAs regulated by calcium signaling, providing new insights for further studying salt stress and osmotic stress.
The Late Asthmatic Reaction Is in Part Independent from the Early Asthmatic Reactions
Authors: Zielen Stefan , Alemdar Oguzhan , Wimmers Andreas , Gronau Lucia , Duecker Ruth , Hutter Martin , Trischler Jordis , Monchy Jan G. de , Schubert Ralf
Published: February 2025

House dust mites (HDM) are the world’s most important cause of allergic asthma. It is unclear why some patients with HDM allergy develop an early asthmatic reaction (EAR) only, whereas others react with a dual asthmatic reaction—EAR plus late asthmatic reaction (LAR). In patients with LAR, the symptoms and bronchial inflammation are more severe, and the current knowledge suggests that the EAR always precedes the LAR. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a LAR can occur separately even without a significant EAR. In a pilot study of 20 patients with asthma and HDM allergy, a bronchial allergen challenge (BAC) was performed on three separate occasions with a tapered allergen dose. Before and 24 h later, exhaled NO (eNO), eosinophils and miRNAs were measured as markers of bronchial inflammation. Compared to BAC1, at BAC2 there was a significant decrease in the EAR from mean 39.25 ± 13.37% to mean 33.55 ± 5.25% (p < 0.01), whereas the LAR remained unchanged: mean 28.10 ± 10.95% to mean 30.31 ± 7.77% (n.s.). At BAC3, both the EAR and the LAR were significantly attenuated compared to the first and second BAC. In 3 (15%) patients, even the tapered allergen dose induced a dual asthmatic reaction. In 10 (50%) patients, the allergen dose was too low to trigger a significant EAR and LAR. In 7 (35%) patients, there was no EAR, but a significant LAR (mean max fall FEV1 20.5 + 4.7%) recorded. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between distinct miRNAs (miR-15a-5p, miR-15b-5p and miR-374a-p5), eNO, and the decline in lung function and the presence of a LAR (p < 0.01). We can demonstrate that a LAR is induced in some patients without an EAR to low allergen exposure. This leads to a strong inflammatory reaction with an increase in eNO and a decrease in FEV1 and distinct miRNAs. Accordingly, these individuals are at greater risk of asthmatic symptoms and remodeling with loss of lung function than patients who do not have a LAR.
Negative Selection in Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus Hybrids Indicates Incompatible Oxidative Phosphorylation (OXPHOS) Proteins
Authors: Shirak Andrey , Curzon Arie Yehuda , Seroussi Eyal , Gershoni Moran
Published: February 2025

Crossing Oreochromis niloticus (On) females with O. aureus (Oa) males results in all-male progeny that are essential for effective tilapia aquaculture. However, a reproductive barrier between these species prevents commercial-scale yield. To achieve all-male progeny, the currently used practice is crossing admixed stocks and feeding fry with synthetic androgens. Hybrid tilapias escaping to the wild might impact natural populations. Hybrids competing with wild populations undergo selection for different stressors, e.g., oxygen levels, salinity, and low-temperature tolerance. Forming mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded proteins control energy production. Crossbred tilapia have been recorded over 60 years, providing an excellent model for assessing incompatibility between OXPHOS proteins, which are critical for the adaptation of these hybrids. Here, by comparing nonconserved amino acid substitutions, across 116 OXPHOS proteins, between On and Oa, we developed a panel of 13 species-specific probes. Screening 162 SRA experiments, we noted that 39.5% had a hybrid origin with mtDNA-nDNA allele mismatches. Observing that the frequency of interspecific mtDNA-nDNA allele combinations was significantly (p < 10−4) lower than expected for three factors, UQCRC2, ATP5C1, and COX4B, we concluded that these findings likely indicated negative selection, cytonuclear incompatibility, and a reproductive barrier.
TOR Mediates Stress Responses Through Global Regulation of Metabolome in Plants
Authors: Yang Lin , Zhang Ran , Zhang Huan , Yang Yingyu , Fu Liwen
Published: February 2025

The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase present in yeasts, plants, and mammals. In plants, TOR acts as a central signaling hub, playing a pivotal role in the precise orchestration of growth and development. Extensive studies have underscored its significant role in these processes. Recent research has further elucidated TOR’s multifaceted roles in plant stress adaptation. Furthermore, mounting evidence indicates TOR’s role in mediating the plant metabolome. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on the involvement of TOR signaling in plant adaptation to various abiotic and biotic stresses, with a specific focus on TOR-regulated metabolome reprogramming in response to different stresses.
Cellular Prion Protein and Amyloid-β Oligomers in Alzheimer’s Disease—Are There Connections?
Authors: Fułek Michał , Hachiya Naomi , Gachowska Martyna , Beszłej Jan Aleksander , Bartoszewska Elżbieta , Kurpas Donata , Kurpiński Tomasz , Adamska Hanna , Poręba Rafał , Urban Szymon , Fułek Katarzyna , Leszek Jerzy
Published: February 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Pathological deposits of neurotoxin proteins within the brain, such as amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau tangles, are prominent features in AD. The prion protein (PrP) is involved in neurodegeneration via its conversion from the normal cellular form (PrPC) to the infection prion protein scrapie (PrPSc) form. Some studies indicated that post-translationally modified PrPC isoforms play a fundamental role in AD pathological progression. Several studies have shown that the interaction of Aβ oligomers (Aβos) with the N-terminal residues of the PrPC protein region appears critical for neuronal toxicity. PrPC-Aβ binding always occurs in AD brains and is never detected in non-demented controls, and the binding of Aβ aggregates to PrPC is restricted to the N-terminus of PrPC. In this study, we aimed to gather all of the recent information about the connections between PrPC and AD, with potential clinical implications.
Progerin mRNA Is Associated with Smoking and Signs of Increased Microvascular Damage in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Zaruba Marc-Michael , Angermann Reinhard , Staggl Simon , Jeyakumar Vivek , Mair Sofia , Stöckl Victoria , Neyer Julia , Maurer Thomas , Ungericht Maria , Gavranovic-Novakovic Jasmina , Bauer Axel , Zehetner Claus , Messner Moritz
Published: February 2025

The premature aging disease Hutchinson–Gilford Syndrome (HGPS) is caused by defined mutations in the LMNA gene, resulting in the activation of a cryptic splice donor site, which leads to a defective truncated prelamin A protein called progerin. Notably, progerin expression has also been detected in non-mutated healthy individuals, and therefore, its involvement in the physiological aging process has been widely discussed. Since diabetes mellitus is associated with premature aging and increased cardiovascular mortality, we aimed to investigate the role of progerin expression in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). mRNA expression of progerin was analyzed in blood samples from 140 patients with DR who received anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Progerin mRNA levels were significantly lower in female compared to male patients (n = 42 vs. n = 98; 0.67 ± 0.19 vs. 0.89 ± 0.51, p = 0.006) and higher in patients with non-proliferative (NP)DR (n = 87 vs. n = 53; 0.9 ± 0.51 vs. 0.71 ± 0.29, p = 0.013) compared to those with proliferative (P)DR. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between progerin mRNA expression and the number of intravitreal anti-VEGF applications (n = 139, r = 0.21, p = 0.015), central macula thickness (CMT), (n = 137, r = 0.18, p = 0.036) and nicotine consumption (n = 105, r = 0.235, p = 0.002). The nuclear localization and significant upregulation of progerin mRNA and protein levels in dermal fibroblasts from HGPS donors emphasize its role in cellular aging mechanisms. Progerin mRNA levels were higher in patients with NPDR. CMT, number of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy treatments, and cigarette consumption were positively related to progerin mRNA, suggesting an association with disease progression and premature aging.
Pre- and Post-Operative Care Protocol for Infants with Tongue-Tie: Clinical and Caregiver Perspectives
Authors: Cook Thea , Nolan Elliana , Tseng Raymond J. , Smart Sharon
Published: February 2025

Purpose: Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie (TT) occurs when the lingual frenulum is visually altered and accompanied by restricted tongue mobility causing feeding and other difficulties for infants. Pre- and post-operative stimulation techniques are known to be effective in preventing tissue reattachment and ensuring feeding success. The aim of this study was to gather feedback from parents and health professionals for an experimental evidence-based pre- and post-operative care protocol for breastfeeding infants undergoing surgical management for TT. Methods: A qualitative approach was used to evaluate an experimental pre- and post-operative care protocol for infants with TT, through virtual semi-structured interviews with clinicians and parents of children with TT. Five parents and eight current practicing clinicians were interviewed to obtain feedback on the protocol in development. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were generated from participants: (1) parental confidence and competence, (2) the need for individualized and adaptable instruction; (3) supporting the parent and infant equally; and (4) regular and periodic support and adjustment to protocol. Conclusions: The findings from the qualitative interviews highlighted the importance of fostering parental confidence and education, adaptability and flexibility in care, and clinician reassurance throughout the process. The participants suggested these factors would contribute to greater adherence to care protocols and improved outcomes for both infants and their families. This research emphasizes the importance of providing care that extends beyond logistics of oral stimulation techniques and instead recommends a mindful, family-centered approach that empowers and motivates families throughout the process.
Acquired Hemophilia—A Case Series and Review
Authors: Waldman Radinsky Liat , Sivan Maayan , Lubetsky Aharon , Misgav Mudi , Lalezari Shadan , Cohen Omri , Barhod Tlalit , Kenet Gili , Efros Orly
Published: February 2025

Background: Acquired hemophilia A (AHA) is a rare, life-threatening autoimmune disorder characterized by inhibitory autoantibodies against factor VIII (FVIII), resulting in spontaneous or trauma-related bleeding. This study reviews a single-center cohort to evaluate patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 22 adult patients diagnosed with AHA between 2012 and 2024. The data included demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes. Statistical analysis compared genders and evaluated treatment strategies and remission outcomes. Results: The cohort had an equal gender distribution with an average age of 62 years (22–102 years). Suspected etiologies included pregnancy (27%), malignancy (23%), autoimmune diseases (5%), and idiopathic causes (45%). The most common presentation was spontaneous cutaneous hematoma (82%). Severe bleeding necessitating hemostatic therapy occurred in 9% of cases. Initial immunosuppressive therapy (IST) with corticosteroids achieved remission in 45% of patients, while additional treatment with Rituximab or Cyclophosphamide was required in others. Emicizumab, a novel FVIII-mimetic, was successfully used in one patient with severe refractory bleeding. Remission was achieved in 64% of patients within a median of 3 months, with a recurrence rate of 14%. No thrombotic events were observed, although corticosteroid side effects, including one hip fracture, were noted. Conclusions: IST remains the cornerstone of AHA treatment, though side effects necessitate individualized care. Emicizumab shows promise, particularly in refractory cases and fragile populations. Future research is needed to evaluate long-term outcomes and spontaneous remission rates, especially in special populations like post-partum women and the elderly.
Shaping the Future of Healthcare: Ethical Clinical Challenges and Pathways to Trustworthy AI
Authors: Goktas Polat , Grzybowski Andrzej
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, enabling advances in diagnostics, treatment optimization, and patient care. Yet, its integration raises ethical, regulatory, and societal challenges. Key concerns include data privacy risks, algorithmic bias, and regulatory gaps that struggle to keep pace with AI advancements. This study aims to synthesize a multidisciplinary framework for trustworthy AI in healthcare, focusing on transparency, accountability, fairness, sustainability, and global collaboration. It moves beyond high-level ethical discussions to provide actionable strategies for implementing trustworthy AI in clinical contexts. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were selected based on relevance to AI ethics, governance, and policy in healthcare, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles, policy analyses, case studies, and ethical guidelines from authoritative sources published within the last decade. The conceptual approach integrates perspectives from clinicians, ethicists, policymakers, and technologists, offering a holistic “ecosystem” view of AI. No clinical trials or patient-level interventions were conducted. Results: The analysis identifies key gaps in current AI governance and introduces the Regulatory Genome—an adaptive AI oversight framework aligned with global policy trends and Sustainable Development Goals. It introduces quantifiable trustworthiness metrics, a comparative analysis of AI categories for clinical applications, and bias mitigation strategies. Additionally, it presents interdisciplinary policy recommendations for aligning AI deployment with ethical, regulatory, and environmental sustainability goals. This study emphasizes measurable standards, multi-stakeholder engagement strategies, and global partnerships to ensure that future AI innovations meet ethical and practical healthcare needs. Conclusions: Trustworthy AI in healthcare requires more than technical advancements—it demands robust ethical safeguards, proactive regulation, and continuous collaboration. By adopting the recommended roadmap, stakeholders can foster responsible innovation, improve patient outcomes, and maintain public trust in AI-driven healthcare.
Comparison of Three Brillouin Ocean Lidar Models for Estimating Temperature and Salinity
Authors: Jia Xiaohong , Yan Guoliang , Wu Xingxing , Luo Ningning , Wang Lei , Shi Jiulin
Published: February 2025

Brillouin scattering lidar is a potential remote sensing technique for measuring the distribution profiles of temperature and salinity in the upper ocean. To realize high-precision simultaneous inversion of temperature and salinity in seawater, we propose a solution tailored for the measurement of temperature–salinity profiles. Three distinct models with error correction are discussed based on dual-wavelength, dual-angle, and dual-parameter approaches, respectively. We analyze the accuracy of these three inversion models using the least squares method based on the actual temperature and salinity data of World Ocean Atlas 2023 (WOA23). The results show that the average temperature and salinity errors for the dual-wavelength model are 0.009 °C and 0.001‰, for the dual-angle model are 0.13 °C and 0.30‰, and for the dual-parameter model are 0.03 °C and 0.08‰. And on this basis, we inverse the temperature and salinity of 0–200 m upper seawater in the South China Sea by employing the dual-wavelength model with the average inversion errors of 0.05 °C and 0.02‰, respectively. The findings presented in this work hold significant importance for the application of Brillouin lidar in remote sensing the distribution of temperature and salinity in ocean.
Correction: Watanabe et al. Pemafibrate Improves Alanine Aminotransferase Levels Independently of Its Lipid-Lowering Effect. Livers 2023, 3, 562–568
Authors: Watanabe Azuma , Horigome Ryoko , Nakatsuka Yumiko , Terai Shuji
Published: February 2025

In the original publication [...]
Investigations on the Thermal Stability and Kinetics of Biolubricants Synthesized from Different Types of Vegetable Oils
Authors: Sarker Majher I. , Mainali Kalidas , Sharma Brajendra K.
Published: February 2025

Petroleum-based lubricants raise environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradability and toxicity, whereas biobased lubricants underperform owing to low thermal stability. This study examined and compared three vegetable oils, along with their chemically modified versions, to better understand their suitability as biolubricants. High oleic soybean oil (HOSOY), regular soybean oil (RSOY), and waste cooking oil (WCO) were subjected to chemical modification, where isopropyl groups were attached to the fatty acid chains of the oils to produce branched oils, i.e., b-HOSOY, b-RSOY, and b-WCO. The detailed kinetic study of each regular and modified sample was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic parameters, such as the activation energies, reaction rate, and pre-exponential factor, were generated via Friedman methods. The differential thermal gravimetric (DTG) analysis showed low volatilization at the onset temperature in each modified oil as compared with the unmodified samples under an oxidative environment. Furthermore, the comparative kinetic studies demonstrated the enhanced thermoxidative stability of the modified products relative to their unaltered counterparts. Among the tested oils, the b-RSOY showed an average activation energy of 325 kJ/mol, followed by the b-WCO: 300 kJ/mol and the b-HOSOY: 251 kJ/mol, indicating the most stable modified product under an oxidative environment. For all the samples, the pre-exponential factors were in good agreement with the activation energies, which validates that finding the pre-exponential components is crucial to the kinetic analysis.
Numerical Analysis of Steady-State Multi-Field Coupling in Electro-Fused Magnesia Furnace
Authors: Weng Cunjian , Wang Zhen , Luo Xianping , Li Hui
Published: February 2025

The internal conditions of the high-temperature molten pool in an electro-fused magnesia furnace (EFMF) are difficult to measure, and the temperature distribution–energy conservation relationship in the EFMF cannot be effectively evaluated. Assuming that the feeding speed is constant, the heat absorbed by the newly added raw materials is equal to the rated power minus the heating power required to maintain thermal balance. Therefore, the EFMF can be approximately described by a steady-state model. In order to analyze the state of the molten pool of EFMF at different smelting stages, this study first constructed a three-dimensional steady-state multi-physics field numerical simulation model. The calculations show that the equivalent resistance of the molten pool varies approximately between 1 mΩ and 0.4 mΩ. Furthermore, the equivalent reactance produced by the whole conductive circuit is almost of the same order as the resistance. The Reynolds number of the convection inside the molten pool exceeds 105, which means that the flow inside the molten pool is forced convection dominated by the Lorentz force. Moreover, the turbulence makes the temperature uniformity of the molten pool (the temperature gradient near the solid–liquid interface is approximately within 300 K/m) far greater than that of the unmelted raw materials with very low thermal conductivity (the average temperature gradient reaches over 1000 K/m); the respective proportions of arc power and Joule heating power can be predicted by the model. When the molten pool size is small, the proportion of Joule heating power is high, reaching about 20% of the rated power (3700 kVA); as the molten pool size increases, the convection effect is relatively weakened, and the proportion of Joule heating power also decreases accordingly, only 5% to 10%; the model prediction and experimental estimation results are in good agreement, which makes it feasible to conduct a quantitative analysis of the power distribution in different smelting stages.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Resistance of A356 Casting Alloy
Authors: Jang Kyung-Su , Jang Taehwan , Jo Hyunbin , Shin Dongmin , Lee Soomin , Kim Sung-Dae , Kwon Se-Hun , Lee Junghoon
Published: February 2025

Al-Si alloy, known for its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength, is utilized across various industries, such as electric vehicles, requiring light metal parts for efficiency. Heat treatment is an effective process for enhancing the performance of Al-Si alloys by controlling the microstructure and precipitation. Optimized heat treatment improves the mechanical properties of Al-Si alloy, including strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. In this study, the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure, corrosion resistance, and hardness of A356 casting alloy, which has recently been used in electric vehicles, was analyzed. The as-cast A356 alloy was used as a control sample, with a solid solution treatment, followed by aging treatment. The results showed that the hardness and corrosion resistance of A356 alloy can be changed by controlling the formation and distribution of Mg2Si precipitates within the microstructure through the solution heat treatment and following aging. Additionally, the distribution and strengthening mechanism of Mg2Si precipitates were examined using XRD. With increasing aging time, more Mg2Si precipitates were formed, increasing hardness. However, the precipitation of Mg2Si reduces the corrosion resistance of A356 alloy. Thus, it was revealed that the heat treatment of A356 alloy for enhancing mechanical properties by precipitating Mg2Si causes a side effect of corrosion resistance.
Prediction and Detection of Localised Corrosion Attack of Stainless Steel in Biogas Production: A Machine Learning Classification Approach
Authors: Jiménez-Come María Jesús , González Gallero Francisco Javier , Gómez Pascual Álvarez , Matres Victoria
Published: February 2025

Biogas contributes to environmental protection by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the recycling of organic waste. Its utilization plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges of climate change and sustainability. However, the deterioration of process plants involved in biogas production due to corrosion has a critical impact on the safety and durability of their operations. In order to maintain the safety of structures in terms of service life with respect to corrosion, it is essential to develop effective corrosion engineering control methods. Electrochemical techniques have become a useful tool by which to evaluate corrosion resistance. However, these techniques may require microscopic analysis of the material surface and the analysis may be influenced by subjective factors. To solve this drawback, this work proposes the use of SVM models to predict the corrosion status of the material used in biogas production with no need to perform microscopic analysis after the electrochemical test. The obtained results of sensitivity and specificity equal to 0.94 and 0.97, respectively, revealed the utility of the proposed stochastic models to assure the corrosion state of the equipment involved in biogas production. SVM-based models are an effective alternative for accurately evaluating material durability and comparing the corrosion resistance of different materials in biogas environments. This approach facilitates the selection of the most suitable material to achieve greater durability and long-term performance. Synopsis: The results show that the proposed model is a useful tool to predict the behaviour of stainless steel against corrosion according to the environmental conditions to which the material is exposed in biogas production.
Low-Bandgap Ferroelectric h-LuMnO3 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Ait Bassou Abderrazzak , Fernandes Lisete , Alikin Denis O. , Moreira Mafalda S. , Postolnyi Bogdan , Vilarinho Rui , Fernandes José Ramiro , Figueiras Fábio Gabriel , Tavares Pedro B.
Published: February 2025

This work explores the deposition of hexagonal (h-) LuMnO3 thin films in the P63cm phase and investigates the conditions under which the synergy of ferroelectric and photoactive properties, can be achieved to confirm the potential of this material for applications in the development of next-generation photovoltaic devices. Single-phase h-LuMnO3 was successfully deposited on different substrates, and the thermal stability of the material was confirmed by Micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis from 77 to 850 K, revealing the suitable ferro- to para-electric transition near 760 K. Optical measurements confirm the relatively narrow band gap at 1.5 eV, which corresponds to the h-LuMnO3 system. The presence of domain structures and the signature of hysteresis loops consistent with ferroelectric behaviour were confirmed by piezoresponse force microscopy. In addition, light-dependent photocurrent measurements revealed the photoactive sensitivity of the material.
Preparation and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of C@CdxMn1−xS to Tetracycline Hydrochloride
Authors: Su Yabin , Zeng Zedong , Chen Haowen , Lv Zuosheng , Tan Cen , Chen Congjin
Published: February 2025

CdxMn1−xS solid solutions were synthesized by incorporating Mn2+ into CdS and the optimal ratio of Mn2+ to Cd2+ was explored via photocatalytic degradation performance for tetracycline (TC). Subsequently, the composite catalyst C@CdxMn1−xS was prepared by loading CdxMn1−xS onto the biomass gasification carbon residue (C) by hydrothermal method and characterized by various characterization tests. The optimal TC photodegradation condition and degradation mechanism catalyzed by C@CdxMn1−xS was investigated. The results showed Cd0.6Mn0.4S had the optimal photocatalytic degradation efficiency, which is about 1.3 times that of CdS. The TC photodegradation efficiency by C@Cd0.6Mn0.4S prepared at the mass ratio of C to Cd0.6Mn0.4S of 1:2 was the best, which was 1.24 times that of Cd0.6Mn0.4S and 1.61 times that of CdS. Under the optimal conditions (visible light irradiation for 60 min, C@Cd0.6Mn0.4S of 20 mg, 40 mL TC solution of 40 mg/L), the TC degradation efficiency was 90.35%. The degradation efficiencies of 20 mg/L levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and 40 mg/L oxytetracycline catalyzed by C@Cd0.6Mn0.4S range from 89.88% to 98.69%. In the photocatalytic reaction system, •O2− and h+ are the dominant active species, which directly participate in the photocatalytic degradation reaction of TC, and •OH contributes little. The work provides a strategy to improve the photocatalytic performance of CdS for photocatalytic degradation antibiotics, and opens an interesting insight to deal with solid waste from biomass gasification.
Influence of Wideband Cable Model for Electric Vehicle Inverter–Motor Connections: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Arafat Easir , Ghassemi Mona
Published: February 2025

Electric vehicles (EVs) rely on robust inverter-to-motor connections to ensure high-efficiency operation under the challenging conditions imposed by wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors. High switching frequencies and steep voltage rise times in WBG inverters lead to repetitive transient overvoltages, causing insulation degradation and premature motor wind failure. This study proposes a wideband (WB) model of EV cables, developed in EMTP-RV, to improve transient voltage prediction accuracy compared to the traditional constant parameter (CP) model. Using a commercially available EV-dedicated cable, the WB model incorporates frequency-dependent parasitic effects calculated through the vector fitting technique. The motor design is supported by COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB 2023 simulations, leveraging the multi-conductor transmission line (MCTL) model for validation. Using practical data from the Toyota Prius 2010 model, including cable length, motor specifications, and power ratings, transient overvoltages generated by high-frequency inverters are studied. The proposed model demonstrates improved alignment with real-world scenarios, providing valuable insights into optimizing insulation systems for EV applications.
Dynamic Modeling of Limit Order Book and Market Maker Strategy Optimization Based on Markov Queue Theory
Authors: Xie Fei , Liu Yang , Hu Changlong , Liang Shenbao
Published: February 2025

In recent years, high-frequency trading has become increasingly popular in financial markets, making the dynamic modeling of the limit book and the optimization of market maker strategies become key topics. However, existing studies often lacked detailed descriptions of order books and failed to fully characterize the optimal decisions of market makers in complex market environments, especially in China’s A-share market. Based on Markov queue theory, this paper proposes the dynamic model of the limit order and the optimal strategy of the market maker. The model uses a state transition probability matrix to refine the market diffusion state, order generation, and trading process and incorporates indicators such as optimal quote deviation and restricted order trading probability. Then, the optimal control model is constructed and the reference strategy is derived using the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation. Then, the key parameters are estimated using the high-frequency data of Ping An Bank for a single trading day. In the empirical aspect, the six-month high-frequency trading data of 114 representative stocks in different market states such as the bull market and bear market in China’s A-share market were selected for strategy verification. The results showed that the proposed strategy had robust returns and stable profits in the bull market and that frequent capture of market fluctuations in the bear market can earn relatively high returns while maintaining 50% of the order coverage rate and 66% of the stable order winning rate. Our study used Markov queuing theory to describe the state and price dynamics of the limit order book in detail and used optimization methods to construct and solve the optimal market maker strategy. The empirical aspect broadens the empirical scope of market maker strategies in the Chinese market and studies the stability and effectiveness of market makers in different market states.
The Effect of Annealing on the First Hydrogenation Behavior of Atomized Ti48.8Fe46.0Mn5.2 Alloy
Authors: Hosseinigourajoubi Seyedehfaranak , Schade Chris , Huot Jacques
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we report the effect of annealing on the first hydrogenation behavior of Ti48.8Fe46.0Mn5.2 alloy. This alloy was produced by gas atomization, and a portion of the powder was subjected to vacuum annealing at 1120 °C for 1 h. The goal was to investigate the usefulness of this atomized powder for hydrogen storage and also to investigate the effect of annealing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that both atomized and annealed alloys exhibit a two-phase structure. The atomized alloy consists of a main TiFe matrix and a filamentous Ti2Fe-like phase. After annealing, the microstructure is globular. In addition to the microstructure, there was a change in the chemical composition of the matrix and secondary phase after annealing. The first hydrogenation at room temperature of both atomized and annealed samples required cold rolling. However, the kinetics was much slower for the annealed sample compared to the atomized sample. After the first hydrogenation, the XRD analysis identified the main phases as TiFe, TiFeH0.94, and Ti2FeH3, indicating that both the TiFe and Ti2Fe phases participated in hydrogen absorption during hydrogenation.
The Absence of a Very Long Chain Fatty Acid (VLCFA) in Lipid A Impairs Agrobacterium fabrum Plant Infection and Biofilm Formation and Increases Susceptibility to Environmental Stressors
Authors: Komaniecka Iwona , Żebracki Kamil , Mazur Andrzej , Suśniak Katarzyna , Sroka-Bartnicka Anna , Swatek Anita , Choma Adam
Published: February 2025

The Agrobacterium fabrum C58 is a phytopathogen able to infect numerous species of cultivated and ornamental plants. During infection, bacteria genetically transform plant cells and induce the formation of tumours at the site of invasion. Bacterial cell wall components play a crucial role in the infection process. Lipopolysaccharide is the main component of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer leaflet of outer membrane. Its lipophilic part, called lipid A, is built of di-glucosamine backbone substituted with a specific set of 3-hydroxyl fatty acids. A. fabrum incorporates a very long chain hydroxylated fatty acid (VLCFA), namely 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid (28:0-(27OH)), into its lipid A. A. fabrum C58 mutants deprived of this component due to mutation in the VLCFA’s genomic region, have been characterised. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used to establish acylation patterns in the mutant’s lipid A preparations. The physiological properties of mutants, as well as their motility, ability to biofilm formation and plant infectivity, were tested. The results obtained showed that the investigated mutants were more sensitive to environmental stress conditions, formed a weakened biofilm, exhibited impaired swimming motility and were less effective in infecting tomato seedlings compared to the wild strain.
Correction: Jiang et al. Preparation of Pinoresinol and Dehydrodiconiferyl Alcohol from Eucommiae Cortex Extract by Fermentation with Traditional Mucor. Molecules 2024, 29, 2979
Authors: Jiang Wenyi , He Zhengyou , Yao Ruijiao , Chen Zhiyang , Zeng Xia , Zheng Miao , Wang Jing , Li Jia , Jiang Yong
Published: February 2025

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Overview of Recent Advances in Rare-Earth High-Entropy Oxides as Multifunctional Materials for Next-Gen Technology Applications
Authors: Šarić Stjepan , Kojčinović Jelena , Tatar Dalibor , Djerdj Igor
Published: February 2025

Rare-earth high-entropy oxides are a new promising class of multifunctional materials characterized by their ability to stabilize complex, multi-cationic compositions into single-phase structures through configurational entropy. This feature enables fine-tuning structural properties such as oxygen vacancies, lattice distortions, and defect chemistry, making them promising for advanced technological applications. While initial research primarily focused on their catalytic performance in energy and environmental applications, recent research demonstrated their potential in optoelectronics, photoluminescent materials, and aerospace technologies. Progress in synthesis techniques has provided control over particle morphology, composition, and defect engineering, enhancing their electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. Rare-earth high-entropy oxides exhibit tunable bandgaps, exceptional thermal stability, and superior resistance to phase degradation, which positions them as next-generation materials. Despite these advances, challenges remain in scaling up production, optimizing compositions for specific applications, and understanding the fundamental mechanisms governing their multifunctionality. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent developments in rare-earth high-entropy oxides as relatively new and still underrated material of the future.
Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Forsythia suspensa Prevent Collagen Degradation and Maintain Skin Hydration by Regulating MMPs and HAS2/HYAL1 Signaling
Authors: Jin Xiangji , Zheng Qiwen , Nguyen Trang Thi Minh , Park Se-Jig , Yi Gyeong-Seon , Yang Su-Jin , Yi Tae-Hoo
Published: February 2025

The growing demand for aesthetic enhancement has driven the development of anti-aging cosmetics, with natural compound-based formulations emerging as a new trend to enhance efficacy. This study aims to develop a 30% ethanol extract of a 1:1 mixture of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Forsythia suspensa (LF) as a potential material for combating UVB-induced skin aging. The bioactive components of LF extract were identified via HPLC. Antioxidant efficacy (DPPH, ABTS, and SOD) and the inhibitory effects on ROS production in cells were evaluated using flow cytometry. MMPs’ expressions were analyzed via RT-PCR, while TGF-β/Smad, ERK/AP-1, and HAS2/HYAL1 pathways were examined via ELISA and Western blot. Research findings indicate that LF effectively scavenges reactive oxygen species and enhances the activation of TGF-β signaling, promoting the synthesis of PIP (Procollagen Type I C-Peptide). Collagen degradation was mitigated through the inhibition of the AP-1 pathway, which regulates the expression of MMPs, and by suppressing the expression of TIMP. Additionally, modulation of the HAS2/HYAL1 signaling axis ensures a balanced regulation of hyaluronic acid (HA) synthesis and degradation, thereby contributing to the maintenance of collagen integrity and skin hydration. In conclusion, LF has exhibited significant protective effects against demonstrated anti-aging properties, highlighting its potential as a novel therapeutic agent in cosmetic formulations targeting aging.
Designing Digital Escape Rooms with Generative AI in University Contexts: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Rivera Paula , Rodríguez-Ferrer José M. , Manzano-León Ana
Published: February 2025

The rapid evolution of technology in education highlights the need for methodologies that enhance student engagement and skill development. This study examines students’ perceptions of designing educational escape rooms using ICT tools and generative AI (GenAI) as a learning methodology. A total of 47 students participated in creating digital escape rooms with GenAI, Genially, and HeroForge in the course “Mediation in Conflicts and Situations of Violence” within a Social Education degree. A qualitative approach was used, analyzing focus group discussions conducted after the activity. Results indicate that students valued the experience, emphasizing its impact on digital competence, creativity, and problem-solving skills. Collaborative learning helped overcome initial technical challenges, and students recognized the practical applicability of escape room design in mediation contexts. However, they identified areas for improvement, such as the need for more initial training, extended development time, and better access to digital tools. This study contributes to game-based learning and AI-enhanced education research, positioning students as active designers rather than passive users. Future research should explore the long-term impact on knowledge retention and transferable skills in professional settings.