bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automating the Paris System for urine cytopathology—A hybrid deep‐learning and morphometric approach
Authors: Vaickus Louis J. , Suriawinata Arief A. , Wei Jason W. , Liu Xiaoying
Published: January 2019

Background

The Paris System for Urine Cytopathology (the Paris System) has succeeded in making the analysis of liquid‐based urine preparations more reproducible. Any algorithm seeking to automate this system must accurately estimate the nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio and produce a qualitative “atypia score.” The authors propose a hybrid deep‐learning and morphometric model that reliably automates the Paris System.

Methods

Whole‐slide images (WSI) of liquid‐based urine cytology specimens were extracted from 51 negative, 60 atypical, 52 suspicious, and 54 positive cases. Morphometric algorithms were applied to decompose images to their component parts; and statistics, including the NC ratio, were tabulated using segmentation algorithms to create organized data structures, dubbed rich information matrices (RIMs). These RIM objects were enhanced using deep‐learning algorithms to include qualitative measures. The augmented RIM objects were then used to reconstruct WSIs with filtering criteria and to generate pancellular statistical information.

Results

The described system was used to calculate the N:C ratio for all cells, generate object classifications (atypical urothelial cell, squamous cell, crystal, etc), filter the original WSI to remove unwanted objects, rearrange the WSI to an efficient, condensed‐grid format, and generate pancellular statistics containing quantitative/qualitative data for every cell in a WSI. In addition to developing novel techniques for managing WSIs, a system capable of automatically tabulating the Paris System criteria also was generated.

Conclusions

A hybrid deep‐learning and morphometric algorithm was developed for the analysis of urine cytology specimens that could reliably automate the Paris System and provide many avenues for increasing the efficiency of digital screening for urine WSIs and other cytology preparations.
A surrogate mechanostatistical microstructural model to inform whole hip cortical bone remodelling
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Das Raj , Fernandez Justin
Published: January 2019

Multiscale models of bone remodelling which incorporate clinically important features at a wide range of spatial scales are computationally intractable. In addition, there is a large gap in existing bone remodelling literature which deals with Haversian‐level cortical bone remodelling behaviour and its effect on whole organ bone strength. In this study, we present an integration between continuum mechanics and surrogate modelling as an efficient circumvention to the problem of intractability, linked with an intricate 3D cortical bone remodelling algorithm which captures realistic microanatomical features at the Haversian level. The surrogate model predicted clear differentiation in long‐term bone strength changes in clinically significant cases with extremely high computational efficiency.
Can acetaminophen/dimethyl sulfoxide formulation prevent accidental and intentional acetaminophen hepatotoxicity?
Authors: Algfeley Saleh G. , Al‐Rejaie Salim S. , Nagi Mahmoud N.
Published: January 2019

An overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes liver injury in experimental animals and humans. The activation step (formation of reactive metabolite, N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone imine by cytochrome P450 system) and the consequent downstream pathway of oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and inflammation play an important role in APAP‐induced hepatotoxicity. Formulation of APAP with an inhibitor of the activation step would be ideal to prevent accidental and intentional APAP toxicity. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a common colorless, inexpensive solvent, and considered safe in human. We hypothesized that a less hepatotoxic APAP if co‐formulated with DMSO. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were given toxic dose of APAP (250 mg kg−1, i.p.) mixed with different doses of DMSO (25, 50, 100, and 200 μl kg−1). Six hours after APAP treatment, blood and lives were collected for analysis. In DMSO treated groups, there was dose‐dependent decrease in markers of liver injury, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Maximum protection was obtained with 200 μl DMSO kg−1. DMSO was shown to inhibit the activation step by decreasing the rate of GSH depletion in vivo and inhibiting cytochrome P450 system in vitro. Also the levels of lipid peroxides, nitrate/nitrite, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, and interleukin 1β were decreased significantly. In conclusion, DMSO exerts its protective action by inhibiting the metabolic activation of APAP and thus alleviating the downstream, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress, and inflammation via indirect inhibition. Our findings suggest that replacing the current APAP with APAP/DMSO formulation could prevent accidental and intentional APAP toxicity.
Spatial environmental complexity mediates sexual conflict and sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Malek Heather L. , Long Tristan A. F.
Published: January 2019

Sexual selection is an important agent of evolutionary change, but the strength and direction of selection often vary over space and time. One potential source of heterogeneity may lie in the opportunity for male–male and/or male–female interactions imposed by the spatial environment. It has been suggested that increased spatial complexity permits sexual selection to act in a complementary fashion with natural selection (hastening the loss of deleterious alleles and/or promoting the spread of beneficial alleles) via two (not mutually exclusive) pathways. In the first scenario, sexual selection potentially acts more strongly on males in complex environments, allowing males of greater genetic “quality” a greater chance of outcompeting rivals, with benefits manifested indirectly in offspring. In the second scenario, increased spatial complexity reduces opportunities for males to antagonistically harm females, allowing females (especially those of greater potential fecundities) to achieve greater reproductive success (direct fitness benefits). Here, using Drosophila melanogaster, we explore the importance of these mechanisms by measuring direct and indirect fitness of females housed in simple vial environments or in vials in which spatial complexity has been increased. We find strong evidence in favor of the female conflict‐mediated pathway as individuals in complex environments remated less frequently and produced more offspring than those housed in a simpler spatial environment, but no difference in the fitness of sons or daughters. We discuss these results in the context of other recent studies and what they mean for our understanding of how sexual selection operates.
Parks for sharks: human exclusion areas outperform no‐take marine reserves
Authors: Frisch Ashley J , Rizzari Justin R
Published: January 2019

We collected reef shark population data from a large network of no‐take and no‐entry reserves (ie human exclusion areas), as well as from fished reefs, in one of the world's most intensively managed marine parks – the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. The sampled reserves have been protected for varying lengths of time, making it possible to use space‐for‐time chronosequences to infer recovery trajectories of reef shark populations after extractive use is banned, and to compare the effectiveness of shark population recovery in no‐take and no‐entry reserves. After 20–40 years of protection, density and biomass of sharks in no‐entry reserves approached asymptotes (ie plateaus) that were more than double and triple, respectively, those in no‐take reserves. These results not only indicate that restoration of near‐natural shark populations requires multidecadal time frames, but also clearly demonstrate the superior performance of no‐entry reserves in terms of rebuilding shark populations. Ongoing poaching in no‐take reserves, which are more difficult for law enforcement to police than no‐entry reserves, is the probable cause of the disparity. Given the ubiquitous use of no‐take reserves as ecological baselines and the potentially pervasive trophic effects of removing large predators, we argue that current perceptions of the structure and function of natural reef ecosystems may be skewed, which has broad implications for science and management of marine ecosystems
Effects of prefermentative cold soak on polyphenols and volatiles of Aglianico, Primitivo and Nero di Troia red wines
Authors: Gambacorta Giuseppe , Trani Antonio , Fasciano Cristina , Paradiso Vito Michele , Faccia Michele
Published: January 2019

Effectiveness of prefermentative cold soak (PCS) on polyphenols and volatiles extraction during winemaking of three red grape cultivars grown in southern Italy (Aglianico, Primitivo and Nero di Troia) was investigated. Four 200‐L stainless steel horizontal rotary wine fermenters were used. The main result was that PCS improved the extraction of polyphenols and increased the antioxidant activity of wines. Extraction of proanthocyanidins was enhanced (+25%, +14% and +7% for Aglianico, Primitivo and Nero di Troia, respectively) and, consequently, the ratio flavans reactive with vanillin/proanthocyanidin was reduced, thus potentially favoring the chromatic and tannic stabilization of wines. As regards volatiles, PCS increased ester compounds at levels above their odor thresholds, potentially conferring fruity odor to wines. In conclusion, PCS could be favorably introduced in winemaking to enhance the enological potential of Aglianico, Primitivo and Nero di Troia wines.
Acceptability and feasibility of wearing activity monitors in community‐dwelling older adults with dementia
Authors: Farina Nicolas , Sherlock Gina , Thomas Serena , Lowry Ruth G. , Banerjee Sube
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Measuring physical activity is complicated particularly in people with dementia, where activity levels are low and subjective measures are susceptible to inaccurate recall. Activity monitors are increasingly being used within research; however, it is unclear how people with dementia view wearing such devices and what aspects of the device effect wear time. The aim of the study was to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of people with dementia wearing activity monitors.

Methods

Twenty‐six, community‐dwelling, people with mild dementia were asked to wear an activity monitor (GENEactiv Original) over a 1‐month period. Perceptions of the device were measured using the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST) 2.0, alongside qualitative interviews. Device diary and activity monitor data were used to assess compliance.

Results

Participants tended to find wearing the activity monitors acceptable, with only three participants (12%) withdrawing prior to the study end date. Participants were generally satisfied with wearing the devices as measured by the QUEST (Mdn = 4.4, IQR = 1.1). Four themes were identified that influenced perceptions of wearing the device: external influences, design, routine, and perceived benefits.

Discussion

Asking people with dementia to wear a wrist‐worn activity monitor for prolonged periods appears to be both feasible and acceptable. Researchers need to consider the needs and preferences of the sample population prior to selecting activity monitors.
Estimating landslides vulnerability in Rwanda using analytic hierarchy process and geographic information system
Authors: Nahayo Lamek , Ndayisaba Felix , Karamage Fidele , Nsengiyumva Jean Baptiste , Kalisa Egide , Mind'je Richard , Mupenzi Christophe , Li Lanhai
Published: January 2019

Landslides are among hazards that undermine the social, economic, and environmental well-being of the vulnerable community. Assessment of landslides vulnerability reveals the damages that could be recorded, estimates the severity of the impact, and increases the preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation as well. This study aims to estimate landslides vulnerability for the western province of Rwanda. Field survey and secondary data sources identified 96 landslides used to prepare a landslides inventory map. Ten factors—altitude, slope angles, normalized difference vegetation index (NVDI), land use, distance to roads, soil texture, rainfall, lithology, population density, and possession rate of communication tools—were analyzed. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model was used to weight and rank the vulnerability conditioning factors. Then the Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) in geographic information system (GIS) spatially estimated landslides vulnerability over the study area. The results indicated the altitude (19.7%), slope angles (16.1%), soil texture (14.3%), lithology (13.5%), and rainfall (12.2%) as the major vulnerability conditioning parameters. The produced landslides vulnerability map is divided into 5 classes: very low, low, moderate, high and very high. The proposed method is validated by using the relative landslides density index (R-index) method, which revealed that 35.4%, 25%, and 23.9% of past landslides are observed within moderate, high, and very high vulnerability zones, respectively. The consistency of validation indicates good performance of the methodology used and the vulnerability map prepared. The results can be used by policy makers to recognize hazard vulnerability lessening and future planning needs. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000–000. © 2019 SETAC
Two‐dimensional fetal biometry versus three‐dimensional fractional thigh volume for ultrasonographic prediction of birthweight
Authors: Sharma K. Aparna , Das Dipti , Dadhwal Vatsla , Deka Dipika , Singhal Seema , Vanamail Perumal
Published: January 2019

Objective

To develop and validate birthweight prediction models using fetal fractional thigh volume (TVol) in an Indian population, comparing them with existing prediction models developed for other ethnicities.

Methods

A prospective observational study was conducted among 131 pregnant women (>36 weeks) attending a tertiary hospital in New Delhi, India, for prenatal care between December 1, 2014, and November 1, 2016. Participants were randomly divided into formulating (n=100) and validation (n=31) groups. Multiple regression analysis was performed to generate four models to predict birthweight using various combinations of two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasonographic parameters and a three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonographic parameter (TVol). The best fit model was compared with previously published 2D and 3D models.

Results

The best fit model comprised biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and TVol. This model had the lowest mean percentage error (0.624 ± 8.075) and the highest coefficient of determination (R2=0.660). It correctly predicted 70.2% and 91.6% of birthweights within 5% and 10% of actual weight, respectively. Compared with previous models, attributability for the 2D and 3D models was 0.65 and 0.55, respectively. Accuracy was −0.05 ± 1.007 and −2.54 ± 1.11, respectively.

Conclusion

Models that included TVol provided good prediction of birthweight in the target population.
The cost‐effectiveness of implementing HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in El Salvador
Authors: Campos Nicole G. , Maza Mauricio , Alfaro Karla , Gage Julia C. , Castle Philip E. , Felix Juan C. , Masch Rachel , Cremer Miriam , Kim Jane J.
Published: January 2019

Objective

To assess the cost‐effectiveness of HPV‐based screening and management algorithms for HPV‐positive women in phase 2 of the Cervical Cancer Prevention in El Salvador (CAPE) demonstration, relative to the status quo of Pap‐based screening.

Methods

Data from phase 2 of the CAPE demonstration (n=8000 women) were used to inform a mathematical model of HPV infection and cervical cancer. The model was used to project the lifetime health and economic outcomes of HPV testing every 5 years (age 30–65 years), with referral to colposcopy for HPV‐positive women; HPV testing every 5 years (age 30–65 years), with immediate cryotherapy for eligible HPV‐positive women; and Pap testing every 2 years (age 20–65 years), with referral to colposcopy for Pap‐positive women.

Results

Despite slight decreases in the proportion of HPV‐positive women who received treatment relative to phase 1, the health impact of screening in phase 2 remained stable, reducing cancer risk by 58.5%. As in phase 1, HPV testing followed by cryotherapy for eligible HPV‐positive women remained the least costly and most effective strategy (US$490 per year of life saved).

Conclusion

HPV‐based screening followed by immediate cryotherapy in all eligible women would be very cost‐effective in El Salvador.
Immunohistochemistry of γ‐H2AX as a method of early detection of urinary bladder carcinogenicity in mice
Authors: Sone Mizuki , Toyoda Takeshi , Cho Young‐Man , Akagi Jun‐ichi , Matsushita Kohei , Mizuta Yasuko , Morikawa Tomomi , Nishikawa Akiyoshi , Ogawa Kumiko
Published: January 2019

Phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ‐H2AX) has been demonstrated as a DNA damage marker both in vitro and in vivo. We previously reported the effects of genotoxic carcinogens in the urinary bladder of rats by immunohistochemical analysis of γ‐H2AX using samples from 28‐day repeated‐dose tests. To evaluate the application of γ‐H2AX as a biomarker of carcinogenicity in the bladder, we examined species differences in γ‐H2AX formation in the urinary bladder of mice. Six‐week‐old male B6C3F1 mice were treated orally with 12 chemicals for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, p‐cresidine and 2‐acetylaminofluorene (2‐AAF), classified as genotoxic bladder carcinogens, induced significant increases in γ‐H2AX levels in the bladder urothelium. In contrast, genotoxic (2‐nitroanisole, glycidol, N‐nitrosodiethylamine and acrylamide) and non‐genotoxic (dimethylarsinic acid and melamine) non‐bladder carcinogens did not upregulate γ‐H2AX. Importantly, 2‐nitroanisole, a potent genotoxic bladder carcinogen in rats, significantly increased the proportion of γ‐H2AX‐positive cells in rats only, reflecting differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder between rats and mice. Significant upregulation of γ‐H2AX was also induced by uracil, a non‐genotoxic bladder carcinogen that may be associated with cell proliferation, as demonstrated by increased Ki67 expression. 2‐AAF caused γ‐H2AX formation mainly in the superficial layer, together with reduced and disorganized expression of uroplakin III, unlike in rats, suggesting the mouse‐specific cytotoxicity of 2‐AAF in umbrella cells. These results suggest γ‐H2AX is a useful biomarker reflecting species differences in carcinogenicity in the urinary bladder.
Genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles with/without coating in human liver HepG2 cells and in mice
Authors: Wang Xiujuan , Li Tingzhu , Su Xuerong , Li Jiangyan , Li Wenhua , Gan Junying , Wu Tianshu , Kong Lu , Zhang Ting , Tang Meng , Xue Yuying
Published: January 2019

With the rapid expansion of human exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), the genotoxicity screening is critical to the biosafety evaluation of nanosilver. This study assessed DNA damage and chromosomal aberration in the human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) as well as the effects on the micronucleus of bone marrow in mice induced by 20 nm polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated nanosilver (PVP‐AgNPs) and 20 nm bare nanosilver (AgNPs). Our results showed that the two types of AgNPs, in doses of 20‐160 μg/mL, could cause genetic toxicological changes on HepG2 cells. The DNA damage degree of HepG2 cells in 20 nm AgNPs was higher than that in 20 nm PVP‐AgNPs, while the 20 nm PVP‐AgNPs caused more serious chromosomal aberration than 20 nm AgNPs. Both kinds of AgNPs caused genetic toxicity in a dose‐dependent manner in HepG2 cells. In the micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow cells, in doses of 10, 50 and 250 mg/kg body weight administered orally for 28 days once a day, the two kinds of AgNPs have no obvious inhibitory effect on the mouse bone marrow cells, and the effect of chromosome aberration could be documented at the high dose of 250 mg/kg. These results suggest that AgNPs have genotoxic effects in HepG2 cells and limited effects on bone marrow in mice; both in vitro and in vivo tests could be of great importance on the evaluation of genotoxicity of nanosilver. These findings can provide useful toxicological information that can help to assess genetic toxicity of nanosilver in vitro and in vivo.
Myopenia is associated with joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lin Jian‐Zi , Liang Jin‐Jian , Ma Jian‐Da , Li Qian‐Hua , Mo Ying‐Qian , Cheng Wan‐Mei , He Xiao‐Ling , Li Nan , Cao Ming‐Hui , Xu Dan , Dai Lie
Published: January 2019

Background

The link between body mass index (BMI) and disease characteristics in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains controversial. Body composition (BC) has been more frequently recommended to be used instead of BMI for more accurate assessment. Our study aimed to investigate the characteristics of BC in RA patients and their associations with disease characteristics.

Methods

Body composition was assessed in consecutive Chinese RA patients and control subjects by bioelectric impedance analysis. Overfat was defined by body fat percentage (BF%) as ≥25% for men and ≥35% for women. Myopenia was defined by appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) ≤7.0 kg/m2 in men and ≤5.7 kg/m2 in women. BMI and clinical data including disease activity, function, and radiographic assessment were collected. Active disease was defined by disease activity score in 28 joints with four variables including C‐reactive protein (DAS28‐CRP) ≥2.6. Functional limitation was defined as Stanford health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ‐DI) >1. Radiographic joint damage (RJD) was defined as the Sharp/van der Heijde modified sharp score (mTSS) >10.

Results

There were 457 RA patients (mean age 49.5 ± 13.1 years old with 82.7% women) and 1860 control subjects (mean age 34.3 ± 9.9 years old with 51.2% women) recruited. Comparisons of BMI and BC between RA patients and control subjects in age and gender stratification showed that lower BMI with 17.7% underweight and lower ASMI with 45.1% myopenia are the main characteristics in RA patients. Compared with those without myopenia, RA patients with myopenia had significantly higher DAS28‐CRP (median 3.5 vs. 3.0), higher HAQ‐DI (median 0.38 vs. 0.13) with higher rate of functional limitation (24.8% vs. 7.6%), and higher mTSS (median 22.3 vs. 9.0) with more RJD (71.8% vs. 45.8%) (all P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed myopenia were positively associated with functional limitation (OR = 2.546, 95% CI: 1.043–6.217) and RJD (OR = 2.660, 95% CI: 1.443–4.904). All RA patients were divided into four BC subgroups according to overfat and myopenia. Those with both overfat and myopenia had the worst disease characteristics. After adjustment for confounding factors, significant additive interactions were observed between overfat and myopenia in active disease (AP = 0.528, 95% CI: 0.086–0.971), functional limitation (AP = 0.647, 95% CI: 0.356–0.937), and RJD (AP = 0.514, 95% CI: 0.139–0.890).

Conclusions

Myopenia is very common in RA patients that is associated with functional limitation and joint damage in RA. Further research on the underlying mechanism and the effect of skeletal muscle mass improvement in RA management are worth exploring in the future.
Global boundedness in a quasilinear chemotaxis model with nonlinear diffusion and consumption of chemoattractant
Authors: Wu Sainan
Published: January 2019

This paper proves the global existence and boundedness of solutions to a quasilinear chemotaxis model with nonlinear diffusion and consumption of chemoattractant defined on a smooth bounded domain with no‐flux boundary conditions under some assumptions. The result holds for arbitrary nonnegative sensitivity coefficients and domains in the spatial dimension which is no less than two.
The evidence is stacked against thymectomy in MuSK myasthenia gravis
Authors: Kushlaf Hani , Li Yuebing
Published: January 2019

See article on pages 404–410 in this issue.
Low Back Pain in Adults With Transfemoral Amputation: A Retrospective Population‐Based Study
Authors: Luetmer Marianne , Mundell Benjamin , Kremers Hilal Maradit , Visscher Sue , Hoppe Kurtis M. , Kaufman Kenton R.
Published: January 2019

Background

Low back pain (LBP) is common among individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA) and has a negative impact on quality of life. Little is known about health care utilization for LBP in this population and whether utilization varies by amputation etiology.

Objective

To determine if individuals with TFA have an increased likelihood of seeking care or reporting symptoms of acute or chronic LBP during physician visits after amputation compared with matched individuals without amputation.

Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Olmsted County, Minnesota (2010 population: 144 248).

Participants

All individuals with incident TFA (N = 96), knee disarticulation, and transfemoral amputation residing in Olmsted County between 1987 and 2014. Each was matched (1:10 ratio) with non‐TFA adults on age, sex, and duration of residency. Individuals were divided by etiology of amputation: dysvascular and trauma/cancer.

Interventions

Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measurements

Death and presentation for evaluation of LBP (LBP event) while residing in Olmsted County. LBP events were identified using validated International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) codes and corresponding Berkson, Hospital International Classification of Diseases Adapted (HICDA), and ICD‐10 diagnostic codes. Hurdle and competing‐risk Cox proportional hazard models were used.

Results

Having a TFA of either etiology did appear to correlate with increased frequency of LBP events, although this association was only statistically significant within the dysvascular TFA cohort (dysvascular TFA cohort: relative risk [RR] 1.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07‐3.03, median follow‐up 0.78 years; trauma/cancer TFA cohort: RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.58‐2.22, median follow‐up 7.95 years). In time to event analysis, dysvascular TFA had an increased risk of death and event. Obesity did not significantly correlate with increased frequency of LBP events or time to event for either cohort. At any given point in time, individuals with TFA of either etiology who had phantom limb pain were 90% more likely to have an LBP event (hazard ratio [HR] 1.91, 95% CI 1.11‐3.31). Conditional on not dying and no LBP event within the first 2.5 years, individuals with prosthesis had a decreased risk of LBP events in subsequent years.

Conclusions

Risk of LBP events appears to vary by TFA etiology. Obesity did not correlate significantly with increased frequency of LBP event or time to event. Phantom limb pain correlated with decreased time to LBP event after amputation. The association between prosthesis receipt and LBP events is ambiguous.

Level of Evidence

III.
Fear of cancer recurrence in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Yang Yuan , Li Wen , Wen Yunhong , Wang Hongmei , Sun Hengwen , Liang Weijiang , Zhang Bin , Humphris Gerry
Published: January 2019

Objective

The current systematic review aims to provide an overview of fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) in adolescent and young adult cancer survivors (15‐39 years at cancer diagnosis, AYAs).

Methods

MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases were independently searched to identify relevant quantitative articles. PRISMA systematic review procedures were followed with quality assessment.

Results

Seventeen studies were included in the current review. All were quantitative studies that utilized a cross‐sectional study design. Seven articles reported results of FCR prevalence, six studied determinants related to FCR, and 11 articles provided information about consequences of FCR. Prevalence of FCR ranged from 31% to 85.2% among AYA survivors. Associations between sociodemographic/clinical variables and FCR were inconsistent. Psychological distress and higher treatment intensity were positively associated with higher FCR levels. Lower scores on levels of physical, psychological functioning, and overall health‐related quality of life (QoL) were identified as consequences of increased FCR.

Conclusion

FCR appears to be a prevalent concern among adolescent and young adult cancer populations. Adequate assessment to determine need for support and intervention is still required. Longitudinal studies in AYAs are warranted to understand the development and potential influence of FCR. Age‐appropriate and flexible psychological care would be more successful potentially with this crucial background information.
Use of antidepressants after colon cancer diagnosis and risk of recurrence
Authors: Pocobelli Gaia , Yu Onchee , Ziebell Rebecca A. , Aiello Bowles Erin J. , Fujii Monica M. , Sterrett Andrew T. , Boggs Jennifer M. , Chen Lu , Boudreau Denise M. , Ritzwoller Debra P. , Hubbard Rebecca A. , Chubak Jessica
Published: January 2019

Objective

Prior research examining the association between use of antidepressants after colon cancer diagnosis and risk of recurrence is scant. We evaluated this association among colon cancer patients diagnosed at two integrated health care delivery systems in the United States.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study of stage I to IIIA colon cancer patients diagnosed at greater than or equal to 18 years of age at Kaiser Permanente Colorado and Kaiser Permanente Washington during 1995 to 2014. We used pharmacy records to identify dispensings for antidepressants and tumor registry records and patients' medical charts to identify cancer recurrences. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of colon cancer recurrence comparing patients who used antidepressants after diagnosis to those who did not. We also evaluated the risk associated with use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) separately.

Results

Among the 1923 eligible colon cancer patients, 807 (42%) used an antidepressant after diagnosis and 139 had a colon cancer recurrence during an average 5.6 years of follow‐up. Use of antidepressants after colon cancer diagnosis was not associated with risk of recurrence (HR: 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69‐1.87). The HR for use of SSRIs was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.64‐2.30), and for TCAs, it was 1.18 (95% CI, 0.68‐2.07).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that use of antidepressants after colon cancer diagnosis was common and not associated with risk of recurrence. Future larger studies with greater power to examine risk associated with individual antidepressants would be valuable additions to the evidence base.
Implementation of Proteomics in Clinical Trials
Authors: He Tianlin
Published: January 2019

The application of protein (or peptide) biomarkers in clinical studies is a dynamic, ever‐growing field. The introduction of clinical proteomics/peptidomics, such as mass spectrometry–based assays and multiplexed antibody–based protein arrays, has reshaped the landscape of biomarker identification and validation, allowing the discovery of novel biomarkers at an unprecedented rate and reliability. To reflect the current status with respect to implementation of protein/peptide biomarkers, an investigation of the most recent (last 6 years) clinical studies from clinicaltrials.gov is presented. Forty‐two clinical trials involving the direct use of protein or peptide biomarkers in patient stratification and/or disease diagnosis and prognosis are highlighted. Most of the clinical trials that include proteomics/protein assays are aiming toward implementation of non‐invasive diagnostic tools for early detection, while many of the clinical trials are targeting to correlate the protein abundance with the risk of a disease event. Less in number are the studies in which the protein biomarkers are applied to stratify the patients for intervention. All the above areas of application are considered of great importance for improving disease management, in an era where implementation toward precision medicine is the desired outcome of proteomics biomarker research.
Temperature‐Dependent Noise and Transport in Silicon Two‐Layer Nanowire FETs
Authors: Kutovyi Yurii , Zadorozhnyi Ihor , Handziuk Volodymyr , Hlukhova Hanna , Boichuk Nazarii , Petrychuk Mykhaylo , Vitusevich Svetlana
Published: January 2019

Silicon two‐layer (TL) nanowire (NW) field‐effect transistors (FETs) are fabricated by applying a CMOS‐compatible top‐down approach to silicon on insulator (SOI) wafers with additionally epitaxially grown silicon layers. Transport and noise properties of fabricated structures with p‐type conductivity are studied in a wide temperature range (100–300 K). A random telegraph signal (RTS) noise as a special case of trapping‐detrapping processes is registered as a dominant noise component at room temperature. A shift of the characteristic corner (rollover) frequency of the RTS noise to lower frequencies with temperature decreasing is observed. By performing analysis of temperature‐dependent low‐frequency noise, the activation energy and hole capture cross section of a single trap responsible for the RTS noise are estimated to be (0.29 ± 0.02 eV) and (2.22 ± 0.15) ×10−18 cm2, respectively. Obtained values suggest that the trap can be attributed to a vacancy‐boron complex. At the temperature below 200 K fabricated devices demonstrate a clear generation‐recombination noise with power spectral density proportional to 1/f 3/2. Such noise behavior provides the evidence of diffusion‐assisted processes in two‐layer nanowire structures. This confirms the contribution of high‐doped top silicon layer to the transistor transport properties.
The Motion of an Azobenzene Light‐Controlled Switch: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Approach
Authors: Godde Bérangère , Jouaiti Abdelaziz , Mauro Matteo , Marquardt Roberto , Chaumont Alain , Robert Vincent
Published: January 2019

To gain further insight into the internal motion of molecular objects, we have synthesized a molecular turnstile AzoT composed of a rotor based on flexible tetraethyleneglycol (TEG) chains grafted on aromatic moieties and a stator containing a photoswitchable azobenzene (Azo) fragment. The control of the reversible light‐induced E‐AzoT⇆Z‐AzoT isomerization is supported by both NMR spectroscopy and photophysical investigation, which show that the system exhibits a fatigueless isomerization switching process. Furthermore, 2D NMR spectroscopy points to the fact that the free internal motion is triggered by the E‐AzoT⇆Z‐AzoT isomerization. Using molecular dynamics simulations and DFT calculations we have investigated the nature of the internal motions. An internal rotation characterized by an energy barrier of 23 kJ/mol is found for the Z‐AzoT isomer. In contrast, this barrier reaches 151 kJ/mol for the E‐AzoT isomer, excluding any “classical” rotation at room temperature. This rotational movement could in principle occur via tunneling. A simple model calculation, however, excludes tunnelling to take place before 20 ms.
Toric geometry and the dual of c-extremization
Authors: Gauntlett Jerome P. , Martelli Dario , Sparks James
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We consider D3-brane gauge theories at an arbitrary toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold cone singularity that are then further compactified on a Riemann surface Σ
g
, with an arbitrary partial topological twist for the global U(1) symmetries. This constitutes a rich, infinite class of two-dimensional (0, 2) theories. Under the assumption that such a theory flows to a SCFT, we show that the supergravity formulas for the central charge and R-charges of BPS baryonic operators of the dual AdS3 solution may be computed using only the toric data of the Calabi-Yau 3-fold and the topological twist parameters. We exemplify the procedure for both the Y

p,q
and X

p,q
3-fold singularities, along with their associated dual quiver gauge theories, showing that the new supergravity results perfectly match the field theory results obtained using c-extremization, for arbitrary twist over Σ
g
. We furthermore conjecture that the trial central charge "Image missing", which we define in gravity, matches the field theory trial c-function off-shell, and show this holds in non-trivial examples. Finally, we check our general geometric formulae against a number of explicitly known supergravity solutions.
Tritium beta decay with additional emission of new light bosons
Authors: Arcadi Giorgio , Heeck Julian , Heizmann Florian , Mertens Susanne , Queiroz Farinaldo S. , Rodejohann Werner , Slezák Martin , Valerius Kathrin
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We consider tritium beta decay with additional emission of light pseudoscalar or vector bosons coupling to electrons or neutrinos. The electron energy spectrum for all cases is evaluated and shown to be well estimated by approximated analytical expressions. We give the statistical sensitivity of Katrin to the mass and coupling of the new bosons, both in the standard setup of the experiment as well as for future modifications in which the full energy spectrum of tritium decay is accessible.
Low‐fidelity Paediatric Surgical Simulation: Description of Models in Low‐Resource Settings
Authors: McClelland T. J. , Ford K. , Dagash H. , Lander A. , Lakhoo K.
Published: January 2019

Background

Surgical simulation is an important aspect of competency‐based training. Recent trends in paediatric surgical simulations have migrated towards high‐fidelity simulation with advanced technology resulting in models which are expensive and largely inaccessible in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Methods

This article describes four wet simulation models of common surgical procedures in paediatric population created with animal tissue from local abattoir. The models are designed to provide a framework for others to make the models and benefit from the training opportunity they provide especially in low–middle‐income countries.

Results

The models created in the wet laboratory are neonatal bowel anastomosis, duodenoduodenostomy for discrepancy anastomosis, gastrostomy and pyeloplasty. These models are easily reproducible in resource‐challenged healthcare setting as they are low cost, utilise locally available resources and require only a basic set of surgical instruments with which to perform the procedures.

Conclusion

These models provide locally accessible material for sustainable training programmes which are fundamental in developing safe and affordable surgical care worldwide.
Lung-diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide predicts early complications after cardiac surgery
Authors: Kuwata Toshiyuki , Shibasaki Ikuko , Ogata Koji , Ogawa Hironaga , Takei Yusuke , Seki Masahiro , Kiriya Yuriko , Fukuda Hirotsugu
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Preoperative pulmonary dysfunction has been associated with increased operative mortality and morbidity after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine whether values for the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) could predict postoperative complications after cardiac surgery.

Methods

This study included 408 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery between June 2008 and December 2015. DLCO was routinely determined in all patients. A reduced DLCO was clinically defined as %DLCO < 70%. %DLCO was calculated as DLCO divided by the predicted DLCO. The association between %DLCO and in-hospital mortality was assessed, and independent predictors of complications were identified by a logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among the 408 patients, 338 and 70 had %DLCO values of ≥ 70% and < 70%, respectively. Complications were associated with in-hospital mortality (P < 0.001), but not %DLCO (P = 0.275). A multivariate logistic regression analysis with propensity score matching identified reduced DLCO as an independent predictor of complications (OR, 3.270; 95%CI, 1.356–7.882; P = 0.008).

Conclusions

%DLCO is a powerful predictor of postoperative complications. The preoperative DLCO values might provide information that can be used to accurately predict the prognosis after cardiac surgery.

Clinical trial registration number

UMIN000029985.
Efficiency of post-stratification for a large-scale forest inventory—case Finnish NFI
Authors: Haakana Helena , Heikkinen Juha , Katila Matti , Kangas Annika
Published: January 2019

Key message

Post-stratification based on remotely sensed data is an efficient method in estimating regional-level results in the operational National Forest Inventory. It also enables calculating the results accurately for smaller areas than with the default method of using the field plots only.

Context

The utilization of auxiliary information in survey sampling through model-assisted estimation or post-stratification has gained popularity in forest inventory recently. However, post-stratification at a large scale involves practical concerns such as the availability of auxiliary data independent of the sample at hand, and a large number of variables for which the results are needed.

Aims

We assessed the efficiency of two different types of post-stratification, either post-stratifying for each variable of interest separately or using one post-stratification for all variables, compared to the estimation based on the field sample plots only. In addition, we examined the precision of area and volume estimates, and the efficiency of post-stratification at different spatial scales.

Methods

For post-stratification, we used the volume maps based on Landsat satellite imagery, digital map data, and the sample plot data of the previous inventory. The efficiencies of post-stratifications based on the mean volume and the mean volumes by tree species were compared.

Results

In estimating the total volume, the relative efficiency of post-stratification compared to field plot based estimation was 1.54–3.54 over the provinces in South Finland. In estimating the volumes by tree species groups, the relative efficiency was 0.93–2.39. The gain with a separate stratification compared to the stratification based on total mean volume for all variables was at largest 0.69. In the small test areas, the relative standard errors of the total volume estimates decreased on average by 33% by using post-stratification instead of sample plots only. The mean relative efficiency was 2.36.

Conclusion

The utilization of an old forest resources map and post-stratification based on the mean volume is an operational approach for the National Forest Inventory. Post-stratification also enables calculating the results accurately for markedly smaller areas than with the field plots only. Post-stratification reduced the probability of very high sampling variances, making the results more robust.
Amplification and structure of streamwise-velocity fluctuations in compression-corner shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions
Authors: Mustafa M. A. , Parziale N. J. , Smith M. S. , Marineau E. C.
Published: January 2019

In this work, we study the effect of the compression-corner angle on the streamwise turbulent kinetic energy (sTKE) and structure in Mach 2.8 flow. Krypton tagging velocimetry (KTV) is used to investigate the incoming turbulent boundary layer and flow over$8^{\circ }$,$16^{\circ }$,$24^{\circ }$and$32^{\circ }$compression corners. The experiments were performed in a 99 %$\text{N}_{2}$and 1 % Kr gas mixture in the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC) Mach 3 Calibration Tunnel (M3CT) at$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}}=1750$. A figure of merit is defined as the wall-normal integrated sTKE ($\overline{\text{sTKE}}$), which is designed to identify turbulence amplification by accounting for the root-mean-squared (r.m.s.) velocity fluctuations and shear-layer width for the different geometries. We observe that the$\overline{\text{sTKE}}$increases as an exponential with the compression-corner angle near the root when normalized by the boundary-layer value. Additionally, snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to the KTV results to investigate the structure of the flow. From the POD results, we extract the dominant flow structures and compare each case by presenting mean-velocity maps that correspond to the largest positive and negative POD mode coefficients. Finally, the POD spectrum reveals an inertial range common to the boundary-layer and each compression-corner flow that is present after the first${\approx}10$dominant POD modes.
On quotient modules of H2(𝔻n): essential normality and boundary representations
Authors: Das B. Krishna , Gorai Sushil , Sarkar Jaydeb
Published: January 2019

Let 𝔻n be the open unit polydisc in ℂn, $n \ges 1$, and let H2(𝔻n) be the Hardy space over 𝔻n. For $n\ges 3$, we show that if θ ∈ H∞(𝔻n) is an inner function, then the n-tuple of commuting operators $(C_{z_1}, \ldots , C_{z_n})$ on the Beurling type quotient module ${\cal Q}_{\theta }$ is not essentially normal, where
$${\rm {\cal Q}}_\theta = H^2({\rm {\open D}}^n)/\theta H^2({\rm {\open D}}^n)\quad {\rm and}\quad C_{z_j} = P_{{\rm {\cal Q}}_\theta }M_{z_j}\vert_{{\rm {\cal Q}}_\theta }\quad (j = 1, \ldots ,n).$$Rudin's quotient modules of H2(𝔻2) are also shown to be not essentially normal. We prove several results concerning boundary representations of C*-algebras corresponding to different classes of quotient modules including doubly commuting quotient modules and homogeneous quotient modules.
The Sociology of Climate Change as a Sociology of Loss
Authors: Elliott Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Climate change involves human societies in problems of loss: depletion, disappearance, and collapse. The climate changes and changes other things, in specifically destructive ways. What can and should sociology endeavour to know about this particular form of social change? This article outlines the sociology of loss as a project for sociological engagement with climate change, one that breaks out of environmental sociology as the conventional silo of research and bridges to other subfields. I address four interrelated dimensions of loss that climate change presents: the materiality of loss; the politics of loss; knowledge of loss; and practices of loss. Unlike “sustainability”—the more dominant framing in the social sciences of climate change—the sociology of loss examines what does, will, or must disappear rather than what can or should be sustained. Though the sociology of loss requires a confrontation with the melancholia of suffering people and places, it also speaks to new solidarities and positive transformations.
The Rise of the Idea of Model in Policymaking
Authors: Alasuutari Pertti , Rautalin Marjaana , Tyrkkö Jukka
Published: January 2019

The paper addresses the question whether national decision-making has become increasingly interdependent in recent decades, and what role “world models” play in any such trend. These questions are scrutinised by utilising the “Historic Hansard” corpus, which contains all records of the UK Parliament from 1803 to 2005, complemented by other corpora. The results show that references to other countries were most frequent in parliamentary debates very early in the 19th century. However, allusions to other countries have evolved from referencing case examples to referencing policies that are constructed and branded as models. The idea of transferable models caught on particularly strongly from the 1950s onward. The other corpora used for the study confirmed that these changes reflect a global trend. Hence, the post-war era has witnessed a worldwide spread of the idea of model as a precondition for a global proliferation of named models.