bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skull X-Rays in Minor Head Injury
Authors: Gibson T. C.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective review of the value of skull X-rays in the management of1379 patients presenting to an accident and emergency department with minor head injuries was made. Ten skull fractures were identified in this group (an incidence of 0.7%) of which only four were identified by the casualty officer, the remainder being subsequently identified by the radiologist. Some 90 per cent of patients had no history of concussion, and 33 per cent had no external evidence of head injury. All patients with fractures were admitted because of clinical criteria so that skull X-rays played no part in determining whether patients were admitted for observation or not. Only one patient required operative intervention for a compound depressed fracture, and no patient developed an intracranial haematoma.

It is concluded that there is need to educate casualty officers on the indications for, and interpretation of skull X-rays. It is hoped that this might decrease the cost to the Health Service of needless skull X-rays, without detriment to the standards of patient care.
Improved Vascular Access for Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Porteous C. , Welsh J. , Keel Aileen , Willox Joanne C. , Burns H. J. G.
Published: January 2017

Indwelling central venous catheters were used for vascular access in 25 oncology patients, The lines were used for sampling, administration of blood products, chemotherapeutic agents, parenteral nutrients and occasionally plasmapheresis. The complication rate was no higher than in reported series in which the catheters were reserved for parenteral nutrition. We believe that a central venous cannula can be safely used as the sole means of vascular access in those patients with consequent psychological and practical benefits.
Staphylococcal Septicaemia Complicated by Probable Cloxacillin Neurotoxicity and by Jaundice Induced by Fusidic Acid
Authors: McAreavey Dorothea , Redding Penelope J.
Published: January 2017

Two weeks following a renal arteriogram a 56-year-old man with severe hypertension developed a staphylococcal septicaemia. After six weeks treatment with intravenous fusidic acid and cloxacillin he became icteric, confused and disorientated. The fusidic acid was stopped and the serum bilirubin fell to normal. His confusion persisted and serum cloxacillin levels were found to be grossly elevated. The patient's mental state returned to normal following withdrawal of cloxacillin.

We attribute his jaundice to treatment with fusidic acid and his acute confusional state to cloxacillin neurotoxicity.
Anaemia in the Hydrallazine-Induced Lupus Syndrome
Authors: Macleod W. N.
Published: January 2017

A report is presented of a patient who developed the Lupus syndrome while on treatment with hydrallazine. A significant anaemia was present which was fully investigated. The aetiology of the anaemia is discussed.
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis Presenting as Acute Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: Steele R. J. C. , Wright R. G. , Gilmore H. M.
Published: January 2017

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is an uncommon condition which usually affects the antrum of the stomach and may occasionally involve the small or large intestine (1). The main clinical feature is usually that of chronic colicky abdominal pain. We report a case presenting as acute small intestinal obstruction due to isolated involvement of the distal small intestine.
Comparison of Cerebral Blood Flow after Venesection of Bronchitic Secondary Polycythaemic and Primary Polycythaemic Patients
Authors: Semple P. d'A. , Lowe G. D. O. , Patterson J. , Beastall G. H. , Rowan J. O. , Forbes C. D. , Hume R.
Published: January 2017

Cerebral blood flow was measured before and after lowering of haematocrit in four patients with primary polycythaemia and in nine with polycythaemia secondary to chronic obstructive airways disease. Cerebral blood flow values in each group were abnormally low to a similar degree at the start of the study and the degree of rise in cerebral blood flow per unit fall in haematocrit after venesection also was similar in each. Oxygen delivery fell despite increased cerebral blood flow and symptomatic benefit was infrequent. In male secondary polycythaemic patients rise in cerebral blood flow was not associated with any improvement in hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular function which we had previously noted to be suppressed in such hypoxic subjects. Our findings suggest viscosity changes rather than alteration in blood oxygen carriage to be responsible for cerebral blood flow improvement. It is concluded that therapeutic venesection in such patients should be applied with caution.
Skin Maps in Vitiligo
Authors: Goudie B. M. , Wilkieson Carol , Goudie R. B.
Published: January 2017

Patterns of depigmentation in vitiligo are illustrated which appear to form maps of obscure local anatomical subdivisions of the human skin. These are distinctive but as yet poorly defined and do not generally correspond to known anatomical structures or boundaries.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Smith W. G. J. , Patel K. R. , Briggs J. D. , Junor B. J. R.
Published: January 2017

Pulmonary function tests were performed in ten patients established on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. A decrease in all lung volumes was observed after instillation of dialysate and a further decrease on change from the erect to the supine posture. This change was small and unlikely to have a functionally significant effect in patients with a healthy respiratory system. However, in patients with pre-existing lung disease, respiratory function might be further compromised.
Successful Treatment of Post-Splenectomy Sepsis in an 82-Year-Old Male
Authors: Lees K. R. , Isles C. G.
Published: January 2017

Six weeks after splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura an 82-year-old man suddenly became drowsy with pyrexia and neck stiffness. Pneumococcal meningitis was diagnosed and treated with benzyl penicillin. Subsequently, penicillin-sensitive pneumococci (serotype 23) were isolated from both CSF and blood. He recovered fully. Review of recent literature confirms that absence of the spleen predisposes to overwhelming infection with encapsulated organisms in adults as well as in children. Use of pneumococcal vaccine would appear to be a prudent, if untested measure in all patients undergoing splenectomy.
Pulmonary Aspiration Presenting with Generalised Convulsions
Authors: Northcote R. J.
Published: January 2017

Foreign body in the tracheobroncial tree is a relatively infrequent, but, potentially fatal event, requiring rapid and expert intervention. The symptoms and signs may be mistaken for asthma and pneumonia, — or, as in the case described, with grand mal epileptiform seizures. This emphasises the need to take a thorough case history, and to have a high index of suspicion in a case presenting with convulsion associated with cough, wheezing or respiratory distress.
Mianserin Induced Agranulocytosis Presenting as an Abscess
Authors: Brumé J. , Meehan S. E. , Bennet R. A.
Published: January 2017

A case of Mianserin induced agranulocytosis presenting as a localised infection is presented and the literature reviewed. The importance of a thorough drug history in patients presenting with minor surgical ailments is stressed.
A Diagnosis in Retrospect: The Case of Angus Mackay
Authors: McWhorter J.H. , Guy E.S. , Kahn J.A. , Haynes H.C.
Published: January 2017

A review of the casenotes on Angus MacKay, first piper to Queen Victoria, lead to a diagnosis in retrospect of manic-depressive illness.
High Fibre Diets and Irritable Bowel Syndrome — The Role of the Dietitian
Authors: Lowell J.P. , Morrison V. , Lai C.K.W. , Khin C.C. , Mowat N.A.G. , Brunt P.W.
Published: January 2017

A high fibre diet is commonly used in Britain in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),1 although the efficacy of dietary fibre and of professional dietetic advice is not proven. This study was designed to assess whether the intake of dietary fibre could be related to the time spent receiving dietary advice.
Carbonated Drinks, Thiamine Deficiency and Right Ventricular Failure
Authors: Bell D. , Robertson C.E. , Muir A. L.
Published: January 2017

A 69 year old male presented with clinical features of right ventricular failure. A dilated poorly contracting right ventricle was confirmed by echocardiography and radionuclide ventriculography, with subsequent improvement following thiamine replacement.

Wet beriberi is a result of thiamine deficiency and is uncommon in Europe and North America except in association with chronic alcohol abuse. We report a patient with beriberi presenting unusually with severe right-sided cardiac failure, with documented impairment of right ventricular function, which improved with thiamine replacement. His dietary intake of thiamine was low because of excess intake of carbonated drinks and carbohydrates.
HIV Testing in Glasgow Genito-Urinary Medicine Clinics 1985–1987
Authors: Joshi U.Y. , Cameron S.O. , Sommerville J.M. , Sommerville R.G.
Published: January 2017

Between 1 March 1985 and 28 February 1987, 1659 patients attending Glasgow Genito-Urinary Medicine (GUM) Clinics were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Forty (2.4%) were positive. Thirty-seven of these were homosexual (36/37) or bisexual (1/37) males. The overall prevalence of antibodies to HIV in this group was 3.9% (37/940) and showed no significant increase over the two year period.

Following the extensive media campaign in October 1986, the total numbers tested each month rose from an average of around 50, to 144 in December 1986. There was a further rise to 220 in March 1987 coinciding with AIDS week in March 1987. Since then the numbers have again declined. Before the October campaign, 70% of these tested (692/990) were homo/bisexual males. After the campaign the number of heterosexual males and females rose sharply, accounting for 68% of these tested.
Sports Injuries as Seen at An Accident and Emergency Department
Authors: Pickard M.A. , Tullett W.M. , Patel A.R.
Published: January 2017

We present certain characteristics of 1,000 consecutive patients who attended an Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) with an injury sustained as a result of sport. The majority of injuries occurred as a result of football. Sports injuries had a higher requirement of X-ray than general trauma patients. A minority were treated at the site of injury. A fifth of patients required no treatment or a simple dressing. Commonest treatment was a support bandage. Only 2% required immediate in-patient treatment. Those affected by sports injuries tend to be young and of working age and may lose work time as a result of their injuries and therefore appropriate treatment is justified.
Gastric Lipoma and Intussusception in a Child
Authors: McCombe A. W. , Orr J. D.
Published: January 2017

Gastroduodenal intussusception and gastric lipoma are exceedingly rare conditions in childhood. We report the first case of intussusception due to a gastric lipoma in this age group.
Does Non-Acetylated Salicylate Inhibit Thromboxane Biosynthesis in Human Platelets?
Authors: Danesh B.J.Z. , McLaren M. , Russell R.I. , Lowe G.D.O. , Forbes C.D.
Published: January 2017

Ingestion of aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid: ASA) may promote bleeding complications due to inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis, which results in the prolongation of bleeding time. The effect is believed to be achieved by the irreversible acetylation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase by aspirin.1 This alteration in platelet function by aspirin prohibits its use in patients with bleeding disorders such as haemophiliacs. Choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT; Napp Laboratories Ltd) is a non-acetylated salicylate with analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects similar to that of aspirin.2 However, despite a comparable salicylate absorption from the two drugs, CMT is found to have no inhibitory action in platelet aggregation3 and to cause less gastric mucosal damage4 and gastrointestinal blood loss than aspirin. to investigate the role of the acetyl moiety in the inhibition of platelet thromboxane biosynthesis, we studied the effect of CMT and ASA on bleeding time, serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and thromboxane (Tx) generation in healthy volunteers.
Metronidazole and Alcohol: Potential Problems
Authors: Harries D.P. , Teale K.F.H. , Sunderland G.
Published: January 2017

A case of metabolic acidosis and cardiovascular instability that highlights the potentially dangerous interaction between alcohol and metronidazole.
Combined Renal and Cardiac Transplantation for Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction in End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Warwick G.L. , Boulton-Jones J.M. , Allison M.E.M. , Cobbe S.M. , English T.A.H.
Published: January 2017

Successful treatment of severe cardiac failure in a patient with end-stage renal failure by combined renal and cardiac transplantation is described. The possible causes of myocardial disease in the dialysis population are discussed.
Antihypertensive Drugs and Glucose Metabolism: A Comparison between a Diuretic and Felodipine, a New Calcium Antagonist, when Added to a Beta-Blocker in Non-Diabetic Hypertensive Women
Authors: Bengtsson C. , Lapidus L.
Published: January 2017

Felodipine,1 a vascular selective antihypertensive calcium antagonist, was compared with hydrochlorothiazide, a diuretic, with respect to glucose tolerance. An open crossover study was performed comprising 16 non-diabetic hypertensive women (age range 59–75 years). The women continued to take a beta-blocker as a basal therapy. Each treatment period lasted three months. The blood pressure was similar irrespective of treatment. Blood glucose values were not significantly different during the oral glucose tolerance test. Serum insulin levels after glucose administration were lower when the patients were treated with felodipine than when taking hydrochlorothiazide. A possible explanation for this observation may be an increased insulin release as a consequence of treatment with a diuretic in order to maintain normal blood glucose levels during the glucose tolerance test. Felodipine appears preferable to hydrochlorothiazide as an addition to a beta blocker in hypertensive patients from a glucose metabolism point of view.
The Prevalence of Smoking Amongst Patients Attending an Out-Patient Lipid Clinic
Authors: Wright R.A. , Riemersma R.A. , Bloomfield P.
Published: January 2017

The smoking habits of 184 attendees (mean age 47 years, 101 men) at a hospital-based lipid clinic were reviewed in conjunction with a measurement of serum thiocyanate level which is a marker for smoking over the previous two weeks. Advice against smoking is routinely given at the clinic. We found 84 (46%) patients to remain active smokers of whom 78 admitted to smoking and 6 were identified on the basis of a serum thiocyanate level greater than 100 umol/l. Smoking was more prevalent amongst women than men (52% v 33%).

We have identified a high proportion of patients attending an outpatient lipid clinic as remaining active smokers despite receiving advice against cigarette smoking. This emphasises the need for more effective counselling against smoking in a multiple risk factor intervention approach to ischaemic heart disease.
Teaching Airway Management on Anaesthetised Patients
Authors: Martin P. D. , Chambers W. A.
Published: January 2017

In order to assess the availability of appropriate resources for a programme of in-theatre teaching of airway skills using anaesthetised patients, two surveys of airway management on anaesthetised patients with identification of those suitable for teaching airway care; and a questionnaire to senior anaesthetists assessing attitudes to such teaching were performed.

The results demonstrated that, of all patients undergoing general anaesthesia 45% were intubated and of these 29% were regarded as suitable for teaching intubation. The introduction of the Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) into clinical practice has reduced the number of patients having their airways maintained by either bag and mask or tracheal intubation, with implications for learning those skills. In our survey 16% had a Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) placed for airway securement and of these 29% would have been intubated had the LMA not been available. Finally, amongst anaesthetists in our survey there is a wide variety of attitudes to teaching airway skills using anaesthetised patients.
Giant Cell Arteritis — A Cause of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
Authors: Fife A. , Dorrell L. , Snow M.H. , Ong E.L.C.
Published: January 2017

Giant cell arteritis may present atypically with symptoms of malaise, anorexia, weight loss and fever that could lead to diagnostic difficulties. We describe two cases which the prominent initial feature was protracted pyrexia. Clinicians should seriously consider temporal artery biopsy in such cases.
A Case of Imported Tungiasis in Scotland Initially Mimicking Verrucae Vulgaris
Authors: Wardhaugh A.D. , Norris J.F.B.
Published: January 2017

A case is described of Tunga penetrans infection in the feet of a tourist returning from South America to Scotland The condition had initially mimicked verrucae vulgaris, but microscopic examination of the lesions together with the travel history allowed the diagnosis of tungiasis to be made. This is the first case reported in Scotland
Implementation of the Rhesus Prevention Programme: A Prospective Study
Authors: Ghosh S. , Murphy W.G.
Published: January 2017

All rhesus-negative women who completed a pregnancy between January and August 1992 in two Scottish regions were studied to assess whether the administration of the rhesus prevention programme was complete: 671 rhesus positive (or rhesus type unknown) pregnancies were completed in 1120 Rh D negative women. For eight pregnancies no record of Rh D administration at birth was available. For recorded antenatal events that should have resulted in its administration anti-D was given in 195/280 (69.6%). Kleihauer testing was carried out in 9 of 98 instances of antepartum haemorrhage occurring after 20 weeks gestation. No cases of antenatal immunisation were identified.

The study identified a need to increase awareness of the necessity for anti-D administration after potentially immunising events during pregnancy, and for increasing compliance with administration of postnatal anti-D in one of the study regions. Re-evaluation is also required of the recommendation that Kleihauer testing should be done when antenatal anti-D is given following an obstetric event after 20 weeks.
The Use, Efficacy and Monitoring of Artificial Nutritional Support in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: McWhirter J P. , Hill K. , Richards J. , Pennington CR
Published: January 2017

The implementation of circulated guidelines has been audited, by assessing the extent to which nutritional goals were set and achieved and recording the levels of morbidity as a result of complications. Adults receiving artificial nutritional support were studied over a six month period. Nutritional assessment was used to determine adequacy of prescription and efficacy of the support. Energy requirements were retrospectively calculated and compared with prescriptions and actual intakes. Complications and interruptions to the regimens which resulted in lost feeding time were recorded, as were patient outcomes. Nutrient prescriptions were inadequate, delivery of prescriptions was incomplete and thus nutrient supply inadequate.
Chronic Heart Failure — Mechanisms and Management
Authors: Lye M.
Published: January 2017

Over 80% of patients with chronic heart failure are over the age of 65 years.1 A number of community based studies over the years have indicated that up to half of elderly patients with heart failure are undiagnosed and therefore untreated.2 The high proportion of elderly patients with heart failure who are undiagnosed is probably due to the nonspecific presentation of the condition, heart failure symptoms being over shadowed by co-morbid conditions and the haemodynamic presentation of diastolic dysfunction, vide infra.3–5 Measurement of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide levels may be helpful in identifying elderly patients at risk of, or in the early stages of heart failure.6 Paradoxically, there are also a number of elderly patients who are being treated for heart failure who do not have the condition.7 Even with the secular changes occurring in lifestyles (smoking, diet, exercise) the prevalence of heart failure will continue to increase well into the next century because of the continuing increase in the number of older people. Difficulties with diagnosis of heart failure may be related to the observation that cardiologists tend to concentrate on young cardiac patients.
The Use of Audit to Improve Clinical Effectiveness in an Infrequent Obstetric Therapy: Magnesium Sulphate in Severe Pre-Eclampsia
Authors: Taylor G. M. , McKenzie C. A. , Mires G. J.
Published: January 2017

Magnesium sulphate has been established as the drug of choice in the management of eclampsia and even when used in cases of severe pre-eclampsia it is given infrequently: It is recognised to have potentially severe toxic effects but there is a need to achieve therapeutic levels quickly enough to prevent seizures. This paper reports an audit following the introduction of a protocol for the use of magnesium sulphate in eclampsia and severe pre-eclampsia at Ninewells hospital, Dundee. Problems were identified with both the time taken to reach therapeutic levels and clinical monitoring of magnesium levels despite the use of loading doses commonly recommended Reaudit after changes to the protocol and the introduction of an administration / monitoring chart showed a significant improvement in both monitoring and the adequacy of prophylaxis. This demonstrates how aud it of clinical practice has been used to improve clinical effectiveness in an area in which a potentially toxic drug is used infrequently but with potentially life saving benefits.
Limitations of CDT and GGT in Detecting Relapses in Patients Attending an Alcohol Problems Clinic
Authors: Limin S. , Jarvie D. R. , Chick J. , Simpson D.
Published: January 2017

Biochemical markers of alcohol consumption are useful for the detection and monitoring of problem drinking. Blood samples from 37 patients attending an alcohol treatment clinic were analysed for GGT and %CDT, and results were compared with self-reported periods of abstinence and alcohol consumption. Poor correlation was obtained between GGT and %CDT, and between these assays and self-reported alcohol use. The apparent sensitivity and specificity of GGT (57%, 63%) and %CDT (43%, 88%), were considerably lower than those reported by other workers.
Effect of Cold Exposure, Exercise and High Altitude on Plasma Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Cell Markers in Man
Authors: Cruden N.L M. , Newby D. E. , Ross J. A. , Johnston N. R. , Webb D. J.
Published: January 2017

The aims were to examine the effect of cold exposure, exercise and high altitude on plasma concentrations of big endothelin-1, endothelin-1, von Willebrand factor and serum e-selectin in twenty five healthy male volunteers. Clinical evaluation and venesection were performed before and after 24 hours of low altitude mountaineering, exposure to temperatures of −18°C and +4°C and whilst ascending from sea level to an altitude of 5000m in the Karakoram. Plasma big endothelin−1, plasma endothelin−1 and serum soluble e-selectin concentrations were significantly elevated after two hours at −18°C (p<0.05, p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). At +4°C, plasma big endothelin-1 and endothelin−1 concentrations rose significantly after 5 hours (p<0.005 for both) but not after 2.5. hours. Low altitude mountaineering did not alter circulating marker concentrations. At high altitude, big endothelin−1 and endothelin−1 (p<0.01 for both) rose significantly at 2500m and initially at 5000m but returned to sea level values after prolonged exposure to 5000m. Serum e-selectin rose at all altitudes greater than sea level (p<0.05). In conclusion, exposure to high altitude, moderate cold or freezing temperatures, but not exercise, selectively activates endothelial cells increasing endothelin-1 production. Cold exposure may contribute to the observed increase in plasma endothelin- 1 in mountaineers at high altitude.
Cross-Linking of Cotton by Graft Polymerization with Vinyl Monomers
Authors: Åsnes H. , Edén C. , Larking R.
Published: January 2017

Cotton fabrics have been reacted with N-methylolated acrylamide and methacrylamide in a single-ended reaction under acidic conditions similar to moist cross-linking or moist curing.

Polymerization of the vinyl groups of the single-end reacted fabric has been initiated in a separate step with azobisisobutyronitrile. This polymerization was made with and without additions of monomers of methacrylamide, ethyl acrylate, ethoxyethylmethacrylate, and isoprene in methanol solution. The polymerization of the vinyl groups of the single-end reacted fabric is subjected to steric hindrance. By additions of vinyl monomers in the polymerization step, this steric hindrance can be overcome. By using this method, the polymer matrix, through which the cross-linking of cellulose is obtained, can be altered chemically by changing the monomers added.

Fabric testing showed that wash-wear appearance increases when vinyl monomers are added in the polymerization step. The added monomers influence strength retention. The results indicate that monomers, like isoprene, which is supposed to give a rubberlike polymer matrix through which the cellulose is cross-linked, give the best strength retention.
Improvement of the Launderability of Polypropylene Multifilament Yarns
Authors: Weimer Robert P. , Conner Willard P.
Published: January 2017

Polypropylene multifilament yarns are being used in a variety of industrial and consumer products. Penetration into some textile markets, however, has been hampered by poor resistance to laundering. Cyclic wash-dry laundering causes heat-stabilized yarns to lose antioxidant and strength more rapidly than the sum of the effects of washing or drying alone. This phenomenon plus other experimental evidence indicate that the dominating loss mechanism is one of diffusion or “thermal pumping.” It is suggested that during washing the antioxidant is leached from the epidermal layer of the fiber. During drying, the antioxidant diffuses to the surface from within as the antioxidant concentration profile is leveled throughout the fiber. Increasing the molecular weight of an antioxidant species reduces its diffusivity with a concomitant loss in antioxidant capability. Very long lifetimes, however, under home laundering conditions have been achieved by a compromise between diffusivity and capability of the antioxidant.
Influence of Fiber Properties on Wrinkling Behavior of Fabrics
Authors: Prevorsek D. C. , Lamb G. E. R. , Butler R. H.
Published: January 2017

The analysis of a series of controlled experiments using sets of fabrics of nominally the same woven construction made of different fibers led to the conclusion that, in general, a crease or wrinkle in a fabric can involve a permanent deformation of filaments, a deformation of the yarn caused by interfilament friction, and a structural distortion of the fabric. The main objective of the previous papers in this series was to establish the principal parameters which affect the filament and yarn bending recovery and the resistance of woven fabrics to undergo permanent distortion in construction when subjected to bending or wrinkling deformations. We found that the fiber properties which affect the recovery of single filaments are the yield strain in compression and the ratio of the compressional to tensile longitudinal moduli. Both these quantities are functions of draw ratio and thermal history of the fiber. The fiber properties which affect the recovery characteristics of yarns and fabrics are friction coefficient, modulus of elasticity, and settability.

Previous articles of this series dealt with the development of a fabric wrinkle-recovery equation and its verification. In this study we present examples illustrating the application of the developed equation to analyze the effects of fabric construction and severity and time of application of wrinkling conditions.
Latent Crimp in False-Twist-Textured Polyethylene Terephthalate Yarn
Authors: Gupta V. B. , Natarajan M.
Published: January 2017

The effect of tension in the winding zone of the false-twist-texturing process on the crimp properties of textured polyethylene terephthalate yarn has been investigated. It was found that, all other conditions remaining unchanged, high wind-up tension results in low crimp retraction. Post-texturing treatments enhance the crimp retraction of these yarns and demonstrate the role of wind-up tension in rendering the crimp latent.
Measurement of Torsional Rigidity of Fibers
Authors: Okabayashi Minoru , Yamazaki Chikayasu , Terada Koji , Negishi Takao
Published: January 2017

Torsional rigidity is one of the most important mechanical properties of fibers and yarns and has considerable effects on the performance of fabrics made therefrom. A new instrument called a Torsional Rigidity Analyzer has been developed by TORAY Industries, Inc., a synthetic fiber manufacturer in Japan, for the measurement of torsional rigidity, torsional hysteresis, and residual torque of all fibers ranging from fine fiber to heavy yarn such as tire cord or carpet yarn. This analyzer utilizes a new torque balance method which is a modification of the rotary viscometer. By this analyzer the twist-torque diagram of the sample is obtained automatically in the X-Y recorder. This paper describes the analyzer and some applications to fine fibers and multifilament yarns.
Crockfastness of Polyacrylate and Nitrile Rubber Pigment-Printing Binders
Authors: Warburton C. E.
Published: January 2017

Crockfastness of three polyacrylate and two nitrile rubber pigment-printing binders was demonstrated to be dependent upon mechanical resistance of the pigmented binders to rubbing and adhesion of the binders to fabric. Of the tensile properties of binder films measured, higher 200% modulus correlated best with crockfastness of printed fabrics. With binders of nearly equal modulus, crockfastness was better if adhesion was better.
Internal Mechanics of Twisted Yarn
Authors: Neckář Bohuslav
Published: January 2017

Part I: Theoretical Model

The equilibrium of the yarn element is defined on the basis of a cylindrical model of yarn formation. The fibrous system is considered a continuum. The stress-strain relationship is solved for the element of this fibrous continuum. A mathematical model is proposed which is based on the idea of effective elastic bonds including nonlinearity and finite strains. Through substitution of this model in a differential equation of equilibrium, a differential equation is found which can be solved numerically. Also, the effect of fiber migration is taken partly into consideration. A method of calculation is deduced for the course of the radial fiber packing density.

Part II: Application

A new method of experimental determination of the course of the fiber packing density is described. The method is based on mathematical evaluation of tracer fibers from photographs produced on the OMEST Tester. A modified evaluation of experimentally determined yarn diameters is proposed. Results obtained with carded cotton yarns are specified. The theoretical model is processed numerically. The input parameters of the numerical solution are discussed. Theoretical results are compared with the results of the fiber packing density and yarn diameter measurements. The findings are discussed from the viewpoint of the physical aspects of the internal mechanics of yarn.
The International System of Units (SI)
Authors: Stoner George G.
Published: January 2017

Le Système International d'Unités (officially designated SI in all languages) provides a logical, interconnected framework for measurements in commerce, industry, and science, including the textile and allied fields. SI is based on only nine elemental units. Seventeen important derived units have special names. Any number of derived units is possible to meet particular needs. SI has only one unit for each type of physical quantity. Prefixes cover a range of 1036 to form multiples and submultiples. SI has explicitly distinct units for mass (the kilogram) and force (the newton). Numerous older units of pressure, energy, and power are superseded by the pascal, the joule, and the watt, respectively. Each equation defining a derived unit contains only the number 1 as the numerical factor. SI has salient advantages because it is a system of units coherent with respect to the system of physical quantities and the equations relating them.
Never-Dried Cotton Fibers
Authors: Eckberg R. P. , Ingram P. , Williams J. L.
Published: January 2017

The preservation of the mechanical and transport properties of never-dried cotton has been accomplished by the treatment of never-dried fibers with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide under mildly alkaline conditions. Fibers subjected to this process display high extensibility, accessibility, and strength comparable or superior to the corresponding properties of never-dried cotton at standard conditions of temperature and humidity. Gamma-initiated radiation grafting of ethylacrylate to never-dried and once-dried cotton indicated that never-dried fibers grafted at higher rates than ordinary cotton.
Reactivity and Fine Structure of Cotton Mercerized in Sodium Hydroxide or Liquid Ammonia
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Nelson Mary L.
Published: January 2017

The effect of liquid ammonia mercerization on the fine structure and reactivity of cotton sliver and yarn was compared with that of sodium hydroxide mercerization. X-ray diffractograms showed considerable decrystallization by both swelling agents, with little difference between them, and no effect of tension. The swelling produced by both reagents decreased the density of the cotton, with the percentage decrease being dependent on tension, method of removing the swelling agent, and fiber maturity, rather than on type of reagent. Accessibility to moisture, deuterium exchange, and iodine was increased by all treatments, but in general, increases with caustic soda were greater than with ammonia. Differences in enhanced reactivity towards acid hydrolysis and crosslinking with formaldehyde, attributable to mercerizing agent, were small, but in partial acetylation, greater reactivity resulted from caustic mercerization.
A New Method of Estimating the Contribution of Fiber Rupture to Yarn Strength, and its Application
Authors: Singh V. P. , Sengupta A. K.
Published: January 2017

A new technique for the assessment of fibers breaking or slipping during failure of a spun yarn on tensile loading is presented. The method uses optical isolation of tracer fibers. When tested at different strain rates, it is observed that, except for very low strain rates, increase in tensile strength with strain rate is a direct contribution of increased strength utilization due to fiber rupture, and that frictional contribution remains essentially constant.
The Use of Airflow Measurements to Get Separate Estimates of Cotton Fiber Fineness and Maturity
Authors: Neelakantan P. , Shah N. M.
Published: January 2017

An expression for the specific surface S0 of cotton has been derived in terms of gravimetric fineness H and a fundamental measure of maturity, namely, the degree of cell wall thickening θ. S02 has been shown to be a linear function of not only 1/θ H but also of 1/θ H2. This combined dependence, together with the fact that the apparent specific surface determined from airflow measurements depends upon the plug porosity, makes it possible to get reliable estimates of θ and H from measurements of airflow at two porosities. Analysis of data on a number of cottons has established that a single regression equation cannot cover all commercial cottons, but separate equations, depending on the flow rate, have to be used.
Recurability and Textile Properties of Postactivated Cotton and Blend Fabrics
Authors: Wade Clinton P. , Franklin William E. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: January 2017

Cotton and cotton-polyester blend fabrics were finished by a dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU)-glycolic acid-postactivation process to give fully-cured durable-press fabrics which could be given sharp, permanent creases by an ironing process. The resilience and strength-retention properties of these fabrics were equivalent to, or slightly better, than those of corresponding cotton or blend fabrics which had been finished by conventional durable-press processes. The postactivated blend fabrics accepted better creases at low temperatures than the corresponding cotton fabrics, but at the moderately higher temperatures required to form acceptable permanent creases, the creasabilities of the cotton and blend fabrics were almost equivalent. Unmodified blend fabrics and conventionally finished durable-press blend fabrics, either postactivated or not activated, accepted better permanent creases than the corresponding cotton fabrics, but none of these creases were acceptable.
Optimization of Dyestuff Fixation of Cellulosic Prints by Normal Steaming Using Factorial Techniques
Authors: Mousa A. H. N.
Published: January 2017

The dyestuff fixation of cellulosic prints by normal steaming was optimized to find the best conditions. The dyestuffs used were Drimarene Blue, Red-R4BL, Yellow-R3GL, Cibacron Pront Blue 3R, Red G, and Yellow 4G. Factorial experiments were used to assess the effect of each treatment condition. The objective of this work was to find the best conditions that will require the least amount of imported materials, thereby reducing costs.
Polycations and Their Complexes
Authors: Courtney B. , Lawton J. B.
Published: January 2017

Free-energy changes have been determined for the binding of the anionic dyes Orange II and Methyl Orange to diethylaminoethyl cellulose and triethylaminoethyl cellulose. These polycations resemble wool and other natural polycations in some respects. It is shown, however, that the Gilbert-Rideal theory is not satisfactory for cellulosic polycations, and alternative treatments are given. It was found that the order of binding of some simple anions was I- > Br- > Cl-. The sulphate ion behaved anomalously and appeared to be sensitive to changes in the intersite distance. Diffuse reflectance spectra showed evidence of a metachromatic color change in the spectrum of the bound dyes.
Modification of Fiber Surfaces by Monomeric Additives
Authors: Mares F. , Oxenrider B. C.
Published: January 2017

The surfaces of nylon 6, nylon 66, and polyethylene terephthalate fibers were modified by monomeric fluorine-containing additives. The additives were blended into the polymer melt prior to extrusion and were designed in such a way that they could migrate through the polymers and concentrate in the fiber matrix near the fiber surfaces. At the fiber surface a continuum of closely packed fluorocarbon chains is formed, which results in a fiber of low surface energy with good resistance to abrasion. The modified fiber can be dyed in a hot dyebath despite its strong water and oil repellency.
Mechanism of the Splice
Authors: Kaushik R. C. D. , Hari P. K. , Sharma I. C.
Published: January 2017

The structure of a splice made by a pneumatic splicer was investigated by studying the longitudinal view and cross sections of the splice zone. The splice has three distinct regions: twisting, wrapping, and tucking/intermingling. The strength of the splice is primarily due to the tucking/intermingling region. Wrapping preserves the splice and gives a clean appearance. Twisting provides lateral forces and reduces interfiber slippage in the tucking/intermingling zone.
Geometry and Dimensional Properties of Plain Loops Made of Rotor Spun Cotton Yarns
Authors: Banerjee P. K. , Alaiban T. S.
Published: January 2017

The spirality of wale lines is shown to affect shape factor and hence fabric dimensions. Spirality is determined by yarn twist liveliness, tightness factor, and machine gauge, whereas yarn twist liveliness is governed by actual yarn twist. Full relaxation may decrease or increase spirality depending on whether the tightness factor of the parent fabric is greater or less than 14.0. To minimize spirality in the finished fabric, the cloth should be knitted on a machine with the finest possible gauge at a tightness factor value ≥ 14.0.
Filling Insertion by Rapier: A Kinematic Model
Authors: Tümer S. T. , Dawson R. M.
Published: January 2017

A model of rapier filling insertion, using two half-width rapiers and end transfer, is proposed and its implications analyzed. Normalized forms of the critical characteristics that impose constraints on the system are evaluated. In particular, filling pickup velocity and the maximum velocity and maximum acceleration of the rapier are considered. The effects are examined of the parameters of the model, and of the form of generating function used to specify the rapier motion, on these normalized characteristics. The influence of the critical characteristics on the relation between working width and loom speed is then considered. The forms of width-speed relation implied by the limiting values of the critical characteristics are determined and compared with the form of this relation in practice.
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS: A Participatory Learning and Action Initiative in Malaysia
Authors: Townsend D
Published: January 2017

Rapid participatory research and project development is possible within a tightly controlled social context such as a prison. Having gained access, based on trust and mutual respect, external agents may then facilitate significant change. Given adequate support, incarcerated people with HIV/AIDS and limited medical access may be able to develop mutual care, social support and income-generating activities. In the Malaysian context, we estimated in 1998 that up to one-quarter of prisoners with HIV had indicators of significant disease. We estimated that significant indicators remained unrevealed among between one-half and two-thirds of these. Given prevailing conditions, these would probably only be amenable to peer-based care.
Field Trial of the RTM Dipstick Method for the Rapid Diagnosis of Malaria Based on the Detection of Plasmodium Falciparum HRP-2 Antigen in Whole Blood
Authors: Wolday Dawit , Balcha Fekede , Fessehaye Ghimja , Birku Yoseph , Shepherd Andrew
Published: January 2017

The performance of the Quorum Rapid Test Malaria (RTM) dipstick method that detects Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 (PfHRP-2) antigen in whole blood was evaluated in a malaria endemic area. Results were compared with conventional Giemsa-stained blood films. Of 306 people tested 37.9% (116/306) were found to be parasitaemic; of these 66.4% (77/116) were P. vivax and 32.8% (38/116) were P. falciparum infections. There was only one (0.9%) mixed P. falciparum plus P. vivax infection. The RTM test was positive in 35/36 patients with P. falciparum identified on blood smear examination, resulting in a sensitivity of 97.2% [95% confidence interval (CI): 91.6–102.8%]. Specificity was 96.3% (95% CI: 93.9–98.6%). The RTM test had a positive predictive value of 77.8% (95% CI: 65.7–89.9%) and a negative predictive value of 99.6% (95% CI: 98.4–100.8%). Of the 10 false positives, seven reported recent malaria episode and treatment, indicating persistence of antigenaemia. If these were assumed truly infected, the positive predictive value is increased to 93.3% (95% CI: 85.8–100.8%). The RTM test was positive in all seven P. falciparum infections with gametocytes and one mixed infection, but was negative in all falciparum gametocytes and relapsing fever cases. All but one P. vivax infection gave negative result on the RTM test. The RTM test missed one patient with parasitaemia. The test is highly sensitive and specific requiring no instrument or trained personnel. It appears to be a very useful tool for rapid diagnosis of malaria, especially in the rural health institutions with limited diagnostic facilities.
Colostomy in Neonates with a Massively Distended Abdomen Due to an Imperforate Anus
Authors: Budhiraja Sushil
Published: January 2017

A simple technique of intraoperative decompression and colostomy in neonates with a massively distended abdomen is described. With this technique, the handling of distended bowel becomes easier and peritoneal contamination by meconeum is also prevented.
Service Improves Performance of Unattended Draw-Over Halothane Vaporizers
Authors: Hansen D
Published: January 2017

The accuracy of the output halothane concentration of seven draw-over halothane vaporizers (TEC, Ohmeda) which were delivered in 1986 to Malawi was investigated. They had not been serviced for the past 8 years. The output was studied at dial settings of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% at minute volumes of 2 to 8 litres before and after thorough cleaning of the vaporizers. The measured halothane concentration was corrected to sea level. Of seven vaporizers one was delivering concentrations up to 240% higher than the setting. A second vaporizer delivered concentrations much lower than the setting; the maximum output was 1.5% at the 5% setting. After cleaning, all vaporizers delivered concentrations close to the dial setting. The maximum deviation from the setting was 0.5% at the 0.5%, 1% and 2% setting and 0.9% at higher settings. Whether the replacement of damaged wicks and seals would improve the accuracy further could not be investigated because these spare parts were not available.

It is concluded from this study that regular servicing of draw-over vaporizers is essential. Support for the training of technicians in developing countries and also support for the funding of spare parts and measuring instruments in these countries should be considered by donors.
Open Arthrolysis for Functional Restoration in Post-Traumatic Elbow Stiffness
Authors: Ofiaeli R O
Published: January 2017

A prospective study of nine patients who had elbow stiffness after trauma and had open arthrolysis to restore function is presented: seven were children aged 6–10, two were adults—six males and three females. Five patients had supracondylar fracture as the initial lesion, one had posterior dislocation of the elbow and three had elbow sprains. They were all previously treated by native bonesetters and presented with elbow stiffness and fixed extension of the elbow. All had open arthrolysis using a posterior approach. The flexion range and loss of extension were measured pre-operatively and at 6 months after surgery using a goniometer. Both values were compared using the Student's t-tests for correlated samples. There was a significant improvement in the flexion range from a mean pre-operative value of 3.6° to 88.3° post-operatively (t=8.87, P>0.01) and in the extension loss from a mean value of 33.8° pre-operatively to 12.1° post-operatively ( t=7, P<0.01). The improved flexion range was due to the operation while the improvement in the loss of extension was due to physiotherapy. Useful functional range of movement was restored in all patients. The operation is a very useful procedure and is recommended for patients with post-traumatic elbow stiffness when the elbow is fixed in the extended position. Best results are obtained if arthrolysis is done within 1 year of injury.