bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the impacts of bushfire on populations of wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Insights from the 2019/20 fire season
Authors: Phillips Stephen , Wallis Kirsten , Lane Amanda
Published: January 2021

The impact of bushfire events on wild Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations is poorly understood. Following the 2019/2020 bushfire season in eastern Australia, we resurveyed 123 field sites for which contemporaneous (current koala generation) pre‐fire survey data were available. Field sites were distributed across six fire grounds between Foster and Ballina on the north coast of New South Wales. At these sites, pre‐fire naïve occupancy levels by koalas ranged from 25% to 71% of the sampled habitat, while post‐fire naïve occupancy levels ranged from 0% to 47%. The median reduction in the naïve occupancy rate by koalas when considered across all six fire grounds was 71% when standardized against pre‐fire occupancy levels. Field data provided strong corroboration between site‐based, post‐fire foliage canopy cover estimates and modelled Google Earth Engine Burnt Area Map (GEEBAM) fire‐severity categories. In terms of GEEBAM fire‐severity categories, koala survival was five times more likely in areas where forest canopies were modelled as Unburnt or Partially burnt, compared to areas where forest canopies were Fully burnt. The capacity of bushfire‐affected koala populations to recover from the 2019/20 fire season will be conditional upon size of the original population in each fire‐affected area, the enactment and implementation of supportive, recovery‐themed management regimes, future inter‐fire intervals and associated intensities. Management actions necessary to assist recovery actions are discussed.
Neurological complications of COVID‐19 in hospitalized patients: The registry of a neurology department in the first wave of the pandemic
Authors: Portela‐Sánchez Sofía , Sánchez‐Soblechero Antonio , Melgarejo Otalora Pedro José , Rodríguez López Ángela , Velilla Alonso Gabriel , Palacios‐Mendoza Michael Armando , Cátedra Caramé Carlos , Amaya Pascasio Laura , Mas Serrano Miguel , Massot‐Tarrús Andreu , De La Casa‐Fages Beatriz , Díaz‐Otero Fernando , Catalina Irene , García Domínguez Jose Manuel , Pérez‐Sánchez Javier Ricardo , Muñoz‐Blanco José Luis , Grandas Francisco
Published: January 2021

Objective

To describe the spectrum of neurological complications observed in a hospital‐based cohort of COVID‐19 patients who required a neurological assessment.

Methods

We conducted an observational, monocentric, prospective study of patients with a COVID‐19 diagnosis hospitalized during the 3‐month period of the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in a tertiary hospital in Madrid (Spain). We describe the neurological diagnoses that arose after the onset of COVID‐19 symptoms. These diagnoses could be divided into different groups.

Results

Only 71 (2.6%) of 2750 hospitalized patients suffered at least one neurological complication (77 different neurological diagnoses in total) during the timeframe of the study. The most common diagnoses were neuromuscular disorders (33.7%), cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) (27.3%), acute encephalopathy (19.4%), seizures (7.8%), and miscellanea (11.6%) comprising hiccups, myoclonic tremor, Horner syndrome and transverse myelitis. CVDs and encephalopathy were common in the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic compared to neuromuscular disorders, which usually appeared later on (p = 0.005). Cerebrospinal fluid severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) polymerase chain reaction was negative in 15/15 samples. The mortality was higher in the CVD group (38.1% vs. 8.9%; p = 0.05).

Conclusions

The prevalence of neurological complications is low in patients hospitalized for COVID‐19. Different mechanisms appear to be involved in these complications, and there was no evidence of direct invasion of the nervous system in our cohort. Some of the neurological complications can be classified into early and late neurological complications of COVID‐19, as they occurred at different times following the onset of COVID‐19 symptoms.
Standing biceps brachii tenectomy to treat chronic bicipital tendinopathy associated with bursal fibrosis and humeral adhesions in a Quarter Horse gelding
Authors: Melly V. , Baia P.
Published: January 2021

Chronic biceps brachii (BB) tendinopathy is a rare cause of lameness in horses that can be challenging to diagnose and treat successfully. This pathology is typically insidious in onset and unresponsive to conservative treatment. A 12‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding presented for chronic severe lameness of the left forelimb that was localised to the left shoulder area. The horse was unresponsive to conservative management and surgical exploration revealed a grossly enlarged proximal BB tendon, a thickened fibrotic bicipital bursa and adhesions between the tendon, humerus and bursa. With standing sedation and local anaesthesia, the adhesions were debrided and 10 cm of the affected tendon was excised. Immediately post‐operatively, the left forelimb lameness dramatically decreased. The horse recovered well and after rehabilitation returned to the previous level of athletic performance without evidence of lameness or gait abnormality. In this case, tenectomy of the chronic unresponsive BB tendinopathy, with associated bursal fibrosis and humeral adhesions, was successful and resulted in a return to previous athletic performance without complications. Standing excision of the BB tendon may be a viable treatment option for chronic BB tendinopathy and associated conditions when there is significant compromise to the integrity of the BB tendon.
Function of intestinal barrier protected by regulating the miR‐199a‐3p in ulcerative colitis: Modulation of IL‐23/IL‐17A axis
Authors: Zhang Huixia , Zhang Fangbin , Li Wei
Published: January 2021

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder, which is having higher mortality rate. The present report evaluates the protective effect of miR‐199a‐3p oligomer for the treatment of Ulcerative colitis (UC). Ulcerative colitis was induced by administration of dextran sulfate sodium [DSS (3%)] with drinking water for the duration of one week in mice and miR‐199a‐3p oligomer was treated for the same duration. Effect of miR‐199a‐3p oligomer was determined by estimating the body weight, blood stool and length of colon in UC mice. Inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress parameters and Treg/Th17 ratio was determined in the serum, intestinal and spleen tissue of UC mice. mRNA expression of TGFβ, Foxp3, RORγt and STAT3 was estimated in the intestinal tissue of UC mice. Moreover, permeability of intestine was determined by estimating the expression of FITC‐dextran in the serum and expression of junction protein in the tissue of UC mice. The data of the study suggest that treatment with miR‐199a‐3p oligomer ameliorates the altered condition in ulcerative colitis mice. There was reduction in the level of cytokines and parameters of oxidative stress in the intestine of miR‐199a‐3p oligomer than UC group. Moreover, intestinal permeability was enhanced in miR‐199a‐3p oligomer treated UC mice. The level of Th17 in the serum and mRNA expression of TGFβ, Foxp3, RORγt and STAT3 was attenuated in miR‐199a‐3p oligomer treated UC mice. In conclusion, the data of the study suggest that treatment with miR‐199a‐3p oligomer ameliorates intestinal barrier in ulcerative colitis by down regulating the IL‐17A/IL‐23 axis.
Internal migration, remittances and labour force participation in rural India: A gender perspective
Authors: KHAN Mohd Imran , BARUAH Ashapurna
Published: January 2021

This article examines the impact of domestic remittances on the labour supply of men and women in recipient households in rural India. Applying the instrumental variable approach to data from the National Sample Survey, estimates indicate that remittances have a negative effect on the labour force participation of left‐behind household members. They do not seem to affect participation in regular salaried work but cause a decline in participation in casual wage work and unpaid family work, and an increase in self‐employment, especially among female household members. Additionally, the receipt of remittances significantly increases women's participation in household duties outside the labour market.
An initial ex vivo evaluation of temperature profile and thermal injury formation on the epiesophageal surface during radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Kar Ronit , Post Allison , John Mathews , Rook Ashley , Razavi Mehdi
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Few studies have examined heat transfer and thermal injury on the epiesophageal surface during radiofrequency application, or compared the risk of esophageal thermal injury between standard and high‐power, short‐duration (HPSD) ablation. We studied the thermodynamics of HPSD and standard ablation at different tissue interfaces between the left atrium and esophagus, focusing on epiesophageal temperature changes and thermal injury.

Methods and Results

Fresh porcine heart and esophageal sections were secured to a custom holder and submerged in a temperature‐controlled, circulating water bath. During ablation, thermistors recorded temperatures at the catheter tip–atrial interface, epiesophageal–atrial interface, and esophageal lumen. Samples were ablated in triplicate with the following parameters: contact force (15/25g), power (10/20/30 W standard; 40/45/50 W HPSD), and duration (10/20/30 s standard; 5/10/15 s HPSD). Epiesophageal and endoluminal temperature rises were greater in HPSD than in standard ablation (epiesophageal: 5.9 ± 5.6 vs. 2.2 ± 2.0°C, p < .01; endoluminal: 0.7 ± 0.5 vs. 0.4 ± 0.2°C, p < .01). Six of 30 HPSD ablations and 1 of 26 standard ablations caused esophageal injury. The delay between the peak epiesophageal and endoluminal temperatures was greater in HPSD than in standard ablation (24.2 ± 22.1 vs. 13.0 ± 11.0 s, p = .023). Likewise, the peak epiesophageal surface temperature differed more from the concurrent endoluminal temperature in HPSD ablation (5.1 ± 5.3 vs. 1.7 ± 2.0°C, p < .01).

Conclusion

Endoluminal temperature underestimates epiesophageal surface temperature substantially during HPSD ablation. Visible epiesophageal injury was associated with a 2.2 ± 2.1°C rise in endoluminal temperature, corresponding to a 10.2 ± 6.5°C rise in epiesophageal temperature.
The Politicization of LGBTI Human Rights Norms in the EU‐Uganda Development Partnership
Authors: Saltnes Johanne Døhlie , Thiel Markus
Published: January 2021

The EU is committed to promoting human rights through its development policy. This article argues that its expansive human rights framework has led to EU‐internal and outside‐in politicization of LGBTI rights in Uganda. It views contestation as a mechanism of politicization and suggests two paths through which contestation occurs; based on the normative core or on the application of human rights conditionality. We establish these paths through a case study of politicization of LGBTI rights promotion in the Uganda–EU partnership. While member states' policies are more affected by political pressure from domestic constituents, EU institutions aim to depoliticize the issue and prioritizes diplomatic channels. Conversely, conditionality operates as a driver for contestation in beneficiary states. Whereas postcolonial studies interpret claims of universal rights as neo‐colonial intervention, our findings highlight a more nuanced applicatory contestation by rights activists. These actors insert themselves as change agents aiming to reshape the policies of international norm promoters.
Theorizing Ambiguous Gain: Opportunities for Family Scholarship
Authors: Jensen Todd M.
Published: January 2021

Family stressors marked by ambiguity can place significant demands on families. Family scholars have written extensively about ambiguous stressors in the context of loss or separation—situations that represent ambiguous loss. Given extant demographic trends, including those that lead to changes in family structure, there remain valuable opportunities to highlight ambiguous stressors that arise from situations of family gain or acquisition—situations that represent ambiguous gain. A proposed definition for ambiguous gain is presented, namely, a situation of systemic relational acquisition, either physical or psychological, about which the facts are unclear. Building on foundational theoretical work, ambiguous gain is explicated as a distinct theoretical concept and conceptually positioned with respect to other related concepts, such as ambiguous loss, family boundary ambiguity, and ambivalence. Bolstering the concept of ambiguous gain might promote the theoretical and practical understanding of increasingly common family situations. Suggestions are offered for foregrounding ambiguous gain in family scholarship.
Place of Death for Persons With and Without Cognitive Impairment in the United States
Authors: Regier Natalie G. , Cotter Valerie T. , Hansen Bryan R. , Taylor Janiece L. , Wright Rebecca J.
Published: January 2021

Background/Objectives

There is increasing recognition that place of death is an important component of quality of end‐of‐life care (EOLC) and quality of death. This study examined where older persons with and without cognitive impairment die in the United States, what factors contribute to place of death, and whether place of death influences satisfaction with EOLC.

Design

Cross‐sectional secondary data analysis.

Setting

In‐person interviews with community‐dwelling proxy respondents.

Participants

Data were collected from 1,500 proxies for deceased participants in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a nationally‐representative sample of community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older.

Measurements

Study variables were obtained from the NHATS “last month of life” interview data. Survey weights were applied to all analyses.

Results

Persons with cognitive impairment (CI) most often died at home, while cognitively healthy persons (CHP) were equally likely to die at home or in a hospital. Persons with CI who utilized the Medicare Hospice Benefit were 14.5 times more likely to die at home than in a hospital, and 3.4 times more likely to die at home than a nursing home. CHP who use this benefit were over six times more likely to die at home than in a hospital, and more than twice as likely to die at home than a nursing home. Place of death for CHP was also associated with age and race. Proxies of persons with CI who died at home rated EOLC as more favorable, while proxies of CHP rated in‐home and hospital care equally.

Conclusion

Findings add to the scant literature identifying factors associated with place of death for older adults with and without CI and results suggest that place of death is a quality of care indicator for these populations. These findings may inform EOLC planning and policy‐making and facilitate greater well‐being at end‐of‐life.
Contextualization of Psychological First Aid: An Integrative Literature Review
Authors: Sim Timothy , Wang Anni
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Contextualization of psychological first aid (PFA) in different cultural, political, and socioeconomic contexts and in different population groups is essential. This review analyzes the efforts that have been made to contextualize PFA in different parts of the world for different disasters and emergencies.

Design

Integrative literature review.

Methods

The major databases that were searched for related literature published until August 2019 included JBI, MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), BIOSIS, ISI Web of Knowledge, Scopus, EBSCOhost, and PsycINFO. A total of 17 studies published in peer‐reviewed journals were included. The review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) model, and the 6W3H tool was applied to synthesize the results.

Findings

PFA has been adapted to various disasters and populations in different countries and regions. The organizations that administer PFA range from community level to national level. Professional or “outside helpers” who enter disaster‐affected locations include psychologists, fire fighters, social workers, and nurses. “Inside helpers,” who live and work in the disaster‐affected areas, include HR staff, teachers, and peer emergency personnel. Only a few studies have reported the exact number of first responders who administered PFA. Some studies revised PFA as group based, and a few reported the classification of groups of victims. Notably, all adaptations adhered to the basic principles of PFA, and the time at which PFA was administered ranged from a few days to months after an incident. PFA was conducted on site in all studies. The selection of the location depended on the type of disaster and local situation with due consideration of safety. Only a few studies specified the rationale for revising the PFA. None of these 17 studies reported the cost, cost‐benefit, or cost‐effectiveness of PFA.

Conclusions

Population‐focused, context‐specific, and group‐based PFA is emerging worldwide. Nurses are actively playing a role in providing PFA. Research gaps exist in differentiating between the roles played by “outside” and “inside” responders, considering vulnerable age groups other than children, incorporating the major PFA concepts such as resilience, and evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of PFA.

Clinical Relevance

It is imperative that nurses and other emergency staff consider the intersection of age, gender, cultural, political, social economic, and spiritual contexts when developing a context appropriate PFA.
Self‐Report Assessment of Nurses’ Risk for Infection After Exposure to Patients With Coronavirus Disease (COVID‐19) in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Bani‐Issa Wegdan A. , Al Nusair Hussam , Altamimi Abdalrahman , Hatahet Sarah , Deyab Firas , Fakhry Randa , Saqan Roba , Ahmad Salwa , Almazem Fathia
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Nurses have an increased risk for acquiring COVID‐19 infection. This study assessed levels of risk for exposure to COVID‐19 among nurses, and determined those at the greatest risk.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was used to assess risk for exposure to COVID‐19 in nurses from five randomly selected governmental hospitals in the United Arab Emirates. Participants completed an online survey (including the World Health Organization survey) to assess their risk for exposure to COVID‐19. Descriptive statistics were used to describe classes of risk for exposure, and logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with greater risk.

Findings

Of the 552 participants, 284 nurses (51.4%) were classified at high risk for COVID‐19 exposure as they did not report adherence to infection control and prevention (ICP) guidelines at all times during healthcare interactions and when performing aerosol procedures, or had accidental exposure to biological fluid and respiratory secretions. Compared with adherence to wearing medical masks, gloves, and hand hygiene practices, adherence to wearing face shields or goggles and disposable gowns and decontaminating high‐touch surfaces was less frequent. Shifting to work in critical care units, not having adequate critical care experience, and reporting a need for training in ICP practices were factors that contributed to high‐risk exposure (p values for Ex (Bs) = 2.60, 2.16, 1.75, ≤ 0.05, consecutively).

Conclusions

A considerable number of nurses were classified at high risk for COVID‐19 exposure. Critical care work experience and adequate evidence‐based training in ICP practices related to COVID‐19 must be considered to mitigate the risk for exposure to COVID‐19 in nurses.

Clinical Relevance

This study provided a strong message regarding protecting nurses at high risk for exposure to COVID‐19. Clinical leaders must stay vigilant to ensure nurses’ adherence to ICP practices in the context of COVID‐19, and to proactively address any related deficits.
Usefulness of copy number variant detection following monogenic disease exclusion in prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Shi Panlai , Xia Yanjie , Li Qianqian , Kong Xiangdong
Published: January 2021

Aim

Families with an adverse history of monogenic disease focus on single‐gene diagnosis instead of low‐depth whole‐genome sequence, during subsequent pregnancies. The aim of this study was to assess the potential usefulness of low‐depth whole‐genome sequencing (copy number variant sequencing [CNV‐seq]) detection following monogenic disease exclusion in prenatal diagnosis.

Methods

A total of 285 families with a history of monogenic disease (of 41 different types; eliminated during the current pregnancy) were recruited and retrospectively analyzed. Low‐depth whole‐genome sequencing (CNV‐Seq, Next‐Seq CN500 platform) was performed for all fetuses.

Results

The CNV detection results of the 285 samples were as follows: one case of 18‐trisomy chimera (0.35%), one case of pathogenic 3q29 microdeletion syndrome CNV (0.35%), four cases of variant of uncertain significance (VUS) CNVs (1.40%), and four cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carriers (1.40%); and the remaining samples were normal (96.15%). Of note, 2/285 (0.70%) samples still exhibited pathogenic abnormalities. All positive samples were followed up where the two cases of pathogenic abnormalities elected the pregnancy termination, while the four VUS cases and four DMD‐carrier cases were born healthy.

Conclusion

In cases where prenatal fetal monogenic disease has been ruled out, CNV detection is still beneficial and should be performed to prevent missed pathogenic CNVs. However, the costs need to be balanced against benefits, and the research will need to assess other types of testing.
Alterations in Resting‐State Functional Brain Connectivity and Correlations with Vestibular/Ocular‐Motor Screening Measures in Postconcussion Vestibular Dysfunction
Authors: Trofimova Anna , Smith Jeremy L. , Ahluwalia Vishwadeep , Hurtado Julia , Gore Russell K. , Allen Jason W.
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Vestibular symptoms after concussion are common and associated with protracted recovery. The purpose of this study is to define resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) brain connectivity alterations in patients with postconcussion vestibular dysfunction (PCVD) and correlations between rs‐fMRI connectivity and symptoms provoked during Vestibular/Ocular‐Motor Screening (VOMS) assessment.

METHODS

Prospective IRB approved study. Study group: 12 subjects with subacute PCVD (2‐10 weeks); control group: 10 age‐matched subjects without history of concussion or vestibular impairment. Both groups underwent clinical vestibular assessment. rs‐fMRI was acquired on 3.0T Siemens Trio with a 12‐channel head coil. rs‐fMRI data analysis included independent component analysis‐based functional connectivity group differences, graph theory analysis, and ROI‐to‐ROI connectivity correlation analysis with VOMS clinical derivatives. Group difference maps between resting‐state networks were calculated using dual regression method and corrected for multiple comparisons. Correlation analysis between ROI‐to‐ROI rs‐fMRI brain activation and VOMS assessment ratings was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient, with a significance threshold ofP≤ .05.

RESULTS

Compared to controls, PCVD group demonstrated significantly increased rs‐fMRI connectivity between the default‐mode network and right middle frontal gyrus and right postcentral gyrus; and between a vestibular‐sensorimotor network and right prefrontal cortex. Significant positive correlations were found between clinical derivative VOMS scores and components of the vestibular, visual networks, and multisensory processing cortical representations.

CONCLUSION

Altered rs‐fMRI brain connectivity with increased connectivity of visual input, multisensory processing, and spatial memory in PCVD is correlative with clinical derivative VOMS scores, suggesting maladaptive brain plasticity underlying vestibular symptomatology.
The Effect of Patient Specific Factors on Occlusal Forces Generated: Best Evidence Consensus Statement
Authors: Lee Sarah Kay Youny , Salinas Thomas J. , Wiens Jonathan P.
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this Best Evidence Consensus Statement was to search the literature to determine if there is a relationship between patient specific factors and occlusal force.

Materials and Methods

A literature review was conducted in the following databases: Evidence‐Based Medicine Reviews (EBMR), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print. Articles on patient factors and occlusal force were compiled by using a combination of the key words: “bite force,” “occlusal force,” “partial and complete edentulism,” “bruxism,” and “orthognathic class.” Inclusion criteria included meta‐analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, case series, and journal articles. Exclusion criteria were case reports, studies in children, animals, and bench studies.

Results

Of the 1502 articles that met the initial search criteria, 97 related to patient‐specific factors affecting occlusal forces. These articles were evaluated, rated, and organized into appropriate categories addressing questions of foci.

Conclusions

The range of occlusal force is highly variable among subjects correlated to patient specific factors such as age, gender, partial and complete edentulism, the presence of a maxillofacial defect, location of edentulous area, orthognathic profile, and magnitude of occlusal vertical dimension. Tooth replacement therapies targeted at increasing occlusal contact seem to have a positive effect on increasing occlusal force. Bruxism does not necessarily demonstrate higher occlusal powering but may have greater tooth contact time. Occlusal force is not clearly affected by the type of dental restoration or restorative material used. The clinical significance of the changes in occlusal forces is yet to be determined.
Kinetochore proteins and microtubule‐destabilizing factors are fast evolving in eutherian mammals
Authors: Pontremoli Chiara , Forni Diego , Pozzoli Uberto , Clerici Mario , Cagliani Rachele , Sironi Manuela
Published: January 2021

Centromeres have central functions in chromosome segregation, but centromeric DNA and centromere‐binding proteins evolve rapidly in most eukaryotes. The selective pressure(s) underlying the fast evolution of centromere‐binding proteins are presently unknown. An attractive possibility is that selfish centromeres promote their preferential inclusion in the oocyte and centromeric proteins evolve to suppress meiotic drive (centromere drive hypothesis). We analysed the selective patterns of mammalian genes that encode kinetochore proteins and microtubule (MT)‐destabilizing factors. We show that several of these proteins evolve at the same rate or faster than proteins with a role in centromere specification. Elements of the kinetochore that bind MTs or that bridge the interaction between MTs and the centromere represented the major targets of positive selection. These data are in line with the possibility that the genetic conflict fuelled by meiotic drive extends beyond genes involved in centromere specification. However, we cannot exclude that different selective pressures underlie the rapid evolution of MT‐destabilizing factors and kinetochore components. Whatever the nature of such pressures, they must have been constant during the evolution of eutherian mammals, as we found a surprisingly good correlation in dN/dS (ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions) across orders/clades. Finally, when phylogenetic relationships were accounted for, we found little evidence that the evolutionary rates of these genes change with testes size, a proxy for sperm competition. Our data indicate that, in analogy to centromeric proteins, kinetochore components are fast evolving in mammals. This observation may imply that centromere drive plays out at multiple levels or that these proteins adapt to lineage‐specific centromeric features.
Non‐pharmacologic interventions for the prevention of delirium in the intensive care unit: An integrative review
Authors: Sahawneh Fursan , Boss Lisa
Published: January 2021

Background

Delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased odds of institutionalization after discharge. Delirium is a significant complication that occurs frequently in ICU yet lacks a standardized treatment protocol. Because of the limited effective pharmacologic treatments available for the management of delirium, non‐pharmacologic interventions such as early mobilization, earplugs and blinds at night, music and natural sunlight during the day, continuous reorientation, and increased visitation and family participation are essential to integrate into the treatment plan for the management of delirium in the ICU.

Aim

To summarize evidence on the use of non‐pharmacologic interventions for the reduction in incidence and duration of delirium in ICU patients and to integrate qualitative studies that explore the perception of delirium in the ICU from staff and patients' families to support the use of non‐pharmacologic interventions.

Methods

For this integrative review, electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar were searched using the guidance of a librarian and second reviewer to find qualitative and quantitative studies that were published after 2005 and involved adult patients in the ICU.

Conclusion

Eight quantitative articles and four qualitative articles were chosen to be included in this review. All eight quantitative studies provide significant evidence (P < .05) for the efficacy of their interventions to provide benefit to at least one delirium‐related outcome. The four qualitative research studies reviewed provide insight on delirium in the ICU from staff and patients' families who share a desire for the use of effective non‐pharmacologic interventions.

Relevance to clinical practice

Non‐pharmacologic interventions used for patients in the ICU may be efficacious in reducing the incidence and duration of delirium in adults. Non‐pharmacologic interventions are feasible and supported by ICU staff and patients' families and should be considered in the care of the critically ill patient.
Alveolar cortical plate changes associated with incisor retraction and its influence on the limits of orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Elnagar Mohammed H. , Handelman Chester S. , Lippincott John S. , Kim Myung‐Rip , BeGole Ellen
Published: January 2021

Objective

The extent to which the modelling behaviour of the anterior alveolus limits tooth movement remains unclear. Will the labial and lingual cortical plates model as incisors retract, or will they remain unchanged, therefore limiting the extent of possible tooth movement?

Setting and Sample population.

Pre‐ and post‐treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of 29 bimaxillary protrusive patients of South Korean descent were examined. Treatment consisted of two premolar extractions in one or both arches with en masse retraction of the incisors using miniscrew anchorage.

Materials and Methods

Pre‐ and post‐treatment measurements of both tooth and cortical plate position were made at various increments along the length of the root and then compared using paired t tests.

Results

Despite the use of miniscrew anchorage, the incisors were retracted by controlled tipping. The labial cortical plates in both arches modelled to follow tooth movement. Following retraction of the incisors in the maxilla, the incisor root approached the lingual cortical plate, which remained unchanged. In the mandible, the lingual cortical plate position was unchanged except at the level closest to the cementoenamel junction.

Conclusions

The maxillary and mandibular lingual cortical plates did not model to follow the incisor movement while the labial cortical plates did. These findings suggest that lingual cortical plates may act as limitations to planned orthodontic tooth movement.
A trait‐based approach predicting community assembly and dominance of microbial invasive species
Authors: Kruk Carla , Piccini Claudia , Devercelli Melina , Nogueira Lucía , Accattatis Victoria , Sampognaro Lía , Segura Angel M.
Published: January 2021

Understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly helps to define success and susceptibility to biological invasions. Here, we explored phytoplankton community assembly following niche and neutral paradigms and using a trait‐based approach. Under the hypothesis that the morphology‐based functional groups (MBFG) clusters species with similar niche, we analysed how trait‐related differences in fitness influence dominance of an invasive species. This was based on literature review, field data and model simulations. We predict that invading species can be dominant if: 1) do not belong to the local MBFG but use unexploited areas of the niche, or 2) belong to the resident MBFG but exhibit a higher fitness due to a particular combination of traits. The invasive dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides was used as the model species to evaluate these hypotheses, its morphological (e.g. volume) and physiological (e.g. growth rates) traits were compared with species from the same (V: photosynthetic flagellates) and different (VII: colonial cyanobacteria) MBFG. Fitness was estimated using models parametrized with MBFG rates (R*, ability to draw down phosphate) under different environmental conditions (i.e. flushing). Results contributed to support both hypotheses. First, the alternation of C. furcoides and cyanobacteria dominance was explained by the use of different niches. Secondly, species from MBFG V were dominant under similar environments. Within this group V C. furcoides showed higher fitness under low flushing and high predation, advantage provided by a distinctive combination of traits. The application of trait‐based approaches to represent the niche and estimate fitness along environmental gradients was useful to evaluate community assembly and can be used to predict the dominance of microbial species invasions.
Untangling the mechanisms of cryptic species coexistence in a nematode community through individual‐based modelling
Authors: Daly Aisling J. , De Meester Nele , Baetens Jan M. , Moens Tom , De Baets Bernard
Published: January 2021

Cryptic species are morphologically identical but genetically distinct, and are prominent across numerous phyla. The coexistence of such closely related species on local scales would seem to run counter to traditional coexistence and competition theory; it has been hypothesized as a consequence of differences in their resource use or tolerances to environmental conditions. We developed an individual‐based model of a community of three cryptic Litoditis marina (nematode) species, to understand how individual‐level interspecific and intraspecific interactions might explain the coexistence of these closely related species.

The model incorporates individuals' reproduction, competition, dispersal and resource use. Data characterizing the cryptic species (growth rates, dispersal ability, competitive interactions and responses to changing environmental conditions) were obtained from laboratory experiments involving both mono‐ and multispecific nematode cultures, and are used to parameterize the model.

Simulation studies are used to investigate which individual‐level mechanisms of dispersal and interaction lead to the characteristic population‐level patterns observed experimentally. Our results highlight the key role of intraspecific competition in mediating dispersal and therefore co‐occurrence of the cryptic species. The differences in dispersal also influence the response of the cryptic species to competition, a combination of factors that provides an explanation for their co‐occurrence. These results provide insights into how changes in individual‐level processes can be amplified to affect population‐level co‐occurrence.
Field assessment of a second generation backcross (BC1 × Passiflora edulis) of passion fruit for agronomic performance and resistance to CABMV
Authors: de Jesus Onildo Nunes , dos Santos Idalia Souza , Lima Lucas Kennedy Silva , Soares Taliane Leila , de Oliveira Eder Jorge
Published: January 2021

The objective of this work was to characterize and identify among the passion fruit hybrids of the second generation backcross (BC2: BC1 × P. edulis), resistance to passion fruit woodiness disease (CABMV) with desirable agronomic attributes. Ninety‐two progeny of BC2 hybrids were evaluated for severity of the virus in conditions of field, physical and chemical characterization of the fruits and precocity of the plant in relation to the vegetative and reproductive phases. The data were analysed using multivariate statistics and mixed models (REML/BLUP) to estimate genetic parameters. The was conditioned by and , for number of fruits, fruit and peel weight and soluble solids and the effect of for virus severity to CABMV and effect of on the variables fruit length, fruit diameter, peel thickness and pulp weight. For the titratable acidity it had no . The progeny BC2‐A, BC2‐C, BC2‐E, BC2‐F and BC2‐H families can be selected for use in passion fruit breeding programmes by adding high vegetative vigour, early fruit production, resistance to CABMV and also desirable agronomic attributes.
Inferring Bivariate Association from Respondent-driven Sampling Data
Authors: Kim Dongah , Gile Krista J. , Guarino Honoria , Mateu-Gelabert Pedro
Published: January 2021

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is an effective method of collecting data from many hard-to-reach populations. Valid statistical inference for these data relies on many strong assumptions. In standard samples, we assume observations from pairs of individuals are independent. In RDS, this assumption is violated by the sampling dependence between individuals. We propose a method to semi-parametrically estimate the null distributions of standard test statistics in the presence of sampling dependence, allowing for more valid statistical testing for dependence between pairs of variables within the sample. We apply our method to study characteristics of young adult illicit opioid users in New York City.
Writing back in humorous appropriations of English in Brazil
Authors: Diniz de Figueiredo Eduardo H.
Published: January 2021

There has been a growing interest in language practices in which linguistic resources from English are appropriated for symbolic purposes. In the particular case of Brazil, one aspect that seems to have received little discussion thus far is that of English appropriation in mocking, humorous discourses. In the present study, I use text mapping to analyze some of the ways in which English is adopted for mocking, humorous purposes in two types of discourses in Brazil: a) brand naming; and b) a Brazilian humor Instagram page. The analysis of such empirical material shows that in these humorous discourses, traditional understandings of English as a symbol of globalization and modernity are challenged. This is further evidenced by the highly multimodal character of the data and by the appropriation and resignification not only of English but also of other symbols that are supposedly global.
Effect of Temperature on Tool Wear During Milling of Ti64
Authors: Lagarde Q. , Wagner V. , Dessein G. , Harzallah M.
Published: January 2021

In recent years, the development of new, increasingly resistant materials limit machining productivity. This observation is especially true for titanium alloys. The state-of-the-art shows that one of the phenomena responsible for tool wear is temperature. The high temperature is explained by the low thermal conductivity of the alloy and its high mechanical properties. Consequently, high temperatures generated when cutting speeds are increasing lead to very rapid wear phenomena. However in milling, the period during which the insert is not in contact with the material may allow it to cool but its effect is not clearly established. In order to correlate tool wear and cutting temperatures in milling, an experimental bench has been developed. In turning and therefore with a fixed tool, the milling conditions are recreated and allow to measure the temperatures on the cutting face. Two parameters were tested: (i) radial depth, which influences the tooth stress time, and (ii) the cutting speed, which is the fundamental parameter of the cutting temperature. Experimentally, it appears that increasing radial engagement and cutting speed reduces tool life and increases temperatures. However, the phenomenological analysis is not immediate. The relationship between these phenomena is based on a heat balance of the cutting process. The use of an infrared (IR) camera in this problem and a specific analysis method allow observing the temperature gradients on the cutting face making the analysis more robust compared to the thermocouple technic. It thus appears that the increase in radial engagement leads to a higher tool temperature, but the analyses show above all a higher temperature within the insert and therefore more difficult to evacuate.
Designing a Shape–Performance Integrated Digital Twin Based on Multiple Models and Dynamic Data: A Boom Crane Example
Authors: Lai Xiaonan , Wang Shuo , Guo Zhenggang , Zhang Chao , Sun Wei , Song Xueguan
Published: January 2021

The digital twin, a concept that aims to establish a real-time mapping between physical space and virtual space, can be used for real-time analysis, reliability assessment, predictive maintenance, and design optimization of products. This article presents an enabling technology named shape–performance integrated digital twin (SPI-DT) and takes a boom crane as an example to illustrate how to design the SPI-DT step by step for the structural analysis of complex heavy equipment. The SPI-DT contains different types of models, such as an analytical model, a numerical model, and an artificial intelligence (AI) model. In addition, it leverages multisource dynamic data obtained by placing different sensors at multiple measurement positions. In the SPI-DT, the AI model plays a central role, invoking the numerical model and sensor data as the input to predict the structural performance of key components of heavy equipment, while the analytical model analyzes the structure of noncritical components with sensor data as input. This significantly improves the computational efficiency of the digital twin used for the structural analysis of complex heavy equipment, making the digital twin computationally affordable, and thus can be used for the safety assessment and damage protection of the equipment in the operation, as well as the design optimization of next-generation products. Moreover, to visually demonstrate the models and data in the SPI-DT, a three-dimensional application used to display and record the shape and performance information in real time during the operation of the boom crane is developed.
A Safety Factor Method for Reliability-Based Component Design
Authors: Yin Jianhua , Du Xiaoping
Published: January 2021

Reliability-based design (RBD) employs optimization to identify design variables that satisfy the reliability requirement. For many routine component design jobs that do not need optimization, however, RBD may not be applicable, especially for those design jobs which are performed manually or with a spreadsheet. This work develops a modified RBD approach to component design so that the reliability target can be achieved by conducting traditional component design repeatedly using a deterministic safety factor. The new component design is based on the first-order reliability method (FORM), which iteratively assigns the safety factor during the design process until the reliability requirement is satisfied. In addition to several iterations of deterministic component design, the other additional work is the calculation of the derivatives of the design margin with respect to the random input variables. The proposed method can be used for a wide range of component design applications. For example, if a deterministic component design is performed manually or with a spreadsheet, so is the reliability-based component design. Three examples are used to demonstrate the practicality of the new design method.
Electromigrated nanogaps: A review on the fabrications and applications
Authors: Kim Youngsang , Ang Charles H. , Ang Kwissy , Chang Soon W.
Published: January 2021

Electromigration—a critical failure mode of metal interconnects in integrated circuits—has been exploited for constructing nanometer-sized gaps (or nanogaps, less than a few nanometers) on metallic nanowires. Electromigrated nanogaps have been utilized extensively in the field of nanotechnology and have demonstrated to be an effective platform for electrically accessing small things such as molecules in a device fashion, establishing metal-molecule-metal junctions. These devices allow the study of the electronic transport phenomena through molecules and DNA. Furthermore, electromigrated nanogaps can read out incident electromagnetic fields as an antenna due to the plasmonic excitation on the surface, which is usually maximized in nanogaps. Moreover, structural changes caused by electromigration on metallic nanowires have been leveraged to create single-component resistive switching memories. In this review, we discuss the recent progress and challenges of electromigration methods for a nanogap creation as well as their applications for electronic devices (molecular/DNA devices and resistive switches), thermoelectric energy conversion devices, and photonic devices (nanoantennas).
Bouncing on a slope
Authors: Rostamian Rouben , Soane Ana Maria , Tavares José M.
Published: January 2021

We analyze the motion of a point-mass projectile shot uphill above a slanted surface, which bounces from it without loss of energy. We show that consecutive bounces occur in equal time intervals and obtain an explicit formula for the number of uphill bounces before the motion reverses and the projectile heads downhill. Additionally, we show that the projectile rises to the same height above the surface on each bounce, and we determine the necessary and sufficient conditions under which it will retrace its path upon reversal.
Boosting vector calculus with the graphical notation
Authors: Kim Joon-Hwi , Oh Maverick S. H. , Kim Keun-Young
Published: January 2021

Learning vector calculus techniques is one of the major hurdles faced by physics undergraduates. However, beginners report various difficulties dealing with the index notation due to its bulkiness. Meanwhile, there have been graphical notations for tensor algebra that are intuitive and effective in calculations and can serve as a quick mnemonic for algebraic identities. Although they have been introduced and applied in vector algebra in the educational context, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no publications that employ the graphical notation to three-dimensional Euclidean vector calculus, involving differentiation and integration of vector fields. Aiming for physics students and educators, we introduce such “graphical vector calculus,” demonstrate its pedagogical advantages, and provide a variety of exercises containing both purely mathematical identities and practical calculations in physics. The graphical notation can readily be utilized in the educational environment to not only lower the barriers in learning and practicing vector calculus but also make students interested and self-motivated to manipulate the vector calculus syntax and, on their own, heuristically comprehend the language of tensors.