bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial change of Lviv in the post-Soviet period and their assessment by the residents
Authors: Habrel Mykola , Habrel Mykhailo , Lysiak Natalia
Published: December 2020

To determine the tendencies of reflection of the socioeconomic and spatial changes of the post-Soviet period in the minds of Lviv residents, to outline the factors influencing the transformations that are taking place. Historical development of Lviv – a multifunctional city with almost 800 years of history, cultural and educational center of Ukraine, was artificially transformed into an industrial center in the Soviet period. Transformations of Lviv image of the post-Soviet period were investigated on the basis of official statistics, analysis of town-planning projects and selective urban inventory. The actions of the authorities in influencing the changes in the image of the city are analyzed on the basis of approved strategic documents of development, as well as the activities of local self-government bodies. During the last three decades, Lviv has lost its competitiveness, and there is a decrease in population due to both natural growth and migration; increasing concentration of people and business functions in its central part; problems of transport and preservation of the historical environment of the city are aggravated; tourist anthropogression on the city is growing and tourist erosion is increasing. Assessments of an image change in residents’ perceptions are analyzed by comparing their own research and questionnaires. 200 surveys were conducted, the results of which are as follows: 1) An increase in the disorder of urban life and an increase in its intensity were recorded; 2) c the spatial image of the city is associated mainly with the growing importance of the old part of the city (localization of more and more services); 3) post-industrial territories are treated as places where the crisis of the city is visible; 4) the symbols of the city are unchanged, new ones are not named; 5) areas of high attractiveness in functional, social and aesthetic relations are distinguished, as well as low attractiveness spaces. The spatial changes of Lviv in the post-Soviet period are generally assessed as critical. The residents point out that Lviv does not create a sacred image anymore, it loses the aura of its intellectual and cultural center; the center is not attractive to architecture and history, but to restaurants that have transformed former art salons and bookstores; architectural identity and uniqueness are lost; space polarization is deepening (expensive commercial housing adjacent to neglected public spaces); commerce with a devastating excitement about the existing spatial order burst into the historical environment. The lack of a unified vision of city development and management of urban planning processes «in manual mode» causes chaotic and unsystematic changes that destroy the spatial structure, principles of city development and causes irreparable mistakes in its construction then copy it into the registration web field.
Assessment of the Effect of Energy Saving and Heat Loss Through External Enclosure Structures with Low Resistance to Air Penetration
Authors: Beregovoi Alexandr , Derina Maria
Published: December 2020

The features of heat and mass transfer through external enclosure structures with capillary - porous material, which are not taken into account in the norms of thermal protection of buildings, are considered. Such features more often occur in buildings with a long service life because of the increasing heat loss, caused by the violation of the terms of repair for a long time. For structures, located in the lower part of the building and having little resistance to air penetration, a calculation model is considered to determine the value of the economizer effect and the saving of thermal energy in conditions of cold air infiltration. The developed model clearly demonstrates, that for two - and twelve-story houses the saving of thermal energy, as a result of the economizer effect, is about 3% and 10% respectively. A computational model of exfiltration of warm air through similar structures, located in the upper part of the building, is proposed. An additional value of heat loss during exfiltration of the warm air from the rooms is determined, using an example of old building with a wooden floor of a cold attic and bulk insulation in the absence of layers with high resistance to air penetration. This value is 3.5 times higher, then that determined by the standard method, which does not take into account the redistribution of cold and warm air densities along the height of the building. This leads to a deterioration of the indoor climate and an increase in heat loss. By calculation, the dependence of the value of heat losses on the total thermal resistance of the attic floor and on the number of floors was established. A number of measures, aimed at improving the energy efficiency of existing residential buildings, are proposed, such as laying a vapor barrier layer and an additional layer of effective thermal insulation on top of the bulk insulation as part of the attic floor and installing a cement-sand screed for this insulation.
Analysis of the static load test results referred to limit the bearing capacity of a pile
Authors: Meyer Zygmunt , Stachecki Kamil
Published: December 2020

In the paper the authors used results of static load tests of piles that have been conducted in a full range of loads in order to verify the analytically calculated parameters obtained for a continuous load-settlement curve. For a description of continuous static load test curve of a pile the authors have used Meyer-Kowalow method (M-K method). The result of a static load test is a load-settlement set {N

i, si
} which is the background for further calculations of M-K curve parameters. Calculations that are presented in the paper were carried out using an original computer program and the authors compared M-K curve parameters, specifically limit the bearing capacity of a pile calculated and measured values obtained from the static load test performed in a full range of load. The research was done in order to determine the optimal method of calculating bearing capacity of pile based on static load test which later can be practically used in the M-K method to obtain full range continuous Q-s curve. Results obtained during the analysis performed by the authors show that the values of the limit bearing capacity of a pile can be calculated with sufficient for practical use accuracy from different parts of the data set, as an example using just the chosen part of the set. The research conducted by the authors points the fact that the limit bearing capacity which is the most important parameter determining safety, can be effectively obtained for different M-K curves using least squares method, even in cases when static load tests were not performed in a full load range. After determining M-K curve parameters it can later be used for further analysis of the pile-soil interactions.
Technology of Additional Impermeable Layers and Its Use in Restoring of Historical Buildings
Authors: Gašparík Jozef , Šťastný Patrik , Makýš Oto
Published: December 2020

Moisture and its negative effects on monuments are a widespread problem that needs to be tackled especially to save historical buildings. The moistening of objects, whether historical or new, is not only part of our climate zone, but can be attributed to a global character, as evidenced by a number of publications and research on the issue of water logging of buildings that date back to 1892. It is not only a threat to the preservation but also the functionality of historical structures, because it is responsible for reducing the mechanical performance of the masonry, as the presence of water in the pores of the building material negatively affects the tensile strength and also the compressive strength. It also causes degradation of these materials, which can be constantly exposed to cyclic freezing and subsequent thawing, biodegradation and migration and subsequent crystallization of salts. Moisture also contributes to increasing the thermal conductivity of these constructions, resulting in high energy consumption for heating. Last but not least, we can associate various respiratory diseases of people living in this environment with moisture. Due to the serious effects associated with rising damp in the masonry, water capillarity is rightly considered a key factor in the protection of heritage. The origin of moisture can be attributed to several facts, but in the present research we focused mainly on rising damp and its negative impact on historical structures. The paper will summarize the results obtained so far and conclusions from various authors investigating the technology of additional impermeable layers. Subsequently, we will analyze and describe the obtained measurement results before and after the use of undercutting technology on two specific historical buildings in Slovakia. All the research and measurements were carried out in situ, which helped us to achieve objective results, the outcome of which is this work. The measured values show a significant drying of the structure above the plane cut and a positive effect on the repaired structure. The research also encourages further investigation of moisture acting mainly below the level of new insulation and its impact on masonry.
Study on Urban Wind Patterns for Developments in Wuhan China
Authors: Zhu Sitan , DeKay Mark
Published: December 2020

This paper reports a project with the purpose to develop design guidance on urban wind fields for the Chinese city. The project assesses “super-block” developments in Wuhan China at first, then redesigns a super-block using Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) guidelines and draws wind performance comparisons. The project addresses wind Patterns for three major criteria: pedestrian comfort, air quality, and building ventilation potential. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software was used to model velocity, PMV comfort, pressure and air age patterns for summer and winter conditions. Super-blocks with isolated towers have poor urban quality on many measures, while residents drive more and use much more energy than in traditional housing. TOD guidelines solve these problems but no discussion of urban wind patterns, air pollution, pedestrian comfort, or building ventilation which have been found important during the period of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan China. Our target was to generate TOD urban form that equaled or exceeded super-block wind performance. Results were inconclusive for pedestrian comfort and other indices and modeling are needed. Other parameters depend significantly on orientation and wind direction. Therefore, sometimes TOD was better than towers and sometimes not. The general method of the project is in six parts: 1) Assess five existing super-block designs for wind performance and characterize three performance metrics; 2) Draw conclusions about performance. Select one site for redesign; 3) Using TOD guidelines, design a new neighborhood at the same density on the selected site; 4) Evaluate wind performance of the new design; 5) Select wind design strategies to improve performance and redesign the TOD neighborhood; 6) Compare wind performance of TOD neighborhood and super-block. The study indicates the value of wind field analysis for improving urban designs for multi-building sites or for development rules. We were generally able to make performance improvements for development schemes, even during the special period.
Numerical Study of the Use of Tyre-Derived-Aggregate (TDA) as the Backfill Above Flexible PVC Pipeline
Authors: Kliszczewicz Barbara , Kowalska Magdalena
Published: December 2020

Tyre Derived Aggregates (TDA), produced by shredding scrap car tyres, show many interesting features, such as: durability, low bulk density, thermal insulation, good drainage properties or ability to damp vibrations, which makes them a useful material for civil engineering. One of the possible applications is the partial filling of excavations with TDA during the construction of underground pipelines in order to decrease the load applied on the pipe. The article presents results of a multivariate numerical study of 2D FEM models of a flexible PVC pipe - soil system, in which the presence of a mixture of sand and TDA (tyre chips - 40% by weight) (STCh) in the backfill was simulated. The models differed in the thickness of the STCh layer (t= 0 – 0.9 m) and inclination of the excavation walls (a trench with vertical walls or open excavations with 3:1 and 1:1 slopes). The main goal of the numerical analyses, performed by means of the Z_Soil.PC program, were to investigate the effect of the presence of the softer STCh layer in the backfill zone on the pipe deformation (relative deflectionδ/D) and internal forces in the pipe wall. The soil was simulated with the use of either the Hardening Soil Small (HSS) or Coulomb-Mohr (CM) constitutive model with the parameters’ values estimated based on results of laboratory tests (published by researchers from Wollongong University). The PVC pipe was modelled as linear elastic. The results of the analyses show that, due to enhanced arching, STCh layer of the optimum thicknesst= 0.55 m can effectively reduceδ/Dwhen used in the backfill of the trench. It can also decrease the difference between the maximum and minimum bending moment in the pipe wall, leading to less ovalization of the pipe cross-section. This positive effect diminishes if the width of excavation is larger, as the model is gradually transforming towards the positive projecting conduit type. The CM model gives underestimated values of the pipe deformation and internal forces. Though, in the case of lack of all the HSS parameters’ values, it is better to use the CM model withE=E50thanE=Euras it gives a better approximation of pipe behaviour.
Research Concerning the Impact of Geometrical Characteristics of Natural Quarry Aggregates Used in the Composition of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Stirb Adelin , Marc Paul , Belc Anda , Belc Florin , Buzuriu Alin
Published: December 2020

The paper presents studies and laboratory tests concerning the influence of the way the natural quarry aggregates are processed upon the composition of an asphaltic concrete with a maximum grain size of 16 mm (BA 16). The research included the realization of grading curves on certain aggregates, curves lately compared to the maximum density line. This approach aims at classifying certain aspects concerning some of the physical-mechanical characteristics of the asphalt concretes determined through static and dynamic laboratory tests. The research resulted from the fact that in Romania, the elementary gradings on granular fractions from the same source, entering the composition of a certain asphalt mix, differ most of the times depending on the manipulation and the processing manner, respectively. This finding is based on the experience of the laboratory testing, where different values concerning the volume weight, apparent volume weight, voids and rigidity module were obtained on the same asphalt mix dosage prepared according to the prescription in two separate samples.Thus, in order to emphasize the impact of the processing manner (crushing) of the natural aggregates, the authors determined the percentage distribution on intermediate granular fractions of the gradings entering the composition of an asphalt concrete. Since the Romanian Standard for asphalt mixtures stipulates a large grading envelope between the standard sizes corresponding to each grading, the authors considered that there is no uniform distribution ratio depending on the size of the grains entering its composition. The study started from different research methods found in the specialized literature dealing with the calibration of the optimal grading curve. The results of the laboratory tests performed on the asphalt mixture confirm the importance of the particle size analysis in obtaining high quality physical-mechanical characteristics.
BIM Technology and Changes in Traditional Design Process, Reliability of Data from Related Registers
Authors: Prušková Kristýna
Published: December 2020

With the new technology of creating building design, many changes of traditional processes have to be set in order to reach project documentation and project design itself in higher quality level. As a traditional project documentation is changing in “digital twin” of building work, the way of building work design changes too. Building design and project documentation do not serve only for the building construction, maintenance and operation. Project documentation is the output, also the input – both at the same time - in connection with further building legislation, landscape planning, etc. BIM model, nowadays the highest quality of project documentation, should communicate with many related registers. Important basic information is as an input for the project design, afterwards information from the project design should be reflected as an output for the enlisting in related registers. Due to the absence of efficient digitization of the construction industry, the relevancy, correctness and reliability of information in the related registers is not very high in the Czech Republic, at this time. Digitization of construction industry and implementation of BIM technology promises many benefits. The magnitude of these benefits depends on how the data exchange is modified in the construction process during the whole building lifecycle. This paper reveals possibilities of basic principles of the new way of design using BIM technology, connections of BIM model data and related registers and their data exchange in the environment of Czech Republic´s legislation. The more correctly processed the model of the building work, the better and more reliable information for future designs.
Residents’ Evaluations of the Tourism Gentrification Caused by Guesthouses in the Central Area of Kyoto City: A Case Study of Shutoku District in Kyoto City
Authors: Kato Haruka
Published: December 2020

The results of this paper clarify that the residents evaluated the tourism-gentrification caused by guesthouses negatively in a case study of Shutoku District in the central area of Kyoto City. The tourism-gentrification caused by guesthouses is defined as a phenomenon in which traditional communities are destroyed as part of the process of tourism-related gentrification. Three points are confirmed by this research. First, gentrification occurred from 2015 to 2019. Second, the residents evaluated it negatively. Third, there is a possibility that residents and guesthouses can form a symbiotic relationship if methods such as the employment of ‘resident managers’ are utilised.
Spatial Typologies Study of Sarajevo
Authors: Zgonić Aida Idrizbegović , Čakarić Jasenka
Published: December 2020

Spatial typologies in urbanism and architecture within the City of Sarajevo are inherently complex and differentiated. Throughout the history of the city, the architectural and urban typologies have been evolving and adapting to new circumstances, but in several historical periods, the changes of typologies have been radical. From the fifteenth century, Sarajevo was organized by the oriental ottoman typological scheme that shaped the city for several centuries: organic forms, human and intimate scale, commercial and residential areas quite strictly separated. During the nineteenth century, a central-European urban and architectural typology dominated and morphed the city in a radical new way. Introduction of the larger scale buildings organized in blocks, with mixed functions. The usual typological transformation was taken over by a process of replacement with completely new forms, yet the city seemed to inherently adapt to these new conditions owning this new typology. Introduction of modernist typologies within the realm of the city was also a radical break from the past - functionalist dispersed buildings with open green areas again became a logical part of the city. The new transitional period has brought about new challenges and generated buildings (commercial and residential) with questionable typologies. Current tendencies are lacking in many parameters that define a certain typology - a coherent idea and spatial logic. Can one city inherently possess the ability to adapt and transform such different variations of typologies and claim authenticity? Is there a typology most suited to this place? Ever since the typological research was introduced to architectural theory by De Quincy in 1825, there was the notion of origins of typology, transformation and novelty/innovation. This paper will conduct a research of historical and current spatial typologies (architectural and urban schemes), in order to answer the question is the typology inherent, born out of a certain place or does the place affect, change the typology? The research would be about the correlation between a city (Sarajevo), the capacity of space and relevant parameters of typologies (scale, forms, functions, adaptation).
The Usage of Iterative Methods of Implementation of Complex Civil Engineering Projects Based on Stadium Canopy Large-Scale Spatial Structures
Authors: Muszyński Jan , Wawrzyniak Cezary
Published: December 2020

The term iteration (from the Latin „iteratio” - repetition) deals with actions based on repeating a specific process as a method of achieving the desired objective. The iterative approach is used in computer science in creating programming algorithms. The iterative method is based on the assumption that a complicated program is created as the sum of individual iterations – separate steps that are increasingly detailed. The implementation of civil engineering projects is often indicated by computer science theorists as an example of not using the iterative methodology to solve complex problems. This is justified by the necessity to create a plan of realization for subsequent, different actions based on a previously prepared interdisciplinary design. However, there is an entire group of large-scale spatial structures whose characteristics point to the possibility of using iterative methodology both during the design phase, as well as in its implementation. Such facilities are oval stadium canopies based on using a repetitive spatial element in the construction structure, which in determining a clearly dominant architectural form constitutes a separate iteration also in the temporal sense. Testing the accuracy of the above-mentioned thesis is based on analyses of selected examples of stadium canopies as far as layout forms, as well as the principles of the functioning of constructional structures, exceptional due to extensive span and force. It is necessary to conduct an analysis of the characteristic features of these facilities, their structures, as well as the relationship between the spatial shape with the algorithms used and types of repetitive components. The implementation methods based on prefabrication of the elements of the constructional structure, as well as repetitive production and assembly schemes, should also be tested. In the tested multi-scale spatial facilities with clearly defined, often rhythmical structures such as stadium canopies, there are algorithms made up of clear iterations. Both singular, as well as sequential iterations, are used, the latter being a consequence of adapting the layout shape to the functional system of the stadium in case of facilities on the plan of an ellipse. In the facilities based on the plan of a circle, there is an algorithm with one type of an iteration with a scale resulting from the assumed constant constructional rhythm. The iterative approach is an immanent feature of designing and implementing large-scale oval stadium canopy spatial structures. The iterative method also concerns the process of constructional optimization of each individual element of the structure. Facilities created with the use of the iterative methodology are characterized by purity, honesty, and clarity of the synthetic architecture which corresponds in full to the thoroughly optimized construction. In addition, the postulate of the unity of function, form, and construction in architecture is also fulfilled.
FEM Simulations of Bond Behaviour between Concrete and Seven-Wire Prestressing Strand
Authors: Dyba Marcin
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the subject related to numerical tests of the concrete bond to seven-wire strands. Nonlinear contact concrete-steel calculations with using Finite Element Method (FEM) is applicable for concrete bond to reinforcing steel analyses. At the moment, the analyzes are the subject of independent research projects. The research using several scientific and commercial computing systems allows us to look deeper into the sample and obtain information about cracks development, stresses, and internal deformations. Such analyzes are impossible when tests only experimentally. The concrete-steel behaviour of materials can be modeled with a bond-slip mechanism where the relative slip of reinforcement and concrete is phenomenologically described. The behaviour of the slip zone is then mapped with a zero thickness interface (contact) element. The constitutive laws of bond-slip adhesion are based mainly on the theory of total deformation, which expresses the pulling force as a function of total relative displacement. The correct construction of the bond model requires consideration of physical phenomena occurring not only at the interface of the materials but also inside within each of them. When designing numerical research, it is necessary to keep in mind the limits in computing memory of computers. Performing static calculations for complex numerical models containing a number of geometric, material and contact nonlinearities may prove to be too time-consuming on a PC. For this reason, it is now reasonable to construct approximate, simplified models. FEM models with a strand modeled as a solid bar (with a sidewall accurate to the real one) made it possible to observe and research, destructive mechanisms identified in experimental pull-out tests.
Ancient City Protection and Urban Renewal Development in QI County: Selected Examples
Authors: Miao Li , Cheng Lei , Li Bing
Published: December 2020

Shanxi Province, in northern China, is rich in cultural heritage resources, because it was, historically, an important section of the ancient tea road. Many of its heritage towns have been meticulously protected. However, there exist some small historical towns whose precious heritages have not been protected and adaptively reused due to the local government’s shortage of funds and technical resources. With respect to this situation, international cooperation is an effective way to solve such problems. “Demonstration Project in Ancient City Protection and Urban Renewal Development in Qi County” is a representative example of such projects. The Qi County government is collaborating with the French Development Agency to undertake this project to embrace the Qi County ancient city as a source for regional sustainable development. This paper discusses the historical evolution of this ancient city, the local features of its cultural heritage, the orientation of its development and the integration of its regional resources, etc. Three example projects have been analysed in this paper. The first is the protection and restoration of the “Qujia Courtyard”. The second is the renewal of the “Cross Street”, which encompasses the commercial streets in the centre of the ancient town. The third example is the “Changyuan River National Wetland Park”, which is an important natural landscape in the Qi County region. Moreover, this paper focuses on how the local government uses the loans and technical support provided by the French Development Agency. The two sides solve a series of problems in the process of this demonstration project, such as concept conflict, positioning deviation and design accuracy. They finally achieve sustainability not only in the domain of heritage protection, restoration and adaptive reuse but also in urban public space transformation. Finally, this paper proposes a method for heritage protection with cultural localisation, value localisation, protection localisation and management localisation. Furthermore, it analyses the advantages which can result from international cooperation mode in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage and natural heritage.
The Model for the Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of the Project Processing
Authors: Vytlačil Dalibor
Published: December 2020

The paper deals with the problem of many projects – the difference between designed activities processing and real project implementation. The reason is the rework of many activities that is omitted in the project proposal. The consequences are the project delay and the budget overrun. The reason for the described problems is the low quality of same processed activities and the changes in project goals. This research work is focused on the development of the dynamic model that describes the project processing. The model is based on the system dynamics methodology. The main stocks are the amount of the activities expressed as the number of man-days. The changes in the stocks are influenced by the flows. The main flow is processing rate and reworking rate that influence the project dynamics. The auxiliary subsystem deals with human resources. The number of workers has the relationship to all flows of the system. The model can be used for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the complex projects. The outputs from the designed model are compared with model that is based on standard approach. It means the project model includes only unprocessed activities and processed activities with one processing flow. This model does not include rework activities. The results of the simulations present the difference in time according to the quality rate and the change rate. It can help to understand the key reasons for the project delay and consequently for the budget overrun.
Comparison of Composite, Steel and Reinforced Concrete Columns
Authors: Sonnenschein Robert , Gajdosova Katarina , Gramblicka Stefan
Published: December 2020

Architects now often require the use of slender load-bearing structures, but they must be sufficiently resistant to all loads. The use of the composite steel-concrete columns joins the main advantages of the individual materials. The most commonly used composite is the steel-concrete. Depending on the amount, shape, location and utilization rate of the steel or concrete, the composite columns are closer to the steel or reinforced concrete columns. The composite steel-concrete structures utilize high compressive strength of concrete and high tensile resistance of the structural steel. The steel-concrete connection is therefore highly efficient, and by combining, it is possible to produce relatively lightweight structures with wide use in high-rise buildings and bridges. The composite steel-concrete columns have high strength with a relatively small cross-sectional area. Composite efficiency also depends on the type of composite steel-concrete column. The most commonly used type is a steel tube filled with concrete. In the case of a steel tube filled with concrete, it is possible to use the confining effect of a steel tube, which prevents lateral deformation of the concrete and at the same time, the concrete core prevents compression of the steel tube. These two effects increase the total resistance of the composite steel-concrete column. Other types are partially or fully concrete-encased steel section. The use of a fully concrete-encased steel cross-section increases the fire resistance of the cross-section as the steel profile is protected by concrete against the effects of fire. The criterion for selecting the appropriate shape and type of the steel part of the column cross-section, the design of the global structural system of the object should be taken into account. Not only one European standard is needed to design composite steel-concrete structures. In addition to the standard EN 1994-1-1 Design of composite steel and concrete structures, it is also necessary to use standards EN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures and EN 1993-1-1 Design of steel structures.
The Brave New World of Rem Koolhaas
Authors: Serdyńska Joanna
Published: December 2020

In 1972, Rem Koolhaas presented his thesis project at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. The work was a collaboration of four authors: Koolhaas himself, architect Elia Zenghelis, artist Madelon Vriesendorp, and painter Zoe Zenghelis. Titled Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, it used a pictographic storyboard to present an alternative scenario for the contemporary metropolis. The text, illustrated by eighteen drawings, watercolours and collages, envisioned the creation of a restricted (albeit expansive) enclave in central London. The new urban tissue, protected from any external influence by high walls, was designed to cut through the existing structure of the city, offering the metropolis an alternative – and superior – social environment. With this project, Rem Koolhaas joined a group of visionaries, and the work itself ultimately was a catalyst for the formation of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture. Studying Exodus, one cannot help noticing a number of literary parallels. The title explicitly refers to the Second Book of the Biblical Old Testament, but the design itself also bears some resemblances to the utopian novel The New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and Aldous Huxley’s notorious dystopia Brave New World, written over 300 years later. It is sure, however, that all three had a tremendous impact on shaping the mind-set of generations of readers. Drawing on Koolhaas’s merging of architecture and literature, the author seeks to offer an interdisciplinary approach to Exodus that would echo the multifaceted spirit of Koolhaas’s work. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to show that interpreting Exodus alongside these three texts allows us to see it in a new light. The author argues that the literary context allows for a more comprehensive approach to Koolhaas’s Exodus, making it possible to see him as a future “prophet of a new modern architecture”.
Ma’an – a new approach to the autonomous building
Authors: Wyciślok Piotr , Wyciślok Agata
Published: December 2020

The paper describes the general principles of autonomous building operation. Derived from those, a building concept, which ensures energy and water self-sufficiency, has been presented. Another important benefit is the minimization of a carbon footprint – both during construction and operation. The proposed solutions are based on a system combining the technology of a cooling tower and a solar updraft tower enhanced with reverse osmosis technology and others. All of this has been achieved by creating an original architecture that matches its place of origin and functions.
Pre-war Inspirations in Shaping Green Spaces in Post-war Warsaw
Authors: Szmelter Alicja , Zdunek-Wielgołaska Justyna
Published: December 2020

This article explores green space planning in Warsaw between 1916 and 1954, as an example of the creative development of the concept of shaping green spaces through years in the city. Based on relevant plans and documents this study shows that regardless of the conditions or political system, the urban green areas adopted after the war was optimal, because it resulted from the real needs of the state capital, which after many years of partitions, regained independence, and thus the ability to self-decide about its further development. The article examines the impact of planning concepts from the interwar period on the reconstruction of Warsaw in shaping green spaces. The paper focuses on indicating the similarities and differences in urban plans derived from the interwar time and the “social-realistic” period. The research starts with studies at the general level and leads to detailed solutions. The research uses the method of critical analysis of source data, including cartographic studies and the comparative method. In addition to strictly scientific research methods, the study also uses artistic evaluation of the designed urban greenery assumptions. As a result of the war, many European cities suffered severe damages. Warsaw belonged to the most experienced in this area. Paradoxically, the city’s destruction has become an opportunity for rebuilding it as a better one, also in terms of strengthening the resources of green urban areas. Already in the pre-war period, the need to increase the city’s area resources was strongly articulated to enable a coherent and future-oriented urban policy. The idea of strengthening the field base constituting urban resources was at the root of the idea of cooperative activity so popular in the Scandinavian countries or Germany. However, in Poland, right after the war took a pathological form. Under the so-called decree on communalization, also called the Bierut Decree, the ownership of land within its administrative boundaries was transferred to the municipality of Warsaw, which facilitated the process of implementing changes. The concept of building Warsaw in 1945 assumed functional segregation of the city following the idea of Le Corbusier. The overall thought was to rebuilt Warsaw as the town for the new “socialist” type of citizens. Although the urban planners working during the so-called “social-realistic” period (1945-1954) affirmed that their ideas of the development of towns were entirely new, the plans prepared for Warsaw depict many similarities to the ones worked out in the interwar period, from 1916 on. At the same time, the plan assumed maintaining wedge-shaped zones of greenery entering downtown. Subsequent proposals of the first post-war years followed this principle. Subsequent concepts for the development of Warsaw arising in the second half of the 1940s were consistent with the assumptions of the Athens Charter of 1933, guaranteeing residents’ access to greenery, accompanying residential districts, or creating a city-wide recreational space.
The Poetics of Access Apparatuses in Contemporary Lyric Exhibition Spaces
Authors: Hapenciuc Alma-Dia (Preda) , Anghel Anamaria Andreea , Mohora Irina
Published: December 2020

Cultural architecture of exhibition spaces is a complex program, which oftentimes relies on dualities and contrasts that transcend the visual, material or functional experience, thus, sometimes imperceptibly creating a dialogue between the palpable and the intangible. As a fundamental architectural theme, that, in spite of extensive research, cannot be mathematically quantified, but only holistically experienced through an accumulation of senses, feeling, thought, imagination, personal memory and identity, the intangible may be regarded as an additional dimension only experienced in profoundly designed spaces that shelter an intrinsic emotion of architecture. These spaces of cultural, historical, social representation and remembrance succeed in “speaking” without using any “words”, or even if they do, they come to rather represent the space between the “words”… The intangible aspect of representation spaces can only be analysed in regard with the human factor, as it is the one that, both through the process of creation and through the one of experimentation, doubled by the measure of time, can generate this additional dimension and lyric depth, transforming space into experience, mere visual assimilation into transcendental synaesthesia. The main feature of these spaces based on collective memory, emotions and reflexion beyond their tangible features is thus, given by their innate spatial and temporal identity. But when does this transformation from the epic to the lyric genre take place in architecture? Having this query in mind, we aim to study when and how this poetic dimension occurs, as cultural exhibition spaces are actual, physical buildings, part of tangible cities. Therefore, focusing on the boundary between the exterior and the interior of contemporary cultural spaces of exhibition, we intend to analyse and categorize types of access apparatus as part of welcoming gates into spaces with different types of immaterial depth and atmosphere. Generated through addition, subtraction, volume reinterpretation, contrast, dialogue, geometrical transformation or story-telling successive approach, accesses are the first tools the architect can use in order to design an experience. Being previously involved in collectives that designed innovative remembrance or exhibition spaces, our research will be based on both existing models and personally designed ones, as well as on both the experience of the user and the one of the architect, therefore, decoding the relationship between practice, empirical design and experiential environmental poetry. Focusing on the gateway between the pragmatic exterior and the interior intrinsic spatial consciousness, an expression of their dialogue will be revealed.
Tendencies of the Green Construction in Russia
Authors: Shushunova Tatiana , Shushunova Natalia , Pervova Elizaveta , Dernov Roman , Nazarova Kseniya
Published: December 2020

With the development of scientific and technological progress and the dense development of large metropolitan areas, the issue of ecology is particularly relevant. The purpose of the study is the study of new technologies that allow existing a green roof. Research methods include analysis, comparison and detailed study of the components of a green roof. We examined in detail the components of the green building on green rooftops in different countries and analyzed the main elements of the green building coverings system. In this article, using concrete examples, the solution of a whole complex of highlighted problems, with the intensive development of green innovations is shown. The result of the research is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the different tendencies of green construction, including the use of green coverings.
A comparative meta-analysis of residential green building policies and measures in the EU, and their impact on overall energy patterns
Authors: Jabbour Naim
Published: December 2020

Data shows residential energy consumption constituting a significant portion of the overall energy end use in the European Union (EU), ranging between 15% and 30%. Furthermore, the EU’s dependency on foreign fossil fuel-based energy imports has been steadily increasing since 1993, constituting approximately 60% of its primary energy. This paper provides an analytical review of diverse residential building/energy policies in targeted EU countries, to shed insight on the impact of such policies and measures on the energy use and efficiency trends. Accordingly, the adoption of robust residential green and energy efficient building policies in the EU has increased in the past decade. Moreover, the data from the EU energy efficiency and consumption databases attributes 44% of total energy savings since 2000 to energy upgrades and improvements within the residential sector. Consequently, many EU countries and organizations are continuously evaluating residential building energy consumption patterns to increase the sector’s overall energy performance. To that end, the energy efficiency gains in EU households were measured at 1% in 2000 compared to 27.8% in 2016, a 2600% increase. Accordingly, 36 policies have been implemented successfully since 1991 across the EU targeting improvements in residential energy efficiency and reductions in the energy use. Moreover, the adoption of National Energy Efficiency Actions Plans (NEEACP) across the EU has been a major driver of energy savings and energy efficiency. Most energy efficiency plans have followed a holistic multi-dimensional approach targeting the following areas, legislative actions, financial incentives, fiscal tax exemptions, and public education and awareness programs and campaigns. These measures and policy instruments have cumulatively generated significant energy savings and measurable improvements in the energy performance across the EU since their inception. As a result, the EU residential energy consumption trends show a consistent decrease over the past decade. The purpose of this analysis is to explore, examine, and compare the various green building and energy-related policies in the EU, highlighting some of the more robust and progressive aspects of such policies. Lastly, the paper analyzes the multiple policies and guidelines across targeted EU nations.
Typology of canteen facilities in modern manufacturing plants
Authors: Pieczara Marta
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential impact that the concept of the fourth generation industry can have on the architectural design of canteen facilities in the modern manufacturing plants. The concept of Industry 4.0 initiates an important shift regarding the architectural design of industrial plants. This research paper will look in more detail at the spatial and functional features of canteen facilities in manufacturing plants of the fourth generation. More specifically, it will search to answer the question of whether the labour organisation systems that are typical for Industry 4.0 vision will have an impact on the typology of canteen facility applied to a specific architectural project. The research methods used are multiple case studies and comparative analysis, including typological and functional analysis of factory layouts, while the sources of material are designs of manufacturing plants developed by architecture master students at the Poznań University of Technology. Despite being realised by students within the framework of a design studio, the projects selected for the study are accurate and realistic works, based in each individual case on a thorough analysis of existing relevant examples as well as of the future-oriented trends in industry development. The effects of the research include observations concerning the canteen’s situation on the factory plan, its type, as well as its spatial and functional characteristics. The conclusions comprise an identification of further research directions with particular potential for development, as well as some existing trends that link canteen typology with work organisation system.