bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghrelin as a Promising Therapeutic Option for Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Khatib Mahalaqua Nazli , Gaidhane Abhay , Gaidhane Shilpa , Quazi Zahiruddin Syed
Published: August 2018

Cachexia is a devastating complication of cancer and an important cause of morbidity and mortality and can have a great effect on quality of life, and sense of self-esteem. Unfortunately; there is no standard cure available for cancer cachexia. Ghrelin; a 28 amino acid orexigenic gut hormone and its mimetics have shown potential benefits in reversing the breakdown of protein and weight loss in catabolic states like cancer cachexia. Ghrelin has effects on several vital pathways in the regulation of appetite, and composition of the body. It increases the secretion of growth hormone and reduces energy expenditure. It plays an important role in regulation of processes associated with cancer and antagonizing protein breakdown in catabolic conditions such as cancer cachexia. Additionally, ghrelin has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anxiolytic effects. Administration of ghrelin for short-term has been found to be well-tolerated and safe. These versatile actions of ghrelin and its safety can render it as a potentially useful novel therapy for patients with cancer cachexia. However; there is a need to generate more evidence to support the use of ghrelin in the management of cancer cachexia.
Canada and Israel in Comparative Constitutional Perspective: The (Sometimes Overlooked) Legal Historical Dimension of Globalization
Authors: Giocas Athanasios
Published: August 2018

Constitutional development in both Canada and Israel abounds with the enduring marks of historical globalization phenomena. For Canada, achieving a unified political formation through confederation related to reconciling French Canadian, British and aboriginal dynamics, each of which possesses its own globalized dimension. Constitutional development in Israel is equally multi-faceted. Not only the population within the state’s effective control was and remains diverse, Israel inherits (not without controversy) the biblically-inspired notion of the Jewish state as well as a religiously-grounded understanding of basic legal categories from another globalized franchise, the Ottoman Empire, all while purporting to maintain an unequivocal commitment to contemporary Western legal culture. In order to better recognize and integrate such phenomena within the broader process of constitutional development in both Canada and Israel, the article explores the viability of a hermeneutical framework based on the underlying moral bases of federalism, as facilitated by the institute of unwritten constitutionalism.
Two new species of Staurosira and Pseudostaurosira (Bacillariophyta) from the highlands of Argentina (south-central Andes) and two new nomenclatural combinations
Authors: GRANA LORENA , MORALES EDUARDO A. , MAIDANA NORA I. , ECTOR LUC
Published: August 2018

Two new araphid diatom (Bacillariophyta) species, Pseudostaurosira oliveraiana sp. nov. and Staurosira catamarcensis sp. nov. are described from fossil material taken from the saline Laguna Colorada (Argentinian Altiplano). The morphology of the new species is studied using both light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and is compared to that of similar taxa. Pseudostaurosira oliveraiana sp. nov. is different from other species of Pseudostaurosira by its linear to lanceolate valve outline, with apices usually subcapitate and cuneate. Staurosira catamarcensis sp. nov. is unique because it has short striae that are restricted to the valve margins, delimiting a wide and lanceolate sternum, which resembles some species of Pseudostaurosira. Also, it is the first species described in Staurosira lacking apical pore fields, expanding the high morphological variation that already exists within this genus. Additionally, two new combinations are proposed: Pseudostaurosira santaremensis comb. nov. and Staurosirella canariensis comb. nov. based on information at the SEM and LM level presented in the literature.
Revision of the genera Cyphonethes Verhoeff, 1926 and Titanethes Schioedte, 1849 (Isopoda: Oniscoidea: Trichoniscidae) with a description of a new genus and three new taxa
Authors: KARAMAN IVO M. , HORVATOVIĆ MLADEN
Published: August 2018

A taxonomic study of two troglobite genera resulted in remarkable changes to their composition and our perception of their relationship. The genus Titanethes is treated as monotypic, with one newly described taxon, Titanethes albus matovici n. ssp. One species is transferred from Titanethes to the genus Cyphonethes, Cyphonethes biseriatus (Verhoeff, 1900) comb. nov. A species and a genus are synonymized, Microtitanethes licodrensis syn. nov. The diagnosis of the genus Cyphonethes is amended and revised using comparative morphology of adult males. A new species, Cyphonethes tajanus n. sp, is described. A close relationship between the genera Titanethes and Spelaeonethes is established. Cetinjella monasetrii n. g., n. sp, is described as a new genus and species close to the genus Cyphonethes. It is assumed to be a higropetric cave inhabitant, based on its pereopode structure, with elongated fused dactylus and unguis, and partly by its slightly modified mouthparts. Unique water uptake (for the water conducting system) by the dorsal surface of the frontal pereionite is also assumed for the species, based on the presence, distribution and orientation of specific small scales. The presence and structure of male tergal glands in the genus Tithanethes are treated as taxonomically irrelevant.
Racing Against the Vocabulary Gap: Matthew Effects in Early Vocabulary Instruction and Intervention
Authors: Coyne Michael D. , McCoach D. Betsy , Ware Sharon , Austin Christy R. , Loftus-Rattan Susan M. , Baker Doris L.
Published: August 2018

We investigated whether individual differences in overall receptive vocabulary knowledge measured at the beginning of the year moderated the effects of a kindergarten vocabulary intervention that supplemented classroom vocabulary instruction. We also examined whether moderation would offset the benefits of providing Tier-2 vocabulary intervention within a multitiered-system-of-support (MTSS) or response-to-intervention framework. Participants included students from two previous studies identified as at risk for language and learning difficulties who were randomly assigned in clusters to receive small-group vocabulary intervention in addition to classroom vocabulary instruction ( n = 825) or to receive classroom vocabulary instruction only ( n = 781). A group of not-at-risk students ( n = 741) who received classroom vocabulary instruction served as a reference group. Initial vocabulary knowledge measured at pretest moderated the impact of intervention on experimenter-developed measures of expressive vocabulary learning and listening comprehension favoring students with higher initial vocabulary knowledge. Tier-2 intervention substantially counteracted the Matthew effect for target word learning. Intervention effects on listening comprehension depended on students’ initial vocabulary knowledge. Implications present benefits and challenges of supporting vocabulary learning within an MTSS framework.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and response to exercise treatment in depression
Authors: Rahman Md Shafiqur , Helgadóttir Björg , Hallgren Mats , Forsell Yvonne , Stubbs Brendon , Vancampfort Davy , Ekblom Örjan
Published: August 2018

Background

Exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and reduces depressive symptoms in people with depression. It is unclear if changes in CRF are a predictor of the antidepressant effect of exercise in people with depression.

Aims

To investigate whether an increase in CRF is a predictor of depression severity reduction after 12 weeks of exercise (trial registration: DRKS study ID, DRKS00008745).

Method

The present study includes participants who took part in vigorous (n= 33), moderate (n= 38) and light (n= 39) intensity exercise and had CRF information (as predicted maximal oxygen uptake,V̇O2max) collected before and after the intervention. Depression severity was measured with the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).V̇O2max(L/min) was assessed with the Åstrand–Rhyming submaximal cycle ergometry test. The main analysis was conducted pooling all exercise intensity groups together.

Results

All exercise intensities improvedV̇O2maxin people with depression. Regardless of frequency and intensity of exercise, an increase in post-treatmentV̇O2maxwas significantly associated with reduced depression severity at follow-up (B= −3.52, 95% CI −6.08 to −0.96); adjusting for intensity of exercise, age and body mass index made the association stronger (B= −3.89, 95% CI −6.53 to −1.26). Similarly, increasedV̇O2maxwas associated with higher odds (odds ratio = 3.73, 95% CI 1.22–11.43) of exercise treatment response (≥50% reduction in MADRS score) at follow-up.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that improvements inV̇O2maxpredict a greater reduction in depression severity among individuals who were clinically depressed. This finding indicates that improvements inV̇O2maxmay be a marker for the underpinning biological pathways for the antidepressant effect of exercise.

Declaration of interest

None.
Acute hip fracture surgery anaesthetic technique and 30-day mortality in Sweden 2016 and 2017: A retrospective register study
Authors: Gremillet Caroline , Jakobsson Jan G.
Published: August 2018

Background: Hip fractures affect 1.6 million patients yearly worldwide, often elderly with complex comorbidity. Mortality following surgery for acute hip fracture is high and multifactorial; high age, comorbidities and complication/deterioration in health following surgery. Whether the anaesthesia technique affects the 30-day mortality rate has been studied widely without reaching a consensus. The primary aim of this study was to determine anaesthetic techniques used in Sweden and their impact on the 30-day mortality rate in elderly undergoing acute hip fracture surgery. Other aims were to study the impact of age, gender, ASA class, fracture type and delay in surgery on the 30-day mortality rate.

Methods: Data from 13,649 patients ≥50 years old who had undergone acute hip fracture surgery and been reported to Swedish perioperative register (SPOR) between 2016 and 2017 were analysed.    

Results: The most commonly used anaesthetic technique was neuraxial anaesthesia (NA; 11,257, 82%), followed by general anaesthesia (GA; 2,190, 16%) and combined general and neuraxial anaesthesia (CA; 202, 1.5%) out of the 13,649 studied. The 30-day mortality rate was 7.7% for the entire cohort; GA 7.8%, NA 7.7% and CA 7.4%. Mortality was higher in elderly patients, those with a high ASA class, pertrochanteric fracture and males.    

Conclusions: The present study showed that NA is by far the most common anaesthetic technique for acute hip fracture surgery in Sweden. However, the anaesthetic technique used during this type of surgery had no impact on the 30-day mortality rate in patients. Increasing age, ASA class and male gender increased the 30-day mortality.
ДОВЕРИЕ И НЕДОВЕРИЕ: ДИАМЕТРАЛЬНАЯ ПРОТИВОПОЛОЖНОСТЬ ИЛИ ЦЕЛОСТНАЯ СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ?
Authors: Glushko Irina Vasil’evna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Выявить теоретико-методологические проблемы изучения категориальной пары «доверие-недоверие» и прояснить соотношение данных феноменов.Методология. За основу взят трансдисциплинарный подход, связанный с принципом синкретизма в осмыслении результатов дисциплинарных и междисциплинарных научно-исследовательских практик на метатеоретическом уровне. Использованы методологические установки и принципы структурно-функционального и феноменологического подходов; концептуальные идеи о социокультурном кризисе в российском обществе; процедуры категоризации и концептуализации, а также принципы дискурс-анализа.Результаты. Выявлено, что представления о доверии и недоверии в дисциплинарных исследовательских практиках носят фрагментарный характер, обусловленный разницей парадигмальных подходов и авторскими методологическими предпочтениями. На основании принципа синкретизма в изучении доверия и недоверия обосновано, что доверие и недоверие выступают как целостное явление социальных практик, детерминируемое трансформационными изменениями любого общества. Поэтому доверие и недоверие должны являться предметом социально-философского осмысления, предполагающего их синкретическое рассмотрение как целостной социальной реальности.Область применения результатов. Результаты могут быть использованы для разработки нормативных стратегий функционирования и трансформационных изменений общества, учтены в решении определенного спектра общественных проблем при разработке моделей социального управления и составлении социальных программ, учитывающих социально-нормативную значимость и социальный эффект доверия.
АЛГОРИТМ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ БИБЛЕЙСКОЙ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАРТИНЫ МИРА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ИЗОБРАЗИТЕЛЬНО-ВЫРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫХ СРЕДСТВ
Authors: Ermeychuk Natalia Andreevna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Статья посвящена установлению и описанию механизма создания языковой картины мира в англоязычном тексте Библии короля Якова. Предметом исследования выступает функциональная реализация изобразительно-выразительных средств. Автор ставит целью раскрыть основные функции упомянутых средств для выявления их роли в создании коннотации, модификации целостного значения и, соответственно, формировании библейской языковой картины мира.Метод и методология проведения работы. Основу исследования образуют метод сплошной выборки, метод выборки с заданными параметрами с помощью конкорданса Библии короля Якова, а также функциональный анализ.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что выявлен и описан алгоритм реконструкции библейской языковой картины мира с опорой на теорию о содержании информации в значениях языковых единиц и теорию проекций М. Блэка. Исходя из функций изобразительно-выразительных средств подтверждена их роль в создании коннотативного значения и влиянии этого значения на семантику слова или выражения.Область применения результатов. Данное исследование позволит дополнить имеющиеся сведения в области когнитивной лингвистики, стилистики текста и функциональной англистики. Предлагаемая методика актуализации языковой картины мира может применяться при исследовании текстов других англоязычных переводов Библии, а также Корана и Торы в сравнительно-сопоставительном и диахроническом аспектах.
ВЛИЯНИЕ СУБКЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕФРОПАТИИ НА СУБЪЕКТИВНУЮ ОЦЕНКУ ЗДОРОВЬЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2 ТИПА
Authors: Evsina Maria Gennad’evna , Polyanskaya Evgeniya Alexeevna , Vishneva Elena Mihajlovna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Оценить влияние субклинической нефропатии на показатели качества жизни пациентов с СД 2 типа и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.Материалы и методы. Обследовано 86 больных с СД 2 типа и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. Обследование пациентов проводилось 2-х кратно с интервалом в 12 месяцев. Сформировано 2 группы пациентов: группа 1 – пациенты с впервые выявленными маркерами повреждения почек (n=28); группа 2 – без маркеров повреждения почек (n=58). Для оценки качества жизни использована русифицированная версия опросника EQ-5D.Статистическая обработка результатов проводилась с использованием компьютерной программы Statistica for Windows 6.0 (StatSoft Inc., США).Результаты. Сравниваемые группы на момент включения по параметрам КЖ не различались. У пациентов, отнесенных к группе 1, оценка в баллах качество жизни по аналоговой шкале была выше группы 2.Через 12 месяцев в группе 1 не выявлено динамики баллов по визуальной аналоговой шкале, выявлена отрицательная девиация составляющих качества жизни; в группе 2 статистически значимо улучшилась оценка в баллах по визуально-аналоговой шкале. В группе 1 выявлена большая доля лиц, у которых были снижены показатели, характеризующие физическую составляющую качества жизни. Напротив, в группе 2 улучшилось качество жизни и по физическим, и психоэмоциональным компонентам. Таким образом, у пациентов с признаками субклинической нефропатии выявилось ее негативное влияние на компоненты качества жизни.Заключение. Появление признаков дисфункции почек у больных с СД 2 типа и сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями ассоциируется со снижением качества жизни. Полученные данные подчеркивают важность профилактики развития дисфункции почек, коррекцию факторов риска и прогрессирования нефропатии.
ОЦЕНКА КОЛИЧЕСТВА ЦИРКУЛИРУЮЩИХ ЭНДОТЕЛИОЦИТОВ ПЕРЕФЕРИЧЕСКОЙ КРОВИ ПРИ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОМ СИНДРОМЕ У НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ХАКАСИЯ
Authors: Berseneva Olga Alexandrovna , Ageeva Elizaveta Sergeevna
Published: August 2018

Цель. Оценить вклад эндотелиальной дисфункции у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом.Материалы и методы. Обследовано 183 пациента в возрасте от 25 до 65 лет, которые были рандоминизированы на 2 группы. В первую группу вошли 60 практически здоровых лиц, во вторую группу – 123 пациента с метаболическим синдромом.Метаболический синдром диагностировали по критериям ВНОК (2009). Критериями исключения из исследования являлись: тяжелые соматические, онкологические, гематологические, психические заболевания.Статистическая обработка результатов исследования проводилась с использованием пакета статистических программ «StatPlus».Результаты. Выявлена эндотелиальная дисфункция, различия биохимических показателей, характеризующих компоненты метаболического синдрома (нарушения углеводного и липидного обмена), особенности антропометрических показателей у хакасов и европеоидов. Новым является оценка количества циркулирующих эндотелиоцитов периферической крови.Заключение. Таким образом, эндотелиальная дисфункция является важным механизмом в патогенезе, формирующим межкомпонентные взаимосвязи и особенности метаболического синдрома у хакасов и европеоидов
ТАКТИКА ВЕДЕНИЯ ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ДИФФУЗНЫМ РАКОМ ЖЕЛУДКА, ОБУСЛОВЛЕННЫМ НАСЛЕДСТВЕННЫМИ МУТАЦИЯМИ
Authors: Bykov Igor Igorevich , Nemtsova Marina Vyacheslavovna , Khorobrykh Tatiana Vitalevna
Published: August 2018

В структуре онкологической заболеваемости во всем мире рак желудка занимает пятое место и является третьей среди наиболее распространенных причин смерти от рака, абсолютное число смертельных случаев в год оценивается в 723 000. Подавляющее большинство случаев рака желудка имеют спорадический характер, но известно, что 1–3% являются проявлением наследственных форм и синдромов. Настоящая статья посвящена новым тенденциям и стратегии в управлении риском развития наследственного диффузного рака желудка. Освещены основы генетического консультирования и современные критерии отбора семей, с целью проведения анализа наследственных мутаций. Рассмотрены вопросы эндоскопического скрининга и динамического наблюдения за состоянием слизистой оболочки желудка. Обсужден возможный подход к выбору тактики хирургического лечения в объеме профилактической гатсрэктомии. Обобщены особенности морфологического исследования при наследственно диффузном раке желудка. Изложены принципы послеоперационного ухода. Рассмотрены перспективы медицинского обеспечения пациентов с наследственным диффузным раком желудка.
A teoria política de Marx: uma totalidade orgânica | Marx’s political theory: an organic whole
Authors: Polese Pablo
Published: August 2018

Apresenta-se aqui uma leitura dos principais traços da teoria política de Marx. Esta é entendida como uma totalidade orgânica na qual cada elemento impõe necessariamente sua articulação e mediação com os demais. Ao delinear nestes termos o legado político de Marx, pretende-se contribuir no sentido da elaboração de uma teoria da transição para além do sistema do capital. Defende-se que esta precisa, necessariamente, incorporar de forma crítica o legado das teorias da transição clássicas, em especial as elaboradas no esteio da Revolução Russa de 1917, e também aquelas que foram elaboradas mais recentemente, com a vantagem de poderem versar sobre a experiência soviética que formalmente chegou ao fim em 1991. Por conta disso e por afinidades teóricas, o intérprete marxista privilegiado no texto é István Mészáros.Palavras-Chave: Karl Marx; revolução; transição socialista; teoria política; comunismo; István Mészáros.  Abstract –It is presented here a reading of the main features of Marx's political theory. This is understood as an organic whole in which each element necessarily imposes its articulation and mediation with the others. In outlining in these terms Marx's political legacy, this article is intended to contribute towards the elaboration of a theory of transition beyond the capital system. It is argued that this transition necessarily needs to incorporate in a critical way the legacy of classical transition theories, especially those elaborated in the wake of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and also those that have been elaborated more recently, with the advantage of being able to deal with the Soviet experience that formally came to an end in 1991. Because of this and theoretical affinities, the Marxist interpreter privileged in the text is István Mészáros.Keywords: Karl Marx; revolution; socialist transition; political theory; communism; István Mészáros.
Pobreza e desigualdade social: fundamentos sociais e históricos | Poverty and social inequality: social and historical foundations
Authors: Carvalho Luciene Ferreira Mendes de
Published: August 2018

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da pobreza e desigualdade social na sociedade capitalista contemporânea, demonstrando os seus aspectos estruturais, considerados a partir da lógica de reprodução do capital. Apresenta uma análise crítica e histórica acerca da pobreza e da desigualdade social, fundamentada no método materialista dialético elaborado por Karl Marx. Nesse sentido, compreende os processos históricos a partir dos modos de produção social, ou seja, da forma como os homens se organizam para produzir os bens necessários à satisfação de suas necessidades, sendo, portanto, o trabalho humano uma categoria central. Inicialmente, apresentam-se as formas de organização societária pré-capitalistas, determinadas pelo primitivismo, escravismo e feudalismo, a fim de evidenciar que a pobreza e a desigualdade social são construções sociais e históricas e nesse sentido, compreender os percursos trilhados para se chegar ao momento atual. Em seguida, evidencia-se o modo de produção capitalista, demonstrando que a pobreza e a desigualdade social são inerentes à lógica da acumulação, portanto são geradas e não dadas naturalmente. Palavras-chave: Pobreza; Desigualdade Social; Trabalho; Capitalismo.  Abstract — The present work has the objective of analyzing poverty and social inequality in contemporary capitalist society, demonstrating its structural aspects, considered from the logic of reproduction of capital. It presents a critical and historical analysis of poverty and social inequality, based on the dialectical materialist method elaborated by Karl Marx. In this sense, it understands historical processes from the modes of social production, that is, from the way men organize themselves to produce the goods necessary to satisfy their needs, and therefore, human work is a central category. Initially, the pre-capitalist forms of societal organization, determined by primitivism, slavery and feudalism, are presented in order to show that poverty and social inequality are social and historical constructions and, in this sense, to understand the current moment. Next, the capitalist mode of production is shown, demonstrating that poverty and social inequality are inherent in the logic of accumulation, so they are generated and not given naturally.Keywords: Poverty; Social inequality; Work; Capitalism.
“Están atacando a las personas más importantes para la reproducción social y la acumulación del capital” | "They are attacking the most important people for social reproduction and the capital accumulation"
Authors: Bolla Luisina
Published: August 2018

Republicação da entrevista com Jules Falquet.Conteúdo publicado originalmente em CUADERNOS DE ECONOMÍA CRÍTICA. La economía feminista en América Latina, vol.4, n.7,p. 191-202, 2017. Disponível em: .
Sarapan dan Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Hasil Tes Kecepatan dan Ketelitian pada Remaja
Authors: Wardani Tristina , Adnyana IGAN Sugitha , Windiani IGA Trisna , Soetjiningsih Soetjiningsih , Susilawati Luh Kadek Pande Ary
Published: August 2018

Latar belakang. Konsumsi sarapan berdampak positif pada remaja, yaitu meningkatkan kecukupan makanan, penurunan risiko kelebihan berat badan, obesitas dan, meningkatkan fungsi kognitif. Remaja yang melewatkan sarapan memiliki masalah perhatian lebih banyak yang memengaruhi performa belajar. Tes kecepatan dan ketelitian (differential aptitude test) digunakan untuk mengukur respon terhadap tugas atau pekerjaan, yang meliputi kecepatan persepsi, respon terhadap kombinasi huruf-angka, ingatan jangka pendek, pemahaman simbol, bekerja secara detail, dan kesuksesan akademik. Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan sarapan dengan hasil tes kecepatan dan ketelitian pada remaja.Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Pemilihan sekolah menengah pertama (SMP) di Kotamadya Denpasar menggunakan metode purposive.Hasil. Pelajar SMP yang mengikuti penelitian 175 orang. Pada analisis multivariat regresi logistik didapatkan sarapan, jenis kelamin perempuan dan durasi tidur >9 jam memiliki hubungan dengan hasil tes kecepatan dan ketelitian yang baik secara signifikan (p=0,005; OR 2,5; IK95%: 1,322-4,924), (p=0,001; OR 2,9; IK95%: 1,545–5,764) dan (p =0,04; OR 1,9; IK95%: 1,028–3,874). Kesimpulan. Sarapan, jenis kelamin perempuan, dan durasi jam tidur >9 jam secara signifikan memiliki hubungan dengan hasil tes kecepatan dan ketelitian yang baik.
Dalālah al-Khafī wa Āliyāt al-Ijtihād: Dirāsah Uṣuliyyah bi Iḥālah Khāṣṣah ilā Qaḍiyah al-Qatl al-Raḥim
Authors: Anwar Syamsul
Published: August 2018

This article deals with an uṣūlī concept known among the Hanafi legal theoretician under the name of dalālāt al-khāf (the denotation of an obscure text) and its relation to the mechanism of ijtihād with special reference to the case of euthanasia. The author examines the meaning of the obscure text (al-khāfiy) and discusses the mechanism followed by the uṣūlī in clarifying the ambiguity in it, taking euthanasia as an example. From this, the author concludes that the process of legal reasoning in founding out a legal rule for a case involves three poles which have dialectical relations to one another: the text, the reality, and the objective of law. The text with its symbolic characteristic and its relying upon generalization and abstraction in expressing an object enables the mujtahid to add a new meaning to it and this meaning is produced through an adequate understanding of the case and the spatio-temporal space in which it happens in the one hand and through considering the objective of law as meaning space on the other hand. The reality of the case shades  light in our understanding of the text, while the text in the same time gives us a clear orientation in coping with the reality.
Ṣu’ūbāt al-Tarjamah min al-Nāḥiyah al-Dalāliyyah
Authors: Ismail Achmad Satori
Published: August 2018

The main problem in the proses of language transfer is to find the precise word between two languages. To transfer a word of a language into another language require some conditions, i.e., word classification, socio-cultural background, metaphor, etc. It is mistaken to say that the meaning of words in any language lies in the pattern of the word used t0 express particular purpose. Instead, the meaning of a word we used as a mean to construct our knowledge is the meaning that suit to the culture of a country. Therefore, the concept of a word in a culture may not be able to be found in other cultures. It is also the cases of Indonesian language in relation to other languages. In particular, the difficulties of translating Arabic words into bahasa Indonesia or vice versa, from the semantic point of view, could be classified into some categories: (1) the semantic difference of two similar words, (2) the differences in using an expression, (3) the classification differences of words, (4) the differences in using taboo words and the softness of expression, and finally (5) the socio-cultural differences between two nations/ countries.
Athar al-Islām fī Taṭawwuri Ma’ānī al-Alfāẓi fi al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah
Authors: Nur'ain Nur'ain
Published: August 2018

Language is one of the distinguishing factors between human and other creatures in the universe. It is also the identity of a society as there is no society without a language. Both language and society have close relationship that could not be separated as they are interrelated. Every single change in any society has a certain effect ot its language, either in its words or in its meanings. This is also happened to Arabic in the Arab world. Islam that came to the Arabs brought about some significant change in their faith, religious services, attitude and also some other new traditions. To articulate all these new things, the social construct some new terms that are adapt from the existing language by some process, i.e., changing, shifting, broadening and even narrowing the meaning. However, those changes did not remove the original meaning of a word. It means that, many times, a word has two meaning which we knows later as etymological and terminological meanings. This article tries to reveal those changes and distinguish the pattern of the charge.
Book Review
Authors: Amin Kamaruddin
Published: August 2018

Harald Motzki, The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence:  Meccan fiqh before the Classical Schools, Leiden: Brill, 2002
Dinamika Islam Politik di Indonesia pada Era Reformasi (1998-2001)
Authors: Bustamam-Ahmad Kamaruzzaman
Published: August 2018

This article discusses the political attitude of some Indonesian Muslims to the reformation era of Indonesia. Euphorically, they responded the reformation in the same way as in the early history of Indonesian politics, i.e., they are interested much in struggling their political interest in the formalistic ways. This study has found that the Islamic figures who struggling political Islam in the substantive ways are entrapped in formalistic struggle. Compared to the era of Old and New Order political system, some politician Muslims hardly offer new political strategies. Their political attitudes have been promoted so far are merely on the following three points. First is an interest to raise their political parties to the power. Second is to pose their groups without any good quality agenda. Third, inconsistency of some figure in struggling for Muslim society, they struggling for their own group. Instead, It seem that the attitude of some elite politician Muslims is influenced by political changes and their religious understandings. It is clear that if political Islam is struggled without any good and distinct concept or agenda, the politician Muslims would face some obstacles which are difficult to be solved. Therefore, basic wide-ranging understanding is necessary for politician Muslims in comprehending some political affairs in Indonesia.
Maṣlaḥah Mursalah in the Thought of Muḥammmad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍa
Authors: Lubis Nazly Hanum
Published: August 2018

Artikel ini membahas konsep maṣlaḥah mursalah (salab satu metode istinbāṭ hukum Islam) yang dikembangkan oleh Muhammad ‘Abduh dan muridnya Rashīd Riḍa. Konsep yangn mereka kembangkan berbeda dengan apa yang telah dirumuskan oleh para ulama terdahulu, yang memberikan beberapa syarat yang ketat dalam pengaplikasian maṣlaḥah. Menyadari bahwa maṣlaḥah dapat dijadikan sebagai media dalam memformulasikan hukum Islam, kedua reformis ini mengadopsi konsep ini dalam mengantisipasi perubahan sosial tanpa memberikan persyaratan ketat sebagai yang telah ada sebelumnya. Mereka lebih menekankan kemampuan akal dalam memahami syari'at, dilandasi atas kepercayaan bahwa Islam merupakan agama rasional dan, dengan demikian, menuntut peran akal yang besar dalam memahami ajarannya. Pendekatan yang dirumuskan oleh ‘Abduh dan Riḍā sesungguhnya mampu mengantisipasi perubahan sosial, namun pada saat yang sama ia secara tidak langsung dapat berakibat kepada sekularisasi hukum Islam itu sendiri.
Salik Buta: Aliran Tasawuf Aceh Abad XX
Authors: Muchsin Misri A
Published: August 2018

This article examines the Sufi movement in Aceh by looking at its continuity since the 16th -17th century, as its golden age, to the 20th century. Based on the fact that Abdullah Ujong Rimba's explanation is considered representative, his books are taken as primary sources while others are secondary. Based on Abdullah Ujong Rimba's explanation, Salik Buta is a sect of Sufism in Aceh in the 20th century. This sect is practiced in several of center in Aceh. Historically, the doctrine of this sects is continuation and modification of Wahḍat al-Wujūd's  doctrines established since 16th century. The doctrine of Salik Buta are different from those of popular Sufism. Thus, Salik Buta is considered heterodox and criticized by ulama, as Abdullah Ujong Rimba. From Abdullah Ujong RImba's criticism, it can be conclude that his thought based on syari'at or Fiqih orientation, instead of the perspective of Sufism.
Khaṣāiṣ al-Amthāl fī al-Qurān wa Aghrāḍuhā wa al-Mauḍū'āt allatī' ‘Ālajathā
Authors: Chirzin Muhammad
Published: August 2018

The Qur'an, as a guidance for human being, consists of some metaphors (amthal) which can be used by those who would think of it. Metaphor is a means of the Qur'an to convey its ideas related to any things which lead human being to a better life. Metaphor is able to describe Islamic values better and, even, as it is happened to human's daily life. Therefore, a number of Islamic scholars have studied metaphors in the Qur'an deeply and seriously as carried out by al-Hakīm al-Tarmizī, al-Mawardī, ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Az Zarkaszī, as-Suyūtī and others. Knowledge about metaphor in the Qur'ān is very significant. Therefore, it is not an exaggeration when ash-Shāfi’ī states that a mujtahid should know about metaphor of the Qur'ān. This article tries to explore some opinions of Muslim scholars about metaphor in the Qur’ān with abroad view of its meaning, purposes and characteristics.
Relating Factors of Insomnia among Haemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kusuma Henni , Ropyanto Chandra Bagus , Widyaningsih Susana , Sujianto Untung
Published: August 2018

Background: Insomnia is a sleep disturbance which commonly occurs in haemodialysis patients. Some factors contribute to insomnia in dialysis patients such as demographic, biological, psychological, lifestyle, and dialysis factors. However, there are limited studies which investigate the relating factors of insomnia in haemodialysis patients in Indonesia.Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relating factors of insomnia in haemodialysis patients in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study which involved 102 samples recruited by consecutive sampling technique from two dialysis units in Semarang, Central Java. Data were collected by questionnaires and analyzed using Chi-square and multiple logistic regression to know the most relating factors of insomnia.Results: The result showed that insomnia occurred in 63 respondents (61.8%). Further analysis indicated that insomnia was related to anxiety (p=0.034, OR=2.36) and age (p=0.049; OR=1.75). There was no relationship between insomnia and the other factors such as gender, education level, occupation status, marital status, haemoglobin level, smoking and coffee consumption habit, and dialysis factor (period of dialysis). Moreover, anxiety was the most relating factors of insomnia among haemodyalsis patients.Conclusion: This study concluded that anxiety and age were independent factors related to insomnia. This study recommends that anxiety screening should be performed on haemodialysis  patients. Anxiety in haemodialysis  patients needs to be treated properly so that it will not develop into insomnia.
Contribution to the minting activities in Kuttenberg in 1419–1421
Authors: Černohorský Ondřej
Published: August 2018

Two Prague grossi of Wenceslas IV of Luxembourg were found near the Libštejn Castle. The first of these grossi has never been published and it is analysed here in detail. Because of differences in its image and marginal legend, it is newly classified under the recent typological and chronological categories. Both coins were lost very likely in context of the historical events of the 1420s.
Average fibre length as a measure of the amount of long fibres in mechanical pulps – ranking of pulps may shift
Authors: Ferritsius Olof , Ferritsius Rita , Rundlöf Mats
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of different ways of calculating the average fibre length based on length measurements of individual particles of mechanical pulps. We have found that the commonly used average length-weighted fibre length, which is based on the assumption that coarseness is constant for all particles, as well as the arithmetic average, may lead to erroneous conclusions in real life as well as in simulations when used as a measure of the amount of long fibres. The average length-length-weighted fibre length or a weighting close to that, which to a larger extent suppresses the influence of shorter particles, is a relevant parameter of the “length” factor, i. e. amount of long fibres. Our findings are based on three studies: refining of different assortments of wood raw material in a mill; data from LC refining in mill of TMP, including Bauer McNett fractionation; mixing of pulps with different fibre length distributions. If the acceptable average fibre length for different products can be lowered, the possibility of reducing the specific energy input in refining will increase. Therefore, we need a reliable and appropriate way to assess the “length” factor.
The Development of Diorama Learning Media Transportation Themes to Develop Language Skill Children’s Group B
Authors: Kustiawan Usep
Published: August 2018

Early Childhood is the beginning of basic skills development, and one such skill is the language skill. During this time, appropriate stimulus is required to assist the optimal development of children’s language skills, which includes the utilization of effective media learning in kindergarten. Field observation obtained by the researcher in Kindergarten PGRI 3 Tulusayu Tumpang Malang district showed that the only learning media currently used is in the form of visual utilities exhibited by the teacher and does not involve many children in the utilization. The purpose of this research and development is to produce an instructional media diorama that can be used as a language development tool for children in language skill group B. The learning media diorama is expected to help teachers to be more creative in using learning media as interactive game tools.
Israel’s “Constitutional Revolution”: A Thought from Political Liberalism
Authors: Michelman Frank I.
Published: August 2018

In his book The Purse and the Sword: The Trials of Israel’s Legal Revolution, Daniel Friedmann brings under critical inspection what he names as a legal revolution in Israel. Friedmann gives us, under that name, an account of a shift of certain major and sensitive state powers from elected leaders and legislators to politically insulated officials and judges. The Supreme Court’s construction of two Basic Law enactments of the twelfth Knesset into a justiciable, substantive “formal constitution” for Israel figures in Friedmann’s book as one component of the revolution, along with other judicial developments, including purposive interpretation of constitutional and other laws, an intensified form of common-law review of administrative actions for unreasonableness, and expansionary revisions to standing and justiciability. In all these developments, Aharon Barak took a leading part as judge and as scholar. I here consider to what extent these developments may be understood as responsive to promptings from a “political-liberal” conception of a justificational burden and need for substantive constitutional law. I reflect here on the possible pull of this conception in a political-cultural setting of a persisting widespread attachment to an idea of Israel as a member of the family of liberal constitutional states, and hence on Barak’s understanding of the role and responsibility of the Supreme Court. I speculate briefly about how far that pull may extend also to Professor Friedmann in his role of critic of the judicial handiwork of Barak and the Court on which he served.
Reasons for Triple-Funding of the Jet-Engine-Industry to Meet 2020–2040 6th-Gen-Challenge: Counter-Air Penetration, CAP
Authors: Gal-Or Benjamin
Published: August 2018

I often open my lectures with a question: Do you agree that as speed goes down in any landing, the vertical tail fails to orient the nose back to the runway under strong side winds while ONLY side deflecting jet-engine-steering (JES) can safely re-orient it to safe landing? Just facts, less opinions; And if you do, you accept the 1ST-element of jetonautics defined by 12 figures below, text and references 1 to 48.
Treatment of Ventricular Fibrillation Due to Ammonium Bifluoride Poisoning With Hemodialysis
Authors: Farkas Andrew N. , Wolf Michael S. , Landzberg Elizabeth , Lynch Michael J. , Woods Kendra S.
Published: August 2018

Ammonium bifluoride is an inorganic, fluoride-containing compound found in glass and metal etching products, as well as wheel cleaners. Fluoride toxicity is a common cause of preventable poisoning and has been reported to cause life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias. Here, we report a case of recurrent ventricular fibrillation secondary to ingestion of ammonium bifluoride. The patient presented with vomiting and coma. She was intubated for altered mental status and respiratory failure and subsequently had 5 episodes of ventricular fibrillation, each resolving with a single defibrillation. She developed metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia, which were treated with sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate, respectively. During transfer to a tertiary care children’s hospital, ventricular fibrillation recurred despite electrolyte correction. Hemodialysis (HD) was initiated emergently. No further dysrhythmia occurred after initiation of HD. The result of a basic urine drug screen was negative, and a comprehensive drug screen (gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy) revealed only a nonsignificant peak for diphenhydramine. Subsequent laboratory evaluation revealed an elevated serum fluoride level. Diagnostic laryngoscopy and upper endoscopy did not reveal evidence of caustic injury. She was successfully extubated on hospital day 2 and discharged from the hospital on day 4 with no neurologic sequelae. With this example, we demonstrate a potential therapeutic approach to this potentially lethal poisoning. Fluoride toxicity is typically treated with calcium. However, dysrhythmia may result from calcium-independent direct myocardial toxicity. The kinetics of fluoride are amenable to HD, and renal clearance is slow. The potential use of HD in cases of fluoride poisoning refractory to other therapies warrants further study.
THE TASK FORCE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE OF THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CARDIOLOGY (ESC) AND THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR CARDIO-THORACIC SURGERY (EACTS) 2017 ESC/EACTS GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE (TEXT IS AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC VERSION)
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: August 2018

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INVOLVEMENT OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE MYOCARDIUM OF RATS SUBMITTED TO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: VINHOLI Antonella , FAGUNDES Marília Da Cruz , PIGOZZO Danieli Cristina , KUBRUSLY Fernando Bermudez , KUBRUSLY Luiz Fernando , MARQUES Camila Aparecida Moraes
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT Background: The role of autonomic nervous system in the development and maintenance of portal hypertension is not fully elucidated. It is known that the gene expression of norepinephrine in the superior mesenteric artery varies with time, and it may contribute for splanchnic vasodilation and its consequent hemodynamic repercussions. It is still not known exactly how the adrenergic expression behaves at the heart level in the initial stages of this process. Aim: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase), involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine, in the myocardium of rats submitted to partial ligation of the portal vein. Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Sham Operated and Portal Hypertension. The partial ligation was performed in the Portal Hypertension group, and after 1/6/24 h and 3/5/14 days the animals were euthanized. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to quantify the expression of the stained enzyme using the ImageJ program. Results: The Portal Hypertension group expressed percentages between 4.6-6% of the marked area, while the Sham Operated group varied between 4-5%. Although there was no statistical significance, the percentage stained in the Portal Hypertension group followed an increasing pattern in the first 6 h and a decreasing pattern after 24 h, which was not observed in the Sham Operated group. Conclusion: The expression of noradrenaline in rat myocardium during the first two weeks after partial ligation of the portal vein, with tyrosine hydroxylase as marker, did not show differences between groups over time.
PROGRAM OF INTESTINAL REHABILITATION AND EARLY POSTOPERATIVE ENTERAL NUTRITION: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: MARTOS-BENÍTEZ Frank Daniel , GUTIÉRREZ-NOYOLA Anarelys , GARCÍA Andrés Soto , GONZÁLEZ-MARTÍNEZ Iraida , BETANCOUR-PLAZA Ilionanys
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT Background: Some factors can act on nutritional status of patients operated for a gastrointestinal cancer. A timely and appropriate nutritional intervention could have a positive effect on postoperative outcomes. Aim: To determine the effect of a program of intestinal rehabilitation and early postoperative enteral nutrition on complications and clinical outcomes of patients underwent gastrointestinal surgery for cancer. Methods: This is a prospective study of 465 patients underwent gastrointestinal surgery for cancer consecutively admitted in an oncological intensive care unit. The program of intestinal rehabilitation and early postoperative enteral nutrition consisted in: 1) general rules, and 2) gastrointestinal rules. Results: The mean age of analysed patients was 63.7±9.1 years. The most frequent operation sites were colon-rectum (44.9%), gynaecological with intestinal suture (15.7%) and oesophagus-gastric (11.0%). Emergency intervention was performed in 12.7% of patients. The program of intestinal rehabilitation and early postoperative enteral nutrition reduced major complication (19.2% vs. 10.2%; p=0.030), respiratory complications (p=0.040), delirium (p=0.032), infectious complications (p=0.047) and gastrointestinal complications (p<0.001), mainly anastomotic leakage (p=0.033). The oncological intensive care unit mortality (p=0.018), length of oncological intensive care unit (p<0.001) and hospital (p<0.001) stay were reduced as well. Conclusions: Implementing a program of intestinal rehabilitation and early postoperative enteral nutrition is associated with reduction in postoperative complications and improvement of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery for cancer.