bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing arm and axillary symptoms after treatment for node negative breast carcinoma
Authors: Yap Karen P. L. , McCready David R. , Narod Steven , Manchul Lee A. , Trudeau Maureen , Fyles Anthony
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the current study was to identify the factors that contribute to postoperative arm symptoms following breast conserving surgery in a well‐defined cohort of node negative breast carcinoma patients.

METHODS

A convenience sample of 370 women ≥ 50 years of age with node negative breast carcinoma who were participants in a randomized controlled trial designed to assess the need for breast radiation in addition to tamoxifen were surveyed. Axillary dissection was optional for patients 65 years or older and who were clinically node negative.

RESULTS

A total of 65.1% (241/370) of women had ipsilateral shoulder or arm symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that axillary dissection, breast radiation, and younger age (odds ratio = 11.2, 1.65, and 3.8 respectively) were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with increased ipsilateral shoulder or arm symptoms. Treatment with axillary dissection and breast radiation were significant factors (P < 0.02) associated with the self‐reporting of arm swelling (odds ratio = 4.4 and 2.0, respectively). Patients 70 years old or greater reported significantly fewer arm symptoms (odds ratio = 0.26, P < 0.05) after axillary dissection.

CONCLUSIONS

Arm symptoms were present in about 80% of patients who underwent breast conserving surgery, axillary dissection, and breast radiation in the current study. These symptoms were significantly associated with the use of axillary dissection, breast radiation, and younger age. Older patients experienced fewer arm symptoms after standard treatment for node negative breast carcinoma, and thus older age should not be a contraindication to axillary dissection. Cancer 2003;97:1369–75. © 2003 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.11217
Compartmentation of the mouse cerebellar cortex by neuronal calcium sensor‐1
Authors: Jinno Shozo , Jeromin Andreas , Roder John , Kosaka Toshio
Published: March 2003

Neuronal calcium sensor‐1 (NCS‐1) is a member of the EF‐hand calcium‐binding protein superfamily, which is considered to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. The detailed distribution of NCS‐1 was analyzed in the mouse cerebellar cortex. In coronal sections, the NCS‐1 immunostaining displayed characteristic parasagittal banding pattern in the Purkinje cell layer and molecular layer, while there were no apparent bands in the granule cell layer. The alternating positively and negatively NCS‐1–labeled Purkinje cell clusters contributed to this cerebellar compartmentation. In contrast, stellate‐basket cells were uniformly NCS‐1–positive throughout the cerebellum. Immunofluorescent double staining showed that NCS‐1 and zebrin II exhibited a similar parasagittal banding pattern. Then, we performed mapping of NCS‐1– and/or zebrin II–labeled Purkinje cell somata using seven sequential coronal sections. NCS‐1–positive/zebrin II–positive Purkinje cell clusters were seen throughout the cerebellum, but NCS‐1–positive/zebrin II–negative Purkinje cells were exceedingly rare. On the other hand, NCS‐1–negative/zebrin II–positive Purkinje cell clusters were found in anterior lobule vermis and paraflocculus, whereas they were rarely seen in posterior lobules. The digitized quantitative analysis showed close relationship between NCS‐1 and zebrin II immunoreactivity in the molecular layer. The correspondence between NCS‐1 and zebrin II demonstrated here indicates a novel anteroposterior difference of cerebellar compartmentation and provides fundamental information of cerebellar organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:412–424, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor is present in adult mouse taste cells with synapses
Authors: Yee Cindy L. , Jones Kevin R. , Finger Thomas E.
Published: March 2003

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the members of the nerve growth factor family of neurotrophins, is expressed in developing gustatory papillae and is thought to be the neurotrophin that supports gustatory innervation during development. BDNF expression does not cease after development but continues in some taste cells of adult mice. To determine which types of taste cells produce BDNF, we undertook an immunohistochemical study of taste cells in BDNFLacZ gene targeted “knock‐in” adult mice. In these mice, β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) immunoreactivity is an indicator of cells that produce BDNF transcripts. In the tongues of adult BDNFLacZ mice, β‐gal (BDNF) is present in long slender taste cells, as well as pyriform taste cells. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling experiments in BDNFLacZ mice indicate that BDNF is not present in taste cells that are younger than 3 days postmitotic. BDNF mainly colocalizes with markers of type II and type III taste cells: ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase (PGP 9.5), serotonin (5‐HT), neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM), synaptic associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25), and to a lesser extent with α‐gustducin. β‐Gal immunoreactivity is not associated with blood group H antigen, a marker of type I taste cells. We conclude that BDNF is absent from basal cells and type I (blood group H antigen immunoreactive) taste cells but is present in differentiated type II and type III taste cells. The presence of SNAP‐25 in BDNF‐expressing cells suggests a role for BDNF in synaptic formation and transmission. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:15–24, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural examination of the somatic innervation of ventrotubercular cells in the rat
Authors: Friedland David R. , Pongstaporn Tan , Doucet John R. , Ryugo David K.
Published: March 2003

Ventrotubercular cells are multipolar cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) that project a collateral axon to the ipsilateral dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). These cells are thought to be involved in sensitizing DCN output neurons to spectral shapes that represent the location of a sound source in space. The present report focused on the neuronal composition of this pathway. Intracellular labeling studies in cats and mice have described two types of ventrotubercular cells (Smith and Rhode [1989] J Comp Neurol. 282:595–626; Oertel et al. [1990] J Comp Neurol. 295:136–154). In cats, one difference between the two classes is that type I multipolar neurons have fewer than 35% of their somata apposed by terminals, whereas type II cells have greater than 70% apposition values. Intracellular recordings from single cells, however, are difficult and thus limit the yield of data. We investigated whether a two‐component description of the ventrotubercular pathway was representative of a larger population. This issue was addressed by retrogradely labeling ventrotubercular neurons with an extracellular injection of biotinylated dextran amine into the DCN of rats. These injections labeled many VCN neurons, thus providing a more complete view of the pathway than previous studies. Thirty‐eight labeled cells were selected for electron microscopic analysis with respect to their location, cell body size, and ultrastructural morphology. We observed labeled type I and type II neurons, but unlike ventrotubercular cells in cats, many of these neurons in rats (17 of 38 cells) had appositions between 35% and 70%. On the basis of this analysis, a third class of ventrotubercular cell, called the adendritic neuron, was revealed. Adendritic neurons have small somata with many filopodial appendages, no observable dendrites, and high percentage of terminal appositions (>80%). The results demonstrated that the ventrotubercular pathway in the rat is diverse. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:77–89, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of circuit output measurements including statistically dependent parameters
Authors: Papakostas D. K. , Hatzopoulos A. A.
Published: March 2003

An extension to the method for estimating statistical variables of output measurements, in order to take into account the statistical variations and matching dependencies between circuit parameters, is studied. The enhanced method results in sufficient estimations, while additional circuit simulations are needed. Comparative results from the application of the method and of the Monte‐Carlo analysis on three analogue circuits are presented to show the effectiveness of the extended method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & sons, Ltd.
Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast with rhabdomyosarcomatous element: Aspiration cytology with histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural correlations
Authors: Yang Grace C.H. , Yee Herman T. , Waisman Jerry
Published: March 2003

We studied a metaplastic breast carcinoma with a rhabdomyosarcomatous element from a 62‐yr‐old woman. In the fine‐needle aspirates processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain, there were small undifferentiated cells with scanty cytoplasm and differentiated cells with red macronucleoli and abundant cytoplasm. Some differentiated cells contained a brown inclusion with a blue rim. Ultrastructurally, the brown inclusion correlated to a central aggregate of sarcomeres and the blue rim correlated to actin filaments surrounding the sarcomeres. The differentiated cells without cytoplasmic inclusions expressed cytokeratin and contained tonofilaments. A transitional cell type containing both sacromeres and tonofilaments was absent. Immunohistochemically, the small undifferentiated cells expressed vimentin diffusely and showed >90% MIB‐1 proliferating index, whereas the differentiated cells expressed cytokeratin, actin, or myoglobin and had virtually absent MIB‐1 nuclear labeling. Histologically, the small cells were more concentrated along the capsule and the large cells were more concentrated in the center of the tumor. These findings suggest the bidirectional differentiation of the small undifferentiated cells into carcinoma cells and rhabdomyosarcoma cells in this tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:153–158. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of solid aneurysmal bone cyst in the humerus
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuji , Nagira Keiko , Akisue Toshihiro , Marui Takashi , Hitora Toshiaki , Kawamoto Teruya , Yoshiya Shinichi , Kurosaka Masahiro , Tsukamoto Ryuko
Published: March 2003

We report the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytology findings of a solid aneurysmal bone cyst in the left humerus of a 69‐yr‐old woman. Radiographically, the lesion showed an extensive, relatively well‐defined osteolysis in the diaphysis, with a pathologic fracture. FNAB smears of the lesion consisted of benign, mononuclear cells and numerous osteoclast‐like multinucleated giant cells. Some clusters of the mononuclear cells were closely associated with dense, homogeneous, extracellular, matrix material. To our knowledge, the FNAB features of solid ABC of the long bones have not been described previously in the English‐language literature. The cytologic features are indistinguishable from those of giant cell tumors of bone and brown tumors of hyperparathyroidism. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:159–162. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphnode localization of extramedullary myeloid cell tumor in myelodysplastic syndrome: Report of one case diagnosed by fine‐needle cytology
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Zeppa Pio , Marino Gilda , Martinelli Vincenzo , Ciancia Rosanna , Del Vecchio Luigi , Rotoli Bruno , Palombini Lucio
Published: March 2003

Trilineage extramedullary myeloid tumor (EMT) is an uncommon medical condition mostly diagnosed in patients affected by acute or chronic myeloid leukemia or, more rarely, by a myelodysplastic syndrome, among which the most frequent is refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEB‐t). The prognostic significance of EMT is still unclear, although the appearance of trilineage EMT is often considered to affect the outcome adversely. A 70‐year‐old lady with previous history of intestinal resection for colonic adenocarcinoma in 1995 and subsequently treated with 5‐fuorouracyl developed a refractory anemia with excess of blasts (RAEB) in 1998. During the follow‐up, a progression to RAEB‐t was recorded. During chemotherapy for this condition, slight enlargement of left supraclavicular and right submandibular nodes was noticed. Fine‐needle biopsy was performed with ancillary studies. A diagnosis of trilineage extramedullary myeloid tumor was reached. The patient was treated with low doses of chemotherapy with a good response lasting 12 months. The peculiar cytologic picture of this condition when corroborated by ancillary studies (immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry) is diagnostic of this rare condition. Furthermore, the extramedullary myeloid tumor in this case did not significantly affect the response to the chemotherapy of RAEB‐t. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:136–139. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical evaluation of HER‐2/neu on fine‐needle aspirates from primary breast carcinomas
Authors: Nizzoli Rita , Bozzetti Cecilia , Crafa Pellegrino , Naldi Nadia , Guazzi Annamaria , Di Blasio Beatrice , Camisa Roberta , Cascinu Stefano
Published: March 2003

Detection of HER‐2/neu alterations is increasingly used in breast cancer patients for therapeutic purposes. This study examines the reliability of HER‐2/neu immunocytochemical assessment on 66 cytospin smears obtained by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy from breast cancer patients. Results were compared with those obtained by both fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on fine‐needle aspirate (FNA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on matched histologic section. Concordance between immunocytochemistry (ICC) and FISH was 78% and between ICC and IHC was 84%. Discordance mainly concerned seven unamplified cases that resulted positive by ICC and four cases scored negative by IHC but positive by ICC. Simultaneous assessment of HER‐2/neu by ICC, IHC, and FISH was available in 24 cases; the concordance was 75%. In this study, the false positivity of immunocytochemical technique represents the major criticism. In our experience, FISH remains the most objective and powerful technique for HER‐2/neu assessment on breast cancer FNAs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:142–146. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Third pathway: Endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization
Authors: Félétou Michel , Vanhoutte Paul M.
Published: March 2003

The mechanism of endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarizations, once attributed to an elusive endothelium‐derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), is better understood. The first steps involve an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration of the endothelial cells followed by the opening of endothelial calcium‐activated potassium channels and the hyperpolarization of the endothelial cells. In certain arteries, these endothelial events are under the control of the endothelial cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. Then, the endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells can be evoked by direct electrical coupling through myo‐endothelial junctions, accumulation of potassium ions in the intracellular space between the endothelial and the smooth muscle cells, and in rare occasions the release of a metabolite(s) of arachidonic acid via the cytochrome P450 pathway. These various mechanisms are not necessarily exclusive and can occur simultaneously and even in synergy. Drug Dev. Res. 58:18–22, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of endothelin‐1 antagonist BQ610 on hypoxia‐induced injury and [Ca2+]i changes in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Lin Li , Yuan Wen‐Jun
Published: March 2003

Hypoxia is a strong stimulus for endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) synthesis, which is involved in myocardial ischemia. To shed light on the role and calcium mechanism of endogenous ET‐1 in myocardial ischemia, the effects of the ET‐1 antagonist BQ610 on hypoxia‐induced injury and [Ca2+]i changes were observed in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Hypoxia‐induced injury was assessed by determining supernatant activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia produced by a 3% O2, 5% CO2 atmosphere. [Ca2+]i was measured with the Ca2+‐sensitive dye Fluo‐3 under a confocal microscope. The hypoxia model used for [Ca2+]i measurement was prepared by perfusing cells with 95% N2, 5% CO2 saturated DMEM solution containing 1 mM Na2S2O4. The results showed that: 1) Hypoxia significantly increased ET‐1 content in culture supernatant. 2) The supernatant LDH was significantly increased after 12‐ or 24‐h hypoxia. On the other hand, SOD activity was decreased significantly. BQ610 0.2–5 µM dose‐dependently reduced LDH release and enhanced SOD activity. 3) [Ca2+]i transient was observed in the normal cultured beating cardiomyocytes. Exposure to hypoxia caused termination of [Ca2+]i transient in 3–5 min and a continuous rapid increase in [Ca2+]i after about 20 min. In the presence of BQ610, the termination of [Ca2+]i transient was postponed to 15–20 min into hypoxia; the [Ca2+]i increase was rather slow until approximately 45 min into hypoxia. These results indicate that endogenous ET‐1 contributed to hypoxia‐induced injury in the cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and that the injury was associated with a [Ca2+]i mechanism partially mediated by ET‐1. Drug Dev. Res. 58:74–78, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐thyroxine‐induced vasodilation impairment and increased vascular response to norepinephrine are mediated by dysfunctional NO release
Authors: Yang Ping , Dai De‐Zai
Published: March 2003

Hyperthyroidism causes a series of changes in the cardiovascular system. The effects of excess thyroid hormone on NO‐mediated vasorelaxation and vasocontractility were investigated. A pathological hyperthyroid rat model was developed. Thoracic aorta was isolated and isometric changes were recorded in both control and thyroxine‐treated animals. In the vasorelaxation study, the overall acetylcholine‐induced vasorelaxation was greatly reduced in aortae from thyroxine‐treated animals. L‐NO‐arginine (100 mM) was used to define the NO‐dependent and NO‐independent components of acetylcholine‐induced relaxation: in control animals 56±2% of relaxation is NO‐dependent and 44±2% is NO‐independent and in the thyroxine model the ratio was 31±2% vs. 69±5%. L‐arginine (10 μM), an NO synthase substrate, did not increase the relaxation in the control (2%), but markedly increased relaxation (18%) in the thyroxine model. This indicates that L‐arginine could partially rescue the vasorelaxation impairment induced by L‐thyroxine. In vasocontractility studies, the maximal aorta responses to NE in the thyroxine group were reduced significantly, but the responses to low concentrations of NE were enhanced comparing with control. The basal release of NO from the endothelium is compromised in the thyroxine model: +28±5% in the thyroxin‐treated group vs. +39±5% in the control. (P<0.01). The AUC was shifted downward in both groups, but was relatively larger by –66±5% in the thyroxine model compared with –56±4% in control (P<0.01) after the application of L‐arginine. When L‐NO arginine was added to aortae pretreated with L‐arginine, vascular tone was increased in control tissues, but no change was observed in thyroxine‐treated tissues. In conclusion, chronic overdose of L‐thyroxine significantly impairs the acetylcholine‐induced vasorelaxation activity by affecting both the NO‐dependent and NO‐independent relaxing components of relaxation. The impaired maximal contraction of vascular smooth muscle to high concentrations of NE is likely attributed to the imbalance of energy supply and the enhancement of the vascular tension to NE at low concentration is attributed both to an impairment of the basal release of NO and to an overload of intracellular calcium. Drug Dev. Res. 58:116–121, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of neuropeptide FF, prolactin‐releasing peptide, and the receptor UHR1/GPR10 genes during embryogenesis in the rat
Authors: Nieminen Maija‐Liisa , Nystedt Johanna , Panula Pertti
Published: March 2003

Recently, several RF‐amide peptides have been identified in mammals. These peptides have a similar C‐terminal RF‐motif and share some G‐protein coupled receptors. Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and prolactin‐releasing peptide (PrRP) are expressed in the same brain areas in the adult rat and act both in prolactin release and cardiovascular regulation. Here, we characterized the embryonal expression from embryonal day 14 to postnatal day 0 of both peptide mRNAs and the mRNA distribution of UHR1/GPR10‐like receptor by using in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. NPFF mRNA was found in the spinal cord, caudal solitary tract nucleus, and surprisingly, in the medullary reticular formation. The only peripheral organs displaying NPFF mRNA expression were the lungs and the spleen. PrRP gene expression was seen in the caudal solitary tract nucleus, medullary reticular formation, pontine isthmus and liver, kidney, and testis. The receptor UHR1/GPR10 gene was expressed consistently in the medullary reticular formation and the adrenal gland but also transiently in several locations. All three genes showed weak but even ISH signal in the pituitary. These findings suggest different roles for the peptides during development and indicate that UHR1/GPR10‐like receptor could also bind other ligands in addition to PrRP. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐Cadherin is essential for retinal lamination in the zebrafish
Authors: Erdmann Bettina , Kirsch Frank‐P. , Rathjen Fritz G. , Moré Margret I.
Published: March 2003

N‐Cadherin is one of the major Ca2+‐dependent cell adhesion proteins in the developing nervous system. Here, we analyze eye development in the zebrafish N‐cadherin loss‐of‐function mutant parachutepaR2.10 (pacpaR2.10). The zebrafish visual system is fully developed by the time pacpaR2.10 mutants show lethality at day 5. Already at 24 hr postfertilization (hpf), mutant retinal cells are more disorganized and more rounded than in wild‐type. At later stages, mutant retinae display a severe lamination defect with rosette formation (mostly islands of plexiform layer tissue surrounded by inner nuclear layer or photoreceptor cells), even though all major classes of cell types appear to be present as determined by histology. Of interest, electron microscopy reveals that the islands of plexiform layer tissue contain a normal amount of synapses with normal morphology. Although mutant photoreceptor cells are sometimes deformed, all typical structural components are present, including the membranous discs for rhodopsin storage. The lens fibers of the pacpaR2.10 mutants develop completely normally, but in some cases, lens epithelial cells round up and become multilayered. We conclude that cell adhesion mediated by N‐cadherin is of major importance for retinal lamination and involved in maintenance of the lens epithelial sheet, but is not essential for the formation of photoreceptor ultrastructure or for synaptogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Internalization of ideal body shapes in 9–12‐year‐old girls
Authors: Sands Emma R. , Wardle Jane
Published: March 2003

Objective

Body dissatisfaction is reported in girls as young as 9 years old in Western countries. In the current study, internalization of the “thin ideal” was predicted to be a critical influence on the development of body dissatisfaction.

Method

Participants (n = 356) were weighed and completed measures of body dissatisfaction, awareness and internalization of the thin ideal, and peer and maternal attitudes and behavior. Exposure to relevant print media was also assessed.

Results

Body dissatisfaction was associated with a higher body mass index, although it was not restricted to overweight girls. Internalization mediated the relationship between awareness of the sociocultural standard of appearance and body dissatisfaction. Media exposure and peer and maternal weight‐related attitudes and behavior were, in turn, related to awareness, supporting the hypothesized sociocultural processes.

Discussion

Internalization operates as a central component in the development of body dissatisfaction, occurring at a young age in some girls. Internalization may be a suitable target for preventive strategies. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 193–204, 2003.
Comparison of assessments of children's eating‐disordered behaviors by interview and questionnaire
Authors: Tanofsky‐Kraff Marian , Morgan Christina M. , Yanovski Susan Z. , Marmarosh Cheri , Wilfley Denise E. , Yanovski Jack A.
Published: March 2003

Objective

In adults, interview methods may detect eating‐disordered behaviors more accurately than self‐report methods. However, no studies have investigated the relationships between interview and self‐report assessments in children. We compared results from the Eating Disorder Examination adapted for Children (ChEDE) with the Adolescent version of the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns (QEWP‐A) and with the Children's Eating Attitude Test (ChEAT) in a nontreatment sample of overweight and normal weight children.

Method

The ChEDE, QEWP‐A, and ChEAT were administered to 46 overweight (body mass index [BMI] at or above the 85th percentile) and 42 normal weight (BMI at the 15th–85th percentile) children, 10 ± 1.8 years, recruited from the community.

Results

The ChEDE and QEWP‐A were not concordant for the number or type of eating episodes that occurred in the past month. Compared with the ChEDE, the QEWP‐A was reasonably specific, but it was not sensitive for the presence of objective (17 % sensitivity, 91% specificity) or subjective bulimic episodes (0 % sensitivity, 89 % specificity) during the past month. ChEDE and ChEAT global scores were significantly related (Kendall's tau = 0.286, p < .001), but specific items assessing guilt in relation to eating and preoccupation with food were not.

Discussion

Although self‐report methods of eating disorder assessment in children may provide some general information regarding eating psychopathology in non‐treatment‐seeking children, they do not accurately reflect the results of a structured interview. Published 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.† Int J Eat Disord 33: 213–224, 2003.
Frequency‐domain active noise control system using optimal step sizes
Authors: Kajikawa Yoshinobu , Ashitaka Katsumi , Nomura Yasuo
Published: March 2003

In this paper, a new frequency‐domain active noise control (ANC) system is proposed in which an optimal step size is used for updating at each frequency. The proposed system achieves convergence faster than in the case of the conventional ANC system with the Filtered‐x LMS method updated with the step size converging at the fastest speed. This is because the step size with the fastest convergence can be adapted at each frequency in the proposed system. In the conventional system, convergence is not possible unless the phase error of the secondary path model satisfies the stability condition. In the proposed system, on the other hand, excellent silencing characteristics without divergence can be obtained by letting the step size become 0 at frequencies not satisfying the stability condition, because a different step size at each frequency can be used. In this paper, the theoretical equation for the optimal step size is derived by using only the information obtainable during system operation. Next, a configuration of the ANC system that can make use of the optimal step size derived from this theoretical equation is explained. Further, the method for identifying the frequency causing instability and its control method are explained. Finally, by computer simulation, the effectiveness of the proposed system is verified. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 51–61, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10000
Group‐IV Metal Complexes as Hydroamination Catalysts
Authors: Bytschkov Igor , Doye Sven
Published: March 2003

During the last 50 years, group‐IV metal complexes have been used extensively as catalysts in organic chemistry. However, a new and rapidly growing field for group‐IV metal catalysis evolved in the 1990s when the groups of Bergman, Livinghouse and Doye found that zirconium and titanium complexes catalyze the inter‐ and intramolecular hydroamination of alkynes and allenes. Starting from early results obtained with zirconocene bis(amides), this review deals mostly with hydroamination reactions based on titanium catalysts. In this context, studies directed towards catalyst development are presented as well as applications of corresponding processes for the synthesis of biologically interesting compounds. However, the Microreview covers group‐IV metal complex catalyzed hydroamination reactions of alkynes and allenes that appeared in the literature before July 31, 2002. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
A Good Bargain: An Inexpensive, Air‐Stable Ruthenium Metathesis Catalyst Derived from α‐Asarone
Authors: Grela Karol , Kim Mikhail
Published: March 2003

The one‐step synthesis of ruthenium carbene precatalyst 7 from inexpensive α‐asarone [(E)‐6] is described. This recyclable and easy to obtain complex can be used successfully in various types of metathesis (RCM, CM, enyne) as a cheaper and more potent substitute of the Hoveyda‐type precatalyst 2b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Chiral Imidazole Derivatives as Purine Precursors
Authors: Suwiński Jerzy , Szczepankiewicz Wojciech , Świerczek Krzysztof , Walczak Krzysztof
Published: March 2003

From commercially available chiral building blocks, we have developed methods for the syntheses of imidazole derivatives that contain a chiral alkyl substituent at ring atom. These compounds are suitable for further transformation into Nalkyl purine derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Perceiving ingroup members who use stereotypes: implicit conformity and similarity
Authors: Castelli Luigi , Arcuri Luciano , Zogmaister Cristina
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have shown that people subtly conform more to ingroup members who use stereotype‐consistent rather than stereotype‐inconsistent information when describing an outgroup member (Castelli, Vanzetto, Sherman, & Arcuri, 2001). In the present article, we will address two important issues. First, we will examine whether this subtle conformity toward stereotypers is related to individuals' prejudice level (Study 1). Second, we will examine one of the processes that underlie the perception of ingroup members who use stereotype‐consistent information, hypothesizing that individuals implicitly feel more similar to such sources than to ingroup members who use stereotype‐inconsistent information (Study 2). Both hypotheses were confirmed and results are discussed in terms of the distinction between implicit and explicit attitudes and their implications in the maintenance of social stereotypes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferences for changing power positions and power distances: a social value orientations approach
Authors: Poppe Matthijs
Published: March 2003

Participants were asked to put themselves in the position of one of three persons who differed in the amount of power they had in a small work unit. Subsequently, they could allocate points on a power scale to themselves and the two others, and thus, change the power positions and the power distances between the positions. The least powerful individuals had the strongest tendency to increase their power. They wanted to reduce the power distance to the person in the higher position more than the power distance to the person in the middle position. The most powerful wanted to increase the power distance to the person in the middle position but not the power distance to the least powerful. Most results were consistent with social comparison theory and contrary to power distance theory. Because the dependent measures were derived from the social value orientations model, the scope of this model has been expanded. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereotype threat: the effect of expectancy on performance
Authors: Cadinu Mara , Maass Anne , Frigerio Sara , Impagliazzo Lisa , Latinotti Samira
Published: March 2003

The goal of this study was to investigate to role of expectancy as a potential mediator of performance deficits under stereotype threat. In Experiment 1, female students were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which they were told that women perform worse (Negative information), equally (Control) or better (Positive information) than men in logical–mathematical tests. Later, they were given a difficult math test and asked to estimate their performance prior to taking the test. Consistent with predictions, participants who considered logical–mathematical abilities important and received negative information regarding the ingroup showed lower levels of expectations and a sharp decrease in performance compared to women in the positive and control conditions. Moreover, expectancy was found to partially mediate the effect of stereotype threat on performance. In Experiment 2, we tested the generalizability of these results to non‐stigmatized groups. A group of Black Americans living in Italy were provided with favorable or unfavorable information about either their minority (Blacks) or their majority (Americans) ingroup. Consistent with predictions, participants both in the minority and in the majority condition had lower expectations and under‐performed after negative information about the ingroup. However, the level of expectancy was found to mediate the decrease in performance for participants in the Black but not in the American condition. In the discussion of these results it is suggested that, although comparable performance deficits are found for minority and majority members, the underlying processes may be different. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐throughput screening of kinase inhibitors by multiplex capillary electrophoresis with UV absorption detection
Authors: He Yan , Yeung Edward S.
Published: March 2003

Protein kinases play a major role in the transformation of cells and are often used as molecular targets for the new generation of anticancer drugs. We present a novel technique for high‐throughput screening of inhibitors of protein kinases. The technique involves the use of multiplexed capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the rapid separation of the peptides, phosphopeptides, and various inhibitors. By means of UV detection, diversified peptides with native amino acid sequences and their phosphorylated counterparts can be directly analyzed without the need for radioactive or fluorescence labeling. The effects of different inhibitors and their IC50 value were determined using three different situations involving the use of a single purified kinase, two purified kinases, and crude cell extracts, respectively. The results suggest that multiplexed CE/UV may prove to be a straightforward and general approach for high‐throughput screening of compound libraries to find potent and selective inhibitors of the various protein kinases.
Characterization of acridone dyes for use in four‐decay detection in DNA sequencing
Authors: Mihindukulasuriya Samila H. , Morcone Tara K. , McGown Linda B.
Published: March 2003

Four acridone dyes and dye‐labeled primers were characterized for use in four‐decay DNA sequencing. In the four‐decay scheme, fluorescence lifetime replaces spectral (“color”) selectivity for distinguishing between four base‐specific labels in a single‐lane capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of the DNA fragments. Prior to the introduction of the acridone dyes, a major obstacle to four‐decay detection was the lack of four suitable dyes with resolvable lifetimes. The four acridone dyes, whether free in solution or tethered to DNA primer, exhibit significant differences among their lifetimes and are well‐suited to use together in four‐decay sequencing. The lifetimes of the four dye‐labeled DNA primers that were sequentially injected and detected on‐the‐fly in a 2% POP6 sequencing gel were 4, 6, 11 and 14 ns. A 405 nm violet laser diode provides optimal excitation of the four dyes.
Spot overlapping in two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis maps: Relevance to proteomics
Authors: Pietrogrande Maria Chiara , Marchetti Nicola , Dondi Francesco , Righetti Pier Giorgio
Published: March 2003

Proteomics requires a large‐scale, simultaneous separation of proteins from a mixture, assessment of the relative abundance of these molecules, and identification and characterization of each component. In 2‐D PAGE separations, the best method of choice for protein analysis, separation of all the proteins present in the sample is still far to be achieved and comigrating proteins in the same spot are in general present. A statistical estimation of the degree of spot overlapping present in a 2‐D PAGE separation is here described: for different conditions of spot overcrowding in the map, the degree of overlapping can be quantified in terms of purity degree of each spot or percentage of proteins that will appear in the map as a single spot. A computer simulation approach is described: it is based on the protein separation pattern present in the experimental maps. The results thus obtained are compared to a theoretical model (statistical degree of peak overlapping model) based on random spot position. The described procedures were applied to an experimental reference map of human plasma. The severity of spot overlapping in 2‐D PAGE maps is estimated and the influence of different experimental conditions (strip dimension, detector system performance, pI range) is discussed. These informations are useful to quantitatively estimate the degree of error associated with identification and quantitation of each protein and to set‐up experimental conditions which will increase resolution and greatly decrease the probability of spot overlapping.
Direct identification of all oncogenic mutants in KRAS exon 1 by cycling temperature capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Bjørheim Jens , Gaudernack Gustav , Giercksky Karl‐Erik , Ekstrøm Per O.
Published: March 2003

Over the past few decades, advances in genetics and molecular biology have revolutionized our understanding of cancer initiation and progression. Molecular progression models outlining genetic events have been developed for many solid tumors, including colon cancer. Previous reports in the literature have shown a relationship between different KRAS mutations and prognosis and response to medical treatment in colon cancer patients. Furthermore, the presence of a mutated KRAS has been correlated with different clinicopathological variables including age and gender of patients and tumor location. To our knowledge, few institutions screen for KRAS mutations on regular basis in colon cancer patients despite such evidence that knowledge of KRAS exon 1 status is informative. Here, we report on a mutation analysis method adapted to a 96‐capillary electrophoresis instrument that allows identification of all 12 oncogenic mutations in KRAS exon 1 under denaturing conditions. To determine the optimal parameters, a series of DNA constructs generated by site‐directed mutagenesis was analyzed and the migration times of all mutant peaks were measured. A classification tree was then made based on the differences in migration time between the mutants and an internal standard. A randomized series of 500 samples constructed with mutagenesis as well as 60 blind samples from sporadic colon carcinomas was analyzed to test the method. No wild‐type samples were scored as mutants and all mutants were correctly identified. Post polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis time of 96 samples was performed within 40 min.
On‐column derivatization of the antibiotics teicoplanin and ristocetin coupled to affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Silverio Catherine F. , Azad Maryam , Gomez Frank A.
Published: March 2003

Binding constants between the glycopeptides teicoplanin (Teic) and ristocetin (Rist) and their derivatives to D‐Ala‐D‐Ala terminus peptides were determined by on‐column receptor synthesis coupled to partial‐filling affinity capillary electrophoresis (PFACE) or affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE). In these techniques, the column is first partially filled with increasing concentrations of D‐Ala‐D‐Ala terminus peptides. This is followed by plugs of buffer, antibiotic and two noninteracting standards, and acetic and/or succinic anhydride (and buffer in the case of ACE). The order of the reagent plugs containing the antibiotic and anhydride varies with the charge of the glycopeptide. Upon electrophoresis, the antibiotic reacts with the anhydride yielding a derivative of Teic or Rist. Continued electrophoresis results in the overlap of the derivatized antibiotic and the plug of D‐Ala‐D‐Ala peptide. Analysis of the change in the relative migration time ratio (RMTR) of the new glycopeptide relative to the standards, as a function of the concentration of the D‐Ala‐D‐Ala ligand yields a value for the binding constant Kb. The techniques described here can be used to assess how the derivatization of drugs alters their affinities for target molecules.
Separation of anti‐tumor peptides by capillary electrophoresis in organic solvent containing background electrolytes
Authors: Idei Miklós , Kiss Éva , Dobos Zsófia , Hallgas Balázs , Mészáros György , Hollósy Ferenc , Kéri György
Published: March 2003

Connections between the calculated and measured electrophoretic mobilities (νep) determined by capillary electrophoresis as well as connections between the measured and calculated diffusion coefficients of anti‐tumor peptides have been investigated in background electrolytes (BGEs) containing different organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol and isopropanol). Comparison of the electrophoretic mobility (νep) values revealed discrepancies between the measured and calculated values. However, no change in the migration order or selectivity could be expected from the calculated νep values, variation of both properties was observed applying organic solvents as BGE modifiers. Experimental determination of the diffusion coefficient suggested that the effect of the organic solvents is not restricted to the change of the BGE viscosity. The reason for the discrepancy between the measured and calculated mobility values might be the possible conformation and/or solvation changes of the peptide caused by the different organic solvents.
Capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry of peptides from enzymatic protein hydrolysis: Simulation and optimization
Authors: Simó Carolina , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: March 2003

Two important limitations still exist for the characterization of protein digests by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS): (i) the buffer choice (i.e., the buffer must provide an adequate CE separation without ruining the MS signal), and (ii) the frequent generation of “unexpected” peptidic fragments during the enzymatic protein hydrolysis. In this work, a new approach is used to solve these difficulties, namely a theoretical model that relates the electrophoretic behavior of peptides to their sequence. The effectiveness of this procedure is demonstrated by the fast attainment of good CE‐MS conditions for analyzing the peptides obtained from an enzymatic protein hydrolysate in a single run. This strategy can provide useful information for helping to characterize “unexpected” fragments from protein digests.
Genotoxicity of a polluted river system measured using the alkaline comet assay on fish and earthworm tissues
Authors: Rajaguru P. , Suba S. , Palanivel M. , Kalaiselvi K.
Published: March 2003

Monitoring genotoxicity in the environment by using endemic organisms as sentinels requires sensitive assays. In this study the genotoxic properties of water and sediment collected from the Noyyal River, which is polluted with industrial effluent and sewage, was determined in fish (Cyprinus carpio) and earthworms (Eisenia foetida) using the alkaline comet assay. Upon electrophoresis, extensive DNA damage, measured as the DNA length:width ratio of the DNA mass, was observed in erythrocytes, liver, and kidney cells of fish exposed to polluted water samples and the amount of damage increased with the duration of exposure. Similarly, the mean DNA length:width ratio was significantly higher in the coelomocytes of earthworms placed in sediment samples. The highest levels of DNA damage were obtained with samples taken at and immediately downstream of urban centers. The results of this study indicate that the Noyyal River system is contaminated with substances that are genotoxic to fish and earthworms and that the comet assay has sufficient sensitivity to detect the genotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:85–91, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations induced by (−)‐anti‐11R,12S‐dihydrodiol 13S,14R‐epoxide of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in the coding region of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene in Chinese hamster V79 cells
Authors: Mahadevan Brinda , Dashwood Wan‐Mohaiza , Luch Andreas , Pecaj Arta , Doehmer Johannes , Seidel Albrecht , Pereira Cliff , Baird William M.
Published: March 2003

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DB[a,l]P) is an exceptionally potent carcinogen. Its direct DNA‐reactive metabolite, the fjord region (−)‐anti‐11R,12S‐dihydrodiol 13S,14R‐epoxide [(−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE], was used to investigate induction of mutations in the coding region of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Cells exposed to 1–10 nM (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE exhibited a close dose‐responsive increase in the frequency of mutant clones resistant to 6‐thioguanine. RNA was isolated from mutant clones and cDNAs were prepared by reverse transcription. The coding region of the cDNA of the Hprt gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Analysis of the DNA base sequence changes induced by (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE indicated that base substitutions were the most prevalent mutations, followed by exon deletions. Among the groups of V79 cells treated with low concentrations of (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE, most displayed high selectivity for both A:T→T:A transversions and A:T→G:C transitions, while cells exposed to a higher dose (10 nM) formed predominantly G:C→T:A transversions. Also, the number of base substitutions per mutant clone increased with dose. In general, the mutation profiles induced by (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE exhibited a wide spectrum; in addition to base substitutions, deletions, insertions, frameshift mutations, as well as tandem mutations were detected. Analysis of the DNA adduct levels induced by (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE revealed that a concentration‐dependent increase in the level of adduct formation preceded the concentration‐dependent increase in mutational events in these cells and that an increasing proportion of DNA adducts at deoxyadenosine were formed with dose. The results of this study demonstrate a correspondence between the concentration and types of DNA adducts and the frequency and types of mutations induced by (−)‐anti‐DB[a,l]PDE in V79 cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:131–139, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a microplate assay for the detection of single plaque‐forming units of bacteriophage ΦX174 in crude lysates
Authors: Slattery Scott D. , Valentine Carrie R.
Published: March 2003

Mice containing the ΦX174 am3 transgene can be used for measuring in vivo mutation; however, the single burst analysis method used for distinguishing in vivo mutations from mutations generated during sample processing is labor‐intensive. A liquid microplate assay was developed that detects a single mutant plaque‐forming unit (PFU) of ΦX174 bacterial virus in the presence of excess nonmutant virus. The assay is based on inhibiting reduction of the tetrazolium dye, MTS, by bacterial cells selective for mutant virus. The assay is performed with crude lysates of infected bacteria and is as accurate as scoring viral plaques on a bacterial lawn. This microplate assay may have application in increasing throughput of the single burst analysis of ΦX174 in transgenic mouse mutation assays. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 41:121–125, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.