bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Empirical Study of Rape in the Context of Multiple Murder
Authors: DeLisi Matt
Published: November 2013

In recent years, multiple homicide offending has received increased research attention from criminologists; however, there is mixed evidence about the role of rape toward the perpetration of multiple murder. Drawing on criminal career data from a nonprobability sample of 618 confined male homicide offenders selected from eight U.S. states, the current study examines the role of rape as a predictor of multiple homicide offending. Bivariate analyses indicated a significant association between rape and murder charges. Multivariate path regression models indicated that rape had a significant and robust association with multiple murder. This relationship withstood the confounding effects of kidnapping, prior prison confinement, and prior murder, rape, and kidnapping. These results provide evidence that rape potentially serves as a gateway to multiple murder for some serious offenders. Suggestions for future research are proffered.
TRANSITORY MOBILITY, CULTURAL HETEROGENEITY, AND VICTIMIZATION RISK AMONG YOUNG MEN OF COLOR: INSIGHTS FROM AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY IN CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: LINDEGAARD MARIE ROSENKRANTZ , MILLER JODY , REYNALD DANIELLE M.
Published: November 2013

The coupling of racial and economic stratification has been found to result in a range of adverse outcomes for youth of color, including disproportionate exposure to violence and victimization. Primary explanations of these patterns, particularly at the micro‐level, have focused on the impact of street culture. In this article, we draw from a multiyear ethnography in Cape Town, South Africa, to offer a theoretical elaboration of the place of culture in contributing to victimization risks among urban minority young men. The study is based on data collected from a sample of 26 young men of color who lived on the Cape Flats between 2003 and 2006. Using grounded theory methods, we suggest the import of unequal access to spatial mobility as a multifaceted means by which culture mediates young men's risks for victimization in disadvantaged communities. We find that transitory mobility—conceptualized as youth's temporary access to cultural spaces outside their segregated residential neighborhoods—is an important source of cultural heterogeneity in townships that can intensify the strength of local social identities and outgroup antipathies directed at those whose mobility is perceived as a cultural threat. Transitorily mobile young men's cultural repertoires are a key facet of street efficacy that can either insulate them from risk or heighten their vulnerabilities. Our findings are suggestive of important sources of variation in young men's victimization outcomes in disadvantaged communities, offering insights about factors that shape risks beyond those linked to the victim–offender overlap in high‐risk settings.
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Mycoplasma isolated from bovine mastitis in Japan
Authors: Kawai Kazuhiro , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Iwano Hidetomo , Iwakuma Akihiro , Onda Ken , Sato Reiichiro , Hayashi Tomohito , Nagahata Hajime , Oshida Toshio
Published: November 2013

Mycoplasma spp. are highly contagious pathogens and intramammary Mycoplasma infection is a serious issue for the dairy industry. As there is no effective vaccine for Mycoplasma infection, control depends on good husbandry and chemo‐antibiotic therapy. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma strains recently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in Japan was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All Mycoplasma bovis strains were sensitive to pirlimycin, danofloxacin and enrofloxacin, but not kanamycin, oxytetracycline, tilmicosin or tylosin. M. californicum and M. bovigenitalium strains were sensitive to pirlimycin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, tilmicosin and tylosin, but not to kanamycin. This is the first report to describe the MIC of major antimicrobial agents for Mycoplasma species isolated from bovine mastitis in Japan.
Relationships of neonatal plasma oxytocin with the behavioral characteristics of cattle introduced into a novel environment
Authors: Yayou Ken‐ichi , Ito Shuichi , Yamamoto Naoyuki
Published: November 2013

To examine the influence of postnatal oxytocin (OXT) on behavioral development, we examined individual variations in basal OXT and suckling‐induced changes in OXT, and their relationship with emotional traits during development. Blood OXT were measured in 20 Holstein heifer calves at 1 (wk1), 2 (wk2), and 6 weeks of age (wk6). The relationships of OXT variables with principal component scores in the open‐field tests at wk2 and 2 months and the number of flinch, step and kick responses during first artificial insemination and machine milking were analyzed. The basal OXT showed individual variability and significantly correlated (wk1 vs. wk2: r = 0.753, P < 0.001; wk1 vs. wk6: r = 0.499, P < 0.05; wk2 vs. wk6: r = 0.476, P < 0.05). The personality traits reflecting a response in the form of escape from novel environments in the open‐field test at wk2 were inversely correlated with basal OXT at wk1 (rs = −0.640, P < 0.01) and wk2 (rs = −0.447, P < 0.05). However, none of the behavioral variables after 2 months correlated with OXT. These findings suggest that, postnatal OXT might be related to behavioral characteristics in novel environments only during the early stages of life.
Predictors of distress associated with psychotic‐like anomalous experiences in clinical and non‐clinical populations
Authors: Brett Caroline , Heriot‐Maitland Charles , McGuire Philip , Peters Emmanuelle
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Psychotic‐like anomalous experiences are not inherently distressing, nor do they inevitably lead to clinical conditions. However, distress is an important predictor of onset and relapse in psychosis, and a primary indicator of problematic mental health. This study aimed to identify factors that predict distress across three groups with anomalous experiences.

Design and methods

This study used a cross‐sectional design. Participants in ‘Diagnosed’ (n = 35), ‘At Risk’ (n = 20), and ‘Undiagnosed’ (n = 36) groups completed the Appraisals of Anomalous Experiences Interview (AANEX; Brett et al., 2007, Br. J. Psychiatry, 191, s23), which taps anomalies experienced, appraisals, and other psychological and contextual variables. A series of ordinal logistic regression analyses was conducted to investigate which variables predicted anomaly‐related distress.

Results

Predictors of higher distress were anomalous states characterized by changes in awareness and cognitive functioning (rather than more typical positive symptoms), appraisals of experiences as caused by ‘other people’, and greater attempted control over experiences. Predictors of lower distress were ‘spiritual’ appraisals, greater perceived social support/understanding, greater perceived controllability, and reacting with a ‘neutral response’.

Conclusions

While psychotic‐like experiences themselves are not necessarily distressing, appraisals and responses to anomalies do predict distress, as do factors relating to the social context. This adds support to the cognitive‐behavioural models, and continuum models, of positive psychotic symptoms.

Practitioner points

The findings suggest that distress is reduced by developing normalizing and validating contexts in which psychotic experiences can be accepted, understood, and shared.

Recommendation for delivering therapies that promote reappraising and/or accepting psychotic experiences, rather than attempting to control them.

The findings reinforce the ‘continuum model’ of psychosis to help cultivate less stigmatizing, and more normalizing, views of psychotic experiences.

A limitation is that the samples recruited cannot be assumed to be representative of all people experiencing psychotic‐like anomalies.

A further limitation is that a small number of AANEX items did not achieve satisfactory inter‐rater agreement.
A clinical evaluation of a sensor to detect blockage due to crystalline biofilm formation on indwelling urinary catheters
Authors: Long Adele , Edwards Julia , Thompson Richard , Lewis Debbie A. , Timoney Anthony G.
Published: November 2013

Objective

To test the performance and acceptability of an early warning sensor to predict encrustation and blockage of long‐term indwelling urinary catheters.

Patients and Methods

In all, 17 long‐term indwelling catheter users, 15 ‘blockers’ and two ‘non‐blockers’ (controls) were recruited; 11 participants were followed prospectively until catheter change, three withdrew early and three did not start.

Two sensors were placed in series between the catheter and the urine bag at catheter change. The sensor nearest the bag was changed at the same time as the bag change (weekly); the sensor nearest the catheter remained in situ for the duration of the catheter's life.

Bacteriology and pH determinations were performed on urine samples at each bag, sensor and catheter change. The colour of the sensors was recorded daily. On removal, each sensor and the catheter were examined for visible evidence of encrustation and blockage.

Participants were asked to keep a daily diary to record colour change and any other relevant observations and to complete a psychosocial impact of assistive devices tool at the end of the study. Participants and carers/healthcare professionals (when involved in urine bag or catheter change) were asked to complete a questionnaire about the sensor.

Results

Urease‐producing bacteria were isolated from seven of the 14 patients (including early withdrawals; P. mirabilis in four, Morganella or Providencia in three).

In six of the seven patients the sensors turned blue‐black; two of these were early withdrawals, two went to planned catheter change (one of these was recruited as a ‘non‐blocker’) and three had catheter blockage.

The number of days of catheterisation before blockage was 22, 23 and 25 days, and the sensor changed colour within 24–48 h after insertion.

The urine mean (range) pH of the sensors that turned blue‐black was 7.6 (5.5–9.0) and of the sensors that remained yellow 6.1 (5.1–7.5).

The sensor was generally well‐received and was positive in the psychosocial assessment.

Conclusions

The sensor is a useful indicator of urine pH and of the conditions that lead to catheter blockage.

It may be particularly useful for new indwelling catheter users.

To be a universally acceptable predictor of catheter blockage, the time from sensor colour change to blockage needs to be reduced.
Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and inducible costimulator‐positive regulatory T cells in the immunosuppression microenvironment of gastric cancer
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Mei , Liu Xiao‐Sun , Lin Xian‐Ke , Yu Hang , Sun Jian‐Yi , Liu Xiao‐Kun , Chen Chao , Jin Hai‐Long , Zhang Ge‐Er , Shi Xiao‐Xiao , Zhang Qing , Yu Ji‐Ren
Published: November 2013

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play important roles in the immune escape of cancer. In this study, we investigated pDCs and pDC‐induced inducible costimulator (ICOS)+ Treg populations in peripheral blood from gastric cancer (GC) patients and healthy donors by flow cytometry. The distribution of these cells in carcinoma tissue, peritumor tissue, and normal gastric mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry. Plasma and tissue concentration of the cytokines such as interleukin‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β1 were also measured. We found that the numbers of pDCs, Tregs, and ICOS+ Tregs in peripheral blood were increased in GC patients compared with healthy donors. In tissue, Tregs and ICOS+ Tregs were found distributing mainly in carcinoma tissue, whereas pDCs were mainly found in peritumor tissue. Moreover, the Foxp3+ICOS+/Foxp3+ cell ratio in carcinoma and peritumor tissue were higher than that in normal tissue. There were more ICOS+ Tregs in tumor and peritumor tissue of late‐stage GC patients. There was a positive correlation between pDCs and ICOS+ Tregs in peripheral blood and peritumor tissue from GC patients. In conclusion, pDCs may play a potential role in recruiting ICOS+ Tregs, and both participate in the immunosuppression microenvironment of GC.
Efficacy of methylprednisolone pulse therapy for acute relapse in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A multicenter retrospective analysis – 1. Whole group analysis
Authors: Kira Jun‐ichi , Yamasaki Ryo , Yoshimura Satoshi , Fukazawa Toshiyuki , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Fujihara Kazuo , Ogino Mieko , Yokota Takanori , Miyamoto Katsuichi , Niino Masaaki , Nomura Kyoichi , Tomioka Ryo , Tanaka Masami , Kawachi Izumi , Ohashi Takashi , Kaida Kenichi , Matsui Makoto , Nakatsuji Yuji , Ochi Hirofumi , Fukaura Hikoaki , Kanda Takashi , Nagaishi Akiko , Togo Kanae , Mizusawa Hidehiro , Kawano Yuji
Published: November 2013

Objectives

There has been no large‐scale study of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in Asian patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or neuromyelitis optica (NMO), despite it being widely used for acute relapse. We aimed to clarify treatment response of MS and NMO patients to methylprednisolone pulse therapy and post‐pulse oral corticosteroids in real clinical practice in a multicenter study in Japan.

Methods

Investigators at 28 institutions collected changes in neurological symptoms/signs and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores before and within 1 week of completion of methylprednisolone pulse therapy carried out in 2010, and after post‐pulse oral corticosteroids therapy, by retrospective review of medical records.

Results

In 345 patients (95.1% of all registered patients), 457 series of methylprednisolone pulse therapy were carried out for treatment of acute relapse. EDSS scores improved by 0.8 ± 1.1 (mean ± SD) after the first course. The second and third courses also produced sufficient improvements (by 0.7 and 0.6, respectively), but much smaller improvements were observed thereafter. The target neurological symptoms and signs improved in 79.5% of patients. Improvement rates were 5–20% lower after a course of pulse therapy than after a series of pulse therapy. A half dose (500 mg/day) produced less improvement than a standard dose (1000 mg/day; 65.9 vs 79.5%). During post‐pulse oral corticosteroid therapy, EDSS scores decreased by 0.6 ± 0.9. No significant adverse effects were observed.

Conclusions

Methylprednisolone pulse therapy is beneficial in nearly 80% of Japanese MS and NMO patients, and EDSS score improvements after therapy are compatible with those in Western MS patients.
Policy transfer, social pedagogy and children's residential care in England
Authors: Berridge David
Published: November 2013

Much concern has been expressed about the quality of care and poor outcomes for looked‐after children (‘children in care’) in England, especially regarding residential homes. This paper builds on a recent evaluation of the piloting of the continental European model of social pedagogy (SP) in English residential care. It does three things: it considers the theoretical social policy literature on policy transfer and its implications; discusses European residential care for children and the discipline of SP; and reflects on these debates and the situation of children's residential care in England. The paper concludes that there are some major hurdles to a widespread implementation of SP in England. This particularly concerns the differing social, professional and political context of children's residential services across neighbouring countries.
HPV16 genotype, p16/Ki‐67 dual staining and koilocytic morphology as potential predictors of the clinical outcome for cervical low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Vrdoljak‐Mozetič D. , Krašević M. , Verša Ostojić D. , Štemberger‐Papić S. , Rubeša‐Mihaljević R. , Bubonja‐Šonje M.
Published: November 2013

Objective

To evaluate the association of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and non‐16 genotype, p16/Ki‐67 dual staining and koilocytosis and their role in the prediction of the clinical outcome of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) cytology.

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐five patients with LSIL were followed up and recorded as progression, persistence or regression. HPV genotyping was performed for high‐risk HPV (hrHPV) DNA‐positive cases. Koilocytosis was reviewed and p16/Ki‐67 dual staining was performed on reprocessed conventional cytology slides.

Results

HPV16 was the most frequent genotype found in 16.3% of cases. p16/Ki‐67 dual staining was positive in 36.1% of all cases. Progression, including concurrent cervical intraepithelial lesion grade 2 or above (CIN2+), was recorded in 13.8% of cases. A statistically significant difference between progressive and non‐progressive cases was shown by the following: hrHPV‐positive versus hrHPV‐negative (P = 0.022), HPV16‐positive versus non‐16 HPV‐positive (P < 0.001) and p16/Ki‐67‐positive versus p16/Ki‐67‐negative (P < 0.001) cases. Cases with combined HPV16 and p16/Ki‐67 positivity showed the highest progression rate (58.3%). Non‐koilocytic HPV16‐positive cases showed a 50% progression rate compared with 10.1% for koilocytic non‐16 HPV‐positive cases (P = 0.010). The sensitivity of p16/Ki‐67 dual staining for the detection of CIN2+ lesions was 80%, comparable with hrHPV (85%). The specificity of p16/Ki‐67 dual staining was 71% and of hrHPV 42%. The highest specificity was found for HPV16 genotype presence (91%), but with low sensitivity (50%).

Conclusion

HPV genotyping, p16/Ki‐67 dual staining and koilocytic morphology can be useful in the prediction of clinical outcome in women initially diagnosed with LSIL cytology.
Violence‐related injury and gender: The role of alcohol and alcohol combined with illicit drugs
Authors: Korcha Rachael A. , Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Witbrodt Jane , Borges Guilherme , Hejazi‐Bazargan Shahrzad , Bond Jason C. , Ye Yu , Gmel Gerhard
Published: November 2013

Introduction and Aims

The positive relationship between alcohol use, gender and violence‐related injury is well established. However, less is known about injuries when alcohol is used in combination with other drugs.

Design and Methods

Self‐report information was collected on alcohol and illicit drug use in the 6 h before a violence‐related injury in probability samples of patients presenting to emergency departments (n = 9686).

Results

Patients with violence‐related injuries reported the highest rates of alcohol use (49% of men; 23% of women) and alcohol use combined with illicit drugs (8% of men; 4% of women) whereas non‐violent injury patients reported lower rates of alcohol use (17% of men; 8% of women) and alcohol use combined with drugs (2% for men; 1% for women). Marijuana/hashish was the most commonly reported drug. The odds of a violent injury were increased when alcohol was used [men: odds ratio (OR) = 5.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6–6.3; women: OR = 4.0, 95% CI 3.0–5.5] or when alcohol was combined with illicit drug use before the injury (men: OR = 6.6, 95% CI 4.7–9.3; women: OR = 5.7, 95% CI = 2.7–12.2) compared with non‐users. No significant change in the odds of a violent injury was observed for men or women when alcohol users were compared with alcohol and drug users.

Discussion and Conclusions

The positive association between alcohol and violent injury does not appear to be altered by the added use of drugs. Additional work is needed to understand the interpersonal, contextual and cultural factors related to substance use to identify best prevention practices and develop appropriate policies. [Korcha RA, Cherpitel CJ, Witbrodt J, Borges G, Hejazi‐Bazargan S, Bond JC, Ye Y, Gmel G. Violence‐related injury and gender: The role of alcohol and alcohol combined with illicit drugs. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:43–50]
Bank Corporate Governance, Beyond the Global Banking Crisis
Authors: Dermine Jean
Published: November 2013

Following up on the publication of the Walker Report () in the United Kingdom, international organizations such as the Basel Committee (), the OECD (), and the European Union () have proposed guidelines to improve bank corporate governance and, more specifically, risk governance. These international reports vary widely on what the prime objective of bank corporate governance should be, with one group recommending a shareholder‐based approach, and the other a stakeholder‐based one. Moreover, the focus of these reports is exclusively on risk avoidance, with little guidance as to how an acceptable level of risk should be defined. Drawing on insights from economics and finance, this paper is intended to contribute to the debate on bank corporate governance.

Our four main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, the debate on bank governance should concern not only the boards but also the governance of banking supervision with clearly identified accountability principles. Secondly, since biases for short‐term profit maximization are numerous in banking, boards of banks should focus on long‐term value creation. Thirdly, board members and banking supervisors should pay special attention to cognitive biases in risk identification and measurement. Fourthly, a value‐based approach to risk taking must take into account the probability of stress scenarios and the associated costs of financial distress. Mitigation of these costs should be addressed explicitly in the design of bank strategy.
Predicting the ecological impacts of a new freshwater invader: functional responses and prey selectivity of the ‘killer shrimp’,Dikerogammarus villosus, compared to the nativeGammarus pulex
Authors: Dodd Jennifer A. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Alexander Mhairi E. , MacNeil Calum , Dunn Alison M. , Aldridge David C.
Published: November 2013

The ability to predict the likely ecological impacts of invasive species in fresh waters is a pressing research requirement. Whilst comparisons of species traits and considerations of invasion history have some efficacy in this respect, we require robust methods that can compare the effects of native and invasive species. Here, we utilise comparative functional responses and prey selectivity experiments to understand and predict the ecological impact of an invader as compared to a native.

We compared the predatory functional responses of an emerging invasive species in Europe, the ‘killer shrimp’,Dikerogammarus villosus, and an analogous native species,Gammarus pulex, towards three representative prey species:Asellus aquaticus,Daphnia magnaandChironomussp. Furthermore, as ecological impact may be greater for invasive species with more indiscriminate feeding habits, we compared the selectivity for the three prey types between the invasive and native species.

In both the presence and absence of experimental habitats, largeD. villosus, and those matched for body size withG. pulex, generally showed higher (TypeII) functional responses thanG. pulex, with the invasive species exhibiting higher maximum feeding rates. Further,D. villosusexhibited significantly more indiscriminate prey selection compared withG. pulex, a trait that became more evident as the invader increased in size. Differences in functional responses and prey selectivity were prey species specific, with higher to lower predicted impacts in the orderA. aquaticus,D. magnaandChironomussp. This is in accord with the impact of this invasive species on macroinvertebrates in the field.

We thus provide understanding of the known ecological impact ofD. villosusand discuss the utility of the phenomenological use of comparative functional responses and resource use as a tool through which the potential ecological impacts of invasive species may be identified.
Testing the pressure‐specific invertebrate index (PSI) as a tool for determining ecologically relevant targets for reducing sedimentation in streams
Authors: Glendell Miriam , Extence Chris , Chadd Richard , Brazier Richard E.
Published: November 2013

Sedimentation is a major cause of river impairment and water pollution worldwide. However, setting an ecologically meaningful sedimentation target is proving challenging due to significant gaps in the understanding of quantitative links between sedimentation and ecological response as well as variability between different types of surface waters. This study evaluates the utility of a new pressure‐specific macroinvertebrate index, Proportion of Sediment‐sensitive Invertebrates (PSI), to act as a simple tool for measuring sedimentation impacts and setting ecologically relevant sedimentation targets.

Five macroinvertebrate indices were calculated from 51 samples taken from 13 sampling locations across two neighbouring, but contrasting study catchments in spring and autumn 2010 and 2011. For four of these, environmental quality indices (EQIs) were also calculated as a proportion of observed to expected (O:E) macroinvertebrate scores, which were predicted for a theoretical pristine invertebrate community using the River Invertebrate Prediction and Classification System model.

Principal component analysis has shown a clear hydromorphological and sedimentation gradient within the two study catchments. A generalised hierarchical mixed model with site as a random factor and % fine bed sediment as a fixed factor found a significant relationship between PSI and O:E PSI and % fine bed sediment cover at reach‐scale sampling resolution over a moderate gradient of impact. Lotic Index for Flow Evaluation (LIFE) scores and Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera (EPT) % abundance were also related to % fine bed sediment cover. However, PSI was more strongly related to % fine bed sediment cover than either LIFE or EPT % abundance. While PSI and O:E PSI were correlated with LIFE and O:E LIFE, PSI was not correlated with EPT % abundance, which suggests a differentiated response of these metrics to multiple stressors.

The relationship between PSI and other invertebrate metrics should be subjected to further testing along a pronounced gradient of multiple stressors, as our findings suggest that PSI and % fine bed sediment cover have the potential to provide simple, sensitive and effective tools for setting of ‘twin’ ecological and physical sedimentation targets and add additional exploratory power to the existing suite of macroinvertebrate indices.
Metasprache und Bilderfahrung in Der Stechlin
Authors: Pfau Thomas
Published: November 2013

In diesem Essay versuche ich, Fontanes oft kommentierte, feinfühlige Handhabung des sozialen Gesprächs als Medium für die Analyse gesellschaftlicher Verhältnisse und Tendenzen mit einer unauffälligen aber ganz eindringlichen Bildlichkeit zu verknüpfen, welche seine Romane und besonders den Stechlin immer wieder unterbricht. Gerade das unverhoffte Erfahren von Bildlichkeit und ein hieraus resultierendes, spezifisches “Bildbewusstsein” wird im Stechlin oft als Ort der Zuflucht vor der banalen Diesseitigkeit und insistenten Relativität des sozialen Gesprächs (“Causerie”) erfahren. Allerdings sind Fontanes Bilder weder als verbale Faksimiles einer rein gegenständlichen Welt noch als ekphrastische Varianten des späten Realismus zu verstehen. Vielmehr deutet sich in der Bilderfahrung seiner Romanfiguren eine von jeglichen religiösen (geschweige denn konfessionellen) Inhalten unberührte Rezeptivität für transzendente, zumindest zeitlose Bedeutungen. Besonders im Stechlin kristallisiert sich in der stets unerwarteten Bilderfahrung eine unterschwellige, quasi‐säkuläre Mystik heraus.
Neuregulin‐1/glial growth factor stimulates Schwann cell migration by inducing α5 β1 integrin–ErbB2–focal adhesion kinase complex formation
Authors: Wakatsuki Shuji , Araki Toshiyuki , Sehara‐Fujisawa Atsuko
Published: November 2013

After peripheral nerve injury, Schwann cells gain a migratory phenotype and remodel their extracellular matrix to provide a supportive environment for axonal regeneration. The soluble neuregulin‐1 isoform, that is, glial growth factor (GGF), is expressed in regenerating axons of injured peripheral nerves and regulates Schwann cell motility by activating the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors, but how GGF/ErbB signaling contributes to Schwann cell motility remains unclear. Here, we show that GGF stimulates Schwann cell migration by inducing the formation of a protein complex containing the fibronectin receptor α5β1 integrin, ErbB2, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). ErbB2 co‐localizes and co‐immunoprecipitates with the focal complex members including α5β1 integrin and FAK after GGF treatment. These effects of GGF appear to involve FAK activation, which occurs downstream of ErbB2 stimulation. RNAi‐mediated down‐regulation of α5 integrin expression in primary cultured Schwann cells resulted in significantly decreased interaction between FAK and ErbB2, as well as decreased GGF‐induced migration. An increase in the α5β1 integrin–ErbB2–FAK complex formation was observed in injured nerve Schwann cells, but not uninjured control. Taken together, these data suggest that GGF plays an important modulatory role in Schwann cell migration after nerve crush by inducing α5β1 integrin–ErbB2–FAK complex formation.
Forensic geology at the International School Science Fair 2013
Authors: Pirrie Duncan , Donnelly Laurance , Rollinson Gavyn K. , Butcher Alan R. , Dawson Lorna A. , Pirrie Heather A.
Published: November 2013

In July 2013 the International School Science Fair (ISSF) was hosted by Camborne Science and International Academy, Cornwall, UK. This meeting brings young talented scientists together from around the world to participate in workshops and activities highlighting current scientific developments. As part of ISSF 2013, a workshop on forensic geology was delivered to some of the international participants. This included the preparation of a map to show the mineralogical composition of the soils of the participating schools. The soil mineralogy was determined using automated mineral analysis based on scanning electron microscopy. In addition there were workshops on the recovery of geological trace evidence in a forensic context and the theory and practice of carrying out a geophysical search for hidden items. Data generated as part of this workshop are available to download from the International Union of Geological Sciences, Initiative on Forensic Geology website (http://www.forensicgeologyinternational.com).
A novel therapeutic strategy for turban tumor: scalp excision and combined reconstruction with artificial dermis and split skin graft
Authors: Parren Lizelotte J. M. T. , Ferdinandus Patrick , van der Hulst René , Frank Jorge , Tuinder Stefania
Published: November 2013

Background

Brooke–Spiegler syndrome is a hereditary tumor predisposition disorder characterized by the development of cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and spiradenomas. Predilection sites of the disease are hair follicles and sweat glands of the head and neck. In some patients, the tumors can coalesce to so‐called turban tumors, which then usually cause cosmetic, psychological, and functional impairment. A curative therapy is not yet available, and thus total scalp excision followed by split skin graft is evolving as a frequently applied therapy. However, this treatment can lead to the formation of a thin and vulnerable skin, which hampers wearing a wig. Therefore, a more robust and functional solution is preferable. Here, we report on a woman with a turban tumor who suffered enormously from the disease and had secluded herself from social life.

Methods

We treated her with a total scalp excision down to the periosteum, followed by sequential combined reconstruction with an artificial dermal template and split skin grafts.

Results

The treatment resulted in formation of a robust and flexible skin.

Conclusion

Treatment of turban tumor is a challenge considering the localization and extensiveness of the tumor masses. This novel therapy for turban tumor leads to a very good cosmetic and functional outcome.
Is there a relation between clinical disease activity and acute phase response in Behcet's disease?
Authors: Melikoglu Mehmet , Topkarci Zeynep
Published: November 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible relation between clinical disease activity determined by a scale validated and most widely used acute phase response parameters in patients with Behcet's Disease (BD). One hundred patients with BD were included in this study. The demographic properties including age, sex, and disease durations were recorded. BD Current Activity Form (BDCAF), which scores the history of clinical features that have been present during the four weeks prior to the day of assessment, was used for the evaluation of disease activity. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated as acute phase response. The independent samples t test and Pearson's correlation test were performed for the statistical analysis. There were 60 male and 40 female patients with an age range of 19–51 years. The disease durations of the patients were between 12 and 240 months. In the comparison of the laboratory parameters of the patients with or without the components of BDCAF, we found significantly higher levels of ESR and CRP in patients with erythema and arthralgia‐arthritis versus without these involvements. There were significant positive correlations between ESR‐CRP levels and patient's perception of disease activity (P = 0.012 and P < 0.05, respectively), clinician's overall perception of disease activity (P < 0.005), and total BDCAF score (P = 0.008 and P < 0.000, respectively). In conclusion, the presence of a newly‐developed erythema nodosum, superficial thrombophlebitis, or joint involvement may be associated with higher levels of ESR and CRP. Also, correlations between these indices and general disease activity scores may contribute the overall disease activity perception in BD.
Barriers that prevent implementation of research findings in nursing: Education‐research hospitals case
Authors: Ay Fatma , Gençtürk Nuran , Turan Miral Mukaddes
Published: November 2013

Using research results in nursing practices and basing nursing practices to evidence have been viewed as an important factor in increasing care quality. The aim of this research was to identify the barriers arising from utilizing research findings perceived by nurses. The research was conducted with participation of 748 nurses. The study is descriptive in nature, and the ‘Barriers Scale’ and a question form developed by the researchers were used as data collection instruments. The data were gathered through face‐to‐face interviews after the necessary permissions were taken. A total of 54.3% of the nurses are ≤ 30 years old, and 49.6% of them are graduates of high school‐foundation degree. The nurses (63.8%) indicated the most important barrier as ‘there is not enough time to read about research at work’. According to the results of this study, providing the nurses with both financial and information support after graduation is an important factor in facilitating research and using research results. Depending on the results of our study, we recommend that the number of publications in nursing and the opportunities of access to these publications be increased, and there should be more management support for research, and nurses should be provided with time.
Predators and trematode parasites jointly affect larval anuran functional traits and corticosterone levels
Authors: Marino John A. , Holland Manja P. , Middlemis Maher Jessica
Published: November 2013

Non‐consumptive predator effects may have dramatic consequences for host–parasite interactions by influencing the ability of prey items to avoid, resist, or tolerate infection. Both predators and parasites can affect host traits, such as growth rates and behavior, and these effects may in part be mediated through shared physiological pathways (e.g. the glucocorticoid stress hormone, corticosterone [CORT]). Here, we examined the effects of trematode parasites (Digena: Echinostomatidae) and predator (larval odonate) exposure on larvae of two amphibian species (Rana sylvatica and R. clamitans) in laboratory experiments. First, we measured behavior and CORT responses of tadpoles exposed to predator chemical cue in combination with parasite cue or under direct exposure to parasites. We then measured the combined effects of predator cue and parasite infection on survival and traits. Evidence for effects of parasite cue in our study was equivocal, but we found novel interactive effects of parasites and predators on larval frogs. Parasites and predators had antagonistic effects on CORT, behavior, and morphology, and negative synergistic effects on development. In addition, parasite infection and predator cues additively reduced activity levels of both species and growth in wood frogs. Negative effects of parasite infection on survival and traits were dose‐dependent for both species, although wood frogs generally experienced stronger effects of infection than green frogs. Our results emphasize the importance of considering effects of parasites as well as predators, since both can have strong effects on survival and the combination can have both additive and non‐additive effects on key traits. These effects likely have important implications for amphibian population dynamics, community structure, and conservation.
Role of Nano‐ and Micron‐Sized Particles of TiO2 Additive on Microwave Dielectric Properties of Li2ZnTi3O8 – 4 wt% TiO2 Ceramics
Authors: Bari M. , Taheri‐Nassaj E. , Taghipour‐Armaki H.
Published: November 2013

Microwave dielectric ceramics with the composition of Li2ZnTi3O8 – 4 wt% TiO2 were synthesized by the conventional solid‐state reaction. 4 wt% TiO2 powders with different particles size were added to the Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramic. Then the ceramic samples were sintered at temperatures 1075°C, 1050°C, 1000°C, and 950°C for 4 h. The effect of the particles size of TiO2 additive on the microwave dielectric properties of the ceramics has been investigated. In the study two categories of particles size of TiO2 additive have been used; (i) Nanoparticle (50 nm), (ii) Micron sized (40, 5, 1 μm) powder. X‐ray showed that the TiO2 additive has not solved in the LZT structure and has not almost undergone chemical reaction with the LZT ceramic. The results showed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles to the LZT ceramics significantly improved the density and a dense and uniform microstructure and also abnormal grain growth were observed by SEM. The use of TiO2 nanoparticle reduces porosity and leads to an increase in green density. The maximum density was found to be 98.5% of the theoretical density and the best relative permittivity of 28, quality factor of 68000 GHz and τf value of −2 ppm/°C were obtained for the samples added with 4 wt% of the TiO2 nanoparticles, sintered at 1050°C for 4 h.
The Bank Lending Channel: A FAVAR Analysis
Authors: DAVE CHETAN , DRESSLER SCOTT J. , ZHANG LEI
Published: November 2013

We examine the bank lending channel (BLC) of monetary transmission in a factor‐augmented vector autoregression (FAVAR). A FAVAR exploits large numbers of macro‐economic indicators and allows us to consider an alternative identification of monetary shocks and analyze the lending response of banks at the aggregate and individual levels. We find that the existence of the BLC is more prevalent than previously thought using aggregated lending data, while the lending response of individual banks are driven more by specific innovations than monetary shocks. Nonetheless, the average individual bank response to a monetary shock is consistent with the existence of a BLC.
Oral mucosal injury caused by cancer therapies: current management and new frontiers in research
Authors: Jensen Siri B. , Peterson Douglas E.
Published: November 2013

This invited update is designed to provide a summary of the state‐of‐the‐science regarding oral mucosal injury (oral mucositis) caused by conventional and emerging cancer therapies. Current modeling of oral mucositis pathobiology as well as evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines for prevention and treatment of oral mucositis are presented. In addition, studies addressing oral mucositis as published in the Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine 2008–2013 are specifically highlighted in this context. Key research directions in basic and translational science associated with mucosal toxicity caused by cancer therapies are also delineated as a basis for identifying pathobiologic and pharmacogenomic targets for interventions. This collective portfolio of research and its ongoing incorporation into clinical practice is setting the stage for the clinician in the future to predict mucosal toxicity risk and tailor therapeutic interventions to the individual oncology patient accordingly.
Evidence of High Rates of Undiagnosed Asthma in Central Ohio Elementary Schoolchildren
Authors: Clark Brenda R. , Burkett S. Amanda , Andridge Rebecca R. , Buckley Timothy J.
Published: November 2013

BACKGROUND

In Ohio, 14.5% of 5‐ to 9‐year‐olds and 17.3% of 10‐ to 17‐year‐olds have asthma. Moreover, there is concern that these numbers may underestimate the true disease burden. We sought to evaluate variability in asthma rates and respiratory symptoms among central Ohio fourth graders as a means to assess potential undiagnosed and undertreated asthma and its determinants.

METHODS

We recruited 13 central Ohio elementary schools representing a broad range of nonurban settings and surveyed fourth graders to estimate school‐level physician‐diagnosed asthma (PDA), respiratory morbidity, and home exposures to smoking and pets. We used generalized linear mixed models with random intercept for school to examine relationships among exposures, respiratory symptoms, andPDA.

RESULTS

Across the 13 schools, 94% of students participated in the survey, and the estimated asthma prevalence rate was 10.2% (N = 101 of 987). An additional 41% reported not havingPDAbut then went on to report symptoms consistent with asthma potentially suggestive of undiagnosed asthma. Of students withPDA, 21% reported symptoms suggestive of poorly controlled asthma. High levels of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure were associated both withPDA(p = .05) and with respiratory symptoms (p < .0001). Students who owned a cat or a bird were more likely to report respiratory symptoms (p = .02 and p = .04, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We provide evidence that the already high childhood asthma public health burden in central Ohio may be underreported. Schools may be an ideal location to conduct screenings and implement environmental interventions oriented towardSHSand household pets that will yield respiratory morbidity benefits.
General Practitioners' Procedures for Sexual History Taking and Treating Sexual Dysfunction in Primary Care
Authors: Ribeiro Sofia , Alarcão Violeta , Simões Rui , Miranda Filipe Leão , Carreira Mário , Galvão-Teles Alberto
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Good history-taking skills are the first step towards achieving a correct diagnosis of sexual dysfunction (SD). However, studies show most general practitioners (GPs) do not take the initiative to ask the patient about SD, and when diagnosing a condition, they tend to give preference to their own criteria over clinical guidelines.

Aim

The aim of this study is to characterize GPs' attitudes towards taking sexual history, identifying its frequency and focus, and to describe GPs' diagnostics and therapeutic approaches including the use of clinical guidelines, exploring patients' and doctor-related differences.

Methods

Cross-sectional study using confidential self-administrated questionnaires applied to GPs working in primary healthcare units in the Lisbon region.

Main Outcome Measures

Data concerning GPs' consultation of guidelines, active exploration of SD in male and in female patients, and focus on sexual history taking was collected.

Results

Of the 50 participants (73.5% response rate), 15.5% actively ask their patients about SD. The main reasons for asking patients about their sexuality are diabetes (84.0%), prescription of medication with adverse effects on sexuality (78.0%), and family planning (72.0%), the latter being a significantly more frequent reason for GPs with 20 or less years of practice. Routine sexual history taking (22.0%) appears as one of the least mentioned motives. The percentage of appointments with active exploration of SD was positively associated with guidelines' consultation, as well as considering the specialty as a good source of information and having longer appointments when SD is mentioned. However, 76.0% report not having consulted any guidelines in the previous year. Lack of time (31.6%) and low accessibility (25.0%) were referred to as the main reasons for not consulting guidelines.

Conclusions

Routine sexual history taking and consultation of guidelines about SD are not yet a generalized practice in primary care. Data should be interpreted with caution as they are self-reported. Further objective measurement such as direct observation or clinical files consultation should be implemented.
Mixed lineage kinase 3 deficient mice are protected against the high fat high carbohydrate diet‐induced steatohepatitis
Authors: Ibrahim Samar H. , Gores Gregory J. , Hirsova Petra , Kirby Michelle , Miles Lili , Jaeschke Anja , Kohli Rohit
Published: November 2013

Background & Aims

C‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation is pivotal in the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK) 3 is one of the mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that mediates JNK activation in the liver. Despite this concept, the role of MLK3 in modulating liver injury during nutrient excess has not been explored. Our aim was to determine if MLK3 deficient mice were protected against high fat high carbohydrate (HFHC) diet‐induced NASH.

Methods

We employed eight‐week‐old Mlk3−/− male C57BL/6J mice, and wild type (WT) mice C57BL/6J as controls. Mice were fed a HFHC or a chow diet adlib for 16 weeks.

Results

Hepatic JNK activating phosphorylation was readily absent in the Mlk3−/− mice fed the HFHC diet, but not in WT mice. This inhibition of JNK activation was hepatoprotective. Despite a comparable increase in weight gain, hepatic steatosis by histological examination and hepatic triglyceride quantification was reduced in HFHC diet‐fed Mlk3−/− mice compared with WT mice. In addition, compared with the WT mice, HFHC diet‐fed Mlk3−/− mice had significantly attenuated liver injury as manifested by reduced ALT levels, hepatocyte apoptosis, markers of hepatic inflammation and indices of hepatic fibrogenesis.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that loss of MLK3 in mice is protective against HFHC diet‐induced NASH, in a weight‐independent fashion, through attenuation of JNK activation. MLK3 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of human NASH.