bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Heads of Religious Houses
Authors: Knowles David , Brooke C. N. L. , London Vera C. M.
Published: February 2010

This is the first of two volumes, now covering the heads of religious houses in England and Wales from the tenth-century reform to the death of Edward III, 940–1377. This first volume, by the great master of monastic history, Dom David Knowles, aided by Christopher Brooke and Vera London, was published first in 1972 and was quickly recognised as a major work of reference, noted for its mastery of accurate detail. It has now been brought up to date with substantial addenda and corrigenda by Christopher Brooke. The 1972 volume covers the period 940–1216, and comprises fully documented, critical lists of monastic superiors, with succinct biographical details. It is an essential foundation for all prosopographical study of the religious history of the period; and the precise chronology that it underpins is invaluable for dating innumerable undated documents. As such, the book is a fundamental tool of medieval research.
A History of Russian Symbolism
Authors: Pyman Avril
Published: February 2010

This book is the first detailed history of the Russian Symbolist movement, from its initial hostile reception as a symptom of European decadence to its absorption into the mainstream of Russian literature, and eventual disintegration. It focuses on the two generations of writers whose work served as the seedbed of Existentialism in thought and of Modernism in prose and the performing arts, and reassesses their achievements in the light of modern research. At the centre of the study are the texts themselves, with prose quoted in English translation and poetry given in the original Russian with prose translations. There is a valuable bibliography of primary sources and an extensive chronological appendix. This book will fill a long-felt gap, and will be invaluable to students and teachers of Russian and comparative literature, Symbolism, Modernism, and pre-revolutionary Russian culture.
Jewish Inscriptions of Western Europe
Authors: Noy David
Published: February 2010

Although there was a substantial Jewish population in Western Europe from at least the first century BC, literary evidence for it before the end of the sixth century AD is very sparse, amounting to a few mainly hostile references by Roman writers and some material of doubtful historical value in rabbinic and hagiographic sources. Knowledge of the Jewish communities of the West is therefore almost entirely dependent on inscriptions, which contain information on community organisation, the use of biblical texts and religious symbols, linguistic habits, naming practices and social status, and burial customs and beliefs about life after death. While Volume One provides ready access to the Jewish inscriptions from Italy and the islands, Spain and Gaul this second of two volumes concentrates on the inscriptions of the City of Rome. Hitherto it has been necessary to consult specialist publications to gain a complete picture of the inscriptions: this book fills a notable gap in the market.
At the Gate of Christendom
Authors: Berend Nora
Published: February 2010

Modern life in increasingly heterogeneous societies has directed attention to patterns of interaction, often using a framework of persecution and tolerance. This study of the economic, social, legal and religious position of three minorities (Jews, Muslims and pagan Turkic nomads) argues that different degrees of exclusion and integration characterized medieval non-Christian status in the medieval Christian kingdom of Hungary between 1000 and 1300. A complex explanation of non-Christian status emerges from the analysis of their economic, social, legal and religious positions and roles. Existence on the frontier with the nomadic world led to the formulation of a frontier ideology, and to anxiety about Hungary's detachment from Christendom, which affected policies towards non-Christians. The study also succeeds in integrating central European history with the study of the medieval world, while challenging such current concepts in medieval studies as frontier societies, persecution and tolerance, ethnicity and 'the other'.
Centennial History of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Brown Louis
Published: February 2010

In 1902, Andrew Carnegie founded the Carnegie Institution of Washington, to support innovative science research. Since its creation two years later, the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism has undertaken a broad range of research from terrestrial magnetism, ionospheric physics and geochemistry to biophysics, radio astronomy and planetary science. This second volume in a series of five histories of the Carnegie Institution describes the people and events, the challenges and successes that the Department has witnessed over the last century. Contemporary photographs illustrate some of the remarkable expeditions and instruments developed in pursuit of scientific understanding, from sailing ships to nuclear particle accelerators and radio telescopes to mass spectrometers. These photographs show an evolution of scientific progress through the century, often done under trying, even exciting circumstances.
Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America
Authors: Gratz Norman G.
Published: February 2010

A significant number of diseases are carried by insects, ticks, mites and rodents, and these diseases are far more common than is often realised. New diseases are regularly discovered and are becoming increasingly widespread, in part due to increased global travel and possibly even climate change. In this exciting new volume Norman Gratz, former Director, Division of Vector Biology and Control, World Health Organisation, reviews the distribution of all currently identified vector and rodent-borne diseases in Europe, the USA and Canada. Each type of infection is presented by group, covering incidence and prevalence, costs and public health burdens. Basic vector biology and control is described in detail and an extensive bibliography is provided to aid readers seeking further information. With its comprehensive coverage and detail, this book is set to become the standard reference for anyone working on vector- and rodent-borne diseases in medical entomology, zoology, epidemiology and public health.
Analytic Methods for Diophantine Equations and Diophantine Inequalities
Authors: Davenport H. , Browning T. D.
Published: February 2010

Harold Davenport was one of the truly great mathematicians of the twentieth century. Based on lectures he gave at the University of Michigan in the early 1960s, this book is concerned with the use of analytic methods in the study of integer solutions to Diophantine equations and Diophantine inequalities. It provides an excellent introduction to a timeless area of number theory that is still as widely researched today as it was when the book originally appeared. The three main themes of the book are Waring's problem and the representation of integers by diagonal forms, the solubility in integers of systems of forms in many variables, and the solubility in integers of diagonal inequalities. For the second edition of the book a comprehensive foreword has been added in which three prominent authorities describe the modern context and recent developments. A thorough bibliography has also been added.
Lines of Enquiry
Authors: Rudd Niall
Published: February 2010

In these studies of Latin poetry Niall Rudd demonstrates a variety of critical methods and approaches. He shows how it can be fruitful at different times to consider the historical background of a poem, its language or structure, its place in a literary tradition, the role of critical paradigms, and so on. But if no single approach has special and invariable authority this does not imply critical anarchy. Each has its own validity for different purposes, its own strengths and limitations. The reader must be versatile and sensitive to a range of possibilities, but not doctrinaire.
The Theatre of Tom Stoppard
Authors: Jenkins Anthony
Published: February 2010

Addressed to the enthusiastic theatregoer as well as to students of contemporary theatre, this new edition includes a fresh chapter on Hapgood. Anthony Jenkins is an actor and director as well as a teacher of drama, and this refreshing perspective informs his writing. He is interested in how Stoppard's plays work in the theatre (and on radio and television), and describes the playwright's use of stage space and action, interior emotions, the pauses in the dialogue, as well as the dialogue itself. Recently, critics have pointed to the political emphasis of the later plays. To Jenkins, Stoppard's career is all of a piece and is best described chronologically. The whole dramatic output, with the exception of the adaptations and film-scripts, is examined in detail: three short stories and the novel Lord Malquist and Mr Moon are considered as essential to an appreciation of Stoppard's theatrical imagination; comments on the radio and television plays interweave and support discussion of the major plays from Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to The Real Thing and Hapgood.
The Lexical Field of Taste
Authors: Backhouse A. E.
Published: February 2010

Dr Backhouse undertakes a semantic study of taste terms in modern spoken Japanese. Through an investigation of the range of vocabulary available for the description of taste qualities, and their interrelationship in terms of meaning, Dr Backhouse presents a sensitive elucidation of the structure of Japanese taste terms, which has significant implications for anthropological linguistics. He explores important semantic issues, such as the relationship between evaluative and descriptive meaning, the intralinguistic mechanisms at work in metaphor, and draws illuminating connections between the lexical field of colour and that of taste.
Criminal Law, Tradition and Legal Order
Authors: Farmer Lindsay
Published: February 2010

This book examines the relationship between legal tradition and national identity to offer a critical and historical perspective on the study of criminal law. It develops a radically different approach to questions of responsibility and subjectivity, and was among the first studies to combine appreciation of the institutional and historical context in which criminal law is practised with a critical understanding of the law itself. Applying contemporary social theory to the particular case of nineteenth-century Scottish law, Lindsay Farmer is able to develop a critique of modern criminal law theory in general. He traces the development of the modern characteristics of criminal law and legal order, tracing the relationship between legal practice and national culture, and showing how contemporary criminal law theory fundamentally misrepresents the character of modern criminal justice.
Investing in Human Capital
Authors: Lleras Miguel Palacios , Barr Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Most higher education finance literature assumes that students cannot pledge their future earnings to finance their education in a free society. Investing in Human Capital, first published in 2004, challenges that assumption and explores human capital contracts as an alternative mechanism for financing higher education. Investing in Human Capital tracks the roots of the idea behind human capital contracts, discusses the beneficial consequences they would have on students and on higher education markets, and describes how they can develop in light of the innovations that have taken place in financial markets during the last decades. The book also explores the challenges - ethical and financial - that such instruments face and offers implementation alternatives that can bring about their existence in the context of a national higher education financing programme.
Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation
Authors: Samuelson Norbert M.
Published: February 2010

The topic of this book is 'creation'. It breaks down into discussions of two distinct, but interrelated, questions: what does the universe look like, and what is its origin? The opinions about creation considered by Norbert Samuelson come from the Hebrew scriptures, Greek philosophy, Jewish philosophy and contemporary physics. His perspective is Jewish, liberal and philosophical. It is 'Jewish' because the foundation of the discussion is biblical texts interpreted in the light of traditional rabbinic texts. It is 'philosophical' because the subject matter is important in both past and present philosophical texts, and to Jewish philosophy in particular. Finally, it is 'liberal' because the authorities consulted include heterodox as well as orthodox Jewish sources. The ensuing discussion leads to original conclusions about a diversity of topics, including the limits of human reason and religious faith, and the relevance of scientific models to religious doctrine.
John Locke
Authors: Marshall John
Published: February 2010

This book provides a contextual account of the development of John Locke's political, religious, social and moral thought. It analyses many of Locke's unpublished manuscripts and relatively neglected works as well as the Two Treatises, the Letter Concerning Toleration and the Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Professor Marshall studies the development of Locke's political thought from absolutism to resistance, and provides significant revisions to current explanations of the immediate contexts and purposes of composition of the Two Treatises. He also sets out major accounts of Locke's moral, social and religious thought both as extremely important subjects in their own right and in order to challenge many scholars' interpretations of their influences on Locke's political thought.
United States Foreign Policy toward Africa
Authors: Schraeder Peter J.
Published: February 2010

In this book Peter Schraeder offers the first comprehensive theoretical analysis of US foreign policy toward Africa in the postwar era. He argues that though we often assume that US policymakers 'speak with one voice', Washington's foreign policy is, however, derived from numerous centres of power which each have the ability to pull policy in different directions. The book describes the evolution of policy at three levels: Presidents and their close advisors; the bureaucracies of the executive branch; and Congress and African affairs interest groups. Most importantly, the evidence presented demonstrates that the nature of events in Africa has itself affected the operation of the US policymaking process, and the substance of US policy. Drawing on over 100 interviews, and detailed case studies in Zaire, Ethiopia-Somalia and South Africa, this book provides a unique analysis of the historical evolution of US foreign policy towards Africa from the 1940s to the 1990s.
Cluster and Classification Techniques for the Biosciences
Authors: Fielding Alan H.
Published: February 2010

Advances in experimental methods have resulted in the generation of enormous volumes of data across the life sciences. Hence clustering and classification techniques that were once predominantly the domain of ecologists are now being used more widely. This 2006 book provides an overview of these important data analysis methods, from long-established statistical methods to more recent machine learning techniques. It aims to provide a framework that will enable the reader to recognise the assumptions and constraints that are implicit in all such techniques. Important generic issues are discussed first and then the major families of algorithms are described. Throughout the focus is on explanation and understanding and readers are directed to other resources that provide additional mathematical rigour when it is required. Examples taken from across the whole of biology, including bioinformatics, are provided throughout the book to illustrate the key concepts and each technique's potential.
An Introduction to Rights
Authors: Edmundson William A.
Published: February 2010

Rights come in various types - human, moral, civil, political and legal - and claims about who has a right, and to what, are often contested. What are rights? Are they timeless and universal, or merely conventional? How are they related to other morally significant values, such as well-being, autonomy, and community? Can animals have rights? Or fetuses? Do we have a right to do as we please so long as we do not harm others? This is the only accessible and readable introduction to the history, logic, moral implications, and political tendencies of the idea of rights. It is organized chronologically and discusses important events, such as the French Revolution. As an undergraduate text it is well-suited to introductions to political philosophy, moral philosophy, and ethics. It could also be used in courses on political theory in departments of political science and government, and in courses on legal theory in law schools.
Voices of Collective Remembering
Authors: Wertsch James V.
Published: February 2010

There is currently a great deal of discussion in the humanities and social sciences about collective memory, but there is very little agreement on what it is. The first goal of this volume is to review various understandings of this term to bring some coherence to the discussion. Drawing on this review, James V. Wertsch goes on to outline a particular version of collective remembering grounded in the use of 'textual resources', especially narratives. This takes him into the special properties of narrative that shape this process and into the issues of how these textual resources are produced and consumed. Wertsch brings these general ideas to life by examining the rapid, massive transformation of collective memory during the transition from Soviet to post-Soviet Russia.
Is There a Right of Freedom of Expression?
Authors: Alexander Larry
Published: February 2010

In this provocative book, Alexander offers a sceptical appraisal of the claim that freedom of expression is a human right. He examines the various contexts in which a right to freedom of expression might be asserted and concludes that such a right cannot be supported in any of these contexts. He argues that some legal protection of freedom of expression is surely valuable, though the form such protection will take will vary with historical and cultural circumstances and is not a matter of human right. Written in a clear and accessible style, this book will appeal to students and professionals in political philosophy, law, political science, and human rights.
Islam, Law, and Equality in Indonesia
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: February 2010

In Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim-majority country, Muslims struggle to reconcile radically different sets of social norms and laws, including those derived from Islam, local social norms, and contemporary ideas about gender equality and rule of law. In this 2003 study, John Bowen explores this struggle, through archival and ethnographic research in villages and courtrooms of the Aceh Province, Sumatra, and through interviews with national religious and legal figures. He analyses the social frameworks for disputes about land, inheritance, marriage, divorce, Islamic History and, more broadly, about the relationships between the state and Islam, and between Muslims and non-Muslims. The book speaks to debates carried out in all societies about how people can live together with their deep differences in values and ways of life. It will be welcomed by scholars and students across the social sciences, particularly those interested in anthropology, cultural sociology and political theory.
Sex and the State
Authors: Htun Mala
Published: February 2010

Abortion, divorce, and the family: how did the state make policy decisions in these areas in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile during the last third of the twentieth century? As the three countries transitioned from democratic to authoritarian forms of government (and back), they confronted challenges posed by the rise of the feminist movement, social changes, and the power of the Catholic Church. The results were often surprising: women's rights were expanded under military dictatorships, divorce was legalized in authoritarian Brazil but not in democratic Chile, and no Latin American country changed its laws on abortion. Sex and the State, first published in 2003, explores these patterns of gender-related policy reform and shows how they mattered for the peoples of Latin America and for a broader understanding of the logic behind the state's role in shaping private lives and gender relations everywhere.
Issue Politics in Congress
Authors: Sulkin Tracy
Published: February 2010

Do representatives and senators respond to the critiques raised by their challengers? This study, one of the first to explore how legislators' experiences as candidates shape their subsequent behavior as policy makers, demonstrates that they do. Winning legislators regularly take up their challengers' priority issues from the last campaign and act on them in office, a phenomenon called 'issue uptake'. This attentiveness to their challengers' issues reflects a widespread and systematic yet largely unrecognized mode of responsiveness in the U.S. Congress, but it is one with important benefits for the legislators who undertake it and for the health and legitimacy of the representative process. This book provides fresh insight into questions regarding the electoral connection in legislative behavior, the role of campaigns and elections, and the nature and quality of congressional representation.
Pattern Formation
Authors: Hoyle Rebecca
Published: February 2010

From the stripes of a zebra and the spots on a leopard's back to the ripples on a sandy beach or desert dune, regular patterns arise everywhere in nature. The appearance and evolution of these phenomena has been a focus of recent research activity across several disciplines. This book provides an introduction to the range of mathematical theory and methods used to analyse and explain these often intricate and beautiful patterns. Bringing together several different approaches, from group theoretic methods to envelope equations and theory of patterns in large-aspect ratio-systems, the book also provides insight behind the selection of one pattern over another. Suitable as an upper-undergraduate textbook for mathematics students or as a fascinating, engaging, and fully illustrated resource for readers in physics and biology, Rebecca Hoyle's book, using a non-partisan approach, unifies a range of techniques used by active researchers in this growing field.
The Limits of Medicine
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: February 2010

What are the final limits of medicine? What should we not try to cure medically, even if we had the necessary financial resources and technology? This book philosophically addresses these questions by examining two mirror-image debates in tandem. Members of certain groups, who are deemed by traditional standards to have a medical condition, such as deafness, obesity, or anorexia, argue that they have created their own cultures and ways of life. Curing their conditions would be a form of genocide. Members of other groups are seeking to provide medical treatment to what would conventionally be deemed 'cultural conditions'. Mild neurotics who take anti-depressants to elevate their mood, runners who use steroids, or men and women seeking cosmetic surgery are asking for medical treatment for problems that might be solved culturally, by changing norms, pressures, or expectations in the broader culture. Each of these two debates endeavors to locate medicine's final frontier and to articulate what it is that we should not treat medically even if we could. This volume analyzes what these two contemporary debates have to say to each other and thus offers a new way of determining medicine's final limits.
Themes and Conventions of Elizabethan Tragedy
Authors: Bradbrook M. C.
Published: February 2010

The first edition of this book formed the basis of the modern approach to Elizabethan poetic drama as a performing art, an approach pursued in subsequent volumes by Professor Bradbrook. Its influence has also extended to other fields; it has been studied by Grigori Kozintesev and Sergei Eisenstein for instance. Conventions of open stage, stylized plot and characters, and actors' traditions of presentation are related to the special expectations which a rhetorical training produced in the listeners. The general discussion of tragic conventions is followed by individual studies of how these were used by Marlowe, Tourneur, Webster and Middlewon. For this second edition Professor Bradbrook has revised her material and written a new introduction. A new final chapter on performace and characterization describes the conventions of role-playing. Dramatists before and after Shakespeare are compared with him in their methods of showing a complex identity on stage. This chapter also considers the work of Marston, Chapman and Ford in relation to the themes and conventions studied in earlier chapters, providing a link with the subsequent volumes in A History of Elizabethan Drama.
Jews in the Hellenistic World
Authors: Bartlett John R.
Published: February 2010

This book aims to introduce the work of Hellenistic Jewish writers of the period 200 BC to AD 200. Four in particular are studied. The authors of the Letter of Aristeas and the Sibylline Oracles came from second-century BC Egypt. Eupolemus wrote probably in Jerusalem at the same time. Josephus, a priest from Judaea, wrote in Rome in the late first century AD. Using Greek, not Hebrew or Aramaic, and conscious of the position of Jews in the Graeco-Roman world, they wished to demonstrate that their cultural and religious heritage stood comparison with the Graeco-Roman tradition and that Jews were neither so philosophically naive nor so politically troublesome as they were often supposed to be. An opening chapter describing the position of Jews in the Hellenistic world is followed by selected passages, all newly translated, with introductory essays and commentary. The collection makes available to students much material hitherto not easily accessible.
Method in Ecology
Authors: Shrader-Frechette Kristin S. , McCoy Earl D.
Published: February 2010

In this volume, the authors discuss what practical contributions ecology can and can't make in applied science and environmental problem solving. In the first section, they discuss conceptual problems that have often prevented the formulation and evaluation of powerful, precise, general theories, explain why island biogeography is still beset with controversy and examine the ways in which science is value laden. In the second section, they describe how ecology can give us specific answers to practical environmental questions posed in individual case studies, and argue for a new way to look at scientific error. A case study using the Florida panther is examined in the light of these findings. They end by suggesting a bright future for the important, but relatively undeveloped task of applying ecology to practical environmental problem solving.
Partisan Politics in the Global Economy
Authors: Garrett Geoffrey
Published: February 2010

Geoffrey Garrett challenges the conventional wisdom about the domestic effects of the globalization of markets in the industrial democracies: the erosion of national autonomy and the demise of leftist alternatives to the free market. He demonstrates that globalization has strengthened the relationship between the political power of the left and organized labour and economic policies that reduce market-generated inequalities of risk and wealth. Moreover, macroeconomic outcomes in the era of global markets have been as good or better in strong left-labour regimes ('social democratic corporatism') as in other industrial countries. Pessimistic visions of the inexorable dominance of capital over labour or radical autarkic and nationalist backlashes against markets are significantly overstated. Electoral politics have not been dwarfed by market dynamics as social forces. Globalized markets have not rendered immutable the efficiency-equality trade-off.
Impact Mechanics
Authors: Stronge W. J.
Published: February 2010

Impact mechanics is concerned with the reaction forces that develop during a collision and the dynamic response of structures to these reaction forces. The subject has a wide range of engineering applications, from designing sports equipment to improving the crashworthiness of automobiles. This book develops several different methodologies for analysing collisions between structures. These range from rigid body theory for structures that are stiff and compact, to vibration and wave analyses for flexible structures. The emphasis is on low-speed impact where damage is local to the small region of contact between the colliding bodies. The analytical methods presented give results that are more robust or less sensitive to initial conditions than have been achieved hitherto. As a text, Impact Mechanics builds upon foundation courses in dynamics and strength of materials. It includes numerous industrially relevant examples and end-of-chapter homework problems drawn from industry and sports. Practising engineers will also find the methods presented in this book useful in calculating the response of a mechanical system to impact.
The Israeli Peace Movement
Authors: Hermann Tamar S.
Published: February 2010

This book discusses the predicament of the Israeli peace movement, which, paradoxically, following the launching of the Oslo peace process between Israel and the Palestinians in 1993, experienced a prolonged, fatal decline in membership, activity, political significance, and media visibility. After presenting the regional and national background to the launching of the peace process and a short history of Israeli peace activism, the book focuses on external and internal processes and interactions experienced by the peace movement, after some basic postulates of its agenda were actually, although never explicitly, embraced by the Rabin government. The book concludes that, despite its organizational decline and the zero credit given to it by the policy makers, in retrospect it appears that the movement contributed significantly to the integration of new ideas for possible solutions to the Middle East conflict in the Israeli mainstream political discourse.
Reynolds number dependence of mean flow structure in square duct turbulence
Authors: PINELLI ALFREDO , UHLMANN MARKUS , SEKIMOTO ATSUSHI , KAWAHARA GENTA
Published: February 2010

We have performed direct numerical simulations of turbulent flows in a square duct considering a range of Reynolds numbers spanning from a marginal state up to fully developed turbulent states at low Reynolds numbers. The main motivation stems from the relatively poor knowledge about the basic physical mechanisms that are responsible for one of the most outstanding features of this class of turbulent flows: Prandtl's secondary motion of the second kind. In particular, the focus is upon the role of flow structures in its generation and characterization when increasing the Reynolds number. We present a two-fold scenario. On the one hand, buffer layer structures determine the distribution of mean streamwise vorticity. On the other hand, the shape and the quantitative character of the mean secondary flow, defined through the mean cross-stream function, are influenced by motions taking place at larger scales. It is shown that high velocity streaks are preferentially located in the corner region (e.g. less than 50 wall units apart from a sidewall), flanked by low velocity ones. These locations are determined by the positioning of quasi-streamwise vortices with a preferential sign of rotation in agreement with the above described velocity streaks' positions. This preferential arrangement of the classical buffer layer structures determines the pattern of the mean streamwise vorticity that approaches the corners with increasing Reynolds number. On the other hand, the centre of the mean secondary flow, defined as the position of the extrema of the mean cross-stream function (computed using the mean streamwise vorticity), remains at a constant location departing from the mean streamwise vorticity field for larger Reynolds numbers, i.e. it scales in outer units. This paper also presents a detailed validation of the numerical technique including a comparison of the numerical results with data obtained from a companion experiment.
Viscous effects in two-layer, unidirectional hydraulic flow
Authors: SINGH MARTIN S. , HOGG ANDREW McC.
Published: February 2010

Hydraulic equations are derived for a stratified (two-layer) flow in which the horizontal velocity varies continuously in the vertical. Viscosity is included in the governing equations, and the effect of friction in hydraulically controlled flows is examined. The analysis yields Froude numbers which depend upon the integrated inverse square of velocity but reduce to the original layered Froude numbers when velocity is constant with depth. The Froude numbers reveal a critical condition for hydraulic control, which equates to the arrest of internal gravity waves.

Solutions are presented for the case of unidirectional flow through a lateral constriction, both with and without bottom drag. In the free-slip lower boundary case, viscosity transports momentum from the faster to the slower layer, thereby shifting the control point downstream and reducing the flux through the constriction. However, while the velocity shear at the interface between the two layers is reduced, the top-to-bottom velocity difference of the controlled solution is increased for larger values of viscosity. This counter-intuitive result is due to the restrictions placed on the flow at the hydraulic control point. When bottom drag is included in the model, the total flux may increase, in some cases exceeding that of the inviscid solution.
Shock regularization in dense gases by viscous–inviscid interactions
Authors: KLUWICK A. , MEYER G.
Published: February 2010

Transonic high-Reynolds-number flows through channels which are so narrow that the classical boundary-layer approach fails locally are considered in the presence of a weak stationary normal shock. As a consequence, the properties of the inviscid core and the viscosity-dominated boundary-layer region can no longer be determined in subsequent steps but have to be calculated simultaneously in a small interaction region. Under the requirement that the core-region flow should be considered to be one-dimensional to the leading order the resulting problem of shock–boundary-layer interaction is formulated by the means of matched asymptotic expansions for laminar flows of dense gases (Bethe–Zel'dovich–Thompson, or BZT, fluids). Such fluids have the distinguishing feature that the fundamental derivative of gas dynamics can become negative or even change sign under the thermodynamic conditions to be considered. The regularizing properties of the mechanism of viscous–inviscid interactions on the different anomalous shock forms possible in the flow of dense gases with mixed nonlinearity, namely rarefaction, sonic, double-sonic and split shocks, will be discussed. To this end we show the consistency of the resulting internal-shock profiles because of strong shock–boundary-layer interaction with a generalized shock admissibility criterion formulated for the case of purely inviscid flows. Representative solutions for the internal-shock structures are presented, and the importance of such flow phenomena in technical applications in the near future are shortly discussed by considering estimates of the actual dimensions of the interaction region for a specific representative situation in which the BZT fluid PP10 (C13F22) has been selected.
Transient flow of a viscous compressible fluid in a circular tube after a sudden point impulse
Authors: FELDERHOF B. U.
Published: February 2010

The flow of a viscous compressible fluid in a circular tube generated by a sudden impulse at a point on the axis is studied on the basis of the linearized Navier–Stokes equations. A no-slip boundary condition is assumed to hold on the wall of the tube. Owing to the finite velocity of sound the flow behaviour differs qualitatively from that of an incompressible fluid. The flow velocity and the pressure disturbance at any fixed point different from the source point vanish at short time and decay at long times with a t−3/2 power law.
On the turbulent Prandtl number in homogeneous stably stratified turbulence
Authors: VENAYAGAMOORTHY SUBHAS K. , STRETCH DEREK D.
Published: February 2010

In this paper, we derive a general relationship for the turbulent Prandtl number Prt for homogeneous stably stratified turbulence from the turbulent kinetic energy and scalar variance equations. A formulation for the turbulent Prandtl number, Prt, is developed in terms of a mixing length scale LM and an overturning length scale LE, the ratio of the mechanical (turbulent kinetic energy) decay time scale TL to scalar decay time scale Tρ and the gradient Richardson number Ri. We show that our formulation for Prt is appropriate even for non-stationary (developing) stratified flows, since it does not include the reversible contributions in both the turbulent kinetic energy production and buoyancy fluxes that drive the time variations in the flow. Our analysis of direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of homogeneous sheared turbulence shows that the ratio LM/LE ≈ 1 for weakly stratified flows. We show that in the limit of zero stratification, the turbulent Prandtl number is equal to the inverse of the ratio of the mechanical time scale to the scalar time scale, TL/Tρ. We use the stably stratified DNS data of Shih et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 412, 2000, pp. 1–20; J. Fluid Mech., vol. 525, 2005, pp. 193–214) to propose a new parameterization for Prt in terms of the gradient Richardson number Ri. The formulation presented here provides a general framework for calculating Prt that will be useful for turbulence closure schemes in numerical models.
New relations for correlation functions in Navier–Stokes turbulence
Authors: FALKOVICH G. , FOUXON I. , OZ Y.
Published: February 2010

We consider the steady-state statistics of turbulence in the inertial interval. The Kolmogorov flux relation (4/5-law) is shown to be a particular case of the general relation on the current–density correlation function. Using that, we derive an analogous flux relation for compressible turbulence and a new exact relation for incompressible turbulence.
The optimum position for a tidal power barrage in the Severn estuary – ERRATUM
Authors: RAINEY R. C. T.
Published: February 2010

In Rainey (2009) incorrect files for figures 3 and 4 were published. The Publisher apologizes to the author and readers for this error. The correct figures (received 2 September 2009) are shown below.
Why we need more debate on whether psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality
Authors: David A. S.
Published: February 2010

The notion that psychotic symptoms lie on a continuum with normality has become an accepted dogma. It is supported by several lines of empirical evidence, fits in with the orientation of modern services and has a ‘moral’ appeal. However, there is confusion as to the nature of the continuum or continua under discussion. According to the author, commentators on this topic do not often distinguish between the variability and severity of the phenomena themselves, within or between individuals,versusthe distribution of symptoms or risk factors in a population. The implications of these two types of continua differ. Furthermore, the evidence for continua of delusional beliefs and hallucinations can be challenged on a number of grounds, both methodological and conceptual. To some extent, whether phenomena are viewed as continua or categories depends on the intentions of the observer. Finding the distinctive characteristics of psychotic phenomena in people with clinical disorders, in addition to their origins in ‘normal’ cognitive processes, is a worthwhile goal.
Schellenberg on divine hiddenness and religious scepticism
Authors: McCREARY MARK L.
Published: February 2010

J. L. Schellenberg has constructed major arguments for atheism based on divine hiddenness in two separate works. This paper reviews these arguments and highlights how they are grounded in reflections on perfect divine love. However, Schellenberg also defends what he calls the ‘subject mode’ of religious scepticism. I argue that if one accepts Schellenberg's scepticism, then the foundation of his divine-hiddenness arguments is undermined by calling into question some of his conclusions regarding perfect divine love. In other words, if his scepticism is correct, then Schellenberg's case for atheism cannot stand. Finally, I demonstrate how my argument avoids the many defences that Schellenberg has employed thus far in defending these particular atheistic arguments.
The doctrine of ‘the resurrection of the same body’ in early modern thought
Authors: STRICKLAND LLOYD
Published: February 2010

The Judaeo-Christian belief in the general resurrection has long been troubled by the issue of personal identity, but prior to the advent of such concerns there existed a cognate concern about the identity not of the resurrected person, but of the resurrected person's body. Although this latter issue has exercised scholars of various ages, concern with it was particularly keen in early modern times. In this paper I chart the various ways bodily identity was conceived by early modern thinkers in connection with the resurrection, as well as the key objections their contemporaries developed in response.
Gratuitous evil and divine providence
Authors: RHODA ALAN R.
Published: February 2010

Discussions of the evidential argument from evil generally pay little attention to how different models of divine providence constrain the theist's options for response. After describing four models of providence and general theistic strategies for engaging the evidential argument, I articulate and defend a definition of ‘gratuitous evil’ that renders the theological premise of the argument uncontroversial for theists. This forces theists to focus their fire on the evidential premise, enabling us to compare models of providence with respect to how plausibly they can resist it. I then assess the four models, concluding that theists are better off vis-à-vis the evidential argument if they reject meticulous providence.
Diffeomorphisms which cannot be topologically conjugate to diffeomorphisms of a higher smoothness
Authors: TURAEV DMITRY
Published: February 2010

We provide examples of two-dimensional diffeomorphisms which cannot be topologically conjugate to any diffeomorphism of a higher smoothness.
Selbstkonzept nach erworbenen Hirnschädigungen: Veränderungen der Selbstwahrnehmung und Subjektives Wohlbefinden
Authors: Doering Bettina K. , Conrad Nico , Rief Winfried , Exner Cornelia
Published: February 2010

Negative Selbstkonzepte stehen in Zusammenhang zu erhöhter depressiver Symptomatik, vermehrter psychosozialer Belastung und reduzierter Lebensqualität, was ihre Relevanz für Rehabilitationsprozesse begründet. Untersucht wurden Selbstkonzeptveränderungen nach erworbenen Hirnschädigungen bei PatientInnen der akuten (N = 59) und postakuten (N = 29) Rehabilitationsphase. Beide Stichproben bewerten aktuelle Selbstkonzepte verglichen mit prämorbiden Einschätzungen negativ. Faktorenanalytisch wurden 2 Selbstkonzeptbereiche ermittelt („Emotionales Erleben“, „Eigenschaften in sozialen Interaktionen“), die von der Erkrankung unterschiedlich stark betroffen sind. Negative aktuelle Selbstkonzepte stehen in engem Zusammenhang zu reduziertem Subjektivem Wohlbefinden und erklären regressionsanalytisch einen substantiellen Varianzanteil des Subjektiven Wohlbefindens. Soziodemographische und schädigungsbezogene Variablen spielen demgegenüber eine untergeordnete Rolle. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für die Berücksichtigung von Interventionen zur positiven Beeinflussung des Selbstkonzeptes in der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung von PatientInnen mit erworbenen Hirnschädigungen.
Clay clast aggregates in gouges: New textural evidence for seismic faulting
Authors: Boutareaud Sébastien , Boullier Anne‐Marie , Andréani Muriel , Calugaru Dan‐Gabriel , Beck Pierre , Song Sheng‐Rong , Shimamoto Toshihiko
Published: February 2010

Spherical aggregates named clay‐clast aggregates (CCAs) have been reported from recent investigations on retrieved clay‐bearing fault gouges from shallow depth seismogenic faults and rotary shear experiments conducted on clay‐bearing gouge at seismic slip rates. The formation of CCAs appears to be related to the shearing of a smectite‐rich granular material that expands and becomes fluidized. We have conducted additional high‐velocity rotary shear experiments and low‐velocity double‐shear experiments. We demonstrate that a critical temperature depending on dynamic pressure‐temperature conditions is needed for the formation of CCAs. This temperature corresponds to the phase transition of pore water from liquid to vapor or to critical, which induced gouge pore fluid expansion and therefore a thermal pressurization of the fault. A detailed examination by energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDX‐SEM) element mapping, SEM, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows strong similar characteristics of experimental and natural CCAs with a concentric well‐organized fabric of the cortex and reveals that their development may result from the combination of electrostatic and capillary forces in a critical reactive medium during the dynamic slip weakening. Accordingly, the occurrence of CCAs in natural clay‐rich fault gouges constitutes new unequivocal textural evidence for shallow depth thermal pressurization and consequently for past seismic faulting.
Birth of a volcanic margin off Argentina, South Atlantic
Authors: Franke Dieter , Ladage Stefan , Schnabel Michael , Schreckenberger Bernd , Reichert Christian , Hinz Karl , Paterlini Marcelo , de Abelleyra Juan , Siciliano Miguel
Published: February 2010

Based on a dense grid of multichannel reflection seismic lines we study the evolution of a volcanic rifted margin segment off Argentina. The segment under study is located between 44°S and 41°S. We describe in detail the facies of the extrusive basaltic complexes across the margin. These include single and multiple Inner Seaward Dipping Reflectors (SDRs) with varying architecture along the margin, Outer Highs, and Outer SDR wedges. A detailed interpretation of a transitional zone between the Inner and Outer SDR wedges is presented. Multiple Inner SDRs are concentrated at the southern part of the margin segment, while in the north only one steeply dipping wedge is present. The dip of the Inner SDR wedges changes along the margin, and we propose subsidence by loading as main cause. The transitional zone between the Inner and Outer SDR wedges becomes narrower toward the north. By correlating with magnetic data we conclude that the emplacement of the 30–100 km wide multiple Inner SDRs occurred episodically. We propose an injection center which migrated in a seaward direction with proceeding extension as the origin for the multiple Inner SDRs. A scissor‐like opening of the margin segment resulted in different amounts of stretching along‐strike of the margin segment and is likely the cause for the varying distribution of the extrusive basaltic complexes. The varying extension rates within the margin segment contribute to decreasing volumes of melts generated in a northward direction within this rift segment.