bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herd prevalence and geographic distribution of, and risk factors for, bovine paratuberculosis in Wisconsin
Authors: Collins Μ. T. , Sockett D. C. , Goodger W. J. , Conrad T. A. , Thomas C. B. , Carr D. J.
Published: December 2023

A random sample of Wisconsin dairy herds, stratified by herd size, were tested for paratuberculosis by use of an absorbed ELISA procedure. The ELISA was optimized for overall accuracy by means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and had a sensitivity and specificity of 50.9 and 94.9%, respectively. Herd prevalence was analyzed for correlation with responses to a management practices questionnaire completed by the herd owners. One hundred and fifty-eight herds and 4,990 cattle were tested. Of these, 50% of herds and 7.29% of cattle had positive test results. Calculation of true prevalence from the apparent prevalence indicated that 4.79% of cattle and 34% of the Wisconsin dairy herds tested had serologic evidence of paratuberculosis. Among the 54 herds classified as positive on the basis of true prevalence estimation, the mean number of test positive cattle was 20.3%. The geographic distribution of herds with positive results was not uniform. More infected herds were found in the southern and western districts of Wisconsin than in the eastern district. The westcentral district had a larger number of infected herds than did other districts. By use of χ2 analysis, the only management factor found to be significantly associated with herd prevalence was housing of calves after weaning (P = 0.03). Specifically, in herds with higher prevalence, calves were separated after weaning into calf barns and hutches rather than into pens in the cow barn more often than in herds with lower prevalence. This factor was also considered significant by use of logistic regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis also revealed that herd size and location of farm by district of the state were significantly related to herd paratuberculosis prevalence.
Use of positive-pressure ventilation in dogs and cats: 41 cases (1990-1992)
Authors: King Lesley G. , Hendricks Joan C.
Published: December 2023

Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (ppv) is an invasive means of respiratory support that is indicated in animals with central and peripheral neuromuscular disease, as well as in those with primary disorders of the lung parenchyma. We reviewed the medical records of 34 dogs and 7 cats treated with ppv. The animals could be allotted to 2 groups; group 1 (21/41) had primary failure of ventilation attributable to neuromuscular disease or airway obstruction, and group 2 (20/41) had primary pulmonary parenchymal disease.

Mean inspiratory time was 1.02 ± 0.2 seconds (range, 0.6 to 1.5 seconds). Mean inspiratory flow was 26.9 ± 18.5 L/min (range, 7 to 87 L/min), and was positively correlated with body weight (R = 0.57). Mean set respiratory rate was 19.6 ± 10 breaths/min (range, 5 to 60 breaths/min), with mean tidal volume of 15.5 ± 6.2 ml/kg of body weight. Positive end-expiratory pressure (peep) was required in 14 of 20 dogs in group 2. Mean peak airway pressure in group 1 was 21.6 ± 6.3 cm of H2O, whereas in group 2 it was 32.9 ± 12.5 cm of H2O. The higher peak airway pressure in group-2 dogs reflected poor lung compliance and the use of peep in dogs with parenchymal lung disease. Mean duration of ppv was 28.2 ± 29.4 hours (range, 2 to 137 hours).

The overall survival rate was 39% (16/41). Factors that appeared to correlate with survival included age, with higher mortality in animals < 1 year old or > 11 years old (P < 0.01); body weight, with mortality highest in animals < 10 kg (P < 0.05); reason for ventilation, with survival in group 1 being 57%, and in group 2, 20%; and development of complications, with 28% of animals that developed major complications surviving, compared with 48% of those that did not develop major complications. Two major complications of ppv were documented: pneumothorax and pneumonia. Twelve of 41 animals developed pneumothorax and had been ventilated by use of peak airway pressures > 25 cm of H2O, or peep. An additional 6 animals developed subclinical pneumonia during treatment with ppv.
Multiple manifestations of season on reproductive performance of commercial swine
Authors: Xue Jin-Liang , Dial Gary D. , Marsh William E. , Davies Peter R.
Published: December 2023

Seasonal variation oj reproductive performance of female swine was analyzed by use of a data base that included farrowing records from 42 commercial swine herds. Farrowing rates of sows bred during December or January were higher (P < 0.001) than those bred in July or August (79.2 vs 74.1%). The percentage of sows with irregular (prolonged) return-toestrus intervals after mating in December or January (2.63%) was lower (P < 0.01) than those mated in July or August (4.65%). Sows mated in November through January had greater total number of pigs born per litter (11.66 vs 11.19 pigs per litter), more pigs born alive per litter (10.39 vs 9.84 pigs per litter), and greater litter birth weights (15.20 vs 14.28 kg) than sows mated in June through August (P < 0.001). Adjusted 21-day litter weights were lower (P < 0.001) for litters from sows farrowing in July or August (52.04 kg) than sows farrowing in all other months (55.13 kg) except June and September. Sows that had their litters weaned in June through August had longer (P < 0.001) weaning-to-estrus intervals (7.95 days) than sows that had their litters weaned in November through January (6.84 days). The effects of season varied across parities. Primiparous sows had the greatest seasonal variability in weaning-to-estrus interval, whereas multiparous sows had the greatest seasonal variability in total number of pigs born per litter and pigs born alive per litter.
Survey of statistical methods used in the veterinary medical literature
Authors: Hammer Alan S. , Buffington C. A.
Published: December 2023

Articles published in 1992 in 6 veterinary journals were reviewed. In 51% of the articles, statistical analyses were not performed or only descriptive statistics (eg, mean, median, standard deviation) were used. The most commonly used statistical tests were ANOVA and t-tests. Knowledge of 5 categories of statistical methods (ANOVA, t-tests, contingency tables, nonparametric tests, and simple linear regression) permitted access to 90% of the veterinary literature surveyed. These data may be useful when modifying the veterinary curriculum to reflect current statistical usage.
Cytauxzoonosis in cats: Eight cases (1985–1992)
Authors: Hoover John P. , Walker Dana B. , Hedges Jean D.
Published: December 2023

Cytauxzoonosis is a rapidly and highly fatal disease in cats that is caused by the protozoan Cytauxzoon felis, which may be transmitted by Ixodid ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) from parasitemic bobcats (Lynx rufus). During an 8-year period, cytauxzoonosis was diagnosed in 8 cats, 7 cats within 14 months. Risk factors for these cats were warm weather, access to a wooded environment, and exposure to ticks. The most consistent clinical signs were acute lethargy, anorexia, decreased response to external stimuli (depression), icterus, dehydration, and capillary refill time > 2 seconds. Pertinent clinicopathologic findings were normocytic normochromic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia; high serum concentrations of total bilirubin and glucose, low serum concentrations of albumin and potassium, high serum alanine transaminase activity; and, bilirubinuria. Confirmation of cytauxzoonosis was made by cytologic or histologic identification of the C felis organism. Splenic, lymph node, and bone marrow aspirates can provide an antemortem diagnosis when the number of parasitized erythrocytes is low on blood smears. Supportive treatment of 6 cats was temporarily palliative in some, but all 8 cats either died (3) or were euthanatized (5) when they became moribund. Survival time from observed onset of illness to death was < 5 days. Necropsy of 4 cats revealed predominately pulmonary involvement with venous congestion. Histologic examination revealed venous occlusion by parasitized mononuclear phagocytes in all tissue specimens, but only minimal inflammatory infiltrates.
Detection of a cell line contaminated with hog cholera virus
Authors: Bolin Steven R. , Black John W. , Frey Merwin L. , Katz Jonathan B. , Ridpath Julia F. , Roblin Richard O.
Published: December 2023

Cell lines from the repository of the American Type Culture Collection were examined for possible contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus. During testing, hog cholera virus (HCV) was detected in the IB-RS-2 D10 porcine kidney cell line. This variant of HCV was avirulent for pigs and seldom induced detectable concentrations of antibody against reference viruses (HCV-Ames or bovine viral diarrhea virus-NY1) in serum of inoculated pigs. Additionally, this variant of HCV did not confer protection to pigs against virulent HCV. The contaminated cell line had been distributed to > 20 laboratories in the United States. The cell line was not used in field studies and has been destroyed.
Thymoma in dogs: 23 cases (1980–1991)
Authors: Atwater Stephen W. , Powers Barbara E. , Park Richard D. , Straw Rodney C. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 23 dogs in which thymoma was diagnosed between Jan 1, 1980 and Dec 31, 1991 were reviewed. All thymomas were located in the cranial mediastinum. Eleven dogs had mega-esophagus, and myasthenia gravis was confirmed in 7 of these 11. One dog developed clinical signs of myasthenia gravis after removal of the thymoma. Concurrent, nonthymic neoplasms were found in 5 dogs, and 2 had hypercalcemia. Three dogs developed third-degree atrioventricular heart block, 1 of which had generalized myositis involving the cardiac muscle.

None of the dogs had evidence of distant metastasis. Histologically, the predominant tumor types were differentiated epithelial type (9/23) and lymphocyte-rich type (6/23). Clear cells (large cells with nonstaining cytoplasm) comprised ≥ 50% of the cell population in tumors from 5 dogs. Mast cells were detected histologically in 85% of the thymomas evaluated. Sixteen dogs were treated, and in 15 of these, surgery was the primary means of treatment. Six of the 9 dogs with megaesophagus that underwent surgery died or were euthanized within 1 week of diagnosis; whereas only 1 of the 4 dogs without megaesophagus that underwent surgery died within 1 week of diagnosis. Two dogs underwent surgery and received adjuvant chemotherapy. One dog died of complications associated with chemotherapy. One dog was treated with chemotherapy alone and survived 14 months. Seven dogs did not undergo treatment; 4 of these were euthanatized immediately after the mass was first discovered.

By means of univariate analysis, age (≤ 8 years old vs > 8 years old), megaesophagus (present vs not present), and histologic type were found to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with survival time. Only megaesophagus was found to be significantly associated with survival time by multivariate analysis. Dogs with megaesophagus had a Kaplan-Meier median survival time of 4 days. Kaplan-Meier median survival time for dogs without megaesophagus could not be calculated, because most dogs died of causes unrelated to the thymoma and were censored. Kaplan-Meier 1-year survival rate was 83% for dogs without megaesophagus.
Arthroscopic removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the plantar/palmar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses: 119 cases (1988-1992)
Authors: Fortier Lisa A. , Foerner Joseph J. , Nixon Alan J.
Published: December 2023

Medical records from 119 horses that had undergone arthroscopic surgery for removal of axial osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar proximal aspect of the proximal phalanx were reviewed. Standardbred racehorses represented 109 (92%) of those affected. Ninety-three (78%) of the horses were < 3 years old. Gender distribution was consistent with that of the equine hospital population. Fragments most commonly were observed in the hind limbs (155/164; 95%), specifically, on the medial aspect of the left hind limb (72/164; 44%). Bilateral fragmentation occurred in 21 of 119 (18%) horses, and 15 of 119 (13%) horses had fragments in the medial and lateral aspect within the same joint. Fifteen (13%) horses had a concurrent osteochondritis dissecans lesion on the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, and 30 of 119 (25%) had radiographic signs of osteoarthritis involving the centrodistal (distal intertarsal) and tarsometatarsal articulations.

In 55 of 87 (63%) racehorses and in 100% of the 9 nonracehorses, performance returned to preoperative levels after surgery. Fragment numbers or distribution, concurrent osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, or tarsal osteoarthritis were not significantly associated with outcome. Abnormal surgical findings, consisting of articular cartilage fibrillation or synovial proliferation, were significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with adverse outcome; these findings were documented in 31% of the 32 horses without successful outcome and in only 2% of the 55 horses with successful outcomes.
Effects of desoxycorticosterone pivalate administration on blood pressure in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism
Authors: Kaplan Andrew J. , Peterson Mark E.
Published: December 2023

A study was designed to evaluate the effects of desoxycorticosterone pivalate (docp) on blood pressure in 8 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism, and to attempt to identify other factors that might suggest overdosage of the drug. In 4 dogs, primary hypoadrenocorticism had been diagnosed immediately before entry of the dog into the study, and the dogs had not received any mineralocorticoid supplementation. In the other 4 dogs, primary hypoadrenocorticism had been diagnosed 1 to 6 years previously, and dogs were being treated with docp at the time of entry into the study. In all 8 dogs, docp (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, im) was administered on days 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the study; each dog was examined on days 0, 30, 60, 75, 90, and 105. At the time of each visit, a medical history was obtained, a complete physical examination and serum biochemical analyses were performed, and body weight and blood pressure were measured. Dopplershift ultrasonic sphygmomanometry was used to indirectly record systemic systolic and diastolic pressures. None of the dogs developed hypernatremia or hypokalemia or any clinical signs suggestive of hypoadrenocorticism during the study. However, in 6 dogs (3 that had not been previously treated with mineralocorticoids and 3 that had been), there was a significant increase in body weight over the course of the study. Compared with baseline (day 0) arterial blood pressure, neither systolic nor diastolic blood pressure was significantly increased during the study, and all systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements were within reference ranges at all evaluation times. Results of this study indicate that docp fails to increase systolic or diastolic arterial blood pressure when administered at the recommended dosage to dogs with hypoadrenocorticism.
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific immune responses in calves after inoculation with commercially available vaccines
Authors: Ellis John A. , Hassard Lori E. , Morley Paul S.
Published: December 2023

A study was designed to determine if inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) vaccines induce the same types of antibody and cellular responses as does a modified-live brsv vaccine. Ninety mixed-breed, 5- to 6-month-old beef calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups with 15 animals/group. Calves in 5 of the groups were inoculated on days 0 and 14 with 1 of 4 inactivated virus vaccines or with a modified-live virus vaccine. The remaining 15 calves were maintained as unvaccinated controls. Immune responses were measured on days 0 and 24, by means of elisa, virus neutralization assay, blocking elisa for the brsv fusion (F) protein, immunoblotting, and lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. All vaccines induced production of antibodies that recognized the F protein; however, the ratio of neutralizing antibody titer to change in brsv-specific IgG antibody concentration (as determined by use of elisa) was lower for calves that received an inactivated virus vaccine than for calves that received the modified-live virus vaccine. All of the vaccines induced lymphocyte proliferative responses to brsv. Results suggest that commercially employed inactivation processes can alter functionally important epitopes on brsv envelope glycoproteins, leading to production of predominantly nonneutralizing antibodies in immunized cattle.
Randomized, controlled trial of the efficacy of carprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Vasseur Philip B. , Johnson Ann L. , Budsberg Steve C. , Lincoln James D. , Toombs James P. , Whitehair Jon G. , Lentz Ellen L.
Published: December 2023

Seventy dogs were included in a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial to test the efficacy of carprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for relief of clinical signs associated with osteoarthritis. Thirty-six dogs received carprofen, and 34 received a placebo. Response of the dogs was evaluated by comparing results of force plate examination and a graded lameness examination performed before and immediately after 2 weeks of treatment, and by obtaining a subjective assessment of the dog's posttreatment condition from owners and participating veterinarians. A physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, and fecal occult blood test were performed before and after treatment to monitor safety. For force plate evaluation, the odds ratio was 3.3, meaning that a dog treated with carprofen was 3.3 times more likely to have a positive response than was a dog treated with the placebo. For evaluation by a veterinarian, the odds ratio was 3.5, and for owner evaluation, the odds ratio was 4.2. Institution where dogs were treated did not have a significant effect on results. A variety of reactions that may have been related to the medication (placebo or carprofen) were recorded; however, none were considered serious. Serum alanine aminotransferase activity was high in 3 dogs (2 that received placebo and 1 that received carprofen) at the conclusion of treatment; none of the 3 dogs were clinically ill. Ten dogs © that received placebo and 5 that received carprofen) had negative pretreatment and positive posttreatment fecal occult blood test results.
Economic comparison of the pyloro-omentopexy vs the roll-and-toggle procedure for treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cattle
Authors: Bartlett Paul C. , Kopcha Michelle , Coe Paul H. , Ames N. Kent , Ruegg Pamela L. , Erskine Ronald J.
Published: December 2023

Seventy-two lactating dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum were blindly assigned to treatment by use of the roll-and-toggle procedure or right paralumbar fossa pyloro-omentopexy. All cows were from the same large dairy herd, and survival in the herd and daily milk production were measured for 120 days after treatment. The mean cost was $256.50 for roll-and-toggle cases ($50 for the procedure, $95.70 in milk loss and $110.80 in livestock losses). The mean cost was $406.40 for the pyloro-omentopexy cases ($150 for the procedure, $87.80 in milk loss, and $168.60 in livestock losses). A possible interaction with metritis was discovered, in that pyloro-omentopexy cases cost about $100 more than roll-and-toggle cases when metritis was absent (31 cases) or moderate (32 cases), and cost several times more when metritis was severe (9 cases). Results of the study were in agreement with those of other studies that indicated that the closed repositioning and stabilization techniques are generally less expensive and have comparable results with open repositioning and stabilization techniques. Veterinarians may wish to consider use of this nonsurgical technique for the routine correction of left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cattle.
Evaluation of results of preoperative urodynamic measurements in nine dogs with ectopic ureters
Authors: Lane India F. , Lappin Michael R. , Seim Howard B.
Published: December 2023

Cystometrographic studies and urethral pressure profiles were performed to objectively assess the functional status of the urinary bladder and urethra in 9 dogs with congenital ectopic ureters. Functional abnormalities of the urinary bladder or urethra were detected in 8 of 9 (89%) dogs. Cystometrographic evidence of reduced bladder capacity was detected in 4 (44%) dogs, and abnormalities in urethral pressure profiles were consistent with urethral incompetence in 6 (67%) dogs. Dogs with urethral pressure profile abnormalities were treated with phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and the urethral pressure profile was reevaluated. Urethral pressure measurements obtained before surgery (3 dogs) and after phenylpropanolamine (6 dogs) were used to predict the likelihood of continence after surgery. Predicted outcomes included continence maintained without medication (3 dogs), continence maintained with phenylpropanolamine (2 dogs), and persistent incontinence despite phenylpropanolamine administration (4 dogs). After surgical repair of ectopic ureters, 2 of 9 (22%) dogs were continent without medication, and 2 (22%) maintained continence with phenylpropanolamine treatment. Various degrees of incontinence persisted in 5 of 9 (56%) dogs, 4 of which had urethral incompetence that had been documented as poorly responsive to phenylpropanolamine administration prior to surgery. Predicted outcomes were consistent with actual outcomes in 8 of 9 (89%) dogs, with predictions of incontinence proving accurate in 4 of 4 (100%) dogs and predictions of continence proving accurate in 4 of 5 (80%) dogs. Urodynamic assessment of dogs with ectopic ureters appears to be valuable for identifying concurrent functional abnormalities of the urinary bladder and urethra and for predicting postoperative outcome.
Results of surgery and doxorubicin chemotherapy in dogs with osteosarcoma
Authors: Berg John , Weinstein M. Joy , Springfield Dempsey S. , Rand William M.
Published: December 2023

Thirty-five dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma were treated with 5 doses of doxorubicin (30 mg/m2 of body surface, IV, every 2 weeks). Surgical excision of the primary tumor was performed 13 days after the second (n = 18) or third (n = 17) treatment, and the subsequent doxorubicin treatment was given the day following surgery. Resected tumors were evaluated histologically to determine response to preoperative chemotherapy (ie, percentage of the tumor that was necrotic). Survival data for the 35 dogs were compared with survival data for a historical control group, consisting of 162 dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma treated by amputation alone.

Administration of doxorubicin at 2 week intervals was well tolerated. Three dogs were alive and did not have evidence of disease at the time of reporting. Of the remaining 32 dogs, 3 died or were euthanatized because of cardiomyopathy presumably caused by doxorubicin; 1 died suddenly 116 weeks after initiation of treatment; and the remaining 28 were euthanatized because of problems documented to be related to distant metastases. Thirteen dogs (40.6%) were euthanatized because of pulmonary metastases, 10 dogs (31.3%) were euthanatized because of bone metastases, and 5 dogs (15.6%) were euthanatized because of metastases in other sites. The proportion of dogs euthanatized because of bone metastases was significantly (P < 0.001) higher for the study group than for the control group.

Median survival time for the 35 dogs that received doxorubicin was estimated to be 52.3 weeks, and 1- and 2-year survival rates were estimated to be 50.5 and 9.7%, respectively. Survival time was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer for these dogs than for control dogs. Percentage of the resected primary tumor that was necrotic ranged from 0 to 87% (mean, 24.9%). There was a significant (r = 0.39; P < 0.05) direct correlation between survival time and percentage of the tumor that was necrotic.
Arthroscopic findings in the carpal joints of lame horses without radiographically visible abnormalities: 41 cases (1986-1991)
Authors: Moore Rustin M. , Schneider Robert K.
Published: December 2023

Arthroscopy was performed in 1 carpal joint unilaterally in 27 horses and either in 2 carpal joints unilaterally or 1 carpal joint bilaterally in 7 horses. All horses were lame, but the cause of lameness could not be determined from radiographs. Twenty-seven carpi did not have radiographically visible abnormalities; the remaining 14 had only mild to moderate lucency or sclerosis of the radial facet of the third carpal bone. The primary abnormalities identified during arthroscopy included a crush fracture of the third carpal bone (7 carpi), an incomplete fracture of the third carpal bone in the frontal plane (13 carpi), an incomplete fracture of the third carpal bone in the sagittal plane (1 carpus), a crush fracture of the radial carpal bone (1 carpus), a chip fracture of the intermediate carpal bone (1 carpus), damage to the articular cartilage of the third carpal bone (12 carpi), tearing or fraying of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament (4 carpi), and synovitis (2 carpi).

All of the horses in this study were racehorses (29 Standardbreds and 5 Thoroughbreds), and race records were used to evaluate performance before and after surgery. Twenty-four of 34 horses raced preoperatively, and 25 of 34 raced postoperatively. Twenty-three of the 27 (85%) horses in which a single joint was examined raced postoperatively. Fifteen of these horses had an incomplete or crush fracture of the radial facet of the third carpal bone, and 13 raced postoperatively; 7 horses had full- or partial-thickness damage of cartilage of the third carpal bone, and all 7 raced postoperatively; 2 horses had partial or complete rupture of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament, and both raced postoperatively.

Fifteen horses with either a frontal plane incomplete fracture, crush fracture, or full-thickness damage of cartilage of the third carpal bone in 1 carpus were treated by removing bone and cartilage from the dorsoproximal margin of the third carpal bone; 13 of these horses raced postoperatively. Both horses with incomplete frontal plane fractures of the third carpal bone repaired with screws raced postoperatively.

Only 2 of 6 horses that underwent bilateral carpal arthroscopy raced postoperatively; 1 of these horses had bilateral partial tearing of the medial palmar intercarpal ligament; the other had bilateral frontal plane incomplete fractures of the radial facet of the third carpal bone. The remaining horse, in which both the radiocarpal and middle carpal joints were examined, did not race postoperatively

Our results suggest that horses with lameness, the cause of which has been localized to the carpus, in which radiographs are not diagnostic are likely to have an underlying abnormality that can be effectively diagnosed and treated via arthroscopy. Arthroscopy allows the examiner to thoroughly explore the joint, make an accurate diagnosis, and make the best decision regarding treatment.
Risk factors for fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy calves
Authors: Garber L. P. , Wells S. J. , Hancock D. D. , Doyle M. P. , Tuttle J. , Shere J. A. , Zhao T.
Published: December 2023

A case-control study was conducted to determine risk factors for fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (
eco) in dairy calves. Three herds previously found to lack calves that shed
eco in their feces were selected for each herd previously found to have calves that shed
eco. Fecal samples from 965 calves on 64 farms were tested for
eco by microbial culture. Sample prevalence of
eco in calves less than 8 weeks old was 1.4% and in calves 8 weeks or older was 4.8%. Calves were 3 times more likely to shed
eco after weaning than before weaning. Shedding of
eco was associated with grouping calves before weaning; feeding whole cottonseed was negatively associated with
eco shedding. The change in results between testing periods illustrated that an individual herd's status cannot be defined by a single testing of a small sample of cattle.
Inability of two topical treatments to influence the course of experimentally induced dermatophytosis in cats
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J. , Moriello Karen A.
Published: December 2023

An experimental model of dermatophytosis was used to compare the efficacy of 2 topical antifungal treatments against Microsporum canis infection in cats. Infection was established in 24 cats by topical application of 105 M canis macroconidia to the skin of the lateral part of the abdomen under an occlusive bandage. Three groups of 6 cats each then were treated twice weekly for 18 weeks with chlorhexidine shampoo and dip, detergent shampoo vehicle only, or glyceryl monolaurate shampoo. Six cats were left untreated as controls.

The experimentally induced infections strongly resembled naturally developing infections of moderate to severe nature. Signs of infection peaked in severity at 5 weeks after inoculation, then gradually resolved over 7 to 16 additional weeks. Dermatophytes were consistently isolated on culture for at least 8 weeks of treatment. Mycologic cure (defined as lack of dermatophyte isolation on 3 successive weekly cultures) was attained in 8 cats at the end of 18 weeks of treatment. Infections appeared to resolve at equivalent rates in all groups of cats, including controls. Consistent or meaningful significant differences in variables such as lesion size, clinical sign score, or total infection score were not found between treated and control groups. Our study revealed that this topical treatment regimen with chlorhexidine or glyceryl monolaurate is ineffective against M canis infection in cats.
Evaluation of the effects of route of administration of cloprostenol on synchronization of estrus in diestrous dairy cattle
Authors: Stevens R. D. , Seguin B. E. , Momont H. W.
Published: December 2023

Cloprostenol was administered
iv or
im to diestrous dairy cows to study luteolysis and synchrony of estrus and ovulation. In Study J, 28 Holstein cows were assigned to receive injections of cloprostenol,
iv or
im, on day 8 or 10 of the estrous cycle. Differences in cloprostenol-induced luteolysis or Interval to estrus, were not detected. Ultrasonography revealed that 2 cows treated
iv on day 8, 1 cow treated
im on day 8, and 2 cows treated
iv on day 10 did not ovulate despite evidence of an apparently normal estrus. In Study 2, 20 Holstein cows were assigned to receive cloprostenol injections,
iv or
im, on day 10 of the estrous cycle, interval to estrus was not affected by route of administration. Analysis of these data indicated that cloprostenol given
iv did not alter luteolysis or improve synchrony of estrus and ovulation when compared with cloprostenol given
im.
Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986–1992)
Authors: Brockman Daniel J. , Washabau Robert J. , Drobatz Kenneth J.
Published: December 2023

Two hundred ninety-five case records were included in an analysis of dogs treated by a standardized protocol for gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome between 1986 and 1992. A breed predisposition was demonstrated for Great Danes, German Shepherd Dogs, large mixed-breed dogs, and Standard Poodles. One hundred and ninety-three dogs had gastric dilatation and volvulus (gdv) confirmed at surgery, 66 had simple gastric dilatation (gd), and 36 others had gastric dilatation but volvulus could not be proved or disproved (gd ± v). Among dogs with gdv, the fatality rate was 15% (29/193). Twenty-six (13.5%) dogs with gdv underwent partial gastrectomy, and 8 (31%) died or were subsequently euthanatized. In comparing the group of dogs with gdv that survived to those that died, there were no statistical differences in the age of dog, time between onset of clinical signs and admission, time from admission to surgery, or duration of anesthesia. Cardiac arrhythmias were detected in 40% (78/193) of the dogs with gdv. There also was no statistical correlation between development of a cardiac arrhythmia and outcome in dogs with gdv. The causes of death in dogs with gdv were multiple and varied; presumed gastric necrosis was a common reason for intraoperative euthanasia (11 dogs). Among dogs with gd or gd ± v, the fatality rate was 0.9% (1/102).
Evaluation of dogs with digit masses: 117 cases (1981–1991)
Authors: Marino Dominic J. , Matthiesen David T. , Stefanacci Joseph D. , Moroff Scott D.
Published: December 2023

Medical records of 117 dogs with digit masses were reviewed. Of 124 digit masses, 76 (61%) were malignant neoplasms, 25 (20%) were benign neoplasms, and 23 (19%) were pyogranulomatous inflammation. Of 29 digits with radiographic evidence of bone lysis, 24 (83%) were affected by malignant masses, whereas only 5 of 29 (17%) digits with radiographic evidence of bone lysis were affected by benign or pyogranulomatous masses. Only 1 of 19 (5%) dogs with melanoma had radiographic evidence of lysis, but 20 of 25 (80%) dogs with squamous cell carcinoma had radiographic evidence of bone lysis. Thoracic radiographs of 95 dogs were available. Six of 19 (32%) dogs with melanoma had radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastasis at the time of diagnosis, whereas 3 of 24 (13%) dogs with squamous cell carcinoma had radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Twenty-nine digit neoplasms were squamous cell carcinoma, and 19 of 29 (66%) arose from the subungual epithelium. Of 19 dogs with squamous cell carcinoma originating from the subungual epithelium, 18 (95%) survived for at least 1 year, whereas only 6 of 10 (60%) dogs with squamous cell carcinoma originating in other parts of the digit survived for at least 1 year. Furthermore, of 19 dogs with squamous cell carcinoma originating from the subungual epithelium, 14 (74%) survived at least 2 years, whereas only 4 of 9 (44%) dogs with squamous cell carcinoma originating in other parts of the digit survived for 2 years. Dogs with melanoma of the digits had a median survival time of 12 months, with 10 of 24 (42%) alive at 1 year and 3 of 23 (13%) alive at 2 years. Dogs with mast cell tumor of the digits had a median survival time of 20 months, with 7 of 8 (88%) dogs alive at 1 year and 4 of 8 (50%) alive at 2 years.

Analysis of the results of the study reported here indicated that the prevalence of neoplasms in dogs with digit masses was high. Malignant neoplasms were more prevalent than benign neoplasms, with the most commonly identified types being squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Radiographic evidence of bone lysis was seen in dogs with all types of masses but was more commonly associated with squamous cell carcinoma than with melanoma. Dogs with melanoma of the digit had a higher prevalence of pulmonary metastasis and a poorer prognosis than dogs with squamous cell carcinoma.
Genetic test for pyruvate kinase deficiency of Basenjis
Authors: Whitney Katharine Μ. , Lothrop Clinton D.
Published: December 2023

Pyruvate kinase (pk) deficiency is an autosomal, recessive, inherited disease of Basenjis that causes chronic, regenerative, hemolytic anemia. Diagnostic methods currently used to identify carrier animals rely on measurement of erythrocyte pk activity and frequently give equivocal results. A genetic test incorporating polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic dna and restriction fragment length polymorphism has been developed to determine the pk genotype of Basenjis. To determine whether results of this genetic test compared with results of standard tests for pk deficiency, erythrocyte pk activity, hematocrit, and reticulocyte counts were determined in, and the genetic test was performed on, 24 dogs. The genetic test accurately identified the 11 dogs whose pk genotype was known prior to this study, and results were consistent with results of measuring erythrocyte pk activity in the remaining 13 dogs. The genetic test may be of value in determining pk genotype of Basenjis.
Histologie appearance of axial osteochondral fragments from the proximoplantar/proximopalmar aspect of the proximal phalanx in horses
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Pool Roy R.
Published: December 2023

Osteochondral fragments from the axial proximoplantar/proximopalmar region of the proximal phalanx were removed from 38 joints in 30 horses. Ninety-three percent of the horses were Standardbreds, and 28 of the 30 had a low-grade lameness. All but 1 of the horses had hind limb involvement.

A total of 43 fragments were removed. Most (71%) of the fragments involved the medial aspect of the joint and had to be dissected from a covering of synovial tissue. Histologically, the circumference of most fragments consisted of a transition zone at the attachment of the joint capsule, a region of nonarticular, non-weight-bearing cartilage, a region where organized, dense connective tissue, presumably remnants of the short sesamoidean ligament were attached, and a region consisting of irregular truncated bony surfaces covered by mature fibrous tissue, which appeared to be the result of healing of a chronic fracture. There were several areas of degenerate hyaline cartilage, but no areas of normal hyaline cartilage or areas containing retained cartilage cores or other evidence of delayed endochondral ossification. Immunohistochemical staining of 4 segments from 1 horse revealed sensory substance P immunoreactive nerves in the fibrous tissue surrounding the bony fragments and within the central cancellous spaces. The histologic appearance suggests that these osteochondral fragments may be a result of fracture, rather than a manifestation of osteochondrosis.
Intraocular silicone prosthesis implantation in eyes of dogs and a cat with intraocular neoplasia: nine cases (1983-1994)
Authors: McLaughlin Susan A. , Ramsey David T. , Lindley Denise M. , Gilger Brian C. , Gerding Paul A. , Whitley R. David
Published: December 2023

Objective—

To determine the outcome of implantation of an intraocular silicone prosthesis (
isp) in the eyes of dogs and cats with intraocular neoplasia.

Design—

Retrospective case series.

Animals—

Eight dogs and 1 cat with histologically confirmed intraocular neoplasia.

Procedure—

Signalment, clinical signs before and after surgery, results of microscopic examination of eviscerated intraocular tissues, follow-up information, and necropsy findings, if available, were recorded for each animal.

Results—

Five dogs and 1 cat had primary intraocular neoplasms. Two of the dogs developed regrowth of the neoplasm around the
isp 6 to 24 months after implantation, and the eyes were enucleated. The cat developed signs compatible with systemic metastasis 4 years after surgery and was euthanatized. Three dogs had multicentric or metastatic neoplasia involving the eye. Two of these dogs were euthanatized because of their systemic disease 1.5 to 7 months after
isp implantation. The third dog is alive without evidence of regrowth 3 years after surgery.

Clinical Implications—

Intraocular neoplasia is not an absolute contraindication to
isp implantation
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1994
Authors: Krebs John W. , Strine Tara W. , Smith Jean S. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E.
Published: December 2023

In 1994, 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,224 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 6 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 93% (7,632 cases) were wild animals, whereas 7% (592 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 13.4% from that of 1993 (9,498 cases), with most of the decline resulting from 19.2% fewer cases of rabies in raccoons. Two previously described epizootics of rabies involving the raccoon variant of the rabies virus have converged in North Carolina, and the resulting region is now continuous from Alabama and Florida in the South to Maine in the North. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas continue to expand, with this state reporting 144 rabid foxes, 53 rabid dogs, and 77 of the 85 cases in coyotes during 1994. Maine and New Hampshire reported cases of rabies in foxes (6 and 9, respectively) for the first time in 10 years. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in dogs (153) increased by 17.7%, whereas cases in cattle (111) and cats (267) decreased by 14.6 and 8.3%, respectively. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. Twenty-eight states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1994, compared with 22 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 1993. Hawaii and Nebraska were the only states that did not report cases of rabies in 1994.
Evaluation of five common induction protocols by comparison of hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation in halothane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Wagner Ann E. , Dunlop Colin I. , Wertz Etta M. , Chapman Philip L.
Published: December 2023

Design—

To determine whether hemodynamic responses of halothane-anesthetized horses undergoing surgical procedures depended on anesthetic induction protocols used, and to determine whether hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation could be detected.

Design—

Prospective experimental study without controls.

Animals—

36 clinically normal horses.

Procedure—

Horses were allotted to 5 groups according to anesthetic induction protocol: acepromazine/guaifene-sin/thiamylal, acepromazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, xyla-zine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, xylazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, and xylazine/diazepam/ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Hemodynamic measurements and blood gas values were obtained prior to the start of surgery, during surgery, and after surgery.

Results—

Few differences in hemodynamic measurements existed between horses in which anesthesia was induced by 5 anesthetic induction protocols, whether prior to the start of surgery or for pooled values for all 3 measurement periods. Hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation were marked and included increased mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac index and oxygen delivery.

Clinical Implications—

Choice of anesthetic induction protocol has little impact on hemodynamic function during surgery in halothane-anesthetized horses. Surgical stimulation may increase blood pressure, but does not improve cardiac index or oxygen delivery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:252-257)
Evaluation of cortical bone damage and axial holding power of nonthreaded and enhanced threaded pins placed with and without drilling of a pilot hole in femurs from canine cadavers
Authors: Anderson Mark A. , Mann F. A. , Kinden Darryl A. , Wagner-Mann Colette C.
Published: December 2023

Objective

To evaluate the in vitro axial extraction forces necessary to remove pins and to evaluate mechanical trauma resulting from pin insertion, using various types of pins and insertion techniques.

Design

Prospective, controlled study.

Subjects

Femurs of cadavers of dogs.

Procedure

Pins were inserted as follows: 1 non-threaded pin without drilling of a pilot hole, 1 enhanced threaded pin with drilling of a pilot hole, and 1 enhanced threaded pin without drilling of a pilot hole. After pin insertion, mechanical damage and proper pin insertion was determined by means of radiography. Axial extraction forces were determined for all pins, using a universal testing machine. Mechanical damage was evaluated in 12 additional femurs. After pin insertion, all pins were removed from the bone by use of a low-speed power drill. Samples were sectioned, processed, and evaluated by use of dissecting and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Using radiography, a significant difference was detected in the number of periosteal trans-cortex fractures between the enhanced threaded and non-threaded pins. Axial extraction force was not significantly different between the enhanced threaded pins, regardless of insertion technique; however, the axial extraction force was significantly greater for enhanced threaded pins, compared with that for nonthreaded pins. Microfractures only were detected on the periosteum of the trans-cortex of enhanced threaded pins by use of scanning electron microscopy.

Clinical Implications

We cannot recommend a particular insertion technique to decrease mechanical trauma to the bone and to increase axial extraction force needed for removal of enhanced threaded pins from the femur of dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:883–887)
Factors affecting treatment decisions and satisfaction of owners of cats with cancer
Authors: Slater Margaret R. , Barton Claudia L. , Rogers Kenita S. , Peterson Janet L. , Harris Cheryl K. , Wallace Kathleen
Published: December 2023

Cancer in cats is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. Euthanasia or an active intervention such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery are treatment choices for the owner at diagnosis of the cat's disease. In this study, 2 interviews with cat owners, one soon after diagnosis of cancer in the cat and one 6 months later, were used to identify owner characteristics associated with a decision of euthanasia or intervention, to identify factors associated with an owner's satisfaction with euthanasia or intervention, and to evaluate inappropriate expectations of the owners who selected an intervention. The study included 89 owners from 3 referral hospitals. In logistic regression analysis, significant factors were not found that affected the owner's decision to euthanatize the cat versus intervene. Satisfaction with the decision to euthanatize the cat was associated with the ability of the cat to groom itself, eat, and play at the first interview. Among owners who selected an intervention, 4 combinations of factors were associated with being satisfied. The first combination was clinic of origin (CLIN), having a live cat at the 6-month follow-up interview (LIVE), and understanding the number of return visits required for the intervention. The second was CLIN, LIVE, and type and frequency of adverse effects from the intervention at the 6-month interview. The third was CLIN, LIVE, and feeling guilty at the 6-month interview. The fourth was CLIN, LIVE, and whether the cat had a good or excellent quality of life at the first interview. Thirty percent (21/69) of the owners tended to overestimate their cats’ life expectancy. Owners also felt they had reasonably accurate estimations of adverse effects of treatment and number of return visits, but underestimated the costs required for an intervention.

For owners who elect an intervention, a reminder from the veterinarian that emotional upheavals may develop even after the decision has been made is important. To provide optimal patient care and client education, veterinarians must find a middle ground between being knowledgeable, practical, and informed, and being compassionate and approachable.