bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Bilateral EEG Biofeedback on Verbal, Visual-Spatial, and Creative Skills in Learning Disabled Male Adolescents
Authors: Cunningham Mark D. , Murphy Philip J.
Published: July 2017

Twenty-four learning disabled adolescent boys with verbal IQ deficiencies were pretested on measures of convergent and creative thinking, assigned to eight weekly, 21-minute sessions of one of two bilateral EEG biofeedback training conditions or a no-training control condition, and post-tested two months after the pretest. The EEG biofeedback training produced baseline effects in the presumably dysfunctional left hemisphere and had an impact on arousal in-task, suggesting remedial potential for the possible hemispheric arousal deficits in learning disabilities. Training the right hemisphere toward higher arousal and the left hemisphere toward lower arousal resulted in a notable improvement in arithmetic.
A Therapeutic Approach to Help Children Overcome Learning Difficulties
Authors: Stanton Harry E.
Published: July 2017

A comparison between students experiencing learning difficulties and patients seeking therapy for their inability to cope with life is drawn, and their common situation conceptualized as "demoralization." A therapeutic approach designed to restore morale is outlined. This involves four essential features: (1) labeling to reduce anxiety; (2) employing attitudinal variables of genuineness, unconditional acceptance, and empathy; (3) generating student expectancy of success; and (4) using a technique that both teacher and student believe will lead to success.
Historical, Descriptive and Dynamic Linguistics
Authors: Trim J. L. M.
Published: July 2017

The neo-grammarian school (1870-1900) established a conception of linguistics as a science based on detailed observation of language and accurate formulation of observed processes. This has led to a shift of attention from historical studies to the investigation of living language, which is better able to meet the requirements of this conception. The validity of traditional historical methods of reconstruction and explanation has appeared increasingly suspect. The insight of descriptive structural linguistics may help to refine the formulation of historical systems and processes, but cannot establish their validity, nor provide more than a most restricted dynamic of language change. This must spring from the establishment of the dimensions of variation within a language community, the conditions of usage and balance of apparently competing forms (linguistic ecology), and the observation of the action of selection pressures upon their distribution.
The Hapax Legomenon: A Real or Apparent Phenomenon?
Authors: Herdan Gustav
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the question whether hapax legomena—words occurring only once in a sample—are also unique in a larger corpus from which the sample is taken. The discussion requires a knowledge of how words with a specific frequency of occurrence in the total are distributed in samples and this problem is treated empirically and theoretically. As a result, a general answer to the central question is advanced.
Phonemic Substitutions in an Aphasic Patient
Authors: Fry D. B.
Published: July 2017

The paper gives an analysis of the phonemic substitutions occurring in the speech of an aphasic patient. The confusions are compared with those listed in published material referring to the development of speech in children.
Judgement of the Vowel Colour of Natural and Artificial Sounds
Authors: Morton John , Carpenter Alan
Published: July 2017

Five vowel sounds, each produced in five different ways, were presented to subjects with widely differing experience of tasks of this type for identification.

The vowels were the last five of the standard set of eight cardinal vowels, and were presented to subjects with no experience of phonetics as belonging to the words bat, bart, bought, boat and boot. Each vowel was (a) spoken by a phonetician, (b) synthesized by adding individual harmonics in direct imitation of the spoken sounds, (c) represented by two pure tone components only, (d) synthesized by a talking machine (P.A.T.) and (e) imitated by selecting harmonics with a low-pass filter.

All these sounds were categorised more or less “correctly” by skilled subjects; and, although there were wide and systematic differences in accuracy with untrained subjects, these performed consistently better than chance.

The experiment showed (a) that the selection of harmonics according to formant theory is not the only, and perhaps not always the best means of synthesizing isolated vowels, (b) that even sounds which are poor representations of vowels can still be categorised with some consistency even by untrained subjects and (c) that a simple “percent correct” score is less sensitive than other measures.
The Formants of Fricative Consonants
Authors: Jassem Wiktor
Published: July 2017

Spectral analysis of American English, Swedish and Polish fricatives shows that these sounds may be classified according to the relations between their formant frequencies and formant levels. Three binary distinctive features at the acoustic-phonetic (not necessarily phonemic) level are postulated: spread/compressed formants (F4–F2); higher/lower formants (F2+F3+F4); higher formant/lower formant emphasis (L4–L2 or L3–L2). A possibility of further classification according to the general shape of the spectral envelope is briefly reviewed.
Cloze Procedure as a Technique for the Investigation of Social Class Differences in Language Usage
Authors: Robinson W. P.
Published: July 2017

Cloze procedure was used to investigate the nature and extent of the differences in verbal behaviour of working and middle class boys. Words were deleted in sentences taken from ‘formal’ and ‘informal’, middle and working class letters and from middle and working class oral utterances. The results showed that the middle class boys used a wider range of words and preferred different words in this situation. The working class boys showed more conformity in their responses than the middle class boys, especially for the written materials. \ Fruitful lines for further research on ‘restricted’ and ‘elaborated’ codes are discussed.
The Articulation Test as a Linguistic Technique
Authors: Higgs Jo Ann W.
Published: July 2017

After a survey of the literature on the articulation test, the value of this method of obtaining a speech sample for linguistic analysis is assessed. The author distinguishes between the test procedure through the use of which the investigator obtains a corpus of linguistic raw material and the test analysis in which the investigator first analyses and describes certain aspects of his linguistic data and then compares that description with a model for the purpose of evaluation. She argues that although the test procedure is an efficient method of eliciting speech from children, the traditional method of articulation test analysis has numerous theoretical and practical defects. These shortcomings are described. The author concludes that a more valid method of test analysis can be evolved only after more research is carried out by investigators well grounded in phonetics and linguistics.
Concept Learning and The Short-Term Memory - A Contribution to Theory
Authors: Wetherick N.E.
Published: July 2017

Simple stimulus-response association should rightly be regarded as a special case of concept learning-not vice versa. Learning theory is primarily concerned with the simple case and attempts to extend it so as to cover the behaviour of advanced (human) organisms cannot be considered satisfactory. It is suggested here that the theory is essentially a theory of organisms lacking a short-term memory and evidence is presented that attempts to bring human behaviour within the scope of the theory have succeeded only where the experimental situation effectively denied the subject the advantage be should otherwise have gained from having a short-term memory. Development of a short-term memory may be regarded as the essential pre-requisite for development of two capacities possessed by advanced (human) organisms but not by primitive organisms-language and the ability to learn from negative instances.
Comprehending Dirty-Word Descriptions
Authors: Jay Timothy B.
Published: July 2017

The study of dirty-word descriptions extends our knowledge of semantic, comprehension, and contextual language processes. Two studies were conducted to examine how we interpret and react to dirty-word descriptions. Subjects were asked to judge how much they would like a fictitious person described with dirty and non-dirty adjective pairs. Liking was significantly influenced by (a) semantic interpretation (connotation v. denotation), (b) the intrinsicalness of the adjective to the person described (prenominal adjective order), and (c) the contextual relation between the speaker and the listener (friend v. enemy).
Developmental Comprehension of Third Person Personal Pronouns in English
Authors: Scholes Robert J.
Published: July 2017

A review of relevant literature indicates a gap in the available data on the normal acquisition of the animate third person personal pronouns of English. In this study a comprehension task (picture verification) employing this class of words was run on 100 children from three to seven years of age. The results show that comprehension of these forms beyond chance level first appears at age five with continuing improvement through ages six and seven. Separate analyses of the comprehension of the semantic components of the forms — i.e., Gender, Number, and Case - suggest differential acquisitional curves for these aspects, with mastery of the Gender distinction appearing to lead the other two.
Variable Reliance on Phonological Information in Visual Word Recognition
Authors: Mcquade Debra V.
Published: July 2017

Strong evidence was obtained that coding operations are variable and efficient during visual word recognition. Subjects were asked to make lexical judgments about words and nonwords when phonological recoding was either beneficial or detrimental to making their decisions. It was found that subjects utilized a phonological strategy where it was helpful and abandoned that strategy where it was a hindrance. The results are interpreted as providing support for a dual retrieval model of word recognition.
Pre-Lexical Phonological Recoding Becomes Automatic With Stimulus Repetitions
Authors: Mcquade Debra V.
Published: July 2017

College subjects witnessed repeated presentations of words, pseudohomophones and control nonwords, making lexical judgments on all items for each presentation. A pseudohomophone effect, an estimate of phonological recoding, was initially present but gradually eliminated over the course of stimulus repetitions. For the first presentation of stimuli, the size of the pseudohomophone effect was related to reading ability of the subjects; good readers were less likely than poor readers to demonstrate this effect. These data are supportive of LaBerge and Samuel's (1974) theory of Automatic Information Processing in Reading.
On Word-Initial Voicing: Converging Sources of Evidence in Phonologically Disordered Speech
Authors: Gierut Judith A. , Dinnsen Daniel A.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study is to bring related sources of data, i.e., phonological and acoustic phonetic, to bear on the characterization of two children's disordered phonological systems. Auditorily-based phonological analyses indicated that the children exhibited a superficially similar pattern of error involving the voice contrast in word-initial obstruent stops, even though both children accurately produced the voice contrast in post-vocalic stops. Acoustic phonetic analyses indicated, however, that one of the children systematically effected the voice distinction using closure duration and voice onset time, whereas the other child did not. Despite the similarity of their errors as assessed by auditorily-based phonological analyses, the children had very different productive knowledge of word-initial voicing in stops. These findings have implications for the clinical assessment and treatment of children with phonological disorders.
Consonantal Substitution Patterns in Igbo Phonological Acquisition
Authors: Nwokah Evangeline E.
Published: July 2017

This study analyzed phonological substitutions in the speech of 39 Igbo-speaking children. The aim was to investigate whether their substitution patterns were similar to those in children speaking other languages, and also whether West African phonemes, which have more unusual phonological characteristics, would be acquired last, in accordance with Jakobson's theory. It was found that /kp/, /gb/, /nw/, /r/ and /Y/ were acquired last and despite much individual variation in substitutions used, predictable patterns could easily be discerned.
Integration and Segregation in Speech Perception
Authors: Repp Bruno H.
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews the various applications of the concepts of integration and segregation in speech perception research. These applications are illustrated with selected examples from the literature. After laying out some conceptual issues and basic assumptions, the review discusses auditory temporal and spectral integration, integration of phonetic information in its various forms, auditory temporal, spatial, and spectral segregation, segregation of linguistic from paralinguistic information, and segregation of intertwined linguistic information. It is concluded that the concepts of integration and segregation are necessary ingredients of a theory of speech perception.
The Effect of Adventitious Deafness on the Perception and Production of Voice Onset Time in Thai: A Case Study
Authors: Carney Arlene Earley , Gandour Jack , Petty Soranee Holasuit , Robbins Amy M. , Myres Wendy , Miyamoto Richard
Published: July 2017

The perception and production of voice onset time (VOT) was investigated in a Thai patient with an adventitious, profound sensorineural heating loss. Thai exhibits a three-category voicing distinction for bilabial (/b, p, ph/) and alveolar (/d, t, th/) stops, and a two-category distinction for velar (/k, kh/) stops. VOT perception was measured in labeling responses to synthetic speech continua differing in VOT; VOT production was measured in word-initial stops of words produced in isolation. These measurements were compared with previously published VOT data for normal-hearing Thai speakers. The results of acoustic analyses of this subject's productions suggested only minor articulatory perturbations, and the target phonemes were generally identified accurately by normal listeners.
Effects of Metrical Foot Structure on Syllable Timing
Authors: Fourakis Marios , Monahan Caroline B.
Published: July 2017

The durations of syllabic intervals in sentences with different rhythmic structure were examined. Rhythmic structure was defined as the organization of stressed and unstressed syllables into metrical feet — in this case, iambs and anapests. Each sentence contained three metrical feet, and each foot could be either an iamb or an anapest; hence, there were eight sentences of different rhythm types. Six. native speakers of American English each read 24 versions of each of the 8 rhythm types (192 sentences). The utterances were recorded and the durations of each syllable of each foot were measured from sound spectrograms. Statistical analysis indicated that the durations of some syllables were affected by the structure of the foot that contained them. There was also, in most cases, a significant shortening of the stressed syllable of a foot when the following foot was an anapest rather than an iamb. The results were interpreted as indicating that the process by which speech is produced is not strictly concatenative but involves planning which extends to at least two metrical feet at a time.
The Effects of Visibility on Dialogue and Performance in a Cooperative Problem Solving Task
Authors: Boyle Elizabeth A. , Anderson Anne H. , Newlands Alison
Published: July 2017

This study compares task outcome and various dialogue parameters between situations in which task participants either could or could not see each other. The results establish that the visibility of one's conversational partner improves information transfer and the management of turn taking in a transactional problem solving task. The greater efficiency of the dialogues between participants who could see each other was attributed to the exchange of visually transmitted, non-verbal signals. attempting to compensate for the lack of this additional channel of communication, pairs of subjects who could not see each other demonstrated flexibility and versatility in communicating. They interrupted their partners more frequently and used more back channel responses to provide their partners with increased verbal feedback. The analysis of one specific non-verbal behaviour, gaze, for a subsample of the dialogues, suggested that gaze plays a role in aiding communication.
Prosodic Phrasing and Comprehension
Authors: Sanderman Angelien A. , Collier René
Published: July 2017

From previous research we know that prosodic features are perceptually effective in marking boundaries and that a suitable implementation of these features improves the quality of synthetic speech in terms of acceptability. It can further be assumed that listeners use the perceived prosodic information to compute the meaning of the input speech. This paper, therefore, investigates and determines whether a well-phrased utterance, (that is, an utterance with prosodic boundaries in appropriate positions and with appropriate realizations), is easier to comprehend than a poorly-phrased one. To measure this, we designed a method in which a kind of verification task is combined with a question-answering task (“monitoring for the answer”). The stimulus set consisted of structurally ambiguous sentences. The expectation was that when listeners hear a question followed by an appropriately phrased utterance, they will react more rapidly than when the question is followed by an utterance with neutral phrasing. Also, it was expected that in the latter situation reaction times (RTs) will be shorter than if an inappropriately phrased utterance is presented. The results confirmed the expectations: an appropriately phrased utterance always produced the fastest RTs.
Closeness and Conflict With the Deceased
Authors: Bottomley Jamison S. , Smigelsky Melissa A. , Floyd Randy G. , Neimeyer Robert A.
Published: July 2017

With mounting empirical evidence that interpersonal closeness and conflict with the deceased prior to death are significant predictors of grief reactions following loss, accurate empirical examination of these two constructs is of high importance. Despite the utility of the Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI) in numerous domains of research, the original instrument was not constructed with a predeath, mourner–decedent relationship in mind. Therefore, this study clarified the factor structure of a modified QRI focusing on major dimensions of the predeath relationship with the deceased—dynamics that could have strong implications for the survivor’s bereavement trajectory. An exploratory factor analysis of 386 bereaved adults revealed two salient factors, deemed closeness and conflict. These results suggest that the modified bereavement version of the QRI, designated the Quality of Relationships Inventory–Bereavement version, is well positioned to advance research in thanatology, with possible limitations noted in the range of relationships to which it is applicable.
Effects of weaving structures and parameters on the radiation properties of three-dimensional fabric integrated microstrip antennas
Authors: Kuang Ye , Yao Lan , Luan He , Yu Shenghai , Zhang Ruiyun , Qiu Yiping
Published: July 2017

In smart textile systems, the wireless communication between the wearer and the wider environment plays an important role, especially in medical applications. This can be achieved by integrating an antenna in textile materials. The low-profile microstrip antenna is a desirable choice for textile antennas and integrating this type of antenna into the three-dimensional woven fabric achieves the most integrated textile antenna structure up to now. Different from traditional antenna structures, the three-dimensional woven fabric integrated microstrip antenna has the radiation patch and ground plane totally woven with the yarns, where the radiation properties would strongly depend on the weaving structures and parameters. In this paper, a 1.9 GHz single patch microstrip antenna was designed and six types of antennas with different combinations of woven patches and ground planes were compared. The measured results showed that the three-dimensional woven antenna had adequate performance. In addition, the three-dimensional woven antenna with warp yarns parallel to the feeding direction exhibited a better return loss and radiation pattern than the antenna with weft yarn parallel to the feeding direction, due to the longer current path for the latter antenna based on simulated current distribution analysis. Furthermore, the effects of conductive yarn parameters on the antenna properties were discussed and yarn structures were suggested to obtain relatively ideal antenna performances.
Intelligent clothing: first and second generation clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties
Authors: Firšt Rogale Snježana , Rogale Dubravko , Nikolić Gojko
Published: July 2017

This paper deals with the idea that one of the inner thermal insulation layers of a garment may be replaced by expanding the air chambers in the form of an expanding thermal insert, which is inflated with air causing the chamber thickness and thermal insulation properties to change. The chambers are controllable so that the thermal insulation properties can be changed, and by connecting with an appropriate control, the architecture of an article of clothing can be designed such that it can independently monitor changes in its environment and change its thermal insulation properties in accordance with changes in its external and internal environment. In this way, it acquires the characteristics of intelligent clothing.

The paper presents idea concepts, development, structural architecture and general characteristics of two generations of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties. The expanding thermal inserts are situated between the outer shell and the lining and are the key element of this type of new clothing. In the first generation of intelligent clothing the expanding inserts were designed in combination with three horizontal chambers that can be sealed in three horizontal layers, whereby it is possible to make six adaptable discontinuous levels of thermal insulation. In the second generation, ribbed expandable chambers were used. Their thickness is continuously changeable according to the pressure change in the chambers, whereby the value of thermal insulation of the chambers can be continuously adapted. The functioning of this clothing is based on the integration of sensors for internal and external temperature and air pressure in the chambers, on a microcontroller with regulation software and actuators to control the expanding insert. When wearing this kind of clothing, the microcontroller system monitors changes in ambient temperature and clothing microclimate depending on the wearer’s physical activity, compares them with the achieved thermal protection and makes autonomous decisions on the required increase or decrease in thermal protection. Since this clothing follows changes in its internal and external environment, estimates the real and necessary state, makes decisions and independently performs the adaptation of thermal insulation to a level that it ensures constant thermal comfort, it can be claimed that such a garment has the basic attributes of intelligent clothing.

The paper describes the functioning of two types of thermal insulation chambers, the sensor system used, micropneumatic components, the microcomputer system, the flow chart of the algorithm of intelligent behavior, the complete built-in architecture of all technical subsystems, features of the first and second generation and the observed good and bad points of the conceptual approach to the development of intelligent clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties.
A Vapor-Phase Technique for Radiation-Induced Grafting of Vinyl Monomers to Fibers
Authors: Armstrong Arthur A. , Rutherford Henry A.
Published: July 2017

A technique for the radiation grafting of volatile vinyl monomers to fiber substrates is described. The monomer is applied from the vapor phase while the samples are exposed to gamma radiation from Cobalt-60.

The fibrous materials that are relatively unstable toward radiation are the ones that add the vinyl compounds the most readily. These are the cellulosics (cotton and rayon), cellulose esters (acetate), polyamides (nylon 66), and polypropylene fibers. The polyesters and the acrylics show little tendency to undergo graft polymerization. The monomers that have been studied are methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl acetate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride, styrene, ethylene, propylene, and divinyl sulfone. The most successful experiments have been conducted with the first five of these monomers, and acetate and polypropylene fibers take part in the grafting process most readily.

The rate of grafting of the monomers to many of the substrates can be materially increased by the addition of a third material to the system. Water, methanol, and acetic acid vapors accelerate the rate of grafting to cotton, rayon, and nylon.

The modification of cotton by the radiation addition of acrylonitrile results in a fiber almost completely resistant to microorganisms. This effect can be achieved by the deposition of only 3.5% of the monomer (as polymer), and the fiber retains the appearance and feel of untreated cotton. The product is superior in these respects to that made by the addition of acrylonitrile from the iron-peroxide catalyst system.
Factors Controlling the Soiling of White Polyester Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Bowers C. A. , Chantrey G.
Published: July 2017

Several parameters controlling the soiling of polyester/cotton fabrics have been assessed. Among those which were found to contribute were hydrophobicity of substrate, fabric construction, fabric finishes, type and concentration of detergents. Laboratory results showed that the body sebum is largely responsible for pickup and retention of carbonaceous particles which are suspended in aqueous media. The results also revealed that polyesters and cotton absorb identical types and amounts of oily sebum from the body, but, since they are harder to wet, the sebum is more difficult to remove from the polyesters. Fabric finishes (wash-wear and durable-press) cause a greater increase in the soiling of cotton than of polyester, because they increase the hydrophobic nature of cotton, while decreasing that of polyester.
Studies of Chemically Modified Cotton
Authors: Pandey S. N. , Iyengar R. L. N.
Published: July 2017

High crystallinity of cellulose is the cause of undue stiffness and brittleness as well as low absorptioh and chemical reactivity. With a view to overcome these drawbacks and bring about changes in the elastic and other properties of cotton fibers, two cottons, Gaorani and 170-Co.2, were treated with anhydrous ethylamine, diethylamine, pyridine, and aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide (30%) and potassium hydroxide (40%) for 15 min to 50 hr. Modified lint samples showed interesting changes in cellulose crystallinity and moisture regain, on treatment with ethylamine, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide after certain periods. Some of the treatments also showed a marked effect on the degree of polymerization and the tensile, mechanical, swelling, and optical properties of the fiber. Moisture regain and degree of swelling were found to be higher in the case of samples treated with alkali, compared with those treated with amines.
Microbiological Deterioration of Woolen Materials
Authors: Agarwal P. N. , Puvathingal J. M.
Published: July 2017

This paper reviews the literature on the microbiological deterioration of woolen textiles; it lists wool-destroying micro-organisms, describes the factors governing their growth and activity on wool, and discusses the mode of attack by micro-organisms on wool. Also, the methods developed for prevention of deterioration of woolen textiles by micro-organisms are described.
Recrystallization of the Cellulose I Lattice in Mercerized and Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Manjunath B. R. , Peacock N.
Published: July 2017

Cotton cellulose has been subjected to swelling and stretching treatments under various conditions. It has been found that the cellulose I lattice is highly resistant to alkali attack and difficult to disrupt completely during a single swelling treatment. The residual cellulose 1 “nuclei” grow upon stretching the swollen fibers. The amount of the recrystallized fraction is proportional to the residual cellulose I in the slack-mercerized samples. X-ray investigations carried out on several rayons indicate that the extraneous lattice in the viscose rayons is cellulose I and not cellulose IV, as supposed earlier. This is confirmed by the incomplete conversion of cellulose I to soda-cellulose in “mercerization and ageing” processes and also by the sensitiveness of cellulose I to stretching. Evidence on cuprammonium rayon and Fortisan, which appear to be better dispersed in solution and, therefore, contain no cellulose I, supports this view.
The Acrylation, Methacrylation, and Acrylamidomethylation of Cellulose
Authors: Sumrell G. , Margavio M. F. , Welch C. M.
Published: July 2017

Partially acrylated and methacrylated cottons have been prepared from the respective acid chlorides and cotton fabric in the presence of various bases. Some of the physical properties of these materials were determined, and the acrylates were cross-linked through the double bond by two methods to give materials with wrinkle recoveries in the wash-wear range. One of the methods utilized sodium hydrogen sulfide as the cross-linking agent, and the other involved an over-cure with zinc nitrate as an acid catalyst. The latter method was also used to bring about a cross-linking reaction between cotton and N-methylolacrylamide by a one-step cure to give cottons with high wrinkle recoveries. The acid-catalyzed addition of acrylamide to cotton also was demonstrated. This process involved free radical as well as ionic mechanisms.
Morphological Studies on Fabrics Treated with Flame-Retardant Finishes
Authors: Tomioka M.K. , Zeronian S.H.
Published: July 2017

The surface features of an untreated 70/30 cotton/polyester fabric and of the same fabric treated with the flame retar dants APO-THPC, THPC-MM-urea, or THPOH-NH3 were compared by scanning electron microscopy. Little, if any, sign of the finish was observed on the APO-THPC-treated fabric. However, the presence of finish was evident along the sides of cotton fibers in the THPC-MM-urea finished fabric, and in the THPOH-NH3-treated material the finish could be seen on the entire surface. All fabrics were also examined after they had been burned. Marked differ ences were noted in the products obtained from the burning. Particles were seen on charred APO-THPC-finished fabric and on charred THPC-MM-urea-finished fabric, with the latter material containing a markedly greater number of particles than the former. In contrast, the charred THPOH-NH3-finished fabric contained no particles, and the surface was characterized by the presence of matter in the form of bubbies.
Addition of Lead from Sodium Plumbite Solution to Modified and Unmodified Cottons
Authors: Ward Truman L. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: July 2017

Lead monoxide was treated with a strong aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to yield an alkaline solution containing sodium plumbite. The lead from this solution added to unmodified cotton and to cotton containing either acidic or basic groups. The amount of lead added was compared to amounts added from other lead compounds, amounts added from nonaqueous solvents, and to amounts of copper or tin added under similar conditions. Some treated cotton samples contained almost 40% lead. Wrinkle recoveries were improved but flame retardance and rot resistance remained poor. Chemical procedures, electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and wrinkle recoveries indicated that a chemical bond was formed between the lead and cotton and that some bonds were intermolecular.
The Mechanics of False Twist
Authors: Miura Yoshito
Published: July 2017

A theory of false twist is considered, and equations are developed giving the variation in twist with time and the pressure required at the feed roller to keep twist constant.
Migration and Distribution of Crosslinking Reagents in Cellulosic Substrates
Authors: Kokot S. , Meyer U. , Zuercher J.
Published: July 2017

An interpretation of cross-section photographs of some DMEU-crosslinked cotton fabrics stained with Rhodamine B is presented in terms of the theory suggested to explain the Rhodamine B uptakes by such fabrics as a function of distribution differences of the crosslinking reagent in the substrate.
Liquid-Ammonia and Caustic Mercerization of Cotton Fibers: Changes in Fine Structure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Rousselle M. A. , Nelson M. L. , Hassenboehler C. B. , Legendre D. C.
Published: July 2017

Cotton fibers blended to give three levels of fiber maturity were mercerized in anhydrous liquid ammonia and in sodium hydroxide solution, slack and under tension. Both reagents produced similar changes in the cottons, but to differing degrees. Both ammonia and caustic treatments produced changes in morphology (swollen fibers, decrease in convolutions) and in fine structure of the cellulose (increased accessibility as measured by increased moisture regain, iodine sorption, accessibility to deuterium exchange, and decreased density). X-ray diffraction showed increased amorphous fraction and partial recrystallization into cellulose III and cellulose II lattice after treatment with ammonia and caustic, respectively; the x-ray orientation angle was decreased by treatments under tension. Both reagents produced increased fiber elongation-at-break with slack treatment and increased fiber tenacity with tension treatment; caustic mercerization produced a slight increase in fiber tenacity after slack treatment.
Dependence of Changes in Tenacity with Mercerization on Strength Uniformity and Maturity of Cotton Samples
Authors: Lawson Reba , Ramey H. H.
Published: July 2017

Twenty-five cotton samples were mercerized slack and at 95% normal length. The samples were tested for tenacity at 0- and 3.2-mm gage lengths, T0 and T1, respectively, and for specific area fineness A, immaturity ratio I, and percentage of maturity by the sodium hydroxide swelling method. The strength uniformity T1/ T0 was more highly correlated with the ratio of the tenacity of mercerized samples to the tenacity of untreated samples tested at 3.2-mm gage lengths than was either of the maturity measurements. However, when the effect of T1, which was used in both tenacity ratio and strength uniformity calculations, was removed by partial correlations, the tenacity ratio depended about equally on strength uniformity and maturity. Nevertheless, strength uniformity made the greatest contribution to equations for predicting tenacity ratio from raw stock measures.
Effects of Oil Contamination on Cotton Quality: Methods of Analysis and Characterization of Contaminants
Authors: Perkins Henry H. , Bragg Charles K.
Published: July 2017

Oil contamination of cotton is a recurring problem that adversely affects cotton quality. Processing problems occur in carding through spinning, and both yarn strength and appearance are lowered. Problem severity increases as the level of contamination increases. A simple method is described for quantitative determination of contamination. Contaminants are characterized and differentiated from each other and from the natural constituents of cotton by use of infrared spectrophotometry and gas-liquid chromatography.
A Technique for Imparting Soil-Release, Soil-Antiredeposition, and Moisture-Transport Properties to Polyester
Authors: Hayes L. J. , Dixon D.D.
Published: July 2017

Direct fluorination has been shown to impart moisture-transport, soil-release, and soil-antiredeposition properties to polyester material. These properties do not have the limitations associated with previous treatments such as stability, washfastness, and/or reproducibility. It is believed that the improved properties of polyester can be attributed to an increase in acidity and to the addition of fluorine to the polymer backbone. The direct fluorination treatment is unaffected by dyeing, heat setting, or ultraviolet light.
Instrumented Analysis of the Influence of Non-Lint Trash and Lint Color on the Grading of Cotton
Authors: Barker Roger L. , Lyons Donald W.
Published: July 2017

The methods of optical particulate analysis and cotton colorimetry were jointly employed to explore the interrelated contribution of non-lint trash and lint color as these factors influence the classer's subjective recognition of grade. The nature of the correspondence between objective and subjective trash rankings was analyzed and discussed as it relates to the classer's ability discriminate between adjacent grade levels of cotton. Based on optically measured non-lint content, numerical grade intervals were formulated for the purpose of quantitatively categorizing cotton samples according to trash level and color. The validity of grade disposition by optical-image analysis was assessed as it compared with the classer's perception of grade for a selected sampling of cottons.
Incremental Frictional Abrasion
Authors: Elias Dorothy K. , Warfield Carol L. , Galbraith Ruth L.
Published: July 2017

Three pairs of matched fabrics, 100% cotton broadcloth, 50% polyester/50% cotton broadcloth, and 65% polyester/ 35% cotton printcloth, were abraded in an Accelerotor. One fabric of each pair had a pure finish and one had a creaseresistant finish. Eight levels of abrasion were used in the study. Fiber length distributions and fiber tensile properties were analyzed before and after abrasion to determine the effect of the abrasion on these fiber properties and to determine the mechanism by which any damage occurred.

The cotton fibers tended to break into shorter lengths as a result of abrasion. This tendency was most pronounced in the resin-finished polyester/cotton printcloth, which lost virtually all of its cotton fiber content. It appeared to be least pronounced in the resin-finished cotton broadcloth, which lost many of its shortest fibers but showed no significant decrease in the number of longer fibers. The polyester fibers in the blended broadcloths showed some reductions in fiber length as a result of abrasion, while those in the printcloths did not.

There were progressively greater losses in strength of the remaining fibers for both polyester and cotton fibers as a result of increasing levels of abrasion. However, much of the abrasion damage sustained by the resin-finished blended fabrics appeared to be caused by cotton fiber fracture within the internal structure of the yarn because of the unequal elongation characteristics of the cotton and polyester fibers.
Application of an N-Methylol Crosslinking Agent to Cotton from an Emulsion System
Authors: Betrabet S. M. , Daruwalla E. H. , Doshi S. M.
Published: July 2017

Application of DMDHEU from a kerosene-water emulsion system at different levels of water content in the system has been examined with respect to the extent of crosslinking and mechanical properties of the finished fabrics. As the water content of the treating bath is decreased, both wet and dry wrinkle-recovery angles, bound nitrogen, and bound HCHO in the crosslinked fabric increase, but there is no improvement noticed in the wrinkle-recovery/mechanical properties relationship. The increase in the extent of cross linking during application from the emulsion system appears to be due to preferential uptake of the aqueous solution containing the crosslinking agent from the emulsion system.
Incremental Frictional Abrasion
Authors: Warfield Carol L. , Elias Dorothy K. , Galbraith Ruth L.
Published: July 2017

Fabric and yarn damage caused by small increments of frictional abrasion in an Accelerotor were evaluated for three pairs of matched fabrics. Variables investigated were fiber content, blend level, weave, finish, and amount of abrasion. Quantitative measures of changes in yam and fabric properties were evaluated. Photomicrographs of fabric surfaces, yarns removed from fabrics, and of fabric cross sections were also evaluated.

Fabrics with crease-resistant finishes tended to rank higher in appearance characteristics, while those with the pure finishes tended to rank higher in performance factors related to strength. Crease-resistant finishes did not necessarily accelerate abrasion damage.

Evaluation of abrasion damage generally showed a relationship between increased yarn crimp and increased thread count, between loss in yarn tex and loss in yarn strength, and between loss in fabric strength and loss in yarn strength. A double rupture was observed in the breaking-strength behavior of the durable-press polyester/cotton fabrics after low levels of abrasion. This double rupture disappeared after higher abrasion levels.
Influence of Cotton Fiber Strength and Fineness on Fiber Damage during Lint Cleaning
Authors: Dever J. K. , Gannaway J. R. , Baker R. V.
Published: July 2017

Seven sources of cotton representing a wide range of fiber properties were roller ginned, saw ginned, or saw ginned plus processed through tandem saw lint cleaners or through an aggressive carding-type cleaner (Cottonmaster1). Lint cleaner induced changes in fiber length and nep count were compared to fiber property measurements from roller ginned samples. Fiber length deterioration from saw ginning was negatively correlated with fiber strength. Fiber breakage in lint cleaning was positively correlated with fiber fineness. Resistance to fiber length damage in ginning was explained best by fiber strength and fineness, or an estimate of individual fiber strength. Initial and final nep level were related to fineness, nonlint content, and upper quartile length, but an increase in neps due to lint cleaning had no significant relationship to fiber properties.
Tetracarboxylic Acids as Formaldehyde-Free Durable Press Finishing Agents
Authors: Welch Clark M.
Published: July 2017

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid and all- cis-1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid have been studied as durable press reagents for cotton. They quickly form ester-type crosslinks in the cellulose when applied to fabric by pad-dry-cure techniques. Weak bases have proven to be active catalysts, one of the most effective being mono-sodium phosphate. Durable press smoothness ratings of 3.8–4.4 were imparted by either tetracarboxylic acid. The amount of tetracarboxylic acid required could be decreased by two-thirds by having citric or tartaric acid present as a co-reactant additive. In durability to home laundering, finishes from butanetetracarboxylic acid far surpassed those from cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid, and most of the durable press performance was retained through 65 washing and drying cycles with a wash temperature of 50°C (122°F) and a pH of 9.8 using a standard detergent. The strength retentions, bending moments, and wrinkle recovery angles of treated fabric were comparable to those imparted by dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea.
Effect of Chemical Treatment on Thermal Behavior of Jute Fibers
Authors: Varma I. K. , Krishnan S. R. Anantha , Krishnamoorthy S.
Published: July 2017

Two jute fibers, Corchorus capsularis grade 2 and Corchorus olitorius grade 2, were modified to reduce their moisture regain. The fibers were treated with reagents capable of reacting with hydroxyl groups of cellulose, for example, isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate, γ-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, tolylene diisocyanate, and sebacoyl chloride. Coating the fibers with resins such as unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester imparted a moisture uptake barrier. The modified fibers were characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. Changes in the fibers' moisture regain were monitored by determining weight loss in nitrogen atmosphere at 50–150°C using dynamic thermogravimetry. There was an approximate 30–40% reduction in moisture uptake of the fibers when treated with various chemical agents. The maximum reduction in moisture regain was obtained with a resin treatment. Thermal stability of the fibers at elevated temperatures was only marginally affected by treatment with the reagents. A composite degradation pattern with features of resin and fiber degradation occurred when jute fibers were treated with the resins.
Deposition of Liquid Drops on a Long Cylindrical Fiber
Authors: Carroll B. J.
Published: July 2017

The way in which the deposition of drops from a dispersion onto the surface of a collecting fiber varies with system parameters is discussed, using as a starting point previously published analyses of the properties of a single drop deposited on a fiber. The deposition of drops may involve coalescence with either the fiber alone or with drops already attached to the fiber, and marked differences are predicted for the rate of variation of the drop/fiber contact area for the two cases. The relative predominance of a particular deposition mechanism depends on the stage of the overall process, and stages are identified where the contact area changes are insensitive to the contact angle. The effects of drop size polydispersity and the presence of surfactant in the system are discussed. While increasing the complexity of the problem, neither of these influences poses insuperable obstacles to the theoretical interpretation of the processes. Possible applications of this work include filtration and deposition on fibers from aerosols or emulsions. Deposition onto an optical fiber as a means of monitoring particle concentrations in dispersed systems is also considered.
Basic Studies on the Stability of Filtration Fabrics
Authors: Weber Claudia , Altenhofen Ulrich , Zahn Helmut
Published: July 2017

Synthetic fabrics used as filters for removing particles from industrial smoke are liable to deteriorate under operating conditions, i.e., the presence of moisture, relatively high temperatures, and aggressive gases like SO2 and NO2. This paper (the first in a series) describes the deterioration of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers under laboratory-simulated conditions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile strength measurements. The results indicate that the fibers are subject to oxidative degradation (chain scission, formation of —CO—, —COOH, etc.), cyclization via the nitrile side chains, and a slight introduction of SO2 and SO3 groups to the polymer chain. All these primary and secondary reactions are basically related to thermal or alkaline degradation of PAN, and both SO2 and NO2 appear to play a catalytic role in the oxidation process. Mechanically, the fibers become unworkably brittle after treatment with the pollutant gases. Increasing the water content of the NO2 gas substantially reduces the damage to the fiber. PAN is relatively unaffected by calcium hydroxide, which is often used to neutralize acid gases.
Chemical and Microscopical Analyses of Rained-on Cotton
Authors: Berni R. J. , Sasser P. E. , Domelsmith L. N. , Perkins H. H. , Goynes W. R.
Published: July 2017

Late season rains on the 1984 crop in the Mississippi Delta cotton-growing areas prompted increased research of this weathered cotton. Cotton Incorporated and USDA quickly noted the detrimental effects on quality caused by the heavy rains after boll opening in the fields. The cooperative research efforts reported here deal with the chemical and microscopical changes that occurred in these cottons, and analyses of selected ginned cotton are included.