bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
mHealth Interventions in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hurt Kathryn , Walker Rebekah J. , Campbell Jennifer A. , Egede Leonard E.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this review was to determine whether mHealth interventions were effective in low- and middle-income countries in order to create a baseline for the evidence to support mHealth in developing countries. Studies were identified by searching Medline on 02 October 2014 for articles published in the English language between January 2000 and September 2014. Inclusion criteria were: 1) written in English, 2) completion of an mHealth intervention in a low or middle-income country, 3) measurement of patient outcomes, and 4) participants 18 years of age or older. 7,920 titles were reviewed and 7 were determined eligible based on inclusion criteria. Interventions included a cluster randomized trial, mixed methods study, retrospective comparison of an opt-in text message program, a two-arm proof of concept, single arm trial, a randomized trial, and a single subject design. Five out of seven of the studies showed significant difference between the control and intervention. Currently there is little evidence on mHealth interventions in developing countries, and existing studies are very diverse; however initial studies show changes in clinical outcomes, adherence, and health communication, including improved communication with providers, decrease in travel time, ability to receive expert advice, changes in clinical outcomes, and new forms of cost-effective education. While this initial review is promising, more evidence is needed to support and direct system-level resource investment.
Research on Policy Change Based on Policy Process Theory—A Case on “Ban E-Bike” Policy in Guangzhou
Authors: Su Zhiying , Feng Feng
Published: January 2016

Policy change includes policy innovation, policy succession, policy maintenance and policy termination, which involves result-orientation and process-orientation. The former focuses on scope and direction of policy change itself, and the latter are those factors affecting policy change. Based on policy process theory, multiple streams framework describes the pre-decisive process; advocate coalition and policy network theories explain interactive process from ideas and interests of different actors. Taking “ban e-bike” policy in Guangzhou as a case, to analyze why it arrived on government agenda by multiple streams framework, and explore policy process integrated advocacy coalition with policy network theory, could explain why the policy was repeatedly prohibited, why this policy change process was from single “ban riding” to more stringent “five bans”. Results show the reasons for policy maintenance and continuation that policy is inconsistent with relevant criteria, relative closed policy community, difficult to reconcile different beliefs between support-coalition and opposition-coalition, and lack interaction among network actors for differences in resource and power.
On the Inequity of Flat-rate Electricity Tariffs
Authors: Simshauser Paul , Downer David
Published: January 2016

Proposals to reform default ‘flat-rate’ electricity tariffs are rarely met with enthusiasm by consumer groups or policymakers because they produce winners and losers. Proposals to initiate more cost-reflective time-of-use rates will be met with cautious interest if the basis of customer participation is ‘opt-in’. Using the smart meter data of 160,000 residential customers from the Victorian region of Australia’s National Electricity Market, our tariff model reveals that households in financial hardship are the most adversely affected from existing flat-rate structures. Even after network tariff rebalancing, Hardship and Concession & Pensioner Households are, on average, beneficiaries of more cost-reflective tariff structures once Demand Response is accounted for.
VÝVOJ PŮD NA OPUŠTĚNÝCH HALDÁCH PO TĚŽBĚ POLYMETALICKÝCH RUD NA HAVLÍČSKOBRODSKU
Authors: Brádlová Alexandra , Ivanov Martin , Buriánek David
Published: January 2016

Old slags situated in the areas of former exploitation of polymetallic ore mineralization are places where initial steps of soil evolution in specific conditions can be investigated. Two soil profi les of different age have been studied in the Utín (2nd half of 13th century to 1st half of the 14th century) and Dlouhá Ves (60’s of 20th century) localities. Soil samples of fine fraction were studied including vertical distribution of selected elements (Fe, Pb, As, Ag, Cu; AAS) in context to other soil parameters including loss on ignition (LOI), sequential extraction analysis (SEA), soil exchangeable acidity (pH/KCl), mass specific (χ) and frequency dependent (χFD) magnetic susceptibility. There were higher concentration of Pb (up to 4,700 ppm), Cu and Ag (both up to 100 ppm) in the Utín soils observed mostly in upper part of the soil profile. Arsenic contamination occurs in entire soil profile with average concentration about 3,000 ppm. In the Dlouhá Ves soils, the higher concentrations of Ag, Cu (about 500 ppm) and As (near 13,000 ppm; 70 cm) occur rather in bottom horizons of soil profile. Noticeable positive correlations of LOI vs. Pb (r = 0.96), Cu (r = 0.90), Fe (r = 0.87), Ag (r = 0.94) together with SEA values from Utín soils indicate that studied elements have in fraction bound to organic matter and sulphides have a tendency to be bound rather to organic compounds. This is the main difference between the two localities because the studied elements in Dlouhá Ves soils have in the same fraction tendency to be bound just to sulphides. In addition to presupposed higher pedogenesis degree in distinctly older Utín soils, the difference between two soil profiles is acidobazic conditions in Dlouhá Ves soil profile, in which the pH/KCl is very low. Decomposition of organic matter is also slower in this environment. The lower degree of pedogenesis in Dlouhá Ves is also supported by in average lower values of frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility (χFD = 1–5 %).
STATISTICKÉ ZHODNOCENÍ SEISMICKÉ AKTIVITY ZÓNY MUR-MÜRZ-LEITHA
Authors: Růžička Vít
Published: January 2016

Mur-Mürz-Leitha fault system represents the most important seismically active zone in the Eastern Alps. Its part of the geological units of the Eastern Alps. Pushing the influence of alpine units to the north during the Cretaceous there was a lateral extrusion, resulting in the formation of shear fractures (eg .: system MML). Based on data provided from the project ACORN, IPE and ZAMG. frequency-magnitude graph and temporal distribution chart since 1980 were compiled. Frequency-magnitude distribution show that borded of completeness of the data since 1980, have a value of magnitude 2 and higher. Therefore, the temporal distribution chart was created just since 1980, and magnitude of 2 and more. Above all the chart takes a set of occurrences of 2000, which number 37 events with a magnitude of 2 and 2 events with magnitude over 4. These occurrences come under the area 4. Then was made another temporal distribution chart since 1980, but this one is only for area 4. In area 4 Ebreichsdorf town is situated that is near the seismic swarm from the years of 2000 and 2013. The seismic swarm from 2013 is the similar like seismic swarm in 2000 just in a slightly smaller. These seismic occurrences of Ebreichsdorf are important, because they were macroseismic felt in the southern regions of the Czech Republic, including Brno.
MODELOVÁ CIRKULACE FLUID V EXPERIMENTÁLNÍ NÁDOBĚ MOCK-UP-CZ
Authors: Šrámek Martin , Kuchovský Tomáš
Published: January 2016

Experiment simulating the storage of spent nuclear fuel in the canister filled by bentonite mixture took place in the Center of experimental Geotechnics (CEG) on the Faculty of Civil engineering of the Czech Technical University in Prague during the years 2002–2006. After the realisation of the experiment it was shown, that both non-homogeneous geochemical and temperature fields were established. The main aim of the work was focused on the evaluation of the fluid flow characteristics inside the container, especially on the direction and flow velocities influenced by the increased temperature. Numerical modelling using the SHEMAT computer code was used to simulate the fluid flow.Mathematical modelling confirmed the probable formation of the convection cells along the heater with variable velocities depending on the hydraulic and thermal properties of the bentonite mixture and on the physical properties of the saturating fuid. The generated flow field could be the driving force for the geochemical non-homogeneities.
Priming Dental Pulp Stem Cells With Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Increases Angiogenesis of Implanted Tissue-Engineered Constructs Through Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Secretion
Authors: Gorin Caroline , Rochefort Gael Y. , Bascetin Rumeyza , Ying Hanru , Lesieur Julie , Sadoine Jérémy , Beckouche Nathan , Berndt Sarah , Novais Anita , Lesage Matthieu , Hosten Benoit , Vercellino Laetitia , Merlet Pascal , Le-Denmat Dominique , Marchiol Carmen , Letourneur Didier , Nicoletti Antonino , Vital Sibylle Opsahl , Poliard Anne , Salmon Benjamin , Muller Laurent , Chaussain Catherine , Germain Stéphane
Published: January 2016

Tissue engineering strategies based on implanting cellularized biomaterials are promising therapeutic approaches for the reconstruction of large tissue defects. A major hurdle for the reliable establishment of such therapeutic approaches is the lack of rapid blood perfusion of the tissue construct to provide oxygen and nutrients. Numerous sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) displaying angiogenic potential have been characterized in the past years, including the adult dental pulp. Establishment of efficient strategies for improving angiogenesis in tissue constructs is nevertheless still an important challenge. Hypoxia was proposed as a priming treatment owing to its capacity to enhance the angiogenic potential of stem cells through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release. The present study aimed to characterize additional key factors regulating the angiogenic capacity of such MSCs, namely, dental pulp stem cells derived from deciduous teeth (SHED). We identified fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) as a potent inducer of the release of VEGF and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) by SHED. We found that FGF-2 limited hypoxia-induced downregulation of HGF release. Using three-dimensional culture models of angiogenesis, we demonstrated that VEGF and HGF were both responsible for the high angiogenic potential of SHED through direct targeting of endothelial cells. In addition, FGF-2 treatment increased the fraction of Stro-1+/CD146+ progenitor cells. We then applied in vitro FGF-2 priming to SHED before encapsulation in hydrogels and in vivo subcutaneous implantation. Our results showed that FGF-2 priming is more efficient than hypoxia at increasing SHED-induced vascularization compared with nonprimed controls. Altogether, these data demonstrate that FGF-2 priming enhances the angiogenic potential of SHED through the secretion of both HGF and VEGF.

Significance

The results from the present study show that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) priming is more efficient than hypoxia at increasing dental pulp stem cells derived from deciduous teeth (SHED)-induced vascularization compared with nonprimed controls. Together, these data demonstrate that FGF-2 priming enhances the angiogenic potential of SHED through the secretion of both hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mononuclear Cells From Cord Blood: Cotransplantation Provides a Better Effect in Treating Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Chen Gecai , Yue Aihuan , Yu Hong , Ruan Zhongbao , Yin Yigang , Wang Ruzhu , Ren Yin , Zhu Li
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cotransplanting mononuclear cells from cord blood (CB-MNCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as treatment for myocardial infarction (MI). Transplanting CD34+ cells or MSCs separately has been shown effective in treating MI, but the effect of cotransplanting CB-MNCs and MSCs is not clear. In this study, MSCs were separated by their adherence to the tissue culture. The morphology, immunophenotype, and multilineage potential of MSCs were analyzed. CB-MNCs were separated in lymphocyte separation medium 1.077. CD34+ cell count and viability were analyzed by flow cytometry. Infarcted male Sprague-Dawley rats in a specific-pathogen-free grade were divided into four treatment groups randomly: group I, saline; group II, CB-MNCs; group III, MSCs; and group IV, CB-MNCs plus MSCs. The saline, and CB-MNCs and/or MSCs were injected intramyocardially in infarcted rats. Their cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. The myocardial capillary density was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Both cell types induced an improvement in the left ventricular cardiac function and increased tissue cell proliferation in myocardial tissue and neoangiogenesis. However, CB-MNCs plus MSCs were more effective in reducing the infarct size and preventing ventricular remodeling. Scar tissue was reduced significantly in the CB-MNCs plus MSCs group. MSCs facilitate engraftment of CD34+ cells and immunomodulation after allogeneic CD34+ cell transplantation. Cotransplanting MSCs and CB-MNCs might be more effective than transplanting MSCs or CB-MNCs separately for treating MI. This study contributes knowledge toward effective treatment strategies for MI.

Significance

This study assessed cotransplantation of hematopoietic stem cells (CD34+ cells) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) in a rat model. The results demonstrate that MSCs and mononuclear cells from cord blood may have synergistic effects and cotransplantation might be more effective in the treatment of MI than transplanting MSCs and CD34+ cells separately. This study contributes knowledge toward a more effective treatment protocol for MI.
Envejecimiento de la población en la Región de Murcia: causas y consecuencias
Authors: Moya Ortega Carlos , García Marín Ramón
Published: January 2016

Las importantes ganancias en esperanza de vida logradas en los últimos años, junto con tasas de fecundidad inferiores al nivel de reemplazo, han originado un progresivo envejecimiento de la población española, que se manifestará en un descenso ininterrumpido de la población en edad de trabajar y en un aumento continuado de la proporción de población de más de 65 años. La Región de Murcia, aunque presenta mejores expectativas demográficas que otras regiones españolas, también experimenta un notable envejecimiento de su población. De este modo, si no se mejora la situación actual de dependencia y recesión económica, el Estado del Bienestar puede verse comprometido en su mantenimiento y su continuidad será más difícil con una estructura demográfica envejecida.
La sierra de Cartagena-La Unión (Murcia): un ejemplo de actividad turística a través del patrimonio minero
Authors: Morales Yago Francisco José
Published: January 2016

El cese final en el año 1991 de  la actividad minera en la Sierra de Cartagena-La Unión en la Región de Murcia supuso para esta comarca el inicio de un gran declive económico que no ha encontrado respuesta  hasta tiempos recientes, en donde la iniciativa para la puesta en valor del importante legado minero-industrial está sirviendo de base en la creación de un proyecto turístico complementario al tradicional de sol y playa ubicado en La Manga del Mar Menor y demás espacios litorales. El análisis DAFO incluido como metodología principal de este trabajo permitirá a través de la participación de distintos colectivos conocer y analizar el presente así como  la  proyección de futuro de esta nueva actividad que potencialmente supondrá un importante cambio en la actividad socioeconómica de la comarca y  por consiguiente de sus habitantes.
El cultivo del viñedo como recurso turístico cultural: el caso de la Geria (Lanzarote. Islas Canarias, España)
Authors: González Morales Alejandro , Ramón Ojeda Antonio Ángel , Hernández Torres Santiago
Published: January 2016

La agricultura es un sector económico importante pero actualmente en regresión. El paisaje agrícola constituye un patrimonio que puede ser puesto en valor como recurso turístico, de manera que ambas actividades, agricultura y turismo, se verían mutuamente beneficiadas de esa relación. El presente trabajo aborda la evolución y situación actual del sector vitivinícola, su producción y sistemas de cultivo, distribución espacial y expectativas de futuro. Asimismo, se pone en relación el paisaje vitivinícola con la actividad turística y el uso que del primero se está llevando a cabo, y aún puede potenciarse, como atractivo en rutas y actividades de ocio para los visitantes de Lanzarote.
Estrategias de promoción inmobiliaria en la producción de la ciudad. El caso del "desarrollista" GAMA en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina
Authors: Cisterna Carolina , Capdevielle Julieta
Published: January 2016

Córdoba, al igual que muchas ciudades argentinas, ha desarrollado en los últimos años un vigoroso aumento de su urbanización. En este marco, los grupos empresariales han desplegado un conjunto de prácticas, buscando maximizar la ganancia, respecto a los procesos de producción de ciudad. En este sentido, en base al estudio de uno de los "desarrollistas urbanos" más grandes de la ciudad, GAMA S. A., sistematizamos una serie de estrategias/prácticas que apuntan a maximizar la ganancia tanto en lo que refiere al proceso productivo como en la producción y capitalización de rentas urbanas. Principalmente identificamos dos dimensiones: las estrategias más de orden económico-financiero que hacen a su ganancia media, y las estrategias territoriales referidas a la promoción inmobiliaria y el aprovechamiento de la renta urbana, que hacen a su ganancia extraordinaria. La distinción es analítica ya que éstas se presentan de modo muchas veces articuladas y en conjunto. A lo largo del artículo utilizamos el concepto de grupos "desarrollistas", modo en que se autodenominan las empresas agrupadas en la Cámara Empresarial de Desarrollistas Urbanos Córdoba (CEDUC), para hacer referencia a lo que la sociología francesa denomina como promotores inmobiliarios (Topalov, 1979).
Deficiência e inclusão social: os percursos da lesão medular em Portugal
Authors: Fontes Fernando , Sena Martins Bruno
Published: January 2016

O presento artigo procura contribuir para um questionamento cultural e sociopolítico da deficiência, através de uma análise dos percursos biográficos de pessoas que viram as suas vidas marcadas por uma lesão medular. Partindo de uma extensiva recolha de testemunhos de pessoas com lesão medular em diferentes momentos dos seus processos de reabilitação, procura-se compor um retrato que mapeie alguns dos desafios centrais que se colocam à sua inclusão social. Assim, através de uma análise que convoca, igualmente, as perspetivas dos atores institucionais e das famílias, procura-se refletir sobre o modo como os percursos dos lesionados medulares refletem a situação de exclusão social amplamente vivida pelas pessoas com deficiência em Portugal.
Review: Students' Pathways in Higher Education. Factors and Processes of Success and Failure [António Firmino da Costa, João Teixeira Lopes e Ana Caetano (orgs.), 2014, Lisboa, Editora Mundos Sociais, 231 páginas]
Authors: Abrantes Pedro
Published: January 2016

-
Políticas culturais locais: contributos para um modelo de análise
Authors: Silva Augusto Santos , Babo Elisa Pérez , Guerra Paula
Published: January 2016

O objetivo do artigo é propor um modelo de análise das políticas culturais locais adaptado à realidade portuguesa. Parte da ideia de que uma combinação das perspetivas da sociologia e da economia (assim como a consideração do contributo da geografia) constitui o melhor enquadramento para tal análise. E procura contribuir para o aprofundamento dos estudos empíricos, através do desenho de um modelo que possa ser sistematicamente aplicado, com as especificações requeridas caso a caso. Este modelo também poderá ser útil para o desenvolvimento das políticas públicas para a cultura, na medida em que oferece um quadro para a interpretação do processo de tomada de decisão, da aplicação prática e dos resultados obtidos com essas políticas.
Cultura de leitura e classe leitora em Portugal
Authors: Neves José Soares
Published: January 2016

Neste artigo analisam-se as práticas de leitura à luz do quadro conceptual que distingue cultura de leitura de classe leitora, utilizando como base empírica o último inquérito sociológico sobre práticas de leitura realizado em Portugal. O artigo incide na leitura em suportes impressos e nos contextos de lazer e de estudo / profissional. Analisa-se a classe leitora quanto às práticas e às caraterísticas socioeconómicas. Refletem-se ainda novas linhas de problematização com vista ao aprofundamento da temática em causa no contexto digital.
A nova globalização pós-2008 e a reconfiguração do sistema dos média ocidentais
Authors: Figueiras Rita , Ribeiro Nelson
Published: January 2016

O artigo analisa os novos fluxos de capital na indústria dos média, no contexto da globalização pós-2008, e examina como o poder de regimes autocráticos — e dos seus aliados económicos —, está a ser usado no ocidente para influenciar os sistemas de média que são vulneráveis ao capital externo. A partir de casos concretos, o artigo oferece uma elaboração teórica sobre a complexidade dos fluxos de capital no contexto da nova globalização e como esta pode estar a produzir um ambiente adverso ao modelo liberal dos média nas democracias ocidentais.
International student mobility in crisis? Understanding post-diploma mobility decision-making in an economic crisis context
Authors: Cairns David
Published: January 2016

This article examines student mobility in Portugal, with the aim of understanding what prompts the decision to leave, with particular emphasis upon the weight of factors associated with the on-going economic crisis. Findings from a survey of 400 Lisbon students conducted during 2014 are used to demonstrate the popularity of the idea of moving abroad after the completion of present course of study, with 35% indicating an intention to leave Portugal. Regression analysis confirms that factors associated with the economic crisis have a bearing upon mobility decisions, the most significant predictor being negative impact on personal well-being.
Oscillation up to 1.92 THz in resonant tunneling diode by reduced conduction loss
Authors: Maekawa Takeru , Kanaya Hidetoshi , Suzuki Safumi , Asada Masahiro
Published: January 2016

A large increase in oscillation frequency was achieved in resonant-tunneling-diode (RTD) terahertz oscillators by reducing the conduction loss. An n+-InGaAs layer under the air-bridge electrode connected to the RTD was observed to cause a large conduction loss for high-frequency current due to the skin effect. By introducing a new fabrication process removing the InGaAs layer, we obtained 1.92-THz oscillation, which extended the highest frequency of room-temperature electronic single oscillators. Theoretical calculations reasonably agreed with the experiment, and an oscillation above 2 THz is further expected with an improved structure of the slot antenna used as a resonator and radiator.
Operational stability in pentacene thin-film transistors with threshold voltages tuned by oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Kimura Yoshinari , Kitamura Masatoshi , Kitani Asahi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: January 2016

Pentacene-based organic thin-film transistors (TFTs) having a SiO2 gate dielectric treated with oxygen plasma have been investigated for control of the threshold voltage. The threshold voltage changed in the wide range from −15 to 80 V, depending on plasma treatment time, AC power for plasma generation, and gate dielectric thickness. The threshold voltage change was attributed to negative charges induced on and/or near the surface of the gate dielectric. The threshold voltage change on the order of 1 V was particularly proportional to plasma treatment time. The predictable change enables the control of threshold voltage in this range. In addition, the effect of gate bias stress on threshold voltage was examined. The results suggested that gate bias stress does not negate the threshold voltage change induced by plasma treatment.
Fabrication of highly (110)-oriented BaCeO3-based proton-conductive oxide thin films by RF magnetron sputtering method
Authors: Sato Tomoya , Inoue Takaaki , Ichinose Daichi , Funakubo Hiroshi , Uchiyama Kiyoshi
Published: January 2016

A proton-conductive BaCe0.9Y0.1O3−δ (BCYO) thin-film, one of the candidates for the electrolyte of intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs), was deposited on (111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrate by the RF magnetron sputtering method. The sputtering conditions, i.e., deposition temperature, pressure, and sputtering gases, were examined to improve the crystallinity of the films. The BCYO films deposited at more than 500 °C were well crystallized and showed only 110 diffraction. The addition of O2 into the sputtering gas causes adverse results of lower crystallinity and lower deposition rates. A wide-range XRD reciprocal space mapping also revealed that the (110)-oriented BCYO films can be obtained on (111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrates without the need to use any buffer layers. We consider that this BCYO film possibly shows high proton conductivity and may be a suitable material for the SOFC electrolyte because of its high crystallinity.
Defect termination on crystalline silicon surfaces by hydrogen for improvement in the passivation quality of catalytic chemical vapor-deposited SiNx and SiNx/P catalytic-doped layers
Authors: Thi Trinh Cham , Koyama Koichi , Ohdaira Keisuke , Matsumura Hideki
Published: January 2016

We investigate the role of hydrogen (H) in the improvement in the passivation quality of silicon nitride (SiN
x
) prepared by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (Cat-CVD) and Cat-CVD SiN
x
/phosphorus (P) Cat-doped layers on crystalline silicon (c-Si) by annealing. Both structures show promising passivation capabilities for c-Si with extremely low surface recombination velocity (SRV) on n-type c-Si. Defect termination by H is evaluated on the basis of defect density (N
d) determined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and interface state density (D
it) calculated by the Terman method. The two parameters are found to be drastically decreased by annealing after SiN
x
deposition. The calculated average D
it at midgap (D
it-average) is 2.2 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2 for the SiN
x
/P Cat-doped c-Si sample with a SRV of 2 cm/s, which is equivalent to 3.1 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2 for the SiN
x
/c-Si sample with a SRV of 5 cm/s after annealing. The results indicate that H atoms play a critical role in the reduction in D
it for SiN
x
/c-Si and SiN
x
/P Cat-doped c-Si, resulting in a drastic reduction in SRV by annealing.
Reconstruction of landslide movements by inversion of 4‐D electrical resistivity tomography monitoring data
Authors: Wilkinson Paul , Chambers Jonathan , Uhlemann Sebastian , Meldrum Philip , Smith Alister , Dixon Neil , Loke Meng Heng
Published: January 2016

Reliable tomographic inversion of geoelectrical monitoring data from unstable slopes relies critically on knowing the electrode positions, which may move over time. We develop and present an innovative inverse method to recover movements in both surface directions from geoelectrical measurements made on a grid of monitoring electrodes. For the first time, we demonstrate this method using field data from an active landslide to recover sequences of movement over timescales of days to years. Comparison with GPS measurements demonstrated an accuracy of within 10% of the electrode spacing, sufficient to correct the majority of artifacts that would occur in subsequent image reconstructions if incorrect positions are used. Over short timescales where the corresponding subsurface resistivity changes were smaller, the constraints could be relaxed and an order‐of‐magnitude better accuracy was achievable. This enabled the onset and acceleration of landslide activity to be detected with a temporal resolution of a few days.
Major softening at brittle‐ductile transition due to interplay between chemical and deformation processes: An insight from evolution of shear bands in the South Armorican Shear Zone
Authors: Bukovská Zita , Jeřábek Petr , Morales Luiz F. G.
Published: January 2016

The formation of S‐C/C′ fabrics in the South Armorican Shear Zone has been evaluated by detailed microstructural study where the focus was given to initiation and early evolution of the C/C′ fabric shear bands. Our observations suggest that the S‐C/C′ fabrics formed at distinct temperature conditions indicating >550°C for the S fabric and 300–350°C at 100–400 MPa for the C/C′ fabric shear bands. The evolving microstructure within shear bands documents switches in deformation mechanisms related to positive feedbacks between deformation and chemical processes and imposes mechanical constraints on the evolution of the brittle‐ductile transition in the continental transform fault domains. Three stages of shear band evolution have been identified. Stage I corresponds to initiation of shear bands via formation of microcracks with possible yielding differential stress of up to 250 MPa. Stage II is associated with subgrain rotation recrystallization and dislocation creep of quartz and coeval dissolution‐precipitation creep of microcline. Recrystallized quartz grains show continual increase in size and decrease in stress and strain rates from 94 MPa to 17–26 MPa and 3.8 × 10−12 s−1–8 × 10−14 s−1 associated with deformation partitioning into weaker microcline layer and shear band widening. The quartz mechanical data allowed us to set some constrains for coeval dissolution‐precipitation of microcline which at our estimated pressure‐temperature conditions suggests creep at 17–26 MPa differential stress and 3.8 × 10−13 s−1 strain rate. Stage III is characterized by localized slip along white mica bands accommodated by dislocation creep at strain rate 3.8 × 10−12 s−1 and stress 9.36 MPa. Our mechanical data point to dynamic evolution of the studied brittle‐ductile transition characterized by major weakening to strengths ~10 MPa. Such nonsteady state evolution may be common in crustal shear zones especially when phase transformations are involved.
Crustal structure beneath the Northern Transantarctic Mountains and Wilkes Subglacial Basin: Implications for tectonic origins
Authors: Hansen Samantha E. , Kenyon Lindsey M. , Graw Jordan H. , Park Yongcheol , Nyblade Andrew A.
Published: January 2016

The Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs) are the largest noncollisional mountain range on Earth. Their origin, as well as the origin of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin (WSB) along the inland side of the TAMs, has been widely debated, and a key constraint to distinguish between competing models is the underlying crustal structure. Previous investigations have examined this structure but have primarily focused on a small region of the central TAMs near Ross Island, providing little along‐strike constraint. In this study, we use data from the new Transantarctic Mountains Northern Network and from five stations operated by the Korea Polar Research Institute to investigate the crustal structure beneath a previously unexplored portion of the TAMs. Using S wave receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocities, crustal thickness and average crustal shear velocity (
) are resolved within ±4 km and ±0.1 km/s, respectively. The crust thickens from ~20 km near the Ross Sea coast to ~46 km beneath the northern TAMs, which is somewhat thicker than that imaged in previous studies beneath the central TAMs. The crust thins to ~41 km beneath the WSB.
ranges from ~3.1–3.9 km/s, with slower velocities near the coast. Our findings are consistent with a flexural origin for the TAMs and WSB, where these features result from broad flexure of the East Antarctic lithosphere and uplift along its western edge due to thermal conduction from hotter mantle beneath West Antarctica. Locally, thicker crust may explain the ~1 km of additional topography in the northern TAMs compared to the central TAMs.
Modeling modern glacier response to climate changes along the Andes Cordillera: A multiscale review
Authors: Fernández Alfonso , Mark Bryan G.
Published: January 2016

Here we review the literature preferentially concerned with modern glacier‐climate modeling along the Andes. We find a diverse range of modeling approaches, from empirical/statistical models to relatively complex energy balance procedures. We analyzed these models at three different spatial scales. First, we review global approaches that have included the Andes. Second, we depict and analyze modeling exercises aimed at studying Andean glaciers as a whole. Our revision shows only two studies dealing with glacier modeling at this continental scale. We contend that this regional approach is increasingly necessary because it allows for connecting the “average‐out” tendency of global studies to local observations or models, in order to comprehend scales of variability and heterogeneity. Third, we revise small‐scale modeling, finding that the overwhelming number of studies have targeted glaciers in Patagonia. We also find that most studies use temperature‐index models and that energy balance models are still not widely utilized. However, there is no clear spatial pattern of model complexity. We conclude with a discussion of both the limitations of certain approaches, as for example the use of short calibration periods for long‐term modeling, and also the opportunities for improved understanding afforded by new methods and techniques, such as climatic downscaling. We also propose ways to future developments, in which observations and models can be combined to improve current understanding of volumetric glacier changes and their climate causes.
Reconstruction and applications of consensus yeast metabolic network based on RNA sequencing
Authors: Zhao Yuqi , Wang Yanjie , Zou Lei , Huang Jingfei
Published: January 2016

One practical application of genome‐scale metabolic reconstructions is to interrogate multispecies relationships. Here, we report a consensus metabolic model in four yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, S. mikatae, and S. bayanus) by integrating metabolic network simulations with RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) datasets. We generated high‐resolution transcriptome maps of four yeast species through de novo assembly and genome‐guided approaches. The transcriptomes were annotated and applied to build the consensus metabolic network, which was verified using independent RNA‐seq experiments. The expression profiles reveal that the genes involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism are highly coexpressed. The diverse phenotypic characteristics, such as cellular growth and gene deletions, can be simulated using the metabolic model. We also explored the applications of the consensus model in metabolic engineering using yeast‐specific reactions and biofuel production as examples. Similar strategies will benefit communities studying genome‐scale metabolic networks of other organisms.
Nanoscale Materials Patterning by Local Electrochemical Lithography
Authors: Liu He , Hoeppener Stephanie , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: January 2016

Scanning probe lithography (SPL) techniques are mainly based on electrical, mechanical, and thermal interactions between a tip and substrates. By comparison, the electrical field‐induced SPL is highly attractive because a variety of chemical changes can be induced on the surface based on electrochemical reactions taking place during the lithography processes. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the field of electrical field‐induced SPL processes, i.e., the local electrochemical lithography. Different substrate materials are discussed, and new concepts, applications and technological improvements are presented.
Development of a Continuous‐Flow Microreactor for Asymmetric Sulfoxidation Using a Biomimetic Manganese Catalyst
Authors: Dai Wen , Mi Yuan , Lv Ying , Chen Bo , Li Guosong , Chen Guangwen , Gao Shuang
Published: January 2016

Asymmetric sulfoxidation catalyzed by a biomimetic manganese complex under continuous‐flow microreactor is described. The reaction is conducted in microreactor, it can rapidly (<4 min) oxidize a wide scope of sulfides with high yield (up to 91%) and excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee), and allows shorter reaction times, easier scale‐up and lower catalyst loadings than its batchwise counterpart. Additionally, a convenient numbering‐up strategy for the scale‐up of asymmetric sulfoxidation has been developed which enables a direct scaling of the reaction to 5 g affording the corresponding sulfoxides within 20 min.

magnified image
Functional unfold principal component regression methodology for analysis of industrial batch process data
Authors: Mears Lisa , Nørregård Rasmus , Sin Gürkan , Gernaey Krist V. , Stocks Stuart M. , Albaek Mads O. , Villez Kris
Published: January 2016

This work proposes a methodology utilizing functional unfold principal component regression (FUPCR), for application to industrial batch process data as a process modeling and optimization tool. The methodology is applied to an industrial fermentation dataset, containing 30 batches of a production process operating at Novozymes A/S. Following the FUPCR methodology, the final product concentration could be predicted with an average prediction error of 7.4%. Multiple iterations of preprocessing were applied by implementing the methodology to identify the best data handling methods for the model. It is shown that application of functional data analysis and the choice of variance scaling method have the greatest impact on the prediction accuracy. Considering the vast amount of batch process data continuously generated in industry, this methodology can potentially contribute as a tool to identify desirable process operating conditions from complex industrial datasets. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1986–1994, 2016
Validation of the revised international prognostic score of thrombosis for essential thrombocythemia (IPSET‐thrombosis) in 585 Mayo clinic patients
Authors: Haider Mahnur , Gangat Naseema , Lasho Terra , Abou Hussein Ahmed K. , Elala Yoseph C. , Hanson Curtis , Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2016

The primary objective of treatment in essential thrombocythemia (ET) is to prevent thromboembolic complications. In this regard, advanced age and thrombosis history have long distinguished “low” from “high” risk patients. More recently, JAK2V617F and cardiovascular (CV) risk factors were identified as additional modifiers, leading to the development of a 3‐tiered International Prognostic Score of Thrombosis for ET (IPSET‐thrombosis): “low,” “intermediate,” and “high”. The international data set used to develop IPSET‐thrombosis was recently re‐analyzed in order to quantify the additional pro‐thrombotic effect of JAK2V617F and CV risk factors in specific risk subcategories. The revised IPSET‐thrombosis identified four risk categories based on three adverse variables (thrombosis history, age >60 years and JAK2V617F): very low (no adverse features), low (presence of JAK2V617F), intermediate (age >60 years) and high (presence of thrombosis history or presence of both advanced age and JAK2V617F). In this study of 585 patients with ET (median age 68 years; 61% female), we validated the revised IPSET‐thrombosis by confirming significant differences in thrombosis risk between “very low” and “low” (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 − 5.3) and between “intermediate” and “high” (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1 − 5.2) risk patients. Furthermore, in multivariable analysis, only JAK2V617F (HR=1.8, CI= 1.07 − 2.94) and history of thrombosis (HR=2.1, CI= 1.20 − 3.58) were independently predictive of future thrombotic events. The revised IPSET‐thrombosis needs confirmation in prospective studies, especially in terms of risk‐adapted therapy that includes the need for aspirin therapy in very low risk, twice‐daily aspirin therapy for low risk and cytoreductive therapy for low or intermediate risk patients. Am. J. Hematol. 91:390–394, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An overlapping phenotype of Osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome due to a heterozygous mutation in COL1A1 and biallelic missense variants in TNXB identified by whole exome sequencing
Authors: Mackenroth Luisa , Fischer‐Zirnsak Björn , Egerer Johannes , Hecht Jochen , Kallinich Tilmann , Stenzel Werner , Spors Birgit , von Moers Arpad , Mundlos Stefan , Kornak Uwe , Gerhold Kerstin , Horn Denise
Published: January 2016

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) are variable genetic disorders that overlap in different ways [Cole 1993; Grahame 1999]. Here, we describe a boy presenting with severe muscular hypotonia, multiple fractures, and joint hyperflexibility, features that are compatible with mild OI and hypermobility type EDS, respectively. By whole exome sequencing, we identified both a COL1A1 mutation (c.4006‐1G > A) inherited from the patient's mildly affected mother and biallelic missense variants in TNXB (p.Val1213Ile, p.Gly2592Ser). Analysis of cDNA showed that the COL1A1 splice site mutation led to intron retention causing a frameshift (p.Phe1336Valfs*72). Type 1 collagen secretion by the patient's skin fibroblasts was reduced. Immunostaining of a muscle biopsy obtained from the patient revealed a clear reduction of tenascin‐X in the extracellular matrix compared to a healthy control. These findings imply that the combination of the COL1A1 mutation with the TNXB variants might cause the patient's unique phenotype. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variants in TERT influencing telomere length are associated with paranoid schizophrenia risk
Authors: Rao Shuquan , Ye Ning , Hu Huiling , Shen Yan , Xu Qi
Published: January 2016

Schizophrenia is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders, with a high heritability of up to 80%. Several studies have reported telomere dysfunction in schizophrenia, and common variants in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene. TERT is a key component of the telomerase complex that maintains telomere length by addition of telomere repeats to telomere ends, and has repeatedly shown association with mean lymphocyte telomere length (LTL). Thus, we hypothesized that TERT may be a novel susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. Using a Taqman protocol, we genotyped eight tag SNPs from the TERT locus in 1,072 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 1,284 control subjects from a Chinese Han population. We also measured mean LTL in 98 cases and 109 controls using a quantitative PCR‐based technique. Chi‐square tests showed that two SNPs, rs2075786 (P = 0.0009, OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.65–0.90) and rs4975605 (P = 0.0026, OR = 0.73, 95%CI = 0.60–0.90), were associated with a protective effect, while rs10069690 was associated with risk of paranoid schizophrenia (P = 0.0044, OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.07–1.42). Additionally, the rs2736118‐rs2075786 haplotype showed significant association with paranoid schizophrenia (P = 0.0013). Moreover, mean LTL correlated with rs2075786 genotypes was significantly shorter in the patient group than the control group. The present results suggest that the TERT gene may be a novel candidate involved in the development of paranoid schizophrenia. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative Aminoaziridination of 2‐Vinylfuran Derivatives as an Approach to Hexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,4‐dione Monohydrazones
Authors: Sorokina Mariia V. , Pankova Alena S. , Kuznetsov Mikhail A.
Published: January 2016

The oxidative addition of N‐aminophthalimide to substituted 2‐vinylfurans provides monophthaloylhydrazones of (2Z)‐hexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,4‐dione derivatives instead of 2‐furylaziridines by proceeding through an aziridination of the endocyclic furan C=C bond followed by a regio‐ and stereoselective rearrangement of the bicyclic intermediate. The formation of stable aziridines can then occur through the aziridination of the (E)‐C=C bond of these phthaloylhydrazones. Detailed structure elucidations and mechanistic considerations are provided.
Infant transport and mother–infant contact from 1 to 26 weeks postnatal in Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) in northwestern Madagascar
Authors: Ross Abigail C. , Lehman Shawn M.
Published: January 2016

Lactating females face energetic constraints absent in conspecifics and must compensate for higher energy requirements. Infant transport is the most energetically costly mammalian activity after lactation. Nonetheless, infant transport and mother–infant contact are seldom measured. The extreme seasonality characteristic of Madagascar coupled with lactation costs and infant transport is a trifold energetic challenge encountered by lemur mothers. We hypothesized that Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) mothers spend more time caring for infants during the early/earlier‐mid lactation period, coinciding with the resource depletive austral winter, relative to later‐mid/late lactation. We tested this hypothesis by measuring infant carrier identity, transport position, and frequency of mother–infant contact for 678 focal hours over two consecutive birth seasons from 1 to 26 weeks postnatal (N = 10 infants, N = 10 mothers, N = 19 adult males, N = 8 adult females) in Ankarafantsika National Park (ANP), Madagascar. Quantifying P. coquereli postnatal care strategies demonstrates how a species with a “slow” life history lives in an energetically challenging environment, thereby providing data on maternal energetic responses and infant development in an endangered strepsirrhine. Mothers were the primary infant transporters. Adult males and non‐lactating females participated in infant transport, but for significantly less time. Infants spent significantly more time in the ventral transport position than dorsally or independently. Infants were still transported 26% of the time at 6.5 months postnatal. Infants initiated and broke bodily contact with mothers more frequently than mothers initiated and broke contact with infants. Infants were dependent on their mothers for longer durations than suggested by previous studies and carried dorsally until later ages than in other comparably sized wild lemurs. Am. J. Primatol. 78:646–658, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evolutionary adaptation of the C282Y mutation to culture and climate during the European Neolithic
Authors: Heath Kathleen M. , Axton Jacob H. , McCullough John M. , Harris Nathan
Published: January 2016

Objectives

The C282Y allele is the major cause of hemochromatosis as a result of excessive iron absorption. The mutation arose in continental Europe no earlier than 6,000 years ago, coinciding with the arrival of the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Here we hypothesize that this new Neolithic diet, which originated in the sunny warm and dry climates of the Middle East, was carried by migrating farmers into the chilly and damp environments of Europe where iron is a critical micronutrient for effective thermoregulation. We argue that the C282Y allele was an adaptation to this novel environment.

Materials and Methods

To address our hypothesis, we compiled C282Y allele frequencies, known Neolithic sites in Europe and climatic data on temperature and rainfall for statistical analysis.

Results

Our findings indicate that the geographic cline for C282Y frequency in Europe increases as average temperatures decrease below 16°C, a critical threshold for thermoregulation, with rainy days intensifying the trend.

Discussion

The results indicate that the deleterious C282Y allele, responsible for most cases of hemochromatosis, may have evolved as a selective advantage to culture and climate during the European Neolithic. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:86–101, 2016. © 2016 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.