bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bibliography on Propositions and Truth-Bearers: From Frege to 1981
Authors: Moser Paul K. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

The 'Bibliography on Propositions and Truth-Bearers' is intended to be a virtually comprehensive list of the works on propositions and truth-bearers which have appeared since the time of Frege and are relevant to the problem of propositions and truth-bearers found in the Anglo-American philosophical tradition. The bibliography lists relevant books, chapters and smaller sections of books, journal articles , and encyclopedia and dictionary entries. It includes works which are either historical or philosophical treatments of the problem o f propositions and truth-bearers. In addition, it lists some important works which bear on that problem in a rather indirect but nonetheless significant manner, such as the works on intentionality and the general problem of meaning. Although a large number of the entries are concerned primarily with the ontological status of propositions and truth-bearers, many of the works are concerned also with the related semantic and epistemological issues. Thus the bibliography should be an aid to anyone working on either the ontological or the epistemological issues related to the problem of propositions and truth-bearers.
Bibliography on Plato's Cratylus
Authors: Palmer Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

This bibliography, though not "complete," is nonetheless extensive. With respect to editions, translations and secondary literature appearing after 1900 it is virtually complete in several languages. It also includes the important editions and translations from the nineteenth century as well as a good deal of the philosophical and philological literature on the dialogue from that period. The works which have been cited fall into five main sections: I) Editions and Translations; II) Discussions devoted to a Comprehensive Interpretation of the Cratylus; III) Special Topics; IV) Historical Sources; and V) Other Secondary Literature which discusses the Cratylus only in Passing. Section III, "Special Topics," includes these subsections: a) Names vis-a-vis Knowledge and Reality; b) Truth and Falsity; c) The Etymologies; d) The Alphabet, Orthography, Onomatopoeia and Mimesis; e) The Personae: Cratylus and Hermogenes; f) Date of the Cratylus; g) Other Philological and Textual Issues; h) Miscellaneous Topics.
What is Professional Ethics?
Authors: James David N. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2016

After distinguishing professional ethic s from legal and aesthetic norms I argue that a version of rule-utilitarianism is best able to account for professional ethics. The alleged relativism of role-specific duties is a badly posed issue, I argue, since how morality comes to one critically depends upon one's occupation. Alternative theories of the foundations of professional ethics are criticized, both consent theories and the views of those who object to the legalism implicit in a rule-based theory. A mixed theory of virtue is defended to include the most important aspects of an ethic of virtue in the overall rule-utilitarian framework.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) paralog dose governs T cell effector and regulatory functions
Authors: Villarino Alejandro , Laurence Arian , Robinson Gertraud W , Bonelli Michael , Dema Barbara , Afzali Behdad , Shih Han-Yu , Sun Hong-Wei , Brooks Stephen R , Hennighausen Lothar , Kanno Yuka , O'Shea John J
Published: March 2016

The transcription factor STAT5 is fundamental to the mammalian immune system. However, the relationship between its two paralogs, STAT5A and STAT5B, and the extent to which they are functionally distinct, remain uncertain. Using mouse models of paralog deficiency, we demonstrate that they are not equivalent for CD4+ 'helper' T cells, the principal orchestrators of adaptive immunity. Instead, we find that STAT5B is dominant for both effector and regulatory (Treg) responses and, therefore, uniquely necessary for immunological tolerance. Comparative analysis of genomic distribution and transcriptomic output confirm that STAT5B has fargreater impact but, surprisingly, the data point towards asymmetric expression (i.e. paralog dose), rather than distinct functional properties, as the key distinguishing feature. Thus, we propose a quantitative model of STAT5 paralog activity whereby relative abundance imposes functional specificity (or dominance) in the face of widespread structural homology.
Alkenone paleothermometry in the North Atlantic: A review and synthesis of surface sediment data and calibrations
Authors: Filippova A. , Kienast M. , Frank M. , Schneider R. R.
Published: March 2016

Despite a clear correlation of alkenone unsaturation and sea surface temperatures (SST) throughout most parts of the ocean, scatter of the regression for various calibration equations has been shown to increase significantly at low SSTs. In this study, we combine previously published (n = 101) and new (n = 51) surface sediment data from the northern North Atlantic to constrain uncertainties of alkenone paleothermometry at low SSTs and to discuss possible sources of the increased scatter in the regression. The correlation between alkenone unsaturation and SSTs is strongest, in particular at the cold end (SSTs < 10°C), when the tetra‐unsaturated alkenones (C37:4) are included in the unsaturation index (expressed as
) and regressed against spring‐summer temperature. Surface ocean salinity and sea ice cover are not correlated with
per se. However, samples located in regions of permanent winter sea ice cover exhibit a significant warm bias. Deviation from the linear regression is posited to be related to a number of additional non‐exclusive factors, such as advection of allochthonous material, local temperature stratification, and uncertainty in the absolute age of surface sediment samples assumed to be equivalent to modern conditions. We conclude that alkenone unsaturation allows accurate reconstruction of SST records from many regions of the North Atlantic if the factors confounding alkenone paleothermometry detailed here can be excluded.
Backprojection analyses from four regional arrays for rupture over a curved dipping fault: The Mw 7.7 24 September 2013 Pakistan earthquake
Authors: Wang Dun , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Mori Jim , Ali Babar , Ren Zhikun , Shen Xuelin
Published: March 2016

We analyzed the 24 September 2013 Pakistan earthquake (Mw 7.7) with backprojection analyses using data recorded on four different regional arrays in Europe, China, and Japan (Hi‐net and F‐net). The results from all the arrays show propagation of the rupture toward the southwest for duration of about 40–50 s. Among them, results for Hi‐net and a subset of China array show a clear segment of fast rupture propagation, with a rupture speed probably faster than the local shear wave velocity. Resolutions of the results from the various arrays are investigated using bootstrap tests, backprojection of aftershocks, and numerical tests with synthetic source models. The results of those tests show differences in the quality of the results from the four arrays. The China array and the Hi‐net in Japan show the best results for this case. F‐net in Japan shows the poorest results because of the few number of stations. The locations of large amplitudes (equivalent to a M 6.8 event) have absolute uncertainties of about 20 to 30 km (ignoring the source dimension).
Tomographic Rayleigh wave group velocities in the Central Valley, California, centered on the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta
Authors: Fletcher Jon B. , Erdem Jemile , Seats Kevin , Lawrence Jesse
Published: March 2016

If shaking from a local or regional earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region were to rupture levees in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, then brackish water from San Francisco Bay would contaminate the water in the Delta: the source of freshwater for about half of California. As a prelude to a full shear‐wave velocity model that can be used in computer simulations and further seismic hazard analysis, we report on the use of ambient noise tomography to build a fundamental mode, Rayleigh wave group velocity model for the region around the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta in the western Central Valley, California. Recordings from the vertical component of about 31 stations were processed to compute the spatial distribution of Rayleigh wave group velocities. Complex coherency between pairs of stations was stacked over 8 months to more than a year. Dispersion curves were determined from 4 to about 18 s. We calculated average group velocities for each period and inverted for deviations from the average for a matrix of cells that covered the study area. Smoothing using the first difference is applied. Cells of the model were about 5.6 km in either dimension. Checkerboard tests of resolution, which are dependent on station density, suggest that the resolving ability of the array is reasonably good within the middle of the array with resolution between 0.2 and 0.4°. Overall, low velocities in the middle of each image reflect the deeper sedimentary syncline in the Central Valley. In detail, the model shows several centers of low velocity that may be associated with gross geologic features such as faulting along the western margin of the Central Valley, oil and gas reservoirs, and large crosscutting features like the Stockton arch. At shorter periods around 5.5 s, the model's western boundary between low and high velocities closely follows regional fault geometry and the edge of a residual isostatic gravity low. In the eastern part of the valley, the boundaries of the low‐velocity zone and gravity anomaly are better aligned at longer periods (around 10.5 s) suggesting that the eastern edge of the gravity low is associated with deeper structure. There is a strong correspondence between a low in gravity near the Kirby Hills fault and low velocities from the ambient noise tomography. At longer periods, higher velocities creep in from the east and narrow the overall dimension defined by the lower velocities. Overall, there is a strong correspondence between the shape and location of low velocities in the Rayleigh wave velocity images, and geological and geophysical features.
Interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow: The salinity effect
Authors: Hu Shijian , Sprintall Janet
Published: March 2016

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region possesses strong mixing and experiences significant freshwater input, but the role of salinity variability in the Indonesian Seas remains unclear. The goal of this study is to understand how salinity variability influences the ITF transport on interannual time scales. The ITF transport is calculated using observations and assimilation data sets and verified using direct ITF transport estimates. We find that the halosteric component of the ITF transport contributes (36 ± 7)% of the total ITF variability, in contrast to (63 ± 6)% by the thermosteric component. Thus, while not dominant, this result nonetheless implies that the salinity variability in the Indonesian Seas is of remarkable importance in determining the interannual variability of ITF transport. Correlation analysis indicates that the interannual variability of the total ITF transport is mainly influenced by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) rather than the Indian Ocean Dipole. Under the ENSO cycle, the Walker Circulation shifts longitudinally resulting in fluctuations in precipitation over the Indonesian Seas that modulates salinity and subsequently influences the interannual variability of ITF transport. This result signals the importance of precipitation and the subsequent salinity effect in determining the interannual variability of the ITF transport. The role of wind forcing and oceanic planetary waves is also revisited using this newly calculated ITF transport series. ENSO‐related wind forcing is found to modulate the ITF transport via Rossby waves through the wave guide in the Indonesian Seas, which is in agreement with previous studies.
Shelfbreak current over the Canadian Beaufort Sea continental slope: Wind‐driven events in January 2005
Authors: Dmitrenko Igor A. , Kirillov Sergei A. , Forest Alexandre , Gratton Yves , Volkov Denis L. , Williams William J. , Lukovich Jennifer V. , Belanger Claude , Barber David G.
Published: March 2016

The shelfbreak current over the Beaufort Sea continental slope is known to be one of the most energetic features of the Beaufort Sea hydrography. In January 2005, three oceanographic moorings deployed over the Canadian (eastern) Beaufort Sea continental slope simultaneously recorded two consecutive shelfbreak current events with along‐slope eastward bottom‐intensified flow up to 120 cm s−1. Both events were generated by the local wind forcing associated with two Pacific‐born cyclones passing north of the Beaufort Sea continental slope toward the Canadian Archipelago. Over the mooring array, the associated westerly wind exceeded 15 m s−1. These two cyclones generated storm surges along the Beaufort Sea coast with sea surface height (SSH) rising up to 1.4 m following the two westerly wind maxima. We suggest that the westerly along‐slope wind generated a surface Ekman onshore transport. The associated SSH increase over the shelf produced a cross‐slope pressure gradient that drove an along‐slope eastward geostrophic current, in the same direction as the wind. This wind‐driven barotropic flow was superimposed on the background baroclinic bottom‐intensified shelfbreak current that consequently amplified. Summer‐fall satellite altimetry data for 1992–2013 show that the SSH gradient in the southeastern Beaufort Sea is enhanced over the upper continental slope in response to frequent storm surge events. Because the local wind forcing and/or sea‐ice drift could not explain the reduction of sea‐ice concentration over the Beaufort Sea continental slope in January 2005, we speculate that wind‐driven sea level fluctuations may impact the sea‐ice cover in winter.
Spectral characterization of acid weathering products on Martian basaltic glass
Authors: Yant Marcella , Rogers A. Deanne , Nekvasil Hanna , Zhao Yu‐Yan Sara , Bristow Tom
Published: March 2016

For the first time, direct infrared spectral analyses of glasses with Martian compositions, altered under controlled conditions, are presented in order to assess surface weathering and regolith development on Mars. Basaltic glasses of Irvine and Backstay composition were synthesized and altered using H2SO4‐HCl acid solutions (pH 0–4). Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman, and infrared spectral measurements were acquired for each reaction product. Infrared spectra were also acquired from previously synthesized and altered glasses with Pathfinder‐measured compositions. Acid alteration on particles in the most acidic solutions (pH ≤ 1) yielded sulfate‐dominated visible near infrared (VNIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectra with some silica influence. Spectral differences between alteration products from each starting material were present, reflecting strong sensitivity to changes in mineral assemblage. In the TIR, alteration features were preserved after reworking and consolidation. In the VNIR, hydrated sulfate features were present along with strong negative spectral slopes. Although such signatures are found in a few isolated locations on Mars with high‐resolution spectrometers, much of the Martian surface lacks these characteristics, suggesting the following: acid alteration occurred at pH ≥ 2; small amounts of sulfates were reworked with unaltered material; there is a prevalence of intermediate‐to‐high silica glass in Martian starting materials (more resistant to acid alteration); primary or added sulfur were lacking; alteration features are obscured by dust; and/or large‐scale, pervasive, acid sulfate weathering of the Martian surface did not occur. These results highlight the need to better understand the spectral properties of altered Martian surface material in order to enhance the interpretation of remote spectra for altered terrains.
Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen export from a New Zealand pastoral catchment revealed by stream water nitrate isotopic composition
Authors: Wells Naomi S. , Baisden W. Troy , Horton Travis , Clough Tim J.
Published: March 2016

Viable indicators of nitrogen (N) attenuation at the catchment scale are needed in order to sustainably manage global agricultural intensification. We hypothesized that the dominance of a single land use (pasture production) and strong ground‐to‐surface water connectivity would combine to create a system in which surface water nitrate isotopes (δ15N and δ18O of
) could be used to monitor variations in catchment‐scale attenuation. Nitrate isotopes were measured monthly over a 2 year period in four reaches along a spring‐fed, gaining stream (mean
‐N of 6 mg L−1) in Canterbury, New Zealand. The stream water
pool indicated that the highest degree of denitrification occurred in the shallow upper reaches. Moving downstream through increasingly sandy soils, the isotopic signature of denitrification became progressively weaker. The lowest reaches fell into the expected range for
produced from the nitrification of pasture N sources (urine and fertilizers), implying that the attenuation capacity of the groundwater and riparian systems was lower than the rate of N inputs. After excluding months affected by effluent spills or extreme weather (n = 4), variations in the degree of denitrification over stream distance were combined with the measured
discharge to estimate N attenuation over time in the subcatchment. Attenuation was highly responsive to rainfall: 93% of calculated attenuation (20 kg
‐N ha−1 yr−1) occurred within 48 h of rainfall. These findings demonstrate the potential for detailed
stable isotope data to provide integrative measures of catchment
loss pathways.
Effect of tillage on macropore flow and phosphorus transport to tile drains
Authors: Williams Mark R. , King Kevin W. , Ford William , Buda Anthony R. , Kennedy Casey D.
Published: March 2016

Elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in subsurface drainage water are thought to be the result of P bypassing the soil matrix via macropore flow. The objectives of this study were to quantify event water delivery to tile drains via macropore flow paths during storm events and to determine the effect of tillage practices on event water and P delivery to tiles. Tile discharge, total dissolved P (DP) and total P (TP) concentrations, and stable oxygen and deuterium isotopic signatures were measured from two adjacent tile‐drained fields in Ohio, USA during seven spring storms. Fertilizer was surface‐applied to both fields and disk tillage was used to incorporate the fertilizer on one field while the other remained in no‐till. Median DP concentration in tile discharge prior to fertilizer application was 0.08 mg L−1 in both fields. Following fertilizer application, median DP concentration was significantly greater in the no‐tilled field (1.19 mg L−1) compared to the tilled field (0.66 mg L−1), with concentrations remaining significantly greater in the no‐till field for the remainder of the monitored storms. Both DP and TP concentrations in the no‐till field were significantly related to event water contributions to tile discharge, while only TP concentration was significantly related to event water in the tilled field. Event water accounted for between 26 and 69% of total tile discharge from both fields, but tillage substantially reduced maximum contributions of event water. Collectively, these results suggest that incorporating surface‐applied fertilizers has the potential to substantially reduce the risk of P transport from tile‐drained fields.
Calibration of soil moisture sensing with subsurface heated fiber optics using numerical simulation
Authors: Benítez‐Buelga Javier , Rodríguez‐Sinobas Leonor , Sánchez Calvo Raul , Gil‐Rodríguez María , Sayde Chadi , Selker John S.
Published: March 2016

The heat pulse probe method can be implemented with actively heated fiber optics (AHFO) to obtain distributed measurements of soil water content (θ) by using reported soil thermal responses measured by Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and with a soil‐specific calibration relationship. However, most reported applications have been calibrated to homogeneous soils in a laboratory, while inexpensive efficient in situ calibration procedures useful in heterogeneous soils are lacking. Here we employed the Hydrus 2‐D/3‐D code to define a soil‐specific calibration curve. We define a 2‐D geometry of the fiber optic cable and the surrounding soil media, and simulate heat pulses to capture the soil thermal response at different soil water contents. The model was validated in an irrigated field using DTS data from two locations along the FO deployment in which reference moisture sensors were installed. Results indicate that θ was measured with the model‐based calibration with accuracy better than 0.022 m3 m−3.
On the use of SRTM and altimetry data for flood modeling in data‐sparse regions
Authors: Domeneghetti Alessio
Published: March 2016

The growing availability of remotely sensed data has fostered the implementation of hydraulic modeling in poorly gauged regions. However, these applications suffer the lack of knowledge of river bathymetry, which cannot be directly inferred from satellite instruments. This study explores the possibility to set up, calibrate, and validate a hydrodynamic model which geometry is based on global and freely available satellite data. First, the study tests two different procedures for inferring the river bathymetry under the water surface level. Second, focusing on a Po River stretch of ∼140 km (Northern Italy), the study further assesses the suitability of spaceborne topographic and remotely sensed altimetry data (i.e., ERS‐2 and ENVISAT) for implementing and calibrating hydrodynamic models. Referring to 90 m SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) digital elevation model for the representation of the riverbed morphology, the work analyzes the performances of different 1‐D numerical models which cross sections are modified according to two approaches: (1) Channel Bankfull depth (CB) and (2) Slope‐Break (SB) approach. The calibration and validation processes are performed by referring to extended altimetry time series (∼16 years of data), while the accuracy and trustworthiness of 1‐D models are tested with reference to a quasi‐2‐D model based on detailed geometry data. Results show that both CB and SB approaches enhance the performance of SRTM‐based models. In particular, the SB approach is completely based on satelliteborne data and shows Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency, MAE, and RMSE values similar to those obtained with the benchmark model.
Total energy of deep low‐frequency tremor in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan
Authors: Annoura Satoshi , Obara Kazushige , Maeda Takuto
Published: March 2016

We estimated the total seismic energy of deep low‐frequency tremor in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, over an 11 year period. For precise estimation, the continuous time sequence of tremor activity was carefully detected using a procedure designed to minimize false‐negative detections. The estimated spatial distribution of accumulated total energy of tremor indicates high‐energy area in the western Shikoku region. Tremor activity rate, defined as the yearly average of total tremor energy per unit area, was investigated in each area throughout the Nankai subduction zone. The tremor activity rate was spatially variable, being high in areas west of the Kii Channel (the channel is marked by a complex plate geometry) and low in areas east of the channel. The plate convergence rate shows the same spatial pattern as that for tremor activity. We infer that tremor activity is influenced by accumulated strain due to plate convergence.
Coseismic and early postseismic deformation due to the 25 April 2015, Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements
Authors: Sreejith K. M. , Sunil P. S. , Agrawal Ritesh , Saji Ajish P. , Ramesh D. S. , Rajawat A. S.
Published: March 2016

Analysis of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data reveals coseismic and early postseismic (4–88 days) surface displacements associated with the 25 April 2015, Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. The pattern of early postseismic surface uplift and subsidence is found to be opposite to that of the coseismic motion. InSAR and GPS data were jointly inverted for coseismic and postseismic slip on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We consider a complex ramp‐flat‐ramp‐flat subsurface structure of the MHT with four connected fault planes dipping toward north from the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The inverted coseismic slip distribution follows an elliptical pattern, extending east‐southeastward from the hypocenter with maximum amplitude of 5.7 m above the upper edge of the midcrustal ramp. We infer early postseismic afterslip (4–16 days) of 0.2–0.47 m toward downdip of the coseismic slip asperity and another patch with 0.1–0.2 m slip toward east. The shallow portion of the MHT toward south is found to have remained unruptured during the earthquake, nor did it slip aseismically after the earthquake, suggesting possibility of large events in the future.
Magnetopause erosion during the 17 March 2015 magnetic storm: Combined field‐aligned currents, auroral oval, and magnetopause observations
Authors: Le G. , Lühr H. , Anderson B. J. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Singer H. , Slavin J. A. , Zhang Y. , Huang T. , Bromund K. , Chi P. J. , Lu G. , Fischer D. , Kepko E. L. , Leinweber H. K. , Magnes W. , Nakamura R. , Plaschke F. , Park J. , Rauberg J. , Stolle C. , Torbert R. B.
Published: March 2016

We present multimission observations of field‐aligned currents, auroral oval, and magnetopause crossings during the 17 March 2015 magnetic storm. Dayside reconnection is expected to transport magnetic flux, strengthen field‐aligned currents, lead to polar cap expansion and magnetopause erosion. Our multimission observations assemble evidence for all these manifestations. After a prolonged period of strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field, Swarm and AMPERE observe significant intensification of field‐aligned currents. The dayside auroral oval, as seen by DMSP, appears as a thin arc associated with ongoing dayside reconnection. Both the field‐aligned currents and the auroral arc move equatorward reaching as low as ~60° magnetic latitude. Strong magnetopause erosion is evident in the in situ measurements of the magnetopause crossings by GOES 13/15 and MMS. The coordinated Swarm, AMPERE, DMSP, MMS and GOES observations, with both global and in situ coverage of the key regions, provide a clear demonstration of the effects of dayside reconnection on the entire magnetosphere.
Understanding the growth rate patterns of ion Bernstein instabilities driven by ring‐like proton velocity distributions
Authors: Min Kyungguk , Liu Kaijun
Published: March 2016

Fast magnetosonic waves in Earth's inner magnetosphere, which have as their source ion Bernstein instabilities, are driven by hot proton velocity distributions (fp) with ∂fp(v⊥)/∂v⊥>0. Two typical types of distributions with such features are ring and shell velocity distributions. Both have been used in studies of ion Bernstein instabilities and fast magnetosonic waves, but the differences between instabilities driven by the two types of distributions have not been thoroughly addressed. The present study uses linear kinetic theory to examine and understand these differences. It is found that the growth rate pattern is primarily determined by the cyclotron resonance condition and the structure of the velocity distribution in gyroaveraged velocity space. For ring‐driven Bernstein instabilities, as the parallel wave number (k∥) increases, the discrete unstable modes approximately follow the corresponding proton cyclotron harmonic frequencies while they become broader in frequency space. At sufficiently large k∥, the neighboring discrete modes merge into a continuum. In contrast, for shell‐driven Bernstein instabilities, the curved geometry of the shell velocity distribution in gyroaveraged velocity space results in a complex alternating pattern of growth and damping rates in frequency and wave number space and confines the unstable Bernstein modes to relatively small k∥. In addition, when k∥ increases, the unstable modes are no longer limited to the proton cyclotron harmonic frequencies. The local growth rate peak near an exact harmonic at small k∥ bifurcates into two local peaks on both sides of the harmonic when k∥ becomes large.
The influence of loading conditions on fracture initiation, propagation, and interaction in rocks with veins: Results from a comparative Discrete Element Method study
Authors: Virgo Simon , Abe Steffen , Urai Janos L.
Published: March 2016

We present the results of a comparative study of loading conditions on the interactions between extension fractures and veins. We model the fracture behavior of brittle discrete element materials each containing a tabular vein body of variable orientation and strength in two different loading conditions. The first is uniaxial tension, applied with servo‐controlled sidewalls. The second is a boudinage boundary condition in which a tensile triaxial stress state is induced in the brittle model volume by quasi‐viscous extensional deformation in the adjacent layers. Most of the fracture‐ vein interactions observed in uniaxial tension also exists in boudinage boundary conditions. However, the importance of each interaction mechanism for a given configuration of relative strength and misorientation of the vein may differ according to the loading mechanism. Nucleation and internal deflection is under both boundary conditions the dominating fracture‐vein interaction style in weak veins. In uniaxial tension models, strong veins tend to alter the fracture path by external deflection, while under boudinage loading these veins are more likely overcome by the fracture step over mechanism. Dynamic bifurcation of fractures was observed in uniaxial tension models but never for boudinage boundary conditions. This is because the acceleration of fracture tips in these conditions is suppressed by interaction with distributed fractures as well as viscous damping by the neighboring layers.
Smoking‐Related Mortality in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Joseph Rebecca M. , Movahedi Mohammad , Dixon William G. , Symmons Deborah P. M.
Published: March 2016

Objective

To investigate the association between smoking status and smoking cessation with mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

An incident cohort of patients with RA was identified using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a database of UK primary care electronic medical records. Time‐varying smoking status, years of cessation, and amount smoked were determined from patients' medical records. The date and underlying cause of death were identified by linkage with Office for National Statistics records. The associations between smoking status and smoking cessation with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality (circulatory disease, all cancers, lung cancer, respiratory disease, and respiratory infection) were investigated using adjusted Cox (all‐cause mortality) and Fine‐Gray (cause‐specific mortality) regression.

Results

The cohort comprised 5,677 patients (median age 61.4 years, 68% women), with 40% as never smokers, 34% former smokers, and 26% current smokers at baseline. Compared to never smoking, current smoking was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.98 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.56, 2.53]), and mortality due to circulatory disease (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 1.96 [95% CI 1.33, 2.90]) and lung cancer (SHR 23.2 [95% CI 5.15, 105]). Each year of smoking cessation was associated with a decreased risk of all‐cause mortality (former heavy smokers SHR 0.85 [95% CI 0.77, 0.94], former light smokers SHR 0.90 [95% CI 0.84, 0.97]).

Conclusion

Current smoking is associated with an increased risk of all‐cause, cardiovascular, and lung cancer mortality in patients with RA. Each year of cessation is associated with a reduced risk of all‐cause mortality. This information may prove helpful in smoking cessation programs for patients with RA.
Organic Spin Valves: A Review
Authors: Devkota Jagannath , Geng Rugang , Subedi Ram Chandra , Nguyen Tho Duc
Published: March 2016

Organic spintronics is an emerging and potential platform for future electronic devices. Significant progress has been made in understanding the spin injection, manipulation, and detection in organic spin valves in the past decade plus since its discovery. Studies have also been advanced to a range of materials combination of organic semiconductors and ferromagnetic electrodes for improving their performance especially at high temperatures. In addition, there are several remarkable studies on development of the spin valves as a multifunctional device. However, the research in this field is still in its infancy and there is a need to resolve many issues which keep this field far away from applications. In this report, we review major advances in organic spin valves such as understanding the underlying physics in spin injection and transport, high temperature operations, and functionality. We also highlight some of the outstanding challenges in this promising research field. Finally, we suggest an outlook on the future of organic spintronics.
Stretchable and Transparent Biointerface Using Cell‐Sheet–Graphene Hybrid for Electrophysiology and Therapy of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kim Seok Joo , Cho Kyoung Won , Cho Hye Rim , Wang Liu , Park Sung Young , Lee Seung Eun , Hyeon Taeghwan , Lu Nanshu , Choi Seung Hong , Kim Dae‐Hyeong
Published: March 2016

Implantable electronic devices for recording electrophysiological signals and for stimulating muscles and nerves have been widely used throughout clinical medicine. Mechanical mismatch between conventional rigid biomedical devices and soft curvilinear tissues, however, has frequently resulted in a low signal to noise ratio and/or mechanical fatigue and scarring. Multifunctionality ranging from various sensing modalities to therapeutic functions is another important goal for implantable biomedical devices. Here, a stretchable and transparent medical device using a cell‐sheet–graphene hybrid is reported, which can be implanted to form a high quality biotic/abiotic interface. The hybrid is composed of a sheet of C2C12 myoblasts on buckled, mesh‐patterned graphene electrodes. The graphene electrodes monitor and actuate the C2C12 myoblasts in vitro, serving as a smart cell culture substrate that controls their aligned proliferation and differentiation. This stretchable and transparent cell‐sheet–graphene hybrid can be transplanted onto the target muscle tissue, to record electromyographical signals, and stimulate implanted sites electrically and/or optically in vivo. Additional cellular therapeutic effect of the cell‐sheet–graphene hybrid is obtained by integrated myobalst cell sheets. Any immune responses within implanted muscle tissues are not observed. This multifunctional device provides many new opportunities in the emerging field of soft bioelectronics.
Photonic Hydrogels from Chiral Nematic Mesoporous Chitosan Nanofibril Assemblies
Authors: Nguyen Thanh‐Dinh , Peres Bernardo U. , Carvalho Ricardo M. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: March 2016

Iridescence in animals and plants often arises from structural coloration, which involves hierarchical organization of minerals and biopolymers over length scales of the visible spectrum, leading to diffraction of light. In this work, discarded crustacean shells that are not known for their structural colors are used to produce photonic nanostructures of large, freestanding chiral nematic mesoporous chitosan membranes with tunable iridescent color. Bioinspired by colorful nanostructures in nature, photonic hydrogels with Bouligand‐type organization are fabricated from the twisted mesoporous membranes, where the chitosan nanofibrils are a novel precursor for surface acetylation and are also a biotemplate for polymerizing methyl methacrylate. The colors of the hydrogels can be tailored by swelling as they show large volume changes in response to changes in solvent environment.
Layered Platinum Dichalcogenides (PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2) Electrocatalysis: Monotonic Dependence on the Chalcogen Size
Authors: Chia Xinyi , Adriano Ambrosi , Lazar Petr , Sofer Zdeněk , Luxa Jan , Pumera Martin
Published: March 2016

Presently, research in layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for numerous electrochemical applications have largely focused on Group 6 TMDs, especially MoS2and WS2, whereas TMDs belonging to other groups are relatively unexplored. This work unravels the electrochemistry of Group 10 TMDs: specifically PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2. Here, the inherent electroactivities of these Pt dichalcogenides and the effectiveness of electrochemical activation on their charge transfer and electrocatalytic properties are thoroughly examined. By performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviors of the Pt dichalcogenides are elucidated. The charge transfer and electrocatalytic attributes of the Pt dichalcogenides are strongly associated with their electronic structures. In terms of charge transfer, electrochemical activation has been successful for all Pt dichalcogenides as evident in the faster heterogeneous electron transfer (HET) rates observed in electrochemically reduced Pt dichalcogenides. Interestingly, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance of the Pt dichalcogenides adheres to a trend of PtTe2> PtSe2> PtS2whereby the HER catalytic property increases down the chalcogen group. Importantly, the DFT study shows this correlation to their electronic property in which PtS2is semiconducting, PtSe2is semimetallic, and PtTe2is metallic. Furthermore, Pt dichalcogenides are effectively activated for HER. Distinct electronic structures of Pt dichalcogenides account for their different responses to electrochemical activation. Among all activated Pt dichalcogenides, PtS2shows most accentuated improvement as a HER electrocatalyst with an exceptional 50% decline in HER overpotential. Knowledge on Pt dichalcogenides provides valuable insights in the field of TMD electrochemistry, in particular, for the currently underrepresented Group 10 TMDs.
Light‐Driven Delivery and Release of Materials Using Liquid Marbles
Authors: Paven Maxime , Mayama Hiroyuki , Sekido Takafumi , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji
Published: March 2016

Remote control of the locomotion of small objects is a challenge in itself and may also allow for the stimuli control of entire systems. Here, it is described how encapsulated liquids, referred to as liquid marbles, can be moved on a water surface with a simple near‐infrared laser or sunlight. Using light rather than pH or temperature as an external stimulus allows for the control of the position, area, timing, direction, and velocity of delivery. This approach makes it possible to not only transport the materials encapsulated within the liquid marble but also to release them at a specific place and time, as controlled by external stimuli. Furthermore, it is shown that liquid marbles can work as light‐driven towing engines to push or pull objects. Being able to remotely transport and push/pull the small objects by light and control the release of active substances on demand should open up a wide field of conceivable applications.
Phase and Size Control of Core–Shell Upconversion Nanocrystals Light up Deep Dual Luminescence Imaging and CT In Vivo
Authors: Kang Ning , Liu Yu , Zhou Yaming , Wang Dong , Chen Chuan , Ye Shefang , Nie Liming , Ren Lei
Published: March 2016

Upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) have recently been explored as optical imaging nanoprobes. However, conventional β‐NaLuF4
‐ based UCNCs often suffer from large particle size and weak upconversion luminescence (UCL) intensity, leading to poor biocompatibility and low detection sensitivity. Here, a novel strategy for controlling the crystalline phase and size of UCNCs has been developed by doping of yttrium ions, resulting in particle size reduction and phase transition. The total UCL intensity of prepared core–shell UCNCs is significantly enhanced up to ≈4.9 and ≈17.4 times after Tm3+and Er3+ doping than that of core UCNCs, offering deeper tissue UCL imaging with a depth of 8 mm in vivo. Moreover, the CT signal of core–shell UCNCs is ≈1.5 and ≈3.5 times brighter than that of core UCNCs and commercial ioversol agent because of increasing contents of Lu3+ doped in UCNCs. The synthesized core–shell UCNCs hold a great promise in deep UCL and CT dual‐modality imaging in vitro and in vivo.
Synthesis of Graphene Films on Copper Foils by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Li Xuesong , Colombo Luigi , Ruoff Rodney S.
Published: March 2016

Over the past decade, graphene has advanced rapidly as one of the most promising materials changing human life. Development of production‐worthy synthetic methodologies for the preparation of various types of graphene forms the basis for its investigation and applications. Graphene can be used in the forms of either microflake powders or large‐area thin films. Graphene powders are prepared by the exfoliation of graphite or the reduction of graphene oxide, while graphene films are prepared predominantly by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a variety of substrates. Both metal and dielectric substrates have been explored; while dielectric substrates are preferred over any other substrate, much higher quality graphene large‐area films have been grown on metal substrates such as Cu. The focus here is on the progress of graphene synthesis on Cu foils by CVD, including various CVD techniques, graphene growth mechanisms and kinetics, strategies for synthesizing large‐area graphene single crystals, graphene transfer techniques, and, finally, challenges and prospects are discussed.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C‐7 Selective CH Carbonylation of Indolines for Expedient Synthesis of Pyrroloquinazolinediones
Authors: Wang Pei‐Long , Li Yan , Ma Lan , Luo Chen‐Guang , Wang Zhen‐Yu , Lan Quan , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: March 2016

A novel palladium‐catalyzed C‐7 selective CH carbonylation of indolines with carbon monoxide for an expedient synthesis of pyrroloquinazolinediones, a structural motif with great potential in biologically active compounds, has been developed. Oxidation of the pyrroloquinazolinedione with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐p‐benzoquinone (DDQ) could easily afford the corresponding indole‐based derivative in excellent yield.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Remote ortho‐CH Alkenylation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfones: Access to Densely Functionalized Indane Derivatives
Authors: Legarda Pablo D. , García‐Rubia Alfonso , Gómez Arrayás Ramón , Carretero Juan C.
Published: March 2016

A practical method for the palladium‐catalyzed ortho‐olefination of benzyl and phenethyl 2‐pyridyl sulfones with electron‐deficient alkenes using N‐fluoro‐2,4,6‐trimethylpyridinium triflate ([F+]) as the terminal oxidant is described. The chelating auxiliary (2‐pyridyl)sulfonyl unit was demonstrated to be the key to the success of this reaction, which occurs efficiently with excellent regioselectivity and monosubstitution selectivity. A variety of steric and electronic changes to both coupling partners is tolerated, including substitution at the benzylic position of the sulfone compound. Furthermore, no appreciable loss of enantiopurity is observed when using non‐racemic substrates. This method provides access to indane derivatives holding three contiguous stereogenic centers with high diastereocontrol. The indane framework was constructed by intramolecular Michael addition of the α‐sulfonyl carbanion to the electrophilic alkene.

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P‐Type Transparent Cu‐Alloyed ZnS Deposited at Room Temperature
Authors: Woods‐Robinson Rachel , Cooper Jason K. , Xu Xiaojie , Schelhas Laura T. , Pool Vanessa L. , Faghaninia Alireza , Lo Cynthia S. , Toney Michael F. , Sharp Ian D. , Ager Joel W.
Published: March 2016

All transparent conducting materials (TCMs) of technological practicality are n‐type; the inferior conductivity of p‐type TCMs has limited their adoption. In addition, many relatively high‐performing p‐type TCMs require synthesis temperatures >400 °C. Here, room‐temperature pulsed laser deposition of copper‐alloyed zinc sulfide (CuxZn1‐xS) thin films (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) is reported. For 0.09 ≤ x ≤ 0.35, CuxZn1‐xS has high p‐type conductivity, up to 42 S cm−1 at x = 0.30, with an optical band gap tunable from ≈3.0–3.3 eV and transparency, averaged over the visible, of 50%–71% for 200–250 nm thick films. In this range, synchrotron X‐ray and electron diffraction reveal a nanocrystalline ZnS structure. Secondary crystalline CuyS phases are not observed, and at higher Cu concentrations, x > 0.45, films are amorphous and poorly conducting. Within the TCM regime, the conductivity is temperature independent, indicating degenerate hole conduction. A decrease in lattice parameter with Cu content suggests that the hole conduction is due to substitutional incorporation of Cu onto Zn sites. This hole‐conducting phase is embedded in a less conducting amorphous CuyS, which dominates at higher Cu concentrations. The combination of high hole conductivity and optical transparency for the peak conductivity CuxZn1‐xS films is among the best reported to date for a room temperature deposited p‐type TCM.
Superior Sodium Storage in Na2Ti3O7 Nanotube Arrays through Surface Engineering
Authors: Ni Jiangfeng , Fu Shidong , Wu Chao , Zhao Yang , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan , Li Liang
Published: March 2016

Sodium‐ion batteries have attracted extraordinary attention owing to their low cost and raw materials in abundance. A major challenge of practical implementation is the lack of accessible and affordable anodes that can reversibly store a substantial amount of Na ions in a fast and stable manner. It is reported that surface engineered sodium titanate (Na2Ti3O7) nanotube arrays directly grown on Ti substrates can serve as efficient anodes to meet those stringent requirements. The fabrication of the nanotube arrays involves hydrothermal growing of Na2Ti3O7 nanotubes, surface deposition of a thin layer of TiO2, and subsequent sulfidation. The resulting nanoarrays exhibit a high electrochemical Na‐storage activity that outperforms other Na2Ti3O7 based materials. They deliver high reversible capacities of 221 mAh g−1 and exhibit a superior cycling efficiency and rate capability, retaining 78 mAh g−1 at 10 C (1770 mA g−1) over 10 000 continuous cycles. In addition, the full cell consisting of Na2Ti3O7 nanotube anode and Na2/3(Ni1/3Mn2/3)O2 cathode is capable of delivering a specific energy of ≈110 Wh kg−1 (based on the mass of both electrodes). The surface engineering can provide useful tools in the development of high performance anode materials with robust power and cyclability.
Two‐Dimensional Materials for Beyond‐Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Peng Lele , Zhu Yue , Chen Dahong , Ruoff Rodney S. , Yu Guihua
Published: March 2016

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the portable electronics industry and solid‐state electrochemical research and development for the past two decades. In light of possible concerns over the cost and future availability of lithium, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and other new technologies have emerged as candidates for large‐scale stationary energy storage. Research in these technologies has increased dramatically with a focus on the development of new materials for both the positive and negative electrodes that can enhance the cycling stability, rate capability, and energy density. Two‐dimensional (2D) materials are showing promise for many energy‐related applications and particularly for energy storage, because of the efficient ion transport between the layers and the large surface areas available for improved ion adsorption and faster surface redox reactions. Recent research highlights on the use of 2D materials in these future ‘beyond‐lithium‐ion’ battery systems are reviewed, and strategies to address challenges are discussed as well as their prospects.