bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐sample density‐based empirical likelihood ratio tests based on paired data, with application to a treatment study of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation
Authors: Vexler Albert , Tsai Wan‐Min , Gurevich Gregory , Yu Jihnhee
Published: June 2012

It is a common practice to conduct medical trials to compare a new therapy with a standard‐of‐care based on paired data consisted of pre‐ and post‐treatment measurements. In such cases, a great interest often lies in identifying treatment effects within each therapy group and detecting a between‐group difference. In this article, we propose exact nonparametric tests for composite hypotheses related to treatment effects to provide efficient tools that compare study groups utilizing paired data. When correctly specified, parametric likelihood ratios can be applied, in an optimal manner, to detect a difference in distributions of two samples based on paired data. The recent statistical literature introduces density‐based empirical likelihood methods to derive efficient nonparametric tests that approximate most powerful Neyman–Pearson decision rules. We adapt and extend these methods to deal with various testing scenarios involved in the two‐sample comparisons based on paired data. We show that the proposed procedures outperform classical approaches. An extensive Monte Carlo study confirms that the proposed approach is powerful and can be easily applied to a variety of testing problems in practice. The proposed technique is applied for comparing two therapy strategies to treat children's attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modelling approach for blood units transfused after stem cell transplantation
Authors: Heller Gillian Z. , Dunlop Lindsay C.
Published: June 2012

Patients undergoing stem cell transplantation may require transfusion of units (bags) of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Modelling of PRBC usage is important not only for prediction of transfusion requirements in future patients but also for its use as an inverse surrogate for engraftment, that is transplantation success. Inspection of PRBC unit usage reveals a strong preference for even numbers, which is caused by behavioural preference on the part of prescribing physicians. Digit preference is a phenomenon observed more commonly with self‐reported data: typically survey respondents round recalled quantities such as the age at which a life event occurred to multiples of 5 or 10. In all cases, we can conceive of a latent variable, which has a smooth distribution, which is transformed via stochastic rules to a discrete variable with probability spikes at preferred digits. We propose a modelling framework based on a latent variable specification and stochastic transformation to the spiked distribution. Loglinear models for the mean of the process are implemented. Specification of the stochastic rules is important to success in accurate modelling of the process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary Iconography for Rich Picture Construction
Authors: Berg Tessa , Pooley Rob
Published: June 2012

There are many tools available to elicit knowledge and provide understanding of organizational concerns. This paper focuses on the rich picture (RP) used within the soft system methodology. The RP is a diagrammatic means of identifying differing world views with the aim of creating shared understanding of the organization. The RP has predominately been used as a freeform, unstructured tool with no commonly agreed syntax.

Our research suggests that the RP requires structure to become a contemporary knowledge elicitation device. We claim that there has been a change to icons that are renowned as being synonymous within previous RP construction. Our research has investigated the modern iconography to be incorporated within a symbol legend for future RP construction. We conclude that a contemporary icon legend key could offer considerable benefits to the creator and interpreter of the RP ensuring greater appreciation of the problem situation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐optimized allocation of wind power investments: a Nordic–German perspective
Authors: Göransson Lisa , Johnsson Filip
Published: June 2012

Using a linear cost minimization model with a 1 h time resolution, we investigated the influence of geographic allocation of wind power on large‐scale wind power investments, taking into account wind conditions, distance to load, and the nature of the power system in place (i.e. power generation and transmission capacities). We employed a hypothetical case in which a 20% wind power share of total electricity demand is applied to the Nordic–German power system. Free, i.e. geographically unrestricted, allocation of new wind power capacity is compared with a case in which national planning frameworks impose national limitations on wind power penetration levels. Given the cost assumptions made in the present work, the prospect of increasing the wind power capacity factor from 20 to 30% could motivate investments in transmission capacity from northern Scandinavia to continental Europe. The results obtained using the model show that the distribution of wind farms between regions with favorable wind conditions is dependent upon two factors: (i) the extent to which existing lines can be used to transmit the electricity that results from the new wind power and (ii) the correlation for wind power generation between the exporting region and the wind power generation already in place. In addition, the results indicate that there is little difference, i.e. just over 1%, in total yearly cost between the free allocation of new wind power and an allocation that complies with national planning frameworks. However, on a national level, there are significant differences with respect to investments in transmission and wind power capacities and the replacement of conventional power generation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2008: Income inequalities in the age of financial globalization
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

In the majority of countries, the incomes of rich people have grown faster than is the case for their poorer counterparts. The report examines to what extent this is a problem for society and the economy. It also analyses the factors behind observed trends and assesses what can policy makers do to address excessive income inequality. The report looks at these issues comprehensively and provides answers to some of the key questions of international debate on income inequality.
Market turbulence, employment and social unrest: Trends and outlook
Authors: Curci Federico , Khatiwada Sameer , Tobin Steven
Published: June 2012

Sluggish recovery of employment after the crisis and worsening job quality.

Long‐term unemployment and youth unemployment on the rise in advanced economies.

The sluggish recovery of employment from the crisis is worsened by continuing economic slowdown.

Social unrest is increasing as a consequence of higher unemployment.
Investing in food security as a driver of better jobs
Authors: Rani Uma , Corley‐Coulibaly Marva
Published: June 2012

Higher food prices worsening job quality for low‐income earners.

Investment in agriculture for improving jobs and reducing poverty
Tax reform for improving job recovery and equity
Authors: Corley‐Coulibaly Marva , Prasadm Naren , Richiardi Pelin Sekerler ,   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

Well‐designed tax reforms for improving employment and equity.

Progressive taxation without a loss in employment
Effective employment policy under tight fiscal constraints
Authors: Charpe Matthieu , Kühn Stefan ,   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

Ability of fiscal policy to stimulate employment while achieving fiscal consolidation.

Perverse effect of ill‐conceived budget cut as well as to the need of labour market policies.
Two Supramolecular Nickel(II) Complexes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Solvent Effects
Authors: Dong Wen‐Kui , Sun Yin‐Xia , Liu Guo‐Hua , Li Li , Dong Xiu‐Yan , Gao Xiong‐Hou
Published: June 2012

Two nickel(II) complexes, namely {[NiL(MeOH)(μ‐OAc)]2Ni}·2CH2Cl2·2MeOH (1) and {[NiL(EtOH)(μ‐OAc)]2Ni}·2EtOH (2) {H2L = 5, 5′‐dimethoxy‐2, 2′‐[(ethylene)dioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol}, were synthesized and structurally characterized. Two trinuclear NiII complexes are both hexacoordinate around the central NiII atoms, showing octahedral coordination arrangements, and each complex comprises three divalent NiII atoms, two deprotonated L2– ligands, in which four μ‐phenoxo oxygen atoms forming two [NiL(X)] (X = MeOH or EtOH) units, and coordinated and non‐coordinated solvent molecules. Complex 1 exhibits a 2D supramolecular network through intermolecular O–H···O, C–H···O and C–H···π interactions, whereas complex 2 forms an infinite 1D chain by intermolecular C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions.
Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 – A Magnesium‐rich Compound with Ru@Mg4Nd4 Square Antiprisms and Mg@Mg8 Cubes as ­Basic Building Units
Authors: Linsinger Stefan , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: June 2012

The magnesium‐rich intermetallic compound Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum tube in a resistance furnace. Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 was characterized by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: new structure type,I4/mmm, tI66, a = 946.0(1), c = 1789.5(4) pm, wR2 = 0.0368, 725 F2 values and 36 variables. Two of the five crystallographically independent magnesium sites show a small degree of Mg/Nd mixing. The ruthenium atoms have square anti‐prismatic Nd4Mg4 coordination. Always six of such anti‐prisms are condensed via common edges, leading to a CsCl analogous neodymium coordination for the Mg4 atoms. The two‐dimensional networks of edge‐sharing Ru@Nd4Mg4 antiprisms are condensed to a three‐dimensional network via Mg5@Mg34Mg14 cubes. The extended magnesium substructure shows a broad range of Mg–Mg distances from 308 to 351 pm.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Li2Cu5(PO4)4
Authors: Snyder K. , Glaum Robert
Published: June 2012

Li2CuII5(PO4)4 has been obtained by various reactions starting from copper or Cu2O. Crystallization was achieved using I2 as oxidant and mineralizer. The new orthophosphate crystallizes in space group P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, with a = 6.0502(3) Å, b = 9.2359(4) Å, c = 11.4317(5) Å, α = 75.584(2)°, β = 80.260(2)°, γ = 74.178(2)°, at 293 K. Its structure has been determined from X‐ray single‐crystal data and refined to R1 = 0.022{wR2 = 0.058 for 4633 unique reflections with Fo > 4σ (Fo)}. From magnetic measurements μeff = 1.51 μB/Cu and θP = –37.4 K have been determined. The Vis/NIR spectrum of aqua‐green Li2Cu5(PO4)4 shows a single broad band centered around $\bar{1}$ = 12000 cm–1. Magnetic behavior and spectrum are discussed within the angular overlap model.
Synthesis, Structures, and Light‐Induced Transformation of Keto‐Functionalized Selenidogermanate Complexes
Authors: Heimann Samuel , Hołyńska Małgorzata , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: June 2012

A double‐decker (DD) type selenidogermanate complex with C=O functionalized organic decoration, [(R1Ge4)Se6] (1, R1 = CMe2CH2COMe), was synthesized by reaction of R1GeCl3 with Na2Se, and subsequently underwent a light‐induced transformation reaction to yield [Na(thf)2][(RGeIV)2(RGeIII)(GeIIISe)Se5] (2). Similar to the observations reported previously for the Sn/S homologue of 1, the product comprises a mixed‐valence complex with a newly formed Ge–Ge bond. However, different from the transformation of the tin sulfide complex, the selenidogermanate precursor did not produce a paddle‐wheel‐like dimer of the DD type structure, but led to the formation of a noradamantane (NA) type architecture, which has so far been restricted to the Si/Se and Ge/Te elemental combination.
Youth as Partners, Participants or Passive Recipients: A Review of Children and Adolescents in Community‐Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
Authors: Jacquez Farrah , Vaughn Lisa M. , Wagner Erin
Published: June 2012

Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) is an orientation to research that places value on equitable collaborations between community members and academic partners, reflecting shared decision making throughout the research process. Although CBPR has become increasingly popular for research with adults, youth are less likely to be included as partners. In our review of the literature, we identified 399 articles described by author or MeSH keyword as CBPR related to youth. We analyzed each study to determine youth engagement. Not including misclassified articles, 27 % of percent of studies were community‐placed but lacked a community partnership and/or participatory component. Only 56 (15 %) partnered with youth in some phase of the research process. Although youth were most commonly involved in identifying research questions/priorities and in designing/conducting research, most youth‐partnered projects included children or adolescents in several phases of the research process. We outline content, methodology, phases of youth partnership, and age of participating youth in each CBPR with youth project, provide exemplars of CBPR with youth, and discuss the state of the youth‐partnered research literature.
Management of mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (Hurler's syndrome) presenting in infancy with severe dilated cardiomyopathy: a single institution's experience
Authors: Wiseman Daniel H. , Mercer Jean , Tylee Karen , Malaiya Nilima , Bonney Denise K. , Jones Simon A. , Wraith J Edmond , Wynn Robert F.
Published: June 2012

Mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPSIH) is a lysosomal storage disorder whose untreated course involves progressive multisystem deterioration and death within the first decade of life. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment modality that improves functional outcome and long‐term survival. Optimal outcome requires transplantation early in life and with myeloablative conditioning. Severe cardiomyopathy can be present at diagnosis and may seemingly preclude this approach. We performed a retrospective review of those cases transplanted in Manchester since 2000 that initially presented with established cardiomyopathy, with a view to identifying general management principles. Of 44 MPSIH children transplanted in this period, 6 had displayed moderate or severe cardiomyopathy at presentation; symptomatic cardiac failure was the predominant presenting feature in five of these. Echocardiographic and clinical improvement in cardiac function was observed with extended enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in all cases, with recovery of fractional shortening to ≥25 % achieved in all patients before coming to transplant (after median 19 weeks ERT). All were transplanted successfully, with good functional and cardiologic outcomes. However, cyclophosphamide conditioning was implicated in acute post‐transplant cardiac decompensation in several cases. Our experiences highlight three important messages: (1) A diagnosis of MPSIH should be considered in any infant presenting with unexplained severe cardiac failure; (2) ERT pre‐transplant can improve cardiac function sufficiently to permit safe HSCT using myeloablative conditioning; and (3) High dose cyclophosphamide should be avoided in conditioning these patients.
Adsorption, Desorption and Adsolubilization Properties of Mixed Anionic Extended Surfactants and a Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Panswad Donyaporn , Sabatini David A. , Khaodhiar Sutha
Published: June 2012

Anionic and cationic surfactant mixtures exhibit desirable synergism, but are limited by their tendency to form precipitates. This research evaluates the adsorption, adsolubilization and desorption of mixtures of carboxylate‐based anionic extended surfactants and a pyridinium‐based cationic surfactant. The mixture of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), selected as the cationic surfactant, with four anionic extended surfactants were studied. The anionic surfactants studied were alkyl propoxylated ethoxylated carboxylate with average number of carbon chain length of 16 and 17 or 16 and 18 with 4 mol of propylene oxide groups and either 2 or 5 mol of ethylene oxide groups. The adsorption of anionic extended and cationic surfactant mixtures onto a negatively charged metal oxide surface (silica dioxide) was evaluated. The adsolubilization of phenylethanol, styrene and ethylcyclohexane were evaluated for these mixed surfactant systems. The desorption potential of individual and mixed surfactant systems was also evaluated by varying the number of washing (desorption) steps. It was found that the plateau adsorption of mixed anionic extended surfactant and cationic surfactant occurred at lower surfactant concentration than that of the CPC alone, although the maximum adsorption capacity of CPC was not enhanced in our mixed surfactant systems. Adsolubilization capacities of these mixed surfactant systems are higher than that of the individual surfactant system. For desorption studies, these mixed surfactant systems showed lower stability than the individual surfactant system.
Historical Biogeography: Evolution in Time and Space
Authors: Sanmartín Isabel
Published: June 2012

Biogeography is the discipline of biology that studies the present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes. For most of its history, biogeography has been divided into proponents of vicariance explanations, who defend that distribution patterns can mainly be explained by geological, tectonic-isolating events; and dispersalists, who argue that current distribution patterns are largely the result of recent migration events. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the discipline from methods focused on finding general patterns of distribution (cladistic biogeography), to those that integrate biogeographic processes (event-based biogeography), to modern probabilistic approaches (parametric biogeography). The latter allows incorporating into biogeographic inference estimates of the divergence time between lineages (usually based on DNA sequences) and external sources of evidence, such as information on past climate and geography, the organism fossil record, or its ecological tolerance. This has revolutionized the discipline, allowing it to escape the dispersal versus vicariance dilemma and to address a wider range of evolutionary questions, including the role of ecological and historical factors in the construction of biomes or the existence of contrasting patterns of range evolution in animals and plants.
Trends in Self-reported Spontaneous Abortions: 1970–2000
Authors: Lang Kevin , Nuevo-Chiquero Ana
Published: June 2012

Little is known about how the miscarriage rate has changed over the past few decades in the United States. Data from Cycles IV to VI of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were used to examine trends from 1970 to 2000. After accounting for abortion availability and the characteristics of pregnant women, the rate of reported miscarriages increased by about 1.0% per year. This upward trend is strongest in the first seven weeks and absent after 12 weeks of pregnancy. African American and Hispanic women report lower rates of early miscarriage than do whites. The probability of reporting a miscarriage rises by about 5% per year of completed schooling. The upward trend, especially in early miscarriages, suggests awareness of pregnancy rather than prenatal care to be a key factor in explaining the evolution of self-reported miscarriages. Any beneficial effects of prenatal care on early miscarriage are obscured by this factor. Differences in adoption of early-awareness technology, such as home pregnancy tests, should be taken into account when analyzing results from self-reports or clinical trials relying on awareness of pregnancy in its early weeks.
Factors associated with the need for blood transfusion during hysterectomy
Authors: Sordia‐Hernández Luis H. , Rodriguez Donato S. , Vidal‐Gutierrez Oscar , Morales‐Martinez Arturo , Sordia‐Piñeyro María O. , Guerrero‐Gonzalez Geraldina
Published: June 2012

Objective

To identify the preoperative clinical conditions associated with the need to perform a blood transfusion among patients undergoing hysterectomy.

Methods

In a retrospective, comparative, case–control trial at the University Hospital, Nuevo León, Mexico, the records of patients who underwent elective hysterectomy between 2007 and 2009 were reviewed. Patients were grouped depending on whether or not they required blood transfusion. Clinical features were compared and statistical analysis was performed via the χ2 test.

Results

Among 794 patients who underwent hysterectomy, 89 (11.2%) required transfusion. The factors significantly associated with transfusion were history of abnormal uterine bleeding (67.0% versus 52.1%), preoperative hemoglobin level (10.1 g/dL versus 12.3 g/dL), magnitude of intra‐operative bleeding (410 mL versus 298 mL), and operative time (172 min versus 144 min); P < 0.001. A significant number of patients who underwent transfusion had increased preoperative prothrombin levels; P = 0.04.

Conclusion

Hemoglobin level before surgery and a history of abnormal uterine bleeding can be identified preoperatively and might warn about the possibility of a need for transfusion among patients undergoing hysterectomy. For young patients, alterations in clotting mechanisms should be ruled out.
Clinical presentation and epidemiology of female genital tuberculosis in eastern Sudan
Authors: Ali AbdelAziem A. , Abdallah Tajeldin M.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) among women in eastern Sudan.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted at Kassala Maternity Hospital, Sudan, from January 1 to December 31, 2010.

Results

Of the 2778 women presenting with various gynecologic symptoms, 44 suspected cases of FGTB were identified. Granulomatous tissue reactions were observed in 25 of the suspected FGTB cases, yielding an incidence of 0.9%. The majority (20/25; 80%) of these patients presented with chronic pelvic and lower abdominal pain; however, 68.0% (17/25) presented with pelvic mass, cyst and/or abscess; 48.0% (12/25) had dyspareunia; 40.0% (10/25) were infertile; 28% (7/25) had menstrual dysfunction; 20.0% (5/25) had dysmenorrhea; and 4.0% (1/25) experienced postmenopausal bleeding. Body mass index, residence, and educational level were significantly different between women diagnosed with FGTB and those where FGTB was excluded (P values = 0.02, 0.03, and 0.01, respectively). However, no significant differences were found in age and Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin vaccination status.

Conclusion

Clinical suspicion may facilitate and improve the detection of FGTB, with chronic pelvic pain identified as the predominant clinical presentation among women in eastern Sudan.
Effects of different doses of intraumbilical oxytocin on the third stage of labor
Authors: Puri Manju , Taneja Poonam , Gami Neha , Rehan Harmeet S.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To determine the optimal dose of oxytocin to be injected intraumbilically after fetal delivery for active management of the third stage of labor.

Methods

A prospective randomized study was carried out with 125 primigravidas to compare the duration of the third stage of labor following the intraumbilical administration of 50 mL of a normal saline solution alone (in a control group), or with 10 IU, 20 IU, or 30 IU of oxytocin. The volumes of blood lost were also compared.

Results

Compared with the control group, the duration of the third stage of labor was significantly reduced in the 3 study groups (P < 0.001), and the maximum reduction was in the group that received 30 IU of oxytocin. Blood loss and hematocrit values followed the same pattern.

Conclusion

Administering 30 IU of oxytocin intraumbilically in 50 mL of a normal saline solution after fetal delivery is a simple, noninvasive, and effective method for active management of the third stage of labor.
Gynecologic disorders and menstrual cycle lightheadedness in postural tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Peggs Kiffany J. , Nguyen HoVan , Enayat Diba , Keller Nancy R. , Al‐Hendy Ayman , Raj Satish R.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To assess differences in gynecologic history and lightheadedness during menstrual cycle phases among patients with POTS and healthy control women.

Methods

In a prospective, questionnaire‐based study carried out at Paden Autonomic Dysfunction Center, Vanderbilt University, between April 2005 and January 2009, a custom‐designed questionnaire was administered to patients with POTS (n = 65) and healthy individuals (n = 95). The results were analyzed via Fisher exact test and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

Patients with POTS reported increased lightheadedness through all phases of the menstrual cycle phases as compared with healthy controls. Both groups experienced the greatest lightheadedness during menses, and a decrease in lightheadedness during the follicular phase. Patients with POTS reported a higher incidence of gynecologic diseases as compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion

The severity of lightheadedness was found to vary during the menstrual cycle, which may relate to changes in estrogen levels. Patients with POTS also reported an increase in estrogen‐related gynecologic disease.
Evaluation of isosorbide mononitrate for cervical ripening prior to induction of labor for postdated pregnancy in an outpatient setting
Authors: Agarwal Kavita , Batra Aruna , Batra Achla , Dabral Anjali , Aggarwal Abha
Published: June 2012

Objective

To determine the safety and effectiveness of self‐administered treatment with isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) for cervical ripening in Indian women with postdated pregnancies.

Methods

A randomized, placebo‐controlled study was conducted with 200 women with postdated pregnancies and unfavorable cervices who self‐administered vaginally either 2 40‐mg tablets of IMN or 2 40‐mg tablets of pyridoxine as placebo prior to admission for induction of labor. The main outcome variables were change in Bishop score, time from admission to delivery, and presence or absence of fetal and maternal morbidity.

Results

The Bishop score was significantly improved 24 hours after initiation of the outpatient IMN treatment (P < 0.001) and the needs for further cervical ripening and oxytocin infusion were less in the study than in the control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008). The time from admission to delivery was also less (P < 0.001). Moreover, the IMN treatment had no major adverse maternal or fetal effects. The vast majority of women in both groups were either satisfied or very satisfied with the outpatient treatment.

Conclusion

The self‐administration, at home, of isosorbide mononitrate leads to a safe and effective cervical ripening prior to labor induction in women with postdated pregnancies.

CTRI Registration No.: CTRI/2011/091/000121
A Response to Eamon Duffy
Authors: SKINNER SIMON
Published: June 2012

At the close of his epistolary protest at Ian Ker's contemptuous review of John Henry Newman in the Times Literary Supplement in 2002, Frank Turner remarked: ‘Ker's review raises the larger issue of whether modern British and European religious history will continue as an arena for professional research and critical analysis or succumb to the parochial constraints and contentions of denominational and intra-denominational discourse. Ian Ker has made his choice in the matter, and I have made mine.’1 My article in this Journal in October 2010, ‘History versus hagiography: the reception of Turner's Newman’, sought to demonstrate that professional research and critical analysis were altogether suffocated by the contentions of denominational discourse after that book's publication in 2002. The article was careful not in any simple way to legitimise Turner's conclusions – indeed, it set out schematically and at length the interpretative retorts which they invited – but rather his purpose and method. I concluded:

What is at stake … in the fuss over Turner's Newman, is not the plausibility or otherwise of his interpretation. It far transcends that. What is at stake is the legitimacy and remit of historical inquiry itself, when confronted with a vocal interest group whose principles and prejudices are seldom acknowledged. The difference between the book and the great majority of its critics, therefore, is not between Catholicism and Protestantism, nor even religion and secularism, but between history itself and hagiography – a difference not of prejudice, but of methodology.2

A great – though mortal – man once wrote, in the Tracts for the Times, no. 1, ‘Choose your side’.3 In his response to my article on ‘History versus hagiography’, it is at once enlightening and dispiriting to see Eamon Duffy choosing his.
Effekte einer einmaligen Chat-Intervention auf problematischen Substanzkonsum
Authors: Jonas Benjamin , Tossmann Peter , Tensil Marc , Leuschner Fabian , Strüber Evelin
Published: June 2012

Ziel: Überprüfung der Effektivität einer auf Motivational Interviewing (MI) basierenden Intervention im Online-Chat unter jungen Alkohol- und Cannabiskonsumenten mit ambivalenter Änderungsmotivation. Methodik: Randomisiert-kontrollierte Online-Studie mit Nachbefragungen nach einem und nach drei Monaten. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte über die Selbsttests auf der Website drugcom.de und schloss nur Personen mit problematischem Alkohol- oder Cannabiskonsum ein. Teilnehmer der Interventionsgruppe nahmen am privaten MI-Chat teil. Mitglieder der Kontrollgruppe erhielten im Chat lediglich Sachinformationen über den zuvor genutzten Selbsttest. Ergebnisse: 302 Personen wurden randomisiert und in die ITT-Auswertung einbezogen. Es zeigten sich keine Gruppenunterschiede im Konsum von Alkohol (p ≥ 0.224), Cannabis (p = 0.537) oder in der Änderungsmotivation nach RCQ (p = 0.469). Beide Gruppen senkten ihren Alkoholkonsum im Studienverlauf signifikant und zeigten Verbesserungen der Änderungsbereitschaft. Schlussfolgerungen: Die beschriebene Chat-Intervention erzielt keine Verhaltensänderung bei ambivalent eingestellten Konsumenten. Online-Interventionen für diese Zielgruppe sollten womöglich länger und verbindlicher gestaltet werden.
Zur Validität des Modells zur psychischen Vulnerabilität der Glücksspielsucht
Authors: Vierhaus Marc , Ewering Jörg , Klein Fabian , Ködding Carolin , Petry Jörg
Published: June 2012

Ziel: Das Modell zur psychischen Vulnerabilität der Glücksspielsucht postuliert eine triadische Erklärungsgrundlage für die Entstehung der Glücksspielsucht. Methodik: Zur Abklärung von Validitätsfragen des Modells wurden Angaben von 145 Probanden (51 süchtige Glücksspieler, 45 Probanden als Kontrollgruppe, 49 Alkoholabhängige) zur Selbstwertproblematik, zur Gefühlsdysregulation und zur Beziehungsstörung erfasst. Ergebnisse: Multivariate Varianzanalysen zeigen, dass sich in allen drei Bereichen Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen ergeben. Die Ergebnisse von zwei Diskriminanzanalysen zeigen, dass auf der Grundlage der ersten Analyse (Glücksspielsüchtige vs. Kontrollgruppe) 91.7 % und auf der Grundlage der zweiten Analyse (Glücksspielsüchtige vs. Alkoholabhängige) 73.0 % der Probanden korrekt zugeordnet werden konnten. Die Unterscheidung zwischen süchtigen Glücksspielern und der Kontrollgruppe basiert dabei auf allen drei Erklärungsgrößen, während sich Glücksspielsüchtige und Alkoholabhängige nur durch drei Merkmale der Gefühlsdysregulatin und ein Merkmal der Beziehungsstörung voneinander abgrenzen. Schlussfolgerung: Das Vulnerabilitätsmodell bietet eine allgemeine und eine eingeschränkt spezifische Erklärungsgrundlage für psychische Entstehungsbedingungen von Glücksspielsucht.
Men’s Social Status and Attractiveness
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Lamy Lubomir
Published: June 2012

Research has found that, for long-term dating, women value men with greater financial resources and higher status, while for short-term dating they value men with greater physical attractiveness. However, there are discrepant results for both long- and short-term dating. As most of the previous studies used only questionnaires, we conducted a field experiment to evaluate women’s receptivity to men’s date requests. Young male confederates who ostensibly had high, middle, or low incomes, depending on the experimental condition, asked young women walking down the street for their phone number. We found that men’s financial resources were positively associated with compliance with their request. Evolutionary theory proposing that women select men with greater resources for them and their offspring is used to explain the results.
Suicide Clusters in Young People
Authors: Cox Georgina R. , Robinson Jo , Williamson Michelle , Lockley Anne , Cheung Yee Tak Derek , Pirkis Jane
Published: June 2012

Background: Suicide clusters have commonly been documented in adolescents and young people. Aims: The current review conducts a literature search in order to identify and evaluate postvention strategies that have been employed in response to suicide clusters in young people. Methods: Online databases, gray literature, and Google were searched for relevant articles relating to postvention interventions following a suicide cluster in young people. Results: Few studies have formally documented response strategies to a suicide cluster in young people, and at present only one has been longitudinally evaluated. However, a number of strategies show promise, including: developing a community response plan; educational/psychological debriefings; providing both individual and group counseling to affected peers; screening high risk individuals; responsible media reporting of suicide clusters; and promotion of health recovery within the community to prevent further suicides. Conclusions: There is a gap in formal evidence-based guidelines detailing appropriate postvention response strategies to suicide clusters in young people. The low-frequency nature of suicide clusters means that long-term systematic evaluation of response strategies is problematic. However, some broader suicide prevention strategies could help to inform future suicide cluster postvention responses.
Dayside and nightside segments of a polar arc: The particle characteristics
Authors: Park J. , Min K. W. , Parks G. K. , Zhang Y. , Lee J.‐J. , Baker J. B. H. , Kim H. J. , Hwang J. , Yumoto K. , Uozumi T. , Lee C. N.
Published: June 2012

Using multiple satellites and a ground‐based radar network, the physical characteristics of a polar arc and its evolution are investigated under quiet solar wind conditions. The average electron energy is higher at the near‐midnight segment than at the sunward extension of the polar arc. Both polar arc segments are positioned primarily on closed magnetic field lines. The convection reversal boundary in the fitted convection pattern was located close to the transition region in the average electron energy seen by the satellites. The topside plasma density at an altitude of 680 km is clearly enhanced around the polar arc, although the enhancement boundary does not coincide precisely with that of the precipitation. The temporal sequence of auroral images suggests that the polar arcs emerged from a double oval structure. This suggestion is supported by the observed physical characteristics of the polar arc, which are quite similar to those of double oval structures that have been reported previously.
Convective activity in Mato Grosso state (Brazil) from microwave satellite observations: Comparisons between AMSU and TRMM data sets
Authors: Funatsu Beatriz M. , Dubreuil Vincent , Claud Chantal , Arvor Damien , Gan Manoel A.
Published: June 2012

We present a characterization of convective activity at sub‐regional scale from two sets of satellite‐based microwave observations: the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) and the combined Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) microwave imager and precipitation radar data, for the period 2001 to 2011. We focus on the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, located at the southern edge of the so‐called “Legal Amazon” which has undergone intense land cover transformation in the last 4 decades. The annual cycle of mean convective activity described by AMSU and TRMM are in good agreement, with a correlation close to 0.80. The mean amplitude of convective activity is maximal early in the rainy season, except for AMSU deep convective area, which presents a maximum in January. The diurnal cycle of convection was examined for the period 2003 to 2007, and it was found that convection is maximal near 1500 local time (LT) and minimal around 0700 LT. Unlike the amplitude, the phase shows little intraseasonal and interannual variability. A slight decrease in convective activity in the studied period was found, possibly indicating an extension of the dry season. Comparisons of convective activity between deforested and forested areas showed no significant differences in the phase of the diurnal cycle, but our analysis shows a tendency for increase (decrease) in convection in deforested (forested) areas for the period considered. A longer time series is however necessary in order to strengthen the robustness of our results.
Giant polygons and circular graben in western Utopia basin, Mars: Exploring possible formation mechanisms
Authors: Buczkowski Debra L. , Seelos Kim D. , Cooke Michele L.
Published: June 2012

Large‐scale fracture systems surrounding the Utopia basin include giant polygons and circular graben. Data covering the northern Utopia basin now allow high‐resolution mapping of these features in all regions of the basin. Giant polygons to the north and south of the basin are different in both size and morphology, leading to the polygon classifications (1) S‐style, (2) subdued S‐style, (3) northern S‐style and (4) N‐style. Also, ten circular graben have been identified to the north of the Utopia basin. These have generally larger diameters than southern circular graben, and their fracture morphology is similar to N‐style giant polygons. As with southern circular graben, the surface relief of the depression inside the northern circular graben scales directly with diameter. However, northern circular graben have less steep trend slopes, larger average diameters and greater ring spacing compared to southern circular graben of the same diameter and similar distance to the center of the Utopia basin. Both the giant polygons and circular graben of Utopia Planitia are consistent with formation by volumetric compaction of a fine‐grained sedimentary material covering an uneven buried surface. Giant polygon size variations can be explained by the material being wet to the south but frozen or partially frozen to the north, while differences between northern and southern circular graben may be attributed to changes in cover thickness. Differences in fracture morphology can be explained by subsequent alteration of the northern troughs due to polar processes.
Lithospheric structure in the Baikal–central Mongolia region from integrated geophysical‐petrological inversion of surface‐wave data and topographic elevation
Authors: Fullea J. , Lebedev S. , Agius M. R. , Jones A. G. , Afonso J. C.
Published: June 2012

Recent advances in computational petrological modeling provide accurate methods for computing seismic velocities and density within the lithospheric and sub‐lithospheric mantle, given the bulk composition, temperature, and pressure within them. Here, we test an integrated geophysical‐petrological inversion of Rayleigh‐ and Love‐wave phase‐velocity curves for fine‐scale lithospheric structure. The main parameters of the grid‐search inversion are the lithospheric and crustal thicknesses, mantle composition, and bulk density and seismic velocities within the crust. Conductive lithospheric geotherms are computed using P‐T‐dependent thermal conductivity. Radial anisotropy and seismic attenuation have a substantial effect on the results and are modeled explicitly. Surface topography provides information on the integrated density of the crust, poorly constrained by surface waves alone. Investigating parameter inter‐dependencies, we show that accurate surface‐wave data and topography can constrain robust lithospheric models. We apply the inversion to central Mongolia, south of the Baikal Rift Zone, a key area of deformation in Asia with debated lithosphere‐asthenosphere structure and rifting mechanism, and detect an 80–90 km thick lithosphere with a dense, mafic lower crust and a relatively fertile mantle composition (Mg# < 90.2). Published measurements on crustal and mantle Miocene and Pleistocene xenoliths are consistent with both the geotherms and the crustal and lithospheric mantle composition derived from our inversion. Topography can be fully accounted for by local isostasy, with no dynamic support required. The mantle structure constrained by the inversion indicates no major thermal anomalies in the shallow sub‐lithospheric mantle, consistent with passive rifting in the Baikal Rift Zone.
An upper limit for ice in Shackleton crater as revealed by LRO Mini‐RF orbital radar
Authors: Thomson B. J. , Bussey D. B. J. , Neish C. D. , Cahill J. T. S. , Heggy E. , Kirk R. L. , Patterson G. W. , Raney R. K. , Spudis P. D. , Thompson T. W. , Ustinov E. A.
Published: June 2012

Although diverse measurements have indicated H+, OH−, or H2O species in the lunar polar regions, pinpointing its location, form, and abundance in specific reservoirs has proven elusive. Here we report on the first orbital radar measurements of Shackleton crater near the lunar south pole. Mini‐RF observations indicate a patchy, heterogeneous enhancement in CPR (circular polarization ratio) on the crater walls whose strength decreases with depth toward the crater floor, a result that is most consistent with a roughness effect due to less mature regolith present on the crater wall slopes. However, the results do not rule out a modest ice contribution, and an upper limit of ∼5–10 wt% H2O ice (up to 30 vol.%) present in the uppermost meter of regolith is also consistent with the observations.
The effect and correction of aerosol forward scattering on retrieval of aerosol optical depth from Sun photometer measurements
Authors: Zhao Fengsheng , Tan Yongbo , Li Zhanqing , Gai Changsong
Published: June 2012

The Sun photometer is widely used to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD). In this study, the effect of atmospheric forward scattering on the measurement of direct solar irradiance is analyzed. In most cases, this effect can be safely neglected. However, in the case of heavy dust loading, errors in AOD derived from Sun photometer measurements can be significant which warrants a correction of the forward scattering to derive accurate values of AOD. An algorithm is presented for such a correction.
A phenomenological model to describe turbulent friction in permeable‐wall flows
Authors: Manes C. , Ridolfi L. , Katul G.
Published: June 2012

Describing the canonical properties of turbulent flows over rough‐permeable walls such as gravel beds, vegetated‐ or snow‐covered surfaces have, to date, resisted complete theoretical treatment. The major complication in describing such geophysical flows is that the friction factor ‐ Reynolds number relationships significantly deviate from their conventional Nikuradse curves or Moody diagrams derived over impermeable rough boundaries. A novel phenomenological model that describes such anomalous behavior is proposed. It expands the approach in Gioia and Chakraborty (2006) developed for rough‐impermeable pipes to include finite velocity effects within the porous wall and canonical length scales governing the momentum exchanges between interstitial and superficial flows.
Extratropical modulation on Asian summer monsoon at precessional bands
Authors: Wang Yue , Jian ZhiMin , Zhao Ping
Published: June 2012

In a 46‐kyrs' transient accelerated simulation with the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3), the increased July insolation at precessional bands causes a drastic summer warming in North Africa, the mid‐latitudes of Eurasia from surface to the upper troposphere, with a cooling troposphere in the Northwest Pacific (NWP), which intensifies the land‐ocean thermal contrast between Eurasia and its adjacent oceans. Associated with the tropospheric temperature variations are a lower‐tropospheric strengthened low‐pressure system from North Africa to the mid‐high latitudes of Eurasia and a lower‐tropospheric strengthened high‐pressure system over the NWP. Meanwhile, the strengthened southwesterly or southerly winds prevail over the Asian monsoon region, indicating a stronger Asian summer monsoon. Summer precipitation increases in tropical Africa, South Asia, and the mid‐high latitudes of East Asia, with a decreased precipitation over South China and the NWP. This response of atmospheric circulation and monsoon precipitation to the precessional changes is explained in the context of the extratropical Asian‐Pacific Oscillation.
Full‐kinetic elve model simulations and their comparisons with the ISUAL observed events
Authors: Kuo C. L. , Huang T.‐Y. , Chang S. C. , Chou J. K. , Lee L. J. , Wu Y. J. , Chen A. B. , Su H. T. , Hsu R. R. , Frey H. U. , Mende S. B. , Takahashi Y. , Lee L. C.
Published: June 2012

A full kinetic elve model with a wide time range from microseconds to seconds and its spectral range from UV, visible to near‐infrared wavelengths is developed. Not only the fast electron‐impact emissions N2 1P (B3Πg‐ A3Σu+), N2 2P(C3Πu‐ B3Πg), N2Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (a1Πg‐ X1Σg+), N2+ 1N (B2Σu+‐ X2Σg+) and O2+ 1N (b4Σg− – a4Πu) but also the post‐impulse chemiluminescenses, O2 atmospheric band (b1Σg+ – X3Σg−), O(1S – 1D) at 557.7 nm and O(1D – 3P) at 630 nm, are considered in the elve model. We calculate the dominant emissions and possible weak emissions in our elves model to analyze the relative importance of emission intensity, measured by the ISUAL imager with 5 selectable band pass filters (N21P, 762, 630, 557.7, 427.8 nm filter). The modeling emission intensities were well consistent with the measurements by Imager with different filters. This comparison could also be useful in designing the imager filters for future TLE survey missions in Earth orbit.
Recovery phase of magnetic storms induced by different interplanetary drivers
Authors: Yermolaev Y. I. , Lodkina I. G. , Nikolaeva N. S. , Yermolaev M. Y.
Published: June 2012

Statistical analysis of Dstbehavior during recovery phase of magnetic storms induced by different types of interplanetary drivers is made on the basis of OMNI data in period 1976–2000. We study storms induced by ICMEs (including magnetic clouds (MC) and Ejecta) and both types of compressed regions: corotating interaction regions (CIR) and Sheaths. The shortest, moderate and longest durations of recovery phase are observed in ICME‐, CIR‐ , and Sheath‐induced storms, respectively. Recovery phases of strong (Dstmin ≤ −100 nT) magnetic storms are well approximated by hyperbolic functions Dst(t) = a/(1 + t/τh) with constant τh times for each types of drivers while for moderate (−100 < Dstmin ≤ −50 nT) storms Dst profile can not be approximated by hyperbolic function with constant τh times because hyperbolic τh times increase with increasing time of recovery phase. Dependence of τh times on types of interplanetary drivers is the same as indicated above. Relation between duration and value Dstmin for storms induced by MC and Sheath has 2 parts: module of Dstmin and duration correlate at small durations while they anticorrelate at large durations. Obtained results show that recovery phase Dst variations depend on type of interplanetary drivers inducing magnetic storms.