bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anteversion of the Femoral Neck
Authors: Gibson R. D.
Published: March 2008

A simple method of measuring the angle of anteversion and the true angle of inclination of the neck of the femur is described.

The results obtained are comparable with those previously reported in the literature and have an accuracy of ±8°.

The prime indication of this examination is to assess anteversion prior to and after rotational osteotomy in cases of congenital dislocation of the hip or in children with a pigeon‐toed gait.

The results of a short series of cases are presented and the significance of the findings briefly discussed. The value of an anteroposterior film of the hips in strict neutral rotation as a screening test for increased anteversion is emphasized.
Shielding Requirements of Diagnostic X‐Ray Rooms in New Zealand Hospitals
Authors: McEwan A. C.
Published: March 2008

The thicknesses of secondary radiation lead protective barriers required in X‐ray rooms in New Zealand hospitals have been assessed from doses recorded by monitoring films placed on the walls of these rooms. Primary radiation barrier thicknesses have been determined from an evaluation of the total weekly skin doses delivered to patients. The thicknesses assessed have been compared in each case with the values derived from I.C.R.P. tables, and reasons for the differences in these thicknesses have been discussed. Secondary radiation doses recorded in different X‐ray rooms have been compared and related to the total skin dose to patients and the room work loads. The barrier thicknesses for secondary radiation derived from the I.C.R.P. table are shown to be greater than those actually required, the difference in thickness being more than 0.8 mm. Pb for a dose reduction below 10 mR/week. A method of determining secondary radiation barriers has been suggested, based on the doses recorded by films and a knowledge of room work loads.
Percricoid Laryngography
Authors: Ryan James
Published: March 2008

The technique of laryngeal tomographv after percricoid injection of contrast has been described in detail. The importance of films taken in phonation and quiet respiration is stressed, if maximum information is to be obtained from the examination. Five cases are illustrated to show the potential of the technique.
Popliteal Aneurysms
Authors: Weston T. S.
Published: March 2008

Five patients with popliteal aneurysms are presented, together with the radiological appearances. All five appear to have been atherosclerotic in origin and three have shown to be bilateral. The value of arteriography in popliteal aneurysms is discussed.
Thermoluminescence: A Simple Clinical Dosimeter
Authors: Burch W. M.
Published: March 2008

The minimum specifications applicable to an “ideal” dosimetry system are outlined briefly and an intercomparison of present dosimetry systems is tabulated. The phenomenon of thermoluminescence and its application to dosimetry are sketched prior to some discussion of various thermoluminescence materials and observational techniques. LiF, the phosphor most applicable to clinical dosimetry, is discussed fully. It is shown that a system based on LiF will exhibit little dependence on energy, and monitor doses in the range 10_2‐105 rad with an overall precision better than 5%. Present research and development of the dosimetry method is outlined.
The Investigation of Subarachnoid Haemorrhage by Selective Transfemoral Arteriography
Authors: Hare W. S. C.
Published: March 2008

Percutaneous transfemoral catheterization with selective carotid and vertebral angiography was employed in the investigation of 100 consecutive patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. The method, which is described in detail, has many advantages and is considered the technique of choice in patients under 60 years of age. The carotid and vertebral systems are studied at the one examination with minimal discomfort to the patient. Haematomata in the neck are avoided and cross‐compression tests are performed with ease. In addition, renal arteriography, often significant because of the frequency of hypertension, may be performed at the same time. Of the 63 patients who were less than 50 years of age, it was possible to selectively catheterize both carotid arteries and obtain satisfactory vertebral angiograms in all but five cases. Over 50 years, because of arterial degeneration, the frequency with which it was necessary to supplement the method with other techniques increased.
The Limits of Detecting Abnormalities with Scanning
Authors: Pope R. A.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical comparison is made between two different criteria of statistical significance for detecting abnormalities in a scan. Criterion I utilizes as much of the available information content as possible, while Criterion II is applicable to visual reading of a photoscan or colour‐scan. The limits of detecting abnormalities with Criterion II is theoretically inferior to that with Criterion I.

Using theoretical estimates of contrast for various sized abnormalities, the concentration ratio of 99mTcO4 in cerebral lesions is estimated from a number of scans. The mean concentration ratio was 6‐5, assuming a log‐normal distribution.
Variations in 99mTc Brain Scans Reported as Normal
Authors: Andrews J. T. , Pope R. A.
Published: March 2008

The average number of brain scans performed in this unit per month is 50. Of these 7H% are reported as normal.

A survey has been made of a series of adult Technetium‐99m brain scans reported as normal. An attempt lias been made to assess the variations in the normal pattern.

The effect of potassium perchlorate in blocking the uptake of 99mTc by the thyroid gland and choroid plexus is evaluated.
The Routine Use of Echography in an X‐Ray Department as an Adjunct to Routine Skull Radiology
Authors: Stranger Jan H. , O'Dell D. A. , Robinson D. E. , Kossoff George
Published: March 2008

Echo‐eneephalography has proved a valuable and entirely harmless procedure in the routine examination of head cases. The development of a sophisticated instrument, cheap, and easily used, should herald its widespread acceptance.
Hodgkin's Disease of the Oesophagus
Authors: Hambly Colin K. , Blundell James E.
Published: March 2008

: In this case the oesophageal involvement probably arose from the lymph nodes at the lower end of the oesophagus and cardia.

Hodgkin's disease of the oesophagus is extremely rare. The literature has been reviewed, three further cases are reported, and their clinical manifestations compared.
Intussusception in the Adult
Authors: Harrington J. D.
Published: March 2008

A case of adult intussusception with preoperative radiological diagnosis is presented. The lack of similarity of this condition to the infantile type of intussusception is discussed. The indication for surgery is the significant incidence of malignancy and associated neoplasms.

Adult intussusception is an elusive cause of recurrent colicky abdominal pain.
The Value of Radiology in Teaching Anatomy to Medical Students*
Authors: Bennett Robert
Published: March 2008

Medical education discussions are currently very popular, and one aspect being closely scrutinized is the teaching of anatomy. The role that radiology has to play has been stressed by the Faculty of Radiologists and others.

Over the last three years radiological anatomy has been taught in the second and third years at Melbourne University, closing the gap between medical physics in first year and radiology in the clinical years of the medical course. Wherever possible, the radiographs are chosen not only for the topographical content, but to include examples of applied anatomy. The students are encouraged to think, make deductions from their observations, and to anticipate the clinical situation. The experience has been encouraging, and one looks forward to future developments in teaching the undergraduate through radiology with enthusiasm. The physical facilities for accomplishing this at Melbourne University will be tremendously improved when the Anatomy School moves into a new building early next year.
The Radiology of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Brandt P. W. T.
Published: March 2008

A consideration of the radiological contribution to the diagnosis and management of the three common forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease is presented.

The infant with tetralogy of Fallot or pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect is usually studied before palliative surgery is undertaken. The site of obstruction to pulmonary blood flow and the presence of suitable pulmonary arteries to receive an anastomosis must be established. In the older patient presenting for repair detailed assessment of the intracardiac anatomy as well as the sites of obstruction and routes of filling of the pulmonary arteries is desiiable. Some variations of the anatomy of ventricular septal defect in tetralogy of Fallot are described.

Following a brief consideration of the relationship of straightforward transposition of the great vessels to the normal state and to the partial transposition complexes, the radiological assessment of the neonatal infant with transposition is presented. The diagnosis of transposition, the state of the interventricular septum, and the state of the ductus arteriosus must be established and sometimes pulmonary stenosis excluded to assist in the selection of the most suitable palliation. Before correction, a complete anatomical assessment of intracardiac anatomy, including detail of the outflow tracts, is necessary.
Congenital Arteriovenous Angioma Confined to a Single Extremity
Authors: Matousek V. , Allen P. W.
Published: March 2008

Clinical and radiological manifestations of arteriovenous aneurysm confined to a single limb have been discussed, and literature dealing with the subject has been reviewed. A case of arteriovenous aneurysm of the left thigh has been presented.
Positive Contrast Arthrography in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of rheumatoid arthritis have been presented where arthrography has been used to outline the synovial cavities.

The following points were noted:

 The fluid aspirated from the joint was turbid or yellow.

 Smooth nodular filling defects arose from the synovial lining.

 The synovial membrane is thickened.

 The joint cavities are enlarged and abnormal communications were present.

 The enlarged synovial cavity is insensitive to the contrast medium used (Hypaque 50%).

 Distension of the enlarged synovial cavity did not produce discomfort.

 Loose body formation was noted during the injection phase, when carried out with image intensification control. This feature has not been previously discussed.

 The extent of the lesion was demonstrated prior to surgical resection in one case.

These arthrographic features in the future may help in the differential diagnosis of some of the more difficult arthritic cases. Further investigation will be necessary along these lines. To date six cases with rheumatoid arthritis have been investigated by arthrography.
The Moon‐Shaped Fundal Defect of Hiatus Hernia: A New Radiological Sign
Authors: Kalokekinos James
Published: March 2008

A new radiological sign of diaphragmatic hernia is described. This consists of a moon‐shaped defect in the gastric fundus immediately to the left of the cardio‐oesophageal opening. It is seen with a small volume of barium, 25 ml., in the supine position. Normal barium meal volumes do not usually reveal the defect. When the hernia is produced the defect is usually not seen. The mechanism of production seems to be that prior to actual herniation, that portion of the fundus which is to herniate becomes positioned between diaphragm and remaining fundus. Nine cases are reported.
Sialography
Authors: Reid J. M.
Published: March 2008

A description is given of a convenient sialography technique and of the radiographic appearances in the most important conditions which can be demonstrated by it. Conclusions are drawn concerning the lesions in which distension technique may be of value.
Thyroid Depression Following Splenic Irradiation in Lymphoma Patients
Authors: Logan J. W.
Published: March 2008

Irradiation of lymphomatous tissue may be followed by inactivation of TSH leading to depressed thyroid uptake tests. Three patients with malignant lymphomas with enlarged spleens were given radioactive iodine thyroid uptake tests before and during splenic irradiation. A significant depression of their thyroid uptakes was observed. Two patients with a myeloproliferative form of polycythaemia were given irradiation to enlarged spleens without significant depression of their thyroid uptakes.

It was concluded that radiotherapy caused breakdown of lymphomatous tissue in the spleens, leading to increased inactivation of TSH. A similar depression of thyroid uptakes was reported previously following irradiation of peripheral lymphadenopathy.

In contrast, epigastric irradiation in lymphoma patients elevated their thyroid uptakes, in some cases to above‐average levels. It is suggested that a separate direct effect of radiation on the autonomic nervous system was able to cancel out the anti‐TSH effect of breaking down lymphomas. Evidence for an effect on the autonomic nervous system was shown by a decrease in night sweats and antidepressant trends in patients having neck irradiation. Two patients with lymphomas and depressive psychosis had sustained remissions of their mental symptoms following irradiation to the lower neck.
Gastro‐Camera and Barium Studies of the Normal Convergence of Folds in the Gastric Fundus and the Features Distinguishing This from Ulceration
Authors: Kalokerinos James
Published: March 2008

In‐vivo photographic and X‐ray evidence is produced to show that the mucosal folds in the gastric fundus converge to an area to the left of and slightly below the cardio‐oesophageal opening. The various features distinguishing this from pathological convergence of folds are listed.
Further Observations on the Radiology of Intra‐Uterine Foetal Blood Transfusions
Authors: Stewart J. H.
Published: March 2008

Techniques for localizing the foetal peritoneum, inserting a needle and through it a catheter, and finally confirming the correct placement of the catheter have been described and discussed. The need for keeping the radiation dosage to mother and foetus as low as possible and the importance of beam restriction in this regard have been stressed. Very small foetuses present special problems, but size alone is no contra‐indication for treatment.
Multifocal Paget's Sarcoma of Bone with Sclerosis
Authors: Syme James
Published: March 2008

Paget's disease of bone is common in Australia, and sarcoma at a single site, usually radio‐logically osteolytic, is a well recognized, though infrequent complication, occurring especially in polyostotic or long‐standing cases. It is less common, and so less well‐known, for multiple foci of sarcoma to appear in parts of the skeleton affected by osteitis deformans, or for the neoplasm to be radiologically osteosclerotic. A case is reported showing both of these unusual features. A plea is made for the use of the alternative term “multifocal”, where there is reasonable doubt whether multiple sarcomatous lesions are of multicentric or of metastatic origin. Other points of radiological interest from the literature are briefly reviewed.
Surgery of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Westlake George W.
Published: March 2008

Congenital deformities of the coronary arteries provide fascinating cases for study by physicians, radiologists and surgeons. The results can be quite dramatic following successful treatment and in the older children this is usually the case. However, in the neonate problems remain incompletely solved.

The place of surgical treatment of acquired coronary artery disease is still being denned. Probably in the future more internal mammary artery implants will be performed, a few direct operations on high blocks in the right coronary tree may be successful and possibly more cardiac transplants will be performed for the very extensively diseased coronary arteries.
Oesophageal Reflux–Normal or Pathological?*
Authors: Johnson A. Chandrahasan , Johnson MRS. Satyabama
Published: March 2008

The incidence of hiatus hernia with or without reflux appears to be very high. This condition is associated with upper gastro‐intestinal disorders which might be the symptom complex of imbalance in the autonomic nervous system. During the hypervagal state, the longitudinal fibres of the oesophagus contract and cause hiatal disorder or hiatus hernia and may upset the one‐way mechanism at the cardia. When the balance between the vagus and the sympathetic system is restored, the patient's symptoms disappear. There may be remissions and exacerbations. A series of normal subjects were able to demonstrate their ability to regurgitate at will and to produce a hiatus hernia at will. Cineradiological studies combined with oesophageal pressure studies have shown that any person can train himself or herself to do this. This raises a big question in the line of treatment, especially that of hiatal disorder.

The question still remains to be answered whether a person who has a hiatus hernia and involuntary reflux can be trained to reduce the hernia and prevent the reflux, and whether voluntary inhibition of the vagus will also serve to reduce the gastric motility and secretion.
Distribution of Radio‐opaque Dye during Phlebography of the Lower Limb
Authors: Halliday P.
Published: March 2008

Ascending phlebography by distal injections fails to show the source of recurrent varices in the thigh if the femoral vein is normal.

Direct injection into varices in such patients provided effective demonstration of the source of the varices.

The distribution of radio‐opaque dye after distal injections has been studied in 270 sets of films.

When the femoral vein was normal, the long saphenous vein was not seen in 43% of the films.

When thrombosis of the femoral vein had occurred, the dilated long saphenous vein was seen to be acting as an inert by‐pass to tin‐thrombosis in 48% of the films.
Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in the Cervical Spine
Authors: Breidahl Peter
Published: March 2008

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine may be asymptomatic, or may cause local symptoms or symptoms of cord compression (Fujimoto and Terayama, 1969). Myelography may reveal a narrowed spinal canal (Onji et al., 1967). It has a typical radiological appearance and until recently has been described only in Japanese individuals.
Carcinoma of the Oesophagus*
Authors: Bateson Eric M.
Published: March 2008

Two radiological series of carcinoma of the oesophagus from Kingston, Jamaica, and Perth, Western Australia, are compared.

The populations of these two cities show marked differences in race, alcohol consumption and diet, all factors which are thought to play a part in the causation of carcinoma of the oesophagus. In spite of these differences the age distribution, sex ratio, anatomical distribution and extent of involvement of the oesophagus by this tumour showed marked similarity in these two radiological series.

This suggests that the behaviour of carcinoma of the oesophagus is not modified by differences in race or environment in Jamaica and Western Australia.
The Blind‐Ending Bifid Ureter Report of a Case
Authors: Harper G. D. J.
Published: March 2008

A further case of a blind‐ending bifid ureter has been described. The aetiology of this rare abnormality still remains in doubt, but the definition suggested by Culp (1947) separates it from ureteric diverticulae. Clinically and surgically, it would appear that this distinction is justified. Diagnosis may require intensive radiological investigation, and the entity should be borne in mind as a rare finding in the patient presenting with urinary tract symptoms but having a normal urinalysis. Definitive treatment and permanent cure are affordedbysurgical excision. In the case described an interesting point was the return of the dilated ureter proper to a normal calibre during the course of surgery.
The Role of Radiotherapy Combined with High‐Pressure Oxygen in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Tongue and Floor of the Mouth*
Authors: Hurley R. A. , Richter Wendy , Torrens Lynette
Published: March 2008

Survival is poor for advanced tumours of the tongue and floor of the mouth, and many of these patients will be dead by 12 months. In the male, 49% of these advanced primary tumours can be cleared at six months; 63% of N1N2 nodes and 45% of N3 nodes are also cleared at six months. Clearance rates are poorer for females, and also probably poorer for well differentiated tumours. Local uncontrolled tumour still remains a major problem in the management of these patients with X‐ray therapy, despite the use of H.P.O. But retrospective analysis of clearance rates in this unit and a prospective trial by Kunkler showed that for nodes at least clearance rates are better in H.P.O. than in air, and therefore the use of H.P.O. on this basis alone is advocated in the management of these advanced tumours if external X‐ray therapy is to be used.

For these advanced tumours in whom survival is so poor significant differences in the effectiveness of treatment in establishing local control may not be revealed by survival alone. Additional parameters such as clearance, necrosis and complication rate are valuable for treatment comparison, particularly as treatment in these advanced patients is largely palliative; however, survival still remains a most important and necessary parameter.
In‐vitro Evaluation of Thyroid Function
Authors: Murray I. P. C.
Published: March 2008

The level of “free thyroxine” is currently considered to be the major determinant of thyroid status. It depends on the total thyroxine concentration in plasma and upon the unsaturated capacity of the plasma proteins for thyroxine. These can now be determined by a variety of different techniques which do not require the administration of radioactivity to the patient and which are unaffected by the presence of excess iodide. Since many of these procedures have been shown to be precise, yet simple to perform, these in vitro tests of thyroid function are proving of increasing value to the clinician for the confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of thyroid disease.
Medullary Sponge Kidney
Authors: Beck A. David
Published: March 2008

Progressive enlargement of renal calculi in a patient with medullary sponge kidney and uncontrolled urinary infection is reported. This phenomenon may not be as rare as the paucity of similar case reports would suggest, since it is impossible to exclude sponge kidney as the prime cause of “idiopathic” calculi when long‐standing obstruction has resulted in marked caliectasis. Lower pole partial nephrectomy is a rational form of treatment despite the widespread distribution of cystic changes; excising the lower calyx encourages the spontaneous passage of calculi rather than their entrapment and continued growth in a dependent and diseased area of kidney.
Value of Lateral Foetography
Authors: Bateson Eric M.
Published: March 2008

One hundred P.A. radiographs are compared with 100 lateral radiographs of the pregnant abdomen (foetography). It was found that radiographs taken in the lateral position showed details of the foetus more clearly and were more reliable in the estimation of foetal maturity than were the P.A. radiographs. The lateral radiographs were also of value in showing the position of the occiput (or sacrum) and the placental site. However, in the case of suspected foetal death or early pregnancy, the P.A. position is preferred. These are relatively uncommon indications for foetography.

It was possible to obtain excellent lateral radiographs using lower exposure factors than those required for the P.A. position. This results in a similar dose rate to the foetal gonads in either position.

Therefore, it is recommended that in routine foetography a single lateral, instead of a single P.A. radiograph, should be taken and only replaced or supplemented by a P.A. radiograph in patients referred for the demonstration of early pregnancy or foetal death.
The Bursa Deep to Tendo Achillis
Authors: Weston W. J.
Published: March 2008

The sub‐Achilles bursa is a potential cavity lined by a synovial membrane and extra‐synovial fat. In the normal heel this bursa is only identified by this extrasynovial fat which forms a thin translucent strip between the os calcis and tendo Achillis, proximal to its insertion.

The bursa is easily outlined at post‐mortem by percutaneous bursography. It fits like a cap over the postero‐superior angle of the os calcis and is concave anteriorly.

When the bursa is involved in the rheumatoid process, it displaces tendo Achillis posteriorly and appears as a mass lesion between the tendo Achillis and bone. It extends as a well‐defined smooth mass into the angle between the tendo Achillis and the superior surface of the os calcis.

This bursal mass can be seen on the fine‐grain film such as Ilfex non‐screen film or Ilfex CX industrial film.
Incomplete Atherosclerotic Occlusion of the Basilar Artery in Middle Life Demonstrated by Selective Catheter Angiography
Authors: Syme Jamis
Published: March 2008

Occlusion of the basilar artery, whether complete or almost so, nowadays usually has an atheromatous basis. Once supposed to carry an almost uniformly poor prognosis, even complete obstruction is now known to be not necessarily fatal rapidly or invariably, and if the collateral circulation is effective there may be relatively little disability and quite long survival. At times affected patients may be males of early middle age, and if the clinical features or ancillary investigations lead to the suspicion of a posterior fossa neoplasm, the correct diagnosis will not be made until angiography. A similar pattern may be found with incomplete occlusion of high degree and two such cases are reported. The angiographic features are discussed in detail and reasons are given to justify the selective catheter technique used, which was without complications.
Aspiration Biopsy of Localized Intrathoracic Lesions
Authors: Jameson J. B.
Published: March 2008

A technique is described for aspiration biopsy of localized intrathoracic lesions, using a standard 18‐gauge needle and television fluoroscopy. It is based on the method of Dahlgren and Nordenström, but incorporates an important modification to verify correct placement of the needle.

The indications, contraindications and complications are discussed and the results of 50 such investigations are presented.
Angiographic Evaluation of the Renal Artery in the Newborn*
Authors: Kaufmann Herbert J. , Olafsson Arni , Weisser Kurt
Published: March 2008

After a detailed description of the technical approach and performance of neonatal transumbilical arteriography data are presented on the actual finding in 14 infants, having undergone abdominal aortography. In 13 patients the angles of the origin of the renal arteries were determined. Four cases with abnormal local findings, in particular one with an absence of renal arteries bilaterally, are presented.
Intravenous Urography and Pre‐Eclamptic Toxaemia
Authors: Ryan James , Brown R. , Berry M.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The hypothesis that ureter dilatation is related to pre‐eclamptic toxaemia is considered false.

A significant proportion of hypertensive women had a previous history of pre‐eclampsia. Comparison with an age‐matched group of controls showed a highly significant statistical difference in the occurrence of hypertension, “kidney trouble” and “swellings”.

A urographic survey of patients diagnosed as pre‐eclamptic showed that 5.8% had evidence of differential renal function, and 21–5% showed other abnormality in the urinary tract.

If early diagnosis of hypertension is to be made, a survey of the renal tract is recommended in patients who show lability of blood pressure when under the physiological stress of pregnancy, In addition, such patients should be followed‐up at regular intervals for the early institution of measures known to prevent premature hypertensive vascular and cardiovascular complications.
Urography with the Iothalamate Dimer and Trimer
Authors: Benness G. T.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The urinary excretion in sheep of the dime and trimer of iothalamate has been compare with methylglucamine iothalamate. The new agents produce less urinary solute output, less diuresis, and higher urinary contrast concertrations. The sodium form produces higher urinary contrast concentration than the methy glucamine form.

It is anticipated that the use of contras media with six and nine iodine atoms per molecule will produce a considerable advance in urography.
An improved X‐Ray Service for large Hospitals
Authors: Clifton V. K.
Published: March 2008

The general inefficiency of large general hospitals is briefly discussed. The causes of a slow X‐ray services are listed and a method is described which enables one of these causes to be completely eliminated. It is considered that besides providing a system of “instant reporting” the system improves the standard of the work and increases the interest of the Radiologist. A corollary to the new system is that the faster X‐ray service leads to shortening of the average in‐patient stay in hospital.
Unclassified type of Spondylo‐Epiphyseal Dysplasia with Macroepiphyses (Report of a case)
Authors: Kozlowski K.
Published: March 2008

A case of Dysplasia Epiphysealis Multipliex in an 11 year old boy with an unusual pattern of ossification disturbances is presented. These consisted of platyspondyly, macroepiphyses, advanced bone age and stippled calcification of the cartilaginous rings of the vertebral bodies, the last being present at the age of 6 years and had disappeared at reexamination of the patient at 11 years of age.
Antero‐ medial Synovial Cysts at the Knee Joint in Rheumatoid Disease
Authors: Palmer D. G.
Published: March 2008

In three patients suffering from rheumatoid disease, pain and tenderness on the antero‐medial aspect of the medial tibial condyle was associated with a cystic swelling containing synovial fluid. In one of these three cases bilateral lesions were present which were associated with erosion of the underlying tibial cortices. In another, the cystic lesion continued to increase in size with necrosis of the surrounding fat, until surgically drained. From the clinical and radiological evidence available it was concluded that these cysts were the result of effusion into a bursa lying deep to the medial collateral ligament of the knee. Involvement of such bursae may be responsible not only for the common symptom of pain and tenderness on the antero‐medial aspect of the tibial condyle in rheumatoid disease, but also for symptoms in this region commonly attributed to medial ligament strain.
The Anatomy of the Post‐Nasal Space: Its Significance in Local Malignant Invasion*
Authors: Watson Charles R. R.
Published: March 2008

The anatomical features of the post‐nasal space are reviewed with particular reference to the symptomatology of cancer of this region. A simple method for constructing a diagram of the middle third of the base of the skull is presented. The use of such a diagram is helpful in deducing the possible nerve lesions in post‐nasal space cancer.
Spontaneous Rupture of the Oesophagus
Authors: Harrington John D.
Published: March 2008

Despite the fact that vomiting is a very common symptom, spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus is very rare. The probable mechanism of spontaneous rupture is described.

The disease is discussed from a historical, clinical and radiological point of view. A brief description of the surgical treatment and prognosis is given. The importance of early diagnosis is stressed.
Renal Arteriovenous Fistula resulting in death from Cardiac Failure
Authors: Andress M. R. , Thomas M. Lea
Published: March 2008

Congenital renal arteriovenous fistulae are rare but are important lesions as they are a surgically curable cause of hypertension and cardiac failure. The angiographic features of such a fistula are described and the importance of correct diagnosis before irreversible changes occur, is stressed.
Branch Involvement at Aortography in Dissecting Aneurysm, With Particular Reference to the Lower Intercostal and Renal Arteries
Authors: Syme James
Published: March 2008

The changes in branch arteries at various levels, a frequent aortographic finding in 17 personal cases of aortic dissection, are described in detail and noted often to parallel those in the aorta itself. The mechanisms for their production are analysed fully. It is shown that impairment of functional integrity does not necessarily accompany apparent compromise of the blood supply of kidneys and other viscera and that the grosser renal artery changes are best assessed by correlation with renal function as observed during aortography. It is emphasized that the pronounced tendency to involvement of the left renal artery noted in this and earlier series is determined by the common anatomical path followed by most dissections, as is the high incidence of coexistent left lower intercostal and left renal artery changes here. The practical significance of the detection of branch involvement and of its correct interpretation is stressed.
Melorhcostosis
Authors: Ameratunga Bertie
Published: March 2008

Melorheostosis is a rare bone disease. The clinical and radiological aspects have been discussed. Two cases have been added to world literature. Several associated diseases have been described specially, exfoliative dermatitis and scleroderma. As far as I am aware this is the first case described of melorheostosis associated with Felty's syndrome.
Thanatophoric Dwarfism: Roentgen Diagnosis in Utero
Authors: Berostrom Kjell , Gustavson Karl‐Henrik , Jorulf Hakan
Published: March 2008

Thanatophoric dwarfism is a recently identified fatal form of achondroplasia which can be differentiated from the usual form of the disease. A newborn male infant with this disease, where the diagnosis was made in utero, is described. Roentgenological critera for the diagnosis are extremely flat vertebral bodies, extremely short and bowed tubular bones and a small thorax with short, broad ribs.

The mode of inheritance and the importance of a correct diagnosis are discussed.
Foetal Weight Estimation
Authors: Ryan James , Berry R. , Berry M.
Published: March 2008

Correlation was sought between the development of the foetal skeleton, the weight of the baby and gestation period.

It has been shown that heavier babies of longer gestation do show more advanced skeletal maturation, but there are wide confidence bounds to the fitted trend lines, and the assessment of gestation period and foetal weight by this method is not highly accurate. It is probably correct to within one month of gestation. There is unacceptable error in assessing foetal weight from bone development.
Study on Early Cancer of the Cardiac Region
Authors: Kobayashi Sehghiro , Yamada Akiyoshi , Kawai Bunken , Fujimoto Akira , Nakayama Komei
Published: March 2008

To improve prognosis, it is very important to find and resect cancer in its early stage, and this leads to curative and safe operation.

From our study on the localization of cancers that have been resected in our hospital, it can be concluded that almost all cancers were detected at the oesophago‐gastric junction, the lesser curvature, the anterior wall attached to the lesser curvature, and the posterior wall.

To make a diagnosis of the lesion at this area, careful observation on the entry of barium is very important, and the double contrast radiograph taken in a little head‐down‐LAO position or 30 to 60 degree‐semi‐recumbent position is optimal.

We adopt the double contrast examination as a routine, and if we suspect something, we use endoscopy and also biopsy and this leads to ideal treatment.
Application of Radioisotopes in the Study of Hookworm Infection in Thailand*
Authors: Areekul Suvit , Devakul Kanjika , Viravan Chaisin , Chantachum Yupa
Published: March 2008

Anaemia caused by hookworm is common in Thailand and it is known that such anaemia is due to iron deficiency resulting from intestinal blood loss.

In the present experiments, blood loss, iron absorption, iron reabsorption and serum albumin loss were studied using radioactive 51Cr and 59Fe in 15 patients with hookworm anaemia. Blood loss per worm per day was found to be 0–097 ml (range 0–023‐0‐260) and it was inversely proportional to the total amount of hookworms. About 64% (range 41–83%) of the iron loss caused by hookworm was reabsorbed in the intestine in 6 patients studied. There was a linear relationship between iron reabsorbed and iron loss, and the state of iron deficiency. An average of 89% of iron given orally was found to be absorbed in 9 hookworms patients with severe anaemia. 51Cr‐labelled human serum albumin was used to study the loss of plasma protein in 15 hookworm patients. The results showed that they lost albumin equivalent to that in 21 to 128 ml of plasma per day or 0–06 to 2–74% of the intravenously administered. 51Cr‐albumin appeared in the subsequent 4 days faecal collection from patients harbouring 1,200 to 20,000 hookworm egg/gm faeces. There was a direct relationship between the number of egg/gm of faeces and the faecal 51Cr‐albumin excretion and an inverse correlation between the serum albumin concentration and the amount of 51Cr‐albumin measured in the stool.

The urinary excretion test for 58Co‐labelled vitamin B12 and 3H‐labelled folic acid were also performed in 27 hookworm patients. Five out of 21 and 6 out of 13 cases showed possibly impaired absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid respectively. The serum vitamin B12 concentration in 27 hookworm patients were also lower than in normal subjects. All these findings showed no relationship to the degree of anaemia or the number of worms recovered from the hookworm patients.
The Physical Measurement of Bone Mineral in Humans
Authors: Papworth M. P.
Published: March 2008

The measurement of bone mineral from diagnostic radiographs by various techniques has been investigated.

Post‐mortem studies have shown that visual inspection of a diagnostic radiograph is unsuitable for the detection of small mineral changes. A loss of 10–13% in bone mineral is detectable by simple measurement of the cortical thickness of a long bone from a radiograph.

Radiographic densitometry is rendered inaccurate due to non‐uniformities in the radiation intensity and quality incident on the radiograph. These non‐uniformities are associated with the heel effect, and have not been fully appreciated by many workers.
On Estimating Areas in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Behrens Wieland E. von
Published: March 2008

The geometrico‐statistical procedures developed in the science of stereology can be applied directly in radiology and nuclear medicine; and their rigorous application will not only result in greater diagnostic accuracy in the interpretation of organ images but also in economies in time, money and effort. The estimation of organ image areas with the method known as “point‐counting” is particularly simple and useful.
Cholangiographic Excretion Studies
Authors: Benness G. T. , Soschko M.
Published: March 2008

Iodipamide (Biligrafin) and ioglycamic acid (Bilivistan) have been compared in dog infusion studies. The hepatic output of the latter is greater but the maximum biliary concentration of both is similar and the real advantage of ioglycamic acid may lie in its reduced toxicity.
Bone Scanning with Technetium Polyphosphate Preliminary Results
Authors: Yeates M. G. , Tan P. K. S. , Broadfoot E. , Green D. , Morris J. G.
Published: March 2008

The correlation of bone scanning, using Technetium polyphosphate, with radiological skeletal surveys has been examined in 61 patients. Fifty‐three patients had a malignant disease, and in these bone scanning was found to be no more sensitive in the detection of metastases than radiological skeletal surveys. In addition, there were 7 cases in which the scan failed to demonstrate metastatic neoplasm shown on x‐ray survey. Possible reasons for this discrepancy have been discussed.

Several scans of other diseases involving bone have been included to highlight the need for interpreting bone scans in conjunction with an adequate radiological examination.
Difficulties in Differentiation between Chondroectodermal Dysplasia (Ellis–van Creveld syndrome) and Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Szmigiel CZ. , Barylak A. , Stopyrowa M.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of Ellis van Creveld syndrome– one with normal, one with elongated narrow thorax–and two cases of Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy–a localised form and a generalised mild form are described.

The morphological differences and similarities in Ellis van Creveld syndrome and Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy syndromes are described and the mutual relationship of both diseases is discussed.
Tricho‐Rhino‐Phalangeal Syndrome
Authors: Kozlowski K. , Blaim A. , Malolepszy E.
Published: March 2008

Two cases of tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome are described. This syndrome is one of the well differentiated diseases in the subgroup of peripheral dysostoses. Our cases conform with the condition as reported by Klingmueller and Giedion. The features which help to identify this entity are (I) peculiar facies (2) sparse hair (3) hand and feet deformities (4) usually some shortening of stature. Two additional clinical findings are stressed–bat ears and mental retardation. The importance of radiographic differentiation from other diseases with peripheral ossification disturbances and peripheral dysostoses syndromes, and specifically Thiemann's disease, is stressed.
Paediatric Radiological Anaesthesia
Authors: Brown T. C. K. , Hiller H. G.
Published: March 2008

Paediatric radiologists require the help of anaesthetists for a number of their more complex investigations. This paper outlines the anaesthetic problems with particular reference to the patient, the radiological requirements and the conduct of anaesthesia or sedation for various radiological procedures. There is some discussion of the drugs and techniques which are used.
Sacral Arch Defect and Low Backache
Authors: Tulsi R. S.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents the findings of a morphological and metrical study, based on 107 adult human columns, of the variations which occur in the last lumbar spinous process and laminae in association with upper or complete defect of the posterior wall of the sacral canal.

When there is a defect of the upper sacral arches or complete defect of the posterior wall of the sacral canal, several types of variations may occur in the arch and the spinous process of the last lumbar vertebra. One such variation of clinical significance is a marked hyperplasia of the spinous process (spina magna) which occurred in 1.9% in the present series. It is suggested that in the differential diagnosis of low midline backache this condition should be considered as one of several possible causes of low midline backache. It is further suggested that appropriate radiological techniques should be developed to show the entire spinous process of the last lumbar vertebra and the extent of defect of the posterior wall of the sacral canal.
Radiology In Medical Undergraduate Education
Authors: Hoy Ronald J.
Published: March 2008

The unique position of Radiology as a Diagnostic method, a method of teaching medicine, and an exercise in problem solving, justifies a greater contribution by radiologists to undergraduate medical education. The scope of the ideal contribution is outlined. Suggestions are made as to how it can be carried out. The active support of all radiologists is urged.
Relationship Between Radiologically Measured Trans‐pulmonary Artery Distance And The Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure In Patients With Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Abedin Zainul. , Bidwai P. S. , Sodhi J. S. , Khattri H. N.
Published: March 2008

The linear distance between the bifurcation of the main right and left pulmonary arteries was measured on a plain postero‐anterior chest radiograph in 20 healthy subjects and in 50 patients with mitral stenosis. For normal subjects, the range of trans‐pulmonary artery distance was 6.7 to 9.5 cm, with a mean of 8.2 cm, and S.D. of ±0.94. The mean value of this trans‐pulmonary artery distance for the group of 50 patients with mitral stenosis was 10.1 cm, the range being 8.2 to 13.0 cm, with a S.D. of ±1.2. TPAD in patients with mitral stenosis was significantly greater than the TPAD for normal subjects.

Thirty‐four out of the 38 patients, i.e. 89.5% with a trans‐pulmonary artery distance of more than 9.5 cm, had mean pulmonary artery pressures of more than 30 mm Hg. Out of 12 patients with a trans‐pulmonary artery distance of less than 9.5 cm, only seven patients had a mean pulmonary artery pressure of more than 30 mm Hg.

No linear correlation could be demonstrated between the trans‐pulmonary artery distance and the mean pulmonary artery pressure in patients with mitral stenosis.
Percutaneous Antegrade Urography — A Valuable Aid In The Diagnosis Of Renal Tract Pathology
Authors: Butcher Christine , Olbourne Norman A.
Published: March 2008

The subject of percutaneous antegrade urography is reviewed and its value in the elucidation of renal tract pathology is highlighted by the report of a case in which the diagnosis and management depended on the investigation. The technique is reported in detail as are the indications, uses and complications associated with it.

The view is expressed that this straightforward procedure should be readily available as a diagnostic aid to the clinical urologist in those patients in whom the more standard radiological investigations do not furnish him with a precise anatomical diagnosis.
Lymphography In Cancer Of The Uterus
Authors: Gagnon J. H. , Roman T. N.
Published: March 2008

Between January 1965 and December 1970, one hundred and five foot Iymphograms were performed on 91 patients with cancer of the cervix and on 14 with cancer of the body of the uterus. All patients also had an intravenous pyelogram; of the patients with carcinoma of die cervix a little over one‐third initially had a normal lymphogram and a normal I.V.P. Approximately another third had both examinations abnormal suggesting metastases. Nine patients had a normal lymphogram and an abnormal I.V.P. In only six cases, the lymphogram suggested metastases not suspected on the I.V.P.

Because of its relatively low accuracy in detecting early metastases in cancer of the uterus, lymphography should not be performed routinely in all these cases but should be reserved for specific problems.
Radioisotopic And Radiological Detection Of Bone Metastases
Authors: Marion Millicent A. , Perrett Lance V.
Published: March 2008

The bone scans and skeletal surveys of 261 patients with biopsy proven malignancy have been reviewed to assess the reliability of each investigation in the detection of bone metastases. The accuracy of scanning in the detection of bone metastases was 95% compared with the x‐ray accuracy of 87%. Both investigations were normal in the presence of metastases in less than 1% of patients.

Biochemical abnormalities by comparison were present in only 70% of patients. Forty‐four per cent of patients with scan and/or radiological evidence of metastases were asymptomatic even though the lesions were usually multiple. This would indicate that a need does exist for investigation in patients with malignancy without clinical evidence of bone involvement.
Optimal Scanning Time With Technetium‐99m Labelled Bone Agents
Authors: Lovegrove F. T. A. , Ronai P. M.
Published: March 2008

Bone imaging with Technetium‐99m labelled phosphate complexes is safe and convenient. The pyrophosphate, triphosphate and polyphosphate were compared in human and mouse studies. Information on bone accumulation, blood disappearance and urinary excretion in 18 patients with these agents indicates an injection to scanning time of 2 hours gives best information yield.