bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychotropic drug prescribing in an Australian specialist child and adolescent eating disorder service: a retrospective study
Authors: Moore Julia K , Watson Hunna J , Harper Emily , McCormack Julie , Nguyen Thinh
Published: August 2013

Background

To describe the rates, indications, and adverse effects of psychotropic drug prescription in a specialist tertiary hospital child and adolescent eating disorder service.

Methods

Retrospective case note study of all active eating disorder patients (N = 115) over the period of treatment from referral to time of study (M = 2 years), covering patient demographics, clinical characteristics, drug prescriptions, indications, and adverse effects.

Results

Psychotropic drugs were prescribed in 45% of cases, most commonly antidepressants (41%), followed by anxiolytics (29%) and antipsychotics (22%), with 8% initiated before referral to the specialist eating disorder program. Common indications were depressed mood, agitation, anxiety, and insomnia. Patient clinical severity and complexity was associated with prescribing. Adverse effects, mostly minor, were recorded in 23% of antidepressant prescriptions, 39% of antipsychotic prescriptions, and 13% of anxiolytic prescriptions. Second generation antipsychotic prescription was associated with subsequent new onset binge eating, in this preliminary observational study. Self-harm by overdose of psychotropics occurred in 11% of patients prescribed medication.

Conclusions

Psychotropic medications were frequently prescribed to adolescent eating disorder patients to treat distressing symptoms. Prospective randomised controlled trials to clarify efficacy and safety are needed. Given the difficulties of conducting clinical trials in this population, services are encouraged to monitor and audit medication safety and efficacy in everyday practice, and to report their findings.
Anthropogenic organic micro-pollutants and pathogens in the urban water cycle: assessment, barriers and risk communication (ASKURIS)
Authors: Jekel Martin , Ruhl Aki Sebastian , Meinel Felix , Zietzschmann Frederik , Lima Stephan Pflugmacher , Baur Nina , Wenzel Melanie , Gnirß Regina , Sperlich Alexander , Dünnbier Uwe , Böckelmann Uta , Hummelt Daniel , van Baar Patricia , Wode Florian , Petersohn Dietmar , Grummt Tamara , Eckhardt Alexander , Schulz Wolfgang , Heermann Alexandra , Reemtsma Thorsten , Seiwert Bettina , Schlittenbauer Linda , Lesjean Boris , Miehe Ulf , Remy Christian , Stapf Michael , Mutz Daniel
Published: August 2013

In urban areas, water often flows along a partially closed water cycle in which treated municipal wastewater is discharged into surface waters which are one source of raw waters used for drinking water supply. A number of organic micro-pollutants (OMP) can be found in different water compartments. In the near future, climatic and demographic changes will probably contribute to an increase of OMP and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in aquatic ecosystems. The occurrence of OMP, possible adverse effects on aquatic organisms and human health and the public perception must be carefully assessed to properly manage and communicate potentially associated risks and to implement appropriate advanced treatment options at the optimum location within the water cycle. Therefore, the interdisciplinary research project ASKURIS focuses on identification and quantification, toxicological assessment and removal of organic micro-pollutants and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the Berlin water cycle, life cycle-based economic and environmental assessment, public perception and management of potential risks.
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells constitutively express arginase-I in the naïve and inflamed lung
Authors: Bando Jennifer K , Nussbaum Jesse C , Liang Hong-Erh , Locksley Richard M
Published: August 2013

Arg1 is produced by AAMs and is proposed to have a regulatory role during asthma and allergic inflammation. Here, we use an Arg1 reporter mouse to identify additional cellular sources of the enzyme in the lung. We demonstrate that ILC2s express Arg1 at rest and during infection with the migratory helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In contrast to AAMs, which express Arg1 following IL-4/IL-13-mediated STAT6 activation, ILC2s constitutively express the enzyme in a STAT6-independent manner. Although ILC2s deficient in the IL-33R subunit T1/ST2 maintain Arg1 expression, IL-33 can regulate total lung Arg1 by expanding the ILC2 population and by activating macrophages indirectly via STAT6. Finally, we find that ILC2 Arg1 does not mediate ILC2 accumulation, ILC2 production of IL-5 and IL-13, or collagen production during N. brasiliensis infection. Thus, ILC2s are a novel source of Arg1 in resting tissue and during allergic inflammation.
Illumination compensation for image-domain wavefield tomography
Authors: Yang Tongning , Shragge Jeffrey , Sava Paul
Published: August 2013

Image-domain wavefield tomography is a velocity model building technique using seismic images as the input and seismic wavefields as the information carrier. However, the method suffers from the uneven illumination problem when it applies a penalty operator to highlighting image inaccuracies due to the velocity model error. The uneven illumination caused by complex geology such as salt or by incomplete data creates defocusing in common-image gathers even when the migration velocity model is correct. This additional defocusing violates the wavefield tomography assumption stating that the migrated images are perfectly focused in the case of the correct model. Therefore, defocusing rising from illumination mixes with defocusing rising from the model errors and degrades the model reconstruction. We addressed this problem by incorporating the illumination effects into the penalty operator such that only the defocusing by model errors was used for model construction. This was done by first characterizing the illumination defocusing in gathers by illumination analysis. Then an illumination-based penalty was constructed that does not penalize the illumination defocusing. This method improved the robustness and effectiveness of image-domain wavefield tomography applied in areas characterized by poor illumination. Our tests on synthetic examples demonstrated that velocity models were more accurately reconstructed by our method using the illumination compensation, leading to a more accurate model and better subsurface images than those in the conventional approach without illumination compensation.
Omnidirectional plane-wave destruction
Authors: Chen Zhonghuan , Fomel Sergey , Lu Wenkai
Published: August 2013

Steep structures in seismic data may bring directional aliasing; thus, the plane-wave destruction (PWD) filter cannot obtain an accurate dip estimation. We propose to interpret the plane-wave construction (PWC) filter as a line-interpolating operator and introduce a novel circle-interpolating model. The circle-interpolating PWC can avoid phase-wrapping problems, and the related circle-interpolating PWD can avoid aliasing problems. We design a 2D maxflat fractional delay filter to implement the circle interpolation, and we prove that the 2D maxflat filter is separable in each direction. Using the maxflat fractional delay filter in the circle interpolation, we propose omnidirectional plane-wave destruction (OPWD). OPWD can handle vertical structures and horizontal structures. With a synthetic example, we show how to obtain an omnidirectional dip estimation using the proposed OPWD. An application of OPWD to a field data set improves the results of predictive painting and event picking, as compared to conventional PWD.
Sinkhole detection using 2D full seismic waveform tomography
Authors: Tran Khiem T. , McVay Michael , Faraone Michael , Horhota David
Published: August 2013

We have developed an application of 2D time-domain waveform tomography for detection of embedded sinkholes and anomalies. The measured seismic surface wavefields were inverted using a full-waveform inversion (FWI) technique, based on a finite-difference solution of 2D elastic wave equations and the Gauss-Newton inversion method. The key advantage of this approach is the ability to generate all possible wave propagation modes of seismic wavefields (body waves and Rayleigh waves) that are then compared with measured data to infer complex subsurface properties.The pressure-wave (P-wave) and shear-wave (S-wave) velocities are inverted independently and simultaneously. The FWI was applied to one synthetic and two real experimental data sets. The inversion results of synthetic data showed the useful capability of the waveform analysis in identifying an embedded void. The inversion results of real data sets showed that the waveform analysis was able to delineate (1) an embedded concrete culvert and (2) a complex profile with an embedded void and highly variable bedrock laterally and vertically. An independent invasive test (standard penetration test) was also conducted to verify the seismic test results.
Distinct temporal requirements for Runx1 in hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells
Authors: Tober Joanna , Yzaguirre Amanda D. , Piwarzyk Eileen , Speck Nancy A.
Published: August 2013

The transcription factor Runx1 is essential for the formation of yolk sac-derived erythroid/myeloid progenitors (EMPs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from hemogenic endothelium during embryogenesis. However, long-term repopulating HSCs (LT-HSCs) persist when Runx1 is conditionally deleted in fetal liver cells, demonstrating that the requirement for Runx1 changes over time. To define more precisely when Runx1 transitions from an essential factor to a homeostatic regulator of EMPs and HSCs, and whether that transition requires fetal liver colonization, we performed conditional, timed deletions of Runx1 between E7.5 and E13.5. We determined that Runx1 loss reduces the formation or function of EMPs up through E10.5. The Runx1 requirement in HSCs ends later, as deletion up to E11.5 eliminates HSCs. At E11.5, there is an abrupt transition to Runx1 independence in at least a subset of HSCs that does not require fetal liver colonization. The transition to Runx1 independence in EMPs is not mediated by other core binding factors (Runx2 and/or Runx3); however, deleting the common non-DNA-binding β subunit (CBFβ) severely compromises LT-HSC function. Hence, the requirements for Runx1 in EMP and HSC formation are temporally distinct, and LT-HSC function is highly reliant on continued core binding factor activity.
Transcriptional components of anteroposterior positional information during zebrafish fin regeneration
Authors: Nachtrab Gregory , Kikuchi Kazu , Tornini Valerie A. , Poss Kenneth D.
Published: August 2013

Many fish and salamander species regenerate amputated fins or limbs, restoring the size and shape of the original appendage. Regeneration requires that spared cells retain or recall information encoding pattern, a phenomenon termed positional memory. Few factors have been implicated in positional memory during vertebrate appendage regeneration. Here, we investigated potential regulators of anteroposterior (AP) pattern during fin regeneration in adult zebrafish. Sequence-based profiling from tissues along the AP axis of uninjured pectoral fins identified many genes with region-specific expression, several of which encoded transcription factors with known AP-specific expression or function in developing embryonic pectoral appendages. Transgenic reporter strains revealed that regulatory sequences of the transcription factor gene alx4a activated expression in fibroblasts and osteoblasts within anterior fin rays, whereas hand2 regulatory sequences activated expression in these same cell types within posterior rays. Transgenic overexpression of hand2 in all pectoral fin rays did not affect formation of the proliferative regeneration blastema, yet modified the lengths and widths of regenerating bones. Hand2 influenced the character of regenerated rays in part by elevation of the vitamin D-inactivating enzyme encoded by cyp24a1, contributing to region-specific regulation of bone metabolism. Systemic administration of vitamin D during regeneration partially rescued bone defects resulting from hand2 overexpression. Thus, bone-forming cells in a regenerating appendage maintain expression throughout life of transcription factor genes that can influence AP pattern, and differ across the AP axis in their expression signatures of these and other genes. These findings have implications for mechanisms of positional memory in vertebrate tissues.
The nuage mediates retrotransposon silencing in mouse primordial ovarian follicles
Authors: Lim Ai Khim , Lorthongpanich Chanchao , Chew Ting Gang , Tan Chin Wee Godwin , Shue Yan Ting , Balu Sathish , Gounko Natalia , Kuramochi-Miyagawa Satomi , Matzuk Martin M. , Chuma Shinichiro , Messerschmidt Daniel M. , Solter Davor , Knowles Barbara B.
Published: August 2013

Mobilization of endogenous retrotransposons can destabilize the genome, an imminent danger during epigenetic reprogramming of cells in the germline. The P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway is known to silence retrotransposons in the mouse testes. Several piRNA pathway components localize to the unique, germline structure known as the nuage. In this study, we surveyed mouse ovaries and found, for the first time, transient appearance of nuage-like structures in oocytes of primordial follicles. Mouse vasa homolog (MVH), Piwi-like 2 (PIWIL2/MILI) and tudor domain-containing 9 (TDRD9) are present in these structures, whereas aggregates of germ cell protein with ankyrin repeats, sterile alpha motif and leucine zipper (GASZ) localize separately in the cytoplasm. Retrotransposons are silenced in primordial ovarian follicles, and de-repressed upon reduction of piRNA expression in Mvh, Mili or Gasz mutants. However, these null-mutant females, unlike their male counterparts, are fertile, uncoupling retrotransposon activation from sterility.
Moderate and high amounts of tamoxifen in α-MHC-MerCreMer mice induce a DNA damage response, leading to heart failure and death
Authors: Bersell Kevin , Choudhury Sangita , Mollova Mariya , Polizzotti Brian D. , Ganapathy Balakrishnan , Walsh Stuart , Wadugu Brian , Arab Shima , Kühn Bernhard
Published: August 2013

Numerous mouse models have utilized Cre-loxP technology to modify gene expression. Adverse effects of Cre recombinase activity have been reported, including in the heart. However, the mechanisms associated with cardiac Cre toxicity are largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of Cre in cardiomyocytes induces a DNA damage response, resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. In an effort to increase the recombination efficiency of a widely used tamoxifen-sensitive Cre transgene under control of the α-myosin-heavy-chain promoter (αMHC-MerCreMer), we observed myocardial dysfunction and decreased survival, which were dependent on the dose of tamoxifen injected. After excluding a Cre-independent contribution by tamoxifen, we found that Cre induced myocardial fibrosis, activation of pro-fibrotic genes and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Examination of the molecular mechanisms showed activation of DNA damage response signaling and p53 stabilization in the absence of loxP sites, suggesting that Cre induced illegitimate DNA breaks. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was also induced by expressing Cre using adenoviral transduction, indicating that the effect was not dependent on genomic integration of the transgene. Cre-mediated homologous recombination at loxP sites was dose-dependent and had a ceiling effect at ~80% of cardiomyocytes showing recombination. By titrating the amount of tamoxifen to maximize recombination while minimizing animal lethality, we determined that 30 μg tamoxifen/g body weight/day injected on three consecutive days is, in our lab, the optimal condition for the αMHC-MerCreMer system to induce recombination in the Rosa26-lacZ strain. Our results further highlight the importance of experimental design, including the use of appropriate genetic controls for Cre expression.
Cardiac fibrosis in mice expressing an inducible myocardial-specific Cre driver
Authors: Lexow Jonas , Poggioli Tommaso , Sarathchandra Padmini , Santini Maria Paola , Rosenthal Nadia
Published: August 2013

Tamoxifen-inducible Cre-mediated manipulation of animal genomes has achieved wide acceptance over the last decade, with numerous important studies heavily relying on this technique. Recently, a number of groups have reported transient complications of using this protocol in the heart. In the present study we observed a previously unreported focal fibrosis and depressed left-ventricular function in tamoxifen treated αMHC-MerCreMer-positive animals in a Tβ4shRNAflox x αMHC-MerCreMer cross at 6-7 weeks following standard tamoxifen treatment, regardless of the presence of the floxed transgene. The phenotype was reproduced by treating mice from the original αMHC-MerCreMer strain with tamoxifen. In the acute phase after tamoxifen treatment, cell infiltration into the myocardium was accompanied by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, IFNγ, Ccl2) and markers of hypertrophy (ANF, BNP, Col3a1). These observations highlight the requirement for including tamoxifen-treated MerCreMer littermate controls to avert misinterpretation of conditional mutant phenotypes. A survey of the field as well as the protocols presented here suggests that controlling the parameters of tamoxifen delivery is important in avoiding the chronic MerCreMer-mediated cardiac phenotype reported here.
Modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders in theXenopustadpole: from mechanisms to therapeutic targets
Authors: Pratt Kara G. , Khakhalin Arseny S.
Published: August 2013

The Xenopus tadpole model offers many advantages for studying molecular, cellular and network mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders. Essentially every stage of normal neural circuit development, from axon outgrowth and guidance to activity-dependent homeostasis and refinement, has been studied in the frog tadpole, making it an ideal model to determine what happens when any of these stages are compromised. Recently, the tadpole model has been used to explore the mechanisms of epilepsy and autism, and there is mounting evidence to suggest that diseases of the nervous system involve deficits in the most fundamental aspects of nervous system function and development. In this Review, we provide an update on how tadpole models are being used to study three distinct types of neurodevelopmental disorders: diseases caused by exposure to environmental toxicants, epilepsy and seizure disorders, and autism.
Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions
Authors: McDonald Birgitte I. , Ponganis Paul J.
Published: August 2013

The management and depletion of O2 stores underlie the aerobic dive capacities of marine mammals. The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) presumably optimizes O2 store management during all dives, but approaches its physiological limits during deep dives to greater than 300 m depth. Blood O2 comprises the largest component of total body O2 stores in adult sea lions. Therefore, we investigated venous blood O2 depletion during dives of California sea lions during maternal foraging trips to sea by: (1) recording venous partial pressure of O2 (PO2) profiles during dives, (2) characterizing the O2–hemoglobin (Hb) dissociation curve of sea lion Hb and (3) converting the PO2 profiles into percent Hb saturation (SO2) profiles using the dissociation curve. The O2–Hb dissociation curve was typical of other pinnipeds (P50=28±2 mmHg at pH 7.4). In 43% of dives, initial venous SO2 values were greater than 78% (estimated resting venous SO2), indicative of arterialization of venous blood. Blood O2 was far from depleted during routine shallow dives, with minimum venous SO2 values routinely greater than 50%. However, in deep dives greater than 4 min in duration, venous SO2 reached minimum values below 5% prior to the end of the dive, but then increased during the last 30–60 s of ascent. These deep dive profiles were consistent with transient venous blood O2 depletion followed by partial restoration of venous O2 through pulmonary gas exchange and peripheral blood flow during ascent. These differences in venous O2 profiles between shallow and deep dives of sea lions reflect distinct strategies of O2 store management and suggest that underlying cardiovascular responses will also differ.
Vibrational long-distance communication in the termitesMacrotermes natalensisandOdontotermessp.
Authors: Hager Felix A. , Kirchner Wolfgang H.
Published: August 2013

Fungus-growing higher termites build long subterranean galleries that lead outwards from the nest to foraging sites. When soldiers are disturbed, they tend to drum with their heads against the substrate and thereby create vibrational alarm signals. The present study aimed at describing these acoustic signals, how they are elicited, produced and perceived, and how these signals propagate within the galleries and nests over long distances in two termite species of the Southern African savannah, Macrotermes natalensis and an Odontotermes sp. The signals consist of trains of pulses with a pulse repetition rate of 10–20 Hz. The galleries have physical features that promote vibrational communication and are used as channels for long-distance communication. In M. natalensis, the signal propagation velocity is ~130 m s−1 and the signals are attenuated by ~0.4 dB per centimetre distance. Nestmates are extremely sensitive to these vibrations with a behavioural threshold amplitude of 0.012 m s−2. Workers respond by a fast retreat into the nest and soldiers are recruited to the source of vibration. Soldiers also start to drum with a reaction time of about 0.3 s, thereby amplifying the intensity of the signal. This social long-distance communication through chains of signal-reamplifying termites results in a relatively slow propagation (1.3 m s−1) of the signal without decrement over distances of several metres.
Defending the One Percent
Authors: Mankiw N. Gregory
Published: August 2013

Imagine a society with perfect economic equality. Then, one day, this egalitarian utopia is disturbed by an entrepreneur with an idea for a new product. Think of the entrepreneur as Steve Jobs as he develops the iPod, J. K. Rowling as she writes her Harry Potter books, or Steven Spielberg as he directs his blockbuster movies. The new product makes the entrepreneur much richer than everyone else. How should the entrepreneurial disturbance in this formerly egalitarian outcome alter public policy? Should public policy remain the same, because the situation was initially acceptable and the entrepreneur improved it for everyone? Or should government policymakers deplore the resulting inequality and use their powers to tax and transfer to spread the gains more equally? In my view, this thought experiment captures, in an extreme and stylized way, what has happened to US society over the past several decades. Since the 1970s, average incomes have grown, but the growth has not been uniform across the income distribution. The incomes at the top, especially in the top 1 percent, have grown much faster than average. These high earners have made significant economic contributions, but they have also reaped large gains. The question for public policy is what, if anything, to do about it.
Retrospectives: John Maynard Keynes, Investment Innovator
Authors: Chambers David , Dimson Elroy
Published: August 2013

John Maynard Keynes made a major contribution to the development of professional investment management. Based on detailed archival research at King's College, Cambridge, we describe Keynes' investment philosophy, his investment performance, and the evolution of his investment approach as the manager of a large educational endowment. His portfolios were actively managed and unconventional. He was an investment innovator both in making a substantial allocation to the then new institutional asset class of common stocks as well as in championing value investing.
Online Make-to-Order Joint Replenishment Model: Primal-Dual Competitive Algorithms
Authors: Buchbinder Niv , Kimbrel Tracy , Levi Retsef , Makarychev Konstantin , Sviridenko Maxim
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we study an online make-to-order variant of the classical joint replenishment problem (JRP) that has been studied extensively over the years and plays a fundamental role in broader planning issues, such as the management of supply chains. In contrast to the traditional approaches of the stochastic inventory theory, we study the problem using competitive analysis against a worst-case adversary.

Our main result is a 3-competitive deterministic algorithm for the online version of the JRP. We also prove a lower bound of approximately 2.64 on the competitiveness of any deterministic online algorithm for the problem. Our algorithm is based on a novel primal-dual approach using a new linear programming relaxation of the offline JRP model. The primal-dual approach that we propose departs from previous primal-dual and online algorithms in rather significant ways. We believe that this approach can extend the range of problems to which online and primal-dual algorithms can be applied and analyzed.
Statistical Analysis with Little's Law
Authors: Kim Song-Hee , Whitt Ward
Published: August 2013

The theory supporting Little's Law (L = λW) is now well developed, applying to both limits of averages and expected values of stationary distributions, but applications of Little's Law with actual system data involve measurements over a finite-time interval, which are neither of these. We advocate taking a statistical approach with such measurements. We investigate how estimates of L and λ can be used to estimate W when the waiting times are not observed. We advocate estimating confidence intervals. Given a single sample-path segment, we suggest estimating confidence intervals using the method of batch means, as is often done in stochastic simulation output analysis. We show how to estimate and remove bias due to interval edge effects when the system does not begin and end empty. We illustrate the methods with data from a call center and simulation experiments.
Upper and Lower Full Arch Dental Reconstruction with Implant Supported Overdentures: A Case Study
Authors: Sullivan Jerome P
Published: August 2013

Statement of problem

In clinical situations where implant placement in the maxilla is prohibited due to the lack of available bone, more invasive techniques such as autogenous bone grafting and sinus augmentation are often off-putting to patients due to the added expense, risk and morbidity.

Purpose of treatment

The intention of this treatment was to dentally restore a patient with a severely resorbed edentulous maxilla, without the use of any grafting techniques.

Methods

Under local anaesthetic, five implants were placed in the patient's maxilla using the combined techniques of alveolar ridge-splitting and a Summer's lift. The crest of the alveolus was dissected bilaterally with a fine rotary disc. A combination of osteotomes and bone spreaders were then used to create the individual osteotomies. In the most distal site on the right side, the floor of the maxillary sinus was tapped up to facilitate implant placement. All implants were submerged under the gum for six months to allow them to ossteointegrate. Restorative stages were then completed.

Results

At six months, all five maxillary implants had successfully integrated. The maxilla also showed marked expansion where the alveolus had been dissected and bone had healed between the separated buccal and palatal plates. The final restoration was a metal-framed overdenture attached to a milled titanium bar supported on five implants.

Conclusion

In this single case study, a patient's atrophic, edentulous maxilla was successfully restored without grafting techniques. The overdenture has been in trouble-free function for two years.
Managing the Edentulous Mandible using Recent Technological Developments: A Case Study
Authors: Sethi Ashok , Kaus Thomas , Sharma Naresh , Sochor Peter
Published: August 2013

Safe clinical practice in implant dentistry requires an accurate investigation of the availability of bone for implant placement and the avoidance of critical anatomical structures. Modern imaging techniques using computed tomography (CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provide the clinician with the required information. The imaging thus obtained provides accurate representation of the height, width and length of the available bone.1 In addition, whenever adequate radiation dose is used, accurate information about the bone density in Hounsfield units can be obtained. Important spatial information regarding the orientation of the ridges and the relationship to the proposed prosthetic reconstruction can be obtained with the aid of radiopaque templates during the acquisition of CT scan data.

Modern software also provides the facility to decide interactively upon the positioning of the implants and is able to relate this to a stereolithographic model constructed from the imaging data. A surgical guide for the accurate positioning of the implants can be constructed.

The construction of screw retained prostheses is fraught with difficulties regarding the accuracy of the construction. Accurate fit of the prosthesis is difficult to obtain due to the inherent errors in impression taking, component discrepancies, investing and casting inaccuracies.2,3 CAD/CAM technology eliminates the inaccuracies involved with the investing and casting of superstructures.

Clinical Case

This case describes the management of an 84 year old female patient, who had recently lost her remaining mandibular anterior teeth. This resulted in the patient's inability to wear conventional dentures in the mandible.
Firm Innovativeness and Export Performance: Environmental, Networking, and Structural Contingencies
Authors: Boso Nathaniel , Story Vicky M. , Cadogan John W. , Micevski Milena , Kadić-Maglajlić Selma
Published: August 2013

Much scholarly work has explored the benefits firms accrue from innovation activities. Although some research has shown that firm innovativeness is associated with enhanced export success, the conditions under which firm innovativeness activities are most and least beneficial are not well understood. The authors take a contingency perspective and use social capital theory to investigate how internal channel networking capability and structural factors as well as external environment factors affect the innovativeness–export performance relationship. Analysis of samples of exporting firms from Ghana and Bosnia and Herzegovina indicates that innovativeness is most beneficial for firms operating in competitive and dynamic export markets; those in less competitive and static markets do not benefit from their innovation activities to the same extent. Stronger networking capabilities and a more organic structure also enhance the innovativeness–export performance relationship. The findings imply that the management of firm innovativeness is not a straightforward task in which greater emphasis on innovation activities is always beneficial for firms; rather, exporting organizations must match firm innovativeness levels to external environmental conditions and internal capabilities and structures.
Conservative When Crowded: Social Crowding and Consumer Choice
Authors: Maeng Ahreum , Tanner Robin J. , Soman Dilip
Published: August 2013

Does the mere crowdedness of the environment affect people's choices and preferences? In six studies, the authors show that social crowdedness not only leads to greater accessibility of safety-related constructs but also results in greater preference for safety-oriented options (e.g., preferring to visit a pharmacy to a convenience store), being more receptive to prevention- (rather than promotion-) framed messages, and being more risk averse with real money gambles. In support of the authors’ underlying avoidance motivation perspective, these effects are mediated by participants’ net prevention focus and are attenuated when the crowd in question consists of in-group members. The authors close by discussing the practical and theoretical implications of the results.
Latin quisque as a “floating” quantifier
Authors: Bortolussi Bernard
Published: August 2013

The Latin distributive pronoun
Some remarks on quia as a subordinator after verbs of saying and thinking
Authors: Cuzzolin Pierluigi
Published: August 2013

The

However, the fact that
Ut ita dicam and cognates: a pragmatic account
Authors: Fedriani Chiara , Molinelli Piera
Published: August 2013

This paper deals with the Latin functional marker
-i and -osio genitives in archaic Latin: different markers for different possession types?
Authors: Orlandini Anna , Poccetti Paolo
Published: August 2013

This contribution offers a concrete, textually based account of the functional possibilities for the expression of different types of possession (exclusive and inalienable “ownership” versus “accidental belonging,” established by convention or on an occasional event) in Archaic Latin. This account is based on the competition between the genitive-marking morphemes -
Prorsus as a response formula in Ficino's Latin: Plato, Gorgias 513d6–514d2
Authors: Shalev Donna
Published: August 2013

In Plato's
Does carbon monoxide inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production by fetal membranes?
Authors: Klimova Natalia G. , Hanna Nazeeh , Peltier Morgan R.
Published: August 2013

Aim: Infection-induced inflammation is a common cause of preterm birth. Pharmacologic inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines improves pregnancy outcome in animal models but there are no universally effective therapies for preterm birth in women. Carbon monoxide (CO) has anti-inflammatory properties at low concentrations but its effects on reproductive tissues is unclear. Therefore, we studied the effect of supplemental CO on the production of cytokines associated with preterm birth by fetal membranes.

Methods: Cross-sections of whole fetal membranes, isolated choriodecidua, and isolated amnion were prepared using tissues collected from women who had normal vaginal deliveries at term. Tissues were placed in an organ explant culture system and stimulated with up to 108 CFU/mL Escherichia coli. Cultures were incubated under room air or room air+250 ppm CO for 18 h and cytokine concentrations in conditioned medium were quantified by ELISA.

Results: CO inhibited IL-1β and TNF-α (P≤0.001) production by cultures stimulated with 107 CFU/mL bacteria but had no detectable effect on IL-10 by full-thickness membranes. Although CO also tended to reduce TNF-α production (P=0.053), no effect of CO was detected for IL-10 or IL-1β for membranes stimulated with 108 CFU/mL E. coli. TNF-α, but not IL-1β or IL-10 production, was inhibited by CO for choriodecidual cultures stimulated with 107 or 108 CFU/mL E. coli (P<0.001). IL-1β production was significantly inhibited by CO for amnion cultures stimulated with 107 (P=0.002) and 108 (P=0.017) CFU/mL E. coli. Exposure to bacteria had no effect on TNF-α or IL-10 production but CO tended to increase IL-10 production by amnion cultures stimulated with 108 CFU/mL E. coli (P=0.037).

Conclusions: These results suggest that CO may help promote an anti-inflammatory environment during intrauterine infections by inhibiting TNF-α and IL-1β production.
Nanoscale heterostructures comprised of silicon nanowires and gold nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitic shells for DNA immobilization
Authors: Li Yuan , Chopra Nitin
Published: August 2013

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) immobilization on nanoscale architectures is critical for developing bio-compatible devices and clinical diagnoses. In this study, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were combined with gold nanoparticles encapsulated in graphitic shells (GNPs). The resulting SiNWs-GNPs heterostructures were plasma oxidized to create carboxylic (-COOH) functionality on the surface of the graphitic carbon shell. These heterostructures and their surface chemistries were studied using electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Raman spectroscopy. The –COOH terminated graphitic shells in heterostructures were covalently linked with DNA. The DNA molecules on these heterostructures were detected by linking with fluorescent streptavidin and observed under a fluorescence microscope. Such inorganic heterostructure-biomolecule assemblies can be very useful in the development of biomolecule analysis and detection devices.
Effect of eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) on sediment carbon and nitrogen dynamics in an urban estuary
Authors: Hoellein Timothy J. , Zarnoch Chester B.
Published: August 2013

Oyster reefs have declined globally. Interest in their restoration has motivated research into oyster‐mediated ecosystem services including effects on biodiversity, filtration, and nitrogen (N) cycling. Recent evidence suggests oysters may promote denitrification, or anaerobic respiration of nitrate (NO3−) into di‐nitrogen gas, via benthic deposition of carbon (C) and N‐rich biodeposits. However, the mechanisms whereby biodeposits promote N transformations prerequisite to denitrification (e.g., mineralization and nitrification) are unclear. Previous research has also not measured oysters' influence on N cycling in urbanized areas. In May 2010 we deployed eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in mesh cages above sand‐filled boxes at four sites across a nutrient gradient in Jamaica Bay, New York City (New York, USA). Oysters were arranged at four densities: 0, 40, 85, and 150 oysters/m2. For 17 months we measured water‐column nutrients and chlorophyll a, every two weeks to monthly. Every two months we measured sediment ash‐free dry mass (AFDM), exchangeable ammonium (NH4+), ammonification, nitrification, denitrification potential (DNP), and NO3− and C limitation of DNP. Oysters increased sediment AFDM at three of four sites, with the greatest increase at high density. Oysters did not affect any N pools or transformations. However, variation among sites and dates illustrated environmental drivers of C and N biogeochemistry in this urban estuary. Overall, nitrification was positively related to net ammonification, water column NH4+, and sediment NH4+, but was not correlated with DNP. Denitrification was consistently and strongly NO3− limited, while C was not limiting or secondarily limiting. Therefore, the oyster‐mediated increase in AFDM did not affect DNP because C was not its primary driver. Also, because DNP was unrelated to nitrification, it is unlikely that biodeposit N was converted to NO3− for use as a denitrification substrate. Predicting times or sites where denitrification is driven by the C and N species originating from oyster biodeposits remains a challenge under eutrophic conditions. Towards this goal, we synthesized our conclusions with literature predictions in a conceptual model for pathways whereby oysters might influence C and N dynamics differently in oligotrophic relative to eutrophic ecosystems.
Genetics in Population Health Science: Strategies and Opportunities
Authors: Belsky Daniel W. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Caspi Avshalom
Published: August 2013

Translational research is needed to leverage discoveries from the frontiers of genome science to improve public health. So far, public health researchers have largely ignored genetic discoveries, and geneticists have ignored important aspects of population health science. This mutual neglect should end. In this article, we discuss 3 areas where public health researchers can help to advance translation: (1) risk assessment: investigate genetic profiles as components in composite risk assessments; (2) targeted intervention: conduct life-course longitudinal studies to understand when genetic risks manifest in development and whether intervention during sensitive periods can have lasting effects; and (3) improved understanding of environmental causation: collaborate with geneticists on gene–environment interaction research. We illustrate with examples from our own research on obesity and smoking.
Early Hits and Long-Term Consequences: Tracking the Lasting Impact of Prenatal Smoke Exposure on Telomere Length in Children
Authors: Theall Katherine P. , McKasson Sarah , Mabile Emily , Dunaway Lauren F. , Drury Stacy S.
Published: August 2013

We examined the association between telomere length and prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) in 104 children aged 4 to 14 years. Salivary telomere length (STL) was determined from salivary DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Of the children, 18% had maternal reported PTE. Mean STL was significantly lower among children with PTE (6.4 vs 7.5, P < .05). Findings extend the literature demonstrating the negative long-term effects of PTE to include a cellular marker of aging linked to multiple negative health outcomes.
Integrating Social Science and Behavioral Genetics: Testing the Origin of Socioeconomic Disparities in Depression Using a Genetically Informed Design
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Myers John M. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We tested 3 hypotheses—social causation, social drift, and common cause—regarding the origin of socioeconomic disparities in major depression and determined whether the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and major depression varied by genetic liability for major depression.

Methods. Data were from a sample of female twins in the baseline Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders interviewed between 1987 and 1989 (n = 2153). We used logistic regression and structural equation twin models to evaluate these 3 hypotheses.

Results. Consistent with the social causation hypothesis, education (odds ratio [OR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.66, 0.93; P < .01) and income (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.89, 0.98; P < .01) were significantly related to past-year major depression. Upward social mobility was associated with lower risk of depression. There was no evidence that childhood SES was related to development of major depression (OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.89, 1.09; P > .1). Consistent with a common genetic cause, there was a negative correlation between the genetic components of major depression and education (r2 =  –0.22). Co-twin control analyses indicated a protective effect of education and income on major depression even after accounting for genetic liability.

Conclusions. This study utilized a genetically informed design to address how social position relates to major depression. Results generally supported the social causation model.
Gene–Environment Correlation: Difficulties and a Natural Experiment–Based Strategy
Authors: Wagner Brandon , Li Jiang , Liu Hexuan , Guo Guang
Published: August 2013

Objectives. We explored how gene–environment correlations can result in endogenous models, how natural experiments can protect against this threat, and if unbiased estimates from natural experiments are generalizable to other contexts.

Methods. We compared a natural experiment, the College Roommate Study, which measured genes and behaviors of college students and their randomly assigned roommates in a southern public university, with observational data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in 2008. We predicted exposure to exercising peers using genetic markers and estimated environmental effects on alcohol consumption. A mixed-linear model estimated an alcohol consumption variance that was attributable to genetic markers and across peer environments.

Results. Peer exercise environment was associated with respondent genotype in observational data, but not in the natural experiment. The effects of peer drinking and presence of a general gene–environment interaction were similar between data sets.

Conclusions. Natural experiments, like random roommate assignment, could protect against potential bias introduced by gene–environment correlations. When combined with representative observational data, unbiased and generalizable causal effects could be estimated.
A Simple Protocol for AMMI Analysis of Yield Trials
Authors: Gauch Hugh G.
Published: August 2013

The Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model has been used extensively for analysis of multi‐environment yield trials for two main purposes: understanding complex genotype × environment interactions and increasing accuracy. Nevertheless, AMMI analyses implementing best practices have been rare. Accordingly, this paper presents a simple protocol with four steps: (i) analysis of variance, (ii) model diagnosis, (iii) mega‐environment delineation, and (iv) agricultural recommendations. This protocol is illustrated with an international bread wheat trial. This paper concerns a basic and common application of AMMI: yield‐trial analysis without consideration of special structure or additional data for either genotypes or environments. Best practices involve using both treatment and experimental designs to gain accuracy and exploiting both broad and narrow adaptations to increase yields.
An operational protocol for facilitating start-up of single-stage autotrophic nitrogen-removing reactors based on process stoichiometry
Authors: Mutlu A. G. , Vangsgaard A. K. , Sin G. , Smets B. F.
Published: August 2013

Start-up and operation of single-stage nitritation–anammox sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal can be challenging and far from trivial. In this study, a step-wise procedure is developed based on stoichiometric analysis of the process performance from nitrogen species measurements to systematically guide start-up and normal operation efforts (instead of trial and error). The procedure is successfully applied to laboratory-scale SBRs for start-up and maintained operation over an 8-month period. This analysis can serve as a strong decision-making tool to take appropriate actions with respect to reactor operation to accelerate start-up or ensure high-rate N removal via the nitritation–anammox pathway.
Investigation of carbazole degradation by the sono-Fenton process
Authors: Ji G.-D. , Zhang X.-R. , Guo F.
Published: August 2013

The present report aimed to describe the roles of ultrasonic power and reaction time in the Fenton reagent-based degradation of carbazole in wastewater, and to analyze the effects of the Fe2SO4 and H2O2 concentrations and the initial pH on the reaction kinetics. Application of 40 or 80 W of ultrasound at a frequency of 40 KHz substantially improved the effectiveness of carbazole degradation, whereas application of 20 W of ultrasound had little effect. The optimal concentration of the Fe2SO4·7H2O catalyst was lower for extended operating times. Increased degradation was observed with increasing H2O2 concentrations below 1.8 mg L−1, whereas decreased degradation was observed at concentrations above this value. The best performance was obtained at a neutral or slightly alkaline pH range (pH 7–9) rather than at the commonly used acidic pH range (pH 2–4). Under optimal conditions, the extent of carbazole degradation was 98% after 180 min. The degradation process followed second-order kinetics.