bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Growth Response to GH Treatment and Considerations upon the Limits of Short-Term Growth Predictions
Authors: Hermanussen M. , Gausche R. , Keller A. , Kiess W. , Brabec M. , Keller E.
Published: April 2003

Objectives: To investigate the impact of short-term growth measurements on predicting the individual growth response to GH treatment, and to elucidate the possible reasons for the limited accuracy of current growth prediction models for GH-treated children. Methods: Short-term growth measurements by knemometry and stadiometer in 99 short, GH-treated children (27 girls, 72 boys), aged 10.3 ± 2.3 years, from the Children’s University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany. Results: GH treatment significantly accelerated the mean height velocity (HV) from 4.3 ± 1.0 to 8.1 ± 1.8 cm/year during the first year of treatment, the average height standard deviation score (SDS) shifted by +0.52 SD. The variation in HV also increased, from S2 = 1.0 before to S2 = 3.4 cm2/year2 during treatment. Lower leg length (LLL) velocity accelerated from 1.6 ± 0.7 before treatment to 3.4 ± 1.0 cm/year during the first 8 weeks of treatment. Four coefficients of correlation appeared clinically meaningful: (1) LLL velocity vs. body HV during the first year of GH treatment (r = 0.87), indicating that GH acts simultaneously on leg and rump growth; (2) early (first 8 weeks) LLL velocity vs. 1-year body HV during treatment, with r = 0.61 (R2 = 0.38), indicating that 38% of the variation in HV during the first year of treatment is already predictable by an initial 8-week period of knemometry; (3) early (first 8 weeks) LLL velocity vs. 1-year LLL velocity during treatment, with r = 0.63 (R2 = 0.39), and (4) early (first 8 weeks) LLL velocity vs. later LLL velocity, up to the end of the first year, with r = 0.53 (R2 = 0.28) indicating that the early response on lower leg growth persists for at least 1 year of GH treatment. Conclusions: (1) Thirty-eight percent of the variation in HV during the first year of GH treatment is predictable by an initial 8-week period of knemometry. This parallels early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover after GH treatment. (2) There is evidence for a baseline variability in HV both in healthy children and in children with growth disorders that make growth prediction difficult.
Normal Progression of Testicular Size in Boys with Idiopathic Short Stature and Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency Treated with Growth Hormone: Experience from the KIGS
Authors: Lindgren A.C. , Chatelain P. , Lindberg A. , Price D.A. , Ranke M.B. , Reiter E.O. , Wilton P.
Published: April 2003

Background: The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on testicular development in boys with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) followed in the KIGS (Pharmacia International Growth Database). Methods: For inclusion in the study, the patients had to have received more than 1 year of prepubertal GH treatment, at least 4 consecutive years of GH treatment in total, and to have attained their final height, defined as a height velocity of less than 2 cm/year. Data on 107 boys in the KIGS database have been analyzed. Results: No significant differences in duration of GH treatment and testicular volume at the start of treatment or at final height were found between the boys with ISS and those with IGHD. The progression of testicular volume in boys with ISS or IGHD during GH treatment did not differ from the reference population. Conclusions: This analysis shows that GH treatment does not alter testicular growth in boys with ISS or IGHD. However, prospective controlled studies are needed to rule out moderate attenuating or stimulating effects.
Anticipation of Uterine Bleeding in Placenta Previa Based on Vaginal Sonographic Evaluation
Authors: Saitoh Megumu , Ishihara Kaisuke , Sekiya Takao , Araki Tsutomu
Published: April 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to predict massive uterine bleeding during pregnancy and cesarean section in women with placenta previa using transvaginal ultrasonography. Methods: Transvaginal ultrasonography was performed prospectively at and after 28 gestational weeks with follow-up scans at 5- to 7-day intervals until cesarean section in 35 women with placenta previa. The patients were classified into 3 groups based on the following sonographic features of the placental edge in relation to the internal cervical os: type A = two thirds of the placenta from the placental center overlapping the internal os (13 cases); type B = one third of the placenta from the periphery to outside overlapping the internal os (10 cases), and type C = echo-free space (EFS) in the placental edge overlapping the internal os (12 cases). In some cases of type-A placentas, lacunae with blood flow in the placenta from the basal plate to the chorionic plate were also observed. All types were further subdivided based on the presence or absence of associated sponge-like echo (S-echo) in the wall of the uterus adjacent to the placental location. In each type, the relation with the amount of bleeding during hospitalization and preterm delivery was examined. Results: Incidences of sudden massive bleeding during hospitalization were 7.7% (1/13), 10.0% (1/10), and 83.3% (10/12), in types A, B and C, respectively, being significantly higher in type C (p < 0.01). The risk of antepartum massive bleeding was also significantly higher in type C (p < 0.01). The incidence of preterm delivery due to sudden massive bleeding and the amount of bleeding during cesarean section were significantly higher in type A + S and type A + S with lacunae, respectively. Conclusions: Sonographic EFS in the lower edge of the placenta overlying the cervix indicates the risk of sudden massive antepartum bleeding. Furthermore, lacunae with sponge-like echo may also reflect the risk of massive bleeding at cesarean section. These findings warrant further observational studies to verify their clinical implications.
Relationship between Antisperm Antibodies, Sperm Movement, and Semen Quality
Authors: Munuce M.J. , Berta C.L. , Pauluzzi F. , Caille A.M.
Published: April 2003

The presence of antisperm antibodies might impair fertilization by affecting sperm function in different ways. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of antisperm antibodies and evaluate its impact on sperm movement, in normozoospermic and abnormal semen samples. Samples from 144 patients were classified as normozoospermic or abnormal, according to WHO guidelines and Kruger`s strict criteria. Motilility was assessed by a computer-assisted system by placing a drop of semen in a Makler chamber. Antisperm antibodies were detected using the Mar Test and Immunobead tests to identify immunoglobulin location and isotype. Results showed no association between the presence of antisperm antibodies and semen quality. Antibody incidence was 15 and 9.5% for normozoospermic and abnormal semen samples, respectively. Motion analysis showed that, although sperm linearity was significantly reduced in abnormal patients with antibodies, the existence of an immune response did not affect the sperm pathway in most cases. This study suggests that sperm motion analysis would not be of great assistance in the screening of an immunological male fertility factor.
Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors in Oligodendrocyte Development: Implications for Demyelination and Remyelination
Authors: Bansal Rashmi , Miyake Hideaki , Nakamura Ichiro , Eto Hiroshi , Gotoh Akinobu , Fujisawa Masato , Okada Hiroshi , Arakawa Soichi , Kamidono Sadao , Hara Isao
Published: April 2003

Fibroblast growth factors are a family of broad-spectrum growth factors influencing a plethora of cellular activities. The interaction of at least 23 ligands, 4 receptors and multiple coreceptors provides a dramatic complexity to a signaling system capable of effecting a multitude of responses. This review focuses on the fibroblast growth factors signaling in oligodendrocyte development, function and discusses implications for demyelination/remyelination.
Relationship of Nonlinear Analysis, MRI and SPECT in the Lateralization of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Jing Hongkui , Takigawa Morikuni , Benasich April Ann
Published: April 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of lateralization by nonlinear analysis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and interictal single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Methods: Twenty-three patients (7 males, 16 females) were examined by MRI, interictal SPECT and EEG. Nonlinear dynamic properties of neuronal networks were estimated by calculating correlation dimensions on interictal EEG signals and corresponding surrogate data. Lateralization was detected based on the criteria introduced in this study. Concordance rates of the results among the three methods were compared. Results: Epileptogenic foci were shown in the temporal areas in 21 patients using the nonlinear method (8 left, 2 right, 11 both), while 20 patients showed abnormalities in temporal lobes on MR images (13 left, 5 right, 2 both). Low cerebral blood flows of the temporal lobes were detected in all patients (11 left, 8 right, 4 both). Completely concordant lateralization was observed in 8 patients (35%) for the nonlinear method and MRI, in 9 patients (39%) for the nonlinear method and SPECT, and in 10 patients (43%) for MRI and SPECT. There were no significant differences among the concordance rates for these different methods. Conclusions: Our results revealed that correlation dimension is useful for differentiating dynamic properties of neuronal networks in the interictal state, and can provide informative data for localizing epileptogenic foci in epileptic patients. Therefore, the present nonlinear method is recommended for use with patients during presurgical evaluation.
Clinical Features of Antibody-Induced Complete Secondary Failure of Botulinum Toxin Therapy
Authors: Dressler Dirk
Published: April 2003

In some patients treated with botulinum toxin type A (BT), secondary therapy failure occurs. It can either be partial (PSTF) or complete (CSTF). One of the main causes for CSTF is the formation of antibodies against BT. We wanted to study the clinical features of BT antibody-induced CSTF to improve its detection. For this, 27 patients with various dystonic syndromes and antibody- failure were studied. In 22 patients CSTF was preceded by a total of 63 injection series with PSTF. The number of injection series with preceding PSTF was 2.52 ± 2.37 with a range from 0 to 8. When PSTF occurred, the maximal efficacy of BT therapy was reduced on 55 occasions and the efficacy duration on 48 occasions. CSTF occurred after treatment times of 61–1,507 days with grouping around 324.9 ± 148.9 days and 1,155.7 ± 436.8 days and patients with short interinjection intervals significantly overrepresented in the first group (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.009). Sex and age at initiation of BT therapy, single BT dose, and number of booster injection series were not different in both groups. Immunological complications could not be detected in any of the patients. Clinical features of antibody failure described in this study show that the shorter the interinjection intervals, the earlier antibody failure occurs. They make it highly unlikely for patients with long-standing BT therapy to develop antibody failure, and they might be useful to identify antibody failure before elaborate BT antibody testing is initiated.
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci under Truncation Selection
Authors: Xiong Momiao , Fan Ruzong , Jin Li
Published: April 2003

As a dense map of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are available, population-based linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping or association study is becoming one of the major tools for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) and for fine gene mapping. However, in many cases, LD between the marker and trait locus is not very strong. Approaches that maximize the potential of detecting LD will be essential for the success of LD mapping of QTL. In this paper, we propose two strategies for increasing the probability of detecting LD: (1) phenotypic selection and (2) haplotype LD mapping. To provide the foundations for LD mapping of QTL under selection, we develop analytic tools for assessing the impact of phenotypic selection on allele and haplotype frequencies, and LD under three trait models: single trait locus, two unlinked trait loci, and two linked trait loci with or without epistasis. In addition to a traditional χ2 test, which compares the difference in allele or haplotype frequencies in the selected sample and population sample, we present multiple regression methods for LD mapping of QTL, and investigate which methods are effective in employing phenotypic selection for QTL mapping. We also develop a statistical framework for investigating and comparing the power of the single marker and multilocus haplotype test for LD mapping of QTL. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to mapping QTL influencing variation in systolic blood pressure in an isolated Chinese population.
Culture and Human Development
Authors: Erickson Frederick
Published: April 2003

‘Culture’ used to be thought of as a whole, internally consistent system of symbols and values held in common by members of bounded social groups, including whole societies. That view is changing among anthropologists currently. This article traces the intellectual history of those changes, across the earlier perspectives of functionalism and conflict theory, through recent perspectives on culture as residing in the practices of local communities of practice. Both those local social groups and the persons within them are presumed currently to be multicultural rather than monocultural. Implications of this for the study of human development are that (1) acquisition of culture involves apprentice-like interaction in specific communities of practice, and that (2) a key unit of analysis in the study of the acquisition of culture is the indiviudal''s encounters with various specific communities of practice in that individual''s distinctive daily round. Patterns of culture in whole societies in relation to those in local communities of practice are currently undertheorized.
Studying Cultural Practices in Urban Learning Communities
Authors: Gutiérrez Kris D.
Published: April 2003

Educational practices are constituted through the junction of cultural artifacts, beliefs, values, and normative routines known as activity systems. Classroom activity is a particularly important nexus for understanding cultural processes in that thinking and doing are linked in social practice. An activity-based, problem-oriented approach to understand development in school contexts focuses analysis on the cultural practices of learning environments. Studying classrooms and other learning contexts as cultural activity reveals how different microcultures for teaching and learning emerge, and it links forms of participation to the kinds of cognitive forms individuals construct to accomplish cognitive and social functions. Ongoing studies of the literacy practices of formal and nonformal learning environments serve as the context for examining culture in educational activity.
C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Levels Are Related to Renal Function in Predialytic Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Panichi Vincenzo , Migliori Massimiliano , De Pietro Stefano , Taccola Daniele , Bianchi Anna Maria , Giovannini Luca , Norpoth Maria , Metelli Maria Rita , Cristofani Renza , Bertelli Alberto A.E. , Sbragia Giulietta , Tetta Ciro , Palla Roberto
Published: April 2003

Background: Several studies have provided convincing evidence that in apparently healthy subjects elevated serum levels of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with an increased risk of experiencing myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. It has been claimed that, in dialytic patients, the hepatic synthesis of this ‘acute phase response’ plasma protein is primarily induced by the macrophage-derived interleukin 6 (IL-6). Little information is available, however, regarding CRP and IL-6 plasma levels in pre-dialytic renal failure. Methods: Plasma CRP by a modification of the laser nephelometry technique, IL-6 and serum albumin were determined in 103 chronic pre-dialytic patients (mean age 50 ± 6.3 years; creatinine clearance (Cr.cl.) 36.3 ± 23.1 ml/min). Results: CRP was >5 mg/l (normal upper range) in 42% of the global population. CRP and IL-6 were significantly related (r = 0.35, p < 0.0004). CRP and IL-6 were related to renal function (CRP vs. Cr.cl., r = –0.56, p < 0.0001; IL-6 vs. Cr.cl., r = –0.55, p < 0.0001, Spearman correlation coefficient). When patients were divided in tertiles according to renal function, CRP median value resulted 7.9 mg/l (interquartile interval: 5–12) in the first tertile (Cr.cl. <18.5 ml/min), 4.0 mg/l (3–6) in the second tertile (Cr.cl. 18.5–45 ml/min) and 3.2 mg/l (2.7–4.0) in the last tertile (Cr.cl. >45 ml/min) (p < 0.0001). A negative correlation between CRP and S-albumin was also found (r = –0.52, p < 0.0001, Spearman correlation coefficient). Conclusions: IL-6 and CRP were increased and were inversely related to creatinine clearance in our population of 103 chronic predialytic patients. The possibility of a decreased renal clearance of CRP and/or cytokines as a cause of an activated acute-phase response is discussed. A negative correlation between CRP and S-albumin was found confirming the link between chronic inflammation and malnutrition in chronic renal patients.
QT Dispersion in Hemodialysis and CAPD Patients
Authors: Kantarcı G. , Özener Ç. , Tokay S. , Bihorac A. , Akoğlu E.
Published: April 2003

Prolongation of repolarization dispersion (QT interval dispersion) measured from the 12-lead surface ECG has been associated with sudden cardiac death and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a variety of cardiac disorders. The aim of our study was to assess the effects of hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on QT dispersion in end-stage renal disease patients. 20 chronic HD patients (mean age 57.75 ± 13.79 years) and 20 CAPD patients (mean age 50.79 ± 14.94 years) who had no complaints and symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias as well as 20 healthy volunteers (mean age 48.74 ± 10.88 years) underwent ECG testing. All HD patients were on bicarbonate three times weekly with cuprophane capillaries. 12-lead ECGs were recorded on the day after HD. The CAPD patients were on a standard CAPD program (four times daily with 2,000 cm3 peritoneal fluid). ECGs were recorded when the patients were receiving their regular standard CAPD program. All ECGs were analyzed manually by one observer. There were no statistically significant differences in dialysis duration, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, calcium, and parathormone values between the HD and CAPD patients. The serum potassium values were significantly higher in HD patients when compared to CAPD patients. There was no difference in the mean of maximal QT among all three groups. The rate of QT interval dispersions was significantly higher in HD and CAPD patients as compared with healthy controls (p < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the QT dispersion rates between HD and CAPD patients. In conclusion, there is a tendency to cardiac arrhythmias in HD patients during the postdialysis period. Although CAPD patients are receiving dialysis daily, they also have higher rates of QT dispersions and accordingly a tendency to arrhythmias.
T-786→C Polymorphism of the Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Influences the Progression of Renal Disease
Authors: Asakimori Yukiteru , Yorioka Noriaki , Taniguchi Yoshihiko , Ito Takafumi , Ogata Satoshi , Kyuden Yasufumi , Kohno Nobuoki
Published: April 2003

Background/Aims: Polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) gene may be involved in renal disease. Recently, T-786→C polymorphism affecting ecNOS gene transcription has been reported. To clarify the role of T-786→C polymorphism in renal disease, we investigated hemodialysis patients and healthy controls for this polymorphism and we compared its frequency with that of intron 4 polymorphism in the hemodialysis patients. Methods: The subjects were 252 patients who had been on hemodialysis for less than 2 years (168 with nondiabetic nephropathy and 84 with diabetic nephropathy) and 187 healthy controls. T-786→C polymorphism was detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results: The frequencies of the T/C and C/C genotypes were significantly higher in the nondiabetic hemodialysis patients than in the controls (odds ratio 1.41; 95% Cl 1.03–2.00), and were also significantly higher in the diabetic hemodialysis patients than in the controls (odds ratio 1.56; 95% Cl 1.02–2.41). In addition, T-786→C polymorphism and intron 4 polymorphism showed strong linkage disequilibrium. Conclusion: T-786→C polymorphism may be involved in the progression of both nondiabetic and diabetic nephropathy, along with intron 4 polymorphism.
Reverse Seeding of Recurrent Intraspinal Malignant Meningioma
Authors: Akbay Atilla , Altundağ M. Kadri , Özışık Yavuz , Zorlu A. Faruk , Palaoğlu Selçuk
Published: April 2003

Meningiomas are common intracranial and intraspinal tumors and constitute 15–20% of all primary brain tumors. Ten to 15% of all meningiomas are considered malignant. The main treatment of meningiomas is surgical resection. Meningioma recurrence following surgery is frequent. However, it is not clear whether recurrent meningiomas, close or distant to the primary resection site, arise from incomplete resection, dissemination of tumor fragments or from independent tumor growth. We herein describe a 40-year-old woman with intraspinal malignant meningioma recurring each time upwards, i.e. apparently by reverse way of seeding, via cerebrospinal fluid.
Role of Submandibular Salivary Glands in LPS-Induced Lung Inflammation in Rats
Authors: Fialho de Araújo Ana Maria , Oliveira-Filho Ricardo M. , Trezena Aryene G. , Borelli Primavera , Mathison Ronald D. , Tavares de Lima Wothan
Published: April 2003

Objective: Literature data suggest that rodent salivary glands can exert a neuroimmunomodulatory influence on distant inflammatory events. The release of regulatory factors by salivary glands appears to be influenced by time-dependent factors. In this paper we examined this possibility directly by studying the role of submandibular salivary glands in the temporal profile of lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung inflammation in rats. Methods: The submandibular glands were removed (SMGx) or not (sham) and, 4 days later, the animals received an intravenous LPS injection (Salmonella abortus equi, 1 mg/kg). Cells in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar and bone marrow lavages were quantified after 90 min, 1, 3 and 5 days. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and corticosterone concentrations in serum were also determined. Baseline values were determined in a group of naïve rats. Results: One day after the LPS injection, neutrophil counts in lungs and blood in both animal groups were elevated, but the SMGx rats presented a significantly lower response in comparison to the sham-operated controls. Five days after LPS treatment, however, SMGx rats had higher neutrophil counts in the lungs than did sham animals, but numbers of blood neutrophils were equal. Ninety minutes after LPS injection, a peak of serum TNF activity was detected in both groups compared with naïve levels. At this time point, TNF activity was about 135% higher in the serum of the SMGx group than in controls. Corticosterone levels of sham-operated controls rose only on the 5th day after LPS, whereas SMGx rats had significant peaks of corticosterone both on the 1st and the 5th day, but not on the 3rd day. Conclusion: Our data indicate that submandibular glands have a dual effect on inflammatory pulmonary response by differentially modulating the profile of lung neutrophil influx.
Variation in Reproductive Outcomes for Captive Male Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Differing in CSF 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid Concentrations
Authors: Gerald Melissa S. , Higley Sue , Lussier Isabelle D. , Westergaard Greg C. , Suomi Stephen J. , Higley J. Dee
Published: April 2003

In rhesus macaque males, lower than average cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the principle metabolite of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), have been linked to impulsivity, involvement in escalated aggression, failure to elicit consort relationships, production of fewer sperm plugs, and a relatively early age of mortality. Given these potential fitness costs, we performed two studies aimed at elucidating the effects of CSF 5-HIAA on reproduction. Study 1 retrospectively evaluated over a four-year period, the relative reproductive outcome for pairs of adult male rhesus macaques (n = 15) who lived in social groups and who differed in concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA. Study 2 examined the relationship between CSF 5-HIAA and sperm motility and density (n = 12), as a potential mechanism for maintaining variability in CSF 5-HIAA. For Study 1, an average measure from two CSF 5-HIAA samples was calculated for the two males who were present during the time when conception most likely took place (offspring birth date –165 ± 14 days). Within-pair comparisons of CSF 5-HIAA concentrations between the sire and the non-successful male were drawn for each of the 72 offspring in the study. We found that while sires were typically the male with relatively higher CSF 5-HIAA within the pair, there were no absolute differences in CSF 5-HIAA between males who sired at least one offspring (sires) and those who failed to reproduce (non-sires). Furthermore, while absolute age was not predictive of reproductive outcome, sires with relatively high CSF 5-HIAA also tended to be also relatively older than their competitors. By contrast, for the males with relatively low CSF 5-HIAA who reproduced, sires were relatively younger than the non-sires. These differences in reproductive outcome for males differing in CSF 5-HIAA could not be explained by variability in sperm quantity or quality as we did not find evidence of a relationship between CSF 5-HIAA and either sperm measure. The results of this study suggest that as serotonergic function affects many aspects of behavior and survivorship, it might also be associated with reproductive outcome and different life-history strategies for males differing in concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA.
Disturbed Circadian Rhythm of Urinary Albumin Excretion in Non-Dipper Type of Essential Hypertension
Authors: Nishimura Masataka , Uzu Takashi , Fujii Takashi , Kimura Genjiro
Published: April 2003

Recently, we found that the circadian rhythms of natriuresis as well as of glomerular filtration rate were disturbed similar to the blood pressure in non-dipper type of essential hypertension during intake of a high-sodium diet. In this study, we examined circadian rhythms of the urinary albumin excretion rate (AER), which is recognized as a marker of glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure, in addition to those of urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure in 27 patients with essential hypertension. The patients were maintained on relatively high (10–12 g) on low (1–3 g) sodium (NaCl) diets for 1 week. On the last day of each diet, the 24-hour blood pressure was measured every 30 min noninvasively, and during the last 3 days, urine samples were collected for determination of both daytime (07:00–21.30 h) and nighttime (21.30–07.00 h) sodium and AER variations. During the high-sodium diet, nocturnal falls in urinary sodium excretion and blood pressure were observed in dippers (n = 7), while they were not observed in non-dipper (n = 20). The nocturnal decline in AER was also observed in dippers (day: 37 ×/÷ 6 µg/min vs. night: 22 ×/÷ 5 µg/min; p < 0.02), while it was not observed in non-dippers (day: 49 ×/÷ 6 µg/min vs. night: 40 ×/÷ 8 µg/min; NS). During intake of the low-sodium diet, on the other hand, a nocturnal decline in AER was observed in both types of hypertension. Sodium restriction significantly reduced only the nighttime AER in non-dippers (p < 0.01). These findings indicate that changes in dietary sodium intake modified the circadian rhythms of both blood pressure and AER in non-dippers. Renal sodium handling may contribute to determining the circadian rhythm of blood pressure, and furthermore an elevated glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure during the night may enhance the nocturnal albumin excretion in non-dippers.
Correlation of Percentage of Normal Glomeruli with Renal Outcome in Wegener’s Granulomatosis
Authors: Haroun Melanie K. , Stone John H. , Nair Ramesh , Racusen Lorraine , Hellmann David B. , Eustace Joseph A.
Published: April 2003

Background/Aims: We examined the correlations between renal biopsy findings in Wegener’s granulomatosis and renal function at baseline and 1 year in 22 patients who presented between 1988 and 1999. Methods: Renal histology was independently reviewed by 2 pathologists who were masked to the clinical data. The primary outcome was the relationship of the percentage of normal glomeruli to reciprocal serum creatinine at baseline and 1 year. Other histologic data were collected using a series of ordinal rating scales. Acute and chronic sum scores were calculated. Results: The median serum creatinine (SCr) at baseline was 3.9 mg/dl (0.8–14 mg/dl). Seven patients initially required hemodialysis, of whom 4 subsequently regained independent renal function. By 1 year of follow-up, the median (SCr) for patients with independent renal function was 1.9 mg/dl (0.9–6.8 mg/dl). Reciprocal SCr at baseline correlated with the percentage of normal glomeruli (r = 0.584, p = 0.005), crescent score (r = –0.595, p = 0.003), interstitial fibrosis as a percentage of cortical surface area (r = –0.669, p = 0.002), interstitial inflammation (r = –0.439, p = 0.041), eosinophil (r = –0.495, p = 0.019), neutrophil score (r = –0.557, p = 0.005), and acute sum score (r = –0.499, p = 0.018). However, only the percentage of normal glomeruli (r = 0.493, p = 0.023), the crescent score (r = –0.452, p = 0.035), and interstitial fibrosis as a percentage of cortical surface area (r = –0.466, p = 0.052) correlated with reciprocal SCr at 1 year of follow-up. Conclusion: In this relatively small data set, the percentage of normal glomeruli, the crescent score, and interstitial fibrosis as a percentage of cortical surface area correlated with renal function at both baseline and 1 year of follow-up.
Segregation of Experimental Autoimmune Glomerulonephritis as a Complex Genetic Trait and Exclusion of Col4a3 as a Candidate Gene
Authors: Reynolds John , Cook Paul R. , Ryan James J. , Norsworthy Penny J. , Glazier Anne M. , Duda Mark A. , Evans David J. , Aitman Timothy J. , Pusey Charles D.
Published: April 2003

Experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (EAG), an animal model of Goodpasture’s disease, can be induced in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats (RT1-l) by immunization with rat glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in adjuvant. The model in this rat strain is characterized by anti-GBM antibody production accompanied by focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescent formation. The main autoantigen in humans and rats has been identified as the non-collagenous domain of the α3 chain of type IV collagen (α3(IV)NC1). By contrast, Lewis (LEW) rats with the same MHC background (RT1-l), immunized with the same antigen, develop similar levels of circulating anti-GBM antibodies, but no histological evidence of nephritis. In order to investigate the genetic basis of susceptibility to EAG, we examined the response of both F1 (WKY × LEW) and backcross (BC1; WKY × F1) rats to immunization with rat GBM. F1 animals were completely resistant to the development of EAG, while BC1 animals showed a range of responses from severe crescentic glomerulonephritis to no histological evidence of disease. The results indicate that EAG is inherited as a complex trait under the control of WKY genes unlinked to the MHC. cDNA sequence analysis of α3(IV)NC1 in the two parental strains was identical, indicating no predicted amino acid sequence variation in the α3(IV)NC1 domain between these strains. Radiation hybrid mapping, using two separate PCR amplicons from rat α3(IV)NC1, localized rat Col4a3 to a region of chromosome 9. Since Col4a3 (encoding the autoantigen) is a candidate for susceptibility to EAG, we screened the region of rat chromosome 9 where Col4a3 is localized, using polymorphic microsatellite markers in segregating BC1 progeny. No significant linkage was detected. These results exclude Col4a3 as a recessive susceptibility gene for EAG in the BC1 progeny.
Anticytomegalovirus IgG Avidity in Pregnancy: A 2-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Bodéus M. , van Ranst M. , Bernard P. , Hubinont C. , Goubau P.
Published: April 2003

Objectives: To analyze the practical use of the anticytomegalovirus IgG avidity and its impact on the follow-up of pregnancy. To evaluate the performance of IgG avidity to exclude the risk of congenital infection. Methods: 409 IgM-positive women without a documented seroconversion were prospectively followed. Data concerning the follow-up of the pregnancies were collected (amniotic fluid puncture and samples from the offspring). These observations were compared to those of 76 seroconversions during the same period. Results: High avidity excluding a primary infection within the past 3 months was observed in 270 women. As the gestational age was less than 3 months for 121 women, exclusion of a primary infection was achieved in 30% of the cases. The rate of amniotic fluid puncture was influenced by the serological result: high avidity (9%), low avidity (42%) and seroconversion (65%). Conclusions: A high avidity index during the first trimester of pregnancy could reasonably be considered as a good indicator of past infection and invasive prenatal diagnosis is not necessary. Nearly 70% of the IgM-positive women could be reassured if the first serology was systematically performed before 12 weeks of gestation.
Effects of Introducing Linseed in Livestock Diet on Blood Fatty Acid Composition of Consumers of Animal Products
Authors: Weill Pierre , Schmitt Bernard , Chesneau Guillaume , Daniel Norohanta , Safraou Faouzi , Legrand Philippe
Published: April 2003

Reducing the ratio between essential fatty acids: C18:2 n–6/C18:3 n–3 down to 5 is recommended by Nutritional Guidelines. We studied the fatty acid (FA) changes in consumers’ plasma following changes in livestock diet. First, a zootechnical study introduced 5% of extruded linseed into the diet of livestock to replace other oleaginous ingredients, and on an iso-nutritional values basis. The products from linseed-fed animals contained more n–3 fatty acids (precursor α-linolenic and derivatives obtained by elongations and desaturations) than control animal products (issued from animals fed without linseed), and more conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). The n–6/n–3 ratio was reduced by 54% in butter, 60% in meat and 86% in eggs. Following this, a double-blind, randomised, cross-over clinical study involving 75 healthy volunteers compared plasma and erythrocyte FA profiles in consumers of animal products (from livestock fed the linseed diet or from livestock fed standard diet). It showed modifications in the FA composition of the experimental human regimen with more C18:3 n–3 (1.65 vs. 0.75 g/day), and more n–3 derivatives. The C18:2 n–6/C18:3 n–3 ratio decreased (7 vs. 15). In volunteers’ plasma, C18:3 n–3 increased in the essay group (0.93 vs. 0.44% of the FA), so did n–3 derivatives and CLA. The n–6/n–3 ratio decreased from 14.3 to 10.2. In erythrocytes, C20:5 n–3 increased in the essay group (0.59 vs. 0.45%) and so did C22:6 n–3. The n–6/n–3 ratio decreased in parallel from 4.2 to 3.8. Without any changes in consumers’ eating habits, foodstuffs from animals fed linseed diets induced significant modifications of human plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid composition (comparable to that noted under the ‘Cretan’ diet) and a sharp increase in CLA.
A Geometric Approach to Cranial Sexual Dimorphism in the Orang-Utan
Authors: Hens Samantha M.
Published: April 2003

Adult craniofacial morphology is quantified and compared using Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA), a three-dimensional morphometric method for the comparison of forms, which localizes form differences between comparative groups. Results indicate that the number and magnitude of differences between male and female crania are striking. The face, basicranium and neurocranium exhibit the most dimorphism, while the palate shows the least. Significant differences also exist between young adult and fully adult individuals, especially males, supporting the delayed onset of sexual maturity and secondary sex characteristics in males. As one of the many new morphometric techniques available, EDMA was useful for identifying local form difference and provides insights into the understanding of sexual dimorphism in this species beyond that obtained from traditional statistical methods based on linear caliper measurements.
Detection of mRNA for Alpha-3 Chain of Type IV Collagen in the Glomerular Epithelium, and the Effect of Perfused Elastase on Its Expression
Authors: Nogae Shoji , Michimata Mari , Araki Tsutomu , Suzuki Michiko , Kazama Itsuro , Ito Sadayoshi , Imai Yutaka , Matsubara Mitsunobu
Published: April 2003

Background: The type IV collagen is a complex of trimetric molecule composed of six genetically distinct polypeptide chains; α1–6(IV). Since α3(IV) distribute specifically in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of glomerular capillary, we tried to develop the detection methods for the transcripts of α3(IV) in glomerular epithelial cells (GEC) which produce most of the components for GBM. Then, using these molecular techniques, the influence of elastase, one of the proteases released from activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes at the site of inflammation, on GEC was determined as manifested by expressional alteration of α3(IV) mRNA. Methods: DIG-labeled oligo-DNA probe designating non-collagenous region of α3(IV) was used for in situ hybridization. Semiquantitative measurement of α3(IV) in the renal cortex was performed by PCR reactions, each reaction being normalized by that for GAPDH. Then, the femoral artery of each of 18 Sprague-Dawley rats was catheterized and the left kidney was perfused with saline alone (0.5 ml) or saline containing 100 µg/ml elastase. After collection of urine for 24 h, the left kidney was harvested for analysis of mRNA (4 for in situ hybridization and 5 kidneys for PCR analysis). Results: Antisense cDNA probe and PCR reaction well identified α3(IV) mRNA in the cytoplasm of GEC and in the renal cortex, respectively. Urinary protein excreted by rats with elastase perfusion was 47.2 ± 3.8 mg/24 h but this was only 13.9 ± 1.1 mg/24 h in control rats (mean ± SEM, p < 0.05). In situ hybridization demonstrated that expression of α3(IV) mRNA in GEC was focally or diffusely reduced in the glomeruli of rats with elastase perfusion, whereas the transcripts were well stained in GEC of controls. PCR analysis showed about 25% decrease in transcripts of α3(IV) in the renal cortex of rats with elastase perfusion compared to those of control rats. Conclusions: α3(IV) mRNA was identified specifically in the GEC in the glomeruli. Co-incidence of proteinuria and reduced α3(IV) expression by elastase suggests adverse effects of elastase on GEC and close association between proteinuria and GEC injury.
Spontaneous Bilateral Perirenal Hematoma in a Patient with Tetrology of Fallot
Authors: Ravichandran R. , Rengarajan T. , Rao Satish M.
Published: April 2003

We report a patient with tetralogy of Fallot who developed spontaneous bilateral perirenal hematoma at the age of 35. Polycythemia was seen from the age of 3 in this patient. Prolonged clotting time and partial thromboplastin time were observed on various occasions before he developed perirenal hematoma. Blood letting was done periodically according to the value of hemoglobin level and packed cell volume. Resolution of hematoma was seen sonographically.
Irregularity of Parenchymal Echo Patterns of Liver Analyzed with a Neural Network and Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Fukuda Hiroyuki , Ebara Masaaki , Kobayashi Akira , Sugiura Nobuyuki , Yoshikawa Masaharu , Saisho Hiromitsu , Kato Kazuki , Kondo Fukuo , Yahagi Takashi
Published: April 2003

Objective: In this study, we scored the hepatic parenchymal echo patterns as the coarse score (CS) analyzed with a neural network in cirrhosis patients and calculated the variations in CS as the coefficient of variation, and evaluate their usefulness as predictor of the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: The relationship between the degree of variation in CS and histopathological findings was assessed in 10 autopsied livers fixed in formalin. The degree of intrahepatic variation in CS was calculated as the coefficient of variation of CS (CVCS). Irregular regeneration of liver cells in autopsied livers was classified into two categories, slight and severe. A total of 56 cirrhosis patients were prospectively followed to evaluate the predictors of HCC. Results: A significant positive correlation was observed between CVCS and the coefficient of variation of the diameter of the regenerative nodules. Coefficient variation of nodule diameter and CVCS in patients in whom irregular regeneration was severe were significantly higher than those in patients in whom irregular regeneration was mild (p < 0.05). Concerning the relationship between hepatitis virus markers and CS or CVCS, CVCS was significantly higher in those who were hepatitis C virus antibody positive and those who were hepatitis B surface antigen negative (p < 0.01). Using a combination of CS and CVCS, the incidence of HCC, as determined by the Kaplan-Meier method, was significantly higher in patients whose CS was ≧1.5 and CVCS was ≧15%, as compared with that in patients whose CS was <1.5 and CVCS was <15% (p < 0.01) and whose CS was ≧1.5 and CVCS was <15% (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis of the predictors for HCC using the Cox’s proportional hazards model showed a significant correlation between the risk of development of HCC and CVCS, CS and serum α-fetoprotein level. Conclusions: CVCS and CS can be calculated from liver echo patterns and are useful for identifying a high-risk group for HCC.
Evaluation of Gastric Motor Activity in the Elderly by Electrogastrography and the 13C-Acetate Breath Test
Authors: Shimamoto Chikao , Hirata Ichiro , Hiraike Yutaka , Takeuchi Nozomi , Nomura Toshiyuki , Katsu Ken-ichi
Published: April 2003

Background: Elderly people frequently have symptoms of fullness and appetite loss due to impaired gastric motor activity. These symptoms may cause malnutrition, immunosuppression and other complications. Objective: The effects of aging and daily activity on gastric motility in the elderly were investigated by electrogastrography and the 13C-acetate breath test. Methods: We enrolled seven active elderly subjects (active elderly group), seven elderly subjects staying at a geriatric facility who had reduced mental and physical capacities (inactive elderly group) and seven healthy young volunteers (young group). Electrogastrography was recorded before and after ingestion of a 13C-acetate-mixed liquid meal. Expired air was sampled every 10 min after the meal to measure the 13CO2 concentration. Results: The ratio of the incidence of the 3-cpm wave (gastric intrinsic frequency) during the postprandial period compared to the fasting state was reduced in both elderly groups compared to young subjects, and the reduction was greater in the inactive elderly than in the active elderly group. The ratio of the amplitude of the peak frequency during the postprandial period to that in the fasting state (power ratio) was also lower in the elderly groups. The time of peak 13CO2 expiration was delayed in the active elderly and more so in the inactive elderly group. Conclusion: Postprandial peristalsis and gastric contractile force are reduced in the elderly, and gastric emptying is delayed indicating a reduction in gastric motor activity.
Correlation between NADPH Oxidase and Protein Kinase C in the ROS Production by Human Granulocytes Related to Age
Authors: Martins Chaves Míriam , Prates Rodrigues Andreia Laura , Pereira dos Reis Ataualpa , Gerzstein Nestor Carlos , Nogueira-Machado José Augusto
Published: April 2003

Background: Aging may be defined as gradual and progressive changes in an organism that increase the probability of death. Accumulating evidence now indicates that the sum of deleterious free radical reactions going on continuously throughout cells and tissues constitutes the aging process or is a major contributor to it. Objective: The aim of this paper was to study the correlation between NADPH oxidase and protein kinase C (PKC) in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production related to age. Methods: The age-induced ROS generation was studied in healthy subjects ranging in age from 20 to 80 years, divided into six age groups: (1) 20–29, (2) 30–39, (3) 40–49, (4) 50–59, (5) 60–69, and (6) 70–80 years. The ROS were quantified using a chemiluminescence assay (luminol dependent) and the results expressed as RLU/s at maximum peak and total chemiluminescence (integral under the curve RLU/s). Results: Our results demonstrate a significant increase of the ROS production from 40 years of age (age groups 3–6). In the age groups 1 and 2, we did not observe a significant difference (p > 0.05). These data suggest an increase of the ROS production from 40 to 49 years of age which may be induced by the PKC activity. The selective PKC inhibitor (calphostin C) abrogated the stimulatory effect of phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate on the ROS production. However, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium did not inhibit the total ROS production by granulocytes in relation to age. Conclusions: These data suggest a correlation between age-related PKC activity, NADPH oxidase phosphorylation, and ROS production. The above correlations between unspecific and inflammatory responses related to age are discussed.
Complications following Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Weimar Christian , Roth Michael P. , Zillessen Gesine , Glahn Jörg , Wimmer Martin L.J. , Busse Otto , Haberl Roman L. , Diener Hans-Christoph , on behalf of the German Stroke Data Bank Collaborators o
Published: April 2003

The objective of this study was to assess typical early-onset complications following ischemic stroke in a large, hospital-based cohort to provide clinical data for future randomized trials and quality standards in clinical routine. 3,866 patients with acute ischemic stroke were prospectively documented in 14 Neurology Departments with an acute stroke unit. Within the first week after admission, increased intracranial pressure (7.6%) and recurrent cerebral ischemia (5.1%) were the most frequent neurological complications. Fever >38°C (13.2%), severe arterial hypertension (7.5%) and pneumonia (7.4%) were the most frequent medical complications. Multivariate regression analysis yielded brain stem infarction and large-artery atherosclerosis as independent predictors for early recurrent ischemic stroke. This study provides representative data on onset and severity of early neurological and medical complications as well as possible predictors for early recurrent cerebral ischemia following acute ischemic stroke.