bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Transplants, Borrowing, and Migrations
Authors: Perju Vlad
Published: February 2013

Comparative legal studies have much to offer, at both conceptual and normative levels, for thinking about legal borrowing in general. Understanding the many dangers associated with borrowing in the constitutional context — dangers involving misunderstanding, exclusion, or limitations of self-government and democratic experimentalism — is enhanced by recourse to the traditions and formative debates of comparative law. Perhaps more than anything else, such recourse can help to infuse the field of comparative constitutional law with a much-tested comparative sensibility — that ‘usefully enabling condition of intellectual activity’. This article is organized as follows. Section II discusses terminology. The choice of metaphors is central to comparative private and constitutional law and should be the starting point for an overview of the topic. Section III introduces the transplants debate in comparative private law and discusses the distinction between private and public, specifically constitutional, law. Section IV is a prolegomena to an anatomy of constitutional transplants that draws, whenever possible, on the resources of comparative private law. It includes an analysis of the object of constitutional transplants, their timing, motivations, and patterns. Section V discusses the justification of constitutional patterns in the context of the use of foreign law in constitutional adjudication as a specific form of constitutional borrowing. The article concludes with a brief meditation on the topic of constitutional convergence.
Grammaticalization and syntax: a functional view
Authors: DeLancey Scott
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the role of grammaticalisation theory in functional-typological syntax. It explains that the role of grammaticalisation theory is to explain how fixed, recurrent constructions develop from transparent, motivated concatenations of words. Since such syntactic, often synchronically arbitrary grammatical structure is characteristic of all but the very freshest pidgin protogrammars, a theory of grammaticalization is essential to the functionalist programme. This article also discusses the origin and nature of syntactic categories and describes complex syntax constructions.
Grammaticalization and word order change
Authors: Sun Chaofen , Traugott Elizabeth Closs
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relation between word order change and grammaticalisation. It argues that word order change understood as the linearization of word or constituent order alone is not grammaticalisation and suggests that these two are so often intertwined that their interdependence deserves close attention. It outlines examples of three sites in which word order changes can be said to be closely tied to grammaticalization: clause structure, argument structure, and modifier structure within the noun phrase.
Grammaticalization and semantic change
Authors: Eckardt Regine
Published: February 2013

This article explores the relation between semantic change and grammaticalisation. It discusses the micro-steps of semantic change based on truth-conditional semantics and its extensions into pragmatics and relates the macro-trends in grammaticalization that have been proposed in the literature. It argues that modal, emotive, and discourse particles also emerge by semantic reanalysis and hence show grammaticalization in a semantic sense, even though they are more extragrammatical in a morphosyntactic sense.
Pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization
Authors: Nicolle Steve
Published: February 2013

This article aims to describe and evaluate some recent accounts of pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization. It examines inferences that contribute to grammaticalization, the limits of the contribution of pragmatic inference to grammaticalisation, and how inferential meaning becomes encoded meaning. It argues that the inferences, or interpretations, which contribute to grammaticalisation are those which are intended by the speaker and which are routinely associated with particular expressions.
Negative cycles and grammaticalization
Authors: Hansen Maj‐Britt Mosegaard
Published: February 2013

This article analyses the grammaticalisation of the negative linguistic cycles. It suggests that it is plausible to assume that negation must be a universal feature of language and that negation appears to invariably receive overt expression in language. It considers the form of clause negation that is considered most basic in a given language, which applies productively in declarative main clauses, and which does not involve quantifiers. It also discusses Jespersen's cycle.
The grammaticalization of coordinating interclausal connectives
Authors: Ramat Anna Giacalone , Mauri Caterina
Published: February 2013

This article discusses issues relevant to the grammaticalisation of coordinating interclausal connectives. The markers included in this analysis as coordinating connectives are identified on the basis of their function, rather than on the basis of their morphosyntactic and distributional properties. It discusses the notion of interclausal connective and explains that two clauses can be linked in a number of different semantic relations either by being simply juxtaposed or by means of explicit linking devices and this distinction is commonly referred to as the opposition between asyndetic and syndetic constructions.
Crime and Repression
Authors: Canali MaÜro
Published: February 2013

This article describes crime and fascist repression in Italy during the rule of Benito Mussolini. It explores the character of Mussolinian totalitarianism and the issue of an alleged continuity between the policing practices of the Liberal and fascist regimes. In terms of its repressive techniques, the dictatorship retooled instruments and organizations that the Liberal state had forged in its social crisis or under the urgent requirements of running the war after 1915. For almost all combatants, the weakness of opposition to the national war effort meant that policy in regard to domestic security could focus on espionage matters. Only in Italy did government have to deal with active and widespread popular hostility to the conflict, organized and run by ‘maximalist’ socialists, with their own deep social roots. To confront this threat, the Liberal state instituted the so-called Sacchi decree against any public show of ‘defeatism’.
Diplomacy and World War
Authors: Burgwyn H. James
Published: February 2013

This article examines the essence of Mussolini's foreign policy and Italy in the Second World War. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini were dreamers who indulged in a mysticism of empire and race. According to the gifted historian MacGregor Knox, there are major similarities between the dictatorships of Hitler and Mussolini. Each regime is found to be genuinely revolutionary, their evil and violent leaders committed to subverting the international system of sovereign states in favour of an Axis New Order where racial and ethnic inferiors would be either annihilated or reduced to helots serving barbaric masters. Meanwhile, according to a dominant nationalist school of thought of Italy led by Renzo De Felice, Mussolini, in seeking ‘equidistance’ between the chief European states, aimed to utilize Nazi Germany as leverage to extract colonial concessions from the Western Powers.
Belgium
Authors: De Wever Bruno
Published: February 2013

On the eve of the First World War, Belgium boasted a long tradition of stable civil democracy. Between the two wars, however, its government was challenged by fascist movements, which nevertheless did not succeed in destabilizing the country. In that respect, fascism in Belgium developed in a similar way to that in other West European democracies. Belgian liberal democracy and its nation state came under the pressure of two movements that were at odds with Belgian society as it developed after the First World War. In the first place, there was a reactionary Catholic and French-speaking Belgian nationalist movement that could not resign itself to the increased power of anticlerical and left-wing political forces in general, and of the socialist labour movement in particular. In the second place, there was a Flemish nationalist movement that was looking for confrontation with the Belgian state.
Comparisons and Definitions
Authors: Paxton Robert O.
Published: February 2013

Why did fascism succeed in some parts of Europe and not in others? This question places the topic squarely in the domain of comparative history. The development of fascism in Europe after 1919 presents a fruitful terrain for comparison. Every European nation, indeed all economically developed nations with some degree of political democracy, had some kind of fascist movement. At further stages of development, the outcomes were dramatically different. In Italy and Germany, fascist movements became major players and achieved power. In the most solidly established Western European democracies, such as Britain and Scandinavia, fascist movements remained marginal. In some cases, such as France and Belgium, they became conspicuous but could approach power only after foreign conquest. A number of authoritarian regimes, including Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal, Antonescu's Romania, Horthy's Hungary, imperial Japan, and Vargas's Brazil, borrowed some trappings from fascism but excluded fascist parties from real power.
Neo-fascism
Authors: Cento Bull Anna
Published: February 2013

The term neo-fascism defines primarily those political and ideological groups and parties that operated after 1945, especially in Europe, and which were directly inspired by the experience of the inter-war fascist and Nazi regimes in Germany, Italy, and other European countries. These groups were often made up of remnants of fascist and Nazi activists who were not prepared to give up their political militancy or indeed to renounce their ideologies despite military defeat. Many held radical and uncompromising views, emphasizing the revolutionary nature of fascism rather than its more ‘reassuring’nationalist or statist version. This article analyses neo-fascism after the Second World War; neo-fascism and anti-communism in the United States; neo-fascism during the Cold War; the second-generation neo-fascists after 1968; the extreme right today; and the neo-fascist legacy.
The History and Current State of Research on Psychology of Religion
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: February 2013

Religion and spirituality were major concerns of the early American psychologists. Largely influenced by the American Protestant experience of revivals, psychologists focused upon conversion using the biblical narrative of Paul as a prototype of sudden radical transformation. Many of the early psychologists sought to give reductionist explanations for both religion and spiritual phenomena as they sought to dissociate psychology from the popular cultural view of parapsychology and spiritualism. William James was the most notable exception, insisting on the possible ontological reality of the objects of both religious and psychic phenomena. Psychoanalysis influenced by the French medical tradition continued exploring religion, with Sigmund Freud offering an explanation of religion first simply as an illusion but finally as a mass delusion, thereby linking religion and madness. As American psychology sought to emulate the German tradition of experimental psychology within the limits of natural science, interest in religion waned. The reemergence of a psychology of religion came in the 1960s, partly influenced by interim concerns with authoritarianism and prejudice and cognitive dissonance theory, all of which had a marginal concern with religion. The cultural unrest of the 1960s sparked renewed interest in new religious movements and psychedelic states of consciousness, both of which fueled the psychology of religion. The field is now well established with a division in the American Psychological Association (APA) and an APA journal. Numerous other journals assure that the psychology of religion and now spirituality will continue to be identifiable areas of specialty within psychology.
Personality, Spirituality, and Religion
Authors: Rose Eric D. , Exline Julie J.
Published: February 2013

The current review explores advances made over the last 10 years (1999–2009) in research linking personality with spirituality and religion. Contributions from the fields of behavior genetics, attachment, the trait approach, and the study of values are analyzed to address four major topics. First, the roots of religious and spiritual life as well as pathways that lead both toward and away from spirituality and religiousness are described. Second, recent contributions to the controversial discussion of religious and spiritual prosociality are presented. Third, evidence for a connection between religiousness and spirituality with self-control and morality is explored. And finally, recent advances in the study of prejudicial attitudes and behavior on the part of religious and spiritual individuals are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a brief critique of the current state of empirical research linking personality with spirituality and religion, along with ideas for enhancing future research.
Spiritual Development During Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Boyatzis Chris J.
Published: February 2013

Social-scientific research on spiritual and religious development is burgeoning. Amid this growth, there is progress but lack of consensus in defining spiritual development. A social-ecology model of spiritual development is offered, with a focus on the family context as well as other social contexts. Studies that have examined the interaction effects of multiple dimensions of religiosity and spirituality on children's outcomes are highlighted. Adolescent well-being has received extensive attention, with ample evidence of the positive role of religion and spirituality in youth development but uncertainty on the causal mechanisms. Many future directions are offered, including a call for refined methodology with longitudinal design and in-depth qualitative methods as well as greater incorporation of perspectives outside of psychology: cultural anthropology, comparative religion, and religious education/children's theology.
Motherhood and Female Faith Development: Feminine Tapestry of Religion, Spirituality, Creativity, and Intuition
Authors: Rayburn Carole A.
Published: February 2013

The influence of mothers, motherhood, and the concept of Mother of God and Mother God on female faith development are examined in light of religion, spirituality, creativity, and intuition. It is held that it is necessary for the female child to learn of egalitarian relationships in creation so that she may assume her balanced and equal place in the world as a creation of nature and a Higher Power. These lessons she most often learns at the knee of a loving, protective, wise, and caring mother. The importance for girls and women to consider gender issues along with development of faith, religion, spirituality, and theology cannot be overemphasized.
Spiritually Sensitive Psychotherapy: An Impending Paradigm Shift in Theory and Practice
Authors: Sperry Len
Published: February 2013

This chapter reports on a current paradigm shift that appears to be under way in how spiritually sensitive psychotherapy is conceptualized and practiced. I describe and discuss six indications of this shift and its implications.
Counseling and Psychotherapy Within and Across Faith Traditions
Authors: McMinn Mark R. , Snow Kimberly N. , Orton Justin J.
Published: February 2013

This chapter begins with general considerations for religiously and spiritually oriented psychotherapy, including the importance of seeing religion and spirituality as dimensions of cultural diversity, considering clients’ welfare and autonomy, and maintaining competence. Three types of religious and spiritual intervention approaches are then discussed: assimilative, accommodative, and collaborative. Assimilative approaches introduce spiritual interventions or considerations into a standard psychotherapy approach. Accommodative approaches involve adapting a standard psychotherapy regimen to include religious or spiritual matters. Collaborative approaches entail a mental health professional and religious leader working in tandem for the sake of clients’ welfare. Next, specific issues related to counseling within (when the client and counselor share the same beliefs) and across (when the client and counselor hold differing beliefs) faith traditions are offered. The chapter concludes with some thoughts regarding future directions of religious and spiritual interventions in counseling and psychotherapy.
Spiritual Aspects of Jungian Analytical Psychology: Individuation, Jung's Psychological Equivalent of a Spiritual Journey
Authors: Wagenseller Joseph P.
Published: February 2013

This chapter includes a brief description of the life and work of Carl Gustav Jung, MD, with particular attention to his personal experience of the objective psyche and its articulation into a theoretical framework. Special emphasis is placed upon the transpersonal/spiritual dimension of the psyche and the applicability of Jung's theory and practice to achieve a dynamic relationship with the self. The individual's experience with the transpersonal aspect of the psyche is illustrated with examples from symptoms, dreams, and the phenomenon of synchronicity. Jung's psychological equivalent of a spiritual journey, known as the individuation process, is described and illustrated as an option for those for whom other, perhaps more traditional religious faiths and practices are no longer meaningfully effective. In conclusion, recommendations are made for future study and research.
Spirituality, Emotions, and Physical Health
Authors: Park Crystal L. , Slattery Jeanne M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter focuses on relations between religion/spirituality (R/S) and physical health, focusing on the role of emotions as mediating these links. First, we review the literature regarding the effects of R/S on physical health and the effects of physical health on R/S. We then present a model of the reciprocal influences of R/S and health and the pathways of positive and negative emotions as important mediators of the R/S–health relationships. We review and summarize theory and research findings regarding these links and conclude the chapter by suggesting questions that may guide future research.
Spirituality, Religion, and Psychological Counseling
Authors: Plante Thomas G. , Thoresen Carl E.
Published: February 2013

A substantial majority of people believe in God in some form and consider themselves to be spiritual, religious, or both. However, most psychologists and other mental health professionals perceive themselves as not religious and have little if any training in spirituality and religious diversity. Psychologists can use spiritual principles and practices to better serve clients, even if they do not share the same or any religious or spiritual perspective. We review and illustrate the emerging relationship between psychology, spirituality, and religion and its current status. Benefits of religious/spiritual engagement for physical, social, and mental health are outlined. We also comment on religious hazards to health. Spiritual tools commonly found in major religious traditions are discussed and suggested for use by counseling psychologists and others under certain conditions. A brief spiritual inquiry method is presented. Results of a spiritually focused intervention using spiritual practices serve as an example. Ethical and research issues are also discussed, along with important questions to consider.
Positive Psychology and Spirituality: A Virtue-Informed Approach to Well-Being
Authors: Ciarrocchi Joseph W.
Published: February 2013

This chapter brings together a number of observations from scholars in disparate fields critiquing the character strengths and virtue model of positive psychology in light of classical and contemporary virtue ethics. The legitimacy of these criticisms is acknowledged and some suggestions are made for broadening the character strengths and virtue approach to incorporate practical strategies based on these criticisms as well as offering conceptual adjustments for creating a virtue-informed positive psychology. Data were reviewed indicating that contemporary culture fosters psychological myopia, thus making character-building strategies highly relevant. Finally, on both conceptual and empirical grounds the utility of religion and spirituality for countering psychological myopia and self-regulation failure was highlighted with an emphasis on the role spirituality plays in building positive emotions.
Spirituality, Resilience, and Positive Emotions
Authors: Smith Bruce W. , Ortiz J. Alexis , Wiggins Kathryn T. , Bernard Jennifer F. , Dalen Jeanne
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines the relationships between spirituality, resilience, and positive emotions. We begin by defining all three constructs, important related constructs, and theoretical models that may help us frame our understanding of the relationship between spirituality, resilience, and positive emotions. Next, we review the research and thinking about the relationship between (1) spirituality and positive emotion, (2) spirituality and resilience, and (3) positive emotions and resilience. These reviews suggest that healthy spirituality may be related to increases in both resilience and positive emotions and that resilience and positive emotions may have a reciprocal influence on each other. Finally, we present a preliminary model of the relationship between spirituality, resilience, and positive emotions and make suggestions for research that may increase our understanding of the relationship between them.
Consciousness, Spirituality, and Postmaterialist Science: An Empirical and Experiential Approach
Authors: Schwartz Gary E.
Published: February 2013

Consciousness and spirituality are inherently experiential processes. The definition of “spirituality” ranges from (1) personal opinions regarding the meaning of life and being part of something greater, through (2) experiences of transcendental states and oneness, to (3) beliefs regarding the existence of spirit, life after death, reincarnation, angels and guides, and some sort of omnipresent infinite intelligence and power. Academic psychology has typically taken a materialistic view toward consciousness and spirituality; both are interpreted as neurobiological processes shaped by genetics and developmental and cultural factors. However, as reviewed in this chapter, contemporary consciousness research provides emerging proof-of-concept evidence suggesting that (1) mind is separate from brain, (2) spirit and soul are comparable to energy and information that persist in the vacuum of space, (3) people can receive intuitive information that is accurate and useful in their individual and collective lives, and (4) physical and psychological health can be fostered by active loving spiritual processes. The evidence points toward the emergence of a postmaterialist paradigm in psychology and science in general.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Lisa J.
Published: February 2013

Spiritual psychology, in science and practice, propels psychology into the 21st-century consciousness-based sciences rather than strictly a 20th-century material science. The current postmaterial spiritual psychology propagates a clarification and broadening of ontology. A consciousness-driven psychology unites the human inner life and surrounding physical events into a singular inquiry addressed by a range of formerly separate disciplines. From this postmaterial view, a human science sees human mind as an extension of the fabric of universal consciousness yet dialectically in dialog through perception, awareness, and choice. Science now can wed the vast majority of human history, understood through transcendent cosmology and religion, by exploring an intentional universe.
Gendering Food
Authors: Counihan Carole
Published: February 2013

One of the central questions in feminism is whether gender matters. In the case of food activism, gender is also a controversial issue. In particular, one may ask how foodways—the beliefs and behaviors surrounding food production, distribution, and consumption—constrain and empower men and women to become political actors, or how gender power and identity are enacted in food activism. In this article, the author reviews the literature on food and gender and examines how gender can enlighten the study of food activism. She draws on her own ethnographic research on food, culture, and gender in Sardinia and Florence in Italy, and in Pennsylvania and Colorado in the United States. Using a food-centered life history methodology, the author has investigated people's depictions of the role of food in their lives. Her findings show that women use food as a medium to talk about their experiences, their cultures, and their beliefs. Thus, food allows the public to become aware of lives that would otherwise go unnoticed—the lives of ordinary women.
Anthropology of Food
Authors: Tierney R. Kenji , Ohnuki-Tierney Emiko
Published: February 2013

Food is an important indicator of social differentiation, which defines the boundaries between social groups, and social hierarchy, which entails class, status, and power inequality. Because food is a basic element of material culture and social life, it has occupied a central place in the discipline of anthropology from its earliest days. Anthropologists view food and foodways as tools with which to understand individual cultures and societies, especially when they are situated in the context of global and historical flows and connections. Ethnography, the methodology used by anthropologists and by some other social scientists, relies on a holistic and empathetic approach based on lived experience among the people being studied. Anthropologists have long been interested in commensality as both a source and an expression of group identities. Another way to probe sociality is to analyze gifts and manners.
Food Regimes
Authors: Magnan André
Published: February 2013

A major challenge for food scholars is how they can explain the evolution of a global food system where distant social actors, ecologies, and places have complex, and often contradictory, relations. In particular, scholars face the difficult task of providing an account of food system change that is at once theoretically sophisticated, historically grounded, and holistic in its perspective. A leading example of this type of approach is food regimes analysis, which is anchored in historical political economy. The food regimes approach views agriculture and food in relation to the development of capitalism on a global scale, and argues that social change is brought about by struggles among social movements, capital, and states. The concept of food regimes was introduced by Harriet Friedmann and Philip McMichael in an article in which they addressed the changing role of food and agriculture in the development of global capitalism since 1870. Food regimes analysis combines two strands of macro-sociological theory: regulationism and world-systems theory. This article examines the theoretical, empirical, and methodological contributions of food regimes analysis, and looks at some of the latest developments in food regime theorizing and research.
Antipodean American Geography: Washington Irving's “Globular” Narratives
Authors: Giles Paul
Published: February 2013

This article examines the works of Washington Irving within the broad framework of global narratives. It analyzes how geographical variables enter into the writings of Irving and how as an author he played self-consciously with the contours of cultural mapping. The article suggests that the reflexive nature of Irving's work speaks to a meta-geographical dimension which was common to many American writers in the antebellum period, who were concerned in one way or another with how the national domain might be mapped.
Looking at State Violence: Lucy Parsons, José Martí, and Haymarket
Authors: Streeby Shelley
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the influence of the expansion of mass-market visual culture in shaping literary meanings in the U.S.A. in the nineteenth century. It provides a transnational history of the Haymarket bombing and executions, and suggests that literary and cultural meanings in the late nineteenth century were crucially mediated and shaped by the expansion of the pictorial marketplace and the transformation of visual culture. The article discusses how José Martí and Lucy E. Parsons intervened in late-nineteenth-century practices of looking by reenvisioning iconic sentimental and sensational Haymarket scenes, and by raising questions about violence, the visual, and state power that connect world movements across space and time.
Temporality, Race, and Empire in Cooper'sThe Deerslayer: The Beginning of the End
Authors: Levine Robert S.
Published: February 2013

This article examines the issues of temporality, race, and empire in American literature, focusing on James Fenimore Cooper's The Deerslayer. It explains that this novel both begins and ends the five novels of Cooper's Leatherstocking series and investigates how U.S. empire building infects the relationship between frontier romances and white imperialism. The article discusses the work of Ojibwa Indian George Copway and highlights Cooper's belief that the “cause” of the Indians should be “defended.”
Animals and The Formation of Liberal Subjectivity in Nineteenth-Century American Literature
Authors: Boggs Colleen Glenney
Published: February 2013

This article investigates why nineteenth-century views of human subjectivity repeatedly cross into the terrain of the nonhuman and animals, and examines the formation of liberal subjectivity. It offers subtle readings of John Locke, Emily Dickinson, and other theorists of what has become known as animal studies. The article traces the links between the ontological questions posed by current affect theory to Lockean origins and subsequent intellectual receptions of liberal subject formation.
Abolition and Activism: The Present Uses of Literary Criticism
Authors: Dawes James
Published: February 2013

This article examines the relationship between literary critical practice and human rights, and describes the present uses of literary criticism. It analyzes an example of abolitionism and activism as it was conceived and practiced by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Frederick Douglass, and William Lloyd Garrison. The article evaluates how our understanding of texts and issues today can be informed by our analysis and understanding of the myths and metaphors of who we are that we have inherited from earlier literatures and movements.
Assessment in the Secondary Music Classroom
Authors: Fautley Martin , Colwell Richard
Published: February 2013

The issue of assessment in music education in the secondary school is one of concern in a range of contexts, including teaching, learning, accountability, policy, and politics. In order to investigate assessment in the secondary school, there is a need to understand what assessment is; what the terminologies involved mean; what the implications of assessment are for learners, teachers, program organizers, administrators, legislators, and other interested stakeholders; and what constitutes secondary school music. This article considers the following issues in student assessment: the context of assessment, the uses and purposes of assessment, legitimizing assessment, and assessment and music pedagogy.
Commentary: Vocal and Choral Music
Authors: Nix John
Published: February 2013

The field of voice instruction has experienced a dramatic shift in emphasis over the last 50 years. More than ever before, vocal music education is grounded on accurate physiological, acoustical, biomechanical, neuromuscular, and psychological evidence rather than on successful methods of a star teacher. While aspects of traditional approaches remain in use, the rapid growth of vocal pedagogy programs and the dissemination of information on motor learning, technology-enhanced instruction, arts medicine, and voice science have internationalized best practices. Simultaneously, the overall quality of education and performance has been raised, not only in major cultural centers but also in regions and countries as a whole. This article aims to guide educators through the full gamut of vocal possibilities: Individual adult voices and choirs, developing young singers, and aging adults.
The Role of Bodily Movement in Learning and Performing Music: Applications for Education
Authors: Davidson Jane W.
Published: February 2013

This article explores the fundamental role of bodily movement in the development of musical knowledge and performance skills; in particular, how the body can be used to understand expressive musical material and to communicate that meaning to coperformers and audience. The relevance to the educator is explored (whether working with a child or adult beginner, or a more advanced learner). The article is divided into six main sections, tracing the role of body movement skill in music production, expressive musical performance, developing learners to play their musical instruments with technical and expressive appropriateness, coperformer coordination, and projection for audience perception. The work builds on a growing interest in the embodied nature of musical experience. The article concludes with case study observations of practical insights and applications for the teacher.
Conscious and Unconscious Awareness in Learning and Performance
Authors: Masters Rich
Published: February 2013

William James stated that “every hour we make theoretic judgments and emotional reactions, and exhibit practical tendencies, for which we can give no explicit logical justification, but which are good inferences from certain premises. We know more than we can say. Our conclusions run ahead of our power to analyze their grounds” (1890, p. 168). The boundary between what is conscious and what is not conscious is often blurred, clouded by doubt. Never is this more obvious than in sport, where we learn to move and make decisions in the blink of an eye, often with little idea of whether we were even in control of what just happened. The aim of this chapter is to provide insight into the role of human consciousness in learning and performance in sport by synthesizing and contextualizing some of the relevant views of consciousness held by philosophers, psychologists, computer scientists, and neuroscientists over the years.
Teamwork and Performance
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Martin Luc J. , Loughead Todd M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter focuses on the nature of teamwork as perceived from the perspective of sport, industrial, and military psychology. First, commonly held definitions for a team in each of these three areas are introduced. This is followed by a discussion of how teamwork is conceptualized. Important correlates of teamwork and performance have been identified within the three areas, including cooperation, role relationships, leadership, and cohesion. We provide a framework to facilitate our discussion of these correlates. Then, research carried out in sport, industry, and the military pertaining to each correlate is reviewed. Because of the perceived importance of teamwork, numerous team building interventions have been undertaken to enhance it. The types of interventions and their relative effectiveness are outlined. Finally, future directions are proposed.
Relationships and Sport and Performance
Authors: Carr Sam
Published: February 2013

Human relationships play a fundamental role in shaping our psychological experiences. In sport and performance, researchers are beginning to recognize the significance of relationships with regards to the development of an array of contextual psychological responses, and it is becoming clear that the study of relationships in the context of human performance is worthy of attention. In this chapter, I briefly review the sport and performance literature that has explored athlete and performer relationships with peers, coaches, parents, and sport psychologists; and offer some conceptual pathways that can serve to further develop this important research area as it unfolds in sport and performance psychology. Specifically, I forward sets of ideas from attachment theory, transference, and actor–partner models as particularly useful frameworks within which to examine the sport relationship literature and attempt to illustrate where I see these ideas directing the sport and performance domains.
Counseling Performers in Distress
Authors: Moore Zella E.
Published: February 2013

Counseling performers in distress is a highly gratifying yet complex professional endeavor that requires the practitioner to be flexible, self-aware, and committed to engaging in evidence-based practice regularly guided by the ever-evolving scientific literature. Performers come to the attention of sport/performance psychologists with an array of personal needs and levels of psychological distress. To effectively meet their needs, practitioners must have a conceptual understanding of the construct of distress, be able to assess distress along the continuum of severity, determine appropriate targets of intervention, and choose an efficacious intervention that remediates subclinical or clinical concerns while promoting psychological health and well-being. This chapter therefore provides a conceptual and practical understanding of the nonclinical, subclinical, and clinical needs of performers; describes an evidence-based approach to assessment and treatment; and highlights how setting, counselor, client, and cultural variables can affect the counseling process.
Burnout: A Darker Side to Performance
Authors: Goodger Kate I. , Jones Martin I.
Published: February 2013

The struggle of the human spirit to fulfil potential and accomplish excellence in the competitive and challenging environments of high performance is at the heart of sport and performance psychology. However, a lurking negative consequence of an individual's effortful striving is the possibility of burnout. The concept originated in the health care domain as a syndrome that scholars and practitioners believe results from chronic exposure to stress. It is characterized by three key dimensions: exhaustion, inefficacy, and cynicism. Since its inception, the concept of burnout has been transposed across a range of social contexts, with a growing literature that has examined burnout specifically among athletes and coaches. This chapter seeks to compare the sport psychology and professional burnout literatures to provide an overview of how to recognize, avoid, and reduce and remove burnout. Burnout intervention approaches have shifted from mitigating burnout to enhancing “engagement,” which is its conceptual opposite (i.e., energy, efficacy, and involvement). Consequently, the concept of engagement is explored and proposed as an important intervention strategy to consider for those working with performers across domains. The chapter concludes with a summary and look at future directions in this field.
Injury and Performance
Authors: Heil John , Podlog Leslie
Published: February 2013

Injury is a disruptive event in the life of the dedicated recreational athlete and the elite performer alike. Crucial to the success of injury management is an understanding of the role of psychosocial factors in injury. This chapter reviews the psychology of sport injury literature with the aim of informing intervention efforts among key service providers. The literature review presents models that have provided the framework for research and intervention, reviews scholarship pertaining to a broad range of injury (musculoskeletal injuries, head injury and concussion, catastrophic and fatal injury), illuminates the sporting subcultures in which injuries occur and are managed, and offers suggestions for future scholarship with attention to implications for applied practitioners. Although written explicitly for the psychologist, the roles of others who influence the psychology of injury, including the physician and sports medicine therapist, the coach, and athlete, are highlighted.
The Performance Coach
Authors: Collins Dave , Kamin Sara
Published: February 2013

The performance coach (PC) is an increasingly ubiquitous feature of many performance environments. Often seen as having its genesis in the sport environment, this performance emphasis for PCs stands interestingly at odds with a groundswell of opinion against such a sole focus for sport practitioners. This chapter considers this tension, together with the objectives underpinning knowledge and modus operandi that can represent good practice in PCing. Through this means, we offer a position statement on the PC field, examining concerns and highlighting issues for its future progression.
The Selection Interview from the Interviewer and Applicant Perspectives: Can't Have One without the Other
Authors: Dipboye Robert L. , Macan Therese , Shahani-Denning Comila
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the research on the most frequently used of all instruments of employee selection: the interview. When considered as a means of assessing applicant job qualifications, the interview is typically discussed from the interviewer's perspective. We propose in the present chapter that the quality of the interview as a tool of assessment depends on taking into consideration both the interviewer and the applicant perspective. Interviewers attempt to gather information on applicants and select among them. Although it is apparent that structuring the process improves the reliability and validity of their assessments, interviewers must balance the goal of selection with other goals such as recruitment. On the other hand, applicants manage impressions, gather information, and judge the position and the work environment. We discuss the alternative objectives that both interviewer and applicant bring to the interview and how these objectives can clash. We conclude by considering strategies for improving the interview as a means of assessment by dealing with tensions that can exist between and within interviewer and applicant.
Predictive Bias in Work and Educational Settings
Authors: Kuncel Nathan R. , Klieger David M.
Published: February 2013

In this chapter we review the research and concept of predictive bias, present a new theory of when and how predictive bias will occur, and create a list of methodological and substantive confounds that complicate research on predictive bias. We note that educational and organizational researchers have often used different methods to operationalize the same concept in academic and work settings, respectively. We review these approaches and recommend a modified method based on the examination of regression plots and residuals. A new theory is presented that addresses how and when predictive bias would occur using the existing definition (i.e., the Cleary Model). Theoretically, we suggest that a performance determinants framework provides a good foundation for understanding how and when predictive bias can occur. We illustrate key concepts in our theory using existing research. We suggest that the nature of predictive bias is dependent on the reason a predictor is correlated with subsequent performance. We then use this theory to guide a review of previous research testing for the presence of predictive bias across a range of personnel selection and academic admissions tools. Although much of the literature indicates that professional selection tools are unbiased for native speakers of English in the U.S., the most troubling finding is the scarcity of information for many of the most popular selection and admissions tools.
Occupational Safety
Authors: Wallace J. Craig , Paul Jeffrey B. , Landis Ronald S. , Vodanovich Stephen J.
Published: February 2013

Safety is a growing area of study for organizational scholars and is increasingly becoming more paramount for organizations. In this chapter we present a broad review of occupational safety with particular attention paid to identifying characteristics of individual employees and contextual features that predict safety. This review culminates by proposing that scholars and practitioners need to focus on both the individual employee and the contextual environment in which he or she works to create an overall safety-conscious workforce.
Multilevel Selection and the Paradox of Sustained Competitive Advantage
Authors: Ployhart Robert E.
Published: February 2013

The paradox of sustained competitive advantage suggests that individual knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics may be related to individual job performance, but fail to contribute to a firm's sustained competitive advantage. Much of the cause of this paradox can be attributed to a lack of theory and research linking microtraditions and macrotraditions. This chapter considers the nature of this paradox, identifying how and why it exists, and presents a multilevel model of personnel selection as one means for reconciling it. Empirical research relating to the model is presented, and the implications of this model for future research and practice are discussed.
“Retooling” Evidence-Based Staffing:Extending the Validation Paradigm Using Management Mental Models
Authors: Boudreau John W.
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines possible opportunities to enhance the capacity of decision makers to take account of evidence. It focuses on one of the most typical sources of evidence—the test-validation paradigm that underpins much staffing research—indicating several directions in which to extend the paradigm to more clearly inform decisions that depend on validation evidence. The chapter takes as its departure the need to know more about the mental models with which leaders, managers, and employees may approach the staffing process and decisions. In particular, it shows that staffing decisions bear a striking similarity to several logical frameworks that are already well-accepted by organizational leaders (performance tolerances, supply-chain, and portfolio theory). Portraying the validation paradigm through these lenses reveals potential explanations for decision makers’ failure to adopt options supported by validation evidence, ways to extend the validation paradigm to better account for situational realities, and thus ways to potentially enhance decision-maker understanding and use of validation evidence. “Retooling” the validation paradigm within such frameworks may provide valuable avenues to bridge the gap between validation evidence and staffing decisions, create more accessible staffing mental models for organization leaders, uncover fruitful new research questions, and better articulate the role and value of validation evidence.
Environmental Attitudes
Authors: Gifford Robert , Sussman Reuven
Published: February 2013

Environmental attitudes are important because they often, but not always, determine behavior that either increases or decreases environmental quality. Traditionally, attitudes have cognitive, affective, and conative elements, but environmental attitudes might be better described as having preservation and utilization dimensions. Pro-environmental attitudes rise and fall with current events and vary with age, gender, socioeconomic status, nation, urban-rural residence, religion, politics, values, personality, experience, education, and environmental knowledge. Environmental education aims to improve environmental attitudes but has mixed results. The mass media have been both helpful and harmful. Two prominent theories for explaining environmental attitude-behavior relations are the theory of planned behavior and value-beliefs-norm theory, which offer the benefit of parsimony and the shortcoming of incompleteness. Researchers have, for example, suggested additions to the theory of planned behavior, noting that pro-environmental behaviors vary in their effort to complete, which influences the attitude-behavior relation, and that many barriers to behavior change exist.