bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bis(Trifluoroethyl) (Carboethoxymethyl)Phosphonate
Authors: Patois Carl , Savignac Philippe , About‐Jaudet Elie , Collignon Noël
Published: November 2003

Bis(trifluoroethyl) (carboethoxymethyl)phosphonate

intermediate: bis(trifluoroethyl) methylphosphonate (1)

product: bis(trifluoroethyl) (carboethoxymethyl) phosphonate (2)
4‐Ketoundecanoic Acid
Authors: Tschantz M. A. , Burgess L. E. , Meyers A. I.
Published: November 2003

4‐Ketoundecanoic acid

intermediate: 2‐Heptyl‐4,5‐dihydrofuran

product: 4‐Ketoundecanoic acid
3‐Pyrroline
Authors: Meyers Albert I. , Warmus Joseph S. , Dilley Garrett J.
Published: November 2003

3‐Pyrroline

intermediate: 1‐[(Z)‐4‐Chloro‐2‐butenyl]‐1‐azonia‐3,5,7‐triazatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane chloride (2)

intermediate: (Z)‐4‐Chloro‐2‐butenylammonium chloride (3)

product: 3‐pyrroline (4)
Diethyl (Dichloromethyl)Phosphonate. Preparation and use in the Synthesis of Alkynes: (4‐Methoxyphenyl)Ethyne
Authors: Marinetti Angela , Savignac Philippe
Published: November 2003

Diethyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonate. Preparation and use in the Synthesis of Alkynes: (4‐Methoxyphenyl)Ethyne

intermediate: diethyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonate, 1

product: (4‐methoxyphenyl)ethyne
Preparation of Polyquinanes by Double Addition of Vinyl Anions to Squarate Esters: 4,5,6,6a‐Tetrahydro‐3a‐Hydroxy‐2,3‐Diisopropoxy‐4,6a‐Dimethyl‐1(3aH)‐Pentalenone
Authors: Morwick Tina , Paquette Leo A.
Published: November 2003

Preparation of polyquinanes by double addition of vinyl anions to squarate esters: 4,5,6,6a‐tetrahydro‐3a‐hydroxy‐2,3‐diisopropoxy‐4,6a‐dimethyl‐1(3aH)‐pentalenone

product: 4,5,6,6a‐tetrahydro‐3a‐hydroxy‐2,3‐diisopropoxy‐4,6a‐dimethyl‐1(3aH)‐pentalenone

product: diquinane
Regio‐ and StereoselectiveCarboxylation of Allylic Barium Reagents: (E)‐4,8‐Dimethyl‐3,7‐Nonadienoic Acid
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Yasue Katsutaka , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: November 2003

Regio‐ and stereoselective carboxylation of allylic barium reagents: (E)‐4,8‐dimethyl‐3,7‐nonadienoic acid

product: (E)‐4,8‐Dimethyl‐3,7‐nonadienoic acid

reactant: 2.8 g of biphenyl

product: (E)‐C
7
H
15
CHCHCH
2
CO
2
H

product: (Z)‐C
7
H
15
CHCHCH
2
CO
2
H

product: (CH
3
)
2
CCHCH
2
CO
2
H
Preparation of 3‐Bromopropiolic Esters:Methyl and tert‐Butyl 3‐Bromopropiolates
Authors: Leroy J.
Published: November 2003

Preparation of 3‐bromopropiolic esters: methyl and tert‐butyl 3‐bromopropiolates

product: methyl 3‐bromopropiolate

product: tert‐butyl 3‐bromopropiolate

product: Ethyl 3‐iodopropiolate
5,7‐Dimethoxy‐3‐Methylindazole from 3,5‐Dimethoxyacetophenone
Authors: Boudreault Nicolas , Leblanc Yves
Published: November 2003

5,7‐Dimethoxy‐3‐methylindazole from 3,5‐dimethoxyacetophenone

intermediate: 1‐(2‐Acetyl‐4,6‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1,2‐hydrazinedicarboxylic acid bis(2,2,2‐trichloroethyl) ester

product: 5,7‐Dimethoxy‐3‐methylindazole
Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Indoles: 3‐Ethylindole
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Hadida Sabine , Sathyanarayana Swargam , Bosch Joan
Published: November 2003

Regioselective synthesis of 3‐substituted indoles: 3‐ethylindole

intermediate: 3‐bromo‐1‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)indole

intermediate: 1‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐3‐ethylindole

product: 3‐ethylindole
3‐Morpholino‐2‐Phenylthioacrylic Acid Morpholide and 5‐(4‐Bromobenzoyl‐2‐(4‐Morpholino)‐3‐Phenylthiophene
Authors: Rolfs Andreas , Liebscher Jürgen
Published: November 2003

3‐Morpholino‐2‐phenylthioacrylic acid morpholide and 5‐(4‐bromobenzoyl‐2‐(4‐morpholino)‐3‐phenylthiophene

intermediate: 22.3 g (0.1 mol) of phenylthioacetic acid morpholide

product: 5‐(4‐Bromobenzoyl)‐2‐morpholino‐3‐phenylthiophene

product: 3.18 g (0.01 mol) of 3‐morpholino‐2‐phenylthioacrylic acid morpholide
(R,R)‐N,N′‐Bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐Butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐Cyclohexanediamino Manganese(III) Chloride, A Highly Enantioselective Epoxidation Catalyst
Authors: Larrow Jay F. , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2003

(R,R)‐N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamino manganese(III) chloride, a highly enantioselective epoxidation catalyst

intermediate: (R,R)‐1,2‐diammoniumcyclohexane mono‐(+)‐tartrate

reactant: 53.7 g (0.229 mol, 2.0 eq) of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylaldehyde in 250 mL of ethanol

product: (R,R)‐N,N′‐Bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamino manganese(III) chloride.

intermediate: 50.0 g (0.09 mol, 1 eq) of (R,R)‐N,N′‐bis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylidene)‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine in 250 mL of toluene
Ethyl (R)‐2‐Azidopropionate
Authors: Thompson Andrew S. , Hartner Frederick W. , Grabowski Edward J. J.
Published: November 2003

Ethyl (R)‐2‐azidopropionate

product: ethyl (R)‐(+)‐2‐azidopropionate
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Biaryls Using a Modified Suzuki Cross‐Coupling: 4‐Biphenylcarboxaldehyde
Authors: Huff Bret E. , Koenig Thomas M. , Mitchell David , Staszak Michael A.
Published: November 2003

Synthesis of unsymmetrical biaryls using a modified suzuki cross‐coupling: 4‐biphenylcarboxaldehyde

product: 4‐biphenylcarboxaldehyde
N‐Benzyl‐2,3‐Azetidinedione
Authors: Behrens Carsten , Paquette Leo A.
Published: November 2003

N‐benzyl‐2,3‐azetidinedione

intermediate: methyl 3‐hydroxy‐2‐methylenebutanoate

intermediate: Methyl 2‐(benzylamino)methyl‐3‐hydroxybutanoate

intermediate: N‐benzyl‐3‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)azetidin‐2‐one

intermediate: N‐Benzyl‐3‐(Z/E)‐ethylideneazetidin‐2‐one

product: N‐benzylazetidine‐2,3‐dione
Synthesis of 4‐(2‐Bromo‐2‐Propenyl)‐4‐Methyl‐γ‐Butyrolactone by the Reaction of Ethyl Levulinate with (2‐Bromoallyl)Diisopropoxyborane Prepared by Haloboration of Allene
Authors: Hara Shoji , Suzuki Akira
Published: November 2003

Synthesis of 4‐(2‐bromo‐2‐propenyl)‐4‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactone by the reaction of ethyl levulinate with (2‐bromoallyl)diisopropoxyborane prepared by haloboration of allene

intermediate: (2‐bromoallyl)diisopropoxyborane

reactant: ethyl levulinate (9.96 g, 0.069 mol) in 30 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran

product: 4‐(2‐bromo‐2‐propenyl)‐4‐methyl‐γ‐butyrolactone
Preparation of Cyanoalkynes: 3‐Phenyl‐2‐Propynenitrile
Authors: Luo Fen‐Tair , Wang May‐Wen , Wang Ren‐Tzong
Published: November 2003

Preparation of cyanoalkynes: 3‐phenyl‐2‐propynenitrile

product: 3‐phenyl‐2‐propynenitrile

product: n‐C
5
CCCN

product: n‐C
6
CCCN
2‐Trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl Chloride (SES‐Cl)
Authors: Weinreb Steven M. , Chase Charles E. , Wipf Peter , Venkatraman Srikanth
Published: November 2003

2‐Trimethylsilylethanesulfonyl chloride (SES‐Cl)

intermediate: sodium β‐trimethylsilylethanesulfonate

product: 2‐Trimethylsilylethylsulfonyl chloride (2)
(1′S,2′S)‐Methyl‐3O,4O‐(1′,2′‐Dimethoxycyclohexane‐1′,2′‐Diyl)‐α‐D‐Mannopyranoside
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Osborn Helen M. I. , Priepke Henning W. M. , Warriner Stuart L.
Published: November 2003

(1′S,2′S)‐methyl‐3O,4O‐(1′,2′‐dimethoxycyclohexane‐1′,2′‐diyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside

intermediate: 1,1,2,2‐tetramethoxycyclohexane

product: (1′S,2′S)‐methyl‐3O,4O‐(1′,2′‐dimethoxycyclohexane‐1′,2′‐diyl)‐α‐D‐mannopyranoside
Use of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrabromobenzene as a 1,4‐Benzadiyne Equivalent: anti‐ and syn‐1,4,5,8‐Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8‐Diepoxides
Authors: Shahlai Khalil , Acquaah Samuel Osafo , Hart Harold
Published: November 2003

Use of 1,2,4,5‐Tetrabromobenzene as a 1,4‐Benzadiyne Equivalent: anti‐ and syn‐1,4,5,8‐Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8‐diepoxides

product: anti‐ and syn‐1,4,5,8‐Tetrahydroanthracene 1,4:5,8‐Diepoxides
Resolution of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐Naphthol
Authors: Cai Dongwei , Hughes David L. , Verhoeven Thomas R. , Reider Paul J.
Published: November 2003

Resolution of 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol

product: 1,1′‐bi‐2‐naphthol
(R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(−)‐2,2′‐Bis(Diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl (BINAP)
Authors: Cai Dongwei , Payack Joseph F. , Bender Dean R. , Hughes David L. , Verhoeven Thomas R. , Reider Paul J.
Published: November 2003

(R)‐(+)‐ and (S)‐(−)‐2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BINAP)

product: (R)‐(+)‐BINAP

intermediate: ditriflate of binaphthol (11.0 g, 20 mmol)
(2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐Phenylcyclopropyl)Methanol
Authors: Charette André B. , Lebel Hélène
Published: November 2003

(2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanol

reactant: 24 mL (0.22 mol) of bromobutane

reactant: 10 mL (89.2 mmol) of trimethyl borate

intermediate: [(2‐)‐N,O,O′[2,2′‐Iminobis[ethanolato]]]‐2‐butylboron,

intermediate: 5.15 g (50.5 mmol) of butylboronic acid

intermediate: (4R‐trans)‐2‐Butyl‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl[1,3,2]dioxaborolane‐4,5‐dicarboxamide

reactant: 11.9 g (58.3 mmol) of (R,R)‐(+)‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyltartaric acid diamide

product: (2S,3S)‐(+)‐(3‐phenylcyclopropyl)methanol
Synthesis of Chiral Non‐Racemic Diols from (S,S)‐1,2,3,4‐Diepoxybutane: (2S,3S)‐Dihydroxy‐1,4‐Diphenylbutane
Authors: Robbins Michael A. , Devine Paul N. , Oh Taeboem
Published: November 2003

Synthesis of chiral non‐racemic diols from (S,S)‐1,2,3,4‐diepoxybutane: (2S,3S)‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐diphenylbutane

intermediate: 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐L‐threitol 1,4‐bismethanesulfonate (40 g, 0.126 mol)

intermediate: L‐threitol 1,4‐bismethanesulfonate (25.0 g, 0.0898 moles)

product: (2S,3S)‐Dihydroxy‐1,4‐diphenylbutane

intermediate: (S,S)‐1,2,3,4‐Diepoxybutane (2.84 g, 0.033 mol, 11 mL of a 3 M solution in THF)
(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl)Allene
Authors: Myers Andrew G. , Zheng Bin
Published: November 2003

(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)allene

intermediate: 2‐propargyloxytetrahydropyran

intermediate: 3‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol

catalyst: 13.0 g (60.0 mmol) of o‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl hydrazide

product: (tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)allene
[3 + 4] Annulation Using a [β‐(Trimethylsilyl)Acryloyl]Silane and the Lithium Enolate of an α,β‐Unsaturated Methyl Ketone: (1R*,6S*,7S*)‐4‐(Tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy)‐6‐(Trimethylsilyl)Bicyclo[5.4.0]Undec‐4‐En‐2‐One
Authors: Takeda Kei , Nakajima Akemi , Takeda Mika , Yoshii Eiichi
Published: November 2003

[3 + 4] Annulation using a [β‐(trimethylsilyl)acryloyl]silane and the lithium enolate of an α,β‐unsaturated methyl ketone: (1R,6S,7S)‐4‐(tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy)‐6‐(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐4‐en‐2‐one

intermediate: 3‐(1‐ethoxyethoxy)‐1‐propyne

intermediate: 1‐(1‐ethoxyethoxy)‐1,2‐propadiene

intermediate: 1‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐1‐(1‐ethoxyethoxy)‐1,2‐propadiene (2)

intermediate: (E)‐1‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl)‐3‐trimethylsilyl‐2‐propen‐1‐one (3)

product: (1R,6S,7S)‐4‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy)‐6‐(trimethylsilyl)bicyclo[5.4.0]‐undec‐4‐en‐2‐one (4)
Vitamin
D
2
from Ergosterol
Authors: Okabe Masami
Published: November 2003

Vitamin D
2
from ergosterol

intermediate: 3,5‐Dinitrobenzoate

reactant: 13.5 g (34 mmol) of ergosterol

intermediate: pre‐vitamin 2

product: Vitamin D2
9,10‐Diphenylphenanthrene
Authors: Olah George A. , Klumpp Douglas A. , Baek Donald N. , Neyer Gebhart , Wang Qi
Published: November 2003

9,10‐diphenylphenanthrene

product: 9,10‐diphenylphenanthrene
Synthesis and DiastereoselectiveAlkylation of Pseudoephedrine Amides
Authors: Myers Andrew G. , Yang Bryant H.
Published: November 2003

Synthesis and diastereoselective alkylation of pseudoephedrine amides

intermediate: (1S,2S)‐pseudoephedrinepropionamide

product: (1S,2S)‐pseudoephedrine‐(R)‐2‐methylhydrocinnamamide
(R)‐(+)‐2‐Hydroxy‐1,2,2‐Triphenylethyl Acetate
Authors: Macor John , Sampognaro Anthony J. , Verhoest Patrick R. , Mack Robert A.
Published: November 2003

(R)‐(+)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2,2‐triphenylethyl acetate

product: (R)‐(+)‐2‐hydroxy‐1,2,2‐triphenylethyl acetate

reactant: 1,1,2‐triphenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol
O
4
,O
5
‐Isopropylidene‐1,2:3,6‐Dianhydro‐
D
‐Glucitol from Isosorbide
Authors: Ejjiyar S. , Saluzzo C. , Amouroux R.
Published: November 2003

O
4
,O
5
‐isopropylidene‐1,2:3,6‐dianhydro‐
D
‐glucitol from isosorbide

reactant: O
4
,O
5
‐Isopropylidene‐3,6‐anhydro‐1‐deoxy‐1‐iodo‐
D
‐glucitol (1)

product: O
4
,O
5
‐Isopropylidene‐1,2:3,6‐dianhydro‐
D
‐glucitol (2)

solvent: petroleum ether
S
tille Couplings Catalyzed by Palladium‐on‐Carbon with
Cu
I
as a Cocatalyst: Synthesis of 2‐(4′‐Acetylphenyl)Thiophene
Authors: Liebeskind Lanny S. , Peña‐Cabrera Eduardo
Published: November 2003

Stille couplings catalyzed by palladium‐on‐carbon with CuI as a cocatalyst: Synthesis of 2‐(4′‐acetylphenyl)thiophene
1

product: 2‐(4′‐acetylphenyl)thiophene
9‐Ethyl‐3,6‐Dimethylcarbazole (
DMECZ
)
Authors: Buck Jason R. , Park Minnie , Wang Zhiwei , Prudhomme Daniel R. , Rizzo Carmelo J.
Published: November 2003

9‐Ethyl‐3,6‐dimethylcarbazole (DMECZ)

intermediate: 3,6‐dibromo‐9‐ethylcarbazole

product: 9‐ethyl‐3,6‐dimethylcarbazole
Preparation of Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylpyridine)Iodine(I) Hexafluorophosphate and Bis(2,4,6‐Trimethylpyridine) Bromine(I) Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Homsi Fadi , Robin Sylvie , Rousseau Gérard
Published: November 2003

Preparation of bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate and bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine) bromine(I) hexafluorophosphate

intermediate: Bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)silver(I) hexafluorophosphate

product: bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate

product: bis(2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine)bromine(I) hexafluorophosphate
6
A
‐O‐p‐Toluenesulfonyl‐β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Byun Hoe‐Sup , Zhong Ning , Bittman Robert
Published: November 2003

6
A
‐O‐p‐toluenesulfonyl‐β‐cyclodextrin

intermediate: 1‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)imidazole

product: 6
A
‐O‐Toluenesulfonyl‐β‐cyclodextrin.
Cyclopropylacetylene
Authors: Corley Edward G. , Thompson Andrew S. , Huntington Martha
Published: November 2003

Cyclopropylacetylene

solvent: 250 mL of cyclohexane

product: cyclopropylacetylene
Ethyl α‐Naphthoate
Authors: Whitmore Frank C. , Loder D. J.
Published: November 2003

Ethyl α‐naphthoate

product: ethyl α‐naphthoate

intermediate: α‐naphthoic acid
Acid Anhydrides
Authors: Allen C. F. H. , Kibler C. J. , McLachlin D. M. , Wilson C. V.
Published: November 2003

Acid anhydrides

product: Heptoic anhydride (enanthic anhydride)

reactant: 14.8 g. (15.5 ml., 0.1 mole) of heptoyl chloride

reactant: 13.0 g. (14.1 ml., 0.1 mole) of heptoic acid

product:
p‐Chlorobenzoic anhydride
(
benzoic anhydride, p,p′‐dichloro‐
)

reactant: 17.5 g. (0.1 mole) of
p
‐chlorobenzoyl chloride
Protocatechuic Acid
Authors: Pearl Irwin A.
Published: November 2003

Protocatechuic acid

product: protocatechuic acid
Sodium Amide
Authors: Bergstrom F. W.
Published: November 2003

Sodium amide

product: sodium amide

solvent: Commercial “heptane” from petroleum

product: potassium amide
o
‐Chlorophenylthiourea
Authors: Kurzer Frederick
Published: November 2003

o
‐Chlorophenylthiourea

product:
o
‐chlorophenylthiourea

solvent: 20 ml. of light petroleum ether

product: phenylthiourea
Ethyl Azodicarboxylate
Authors: Kauer J. C.
Published: November 2003

Ethyl Azodicarboxylate

intermediate: ethyl hydrazodicarboxylate

product: ethyl azodicarboxylate

byproduct: Methyl hydrazodicarboxylate
p
‐
tert
‐Butylcalix[8]arene
Authors: Munch J. H. , Gutsche C. D.
Published: November 2003

p
‐
tert
‐Butylcalix[8]arene

reactant:
p
‐
tert
‐Butylphenol from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.

product:
p
‐
tert
‐butylcalix[8]arene
NMR Spectroscopy in the Solid State
Authors: Utz Marcel
Published: November 2003

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of solid materials has seen substantial advances in the past two decades and has now become a powerful tool for the materials scientist. Its main strengths lie in the possibility of obtaining and dynamic information with molecular specificity in highly disordered and even fully amorphous materials. In this article, the fundamental interactions that affect the dynamics of nuclear spins are introduced. These include the chemical shift, dipolar spin–spin coupling, and quandrupolar coupling. In contrast to the liquid state, where molecules tumble rapidly compared to the timescale of NMR, all these interactions are aniostropic in the solid state, their magnitude depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to the magnetic field. This anisotropy provides a wealth of structural and dynamic information, as discussed in the text.

Solid‐state NMR provides numerous opporunities to influence spin evolution and therefore render spectra selectively sensitive to structural and/or dynamic information of a desired type. Several such schemes, including magic angle spinning (MAS), cross‐polarization, multiple‐pulse, and Lee–Goldburg decoupling, as well as multiple‐quantum techniques, are discussed. Finally, specific applications of NMR techniques to the study of organic and inorganic solids, including techniques such as rotor‐synchronized magic angle spinning and DECODER (for the study of orientational order), spin–lattice relaxation time measurements and two‐dimensional exchange spectroscopy (molecular dynamics on various timescales) and multiple‐quantum magic angle spinning (chemical information from transition‐metal nuclei) are introduced.
Positron Annihilation Studies of Materials
Authors: Brossmann U. , Puff W. , Würschum R.
Published: November 2003

This chapter gives a concise overview of the probe techniques of positron annihilation and their use for studying the electronic structure and open volume defects in a wide range of materials. The first part introduces the behavior of positrons in solids, in particular the trapping and annihilation of positrons at defect sites. In this context, the focus is on the interrelations between the annihilation characteristics observed and the type, concentration, and electronic structure of defects.

The three basic techniques of positron lifetime spectroscopy as well as Doppler broadening and angular correlation of the positron‐electron annihilation radiation are discussed in detail together with practical aspects such as positron sources, sample preparation, and instrumentation. Special attention is given to novel developments such as coincident Doppler broadening measurements with chemical sensitivity, and advances in positron beam techniques. Studies of near‐surface defects and depth profiling with monoenergetic beams of low‐energy positrons are described.

The versatility of positron annihilation techniques is demonstrated by selected examples of vacancy studies in ordered intermetallic alloys and semiconductors and free volumes in highly disordered materials.
Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism
Authors: Yilmaz Seval , Ozan Sema , Benzer Fulya , Canatan Halit
Published: November 2003

Free radicals are now well known to damage cellular components. To investigate whether age and thyroid level affect peroxidation speed, we examined the levels of malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzyme activities in different age groups of hypothyroid rats. Hypothyroidism was induced in 30‐ and 60‐day‐old Wistar Albino rats by the i.p. administration of propylthiouracil (10 mg kg−1 body weight) for 15 days. While malondialdehyde levels of 30‐ or 60‐day‐old hypothyroid rats were increased in liver, they were decreased in the tissues of the heart and thyroid. While glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels did not change in heart, brain and liver tissues of 30‐day‐old rats, they increased in brain and heart tissues of 60‐day‐old experimental groups, but decreased in the liver. Catalase activities decreased in the liver and heart of rats with hypothyroidism, but increased in erythrocytes. In control groups while malondialdehyde levels increased in brain, heart and thymus with regard to age, they decreased in plasma. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and catalase activities were not affected by age in tissues of the thymus, thyroid and brain, but they were decreased in the heart tissue. The changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities which were determined in different tissues of hypothyroid rats indicate a cause for functional disorder of these tissues. Moreover, there may be changes depending on age at lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity levels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations of ouabain that prevent intercellular communication do not affect free calcium levels in cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Ledbetter Mary Lee S. , Gatto Cheryl L.
Published: November 2003

To better understand inhibition of gap‐junction‐mediated cell communication among cultured fibroblasts treated with the sodium pump inhibitor ouabain, we tested whether such cells have higher calcium levels than normal. Using the calcium indicator dye fura‐2 with fluorescence spectroscopy and digital imaging microscopy, we determined cell calcium levels during exposure of cells to ouabain. The concentration of ouabain was high enough to achieve maximum alterations of steady‐state sodium and potassium content and cell communication. We found no consistent change in calcium levels in human fibroblasts as a result of this treatment. In mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, concentrations of ouabain that inhibit cell communication were associated with a significant reduction of cell calcium. It appears, therefore, that the inhibition of communication by ouabain cannot be attributed to elevated cytosolic free calcium in the treated cultures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the percusurge guardwire plus temporary occlusion and aspiration system during primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Huang Zheng , Katoh Osamu , Nakamura Shigeru , Negoro Shinji , Kobayashi Tomoko , Tanigawa Jun
Published: November 2003

Thirty patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) underwent primary angioplasty under distal protection of PercuSurge GuardWire Plus Temporary Occlusion and Aspiration System. Before angioplasty, protection of the distal circulation was achieved with the system, followed by balloon angioplasty and/or stenting and debris aspiration. Technical device success was 100%. Distal occlusion was well tolerated in all patients. Mean total distal occlusion time was 7.3 ± 5.4 min. Macroscopically visible debris was aspirated from 29 cases (96.7%). Postprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 was achieved in all cases (100%, vs. 16.7% at baseline). Myocardial blush flow grade 3 was achieved in 26 cases (86.7%). Regression of ST segment elevation ≥ 50% was shown in 23 cases (76.7%). No patient developed angiographic evidence of no‐reflow or distal embolization. Both angiographic and procedural success were 100%. The system is feasible, safe, and effective for distal protection against embolism during primary angioplasty in AMI. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:443–451. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful stent ablation with rotational atherectomy
Authors: Medina Alfonso , de Lezo José Suárez , Melián Francisco , Hernández Enrique , Pan Manuel , Romero Miguel
Published: November 2003

We describe the findings from two patients with coronary artery disease treated with stents who had unexpandable rings after deployment. These covered rings were successfully ablated with rotational atherectomy. The treated segment was then scaffolded with a new stent. Our observations confirm the efficacy of rotational atherectomy for stent ablation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:501–504. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late stent thrombosis after implantation of a sirolimus‐eluting stent
Authors: Kerner Arthur , Gruberg Luis , Kapeliovich Michael , Grenadier Ehud
Published: November 2003

Late stent thrombosis in the era of routine high‐pressure stent deployment and combined antiplatelet therapy with thienopyridines and aspirin has become a rare but feared complication. We describe a patient with acute myocardial infarction due to late stent thrombosis 6 weeks after deployment of a sirolimus‐eluting stent and 2 weeks after the discontinuation of clopidogrel. This is the first report of late thrombosis of a sirolimus‐eluting stent. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:505–508. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of the acute results on the long‐term outcome after the treatment of in‐stent restenosis: A serial intravascular ultrasound study
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , McMillan Taya L. , Mintz Gary S. , Maehara Akiko , Canos Daniel , Bui Anh B. , Waksman Ron , Weissman Neil J.
Published: November 2003

The current study used serial (postintervention and follow‐up) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to assess the impact of acute results on long‐term follow‐up of patients with in‐stent restenosis (ISR). All patients (n = 180) with serial IVUS studies of ISR lesions from the following gamma‐irradiation brachytherapy trials were included: Washington Radiation for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial (WRIST), Gamma‐1, and Angiorad Radiation Technology for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial in Native Coronaries (ARTISTIC). There were 106 irradiated and 74 placebo patients. Quantitative analysis was performed according to the American College of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Standards for Acquisition, Measurement and Reporting of IVUS. Images were acquired using motorized transducer pullback, cross‐sectional analysis was performed every 1 mm, and volumetric and mean planar dimensions were calculated. The independent predictors for the absolute follow‐up minimum lumen area (MLA) were the postintervention MLA, the postintervention minimum stent area, and the use of brachytherapy. Placebo patients lost 45% of the postintervention MLA while irradiated patients lost only 17% of the MLA. The independent predictors of the follow‐up percent intimal hyperplasia (intimal hyperplasia volume divided by stent volume) and the independent predictors of the absolute increase in intimal hyperplasia were the postintervention percent intimal hyperplasia and the use of brachytherapy. Serial IVUS analysis shows that the follow‐up MLA and percent intimal hyperplasia are dependent on the results obtained during the treatment of ISR lesions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:483–488. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on growth characteristics of G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells In Vitro
Authors: Hoferová Zuzana , Hofer Michal , Pospíšil Milan , Znojil Vladimír , Chramostová Kateřina
Published: November 2003

The effects of several synthetic adenosine receptor agonists on the growth characteristics of murine G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells in vitro were evaluated.Cell number and viability, as well as proportions of cells in individual cell cycle phases, were determined after 48 h cultivation of the cells in the presence of concentrations of adenosine receptor agonists ranging between 0.01 and 500 µM. Effects of the non‐selective adenosine receptor agonist NECA, as well as of agonists selective for A1(CPA), A2A(CGS 21680), and A3receptors (IB‐MECA) were evaluated. A slight increase in cell number was observed at a narrow range of concentrations between 30–50 µM of NECA, which was reproduced by CPA, a selective A1receptor agonist, in concentrations ranging from 20–50 µM. The most important finding was that of significant inhibitory effects of adenosine receptor agonists on cell number in concentrations above 50 µM. This effect was most pronounced after treatment of the G:5:113 fibrosarcoma cells with the selective A3receptor agonist, IB‐MECA, as revealed also by calculated values of generation time andEC50.The results suggest that adenosine A3receptor might represent a target for pharmacological anticancer approaches aimed at suppressing the growth of fibrosarcoma cell population. Drug Dev. Res. 60:303–311, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Voltammetric Detection of Uric Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid at Well‐Aligned Carbon Nanotube Electrode
Authors: Ye Jian‐Shan , Wen Ying , De Zhang Wei , Gan Leong Ming , Xu Guo Qin , Sheu Fwu‐Shan
Published: November 2003

The voltammetric behaviors of uric acid (UA) and L‐ascorbic acid (L‐AA) were studied at well‐aligned carbon nanotube electrode. Compared to glassy carbon, carbon nanotube electrode catalyzes oxidation of UA and L‐AA, reducing the overpotentials by about 0.028 V and 0.416 V, respectively. Based on its differential catalytic function toward the oxidation of UA and L‐AA, the carbon nanotube electrode resolved the overlapping voltammetric response of UA and L‐AA into two well‐defined voltammetric peaks in applying both cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which can be used for a selective determination of UA in the presence of L‐AA. The peak current obtained from DPV was linearly dependent on the UA concentration in the range of 0.2 μM to 80 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The detection limit (3δ) for UA was found to be 0.1 μM. Finally, the carbon nanotube electrode was successfully demonstrated as a electrochemical sensor to the determination of UA in human urine samples by simple dilution without further pretreatment.
The use of a novel PLGA fiber/collagen composite web as a scaffold for engineering of articular cartilage tissue with adjustable thickness
Authors: Chen Guoping , Sato Takashi , Ushida Takashi , Hirochika Rei , Shirasaki Yoshio , Ochiai Naoyuki , Tateishi Tetsuya
Published: November 2003

It has been a great challenge to make the thickness of engineered cartilage adjustable to cover the range of both partial‐thickness and full‐thickness articular cartilage defects. We developed a novel kind of composite web scaffold that could be used for tissue enginnering of articular cartilage with the thickness adjustable between 200 μm and 8 mm. The composite web showed a unique structure having web‐like collagen microsponges formed in the openings of a mechanically strong knitted mesh of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid). The knitted mesh served as a skeleton reinforcing the composite web, while the web‐like collagen microsponges facilitated cell seeding, cell distribution, and tissue formation. Bovine chondrocytes cultured in the composite web showed a spatially even distribution, maintained their natural morphology, and produced cartilaginous extracellular matrices such as type II collagen and aggrecan. The thickness of the implant can be simply adjusted by laminating or rolling the web sheets. Not only did the histological structure of the engineered cartilage patches match the bovine native articular cartilage, but also their dynamic complex modulus, structural stiffness, and phase lag reached 37.8, 57.0, and 86.3% of those of native bovine articular cartilage, respectively. The composite web could be an important scaffold for tissue engineering. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1170–1180, 2003
Novel poly(ethylene glycol) scaffolds crosslinked by hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Lee Won Kyu , Ichi Takahiro , Ooya Tooru , Yamamoto Takeyuki , Katoh Masakazu , Yui Nobuhiko
Published: November 2003

Highly porous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with hydrolyzable polyrotaxane for cartilage tissue engineering were prepared by a solvent casting/salt leaching technique. The resultant scaffolds have well interconnected microporous structures ranging from 87 to 90%. Pore sizes ranging from 115.5–220.9 μm appeared to be dependent on the size of the sieved sodium chloride particulates. Moreover, a dense surface skin layer was not found on either side of the scaffold surfaces. Using microscopic Alcian blue staining of the chondrocyte‐seeded scaffolds, well adhered cells and newly produced glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were confirmed. Following the initial chondrocyte seeding onto the hydrogel scaffolds, the cell number was significantly increased, reaching 149, 877, and 1228 cells/mg of tissue at 8, 15, and 21 days in culture, respectively. The micrograph shows well adhered and spread chondrocytes in the interior pores and a cartilaginous extracellular matrix with a GAG fraction produced from the chondrocytes. Results suggest that the PEG hydrogel scaffolds crosslinked with the hydrolyzable polyrotaxane are a promising candidate for chondrocyte culture. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1087–1092, 2003
Polymer microfiber mechanical properties: A system for assessment and investigation of the link with fibrous capsule formation
Authors: Sanders J. E. , Nicholson B. S. , Mitchell S. B. , Ledger R. E.
Published: November 2003

A novel microtensile testing instrument was developed to assess the mechanical properties of small‐diameter polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyester microfibers. The instrument had a root‐mean‐square error of 2.96 μN for force measurement and 1.91 μm for displacement measurement. Microfibers ranging in diameter from 1.0 to 10.9 μm were strained at 2 mm/s in the device, and the slopes of their stress–strain curves (material moduli) were determined. Correlations between material modulus and previously published data on fibrous capsule presence and thickness for implanted polyethylene, polyurethane, and polyester microfibers were investigated. Results for the 1.0–5.9‐μm microfiber diameter range showed that neither the percentage of unencapsulated fibers nor the capsule thickness correlated well with modulus. Correlation coefficients were 0.04 and 0.09, respectively. However, for the 6.0–10.9 μm diameter range the correlations were strong, 1.00 for both percentage of unencapsulated fibers and capsule thickness. It is suggested that the results reflect the greater attachment and mechanical interaction of cells with microfibers for the 6.0–10.9 μm‐diameter range than for the 1.0–5.9 μm‐diameter range. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1412–1416, 2003
Analysis of the mechanism regulating the stability of rat macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 mRNA in RBL‐2H3 cells
Authors: Numahata Keiichi , Komagata Tatsuya , Hirasawa Noriyasu , Someya Koh‐ichiro , Xiao Yi‐Qun , Ohuchi Kazuo
Published: November 2003

Using rat peritoneal neutrophils, the complete nucleotide sequence of rat macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) mRNA including 5′untranslated region (UTR) and 3′UTR was determined (GenBank Accession number, AB060092). It was found that the MIP‐2 mRNA has a 70 bp 5′UTR, a 303 bp coding region and a 728 bp 3′UTR which contains adenylate/uridylate (AU)‐rich areas defined as AU‐rich elements (AREs). Site‐directed mutagenesis studies using the tetracycline‐sensitive transactivator protein‐expressing rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL‐2H3‐TO cells) revealed that MIP‐2 mRNA mutants which lack the 3′UTR are more stable than MIP‐2‐wild‐type (wt) mRNA. A MIP‐2 mRNA mutant in which some mutations were introduced to the ARE was also stable. The stability of MIP‐2 mRNA was low in untreated RBL‐2H3‐TO cells, but it increased in the antigen‐stimulated immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐sensitized cells. The antigen‐induced MIP‐2 mRNA stabilization was counteracted by the highly specific p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 and the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK‐1) inhibitor PD98059. These findings indicate that ARE is the cis‐element which mediates the rapid decay of MIP‐2 mRNA, and the antigen stimulation stabilizes MIP‐2 mRNA and the p38 MAPK and p44/42 MAPK pathways are involved in the antigen‐induced stabilization of MIP‐2 mRNA. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity of stably transfected cell lines revealed by expression profiling with oligonucleotide microarrays
Authors: Oh Min‐Kyu , Scoles Daniel R. , Haipek Carrie , Strand Andrew D. , Gutmann David H. , Olson James M. , Pulst Stefan‐M.
Published: November 2003

Large‐scale gene expression measurements with oligonucleotide microarrays have contributed tremendously to biological research. However, to distinguish between relevant expression changes and falsely identified positives, the source and magnitude of errors must be understood. Here, we report a source of biological variability in microarray experiments with stably transfected cell lines. Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF/3T3) and rat schwannoma (RT4) cell lines were generated to provide regulatable schwannomin expression. The expression levels of 29 samples from five different mouse embryonic fibroblast clonal cell lines and 18 samples from 3 RT4 cell lines were monitored with oligonucleotide microarrays. Using hierarchical clustering, we determined that the changes in gene expression induced by schwannomin overexpression were subtle when compared with those detected as a consequence of clonal selection during generation of the cell lines. The hierarchical clustering implies that significant alterations of gene expression were introduced during the transfection and selection processes. A total of 28 genes were identified by Kruskal–Wallis rank test that showed significant variation between clonal lines. Most of them were related to cytoskeletal function and signaling pathways. Based on these analyses, we recommend that replications of experiments with several selected cell lines are necessary to assess biological effects of induced gene expression. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potential roles of the nucleotide exchange factor ECT2 and Cdc42 GTPase in spindle assembly in Xenopus egg cell‐free extracts
Authors: Tatsumoto Takashi , Sakata Hiromi , Dasso Mary , Miki Toru
Published: November 2003

The ECT2 protooncogene encodes a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho family of small GTPases. ECT2 contains motifs of cell cycle regulators at its N‐terminal domain. We previously showed that ECT2 plays a critical role in cytokinesis. Here, we report a potential role of XECT2, the Xenopus homologue of the human ECT2, in spindle assembly in cell‐free Xenopus egg extracts. Cloned XECT2 cDNA encodes a 100 kDa protein closely related to human ECT2. XECT2 is specifically phosphorylated in M phase extracts. Affinity‐purified anti‐XECT2 antibody strongly inhibited mitosis in Xenopus cell‐free extracts. Instead of bipolar spindles, where chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plane in control extracts, the addition of anti‐XECT2 resulted in the appearance of abnormal spindles including monopolar and multipolar spindles as well as bipolar spindles with misaligned chromosomes. In these in vitro synthesized spindle structures, XECT2 was found to tightly associate with mitotic spindles. The N‐terminal half of XECT2 lacking the catalytic domain also strongly inhibited spindle assembly in vitro, resulting in the formation of mitotic spindles with a low density. Among the representative Rho GTPases, a dominant‐negative form of Cdc42 strongly inhibited spindle assembly in vitro. These results suggest that the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 and its exchange factor XECT2 are critical regulators of spindle assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.†
Oblique plane‐wave scattering from circular cylinders of periodic circular discs using asymptotic corrugated boundary conditions
Authors: Kishk Ahmed A.
Published: November 2003

An infinite circular cylinder, made of periodic circular conducting discs separated by circular dielectric discs, is considered. The cylinder is excited by an oblique plane‐wave incident. A simple asymptotic solution is presented for the problem by considering that the periodicity period approaches zero. The asymptotic corrugation boundary conditions are enforced on the cylinder's surface. The series solution is verified with the numerical solution when the ratio between the separation distances between the conducting discs to the period is finite and ≤1. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 33–35, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11278
Application of the transmission line laser model in analysis of multiple‐phase‐shift DFB lasers
Authors: Hairong Liu , Ghafouri‐Shiraz H.
Published: November 2003

In this paper, we analyze the characteristic performance of a multiple‐phase‐shift (MPS) distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode based on the transmission line laser model (TLLM) for the first time. The effects of the phase shift position and the value and number of phase shifts on the laser performance have also been analyzed. As expected, the simulation results indicate that the longitudinal field distributions of three‐phase‐shift (3PS) DFB are more uniform than the quarter‐wave shift (QWS) DFB and, hence, the spatial‐hole‐burning effect is significantly reduced in this structure. Also, optimum designs for the 3PS DFB laser diode, based on the flatness of the field distribution, are studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 51–57, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11283
On‐vehicle low‐profile metal‐plate antenna for 900‐MHz operation
Authors: Liu Yung‐Tao , Su Saou‐Wen , Tang Chia‐Luan , Fang Shyh‐Tirng , Wong Kin‐Lu
Published: November 2003

A new design of a low‐profile metal‐plate antenna suitable for vehicular application in the 900‐MHz band covering the AMPS (824–894 MHz) and GSM (880–960 MHz) bands is presented. The proposed antenna is easily constructed by folding a long rectangular metal plate into a symmetrical configuration with two back‐to‐back inverted‐L arms, and has a low profile of 22 mm (about 0.066λ at 900 MHz) above the ground plane. In addition, the antenna shows a very good conical radiation pattern with omnidirectional radiation in the azimuthal plane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 79–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11290
Development of a new application apparatus for entomopathogenic nematodes
Authors: Piggott Simon J , Clayton Richard , Matthews Graham A , Wright Denis J
Published: November 2003

This paper describes the assessment of nematode spray application methods and details the redesign of a spinning disc applicator for the improved application of the infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes to foliage. The assessment highlighted fundamental design features that prevent efficient and accurate nematode application and these are dealt with in turn specifically to enable improved nematode application. The redesigned or prototype spinning disc was shown to improve nematode carriage in droplets, leading to greater deposition of nematodes per unit area. There is a trade‐off between spray droplet coverage of the target surface and the production of a suitable droplet spectrum for nematode carriage. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Cellular Immune Recognition and the Biological Role of Major Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Zinkernagel Rolf M.
Published: November 2003

The experiments leading to the discovery of MHC-restricted T-cell killing of virus-infected cells are described. The implications of MHC- and HLA-restricted T-cell killing for the development of new vaccines and for the understanding of autoimmune disease are discussed.
Mitochondria Revisited. Alternative Functions of Mitochondria
Authors: Zorov Dmitry B. , Krasnikov Boris F. , Kuzminova Alevtina E. , Vysokikh Michail Yu. , Zorova Ljubava D.
Published: November 2003

This review explores the alternative functions of mitochondria inside the cell. In a general picture of mitochondrial functioning, the importance and uniqueness of these intrinsic functions make them irreplaceable by other intracellular compartments. Among these are, participation in apoptosis and cellular proliferation, regulation of the cellular redox state and level of second messengers, heme and steroid syntheses, production and transmission of a transmembrane potential, detoxication and heat production. In most of the listed functions, reactive oxygen species modulate a number of non-destructive cellular activities. Some of the mitochondrial functions are reviewed in detail.
Cell Mediated Immunity in Virus Infections
Authors: Doherty Peter C.
Published: November 2003

The discovery of the molecular nature of T cell-mediated immunity is reviewed in a historical context. Current approaches to understanding virus-induced inflammatory processes are described.
Mitochondrial Dehydrogenases in Different Taxa of Tetrahymena: Effect of Insulin
Authors: Kőhidai L. , Csaba G.
Published: November 2003

Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity was measured in seven taxa of Tetrahymena (T. pyriformis G1, T. hegewishi, T. malaccensis, T. pigmentosa, T. shapiro, T. thermophila CU-399, T. thermophila MS-1). Enzyme activity was different in the taxa investigated. Insulin reduced enzyme activity in six of the seven taxa studied. The duration of activity reduction was relatively long (5–10 min.) in most of the cases, and in T. hegewishi this lasted up to the end of the measurements (30 min.). There was no interrelation between the basic dehydrogenase activity of the taxon and the effect of insulin. There was also no correlation between the degree of relationship (of the taxa) and the dehydrogenase profile after insulin treatment.
Effect of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine on the Membrane Fusion Between Sendai Virus and Liposome
Authors: Ogawa Yoshikatsu , Epand Richard M.
Published: November 2003

We have compared the properties of two N-acyl derivatives of dilauryl phosphatidylethanolamine on lipid polymorphism, vesicle leakage and Sendai virus fusion. The derivatives contained either an N-lauroyl group (NLPE) or an N-acetyl group (NAcPE). Only the NAcPE markedly affected the bilayer to hexagonal transition temperature of dielaidoyl phosphatidylethanolamine, shifting it to higher values. In contrast the NLPE slightly lowered this phase transition temperature. The two lipids also have opposite effects on leakage from small unilamellar vesicles of egg phosphatidylcholine. The NLPE inhibits leakage, while the NAcPE promotes it. This vesicle stabilizing effect of NLPE against leakage is not manifested in alterations of rates or extents of Sendai virus fusion to liposomes of egg phosphatidylethanolamine plus 2% ganglioside GD1a. The NLPE has no effect, while the NAcPE reduces the observed fusion, at least in part as a consequence of a reduction in the final extent of fusion. These results demonstrate that the bilayer stabilizing effects of NLPE do not result in a lower rate of viral fusion. Furthermore, these bilayer stabilizing effects against leakage are not solely a function of the lipid headgroup but also require a structure with three long acyl chains. The reduced leakage is not related to a loss in monolayer curvature strain.
Sodium Nitrite Alone Protects the Brain Microsomal Ca2+-ATPase Against Potassium Cyanide-induced Neurotoxicity In Rats
Authors: Odunuga O. O. , Adenuga G. A.
Published: November 2003

The effect of a short-term oral administration of potassium cyanide (KCN) (200 ppm in diet) with or without sodium nitrite (NaNO2) pretreatment on rat brain microsomal Ca2± ATPase was investigated. The specific activity value of the enzyme significantly decreased (p<0.05) by 50% compared with control and by 63% for KCN-treated rats compared with KCN-treated rats pretreated with NaNO2. There was no significant difference at the h=0.05 level between the values obtained for the control and KCN-treated rats pretreated with NaNO2. These results show both that feeding lowers brain microsomal Ca2+-ATPase activity and that NaNO2 has a protective role (antidote function) in that respect.
Folate Receptors in Malignant and Benign Tissues of Human Female Genital Tract
Authors: Holm Jan , Hansen Steen Ingemann , Høier-Madsen Mimi , Helkjær Poul Erik , Nichols Carl W.
Published: November 2003

We have characterized the folate receptor in malignant and benign tissues of human female genital tract (Fallopian tube and benign and malignant tissues of uterus). Radioligand binding displayed characteristics similar to those of other folate binding proteins. Those include a high-affinity type of binding (K=1010M−1), apparent positive cooperativity, a slow dissociation at pH 7.4 becoming rapid at pH 3.5, and inhibition of binding by folate analogues. The gel filtration profile of Triton X-100 solubilized tissue contained two large peaks of 3H-folate labelled protein (>=130 and 100kDa) as well as a 25 kDa peak. Only a single band of 70 kDa was seen on SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. The large molecular size forms on gel filtration appear to represent folate receptors having a hydrophobic membrane anchor inserted into Triton X-100 micelles. The folate receptor of female genital tract showed cross-reactivity in ELISA and positive immunostaining with rabbit antibodies against human milk folate binding protein. Variations in the ratio of immunoresponse to total high affinity folic acid binding suggests the presence of multiple isoforms of the receptor in different types of malignant and benign tissues.