bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Gangs and Violence in the UK
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This introductory chapter provides an outline of the book and its unique contribution. It explores the ‘international turn’ that gave rise to the emergence of European gang research and how UK scholars remained resistant to the ‘gang’ label for a number of years. The chapter then delves into the great UK gang debate that has often been characterised by a subculture — gang division, as well as the recent empirical insights that provide overwhelming evidence that the street gang is a real and (in some contexts) growing phenomenon in several parts of the country. It also draws attention to recent issues of concern in England and Wales where 2018-19 was a watershed period for street violence. Finally, the chapter examines the nature of the government's ‘Serious Violence Strategy’, the emerging focus on adopting a ‘public health’ approach to violence reduction and prevention, and how Glasgow, located in the west of Scotland, has increasingly been drawn upon as a site of interest in this regard.
Gang Organisation, Drug Markets and Supply Among Youth
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the voices of teenagers and young people, considering the difficulties they face today. In accordance with emergent themes from the data — and given that the Scottish Government, Police Scotland, and the National Crime Agency have all highlighted the significant threat posed by drug abuse and serious organised crime related to the illegal supply of narcotics — it was perhaps not surprising to find drug supply, and drug misuse, at the forefront of the young people's narratives. Therefore, the chapter explores drug supply and the impact on young people, as well as their own descriptions of their roles in drug distribution networks. It would seem that sustained efforts by interventionist agencies, police, and the Scottish Violence Reduction Unit (SVRU) to tear down long-held territorial barriers in the west of Scotland may have had unforeseen consequences in that this has allowed youth to move about more freely and thus develop, or at least engage in, existing drug supply networks. Ultimately, drug dealing has replaced gang violence and many young people are serving as useful points of contact for dealers looking to reach new clientele.
Diverse Contemporary Youth Influences and Challenges
Authors: Deuchar Ross , McLean Robert , Holligan Chris , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter focuses on the remaining perspectives emerging from interviews with young people in the west of Scotland, as well as some complementary insights from practitioners. It considers their views on the continuing eclectic issues relating to street gang culture, weapon carrying, and violence; the long-standing (and, to some extent, re-emerging) issues associated with football bigotry; and the amalgam of newer issues relating to and emerging from social media engagement. The chapter also draws attention to how mental health issues were evidently impacting young people. Social media was clearly leading to intense pressures associated with social comparison and the need for self-branding. This had evidently emerged against the broader context of society's organisation now being firmly situated within the discourse of capitalism, with a rise in neoliberal ideology, increased emphasis on individualism, and the pressure to not only develop the physical self but also the digital self.
Gender- and Sexuality-Based Violence among LGBTQ People: An Empirical Test of Norm‑Centered Stigma Theory
Authors: Worthen Meredith G.F.
Published: September 2022

LGBTQ people are at higher risk for violence when compared to their heterosexual-cisgender counterparts, yet few studies consider the unique and overlapping experiences of lesbian women, gay men, bisexual men, bisexual women, trans men, trans women, non-binary/genderqueer individuals, queer women, and queer men. In particular, the separate but interrelated experiences of LGBTQ people and their intersectional experiences with gender and sexuality are critical to examine as they relate to their experiences with violence. Specifically, this chapter provides an intersectional investigation of Norm-Centered Stigma Theory (NCST) (Worthen, 2020) with hetero-cis-normativity (a system of norms, privilege, and oppression that situates heterosexual cisgender people above all others) as the centralized overarching concept that helps us to understand gender- and sexuality-based violence among LGBTQ people In addition, social power axes including gender identity (cisgender woman, cisgender man, transgender woman, transgender man, and non-binary) and sexual identity (lesbian/gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, and queer) and interactions among these axes of social power are investigated
Queer Criminology and the Destabilization of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: McDonald Dave
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers how criminological scholarship can make use of the conceptual and analytical tools of queer theory to enhance understandings of child sexual abuse. Deconstruction, historical observations, and more will be explored with a two-fold purpose in the application of queer theory – first, in employing queer theory this may enable a more wholistic understanding of offending and second, it demonstrates how a theoretical orientation within queer criminology can be practically oriented.
Liberating Black Youth across the Gender Spectrum Through the Deconstruction of the White Femininity/Black Masculinity Duality
Authors: Irvine-Baker Angela , Canfield Aisha , Reyes Carolyn
Published: September 2022

Researchers have shown that lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender nonconforming, and transgender (LGBQ/GNCT) youth of color are overrepresented in the justice system. Current research shows that 6-7% of youth in the general population identify as LGBQ. Yet up to twice as many boys and up to five times as many girls in the justice system identify as such (Irvine and Canfield, 2017). Moreover, 85-90% of LGBQ/GNCT youth in the justice system are of color (Irvine and Canfield, 2017). In this chapter, the authors discuss their “whole youth” model to address these disparities and train youth justice stakeholders to explore how all people have a sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression (SOGIE) and that these identities interact with race/ethnicity. This chapter will describe the components of this model as well as the most recent findings from a 2018-2019 pilot in three states to illustrate exactly what types of reforms emerge from this work. In particular, we will discuss how LGBQ/GNCT youth of color are more likely to receive sustained charges in our pilot sites for violent offenses, and that LGBQ/GNCT Black girls in particular are more likely to receive sustained weapons charges.
The Color of Queer Theory in Social Work and Criminology Practice: A World without Empathy
Authors: Katz Rebecca S.
Published: September 2022

Social justice goals and objectives necessitate rethinking the systems of criminal injustices both to the LGBTQ population and the LGBTQ population that includes people of color. By extension social control through criminalization mirrors social control as exhibited by the social welfare system in both its inherent racism and classism when it removes children from poor Black single mothers and when it ceases to aid the wide swath of homeless LGBTQ persons. Queer criminology must open the interdisciplinary door to social work practice and theory to both illuminate these methods of social control and to create a theory of social justice that may lead to the replacement of both systems of social control. This chapter will compare and contrast the author’s experience in the institutions of prison work and social work to build a new theory of social justice and new systems of human sustenance and development that does not rely on punitive policies and practices.
Camouflaged: Tackling the Invisibility of LGBTQ+ Veterans When Accessing Care
Authors: Felix Shanna N. , Hoffman Chrystina Y.
Published: September 2022

There is an extensive history of LGBTQ+ invisibility in the United States military. For instance, although official regulations banning the enlistment of sexual minorities such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people can be traced back to the 1920s (Bérubé, 2010), the more recent (and notorious) “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) policy was implemented in 1993 and later repealed in 2011 (Kerrigan, 2012; Proctor & Krusen, 2017). While the DADT policy prohibited the military from directly asking a service member about their sexual orientation, service personnel were still able to be discharged if their sexual orientation became known. Indeed, over 13,000 servicemembers have been discharged as a result of the DADT policy (McDermott, 2016). As Proctor and Krusen (2017) note, policies such as DADT and the ban on transgender servicemembers (since overturned by the Biden administration) have resulted in entire generations of thousands of veterans who were unable to come out or seek social support from the LGBTQ+ community.This chapter, outlines some of the unique needs of LGBTQ+ military veterans, followed by the common barriers LGBTQ+ people may face when attempting to utilize services to address those needs.
Barriers to Reporting, Barriers to Services: Challenges for Transgender Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Victimization
Authors: Slakoff Danielle C. , Siegel Jaclyn A.
Published: September 2022

Transgender people are at an increased risk for violent victimization, particularly intimate partner (IPV) and sexual violence (Stotzer, 2009). For transgender women, many of whom express distrust of police (Wolff & Cokely, 2007), contacting authorities may not be viewed as a viable option. Moreover, involving police may force a transgender victim to “come out” in a way that may amplify, rather than mitigate, their distress (Miles-Johnson, 2015; Wolff & Cokely, 2007). Victims of IPV or sexual violence may need secure housing as they flee their abusers, but transgender women may feel unsafe in shelters designed for IPV survivors. Moreover, many shelters are viewed as cis-woman-only spaces and may not welcome transgender people (Shelton, 2015), and those that do may not be sensitive to the unique needs of transgender service users (Seelman, 2015; Tesch & Bekerian, 2015). Moreover, cisgender women who utilize shelter services may feel unsafe in spaces where male bodies are present, regardless of the individual’s gender identity and expression. However, by excluding transgender women from these spaces, the safety and well-being of cisgender women is privileged over transgender women. Transgender women are more vulnerable to harm and have fewer resources for coping.
What is the Subject Matter?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter acknowledges that subject matter traditionally plays an important role in defining the scope of discipline. Given that the issue goes to the bone of being a discipline, fierce debates characterize the development of the discipline. However, the chapter argues that such debates turn out to be less and less fruitful. Hence, instead of joining scholars who want to narrow (war and peace), respectively widen the subject matter unlimited and thus the discipline, the chapter proposes that we instead follow practices in other disciplines and use guiding research questions to define the discipline and the chapter briefly outlines tentative answers to the most significant research questions.
What are the Human Sciences?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter designs a new home for the discipline, the human sciences, a home that is a veritable mansion encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. The chapter argues that while scholars conventionally define the discipline as a social science, it is increasingly an empty signifier and, in addition, raises questions about what a social science is. Moreover, it disregards evidence suggesting that the hybrid discipline always also has been part of the humanities. It is high time to acknowledge this dual affiliation and stop barking up the wrong tree.
What is Disciplinary Diversity?
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik
Published: September 2022

This chapter takes a truly diverse take on ‘diversity’, arguing that the discipline, including its sub-disciplines, is as close to diverse as it gets. The chapter accounts for both those who believe diversity is a threat to discipline and those who believe in ‘diversity unlimited’. It offers a way forward, arguing that diversity and discipline are not antithetical but can be mutually supportive, especially if we conceptualize diversity as pluralism and discipline as practices of socializing.
Conclusion: Lessons for Future (Comparative) Research
Authors: Guillaume Cécile
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses possible directions for future (comparative) studies of women and trade unions, looking into methodological and theoretical challenges. The two studies presented in the book approach international comparison in different ways. The first, on women's underrepresentation in trade unions, uses a ‘career’ methodology to analyse the variation in ‘inequality regimes’ across two countries. The second proposes a socio-historical analysis of legal mobilizations in favour of equal pay in Great Britain as an example to draw useful lessons for other national contexts (notably France) on the effectiveness of mobilizing the courts as a union repertoire of action. In doing so, both studies offer different contributions to (comparative) research in industrial relations. Ultimately, the book encourages scholars to free themselves from the classical analytic categories in industrial relations to explore other potentially effective repertoires of action in the fight against workplace discrimination.
Borderland Emotions: A Case Study of Youths in Kinmen, Taiwan
Authors: Chin-Yi Yang Gina
Published: September 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion on heterosexual young women, and lesbian and gay youth in Kinmen County. It considers the role of emotion in youth perceptions of the future in a contested space and within contested communities. The term ‘borderland emotions’ is developed in order to capture the contradictory nature of emotional experiences that shape the future in times of uncertainty and exclusion, making sense of multiple and complex emotions experienced by Kinmen youths of diverse gender, sexuality and class backgrounds living in a geopolitically marginalized place. The chapter examines the contradictory emotions experienced by young people when facing uncertainty about the future.
Mass Emotional Events: Rethinking Emotional Contagions after COVID-19
Authors: McKenzie Jordan , Patulny Roger , Olson Rebecca E. , Bower Marlee
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the impacts of social media on contemporary future thinking, offering the concept of mass emotional events to advance the concept of emotional contagions in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. It sets out this new conceptual framework in contrast to earlier models for thinking about emotional climates and landscapes. It also provides reflections that contrast the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the Black Summer bushfires in Australia as examples of mass emotional phenomena. The chapter looks at recent work on theories of collective emotions that has recognized emotions as phenomena that spread between individuals and groups to form collective emotional moods, landscapes, and climates. It discusses how the COVID-19 pandemic has caused sudden and dramatic shifts in social interaction that warrants a reimagining of emotional contagions.
Between the Nationalists and the Fundamentalists, Still We Have Hope!
Authors: Grewal Kiran , Cegu Isadeen Hasanah
Published: September 2022

This chapter offers a depiction of a contemporary dystopian reality unfolding in Sri Lanka, considering the experiences of Muslim women living within a highly oppressive and dangerous new reality. It investigates the sources of resistance, community, and intimacy as a means to challenge the present as subjects look toward the future. It also looks ahead with feet firmly planted in the present, offering ways to make sense of the present as transitional rather than static. The chapter highlights the importance of engaging with the affective dimension of politics in contemporary Sri Lanka to bring into conversation two separate bodies of literature. First, the anthropological literature that has highlighted the role that ritual and myth have played in grounding and sustaining past political violence in Sri Lanka and second, the theoretical work that has sought to trace the role that emotion plays in politics of domination, exclusion, oppression, and resistance.
Conclusion: A Critical Mass of Emotions–Reflexivity, Loneliness and Hope?
Authors: Patulny Roger , McKenzie Jordan
Published: September 2022

This chapter reviews a constellation of critiques, challenges, examinations, and projections regarding emotions in dark futures. As dystopian realities materialize and unfold through the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, terrorism, and radical political populism, it hopes to create a diverse space for researchers to engage with forecasts of emotion in the future, and to think about the impact of perceived futures on the emotional present. The chapter highlights how utopian and dystopian sentiments seem to have morphed into powerful preoccupations imbuing thoughts and feelings and undermining any capacity for reasoned public debate. A considered scepticism about possible futures is being replaced by a powerful bittersweet longing and hope for utopia combined with a genuine fear of a coming dystopia.
Queer Politics in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

Queerness is an index of the things people say about us, our personal traumas, sexual experiences, the institutions that help us and harm us, the movies that make no effort to represent us, the politicians that inspire majorities to assault us. How do we talk about queer politics if the power relations we find ourselves in are so diverse, so dramatically different across the board? It is not simply that the state confines us. It’s everyday life, public encounters, banal objects, subjective and physical experiences that result in unique power relationships between queers and institutions. What’s more, we shape these politics as much as we are shaped by them. In this work, I demonstrate the diverging, fluctuating ways queer and trans people are governed in contemporary Turkey.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the core problem explored in this work: how are LGBTQ people governed in contemporary Turkey? I reflect upon recent queer theory, international relations, and critical theory literature to identify the history and gaps that exist in understanding queer governance. I further discuss why I chose this case study and introduce some of the constraints on conducting such research from an ethical perspective.
The Ambiguities of Queer Research
Authors: Kramer Paul Gordon
Published: September 2022

This chapter establishes the methodology for the project. It discusses the research plan, ethical concerns for queer fieldwork, and positionality as an academic. It further explores the notion of queer ethnography as a legitimate mode of understanding international relations and security.
Mothering the Mothers: Stratified Depletion and Austerity in Bristol, United Kingdom
Authors: Perrier Maud
Published: September 2022

This chapter traces how the combination of the marketization of maternal care and the post-austerity cuts to charity and third sector organizations that support low-income mothers in Bristol constrains the possibilities for building a citywide maternal workers' movement. It examines the effects of the reorganization of maternal care under austerity through the lens of depletion. The marketization of maternal care, socio-spatial urban inequalities and the cuts facing the third sector interacted as limiting structures that, as the chapter argues, constitute stratified forms of depletion. The chapter also illustrates that third sector organizations, social enterprises and businesses that seek to improve mothers' physical, psychological and social well-being play a significant role in shaping contemporary childcare struggles. Through a comparative discussion of two groups of maternal support workers — one made up of those employed in charities, social enterprises and local authorities to support mothers, and another made up of those who sell commodified self-care services to women in wealthy and gentrifying areas of the city — the chapter demonstrates that growing sociospatial divisions leave the task of reconstructing collective civic and politicized structures of care to working-class and racialized minority women.
Black Lives Matter: The Legacy of Slavery
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter provides a background on the contemporary reparations movement and the case for redress for ongoing anti-Black racism, which is considered to be systemic in modern society. Despite the progress made by the civil rights movements in both the US and UK, contemporary Black and African-American citizens arguably continue to suffer disadvantage. The chapter reviews evidence that suggests that Black citizens are disproportionately represented in the negative aspects of criminal justice. It examines these issues via a criminological exploration and critical analysis of the case for reparations as both legal and societal remedy for the legacy of slavery and continuing racial injustice. It then sets out a core argument of slavery as being legally coded White supremacy that created structural inequality and a system of structural racism that has continued into contemporary society.
Slavery and Reparations: A Criminological View
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter situates the discussion of slavery reparations within criminological discourse. It views slavery as both a crime of the powerful and as state crime given the legality of slavery in both the US and UK and its value to Western prosperity. Slavery was underpinned by the state who in both the US and UK received revenues and taxes from slave labour and were thus complicit in the subjugation of African citizens who became property within the confines of the slave system. The chapter describes most states that have anti-trafficking laws at the height of the transatlantic slave trade. The states were arguably complicit in slavery's human rights abuses for economic reasons as well as for cultural reasons predicated on beliefs that Black non-Europeans were lesser beings for whom slavery and a status as property was considered acceptable.
Reparations Litigation: An Overview
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter builds on the discussion of reparations as a remedy for slavery and anti-Black racism committed as a crime of the powerful and situated within state crime/state–corporate crime via a critical overview and analysis of reparations litigation to date. It contains a brief history of the reparations movement's litigation attempts and examines the key themes and issues explored within litigation attempts and court judgements. It also provides an overview of the scope and nature of reparations litigation, supplementing it with a discussion of four key cases. These cases illustrate issues arising from claims that have profit or benefit from slavery at their core, but some of the selected cases also deal with Jim Crow-era harms and the ongoing injustice and anti-Black racism.
Victims of Slavery and Reparations: Who Suffers?
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines the issue of harm and suffering, detailing one of the issues identified in reparations litigation and policy debates. Some reparations claims have been dismissed in part due to the conception that there is nobody alive today who has directly suffered from slavery and thus in one sense there is no surviving victim who should be compensated. It explains how the argument distinguishes the legacy of transatlantic slavery as an institution that was directed against Black people who are arguably still feeling its effects. The chapter explains how Holocaust reparations have been paid in part because not only is the Holocaust a more recent memory, but also because several survivors and their children are still alive. As a result, a direct victim who has suffered a tangible injury exists and the harm caused to them can arguably be addressed through reparative approaches that, for example, meet the costs of medical bills and the social care needs and pensions of ageing survivors.
The ‘Value’ of Reparations
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter applies a criminological perspective to questions surrounding what is owed by way of reparations. Litigation and political arguments suggest that one mechanism for assessing the value owed to the descendants of slaves and their communities is by way of calculating the amount of wages that should have been paid in respect of unpaid labour carried out by slaves. It emphasizes how a straightforward calculation can provide a notional value to serve as the basis for reparations. The chapter extends the discussion of value to consider the wider cost of slavery and anti-Black racism and its relevance to the reparations debate in both narrow and wide sense. The wider cost debate employs a zemiological approach that considers cost in the wider sense of economic loss through social harm, missed opportunities, and ongoing disadvantage.
Reparations in the 21st Century: Contemporary Debates and Issues on Reparations
Authors: Nurse Angus
Published: September 2022

This chapter analyses contemporary debates in reparations and the reparations movement and returns to the earlier discussion of legal, political, and social conceptions on reparations. Differences exist in reparations discourse in the US and UK where different reparations movements and considerations are at play. The chapter details how the US has experienced a greater level of reparations litigation than the UK and arguably has a more advanced conception on the nature of reparations claims. The chapter focuses on constructing a criminological theory of reparations. It sets out the case for reparations as linked to notions of justice, forgiveness and repairing harm even though in one sense this may not be possible from a criminological perspective where those who died as a direct consequence of slavery and anti-Black racism cannot now directly receive a remedy.
World-Making: Experts and Professionals in the New Constructivism
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

Chapter Four discusses the importance of reflexivity to the New Constructivism. It shows how a key distinction between the Old Constructivism and the New is that the New Constructivism is self-consciously reflexive, fully cognizant of the way in which social actors—including the IR theorists—are not merely produced by social construction but engaged in the process of social construction. Many of the problematic intellectual binaries left over from the Old Constructivism are overcome by careful analysis of the role of specific agents like experts and elites in international political outcomes. Theoretically, the impetus to focus on world-makers comes from a rejection—central to a practice-relational sensibility—of accounts of political action focused on norms, cultures, and identities understood in monolithic terms. One of the fundamental insights of this line of thinking is that it is not enough to account for political outcomes by citing the influence of norms, culture, and identities as ready-made artefacts, since their origins, trajectories, and differential effects must be accounted for. Careful tracing of the impact of agents of different kinds, in other words, solves the agency-structure dilemma, which I illustrate with reference both to the explosion of work on experts and professionals in IR.
Politics, Ethics, and Knowledge in the New Constructivism
Authors: McCourt David M.
Published: September 2022

Chapter Six addresses the question of constructivist ethics, which has emerged as a significant theme in the New Constructivism. Scholars have argued that relationalism and practice theory, respectively, are not only able to offer thicker accounts of the social construction of world politics than the Old Constructivism, but can also centre the ethical content of norms and culture in ways downplayed by earlier constructivist theorizing. I assess these arguments, suggesting that the New Constructivism retains a core tension from the Old Constructivism when it comes to the issue of ethics and normativity. In many ways, a problem with Old Constructivism was not the lack of norms, but an over-abundance, which led many realists and rationalists to critique it as a somewhat “soft” approach based on norms and taboos, rather than the “hard” matter of power and interests. I trace this tension to Constructivism’s position in IR as a via media between more critical and scientific perspectives. For some, New Constructivism remains part of the modernist project of a social science of IR, and should therefore remain true to Max Weber’s plea for a “fact-value” distinction in theorizing. Such a position is closer to my own, which I advance but do not proselytize.
Minority Ethnic Prisoners and the COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Brandon Avril , Dingwall Gavin
Published: September 2022

Prisons in Ireland and the United Kingdom went into lockdown as the risk of mass transmission of COVID-19 became apparent in early 2020. A health catastrophe was averted, but at considerable human cost: prisoners were confined to their cells for most of the day and communal activity and visits ceased. It is tempting to think that the pandemic has impacted indiscriminately but community outcomes have revealed significant variance. This book tests the hypothesis that this was also the case in prisons by reviewing how male adult prisoners from Black, Asian and minority ethnic communities, Irish Travelling and Roma communities and foreign national prisoners experienced lockdown in Irish and United Kingdom prisons. Drawing primarily on inspection reports and a series of interviews with those working with these prisoners, the book details how particular aspects of lockdown were especially harsh for prisoners from these groups. Innovative measures were introduced to mitigate the worst effects of
COVID-19 and the Lockdown
Authors: Brandon Avril , Dingwall Gavin
Published: September 2022

The introductory chapter details the affects that COVID-19 had in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom before moving specifically to the ramifications for prisons. It starts by providing an understanding of the pandemic and how Covid- 19 is transmitted, before examining why prisons represented a high-risk environment for transmission. As a public health intervention, lockdown was both inevitable and successful in that, across all of the four jurisdictions in the study, there have been less than 200 deaths in prison. Living in a prison through lockdown was a brutal experience as many aspects of the normal regime ceased. The Chapter details what prison life was like in this period. Finally, the chapter concludes by setting up the book’s hypothesis: as COVID-19 adversely impacted across certain minority groups in the community, were these groups also affected disproportionately in prisons? Specifically, were there aspects of lockdown which were felt especially keenly by prisoners from Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Groups, foreign national prisoners, and prisoners from the Irish Travelling Community and the Roma community?
The EU and China in a Changing International Environment
Authors: Gurol Julia
Published: September 2022

The introduction sketches the relevance of assessing EU-China security relations. It situates the book in the context of ongoing debates on EU-China relations in general and security relations in particular. It highlights three knowledge gaps. The first gap is the scholarly neglect of EU-China relations beyond the economic realm. Second, there is a need to disentangle the apparent contradictions of security cooperation and non-cooperation. And third, the underrepresentation of the Chinese perspective on the relation and interactions of the EU and China. Without taking this into account, the attempt to understand this relationship seems a futile endeavour. Moreover, the chapter critically engages with existing literature on EU-China relations and points towards existing cleavages and stereotypes that the book wants to challenge.
The Brexit Prototype
Authors: Maxwell Jack , Tomlinson Joe
Published: September 2022

To address the immense challenge of administering the new rules fairly and effectively at the speed required by the Brexit process the Home Office adopted a novel process, known as the EU Settlement Scheme, which included a combination of online applications, partially automated decision making, and cross- departmental data- sharing arrangements. This chapter explores the Home Office’s design of the EU settlement scheme and its implications for people who need to rely on it with a case study.
Category Errors
Authors: Maxwell Jack , Tomlinson Joe
Published: September 2022

The Home Office deployed an automated system known as the ‘Streaming Tool’ in 2015 to help process the millions of visa applications it receives every year. In 2019, however, the tool began to attract public criticism over its opacity and potentially discriminatory operation. This culminated in August 2020, when the Home Office suspended use of the Streaming Tool in the face of a looming legal challenge. This chapter explores how automation was deployed in visa applications and how it ultimately failed.
Democracy, Domination, and Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter moves from justice to democratic legitimacy, noting that some critics fear differentiated integration (DI) will give rise to domination. Democracy reduces the risk of domination by curbing the possibility of arbitrary rule and increasing the likelihood that rulers will address the common interests of the ruled and treat them with equal concern and respect. The chapter explains that all citizens must have a roughly equal stake in the package of policies to possess democracy. It points out that DI can be warranted as a way of avoiding impartiality of democracy by involving a given policy area with an equal stake in it or a public capable of expressing commonly avowable reasons with regard to it. The logic of DI in this regard follows that of schemes for multicultural citizenship and minority national self-government within many states.
Democratic Backsliding and the Limits to Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter highlights the acceptance of pluralism and a commitment to the core components of any constitutional democracy. It covers free and fair elections, equal civil and political rights, and judicial independence and the rule of law. It also analyses demoicratic arguments for differentiated integration (DI), which cannot be legitimately recruited in support of democratic backsliding as the current governments of Hungary and Poland have attempted to do. The chapter talks about how member states become liable to measures termed as ‘value’ DI, whereby they can be temporarily excluded from certain decision-making processes and substantive policies until such time as they embrace and institutionalize democratic norms. It points out that a constitutional pluralist approach can offer a theoretically coherent rationale for countering democratic backsliding.
Party Views on the Democratic Dilemmas of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Bellamy Richard , Kröger Sandra , Lorimer Marta
Published: September 2022

This chapter talks about the concern that differentiated integration (DI) might undermine political equality among member states, thereby creating the possibility for some member states to dominate others. It relates this concern to a gap in the literature on DI, namely the degree to which it has remained remarkably silent with respect to questions of institutional design. It also describes how DI can impact the institutional structure and decision-making processes at the EU level, potentially impairing their democratic character. The chapter explores issues through an analysis of the views political party actors have of DI's dominating potential. It confirms whether they perceive DI as creating domination and determines how they consider its dominating potential to be mitigated through appropriate forms of governance for differentiated policy areas.
Agonies of Empire
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

Thirty years ago following the collapse of the USSR, the United States had every reason to believe that its dominant position in the international order was assured. What then happened to undermine this confidence and to lead so many writers to conclude the ‘America Century’ was over and that a post-American world beckoned? This book explains how this occurred and explains its deeper causes, but concludes that in spite of all the challenges it faces at home post-Trump - not to mention the rise of China and the re-emergence of Russia - what is called the American empire here still remains the most powerful nation in the international system.
Introduction: The Rise of an Empire
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

In this volume, Michael Cox, a leading scholar of American foreign policy, outlines the ways in which five very different American Presidents – Clinton, Bush, Obama, Trump and now Biden – have addressed the complex legacies left them by their predecessors while dealing with the longer-term problems of running an empire under increasing stress. In so doing, he sets out a framework for thinking critically about US foreign policy since the end of the Cold War without ever losing sight of the biggest question of all: can America continue to shape world affairs or is it now facing long-term decline?
Failed Crusade? The United States and Post-Communist Russia 1
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

The Clinton administration invested a great deal of time and effort (though not dollars) in supporting the transition from the old USSR to a new democratic Russia underwritten it was hoped by a ‘normal’ functioning market economy. If the US could facilitate the transition to a more western-style political economy (as was beginning to happen in Central and Eastern Europe) then according to Clinton the future looked bright indeed for Russia and the world. If, however, reform in Russia failed, the United States and the West would face a very insecure future with the strong possibility of a renewed nuclear threat, higher defence budgets, spreading instability, the loss of new markets and a devastating setback for the worldwide democratic movement. Engaging with reform therefore was not just in Russia’s interest, but in America’s too. So why did Clinton fail? Why was Putin the result?
Navigating the Rapids
Authors: Cox Michael
Published: September 2022

When Obama entered the White House in 2008 he did so at a critical juncture defined on the one hand by a costly and increasingly unpopular war in Iraq, and on the other by the greatest economic crisis to hit the USA since the depression. How successfully did he deal with these challenges and other equally important security questions such as China’s rise and Russia’s return as a great power? And was there an ‘Obama Doctrine’ designed to deal with a post-American world?
Snapshots from Home
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

Taking a broadly interdisciplinary approach, this book provides a unique angle on the COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for global theory and practice. The book bridges two important debates regarding the relevance of quantum theory to the social sciences, and the pressing need for a more global international relations. The book brings the parallels between quantum physics and ancient Asian traditions — Daoism, Buddhism and Hinduism — to an investigation of mind, action and strategy in conditions of radical uncertainty. Engaging with both theory and real-world problems, including climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and economic and racial inequality, the book explores what it might mean to successfully navigate the potentials of a post-pandemic world.
Repositioning the Apparatus
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This introductory chapter explores a very old parallel between quantum physics and Daoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It argues that physicists, over the past one hundred years, have drawn on this parallel for a number of different reasons. In revisiting the parallel, the chapter aims to investigate what it might tell us about mind, action, and strategy in a radically uncertain world. The chapter also looks at the earlier debates in international relations which revolved around a question of whether change is possible at the international level. It then explicates the intersection of two debates that transcend disciplinary boundaries and would seem on the surface to have little to do with one another: the relevance of quantum theory for the social sciences and the importance of moving toward global international relations. The chapter emphasizes that the parallel between quantum theory and the Eastern philosophies brings the intersections between these debates to light.
Navigating a Participatory Universe
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores action within relational entanglements of power that extend across time and space. It traverses the enactment of self and the activation of change within a structure of empire. It then delves into the concept of karma as it relates to the consequences or fruits of action. The chapter zooms in on Gandhi's experiment in nonviolence. Gandhi, as a strategist, was, like the quantum scientist, bound up with the apparatus of measurement. It brings the categories of unseen and seen to an analysis of the transformative impact of colonialism in India, and investigates their place in Gandhi's strategy of nonviolence (ahimsa). The chapter shows that Gandhi's experiment provides an illustration of the quantum notion that we are participants in creating the world. The example reveals what is at stake in the shift from the separateness of bodies to an understanding of life as constituted in relational entanglements.
At Home in the Universe
Authors: Fierke K.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter reweaves the science/culture relationship and two intersecting debates, between the potential for quantum social science, on the one hand, and the potential for global international relations, on the other. It reassesses the significance of positionality for understanding the researcher as entangled with the apparatus of measurement and the object of investigation. The chapter also weaves through the various snapshots and the assemblage of self, mind, action, strategy, structure and time. It then returns to the individual/relational dichotomy to investigate the theorization of relationality, particularly by Asian scholars of international relations, as it relates to both historical and contemporary practice. The chapter zooms in on a further thread regarding the seen and unseen, which thickened in the move from one snapshot to another. It also discusses the implications of the analysis for how we navigate further changes in a post-pandemic world.
Introduction: Hope, Realism and the Climate Crisis
Authors: Foster John
Published: September 2022

The urgency of the climate crisis makes the possibility of hope the central question of our time. How can hope for a humanly habitable future, which life itself will not let us abandon, be kept honest, given that all hope has to address realistic possibilities? That it must do so is a conceptual requirement, distinguishing hope from merely wishful thinking. But the scale and speed of the massive changes which we must make in the extremely short time left, render it empirically very implausible that we could now meet that requirement. Going on hoping that our ordinary politics can still somehow save us is no better than denial. We must now earn our hopes through a deeper kind of realism, recognising the revolution which our situation demands within its genuinely tragic context. We might then have a last chance of constructing a green-political movement robust enough to see us through.
Responsibility Beyond Morality
Authors: Foster John
Published: September 2022

The kind of responsibility needed to overcome the collective action dilemma as it relates to climate action cannot be a matter of setting moral obligations against the claims of prudential self-interest. This is because the dynamics of the global atmosphere rob all individual carbon emissions of the causal efficacy required for moral constraints to have proper application, a truth obscured by the glib but misleading metaphor of the ‘carbon footprint’. Imposing a moral template on these considerations, while always remaining tacitly aware that it does not really fit them, yields both bad faith and the constant deferral of necessary action. The wrong we do by complicity in the fossil fuel economy and lifestyle must instead by conceived as the betrayal of life-responsibility. Self-reinvention as a centre of such responsibility is where our capacity to create new possibilities, and thus release literally immeasurable forces, must now be exercised.
The Bounds of Utopia
Authors: Foster John
Published: September 2022

Hope against hope based in life-responsibility must still meet the condition of realism. But how, once we have recognised our power to new-create possibility, can we invoke such a criterion and still avoid facile utopianism? Activist hopes invested in unpredictable transformation must be defeasible as a necessary corollary of realism. Transformative aspirations can easily betray us if they are not ongoingly adjusted by experience – but counter-empirical hope cannot of its nature be subject to that kind of check. Recognition of the human condition as tragic must serve as the necessary general constraint on counter-empirical aspiration. This means accepting the characteristic absence of win-win situations and the normal inevitability of grievous value-conflict in human affairs, such that the utopian aspiration to realise all our important values together becomes inherently defeasible. That condition is shown to be deeply rooted in our dual nature as rationally evaluative social primates.
Robbery in Action
Authors: McLean Robert , Densley James A.
Published: September 2022

This chapter documents the practice of robbery, mostly at the lower end of the drug market where younger social suppliers, retail-level dealers, petty criminals, end-users, and drug addicts converge. It discusses how targets are selected, how information is gathered on selected targets, how stash houses are infiltrated, the precautions taken to avoid robbery, and the retaliation (or not). It also accounts for the offenders' decision-making in relation to robbery and explores how and why targets are chosen, detailing the various tactics used in a robbery. The chapter describes the robbery in Glasgow and West Scotland that became so common that it is almost routine. It talks about robbery at the lower level of the illicit drugs trade that is not just about drugs and money, but status rewards and humiliating rivals and victims for thrills and ‘kicks’.