bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers into branches of the sciatic nerve rapaired with treated muscle grafts
Authors: Huang C. L. ‐H. , Gattuso J. M. , Glasby M. A. , Gschmeissner S. E.
Published: February 2005

Nerve fiber regeneration into sciatic nerve branches was investigated in rats after repairing a 1 cm gap with freeze‐thawed autogenous muscle grafts in two configurations. “Prejunctional” grafts were introduced in the main trunk proximal to branching, while Y‐shaped “junctional” grafts replaced and reconstructed the site of division of the sciatic nerve into its tibial and peroneal branches. In addition to assessing functional and electrophysiological recovery, myelinated fibers in whole nerve cross sections were counted (i) in the sciatic nerve proximal to the site of transection, (ii) within the grafts themselves proximal to branching, and (iii) in individual tibial, peroneal, and sural branches.

Fibers regenerated into all three branches but eventual relative and absolute fiber counts differed between the two graft types, and these in turn from values in these nerves in unoperated controls. Thus, any specific influences directing appropriate fibers into particular branches that might exist did not exert a marked effect on regeneration in vivo. Differences in fiber counts at successively more distal cross‐sectional levels were described in terms of elongation, branching, or regression of regenerating fibers. In either graft type, fiber branching coincided with close anatomical relationship with more than one distal stump, and was particularly marked 150–300 days after graft implantation with junctional grafts. However, subsequent penetration of such fibers into the three major branches was more effective if the anatomy of the original branch site was preserved, by using prejunctional grafts. The implications of these findings to clinical nerve repair involving large nerve territories is discussed.
Vascular patterns of non‐physiologic flaps
Authors: Chen Er‐Yu , Chen Xin‐Min , Song Shou‐Li , Li Shi‐Rong
Published: February 2005

In order to improve the survival of non‐physiologic flaps, the morphologic changes of the vessels that provide the circulation were studied in 178 rats by translucent, radiologic, and histologic methods. The flaps were divided into five groups: normal, simple venous, arterialized venous, simple arterial, and devascularized flaps. The differences of the survival area ratios among the normal, simple venous, and arterialized venous flaps were not statistically significant, and the revascularization of the flaps of these three groups was similar. Therefore, simple venous and arterialized venous flaps may be used in clinical practice. The arterial revascularization of the simple venous and arterialized venous flaps started on the fifth postoperative day, after which a normal circulation was reestablished. On the first postoperative day, the arterialized venous flap was nourished by the arterial blood passing through the anastomosed venous system in the flap. Before the fifth postoperative day in the simple venous flap, and by the third day in the arterialized venous flap, arteries have not been demonstrated but the veins appear distended. It is fair to assume that a true plasmatic circulation was present at this stage. The obstruction of the anastomosed segments of vessels in the arterialized venous flap group may permit a reduction of the edema and cyanosis of the flap.
Anomalous relationship between femoral artery and vein: A case report
Authors: Forty J.
Published: February 2005

The relationship between the femoral artery and vein, the artery lying lateral to the vein as they emerge from behind the inguinal ligament, is traditionally considered to be constant. The femoral pulse is used as an anatomical landmark for both open and closed procedures in the femoral triangle. A case is presented here which illustrates that the constancy of this relationship cannot always be relied upon.
Anatomical note: The occurrence of accessory sacroiliac joints in man
Authors: Valojerdy M. R. , Hogg D. A.
Published: February 2005

The occurrence of accessory sacroiliac joints in man has been studied in 153 dried bone specimens (108 male, 45 female). An incidence of 18% was found, of which 35% were of bilateral occurrence. Incidence was not found to be related to sex or laterality. The accessory joints were single, and most occurred at the level of the 1st dorsal sacral foramina. The correlation between the shape and size of the main joint and the occurrence of an accessory joint were found to be not significant, but the size of an accessory joint was positively correlated with the size of the main joint.
In vivo assessment of human nail fold capillary diameter
Authors: Schwartz Richard W. , Logan Nancy M. , Qing‐Fu Hu , Richardson Daniel R. , Smith Stephen D. , Hyde Gordon L.
Published: February 2005

By using a videomicroscopy system, images of toe nail fold capillaries from 33 male smokers with atherosclerosis, 19 healthy male smoker controls, and 19 healthy male nonsmoker controls were recorded on video tape. Control subjects did not have clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Capillary diameters were measured from the video tape with an image shearing device. The mean diameters (± SD) for the atherosclerotic patients, nonsmoker controls, and smoker controls were 13.7 μm (± 4.7 μm), 11.1 μm (± 3.4 μm), and 9.6 μm (± 3.4 μm), respectively. Statistical difference between the atherosclerotic patients and nonsmoker controls was significant at P<0.02; the difference between the atherosclerotic patients and smoker controls was significant at P<0.001. Statistical difference between the two control groups was not significant.

These data indicate that atherosclerotic lesions elicit chronic dilation of distal cutaneous capillaries in patients who are smokers. However, comparison of these patients with tobacco smokers who are asymptomatic for atherosclerosis suggest that capillary dilation in atherosclerosis is attributable to the disease process itself and not to the effects of cigarette smoking. This dilation of cutaneous capillaries in the atherosclerotic toe nail fold may be caused by angiogenic factors released secondary to chronic ischemia.
“Wandering” or ectopic spleen: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bustami Faraj
Published: February 2005

A case of “wandering” or ectopic spleen is reported. The abnormally positioned spleen, found during the dissection of a 60‐year‐old male cadaver, was located in the cavity of the true pelvis. The pedicle emerged from the upper pole of the globular spleen and extended cephalad to the epigastrium. The body and tail of the pancreas were abnormally directed caudally. The abdominal and thoracic viscera were unremarkable. An ectopic spleen should be included in the differential diagnosis of any large mass in the abdomen or pelvis.
Real anatomy lesson: Differential diagnosis in the first year anatomy course
Authors: Page David W.
Published: February 2005

In designing the medical school curriculum something has to be taught first even though the basic sciences and clinical topics interlock. Students traditionally learn anatomy first and suspend ther bewilderment regarding the eventual application of the structural detail studied. Infinite memory chores are learned with little overall view of how the student's data bank will function in the acute clinical situation. A fundamental charge of physicians is to consider all diagnostic possibilities before implementing treatment. Yet with the current system, first year students find themselves in possession of large volumes of information but are still unable to establish even a rudimentary differential diagnosis. It is suggested that during the first year clinical anatomy course the student be introduced to broad categories of disease using anatomy as the structural foundation for visualizing diagnostic possibilities. Wasteful interludes in the laboratory could be replaced with memory‐enhancing dissection using visual, verbal, auditory, and kinesthetic methods coupled with clinically oriented vocabulary expansion. A basic etiologic mnemonic is discussed as a framework for rapid diagnosis. In conjunction with the idea of decreasing medical information overload, we suggest that data presented to medical students in general be organized in a bicameral fashion as either emergent or elective. Anatomists and clinicians should consider rewriting the anatomy manual to include “clinical pathology.”
Sagittal diameters of the lumbar spinal canal in normal adult Saudis
Authors: Amonoo‐Kuofi H. S. , Patel P. J. , Fatani J. A.
Published: February 2005

The lumbar spinal canal may become narrowed as a result of a congenital defect (developmental stenosis) or following other changes associated with the vertebral column or its related structures (acquired stenosis). Stenosis of the canal may predispose the roots of the cauda equina to pressure or entrapment and consequently cause low back pain. Evidence suggests that the sagittal diameter is probably more frequently involved in stenotic lesions. Measurement of diameters from plain radiographs have been shown to yield valuable diagnostic information. In view of the diversity of shape and sizes in the human lumbar spinal canal, norms are needed for individual populations.

In the present study, plain lateral radiographs of 150 male and 150 female adult Saudi subjects were measured. The mean sagittal diameters and standard deviations of lumbar levels L1 to L5 are reported for the first time within this population. A reliable method of delimiting the posterior boundary of the canal has also been described. The pattern of segmental variation of the diameters of the lumbar canal in normal adult Saudis was found to be similar to that in other populations, but the mean diameters were different. Norms of the canal: body ratio were also established for use in rapid evaluation of patients.
Presentation of a frontal sinus encephalomeningocele in an adult
Authors: Miller Jimmy D. , Middleton T. H. , Haines D. E.
Published: February 2005

A case of an encephalomeningocele of the frontal sinus in an adult is presented. This rare entity was found during an exploration of the frontal fossa for a cerebrospinal fluid leak and was not correlated with facial abnormalities. The embryology of the frontal sinus and bone formation is discussed and a hypothesis for the development of this abnormality, as discovered in the adult, is proposed.
Third pharyngeal pouch sinuses: Report of a bilateral case with a review of the embryology and literature
Authors: Parke Wesley W. , Settles Harry E.
Published: February 2005

Bilateral pharyngeal sinuses were found in a 71‐year‐old male Caucasian anatomic cadaver. As their ostia opened through the piriform recesses cranio‐ventral to the plicae of the internal branches of the superior laryngeal nerves, they were determined to be of third pharyngeal (branchial) pouch origin. A publication review revealed that this instance was the tenth case of third pharyngeal pouch sinuses reported in the English literature, and the third case describing a bilateral occurrence. Histologic sections showed the sinuses were lined with a stratified squamous epithelium that was complexly evaginated on the lateral sinus wall. Despite the tendency to accumulate ingested matter, the sinus epithelium showed no chronic pathology. A review of branchial embryology suggested that the relative rarity of third (and fourth) pharyngeal pouch vestiges may be partly explained by the “ascensus” of the hypoglossal nerve and the aortic arch migrations lateral to the pharyngeal regions derived from these more caudal branchial pouches. However, as the literature of the last two decades has surprisingly revealed reports of 28 cases of fourth pharyngeal pouch sinuses, the third pouch sinuses are now the rarest of the reported endobrachial vestiges.
Problem‐based learning with gross anatomy specimens: One year trial
Authors: Pawlina Wojciech , Romrell Lynn J. , Rarey Kyle E. , Larkin Lynn H.
Published: February 2005

A problem‐based learning experience was implemented at the University of Florida College of Medicine during the Fall, 1989 gross anatomy course for first year medical and dental students. A problem for deliberation was selected by students at one dissecting table (two medical and two dental) that related to the cadaver they were dissecting. Each member of the group picked a single topic and researched that subject either through use of the library or personal contacts with basic science or clinical faculty. Specific times within the course were established for the problem‐based sessions. Each student gave a 5 to 10 minute oral presentation to a faculty member and one or two other groups of students. The overall rating for the sessions by the students was positive (72.5% ranked them either outstanding or above average). Eighty‐two percent of the students felt that these sessions were a useful method of providing clinical correlations with gross anatomy and 81.6% stated they thought the program should be continued next year. Conversely, approximately 20% of the students responded that they could have been doing something more productive with their time and several felt it was unfair that their sessions were scheduled just prior to an examination. Overall, the opinion of the faculty was that the sessions were a positive experience, encouraged cooperation between medical and dental students, and generated additional interest in the dissecting experience.
Tendineal arteries of the flexor tendons in the human hand
Authors: Zbrodowski A. , Gajisin S.
Published: February 2005

Two hundred upper extremities of fresh human cadavers were used to study the anatomy of the tendinous apparatus of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscles. This study describes the different types of mesotendons revealed by layered dissection, and the complex arterial network of the structures and their various sources of blood supply as revealed by the injection of colored latex or India ink solution in gelatin.
Anatomical factors in the surgery of oral cancer
Authors: McGregor Ian A.
Published: February 2005

Anatomical factors which play a major role in the clinical behaviour of cancers of the tongue, floor of mouth and lower alveolus, dentate and edentulous, are described, the manner in which tumor reaches and invades the mandible, and spreads both locally in the medullary cavity and perineurally along the inferior alveolar nerve. The influence of anatomical factors in the surgical approach to these tumors is also discussed.
Case report and review of literature: Richter hernia in an anterior sacral foramen
Authors: Couse N. F. , Pickford I. , MacFie J. , Lee T. C.
Published: February 2005

An external hernia is an abnormal protrusion of intraabdominal tissue or the whole or part of a viscus through an opening or fascial defect in the abdominal wall (Deveney, 1985); where a portion of the bowel circumference protrudes into the hernial sac it is termed a Richter hernia. Most commonly, the antimesenteric border of the distal ileum protrudes into the femoral or inguinal rings (Frankau, 1931), presenting as intestinal obstruction (50%), perforation (35%), or perforation leading to an intestinal cutaneous fistula (15%) (Gillespie et al., 1956). One case has been reported of a Richter hernia in an anterior sacral foramen (Botsford, 1977). This is the second such report but, after perforation, the route taken by the intestinal contents through the gluteal region, resulting in cellulitis of the anterolateral aspect of the right thigh, is unique.
Sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (Oddi): A morphological study
Authors: Gaudio E. , Venuta F. , Ricci M. , Onori P. , Marinozzi G.
Published: February 2005

The precise morphology of the human sphincter of Oddi was investigated. Anatomic samples, including the terminal portion of the bile duct and main pancreatic ducts, the major duodenal papilla, and the periampullary duodenal wall, were removed from 22 cadavers of various ages of patients who had died without any history of biliary or pancreatic disease.

The specimens were fixed and processed by routine techniques and examined by light microscopy; serial sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Van Gieson methods.

The muscular bundles of the human sphincter of Oddi were divided into the following tracts: The X‐Y tract, the distance from the papillary opening to the first muscular thickening that showed a circular trend; the Y‐Z tract, the thickest portion of the circular muscular bundles (the true sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla( (HPA) (Oddi), reinforced by fibres arising from the duodenal wall and the Z‐W tract, the terminal thinner portion of the circular bundles that pass from the duodenal wall to the bile duct. The X′, Y′, Z′, and W′ points were fixed by the same criteria along the wall of the main pancreatic duct.

The single tracts were measured, and the data derived therefrom subjected to statistical analysis.
Age‐related thickness of the penile tunica albuginea
Authors: MacBride Robert G. , Blight Edward M.
Published: February 2005

The thickness of the fibrous connective tissue sheath around the corpus cavernosum was measured in a population of 41 men aged 30–90 years. Specimens were obtained from embalmed cadavers and compared with tissue from fresh cadavers. Sections of tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome, or VerHoeff‐Van Gieson's to show the connective tissue in the best manner. The thickness was correlated with the presence of inflammation and/ or fibrosis and showed an age‐dependent thinning after the sixth decade of life. The results are related to the age occurrence of Peyronie's disease and the possibility of men with chronic thickening of the tunica albuginea having a predisposition toward developing the disease.
Problem‐based learning in the surgery clerkship: A change in philosophy
Authors: Schwartz Richard W. , Nash Phyllis P. , Middleton Jayne L. , Witte Florence M. , Weeks Lorne E. , Young Byron
Published: February 2005

In the academic year 1989–1990, the Department of Surgery at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine introduced a modified third‐year surgery clerkship. Its goals were to eliminate the lecture method of instruction, to involve students actively in the educational process, and to emphasize decision‐making and problem‐solving skills in the third year of medical school. Hands‐on training in patient care procedures would be offered in a fourth‐year acting internship after students had learned both problem‐solving and life‐long learning skills while concurrently developing a medical knowledge base. Students were removed from the traditional surgical service teams, since it was decided that team duties might be detrimental to educational goals. Problem‐based tutorial sessions were designed, and a block of unscheduled time was provided for students to use in obtaining, exploring, and reflecting on medical information. Informal comparisons of students in the previous clerkships with those in the modified clerkship have noted positive changes in the students' intellectual maturity, motivation, enthusiasm, and time‐management skills. Faculty and students have responded positively to the programs which are part of this innovative clerkship.
Valveless testicular veins: A possible etiological factor in varicocele
Authors: Kuypers P. , Kang N. , Ellis H.
Published: February 2005

Varicocele occurs in approximately 15% of the male population. It affects the left side of the scrotum in 90% of subjects, is bilateral in 9%, and right sided in only less than 1%. Its etiology remains controversial. Hypotheses include: the longer length of the left testicular vein, its right‐angle entry into the left renal vein, the “nut‐cracker” pressure of the superior mesenteric vein, pressure of a loaded sigmoid colon, failure of the fasciomuscular venous pump of the spermatic cord, and absence of valves in the left vein.

We have investigated the last hypothesis in a study of 31 male dissecting room cadavers and 15 male autopsy subjects. On the left side, valves were absent throughout the course of the main testicular vein in 20 subjects, and on the right they were absent in eight. However, on the left side six subjects also had an accessory testicular vein; in five of these, valves were absent. On the right, two subjects had an accessory vein, but both had valves present. Thus a valveless venous pathway of drainage was present in 25 of the subjects on the left and eight on the right. This difference was statistically significant to P < 0.001.

This correlates with the experimental production of varicocele in the dog 3 months after testicular valve destruction (Saypol et al. J Clin Invest 68:39, 1981).
Ligaments of the lumbar neural foramina: A sectional anatomic study
Authors: Nowicki Bruce H. , Haughton Victor M.
Published: February 2005

The ligaments of the lumbar neural foramina have not been systematically described. We sectioned the lumbar spines of 15 cadavers in the sagittal plane with a cryomicrotome and identified the ligaments in the neural foramina. Fibrous ligaments were identified in every lumbar neural foramen. The most constant ligament was a band of fibrous tissue behind the anulus fibrosus and distinct from it, originating in one vertebral body and inserting in the next. Ligaments connecting the posterior disc margin and the superior articular process were found in 48% of the neural foramina. A band of fibrous tissue originating from the anulus fibrosus and inserting along the pedicle and superior articular process was found in 44% of the foramina. Three other distinct types of ligament were found less commonly. Ligaments, which some investigators believe may contribute to lateral spinal stenosis, are commonly present in the neural foramina.
Demonstrator posts and the teaching of anatomy: A survey of former anatomy demonstrators at the University of Manchester, England
Authors: Willan P. L. T. , Whitmore Ian , Chatterjee Anupam
Published: February 2005

Postal questionnaires were sent to anatomy demonstrators who had been in that post at the University of Manchester, England, between 1975 and 1986. Replies received from 83 former staff (faculty) (72% response rate), of whom 79 were medical graduates, indicated that the posts were thought of very highly for learning to teach, for studying for the Primary Examinations for Fellowship of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons (FRCS), and for gaining subsequent employment. The 93% success rate for those who took the Primary FRCS Examination, usually while in the post, is remarkable. The results of the survey and the future for demonstrator posts are discussed in the light of changes in the regulations for the FRCS Examinations, changes in the university environment for biological subjects, and changes in the financial circumstances of both the universities and the National Health Service.
Observations on a double inferior vena cava: A case report with a literature review
Authors: Lewis S. J.
Published: February 2005

A case of double inferior cava is described. The vessels involved in this anomalous system were measured. The probable embryonic origin of this anomaly is considered in the light of some previously described cases with which this case is compared. How this anomaly should be properly described is also addressed. An anatomical marker for the condition is also suggested. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical characteristics of the iliopubic tract: Implications for repair of inguinal hernias
Authors: Gilroy Anne M. , Marks Sandy C. , Lei Qingfang , Page David W.
Published: February 2005

The high recurrence rate of inguinal hernias following primary repair has prompted us to re‐examine the anatomy of the inguinal region with particular emphasis on the iliopubic tract (IPT). The IPT is described as an aponeurotic band forming the inferior margin of the transversus abdominis lamina. We documented the presence and degree of development of the IPT in dissections of 151 embalmed inguinal regions and in serial sagittal sections of four body halves. The iliopubic tract was identified in all specimens. It stretched between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the pubic tubercle and the pubic tubercle and pectineal line medially. The intervening arch formed a discrete structure of variable thickness and was substantial in 63 specimens. Histological sections demonstrated that the IPT is connected to the inguinal ligament, fascia lata, and anterior femoral sheath and is composed primarily of collagenous fibers with a minor elastic component. These data indicate that the iliopubic tract is a consistent and easily identified structure in the inguinal regions. These results suggest that dissection of the iliopubic tract, like the inguinal ligament, should become an integral part of the assessment of groin anatomy during hernia repair. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Villous microvascular changes in small intestine transplantation in rats
Authors: Yamataka Atsuyuki , Miyano Takeshi , Sasaki Katsunori , Nozawa Masumi
Published: February 2005

To examine the microvascular changes of villi after transplantation, the small intestine was transplanted in 36 Wistar/Shi rats (16 syngeneic, 20 allogeneic; donor Lewis). At days 1, 4, 8, and 10, four rats of the syngeneic group and five of the allogeneic group were killed. Corrosion casts of the vessels of the graft were prepared and examined by scanning electron microscopy. In the grafts of each group at 1 day, the villous microvascular casts were reduced in height, and the capillary plexus was much less dense, with signs of degeneration. By 4 days, however, the villi of syngeneic grafts had been restored to normal, both in their dimensions and in the richness of the capillary plexus. On the other hand, the microvascular casts of allografts at the same stage showed the villi still to be greatly reduced in height, although the density of the capillary net had been restored essentially to normal. At 8 and 10 days, the allogeneic grafts again showed short villi, but with greatly reduced capillary networks, Our results suggest that the regeneration of intestinal villi following ischemic damage at operation is rapid in syngeneic grafts and that in allogeneic grafts the processes of rejection had started by 4 days. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the renal arteries and renal transplantation
Authors: Coen L. D. , Raftery A. T.
Published: February 2005

This study reports a retrospective analysis of the details of the anatomy of the renal arteries of 403 kidney donors and the arterial complications related to 513 subsequent kidney transplants in our transplant unit. Multiple renal arteries occurred bilaterally in 10.2% of donors and unilaterally in 20.8%, a total incidence of 31%. There was a higher incidence of vascular‐related complications following transplantation of kidneys with multiple renal arteries. Attention is drawn to the need for careful technique in identification of multiple renal vessels, especially aberrant vessels, at the time of donor nephrectomy and also to the different techniques available for anastomosis of multiple renal arteries in kidney transplant recipients. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction
Authors: Golub Robert M. , Parsons Richard E. , Sigel Bernard , Barnes Anne U.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this study was to review venous collateralization resulting from inferior vena cava obstruction. The elements responsible for the extent and distribution of venous collaterals in inferior vena cava obstruction and whether or not the obstructive lesion involves tributaries of the inferior vena cava. Common etiologies of inferior vena cava obstruction include extensions of iliofemoral vein thrombi, thrombosis from intraluminal tumors or following trauma, and external compression. The anatomy of the venous collateral systems may be divided into deep and superficial networks, each of which is composed of systems of primary or secondary clinical significance, as defined by the degree of restoration of adequate venous return and the extent of visceral venous decompression.

The most common obstructions of the inferior vena cava involve the lower third of the vessel. The azygos‐hemiazygos and vertebral venous plexus systems play the most significant roles, while the superficial systems are less prominently involved. In upper level inferior vena cava obstruction, reestablishment of venous circulation is less developed, which usually leads to a poorer clinical outcome. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An autoradiographic study of the distribution of the vagus nerve in the wall of the ferret stomach
Authors: Al‐Muhtaseb M. H.
Published: February 2005

In this study, the normal distribution of the dorsal and ventral vagal trunks in the wall of the stomach of the ferret was investigated by the method of partial acute vagotomy and analyzed by light autoradiography. The dorsal trunk is distributed to the dorsal surface of the body and both surfaces of the pylorus. The ventral trunk reaches principally to the body of the ventral surface of the stomach. Three months after partial vagotomy, tritiated leucine was injected into the vagal dorsal motor nucleus to map any anatomical changes in the gastric distribution of each abdominal vagal trunk.

Three months after dorsal trunk vagotomy, the ventral trunk invaded the territory of the dorsal trunk close to the lesser curvature of the body of the stomach by reactive sprouting. Three months after ventral trunk vagotomy, the dorsal trunk spread to innervate the ventral surface of the stomach that formerly was innervated by the ventral trunk.

Three months after ventral trunk vagotomy, regrown connection of the ventral trunk was observed crossing over the ligature to the denervated areas of the ventral surface of the stomach. This result was observed in the three animals of chronic ventral vagotomy only, and the histological examination of the regrown connection showed that it was neuronal.

This phenomenon of the compensatory reactive sprouting of the surviving vagal nerve terminals, whether regenerative or terminal, may explain the recovery of gastric function. This could account for some of the failures of partial vagotomy in humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cadaveric study of the peroneus tertius muscle
Authors: Stevens Kathryn , Platt Alastair , Ellis Harold
Published: February 2005

Most anatomy textbooks state that peroneus tertius arises from the distal third of the fibula and is inserted into the fifth metatarsal. In a study of one limb from each of 40 cadavers, peroneus tertius was absent in 2 limbs, and in 35 it arose from the lower middle quarter of the fibula. The origin was continuous with that of extensor digitorum longus in 33 limbs, and the length of the origin was correlated with the width of the tendon (r = 0.67). The tendon was single in 37 limbs and double in 1. Intertendinous connections between peroneus tertius and extensor digitorum longus were found in 6 limbs. The trapezoidal insertion of peroneus tertius into the fifth metatarsal was bifurcate in two cases and trifurcate in one. Our study suggested that the standard textbook descriptions of peroneus tertius need to be revised. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple accessory spleens: Case report and literature review
Authors: Abu‐Hijleh Marwan F.
Published: February 2005

Accessory spleens may be overlooked during splenectomy. Consequently, a second splenectomy may be necessary. This report concerns the occurrence of multiple accessory spleens discovered during routine dissection of a male cadaver. Their size ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm, and they were located in the hilus and ligaments of a spleen with a normal appearance. Their splenic structure was confirmed histologically. The embryological basis of accessory spleens is re‐examined, and the frequency of their occurrence and their clinical significance are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to alert the practicing surgeon again to the existence and significance of accessory spleens. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posteriorly situated retroperitoneal colon: A study using CT and MRI
Authors: Dixon A. K. , Henderson P. J. , Oliver J. L. , Matthewson M. H.
Published: February 2005

In a patient with symptoms attributable to lumbar spine disease, computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the descending colon lying in an exceptionally posteromedial position. The colon, within the retroperitoneal fat, passed between the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles, thereby abutting the normal left L4 ventral ramus lateral to the L5 pedicle. Although it remains debatable whether this curious anatomical arrangement was responsible for this patient's symptoms, the case prompted us to see how often the colon was situated so posteromedially. Among 33 consecutive patients whose abdominal CT images were analyzed, this close anatomical relationship was seen in only one patient; it was not seen in any of 50 randomly selected patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine. As judged by CT measurements, the average position of the most posteromedial portion of the descending colon lies 5 mm anterolateral to a plane joining the anterolateral margins of the psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and iliacus muscles and 54 mm from the ventral ramus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Operative approach to the calcaneus: A comparison of classical and modified techniques with regard to arterial vascularization
Authors: Lutz M. , Benedetto K. P. , Künzel K. H.
Published: February 2005

Skin and soft tissue necrosis of the heel are the main problems following operative treatment of calcaneal fractures with the classical medial (McReynolds, 1982), lateral (Palmer, 1948), enlarged lateral, and the bilateral approaches. In order to show how classical approaches harm the vessels supplying the adjacent soft tissues, we studied the vascularization to both the calcaneus and its surrounding soft tissues. Our findings show that the calcaneus is well supplied by a collateral circulation derived from the posterior tibial, peroneal, lateral tarsal, the medial and lateral plantar arteries. The soft tissue supply is less rich. On the medial side, the soft tissue supply comes from the posterior tibial and lateral plantar arteries. On the lateral side, it is supplied by a thin anastomotic arch that runs between the lateral tarsal and peroneal arteries. Based on our anatomical findings we have proposed two modified approaches which minimize damage to the vessels of the adjacent soft tissues and still allow exact reposition of the fractures. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tortuosity in the cervical part of the vertebral artery
Authors: Wiseman Oliver , Logan Bari , Dixon Adrian , Ellis Harold
Published: February 2005

Some standard anatomical descriptions of the cervical part of the vertebral artery mention little of its tortuosities. This study investigated the vertebral artery and its course using vertebral angiograms (37 sides) and preserved human cadaver injection studies (47 sides). In the Townes' projection of the former, the artery was seen consistently to pass laterally at the level of cervical vertebra 2 (C2), then to curve medially and then laterally as it climbed to enter the C1 foramen transversarium (F. T.). Analysis of dissection material and lateral angiograms revealed a tight posterior loop in the artery between C1 and C2. A “tortuosity variable” was calculated and was found to be positively correlated with age, but no relationship was found between tortuosity and the side of the body or the sex of the patient.

Analysis of radiographs of injected cadaver heads showed the posterior loop between C1 and C2 in 96% of cases; the region with the greatest variability in pathway was the C1/ C2 region, but tortuosity was also seen at a more caudal level in some cases.

As the tortuosity between C1 and C2 was also seen in young subjects (7 years old and older), reasons for its presence other than atherosclerosis are discussed. It is proposed that it may provide slack in the artery that is taken up on turning the head in order to avoid compromise to the cerebral circulation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy of the surface morphology of superficial cells of buccal mucosa is unlikely to be useful in monitoring radiotherapy
Authors: Badran D. , Soutar D. S. , Robertson A. G. , Payne A. P. , McDonald S. W. , Scothorne R. J.
Published: February 2005

In this study scanning electron microscopy is used to document the surface features of superficial cells of buccal mucosa and to evaluate the usefulness of examination of oral swabs in monitoring radiotherapy in the mouth. Biopsy samples of buccal mucosa from 5 patients and oral swabs from 8 volunteers and 7 patients were examined.

The surfaces of the buccal epithelial cells in healthy subjects were found to have a variable morphology. Cells nearer the surface showed a pattern of parallel microplicae or microvilli, while less mature cells showed more complex patterns such as irregular microplicae, microplicae forming a maze‐like pattern or a mixture of microplicae and microvilli. Adjacent celis frequently exhibited different patterns, and superficial and deep surfaces of the same cell consistently had different appearances. In particular, all the appearances described by Robertson et al.: J. Submicrosc. Cytol., 19:515–521, 1987, following radiotherapy were noted in the normal subjects in the present study.

The findings emphasize the need for caution in attributing particular cell‐surface patterns to the effect of specific doses of radiation and suggest that scanning electron microscopy of oral swabs is unlikely to be useful in monitoring the progress of radiotherapy. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy of the chiasma tendlinum (camper) in the fingers
Authors: Schmidt Hans‐Martin , Zhang Shao‐Xiang , Zieseniss Kerstin
Published: February 2005

Sixty human hands from adult cadavers were used to study the chiasma tendinum (Camper) of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the finger. Two hundred forty fingers were microdissected and examined morphometrically. The formation of the chiasma tendinum could be divided into nine types. The most common type shows that the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon divides into four bundles, the two inner of which cross each other. The length and width of the chiasma tendinum in the middle finger is the longest and widest, while in the little finger it is the shortest and narrowest. The relationship of the chiasma tendinum and the long vinculum of the flexor digitorum profundus tendon was also observed in the present study. In the most common type the long vinculum lies distal to the chiasma lying between the two terminal tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis. The authors suggest three functions for the chiasma tendinum: (1) it provides a pathway for the flexor digitorum profundus tendon; (2) it increases the stability and balance of the proximal interphalangeal joint; and (3) it prevents hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variation in femoral anteversion
Authors: Eckhoff D. G. , Kramer R. C. , Watkins J. J. , Alongi C. A. , Van Gerven D. P.
Published: February 2005

Variation in femoral anteversion in an adult African skeletal population is examined in this study. Variation is measured in reference to population, gender, and side of the extremity (right vs. left). This study demonstrates greater average anteversion (19°) and a significant right‐left variation (21 vs. 17) when compared to previously reported Caucasian and Oriental populations. The increased anteversion complements previous reports documenting morphologic differences between populations in length and width of the femur. This study documents a variation in femoral anteversion not appreciated in earlier studies that may be clinically useful in the assessment and correction of “abnormal” anteversion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the lesser occipital nerve in relation to cervicogenic headache
Authors: De Araújo Lucas Guilherme , Laudanna Adriana , Chopard Renato Paulo , Raffaelli Edgard
Published: February 2005

In all papers published up to now it is stated or surmised that in cervicogenic headache, described by Sjaastad and collaborators (Cephalalgia, 3(4):240–256, 1983), the painful stimulus is carried mainly or exclusively by the greater occipital nerve. As a contribution to the study in this modality of headache, the authors made 16 dissection in eight cadavers looking for the anatomical relations of the lesser occipital nerve. The results showed that the head and face pain originating from the ventral ramus of the second cervical nerve (C2) can be explained in three different ways: (1) through anatomical regional peculiarities which make it vulnerable to mechanisms of compression and stretching; (2) through the relationship between C2 ventral ramus, the superior cervical ganglion, and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve; (3) through clinical evidence related to painful sensibility.

The authors emphasize the possible role of the lesser occipital nerve on the genesis of cervicogenic headache. It is expected that the conclusions reached will be of help to clinical studies of headache. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Item analysis as a basis for weighting examination questions
Authors: Yeager Vernon L.
Published: February 2005

Not all tost questions are of equal importance and, therefore, should not be weighted equally. To determine weight, a method has been used in which the weight of each question is based on what the class as a whole learned from what was presented in lectures, laboratories, and assigned reading material. Multiple choice written tests are machine‐graded and the percentage of students correctly answering each question is used as the weighting factor. Important basic material that is emphasized in lecture or that can readily be recognized by the students as important will be weighted high if most students learn it. Questions about small details that are not stressed will be weighted low if few students learn that detail. However, questions on poorly taught material will be weighted low if the students do riot learn it, even if material is important. Students who just memorize detail but do not understand what is important will not gain from this method. Since the methods weights the question based on what the class as a whole learned, the students think it is fair. Students are more willing to learn when they believe trey are being treated fairly. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leprosy as a clinical correlation of anatomy
Authors: Subramaniam Krishnan , Marks Sandy C.
Published: February 2005

Leprosy is a chronic mycobacterial infection of superficial tissues which occurs in part because of a select immune incoripetence in certain individuals. The major debilitating effects of the disease are the result of neurological deficits secondary to infiltration of Schwann cells by M. leprae and resorption of phalanges and bone near the palate. An understanding of the manifestations of the disease is based upon anatomical principles. We illustrate some of these in several clinical correlations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of mesothelial stomata in the rat
Authors: Abu‐Hijleh M. F. , Reid O. , McGadey J. , Scothorne R. J.
Published: February 2005

In 15 rats the morphology and distribution of stomata and mesothelial cells of the diaphragm and of different serosal areas were studied by light and electron microscopy. Cell surface patterns, identified by SEM, varied according to location. Mesothelial cells of the diaphragmatic peritoneum were either cuboidal or flattened. Stomata were found only among cuboidal cells and were consistently and exclusively observed on the muscular part of the diaphragm, predominantly on the peritoneal surface. Stomata appeared oval or rounded, 4–10 μm in diameter. When India ink was introduced into the peritoneal cavity as a tracer, carbon particles were rapidly removed through stomata into the subjacent lymphatic lacunae of the diaphragm. Mesothelium overlying the diaphragm differed morphologically from that over the remaining peritoneal and pleural cavities. Mesothelium of the latter formed a continuous sheet of flattened cells whose surfaces were studded with numerous microvilli. Stomata were absent. It is suggested that stomata are exclusive to the diaphragm and may serve as the main drainage channels for fluid and particles from the peritoneal cavity. This has important clinical implications. Thus stomata could represent a liability by providing a route for the escape of tumor cells and pathogens from the peritoneal cavity. However, they may represent an asset by providing an accessible route for blood transfusion and for peritoneal dialysis in treating chronic renal failure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Venous architecture in a duplex renal system with crossed fused ectopia: A case report
Authors: Satyapal Kapil S. , Kalideen Jakrishna M. , Mathura Ganas
Published: February 2005

This report presents the renal venous architecture in a case of a duplex kidney with crossed fused ectopia. The renal venous anatomy as defined by venography and resin cast preparation is described. The internal venous flow pattern was demonstrated to be non‐lobar and non‐segmental. Renal vein valves were not observed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomechanical study of human meniscal models
Authors: Tong Xinkang , Tang Xianxin , Zhang Shu
Published: February 2005

This experimental study was undertaken to identify the surface and internal stress distribution and load transmission in menisci under different loading states using a three‐dimensional photoelastic method. These studies were carried out in four series of loading tests on models of menisci. Our observations showed that the stresses of the medial and lateral menisci were concentrated at the central strip of the menisci and that the magnitude of stresses on the superior surfaces of the menisci were greater than that on the inferior surfaces. The load bearing capacity of the lateral menisces where greater than that of the medial one. The results also showed that a complex apparatus, composed of the menisci and other associated structures surrounding the knee joint, plays an important role in the course of force transmission. In addition, the cause of meniscal splitting and the experimental method are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical variations of the coronary perfusion as a basis of myocardial vulnerability to coronary artery occlusion
Authors: Reig J. , Jornet A. , Petit M.
Published: February 2005

The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical explanation for the greater or lesser vulnerabilities of the left ventricular segments in the event of occlusion of each of the main coronary arteries. To this end, we analyzed the arterial perfusion of 1,080 left ventricular segments from 90 human hearts obtained at autopsy. Post‐mortem angiography, dissection, and constriction of an arterial map using the classification of Selvester et al. (1982) were applied. By careful monitoring of the arterial perfusion of each segment we conclude that (1) obstruction of the anterior interventricular artery (AIV) especially affects the superomesial, superoapical, and anteroapical segments; (2) obstruction of the circumflex artery (CX) especially affects the posterobasal and posteromesial segments; and (3) obstruction of the right coronary artery (RC) especially affects the inferobasal and inferomesial segments. Vulnerability of the myocardially segments decreases in those segments which have collateral supply, i.e., those which are only relatively dependent upon a particular coronary artery. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.