bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guest Editorial: The FAMSUP network and its comparative studies of family support for frail older people
Authors: GLASER KAREN , WOLF DOUGLAS A. , TOMASSINI CECILIA
Published: August 2006

The aim of this special issue is to examine the relationships between support for older people and various socio-demographic, cultural and policy factors in selected European countries and the United States, using the international comparative perspective developed by the members of the Family Support for Older People: Determinants and Consequences (FAMSUP) network. Four of the included papers were delivered by network members at a symposium on ‘Family Support for Older People: International Comparisons’ that was held at the International Sociological Association (ISA) Inter-Congress Conference on Ageing Societies and Ageing Sociology: Diversity and Change in a Global World at the University of Surrey, Roehampton, in the suburbs of London (7–9 September 2004). Another paper, by Jim Ogg, a FAMSUP member, and Sylvie Renaut, investigates family networks among older people using data from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE).
“DIONYSIAN ENLIGHTENMENT”: WALTER KAUFMANN'S NIETZSCHE IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: RATNER-ROSENHAGEN JENNIFER
Published: August 2006

Walter Kaufmann's monumental study of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (1950) dramatically transformed Nietzsche interpretations in the postwar United States and rendered Kaufmann himself a dominant figure in transatlantic Nietzsche studies from 1950 until his death in 1980. While the longevity of Kaufmann's hegemony over postwar American Nietzsche interpretations in particular is remarkable, even more so is the fact that he revitalized the career of such a radical thinker in the conservative intellectual climate of the 1950s. Philosophers and historians typically credit Kaufmann with rescuing Nietzsche from the Nazis, but argue that he did so by denaturing Nietzsche's philosophy of power and narrowly transforming him into an existentialist. By contrast, this essay argues that Kaufmann took a much more dramatic step by extending the scope of Nietzsche's philosophy, demonstrating how his ideas resonated with but also transcended the dominant philosophies of the day. Kaufmann presented Nietzsche as a philosopher uniquely poised to bridge the increasing mid-century rift between continental and analytic philosophies, as well as between the increasingly distinct moral worlds of academic philosophers and general readers. At a time when philosophical discourses within the university and beyond were pulling apart, Kaufmann put Nietzsche to work to bring them back together. By emphasizing Nietzsche's harmony with the range of scholarly and popular philosophical concerns of mid-century, he also established, for the first time in the United States, Nietzsche's role as a canonical thinker in the Western tradition.
READING LINCOLN'S MIND
Authors: FOX RICHARD WIGHTMAN
Published: August 2006

Allen C. Guelzo, Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999)

William Lee Miller, Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography (New York: Knopf, 2002)

Stewart Winger, Lincoln, Religion, and Romantic Cultural Politics (Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2003)

Since Good Friday 1865 most Americans have adored their sixteenth president. They venerate him because he so vividly embodies their two most cherished cultural stories—the poor farmer's boy risen to the top, the preacher of charity martyred for his people—while so strikingly surpassing even those mythic achievements. For the masses Lincoln lives on as the visionary emancipator, forgiving warrior, self-taught wordsmith, contemplative sage, and (most miraculous oxymoron of all) honest politician. For intellectuals Lincoln commands allegiance for his reasoned argument, his practical political judgment, his commitment to the principles underlying republican communities, and his tradition-rich eloquence (Shakespeare and the King James Version vying for prominence in his speech with authentic backwoods witticisms). How strange, then, that until Allen Guelzo's Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President appeared in 1999 no historian had written his intellectual biography. Many important studies of Lincoln's thought have been produced, going back to Harry V. Jaffa's 1959 classic Crisis of the House Divided: An Interpretation of the Issues of the Lincoln–Douglas Debates (Guelzo calls it (p. 469) “incontestably the greatest Lincoln book of the [twentieth] century”) and beyond that to William E. Barton's now forgotten The Soul of Abraham Lincoln (1920), a trenchant study of Lincoln's religious thinking. But Guelzo is the first to produce an intellectually disposed life of Lincoln, one that follows the lead of Daniel Walker Howe (most recently expounded in Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln, 1997) by putting Lincoln's “Whig culture” and his distinctive theological musings at the heart of his personal and political story.
BUSINESS AND SOLITUDE
Authors: SKLANSKY JEFFREY
Published: August 2006

Thomas Augst, The Clerk's Tale: Young Men and Moral Life in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003)

Scott A. Sandage, Born Losers: A History of Failure in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005)

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, as the historian William Leach has written, is a fairy tale about faith and capitalism in modern America. First published in 1900, L. Frank Baum's long-loved work tells the story of two ordinary Midwesterners in a country where wishes come true: a farm girl named Dorothy and a phoney wizard whose only real power turns out to be that of “making believe.” By pretending to bestow brains, heart, and courage upon Dorothy's fellow pilgrims, the “great humbug” turns their faith in him into faith in themselves, in the untapped powers they have held all along. “All you need is confidence in yourself,” he says, and his gift makes them rulers in their own lands much as he rules over his. Viewed as a spiritual quest, Dorothy's odyssey is about living in a world with no higher power than oneself. But like Norman Vincent Peale's later bestseller, Baum's sunny story joins the “power of positive thinking” to the Emerald City; the yellow-brick road is also the road to riches, to wondrous works as well as self-fulfilling faith. Like the alternative Americas depicted in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward and more than a hundred other utopian novels of the late 1880s and 1890s, Oz is a promised land where faith supplants politics, less a commonwealth than a common dream.
Die subjektive Wahrnehmung der Trainer-Athlet-Interaktion in Individualsportarten und Mannschaftsspielen
Authors: Pfeffer Ines , Würth Sabine , Alfermann Dorothee
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Am Beispiel des Nachwuchsleistungssports wird der Einfluss der aus Athletensicht wahrgenommenen Trainer-Athlet-Interaktion auf die Leistungsentwicklung und Zufriedenheit junger Sportlerinnen und Sportler in Mannschafts- und Individualsportarten dargestellt. In einer Studie über zwei Messzeitpunkte wurden neben der subjektiven Beurteilung des Führungsverhaltens (Leadership Scale for Sports; LSS) und des motivationalen Trainingsklimas (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sports Questionnaire; PMCSQ) Daten zur Zufriedenheit und Leistungsentwicklung von 212 Sportlern (76 weiblich und 136 männlich) und deren Trainer (5 Frauen und 13 Männer) erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Trainer-Athlet-Interaktion in Abhängigkeit von der Sportart betrachtet werden muss. In Individualsportarten geht die Leistungsentwicklung mit einem hohen Maß an subjektiv wahrgenommenen Instruktionen und einem ausgeprägten aufgabenorientierten Trainingsklima einher und steht in einem negativen Zusammenhang mit der berichteten sozialen Unterstützung. In Mannschaftsspielen hingegen stehen Instruktionen in einem negativen und die soziale Unterstützung in einem positiven Zusammenhang zur Leistungsentwicklung.
Diagnose körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität im Erwachsenenalter
Authors: Woll Alexander
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Vor dem Hintergrund der Suche nach effektiven Maßnahmen in der Prävention und Therapie von Krankheiten einerseits sowie der Frage nach der Bedeutung von körperlich-sportlichen Aktivitäten für eine gesunde Entwicklung über die Lebensspanne hinweg andererseits wird der Beziehung von körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität und Gesundheit seit Jahren nachgegangen. Dabei stellt sich bei vielen Untersuchungen vielfach das Problem, Art und Ausmaß körperlicher bzw. sportlicher Aktivitäten des jeweils interessierenden Personenkreises zu eruieren. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zunächst ein Beitrag zur Konzeptualisierung von körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität geleistet und verschiedene Facetten körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität unter einer gesundheitsorientierten Perspektive abgegrenzt. Diverse methodische Zugangswege zur Erfassung körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität werden vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf ihre Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Der Zugangsweg der Erfassung über Selbstaussagen mittels Fragebogen bei Personen im Erwachsenenalter wird dabei einer besonders intensiven Betrachtung unterzogen. Die empirischen Studien zur Entwicklung von Fragebogen haben in den letzten fünf Jahren vor allem im internationalen Bereich stark zugenommen. Im deutschsprachigen Bereich besteht hingegen noch deutlich Nachholbedarf. Perspektiven - insbesondere für die sportpsychologische Forschung - bestehen in der Entwicklung von Fragebogen, die über die Erhebung des Energieverbrauchs durch körperlich-sportliche Aktivität hinausgehen und vor dem Hintergrund eines biopsychosozialen Gesundheitsverständnisses auch biopsychosoziale Aspekte von körperlich-sportlicher Aktivität in die Erfassung einbeziehen.
Wie entwickelt sich die Volition bei Talenten einer Eliteschule des Sports?
Authors: Szymanski Birgit , Beckmann Jürgen , Elbe Anne-Marie , Müller Dana
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Volition oder Selbstregulation ist ein für sportpraktisches Handeln wichtiges Persönlichkeitsmerkmal. Eine der Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellt, ist, welche Bedingungen die Entwicklung von Volition vermitteln und ob moderne leistungssportliche Verbundsysteme hierbei einen Beitrag leisten. Dazu werden zwei Studien 1 Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts “Persönlichkeits-und Leistungsentwicklung von Sportinternatsschülern in Potsdam“. Dieses Projekt wird durch Forschungsmittel des Bundesinstituts für Sportwissenschaft unter dem Geschäftszeichen VF 0407/1/01 2002 und das Brandenburgische Ministerium für Bildung, Jugend und Sport finanziert. vorgestellt, die die volitionale Entwicklung von Jugendlichen an einer Eliteschule des Sports untersuchen. Anhand des VCQ-II-Fragebogens von Kuhl und Fuhrmann (1997, 1998 ) werden die entsprechenden volitionalen Fertigkeiten gemessen und sowohl querschnittlich (Studie 1) als auch längsschnittlich (Studie 2) ausgewertet. Es zeigen sich bei den Jugendlichen der Eliteschule ausschließlich Entwicklungsvorteile im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe, die aus SchülerInnen einer Regelschule besteht. Bei den Sportschüler/-innen entwickeln sich diejenigen, die im Internat wohnen, insbesondere in der Einstiegsphase, günstiger als ihre zuhause wohnenden Mitschüler/-innen.
Regelanwendung und Game-Management
Authors: Brand Ralf , Neß Wolfgang
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. In der sportwissenschaftlichen Forschung besteht Uneinigkeit darüber, wie die Aufgabe von Schiedsrichtern im Sport angemessen zu beschreiben sei. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, dass Schiedsrichter als Game-Manager und nicht als bloße Instanzen der Regelverwaltung betrachtet werden müssen. Hierzu werden die Daten von 163 Schiedsrichtern herangezogen, darunter sämtliche Spielleiter der 1. Bundesligen Basketball, Handball und Eishockey. In weiteren explorativen Analysen zeigt sich, dass Bundesligaschiedsrichter häufiger als niedrigklassig agierende Schiedsrichter hoch qualifizierten Berufstätigkeiten nachgehen, und dass die berufsbezogene Leistungs- und Führungsmotivation von Bundesligaschiedsrichtern höher als die anderer Schiedsrichter ist. Es wird argumentiert, dass sich diese qualifizierenden Personeneigenschaften gleichermaßen im Leistungsumfeld Beruf, wie auch im Leistungsumfeld Spielleitung günstig auswirken. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zum Schiedsrichter als Spielleiter sind insbesondere im Hinblick auf zukünftige sportpsychologische Analysen von Schiedsrichterentscheidungen bedeutsam.
Körperbild und kognitive Fixierung auf Nahrungsreize bei Bodybuildern und Läufern in Abhängigkeit von Hunger und Sattheit
Authors: Usbeck Christoph , Hachl Peter , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: In bestimmten Sportarten tritt vermehrt gestörtes Essverhalten auf. Als ursächlich hierfür wird eine Fixierung auf Nahrungsreize und ein gestörtes Körperbild angenommen. Fragestellung: Hat bei Freizeitsportlern der Hunger- und Sättigungszustand Einfluss auf die kognitive Fixierung für nahrungs- und körperbezogene Reize und das Körperbild? Methode: Bei Bodybuildern, Läufern und Kontrollpersonen wurde die kognitive Kontrolle des Essverhaltens, die Erinnerungsleistung für Nahrungsworte, Körperworte, Neutrale Worte und Trinkworte sowie die Einschätzung des Körperbildes an Hand der Silhouettenmethode in Abhängigkeit vom Sättigungszustand untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bodybuilder zeigen erhöhte kognitive Kontrolle des Essverhaltens und streben nach muskulöseren Körperformen im Vergleich mit den anderen Gruppen. Die Erinnerungsleistung der Sportler für die Körperworte ist höher als bei Kontrollpersonen. Die Erinnerungsleistung für Nahrungsworte unterscheidet sich nicht zwischen den Gruppen und alle untersuchten Gruppen erinnern im hungrigen Zustand die meisten Nahrungsworte. Die Erinnerungsleistung für die Trinkworte und die neutralen Worte unterschied sich nicht zwischen den Gruppen. Schlussfolgerung: Freizeitsportler scheinen sich zwar stärker als Kontrollpersonen mit ihrem Körper zu beschäftigen, bei ihnen kann aber keine kognitive Fixierung auf Nahrungsreize und keine Störung des Körperbildes festgestellt werden, die als Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren für gestörtes Essverhalten gelten.
Sportliches Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und allgemeiner Selbstwert
Authors: Dickhäuser Oliver , Schrahe Katja
Published: August 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Bedeutung selbst eingeschätzter Fähigkeiten im Sport für den allgemeinen Selbstwert von Jugendlichen wurde geprüft. Es wurde postuliert, dass sich das sportliche Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept umso stärker auf den allgemeinen Selbstwert einer Person auswirkt, je wichtiger der Person Sport ist. Bei N = 386 Schülern wurden das sportliche Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept, die Wichtigkeit von Sport, Sportzensur und der allgemeine Selbstwert erfasst. Regressionsanalysen stützten die Interaktionshypothese, wonach der allgemeine Selbstwert mit zunehmender Wichtigkeit des Fachs Sport stärker durch das sportliche Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept determiniert wird.
Spatial correlation of aftershock locations and on‐fault main shock properties
Authors: Woessner J. , Schorlemmer D. , Wiemer S. , Mai P. M.
Published: August 2006

We quantify the correlation between spatial patterns of aftershock hypocenter locations and the distribution of coseismic slip and stress drop on a main shock fault plane using two nonstandard statistical tests. Test T1evaluates if aftershock hypocenters are located in low‐slip regions (hypothesis H1), test T2evaluates if aftershock hypocenters occur in regions of increased shear stress (hypothesis H2). In the tests, we seek to reject the null hypotheses H0: Aftershock hypocenters are not correlated with (1) low‐slip regions or (2) regions of increased shear stress, respectively. We tested the hypotheses on four strike‐slip events for which multiple earthquake catalogs and multiple finite fault source models of varying accuracy exist. Because we want to retain earthquake clustering as the fundamental feature of aftershock seismicity, we generate slip distributions using a random spatial field model and derive the stress drop distributions instead of generating seismicity catalogs. We account for uncertainties in the aftershock locations by simulating them within their location error bounds. Our findings imply that aftershocks are preferentially located in regions of low‐slip (u≤umax) and of increased shear stress (Δσ < 0). In particular, the correlation is more significant for relocated than for general network aftershock catalogs. However, the results show that stress drop patterns provide less information content on aftershock locations. This implies that static shear stress change of the main shock may not be the governing process for aftershock genesis.
Sea surface temperature fronts in the midlatitude South Atlantic revealed by using microwave satellite data
Authors: Burls N. J. , Reason C. J. C.
Published: August 2006

The Subtropical Convergence or Frontal Zone has been little studied in the central South Atlantic Ocean. Despite limited data, some work has suggested that this feature exists continuously across the South Atlantic. Here, satellite microwave sensed sea surface temperature (SST) data, available from June 2002, are analysed for the existence of frontal gradients in the subtropical to subpolar South Atlantic with focus on the central to eastern region. The frontal locations and SST gradients in the southwest South Atlantic and in the Agulhas Current retroflection region obtained from this satellite data are consistent with those estimated previously from hydrographic observations. Evident in the satellite data is pronounced mesoscale variability in subtropical frontal features, particularly south of Africa, and extending west from the Agulhas Current retroflection to at least the Greenwich meridian, and in the southwest South Atlantic. Over the central to eastern part of the basin, the analysis suggests that there is substantial interannual variability in the strength and latitudinal location of the Northern and Southern Subtropical Front, as defined by Belkin and Gordon (1996). Some of this variability may be related to shifts in the winds, including that in the latitude of the strongest wind stress curl. On seasonal scales, this central to eastern region is also characterised by variations in the frontal intensity but shifts in the position of regions of strong gradients are less obvious. Thus the data indicate that there is no continuous subtropical frontal feature across the basin in terms of surface temperature.
Barotropic tides on the southeast New England shelf: A view from a hybrid data assimilative modeling approach
Authors: He Ruoying , Wilkin John L.
Published: August 2006

A high‐resolution hybrid data assimilative (DA) modeling system is used to study barotropic tides and tidal dynamics on the southeast New England shelf. In situ observations include tidal harmonics of 5 major tidal constituents [M2, S2, N2, O1, and K1] analyzed from coastal sea level and bottom pressure gauges. The DA system consists of both forward and inverse models. The former is the three‐dimensional, finite difference, nonlinear Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The latter is a three‐dimensional linearized, frequency domain, finite element model TRUXTON. The DA system assimilates in situ observations via the inversion for the barotropic tidal open boundary conditions (OBCs). Model skill is evaluated by comparing the misfits between the observed and modeled tidal harmonics. The assimilation scheme is found effective and efficient in correcting the tidal OBCs, which in turn improve ROMS tidal solutions. Up to 50% decreases of model/data misfits are achieved after inverse data assimilation. Co‐amplitude and co‐phase maps and tidal current ellipses for each of 5 tidal constituents are generated, revealing complex tidal variability in this transition region between the tidally amplified Gulf of Maine in the northeast and the tidally much less energetic Middle Atlantic Bight in the southwest. Detailed examinations on the residual circulation, energetics, and momentum balances of the M2 tide reveal the key roles of the unique bottom bathymetry of Nantucket Shoals and the complex coastal geometry in affecting the regional tidal dynamics.
Multicomponent solute transport in soil lysimeters irrigated with waters of different quality
Authors: Gonçalves Maria C. , Šimůnek Jirka , Ramos Tiago B. , Martins José C. , Neves Maria J. , Pires Fernando P.
Published: August 2006

A variety of analytical and numerical models have been developed during the past several decades to predict water and solute transfer processes between the soil surface and the groundwater table. While many models quantifying solute transport in soils usually consider only one solute and severely simplify various chemical interactions, others such as the geochemical module of HYDRUS‐1D consider multiple solutes and their mutual interactions. In this study we use HYDRUS‐1D to analyze water flow and solute transport in three soil lysimeters (1.2 m2 × 1 m) irrigated during the summer months with waters of different quality that were used to evaluate salinization and alkalization hazards. The soil monoliths were constructed in a Eutric Fluvisol in Alentejo, Portugal. The electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigation water varied between 0.4 and 3.2 dS m−1, and the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) varied between 1 and 6 (mmol(c) L−1)0.5, while maintaining a ratio of Ca:Mg equal to 1:2. The soil monoliths were subjected to regular rainfall and leaching during the rest of the year. Water contents and fluxes, concentrations of individual ions (Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), electrical conductivity of the soil solution, SAR, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) indices were monitored from May 2001 to September 2004 at four depths (10, 30, 50, and 70 cm) in all three soil monoliths. Irrigation water with EC up to 1.6 dS m−1 did not cause salinization or alkalization hazards. The rainfall water leached the salts accumulated during the irrigation period down to a depth of 100 cm. Rainfall, however, did not restore the salinity and sodicity of the soil to its original values below a depth of 60 cm for the lysimeter irrigated with water having an EC equal to 3.2 dS m−1. HYDRUS‐1D successfully described field measurements of the water content (R2 = 0.60), overall salinity (R2 = 0.65), and the concentration of individual soluble cations (R2 ranged between 0.62 and 0.78) as well as the sodium adsorption ratio (R2 = 0.87) and the exchangeable sodium percentage (R2 = 0.76).
Variability of remote sensing reflectance and implications for optical remote sensing—A study along the eastern and northeastern waters of Arabian Sea
Authors: Menon Harilal B. , Lotliker Aneesh A. , Moorthy K. Krishna , Nayak Shailesh R.
Published: August 2006

Situated in the eastern and northeastern regions and subjected to similar oceanic processes, the inshore waters north of 20°N and east of 65°E are more optically complex than the offshore waters and waters south of 20°N and east of 65°E. This has been observed through the analysis of variations of the remote sensing reflectance (Rrs(λ)) in the optical spectrum of Electromagnetic radiation. The optical complexity has further been studied through the examination of optically active substances (OAS) such as chlorophyll_a, suspended sediment and coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM). It is found that CDOM is the significant component in making the area optically non‐linear. For the first time multi‐spatial/temporal band‐ratio algorithms are developed to map OAS from these waters through Ocean Colour Monitor flown on IRS – P4 satellite.
MAPK signalling: ERK5 versus ERK1/2
Authors: Nishimoto Satoko , Nishida Eisuke
Published: August 2006

Extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a member of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and, similar to ERK1/2, has the Thr–Glu–Tyr (TEY) activation motif. Both ERK5 and ERK1/2 are activated by growth factors and have an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Moreover, both the ERK5 and the ERK1/2 pathways are sensitive to PD98059 and U0126, which are two well‐known inhibitors of the ERK pathway. Despite these similarities, recent studies have revealed distinctive features of the ERK5 pathway: ERK5 has a key role in cardiovascular development and neural differentiation; ERK5 nuclear translocation is controlled by its own nuclear localizing and nuclear export activities; and the carboxy‐terminal half of ERK5, which follows its kinase catalytic domain, has a unique function.
Structural dissection of the reaction mechanism of cellobiose phosphorylase
Authors: Hidaka Masafumi , Kitaoka Motomitsu , Hayashi Kiyoshi , Wakagi Takayoshi , Shoun Hirofumi , Fushinobu Shinya
Published: August 2006

Cellobiose phosphorylase, a member of the glycoside hydrolase family 94, catalyses the reversible phosphorolysis of cellobiose into α-D-glucose 1-phosphate and D-glucose with inversion of the anomeric configuration. The substrate specificity and reaction mechanism of cellobiose phosphorylase from Cellvibrio gilvus have been investigated in detail. We have determined the crystal structure of the glucose-sulphate and glucose-phosphate complexes of this enzyme at a maximal resolution of 2.0 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm). The phosphate ion is strongly held through several hydrogen bonds, and the configuration appears to be suitable for direct nucleophilic attack to an anomeric centre. Structural features around the sugar-donor and sugar-acceptor sites were consistent with the results of extensive kinetic studies. When we compared this structure with that of homologous chitobiose phosphorylase, we identified key residues for substrate discrimination between glucose and N-acetylglucosamine in both the sugar-donor and sugar-acceptor sites. We found that the active site pocket of cellobiose phosphorylase was covered by an additional loop, indicating that some conformational change is required upon substrate binding. Information on the three-dimensional structure of cellobiose phosphorylase will facilitate engineering of this enzyme, the application of which to practical oligosaccharide synthesis has already been established.
Kinematic description of wave propagation through a chemical diode
Authors: Sendiña-Nadal I. , deCastro M. , Gómez-Gesteira M.
Published: August 2006

The geometry of an active medium can cause wave blocking and induce unidirectional propagation. This well established phenomenon was studied in a previous paper within the framework of the photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction and the associated Oregonator model. In the present paper, as an extension of that study, the main factors that influence this phenomenon are interpreted in terms of a kinematic model.
Large g factors of higher-lying excitons detected with reflectance difference spectroscopy in GaAs-based quantum wells
Authors: Chen Y. H. , Ye X. L. , Xu B. , Wang Z. G. , Yang Z.
Published: August 2006

Exciton g factors in GaAs-based quantum wells (QWs) were evaluated by reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) under a weak magnetic field. The well-width dependence of the n=1 heavy-hole exciton (1H1E) g factor agrees well with the reported results, demonstrating RDS as a sensitive tool for detection of g factor. By comparison, the n=1 light-hole exciton g factor increases with the well width, and shows a larger value than that of 1H1E. In a 20-nm-wide Al0.02Ga0.98As∕AlAs multiple QW sample, the g factors of up to ten excitons are obtained, and the higher-lying exciton g factors are found to be one order larger than that of the 1H1E exciton.
Electrical characterization of ZnO-based homojunctions
Authors: Lu J. G. , Ye Z. Z. , Yuan G. D. , Zeng Y. J. , Zhuge F. , Zhu L. P. , Zhao B. H. , Zhang S. B.
Published: August 2006

Electrical characteristics have been studied for ZnO p-n and p-i-n homojunctions, with optimization of device structures for improved performance. Capacitance-voltage measurements confirm the formation of abrupt junctions. The current-voltage characteristics exhibit their inherent electrical rectification behavior. The p-ZnO:(N,Al)∕n-ZnO:Al homojunctions fabricated on sapphire substrates combining with the intrinsic ZnO buffer layer have acceptable p-n diode characteristics, with the forward turn-on voltage of 1.4V and the reverse breakdown voltage of 5.3V. By introduction of an intrinsic (Zn,Cd)O layer, the resultant p-ZnO:(N,Al)∕i-(Zn,Cd)O∕n-ZnO:Al homojunction exhibits a high reverse breakdown voltage of ∼18V.
GaAs nanowires on Si substrates grown by a solid source molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Ihn Soo-Ghang , Song Jong-In , Kim Young-Hun , Lee Jeong Yong
Published: August 2006

High-quality Au-catalyzed GaAs nanowires were grown on Si substrates by vapor-liquid-solid growth in a solid source molecular beam epitaxy system. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal that the GaAs nanowires were epitaxially grown on Si substrates with uniform diameters along the nanowires. While GaAs nanowires on Si(111) and (001) substrates were mainly grown along the ⟨111⟩ direction with zinc-blende and wurtzite structures, unusual GaAs nanowires grown along ⟨001⟩ with a pure zinc-blende structure were also observed. Strong photoluminescence was observed from GaAs nanowires grown on a Si(001) substrate at room temperature.
Recovery of subalpine grasslands from bushfire
Authors: Bear Roxana , Pickering Catherine Marina
Published: August 2006

In January–February 2003 bushfires burnt 1.75 million hectares of the Australian Alps, including >70% of the subalpine zone of Kosciuszko National Park. The recovery of subalpine grasslands 1 year after these fires was examined by comparing vegetation between paired unburnt and burnt plots at six subalpine grassland sites. Although the cover of vegetation at these sites had largely recovered, there were still differences between unburnt and burnt plots. For example, there were large areas of bare ground (19% v. <1%) in the burnt plots and less vegetative cover (56% v. 87%). The above-ground biomass of the recovering vegetation was much lower, 10% of that in unburnt plots, well below the levels required for adequate soil protection. Weeds did not appear to have spread post-fire, although this may not be the case in burnt areas adjacent to weed seed sources. Both cover and biomass of burnt areas will continue to increase provided there is limited disturbance in the future. Recovery will be uneven, owing to the inherent variability of subalpine grasslands, patchiness in the severity of the fire and differences in post-fire conditions.
Indispensability of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1 to brain development
Authors: Matsugami Toshiko R. , Tanemura Kentaro , Mieda Michihiro , Nakatomi Reiko , Yamada Keiko , Kondo Takashi , Ogawa Masaharu , Obata Kunihiko , Watanabe Masahiko , Hashikawa Tsutomu , Tanaka Kohichi
Published: August 2006

Previous
in vitro
studies have shown that the neurotransmitter glutamate is important in brain development. Paradoxically, loss-of-function mouse models of glutamatergic signaling that are generated by genetic deletion of glutamate receptors or glutamate release show normal brain assembly. We examined the direct consequences on brain development of extracellular glutamate buildup due to the depletion of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1. GLAST/GLT1 double knockout mice show multiple brain defects, including cortical, hippocampal, and olfactory bulb disorganization with perinatal mortality. Here, we report abnormal formation of the neocortex in GLAST/GLT1 mutants. Several essential aspects of neuronal development, such as stem cell proliferation, radial migration, neuronal differentiation, and survival of SP neurons, were impaired. These results provide direct
in vivo
evidence that GLAST and GLT1 are necessary for brain development through regulation of extracellular glutamate concentration and show that an important mechanism is likely to be maintenance of glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission.
Caenorhabditis elegans
ortholog of a diabetes susceptibility locus:
oga-1
(
O
-GlcNAcase) knockout impacts
O
-GlcNAc cycling, metabolism, and dauer
Authors: Forsythe Michele E. , Love Dona C. , Lazarus Brooke D. , Kim Eun Ju , Prinz William A. , Ashwell Gilbert , Krause Michael W. , Hanover John A.
Published: August 2006

A dynamic cycle of O-linked
N
-acetylglucosamine (
O
-GlcNAc) addition and removal acts on nuclear pore proteins, transcription factors, and kinases to modulate cellular signaling cascades. Two highly conserved enzymes (
O
-GlcNAc transferase and
O
-GlcNAcase) catalyze the final steps in this nutrient-driven “hexosamine-signaling pathway.” A single nucleotide polymorphism in the human
O
-GlcNAcase gene is linked to type 2 diabetes. Here, we show that
Caenorhabditis elegans oga-1
encodes an active
O
-GlcNAcase. We also describe a knockout allele,
oga-1(ok1207)
, that is viable and fertile yet accumulates
O
-GlcNAc on nuclear pores and other cellular proteins. Interfering with
O
-GlcNAc cycling with either
oga-1(ok1207)
or the
O
-GlcNAc transferase-null
ogt-1(ok430)
altered Ser- and Thr-phosphoprotein profiles and increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) levels. Both the
oga-1(ok1207)
and
ogt-1(ok430)
strains showed elevated stores of glycogen and trehalose, and decreased lipid storage. These striking metabolic changes prompted us to examine the insulin-like signaling pathway controlling nutrient storage, longevity, and dauer formation in the
C. elegans O
-GlcNAc cycling mutants. Indeed, we found that the
oga-1(ok1207)
knockout augmented dauer formation induced by a temperature sensitive insulin-like receptor (
daf-2
) mutant under conditions in which the
ogt-1(ok430)
-null diminished dauer formation. Our findings suggest that the enzymes of
O
-GlcNAc cycling “fine-tune” insulin-like signaling in response to nutrient flux. The knockout of
O
-GlcNAcase (
oga-1
) in
C. elegans
mimics many of the metabolic and signaling changes associated with human insulin resistance and provides a genetically amenable model of non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Phonological typicality influences on-line sentence comprehension
Authors: Farmer Thomas A. , Christiansen Morten H. , Monaghan Padraic
Published: August 2006

Since Saussure, the relationship between the sound and the meaning of words has been regarded as largely arbitrary. Here, however, we show that a probabilistic relationship exists between the sound of a word and its lexical category. Corpus analyses of nouns and verbs indicate that the phonological properties of the individual words in these two lexical categories form relatively separate and coherent clusters, with some nouns sounding more typical of the noun category than others and likewise for verbs. Additional analyses reveal that the phonological properties of nouns and verbs affect lexical access, and we also demonstrate the influence of such properties during the on-line processing of both simple unambiguous and syntactically ambiguous sentences. Thus, although the sound of a word may not provide cues to its specific meaning, phonological typicality, the degree to which the sound properties of an individual word are typical of other words in its lexical category, affects both word- and sentence-level language processing. The findings are consistent with a perspective on language comprehension in which sensitivity to multiple syntactic constraints in adulthood emerges as a product of language-development processes that are driven by the integration of multiple cues to linguistic structure, including phonological typicality.
The putatively functional
Mkrn1-p1
pseudogene is neither expressed nor imprinted, nor does it regulate its source gene in trans
Authors: Gray Todd A. , Wilson Alison , Fortin Patrick J. , Nicholls Robert D.
Published: August 2006

A recently promoted genome evolution model posits that mammalian pseudogenes can regulate their founding source genes, and it thereby ascribes an important function to “junk DNA.” This model arose from analysis of a serendipitous mouse mutant in which a transgene insertion/deletion caused severe polycystic kidney disease and osteogenesis imperfecta with ≈80% perinatal lethality, when inherited paternally [Hirotsune, S.,
et al
. (2003)
Nature
423, 91–96]. The authors concluded that the transgene reduced the expression of a nearby transcribed and imprinted pseudogene,
Mkrn1-p1
. This reduction in chromosome 5-imprinted
Mkrn1-p1
transcripts was proposed to destabilize the cognate chromosome 6
Mkrn1
source gene mRNA, with a partial reduction in one
Mkrn1
isoform leading to the imprinted phenotype. Here, we show that 5’
Mkrn1-p1
is fully methylated on both alleles, a pattern indicative of silenced chromatin, and that
Mkrn1-p1
is not transcribed and therefore cannot stabilize
Mkrn1
transcripts in trans. A small, truncated, rodent-specific
Mkrn1
transcript explains the product erroneously attributed to
Mkrn1-p1
. Additionally,
Mkrn1
expression is not imprinted, and 5’
Mkrn1
is fully unmethylated. Finally, mice in which
Mkrn1
has been directly disrupted show none of the phenotypes attributed to a partial reduction of
Mkrn1
. These data contradict the previous suggestions that
Mkrn1-p1
is imprinted, and that either it or its source
Mkrn1
gene relates to the original imprinted transgene phenotype. This study invalidates the data upon which the pseudogene trans-regulation model is based and therefore strongly supports the view that mammalian pseudogenes are evolutionary relics.
A KaiC-associating SasA–RpaA two-component regulatory system as a major circadian timing mediator in cyanobacteria
Authors: Takai Naoki , Nakajima Masato , Oyama Tokitaka , Kito Ryotaku , Sugita Chieko , Sugita Mamoru , Kondo Takao , Iwasaki Hideo
Published: August 2006

KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC clock proteins from cyanobacteria and ATP are sufficient to reconstitute the KaiC phosphorylation rhythm
in vitro
, whereas almost all gene promoters are under the control of the circadian clock. The mechanism by which the KaiC phosphorylation cycle drives global transcription rhythms is unknown. Here, we report that RpaA, a potential DNA-binding protein that acts as a cognate response regulator of the KaiC-interacting kinase SasA, mediates between KaiC phosphorylation and global transcription rhythms. Circadian transcription was severely attenuated in
sasA
(
Synechococcus adaptive sensor A
)- and
rpaA
(
regulator of phycobilisome-associated
)-mutant cells, and the phosphotransfer activity from SasA to RpaA changed dramatically depending on the circadian state of a coexisting Kai protein complex
in vitro
. We propose a model in which the SasA–RpaA two-component system mediates time signals from the enzymatic oscillator to drive genome-wide transcription rhythms in cyanobacteria. Moreover, our results indicate the presence of secondary output pathways from the clock to transcription control, suggesting that multiple pathways ensure a genome-wide circadian system.
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is an
in vivo
suppressor of colon tumorigenesis
Authors: Myung Seung-Jae , Rerko Ronald M. , Yan Min , Platzer Petra , Guda Kishore , Dotson Angela , Lawrence Earl , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Lovgren Alysia Kern , Luo Guangbin , Pretlow Theresa P. , Newman Robert A. , Willis Joseph , Dawson Dawn , Markowitz Sanford D.
Published: August 2006

15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a prostaglandin-degrading enzyme that is highly expressed in normal colon mucosa but is ubiquitously lost in human colon cancers. Herein, we demonstrate that 15-PGDH is active
in vivo
as a highly potent suppressor of colon neoplasia development and acts in the colon as a required physiologic antagonist of the prostaglandin-synthesizing activity of the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) oncogene. We first show that 15-PGDH gene knockout induces a marked 7.6-fold increase in colon tumors arising in the Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mouse model. Furthermore, 15-PGDH gene knockout abrogates the normal resistance of C57BL/6J mice to colon tumor induction by the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM), conferring susceptibility to AOM-induced adenomas and carcinomas
in situ
. Susceptibility to AOM-induced tumorigenesis is mediated by a marked induction of dysplasia, proliferation, and cyclin D1 expression throughout microscopic aberrant crypt foci arising in 15-PGDH null colons and is concomitant with a doubling of prostaglandin E
2
in 15-PGDH null colonic mucosa. A parallel role for 15-PGDH loss in promoting the earliest steps of colon neoplasia in humans is supported by our finding of a universal loss of 15-PGDH expression in microscopic colon adenomas recovered from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, including adenomas as small as a single crypt. These models thus delineate the
in vivo
significance of 15-PGDH-mediated negative regulation of the COX-2 pathway and moreover reveal the particular importance of 15-PGDH in opposing the neoplastic progression of colonic aberrant crypt foci.
The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus as a putative food-entrainable circadian pacemaker
Authors: Mieda Michihiro , Williams S. Clay , Richardson James A. , Tanaka Kohichi , Yanagisawa Masashi
Published: August 2006

Temporal restriction of feeding can phase-shift behavioral and physiological circadian rhythms in mammals. These changes in biological rhythms are postulated to be brought about by a food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) that is independent of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. However, the neural substrates of FEO have remained elusive. Here, we carried out an unbiased search for mouse brain region(s) that exhibit a rhythmic expression of the
Period
genes in a feeding-entrainable manner. We found that the compact part of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) demonstrates a robust oscillation of
mPer
expression only under restricted feeding. The oscillation persisted for at least 2 days even when mice were given no food during the expected feeding period after the establishment of food-entrained behavioral rhythms. Moreover, refeeding after fasting rapidly induced a transient
mPer
expression in the same area of DMH. Taken in conjunction with recent findings (
i
) that behavioral expression of food-entrainable circadian rhythms is blocked by cell-specific lesions of DMH in rats and (
ii
) that DMH neurons directly project to orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, which are essential for proper expression of food-entrained behavioral rhythms, the present study suggests that DMH plays a key role as a central FEO in the feeding-mediated regulation of circadian behaviors.
Reconstitution of paired T cell receptor α- and β-chains from microdissected single cells of human inflammatory tissues
Authors: Seitz Sabine , Schneider Christian K. , Malotka Joachim , Nong Xiao , Engel Andrew G. , Wekerle Hartmut , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Dornmair Klaus
Published: August 2006

We describe a strategy to “revive” putatively pathogenic T cells from frozen specimens of human inflammatory target organs. To distinguish pathogenic from irrelevant bystander T cells, we focused on cells that were (i) clonally expanded and (ii) in direct morphological contact with a target cell. Using CDR3 spectratyping, we identified clonally expanded T cell receptor (TCR) β-chains in muscle sections of patients with inflammatory muscle diseases. By immunohistochemistry, we identified those Vβ-positive T cells that fulfilled the morphological criteria of myocytotoxicity and isolated them by laser microdissection. Next, we identified coexpressed pairs of TCR α- and β-chains by a multiplex PCR protocol, which allows the concomitant amplification of both chains from single cells. This concomitant amplification had not been achieved previously in histological sections, mainly because of the paucity of available anti-α-chain antibodies and the great heterogeneity of the α-chain genes. From muscle tissue of a patient with polymyositis, we isolated 64 T cells that expressed an expanded Vβ1 chain. In 23 of these cells, we identified the corresponding α-chain. Twenty of these 23 α-chains were identical, suggesting antigen-driven selection. After functional reconstitution of the αβ-pairs, their antigen-recognition properties could be studied. Our results open avenues for combined analysis of the full TCR α- and β-chain repertoire in human inflammatory tissues.
Structure of the nuclear exosome component Rrp6p reveals an interplay between the active site and the HRDC domain
Authors: Midtgaard Søren F. , Assenholt Jannie , Jonstrup Anette Thyssen , Van Lan B. , Jensen Torben Heick , Brodersen Ditlev E.
Published: August 2006

The multisubunit eukaryotic exosome is an essential RNA processing and degradation machine. In its nuclear form, the exosome associates with the auxiliary factor Rrp6p, which participates in both RNA processing and degradation reactions. The crystal structure of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Rrp6p displays a conserved RNase D core with a flanking HRDC (helicase and RNase D C-terminal) domain in an unusual conformation shown to be important for the processing function of the enzyme. Complexes with AMP and UMP, the products of the RNA degradation process, reveal how the protein specifically recognizes ribonucleotides and their bases. Finally,
in vivo
mutational studies show the importance of the domain contacts for the processing function of Rrp6p and highlight fundamental differences between the protein and its prokaryotic RNase D counterparts.
Time course of changes inin vitrolipolysis of intra-abdominal fat depots in relation to high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in rats
Authors: Collin Pascal , Chapados Natalie , Dufresne Elise , Corriveau Pierre , Imbeault Pascal , Lavoie Jean-Marc
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the present study was to determine the time course of changes inin vitrolipolysis and in perilipin content (Western blot) in the mesenteric and/or the retroperitoneal fat depots in relation to the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to a high-fat diet (HF diet; 42% as kJ) or a standard diet (SD diet) for 1, 2, 3 or 8 weeks. Fat accretion in the mesenteric and retroperitoneal tissues was higher (P<0·01) in HF diet-fed than in SD diet-fed rats as soon as 1 week after the beginning of the diet. Liver triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly (P<0·01) higher in HF diet-fed than in SD diet-fed rats throughout the experiment, the highest values being reached at week 2 of the diet. Basal and stimulated lipolysis (10−4to 10−7m-isoproterienol) in the mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat depots was not changed during the first 3 weeks, regardless of the diet. Lipolysis in the mesenteric adipose tissue in the basal and stimulated states was, however, higher (P<0·01) in HF diet-fed than in SD diet-fed rats after 8 weeks of the diets. There were no significant (P>0·05) effects of diet and time on perilipin content of mesenteric tissue. In spite of a rapid fat accretion, the present results do not provide any evidence of a rapid (3 weeks) increase inin vitrolipolysis in intra-abdominal fat depots upon the undertaking of an HF diet at a time where liver lipid infiltration is the most significant.