bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Alga Merah (Kappaphycus alvarezii) terhadap Mutu Ikan Kembung (Rastrelliger sp.) [ Effect of Red Algae (Kappaphycus alvarezii) on The Quality of Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.)]
Authors: Tjahjaningsih Wahju , Nafisyah Ayu Lana , Kusdarwati Rahayu , Abdillah Annur Ahadi
Published: February 2019

Abstract Kembung fish (Rastrelliger sp.) is a pelagic fish with high catching production volumes. The high catching volume require the fishermen and traders to maintain the quality of fish because fish is highly perishable product. Formalin abbuse as a substance to inhibit deterioration of fish induce natural substances exploration as formalin substitute in the field. One of these natural substances which widely cultivated in Indonesia is Kappaphycus alvarezii. This study aim to determine the effect of red algae (K.alvarezii) on the quality of kembung fish. The research method is experimental with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment used is different soaking solution concentration, namely A (K.alvarezii 0%), B (K.alvarezii 25%), C (K.alvarezii 50%), D (K.alvarezii 75%) and E (formalin 1%) with four repetitions in each treatment. The primary parameters measured were the total bacterial count and organoleptic of kembung fish. The secondary parameters measured were pH of kembung fish meat. The data analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANAVA) and the differences between treatments were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the red algae (K.alvarezii) with concentrations 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% significantly (p<0,05) on the quality of kembung fish. K.alvarezii able to inhibit the bacterial growth, but the organoleptic value (visibility, odor and texture) is lower than formalin. Based on these results, further research is needed regarding the use of appropriate concentrations so that the quality of kembung fish maintained as before the treatment (either from the total bacterial count and organoleptic value).
Teknik Dasar Histologi pada Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) [ The Basic Histology Technique of Gouramy Fish (Osphronemus gourami)]
Authors: Manan Abdul , Pratiwi Harini Citra
Published: February 2019

Abstract Histology is science that learns about cell,organ, and body tissues in a microscopic condition. Whereas science that learns about morbidity or patology of a tissue that’s called as histopatology. Both of normal tissue’s structure and abnormal tissue’s stucturecan be learned by microscopic in a tissue preparation. This preparation made through processing of tissue until the preparation coloured. Then histology’s structure can be watched clearly so that make it easy to read. Field Work Practice purpose (PKL) this is to know the basic histoloy technique in fish. This Field Work Practice was held in Balai Uji Standar Karantina Ikan Pengendalian Mutu dan Keamanan Hasil Perikanan (BUSKIPM) Jl. Harapan I No. 01A Cilangkap, East Jakarta on 14th January 2013 until 14th February 2013. The method of this Field Work Practice is descriptive method by collecting data through primary data and secondary data. The histology technique in fish are tissue fixation, trimming (tissue selection), tissue dehydration, the tissue block making, tissue cutting, tissue colouring, and tissue observation. From the result got from the gourami’s tissue, there are edema and infestation of metacercaria parasites and myxosporidia in gill normal intestine tissue, normal liver tissue, and normal spleen tissue
Pengaruh Perasan Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) terhadap Kerusakan Telur Argulus japonicus [The Influence of Papaya Seed (Carica papaya) Toward The Damage Eggs of Argulus japonicus]
Authors: Kismiyati Kismiyati , Subekti Sri , Noor Inaya Ade Fitri
Published: February 2019

Abstract Argulus japonicus being parasite with blood sucking the host, do infestations by piercing the skin of the host through a maxillule and preoral stylet. The infestation causes ulceration and bleeding, thus giving access to secondary infection by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and causes death. The act of controlling against Argulus japonicus can be done by reduce in population which began in eggs stadium. Control over A.japonicus can use natural insecticide that is papaya seeds. Papaya seeds contain the active substance that are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids which act as a natural insecticide. The research design was a completely randomized design with a treatment that were 0 ppt, 70 ppt, 80 ppt, 90 ppt, 100 ppt, and five replications. Data were analyzed by using analysis variance (ANAVA). The results showed that the juice of papaya seeds affect the egg damage of Argulus japonicus. Concentration of 100 ppt juice of papaya seeds can broken A. japonicus eggs with the largest percentage is 100%. Concentration of 90 ppt that percentage of eggs of A. japonicus were damaged by 83%, 74,25% of 80 ppt concentration, 59% of 70 ppt concentration, and 0% of control. Optimal concentration of papaya seeds which resulted in the amount of damage more than 50% of Argulus japonicus eggs is 80 ppt.
Pengaruh Kedalaman Sarang Penetasan Penyu Hijau (Chelonia mydas) terhadap Masa Inkubasi dan Persentase Keberhasilan Penetasan di Pantai Sukamade, Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, Banyuwangi Jawa Timur [Effect of Nesting Site Depth of Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) on the Incubation Period and Hatching Success Percentage in Sukamade Beach, Meru Betiri National Park, Banyuwangi in East Java]
Authors: Sulmartiwi Laksmi , Tjahjaningsih Wahju , R. Putera Abang Aldhian
Published: February 2019

Abstract Indonesia is an archipelago that is rich in diversity of flora and fauna. One of these is a wealth of fauna species of sea turtles. All species of sea turtles in the world by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) put in Appendix I as endangered and protected and not allowed to be traded. The purpose of this study was to determine effect the ratio of the depth from nest egg incubation and hatching percentage of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nests at different depths in Sukamade, Betiri Meru National Park, Banyuwangi, East Java. The design of the study is a randomized block design (RGD). The groups as replicates for RGD, between groups or experimental material media are considered uniform. The results showed that the average incubation period was 58.87 +0.39 days, then the results were followed by Duncan's multiple range test, which showed that the highest yield obtained by the depth of 50 cm wasn’t significantly different (p> 0.05) with depth of 30 cm and 70 cm. While the results obtained at the lowest depth of 90 cm was significantly different (p <0.05) with the other depth (30 cm, 50 cm and 70 cm). While the percentage of hatching success obtained in average hatching was 88.12 + 0.38%. The Duncan's multiple range test analysis, showed that at a depth of 70 cm were not significantly different (p <0.05) from depth of 50 cm, but 70 and 50 cm depth was significantly different (p> 0.05) from another depth. Whereas the lowest hatching results obtained on depth of 90 cm are significantly different (p> 0.05) from the other depth (30 cm, 50 cm and 70 cm). The conclusion of this study was different depth of green turtle nests affect the egg incubation period and the percentage of egg hatching success of green turtles.
Substitusi Silase Secara Kimiawi Limbah Padat Surimi Ikan Swanggi (Priacanthus macracanthus) Pada Tepung Ikan Terhadap Retensi Protein Dan Retensi Lemak Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)
[Silage substitution Chemically Solid Waste Surimi Fish Swanggi (Priacanthus macracanthus) on to Retention Protein Fish Meal and Retention Fat Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)]
Authors: Subekti Sri , Arief Muhammad , Prakosa Yudha Galih Candra
Published: February 2019

AbstrakIkan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) merupakan suatu komoditas perikanan air tawar yang bernilai ekonomis. Permasalahan yang saat ini dihadapi dalam budidaya ikan nila adalah harga bahan pakan terutama tepung ikan semakin mahal. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggantikan tepung ikan dengan limbah padat surimi ikan swanggi (Priacanthus macracanthus) secara kimiawi. Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh substitusi limbah padat surimi ikan swanggi (Priaacanthus macracanthus) secara kimiawi pada tepung ikan terhadap laju pertumbuhan dan efisiensi pakan ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Analisa statistik menggunakan Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) supaya dapat mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian didapatkan hasil bahwa substitusi limbah padat dari surimi ikan swanggi (Priacanthus macracanthus) secara kimia pada tepung ikan tidak berbeda nyata (p>0,05) terhadap retensi protein dengan nilai P0(7,97), P1(9,26), P2(7,07), P3(11,02) dan retensi lemak ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) P0(4,09), P1(5,67), P2 (4,53), P3 (6,73) tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (P>0,05). Kualitas air media pemeliharaan ikan nila adalah suhu 26-28 °C, Oksigen terlarut 5-8 mg/l, pH 7-8, Amonia 0-1,5 mg/l. Abstract Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fishery commodities that have economic value. The problems currently faced in tilapia fish farming is the price of feed ingredients, especially the more expensive fish meal. Efforts to do is replace fish meal with fish surimi swanggi solid waste (Priaacanthus macracanthus) chemically. This study aimed to determine the effect of substitution of solid waste swanggi fish surimi (Priaacanthus macracanthus) chemically in fish meal on the rate of growth and feed efficiency of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study uses an experimental method with completely randomized design (CRD). Statistical analysis using the Analysis of Variant (ANOVA) to determine the effect of treatment. Based on the results of the study showed that the substitution of solid waste swanggi fish surimi (Priacanthus macracanthus) chemical in fish meal did not significantly difference (p> 0.05) on the protein fish meal in the value of P0(7,97), P1(9,26), P3(7,07), P3(11,02)and retention fat tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) P0(4,09), P1(5,67), P2 (4,53), P3 (6,73) did not showed significantly difference (P>0.05). Maintenance of water quality media tilapia is 26-28 ° C temperature, dissolved oxygen 5-8 mg / l, pH 7-8, Ammonia 0-1.5 mg / l.
Pengembangan Eco-Geotourism Geopark Merangin Jambi
Authors: Wibowo Yudha Gusti , Zahar Wahyudi , Syarifuddin Hutwan , Ananda Rizki
Published: February 2019

Indonesia merupakan Negara yang kaya akan sumberdaya alam dan budaya sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dalam sektor pariwisata. Indonesia memiliki 3 warisan dunia, 50 taman nasional dan 7 geopark yang dapat dikembangkan secara eco-geotourism. Pengembangan eco-geotourism adalah salah satu upaya mengembangkan sumberdaya geologi berkelanjutan dengan menyeimbangkan aspek ekonomi, lingkungan dan sosial. Salah satu geopark terdapat di Kabupaten Merangin Provinsi Jambi. Geopark Merangin Jambi menjadi salah satu tujuan wisata baru karena memiliki keanekaragaman geologi, keanekaragaman hayati dan keanekaragaman budaya yang tinggi. Geopark mempunyai manfaat secara ekonomi, pendidikan, sosial dan budaya. Pengelolaannya memerlukan perencanaan yang dapat menjamin keberlanjutan fungsi dan manfaat tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk megetahui strategi pengembangan eco-geotourism Geopark Merangin Jambi dan menentukan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan eco-geotourism Geopark Merangin Jambi. Analisis data menggunakan metode SWOT, hasil penelitian menunjukkan selisih antara kekuatan dan kelemahan sebesar 1,026 dan selisih antara peluang dan ancaman sebesar -0,513, hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa upaya yang dilakukan selama ini masih lemah sehingga diperlukan diversifikasi strategi untuk mengembangkan eco-geotourism Geopark Merangin Jambi. Diversifikasi strategi yang harus dibangun meliputi: (1) perbaikan infrakturtur kawasan Geopark Merangin Jambi; (2) melakuan publikasi secara intens; (3) mengadakan festival budaya dan kuliner secara berkelanjutan dan; (4) menumbuhkan ekonomi kreatif di kawasan Geopark Merangin Jambi.
Will Problems Arise When Banks are Exempted from Thin Capitalization Regulation?
Authors: Saragih Arfah Habib
Published: February 2019

This research was intended to provide empirical evidences that the exemption of banks from Minister of Finance Decree Number 169/PMK.010/2015 did not raise any significant problem on banks tax avoidance which was measured by effective tax rates. Quantitative method was used in this study by conducting regression-fixed effects method on unbalanced panel data. This study found that thin capitalization in banks did not impact effective tax rates significantly. Present research also found that the banks size and profitability were other determinants of the level of tax avoidance in the banks sample. Bank size and profitability had a significant and negative effect on effective tax rate.
Implementación de procedimientos conductuales: Efectos en la alta post tratamiento del usuario de drogas
Authors: Félix Romero Violeta , Morales Chainé Silvia , Santoyo Velasco Carlos
Published: February 2019

Introducción: Los altos índices de deserción y recaídas son un reto en la implementación de intervenciones en adicciones. El nivel en que los terapeutas implementan procedimientos y promueven el egreso exitoso del usuario ha sido poco explorado. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre la conclusión de la intervención y el nivel de implementación de procedimientos conductuales a través de la observación del terapeuta en interacción con el usuario en escenarios naturales. Metodología: Participaron 109 terapeutas y 270 usuarios con nivel de abuso de alcohol, marihuana o cocaína. Se diseñó la Lista Cotejable del Nivel de Implementación de Intervenciones Breves en Adicciones que identifica el porcentaje de implementación de procedimientos. Los terapeutas implementaron la intervención y las sesiones fueron video-grabadas previa firma de consentimiento informado. Un asesor observó y retroalimentó la ejecución del terapeuta en cada sesión vía correo electrónico. Resultados: La implementación del terapeuta de los procedimientos de establecimiento de metas, planeación de conducta alternativa y ensayos conductuales predicen la conclusión de la intervención. Conclusiones: Los resultados son congruentes con literatura previa, identificando una dosis mínima de implementación de procedimientos específicos requerida para promover la efectividad de la intervención.Palabras clave: adicciones, implementación, intervenciones breves, investigación traslacional.
Survival of Young Cold-hardened `Hamlin' Orange Trees at – 6.7C
Authors: Yelenosky George
Published: February 2019

Potted greenhouse-grown, l-year-old `Hamlin' orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees on 1.5-year-old rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock were temperature-conditioned for 6 consecutive weeks in a controlled-environment room to test cold-hardening ability. Holding at 15.6 ± 0.6C during 12-hr days [425 μmol·s-1·m-2 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) at top of trees] and 4.4C during nights resulted in 100% tree survival and no leaf loss “after 4 hr of – 6.7C in a dark freeze test room. Unhardened greenhouse trees were killed to rootstock. Solute efflux (dS·m-1) from unhardened frozen leaves was > 20-fold that from frozen leaves on hardened trees and nonfrozen leaves on unhardened trees. Oxygen uptake was not significantly impaired in frozen hardened leaves. No 02 uptake was evident for frozen unhardened leaves.
Adventitious Shoot Regeneration and Plant Production from Explants of Apios americana
Authors: Wickremesinhe E.R.M. , Blackmon W.J. , Reynolds B.D.
Published: February 2019

Shoots were regenerated from callus of Apios americana Medikus (apios, groundnut) using internodal explants from in vitro-germinated seedlings and from sprouted tubers on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Shoot regeneration was observed over a range of 2iP and IBA combinations. GA3 increased the number of shoots regenerated per epicotyl explant. The most efficient regeneration (≈90%) was with internodal epicotyl explants on 100 μm 2iP, 0.5 μm IBA, and 1.5 μm GA3. Regenerated shoots were rooted on liquid and solid MS medium with 0.5 μm IBA; however, rooting was more successful on the liquid medium. About 60% of rooted plants were successfully established in pots. Chemical names used: N-(3-methyl2-butenyl)-1 H-purin-6-amine (2iP), 1 H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), gibberellic acid (G A3).
Analysis of Recent Enrollment Trends and Recruiting Strategies in Horticulture
Authors: Rhodus W. Timothy
Published: February 2019

A survey of bachelor degree programs in the United States indicated that horticultural enrollment declined 4.4% between 1986 and 1988. Programs that increased enrollment (39% of those responding) were more likely to use various recruitment materials and activities than were those with declining or no change in enrollment (48% and 13%, respectively). Supply of students and time required to recruit were most often reported as high priority issues. The percentage of new majors recently graduated from high school had declined in 43% of the programs, but increases were reported in students age 22 and above, no prior horticultural experience, and interested in a part-time program. Both the direct approach, open house or personal visit, and the indirect approach, students and alumni promoting the program, were reported as effective recruitment activities.
Micropropagation of the Aquatic Plant Cryptocoryne lucens
Authors: Kane Michael E. , Gilman Edward F. , Jenks Matthew A. , Sheehan Thomas J.
Published: February 2019

Procedures for in vitro establishment, rapid shoot proliferation, and ex vitro plantlet acclimatization of Cryptocoryne lucens de Witt were determined. Shoot cultures were established from surface-sterilized shoot tips cultured on Linsmaier and Skoog salts and vitamins medium (LS) solidified with 0.8% (w/v) agar and supplemented with 2.0 μm BA and 0.5 μm NAA. The effect of BA (0 to 20 μm) and 0.5 μm NAA on shoot multiplication from single-node and clustered triple-node shoot explants was determined after 35 days. The most efficient shoot proliferation (7.7 shoots/explant) occurred from single-node shoot explants cultured on LS + 20 μm BA and 0.5 μm NAA. Maximum plantlet establishment was achieved by direct sticking of triple-node (cluster) microcuttings in either soilless planting medium or polyurethane foam cubes. Production of highly branched salable plants from microcuttings was possible within 18 weeks. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
YIELD OF CUCUMBER SEEDED WITH GEL AND FUNGICIDES IN CONSERVATION TILLAGE
Authors: Ghate Suhas R. , Sumner Donald R. , Phatak Sharad C.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber crop was established in conservation tillage from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil + metalaxyl) were mixed with gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with gel was similar to drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no added advantage of using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. In fact, germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally-prepared soil than in conservation tillage.
TRANSPLANT CONDITIONING AND IRRIGATION FOR DESERT CAULIFLOWER STAND ESTABLISHMENT
Authors: McGrady John , Tilt Phil
Published: February 2019

Transplant nutrient conditioning for desert cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) production has enhanced transplant shock recovery, earliness and increased yield; partial defoliation and traditional hardening may also be effective. `Snowcrown' seedlings fertilized with 50, 150 or 450 mg N 1-1 were clipped to remove 0, 45, 60 or 98% of their leaf area. High root-shoot ratios in the 98% defoliated plants may have resulted in elevated transpiration in new leaves but neither high N conditioning nor defoliation enhanced survival or increased yield. Seedlings raised with 100, 200 or 400 mg N 1-1 were hardened with 4 water/fertilizer withholding regimes prior to transplanting. Non-hardened transplants within each fertilizer regime outyielded hardened transplants. Use of sprinkler or furrow irrigation for day/night establishment of hardened or conditioned transplants will be evaluated.
APPARENT INFLUENCE OF PEDIGREE ON MICROPROPAGATION OF MUSCADINE GRAPE
Authors: Lane R. P. , Robacker C. D.
Published: February 2019

Nineteen cultivars of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifoli a Michx.) were divided into three classes based on the mean number of shoots developed during micropropagation. The cultivars in each class were then compared for pedigree similarities and common ancestors were identified. It was determined that the difficult to propagate class always had close direct lineage to either `White Male' or `Scuppernong', both selections from the wild. The intermediate class tended to be composed of newer cultivars which were more distantly related to `White Male' and `Scuppernong'. The easy to propagate class had diverse family histories and none of them included either `White Male' or `Scuppernong' for three or more generations. It is hypothesized that some factor, yet undetermined, has an influence on the ability of muscadine grape to be micropropagated.
SWEET CORN INBREDS WITH PARTIAL RESISTANCE TO NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT AND STEWART'S WILT
Authors: Meyer A. C. , Pataky J. K , Juvik J.A.
Published: February 2019

Approximately 200 sweet corn inbred lines were screened for two years for resistance to northern leaf blight, caused by Exserohilum turcicum, and Stewart's wilt, caused by Erwinia stewartii. Inbreds with the best levels of partial resistance to races 1 and 2 of E. turcicum included IL11d, IL676a, IL677a, IL685d, IL766a, IL767a and IL797a. Inbreds with the best partial resistance to E. stewartii included IL126b, IL676a, IL767a, IL772a, IL774g, IL797a, IL798a and M6011. Several of these resistant and moderately resistant inbreds had common ancestors; however, inspection of pedigrees suggested that resistance was derived from Puerto Rican, Bolivian, and other tropical sources and/or dent corn. Thus, many of the sweet corn inbreds may carry different genes for resistance and can be used for the development of populations with improved resistance.
INCREASE IN COWPEA REPRODUCTIVE DURATION AND PRODUCTIVITY INDUCED BY HARVESTING PODS AT COLOR-BREAK.
Authors: Gwathmey C.O. , Hall A. E.
Published: February 2019

Removal of pods from legume crops may extend reproductive duration by delaying leaf senescence. In two years of field experiments, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp. cv. CB5) pods were continuously harvested as they reached color–break or southernpea stage. The largely monocarpic reproductive pattern of non-picked CB5 was altered to a bimodal distribution by picking. During the first podding period, removal did not appreciably change reproductive duration nor the number of pods produced. It reduced dry weight in seed 22–34% and significantly delayed leaf senescence relative to the non–picked control. This increase in source:sink ratio was accompanied by increasing starch concentrations in stems and was followed by generation of a second set of pods which doubled the reproductive duration of picked plants. By contrast, starch reserves declined during the first podset in senescent control plants, which produced few pods thereafter. Picked plants produced 41–60% more pods/m2 over the entire season than non–picked CB5, but total dry weight in seed did not differ significantly since pod removal limited aced fill.
OSMOREGULATION IN YOUNG JOJOBA SEEDLINGS
Authors: Rasoolzadegan Y.
Published: February 2019

The possibility of osmotic adjustment to salinity in Jojoba was studied in a sand culture system. After being stablished, 2 WKs old seedlings were exposed to 1/2 strength hoagland's solution plus NaCl salt to make up -0.7., -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, & -1 MPa. Shoot & leaf elongation, components of Ψleaf, proline accumulation, & inorganic salts were determined every 24 hour for 9 days. Shoot & leaf length were reduced at -0.8 and -0.4 MPa respectively. Osmotic adjustment occured only above -0.8 MPa at the rate of 0.21 If MPa/day. Total inorganic salts in whole plant increased with a decrease in solution Ψw. However, above -0.8 MPa excess Na & Cl ions were excluded from the leaves & accumulated within the roots, while K/Na ratio remained higher above -1 MPa. The selective uptake of K ions seems a possible mechanism for osmotic adjustment in Jojoba. Accumulation of Na & Cl ions under -1 MPa correlated with occasional pale green discoloration & tip-burn of leaves. Although the accumulation of proline was considerable at & below -0.8 MPa, but did not play a significant role in osmoregulation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND CELL WALL METABOLIC RESPONSES OF GRANNY SMITH APPLES TO LOW OXYGEN STORAGE.
Authors: Huysamer Marius , Labavitch John M. , Kader Adel A.
Published: February 2019

Commercially grown Granny Smith apples were stored at 0°C in air or 1% O2, and 2 sets of samples were taken every 4 weeks over a 28 week period. One set was immediately analysed for weight loss, firmness, color, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. Alcohol-insoluble substances were analysed for starch, water-soluble uronides, water-insoluble uronides, cellulose and neutral sugars. The second set of samples was kept in air at 20°C for an additional week, during which respiration and ethylene production rates were measured, prior to the above analyses. Storage in 1% O2 led to the improved maintenance of firmness, reduced respiration and ethylene production rates in ambient air, and a reduced content of water-soluble uronides, suggesting a reduced degree of hydrolysis. The correlation between firmness and water-soluble uronide content was not very strong. The predominant neutral sugars present in the wall were arabinose and galactose, and activities of putative hydrolyses that may be involved in the metabolism of polymers containing these sugars will be discussed.
WORLD'S LARGEST, SMALL CHAMBER, RECIRCULATING, CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE (CA) STORAGE RESEARCH FACILITY
Authors: Greene George M. , Gaus Alvan G. , Lehman Laura J.
Published: February 2019

A grant from the Pa. Dept. of Agriculture has allowed Penn State University to increase postharvest physiology research of fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms. One part of this program is a CA storage research facility described herein. An insulated pole barn (26m × 18m with 5m ceilings) houses the facility. Three coolers (6m × 7m with 10cm insulation) provide environmental control for the CA systems (-2 to 10C ±0.5C). A laboratory within the building (6m × 7m × 3m) provides space for product evaluation and for CA control equipment. A total of 239 steel drums (208-liter), fitted with 28 cm round plexiglass windows, are the CA chambers. Gas pumps provide flow to: each chamber, the gas analysis system, and the CO2 scrubbing system. A David Bishop Instruments Oxystat 2, analyzes O2 and CO2 and provides control signals. High CO2 can be removed either by lime scrubbing or by flushing with gases containing N2 and the desired O2 level. Several large experiments involving 7.8 MT of apples were started and preliminary results will be presented.
ABSCISIC ACID AND WATER RELATIONS MODELS OF SEED GERMINATION.
Authors: Ni Bing-Rui , Bradford Kent J.
Published: February 2019

Cell growth models were applied to characterize the response of seed germination, based upon the timing of radicle emergence, to y and ABA. Using probit analysis, three basic parameters can be derived to describe the population characteristics of seed lots. In the response of seed germination to osmotic stress, these three parameters are the “hydrotime constant” (q H), the mean base water potential (y b), and the standard deviation (s b) population. In the response to ABA, they are the “ABA-time constant” (q ABA), the mean base ABA concentration (ABAb), and the standard deviation (s ABAb) of the seed population. Using only these three parameters, germination time courses can be predicted at any corresponding medium y or ABA concentration. In the presence of both ABA and osmotic stress, the same parameters can be used to predict seed germination time courses with any combination of y and ABA concentration. The water relations model and the ABA model were additive and it appeared that the two factors slowed down germination independently. Effects of osmotic stress and ABA on the parameters in Lockhart equation are also discussed.
ROSE LEAF SURFACE - BLACKSPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE VIEW
Authors: Reddy K.S. , Newman S.E. , Spencer J.A. , Paul R.N.
Published: February 2019

Blackspot disease, caused by Diplocarpon rosae, is a devastating disease of garden roses. Most hybrid teas and floribundas are susceptible to this disease in contrast to many species roses, which are resistant. The basis of this resistance is not known. The first barrier to invasion by the pathogen is the outer surface of the leaf. The physical nature of this surface may influence the attempted infection, landing, germination and penetration by the fungal spore and may cause a failure of infection. The leaf surfaces of susceptible and resistant genotypes were observed using SEM that allowed examination of the fine structure of the leaf surface. The characteristics of the leaf surface topography including wax structures were pictorially compared and visual concepts developed in relation to the dynamic nature of the leaf surface in space and time as leaf is infected by the pathogen.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL COMPARISONS OF PASSION FRUIT AND MAYPOP
Authors: Arjona Harvey E. , Matta Frank B. , Garner James O.
Published: February 2019

Physico-chemical characteristics of purple and yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) were compared with those of maypop (Passiflora incarnata L.). Fruit diameter of maypop and purple passion fruit followed a typical sigmoidal growth curve. There were no differences in growth rate between the two species during the exponential phase. Growth differences, occurred after the exponential phase (10 and 20 days after anthesis). Fruits of the commercial types were heavier than greenhouse and wild grown maypop. Wild grown maypop produced heavier fruit compared to greenhouse grown maypop. Commercial passion fruit produced heavier rinds and greater pulp weight. Yellow passion fruit had the lowest percentage pulp and the most soluble solids. Greenhouse grown maypop had the lowest soluble solids. No differences in juice pH were found between the two species. Wild maypop fruits had the highest sucrose and greenhouse grown purple passion fruit had the lowest. Yellow and purple passion fruit had higher fructose than maypop. Glucose was significantly different between the two species, but not within species.
EVALUATING STRUCTURELESS OVERWINTERING SYSTEMS FOR CONTAINER-GROWN HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS
Authors: Iles Jeffery K. , Agnew Nancy Howard , Taber Henry G. , Christians Nick E.
Published: February 2019

A major limiting factor in producing container-grown herbaceous perennials is low-temperature injury to cold sensitive roots and crowns during above ground winter storage. Growers and retailers of these plants understand the need for protection systems, yet specific recommendations are unavailable. The ability of several structureless systems to moderate temperature and protect 16 species of container-grown herbaceous perennials from low-temperature injury was investigated. Two light-excluding treatments consisting of 30 cm of straw between 2 layers of 4 mil white copolymer, and 18 cm deep in-ground beds protected with 1 layer of 4 mil white copolymer and 30 cm of woodchips provided the greatest moderation of winter low and early spring high temperatures but resulted in severe etiolation among test plants, A bonded white copolymer-microform overwintering blanket with translucent properties provided comparable plant survival, and prevented etiolated growth allowing plants to grow rapidly after uncovering, despite dramatic temperature extremes observed beneath this cover.
SUPPRESSING RHIZOME GROWTH AND TUBER FORMATION IN PURPLE NUTSEDGE BY PACLOBUTRAZOL
Authors: Kawabata O. , DeFrank J.
Published: February 2019

Purple nutsedge is a difficult weed to eradicate due to extensive underground growth. One eradication strategy is to inhibit tuber formation for preventing reproduction, In developing this strategy, soil applications of paclobutrazol (PA) were conducted to suppress rhizome and tuber development in Hawaii. Factors examined were 4 PA levels at 0, 0.5, 2 and 8 mg ai·liter-1 (medium) and 4 application types: a) soil drench, fresh tuber, b) soil incorporation, fresh tuber, c) soil drench, stored tuber for 1 month at 4C, and d) drench to a synthetic medium (vermiculite: perlite = 2: 1 by volume), fresh tuber. Treatment design was 4×4 factorial with 5 replications, and experimental unit was a tuber planted 2 cm deep in a 1-liter plastic container. Two months after planting tuber numbers and rhizome lengths were recorded and analyzed for regression and orthogonal comparisons. Control means were 11.1 tubers and 1178 mm total rhizome length. PA reduced both measurements as no tuber was formed at 2 or 8 mg ai·liter-1 and total rhizome lengths were limited to 8 and 3 mm, respectively. PA was less effective in the synthetic medium than in the soil, while application methods and tuber storage did not result in significant differences.
EFFECT OF 2,4-D LEVEL AND NODAL POSITION ON THE CALLUS INITIATION OF NODAL SEGMENTS OF BUCHLOE DACTYLOIDES (NUTT.) ENGELM.
Authors: Moore Ronald W. , Read P.E. , Riordan T.P.
Published: February 2019

Stolon nodal segments of Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. were removed from greenhouse grown plants and placed on Gamborg's B5 medium in order to determine nodal position and 2,4-D level required to give maximum callus initiation. 2,4-D levels used were 5uM, 16uM, 35uM, and 50uM. Six nodal segments were grouped according to position on the stolon, from the most recent node (node one) to the basal node (node 6). It was concluded that node 4 gave statistically greater callus mass than nodes 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. Increasing levels of 2,4-D suppressed callus initiation, with maximum response occurring at 5uM 2,4-D.
EFFECTS OF LEAF REMOVAL ON YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF `RIESLING' AND `CHARDONNAY' GRAPES.
Authors: Gran Christopher D. , Lonneman Rea Jean , Hoover Emily E.
Published: February 2019

Leaf removal has been reported to be beneficial to fruit quality of several grape cultivars. However, climatic conditions, time of leaf removal and genotype have a strong influence on the effect of leaf removal on fruit quality traits, such as soluble solids and titratable acidity. The effect of leaf removal on fruit quality of two vinifera grape cultivar grown in Minnesota was examined in this study. The first six basal leaves were removed from four canes on each vine of `Riesling' and `Chardonnay'. Leaf removal was carried out at two different times after the onset of verasion--early August (8/2) and late August (8/23). Fruit was harvested in late September and yield and fruit quality data were recorded. The results of the 1989 study will be discussed here. Leaf removal did not significantly affect yields obtained from either cultivar, regardless of leaf removal date. Early leaf removal on `Chardonnay' vines resulted in significantly higher soluble solids and significantly lower titratable acidity than that observed for fruit of control or late removal treated vines. Similar results were observed for `Riesling', however the differences were not significant. Data from 1989 and 1990 will he presented and discussed in the talk.
EVALUATION OF PROPAGATING STOCK AND PRACTICES FOR ANNUAL RHUBARB PRODUCTION
Authors: Maynard D.N.
Published: February 2019

Yield and quality of seed- and vegetatively-propagated rhubarb [Rheum rhabarbarum L.) for annual production were evaluated for 4 seasons. Field planting of transplants or crown divisions in late October or early November resulted in harvests beginning in early to late January and continuing until late April. Selection of `Victoria' seedlings based on petiole color was not effective in increasing the proportion of red mature petioles. Yields from seed-propagated annual `Victoria' rhubarb were always higher than yields from `McDonald' single-bud crown divisions and higher than yields from `McDonald' crown-divisions in one of two years. The four-year average yield for `Victoria' seed-propagated rhubarb was 20.4 Mg·ha-1 whereas `McDonald' crown-division-propagated rhubarb had a two-year average yield of 15.8 Mg·ha-1. On the other hand, petiole color of vegetatively-propagated rhubarb was always superior to that of seed-propagated rhubarb. GA applications increased early yield from `McDonald' single-bud divisions, but reduced early and total harvest petiole weight.
PLANT SPACING OF `CALYPSO' AND LITTLE LEAF GENOTYPES OF CUCUMBERS
Authors: Knavel Dean E.
Published: February 2019

Plant spacing or population studies with normal internode-length `Calypso' and short-internode Ky Littleleaf (Ky-LL), both gynoecious-flowering, in 6-row beds for once-over harvest in 1987, 1988, and 1989 showed that increasing spacing increased leaf area per plant, but had no effect on leaf area, fruit number, and total fruit weight in Grades 1, 2, and 3 per growing area. `Calypso' plants had more leaf area than Ky-LL, but both had similar number and weight of fruit. The best spacing for `Calypso' and Ky-LL was 15 × 21.5 cm for an average of 28.5 plants/m2 (283,570/ha). Ark Littleleaf (ARK-LL), a monoecious-flowering normal-internode length genotype, had more leaves and greater leaf area than `Calypso' and KY-LL plants. Increasing bed spacing of Ark-LL plants from 30 × 30 to 30 × 45 cm increased leaf area, fruit number and fruit weight per plant, but not per growing area. For fruit number and weight in Grades 1, 2, and 3, the best row spacing of Ark-LL plants was a single row of 15 cm or a 30 × 30 cm double row with fruit weight of 25,500 and 27,000 kg/ha, respectively. Data for the three plant types in various row spacings to be conducted in 1990 will be presented.
PERFORMANCE OF MECHANICAL ROOT PRUNING OR HEDGING IN AN INTENSIVE ORCHARD
Authors: Ferree David C.
Published: February 2019

In 1981, four apple cultivars were established as a low trellis hedgerow on M.9 or free-standing central leaders on M.7 at the recommended or half the recommended spacing with the close planted trees either root pruned annually at bloom or hedged in August. Planting at half the spacing and annual summer hedging 2 sides decreased TCA 25% and canopy volume 51% with no effect on shoot growth, while annual root pruning decreased TCA 34%, canopy volume 50% and shoot length 25%. Planting at half spacing and either hedging or root pruning reduced yields per tree. Efficiency as measured by yield TCA was decreased by hedging and as measured by yield/m3 canopy volume was increased by both treatments with hedging having the greatest effect. The cumulative yield/ha was increased by both hedging and root pruning with no difference between them. Fruit size was decreased by close planting and root pruning caused a greater decrease than hedging. Close planting increased the number of spurs and shoots and LAI per unit volume of canopy with no difference between hedging or root pruning. `Empire' outproduced `Smoothee' and `Delicious' on the trellis and `Lawspur' had higher yields than any other cultivar in the central leader.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF PRUNING AND CHEMICAL GROWTH REGULATION ON THE WATER RELATIONS OF HIBISCUS
Authors: Steinberg Susan L. , Zajicek Jayne M. , McFarland Marshall J.
Published: February 2019

Growth of potted hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Ross Estey) plants was controlled by either pruning or the growth regulator, uniconazole, at 3.0 mg a.i. per pot. Five days after treatment with uniconazole, plants showed reduced water use, an effect which became more pronounced with time. Water use of pruned plants was reduced immediately after pruning, but soon returned to the level of the control due to the rapid regeneration of leaf area. Chemically treated and pruned plants, respectively, used 33% and 6% leas water than the control. The reduction in water use due to the use of uniconazole had both a morphological and physiological component. Chemically treated plants had a smaller leaf area, and individual leaves had a lower stomatal density, conductance and transpiration rate than leaves of control plants. Under well watered conditions, the sap flow rate in the main trunk of control or pruned plants was 120-160 g h-1 m-2, nearly three times higher than the 40-60 g h-1 m-2 measured in plants treated with uniconazole.
EXPRESSION OF B-GLUCURONIDASE FROM AMELANCHIER LAEVIS
Authors: Bolyard Mark G. , Stricklen Mariam B.
Published: February 2019

Amelanchier laevis shoots were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the binary vector pBI121, which encodes the B-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase genes. Shoots were then rinsed briefly in liquid MS medium and plated onto culture medium containing carbenicillin. After approximately three months of culture, adventitious shoots were assayed for the presences of GUS by Southern blotting and histochemical assays. Southern analysis revealed a signal when genomic DNA from putatively transformed plants was hybridized with a probe from a segment of pBI121. Regenerated shoots also showed a deep blue color when incubated with X-gluc, although the expression was chimeric, that is, the activity appeared only in a percentage of the cells in each shoot. Callus tissue at the base of each shoot also showed high levels of GUS expression using a fluorogenic assay.
POSTHARVEST CONTROL OF BOTRYTIS CINEREA INFECTIONS ON CUT ROSE FLOWERS WITH PYRROLNITRIN.
Authors: Hammer Philip E. , Evensen Kathleen B. , Janisiewicz W.J.
Published: February 2019

Pyrrolnitrin, an antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas cepacia, was used for postharvest control of B. cinerea infections on cut `Sonia' and `Royalty' rose flowers. Pyrrolnitrin was applied as a bud dip and followed by inoculation with B. cinerea conidia. Dip treatments of 12 to 200 mg·liter-1 pyrrolnitrin significantly reduced disease severity during storage at 2C and promoted post-storage fresh weight gain (an index of cut flower quality). No phytoxicity was observed on leaves or petals at concentrations of up to 200 mg/liter. Dip treatment with 100 mg/liter pyrrolnitrin reduced disease severity to <10% of that on control flowers and prevented post-storage flower rot. This level of disease control was comparable to that achieved with 1800 mg/liter vinclozolin.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF NEAR-LETHAL STRESS ON DORMANCY AND COLD HARDINESS
Authors: Shirazi Abbasb M. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , Chen Tony H.H.
Published: February 2019

In previous work, we have shown that near-lethal heat stress can overcome dormancy in Red-osier dogwood, Cornus sericea L. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of premature breaking of dormancy on the development of cold hardiness. Plants at three stages of dormancy (early, deep, and late) were exposed to 47C for one hour and then placed into 3 post-treatment environments (0C, 23C, and natural conditions). At periodic time intervals, the plants were evaluated for bud break, cold hardiness, and stem injury. These studies suggest that premature breaking of dormancy at the early stage had no effect on hardiness development, whereas at the deep and late stages of dormancy, premature breaking of dormancy caused a faster rate of deacclimation at the warmer post-treatment environments. In addition, we observed that the heat-treated plants died during storage at 0C, and survived at 23C storage and natural conditions.
FIELD EVALUATIONS OF CRYOPROTECTANTS FOR PROTECTION OF TOMATO AND PEPPER TRANSPLANTS FROM FROST AND FREEZE
Authors: Perry K.B. , Bonanno A.R. , Monks D.W.
Published: February 2019

The ability of two cryoprotectants to protect tomato and pepper transplants during frost and freeze conditions was evaluated in Clayton, NC. A commercially available cryoprotectant (50% propylene block copolymer of polyoxyethylene, 50% propylene glycol, tradename FrostFree) was evaluated during 4 spring and 3 fall seasons. An antitranspirant (96% di-1-p-Menthene, i.e. Pinolene, a terpenic polymer, 4% inert, tradename VaporGard) was evaluated for 2 spring and 1 fall season. Protection from these products was not observed under the field conditions experience? Yield differences were not observed between the treated and untreated plants. With several days of cool weather preconditioning, transplants survived air temperatures of -2.0 to -1.0 C with no damage. However, with no preconditioning, damage occurred at -1.0 C without the formation of frost. At -3.5 C all plants, both treated and untreated, died. Both crops were stunted and delayed by periods of cold temperatures even when no freezing temperatures were experienced.
THE EFFECTS OF FOLIARLY APPLIED CALCIUM ON FRUIT CALCIUM, FIRMNESS, SOLUBLE SOLIDS, STORABILITY AND ORGANOLEPTIC QUALITY OF `CRESTHAVEN' PEACH
Authors: Hopfinger J. Anthony , Shaffner Donald W. , Cubberley Eric D.
Published: February 2019

Both Cacl2 and Nutrical (a trihydroxyglutarate chelate) were foliarly applied at rates of 1.8 and 5.5 Cacl2/ha/season and 1.5 and 4.5 l/ha/season, respectively. Applications were made starting at shuck split and repeated at 2 week intervals until harvest. Neither calcium treatment had an effect on fruit size and size distribution. Fruit size was directly related to crop load. Calcium chloride application had the most pronounced effect on increasing the red over-color of `Cresthaven' peaches with Nutrical intermediate compared to the control. The high rate of Nutrical increased flesh calcium levels at harvest by 75-100 PPM. Instron Texture Profile Analysis indicated that any calcium treatment significantly increased the hardness of the peach. Nutrical at 4.5 l/ha/season improved hardness 2-fold compared to the controls. The improved hardness was maintained throughout the 6 week storage period.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MALATE DEHYDROGENASE GENOTYPE AND PLANT VIGOR IN PEACH
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Moxley Dana F.
Published: February 2019

The relationship between malate dehydrogenase (MDH) genotype and plant vigor in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was examined in two F2 populations (selfed `Belle of Georgia' and `Cresthaven') segregating at the Mdhl locus. Total numbers of progeny examined were 1610 and 998 in the `Belle of Georgia' and `Cresthaven' populations, respectively. In both populations, plant vigor (as defined by total height and trunk caliper after 1 year of growth) was significantly less in homozygous F/F (Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1) individuals. Homozygous S/S (Mdh1-2/Mdh1-2) individuals showed the greatest vigor, and were significantly different in vigor from homozygous F/F (Mdh1-1/Mdh1-1) individuals in both populations and from heterozygous F/S (Mdh1-1/Mdh1-2) individuals in the `Belle of Georgia' population. A significant deviation from the expected 1 F/F:2 F/S:1 S/S ratio was observed in the `Belle of Georgia' population, suggesting moderate lethality of homozygous F/F genotypes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PLASTIC MULCH SYSTEM THAT CHANGES COLOR WITH SEASON
Authors: Decoteau Dennis R. , Friend Heather H. , Linvill Dale E. , Upton George
Published: February 2019

We have developed and field tested a plastic mulch system that changes color with season. The system uses a photodegradable polyethylene mulch placed on top of a degradable or nondegradable polyethylene mulch of a different color. As the top polyethylene mulch degrades with increasing exposure to sunlight, the color of the bottom polyethylene mulch is exposed. We have successfully evaluated the effects of a black photodegradable mulch placed on top of a white nondegradable mulch on mulch color transition, soil temperatures under the mulch, and the production of spring planted tomatoes. The mulch color system affected soil temperatures and average tomato fruit size, but had no effect on number of fruit produced. We have also produced and are field testing a coextruded polyethylene mulch with the desired black and white photodegradable colored layers.