bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Numerical Study on Mode II Fatigue Delamination Growth in Composite Laminates
Authors: Russo Angela , Sellitto Andrea , Palumbo Concetta , Riccio Aniello
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a numerical tool, able to mimic the delamination growth under cyclic loading conditions, has been adopted to investigate the mode II interlaminar damage growth in composite laminates. An improved Virtual Crack Closure Technique based model, mesh and time step independent, has been combined with a Paris‐Law equations‐based model to account for the effects of cycling loading conditions on the structural behavior of a specimen under an End‐Notched Flexure (ENF) test. The ANSYS FEM environment has been adopted for the numerical simulations and the numerical model has been implemented in ANSYS by adopting the Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL). Comparisons at the coupon level with literature experimental data on unidirectional ENF samples have demonstrated the ability of the numerical model to simulate the Mode II fatigue delamination growth. Actually, useful indications on the damage propagation under fatigue loading condition have been provided by the proposed numerical model in conjunction with the experimental data taken from literature.
An Experimental Assessment on the Influence of Carbon Nanotubes Matrix Charging on the Fatigue Behavior of Composite Laminates
Authors: Russo Angela , Meo Michele , Zarrelli Mauro , Flora Francesco , Riccio Aniello
Published: August 2022

In this work, an experimental preliminary assessment on the fatigue behavior of nanomodified composite coupons has been attempted. Comparisons between the fatigue life of epoxy resin/carbon fiber neat coupons and epoxy resin/carbon fiber specimens reinforced with nanoparticles have been carried out. Tensile, compressive, and in‐plane shear samples have been manufactured according to ASTM D3039, ASTM D3410, and ASTM D3518 standards, respectively. The coupons, both with neat and nanomodified epoxy resin, have been tested under tension‐tension, compression‐compression and in‐plane shear fatigue loading conditions to understand the effect of the nanoparticles’ addition on the fatigue behavior of thermosetting epoxy resin.
Assisted Analysis for Light Unconventional Biomaterials With Applications in Biomechanics
Authors: Braun Barbu , Drugă Corneliu , Mărășescu Călin
Published: August 2022

A synthesis of an assisted analysis on the behavior of light, unconventional materials is present, intended in the biomechanics of prosthesis, both in terms of biocompatibility and in terms of mechanical behavior. The originality consists in the development, testing, and use of a software application for the behavioral analytical study of different types of materials subjected to different static and dynamic loads in the case of wearing a hip prosthesis. Based on both studies, it has been shown that light, unconventional materials such as TEKA PEEK carbon fiber can be a safe and effective solution when used in combination with epoxy gluing resins.
Numerical Analysis of an Electromagnetic Stirring System for Composite Plastic Materials with Ferromagnetic Particles
Authors: Tudorache Tiberiu , Ion Sorin Mihai , Opran Constantin Gheorghe
Published: August 2022

This paper deals with a Finite Element (FE) numerical analysis of an electromagnetic stirring system for composite plastic materials with ferromagnetic particles. The electromagnetic stirring process is ensured by the magnetic forces acting on the ferromagnetic particles spread in the plastic matrix. These forces are produced by the rotating magnetic field of the stator of a three‐phase induction motor supplied from an inverter. The analysis is carried out using the professional software package Flux for electromagnetic field computation based on the FE method. The 2D computations allowed to estimate the magnetic forces and their orientation acting on micrometric particles spread in a fluid plastic material. A preliminary experimental setup is also built for studying the proposed solution.
Aggression Towards Caregivers in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Macchi Zachary A. , Seshadri Sandhya , Ayele Roman , Bock Meredith , Long Judith , Coats Heather , Miyasaki Janis , Pantilat Steven Z. , Katz Maya , Santos Elizabeth J. , Sillau Stefan H. , Lum Hillary D. , Kluger Benzi M.
Published: August 2022

Background

Aggression is one manifestation of behavioral disturbances in neurodegenerative disease with emerging literature suggesting a high prevalence in Parkinson's disease and related disorders (PDRD).

Objectives

Our aim was to describe characteristics, associated factors, and consequences of aggression towards caregivers in PDRD.

Methods

This is a convergent mixed methods study, leveraging data from 296 PDRD patient–caregiver dyads in a clinical trial of palliative care and semi‐structured interviews with a subgroup of 14 caregivers who reported aggression. The primary outcome was baseline caregiver‐reported aggression. Using multivariate linear regression, baseline dyad characteristics (eg, measures of disease, psychosocial issues, caregiver strain) were examined to identify factors associated with aggression. Thematic analysis of interviews was used to augment these findings.

Results

Associated variables included disease duration (r = 0.15, P < 0.05), patient grief (r = 0.22, P< 0.001), symptom burden (r = 0.18, r < 0.01), resistance to care (r = 0.40, P < 0.01), caregivers’ depression (r = 0.16, P < 0.05), and caregiving burden (r = 0.34, P < 0.001). We identified five themes: (1) Aggressive behaviors range from verbal abuse to threats of physical violence; (2) Caregivers believe that aggressive behaviors result from the difficulty patients experience in coping with disease progression and related losses; (3) Caregivers’ stress and mental health are worsened by aggressive behaviors; (4) Aggressive behaviors negatively affect patient–caregiver relationships; (5) Caregivers are ill‐prepared to manage aggressive behaviors and cope with the consequences on their own.

Conclusions

Aggression in PDRD is driven by diverse factors (eg, grief, fluctuations in cognition) with serious consequences for caregivers. Neurologists and movement specialists should consider screening for aggression while prioritizing caregiver education and wellbeing.
In Vitro Infant Fecal Fermentation Characteristics of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Were Controlled by Initial Microbiota Composition More than Chemical Structure
Authors: Xu Shiqi , Lane Jonathan A. , Chen Juchun , Zheng Yuxing , Wang Hongwei , Fu Xiong , Huang Qiang , Dhital Sushil , Liu Feitong , Zhang Bin
Published: August 2022

Scope

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), multifunctional glycans naturally present in human milk, are known to contribute to the infant's microbiota and immune system development. However, the molecular specificity of HMOs on microbiota and associated fermentation is not yet fully understood, and is important for the development of infant formula optimum functionality.

Methods and results

In vitro fermentation is carried out on structurally different HMOs with infant fecal inocula dominated by Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bacteroides. The gas, metabolite (SCFA, lactate, and succinate) profiles, and microbiota responses differ between individual microbiota inocula patterns regardless of HMO structure. In terms of HMO pairs with same sugar composition but different glycosidic bonds, gas and metabolite profiles are similar with the B. longum‐ and B. breve‐dominated inocula. However, large individual variations are observed with the Bacteroides‐dominated inocula. The microbial communities at the end of fermentation are closely related to the initial microbiota composition.

Conclusion

The findings demonstrate that short‐term in vitro fermentation outcomes largely depend on the initial gut microbiota composition more than the impact of HMO molecular specificity. These results advance the current understanding for the design of personalized infant nutritional solutions and therapies in future.
Application of the PC‐SAFT Equation of State to the Prediction of Vapor Solubility in Semicrystalline Polyethylenes
Authors: Moebus Joseph A. , Greenhalgh Brian R.
Published: August 2022

This paper builds on the theoretical framework of the previous articles on the solubility of vapors in semicrystalline polyethylenes produced in the gas phase process. The present article clarifies the theoretical basis for an activity coefficient approach, which results from a constraint on the amorphous phase within semicrystalline polymers. This concept is coupled to an advanced equation of state for use in polyolefin reaction engineering, and presented in a modular way the procedure for computing the requisite thermodynamic quantities. A temperature dependence on polymer crystallinity is also introduced. In the interest of developing a more predictive model for solubility, the model using single pure gas isotherms are parameterized. The results demonstrate the ability to predict single and mixed gas absorption, including new data published herein. The validity of the model is further demonstrated through comparisons with literature studies on batch scale ethylene polymerization. Finally, how a simple correlation to standard polymer characteristics yields accurate predictions in the absence of measured data for parametrization is demonstrated.
Expert clinical perspectives: Practical advice from expert clinicians
Authors: Simmons Zachary
Published: August 2022

See articles on pages 545‐551 and 552‐557 of this issue.
Usefulness of Otolith Weight for Estimating Age-Based Life History Metrics of Lake Trout
Authors: Hansen Michael J. , Nate Nancy A. , Muir Andrew M. , Chavarie Louise , Howland Kimberly L. , Krueger Charles C.
Published: August 2022

To determine if otolith weight can be used to accurately and precisely estimate age-based life history metrics of Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush populations, we quantified relationships between Lake Trout otolith age and weight sampled from a wide geographic and size range of North American lakes. Separate nonlinear age–weight models for each of 22 surveys (each year within each area or lake) described 82.8% of variation in the relationship between otolith age and weight, whereas separate age–weight models for each of 13 lakes or areas within lakes (years combined) described only 0.4% less variation. Over all surveys, age increased at an average rate of 1.13 years per milligram increase in otolith weight and the otolith weight–age relationship was significantly nonlinear. Age of individual fish could not be estimated accurately from otolith weight alone, although bias of mean age estimated from mean otolith weight was small, whether using survey-specific or general otolith age–weight relationships. Age at maturity and survival derived from indirect otolith age–weight relationships were estimated with less bias than growth parameters. We conclude that a general model for estimating Lake Trout age from otolith weight may be more useful for maturity and survival analyses that are less susceptible to estimation error of individual (often old) fish than for growth analysis that can be susceptible to estimation error of individual (often old) fish.
Factors predicting the treatment success of bladder training for urgency urinary incontinence
Authors: Yıldız Necmettin , Özlü Aysun
Published: August 2022

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of bladder training (BT) for urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and to determine women characteristics that are predictors for success.

Methods

Clinical data of 110 women with UUI who had received BT over 8 weeks were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were evaluated in terms of incontinence severity (24‐h pad test), 3‐day voiding diary (frequency of voiding, nocturia, incontinence episodes, and the number of pads), symptom severity (OAB‐V8), incontinence‐related QoL (IIQ‐7) and treatment success. Treatment success was evaluated at a ≥50% reduction in incontinence episodes at the end of the treatment.

Results

A statistically significant improvement was found in all parameters (incontinence severity, frequency of voiding, nocturia, incontinence episodes and the number of pads, symptom severity, and incontinence‐related QoL) at the end of the treatment compared to the baseline values in women with UUI who had received BT (p < 0.001). The treatment success rate was 35.5%. In the multivariate analysis (OR, 95% CI), the treatment was found to be more successful in women with higher education levels (p = 0.012, p = 0.029) and of younger ages (p = 0.004).

Conclusion

It can be concluded that the BT given to women with UUI is effective in reducing incontinence severity, frequency, nocturia, incontinence episodes, number of pads, symptom severity, and improving QoL. Young age and high education levels are the predictive factors in the treatment success of BT in women with UUI. For this reason, these predictive factors should be considered in determining the treatment strategy for women with UUI.
Are we underusing peripheral parenteral nutrition? A 5‐year retrospective review of inpatient parenteral nutrition practices
Authors: van der Walt Ashley , Watt Amanda , Kaushik Vishal , Osland Emma
Published: August 2022

Background

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) represents an alternative option to central parenteral nutrition (CPN) for patients requiring short‐term parenteral nutrition (PN). We hypothesized that the use of PPN could be increased in certain patient cohorts referred for PN in our facility.

Methods

A retrospective observational study investigating the clinical characteristics of patients receiving PN under the nutrition support team over a 5‐year period was undertaken. Patients who received PPN were reviewed descriptively. Of the patients who received CPN, representative samples were grouped into those who received PN for ≤7 or >7–28 days (n = 100 each, randomly assigned). Clinical characteristics considered included indication, duration and referring team for PN, and nutrition status. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model for predictors of PN duration of ≤7 or >7–28 days were derived.

Results

Only four patients received PPN for a median of 4 days, most of whom required this route because of loss of central venous access for CPN. A high proportion of patients with no enteral access received CPN for ≤7 days, whereas the majority of patients with malabsorption required >7–28 days of CPN. Being referred for PN following upper gastrointestinal surgery increased the likelihood of CPN use for >7 days (relative risk, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.7–18.9; P = 0.004).

Conclusion

Within our service, PN referrals for no enteral access may represent a group in whom PPN could be used in the first instance; those referred with an indication of malabsorption or following upper gastrointestinal surgery may benefit from early commencement of CPN.
BAYESIAN INTERPRETATION OF CLUSTER‐ROBUST SUBGROUP IMPACT ESTIMATES: THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS
Authors: Lipman Erin R. , Deke John , Finucane Mariel M.
Published: August 2022

Policymakers are often interested in understanding the impact of an intervention on specific subgroups, not just an overall population. But analyzing subgroup impacts poses challenges. Subgroup estimates are noisier than whole population estimates due to smaller sample sizes. In addition, within the null hypothesis significance testing framework, the chance of a statistically significant impact estimate—where in truth the policy has no meaningful impact—grows rapidly with the number of subgroups considered. Hierarchical Bayesian models address these problems by using partial pooling of information between subgroups to make precise estimates of effects even in smaller subgroups and to correct for the multiple comparisons problem in a data driven way. However, Bayesian models can be computationally infeasible with large data. We propose a “best of both worlds” hybrid approach that combines the low computational cost of fitting non‐Bayesian models with the interpretability and precision of Bayesian models. We use a health policy simulation to show that, compared to its non‐Bayesian counterpart, this hybrid approach produces more precise estimates and more accurately estimates the probability of favorable subgroup impacts, both of which can lead to healthcare cost savings in a plausible policy scenario with small heterogeneous impacts.
‘Door‐to‐door’: An emerging transnational business model along the Global North‐Global South migration corridor
Authors: Kandilige Leander , Ampah Geraldine A.
Published: August 2022

The transnational focus in migration studies since the turn of the 20th century has discussed migrants and their migration activities as spanning both origin and destination countries. Migrants' lives and their activities in both origin and destination countries have also been discussed in‐depth in several studies. However, businesses that facilitate in‐kind transnational links migrants maintain with their relatives and friends back home have received far less attention in the literature. This paper bridges this gap by focusing extensively on ‘door‐to‐door’ a transnational business model that makes in‐kind remittance transfers possible for migrants and their friends and relatives. This exploratory paper discusses the origins, structure, and operations of these businesses in Ghana and in the United Kingdom and the benefits as well as challenges they encounter within the transnational space. We do this by drawing on interviews conducted with Ghanaian migrant‐owned shipping businesses in the United Kingdom and their partners in Ghana.
The safe space of transnational friendships of young adults migrating from Essaouira, Morocco
Authors: Naus Luca , Kinsbergen Sara
Published: August 2022

Within the field of international migration, most studies focusing on home‐based migrant social networks tend to focus on family relations, whereas the role of the friends who stay behind is largely neglected. This study explores how friendships affect and are affected by, international migration. Via an ethnographic approach, we have analysed the experiences of 16 young adults who stayed behind in the sending region of Essaouira, Morocco. In contrast with the pressures experienced within family relations, friendships emerged as an important source of socio‐emotional support for migrants, thereby functioning as safe spaces. Building on the findings, we argue that for a more comprehensive understanding of the social embeddedness of migration, friendships should be considered along with family relations.
Industry tournament incentives and differential risk taking
Authors: Abdoh Hussein
Published: August 2022

This study examines how industry tournament incentives affect chief executive officers' (CEOs') attitudes toward differential risk‐taking. The results show that these incentives cause a greater increase in taking systematic rather than idiosyncratic risks. Furthermore, this differential risk‐taking manifests in a competitive business environment. The findings hold robust to the instrumental variable approach and variation in industry pay gap following the adoption of FAS123R. Overall, the results suggest that the industry pay gap effectively increases CEOs' systematic risk‐taking, especially in competitive industries.
Radar and multispectral remote sensing data accurately estimate vegetation vertical structure diversity as a fire resilience indicator
Authors: Fernández‐Guisuraga José Manuel , Suárez‐Seoane Susana , Calvo Leonor
Published: August 2022

The structural complexity of plant communities contributes to maintaining the ecosystem functioning in fire‐prone landscapes and plays a crucial role in driving ecological resilience to fire. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resilience to fire off several plant communities with reference to the temporal evolution of their vertical structural diversity (VSD) estimated from the data fusion of C‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter (Sentinel‐1) and multispectral remote sensing reflectance (Sentinel‐2) in a burned landscape of the western Mediterranean Basin. We estimated VSD in the field 1 and 2 years after fire using Shannon's index as a measure of vertical heterogeneity in vegetation structure from the vegetation cover in several strata, both in burned and unburned control plots. Random forest (RF) was used to model VSD in the control (analogous to prefire scenario) and burned plots (1 year after fire) using as predictors (i) Sentinel‐1 VV and VH backscatter coefficients and (ii) surface reflectance of Sentinel‐2 bands. The transferability of the RF model from 1 to 2 years after wildfire was also evaluated. We generated VSD prediction maps across the study site for the prefire scenario and 1 to 4 years postfire. RF models accurately explained VSD in unburned control plots (R2 = 87.68; RMSE = 0.16) and burned plots 1 year after fire (R2 = 80.48; RMSE = 0.13). RF model transferability only involved a reduction in the VSD predictive capacity from 0.13 to 0.20 in terms of RMSE. The VSD of each plant community 4 years after the fire disturbance was significantly lower than in the prefire scenario. Plant communities dominated by resprouter species featured significantly higher VSD recovery values than communities dominated by facultative or obligate seeders. Our results support the applicability of SAR and multispectral data fusion for monitoring VSD as a generalizable resilience indicator in fire‐prone landscapes.
Tunable Structured MXenes With Modulated Atomic Environments: A Powerful New Platform for Electrocatalytic Energy Conversion
Authors: Xiao Sutong , Zheng Yijuan , Wu Xizheng , Zhou Mi , Rong Xiao , Wang Liyun , Tang Yuanjiao , Liu Xikui , Qiu Li , Cheng Chong
Published: August 2022

Owing to their rich surface chemistry, high conductivity, tunable bandgap, and thermal stability, structured 2D transition‐metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides (MXenes) with modulated atomic environments have emerged as efficient electrochemical energy conversion systems in the past decade. Herein, the most recent advances in the engineering of tunable structured MXenes as a powerful new platform for electrocatalytic energy conversion are comprehensively summarized. First, the state‐of‐the‐art synthetic and processing methods, tunable nanostructures, electronic properties, and modulation principles of engineering MXene‐derived nanoarchitectures are focused on. The current breakthroughs in the design of catalytic centers, atomic environments, and the corresponding structure–performance correlations, including termination engineering, heteroatom doping, defect engineering, heterojunctions, and alloying, are discussed. Furthermore, representative electrocatalytic applications of structured MXenes in energy conversion systems are also summarized. Finally, the challenges in and prospects for constructing MXene‐based electrocatalytic materials are also discussed. This review provides a leading‐edge understanding of the engineering of various MXene‐based electrocatalysts and offers theoretical and experimental guidance for prospective studies, thereby promoting the practical applications of tunable structured MXenes in electrocatalytic energy conversion systems.
Exploration of Twin‐Modified Grain Boundary Engineering in Metallic Copper Predominated Electromagnetic Wave Absorber
Authors: Liang Hongsheng , Zhang Limin , Wu Hongjing
Published: August 2022

High density and skin effect restrict the research progress of metal predominated electromagnetic wave absorbing (EMA) materials. Although some works try to solve it, they do not focus on the metal itself and do not involve the optimization of the active site of the inherent defects of the metal. In this work, the modulation of morphology, composition, interface, defects, and conductivity is achieved by adjusting the ratio of copper salt to reducing agent chitosan. Uniquely, the appearance of twin boundaries (TBs) accelerates the ability of the homogeneous interfaces to transfer charges, resists the oxidation of metal Cu0, keeps the high electric conductivity of Cu0 nanoparticles, and enhances the conduction loss, which provides a boost for electromagnetic wave dissipation. As a result, the metal Cu0 predominated absorber (Cu‐NC (N‐doped carbon)−10,) exhibits an ultra‐width effective absorption band of 8.28 GHz (9.72–18.00 GHz) at a thickness of 2.47 mm and the minimum reflection loss (RL) value of −63.8 dB with a thickness of 2.01 mm. In short, this work explores the EM regulation mechanism of TBs compared with grain boundaries (GBs), which provides a new insight for the rational design of metal predominated EMA materials.
The recent progress of inorganic‐based intelligent responsive nanoplatform for tumor theranostics
Authors: Yang Zebin , Chen Hangrong
Published: August 2022

Inorganic nanoplatform exhibits great potentials in drug delivery and responsive release attributed to its inherent physicochemical properties, good biocompatibility, surface modification, and easy synthesis. In this review, the recent progresses on the inorganic smart bio‐responsive nanoplatforms for tumor theranostics are summarized, which could be triggered by either endogenous tumor microenvironment (TME) or the exogenous physical and hopeful to achieve safe, precise, and high efficacy for tumor therapy. Notably, these nanoplatforms generally are dependent on the intelligent and multifunctional design of nanocarriers, including mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), black phosphorus (BP), Prussian blue (PB), and other inorganic‐based nanoparticles. Finally, the perspectives and challenges of inorganic nanoplatform in the future translational medicine are proposed.
On the Limits of State-of-the-Art GNSS Receivers in Frequency Transfer
Authors: Krawinkel Thomas , Schön Steffen
Published: August 2022

GNSS frequency transfer (FT) based on precise point positioning delivers instability values down to sub-10−16 between two modern receivers. In the present study we investigate the technical limits such receivers impose on FT by means of a dedicated experiment at Germany’s national metrology institute (PTB). For this purpose, four geodetic receivers, two of the same type each, were all connected to one single antenna and fed by the highly stable UTC (PTB) frequency signal. Since all error sources affecting the satellite signals are the same for all receivers, they cancel out when forming receiver-to-receiver single differences (SDs). Due to the fact that the remaining SD carrier phase ambiguities can be easily fixed to integer values, only the relative receiver clock error remains in the SDs. We assess the instability of three different receiver combinations, two with the same receiver type (intra-receiver) and one with different types (inter-receiver). The intra-receiver pairs reach lower instability values faster than the inter-receiver combination, which is in part caused by the different signal tracking modes of the receivers. To be specific, the 10−18 instability range was only reached by the intra-receiver pairs, whereas the inter-receiver combination already hits its noise floor at about 1.5 ⋅ 10−17. In addition, our analysis of using different observation type combinations only shows small differences regarding the link instability.
Soziokulturelle (Über-)Prägungen ländlicher Regionalentwicklung im Alpenraum durch Urbanisierung und Globalisierung
Authors: Wytrzens Hans Karl
Published: August 2022

Die Entwicklung alpiner Regionen ist weltumspannenden, wirtschaftlichen, demografischen, sozialen und kulturellen – im Beitrag schlaglichtartig aufgezeigten – Einflüssen ausgesetzt, die sich unter den Schlagworten Urbanisierung und Globalisierung zusammenfassen lassen. Was sich dadurch soziokulturell in den Alpen verändert hat und was der Wandel für die Regionalentwicklung bedeutet, ergründet ein Literaturreview. Urbanisierung und Globalisierung hinterlassen im soziokulturellen Geschehen vor Ort mannigfache Spuren, die von vielfältigen Vernetzungen und einer gewissen Fremdsteuerung zeugen sowie autonomes Reagieren evozieren. Dabei steht die Regionalentwicklung vor den Herausforderungen, trotz wachsender Pluralität und Diversität eine einheitliche Orientierung zu finden, sich strukturell zu reorganisieren, Kooperationen und Netzwerke auszubauen und Partizipation trotz der Multilokalität großer Teile der Bevölkerung sicherzustellen.
Nahe Ferne, weite Nähe? Ein Analyserahmen für Dimensionen der Nähe in lokalen und transkontinentalen alternativen Lebensmittelnetzwerken
Authors: Gugerell Christina , Edelmann Hanna , Penker Marianne
Published: August 2022

Alternative Lebensmittelnetzwerke zielen darauf ab, durch direkte Kontakte, Kommunikation und Vertrauen Nähe zwischen den beteiligten Akteurinnen und Akteuren herzustellen. Der Beitrag stellt einen deduktiv entwickelten Analyserahmen vor. Dieser dient zur Untersuchung geografischer und relationaler (organisatorischer, institutioneller, kognitiver, sozialer) Nähedimensionen, die in alternativen Lebensmittelnetzwerken wirksam sein können. Die Einsatzbreite des Analyserahmens wird anhand von zwei Fallbeispielen demonstriert – einer solidarischen Landwirtschaft im Umland Wiens sowie einen Kaffeedirekthandel zwischen Peru und Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich in alternativen Lebensmittelnetzwerken relationale Nähe auch dann entwickeln kann, wenn keine dauerhafte geografische Nähe gegeben ist.
Factors Influencing Farmers’ Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Kropf Bernadette , Mitter Hermine
Published: August 2022

Researchers increasingly explore farmers’ climate change behavior and the respective influencing factors. This has resulted in extensive, but hitherto unstructured knowledge. We analyze 50 peer-reviewed scientific studies and identify behavioral factors and their influence on farmers’ mitigation and adaptation behavior. Our results show a broad variety of behavioral factors, including cognitive factors which refer to perceptions of a specific risk or behavior, social factors which are influenced by farmers’ interactions with their social peers, and factors which depend on farmers’ personal disposition. Depending on the characteristics of the respective behavioral factor, the implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures is facilitated or impeded.
Shaping New Rural and Mountain Narratives: Priorities for Challenges and Opportunities in Mountain Research
Authors: Dax Thomas
Published: August 2022

In recent decades, analyses on spatial change have addressed mountains as specific and crucial places for resilience and global sustainable development pathways. Comprehensive studies have recognized the complexity of "mountain" research issues at local to global levels. This article takes stock of the emerging shift in priorities across European research towards analyzing interactions in social-ecological systems of mountain areas. The analysis builds on long-term engagement in mountain research networks, the elaboration of a European mountain research strategy, and expert interviews on key requirements for research on mountain opportunities and challenges. In order to understand the complex interrelations of mountain social-ecological systems, it is crucial to apply inter- and transdisciplinary methods enabling the elaboration of new narratives on mountain research that address pressing societal challenges.
Eine geschlechtergerechte ländliche Gesellschaft zwischen Vision und Realität: Eine diskursive Annäherung
Authors: Oedl-Wieser Theresia
Published: August 2022

Ländliche Regionen sind gesellschaftliche Teilräume, in denen sich kontinuierlich sozialer und wirtschaftlicher Wandel vollzieht. Aufgrund der Heterogenität dieser Teilräume können Geschlechterverhältnisse und die damit verknüpften Normen und Praktiken unterschiedlich verfasst sein und sich auf die Gestaltungsmacht, die Partizipation und die Arbeitsteilung von Frauen und Männern verschieden auswirken. Der Beitrag präsentiert die Vision einer geschlechtergerechten ländlichen Gesellschaft, die auf Gleichheit, soziale Vielfalt sowie Offenheit und Toleranz gegenüber alternativen Lebensentwürfen abzielt sowie soziale Inklusion und Innovationen fördert. Die Betrachtung des Status quo von Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in der ländlichen Gesellschaft in Österreich offenbart, dass es zahlreicher politischer und gesellschaftlicher Anstrengungen bedarf, um strukturelle Hindernisse zu überwinden und diese Vision umzusetzen. Die Rurale Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung kann hier einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten.
Tierwohlstandards für Milchkühe im Berggebiet: Haltungsform oder Werthaltung?
Authors: Schermer Markus
Published: August 2022

Die Ankündigung eines österreichischen Lebensmitteldiskonters im Herbst 2018, dass Lieferantinnen und Lieferanten seiner Biomarke ab sofort allen Tieren ganzjährig mindestens zwei Stunden Auslauf pro Tag gewähren müssten und zudem ab 2021 nur noch Milch aus Laufstallhaltung angenommen würde, führte zu Protesten der betroffenen Betriebsleiterinnen und -leiter und feuerte eine allgemeine Debatte über Tierwohl in der alpinen Milchviehhaltung an. Während eine Gruppe die Laufstallhaltung als einziges zukunftsfähiges System befürwortet, verteidigt eine andere die traditionelle Kombinationshaltung (Anbindehaltung im Winter und Weidegang bzw. Alpung während der Vegetationsperiode). Der Beitrag soll zeigen, dass die beiden Positionen in den unterschiedlichen Bewirtschaftungs- und Denkstilen der Landwirtschaft verankert sind. Der Lebensmittelhandel argumentiert seine Vorgaben mit den gesellschaftlichen Erwartungen an das Tierwohl. Gleichzeitig prägt er damit diese Erwartungen und reduziert das Tierwohl auf eine Haltungsform. Zudem wirken diese privaten Standards performativ auf die Landwirtschaftsvertretung und die Vorgaben der öffentlichen Hand. Dies verstärkt den Strukturwandel in der Landwirtschaft, wodurch genau jene Betriebe zu verschwinden drohen, die in der Werbung präsentiert werden.
Politische Professionalisierung: Deutungs- und Beratungsangebote für die Vergabepraxis
Authors: Jaehrling Karen , Stiehm Christin
Published: August 2022

Neben der Reform von Gesetzen und Verordnungen ist auch die Ausdeutung von formalen Normen ein politisches Feld, auf dem unterschiedliche Akteure und Interessen um Einfluss ringen. Dies gilt auch für das breite Spektrum an nicht verbindlichen Informations- und Beratungsangeboten, wie die formalen Regeln in der Praxis implementiert werden können. Diese Deutungsangebote wurden auch im Gefolge der Doppelbewegung von Vermarktlichung und Sozialpolitisierung stark ausgebaut. Sie richten sich mit dem Anspruch an die Vergabepraxis, diese zu professionalisieren und so bei der Bewältigung der gestiegenen (und diversen) Ansprüche an die öffentliche Auftragsvergabe zu unterstützen. Berufsverbände der Vergabefachkräfte selbst spielen dabei keine so zentrale Rolle wie im Falle der klassischen Professionen des Gesundheits- und Sozialwesens. Vielmehr werden die professionellen Standards von einer Vielzahl auch ex-terner Akteure mitentwickelt, die mit unterschiedlichen Interessen und politischer Stoßrichtung den Vergabepraktiker*innen ihre Expertise in Form von Leitbildern, Beratungen, Wissenssammlungen und Standards einer ‚guten‘ Auftragsvergabe andienen. Ihre Aktivitäten lassen sich daher als 'politische Professionalisierung' bezeichnen
Preoperative joint line convergence angle correction is a key factor in optimising accuracy in varus knee correction osteotomy
Authors: Behrendt P. , Akoto R. , Bartels I. , Thürig G. , Fahlbusch H. , Korthaus A. , Dalos D. , Hoffmann M. , Frosch K.-H. , Krause M.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to identify and prevent preoperative factors that can be influenced in preoperative planning to reduce postoperative malcorrections.

Methods

The method used in this study was a retrospective two-centre analysis of 78 pre and postoperative fully weight-bearing radiographs of patients who underwent valgus osteotomy correction due to symptomatic medial compartment osteoarthritis. A computer software (TraumaCad®) was used to aim for an intersection point of the mechanical tibiofemoral axis (mTFA) with the tibia plateau at 55–60% (medial = 0%, lateral = 100%). Postoperative divergence ± 5% of this point was defined as over- and undercorrection. Preoperative joint geometry factors were correlated with postoperative malcorrection. Planning was conducted using the established method described by Miniaci (Group A) and with additional correction of the joint line convergence angle (JLCA) using the formula JLCA-2/2 (Group B). Additionally, in a small clinical case series, planning was conducted with JLCA correction. Statistical analysis was performed using (multiple) linear regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p < 0.05 considered significant.

Results

In 78 analysed cases, postoperative malcorrection was detected in 37.2% (5.1% undercorrection, 32.1% overcorrection). Linear regression analysis revealed preoperative body mass index (BMI, p = 0.04), JLCA (p = 0.0001), and osteotomy level divergence (p = 0.0005) as factors correlated with overcorrection. In a multiple regression analysis, JLCA and osteotomy level divergence remained significant factors. Preoperative JLCA correction reduced the planned osteotomy gap (A 9.7 ± 2.8 mm vs B 8.3 ± 2.4 mm; p > 0.05) and postoperative medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA: A 94.3 ± 2.1° vs B 92.3 ± 1.5°; p < .05) in patients with preoperative JLCA ≥ 4°. The results were validated using a virtual postoperative correction of cases with overcorrection. A case series (n = 8) with a preoperative JLCA > 4 revealed a postoperative accuracy using the JLCA correction of 3.4 ± 1.9%.

Conclusion

Preoperative JLCA ≥ 4° and tibial osteotomy level divergence were identified as risk factors for postoperative overcorrection. Preoperative JLCA correction using the formula JLCA-2/2 is proposed to better control ideal postoperative correction and reduce MPTA. The intraoperatively realised osteotomy level should be precisely in accordance with preoperative planning.

Level of evidence

III, cross-sectional study.
Quantile regression version of Hodrick–Prescott filter
Authors: Yamada Hiroshi
Published: August 2022

Hodrick–Prescott (HP) filter is a popular trend filtering method for univariate macroeconomic time series such as real gross domestic product. This paper considers the quantile regression version of HP filter (qHP filter), which is a filtering method defined by replacing quadratic loss function of HP filter with quantile regression loss function. One of the essential properties of quantile regression is that if the regression includes intercept, then the ratio of negative residuals can be almost controlled. Does the suggested qHP filter also have the property? This paper answers this question. In addition to the main result, we provide an empirical illustration.
Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund inequalities for polynomials in Fock space
Authors: Gröchenig Karlheinz , Ortega-Cerdà Joaquim
Published: August 2022

We study the relation between Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund families for polynomials in a weighted$$L^2$$L2-space and sampling theorems for entire functions in the Fock space and the dual relation between uniform interpolating families for polynomials and interpolating sequences. As a consequence we obtain a description of signal subspaces spanned by Hermite functions by means of Gabor frames.
Full description of Benjamin-Feir instability of stokes waves in deep water
Authors: Berti Massimiliano , Maspero Alberto , Ventura Paolo
Published: August 2022

Small-amplitude, traveling, space periodic solutions –called Stokes waves– of the 2 dimensional gravity water waves equations in deep water are linearly unstable with respect to long-wave perturbations, as predicted by Benjamin and Feir in 1967. We completely describe the behavior of the four eigenvalues close to zero of the linearized equations at the Stokes wave, as the Floquet exponent is turned on. We prove in particular the conjecture that a pair of non-purely imaginary eigenvalues depicts a closed figure “8”, parameterized by the Floquet exponent, in full agreement with numerical simulations. Our new spectral approach to the Benjamin-Feir instability phenomenon uses a symplectic version of Kato’s theory of similarity transformation to reduce the problem to determine the eigenvalues of a $$ 4 \times 4 $$

4
×
4

complex Hamiltonian and reversible matrix. Applying a procedure inspired by KAM theory, we block-diagonalize such matrix into a pair of $$2 \times 2 $$

2
×
2

Hamiltonian and reversible matrices, thus obtaining the full description of its eigenvalues.
In-line measurement of absorbed solar irradiance using a volumetric collector with SWCNH nanofluid
Authors: Berto Arianna , Zanetti Emanuele , Ponzana Giovanni , Meneghetti Moreno , Del Col Davide
Published: August 2022

Direct absorption solar collectors operating with nanofluids represent a promising technology in the field of solar thermal systems. However, the stability and the reliability of such fluids in real time operation is still an open issue, since their absorption performance has been mainly evaluated at lab-scale under stagnant conditions and their optical properties can be subject to degradation due to multiple reasons. A novel technique based on the combined use of pyranometers is here presented for measuring the absorption rate of nanofluids circulating in a volumetric solar receiver. In the present work, the absorption capability of a Single-Wall-Carbon-NanoHorns (SWCNHs) based nanofluid is experimentally investigated when varying temperature (between 25 °C and 45 °C) and mass flow rate (between 5 kg h−1 and 315 kg h−1). The optical efficiency of the nanofluid is found to be slightly affected by the temperature of the circulating fluid. The optical efficiency is checked for more than 80 hours of operation.
From collocations to call-ocations: using linguistic methods to quantify animal call combinations
Authors: Bosshard Alexandra B. , Leroux Maël , Lester Nicholas A. , Bickel Balthasar , Stoll Sabine , Townsend Simon W.
Published: August 2022

Emerging data in a range of non-human animal species have highlighted a latent ability to combine certain pre-existing calls together into larger structures. Currently, however, the quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. This is problematic because animal calls can co-occur with one another simply through chance alone. One common approach applied in language sciences to identify recurrent word combinations is collocation analysis. Through comparing the co-occurrence of two words with how each word combines with other words within a corpus, collocation analysis can highlight above chance, two-word combinations. Here, we demonstrate how this approach can also be applied to non-human animal signal sequences by implementing it on artificially generated data sets of call combinations. We argue collocation analysis represents a promising tool for identifying non-random, communicatively relevant call combinations and, more generally, signal sequences, in animals.

Significance statement

Assessing the propensity for animals to combine calls provides important comparative insights into the complexity of animal vocal systems and the selective pressures such systems have been exposed to. Currently, however, the objective quantification of context-specific call combinations has received less attention. Here we introduce an approach commonly applied in corpus linguistics, namely collocation analysis, and show how this method can be put to use for identifying call combinations more systematically. Through implementing the same objective method, so-called call-ocations, we hope researchers will be able to make more meaningful comparisons regarding animal signal sequencing abilities both within and across systems.
Factors Contributing to and Reducing Delays in the Provision of Adequate Care in Ghana: A Qualitative Study of Trauma Care Providers
Authors: Mesic Aldina , Gyedu Adam , Mehta Kajal , Goodman Stephanie K. , Mock Charles , Quansah Robert , Donkor Peter , Stewart Barclay
Published: August 2022

Background

Ghana has a large and growing burden of injury morbidity and mortality. There is a substantial unmet need for trauma surgery, highlighting a need to understand gaps in care.

Methods

We conducted 8 in‐depth interviews with trauma care providers (surgeons, nurses, and specialists) at a large teaching hospital to understand factors that contribute to and reduce delays in the provision of adequate trauma care for severely injured patients. The study aimed to understand whether providers thought factors differed between patients that were enrolled in the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) and those that were not. Findings were presented for the third delay (provision of appropriate care) in the Three Delays Framework.

Results

Key findings included that most factors contributing delays in the provision of adequate care were related to the costs of care, including for diagnostics, medications, and treatment for patients with and without NHIS subscription. Other notable factors included conflicts between providers, resource constraints, and poor coordination of care at the facility. Factors which reduce delays included advocacy by providers and informal processes for prioritizing critical injuries.

Conclusion

We recommend facility‐level changes including increasing equity in access to trauma and elective surgery through targeted system strengthening efforts (e.g., a scheduled back‐up call system for surgeons, anesthetists, other specialists, and nurses; designated operating theatres and staff for emergencies; training of staff), policy changes to simplify the insurance renewal and subscription processes, and future research on the costs and benefits of including diagnostics, medications, and common trauma services into the NHIS benefits package.
Wide mutational analysis to ascertain the functional roles of eL33 in ribosome biogenesis and translation initiation
Authors: Martín-Marcos Pilar , Gil-Hernández Álvaro , Tamame Mercedes
Published: August 2022

An extensive mutational analysis of RPL33A, encoding the yeast ribosomal protein L33A (eL33) allowed us to identify several novel rpl33a mutants with different translational phenotypes. Most of the rpl33a mutants are defective in the processing of 35S and 27S pre-rRNA precursors and the production of mature rRNAs, exhibiting reductions in the amounts of ribosomal subunits and altered polysome profiles. Some of the rpl33a mutants exhibit a Gcd− phenotype of constitutive derepression of GCN4 translation and strong slow growth phenotypes at several temperatures. Interestingly, some of the later mutants also show a detectable increase in the UUG/AUG translation initiation ratio that can be suppressed by eIF1 overexpression, suggesting a requirement for eL33 and a correct 60S/40S subunit ratio for the proper recognition of the AUG start codon. In addition to producing differential reductions in the rates of pre-rRNA maturation and perhaps in r-protein assembly, most of the point rpl33a mutations alter specific molecular interactions of eL33 with the rRNAs and other r-proteins in the 60S structure. Thus, rpl33a mutations cause distinctive effects on the abundance and/or functionality of 60S subunits, leading to more or less pronounced defects in the rates and fidelity of mRNA translation.