bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Market Economy and Consumer Rights: The Impact on Women's Everyday Lives and Employment
Authors: Fuszara Malgorzata
Published: March 2007

The transition from totalitarianism to democracy and freedom (and a free market as one of the elements of that freedom) has changed everyday life in Poland. Some changes have affected women rather than men. In some respects, the introduction of a market economy has changed women's life for the better for example as consumers. Women no longer waste many hours each day queuing. In other areas, the changes have led to a deterioration of women's situation and threaten their status in society, such as disproportional unemployment of women, lower rates of participation in the privatization process and loss of certain social services. In other respects the changes have simply done away with the communist myth of gender equality such as the extent of women's participation in politics, executive posts held by women, equal pay, etc. Finally, in some spheres the current changes have not had any impact on women's situation: violence against women, for instance, is still a taboo subject. Changes in many spheres are still necessary in Poland: in legal regulations, in the level of activity of women's organizations, in the social consciousness of both men and women, to mention a few. Without these changes, women's situation cannot be improved.
Does Employee Ownership Weaken Trade Unions? Recent Evidence from the UK Bus Industry
Authors: Pendleton Andrew , Robinson Andrew , Wilson Nicholas
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the impact of employee ownership on trade unions and collective bargaining in firms adopting the ESOP form of collective ownership. The paper addresses the proposition found in earlier literature on employee ownership that union functions will be undermined by a combination of attitudinal change and by the introduction of new forms of representation and participation. Focusing especially on the latter issue the paper reports the findings of research into employee ownership in the UK bus industry. It is found that union membership and functions survive intact, and that in some respects the union role may have been widened and strengthened by employee ownership.
Neoliberal Globalization and the Crisis of Swedish Social Democracy
Authors: Ryner Magnus
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the crisis of the Swedish Model from a transnational perspective. An introductory section defines and gives analytical meaning to the term 'neoliberal globalization'. The article then specifies the relationship between domestic and international, as well as necessitarian and contingent, determinants in the crisis of Swedish social democracy.
Shaping Oral Feeding in a Gastronomy Tube–Dependent Child in Natural Settings
Authors: Gutentag Scott , Hammer David
Published: March 2007

A 3-year-old medically fragile girl who refused to eat after prolonged and frequent hospitalizationswas started on a feeding program in the home and school settings. She exhibited food aversions and received all nourishment via a gastronomy tube. Preevaluation observations of her feeding behavior revealed that she refused all presented drinks and foods. Treatment was twofold. First, food acceptance was followed by social praise and access to preferred toy play, and second, food refusal and disruptive behaviors were ignored. Gagging, vomiting, and crying occurred periodically during initial feedings. In addition, there were medical complications during the course of treatment necessitating continuous modifications of the program. Results of a multiple-phase design showed marked increases in the amount of food consumed at home, which then generalized to the school setting.
An ABAC Comparison of Two Intensive Interventions for Food Refusal
Authors: Ahearn William H. , Kerwin Marylouise E. , Eicher Peggy S. , Lukens Colleen Taylor
Published: March 2007

An ABAC comparison of two treatment packages for food refusal, physical guidance and nonremoval of the spoon, was conducted with two children with limited food acceptance. Both of these treatment packages included prevention of escape from presented food. Subsequent to baseline, one of the two treatment packages was implemented for each child. The treatment packages were implemented ABAC for one child and ACAB for the other child. Once the percentage of bites accepted had increased to at least 75% with the initial exposure to a treatment package, that treatment was withdrawn with a subsequent exposure to the second treatment package. The results indicated that both treatment packages were effective in establishing food acceptance. Also, initial exposure to either of the two treatment packages facilitated acquisition of food acceptance during the second exposure. Parental preference of the treatment package may have been influenced by the order of exposure to the treatment conditions.
An Experimental Analysis of Language Training Generalization Across Classroom and Home
Authors: Garcia Eugene E. , Bullet John , Rust Frank P.
Published: March 2007

The effects of several procedures aimed at increasing the use of trained speech outside the speech training environment were investigated. Two retarded children were trained using imitation and reinforcement procedures to label a series of pictures with complex sentences containing five-word chains. Concurrently, the use of this trained repertoire was monitored in a classroom setting and at home. Results indicated that children did not begin to use the trained instances in the classroom or at home until some instances were actually trained in these settings. The implications of these findings for efficient speech therapy and future research are discussed.
Operant Conditioning of a .300 Hitter?
Authors: Heward William L.
Published: March 2007

Nine members of a professional touring baseball team served as subjects in an experiment to test the effects of reinforcement on individual and team offensive production. A new baseball statistic, the Efficiency Average (EA), was developed and recorded as the dependent variable. The experiment was conducted via an ABAB design. During the two phases of reinforcement, subjects' EAs were posted in the dugout prior to each game. After seven games, the three players with the highest cumulative EAs for that period were given $5.00, $3.00, and $2.00 respectively by rank order. Six of the subjects increased their offensive efficiency over baseline levels as evidenced by higher EAs during the first phase of reinforcement. Four subjects' EAs decreased with the reinstatement of baseline conditions, and EAs increased for four subjects when reinforcement was continued during the final phase. Team EA and run production was significantly higher for the 28 games when reinforcement was contingent upon EA ranking than for the 42 games when reinforcement was not available. While a functional relationship between the experimental procedures and the subjects' baseball behavior was not demonstrated by the data, several interesting effects of the intervention were noted which served to weaken experimental control. Considerations for further applied behavior analysis of athletics are discussed.
The Development of Classroom Sharing by a Teacher Using Positive Practice
Authors: Barton Edward J. , Osborne J. Grayson
Published: March 2007

A kindergarten class of five hearing-impaired children initiated and reciprocated sharing responses through the use of positive practice. Positive practice was conducted by a teacher in the regular classroom during a free-play period in which toys were available. Students who were not sharing practiced asking other students to share, and the rquested student was required to acquiesce in the sharing. Failure to acquiesce led to the positive practice of that correct role. A design which utilized individual probes interspersed among treatment sessions was employed. Positive practice resulted in more than a threefold increase in physical sharing of toys. All five children increased their physical sharing. Verbal sharing was unaffected by the procedure. Fifteen weeks after termination of the experiment, physical sharing still occurred approximately three times more often than during the initial baseline. Sharing generalized to a new teacher, a larger class with untrained students, and new toys. The results suggest that a teacher can systematically facilitate physical sharing among young children in the classroom by the use of positive practice.
Use of a Group Contingency to Decrease Staff Absenteeism in a State Institution
Authors: Reid Dennis H. , Schuh-Wear Christine L. , Brannon Marjorie E.
Published: March 2007

The effects of a group contingency on amount of absences from work by institutional personnel were investigated. The contingency required staff on a unit shift to reduce and maintain their total number of absences below a criterion level. If the shift obtained the criterion during a 4-week work period, a new work schedule was implemented providing more frequent days off on weekends. The group contingency was implemented in multiple baseline fashion across six work shifts and was accompanied by reductions in absenteeism on five of the shifts. Additional analyses comparing the rates of the previous year supported the effectiveness of all six shifts. It appeared that the procedure was effective in reducing absenteeism by socially significant amounts when viewed in terms of person hours of work for resident services and in terms of economic cost.
Treatment of Sleep Onset Insomnia by Paradoxical Instruction
Authors: Relinger Helmut , Bornstein Philip H.
Published: March 2007

Four adult outpatients suffering from severe, chronic sleep onset insomnia participated in a five-session paradoxical instruction treatment program. A multiple baseline design across subjects was utilized with major dependent measures consisting of eight behaviorally-specific daily sleep indices. Counterdemand manipulations were applied so as to evaluate and control for change attributable to expectancy and therapeutic demand. Results indicated significant improvement on five of the daily sleep chart measures, with treatment gains maintained at 4-, 8-, and 12-week follow-up. These findings are discussed with regard to interruption of hypothesized exacerbation cycle phenomenon.
Assessing Generalization and the Single-Subject Strategies
Authors: Kendall Philip C.
Published: March 2007

Single-subject designs are useful tools to aid in the evaluation of the effectiveness of a treatment intervention. Unfortunately, within the single-subject strategy there can arise a question as to what is demonstrated-treatment control or a lack of generalization (transfer)? Toward the resolution of such an issue, both stimulus and response generalization are examined for several single-subject designs. It is suggested that the assessment of certain types of generalization for certain designs would not contradict a demonstration of treatment control. Such nonproblematic tests for generalization are suggested as a worthwhile addition to our evaluative armamentarium, and a methodology to conduct "generalization tests" is outlined.
Generalization of Sharing Across Groups
Authors: Barton Edward J. , Bevirt Josette
Published: March 2007

In this study, generalization of sharing across groups was investigated and the influence of group composition (trained and nontrained subjects) on generalization was assessed. Six groups of subjects were formed by using 12 preschool children. Each group (two boys and two girls) was observed daily during 1510-minute free play sessions. Two groups were trained to share during Sessions 6 through 10; two groups were trained to share during Sessions 11 through 15; and two groups did not receive training. The effects of training a group to share generalized to nontrained groups. Generalization of sharing across groups reflected an increase in sharing within trained pairs, within nontrained pairs, between trained pairs, and between trained and nontrained pairs of children. Subsequent training with groups composed of trained and nontrained pairs further facilitated frequency of sharing. Results collectively suggest that the presence of a trained pair of children facilitates generalized increases in sharing across groups of preschool children, but that the remaining group composition is not a variable functional in this generalization. Issues related to behavioral assessment as well as applied significance for parents and teachers are discussed.
Low Female Sexual Arousal
Authors: Hoon Emily F. , Hoon Peter W. , Amberson Janis I. , Coleman Emily M. , Ling Frank W.
Published: March 2007

This study describes the first use of biofeedback, in addition to standard sex therapy, for low sexual arousal presented by a 26-year-old married nursing student. Despite glowing self-reports of improvement, only 4 or 5 out of 32 physiological and cognitive measures, both within and between therapy sessions, showed evidence of change. The findings of this study underscore those of others, which have raised doubts about the efficacy of sex therapy.
Carbamazepine and Behavior Therapy for Aggressive Behavior
Authors: Rapport Mark D. , Sonis William A. , Fialkov Martin J. , Matson Johnny L. , Kazdin Alan E.
Published: March 2007

Seizure disorders and concomitant prodromal or postictal behaviors are usually treated with anticonvulsant medication. This article studies the effects of sodium valproate and carbamazepine given alone and in combination with systematic interruption of aggression that accompanied seizures and with reinforcement for not exhibiting these behaviors. The patient, a 13-year-old mentally retarded female adolescent, showed considerably more improvement with the combined carbamazepine and behavior therapy regimen when it was compared to other treatments. Effects generalized outside the hospital setting.
Treating Chronic Aggression
Authors: Doke Larry , Cwolery Mark , Sumberg Catherine
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aromatic ammonia spirits applied contingent upon the severe aggression of a 7-year-old, mentally retarded and behavior-disordered child. A secondary purpose was to test a new method of administering the treatment. A within-subjects, repeated reversals design was used. Across 104 daily sessions, concurrent measures were obtained on aggression, inappropriate vocalizations, participation in planned activities, staring, teacher praise, and teacher touching. During experimental phases ammonia was applied contingent upon aggression and the behavior was abruptly suppressed. Concurrently, levels of untreated inappropriate vocalizations decreased and levels of participation in planned activities increased. These positive side effects diminished slightly after 3 or 4 months of treatment. Both the effects and side effects of treatment, however, were still evident at a 14-month follow-up. Results are discussed in terms of past research with contingent ammonia, side effects of punishment, and treatment precautions.
Cognitive Change During Treatment of Agoraphobia
Authors: Last Cynthia G. , Barlow David H. , O'Brien Gerald T.
Published: March 2007

The main purpose of the present investigation was to assess cognitive change during behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatment of agorophobia. In addition, the relationship between cognitive change and treatment outcome was evaluated. Six agoraphobics participated in a treatment program consisting of in vivo exposure, with half of the subjects receiving an additional cognitive treatment component. Both treatments were administered in a multiple baseline design across subjects. Results showed neither treatment to produce clear and consistent changes in cognitions. However, evaluation of the effects of both treatments on cognitions were hampered by several factors: (1) cognitive improvement typically occurring during the baseline phase; (2) marked variability of cognitions often exhibited during the treatment phases; and (3) relatively poor clinical outcome of several subjects. Nevertheless, no lawful relationship between cognitive change and treatment outcome was observed, irrespective of subjects' individual treatment responses.
Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Gibbs Jeffrey W. , Luyben Paul D.
Published: March 2007

Positive practice has several components that may function within the procedure including the following: (1) the contingency aspect of the procedure, (2) the extensive reeducative practice of alternate, correct responses, and (3) the period of timeout from positive reinforcement. A single case reversal design was used to determine if the contingency component of positive practice was necessary to reduce the frequency of SIB. The results showed that positive practice was not effective when applied noncontingently but highly effective when administered contingently. Because practice alone was not sufficient to reduce the frequency of SIB, positive practice appears to be a punishment procedure. Also, because timeout is a component of contingent positive practice, it is still unclear whether or not time-out is a necessary component of positive practice.
Generalized Verbal Control and Correspondence Training
Authors: Baer Ruth A. , Williams Julie A. , Osnes Pamela G. , Stokes Trevor F.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated generalization and maintenance of verbal control over nonverbal behavior in a preschool child. In a multiple baseline design across responses, verbal control initially was found to be well developed, but decreased with repeated tests for generalization and maintenance. A brief correspondence training phase was then implemented. During this phase, reinforcement was made contingent on both promising to engage in and actually engaging in a target response. Subsequently, verbal control was recovered. Generalization of verbal control to several untrained responses and maintenance over time were documented in a multiple baseline across-responses design. This study demonstrated the utility of correspondence training in promoting durable verbal control of a variety of responses and in recovering transitory verbal control.
Behavioral Treatment of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Wolff Richard , Rapoport Judith
Published: March 2007

Although long recognized in the clinical literature, obsessive-compulsive disorder in children has not received the attention given to the disorder in adults. There have been few reports of behavioral treatments with children, and the existing literature is composed largely of case studies employing one or more behavioral techniques as part of a treatment package. Most reports demonstrate a positive effect, but no treatment has demonstrated superiority, and the general outcome effect is much less than optimistic. The role of etiology, of epidemiology, of families in treatment, and of associated conditions are reviewed, and considerations for future investigations are offered.
A Functionally Based Approach to the Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Day Robert M. , Rea Jerry A. , Schussler Nancy G. , Larsen Steven E. , Johnson Willard L.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the efficacy of basing treatment interventions for self-injurious behavior on data gathered in functional assessment sessions designed to evaluate the environmental determinants that control the rate of responding. Two moderate and one severely retarded school-age children served as subjects in this study. Data from the assessments revealed that Subjects 1 and 2 emitted the highest rates of self-injury under positive reinforcement conditions, while Subject 3 exhibited higher rates during sensory-input alone conditions. Treatments, implemented by classroom teachers, consisted of differential reinforcement procedures that sought to replace the self-injury with functionally equivalent responses. Results of the interventions indicate that self-injury that is maintained by socially mediated reinforcers could be reduced through the training of alternative communicative responses. In addition, self-injury that functioned as sensory stimulation was reduced by the application of a mild restraint and differential reinforcement of incompatible response procedure. These results are discussed in relation to the identified motivational determinants of the responses and the limitations of such assessments.
Self-Recording Mutually Exclusive Multiple Responses
Authors: Critchfield Thomas S.
Published: March 2007

Self-recording procedures generally focus on a single target response despite the fact that the situations to which they are applied often involve choices among competing responses. This analogue study explored the effects of self-recording on several mutually exclusive responses in a situation in which limited behavior was available to allocate among the responses. Four young competitive swimmers could swim 25 yards of any of four swimming strokes on a given trial. During baseline all subjects exhibited distinct preferences for one of the strokes. In different conditions subjects then self-recorded choices of all strokes or of only one stroke. When only one stroke was self-recorded, choice of that stroke increased in frequency. However, when all strokes were recorded choice patterns tended toward equity among the strokes for three of four subjects, an outcome not predicted by the existing literature. The results suggest that self-recording research, and possibly applications, might be improved through better understanding of response interactions.
Process Analysis in Behavioral Family Therapy
Authors: Hahlweg Kurt , Hemmati-Weber Minu , Heusser Angelika , Lober Helga , Winkler Herta , Muller Ursula , Feinstein Elias , Dose Matthias
Published: March 2007

Process research in behavioral family therapy (BFT) is a hitherto neglected area with the notable exception of the work of Alexander and Patterson with their colleagues. However, the development of instruments to assess therapist's behavior during the treatment session seems timely for the following reasons: (a) to investigate the relationship between therapist behavior and out-come, (b) to improve therapist training/supervision, (c) to establish treatment integrity in comparative outcome studies, and (d) to monitor treatment progress. For these purposes two sets of instruments were developed: (a) a category system to describe the content of a session, which is rated every 30 seconds and (b) several rating scales to evaluate therapist behavior, including relationship competency, ability to structure a session, didactic competence, ability to initiate behavioral probes, use of appropriate intervention strategies, use of reinforcement, and dealing with uncooperativeness. Scales are described, and data on their reliability and utility are presented.
Assessing Acceptance and Social Skills with Peers in Childhood
Authors: Foster Sharon L. , Inderbitzen Heidi M. , Nangle Douglas W.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews current strategies for assessing social skills with peers in childhood, highlighting contemporary unresolved issues in identifying children who need intervention, selecting target behaviors, and assessing treatment outcome. Sociometric measures of peer acceptance are also considered. Although many current measures of social skills have adequate evidence of reliability and convergent validity, assessment could benefit from (a) increased documentation that the content of measures assesses important skills in relating to peers, (b) improved methods for assessing social behavior in specific interpersonal situations, and (c) more empirical evidence that indirect assessment methods (self-report, peer assessment, and teacher report) and analogue observations reflect in vivo behavior.
Contingency Contacting
Authors: Hoch Theodore A. , Babbitt Roberta L. , Ccoe David A. , Krell Daniel M. , Hackbert Lucianne
Published: March 2007

Chronic food refusal has traditionally been treated with forced feeding and other physical prompting-based procedures when positive reinforcement procedures prove inadequate. Potential problems with such procedures, however, include exacerbation of feeding difficulties and health risks, as well as low parental approval and probability of implementation. Contingency contacting maximizes contact between oral acceptance and positive reinforcement, prevents escape functions of inappropriate behaviors, and requires minimal physical contact between feeder and child. Performances of two children exhibiting chronic food refusal were observed under baseline, positive reinforcement, and contingency contacting conditions. Positive reinforcement increased acceptance only slightly and did not change negative vocalization or interruption for one child. Contingency contacting rapidly increased acceptance and grams of food consumed, and decreased negative vocalization and interruption for both children. Withdrawal to positive reinforcement decreased acceptance for both children and grams consumed for one. Reinstituting contingency contacting rapidly increased acceptance and recovery of grams consumed for one child. Parental approval ratings and treatment and research implications are discussed.
A Comparative Evaluation of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Versus Exercise Therapy (ET) for the Treatment of Body Image Disturbance
Authors: Fisher Erik , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: March 2007

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was compared to a combination of aerobic/anaerobic exercise therapy (ET) for the treatment of elevated levels of body image disturbance in college females. CBT consisted of a modification of the 1987 Butters and Cash procedure that was tailored for group intervention; ET consisted of weightlifting and aerobic dancing. Using a counterbalancing procedure, the same therapists conducted both 6-week interventions, which were compared to a nontreated control group. Results revealed equivalent reductions for both treatment groups when compared to controls on measures of body image disturbance reflective of trait and state body weight anxiety, cognitive-behavioral aspects of appearance, and overall body dissatisfaction. Unfortunately, few subjects were available for follow-up analyses, preventing an evaluation of the stability of changes. The findings are discussed with regard to the potential role of fitness training as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral interventions for body image disturbance.
Individual Social Skills Training and Co-Worker Training for Supported Employees with Dual Sensory Impairment
Authors: Gaylord-Ross Robert , Park Hyun-Sook , Johnston Stacey , Lee Mellanie , Goetz Lori
Published: March 2007

Two case studies examined the efficacy of two social enhancement procedures-individual social skills training (SST) and co-worker intervention for two employees with dual sensory impairment who were working in competitive employment settings but who were socially isolated from contact with their nondisabled co-workers. A variety of measures, including direct behavioral observations and social validation ratings, examined social interaction and the formation of social networks in the workplace. Results showed that the number and duration of social interactions improved with each of the social enhancement programs. Social validation data and anecdotal reports indicated that the employees with disabilities became more socially competent, interactive, and included in the social network of the workplace. Interestingly, SST followed by co-worker training resulted in greater increases in social responding as compared to co-worker training followed by SST.
The Chinese Gender Role Stress Scales
Authors: Tang Catherine So-Kum , Lau Bill Hon-Biu
Published: March 2007

The present study aimed at examining the factor structure and predictive validity of the translated Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS) and Feminine Gender Role Stress (FGRS) scales in samples of Chinese college students and professionals (N = 482). Consistent with previous research, our results supported the theoretical assumption that stressors associated with gender role behaviors were sex-specific, and Chinese men generally scored higher on the MGRS factors but lower on the FGRS factors than Chinese women. Compared to professionals, students had higher scores on both Gender Role Stress (GRS) scales. The MGRS factors predicted somatic complaint and anxiety, whereas the FGRS factors predicted social dysfunction. Results of confirmatory factor analyses rejected a five-factor structure for the two Chinese GRS scales. Based on exploratory factor analyses, a more parsimonious three-factor solution was identified for each GRS scale. The revised three-factor GRS scales compared favorably with the original five-factor GRS scales in internal consistency, interfactor correlations, and prediction of psychological distress. The major discrepancy between the original and revised factor structure was related to the prediction of depressogenic symptoms. In sum, our results suggested that the two GRS constructs were useful in the Chinese context, and the revised three-factor structure provided a viable alternative to the original five-factor structure.
Individual Psychopathology and Marital Distress
Authors: Halford W. Kim , Bouma Ruth , Kelly Adrian , Young Ross Mcd
Published: March 2007

This article is a review of the association of individual and marital problems. The focus is on depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorders, and the functional psychoses, each of which interact with marital distress in important ways. Although the causal connections between these disorders and marital distress are complex and only particularly understood, the available evidence shows that individuals’ and couples’ problems often exacerbate each other. Consequently, regardless of whether the initial presentation is individual or couple focused, there is routinely a need to assess both individual and relationship functioning. Couples therapy, and in particular behavioral couples therapy (BCT), is an important element of effective treatment of depression, alcohol abuse, anxiety disorders, and the functional psychoses. The integration of couple and individual therapy presents a number of clinical challenges, and in concluding this article the authors provide guidelines for managing these challenges.
The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that Mortality Salience Increases Prosocial Attitudes and Behavior
Authors: Jonas Eva , Schimel Jeff , Greenberg Jeff , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: March 2007

From the perspective of terror management theory, reminders of mortality should intensify the desire to express culturally prescribed prosocial attitudes and engage in culturally prescribed prosocial behaviors. Two studies supported these hypotheses. In Study 1, people were interviewed in close proximity to a funeral home or several blocks away and were asked to indicate their attitudes toward two charities they deemed important. Those who were interviewed in front of the funeral home reported more favorability toward these charities than those who were interviewed several blocks away. In Study 2, the authors found that following mortality salience, people gave more money to a charity supporting an American cause than people who had been exposed to an aversive control topic. However, mortality salience had no effect on the amount of money given to a foreign cause. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Gender, Relationship Status, and Stereotyping about Sexual Risk
Authors: Conley Terri D. , Collins Barry E.
Published: March 2007

In this research, the authors integrated research on stereotyping and health to document relationship-status stereotyping about sexual risk. Drawing on research on relational schemas and implicit personality theories, the authors hypothesized that targets who were described as being in relationships would be perceived as having a lesser likelihood of risk for sexually transmitted diseases than would targets who were described as single. Gender of the targets and gender of the participants also were examined as potential moderating variables. In five vignette studies, people rated single targets as having more risky personality traits and higher probabilistic risk for STDs than partnered targets. They also reported a greater desire to be involved with someone similar to the partnered target. In general, male and female targets were perceived similarly; however, female targets were rated as having a lower probabilistic risk.
Perceived Support and Low Emotional Distress: The Role of Enacted Support, Dyad Similarity, and Provider Personality
Authors: Lakey Brian , Adams Kathy , Neely Lynn , Rhodes Gary , Lutz Catherine J. , Sielky Kevin
Published: March 2007

Two important issues in social support research are (a) the characteristics of support providers (e.g., enacted support and provider personality) that perceivers use to judge supportiveness and (b) the extent to which correlations between supportiveness and other constructs reflect the idiosyncratic perceptions of perceivers as well as the social consensus among observers. One-hundred daughter caregivers of parents with probable Alzheimer’s disease and their most important support providers completed measures of perceived and enacted support, dyad similarity, the personality characteristics of providers, and caregivers’ depressive symptoms. A number of different provider characteristics were linked to provider supportiveness. However, these links varied depending on whether they reflected the idiosyncratic perceptions of caregivers or the shared views of caregivers and providers. The link between perceived and enacted support was composed of both idiosyncratic and shared components, whereas the link between support and few depressive symptoms was composed only of idiosyncratic perception.
Predicting Relationship Quality and Emotional Reactions to Stress from Significant-Other-Concept Clarity
Authors: Gurung Regan A. R. , Sarason Barbara R. , Sarason Irwin G.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluated the extent to which clarity, valence, and connectedness of Significant-Other-Concepts (SOCs) predicted relationship quality and emotional reactions to stressful situations using two novel experimental paradigms. Mental representations of self (self-concept) and of romantic partner (SOC), together with measures of relationship quality (conflict, depth, support, and satisfaction), were assessed for 162 undergraduate psychology students and their romantic partners. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression analyses showed that SOCs were related to, but distinguishable from, self-concepts, connectedness, and relationship quality. Clear SOCs uniquely predicted variance in all measures of relationship quality after controlling for self-concept, connectedness, and valence measures. SOCs also predicted some emotional reactions to stress. The evidence suggests that multiple measures of SOCs, especially clarity, provide important predictors of relationship quality.
The Precocity-Longevity Hypothesis: Earlier Peaks in Career Achievement Predict Shorter Lives
Authors: McCann Stewart J. H.
Published: March 2007

A new precocity-longevity hypothesis that those who reach career peaks earlier tend to have shorter lives was tested with 23 samples of eminent persons (N = 1,026), including U.S. presidents, French presidents, Canadian prime ministers, British prime ministers, New Zealand prime ministers, Australian prime ministers, male British monarchs, popes, U.S. Supreme Court justices, U.S. vice presidents, Nova Scotia premiers, Nobel prize winners, Oscar winners for acting, signers of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, and distinguished American psychologists. Support was found in 22 samples. Supplementary analyses showed that the association between precocity and life span is robust and apparently does not result wholly from the artifact of persons with younger sample recruitment ages having shorter life expectancies or from a sample selection artifact described by D. K. Simonton. Explanatory dynamics based on stress and Type A personality are suggested.
Attributions of Responsibility and Reactions to Affirmative Action: Affirmative Action as Help
Authors: Quinn Kimberly A. , Ross Erin M. , Esses Victoria M.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated the relation between attributions of responsibility and reactions to affirmative action. Participants read one of four fictitious editorials about visible minority under-employment in which responsibility for causing the underemployment problem and responsibility for solving it were manipulated. Results indicated that ratings and endorsement of affirmative action programs, and perceptions that affirmative action promotes relevant values, were highest when visible minorities were depicted as responsible for either the cause of the problem or its solution, but not both. That is, reactions to affirmative action were influenced by the interplay of attributions of responsibility for causing the problem and attributions of responsibility for providing a solution. The results of this experiment suggest that the framing of beneficiaries of affirmative action in terms of responsibility for causing and solving the problem of their disadvantage is an important determinant of reactions to affirmative action programs.
Seeing One’s Partner Through Intimacy-Colored Glasses: An Examination of the Processes Underlying the Intimacy Goals-Relationship Satisfaction Link
Authors: Sanderson Catherine A. , Evans Sarah M.
Published: March 2007

This research extends previous work demonstrating that individuals with intimacy goals experience greater relationship satisfaction by examining three distinct processes that may underlie this association (e.g., engaging in intimacy-conducive interactions with their partners, having intimacy-focused partners, perceiving partners as intimacy focused). The study included 100 female college students who completed measures of intimacy goals, patterns of relationship interaction, perceptions of their partner’s intimacy goals, and relationship satisfaction. Their dating partners also completed the intimacy goals measure. Results indicate that individuals with intimacy goals engage in particular patterns of interaction and perceive their partners as having intimacy goals, although there was no association between own and partner’s goals. Moreover, women’s perceptions of their partners’ intimacy goals partially mediated the intimacy goals-relationship satisfaction link.
Social Norms, Entitlement, and Deservingness: Differential Reactions to Aggressive Behavior of Schizophrenic and Personality Disorder Patients
Authors: Feather N. T. , Johnstone Charlotte
Published: March 2007

This study investigated conflicts between beliefs about deservingness and beliefs about entitlement. Eighty-nine nurses in a psychiatric hospital rated schizophrenic and personality disorder patients on 28 bipolar adjective scales and then responded to scenarios in which an aggressive action by these patients was followed by either a positive or negative response from a nurse. Results showed that participants’ ratings of deservingness and positive affect about the nurse’s response favored the schizophrenic patient over the personality disorder patient when each patient was treated positively. These differences were smaller and in the reverse direction when each patient was treated negatively by the nurse. These results imply that differences in these variables were more likely to occur when basic entitlements concerning care and support were met. Further multivariate analyses showed that deservingness mediated the effects of anger and sympathy on reported positive affect about the nurse’s response and significantly enhanced prediction beyond patients’ perceived responsibility for the aggressive episode.
Context Effects on the Application of Stereotype Content to Multiple Categorizable Targets
Authors: van Rijswijk Wendy , Ellemers Naomi
Published: March 2007

Two studies examined how the content of the stereotype of a multiple categorizable group differs depending on the comparative context in which this group is judged. In the first experiment, participants could categorize the target (either an individual or group) in terms of study major or in terms of university affiliation. The comparative context was manipulated to enhance the salience of one of the two categories. The results revealed that the stereotype content depends on the relative salience of the categories as determined by the comparative context. These results were replicated in a second study employing a checklist procedure showing that people actually assigned different stereotypic traits to the same group depending on the salient comparative context.
Looking Smart and Looking Good: Facial Cues to Intelligence and their Origins
Authors: Zebrowitz Leslie A. , Hall Judith A. , Murphy Nora A. , Rhodes Gillian
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated accuracy of judging intelligence from facial photos of strangers across the lifespan, facial qualities contributing to accuracy, and developmental paths producing correlations between facial qualities and IQ scores. Judgments were more accurate than chance in childhood and puberty, marginally more accurate in middle adulthood, but not more accurate than chance in adolescence or late adulthood. Reliance on the valid cue of facial attractiveness could explain judges’ accuracy. Multiple developmental paths contributed to relationships between facial attractiveness and IQ: biological, environmental, influences of intelligence on attractiveness, influences of attractiveness on intelligence. The findings provide a caveat to evolutionary psychologists’ assumption that relationships between attractiveness and intelligence or other traits reflect an influence of “good genes” on both, as well as to social and developmental psychologists’ assumption that such relationships reflect self-fulfilling prophecy effects. Each of these mechanisms failed to explain some observed correlations.
Values and Value Dilemmas in Relation to Judgments Concerning Outcomes of an Industrial Conflict
Authors: Feather N. T.
Published: March 2007

Hypotheses about relations between values, justice variables, and confidence were tested in a study in which 117 university students responded to questions concerning a major industrial conflict between a union and an employer and then completed selected value items and a measure of egalitarian values. Results showed that participants’ judgments about the dispute were related to power, prosocial, and egalitarianism values, the form of the relation depending on type of value and party to the dispute (union or employer). Relations between value types, perceived responsibility for the dispute, deserve a successful outcome, and reported affect were consistent with a structural model, and results concerning procedural fairness also were accommodated within this model. As predicted, participants reported least confidence in their judgments when either power and prosocial values or power and egalitarian values were both high in importance. They were most confident when power values were low in importance and either prosocial or egalitarian values were high in importance.
Interjudge Agreement, Self-Enhancement, and Liking: Cross-Cultural Divergences
Authors: Heine Steven J. , Renshaw Kristen
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated whether the lower self-enhancement found among Japanese is due to them being more accurate in their self-perceptions than Americans. Japanese and American participants were recruited from school clubs, where groups of five people rated each other and themselves. The Japanese sample was overall self-critical, whereas the American sample was overall self-enhancing. Moreover, as the desirability of the traits increased, Americans showed more self-enhancement, whereas Japanese showed more self-criticism. An accuracy account is unable to account for the cultural differences in self-enhancement because Americans showed more accuracy in their self-perceptions (as evidenced by self-peer agreement) than Japanese. Intracultural analyses further revealed that individual self-enhancement can be “unpackaged” by trait measures of independence and interdependence. Exploratory analyses of liking were also con ducted, revealing that American liking hinged on perceived similarity, self-verification, familiarity, and reflected-self-enhancement, whereas Japanese liking was based on familiarity, reflected self-enhancement, lower independence, and interdependence.
Somatopsychics and Attribution
Authors: Rodin Judith
Published: March 2007

Physical states can influence attributional process and, reciprocally, attributional inference affects health relevant outcomes. Indeed appraisal of illness or health itself depends, to a great extent, on perceptual, causal inferences. The paper describes the way this attribution process works in affecting health-relevant states and behavior, and indicates possible sources of attributional bias or error that could have significant consequences for evaluating one's physical state and its impact on other behaviors.
Exploring the Generalizability of Donor-Recipient Similarity Effects
Authors: Fisher Jeffrey D. , Harrison Claire L. , Nadler Arie
Published: March 2007

Past research (e.g., Fisher & Nadler, 1974) has shown that receiving aid from an attitudinally similar donor is a poten- tially self-threatening experience, while aid from an attitudinally dissimilar donor contains more potential for self-support. The present experiment explored the generalizability of the earlier findings across dimensions of similarity and type of task, and obtained the same pattern of results.
Social Comparison in the Forced-Compliance Situation
Authors: Romer Daniel
Published: March 2007

A conformity explanation of forced-compliance phenomena is presented in which incentive magnitude acts as a cue for the undesirability of supporting a counterattitudinal position. According to this interpretation, subjects in the forcedcompliance situation experience uncertainty about their attitude position and reduce it by conforming to the social relaity defined by the incentive. An hypothesis derived from the model, that performance of counterattitudinal behavior is unnecessary for the effect to occur, is tested and confirmed. It is suggested that complex theories of forced-compliance phenomena be evaluated against the more basic (and general) conceptions of social comparison theory.
Do Sex Differences in Problem Solving Still Exist?
Authors: Berger Charlene , Gold Dolores
Published: March 2007

Recent changes in attitudes towards sex roles lead to the hypothesis that sex differences in problem-solving performance favoring males, which have been found in the past, should be reduced in younger subjects. Three experiments were performed to test this hypothesis by comparing the problemsolving performance of males and females at different age levels. The results showed the importance of sex, age, and occupational matching in relation to sex differences in problem solving.
Discriminant Validity of Levenson's I and P Scales
Authors: Sherman Martin F. , Ryckman Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The intent of this experiment was to demonstrate the discriminant validity of two dimensions of the locus of control construct ('Personal Control" and "Powerful Other Control") when used as predictors of causal attribution. As predicted, Personal Control internals perceived outcomes as determined more b' effort than did Personal Control externals. Unexpectedly. external attributions (luck and task difficulty) did not differ between Personal Control internals and externals. Attributions were influenced by the situation presented to the subjects (academic or factory'). Finallr, in support of the multidimensional conception of locus of control, the Powerful Other dimension was unrelated to the causal attributions.