bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definition Of Aggression
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

Among the principal purposes of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and security, and to that end to take effective collective measures for inter alia the suppression of acts of aggression? From the earliest days of the United Nations the organization was preoccupied with the prohibition of aggression, which as a general proposition was repeatedly proclaimed in many United Nations texts, including several emanating from the International Law Commission.
Reservations To Treaties
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts
Published: November 2023

At the outset of the Commissions current return visit to the problem of reservations to treaties, its Special Rapporteur (Pellet) “like his predecessors, believed that the question of reservations to treaties was probably one of the most difficult in the whole of public international law”. The problem is not only of theoretical difficulty, but also gives rise to numerous practical problems in the application of multilateral treaties, particularly for those acting as depositaries.
Where is the EU’s Human Rights Common Foreign Policy, and How is it Manifested in Multilateral Fora?
Authors: Clapham Andrew
Published: November 2023

In preparing this chapter I mentioned to a number of acquaintances that I was writing on the ‘European Union’s Foreign Policy’. The responses were invariably ironic: ‘that’ll be a short paper’, ‘is there one?’, ‘so it’s a forward-looking paper?’, and so on. As I cast my net more widely I realized that governments, commentators, and nongovernmental organizations delight in pointing out the absence of a European Union foreign policy. This caused me to ask some fundamental questions: why is the current EU foreign policy so invisible—or even risible? Why does the European Union need a common foreign policy at all? What are the interests that the Union needs to protect? Why is unity prized over diversity? Is the imperative of speaking with one voice hampering effectiveness in international organizations? Where has the European Union’s common foreign policy enhanced the protection of human rights? And how can we strengthen these areas? These are some of the questions I hope to have tackled by the end of this chapter. But before embarking on this journey we need to explain some of the terms that we will be using.
Reflections on the Human Rights Role of the European Parliament
Authors: Bradley Kieran St C
Published: November 2023

The present chapter examines, for the most part, institutional aspects of the activity of the European Parliament in connection with human rights protection, rather than attempting to evaluate its positions on substantive issues, or its overall contribution in this area. In some respects, adopting a highly critical approach to the Parliament’s initiatives in favour of human rights might seem like taking a crowbar to a cloud. Though its activity, as demonstrated by Rack and Lausegger, is both considerable as to its volume and extensive as to its subject matter, the impact of its positions is not always easy, or even possible, to evaluate; while the evidence is necessarily anecdotal, a parliamentary resolution condemning violations of human rights in some far-flung corner of the globe, for example, may have effects which bear no discernable relation to the Union’s general influence in that region, as if in application of chaos theory to political behaviour.
Monetary institutions
Authors: Usher J A
Published: November 2023

As well as setting out criteria and a timetable for the achievement of economic and monetary union, Maastricht Treaty also created a new institutional structure for the second and third stages of that process, involving in the second stage the creation of the European Monetary Institute and in the third stage the developn1ent of a European Central Bank and of the European System of Central Banks.1 However, these new institutions should not be seen as a total break with the past; in many respects their functions represent the continuation and development of the activities of the institutions established under the EEC Treaty as originally drafted: the Monetary Committee (now the Economic and Financial Committee), the Committee of Governors of Central Banks, and the European Monetary Co-operation Fund.
Bills of Lading and Bailment on Terms
Authors: Treitel G Uenter
Published: November 2023

For much of the twentieth century, the courts have been occupied (from time to time) with the problem of the extent to which third parties can be affected by terms of bill of lading contracts, and, in particular, by exemption and limitation clauses in such contracts. One technique (among many) used to resolve this problem has been to argue that, even though there was no contract between the party claiming the protection of the clause and the injured party, there was a bailment relationship between them incorporating the clause. The aim of this essay is to discuss this technique in the light of Lord Goff’s recent contribution to its development; it is offered by way of a small tribute to this among his many other outstanding contributions to the development of English contract law.
Restitutionary and Contractual Claims
Authors: .Beatson J
Published: November 2023

What happens when a fact situation prima facie gives rise to claims based on more than one branch of the law of obligations? Broadly speaking there are two alternatives. The first is to insist that one of these claims takes pre-cedence either as a matter of policy or because fundamentally the claim only has one basis and to require that a claimant pursue that alone. The second is to allow the claimant to choose and to advance the matter on the basis that is most advantageous to him. In recent years the position of overlapping claims in contract and tort and overlapping claims in tort and restitution has been considered.
The Myth of Phillips v Homfray
Authors: Swadling William
Published: November 2023

In that part of the law of restitution called ‘Restitution for Wrongs’, where the cause of action is some wrongdoing on the part of the defendant, one case stands out as anomalous. It is the decision of the Court of Appeal in 1883 in Phillips v Homfray. The common perception of the majority judgment of Bowen and Cotton LJJ is that it is ‘anti-restitution’ in that it lays down an arbitrary and illogical requirement that only positive accretions to the defendant’s wealth can be made the subject of a restitutionary claim based on wrongdoing. Where the defendant’s wrong has resulted in a mere saving of expense, restitution will be denied. In other words, restitution for wrongs is only available for positive rather than negative enrichments.
Advertising
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

The history of multi-party actions strongly suggests that some of them have been 6.01 essentially lawyer led. There should be no objection to solicitors advertising their services to consumers in general terms, for example as specialists in personal injury litigation, although this is prohibited in most other European states. Consumers need information on the availability of legal services and specialisations.
Conditional Fee Arrangements
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges
Published: November 2023

A conditional fee arrangement (CFA) allows the client to transfer some risk to his lawyer, whose level of remuneration is contingent on the outcome of the case. Where such arrangements are coupled with insurance policies, the client may reduce his risk almost to zero. Until the later 1990s, CFAs between lawyer and client were not enforceable in English law (and were both torts and crimes until abolition of the medieval offences of ‘maintenance’ and ‘champerty’ by the Criminal Law Act 1967), although speculative fees have long been known in Scotland but not extensively used. Maintenance is the giving of assistance or encouragement to one of the parties to litigation by a person who has neither interest in the litigation.
Gravigard Iud
Authors: Hodges Christopher
Published: November 2023

This product liability case was solved in the earlier 1990sby the passing of time: the court unusually permitted time to pass rather than impose interventionist management techniques. Claimants’ concern was generated by media stories, particularly following a US jury decision, but over time it became dearer that scientific under standing had evolved from the possibility of supporting a case on general causation to a position where such a case was not supported. After an initial extended period in which the court was not called upon to manage the litigation, but a draft Master Statement of Claim was nevertheless produced in advance of investigation of individual cases, it was dear by the time that the court became involved that claimants were dropping out and that the number of those who wished to remain in the group should be clarified.
Myodil Litigation
Authors: Kelleher John
Published: November 2023

This product liability litigation ran in the first half of the 1990s. Although vigorously contested, it was marked by the level of co-operation between the plaintiffs and defendant on procedural matters and active, firm, and efficient management by the Court. Given the complexity of the medical issues, the resolution of the litigation was achieved relatively quickly. It was one of the few cases in which settlements were agreed and this result was largely facilitated By the management decisions taken during the litigation.
Lockton Litigation
Authors: Vigrass Christopher , Boddington Eleanor
Published: November 2023

This litigation from 1992-6 was possibly the first major financial services multi party action. Procedurally, the case only became managed as a multi-party action after a period of some delayand lack of progress. These problems would almost certainly have been alleviated if a rule of court had been available to have been applied. Given that the case involved some 233 actions and nine firms representing plain tiffs, the case strongly illustrates the tactical importance of selection of issues, timing of discovery, and costs where there is an imbalance of financial resources between the parties. Six lead cases were selected as representative of different fact situations.
Tobacco Litigation: 1992-1999
Authors: Elvy Mark , Alexander Miles , Keevil Tom
Published: November 2023

This product liability case illustrates a number of the management issues of a multi patty action which were topical during the 1990s. First, the Court found that the case was lawyer-led and generated by advertising. Secondly, the plaintiffs’ lawyers’ assertions that the case would involve large numbers of plaintiffs, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not materialize and the final cohort involved approximately fifty claimants. The Court declined to order a cut-off date for plaintiffs to join, but imposed a restriction on further plaintiffs joining the action without agreement or leave, making their entitlement to do so conditional upon the defendants being given notice and an explanation as to why the claim had not been begun previously. Thirdly, there was an extended period before proceedings were started, then a period during which a succession of claimants commenced proceedings in small numbers. Until the nature and number of the claims being put forward was clarified, the Court was unable to manage the litigation.
Overview of Quasi-Security Interests
Authors: Ali Pau
Published: November 2023

Quasi-security interests are devices that perform the economic function of a security interest-that is, they provide support for the payment or performance of an obligation-without, as a general rule, conferring on the obligee rights in rem in respect of the property of the obligor (or that of a third-party guarantor).
The Future of Law Summarized
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

Since early 1981, when I stumbled into the field as a legal undergraduate, I have been fascinated by the possibilities of using information technology in the law. I quickly became convinced that IT would radically transform modern legal systems; and well within my lifetime. Today, I am more certain than ever that a revolution in legal life is upon us. Indeed I believe that the practice of law and the administration of justice will be more radically affected in the coming 50 years by IT than by any other single factor of which we can be aware today. My plan of action in this chapter is to substantiate these rather sweeping claims. First of all, I offer my summary of the state of the law today. Then, I seek to show that the advent of the so-called information society will transform our legal system. Thereafter, I present a vision of what the effects of this transformation will be in practice. And, finally, I hazard a guess or two at the future of law and lawyers.
The Likely and the Possible
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

Although it is always sensible to consult users when planning future applications of IT and to ask them what they want, a genuine difficulty encountered when the users in question are lawyers or judges is that they are often not fully conversant with what is commercially available or technically possible. Accordingly, the first phase in such a consultation process should be to immerse the users in likely technical developments and possible applications within the time frame of the planning process. Thus informed, the users are then better placed to draw up their shopping lists. With that in mind, my purpose in this chapter is to take out my crystal ball. My aim is to try to predict what are likely to be the most significant developments in IT over the next ten years or so; and thereafter to point to a wide range of possibilities to which these developments could give rise. I hope that these projections into the future will help lawyers and judges specify their IT requirements more easily.
An Introduction to Expert Systems in Law
Authors: Susskind Richard
Published: November 2023

In the 1980s, there was great excitement in the academic community about the potential of expert systems technology for the law. Today, I sometimes hear critics of the field argue that the work conducted during that period was misconceived and yielded no findings of relevance. In support of this conclusion, it is often suggested that there have been very few commercial successes in the field. I take a different view, as outlined in the Preface to this book. I believe that the early work—the failures and the successes—can guide us today in our work on legal knowledge management and online legal services. I accept that many of the enabling technologies that were investigated and prototyped in the 19980 s have not directly borne fruit although there have been several major successes in document assembly and regulatory diagnostics.
Harmony and Dissonance in Free Movement
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares
Published: November 2023

There is a generalized perception that the European Court of Justice has adopted different approaches to the different free movement rules included in the Treaties. In particular, the free movement of goods has ‘benefited’, until recently, from a wider scope of application. Contrary, to what has for long constituted the standard approach to the free movement of persons, the free movement of goods was constructed as requiring more than national treatment and non-discrimination in regard to goods from other Member States. Even non-discriminatory restrictions on trade on goods could constitute a violation of Community rules if not justified as necessary and proportional to the pursuit of a legitimate public interest. The freedom to provide services has somewhat occupied a middle ground between the interpretation given to the goods and persons provisions.2 Recently, following the Court’s decision in Keck and Mithouard,  3 a reversal of fortune appears to have taken place regarding the Court’s approach to the different free movement provisions, with the free movement of persons and the freedom to provide services now benefiting from a more ‘aggressive’ interpretation in comparison with the free movement of goods.
Financial Liberalization and Re-regulation
Authors: Dalhuisen J H
Published: November 2023

If we look back over the last 15 years, the years of internationalization and globalization of the capital markets and of ‘Big Bang’ in London, it is possible to make a few observations about liberalization and re-regulation and especially on how uncertain in its objectives this re-regulation often is.
The Home Country Control Principle in the Financial Services Directives and the Case Law
Authors: Lomnicka Eva
Published: November 2023

None of the parties questions that the principle of home Member State control constitutes the guiding principle which has prevailed in the harmonisation of the financial services sector.1
Voidable Derivative Transfers of Title to Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is the proprietary effect of rescinding a payment of money. It describes the instances where the payer’s intention is prima facie legally effective but where he or she can rescind the payment because the intention to pay rested on an improper basis. The topic is distinct from that touched upon in the last chapter, which considered the possibility that a payment of incorporeal money might be reversed by re-crediting the originator’s account.1 Rights of rescission apply generally to all kinds of money.
Enforcement of Title to Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

A study of the circumstances in which a person retains or takes a proprietary interest in money leads naturally to the topic of how that interest should be enforced. This chapter considers in a general way how a person with a legal or equitable title to a money asset would enforce it against another person whose title to the money was weaker. Much of this turns on general matters of the law of property, tort and trusts so the account which follows is deliberately kept at a rather general level. It provides more detail on certain questions where the character of money as property warrants some special analysis.
Measuring the autistic spectrum
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

The Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) is a screening instrument that can be used from 4 years of age through to adulthood. It measures how many autistic traits an individual shows, and can be used right across the population, not just in clinics. The AQ has been tested in terms of its clinical validity. The AQ still needs to be evaluated for its utililty as a population screen. This will entail evaluating what proportion of cases in a population the instrument correctly detects., There are related versions for children (the Child AQ) or teenagers (the Adolescent AQ). There is also a toddler version, the Q-CHAT (Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Todlers). [These are all freely available as downloadable files at ], If you are a parent or a professional and are concerned about whether a particular child or adult might have an autism spectrum condition (ASC), the AQ can be a quick, useful indicator to determine if a full diagnostic assessment is warranted. Adults who are high-functioning and who suspect they might have ASC can also fill in the AQ themselves, for the same purpose.
Intervention, education, and treatment
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: November 2023

Special education makes a difference, as does individual and family support. New treatments are heralded every year, and many of them turn out to be nothing more than hype. Be wary of following the latest fashion in treatment lest this turn out to be costly not only in terms of your family savings, but also in terms of your time and stress levels. The critical piece of advice is that when you read in the newspaper or on the web that there is a breakthrough new treatment or intervention for autism or Asperger syndrome, do not rush to take your child to get that treatment. Wait, look at and be cautious.
Mental health promotion, prevention, and early intervention in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hill Peter
Published: November 2023

Child mental health promotion or, restated with a slightly different emphasis, the prevention of child and adolescent mental health disorders, is something that health authorities are expected to include in commissioning. The Health Advisory Service includes it in its standards, for instance (Health Advisory Service 2000). It is conventionally recognized as a different activity from clinical assessment and treatment. Various authorities have argued that it needs to be expanded, since existing resources for assessment and treatment are inadequate for their task, yet are also unlikely to expand sufficiently to treat all cases.
Caring for ethnic minority and refugee children
Authors: Dwivedi Kedar Nath
Published: November 2023

It is a supposition of cultural psychology that when people live in the world differently, it may be that they live in different worlds. (Shweder 1991: 23) The population of Great Britain (www.statistics.gov.uk ) in 1998 was about 56.7 million, including 53.0 million whites and 3.7 million ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities include black Caribbean 0.5 million, black African 0.3 million, black-other 0.29 million, Indian 0.94 million, Pakistani 0.56 million, Bangladeshi 0.23 million, Chinese 0.16 million, other Asian (non-mixed) 0.19 million, other-other (including mixed) 0.4 million.
Comparative analyses: challenges facing CAMHS in North America
Authors: Offord David R
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the major challenges facing the delivery of child and adolescent mental health services in North America. The situation in the United States is covered first, and then this is compared with the circumstances in Canada. The chapter ends with a consideration of some lessons from the North American experience that may be helpful in other jurisdictions. In the United States, the majority of children and adolescents with a diagnosable mental disorder do not receive any mental health services (Burns et al. 1995; Leaf et al. 1996).
A picture of child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales at the end of the twentieth century
Authors: Browning David
Published: November 2023

In 1998 and 1999, the Audit Commission undertook a major review of the child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales. The Commission oversees the external audit of local authorities and the National Health Service in both countries and is required by parliament to undertake audits that enable it to comment on the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of services. Its remit is thus very wide, and, over the years, it has undertaken a number of reviews of children’s services including hospital services (Audit Commission 1993), health and social services that promote the wellbeing of children (Audit Commission 1994), youth justice (Audit Commission 1996a) and various aspects of education (Audit Commission 1996b, 1999a).
History of Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery of Hip and Knee
Authors: Picard Frederic , Moody James E , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav , Saragaglia. Dominique
Published: November 2023

In a growing number of operating rooms around the world, orthopaedic surgeons are being assisted by computers and computer-enabled technologies. These synergistic partnerships of humans and machines benefit patients by increasing the accuracy of surgical execution and by increasing the surgically relevant information available to the physician before, during, and after surgery. A first description of principles and devices for stereo taxis was reported in 1906 by Clarke and Horsley.
Total Knee Replacement: Navigation Technique Intra-Operative Model System
Authors: Stulberg S David , Saragaglia Dominique , Miehlke Rolf
Published: November 2023

The success of total knee replacement surgery depends on several factors, including proper patient selection, appropriate implant design, correct surgical technique, and effective peri-operative care. The outcome of total knee replacement surgery is particularly sensitive to variations in surgical technique.1–8 Incorrect positioning or orientation of implants and improper alignment of the limb can lead to accelerated implant wear and loosening and suboptimal functional performance.
Computer Assistance in Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Klos Tiburtius V S , Habets Raymon J E , Banks Anne Z , Banks Scott A , Devilee Roger J J , Cook Frank F
Published: November 2023

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the most frequently performed major orthopaedic procedure in the young adult population. Patients receiving a cruciate reconstruction at a mean age of 27 years will live an average of 50 to 60 more years. Thus, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction should be considered a high precision procedure, requiring a durable reconstruction with excellent functional stability in an active and demanding population. Any improvements in the precision of graft placement will likely benefit patients.
Clinical Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare
Published: November 2023

Many cancer treatments are notoriously challenging, though fortunately there is a lot ‘that healthcare staff can do to minimize their patients’ distress. This chapter looks at some of the main clinical areas of oncology and considers how these services can deliver optimal supportive care. Supportive care is ultimately tied to the clinical situations that patients and professionals find themselves in. For healthcare professionals this ‘clinical context’ involves the challenge of providing different cancer treatments at different stages of the patient’s illness. The more professionals are aware of the psychosocial effects of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the better equipped they are to minimize their damage to the individual patient’s quality of life. However, residual problems often only become apparent after active treatment has ended, so as cancer increasingly becomes a chronic illness for many, there must be a corresponding emphasis on cancer rehabilitation. Finally, this chapter takes a brief look at the supportive care of people who are dying, and the mourning of those that they leave behind.
New materials and methods II: long-term peritoneal dialysis becomes possible
Authors: Cameron J Stewart
Published: November 2023

Meanwhile, a similar but less publicized revolution occurred in the field of peritoneal dialysis. However, even though becoming well established as a treatment for acute renal failure during the 1960s, it would take 20 years more before a viable alternative to really long-term haemodialysis became available.

Even so, it is worth remembering that the first long-term peritoneal dialysis patient, Mae Stewart, a 33-year-old black woman from San Francisco, started treatment before Clyde Shields and Harvey Gentry began haemodialysis in Seattle in March 1960, using a Murphy–Doolan catheter (see Fig. 11.16c) at the beginning of 1960.
Ethnic diversity in health and disease
Authors: Kai Joe , Bhopal Raj
Published: November 2023

Everyone tends to be curious about differences between people, both as individuals and as members of groups. Seeking to explain patterns of disease in populations, epidemiologists are drawn to the study of ethnic variations in health because this may generate hypotheses on why disease differences occur and help understand the causes of disease.
Learning to respond to diversity
Authors: Kai Joe
Published: November 2023

Relating to others is more difficult when they appear different from us. In a diverse society we need to be willing to accept the discomfort of unfamiliarity and uncertainty that other’s difference may bring. Developing knowledge about local cultural practices and beliefs is useful. However, it is unrealistic for health professionals to know about the myriad of different cultural issues that may arise. Rather they should be sensitized to the importance of diversity and develop generic skills to respond.
Care of older people
Authors: Rait Greta , Iliffe Steve
Published: November 2023

The care of older people is complex and challenging, involving physical and psychological co-morbidity, disability and socio-economic factors. Ethnicity, of course, contributes to this picture. Ethnicity is not in itself problematic. It is one way to deepen our understanding of heterogeneity in populations and how this is reflected in health, illness and disability.
Haemoglobin disorders
Authors: Gill Paramjit , Modell Bernadette
Published: November 2023

The haemoglobin disorders—thalassaemias and sickle cell disorders—are recessively inherited conditions that have profound implications for individuals, families, and health services. Haemoglobin disorders occur in all ethnic groups, but they are most common among those whose origins are outside of Northern Europe. The major disorders cover a wide spectrum of clinical severity (Table 19.1).
Short-term dynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Hobbs Michael
Published: November 2023

Short-term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) has been the subject of renewed clinical and research interest since the third edition of this textbook, both in its own right and in conjunction with other models of short-term psychological therapy. This heightened interest reflects the increasing demand for psychological (‘talking’) treatments from patients resistant to the ready prescription of psychotropic medications, the contemporary expectation for rapidly effective treatments, and the economic imperatives of health care provision. Characterized by its relative brevity, short-term dynamic psychotherapy emphasizes a focus on identified core problems, an active therapist style, and therapeutic exploitation of a time limit.
Cognitive psychotherapy
Authors: Allen Nicholas B
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins by recognizing the difficulty of providing an exhaustive definition of cognitive therapy while its applications and concepts are diversifying rapidly. The cognitive model of psychopathology and therapy is presented in the context of its historical development, where it can be seen as a distillation of certain themes from experimental psychology, behaviour therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. The seminal work of Aaron Beck and his colleagues is emphasized, and the therapy is presented as a directive and time-limited approach, which focuses on helping patients to gain new skills in managing distressing emotions and other psychological symptoms.
‘Traditional’ Legal Scholarship: A Personal View
Authors: Jones Gareth
Published: November 2023

THIS is A Personal View, based on my thirty three years as a law teacher at Cambridge (preceded by two at Oxford and three at King’s College London) and in the United States, at the Harvard Law School and (more importantly-for me) at the Law School of the University of Chicago, although I have enjoyed the hospitality of other United States law schools, most recently at Texas. I have lectured in many other common law jurisdictions, but not for any extended period of time, three to four weeks at the most. For these reasons my observations, given the constraints of forty minutes, will be directed to my academic life and experience in Cambridge and in the United States.
The Comparatist (or a Plea for a broader Legal Education)
Authors: Markesinis Basil S
Published: November 2023

‘Probe everything and retain the best’ (St Paul, I, Thessalonians, 21) OSCAR Wilde’s views about those who lose not one but both parents are well known. How he would have reacted to someone who is about to deliver his fourth inaugural lecture is a matter of speculation. For my part, however, I feel that this record3 allows me some latitude to avoid delivering a lecture on a narrow and purely legal point. This may not be a bad thing since an inaugural lecture is, in essence, a public lecture and thus should be addressed to the entire university community and not only to one’s own faculty. This must be particulary apposite in this case since our University, . possessed in abundance by the great figures of my under the umbrella structure of the Europaeum, is attempting to bring together not only lawyers from different systems but also scholars from different disciplines. I have thus chosen to highlight some of the attributes which those involved in my subject should possess. I am reinforced in my view that this is a fitting topic for discussion since up to now much has been written about comparative law-not least by Oxford Scholars-but little about its thespians. This lecture could be seen as a first, if idiosyncratic, attempt to fill the gap.
Problem-based learning scenarios
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

The object of these case histories is to form a realistic scenario around which problem based learning can take place. It is suggested that these scenarios are discussed with a group of students or with students individually, and a list made of the facts needed to respond to the questions. Students can then use both this book and the wider world of journals, larger textbooks, and a computer search to gather together the knowledge needed. This can then be presented to a group of fellow students 2–3 weeks later.

A teaching facilitator is valuable to guide the knowledge search if it appears to be going off course, or if the facilitator perceives that the information which the students perceive they require is far beyond the scope needed. The facilitator is there to point out sources of information which the students may have missed, but not to collect the data for them.
Cutaneous infections and infestations
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

A 7-year-old boy is brought to you by his mother. He has a history of atopic dermatitis, which still troubles him in the winter months, mainly on his face and in the popliteal fossae. In the past 3 days he has developed widespread, but superficial crusting on his cheeks. He is otherwise well.
Autoimmune or connective tissue diseases, disorders of collagen and of elastic tissue
Authors: Path Rona M
Published: November 2023

A 23-year-old woman consults you about what she considers to be severe facial sunburn. She has just returned from her honeymoon on a Mediterranean island, where she was exposed to strong sunshine. Three months earlier she had started taking the oral contraceptive. On questioning she also complains of tiredness and joint pains.
Consumption behaviours, problems, and dependence
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

The first of the dimensions refers to the behavioural parameters of drug taking. The most immediately obvious features of drug consumption behaviour involve frequency and quantity of drug use. Obvious or not, many misunderstandings arise in discussions of drug problems through a failure to distinguish between infrequent, frequent, and regular patterns of use, or between low-dose and high-dose use. Drug consumption behaviours are related to different types of risks and problems.
Assessment and setting treatment goals
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers two things that almost all therapists think they can do well. In fact, assessment is frequently done rather poorly and goal setting is often neglected.
Other drug treatments
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

The prescribing of heroin/diamorphine to addicts is sometimes, mistakenly, regarded as a key feature of the ‘British system’. The misconception that heroin is widely used in Britain is partly due to a failure to distinguish between the uses of diamorphine to treat medical conditions and its uses in the treatment and management of addiction. Heroin is not a prohibited medicine in the UK. Any doctor can prescribe it for medical conditions other than addiction. In general medical practice, the use of heroin is not regarded as either radical or controversial. For example, heroin is commonly used both by family doctors and by hospital physicians in the treatment of pain and other medical conditions.
Duration, intensity, and setting
Authors: Gossop Michael
Published: November 2023

Patient outcomes are extremely variable after drug misuse treatment. Some patients become drug-free and remain abstinent after treatment. Some become abstinent but relapse to drug use. Others achieve varying degrees of improvement in terms of reduced frequency of use, reduced quantity, or reductions in drug-related problems. Many move through complex cycles of improvement and deterioration in terms of the multiple domains of drug use, alcohol use, crime, social functioning, and mental and physical health problems. In recent years, researchers have made increasing efforts to identify and study specific factors that may account for this variability in posttreatment outcomes. Mclellan et al. ( 1997b) asked, if treatment is effective, what makes it effective? And what are the ‘active ingredients’ of treatment?
Communication skills
Authors: King Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Respect for other people is the basis for confident professional relationships in dental practice. Much misunderstanding can be avoided if information is honestly shared and explanations given in an empathetic way so that the other person’s perspective is taken properly into account. This includes relationships with people receiving dental care, with the dental team, and with the dental profession. There are many times when good communication is needed, for instance taking a history, responding to questions, motivating people, calming an anxious child, explaining a procedure to someone who speaks another language and obtaining a person’s consent to be treated.
Medical emergencies including therapeutics
Authors: Fortune Farida
Published: November 2023

The importance of medical emergencies within the dental setting cannot be overestimated. They may range from commonly encountered vasovagal and hyperventilation episodes to life threatening events.The GDC The First Five Years(2002) document refers to medical emergencies in the undergraduate curriculum: Medical emergencies are also referred to in the Subject Benchmark Statements for Dentistry (QAA 2002) as follows: Myocardial infarction Human disease and therapeutics requires integrated learning between basic sciences and the clinical dental specialties. At the completion of training the dental graduate should have a broad knowledge, understanding, and clinical skills derived from the human disease curriculum throughout the undergraduate curriculum.
Isolation and moisture control
Authors: Burke Francis
Published: November 2023

During operative care copious amounts of fluid can accumulate in the patient’s mouth. These fluids can come from hand pieces and the three-in-one syringe. Furthermore there can be increased levels of saliva as well as gingival exudate and even blood. Such accumulation of fluids can be uncomfortable for the patient and obscure the operating site. Moisture contamination can have an effect on the quality of adhesive restorations (Summitt 2001). A lack of appropriate isolation can not only lead to potential contamination of the root canal system in endodontic therapy but can also heighten the medico-legal exposure of the operator.
Dental materials science
Authors: Fleming Garry
Published: November 2023

Dental materials are essential to many areas of dentistry including restorative dentistry (Chapters 2.5, 2.6, 2.7), paediatric dentistry (Chapters 2.1a, 2.1b, 2.1.c), dental implants, orthodontics (Chapter 2.3) and reconstructive maxillofacial surgery (Chapter 2.7). Paragraph 79 of the second edition of The First Five Years(GDC 2002) states that: The GDC elaborates further on communication with technical staff and states that: In order to understand the key material properties of dental materials for specific clinical applications, it is important that the students recognize and understand the fundamental building blocks that make up the different materials, namely metals and alloys, polymers and ceramics and glasses.
Periodontology
Authors: Milward Mike , Chapple Iain
Published: November 2023

Periodontal diseases are common. The 1998 UK Adult Dental Health Survey reported that 95 per cent of the adult population had gingival inflammation, 8 per cent had severe periodontitis, and 85 per cent of over-65-year-olds had periodontitis (Morris et al. 2001). It is, therefore, essential that the dental graduate has a comprehensive knowledge of periodontal diseases and their management, in order to offer a high level of care to patients. The graduate must be able to screen patients and identify those with periodontal disease, and be able to diagnose, treat, monitor, and maintain patients with common periodontal conditions. It is also essential that the graduate is aware of their limitations, and is able to recognize aggressive periodontal diseases that require prompt referral to a specialist in periodontology. As can be seen, the range of skills and knowledge that a student needs to acquire during the undergraduate course is extensive. It is important that the course reflects these and is constructed in such a way that the student has the opportunity to acquire the requisite knowledge and skills. The course should also be able to assess the student in order to ensure that they have acquired the necessary skills that are set out in this chapter.
Oral pathology
Authors: Odell Edward
Published: November 2023

An understanding of oral disease underpins much of dentistry and it is therefore difficult to define the boundaries of the subject of oral pathology. Many competencies founded in pathological knowledge are to be found elsewhere in this book, particularly in sections on oral surgery, oral medicine, cardiology and periodontology. Competencies relating to oral pathology are given in the second edition of the General Dental Council’s (GDC) The First Five Years: a framework for undergraduate dental education(GCD 2002) the Quality Assurance Agency’s benchmark statement for dentistry (QAA 2000, 2002) and the European Union’s Competences Required for the Practice of Dentistry in the European Union (European Union 1998). All three organizations actively promote the concept of interdisciplinary teaching and integrated courses. As a result competencies in oral pathology may be partly subsumed into problem-based learning, in courses including general pathology, medicine and surgery or in integrated courses in oral medicine, microbiology, pathology, surgery, radiology and therapeutics.
Drivers to diagnosis
Authors: Dowrick Christopher
Published: November 2023

I think the basis of an adequate explanation for the contemporary popularity of depression lies outside the confines of biomedical theories and evidence-based health care. In this chapter I will consider how the concept of depression is being supported and sustained by a wide variety of commercial, professional, organisational, and cultural factors. I will show how pharmaceutical companies and psychiatrists have found the emergence of modern diagnostic psychiatry to be helpful, whether in maintaining healthy profit margins or as a means of enhancing professional respectability, while for general practitioners, the concept of depression is proving an attractive instrument for controlling uncertainty in the consulting room.
Treatments, good, bad or worthless—and how do we tell?
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

This aphorism is generally attributed to Galen (ad 130–200), a Greek physician, who was destined to dominate medicine for many centuries and who wrote with such conviction and dogmatism that few doctors dared to criticize him. He was a prodigious writer and in one of his many books he gives an account of his own parents, describing his father as amiable, just and benevolent, and his mother as thoroughly objectionable, a woman who was always shouting at her husband and displaying her evil temper by biting her servingmaids. His father had a dream that his son was destined one day to become a great physician and this encouraged him to send Galen to Pergamos and to Smyrna for a preliminary grounding in philosophy, and then onto Alexandria to specialize in medicine.
The randomized clinical trial
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

This book is concerned with a fundamental question for psychiatry—how do we tell if a treatment works, is ineffective, or even harmful? If a doctor claims that a certain type of psychotherapy will cure patients of their depression, or a drug company maintains that a new product relieves the symptoms of schizophrenia, how should these assertions be assessed? What sort of evidence do we need to decide that the claims made for the efficacy of clinical treatments are, indeed, valid? One thing is certain: We should not rely on the views of ‘experts’ unless they produce sound empirical evidence to support their views, nor should we credit the anecdotal evidence of people who have undergone the treatment and, in some cases, have been ‘miraculously’ cured. One of the principal changes in medical practice and culture during the last one hundred years has been the increasing realization that it is not enough for a doctor to say that his or her treatment works, and nor it is enough for a patient to say likewise. These forms of anecdotal evidence, even if expanded into a series of anecdotes (dignified by the title of case series) are inadequate for the task.
Some statistical issues in the analysis of psychiatric trials
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

A clinical trial generates data that has to be analysed. Such analysis will involve the use of statistics, not always the most popular topic amongst clinicians and applied medical researchers, although few, we hope, would go as far as Le Fanu (1999) in believing that ‘statistics are numbers to which complex mathematical formulae can be applied to produce conclusions of dubious veracity and from which all wit and human life is ingenuously excluded’. In this chapter we will examine a number of general statistical issues that we feel are of particular relevance in analysing data from psychiatric trials.
Analysing data from a psychiatric trial: an example
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, a variety of issues that might arise in the analysis of data from trials in general, and psychiatric trials in particular, were raised. In this chapter a number of these issues will be considered in the context of the analysis of data from a particular psychiatric trial described in Section 6.2. The main purpose of the analyses presented in this chapter is to illustrate the use of a variety of methods, including some that may not be familiar to all readers. In particular we will give special attention to the problems for analysis caused by patients dropping out of the trial, a problem introduced in Chapter 5. The analyses we describe here are not, of course, the only ones that might be applied to the data, and it might be a useful exercise for readers to apply other methods and then compare their results with ours.
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon
Published: November 2023

By now we hope all readers will agree on the need for methodological rigour if one is to establish if treatment A works better than treatment B for a particular condition using a randomized clinical trial. We hope also that most will agree that any such trial should conform to certain standards, and that those standards should be clearly expressed and reproducible. Opinions that ‘something worked’, or that ‘we thought overall the patients improved/liked the intervention/didn’t develop too many side effects’ and so on are unacceptable because they are liable to bias.