bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technological and compositional study of the gold leaf from Baroque altarpieces – basis for a research methodology
Authors: Bidarra Ana , Buzanich Günter , Coroado João , Rocha Fernando
Published: January 2018

The gold leaf from one of the most important art works of the Portuguese Baroque period, the main altarpiece of the Church of Jesus in Aveiro, currently part of the city Museum and former Convent of Jesus, was studied. Qualitative analysis of the samples cross-section was performed by optical microscopy. Three different layers – ground layer, bole and gold – were identified, a result consistent with a traditional gilding. The use of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed the use of a ternary Au-Ag-Cu alloy, with approximately 22 carats. Through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) it was possible to identify trace elements such as Cr, Pt, Pd and Sn in the gold, and Pb and Hg in the bole layer. The use of synchrotron radiation micro X-ray fluorescence (SR-µXRF) confirmed the presence of Sn and allowed to establish a profile of the main elements in the samples.
Phylogeny and cocoon production in the parasitic leech Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851 (Hirudinidae, Piscicolidae)
Authors: Saglam Naim , Saunders Ralph , Lang Shirley A. , Shain Daniel H.
Published: January 2018

Myzobdella lugubrisis a commensal leech on crustaceans and a parasite to fishes, surviving predominantly in brackish waters throughout North America. Specimens in this study were collected within the tidal zone of the Delaware River basin (New Jersey and Pennsylvania). To compare regionalM.lugubrisspecimens, defined characters were scored after dorsal and ventral dissections, and phylogenetic relationships were resolved using cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (CO1), 12S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) and 18S rDNA gene fragments. Variance between regional populations was low, suggesting recent dispersal events and/or strong evolutionary constraints. The reproductive biology ofM.lugubriswas explored by quantitative analysis of secreted cocoons. Specimens produced 32.67 ± 4.50 cocoons with fertilization ratios of 88.1% and hatching times of 48 ± 7 days at 17°C under laboratory conditions. At 22°C, 46 ± 28 cocoons were produced with fertilization ratios of 70.27% and hatching times of 28 ± 5 days. Surprisingly, each cocoon supported only one embryo, which is unusual among oligochaetes.
Molecular and morphological characterisation of Rhabdias picardiae Junker, Lhermitte-Vallarino et Bain, 2010 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Delaland’s River Frog, Amietia delalandii (Duméril et Bibron, 1841) (Amphibia: Pyxicephalidae) in South Africa
Authors: Svitin Roman , Kuzmin Yuriy , Preez Louis du
Published: January 2018

Rhabdias picardiae previously known from the Guttural Toad, Sclerophrys gutturalis (Bufonidae) is described from a new host, Delaland’s River Frog, Amietia delalandii (Pyxicephalidae). The species identification is confirmed by analysis of the COI gene sequence and morphological comparison with the original description. Morphological details of apical structures in adult parasitic R. picardiae, namely, the shape and position of lips, the number and position of external labial papillae, and the buccal capsule morphology are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The buccal capsule width and length, the distance from anterior end to nerve ring and excretory pore, and ratios of distance to vulva to body length and body length to width were identified as less variable metrical characters in the studied sample of 30 specimens. Adult specimens demonstrated differences in the position of lips in relation to the oral opening and position of the buccal capsule in relation to the oesophagus depending on the size (age) of worms. The infective larvae of R. picardiae are described for the first time and characterised by two lateral alae consisting of two ridges, triangular pseudolabia with rounded tops, and presence of ornamentation on the rounded tail tip.
Characterization of phosphate transporter(s) and understanding their role in Leishmania donovani parasite
Authors: Sindhu K.J. , Kureel Amit Kumar , Saini Sheetal , Kumari Smita , Verma Pankaj , Rai Ambak Kumar
Published: January 2018

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is shown to be involved in excretion of methylglyoxal (MG) in the promastigote form ofLeishmania donovaniparasite. Absence of Pi leads to its accumulation inside the parasite. Accumulation of MG is toxic to the parasite and utilizes glyoxylase as well as excretory pathways for its detoxification. In addition, Pi is also reported to regulate activities of ectoenzymes and energy metabolism (glucose to pyruvate) etc. Thus, it is known to cumulatively affect the growth ofLeishmaniaparasite. Hence the transporters, which allow the movement of Pi across the membrane, can prove to be a crucial drug target. Therefore, we characterized two phosphate transporters inLeishmania(i) H+dependent myo-inositol transporter (LdPHO84), and (ii) Na+dependent transporter (LdPHO89), based on similar studies done previously on other lower organisms and trypanosomatids. We tried to understand the secondary structure of these two proteins and confirm modulation in their expression with the change in Pi concentration outside. Moreover, their modes of action were also measured in the presence of specific inhibitors (LiF, CCCP). Further analysis on the physiological role of these transporters in various stages of the parasite life cycle needs to be entrenched.
Metazoan parasite fauna of migrating common garfish, Belone belone (L.), in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Unger Patrick , Neubert Kilian , Palm Harry W.
Published: January 2018

A total of 35 common garfish,Belone belone(Linnaeus, 1761), were studied for metazoan parasites on their spawning grounds in the western Baltic Sea. Nine parasite species were found, and six new locality records could be established for German coastal waters (Axine belones, Monogenea;Proteocephalussp., Cestoda;Anisakis simplex(s.s.),Contracaecum rudolphiiA andHysterothylacium aduncum, Nematoda;Echinorhynchus gadi, Acanthocephala). For the first time, the marine ectoparasite A.beloneswas recorded from the gills of garfish inside the Baltic Sea, indicating its ability to survive the spawning migration as well as the brackish water conditions at its reproduction grounds. This is alike the endohelminthA.simplex(s.s.), that was identified by molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2) region. Almost all isolated metazoans were parasites commonly recorded from the northeast Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The lower number of typical generalist Baltic Sea parasites indicates the rapid migration of common garfish onto the spawning grounds, reducing the access and uptake of these species.
Measurement of binding strength between prey proteins interacting with Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 and SAG2 using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)
Authors: Lai Meng-Yee , Lau Yee-Ling
Published: January 2018

Following the outcome from a previously performed yeast two-hybrid experiment, the binding strength betweenT.gondiiSAG1 and SAG2 and their respective prey proteins were further confirmed in this study. Thesag1,sag2and their prey genes were amplified and cloned into a pGEMT vector. To express the recombinant proteins, the fragments were then subcloned into a pRSETA vector and transformed intoE.coliBL21 (DE3) cells. The recombinant proteins were expressed optimally at 37°C and 1mM of IPTG. The 6X His-tag fusion proteins were purified, dialyzed and concentrated. To confirm the expressed proteins, the recombinant proteins were analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. As expected, the size of SAG1, SAG2, HLY and HZF protein were 32, 23, 28 and 37 kDa, respectively. The purified proteins were loaded onto a MicroCal Auto-iTC200calorimeter from MicroCal™ to quantify binding strength. ITC results indicated there was a typical binding curve for interactions between SAG1 and HLY protein. However, there was an atypical binding curve obtained for interactions between SAG2 and HZF protein. By observing the data obtained from the ITC assay, both of the human proteins (HLY and HZF) were demonstrated to bind to their respective SAG1 and SAG2 proteins.
Nematode parasites of Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lutken, 1864) (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new species of Rhabdias Stiles and Hassall, 1905 (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India
Authors: Maity Pallab , Rizvi Anjum N. , Bursey Charles R.
Published: January 2018

Rhabdias stomatica sp. nov. from the lungs of Duttaphrynus stomaticus (Lutken, 1864) from Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India is described and illustrated. Rhabdias stomatica sp. nov. is the 16th species described from the Oriental biogeographical region and the 8th species from India. The new species is differentiated from the closely related Oriental species in having 4 weakly developed lips, a trapezoidal shaped buccal cavity, different position of nerve ring and in the esophagus/body length ratio. In addition, to the new species found in the lungs, mature specimens of Aplectana macintoshii (Stewart, 1914) Travassos, 1931 and larvae representing two unidentified species of nematode were found in the large intestine of the D. stomaticus.
How interactional needs shape information structure: An analysis of the discourse functions of topicalization in three L2 varieties of English
Authors: Leuckert Sven
Published: January 2018

Topicalization refers to the sentence-initial placement of constituents other than the subject (see, e.g., Lambrecht 1994; Birner & Ward 2009) and has recently gained more attention in particular with regard to its frequency, forms, and functions in L2 and learner varieties of English (cf. Lange 2012; Winkle 2015; Leuckert 2017). Specific interactional needs, such as the intention of establishing topic continuity in the discourse, may motivate speakers to deviate from the canonical SVX pattern of English sentences. Furthermore, speakers may choose to emphasize or contrast information which has not previously been mentioned in the discourse. Therefore, this paper argues that cognitive, pragmatic, emotiveaffective, and social factors (cf. Schmid 2016) all play an important role for topicalization, but certain communicative goals may lead to speakers ignoring the cognitive status of information by topicalizing brand-new or unused information. Furthermore, it is shown in this paper that topicalized constituents which serve to create topic continuity (and are, therefore, highly salient in the discourse) tend to persist longer in the subsequent discourse than topicalized constituents which serve other discourse functions.
Cognitive cultural models at work: The case of German-speaking Switzerland
Authors: Studler Rebekka
Published: January 2018

In the German-speaking part of Switzerland, people use Swiss German and High German side by side in their daily life. This situation gives rise to various attitudes towards both of these two varieties. Interestingly, some of these attitudes seem to be partly in conflict. The aim of this paper is to show that these attitudes are not necessarily conflicted but rather that such attitudes normally have a multidimensional character. Multidimensional attitudes can be traced back to multidimensional mental models on which people naturally draw. In applying Berthele’s (2010) cluster model, which combines Geeraerts’s (2003) rationalist and romantic models for standardization, the paper illustrates, based on a recent study, which mental models have to be operative to conceptualize the complex frames of the two varieties in use. Additionally, recent shifts in the attitudinal climate in Switzerland indicate that these cognitive cultural models are not static but are subject to dynamic processes.
Cognitive descriptions in a corpus-based dictionary of German paronyms
Authors: Storjohann Petra
Published: January 2018

This paper discusses changes of lexicographic traditions with respect to approaches to meaning descriptions towards more cognitive perspectives. I will uncover how cognitive aspects can be incorporated into meaning descriptions based on corpus-driven analysis. The new German Online dictionary “Paronyme − Dynamisch im Kontrast” (Storjohann 2014; 2016) is concerned with easily confused words such as effektiv/effizient, sensibel/sensitiv. It is currently in the process of being developed and it aims at adopting a more conceptual and encyclopaedic approach to meaning by incorporating cognitive features. As a corpus-guided reference work it strives to adequately reflect ideas such as conceptual structure, categorisation and knowledge. Contrastive entries emphasise aspects of usage, comparing conceptual categories and indicate the (metonymic) mapping of knowledge. Adaptable access to lexicographic details and variable search options offer different foci and perspectives on linguistic information, and authentic examples reflect prototypical structures. Some of the cognitive features are demonstrated with the help of examples. Firstly, I will outline how patterns of usage imply conceptual categories as central ideas instead of sufficiently logical criteria of semantic distinction. In this way, linguistic findings correlate better with how users conceptualise language. Secondly, it is pointed out how collocates are treated as family members and fillers in contexts. Thirdly, I will demonstrate how contextual structure and functions are included summarising referential information. Details are drawn from corpus data, they are usage-based linguistic patterns illustrating conversational interaction and semantic negotiations in contemporary public discourse. Finally, I will outline consultation routines which activate different facets of structural knowledge, e.g. through changes of the ordering of information or through the visualisation of semantic networks.
Networks of meanings: Complementing collostructional analysis by cluster and network analyses
Authors: Dekalo Volodymyr , Hampe Beate
Published: January 2018

This paper contributes to the development of collostructional analysis by taking up one of the long-standing issues in collostructional analysis, viz. the assessment and interpretation of the collexeme lists created. It uses the DWDS corpus documenting 20th century written German to study two modalverb constructions which contain either vermögen or bekommen as the first verb plus an infinitive. When expressing ‘possibility’/‘capability’, these constructions compete with the ubiquitous and strongly grammaticalized könnenconstruction. To compare their constructional semantics, the paper combines collostructional analyses with a close investigation of the verbal meanings characterizing their V
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of waterlogged archaeological wood at room temperature
Authors: Pizzo Benedetto , Pecoraro Elisa , Lazzeri Simona
Published: January 2018

The viscoelastic properties of waterlogged wood (WLW) were investigated via dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) at room temperature and under water saturated conditions, aiming at the investigation of the relationships between viscoelasticity and chemical composition. Different softwoods (SWs) and hardwoods (HWs) from several archaeological sites were sampled, which had different levels of decay (from highly-decayed to little changed). The analytical methods included lignin and holocellulose determination by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, moisture content (MC), basic density (BD), micromorphological observations, and the DMA was performed in three-point bending and submersion mode. Both HWs and SWs showed an exponential decrease of both storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″), which are related to the amount of crystalline and paracrystalline cellulose left in the cell wall, respectively. The ratio E″/E′ (tanδ) varied with the frequency in different ways depending on the preservation state of the samples. Less decayed material had a higher tanδ than the fresh reference wood and lower (or similar) tanδ in the case of highly decayed samples. Accordingly, the long-term behaviour under a certain sustained load of WLW is decay dependent.
How to Prepare Interprofessional Teams in Two Weeks: An Innovative Education Program Nested in Telehealth
Authors: Sweeney Haney Tina , Kott Karen , Rutledge Carolyn M. , Britton Bruce , Fowler Christianne Nesbitt , Poston Rebecca D.
Published: January 2018

Problem: Preparing health professional students for interprofessional collaborative practice, especially at a distance where provider shortages prevail remains difficult.

Approach: A two-week interprofessional education (IPE) immersion experience preparing students from 11 disciplines and four universities was implemented. Week-one, using online technology, students develop/present an interprofessional careplan for a complex patient. Students then meet face-to-face to conduct group interviews with two standardized patient dyads. Week-two, students develop a website for use of the patient dyads. Websites are presented to faculty and fellow students via an online virtual meeting space.

Outcomes: To date, 594 students have participated demonstrating capacity to: 1.effectively engage in interprofessional care,  2. utilize Telehealth to impact care and break down barriers of isolation, and 3. implement skills to advance healthcare.

Conclusion: IPE combined with Telehealth technology provides future providers with knowledge and skills for interprofessional care regardless of geographic barriers.

Next Step: Integrate more technology using mobile devices and enhance the evaluation process.
Is There a There There? Responding to Mythologies that Hamper Multicultural and Global Education
Authors: Obiakor Festus E.
Published: January 2018

The United States of America is currently experiencing some socio-political problems. These problems stem from myriad mythologies and assumptions that have created labels, categories, stereotypes, and generalizations. While they are not uncommon in many communities and societies all over the world, in the United States, they have exposed intense divisions, xenophobia, racism, White supremacy, and close-mindedness. To a large measure, we now live in fears and anger; and we are literally losing our soul as the greatest democracy in the world. Not surprisingly, our adversary, Russia took advantage of these mythologies to meddle in our 2016 democratic Presidential election. As a result, many are asking, Is there a there there? In this article, I respond to this question by looking into these mythologies. In addition, I suggest ways for educators and leaders to foster multicultural and global education and buttress human valuing and interactions at classroom, school, college/university, community, state, national, and world-wide levels.
Problems of Subjectivity in Nietzsche
Authors: Lysemose Kasper
Published: January 2018

The problem of subjectivity is of central concern in contemporary philosophy across traditions and disciplines. If it was already obvious that Nietzsche’s significance in this field can hardly be overestimated, Nietzsche and the Problem of Subjectivity - a recent volume of Nietzsche Today - provides the means to assess it in a historically saturated and systematically fruitful way. In the present paper, some of the research avenues opened is probed while at the same time some remaining omissions are indicated. The editorial framework highlights especially Nietzsche’s contribution to the theoretical problem of self-consciousness and to the existential problem of decentering and nihilism. However, a third dimension also runs through the book: the expressive problem of subjectivity. The present paper highlights this dimension. The ensuing question becomes, whether subjectivity is indeed most properly addressed as a problem of self-consciousness or perhaps rather as a problem of life and of the art of survival
Das „gefährliche südlichere Eiland“ aus FW 372
Authors: Gentili Carlo
Published: January 2018

In FW 372 Nietzsche distinguishes between “idealism” and “sensualism”. The ancient philosophers thought that the senses would lead “to some dangerous southern island”. This island refers undoubtedly to the rock from which the Sirens attempt to compel Odysseus. The aphorism could nevertheless contain another reference, i. e. to the island whose philosophical meaning relies exactly on the distinction between idealism and sensualism. I refer to the Island quoted from Heraclitus, fr. B 56 D.K., that Nietzsche borrows from Aristotle (fr. 76 Rose). FW 302 confirms in fact that Nietzsche is familiar with this text.
Die Narrheit der fröhlichen Wissenschaft
Authors: Gentili Carlo
Published: January 2018

In FW 110 Nietzsche criticizes the erroneous articles of faith indicating “enduring things”, “equal things”, “things, substances, bodies”. In the same way Erasmus of Rotterdam, in his Praise of Folly, makes a mockery of the philosophical inconsistences showed by the ideas of universality, form, first matter, quidditas, ecceitas and so on. Since a copy of Erasmus’ work is in Nietzsche’s personal library, the paper aims to show that Nietzsche’s reformulation of a gaya scienza in a humanistic way could relies on Erasmus’ thinking
Reactive extraction at liquid–liquid systems
Authors: Wieszczycka Karolina
Published: January 2018

The chapter summarizes the state of knowledge about a metal transport in two-phase system. The first part of this review focuses on the distribution law and main factors determination in classical solvent extraction (solubility and polarity of the solute, as well as inter- and intramolecules interaction. Next part of the chapter is devoted to the reactive solvent extraction and the molecular modeling requiring knowledge on type of extractants, complexation mechanisms, metals ions speciation and oxidation during complexes forming, and other parameters that enable to understand the extraction process. Also the kinetic data that is needed for proper modeling, simulation and design of processes needed for critical separations are discussed. Extraction at liquid-solid system using solvent impregnated resins is partially identical as in the case of the corresponding solvent extraction, therefore this subject was also presented in all aspects of separation process (equilibrium, mechanism, kinetics).
The Impact of Ownership on Corporate Performance: The Case of the UAE
Authors: Kandil Magda Elsayed , Markovski Minko
Published: January 2018

This study attempts to identify whether government ownership has an effect on corporate performance, such as Return on Assets (ROA), Price to Book value, and Profits for a sample of 102 listed companies on the UAE stock exchanges and a subsample of 17 banks listed on the same bourses over a period of 31 quarters. In the case of the sample of 102 companies, government ownership has a positive impact on some of the corporate performance indicators, as well in the banking subsample. In addition, the analysis evaluates the impact of state ownership on debt accumulated across the two samples. The results indicate that state ownership reduced the need to accumulate debt in general across the larger sample. However, focusing on banks, state ownership facilitates borrowing and accumulating debt. The results point to the positive effect of state ownership on corporate performance. Further, state ownership eases constraints on banks’ borrowing as it boosts confidence in the outlook, facilitating higher ratings and cheaper sources of funding. In the case of the UAE, similar to some other countries, where there is a strong trend toward government ownership in listed companies and banks, it has a positive effect on their performance for the period 2008–2016, i. e., there is a positive relationship between the block-holder ownership and firms’ performance, subject to efficiency control measures.
Oxidative stress and response of antioxidant system in Nostoc muscorum exposed to different forms of Zinc
Authors: Mahfooz Sadaf , Jahan Sadaf , Shamim Adeeba , Husain Arbab , Farooqui Alvina
Published: January 2018

Objective

Present study aims to evaluate oxidative stress-mediated toxicity mechanisms of nano-ZnO (N-ZnO) compared to ZnCl2 and bulk-ZnO (M-ZnO), using cyanobacterium as a toxicity assessment tool.

Methods

Nostoc muscorum was used as a test organism and the experiments were performed in parallels after treated with 2–128 μM of N-ZnO, M-ZnO, and ZnCl2.

Results

Low concentrations of ZnCl2 (2–8 μM) and N-ZnO (16–32 μM) led to a significant increase in the carotenoids, which could be ascribed to its role as an antioxidant, whereas higher concentrations were inhibitory to the photosynthetic pigments. Enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and accelerated lipid peroxidation depicted significant accumulation of superoxide and peroxide radicals in N. muscorum exposed to N-ZnO and ZnCl2. The non-enzymatic antioxidants such as proline and total phenols also showed enhanced accumulations up to 16 and 64 μM of ZnCl2 and N-ZnO treatment, respectively.

Conclusion

Our results for the very first time depicted the significant accumulation of stress biomarkers in N. muscorum in response to deleterious effects of oxidative stress caused by N-ZnO, ZnCl2, and M-ZnO. Present results revealed varying levels of toxicity of various forms of zinc, which decreased in an order of ZnCl2>N-ZnO>M-ZnO.
Formation and Structural Characterization of [RuCl2(CO)2(SPh2)2], [RuCl2(CO)3(OH2)], and [Ru(OH2)6][RuCl3(CO)3]2 · 2H2O
Authors: Taimisto Marjaana , Oilunkaniemi Raija , Laitinen Risto S. , Ahlgrén Markku
Published: January 2018

While the room temperature reaction of [RuCl2(CO)3]2 and Ph2S in tetrahydrofuran in air affords [RuCl2(CO)2(SPh2)2] (1) in moderate yield, that in dichloromethane results in the formation of a mixture of [RuCl2(CO)3(H2O)] (2) and [Ru(H2O)6][RuCl3(CO)3]2·2H2O (3). Very small amounts of 1 are produced only upon prolonged reflux of the reagents. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography. 1 crystallizes as discrete octahedral cis(CO), cis(Cl), trans(Ph2S) complexes, which are joined into stacks by weak H···Cl hydrogen bonds. 2 is also composed of discrete octahedral complexes. Four hydrogen bonds involving aqua and chlorido ligands link two complexes into a dimer. The structure of 3 consists of octahedral hexaaquaruthenium cations and two tricarbonyltrichloridoruthenate anions. The water of crystallization is involved in hydrogen bonding between the cations and anions resulting in the formation of a continuous three-dimensional network.
The Organogallium Subhalide R2Ga2I2 as Starting Compound for the Generation of a Transition Metal Gallium Complex – Synthesis of Fe2(CO)6(μ-GaR)3 [R = C(SiMe3)3]
Authors: Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universit¨at Marburg, Hans-M Werner , El-Hamdan Abdelhakim , Petz Wolfgang , Geiseler Gertraud , Harms Klaus
Published: January 2018

Treatment of the monomeric organogallium subiodide R(I)Ga-Ga(I)R 1 [R = C(SiMe3)3] with the diironcarbonylate anion [Fe2(CO)8]2− yielded the red iron gallium compound Fe2(CO)6(μ-GaR)3 2 in moderate yield. 2 may be described as an analogue of enneacarbonyldiiron Fe2(CO)9, the three bridging carbonyl groups of which are replaced by GaR ligands.
Synthese von 6-O-Benzylguanin und seinen Anker-Konjugaten / Synthesis of 6-O-Benzyl Guanine and its Conjugations with Linkers
Authors: Barth Claudia , Seitz Oliver , Kunz Horst
Published: January 2018

An improved synthesis of 6-O-benzyl guanine which is an important inhibitor of O6-alkyl-guanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is described. In addition the conjugation of this guanine derivative was achieved with a functionalised hydrophilic linker which is of interest for immobilisation of this inhibitor and its conjugation with targeting components.
Syntheses and Characterization of New Mixed-Ligand Mercury(II) Complexes, Hg(bpy)n(SCN)X (X = CH3COO–, NO3– and ClO4–), Crystal Structure of [Hg(bpy)2(SCN)]NO3
Authors: Mahjoub Ali Reza , Morsali Ali , Nejad Ramin Ebrahim
Published: January 2018

The 1:2 and 1:1 mixed-ligand mercury(II) complexes with 2,2’-bipyridine (bpy) containing two different anions, Hg(bpy)n(SCN)X (X= CH3COO−, NO3− and ClO4−), have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, and IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The structure of [Hg(bpy)2(SCN)]NO3 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The complex is monomeric and the Hg atom has an unsymmetrical five-coordinate geometry, with four nitrogen atoms of two bpy ligands and one sulfur atom of the thiocyanate ligand as donor atoms. This is in contrast to lead(II) complexes, [Pb(phen)2(NO3)(NCS)], [Pb(phen)(O2CCH3)(NCS)] where the thiocyanate ligands are coordinated to the lead atom via the nitrogen atom. There is a π −π stacking interaction between the parallel aromatic rings.
2,5-Dimethyl-3,6-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)methyl]- and 2,6-Bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)methyl]pyrazine: Two New Chelating Ligands for Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Schumann Herbert , Luo He-Kuan
Published: January 2018

The reaction of tetramethylpyrazine with SeO2 yields 2,5-dimethylpyrazine-3,6-dicarboxaldehyde (1) from which the 2,5-dimethyl-3,6-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)methyl]pyrazine (2) was synthesized by treatment with 2 equivalents of 2,6-diisopropylaniline. 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine reacts with benzaldehyde to give 2,6-distyrylpyrazine (3). Ozonolysis of 3, followed by treatment with Na2SO3 and 2,6-diisopropylaniline resulted in the formation of 2,6-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino) methyl]pyrazine (5) together with [(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)methyl]benzene (6).
Unusual Bioactive 4-Oxo-2-alkenoic Fatty Acids from Hygrophorus eburneus
Authors: Teichert Axel , Lübken Tilo , Schmidt Jürgen , Porzel Andrea , Arnold Norbert , Wessjohann Ludger
Published: January 2018

From fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. (Tricholomataceae) eight fatty acids (C16, C18) with γ -oxocrotonate partial structure could be isolated. Initial tests demonstrate their bactericidal and fungicidal activity. The structures of (2E,9E)-4-oxooctadeca- 2,9,17-trienoic acid (1), (2E,11Z)-4-oxooctadeca-2,11,17-trienoic acid (2), (E)-4-oxohexadeca-2,15- dienoic acid (3), (E)-4-oxooctadeca-2,17-dienoic acid (4), (2E,9E)-4-oxooctadeca-2,9-dienoic acid (5), (2E,11Z)-4-oxooctadeca-2,11-dienoic acid (6), (E)-4-oxohexadec-2-enoic acid (7), and (E)-4- oxooctadec-2-enoic acid (8) were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data.
A New One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer [Co(CCl3COO)2(CH3OH)2(μ-4,4’-bipy)]n: Synthesis and Structural Aspects
Authors: Talukder Pritha , Datta Amitabha , Mitra Samiran , Rosair Georgina
Published: January 2018

A new one-dimensional coordination polymer [Co(CCl3COO)2(CH3OH)2(μ-4,4’-bipy)]n (1), has been synthesised and its crystal structure determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure consists of a one-dimensional linear chain of cobalt(II) centres linked by bridging 4,4’-bipyridine units. The Co(II) ion lies at an inversion centre forming an elongated octahedral coordination sphere. There is an intramolecular hydrogen bond [2.02(5) Å ] between a trichloroacetate oxygen and a methanolic hydrogen forming a planar six-membered ring.
Sultam and Sultim Structures, Part 3. Strong and Weak Hydrogen Bonds in 3-Oxosultams, 3-Oxosultims and 3-Alkoxysultams
Authors: Schulze Bärbel , Taubert Kathleen , Siegemund Anja , Freysoldt Tonia H. E. , Sieler Joachim
Published: January 2018

In order to study hydrogen bonding networks in cyclic sulfin- and sulfonamides, X-ray structures were determined for 3-oxosultams 3a, c - e, 3-alkoxysultams 5b, f and 3-oxosultim 2f, all of which show predominantly weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The 3-oxosultam 3a forms tetrameric units by combining two symmetry-independent molecules through weak aromatic C-H· · ·O-S-O hydrogen bonds without participation of the carbonyl groups. The 3-oxosultam 3c, with two chloro substituents in the N-aryl ring show a polymer arrangement of the molecules through intermolecular association of the SO2 and CO groups also with the aromatic H-atoms of the aryl rings. Sultam 3d shows the first polymer chain in the 3-oxosultam series by the strong O-H· · ·O=C hydrogen bonds without participation of the SO2 group. Two new ‘head-to-head’ dimers with a 10-membered ring are found for 3-alkoxysultams 5b, 5f through weak C-H· · ·O-S-O hydrogen bonds. In the 3-oxosultim 2f weak intermolecular hydrogen bonds are observed to form a two-dimensional network with the two methylene groups, the carbonyl function and the chloro atom but, surprisingly, without the strong S-oxide acceptor group.
Reaktionen vinyloger Hydrazide mit Carbiminium-Verbindungen / Reactions of Vinylogous Hydrazides with Carbiminium Compounds
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Aslanidis Vlassios , Tot Edith , Peters Wilfried
Published: January 2018

Vinylogous hydrazides of type 1 react with methyleniminium salts only in 2-position to form aminomethylated compounds 2·HX. The oxidation of 1 with Hg(II)-EDTA results in a twofold dehydrogenation to the lactams 3, which may be aminomethylated in 2-position. The methylpiperidine derivatives 4 and 5 with Hg(II)-EDTA yield in a monodehydrogenation cyclic iminium compounds. These are isolated as 6 · ClO4 and 7 · ClO4 respectively, and show an enolimine structure, which is not accessible to intramolecular aminoalkylation. With the 2-methylsubstituted enhydrazinones 11 methyleniminium salts cause an attack at 4-position, vinylogous to the carbonyl function, and produce the aminomethylated derivatives 13. Oxidation of 11 gives rise to the lactams 12, which are inert to Mannich reagents. The Mannich bases 2 undergo an amine elimination to form the pyrazolinium betaines 15. The aminomethylated lactams 20 show, in addition to amine eliminations, retro Mannich reactions and from the cleavage products methylenebis(lactam-enhydrazinones) 21 result. Formaldehyde and primary amines generate with 1 and 3 the tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives 24/25 and 22/23, respectively. Hexahydroacridinediones 27 are obtained from the reaction of 21 with formaldehyde and acetic acid.
Synthesis of Monomeric Acridine Derived Nucleic Acid Intercalators
Authors: Csuk René , Raschke Christian , Göthe Gunnar , Reißmann Stefan
Published: January 2018

A series of antiviral compounds consisting of an intercalating acridine derived part, a spacer region and a reactive EDTA-derived conjugate was synthesized in an easy sequence. In the presence of ascorbate a reduction of the phage-titer of MS2 phages by several logarithmic decades was achieved.
Metallation of Ligands with Biological Activity: Synthesis and X-Ray Characterization of Polymeric [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(CH3OH)2]n · x(CH3OH)
Authors: Lang Ernesto Schulz , Marques Lenice L. , de Oliveira Gelson Manzoni
Published: January 2018

Sulfamethoxazole (5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl sulfanilamide) reacts with cadmium acetate in methanol in a steel autoclave at 150 °C to give crystalline [Cd(sulfamethoxazolato)2(CH3OH)2]n·x(CH3OH) (1) the structure of which was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The triclinic crystals belong to the space group P1̅. In the polymeric assembly the Cd(II) centers are linked through sulfamethoxazolato anions which alternate in their coordination with the isoxazolic N-atoms and the aromatic amino groups. The chains of vicinal rings build tunnels along the crystallographic c axis.
Crystal Structure Elucidation of Anhydrous Rb2[Pt(CN)4] from X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data
Authors: Mühle Claus , Karpov Andrey , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2018

The title compound has been synthesized by metathesis of Ba[Pt(CN)4]·4 H2O with Rb2SO4, in aqueous solution. Its crystal structure was solved from X-ray powder diffraction data using the simulated-annealing approach, and refined by Rietveld’s method. The compound crystallizes in space group Imma, a = 11.1432(2), b = 7.4382(1), c = 11.1896(2) Å, V = 927.45(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rp = 0.0402, Rw = 0.0247 (Nhkl = 173). Square-planar tetracyanoplatinate groups stack in an unprecedented eclipsed conformation, forming one-dimensional linear chains of Pt-atoms with Pt-Pt separations of 3.719 Å . Rb2[Pt(CN)4] was characterized by differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy.
Isolation of a New Lipoxygenase Active Saponin and a New Triterpenoid from the Leaves of Trachelospermum lucidum
Authors: Ahmad Viqar U. , Kousar Farzana , Khan Afsar , Zubair Muhammad , Iqbal Shazia , Rasool Nasir , Arfanb Mohamma , Nawaz Sarfraz A. , Choudharya Muhammad I.
Published: January 2018

A new saponin trivially named leucioside (1) and a new triterpenoid along with two known lignans trachelosiaside (3) and matairesionol (4) C-glycosides, were isolated from the butanolic fraction of Trachelospermum lucidum. Compounds 1 and 4 showed potent inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase while compounds 2 and 3 showed moderate activity against lipoxygenase.
Two New Mexicanolides from the Fruit of the Chinese Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum
Authors: Wu Jun , Zhang Si , Song Yang , Xiao Zhihui , Xiao Qiang , Li Qingxin
Published: January 2018

Two new mexicanolides, 3-deacetyl xyloccensin M and 3-deacetyl xyloccensin N were isolated from the fruit of the Chinese mangrove Xylocarpus granatum. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of modern spectroscopic techniques.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Cyclic Peptides: Viscumamide, Yunnanin A and Evolidine
Authors: Poojary Boja , Belagali S. L.
Published: January 2018

Three biologically active cyclic peptides, viscumamide, yunnanin A and evolidine were synthesized and the structures were established on the basis of analytical, IR, NMR and mass spectral data. These newly synthesized cyclic peptides were evaluated for antimicrobial and pharmacological activities. Evolidine showed better growth inhibition against bacterial strains than yunnanin A and viscumamide. The anti-inflammatory activity of viscumamide is moderate and the remaining two cyclic peptides are found to be less active. But, all the three cyclic peptides showed weak anthelmintic activity.
Eliminating Glutamatergic Input onto Horizontal Cells Changes the Dynamic Range and Receptive Field Organization of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Ströh Sebastian , Puller Christian , Swirski Sebastian , Hölzel Maj-Britt , van der Linde Lea I.S. , Segelken Jasmin , Schultz Konrad , Block Christoph , Monyer Hannah , Willecke Klaus , Weiler Reto , Greschner Martin , Janssen-Bienhold Ulrike , Dedek Karin
Published: January 2018

In the mammalian retina, horizontal cells receive glutamatergic inputs from many rod and cone photoreceptors and return feedback signals to them, thereby changing photoreceptor glutamate release in a light-dependent manner. Horizontal cells also provide feedforward signals to bipolar cells. It is unclear, however, how horizontal cell signals also affect the temporal, spatial, and contrast tuning in retinal output neurons, the ganglion cells. To study this, we generated a genetically modified mouse line in which we eliminated the light dependency of feedback by deleting glutamate receptors from mouse horizontal cells. This genetic modification allowed us to investigate the impact of horizontal cells on ganglion cell signaling independent of the actual mode of feedback in the outer retina and without pharmacological manipulation of signal transmission. In control and genetically modified mice (both sexes), we recorded the light responses of transient OFF-α retinal ganglion cells in the intact retina. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were reduced and the cells were tuned to lower temporal frequencies and higher contrasts, presumably because photoreceptor output was attenuated. Moreover, receptive fields of recorded cells showed a significantly altered surround structure. Our data thus suggest that horizontal cells are responsible for adjusting the dynamic range of retinal ganglion cells and, together with amacrine cells, contribute to the center/surround organization of ganglion cell receptive fields in the mouse.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHorizontal cells represent a major neuronal class in the mammalian retina and provide lateral feedback and feedforward signals to photoreceptors and bipolar cells, respectively. The mode of signal transmission remains controversial and, moreover, the contribution of horizontal cells to visual processing is still elusive. To address the question of how horizontal cells affect retinal output signals, we recorded the light responses of transient OFF-α retinal ganglion cells in a newly generated mouse line. In this mouse line, horizontal cell signals were no longer modulated by light. With light response recordings, we show that horizontal cells increase the dynamic range of retinal ganglion cells for contrast and temporal changes and contribute to the center/surround organization of their receptive fields.
Children’s Third-Party Understanding of Communicative Interactions in a Foreign Language
Authors: Afshordi Narges , Sullivan Kathleen R. , Markson Lori
Published: January 2018

Two studies explored young children’s understanding of the role of shared language in communication by investigating how monolingual English-speaking children interact with an English speaker, a Spanish speaker, and a bilingual experimenter who spoke both English and Spanish. When the bilingual experimenter spoke in Spanish or English to request objects, four-year-old children, but not three-year-olds, used her language choice to determine whom she addressed (e.g. requests in Spanish were directed to the Spanish speaker). Importantly, children used this cue – language choice – only in a communicative context. The findings suggest that by four years, monolingual children recognize that speaking the same language enables successful communication, even when that language is unfamiliar to them. Three-year-old children’s failure to make this distinction suggests that this capacity likely undergoes significant development in early childhood, although other capacities might also be at play.
Exploring the Christmas Eve Menu in Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet
Authors: Timko Merrianne
Published: January 2018

Details from the menu for a Christmas Eve supper described in the first novel of Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet provide a unique opportunity to explore the author's depiction of Provence from a culinary perspective. Although the origins of this menu can be traced to medieval times, Durrell's inclusion of Chicken flamed in Cognac conflicts with the holiday supper's traditional meatless nature. Moreover, raïto, a fish dish with ties to Provençal nationalism during the nineteenth century, serves as an important clue in discovering Durrell's primary source used for the crafting of his menu—a work on Provence by an earlier and now largely forgotten American writer. In the course of exploring this menu, we gain new insights regarding the little-known culinary side of Durrell as well as his interpretation of Provence's spirit of place through its cuisine.
GENETICS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: The expanding genetic horizon of primary aldosteronism
Authors: Monticone Silvia , Buffolo Fabrizio , Tetti Martina , Veglio Franco , Pasini Barbara , Mulatero Paolo
Published: January 2018

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid hormone in humans and plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte homeostasis. Primary aldosteronism (PA), characterized by autonomous aldosterone overproduction by the adrenal glands, affects 6% of the general hypertensive population and can be either sporadic or familial. Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) are the two most frequent subtypes of sporadic PA and 4 forms of familial hyperaldosteronism (FH-I to FH-IV) have been identified. Over the last six years, the introduction of next-generation sequencing has significantly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for autonomous aldosterone overproduction in both sporadic and familial PA. Somatic mutations in four genes (KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3 and CACNA1D), differently implicated in intracellular ion homeostasis, have been identified in nearly 60% of the sporadic APAs. Germline mutations in KCNJ5 and CACNA1H cause FH-III and FH-IV, respectively, while germline mutations in CACNA1D cause the rare PASNA syndrome, featuring primary aldosteronism seizures and neurological abnormalities. Further studies are warranted to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying BAH and FH-II, the most common forms of sporadic and familial PA whose molecular basis is yet to be uncovered.
Novel targeted therapeutics for MEN2
Authors: Redaelli Sara , Plaza-Menacho Ivan , Mologni Luca
Published: January 2018

The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene was recognized as the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) causing gene in 1993. Since then, much effort has been put into a clear understanding of its oncogenic signaling, its biochemical function and ways to block its aberrant activation in MEN2 and related cancers. Several small molecules have been designed, developed or redirected as RET inhibitors for the treatment of MEN2 and sporadic MTC. However, current drugs are mostly active against several other kinases, as they were not originally developed for RET. This limits efficacy and poses safety issues. Therefore, there is still much to do to improve targeted MEN2 treatments. New, more potent and selective molecules, or combinatorial strategies may lead to more effective therapies in the near future. Here, we review the rationale for RET targeting in MEN2, the use of currently available drugs and novel preclinical and clinical RET inhibitor candidates.
LES FRANCISMES DANS LES DICTIONNAIRES QUÉBÉCOIS
Authors: Kalvelytė Julija , Melnikienė Danguolė
Published: January 2018

Le but de cet article était d’analyser les francismes, relevés dans cinq dictionnaires du français québécois et d’évaluer leur rôle informatif pour les locuteurs du français standard et ceux du français québécois. Le québécisme est un fait de la langue française, propre à sa variété régionale, parlée par les communautés francophones canadiennes au Québec. Elle se distingue du français standard par ses caractéristiques particulières au niveau phonétique, lexical et syntaxique. Le québécisme existe en opposition avec le francisme et le français de France en général. Le francisme (aussi appelé l’hexagonisme) est un fait de la langue française qui comporte les mots d’usage typique du français standard ou autrement, utilisé sur le territoire du Canada. La recherche effectuée nous a permis de constater que le rôle de francisme dans les dictionnaires québécois est celui d’un connecteur ou d’une clé particuliers. En tant qu’un élément du dictionnaire, il peut fournir l’information sur le dictionnaire lui-même, sur son auteur, mais aussi sur les ressources linguistiques utilisées, reflétant l’état de la langue et de ses variantes régionales. Malheureusement, il n’est pas encore défini d’une manière complètement claire et utilisé à son plein potentiel.
INFLUENCE OF VIDEO GAMES ON THE ACQUISITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Authors: Rudis Domas , Poštić Svetozar
Published: January 2018

In the past decade or two, there has been an obvious increase in the number of school children profici­ent in English. One of the reasons is the number of English classes per week, but even more important­ly, it is the influence of the media. Students are greatly exposed to video games. In this paper, a survey was conducted in order to find the connection between video-game playing and English proficiency. Ninety six students filled out the survey answering a range of question on the quantity and quality of their video game playing. The conclusion drawn was that video games have a profound impact on language learning. The areas of most benefit were vocabulary and pronunciation. As a form of highly desirable entertainment, video games provide a positive and motivating atmosphere, which is perfect for adopting a foreign language.