bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyber Cafés
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

After 2003, the visa lottery shifted to an online system, and many African applicants entered the lottery at the Internet cafes that popped up in the 2000s and 2010s. The Internet connected people in Cameroon and elsewhere to the broader world, even as migration opportunities were limited. Cafes became popular sites for playing the visa lottery, which boosted business each year when it came time to enter. The online entry system made the lottery more popular for francophones, who could now access the website directly at cafes rather than seek out networks to try to understand and master the earlier paper-based application process.
Return
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

As more people left their home countries in Africa to seek greener pastures and better opportunities elsewhere, a debate emerged about the “brain drain,” and its costs to developing countries. Some countries created opportunities for dual citizenship as a response to emigration, to retain people who had left, and to encourage them to send remittances back home and to return themselves, eventually. In this sense, leaving home to earn more abroad was framed as a way to provide for those left behind. This chapter details how remittances have been critically important for families, communities, and national economies around the world, but they have also fueled inequality.
Obama’s Return
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

When President Barack Obama visited Cape Coast Castle in Ghana in 2009, it provided a powerful moment that exposed painful historical links between the United States and Africa, and his presidency seemed positioned to chart a new chapter in that history. But his administration oversaw the deepening of US military entanglements in Africa as part of its counterterrorism efforts, with sometimes destabilizing effects. And Obama’s presidency was shaped by white backlash and reaction against the first African American president, forces that would come to shape the immigration system as well.
Reform
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

Critics sought to eliminate the Diversity Visa lottery, arguing that it posed a security threat, and that its goal of increasing diversity was idealistic, wrong-headed, and outdated. Some argued that the visas should be allocated to a more important practical goal, like recruiting STEM workers to the US economy. It wasn’t until 2013 that a constituency emerged to defend the lottery’s importance as a critical conduit for African immigration. Black immigrant groups spoke out in favor of the lottery, which survived the legislative negotiations when Congress failed to pass any comprehensive immigration reform at all.
Radical Prescription
Authors: Urban Kelly
Published: May 2024

Extinguishing a public health threat is difficult under any condition, let alone during a sweeping national revolution. In this first comprehensive study of tuberculosis in modern Cuba, Kelly Urban analyzes the medical, social, and governmental responses to the highly contagious disease as the island was heading into and emerging from the Revolution of 1959, providing a window onto broad questions of citizens' rights, biomedicine and public health, and political change. Drawing on a diverse range of sources revealing the perspectives of those at the center of power and those on the margins, Urban finds that the Cuban republican state intervened to confront the tuberculosis problem only after coming under intense grassroots pressure. Cuban citizens forged an activist political subculture around tuberculosis, rejecting discourses that blamed the sick for their own illness. This loose coalition of sanatorium patients, tenement dwellers, black public intellectuals, labor organizers, and reform-minded physicians won entitlements to state health care and pressed for other social rights that influenced health. Their critiques of the state’s politicized and inefficient tuberculosis program contributed to the declining legitimacy of the Batista government, helping to spur the Revolution and an innovative restructuring of the public health system.
Politicosis
Authors: Urban Kelly
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the central task of Radical Prescription, which is to analyze the history of tuberculosis control and care in twentieth-century Cuba, bringing the two phenomena of state power and popular pressures into conversation with one another. In doing so, it centers grassroots activism, nuances understandings of republican and revolutionary state-building, and questions traditional chronologies of health care in twentieth-century Cuba. In addition to providing the book’s arguments, historical interventions, and methodology, the chapter includes a theoretical definition of two of the book’s central concepts: hygienic citizenship and health citizenship. It also explains the usefulness of tuberculosis as a historical lens: as a social disease (or a disease of the marginalized), it is a productive site for exploring how the politics of health intersected with authoritarian populism; as an intractable disease (despite major changes such as the therapeutic revolution), it provides a constant variable against which to measure change and continuity across major political ruptures in twentieth-century Cuba, especially the Cuban Revolution.
The Sick Republic
Authors: Urban Kelly
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores how physicians, civic groups, and labor organizers pushed the Machado administration to expand the state’s antituberculosis campaign in the mid-1920s. Machado sought to use tuberculosis programs to build cross-class political support as his rule turned authoritarian, but the campaign’s patchwork nature instead generated demands for more state action and less reliance on charity in the health sector. Many elites balked at these expectations, arguing that disparities in health care emanated from the “unhygienic” behavior of poor Cubans and Afro-Cubans. As politics radicalized and the foundations of Machado’s authoritarian rule weakened, radical pulmonologists, black public intellectuals, mobilized workers, and poor tuberculars rejected the individualizing tenets of hygienic citizenship and articulated the idea of a citizen’s right to health care. Calling for a broad health citizenship, they vehemently insisted that the state intervene to rectify not only limited health services but also socioeconomic inequality, addressing problems such as unhygienic tenement housing. Across the Revolution of 1933, their grassroots health activism spurred institutional growth in the Cuban public health sector and expanded the boundaries of health citizenship.
Self-Interest and Collective Behavior
Authors: Delehanty Jack
Published: May 2024

This chapter documents how people faith-based community organizing federations use relational practices like one-to-ones and public storytelling to collectively develop inclusive religious meanings and attach them to their own ambitions and stories. In doing so, they expand their understandings of what religious people are called to do in the world even as they retain core beliefs and commitments they may have already held, providing stability and endowing the reconceptualization of faith that happens in organizing settings with a sense of growth, rather than rupture with one’s past. For many people in ELIJAH, this process creates and continually cements an expanded sense of self-interest, guided by analysis of what it means to be religious in a society plagued by deep inequality and systemic racism. As religious meaning is attached to ideas of community and mutual care, moral citizenship becomes a religious duty.
An Army Afire
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

By the late 1960s, what had been widely heralded as the best qualified, best-trained army in US history was descending into crisis as the Vietnam War raged without end. Morale was tanking. AWOL rates were rising. And in August 1968, a group of Black soldiers seized control of the infamous Long Binh Jail, burned buildings, and beat a white inmate to death with a shovel. The days of “same mud, same blood” were over, and a new generation of Black GIs had decisively rejected the slights and institutional racism their forefathers had endured. As Black and white soldiers fought in barracks and bars, with violence spilling into surrounding towns within the US and in West Germany, Vietnam, South Korea, and Japan, army leaders grew convinced that the growing racial crisis undermined the army’s ability to defend the nation. Acclaimed military historian Beth Bailey shows how the US Army tried to solve that racial crisis (in army terms, “the problem of race”). Army leaders were surprisingly creative in confronting demands for racial justice, even willing to challenge fundamental army principles of discipline, order, hierarchy, and authority. Bailey traces a frustrating yet fascinating story, as a massive, conservative institution came to terms with demands for change.
Defining the Problem
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that the US Army attempted to define the racial crisis it called “the problem of race” based on its own institutional logic and concerns. Army studies and investigations produced a set of claims and principles that shaped army responses to the racial crisis, including concerns about communication, generational differences, discipline, racial identity and the “New Breed Black,” and problems of leadership. The chapter traces the actions of the US Army and Department of Defense, including those of William Westmoreland, James S. White, Stanley Resor, L. Howard Bennett, Arthur Sussman, and Frank Render.
Culture and Identity
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

During the Army’s Vietnam-era racial crisis, complaints from Black soldiers—many of whom were inducted during an era of cultural nationalism—often focused on issues of culture and racial identity. Recognizing that the “color-blind” Army defaulted white, the Post Exchange (PX) created lists of always-in-stock products for Black soldiers and sent Black barber Willie Lee Morrow around the world to train local barbers to cut Afros. But Black soldiers also demanded to use symbols of cultural identity, including Black Power salutes, dapping, and to wear “soul bands” or “slave bands” with their uniforms. These demands presented two problems. First, if some members could display cultural symbols, all must be allowed to, and display of the Confederate Battle flag did not improve race relations on Army installations. Second, visibly claiming an identity other than that of “soldier” undermined the meaning of uniformed service, and Black Power salutes and daps threatened traditional forms of authority. Army experiments demonstrated creativity and flexibility, but in the end the institution reaffirmed traditional practices of uniformity and rank hierarchy.
Military Justice
Authors: Bailey Beth
Published: May 2024

During the Vietnam era, enlisted men—Black and white—lost faith in the system of military justice, and both enlisted men and officers understood that concerns about military justice were tied to the racial crisis within the army. Those who addressed military justice as one response to “the problem of race” reached no consensus. Some saw the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), including Article 15s, as a disciplinary tool necessary to maintain discipline and order in a difficult era; others believed that the administration of the UCMJ fostered racial discontent and embodied institutional racism. Some blamed Project 100,000 for the rise in crime; others criticized the “permissiveness” of American society. External pressure from the naacp and the Congressional Black Caucus fostered internal army reforms, but institutional logic prevailed, as Army leaders endorsed the centrality of order and discipline, insisting that reform must take place within the existing system. This chapter discusses Gen. Michael S. Davison’s approach to the case of the Darmstadt 29 in West Germany; Lewis M. Steel, Nathaniel Jones, and internal conflict in the rotc  naacp; and demands for Black judges and lawyers within the army system of military justice.
Reflective Practice
Authors: Mooney-Melvin Patricia
Published: May 2024

Patricia Mooney Melvin’s argument is clear from the start: “Reflective practice represents public history’s signature pedagogy that distinguishes it from other curricular design and course structures in the field of history.” Before going through her fall 2019 graduate course “Public History: Method and Theory,” Mooney-Melvin explores the historiography of public history and teaching practice from the late 1970s onward. As a longtime leader within the field and the NCPH, Mooney-Melvin provides a contextual overview of public history education. Connecting this long history to her fall 2019 semester, she explains her department’s relationship with the Rogers Park/West Ridge Historical Society and their class project. She then leads readers through a week-by-week appraisal of class sessions, readings, and goals through the end of the semester.
Digital Restorative Justice in the Public History Classroom
Authors: Mcgrath Jim
Published: May 2024

Jim McGrath considers public history pedagogy in the context of digital restorative justice work. With scholar Monica Muñoz Martinez, McGrath co-taught a “Mapping Violence” course for undergraduates at Brown University in the spring of 2020. Instructors and students worked on the Mapping Violence digital public history project begun by Martinez as an extension of her scholarship on racial violence in Texas between 1900 and 1930. McGrath and Martinez intentionally framed the course for students who were not enrolled in public history or public humanities certificates, and throughout the course of the semester, they worked to build a database of incidents of racial violence. The course he and Martinez built charts a path for public historians engaging with the violent legacies we inherent and intentionally or unintentionally perpetuate.
The Real Trick Is Holding On to That Energy and Not Collapsing
Authors: Gautreau Abigail
Published: May 2024

Abby Gautreau, an assistant professor of history at Grand Valley State University in Michigan, kept a daily journal of her class sessions for her winter/spring 2020 public history course. This record of her thought process is invaluable as it allows readers to feel her own emotions day-by-day in the course. Gautreau’s writing is honest as she recounts what went well, what bombed, and the quotidian drudgery of managing a class. She pulls aside the curtain to allow readers to experience the hard labor of teaching public history, balancing her public history course load with two other classes on a multi-site campus. Her class partnered with the Lowell Area Historical Museum for a project, but the COVID-19 pandemic cut their collaboration short. Gautreau’s in-depth analysis of these class discussions reveal the difficulty in translating public history topics for student consideration, how they can easily go wrong, but how they also hold tremendous potential to open students’ eyes to the power of public history.
Imaginemos Cosas Chingonas
Authors: Guzmán Romeo
Published: May 2024

Romeo Guzmán, an assistant professor of history at Claremont Graduate University, illustrates how the public history of fútbol (soccer) enabled his students to become working public historians. Over the spring semesters of 2018, 2019, and 2020 while working as an assistant professor at California State University, Fresno, Guzmán taught “Fútbol: A Local and Global History of the Beautiful Game.” Guzmán explores his own evolution as a public historian, followed by a detailed map of his course. He then shares how he and his students became part of a special movement to celebrate fútbol through a local professional club in Fresno, while at the same time, using the tools of public history to involve the community in their own regional history. By designing trading cards, staffing tables, organizing events, printing t-shirts, attending games, and playing fútbol, Guzmán engineered a comprehensive public history project that, while not without its challenges, succeeded in bringing together the larger Fresno community.
Fuel Problems
Authors: Elmore Bart
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows how in recent history Delta Air Lines has touted improvements in fuel efficiency to show environmentalists and regulators that it is addressing climate change even as its total greenhouse gas emissions have grown enormous over the same period. In other words, it reveals how an obsession with efficiency can exacerbate rather than abate a firm’s fossil fuel dependence. It also reveals how Delta became an owner and operator of massive oil refining infrastructure to provide fuel to its fleet.
The Fight Begins
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter shows how Bush initially took a lead by attacking Dukakis over the Massachusetts prison furlough program and his veto of a bill requiring teachers to lead students in the Pledge of Allegiance. In particular, the vice president focused on the case of William Horton, a prison who committed a rape while out on furlough. In advance of the Democratic convention, Dukakis made his decision to name Texas senator Lloyd Bentsen his vice-presidential nominee. The Dukakis campaign also moved to perfect the art of raising “soft money,” unlimited contributions outside the bars imposed by the post-Watergate campaign finance reforms. At the convention, the Democrats debated the issue of Palestinian self-determination, foreshadowing an internal struggle that would grow over the next three decades. And Bill Clinton introduced himself to the nation with a convention speech that went completely awry and nearly destroyed his career. After a successful convention, Dukakis took a 17-point lead in the polls and seemed on his way to the White House.
Coming Out of Reagan’s Shadow
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates how George H.W. Bush chose Indiana senator Dan Quayle as his vice-presidential nominee and how that decision backfired. The controversy that ensued over the nomination revolved around Quayle’s joining the National Guard during the Vietnam War. Quayle was the first baby boomer on a national ticket and the kerfuffle surrounding his nomination showed that future candidates of that generation would have to explain their behavior vis-a-vis the Vietnam-era draft. At the same time, Bill Clinton recovered from his disastrous speech at the Democratic National Convention with a charismatic appearance on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. His successful comeback demonstrated the growing importance of non-traditional media on American politics as the traditional press gatekeepers declined. Finally, despite the controversy over Quayle, Bush employed the post-1968 GOP playbook and hit Dukakis hard on issues of crime and national defense. In the end, the Bush/Quayle ticket seized the advantage and took the lead in the election after the Republican convention and never conceded it.
One Final Charge
Authors: Fleegler Robert L.
Published: May 2024

Trailing significantly, Dukakis shifted to a class-based populist message for the final stretch of the campaign. In doing so, he closed some of the polling gap between himself and Bush. Still, he continued to have trouble balancing mobilizing African American voters with regaining the support of Reagan Democrats. Meanwhile, the vice-president’s tactics became the dominant issue in the race, with some believing that his campaign’s message was unprecedently negative. Though Dukakis narrowed the final margin, Bush won the election in landslide fashion. But Dukakis’s closing finish showed Democrats a way to back to victory in the Electoral College, previewing the “Blue Wall” that would allow Democrats to control the White House for the majority of the next three decades.
The Principal People
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Before the arrival of European traders, Cherokee people considered themselves the principal people, the Ani-Yunwiya. Between 1450 and 1700 they practiced a diverse subsistence living structured by gender, clan, and kinship. Large towns were organized around townhouses situated on mounds. Cherokee myths illustrate the primary value of harmony within a community and with all living beings. Anthropologist James Mooney collected Cherokee tales during the late nineteenth century. Key stories about Kanati (the Lucky Hunter) and his wife Selu (Corn), their sons the Thunder Boys, Little Deer, bears, and the Ball Game of the Birds and Animals instruct Cherokees to respect all life, avenge violence, and prioritize community wellbeing above individual wealth.
CCC Transformations
Authors: Giddens Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

Civilian Conservation Corps camps were established in the valley at Smokemont, Kephart Prong, Mingus Creek, Round Bottom, and Cherokee in the 1930s. Often led by older Local Experienced Men, enlistees cleaned up debris from the abandoned sawmills; constructed roads, bridges, and trails; repaired Mingus Mill; collected seeds, raised seedlings, and planted trees; established a fish hatchery; and built the Oconaluftee Ranger Station near the Enloe farm. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt attended the park’s dedication in 1940 to acknowledge the labor and achievement of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. After the US entered World War II, the CCC camps closed. Gradually, the few remaining park residents died or moved away. Finally, the commissary in Ravensford closed in 1944, and the store at Smokemont followed in 1949. Park visitation increased after the war ended, and the Enloe farm was developed into the Mountain Farm Museum, near the ranger station and entrance. The Eastern Band avoided land allotment and negotiated a favorable route for the Blue Ridge Parkway to intersect with the park entrance in Cherokee, North Carolina. The Cherokees developed a craft and tourist business, with the outdoor drama Unto These Hills becoming the main attraction.
Citizens of a Stolen Land
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen
Published: May 2024

This concise and revealing history reconsiders the Civil War era by centering one Native American tribe’s encounter with citizenship. In 1837, eleven years before Wisconsin’s admission as a state, representatives of the Ho-Chunk people yielded under immense duress and signed a treaty that ceded their remaining ancestral lands to the US government. Over the four decades that followed, as “free soil” settlement repeatedly demanded their further expulsion, many Ho-Chunk people lived under the US government’s policies of “civilization,” allotment, and citizenship. Others lived as outlaws, evading military campaigns to expel them and adapting their ways of life to new circumstances. After the Civil War, as Reconstruction’s vision of nonracial, national, birthright citizenship excluded most Native Americans, the Ho-Chunk who remained in their Wisconsin homeland understood and exploited this contradiction. Professing eagerness to participate in the postwar nation, they gained the right to remain in Wisconsin as landowners and voters while retaining their language, culture, and identity as a people. This history of Ho-Chunk sovereignty and citizenship offer a bracing new perspective on citizenship’s perils and promises, the way the broader nineteenth-century conflict between “free soil” and slaveholding expansion shaped Indigenous life, and the continuing impact of Native people’s struggles and claims on US politics and society.
Introduction
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen
Published: May 2024

Between the 1830s and the 1870s, the US government dispossessed the Ho-Chunk people of their ancestral homeland in today’s Wisconsin and Illinois and repeatedly sought to exile them to territories west of the Mississippi River. This project of “Indian Removal,” erasure and replacement, often described today as settler colonialism, unfolded alongside and in close relation to what historians call the Civil War era, involving its struggles over Western lands, wartime military conflict, and Reconstruction battles over citizenship and rights. Histories such as the Ho-Chunks’ have largely disappeared from national narratives because neither nineteenth-century political leaders (including Abraham Lincoln) nor the founders of the modern historical profession (notably Frederick Jackson Turner) could imagine Native Americans as people with a real history or an independent future, even though both men encountered Ho-Chunk people first-hand at pivotal moments in their own development.
To Remain Upon the Land
Authors: Kantrowitz Stephen
Published: May 2024

In the winter of 1873-74 US soldiers, authorized by Congressional legislation, sought to round up and expel the remaining Ho-Chunk population from Wisconsin to the Winnebago Reservation in Nebraska. This campaign brought immense hardship, suffering, and death, but it ultimately failed. Ho-Chunk people sought help from settler allies who preferred that they remain. They bought small parcels of land in the hope that deeds would immunize them from expulsion. And they petitioned the state and federal governments for relief, asserting that they wished to become citizens of the United States under the egalitarian terms of the Reconstruction Constitution. These efforts did not prevent the expulsion from getting under way, but they did bring to their side an anti-Reconstruction Democratic lawmaker. He used the effort of Midwestern Republicans to expel an unwanted nonwhite population to expose Reconstruction itself as a hypocritical, partisan exercise; he succeeded in adding a provision to the removal legislation that made it formally voluntary. The result was that Ho-Chunk people, once expelled, could quickly return to Wisconsin. By 1875 the federal government gave up and enacted what became known as the Indian Homestead Act, formally allowing the Ho-Chunk to take up public lands, including in Wisconsin.
Introduction
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

This chapter frames the book with the story of women’s presence at the 1946 Haitian Constitutional Congress. In a moment of heightened public discourse about the direction of the country, the chapter points to the national and international history of women’s strategies to physically, intellectually, and constitutionally insert themselves in and inform the parameters of Haitian citizenship. Taking women’s rights organizers’ political actions and archival practice as a focus, the chapter situates the book as a methodological invitation to think with women’s intersecting differences in the historical archive and how Haitian women’s theories of feminism germinated from their reflections on difference. Contributing to scholarship in Caribbean, transnational feminist, and African diasporic studies, the chapter establishes the book as an examination of the multiple intersections of women’s thought, practice, and performance as both an entry point to historicize modern Haiti and as a political orientation called political wayfaring. The chapter asks: How did Haitian women study each other? And was there a practice of study formulated between Haitian women?
Publishing Rights
Authors: Sanders Johnson Grace
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins at the end of the occupation and discusses the early organizational structure, workshops, and research projects of the Ligue Féminine d’Action Sociale (LFAS). The chapter is told through the lives and research of the Sylvain sisters: Madeleine, Suzanne, Jeanne, and Yvonne. The Sylvain sisters used the LFAS as a platform for their respective intellectual interests. They encouraged the production of interdisciplinary feminist scholarship through the study of urban and rural working-class women and girls. Using the LFAS’s monthly periodical La Voix des Femmes alongside several urban journals such as Le Matin, Le Nouvelliste, La Semeuse, Haïti-Journal, and La Phalange, the chapter examines the philosophical and political intersections with other postoccupation movements. The chapter also follows public debates about feminism, family, and citizenship through the LFAS’s attention to women’s ownership and their labor, creativity, and leisure time. The chapter asks, how could feminist organizers’ thinking and practice approximate the most elusive component of their work: the goal to articulate a politics for all women?
Making the Green Revolution
Authors: Lorek Timothy W.
Published: May 2024

In November 2017, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) celebrated its fiftieth anniversary at its headquarters outside Palmira, Colombia. As an important research center of the so-called Green Revolution in agricultural science and technologies, CIAT emphasizes its contributions to sustainability, food security, gender equity, inclusive markets, and resilient, climate-smart agriculture. Yet these terms hardly describe the Cauca Valley where CIAT is physically located, a place that has been transformed into an industrial monoculture of sugarcane where thirteen Colombian corporations oversee the vast majority of this valley’s famously fertile soil. This exemplifies the paradox Timothy W. Lorek describes in Making the Green Revolution: an international research center emphasizing small-scale and sustainable agricultural systems sited conspicuously on a landscape otherwise dominated by a large-scale corporate sugarcane industry. Utilizing archives in Colombia, Puerto Rico, and the United States, Lorek tracks the paradoxical but intertwined twentieth-century processes that produced both CIAT and sugar in the Cauca Valley. This history reveals how Colombians contributed to the rise of a global Green Revolution and how that international process in turn intersected with a complex and long-running rural conflict in Colombia.
Shifting Alliances
Authors: Mantler Gordon K.
Published: May 2024

While police brutality and harassment of the Black and Latino communities was nothing new, the violent deaths of Black Panthers Fred Hampton and Mark Clark in response to Hampton’s Rainbow Coalition prompted the most significant backlash by Black voters against the Chicago machine. In 1972, African Americans voted out one of the architects of the deaths, underscoring a political shift away from the machine and toward political independence. Even veteran Black politicians such as Ralph Metcalfe and Harold Washington broke with the machine and criticized police violence. Occurring at the same time as a Latino demographic surge into the city and the empowering symbolism of the National Black Political Convention in next-door Gary, Indiana, a multiracial coalition of activists in Chicago were poised to upend the power of the machine and its ailing boss, Mayor Richard J. Daley.
Winning by Losing?
Authors: Mantler Gordon K.
Published: May 2024

Despite rising expectations for a new civil rights and Black Power generation, these activists entered electoral politics for the first time and mostly lost to Mayor Richard J. Daley and the Chicago machine, both of which proved remarkably durable. Part of that durability was due to the mistakes made by activists-turned-office seekers such as Al Raby, Bobby Rush, and Jose “Cha-Cha” Jimenez, who all ran and lost races for City Council, because of their overreliance on “charisma,” endorsements by civil rights icons such as Ralph Abernathy and Jesse Jackson, and, ironically, uneven grassroots organizing. These factors made it difficult for political independents to win, even as progressive Black and Latino activists made inroads against once-entrenched urban machines in other cities such as Atlanta. And yet, these activists also learned valuable lessons that later set the stage for greater Black and Latino empowerment in the coming decade. Bobby Rush, a former Panther, lost before he won election. The same was true for future Mayor Harold Washington.
Race and a New Democratic Coalition
Authors: Mantler Gordon K.
Published: May 2024

While the primary and general election victories are often seen as part of one seamless process, there actually were important distinctions between the two races in 1983. White supremacy played an even more significant role during the general election, pitting Democratic nominee Harold Washington against former Republican state legislator Bernard Epton. Much of the explicit racism that spring shocked observers, particularly among white journalists, and yet it also helped consolidate African American support for Washington. Strategy by Washington’s supporters also changed significantly between the two elections, as Latinos and progressive whites became an even more important part of the coalition. It would be Latino and white votes that helped propel Washington to victory and signaled a political realignment in cities and the Democratic and Republican parties. White ethnic voters found it easier to vote for conservatives such as Epton and President Ronald Reagan while a progressive, multiracial coalition countered this trend. In cities across the nation, broad, diverse coalitions eked out victories against more conservative candidates supported by once loyal urban white Democrats.
A White Medical District, 1900–1940
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 explores the intersection of the segregation of health care and urban space in the early decades of the twentieth century. It examines how New Orleans’s push for increasing trade with Latin America and tourism led to civic improvements, public health campaigns, and an expanding health care economy. As boosters promoted New Orleans as a healthy city, with a robust health care system, they also advocated for residential segregation and spatial concentration of Black residents in less-desirable areas, often using arguments of poor Black health as justification for removal. This chapter details the push by white leaders to evict Black medical institutions like the Providence Sanitarium, Flint Goodridge Hospital, and Flint Medical College from the medical district, and the role of municipal powers and federal funding—through programs like the Works Progress Administration (WPA)—in supporting the efforts to create a white medical district.
Health Care in the Era of Civil Rights and Resistance, 1950–1968
Authors: McQueeney Kevin
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 explores the decades-long struggle to desegregate health care in New Orleans, focusing on the period from the late 1940s through the late 1960s. It examines a seemingly paradoxical problem with Flint Goodridge Hospital: the desire to expand the Black institution—thwarted for years by the state’s denial of federal Hill-Burton funding—occurring as Black leaders pushed for access to all hospitals. This chapter details the new strategies employed by civil rights leaders like A. P. Tureaud, who turned to litigation to desegregate medical schools, and the impact of federal court decisions and legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Medicaid, and Medicare, which mandated integration of health care institutions. This chapter also details the concentrated efforts of Charity Hospital and private hospitals to defy integration, and the creation of “white flight” hospitals in the suburbs of New Orleans. As this chapter demonstrates, the late 1960s was another potential “crucial turning point” for the racialized health care system, and white municipal and health care leaders fought to preserve the racialized health care system.
Puerto Rican Nationalism, Latin American Solidarity, and the 1930S How Good was the Good Neighbor Policy?
Authors: Power Margaret M.
Published: May 2024

As fascism rose in Europe, the United States sought to ensure Latin America remained an ally. President Roosevelt initiated the Good Neighbor Policy to win over the hearts and minds of Latin Americans. Yet, as this chapter discusses, anti-imperialists throughout the region countered that US occupation of Puerto Rico and the imprisonment of Nationalist political prisoners contradicted Washington’s promises of non-intervention. Anti-imperialist Latin Americans called for the release of the political prisoners and independence for Puerto Rico. However, because the US military needed Puerto Rico to guarantee Washington’s control of the region, the United States ignored their calls.
Conclusion
Authors: Power Margaret M.
Published: May 2024

Pedro Albizu Campos’s 1965 funeral witnessed an outpouring of local and hemispheric support. Although the Nationalist Party never recovered its earlier popularity, enough pressure existed so that by the late 1960s Puerto Rican governors released Nationalist political prisoners who had been jailed since the 1950s. However, the five Nationalists who had attacked President Truman or the US Congress remained jailed in US prisons. A national and international campaign for their freedom, known as Free the Five Nationalists, gained momentum in the 1970s. In 1979 President Jimmy Carter granted the prisoners unconditional release.
The Implementation of ELLLO Web-Based Application in Teaching Listening at MA Al-Ikhlas Ujung Bone
Authors: Jabu Baso , Risman Muhammad , Nur Sahril
Published: May 2024

This research aims to define the use of the ELLLO web-based application in teaching listening at MA Al-Ikhlas Ujung Bone. This study was a case study that would draw a description towards the phenomenon in the field. The participants were an English teacher and the students in XII grade of MA Al-Ikhlas Ujung Bone. The research instruments employed were observation and interview. The data were collected using observation techniques including observation checklist, note-taking, collected data from teachers’ documents, and interview techniques with the teacher and students. The result of the data analysis, shows that, the teacher used and took into consideration that using the media is helpful, still it needs to look forward to the supports and hindrances that can appear particularly on ELLLO that contains video, audio, material, level and quiz. The teacher faced supports and hindrances on using ELLLO in teaching listening in the class. The supports show that the media is very helpful in teaching and practicing students’ listening to improve students’ listening skill. However, the hindrance of using the media shows that the students in the learning process need to be shadowed to anticipate students’ irrelevant activity.
O PAGAMENTO DA PENA DE MULTA COMO REQUISITO PARA O LIVRAMENTO CONDICIONAL NA JUSTIÇA DE RONDÔNIA
Authors: Fonseca Filho Rames Souza , Azevedo Delner do Carmo
Published: May 2024

O pagamento da pena de multa como requisito para o livramento condicional é uma exigência que o juiz da execução penal pode determinar que seja cumprido ao apenado que teve multa fixada em sentença. Ocorre que em muitos casos o apenado sequer tem condições de arcar com o pagamento desta multa, seja pela falta de oportunidades de emprego durante a execução da pena por consequência do histórico delituoso que fica registrado na fixa criminal do reeducando, além do preconceito da própria sociedade com essa classe, que na maioria das vezes dependem de trabalhos informais para garantir a sua subsistência. Em vista desta realidade, o estudo buscou aprofundar no entendimento adotado pelo Tribunal de Justiça de Rondônia visa em seus julgamentos de Agravo em Execução Penal garantir a dignidade ao apenado que cumpre os requisitos do livramento condicional, que caso comprovado sua impossibilidade de arcar com o pagamento da multa, é possível a concessão do benefício, respeitando o entendimento consolidado do Superior Tribunal Federal.
NOVA LEI DE LICITAÇÃO E CONTRATAÇÕES PÚBLICAS: UMA ANÁLISE DO PORTAL NACIONAL DE CONTRATAÇÕES PÚBLICAS (PNCP) À LUZ DOS PRINCÍPIOS DA TRANSPARÊNCIA E EFICIÊNCIA
Authors: Nunes Arthemizia Ferreira , Santos Geovana Carvalho , Pessoa Andréia Nádia Lima de Sousa
Published: May 2024

O estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a Lei n.º 14.133/2021, conhecida como a Nova Lei de Licitações e Contratos Administrativos, e os efeitos decorrentes da implementação do Portal Nacional de Contratações Públicas, visando verificar sua consonância com os princípios da Transparência e Eficiência. A pesquisa foi dividida em seis momentos, analisa inicialmente as principais mudanças introduzidas pela norma, destacando os novos aspectos gerais de sua estrutura. Na sequência, são explorados os conceitos e princípios que regem as compras públicas, com ênfase nos aspectos relevantes para a Administração Pública, embasados em pesquisas realizadas pelo Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU). As análises efetuadas na legislação, foram embasadas em estudos doutrinários, artigos científicos e jurisprudências, que permitiram alcançar o objetivo geral deste trabalho. Por todo o exposto, fica confirmado que a inclusão dos contratos administrativos no PNCP é uma condição essencial, é ato vinculado, seguindo os dispositivos estabelecidos na legislação, conforme art.17, §4º da lei 14.133/2021. Além disso, os princípios têm um papel fundamental em tornar válida a formalização dos certames, conforme os critérios estabelecidos na legislação, indicando que o PNCP, na nova Lei de Licitações, representa um avanço tecnológico significativo, superando as limitações encontradas na legislação anterior.
La mejora integral de la calidad del servicio alojamiento turístico
Authors: Moreno Pino Maira Rosario , Pupo Cruz Daylín , Arencibia García Yainie
Published: May 2024

El servicio de alojamiento turístico constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales de la hotelería, ya que de este se derivan las actividades que garantizan la satisfacción del cliente y su fidelización a través de estrategias que incluyen el establecimiento de alianzas estratégicas. Considerando esta realidad, el objetivo general de esta investigación es desarrollar un procedimiento para la mejora integral de la calidad del servicio alojamiento turístico que contribuya al incremento de la satisfacción del cliente. En la  estructura del trabajo  contiene los aportes metodológicos esenciales sobre el tema, la estructura y contenido del procedimiento con las técnicas esenciales y su valoración a través del método Delphi; así como los resultados fundamentales de la aplicación parcial en el hotel Playa Pesquero de Holguín. Entre los resultados más notables se encuentra la propuesta de un sistema de indicadores cuantitativos y cualitativos y el tratamiento a las alianzas para la innovación. Se emplean técnicas basadas en criterio de expertos y se establecen parámetros de referencia para la clasificación de los resultados.
El emprendimiento en el desarrollo profesional de egresados, caso de estudio:
Authors: Fonseca Munguía Adriana , Ramírez Fuentes Elizabeth , Becerril Carbajal María Luisa
Published: May 2024

En los últimos años el emprendimiento ha tenido un crecimiento en el desarrollo de la economía del país y, en este sentido, las universidades juegan un papel muy importante para proporcionar las bases y competencias en los egresados en la creación de pequeñas y medianas empresas, contribuyendo a la generación de empleos y al desarrollo económico en su entorno. Sin embargo, aún con ello, son grandes los retos a superar por los egresados universitarios para su desarrollo profesional: las condiciones económicas, las globalización, la política e incluso la competencia entre los mismos, además de carecer de un campo laboral amplio y ser al mismo tiempo competitivo para ellos; no obstante, el emprendimiento empresarial es una oportunidad para lograr un crecimiento financiero que les permita hacer realidad sus metas y objetivos profesionales.
Liderazgo transformacional ecológico:
Authors: Martinez Avila Minerva , Valdés Medina Filiberto Enrique , Jaramillo Benhumea Efraín
Published: May 2024

El objetivo de la investigación es realizar un estudio bibliométrico de liderazgo transformacional ecológico mediante la técnica de Modelación de Ecuaciones Estructurales (PLS-SEM) y CB-SEM). La metodología utilizada será de tipo revisión de literatura en los últimos años. Con estos estudios se analizará la medición de los constructos, países de aplicación, y los resultados obtenidos, con la finalidad de impulsar este tipo de liderazgo en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México.
Condicionantes en la producción de noticias en CMKX Radio Bayamo desde la transversalización de género
Authors: Vázquez García Leipzig del Carmen , Ferrás Serrano Daniel
Published: May 2024

La presente investigación realiza un estudio sobre la transversalización de género en la producción de noticias de los espacios informativo de la emisora provincial CMKX Radio Bayamo, de Granma. Tema que resulta pertinente por el papel de los medios de comunicación masiva en la construcción del imaginario social. El estudio considera la necesidad de capacitar a los periodistas para lograr disminuir la influencia de la cultura patriarcal en el discurso mediático. Responde a un diseño cualitativo. Como métodos del nivel teórico se empleó el histórico-lógico, inductivo-deductivo. Como operaciones lógicas del pensamiento se emplearon el Análisis-síntesis e Inductivo. Además, se recurrió a las técnicas del nivel empírico: Consulta a Informantes Claves, Encuesta y Observación Participante. Entre los aportes del estudio sobresale un plan de acción para insertar la transversalización de género en la construcción del discurso periodístico radiofónico de los espacios informativos de Radio Bayamo. Se ofrecen pautas que permiten a los periodistas emplear, presupuestos teóricos para el tratamiento de las temáticas de género, en el proceso de creación de los productos comunicativos.
Régimen Económico y desarrollo de la pequeña y mediana empresa en América Latina
Authors: Feria Avila Alexeis , Gelabert Veliz Dayamí Danyelis , Hidalgo Escalona Katia
Published: May 2024

Una de las alternativas que surgieron en Europa a mediados del siglo XIX para recuperarse de la crisis económica, al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue la creación de Micro, Pequeñas o Medianas Empresas, que son una organización económica de tipo privado y están constituida por una o varias personas natural o jurídica, que se establecen en sociedad y tienen como objeto desarrollar actividades de extracción, transformación, producción, comercialización de bienes o prestación de servicios, abasteciendo un mercado local, regional y en algunos casos potenciando la exportación de sus servicios. Este tipo de Empresas fueron llegando a Latino América sustentadas por factores de índole históricos, políticos, sociales, medioambientales, como una vía para fortalecer los modelos económicos y para descentralizar las grandes ciudades, de esta forma fortalecer el desarrollo local y potenciar la municipalidad. En esta área nos encontramos con una gran diversidad de modelos económicos, por una aparte están los países con una economía de libre mercado donde el Estado potencia las iniciativas privadas y donde las relaciones capitalistas de producción permiten el desarrollo de este tipo de Empresas. Por otra parte, están las economías que responden a la construcción de un modelo socialista de producción y que en correspondencia con la heterogeneidad socio económica del periodo de transición acuden a este tipo de iniciativas. En cualquiera de los casos se observa un desequilibrio en los mecanismos de la ley del valor (oferta, demanda, precios, competencia) debido a la dependencia de capital extranjero. La integración económica de estos países sería la alternativa más viable para enfrentar las crisis de este mundo globalizado.