bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gamma‐aminobutyric acid improves antioxidant capability of RIN‐m5F pancreatic cells under H2O2‐induced oxidative stress
Authors: Tang Xue , Lin Yi , Le Guowei , Shi Yonghui
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that Gamma‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) maintains cellular redox status, and modulates glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β and antioxidant‐related nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (NRF2) nuclear mass ratio in the H2O2‐injured RINm5F cells. RINm5F cells were treated with/without GABA (50, 100 and 200 μmol/L) for 48 h and exposed to 100μmol/L H2O2 for 30 min. Viable cells were harvested, and dichloro‐dihydro‐fluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) level; cellular redox status and insulin secretion were measured; cell viability was determined by MTT assay; western blotting was used to determine protein expression of GSK‐3β and p‐GSK‐3β (Ser9), and nuclear and cytoplasmic NRF2. The results showed that H2O2 increased ROS production and cell death, and induced adverse affects in relation to antioxidant defense systems and insulin secretion. These changes were restored by treatment with 100 and 200 μmol/L GABA. Furthermore, western blotting indicated that GABA inhibited GSK‐3β by increasing p‐GSK‐3β (Ser9) level, and directed the transcription factor NRF2 to the nucleus. Overall, our results suggested that GABA exerts its protective effect by regulating GSK‐3β and NRF2 in rat insulin‐producing RINm5F cells, which governs redox homeostasis by inhibiting apoptosis and abnormal insulin secretion by exposure to H2O2.

Support or Funding Information

The present study was supported by the 12th Five‐Year Plan for for Science and Technology Development (No. 2012BAD33B05)
Pasta Consumption is Negatively Associated with Obesity Markers: an Analysis of Moli‐sani and INHES Studies
Authors: Pounis Georgios , Di Castelnuovo Augusto , Costanzo Simona , Persichillo Mariarosaria , Bonaccio Marialaura , Bonanni Americo , Cerletti Chiara , Donati Maria Benedetta , de Gaetano Giovanni , Iacoviello Licia
Published: November 2023

Objective

Pasta as a traditional component of the Mediterranean Diet (MeD) in Italy has not been studied in deep in the management of body weight (BW). This study aimed at evaluating the association of pasta consumption with body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio, in two large epidemiological datasets.

Methods

14,402 participants aged≥35 randomly recruited from the general population of the Molise region (Moli‐sani cohort) and 8,964 participants aged >18years from all over Italy (Italian Nutrition & HEalth Survey, INHES), were separately analyzed. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)‐food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and one 24‐hour dietary recall were used for dietary assessment. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference were directly measured in Moli‐sani or self‐reported in INHES. Residuals method corrected for either BW or total energy intake was used for the analysis of pasta intake.

Results

Higher pasta consumption was associated with better adhesion to MeD in both genders (P for both <0.001). Predicted standardized‐pasta residuals were significantly and negatively associated with BMI in crude and multi‐adjusted models (including adhesion to MeD) in both Moli‐sani and INHES databases (for all β‐coef<0, P<0.05). One unit increase in standardized residuals (i.e. 35–48g/day increase in pasta) was associated with 12%–24%, decrease in the likelihood of being at a higher BMI group (for all OR<1, P<0.05). Predicted standardized‐pasta residuals were significantly and negatively associated with waist and hip circumference and waist to hip ratio (for all β‐coef<0, P<0.05). The optimal median (1st, 3rd quartiles) pasta intake in normal weight, apparently healthy, free‐living participants was calculated to be 54 (35, 78) and 73 (48, 91) g/day or 0.96 (0.62, 1.36) and 1.06 (0.71, 1.36) g/kg of BW/day for women and men, respectively (P for sex differences<0.001).

Conclusions

Pasta consumption, a traditional component of the MeD in Italy, was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and with the prevalence of overweight and obesity.

Support or Funding Information

MOLI‐SANI Project was conducted at the Research Laboratories of the Catholic University in Campobasso (Italy) and supported by research grants from Pfizer Foundation (Rome, Italy), the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR, Rome, Italy)–Programma Triennale di Ricerca, Decreto no.1588 and IL Laboratory, Milan, Italy.

INHES study was partially funded by Barilla and the MISE (Italian Ministry of Economic Development) within the frame of the ATENA program MI01_00093 – New Technologies for Made in Italy (D.I. PII MI 6/3/2008).
Glutathione pre‐treatment prevents CHOP protein expression in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes during palmitate induced ER stress
Authors: Eudy Brandon J , Rowe Cheryl A , Percival Susan S
Published: November 2023

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are serious chronic diseases afflicting many in the US and worldwide. These pathologies are often associated with increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in adipose tissue. Prolonged ER stress causes cell death and when sustained leads to necrosis of adipose tissue, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Glutathione (GSH) is an important intracellular antioxidant and assists in regulating ER redox homeostasis. GSH may prevent metabolic dysregulation by protecting adipocytes from ER stress. CHOP induction during ER stress may have dire consequence to the adipocyte as its expression inhibits the function of PPARγ, which is essential for normal adipocyte function. Furthermore, CHOP inhibits BCL‐2 anti‐apoptotic proteins and favors ER stress induced apoptosis. The aim of this study was to observe how the intracellular GSH concentration may affect outcomes of palmitate‐induced ER stress in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Mature adipocytes were treated with GSH (1 mM) for 20 hours prior to palmitate (1 mM) treatment for 12 hours. Western blot analysis revealed increased CHOP protein expression in palmitate treated cells. Pre‐treatment with GSH ameliorated this effect. Furthermore, GSH pre‐ treatment did not decrease splicing of X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA, which is responsible for promoting cell survival by upregulating other ER stress target genes. Therefore, GSH may offer protection against ER stress induced cell death in adipocytes and shift the balance of the unfolded protein response towards cell survival.
Effect of Combination of Low Doses of EPA and Curcumin on Muscle Wasting in MAC16 Colon Tumor‐Bearing Mice
Authors: Luo Menghua , Mirza Kamran A , Pereira Suzette L. , Tisdale Michael J , Das Tapas J
Published: November 2023

Background

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)‐containing oral nutrition supplements (ONS) have been clinically shown to attenuate weight loss and improve quality of life in patients with cancer. In animal models, EPA given at a dose of higher than 1g/kg body weight (bw) has found to be effective to prevent cancer cachexia. Curcumin given at 100–250 mg/kg bw also showed anti‐cachectic effects in animal models. This study examined the effect of the combination of lower than therapeutic doses of curcumin and EPA on mitigating cancer cachexia in MAC16 colon tumor‐bearing Mice.

Methods and results

MAC16‐tumor bearing mice were given curcumin C3 (100 mg/kg bw in olive oil) or EPA (500 mg/kg bw in olive oil), alone or in combination (n=8/group) by oral gavage once daily for 6 days. EPA or C3 alone had no effect on weight loss. However, animals treated with the combination gained 2g bw on day 1 and did not have significant weight loss during the treatment. By day 6, the EPA+C3 group lost 1.7 g bw whereas controls lost 7.7g bw. Western blot analysis of gastrocnemius muscle showed the express of 19S and 20S proteasome subunits and the expression of the E3 ligases muRF1 and MAFBx were unaffected by either EPA or curcumin alone, but significantly depressed by EPA+C3 (~20%) comparing to controls (Figure 1).

Conclusion

these results suggest that the combination of a low dose of curcumin with a low dose of EPA may be more effective than EPA or curcumin alone in preventing muscle wasting in cancer cachexia in the MAC16 model. These results need to be further evaluated in clinical studies.

Support or Funding Information

Funded by Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH.
Impact of High‐Flavanol and High‐Theobromine Chocolate Consumption on Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Women at Risk of Preeclampsia: a Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Leblanc Vicky , Lebel Élise Lavoie , Giguère Yves , Babar Asma , Marc Isabelle , Lemieux Simone , Belkacem Abdous , Bujold Emmanuel , Sidi Elhadji Anassour Laouan , Bazinet Laurent , Dodin Sylvie
Published: November 2023

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by generalized endothelial dysfunction and impaired maternal tissue perfusion, and insulin resistance is a prominent feature of this disease. A history of PE has also been associated with higher fasting glucose concentrations and higher risk of type 2 diabetes later in life. Despite controversy among previous studies, flavanol‐rich chocolate consumption during pregnancy could have beneficial effects on the risk of PE. Theobromine, a major constituent of dark chocolate, also possesses vasodilatation properties. To our knowledge, no study has investigated the effect of flavanol‐rich chocolate consumption on blood glucose homeostasis in pregnant women at risk of PE.

Objective

To assess the impact of high‐flavanol and high‐theobromine chocolate consumption on fasting glucose and insulin concentrations in pregnant women at risk of PE.

Methods

A single‐center randomized controlled trial was conducted in women with singleton pregnancy between 11 and 14 weeks gestation. Uterine artery Doppler was performed and women with bilateral diastolic notches and either a uterine artery pulsatility index (PI) >95th percentile on one side and/or bilateral PI>50th percentile were considered as potentially eligible for randomization. A total of 131 pregnant women were randomly assigned to either high‐flavanol, high theobromine (HFHT) or low‐flavanol, low‐theobromine (LFLT) chocolate groups. Women had to consume a total of 30 g of chocolate on a daily basis for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples and anthropometric variables were measured at baseline and at 12 weeks.

Results

No significant group by time interaction was found in fasting glucose and insulin concentrations after 12 weeks of chocolate consumption. A significant time effect was observed in fasting insulin concentrations in both HFHT and LFLT chocolate groups (p<0.0001), with similar increases in fasting insulin concentrations at 12 weeks. A significant time effect was observed in fasting glucose in the LFLT chocolate group only (p= 0.002), with a significant decrease of 4.9% in fasting glucose concentrations at 12 weeks. A significant group by time interaction was noted for body weight (p=0.03), with a greater weight gain in the HFHT group.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that HFHT chocolate consumption during pregnancy in women at risk of PE does not conduct to more beneficial effect on fasting glucose concentrations compared to LFLT chocolate.

Support or Funding Information

This research project was supported by Canadian Institute of Health Research by the Jeanne and Jean‐Louis Lévesque Perinatal Research Chair at Laval University.
Measuring oral fat sensitivity
Authors: Chmurzynska Agata , Galinski Grzegorz , Mlodzik Monika
Published: November 2023

Accumulating evidence suggests that humans can taste fatty acids and that considerable variation in fatty acid sensitivity exists. However, there is no commonly accepted test method for measuring fatty acid sensitivity. Currently used methods are too complex and time consuming. The aim of this study was to propose and test a new method for measuring oral fat sensitivity that could be used in association studies. To mimic a natural food matrix, salad dressings with varying concentrations of canola oil (from 2.5% to 35.0%) were used as stimuli. An ascending forced choice triangle procedure was applied. All testing was performed under red light and with the participants wearing nose clips. The test was terminated after three correct responses in a row. Testing was repeated for each subject for three consecutive days. The usefulness of this method in association studies was tested in a pilot study. Since preparing the testing solutions and overall testing procedure for each participant takes no more than 40 minutes, the method would seem to be useful in studies with numerous subjects. Repeated testing did not improve performance. Our fatty acids sensitivity detection method discriminates between hyposensitive and hypersensitive individuals in a time‐effective manner, though repeated testing is suggested to avoid random errors in assignment.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by the Polish National Science Centre (grant no. 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134).
Morphometry of the brain cingulate gyrus and its possible clinical correlations
Authors: Camara Eduardo Poletti , de Souza Pinto Antonio José Assis Xavier , Tavares Marcelo Rodrigo , Fazan Valéria Paula Sassoli , Cisne Rafael , de Carvalho da Silva Thais
Published: November 2023

Introduction

the cingulate gyrus is a cluster of white matter fibers in semicircular shape with communication between the limbic system and cerebral cortex. Standardizing a measure of the amplitude of the cingulate gyrus may be correlated to the size of neuronal axons and possibly their shares to the level of the limbic system.

Objective

To carry out the morphometry of the extent of the cerebral cingulate gyrus looking for a standardization of its measurement and its possible relevant clinical relations.

Materials and Methods

was held morphometry of the brain cingulate gyrus by manual caliper in 30 human brains (n = 30), in the anatomical center I of University José do Rosário Vellano (Alfenas‐MG), set by conservation methods site. The pictures were taken with a camera of 8 MP and a resolution of 3264 × 2448 pixel.

Results

it was found that there was a predominance of the value of 85 mm for the full range of the cingulate gyrus, accounting for 20% incidence. A new perspective on pain processing and emotion in the cingulate cortex is being biased by Vogt (1996 and 2009). It is suggested the model of four regions and sub‐regions associated. There are four regions due to their sub‐regions that make up the cingulate gyrus. Regions and sub‐regions would be divided as follows: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; s, subgenual; p, pregenual) medial cingulate cortex (CCM; the above; p, posterior), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC; d, dorsal ; v, ventral) and back‐splenial cortex (CRE).

Conclusion

The study aims to carry out the standardization of the measurement of the cingulate gyrus and its prevalence rate in human brains of the population and the possible correlation with the axon length size and sector division, as well as influence the limbic system.
The effect of intestinal flora on intestinal nutrition of patients having severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: DUAN HUBIN , Hao Chunyan , Ge Lifeng , Li Shuzhen
Published: November 2023

Objects

Study the effect of intestinal flora on intestinal nutrition and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe traumatic brain injury after using two kind of enteral nutrition.

Methods

42 patients who have disturbance of consciousness and need nasogastric enteral nutrition. 21 patients used Enteral nutrition mixed suspension(ENMS), 21patients treated with Enteral nutrition emulsion(ENE). Measuring the ratio change of the two group patients’ test specimens of coccobacillus. Detecting the two group patients’ serum albumin values before and after using two kinds of enteral nutrition. Observing whether the patients have the gastrointestinal complications, such as bloating and diarrhea.

Results

There is significant difference in gastrointestinal complications of two groups; The use of two kinds of enteral nutrition can increase the patients’ serum albumin and improve the ratio of intestine coccobacillus, but there is no statistical significance between two groups;The gastrointestinal complications disappeared after being given probiotics.

Conclusions

There is no difference between the serum albumin of patients after using above two different kinds of enteral nutrition; but the gastrointestinal complication of ENMS group is less than that of ENE group; The use of probiotics is helpful for the improvement of gastrointestinal complications caused by the enteral nutrition preparation.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Youth (Fund No.30600637), China Postdoctral Foundation (Fund No.2014M561207), Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(Fund No. 2011‐096)
Assessment of the Infant and Toddler Nutrition Status in the U.S.: A Recent Literature Review
Authors: Agarwal Sanjiv , Fulgoni Victor L
Published: November 2023

Infancy and early childhood period is critical in human development and nutrition practices during this period influence the life‐long health. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast the key large scale infants and toddlers nutrition studies in the U.S. A PubMed search (using search terms “Nutrition OR Diet OR [Nutrient Intake]”, past 10 years, in Humans age 1–23 months published in English) provided 10033 publications. Title/abstracts review of these publications provided over 50 relevant publications and many of these publications discussed the data from three major studies on nutritional status of infants and toddlers: 1) the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS) ‐ a large cross‐sectional study of US infants and toddlers (n=3022, aged 4–24 mo ‐ FITS 2002 and n=1812, aged less than 2 years ‐ FITS 2008) assessing their usual nutrient intakes and food consumption pattern; 2) Infant Feeding Practices Study II (IFPS II) ‐a longitudinal survey study of infant feeding and care practices throughout the first year of life conducted by US Food and Drug Administration in 2005–2007 with more than 3000 U.S. infants sampled in the neonatal period and about 1800 followed through 12 months of age; and 3) the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2012 ‐ a cross‐sectional study of 2740 U.S. infants and toddlers aged 0–24 months as a part of a ongoing national survey monitoring the diets and health status of all Americans. Data from FITS indicated that although the diets of U.S. infants and toddlers were overall nutritionally adequate, nutritious food choices such as milk, fruits and vegetables, and whole grains in a variety of forms need to be encouraged. IFPS II raised concerns with several infant feeding practices including substantial infant formula supplementation, early introduction of solid foods, late introduction of meats, and feeding of high‐fat/high‐sugar foods to infants. NHANES 2005–2012 indicated that while human milk, infant formula and baby foods were the top sources of nutrition among infants, a variety of food groups including milk, fruit juices and grains contributed to nutrient intakes of toddlers, however, a number of foods of low nutritional quality including sweet bakery products, sugar‐sweetened beverages and savory snacks were also part of their diet. Overall, these studies provide useful insight but they also raise concerns and emphasize the need for developing the science based dietary guidelines to improve the diets of infants and toddlers.

Support or Funding Information

Beech‐Nut Nutrition Company
Technology and Weight Loss: A Systematic Revew
Authors: Batheja Sapna
Published: November 2023

Objective

To evaluate the effects of technology on a weight‐loss program.

Design

Systematic review of randomized and non‐randomized controlled trials and cohort studies.

Data sources

PubMed

Study selection

20 studies: fourteen randomized controlled trials, one retrospective cohort, one experimental control trial, one cohort study, and one semi‐randomized control trial. Two studies looked at video technology, one through video conferencing, and one through video telehealth, and one through home‐based DVDs. Five of the studies included a text messaging component as part of the intervention. Three studies used a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as the technological intervention. Three studies used a website as part of the intervention. Two studies used social media outlets, such as Twitter or Facebook. One study used a virtual reality program for weight loss. Two studies used unique smart phone applications. One study utilized Integrated Voice Recognition software in conjunction with a weight loss program. Two studies used podcasts centered on weight loss strategies. Three studies used two types of technology components in the weight loss intervention.

Main outcome measures

weight loss, dietary behaviors, physical activity and quality of life

Results

Inclusion of a technology component to complement a traditional classroom weight loss program increased weight loss and physical activity and improved dietary behaviors.

Conclusion

Technology as a supplement to a face‐to‐face weight loss program is an effective and innovative strategy for maintenance of weight loss.
Development and Psychometric Testing of a Questionnaire to Assess Knowledge of and Stages of Change Related to a Low‐Sodium Diet in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Wood Allison , Holland Sarah , Mozer Marisa , Tangney Christy , Rasmussen Heather
Published: November 2023

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic and public health concern with increasing prevalence in the United States. A low‐sodium diet is often recommended for HF patients to help manage symptoms. Few questionnaires exist to help clinicians gain insight into reasons why sodium adherence is often poor. Therefore, a questionnaire with two domains was created to assess these reasons in HF patients; the domains included knowledge of a low‐sodium diet (nine items) and stage of change (nine items). The knowledge domain included questions regarding sodium recommendations for HF patients, food sorting into high‐ and low‐sodium categories, and nutrition label reading. The response options for the stage of change domain mirrored the transtheoretical model of change and included questions about limiting sodium in the diet and incorporating more low‐sodium foods. This questionnaire was then tested for validity (content and face validity), feasibility (time to complete questionnaire), and reliability (internal consistency of each of the two domains). The questionnaire deemed valid as 70% agreement was reached regarding questionnaire content by 11 experts, registered dietitians working with HF patients. Face validity was attained (100% agreement) by asking 16 HF patients if the questionnaire was easy to understand and if the font size was easy to read. The questionnaire was determined to be feasible (<10 minutes to complete, n= 16). The questionnaire was then administered to an additional 84 in‐patient HF patients (total n=100). The sample was middle‐aged [62.8 ± 14.4 years (mean±SD)], 60% male, and 66% African American. The median (IQR) BMI of the sample was 31.0 (27.0, 42.8). Diabetes (41%), hypertension (76%), and obesity (41%) were common co‐morbidities. Using the Kuder‐Richardson formula 20 (kr20) for dichotomous responses, reliability of responses from the knowledge and stage of change domains was 0.76 and 0.80, respectively. A valid, feasible, and reliable questionnaire about the low‐sodium diet was created, which will enable dietitians to assess reasons for poor adherence to low‐sodium diets by HF patients and assist patients in reducing these barriers.
Antioxidant effects of various traditional bioresources in Korea on human dermal fibroblasts cell
Authors: CHOI SUNIL , Lee Jong Seok , Lee Sarah , Kim Jae‐Min , Jung Tae‐Dong , Oh Ji‐Won , Shin Gi‐Hae , Lee Jin‐Ha , Cho Myoung‐Lae , Yang Hee‐Sun , Yeo Joohong , Kim Jong‐Yae , Lee Ok‐Hwan
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of various traditional bioresources in Korea. The results revealed that Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. showed the higher total phenolic content (429.11±9.58 mg GAE/g) and NO radical scavenging activity (63.27±0.80%) than those of other bioresources. Furthermore, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz. and Cornus officinalis Siebold & Zucc. showed the higher than those of other bioresources in oxygen radical absorbing capacity (1129.79±46.0 μM TE/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (21.13±0.25 IC50) each. All of the traditional bioresources markedly reduced the hydrogen peroxide‐induced cell damage, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress‐induced senescence in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the cause of skin aging, traditional bioresources markedly reduced skin aging. These results indicate that traditional bioresources might have beneficial effects on oxidative stress‐induced damage.
(−)‐Epicatechin Mitigates High‐fat‐associated Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Wang Ziwei
Published: November 2023

Obesity constitutes a major public health concern worldwide, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a frequent negative consequence of obesity. Evidence from studies in humans and experimental animals suggest that consumption of the flavan‐3‐ol (−)‐epicatechin (EC) and of EC‐rich foods and food extracts may improve insulin sensitivity. To further understand the potential benefits of dietary EC consumption on T2D, this study investigated the capacity of EC supplementation to prevent high fat diet‐induced insulin resistance in mice. To assess the underlying mechanisms, the deregulation of intestinal barrier permeability leading to endotoxemia, fatty liver and impaired insulin signaling were investigated. The consumption of a high fat diet for 15 w caused obesity, intestinal permeabilization, and insulin resistance in male C57BL/6J mice. This was evidenced by findings of high fasted and fed plasma glucose and insulin levels, impaired responses to ITT and GTT tests, increased permeability to FITC‐dextran, and alterations in the activation of different components of the insulin‐triggered signaling cascade (insulin receptor (IR), IRS1, ERK1/2, Akt). Although EC only partially reduced body weight gain and adiposity, it acted preventing high fat diet‐induced increased intestinal permeability, mitigating liver fat deposition, and the improving insulin‐triggered activation of IR, IRS1, ERK1/2, and Akt. In summary, results show dietary EC supplementation improved insulin sensitivity in high fat‐fed mice. This could in part be due to the prevention of intestinal permeabilization and mitigation of fatty liver development. Thus, the above results support the concept that consumption of EC‐rich foods can constitute a dietary strategy to mitigate obesity‐associated insulin resistance.

Support or Funding Information

Dr. Patricia I. Oteiza grants (PIOGFTN)

Jastro Shields Research Award from UC Davis
Visceral and subcutaneous fat mass association with serum 25(OH)D concentrations in Brazilian adults
Authors: Normando Paula , Faerstein Eduardo , Bezerra Flavia Fioruci
Published: November 2023

Vitamin D status is influenced by a number of factors including dietary intake, skin pigmentation and sun exposure. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D may also decrease due to its sequestration by fat tissue. We herein investigated whether fat compartments (visceral and subcutaneous) are differently associated with vitamin D status. We evaluated 514 adults (33–79 y; 266 women and 248 men) who are part of a cohort of employees at a university in Rio de Janeiro, the “Estudo Pró‐Saúde”. Serum 25(OH) concentrations were analyzed by using a chemiluminescent enzyme‐labeled immunometric assay. Fat distribution was assessed by DXA (IDXA, GE Health Care). Analysis of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was performed by CoreScan VAT software. Total subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was obtained by subtracting the visceral fat from total fat mass of each individual. An objective estimate of natural and sun‐induced skin color was measured by reflectance colorimetry using a Chroma Meter CR‐400 (Konica Minolta) followed by calculation of Individual Typology Angle (ITA°) and Sun Exposure Index (SEI). Serum 25(OH)D association with visceral and subcutaneous fat mass was investigated using multivariate linear regression models that also included ITA°, SEI, month and year of blood collection, as independent variables. Additionally, differences in mean serum 25(OH)D by quartiles of visceral and subcutaneous fat mass were evaluated by ANCOVA with adjustment for month and year of blood collection, and SEI. 72% of the participants were overweight or obese, 54% had serum 25(OH)D concentrations below 20ng/ml and 92% below 30ng/ml. Both SAT (β=−0.129, P=0.022) and VAT (β=−0.109, P=0.046) appeared as significant predictors of serum 25(OH)D in a stepwise linear regression that also tested ITA°, SEI, month and year of blood collection, as independent variables. Compared to the first quartile of SAT (<20.6Kg of SAT; 22.87±0.69ng/ml), individuals in the second, third and fourth quartiles had lower serum 25(OH)D (19.14±0.69, 18.56±0.69 and 16.77±0.69ng/ml, respectively, p<0.001). Compared to the first quartile of VAT (<0.7Kg of VAT; 20.70±0.71ng/ml), only individuals in the fourth quartile had lower serum 25(OH)D (17.24±0.71ng/ml, P<0.01). Having SAT or VAT higher than median (26.0Kg and 1.15Kg, respectively) significantly increased the chance of having serum 25(OH)D lower than 20ng/mL (SAT: OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.41–2.86 and VAT: OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.11–2.24; P<0.05) or lower than 30ng/mL (SAT: OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.05–4.00 and VAT: OR 2.29; 95% CI 1.16–4.52; P<0.05). Our results suggest that the excess of both subcutaneous and visceral fat compartments may contribute to decrease serum 25(OH)D concentrations, independently of skin pigmentation and sun exposure.

Support or Funding Information

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ, grant number E‐26/102.201/2013 and E‐26/110.116/2014, for FFB), Brazil.
Distribution of Nociceptin‐immunoreactive Nerves in the Dorsal Root Ganglion of GK Rats
Authors: Adeghate Ernest , Tekes Kornelia
Published: November 2023

The expression of nociception (NC) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of Wistar and Goto‐Kakizaki (GK) rats was investigated to determine whether the number and pattern of distribution of NC‐positive DRG neurons are altered after the onset of diabetes. The DRGs of male Wistar and GK rats (~ 300 g) were removed, after ether anesthesia. The ganglia were later fixed in Zamboni's fixative, embedded in paraffin and processed for immunofluorescence. Nociceptin‐immunoreactive neurons and fibres were observed in the DRGs of both Wistar and GK rats. Nociceptin was expressed in many types of neurons including small‐, medium‐, and large‐sized neurons of the DRGs of Wistar and GK rats. It is worth noting that only a small population of large‐sized neurons contains nociceptin in Wistar rats. However, the expression of nociceptin is seen in all neuronal types of the DRGs of GK rat. The percentage distribution of nociceptin‐immunoreactive neurons in the DRG of GK rats was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in GK compared to those of Wistar rats. Nociceptin‐positive varicose nerve profiles were markedly (p < 0.05) higher in GK rats when compared to that of Wistar rats. Nociceptin is highly expressed in the nerve profiles of the DRG of GK rats suggesting that nociceptin may be involved in the regulation of diabetic neuropathy.
Multifaceted Effects of Guggulsterone as Anti‐obesity Agent
Authors: Azhar Yusra , Parmar Ashish , Rayalam Srujana
Published: November 2023

Obesity is associated with pathological expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this study, we explored the multifaceted effects of guggulsterone (GS), a well‐studied phytosterol for its cholesterol lowering effects, as an anti‐obesity agent. We investigated the effects of GS on adipogenesis, lipolysis and beiging using 3T3‐L1 murine adipocyte cell line. Identification of clusters of brown adipocyte‐like cells in white adipose tissue depots indicate a mechanism by which WAT acquires brown adipose tissue (BAT)‐like properties, generally referred to as ‘beiging’. Beiging of WAT increases energy expenditure and is gaining attention as a novel therapeutic approach for obesity. We demonstrate the three‐way anti‐obesity effects of GS in our in vitro cell culture model. Firstly, GS inhibited the differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes contributing to the overall decrease in adipogenesis. Secondly, GS promoted lipolysis in mature adipocytes as evidenced by the increase in free glycerol release with GS treatment. Finally, we have demonstrated the effects of GS on upregulating thermogenic beige markers in mature adipocytes like uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), Zic1 and CITED1. GS is structurally similar to bile acids and we hypothesize that GS‐induced effects on adipocytes are mediated through, TGR5, a bile acid receptor. Our preliminary results indicate that GS increases TGR5 and type 2 deiodinase, a downstream marker of TGR5 activation, expression in mature adipocytes. Together, these data suggest that guggulsterone may exert anti‐obesity effects not only by decreasing adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis in WAT, but also by inducing white to beige transdifferentiation thereby increasing thermogenesis and promoting weight loss.

Support or Funding Information

This research was supported by Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine – GA campus.
Can a fruit and vegetable derived supplement, rich in vitamin‐C, modulate cIMT and FMD measurements in overweight and obese individuals over 12 weeks?
Authors: Sayegh Marietta , Tsiountsioura Melina , Ray Sumantra
Published: November 2023

Background and Aim

Cardiovascular disease has a multifactorial aetiology. Although there is evidence that dietary intake plays an important role, few studies have focused on the effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on early markers of vascular function particularly in overweight/obese. This is important to investigate given the suggestion that diet may mitigate vascular risk arising from excess adiposity. We investigated whether taking vitamin‐C rich fruit and vegetable extracts over 12 weeks can improve such biomarkers compared with placebo in overweight/obesity.

Methods

This was a double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled trial that included overweight and obese but otherwise healthy participants. They were randomly allocated to one of two groups; active supplementation or placebo taken twice daily for 12 weeks while both groups were given the “5‐A‐Day” dietary advice. Carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) was measured from both left and right carotid arteries using 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. Flow mediated dilatation (FMD) was assessed from the right brachial artery using high‐resolution ultrasound and computerised edge detection system (FMD studio, Quipu srl, Pisa, Italy).

Results

Owing to normal distribution of outcome measures we used a t‐test to compare cIMT differences within the 2 groups (ΔA =0.015 ± 0.098 and ΔB=0.003 ± 0.048) and between groups (ΔA‐B= 0.008). No statistically significant differences were found between low (Group A) and high (Group B) vitamin C consumers (p = 0.512 and p=0.743 respectively) or within the groups (p=0.645). Similar analyses were performed for FMD. The within group differences were ΔA =−10.4 ± 25 and ΔB = −2.07 ± 8.9 whereby Group A was found to show statistically significant change (p = 0.027, 95% CI: −19.53 – −1.25). A t‐test was also performed to compare FMD differences between the two groups (ΔA‐B= −8.31964 with p=0.100).

Conclusion

Based on these preliminary analyses of breaking results, it would appear that whilst the vitamin‐C rich fruit and vegetable supplementation did not significantly improve either FMD or cIMT, there was a slight worsening of FMD (with a similar trend for cIMT based on clinical significance of change) in those with lower vitamin‐C exposure. This may suggest that deleterious vascular effects owing to excess adiposity which may be mitigated in part by consumption of fruit and vegetables. Further analyses including correlation with a panel of additional biomarkers are to be conducted before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Support or Funding Information

NSA funded the above study

Demographics of participants

Values
Group AMean ± SD
Group BMean ± SD

Males (N)
18
12

Females (N)
21
28

Age (yrs)
46.7 ± 9.8
45.2 ± 8.8

BMI (kg/m2)
29.02 ± 2.62
29.638 ± 2.68

Vitamin C (μmol/litre)
TV1
66.6 ± 17.4
60.2 ± 18.8

TV2
64.6 ± 19.6
76.5 ± 16.4
The Effects of Intermittent Ketogenic Dieting as well as Ketone Salt supplementation on Body Composition and Circulating Health Biomarkers in Exercising Rodents
Authors: Kephart Wesley , Holland Maleah , Mumford Petey , Mobley Brooks , Lowery Ryan , Roberts Michael , Wilson Jacob
Published: November 2023

objective

Low‐carbohydrate ketogenic diets (LCKDs) are a common modality to facilitate weight loss/control; however, the frequency of adherence needed to attain these benefits has not been adequately described. In addition, LCKDs have the propensity to elevate circulating ketone bodies, thus supplementing ketones may confer additional health benefits. The purpose of this study was to examine potential health benefits of an intermittent LCKD diet (AIM 1), and the effects of ketone salt supplementation (AIM 2).

METHODS

In both AIMs groups of male Sprague‐Dawley rats (9–10 weeks of age, 300–325 g) were provided isoenergetic amounts of a LCKD (17 g/day, 5.2 kcal/g, 20.2% protein, 10.3% CHO, 69.5% fat) or a wester diet (WD) (20 g/day, 4.5 kcal/g, 15.2% protein, 42.7% CHO, 42.0% fat) for 6 weeks. For AIM 1 an additional group of rats was fed LCKD for 5 consecutive days followed by two days of WD (LCKD+WD). In AIM 2 two additional groups of rats were either fed LCD or WD, but were also given ad libitum ketone salts mixed in water, LCD+K and WD+K. In both aims, rats were housed in resistance‐loaded voluntary running wheels.

RESULTS

In AIM 1, LCKD and LCKD+WD weighed 15% less, had significantly lower insulin, and triglycerides than WD (p<0.01). Additionally, omental and peri‐renal fat depots were reduced (p<0.05), and food efficiency (g mass gained/g food consumed) was reduced in the LCKD+WD group (p≤0.05). In AIM 2, terminal body masses were LCKD+K<LCKD<WD+K<WD (all differences p≤0.05). WD+K presented the highest levels of serum triglycerides (p≤0.01). Brown fat was elevated 41% in LCKD+K relative to LCKD (p≤0.01). Also, food efficiency was reduced in the LCKD+K and WD+K groups (p≤0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Interestingly, AIM 1 suggests that intermittent ketogenic dieting with exercise conferred similar health benefits as strict ketogenic dieting. Additionally, AIM 2 suggests that ketone salt supplementation with exercise attenuated fat mass deposition regardless of dietary assignment.

Support or Funding Information

Funding for this project was provided in large part by J.M.W. partially from discretionary laboratory funds provided by M.D.R.
Program impact pathway of a community‐based nutrition approach in improving child nutritional status in rural Ethiopia: a process evaluation study
Authors: Kang Yunhee , Cha Seungman , Yeo Sarah , Christian Parul
Published: November 2023

The implementation process of complex nutrition interventions needs to be examined to better understand how they achieve expected outcomes. We conducted a program impact pathway (PIP) analysis to understand how a community‐based participatory nutrition promotion (CPNP) program—involving a two‐week group nutrition session—improved child nutritional status in rural Ethiopia. Five program components: (1) quality of the CPNP implementation process, (2) participants’ acceptance of the CPNP program, (3) participants’ message recall, (4) infant and child feeding practices, and (5) the influence of exposure to other ongoing nutrition programs, were evaluated. We reviewed the attendance records of participants (n = 3,299) and monitoring records of nutrition sessions (n = 372) and extracted process evaluation indicators such as the percentage of dose delivered, percentage of dose received, and percentage of fidelity to the intervention protocols. We conducted a household survey every three months for a year as part of a cluster randomized trial among 914 and 876 mothers randomly selected from control and intervention areas, respectively, to assess engagement to the ENA and CMAM programs. Among the survey mothers, the recall of mothers’ (n = 197) experiences related to the CPNP group sessions was assessed. CPNP sessions were delivered at 81% of the expectation level; fidelity to intervention protocols varied between 68% and 92% of the expectation. Out of 197 participants, 95% ever contributed materials to a session, 90% showed positive perception to the session practices, and ~70% rated their participation level as active. We found a higher involvement of CPNP participants in the existing program (e.g., Essential Nutrition Action) over the project period compared to non‐participants within the same intervention area (32.1% vs. 19.5%, P < 0.001). The CPNP program was adequately implemented and well‐accepted among participants, giving the additional benefit of positively influencing the ongoing ENA program, and eventually resulting in improved child nutritional status.

Support or Funding Information

This study was supported by World Vision Korea and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors And BRCA SNPs In A Genetically Homogenous Population Of Parsi Zoroastrians: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vazquez‐Vidal Itzel , Mass Baba , Barron Keri , Chittoor Geetha , Voruganti V. Saroja
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Mutations in BRCA1/2 have been associated with increased risk for breast cancer. Recent studies indicate an association of BRCA1/2 variants with cardiovascular disease (CVD). We explored the association of missense single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1799950 of BRCA1 and rs766173 of BRCA2 with CVD phenotypes in Parsi Zoroastrians, a genetically homogenous group with high prevalence of breast cancer.

Methods

Anthropometrics, blood pressure, and blood levels of lipids, uric acid and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in 144 individuals aged 20 years or older participating in a pilot study in the US. Genotyping was conducted using TaqMan assays for BRCA1‐SNP (rs1799950) and BRCA2‐SNP (rs766173). Genotype‐phenotype associations were assessed by multiple linear regression models adjusted by sex, age, sex*age and BMI using SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., NC, USA).

Results

The mean age ± SD was 47 ± 16.7 years, and 55% were females. The genotype distribution for BRCA1 was TT (9%), TC (77%) and CC (14%) and for BRCA2 was CC (25%), AC (8%) and AA (67%). Significant associations were found between BRCA1‐rs1799950 and diastolic blood pressure and HbA1c; carriers of the minor T‐allele had lower diastolic blood pressure (73.2 ± 0.75 mmHg vs. 80.8 ± 2.3 mmHg, p = 0.001) and higher levels of HbA1c (6.4± 0.078 vs. 5.5 ± 0.2, p= 0.002) than carriers of the C allele. We also found moderate association of systolic blood pressure with BRCA2‐rs766173; homozygotes for the minor allele T had higher systolic blood pressure (134.1 ± 12 mmHg vs. 128.9 ± 16.5mmHg, p = 0.04) as compared to those with C allele. Anthropometrics, and blood levels of lipids and uric acid were not associated with the two SNPs.

Conclusion

Despite our small sample size, we found significant associations between the BRCA1/2 SNPs and CVD phenotypes in this genetically homogenous population of Parsi Zoroastrians. Further studies are required to confirm and validate these findings in this population.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Extract from Pinus Koraiensis Cone Peel in LP‐BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses‐Induced Murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Authors: Ha Yejin , Lee Minhee , Kwon Han Ol , Jun Woojin , Lee Jeongmin
Published: November 2023

The immune system protects the body against infectious and harmful agents. The body could maintain a state of immune homeostasis, but when the immune systems are defective by cause severe disease. LP‐BM5 murine retroviral infection is characterized by wide and extreme immunosuppression of T/B cell responses. We investigated the immunomodulatory effect of 20% ethanol extracts from Pinus Koraiensis cone peel (PK) in LP‐BM5 (murine leukemia viruses) induced murine ADIS (MAIDS). MICE were divided into 5 groups: NC (normal control), Infection (LP‐BM5 MulV infection), RG (LP‐BM5 MulV infection + dietary supplement of red ginseng extract), PK250 (LP‐BM5 MulV infection + dietary supplement of PK 250 mg/kg), PK500 (LP‐BM5 MulV infection + dietary supplement of PK 500 mg/kg). Ours results that T cell proliferation was decreased and B cell proliferation was increased by LP‐BM5 MulV infection, but dietary supplement of PK were increased T cell proliferation and were decreased B cell proliferation. Dietary supplement of PK prevented T helper (Th)1 cytokine (IL‐2, IFN‐ν)/Th2 cytokine (IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α) imbalance in LP‐BM5 MuLV‐infected mice. Dietary supplement of PK caused defense against decrease in natural killer cell activity and phagocytosis induced by LP‐BM5 MuLV‐infection. In conclusion, PK has the immunomodulatory effect in LP‐BM5 MuLV‐induced MAIDS.
Osteogenic potency of electrosprayed silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles‐An innovative approach for bone tissue engineering
Authors: Srinivasan Dinesh Kumar , Gandhimathi Chinnasamy , Venugopal Jayarama Reddy , Ramakrishna Seeram , Tay Samuel Sam‐Wah
Published: November 2023

Nanoparticles hold huge potentials for supporting gene therapy to reach its full potential by supporting targeted delivery of growth factors and DNA into cells for regenerative therapies. The present study fabricates silk fibroin (SF) and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (NPs) by electrospraying to mimic the native extracellular matrix for bone tissue engineering. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized in terms of particle morphology, functional group, hydrophilicity, using SEM, FTIR and contact angle respectively. The scaffolds showed a higher level of pore size and increased porosity of up to 62% in the exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes. The particle diameters obtained were around 0.5–1.5 μm for SF nanoparticles (SF‐NPs) and SF/HA nanoparticles (SF/HA‐NPs). FTIR analysis showed the presence of the amide groups I, II, and III on silk fibroin and the peak characteristic of phosphate groups at 806 cm−1, carbonate groups at 860 cm−1, stretching vibration of PO43− group in HA at 1185 cm−1 and contact angle data revealed that the incorporation of HA made substrates became hydrophilic with contact angle of 60.2°±3.45. Human osteoblasts were cultured on these particles to study the cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, live cell imaging, mineralization and expression of osteocalcin. Osteoblasts cultured on SFHA‐NPs scaffolds showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in cell proliferation (63%), ALP activity and osteogenic differentiation and mineralization (61%) due to the presence of SF and HA, which are osteoconductive and osteoinductive for bone tissue regeneration. The results proved that the calcium and phosphorus activities were increased through the activation of HA in SFHA‐NPs scaffolds, which have huge potential for the mineralization of osteoblasts in bone tissue engineering.

Support or Funding Information

This work was supported by research grants from the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University and Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (awarded to Dr Dinesh Kumar Srinivasan, who is the corresponding author of this paper).