bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Newly Synthesized Ta‐Based MAX Phase (Ta1−xHfx)4AlC3 and (Ta1−xHfx)4Al0.5Sn0.5C3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) Solid Solutions: Unravelling the Mechanical, Electronic, and Thermodynamic Properties
Authors: Ali Md. Ashraf
Published: November 2020

Investigation of the mechanical, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of recently synthesized (Ta1−xHfx)4AlC3 and (Ta1−xHfx)4Al0.5Sn0.5C3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) solid solutions is conducted using density functional theory for the first time. The computed lattice constants are in good agreement with prior results. The calculated stiffness constants are used to check the mechanical stability of the studied compositions. The bulk modulus (B), shear modulus (G), and Young's modulus (Y) are found to be influenced by Hf and Sn substitution. The titled solid solutions are brittle in nature. The 3D presentations of elastic moduli and elastic anisotropy factors are used to disclose the anisotropic mechanical features of the considered compositions. The electronic band structure, density of states, and charge density mapping (CDM) show the metallic nature, the contribution from different states to electronic conductivity, and atomic bonding characteristics. The electronic band structure and CDM are also used together to investigate the change in bonding strength due to Hf and Sn substitutions. The Debye temperature (ΘD), minimum thermal conductivity (Kmin), Grüneisen parameter (γ), and melting temperature (Tm) of the studied solid solutions are estimated and analyzed. A good correlation is found between the mechanical and thermodynamic properties.
The information theory of the helium atom in screened Coulomb potentials
Authors: Martínez‐Flores César
Published: November 2020

In this work, we show Hartree–Fock (HF) results for the Shannon entropy, Rényi entropy, Tsallis entropy, Onicescu information energy, and ground‐state properties of the helium atom in screened Coulomb potentials. We solve the HF equations through a numerical grid method where the screened functions model two plasma environments: the Debye–Hückel screening (DHS) and the exponential‐cosine‐screened‐Coulomb (ECSC) model potentials. For plasma conditions near to the energy ionization, for the Shannon entropy, we report an increase of the ∼80% and ∼60% for the DHS and ECSC potentials concerning the unscreened case. A similar situation is found for the Rényi and Tsallis entropies where an increase of ∼86% and ∼57% is reported in the presence of the DHS and ECSC potential functions. Our results allow us to obtain knowledge of the information theory parameters in the description of the electron localization for the helium atom screened by the DHS and ECSC potentials. Finally, our information theory findings in the absence of the screening functions are in excellent agreement with the available results found in the literature.
Robust observer‐based controller for uncertain‐stochastic linear parameter‐varying (LPV) system under actuator degradation
Authors: Do Manh‐Hung , Koenig Damien , Theilliol Didier
Published: November 2020

The main contribution of this article is a new methodology of a polytopic observer‐based controller in estimating and accommodating polynomial actuator degradation for uncertain stochastic linear parameter varying system. In this design, robust observer‐based controller gains are synthesized with a unique linear matrix inequality solution such that the impact of disturbance on observer estimation is attenuated by a frequency‐shaping filter, while ensuring the closed‐loop stability against system uncertainties and stochastic noise. Finally, an example is illustrated to highlight the performance of the proposed method.
Predicted effects of flow diversion by Run‐of‐River hydropower on bypassed stream temperature and bioenergetics of salmonid fishes
Authors: Gibeau Pascale , Palen Wendy J.
Published: November 2020

Many anthropogenic disturbances impact stream ecosystems by changing flow and temperature regimes. The emerging industry of small Run‐of‐River (RoR) hydropower reduces streamflow in bypassed reaches, with largely unknown consequences for water temperatures and fish growth. We used empirical and simulated data from two small RoR regulated streams in British Columbia (Canada) to quantify changes in water temperatures in bypassed reaches and assess the potential impacts to resident rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth using bioenergetics models under a range of consumption scenarios. We found increases in mean monthly water temperature in bypassed reaches due to flow diversion of 0.5–0.8°C (0.17–0.19°C/km). Bioenergetics models using those temperatures predicted increases in annual O. mykiss growth (compared to natural temperatures) if consumption was unlimited (+200–450%), increases (+15–42%) if consumption was scaled with higher metabolic demand, and small reductions (−5 to 7%) if consumption remained constant. If food availability was reduced by 25%, annual growth was predicted to decline by 45%. Empirical estimates of annual growth of fish sampled indicate modest reductions in annual growth less severe than those modelled by our Scenario 2. Our results highlight that increases in water temperature induced by flow diversion for small RoR hydropower could be large enough to have consequences for O. mykiss growth, but the impacts depend on how and when RoR hydropower affects food supply and consumption.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Derived Co3V2O8@CuV2O6 Hybrid Architecture as a Multifunctional Binder‐Free Electrode for Li‐Ion Batteries and Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Sekhar S. Chandra , Ramulu Bhimanaboina , Narsimulu D. , Arbaz Shaik Junied , Yu Jae Su
Published: November 2020

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials in diverse fields because of their constructive traits of varied structural topologies, high porosity, and high surface area. MOFs are also an ideal precursor/template to derive porous and functional morphologies. Herein, Co3V2O8 nanohexagonal prisms are grafted on CuV2O6 nanorod arrays (CuV‐CoV)‐grown copper foam (CF) using solution‐processing methods, followed by thermal treatment. Direct preparation of active material on CF can potentially eliminate electrochemically inactive and non‐conductive binders, leading to improved charge‐transfer rate. Furthermore, solution‐processing methods are simple and cost‐effective. Owing to versatile valence states and good redox activity, the vanadium‐incorporated mixed metal oxides (CuV‐CoV) exhibited superior electrochemical performance in lithium (Li)‐ion battery and supercapacitor (SC) studies. Furthermore, hollow carbon particles (HCPs) derived from MOF particles (MOF‐HCPs) are used as the anode material in SCs. A hybrid SC (HSC) fabricated with CuV‐CoV and MOF‐HCP materials exhibited noteworthy electrochemical properties. Moreover, a solid‐state HSC (SSHSC) is constructed and its real‐time feasibility is investigated by harvesting the dynamic energy of a bicycle with the help of a direct current generator. The charged SSHSCs potentially powered various electronic components.
Accurate In Vivo Nanothermometry through NIR‐II Lanthanide Luminescence Lifetime
Authors: Tan Meiling , Li Feng , Cao Ning , Li Hui , Wang Xin , Zhang Chenyang , Jaque Daniel , Chen Guanying
Published: November 2020

Luminescence nanothermometry is promising for noninvasive probing of temperature in biological microenvironment at nanometric spatial resolution. Yet, wavelength‐ and temperature‐dependent absorption and scattering of tissues distort measured spectral profile, rendering conventional luminescence nanothermometers (ratiometric, intensity, band shape, or spectral shift) problematic for in vivo temperature determination. Here, a class of lanthanide‐based nanothermometers, which are able to provide precise and reliable temperature readouts at varied tissue depths through NIR‐II luminescence lifetime, are described. To achieve this, an inert core/active shell/inert shell structure of tiny nanoparticles (size, 13.5 nm) is devised, in which thermosensitive lanthanide pairs (ytterbium and neodymium) are spatially confined in the thin middle shell (sodium yttrium fluoride, 1 nm), ensuring being homogenously close to the surrounding environment while protected by the outmost calcium fluoride shell (CaF2, ≈2.5 nm) that shields out bioactive milieu interferences. This ternary structure enables the nanothermometers to consistently resolve temperature changes at depths of up to 4 mm in biological tissues, having a high relative temperature sensitivity of 1.4–1.1% °C−1 in the physiological temperature range of 10–64 °C. These lifetime‐based thermosensitive nanoprobes allow for in vivo diagnosis of murine inflammation, mapping out the precise temperature distribution profile of nanoprobes‐interrogated area.
Surface Action Spectroscopy: A Review and a Perspective on a New Technique to Study Vibrations at Surfaces
Authors: Liu Y. , Wu Z. , Kuhlenbeck H. , Freund H.‐J.
Published: November 2020

A new vibrational spectroscopy method aimed at the investigation of solid surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum, called “Surface Action Spectroscopy (SAS)”, is described and the first results are reviewed. This technique is based on ideas and experiments performed in the gas phase. A surface is exposed to a messenger species at low temperature. This messenger species is desorbed via absorption of tunable infrared light from a free‐electron laser and the desorption rate of the messenger species is recorded via mass spectrometry. It is shown that the technique is extremely surface sensitive and we discuss the basic mechanisms of the technique. We show a feasibility study on a V2O3(0001) surface, where we know the surface structure. We then proceed to the example of iron oxide films to study the surface structure in parallel with calculations of the surface phonons, which allow us to confirm the surface structure of Fe3O4(111) to be Fetet terminated. It also provides evidence for the so‐called biphase structure. To conclude, we discuss possibilities to apply the technique to interesting questions in model and real catalysis, since the technique may provide interesting information independent of long‐range order of the sample.
Development of a novel cognitive composite outcome to assess therapeutic effects of exercise in the EXERT trial for adults with MCI: The ADAS‐Cog‐Exec
Authors: Jacobs Diane M. , Thomas Ronald G. , Salmon David P. , Jin Shelia , Feldman Howard H. , Cotman Carl W. , Baker Laura D. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study EXERT Study Group,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Use of cognitive composites as primary outcome measures is increasingly common in clinical trials of preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Composite outcomes can decrease intra‐individual variability, resulting in improved sensitivity to detect longitudinal change and increased statistical power. We developed a novel composite outcome, the ADAS‐Cog‐Exec, for use in the EXERT trial—a Phase 3 randomized, controlled, 12‐month exercise intervention in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods

Three combinations of cognitive measures selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive Subscale version 13 (ADAS‐Cog13), tests of executive function, and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were created based on previously documented sensitivity to longitudinal change in MCI and to the effects of exercise. Optimally weighted composites of each combination were modeled using data from the ADNI‐1 MCI cohort. Ten‐fold cross‐validation was performed to obtain a bias‐corrected mean to standard deviation ratio (MSDR). The cognitive composites were assessed for their sensitivity to detect 12‐month change in MCI.

Results

The MSDR of 12‐month change for each of the composite outcomes tested exceeded that of the ADAS‐Cog13 total score. The composite with the highest MSDR (MSDR = 0.48) and associated statistical power included scores on ADAS‐Cog13 Word Recall, Delayed Word Recall, Orientation, and Number Cancellation subtests; Trail‐Making Tests A & B, Digit Symbol Substitution and Category Fluency; and cognitive components of the CDR (Memory, Orientation, Judgement & Problem Solving).

Discussion

An optimally weighted cognitive composite measure was identified and validated for use in EXERT. This composite contained selected subtests from the ADAS‐Cog13, additional measures of executive function, and box scores for cognitive components of the CDR. Because this composite score demonstrated high sensitivity to longitudinal change in MCI it will be used as the primary outcome measure for the EXERT trial.
A simple method for modelling fatigue spectra of small wind turbine blades
Authors: Evans Samuel , Dana Scott , Clausen Philip , Wood David
Published: November 2020

Small‐scale wind turbines have market opportunities in distributed energy generation applications but face future challenges in remaining cost competitive compared with solar photovoltaic systems. High unit costs can be attributed to design conservatism when calculating fatigue loads of key structural components such as the blades. In this study, we use the aeroelastic software FAST to highlight limitations of the International Electrotechnical Commission 61400‐2:2013 small wind turbine design standard for calculating fatigue life using the simplified load model. We present a modified method for calculating the fatigue spectra of small wind turbine blades. An advantage of this method is that it does not require complex aeroelastic simulations or field measurements. This modified method is intended to be implemented early in the blade design stage, such as during rotor optimization simulations, allowing for multiple rotor configurations to be rapidly compared.
Probing the Planck scale: the modification of the time evolution operator due to the quantum structure of spacetime
Authors: Padmanabhan T.
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The propagator which evolves the wave-function in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, can be expressed as a matrix element of a time evolution operator: i.e. GNR(x) = 〈x2|UNR(t)|x1〉 in terms of the orthonormal eigenkets |x〉 of the position operator. In quantum field theory, it is not possible to define a conceptually useful single-particle position operator or its eigenkets. It is also not possible to interpret the relativistic (Feynman) propagator GR(x) as evolving any kind of single-particle wave-functions. In spite of all these, it is indeed possible to express the propagator of a free spinless particle, in quantum field theory, as a matrix element 〈x2|UR(t)|x1〉 for a suitably defined time evolution operator and (non-orthonormal) kets |x〉 labeled by spatial coordinates. At mesoscopic scales, which are close but not too close to Planck scale, one can incorporate quantum gravitational corrections to the propagator by introducing a zero-point-length. It turns out that even this quantum-gravity-corrected propagator can be expressed as a matrix element 〈x2|UQG(t)|x1〉. I describe these results and explore several consequences. It turns out that the evolution operator UQG(t) becomes non-unitary for sub-Planckian time intervals while remaining unitary for time interval is larger than Planck time. The results can be generalized to any ultrastatic curved spacetime.
Curvature constraints in heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models
Authors: Garavuso Richard S.
Published: November 2020

Abstract

In this paper, we study a class of heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. We show that the action can be written as a sum of BRST-exact and non-exact terms. The non-exact terms involve the pullback of the complexified Kähler form to the worldsheet and terms arising from the superpotential, which is a Grassmann-odd holomorphic function of the superfields. We then demonstrate that the action is invariant on-shell under supersymmetry transformations up to a total derivative. Finally, we extend the analysis to the case in which the superpotential is not holomorphic. In this case, we find that supersymmetry imposes a constraint which relates the nonholomorphic parameters of the superpotential to the Hermitian curvature. Various special cases of this constraint have previously been used to establish properties of Mathai-Quillen form analogues which arise in the corresponding heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. There, it was claimed that supersymmetry imposes those constraints. Our goal in this paper is to support that claim. The analysis for the nonholomorphic case also reveals a constraint imposed by supersymmetry that we did not anticipate from studies of Mathai-Quillen form analogues.
The Application of CAR-T Cells in Haematological Malignancies
Authors: Skorka Katarzyna , Ostapinska Katarzyna , Malesa Aneta , Giannopoulos Krzysztof
Published: November 2020

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells (CART) remain one of the most advanced and promising forms of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. CART represent autologous, genetically engineered T lymphocytes expressing CAR, i.e. fusion proteins that combine components and features of T cells as well as antibodies providing their more effective and direct anti-tumour effect. The technology of CART construction is highly advanced in vitro and every element of their structure influence their mechanism of action in vivo. Patients with haematological malignancies are faced with the possibility of disease relapse after the implementation of conventional chemo-immunotherapy. Since the most preferable result of therapy is a partial or complete remission, cancer treatment regimens are constantly being improved and customized to individual patients. This individualization could be ensured by CART therapy. This paper characterized CART strategy in details in terms of their structure, generations, mechanism of action and published the results of clinical trials in haematological malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma.
Linear models for diallel crosses: a review with R functions
Authors: Onofri Andrea , Terzaroli Niccolò , Russi Luigi
Published: November 2020

Key message

A new R-software procedure for fixed/random Diallel models was developed. We eased the diallel schemes approach by considering them as specific cases with different parameterisations of a general linear model.

Diallel experiments are based on a set of possible crosses between some homozygous (inbred) lines. For these experiments, six main diallel models are available in literature, to quantify genetic effects, such as general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), reciprocal (maternal) effects and heterosis. Those models tend to be presented as separate entities, to be fitted by using specialised software. In this manuscript, we reinforce the idea that diallel models should be better regarded as specific cases (different parameterisations) of a general linear model and might be fitted with general purpose software facilities, as used for all other types of linear models. We start from the estimation of fixed genetical effects within the R environment and try to bridge the gap between diallel models, linear models and ordinary least squares estimation (OLS). First, we review the main diallel models in literature. Second, we build a set of tools to enable geneticists, plant/animal breeders and students to fit diallel models by using the most widely known R functions for OLS fitting, i.e. the ‘lm()’ function and related methods. Here, we give three examples to show how diallel models can be built by using the typical process of GLMs and fitted, inspected and processed as all other types of linear models in R. Finally, we give a fourth example to show how our tools can be also used to fit random/mixed effect diallel models in the Bayesian framework.
Development of a full roll-to-roll manufacturing process of through-substrate vias with stretchable substrates enabling double-sided wearable electronics
Authors: Jansson E. , Korhonen A. , Hietala M. , Kololuoma T.
Published: November 2020

In the recent years, there has been a growing interest towards printed stretchable electronics used in diagnostics, health-monitoring, and wearable applications. Double-sided electronic circuits with through-substrate vias offer a solution where the amount of printed circuitry and assembled SMDs (surface-mount devices) in direct contact with the human skin can be minimized. This improves not only the wearability and cost-effectiveness of the printed electronic devices but also the product safety and comfort to wear. Another factor decreasing the unit costs in printed electronics is the use of high volume, high speed, and continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) manufacturing processes. In this current paper, a full R2R process for the manufacturing of through-substrate vias on stretchable thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate was developed and verified. The through-substrate via-holes were manufactured in R2R using either laser-cutting or die-cutting. Rotary screen printing was used to print conductive tracks onto both sides of the stretchable substrate and to fill the via-holes. Eventually, conductive and stretchable through-substrate vias with low sheet resistance and low resistance deviation were reliably achieved with the developed process.
Oral Microbial Species and Virulence Factors Associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Torralba Manolito G. , Aleti Gajender , Li Weizhong , Moncera Kelvin Jens , Lin Yi-Han , Yu Yanbao , Masternak Michal M. , Golusinski Wojciech , Golusinski Pawel , Lamperska Katarzyna , Edlund Anna , Freire Marcelo , Nelson Karen E.
Published: November 2020

The human microbiome has been the focus of numerous research efforts to elucidate the pathogenesis of human diseases including cancer. Oral cancer mortality is high when compared with other cancers, as diagnosis often occurs during late stages. Its prevalence has increased in the USA over the past decade and accounts for over 40,000 new cancer patients each year. Additionally, oral cancer pathogenesis is not fully understood and is likely multifactorial. To unravel the relationships that are associated with the oral microbiome and their virulence factors, we used 16S rDNA and metagenomic sequencing to characterize the microbial composition and functional content in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumor tissue, non-tumor tissue, and saliva from 18 OSCC patients. Results indicate a higher number of bacteria belonging to the Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes phyla associated with tumor tissue when compared with all other sample types. Additionally, saliva metaproteomics revealed a significant increase ofPrevotellain five OSCC subjects, whileCorynebacteriumwas mostly associated with ten healthy subjects. Lastly, we determined that there are adhesion and virulence factors associated withStreptococcus gordoniias well as from known oral pathogens belonging to theFusobacteriumgenera found mostly in OSCC tissues. From these results, we propose that not only will the methods utilized in this study drastically improve OSCC diagnostics, but the organisms and specific virulence factors from the phyla detected in tumor tissue may be excellent biomarkers for characterizing disease progression.
Shelter from the cytokine storm: pitfalls and prospects in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for an elderly population
Authors: Ciabattini Annalisa , Garagnani Paolo , Santoro Francesco , Rappuoli Rino , Franceschi Claudio , Medaglini Donata
Published: November 2020

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic urgently calls for the development of effective preventive tools. COVID-19 hits greatly the elder and more fragile fraction of the population boosting the evergreen issue of the vaccination of older people. The development of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 tailored for the elderly population faces the challenge of the poor immune responsiveness of the older population due to immunosenescence, comorbidities, and pharmacological treatments. Moreover, it is likely that the inflammaging phenotype associated with age could both influence vaccination efficacy and exacerbate the risk of COVID-19-related “cytokine storm syndrome” with an overlap between the factors which impact vaccination effectiveness and those that boost virulence and worsen the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The complex and still unclear immunopathological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, together with the progressive age-related decline of immune responses, and the lack of clear correlates of protection, make the design of vaccination strategies for older people extremely challenging. In the ongoing effort in vaccine development, different SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have been developed, tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies and are undergoing clinical testing, but only a small fraction of these are currently being tested in the older fraction of the population. Recent advances in systems biology integrating clinical, immunologic, and omics data can help to identify stable and robust markers of vaccine response and move towards a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses in the elderly.
Optimierte Polymer-Rohrwerkstoffe für effiziente Drainagesysteme in Tunnelbauwerken—PolyDrain Teil II
Authors: Arbeiter Florian , Eichinger Stefanie , Rieß Gisbert , Schachinger Tobias , Boch Ronny , Wenighofer Robert , Galler Robert , Hausberger Andreas , Strobl Elmar , Stur Michael , Saliger Florian , Steiner Michael , Dietzel Martin , Pinter Gerald
Published: November 2020

Um notwendige Reinigungsarbeiten zur Aufrechterhaltung der Drainagewirkung von Drainagerohren in Tunneln zu minimieren, wurden im gegenständlichen Projekt Kunststoffe mit verschiedenen aktiven Wirkstoffen modifiziert, welche die Versinterungsneigung an den Rohroberflächen reduzieren sollen. Ausgehend von dieser praktischen Fragestellung wurden sieben verschiedene Rezepturen hinsichtlich ihres Potentials zur Verringerung der karbonatischen Versinterungen und zur industriellen Verarbeitbarkeit bewertet. Die hergestellten Compounds aus Matrix-Kunststoff, einem kommerziell verfügbaren Polyethylen-Rohr Typ und dem jeweiligen Wirkstoff sind zu Prüfkörpern verarbeitet und sowohl in Labor- als auch in Feldversuchen in realen Tunnelbauwerken ausgelagert worden. Anschließend fand die Beurteilung der Probekörper hinsichtlich der aufgewachsenen Versinterungen mittels chemischem Säureaufschluss, sowie optischen Analyseverfahren statt. Hinsichtlich der Verringerung der Versinterung zeigten das Polyethylen-Glykol Copolymer sowie das Compound mit Zeolith die besten Effekte.
Ultra-thin oxide breakdown for OTP development in power technologies
Authors: Gasparri Osvaldo , Bernardoni Mirko , Del Croce Paolo , Baschirotto Andrea
Published: November 2020

OTP (One Time Programmable) memory in power technology enables electrical performance optimization together with area occupation reduction. In this paper, the aspects relative to the oxide breakdown (which is the key mechanism for memory programmability) are studied and applied to the development of an antifuse OTP cell in a 350 nm-CMOS power technology. The physical analysis of the degradation phases of an oxide layer is presented together with the physical models, exploited to foresee the device time-to-breakdown depending on applied voltage, oxide thickness etc. The achieved results are used in the development and reliable implementation of OTP cells in the target 350 nm-CMOS node.
Complications or rather side effects? Quantification of patient satisfaction and complications after orthognathic surgery—a retrospective, cross-sectional long-term analysis
Authors: Thiem Daniel G. E. , Schneider Daniel , Hammel Michael , Saka Bassam , Frerich Bernhard , Al-Nawas Bilal , Kämmerer Peer W.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

The aim of this clinical analysis was to evaluate intraoperative and early postoperative complications as well as late findings and the overall patient satisfaction following orthognathic surgery.

Materials and Methods

In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, 119 patients after orthognathic surgery were included. Surgical approaches were single bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO (n = 52)), single LeFort-I osteotomy (n = 5) and bimaxillary osteotomy (LeFort-I + BSSO (n = 62)). Intraoperative and early (0–4 weeks postoperative) complications were investigated retrospectively (n = 119), whereas late findings and quality of life were assessed via clinical follow-up and survey (mean: 59 months postoperative) on 48 patients.

Results

Bad split (n = 4/114) was the most common intraoperative complication followed by one case of severe bleeding. Regarding early postoperative complications, temporary damage of the inferior alveolar nerve after BSSO was most common (n = 33/114), followed by facial nerve dysfunction (n = 3), failed osteosynthesis (n = 2) and one case of postoperative dyspnoea. Permanent hypaesthesia of the lower lip was the most prevalent (n = 28/45(BSSO and LeFort-I + BSSO)) late finding with varying extent, followed by temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) (n = 25/48). Skeletal relapse mostly occurred after class II treatment, followed by class III, posterior crossbite and open bite. Overall, the surgery improved the patients’ self-perception (85.4%), with 60.4% of patients opting for surgery again.

Conclusions

Long-term complications after orthognathic surgery occurred more frequently than commonly described in the literature, and analyses of the quality of life show the need for more comprehensive preoperative patient education.

Clinical relevance

Hypaesthesia of the lower lip presented less as complication but rather as side effect following BSSO. As orthognathic surgery is mostly elective, preoperative patient education is of pivotal importance and should include proactive risk stratification.
Medical and economic consequences of perioperative complications in older hip fracture patients
Authors: Knauf Tom , Hack Juliana , Barthel Juliane , Eschbach Daphne , Schoeneberg Carsten , Ruchholtz Steffen , Buecking Benjamin , Aigner Rene
Published: November 2020

Summary

Patients suffering from complications during inpatient treatment after hip fracture surgery are associated with a worse mid-term outcome. While surgically treatable complications only delay the healing process, internal complications seem to worsen the outcome in the long run. All complications come with significant increased costs during the hospital stay.

Purpose

Due to the demographic changes, the importance of hip fractures is still increasing nowadays. Not only surgical but also medical complications represent a major challenge in the treatment of those patients. Nevertheless, only few is known about the functional, medical, and economic consequences of complications.

Methods

A total of 402 hip fracture patients ≥ 60 years were observed prospectively at a German university hospital. Complications were assessed during the inpatient stay and classified by Clavien and Dindo. Afterwards their influence on acute care costs was examined as well as their influence on the mortality, health-related quality of life (HRQL) (EQ5D), functional capacities (Barthel index), and mobility (Tinetti score) in the follow-up periods of 6 and 12 months.

Results

Complications that required surgical revision/treatment (type III) were associated with an increased 6 months’ mortality, while type II and IV complications did not influence mortality after 6 and 12 months. Six months after surgery, HRQL, Barthel score, and Tinetti score were reduced in patients suffering from all different types of complications. After 12 months however, HRQL, Barthel score, and Tinetti score following type II and IV complications remained reduced, while the scores improved in patients suffering from type III complication. All types of complications led to significantly increased acute care costs.

Conclusions

The results of the present study emphasize the crucial role of perioperative complications in older patients with hip fractures. Therefore, special attention has to be given to the prevention of those complications, e.g., with orthogeriatric treatment models, which have been shown to be effective in the reduction of complications.
Identifying and exploring the self-management strategies used by childhood cancer survivors
Authors: Brown Morven C. , Haste Anna , Araújo-Soares Vera , Skinner Roderick , Sharp Linda
Published: November 2020

Purpose

Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) are at increased risk of chronic health problems. Effective self-management could help CCSs cope with the challenges that accompany survivorship and reduce their risk of developing further health problems. There is little evidence about the extent to which CCSs engage with self-management and the specific strategies they use. This study aimed to identify and explore the strategies that CCSs use to manage the consequences of cancer.

Methods

Twenty-four CCSs were recruited via follow-up clinics. Participants completed a semi-structured interview which was audio-recorded and transcribed. Directed content analysis was used to identify self-reported self-management strategies and categorise them into main self-management types.

Results

CCSs reported 118 specific self-management strategies which fell under 20 main self-management strategy types. All CCSs reported using several main self-management strategy types and specific self-management strategies. Main strategy types used by all CCSs were “adopting a healthy lifestyle”, “self-motivating”, “using support”, “reasoned decision-making” and “creating a healthy environment”. The most common specific self-management strategies were “receiving family support” (n = 20) and “attending follow-up and screening appointments” (n = 20).

Conclusions

This is the first study which has enabled CCSs to self-report the numerous strategies they employ to look after their health and well-being, contributing to a more comprehensive picture of self-management in CCSs.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

These findings may increase healthcare professionals’ awareness of the many ways in which CCSs manage their health and is a valuable first step in the development of a supported self-management intervention for CCSs in follow-up care.
Would Nonconsensual Criminal Neurorehabilitation Express a more Degrading Attitude Towards Offenders than Consensual Criminal Neurorehabilitation?
Authors: Varelius Jukka
Published: November 2020

It has been proposed that reoffending could be reduced by manipulating the neural underpinnings of offenders’ criminogenic mental features with what have been called neurocorrectives. The legitimacy of such use of neurotechnology – criminal neurorehabilitation, as the use is called – is usually seen to presuppose valid consent by the offenders subjected to it. According to a central criticism of nonconsensual criminal neurorehabilitation, nonconsensual use of neurocorrectives would express a degrading attitude towards offenders. In this article, I consider this criticism of nonconsensual criminal neurorehabilitation. By using cases of autonomous persons who lead a subservient existence as an example, I propose that nonconsensual criminal neurorehabilitation need not express a more degrading attitude towards offenders than consensual criminal neurorehabilitation. The argument of this article does not show that nonconsensual criminal neurorehabilitation is morally or legally acceptable. Yet, in view of the argument, criticizing nonconsensual criminal neurorehabilitation for expressing a degrading attitude towards offenders is not compatible with simultaneously endorsing consensual criminal neurorehabilitation.
Infinitesimal Hilbertianity of Locally $$\mathrm{CAT}(\kappa )$$-Spaces
Authors: Di Marino Simone , Gigli Nicola , Pasqualetto Enrico , Soultanis Elefterios
Published: November 2020

We show that, given a metric space$$(\mathrm{Y},\textsf {d} )$$(Y,d)of curvature bounded from above in the sense of Alexandrov, and a positive Radon measure$$\mu $$μon$$\mathrm{Y}$$Ygiving finite mass to bounded sets, the resulting metric measure space$$(\mathrm{Y},\textsf {d} ,\mu )$$(Y,d,μ)is infinitesimally Hilbertian, i.e. the Sobolev space$$W^{1,2}(\mathrm{Y},\textsf {d} ,\mu )$$W1,2(Y,d,μ)is a Hilbert space. The result is obtained by constructing an isometric embedding of the ‘abstract and analytical’ space of derivations into the ‘concrete and geometrical’ bundle whose fibre at$$x\in \mathrm{Y}$$x∈Yis the tangent cone atxof$$\mathrm{Y}$$Y. The conclusion then follows from the fact that for every$$x\in \mathrm{Y}$$x∈Ysuch a cone is a$$\mathrm{CAT}(0)$$CAT(0)space and, as such, has a Hilbert-like structure.
Diversity of plant communities with Carex flava agg. in Poland and their relationship with soil properties
Authors: Więcław Helena , Podlasiński Marek
Published: November 2020

TheCarex flavaaggregate belongs to one of the most taxonomically difficult groups of sedges which colonize diverse habitats, from organic to sandy, from acidic to alkaline, usually humid and moist. The study included 129 vegetation plots and ten soil variables (organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, carbonates, carbon, nitrogen, pH, and the ratio between organic carbon and nitrogen). The main aim was to determine the relationships between the various plant communitiesC. flavaagg. occur in and their soil properties. With the aid of the two-way indicator species analysis and cluster analysis, we delimited nine vegetation types from theScheuchzerio palustris-Caricetea fuscae,Littorelletea uniflorae,Molinio-ArrhenathereteaandAlnetea glutinosaeclasses differing in their response to soil properties. The CCA revealed pH, N, K, C, CaCO3, P and Ca to be statistically significant, and to account for 11.55% of the total variance in species composition. The largest differences, both in terms of species composition and in soil conditions, were revealed between communities withC. lepidocarpaandC. demissa.Carex lepidocarpaoccurred in calcareous and extremely rich fens (Caricion davallianae) whereasC. demissawas found to occur in poor and moderately rich fens (Sphagno-Caricion canescentis,Caricion canescenti-nigrae).Carex flavagrew mostly in calcareous, rich fens and wet grasslands (Caricion davallianae,Calthion palustris).Carex viridulawas found in both calcareous, extremely and moderately rich fens and wet grasslands, and in nutrient-poor habitats such as dunes and sandy lake shores. The ecological niche ofC. viridulais very wide and this species showed no affinity to any specific syntaxon.
Experimenter as automaton; experimenter as human: exploring the position of the researcher in scientific research
Authors: Field Sarahanne M. , Derksen Maarten
Published: November 2020

The crisis of confidence in the social sciences has many corollaries which impact our research practices. One of these is a push towards maximal and mechanical objectivity in quantitative research. This stance is reinforced by major journals and academic institutions that subtly yet certainly link objectivity with integrity and rigor. The converse implication of this may be an association between subjectivity and low quality. Subjectivity is one of qualitative methodology’s best assets, however. In qualitative methodology, that subjectivity is often given voice through reflexivity. It is used to better understand our own role within the research process, and is a means through which the researcher may oversee how they influence their research. Given that the actions of researchers have led to the poor reproducibility characterising the crisis of confidence, it is worthwhile to consider whether reflexivity can help improve the validity of research findings in quantitative psychology. In this report, we describe a combination approach of research: the data of a series of interviews helps us elucidate the link between reflexive practice and quality of research, through the eyes of practicing academics. Through our exploration of the position of the researcher in their research, we shed light on how the reflections of the researcher can impact the quality of their research findings, in the context of the current crisis of confidence. The validity of these findings is tempered, however, by limitations to the sample, and we advise caution on the part of our audience in their reading of our conclusions.
Increased Firearm Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hidden Urban Burden
Authors: Abdallah Hatem O. , Zhao Cindy , Kaufman Elinore , Hatchimonji Justin , Swendiman Robert A. , Kaplan Lewis J. , Seamon Mark , Schwab William C. , Pascual Jose L.
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND:

Public health measures were instituted to reduce COVID-19 spread. A decrease in total emergency department volume followed, but the impact on injury is unknown. With lockdown and social distancing potentially increasing domicile discord, we hypothesized that intentional injury increased during COVID-19, driven primarily by an increase in penetrating trauma.

STUDY DESIGN:

A retrospective review of acute adult patient care in an urban Level I trauma center assessed injury patterns. Presenting patient characteristics and diagnoses from 6 weeks pre to 10 weeks post statewide stay-at-home orders (March 16, 2020) were compared, as well as with 2015-2019. Subsets were defined by intentionality (intentional vs nonintentional) and mechanism of injury (blunt vs penetrating). Fisher exact and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare proportions and means.

RESULTS:

There were 357 trauma patients that presented pre stay-at-home order and 480 that presented post stay-at-home order. Pre and post groups demonstrated differences in sex (35.6% vs 27.9% female; p = 0.02), age (47.4 ± 22.1 years vs 42 ± 20.3 years; p = 0.009), and race (1.4% vs 2.3% Asian; 63.3% vs 68.3% Black; 30.5% vs 22.3% White; and 4.8% vs 7.1% other; p = 0.03). Post stay-at-home order mechanism of injury revealed more intentional injury (p = 0.0008). Decreases in nonintentional trauma after adoption of social isolation paralleled declines in daily emergency department visits. Compared with earlier years, 2020 demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of intentional violent injury during the peripandemic months, especially from firearms.

CONCLUSIONS:

Unprecedented social isolation policies to address COVID-19 were associated with increased intentional injury, especially gun violence. Meanwhile, emergency department and nonintentional trauma visits decreased. Pandemic-related public health measures should embrace intentional injury prevention and management strategies.
Statistics Using Stata
Authors: Weinberg Sharon Lawner , Abramowitz Sarah Knapp
Published: November 2020

Building upon the success of the first edition, Statistics Using Stata uses the latest version of Stata to meet the needs of today's students. Engaging and accessible for students from a variety of mathematical backgrounds, this textbook integrates statistical concepts with the Stata (version 16) software package. It aligns Stata commands with examples based on real data, enabling students to understand statistics in a way that reflects statistical practice. Capitalizing on Stata's menu-driven 'point and click' and program syntax interface, the chapters guide students from the comfortable 'point and click' environment to the beginnings of statistical programming. Its coverage of essential topics gives instructors flexibility in curriculum planning and provides students with more advanced material to prepare for future work. Online resources - including solutions to exercises, PowerPoint slides, and Stata syntax (do-files) for each chapter - allow students to review independently and adapt code to analyze new problems.
Beyond the Coal Rush
Authors: Goodman James , Connor Linda , Ghosh Devleena , Kohli Kanchi , Marshall Jonathan Paul , Menon Manju , Mueller Katja , Morton Tom , Pearse Rebecca , Rosewarne Stuart
Published: November 2020

Climate change makes fossil fuels unburnable, yet global coal production has almost doubled over the last 20 years. This book explores how the world can stop mining coal - the most prolific source of greenhouse gas emissions. It documents efforts at halting coal production, focusing specifically on how campaigners are trying to stop coal mining in India, Germany, and Australia. Through in-depth comparative ethnography, it shows how local people are fighting to save their homes, livelihoods, and environments, creating new constituencies and alliances for the transition from fossil fuels. The book relates these struggles to conflicts between global climate policy and the national coal-industrial complex. With coal's meaning transformed from an important asset to a threat, and the coal industry declining, it charts reasons for continuing coal dependence, and how this can be overcome. It will provide a source of inspiration for energy transition for researchers in environment, sustainability, and politics, as well as policymakers.
Latin America Global Insertion, Energy Transition, and Sustainable Development
Authors: Stanley Leonardo E.
Published: November 2020

This Element focuses on Latin American fossil fuel producer countries and how they are dealing with the transition towards a greener energy matrix. The challenges involved are multiple and ethical in substance. In particular, a worldwide expansion in clean energies would reduce climate change, physical risks. A rapid transition, however, induces the irruption of a new (financial) risk. The energy transition, in addition, could be thought of as a new arena for political disputes. Finally, it evaluates the relevance of monetary policy and financial regulation to tackle the issue from a macro perspective. Energy transition, however, have also long-term but uncertain consequences on the national economy. Henceforth, and in order to minimize risks, a long-term, strategic vision of the challenge confronted by the region becomes mandatory. To tackle all these problems, this Element profits from contributions of different disciplines.
Biological Evolution
Authors: Cassidy Mike
Published: November 2020

Biological evolution, the theory of natural selection and of common descent, is a triumph both of human reasoning and scientific undertaking. The biological discipline of evolution contains both a chronicle of human endeavour and the story of life on Earth. This book is concerned with living forms and how they developed from 'simple and unpromising beginnings'. It considers evolution as both process and product. The author, an experienced teacher and educator, employs a historical narrative, used to convey the idea of 'change with modification' and to emphasise the relevance of evolution to contemporary bioscience. Biological evolution has now become part of the scientific orthodoxy and this accessible text will assist undergraduate students in the biological sciences within any ongoing debate.
Obesity population at risk of COVID-19 complications
Authors: Cuschieri Sarah , Grech Stephan
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Global public health is challenged by two concurrent epidemics; COVID-19 and obesity. Considering the global prevalence of obesity, exploring relationships with COVID-19 are of clinical importance. The aim was to provide a comprehensive summary and recommendations on this relationship between COVID-19 and obesity.

Method

A literature search was performed to prepare a narrative review of COVID-19 and obesity.

Results

An obesity state promotes chronic inflammation, vitamin D deficiency, hinders immunity and causes mechanical lung compression. These increase susceptibilities to COVID-19 infection, complications including the requirement of invasive ventilation. Existing co-morbidities enhances these complications. Preventive measures of social distancing and self-isolation may increase stigmatisation and psychological deterrents. Hence, special recommendations targeting this vulnerable population are required.

Conclusion

The obese population is a COVID-19 vulnerable group, requiring special attention during this pandemic to avoid complications and healthcare systems burden. Lacking COVID-19 vaccination, regular physical activity and a healthy diet are recommended with attention to mental health. A prolonged quarantine duration and administration of prophylactic vitamin D may be considered.