bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane IV. Phosphatides and Xanthophylls in the Outer Surface of the Thylakoid Membrane
Authors: Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

Antisera to the phosphatides phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl choline as well as to the xanthophylls violaxanthin and zeaxanthin were obtained by immunization of rabbits.

The phosphatidyl choline antiserum did not give cross reactions with thylakoid membrane glycolipids, nor with phosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl inositol. The antiserum to phosphatidyl inositol also did not react with the glycolipids and phosphatidyl choline. However, a cross reaction with phosphatidyl glycerol was observed. Exhaustion tests revealed, that the phosphatidyl inositol antiserum was fully neutralized with the homologous phosphatide, but not with phosphatidyl glycerol.

Antibodies to the phosphatides phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidyl choline react with stroma- freed, not swellable chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus only in a monovalent manner as demon­strated by means of the anti-y-globuline consumption test. Sonicated and spun down chloroplasts, however, are agglutinated. Also an antiserum to phosphatidyl inositol treated with exhausting quantities of phosphatidyl glycerol agglutinates this ultrasonic sediment. This type of chloroplast preparation binds approximately double the amount of antibodies to phosphatides. Small membrane fragments of the ultrasonic supernatant in which the outer as well as the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane is accessible to antibodies, are not precipitated. They react with phosphatide antisera just like untreated chloroplasts. Chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus and of Nicotiana tabacum, which were isolated in Tris buffer and whose thylakoids are swellable and exhibit high Hill reaction rates, were agglutinated by the phosphatide antisera.

The antisera to violaxanthin and zeaxanthin gave with the described chloroplast preparations the same reactions as the phosphatide antisera. From this it is concluded that antigenic determinants of the phosphatides and xanthophylls are located in the surface of the thylakoid membrane directed towards the outside.

Quantitative investigations on the maximal binding of antibodies showed that 1g stromafreed not swellable chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus bind maximally 0.06 g antibodies to phosphatidyl choline and approximately four times the amount of antibodies to phosphatidyl inositol. Antibodies to the xanthophylls were bound in an amount of 0.04 to 0.09 g. The order of magnitude of these values fits the values of the maximal binding of antibodies to the glycolipids and also to proteins, which participate in photosynthetic electron transport. Onto the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane, accessible to antibodies, 1 g of antibodies can be maximally bound by 1 g chloroplasts.
X-Ray Structure of 2′,3′-O-(2-Carboxyethyl)-ethylideneadenosine A Spacer Extended Ligand for Affinity Resins
Authors: Adamiak D. , Noltemeyer M. , Saenger W.
Published: August 2018

The title compound crystallizes in space group P 4s212 with a-b=9.558 Å, c = 36.649 Å. The structure has been determined by direct methods on the basis of 1624 X-ray counter data and refined by least squares methods to R = 6.7%. The acidic proton resides at the carboxyl group and not at adenine N(1) and the acetal methyl group is exo while the bulkier carboxyethyl group is endo relative to the ribose. The nucleoside occurs in the syn conformation, the conformation about C(4′)-C(5′) is trans, gauche, thus prohibiting an intramolecular O (5′) - H ... N (3) hydrogen bond. The ribose is in a slightly puckered C(3′)-exo envelope conformation, the carboxyethyl group is all-lrans rendering the molecule in an extended form with a distance 11 Å between the carboxyl group and amino group N(6). The acetal methyl group in exo displays a pmr signal at 1.35 ppm and can serve to distinguish the two methyl signals of O-2′,3′-isopropylideneadenosine at 1.38 ppm and at 1.65 ppm.
Differentiation of Rhizobium japonicum, I. Enzymatic Comparison of Nitrogenase Repressed and Derepressed Free Living Cells and of Bacteroids
Authors: Werner D. , Stripf R.
Published: August 2018

Derepressed free living cells of Rhizobium japonicum strain 61-A-101 with leucine as single nitrogen source develop a maximum nitrogenase activity of 180 nmol C2H4 · mg protein -1·h-1 in liquid culture under 2% O2 in the gas phase. Only 10% of this activity is found with no oxygen in the gas phase during a 90 min incubation period. The maximum activity under 2% oxygen in the gas phase is unaffected by addition of 1 -100 mM NH4* and by addition of low concentrations of glutamine (0.36 - 1.44 mᴍ).

Specific activities of alanine dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.1.) aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) and, with much lower activities, of GOGAT (E.C. 1.4.1.13) in nitrogenase active free living cells are more similar to bacteroids than to nitrogenase repressed free living cells from liquid culture. The activities in nitrogenase repressed cells were about 50% lower. Glutamine synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.2.) activity in bacteroids and in nitrogenase active cells were also similar, but only about 25 - 30% of that found in nitrogenase repressed Rhizobium japonicum cells.
Functional Characterization of Four Thylakoid Membrane Polypeptides with Apparent Molecular Weights between 40 000 and 48 000
Authors: Menke Wilhelm , Koenig Friederike , Schmid Georg H. , Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

Four polypeptides which exhibited apparent molecular weights from 40 000 to 48 000 were isolated from the thylakoid membrane. The isolation was achieved by gel filtration of polypeptides, solubilized by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate and, after removal of detergent by anion exchange chromatography in ethanolic solution. The polypeptide of the molecular weight 40000 was iden­tified as the y-component of the coupling factor of photophosphorylation via the effect of its antiserum and by its serological cross reactions. The antiserum not only inhibits photophosphory­lation reactions by 90% but also to the same extent the photoreduction of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate with tetramethyl benzidine as the electron donor, provided ADP, Pi and Mg2+ are present in the assay. The inhibition of electron transport is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the fluorescence yield. The other three antisera inhibit photosystem I reactions. In addition, the antiserum designated 45 000 PSI-1 inhibits phenazine methosulfate-mediated cyclic photophos­phorylation. This antiserum as well as the two other sera do not contain any detectable anti­coupling factor activity. Antiserum 45 000 PSI-4, in contrast to 45 000 PSI-1, does not inhibit cyclic photophosphorylation. Moreover, it is the only one of the four antisera which does not affect the ratio of the fluorescence yields measured at 735 and 685 nm (F 735/F 685) at 77 °K. Hence, the antigen 45 000 PSI-4 probably plays a role on the acceptor side of photosystem I. On the other hand, the antiserum 48 000 PSI-3 seems to exert its effect on the donor side of photosystem I, because it inhibits the photoreduction of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate with low con­centrations of the electron donor dichlorophenol indophenol. The prominent property of this anti­serum is that the photophosphorylation with fcrricyanide as the electron acceptor is stimulated more than two fold. This, however, it not accompanied by an apparent change of the electron flux between water and ferricyanide. The antiserum causes a decrease of fluorescence yield which is probably due to an increased energy spill-over. All antisera exert their activity only after an il­lumination of the chloroplast preparations for several minutes. The dosis-effect curve is hyperbolic for the antiserum 48 000 PSI-3 and is sigmoidal with the other three antisera.
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Fungal Melanins
Authors: Gonzalez-Vila F. J. , Saiz-Jimenez C. , Lentz H. , Lüdemann H.-D.
Published: August 2018

The 13C resonance spectra of fungal melanins from Aspergillu sniger, Eurotium echinolatum , and Stachybotrys chartarum are reported. The spectra were taken in 5% W/W solution of the substances in 0.1 ɴ NaOD in D2O using the Fourier-transform-technique. The spectra and possible as­ signments of the bands are discussed. The similarities of these spectra to those of soil humic acids are unexpectedly small.
4,5′-Dimethylangelicin, a New Very Active Monofunctional Furoeoumarin
Authors: Bordon F. , Baccichetti F. , Carlassare F.
Published: August 2018

4,5′-dimethylangelicin is a new angular furocoumarin that by irradiation at 365 nm shows a very high photo­ reactivity towards DNA in vivo, without forming any cross-linkage; by photosensitization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells a strong inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed.
Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering on Malate Synthase from Baker's Yeast Considerations on the Effects of Bound Ligands
Authors: Zipper Peter , Durchschlag Helmut
Published: August 2018

Binding of the substrates to the anisometric enzyme causes slight changes of some molecular parameters (Zipper and Durchschlag, Eur. J. Biochem., 1978). Estimations based on several plausible assumptions allow a separation of the experimentally observed effects into effects caused by the substrates or by the enzyme in the enzyme-substrate complexes or by binding of buffer molecules. The results show that the observed changes of molecular parameters are primarily due to structural changes in the enzyme molecule. From the changes in the radius of gyration upon substrate binding, the binding sites of the substrates may be localized to be at a radial distance of 5.3 nm from the centre of the enzyme particle. Binding of one or both of the substrates induces different structural changes of the enzyme particle. On formation of the [enzyme·acetyl-CoA], [enzyme·glyoxylate], or [enzyme·pyruvate] complexes, an increase of the short axis by 4.5 + 1% occurs, while the formation of the [enzyme·acetyl-CoA·pyruvate] complex does not change this axis significantly. A t the same time, binding of the substrates leads to a decrease of the long axes of the enzyme particle by 2.0 ± 0.2%, independent on the kind of the complex formed. These changes of the axes correspond to an increase of the axial ratio by 6.7 ± 1% on formation of the [enzyme·acetyl-CoA], [enzyme·glyoxylate], or [enzyme-pyruvate] complexes and by 2.7.% on formation of the [enzyme-acetyl·CoA·pyruvate] complex, i. e. in all cases to a decrease of anisometry of the enzyme particle.
Chloroplast Sedoheptulose 1,7-Bisphosphatase: Evidence for Regulation by the Ferredoxin/Thioredoxin System
Authors: Breazeale Vicki D. , Buchanan Bob B. , Wolosiuk Ricardo A.
Published: August 2018

1. A substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase has been found in chloroplasts and separated from its fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase counterpart. Experiments with antibodies indicate that the two enzymes are structurally different.

2. Activity of the sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase enzyme was dependent on Mg2+ and a reductant. The most effective reductant tested was thioredoxin that was reduced either photochemically via ferredoxin with chloroplasts or chemically with dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol added alone also activated the enzyme, but reduced glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol did not. The thioredoxin-activated enzyme was deactivated by oxidized glutathione.

3. The results suggest that the new substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase depends on light for activity and resembles certain other regulatory enzymes of the reductive pentose phos­phate cycle in its mode of regulation.
The Collapse of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Sommer Joachim R. , Wallace Nancy R. , Hasselbach Wilhelm
Published: August 2018

When various cations, including Ca2+, are in the fixative, both sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of whole skeletal muscle and isolated SR vesicles collapse to form pentalaminate “compound membranes” that result from the apparent fusion of the lumenal lamellae of the membranous envelope of the SR. The process may be reversed by subsequently soaking the tissue in 1 ᴍ NaCl. An identical morphological phenomenon is observed in unfixed quickly frozen isolated frog skeletal muscle fibers, the cation in that case coming from endogenous sources. The hypothesis is advanced that the collapse is an in vivo process mediated by the sequestration of Ca2+ after contraction. The resulting obliteration of the SR lumen would have the effect of displacing the SR contents into the junctional SR, as well as electrically isolating the free SR from the junctional SR during relaxation. As a consequence, resistive coupling between the plasmalemma and the junctional SR becomes a plausible mechanism for the translation of the action potential into Ca2+ release, since the bulk of the SR membrane capacitance would now remain separated from the plasmalemma during relaxation.
Carotinoid-Garnitur und -Stoffwechsel von Arctodiaptomus bacillifer KOEBEL (Crustacea, Copepoda) / Carotenoid Composition and Metabolism of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer KOEBEL (Crustacea, Copepoda)
Authors: Seefried Hans , Czygan Franz-C.
Published: August 2018

Composition and metabolism of carotenoids in Arctodiaptomus bacillifer taken from a mountain lake in the Alps have been studied. This copepode contains esters of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dion) mainly. Besides β-carotene (β,β-carotene) and unesterified zeaxanthin (β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol), esters of hydroxyechinenone (3-hydroxy-β,β-caroten-4-one), adonixanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-caroten-4-one), and zeaxanthin were found. The metabolism of carotenoids in Arctodiaptomus bacillifer and a possible way of astaxanthin biosynthesis have been discussed.
Variation in Chloroplast Lipid Content and its Correlation to Photosynthetic Activities
Authors: Heise K.-P.
Published: August 2018

During illumination infiltrated spinach leaf sections show after a short log a linearly increasing 14C-incorporation into membrane lipids from H14CO3
-.

Isolated intact chloroplasts show this increase only for the neutral lipid fraction (NL). Glyco-and phospholipid accumulation declines in the light.

In chloroplast suspensions the increase in content and also in its 14C-incorporation rate of the NL fraction is accompanied

1. by a proportional decrease of CO2-fixation capacity,

2. by a decrease of the P/2 e-quotient.

From 14C-incorporation kinetics, this increase of neutral lipids in plastid suspensions even after short illumination periods appears to be a consequence of an inhibited glycolipid - and phospho­ lipid synthesis from diglycerides.
Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane III. Proteins in the Outer Surface of the Thylakoid Membrane
Authors: Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

The maximal binding of antibodies to ferredoxin-NADP+ -reductase, cytochrome f, plastocyanin, coupling factor of photophosphorylation, carboxydismutase and to a polypeptide with the apparent molecular weight 24 000 onto stroma-freed chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus was determined. The three proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport bind approximately 0.05 to 0.07 g antibodies per g chloroplasts. The chloroplast preparation itself binds maximally about 1 gantibodies. From an antiserum to carboxydismutase and to a membrane polypeptide with the apparent molecular weight 24 000 approximately double the amount of antibodies namely 0.1 to 0.14 g antibodies per g chloroplasts are bound. Extraction of stroma-freed chloroplasts with 0.02 ᴍ Tris buffer pH 7.8 containing 0.7 mᴍ EDTA caused a threefold increase of the amount of bound anti­ bodies in the case of the membrane protein. 40% of the amount of antibodies which can be maxi­mally bound by this chloroplast preparation is adsorbed out of an antiserum to the coupling factor.

Out of an antiserum which contains equal concentrations of antibodies to ferredoxin-NADP+ -reductase, cytochrome f and plastocyanin the same amount of antibodies is bound as out of an antiserum directed to only one of these components. This shows that the proteins involved in electron transport are located in a very close relationship to each other in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane.
The Reproductive Behaviour of Gynandromorphic Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cook Robert
Published: August 2018

Reproductive behaviour was studied in 192 gynandromorphs with female genitalia and reproductive system, produced by ring-X chromosome loss. Male and female behaviour patterns were frequently found to coexist in the same individuals, and male courtship behaviour, when it occurred, retained its characteristic hierarchical organisation. Sexually receptive individuals were found to be an almost perfect subset of those ovipositing, and the control of both of these behaviours mapped to the head, as did male orientation (courtship). High rates of wing flicking, a response of males to courtship, mapped rather to the thorax, although a quantitative analysis demonstrated that the frequency of flicking behaviour was also influenced by male tissue in the head. In non-ovipositing individuals mature oocytes were retained in the ovary. An egg held in the uterus is not deposited by a fly without female tissue in the head and all but one sexually receptive individuals laid eggs. It is therefore concluded that both of these behaviours depend upon closely related neural circuitry operating the genital musculature under control from the brain.
Notizen: Flavonoids and Related Compounds in Leaves of Pinaceae, III Pinus jeffreyi
Authors: Niemann Gerard J.
Published: August 2018

Nine flavonoids were isolated from leaves of Pinus jef­freyi and identified as kaempferol, the 3-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, laricitrin and syringetin, a 3-glucoside of an A-ring methylated kaempferol derivative, kaempferol-3-(p-coumarylglucoside) and kaempferol-3-(ferulylglucoside). Myricetin-3-rhamnoside was found dur­ing an earlier investigation.
Notizen: Formation of Erythroascorbic Acid and 2,3-Enediol Pentonic Acid from ʟ-Ascorbic Acid by Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Authors: Bast Eckhard , Marx Friedhelm , Pfeilsticker Konrad
Published: August 2018

Phototrophic growth of Chromatium vinosum strain D on pyruvate or malate, and of Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain 6311 on malate or sulfide as sole electron donors was promotedby 5 mᴍ ʟ-ascorbate, while growth of T. roseopersicina on fructose was inhibited. Slow growth was obtained also with ascorbate alone. In ascorbate-containing cultures the medium developed a yellow to red-brown colour which showed an absorption maximum at 310 -320 nm. As colourless products of ʟ-ascorbic acid degradation by the two strains examined erythroascorbic acid and 2,3-enediol pentonic acid were found in cell-free culture filtrates by gas chromatographic analysis of the silylated residues and identified by their mass, IR and UV spectra.
Notizen: Biosynthesis of Stizolobic and Stizolobinic Acids in Amanita pantherina
Authors: Saito Koshi , Komamine Atsushi , Hatanaka Shin-Ichi
Published: August 2018

14C-labelled 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was fed to the fruit bodies of Amanita pantherina. About 0.02% of radioactivity was incorporated into stizolobic and stizolobinic acids after 24 hours of the incubation. Radioactive stizolobic acid was crystallized after the addition of the authentic unlabelled material and the specific radioactivity was shown to be constant after repeated recrystallization.

These results indicate that DOPA is metabolically active as a precursor of stizolobic and stizolobinic acids in A. pantherina, as in Stizolobiu mhassjoo.
Notizen: Kurzzeitwirkung von Adenosin-3′: 5′-monophosphorsäure (c-AMP) auf das Streckenwachstum von Mais-Koleoptilzylindern / Short Time Effect of Adenosine -3′: 5′ monophosphoric Acid (c-AMP) on Corn (Zea mays) Coleoptile Growth
Authors: Janistyn B.
Published: August 2018

c-AMP(10−4 ᴍ) has a stimulating effect on the growth of corn coleoptiles similar to that of IAA(10-5 ᴍ) .

However this effect of c-AMP is more rapid and ceases after ca. 3 hours. In the presence of the phosphodiesteraseinhibitor theophylline the stimulating effect of c-AMP lasts for 3,5 hours only, and after this period, the coleoptiles shrink and diminish in length.
Vergleich der Deuterium-und Kohlenstoff-13-Gehalte in Fermentations-und Syntheseethanol/Comparison of the Deuterium and Carbon-13 Contents of Ethanol Obtained by Fermentation and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Rauschenbach Peter , Simon Helmut , Stichler Willibald , Moser Heribert
Published: August 2018

The ratios of deuterium to hydrogen and carbon-13 to carbon-12 expressed as δ D ‰ and d 13C ‰ , respectively, were determined in ten synthetical ethanols of different origin and compared with those of 28 samples of ethanol which were prepared from plant material grown in different places and at different times. The δ D values of the synthetic ethanols are between - 117‰ and - 140‰ and those for ethanol obtained by fermentation between - 200‰ and - 272‰. Using glucose samples of different origins with δ D values between - 3‰ and - 76‰ and water of a δ D value of - 77‰ led to ethanol with drastically diminished deuterium contents ranging from δ D values of -211 to -247‰. The differences of the δ 13C values between ethanols obtained by fermentation of C3 and C4-plant carbohydrates are greater than those between synthetic ethanols and the ethanols obtained from the starch of C3-plants.
Bombykal, a Sex Pheromone of the Sphinx Moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Starratt Alvin N. , Dahm Karl H. , Allen Norman , Hildebrand John G. , Payne Thomas L. , Roller Herbert
Published: August 2018

The first sex pheromone of a Sphinx moth has been isolated from Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) with the aid of an electroantennogram assay. It is attractive to males in a field test where its activity might be augmented by a second component in female extracts. Chemical tests and chromatographic properties identify the pheromone as a C16-aldehyde with a pair of conjugated double bonds. (E , Z)-0,12-hexadecadienal, (“bombykal”) was identical with the natural product. The comparison includes chromatography on three different capillary columns and determination of specific activities in the electroantennogram test.
Versuche zur Anreicherung und Solubilisierung des muscarinischen Acetylcholinreceptors aus dem Nucleus caudatus vom Rind/Attempts to Enrich and to Solubilize the Muscarinic Acetylcholinereceptor from Bovine Caudate nucleus
Authors: Rueß Klaus-Peter , Liefländer Manfred , Herzog K. H.
Published: August 2018

Neuronal membranes of postsynaptic origin twofold enriched in acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor and (Na+/K+)-ATP-Phosphohydrolase, proteins associated with cholinergic nerve excitability, were prepared with yields between 60 and 75% from bovine caudate nucleus.

On subfractionation of these membranes an additional twofold enrichment of the mentioned proteins is achieved in different subfractions. SDS-gradient gel electrophoresis shows that these subfractions have slightly different polypeptide compositions.

Neuronal membranes of presynaptic origin on the other hand, prepared from purified synapto-somes, possess only small amounts of the mentioned proteins, showing no enrichment with respect to the homogenate.

Solubilization of acetylcholinesterase with 1 ᴍ NaCl as well as of muscarinic acetylcholinreceptor with 2 ᴍ NaCl does not succeed. These proteins are therefore not solely bound by ionic forces to the isolated membranes from bovine caudate nucleus.
In vitro Action of Gastric Mucosal Lysosomal Enzymes on Intracellular Gastric Glycoproteins
Authors: Fouad Fouad M. , Waldron-Edward D.
Published: August 2018

The results show that incubation of gastric mucosal cells from rat at pH ~4.5 or in the presence of aspirin is associated with a specific increase in the activity of some acid-hydrolases. Intracellular glycoproteins, isolated by non-degradative techniques from rat or dog fundic mucosal cells, were found to be potential bio-substrates for these acid-hydrolyses. This may suggest that cleavage of the carbohydrate moieties of the intracellular and mucosal cell wall glycoproteins is a fundamental step in the development of gastric ulceration. A model for gastric lesions is proposed and discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Veränderungen der Pigment-und Prenylchinongehalte in Chloroplasten von Gerstenkeimlingen nach Applikation des Wuchsstoffherbizids MCPA (4-Chlor-2-methylphenoxyessigsäure)/Changes of the Amounts of Pigments and Prenylquinones in Chloroplasts of Hordeum vulgare — Seedlings Treated with the Growth Regulating Herbicide MCPA (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic Acid)
Authors: Kleudgen H. K.
Published: August 2018

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) was applied (1, 10, 100 μᴍ/ 1) via the roots to 4 day old etiolated barley seedlings, which were subjected to continuous white light at the same time. The prenyllipids of chloroplasts (chlorophylls, carotenoids, prenylquinones) were determined 7 and 10 days after sowing.

Chlorophyll accumulation was reduced by up to 40% compared to the control depending on the herbicide concentration. The formation of carotenoids was inhibited to a lower degree, the ratio xanthophylls/carotenes being increased. There were decreasing ratios of chlorophyll a/benzoquinones and a higher inhibition of the oxidized benzoquinones plastoquinone-9 and α-tocoquinone compared to the reduced forms plastohydroquinone-9 and α-tocopherol.

Very similar changes had been observed in earlier works on barley seedlings undergoing an artificial degeneration of their chloroplasts in the dark. It is suggested that MCPA induces a state of senescence in the prenyllipid metabolism of the photosynthetic apparatus, which is cor­ related with respect to structure, to a reduction of the pigment antennae.
Moderne Landwirtschaft und Herbizide/ Modern Agriculture and Herbicides
Authors: Köhler Edmund
Published: August 2018

Weeds and their control were mentioned already in the Bible. For hundreds of years weed control was performed by hand, with tools and machines. Since more than thirty years “Chem­istry” has been helping out to a steadily increasing degree. More than 100 different active sub­stances are available for this purpose today.

The use of herbicides has grown at this tremendous rate because many of the people formerly employed in “Farming” discovered that other sectors of the economy offered better opportunities for earning an income with shorter hours and more pleasant working conditions; so they gradually left agriculture. In view of the lade of any other solution farmers had to use chemistry to substitute for the absence of sufficient manpower.

A reversal of this development is hardly to be expected in spite of the growing popularity of the environmentalists’ slogan “Bade to Nature”. For one thing, the rationalization that was more or less forced on agriculture finally helped the farmer approach the high standard of living enjoyed by the rest of society.

Agriculture without chemical| weed control would only become plausible if the people working in agriculture were again willing to accept longer workdays and greater discomfort (dust, dirt, wet and cold) and to agree voluntarily to waive a portion of their potential income. The resultant unit production costs in that case would mean that the consumer would have to also be willing to spend more for food and thus cut back the share spent on other items related to a high quality of living, such as leisure time, holidays and cultural activities.

As the realization of these preconditions sharply contradicts the progressive nature of man and the trends of history, herbicides will maintain their position in agriculture. However, we are all called upon to integrate the use of chemical weed control agents with other cultural practices available in an economically and biologically responsible manner. Successful basic research must remain the foundation of social progress, and this in turn must create the financial prerequisites for flourishing basic research.
Interpretation of Plant Growth Responses to Chemicals
Authors: Wurzer Bruno
Published: August 2018

While searching for chemical compounds with herbicidal or growth regulating activities the researcher gladly notices if intact plants respond to the treatments at all. By means of colour slides, which unfortunately could not be printed here, changes in plant growth and leaf colour induced by chemicals were demonstrated as they usually occur in an industrial screening operation. The range of symptoms shown in the presentation included simple lethal necrosis, “bleaching”, increased generation of anthocyans, deterioration of the plant tissue, control of axillary buds, the prevention of resprouting, stunting of the shoots, and epinasties. Chemical compounds synthesised in the BASF laboratories and commercial products were applied.
Effect of Biocides on the Development of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Radish Seedlings Grown under Strong and Weak Light Conditions
Authors: Lichtenthaler H. K.
Published: August 2018

The influence of two biocides (bentazone, triadimefon) on the growth-response of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated with special emphasis on the development of sun or shade-type chloroplasts.

1. The fungicid e triadimefon causes strong-light growth-response and the formation of sun-type chloroplasts as seen from the changed chlorophyll a/b ratio and the carotenoid and prenyl-quinone com position.

2. The photosystem II herbicide bentazone, in turn, induces a shade-type adaption. It prevents the strong-light induced formation of sun-type chloroplasts, but has little influence on the chloroplast com position in weak light.
The Effect of PS II Herbicides, Amitrol and SAN 6706 on the Activity of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase and the Incorporation of [2-14C]Acetate and [2-3H]Mevalonate into Chloroplast Pigments of Radish Seedlings
Authors: Grumbach K. H. , Bach T. J.
Published: August 2018

The influence of photosystem II herbicides (DCMU, bentazone) and herbicides that block chloroplast-pigment formation (amitrol, SA N 6706) on the incorporation of [14C] acetate and [3H ]- mevalonate in chlorophylls and carotenoids was studied in radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L .).

1. Though the pigment content in SAN 6706-treated plants is very low, they exhibit the highest specific incorporation rate as compared to controls and to the other herbicide-treated plants. This high metabolic activity coincides with a high specific activity of HMG-CoA-reductase in the plastidic and cytoplasmic fraction.

2. [2-3H] mevalonic acid was incorporated in chlorophylls and carotenoids of controls and all herbicide-treated plants.

3. [2-14C] acetate was only incorporated in β-carotene and lycopene, but not in α-carotene or xanthophylls. From this it is concluded that β-carotene is synthesized by two different biosynthetic pathways.

4. The incorporation of [14C ]acetate in DCMU- and bentazone-treated plants proceeded at a much lower rate (chlorophyll a) - or not at all (chlorophyll b) - than in controls of plants treated with amitrol or SAN 6706.
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship of Diphenylamines as Inhibitors of Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation
Authors: Oettmeier Walter
Published: August 2018

A number of 16 substituted diphenylamines have been tested for their inhibitory activity on photosynthetic NADP reduction and photophosphorylation. The most active compounds exhibited pI50 values of 6.0 in photosynthetic electron transport and 6.8 in cyclic photophosphorylation, respectively. The inhibition site in electron flow of the diphenylamines is located between the two photosystems. Necessary for high activity is the substitution of the phenyl moieties by several strongly electron withdrawing substituents. A quantitative structure activity relationship according to a parabolic Hansch approach could be accomplished by using the Hammett electronic parameter as the only variable.
Biological Systems to Assay Herbicidal Bleaching
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Kunert Karl-Josef , Böger Peter
Published: August 2018

Two strains of Scenedesmus acutus were found useful to study the influence of bleaching agents on either the greening process or the fully pigmented algal cell during growth. Both physiological conditions exhibit high sensitivity to bleaching herbicides. With this new assay, contrasting bleach­ing effects with the same compound can be found allowing differentiation of the herbicidal action of bleaching agents which apparently is a multifunctional one. Furthermore, the I50 can be determined rather rapidly in a simple graphical method by a Dixon plot. A subsequent application of bleaching herbicides to cultures of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus rules out a possible specific action of the compounds assayed on chlorophyll or photosynthetic redox carriers. This latter assay can show whether or not the herbicides synthesis as is the case with difunon or SAN 9789.
PYRIDAZINONES, Their Influence on the Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and the Metabolism of Lipids in Plants (Survey of Literature)
Authors: Eder F. A.
Published: August 2018

The pyridazinone herbicides influence to several degrees, the Hill reaction, the pigment formation, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and the chloroplast ribosomes. Which is the primary effect is not yet known.
Influence of Aminotriazol on the Biosynthesis of Chlorophyll and Phytol
Authors: Rüdiger Wolf hart , Benz Jürgen
Published: August 2018

Treatment of wheat caryops with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol followed by dark germination leads to phytol deficiency (based on the chlorophyll content) during the subsequent greening process in the light. The analysis of the pigment fraction reveales the presence of chlorophyll esterified with geranylgeraniol and dihydrogeranylgeraniol in agreement with earlier results [5].

Chlorophyll esterified with geranylgeraniol is shown in vivo and in vitro to be the precursor of phytylated chlorophyll. Aminotriazol presumably inhibits the hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol to phytol in the pigment.
The Role of Light and Oxygen in the Action of the Photosynthetic Inhibitor Herbicide Monuron
Authors: Pallett Kenneth E. , Dodge Alan D.
Published: August 2018

Monuron treatment of detached flax cotyledons caused a rapid inhibition of CO2 fixation in darkness and light. Chlorophyll breakdown was promoted by increased light intensity. Ethane generation, an indicator of membrane damage, increased as the chlorophyll level decreased. The carotene pigments were destroyed more rapidly than the xanthophylls and chlorophylls. Treatment of cotyledons with monuron in the absence of oxygen almost prevented carotenoid and chlorophyll loss. The addition of the singlet oxygen quencher DABCO delayed chlorophyll breakdown.

The results are discussed in relation to a role for singlet oxygen in the herbicidal action of monuron.
Selektive Wirkungen von Lindan (γ-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorcyclohexan) auf Photosynthese, Aminosäure — Membrantransport und Proteinsynthese bei Anacystis nidulans / Selective Effects of Lindane (γ-1,2,3,4,5,6 Hexachlorocyclohexane) on Photosynthesis, Membrane Transport of Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis in Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Simonis Wilhelm , Lee-Kaden Johanna
Published: August 2018

Effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide Lindane on membrane transport of two neutrale amino acids in the Cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans (Synechococcus AN) were measured. In white light the ʟ-Leucine incorporation into the protein fraction was inhibited, increasing with time. After 30 minutes the degree of inhibition was the same as the effect of DCMU (5×10-6m) on ʟ-Leucine incorporation. 14CO2-Rxation was also reduced at this time. At 717 nm, which en­ables PSI activity allone, no inhibition was observed. The light energy dependent membrane transport itself of ʟ-leucine in presence of CAM and of the non-metabolisable α-AIB in white light and in monochromatic light of 630 nm and of 717 nm were not influenced by Lindane. The different sites of Lindane action are discussed. It is assumed that in 30 minutes chiefly photo­synthesis (PS II and CO2-fixation) is affected by Lindane, resulting in a suppression of protein synthesis caused by a depletion of intermediates of CO2-fixation.
Action of Lindane on the Current-Voltage Relationship in the Plasma Membrane of Elodea under Passive Conditions
Authors: Schefczik Kurt , Simonis Wilhelm
Published: August 2018

Side effects of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide Lindane on the plasma membrane of the submerged macrophytic fresh-water plant Elodea densa were studied. Single glass microelectrodes were inserted into single cells and membrane potential, membrane resistance and electrode resistance were recorded using a new designed electrophysiological monitoring system (“ELM 2”). The current-voltage relationship in the plasma membrane of Elodea cells under passive conditions is nearly linear for relaxing current pulses up to 10-8 amperes. Lindane treatment, produced first (3.5 hours) a strong nonlinearity in current-voltage relationship with increased membrane resistance for inward current flow, and later (24.5 hours) an increased membrane resistance both for inward and outward current flow. It is discussed that the earlier reported lowering of the potassium selectivity in the plasma membrane of Elodea after Lindane treatment will be the reason for the alterations of current-voltage relationship.
Structure of Cerebrosides. II. Small Angle X-Ray Diffraction Study of Cerasine
Authors: Hosemann R. , Loboda-Čačković J. , Čačković H. , Fernandez-Bermúdez S. , Baltá-Calleja F. J.
Published: August 2018

Cerasine having a molecular weight of 800 differs chemically from phrenosine only in the hydroxyl group attached to the fatty acid tail which is replaced by a hydrogen atom. Nevertheless, remarkable differences between both cerebrosides are detected in the lamellae periodicities. In the range of 23 - 66 °C just one single (instead of two) structure with a similar subcell to the triclinic one component of phrenosine is detected. Between 66 and 87 °C three new components (instead of one in phrenosine) appear. Two of the structures are similar to the two phrenosine-components at low temperature and the tilt angles of their chains with respect to the basal planes can explain the stabilizing capacity of the 201 and 301 netplanes of the paraffin-like subcells respectively. These lattice planes are parallely aligned to the surfaces of the lamellae. The long period of 58 Å of component II cannot be explained in such a wav. This period persits upto 105 °C and coexists from 87 °C with a new component showing a 40 Å-periodicity, which cannot either be explained in the above manner. Paracrystalline distortions of the arrangement of the bilayers can be justified by orientational disorder of the galactose heads.
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis in Chloroplasts from Plant Cells by Virginiamycin
Authors: Cocito C. , Tiboni O. , Vanlinden F. , Ciferri O.
Published: August 2018

The light-driven incorporation of amino acids by isolated spinach chloroplasts is inhibited by the M component (VM) and not by the S component (VS) of virginiamycin. This inhibitory effect is partially reversible. In chloroplast extracts, poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine formation is strongly inhibited by VM and not by VS. The in vivo synergistic effect of VM and VS observed in bacteria and algae, does not occur in isolated chloroplasts and chloroplast extracts.
Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane. V. Distribution of Proteins and Lipids in the Thylakoid Membrane
Authors: Radunz Alfons
Published: August 2018

Binding of antibodies to proteins and lipids onto fragments of the thylakoid membrane was stu­died and compared with the binding of antibodies by stroma-freed chloroplasts. The membrane fragments were prepared from stroma-free chloroplasts by ultrasonication and fractional centrifugation. The fragments have an average diameter of 200 A. Their thickness corresponds to that of the thylakoid membrane. The membrane fragments adsorb out of an antiserum to lipids approximately the same amount of antibodies as out of an antiserum to proteins. In comparison to this, stroma-free chloroplasts bind 4 times more antibodies to proteins than to lipids. From this it follows that the major part of the lipids is located in the membrane surface which is directed towards the inside or is located inside the membrane. As the chemical analysis has shown these results are not caused by an altered chemical composition of the membrane fragments.

Despite the fact that membrane proteins bind considerably less protein antibodies than stroma-free chloroplasts, the antibody binding in membrane fragment might be considerably increased for certain proteins such as a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight 24000 and cytochrome f. Antibodies to the major components of the lipid mixture, such as to monogalactosyl diglyceride, trigalactosyl diglyceride, sulfoquinovosyl diglyceride and phosphatidyl glycerol are 3 to 4 times more bound by membrane fragments than by stroma-free chloroplasts. From these results it is concluded that the thylakoid membrane surface directed towards the inside is preponderently composed of lipids whereas the surface directed towards the outside consists only by 10 to 15% of lipids.
Incomplete Glyoxysomes Appearing at a Late Stage of Maturation of Cucumber Seeds
Authors: Koller Wolfram , Frevert Jürgen , Kindi Helmut
Published: August 2018

Seeds of cucumber fruits at a late stage of ripening were analyzed for microbodies and micro­body components. On isopycnic density gradient centrifugation of homogenates in the presence of EDTA, several particulate fractions were obtained: a light membraneous fraction (density d = 1.09-1.11 kg × 1-1), a mitochondria-enriched fraction (d = 1.21 kg × 1-1), a microbody-enriched fraction (d = 1.23 kg × 1-1), and a protein body fraction (d= 1.26 - 1.29 kg × 1-1). Microbo­dies were revealed by exactly coinciding peaks of malate synthase, catalase and crotonase; small proportions of citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase were also present in this zone. Isocitrate lyase activity, however, did not occur in the seeds at this stage. The examination of enzyme activi­ties indicated the presence of microbodies which cannot function as competent glyoxysomes be­cause of the lack of isocitrate lyase. Moreover, de novo synthesis from [3H] leucine could be de­monstrated for malate synthase by means of immunoprecipitation of newly synthesized malate synthase and subsequent electrophoretic analysis.
Precocene II is no Anti-Juvenile Hormone in the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Rembold Heinz , Czoppelt Christian , Sharma Gireesh K.
Published: August 2018

The effect of precocene II on development of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, was studied in vitro. One- to two-day-old worker larvae (body weight 0.5 - 1.0 mg) were removed from the colonies, reared on royal jelly-yeast extract, and after 24 h were topically applied with different amounts (5 - 75 μg/larva) of precocene II. Toxicity was observed only with precocene doses of 50 μg/larva and more. The larval weight-gains declined with the increase of doses. The acetone-treated control had better survival and weight-gain as compared to the no-treatment control. The larval and pu­pal periods in the treated larvae remained unchanged as compared to the controls. The possibility of precocene acting as an antifeedant is discussed.
Der Ablauf komplizierter Photoreaktionen in zähen Medien / The Evolution of Complicated Photoreactions in Viscous Media
Authors: Mauser Heinz
Published: August 2018

The calculation of the photochemical yield of simple reactions in viscous media was discussed earlier in a rather formal way.

In this paper the basic equation will be derived in a more convenient way and the numeric results of an application to photoisomerization are given. The main purpose is to demonstrate the possibility to handle even complicated reactions.
Formation of Platinum Blues by Pyrimidine Nucleotides
Authors: Goodgame David M. L. , Jeeves Ian
Published: August 2018

The formation is reported of platinum blues by 5′-CMP and by 5′-UMP.
On the Action of Diethyldithiocarbamate as Inhibitor of Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: Lengfelder Edmund
Published: August 2018

The rate constants of the reactions between pulse radiolytically produced superoxide radicals and the Cu(II) chelate of diethyldithiocarbamate were determined at pH 7.0. It was found that diethyldithiocarbamate forms a copper complex, which has no dismutating activity. The removal of the protein bound copper in superoxide dismutase by diethyldithiocarbamate yields the same effect as coordination of the copper in the enzyme.
Zur Berechnung des Stoffumsatzes bei Photoreaktionen / Calculation of Yields for Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Mauser Heinz
Published: August 2018

An alternative method for the integration of the differential equations in photokinetics is derived, having some advantages compared to another one previously published by the author. Furtherto this approach gives the chance to handle the problems of photoreactions caused by polychromatic irradiation.
Photoactive ATP Dependent Glutamine Synthetase from Chloroplasts of Setaria italica Beauv
Authors: Venkataramana S. , Das V. S. R.
Published: August 2018

Light and ATP dependent glutamine synthetase (E. C. 6.3.1.2) activity was predominantly located in the mesophyll chloroplasts of Setaria italica Beauv., a C4 plant. ATP served the kinetic requirement while ADP exerted inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity. Sucrose stimulated the enzyme activity both in the light and in the dark. The inhibitors of both the cyclic and noncyclic photophosphorylation have suppressed the enzyme activity which suggested the specific requirement for ATP.
Aufnahme, Verteilung, Umwandlung und Ausscheidung von Dieldrin in nicht-menschlichen Primaten und anderen Labortieren / Absorption, Body Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Dieldrin in Non-Human Primates and Other Laboratory Animals
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Nohynek Gerhard , Korte Friedhelm , Coulston Frederic
Published: August 2018

Using 14C-labelled dieldrin, the resorption, body distribution, and rate of excretion as well as the metabolism was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. The experiments with mice, rats, rabbits, Rhesus monkeys, and chimpanzees were performed under identical conditions to obtain reliably comparable results.
Improved Synthesis and Rapid Isolation of Millimole Quantities of Adenylylsulfate
Authors: Cooper Bryan P. , Trüper Hans G.
Published: August 2018

An improved enzymatic method for the synthesis of adenylylsulfate (APS) from adenosine 5′-phosphate using APS-reductase from Thiobacillus denitrificans is described. Isolation of millimole quantitities of this sulfur nucleotide is achieved rapidly by means of ion exchange chromatography on a strongly basic ion exchange resin. A facile and reproducible desalting procedure is described.
Cyanide Insensitive Iron Superoxide Dismutase in Euglena gracilis Comparison of the Reliabilities of Different Test Systems for Superoxide Dismutases
Authors: Lengfelder E. , Elstner E. F.
Published: August 2018

Two proteins (P1 and P2 , with mol weights of 57,500 and 27,500, respectively) were isolated from Euglena gracilis. Both proteins show cyanide-insensitive superoxide dismutase activity in the “classical” superoxide dismutase assay, using xanthine-xanthine oxidase as O2·− generator. If O2·− is generated chemically (autoxidation of reduced anthraquinone), photochemically (illuminated riboflavine) or pulse radiolytically, only protein P1 but not P2 shows SOD activity. Protein P1 contains 1 g atom (determined: 0.82) iron (no Mn or Cu) per mole protein and may thus be defined as iron-superoxide dismutase. Protein P2 , showing the spectral properties of a flavoprotein, exhibits the activities of ferredoxin-NADP-oxidoreductase and “diaphorase”. The cyanide-insensitive SOD-activity of this “diaphorase” in the xanthine oxidase-assay for superoxide dismutase makes this classical and commonly used test unreliable for assaying cyanide insensitive SOD activities. The existence of the “prokaryote-type” of superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) in Euglena gracilis is exceptional for an eukaryotic, autotrophically grown organisms.