bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER BAGI ANAK USIA SEKOLAH DASAR MELALUI SEMIOTIK GERAK TARI BESKALAN
Authors: Nita Cicilia Ika Rahayu , Rahayu Sri
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research detailed as follows: describe the optimization of the formation of character values in school age children through dance Beskalan semiotic in Malang derby dance studio, dance semiotic determine the influence that proxy Beskalan into Dimension Icon, Index and Dimensions symbol of the establishment character values in school age children Dancing in Malang, knowing the dimensions of the most influential on the formation of character values in school age children in the dance studio in the city of Malang. Test the hypothesis that the function t test is used to determine the effect of partially between the independent variable (x) with variable (y). To determine the effect of simultaneously between the dependent variable with the independent variable F. Both trials used the t test and F test used 5% significance level. Researchers used a serial computer with SPSS 18 for windows to perform hypothesis testing. Keywords: character, semiotik, dance, beskalan, value.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini dirinci sebagai berikut: menggambarkan optimalisasi pembentukan nilai-nilai karakter pada anak-anak usia sekolah melalui semiotik tari Beskalan di studio tari derby Malang, menari semiotik menentukan pengaruh bahwa proxy Beskalan ke Dimensi Icon, Index dan Dimensi simbol nilai karakter berdirinya pada anak-anak usia sekolah Dancing di Malang, mengetahui dimensi yang paling berpengaruh pada pembentukan nilai-nilai karakter pada anak-anak usia sekolah di studio tari di kota Malang. Ujilah hipotesis bahwa uji fungsi t digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh secara parsial antara variabel independen (x) dengan variabel (y). Untuk mengetahui pengaruh secara simultan antara variabel dependen dengan variabel independen F. Kedua uji coba menggunakan uji t dan uji F digunakan tingkat signifikansi 5%. Peneliti menggunakan komputer serial dengan SPSS 18 for windows untuk melakukan pengujian hipotesis.
PENGGUNAAN KARTU KUARTET UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KEBERAGAMAN SENI TRADISI NUSANTARA PADA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: - Karsono , Sujana Yudianto , Daryanto Joko , Yustinus Ngadino
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this research is to improve the quality of the learning process subjects Culture Art and Skills in elementary school, especially in understanding of the diversity of Indonesian traditional art. This research was conducted in two stages. First, to develop a media card quartet, and second stage is implementation of the themed quartet card into the learning process in the classroom. Research methods use classroom action research approach because the quartet card media was subsequently used in the learning process in the classroom to improve understanding. Source of data collected by conducting interviews, tests, observations, and documentation. The analysis of the data using Miles and Hubberman’s interactive model, includes the step of data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results showed that the use of card-themed quartet can enhance students' understanding of elementary school SDN 01 Jatisawit and SDN Dilem in the diversity of Indonesian traditional art material. Keywords: instructional media, cards quartet, the diversity of traditional arts.

Penelitian ini hendak memperbaiki kualitas proses pembelajaran mata pelajaran Seni Budaya dan Keterampilan (SBK) di sekolah dasar (SD) dalam aspek pemahaman peserta didik akan materi pembelajaran keragaman seni tradisi nusantara. Secara garis besar penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahapan. Tahapan pertama melakukan pengembangan media kartu kuartet, dan tahapan kedua yaitu tahap implementasi kartu kuartet bertema budaya nusantara tersebut ke dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan penelitian tindakan kelas karena media kartu kuartet yang dibuat selanjutnya digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas untuk meningkatkan pemahaman materi keragaman seni tradisi. Sumber data dikumpulkan dengan melakukan wawancara, tes, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Sedangkan analisis data menggunakan model analisis interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman meliputi tahap reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian
memperlihatkan bahwa penggunaan kartu kuartet bertema seni tardisi nusantara dapat meningkatkan pemahaman siswa sekolah dasar SDN 01 Jatisawit dan SDN Dilem, dalam materi keberagaman seni tradisi nusantara.
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER UNTUK SISWA SD DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM
Authors: Aeni Ani Nur
Published: August 2016

Character education in elementary school is an attempt to build character Elementary Students. Character education can be called as akhlak (moral) education, which aims to establish akhlak karimah. The foundation of character education in Islam is the Quran and Hadith. The process of character education to elementary school students should be tailored to the stage of development and the formation of character at this age, in elementary operations can use the model Tadzkirah (Teladan=Exemplary, Arahkan=Aim, Dorongan=Encouragement, Zakiyah=purify, Kontinuitas=Continuity, Ingatkan=Remind,
repitition, Organize, Heart). Keywords: character education, akhlak (moral), tadzkirah.

Pendidikan karakter di SD merupakan sebuah upaya untuk membangun karakter Siswa SD. Pendidikan Karakter dapat disebut sebagai pendidikan Akhlak, yang bertujuan untuk membentuk akhlak karimah. Landasan pendidikan karakter dalam Islam adalah al-Quran dan Hadits. Proses pendidikan karakter kepada siswa SD harus disesuaikan dengan tahap perkembangan dan pembentukan karakter pada usia ini, dalam operasionalnya di SD dapat menggunakan model TADZKIRAH (Teladan, Arahkan, Dorongan, Zakiyah, Kontinuitas, Ingatkan, Repitition, Organisasikan, Heart).
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA GAYANGHETUM (GAMBAR WAYANG HEWAN DAN TUMBUHAN) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK TERINTEGRASI KELAS IV SD
Authors: Oktavianti Rizki , Wiyanto Agus
Published: August 2016

Lack of concentration learned in grade IV Elementary School N 01 Tegorejo due to the learning process is still given over monotonous so easily bored students in learning activities, and the lack of use of the environment as a medium of learning were encountered in the learning process. An environment where learning can simultaneously be used as a study material which has many benefits. Management and efficient utilization of the environment can produce a product that teaching has a high educational level. Based on these problems GAYANGHETUM media can be used as an alternative to learning. This type of research is the Research and Development is the development of instructional media. Media GAYANGHETUM is the development of an effective puppet media for use in learning. Analysis of test media expert GAYANGHETUM feasibility level by 90%, feasibility of matter 88.33%, and 91.48% was obtained from a questionnaire students who agree GAYANGHETUM media used in the study.

Kurangnya konsentrasi belajar pada siswa kelas IV SD N 01 Tegorejo disebabkan proses pembelajaran yang diberikan selama ini masih bersifat monoton sehingga siswa mudah merasa jenuh dalam melakukan kegiatan pembelajaran, serta kurangnya pemanfaatan lingkungan sebagai media pembelajaran merupakan hal yang dijumpai dalam proses pembelajaran. Lingkungan merupakan tempat belajar sekaligus dapat dijadikan suatu bahan belajar yang memiliki banyak manfaat. Pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan lingkungan dengan efisien dapat menghasilkan suatu produk pengajaran yang memiliki tingkat edukasi yang tinggi. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut media GAYANGHETUM dapat
dijadikan sebagai alternatif dalam pembelajaran. Jenis penelitan ini adalah Research and Development berupa pengembangan media pembelajaran. Media GAYANGHETUM merupakan pengembangan dari media wayang yang efektif untuk digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Analisis uji ahli tingkat kelayakan media GAYANGHETUM sebesar 90%, kelayakan materi 88,33%, serta 91,48% diperoleh dari angket siswa yang menyatakan setuju media GAYANGHETUM digunakan dalam pembelajaran.
LITERASI KIMIA MAHASISWA PGSD DAN GURU IPA SEKOLAH DASAR PADA TEMA UDARA
Authors: Sujana Atep
Published: August 2016

This study aims to determine the chemical literacy of primary school teachers and students on the theme PGSD air. The method used is descriptive method, the research subjects totaling 61 people, 41 people came from PGSD students and 20 people from elementary school teachers. The instrument used is a matter of chemistry literacy tests are 40 multiple -choice questions that include reason or other information to strengthen the answers given, questionnaires, and interviews. Data processing techniques performed included determination of the limits of chemical literacy achievement, scoring each question,
changing the score values, grouping study subjects based on the values obtained, and the analysis and conclusions. From the research data showed that only 26 people (63.41 %) students who have achieved literacy PGSD chemistry, whereas only 10 elementary school teachers (50 %) who had reached chemical literacy. Literacy chemical that has not reached most of the research subject primarily determine the chemical formula of constituent gases of air and to write the equation.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui literasi kimia guru SD dan mahasiswa PGSD pada tema udara. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif, dengan subyek penelitian berjumlah 61 orang, 41 orang berasal dari mahasiswa PGSD serta 20 orang dari guru SD. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal tes literasi kimia berjumlah 40 soal berbentuk pilihan berganda yang dilengkapi alasan atau keterangan lainnya untuk memperkuat jawaban yang diberikan, angket, serta wawancara. Teknik pengolahan data yang dilakukan meliputi penentuan batas ketercapaian literasi kimia, pemberian skor
setiap soal, pengubahan skor menjadi nilai, pengelompokkan subyek penelitian  berdasarkan nilai yang diperoleh, serta analisis dan kesimpulan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa hanya 26 orang (63,41%) mahasiswa PGSD yang telah mencapai literasi kimia, sedangkan guru SD hanya 10 orang (50%) yang sudah mencapai literasi kimia. Literasi kimia yang belum tercapai kebanyakan subyek penelitian terutama menentukan rumus kimia gas penyusun udara serta menuliskan persamaan reaksi.
International standardization of clinical stabilometry (Minutes of the meeting of posturologists, Paris 07.10.2015)
Authors: Gagey Pierre-Marie
Published: August 2016

Stabilometry, like any technology, generates its own language that must be enslaved to the requirement of the psychology of scientificdiscovery: the communication between minds. We know of no other way of this enslavement than normalization. Normalization thathas proved impossible apart from its specification by a research prospect, for example, trying to treat functional disorders of the uprightpostural control system. This research, which, oddly enough, for the time being, only Latin therapists are interested in.
UM CAMINHO PERCORRIDO
Authors: Zannoni Claudio
Published: August 2016

UM CAMINHO PERCORRIDO
Microballoons: An Advance Avenue for Gastroretentive Drug Delivery System- A Review
Authors: Ritesh Kumar  , Surbhi Kamboj  , Amrish Chandra  , Pawan Kumar Gautam  , Vijay Kumar Sharma
Published: August 2016

The purpose of writing this review on microballoons is to accumulate the recent literature with a special focus on the novel technological advancements in floating drug delivery system to achieve gastric retention. Microballoons (Hollow microsphere) promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. Microballoons drug-delivery systems are based on non-effervescent system containing empty particles of spherical shape without core ideally having a size less than 200 micrometer. Microballoons drug delivery systems have shown to be of better significance in controlling release rate for drugs having site specific absorption. The floating microballoons showed gastroretentive controlled release delivery with efficient means of enhancing the bioavailability and promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. Optimized hollow microspheres will find the central place in novel drug delivery, particularly in safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery promises to be a potential approach for gastric retention. They are gastroretentive drug-delivery systems, which provide controlled release properties. The advantages, limitation, methods of preparation of hollow microsphere, applications, polymers used in hollow microspheres, characterizations of microballoons and formulation aspects with various evaluation techniques and marketed products are covered in detail.
Ulcer Healing Mechanism of Ethanolic Extract of Talinium triangulare in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi  , Abiola Moshood Folawiyo  , Temitope Adeola Salami
Published: August 2016

Talinium triangulare have been proven to offer promising antiulcer properties which could validate its’folkoric use for the treatment of gastric ulcer in various part of Nigeria. This study investigates the role of methanolic extract of Talinium triangulare (METT) in gastric ulcer healing and the possible mechanisms involved. Twenty-eight male wistar rats (160-180gm, n=7) were grouped into; A-control, B-ulcerated untreated, C-ulcerated treated with Omeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.) and D-ulcerated treated with METT (100 mg/kg b.w.). Gastric ulcer was induced by injecting 0.2 MLs of 40% acetic acid into the glandular part of the stomach for 45 seconds after which it was withdrawn, and the stomach surface cleaned with normal saline.  Stomach samples were collected by day 14 post ulceration and assessed for ulcer score; a section of it was fixed for histological evaluation and immunohistochemical (Avidin-Biotin Immunoperoxidase method) analysis. Stomach tissue homogenates were used for enzymatic activities. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance method. There was a significant reduction in the ulcer area of the METT treated group compared with other ulcerated treated and untreated groups. Malondialdehyde concentration of the gastric tissue homogenate was significantly lower in METT treated group compared to other groups. The METT treated group significantly increased the level of superoxide dismutase and catalase compared to other test groups. Histological study showed that only METT treated rats produces predominantly normal mucosa, METT treated rats also expressed CD31 (a marker of angiogenesis) and EGFR (a marker of proliferation) more than the other rats, while the expressions of Ki67 (proliferation) and p53 (Apoptosis) by METT group were not different from other groups. Methanolic extracts of Talinum triangulare accelerated the healing of gastric ulcers in rats probably through reduced oxidative stress, increased cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
Study on Solar Power Charging by Flyback Converter
Authors: Huang Guo-Shing , Wu Shing-Lih , Ding Pei-Siou
Published: August 2016

In this paper, a method of charging lead acid battery with solar power by flyback converter is proposed. The basic system consists of a buffer circuit, auxiliary power circuit, control circuit, voltage feedback circuit and current feedback circuit. The system is capable of monitoring battery voltage and the current, charging the coupling inductor and automatic control of output duty cycle, overcharging and over-discharging protection. The experiment proves that the charging efficiency is improved by about 83% at full load.
Reservoir Simulation of Hydrogen Sulfide Production During a Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage Process by Use of a New Sulfur-Based Compositional Kinetic Model
Authors: Ayache Simon V. , Lamoureux-Var Violaine , Michel Pauline , Preux Christophe
Published: August 2016

Steam injection is commonly used as a thermal enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) method because of its efficiency for recovering hydrocarbons, especially from heavy-oil and bitumen reservoirs. Reservoir models simulating this process describe the thermal effect of the steam injection, but generally neglect the chemical reactions induced by the steam injection and occurring in the reservoir. In particular, these reactions can lead to the generation and production of the highly toxic and corrosive acid gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

The overall objective of this paper is to quantitatively describe the chemical aquathermolysis reactions that occur in oil-sands reservoirs undergoing steam injections and to provide oil companies with a numerical model for reservoir simulators to forecast the H2S-production risks.

For that purpose, a new sulfur-based compositional kinetic model has been developed to reproduce the aquathermolysis reactions in the context of reservoir modeling. It is derived from results gathered on an Athabasca oil sand from previous laboratory aquathermolysis experiments. In particular, the proposed reactions model accounts for the formation of H2S issued from sulfur-rich heavy oils or bitumen, and predicts the modification of the resulting oil saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) composition vs. time.

One strength of this model is that it is easily calibrated against laboratory-scale experiments conducted on an oil-sand sample. Another strength is that its calibration is performed while respecting the constraints imposed by the experimental data and the theoretical principles. In addition, in this study no calibration was needed at reservoir scale against field-production data.

In the paper, the model is first validated with laboratory-scale simulations. The thermokinetic modeling is then coupled with a 2D reservoir simulation of a generic steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process applied on a generic Athabasca oil-sand reservoir. This formulation allows investigating the H2S generation at reservoir scale and quantifying its production. The H2S- to bitumen-production ratio against time computed by the reservoir simulation is found to be consistent with production data from SAGD operations in Athabasca, endorsing the proposed methodology.
Conical Diamond Element Technology Delivers Step Change in Directional Drilling Performance
Authors: Radhakrishnan Venkataramanan , Chuttani Anil , Anggrani Fauzia , Nan Huang , Onkvisit Poy Sirikanya
Published: August 2016

The Sin Pu Horm Field is challenging in terms of formation and well location. Past experiences from offset wells in the field and nearby fields showed that drilling has been challenging due to several issues, including hole instability, severe lost circulation zones in shallow depths, steering difficulties, shock, vibration, bit and BHA damage caused by hard, dense, and abrasive formation in the deeper interval. The best strategy to optimize drilling performance and minimize drilling risk is to drill this interval with minimal steering requirements and move all directional requirements to the deeper interval. With this strategy, the main challenge now is to achieve the directional requirement through the hard, dense, and abrasive sandstones. The service company proposed drilling the section with a new-technology bit that utilizes conical diamond elements (CDEs) on the bit blade with a 7:8-lobe 5.0-stage motor. The objectives were completing the build section through the hard, dense, and compact sandstone and enabling smoother toolface control to complete the directional work. The rock strength of the formation ranges from 18,000 to 36,000 psi.

The PDC bit has CDEs with an ultrathick synthetic diamond layer that gives extra durability for drilling at higher ROP. The bit can withstand more weight on bit compared with conventional PDC bits of the same size, resulting in more mechanical energy to fail the formation more efficiently. The CDEs protect the PDC bit and makes it more stable, resulting in better toolface control.

The 8½-in directional section was successfully built from 10° to 49° with excellent toolface control and an average ROP of 3.5 m/h. The strategically placed CDEs on the bit blades in conjunction with conventional PDC cutters not only increased the point loading but also enabled smoother torque control, leading to smoother toolface control. None of the offset wells achieved the feet of drilling directional profile through this interval. The bit achieved the directional objectives and came out in good dull condition. By putting the directional requirement in the deeper section, the operator finished its well in 80 days, compared with an average of 100 days required by offset wells.

The operator accepted that the bits with CDEs are not only more durable but enable drilling directional profiles better than conventional PDC bits. The operator changed the drilling strategy to put all directional work in the 8½-in section. This strategy will increase drilling efficiency and lower the drilling risk of having directional work in the 12¼-in section that poses a challenge to formation stability. The next well is planned with the same bit with CDEs to minimize the number of runs.
Formulating Water-Based Muds for High Temperature Wellbores Using Potassium Formate Brine and Synthetic Polymers: A Design of Experiment Approach
Authors: Ofei Titus Ntow , Al Bendary Rami Mohamed
Published: August 2016

The use of water-based mud (WBM) in drilling applications under extreme reservoir temperatures has been increasing rapidly in the drilling industry over the past few years. It is now more crucial than ever to close the technological gap that present challenges towards developing an environmentally friendly and cost effective high performance WBMs. Synthetic polymers such as sodium salt of sulfonated acrylamide and vinyl lactam (DD) and sodium salt of sulfonated acrylamide, acrylic amide, sodium acrylate and vinyl lactam (DT) are commonly used as primary viscosifiers and fluid loss agents in WBM systems for HPHT fluids. Potassium formate brine (KCHO2) is usually used to stabilize the drilling fluid's performance under HPHT conditions as it helps in decreasing the flocculation of rheological properties of WBM under extreme temperature including the degradation of their rheolo s. It is known that WBMs experience many challenges when exposed to extreme temperatures gical properties over a long period of time. This study aims to developing a water-based drilling mud that is stable at elevated temperatures up to 300°F, while maintaining sufficient inhibitive and good rheological performances. Various drilling mud additives such as synthetic polymers (DD and DT), KCHO2 and other fluid loss additives were investigated in the formulation of the stable WBM. A total of sixteen (16) drilling fluid samples with different concentrations of synthetic DD (1 ppb to 4 ppb), DT (1 ppb to 4 ppb), and KCHO2 (0 wt.% to 10 wt.%) were formulated using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE), prepared and tested before and after dynamic aging. The experimental results obtained showed that the following drilling mud formulations had their rheological property (PV/YP) values stabilised even after dynamic aging at 300°F: (a) 3.2 wt.% KCHO2, 3 ppb DD, and 4 ppb DT, (b) 6.7 wt.% KCHO2, 2 - 4 ppb DD, and 2 - 4 ppb DT, and (c) 10.0 wt.% KCHO2, 1 - 4 ppb DD, and 1 - 4 ppb DT. This study provides an optimisation guide for the formulation of stable synthetic polymers and potassium formate brine WBMs at elevated temperatures up to 300°F, thus, saving time and cost by eliminating various laboratory tests.
Managing BHA Integrity with BHA Design Based on Bending Moment and Stress Analysis
Authors: Harmer Richard , Suryadi Hendrik , Tao Yu , Qian Wang , Mohd. Ridzuan Abd Mokhti
Published: August 2016

As a general trend the complexity of drilling operations and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs) is increasing. It has become common to rotary drill directional wells with higher dogleg severity (DLS), more aggressive parameters are being used to improve drilling performance, and hole-opening while drilling tools are being used more frequently. The implication of these trends is an increased risk of BHA and drillstring failures due to higher component stresses accelerating fatigue rates. On other hand, with increasing sensitivity to rig spread cost and operations efficiency, there is an increased focus on reducing operational nonproductive time (NPT). Drillstring failures can cause significant NPT as the drilling operation needs to stop and time must be spent fishing to recover a failed BHA component downhole or, potentially, the well must be abandoned and the hole sidetracked to continue drilling. Therefore, addressing fatigue failure concerns at the BHA design stage is critical; mitigating the risk of BHA and drillstring failures is less costly than recovering from drillstring and BHA failure while drilling. Proper design can also increase the service life of the BHA components.

Conventionally, an assessment of the BHA component fatigue failure risk has not been a standard automated part of the BHA design process during the well design stage, but rather mitigated via the inspection of tubulars as per industry standards. A new automated workflow for modeling BHA static loads has been developed and used to deliver a more comprehensive solution for BHA design. The workflow is implemented within a well design software application that enables a drilling engineer to efficiently evaluate the effect of different borehole curvature magnitudes at a range of wellbore inclinations, to understand the risk associated with the plan and deviation from the plan in the execution phase. The modeling results help a drilling engineer to ensure that from the planning stage the BHA components bending moment and bending stress levels remain below the recommended thresholds at the execution and provide theoretically infinite component life. Using this information a drilling engineer can optimize the BHA or other parameters to reduce the risk, and formulate a better plan & contingency.

This modeling approach has been evaluated through several case studies which demonstrate how it can help to optimize BHA design and minimize or avoid fatigue failures. The case studies presented in this paper are some examples of downhole BHA component failures that could have been avoided through early planning phase identification of the risk.
Integrity Assessment and Countermeasures of Wells through Reactivated Faults in a Uganda Oilfield
Authors: Li Jinxiang , Yin Fei , Gao Deli , Yang Zhi , Xiang Ming , Huang Chuanchao
Published: August 2016

Fault reactivation is an unfavorable incident during petroleum well drilling and production because the reactivated fault imperils the well integrity potentially. Coring and rock mechanics experiments are performed to obtain the rock properties of the fault in a Uganda oilfield. The three-dimensional finite element model of directional wells passing through reactivated faults is established. The mechanical behaviors of wells under various scenarios are analyzed by numerical simulation. The influence rules of slip displacement of fault, well inclination angle, wall thickness of casing, steel grade of casing and property of cement sheath on mechanical state of wells through faults are revealed. Research results indicate that decreasing the intersection angle between directional well and fault plane and employing cement sheath with low elastic modulus can enhance well integrity effectively. The research achievements provide the integrity assessment method and mitigation measures for the directional wells through reactivated faults.
Investigating the Benefits of Rotating Liner Cementing and Impact Factors
Authors: Song Quek Khang , Wang Hao , Dong Weicun , Bradshaw Roger , Cui Wei , Njoku Johnson
Published: August 2016

Effective primary cementing in the wellbore is critical to achieve positive wellbore isolation for the life of the well. This paper discusses an expandable liner hanger (ELH) system, which provides liner rotation during the liner deployment and the cementing operation while also providing a hydraulically energized liner-top seal on setting.

The wells in this case study were drilled and 7″ liners installed using an expandable liner hanger system. This paper demonstrates the cementing result of the cemented liners in 30 wells during a 2 ½-year period. The wells consisted of two types of liner installations: liner jobs in which rotation was planned and achieved and liner jobs in which rotation was not planned due to equipment limitations (cementing results prompted a change to a high torque rotating liner system). The study evaluates the quality of cement bond with the effects of liner rotation, standoff, displacement rate, openhole inclination, openhole exposure time, and dogleg severity (DLS).

In hostile well environments, the cementing of liners has always presented a challenge to conventional cementing liner operations. Well designs are inherently more complex because the targets are deeper, and the downhole conditions are uncertain. Highly deviated and extended reach well configurations require much more planning when developing the drilling and completion design. An ELH system has been developed to address the challenges in the conventional cementing liner operation, which can increase the probability of achieving overall operational success. The result of this study shows that rotating the liner during the cementing operation achieved better cement quality.

The case histories of the wells using the expandable liner system verify the key consideration factors presented in this paper, which helps to improve the quality of liner cementing bond.
Taking the Heat: Logging While Drilling at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Parker Timothy , Cooper Paul
Published: August 2016

As hydrocarbon reserves become scarcer, exploration and development efforts are increasing in locations where the downhole environment is hostile. This paper introduces a new measurement and logging while drilling (MLWD) system capable of operating at up to 200°C (392°F).

In some areas of the world, operators are developing fields in which the great depth of the reservoir results in extremely high pressure. In other areas, the primary concern is the extremely high reservoir temperature. Such environments present challenges when running tools containing any type of electronics. These electronics must be protected from pressure and be either protected from heat or designed to tolerate high temperatures.

High-temperature (HT) wireline logging tools have existed for many years. These tools mostly use flasking technology to insulate the electronics from high reservoir temperatures. The short duration of most wireline runs makes flasking a practical solution, but MLWD tools operate in the well for too long for this technology to remain effective. Instead, the electronics must be designed to operate at high temperatures without insulation. This requirement has previously limited the range of temperatures in which operators use measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. The new system contains electronics designed to operate at up to 200°C. It has undergone extensive field testing and has demonstrated its reliability over long periods of sustained high temperatures. The system comprises a base-services collar, providing real-time measurements of well trajectory, borehole pressure, drillstring dynamics, and natural formation gamma ray emissions. It also includes a set of additional collars, providing resistivity, density, and neutron-porosity measurements in zones where these have traditionally been unavailable.

The new system has been used in multiple regions in multiple HT wells, delivering significant time and cost savings to operators. It has allowed the wells to be drilled more quickly as a result of the reduced need for temperature mitigation and has further reduced costs by eliminating or reducing the need for dedicated wireline logging runs.
Innovative Low-ECD Organo-Clay-Free Invert Emulsion Fluid OCF-IEF System Helped Operations Hit Target
Authors: Mahrous Ramy , Barkmann Tobias , Elshout Nathan , Savignat Jean-Michel , Lababidi Sami , Rijnen Peter
Published: August 2016

A narrow hydraulic window was the main challenge for a Dutch operator drilling various slimhole wellbores into the Carboniferous-aged Rotleigend reservoir formation in the North Sea, offshore Holland. The targets were reached by first drilling through the Zechstein salt, Silverpit, and Lower Slochteren formations. This paper discusses the application of a high performance organo-clay-free invert-emulsion fluid (OCF-IEF) with low equivalent circulating density (ECD) characteristics to help drill well targets through depleted formations.

The objective, referred to as ZeRoOne, was to drill the Zechstein and Rotliegend formations in one section. The decision to drill ZeRoOne was based on a risk and value assessment for extending field life and maximizing production in the maturing asset. A primary factor in the basis of design was selection of a fluid system capable of delivering low ECD margins, thus mitigating risks involved in drilling a 1200 m (3,937 ft) long section through the overburden and into the reservoir. Design mud weight was set at 1.62 SG with an expected fracture gradient (FG) of 1.86 SG (15.49 lbm/gal). Though a relatively wide margin, there was a marked downside risk—it is difficult to quantify a lower fracture gradient in overburden-reservoir transition zone because of depletion.

The OCF-IEF system delivered ECDs well within the critical mud-weight window, minimizing risks through the 6-in. section. ECDs ranged from 1.70 to 1.72 SG (14.20 to 14.33 lbm/gal), resulting in a 0.14 SG (1.2 lbm/gal) margin below FG.

The operator was able to successfully drill the well and penetrate the depleted reservoir, overcoming the challenge through Lower Slochteren formation. In contrast, offset wells in the same field development, drilled with conventional invert-emulsion fluids, showed much higher ECD values ranging from 1.79 to 1.84 SG (14.91 to 15.33 lbm/gal), with a margin of only 0.2 SG below FG; some of these wells did not reach target total depth (TD) because of the restrictive (minimal) drilling margin.

The successful trial application of the OCF-IEF while drilling the ZeRoOne objective allows more challenging, longer stepouts, directional, and extended-reach drilling (ERD) wells to be drilled as part of the ongoing extended-life field development. The technical objectives of the well would not have been achieved without the use of this system.
Dynamic Valuation Methodology for Fatigue Failure of Drill String
Authors: Di Qinfeng , Wang Mingjie , Zhang He , Wang Wenchang , Qin Guangxu
Published: August 2016

Fatigue is one of the reasons for drill string failure. Based on the static stress characteristics, fatigue ratio was usually used to assess the risk of drill string fatigue failure, but it only takes the static stress into account. In this paper, by taking into consideration of the dynamic characteristics including stress and its change frequency, fatigue frequency ratio is proposed to reflect the risk of dynamic fatigue failure for drill string under actual drilling conditions. Through the dynamic calculation of drill string based on actual wellbore trajectory, the dynamic stress characteristics and fatigue frequency ratio are obtained. The results show that fatigue frequency ratio not only reflects the potential impact of well path's features, drill string structure and bit weight on the fatigue failure, but also reflects the effect of the dynamic stress and its frequency variation on the fatigue failure. By analysing Well X whose drill string suffered leakage badly, it proves that the fatigue frequency ratio method can effectively predict the position and risk of fatigue failure in the drill string.
Case History: Development of Expandable Liner Hanger for use in New Heavy Wall Casing Design in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Carrillo Luis A. , Gomez Juan C. , Rivera Alberto R. , Figueroa Yovanny , Torres Paulo C. , Clute-Melancon D. De
Published: August 2016

Casing design for oil and gas wells continues to evolve to adapt to increasing challenges. The casing program of most wells represents a significant portion of the total well cost, between approximately 15 and 35%. This paper discusses how expandable liner hanger (ELH) technology continues to evolve to meet the needs of an operator with a new thick walled casing design in fields with H2S and CO2. Circumstances are described wherein thick wall casing design was necessary (greater collapse pressure and room for production safety valves). Details are presented describing why the ELH was selected, challenges encountered, development of a new liner hanger to fit the smaller thick-walled casing inside diameter (ID), and how the liner hanger running tool was modified to work inside a smaller casing. Prejob analysis that was performed to help reduce risks while running in hole (RIH) is discussed. Also highlighted are improved procedures, torque and drag simulations, surge and swab simulation, and critical well review exercises.

The operator chose a well design using 10 3/4 in. casing for a larger inside diameter (ID) installation of an arrangement using double electric submersible pumping (DESP). Casing weight of 79.2 ppf was selected to support the pressure load during well production. The ELH system complemented the new heavy wall casing design during construction and installation because of the many benefits it provided, such as high torque, washing and reaming, and multiple setting contingencies. Suitable expandable material was selected for the H2S and CO2 well environment. Two ELHs were used to run into 10 3/4 and 13 5/8 in. casing, 7 5/8- and 10 3/4-in. in liner through a sidetrack with deviation of more than 75° at the bottom, overcoming entrapment issues during the operation, and reaching total depth (TD). The cementing operation was executed successfully and the ELH expanded, leading to a successful operation with zero health, safety, and environment (HSE) or service quality issues. This paper discusses the latest ongoing developments in ELH technology applied using a new casing size and weight during the construction of oil and gas wells with sour service requirements.
Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center Provide Support for Challenging Drilling Operations in the South China Sea
Authors: Tang Hu Yong , Gang Wei , Rommetveit Rolv , Chusov Alexey , Helgeland Stig , Namork Lars
Published: August 2016

An Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center has been established in Tianjin in China. This center has been set up with simulation systems for the whole life cycle of well construction; from planning to training to operation / Real Time and to Post-analysis.

A comprehensive integrated downhole and topside training simulator enables training the crews on a true representation of the real well to be drilled. This behaves like a "Drilling Flight Simulator", and expected problems downhole can be trained on.

Furthermore, the center incorporates an advanced planning system with dynamic models for drilling, cementing, displacements and other well related hydraulics as well as multi-phase flows during well control. Also a state-of-the-art drill string and torque & drag model is included.

A Real-Time simulation and decision support module provides support during drilling. The drilling simulation is driven by real time data from the ongoing operation itself, and includes a 3D visualization of the downhole drilling in a "virtual well". Automatic look-ahead simulations of ECD and temperatures was performed with the calibrated models on the fly as support for decisions.

A unique feature of the Simulation Applications is that the modelling basis and simulation models are the same for planning, for training, for Real Time and for Post-analysis. These are advanced transient state-of-the-art models which have been verified versus numerous well types (HPHT, DW, MPD etc).

In preparation, an advanced training session was performed using a dynamic downhole training simulator linked to a topside rig simulator, for training of the drilling teams. Prior to operation data transfer was established so that during the operation simulations was performed in real time using the ongoing operational parameters as input.

This paper will first present the Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center, then elaborate on the use of this in the planning phase, the training phase and the operational phase in well cases in the South China Sea. Experiences from this will be presented, and learnings for future operations will be discussed.

Applications of unique technologies contributed to safer and more cost-effective drilling.
Innovative Approach in Sidetracking Wells in Kuwait Brown Field Development Reduces Drilling Hazards and Improves Well Productivity
Authors: Alkhaldy Meshal , Alsaadi Dhari , Al-Shuaibi Nawaf , Al-Omani Shaikhah , Moustafa Shady , Mobasher Mohamed , Elsherif Ahmed , Dalali Hamad Al , Saleh Rashad , Keot Chandan Jyoti , Nair Prakash
Published: August 2016

Mature field necessitates drilling high angle and horizontal wells in order to improve wells productivity, reduce water coning and tapping multiple reservoirs. The operating company has endeavored to convert many of the Vertical wells in its mature fields into High angle and Horizontal wells by Side Tracking, primarily to reduce well cost and overcome restrictions in obtaining clear surface locations.

Shale instability related problems were experienced in many Side Track wells in the buildup section. The whole deviation used to be ranging from 62 degrees on the top to 70 degrees on the bottom. The old wells used to be completed traditionally with a DLS of 5 – 5.5 leading to stuck pipe, hole collapse, multiple wiper trips, casing short landing etc.

The operating company after extensive techno-economic evaluation has implemented a new and novel drilling technique to allow side tracking from an existing well, with inclination in the hole as low as possible, and land the well successfully with high dogleg severity. The new approach managed to reduce the deviation against the problematic formation to 50 degrees with a high dog leg severity up to 12 degrees / 100 feet.

A high Build rate Rotary Steerable tool was used to reduce the measured depth and in some cases reduced inclination when drilling through unstable shale layers overlying the target formation. The High Build Rate tool also reduces the Vertical section thereby landing the well closer to its original hole reducing uncertainties in Landing. The Rotary Steerable was preferred due to its inherent advantage of continuous rotation that reduces differential sticking and enhances hole cleaning.

Deep Kick Off increases deliverability of the depleted producer well by enabling placement of ESP Pumps at a deeper depth and overcome deferent formation with defiant pressure which improve mud weight management and overcome the stuck pipe problems in the shale zone by cutting through this shale with a low Inclination. It also enabled shorter measured depth, closer successfully landing and reduced open hole exposure time.

Finally, the cost saving in this project can be summarized in reducing the buildup section by 45% which can be translated into a saving of more than 70 K USD per well.
Acethylcholinesterase Inhibition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Diaryl Oxalates
Authors: Kantar Gunay K. , Baltas Nimet , Beris Fatih S. , Şasşmaz Selami
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The main study was to synthesize the diaryl oxalates containing
pharmacophore groups like eugenol and guaiacol moieties, investigate antioxidant,
antibacterial and acethylcholinesterase inhibitory properties and compare with
each other.

Method:

The compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties by
employing three in vitro assays like CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity
(CUPRAC) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay,
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) assay and they exhibited
very promising results. Also, The compounds were evaluated for their antiacetylcholinesterase
activity (anti-AChE) and anti-microbial effects against Bacillus
subtilis ATCC 6633, S. pyogenes ATCC 19615, Y. pseudotuberculosis ATCC 911, E. cloaceae ATCC
25923, and E. coli ATCC 25922.

Results:

The compounds were found to possess good antioxidant (TEAC values:7.834-9.353 mM
TEAC/mg compound) and inhibitiory activity against AChE (IC50=11.95±0.27 for compound 2). Antimicrobial
activity results show that compound 1 has the same antimicrobial effect on the bacteria in
this study and is more effective than compound 2.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that these compounds have not only good antioxidant and antimicrobial
activity, but is also a powerful AChE inhibitors.
Screening of Potential Plant Compounds as Survivin Inhibitors and its Anti-Cancer Efficacy by Molecular Docking
Authors: Amanulla Safreen S.D. , Veerakumar Sneeha , Ramanathan Kumaresan
Published: August 2016

Background:

Survivin, smallest Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) mediates
apoptosis pathway and cell cycle is tumor specific and therapeutic target for
cancer research. Breast cancer is a dreadful disease with greater mortality rate, commonly
in women globally.

Aim:

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of indigenous Plant drugs
by in-silico determination of antagonist for Survivin protein that was up regulated in
breast cancer.

Materials and Methods:

The 3D structure of Survivin protein was retrieved from
PDB (Protein Data Bank). Plant compounds were retrieved from NPACT (Naturally
occurring Plant based Anti-Cancerous Target) database and converted into 3D- PDB format using Open
babel software. Based on the active sites we have screened the essential plant compound as an effective
binder against modelled protein using iGEMDock 2.1.

Results and conclusion:

The lead compound of plant as well as plant protein molecule would be scaled
out on the basis of binding efficiency. Remangilones A showed greater interaction effect with Total energy
(-121.465kcal mol-1). However, further in-vivo investigation is essential for the confirmation of
drug efficacy and bio-compatibility.
Immediate Dental Implant Placements Using Osteotome Technique: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Al-Almaie Saad
Published: August 2016

This clinical case describes the effect of the osteotome technique on the osseointegration of a mandibular dental implant in a 42-year-old female patient with dento-alveolar bony defects and to review the literature regarding immediate implant placement using osteotome technique. The amount of bone expansion at the alveolar ridge and the marginal bone resorption from the time of implant placement to one year after the implant’s functional loading were recorded clinically. The esthetic outcome for the restored implant (the gingival margin) was achieved one years after the implant’s functional loading. The surgical and prosthetic sites for the implant showed no postoperative complications, and no infection or wound dehiscence was recorded during the follow-up period. The osteotome technique is good for the purpose for which it was introduced, and its advantages with immediate implant placement include reduced surgical trauma and a shorter treatment time.