bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-stage thermophilic aerobic digestion may increase organic matter removal from wastewater sludge without decreasing biogas production
Authors: Hafner Sasha D. , Madsen Johan T. , Pedersen Johanna M. , Rennuit Charlotte
Published: November 2017

Combining aerobic and anaerobic digestion in a two-stage system can improve the degradation of wastewater sludge over the use of either technology alone. But use of aerobic digestion as a pre-treatment before anaerobic digestion generally reduces methane production due to loss of substrate through oxidation. An inter-stage configuration may avoid this reduction in methane production. Here, we evaluated the use of thermophilic aerobic digestion (TAD) as an inter-stage treatment for wastewater sludge using laboratory-scale semi-continuous reactors. A single anaerobic digester was compared to an inter-stage system, where a thermophilic aerobic digester (55 °C) was used between two mesophilic anaerobic digesters (37 °C). Both systems had retention times of approximately 30 days, and the comparison was based on measurements made over 97 days. Results showed that the inter-stage system provided better sludge destruction (52% volatile solids (VS) removal vs. 40% for the single-stage system, 44% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal vs. 34%) without a decrease in total biogas production (methane yield per g VS added was 0.22–0.24 L g−1 for both systems).
Design Reliability Analysis of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel Members with Lipped Channel Sections Considering Distortional Buckling
Authors: Xingyou Yao
Published: November 2017

Introduction:

Based on the experimental results of cold-formed thin-walled steel lipped channel sections, the uncertainty of calculating mode of load-carrying capacity using effective width method considering distortional buckling for different material types cold-formed steel compressed members was researched, and the uncertainties of material strength and geometric characteristics of the typical sections were statistically analyzed.

Methods:

According to the recommended resistance of partial coefficient in the draft of Technical code of cold-formed steel structures (GB50018-), the reliability indexes of cold-formed thin-walled steel lipped channel sections under compression were investigated using the improved first-order second-moment method considering different possible external loading combinations.

Results:

The analyzed results show that, using the recommended resistance partial coefficient in the code draft, the reliability indexes of the compressed members with width-thickness ratio within the limitation of code draft can well met the target reliability index. The suitability of the corresponding calculating modes of load-carrying capacity considering distortional buckling was established.
The Growth of Balinese Cows Which Getting Basic Ration of Spear Grass and Angsana Leaf Supplemented with Silk Tree Leaf
Authors: Sio Stefanus , Sikone Hilarius Yosep , Usboko Charles Asar
Published: November 2017

The study had been conducted to find out the growth of Balinese cows which getting basic ration of spear grass (Heteropogoncontortus) and Angsana leaf that had been supplemented with Silk tree leaf (Paraserianthes falcataria L.). The study was using complete randomized block design with 4 ration treatments and 3 times repetition. Each repetition was using three Balinese cows. The weight of cows being used were in the range of: 83-181 kg. Basic ration being given was arranged based on the percentage of dry ingredients namely: 80% of spear grass + 20% of Angsana leaf (A), 80% of spear grass + 20% of Angsana leaf + 10% of silk tree leaf (B), 80% of spear grass + 20% of Angsana leaf + 15% of silk tree leaf (C), and  80% of spear grass + 20% of Angsana leaf + 20% of silk tree leaf (D), The variables being measured were: dry ingredients consumption, nutrients consumption, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio. The result of study showed that with administration of 20% of silk tree leaf in basic ration was significantly improving (P< 0.05) the consumption of dry ingredients and nutrient, and daily weight gain. The result of study concluded that with administration of silk tree leaf in basic ration of spear grass and Angsana leaf increased the growth of Balinese ox.
Discovery learning with hierarchy concept to improve analysis ability and study achievement hydrolysis subject
Authors: Yuliatun Leny , Masykuri Mohammad , Utami Budi
Published: November 2017

The aim of this research is to applied Discovery Learning (DL) by the support of hierarchy concept to improve analysis ability and chemistry study achievement in the Hydrolysis subject at eleventh-grade students of Science 1 of SMA N Karangpandan at the academic year of 2016/2017. This research is using Classroom Action Research which using two cycles. In each cycle has four steps of action, they are planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The research subject is the eleventh-grade students of science one which consists of 40 students. The data source is using teacher and students and the data were taken by interviewing, observing, documenting, testing, and using questionnaire. Data analysis technique is using descriptive qualitative analysis. Based on the research shows that the achievement of analysis cycle I am from 52,5% increase into 65% in the cycle II. Meanwhile, the rise in students’ achievement in cognitive aspect increase from 57,5% in cycle I to 75% in cycle II. Achievement in an affective aspect in cycle I am 90% become 92,5% in cycle II. Therefore, there is the increase meant of students number in this aspect although in cycle I all of the indicator has been reached.
Pengembangan alat peraga kit optik serbaguna (AP-KOS) untuk meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains
Authors: Oktafiani Putri , Subali Bambang , Edie Sukiswo Supeni
Published: November 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan Alat Peraga Kit Optik Serbaguna yang dapat meningkatkan Keterampilan Proses Sains siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian eksperimen, dengan subjek penelitiannya adalah siswa kelas VIII H SMP N 1 Semarang. Instrumen yang digunakan meliputi tes, angket, dan lembar observasi. Data yang di analisis berupa hasil penerapan dalam pembelajaran dan angket respon siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat peraga yang dikembangkan dapat meningkatkan KPS siswa dengan nilai gain mencapai 0,85 yang (kriteria tinggi). Peningkatan KPS tertinggi terjadi pada indikator mengamati sedangkan terendah pada indikator menyusun hipotesis. Hasil belajar siswa yang menggunakan Alat Peraga Kit Optik Serbaguna menunjukkan adanya penigkatan yang signifikan, hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai gain mencapai 0,78 (kriteria tinggi). Hasil angket respon terhadap Alat Peraga Kit Optik Serbaguna menunjukkan nilai 75,59% untuk alat peraga kit optik serbaguna dan 70,78% untuk LKS. The Development of Multipurpose Optical Kit Learning Aid for Enhancing Students’ Science Process Skills AbstractThis study aims to develop of multifunction optic kit teaching aids toward to improvement of students Science Process Skills. Method design used in this study was experimental research method, with eight graders of SMP N 1 Semarang as the research subject. The instrument used in this study included test, questionnaire, and observation sheet. The result of this study showed that the developed props could improve students Science Process Skills, with the value gain reaching 0,85(high criteria). The highest improvement of Science Process Skills occurred in indicator of observing, while the lowest occurred in indicator of compile the hypothesis. The learning outcomes using the props indicated a significant improvement, this is showed by value gain reaching 0,78 (high criteria). The result of a questionnaire of multifunction optic kit teaching aids showed the value 75,59% and 70,78% of student worksheet.
Implementasi bahan ajar sains berbahasa inggris berbasis metakognitif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa SMP
Authors: Taqiyyah Syir Anatut , Subali Bambang , Handayani Langlang
Published: November 2017

Bahan ajar merupakan salah satu penunjang  keberhasilan belajar siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menerapkan bahan ajar sains berbahasa Inggris berbasis metakognitif untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penerapan bahan ajar sains berbahasa Inggris berbasis metakognitif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa SMP. Metode penelitian menggunakan eksperimen, dengan desain Quasi Experimental teknik nonequivalent control group design. Pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling. Penelitian ini membandingkan kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelas eksperimen memiliki nilai rata-rata (84,76) dan kelas kontrol memiliki nilai rata-rata (75,67). Peningkatan kemampuan pemecahan masalah untuk kelas eksperimen ditunjukkan dengan uji gain (0,76) dengan kriteria tinggi sedangkan kelas kontrol ditunjukkan dengan uji gain (0,64) dengan kriteria sedang. Uji respon siswa setelah diterapkan bahan ajar diperoleh presentase (77,25) dengan kriteria sangat setuju. Disimpulkan bahwa bahan ajar berbahasa Inggris berbasis metakognitif dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa. The Implementation of Metacognitive Based Science English Teaching Material to Improve Junior High School Students’ Problem Solving Ability AbstractTeaching material is one of the factors that encourage students’ success in learning. This study aims to apply metacognitive based science teaching material written in English to improve problem-solving students’ ability. The research examined the implementation of metacognitive-based English teaching material in improving students’ problem-solving ability. The research method used was an experiment, with Quasi-Experimental Design using non-equivalent control group design technique. The sampling used was purposive sampling. This study compared to the experimental class and control one. The result showed that the average score of the experimental class was  (84.76) and the average score of control class was (75,67). Improved problem-solving capability for the experimental class was shown by the gain test (0.76) with ‘high criterion’ while the control class is shown by the gain test (0.64) with the ‘medium criterion’. Students’ response test after learning material obtained a percentage of (77,25) with criteria of ‘strongly agree’. In conclusion, metacognitive based English teaching material can be used to improve students problem solving ability.
Pengembangan video penggunaan alat gelas laboratorium kimia di universitas
Authors: Rakhman Khusna Arif , Saraha A. Rasyid , Sugrah Nurfatimah
Published: November 2017

Telah dilakukan peneletian tentang pengembangan media video penggunaan alat gelas di Laboratorium pada mahasiswa tahun I Program Studi Pendidikan Kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan video penggunaan alat gelas di laboratorium yang layak digunakan sebagai panduan mahasiswa program studi pendidikan kimia FKIP Universitas Khairun dalam melakukan praktikum. Media video pengguaan alat gelas di Laboratorium ini dikembangkan berdasarkan kaidah pengembangan media pembelajaran yang diadaptasi dari tahap pengembangan 4D. Hasil pengembangan berupa video pengenalan dan penggunaan alat gelas di laboratorium dengan durasi 18 menit. Dari segi validitas media video, kedua produk tersebut dinyatakan sangat valid oleh 3 orang validator dengan nilai rata-rata 3,81 dari skala 4 dengan kategori sangat valid. Produk media video juga diukur keterbacaannya oleh 10 mahasiswa prodi pendidikan kimia FKIP Universitas Khairun dengan persentase keterbacaan sebesar 79,17%. Sedangkan angka keterlaksanaan praktikum menggunakan panduan kedua video tersebut di Laboratorium sebesar 67,50%. Video Development of Use of Chemical Laboratory Equipment in University AbstractThe research has been conducted to develop of video use of glassware in the laboratory at the first year students of the educational chemistry department. This study aims to produce a video of glass tools usage in a laboratory that was suitable to be used as a practicum module for students of educational chemistry department FKIP Khairun University. Video development methods based on learning media development principles adapted from the 4D development stage. The results of the development of a video introduction and use of glassware in the laboratory with a duration of 18 minutes. The validity of both was expressed by 3 validators with an average rating of 3.81 from a scale of 4 with very valid categories. Video products are also measured legibility by 10 students of educational chemistry department FKIP Khairun University with a percentage of legibility of 79.17%. While the practical implementation the video usage on practicum in the Laboratory of 67.50%.
RETRACTED: Pengaruh penerapan hypothetico-deductive reasoning dalam learning cycle terhadap keterampilan proses sains dan pemahaman konsep siswa
Authors: Ardiyansyah Yohn Ade , Paidi Paidi
Published: November 2017

RETRACTEDFollowing a rigorous and careful concerns and consideration in the review of the article published in Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA entitled “Pengaruh penerapan hypothetico-deductive reasoning dalam learning cycle terhadap keterampilan proses sains dan pemahaman konsep siswa” Vol 3, No 2, pp. 235-246, October 2017, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jipi.v3i2.9748This paper has been found to violate the  principles of Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA Publication and has been retracted.The article has contained redundant material and throughout a careful examination, the editor has found that the paper has also been published in Jurnal Bioedukatika, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 29-38, 2017, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/bioedukatika.v5i1.6027The document and its content have been removed from Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan IPA, and reasonable effort should be made to remove all references to this article.
Adenoma adrenocortical como causa de doença de cushing em cão: Relato de caso
Authors: Lins Peixoto Roberta Bruna , Dos Santos Carvalho Kézia
Published: November 2017

Hyperadrenocorticism or Cushing Syndrome is an endocrine disease characterized by the serum increase of the hormone cortisol in the affected animals. It is commonly found in middle aged dogs to elderly. There are two spontaneous forms of hyperadrenocorticism: pituitary-dependent or pituitary-dependent (HDP) and adrenal-dependent (HDA). In the HDP form the disease is due to changes in the pituitary resulting in hyperfunction and adrenal hyperplasia. In the HDA form, there are adrenal dysfunctions such as primary hyperplasias and neoplasias. The objective of this study was to report a case of adrenal Cushing's syndrome dependent on adrenocortical adenoma, its diagnosis and therapeutic method used, as well as the efficacy of the treatment. The animal reported had characteristic clinical signs such as: lethargy, pendular abdomen, hepatomegaly and hypotrichosis with apparent decrease in skin thickening. Abdominal ultrasound examination showed unilateral enlargement of the left adrenal gland and there were no signs of invasion to adjacent structures. Adenomas or adenocarcinomas usually occur in only one adrenal, rarely in both. The diagnosis was made through the association of clinical exams with histopathological findings consistent with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma. As a therapeutic method of choice, unilateral adrenalectomy of the enlarged left gland was performed. The animal responded well and had excellent improvement in the clinical.
Turbine blade tip aero-thermal management: Some recent advances and research outlook
Authors: Zhang Qiang , He Li
Published: November 2017

This article provides an overview of some recent progress in understanding HP turbine blade shroudless tip heat transfer and aerodynamics, especially in a transonic regime. The review is mostly based on the experimental and numerical efforts the authors have been involved in during the past ten years. Some fundamental flow physics especially in high speed Over-Tip-Leakage (OTL) flows are highlighted, including tip choking, shock waves, and the roles played by flow turbulence, etc. These mechanisms bring qualitative differences in tip heat transfer and loss generation, and prospects in tip aerothermal management and control. Of great interest is the strong OTL flow–coolant interaction, which can dramatically affect the tip aerodynamics, and thus would challenge any “optimized” tip geometry based on an uncooled configuration. It is suggested that optimal tip aero-thermal configurations should be an iterative process between blade tip shaping and cooling injection scheme. Combining tip geometry shaping and cooling injection patterns concurrently may provide more extensive exploitation of tip aerothermal design space.
Macroscopic superpositions require tremendous measurement devices
Authors: Skotiniotis Michalis , Dür Wolfgang , Sekatski Pavel
Published: November 2017

We consider fundamental limits on the detectable size of macroscopic quantum superpositions. We argue that a full quantum mechanical treatment of system plus measurement device is required, and that a (classical) reference frame for phase or direction needs to be established to certify the quantum state. When taking the size of such a classical reference frame into account, we show that to reliably distinguish a quantum superposition state from an incoherent mixture requires a measurement device that is quadratically bigger than the superposition state. Whereas for moderate system sizes such as generated in previous experiments this is not a stringent restriction, for macroscopic superpositions of the size of a cat the required effort quickly becomes intractable, requiring measurement devices of the size of the Earth. We illustrate our results using macroscopic superposition states of photons, spins, and position. Finally, we also show how this limitation can be circumvented by dealing with superpositions in relative degrees of freedom.
CLASH OF FLYING OBJECT WITH A SUSPENDER OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE WITH DAMAGE ANALYSIS
Authors: Zylev Vladimir B. , Grigoryev Nikita A.
Published: November 2017

The algorithm for solving the problem of shock interaction of a rods system is being considered in the article. Integration of the equations of motion being done with step numerical scheme with extrapolation by Ad-ams method. We considered the problem of the clash of flying car with a suspender of suspension bridge with further damage analysis. The task is solved as a spatial. It is shown that depending on the breaking force in the suspender of suspension bridge can be realized two scenarios of system behavior: the local and the global de-struction of the bridge.
TWO-STAGE GRID METHOD OF SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY PROBLEMS OF STRUCTURAL MECHANICS WITH THE USE OF DISCRETE HAAR BASIS
Authors: Mozgaleva Marina L.
Published: November 2017

The distinctive paper is devoted to development of two-stage numerical method. At the first stage, the discrete problem is solved on a coarse grid, where the number of nodes in each direction is the same and is a pow-er of 2. Then the number of nodes in each direction is doubled and the resulting solution on a coarse grid using a discrete Haar basis is defined at the nodes of the fine grid as the initial approximation. At the second stage, we ob-tain a solution in the nodes of the fine grid using the most appropriate iterative method,. Test examples of the solu-tion of one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional boundary problems are under consideration
SEARCHING AND MEASUREMENT OF FUNCTIONAL VOIDS BY MEANS OF GPR TOMOGRAPHY BY THE EXAMPLE OF TWO COLUMNS
Authors: Sudakova Marina S. , Terentieva Eugeniya B. , Kalashnikov Alexey Yu.
Published: November 2017

he present article focuses on GPR tomography method potential aimed at the search of functional voids and estimation of their sizes in engineering structures. The size of voids is assumed to be greater than the wavelength for usable frequency. Two examples of the GPR tomographic survey are examined: 1) a square con-crete pillar with granite coating and a square void in the center, 2) cylindrical granite column with functional spherical void which has iron walls. The following issues are considered in the article: the method, the structure of the acquired data, the picking of wanted waves, the analysis of tomographic inversion result, compared with the result of commonly used single-fold antenna geometry GPR. As a result of the research performed it was demonstrated that GPR tomography represents a good solution for the problem of detection, delineation and characterization of voids inside engineering structures. The velocity of electromagnetic waves propagated within the solid part of the column (concrete and granite) was accurately measured. The measured velocity can be con-sidered to the basis for physical properties estimation, for example humidity, voids ratio etc. The acquired quan-titative results are characterized by high quality and are more reliable compared to the results of single-fold GPR survey.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ON NORMAL CRACK LENGTH CRITERION
Authors: Utkin Vladimir S. , Solovyev Sergey A.
Published: November 2017

The article discusses a problem of the crack length influence on the reliability (safety) of reinforced concrete beams under conditions of limited statistical information about controlled parameters in the design mathematical models of limit state. Numerical examples revealed the possibility of practical application of the reliability analysis methods for inspections and determining the category of the technical condition of buildings and structures. The article offers the methods for reliability (probability of non-failure) analysis and the residual resource of reinforced concrete beams according to the criterion of the normal crack length in the tensile zone of reinforced concrete beams. The methods of reliability analysis constructed on the basis of possibility theory and fuzzy set theory. The algorithms of reliability analysis of reinforced concrete beams are presented on numerical examples of reliability analysis.
NUMERICAL AND EXERIMENTAL MODELING OF RIGID JOINT OF LAYERED WOODEN STRUCTURES
Authors: Vodiannikov Mikhail A. , Kashevarova Galina G.
Published: November 2017

The article deals with the problems of modeling and solving contact problems in the ANSYS software complex using the example of calculating the rigid joint of a glued wooden beam. Comparative calculation data for a continuous beam and a beam with a joint in the middle on pasted carbon fiber nails are given. The possibilities of using contact elements between different materials taking into account the nonlinearity of the formulation of the problem are described. The figures of stresses and displacements in the elements are shown. Experiments for determination of the bearing capacity of the joint and determine the nature of structural failure are provided. Conclusions are made about the possibility of modeling composite materials in the environment of the software complex ANSYS in the real structures design
REALITAS KONSEP PENDIDIKAN HUMANISME DALAM KONTEKS PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Idris Saifullah , ZA Tabrani
Published: November 2017

This paper aims to map the reality of the concept of humanism education in the context of Islamic education. Education is one of the most essential keys in human life. In general, education aims to help humans to get the existence of humanity as a whole. Education also aims to make people better in life. Currently education has not been able to achieve the goals and objectives of education itself are humanizing human beings by optimizing all the potential that exists in human beings. On the contrary the education that occurs today only creates a human being a robot or machine that can be controlled. Education as a process of human humanization (humanization) comes from the idea of humanism. This is in line with the basic meaning of humanism as human education. The system of education in Islam built on the basis of humanistic values since its inception appears in accord with its essence as a humanity religion. Islam makes human dimension as the orientation of education. The insight of humanism in education carries the principle of empowering each human being as a free individual to develop its potential. That means education is held to manage and develop the human self in order to become a whole human according to human nature.
Recursive Models of Dynamic Linear Economies
Authors: Hansen Lars Peter , Sargent Thomas J.
Published: November 2017

A common set of mathematical tools underlies dynamic optimization, dynamic estimation, and filtering. This book uses these tools to create a class of econometrically tractable models of prices and quantities. The book presents examples from microeconomics, macroeconomics, and asset pricing. The models are cast in terms of a representative consumer. While the book demonstrates the analytical benefits acquired when an analysis with a representative consumer is possible, it also characterizes the restrictiveness of assumptions under which a representative household justifies a purely aggregative analysis. The book unites economic theory with a workable econometrics while going beyond and beneath demand and supply curves for dynamic economies. It constructs and applies competitive equilibria for a class of linear-quadratic-Gaussian dynamic economies with complete markets. The book, based on the 2012 Gorman lectures, stresses heterogeneity, aggregation, and how a common structure unites what superficially appear to be diverse applications. An appendix describes MATLAB programs that apply to the book's calculations.
Muslims and Jews in France
Authors: Mandel Maud S.
Published: November 2017

This book traces the global, national, and local origins of the conflict between Muslims and Jews in France, challenging the belief that rising anti-Semitism in France is rooted solely in the unfolding crisis in Israel and Palestine. The book shows how the conflict in fact emerged from processes internal to French society itself even as it was shaped by affairs elsewhere, particularly in North Africa during the era of decolonization. It examines moments in which conflicts between Muslims and Jews became a matter of concern to French police, the media, and an array of self-appointed spokesmen from both communities: Israel's War of Independence in 1948, France's decolonization of North Africa, the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, the 1968 student riots, and François Mitterrand's experiments with multiculturalism in the 1980s. The book takes an in-depth, on-the-ground look at interethnic relations in Marseille, which is home to the country's largest Muslim and Jewish populations outside of Paris. It reveals how Muslims and Jews in France have related to each other in diverse ways throughout this history—as former residents of French North Africa, as immigrants competing for limited resources, as employers and employees, as victims of racist aggression, as religious minorities in a secularizing state, and as French citizens. The book traces the way these multiple, complex interactions have been overshadowed and obscured by a reductionist narrative of Muslim–Jewish polarization.
Running the World's Markets
Authors: Lee Ruben
Published: November 2017

The efficiency, safety, and soundness of financial markets depend on the operation of core infrastructure—exchanges, central counter-parties, and central securities depositories. How these institutions are governed critically affects their performance. Yet, despite their importance, there is little certainty, still less a global consensus, about their governance. This book examines how markets are, and should be, run. Utilizing a wide variety of arguments and examples from throughout the world, the book identifies and evaluates the similarities and differences between exchanges, central counter-parties, and central securities depositories. Drawing on knowledge and experience from various disciplines, including business, economics, finance, law, politics, and regulation, the book employs a range of methodologies to tackle different goals. Conceptual analysis is used to examine theoretical issues, survey evidence to describe key aspects of how market infrastructure institutions are governed and regulated globally, and case studies to detail the particular situations and decisions at specific institutions. The combination of these approaches provides a unique and rich foundation for evaluating the complex issues raised. The book analyzes efficient forms of governance, how regulatory powers should be allocated, and whether regulatory intervention in governance is desirable. It presents guidelines for identifying the optimal governance model for any market infrastructure institution within the context of its specific environment. The book provides a definitive and peerless reference for how to govern and regulate financial markets.
Votes, Vetoes, and the Political Economy of International Trade Agreements
Authors: Mansfield Edward D. , Milner Helen V.
Published: November 2017

Preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) play an increasingly prominent role in the global political economy, two notable examples being the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement. These agreements foster economic integration among member states by enhancing their access to one another's markets. Yet despite the importance of PTAs to international trade and world politics, until now little attention has been focused on why governments choose to join them and how governments design them. This book offers valuable new insights into the political economy of PTA formation. Many economists have argued that the roots of these agreements lie in the promise they hold for improving the welfare of member states. Others have posited that trade agreements are a response to global political conditions. This book argues that domestic politics provide a crucial impetus to the decision by governments to enter trade pacts. Drawing on this argument, the book explains why democracies are more likely to enter PTAs than nondemocratic regimes, and why as the number of veto players—interest groups with the power to block policy change—increases in a prospective member state, the likelihood of the state entering a trade agreement is reduced. The book provides a novel view of the political foundations of trade agreements.
Creating Wine
Authors: Simpson James
Published: November 2017

Today's wine industry is characterized by regional differences not only in the wines themselves but also in the business models by which these wines are produced, marketed, and distributed. In Old World countries such as France, Spain, and Italy, small family vineyards and cooperative wineries abound. In New World regions like the United States and Australia, the industry is dominated by a handful of very large producers. This is the first book to trace the economic and historical forces that gave rise to very distinctive regional approaches to creating wine. The book shows how the wine industry was transformed in the decades leading up to the First World War. Population growth, rising wages, and the railways all contributed to soaring European consumption even as many vineyards were decimated by the vine disease phylloxera. At the same time, new technologies led to a major shift in production away from Europe's traditional winemaking regions. Small family producers in Europe developed institutions such as regional appellations and cooperatives to protect their commercial interests as large integrated companies built new markets in America and elsewhere. The book examines how Old and New World producers employed diverging strategies to adapt to the changing global wine industry. The book includes chapters on Europe's cheap commodity wine industry; the markets for sherry, port, claret, and champagne; and the new wine industries in California, Australia, and Argentina.
Symmetric Markov Processes, Time Change, and Boundary Theory (LMS-35)
Authors: Chen Zhen-Qing , Fukushima Masatoshi
Published: November 2017

This book gives a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to the theory of symmetric Markov processes and symmetric quasi-regular Dirichlet forms. In a detailed and accessible manner, the book covers the essential elements and applications of the theory of symmetric Markov processes, including recurrence/transience criteria, probabilistic potential theory, additive functional theory, and time change theory. The book develops the theory in a general framework of symmetric quasi-regular Dirichlet forms in a unified manner with that of regular Dirichlet forms, emphasizing the role of extended Dirichlet spaces and the rich interplay between the probabilistic and analytic aspects of the theory. It then addresses the latest advances in the theory, presented here for the first time in any book. Topics include the characterization of time-changed Markov processes in terms of Douglas integrals and a systematic account of reflected Dirichlet spaces, and the important roles such advances play in the boundary theory of symmetric Markov processes. This book is an ideal resource for researchers and practitioners, and can also serve as a textbook for advanced graduate students. It includes examples, appendixes, and exercises with solutions.
Species’ Occurrence Data
Authors: Peterson A. Townsend , Soberón Jorge , Pearson Richard G. , Anderson Robert P. , Martínez-Meyer Enrique , Nakamura Miguel , Araújo Miguel Bastos
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the process of transforming a species’ primary occurrence data into a synthetic understanding of the geographic and ecological conditions under which the species occurs. The focus is on correlative models based on occurrence data, since such models can have quite broad applicability. The chapter first considers different types of occurrence data as well as factors that connect the suitability of a site to the existence of a data record documenting the species’ presence or absence at that site. It then examines variations in the geographic and ecological characteristics of species distributions and occurrences, along with sampling bias in geographic and environmental spaces. It also describes the characteristics of absence data before concluding with an assessment of issues of content and availability that affect occurrence data.
Gathering Data: Searching Literature and Selection Criteria
Authors: Côté Isabelle M. , Curtis Peter S. , Rothstein Hannah R. , Stewart Gavin B.
Published: November 2017

There is an important relationship between how thorough and unbiased the search for relevant data is and the validity of the resulting meta-analysis. Many reviewers fail to uncover citations to documents relevant to their project because of inadequate search tools or strategies. This chapter covers literature searching and information retrieval, as well as the application of study selection (inclusion) criteria. Best practices include carrying out an initial scoping study to assess how much literature is available and whether a systematic review and meta-analysis are possible; developing an explicit search protocol which details exactly how you will go about searching the literature; and outlining clear study selection criteria so that the reasons for inclusion or exclusion of studies are transparent.
Hamlet's Arab Journey
Authors: Litvin Margaret
Published: November 2017

For the past five decades, Arab intellectuals have seen themselves in Shakespeare's Hamlet: their times “out of joint,” their political hopes frustrated by a corrupt older generation. This book traces the uses of Hamlet in Arabic theatre and political rhetoric, and asks how Shakespeare's play developed into a musical with a happy ending in 1901 and grew to become the most obsessively quoted literary work in Arab politics today. Explaining the Arab Hamlet tradition, the book also illuminates the “to be or not to be” politics that have turned Shakespeare's tragedy into the essential Arab political text, cited by Arab liberals, nationalists, and Islamists alike. On the Arab stage, Hamlet has been an operetta hero, a firebrand revolutionary, and a muzzled dissident. Analyzing productions from Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Kuwait, the book follows the distinct phases of Hamlet's naturalization as an Arab. The book uses personal interviews as well as scripts and videos, reviews, and detailed comparisons with French and Russian Hamlets. The result shows Arab theatre in a new light. It identifies the French source of the earliest Arabic Hamlet, shows the outsize influence of Soviet and East European Shakespeare, and explores the deep cultural link between Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser and the ghost of Hamlet's father. Documenting how global sources and models helped nurture a distinct Arab Hamlet tradition, this book represents a new approach to the study of international Shakespeare appropriation.
Philosophy of Language
Authors: Soames Scott
Published: November 2017

This book presents a unifying vision of the field of philosophy of language—its principal achievements, its most pressing current questions, and its most promising future directions. In addition to explaining the progress philosophers have made toward creating a theoretical framework for the study of language, the book investigates foundational concepts—such as truth, reference, and meaning—that are central to the philosophy of language and important to philosophy as a whole. The first part of the book describes how philosophers from Frege, Russell, Tarski, and Carnap to Kripke, Kaplan, and Montague developed precise techniques for understanding the languages of logic and mathematics, and how these techniques have been refined and extended to the study of natural human languages. The book then builds on this account, exploring new thinking about propositions, possibility, and the relationship between meaning, assertion, and other aspects of language use. An invaluable overview of the philosophy of language by one of its most important practitioners, this book will be essential reading for all serious students of philosophy.
New Decision Rules, New Rule Features
Authors: Laver Michael , Sergenti Ernest
Published: November 2017

This chapter investigates the implications of having a very large and diverse set of decision rules that any party leader might use. It defines two completely new vote-seeking rule “species.” It also identifies a range of parameterized “features” of all decision rules, such as the “speed” at which party policy is changed, or the extent to which party leaders are “satisfied” with any given vote share. The chapter investigates “only” 111 different decision rules in order to focus on parsimonious models that generate easily interpretable results. These results also give good intuitions about dynamic multiparty competition when party leaders may choose from a large and diverse rule set.
Debtor Nation
Authors: Hyman Louis
Published: November 2017

Before the twentieth century, personal debt resided on the fringes of the American economy, the province of small-time criminals and struggling merchants. By the end of the century, however, the most profitable corporations and banks in the country lent money to millions of American debtors. How did this happen? This, the first book to follow the history of personal debt in modern America, traces the evolution of debt over the course of the twentieth century, following its transformation from fringe to mainstream—thanks to federal policy, financial innovation, and retail competition. How did banks begin making personal loans to consumers during the Great Depression? Why did the government invent mortgage-backed securities? Why was all consumer credit, not just mortgages, tax deductible until 1986? Who invented the credit card? Examining the intersection of government and business in everyday life, the book takes the reader behind the scenes of the institutions that made modern lending possible: the halls of Congress, the boardrooms of multinationals, and the back rooms of loan sharks. America's newfound indebtedness resulted not from a culture in decline, but from changes in the larger structure of American capitalism that were created, in part, by the choices of the powerful—choices that made lending money to facilitate consumption more profitable than lending to invest in expanded production. From the origins of car financing to the creation of subprime lending, the book presents a nuanced history of consumer credit practices in the United States and shows how little loans became big business.
Changes of State
Authors: Brett Annabel S.
Published: November 2017

This is a book about the theory of the city or commonwealth, what would come to be called the state, in early modern natural law discourse. It takes a fresh approach by looking at this political entity from the perspective of its boundaries and those who crossed them. The book begins with a classic debate from the Spanish sixteenth century over the political treatment of mendicants, showing how cosmopolitan ideals of porous boundaries could simultaneously justify the freedoms of itinerant beggars and the activities of European colonists in the Indies. It goes on to examine the boundaries of the state in multiple senses, including the fundamental barrier between human beings and animals and the limits of the state in the face of the natural lives of its subjects, as well as territorial frontiers. The book reveals how early modern political space was constructed from a complex dynamic of inclusion and exclusion. Throughout, the book shows that early modern debates about political boundaries displayed unheralded creativity and virtuosity but were nevertheless vulnerable to innumerable paradoxes, contradictions, and loose ends. The book resonates with modern debates about globalization and the transformation of the nation-state.
Computational Aspects of Modular Forms and Galois Representations
Authors: de Jong Robin , Merkl Franz , Bosman Johan
Published: November 2017

Modular forms are tremendously important in various areas of mathematics, from number theory and algebraic geometry to combinatorics and lattices. Their Fourier coefficients, with Ramanujan's tau-function as a typical example, have deep arithmetic significance. Prior to this book, the fastest known algorithms for computing these Fourier coefficients took exponential time, except in some special cases. This book gives an algorithm for computing coefficients of modular forms of level one in polynomial time. For example, Ramanujan's tau of a prime number p can be computed in time bounded by a fixed power of the logarithm of p. Such fast computation of Fourier coefficients is itself based on the main result of the book: the computation, in polynomial time, of Galois representations over finite fields attached to modular forms by the Langlands program. Because these Galois representations typically have a nonsolvable image, this result is a major step forward from explicit class field theory, and it could be described as the start of the explicit Langlands program. The book begins with a concise and concrete introduction that makes it accessible to readers without an extensive background in arithmetic geometry, and it includes a chapter that describes actual computations.
Still a House Divided
Authors: King Desmond S. , Smith Rogers M.
Published: November 2017

Why have American policies failed to reduce the racial inequalities still pervasive throughout the nation? Has President Barack Obama defined new political approaches to race that might spur unity and progress? This book examines the enduring divisions of American racial politics and how these conflicts have been shaped by distinct political alliances and their competing race policies. Combining deep historical knowledge with a detailed exploration of such issues as housing, employment, criminal justice, multiracial census categories, immigration, voting in majority-minority districts, and school vouchers, the book assesses the significance of President Obama's election to the White House and the prospects for achieving constructive racial policies for America's future. Offering a fresh perspective on the networks of governing institutions, political groups, and political actors that influence the structure of American racial politics, the book identifies three distinct periods of opposing racial policy coalitions in American history. It investigates how today's alliances pit color-blind and race-conscious approaches against one another, contributing to political polarization and distorted policymaking. Contending that President Obama has so far inadequately confronted partisan divisions over race, the book calls for all sides to recognize the need for a balance of policy measures if America is to ever cease being a nation divided. Presenting a powerful account of American political alliances and their contending racial agendas, this book sheds light on a policy path vital to the country's future.
Knowing Full Well
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: November 2017

This book explains the nature of knowledge through an approach originated by the author years ago, known as virtue epistemology. The book provides a comprehensive account of the author's views on epistemic normativity as a form of performance normativity on two levels. On a first level is found the normativity of the apt performance, whose success manifests the performer's competence. On a higher level is found the normativity of the meta-apt performance, which manifests not necessarily first-order skill or competence but rather the reflective good judgment required for proper risk assessment. The book develops this bi-level account in multiple ways, by applying it to issues much disputed in recent epistemology: epistemic agency, how knowledge is normatively related to action, the knowledge norm of assertion, and the Meno problem as to how knowledge exceeds merely true belief. A full chapter is devoted to how experience should be understood if it is to figure in the epistemic competence that must be manifest in the truth of any belief apt enough to constitute knowledge. Another takes up the epistemology of testimony from the performance–theoretic perspective. Two other chapters are dedicated to comparisons with ostensibly rival views, such as classical internalist foundationalism, a knowledge-first view, and attributor contextualism. The book concludes with a defense of the epistemic circularity inherent in meta-aptness and thereby in the full aptness of knowing full well.
The Poverty of Clio
Authors: Boldizzoni Francesco
Published: November 2017

This book challenges the hold that cliometrics—an approach to economic history that employs the analytical tools of economists—has exerted on the study of our economic past. This book calls for the reconstruction of economic history, one in which history and the social sciences are brought to bear on economics, and not the other way around. The book questions the appeal of economics over history—which it identifies as a distinctly American attitude—exposing its errors and hidden ideologies, and revealing how it fails to explain economic behavior itself. The book shows how the misguided reliance on economic reasoning to interpret history has come at the expense of insights from the humanities and has led to a rejection of valuable past historical research. Developing a better alternative to new institutional economics and the rational choice approach, the book builds on the extraordinary accomplishments of twentieth-century European historians and social thinkers to offer fresh ideas for the renewal of the field. Economic history needs to rediscover the true relationship between economy and culture, and promote an authentic alliance with the social sciences, starting with sociology and anthropology. It must resume its dialogue with the humanities, but without shrinking away from theory when constructing its models. This book demonstrates why history must exert its own creative power on economics.