bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RIPPLE OF AGONY
Authors: Gracia Jennifer
Published: December 2018

The creative project I had written is a novel that is telling the story of a man named, Arya, who seems to be a good man while actually he has a very dark secret and past. He loves to hunt for girl in cafés and he later will do whatever he needs to do in captivating the girl’s heart. When he gets the girl’s heart and trust, he will do what he wants the most, the main purpose of his hunting which is overpowering the girl. In this story, I choose to write about the life of a serial rapist with the theme of love changes everything. It helps me in realizing my aim for writing this work which is to raise more awareness towards the cases of rape that happen around us. In rape cases, the victim is being sympathized while the criminal is being hated. While actually, the criminal also needs support from his surrounding in order to be a better man in the future. What I am trying to say is that we should hate his act, but not the person. In the story, Arya will see how people hate him even after he serves the fifteen years charges and willing to be a better person. As for the genre, I choose realistic fiction in order to make the story believable since it is written based on the research with the main character created according to the characteristic of serial rapist in real life.
INNISFREE’S BRAND IMAGE THROUGH JEJU ISLAND CAMPAIGNS
Authors: Melvioni Kezia Tansilia , Suprajitno Setefanus
Published: December 2018

This study aims at revealing the message conveyed by the verbal and non-verbal expressions in cosmetics advertisement videos, in this case, two advertisement videos by a cosmetic brand called, Innisfree. In examining the message, firstly, the writer identifies the verbal and non-verbal expressions used in the advertisements analyzed. Secondly, she discloses the denotative and connotative meanings of those expressions. In so doing, she uses two main theories, namely, the process of signification and Peirce’s triadic modes of sign. The findings reveal that the verbal expressions in the two advertisement videos show that Innisfree is a symbol of a natural beauty and an icon of cosmetic that use nature-based ingredients. Meanwhile, the non-verbal expressions in the two advertisements constantly highlighting on Jeju island’s natural beauty, as the main source of Innifree’s products that should be preserved. Thus, Innisfree encourages its customer to conserve natural environment. In conclusion, Innisfree is a company that produces an inner and outer-beauty.
The Use of Politeness Strategies in “Gung Ho” Movie (1986)
Authors: Pratychia Yessyca
Published: December 2018

This study deals with the politeness strategies used in Gung Ho movie between Hunt and Kazihiro by focusing on the Scollon & Scollon (2001) theory. This research is aimed to find out the types of strategies have been used by Hunt to Kazihiro, Kazihiro to Hunt, and the types politeness strategies mostly used by Hunt and Kazihiro. This research uses descriptive quantitative method. After analyzing the data using Scollon & Scollon theory (2001), there are 34 strategies (25 involvement and 9 independence strategies) have been found in the data analysis. In terms of involvement strategies, both characters made “notice to the hearer’s (interests, wants, needs, and goods)” strategy the most. It is possible because both of them try to build a good relationship by paying attention or notice to each other’s condition since they are from different culture (American and Japanese).
The Romantic Relationship of Older Women and Younger Men in “I Hear Your Voice,” I Need Romance 3” and “The Woman Who Still Wants to Marry”
Authors: Rosalind Maria
Published: December 2018

With the ideology of patriarchy that is still rooted in Korean society, this thesis analyzes the phenomenon of older women and younger men from three different Korean dramas whose characterizations are different from the usual patriarchal system. This thesis aims at revealing how the characteristics that the characters possess are able to make them interested in their relevant partners. The thesis finds out that the younger men do possess different traits from their gender stereotypes but at the same time, they also still maintain the masculinity trait¾they are supportive, obedient and protective. Meanwhile, the older women’s main attraction is that they still act as the nurturers, regardless of their less submissiveness in the relationship. Thus, these characteristics unite and they are still able to make each of them attracted to their partners. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the differences here are possible because the characters do not particularly believe in and follow the traditional patriarchal system anymore.
Kindred Souls: A Screenplay on the Effects of Domestic Abuse on Teenagers
Authors: Christiane Miriam
Published: December 2018

The topic of my work is about domestic abuse on teenagers and the theme is the effects of abuse on the teenagers. This is a screenplay contains the two stories of two high school students who got the same experience which is being abuse by their family in their daily life. The purpose of making this project is that I want people to question themselves and to be aware of what they are doing to their own children or family member. Unintentional or well-intentional the action, abusive behavior should be stopped. To shape the conflicts and characterization of my characters I use three theories; parental control, frustration-aggression, and effects of abuse. As for the genre, I choose tragedy for it will help me create the ending. In the end, both students want to seek freedom by running away. However, what will happen later is not as planned.
Cooperative Principle Used by Chris Gardner in “The Pursuit of Happyness” Movie
Authors: Sapalakkai Oisi
Published: December 2018

This study is to find out what maxims are used by Chris Gardner, what maxims are flouted by Chris, and what implicature can be interpreted by flouting the maxims in the business conversation in The Pursuit of Happinessmovie. The source of the data was the film and the transcript, and the data were taken from Chris’ utterancesin the five chosen scenes showing the process of Chris’s success in pursuing his happiness in his life. The findings revealed that he mostly followed the maxim of manner and the least was maxim of quality. He also flouted the maxim of quality and the leastwas maxim of manner. From the flouting of the maxims, there was implicature that could be interpreted which was to create a good relation, to get a good chance, and to fulfill Chris’s will to be one employee in Dean Witter Reynolds-Resource Dept. which is the beginning of his success in his life. In conclusion, the flouting of the maxims was part of Chris’s effort in his life that gave contribution to his success, andit is proved through Chris’ utterances in the five chosen scenes.
Promoting Fast Tour and Travel Using a Marketing Booklet
Authors: Efendi Cyntia Dewi
Published: December 2018

Fast tour and travel is a travel agency located in Jalan Raya Lontar 259B, Surabaya, which has a unique target market who are foreigners. It hardly find their own target market and usually depend on overseas travel agencies. Therefore, a marketing booklet is an effective promotional tool that can help Fast Tour and Travel to get more foreign customers because this marketing booklet will be distributed in Universities in Surabaya which have student exchange program. This marketing booklet consists of table of content, company profile, explore Surabaya (Surabaya tourist destinations), some favourite destinations near Surabaya (Bromo, Malang, and Madura), and contact information (contact us). By having this marketing booklet, Fast Tour and Travel can get their main target market.
Iron Man’s and Captain Marvel’s Anxieties and Defense Mechanisms in “Civil War II”
Authors: Saputro Lungky
Published: December 2018

This thesis deals with the anxieties experienced by the leaders of superhero teams in Civil War II, Iron Man and Captain Marvel. Through their anxieties in Civil War II, I tried to reveal the causes of their anxieties and their ways to reduce these uneasy feelings. To analyze the causes of these two characters’ anxieties, I used two of the theory of anxiety, reality and moral anxiety. I found that there are two causes that make Iron Man feel anxieties which are the reaction of Captain Marvel towards Ulysses’ prophecies and his responsibility both as a superhero and as a leader to protect people from the outcome of Ulysses’ prophecies. On the other hand, Captain Marvel also feels anxieties from the blame of Iron Man and her responsibility both as a superhero and as a public officer to protect people from dystopian future. Iron Man uses two defense mechanisms, which are splitting and rationalization. On the other hand, Captain Marvel also uses two defense mechanism, which are idealization and rationalization. These defense mechanisms are used by both, Iron Man and Captain Marvel to ease their reality and moral anxiety.
Promoting PT. Woodone Integra Indonesia Using a Company Profile
Authors: Suhartono Christina
Published: December 2018

The company where I did my internship is PT. Woodone Integra Indonesia or WII. WIIwas established in 2015 as a manufacturer of engineered wooden doors and other wood related products. The main problem WII is facing is their current ineffective company profile to promote its business to potential customers.It fails to communicate the Unique Selling Proposition or USPs of WII in a persuasive way. Additionally, the contents are not up to date and the design is not interesting enough to attract potential customers. This problem led to the inefficient tool usage for the marketing staff on events such as exhibition and clients visit. Thus, the solution to this problem is to replace the current company profile with a newer version. The content of the new tool will be better in terms of content and design as it will highlight the company’s USP. The reason it will be a good solution for the company’s issue is because the new company profile can be used to attract more potential customers by the marketing staff during said overseas exhibitions and clients visit. Furthermore, it will also benefit WII as it can help the company to introduce and promote not just their company but also their strengths, uniqueness, and credibility to ensure WII stands out from its competitors.
Incorporating Learning Styles to Motivate High School Students in Reading
Authors: Yokhebeth Yokhebeth
Published: December 2018

In the high school where this research was done, the biggest problem for the students, when it comes to English tests, is the reading section. Because they do not like reading, their reading scores are low. Reflecting to this fact, the idea of learning styles was applied in the reading class to help the students like reading so that they understand the text better. This research used mainly the idea of Visual Auditory and Kinesthetic learning styles suggested by Neil Fleming in 1992. The research was done in a class of forty students with different levels of English proficiency. There were three sessions in which each session had different learning styles applied to the activities. The result of this research was as expected with some exceptions. Both the ones who have high and low level of English understand the reading texts better when the learning styles applied match with theirs. However, there were also special cases in which students got their highest scores in the sessions that did not match with their personal learning styles. One of the possibilities on why these special cases occurred is the possible existence of the secondary learning styles. Neil Fleming mentioned in one of his journals that it is possible for these learning styles to overlap - one person can have more than one learning style with one style as the dominant learning style
The Labeling of Good and Evil in “Descendants”
Authors: Nagaseta Alicia
Published: December 2018

This paper aims to discuss the instilment of good and evil as well as their effects to the royal and villains’ children. I will use the theories of labeling, social identity, and self-concept to analyze the topic. Labeling theory is applied to analyze the ways the labels good and evil are formed through the parents’ past interaction with each other before they instilled it to their children. Social identity theory is used to analyze the ways the children construct their identities depending on the social group they live in. Finally, self-concept theory is applied in providing the ways that the labels good and evil shape the children’s perspective and behavior toward themselves. In the end, it can be concluded that the labeling of good and evil in Descendants could be passed down from parents to children.The labels, along with social groups and other people’s opinions could shape the children’s self-concept about themselves.
Where My Heart Belongs
Authors: Hartanta Amelia
Published: December 2018

Teen drama films, which usually consist of “finding self-identity”, usually talk about how the teenagers survive, trying to fit in the society so they can be accepted as another identity. My creative work is abouta girl who has been compared by her mother to her sister since her childhood and also being bullied because she does not have good grades, thus leads her to grow into a ball of inferiority and lose herself. She goes on a journey with her punk friends to find her father and finally, she finds her true self. The main subject matter for this creative work is self-identity. However, the theme is how social environment can make people feel inferior and shape someone’s identity. The theory used for this work is ‘Stages of Psychosocial Development’ by Erik Erikson. This theory helps to find the crisis inside a specific range of ages when the stage is not met.
The Roles of Factors in Communication Styles Influencing the Marriage of Bataknese and the Javanese
Authors: Gunasirini Alice
Published: December 2018

This discussion here is about  the different styles of communication in the marriage of the Bataknese and the Javanese. The research is how the Bataknese as the nomads interact in communication in their mix-marriage. To analyze the phenomenon, I will use the theories of communication and acculturation and the method of qualitative. By using the theories and method  I will analyze how the Bataknese and the Javanese overcome their conflicts in their marriage due to the differences  in communication to reach the harmony in their mix-marriage.
Increasing the Brand Awareness of Artotel Surabaya Using a Promotional Video
Authors: Ivanalim Sherin Gloria
Published: December 2018

The problem related to Business Communication that I found at ARTOTEL Surabaya is poor brand awareness compared to the other hotels which has a good brand awareness such as Pop Hotel, Cleo Business Hotel, and Oval Hotel. Because of this problem, the focus is on increasing the brand through the hidden uniqueness of ARTOTEL Surabaya. In this way, the promotional video will be the solution. The contents of ARTOTEL Surabaya’s promotional video are three USPand ending. The USPis about the location, the unique rooms, and the foods. There are some theories about brand awareness, branding, promotion, and promotional video. This promotional video can be a new innovation to promote the hotel since ARTOTEL Surabaya does not have a promotional video before. As a result, ARTOTEL Surabaya will have a good brand awareness as a hotel with a good hospitality and a touch of art.
Six‐gene Assay as a new biomarker in the blood of patients with colorectal cancer: establishment and clinical validation
Authors: Shou Xin , Li Yong , Hu Weilei , Ye Tingting , Wang Guosheng , Xu Feng , Sui Meihua , Xu Yibing
Published: December 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women. Although long‐term survival has improved over the past 30 years, at least 50% of patients with CRC will develop metastases after diagnosis. In this study, we examined whether quantifying the mRNA of six CRC‐related genes in the blood could improve disease assessment through detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC), and thereby improve progression prediction in relapsed CRC patients. Cell spiking assay and RT‐PCR were performed with blood samples from healthy volunteers spiked with six CRC cell lines to generate an algorithm, herein called the Six‐gene Assay, based on six genes (CEA, EpCAM, CK19, MUC1, EGFR and C‐Met) for CTC detection. The CTCs of 50 relapsed CRC patients were then respectively measured by CEA Gene Assay (single‐gene assay control) and Six‐gene Assay. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic analysis of the CTC panel performance in diagnosing CRC was conducted for both assays. Moreover, the 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) of all patients was collected, and the application of CEA Gene Assay and Six‐gene Assay in predicting PFS was carefully evaluated with different CTC cutoff values. Encouragingly, we successfully constructed the first multiple gene‐based algorithm, named the Six‐gene Assay, for CTC detection in CRC patients. Six‐gene Assay was more sensitive than CEA Gene Assay; for instance, in 50 CRC patients, the positive rate of Six‐gene Assay in CTC detection was 82%, whereas that of CEA Gene Assay was only 70%. Moreover, Six‐gene Assay was more sensitive and accurate than CEA Gene Assay in diagnosing CRC as well as predicting the 2‐year PFS of CRC patients. Statistical analysis demonstrated that CTC numbers measured by Six‐gene Assay were significantly associated with 2‐year PFS. This novel Six‐gene Assay improves the definition of disease status and correlates with PFS in relapsed CRC, and thus holds promise for future clinical applications.
Genotoxic stress causes the accumulation of DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit phosphorylated at serine 2056 at nuclear speckles and alters pre‐mRNA alternative splicing
Authors: Liu Shuang , Shao Yuan , Wang Qi , Zhai Yonggong , Li Xialu
Published: December 2018

RNA splicing has emerged as a critical player in the DNA damage response (DDR). However, the underlying mechanism(s) by which pre‐mRNA splicing is coordinately regulated by genotoxic stress has remained largely unclear. Here, we show that a DDR factor, DNA‐dependent protein kinase (DNA‐PK), participates in the modulation of pre‐mRNA splicing in the presence of DNA double‐strand break (DSB)‐induced genotoxic stress. Through indirect immunostaining, we made the surprising discovery that DNA‐PK catalytic subunits (DNA‐PKcs) autophosphorylated at serine 2056 (S2056) accumulate at nuclear speckles (dynamic nuclear structures that are enriched with splicing factors), following their dissociation from DSB lesions. Inactivation of DNA‐PKcs, either using a small molecule inhibitor or by RNA interference, alters alternative splicing of a set of pre‐mRNAs in A549 cells treated with the topoisomerase II inhibitor mitoxantrone, indicative of an involvement of DNA‐PKcs in modulating pre‐mRNA splicing following genotoxic stress. These findings indicate a novel physical and functional connection between the DNA damage response and pre‐mRNA splicing, and enhance our understanding of how mRNA splicing is involved in the cellular response to DSB lesions.
Intact anti‐LPS IgY is found in the blood after intragastric administration in mice
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wang Pei , Chen Yajie , Ma Si‐yuan
Published: December 2018

Severe burn injury and cirrhosis often cause the translocation of bacterial endotoxins into blood, leading to systemic damage and even death. Our previous studies have shown that anti‐lipopolysaccharide egg yolk antibody (anti‐LPS IgY) can neutralize bacterial endotoxins in vitro and in vivo effectively, thereby reducing endotoxin damage. Whether anti‐LPS IgY can be absorbed into the blood through the intestinal barrier and neutralize endotoxins in circulation remains unclear. In this study, we used in vivo small animal imaging techniques, protein purification, molecular biology, and mass spectrometry to show that intragastrically administered anti‐LPS IgY is detected in the blood of mice as an intact molecule and has the capacity to bind to LPS. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that anti‐LPS IgY is associated with the intestinal mucosa of mice. However, the route of absorption of this large protein molecule was not determined. This study suggests that anti‐LPS IgY can be absorbed into the circulation, with the same molecular mass as purified anti‐LPS IgY as a macromolecular protein, suggesting a new strategy for the prevention of damage caused by endotoxins.
Axon Initial Segment
Authors: Debanne Dominique , Garrido Juan José
Published: December 2018

The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialised region of the axon where the action potential is initiated following integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The AIS contains high density of sodium and potassium channels anchored on scaffold proteins, but it also includes receptors to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Besides its role in action potential initiation, the AIS constitutes a diffusion barrier that controls cytoplasmic traffic towards the axon. Activity‐dependent plasticity has been recently shown to affect the length and position of the AIS whereas stimulation of ligand‐gated receptors alters the ion channel content of the AIS. Thus, the AIS represents a critical element in neuronal excitability and its plasticity.

Key Concepts

The axon initial segment is the site of action potential initiation.

It is enriched with high density of voltage‐gated sodium and potassium channels.

Ion channels are anchored at the AIS through scaffold proteins.

The AIS constitutes a barrier for molecular and cellular traffic from the soma to the axon and is, therefore, essential to maintain axonal identity.

The structure and function of the AIS is subject to activity‐dependent plasticity.
Bacterial Cell Wall
Authors: Margolin William
Published: December 2018

Most bacteria are encased in walls that protect the cells against lysis by osmotic forces from within and from chemical or biological assaults from outside. These walls are assembled in layers consisting of four principal components: inner membrane, peptidoglycan, outer membrane (OM) and S‐layer. The first two are the basic constituents of bacterial walls, the OM is a hallmark of one branch of bacteria and S‐layers are optional in many different microorganisms. The two fundamental types of wall are Gram‐type positive, which have no OM, and Gram‐type negative, which have an OM. Bacteria also produce various secondary polymers, such as teichoic or mycolic acids, that associate with peptidoglycan and alter its chemical characteristics. Finally, and in addition to its protective role, the wall imparts to bacterial cells their specific shapes and is organised to facilitate the transport of vital chemicals into and out of the cell.

Key Concepts

The cell wall protects bacteria from lysis, chemical assault and attack by the immune system.

The bacterial cell wall consists of an inner (plasma) membrane, a rigid peptidoglycan exoskeleton and, in some cases, an outer membrane and/or an S‐layer.

Peptidoglycan is composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharides linked to one another by short peptide side chains, which creates a single macromolecule surrounding the bacterial cell.

The biological properties of many bacterial cell walls are strengthened or enhanced by the addition of secondary cell wall glycopolymers.

The bacterial world is divided into two main groups: those that have a single membrane (the plasma or inner membrane) and those that have two membranes (inner and outer membranes).

S‐layers are paracrystalline arrays of a single protein that completely cover the exterior of many bacteria.

Bacterial shape is chiefly determined by cytoskeletal proteins that direct the synthesis of the overall structure of peptidoglycan.
Disease Ecology
Authors: McCallum Hamish I
Published: December 2018

The role of infectious disease in human history is well known, but its importance in ecology has been neglected until relatively recently. Disease ecology involves using ecological principles and concepts to understand and manage infectious diseases, in humans, other animals and plants. It is strongly based on mathematical theory and modelling approaches. The most important concept is
R
0
, the number of secondary cases per primary case when disease is rare. If it is greater than one, infection will increase in the population, but if it can be driven below one, disease can be eliminated. Most infectious agents affect more than one host species, and most host species harbour several species of parasite. Understanding the community context of infectious disease is, therefore, essential. Human‐induced changes, such as habitat destruction and fragmentation and climate change, can be expected to have major effects on the impact of infectious disease in natural ecosystems.

Key Concepts

Parasites and pathogens are important factors in understanding the evolution and ecology of organisms, but their importance is often not recognised.

The basic reproductive number
R
0
(the number of secondary cases per primary case when disease is rare) is the single most important concept in understanding the ecology of disease.

If
R
0
> 1, the disease can increase in the host population, but if
R
0
< 1, disease cannot establish.

Microparasites, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans, can often be modelled by dividing the host population into susceptible, infected and resistant classes. For macroparasites such as worms, however, it is essential to consider the level of infection and recognise that a few hosts usually harbour most of the total parasite population.

Most parasite species infect more than one host species, and most hosts harbour several parasite species. It is essential to consider interactions between parasites within hosts and the effect of differing susceptibility of multiple host taxa.

Environmental changes produced by humans, such as climate change and habitat destruction, have major impacts on parasites and their effect on host populations.
Cave Evolution
Authors: Gross Joshua B , Berning Daniel J
Published: December 2018

Cave‐dwelling animals are fascinating because of the phenotypic extremes they frequently exhibit, such as a reduced vision and pigmentation. Equally interesting is the fact that irrespective of taxonomic position, organisms colonising the subterranean environment converge on highly similar phenotypic deficits and improvements. Thus, a predictable suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural changes evolve in response to low nutrient conditions of the subterranean environment. Despite several decades of enquiry, the precise genetic and molecular underpinnings of cave‐associated changes are only beginning to be elucidated through the use of high‐resolution contemporary molecular and genetic techniques. Regressive phenotypic changes, those traits that are lost in derived lineages, are particularly interesting since they evolve in the absence of obvious selective value to the organism. Continuing research utilising an increasing number of emerging cave‐dwelling models offers the exciting prospect of clarifying longstanding problems in contemporary evolutionary biology.

Key Concepts

Widespread convergence on cave‐associated (troglomorphic) characteristics is frequently attributed to the reduced nutrition and overall stability of the cave environment.

Cave‐adapted organisms are excellent models for the study of regressive phenotypic evolution, that is. the loss of traits in derived organisms.

The evolutionary mechanism(s) accounting for phenotypic loss in cave‐dwelling organisms (neutralism versus selection) remains unknown.

Hybrid crosses between cave‐ and surface‐dwelling morphs demonstrate that numerous morphological changes associated with cave adaptation are recessive.

Phenotypic analyses in experimental pedigrees have revealed that cave‐associated characteristics arise through both Mendelian (single locus) and complex (polygenic) patterns of inheritance.

The cave environment is an attractive habitat given that over 50 000 cave‐limited species are known worldwide, distributed across broad taxonomic groups.

Contemporary cave research has advanced significantly over the last decade thanks to integrative analyses combining developmental, genetic, genomic, behavioural, physiological and population‐level approaches.

Genomic and transcriptomic techniques are providing new insights to the underlying genetic changes mediating cave evolution, and how genomes evolve in the subterranean habitat.
Genetics of Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , García‐Martín Elena , Agúndez José AG
Published: December 2018

The high frequency of positive family history of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in patients diagnosed with this disease, the higher concordance rates in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins, and the presence of genetic anticipation suggest an important role of genetic factors in RLS. Inheritance RLS patterns, genetic anticipation, the frequency of positive family history of RLS, twin studies, linkage studies in familial RLS, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), exome sequencing studies, and case–control association studies on candidate genes in RLS, have been the aim of this article. Some variants of several genes have been associated with RLS risk (most of them through GWAS), being the strongest candidates variants of
BTBD9, MEIS1
, and
PTPRD
genes. A recent meta‐analysis confirmed these associations and identified 13 new susceptibility loci related to neurodevelopment‐neurogenesis, cell‐junction organisation, axon guidance, locomotor behaviour and DNA repair and maintenance. Results of several recent case–control association studies suggesting a possible contribution of
haem‐oxygenase (HMOX1)
rs2071746,
vitamin D3 receptor (VDR)
rs731236,
alcohol‐dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B)
rs1229984, and
GABA receptor rho3
(
GABRR3
) rs832032 variants, or the presence of allele 2 of the complex microsatellite repeat Rep1 within the
α‐synuclein
(
SNCA
) gene promoter in modifying the risk for RLS, need a replication by further studies. However, the causative gene(s) for RLS has(ve) not been definitively identified.

Key Concepts

The role of genetic factors in the aetiology of RLS is suggested by a substantial reported evidence. It is most likely a genetically complex disorder.

Although autosomal dominant is the most frequent inheritance pattern of RLS, there have been reported families with autosomal recessive and with non‐Mendelian patterns. This, together with the presence of phenocopies, suggests a role of epigenetic factors.

Linkage studies have identified at least 8 genes/loci, most of them in families with apparently autosomal dominant RLS.

Classical genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have shown association of certain variants of
PTPRD
,
BTBD9
,
MEIS1
,
MAP2K5
/
SKOR1
and
TOX3
genes with RLS (some of them showed association with PLMs in patients with and without RLS).

A recent meta‐analysis of GWAS have confirmed the 6 risk loci found in classical GWAS and described 13 additional genes/loci, most of them related with neurodevelopment‐neurogenesis, cell‐junction organisation, axon guidance, locomotor behaviour and DNA repair and maintenance.

An exome sequencing studies have shown a strong association of the
BTBD
rs9357271 variant with RLS risk has been shown in an exome sequencing study. Other exome sequencing studies in families showed a possible role of
PCDHA3
and
TRAPPC6B
genes on
RLS
risk, but they need replication.

The short size of the series and the lack of replication studies make that the results of candidate genes should be still limited.
Social Construction of Reality
Authors: Miller Gale , Nowacek David
Published: December 2018

The social construction of reality stands for the proposition that human interactions with the world and with each other are mediated to an extent found nowhere else in nature. This mediation, especially through language, is what makes reality socially constructed, and those constructions are contextually variable and of great practical consequence. Although the proposition that reality is socially constructed is not unique to sociology, sociologists have contributed greatly to the theoretical development of this proposition and to its empirical utilization. This entry traces the several theoretical traditions (classical, pragmatist, and Foucauldian) that have contributed to the sociological development of constructionism (classical, pragmatist, and Foucauldian). It also describes the broad range of topics and scale of sociological constructionist scholarship. Finally, although constructionism is widely accepted and arguably at the heart of the sociological enterprise, there are still lingering challenges for constructionist sociologists that we aim to identify.
Gourmet Restaurants/Foods
Authors: Martin Nina
Published: December 2018

The study of gourmet restaurants and foods is part of the emerging field of food studies, which brings together scholars across a range of disciplines. Eating is perhaps the most basic and universal human experience, and yet what we eat, where we eat, and how we eat vary across society's fissures, including nationality, ethnicity, geography, class, and gender. Food is a social construction that is used to express identity, religious beliefs, national belonging, and ethnic pride. Within this context, gourmet food and restaurants display a class status of high distinction while also signaling consumers and producers who are curious, tolerant, and inclusive in their pursuit of authentic cuisine. The social space of the restaurant can be carefully analyzed to see how images and discourses of distinction are created. Further, “gourmet” is a geographic concept where particular places are invoked (legally and in the imaginary) to designate food as authentic and high quality.
A
ddams,
J
ane (1860–1935)
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo
Published: December 2018

Jane Addams was a charismatic world leader with an innovative intellectual legacy in sociology. She is one of the most important female sociologists who has ever lived. Her combined thought and practice is called “feminist pragmatism”: an American theory uniting liberal values and a belief in a rational public with a cooperative, nurturing, and liberating model of the self, the other, and the community. Addams's intellectual legacy as a feminist pragmatist articulated radical changes in US life and politics, altering the possibilities for human growth and action for the poor, the working class, immigrants, people of color, youth, the aged, and women.
Law, Civil
Authors: Curran Vivian Grosswald
Published: December 2018

The civil law is the designation commonly given to those legal systems based on Roman law, in contrast to the common law and other legal systems. The legal orders based on Roman law diverge in many ways in the different nations that have developed from it, but they nevertheless have central, distinguishing characteristics, primary among which is to be formed around a civil code.
Pareto,Vilfredo (1848–1923)
Authors: Freidman Travis
Published: December 2018

Vilfredo Pareto was an important late nineteenth‐century thinker, economist, and sociologist. Pareto is better known for his contributions to mathematical economics, less (if not nothing at all) is known about his contribution to sociology, which culminated in a four‐volume work entitledTrattato Di Sociologia Generale. This entry explores his life, his work in both fields, and covers the basic topics of theTrattato.
Static and dynamic seductive illustration effects on text‐and‐graphic learning processes, perceptions, and outcomes: Evidence from eye tracking
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Jung , Wu An‐Hsuan , Chen Yuping
Published: December 2018

This study aimed to examine how different forms (still pictures vs. animations) of seductive illustrations impact text‐and‐graphic learning processes, perceptions, and outcomes. An eye‐tracking experiment of three groups (static, dynamic, and control) was conducted with 60 college and graduate students while learning with PowerPoint slides about infant motor development milestones. Prior knowledge, learning performance, learning perception, and visual attention were assessed by achievement tests, self‐rated scales, and eye‐tracking measures. Analysis of variance and t test results showed that, under a low task‐load condition, no seductive details effect was found for learning achievement but was found for learning process and perception. Decreased attention was found in the relevant pictures in both experimental groups. With more deeply and intensively processing on the seductive animations, the dynamic group perceived more distractions than the static group. Lag sequential analysis results revealed different visual transitional patterns for the groups, providing deep understandings about the process of seductive details effects.
Materials in Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioelectronic Applications: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Moser Maximilian , Ponder James F. , Wadsworth Andrew , Giovannitti Alexander , McCulloch Iain
Published: December 2018

Organic electrochemical transistors are bioelectronic devices that exploit the coupled nature of ionic and electronic fluxes to achieve superior transducing abilities compared to conventional organic field effect transistors. In particular, the operation of organic electrochemical transistors relies on a channel material capable of conducting both ionic and electronic charge carriers to ensure bulk electrochemical doping. This review explores the various types of organic semiconductors that are employed as channel materials, with a particular focus on the past 5 years, during which the transducing abilities of organic electrochemical transistors have witnessed an almost tenfold increase. Specifically, the structure–property relationships of the various channel materials employed are investigated, highlighting how device performance can be related to functionality at the molecular level. Finally, an outlook on the field is provided, in particular toward the design guidelines of future materials and the challenges ahead in the field.
Hole‐Transporting Materials Incorporating Carbazole into Spiro‐Core for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐Dong , Ma Xing‐Juan , Wang Ya‐Kun , Li Yun , Gao Chun‐Hong , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng
Published: December 2018

Hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) play a significant role in hole transport and extraction for perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). As an important type of HTMs, the spiro‐architecture‐based material is widely used as small organic HTM in PeSCs with good photovoltaic performances. The skeletal modification of spiro‐based HTMs is a critical way of modifying energy level and hole mobility. Thus, many spiro alternatives are developed to optimize the spiro‐type HTMs. Herein, a novel carbazole‐based single‐spiro‐HTM named SCZF‐5 is designed and prepared for efficient PeSCs. In addition, another single‐spiro HTM SAF‐5 with reported 10‐phenyl‐10H‐spiro[acridine‐9,9′‐fluorene] (SAF) core is also synthesized for comparison. Through varying from SAF core to SCZF core as well as comparing with the classic 9,9′‐spiro‐bifluorene, it is found that the new HTM SCZF‐5 exhibits more impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.10% than SAF‐5 (13.93%) and the commercial HTM spiro‐OMeTAD (19.11%). On the other hand, the SCZF‐5‐based device also has better durability in lifetime testing, indicating the newly designed SCZF by integrating carbazole into the spiro concept has good potential for developing effective HTMs.
General Method for Determining Light Scattering and Absorption of Nanoparticle Composites
Authors: Wang Junxin , Xu Changgang , Nilsson Annica M. , Fernandes Daniel L. A. , Strömberg Mattias , Wang Jianfang , Niklasson Gunnar A.
Published: December 2018

Scattering and absorption from nanoparticles are of major importance in optical research as well as in a range of applications. The Kubelka–Munk two‐flux radiative transfer model gives a simple description of light scattering in nanoparticle composite materials, but inversion of experimental transmittance and reflectance data to obtain backscattering and absorption coefficients remains challenging. Here, a general method for evaluating these parameters from transmittance and reflectance spectra, combined with spectral angle resolved light scattering measurements is developed. The angular dependence is approximated by an extension of the empirical Reynolds–McCormick phase function, which is fitted to the experimental angle resolved light scattering data. This approach is verified by measurements on three typical nanoparticle/polymer composites containing plasmonic Au, ferromagnetic Fe3O4, and dielectric TiO2 particles. An approximation to the angular scattering pattern is further demonstrated, which can be applied to obtain the optical parameters using only reflectance and transmittance data, in cases where angle‐resolved measurements are not available. These results can be extended to a wide range of isotropic, anisotropic, and multiple scattering systems, and will be highly useful in the fields of light scattering coatings/metamaterials, UV‐shielding films, displays, absorption/scattering layers in solar cells and biological scatterers.
Inducing Favorable Cation Antisite by Doping Halogen in Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode with Ultrahigh Stability
Authors: Li Chunli , Kan Wang Hay , Xie Huilin , Jiang Ying , Zhao Zhikun , Zhu Chenyou , Xia Yuanhua , Zhang Jie , Xu Kang , Mu Daobin , Wu Feng
Published: December 2018

The cation antisite is the most recognizable intrinsic defect type in nickel‐rich layered and olivine‐type cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, and important for electrochemical/thermal performance. While how to generate the favorable antisite has not been put forward, herein, by combining first‐principles calculation with neutron powder diffraction (NPD) study, a defect inducing the favorable antisite mechanism is proposed to improve cathode stability, that is, halogen substitution facilitates the neighboring Li and Ni atoms to exchange their sites, forming a more stable local octahedron of halide (LOSH). According to the mechanism, it is demonstrated by NPD that F‐doping not only induces the antisite formation in layered LiNi0.85Co0.075Mn0.075O2 (LNCM), but also increases the antisite concentration linearly. F substitution (1%) induces 5.7% antisite, and it displays an excellent capacity retention of 94% at 1 C for 200 cycles under 25 °C, outstanding high temperature cyclability (153.4 mAh·g–1 at 1 C for 120 cycles under 55 °C). The onset decomposition temperature increases by 48 °C. The ultrahigh cycling/thermal stability is attributed to the stronger LOSH, and it keeps the structural integrity after long cycling and develops an electrostatic repulsion force between oxygen layers to increase the lattice parameter c, which benefits Li‐ion migration.
Will the real Moebius syndrome please stand up? A systematic review of the literature and statistical cluster analysis of clinical features
Authors: Bell Chris , Nevitt Sarah , McKay Victoria H. , Fattah Adel Y.
Published: December 2018

Moebius syndrome is a highly variable syndrome with abducens and facial nerve palsy as core features. Strict diagnostic criteria do not exist and the inconsistency of the associated features makes determination difficult. To determine what features are associated with Moebius syndrome we performed a systematic literature review resulting in a composite case series of 449 individuals labeled with Moebius syndrome. We applied minimum criteria (facial and abducens palsy) to determine the prevalence of associated clinical features in this series. Additionally, we performed statistical cluster analysis to determine which features tended to occur together. Our study comprises the largest series of patients with Moebius syndrome and the first to apply statistical methodology to elucidate clinical relationships. We present evidence for two groups within the Moebius diagnosis. Type 1: exhibiting micrognathia, limb anomalies and feeding/swallowing difficulty that tend to occur together. Type 2: phenotypically diverse but more associated with radiologically detectable neurologic abnormalities and developmental delay.
Organization of Particle Islands through Light‐Powered Fluid Pumping
Authors: Tansi Benjamin M. , Peris Matthew L. , Shklyaev Oleg E. , Balazs Anna C. , Sen Ayusman
Published: December 2018

The field of active matter holds promise for applications in particle assembly, cargo and drug delivery, and sensing. In pursuit of these capabilities, researchers have produced a suite of nanomotors, fluid pumps, and particle assembly strategies. Although promising, there are many challenges, especially for mechanisms that rely on chemical propulsion. One way to circumvent these issues is by the use of external energy sources. Herein, we propose a method of using freely suspended nanoparticles to generate fluid pumping towards desired point sources. The pumping rates are dependent on particle concentration and light intensity, making it highly controllable. Using these directed flows, we further demonstrate the ability to reversibly construct and move colloidal crystals.
Transparent Ta3N5 Photoanodes for Efficient Oxygen Evolution toward the Development of Tandem Cells
Authors: Higashi Tomohiro , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Suzuki Yohichi , Sasaki Yutaka , Hisatomi Takashi , Katayama Masao , Minegishi Tsutomu , Seki Kazuhiko , Yamada Taro , Domen Kazunari
Published: December 2018

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is regarded as a promising approach to the production of hydrogen, and the development of efficient photoelectrodes is one aspect of realizing practical systems. In this work, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes were fabricated on n‐type GaN/sapphire substrates to promote O2 evolution in tandem with a photocathode, to realize overall water splitting. Following the incorporation of an underlying GaN layer, a photocurrent of 6.3 mA cm−2 was achieved at 1.23 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode. The transparency of Ta3N5 to wavelengths longer than 600 nm allowed incoming solar light to be transmitted to a CuInSe2 (CIS), which absorbs up to 1100 nm. A stand‐alone tandem cell with a serially‐connected dual‐CIS unit terminated with a Pt/Ni electrode was thus constructed for H2 evolution. This tandem cell exhibited a solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency greater than 7 % at the initial stage of the reaction.
Hoch regioselektive Fernlithiierung von funktionalisierten 1,3‐bissilylierten Arenen
Authors: Bellan Andreas B. , Knochel Paul
Published: December 2018

Substituierte Arene flankiert von zwei sterisch anspruchsvollen Triethylsilylgruppen werden regiospezifisch, mithilfe von nBuLi⋅PMDTA bei 25 °C, in 5‐Position lithiiert. Die erzeugten Aryllithium Reagenzien reagieren mit einer Vielzahl von Elektrophilen, wie zum Beispiel Ketonen, Isocyanaten, Weinreb‐Amiden, Allylbromiden oder CO2 bei 25 °C. Die so gebildeten bissilylierten Arene wurden mittels kurzer Reaktionssequenzen in unsilylierte, tetrasubstituierte Arene überführt. Diese Fernmetallierung konnte sowohl auf 2,6‐Bis(triethylsilyl)pyridine als auch auf 3,3′‐Bis(triethylsilyl)biphenyl erweitert werden.
Alkali Metal Covalent Bonding in Nickel Carbonyl Complexes ENi(CO)3−
Authors: Chi Chaoxian , Pan Sudip , Meng Luyan , Luo Mingbiao , Zhao Lili , Zhou Mingfei , Frenking Gernot
Published: December 2018

The alkali metal‐nickel carbonyl anions ENi(CO)3−with E=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs have been produced and characterized by mass‐selected infrared photodissociation spectroscopy in the gas phase. The molecules are the first examples of 18‐electron transition metal complexes with alkali atoms as covalently bonded ligands. The calculated equilibrium structures possessC3vgeometry, where the alkali atom is located above a nearly planar Ni(CO)3−fragment. The analysis of the electronic structure reveals a peculiar bonding situation where the alkali atom is covalently bonded not only to Ni but also to the carbon atoms.