bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friction and Lubrication of Synthetic Fibers
Authors: Schick M.J.
Published: March 2008

Recent developments in high-speed spinning technology require heat-stable spin finishes, which impede melting of the fibers at high temperatures. Therefore, studies of the temperature-dependence of friction of heat-stable lubricants are of vital importance. In our laboratory this is being studied at the fiber/metal interface over a wide temperature range from 30° to 220°C with a heated pin, with the objective of simulating plant conditions. This article describes the effects of heat-stable lubricants, guide-surface roughness, pre-tension, and guide diameter on the temperature-dependence of friction. Since the results of the two-component model finish system investigated follow a consistent pattern for five fiber materials, differences in the magnitude of friction are attributed to differences in the temperature-dependerice of friction among the five clean fiber materials. It is concluded that the effect of the finish and of the fiber material are additive.
Soiling, Staining, and Yellowing Characteristics of Fabrics Treated With Resin or Formaldehyde
Authors: Reeves Wilson A. , Summers Teresa A. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

Cotton and 50/50 polyester/cotton fabrics, untreated and with four formaldehyde crosslinking treatments and two resin finishes, were soiled with oily and nonoily soils and an oily stain. Extent of soiling, ease of soil and stain removal, and the development of yellowness were determined after repeated laundering in a Launder-Ometer. Soiling and soil removal were influenced more by type of soil, fiber content, process of producing crosslinks, and catalyst than by the chemical composition of the crosslinking agent, although chemical composition did produce some effects. Development of yellowness of untreated and crosslinked fabrics during laundering was attributed to swelling of cotton fiber and cotton content of polyester/cotton blend fabrics. Cross-linking of cotton and cotton/ polyester fabrics by a pad-dry-cure process retarded the development of yellowness. Yellowness developed in both oily and nonoily soiled fabrics. Yellowness was not related to amount of soil on the fabrics.
An ESCA Study of the Surface and Interior Reactive Sites in Wool Fibers
Authors: Tillin S.J. , Pavlath A.E. , Zeronian S.H. , Pittman A.G.
Published: March 2008

Past chemical analyses of the epicuticle of wool have indicated that the chemical composition of the epicuticle is not too different from that of the fiber interior, yet significant differences in wetting behavior have been reported. Our present studies, using the surface analytical technique of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, have shown that the polar-reactive groups present at the surface are less accessible for reaction (with hexafluoroacetone) than those within the fiber interior. The difference in reactivity could be a reflection of conformational (hence steric) differences between the epicuticle and fiber interior.
Gram-Negative Bacterial Content and Fiber Properties of Raw Cotton
Authors: Fischer J.J. , Morey P.R. , Sasser P.E.
Published: March 2008

The content of gram-negative bacteria was determined for 109 samples of the 1978 crop of American upland raw cotton derived from seven grade divisions and five visual color groups. The populations of gram-negative bacteria entrained in these raw cottons varied from 1.5 X 1010 to 1.5 X 1014 for standard bale size (217.7 kg) lots. Raw cotton fiber parameters, including upper-half-mean length, length uniformity, strength, micronaire, maturity, and fineness, were all significantly and inversely correlated with the content of entrained gram-negative bacteria. The yellowness of raw cottons as measured by the cotton colorimeter was significantly and positively correlated with bacterial content. About half of the variability of gram-negative bacterial content in raw cotton samples of the 1978 American upland crop can be accounted for by variation in micronaire ( r2 = 0.504).
Wool/Polymer Interactions
Authors: Bateup Brett O. , Souren Illa
Published: March 2008

Two methods were investigated for measuring the adhesion between single Lincoln fibers and a polyurethane elastomer. The importance of viscoelastic properties on the measured adhesive force was shown at low speeds of testing where the wool/polymer adhesive force increased with speed, parallel to the tearing energy of the elastomer.

Estimates of the surface component of adhesion, θ0, were consistent with the conclusion that θ0» W0, where Wo is the calculated wool/polymer thermodynamic work of adhesion, assuming only van der Waals' bonding across the interface. Covalent bonding at the wool/polymer interface and/or me chanical interlocking of polymer under the scale edges could account for the large values of θ 0 as well as the mixed-mode (i.e. interfacial and cohesive) failure observed from scanning-electron-microscope studies.
Relationships Between Improved Performances and Structural Features of N-Methylolpolyethyleneureas and NMP-Cottons
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2008

The polyethyleneureas, degree of polymerization n = 1, 2, and 3, were prepared as crystalline solids and characterized spectroscopically. The interactions of these oligomers, cyclic ethyleneurea, and their N-methylol derivatives with polyhydroxy surfaces were determined by gel-permeation chromatog raphy. The methylolated compounds were applied to cotton fabric, and textile performance properties, moisture regain, water of imbibition, and dye sorption were determined on the modified fabrics. The improved textile properties realized with the K-methylolpolyethyleneureas are discussed in light of their greater sorption to the polyhydroxy surface. A unique relationship between retention of Ac celerotor abrasion resistance and the decrease in internal pore surface and volume produced by cross linking is established for the experimental reagents.
The Effect of Alkali on Acrylic Fibers
Authors: Baikerikar S.Y. , Rane M.V. , Phalgumani G.R. , Manjunatha B.R.
Published: March 2008

The effect of alkali on acrylic fibers has been studied, particularly with reference to 5% w/v NaOH used in the quantitative analysis of wool with acrylics. The discrepancies observed in the results are analyzed. An alternative modified method suitable for quantitatively separating acrylics from wool using DMF has been standardized to overcome the discrepancies observed in the alkali method. Application of this method' to commercial blend samples of wool with varying contents of acrylics as well as extension to other relevant tests is also discussed.
Influence of Opening Roller Type on Properties of Open-End Polyester-Viscose Yarns
Authors: Vigo J.P. , Barella A.
Published: March 2008

Comparison is made of the characteristics of two open-end polyester-viscose. (50/50) yarns spun by processes that, except for the type of opening roller in the spinning unit, are similar. Type OK-36 opening roller, adequate for viscose, and type OK-37, adequate for polyester (machine BD200), were tested. It is shown that, for yarns of a high linear density, the type of opening roller does not affect yarn characters in an important manner, but when yarn linear density decreases, better results are found with the opening roller that, because of its characteristics, ensures a smooth operation on the fiber (in this case, type OK-37 adequate for man-made fibers).
Surface Topography of Blank-Dyed Merino Wool
Authors: Campbell Mary E. , Baumann Hanno
Published: March 2008

Merino wool was blank-dyed in citric acid-phosphate buffer at pH 2.0, 4.5, and 8.0, at the boil, for periods of up to five hours. The treatment dissolved significant quantities of protein material from the wool and altered the fiber cuticle surface. Scanning electron microscope studies showed that modification of the cuticle cell surface occurred at all pH's, with the most severe disruption of the surface being at pH 2.
Bean Bag Snag Tester: A System of Evaluation
Authors: Cary Richard T.
Published: March 2008

Three systems were investigated for evaluating the test results of the Bean Bag Snag Tester. It was found that the Modified Mace Snag Test standards invented by Leung and Hershkowitz could be adopted to obtain valid and reliable results on the Bean Bag Snag Tester. From this type of information, users can more effectively interpret the test results of the Bean Bag Snag Tester.
Pilot-Scale Process for Photo-Initiated Modification of Cotton in the Preparation of Durable-Press Fabrics
Authors: Harris James A. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

A continuous process for the modification of cotton fabrics by photo-initiated copolymerization with N-methylolacrylamide for the preparation of durable-press textiles was investigated. Cotton fabrics were padded with aqueous N-methylolacryl amide solutions and passed through a photochemical reactor at various speeds. The exposure of these monomer-impregnated cotton fabrics to ultraviolet radiation initiated free-radical reactions on the cellulose molecules to give permanently modi fied cotton textiles. The effects of fabric speed through the reactor, lamp wattage, monomer concentration in aqueous solution, type of crosslinking catalyst, catalyst concentration, use of and concentration of DMDHEU, irradiation of both dry and pad-wet fabrics, one-side and two-side exposures, and heat build-up within the reactor on the efficiency of conversion of monomer to polymer add-on were determined. The effect of heat treatment after irradiation also was investigated. Durable-press ratings were determined on these modified, crosslinked fabrics, with some textile properties being determined on selected samples. Microscopic examination of the modified printcloth by transmission electron microscopy indicated a uniform deposition of polymer throughout the fibrous cross section.
Triaxial Woven Fabrics
Authors: Scardino Frank L. , Ko Frank K.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes some of the unique properties and performance characteristics of triaxial woven fabrics. With three systems of yarn interlacing at sixty-degree angles with one another, triaxial woven fabrics provide less of an anistotropic behavior and offer an alternative to the inherent structural weaknesses of biaxial woven fabrics: It is shown that triaxial woven fabrics exhibit a relatively higher and more uniform resistance to extension, shear deformation, and burst deformation than comparable biaxial woven fabrics.
Binding of Organic Antimicrobial Agents to Cotton Fabric as Zirconium Complexes
Authors: Morris Cletus E. , Vigo Tyrone L. , Welch Clark M.
Published: March 2008

Solutions of zirconium(IV) complexes were used to bind organic antimicrobial agents to cotton fabric by one- or two-bath processes. In the one-bath process, a water-soluble complex of the organic agent was prepared from a carbonatozirconate or zirconyl chloride and applied to fabric by a conventional pad-cure procedure. In the two-bath process, fabric was treated successively with a solution of zirconyl acetate and a solution of a salt of the antimicrobial agent. The fabrics were tested for activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis and the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Fabrics given a two-bath treatment with pyrithione (1-hydroxy-2-pyridinethione), tetracycline, or oxytetracycline retained excellent bacteriostatic activity after fifty launderings, and the one treated with pyrithione still had excellent antifungal activity after twenty launderings. Antimicrobial activity imparted by some of the one-bath treatments was initially extremely high but was less durable to laundering.
Nylon 6,6 Fiber Tensile Properties as a Function of Morphology
Authors: Simpson Paul G. , Southern John H. , Ballman Richard L.
Published: March 2008

Nylon 6,6 amorphous and crystalline orientation and content data are reported herein for a fiber series produced by varying the degree of stretch in conventional spinning and drawing operations. Tensile elongation and tenacity are correlated exponentially with the amorphous orientation function. Crystalline orientation values were observed to be consistently high, varying only slightly with significant tensile property changes. In addition, crystalline and amorphous contents varied by no more than 12% and did not consistently correlate with tensile properties. Extrapolation of the tensile property/amorphous orientation correlations to perfect amorphous chain orientation in the fiber direction implies that, in principle, a nylon 6,6 fiber having 20 gpd (1765 kN.m/kg) tenacity and 5.4% elongation is attainable.
Controlling Cotton Dust
Authors: Claassen B.J. , Baril A.
Published: March 2008

The paper presents work on the engineering aspects of controlling cotton dust. The factors that determine the dust conditions in a textile mill are discussed. A room-air mass balance is used to point out some possible control approaches. High-efficiency filtration-research approaches are presented and compared to other options that have not been fully explored. Research needs for cost-effective cotton-dust control are recommended.
Analysis of the Proteins from Single Wool Fibers by Two-Dimensional Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Marshall Robert C.
Published: March 2008

The proteins from a single 20-μm Merino wool fiber, after extraction at pH 8 with 8 Murea containing dithiothreitol, were radiolabelled by S-carboxymethylation with iodo(2-14C) acetate. The unfractionated mixture of proteins was examined by two- dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with the separation in the first dimension according to charge at pH 8.9 and in the second dimension according to apparent molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Following electrophoresis the proteins were visualized by fluorography. Eight low-sulfur, eight high-sulfur, and ten high-tyrosine protein components were resolved. The method is extremely sensitive, with the proteins from approximately 4 cm of wool fiber being visualized in less than six hours. Because of the high sensitivity of the method, protein components in small samples—for example, those used in mechanical property measurements—can be examined.
Cotton-Jute Blending-Changes in Blend Composition During Processing
Authors: Parthasarathy M.S. , Srinathan B. , Sreenivasan S. , Chidambareswaran P.K. , Sundaram V.
Published: March 2008

The composition of cotton-jute blends, at various stages of processing from blowroom to ring frame, has been analyzed using an x-ray diffraction method. The study revealed that the reduction in the nominal jute content observed in the ring yarn is due to preferential losses of this fiber under the licker-in region.
Washed Cotton—Manufacture, Properties, and Processing Part II: Textile Plant Experience'
Authors: Gibbs A.H. , Mckenna F.P. , Riser W.H. , Rogers W.B. , Ross S.E.
Published: March 2008

Approximately 6,000 pounds (2,722 kg) of cotton that had been washed in lap form with 66°C water (as described in Part I) were successfully processed into 100% cotton and 50/50 cotton/polyester open-end and ring-spun yarns at normal production rates and woven into fabrics. The performance of the washed cotton was not as good as the unwashed cotton in some respects: occasional static electricity, higher card neps, weaker yarns, poorer quality yarns (particularly in the combed blend), and better in others: reduction in rotor dust and ends down in open-end spinning. These shortcom ings in processability have been ascribed to the excessive working of the fiber in preparation for washing and subsequent processing, and the need for modified fiber finishes to compensate for fiber surfaces changes that occurred during washing.
Pulmonary Function Response to Dust from Standard and Closed-Boll-Harvested Cotton 1
Authors: Boehlecke Brian , Cocke Joseph , Bragg Kenneth , Hancock John , Petsonk Edward , Picirillo Richard , Merchant James
Published: March 2008

Twenty-six volunteers with normal pulmonary function were exposed to cotton dust in a model card room. Exposures were carried out on alternate days, and spirometry was performed before and after six hours of exposure. Dust levels were measured with vertical elutriators and adjusted by varying carding rate and exhaust veritilation. "Standard" cotton was harvested and prepared for carding in the usual manner. "Closed-boll" (CB) cotton was harvested before the bolls had opened; the bolls were washed in a 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution and then allowed to open under controlled conditions. Bract was manually removed prior to opening on one-half of this cotton. CB cotton was obtained from Stoneville, Mississippi and Lubbock, Texas. Four exposures to standard cotton from Stoneville were carried out, but only one exposure was carried out for each type of CB cotton due to the small quantities available. Results were analyzed for statistical significance. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV,) rose slightly over the day with no exposure and fell slightly after rayon exposure. Both changes were significantly different from the average fall of 5% after standard cotton exposure. Mississippi CB cotton, with or without bract, and Texas CB cotton without bract caused significantly smaller declines in FEV 1 than standard cotton. These declines were not significantly different from each other or from that associated with rayon exposure. The Texas CB cotton with bract caused a 10% decline in FEV,, which was significantly greater than that for standard cotton.

In normal volunteers, airway response is less to dust from closed-boll cotton without bract than to standard cotton dust. Differences in response to dust from CB cotton with bract from Mississippi and Texas are to be studied further.
What is Byssinosis? A Review1
Authors: Rooke G.B.
Published: March 2008

The pattern of the disease we now know as byssinosis has been established over the years in medical literature. It is not the same as mill fever, mattress-maker's fever, or weaver's cough, which are caused by contaminated batches of fiber. It is distinguish able from bronchitis in its earlier stages, and some disabled byssinotics may never develop sputum. The pathological findings are not those of an extrinsic allergic alveolitis such as farmer's lung, and emphysema is not an invariable finding. It seems unlikely therefore that bacterial endotoxins or allergy play a part in the etiology of the disease. A direct pharmacological effect on the smooth muscle of the airways by water-soluble substances appears likely.

Although a fall in FEV 1 over the first shift of the week may occur in a high proportion of byssinotics, it cannot be used as a diagnostic tool in individual cases. The diagnosis of byssinosis for compensation purposes is entirely dependent on the symptomatic history. Smoking certainly aggravates the effect of cotton dust.

The proportion of those who develop the early grades of byssinosis and go on to disabling disease does not appear to be large when assessed from compensation cases.
Protective Clothing Fabrics
Authors: Benisek L. , Phillips W.A.
Published: March 2008

An increase in the fabric- or assembly-heat sensor separation improved protection against convective heat (flames) exposure. Zirpro wool assemblies required a longer exposure time to reach second-degree burns, with a longer pain-alarm time than comparable assemblies of aramid or flame-retardant cotton. An increase in the weight of Zirpro wool fabrics decreased heat transfer, but an assembly of a Zirpro wool woven outerwear and a Zirpro wool knitted underwear fabric transferred significantly less heat than a single layer of a Zirpro wool woven fabric of comparable weight with the assembly, because of entrapped air in the thicker innerwear fabric. With decreasing imposed heat flux, time for second-degree burns and pain-alarm time was increased, especially in the case of Zirpro wool.
Smoldering Characteristics of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics1
Authors: Donaldson Darrell J. , Yeadon David A. , Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2008

One of the most important parameters in the development of mechanism or model for smoldering is the propagation velocity of the smoldering wave front. This paper describes a method and apparatus for measuring the tendency of cotton-containing upholstery fabrics to smolder in terms of smolder wave-front velocity. Variables affecting this rate are identified and their degree of influence determined.
Interactions of Nonaqueous Solvents with Textile Fibers
Authors: Mccarthy Stephen P. , Rebenfeld Ludwig , Weigmann H.-D.
Published: March 2008

This paper summarizes an investigation of the effects of interactive chemical solvents on the structure and properties of Nomex®, a fibrous aromatic polyamide. Dynamic and isothermal shrinkage experiments were performed on Nomex yarn in dimethyl formamide (DMF), dimethyl acetamide (DMAc), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) over wide temperature ranges. The rate of the solvent-induced shrinkage was established as being dependent on solvent diffusion. Over a wide temperature range, the equilibrium shrinkage in DMF and in DMAc was found to be independent of temperature. In DMSO, on the other hand, the equilibrium shrinkage was strongly temperature-depeddent above a postulated transitional region around 42°C. The molecular-relaxation mechanism manifest as shrinkage in DMF, in DMAc, and in DMSO below 42°C is postulated to proceed via a rigid chain-slippage process. Above 42°C in DMSO the glass-transition relaxation mechanism involving micro-Brownian motion is postulated. There is evidence for microvoid formation in the Nomex after treatments in the three solvents at 100°C. Improved dyeability is evident in prelimi nary experiments.
Changes in Wool Low-Sulfur and High-Sulfur Protein Components Following Chemical Defleecing
Authors: Marshall Robert C.
Published: March 2008

The changes in the protein composition of wool following suppression of wool growth by mimosine and cyclophosphamide have been examined. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of high-sulfur and low-sulfur protein fractions isolated from wool grown before and after a chemical defleecing treatment showed that the same protein components were present but in different proportions, and that even after three months the protein composition had not reverted to pretreatment composition. These variations in protein composition along the wool fiber could be important as they may alter the physicochemical and textile processing properties of wool grown after chemical defleecing.
A Microprocessor-Based Sliver-Unevenness Analyzer
Authors: De Sadhan K.
Published: March 2008

Unevenness (the variation in mass per-unit-length) of a sliver (textile strand) is considered a very important parameter for the quality control of textiles. A single index of unevenness, usually in the form of the statistical parameter CV (coefficient of variation), is hardly adequate for current quality-control requirements. A need exists, therefore, for an instrument capable of producing more detailed information quickly.

The instrument described in this paper will print-out accurate data for variance- length curve-one of the important methods of unevenness analysis. A prototype model of the instrument has been built using a unit for converting the linear density into an electrical signal, a 990 prototyping system (TMS 9900 microprocessor), and an A/D converter module as the interface. The performance of the prototype instrument has been tested and the results are reported.
Photoprotection of Wool by Application of Ultraviolet Absorber- Polymer Mixtures to its Surface
Authors: Evans Neil A. , Waters Peter J.
Published: March 2008

The photoyellowing of wool fabric can be retarded by the application of a 2-(2'-benzotriazolyl)-phenol/polymer mixture to its surface. The level of protection is dependent on the 2-(2'-benzotriazolyl)-phenol concentration and on the nature of the polymer.
Dyeing of Grafted Polyester Fiber Part I. Effect of Polyvinylacetate Graft on Dyeing Characteristics
Authors: Faterpekar S.A. , Potnis S.P.
Published: March 2008

Polyester fiber was grafted with polyvinylacetate (PVAc) using gamma radiation to different PVAc contents. Moisture regain decreased slightly from 0.38% to 0.34%; crystallinity index did not show any appreciable change due to grafting. These grafted polyester fibers were dyed with disperse dyes at 100°C and 130°C. It was observed that saturation dye uptake as well as rate of dyeing increased with PVAc content. The above phenomenon could be attributed to the increased affinity of the grafted fiber to the dyes investigated and the increase in diffusion coefficient due to the plasticization action of PVAc.
Improvements in the Wrinkling Behavior of Annealed Wool Fabrics After Steam-Pressing
Authors: Hayes R.L. , Phillips D.G.
Published: March 2008

Only part of the improvement in the wrinkle-recovery of wool fabric due to annealing remains after steam-pressing. The effects of annealing variables on the magnitude of this relatively stable improvement in wrinkle-recovery have been investigated. It depends on the annealing temperature and can be increased by . annealing in the absence of air or by heating the wool in water before annealing. These effects were additive, and the annealing conditions for optimizing the wrinkle-recovery after steam-pressing were established.
Optical Properties of Egyptian Cotton Fibers
Authors: Hamza A.A. , Sokkar T.Z.N.
Published: March 2008

The Becke-line method was applied to determine the refractive indices of some Egyptian cotton varieties for light vibrating parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Straight-line relations were found between the calculated birefringence and the grades of these cottons. Multiple-beam Fizeau fringes in transmission have been applied to determine the mean refractive indices and birefringence of cotton fibers.
Effects of Lint-Cleaner Combing Ratio and Suction Nozzles on Cotton Dust Levels in Processing
Authors: Baker R.V. , Towery J.D. , Cocke J.B.
Published: March 2008

The effects of two modifications to gin-type lint-cleaners on card-room dust levels, on turbine residue in open-end spinning, and on fiber and yarn quality are reported. Special air-suction nozzles on lint-cleaners did not reduce airborne dust level in a model card room and did not affect turbine residue. An increase from 25 to 50 in lint-cleaner combing ratio reduced card-room dust level by about 11% but had no effect on turbine residue. The increase in combing ratio also slightly reduced fiber length and strength of ring-spun yarn but had little effect on quality of open-end-spun yarn.
Mechanisms of Soil Release
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2008

The detergency mechanisms for oily (liquid) soils and particulate soils are different. The functioning of a soil-release finish depends therefore on several of its properties. Oily-soil detergency involves diffusion of water to the soil-fiber interface and roll-up of soil. Other mechanisms (solubilization, emulsification, soil penetration, etc.) usually do not determine the rate of soil removal. Soil-release agents increase the hydrophilic ity of the fiber surface and enhance diffusion of water and hydration of the soil-fiber interface.

Detergency of particulate soil is not dominated by the hydrophilicity of the fibers but depends on the location of the particle and its adhesion to the fiber surface. Soil-release agents can facilitate removal of particulate soil by decreasing adhesion of the soil particles and enhancing diffusion of water and detergent into the particle-fiber interface. Nondurable release agents also release particulate soil by a sacrificial flaking or dissolution mechanism. Problems encountered with soil removal from durable-press finished cotton and possible solutions are discussed.
Evaluating the Resistance of Some Protective Fabrics to Molten Iron
Authors: Barker Roger L. , Yener Muzaffer
Published: March 2008

This study examines the behavior of twenty-two different protective fabrics, including aluminized and nonaluminized fabrics, in resisting heat transfer and thermal disintegration on impact with molten iron. Maximum heat transferred through the fabrics is measured, and damage is evaluated in a controlled splash test. The ability of these fabrics to resist molten iron is correlated with fabric properties, including thickness and weight, air permeability, and the flammability characteris tics.
Brightness of Egyptian Cotton Fibers
Authors: Hamza A.A. , Sokkar T.Z.N.
Published: March 2008

The CIE System of color measurement and the uniform colorscale diagram have been applied to the quantitative assessment of color and appearance of nine different varieties of Egyptian cotton fibers. The tristimulus values, chromaticity coordinates, color difference, and dominant wavelength for 24 different samples of these cotton varieties were calculated from their spectral-reHectance values, which were measured using the Pye Unicam SP 1800 spectrophotometer. Grading of Egyptian cotton fibers according to colorimetric parameters was studied. A fitted model equation was suggested for the relationship between luminance value and the respective grade value of different cotton grades.
Amine Pretreatments for Enhancing the Polymer Shrinkproofing of Wool
Authors: Cook John R. , Rivett Donald E.
Published: March 2008

The level of shrink-resistance conferred to wool by five commercial polymers has been improved considerably by pretreatment of the wool with an amine. The successful pretreatments raised the surface energy of the wool. It is suggested that this results in greater adhesion between polymers and wool, which in turn leads to improved shrink-resistance.
Reaction of Formaldehyde and Dimethylol Urea with Unmodified and Modified Cellulose
Authors: Shet R.T. , Yabani A.M.
Published: March 2008

In order to understand the role of neutral salts in the crosslinking reaction, cellulose was deliberately oxidized with nitrogen dioxide, and the effect of oxidation on the uptake of formaldehyde and dimethylol urea by the oxycellulose both in the presence and absence of added salt was studied. The large increase in the add-on of crosslinking molecules by oxycellulose in the presence of added salt is interpreted in terms of electrostatic interactions between crosslinking molecules and cellulose, which behaves as solid polyelectrolyte under certain conditions.
Aging in Keratin Fibers Involving Thiol Groups and Disulphide Crosslinks
Authors: Robinson M.S. , Rigby B.J.
Published: March 2008

At any given time the stress-relaxation and water-swollen properties of keratin fibers are different from root to tip: beginning at the root-end, the stress-relaxation decreases, while the water-swollen diameter increases, as one samples toward the tip. This pattern changes with time, the root-end becoming more tip-like until in old fibers (greater than about five years) the properties are uniform along the fiber. This aging process correlates with a gradual decrease in the thiol content of samples taken progressively toward the tip-end. Atmospheric oxidation of thiol groups and also of disulphide would account for the process, although the results strongly suggest that an equilibrium is reached— i.e ., not all the thiol is oxidized, and only about 20% of the disulphide is oxidized to cysteic acid.
Elionating Respirable Dust from the Cotton Workplace by Purifying Humidifier Water: A Cost Analysis
Authors: Leonard M.H. , Hersh S.P. , Batra S.K. , Dyer C.L.
Published: March 2008

Vertical-elutriator cotton-dust samplers collect all particles with aerodynamic diameters < 15 μm, including those whose origin is not in the cotton supply. One process giving rise to such non-cotton dust particles is the spray-drying of dissolved solids in the water supplied to the plant humidification system. Based on a survey of plant production, ventilation, and ambient conditions, it is shown that a cost-effective strategy for reducing the concentration of "cotton dust" in the atmosphere of textile plants could be to remove the dissolved solids from the water supplied to the humidification system to prevent their release in the plants as respirable dust. It is estimated that when atomizers are used for humidification, dust removal by deminer alization of the water supplied to the atomizers can be achieved at a fraction of the cost (1/30th to 1 /9th) compared with the cost of removing an equivalent amount of dust by conventional air-filtration technology. For humidification supplied exclusively by air-washer systems, the benefits of supply-water demineralization are not as dramatic.
Some Factors Affecting Open-End-Spun Cotton Yarns
Authors: Louis Gain L.
Published: March 2008

The spinning variables of two cottons with widely differing fiber properties (one cotton long and strong, the other short and weak) were studied. The cottons were used in their 100% forms and in 2:1- and 1:2-ratio blends. The relationships of the mechanical-spinning variables (rotor speed, rotor diameter, and feed-plate setting) to yarn strength, fiber-wrapper formation, and yarn uniformity were determined. Fiber composition in the blend affects open-end yarn strength significantly more than the change in rotor speed or yarn size. Fiber wrapper and yarn strength are inversely related for a given cotton, and rotor speed affects fiber-wrapper formation much more than it affects yarn strength. Furthermore, cotton with longer staple length tends to be more susceptible to fiber-wrapper formation.
Visual vs. Instrumental Evaluation of Fabric Whiteness
Authors: Warfield Carol L. , Hardin Ian R.
Published: March 2008

An evaluation was made of the ability of trained observers to visually detect small uniform differences in fabric-reflectance values. Three white 50% polyester/50% cotton broadcloth fabrics, one with no finish, one with a durable-press finish, and one with a flame-retardant finish, were soiled and laundered under varying conditions. Fabric-reflectance values were determined using a reflectometer. Trained observers were then asked to visually rank specimens that differed from each other in small uniform increments of reflectance. Significant rank-order correlation coefficients indicated that the observers were able to discern differences as small as 1.0 ± 0.1 reflectance unit. This translates to detectable differences of 1.1% in soil pickup and 3.5% in soil removal.
Crease-Recovery and Tensile-Strength Properties of Unmodified and Modified Cotton Cellulose Treated with Crosslinking Agents
Authors: Shet R.T. , Yabani A.M.
Published: March 2008

Cotton fabrics were oxidized with nitrogen dioxide and sodium periodate and crosslinked with dimethylol urea (DMU) and with dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) by the pad-dry-cure process. The effect of pre- and post-oxidation to resin treatment on the crease-resistance and tensile properties of cotton fabrics have been investigated. The results show that crease-recovery angle increases with degree of oxidation, and further periodate oxidation causes the release of strain in cellulose structure, thereby lowering the loss in tensile strength. Resin treatment, on the other hand, improves alkali sensitivity of periodate oxycellulose. Periodate oxidation and resin treatment therefore seem to complement each other.
"Moving-Cavity" Texturing Technology and High-Speed Texturing of Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Yarns
Authors: Li H.L.
Published: March 2008

A new "moving-cavity" texturing technology has been developed. The mechanism of texturing consists of yarn striking a moving screen surface to initiate crimp and then being further crimped and "set" in plug form within a cavity. The effects of design and processing conditions to texture poly(ethylene terephthalate) (polyester) yarn (150/ 34) at 2,700 mpm are discussed. The textured yarns have good texture levels and are uniform.
Maximum Fiber-Packing Density in Electrostatic Flocking
Authors: Semenov V.A. , Hersh S.P. , Gupta B.S.
Published: March 2008

The maximum fiber-packing density expected in electrostatic flocking or any process involving random impingement of fibers onto a substrate has been calculated using a Monte Carlo technique. This value was determined by generating random numbers to select the coordinates of points representing the location of fiber centers on a circular target, subject to the restriction that no two fibers overlap. The process was terminated after a specified number of trials failed to locate an unoccupied space large enough to accommodate an additional fiber. The fiber-packing density was then computed in terms of the number of fibers per unit area n and the fraction of total available space on the target occupied by fibers F. It is found that F is independent of fiber diameter and has a value of 0.531 with a standard deviation of 0.0038. This value (∼53% of available space occupied) is considerably less than the value of 90.7% expected for close-packed circles but much greater than those reported experimen tally.
The Effects of Drawing on the Wettability of Polyethylene Terephthalate Filaments
Authors: Penn Lynn S. , Nitta Cynthia K. , Rebenfeld Ludwig
Published: March 2008

The wettabilities of undrawn and drawn polyester filaments were measured in order to establish the influence of drawing on fiber surface properties. Advancing and receding wetting forces were measured using a technique for single filaments based on the Wilhelmy balance principle. The results indicate that the drawing process renders the filaments less wettable with respect to all four of the liquids used in this study (water, formamide, ethylene glycol, and hexadecane).
The Cottonmaster™ Fiber Cleaner'
Authors: Chewning Charles H. , Mangum Charles S.
Published: March 2008

The development of the Cottonmaster™ fiber cleaner, its construction, strengths, and limitations are discussed. Data from several studies are used to compare the Cottonmaster's performance with regular cleaning machinery on several kinds of cotton fibers, yarns, and fabrics.
Catalysis of the Dimethylolethyleneurea-Cotton Cellulose Reaction with Three Different Metal Salts
Authors: Shih Frederick F. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2008

Cotton cellulose fabric and dimethylolethyleneurea were reacted with catalysis by zinc nitrate, magnesium chloride, and aluminum chlorohydroxide, with the concentra tion of each catalyst adjusted to realize comparable levels of resilience. Retentions of strength and abrasion resistance of the durable-press fabric, changes in degree of polymerization (dp) of the cellulose, and other chemical and physical parameters were measured. Strength and abrasion resistance of the treated fabric decreased in the order: zinc nitrate > magnesium chloride » aluminum chlorohydroxide; dp decreased in the order: zinc nitrate > aluminum chlorohydroxide > magnesium chloride. These interrelationships and those based on extent and nature of crosslinking are discussed and are the basis for proposals regarding the nature of the interaction of DMEU and catalysts during the chemical finishing reaction of cotton cellulose.
How Mixed Catalysts Differ'
Authors: Kottes Andrews B.A. , Reinhardt Robert M.
Published: March 2008

Catalysts from combinations of Lewis-acid salts, or from a Lewis-acid salt and a Bronsted acid, have been used in crosslink finishing of cotton textiles for many years. Whereas the effect on formaldehyde release was not a major factor in the early use of these catalysts, this effect presently influences the selection of the integral components of the mixture as well as the component ratio within the mixture. Interactions of physical property variables with formaldehyde release are given for mixtures of magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate with organic acids and with other salts, and for aluminum sulfate and selected alum salts. When proton donors are added to catalysts possessing considerable Bronsted activity, antagonism can occur. When proton donors are added in correct proportion to catalysts exhibiting little Bronsted activity, improvements can be realized in appearance-related properties while low formalde hyde release is maintained. Both pH of the crosslinking bath and of the fabric during cure influence property modification.
Reduced Formaldehyde Release with Nitro Alcohols
Authors: Hunsucker Jerry H. , Sankey Charles F. , Eckler Paul E. , Tomasino Charles , Livengood Charles
Published: March 2008

Residual formaldehyde was lowered by 59% when an alkyl nitro alcohol (ReForm™ brand textile reactant modifier) was substituted for 35% of dimethyloldihydroxyethyl eneurea (DMDHEU) on an active weight basis. The textile reactant modifier was added directly to the pad baths. The catalysts used, with a buffered and a nonbuffered DMDHEU, were "hot" magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate. Substantial lowering of formaldehyde was observed in all formulations; however, a lower level of formalde hyde was achieved with the zinc nitrate catalyst in both the buffered and the nonbuffered systems. The durable press properties of the fabric treated in a nitro alcohol modified pad bath were not significantly different from the fabric treated in an unmodified pad bath. There was no increased discoloration of the fabric when it was treated with the nitro alcohol. The textile reactant modifier (ReForm™) used in the formulation is nonsensitizing and nonmutagenic.
Self-Twist Cotton Roving
Authors: Abbott G.M. , Thom J.D.
Published: March 2008

Cotton roving was produced at speeds above 200 m/min by applying alternating twist by the self-twist technique (ST) and was then parallel-wound onto large tapered packages for use in ring-spinning cotton yarns. The cyclic ply and strand twist in the ST structure increased the variability of roving cohesion and tenacity relative to conventionally-twisted roving.
Change in Configuration of Fibers During Transfer from Cylinder to Doffer in a Card
Authors: Sengupta A.K. , Chattopadhyay R.
Published: March 2008

An improved technique for the study of change in fiber configuration during transfer from cylinder to doffer in a card is reported. It is observed that the majority of fibers change their configuration during transfer. Hooks are formed and previously formed hooks are removed. Transfer of fibers takes place both with and without reversal of ends. Those fibers that transfer without reversal change their configura tions more. A mechanism for the formation of leading hooks through buckling of front ends is suggested.
Treatment of Wool Fabrics with Mixtures of Fluorochemicals and Shrink-Resist Polymers
Authors: Guise G. Bruce , Freeland Graeme N.
Published: March 2008

The influence of polymeric shrink-resist finishes on the durability on wool of fluorochemical stain and soil repellents was examined. In some cases the durability to washing, drycleaning, and abrasion of the fluorochemical (as judged by oil and water-repellency tests) was improved. The best results were obtained by addition of FC-234 (3M Company) to Sirolan BAP pad treatments. This combination also showed improved durability on cotton and polyacrylonitrile when cured with organo metallic catalysts.
Empirical Equations of Dyeing Kinetics
Authors: Cegarra J. , Puente P. , Carrion F.J.
Published: March 2008

The diffusion equation of Crank for a finite dyebath is not adequate to apply either to dyeing with high exhaustion or to annulary dyeing. It is for this reason that a systematic study of the existent empirical kinetic equations has been made. The authors also propose other new equations, based on the equation of Cegarra-Puente, which can be used to replace Crank's equation.
Factors Influencing the Daylight Photodegradation of Nylon 66, Nylon 6, and Polyester in Commercial Fabrics
Authors: Horsfall G.A.
Published: March 2008

Nylon 66, nylon 6, antistatic nylon 66, and polyester yarns of various lusters were made into commercial warp-knitted fabrics using some dyes that retarded and others that promoted photodegradation. These fabrics, together with undyed ones, were exposed under glass and by direct weather in Florida to determine the relative contribution of the various factors to reduced fabric performance on exposure to light. The interaction of seasonal daylight changes with the fiber and dye variants was also investigated. Strength retention and abrasion resistance were used to characterize fabric deterioration. Reasons for the differences found are postulated.
Filtration of Cotton Dust by Lint Filter Media
Authors: Lamb George E.R. , Dunbar Janet B.
Published: March 2008

The performance of the media used in cotton-mill lint filters has been examined. Efficiencies were found to be only of the order of fifty percent for the test aerosols used, and this mainly reflects the high proportion of fibrous material, or lint, which is stopped at the surface of the filter. The finer dust component of the aerosol is captured with an efficiency of only about ten percent. Experimental evidence supports the view that such low efliciencies are partly due to particle bouncing, associated with the high Reynold's number at which the medium operates. Reynold's numbers are lower for the accumulated lint layer, which is composed of finer fibers than the medium, or when face velocity is reduced. Both these effects can be obtained without reducing flow through the equipment by using pleated media, which give higher efficiencies. Further increase in efficiency may be obtained by applying an external electric field near the medium, or by using a medium made of electret fibers.
Measurement with the CSIRO Fiber Fineness Distribution Analyser
Authors: Lunney H.W.M. , Irvine P.A.
Published: March 2008

CSIRO has developed a Fiber Fineness Distribution Analyser that is capable of measuring 2000 fibers at the rate of 50 raw counts per second—a rate that permits up to 20 samples to be measured per hour. It will determine the distribution of diameter of the fibers and provides data for standard deviation and coeflicient of variation. The paper describes an investigation into the performance of the instrument, its calibra tion, and how results obtained from it are analyzed.
A Comparison of Pad-Dry-Cure and Low Add-On Reactant Application on Cotton Fabrics
Authors: De Boer J.J.
Published: March 2008

The unfavorable effect of reactant migration in padded cotton fabrics during.drying on the balance of crease recovery and abrasion weight loss was confirmed once more. The influence of fabric type and pretreatments such as scouring and bleaching was studied. With the aid of a low add-on method making use of an engraved roller it can be shown that if the add-on is kept under a level of 30-40%, migration is largely prevented. Consequently, the balance of properties approaches that of a fabric with a uniform reactant distribution. The effect of the surface-active agents in low add-on methods was studied. The interaction between pretreatment and amount of surface active agent applied is clearly illustrated.
Methods of Electrically Charging Cotton
Authors: Hemstreet James M.
Published: March 2008

Triboelectric, corona, and contact charging were studied as a means for effectively charging cotton fibers in an attempt to design a system for supplying fibers to a three-phase AC airless transporting device. The minimum charge on a fiber for these devices to be effective is approximately 10-10 C/fiber.
Hydrolytic Effects on the Modulus of Polyester Fibers
Authors: Behery Hassan M. , Hayes Kenneth
Published: March 2008

The effect of temperature and time of exposure in water on the initial modulus of various types of polyester fibers was investigated. Polyester filaments were tested in a constant-temperature water bath on the Instron tester. Various temperatures and times of exposure were used, and tests were made immediately upon attaining the desired time of exposure and after allowing the water bath to cool to equilibrium conditions.

Within the experimental range of this study, the initial modulus of the polyester fibers decreased markedly above the second-order transition temperature of the polyester. An added decrease in initial modulus occurred after the fibers were exposed at this temperature for two hours. These were not found to be permanent effects.