bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Fisika Dengan Macromedia Flash Untuk Melatihkan Penerapan Konsep Siswa SMP
Authors: Azhari Andy , Mastuang Mastuang , M. Abdul Salam
Published: May 2018

This study is base on the low of media’s aplicability. But actually in the case is medias’ aplicability can help teacher to drill the students’ aplication concept. The purpose of this study is to produce physich learning’s media that suitable to use in drilling students’ aplication concept. The specific purfose of this study are (1) to describe the validity of physich learning’s media, (2) to discribe the practically of physich learning’s media based on lesson plan implementation during physics learning process, (3) to describe effectiveness of physich learning’s media based on students’ result test. This research and development used ASSURE (Analyze learner, state objectives, slect modify or design materials, utilize materials,require learner response and evaluate) design. The product result from this study is physich learning’s media with macromedia flash about optics. The study shows that: (1) The validity of learning media is categorized as good validity with a little correction, (2) the practically of learning media based on lesson plan implementation during physics learning process is categorized as practical, and (3) efectiveness of learning media based on students’ result test is categorized as effective. The conclusion of this research and development is physich learning’s media with macromedia flash is suitable to use in drilling the students’ aplication concept.
Analysis of Wide-Lane Ambiguities Derived from Geometry-Free and Geometry-Based PPP Model and Their Implication on Orbit and Clock Quality
Authors: Chen Gang , Liu Sijing , Zhao Qile
Published: May 2018

Orbit and clock products are used in real-time GNSS precise point positioning without knowing their quality. This study develops a new approach to detect orbit and clock errors through comparing geometry-free and geometry-based wide-lane ambiguities in PPP model. The reparameterization and estimation procedures of the geometry-free and geometry-based ambiguities are described in detail. The effects of orbit and clock errors on ambiguities are given in analytical expressions. The numerical similarity and differences of geometry-free and geometry-based wide-lane ambiguities are analyzed using different orbit and clock products. Furthermore, two types of typical errors in orbit and clock are simulated and their effects on wide-lane ambiguities are numerically produced and analyzed. The contribution discloses that the geometry-free and geometry-based wide-lane ambiguities are equivalent in terms of their formal errors. Although they are very close in terms of their estimates when the used orbit and clock for geometry-based ambiguities are precise enough, they are not the same, in particular, in the case that the used orbit and clock, as a combination, contain significant errors. It is discovered that the discrepancies of geometry-free and geometry-based wide-lane ambiguities are coincided with the actual time-variant errors in the used orbit and clock at the line-of-sight direction. This provides a quality index for real-time users to detect the errors in real-time orbit and clock products, which potentially improves the accuracy of positioning.
Substrate-Induced Response in Biogas Process Performance and Microbial Community Relates Back to Inoculum Source
Authors: Liu Tong , Sun Li , Nordberg Åke , Schnürer Anna
Published: May 2018

This study investigated whether biogas reactor performance, including microbial community development, in response to a change in substrate composition is influenced by initial inoculum source. Test reactors were first started with two different inocula and operated with the same grass-manure mixture for more than 120 days. These reactors initially showed great differences depending on inoculum source, but eventually showed similar performance and overall microbial community structure. At the start of the present experiment, the substrate was complemented with milled feed wheat, added all at once or divided into two portions. The starting hypothesis was that process performance depends on initial inoculum source and microbial diversity, and thus that reactor performance is influenced by the feeding regime. In response to the substrate change, all reactors showed increases and decreases in volumetric and specific methane production, respectively. However, specific methane yield and development of the microbial community showed differences related to initial inoculum source, confirming the hypothesis. The different feeding strategies had however only minor effects on process performance and overall community structure, but still induced differences in the cellulose-degrading community and in cellulose degradation.
Anti-Seepage Effectiveness Evaluation of Fracture Grouting in Yellow River Embankment
Authors: Liu Jian , Wan Zhi , Xie Quanyi , Li Cong , Liu Rui , Cheng Mengying , Han Bo
Published: May 2018

Fracture grouting has been a widely used mitigation measure against seepage in the Yellow River Embankment. However, there is currently a lack of systematic investigation for evaluating the anti-seepage effectiveness of fracture grouting employed in this longest river embankment in China. Therefore, in this work, laboratory and in-situ experiments are carried out for investigating the reinforcement effect of fracture grouting in the Jinan Section of the Yellow River Embankment. In particular, firstly, the laboratory tests concentrate on studying the optimum strength improvement for cement-silicate grout by varying the content of backfilled fly ash and bentonite as admixtures. Flexural strength and Scanning Electron Microscope photographs are investigated for assessing the strength and compactness improvement. Subsequently, based on the obtained optimum admixtures content, in-situ grouting tests are carried out in the Jinan Section of the Yellow River Embankment to evaluate the anti-seepage effectiveness of fracture grouting, where geophysical prospecting and pit prospecting methods are employed. Laboratory results show that, compared with pure cement-silicate grouts, the gelation time of the improved slurry is longer and gelation time increases as fly ash content increases. The optimum mixing proportion of the compound cement-silicate grout is 70% cement, 25% fly ash and 5% bentonite, and the best volume ratio is 2 for the investigated cases. Geophysical prospecting using the Ground Penetrating Radar and High Density Resistivity methods can reflect the anti-seepage effectiveness of fracture grouting on site. It shows that the grouting material mainly flows along the axial direction of the embankment. The treatment that is used to generate directional fracture is proved to be effective. The injection hole interval distance is suggested to be 1.2 m, where the lapping effect of the grouting veins is relatively significant. For the investigated cases, the average thickness of the grouting veins is approximately 6.0 cm and the corresponding permeability coefficient is averagely 1.6 × 10−6 cm/s, which meets the anti-seepage criterion in practice.
Aflatoxins in Mozambique: Etiology, Epidemiology and Control
Authors: Cambaza Edgar , Koseki Shigenobu , Kawamura Shuso
Published: May 2018

Mozambique is endemic to aflatoxigenic Aspergillus but the country has to heavily rely on foreign research to deduct what is happening locally. There is some information produced by local scholars and institutions but it needs to be “tied” together. This review briefly synthetizes the country’s major findings in relation to the toxin’s etiology, epidemiology, detection and control, discussing and meta-analyzing them as far as they allow. The causes and foods affected are the same as in most tropical countries, the toxin is widespread and the level of exposure is high. Regarding the control, it is still marginal but some institutions have driven efforts in this direction. Learning from other countries is still the best approach to take, as the solutions are probably the same for most places.
İŞGÜCÜ PİYASASINDA YAŞA DAYALI AYRIMCILIK SORUNU VE YAŞA DAYALI AYRIMCILIKLA MÜCADELE: ABD VE AB UYGULAMALARI ÇERÇEVESİNDE TÜRKİYE İÇİN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: METİN Banu
Published: May 2018

Ayrımcılık, en

yalın anlamıyla, bireysel farklılıklardan ziyade sadece algılanan grup

özelliklerine dayalı olarak bir grup içerisindeki insanlara bir başka gruptaki

insanlardan farklı muamele etmektir. Diğer temellerdeki ayrımcılıktan farklı

olarak, yaşa dayalı ayrımcılık özellikle son birkaç on yılda işgücü piyasalarında

önemli bir sorun alanı olarak dikkati çekmektedir. Yaşın bireyler arasındaki

farklılıkların hemen göze çarpmadığı göreli bir süreç olmasının bu durumda

önemli rolü bulunmaktadır. Yaşa dayalı ayrımcılık, hem kavramsal olarak hem de

uygulamada sadece yaşlılara yönelik ayrımcılığa işaret etmemekte, genç yaş

gruplarını da etkilemektedir. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde demografik alanda

yaşanan eğilimler ve yaşlanan işgücü bağlamında sorunun yaşlılar nezdindeki

önemi giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışma, işgücü piyasasında yaşa dayalı

ayrımcılık sorununu ve bu sorunla mücadelede öne çıkan uygulamaları ABD ve AB

örneklerinde inceleyerek, konuyu Türkiye işgücü piyasası açısından

değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Gelişmiş ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında görece

genç nüfus yapısına sahip olan Türkiye’de, demografik eğilimler 40 yaş ve

üzerindeki kesimlerin işgücündeki payının yükseleceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu

durum, işgücü piyasasında görece yaşlı yaş gruplarına yönelik ayrımcılık

sorununun öneminin artacağına işaret etmektedir. 
ALMAN MALİYET MUHASEBESİ SİSTEMİ: ESNEK ANALİTİK MALİYET PLANLAMA VE MUHASEBESİ
Authors: YILMAZ Rifat
Published: May 2018

Günümüz rekabet
koşullarında işletmlerin ihtiyaçlarına tam cevap verebilecek iyi bir maliyet
muhasebesi  sistemine yönelik arayışlar
son 35-40 yıldır devam etmektedir. Faaliyet tabanlı maliyetleme sisteminden
duyulan memnuniyetsizlik dikkatleri 60 yıldan fazlaca bir süredir başarılı bir
şekilde Almanca Konuşan Ülkelerde (Almanya, Avusturya ve İsviçre) uygulanmakta
olan Alman Maliyet Muhasebesi sistemine çekmiştir. Uygulamacılara göre Alman
maliyet muhasebesinin en göze çarpan özelliği, yöneticilere karar almada
ihtiyaç duyacakları bilgileri sağlamakta oldukça yeterli olmasıdır. Faaliyet
tabanlı maliyetlemenin iyi bir maliyet hesaplama ve yönetim sistemi olmasına
rağmen, yöneticilere karar vermede ihtiyaç duydukları bilgileri sağlamakta yeterli
görülmemektedir. Özellikle Amerikan yönetim muhasebecileri ve iş dünyasında
Alman Maliyet Muhasebesine doğru bir yöneliş gözlemlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada,
Alman Maliyet muhasebesi sisteminde, maliyetlerin hesaplanmasında nasıl bir
yöntem kullanıldığı ve başarısının altında yatan etkenler araştırılmış ve
Faaliyet Tabanlı Maliyetleme yöntemi ile karşılaştırılarak  hipotetik bir örnek üzerinde yöntemin işleyişi
açıklanmıştır.
İÇSEL PAZARLAMA FAALİYETLERİNİN İŞ PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİNDE İŞ TATMİNİNİN ARACI ROLÜ: BEŞ YILDIZLI KONAKLAMA İŞLETMELERİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: EŞİTTİ Bekir , BULUK Buket
Published: May 2018

İçsel pazarlama, bir örgütün müşterilerini iç ve dış müşteriler

olarak ayırması ve çalışanlarına dış müşterilerle aynı önemi vermesidir.

Müşteriler kadar önem gören çalışanların iş tatminlerinin ve doğal olarak iş performanslarının

artması beklenmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma; içsel pazarlama, iş tatmini ve iş

performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında

oluşturulan anket formu, Antalya ilinin Manavgat, Alanya ve Kemer bölgelerinde

yer alan beş yıldızlı konaklama işletmeleri çalışanlarına uygulanmıştır. Anket

formunun oluşturulmasında, Foreman ve Money (1995) tarafından geliştirilmiş

olan içsel pazarlama ölçeği, Weiss ve arkadaşlarına (1967) ait Minnesota iş

tatmini ölçeği ve Stevens ve arkadaşlarına (1978) ait iş performansı ölçeklerinden

yararlanılmıştır. İçsel pazarlama faaliyetlerinin iş performansı üzerindeki

etkisinde iş tatmininin aracı rolünün bulunup bulunmadığı, Yapısal Eşitlik

Modeli (YEM) yardımı ile test edilmiştir. Analiz

sonuçları, içsel pazarlama faaliyetleri ile iş tatmini ve iş performansı

arasında istatistiksel olarak olumlu bir ilişkinin bulunduğunu ve içsel pazarlama

faaliyetlerinin iş performansını arttırdığını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, içsel pazarlama ile iş performansı arasındaki ilişkide,

iş tatmininin aracı rolünün bulunduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuçlar, içsel pazarlama

faaliyetlerinin, konaklama işletmeleri çalışanlarının iş performanslarını

olumlu yönde etkilediğini ve iş tatmininin bu etkiyi arttırdığını

göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak çalışma, alanyazına katkıda bulunmakla beraber, konaklama

işletmeleri yöneticilerine ve araştırmacılara birtakım önerilerde bulunmaktadır.
KEMAMPUAN GURU DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PAKEM DI SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Nafiah Maratun , Yarmi Gusti , S. Dudung Amir
Published: May 2018

The student centered learning is the learning method that activates the students and could be carried out by applying active, creative, effective, and joyfull learning (PAKEM). This qualitative research aims of findings out PAKEM is in implemented at four elementary schools in Bali and Central Java provinces. The research was carried out from February to October 2007, concludes: (1) a lot of conventional approach (teacher-centered) are still practical in the classroom; (2) the classroom situations doesn’t reflect any active, creative, effective, joyfull learning (PAKEM) characteristics; (3) none of student’s work show up on the classroom wall; (4) the classroom is not fully explored to be a learning resource; and (5) instructional methods use are dominated by the teacher. In addition it is also important to know that the learning process doesn’t take benefit of the existing facilities with in this situation, the group study, self study, and the problem based learning are not practised optimally neither the use of classs paces as the source of learning. More over, the methods being used were toll the one way instructional mode. It was also important to be mentioned that there were no usage of the sourrounding atmosphere as the leasy source. The optimalization of the group study, self study and the problem based learning hadn’t been achieved yet.
PENGEMBANGAN ALAT UNGKAP MASALAH
Authors: Hajati Kartika
Published: May 2018

This empirical study on the quality of guidance and consoling instrument (AUM U2) aims at this closing the validity and reliability of the instrument use in government high school in is Jakarta. This study is also expected will be able to give contribution in improving the instrument to be a standard instrument. The finding shows that although the instrument (AUM U2) has a good validity and reliability, same weakness still have to be tackled, for which this study provide some recommendation.
KEMAMPUAN BERINOVASI DOSEN PGSD FIP UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JAKARTA
Authors: Sarifah Iva
Published: May 2018

Assuming that the leacture’s ability to make innovation in the instructional activities can improve both the quality of instructional process and the quality of the student’s learning achievement, this research was conducted to describe the the innovative activities performed by the lecturers in Primary School Teacher Education (PGSD) of School of Education, State University of Jakarta. The research conducted in the odd semester of the academic year 2007/2008, randomly selected 30 lectures of the Department as the respondents. From the data collected using questionair and analysed descriptively, the research concludes based on their teachng experience, the lectures with more than 15 years’ teaching experience are more innovative than those with less experience.
STUDI PENELUSURAN LULUSAN PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Dhieni Nurbiana
Published: May 2018

The information about Early Childhood Education alumni and their career’s development can give input to the Head of Department to develop the department. Research findings describe that Early Childhood Education alumni have quite good GPA, generally above 3,00 and the unemployment period of 3 months. Besides, approximately 92% respondents work on the basis of their competencies. Almost all of them work as lecturers and teachers in the fields related to Early Childhood Education.
Ketidakjujuran Akademik pada Calon Guru Agama
Authors: Herdian Herdian , Wulandari Dyah Astorini
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this study is how the forms of dishonest behavior in situations doing paper work, mid semester exam and final exam of the semester and describe the purpose of behaving dishonestly. Participants in this study are 29 students of 4th semester of Islamic studies education program at university x in Purwokerto. This research uses qualitative method with vignette open questionnaire data retrieval tool known as method to reveal values in individual and data analysis using content analysis. Based on the results of this study revealed that the task situation is the most used situation by students to do academic dishonesty. Academic forms of academic dishonesty work on paper assignments, mid semester exam and final semester exam is asking / asking answers, cheating / looking at friends' answers, quoting blogs, copying paste, copying answers, opening small papers. While the purpose of academic disagreement on the situation of doing paper assignments, mid semester exam and final exam of the semester that is to be / easy to do, work completed / quickly completed, for friends to teach / get answers, not difficult in doing, accurate answers, good value, -same cackling with friends and borrowing to copy.
La proposición I del Liber de Causis en la obra política de Egidio Romano y Dante Alighieri / The Proposition I of Liber de Causis in Egidio Romano’s and Dante Alighieri’s Political Treatises
Authors: ARROCHE Victoria
Published: May 2018

This paper argues that the Liber de Causis was a source for both Egidio Romano`s and Dante Alighieri`s philosophical and political treatises. Both authors used a Neoplatonic model of causality in order to sustein opposite theories on the relationship between temporal and spiritual powers. Egidio bases the direct intervention of the pope in temporalibus on the annulment of the second causes which operate in Creation. On the contrary, in Dante`s political theory, the intermediary powers between the emperor and the subjects are precisely that which allows —from a theoretical point of view— a certain independence of the temporal power from the spiritual one.
Peccata oris en la correspondencia de Abelardo y Eloísa / Peccata oris in the Letters of Peter Ableard and Eloisa
Authors: JAKUBECKI Natalia G.
Published: May 2018

This paper aims at the detection and analysis of the various sins of the tongue that appear in the letters of Peter Abelard and Eloisa. It follows the classification of peccata oris as established by Rodolfo Ardente in Speculum Universalis, which is useful to outline the location and severity of each sin, and that allows to draw a conclusion that allows us rearrange the letters from a new perspective and to give account for the general conception that the middle age had regarding this kind of faults.
Aquinas sobre los transcendentales, 700 años después: ¿refundacion, ampliación o recomposición de la metafísica? A través de Aertsen, Polo y Millán Puelles / Aquinas on the Transcendentals, 700 Years Later: Re-Foundation, Extension or Resetting of Metaphysics? Across Aertsen, Polo and Millán Puelles
Authors: ORTIZ DE LANDÁZURI Carlos
Published: May 2018

On the doctrine of the «transcendentals» of Aquinas, —700 years later—, very different aims have projected: the attempt to «re-found» a new style to make metaphysics or first philosophy, as Jan A. Aertsen proposed; to extend a possible anthropological use still more shared, as it suggests Leonardo Polo; to obtain a logical resetting of the existing joint between the Metaphysical concepts, as now Millán Puelles proposes. To its time in the conclusion one is to justify a possible complementariness between these three programmatic projects.
Philosophia et medicina duæ sorores sunt. Divulgación del escepticismo en fuentes médicas del Medioevo / Philosophia et medicina duæ sorores sunt. Divulgation of Scepticism in the Medical Sources of the Middle Ages
Authors: GONZÁLEZ FERNÁNDEZ Martín
Published: May 2018

At the beginning of the 17th century, a confluence between the sceptical tendency and the Latin Averroism is advised in the libertine movement of the classical age, so like Tommaso Campanella proclames. We try to explain in the present article why this was not possible in a previous time. Like the role played by the «Latin Galen» (we drop to analyze the translations of Niccolò da Reggio di Calabria during the first half of the 14th century), with its censure to the pyrrhonisme and the supposed, for him, contamination of the Hellenistic medical schools (empirical and methodical), in this process of delay.
Analytical Corrections to Core Relative Permeability for Low-Flow-Rate Simulation
Authors: Rabinovich A..
Published: May 2018

Relative permeability is one of the fundamental parameters controlling multiphase flow in reservoirs. Core samples recovered from subsurface formations are characterized in laboratory experiments to determine the core relative permeability curves. These curves represent the entire core sample and thus can be considered an effective property. Typically, coreflooding experiments are conducted at high injection rates so that the resulting flow is viscous-dominated. However, at lower rates, it has been shown that the effective curves may change as capillary heterogeneity effects become significant. Using relative permeability determined by conventional coreflooding in simulations with low-flow rates [e.g., to model gravity drainage or carbon dioxide (CO2) storage] may incur significant error.

A new method for calculating low-flow-rate relative permeability curves is presented. The method is based on approximate analytical solutions for effective relative permeability under steady-state and capillary-limit conditions. Derivation is performed using power-law averaging, assuming log normally distributed core permeability. We validate the analytical solution by comparing it with numerical solutions for a wide range of cases. An additional correction for the nonwetting-phase curves is shown to be necessary and derived by matching analytical and numerical results. Given a core that has been characterized by conventional high-rate coreflooding experiments, the current method gives a fast and efficient correction for low-flow-rate applications. It circumvents the need for additional experiments or computationally expensive coreflooding simulations.
Enhanced biological removal of Cr(VI) in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) using Aspergillus sp.
Authors: Sen Mousumi
Published: May 2018

Biological removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was studied in batch and continuous mode of operation using the growing Aspergillus sp. Continuous removal of Cr(VI) was studied in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) maintaining the microorganism in living or biologically active state. In batch bioreactor, the growth and Cr(VI) removal by the organism were studied at different initial Cr(VI) concentration at pH 5.0. Whereas, in continuous mode of operation both single and two stage reactors were also studied for Cr(VI) removal. Batch studies indicated the maximum specific Cr(VI) removal to be 41.2 mg.g-¹ at pH 5.0 and at 500 mg L-¹ initial Cr(VI) concentration. However, in continuous mode of operation, the maximum specific Cr(VI) removal was found to be 39.4 mg.g-¹ after first stage operation with an additional 39.32 mg.g-¹ obtained in the second stage operation. Hence, these results indicated that the continuous mode of operation could be the ideal operational strategy in which the process could be operated for longer duration with a enhanced Cr(VI) removal.
Antimycotic activity of ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiale: Lamiaceae) and Iris kashmiriana Baker (Asparagales: Iridaceae) against some vegetable rot fungi
Authors: Koka Jahangir Abdullah , Wani Abdul Hamid , Bhat Mohd Yaqub , Wani Tariq Ahmad , Parveen Shazia
Published: May 2018

Antifungal activities of different solvent extracts of Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth. (Lamiale: Lamiaceae) and Iris kashmiriana Baker (Asparagales: Iridaceae) were carried out through agar well diffusion assay at three concentrations (25 uL, 50 uL and 75 uL) against seven rot causing fungi, viz. Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor plumbeus, Alternaria alternata, Penicillium chrysogenum, Trichothecium roseum and Rhizoctonia solani. All the concentration of plant extracts showed antimycotic activity against tested pathogenic fungi. Antimycotic activity increased with the increased concentrations of plant extracts. However, higher concentrations proved more effective than lower concentrations. It was revealed from the present study that the ethanolic extract of Ajuga bracteosa showed maximum antimycotic activity against Mucor plumbeus and Rhizoctonia solani and least activity against Penicillium chrysogenum. However, the aqueous extract of Ajuga bracteosa showed maximum antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Penicillium expansum and least activity against Trichothecium roseum. It was further revealed from the present study that the ethanolic extract of Iris kashmiriana showed maximum antimycotic activity against Aspergillus niger and least activity against Rhizoctonia solani. Whereas the aqueous extract of Iris kashmiriana showed maximum antimycotic activity against Penicillium expansum and Rhizoctonia solani and least activity against Aspergillus niger.
Morphometric and meristic characteristics of silver catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepède, 1803) (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) from Epe Lagoon, Lagos, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Whenu Olusegun Olufemi , Mekuleyi Gabriel Olarinde , Ojomu Nimota
Published: May 2018

The morphometric and meristic characteristics of 300 fish samples of silver catfish Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepède, 1803) (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) inhabiting the Epe Lagoon, Lagos, was conducted between October 2012 and January 2013 in order to investigate the growth and health status of this species. The meristic characteristics deduced in this study were counted and ranged as follows; dorsal spine had constant value of one all through, and the pectoral spine had a constant value of two, dorsal rays were counted 6-7 (6.03 +/- 0.25), pectoral rays were counted 6-7 (6.04 +/- 0.27), gill rakers were counted 15-18 (17.86 +/- 0.96), opercula bones were counted 2-4 (3.22 +/- 1.11) and vertebrae count was 8-10 (8.43 +/- 1.95). All the morphometric characteristics except body weight were measured with measuring board of precision of 0.1 cm. Body weight was measured with a metler electronic chemical balance of precision of 0.1 g. Morphometric data includes total length 15.5-38.5 cm (25.43 +/- 3.87 cm), fork length 2.0-11.6 cm (8.61 +/- 1.53 cm), standard length 10.0-28.3 cm (17.85 +/- 3.90 cm), head length 2.0-3.5 cm (2.91 +/- 0.79 cm), head depth 1.0-3.3 cm (2.41 +/- 1.05 cm), eye diameter 0.5 1.0 cm (1.28 +/- 0.77 cm), body depth 1.6-6.5 cm (3.57 +/- 0.90 cm) and body weight 24.5-451.6 g (157.48 +/- 5.60 g). The length and the weight of this species were not directly proportional. Growth parameter has a negative allometric range (b = 0.256) and the condition factor (k) ranged from 0.103-2.97 (1.08 +/- 0.64) which indicated a good condition of the fish species in the Lagoon. This study provided baselines of the population structure of this species in Epe Lagoon, Lagos State and also shown that their present growth pattern calls for further monitoring.
Activity period of Southern house wren Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) on edges of Atlantic Forest fragments in João Pessoa (State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil)
Authors: Leite Daniel Silva Lula , Freitas Natan Diego Alves de , Oliveira Junior Wilson Marques de , Borzani Anna Carolina Nogueira
Published: May 2018

Southern house wren Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823 (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) is widely distributed in Brazil, occurring on the edges of forests and urban areas, considerable a passeriform usually found in antropized landscape. Birds use vocal signs in diverse activities during the circadian cycle (eg.: in reproduction, territorial defense, alert of predators and competitors, individual recognition, etc), employing vocal signs under energetic balance for development of diary activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diary activity period of T. musculus through their vocalizations. The sampling were made during two days in edges of Atlantic Forest fragments in João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, Brazil. Using the method of playback, vocal response of Southern house wren was measured in six periods for each day: H1 (5 h-7 h), H2 (7 h-9 h), H3 (9 h-11 h), H4 (11 h-13 h), H5 (13 h-15 h) and H6 (15 h-17 h). Differences among the periods was tested through of Kruskall-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney test with Bonferroni's corrections. In order to separate the periods groups, was applied Cluster test and non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling. Were registered 2,421 vocalizations, which 2,229 in morning (H1 to H3) and 122 (H4 to H6) in the afternoon period. Results indicated there were differences among the diary activities period of T. musculus (p = 0.0008171), with early hours of morning (H1 and H2) did not differ between each other (p = 0.183), however differing from the others. The H3 and H6 periods also not differ between each other (p = 0.784), but differing significantly from H4 and H5, that did not record no one vocalization (p = 1). Cluster analyses support these results, clustering: Group 1 (H1 and H2); Group 2 (H4 and H5) and Group 3 (H3 and H6). The periods with the highest frequencies of vocal sings (Group 1) showed the most favorable conditions to vocalize, be they microclimatic (better sound transmission due lowest wind intensity and air turbulence) or behaviors (females attraction, territorial invasion, etc.). On the other hand, non-recording of vocalizations of Group 2 suggest unfavorable periods to vocalize. In addition, Southern house wren concentrate their energetic reserves foraging in these periods. The intermediary records of Group 3 indicate that the periods H3 and H6 require an expensive energetic cost to vocalize due the lowest success in an effective communication. In that way, this present study suggest there was a pattern in diary activity period in Southern House Wren populations evaluated, with no overlap of activities, complementing the knowledge of the specie biology and behavior.
Circumstances leading to self-diagnosis and self-medication in the Municipality of Marabá (State of Pará, Brazil)
Authors: Silva Amanda Neves da , Cavalcante Carlos Eduardo Brito , Ferreira Jobson dos Anjos , Leite Daniela Soares
Published: May 2018

The theme medication/self-diagnosis presents contrary opinions about what is right or wrong, in addition to being scarce the quantitative studies with the purpose to clarify the causes of these two dangerous practices. For both, the objective of this study was to identify the causes that influence the self-diagnosis and medication, as well as analyze failures in public assistance in health, which can be promoting the avoidance of the patient to search for an alternative medicine, evidencing the risk that this done can promote. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study, of qualitative nature, carried out in all health centers in the urban area of Marabá (Pará State, Brazil), through the application of forms and having the data analyzed and tabulated, making use mainly of Chi-square statistical test. The results showed that education is not directly related to the medication, which before was vacant in literature, but the main result highlighted expressed that the motivation for the choice of ingesting medication without prescription, are the difficulties encountered in SUS, the poor quality of care and failures in the relationship doctor patient of the public health service.
Title: The Tea-Horse Trade between Tang China and Tibet
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Yeon Ho tak
Published: May 2018

This paper aims at investigating the aspects of the tea-horse trade between the ancient Tibet Kingdom and the Tang China in the 7th-8th century. Chinese tea and Tibetan horses were traded on the head-spinning but romantic Tea Horse Road, a harsh 2,250km trail stretching from China s tea-cultivating regions of Sichuan Province and Yunnan Province to Lhasa, Tibet s capital city. The tea-horse trade was long conducted and maintained by marriage alliance, so-called Hwachin(和親), which literally means peace marriage, originally referring to the historical practice of Chinese emperors marrying princesses, usually members of minor branches of the royal family, to rulers of neighbouring states, and vice versa.
Tang dynasty enacted tea laws, imposing tea taxes, establishing the tea-horse bureau in order to control and supervise the tea trading. The central government held the monopoly in private commerce as well as government initiated trading. Tea-horse trade was conducted under protective trade policies.
A forced marriage of a Tang dynasty princess named Wénchéng to Songtsän Gampo, founder of the powerful Tibetan empire contributed to the promotion of the amity between the two nations and the cultural progress of a yet up-rising mountain kingdom. The diplomatic negotiation of Hwachin resulted in a slow but drastic change of Tibetan culture including the drinking habit. The arrival of tea, divine beverage, brought an end to the Tibetan compulsion of drinking Yak butter dissolved in hot water and instead brought forth the unexpected blessing of consuming dissolved Yak butter flavored tea.
Furthermore, the marriage between the two royal families deepened commercial activities between the two nations in terms of opening the tea-horse markets on economically important places. The 7th century witnessed a considerable increase of trade between China and Tibet, when in accord with the common pattern, China supplied its neighbor with textiles, luxury items and ever increasing amounts of tea, which became a staple among the local population of Tibet. In return Tibet had presented the Tang court with horses. Around the middle of the ninth century, however, when Tibet was on the verge of collapse, the trading situation took a new turn, and it had to meet with a hostile phase.
The Aesthetics and Cultural Politics of Tea in American Art of the Gilded Age
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Cho Eun young
Published: May 2018

This article examines the tea culture-related themes represented in late 19th and early 20th century American visual images, especially in the Gilded Age. In an attempt at an in-depth interpretation, this study discusses the era s aesthetic and cultural trends and politics of representation that are imbued in these images. It analyzes a series of paintings in the contexts of femininity issues that emerged from changing social structures in America s patriarchal society as well as American women s tea culture that was widely popularized among the affluent and privileged class, and moreover, its relation to Orientalist taste, Western obsession for Asian ceramics, and Japanese tea ceremony. The Gilded Age s representative paintings depicting the subject matter of American tea culture are produced by artists primarily from the Northeastern regions of the United States, including Mary Cassatt, William Paxton, and Edmund Tarbell. American female figures portrayed in these works are mostly upper or upper-middle class women having afternoon tea or morning tea in the aesthetically and elegantly decorated women s space, or they are fashionable women posing alongside tea instruments or Asian collectables of high-quality, which appear as symbols of the leisure class and its refined taste. The unifying similarities in these paintings point to the aestheticized life-style and feminine ideal promoted by Americans of privilege and also depicted by such contemporaries as Thorstein Veblen, Henry James, and James McNeill Whistler. This study shows that complex historical issues and cultural politics intertwined with gender and class are embedded within these paintings of the Gilded Age.
A Study of Hanjae Yi Mok s Thought on enjoying the Dao (樂道) in his Chabu(茶賦)
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Park Nam sik
Published: May 2018

Hanjae s thoughts on the Dao of tea essentially embraces the theme of mind (心), emphasizing the unity between tea and mind(茶心一如) and spontaneous joy in mysterious subtleness(神妙自樂) in his spirit of enjoying the Dao. His emphasis on the mind in tea, combining Confucian traits of emphasizing morality in benignity and righteousness(道德仁義) and Daoist traits of emphasizing mysterious and empty Dao, transcends the simple boundary of mentality. In addition, his thoughts on the mind in tea includes spiritual transcendence of leisurely enjoying the Dao even within Confucian strictness, in the same spirit as that of Confucius who enjoyed his spiritual freedom in emphasizing poetry, propriety, and music while thoroughly penetrating into literary learning.
This study purports to articulate Hanjae s thoughts on enjoying the Dao as the essential trait of his thoughts on the Dao of tea, after investigating Confucian spirit of enjoying the Dao through the state of pleasure in reference to Confucius, Mencius, and six major Confucian scholars during Song dynasty. Hanjae s thoughts, on the basis of the Daoxue(道學), combine its essence and application in theory and practice, which results in his writing of Chabu(茶賦).
In Hanjae s writings, the sagely way of embracing poverty in enjoying the Dao, through finding joy even under extreme poverty, is substituted by pure pleasure in drinking tea. Zhu Xi, who proposed quiet sitting(靜坐) as a method of self-cultivation for becoming reverent and investigating principles (居敬窮理), also enjoyed and loved tea. The chapter of Zalei(雜類) in his Zhuziyulei(朱子語類), discussing the virtue of tea as the golden mean(中庸), the supreme Confucian virtue, comparing it to the hidden leisure of Boyi and Shuqi (伯夷叔齊), as in Jiancha(建茶) is like the virtue of golden mean, as Jiangcha(江茶) is like Boyi and Shuqi. In the Chabu s saying Suddenly smiling and spontaneously tasting, both pupils of my eyes blink mysteriously (俄自笑而自酌 亂雙眸之明滅), drinking a cup of tea is expressed to be conducive to the pleasure of effortlessness. In the mysterious state (妙境) in the mysterious state induced by the movement of vital energy inspired by spirit, leading to no intention and spontaneous pleasure and the thoughts on mind in tea in Since this is also due to the difference in my mind, why should I seek the Dao only in that?(是亦吾心之茶. 又何必求乎彼也.), the ultimate state of the spirit of enjoying the Dao is revealed exquisitely. Above all, this study puts emphasis on the reciprocal relation between Hanjae s spirit of enjoying the Dao appearing in his Chabu and his devotion as a scholar of the Dao so as to risk his own life for the sake of propriety and righteousness.
Activity Research and Application Advances of Difference Enzymes in Tea Processing
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, ZHOU Ying , QIU Pei , ZHANG Tian , Jia rui HU , CHEN Ping
Published: May 2018

Enzymes are widely distributed in different parts of tea tree, which participate in a variety of physiological activities along tea growth, such as metabolism, energy transfer, disease resistance and drought resistance etc. The changes of enzyme activity are of great importance to tea quality in the process of tea processing. This paper formulates enzymology characteristics of related enzymes in tea, explores the changes of enzyme activity in tea processing, and analyses its relationship with tea quality formation, and their application in tea processing.

酶广泛分布在茶树的不同部位, 与茶树物质代谢、能量传递、抗寒性、抗旱性等生理活动密切相关, 在加工过程中, 不同酶的活性变化对茶叶品质的形成更具有重要意义。本文系统阐述茶叶中相关酶的不同酶学特征, 探讨茶叶加工过程中相关酶的活性变化, 分析相关酶活性与茶叶品质形成的关系以及茶叶加工中的应用进展。
A study of Chungdam tea ceremony through 「Anminga」
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Kim Gil ryeong
Published: May 2018

Korean tea culture is dignified drinking tea culture that has been continued in old tradition, which is profound idea that is related to Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Hyanga (old Korean folk song) that is written in 『The Heritage of the Three States』of Ilyeon provides a sense of spiritual background and lifestyle of Shinla people. 『Anminga』that is edited by Chungdam who was a buddhist monk suggested a method of public welfare stability in request of King Kyungdeok. Through this, it may see contents that suggested politic that loves the subjects like son and daughter and appreciates for country s grace as they are stabilized.
So, in this study, it tries to contribute to establishment of Chungdam tea ceremony as it considers tea culture of Shinla era based on understanding about social culture of Shinla. The study result is as following.
First, even though king Kyeongdeok period of unified Shinla era was political confused stage, it was flourishing era in tea culture. Second, since 5 of 14 hyangas that is on 『The Heritage of the Three States』was created in king Kyeongdeok period, it has huge meaning in Korea classic poetry history.
Third, 「Anminga」edited by Chungdam is the first poetry that fits to generation as didactic poetry based on Buddhist and Confucian idea.
Fourth, Chungdam tea ceremony has value and meaning as cultural heritage that turns over to future tea people.
Through re-creation of Chungdam tea ceremony, with taking our traditional idea and meaning back, right tea ceremony method should be handed down to next generation and should be established as our life culture along with succession and restoration of traditional tea ceremony culture.
In this study, since it considered Chungdam, hyanga, and tea culture of Shinla era based on 「Anminga」, in-depth tea literature research that continues tea culture tradition should be made and tea study should be established as it gets out of the study that is focussed on hyanga, Korean literature, and historical study sector.
Study on the effect of black tea on weight losing and lipid lowing
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, LI Bo , Kim Eun hye , Tu You ying
Published: May 2018

红茶及其提取物可抑制摄食量，降低血糖和胰岛素水平，减少脂质乳化、消化、吸收和转运，以及减少胆囊收缩素等最终导致能量摄入减少；此外，红茶及其提取物可以使机体产生更多的热量，促进脂肪氧化，肌糖原生成，以及脂质的排泄等最终导致能量消耗增加，其综合作用是导致机体内脂肪积累下降，内脏组织重量下降，以及血脂(TG、TC)水平的下调，最终使肥胖症状减轻，从而优化体内综合代谢，缓解由肥胖引起的如糖尿病、高血压、癌症等并发病。

Black tea and its extract have been reported to reduce food consumption and the levels of blood glucose and insulin, inhibit the emulsion，digestion，absorption and transformation of lipid, and decrease the energy intake via lowering cholecystokinin. In addition, black tea and its extract can promote calorie production, fat oxidation, muscle glycogen generation and lipid excretion. All of these functions lead to the decrease of the fat accumulation, viscera weight and serum lipid level, and finally reduce obesity, improve metabolism, and alleviate diabetes, hypertension and cancers
related with obesity.
A study on tea painting shown in the painting
Authors:   Association for International Tea Culture, Lee Young chul , Kim Chang bae
Published: May 2018

Tea is said to be synthetic culture and arts. Since the Goryeo Dynasty period, the tea culture has been enjoyed and recently, the culture with a harmony of tea and paintings is being created, with the revival of tea. In the Joseon Dynasty, painters from painting academies enjoyed drawing tea paintings, which express the thought of classical scholars of those times well and they have been continued until now since the Joseon Dynasty period. In this study, tea paintings include the paintings, which express the poetry parties and the tea parties, are associated with tea, or express tea as a sub-theme, and painting characteristics of old painters in the tea paintings expressing the tea culture were considered and lifestyles with art and tea were analyzed. This is because tea painting should be included in the category of our traditional painting and considered as one kind of painting. The class to learn about tea ceremony and tea paintings can bring the effect of killing two birds with one stone in nature-friendly education for a harmony of humans and nature. It is anticipated that the education about tea ceremony and tea paintings presented in this study would contribute to expansion of the base for the tea culture and generalization of tea paintings by creating a decent culture of the country.
Experimental and numerical study of the behavior of shallow rectangular tunnels
Authors: Hassanzadeh Mehran , Hajialilue Bonab Masoud , Javadi Akbar A.
Published: May 2018

The behavior of an underground structure under dynamic loading is affected by many factors such as shape, depth and stiffness of the structure as well as the frequency content of the input motion. Scarcity of experimental/field investigations precludes proper understanding of these parameters’ effects on the seismic behavior of aforementioned structures. In this study, the effects of input motion along with structural stiffness properties on seismic behavior of rectangular tunnels are investigated. Three reduced-scale 1 g shaking table models were constructed in 1/48 scale. Tests were carried out in the shaking table facility at the University of Tabriz on model tunnels of the rectangular section of the shallow Tabriz subway tunnel, using input motions of different amplitudes and frequencies. In addition, a numerical study was done using the coupled scaled boundary finite element-finite element (SBFE-FE) method. A good agreement between the numerical model and the results of the experimental test was achieved. Using the shaking table test, the accelerations and bending moments of the tunnel lining were measured. The results show that tunnel lining stiffness affects the acceleration response of the ground. A parametric study by the numerical approach was presented and effects of the variation of elastic modulus and mass density of the soil were evaluated.
SCREENING OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA PRODUCING ANTIFUNGAL ISOLATED FROM INDONESIA MEDICINAL PLANT, JAVA GINSENG (TALINUM TRIANGULARE) (JACQ.) WILLD
Authors: Ali Alimuddin , Rante Herlina
Published: June 2018

Objective: The objective of this research was to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from Talinum triangulare having antifungal activity.Methods: The endophytic bacteria were isolated from roots tissue of Talinum triangulare by surface sterilization method. The isolates were cultured in Trypticase Soybean agar and antagonist activities were evaluated by dual culture assay against Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma reesei and Candida albicans. For metabolite antifungal activities, bacterial isolates were grown for 4 d in TS broth at 35 °C under shaking condition. The antifungal activities of the supernatant extract were determined by using the disk agar diffusion. Polyketide synthase (PKS I) and NRPS genes fragments of all isolates were amplified.Results: The result reveals that 4 of 23 endophytic bacterial isolates demonstrated great antifungal potentiality against many tested fungi. Polyketide synthase (PKS I) and NRPS genes amplification were showed 10 and 4 of endophytic isolates detected harboring PKS type I and NRPS genes, respectively. In general, high frequencies of positive PCR amplification were obtained for PKS I (43.47%). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence, morphological, physiological and biochemical showed that the isolates were identified as a member of genus Bacillus and Brevibacillus.Conclusion: These results indicated that the endophytic bacteria from java ginseng could be used as an alternative source of antifungal agents.