bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the need for trochleoplasty in canine patellar luxation using pre- and intra-operative assessments of trochlear depth
Authors: Hansen Julie Skovgaard , Lindeblad Ken , Buelund Lene , Miles James
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of ultrasonographic fe-moral trochlear depth measurements and to compare ultrasonographic and intra-operative evaluations of femoral trochlear depth for predictive value in selecting trochleoplasty.

Methods: Repeatability and reproducibility of an ultrasonographic protocol were tested in a preclinical cadaveric study. Clinical patients undergoing corrective surgery for patellar luxation were evaluated preoperatively with ultrasound and intra-operatively using a depth gauge. Measurements were assessed for equivalence using linear regression, and agreement between decisions made based on these measurements assessed using Cohen’s kappa.

Results: Although ultrasonographic and intra-operative measurements were in broad agreement, the prediction interval was too wide for clinical use. There was no significant agreement between predictions of the need for trochleoplasty using various cut-off values for the two measurements, nor between these and the surgeon’s decision.

Clinical significance: Based on our observations, use of ultrasound for evaluation of the femoral trochlea remains a largely qualitative assessment. A simpler and more direct objective measure of femoral trochlear adequacy is required for intra-operative use.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-06-0084
Postoperative computed tomography and low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis treated by dorsal laminectomy
Authors: Ley Charles , Hansson Kerstin , Sjöström Lennart , Rapp Martin
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To describe postoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis (DLSS) treated by dorsal laminectomy and partial discectomy.

Methods: Prospective clinical case study of dogs diagnosed with and treated for DLSS. Surgical and clinical findings were described. Computed tomography and low field MRI findings pre- and postoperatively were described and graded. Clinical, CT and MRI examinations were performed four to 18 months after surgery.

Results: Eleven of 13 dogs were clinically improved and two dogs had unchanged clinical status postoperatively despite imaging signs of neural compression. Vacuum phenomenon, spondylosis, sclerosis of the seventh lumbar (L7) and first sacral (S1) vertebrae endplates and lumbosacral intervertebral joint osteoarthritis became more frequent in postoperative CT images. Postoperative MRI showed mild disc extrusions in five cases, and in all cases contrast enhancing non-discal tissue was present. All cases showed contrast enhancement of the L7 spinal nerves both pre- and postoperatively and seven had contrast enhancement of the lumbosacral intervertebral joints and paraspinal tissue postoperatively. Articular process fractures or fissures were noted in four dogs.

Clinical significance: The study indicates that imaging signs of neural compression are common after DLSS surgery, even in dogs that have clinical improvement. Contrast enhancement of spinal nerves and soft tissues around the region of disc herniation is common both pre- and postoperatively and thus are unreliable criteria for identifying complications of the DLSS surgery.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-06-0096
Evaluation of the optimal plate position for the fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in warmbloods
Authors: Frei Sina , Geyer Hans , Hoey Seamus , Fuerst Anton , Bischofberger Andrea
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To determine scapular cortex thickness, distal scapular bone density and describe the exact suprascapular nerve course to evaluate the best plate position for the fixation of supraglenoid tubercle fractures in horses.

Methods: Twelve equine cadaveric shoulders were examined with computed tomography. Computed tomography morphometry and density measurements (Hounsfield units [HU]) of the scapula were recorded. Statistical comparisons were made between the cranial and caudal aspects of the scapula. Dissection of each shoulder was performed and the suprascapular nerve course was described morphometrically and morphologically.

Results: The suprascapular nerve was found on the periosteum and embedded in connective tissue at the cranial aspect of the scapula. It ramified proximally and distally into the supraspinatus muscle, coursed caudo laterally at a median of 2 cm (1–2 cm) distal to the scapular spine and ramified proximally and distally into the infraspinatus muscle. The scapular cortex measurements (HU) cranially were significantly larger than caudally at most levels of the scapula. The bone density of the distal scapula cranially (651.3 ± 104.2) was significantly lower than caudally (745.7 ± 179.1).

Clinical significance: For surgical access to the supraglenoid tubercle, knowledge of the anatomy is important. It is easiest to avoid the suprascapular nerve at the most cranial aspect of the scapula, where it has not yet ramified. For a stable fixation, knowledge of the characteristics of the equine scapula, such as scapular cortex thickness, is important.
HESS J1427−608: AN UNUSUAL HARD, UNBROKEN γ-RAY SPECTRUM IN A VERY WIDE ENERGY RANGE
Authors: Guo Xiao-Lei , Xin Yu-Liang , Liao Neng-Hui , Yuan Qiang , Gao Wei-Hong , He Hao-Ning , Fan Yi-Zhong , Liu Si-Ming
Published: January 2017

We report the detection of a GeV γ-ray source that spatially overlaps and is thus very likely associated with the unidentified very high energy (VHE) γ-ray source HESS J1427−608 with the Pass 8 data recorded by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. The photon spectrum of this source is best described by a power law with an index of 1.85 ± 0.17 in the energy range of 3–500 GeV, and the measured flux connects smoothly with that of HESS J1427−608 at a few hundred gigaelectronvolts. This source shows no significant extension and time variation. The broadband GeV to TeV emission over four decades of energies can be well fitted by a single power-law function with an index of 2.0, without obvious indication of spectral cutoff toward high energies. Such a result implies that HESS J1427−608 may be a PeV particle accelerator. We discuss the possible nature of HESS J1427−608 according to the multiwavelength spectral fittings. Given the relatively large errors, either a leptonic or a hadronic model can explain the multiwavelength data from radio to VHE γ-rays. The inferred magnetic field strength is a few micro-Gauss, which is smaller than the typical values of supernova remnants (SNRs) and is consistent with some pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). On the other hand, the flat γ-ray spectrum is slightly different from typical PWNe but is similar to that of some known SNRs.
MÉTODOS DE HIGIENIZAÇÃO DAS TETEIRAS E INCIDÊNCIA DE BACTÉRIAS CAUSADORAS DE MASTITE
Authors: Maia Karina Milene , Pozza Magali Soares dos Santos , Zambom Maximiliane Alarvase , Madrona Grasiele Scaramal , Santos Geraldo Tadeu dos , Bankuti Ferenc Istvan
Published: January 2017

Os procedimentos durante a ordenha podem representar pontos críticos para a obtenção de um leite de qualidade e estão relacionados à higiene dos animais, ordenhador, ambiente e equipamentos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro foi avaliada a eficácia da higienização das teteiras com duas fontes de cloro para desinfecção das teteiras: o hipoclorito de sódio e o cloro. No segundo experimento, coletaram-se amostras na linha de ordenha visando-se a identificação de fontes de contaminação como tanque de expansão, ordenhadeira, por meio de suabes nas teteiras e mãos dos ordenadores com relação a Staphylococcus e coliformes. Com relação à higienização das teteiras, o tratamento que proporcionou maior (p<0,05) redução decimal bacteriana foi a imersão em 300 ppm de cloro (1,0^4 log). As menores contagens (p<0,05) foram obtidas para os tratamentos que utilizavam após a imersão das teteiras duas a duas nas soluções desinfetantes, enxágue com água. No segundo experimento, o coeficiente de correlação entre Staphylococcus e CCS foi considerado baixo o que indica que, possivelmente, o agente causador da mastite, presente nas amostras, não eram somente bactérias pertencentes ao gênero Staphylococcus spp. Verificou-se em uma amostra de leite, contagens acima de 1,0 x 10³ UFC mL-1 de coliformes a 35 graus Celsius que é indicativo de falta de higiene no momento da ordenha. As contagens médias obtidas de Staphylococcus spp. do tanque foram abaixo da necessária para que a toxina estafilocócica provoque intoxicação alimentar e, das teteiras, inferior aos valores estabelecidos pela APHA para superfícies que entram em contato com os alimentos.
Ferme, pavillon ou maison de campagne
Authors: Laferté Gilles
Published: January 2017

L’habitat dans les campagnes est très divers, à l’image des groupes sociaux qui y résident. On y trouve les fermes et les pavillons des agriculteurs, le bâti populaire des ouvriers ruraux, les petites zones pavillonnaires et les « cœurs de village », les résidences secondaires et les « belles maisons » de campagne jusqu’aux demeures bourgeoises et aux châteaux des anciens notables. Nous nous intéressons ici à l’habitat des agriculteurs céréaliers. Par une approche localisée et relationnelle, les pratiques résidentielles des agriculteurs sont repositionnées par rapport à celles des autres groupes sociaux des espaces ruraux. L’habitat est ici saisi comme un outil parmi d’autres d’objectivation des capitaux économiques et culturels. Ainsi, depuis l’après-guerre, de l’impossible château qui reste le privilège des mieux nés, à la mise en ordre pavillonnaire de la ferme, jusqu’à la gentrification rurale récente, les pratiques résidentielles des agriculteurs matérialisent leur mobilité sociale ascendante du côté des franges économiques de la petite bourgeoisie.
Qui débarrasse la table ?
Authors: Court Martine , Bertrand Julien , Bois Géraldine , Henri-Panabière Gaële , Vanhée Olivier
Published: January 2017

L’article propose une analyse de la socialisation familiale au travail domestique au cours de l’enfance et de l’adolescence. En s’appuyant sur des récits rétrospectifs, recueillis auprès de jeunes issus de familles nombreuses (quatre enfants et plus) et de leurs parents, il montre comment ces jeunes étaient ou non sollicités pour les tâches ménagères et les soins à leurs cadets quand ils étaient enfants, et met au jour les logiques sociales qui président à ces sollicitations ou à leur absence. Dans la grande majorité des familles, la participation des enfants à ces tâches est genrée et inégale, les filles étant nettement plus mises à contribution que leurs frères. Cette sollicitation des enfants varie cependant en fonction des appartenances sociales des familles, des ressources économiques et culturelles qui y sont associées, et des conceptions de l’enfance qui y sont dominantes.
Strategic planning processes of port systems: A comparative analysis of Brazil and Spain
Authors: Giner Fillol Arturo , Lunkes Rogério João , Mendes Constante Jonas , Ripoll Feliu Vicente M.
Published: January 2017

According to the World Economic Forum (Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016), the logistics infrastructure in Brazil lags behind developed countries despite its powerful economy. The quality of the transport infrastructure is ranked 77th globally; ranking 121th in road infrastructure; 98th in railway infrastructure; 95th for air transport and 120th for quality of port infrastructure. These positions need to be improved if Brazil wants to remain one of the largest economies in the world for the coming decades. On the other hand, in terms of port infrastructure, Spain occupies 12th position. There are other issues and attributes that could be used to compare both port systems (such as the skills of dockworkers, the institutional framework of the country or the macroeconomic aspects, among others).

Our goal in this paper was to perform a comparative analysis of the strategic planning processes used in the port systems of both Brazil and Spain. The results show that these two countries utilise similar planning systems. Nevertheless, and perhaps due to the recent institutional changes in Brazil, the Brazilian port system has a lot of room for improvement, when compared to the Spanish system. Better alignment between national and local strategy, the transformation of the port authorities that still have not become autonomous companies, or the focus on the implementation of the strategy (using plans updated yearly, aligned with the Strategic Plan) are three actions that we can suggest to those responsible for the formulation of public policies and directives of the Brazilian Port Authorities.
Long-Term Adherence and Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Intervention for Community-Dwelling Overweight Thai Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: 1-Year Follow Up
Authors: Aree-Ue Suparb , Saraboon Yuwadee , Belza Basia
Published: January 2017

Being overweight is a major risk factor for developing knee osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of the current study was to: (a) determine participant adherence to a quadriceps exercise and weight management program after completion of the intervention; and (b) examine whether a quadriceps exercise and weight management program can reduce knee pain and improve knee function and weight loss in 40 community-dwelling overweight Thai older adults with knee OA at 6- and 12-month follow up. Twenty-nine (76.3%) participants completed at least 75% of the program. Two (5%) participants did not complete the program. In the intervention group, significant improvement was noted in knee range of motion at 6 and 12 months compared with baseline, and a significant reduction was noted in knee pain, time spent in the Timed Up and Go test, and body weight compared with baseline. These study variables, except for body weight, between the intervention group and control group were significantly different. This study highlights the benefit of long-term adherence to the multicomponent intervention for community-dwelling overweight Thai older adults with knee OA. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 43
(4), 40–48.]
Materiali e tecniche costruttive del Mugello tra basso Medioevo e prima Età Moderna
Authors: Arrighetti Andrea
Published: January 2017

[it] Il Mugello è un’area a medio-alto rischio sismico situata sulla catena montuosa appenninica a confine fra la Toscana e l’Emilia Romagna. Il territorio si caratterizza per una nutrita presenza di insediamenti di lunga durata caratterizzata da edifici storici ben conservati, dei quali la maggior parte risultano strutture religiose. Una zona del Mugello, tra il 2010 ed il 2014, è stata interessata dal progetto “Archeologia dell’architettura e rischio sismico in Mugello”, una ricerca incentrata sulla sperimentazione del potenziale informativo del processo di analisi archeologica come forma di conoscenza, prevenzione e tutela dell’edilizia medievale dal rischio sismico. Fra i risultati che sono emersi dalle indagini archeologiche hanno svolto un ruolo centrale le considerazioni inerenti l’approvvigionamento ed utilizzo dei materiali costruttivi per l’edificazione e la modifica delle strutture architettoniche, in un periodo compreso fra il Basso Medioevo e l’Età Moderna.
El uso de la cal en la construcción durante la Prehistoria reciente: nuevas aportaciones para el levante de la península Ibérica
Authors: Jover Maestre Francisco Javier , Pastor Quiles María , Martínez Mira Isidro , Vilaplana Ortego Eduardo
Published: January 2017

El empleo de la cal en labores constructivas durante la Prehistoria reciente en la cuenca mediterránea constituye una de las cuestiones más relevantes del proceso investigador en las últimas décadas. Las dificultades para determinar con fiabilidad la presencia de cal antrópica entre los materiales constructivos procedentes de contextos arqueológicos se han puesto de manifiesto en diversos estudios. Es de gran importancia identificar este producto pirotecnológico en las construcciones prehistóricas, diferenciándolo del carbonato cálcico natural, dadas las implicaciones sociales y medioambientales que suponen su producción y empleo. La aplicación de un amplio protocolo de análisis a un conjunto de muestras procedentes de diversos asentamientos del VI al II milenio cal BC del Levante de la península Ibérica, ha posibilitado abordar dicho problema y proponer la posibilidad del empleo de la cal desde momentos avanzados del III milenio cal BC y, con mayor seguridad, desde el II milenio cal BC.
El transporte de grandes fustes monolíticos por el interior de la trama urbana de Roma
Authors: Pensabene Patrizio , Domingo Magaña Javier Á.
Published: January 2017

Uno de los problemas que debe afrontar el estudio de los procesos constructivos ligados a la realización de proyectos arquitectónicos templares gigantescos en Roma es el de cómo se realizaba el transporte de grandes fustes monolíticos por el interior de la ciudad. De hecho, algunos templos, como el de Antonino y Faustina en el Foro Romano o el Foro de la Paz, fueron dotados de enormes fustes —respectivamente en cipollino y en granito rosa de Assuán— que tuvieron que atravesar la parte central de la ciudad cuya trama urbana ciertamente no facilitaba su transporte.
Intentaremos en nuestra intervención hipotetizar no sólo las posibles vías de transporte de estos enormes bloques sino también señalar las operaciones mecánicas necesarias para superar los frecuentes obstáculos que éstos encontrarían.
Il Progetto Domus Tiberiana (Roma). Gli approvvigionamenti di laterizi per i cantieri adrianei lungo la Nova Via
Authors: Serlorenzi Mirella , Coletti Fulvio , Traini Lino , Camporeale Stefano
Published: January 2017

[it] Il progetto Domus Tiberiana, iniziato nel 2013 e coordinato dalla Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo e l’area archeologica centrale di Roma, ha come scopo il nuovo e complessivo studio del primo palazzo imperiale sul Palatino. Diversi aspetti vengono considerati, integrando fra loro i risultati delle ricerche precedenti e delle nuove indagini, archiviati nel GIS SITAR della Soprintendenza: studio della stratigrafia muraria, delle tecniche edilizie, delle decorazioni, dei reperti archeologici e dei restauri architettonici. In questo articolo sono esposti i primi risultati dell’indagine condotta sulle tecniche e i materiali da costruzione dell’isolato adrianeo nel tratto occidentale della Nova Via, costruito insieme all’ampliamento dell’angolo NordOvest della Domus. In particolare, l’analisi metrologica dei laterizi ha chiarito come gli approvvigionamenti di bipedali, sesquipedali, bessali, tegole fratte e laterizi di reimpiego venissero redistribuiti all’interno dell’edificio. La ripartizione delle tecniche edilizie nelle diverse porzioni murarie obbediva, infatti, a una razionale logica economica e strutturale.
Reconsideraciones sobre materiales cerámicos romanos de construcción: economía, logística y factores sociales en el suministro de tejas a Dorchester en el Támesis, Oxfordshire
Authors: Peveler Edward C.
Published: January 2017

Este trabajo analiza el suministro de materiales constructivos cerámicos de época romana de Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. La mineralogía y la composición química del material latericio se han analizado con láminas delgadas y microscopía electrónica de barrido. En el caso de esta “pequeña ciudad” romana se ha demostrado la presencia de una producción local de tegulae que, en ocasiones, se transportaban a 50 Km de distancia por carretera. La composición del material empleado para la fabricación de algunas tegulae es análoga a la utilizada en la producción de grandes jarras de almacenamiento en las cercanías del parque de Stowe, Buckinghamshire. En este sentido, se analizan los mecanismos y la logística que permitieron la producción y el transporte a larga distancia de estos materiales y se discuten los factores sociales y económicos que intervinieron en su proceso de producción y adquisición. El estudio demuestra, además, la importancia de la investigación de estos elementos constructivos sencillos que ofrecen para registro arqueológico informaciones y visibilidad a los estratos sociales más bajos.
Refuerzo de fustes de columna en la arquitectura monumental de Italica (prov. Baetica). Aplicación de nuevas tecnologías para la reconstrucción de una práctica singular
Authors: Rodríguez Gutiérrez Oliva , Rodríguez Medina Jesús , Pinto Puerto Francisco S. , Angulo Fornos Roque
Published: January 2017

Esta investigación tiene por objeto presentar los trabajos en curso en torno a un conjunto de fustes procedente de los órdenes arquitectónicos del conocido como Traianeum de Itálica (provincia Baetica, actual Santiponce, Sevilla), complejo de templo central y pórtico perimetral levantado en la ciudad a comienzos del siglo II d. C. En ellos se observan las huellas dejadas por toda una serie de recursos técnicos tales como grapas, espigas metálicas y cavidades para parches marmóreos, asociada con medidas preventivas de refuerzo de piedra eventualmente quebradiza. Para ello, dado su estado fragmentado y fragmentario, se ha recurrido a la aplicación de técnicas fotogramétricas que permitan la obtención de modelos tridimensionales de las piezas, con el fin de reconstruir el funcionamiento y finalidad mecánica de los citados recursos. En último término, se trata de profundizar en aspectos relacionados con una singular capacidad tecnológica selectiva y con la economía y organización de las obras.
Análisis cuantitativo de paramentos de ladrillo: ejemplos de algunos grandes edificios imperiales en Roma
Authors: Medri Maura , Di Cola Valeria , Mongodi Samuele , Pasquali Giorgia
Published: January 2017

El objetivo de este documento, es presentar resultados de un estudio en curso, comenzando con el análisis de la cortina externa en ladrillos de los muros Aurelianos. Como metodología de estudio, las capas de ladrillos fueron inspeccionadas a través de muestras de sus superficies, seleccionando partes de 1x1m2 dibujados en CAD, utilizando fotos sin distorsión. Dichas muestras, fueron medidas en detalle, para generar análisis de estadísticas cuantitativas de los elementos constituyentes de éstas cortinas, para obtener standars, que pueden describir sus características. En esta primera fase, tratamos de comparar algunas de los más importantes fabricantes de ladrillos imperiales, cada una con características especificas. El muestrario ha cubierto extensivamente los muros aurelianos, concentrándose en los periodos de Aureliano y Honorio. Luego, fueron estudiadas paredes de ladrillos de edificios de época neroniana, frente al valle del Coliseo; subestructuras de las termas de Trajano; sectores de la Domus Tiberiana, en dirección a la falda norte del Palatino.
Geospatial Analysis of Land Loss, Land Cover Change, and Landuse Patterns of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Munshi K. , Schmidlin Thomas W. , Munro-Stasiuk Mandy J. , Curtis Andrew
Published: January 2017

This study utilizes geospatial tools of remote sensing, geographical information systems (GIS), and global positioning system (GPS) to examine the land loss, land cover (LC) change, landuse of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. Multi-spectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic Mapper (TM), and Landsat8 OLI imageries were used for land cover change. For assessing the landuse patterns of 2012, spatial video data were collected by using contour GPS camera. Using remote sensing analysis three different land cover classes (water, trees and forest, and agriculture) were identified and land cover changes were detected from 1972 to 2013. The results show from 1972 to 2013, an estimated 9 km2 of land has been lost and significant changes have taken place from 1972 to 2013. Only an estimated .35 km2 area of accretion has taken place during the study period. Using GIS eight different landuse patterns were identified based on spatial video data.
Saudi Consumers Attitudes Towards Online Shopping
Authors: Alsharief Raja Yahya
Published: January 2017

Online shopping in the Arab world countries including Saudi Arabia is still very immature in relation to online shopping in developed and/or western countries. However, online shopping data and available statistics illustrate a very good growing trend in online shopping in KSA. This paper aims to develop a framework to understand and evaluate consumers' attitudes towards online shopping in Saudi Arabia. The paper start by examining the different factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping in related literature, then it examines the literature related to consumers' attitudes towards online shopping in Saudi Arabia. Finally, and based on the results of the literature, it develops a framework to understand and evaluate consumers' attitudes towards online shopping in Saudi Arabia. The paper also provides direction for future research in the field.
Error Trapping and Metamorphic Testing for Spreadsheet Failure Detection
Authors: Poon Pak-Lok , Liu Huai , Chen Tsong Yueh
Published: January 2017

This study deepens the research on error trapping (ET) and metamorphic testing (MT) for detecting spreadsheet failures. It is observed that some spreadsheet developers and testers are confused between ET and MT, because the two techniques are similar to each other in some aspects. Inspired by the observation, this paper first outlines the main concepts of ET and MT using several examples for illustration. This is followed by discussing an experiment with a view to investigating and comparing the failure detection capabilities of the two techniques. The results of the experiment indicate that neither technique is sufficient in spreadsheet testing. Rather, ET and MT are complementary and they should be used together in spreadsheet testing whenever possible.
Cathepsin K Deficiency Ameliorates Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-like Manifestations in Faslpr Mice
Authors: Zhou Yi , Chen Huimei , Liu Li , Yu Xueqing , Sukhova Galina K. , Yang Min , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Stillman Isaac E. , Gelb Bruce , Libby Peter , Tsokos George C. , Shi Guo-Ping
Published: January 2017

Cysteinyl cathepsin K (CatK) is expressed in osteoclasts to mediate bone resorption, but is also inducible under inflammatory conditions. Faslpr mice on a C57BL/6 background develop spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus-like manifestations. Although normal mouse kidneys expressed negligible CatK, those from Faslpr mice showed elevated CatK expression in the glomeruli and tubulointerstitial space. Faslpr mice also showed elevated serum CatK levels. CatK deficiency in Faslpr mice reduced all tested kidney pathologies, including glomerulus and tubulointerstitial scores, glomerulus complement C3 and IgG deposition, chemokine expression and macrophage infiltration, and serum autoantibodies. CatK contributed to Faslpr mouse autoimmunity and pathology in part by its activity in TLR-7 proteolytic processing and consequent regulatory T (Treg) cell biology. Elevated TLR7 expression and proteolytic processing in Faslpr mouse kidneys and Tregs showed significantly reduced levels in CatK-deficient mice, leading to increased spleen and kidney Treg content. Purified CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Tregs from CatK-deficient mice doubled their immunosuppressive activity against T effector cells, compared with those from CatK-sufficient mice. In Faslpr mice, repopulation of purified Tregs from CatK-sufficient mice reduced spleen sizes, autoantibody titers, and glomerulus C3 and IgG deposition, and increased splenic and kidney Treg contents. Tregs from CatK-deficient mice had significantly more potency than CatK-sufficient Tregs in reducing spleen sizes, serum autoantibody titers, and glomerulus C3 deposition, and in increasing splenic and kidney Treg content. This study established a possible role of CatK in TLR7 proteolytic activation, Treg immunosuppressive activity, and lupus autoimmunity and pathology.
A B Cell Epitope Peptide Derived from the Major Grass Pollen Allergen Phl p 1 Boosts Allergen-Specific Secondary Antibody Responses without Allergen-Specific T Cell Help
Authors: Narayanan Meena , Freidl Raphaela , Focke-Tejkl Margarete , Baranyi Ulrike , Wekerle Thomas , Valenta Rudolf , Linhart Birgit
Published: January 2017

More than 40% of allergic patients suffer from grass pollen allergy. Phl p 1, the major timothy grass pollen allergen, belongs to the cross-reactive group 1 grass pollen allergens that are thought to initiate allergic sensitization to grass pollen. Repeated allergen encounter boosts allergen-specific IgE production and enhances clinical sensitivity in patients. To investigate immunological mechanisms underlying the boosting of allergen-specific secondary IgE Ab responses and the allergen epitopes involved, a murine model for Phl p 1 was established. A B cell epitope–derived peptide of Phl p 1 devoid of allergen-specific T cell epitopes, as recognized by BALB/c mice, was fused to an allergen-unrelated carrier in the form of a recombinant fusion protein and used for sensitization. This fusion protein allowed the induction of allergen-specific IgE Ab responses without allergen-specific T cell help. Allergen-specific Ab responses were subsequently boosted with molecules containing the B cell epitope–derived peptide without carrier or linked to other allergen-unrelated carriers. Oligomeric peptide bound to a carrier different from that which had been used for sensitization boosted allergen-specific secondary IgE responses without a detectable allergen-specific T cell response. Our results indicate that allergen-specific secondary IgE Ab responses can be boosted by repetitive B cell epitopes without allergen-specific T cell help by cross-linking of the B cell epitope receptor. This finding has important implications for the design of new allergy vaccines.
Oncostatin M Suppresses Activation of IL-17/Th17 via SOCS3 Regulation in CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Son Hye-Jin , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Seon-Yeong , Kim Eun-Kyung , Yang Eun-Ji , Kim Jae-Kyung , Seo Hyeon-Beom , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Mi-La
Published: January 2017

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine and a member of the IL-6 family. It has both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions and is involved in the activation of STAT3 and STAT5. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic and excessive inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to induction of Th17 cells, which express IL-17. The aim of this study was to measure the effects of OSM on the proliferation of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells from mice. IL-2 immune complex suppressed the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice and altered the regulatory T/Th17 cell balance by increasing OSM expression. OSM mitigated the proliferation of Th17 cells and decreased the expression of IL-17 and IL-21. It promoted the activation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), STAT3, and STAT5. Inhibition of SOCS3, STAT3, and STAT5 lessened the OSM-induced reduction in proliferation of Th17 cells. These observations suggest that OSM can inhibit Th17 differentiation by reciprocally controlling SOCS3, STAT3, and STAT5.
Human Cystic Fibrosis Macrophages Have Defective Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase C Activation of the NADPH Oxidase, an Effect Augmented by Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Assani Kaivon , Shrestha Chandra L. , Robledo-Avila Frank , Rajaram Murugesan V. , Partida-Sanchez Santiago , Schlesinger Larry S. , Kopp Benjamin T.
Published: January 2017

Macrophage intracellular pathogen killing is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF), despite abundant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung tissue. Burkholderia species can cause serious infection in CF and themselves affect key oxidase components in murine non-CF cells. However, it is unknown whether human CF macrophages have an independent defect in the oxidative burst and whether Burkholderia contributes to this defect in terms of assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex and subsequent ROS production. In this article, we analyze CF and non-CF human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) for ROS production, NADPH assembly capacity, protein kinase C expression, and calcium release in response to PMA and CF pathogens. CF MDMs demonstrate a nearly 60% reduction in superoxide production after PMA stimulation compared with non-CF MDMs. Although CF MDMs generally have increased total NADPH component protein expression, they demonstrate decreased expression of the calcium-dependent protein kinase C conventional subclass α/β leading to reduced phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase components p47phox and p40phox in comparison with non-CF MDMs. Ingestion of B. cenocepacia independently contributes to and worsens the overall oxidative burst deficits in CF MDMs compared with non-CF MDMs. Together, these results provide evidence for inherent deficits in the CF macrophage oxidative burst caused by decreased phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase cytosolic components that are augmented by Burkholderia. These findings implicate a critical role for defective macrophage oxidative responses in persistent bacterial infections in CF and create new opportunities for boosting the macrophage immune response to limit infection.
Intestinal Parasite Infections and Accuracy of Direct Thin and Thick Smear, Formol-Ether Sedimentation, Centrifugal Flotation, and Mini-FLOTAC Techniques Among Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders from the Greater Cairo Region, Egypt
Authors: Hussein Atef H. , Rashed Samia M. , El-Hayawan Ibrahim A. , Aly Nagwa S. M. , Abou Ouf Eman A. , Ali Amira T.
Published: January 2017

The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of intestinal parasitic infection among patients with gastrointestinal tract disorders from the Greater Cairo region, Egypt. In addition, a comparison was made of the accuracy of direct thin and thick smear, formol-ether sedimentation (FEC), centrifugal flotation (CF), and mini-FLOTAC techniques in the diagnosis of infection. Out of 100 patients, the overall prevalence of parasitic infection was 51%. Only 6% had dual infection. Giardia lamblia was the most common parasite (26%), followed by Hymenolepis nana (20%), Entamoeba coli (8%), and Enterobius vermicularis (3%). Except the statistically significant association between E. vermicularis infection and perianal itching and insomnia (P < 0.001), age, gender, and complaints of the examined individuals had no association with prevalence of parasitic infection. Both FEC and CF were equally the most accurate techniques (accuracy = 98.2%, confidence interval [CI] = 0.95–1.0, and κ index = 0.962), whereas the Kato-Katz method was the least accurate (accuracy = 67.5%, CI = 0.57–0.78, and κ index = 0.333). However, mini-FLOTAC-ZnSO4 was the most accurate for diagnosis of helminthic infection, and FEC was more accurate for diagnosis of protozoal infection (accuracy = 100%, CI = 1.0–1.0, and κ index = 1).
Hepatitis E in Singapore: A Case-Series and Viral Phylodynamics Study
Authors: Teo Esmeralda Chi-Yuan , Tan Boon-Huan , Purdy Michael A , Wong Pui-San , Ting Pei-Jun , Chang Pik-Eu Jason , Oon Lynette Lin-Ean , Sue Amanda , Teo Chong-Gee , Tan Chee-Kiat
Published: January 2017

The incidence of hepatitis E in Singapore appears to be increasing. A retrospective case-series study of patients diagnosed with hepatitis E in a tertiary hospital from 2009 to 2013 was conducted. Of 16 cases, eight (50%) were solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs), and 14 (88%) were found infected by genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV-3). Bayesian inferences based on HEV subgenomic sequences from seven cases suggest that HEV-3 strains were introduced to Singapore as two principal lineages. Within limitations of the study, it can be inferred that one lineage, in the 3efg clade, emerged about 83 years ago, probably originating from Japan, whereas the other, in the 3abchij clade, emerged about 40 years ago, from the United States. Establishment and subsequent transmissions of strains from these two lineages likely contribute to the current endemicity of hepatitis E in Singapore.
Leishmaniasis in Thailand: A Review of Causative Agents and Situations
Authors: Leelayoova Saovanee , Siripattanapipong Suradej , Manomat Jipada , Piyaraj Phunlerd , Tan-ariya Peerapan , Bualert Lertwut , Mungthin Mathirut
Published: January 2017

Before 1999, leishmaniasis was considered an imported disease in Thailand. Since then, autochthonous leishmaniasis was reported in both immmunocompetent and immmunocompromised patients especially in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A new species was identified and named as Leishmania siamensis consisting of two lineages, that is, lineages TR and PG. Analysis of isoenzymes has clarified the more commonly detected L. siamensis lineage PG as Leishmania martiniquensis (MON-229), a species originally reported from the Martinique Island, whereas the L. siamensis lineage TR has been identified as the true novel species, L. siamensis (MON-324). Both cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) have been found among Thai patients. Disseminated CL and VL could be presented in some reported patients who had HIV/AIDS coinfection. So far, only sporadic cases have been reported; thus, the true prevalence of leishmaniasis should be determined in Thailand among the high-risk populations such as people with HIV/AIDS. A recent survey among animals identified L. martiniquensis DNA in black rats (Rattus rattus) suggesting a potential animal reservoir. In addition, L. martiniquensis DNA was identified in Sergentomyia gemmea and Sergentomyia barraudi, the predominant sandfly species in the affected areas. However, further studies are needed to prove that these sandflies could serve as the vector of leishmaniasis in Thailand.
Association of Toll-Like Receptor 3 and Toll-Like Receptor 9 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Hepatic Fibrosis in Egyptian Patients
Authors: Zayed Rania A. , Omran Dalia , Mokhtar Doha A. , Zakaria Zinab , Ezzat Sameera , Soliman Mohamed A. , Mobarak Lamiaa , El-Sweesy Hossam , Emam Ghada
Published: January 2017

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as fundamental contributors to the immune system function against infections. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a global health problem especially in Egypt having the highest HCV prevalence worldwide where HCV infection is a continuing epidemic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between genetic variation in TLR-3 and TLR-9 and HCV infection and hepatic fibrosis in chronic HCV-positive Egyptian patients. The present study included 100 naïve chronic HCV-positive patients and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Genotyping of TLR-3 (_7 C/A [rs3775296]), TLR-3 (c.1377C/T [rs3775290]) and TLR-9 (1237T/C [rs5743836]) were done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Frequency of polymorphic genotypes in TLR-3 (_7 C/A), TLR-3 (c.1377C/T) and TLR-9 (1237T/C) were not significantly different between studied HCV-positive patients and controls with P values 0.121, 0.112, and 0.683, respectively. TLR-3 c.1377 T-allele was associated with advanced stage of hepatic fibrosis (P = 0.003).
Noma: Overview of a Neglected Disease and Human Rights Violation
Authors: Srour M. Leila , Marck Klaas , Baratti-Mayer Denise
Published: January 2017

Noma is an orofacial gangrene affecting malnourished children and mainly observed in tropical countries, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. Epidemiological data on noma are scarce, but a current estimate of the global incidence is 30,000–40,000 cases per year, with a mortality rate of approximately 85% and a burden of disease calculated to be a loss of 1–10 million disability-adjusted life years. The etiology of noma is multifactorial with malnutrition as an ever present factor, often in combination with concomitant diseases, such as measles, malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and poor oral hygiene. The pathogenesis is a fast-spreading, noncontagious gangrenous infection occurring in the face, often preceded by acute necrotizing gingivitis, and stomatitis. Rare microbiological studies suggest an opportunistic infection caused by an imbalance in normal intraoral microorganisms. Prevention lies in food security, measles vaccination, prevention of malaria and HIV, including the early detection and treatment of necrotizing gingivitis and stomatitis. Early treatment with antibiotics may prevent gangrene or reduce its extent. Late treatment consists of surgical rehabilitation, which is often complex. However, access to medical care is very limited for noma patients due to the extremely poor conditions in which they live that are frequently located in remote rural areas. The authors support the United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 19/7 adopted on March 22, 2012 “The right to food,” and advocate for the inclusion of noma on the list of neglected tropical diseases to encourage more medical and institutional attention for this often lethal or very mutilating infectious gangrene.
Annual Incidence of Lassa Virus Infection in Southern Mali
Authors: Safronetz David , Sogoba Nafomon , Diawara Sory Ibrahim , Bane Sidy , Rosenke Kyle , Maiga Ousmane , Boisen Matt , Garry Robert F. , Branco Luis M. , Lindsay L. Robbin , Traoré Sékou F. , Feldmann Heinz , Doumbia Seydou
Published: January 2017

Previously, we reported a high seroprevalence rate of Lassa virus antibodies in inhabitants of three villages in southern Mali where infected rodents have been demonstrated. Herein, we report a 1-year follow-up study in which we were able to collect a second blood samples from 88.7% of participants of the same cohort. We identified 23 seroconversions for IgG antibodies reactive against Lassa virus, representing an incidence of 6.3% (95% confidence interval = 3.8–8.8%). Seroconversion was frequently seen in preteenage children (12/23, 51.7%) and two household/familial clusters were identified. These results confirm active transmission of Lassa virus is occurring in southern Mali and appropriate diagnostic testing should be established for this etiological agent of severe viral hemorrhagic fever.
Hospital incident command: First responders or receiving centers?
Authors: Fletcher, MSN MHA, RN Brian , Knight, MS Amanda , Pockrus, MSN, RN Brandy , Wain, MAS Matthew J. , Lehman-Huskamp, MD Kathy
Published: January 2017

Objectives: (1) Propose a conceptual model of an alternative hospital incident management system (HIMS) that integrates concepts used by emergency operations centers (EOCs). (2) Compare HIMS to the standard hospital incident command system (HICS) model.Design: A quasi-experimental study was performed. Two identical tabletop incident scenarios were presented, one utilizing HICS and one using HIMS. Participants completed postexercise surveys for each tabletop. Surveys contained both knowledge and satisfaction questions. The Likert Scale (1 strongly disagree and 5 strongly agree) was utilized for satisfaction questions.Setting: The Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), a level I trauma and academic center. Participants: N = 16; participants were members of MUSC's Emergency Management Committee. Participation was voluntary.Main Outcome Measures: (1) Knowledge of reporting structure within each model and (2) end-user satisfaction with model implementation.Results: Using the HIMS model, participants correctly answered reporting structure questions 63.75 percent of the time in comparison to the HICS model of 35 percent (p value 0.001). Statistical analysis of qualitative satisfaction data between the two models revealed that HIMS was preferred over the HICS, 87.5 and 33.5 percent, respectively.Conclusions: The HIMs model is a new application for hospital incident management. This article serves to introduce the concept. Using the established EOC framework, continued research in this area is needed to validate the proposed HIMS model and standardize its design.
Global O3-CO Correlations in a Chemistry and Transport Model during July–August: Evaluation with TES Satellite Observations and Sensitivity to Input Meteorological Data and Emissions
Authors: Choi Hyun-Deok , Liu Hongyu , Crawford James H. , Considine David B. , Allen Dale J. , Duncan Bryan N. , Horowitz Larry W. , Rodriguez Jose M. , Strahan Susan E. , Zhang Lin , Liu Xiong , Damon Megan R. , Steenrod Stephen D.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We examine the capability of the Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) chemistry and transport model to reproduce global mid-tropospheric (618 hPa) O3-CO correlations determined by the measurements from Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard NASA’s Aura satellite during boreal summer (July–August). The model is driven by three meteorological data sets (fvGCM with sea surface temperature for 1995, GEOS4-DAS for 2005, and MERRA for 2005), allowing us to examine the sensitivity of model O3-CO correlations to input meteorological data. Model simulations of radionuclide tracers (222Rn, 210Pb, and 7Be) are used to illustrate the differences in transport-related processes among the meteorological data sets. Simulated O3 values are evaluated with climatological ozone profiles from ozonesonde measurements and satellite tropospheric O3 columns. Despite the fact that the three simulations show significantly different global and regional distributions of O3 and CO concentrations, all simulations show similar patterns of O3-CO correlations on a global scale. These patterns are consistent with those derived from TES observations, except in the tropical easterly biomass burning outflow regions. Discrepancies in regional O3-CO correlation patterns in the three simulations may be attributed to differences in convective transport, stratospheric influence, and subsidence, among other processes. To understand how various emissions drive global O3-CO correlation patterns, we examine the sensitivity of GMI/MERRA model-calculated O3 and CO concentrations and their correlations to emission types (fossil fuel, biomass burning, biogenic, and lightning NOx emissions). Fossil fuel and biomass burning emissions are mainly responsible for the strong positive O3-CO correlations over continental outflow regions in both hemispheres. Biogenic emissions have a relatively smaller impact on O3-CO correlations than other emissions, but are largely responsible for the negative correlations over the tropical eastern Pacific, reflecting the fact that O3 is consumed and CO generated during the atmospheric oxidation process of isoprene under low NOx conditions. We find that lightning NOx emissions degrade both positive correlations at mid-/high- latitudes and negative correlations in the tropics because ozone production downwind of lightning NOx emissions is not directly related to the emission and transport of CO. Our study concludes that O3-CO correlations may be used effectively to constrain the sources of regional tropospheric O3 in global 3-D models, especially for those regions where convective transport of pollution plays an important role.