bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historicization of Homeless Spaces: The Seoul Train Station Square and the House of Freedom
Authors: Song Jesook
Published: January 2007

This paper historicizes "deserving" citizenship of South Korea by tracing spatial changes and meanings of two places: Seoul Train Station Square and a former textile factory renovated to a homeless shelter. Both have been emblematic space where the most homeless people were populated since the break of the Asian Debt Crisis. However, each place embodies different history of "deserving" citizenship in a complementary way. The square, a politically charged literary and physical topography, became a location of protecting "normal" citizen from potentially violent homeless people. The factory, a spatial marker for the state regulation of laborer, became a site to promote the benevolent image of welfare state for protecting homeless people through a demarcation of short-term street living people—as "deserving" homeless citizens—from long term street living people. The embedded history in two places would be the transition of developmental state towards the welfare state that shifted its capitalist state focus from labor/economic policies to welfare policy: neoliberalization of state governance in South Korea. In concrete, this paper examines how homeless people emerged as new welfare subjects in an urban landscape; how only short-term street living people were selected as
proper; how various social agents were involved in the process of implementing homeless policies; and how dualistic capitalist control over labor power, such as regular workers and surplus laborer, was imposed.
Of Kings, Crowns, and Boundary Stones: Cipus and the hasta Romuli in Metamorphoses 15
Authors: Marks Raymond
Published: January 2007

This paper argues that Ovid uses the story of the
hasta Romuli in Met. 15 to inform our reading of the Cipus
story, to which it is juxtaposed. Specifically, the poet demonstrates that
the challenge Cipus faces, namely, to avoid kingship, constitutes not a
moral dilemma, as it is often understood, but an historical dilemma. That
is, at issue for Ovid is not whether Cipus should or should not avoid
being king, but whether he or anyone else at Rome can avoid the legacy
of kingship that Romulus left to the city by his foundational act.
Statius and Ovid: Transforming the Landscape
Authors: Newlands Carole Elizabeth
Published: January 2007

This paper examines Statius' depiction of landscape in comparison with
Ovid's. Three landscapes that illustrate Statius' important and complex
debt to Ovid are discussed: the sacred grove of Diana (Book 4), the
Nemean grove (Books 4-6), and the river landscape of the Ismenos (Book
9). The analysis concludes that the landscapes of the Thebaid are
disconnected from the gods and provide a vivid canvas on which Statius
displays the spreading evil of a civil war that burst beyond the bounds
of the warring parties. Humans are held accountable for the destruction
of the state as much as for the loss of a paradise described in Ovidian
terms as a locus amoenus.
Poneroi vs. Chrestoi : The Ostracism of Hyperbolos and the Struggle for Hegemony in Athens after the Death of Perikles, Part I
Authors: Rosenbloom David Scott
Published: January 2007

This paper is divided into two parts. Part I explains the last ostrakophoria as a struggle between leaders who enjoy cultural validation, labeled chrêstoi ("good," "noble," "useful," "genuine"), and those who lack such legitimation, labeled ponêroi ("bad," 'vile," "useless," "inauthentic"). The ostrakophoria took place in 415 and its catalyst was Alkibiades' Olympic victory in 416, which prompted Hyperbolos, the quintessential ponêros, to move an ostrakophoria as "protector/leader of the people" to ostracize a symbolic tyrant, to cast suspicion upon chrêstoi as inimical to the demos, and to legitimate his own leadership and that of his faction. This ostrakophoria pit ponêroi against chrêstoi in the formers' bid to become a hegemonic class in Athenian society. Part II will appear in TAPA 134.2.
Poneroi vs. Chrestoi : The Ostracism of Hyperbolos and the Struggle for Hegemony in Athens after the Death of Perikles, Part II
Authors: Rosenbloom David Scott
Published: January 2007

The ostracism of Hyperbolos, a ponêros and sykophant, realized a comic plot, bordered on Pharmakos ritual, and inaugurated a period of increasingly violent stasis between chrêstoi and ponêroi that included the affairs of the Hermai and the Mysteries and the oligarchic takeovers of 411 and 404. The stasis ends with the labels ponêros and chrêstos negotiable. Over the next two generations, citizens of Hyperbolos' profile attained hegemony in Athenian society and the dikasterion evolved as the authoritative venue for the allocation of the labels. This marks the moment when ostracism is an institutional relic. This is the second and final part of a paper whose first part appeared in TAPA 134.1 (2004).
Parallel Lives: Hannibal and Scipio in Livy's Third Decade
Authors: Rossi Andreola
Published: January 2007

I trace the correspondences between the lives of Hannibal and Scipio in the third Decade of Ab urbe condita and show how Livy fashions the two as "parallel lives." I further explore how this synkrisis reflects issues critical to the political discourse of the late Republic and sets up an exemplary antithesis between Rome's past virtus and her present decline.
The Meaning and Function of Phantasia in Aristotle's Rhetoric III.1
Authors: Gonzalez Jose M
Published: January 2007

In Rhetoric III.1 Aristotle characterizes lexis thus: "Greek words" Modern scholars have glossed phantasia here as "mere show," concluding that lexis is "superficial ostentation" intended merely to appeal to a corrupt audience. I argue instead that in this passage, as elsewhere in Aristotle, phantasia stands for the psychological function that mediates between sense perception and man's higher intellectual faculties. By invoking phantasia, Aristotle instructs us to view lexis against the background of his psychology, as mediating the rhetorical task and entrusted with turning the orator's subject matter into such phantasmata as will successfully shape the opinion of the listeners and gain their pistis.
Horace's Ship Ode ( Odes 1.14) in Context: A Metaphorical Love-Triangle
Authors: Knorr Ortwin
Published: January 2007

The ship in Horace's famous Ship Ode (Odes 1.14) continues to be identified with the Ship of State, despite the serious problems with this interpretation demonstrated by Charles Mendell (1938) and W. S. Anderson (1966). Still, a truly convincing alternative to the accepted view has never been proposed. A reading of the ode in the context of the First Book of Odes, however, shows that Odes 1.14 is part of a series of poems (Odes 1.5, 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17) that feature different kinds of love triangles. These poems provide multiple clues that the ship in 1.14 is not a worn-out prostitute, as has been argued, but an attractive young hetaera faced with the choice between a younger, passionate lover and a calmer, more mature admirer.
Maternal Authority and Heroic Disgrace in Aeschylus's Persae
Authors: McClure Laura
Published: January 2007

This essay will address the question, why is a mother figure so central to the plot and staging of the Persae? To answer this question, I look first at the mother-son dynamic in early epic, and then to a closer parallel, Aeschylus's Clytemnestra. Such comparisons show that we are to understand the Persian queen in a more positive light than has been recently argued. I conclude that the character of the queen plays a pivotal role in framing the return of Xerxes. Her presence, combined with the play's repeated images of maternal fecundity and loss, serves to intensify her son's public disgrace in the final scene, as well as to underscore his mortality.
Translating Empire: The Border Homeland of Rio Grande City, Texas
Authors: Limón José Eduardo
Published: January 2007

Edward Said contributed to American Studies as a critical theorist who stressed comparative and interdisciplinary methods, as a cultural critic who challenged the U.S. as a traditional and neo-imperialist power, and as a public intellectual who represented the historical diversity of the Arab world in response to Orientalist caricatures. He wrote about such important U.S. artists and intellectuals as Herman Melville, Henry James, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Ernest Hemingway, and R.P. Blackmur. He understood and challenged American exceptionalism, especially as it structured U.S. perspectives on other peoples and societies. Educated in the traditions of modernist cosmopolitanism and transnationalism, Said is often identified as the "founder" of postcolonial studies, especially by his most committed critics. In fact, many of the political aims and methodological assumptions of postcolonial studies differ from Said's theory and practice. Respecting Edward Said for his great accomplishments as a scholar, teacher, and public intellectual, we should also question the culture of intellectual celebrity and genius with which he is identified. In some respects, his reputation is a very American phenomenon we need to criticize if we are to achieve a more collaborative understanding of the United States in its global interactions and realize our responsibilities as cultural critics.
Shake Hands? Lilly Martin Spencer and the Politics of Art
Authors: Masten April F
Published: January 2007

"Shake Hands? Lilly Martin Spencer and the Politics of Art" connects the rise and fall of a female visual artist to the rise and fall of Jacksonian democracy. While other historians have used the biography and art of genre painter Lilly Martin Spencer to complicate the cultural politics of nineteenth-century domesticity, this essay follows the artist from Cincinnati to New York City during the 1840s and 1850s to critique and in part rewrite the monolithic construction of Jacksonian democracy. Lilly Martin Spencer serves as a case study of what happened when a woman artist with talent took advantage of the institutions, markets, and aesthetic taste inspired by democratic nationalism—a form of patriotic pride in American democracy shared by mid-nineteenth-century citizens. Through economic activity that stemmed from and helped perpetuate popular rule and institutions, democratic nationalists created a new form of political economy that linked together large and small players, Democrats and Whigs, men and women, east and west. Women artists benefited from this activity in several ways. The commercial art market, patronage, exhibitions, aesthetic theories, and taste being developed by Americans under the influence of democratic nationalism encompassed women's art. National and regional art institutions established to train a new cohort of American artists espoused egalitarianism and accepted females. And women were moved by their own sense of democratic nationalism to pursue art. By focusing on the origins of the political meaning embedded in the artist's most widely circulated painting, Shake Hands?, this article shows how Spencer's youthful aspirations and experiences as a celebrated artist were the products of an egalitarian ethos that dominated American economic, political and cultural life during the Jacksonian era. "The people" liked Spencer's paintings because they shared her democratic sensibility. In the end, Spencer's life and work reveal the reaches and limits of this short-lived political economy as it played out in the cultural realm.
Entertainment Wars: Television Culture after 9/11
Authors: Spigel Lynn
Published: January 2007

This paper looks at the U.S. television industry's reaction to 9/11, focusing on the way the industry returned to the normal schedule of entertainment TV genres. In the immediate weeks following 9/11, industry trade journals and television/film executives continually expressed their sense that U.S. culture would change forever after the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Industry executives worried that violence and light entertainment alike would offend a mourning nation. However, just one week after the attacks, the industry returned to its routine flow of commercially sponsored entertainment programming, and by the end of October 2001 the TV landscape looked pretty much the same as it had before the attacks. This paper examines this rapid transition in industry thinking about the effects of 9/11 on U.S. culture. It shows how entertainment television programs—from West Wing to the Emmy Awards—initially responded to 9/11 by featuring nationalist myths and turning stars into celebrity citizens. However, the article also explores the limits of nationalist myths in the contemporary post-network multi-channel media environment. This multi-channel market place is based on narrowcasting and taste cultures rather than national culture. This essay shows how quickly television returned to this logic of narrowcasting and the very kinds of programs industry executives initially considered "in bad taste." More generally, the article asks how media events operate in the new TV marketplace and the extent to which TV gathers audiences as citizen publics.
Sententia and Structure in Tacitus Histories 1.12-49
Authors: Keitel Elizabeth E. (Elizabeth Eva)
Published: January 2007

This paper argues that a close reading of Tacitus Histories 1.12-49 is crucial for understanding the work as a whole, since this unit of narrative functions very much as a paradigm for the account of all the phases of the civil wars in 69. Throughout this section, Tacitus uses sententiae about fundamental themes concerning fides, amicitia, and adulatio to structure his account of Galba's fall and Otho's rise and to draw attention to issues that will become increasingly important in the subsequent phases of the civil war. Certain episodes, such as Galba's speech to his newly adopted heir Piso (Histories 1.15-16) are especially useful for articulating and foreshadowing the breakdown of traditional values among all groups involved in the struggle for power at Rome. At the same time, these episodes pick up on and develop central historiographical themes explored previously by Thucydides and Sallust. The paper focuses especially on the warping of fides and amicitia played out amongst Galba's own circle of disreputable advisors, comparing the account with Plutarch's version to bring out what is especially Tacitean about it.
Alternate Empires: Tacitus's Virtual History of the Pisonian Principate
Authors: O'Gorman Ellen
Published: January 2007

O'Gorman analyses the significance of a distinct but "virtual" dynasty, the Pisones, whose presence overarches and intertwines the narratives of Tacitus's Histories and Annals: (a) Germanicus's rival Piso in Annals 1, (b) the Piso who unsuccessfully challenged Nero in Annals 15, (c) Galba's short-lived successor, Piso, in Histories 1, (d) the son of the Neronian challenger, Calpurnius Galerianus, put to death by order of Mucianus (Histories 4.11), and (e) Galerianus's cousin, Lucius Piso, proconsul of Africa, killed on suspicion of imperial aspirations (Histories 4.48-49). Tacitus at different points gestures towards an alternative history, which runs parallel to the actual history of the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties. Taken together, these Pisones underscore the curious role of the past in both configuring them as imperial contenders and, at the same time, presenting them as extraordinarily passive, even paralysed, in relation to political action. The paper argues that speculation about alternatives can be situated in the Roman tradition of suasoriae and compares the different ways in which the virtual historian and the suasor deal with counterfactuals.
The State, Private Sector Development, and Ghana's “Golden Age of Business”
Authors: Arthur Peter
Published: January 2007

The promotion of the private sector has become an integral part of Ghana's economic development strategy since it embarked on its structural adjustment program (SAP) in 1983. Private sector development, which involves the improvement of the investment climate and the enhancing of basic service delivery, is considered one of the necessary factors for sustaining and expanding businesses, stimulating economic growth, and reducing poverty. This article examines the policies of Ghana's New Patriotic Party (NPP) government and its strategies for making the private sector the bedrock of economic development and for achieving what it calls the “Golden Age of Business.” It argues that while the policies and initiatives being pursued have the potential to help in the development of the private sector in Ghana, the government has to play a more central role in this process, not only by creating the enabling environment for private businesses, but also by providing business with support and protection. While the “Golden Age of Business” is a neoliberal concept, its effective implementation requires a robust statist input.
Archaeological Paleobiogeography in the Russian Far East: The Kuril Islands and Sakhalin in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Fitzhugh Ben , Moore Scotty , Lockwood Chris , Boone Cristie
Published: January 2007

This article presents analyses of lithic and zooarchaeological data from the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East to better understand the effects of island isolation and biodiversity on human settlement and subsistence. Using the theory of island biogeography, we examine predictions about lithic raw material use, trade, mobility, and foraging behavior for different island groups. This study finds convincing evidence that insularity imposed significant constraints on prehistoric maritime hunter-gatherer access to lithic raw materials and foraging targets in this part of the North Pacific. We find that lithic raw materials are constrained in their distribution and conserved in more insular areas, while zooarchaeological taxonomic composition and richness data pattern according to expectations from optimal foraging theory applied across islands of variable biogeographic diversity. While based on limited samples, the results of these analyses provide support for a biogeographical approach to the prehistory of islands and add to our understanding of human adaptation in the Sea of Okhotsk.
Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Han Xiaorong
Published: January 2007

This paper reviews the Sino-Vietnamese archaeological debate of the 1970s and 1980s pertaining to the origins of the bronze drum, specifically analyzing how nationalism and international politics had an impact on both the questions posed by archaeologists as well as the answers they provided to these questions. Based on a reading of the major works on the bronze drum published in Viet Nam and China since the 1950s, particularly those published in the 1970s and 1980s, this paper argues that the debate between Chinese and Vietnamese archaeologists on the origins of the bronze drum in general, and the dating, classification, and interpretations of the decorations of the bronze drum in particular, had many of its origins in the political and military conflicts between the two countries, to the extent that an individual archaeologist's views of certain issues were largely determined by his nationality.
Between Persuasion and Compulsion: Smallpox Control in Brooklyn and New York, 1894-1902
Authors: Colgrove James Keith
Published: January 2007

Two major outbreaks of smallpox occurred in Brooklyn and New York around the turn of the twentieth century. Health officials moved aggressively to contain the disease, conducting mass vaccinations from house to house and in workplaces. Although these programs were ostensibly voluntary, the manner in which they were conducted was often coercive, giving many people the impression they had no choice but to submit. Officials portrayed their programs as voluntary because they lacked a clear legal basis for their actions and because they believed this was the most effective strategy for gaining public cooperation. This essay examines the events that surrounded a series of legal cases challenging the use of coercive measures to enforce vaccination during and after the smallpox epidemic of 1894, and the repercussions that this litigation had on disease-control efforts and popular attitudes toward vaccination and other measures. The cases described here were part of an extensive body of nineteenth-century jurisprudence on vaccination that was crucial for the evolution of public health police powers in general, and of vaccination policy in particular.
Plague and Contagionism in Eighteenth-Century England: The Role of Richard Mead
Authors: Zuckerman Arnold
Published: January 2007

An epidemic of plague in Marseilles in 1720 and the fear that it would spread to England led to the passing of a new quarantine act. First, however, the government sought medical advice from Dr. Richard Mead (1673-1754), which took the form of A Short Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion, and the Methods to Be Used to Prevent It. This tract was a contribution to the contagion concept of disease at a time when it had not yet become part of the medical mainstream as an explanation for certain epidemic diseases. Critical works appeared almost immediately attacking Mead's ideas. The Short Discourse went through nine editions, the last in 1744. In the last two editions there are further elaborations of his earlier views and references to Newton's Optics and the ether theory. Some of Mead's practical recommendations for dealing with the plague, should it enter the country, were relatively new. References to his plague tract appeared in a number of medical and nonmedical works well beyond his lifetime.
Death Be Not Proud: Children, Families, and Cancer in Postwar America
Authors: Krueger Gretchen Marie
Published: January 2007

On 30 June 1947, after a fifteen-month illness, seventeen-year-old Johnny Gunther died from a rare brain tumor. In Death Be Not Proud, Johnny's father, noted journalist John Gunther, meticulously recorded the exhaustive hunt for therapeutic options he and his ex-wife pursued during their son's illness. In "A Word from Frances," a short section written by Johnny's mother, she reflected upon her relationship with her son and his untimely death. The inclusion of Johnny's letters and diary entries helped to preserve Johnny's voice after his death and, consequently, to personify one young cancer sufferer and his family. In the 1940s, when cancer was identified as a leading cause of childhood mortality, Johnny and the best-selling memoir helped raise cancer awareness, especially about young sufferers. However, thousands of letters sent from across the country attested to the broader impact of the Gunthers' poignant story. Letters from parents demonstrated that cancer, childhood illness, and death threatened two ideals of postwar America: unlimited biomedical progress, and the child-centered family.
State Propaganda and Mental Disorders: The Issue of Psychiatric Casualties among Japanese Soldiers During the Asia-Pacific War
Authors: Matsumura Janice
Published: January 2007

This article explores the politics of Japanese wartime medical policy, demonstrating how state propaganda about the people and their armed forces influenced authoritative views on health and what might endanger it. By focusing on the obstacles faced by psychiatrists trying to promote more official concern for mental health issues, it challenges the validity of figures indicating a low incidence of psychological trauma among the country's soldiers. Civilian psychiatrists had to contend with the threat of censorship and arrest for even discussing war-induced mental disorders; at the same time, army psychiatrists as military insiders were pressured to convince their patients that their conditions were not serious and did not merit compensation. While discussing the neglected topic of Japanese psychiatric casualties, an attempt is made to provide a comparative approach by referring to the state of military psychiatry in other national settings.
Imagining Inoculation: Smallpox, the Body, and Social Relations of Healing in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gronim Sara Stidstone
Published: January 2007

People in colonial New York adopted inoculation for smallpox as quickly and as thoroughly as did people anywhere in the British Atlantic world. Such adoption was not dependent upon the authority of formal medicine, but rather upon everyday epistemology. Inoculation became accepted as local knowledge because ordinary New Yorkers integrated it imaginatively into common ideas about the body and disease, reconceptualized its theological meaning, and incorporated it into familiar social relations of healing.
A Stranger to Our Camps: Typhus in American History
Authors: Humphreys Margaret
Published: January 2007

Medical observers during the American Civil War were happily surprised to find that typhus fever rarely made an appearance, and was not a major killer in the prisoner-of-war camps where the crowded, filthy, and malnourished populations appeared to offer an ideal breeding ground for the disease. Through a review of apparent typhus outbreaks in America north of the Mexican border, this article argues that typhus fever rarely if ever extended to the established populations of the United States, even when imported on immigrant ships into densely populated and unsanitary slums. It suggests that something in the American environment was inhospitable to the extensive spread of the disease, most likely an unrecognized difference in the North American louse population compared to that of Europe.
"A Private Little Revolution": The Home Pregnancy Test in American Culture
Authors: Leavitt Sarah Abigail
Published: January 2007

The home pregnancy test went from novelty to norm in twenty-five years. This article explores its cultural impact in the context of the women's health movement. Though women had long made do without it, the "private little revolution," as the test was called in an early advertisement, enabled them to take control of their reproductive health care and moved the moment of discovery from the doctor's office (back) to the home. The article introduces the test, explores its acceptance by physicians and by women, looks at the marketing of the test by drug companies, and traces its use in movies, television, and novels.
Demons, Nature, or God? Witchcraft Accusations and the French Disease in Early Modern Venice
Authors: McGough Laura J
Published: January 2007

In early modern Venice, establishing the cause of a disease was critical to determining the appropriate cure: natural remedies for natural illnesses, spiritual solutions for supernatural or demonic ones. One common ailment was the French disease (syphilis), widely distributed throughout Venice's neighborhoods and social hierarchy, and evenly distributed between men and women. The disease was widely regarded as curable by the mid-sixteenth century, and cases that did not respond to natural remedies presented problems of interpretation to physicians and laypeople. Witchcraft was one possible explanation; using expert testimony from physicians, however, the Holy Office ruled out witchcraft as a cause of incurable cases and reinforced perceptions that the disease was of natural origin. Incurable cases were explained as the result of immoral behavior, thereby reinforcing the associated stigma. This article uses archival material from Venice's Inquisition records from 1580 to 1650, as well as mortality data.
The "Traktat von der Minne": A Chapter in the Reception of Meister Eckhart's Mysticism
Authors: McGinn Bernard
Published: January 2007

Despite the condemnation of twenty-eight articles from Meister Eckhart's Latin and German works by Pope John XXII in 1329, the Dominican mystic continued to be read by a variety of German and Dutch writers for the next century and a half. Eckhart's reception is evident not only among the German Dominicans, but also among Franciscans and Augustinians. The Traktat von der Minne is a vernacular scholastic quaestio on 1 John 4:16 ("God is love"). This work, unusual both in form and content, has recently been ascribed to the Augustinian master John Hiltalingen of Basel (ca. 1332–1392). The treatise combines Augustinian illumination theory, the identification of the movement of love within the soul as the Holy Spirit and not a created form of grace, and Eckhart's teachings about the uncreated something in the soul. Hiltalinger's Traktat is one of the most original adaptations of Eckhart's thought in the fourteenth century.
The Rise of Online Public Opinion in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Lagerkvist Johan
Published: January 2007

Are Chinese online forums a promising sign of the rise of a reasoning civil society, or are they merely meeting places for the rash and politically extreme? It would seem that politically-interested citizens on the Chinese internet are indeed driving public opinion, and ultimately, policy-making.
Foreign Trade Law in China and its Revision
Authors: Gao Yongfu
Published: January 2007

The first Foreign Trade Law in China was enacted in 1994. Since then, the situation both at home and abroad has greatly changed. The changing trade landscape, together with China's accession and commitments to WTO have made the enactment of a new foreign trade law imperative. While many provisions in the 1994 Law have been revised, some useful provisions such as anti-dumping have been retained. This article comments on the revisions to the 1994 Law. The new Law was adopted on 6 April 2004 and became operational from 1 July 2004.
Education in Rural Tibet: Development, Problems and Adaptations
Authors: Postiglione Gerard A. , Jiao Ben , Gyatso Sonam
Published: January 2007

Education is a strategic component for accelerating Tibet's development. Yet attendance rates still lag behind the rest of China. Data gathered in villages of two counties is used to examine how home, school and community factors affect school participation. It is argued that despite the abolition of school fees and the provision of boarding schools in China for graduates of primary schools in Tibet, the dropout rates in rural Tibet remain high largely due to the need for household labour, the low quality of education provided and the inability of schools to provide villagers with competitive jobs after graduation.
Power Shortages in China: Why?
Authors: Thomson Elspeth
Published: January 2007

The Chinese Government urgently needs to improve the planning and administration of its provision of electricity. Shortages of electricity were first noticed in the spring of 2002. In the summer of 2004, they were acute and without question hindered economic growth.
The US-China Trade Imbalance: How Big Is It Really?
Authors: Tong Sarah Y. (Sarah Yueting)
Published: January 2007

Neither the US nor China trade imbalance figures are likely accurate. The overall trade imbalance is probably much smaller than what the US reports and much larger than what China reports. Its impact on the US is not as harmful as the official figures may suggest.
Economic Growth and Income Inequality in Hong Kong: Trends and Explanations
Authors: Zhao Simon Xiaobin , Zhang Li
Published: January 2007

In terms of GDP per capita, Hong Kong is considered a developed society. However, its income inequality has long been relatively high. This paper investigates why prolonged income inequality in Hong Kong has persisted despite rapid economic growth. The authors argue that while the impact of economic restructuring on the less-skilled labour market and the redistributive role of social policies on household income are two major forces that have contributed to a rapid rise of GDP per capita, the same two factors have served to exacerbate income inequality. In the absence of appropriate government policies, the laissez-faire approach to economic development has not equalised income distribution.
Perennial Detour: The Cinema of Edgar G. Ulmer and the Experience of Exile
Authors: Isenberg Noah William
Published: January 2007

This article offers an examination of the unusual career
of Austrian-born filmmaker Edgar G. Ulmer. Several examples from the
director's eclectic oeuvre are used to support the idea that exile is
a vital strain in Ulmer's aesthetic and cultural sensibility.
Lost on Mulholland Drive: Navigating David Lynch's Panegyric to Hollywood
Authors: McGowan Todd
Published: January 2007

In Mulholland Drive, David Lynch creates a filmic
divide between the experience of desire and the experience of fantasy,
thereby revealing that, at the same time that it disguises the Real,
fantasy also offers us a privileged path to it.
Punk Cinema
Authors: Thompson Stacy
Published: January 2007

Despite the casual use to which the term "punk cinema" has
been put since the inception of punk rock, the concept, as reimagined
in this essay, denotes an identifiable aesthetic, bolstered by a
correlative economics. Adherents of this model demand of cinema what
punks have demanded of music—that it encourage production, in any
medium. Punk cinema employs an open, writerly aesthetic, engages with
history, and critiques its own commodification. It can be negatively
defined as non-Hollywoodized, where a Hollywood aesthetic demands a
closed, readerly text unconcerned with history and obfuscating its
position within the relations of production. Punk films, such as
The Punk Rock Movie (Don Letts, 1978) and Rude Boy (Jack Hazan,
1980),foreground their conditions of production, which stand as material
signifiers of the possibility of making music or film, participating in
critique, or doing both at once.
"Too Close for Comfort": American Beauty and the Incest Motif
Authors: Karlyn Kathleen Rowe
Published: January 2007

Through a reading of the film American Beauty, this article explains how the structure of father-daughter incest, working through displacement, has provided a narrative that links a series of recent cultural developments: the sexualization of ever-younger girls, cinema's erasure of mothers and of career women as sympathetic figures, and efforts to remasculinize the middle-aged white male.
Disabling African American Men: Liberalism and Race Message Films
Authors: Nickel John
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the intersection of liberal politics and depictions of disability in movies from the 1940s to 1960s that promote racial tolerance.
Predictors and Sequelae of Fractures in the Elderly: The Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA)
Authors: Østbye Truls , Walton Ruth E. , Steenhuis Runa , Hodsman Anthony B.
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, type, risk factors, and sequelae of fractures experienced by community-dwelling elderly Canadians. Data are from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), a longitudinal cohort study, collected in three waves: baseline (1991), wave 2 (1996), and wave 3 (2001). In CSHA-2 (1996), fractures were reported by 3.7 per cent of men and 7.5 per cent of women; in CSHA-3 (2001), by 2.9 per cent of men and 7.3 per cent of women. The distribution of fracture types was similar for men and women. Risk factors for women were increased age, history of fracture, and regular alcohol use; for men, stroke, arthritis, and lack of independent bathing. Walkers or wheelchairs were needed by over 30 per cent of those with any lower body fracture. One third of subjects with any fracture and over 50 per cent with femur fractures reported moderate or severe pain. It is concluded that elderly Canadians are at high risk for fractures, and older women are at most risk. Pain and mobility problems were common sequelae. The need for primary and secondary prevention of these age-related events is paramount.
“Doing Ethics” in the Context of Sharing Patients' Personal Health Information
Authors: Somerville Margaret A.
Published: January 2007

There are at present two inconsistencies with respect to the sharing of personal health information (PHI) among health care professionals caring for a patient whom the information concerns. First, there is an inconsistency between what is in theory the ethics and law governing the confidentiality and privacy of this information—it may only be disclosed with informed consent—and what is the actual practice of health care professionals—they share it without such consent. Second, there is an inconsistency between what ethics and law demand in theory and what all parties want: They all approve of the current practice. Ethics and law can be brought into line with what is needed to act in the patient's best interests and with what people want, without opening up any serious potential for abuse of privacy and confidentiality, by establishing a safeguarded,provision-of-careexception that allows co-caring health care professionals to share patients' PHI. The requirements for a system establishing such safeguards are proposed. The basic governing presumption is respect for the person and for rights to autonomy, self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality. Therefore, disclosure may only be made with the informed consent of the competent person to whom the information pertains, unless a defence of necessity applies. Where there is doubt about someone's competence, there should likewise be doubt about disclosure without that person's informed consent. Where the person is incompetent, such a disclosure can be made to the patient's substitute decision makers, most often the family, if that is necessary for the care of the patient and in the patient's best interests. To the extent possible, consistent with the best interests of the patient, the wishes of incompetent people should be respected.
Observations on Institutional Long-Term Care in Ontario: 1996–2002
Authors: Berta Whitney , Laporte Audrey , Valdmanis Vivian
Published: January 2007

We provide descriptive statistics for data collected via the Residential Care Facilities Survey (RCFS), from long-term care (LTC) facilities operating in Ontario between 1996 and 2002. The LTC sector in Ontario is dominated by large, proprietary for-profit facilities. The proportion of residents receiving extended care has increased from 53 per cent in 1996 to over 61 per cent in 2002. Government-owned facilities are significantly larger than both for-profit proprietary facilities and lay non-profit facilities. Religious and lay non-profit facilities provide care to more residents 85 years of age and older than do for-profit and government-owned facilities, while government-owned facilities provide care to a greater proportion of higher needs residents. Government-owned facilities have higher nursing intensity levels and higher direct care staffing levels than other ownership types, while for-profit facilities have significantly lower levels than other facility types. Non-profit operators have higher ratios of administrative to care staff than proprietary and government-owned facilities.
Appreciating the Predicament of Housebound Older Adults with Arthritis: Portrait of a Population
Authors: Nour Kareen , Laforest Sophie , Gignac Monique , Gauvin Lise
Published: January 2007

This paper draws a socio-demographic, physical, psychosocial, and behavioural profile of housebound older adults with arthritis and compares older adults with rheumatoid arthritis to those with osteoarthritis. Data from 125 housebound older adults with osteoarthritis (65%) or rheumatoid arthritis (35%) were compared to published samples and to population data using appropriate weighting. Respondents were mainly women, living alone, mean age 77 years (SD = 10.50). Symptoms of stiffness, fatigue, and pain intensity were moderate to severe, and a substantial proportion (51.4%) reported depression. Participants reported low levels of health behaviours such as exercise. Overall, older adults with rheumatoid arthritis were significantly younger, reported less pain and limitations, were more optimistic and satisfied with their social life, and had a higher self-efficacy than older adults with osteoarthritis. Home-based pain self-management programs should be constructed considering the unique profiles and needs of this population.
The Quality of Life of Older Adults Living in an Urban Environment: Professional and Lay Perspectives
Authors: Richard L. , Laforest S. , Dufresne F. , Sapinski J.P.
Published: January 2007

This study aimed to identify factors affecting older adults' quality of life in urban environments and to compare older adults' and professionals' perspectives on the issue. Eleven focus groups were conducted (eight involving older adults, three involving professionals), each discussing a wide range of issues related to determinants of health and quality of life. The most salient themes were health and independence, financial security, social integration, health care services, housing, accessibility of community services, and decision-making power. Older adults' and professionals' comments strongly converged, with specific issues also raised by each. Older adults provided the richest and most in-depth data on intrapersonal factors, such as personal growth, personal qualities, and spirituality. Professionals discussed community environment issues in greater depth. Health promotion interventions to maximize older adults' quality of life are needed. These results contribute to building a knowledge base to guide such efforts, by identifying a variety of possible intervention sectors for future programs.
Are Canadian Seniors Becoming More Active? Empirical Evidence Based on Time-Use Data
Authors: Victorino Charlemaigne C. , Gauthier Anne H.
Published: January 2007

In this study, we examine trends in the patterns of time use of seniors in Canada since the 1980s. In particular, we ask whether today's seniors devote more, or less, time to productive activities than 20 years ago. Our inquiry is motivated by the claims that today's seniors are not engaged in ‘active aging.’ This study uses data from a series of time-use surveys carried out in Canada since 1981 to empirically test the validity of this claim. Our results suggest that some shift towards active aging has taken place in Canada since the 1980s; however, this shift involves a complex pattern of reallocation of time that varies by gender and age.
Revelation and Normativity in Visual Experience
Authors: Jakab Zoltán
Published: January 2007

Suppose Figure 1 depicts Stimuli from an experiment on shape discrimination, where the subjects are asked to point out the best circle.

Now suppose that Figure 2 shows Stimuli from a color-discrimination experiment where the subjects’ task is to pick the purest green — green that is neither yellowish nor bluish — in other words, isuniquegreen.

In both these tasks there are individual differences between different subjects. However, notice that in the shape-discrimination case there is exactly one correct response: the best circle is the fourth from the left. In the color case it is not obvious, to put it mildly, that there is exactly one correct response. One color-normal subject may find that the purest green is the third from the left, whereas another may choose the fifth from the left, and still another may pick the fourth. Who is right, and who is wrong? More importantly, why is there this difference between shape perception and color perception?
L'enseignement de la prononciation en français langue seconde : de la cassette au cédérom
Authors: Knoerr Hélène , Weinberg Alysse
Published: January 2007

Résumé: Le présent article compare deux approches de l'enseignement de la prononciation dans le cadre d'un cours universitaire de français langue seconde de niveau élémentaire faible : approche traditionnelle avec des cassettes audio et approche multimédia à l'aide d'un cédérom. L'objectif de la recherche était de savoir si, à contenu d'apprentissage identique, il existait une différence significative entre les deux approches, que ce soit au niveau des résultats quantifiables ou au niveau de la satisfaction des utilisateurs. Les résultats suggèrent que, du moins à ce niveau de compétence linguistique, il n'y a aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes bien qu'on note une amélioration plus importante dans le groupe multimédia que dans le groupe traditionnel tant au niveau de la perception qu'à celui de la production de certains sons. De plus, notre étude indique également une réaction positive des apprenants du groupe multimédia face à l'outil multimédia. Abstract: This article compares two approaches for teaching pronunciation in an elementary-level French as a second language university course: the traditional approach, using audio cassettes, and a multimedia approach using software on CD-ROM. The goal of this study was to determine whether there was a significant difference between the two approaches in the 1) perception and production of targeted sounds and, 2) user satisfaction. Although our results show that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, the multimedia group made slightly greater gains in both the perception and production of certain sounds. Moreover, the multimedia group had a more positive attitude vis-à-vis the multimedia tool.
Apprentissage coop�ratif et prises de parole en langue cible dans deux classes d'immersion
Authors: Mattar Cathérine , Blondin Ch
Published: January 2007

Résumé Un des défis Ã  relever en immersion linguistique, comme dans les cours de langue classiques, est de fournir aux élèves suffisamment d'occasions de parler et de communiquer en langue cible. La recherche montre que l'apprentissage coopératif, dont l'efficacité a été bien établie dans des contextes variés, constitue un outil susceptible d'aider Ã  répondre Ã  ce défi. Des activités d'apprentissage coopératif proposées par une des chercheuses ont été mises en place par les titulaires de deux classes de deuxième année primaire (élèves de 7 et 8 ans) en immersion partielle, l'une en allemand et l'autre en néerlandais. L'analyse des prises de parole au sein des deux groupes hétérogènes de quatre enfants par classe dont les interactions ont été enregistrées, met en évidence que chacun des enfants a pris la parole non seulement en français, mais aussi en langue cible, et que la répartition des interventions au sein des groupes est assez équitable. Abstract Providing students with enough opportunities to speak and communicate in the target language is one of the challenges faced by both linguistic immersion and conventional language courses. The study documented here shows that cooperative learning, the efficiency of which has been demonstrated in various contexts, could help educators meet this challenge. Cooperative learning activities suggested by one of the researchers were organized by the teachers of two Grade 2 classes (7- and 8-year-old students) in partial immersion (German in one case, Dutch in the other). The speech acts among two heterogeneous groups of four children per class were recorded and analysed. The article shows that every pupil spoke not only in their L1 but also in the target language and that speech acts were fairly equally distributed within each group. [End Page 225]