bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EKSTRAKSI KATEKIN DARI DAUN GAMBIR (Uncaria gambir roxb) DENGAN METODE MASERASI
Authors: Desta Donna Putri Damanik  , Nurhayati Surbakti  , Rosdanelli Hasibuan
Published: October 2019

Catechins are a major components in the plant gambier. Beside catechins, there are several other components such as acid catechu tannat, quersetin, red catechu, gambier flouresin, fats and waxes. More than 80% of  gambier production in Indonesia comes from the province of West Sumatra and North Sumatra, mainly in Limapuluh and Pakpak Bharat. Extraction of catechins from gambir leaf was performed by means of maceration that is soaking with a solvent polar. Maceration is carried out by temperature variations, 30°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C; maceration of time that is 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours; and the type of solvent is aquadest, 96% ethanol, 95% ethyl acetate, and a mixture of 96% ethanol and 95% ethyl acetate (1:1). The results were filtered to obtain the filtrate which is then concentrated by rotary vacuum evaporator to test the levels of catechins, moisture content, and ash content. Based on this research the highest levels of catechins obtained the maceration temperature operating conditions of 60 ° C with a time of 6 hours maceration and used  95 % ethyl acetate as solvents in the amount of 87.14 % to 0.925 % moisture content and ash content of 0.04 % .
STUDY OF EICHORNIA CRASSIPES POWDER FROM PANTE RIEK FOR PB2+ ION ADSORPTION
Authors: Mirna Rahmah Lubis
Published: October 2019

Adsorption capacity was calculated in Eichornia crassipes adsorbent. In several areas of Aceh province such as Meulaboh, Takengon, and Tamiang, people extirpate Eichornia crassipes because it is considered disturbing water flow. Therefore, this research tries to investigate the utilization of Eichornia crassipes so that it could be used as bioadsorbent in order to reduce heavy metal from waste water. The main obejctive of this research is to reduce lead content, and to determine the best condition of lead adsorption in solution by using Eichornia crassipes powder. The analysis is conducted by using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer. Research result indicates that optimum adsorption occurs at solution with pH of 4.4, lead concentration of 40 mg/L, and contact time of 75 minutes. Lead adsorption by Eichornia crassipes biomass follows adsorption isotherm of Langmuir and pseudo-second order with capacity of adsorption (am) of 27,78 mg/g, and adsorption constant (K) is 12 L/mg.
EFISIENSI PENYERAPAN PHOSPAT LIMBAH LAUNDRY MENGGUNAKAN KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea aquatic forsk) DAN JERINGAU (Acorus calamus)
Authors: Fitri Dewi  , M. Faisal  , Mariana
Published: October 2019

Laundry waste contains high phosphate concentrations that exceeding levels in Regulation No. 82 of 2001 about Water Quality Management and Control of Water Pollution.  When the waste is directly discharged into the sewers or river without treatment, it can cause water pollution and lead to eutrophication.  Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk) and Jeringau (Acorus Calamus l) might be use to absorb phosphate in laundry waste. The aim of this research is to investigate the efficiency of phosphate absorption by using water spinach and Jeringau. The experiments were carried out in a batch system. The results showed that the reduction efficiency of phosphate by Water spinach and Jeringau was 41.61% and 53.75%, respectively.
PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DALAM PEMBUATAN KARBON AKTIF DARI KULIT SALAK (SALACCA SUMATRANA) DENGAN AKTIFATOR SENG KLORIDA (ZnCl2)
Authors: Muhammad Turmuzi  , Ardiano Oktavianus Sahat Tua  , Fatimah
Published: October 2019

Activated carbon can be made of organic or anorganic materials. Salak peel is a potential organic material as activated carbon. This research aimed to understand the effect of temperature in activated carbon with chemical activation ZnCl2 production from salak peel. The method included preparation of raw material, chemical activation, pyrolysis and iodine value test. The ratio of ZnCl2 is1:1 g/g, the activation time is 2 hours and the acivation temperature variation is 400, 450, 500, 550 and 600 oC. Results showed that the iodine value increased and yield decreased as the increasing of activation temperature. The highest iodine value and yield were achieved at 600°C and 400°C, the values were 694 mg/g and 30,93%.
PENGARUH KUALITAS BAHAN BAKU DAN RASIO UMPAN TERHADAP PELARUT PADA PROSES PEMURNIAN GARAM DENGAN METODE HIDROEKSTRAKSI BATCH
Authors: Angela Martina  , Judy Retti Witono  , Ginajar Karya Pamungkas  , Willy
Published: October 2019

Nowadays, Indonesia is still relying on the imported salt, especially from Australia to meet the domestic salt demand. Development of salt purification process is still ventured to improve the quality of the salt as well as the efficiency. In this research, salt purification process is done using the hydroextraction method, where the salt crystals are purified using the pure saturated salt solution in a beaker glass. Different classification of salt K1, K2, and K3 are used with F:S ratio is varied by 1:30; 1:35; 1:40; 1:45; and 1:50. The hydroectraction process is stirred at 50 rpm. The quality of the purified salt are determined based on analysis of the levels of NaCl, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The highest NaCl level, 98,89% obtained on the process using K2 salt with F:S ratio is 1:45.
PENGARUH AKTIVASI ADSORBEN BIOMASSA TERHADAP GUGUS HIDROKSIL PADA PROSES ADSORPSI ION LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb)
Authors: Abdurrahman  , Suhendrayatna  , Syahiddin DS
Published: October 2019

Lead (Pb) is a very popular and widely metal known by public caused by high use in industries and toxid to living organisms. This research was conducted to investigate the absorption process of Pb ion in synthetic wastewater. The observations focused on the absorption performance by an adsorbent from mixture biomass of palm bunches and rice husk activated with citric acid in various concentrations and observed an increase in the wave number bonding hydroxyl group (OH) after activated with citric acid. Kinetics of adsorption occured at wave number 3200-3600 cm-1 which founded very good performance of hydroxyl groups in the absorption process in that IR spectra area. Pb ion absorption was found the best place on the ratio of biomass (palm bunches: rice husk) 1: 1, which occured 56.70% absorption with initial concentration of 80 ppm. Furthermore, it was found that contact time between adsorbent and metal ions Pb affect to the absorption.
PEMANFAATAN GLISERIN DARI RESIDU GLISERIN SEBAGAI PLASTICIZER UNTUK PEMBUATAN BIOPLASTIK DENGAN BAHAN BAKU PATI BONGGOL PISANG KEPOK
Authors: Azaria Robiana  , M. Yashin Nahar  , Hamidah Harahap
Published: October 2019

Glycerin residue is waste oleochemical industry that still contain glycerin. To produce quality and maximum quantity of glycerin, then research the effect of pH acidification using phosphoric acid. Glycerin analysis includes the analysis of pH, Fatty Acid and Ester (FAE), and analysis of the levels of glycerin. The maximum yield obtained at pH acidification 2 is grading 91,60% glycerin and Fatty Acid and Ester (FAE) 3,63 meq/100 g. Glycerin obtained is used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of bioplastics. Manufacture of bioplastics using the method of pouring a solution with varying concentrations of starch banana weevil (5% w/v and 7% w/v), variations of the addition of glycerin (1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml and 7 ml), and a variety of gelatinization temperature (60°C, 70°C, and 80°C). Analysis of bioplastics include FTIR testing, tensile strength that is supported by SEM analysis. The results obtained in the analysis of FTIR does not form a new cluster on bioplastics starch banana weevil, but only a shift in the recharge area only, it is due to the addition of O-H groups originating from water molecules that enter the polysaccharide through a mechanism gelatinitation that generates interaction hydrogen bonding strengthened. The maximum tensile strength of bioplastics produced at a concentration of starch 7% w/v, 1 ml glycerine and gelatinization temperature of 80°C is 3,430 MPa. While the tensile strength bioplastic decreased with increasing glycerin which can be shown from the results of SEM where there is a crack, indentations and lumps of starch insoluble.
PENGARUH WAKTU FERMENTASI DAN KOMPOSISI LIMBAH ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes) UNTUK MENGHASILKAN GAS BIO DENGAN METODE HIDROLISA BASA MENGGUNAKAN NATRIUM HIDROKSIDA (NaOH)
Authors: Setiaty Pandia  , Pri Hartini
Published: October 2019

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a plant that become aquatic waste and its existence has not yet widelyused. The content of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin inside it can be used into biogas through fermentation process.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of alkali pretreatment methods on the yield biogas volume and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) revomal percentage. The study was did by fermentation process the water hyacinth with NaOH concentration of 2,86; 3;4; and 6,67 (M) with water in ratio hyacinth:water 70:30; 50:50; 30:70  and 100:0 (v/v) mixed with cow dug starter in an anaerobic digester batch system of 2,5 L capacity. In this study the highest biogas production at NaOH concentration 6,67 M was in ratio of 70:30 (v/v) with yield biogas volume 506 mL and TSS revomal percentage of 93,23%. Minimum value of gasbio production concentration of NaOH 3M withwater hyacinth:water ratio 30:70 (v/v) generate yield biogas volume 158 mL and TSS revomal percentage of 81,48%.
EKSTRAKSI KUERSETIN DARI KULIT TERONG BELANDA (Solanum betaceum Cav.) MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL DENGAN METODE MASERASI DAN SOKLETASI
Authors: Siswarni MZ  , Yusrina Ika Putri  , Rizka Rinda P
Published: October 2019

The tamarillo peels (Solanum betaceum Cav.) contain flavonoid compounds, quercetin that can serve as antioxidant. This research aims to determine the best condition of operation in tamarillo peels extraction process to obtain the high yield value, and to prove the presence of antioxidant activity quantitatively. The materials used this research are tamarillo peels and ethanol. The independent variables in this research were the concentration of etanol which were 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% for maceration, and 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% for soxhletation. The extraction time are 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days for maceration and 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours for soxhletation. Extraction is done by maceration and soxhletation. The results of the qualitative analysis using FTIR represent the presence of functional groups such as keton, arylether, hydroxyl and aromatic rings which indicates quercetin compound’s presence. In quantitative analysis used Spectrofotometry UV-Vis, with the variation of 99% solvent concentration  and 5 hours of extraction time for soxhletation, the highest yield value obtained 0,0877 mg/g. The variation of 80% solvent concentration and 5 days of extraction time for maceration, the highest yield value obtained 0,0705 mg/g
OPTIMASI SINTESIS BIOSURFAKTAN KARBOHIDRAT ESTER DARI ASAM PALMITAT DAN FRUKTOSA MENGGUNAKAN ENZIM LIPASE TERIMOBILISASI
Authors: Hiskia Arapenta Ginting  , Zuhrina Masyithah  , Tjahjono Herawan  , Denny Samuel Silaen
Published: October 2019

Carbohydrate ester is one of many needed nonionic surfactant groups and has the potential to be an environmental friendly surfactant. The principal problem in the synthesis of carbohydrate ester is to obtain the optimum conversion of palmitic acid from temperature influence, the amount of biocatalyst and reaction time. The optimization of carbohydrate ester synthesis is carried out on three variables that influence the esterification reaction. Therefore, the esterification process is carried out by reacting directly the palmitic acid and fructose using a Novozyme®435 an immobilized lipase enzyme catalyst with a free variable of reaction temperature of 41,5 oC, 45 oC, 50 oC, 55 oC, 58,4 oC, the  amount of biocatalyst is 6,63%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 13,36% mass based palmitic acid also reaction time of 7,6 hours; 24 hours; 48 hours; 72 hours; 88,3 hours and reacted with fixed variable in 500 rpm; 3:1 substrate ratio (fructose:palmitic acid) and solvent amount 10 ml. The mixture is then separated from the catalyst by filtration. The product was analyzed with determination of acid number to obtain conversion percent of fructose ester, determination of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) an surface tension determination. The optimum conversion rate obtained is 61,80% at 55 oC of reaction temperature, Novozyme®435 enzyme count is 12% and 72 hours of reaction time. From the result of fructose ester surfactant analysis obtained HLB 10,592 value which showed fructose ester surfactant can be used as emulsifier of oil in water.
PEMBUATAN BRIKET DARI KULIT KAKAO MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT KULIT UBI KAYU
Authors: Rosta Natalia Sinaga  , Rosdanelli Hasibuan
Published: October 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature variation carbonization, carbonization time and adhesive variation to charcoal characteristics of cocoa skin using cassava skin adhesive. Briquette is usually made using binder. Binder can embed charcoal each other to form strong and compact briquettes. Some other variables beside binder that influence the quality of briquettes include raw material, compacting presseure and carbonization process. This research used cocoa leather as raw material with cassava skin leaves as binder. All variables affect the content of fixed carbon of the briquettes that influence the caloricvalue of the briquettes. The caloricvalue is the most important factor for determining the quality of the briquettes. In this research, the highest caloricvalue of the briquettes was 4.375 cal/g. It was achieved when cocoa leather were carbonized by method 1 with compaction pressure of 85 kg/cm2 and binderconcentration of 15% where as raw material with  particle size of 100 mesh. The caloricvalue of the  briquettes was still very low and did not meet the qualification of Indonesian standard for briquettes. Based on the strength test, cassava skin leaves couldn’t be used as briquette’s binder. The produced briquettes that used cassava skin leaves as binder had soft structure and easily destroyed.
PENGARUH KONSENTRASI KATALIS DAN WAKTU REAKSI PADA PEMBUATAN EPOKSI MINYAK GORENG BEKAS
Authors: Yenni Listiana  , Hilde Rosa Tampubolon  , Mersi Suriani Sinaga
Published: October 2019

Epoxy is produced from an epoxidation of vegetable oil or natural oil with au nsaturated bond. Epoxy can be applied as a stabilizer, plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and can be used as an antioxidant in natural rubber processing, as a surfactant, anti-corrosive additive agent in lubricants and pesticide raw materials. The purpose of this research was to evaluate epoxy production from waste cooking oil. In this research, waste cooking oil was reacted with hexane as solvent, sulfuric acid as catalyst, glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst concentration was varied from 1.5%, 2.1%, 2.5%, 3.1% and 3.5% and the epoxidation time was varied from 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min. The results showed that highest epoxy yield was achieved at reaction time of 300 min and 1.5% catalyst. At that condition, the iod number was 0,96 g I2/100 g WCO, oxirane oxygen content was 1.872 and oxirane oxygen conversion was 62.259%.
PEMANFAATAN ADSORBEN DARI KULIT BUAH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao l.) UNTUK MENURUNKAN CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND PADA PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT
Authors: Setiaty Pandia  , Astri Devi Yunita Siahaan  , Anita Tiurmaida Hutagalung
Published: October 2019

This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cocoa peel as adsorbents to reduce the content of COD in POME (Palm Oil Mill Effluent). The study was initiated by modifying the adsorbent, where the cleansed and crushed cocoa peels with a size variation of 70-100 mesh, 100-120 mesh, dan ≥120 mesh were activated with 0.6 M HNO3 solution at 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6 of adsorbent : HNO3 ratio while heated at 80 ᵒC for 2 hours. The adsorption process was carried out using variation of adsorbent mass of 1 g, 1,5 g, and 2 g in 50 mL of Palm Oil Mill Effluent at pH 2 and 200 rpm stirring rate, and variation of contact time of 1, 2, 3, 4 , and 5 hours. The study results showed that particle size ≥120 mesh with adsorbent : HNO3 ratio 1:4 produced the highest iodine number of 596,684 mg/g. The best adsorbent mass was 1 g at 2 hours contact time with 56.79% removal percentage for COD. The appropriate kinetics model of the adsorption of COD was the pseudo-second order model with the correlation coefficient of 0.732.
MODEL KINETIKA EKSTRAKSI FLAVONOID DARI BAYAM MERAH (Alternanthera amoena voss)
Authors: Iriany  , Irsa Septiawan  , Salwa Jody Gustia
Published: October 2019

Red spinach (Alternanthera amoena voss) contains vitamins, protein, and flavonoids. Flavonoid is polyphenol compounds having properties as a free radical catcher.The purpose of this research is to obtain the kinetic rate of flavonoid mass transfer from red spinach.Extraction is one of the way to take flavonoids contained in solids with the assist of solvents. Mass transfer in liquid solid extraction occurs by diffusion. The determination of mass transfer coefficient (KC) is to conduct the rate of mass transfer of flavonoids from solids. In this study, the effect of temperature on the extraction of flavonoids from red spinach with water solvent is observed. The temperatures extraction in this research are of 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C respectively. Determinationof total flavonoid, mass transfer coefficient, and antioxidant activity carried out using FT-IR Spectrophotometry and UV-VIS Spectrophotometry. This study concluded that the increase in extraction time and temperature will increase the total content of flavonoids and extract rendement.Mass transfer coefficient equation in this study is K = 3078645 . Antioxidants in red spinach are included in the group of very strong antioxidants.
SINTESIS STEARAMIDA DARI ASAM STEARAT DAN UREA MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT CAMPURAN : PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN WAKTU REAKSI
Authors: Muhammad Syukri  , Zuhrina Masyithah
Published: October 2019

Surfactant is a molecule which has hydrophilic group and a lipophilic group which can unify a mixture consisting of water and oil. Stearamide is one kind of surfactant non-ionic which has used on any aplication. This study aims to know about optimum of temperature and time on synthesis of stearamide from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride in mixed solvent. This study will be observed the effect of temperature and reaction time on the synthesis of stearamide surfactant from stearic acid and urea with zirconium (IV) chloride as catalyst in mixed solvent. This research was conducted at temperature of 45°C, 55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C and 95°C, reaction time of 1 hr, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 7 hr and 8 hr, substrate molar ratio at 1:6 (w/w), solvent ratio at 2:1 (v/v), weight of catalyst 3% (%w), and stirring speed at 250 rpm. Based on this research, the optimum condition to synthesis stearamide surfactant was obtained at 85 oC and reaction time at 3 hours.
BIOBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION FROM PALM FRONDS AND SHELLS: EFFECT OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE
Authors: Okta Bani  , Iriany  , Taslim  , Cici Novita Sari  , Cindy Carnella
Published: October 2019

Briquettes are solid fuels from organic materials with high calorific values ​​and burn duration. The composition and particle size of the raw material may affect briquette quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of composition and particle size on calorific value and characteristics of the resulting briquettes. In this study, briquettes were made using palm oil fronds and shells at mass ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and particle size of not-dertemined, 50, 70, and 100 mesh. First, raw material was carbonized at 450°C for 30 minutes then added to 20%wt. starch glue and waste oil (1:1 ratio). Resulting briquettes were analyzed for its water content, ash content, density, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, combustion rate, calorific value, and compressive strength. Satisfying results were obtained for briquettes with a front to shell ratio of 1:8, and a particle size of 100 mesh. At this condition, the resulting briquettes have water content of 5.5%; ash content of 2.54%; density of 0.51 g/cm3; 19.58% vapor content; fixed carbon content of 72.38%; combustion rate of 0.2 g/min (3.4×10-3 g/sec); calorific value of 15.3 kcal/g; and compressive strength of 0.06 N/mm2. These results have complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Japanese, American, and English standards, except for briquette compressive strength, which have not met the industrial standard.
HIDROLISIS SELULOSA MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KARBON TERSULFONASI BERBASIS CANGKANG KEMIRI
Authors: Dian Halimah Batubara  , Taslim  , Seri Maulina  , Iriany
Published: October 2019

Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) contains cellulose which is convertible to glucose through hydrolysis by using inorganic liquid acid catalyst. However, the use of such catalyst leads to corrosion problem, environment pollution, and complex separation. To overcome this problem, a sulfonated carbon catalyst was proposed. This study aimed to evaluate candlenut shell as carbon source for catalyst support in sulfonated carbon catalyst, and its application in cellulose hydrolysis. Candlenut shell was carbonized at 300-550oC for 4 h. Resulting carbon was sulfonated at 120-150oC for 6 h. Sulfonated carbon was assessed for its H+ capacity/acidity. The carbon with highest acidity was applied as solid acid catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis. Resulting glucose was analyzed by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Results suggest that sulfonated carbon from candlenut shell can be utilized as heterogeneous catalyst in cogon grass hydrolysis.
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI PENGISI SERTA TEKANAN HOT PRESS TERHADAP KEKUATAN TARIK KOMPOSIT POLIESTER BERPENGISI PARTIKEL ZINC OXIDE (ZnO)
Authors: Hamzah Arifin Sinambela  , Maulida
Published: October 2019

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of filler loading and pressure of hot press on tensile strength of zinc oxide (ZnO) filled polyester composites. The Composites were prepared by using polyester as the matrix, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) as the catalyst. The composites were filled by the zinc oxide at 0%; 1%; 3%; 5%; and 7% were molded by hot press with pressure variation of 50 psi, 75 psi, 100 psi, 125 psi and 150 psi. Composites have been molded, then tested for the characteristics Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and tests of tensile strength. The best result of tensile strength, impact and flexural were found on the addition of 3% ZnO at a pressure of 150 psi with a tensile strength of 54 MPa. SEM characterization showed a rougher surface is breaking up on the addition of 3% ZnO at a pressure of 150 psi because had a good wetting between matrix and filler ZnO.
PENGARUH SUHU REAKSI, KECEPATAN PENGADUKAN DAN WAKTU REAKSI PADA PEMBUATAN SABUN PADAT DARI MINYAK KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L.)
Authors: Rosdanelli Hasibuan  , Fransiska Adventi  , Rahmad Parsaulian Rtg
Published: October 2019

Soap is a cleanser made by chemical reactions between sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide with fatty acids from vegetable oils or animal fats. Soaps can be made by several methods, namely saponification and neutralization methods, in this study carried out by saponification method. In the saponification method there are several problems namely operating conditions which include reaction temperature, stirring speed and stirring time. Therefore, need to do research to determine the best conditions of saponification reaction, namely reaction speed, operating temperature and reaction time using an impeller type multiple pitch blade turbine with research variables reaction temperature 60 oC, 70 oC, and 80 oC, stirring speed 300 rpm,400 rpm and 500 rpm and reaction time of 45minutes, 60 minutes, and 75 minutes. Saponification reaction is carried out by heating coconut oil and inserting 30% NaOH slowly and then stirring with a multiple pitch blade stirrer. The product will be analyzed by testing alkaline levels, moisture content and pH of the soap. The best operating conditions obtained from this study were at a temperature of 70 oC, reaction time of 60 minutes, stirring speed of 400 rpm with a pH value of 9.4 and an alkaline level of 0.073 and a moisture content of 9.8.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Sulfat (H2SO4) pada Hidrolisa Tongkol Jagung (Zea mays) Menjadi Nanokristal Selulosa sebagai Filler Penguat pada Produk Lateks Karet Alam
Authors: Harahap Hamidah , Harfansah Nst Azwin , Fujian Junaidi Ilhamdi
Published: October 2019

This research studied about the effect of concentrations sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on the hydrolysis process of corn cobs waste to manufacture of cellulose nanocrystal (NCC) which will be applied as fillers in natural rubber latex. This study began with a pre-vulcanization process of natural rubber latex at a temperature of 70 oC and followed by a vulcanization process at 110 oC for 10 minutes. The results of the testing of physical properties indicate that the higher amount of NCC loading will result in higher crosslinked denotes, while the results of testing the mechanical properties indicate that the maximum value is achieved at the loading of NCCs as much as 6 phr. The mechanical test results supported by the analysis of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showing the NCC have spread well. Characterization of the Transform Electron Microscope (TEM) shown  the resulting of NCC was spherical shape with the size of NCC produced for each concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 45%, 55%, and 65% respectively 57.65 nm; 28.43 nm; and 82.61 nm with an amount of each 0.849 g; 1,824 g; and 0.681 g. The mechanical and physical properties of the optimum natural rubber latex products occurred in the loading of nanocrystal cellulose with a number of 6 bsk, where the values ​​of cross-connect density, tensile strength, elongation at break, M200 and M300 were respectively 10.6234 2Mc-1x10- 5; 18.2 MPa; 780%; 2.23 MPa and 2.7 MPa.
Pengaruh Ketebalan Bahan Dan Jumlah Desikan Terhadap Laju Pengeringan Jahe (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) Pada Pengering Kombinasi Surya dan Desikan
Authors: Hasibuan Rosdanelli , Alfikri Ridhatullah Muhammad
Published: October 2019

Ginger is a spice plant that is usually used as a seasoning in cooking or raw material for medicine, traditional or industrial medicine. Ginger has a high-water content so its easily contaminated with microbes and has active ingredients (gingerol) which are easily damaged by high temperatures. Ginger drying is intended for maintaining the quality of dry ginger and keep ginger from microbes. The drying process has done in continuously with solar dryer using flat plate type collector during the day and at night using the Molecular Sieve 13x desiccant. Drying varies the thickness of ginger 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm, and the amount ratio of desiccant: 1:1; 1:2; and 1:3.  To get drying characteristics, every 1-hour mass calculated using an electric scale, and data logger every 5 minutes calculates the temperature and humidity rate (RH) in the drying chamber. The result from ginger drying is the thickness of 6 mm needed more than 20 hours of drying process so that it needed the combination of dryer compared to other thickness, and from quality analysis results of dry ginger, ash content parameters already accordance with SNI standards, and 1:1 material and desiccant ratio is the variation that most closely matches the SNI standard.
USIA DAN JENIS STROKE BERPENGARUH TERHADAP DERAJAT INSOMNIA PADA PASIEN STROKE
Authors: Widyaastuti Eny Erlinda
Published: October 2019

Insomnia menyebabkan pemulihan pasien stroke tidak optimal pada masa pemulihan dan rehabilitasi. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu upaya untuk mengetahui hal-hal yang mempengaruhi derajat insomnia pada pasien stroke. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh usia, jenis stroke dan riwayat insomnia sebelum sakit terhadap derajat insomnia pada pasien stroke di RSUD Pangkalpinang dan Sungailiat. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional without control dengan melibatkan 38 orang responden. Pemilihan responden penelitian dengan teknik consequtive sampling. Hasil analisis jenis stroke terhadap derajat insomnia pasien stroke didapatkan bahwa ada perbedaan proporsi kejadian derajat insomnia antara pasien stroke iskemik dan perdarahan (p= 0,000 dan α=5%) dan hasil analisis rerata usia menurut derajat insomnia didapatkan adanya perbedaan rerata usia pada derajat insomnia (p=0,003 dan α=5%).
POTENSI ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN PELAWAN MERAH (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.)
Authors: Pratiwi Auronita Puspa
Published: October 2019

Daun Pelawan Merah dikenal masyarakat sebagai tumbuhan yang dimanfaatkan untuk obat tradisional diare. Diduga kandungan fitokimianya berpotensi sebagai bahan alami antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat potensi daun Pelawan Merah sebagai antibakteri.

Ekstrak dibuat dengan 3 pelarut, yaitu etanol, etil asetat dan n-heksana. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap 3 bakteri yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Bacillus subtilis. Aktivitas antibakteri diketahui melalui pengukuran diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk pada media bakteri setelah diberi perlakuan dan diinkubasi selama 24 jam.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak n-Heksana memiliki daya hambat lemah terhadap S.aureus dan B.subtilis. Ekstrak etanol menunjukkan daya hambat lemah hingga sedang terhadap S.aureus, sedangkan pada E.coli dan B.subtilis tampak adanya daya hambat sedang. Ekstrak etil asetat menunjukkan daya hambat sedang terhadap E.coli, dan daya hambat lemah hingga kuat terhadap B.subtilis dan S.aureus.
PEMBERIAN VCO (VIRGIN COCONUT OIL) PADA Tn. M DENGAN DIAGNOSIS MEDIS CVA INFARK DENGAN MASALAH KEPERAWATAN RISIKO KERUSAKAN INTEGRITAS KULIT DI RUANG ICU CENTRAL RUMKITAL dr. RAMELAN SURABAYA
Authors: Setiyowati Eppy
Published: October 2019

Abstract: Ulcus decubitus is a serious dermal (skin) problem, especially for the unconscious patients with the lack of mobilization hospitalized in the ICU. It appears in the area which is localizedwith the necrotic tissues; it also usually appears on the surface of protruding bones, resulted fromthe long term pressure which increases the capillary pressure. This study was purposed to analyzethe effectiveness of the use of VCO to the patient with the risk of having ulcus decubitus in thecentral ICU of Rumkital Dr. Ramelan Surabaya (Surabaya Navy Hospital). The design used in thisstudy was case study done by investigating a problem through one case comprising of a single unit.The variable used in this study was the use of VCO to the patient with the risk of ulcus decubitus.The data were analyzed descriptively done by using inductive approach. The result of this studyconcludes that the use of VCO to Mr. M who has the risk of impaired skin integrity is effective toprevent decubitus.
HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ENERGI DAN ZAT GIZI DENGAN KEBUGARAN JANTUNG PARU SANTRI PONDOK PESANTREN AMANATUL UMMAH SURABAYA
Authors: Amin Nur , Lestari Yanesti Nuravianda
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Olahraga merupakan salah satu bentuk usaha atau cara yang dilakukan oleh seseoranguntuk dapat meningkatkan derajat kesehatan. Dalam menjaga kesehatan, olahraga maupun aktivitasfisik yang dilakukan harus mampu melatih kebugaran jasmani seseorang. Kebugaran jasmani merupakan beberapa keterampilan dan status kesehatan seseorang yang dikaitkan dengan kemampuannyadalam melakukan aktivitas fisik sehari-hari. Salah satu komponen kebugaran jasmani yang berkaitandengan kesehatan adalah kebugaran jantung paru. Untuk mendapatkan kebugaran jasmani yang baikperlu adanya pemenuhan asupan makanan, istirahat, dan aktivitas fisik yang baik pula. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan asupan energi dan zat gizi dengan kebugaran jantung parusantri Pondok Pesantren Amanatul Ummah Surabaya. Penelitian ini merupakan correlational descriptive dengan rancangan cross sectional dengan metode total sampling pada 20 santri PonpesAmanatul Ummah Surabaya yang duduk di kelas X dan XI Madrasah Aliyah. Instrumen pengambilandata menggunakan kuesioner semi-FFQ (Food Frequency Questionnaire) untuk mengetahui asupanenergi dan zat gizi dan multistage test untuk mengetahui VO2 maks. Hasil penelitian menunjukkantidak terdapat hubungan asupan energi dengan kebugaran jantung paru dengan nilai p=0,78 danhubungan asupan zat gizi (karbohidrat p=0,70, protein p=0,79, lemak p=0,69, natrium p=0,80,kalsium p=0,81, kalium p=0,93, magnesium p=0,31dan Fe p=0,29) dengan kebugaran jantungparu. Kesimpulannya, tidak terdapat hubungan asupan energi dan zat gizi dengan kebugaran jantungparu santri Amanatul Ummah Surabaya.
SURVEI KEPUASAN PASIEN KLINIK UIN SUNAN AMPEL
Authors: Widayanti Linda Prasetyaning
Published: October 2019

Abstrak: Adanya mutu pelayanan yang sesuai dengan harapan pasien pasti membuahkan dampakpositif dalam keberlangsungan penyelenggaraan Klinik UINSA. Berdasarkan paparan di atas, makapenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyurvei tingkat kepuasan pasien di Klinik UINSA. Penelitian inimerupakan penelitian yang bersifat survei. Sedangkan dari segi waktu, maka penelitian ini bersifatCross Sectional. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien Klinik UINSA periode bulan Mei2017. Sampling dilakukan dengan incidental sampling. Diperoleh sampel sebesar 30 pasien. Teknikpengambilan data dengan kuesioner. Hasil pengumpulan data disajikan dengan tabel distribusifrekuensi berupa grafik atau diagram. Hasil survey didapatkan bahwa karakteristik pasien 87%berusia kurang dari 20 tahun, 70% berjenis kelamin perempuan, 73% puas terhadap pelayananpetugas klinik, 87% puas terhadap pelayanan dokter klinik, 82% puas terhadap lama waktu registrasidi klinik, 73% puas terhadap lama waktu pelayanan apotek klinik, 90% puas terhadap kebersihanklinik. Diharapkan penelitian ini bisa dikembangkan oleh peneliti selanjutnya agar mutu pelayanandi Klinik UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya bisa lebih baik.
Управління як функція ведення воєнних дій силами оборони України
Authors: Ролін І. Ф. , Лобанов А. А. , Марущенко В. В.
Published: October 2019

На підставі аналізу змісту базових понять, що застосовуються в державах Північноатлантичного альянсу, висвітлено відмінності принципів, методів і процедур у сфері управління військами (силами) порівняно з існуючими в силах оборони України. Зроблено висновок про доцільність розроблення та впровадження в силах оборони України стандарту військових термінів, який буде адаптованим до основних принципів, тактик і процедур держав Альянсу.
A Novel, Domino Synthesis of Tricyclic Benzimidazole Derivatives Using Continuous Flow
Authors: Szabó Balázs , Szakter Kiara , Thurner Angelika , Faigl Ferenc , Éles János , Greiner István
Published: October 2019

A novel method for synthesis of tricyclic benzimidazole derivatives by using continuous flow reactor is reported. Disadvantages of the well-known batch methods have been avoided utilizing the flow chemistry technology. Beside the one pot reductive cyclization using H-Cube Pro®, the dehydration step was also optimized producing the desired lactam compounds. Then the acylation was optimized under microwave conditions and that reaction was also integrated into the flow system using an Asia heater module. This acylation dramatically reduced the reaction time under continuous-flow conditions, with a residence time of 30 min.
Lea Nocera (2018). Manikürlü Eller Almanya’da Elektrik Bobini Saracak: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Batı Almanya’ya Türk Göçü (1961-1984)
Authors: Ceyhan Elif
Published: October 2019

Lea Nocera, Çev.: Fazıl Mat (2018). Manikürlü Eller Almanya’da Elektrik Bobini Saracak: Toplumsal Cinsiyet Perspektifinden Batı Almanya’ya Türk Göçü (1961-1984). İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 308 sayfa, ISBN: 978-605-399-524-1.
Murat Sevinç (2018). Hey Garson!
Authors: Bilecen Tuncay
Published: October 2019

Murat Sevinç (2018). Hey Garson!. İstanbul: April Yayınları, 99 sayfa, ISBN: 978-605-8108-80-6.
Editörden
Authors: Mahmutoglu Vildan , Bilecen Tuncay
Published: October 2019

Bu sayıda, Jeffrey H. Cohen’in  “Göçmen Dövizinin Sonuçları ve Göç: Teorik Yaklaşımlar, Gerçek Fırsatlar” başlıklı makalesinin çevirisini, altı özgün çalışmayı ve beş kitap incelemesini okurlarımızla paylaşıyoruz. Son olarak, Göç Dergisi’nde alan editörleri üzerinden yeni bir yayın kurulu oluşturma sürecinde olduğumuzu belirtmek isteriz. Duyurusunu önceden yapacağımız ve alan editörleri tarafından hazırlanacak dosya konularıyla göçe ilişkin çalışmaları daha bütünlüklü ve kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almayı hedeflemekteyiz. İlgilenen ve katkı sunmak isteyen tüm meslektaşlarımızı derginin websitesindeki Göç Dergisi Alan Editörlüğü Başvuru Formu doldurmaya davet ediyoruz.
Podoconiosis: an important but forgotten cause of non-filarial lymphoedema
Authors: Adly Merna , Mponponsuo Kwadwo , Somayaji Ranjani
Published: October 2019

Podoconiosis is a preventable, non-infectious and non-communicable cause of lymphoedema leading to chronic swelling of the foot and lower leg. Most prevalent in Africa, Central America and India, it is caused by long-term exposure to irritant red volcanic clay soil. Risk factors for disease are related to the absence or inadequacy of footwear. However, not all those at risk develop the disease, indicating that both genetic and environmental predispositions contribute to disease development.
Symptoms of podoconiosis include asymmetrical limb swelling with associated itching, burning sensation and lymphatic ooze. Late stages are characterised by irreversible swelling and joint fixation. Due to the disfiguring nature of the disease, those affected often experience social stigmatisation. Associated economic losses result from reduced productivity and absenteeism. The disease must be differentiated from conditions such as filarial lymphoedema and congenital lymphoedema, which can have similar presentations, such that appropriate therapy can be implemented.
Primary management of podoconiosis is prevention which involves the regular use footwear such as shoes and education of the disease. In the early stages of podoconiosis, compression therapy and limb elevation delays clinical progression in affected individuals. In later stages, changes are irreversible; however, additional therapy can include surgical intervention and limb elevation for symptom control. Psychosocial care is also needed to address the mental distress associated with the disease. Despite the preventable nature of podoconiosis, it remains prevalent in developing countries, necessitating further investment of resources.
Causes attributed to stoma or peristomal skin complications in northeast Brazil
Authors: Feitosa Yterfania Soares , Sampaio Luis Rafael Leite , Moreira Déborah Albuquerque Alves , Mendonça Francisco Antonio da Cruz , Carvalho Tatyelle Bezerra , Moraes Juliano Teixeira , de Castro Maria Euridéa , Barros Eliziane Ribeiro
Published: October 2019

Problem statement: To identify the causes attributed by people with stomas or by their caregivers to complications arising in the stoma and peristomal skin.
Method: A qualitative study performed in the period March–June 2018 on a group of 19 people with intestinal stomas. The data were collected through the process of structured interviews and were analysed by applying a content analysis technique.
Results: It was possible to perceive that the causes attributed to complications of the stoma and peristomal skin were alterations associated with or related to: the use of the ostomy appliance; personal conditions; knowledge about self-care; and the condition of the stoma or surgical technique.
Conclusions: People who live with a stoma can identify the possible causes for the complications to which they are predisposed. These are described by: the use of the ostomy appliance used; personal conditions; knowledge of the person on self-care of their stoma; condition of the stoma and peristomal skin; and the surgical technique employed.
Vegetarian practices, body composition and dietary intake among Hindus and Buddhists in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Lian Cheah Whye , Hock Chang Kam , Fong Tang Mei , Yuvaraj Lekkha , Aldrin Ryan Dylan , Llah Noorhaswati Izura Ab
Published: October 2019

Though vegetarians own the privilege of a wide range of health benefits and of much lower risk of many diseases, they are also cut off many essential nutritional values. This study aimed to determine the vegetarian practices, body composition and dietary intake of vegetarians among Hindus and Buddhists in Kuching, Sarawak. Using questionnaire and anthropometric measurement, this cross-sectional study was carried out in Hindu and Buddhist temples in Kuching. Data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 22. A total of 114 respondents participated in the study, with mean age of 45.8 years (SD±16.01), females (57%), and majority Buddhists (81.6%). Majority of the respondents were on lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (71%) with more among the Hindus. More than half of the respondents were overweight and obese (64.1%). About 58% of the respondents were found to have abnormal waist circumference and 78.1% with over fat percentage. Buddhist respondents consumed more carbohydrates than Hindus. Hindu respondents consume more macro-nutrients such as protein and fat with a mean intake of 102.9 g (SD ±34.60) and 20.9 % of total energy intake respectively and more micro-nutrients. Vegetarian diet does not warranty healthy body as the quality and quantity of the food intake can influence the nutritional status of a person. Knowledge on choice of food should be imparted to improve their health status.

South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.8(1) 2018: 3-9
“My Sweet Mother…”: Empathetic Interpretation of Olena Pchilka’s Epistolary Portrait
Authors: Kocherha Svitlana
Published: October 2019

The paper deals with empathetic characteristics of Olena Pchilka’s personality in the family letters. The correspondence of the writer’s children, in particular Mychailo and Lesia, contains a number of details for the psychological portrait of Olena Pchilka; it captures her various emotional states and reactions, allows dening the communicative frames that dominated in the family. The researcher traces the formation of a specic Olena Pchilka’s cult, which concerned her roles of a writer, public person, and mother. It is conrmed by numerous enthusiastic and thankful words in the letters of her children. However, the main attention is paid to the synthesis of self-sacrice and authoritarianism in Olena Pchilka’s family pedagogy. Communication at distance between Lesia Ukraiinka and her mother turned into an experiment of modeling the image of a national writer. At the same time, the letters testify to the fact that Olena Pchilka recognised the unique gift and powerful intelligence of her daughter Lesia Ukraiinka. The mother managed to establish quite friendly relations with her elder children, but Pchilka’s desire to control the emotional world of young Kosaches, her insistent interpretation of it, and the fear of other people’s excessive influence on her children caused long-lasting conflicts, accompanied by ‘tactics of silence’. These destructive tactics resulted in emotional traumas, which, in particular, were sublimated in the literary world of Lesia Ukraiinka as a discourse of communicative rupture (“Advocate Martian”, “Johanna, Chusa’s Wife”, “Aisha and Mohammed”, “Babylonian Captivity”, etc.). It should be noted that children tried to tolerate their mother’s dependence on her psychological complexes and insistent self-isolation, understanding the unique role of Olena Pchilka in their personal development.
About Autograph of T. Shevchenko’s Poem “Once I Was Walking at Night”
Authors: Mykhed Pavlo
Published: October 2019

The article reveals the history of the autograph of Taras Shevchenko’s poem “Once I Was Walking at Νight” (“Yakos’-to yduchy unochi”). The poet wrote it in the autumn of 1861. The existence of this autograph was reported by Dmytro Zatyrkevych, who found it while sorting the archive of his late father Ivan Zatyrkevych. The latter himself was a talented poet and began to write poetry being a student of the classical school in Nizhyn. His fable “Puddle” was published in the journal “Osnova” and became popular thanks to the famous Ukrainian actress Hanna Zatyrkevych-Karpinska. She advised the fable to Marko Kropyvnytskyi, who repeatedly and with constant success read it from the stage. Having graduated from Nizhyn, Ivan Zatyrkevych became a military man and participated in the Crimean War. In 1861 he served in Orel, where on May 2 the farewell procession with the body of Taras Shevchenko came. Ivan Zatyrkevych took an active part in preparing the farewell ceremony in Orel. In gratitude, Ivan Lazarevskyi, who was the main organizer of the mournful procession in honor of Taras Shevchenko in Orel, presented the autograph of the poem “Once I Was Walking at Night” to Zatyrkevych. At the top of the autograph, there is an inscription made by an unknown hand: “Autograph by T. H. Shevchenko presented to me by Lazarevskyi in Orel.” A comparison of the handwritings made it possible to establish that this inscription belongs to Ivan Zatyrkevych. In the summer of 1911 Dmytro Zatyrkevych announced his ȇnd to Mykhailo Hrushevskyi and then offered selling an autograph, as he needed money. Apparently, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi agreed and bought an autograph. Hrushevsky published fragments of the correspondence with Dmytro Zatyrkevych and selected poetic and prose works of Ivan Zatyrkevych within the article “One from Nizhyn” in the journal “Literaturno-Naukovyi Visnik”.
Chain Breaking Antioxidant Activity of Heavy (S, Se, Te) Chalcogens Substituted Polyphenols
Authors: Viglianisi Caterina , Menichetti Stefano
Published: October 2019

Polyphenols are probably the most important family of natural and synthetic chain-breaking antioxidants. Since long ago, chemists have studied how structural (bioinspired) modifications can improve the antioxidant activity of these compounds in terms of reaction rate with radical reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalytic character, multi-defence action, hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, biodistribution etc. In this framework, we will discuss the effect played on the overall antioxidant profile by the insertion of heavy chalcogens (S, Se and Te) in the phenolic skeleton.
Existence Conditions and General Solutions of Closed-form Inverse Kinematics for Revolute Serial Robots
Authors: Shanda Wang , Xiao Luo , Qingsheng Luo , Baoling Han
Published: October 2019

This study proposes a method for judging the existence of closed-form inverse kinematics solutions based on the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) model. In this method, serial robots with closed-form solutions are described using three types of sub-problems from the viewpoint of solving algebraic equations. If a serial robot can be described using these three types of sub-problems, i.e., if the inverse kinematics problems can be solved by several basic problems, then there is a closed-form solution. Based on the above method, we design a set of universal closed-form inverse kinematics solving algorithms. Since there is a definite formula solution for the three types of sub-problems, the joint angles can be rapidly determined. In addition, because the DH parameters can directly reflect the linkage of the robot, the judgment of the sub-problems is also quick and accurate. More importantly, the algorithm can be applied to serial robots with low degrees of freedom. This enables the algorithm to not only quickly and accurately solve inverse kinematics problems but also to exhibit high universality. This proposed theory improves the existence conditions for closed-form reverse solutions and further promotes the development of motion control techniques for serial robots.