bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Tourism Carrying Capacity
Authors: Raju Manju S. , Udayashankar Nayana , Seshadri Swathi
Published: August 2018

Tourism is used as an engine for economic growth and is considered a source of income and employment generation. However, like any other human activity, it causes changes to its surroundings. Planners often plan for growth and development of tourism, ignoring the rights of local communities, who are custodians of the resources and are dependent on them. Local communities are most harshly affected by tourism-induced changes. The concept of tourism carrying capacity tries to identify how much change is acceptable change, which would then guide planning and management of tourism in the area. In this chapter, the authors explore the different methodologies that have been developed for assessment of tourism carrying capacity and suggest a suitable framework for the Indian context.
Tourism in Sigur Plateau in the Western Ghats of India
Authors: Chanchani Aditi , Seshadri Swathi , Viswanath Rosemary
Published: August 2018

Tourism has emerged as a major player and an increasing threat to the Western Ghats, its ecological landscape, the diverse ecosystems associated with it, and the many groups of indigenous (Adivasi) and other traditional forest-dwelling communities living in it. Unregulated growth and overly ambitious developmental plans in environmentally fragile areas have many strong and often irreversible fallouts: increased deforestation, fragmentation of wildlife habitats, closing of critical links between habitats, loss of people's access to and control over resources being among some of them. In 2010, EQUATIONS initiated a study that aimed to understand the impacts of tourism on the Sigur Plateau in the Western Ghats in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, taking into consideration the impacts of tourism on the biodiversity, natural resources, and the communities that live in and around the area. The scope of the study was to assess tourism in the realms of economic, environmental, and social impacts. For the purposes of this chapter, the environmental impacts have been focused on.
The Role of the ICTS in Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Azevedo Mónica L. , Afonso Óscar , Vasconcelos Paulo B.
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to review the increasing importance of knowledge in society in general and in the economy in particular. Knowledge transfer is more and more important at different levels (e.g., micro and macro-level). The authors also intend to show the role played by ICTs in knowledge transfer. To illustrate this, they use some examples of institutions in Portugal. Specifically, they explore the case of Fraunhofer AICOS. Under the umbrella of the ICT4D concept, it is analyzed as ICTs can be used to surpass some difficulties of the least developing countries. However, there are also difficulties related to the acceptance and adoption of ICT solutions, as well as special requirements imposed by the reality of the countries.
“Shaken, Not Stirred”
Authors: Sequeira Bernardete Dias , Marques João Filipe , Serrano António
Published: August 2018

The tourism and hospitality industry depends heavily on the ways its workers use their knowledge in order to provide the best possible experiences to clients. Hence, it is of paramount importance for all tourism organizations, particularly hospitality ones, to have a knowledge management approach that allows them to retain their best workers and therefore keep their clients satisfied. The main objectives of the research presented in this chapter were to analyze how hospitality organizations have been managing their organizational knowledge—namely, how they stimulate knowledge transfer between individuals and groups within the hotels—as well as to identify the best practices and new solutions given the challenges presented by the knowledge society. This chapter presents some of the results concerning knowledge transfer of a larger empirical study on knowledge management in the hospitality industry based on three case studies in three different hotel groups operating in the Algarve, Portugal.
Innovative Management of Community Territories and Inter-Organizational Communication for Regional Development
Authors: Koehnen Timothy Leonard
Published: August 2018

The chapter addresses engagement, facilitation processes, governance, decentralized decision-making process, and inter-organizational relationships in rural communities in Portugal involving the community lands in mountainous areas. These lands are multifunctional in that they are used for forestry, grazing of ruminants, honey production, mushroom and dry nut gathering, water and wind rights, as well as plant protection and preservation of ecosystems. The management of these lands is the responsibility of the common land associations. These local institutions and their leaders represent the local users of these community lands. The chapter presents empirical data from an exploratory research study of inter-organizational linkages with these common land institutions and other governmental organizations and civil society entities. The entities include ministry and regional level organizations, municipal governments, and local development associations.
Managing Risk in School Crisis Intervention
Authors: Monzingo Betty Denise , Torres Mario S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter reports findings from a study of school leader perspectives on crisis preparedness. The context for the study is a sample of school superintendents in the southwest region of the United States. Interviews were conducted with four school superintendents to gather insights into mainly organizational norms, policy, and planning related to crisis preparation. This chapter seeks to add insight into what leaders perceive as preparation for potential crises and to critically assess the demands and obligations set forth through state legislative policy. Furthermore, the authors explore myriad leadership challenges to maintaining public confidence and maximizing the safety of children. Recommendations for leaders to engage in reframing of their positionality with respect to crises and a model for engaging parents and community in assessing risks and threats are offered.
A Multilevel Analysis on the Contribution of Principal's Educational Leadership Skills on Student Achievement
Authors: Boyaci Adnan , Oz Yakup , Akay Emel
Published: August 2018

In this study, the effect of school leadership on student achievement is examined based on the PISA 2015 data in the Turkish context, conducting a multilevel analysis. According to the results of the study, gender, economic, social, cultural status of the family, and grade repetition, school type, and the interaction of school type and grade repetition are directly associated with the students' science achievement, whereas leadership skills of school principals are not related. Several reasons for such an insignificant relationship between leadership skills and student achievement are discussed. The effect of culture on leadership orientations of different countries constitute the center of this discussion. In this regard, for Turkey and countries alike, where the self-protective leadership orientation is highly valued, instructional and professional development leadership skills of principals are recommended, considering schools are the professional learning communities to increase the contribution of principals' leadership skills on student outcomes.
Appreciative Inquiry as a Positive Approach to School's Leadership Development and Organizational Change
Authors: Magzan Maša , Anđić Dunja , Papak Petra Pejić
Published: August 2018

The primary goal of this chapter is to examine the possibilities and effects of applying the principles of distributed leadership model and AI's approach positive stance into different educational contexts. Since there is a great need in Croatian school systems today to reform, the motivation for this case study is to point out that such reformation can occur from within: with a positive and collaborative inquiry that embraces shared leadership and taps into the answers that are already in the system. The presented case study shows AI approach as a shift of the focus away from problems, flaws, or weaknesses and toward the strengths of the group and their work, as identified by the involved participants themselves. The ultimate goal is to examine the powerful effects of AI to create change from within as well as to point out how the principles of distributed leadership contribute to the harmonious collaborative relationships, effective defining and implementing change and finding sustainable and creative solutions for efficient functioning of the modern and sustainable school.
Leadership Style and School Culture as Perceived by Teachers in Malaysian Northern State Schools
Authors: Amzat Ismail Hussein , Yusuf Habibat Abubakar
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the effective leadership style for positive school culture as perceived by some Malaysian Northern State school teachers. This chapter uses focus group and open-ended questions to have in-depth understanding and testing of the participants' ability of suggesting or predicting the best or most effective school leadership style for building school positive culture for best leadership practices. The participants were teachers from different schools in Northern States Malaysia undertaking master program in educational management at Universiti Utara Malaysia. The findings revealed that transformational leadership style was rated, predicted, and ranked as the best leadership style for school principals to apply in building positive school culture according to their context while distributed leadership and instructional leadership could be also considered as the second leadership styles for building positive school culture in the Northern schools of Malaysia.
Embracing Successful ICT Integration Through MIC Transformational Model
Authors: Yusuf Byabazaire , Sailin Siti Nazuar , Mohamed Abdul Halim
Published: August 2018

The current worldwide ICT and digital transformation requires new leadership to demonstrate knowledge and skills suitable for the digital age. As ICT development advances, school leaders should maximize ICT usage in classrooms. This chapter highlights exemplary leadership practices by a Malaysian primary school leader. The objectives of the research are (1) to document leadership styles in managing teachers to successfully integrate ICT in their classrooms and (2) to investigate leadership strategies for successful ICT integration. A case study approach involving a semi-structured interview, observations, and documentary analysis were used. The data revealed that the leader pursued an innovative approach to instill technological transformation. Teachers acquired appropriate ICT skills essential to perform their tasks. The study reveals that successful ICT integration was achieved through the application of Maintain ➧Improve ➧ Change (MIC) as part of transformational model practices based on the vision of the Ministry of Education and other strategies discussed in the chapter.
Mission Evolution and International Community Colleges
Authors: Gillet-Karam Rosemary , Spaid Robin L.
Published: August 2018

With its focus on opportunity and access, the mission of community colleges in the United States has allowed millions of otherwise non-included populations to receive two years of higher education. Thus, these graduates have contributed to the citizenry of the U.S. and to their own social and economic statuses. In this chapter, the authors focused on that mission as it applies to international community colleges, a growing phenomenon in many divergent countries. Instead of locking themselves into a role of offering a standard for international colleges in regards to their missions, the authors offered multicultural foci built on the cultural texts of those colleges. In addition, while it seemed obvious that the impact of the features of the American Community College mission had influence over the rise of international community colleges, their own definitions of services, issues, and needs must take precedence over simple emulation of practices.
Choices, Courses, and Companies
Authors: Peri Narasimham
Published: August 2018

How do students of post-secondary vocational education make career choices, and how/how much do the institutional systems of VE/VT support them? This chapter traces the expectations, choices, and alternatives encountered by the students enrolled at vocational institutions in India. Referred to as industrial training institutes (ITIs), these institutions bridge the transition from school to employment. The research uses the “safety net” theory of vocational education to assess student choices and preferences to analyze the reasons why students pursue a course at the ITI. The study includes a survey of 212 students in two-year programs. In-depth interviews were conducted with teachers in the same institutes where the survey was administered to the students. In the process, the role of such vocational institutions is assessed with respect to the correspondences with the larger VE/VT system in the country, thereby offering relevant insights into changes that are underway from recent policy measures.
The Development of Community Colleges in Vietnam
Authors: Le Anh
Published: August 2018

Since 1986, with the creation of the Renovation (Doi moi) policy, Vietnam has demonstrated a strong commitment to the improvement of its higher education system. After 25 years of opening its doors to the global educational environment, Vietnam has achieved some notable accomplishments. The country's higher educational system has become more diversified, more accessible, and more open to international cooperation. However, the management structure and quality assurance aspects of higher education still need significant improvement. One of the new and exciting opportunities for Vietnamese higher education is the development of community colleges. The emergence of community colleges, which resemble the U.S. community college model, is a fairly new phenomenon in Vietnam. This chapter analyzes the literature and the Vietnamese government's policies regarding the direction of higher education in general and community colleges in particular. Predictions and recommendations for the future of Vietnamese community colleges are also provided.
Community College Adaptation in Ghana
Authors: Boateng Fred K. , Nyarko Kingsley
Published: August 2018

Community colleges are institutions dedicated to the mission of providing skilled manpower and labor in technical and vocational areas. There are many community college models in the world. In Ghana, polytechnics and technical institutes are adapted models of community colleges. The objective of this chapter is to examine the polytechnic system as practiced in Ghana using the American community college system as a perspective. Community colleges with their provenance in the early 20th century have undergone vicissitudes in their bid to carry out their functions. The polytechnics have also experienced evolving historical circumstances as second cycle technical institutes, then upgraded to tertiary education institutions, and then recently converted to technical universities. In spite of all these developments, the technical universities are believed to be inferior to the traditional public universities.
Unwarranted Stigma
Authors: Tyndorf Jr. Darryl M.
Published: August 2018

Investment in higher education is essential to improve the knowledge and skills of a country's labor force for economic growth. Higher education is a dynamic context with various institution types. However, the higher education market and research has generally suggested a single higher education institution, university education. Such single entity promotion has informed policies to increase university enrollments and completions resulting in a belief that universities are prestigious institutions that provide greater economic growth while stigmatizing community colleges as less prestigious and of little or no value to economic growth. University models have provided higher education to selected members of society which has not met the global demand for education or improved economic growth. This chapter will demonstrate that community colleges are becoming a higher education policy focus for their ability to provide flexible, short cycle education, and new research demonstrates their short- and medium-term economic impact. Thus, the community college stigma is unwarranted.
Music, the Arts, and Healing
Authors: Whittenberg Rodney Luther
Published: August 2018

The goal of this chapter is to demonstrate the ability to create opportunities to use the arts to heal. The author has included three narratives, both his personal story as a professional artist, a non-clinical practitioner, and those of his students. These narratives illustrate the effect of the arts on individuals dealing with trauma and poverty. Time and time again, as indicated in these narratives, the arts can be called on to provide respite and relief from fear, anxiety, and hurting. The arts are a touchstone that can be revisited throughout a lifespan regardless of age or stage or even circumstance.
Healing Our Heroes
Authors: Grebe Amy M.
Published: August 2018

Societies rely on first responders to save lives. What happens when the wellbeing of these crisis workers is compromised by daily exposure to crisis and trauma? This chapter describes a developed and tested arts-based intervention aimed at mitigating the trauma response through positive resource reinforcement. Specifically designed to be used in a non-clinical setting, the intervention features the drawing of a mandala capturing images and symbols of safety and was tested to ascertain the efficacy of its ability to increase positive affect, decrease negative affect, and reinforce connections to positive resources in participants.
The Magic of Monologue
Authors: Gauthier-Pin Sue
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the author explores her personal experience with depression and the healing through applied community theater. The author discusses how her autobiographical performance is similar to aspects of drama therapy, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy. The author explores how four common treatment goals for depression can be addressed through the process of writing, rehearsing, and performing an autobiographical performance. Advice is given to non-clinical practitioners on how to address depression among their clients. Findings from this case study promote that applied community theater, in addition to traditional treatments, can serve as catalyst for furthering the healing of depression.
Storytelling Through Dance and Movement
Authors: Bopp Jenny
Published: August 2018

Everyone has a story to tell, but because of trauma, not everyone can use words to tell it. The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate an arts-based, trauma-informed, hope-infused movement and storytelling curriculum for adults (ages 19+) who are in recovery from various addictions or traumatic experiences. The curriculum was implemented with a group of five people selected by the supervising agency (Kingdom Recovery) to assess whether or not it proved beneficial to the participants. Assessment methods included before/after class experiences, a movement assessment checklist, and an evaluation survey. The curriculum consisted of seven lessons lasting 90 minutes each, and the goal of the curriculum was to promote life-skill building, healing, and hope. At the end of the seven-week time period, subjects performed pieces they choreographed throughout the sessions as a celebration of their accomplishments and hard work. The goals of the curriculum were accomplished successfully and 100% of the participants noticed an increase in their confidence, empathy, and creativity.
Healing Together
Authors: Vuocolo Kristine
Published: August 2018

This chapter emphasizes several key concepts concerning mental illness in today's society. The author strongly believes that mental health recovery is possible and that it is an individualized journey. People struggling with mental health issues can find hope and healing through the use of artistic expression. This chapter is designed to encourage and inspire others to use everyday items and turn them into art. The author describes how collaboration can be a key ingredient to the success of the healing that takes place while doing art together.
Community Music Therapy Partnering With Community Musicians
Authors: Junkin Janelle S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the collaboration of community musicians and community music therapists working to create a community orchestral dialogues experience for youth patterned after a Middle Eastern model. The author explores the definitions of community musicians, music therapy and community music therapy, and how these definitions diverge and converge. The author explains and discusses Orchestral Dialogues: Accepting Self, Accepting Others and the learning that took place for the youth involved, as well as for the staff, both community musicians and community music therapists. The final section of the chapter provides lessons learned and implications for future collaborations for community musicians and community music therapists.
Gamification and Advergaming
Authors: Aggarwal Aanchal , Arora Nupur
Published: August 2018

This chapter will expound on the concept of gamification and its adoption by various brands. It will be focusing on advergaming, which is one of the very famous applications of gamification. The chapter will elucidate the various launch details of advergaming applications by various firms and brand websites including online games, social network sites, and interactive digital television. It will also discuss the techniques underlying gamification, which include game mechanics and game dynamics, which will also reveal the impact of advergaming on consumer engagement and decision making to buy a product or not and also the benefits to the brand site. The chapter will also explain the techniques and strategies of advergaming used by various product websites nationally and internationally and their effect on consumers and the product or brand websites.
Advergames and Children
Authors: Aggarwal Vijita Singh , Khurana Shefali
Published: August 2018

Online gaming has become a popular form of entertainment which has shifted children's playgrounds to computers, laptops, mobiles, tablets, etc. Children spend their time surfing, playing, and downloading games from the internet. Advergaming is one of the latest digital advertising techniques used by marketers to interact with the children for longer hours by embedding the brand messages in the game action. Advergaming is a blend of fun and promotion to capture the attention of children towards the advertising message associated with the branded product. The objective of this chapter is to determine how children pay attention and absorb the message given by the companies by considering hierarchy of effects models such as AIDA model and DAGMAR model. The purpose of this work as a whole is to bring more understanding of this innovative technique of promoting by detailing the elements, characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of advergames to achieve communication goals.
Understanding the Psychology of New Media Audiences From a Marketing Perspective
Authors: Nagpal Amit
Published: August 2018

Do new media/online audiences have similar psychology and behavior as offline audiences or is it different? If yes, why is the psychology and behavior of new media audience different from traditional media? Why do marketers need to understand new media user psychology to be effective? Let us look at some of the aspects of psychology of new media users and corresponding actions which marketers need to take. For example, in the case of increased tendency for social comparison, consumer behavior-social media has increased the human tendency for social comparison. It is easier to compare lifestyles on Facebook and Instagram, for example, and the users may also seek reassurance from other users. The impact of such comparison on social networking sites is likely to have primary influence of first degree network and secondary influence of second degree network. Marketing actions-advertisements and content can be created keeping in mind the human tendency for social comparison.
Click to Brick
Authors: Gupta Abhishek , Goyal Abhishek
Published: August 2018

In 2017, India witnessed a new technological revolution in new media marketing fueled by the ready availability of high speed data and the emergence of a new generation of advance visualization solutions like virtual reality and augmented reality. Brands today are now focusing on distinguishing themselves from their competitors by redefining the customer experience and engaging them into their brand story. Myntra conceived the idea of creating its own brand of clothing for the travelers called Roadster focused over the needs of new generation of tech-savvy millennial customers. After the initial success of Roadster, it decided to bring Roadster closer to the customers in the form of brick and mortar showroom, opening its first ever store in Bangalore with a revolutionary virtual reality-based gamification experience, Highway 360, for experiential personalized shopping.
Understanding Teenage Pregnancy in the South African Context
Authors: Monyai Reginald Botshabeng , Metsing Kemoneilwe Momi
Published: August 2018

This chapter will attempt to dissect the reasons behind the high prevalence of teenage pregnancy among secondary school girls in South Africa. The causes and factors responsible for teenage pregnancy are identified as psycho-social, social, and economic, including stigmatization. The chapter takes a qualitative position, where respondents are interviewed over and above the use of questionnaires. The health belief model is used as a theoretical framework to provide better insights into to why teenagers in secondary schools fall pregnant.
Technology and Teenage Pregnancy
Authors: Bata Hatem
Published: August 2018

Technology plays a fundamental part in teenagers' lives since the majority of them are deemed digital natives having grown using communications, media, and digital technologies. As technology evolves, it becomes more available and more affordable to more young people. There are 104 countries where 80% of youth have internet connection. In Africa and Asia, there are more females online than males. Several educators, academics, and public health practitioners expect technology to be a remedy to all social problems or a cause for all evil in the world due to the ubiquity of technology. This chapter takes a skeptical outlook at technology by demonstrating how technology could be a cause of social problems and also be a part of the solution if used properly. The author attempts to refute the notion of technological determinism. This chapter aims to look at the role of media, communication, and educational technology, and their relationship with teenage pregnancy.
Preventing Teen Pregnancy at Pre-Adolescence
Authors: Harris Kari R. , Hopper Melissa T.
Published: August 2018

Much attention is given to preventing teen pregnancy in the adolescent years, but primary prevention can and should start at a much younger age. Prevention strategies should be targeted at pre-adolescents with parents as leaders in the effort; however, healthcare providers, school systems, trusted adults, and the media are also critical components of this prevention team. This chapter discusses pediatric brain maturation, emphasizes the importance of adult-youth relationships, briefly reviews the risk factors associated with teen pregnancy, and explores methods of prevention that can be applied throughout the pre-adolescent stage of development.
Preventing Teen Pregnancy Among Minority Populations
Authors: Vidourek Rebecca A. , King Keith A.
Published: August 2018

Despite reduction in the rates of teen pregnancy nationwide, teen pregnancy in the United States remains higher than other industrialized countries. Minority youth are at higher risk for teen pregnancy than their White counterparts. With this in mind, the purpose of this chapter is to examine risk and protective factors for teen pregnancy among racial and ethnic minorities. Risk and protective factors exist on multiple levels and pregnancy prevention programs often target such factors to reduce teen pregnancy. In addition, intervention strategies aimed at reducing teen pregnancy among these populations will also be discussed. Researchers have identified components of successful teen pregnancy prevention programs. New strategies also include focusing on after school programs and technology among others to reduce teen pregnancy among minority youth. Collective efforts of families, schools, and communities are warranted.
Utilizing the Socio-Ecologic Model as a Framework for the Prevention of Teen Pregnancy
Authors: Golman Mandy , Ricks Nila , Gallegos Irene D. , Weaver Jesse
Published: August 2018

Despite historic lows in teen birth rates, the U.S. still maintains the highest teen birth rate of any industrialized nation, and significant disparities exist between ethnicities and socioeconomic status (SES). The factors influencing teen birth are vast and intertwined. The socio-ecological model (SEM) provides a natural theoretical framework to study and address these multiple levels of influence, which include individual, interpersonal, institutional/organizational, and public policy. This chapter will include a summary of recent studies, and drawing from empirical findings guided by the socio-ecological model, will identify and suggest strategies at each level for reducing the teen birth rate. By addressing the overlapping layers together, as opposed to a single layer, interventions have greater potential for success.
E Hine
Authors: Adcock Anna , Cram Fiona , Lawton Beverley
Published: August 2018

Young Māori (Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand) women and their babies experience more health disparities than their non-Māori counterparts. These disparities arise from multiple determinants, including racism and stigmatization. This chapter explores the pregnancy, birth, and motherhood journeys of 15 young Māori women using a Foucauldian theoretical approach. Their experiences indicate that Māori women are subject to Eurocentric medical, disciplinary, and colonial gazes—through exclusionary health, education, and social services, and public prejudices—that see them as abnormal and in need of regulation. Often with the support of their whānau (families), the participants challenged assumptions about teen mothers. They strove to be the best parents that they could be, often re-engaging with education and working hard to provide a positive future for themselves and their children.
Opinion Mining
Authors: Solanki Vijender Kumar , Cuong Nguyen Ha Huy , Zonghyu (Joan) Lu
Published: August 2018

The machine learning is the emerging research domain, from which number of emerging trends are available, among them opinion mining is the one technology attraction through which the we could get analysis of the interested domain or we can say about the review from the customer towards any product or we can say any upcoming trending information. These two are the emerging words and we can say it's the buzz word in the information technology. As you will see that its widely use by the corporate sector to uplift the business next level. Before two decade you will not read any words e.g., Opinion mining or Sentiment analysis, but in the last two decade these words have given a new life to information technology domain as well as to the business. The important question which runs in the mind is why use sentiment analysis or opinion mining. The information technology has given number of new programming languages, new innovation and within that the data mining has given this trends to the users. The chapter is covering the three major concept's which comes under the machine learning e.g., Decision tree, Bayesian network and Support vector machine. The chapter is describing the basic inputs, and how it helps in supporting stakeholders by adopting these technologies.
Ontologies, Repository, and Information Mining in Component-Based Software Engineering Environment
Authors: Bawa Rajesh Kumar , Kaur Iqbaldeep
Published: August 2018

This chapter reviews some ontologies, tools, and editors used in building and maintaining the ontology from those reported in the literature, and the main focus is on the interoperability between them. The essential thing while developing an ontology or using an ontology from world web are tools. Through tools, ontology can either be developed or aligned in a manner that the researcher wants and given direction in term of opinion from the source files as meta data. This chapter presents various editors for building the ontology and various tools for matching between the two ontologies and conclusion based on the repository extracted as from the data in term of mining results. Comparison of various ontologies, tools, and editors are also there in order for the ease of user to access a particular ontology tool for selection of data in term of repository or components from the enormous data.
Smart and Connected Cities Through Technologies
Authors: Kadam Vrushali Gajanan , Tamane Sharvari Chandrashekhar , Solanki Vijender Kumar
Published: August 2018

The world is growing and energy conservation is a very important challenge for the engineering domain. The emergence of smart cities is one possible solution for the same, as it claims that energy and resources are saved in the smart city infrastructure. This chapter is divided into five sections. Section 1 gives the past, present, and future of the living style. It gives the representation from rural, urban, to smart city. Section 2 gives the explanations of four pillars of big data, and through grid, a big data analysis is presented in the chapter. Section 3 started with the case study on smart grid. It comprises traffic congestion and their prospective solution through big data analytics. Section 4 starts from the mobile crowd sensing. It discusses a good elaboration on crowd sensing whereas Section 5 discusses the smart city approach. Important issues like lighting, parking, and traffic were taken into consideration.
A Collaborative Approach of IoT, Big Data, and Smart City
Authors: Jayashree K. , Abirami R. , Babu R.
Published: August 2018

During the last two decades, a number of new nations emerged and played their intense role in changing human lifestyle. The growing demand for smart city and big data stimulates innovation, and the development of new smart applications is becoming important. Internet of things comprises billions of devices, people, and services, and entitles each to connect through sensor devices. The economic development of a city leads to better life quality and improved citizen services. Thus, this chapter discusses the background of big data, IoT, and smart city. It also discusses the collaborative approach of all the above. The various related work and future research direction for implementing smart city with the concept of big data and IoT would be addressed in this chapter.
An Integrated Digital Authentication Mechanism for Intrusion Detection System
Authors: Rupa Ch
Published: August 2018

The internet of things is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. Security has become an important issue everywhere. In current days, security is becoming necessary as the possibilities of attacks and threats are increasing day by day. In this situation, specific sensitive premises should monitor by a secure alert system with IoT-based advanced technology in order to prevent the threats and attacks on persons or system assets by intruders. The purpose of this system is to notify the use of the intruder's presence at premises and send alert messages to the authority people who help to take prevention actions as well as detection if in misfire situations. This notification will be helpful to know about intruder's presence even if right persons are away from the location.
Smart Waste Management System
Authors: Umamaheswari S.
Published: August 2018

Smart connected devices are emerging from the internet today. These devices are embedded with intelligence due to the development in technology. These intelligent (smart) devices are capable of interacting with humans and other smart devices, which has led to the development of “Internet of Things” (IoT). The environment can be made smart and self-aware by the direct communication between more and more devices that are part of the IoT. The IoT concept can be applied to design a smart waste management system that makes the environment clean. A smart cities project has been initiated in most developing countries. Waste management is one of the prime components of the smart city. Garbage bins can be made intelligent, so that the fill level of the bins can be sensed, and the waste can be collected. This system will minimize the time and the cost of collecting waste.
Smart Cities in Spain
Authors: Vaquero Martín García , Saiz-Alvarez José Manuel
Published: August 2018

According to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, half of humanity lives in cities. The urban population has increased from 750 million people in 1950 to 3,600 million in 2011. It is estimated that by 2030 almost 60% of the population world will reside in urban areas. In Spain already does more than 80%. This will lead to significant growth in the coming years, and cities must be prepared to serve new services on a sustainable way: from meeting the needs of potable water or clean air transport will be a challenge of extraordinary magnitude and an opportunity for the industry. The Spanish National Plan for Smart Cities is a continuation of different initiatives proposing to do a set of new political measures that involve the mobilization of resources that will put special emphasis on sustainability.
Revisiting the Legal Framework of Urban Planning in the Global South
Authors: Daramola Oluwole
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the profession of urban planning within the context of the Nigerian legal system. In Nigeria, there is an array of legislation relevant to urban planning that is aimed at securing sustainable cities through various planning activities. The chapter establishes the relationship between law and urban planning activities and puts it that the latter is an offshoot of the former. It further discusses the legal framework of urban planning in Nigeria, with due consideration to the problems inherent in it and the effects of such problems on urban development in the country. The chapter also suggests a need for paradigm shift by providing for strategies rooted in law towards viable urban and regional development and economic growth in Nigeria. The chapter concludes that strengthening the legal framework of urban planning will provide opportunities for equitable and spatial allocation of resources that takes cognizance of the social, economic, institutional, and environmental dimensions of an urban center.
In Search of Indicators for Assessing Smart and Sustainable Cities and Communities' Performance
Authors: Stratigea Anastasia , Leka Akrivi , Panagiotopoulou Maria
Published: August 2018

The goal of the paper is to elaborate on sustainability aspects of smart sustainable urban environments. More specifically, at a first step the paper aims at critically reviewing globally initiated state-of-the-art approaches for assessing smart cities' performance as to sustainability objectives. The scope of this effort is to identify sets of indicators used in different approaches as well as convergence/divergence among them. Secondly, an attempt to integrate different indicator sets into a more enriched and coherent indicator system is carried out which, by effectively embedding smart and sustainable city development into sustainability indicators' sets, can be used by various types of cities' examples. Finally, the rationale of the indicators' selection process is depicted, in order to support policy makers and planners' guidance towards choosing an appropriate, city-specific set of sustainability indicators for carrying out relevant assessments.
Using a Use Case Methodology and an Architecture Model for Describing Smart City Functionalities
Authors: Gottschalk Marion , Uslar Mathias
Published: August 2018

The development of complex software and hardware systems has increased in recent years. One reason is the continuous development in information and communication technologies sectors that enable a smooth and seamless connection of single components or systems. Another reason is the changed way of life, e.g. urbanization leads to new challenges in city planning to deal with large crowds, high-energy consumption, or big garbage quantities. The future or rather present city planning focuses on the concept of these complex systems (alias smart city). Information technologies interconnect smart city components and enable several smart city sub-systems like smart grid, smart building, supply/waste management, smart traffic, smart government etc. A definition of component functionalities and interfaces is needed to demonstrate their interconnections and information flow. Therefore, alternative techniques can be utilized to specify these both component and system requirements.
Smart Cities and Municipal Building Regulation for Energy Efficiency
Authors: Sanseverino Eleonora Riva , Scaccianoce Gianluca , Vaccaro Valentina , Carta Maurizio , Sanseverino Raffaella Riva
Published: August 2018

The “Smart Cities & Communities Initiative” of the Strategic Energy Technology Plan is the strategic European response to lead cities and regions to a carbon free future. In this contest energy efficiency in buildings has a crucial role and must be considered in a holistic approach to the urban planning. In order to implement the minimum requirements stated by the European Directive about the Energy Performance of Buildings, and in order to consider different planning layers with the view to a smart city planning, local regulations are a key factor aiming at sustainable territorial planning. This paper investigates the possibility to draft a basic structure of Municipal Building Regulations in order to guide local administrators and technicians and to limit discretionary power of bureaucracy. The paper is organized as follows. First, a review of the most common practices for building regulations in Europe is proposed, then the basic structure of a municipal building regulation for the city of Palermo (Southern Italy) accounting for sustainability is discussed.
From the Smart City to the People-Friendly City
Authors: Melis Giulia , Masala Elena , Tabasso Matteo
Published: August 2018

This chapter addresses the smart city concept as a first step towards the formulation of a new socially-improved urban concept which may be defined as that of the “people-friendly city”. This new task involves the employment of IT tools, but using new methods and pursuing different goals other than mere numerical information. In terms of the urban environment, this means that cities should be designed for people, and planning practitioners should be able to understand citizens' needs, communicate with them and involve them in a collaborative process. Therefore, an overview of the implications of smart cities for urban planning is followed by a more detailed analysis of Planning Support Systems (PSS) as innovative tools for enhancing the process of delivering a more inclusive and people-friendly urban environment. The lessons learnt from the application of the PSS tool is then illustrated in order to define the potentialities and key points for the development of similar tools.
Managing Large Amounts of Data Generated by a Smart City Internet of Things Deployment
Authors: Lanza Jorge , Sotres Pablo , Sánchez Luis , Galache Jose Antonio , Santana Juan Ramón , Gutiérrez Verónica , Muñoz Luis
Published: August 2018

The Smart City concept is being developed from a lot of different axes encompassing multiple areas of social and technical sciences. However, something that is common to all these approaches is the central role that the capacity of sharing information has. Hence, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are seen as key enablers for the transformation of urban regions into Smart Cities. Two of these technologies, namely Internet of Things and Big Data, have a predominant position among them. The capacity to “sense the city” and access all this information and provide added-value services based on knowledge derived from it are critical to achieving the Smart City vision. This paper reports on the specification and implementation of a software platform enabling the management and exposure of the large amount of information that is continuously generated by the IoT deployment in the city of Santander.
On Internet of Things and Big Data in University Courses
Authors: Namiot Dmitry , Sneps-Sneppe Manfred
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the authors discuss Internet of Things educational programs for universities. The authors' final goal is to provide a structure for a new educational course for Internet of Things and related areas such as Machine to Machine communications and Smart Cities. The Internet of Things skills are in high demands nowadays and, of course, Internet of Things models, as well as appropriate Big Data proceedings elements should have a place in the university courses. The purpose of the proposed educational course is to cover information and communication technologies used in Internet of Things systems and related areas, such as Smart Cities. The educational course proposed in this paper aims to introduce students to modern information and communication technologies and create the formation of competencies needed for such areas as Machine to Machine communications, Internet of Things, and Smart Cities. Also, the authors discuss Big Data issues for IoT course and explain the importance of data engineering.
Towards Visually Impaired Autonomy in Smart Cities
Authors: Ramirez Alejandro Rafael Garcia , Gonzalez-Carrasco Israel , Jasper Gustavo Henrique , Lopez Amarilys Lima , Livramento da Silva Renato Fonseca , Crespo Angel Garcia
Published: August 2018

Urban growth adversely affects accesses to public spaces and to their physical and functional structures. Simple tasks become a challenge for visually impaired individuals either because of the difficulty getting reliable non-visual information from the surrounding space or the lack of information. In Smart Cities scenarios, important investments will be directed to urban accessibility, but nowadays people with sensory disabilities still have to face mobility problems in those spaces. Therefore, designing suitable solutions to provide more information about urban spaces is extremely important and requires user participation. This context motivated the development of the Electronic Long Cane project. The project enhances the features of traditional long canes to detect obstacles located above the waist. Nowadays, the electronic cane was redesigned including new functions based on the Internet of Things. As a result, evidences of User-Centric Design have emerged, increasing the probability of success of this technology in Smart Cities context.