bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usabilidade Percebida e Características de Cursos na Avaliação do Programa de Educação em Software Livre com apoio da Análise Multivariada de Dados
Authors: Pinochet Luis Hernan Contreras , Lopes Evandro Luiz , Azevedo Marcia Carvalho de , Noffs Lilian De Marche
Published: January 2017

O artigo buscou avaliar cursos profissionalizantes do Programa de Educação em Software Livre (PESL) a partir de uma análise multivariada de dados. Esta pesquisa faz uma análise quantitativa sobre o Laboratório de Software Livre ministrado por instrutores, que foi realizado na Universidade Federal de São Paulo, no campus da Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios. Foram analisados 69 questionários de alunos participantes, com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade e o resultado do PESL, além de traçar o perfil daqueles que se interessam pelo tema, e verificar o nível de entendimento, dos mesmos, em relação ao Software Livre. Nesta pesquisa aplicou-se a técnica da estatística descritiva, bem como análise multivariada de dados (primeira fase com análise fatorial exploratória e a segunda com estimação do modelo de equações estruturais).  Como resultado pode-se concluir que se trata de um programa acadêmico digitalmente social, pois traz elementos que incentivam e contribuem para o desenvolvimento profissional.
La práctica profesional en la formación para la traducción de textos especializados: el caso de la traducción de textos socioeconómicos
Authors: Enríquez-Aranda Mercedes
Published: January 2017

La traducción de textos socioeconómicos supone un reto para la formación del traductor dada la amplitud de tipologías textuales y de competencias que engloba su concepto. Su alto grado de especialización convierte el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de esta materia en un desafío tanto para discentes como para docentes dentro las estructuras propias de los diversos planes de estudio de los títulos universitarios de grado en España.

En este trabajo se aborda el diseño curricular de un módulo especializado en traducción socioeconómica dentro del Título de Grado en Traducción e Interpretación por la Universidad de Málaga. Se parte del contexto formativo general que ofrece el Título para describir en particular cómo se aborda una formación académica en este ámbito especialmente orientada a la práctica profesional.

Dadas las limitaciones temporales impuestas por el plan de estudios, urge aplicar en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de esta materia un enfoque profesional por una razón principal: se potencia la motivación de los alumnos por este campo de especialización que, en principio, se les presenta hostil en contenidos. Con la adecuada contextualización de las actividades traductoras formativas y la gradación de dificultad de las mismas, el alumno ubica su labor traductora en un todo laboral hacia el cual se le termina de encaminar en etapas posteriores de su formación.
Las sugerencias didácticas que se aportan son susceptibles de ser modificadas para su uso en contextos similares.
Los cuatro estratos de Roman Ingarden como fundamento teórico para el análisis de las traducciones literarias
Authors: Hermosillo López Alfredo
Published: January 2017

Resumen:

Este artículo analiza la teoría de los cuatro estratos del filósofo polaco Roman Ingarden. Tiene el propósito de mostrar que sus conceptos sobre la lectura activa y la obra de arte literaria, además de ser el punto de partida de los estudios de recepción desarrollados más ampliamente por Hans-Robert Jauss y Wolfgang Iser, pueden utilizarse como fundamento teórico para el análisis de traducciones literarias.

 

Abstract:

This article analyses the theory of the four strata proposed by the Polish philosopher Roman Ingarden. Its main purpose is to show that Ingarden’s concepts regarding the active reading and the literary work of art, besides from being the starting point of the literary reception studies, developed more widely by Hans-Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser, can also be used as a theoretical foundation for the analysis of literary translations.
El estudio de una opinion estadounidense desde la dimensión del género y su utilidad para la Traducción Jurídica
Authors: Vegara Fabregat Laura
Published: January 2017

Resumen

 

El estudio del género se revela a menudo como un paso necesario para la práctica de la traducción en general (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993; Borja, 2000; Munday, 2004; Alcaraz, Campos & Miguélez, 2001). En consecuencia, no es de extrañar que para las traducciones especializadas, como la jurídica, el análisis del género sea una herramienta previa básica. En el presente trabajo nos proponemos analizar de manera sucinta y desde la dimensión del género textual un género jurídico: una opinion o sentencia del Tribunal Supremo estadounidense. Este análisis nos mostrará algunas asimetrías de diverso tipo existentes entre ambas sentencias y pondrá de relieve algunos datos relevantes pertenecientes a la cultura jurídica de fondo en cada caso. Los aspectos derivados de dicho análisis pueden ser de interés para el traductor jurídico (trabaje o no con sentencias específicamente), el cual debe indagar en el texto que debe traducir para poder transmitir todos los matices tanto explícitos como implícitos (Orts, 2014).

 

Palabras clave: inglés jurídico, opinion, traducción jurídica, Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos.

 

 

Abstract

 

The study of the text genre is undoubtedly very relevant for the work of translators in general (Swales, 1990; Bhatia, 1993; Borja, 2000; Munday, 2004; Alcaraz, Campos & Miguélez, 2001). Thus, it is certainly essential when we are within a specialized area, such as the legal area. Our purpose here is to briefly analyse a legal genre, a US opinion, from the genre perspective. The analysis referred to will reveal interesting asymmetries between the two abovementioned types of document and will also provide an attractive insight into the mentioned American genre. The conclusions of the study may be of assistance for legal translators in general and for those working with judicial texts, amongst others.

 

Keywords: legal English, opinion, legal translation, U.S. Supreme Court.
The Endocrine System at a Glance: Problemas y técnicas de traducción en el capítulo Chemical Transmission
Authors: Villa Jiménez Rosalia
Published: January 2017

El discurso científico, en el que se enmarcan los textos médicos, persigue fines informativos, didácticos y comunicativos. Por ello, atiende a las siguientes particularidades: a) la veracidad, b) la precisión y c) la claridad (Navarro González, 2009). Sin embargo, persiste el uso de una sintaxis compleja, así como la utilización de elipsis, gerundios o incisos que pueden ser óbice para la comprensión del mensaje. En el presente trabajo se analizarán los principales problemas de traducción encontrados durante la actividad traductora del capítulo 2 del manual The Endocrine System At aGlance (2011), a los que se les dará solución mediante una determinada técnica de traducción (Hurtado Albir, 2011).
Borja Albi, Anabel, La traducción de los contratos internacionales desde la perspectiva del derecho comparado y la traductología.
Authors: Rodríguez Muñoz Maria Luisa
Published: January 2017

Reseña
Hervey, James. Meditaciones entre los sepulcros. Traducción de Mariano González Campo.
Authors: Martínez Ojeda Beatriz
Published: January 2017

Hervey, James. Meditaciones entre los sepulcros. Traducción de Mariano González Campo.
Stabilizing CO2 Foam by Use of Nanoparticles
Authors: Emrani Arezoo S. , Nasr-El-Din Hisham A.
Published: January 2017

Foamed fluids have been used for decades to diminish formation damage in nearly all kinds of reservoirs over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. Although water-based fluids are widely used in the oil industry as one of the most-economic hydraulic-fracturing methods, foam is another viable alternative to fracture water-sensitive reservoirs where damage to pore throats is caused by swelling clays or fines migration. CO2 foam not only reduces formation damage by minimizing the quantity of aqueous fluid that enters the formation, but also significantly improves sweep efficiency. Even though surfactant is commonly used to generate stable foam in high-temperature and high-salinity environments, such foam can degrade in these harsh conditions.

The main objective of this study is to improve the stability of CO2 foam by the use of a mixture of CO2/alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) solution with nanoparticles, guar gum, or viscoelastic surfactants (VESs). Foam stability is studied for various solutions by the use of a high-pressure view-chamber (HPVC) setup to find the optimal surfactant and nanoparticle concentration at which higher foam stability in the CO2 foam system can be reached.

In addition to surfactant and nanoparticle concentration, the effects of temperature, pressure, and salinity on foam stability were studied. Temperature ranged from 75 to 212°F, and pressure increased from atmospheric to 800 psi. AOS solutions were prepared with brine and surfactant concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 10 wt% of NaCl and zero to 1 wt% of AOS. Temperature and pressure had a negative effect on the foam stability when AOS solutions were used. However, nanoparticles improved the foam stability for AOS, AOS and guar gum, and AOS with VES solutions.
Fracture-Cross-Flow Equilibrium in Compositional Two-Phase Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Zidane Ali , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: January 2017

Compositional two-phase flow in fractured media has wide applications, including carbon dioxide (CO2) injection in the subsurface for improved oil recovery and for CO2 sequestration. In a recent work, we used the fracture-crossflow-equilibrium (FCFE) approach in single-phase compressible flow to simulate fractured reservoirs. In this work, we apply the same concept in compositional two-phase flow and show that we can compute all details of two-phase flow in fractured media with a central-processing-unit (CPU) time comparable with that of homogeneous media. Such a high computational efficiency is dependent on the concept of FCFE, and the implicit solution of the transport equations in the fractures to avoid the Courant-Freidricks-Levy (CFL) condition in the small fracture elements. The implicit solution of two-phase compositional flow in fractures has some challenges that do not appear in single-phase flow. The complexities arise from the upstreaming of the derivatives of the molar concentration of component i in phase α(cα,i) with respect to the total molar concentration (ci) when several fractures intersect at one interface. In addition, because of gravity, countercurrent flow may develop, which adds complexity when using the FCFE concept. We overcome these complexities by providing an upstreaming technique at the fracture/fracture interface and the matrix/fracture interface. We calculate various derivatives at constant volume V and temperature T by performing flash calculations in the fracture elements and the matrix domain to capture the discontinuity at the matrix/fracture interface. We demonstrate in various examples the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm in problems of various degrees of complexity in eight-component mixtures. In one example with 4,300 elements (1,100 fracture elements), the CPU time to 1 pore volume injection (PVI) is approximately 3 hours. Without the fractures, the CPU time is 2 hours and 28 minutes. In another example with 7,200 elements (1,200 fracture elements), the CPU time is 4 hours and 8 minutes; without fractures in homogeneous media, the CPU time is 2 hours and 53 minutes.
Development of 6-Benzyladenine as an Apple Thinner
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Crovetti Aldo J. , Pienaar Johan
Published: January 2017

The road from discovery through evaluation, field testing, and then marketing of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) is one of the most interesting and longest of any of the presently used plant growth regulators. Its ability to stimulate cell division in the calyx end of apples resulted in the development of a commercial product to elongate apples that also contained an equal amount of GA4+7. Abscission is not a physiological characteristic that is normally attributed to cytokinins. However, it was soon discovered that this proprietary product to elongate apples (Promalin®) could cause some thinning. Initially, it was assumed that the thinning was due to the GA4+7 component, since GAs were known to cause some apple fruit thinning. It was subsequently shown that 6-BA could cause apple fruit abscission. 6-BA was evaluated alone as an agent to stimulate lateral branch development on young apple trees. It was during this evaluation process that the potential of 6-BA as an apple thinner was recognized. Not only did it thin apples but it also increased fruit size and enhanced return bloom for a crop the following year. The first 6-BA product to be released as an apple thinner was not successful because it contained a small amount of GA4+7. It was not until several years later when an all 6-BA product was introduced that 6-BA was accepted and adopted by the apple industry as an important and impactful chemical thinner.
Gender Analysis of Labor and Resources in Greenhouse Vegetable Production in the Antalya Province of Turkey
Authors: Brumfield Robin G. , Ozkan Burhan
Published: January 2017

The aim of this study was to identify existing gender roles in greenhouse vegetable production in the Antalya Province of Turkey. For this purpose, we conducted face-to-face interviews with the owners of 50 vegetable-producing greenhouses to understand the dominant household structures, activity profiles, information sources, training needs, access to resources, control over resources, and intrahousehold income stream. Activity profiles reflected the hours per day men and women spent on specific greenhouse production and household tasks. We observed access to and control of production resources as well as intrahousehold income streams for the two genders. Compared with men, women had higher illiteracy rates and lower levels of education. They also had overall heavier workloads despite having similar workloads in the greenhouse (productive activities), the difference resulting from household (reproductive activities) which were carried out mainly by women. Women received most agricultural information from neighbors, while men obtained most information from chemical salespeople. Notably, men received some information from the agricultural extension service, but women did not. Women also had less access to and control over productive resources. Furthermore, the intrahousehold income streams in the selected households benefited men more than women. In this study, we compared differences among three independent demographic variables: the age of producers, the level of education of the producers, and years of experience farming against women’s ability to prepare the family budget, spend money without asking her spouse, purchase of agricultural inputs, and select which vegetables to produce. Statistically significant links were found between women’s age and ability to manage the family budget, education level and ability to make purchase decisions, and years of production experience and ability to select which vegetables to purchase. The results of this study provide evidence for an unequal social structure and show that efforts should be made to increase women’s access to and control of production resources, including information from the extension service.
Plant Growth Regulator Effects on In Vitro Propagation and Stevioside Production in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Röck-Okuyucu Bärbel , Bayraktar Meltem , Akgun Ismail Hakki , Gurel Aynur
Published: January 2017

Stevia rebaudiana is of great importance due to its steviol glycosides (SGs) which are natural sweeteners used by the food industry as well as having medicinal purposes. In the present study, the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and explant types on in vitro propagation and shoot growth of S. rebaudiana were studied, the effect of PGRs on SGs production was determined. For this purpose, nodal explants and shoot tip explants were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with cytokinins [6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kn), or thidiazuron (TDZ)] or cytokinins + auxins combinations [BA + indoleacetic acid (IAA); BA + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); Kn + IAA; Kn + NAA]. Although, the best shoot proliferation was obtained on WPM supplemented with BA + NAA combinations, shoots grown on PGR-containing media produced callus at the base of the shoots and showed chlorosis and necrosis. Additionally, shoots showed at all concentrations of TDZ, and at higher concentrations of BA, morphological changes such as malformed leaves and poor shoot growth. In contrast to PGR-containing media, on the PGR-free control medium, the development of shoots and roots occurred simultaneously and healthy and well-developed plantlets were obtained. Thus, we developed an economical viable means of in vitro propagation by minimizing the micropropagation steps and removing the requirement of PGRs. According to the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results, PGR-free control medium (WPM) led to considerably higher stevioside content in the leaves compared with the PGR(s)-containing media and the highest stevioside [34 mg·g−1 dry weight (DW)] and rebaudioside A content was only detected on the control medium without PGRs. Steviolbioside, rubusoside, and dulcoside A were detected qualitatively in the leaves of shoots grown on WPM supplemented with 2.27 μm TDZ, 4.54 μm TDZ, 2.22 μm BA + 2.69 μm NAA, 2.22 μm BA + 5.37 μm NAA, 2.32 μm Kn + 5.71 μm IAA, or 2.32 μm Kn + 2.69 μm NAA.
Regional Variation in Juice Quality Characteristics of Four Cider Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) Cultivars in Northwest and Central Washington
Authors: Alexander Travis Robert , King Jacqueline , Zimmerman Andrew , Miles Carol A.
Published: January 2017

In this study, four cider apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars, Brown Snout, Dabinett, Kingston Black, and Yarlington Mill, were collected from four orchards, two in northwest Washington and two in central Washington, to compare juice quality characteristics. Northwest Washington has a cool, humid summer climate (16.0 °C on average during this study) and is the origin of the state’s cider apple industry, while central Washington has a hot, dry summer climate (22.1 °C on average during this study) and is the center of the state’s dessert apple industry. Each year from 2012 to 2015, fruit of the four cultivars were harvested and stored at each orchard until they were collected. Fruit were pressed and the juice analyzed for five quality characteristics important to cider making: soluble solids concentration [SSC (%)], specific gravity (SG), pH, titratable acidity [TA, malic acid equivalent (g·L−1)], and tannin [tannic acid equivalent (%)]. Harvest dates and climate data were recorded annually for each orchard location. There were no significant differences in any of the juice quality characteristics due to region and no significant interaction of region, cultivar, and/or year. Results did show, as expected, a significant difference in all five juice characteristics due to cultivar. ‘Brown Snout’, ‘Dabinett’, and ‘Kingston Black’ were higher in SSC and SG than ‘Yarlington Mill’; ‘Dabinett’ had the highest pH and lowest TA while ‘Kingston Black’ had the lowest pH and highest TA; and tannin was highest in ‘Yarlington Mill’ and lowest in ‘Kingston Black’. There was also a difference in SG and tannin due to year; SG was lowest in 2013 while tannin was highest in 2012. The difference in SG from year to year may be a result of variable year-to-year storage time at each orchard before collection of fruit. The difference in tannin from year to year was likely due to climatic variation over the four years of this study. On average, growing degree days (GDD) increased 10% and chilling hours (CH) decreased 10% from 2012 to 2015 in both regions. Classification of the four cultivars included in this study differed from historical records at the Long Ashton Research Station (LARS) in England; in the current study, the four cultivars exhibited tannin levels below 0.20% and would not be classified as bitter, unlike their historical classification at LARS. Results from this study indicate that variations in juice quality characteristics occur between cultivars as expected and occur within a cultivar from year-to-year, but for the four cultivars included in this study variations did not occur due to production region in Washington.
Nutritional Quality of Field-grown Tomato Fruit as Affected by Grafting with Interspecific Hybrid Rootstocks
Authors: Djidonou Desire , Simonne Amarat H. , Koch Karen E. , Brecht Jeffrey K. , Zhao Xin
Published: January 2017

In this study, the effects of grafting with interspecific hybrid rootstocks on field-grown tomato fruit quality were evaluated over a 2-year period. Fruit quality attributes from determinate ‘Florida 47’ tomato plants grafted onto either ‘Beaufort’ or ‘Multifort’ rootstocks were compared with those from non- and self-grafted controls. Grafted plants had higher fruit yields than non- and self-grafted plants, and increased production of marketable fruit by ≈41%. The increased yield was accompanied by few major differences in nutritional quality attributes measured for these fruit. Although grafting with the interspecific rootstocks led to consistently small, but significant increases of fruit moisture (≈0.6%), flavor attributes such as total titratable acidity (TTA) and the ratio of soluble solids content (SSC) to TTA were not significantly altered. Among the antioxidants evaluated, ascorbic acid concentration was reduced by 22% in fruit from grafted plants, but significant effects were not evident for either total phenolics or antioxidant capacity as assayed by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Levels of carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein) were similar in fruit from grafted plants with hybrid rootstocks compared with non- and self-grafted controls. Overall, the seasonal differences outweighed the grafting effects on fruit quality attributes. This study showed that grafting with interspecific hybrid rootstocks could be an effective horticultural technique for enhancing fruit yield of tomato plants. Despite the modest reduction in ascorbic acid content associated with the use of these rootstocks, grafting did not cause major negative impacts on fruit composition or nutritional quality of fresh-market tomatoes.
Why Do We Need Misanthropology in Anthropology? An Exploratory Essay in Deliberating the Research Subfield
Authors: Žikić Bojan
Published: January 2017

Building up on Morson’s idea of misanthropology as the study of the cussedness of human nature I limit that notion to human social and cultural life, suggesting that misanthropology should be considered as misery inflicted upon humans by humans through mediation of society and culture. It is a plea for anthropological investigations into whatever is opposed either to our cultural notion of humanitas, or to what is considered as a virtue in any given social or cultural context. I argue that such context could be crucial in understanding of what is locally thought of as morally, good, or positive, as well of what is opposed to these, but also that any such particular conception should not prevent anthropologists from considering human suffering as an objective and not just contextually dependable fact.
Ethnography (and) Digital. In action
Authors: Vukanović Maša
Published: January 2017

Longitudinal research within Centre for Study in Cultural Development’s project “Cultural Participation and Cultural Heritage” was focused upon cultural participation of children in pre-schools and elementary schools but instead of publishing results decision was made to make electronic ethnographic database that contains documentation about programs that were successful in achieving active participation of children. Omnipresent in contemporary world new technologies are frequently taken for granted but creation of our database („Culture and other games for children“) showed that in the process very little goes without saying. Proces was in its core collaborative ethnography endavour and issues of collaboration included ones important for grasping interactions within digital ethnography. Aim of this paper is to talk about (not just write down) these issues as in the future mingling and balacing physical and virtual realities may be prominent for ethnography as well.
Our Most Holy Death: The phenomenon of the cult of Saint Death in Mexico
Authors: V. Košutić Radmilo
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this paper is brief presentation of  learning and development of the cult of Saint Death, and to indicate to the interest in anthropology and religious studies on this phenomenon that contributes to a better understanding of this interesting topic. It is certainly not an exhaustive study on this issue, but only a starting point for further, more comprehensive and interdisciplinary researches. The cult of Saint Death is increasingly popular, not only in Mexico but also in neighboring countries, such as Guatemala, El Salvador and the United States. The cult of Saint Death is already a social phenomenon which has yet to be systematically explored, especially as this syncretic religious system is very popular among the Mexican underworld: drug dealers, street vendors, taxi drivers, vendors, piracy, street children, prostitutes, pickpockets, criminal gangs and murderers.
Cover Crop Termination Timing is Critical in Organic Rotational No‐Till Systems
Authors: Keene C. L. , Curran W. S. , Wallace J. M. , Ryan M. R. , Mirsky S. B. , VanGessel M. J. , Barbercheck M. E.
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

Hairy vetch–triticale biomass peaked at early hairy vetch flowering but mechanical control was highest at late flowering to early pod set.

Cereal rye biomass peaked at late dough stage but optimal mechanical control was obtained between 50% anthesis and early milk stages.

Volunteer hairy vetch was problematic in Delaware and Maryland whereas volunteer cereal rye was problematic in Pennsylvania.

Volunteer cover crops resulting from incomplete termination with mechanical rolling can be problematic in subsequent crops and may impact the benefits of organic rotational no‐till.

Cover crop‐based rotational no‐till enables organic farmers to reduce labor and build soil health. In these systems, cover crops are terminated with a roller‐crimper and cash crops are direct‐seeded into the resulting mulch. A systems experiment was conducted at three Mid‐Atlantic locations to test how cover crop termination timing affects cover crop biomass production, control, and volunteers in subsequent crops during the transition to organic production. The annual crop rotation was hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) plus triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.)–corn (Zea mays L.)–cereal rye (Secale cereale L.)–soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using a full‐entry design. Cover crops were terminated based on growth stages designated Early, Intermediate, or Late. Hairy vetch–triticale and cereal rye biomass production exceeded 5000 kg ha−1 by Late termination in all site‐ years. Although hairy vetch–triticale biomass production peaked at early flowering of hairy vetch, control increased as termination was delayed. Hairy vetch regrowth and volunteer hairy vetch in subsequent soybean and winter wheat crops was lower in Late compared to Early termination treatments. Cereal rye biomass increased as termination was delayed but optimal control was achieved with Intermediate termination. Rolling cereal rye Early resulted in tillering and seed production whereas rolling Late allowed kernels to mature. Wheat grain contamination by volunteer hairy vetch ranged from 11 to 29% and by volunteer cereal rye from 3 to 11% at Maryland and Pennsylvania, respectively, demonstrating that minimizing cover crop seed production with strategic termination is critical in rotational no‐till.
Ammonia Volatilization, Rice Yield, and Nitrogen Uptake Responses to Simulated Rainfall and Urease Inhibitor
Authors: Dempsey Randy J. , Slaton Nathan A. , Norman Richard. J. , Roberts Trenton L.
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

Rainfall between preflood urea‐N application and flooding can be detrimental to rice grain yield.

Use of the NBPT reduces yield loss from N transformations facilitated by rainfall between the urea application and flooding.

Rainfall after urea application appears to reduce NH3 loss but enhance denitrification.

The effect of rainfall between urea application and flood establishment on rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield has not been studied. We compared the effects of simulated rainfall amount and N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) urease inhibitor rate on NH3 volatilization and rice growth. Three field experiments were conducted and NH3 volatilization was measured in two trials for 11 d after urea application (DAA). Untreated urea (Urea) or NBPT‐treated urea (NBPT‐Urea) was subjected to six simulated rainfall amounts (0–25.4 mm) applied 5 to 15 h after fertilizer application and flooded 7 to 12 DAA. Cumulative NH3 loss from Urea accounted for 8.6% of the applied N (112–118 kg N ha−1) with no simulated rainfall and decreased quadratically to 0.6% with 25.4 mm of simulated rainfall. Cumulative NH3 loss from NBPT‐Urea decreased quadratically as simulated rainfall amount increased but loss was 0.2 to 2.0% of the applied N. Depending on the site, yields of rice fertilized with Urea decreased linearly or nonlinearly as simulated rainfall increased with the greatest yield produced by rice receiving no simulated rainfall. The yields of rice fertilized with NBPT‐Urea were not affected by simulated rainfall amount in two trials. In the third trial, the yields of rice receiving NBPT‐Urea decreased nonlinearly as simulated rainfall amount increased but were 8.9 to 18.1% (746–1376 kg ha−1) greater than the yields of Urea‐fertilized rice. Rainfall following urea application reduces NH3 loss but appears to increase N loss via denitrification. Based on yield results, total N loss was reduced when urea was treated with NBPT.
Soil Waterlogging and Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Effects on Corn and Soybean Yields
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Zurweller Brendan A. , Nelson Kelly A. , Motavalli Peter P. , Dudenhoeffer Christopher J.
Published: January 2017

Core Ideas

Excessive soil moisture resulting from extreme precipitation events during early spring can often cause decreases in corn grain yields in the midwestern United States.

Each day of waterlogging resulted in an average corn grain yield loss of 0.42 Mg ha−1 and 0.72 Mg ha−1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively.

Pre‐plant N fertilizer applications of non‐coated urea; polymer coated urea, and non‐coated urea+nitrification inhibitor resulted in 19% higher yields compared to the non‐treated control in 2014.

Effects of rescue N fertilizer were seen on soybean yields in the succeeding year after corn, while rescue N affected corn yields only in 2014.

Climatic conditions including rainfall and air temperature had a significant role in crop response to waterlogging and N fertilizer treatments.

In the midwestern United States, excessive soil moisture resulting from extreme precipitation events during early spring can often cause decreases in corn (Zea mays L.) grain yields and escalate N loss. A field trial was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Northeast Missouri to determine the effects of soil waterlogging duration, pre‐plant N and rescue N fertilizer applications on corn and succeeding soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] production. Plots were either non‐flooded or flooded for durations of 1, 3, or 7 d when corn was at V6 growth stage. Pre‐plant N fertilizer treatments included non‐treated control (CO), urea (NCU), urea plus nitrapyrin (NCU+NI), and polymer coated urea (PCU) applied at 168 kg N ha−1. A rescue N fertilizer application of 0 or 84 kg N ha−1 of urea plus N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) (NCU+UI) was applied at V10 growth stage. Each day of waterlogging resulted in an average corn grain yield loss of 0.42 and 0.72 Mg ha−1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Pre‐plant N fertilizer applications of NCU, PCU, and NCU+NI resulted in 19% higher yields compared to CO in 2014. Effects of rescue N fertilizer were seen on soybean yields in the succeeding year after corn, while rescue N positively affected corn yields only in 2014. These results indicated that rescue N fertilizer applications are not effective if drought conditions occur after its application in corn. Climatic conditions including rainfall and air temperature had a significant role in crop response to waterlogging and N fertilizer treatments.
Comparison of Selection Efficiency for Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under Organic and Conventional Farming Conditions
Authors: Kokare Aina , Legzdina Linda , Maliepaard Chris , Niks Rients E. , Lammerts van Bueren Edith T.
Published: January 2017

The main objective of this research was to analyze whether selection under conventional conditions (indirect selection) is as effective as selection under organic conditions (direct selection) to develop varieties suitable for organic farming systems. Two F3 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) populations ‘Primus’/‘Idumeja’ (P/I) and ‘Anni’/‘Dziugiai’ (A/Dz) targeted for organic variety development were selected in two organically and two conventionally managed environments during F3 to F3:6. From there, the performance of the five best F3:6 lines selected in each of the four environments from each cross (in total, 40 lines) were compared at all four sites during two years. For obtaining varieties adapted to organic conditions for the P/I cross, it did not matter at which condition the selection was performed. For A/Dz, the best selection results in terms of yield, combined with other traits included for an organic ideotype, were achieved under well‐managed organic conditions. We conclude that direct and indirect selection in early breeding stages are equally suitable for the development of cultivars for organic conditions if (i) care is taken that selection considers not only yield, but also other traits important for organic growing conditions, (ii) selection is not performed under too stressful conditions, and (iii) testing in later stages of the breeding program is conducted under various organic farming conditions for the best recommended varieties for organic agriculture.
Utilizing High‐Throughput Phenotypic Data for Improved Phenotypic Selection of Stress‐Adaptive Traits in Wheat
Authors: Crain Jared , Reynolds Matthew , Poland Jesse
Published: January 2017

Efficient phenotyping methods are key to increasing genetic gain and precisely mapping genetic variation. Recent phenotyping developments have resulted in high‐throughput phenotyping platforms that utilize proximal sensing to simultaneously measure multiple physiological traits. However, there has been limited exploration of this high‐resolution, multiple phenotypic data. To address this, two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biparental populations were grown for 3 yr under two different treatments, drought and heat stress, at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico. The lines were evaluated at multiple time points throughout the growing season with “Phenocart,” a portable field phenotyping platform that integrates precision GPS, spectral reflectance, and thermal sensors. Both normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and canopy temperature (CT) were correlated to final grain yield. We found that broad‐sense heritability (H2) and correlation to yield for both NDVI and CT had a regular pattern over the growing season. The maximum correlation and H2 existed during mid‐grain‐fill stage, while correlations were low for early‐ and late‐season measurements. We also found that the H2 of CT on a given day was a good indication of how well that dataset correlated to yield. In addition, the temporal NDVI data from heading to senescence was modeled to evaluate stay‐green and senescence differences between lines. Based on the repeatable correlations, high‐throughput phenotyping platforms can be used to assist with indirect selection through rapid collection of physiological measurements compared with direct selection for grain yield alone.
Comparison of Hybridization Techniques in Chickpea
Authors: Stefaniak Thomas , McPhee Kevin
Published: January 2017

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flowers are difficult to hybridize. Optimizing hybridization techniques would improve breeding progress and enhance cultivar development efforts. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate four combinations of pollination methods in chickpea to give breeders insight into the usefulness of emasculating and/or hormone application to female flowers. The failure or successful generation of confirmed viable hybrids was the only response variable considered. The author made pollinations in two field environments and one greenhouse environment at Minot, ND, in 2014 and 2015. Results indicate that emasculation and hormone treatment do not improve manual hybridization in chickpea.
Occlusion and Severe Stenosis Identification in Arterial System
Authors: Abdessalem Khaled Ben , Saleh Ridha Ben
Published: January 2017

In the present work, an appropriate method allowing accurate determinations of the position of arterial severe stenosis and full obstruction in the arterial vessels has been developed. This method requires measurements of instantaneous flow velocity and arterial radius at two sites in the arterial tree. The accuracy of the present method for different hemodynamic conditions has been examined. Numerical simulation and Womersley theory of the present model have been investigated. Realistic condition of hemodynamic parameters with noise has been simulated. Also, the effects of stenosis severities and the sites of occlusion have been considered. The results of present work show the location of stenosis and occlusion can be obtained by reasonable accuracy.
Design and development of two degree of freedom model with PID controller for turning operation
Authors: Suresh Prabhu P. , Prathipa R. , Shanmugasundaram B.
Published: January 2017

The objective is to develop a two degree of freedom model with PID controller for turning process to reduce regenerative chatter with the aim of improving productivity, quality of surface finish, tool life and reducing environmental noise caused by chatter. A system model consists of a workpiece subsystem and a cutting tool subsystem. The workpiece subsystem consists of mass, stiffness and damper. The cutting tool subsystem consists of mass, stiffness and damper. A Piezo actuator and sensor was embedded into the tool holder. A Mechatronic system has been proposed and developed for reducing tool vibration in lathe tool during machining. It consists of electrical and mechanical components; the controller is designed to control the chatter that occurs between the tool and the workpiece. The controller is used to send a feedback to the actuator. The controller is designed so that it suppresses the settling time and dampens the tool. The effective cutting stiffness and effective cutting damping are modeled as a spring and damper during machining. The original response of the system is modeled using transfer function method. Their output responses were obtained using Mat lab software.
Analysis of free vibration of non-homogenous trapezoidal plate with 2D varying thickness and thermal effect
Authors: Sharma Ashish Kumar , Sharma Amit , Raghav A. K. , Kumar Vijay
Published: January 2017

The present of goal investigation is to study the effect of 2D linearly varying temperature on the vibrations of non-homogeneous trapezoidal plate whose thickness also varies linearly in both directions and density varies linearly in one direction. Boundary condition which is C-S-C-S with two term deflection is taken into consideration. Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to find the solution of the problem. The effect of other plate parameters such as non-homogeneity constant, taper constant and aspect ratios have also been studied. Results are calculated with accuracy and presented in tabular graphical form.
Adaptability evaluation of fully mechanized coal mining under the condition of typical coal seam
Authors: Wang Xin-feng , Ding Wen-zhi , Tan Guan-shuang
Published: January 2017

According to the characteristics of fully mechanized mining technique in thinner middle thick coal seam of Yuanzhuang coal mine, using the principle of fuzzy mathematics to build up the hierarchy analysis model of thinner middle thick coal seam mining technology of geological condition and comprehensive evaluation system. The influence factors and evaluation index of comprehensive evaluation model are obtained, the results can provide a theoretical basis and quantitative standard adaptability for thinner middle thick coal seam mining technology.
Strain modal analysis and fatigue residual life prediction of vibrating screen beam
Authors: Zhang Zerong
Published: January 2017

The displacement and strain modal analysis of vibrating screen beam is carried out, the results show that the relative deviation of the modal frequencies between intact and damaged beam is small, the displacement mode shapes of the damaged beam have no obvious variation, but the strain mode shapes have mutation peaks at the damaged location for the damaged beam. Therefore, a damage index is defined as the rate of strain modal change between damaged and intact beam. The rate of strain modal change increases with the increasing damage extent of the beam. The initial fatigue crack length is related to the damage extent of the beam; the fatigue crack propagation residual life of the beam is predicted by the Paris law. The results show that the rate of strain modal change is a sensitive and reliable damage index for indicating the damage location and damage extent. The predictions of the damage extent and the crack propagation residual life of the vibrating screen beam are beneficial to dynamic optimization design, which can improve the service life of the vibrating screen.
Piecewise constant control of a precise measurement platform
Authors: Maskeliūnas R. , Maskeliūnas V. , Pauliukas A. , Ragulskis L.
Published: January 2017

Control of a precise measurement platform is investigated in this paper. Piecewise constant control procedure on the basis of finite element in time and the method of least squares is proposed. It is demonstrated that the proposed technique can be used to follow not only a predetermined law of displacement variations, but also velocity variations. Computational experiments with a system comprising one degree of freedom are used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed technique.
Implementation of swarm algorithm in modeling a flexible beam structure
Authors: Ting Pek Eek Rickey , Mat Darus Intan Z. , Sahlan Shafishuhaza , Mohd Samin Pakharuddin , Shaharuddin Nik M. R
Published: January 2017

The application of System Identification techniques for modeling a flexible beam structure are presented in this paper. The flexible beam has been widely applied in various fields engineering and industrial. However, the flexible structure is easily influenced by unwanted vibration which may lead to fatigue, performance reduction and structure damage. Thus, the unwanted vibration must be controlled and reduced. In order to have a good controller performance for vibration suppression, an appropriate model of flexible beam is required. Hence, to obtain a model of the flexible beam structure, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are implemented in this study as System Identification techniques. The implementation of PSO and ABC requires experimental data input and output retrieved from data acquisition from a well-developed experimental test rig via MATLAB Simulink platform. Results obtained are displayed in graphical plots and numerical values. The predicted model is validated via mean square error (MSE) and correlation tests. To represent the dynamic model of the flexible beam structure, model with minimum MSE value and correlation test within 95 % confidence interval is selected as the best fit model. The result shows that PSO algorithm produces better performance compared to ABC algorithm with a 3rd order predicted model that has lowest MSE value and correlation tests within 95 % confidence interval for the beam system.
Application of empirical mode decomposition and Euclidean distance technique for feature selection and fault diagnosis of planetary gearbox
Authors: Li Haiping , Zhao Jianmin , Liu Jian , Ni Xianglong
Published: January 2017

Planetary gearbox plays an important role in large and complex mechanical equipment due to the advantage that it can provide larger transmission ratio in a compact space than fixed shaft gearbox. However, its fault diagnosis is a dilemma due to the special structure and harsh working conditions. This paper applies Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Euclidean Distance Technique (EDT) for planetary gearbox feature selection and fault diagnosis. EMD is a self-adaptive signal processing method that can be applied to non-linear and non-stationary signal and it can also get the aim of de-noising. EDT can give out the quantitative fault diagnosis result. And its theoretical knowledge is easy to understand. An intrinsic mode function (IMF) selection method based on energy ratio is proposed to select IMFs which include sensitive fault information. A two-stage feature selection and weighting method based on EDT is applied to get a new combinative feature and 36 feature parameters are extracted before this process. Then, the feature vector matrix of each raw signal can be computed out by extracting the new combinative feature from every IMF. Finally, the diagnosis result can be obtained through calculating the Euclidean Distance value between two feature vector matrixes. Namely, the health state of the tested signal is as same as the trained signal which the Euclidean Distance between them is the minimum. The performance of the proposed method is validated by experimental data and industrial data.
Analytical and experimental investigation on eigenfrequency-based damage diagnosis of cantilever beam
Authors: Yang Chong , Zhang Zhixu , Nong Shaoning , Zhu Changchun
Published: January 2017

This paper presents two eigenfrequency-based damage diagnosis methods in a cantilever beam. The analytical relationship has been established between the eigenfrequency and damage parameters, including relative damage location and severity. On the premise that pre-damaged eigenfrequencies are known, a diagnosis algorithm without requirement of material properties is proposed based on change ratios of the first three eigenfrequencies. If pre-damaged eigenfrequencies are unfeasible to be acquired, a three-contour method based on only post-damaged eigenfrequencies is introduced to estimate damage parameters. The uniqueness of solution is discussed. Both the numerical simulation by the finite element method and the experiment on real beams are conducted and result in a good agreement between actual damage parameters and calculated values by using the proposed methods.
Vibration and post-buckling of a functionally graded beam subjected to non-conservative forces
Authors: Li Qing Lu , Zhang Jing Hua
Published: January 2017

Vibration and post-buckling of beams made from functionally graded materials (FGM) subjected to uniformly and tangentially compressing follower forces are studied in this paper. Based on the accurately and geometrically nonlinear theory for extensible beams, the dynamic governing equations for FGM beams under non-conservative load are formulated. By using a shooting method to solve the non-linearly differential equations numerically, the responses of post-buckling and free vibration in the vicinity of post-buckling configuration are obtained, in which the hinged-fixed boundary conditions of beam are considered. Effects of material gradient parameter on the critical buckling, post-buckling and lower frequencies of the FGM beam are discussed in details.