bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Deep Azimuthal Electromagnetic Resistivity Technology and Rotary Steerable System for Geosteering Complex Sands of Bare Field in the Faja Petrolifera Del Orinoco, Venezuela
Authors: Machado Pedro Roberto , Rojas Carlos , Guzman Ruben , Ache Alberto , Soto Javier , Hazboun Nidal Khalil , Gonzalez Karin Gabriela
Published: October 2009

PDVSA Múcura District, jointly with the drilling department and the service companies, had been evaluating for several years the use of new technologies that facilitate reaching reservoirs with complex geologies (thin sands, uncertain dip changes, and unconsolidated sands) and improve overall operational efficiency.

Additionally, because of the high viscosity of the oil contained in the Bare field, it was necessary to apply thermal methods to increase recovery factor and achieve PDVSA's 20% target. In such thermal processes, the placement of the wells within the formation is very important, and the use of well placement techniques is expected.

Looking at demonstrating the benefits of the state-of-the-art technology available, specifically for Bare field, but generally for the heavy Orinoco oil belt, PDVSA carried out a pilot project in a thin and very unconsolidated package where a very high drilling rate (up to 1,000 ft/h instant rate) was expected.

The selected sand is named the TL sand, located in the Oficina formation of the Bare field, was initially planned for cold production, but expected the implementation of future thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.

Introduction

The Faja extraheavy oil belt in eastern Venezuela is one of the world's largest heavy oil accumulations, containing an estimated 1.3 trillion bbl of original oil in place, in which 300 billion bbl are considered recoverable oil.

The Orinoco oil belt is located on the southern margin of the eastern Venezuelan basin and runs along the north side of the Orinoco River for approximately 600 km in length and 90 km in width, totaling an area of 55,000 km2. The area is divided, from west to east, into four blocks: Boyaca, Junin, Ayacucho, and Carabobo.

To recover such reserves, PDVSA needed to explore and develop the reservoirs in an economical and efficient manner and increase the current recovery factor. The two major challenges found in the Orinoco belt are the development and exploration of thin sands and the current low recovery factors of approximately 3% expected by primary recovery.

From one side, thin sands in the Orinoco oil belt represent 30 to 40% of the oil in place, which is located in a deltaic sequence with sand thicknesses of less than 20 ft. This challenge is difficult to overcome with conventional technology. The thin sands have to connect larger sections of horizontal sand intervals by drilling geologically referenced trajectories.
The Performance of Mud Motors With Two Different Bend Housing on Drilling a Lateral Section of Horizontal Wells in North Dakota
Authors: Syahputra Andy , Blaschke Bill , Hudson Jerry
Published: October 2009

Drilling across two sections (10,000-ft laterals) in a horizontal well in the Middle Bakken formation of North Dakota offers challenges and opportunities for improved well-construction performance. The wells in this area were drilled with three different hole sections after setting the 16-in. conductor at 60 ft.

The first hole section was drilled 13 ½-in. vertical hole with fresh mud to the 9 #x215D;-in. casing set at +/− 2,000 ft and cemented to the surface. The second hole section was drilled 8 ¾-in. vertical hole with oil-based mud and built the curve to the 7-in. casing set at +/− 11,000 ft and cemented to a point above the Dakota formation. The curve was built at a 12 to 14° BUR to a landing point in the Middle Bakken target zone at approximately 90°. The last interval drilled was a 6-in. lateral-hole section, geosteering with mud motors, using two different bend settings of 1.15° ABH and 1.5° ABH. Wellbore stability in the Middle Bakken is not an issue when using a cut brine-produced fluid. Most of the wells were completed by installing 4 ½-in. liner with swell packers and ball-actuated stimulation ports without cementation.

The lesson learned on three offset wells in this area found that a bend setting of 1.15° has contributed to reduce tortuous well paths, controlled dogleg severity, and stayed in a very tight target interval while drilling the lateral section of 10,000 ft along the hole. The reduced spiraling saved countless hours of reaming requirements and allowed the Swellpacker→ liners to be run to TD without significant working. Drillstrings, bottomhole assembly (BHA), bits, the length of the lateral section of horizontal and drilling fluid were all considered.
Monitoring of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils Using Molecular Markers
Authors: Hamedo Hend A.
Published: October 2009

Technological application of essential oils, as natural antimicrobial agents, to reduce the effect of pathogenic
microorganisms, requires new methods of detection. The present work evaluated the parameters of antimicrobial activity
of the essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) on two pathogenic strains Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus. The MBC and MIC values were of 2.5, 25 μl ml-1, and values of 1.25 and 5 μl ml-1 for the two strains respectively. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for its potential
to establish antimicrobial effect of rosemary essential oil. For the preliminary assessment, this study compared the effects
occurring at molecular levels in E. coli and Staph. aureus exposed to rosemary essential oil at the MIC concentrations
for the two organisms. The qualitative modifications arising in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles
as a measure of DNA effects were compared with control which showed many differences. In conclusion, the measurement
of parameters at molecular levels is valuable for investigating the specific effects of agents interacting with DNA.
Prothrombin Gene G20210A Mutation in Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis Patients with Poor Response to Warfarin Therapy
Authors: Attia F.M. , Mikhailidis D.P. , Reffat S.A.
Published: October 2009

Aim: The pathogenesis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involves an interaction between hereditary and acquired factors. Prothrombin gene mutation is one of the hereditary risk factors. We evaluated the frequency of the prothrombin gene mutation in patients with DVT and its relation to oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy response.

Methods: Prothrombin gene mutation was looked for in 40 DVT patients with poor response to warfarin. The results were compared with 40 DVT patients with a normal response to warfarin and 30 healthy blood donors. Blood samples were also assessed for protein C, protein S, anti-thrombin III and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) levels.

Results: Prothrombin gene mutation was found in normal and poor DVT responders (6/40 and 13/40, respectively; p = NS) as well as in healthy controls (1/30). Patients with recurrent DVT or a family history of DVT were significantly (p<0.0001) more likely to have the prothrombin mutation than other DVT patients. Non prothrombin abnormalities (protein C, anti-thrombin III and ACA) were more common in poor responders than controls (p<0.0037) as were ACA (p<0.034).

Conclusions: Prothrombin gene mutation is present in several DVT patients, especially those with recurrent DVT or a family history of DVT. This mutation may contribute to a poor response to warfarin.
Assessing the Role of Individual and Neighbourhood Characteristics in HIV Testing: Evidence from a Population Based Survey
Authors: Singh Setia Maninder , Quesnel-Vallee Amelie , Curtis Sarah , Lynch John
Published: October 2009

Background:

Individuals living in deprived neighbourhoods have poor health outcomes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection mortality. We assessed the association between individual and neighbourhood characteristics, and HIV testing across Canada.

Methods:

We used logistic regression modelling to evaluate this association in 2219 men and 2815 women, aged 18-54 years, in Canada, using data from the National Population Health Survey (1996/7),. Socio-economic characteristics and presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) were the individual level characteristics. Small area of residence was classified according to categories of material and social deprivation; these were the ’neighbourhood’ variables in the model.

Results:

Ethnic minority women were less likely to report an HIV test than white women (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.86). Women without a regular doctor were significantly less likely to report ever having had an HIV test (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.93). Adjusting for individual level characteristics, we found that men and women living in the most materially deprived neighbourhoods were slightly less likely to report HIV testing than those living in the least deprived neighbourhoods (Men - OR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.08; Women - OR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.00).

Discussion:

Thus, living in poor neighbourhoods was associated with poor uptake of an HIV test. These economic disparities should be taken in account while designing future prevention strategies. Ethnic minority women were less likely to go for HIV testing and culturally appropriate messages may be required for prevention in ethnic minorities.
The Roles of Excitatory Amino Acids and Cytokines in Morphine Tolerance: Effect of Tricyclic Antidepressant Amitriptylin
Authors: Tai Yueh-Hua , Liaw Wen-Jinn , Tao Yuan-Xiang , Wong Chih-Shung
Published: October 2009

Morphine is an effective analgesic in clinical practice; however, its long-term administration causes tolerance, thereby limiting its use. The development of opioid tolerance and its associated hyperalgesia has been associated with interactions between opioid receptors and excitatory amino acids or cytokines. Targeted inhibition of excitatory amino acid- and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways may allow development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating opioid tolerance. Recent studies showed that administration of amitriptyline (a tricyclic antidepressant widely used in the treatment of neuropathic pain) attenuated morphine tolerance and preserved the antinociceptive effect of morphine. This ability might be related to the effects of tricyclic antidepressants on pro-inflammatory cytokine release and glutamate transporter expression in dorsal horn during morphine tolerance. Here, we will review evidence for the role of excitatory amino acids and cytokines in the development of morphine tolerance and discuss potential mechanisms by which tricyclic antidepressants attenuate morphine tolerance.
Effects of intra-arterial heparin on cytokine levels in the ischemic tissue
Authors: Karapolat Sami , Erkut Bilgehan
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic and intra-arterial application of heparin by measuring tissue levels of inflammatory cytokines. Twenty-one adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups (Group A, B and C). All the rats had undergone ligation of the right femoral artery with 4-0 silk suture to induce limb ischemia. Group A was the control group. In Group B, unfractionated heparin of 1500 U/kg/day was given through the tail vein for 10 days, the same dose was given to distal part of ligated right femoral artery for 10 days in Group C. On the 3rd, 5th, and 10th days, biopsies were taken from rectus femoris muscle on the ischemic extremities. Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and vascular cell adhesion molecule levels in muscle tissue were measured by a standard enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method. An increase in tumor necrosis factor-α level was found in all three groups throughout the duration of the experiment. The increase in Group C was statistically significant as compared with the other groups. The significant increases that occurred in tumor necrosis factor-α level as a result of intra-arterial application of heparin can be postulated to be one of the results of angiogenesis induced by the heparin in ischemic extremities. This might delay the formation of a necrosis in ischemic extremities, depending on the increased angiogenesis response by means of intra-arterial heparin application and may result in extended vitality of an extremity.
Nosocomial infections and risk factors in intensive care unit of a university hospital in Turkey
Authors: Ozer Burcin , Tatman-Otkun Muserref , Memis Dilek , Otkun Metin
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the types nosocomial infections (NIs) and the risk factors for NIs in the central intensive care unit (ICU) of Trakya University Hospital. The patients admitted to the ICU were observed prospectively by the unit-directed active surveillance method based on patient and the laboratory over a 9-month-period. The samples of urine, blood, sputum or tracheal aspirate were taken from the patients on the first and the third days of their hospitalization in ICU; the patients were cultured routinely. Other samples were taken and cultured if there was suspicion of an infection. Infections were considered as ICU-associated if they developed after 48 hours of hospitalization in the unit and 5 days after discharge from the unit if the patients had been sent to a different ward in the hospital. The rate of NIs in 135 patients assigned was found to be 68%. The most common infection sites were lower respiratory tract, urinary tract, bloodstream, catheter site and surgical wound. Hospitalization in ICU for more than 6 days and colonization was found to be the main risk factor for NIs. Prolonged mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy, as well as frequently changed nasogastric catheterization, were found to be risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections. For bloodstream infections, both prolonged insertion of and frequent change of arterial catheters, and for urinary tract infections, female gender, period and repeating of urinary catheterization were risk factors. A high prevalence rate of nosocomial infections was found in this study. Invasive device use and duration of use continue to greatly influence the development of nosocomial infection in ICU. Important factors to prevent nosocomial infections are to avoid long hospitalization and unnecessary device application. Control and prevention strategies based on continuing education of healthcare workers will decrease the nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit.
Gossypiboma mimicking a distal pancreatic mass: Report of a case
Authors: Yakan Savas , Oztürk Safak , Harman Mustafa , Tekesin Oktay , Coker Ahmet
Published: October 2009

Gossypiboma (retained surgical sponge) is a pseudotumor within the body that is composed of non-absorbable surgical material with a cotton matrix. Because the symptoms of gossypiboma usually are nonspecific and may appear years after surgery, the diagnosis of gossypiboma may be difficult because the condition may mimic a benign or malignant soft-tissue tumour in the abdomen and pelvis. A 61-year-old woman with a one-year history of left upper-quadrant pain and weight loss was referred to our center. She had undergone peptic ulcer perforation 23 year ago. Physical examination revealed dullness and palpable mass in the left upper abdomen. On examination by computed tomography (CT), a hypodense mass of 12 cm in diameter between the greater curvature of the stomach, pancreas, and splenic hilus was detected. Upon exploration, a mass lesion of 10 cm in diameter was detected between the greater curvature of the stomach and splenic hilus, which caused dense adhesions not in communication with the pancreas. It was excised and a splenectomy was performed. After a macroscopic examination, the mass lesion was diagnosed as gossypiboma. Although ultrasonography (US), CT, angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to diagnose gossypiboma, definitive diagnosis is possibile only upon surgery or histopathological examination. As a result, when an abdominal mass is observed, surgeons should carefully investigate the patient’s past surgical history while taking the possibility of gossypiboma into consideration.
On some classes of state-morphism MV-algebras
Authors: Nola Antonio , Dvurečenskij Anatolij
Published: October 2009

Flaminio and Montagna recently introduced state MV-algebras as MV-algebras with an internal notion of a state. The present authors gave a stronger version of state MV-algebras, called state-morphism MV-algebras. We present some classes of state-morphism MV-algebras like local, simple, semisimple state-morphism MV-algebras, and state-morphism MV-algebras with retractive ideals. Finally, we describe state-morphism operators on m-free generated MV-algebras, m < ∞.
More on the APLE statistic
Authors: Reder Markus , Müller Werner
Published: October 2009

The exact distribution of the APLE statistic for testing spatial dependencies is derived. Examples are given to compare with the more common Moran’s $$
\mathcal{I}
$$ statistic.
On the regularization of singular c-optimal designs
Authors: Pronzato Luc
Published: October 2009

We consider the design of c-optimal experiments for the estimation of a scalar function h(θ) of the parameters θ in a nonlinear regression model. A c-optimal design ξ* may be singular, and we derive conditions ensuring the asymptotic normality of the Least-Squares estimator of h(θ) for a singular design over a finite space. As illustrated by an example, the singular designs for which asymptotic normality holds typically depend on the unknown true value of θ, which makes singular c-optimal designs of no practical use in nonlinear situations. Some simple alternatives are then suggested for constructing nonsingular designs that approach a c-optimal design under some conditions.
Interval estimation of the mean of a normal distribution based on quantized observations
Authors: Witkovský Viktor , Wimmer Gejza
Published: October 2009

We consider the problem of making statistical inference about the mean of a normal distribution based on a random sample of quantized (digitized) observations. This problem arises, for example, in a measurement process with errors drawn from a normal distribution and with a measurement device or process with a known resolution, such as the resolution of an analog-to-digital converter or another digital instrument. In this paper we investigate the effect of quantization on subsequent statistical inference about the true mean. If the standard deviation of the measurement error is large with respect to the resolution of the indicating measurement device, the effect of quantization (digitization) diminishes and standard statistical inference is still valid. Hence, in this paper we consider situations where the standard deviation of the measurement error is relatively small. By Monte Carlo simulations we compare small sample properties of the interval estimators of the mean based on standard approach (i.e. by ignoring the fact that the measurements have been quantized) with some recently suggested methods, including the interval estimators based on maximum likelihood approach and the fiducial approach. The paper extends the original study by Hannig et al. (2007).
Intraspecific Variation in Commiphora wightii Populations Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) Sequences of rDNA
Authors: Haque Inamul , Bandopadhyay Rajib , Mukhopadhyay Kunal
Published: October 2009

Commiphora wightii is an endangered, endemic species found in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India and adjoining areas of Pakistan. The populations of this plant are rapidly dwindling due to overexploitation for their medicinally important resin. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNAs revealed low genetic diversity (π = 0.03905; θw = 0.05418) and high population structure (ϕST = 0.206). Parsimony based assessment and Bayesian analyses were conducted on the dataset. Mantel’s test showed a statistically significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance (r2 = 0.3647; p = 0.023). Anthropogenic overexploitation of C. wightii for its natural resources has resulted in population fragmentation. Initiatives should be taken immediately to preserve the diversity of this important plant species.
2,6-Bis(9-ethyl-9H-carbazolylmethylene)cyclohexanone
Authors: Asiri Abdullah , Khan Salman
Published: October 2009

The title compound, 2,6-bis(ethyl-9-ethyl-9H-carbazolylmethylene)cyclohexanone has been synthesized by condensation of 9-ethylcarbazole-3-aldehyde and cyclohexanone in ethanol in the presence of pyridine. The structure of this new compound was confirmed by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS spectral analysis.
A Polarizer-Free Electro-Optical Switch Using Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Gels
Authors: Lin Yi-Hsin , Lin Hung-Chun , Yang Jhih-Ming
Published: October 2009

We demonstrate a polarizer-free electro-optical switch using dye-doped liquid crystal (LC) gels. The mechanism of dye-doped LC gels mainly involves the combination of polymer scattering and dye absorption. However, the domain size of polymer networks, dye concentration, LC concentration, and fabrication process can all affect the phase separation process and thus result in dye-doped LC gels with different electro-optical performance. We have studied experimentally the factors which can affect the dye-doped LC gels. The potential applications for dye-doped LC gels are flexible displays and electrically tunable light shutters.
Silibinin Suppresses TNF-α-Induced MMP-9 Expression in Gastric Cancer Cells through Inhibition of the MAPK Pathway
Authors: Kim Sangmin , Choi Min Gew , Lee Hye Sook , Lee Se Kyung , Kim Sung Hoon , Kim Wan Wook , Hur Sung Mo , Kim Jung-Han , Choe Jun-Ho , Nam Seok Jin , Yang Jung-Hyun , Kim Sung , Lee Jeong Eon , Kim Jee Soo
Published: October 2009

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines highly expressed in Helicobacter pylori that inhibits gastric acid secretion. In this study we determined the effect of silibinin on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression in gastric cancer cell lines. MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression was dose-dependently increased by TNF-α in SNU216 and SNU668 gastric cancer cells. On the other hand, TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression was dose-dependently suppressed by silibinin. To verify the regulatory mechanism of silibinin on TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression, the gastric cancer cell lines were pretreated with silibinin prior to TNF-α. TNF-α-induced MMP-9 expression was inhibited by the MEK1/2 specific inhibitor, UO126. Finally, we investigated the effect of adenoviral constitutively active (CA)-MEK and CA-Akt on MMP-9 expression. The expression of MMP-9 was significantly increased by CA-MEK overexpression, but not by CA-Akt overexpression. Taken together, we suggest that silibinin down-regulates TNF-α- induced MMP-9 expression through inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway in gastric cancer cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Chiral Metal-Salen Complexes Bearing a Ferrocenophane Substituent
Authors: Patti Angela , Pedotti Sonia , Ballistreri Francesco  Paolo , Sfrazzetto Giuseppe  Trusso
Published: October 2009

The C2-symmetrical “salen” ligand (+)-9 bearing two [5]ferrocenophane substituents has been prepared in five steps starting from readily available diacetylferrocene, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and (R,R)-N,N’-diphenylethylenediamine. Reaction of (+)-9 with Mn(OAc)3, Co(OAc)2 ZnEt2 or UO2(OAc)2 gave the corresponding metal-complexes which were characterised by spectroscopic methods.
Towards the Synthesis of Inosine Building Blocks for the Preparation of Oligonucleotides with Hydrophobic Alkyl Chains Between the Nucleotide Units
Authors: Köstler Karl , Rosemeyer Helmut
Published: October 2009

The scientific objective of the research reported in this manuscript was the synthesis of novel phosphoramidite building blocks for the preparation of lipophilic oligonucleotides. Reaction of inosine (4) with 4-oxopentyl-4-methylbenzoate (2c) in the presence of triethyl orthoformate and 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane gave a diastereoisomeric mixture of the ketals 5. Subsequent 4,4’-dimethoxytritylation at the 5’-hydroxyl afforded (R)-6 + (S)-6 which could be separated chromatographically. Detoluoylation gave compounds (R)-7 and (S)-7. Phosphitylation of a diastereoisomeric mixture of 7 led to a mixture of four diastereoisomers of the corresponding 2-cyanoethylphosphoramidites 8.
Forming Glasses from Se and Te
Authors: Bureau Bruno , Boussard-Pledel Catherine , Lucas Pierre , Zhang Xianghua , Lucas Jacques
Published: October 2009

Despite being close neighbors on the Periodic Table, selenium and tellurium present a totally different abilities to form glasses. Se is a very good glass former, and gives rise to numerous glass compositions which are popular for their transparency in the infrared range and their stability against crystallization. These glasses can be shaped into sophisticated optical devices such as optical fibers, planar guides or lenses. Nevertheless, their transparencies are limited at about 12 μm (depending on the thickness of the optical systems) due to the relatively small mass of the Se element. On the other hand, tellurium is heavier and its use in substitution for Se permits to shift the IR cutoff beyond 20 μm. However, the semimetallic nature of Te limits its glass formation ability and this glass family is known to be unstable and consequently has found application as phase change material in the Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) technology. In this paper, after a review of selenide glasses and their applications, it will be shown how, in a recent past, it has been possible to stabilize tellurium glasses by introducing new elements like Ga or I in their compositions.
A Galvanic Sensor for Monitoring the Corrosion Condition of the Concrete Reinforcing Steel: Relationship Between the Galvanic and the Corrosion Currents
Authors: Pereira Elsa  Vaz , Figueira Rita  Bacelar , Salta Maria M. Lemos , Da Fonseca Inês T Elias
Published: October 2009

This work reports a study carried out on the design and performance of galvanic and polarization resistance sensors to be embedded in concrete systems for permanent monitoring of the corrosion condition of reinforcing steel, aiming to establish a correlation between the galvanic currents, Igal, and the corrosion currents, Icorr, estimated from the polarization resistance, Rp. Sensors have been tested in saturated Ca(OH)2 aqueous solutions, under a variety of conditions, simulating the most important parameters that can accelerate the corrosion of concrete reinforcing steel, such as carbonation, ingress of chloride ions, presence or absence of O2. For all the conditions, the influence of temperature (20 to 55 ºC) has also been considered. From this study, it could be concluded that the galvanic currents are sensitive to the various parameters following a trend similar to that of the Rp values. A relationship between the galvanic and the corrosion current densities was obtained and the limiting values of the Igal, indicative of the state condition of the reinforcing steel for the designed sensor, were established.
Adaptive Sensing Based on Profiles for Sensor Systems
Authors: Ishida Yoshiteru , Tokumitsu Masahiro
Published: October 2009

This paper proposes a profile-based sensing framework for adaptive sensor systems based on models that relate possibly heterogeneous sensor data and profiles generated by the models to detect events. With these concepts, three phases for building the sensor systems are extracted from two examples: a combustion control sensor system for an automobile engine, and a sensor system for home security. The three phases are: modeling, profiling, and managing trade-offs. Designing and building a sensor system involves mapping the signals to a model to achieve a given mission.
Formation and Control of Self-Sealing High Permeability Groundwater Mounds in Impermeable Sediment: Implications for SUDS and Sustainable Pressure Mound Management
Authors: Antia David D. J.
Published: October 2009

A groundwater mound (or pressure mound) is defined as a volume of fluid dominated by viscous flow contained within a sediment volume where the dominant fluid flow is by Knudsen Diffusion. High permeability self-sealing groundwater mounds can be created as part of a sustainable urban drainage scheme (SUDS) using infiltration devices. This study considers how they form, and models their expansion and growth as a function of infiltration device recharge. The mounds grow through lateral macropore propagation within a Dupuit envelope. Excess pressure relief is through propagating vertical surge shafts. These surge shafts can, when they intersect the ground surface result, in high volume overland flow. The study considers that the creation of self-sealing groundwater mounds in matrix supported (clayey) sediments (intrinsic permeability = 10–8 to 10–30 m3 m–2 s–1 Pa–1) is a low cost, sustainable method which can be used to dispose of large volumes of storm runoff (
Fonction d'offre, approche dynamique
Authors: Petit Michel
Published: October 2009

In spite of numerous research efforts on agricultural supply, this function is still poorly \noWn. Recent theoretical developments indicate that a fruitful approach to the study of supply may be the attempt to explain resource allocation to a given enterprise.

In the second part of the article results of one of our research studies done in the U.S. are used to the hypothesis. The objectives were to specify the factors influencing feed-grain, beef and por\ production and to measure their effect. An econometric model was built for that purpose. Its coefficients were estimated on the basis of time series data.

The limitations due to the method used are first discussed, then it is shown how important resource fixation mecanismus are for the dynamics of supply. A better understanding of the influence of expected prices can be reached.
Répercussions sur les marchés viticoles de l'évolution en cours dans le secteur commercial
Authors: Montigaud J.-C.
Published: October 2009

Après avoir rappelé les grands traits de l'évolution du commerce alimentaire l'auteur se propose d'en analyser les répercussions sur le marché du vin. Il examine la demande et sa répartition géographique en insistant sur les centres de décision : l'un d'eux, le «négociant destinataire» joue un rôle prépondérant. L'étude de l'offre constituée par la production brute et la transformation est volontairement limitée à la description de deux phénomènes étroitement dépendants : l'intégration horizontale et l'intégration verticale. Ce double phénomène intervenant à tous les stades du marché depuis la production jusqu'à la commercialisation au détail, les répercussions observées augmentent au fur et à mesure que l'on va du producteur au consommateur. Si le mouvement d'intégration de la demande s'accélère, celui de l'offre reste stationnaire, d'où un bouleversement des structures de la commercialisation et la domination de l'offre par la demande.

En conclusion, l'auteur esquisse quelques schémas d'évolution susceptibles de se réaliser dans l'avenir.
Essai d'ajustement de fonctions de production globale à un groupe d'exploitations anglaises
Authors: Courtois B.
Published: October 2009

Taking his inspiration from an English study by Dr Knud Rasmussen, at the time head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Nottingham, the author of this article gives a feu) precise details about the production functions used in agriculture.

The author insists upon the econometric difficulties encountered when adjusting an aggregate production function, derived from accounts of a homogeneous group of farms.

Such research may lead to general useful data (production outlook, necessity of an intensified use of a particular input).
Le problème de la viande
Authors: Sauzin A.
Published: October 2009

At a time when, on account of a relative shortage of meat, our attention is drawn to the meat problems, the author has considered it useful to search objectively for efforts and concessions that might bring a solution.

The meat producer wishes to enhance the prices, but that may discourage the consumer.

The expenses that encumber the meat processing and distribution seem exhorbitant. The failure of the experiment with short marketing channels should be explained and the economic « recovery » which would be the result of the reform of the marketing channels should be put into figures. In the present production hypothesis, the breeder remain exposed to technical, economic and social constraints more important ' than those of corn producers, although their income is lower.

Does this mean that the breeding activity will progressively disappear ? The fact that certain areas remain unsuitable for cultivation, together with the power of a certain tradition, will delay this disappearing. But it is no doubt inevitable, unless an evolution — or even a revolution — of the regular techniques and changes of the marketing conditions brings a higher productivity and a better security that can be compared with those of the corn sector.
L'investigation psychosociologique en milieu rural
Authors: Thomine-Desmazures Micheline
Published: October 2009

Dans la première partie de ce document nous avons essayé de présenter les problèmes méthodologiques de l'enquête en milieu rural et l'ensemble des observations empiriques faites jusqu'ici par les chercheurs qui ont utilisé l'entretien ou les méthodes projectives. Puis nous avons abordé le problème de la validité des catégories employées pour qualifier le matériel recueilli en cours d'enquête. A propos de l'opinion nous nous sommes demandé si le niveau atteint par l'investigation ne dépendait pas des conditions d'expression de l'opinion et du niveau de formulation de ces opinions.

Enfin, nous avons montré comment nos expériences de travail en milieu rural nous ont amenés à nous poser des questions sur le langage, ses formes, ses rôles et son apprentissage.

Nous avons trois hypothèses :

1° — Le contexte de vie et le métier des ruraux ont-ils une incidence particulière sur le développement de l'intelligence ?

2° — Le schéma du processus de décision peut-il varier ?

3° — Peut-on dire (dans la terminologie de Riesmann) que la culture rurale traditionnelle est centrée sur la tradition et autrui et non sur la personnalité ?
L'évolution récente d'une communauté rurale : le canton de Nozeroy (Jura)
Authors: Dion Michel
Published: October 2009

L'étude sociologique du canton de Nozeroy permet de dégager deux types de rapports fondamentaux entre l'homme et les éléments naturels : ses rapports avec le bois et avec la vache.

Sur la base de ces rapports se sont érigées deux organisations sociales complémentaires dont l'une, le voiturage, n'a pas survécu à l'introduction du moteur à explosion dans le débardage et le transport du bois de coupe. Par contre, jusqu'à présent, la fruitière a su intégrer les techniques nouvelles de fabrication du Comté.

Compte-tenu de cette situation, le présent article s'attache à préciser les attitudes contradictoires des paysans devant le progrès technique : elles ressortent à la fois du traditionalisme (c'est le groupe qui décide) et de l'individualisme.
Projection du nombre d'exploitations à l'aide de chaînes de Markov
Authors: Krenz Ronald D.
Published: October 2009

Les processus de Markov ont d'abord été appliqués, en ce qui concerne l'économie, aux problèmes des structures relatives, par exemple pour l'analyse des distributions de revenus et de salaires. L'évolution de telles distributions dans le temps était un premier pas vers une projection. L'analyse contenue dans ce texte entreprend un pas de plus en exposant une méthode de projection de nombres absolus à partir d'une base marko- vienne convenablement modifiée. Cette nouvelle étape représente à la fois un enrichissement et un affaiblissement ; affaiblissement parce que les hypothèses nécessaires nous éloignent considérablement de la réaction, mais enrichissement parce que cette technique répond à un champ plus vaste de besoins manifestes.
Rente foncière et revenus dans le modèle capitaliste de croissance
Authors: Rullière Gilbert
Published: October 2009

L'histoire de la pensée économiques connu de très nombreuses discussions au sujet de la rente foncière. Au XXème siècle, la plupart des auteurs considèrent cette rente comme i négligeable, parce qu'elle ne représente qu'une fraction minime du revenu national. Cette baisse de la rente foncière est attribuée à l'intensification générale de la production et à une moindre utilisation du facteur terre.

Cependant, l'observation récente d'un mouvement général de hausse des prix des terres, et surtout l'accroissement des usages non agricoles de la terre, incitent à s'interroger sur la validité de cette analyse. L'ampleur contemporaine de ces deux phénomènes conduit à remettre en question les données de l'analyse. En effet, les thèses relatives au déclin du rôle de la terre et de sa rémunération dans la croissance ignorent la place prise par les usages non agricoles.

Ce mouvement est-il durable, quelles . sont ses conséquences quant au niveau et au partage de la rente foncière? Incontestablement, l'analyse est devenue plus complexe : ces emprises extérieures compliquent la tâche: des agriculteurs (dont les exploitations sont souvent, désorganisées) d'un autre côté, à la suite de l'apparition de nouveaux comportements, l'analyse de la rente foncière doit être complétée par celle des plus-values du capital.
La formation des prix d'achat et des fermages pour Ses fonds de terre agricole
Authors: von Randow W.
Published: October 2009

En République Fédérale Allemande comme dans toute l'Europe occidentale, le marché foncier présente les mêmes caractéristiques : hausse des prix, diminution de la valeur d'échange de la terre.

Analysant tour à tour valeur de rendement, valeur courante, ainsi que leurs relations et les mobiles de fixation des prix, l'auteur s'interroge sur la meilleure solution pour agrandir les entreprises agricoles : achat, ou location ?
Un problème crucial : le financement des acquisitions de terre
Authors: Michaux  , Vignaud M. , Cottenceau J.-C.
Published: October 2009

The Farm Credit Association in the Orne area is making a survey in order to study the following questions : Who buys land, how are these purchase* financed and under which circumstances can the Farm Credit Association intervene ? An analysis of some concret cases emphasizes the difficulty of both forming a sufficient wording capital and obtaining land.
Où en est-on des projets de Sociétés d'investissement foncier
Authors: Estrangin Louis
Published: October 2009

The micro and macro rural investment corporations aim to lighten the land cost for the farmers. Though often still at the planning stage, they have had to face a strong opposition.

Through an appropriate structuring, recourse to savings, laws and tax regulations, these corporations will be able to pass the experimental stage and attain real efficiency.
Les groupements agricoles fonciers familiaux
Authors: Marsaux Pierre
Published: October 2009

The author suggest the institution oj family associations in order to avoid the splitting up of a farm in case of inheritance. This solution with its advantages and disadvantages seems to correspond to a necessity.
La mise en œuvre d'une SAFER : le cas du Languedoc-Roussillon
Authors: Granier Marcel
Published: October 2009

The first SAFER, created in an expanding area and with the advantage of an important land market, reports the encouraging results of its activities : purchase, improvement and redistribution.
Réflexion sur l'expérience des SAFER
Authors: Madec J.
Published: October 2009

The SAFER were created in France between 1961 and 1964, and are the instrument that is in charge of changing and transforming land structures in order to adapt them to the needs of a modern expanding economy. One of the most interesting aspects consists of observing how these societies have penetrated into the French technical, economic, sociological and political context; what wording methods they are using, what their outlook for further development is. The author suggests answers to these questions.

Praised by some, fought by others, 29 societies have been set up in the course of only three years; they cover the whole national territory except for seven « départements ». Their organization is flexible : it brings together the representatives of farmers' associations and of the gouvernment service. These societies are non profit limited-liability companies which buy land freely put up for sale, improve it and resell it to farmers in order to increase the size of too small farms. Since the beginning 60.941 hectares have been acquired, of which 30.260 hectares Were acquired in 1964. The rôle of the SAFER is still small but is growing rapidly. Working methods have been developed to guide these interventions.

The spontaneous and anarchic evolution of the land structures resulting from an important rural exodus, should be guided and canalized in order to avoid excesses of the « Grapes of Wrath » type or of poverty-stricken resignation. The SAFER are the first institution created in France to work towards this aim or with the hope of attaining it.
Evolution et avenir des femmes rurales
Authors: Grégoire Ménie
Published: October 2009

L'évolution des femmes rurales, tardive, est d'autant plus brutale.. Quelle sera leur place dans une agriculture de plus en plus industrialisée ?

Un enseignement spécialisé saura-t-il leur assurer un avenir, agricole ou non ?
Grandes firmes interterritoriales et recherche privée : l'exemple de l'industrie de la conserve aux Etats-Unis
Authors: Mainié Philippe
Published: October 2009

Il n'est pas facile de pénétrer dans le peloton de tête des grandes entreprises, même lorsque leur activité porte sur un secteur en expansion comme celui de la conserve des fruits et légumes.

Quelles sont les chances de survie de la première grande coopérative d'agriculteurs récemment créée en Californie ? Diversif iera-t-elle i ses activités et ses implantations, développera-t-elle la recherche, activité clef, autant que les géants du secteur privé ?

En un mot, les agriculteurs, rivés à leur territoire, peuvent-ils espérer par leurs coopératives prendre place parmi les leaders des firmes d'amont ou d'aval, qui prolongent leur activité propre ?
Les changements qualitatifs dans l'alimentation et leurs répercussions sur l'agriculture s l'expérience des Etats-Unis
Authors: C. Burk Marguerite
Published: October 2009

Aux Etats-Unis, la qualité des produits agricoles s'est améliorée. La demande s'est déplacée vers des articles plus raffinés et plus élaborés, d'une valeur nutritive plus élevée. Une même tendance se dessine en Europe. Quelle sera sa répercussion sur l'Agriculture ?
Les groupes sociaux en présence : employeurs et ouvriers
Authors: Langlois-Bourquelot Françoise
Published: October 2009

The general and individual attitude of the different categories of farm workers is rapidly changing. New possibilities are open to them through advisory services and official training schemes. Collective agreements tend to define the worker's place in the farm-business and to organize the relationship between the employer and the employee.

The employers first opposed these measures.

However, the attitude of the employers associations is developing towards a more comprehensive conception of collective agreements.
Aspects sociologiques des relations entre ouvriers et employeurs
Authors: Fayolle Pierre
Published: October 2009

Il y a, schématiquement, deux types de salariés agricoles : l'ouvrier en tête-à-tête avec son patron l'exploitation familiale, et l'ouvrier plus ou moins spécialisé de la grande entreprise. Quelles sont leurs avec leurs employeurs ?
Les conditions de travail en grande culture : Seine-et-Oise
Authors: Disson Jean
Published: October 2009

En Seine-et-Oise plus qu'ailleurs, le salariat agricole est « écrémé » par l'industrie.

L'horaire, le mode de vie des salariés dans l'exploitation, leur manque de formation, expliquent ce fait.

Un remède : la spécialisation ?
Taux de croissance comparés de l'agriculture et de l'industrie dans quelques pays socialistes de l'Est Européen
Authors: Stipetic M.
Published: October 2009

The following papers Were presented during a conference on the relationships between agriculture and industry in socialist countries. This meeting which was organized by Professor Charles Bettelheim, directeur d'études at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in the month of May 1965, assembled a great number of French and foreign personalities.

The review « Economie Rurale » is happy to present these papers and we want to express our sincere thanks to Professor Bettelheim who has given us - the permission to reproduce them.
Méthodes pédagogiques et débouchés de la formation professionnelle
Authors: Pépin Michel
Published: October 2009

L'importance de la formation professionnelle des adultes n'est plus à démontrer.

Au Centre de Promotion Sociale d'Essay (Orne) comme dans chaque centre, l'emploi de méthodes dynamiques et adaptées à chaque cas particulier permet d'orienter, de former et de promouvoir les salariés agricoles.
L'information, source de pouvoir
Authors: Russo
Published: October 2009

La révolution qui bouleverse l'information procède à la fois de l'accroissement de la masse des informations, du développement des moyens de maniement et de traitement de ces informations, et des progrès de la psychologie et de la sociologie, amenant, dans son usage, une attitude de plus en plus rationnelle.

Quelles sont les fonctions et les formes de l'information, sa place dans la dynamique de l'action économique •? Quelles transformations subissent le maniement et le traitement de l'information ? Les opérations concernant l'information se présentent groupées en réseaux qu'il serait souhaitable de réorganiser en vue d'un meilleur rendement.
Bilan sur l'état actuel de l'information économique des agriculteurs
Authors: Géraud Jean
Published: October 2009

Information should give an answer to the present problms of the farmers in a form that is within their comprehension.

A preliminary study is essential: that of the agricultural sector, of its psychological and, mental reactions to all the inside or outside sources of information.
Besoins et contraintes au niveau des entreprises agricoles
Authors: Dubost J.
Published: October 2009

The concepts, the assumptions and the language oj the information transmitters » are typical of the industrial and urban society. The dispersion and heterogeneousness of the agricultural sector make numerous relays necessary : technicians, employees of farm organizations and civil servants. A concret example of these notions is given by the action of a group of CET A (farmers' clubs).
Les complexes intégrés, collecteurs et transformateurs d'informations économiques pour les producteurs agricoles
Authors: Dubourgnoux J.-C.
Published: October 2009

Face à l'insuffisance de l'information économique classique, le rôle du complexe intégré est de collecter à la source les informations, de les interpréter et de les faire redescendre rapidement de façon accessible, réduisant ainsi considérablement le caractère aléatoire du travail des agriculteurs.

Dans ce schéma, que devient la liberté de décision du producteur agricole ?
La collecte de l'information économique globale : les méthodes du Service central des Enquêtes et études statistiques du Ministère de l'agriculture
Authors: Laurent Claude
Published: October 2009

In order to reconcile the farmer's new needs jor economic information and the restricted financial means, a method of wor\ has been adopted, based on the « master-sample ». Why and how has this master-sample been established?

Vertical surveys based on the master-sample can be used for production prognostics in the short and intermédiate run.