bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the stability of tangential discontinuity in the interaction of solar wind and cometary atmospheres
Authors: Alexashov D B , Baranov V B , Ruderman M S
Published: March 2022

In 2004, European Space Agency launched the spacecraft Rosetta. After almost 10-yr flight it arrived at the Churyumova–Gerasimenko comet. Rosetta was orbiting about the comet for some time observing its environment. One of the most interesting observations obtained during this mission was multiple disappearance of magnetic field. It was suggested that this phenomenon is related to the instability of cometopause, which is a tangential discontinuity separating the solar wind flow from the plasma component of the flow from a comet. In this article, we aim to study this instability. We numerically calculated the stationary state with the account of charge exchange on water molecules and resonant charge exchange. Then, we solved the non-stationary problem using the stationary state as the initial condition. We also studied the stability of the cometopause analytically in the short-wavelength approximation where we substituted the curved cometopause by a tangent plane. Both the numerical and analytical results show that the velocity jump at the cometopause is too weak to overtake the stabilizing effect of the magnetic field and cause the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. We conclude that the main course of the cometopause instability is the charge exchange, and the instability is similar to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability that occurs in a gravitational field.
Bi-hierarchical porous Pt microspheres grown on Ti wire with TiO2nanotubes layer for selective alcohol sensing
Authors: Fedorov Fedor S , Goldt Anastasia E , Zamansky Konstantin , Vasilkov Mikhail Yu , Gaev Andrey , Lantsberg Anna V , Zaytsev Valeriy , Aslyamov Timur , Nasibulin Albert G
Published: March 2022

This study focuses on the synthesis of bi-hierarchical porous Pt microspheres directly on titania nanotube arrays grown on a Ti wire for their application as a one-electrode selective alcohol sensor. We evaluate the synthesis conditions, morphology, structure of the obtained material using scanning, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The sensor performance is assessed in a one-electrode configuration, using thermocycling protocols both to heat and acquire a signal that we further process with a machine learning algorithm for selective determination of alcohols. We found that reduction of Pt precursor by formic acid facilitates the appearance of quasi-1D Pt structures without using any surfactant. High excess of formic acid yields the formation of quasi-dendritic Pt structures with the overall morphology of a sphere and channels whose diameter remains one of the TiO2 nanotubes. Our data suggest the growth of Pt spheres to be diffusion controlled with constant or decreasing nucleation rate that should include assembling of Pt nanorods. The fabricated sensors based on the synthesized structures show a chemiresistive response to methanol, ethanol and isopropanol vapors in the mixture with air, which we selectively determine using only one sensor.
Antisocial Media
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This book explains how Facebook devolved from an innocent social site created by Harvard students into a force that makes personal life a little more pleasurable, but at the same time makes democracy a lot more challenging. It talks about the hubris of good intentions, a missionary spirit, and an ideology that sees computer code as the universal solvent for all human problems. It also addresses how "social media" has fostered the deterioration of democratic culture around the world, from facilitating Russian meddling in support of Donald Trump's election to the exploitation of the platform by murderous authoritarians in Burma and the Philippines. The book analyzes the increase of recognition and reaction against Facebook's power in the last couple of years. It reviews the growing public concern about the influence Facebook exerts over lives and politics around the world.
The Benevolence Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter begins with Mark Zuckerberg's statement at the 2016 Facebook Social Good Forum, wherein he claimed that Facebook has always been about building community and relationships. It talks about disaster reactions, which are part of a series of "socially responsible" programs which Facebook has announced over the years. It also explains reciprocity as a cultural norm which is inherited by Zuckerberg from the hacker community. This emerged as the most compelling force behind the development of free and open-source software and the internet during the 1980s and 1990s. The chapter recounts how corporate social responsibility has risen in importance to the global business culture since the 1970s. It discusses the debates around corporate social responsibility, which have centered on the question of sincerity.
The Protest Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter looks at protests and uprisings around the world since 2007. These have yielded a mixed collection of successes and failures. It explores how social media services, particularly Facebook, affect political and social movements and trigger protests in particular ways. It also details Facebook's ease at alerting people who have declared a shared interest in information and plans, lowering the transaction costs for early organization. The chapter analyzes the ability of Facebook to convince or fool people that those who are motivated and concerned are not alone. It points out that massive protest movements in authoritarian states are only possible when enough people are convinced that enough people will join.
The Politics Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces Alexander Nix, who gave a presentation entitled "The Power of Big Data and Psychographics," wherein he explained the power of big data and psychographics in the electoral process. It argues that most communication companies still segregate their audiences by demographics and geographics in order to predict a person's opinions about the world. It also asks questions about what possible platform could deliver dozens or hundreds of precisely targeted ads to individuals. The chapter describes Facebook as the only platform that could deliver powerfully precise and manipulative text or video ads to almost every potential voter. It reviews an article that appeared on the Swiss website Das Magazin that generated some interest in Europe.
The Nonsense Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the recent boldness of American white supremacist groups, which allowed antiracists to keep tabs on their growth and activities with remarkable success. It refers to the moves of social media platform companies which aim to stem the distribution of white supremacist propaganda on their services. It also points out how impossible it is to filter and moderate content on a global scale, given all the conflicting values at work and the diversity of human relationships. The chapter analyzes how Facebook fools people into thinking that problems can be addressed by harnessing individual donations into some impressive grand total, without any sense of what difference that money makes over the long term. It outlines the difficulties Facebook created in convening and addressing challenges with agreed-upon facts and shared agendas.
Conclusion
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva
Published: March 2022

This chapter recounts how the United States joined Brazil, India, Hungary, Poland, the Philippines, Israel, Italy, and other countries of the democratic world in enduring a sudden surge in anti-democratic sentiment in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It mentions the reputation of the United States in being the site of extremist, white-nationalist violence. It also analyzes the 2019 American-style mass shootings driven by white nationalism and anti-Islamic radicalism which killed dozens of victims in Norway and New Zealand, countries not known for their violent cultures. The chapter talks about the ease of movement of people and capital which had put stresses on national identity and wealth in many places, igniting a lethal combination of xenophobia and fear of status slippage for dominant groups. It looks at widespread assumptions on the decentralized nature of the internet, which eroded the power of incumbent institutions, like news networks and newspapers.
Follow Rituals
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

The Confucians’ term for the plethora of semi-scripted practices that shape our social world is li, translated here as “ritual.” Our world is shot through with ritual, but we often downplay or ignore it. To live as Confucians recommend, we need to recognize and embrace the centrality of ritual in our lives. Rituals help to discipline our behavior and restrain or channel our feelings, and over time they can aid us in cultivating more robust virtues. Rituals can and sometimes should change, either through momentary exercises of “discretion” or in more lasting ways, but this chapter explores reasons why these changes are not always smooth or easy.
Pay Attention
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

At the core of this chapter lies Zhu Xi’s idea of “reverential attention”—what Zhu means, why it is so important, and how he taught his students to practice it. More generally, Confucians tell us that we should focus on things over which we have some significant control. We have at best indirect and partial control over the results of our actions; but we can work on how we are poised to react to the situations we encounter. If we can get ourselves to attend—perhaps by expending psychic resources, as in English the term “pay attention” implies—then we should notice and give due weight to relevant factors and be more likely to respond appropriately. A central point of reverential attention is how it enables us to actively attend without paying a continuous psychic cost.
Death
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the Confucian view that we should put more emphasis on the deaths of others than on one’s own mortality. For Confucians, what matters is to live one’s life well in relationship with others. Sometimes, tragedy intervenes and a life is cut short, leaving others bereft. In certain extreme circumstances, living well might involve sacrificing one’s life. Most people’s deaths, though, come at the end of a normal span in which they have had ample opportunities to live rich, committed, and connected lives. It is important to mourn the loss of our loved ones, but then gradually move on with our own lives.
Hierarchy
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter begins by explaining what hierarchies are and distinguishing “authoritative” relations from “authoritarian” ones. It shows that in several ways, traditional Confucian hierarchies were problematic, but argues that we should not abandon hierarchy altogether. The chapter then shows that there are three keys to a modern Confucian view of hierarchy. First, there are some areas where traditional views simply need to be criticized and changed. Second, in some cases we need to carve out space for new kinds of equal, non-hierarchical relations; chief among these are equality before the law and the political equality of citizens. Finally, for the remaining large number of potentially hierarchical relations, we need to clarify how a proper understanding of hierarchy (and the structures and values that support it) make it healthy.
Confucianism Around the World
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: March 2022

This chapter is built around Yu Ying-shih’s observation that Confucianism has become a “wandering soul” bereft of an institutional “body.” It then examines the prospects for modern Confucianism in three steps. First, what would a revived Confucianism look like in East Asia (and is this already appearing)? Second, might Confucianism develop outside of East Asia, for example in the ways that Buddhism has in the United States? Finally, what about the possibilities for Confucianism joining with or piggy-backing on other traditions: are multiple identities or piecemeal borrowing compatible with the kind of “commitment” that Confucianism requires? The chapter concludes that, all things considered, there are multiple paths to a bright future for the Confucian way of life.
Introduction
Authors: Erueti Andrew
Published: March 2022

This chapter introduces the Declaration and its significance in terms of indigenous peoples’ full participation in its design and the resulting rights, especially the inclusion of a right to self-determination. In particular, it was the participation of indigenous advocates of Anglo-settler states of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (CANZUS) and their advancement of a decolonization model that led to the inclusion of a right to self-determination in the Declaration. The chapter indicates the tensions between human rights and decolonization models advanced by indigenous advocates in negotiations and how this struggle has not been fully appreciated by scholars. The chapter also introduces the notion of reconciling the two approaches through a new interpretative approach: the mixed model.
The Yijing: A Guide
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

This book is a concise introduction to the Scripture of Change, or Yijing (formerly spelled I Ching), for general readers, practitioners of divination, students, and non-specialist scholars. Sometimes called the Book of Changes or Classic of Changes, this ancient Chinese text, with roots going back at least three thousand years, has traditionally been considered the most profound of the Chinese “classics.” Originally a manual of divination, in the late 1st millennium BCE it accumulated appendices, traditionally attributed to Confucius, that transformed it into a uniquely Chinese expression of wisdom. Through the centuries it has inspired countless commentaries, mostly in China but also throughout East Asia. Since the 20th century it has gained global popularity for both its use in divination and its contribution to the world’s wisdom literature.
Layers of Change
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 2 begins by explaining how a hexagram is constructed and then describes the multiple layers of the text, including the original divination manual and the “Ten Wings” or appendices. It provides examples of the hexagram statements, the line statements, the Judgment and Image commentaries, the Treatise on the Appended Statements (also called the Great Treatise), the Treatise Discussing the Trigrams (including three trigram sequences), and the two minor commentaries (on the Hexagram Sequence and the Assorted Hexagrams).
Yijing Divination
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 begins by situating divination in the history of Chinese religious practice, from ancient times to the present day. It explains how divination and sacrifice, since the earliest known forms of religious practice, have constituted the backbone of Chinese religion. It then discusses the poorly understood origins of milfoil or yarrow-stalk divination, which became the standard method for consulting the Yijing. It details that method as systematized by Zhu Xi (1130–1200), in addition to the simpler coin method. It concludes with a discussion of the Yijing’s linkage of prognostication and moral guidance.
Early Modern Views of the Yi
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

This chapter covers the period from the Song (960–1279) through the Qing (1644–1911) dynasties. The “Neo-Confucian” revival that began during the Song drew much of its inspiration from the Yijing, particularly the Xici (Appended Statements) appendix or “Great Treatise.” The major Song figures discussed are Shao Yong, Cheng Yi, and Zhu Xi. Shao Yong, who exemplified the xiangshu approach, popularized several diagrams depicting different sequences of the trigrams and hexagrams, particularly the “Prior to Heaven” or “Fuxi” sequence and the “After Heaven” or “King Wen” sequence. Cheng Yi wrote an important commentary on the Yi following the yili approach. Zhu Xi synthesized the two approaches and redirected attention back to the original intention of the Yi, which was divination. He further argued that divination was a valuable aid in the process of self-cultivation, the ultimate aim of which was to become a sage. Lai Zhide in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) is also discussed.
The Yijing in Modern China and the West
Authors: Adler Joseph A.
Published: March 2022

During the nineteenth century Chinese scholars began critiquing the traditional accounts of the Yijing’s nature and composition—a process of “historicizing” the Yi that continues today. A major innovation has been the realization that the earliest textual levels of the Yi were written during the Bronze Age of China and reflect the language and concerns of that period—kingship, war, etc.—rather than the Confucian concern with moral guidance seen in the appendices and read back into the early parts. Nevertheless, the first widely read English translations, those of James Legge (1899) and Richard Wilhelm (1950, from his 1924 German translation and including an influential foreword by C. G. Jung), were unaware of these discoveries, perpetuating the view of the Yi as a book of universal wisdom. This led to its worldwide appeal, including influences on Western art, music, and scientific theory. Not until the late twentieth century did the first English translations of the Yi as a Bronze Age document appear.
Camera Work
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

In the fall of 1929, George seeks portrait commissions and envisions returning to Paris. He asks Monie to scout a studio and prospective clients. At Christmas, he works afternoons at Park Place Bookshop to save money. By early 1930, he plans a bookshop portrait show to attract sitters. He spends time with Glenway’s younger brother Lloyd, who poses nude. By March, his exhibition coalesces with minor celebrity sittings. Returning to France becomes possible with the sale of a rare Mark Twain first edition discovered on Dr. Lynes’s bookshelf. George sails following his exhibition opening. In Paris, he puts up at a small flat, photographing faces and street scenes. Barbara Harrison enlists George for pictures to illustrate possible volumes by the newly conceived Harrison of Paris deluxe editions. H.O.P. lands a coup when Monie signs Nobel Prize winner Thomas Mann’s memoir. Monroe returns to America with George, his further travel home delayed by gall bladder surgery and recuperation in Englewood.
A Country House; Cocteau in Coney Island; The Sleepwalker
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George photographs Cecil Beaton, who introduces his work to Edna Chase, Vogue’s editor-in-chief. In 1935–1936, George’s fashion obligations proceed apace with four pictures each in March editions of Town and Country and Harper’s Bazaar. Agnes Rindge arranges a demanding commission of photographing Vassar’s 1935 graduating class. Next, George photographs noteworthy artists for Chick Austin’s 1936 Hartford Festival program. Lloyd and Barbara Wescott purchase a large dairy farm in New Jersey and gift a nearby house to Glenway, allowing Monie and George continued familial relations with the Wescotts. George decorates and landscapes the “Stone-blossom” over time. In June 1936, Cocteau and his young lover, Marcel Khill, visit New York on a round-the-world tour. A group outing to Coney Island with Cocteau and Khill includes George, Glenway, and Beaton. George’s contribution to Alfred Barr’s historical survey show, “Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism,” becomes one of his iconic images, The Sleepwalker, whose homoeroticism is unmistakable.
The War Comes Home
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

New York City blackouts begin. George imagines war service photography at nearby Mitchell Field. The draft board rejects George for his avowed homosexuality. “Tich” volunteers with the American Field Service; George remains unaware of his whereabouts. George Tichenor is killed during Axis attack on Free French fortifications in Libya. George is stricken, but stoic. “Tich’s” younger brother Jonathan, waiting conscription, starts work at the Lynes studio in fall 1942. Minicam publishes photojournalist images of airmen on duty by Lynes. During Marsden Hartley’s important New York City exhibition, George shoots his portrait—a haunted image of the aging artist. George offers Hartley space to paint at 640 Madison. George borrows money from Russell, continuing a pattern of dependency amid continuing profligacy. Jonathan Tichenor enters George’s life; Monroe appears aware of their romantic attachment. Jonathan joins the Ski Troops training out west. Soon after, George decides to leave the shared East 89th Street apartment.
Breaking Away
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George writes sadly to Monie to break up their household. Monroe replies courteously. Glenway relocates to Stone-blossom. George, posing as Jonathan’s father, visits him at a hotel near Fort Dix before he leaves for training. George moves into 421 Park Avenue, then soon initiates an affair with Laurie Douglas. Also courted by Willie Harbach, she breaks that off when George becomes jealous. Shooting armed service publicity, George engages enlistees for official as well as impromptu poses. Often entertaining famous friends at 421 Park, he cheerfully escorts around town enlisted friends-of-friends. In the spring of 1944, Jonathan gets a medical discharge and returns to George. Laurie ends their affair and returns to Harbach. When “Kiko” Harrison, Barbara’s half-brother, is delayed shipping out, George, with Monroe and Glenway, accompany him and Dora Maxwell early morning to a town where quickie marriages are granted men in uniform. The male trio’s own ruptured relations have not left them cynical.
Fortune Tellers and Paying Debts
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

Under George’s tutelage, Jonathan garners several photographic commissions. Cadmus introduces them to worldly and attractive Bridget Bate Chisholm. George living “openly” with Jonathan dismays Glenway, fretting over an earlier incident: in February 1943, Lincoln revealed secret maneuvers by a few MOMA board members to fire Monroe due to rumors of an orgy at the East 89th Street flat. Monie had himself considered splitting the threesome. George’s departure freed Monroe from that choice. Russell, to be an editor at Harper’s magazine, plans moving to New York City. George helps Muriel find a snug brownstone. Glenway completes Apartment in Athens. After D-day, George and Jonathan weekend in East Hampton. Summer is full of socializing, cultural outings, and fortune tellers. George finds himself $10,000 in debt. A car accident injures him and Jonathan. Dance Index devotes its entire December 1944 issue to Lynes’s dance photography. That month, Life profiles Gertrude Stein’s survival in Nazi Occupied France; George sends her a last friendly greeting.
“Finis”
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen
Published: March 2022

George takes a summer rental in East Hampton for him and Jonathan. Invited guests include Cadmus, the Frenches, and Bridget Chisholm, who weaves a spell over Jonathan. By end of August, Lynes realizes he and Jonathan are “finis.” Each writes a parting letter; George feels humiliated. He gives up the house. At 640 Madison, blackout paper is removed after V-J day; George experiments with natural light. He consults a psychiatrist, an attempt at self-reflection. Vacationing in California, he visits Katherine Anne Porter, who writes for movies. Bernardine Szold Fritz, now a Hollywood hostess, fêtes Lynes alongside local celebrities. Silent-screen star Janet Gaynor and her husband, costume designer “Adrian,” delight him. A sitting with novelist Christopher Isherwood produces a Lynes portrait with mysterious modulations of light and shadow. Enchanted by California sunshine, George considers moving. He accepts heading up Vogue Studios in Hollywood. George packs up and hastily leaves New York, destroying fifty thousand negatives.
Nothing but Noise
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

This book explores how timbre shapes musical affect and meaning. Integrating perspectives from musicology with the cognitive sciences, it advances a novel model of timbre interpretation that takes into account the bodily, sensorimotor dynamics of sound production and perception. The contribution of timbre to musical experience is clearest in drastic situations where meaning is itself contested—that is, in polarizing contexts of reception, where the evaluation of “musical” timbre by some listeners collides headlong into a competing claim that it is just “noise.” Taking this commonplace reaction as a starting point, the book explores affect, reception, and timbre semantics through diverse cultural-historical case studies that frustrate the acoustic and perceptual boundary between musical sound and noise. It includes chapters on the racial and gender politics in the reception of free jazz saxophone “screaming” in the late 1960s; an analysis of contested timbral ideals in the performance practices of the Japanese shakuhachi flute; and an historical examination of the overlooked role of “brutal” timbres in the moral panic over heavy metal in the 1980s and 1990s. The book closes with a discussion of the slippery social fault lines that separate perceptions of musical sound from perceptions of noise and the ethical stakes of encountering another’s “aural face.”
The Meaning of Timbre
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

The introduction charts the history of timbre research and broadly examines how timbre relates to musical affect and meaning. It argues that the “problem” of timbre, the reason timbre has long been relegated to a secondary status in music scholarship, can in part be traced to incomplete definitions of timbre that do not holistically account for its physical, perceptual, cognitive, symbolic, and social features. Confronting the “two cultures” divide that continues to permeate music research, it suggests that an interdisciplinary toolbox situated between humanities and the sciences is necessary to loosen the analytical impasse. To assist readers in exploring the nexus of timbre and meaning, the introduction proposes a simple model of timbre interpretation that distinguishes six stages or moments along the timbre signal chain—from sound-generating act to resultant sound, sensorimotor perception to image-schematic experience, semantically rich concept to socially mediated sign (together these stages are labeled the ASPECS model). This model is developed and applied throughout the remainder of the book. The introduction closes with summaries of the chapters.
Sound and Embodiment in the Japanese Shakuhachi
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

This chapter explores the performance practice tradition of the Japanese shakuhachi flute, particularly as it pertains to timbre production. It adopts a critical organological orientation, detailing the bodily mechanics and acoustics of shakuhachi performance through the analysis of phrases from the representative pieces “Sokkan” and “Yamagoe.” It shows that the noise elements (sawari) in shakuhachi music play an aesthetically and ethically important role in the tradition, and have long been contested by different factions within the shakuhachi community. It explores this conflict as a manifestation of the psychoanalytic concept of abjection—which holds the abject to be something ugly. In contrast to the usual application of this theory, to some shakuhachi practitioners, playing beautifully represents the abject state. This inversion vividly illustrates the social constructedness of timbre perceptions and points to the sometimes slippery ground separating acoustic and epistemological understandings of noise.
Vector of Brutality: Madness, Violence, and Contagion in Heavy Metal Reception
Authors: Wallmark Zachary
Published: March 2022

This chapter investigates the role played by timbre in the moral panic over heavy metal music that erupted in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s. Examining the social dynamics of this reception history and exploring philosophical tensions surrounding sound and semantics in Western culture (in dialogue with Adriana Cavarero), it argues that the “brutal” timbral palette of heavy metal, its acoustical noisiness (vocal and electric guitar distortion), played an essential though overlooked role in the public furor over the meaning of heavy metal. Tracing the arc of public reception between 1985 and 2000, it posits three distinct phases in the moral panic: (a) initial critique of the song lyrics and imagery, (b) anxiety over backmasked lyrics, and (c) fear of the timbral “brutality” of the genre, which was linked to contagious violence. It considers the dynamics of race, class, and gender in heavy metal reception to show how the iconic timbral vocabulary of the genre came to represent a public health and safety menace in late twentieth-century America.
Exploitation versus Moral Exploitation
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter outlines key theoretical accounts of the phenomenon of exploitation. Specifically, the chapter looks at theoretical conceptions of vulnerability, excessive benefit, wrongful versus mutually beneficial exploitation, and transactional versus structural accounts of exploitation. After having outlined these theoretical frameworks, the chapter introduces the novel concept of “moral exploitation,” the notion that a person or group can be wrongfully exploited by being pressured to shoulder an excessive amount of moral responsibility, moral risk, and/or moral residue (i.e., dirty hands). This particular species of exploitation lays the conceptual groundwork for the remainder of our work in this book and explicates what we take to be occurring among a significant subportion of the US military population.
The Moral Exploitation of Soldiers
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

Building on Chapter 1 and the concept of moral exploitation, this chapter outlines the ways in which many American military recruits are vulnerable to “normal” exploitation as well as moral exploitation. In particular, the chapter examines key demographic and statistical numbers related to age, race, sex, socioeconomic class, geographic region, and familial lineage. The chapter then goes on to investigate several military anecdotes and explain several ways in which the moral burdens of warfighting have been disproportionately outsourced onto American servicemembers, particularly Special Forces soldiers. This chapter effectively ties the conceptual work from chapter 1 into its direct application for military personnel. If this application of moral exploitation to military members is correct, then the implications of the relationship between the military and the broader American society will be significant, as is explored in Chapter 3.
Soldier, Citizen, and State
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

This chapter investigates classical philosophical accounts of the state, as well as notions of citizenship and duty to country. The chapter argues that citizens have a prima facie duty to country for reasons of contractualism and inheritance. The chapter then goes on to consider how the concept of moral exploitation stands up against instances where soldiers seem to take on supererogatory moral risk for the sake of the body politic at large. If one holds that a military institution is both necessary and serving on behalf of a minimally just state, then the moral risks of military service seem similarly necessary for some subset of the body to take on. The implications of both the basic duties citizens have towards their state and the need for moral risks to be undertaken by some subset of that state are significant.
Prescriptions
Authors: Robillard Michael J. , Strawser Bradley J.
Published: March 2022

Given the moral exploitation of soldiers, the last chapter explores several institutional prescriptions and remedies. In particular, the chapter looks at (1) reforms to recruitment and military compensation, (2) a return to a citizen-soldier model of military service, and (3) granting military veterans more official say in warfighting and foreign policy decision-making. After having entertained these institutional prescriptions, the chapter argues for a return to a citizen-soldier or skin in the game model of military service. We do not claim that these possible prescriptions and remedies would wholly mitigate the harms and disfunction apparent in the present civil-military relationship in the United States. Indeed, some form of moral exploitation may be endemic to large nation-states fielding militaries, even if only for the strict purpose of national defence. However, these prescriptions could potentially go a long way towards reducing the harms of the moral exploitation of soldiers.
With Stars in Their Eyes
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M.
Published: March 2022

Aden B. Meinel and Marjorie P. Meinel stood at the confluence of several overarching technological developments of the 20th century: postwar aerial surveillance by spy planes and satellites, solar energy, the evolution of telescope design, interdisciplinary optics, and photonics. In 1945 he was a Navy Ensign ordered to find the secret tunnels in Nazi Germany where the V-2 rockets menacing Great Britain and Belgium were being manufactured. After receiving both his BA degree and PhD in astronomy from the University of California at Berkeley within three years, Aden was invited to join the scientific staff at Yerkes Observatory/University of Chicago. While there he was selected by the National Science Foundation to manage the development of a new national observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona, and served as its first director. In the early 1960s he founded the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona, which later metamorphosed into the College of Optical Sciences with the doctoral program in interdisciplinary optics. It was here that he also designed the first Multiple Mirror Telescope and with his wife Marjorie pioneered the feasibility of solar energy power on a commercial scale. Aden’s knowledge and expertise in optics made him invaluable in research on cameras for spy satellites and spy planes overflying the Soviet Union and Southeast Asia. After retirement the Meinels worked for NASA/JPL on the precursor of the James Webb Space Telescope and on the exoplanet program. They also served on the team that corrected spherical aberration in the Hubble Space Telescope.
From Tomahawks to Telescopes
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter traces the genealogy of Aden Baker Meinel and Marjorie Pettit Meinel. Aden Meinel’s roots are in Klingenthal in southeastern Germany, but the earliest discovered records extend only to his grandfather, who immigrated to the United States in 1882. Marjorie’s heritage, however, can be traced directly back to Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (1274–1329). Her father was the well-known solar astronomer Edison Pettit, who worked with his wife Hannah Bard Steele Pettit at Yerkes Observatory before he was hired by George Ellery Hale to work at Mt. Wilson Observatory in 1920. With his colleague Seth Nicholson, Edison observed the radiation from stars in different wavelengths and determined their radiometric magnitudes, temperatures, and angular diameter. They also determined the surface temperatures of the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. A crater on the Moon and Mars is named after each of them.
Rising Stars
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter chronicles the early years of Aden Baker Meinel and Marjorie Steele Pettit Meinel, growing up during the Depression in the academic hotspot of Pasadena and influenced by internationally renowned scientists and Nobel Prize winners at Mt. Wilson Observatory and Caltech. Marjorie learned astronomy from her father, Edison Pettit, using their home refractor. Aden’s interest in aeronautics began at Pasadena Junior College and continued at Caltech under Robert Millikan and William Pickering. Aden met Marjorie in classes at Pasadena Junior College. He later served as an apprentice in the Optical Shop at Mt. Wilson under the guidance of Roger Hayward, working on Schmidt cameras, and then in the rocket project in Caltech’s secret High Voltage Research Laboratory.
Foreign Intelligence across the Rhine
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

In this chapter Aden’s wartime experiences are discussed, beginning with boot camp and extending through his secret assignments with the Naval Technical Mission in Europe (NavTechMisEu) until his return home. After boot camp he was assigned to the USS Indianapolis, but before embarking he was returned to the High Voltage Laboratory at Caltech and then reassigned to the Hingham Naval Ammunition Depot in Massachusetts. There only two weeks, he was sent overseas as the rocket and optics expert for NavTechMisEu and accompanied the Third Army across the Rhine. In Dresden he recovered secret Nazi plans for rockets and missiles, and from the underground V-2 factory at Mittelbau-Dora he shipped rocket parts and other equipment back to Dover. Aden also assisted several German optical scientists in relocation to the States as part of Operation Paperclip.
Lights in the Night Sky
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter is devoted to Aden’s postwar education at the University of California at Berkeley on the GI Bill, first a bachelor’s degree and then a doctorate in astronomy within the span of three years. To measure the wavelengths of airglow and aurora for his PhD, Aden had to design a flat-field Schmidt camera/spectrometer to record the spectrum of the night sky. He showed for the first time that auroras are caused in part by atomic oxygen emission; later he confirmed that nitrogen bands are also components of auroras. He received a grant from the Office of Naval Research to continue research on aurora at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, a facility owned and operated by the University of Chicago.
Genius Blooms
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses Aden Meinel’s years on the staff of Yerkes Observatory and later McDonald Observatory, working alongside such notables as Nobel laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Gerard Kuiper, and Bengt Strömgren. He continued his spectrographic work on the airglow and identified a new band system of the hydroxide molecule. He determined from aurora that hydrogen particles race toward the Earth from the Sun at 1,800 miles per second and also discovered a new set of molecular bands, the Meinel bands of N2+. He designed the optics for five 36-inch telescopes, spectrographs for the US Air Force, and a 500-inch telescope before being selected as executive secretary in the search for a national observatory.
The People’s Observatory
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

In 1954 the National Observatory Panel recommended to the National Science Foundation that Aden Meinel serve as the Panel’s executive secretary, even while he was associate director of Yerkes and McDonald Observatories and leading auroral research as part of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958. One of his first responsibilities was a site survey to determine the optimal location for the National Observatory. Kitt Peak in Arizona was chosen, and after receiving permission from the Papago Tribal Council, construction of the infrastructure and 36-inch and 80-inch telescopes commenced. In 1957 Aden was named as director of Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and served until his resignation from KPNO in 1961 and hiring by the University of Arizona in the Department of Astronomy.
Inventing Modern Optical Sciences
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E.
Published: March 2022

This chapter continues discussion of the development of the Optical Sciences Center (OSC) at the University of Arizona with faculty hires, curriculum and textbooks, funding for building construction, and teaching and research in computer-aided design, ray-trace optical design and engineering, precision structures for optical systems, optical materials, physical optics, radiometry, detectors (IR and visible), optical testing, quantum optics, and lasers. Related to these was Aden Meinel’s expanding emphasis on the need for electronic imaging from space to replace photographic film. He retired as director of the OSC in 1973 to devote more time to solar energy, astronomical instrumentation, and telescope design in China (LAMOST telescope) and the United States (Multiple Mirror Telescope, Eye of Texas).
A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Small states are crucial actors in world politics. They attract outsized attention from great powers, populate international organizations, and shape international norms. Despite that, they have been relegated to a second tier of International Relations scholarship. Many explanations of international politics are largely silent on small states. When mentioned, small states often are treated as victims of great-power aggression or free riders on great powers’ good will. Some small states fit that picture of impotence. But many others are strikingly successful—wealthy, cosmopolitan, and even influential. This book asks, when and how can small states achieve their goals in international relations? It puts small states’ relationships at the center of the answer. Small states are defined by their position as the weaker actor vis-á-vis large states. Small states themselves, as well as their opportunities and constraints, are shaped by these power asymmetries. How might they “overcome” that asymmetry in pursuit of their goals? This book offers a contextualized explanation of how small states can assess the conditions of their asymmetrical relationships, identify opportunities, and shape effective strategies. The book offers tools for scholars and policymakers. It proposes an analytical approach and develops a typological theory of when and how small states might achieve greater influence. The book then deploys that theory in some twenty cases studies drawn from Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America, covering issues of security, international political economy, and international institutions, norms, and laws.
Opportunities and Constraints: Conditions for Success
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on how small states’ positions in international relationships create constraints and opportunities in their pursuits of key goals. The chapter discusses facets of small states’ domestic characteristics and theoretical assumptions about how they relate to the international sphere. Upon that foundation, the chapter presents a typological theory about how small states’ relationships affect their ability to pursue goals. The chapter’s “analytical scorecard” focuses attention on relational conditions of policy divergence, issue salience, and preference cohesion. The combination of these factors creates a typology of the situations small states may face in pursuit of their goals. This framework should help policymakers diagnose their own states’ relationships and opportunities, while allowing scholars to identify and compare cases based on the nature of relationships instead of the characteristics of small states.
Playing Small Ball: Strategies for Success
Authors: Long Tom
Published: March 2022

Chapter 4 explains how certain foreign policy strategies become relevant for the pursuit of international goals by small states. The typological theory enunciated in Chapter 3 guides the book’s analysis of how small states can exercise (conditioned) agency under specified relational conditions. In addition to presenting greater or lesser constraints, each type of case lends itself to a different approach from a small state that seeks change or wants to maintain the status quo. These strategies emerge from sources of power that, while not exclusive to small states, are of greater relative importance to the weaker party in asymmetrical relationships. Drawing on the broader literature on small states, the chapter terms these sources of power “derivative,” “collective,” and “particular-intrinsic.” The chapter details each case type and its relationship to small states’ foreign policy strategies. It also discusses the case selection approach and research design that guide later case study chapters.
Contract Variations
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses the restrictions placed by TUPE on the ability of employees and employers to agree changes to employees’ terms and conditions of employment where those changes are connected to a transfer falling within the scope of TUPE. After discussion of the ECJ Daddy’s Dance Hall decision and associated case law addressing this issue, the chapter addresses the detailed provisions of TUPE and the various amendments made in the 2006 and 2014 regulations before considering specific issues such as reliance on variation clauses, the invalidity of beneficial contract changes, the status of collectively agreed terms, pension changes, the ability to justify contract changes by reference to an ETOR—an economic, technical or organisational change entailing changes in the workforce—concluding with consideration of various practical issues.
Dismissals
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter discusses the specific protections provided by TUPE to those who are dismissed in connection with a transfer falling within its scope, including the circumstances in which a dismissal constitutes automatic unfair dismissal and the analysis to be applied where there is no transferee in contemplation at the time of dismissal. The defence provided where there is an economic, technical, or organisational reason entailing a change in the workforce—ETOR—is addressed in detail, including consideration of what can constitute an ETOR, whether it entails redundancy, what change in the workforce is required for the defence to apply, and how relocation can constitute an ETOR. The chapter concludes by addressing issues such as the burden of proof, the need for sufficient service to bring an unfair dismissal claim, pre-transfer dismissals in the insolvency context, redundancy pooling, and unfair dismissal remedies including compensation and re-engagement.
Employee Liability Information
Authors: Wynn-Evans Charles
Published: March 2022

This chapter addresses the obligation imposed by TUPE on the transferor to provide the transferee with specified ‘employee liability information’ about the transferring employees by no later than 28 days before the transfer. The relevant provisions of the Acquired Rights Directive and TUPE are summarized before detailed consideration is given to which employees fall within the scope of the obligation to provide ELI, the information that must be provided, the related data protection issues, and the specific provisions of the legislation addressing delivery and updating of the required ELI, its provision indirectly and in instalments. The remedy for breach is addressed in terms of the award to be made, the minimum award, the scope of the award, mitigation of loss and the commercial terms agreed between the parties. The chapter concludes with discussion of due diligence exercises in relation to TUPE transfers and the inability to contract out of the obligation.