bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Ecojustice Approach to Educational Reform in Adult Education
Authors: Bowers Chet A.
Published: March 2017

This paper describes the key principles of an ecojustice approach to adult education. The author describes the cultural roots of the ecological crisis, the difference between ecological and individual intelligence and the linguistic colonization of the present by the past. The dangers of an overreliance on print are described and the need for a revitalization of the cultural commons is included.
Self‐Stiffening Behavior of Reinforced Carbon Nanotubes Spheres
Authors: Owuor Peter Samora , Tiwary Chandra Sekhar , Koizumi Ryota , Soto Matias , Hart Amelia C. , Barrera Enrique V. , Vajtai Robert , Lou Jun , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: March 2017

Strong van der Waals forces between individual carbon nanotubes pose a major hurdle for effective use of nanotubes as reinforcement in nanocomposite due to agglomeration. In this paper, the authors show that van der Waals forces in combination with functionalization of carbon nanotubes, can be utilized to design nanocomposites mimicking stiffening behavior normally observed in biological materials such as fibrin gels, health bones, actin filaments in cytoskeletons etc. Carbon nanotube spheres are used as reinforcement in an elastomer matrix and when subjected to dynamic loads exhibit significant self‐stiffening. Increased stiffness is also observed in dynamic loading after every relaxation cycle. The authors further show high energy absorption of the nanocomposite in impact tests. Authors study shows that the rational design of macroscale materials from nano‐scale constituents can be achieved utilizing simple methodology to produce multifunctional materials with broad applications.
Microstructure and Crystallography of α Phase Nucleated Dynamically during Thermo‐Mechanical Treatments in Metastable β Titanium Alloy
Authors: Fan Jiangkun , Li Jinshan , Zhang Yudong , Kou Hongchao , Germain Lionel , Siredey‐Schwaller Nathalie , Esling Claude
Published: March 2017

The α phase nucleated dynamically during the thermo–mechanical coupling process in titanium alloy is really interesting but difficult to sufficiently ascertain. In the present work, the α phase nucleation behavior, the orientation relationship between α/β as well as the phase transformation kinetics during hot deformation of Ti‐5553 alloy were investigated in‐depth. Results reveal that the “necklace” microstructure formed. The Burgers orientation relationship between α/β phases has been destroyed gradually. The β → α phase transformation is obviously retarded during the hot compression due to the competitive effect of softening process (dynamic recovery/recrystallization). These results could provide valuable reference for process optimization and the microstructural evolution controlling.
Recent Advances in Sensing Applications of Two‐Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanosheets and Their Composites
Authors: Ping Jianfeng , Fan Zhanxi , Sindoro Melinda , Ying Yibin , Zhang Hua
Published: March 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets, such as MoS2, WS2, etc., are attracting increasing interest due to their intriguing physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties. Success in development of methods for large‐scale production of 2D TMD nanosheets and their composites has given great potential for various novel applications. In this review, recent progress in sensing applications of 2D TMD nanosheets and their composites is introduced. Moreover, different sensing strategies and signal‐transducing mechanisms for sensing devices based on 2D TMD nanosheets and their composites are also summarized and discussed.
Identifying the Conversion Mechanism of NiCo2O4 during Sodiation–Desodiation Cycling by In Situ TEM
Authors: Zhu Chongyang , Xu Feng , Min Huihua , Huang Yuan , Xia Weiwei , Wang Yuanting , Xu Qingyu , Gao Peng , Sun Litao
Published: March 2017

For alkali metal ion batteries, probing the ion storage mechanism (intercalation‐ or conversion‐type) and concomitant phase evolution during sodiation–desodiation cycling is critical to gain insights into understanding how the electrode functions and thus how it can be improved. Here, by using in situ transmission electron microscopy, the whole sodiation–desodiation process of spinel NiCo2O4 nanorods is tracked in real time. Upon the first sodiation, a two‐step conversion reaction mechanism has been revealed: NiCo2O4 is first converted into intermediate phases of CoO and NiO that are then further reduced to Co and Ni phases. Upon the first desodiation, Co and Ni cannot be recovered to original NiCo2O4 phase, and divalent metal oxides of CoO and NiO are identified as desodiated products for the first time. Such asymmetric conversion reactions account for the huge capacity loss during the first charging–discharging cycle of NiCo2O4‐based sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Impressively, a reversible and symmetric phase transformation between CoO/Co and NiO/Ni phases is established during subsequent sodiation–desodiation cycles. This work provides valuable insights into mechanistic understanding of phase evolution during sodiation–desodiation of NiCo2O4, with the hope of assistance in designing SIBs with improved performance.
Self‐Powered Electrostatic Actuation Systems for Manipulating the Movement of both Microfluid and Solid Objects by Using Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Zheng Li , Wu Yali , Chen Xiangyu , Yu Aifang , Xu Liang , Liu Yongsheng , Li Hexing , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: March 2017

By integrating a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electrostatic actuation system (EAS), two kinds of self‐powered EAS are designed for manipulating the movement of both microfluid and tiny solid objects. The mechanical triggering of the TENG can generate an extremely high electrostatic field inside EAS and thus the tiny object (liquid or solid) in the EAS can be actuated by the Coulomb force. Accordingly, the tribomotion of TENG can be used as both the driving power and control signal for the EAS. The TENG device with a contact surface of 70 cm2 can drive a water droplet to move across a gap of 2 cm. Meanwhile, the confluence of two droplets with the same charge polarity and different components can also be induced and controlled by this self‐powered EAS. In addition, based on the same working principle, this EAS also demonstrates its capability for manipulating solid object (e.g., a tiny steel pellet). By sliding the Kapton film along a segmented annular electrode, the tiny pellet can well follow the rotated motion of the Kapton film. The demonstrated concept of this self‐powered EAS has excellent applicability for various micro/miniature actuation devices, electromechanical systems, human–machine interaction, etc.
Role of Charge Traps in the Performance of Atomically Thin Transistors
Authors: Amit Iddo , Octon Tobias J. , Townsend Nicola J. , Reale Francesco , Wright C. David , Mattevi Cecilia , Craciun Monica F. , Russo Saverio
Published: March 2017

Transient currents in atomically thin MoTe2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) are measured during cycles of pulses through the gate electrode. The curves of the transient currents are analyzed in light of a newly proposed model for charge‐trapping dynamics that renders a time‐dependent change in the threshold voltage as the dominant effect on the channel hysteretic behavior over emission currents from the charge traps. The proposed model is expected to be instrumental in understanding the fundamental physics that governs the performance of atomically thin FETs and is applicable to the entire class of atomically thin‐based devices. Hence, the model is vital to the intelligent design of fast and highly efficient optoelectronic devices.
Solid‐State Electrolyte‐Gated Graphene in Optical Modulators
Authors: Rodriguez Francisco J. , Aznakayeva Diana E. , Marshall Owen P. , Kravets Vasyl G. , Grigorenko Alexander N.
Published: March 2017

The gate‐tunable wide‐band absorption of graphene makes it suitable for light modulation from terahertz to visible light. The realization of graphene‐based modulators, however, faces challenges connected with graphene's low absorption and the high electric fields necessary to change graphene's optical conductivity. Here, a solid‐state supercapacitor effect with the high‐k dielectric hafnium oxide is demonstrated that allows modulation from the near‐infrared to shorter wavelengths close to the visible spectrum with remarkably low voltages (≈3 V). The electroabsorption modulators are based on a Fabry–Perot‐resonator geometry that allows modulation depths over 30% for free‐space beams.
Aperiodic Metal‐Dielectric Multilayers as Highly Efficient Sunlight Reflectors
Authors: Jiménez‐Solano Alberto , Anaya Miguel , Calvo Mauricio E. , Alcon‐Camas Mercedes , Alcañiz Carlos , Guillén Elena , Martínez Noelia , Gallas Manuel , Preussner Thomas , Escobar‐Galindo Ramón , Míguez Hernán
Published: March 2017

The optimum reflection of the solar spectrum at well‐defined incident directions as well as its durability in time are, both, fundamental requirements of the optics of thermosolar and photovoltaic energy conversion systems. The stringent high performance needed for these applications implies that, almost exclusively, second face mirrors based on silver are employed for this purpose. Herein, the possibility to develop solar mirrors using other metals, such as copper and aluminum, is theoretically and experimentally analyzed. It is found that reflectors based on these inexpensive metals are capable of reflecting the full solar spectrum with efficiencies comparable to that of silver‐based reflectors. The designs herein proposed are based on aperiodic metal‐dielectric multilayers whose optimized configuration is chosen employing a code based on a genetic algorithm that allows selecting the best one among 108 tested reflectors. The use of metals with wider spectral absorption bands is compensated by the use of multilayered designs in which metal absorption is almost suppressed, as the analysis of the electric field intensity distribution demonstrates. The feasibility of the proposed mirrors is demonstrated by their actual fabrication by large area deposition techniques amenable for mass production.
Synthesis of Chiral‐Bridged Atropisomeric Monophosphine Ligands with Tunable Dihedral Angles and their Applications in Asymmetric Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions
Authors: Xia Wang , Li Yongsu , Zhou Zihong , Chen Huixuan , Liang Hao , Yu Sifan , He Xuefeng , Zhang Yaqi , Pang Jiyan , Zhou Zhongyuan , Qiu Liqin
Published: March 2017

Precise chiral recognition was firstly realized in the construction of diastereomeric biaryl monophosphines by means of the substrate‐directed asymmetric annulation reactions. A series of new chiral‐bridged atropisomeric biphenyl monophosphine ligands with tunable dihedral angles was accordingly synthesized successfully without a resolution step being needed. Using these ligands, different kinds of axially chiral 1,1′‐biaryl‐2‐phosphonates including the first reported quinolyl biaryl phosphonates were prepared in 42–97% yields with up to 96% ee via palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric Suzuki coupling reactions.

magnified image
Work‐related musculoskeletal disorder surveillance using the Washington state workers’ compensation system: Recent declines and patterns by industry, 1999‐2013
Authors: Marcum Jennifer , Adams Darrin
Published: March 2017

Background

Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are common and place large economic and social burdens on workers and their communities. We describe recent WMSD trends and patterns of WMSD incidence among the Washington worker population by industry.

Methods

We used Washington State's workers’ compensation compensable claims from 1999 to 2013 to describe incidence and cost of WMSD claims by body part and diagnosis, and to identify high‐risk industries.

Results

WMSD claim rates declined by an estimated annual 5.4% (95% CI: 5.0–5.9%) in Washington State from 1999 to 2013, but WMSDs continue to account for over 40% of all compensable claims. High risk industries identified were Construction; Transportation and Warehousing; Health Care and Social Assistance; and Manufacturing.

Conclusions

As documented in other North American contexts, this study describes an important decline in the incidence of WMSDs. The Washington State workers’ compensation system provides a rich data source for the surveillance of WMSDs.
Pd(PPh3)4‐Catalyzed Buchwald–Hartwig Amination ofAryl Fluorosulfonates with Aryl Amines
Authors: Lim Taehyun , Byun Sangmoon , Kim B. Moon
Published: March 2017

Novel Buchwald–Hartwig aminations of aryl fluorosulfonates using a catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)4 in the presence of Cs2CO3 are described. From these reactions, a variety of biaryl amines were obtained in moderate to good yields. This system allows for the efficient amination of aromatic groups containing electron‐rich as well as electron‐poor functional groups. Aryl fluorosulfonates could be applied as alternative cross‐coupling partners to aryl halides in palladium‐catalyzed aminations.
Experimental study of permeability reduction and pore size distribution change due to asphaltene deposition during CO2huff and puff injection in Eagle Ford shale
Authors: Shen Z. , Sheng J.J.
Published: March 2017

Many laboratory and simulation studies regarding gas injection enhanced oil recovery method in shale reservoir have been performed and shown good results. However, one problem not investigated is the asphaltene precipitation and deposition problem. In conventional reservoirs, the permeability reduction caused by asphaltene plugging and adsorption has been observed and well studied. In shale reservoirs, the deposition, if any, will be more critical.

In this work, experimental studies were conducted to investigate the effect of asphaltene deposition on the pore size reduction and permeability reduction in shale core samples during the CO2huff and puff injection process using a dead oil sample from a Wolfcamp shale reservoir. A decrement of pore with a diameter size in the range from 100 to 800 nm and an increment of pore with a diameter size smaller than 100 nm were observed after 6 cycles of CO2huff and puff injection. The result indicates the existence of pore plugging and asphaltene adsorption during the gas injection process. The experimental results also showed a 47.5‐nD permeability reduction after 6 cycles of CO2huff and puff injection. Compared with the original permeability of the shale core, 126 nD, the permeability reduction is more than one‐third of the original permeability. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The New “Obstetrical Dilemma”: Stunting, Obesity and the Risk of Obstructed Labour
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: March 2017

The “obstetrical dilemma” refers to the tight fit between maternal pelvic dimensions and neonatal size at delivery. Most interest traditionally focused on its generic significance for humans, for example our neonatal altriciality and our complex and lengthy birth process. Across contemporary populations, however, the obstetrical dilemma manifests substantial variability, illustrated by differences in the incidence of cephalo‐pelvic disproportion, obstructed labour and cesarean section. Beyond accounting for 12% of maternal mortality worldwide, obstructed labour also imposes a huge burden of maternal morbidity, in particular through debilitating birth injuries. This article explores how the double burden of malnutrition and the global obesity epidemic may be reshaping the obstetrical dilemma. First, short maternal stature increases the risk of obstructed labour, while early age at marriage also risks pregnancy before pelvic growth is completed. Second, maternal obesity increases the risk of macrosomic offspring. In some populations, short maternal stature may also promote the risk of gestational diabetes, another risk factor for macrosomic offspring. These nutritional influences are furthermore sensitive to social values relating to issues such as maternal and child nutrition, gender inequality and age at marriage. Secular trends in maternal obesity are substantially greater than those in adult stature, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The association between the dual burden of malnutrition and the obstetrical dilemma is therefore expected to increase, because the obesity epidemic is emerging faster than stunting is being resolved. However, we currently lack objective population‐specific data on the association between maternal obesity and birth injuries. Anat Rec, 300:716–731, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human Variation in Pelvic Shape and the Effects of Climate and Past Population History
Authors: Betti Lia
Published: March 2017

The human pelvis is often described as an evolutionary compromise (obstetrical dilemma) between the requirements of efficient bipedal locomotion and safe parturition of a highly encephalized neonate, that has led to a tight fit between the birth canal and the head and body of the foetus. Strong evolutionary constraints on the shape of the pelvis can be expected under this scenario. On the other hand, several studies have found a significant level of pelvic variation within and between human populations, a fact that seems to contradict such expectations. The advantages of a narrow pelvis for locomotion have recently been challenged, suggesting that the tight cephalo‐pelvic fit might not stem from the hypothesized obstetrical dilemma. Moreover, the human pelvis appears to be under lower constraints and to have relatively higher evolvability than other closely related primates. These recent findings substantially change the way in which we interpret variation in the human pelvis, and help make sense of the high diversity in pelvic shape observed within and among modern populations. A lower magnitude of covariance between functionally important regions ensured that a wide range of morphological variation was available within populations, enabling natural selection to generate pelvic variation between populations living in different environments. Neutral processes such as genetic drift and differential migration also contributed to shaping modern pelvic diversity during and after the expansion of humans into and across the various continents. Anat Rec, 300:687–697, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allometry and Sexual Dimorphism in the Human Pelvis
Authors: Fischer Barbara , Mitteroecker Philipp
Published: March 2017

Sexual dimorphism in the human pelvis has evolved in response to several jointly acting selection regimes that result from the pelvis’ multiple roles in locomotion and childbirth, among others. Because human males are, on average, taller than females, some aspects of sexual dimorphism in pelvis shape might result from allometry, the association between stature and pelvis shape across individuals. In this study, they aimed to disentangle and quantify the two components contributing to pelvic sex differences: the allometric component, which emerges as a consequence of dimorphism in stature, and the remaining non‐allometric sexual dimorphism component. A geometric morphometric analysis of a dense set of 3D landmarks, measured on 99 female and male adult individuals was conducted. While pelvis size was similar in both sexes, the average differences in pelvis shape reflected the well‐documented pattern of sexual dimorphism. There was almost no overlap between females and males in shape space. Their analysis showed that pelvis size and shape were similarly associated with stature in both sexes. It was found that dimorphism in the height‐to‐width ratio of the pelvis and in the orientation of the iliac blades was largely allometric, whereas dimorphism in the subpubic angle and the relative size and distance of the acetabula was largely non‐allometric. It was concluded that, in contrast to the overall pelvic proportions, sexual dimorphism in the birth‐relevant pelvic dimensions was mainly of non‐allometric origin and was presumably mediated via steroid hormone secretion during puberty. Anat Rec, 300:698–705, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of infections during pregnancy: Progress and challenges
Authors: Noguchi Lisa M. , Beigi Richard H.
Published: March 2017

Background

Emergence of Zika virus as a pathogen with important implications for perinatal outcomes highlights the need to identify safe and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of maternal infections.

Methods

While substantial progress has been made in this area in recent years, significant regulatory and health systems barriers must still be overcome to identify and deliver evidence‐based drug therapies for pregnant women.

Results

We review progress and outstanding challenges associated with the identification and implementation of new treatment options for maternal infections.

Conclusion

We describe several strategies in use to optimize the application of existing evidence.Birth Defects Research 109:387–390, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregnancy‐related listeriosis
Authors: Wadhwa Desai Rahat , Smith Mary Alice
Published: March 2017

About one in seven cases of listeriosis occurs in pregnant women, and, although listeriosis is rare, it is the third leading cause of death from food‐borne infections. Pregnancy‐related listeriosis increases the risk for fetal and neonatal mortality by approximately 21%. During pregnancy, infections are more likely to occur in the third trimester (66%) than the first trimester (3%). However, fetal and neonatal adverse effects are less common as gestational age increases or with older gestational age at birth. Pregnant women seem highly susceptible in some listeriosis outbreaks making up a large percentage of cases, whereas others contain very few. Whether this results from differences in strains of L. monocytogenes, exposures, or other factors remains to be determined. Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) estimates the human lethal dose for 50% (LD50) for fetal/neonatal loss is 1.9 × 106 colony forming units (CFUs) L. monocytogenes. Animal models have been developed for pregnancy‐related listeriosis showing similar susceptibility and clinical outcomes as in humans. Nonhuman primate and guinea pig animal models have similar (LD50) values to the estimated human LD50. Additional animal studies are needed to understand the pathways leading to fetal and neonatal listeriosis in humans. More information is needed to understand dose response, to model risk for listeriosis at lower concentrations, and to determine why some pregnant women may be more susceptible than others. To better treat listeriosis during pregnancy, biomarkers for early diagnosis of listeriosis are also needed. Last, pregnant women need to be educated about avoiding high‐risk foods, like Mexican‐style cheese and ready‐to‐eat meats. Birth Defects Research 109:324–335, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal immunization
Authors: Chu Helen Y. , Englund Janet A.
Published: March 2017

Pregnant women, neonates, and infants are at higher risk for severe infections due to vaccine‐preventable diseases. Very young infants rarely respond well to vaccination due to poor immunogenicity and interference from maternal antibody. Maternal immunization protects the mother and fetus from disease and protects the infant through transplacental antibody transfer through the first 6 months of life. Currently, immunizations routinely recommended during pregnancy include inactivated influenza, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Promising maternal vaccine candidates in development include a group B streptococcus vaccine and a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Birth Defects Research 109:379–386, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy
Authors: Davis Nicole L. , King Caroline C. , Kourtis Athena P.
Published: March 2017

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a DNA herpesvirus that is common worldwide. The two known main sources of primary CMV infection during pregnancy are through sexual activity and contact with young children. Primary infection occurs in approximately 1 to 4% of pregnancies, and is mostly asymptomatic in immunocompetent adults. However, primary infection may manifest as a mild mononucleosis or flu‐like syndrome with persistent fever and fatigue. CMV can be transmitted from mother‐to‐child in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding. Intrauterine transmission can lead to congenital CMV infection, a leading cause of permanent hearing and vision loss and neurological disability among children. Congenital CMV transmission rates are as high as 50% in women who acquire primary CMV infection during pregnancy, and less than 2% in women with nonprimary infection. There is no licensed CMV vaccine. Good hygiene practices and avoiding intimate contact with young children (e.g., kissing on the mouth and sharing utensils) have been suggested as an approach to prevent maternal primary CMV infection during pregnancy, but remains an unproven method of reducing the risk of congenital CMV infection. Approximately 1 in 10 infants who acquire CMV in utero will have clinical signs at birth, and an additional 10 to 15% will go on to develop late‐onset sequelae. Antiviral treatment prenatally and postnatally has not proven effective at preventing congenital or postnatal CMV infection, and is not recommended for routine clinical care. However, antiviral treatment when initiated in the first month of life for symptomatic congenital CMV infection is recommended for improved neurodevelopmental and audiologic outcomes. Birth Defects Research 109:336–346, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural evidence for phonologically based language production deficits in older adults: An fMRI investigation of age‐related differences in picture‐word interference
Authors: Rizio Avery A. , Moyer Karlee J. , Diaz Michele T.
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Older adults often show declines in phonological aspects of language production, particularly for low‐frequency words, but maintain strong semantic systems. However, there are different theories about the mechanism that may underlie such age‐related differences in language (e.g., age‐related declines in transmission of activation or inhibition).

Methods

This study used fMRI to investigate whether age‐related differences in language production are associated with transmission deficits or inhibition deficits. We used the picture‐word interference paradigm to examine age‐related differences in picture naming as a function of both target frequency and the relationship between the target picture and distractor word.

Results

We found that the presence of a categorically related distractor led to greater semantic elaboration by older adults compared to younger adults, as evidenced by older adults’ increased recruitment of regions including the left middle frontal gyrus and bilateral precuneus. When presented with a phonologically related distractor, patterns of neural activation are consistent with previously observed age deficits in phonological processing, including age‐related reductions in the recruitment of regions such as the left middle temporal gyrus and right supramarginal gyrus. Lastly, older, but not younger, adults show increased brain activation of the pre‐ and postcentral gyri as a function of decreasing target frequency when target pictures are paired with a phonological distractor, suggesting that cuing the phonology of the target disproportionately aids production of low‐frequency items.

Conclusions

Overall, this pattern of results is generally consistent with the transmission deficit hypothesis, illustrating that links within the phonological system, but not the semantic system, are weakened with age.
Combination of standard axial and thin‐section coronal diffusion‐weighted imaging facilitates the diagnosis of brainstem infarction
Authors: Felfeli Philippe , Wenz Holger , Al‐Zghloul Mansour , Groden Christoph , Förster Alex
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose

Although diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) is a very sensitive technique for the detection of small ischemic lesions in the human brain, in particular in the brainstem it may fail to demonstrate acute ischemic infarction. In this study, we sought to evaluate the value of additional thin‐section coronal DWI for the detection of brainstem infarction.

Methods

In 155 consecutive patients (median age 69 [interquartile range, IQR 57–78] years, 95 [61.3%] males) with isolated brainstem infarction, MRI findings were analyzed, with emphasis on ischemic lesions on standard axial (5 mm) and thin‐section coronal (3 mm) DWI.

Results

On DWI, we identified ischemic lesions in the mesencephalon in 12 (7.7%), pons in 115 (74.2%), and medulla oblongata in 31 (20%) patients. In 3 (1.9%) cases—all of these with medulla oblongata infarction—the ischemic lesion was detected only on thin‐section coronal DWI. Overall, in 35 (22.6%) patients the ischemic lesion was more easily identified on thin‐section coronal DWI in comparison to standard axial DWI. In these, the ischemic lesions were significantly smaller (0.06 [IQR 0.05–0.11] cm3 vs. 0.25 [IQR 0.13–0.47] cm3; p < .001) in comparison to those patients whose ischemic lesion was more easily (6 [3.9%]) or at least similarly well identified (114 [73.5%]) on standard axial DWI.

Conclusions

Since thin‐section coronal DWI may facilitate the diagnosis of brainstem infarction, we suggest its inclusion in standard stroke MRI protocols.
Catastrophic outcome of patients with a rebound after Natalizumab treatment discontinuation
Authors: González‐Suarez Inés , Rodríguez de Antonio Luis , Orviz Aida , Moreno‐García Sara , Valle‐Arcos María D. , Matias‐Guiu Jordi A. , Valencia Cristina , Jorquera Moya Manuela , Oreja‐Guevara Celia
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Natalizumab (NTZ) is an effective drug for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis. In some patients discontinuation is mandatory due to the risk of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. However, severe clinical and radiological worsening has been described after drug cessation. Our aim was to describe the clinical and radiological features of the rebound phenomenon.

Material and Methods

Patients switched fromNTZto Fingolimod (FTY) who had presented a rebound after discontinuation were selected. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were collected.

Results

FourJCvirus positive patients were included. The mean disease duration was 9.5 years (SD: 4.12) with a mean time of 3.1 years onNTZ. All patients startedFTYwithin 3–4 months. Neurological deterioration started in a mean time of 3.5 months (SD: 2.08) with multifocal involvement: 75% motor disturbances, 50% cognitive impairment, 25% seizures. The average worsening in Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] was of 3.25 points (SD: 2.33). TheMRIshowed a very large increase in T2 and gadolinium‐enhanced lesions (mean: 23.67,SD: 18.58). All patients received 5 days of IV methylprednisolone, one patient required plasma exchange. All the patients presented neurological deterioration with anEDSSworsening of 1.13 points (SD: 0.48). After the rebound three patients continued treatment withFTY, only one patient restartedNTZ.

Conclusion

Discontinuation ofNTZtreatment may trigger a severe rebound with marked clinical and radiological worsening. A very careful evaluation of benefit‐risk should be considered beforeNTZwithdrawal, and a close monitoring and a short washout period is recommended after drug withdrawal.
Reduce risk, liability by advocating for accurate, transparent study abroad data
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: March 2017

ORLANDO, Fla. — Many students, parents, and higher ed administrators may unknowingly make study abroad decisions based on inadequate information. But that could be circumvented by gathering, tracking, and disseminating transparent, accurate data about study abroad deaths, injuries, serious illnesses, assaults, and near misses.
Mid‐term outcomes of orbital atherectomy combined with drug‐coated balloon angioplasty for treatment of femoropopliteal disease
Authors: Foley T. Raymond , Cotter Ryan P. , Kokkinidis Damianos G. , Nguyen Daniel D. , Waldo Stephen W. , Armstrong Ehrin J.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

To assess the intraprocedural and mid‐term outcomes of orbital atherectomy (OA) combined with drug‐coated balloon (DCB) angioplasty for the treatment of calcified femoropopliteal disease.

Methods

In this single‐center cohort, 89 patients (139 lesions) were treated with DCB angioplasty for claudication or critical limb ischemia (CLI). Angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes were reviewed for patients treated with or without adjunctive OA. Lesion calcification was graded using two previously published scoring systems, the angiographic calcium score (ACS) and the peripheral artery calcification scoring system (PACSS).

Results

Among 139 lesions, 40 (29%) were treated with OA + DCB. Mean lesion length was 135 ± 100 mm for lesions treated with OA + DCB and 139 ± 100 mm for DCB alone (P = 0.9). Moderate to severe calcification was present in 83% of patients treated with OA, compared to 42% of patients treated with DCB alone (P < 0.001). Lesions treated with OA + DCB were less likely to require bailout stenting (18% vs. 39%, P =0.01). Rates of embolization (0% in OA + DCB vs. 2% in DCB only, P = 0.4), dissection (13% vs. 14%, P = 0.8), and perforation (0%) did not differ significantly between groups. The freedom from TLR at 1 year was 82% in both groups (P = 0.6) while primary patency was 81% in‐patients treated with DCB alone and 77% in‐patients treated with DCB with concomitant OA (P = 0.8).

Conclusion

In this single‐center analysis of patients undergoing DCB angioplasty for claudication or CLI, OA was most often used for the treatment of severely calcified lesions. These lesions were more likely to be treated with scoring balloons and less likely to require bailout stenting. At 1 year, target lesion revascularization and primary patency was similar in patients treated with and without adjunctive OA, despite the higher lesion complexity among those receiving the combination procedure. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Closure of patent foramen ovale defects using GORE® CARDIOFORM septal occluder: Results from a prospective European multicenter study
Authors: Hardt Stefan E. , Eicken Andreas , Berger Felix , Schubert Stephan , Carminati Mario , Butera Gianfranco , Grohmann Jochen , Höhn Rene , Nielsen‐Kudsk Jens Erik , Hildick‐Smith David , Settergren Magnus , Thomson John D. , Geis Nicolas , Søndergaard Lars
Published: March 2017

Aims

The GORE® CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder (GSO) is a novel device designed for rapid and effective closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO) which has distinctive features making it suitable for a broad spectrum of anatomical variations. We report the procedural and 6 months follow‐up results of the first prospective, multicenter study using GSO.

Methods and Results

This single‐arm study included 150 subjects undergoing closure of PFO in 10 European centers. In 149 out of 150 patients implantation of a GSO device was successful. One patient had a different PFO‐closure device implanted. Periprocedural complications were few including one patient with suspected transient ischemic attack, two access site bleedings, and one patient with AV‐fistula. No device embolization occurred. During the 6‐month follow‐up period one patient had a transient asymptomatic thrombus on the device and four patients (2.6%) were diagnosed new onset paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, which were successfully treated. No thrombembolic events occurred. Closure was successful in 94.2% of subjects at discharge evaluation and 96.9% at 6 months follow‐up.

Conclusion

This prospective, multicenter study adds to previous published data and suggests that GSO is a versatile device for PFO closure with high procedural and closure success rates and low complication rates through mid‐term follow‐up. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zoledronic acid for neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis
Authors: Di Bari Jeremy A. , Nead Jennifer A. , Schurman Scott J.
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical Message

Subcutaneous fat necrosis (SFN) in infants producing severe hypercalcemia is a life‐threatening emergency. Pathophysiology may include enhanced gastrointestinal calcium absorption and bone resorption. We treated an infant with SFN and serum calcium of 15 mg/dL with prednisolone and low‐dose zoledronic acid. Serum calcium promptly normalized without rebound hypocalcemia, and redosing of zoledronic acid was not necessary.
Ring‐Opening Copolymerization of Styrene Oxide and Cyclic Anhydrides by using Highly Effective Zinc Amido–Oxazolinate Catalysts
Authors: Abbina Srinivas , Chidara Vamshi K. , Du Guodong
Published: March 2017

Polyesters have been widely applied owing to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. Recently, catalytic ring‐opening copolymerization of cyclic anhydrides and epoxides has emerged as an effective approach for the synthesis of polyesters. Herein, we report a series of amido–oxazolinate zinc complexes as highly active catalysts for the ring‐opening copolymerization of styrene oxide and cyclic anhydrides. Turnover frequencies up to 4000 h−1 were achieved in the reaction of styrene oxide and maleic anhydride. Analysis of the end groups provides a useful probe for the preference at the electron‐poor methine site of styrene oxide for the ring‐opening process.
Rationale and design of REDUCE‐IT: Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial
Authors: Bhatt Deepak L. , Steg Ph. Gabriel , Brinton Eliot A. , Jacobson Terry A. , Miller Michael , Tardif Jean‐Claude , Ketchum Steven B. , Doyle Ralph T. , Murphy Sabina A. , Soni Paresh N. , Braeckman Rene A. , Juliano Rebecca A. , Ballantyne Christie M. ,   on behalf of the REDUCE‐IT Investigators
Published: March 2017

Residual cardiovascular risk persists despite statins, yet outcome studies of lipid‐targeted therapies beyond low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) have not demonstrated added benefit. Triglyceride elevation is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. High‐dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) reduces triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins without raising LDL‐C. Omega‐3s have postulated pleiotropic cardioprotective benefits beyond triglyceride‐lowering. To date, no large, multinational, randomized clinical trial has proved that lowering triglycerides on top of statin therapy improves cardiovascular outcomes. The Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial (REDUCE‐IT; NCT01492361) is a phase 3b randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial of icosapent ethyl, a highly purified ethyl ester of EPA, vs placebo. The main objective is to evaluate whether treatment with icosapent ethyl reduces ischemic events in statin‐treated patients with high triglycerides at elevated cardiovascular risk. REDUCE‐IT enrolled men or women age ≥45 years with established cardiovascular disease or age ≥50 years with diabetes mellitus and 1 additional risk factor. Randomization required fasting triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL and <500 mg/dL and LDL‐C >40 mg/dL and ≤100 mg/dL with stable statin (± ezetimibe) ≥4 weeks prior to qualifying measurements. The primary endpoint is a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, coronary revascularization, or unstable angina. The key secondary endpoint is the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Several secondary, tertiary, and exploratory endpoints will be assessed. Approximately 8000 patients have been randomized at approximately 470 centers worldwide. Follow‐up will continue in this event‐driven trial until approximately 1612 adjudicated primary‐efficacy endpoint events have occurred.
Quantitative Ligand Affinity Scales for Metal Triflate Salts: Application to Isomer Differentiation
Authors: Iacobucci Claudio , Jouini Nédra , Massi Lionel , Olivero Sandra , De Angelis Francesco , Duñach Elisabet , Gal Jean‐François
Published: March 2017

Owing to the importance of metal triflates in catalysis, the affinity of the cationic center for a selection of organic ligands was explored for InIII and ZnII triflates. The organic Lewis bases include a variety of carbonyls (amides, unsaturated ketones, a lactone) and cyclic 1,2‐diols. The relative affinity of the ligands for the cationic center in triflates was quantitatively determined on the basis of relative ion concentrations determined by electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry. The affinity scales were discussed with reference to gas‐phase proton basicity and Lewis basicity scales. Structural isomers and stereoisomers display significant affinity differences in several cases. In the case of isomer mixtures, a model describing the relative peak intensities in the mass spectra was developed. On this basis, an isomer titration method was set up. Remarkably, this MS‐based method overcame the blindness of mass spectrometry to isomers without the need for isotope labeling or MS/MS experiments. This model may prove to have applications in analytical chemistry and catalysis.
Quantitative Contribution of rs75017182 to Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase mRNA Splicing and Enzyme Activity
Authors: Nie Q , Shrestha S , Tapper EE , Trogstad‐Isaacson CS , Bouchonville KJ , Lee AM , Wu R , Jerde CR , Wang Z , Kubica PA , Offer SM , Diasio RB
Published: March 2017

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD; DPYD gene) variants have emerged as reliable predictors of adverse toxicity to the chemotherapy agent 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The intronic DPYD variant rs75017182 has been recently suggested to promote alternative splicing of DPYD. However, both the extent of alternative splicing and the true contribution of rs75017182 to DPD function remain unclear. In the present study we quantified alternative splicing and DPD enzyme activity in rs75017182 carriers utilizing healthy volunteer specimens from the Mayo Clinic Biobank. Although the alternatively spliced transcript was uniquely detected in rs75017182 carriers, canonically spliced DPYD levels were only reduced by 30% (P = 2.8 × 10‐6) relative to controls. Similarly, DPD enzyme function was reduced by 35% (P = 0.025). Carriers of the well‐studied toxicity‐associated variant rs67376798 displayed similar reductions in DPD activity (31% reduction). The modest effects on splicing and function suggest that rs75017182 may have clinical utility as a predictor of 5‐FU toxicity similar to rs67376798.
Role and Value of Clinical Pharmacy in Heart Failure Management
Authors: Stough WG , Patterson JH
Published: March 2017

Effectively managing heart failure requires a multidisciplinary, holistic approach attuned to many factors: diagnosis of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities; medication, device, or surgical management; concomitant treatment of comorbidities; physical rehabilitation; dietary considerations; and social factors. This practice paper highlights the pharmacist's role in the management of patients with heart failure, the evidence supporting their functions, and steps to ensure the pharmacist resource is available to the broad population of patients with heart failure.
Chip/Ldb1 interacts with Tailup/islet1 to regulate cardiac gene expression in Drosophila
Authors: Werner Kathrin , Donow Cornelia , Pandur Petra
Published: March 2017

The LIM‐homeodomain transcription factor Tailup (Tup) is a component of the complex cardiac transcriptional network governing specification and differentiation of cardiac cells in Drosophila. LIM‐domain containing factors are known to interact with the adaptor molecule Chip/Ldb1 to form higher order protein complexes to regulate gene expression thereby determining a cell's developmental fate. However, with respect to Drosophila heart development, it has not been investigated yet, whether Chip and tup interact to regulate the generation of different cardiac cell types. Here we show that Chip is required for normal heart development and that it interacts with tup in this context. Particularly the number of Odd skipped‐expressing pericardial cells depends on balanced amounts of Chip and Tup. Data from luciferase assays using Hand‐ and even‐skipped reporter constructs in Drosophila S2 cells indicate that Chip and Tup act as a tetrameric complex on the regulatory regions of Hand and even‐skipped (eve). Finally we have identified and verified five Tup binding sites in the eve mesodermal enhancer, which adds Tup as novel factor to directly regulate eve expression. Taken together this study provides novel findings regarding cardiac gene expression regulation in Drosophila.
RAD sequencing reveals genomewide divergence between independent invasions of the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Jeffery Nicholas W. , DiBacco Claudio , Van Wyngaarden Mallory , Hamilton Lorraine C. , Stanley Ryan R. E. , Bernier Renée , FitzGerald Jennifer , Matheson K. , McKenzie C. H. , Nadukkalam Ravindran Praveen , Beiko Robert , Bradbury Ian R.
Published: March 2017

Genomic studies of invasive species can reveal both invasive pathways and functional differences underpinning patterns of colonization success. The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) was initially introduced to eastern North America nearly 200 years ago where it expanded northwards to eastern Nova Scotia. A subsequent invasion to Nova Scotia from a northern European source allowed further range expansion, providing a unique opportunity to study the invasion genomics of a species with multiple invasions. Here, we use restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing‐derived SNPs to explore fine‐scale genomewide differentiation between these two invasions. We identified 9137 loci from green crab sampled from 11 locations along eastern North America and compared spatial variation to mitochondrial COI sequence variation used previously to characterize these invasions. Overall spatial divergence among invasions was high (pairwise FST ~0.001 to 0.15) and spread across many loci, with a mean FST ~0.052 and 52% of loci examined characterized by FST values >0.05. The majority of the most divergent loci (i.e., outliers, ~1.2%) displayed latitudinal clines in allele frequency highlighting extensive genomic divergence among the invasions. Discriminant analysis of principal components (both neutral and outlier loci) clearly resolved the two invasions spatially and was highly correlated with mitochondrial divergence. Our results reveal extensive cryptic intraspecific genomic diversity associated with differing patterns of colonization success and demonstrates clear utility for genomic approaches to delineating the distribution and colonization success of aquatic invasive species.