bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternity healthcare providers’ self-perceptions of well-being during COVID-19: A survey in Tshwane Health District, South Africa
Authors: Oosthuizen Sarie , Bergh Anne-Marie , Silver Antonella , Malatji Refilwe , Mfolo Vivian , Botha Tanita
Published: December 2021

Background: Mental health manifestations such as depression and anxiety disorders became more marked during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as frontline healthcare workers struggled to maintain high-quality intrapartum care and essential health services.Aim: This study aimed to identify maternity healthcare providers’ self-perceptions of changes in their feelings of mental well-being.Setting: Ten midwife obstetric units and the labour wards of four district hospitals in Tshwane Health District, South Africa.Methods: We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional survey amongst a convenience sample of 114 maternity healthcare workers to gauge the changes in healthcare workers’ experience and perceptions of well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four items measured the perceived changes on a scale of 0–10 for the periods before and during COVID-19, respectively, namely feelings of fear or anxiety, stress, depression and anger.Results: The majority of participants were professional nurses (37%) and advanced midwives (47%). They reported a significant change in well-being from before the pandemic to during the pandemic with regard to all four items (p 0.0001). The biggest ‘before-during’ difference was in perceptions of fear or anxiety and the smallest difference was in perceptions of anger. A framework was constructed from the open-ended responses to explain healthcare workers’ understanding and perceptions of increased negative feelings regarding their mental well-being.Conclusion: The observed trends in the changes in healthcare workers’ self-perceptions of their mental well-being highlight the need for further planning to build resilient frontline healthcare workers and provide them with ongoing mental health support and improved communication pathways.
South African men and women living with HIV have similar distributions of pain sites
Authors: Wadley Antonia L. , Parker Romy , Mukhuba Vanessa A. , Ratshinanga Andani , Zwane Zipho , Kamerman Peter R.
Published: December 2021

Background: No studies have investigated sex differences in the location and number of pain sites in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH), despite evidence that women, in general, bear a greater burden of pain than men.Aim: To determine sex differences in the location and number of pain sites, and whether there were demographic or disease-related differences in the number of pain sites.Setting: South African tertiary hospital HIV clinics and a community healthcare centreMethods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of records from South African PLWH who had pain.Results: Of the 596 participant records, 19% were male (115/596) and the median number of pain sites for both sexes was 2 (interquartile range [IQR]: 1 to 3). Pain was most frequently experienced in the head (men: 12%, women: 38%), feet and ankles (men: 42%, women: 28%), abdomen (men = 19%, women = 28%) and chest (men = 20%, women = 20%). After correcting for multiple comparisons, males were less likely to experience headache than females (Fisher’s exact text, odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12 – 0.42, p = 0.000). Pain at other body sites was experienced similarly between the sexes. There was no meaningful variation in the number of pain sites between the sexes (logistic regression, p = 0.157).Conclusion: A similar location and number of pain sites were experienced by male and female South African PLWH. The locations of pain sites were different from previous reports, however, suggesting that research into pain in PLWH cannot necessarily be generalised across cultures.
Opinion: The use of point-of-care sonography in primary care: An ethical perspective
Authors: Murphy Shane D.
Published: December 2021

The use of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) is fast becoming a global standard of care. World over, training programmes are embracing the use of PoCUS to improve patient care, reduce risks to patients and reduce the burden of unnecessary referrals and investigations. The South African setting is particularly amenable to the benefits of this diagnostic modality to improve healthcare delivery to rural and marginalised populations. However, as with any technological advancements, the use of PoCUS is also not immune to deleterious consequences and patient harm from overdependence and over-zealous uptake. Family physicians, as the champions of primary care, should take the lead to ensure the effective and proper use of PoCUS in rural and primary care settings through advocacy, training and accreditation of clinicians to safely harness the benefits of PoCUS and minimise harm.
Hope and hopelessness in Jeremiah 2:1–13: An interpretive understanding to help deal with COVID-19
Authors: Pietersen Doniwen
Published: December 2021

This article is an analysis of Jeremiah 2:1–13, to consider the passage’s contribution to the overall theological message of building a framework of hope within the seemingly hopeless coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This will be achieved by first establishing the method of approach in which the historical and literary context of the passage is analysed. This methodology is expected to inform the reading of the text, so as to generate rational and emotional arguments to arrive at the key message that Jeremiah 2 expresses in the midst of the current hopeless global context. This study aims to underscore that hope is always accessible despite extreme circumstances, both in biblical societies (Jr 2) and in the midst of a pandemic.
Combined treatment with dihydrotestosterone and lipopolysaccharide modulates prostate homeostasis by upregulating TNF-α from M1 macrophages and promotes proliferation of prostate stromal cells
Authors: Tong Yu , Guo Yi-Jun , Zhang Qin , Bi Hai-Xia , Kai Kai , Zhou Ren-Yuan
Published: December 2021

Androgens and chronic inflammation, which play essential roles in the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are considered to be important factors in disorders of prostate homeostasis. These two factors may lead to pathological hyperplasia in the prostate transition zone of patients with BPH. However, few studies have examined the mechanism of how dihydrotestosterone (DHT) affects chronic inflammation in prostate tissue during the progression of BPH. This study examined the performance of DHT in lipopolysaccharide-treated M1 macrophages and the subsequent effects on the proliferation of prostate stromal and epithelial cells. We found that DHT increased secretion of the pro-inflammatory factor tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α from M1 macrophages differentiated from THP-1 cells. The supernatant of M1 macrophages promoted the proliferation of WPMY-1 prostate stromal cells by upregulating B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) and cellular Myc (c-Myc) levels by activating TNF-α-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Moreover, this supernatant increased the expression of androgen receptor in WPMY-1 cells, which was TNF-α-independent. Additionally, TNF-α protein expression was significantly higher in patients with BPH and a large prostate volume than that in those with a small prostate volume. Further analysis showed that higher serum testosterone combined with prostate-specific androgen concentrations was related to TNF-α expression. This study suggests that DHT modulates the inflammatory environment of BPH by increasing TNF-α expression from lipopolysaccharide-treated M1 macrophages and promotes the proliferation of prostate stromal cells. Targeting TNF-α, but not DHT, may be a promising strategy for patients with BPH.
Tolerability of Sarilumab – An anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody is controversial for the management of COVID-19
Authors: Abraham Justin Jacob , Michelle I Jerlin , Shevaani S. A. , Rathinam Kiran Kumar , Rajanandh Muhasaparur Ganesan , Mahalingam Vijayakumar Thangavel
Published: December 2021

The emerging upsurge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic which originated in Wuhan city, China. The complicated virology of SARS CoV-2 makes it difficult to evaluate the therapeutic management for this infection. Drug repurposing is been considered in the management of novel coronavirus. Sarilumab, a monoclonal antibody, is being considered in the management of SARS CoV-2 infection, because it binds to both membrane-bound and soluble human interleukin 6 (IL-6) Ra, thereby blocking both IL-6 canonical and trans-signalling pathways. In this study, we tried to evaluate the reasons why Sarilumab is a not suitable option for treating novel coronavirus.
Clinical and laboratory profile of children with primary immunodeficiency - Perspective from a developing country
Authors: Krishna Sushma , Srinivasan Ranjini , Prakash Anand , Bhattad Sagar , Indumathi C. K.
Published: December 2021

Aim:

The aim of the study was to describe the clinical and laboratory features of children diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency from India.

Background:

Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are a diverse group of conditions with heterogeneous presentation.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective chart review of clinical and laboratory data of 40 children with primary immunodeficiency between 1 month and 18 years of age was carried out. A diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency was made based on the standard criteria.

Results:

Among the 40 children reviewed, males were more affected than females (1.8:1). Seventy per cent of the patients had onset of symptoms before 1 year of age. Recurrent fever (50%) was the most common presentation. Various infections included pneumonia (45%), gastrointestinal infections (18%), oral thrush (15%), recurrent otitis media (7.5%) and recurrent skin infections (5%). Non-infective complications included neurological manifestations such as developmental delay and seizures (10%), growth failure (38%) and cytopenia. Patients were categorised into combined humoral and cellular immunodeficiency (30%), predominant antibody deficiencies (12%), diseases of immune dysregulation (32%), congenital deficiencies in phagocytes (10%) and deficiencies in innate and intrinsic immunity (15%). A genetic confirmation of the immunodeficiency could be obtained only in half of all patients (49%).

Conclusions:

Children with PIDs can present with typical manifestations such as recurrent life-threatening infections or may have more unusual presentations such as cytopenia or unexplained growth failure.
Rare Presentation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Marimuthu Revathy Shanmugam , Bavanandam Sumathi , Manimaran M. , Shanmugam Chitra , Sathya G. , Yasid Mohamed
Published: December 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor with high mortality worldwide. Tumor thrombus (TT) is common in advanced HCC. Portal vein is most commonly involved followed by hepatic vein involvement. Formation of tumor thrombosis is considered a poor prognostic factor. Here, we report a rare case of HCC in a young male with TT extending from the inferior vena cava reaching up to the right atrium without affecting the hemodynamic status.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography-Induced Subcapsular Hepatic Hematoma
Authors: Krishnamurthy Gautham , Jayaraman Kayalvizhi , Khanna Aswin , Radhakrishna Patta
Published: December 2021

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)-induced subcapsular hepatic hematoma is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Right hypochondrial pain is the most common symptom and diagnosis is based on imaging after procedure. Majority can be managed successfully with conservative measures. Angioembolization and surgery may be required in hemodynamically unstable patients. We report a case of ERC-induced subcapsular hepatic hematoma detected laparoscopically following endoscopic stone extraction and managed conservatively.
Acute Liver Failure Due to Hypoxic Hepatitis Successfully Treated with Plasma Exchange
Authors: James Allwin , Palaniappan Alagammai , Ardhanari Ramesh , Janardhanan Sandheep
Published: December 2021

Hypoxic hepatitis (HH) is an uncommon cause for acute liver failure (ALF). It is also called as shock liver, ischemic, or congestive hepatopathy. HH is usually associated with premorbid cardiac illnesses such as acute myocardial infarction, rheumatic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, or shock due to any etiology. It occurs when hepatocytes suffer hypoxic or ischemic injury. If the primary disease is treated, the natural history of HH is usually self-limiting. However, in up to half of the patients, it can lead to multiple organ ischemic insults such as worsening liver injury or acute renal failure, where the treatment is based on the major organ of involvement. Here, we present a patient with ALF due to hypoxic liver injury with a primary cardiac disease and a favorable outcome following plasma exchange therapy in our tertiary care center.
Case Series of Acute Abdomen with Midgut Malrotation Presenting in Adulthood
Authors: Katheresan V. , Ramamurthy C. , Kumar Dinesh K. , Kesavan B. , Ponchidambaram M. , Sivasankar A.
Published: December 2021

Introduction:

Intestinal malrotation (IM) is a congenital anomaly due to partial or complete failure of the 270° counter-clockwise rotation of the midgut around the superior mesenteric vessels in 5th to 12th week of fetal life. Midgut malrotation usually presents as an emergency in the 1st month of life or within infancy. Adult cases are rarely reported and usually present with chronic nonspecific symptoms. Here, we present a case series of acute abdomen with midgut malrotation presenting in adulthood that came to the Department of Surgical Gastroenterology of a tertiary hospital in Salem, Tamil Nadu.

Case Summary:

Four patients presented with acute abdominal complaints, diagnosed, and proceeded with emergency laparotomy. Three patients had abdominal abnormalities unrelated to coexisting IM, and the other one showed sequelae of IM with Ladd's band and obstruction. Except the first patient, all other patients improved well postoperatively and were discharged without complications.

Conclusion:

IM should be considered in differential diagnosis of acute abdomen and bowel obstruction in adults. IM may be encountered as an incidental imaging/laparotomy finding or be the cause of acute abdomen.
Nutritional Anemia in a Rural Community in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Mechenro John P. , Kumar Buvnesh M. , John K. R. , Balakrishnan Doraiswamy
Published: December 2021

Background:

The prevalence of anemia in India is moderately high, leading to a thrust toward iron fortification of commonly used dietary cereals. We undertook a study to determine the prevalence of anemia in a rural population in Tamil Nadu and to evaluate its association with social, cultural, and dietary practices.

Methods:

Four hundred and twenty-three adults living in 39 villages comprising the Kattankulathur block of Kancheepuram district in Tamil Nadu were recruited for this study. Data regarding social, cultural, and dietary practices were recorded and hemoglobin estimated using capillary blood samples. Anemia was classified according to the criteria specified by the World Health Organization.

Results:

Anemia was found in 91 of 244 (37.3%) female respondents and in 17 of 179 (9.5%) male respondents. In univariate analysis, anemia exhibited associations with marital status, level of education, occupation, and socioeconomic status. The prevalence of anemia was higher in diabetics, and in those who had no awareness of anemia. Anemia was less prevalent in those who frequently consumed milk, fish, beef, or dates. In multivariate analysis, when gender was eliminated, consumption of dates, socioeconomic class, frequent milk consumption, and alcohol consumption were independently associated with anemia.

Conclusions:

Socioeconomic class and dietary practices were the strongest determinants of anemia in a rural South Indian community and should inform interventions in the community.
Spontaneous Rupture of Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysm into Walled-off Pancreatic Necrosis – A Rare Cause of Recurrent Hematochezia
Authors: Sairam P. S. , Jaleel Rajeeb , Dutta Amit Kumar , Padmanabhan Aswin
Published: December 2021

Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm rupturing into walled-off pancreatic necrosis and manifesting as hematochezia is very uncommon. We report one such unusual presentation. A 36-year-old man presented with recurrent episodes of hematochezia requiring multiple blood transfusions in 2 months. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy ruled out any source of the bleed. CT angiography revealed pseudoaneurysm from the splenic artery leading onto a walled-off pancreatic necrotic collection; the collection had fistulous communication to the colon. The aneurysm was coil embolized and he was discharged in a clinically stable state.
Modified Kuppuswamy Socio-Economic Status Scale with 2016 as Base Year – An Update for 2021
Authors: Anjali M. , Khapre Meenakshi , Asha T.J. , Rahul Ankita
Published: December 2021

Socio-economic status is the key parameter for understanding the affordability of the community of health services and their purchasing capacity. Kuppuswamy's socio-economic scale based on educational, occupational status of head of the family and overall aggregate income of the whole family measures the socio-economic status of urban areas. The scale changes with the updated values of consumer-price index and base year.
Laser-Induced Maculopathy Masquerading as Hereditary Macular Dystrophy
Authors: Al Adel Fadwa , AlBloushi Abdulrahman F.
Published: December 2021

There has been an emergence of permanent macular injury due to the misuse of handheld laser pointers. The clinical phenotype of laser-induced maculopathy can mimic hereditary retinal dystrophies. This report describes the clinical phenotype and the results of multimodal imaging in a 27-year-old woman who was referred with a bilateral progressive decrease in vision over 2 months. She was initially diagnosed elsewhere with hereditary macular dystrophy. Examination of her fundus showed bilateral creamy-to-gray irregular lesions in the posterior pole. The results of multimodal imaging of her retina suggested self-inflicted laser-induced maculopathy. The patient was referred to a psychiatrist with a working diagnosis of factitious disorder. A high index of suspicion and the utilization of multimodal imaging allowed early and correct diagnosis and prevented further loss of vision.
Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin Injection in Exotropia Treatment
Authors: Al Hemaidi Seham S. , Sesma Gorka , Ahmad Khabir , Alghofaili Ruba Saleh , Awad Raseel A.
Published: December 2021

PURPOSE:

Botulinum toxin (Botox) therapy is a well-known option for strabismus management and is often used in managing esotropia. Exotropia is also a common type of strabismus; however, the effectiveness of Botox in improving exotropia is still ambiguous. In this study, we report our experience in using Botox to manage the various types of exotropia.

METHODS:

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medical records of patients with exotropia who received Botox from 2014 to March 2020 were reviewed. The main success indicator was a remaining angle of less than 10 prism diopters (PD).

RESULTS:

A total of 97 cases were reviewed, with 57 (58.8%) males and 40 (41.2%) females. The age ranged from 2 months to 40 years. The most prevalent diagnosis was sensory exotropia. Overall, 28 patients (28.9 %) and 49 patients (50.5%) achieved an angle of deviation within 10 PD and within 20 PD, respectively. Female patients had a better response to Botox than males, with 32.5% of them achieving an angle of deviation within 10 PD and 60% achieving an angle of deviation within 20 PD. We found that the change in the angle of deviation increased as the Botox dose was increased.

CONCLUSION:

Botox represents a possible safe alternative to surgery in the management of some exotropia types. The success rate differs by type, with basic exotropia scoring the highest. The presence of poor vision and amblyopia leads to a significantly lower success rate.
Virtual Consultation for Red Eye
Authors: Awad Raseel A. , Sesma Gorka , Neyaz Suhaib Y. , Ahmad Khabir , Al Hemaidi Seham S. , Awad Abdulaziz H.
Published: December 2021

PURPOSE:

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of teleexamination of red eye by a trained general practitioner (GP) compared to the gold standard (in-office consultation by an ophthalmologist).

METHODS:

This was a study of diagnostic accuracy. We included consecutive male or female patients aged ≥6 months who presented to a primary care clinic in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, with red eye. All the patients were initially evaluated by a trained GP using a standardized checklist and consulted virtually with an ophthalmologist. This was followed by an in-office eye examination conducted at a well-equipped ophthalmology clinic by a well-trained ophthalmologist. Data were analyzed using STATA 17.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS:

A total of 54 patients with red eye presented to the primary care clinic during September–November 2021 and were initially examined virtually and then in-office. The mean age of the patients was 39.72 ± 21.70 years (range 5–90 years). Thirty-three patients (61.1%) were males. The most common cause of red eye was conjunctivitis (46.3%) followed by dry eye (31.5%). There was a significant association between viral conjunctivitis and age (P < 0.001), and between dry eye and age (P = 0.002). Tele eye examination accurately identified the etiology of red eye in all 54 patients.

CONCLUSION:

Telemedicine has the potential to correctly diagnose patients with red eye and can result in a substantial decrease in the number of people visiting the health-care centers.
SARS CoV-2 Re Infection after Natural Infection Compared with Previously Sero-Negative
Authors: Chaklader Biswajit , Srivastava Kajal , Rathod Hetal , Jadhav Sudhir L. , Bhawalkar Jitendra S. , Thakur Kavita , Verma Prerna
Published: December 2021

Background:

WHO declared SARS-CoV-2 infection as pandemic on March 11, 2020. As cases recovered, it became important to know the rate of re-infection from the same virus and its severity. Therefore, the study was done to find out re-infection rate among the previously infected individuals.

Aim:

To find out re-infection rate among already exposed and nonexposed individuals.

Materials and Methods:

A cohort study was done over 5000 previously serosurveyed individual. They were followed up via telephone. Data was collected using a questionnaire with questions regarding infection post-serosurvey, severity of infection among relatives and vaccination status. Thus information collected was uploaded in Google form.

Results:

Re-infection rate among previously exposed individuals was 1.2%; at the same time period, 6% of nonexposed individuals got infected. All the re-infection cases were mild, whereas 80.74% of individuals who got infected for the first time had mild symptoms. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in relatives who were staying with participants was found to be 3.23% and 4.22% among previously exposed and non-exposed individuals respectively. 17% of previously nonexposed individuals were fully vaccinated, whereas 0.65% of exposed individual got fully vaccinated.

Conclusion:

Re-infection rate in the study was less and mild on the basis of severity. Infection rate among the nonexposed was at a higher side stating that chances of getting re-infected are much lesser. Previously exposed individuals did not show the same type of interest for vaccination compared to previously nonexposed individuals.
Reliability Physics Analysis of Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical Equipment, Modules and Components
Authors:   Automotive Electronic Systems Reliability Standards
Published: December 2021

This recommended practice has been developed for use in any EEE system used in the AADHP industries. RPA is especially important to AADHP systems, which are often safety critical applications that must operate for long times in rugged environments. These EEE systems often use EEE components that were originally designed and produced for more benign consumer applications.

Although the focus of this recommended practice is on AADHP applications, the process described herein is not limited to AADHP and may be used for EEE systems and components in any industry.
Perspektif Alkitab Tentang Kesetaraan Gender dan Implikasinya Bagi Pendidikan Agama Kristen
Authors: Zega Yunardi Kristian
Published: December 2021

Gender equality is still an interesting issue to be discussed today. Most people, especially those living in various regions in Indonesia, still misinterpret this. Gender equality is seen as an act that puts women first. In Christian circles, this thought is caused by Christian leaders in the past who gave teachings about gender who had unfair treatment between men and women. To provide a solution to these problems, the author uses qualitative research with the literature study method. The author finds that, gender is a characteristic that can be exchanged between each other and can be shared by both. Allah distinguishes the sexes but does not differentiate between the roles of the two. Thus, PAK plays a vital role in building gender understanding in the family and community, especially in the field of education, and in the field of education. AbstrakKesetaraan gender masih menjadi isu menarik untuk diperbincangkan hingga saat ini.  Sebagian besar masyarakat khususnya yang tinggal di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, masih salah mengartikan hal tersebut. Kesetaraan gender seolah-olah dianggap sebagai tindakan menomorsatukan perempuan. Dalam lingkungan Kristen, pemikiran ini disebabkan karena adanya para tokoh Kristen di masa lalu yang memberikan ajaran tentang gender yang membuahkan perlakuan tidak adil antara laki-laki dengan perempuan. Untuk memberi solusi permasalahan tersebut, penulis menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka. Penulis menemukan bahwa, gender adalah sebuah karakteristik yang dapat saling dipertukarkan antara satu sama lain dan dapat dimiliki oleh keduanya. Allah membedakan jenis kelamin manusia tetapi tidak membedakan peran antara keduanya. Dengan demikian, PAK berperan penting untuk membangun pemahaman kesetaraan gender di dalam lingkungan keluarga, masyarakat khususnya di bidang pendidikan, dan di gereja.
Qualitative Analysis of Christian Religious Education Teacher Learning Strategies in Online Learning
Authors: Paskarina Dian , Noya Ludwig Beethoven Jones , Eunike Pratiwi , Putrawan Bobby Kurnia
Published: December 2021

In the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, distance or online learning has become the primary method used by the government, in this case the Ministry of Education and Culture, to prevent the increasing number of Covid-19 viruses and the emergence of clusters in schools. In online learning, PAK teachers in their multifunctional role need to apply contextual learning strategies so that teaching and learning activities can take place in a systematic, directed, unobstructed, effective and efficient manner and can achieve educational targets. Contextual learning is a learning strategy that emphasizes the process of student involvement to achieve goals associated with real-life situations. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative and data collection is done by interview and documentation as well as relevant literature. The results of the study on some high achieving students' motivation and interest in learning increased with the online learning method after the Christian Religious Education teacher carried out the role optimally by using contextual learning strategies. AbstrakDi era pandemi covid 19 pembelajaran jarak jauh atau daring merupakan metode yang digunakan pemerintah dalam hal ini Kemendikbud sebagai upaya untuk mencegah semakin meningkatnya pandemi covid 19 dan munculnya klaster di sekolah sehingga metode daring menjadi satu-satunya pilihan untuk pembelajaran yang harus dilakukan di era pandemi covid 19. Strategi pembelajaran merupakan garis-garis besar haluan untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Pada pembelajaran daring maka guru PAK dalam peran multifungsinya perlu menerapkan strategi pembelajaran kontekstual agar kegiatan belajar mengajar dapat berlangsung secara sistematis, terarah, tidak terhambat, efektif dan efisien serta dapat mencapai sasaran. Pembelajaran kontekstual merupakan strategi pembelajaran yang menekankan pada proses keterlibatan siswa untuk mencapai sasaran dihubungkan dengan kondisi situasi kehidupan yang nyata. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara serta dokumentasi juga literatur-literatur yang relevan. Hasil penelitian pada beberapa siswa berprestasi motivasi dan minat belajar meningkat dengan metode belajar daring setelah guru Pendidikan Agama Kristen menjalankan peran secara maksimal dengan menggunakan strategi pembelajaran kontekstual.
Peripheral Facial Palsy after Dental Procedure
Authors: Lee Han-Gyu , Kim Dong-Heon , Oh Seong-il
Published: December 2021

Peripheral facial palsy is often reported after surgery for head or neck tumors and otolaryngologic surgery, but the occurrence of facial nerve palsy after dental procedures is very rare. A 29-year-old man visited our clinic with right-side facial asymmetry and right facial weakness 7 days before. The patient underwent dental treatment 8 days ago. He exhibited weakness of the right side of his face and was unable to close his right eye. He was diagnosed with right-sided peripheral type facial nerve paralysis and treated with an antiviral agent and prednisolone, and the symptoms gradually improved. Facial nerve palsies after dental procedures have been reported in foreign countries, but these cases have been very rarely reported in Korea. We also reported on the efficacy of the conventional treatment of facial nerve palsy after a dental procedure.
A Case of Glycogen Storage Disease Type V with Rhabdomyolysis after COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Kim Hokyu , Kim Ye-eun , Lee Hye Lim
Published: December 2021

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type V, also known as McArdle’s disease, is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a mutation of the PYGM gene related to the synthesis of the myophosphorylase enzyme. Here, we presented the case of an 83-year-old woman who was admitted for progressively worsening weakness of her legs due to rhabdomyolysis after a COVID-19 vaccination. In the muscle biopsy, myopathy with subsarcolemmal glycogen accumulation was revealed and she was diagnosed with a mild form of GSD type V. Although COVID-19 vaccines are generally safe and encouraged for everyone, adverse events following COVID-19 vaccinations are increasing. We should pay attention to the side effects of COVID-19 vaccination including rhabdomyolysis.
Statin-Induced Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy with Anti-HMGCR Antibody
Authors: Lee Jeongjae , Kim Euihyun , Kim Nahee , Park Hyung Jun , Kim Yoo Hwan
Published: December 2021

Anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (anti-HMGCR) antibody related immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) are usually associated with statin use. The disease has features of persistent muscle weakness and creatine kinase (CK) elevation after statin discontinuation. This report describes a 65-year-old female taking atorvastatin, presenting with both proximal lower extremity weakness. IMNM feature were detected on muscle biopsy and high anti-HMGCR autoantibody titer on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This patient was treated with corticosteroid. Muscle weakness and CK are improved after immunosuppressive therapy.
The Spirit of Atonement: Pentecostal Contributions and Challenges to the Christian Traditions
Authors: Rice Monte Lee
Published: December 2021

Sebuah resensi untuk buku The Spirit of Atonement: Pentecostal Contributions and Challenges to the Christian Traditions
ROLE OF ASPHOTA (HEMIDESMUS INDICUS R.BR.) KSHARASUTRA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LOW-ANAL FISTULA
Authors: V. P. Rechana , V.V. Soumya
Published: December 2021

In this modern era, due to a sedentary lifestyle and improper dietary habit digestive disorder shows greater inci- dence. Among them, fistula-in-ano is troubleshooting one, which is a communicating tract between two epithelial surfaces lined by granulation tissues. Due to the higher recurrence rate and postoperative complication fistula-in- ano is a headache in the present era. In Ayurvedic classics, Ksharasutra prayoga is mentioned for the treatment of Nadi Vrana, which can be adopted in the management of anal fistula. The objective of the present study was to be evaluated the efficacy of Asphota Kshara sutra in the management of low anal fistula. The clinical trial was con- ducted in OPD and IPD of Shalyatantra department at Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College. The intervention was ligation of the fistulous tract with Asphota Ksharasutra. 25 subjects were selected satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The clinical assessment was done before treatment, after treatment and follow up on the 30th day after cutting through of the tract. The assessment was done based on parameters prepared for anal fistula by Paul O Madson and Peter. Pain, burning sensation, inflammation, itching, discharge and unit cutting time was statistically analysed in different periods. Outcome variables were analysed statistically by using the Friedman test and Wilcox- son signed-rank rest, and a conclusion was drawn. Pain, burning sensation, inflammation, discharge, itching was effectively managed using Asphota Ksharasutra. The unit cutting time of Aspota ksharasutra was found to be more than standard Ksharasutra. The result showed that Aspota Ksharasutra is effective in the management of low anal fistula.
Keywords: Fistula-in-ano; Asphota ksharasutra.
A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF DIET & LIFESTYLE IN PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN FEMALES - AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Kumar K Pavan , Reddy Sudhakar P
Published: December 2021

Background: In India, 42 million people are suffering from thyroid disorders, out of which hypothyroidism is most common with a prevalence of 5.4%. It is more prevalent among females with the male-female ratio being 1:6. Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormones, which in turn results in a generalized slowing down of metabolic processes. Impaired metabolism can be compared with vitiation of Agni causing Agnimandhya according to Ayurveda. Agnimandhya further hampers the formations of Ahara Rasa and consecutive Dhatus Nirmana, diminishing the metabolism, thereby causing features similar to hypothyroidism. The objective of the Study: To assess the impact of diet & lifestyle on the prevalence of Hypothyroidism in Females. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional survey study. A total of 150 female subjects were selected for the study. With the help of a validated pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire, the interview was conducted on female subjects diagnosed with Hypothyroidism to assess the impact of diet and lifestyle on the prevalence of Hypothy- roidism in and around Mysuru city. Result: In the survey study, the majority of the hypothyroidism diagnosed subjects followed unhealthy daily regimes and the majority percentage of them practised unwholesome diet, food habits and lifestyle. Diet and lifestyle have a direct influence on the occurrence of hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a metabolic disorder is mainly caused by Agni Mandhya and Rasa Pradoshaja as a result of faulty diet and lifestyle. One should follow Dincharya, Rutucharya and other Ayurveda principles to protect the Agni and thereby prevent Hypothyroidism. The practice of Ahita Ahara Vidhi and Ahita Vihara in the manifestation of Agnimandhya, followed by the development of features of hypothyroidism was substantiated by the result of the survey.
Keywords: Hypothyroidism; Diet; Lifestyle; Agnimandhya; Rasa Pradoshaja Vikara.
SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF VITAP MARMA
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Kumar Mahesh , Singh Santosh Kumar , S.S. Gupta
Published: December 2021

Marma is a vital point of the body where trauma or injury may cause a various range of signs and symptoms from Ruja (pain) to even death. Ayurvedic Acharya’s has explained 107 Marma” that are present in the anterior and posterior aspect of the human body. Depending upon the effect of injury on Marma is five types like Sadhyo pranhara, Kalantara pranhara, Vishlyaghna, Vaikalykara & Rujakara Marma. Out of them, Vaikalykar Marma are the points where an injury causes structural or functional deformity. Another type of classification of Marma has also been made as Mamsa (muscle) marma, Sira (artery/vein) marma, Snayu (ligament) marma, Asthi (bone) marma and Sandhi (joint) marma. The Vitap Marma is placed under the Snayu Marma by Acharya Sushrut and Sira Marma by Acharya Vaghbhata. Vitap Marma is situated between Vankshan (Groin) and Vrishna (Testes) and the Viddha lakshan (symptoms of trauma) is Shandata (impotency) and Alpashukrata (oligospermia). The struc- ture present at this point is the inguinal canal. The clinical importance of the inguinal canal is related to the inguinal hernia. Direct or indirect Injury at this particular point affects the physiology of the reproductive system and may cause sterility, which is similar to Viddha lakshan of Vitap marma as described by Sushrut.
Keywords: Vitap marma, Vaikalyakar marma, Inguinal canal, Spermatic cord, round ligament
AN ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND THE CLINICAL APPROACH OF ADRAVYABHUTA CHIKITSA
Authors: M.H Shridharaiah , P.V Joshi
Published: December 2021

Chikitsa (Treatment protocols) is Pravrutti (effort) made by Gunayukta Chikitsa Chatuspada (Physician, nurse, medications and patient) to bring back Dhatu Samyata (Healthy state) whenever there is Dhatu Vaikruti (Disease state). In Ayurvedic text, we got an explanation of many types of Chikitsa for different Vyadhis (Disease) or in different Avastha (Stages) of the Vyadhi. Among all these Chikitsa, we use Dravyabhuta Chikitsa (Dimensional things) like all medication including shodhana (Purification) and shamana (Pacification) broadly but the use of the Adravyabhuta Chikitsa (Non-dimensional) is very limited. Adravyabhuta is a type of Chikitsa that is classified based on the swarupa (Shape), these Adravyabhutas Chikitsa specially deals with non - dimensional things. This review article is explaining about concept and types of Adravyabhuta Chikitsa with classical examples which our Acharyas explained in Samhitas.
Keywords: Chikitsa, Dravyabhuta, Adravyabhuta, Murta Bhava, Amurtha Bhava, Samavayi Karana.
INSIGHTS INTO THE CONCEPT OF TRIVIDHA BODHYA SANGRAHA: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
Authors: Jyothi Samantri , Shreevathsa Shreevathsa , V Bharath
Published: December 2021

Ayurveda being the Shashwatha Vijnana deals with many concepts which are applicable at all times. As the Pray- ojana of the Science is maintaining the health of healthy and curing the diseases of diseased person; in order to understand the disease, many concepts have been described among which Trividha Bodhya Sangraha is the prime one. This particular concept has been dealt under Rogachatushka of Charaka Samhita while explaining about Asan- khyeyatva of Vyadhi. It includes Vikara Prakruthi, Adhishtana and Samutthana Vishesha. In classical texts there is an elaborative description of many diseases; but as time passes a new variety of pathological presentations are manifesting which are not exactly similar to those mentioned in classics. There might be different Nidanas, different dosha involvement, different Adhisthana in the body and different Lakshanas. In such cases, a proper understanding of the entire condition is necessary to plan management protocol. Prior to that, there is the necessity of complete knowledge about Trividha Bodhya Sangraha i.e. their scope, application and limitations. Therefore, the present work is attempting for the same which will be helpful in understanding the concept and application of the same in practice.
Keywords: Trividha Bodhya Sangraha, Vikara Prakruthi, Adhishtana, Samutthana Vishesha, Anukta Vyadhi, Aparisankhya Vyadhi.
A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW ON TREATMENT MODALITIES FOR RAKTAPRADAR W.S.R. TO DUB
Authors: Gupta Himani , Bamola Poonam , Jaiswal Nikita
Published: December 2021

Women are the pioneers and key to sustainable development and quality of life in the family. Hindu culture respects women as Goddess due to this power of creativity of life inside her womb. This energy of procreation starts with menarche and ends with menopause. Ayurveda focusses on preventive and curative measures of female health. Acharya Charak mentioned “Yonishu Shuddhasu Garbham Vindati Yoshitaha” i.e., normal healthy status of Yoni (vagina) is the key factor for achieving the conception. Various gynaecological disorders like Yoni Rogas, Artava Doshas and Raktapradar hampers the achievement of conception. Raktapradar i.e., excessive excretion of men- strual blood, either in quantity or in duration is explained in Ayurvedic Classics. It is the common cause of Iron deficiency anemia & general debility. Ayurvedic intervention mentioned can be recommended as safer, feasible and effective therapy for management of Raktapradar.
Keywords: Shudha Yoni, Yoni Roga, Artava Dosha, Raktapradar.
HYPERTENSION: AN AYURVEDIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Rao Anshika
Published: December 2021

Hypertension (HTN) is a major public health issue worldwide, because of its high prevalence and concomitant increase in the risk of disease. In the contemporary situation Hypertension is the most critical disease in the world. If we focus on the present situation then we can see that due to rapid globalization we are facing Hypertension. Due to rapid modernization, people are leading more stressful lives. As a result, hypertension is one of the wide- spread disorders which came across in practice. Ab. India is labelled as the global capital of hypertension. Nowa- days, not only lifestyle disorders are becoming more common, but they are also affecting younger populations. Hence, the population at risk shifts from 40+ to maybe 30+ or even younger. Hypertension results from a variety of reasons like stress, obesity, genetic factors, overuse of the salts in the diet and ageing etc. As we all know, Hy- pertension is called a silent killer because it rarely exhibits symptoms before it damages the heart, brain or kidney. Though a lot of potent antihypertensive drugs are available today in modern medicine, none of them is free from untoward effects. The principal focus of Ayurveda is on maintaining good health and adopting a healthy way of life. In Ayurveda, there is no description of such a single disease that can resemble hypertension. As per Ayurve- dic principles, in case of an unknown disease, the physician should try to understand the nature of the disease through Dosha, Dushya and Samprapti; then should initiate the treatment. So, it becomes our prime concern to understand hypertension thoroughly with an Ayurvedic perspective. Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as High blood pressure or arterial hypertension, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortalityworldwide. It is a global health problem affecting people of different ethnicity and ages around the world. It is an asymptomatic medical condition in which systemic arterial blood pressure is elevated beyond the normal value.
Keywords: High Blood Pressure, Lifestyle disorders, Silent killer.
REVIEW ON PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ABHYANGA
Authors: P P Sabna , Sivaram Anjali , Panthappulan Hakkeem
Published: December 2021

Lifestyle interventions are the major Ayurvedic preventive and therapeutic approach that helps in building a healthy metabolic system, attaining good digestion and proper excretion. To achieve the aim of Ayurveda, i.e., to preserve and promote the health of healthy, it prescribes many measures in the form of daily routine [Dinacharya], seasonal regime [Rtu charya] etc. Abhyanga has been included as a part of Dinacharya and as a treatment for certain diseases. It is also a part of the pre-therapeutic procedures of Panchakarma (five purificatory measures). It prevents Jara [ageing process], help to overcome Srama [fatigue], cures disease caused by Vata, promotes eyesight, improves texture and quality of skin, longevity etc. Since Vata dominates in the Sparsanendriya (skin) and Taila (oil) possess those qualities opposite to that of Vata, Abhyanga pacify Vata to a great extent. Since Sparsha is also the seat of Pitta dosha, and the eye itself is the seat of Pitta, Drshtiprasada effect of Abhyanga described in classics can be explained. By massaging, through oil application and generating heat by friction, Abhyanga stimulate blood circu- lation and lymphatic circulation. It also serves as the transporting medium of nutritional substances, metabolic end- products etc. So, it is an attempt to explore the physiological effects of Abhyanga as Dinacharya in the body.
Keywords: Abhyanga, Pancha karma, Physiology
YOG AND INDIAN DIETETICS IN MANAGEMENT OF MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT (MCI): A COMPLIMENTARY REMEDIAL REVIEW
Authors: Joshi Supriya , Jadhav Saloni
Published: December 2021

Background: Yog and nutrition have been placed in the limelight since an extensive era for the management of all-cause cognitive impairment. As the global population is ageing rapidly as exhibited that over two billion indi- viduals will be crossing 60 years by 2050, the rate of cognitive decline or impairment will also be a challenge to the healthcare providers. Methodology: The main aim of the present review is to examine the promising benefits of Yog and ancient Indian nutrition science in the overall management of early and mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Many ancient classical Indian texts such as Gherand Samhita, Patanjali Yoga sutra, Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita etc., have been extensively referred for the current scoping review.
Keywords: Yog, Indian dietetics, Mild cognitive decline, dementia.
SELECTION, INDUCTION AND EDUCATION OF SCHOLARS IN AYURVEDIC STREAM DURING ANCIENT ERA
Authors: Upadhyay Devanand , Maurya Bhola Nath
Published: December 2021

Ayurveda is considered one of the ancient systems of knowledge in India. Various compendiums of Ayurveda i.e., Charaka, Sushruta, or Vagbhatta have enumerated an education system based on Gurukuls i.e., An Educator and their pupils. It is evident from them that a very systematized and organized form of medical education starting from selection to induction and then to well effective teaching and training were given during that ancient era. The triad of education viz. Adhyayan (studying), Adhyapan (teaching) and Sambhasha (an argument based on logic) is key to knowledge and learning process as per Charaka. The selection of students and the teachers were based on some set of fixed criteria’s which were necessary to be fulfilled. Induction was done prior to admission and proper disci- plinary, ethical rules were practised. For the development of knowledge and skills in branches of Ayurveda, prob- lems-based case discussion, identification, causes, treatment of diseases, their principles were taught. Yogya (a set of dummy objects) was used to practice prior to final surgery.
Keywords: Education, Ayurveda, Induction, guru shishya etc.