bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Міждержавні угоди як основа надання взаємної адміністративної допомоги митними адміністраціями
Authors: Фрадинський О. А.
Published: June 2023

Стаття присвячена вивченню законодавчих основ надання взаємної адміністративної допомоги між митними адміністраціями у ході контролю за дотриманням вимог митного законодавства, під час боротьби з контрабандою та порушеннями митних правил та гарантуванню процесів спрощення міжнародної торгівлі. Теоретичною та методологічною основою є вітчизняна нормативно-правова база, наукові праці вітчизняних вчених, статистична інформація Державної митної служби України. Результати дослідження було отримано в ході використання діалектичного методу пізнання явищ, що мають правову і економічну природу. З’ясовано доцільність та необхідність укладання міждержавних угод та проведено їх класифікацію залежно від обсягів охоплення взаємодопомоги на всеохоплюючі; комбіновані; спеціалізовані. Вивчено широкий спектр укладених угод за період 1992-2020 років. На прикладі угоди між урядами України та Нідерландів проаналізовано основні її положення у контексті розділів та додатку. Узагальнення практики роботи митних органів України, аналіз даних митної статистики за 2022 рік показали, що використання механізму взаємної адміністративної допомоги є одним із потужних джерел отримання інформації, яка дозволяє запобігти і виявити порушення митного законодавства. Отримані наукові результати дають змогу зробити висновок про необхідність денонсації трьох міжурядових угод між Україною та Російською Федерацією і Республікою Білорусь. Доцільно і в подальшому реалізовувати практику укладання таких угод із врахуванням пріоритетів у зовнішній торгівлі України.
Пріоритети реалізації державної міграційної політики в Україні
Authors: Мосора Л. С. , Оленюк В. В.
Published: June 2023

У статті подано визначення наукової категорії «державна міграційна політика» як важливого елементу державної політики України. Наведено основні причини міграції населення, зокрема вказано про зміну їх пріоритетності. Вказано, що на зміну загального рівня міграційних потоків зазвичай впливає середня заробітна плата в регіоні, показники ВВП та ВРП, рівень зайнятості та безробіття. Однак, на сьогодні такі причини уже не є головними, не менш важливий вплив мають саме воєнні дії на території держави. Досліджено процес міграції з точки зору його взаємозалежності з економічними процесами. Зазначено, що міжнародна трудова міграція є складним явищем, що не тільки залежить від соціально-економічних процесів, але й сама на них впливає, а також на якість виробництва та напрям промисловості. Фактично від міграції значною мірою залежить рівень економічного розвитку держави. Наведено перелік основних напрямів, що регулюються державною міграційною політикою в Україні відповідно до світових процесів глобалізації.
Pellet bells from the Avar and the Carolingian period in the Keszthely region (Hungary): function - sounds - alloys - adhering textiles
Authors: Pomberger Beate Maria , Mühlhans Jörg , Saunderson Kayleigh , Mozgai Viktória , Bajnóczi Bernadett
Published: June 2023

The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, and chemical compositions. Additionally, adhering textiles were investigated. Primarily children wore pellet bells hanging from their tunic. Pellet bell served as amulets and the idea that their sounds and metals protect are still popular today.
A történelmi Pontius Pilatus és magistraturájának identifikálása
Authors: Giovannini Máté
Published: June 2023

Iudaea provincia ötödik helytartója a passiótörténet révén vált világszerte ismerté. Könyvtárakat tölt ki Pontius Pilatus személyével, karrierével, - különösen a Jézus-perrel összefüggésben felmerülő – hivatali jogkörével foglalkozó szakirodalom. Az utókor rendelkezésére álló csekélyke forrásbázis feltérképezését követően, a témában elmélyülni szándékozó megrökönyödve konstatálja, hogy a történeti, teológiai, római jogi kutatások időről időre újabb problémákat vetnek fel és kísérlik meg az ellentmondásos koncepciók áttekinthetetlen hálózatának különböző diszciplináris megközelítést igénylő szálait elvarrni. Vállalkozásunk további akadályát a megkérdőjelezhető történelmi hitelességű források jelentik. Bár az évszázadok alatt egymásra halmozott tanulmányok tömkelege szédítő magasságba tör, máig alapvető információk hiányában vagyunk Pilatus biográfiáját illetően. Nem tudjuk mikor és hol született, milyen közhivatali tisztségeket töltött be helytartói kinevezését megelőzően, hogyan alakult életútja, miután a princeps visszahívta. Még a vonatkozó, viszonylagosan nagyobb számú antik írásos emlék dacára sem sikerült magistraturájának kérdését megnyugtatóan rendezni. Úgy tűnik, mintha a történelem pusztán egy epizód-szerepet szánt volna neki az evangéliumokban. A következő munka a ránk marad primer források vizsgálatán alapul, ezekre hagyatkozva igyekszik rekonstruálni a „történelmi Pontius Pilatust”, azt a személyt, akit Kr. u. 26-ban a közbiztonságilag instabil tartomány vezetésével bíztak meg. Az elemzés azonban nem kizárólag Pilatus helytartói működésének periódusára szűkül, célja, hogy a hiteles adatok közül a legfontosabbakat összegyűjtse, szükség esetén az uralkodóvá vált tévképzeteket cáfolja és valós képet nyújtson arról, amit a lovagrendi magistratusról tudhatunk.
A családi alkotmány fogalma, célja, lehetséges megjelenési formái
Authors: Arató Balázs
Published: June 2023

Annak ellenére, hogy a családi vállalkozások alapdokumentuma a családi alkotmány, még sincs egységes, általánosan elfogadott definíció. Álláspontom szerint a családi alkotmány egy olyan charta, amely a család, a családi vállalkozás értékeit és elveit rögzíti, egyfajta hivatkozási pont, világítótorony a tulajdonosi és irányítási döntések meghozatala során. Ezt a rendeltetetését azonban leginkább akkor tölti be, ha tényleges jogi kötőerővel rendelkezik. A családi alkotmánynak alapvetően négyféle megjelenési formáját különíthetjük el egymástól. A legidőtállóbb az az önálló, külön okiratba foglalt, írott családi alkotmány, amelynek megalkotásában valamennyi családtag részt vesz, hiszen ebben az esetben a dokumentum nem csupán azok érdekeit fogja szolgálni, akik ténylegesen részesedéssel rendelkeznek a családi vállalkozásban, hanem azokét is, akik egyéb módon élvezik annak előnyeit.
A fegyveres lopás feltűnése és eltűnése a magyar büntetőjogban
Authors: Minkó-Miskovics Mariann
Published: June 2023

A fegyveres lopás a mai magyar büntetőjogban nem szereplő jogintézmény, amely a 19. században jelent meg először – osztrák mintára – a magyar büntetőjogban és vált egy rendkívül alaposan és részletesen vizsgált, kidolgozott, a lopás minősítő körülményei között is különlegesnek tekinthető bűncselekménnyé. A fegyvereslopás az 1833-asjavaslatokban már megjelent, azonban szabályozásának és vizsgálatának fénykora a Csemegi-kódex elfogadását követő időszakra tehető, amely az 1961-es büntető törvénykönyv hatályba lépéséig tartott. Ezen különleges sui generis jogintézmény vizsgálatára még semmilyen formában nem került sor, pedig a mai ’fegyveresen’ és’felfegyverkezve’ minősítések kialakulásában, egymástól való elválásában kiemelt szerepet játszik. Jelen tanulmány célja annak bemutatása, hogyan jelent meg a fegyveres lopás a magyar büntetőjogban és hogyan tűnt el onnan némileg váratlanul és teljes mértékben.
A jogszabályi változások hatása a hazai felsőoktatás jogi kultúrájának főbb elemeire
Authors: Goldfárthné Veres Edit
Published: June 2023

A jogi kultúra főbb elemei (az írott és az élő jog, az intézményi infrastruktúra és a jogászi hivatás, a jogilag relevánsnak minősülő magatartási modellek, valamint a jogtudat) a felsőoktatás vonatkozásában is értelmezhetők. A tanulmány röviden összegzi, hogyan értelmezhető a jogi kultúra a felsőoktatás területére, kísérletet tesz a komponenseinek azonosítására. Az írott jog, felsőoktatásjogi kultúrája megragadható a felsőoktatáshoz való jog történeti változásain keresztül; jól azonosítható a felsőoktatás, mint közszolgáltatás nyújtásához kapcsolódó intézményi infrastruktúrán belül a jogászi hivatás végzéséhez szükséges képzési rendszer feltételeire ható szabályozók változása; a jogilag releváns magatartás modelljei esetében elemezhető a pereskedés, az ombudsmani beadványok köre és a felsőoktatási intézmények ’pereskedési’ hajlama és ennek eredményeként az államigazgatás jogorvoslati gyakorlata; végül feltárható empirikus vizsgálat keretében a jogtudat különböző célcsoportokban. A tanulmány a felsőoktatás jogi kultúráján belül a jogászi hivatáson belül a jogásszá válás feltételeire ható szabályozók változásait elemzi, érintve a szakok létesítésével és indításával kapcsolatos hatósági és jogorvoslati tevékenységeket is.
THE EFFECT OF COLD CHAIN DISRUPTION ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF CHILLED FISH
Authors: Bartáková Klára , Bursova Sarka , Necidová Lenka , Haruštiaková Danka , Zouharová Alena , Vorlová Lenka , Klimešová Marcela
Published: June 2023

Cold chain interruption during transport of samples to the laboratory may become a confounder in food hygiene practice. This study evaluates the influence of inadequate transport conditions on the microbiological quality of fish fillets from common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) packaged in plain, vacuum, or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). The experiments simulated the temperature increase during sample transport to 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, and 25 °C with exposure times of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h. Aerobic plate count (APC), psychrotrophic microorganisms count (PMC), β-D-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp. were evaluated immediately after the exposure to the elevated temperature (0 h), 3 h, and  24 h after the return to the normal temperature. Variability was observed even in the initial microbial contamination of fish fillets. Storage at higher temperatures led to an increase in microbial contamination of fish fillets Different types of packaging also played a role. In non-fatty fish (cod), CO2-containing MAP led to a decrease in pH and, therefore, to lower microbial growth. In fatty fish (salmon), the presence of CO2 did not lead to the reduction in pH and the degree of microbial contamination was, therefore, not affected by this intrinsic factor. If cold chain interruption occurs during the transport of samples to the laboratory, it is necessary to perform the analysis immediately as even storage in cold conditions until the next day can lead to increased levels of microbial contamination of such samples.
İKLİM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ MUHASEBESİ ARAŞTIRMALARININ BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZİ
Authors: KARCIOĞLU Reşat , ÖZTÜRK Seyhan
Published: June 2023

Günümüzde işletmeler artık geleneksel muhasebeden sıyrılarak, finansal bilgilerin de ötesinde iş dünyasında meydana gelen değişmelerden etkilenerek daha çok sosyal ve çevresel konularla ilgilenmektedir. Bu konuların başında gelen iklim değişikliği, insan müdahaleleriyle daha hızlı ilerlemektedir. İşletmelerin faaliyetleri üzerinde; iklim değişikliğinin etkileri önemli boyutlara ulaştığından, özel bir muhasebe dalı ile bu etkileri izleme gereksinimi doğmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, önceleri “çevre muhasebesi” ve “yeşil muhasebe” kavramları ön plana çıkmıştır. Şimdi ise daha kapsayıcı bir kavram olarak “iklim değişikliği muhasebesi”nden bahsedilmektedir.
Önemi artan ve literatürde yeni yer edinmeye başlayan bu kavramın ele alındığı söz konusu çalışmada kavrama dair bibliyometrik analiz yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; iklim değişikliği muhasebesine dikkat çekerek, ulusal ya da uluslararası akademik literatürde bu temada yapılan çalışmaların istatistiksel analizini yapmaktır. Bu temel amacın yanında kavramın en fazla hangi ülkede, hangi üniversitede, hangi yazarlar tarafından çalışıldığı, çalışmalardaki atıf sayıları, yıllara göre yayın üretimi, en sık kullanılan kavramlar gibi kriterler açısından değerlendirilmesi de hedeflenmektedir.
Literatürde özellikle Türkiye bağlamında, daha evvel benzer çalışmanın yapılmamış olması araştırmanın özgünlüğü ve önemini göstermektedir. Analiz sonucu elde edilen bulgulara göre; iklim değişikliği muhasebesi konusu gerek atıf, gerek makale sayısı, gerek en fazla çalışılan ülke ve üniversiteler bağlamında Çin’de ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca konuya olan ilginin her geçen gün arttığı ve çalışmaların artan sayılarda devam ettiği söylenebilmektedir. Artan ilgi göz önünde bulundurularak akademik çalışmalara açık bir alan olduğu rahatlıkla ifade edilebilmektedir. Söz konusu araştırma ile hem ulusal hem uluslararası akademik literatürde “iklim değişikliği muhasebesi” kavramının yeri, ele alınma düzeyi tespit edilmek suretiyle akademik literatüre katkı sunulması hedeflenmektedir.
Lobster Clear Seeds Smuggling’s Threats and Modes Through the Customs Side in Indonesia
Authors: Indradinata Bayu , Samputra Palupi Lindiasari
Published: June 2023

Background: Indonesia is one of the countries that has a very diverse biodiversity in the world and is one of the strengths of Indonesia's natural resources. One of Indonesia's leading natural resources is lobster. Lobster commodities have a very high export value and have a wide market share in the world. However, the existence of lobsters is currently under threat considering the massive smuggling of lobster clear seeds which are lobster seeds for cultivation. The threat of smuggling and uncontrolled fishing of lobster clear fry threatens the resilience of lobster clear seeds in the wild.
Aim: The purpose of the research was to determine the threat of smuggling lobster clear seeds and the mode of smuggling carried out by smugglers.
Method: This research is a quantitative research with a statistical descriptive analysis method using secondary time series data  with a case study approach to smuggling enforcement carried out by the Directorate General of Customs and Excise for the period 2018 – 2022.
Findings: Benur smuggling still often occurs in Indonesia by utilizing illegal entrances through sea routes and international airports, supported by indications of the involvement of unscrupulous officials and organized international crime networks.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Harris Imprint Index, Chippaux-Smirak Index, Staheli Index Compared With Talar-First Metatarsal Angle for Screening Arch of Foot
Authors: Paecharoen Siranya , Arunakul Marut , Tantivangphaisal Nuttharat
Published: June 2023

Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the Harris imprint index (HII), Chippaux-Smirak index (CSI), and Staheli index (SI) compared with the talar-first metatarsal angle.Methods Data was collected at the orthotic and prosthetic clinic, Thammasat University Hospital from January 1, 2016 to August 31, 2020. The three footprints were measured by the rehabilitation physician and the orthotist. The talar-first metatarsal angle was measured by the foot and ankle orthopaedist.Results The data from 198 patients with 274 feet was analyzed. The diagnostic accuracy of the footprint triad showed that CSI was the most accurate in pes planus prediction, followed by HII and SI (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]=0.73, 0.68, 0.68, respectively). In pes cavus, HII was the most accurate, followed by SI and CSI (AUROC=0.71, 0.61, 0.60, respectively). For pes planus, the intra-observer reliability by Cohen’s Kappa was 0.92 for HII, 0.97 for CSI, and 0.93 for SI, the inter-observer reliability 0.82, 0.85, and 0.70, respectively. For pes cavus, the intra-observer reliability was 0.89 for HII, 0.95 for CSI, and 0.79 for SI, inter-observer reliability of 0.76, 0.77, and 0.66, respectively.Conclusion The accuracy of HII, CSI, and SI was fair in screening of pes planus and pes cavus. The intra- and inter-observer reliability were in the moderate to almost perfect range by Cohen’s Kappa.
New Patterns of Internal Communication in Public Organization: A Case Study of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Altwaijri Shuruq , Zhang Mengzhong
Published: June 2023

Given the nature of public organizations environments compared to private organizations, integrating the use of social media platforms in internal communication follows a slow-based trend compared to private organizations. This paper examines the use of new patterns instead of traditional ways of communication for internal communication within public organizations from employees’ perspective. Using a quantitative research approach and adopting the systems theory, which offers a means of conceptualizing the functions within an organization, this research uses Saudi Arabia as a case study to survey selected sample of public employees in the country and to test the hypotheses of the relationship between the new pattern of communication (i.e. social media) and work efficiency, productivity and employee engagement, as well as whether public organization employees prefer to use modern / new pattern of communications in all aspects of internal communication. This paper establishes three main findings which are: there is a significant positive relationship between the use of modern/new pattern of communication and work efficiency and productivity, public organizations’ employees prefer to use modern/new pattern of communication in all aspects of internal communication and there is no significant positive relationship between employee engagement through social media and improved relationships in the organization. A list of recommendations based on the study’s findings were established to be considered by public administration leaders (specially in Saudi Arabia). Finally, limitations of this study along with future research suggestions were provided.
SCIENTIFIC AND THEORETICAL BASIS FOR INCREASING THE INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGIONS
Authors: Mukhamadzhanov Shakhriyor
Published: June 2023

This article discusses the scientific and theoretical foundations for increasing the attractiveness of the investment climate, including scientific and theoretical views on such similar categories as “investment”, “investment climate”, “investment attractiveness”, “attractiveness of the investment climate” of foreign and domestic scientists-economists of the last century, as well as young scientists of our time. At the same time, a scientific proposal and practical recommendations for improving the system for attracting investments to the regions were presented.
FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROCESSES AIMED ON INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES IN OUR COUNTRY
Authors: Madaminov Inomjon
Published: June 2023

It is known that without the development of science and technology, the formation and development of a national economy based on market relations and the transition to a competitive market economy can cause certain inconveniences and difficulties. Therefore, the state is taking a number of measures to produce innovative products in the country based on innovative innovations. It is known that the improvement of the production process based on innovative developments at the level of world standards, the acceleration of financial and economic processes aimed at innovative activities in our country will depend on the volume of innovative investments directed to it. At the same time, investments can be made by the state, private business and foreign countries and entrepreneurs. It is these questions that determine the relevance of the topic of the article.
ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN NAMANGAN REGION
Authors: Ubaidullaev Akmal
Published: June 2023

In the article, based on the data of small business entities operating in the Namangan region of our country from 2000 to 2021, a multifactor econometric model was created, this development was quantitatively assessed, as well as the volume of market services produced (provided) in small businesses, the volume of cargo transportation in road transport, the turnover of road transport , the volume of passenger traffic in road transport, passenger turnover of road transport, the number of employees and other factors are econometrically modeled by local researchers.
IMPROVING THE PRACTICE OF ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Uktamov Khusniddin
Published: June 2023

This article covers the issues of improving the practice of ensuring the economic security of industrial enterprises. It was also highlighted that at the current stage of development, ensuring the economic security of enterprises is an important task. The scientific works of economists of our country and foreign scientists regarding the concept of "Economic security of enterprises" in different periods were studied and their specific aspects were highlighted. In addition, a system of indicators for assessing the economic security of industrial enterprises has been developed. In addition, expert assessment methods were used to determine the level of threats to the economic security of the enterprise. In addition, a mechanism for ensuring the economic security of industrial enterprises was developed, and conclusions and proposals were developed to improve the practice of ensuring the economic security of industrial enterprises.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS AND FAMILY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL AREAS
Authors: Shadieva Gulnora
Published: June 2023

In this article, the possibility of developing small business and family entrepreneurship in rural areas in the conditions of the digital economy, improving the system of attracting people to entrepreneurship, reducing poverty and developing entrepreneurship, organizational economic issues related to the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas and small business. improvement, proposals and recommendations for the development of the field on this basis were developed by the author
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES RAISING CAPITAL EFFICIENCY OF JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
Authors: Usmonov Bunyod
Published: June 2023

In the article, the relevance of the research is based on the problems of capital efficiency of joint-stock companies and its assessment. Theoretical and practical foundations of capital efficiency are also presented. The capital efficiency of the joint-stock companies operating in our country has been examined, conclusions and explanations for its improvement have been presented.
ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMS PAYMENTS TRANSFERRED TO STATE BUDGET REVENUES
Authors: Farkhodov Farrukh
Published: June 2023

This article describes the essence of collecting customs fees from goods transported across the customs border of the Republic of Uzbekistan and its role in the formation of the state budget. Also, the current state of customs fee collection was analyzed. The best practices of foreign countries in the application of customs fees were studied, scientifically based suggestions and recommendations were given for improving the collection of customs fees in the Republic of Uzbekistan.
INTERBANK COMPETITION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPETITIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Authors: Yuldasheva Sevara
Published: June 2023

In the context of the digital transformation of financial markets, one of the topical issues in the development of the banking system of the Republic of Uzbekistan is to increase the level of its competitiveness. Documents that define the strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Republic of Uzbekistan until 2025 are devoted to this problem. The main tasks in them are to increase the competitiveness of domestic banks and develop a competitive environment. The article discusses the theoretical foundations of the functioning of competition as an economic phenomenon that occurs in the banking competitive environment, as well as defines the features of banking competition. Its structure is described, manifestations of the development of competition in the financial market in Uzbekistan are noted, indicators of the competitiveness of the banking system are assessed.
The current features of financial deficit of the state budget of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Authors: Аlimov Ilhomjon
Published: June 2023

This article reveals the essence of the state budget deficit and its methods of its financing and the stages of development are being considered. In Uzbekistan, since the acquisition of independence and to the present day there is a problem of state budget deficit. In our country at present, to finance the state budget deficit, mainly the public external debt is used. In this direction domestic opportunities are little used. This article, using the method of comparative analysis was given the author’s (assessment) evolution of the current state of reducing the state budget deficit of country.
Equalizing The Third Gender Health a Lived Experience Phenomenological Study - A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Poonguzhali S  , S Kirubakaran , Arun Murugan
Published: June 2023

Background: The transgender population is a marginalized social group often targeted for mistreatment and discrimination. This study specifically examined the experiences of transgender people across a range of categories such as: education, employment outcomes, health awareness and mental health status. The study aimed to gain an understanding about the respondents’ unique experiences of discrimination being transgender and health awareness.
Materials and Methods: The research applied descriptive qualitative phenomenology design. The study was conducted at Department of Community Medicine, Government Omandurar Medical College and Hospital, Chennai on Trans genders using in-depth interview with an open-ended question semi structured Questionnaire after obtaining the informed consent among 4 Transgenders till the data saturation happens. The Transcriptions Data were then analyzed using the Colaizzi method.
Results: Marginalized socially and economically, Family and peer rejections, Lack of Job opportunities, Continuous rejection and omission leads to Begging and Active Night life (Survival Sex). Health Care Professionals has less knowledge about the transgender health, sex affirmation surgery is still least preferred among doctors. NGOs roles are very significant in their quality of life, Periodic medical examination including HIV.
Conclusion: Transgender’s and the word are to be transformed as Third Gender. The Social acceptance from the public will do wonders in their life.
A Way Forward for A Greener Future – Sustainability in Oral Health Care
Authors: Jangili Hephzibah Blessy , Vyas Navya
Published: June 2023

Oral health professionals promote universal oral health for diseases that are primarily preventable and/or treated in their early stages. The delivery of oral health care, whether through therapeutic interventions, preventive care, or long-term maintenance, causes pollutants and has a significant carbon footprint. Oral health practitioners share a moral obligation to society to offer optimal oral health services, ensure patient safety, and decrease their environmental impact. To ensure the long-term viability of oral healthcare services, all organisations should recognise the critical need to work together to develop knowledge, identify remedial possibilities, and exchange best practices that are environmentally friendly.
Consolidarea și dezvoltarea capacității de analiză a informațiilor și transformarea paradigmei de securitate a României în contextul provocărilor asimetrice din regiunea Mării Negre
Authors:   Universitatea „Federico II”, Napoli, DONE Cătălin-Gabriel ,   Junior Researcher și expert în securitate și cooperare nordică la Experts for Security and Global Affairs, Bucureșt
Published: June 2023

Developing the national intelligence system and strengthening the response capacity in conflict and crises is both a theoretical branch and a strategy within the framework offered by the International Relations studies. As the scope of regional threats continues to grow, Romania and the actors in the region need to develop programmes to strengthen the national security assessment system and the capabilities to gather intelligence to discourage and counteract elements of security destabilisation. Because of the changes in the regional security environment, the intelligence system is in high demand, requiring a new cultural design and pragmatic capabilities. Thus, the purpose of this article is to briefly assess the national elements of information analysis in a regional context and to propose, against the background of the current security environment, a model of transformative paradigm for strengthening the capacity to respond to threats.
Războiul cognitiv în competiția marilor puteri ale secolului al XXI-lea: încadrarea activității militare în Marea Neagră
Authors:   Centrul pentru Studii Strategice, Școala Națională de Studii Politice și Administrative, Bucureșt, CHIRIAC Olga R.
Published: June 2023

The Pivot to Asia first signaled and then the December 2017 US National Security Strategy ushered in the era of renewed great power competition, a global strategic environment in which great powers compete for influence and in which the leveraging of new and disruptive technologies, globalization, climate change and a global pandemic have added to the complexity and fluidity of strategic imperatives of nation states and alliances. The nature of war has remained the same, nevertheless, the character has evolved, perspectives on what constitutes war in its entire spectrum have taken on different meaning for different actors. One particularly complex dimension of great power conflict is cognitive warfare in all its manifestations. The article is looking to analyze the way the framing effect, a cognitive bias, has been leveraged as a means of perpetrating cognitive warfare in the Black Sea by reframing historical events of the last century in order to influence both individual and group beliefs and behaviors to favor or legitimize tactical as well as strategic objectives in great power competition.
Guvernanța și securitatea maritimă – abordarea Uniunii Europene
Authors:   Academia Navală „Mircea cel Bătrân”, Constanța, CRISTEA Ovidiu , ROȘU Marius ,   Comandamentul Forțelor Întrunite „General Emanoil Florescu”
Published: June 2023

At the level of European leadership in Brussels, it has been developed, based on preserving and affirming the European culture and civilisation, the idea of creating the conceptual and actional premises for “Europe ad integrum” to represent a “maritime force”. In this context, the Integrated Maritime Policy is a comprehensive approach to all European Union maritime and related policies. Basically, the Integrated Maritime Policy is the European Union’s response to develop the sustainable implementation of maritime governance, a concept in which maritime security plays a key role. This paper deals with the principles of maritime policies formulated at European Union level, which, in conjunction with the provisions of the European Union Maritime Security Strategy and Action Plan, form the European concept of maritime governance and security.
Operaţiile informaţionale – răspunsul comunicaţional adecvat la ameninţările contemporane
Authors:   Academia Forţelor Aeriene „Henri Coandă”, Braşov, NECULCEA Cosmina-Andreea
Published: June 2023

From immemorial time, information has been an indispensable and decisive element in winning the war. Although the morphology of conflicts evolves according to military capabilities, technologies, procedures and combat techniques, as well as the space in which they take place, the communication architecture of the battlefield remains a constant presence. Contemporary conflict can be characterised by increasing hybridity and the increasing role of information, both in the physical space itself and in the virtual space. With the digitalisation of the information environment (it directly affects the operational environment), the information sphere has become not only a crucial element, but also the battlefield in which the war takes place. In modern warfare, many of the tactics and techniques used by the armed forces have the role of informing/influencing and not destroying. Taking into account the diversity of participants (combatants, non-combatants), we can assert that the civilian population plays a preferential role. Therefore, interaction with a state’s own population and the population in the area of responsibility is essential to ensure the support of participation in the conflict as well as the acceptance of forces in the field. Nowadays, information operations (INFO OPS) are considered a force multiplier in the whole spectrum of military operations, and through technology, actions can be initiated to influence the target audience. The aim of this article is to identify the role of information operations during NATO’s longest and most challenging mission: the International Security Assistance Force/ISAF, in Afghanistan.
Contribuții ale NATO și UE pentru consolidarea securității și apărării în spațiul euroatlantic
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, Bucureșt, EPARU Alexandru
Published: June 2023

Today’s world presents a contradictory picture that, along with economically prosperous areas, characterised by stability and integration trends, also includes poor, unstable regions, on the verge of disintegration. International threats and vulnerabilities have not disappeared, they have not diminished, they have changed. Instability has spread, and the danger of war has been replaced by a multitude of risk factors, the importance of which varies from situation to situation. Therefore, situations generate tensions that will become explosive and will inevitably lead to a whole range of domestic and international crises, crises that, as a rule, have ethnic, religious, territorial or economic roots. The multitude of actors involved in the process of ensuring security and defence in the Euro-Atlantic area makes it difficult to coordinate and streamline the initiatives launched for each area. Hence the need for each “security actor” to try to develop comprehensive strategies to address defence consolidation.
Rolul diplomației digitale în sistemul de securitate internațional după declararea pandemiei cu SARS-CoV-2
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, Bucureșt, BODONI Cristina
Published: June 2023

In this study, we start from the premise that the isolation imposed after the declaration of the pandemic with Covid-19 forced the diplomatic environment to assume its digitization, following a time when the digital diplomacy held a secondary role on Social Media on the Internet. The pandemic has forced the diplomatic and consular environment to accept their full digitization, almost overnight. It has quickly become a powerful tool for innovation and progress, a reliable element of international cooperation. Then, during the research, we highlight aspects that explain the removal of digital diplomacy from the sphere of public diplomacy. We explain the central mission of contemporary diplomacy with the help of good practices and international cooperation in the field of regional security in the Black Sea region. Then we underline the reasons that could weaken national security. We also set out essential elements that lead us to believe that the digital diplomacy will remain relevant after the end of the pandemic, becoming an important element of interconnection of all stakeholders and a pacifist protector of national security.
Cooperarea aliaţilor la reintrarea României în Primul Război Mondial: 28 octombrie/10 noiembrie 1918
Authors:   Asociaţia Istorică „Dimitrie Cantemir”, București, NICULAE Daniel Silviu
Published: June 2023

When he drew up the operations project for the Allied armies in the East, in order to exploit success, after the capitulation of Bulgaria (16/29 September 1918), General Franchet d’Esperey certainly relied on Romania’s support, establishing the Danube Army strength to only three divisions. Indeed, it was the mission of this army to secure both the right flank of the main operation carried out in Belgrade’s direction and the left flank of the secondary operation carried out in the direction of Constantinople, against a possible intervention by the Austro-German armies in Romania. Henri Mathias Berthelot, former head of the French Military Mission in Romania, who had lived both the days of repression and the glory of the Romanian Army, was also a certain proof of the intention of the Allies to cooperate with Romania. The article presents aspects of the cooperation of the Allies with the forces of the Romanian Army that resulted in liberating the Romanian territory from the occupation of the Central Powers and in creating the necessary circumstances for the achievement of Greater Romania.
Caracterul proactiv al avertizării în anticiparea situaţiilor de criză
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, CARPEN Sorin-Iulian
Published: June 2023

"Adequate use of warning can contribute decisively to avoiding or reducing major consequences in case of crisis situations. This paper intends to emphasise the contribution that strategic warning can have in the proactive development of the decision-making process. The paper analyses the way in which the issue of warning was approached by a number of experts in the field. At the same time, it is noted that paying adequate attention to medium and long-term analysis methods could contribute to an effective transition towards a proactive approach to warning, in order to avoid strategic surprise, adapt strategies and maintain competitiveness in the operational environment."
Problematica tehnologiilor disruptive în contextul cooperării europene în domeniul apărării
Authors:   Institutul pentru Studii Politice de Apărare și Istorie Militară, ILINCA Dragoș
Published: June 2023

"The development of disruptive technologies represents one of the main themes of the contemporary security agenda not only from a national perspective but also at the level of multinational cooperation. In this regard, the European cooperation carried out under the institutional auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy has gradually addressed the impact of disruptive technologies on the way of structuring the EU’s response to contemporary security challenges. The approach to this subject has gradually evolved towards profiling a distinct typology at the level of which the specific character also derives from the particular parameters of the mode of interaction between the EU institutions. Equally, the specific nature of the European approach also concerns the way of financing the process of developing capabilities of this type, including in terms of complementing the national effort through opportunities offered by the EU budget. From this perspective, it can be concluded that the issue of disruptive technologies will become more and more visible on the European cooperation agenda, including in terms of the priorities advanced through the Strategic Compass as well as at the level of practical initiatives launched in the CSDP context, as is the case with PESCO and EDF."
Chestiunea strâmtorilor Bosfor și Dardanele
Authors:   Statul Major al Forțelor Terestre, CUCOȘ Cezar
Published: June 2023

"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."
Elaborarea scenariilor în planificarea acțiunilor militare pentru prevenirea unei situații de criză
Authors:   Universitatea Națională de Apărare „Carol I”, ROMAN Daniel
Published: June 2023

The Russian-Ukrainian military conflict is the most unexpected event having a major societal impact, not only on the conflicting parties, but also on the entire international community. The irreparable damage to critical infrastructures, the loss of human life and the constantly increasing considerable material damage are just three indicators that signal possible future crisis situations. The question that is justifiably raised is “Could this military conflict have been prevented?” Implicitly, another series of questions arises, such as “Can future crisis situations generated by this military conflict be prevented?” When expressing the answers to such questions, the military and societal security specialists turn to specific tools such as threat predictions and scenarios. In this context, we can talk about planning military actions in a much more realistic way, observing the battles taking place in the Ukrainian space, which is a new reality in Eastern Europe. The lessons learned following recent military conflicts refer to the complexity of the combat actions generated by the digitalization of the confrontation space and the interaction of the societal domains in a difficult-to-decipher manner. The experimental vignette methodology – EVM – applied in the development of the threat scenarios by using podcasts, supports the planning of the military actions as a solution to prevent crisis situations. The optimization of the process of teaching and training the military specialist through experimental vignettes opens new horizons on planning the military actions as interactions of the military component with the other components of the societal domains that ensure the transition from a macro- to a micromilitary confrontational environment.
SOCIAL MEDIA – INSTRUMENT OF THE INFORMATION WARFARE. FROM INFORMATION TO INFLUENCING –
Authors:   Phd Student, PREDA Alin , CHIRIAC Dănuţ Mircea ,   Professor
Published: June 2023

Information is a very valuable weapon, in can help in manipulation and it can result in changing behaviours and actions. Information warfare in the cyber environment can be considered the most developed form of warfare, through which the goal is achieved without human loss and without bloodshed. While many studies and researches have been conducted on the “weapons of attack” of this unconventional war, fake news and propaganda, since ancient times, less has been written about “weapons of defence” counteracting and combating their effects, and scientific studies and research are still far from finding the answer. In this article, we aim to analyse both the main weapon of attack: communication, as a method (technique, tactics) of transmitting fake news and propaganda and the main means of conducting information warfare, social media, by the force (speed) of the dissemination of communication. We will make this analysis starting from the origin and characteristics of interpersonal communication and social networks, which we will identify in disciplines such as psychology, sociology, social psychology and anthropology and show how each of these areas contributes to shaping the lives of users of virtual social networks. They can thus be used in information warfare. In our approach, we start from the hypothesis that communication aims to influence, the social network broadens the communication environment and promotes influence, and the Internet makes the communication process take place at the mass level, amplifies the speed of dissemination, which further accentuates influencing and recommending social media as a tool in the information war. We also aim to analyse this process of modelling (influencing) from socio-psychological perspectives to highlight how propaganda and fake news in social media work and how they could be countered using simple principles of communication and psycho-sociology.
ARE THE IMPROVISED CHEMICAL WEAPONS AS EFFICIENT AS MEDIA CLAIMS THEY ARE? CASE STUDY: THE SYRIAN WAR
Authors:   Scientific Research Centre for National, European and Euro-Atlantic Security, National Defence University “Carol I” PhD candidate of University of Tartu, Estonia, PETERFI Carol-Teodor
Published: June 2023

It is reported by various media sources that, since the beginning of the Syrian war in 2011, more than 11.5% of Syria’s population has been wounded or killed. The scarcity of war resources forced the belligerents of the Syrian civil war to use many improvised weapons among which the chemical barrel bombs hold the headlines. Although the exact number of casualties produced by chemical weapons in Syria is unknown, reportedly a few thousand were killed or intoxicated. This article seeks to determine the efficiency of improvised chemical weapons used in Syria and compare them with the specially designed ones. For comparison, the military standards are to be used and the conclusion will show if the media is exaggerating or the humanity faces a new type of chemical warfare.
PRESS ACCREDITATION IN WARTIME DURING THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors:   Information and Public Relations Directorate, Ministry of National Defence, VASILE Valentin
Published: June 2023

This study highlights how military-press relations evolved in the 19th century towards institutionalising press accreditation during the armed conflicts with the aim of gaining the public trust and promoting the reputation of military organisations by managing the information release to audiences. A special focus is on the nascent press accreditation practices used by the military when interacting with correspondents sent by European and North American publications to cover, first-hand, the Eastern Question events unfolding on the battlefields of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), in which Romania fought to win its national independence. The study reveals the crystallisation of Public Relations techniques and procedures in wartime – press officers’ appointment, written regulations on the terms and conditions for the press accreditation, ground rules for correspondents’ access to press briefings, interviews and documentation activities at combat units as members of press pools or as embedded journalists. These practices are enshrined nowadays in the Public Relations policies on media relations, and their emergence deserves better recognition in the history of communication sciences.
POLITICAL THREATS TO ENERGY SECURITY IN THE BLACK SEA
Authors:   Associated Researcher, Centre for Strategic Studies, National School of Political Science and Public Administration, Bucharest, CHIRIAC Olga R
Published: June 2023

The International World Order is the system of states we function in. It has been the dominant narrative, especially since 2014, that revisionist powers are trying to challenge and destabilise the order and replace it with one where they influence geopolitical outcomes exclusively in their favour and exert much more power than they would be able to in the current international system. This competition for strategic dominance is often called Great Power Competition having the US as the centre and the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China as challenger great powers. The overall purpose of the current study is to succinctly analyse Russia’s approach to grand strategy and understanding national interest, and to apply the mentioned aspects to the energy realm specifically, all the while being geographically focused on the Black Sea