bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extension, uplift of rocks and cooling ages in thinned
crustal provinces: the Larderello geothermal area (inner Northern Apennines,
Italy)
Authors: DALLMEYER R. DAVID , LIOTTA DOMENICO
Published: July 2002

In extensional tectonic settings, vertical movements of the earth's

surface are largely controlled
by rates of strain. Extensional strain rates within the Larderello geothermal
area,
located in inner parts of the
Northern Apennines, have been evaluated together with uplift rates and

40Ar/39Ar cooling ages. Results indicate
that extensional strain rates have been relatively low
(5.8×10−17 s−1), since the middle
Pliocene.
Differential uplift rates are estimated to have been high (c.
0.2 mm/year).
Strain and uplift rates within the
Larderello region are consistent with the regional tectonic framework.

The low strain rate, rapid uplifting
and high heat flow within southern Tuscany can be explained by an
eastward dipping lithospheric shear
maintained since at least middle Pliocene times.
Structural interpretation of gabbroic rocks in
Ağaçören Granitoid, central Turkey:
field observations and aeromagnetic data
Authors: KADIOĞLU Y. K. , ATEŞ A. , GÜLEÇ N.
Published: July 2002

Gabbroic rocks crop out commonly in different localities of the

Central Anatolian Crystalline
Complex and are interpreted by many researchers as the remnants of a
Neotethyan ophiolitic suite now
observed as roof-pendants in the granitoids of the complex. In this
study, the structural position of the gabbroic
rocks within one of the granitoids of the Central Anatolian Crystalline

Complex, namely the Ağaçören
Granitoid, is determined by geological and aeromagnetic data from the
central part of the pluton. The gabbroic
rocks have sinuous contacts with the Ağaçören Granitoid

and they display a gradual change in composition
and texture from gabbro at the top of the hills to diorite at the foot
of the
hills towards the contact with
granitoid. Power spectra, high- and low-pass filtered aeromagnetic and

pseudogravimetric anomalies were
produced using geophysical methods. A two-dimensional model constructed
from
the high pass-filtered
anomalies, with the control of the in situ susceptibility data

and the low-pass filtered anomaly, suggests existence
of a shallow conical-shaped and deeply buried gabbroic body. The deep body

extends down to deeper
levels of the upper crust and, given the textural and compositional features

which suggest magma mixing, is
interpreted as an intrusion coeval with the Ağaçören
Granitoid.
Wenlock metabentonites from Gotland, Sweden: geochemistry,
sources and potential as chemostratigraphic markers
Authors: BATCHELOR R. A. , JEPPSSON L.
Published: July 2002

Two metabentonite suites occur within the Wenlock limestones and marls of Gotland, one
within the Slite Formation (M. belophorus to the C. ellesae biozones) and the other in the Mulde
Formation (G. nassa–M. dubius Biozone). Their geochemical characteristics based on rare-earth element
(REE) distributions in apatite crystals separated from the metabentonites suggest origins from three
separate volcanic sources. One of these sources has an alkaline affinity, reflected in relatively high
levels of Th, Nb and Zr, which suggests that it may have lain over thickening continental crust during
the waning stages of the closure of the Tornquist Sea, while the other two represent calc-alkaline
magmas. The source of the volcanic ash is placed some 400 km to the southwest of Gotland, on the
Tornquist–Teysseyre Zone, which is the northernmost expression of the Trans-European Suture Zone.
Distinctive differences in REE distribution in apatite from these metabentonites should assist in future
correlation studies in Wenlock stratigraphy, both within the Baltic region and further afield.
Compact Toeplitz operators with continuous
symbols on weighted Bergman spaces
Authors: Nakazi Takahiko , Yoneda Rikio
Published: July 2002

Let L^2_a (D, d\sigma
d\theta /2\pi ) be a complete weighted Bergman space on the open unit
disc D, where d\sigma is a positive finite
Borel measure on [0, 1). We show the following : when \phi is
a continuous function on the closed unit disc \bar {D}, T_\phi is compact if and only if \phi = 0 on
\partial D.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 47B35, 47B07.
Quadratic congruences for Cohen–Eisenstein series
Authors: GUERZHOY P.
Published: July 2002

The notion of quadratic congruences was introduced in the recently published paper [A. Balog, H. Darmon and K. Ono, Congruences for Fourier coefficients of half-integral weight modular forms and special values of L-functions, in Analytic Number Theory, Vol. 1, Progr. Math.138 (Birkhäuser, Boston, 1996), 105–128.]. In this note we present different, somewhat more conceptual proofs of several results from that paper. Our method allows us to refine the notion and to generalize the results quoted. Here we deal only with the quadratic congruences for Cohen–Eisenstein series. Similar phenomena exist for cusp forms of half-integral weight as well; however, as one would expect, in the case of Eisenstein series the argument is much simpler. In particular, we do not make use of techniques other than p-adic Mazur measure, whereas the consideration of cusp forms of half-integral weight involves a much more sophisticated construction. Moreover, in the case of Cohen–Eisenstein series we are able to obtain a full and exhaustive result. For these reasons we present the argument here.
SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS
AND THE RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
OF JAMES VI AND I
Authors: NEWTON DIANA
Published: July 2002

This article contends that the confrontation between Sir Francis
Hastings and the
new king of England, in the winter of 1604–5, was of far more lasting
significance in determining
King James's religious policy than the Hampton Court Conference, which
had left many grievances
of the most dogmatic and zealous Calvinists largely unresolved. The showdown
was prompted by
James's apparent leniency towards Catholicism and his role in the
peace process with Spain. James
emerged from the encounter as a king of real political ability who turned
the episode to his advantage;
using the opportunity to ‘tackle’ the Catholic threat and ‘subdue’
the nonconforming puritan ministers
whilst also endeavouring to energize local government. Thereafter, he was
able to defuse religious
friction for much of the rest of his reign.
PURITANISM AND LIBERTY
REVISITED: THE CASE FOR
TOLERATION IN THE ENGLISH
REVOLUTION
Authors: COFFEY JOHN
Published: July 2002

In recent years historians have grown sceptical about attempts
to trace connections
between puritanism and liberty. Puritans, we are told, sought a godly society,
not a pluralistic one.
The new emphasis has been salutary, but it obscures the fact that a minority
of zealous Protestants
argued forcefully for the toleration of heresy, blasphemy, Catholicism,
non-Christian religions, and
even atheism. During the English revolution, a substantial number of Baptists,
radical Independents,
and Levellers insisted that the New Testament paradigm required the church
to be a purely voluntary,
non-coercive community in the midst of a pluralistic society governed by
a ‘merely civil’ state. Although
their position was not without its ambiguities, it constituted a startling
break with the Constantinian
assumptions of magisterial Protestantism.
‘JESUS THE SANS-CULOTTE’: MARXISM AND RELIGION DURING
THE FRENCH FIN DE SIÈCLE
Authors: STUART ROBERT
Published: July 2002

Most historians have assumed a fundamental antagonism between Marxism and
theism. In practice, the relationship between the two world-views has been far more complex than
simple hostility – a complexity admirably illustrated by the experience of the Marxist Parti Ouvrier
Français (POF) between 1882 and 1905. While the Marxists of the POF developed a vicious
socialist anti-clericalism that made its own original contribution to France's long tradition of anti-religious polemic, they none the less experimented with a rudimentary Christian socialism designed to
attract the proletarian faithful, and also developed an agnostic programme of religious indifference
which sought to insert the circuit-breaker of class conflict into the highly charged link between militant
secularism and Catholic clericalism. This article examines the intricate and, in the end, incoherent,
pattern of engagement between Marxist socialism and French religion during the fin de siècle, and
suggests that this incoherence contributed to the eventual frustration of the Parti Ouvrier's
revolutionary purpose.
EHUD R. TOLEDANO, Slavery and Abolition in the Ottoman Middle East (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1998). Pp. 197. $18.00 paper.
Authors: Zilfi Madeline C.
Published: July 2002

Compared with the cottage industry that has grown up around the study of slavery in Africa and the Americas, slavery in the Ottoman East barely registers as a target of inquiry. Ottomanists and Islamicists have tended to avoid it altogether, and global comparativists have given little play to slave systems that, like the Ottoman, did not center on plantation labor. Military slaves and other varieties of “elite slaves” in the Ottoman Empire have been exceptions to the general indifference, although considering the long and complex history of elite slave (kul) manpower in the 600 years of Ottoman statehood, the pickings are slim there, as well.
HOWARD R. TURNER, Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997). Pp. 262.
Authors: Russell G. A.
Published: July 2002

Scholars have been reluctant to undertake a comprehensive history of science in Islamic civilization when a great deal of original material still lies unedited, unpublished, unexplored, or partially investigated in spite of prolific research. Even extensive collaborative attempts at a synthesis (see the Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3 vols. [1996]) reflect the level of research to date in specific areas rather than present a definitive survey within a cultural perspective. One therefore admires the courage of Howard Turner, who is not a historian of Arabic science, in taking on this ambitious publication, which extends beyond the limits suggested by its title. In fact, Medieval could be omitted from his title, as it does justice neither to the content of his book nor to the historical reality. The term refers, as we know, to some interim period of shifting chronological boundaries between the so-called Dark Ages and the Renaissance in European civilization. The comparable time period in Islamic civilization, however, encompasses the rise, a series of peaks, and the seeds of decline in the sciences. It is not a transitional phase between “dark ages” (the J―ahiliyya) and a “rebirth.” The content of Turner's book is best conveyed simply as “An Illustrated Introduction to Science in Islam or in Islamic Civilization.”
THE VOLUME OF THE EARLY ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE,

1450–1521
Authors: ELBL IVANA
Published: July 2002

ALTHOUGH slaves were the most common merchandise in the

Portuguese-dominated opening period of the seaborne trade between Europe
and Africa,

relatively little conclusive information is available on their overall
numbers.

Even less is known about the distribution of these early exports of slaves
in

space and time, although these are two of the key factors in assessing
the

much debated societal impact of the early Atlantic slave trade and the
role of

slavery in West and West-Central African economic, social and political
life.
Morphology of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and

perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants in pastures

under sheep and cattle grazing
Authors: HUME D. E. , BROCK J. L.
Published: July 2002

The effects of contrasting management systems either of infrequent

rotational grazing by town milk

supply dairy cattle, or of frequent defoliation by continuously

grazing sheep and beef cattle, on the

morphology of independent plants and populations of ‘Grasslands

Roa’ tall fescue in mixed

pastures, were measured over 1 year (1992/93) in New Zealand.

Volunteer perennial ryegrass plants were also measured for comparison.

While both species exhibited a similar pattern of clonal growth, tall

fescue developed more plants of

higher branching complexity than perennial ryegrass, chiefly through

maintaining more connective

stems, as herbage production was confined to the three youngest branching

orders in both species.

Greater resistance to microbial degradation of old stems through poorer

quality organic matter (wide

C[ratio ]N ratio) compared to perennial ryegrass may be responsible for

the greater complexity of fescue

plants. In addition, tillering rates in tall fescue were three times

lower which was offset by greater

longevity and size of leaves and tillers, compared to perennial ryegrass.

As a result, seasonal

fluctuation in the distribution of plants among the various branching

orders in tall fescue was small,

producing a more stable population relative to the distinct seasonal

changes in the population of

perennial ryegrass plants. Grazing management had no effect on the

seasonal population structure in either species.

Differences in plant structure due to grazing management were small,
with

only slightly more tillers

on sheep-grazed than on cattle-grazed tall fescue plants. The major effect

of grazing management was

on dry weight or size of plant components. Cattle-grazed tall fescue plants

were 120% heavier, with

greater numbers and lengths of stolons and flower heads than those

under sheep grazing. For the

volunteer perennial ryegrass, the difference was only 65%, possibly

due to competition from the more

vigorous tall fescue under rotational cattle grazing.

Both species produced stolons throughout the year, although these were

primarily associated with

reproductive growth in spring. In tall fescue, an additional distinction

was made between stolon and

rhizome, the latter occurring mainly in the summer–autumn.

Their possible functions in plant growth are discussed.
Trace element determination in different milk slurries
Authors: GARCIÁ ELENA M. , LORENZO M. LUISA , CABRERA CARMEN , LÓPEZ M. CARMEN , SÁNCHEZ JOAQUIN
Published: July 2002

We have studied the contents of trace elements of nutritional or
toxicological interest in 90 samples of whole, low-fat, skim, condensed, evaporated
and powdered milks. Slurries of the samples were prepared with Triton X-100 and
analysed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The temperature–time
programme of the graphite oven was optimized for each element, and the
accuracy, precision, selectivity and sensitivity of the method were verified.
Concentrations of the trace elements we investigated were: Pb 0–0·211 μg/g, Cd
0–28·985 ng/g, Al 0·528–4·025 μg/g,
Cu 0·041–0·370 μg/g, Cr 0–0·177 μg/g, Mn
0·024–0·145 μg/g, Se 0–237·333 ng/g,
Zn 0·297–0·827 μg/g and Ni 0·058–1·750 μg/g.
(A value of zero indicates that the element was undetectable by our methods.)
Concentrations of the pairs of elements Cu–Cd, Mn–Cd, Mn–Cu,
Zn–Mn, Ni–Cu, Ni–Mn and Ni–Zn were significantly
correlated (P<0·001). Linear discriminant
analysis confirmed the separation between the six types of milk analysed.
Rapidly rotating thermal convection at low Prandtl number
Authors: DAWES J. H. P.
Published: July 2002

Rotating Boussinesq convection in a plane layer is governed by two dimensionless
groups in addition to the Rayleigh number R: the Prandtl number σ and the Taylor
number Ta. Scaled equations for fully nonlinear rotating convection in the limit of
rapid rotation and small Prandtl number, where the onset of convection is oscillatory,
are derived by considering distinguished limits where σnTa1/2 ∼ 1
but σ → 0 and Ta → ∞, for different n > 1.
In the resulting asymptotic expansion in powers of Ta−1/2
and the amplitude of convection. Three distinct asymptotic regimes
are identified, distinguished by the relative importance of the subdominant buoyancy
and inertial terms. For the most interesting case, n = 4, the stability of different
planforms near onset is investigated using a double expansion in powers of Ta−1/8 and the amplitude of convection ε. The lack of a buoyancy term at leading order
demands that the perturbation expansion be continued through six orders to derive
amplitude equations determining the dynamics. The case n = 1 is also analysed. The
relevance of this theory to experimental results is briefly discussed.
Longitudinal acoustic instabilities in slender solid propellant rockets: linear analysis
Authors: GARCÍA-SCHÄFER J. E. , LIÑÁN A.
Published: July 2002

To describe the acoustic instabilities in the combustion chambers of laterally burning
solid propellant rockets the interaction of the mean flow with the acoustic waves is
analysed, using multiple scale techniques, for realistic cases in which the combustion
chamber is slender and the nozzle area is small compared with the cross-sectional
area of the chamber. Associated with the longitudinal acoustic oscillations we find
vorticity and entropy waves, with a wavelength typically small compared with the
radius of the chamber, penetrating deeply into the chamber. We obtain a set of
differential equations to calculate the radial and axial dependence of the amplitude
of these waves. The boundary conditions are provided by the acoustic admittance of
the propellant surface, given by an existing analysis of the thin gas-phase reaction
layer adjacent to the solid–gas interface, and of the nozzle, accounting here for the
possible effect of the vorticity and entropy waves. The equations are integrated in
closed form and the results provide the growth rate of the disturbances, which we use
to determine the conditions for instability of the longitudinal oscillations.
Singular modes in Rayleigh instability

of three-dimensional streamwise-vortex flows
Authors: TIMOSHIN S. N. , SMITH F. T.
Published: July 2002

The upper-branch neutral modes of inviscid instability in a

boundary-layer flow with significant longitudinal vortices present

are shown to possess typically a logarithmically

singular, non-inflectional, critical layer. This contrasts with

previous linear and nonlinear suggestions implemented in

vortex–wave interaction and secondary instability theories,

which are re-examined. The analysis here is based first on

perturbation techniques applied to a Rayleigh unstable planar

motion supplemented by a vortex centred around the inflection

level, followed by the extension to more general cases. Flows

with order one and larger spanwise scales are considered. Multiple

solutions, their limit properties and parametric continuations

are illustrated with concrete examples.
The velocity field near moving contact lines
Authors: CHEN Q. , RAMÉ E. , GAROFF S.
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of a spreading liquid body are dictated by the interface
shape and flow field very near the moving contact line. The interface shape and
flow field have been
described by asymptotic models in the limit of small capillary number,
Ca. Previous
work established the validity and limitations of these models of the interface shape
(Chen et al. 1995). Here, we study the flow field near the moving
contact line. Using
videomicroscopy, particle image velocimetry, and digital image analysis, we
simultaneously make quantitative measurements of both the interface shape and
flow field
from 30 μm to a few hundred microns from the contact line. We compare our data to
the modulated-wedge solution for the velocity field near a moving contact line (Cox
1986). The measured flow fields demonstrate quantitative agreement with predictions
for Ca[les ]0.1, but deviations of ∼5% of the spreading velocity at
Ca≈0.4. We
observe that the interface shapes and flow fields become geometry independent
near the
contact line. Our experimental technique provides a way of measuring the interface
shape and velocity field to be used as boundary conditions for numerical calculations
of the macroscopic spreading dynamics.
Inertial waves in a rotating spherical shell
Authors: RIEUTORD M. , VALDETTARO L.
Published: July 2002

The structure and spectrum of inertial waves of an incompressible
viscous fluid inside
a spherical shell are investigated numerically. These modes appear to be strongly
featured by a web of rays which reflect on the boundaries. Kinetic energy and
dissipation are indeed concentrated on thin conical sheets, the meridional cross-section of which forms the web of rays. The thickness of the rays is in general
independent of the Ekman number E but a few cases show a scaling
with E1/4 and
statistical properties of eigenvalues indicate that high-wavenumber modes have rays
of width O(E1/3). Such scalings are typical
of Stewartson shear layers. It is also shown
that the web of rays depends on the Ekman number and shows bifurcations as this
number is decreased.

This behaviour also implies that eigenvalues do not evolve smoothly
with viscosity.
We infer that only the statistical distribution of eigenvalues may
follow some simple
rules in the asymptotic limit of zero viscosity.
Long-time shallow-water equations with a varying bottom
Authors: CAMASSA ROBERTO , HOLM DARRYL D. , LEVERMORE C. DAVID
Published: July 2002

We present and discuss new shallow-water equations that model

the long-time effects

of slowly varying bottom topography and weak hydrostatic imbalance on the
vertically

averaged horizontal velocity of an incompressible fluid

possessing a free surface and

moving under the force of gravity. We consider the regime where the Froude
number

ε is much smaller than the aspect ratio δ of the

shallow domain. The new equations are obtained from the

ε→0 limit of the Euler equations (the rigid-lid approximation)

at the first order of an asymptotic expansion in δ2.

These equations possess local

conservation laws of energy and vorticity which reflect exact layer mean
conservation

laws of the three-dimensional Euler equations. In addition, they convect
potential

vorticity and have a Hamilton's principle formulation.

We contrast them with the Green–Naghdi equations.
Absolute/convective instabilities in the
Batchelor vortex: a numerical study of the
linear impulse response
Authors: DELBENDE IVAN , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC , HUERRE PATRICK
Published: July 2002

The absolute/convective instability properties of
the Batchelor vortex are determined
by direct numerical simulation of the linear impulse response.
A novel decomposition
procedure is applied to the computed wavepacket in order to
retrieve the complex
wavenumber and frequency prevailing along each spatio-temporal
ray. In particular, the absolute wavenumber and frequency
observed in the laboratory frame are
determined as a function of swirl parameter and external
flow. The introduction of
a moderate amount of swirl is found to strongly promote
absolute instability. In
the case of wakes, the transitional helical mode that
first undergoes a switch-over to
absolute instability is found to be m=−1 without
requiring any external counterflow.
In the case of jets, the transitional helical mode is very
sensitive to swirl and varies in the range
−5[les ]m[les ]−1. Only a slight amount of
external counterflow (1.5% of
centreline velocity) is then necessary to trigger absolute
instability. The results of this
numerical procedure are in good qualitative and quantitative
agreement with those
obtained by direct application of the Briggs–Bers
criterion to the inviscid dispersion
relation (Olendraru et al. 1996). Implications for
the dynamics of swirling jets and wakes are discussed.
On the formation of Moore curvature
singularities in vortex sheets
Authors: COWLEY STEPHEN J. , BAKER GREG R. , TANVEER SALEH
Published: July 2002

Moore (1979) demonstrated that the cumulative influence of small
nonlinear effects on
the evolution of a slightly perturbed vortex sheet is such that a curvature
singularity
can develop at a large, but finite, time. By means of an analytical continuation
of
the problem into the complex spatial plane, we find a consistent asymptotic
solution
to the problem posed by Moore. Our solution includes the shape of the vortex
sheet
as the curvature singularity forms. Analytic results are confirmed by comparison

with numerical solutions. Further, for a wide class of initial conditions
(including
perturbations of finite amplitude), we demonstrate that 3/2-power singularities
can
spontaneously form at t=0+ in the complex plane. We show that
these singularities
propagate around the complex plane. If two singularities collide on the
real axis, then
a point of infinite curvature develops on the vortex sheet. For such an
occurrence we
give an asymptotic description of the vortex-sheet shape at times close
to singularity
formation.
Hydrodynamic and boundary-layer dispersion in bidisperse porous media
Authors: MOUTSOPOULOS KONSTADINOS N. , KOCH DONALD L.
Published: July 2002

The small grains in a bidisperse porous medium have the greater influence on

the permeability, while the large grains are more effective in dispersing chemical

tracers. We compute the dispersion induced by a dilute array of large spheres in

a Brinkman medium whose permeability is determined by the radii and volume

fraction of the small spheres. The effective diffusivity contains a purely hydrodynamic

contribution proportional to Ua1ϕ1 and an

O(Ua1ϕ1 ln

(Ua1/D)) contribution from

the mass transfer boundary layers near the spheres. Here, U is the mean velocity in

the medium, a1 and ϕ1 are the radii and volume

fraction of the large spheres and D is

the molecular diffusivity. The boundary-layer dispersion is small when the Brinkman

screening length κ (or square root of permeability) is much smaller than a1, but is

important for κ[ges ]O(a1). Experimental results for the dispersion due to flow through

a bidisperse packed bed are reported and compared with the theoretical predictions.

In addition to its application to bidisperse porous media, the present calculation

allows an extension of Koch & Brady's (1985) analysis of monodisperse fixed beds to

include higher-order terms in the expansion for small particle volume fraction.
Experimental investigation of dynamo effect in the secondary pumps
of the fast breeder reactor Superphenix
Authors: ALEMANY A. , MARTY Ph. , PLUNIAN F. , SOTO J.
Published: July 2002

The fast breeder reactors (FBR) BN600 (Russia) and Phenix (France) have been the
subject of several experimental studies aimed at the observation of dynamo action.
Though no dynamo effect has been identified, the possibility was raised for the FBR
Superphenix (France) which has an electric power twice that of BN600 and five times
larger than Phenix. We present the results of a series of experimental investigations
on the secondary pumps of Superphenix. The helical sodium flow inside one pump
corresponds to a maximum magnetic Reynolds number (Rm)
of 25 in the experimental
conditions (low temperature). The magnetic field was recorded in the vicinity of the
pumps and no dynamo action has been identified. An estimate of the critical flow
rate necessary to reach dynamo action has been found, showing that the pumps
are far from producing dynamo action. The magnetic energy spectrum was also
recorded and analysed. It is of the form k−11/3, suggesting the
existence of a large-scale magnetic field. Following Moffatt (1978), this spectrum slope is
also justified by a phenomenological approach.
On the mechanism of air entrainment by liquid jets at a free surface
Authors: ZHU YONGGANG , OĞUZ HASAN N. , PROSPERETTI ANDREA
Published: July 2002

The process by which a liquid jet falling into a liquid pool entrains air is studied
experimentally and theoretically. It is shown that, provided the nozzle from which
the jet issues is properly contoured, an undisturbed jet does not entrap air even at
relatively high Reynolds numbers. When surface disturbances are generated on the
jet by a rapid increase of the liquid flow rate, on the other hand, large air cavities are
formed. Their collapse under the action of gravity causes the entrapment of bubbles
in the liquid. This sequence of events is recorded with a CCD and a high-speed
camera. A boundary-integral method is used to simulate the process numerically with
results in good agreement with the observations. An unexpected finding is that the
role of the jet is not simply that of conveying the disturbance to the pool surface.
Rather, both the observed energy budget and the simulations imply the presence of a
mechanism by which part of the jet energy is used in creating the cavity. A hypothesis
on the nature of this mechanism is presented.
The Public Battles over Militarisation and Democracy in Honduras, 1954–1963
Authors: BOWMAN KIRK
Published: July 2002

This article examines the process of militarisation in Honduras in the 1954–1963 period, also the public reaction to it and its political consequences. The extant literature ignores the significant public opposition to an institutionalised military. As an autonomous military institution was first taking shape in the 1954–57 period, the militarisation issue was one of the dominant themes in the national press, and a sophisticated public debate took place between school teachers and military officials over whether the country needed a military at all, or whether the country should follow the Costa Rican example of military proscription. The 1957–59 period witnessed pressures from politicians, students, and labour to curtail military power and excesses. Finally, the platform of the favourite candidate in the 1963 presidential elections called for demilitarisation and again the Costa Rican model was a high-profile alternative. Demilitarisation played well with the masses, and this contributed to the preemptive military coup just days before the elections. Militarisation affected power relations and undermined democratic consolidation.
The United Nations, international peacekeeping and the question of ‘impartiality’: revisiting the Congo operation of 1960
Authors: Gibbs David N.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyses peacekeeping impartiality, i.e. the extent to which peacekeepers
act in the interests of international peace and security, rather than
the interests of specific states or other external actors. It reevaluates the
question of impartiality through an analysis of the Congo operation of July–September
1960. This case study was selected because it was by far the most
important instance of peacekeeping during the Cold War. Based upon primary
source materials from US, British, and UN archives, as well as memoirs
and secondary sources, it finds that the Congo peacekeeping force intervened
to a considerable extent in the internal politics of the Congo; in doing so,
the peacekeepers collaborated with US policymakers and, to some extent,
advanced their strategic objectives. A comparison between the Congo operation
and recent cases of peacekeeping in post-Cold War Africa indicates
that impartiality is likely to remain an elusive goal.
Ideas within a context of power: the African group in an evolving UNCTAD
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C.
Published: July 2002

This article considers the diplomatic strategies of African states within an
evolving United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD). It proposes that the prominence of certain ideas about economic
development rises and falls not so much as a result of the nature of
the ideas themselves, but as a result of opportunities made and unmade by the
world economy. The world economy in turn changes the work mandates of
international economic organisations like UNCTAD. The trajectory of African
diplomatic strategies is important because it calls into question recent
literature in international relations theory focusing almost exclusively on the
experiences of industrialised states. In the case of African ideas in UNCTAD,
underlying variables associated with the world economy destroyed the remnants
of the Group of 77 coalition which had served as an agent for African
representatives in UNCTAD. African diplomats have tried to realise whatever
objectives they can in the changed circumstances without necessarily
changing their ideas about development.
Explaining Ugandan intervention in Congo: evidence and interpretations
Authors: Clark John F.
Published: July 2002

This paper enquires into the reasons for Uganda's 1998 intervention in the recent Congo war, arguably the most important impediment to economic and political progress in sub-Saharan Africa. It examines a number of prominent arguments about the intervention, and determines that the Rwanda–Uganda alliance should be at the centre of a ‘thick description’ of the intervention. That is, the Uganda–Rwanda alliance was the key to President Museveni's initial decision in 1998, but other explanations contribute to our understanding of the intervention by providing information about its context, justification and permissive causes. Further, the paper suggests that Uganda's initial reasons for entering Congo differ from its reasons for remaining there after having failed to realise its initial goals.
Ugandan relations with Western
donors in the 1990s: what impact
on democratisation?
Authors: Hauser Ellen
Published: July 2002

Aid donors' support for democratisation in sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s
has been tempered by their desire to achieve other objectives. In Uganda, a
high level of donor support for the Museveni government has been compatible
with the Ugandan government's reluctance to introduce multiparty
democracy. Donors have opted for ‘dialogue’ rather than coercive methods.
This may be ascribed to a number of factors, including the destruction from
which Uganda was recovering, the need to present Uganda as a success story
for economic liberalisation, and donors' need to maintain good relations with
Uganda in order to pursue their foreign policy goals. The resulting donor–recipient
relationship has however created dangers for the maintenance of
long-term sustainable democracy in Uganda, by condoning divisive policies,
and neglecting the need for coalition-building and conflict resolution.
Review and present status of the TEXTOR radiative improved (RI) mode
Authors: VANDENPLAS P. E. , MESSIAEN A. M. , ONGENA J. P. H. E. , SAMM U. , UNTERBERG B.
Published: July 2002

From 1990, the boronized TEXTOR tokamak was characterized by an
improved
confinement (coined the ‘I mode’) at high power that was substantially
better than
the L mode, but densities had to be limited to
n[bar]e0/nGR[lsim ]0.5–0.6,

where nGR is
the Greenwald density limit. With the injection of Ne, Si or Ar in order
to increase
the edge radiation and provided that
γ=Prad/Ptot[greater, similar]0.5,

PNBI-co/Ptot[greater, similar]0.25
and n[bar]e0/nGR[greater, similar]0.75,

a further improved confinement called the radiative improved
mode (RI mode) was discovered in 1993 on TEXTOR, a tokamak of intermediate

size, and confirmed on TEXTOR-94. The radiated power fraction γ can reach
0.9,
and the radiation is nearly isotropically distributed over the torus wall.
The RI
mode is characterized by its ability to obtain simultaneously and stationarily
high
densities and high confinement. It is linked to a substantial lowering
of edge
ne, Te
and Ti, a reduction in particle transport
and a
peaking of the density profile. The
RI-mode confinement scales on TEXTOR as
τE=
(n[bar]e0/nGR)τITERH93-P

and values up to n[bar]e0/nGR≈1.2

are obtained. There is no detrimental concentration of the
seeded impurity at the centre of the plasma. Results of three different

interpretative and modelling approaches are in agreement with the improved
confinement
features; the preliminary indications are that ITG turbulence is strongly
reduced.
The Z mode observed on ISX-B has a clear resemblance to the RI mode. The
very
favourable features of the RI mode justify efforts in trying to establish
it on larger
machines to verify if the present scaling then holds.
Charge-separation velocity shear and
suppression of turbulence at a plasma edge in
the gyrokinetic approximation
Authors: SHOUCRI M. , MANFREDI G. , BERTRAND P. , GHIZZO A. , LEBAS J. , KNORR G. , SONNENDRUCKER E. , BÜRBAUMER H. , ENTLER W. , KAMELANDER G. , POHN E.
Published: July 2002

The existence and time evolution of charge separation at a plasma edge is
studied using a code in which both ions and electrons are described by
gyrokinetic equations that include the finite-Larmor-radius correction and the
polarization drift. The ion finite-Larmor-radius effect allows the existence of
charge separation between ions and electrons, and the polarization drift, which
has opposite signs for ions and electrons, has a tendency to accentuate the
charge separation in a time-varying electric field. We compare our results with
those previously obtained using a code in which the ions were described by
using a fluid guiding-centre model, and only the electrons were treated
kinetically. In particular, we present results showing excellent agreement
between the two codes on the transition of the spectrum of the nonlinear
solution from a turbulent spectrum to one dominated by the fundamental
mode, where the energy is condensing in the lowest-k modes (inverse cascade).
Nematode communities from the North Sea: environmental controls on species diversity and vertical distribution within the sediment
Authors: Steyaert Maaike , Garner Nelia , van Gansbeke Dirk , Vincx Magda
Published: July 2002

Nematode assemblages were sampled seasonally at three subtidal stations along the Belgian coast. The stations were characterized by muddy sediments (station 115), fine sand (station 702) and fine to coarse sand (station 790). The forces structuring vertical distribution were investigated by evaluating abundance, species composition, diversity and trophic composition, and relating these to sediment composition, redox state and food sources.

The nematode assemblages at the two finer grained stations (115, 702) were dominated by Daptonema tenuispiculum and Sabatieria punctata. For both species, the vertical distribution in the sediment seemed not dependent on the redoxchemistry, as former believed for S. punctata, but primarily influenced by food availability. This feature could also be recognized for Ixonema sordidum and Viscosia langrunensis, the most abundant nematodes at the coarse sandy station (790).

In general, nematode diversity was regulated primarily by sediment granulometry. Coarser sediments (station 790) yielded more diverse communities compared to the fine sediments (station 115, 702), however seasonal fluctuations and variations with depth into the sediment were not obvious. At the silty stations, when the sediment column was more oxidized in March, overall diversity was higher and showed a positive relationship to the mud content which varied with depth into the sediment. This positive relation is probably explained by an enhanced deposition of organic matter associated with the accumulation of fine particles near the river-mouths. Furthermore, the higher abundance, the lower diversity and the higher dominance found at the two silty stations of the eastern and the western part of the Belgian coast, pointed to a stressed, organically enriched environment.

The results demonstrate that controls on nematode community structure are complex and that information at both species and community level are required to properly evaluate the effects of natural and anthropogenic impacts.
Widows versus Daughters or Widows as Daughters? Property, Land, and Economic Security in Rural India
Authors: AGARWAL BINA
Published: July 2002

My bangles are broken

my days of shame are gone.

I have one small son, one calf, one field.

A calf to feed, a son to nurture.

but the land, baiji, this half acre of earth

to feed me, to rest my head.

(Malli, a Rajasthani widow I interviewed in 1987)

This paper is woven around two main arguments: One, to ensure effective economic security for widows in India it is necessary to ensure their command over property; and in the context of rural India, the most significant form of property is arable land. Two, we need to see widows not as a category in themselves, but as embodying a stage in most women's life cycle—a stage which is often coterminous with old age. Effective economic security during widowhood would therefore need securing women's property rights prior to the event, not only after it, namely securing their claims as daughters in addition to their claims as widows.
Re-examination of resistance of Toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoites and bradyzoites to pepsin and trypsin digestion
Authors: DUBEY J. P.
Published: July 2002

The effect of digestion in trypsin and acid pepsin on
Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites was re-evaluated
because of recent use of this method to distinguish tachyzoites
from bradyzoites. Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites survived
better in 0·5% trypsin solution for 1 h than in 1·0%
solution, and occasionally survived for 2 h in acid pepsin solution.
Extracellular tachyzoites ([ges ]1000) were also infectious orally
to mice and cats. Bradyzoites survived equally in trypsin and
acid pepsin solutions but the digestion of brain tissue in 0·5%
trypsin solution was better than in acid pepsin solution.
The resistance to digestion in acid pepsin solution is not a
reliable method to distinguish tachyzoites from bradyzoites.
Parasite killing in murine malaria does not require nitric
oxide production
Authors: FAVRE N. , RYFFEL B. , RUDIN W.
Published: July 2002

Nitric oxide (NO) production has been suggested to play a role
as effector molecule in the control of the malarial infections.
However, the roles of this molecule are debated. To assess whether blood-stage
parasite killing is NO dependent, we
investigated the course of blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi
(Pcc) infections in inducible nitric oxide synthase
(iNOS)-deficient mice. Parasitaemia, haematological alterations, and survival
were not affected by the lack of iNOS. To
exclude a role of NO produced by other NOS, controls included NO suppression
by oral administration of aminoguanidine
(AG), a NOS inhibitor. As in iNOS-deficient mice, no difference in the
parasitaemia course, survival and haematological
values was observed after AG treatment. Our results indicate that NO production
is not required for protection against
malaria in our murine experimental model. However, C57BL/6 mice treated
with AG lost their resistance to Pcc infections,
suggesting that the requirement for NO production for parasite killing
in murine blood-stage malaria might be strain
dependent.
In vitro encystation and excystation of Blastocystis
ratti
Authors: CHEN X. Q. , SINGH M. , HOWE J. , HO L. C. , TAN S. W. , YAP E. H.
Published: July 2002

Cysts of Blastocystis ratti were produced in vitro
by culturing the parasite in Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium

(IMDM) with increasing concentrations of horse serum. Yields up to 3×106

cysts/ml of culture medium were obtained
after 72 h. Encystation efficiency was time, strain and inoculum size dependent.
A viability of >70% was determined by
flow cytometry employing fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide staining.
The presence of chitin as a cyst wall
component was demonstrated by Calcofluor White M2R staining with which
cystic stages showed blue fluorescence. The
changes in morphology during excystation were examined by transmission
electron microscopy. The cyst enlarged in size
and some vacuoles appeared within the condensed cytoplasm. The vacuoles
were full of inclusions and small glycogen
aggregates. Coalescence of the vacuoles led to central body formation.
Glycogen deposits were prominent throughout the
excystation process. Some cysts divided by binary fission before the completion
of the excystation.
Genomic diversity in the Leishmania donovani complex
Authors: MAURICIO I. L. , HOWARD M. K. , STOTHARD J. R. , MILES M. A.
Published: July 2002

The Leishmania donovani complex is considered to be composed of 3 species; L. donovani, L. infantum and L. chagasi,
although this classification has been challenged. Genotypic relationships within the complex were evaluated at different
levels by: binding of the probe Lmet9, specific for L. chagasi and Old World Leishmania spp.; partial sequencing of a
constitutive major surface protease single gene (mspC) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The Old
World Leishmania spp. and the L. donovani complex have a monophyletic origin. Leishmania chagasi clearly belongs to
the L. donovani complex but it is indistinguishable from L. infantum, which suggests introduction of L. chagasi into the
New World in recent history. Leishmania infantum/L. chagasi was identified as a monophyletic group within the L.
donovani complex but L. donovani may be paraphyletic. Diversity within L. donovani is substantial and phylogeographical
patterns of association were found.
Metaphor and Philosophy: an Encounter with Derrida
Authors: Morris Michael
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a critical analysis of the central argument of Derrida's paper ‘White Mythology’. The crucial claims are that the concept of metaphor presupposes philosophy, that philosophy presupposes the concept of metaphor, and that philosophy cannot accommodate the concept of metaphor. I offer support for the first two claims, explaining the general kind of view of philosophy and of metaphor which they require, but I argue that even if we grant the first two claims, the concept of metaphor only presents a difficulty for a particular conception of philosophy, rather that philosophy as such.
How to Take Realism Beyond Foot-Stamping
Authors: Chang Hasok
Published: July 2002

I propose a reformulation of realism, as the pursuit of ontological plausibility in our systems of knowledge. This is dubbed plausibility realism, for convenience of reference. Plausibility realism is non-empiricist, in the sense that it uses ontological plausibility as an independent criterion from empirical adequacy in evaluating systems of knowledge. Ontological plausibility is conceived as a precondition for intelligibility, nor for Truth; therefore, the function of plausibilty realism is to facilitate the kind of understanding that is not reducible to mere description or prediction. Difficulties in making objective judgements of ontological plausibility can be ameliorated if we adhere to the most basic ontological principles. The workings of plausibility realism are illustrated through a detailed discussion of how one ontological principle, which I call the principle of single value, can be employed with great effect. Throughout the paper the discussion draws on concrete examples from the history of science.
One-month prevalence of depression and other DSM-IV disorders among young adults
Authors: AALTO-SETÄLÄ T. , MARTTUNEN M. , TUULIO-HENRIKSSON A. , POIKOLAINEN K. , LÖNNQVIST J.
Published: July 2002

Background. We aimed to provide prevalence data on depression and other current mental disorders, impairment, need of psychiatric care and use of mental health services among young adults.

Methods. Based on a semi-structured clinical interview, current DSM-IV disorders, impairment, need of psychiatric care and use of mental health services were evaluated in a sample of 20–24-year-old young urban adults (N = 245), mean age 21·8, screened from a baseline population of 706. One-month prevalence estimates for disorders were calculated by the double sampling method, using various additional criteria to identify cases.

Results. One in four young adults (23·8%) suffered from a current mental disorder, the most prevalent being depressive (10·8%), anxiety (6·9%), substance use (6·2%) and personality disorders (6·0%). Prevalence estimates varied substantially according to the use of additional diagnostic criteria. Impairment (GAF < 61) together with DSM-IV symptom criteria produced an overall disorder prevalence of 10·3%, and 5·5% for depression. Prevalences were higher for females than males, except for alcohol abuse and personality disorders. Current co-morbidity was found in 39% of subjects with any disorder, and in more than half of those with depression. One-third of subjects with a current disorder reported an associated contact with psychiatric services and 16% had an ongoing contact.

Conclusions. Our findings support the use of additional criteria to produce clinically relevant prevalence data. Co-morbidity should receive special attention due to its amplification of both need for psychiatric care and severity of impairment. Finally, our results show disturbed young adults to be severely undertreated.