bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The anti-integrity activity of eugenol on inflammatory markers of chronic atherosclerosis
Authors: karuppasamy venkadeswaran , Kandhasamy Subramanian , Ramasamy Rajeswari , Sekar Suresh Kumar , Sriniva Venkatesh , Varatharajan Varalakshmi , Ramar Suganya , Kumar Subashini Ramesh , Kannan Shalini
Published: February 2022

The putative anti-atherogenic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory potential of atherogenic diet-fed, eugenol-treated Wistar rats were studied. The levels of hematological parameters (ESR, WBC, and platelet count); the mean levels of nitric oxide (NO), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were investigated in serum samples. The mean ESR, platelet, and total WBC counts were all significantly higher in atherogenic diet-fed (Group II) rat when compared with normal (Group I), whereas the mean ESR, platelet, and total WBC counts were significantly lower in atherogenic diet-fed followed by eugenol treatment (Group III). The mean hepatic tissue mRNA transcript level of the gene responsible for CRP, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB and expression of their protein levels were determined in liver tissue samples were found to be significantly higher in the atherogenic diet-fed followed saline treatment (Group II) rats than the normal fed (Group I) rats. However, in hepatic tissue samples from an atherogenic diet-fed followed by eugenol treated rats, the mean mRNA the transcript level of the gene encoding CRP, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB and their mean concentration of the protein translation were significantly lower than the values in Group II rat’s hepatic tissue, approaching near-normal levels. These results are exhibited anti-atherogenic potential in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats due to their hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects.
A mouse model with widespread expression of the C9orf72-linked glycine-arginine dipeptide displays non-lethal ALS/FTD-like phenotypes
Authors: Verdone Brandie , Cicardi Maria , Wen Xinmei , Sriram Sindhu , Russell Katelyn , Markandaiah Shashirekha , Jensen Brigid , Krishnamurthy Karthik , Haeusler Aaron , Pasinelli Piera , Trotti Davide
Published: February 2022

Translation of the hexanucleotide G4C2 expansion associated with C9orf72 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia (ALS/FTD) produces five different dipeptide repeat protein (DPR) species that can confer toxicity. There is yet much to learn about the contribution of a single DPR to disease pathogenesis. We show here that a short repeat length is sufficient for the DPR poly-GR to confer neurotoxicity in vitro, a phenomenon previously unobserved. This toxicity is also reported in vivo in our novel knock-in mouse model characterized by widespread central nervous system (CNS) expression of the short-length poly-GR. We observe sex-specific chronic ALS/FTD-like phenotypes in these mice, including mild motor neuron loss, but no TDP-43 mis-localization, as well as motor and cognitive impairments. We suggest that this model can serve as the foundation for phenotypic exacerbation through second-hit forms of stress.
Prevalence, Risk Factors and Prevention of Depression in the Adult Population in Mbarara District, Uganda
Authors: Allen‫٭‬ Kiconco , Laban Waswa Bright , Edward Ssemakula , Moses Baikirize , Muhwezi Talbert
Published: February 2022

Background.
This study concerns the prevalence, risk factors and prevention of depression in the adult population in three sub-counties in Mbarara district. Depression is a common mental disorder which presents with a wide array of symptoms including loss of energy, poor sleep, poor eating habits, fatigue, irritability and social withdrawal. The main objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with depression and to identify measures that can be implemented to reduce risk factors of the disease among adults in Nyamitanga, Rugando and Rwanyamahembe sub-counties in Mbarara district.
Methods.
A cross-sectional design was used to capture data from a study sample size of 383 participants who were involved in completion of screening tests for depression. Scores from a 7-item version of Hopkins Symptom Checklist for Depression were averaged and the probable depression determined for each participant using a cut-off of 1.75. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between depression outcomes and socio-demographic, behavioural and medical history variables.
Results.
The analyses revealed that the prevalence of depression among adults in the area stands at 27.7%. Depression was significantly associated with discrimination (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.22–4.45, P = 0.010), household size (AOR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.32–0.93, P = 0.026), level of education (primary education: AOR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.15–0.88, P = 0.024; secondary education: AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.76, P = 0.011; tertiary education: AOR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.15–0.92, P = 0.032) and drug-abuse related problems (AOR = 4.44, 95% CI = 1.34–14.74, P = 0.015). Measures for reducing the development of depression (which were identified by study participants) include guidance and counselling, awareness campaigns and self-help projects, improved access to quality medical services as well as stress management and spiritual care services.
Conclusions.
These findings show that depression prevalence in the study area, estimated at 27.7%, is high and worrying. Previous studies carried out in Mbarara district and other parts of Uganda have also reported similarly high estimates. They also show that discrimination, household size, level of education and drug-abuse are important risk factors associated with the prevalence of depressive disorders. Strategies targeted at early interventions and ultimately depression prevention need urgent attention in order to reduce risk factors of the disease.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Lipids In A Gut Epithelial Cell Model
Authors: Mattar Hadeer , Claude Emmanuelle , Gethings Lee , Mills Clare
Published: February 2022

Scope: The Caco2/HT29-MTX co-culture system is widely used as a cell model of the intestinal epithelium. Although the gut epithelium plays an important role in the uptake of free fatty acids and the resynthesis of triglycerides the lipid distribution profile of the co-culture system is not well understood. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is a mass spectrometry (MS) technique which has been widely used to study the main classes of lipid molecules on different tissue surfaces. This has been used to map lipid species and their distribution in Caco2 and HT29-MTX co-culture system. Methods and results: Caco2 and HT29-MTX cells were seeded on coverslips either singly or as cocultures in ratios of 75:25 and 50:50. Cells were cultured for 21 days before MS imaging using a DESI source in both the positive and negative ionization modes. The identity of selected lipids was confirmed in negative and positive ionisation modes using tandem MS. Although many lipids were common to both cell lines, there were distinctive patterns in the lipidomes. Thus, the lipidome of Caco2 cells was more heterogeneous and rich in cholesterol esters and triglycerides whilst HT29-MTX cells has a distinctive lipidome relating to phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylinositols and odd chain lipids, including C17 fatty acids. Conclusion: DESI-MSI has shown that Caco2 and HT29-MTX cells have distinctive lipidomes which are still evident when the cells are cocultured. It has potential to both allow further validation of these widely used cell models and provide insights into how dietary components may modify lipid metabolism in future.
SARS-CoV-2 and human retroelements: a case for molecular mimicry?
Authors: Koch Benjamin Florian
Published: February 2022

Background
The factors driving the late phase of COVID-19 are still poorly understood. However, autoimmunity is an evolving theme in COVID-19’s pathogenesis. Additionally, deregulation of human retroelements (RE) is found in many viral infections, and has also been reported in COVID-19.
Methods
The relationship of coronaviruses (CoV) to RE was explored by comparing CoV genomes to a comprehensive RE database. Next, the aligning results were matched to epitope signatures from severely vs. mildly affected COVID-19 patients. In addition, transcriptomes from healthy controls, COVID-19 patients as well as lung- and immune cells were investigated for changes in RE expression after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Results
Unexpectedly, CoV – including SARS-CoV-2 – harbour many RE-identical sequences (up to 35 base pairs), and some of these sequences are part of SARS-CoV-2 epitopes associated to COVID-19 severity. Furthermore, RE are expressed in healthy controls and human cells and become deregulated after SARS-CoV-2 infection, showing mainly changes in long interspersed nuclear element (LINE1) expression, but also in endogenous retroviruses.
Conclusion
CoV and human RE share coding sequences, who are targeted by antibodies in COVID-19 and thus could induce an autoimmune loop by molecular mimicry. To the best of my knowledge these findings have never been reported before and should be explored further in CoV-related diseases.
Quality of Life of Emirati Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Smail Linda , Jassim Ghufran A. , Khan Sarah , Tirmazy Syed , Ameri Mouza Al
Published: February 2022

Background: This study examined the quality of life of Emirati women with breast cancer (BC).Methods: This study was a population-based study of a random sample of 250 Emirati women with BC. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Cancer-Specific version (EORTC QLQ-C30, v.3.0) and the EORTC QoL Breast Cancer-Specific version (EORTC QLQ-BR23) translated into Arabic.Results: The mean age and median age of the 250 participants were 53.4 (SD ±11.3) and 52 years, respectively.Participants had a mean global health score of 74.73 (SD ±18.25), with a minimum of 16.67, indicating a good level of wellbeing.On the QLQ-C30, the Emirati women seemed to perform well on the functional scales but poorly on the symptom scales. While social functioning scored the highest (82.33 ±28.38) among the functional scales, emotional functioning scored the lowest (68.43 ±30.02). The most worrying symptom was sleep disturbance (47.87±38.46), followed by fatigue (38.18±30.31) and pain (29.13±28.01). Financial impact scored the lowest, indicating that most women did not have financial issues related to their cancer.On the QLQ-BR23, we found that participants performed above average to very good on the functional scales but poorly on the symptom scales. While sexual functioning scored the highest (86.07±22.61) among the functional scales, future perspective scored the lowest (50.80±37.92). The most worrying symptom was upset by hair loss (61.01±37.35), followed by arm symptoms (33.73±28.08).Conclusions: Emirati BC survivors reported good QoL overall. The most bothersome symptoms were sleep disturbance, fatigue, pain, hair loss and arm symptoms. Emirati women scored average on all functional scales, which indicates mediocre functioning, but high on the symptom scales, which indicates worse symptoms. Factors associated with a decline in the domains of QoL included age, income, education, metastases, mastectomy, and lymph node dissection. Recommendations to address these issues are discussed.Trial Registration: NA
GM-CSF derived from inflammatory microenvironment potentially enhanced PD-L1 expression on tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer
Authors: Yonemitsu Kimihiro , Pan Cheng , Fujiwara Yukio , Miyasato Yuko , Shiota Takuya , Yano Hiromu , Hosaka Seiji , Tamada Koji , Yamamoto Yutaka , Komohara Yoshihiro
Published: February 2022

Ever since immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved for anti-cancer therapy in several cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer, the significance of programmed death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the tumor immune microenvironment has been a topic of interest. In the present study, we investigated the detailed mechanisms of PD-L1 overexpression on tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in breast cancer. In in vitro culture studies using human monocyte-derived macrophages, lymphocytes, and breast cancer cell lines, PD-L1 overexpression on macrophages was induced by the conditioned medium (CM) of activated lymphocytes, but not that of cancer cells. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) derived from activated lymphocytes was found to be involved in PD-L1 overexpression, in addition to interferon (IFN)-γ, via STAT3 pathway activation. Macrophages suppressed lymphocyte activation, and this inhibition was impaired by PD-1 blocking. The CM of activated lymphocytes also induced the overexpression of PD-L2, but GM-CSF did not affect PD-L2 expression. In the murine E0771 breast cancer model, anti-GM-CSF therapy did not affect PD-L1 expression on TAMs, and the mechanisms of PD-L1 expression on TAMs might differ between humans and mice. However, not only PD-L1, but also PD-L2 was overexpressed on TAMs in the E0771 tumor model, and their expression levels were significantly lower in the tumors in nude mice than in wild-type mice. Anti-PD-L1 antibody and anti-PD-L2 antibody synergistically inhibited E0771 tumor development. In conclusion, PD-L1 and PD-L2 were overexpressed on TAMs, and they potentially contributed to immunosuppression. The GM-CSF-STAT3 pathway is thought to represent a new mechanism of PD-L1 overexpression on TAMs.
Screening of Phenolic Compounds from Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Green Synthesis of Iron-Nanoparticles and Determination of its Anti-Microbial Effect on Escherichia coli
Authors: Fayyaz Bakhtawar , Zahra Misbah Batool , Aftab Zill-E-Huma , Haider Muhammad Saleem
Published: February 2022

Nanotechnology now a days recognized and widely accepted technology in industrial sector including therapeutic industry, tissue engineering, micro-electronics, automation, and drugs industry. Spinach contains phytochemicals such as saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phlobatannins, phenols and glycosides. Spinach extract is beneficial for anti-aging and protection of central nervous systems along with cure from iron deficiency, oxidative stress, diabetes, hepato-toxicity, and many diseases of eyes. Due to biodiversity of plants, green synthesis of iron nanoparticles has great potential. In this experiment phytochemical analysis of Spinach extracts were done. Initial phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phlobatannins, terpenoids and saponins at different concentration of spinach extracts. Terpenoids, flavonoids, and phlobatannins were present in aqueous extract while presence of saponins and tannins were observed in ethyl acetate extract. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized from spinach leaves extract in the presence of FeCl3. Characterization of iron nanoparticles was done by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis (FT-IR), UV-visible spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopic analysis (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles was performed to investigate the antibacterial activity against human pathogen Escherichia coli. Thus, it is concluded in this study that biosynthesized iron nanoparticles have potential of biomedical activities that would be a robust benchmark for scientists towards sustainability.
Performance Comparison of Solar Still With Inbuilt Condenser and Agitator Over Conventional Solar Still With Energy and Exergy Analysis
Authors: Rajasekaran Arun Kumar , Kulandaivelu Kalidasa Murugavel
Published: February 2022

Water plays a vital role in defending the contagious diseases globally, leading to continual increase in demand of water. The increase in demand in turn reduces the fresh water availability. To meet this water demand desalination technologies can be used for fresh water production from seawater. Passive solar distillation techniques are the simplest and favourable, as they use sustainable renewable solar energy as a source. Rate of evaporation and rate of condensation are the major influencing factors which have a direct impact on distillate yield. Single basin single slope conventional solar still (CSS) and single basin single slope solar still with inbuilt condenser and agitator (SSICA) were designed and fabricated for the current study. Both the stills were tested under same ambient condition to compare the performance. Through experimental results, it was found that SSICA had 98.69% more productivity than CSS. The agitating effect caused by agitator in SSICA led to increase in rate of evaporation. The increase in condensing area for same evaporation area of SSICA improved the condensation rate. These two synergized effects resulted in overall performance improvement of SSICA over CSS. Energy analysis revealed that SSICA is 24.42% more efficient than CSS. Exergy efficiency of SSICA and CSS were calculated as 4.82% and 2.04% respectively.
Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time of Suburban Toddlers aged 12-36 Months.
Authors: Kelly Louise , Knox Allan , Gonzalez Carlos , Lennartz Patrick , Hildebrand Jordan , Carney Blake , Wendt Spencer , Haas Rebecca , Hill Mason
Published: February 2022

AIMS: assess differences in sedentary behavior and physical activity by gender; examine the interaction of ethnicity, gender, and overweight status on physical activity and sedentary behavior, and finally track physical activity in a subset of children aged 12-36 months over 1 year. METHODS: During year one, 142 participants wore the GT3X Actigraph for 3 days. At 1-year follow-up a subset of 25 participants wore the Actigraph for 7 consecutive days. GLM, t-tests as appropriate were carried out to assess the influence of gender on physical activity level. Spearman rank correlations, percentage agreement and kappa statistics assessed tracking of physical activity. RESULTS: There were no significant gender differences in any anthropometric measurements, sedentary behavior or MVPA (p>0.05). There were also no significant gender, ethnicity, and overweight interaction for sedentary behavior, time sent in light PA and time spent at MVPA (p.0.05). For tracking, there was a moderate strength of agreement for MVPA. CONCLUSION: A greater understanding of physical activity and sedentary behavior in toddlers is necessary.
Application of Microtomography and Petrography Techniques For the Characterization of Porosity and Distribution of Synthetic Carbonatic Rock Minerals Before and After Acidification Processes
Authors: Galindo Katia , Lins Cecília , Guimarães Leonardo , Lima Analice , Silva Katarina , Nova Abraão
Published: February 2022

The objective of this work is to physically characterize and analyze synthetic carbonate rocks through microtomography and petrography techniques, focusing on a comparative analysis before and after degradation with a reactive fluid. For this study, physical characterization analysis with computerized microtomography and petrography on the samples before and after the acidification procedure was performed. The petrographic analysis verified an increase in both intergranular and intragranular porosities after dissolution. The microtomography analysis quantified the maximum increase in porosity, from 11.8% to 41.3% in the two-dimensional analysis and 31.6% to 52% in the three-dimensional analysis of the porous structures. Furthermore, the pores were quantified according to their area, and data was obtained on the orientation of the pores, providing insight into the preferred paths of fluid flow. It was also observed that the microtomography technique was an effective tool for characterizing fractures in the samples before and after dissolution. Such analyses are crucial for the extraction and injection of fluids at high depths due to the mechanical and physical risks arising from the dissolution of minerals as well as changes in pressure, temperature, and saturation, all of which affect the stress state of the reservoir rock.
Challenges and Threats to Quality in Scholarly Knowledge Production: Views of Selected Stakeholders from 17 Countries
Authors: Starkey Jesse C. , Koerber Amy , Cummins Robert Glenn , Ardon-Dryer Karin , Eko Lyombe , Kee Kerk F.
Published: February 2022

This study applies Harvey and Green’s (1993) model of quality to scholarly knowledge production. Although studies of quality in higher education have been commonplace for decades, there is a gap in understanding quality in terms of research production from the stakeholder’s perspective. This study begins to fill that gap through a qualitative interview study of quality in the knowledge production process. Stakeholders in all parts of the scholarly knowledge production process, from 17 countries are included in the data sample. Interview data are analyzed through the conceptualizations of quality developed by Harvey and Green (1993), extending the use of the model into the realm of the knowledge production process. Definitions and challenges of quality in producing scholarly knowledge are discussed. The findings indicate a rift between the institutional view of quality and the individual perceptions of quality, suggesting the need for policies aimed at addressing a unification of scholarly knowledge production efforts.
An in Vitro Study of the Effect of Mage-D1 in Rat Dental Mineralization via Dynamic Histology and Ectomesenchymal Stem Cell
Authors: Li Meng , Yu Xia , Luo Yuting , Yuan Hongyan , Zhang Yixing , Wen Xiujie , zhou Zhi
Published: February 2022

Mage-D1 (MAGE family member D1) is involved in a variety of cell biological effects. Recent studies have shown that Mage-D1 is closely related to tooth development, but its specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of Mage-D1 in rat tooth germ development and its differential mineralization ability to ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), and to explore its potential mechanism. Results showed that the expression of Mage-D1 during rat tooth germ development was temporally and spatially specific. Mage-D1 promotes the proliferation ability of EMSCs but inhibits their migration ability. Under induction by mineralized culture medium, Mage-D1 promotes osteogenesis and tooth-forming ability. In vitro, Mage-D1 not only binds to p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) but also to distal-less homeobox 1(Dlx1) and msh homeobox 1 (Msx1). These findings indicate that Mage-D1 is absolutely important in tooth germ development. p75NTR, Dlx1, and Msx1 seem to be closely related to the underlying mechanism of Mage-D1 action.
Neurophysiological correlates of tactile width discrimination in humans
Authors: Pais-Vieira Miguel , Carla Pais-Vieira , Mehrab Allahdad , André Perrotta , André Peres , Carolina Kunicki , Manuel Oliveira
Published: February 2022

Tactile information processing requires the integration of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Width discrimination has been extensively studied in rodents, but not in humans. Here, we describe Electroencephalography (EEG) signals in humans performing a tactile width discrimination task. Comparison of changes in Spectral Power Density during two different periods of the task corresponding to the discrimination of the tactile stimulus and the motor response, revealed the engagement of a complex network associated with the electrodes recording from fronto-temporo-parieto-occipital areas and across multiple frequency bands. Analysis of ratios of higher [Ratio1:(0.5-20Hz)/(0.5-45Hz)] or lower frequencies [Ratio2: (0.5-4.5Hz)/(0.5-9Hz)], also revealed that the periods of tactile discrimination and motor response, were accompanied by changes in these ratios. Further analysis of the tactile discrimination period demonstrated that ratios of frequencies recorded from electrodes located in fronto-parietal regions were correlated to tactile width discrimination performance between subjects, while the dynamics in parietal and occipital electrodes were correlated to the changes in performance within subjects. These results support the notion that a bilateral asymmetrical widespread network is associated with tactile width discrimination.
Expression of lncRNA MALAT1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and its correlation with radiotherapy dose
Authors: Zhao Huarong , Ren Ruirui , Zhang Yang , Suo Longge , Chen Rui , Chen Chen , ZaKai Jiazaila , Zhang Lei , Niyazi Huerxidan
Published: February 2022

Background: To investigate the relationship between the expression of long-chain non-coding RNA (LncRNA) MALAT1 and radiotherapy effect in cervical cancer tissues.Methods: Sixty cervical cancer patients with radiotherapy were selected and their tissue samples were collected. Siha cell lines and C-33A cell lines were used as MALAT1 high expression group and low expression group. These two cell lines were treated with 6 MV X-ray at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12Gy, and the cell inhibition rate was detected by MTT assay at 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h after irradiation. Apoptosis rate was tested by flow cytometry and the percentage of autophagic cells was evaluated by the MDC method. Quantitative real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of MALAT1.Results: The expression level of MALAT1 was higher in cancer tissues than in paired normal tissues in patients with cervical cancer (P <0.05). And the expression level of MALAT1 in cell line C-33A was significantly lower than that of cell line Siha. Besides, the cell inhibition rate in the MALAT1 low expression group was significantly higher than that in the high expression group, and the percentage of autophagic cells in MALTA1 low expression group was also higher (P<0.05). The percentage of autophagy cells in MALTA1 low expression group was higher than that in the high expression group (P<0.05).Conclusion: MALAT1 plays an important role in cervical cancer and it is also a key point to interfere with the radiosensitivity of cervical squamous carcinoma cells.
Central precocious puberty risk prediction model for Chinese children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Wu Ying , Wen Jing , Huang Wenzhuo , Liu Lijuan , Yuan JiaYang , Cong Li
Published: February 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors of central precocious puberty (CPP) in children, furthermore, develop and evaluate the risk prediction model in CPP children.Methods A cross-sectional study based on the electronic medical record system was conducted in the Children Health Care Center in a tertiary A-level hospital in China. A total of 187 children agreed to participate the study from August 2020 to July 2021. Children were split into the central precocious puberty group (n=52) and non-precocious puberty group (n=135), the collected variables associated with CPP (P<0.05) in univariate analyses were introduced in logistic regression analysis to construct the risk prediction model. Then a nomogram was built to visualize the model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to predictive the effect of the model.Results The risk factors of CPP children in the risk prediction model were bodyweight (OR=2.383), entertainment time for electronic devices (OR=0.042), sweet tooth (OR=12.400), fried food lover (OR=8.696), and intake of carbonated soft drinks (OR=15.816). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.874 (95% CI: 0.817-0.931), the sensitivity was 0.852, the specificity was 0.769, the Youden index was 0.621, and the optimum critical value was 0.960. Conclusions The nomogram risk prediction model can effectively predict the CPP occurrence in children and provide references for clinical evaluation and early intervention.
A Qualitative Study of Nursing Practitioners’ Experiences on Dying Alone Due to COVID-19 in Greece
Authors: Voultsos Polychronis , Tsompanian Anna , Deligianni Maria , Tsaroucha Alexandra K.
Published: February 2022

BackgroundDying in isolation and without saying a goodbye before, during and after death causes patients, families and health providers to suffer greatly. In Greece, there is still limited knowledge about dying in isolation as perceived by frontline nursing practitioners working in a COVID-19 ward or ICU. Nursing practitioners spend a lot of time near their patients. Greece is most vulnerable country to the international problem of dying in isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsA prospective qualitative study using in-depth interviews with fifteen frontline nursing practitioners working in a COVID-19 ward or ICU was conducted from July 2021 through December 2021. We performed a thematic analysis of the data. ResultsDying in isolation without saying a goodbye before, during or after death emerged as an extremely inhuman experience that critically ill covid patients and their loved ones had to go through. Fear of spreading COVID-19 infection, fear of liability, and fear of hindering the performance of nursing duties were emerged as main reasons behind strict visitation restrictions. Patients and family members were reported to have expressed very strong desire to communicate and interact with each other. Most participants were shown to be with high levels of empathy, willingness to provide holistic care. Furthermore, most participants were shown to be with high levels of psychological and moral distress. All participants held that visitations should be allowed on an individual basis, and remote communication technology should be available to any covid patient. Importantly, it was identified in this study that physicians’ and nursing practitioners’ discretion and goodwill can significantly mitigate the problem of dying alone. In some COVID-19 health care settings visitations were allowed at physicians’ discretion. These “clandestine” visitations were mentioned as practices that existed in reality, even though they were not officially recognized by the Greek rules. Furthermore, the quality of nursing care seemed to have shifted towards a broader definition. Political neglect was a factor that emerged as a major factor that enlarges the problem of dying in isolation. Finally, and most importantly, a shift towards a less patient-centered model of care was emerged from the data analysis. ConclusionThe results reinforce the existing literature on many fronts. However, we identified some nuances that are of great importance in planning tailored interventions to mitigate the problems related to dying in isolation from COVID-19, and most importantly, hold down the commonly accepted patient-centered model of care. On the account of the patient-centered model of care and the modern (broad, positive-holistic) concept of health, providing holistic care for critically ill covid patients is both an institutional duty and a moral obligation.
Minimal scanning duration for producing individualized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation targets
Authors: Sun Jinmei , Du Rongrong , Zhang Bing , Hua Qiang , Wang Yingru , Zhang Yuanyuan , JI Gong-Jun , He Kongliang , Wang Kai
Published: February 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the minimal scanning duration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for producing individualized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targets that are superior to the group-level targets.Materials and Methods: This study included 30 healthy subjects and 20 depressive patients with high-sampled fMRI data (> 69 min). We computed suboptimal targets by gradually increasing the scanning duration beginning at 6 min. The target connectivity and spatial distance to the optimal target (based on the full-duration scanning data) were compared to an anatomically fixed target from a group analysis (termed as the group target). These analyses were repeated for healthy subjects and depressive patients, as well as for target masks in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Results: As the scanning duration increased, the suboptimal targets gradually approached the optimal targets in the healthy subjects. Compared with the group targets, the suboptimal targets in the DLPFC showed higher connectivity strength after 10 min of data collection and shorter spatial distance after 40 min. Similar results were found in major depressive patients. In the IPL, the minimal scanning duration decreased to 6 and 8 min for connectivity strength and distance, respectively. Conclusion: These findings provide an important reference for individualized target definition in terms of scanning duration, which may standardize connectivity-based personalized studies.
“Are We Working (Too) Comfortably?”: Understanding The Nature Of And Factors Associated With Sedentary Behaviour When Working In The Home Environment
Authors: Niven Ailsa , Baker G. , Coral-Almeida E. , Fawkner S. G. , Jepson Professor R , Manner J. , Morton S , Nightingale G. , Sivaramakrishnan D. , Fitzsimons Claire
Published: February 2022

Objectives: Home working has increased due to COVID-19, but little is known about how this change has impacted the health risk behaviour of elevated sedentary time. The aim of this study was to assess occupational sitting behaviour when working at home, and use the Capability Opportunity Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model to identify influences on this behaviour. Design: Cross-sectionalMethods: University staff (n=267; 69% female; 92% white) who were predominantly working from home completed a questionnaire to assess sitting time, sitting breaks, demographic and occupational characteristics, and a 7-item COM-B questionnaire and open-ended questions to assess influences on time spent sitting whilst working from home. Data were analysed descriptively, a repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine differences in the COM-B items, and binary logistic regression was used to examine predictors of sitting time. Results: Staff spent on average 89.5% (SD=17.1) of their time sitting whilst working at home, and took an average of 1.36 (1.38) sitting breaks per hour. There were significant and meaningful differences in the influence of the COM factors on ability and willingness to reduce sitting behaviour (p<.0001; ηp2=.38), and the open-ended responses added further context. The included variables accounted for 19.6% of variance in sitting behaviour, with age, sitting breaks, motivation-automatic, and opportunity-physical contributing significantly. Conclusions: Working from home leads to elevated levels of sitting, and the COM-B provides a useful model to identify key influences on ability and willingness to reduce sitting. Strategies incorporating regular breaks, habit formation/reversal, and restructuring the physical environment may be beneficial.
Quercetin ameliorated insulin resistance via regulating METTL3-mediated N6-methyladenosine modification of PRKD2 mRNA in skeletal muscle and C2C12 myocyte cell line
Authors: Yang Jiao , Williams Albert , Wei Ning
Published: February 2022

Background: N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is involved in many of pathological processes including insulin resistance (IR). Quercetin (Que), a bioactive compound with strong antioxidant activity, has potential therapeutic effects on IR-related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate the roles of m6A and Que in hyperinsulinemia.Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice received a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to establish an IR model. Biochemical analyzes, oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) were conducted. C2C12 cells were transfected with methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) siRNA before treatment with palmitate (PA). 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino]-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) was used to detect glucose uptake. Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level were used to evaluate the levels of oxidative stress. SRAMP, a predicted site of m6A modification, was used to predict the relationship between METTL3 and erine-threonine kinase protein kinase D2 (PRKD2). Then, cells were treated with Que or/and transfected with pcDNA-METTL3 or PRKD2 siRNA. indirect calorimetry, Western blotting and qPCR were used to analyze protein and mRNA expression.Results: Que treatment reduced the body weight, blood glucose, plasma TG and serum insulin, ameliorated IR, and decreased oxidative stress in HFD-fed mice. Que at noncytotoxic doses promoted PA-induced glucose uptake and inhibited oxidative stress in C2C12 cells. Moreover, METTL3 and PRKD2 was downregulated in PA-induced C2C12 cells, and SRAMP revealed multiple m6A modification sites in the PRKD2 mRNA sequence. Downregulation of METTL3 enhanced PRKD2 expression by reducing m6A level and mRNA stability in PRKD2 mRNA transcript. C2C12 cells treatment with Que after inducing with PA inhibited m6A, METTL3 and phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS1) levels, increased the protein expression of PRKD2, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and p-AKT and glucose uptake, and reduced oxidative stress. However, METTL3 overexpression or PRKD2 silence reversed the inhibitory effects of Que on the levels of MDA, GLUT4 and p-AKT, and the promotive effects on glucose uptake, SOD, GSH and p-IRS1 levels.Conclusion: Que promoted glucose uptake, repressed oxidative stress and improved IR through METTL3-mediated N6-methylation of PRKD2 mRNA.
Isolation, screening, characterization, and optimization of bacterium isolated from calcareous soils for siderophore production
Authors: S REDDY KIRAN KALYAN V , S Meena , S Karthikeyan , D Jawahar
Published: February 2022

The most effective agricultural practice to prevent iron deficiency in calcareous soils is fertilizing with synthetic chelates. These compounds are non-biodegradable, and persistent in the environment and hence there is a risk of leaching metals into the soil horizon. To tackle iron deficiency-induced chlorosis (IDC) in crops grown under calcareous soils, an environmentally friendly effective solutions are needed rather than chemical application as it affects the soil health further. Hence the present work aimed at isolating and screening calcareous soil-specific bacteria capable of producing the iron-chelating siderophores. Siderophore producing bacteria (SPB) was isolated from the rhizosphere of calcareous soil-grown groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.), of which seventeen bacterial isolates were positive for siderophore production assayed by Chrome Azurol Sulphonate. The performance of SPB isolates was compared for siderophore kinetics, level of siderophore production, type of siderophore produced (using Arnow and Csaky's tests), and iron-chelating capacity under 15mM KHCO3. Four best performing bacterial isolates were screened, with average siderophores yield ranging ∼60–80% under pH 8, with sucrose as a carbon source and NH2SO4 as a nitrogen source at 37°C. The four efficient SPB were molecularly identified as Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Ochrobactrum grignonense based on 16S rDNA sequencing. The strains also showed a strong antagonistic effect against the phytopathogenic fungal strains viz., Sclerotium rolfsi and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. Our results indicate that the optimized conditions enhanced siderophores chelation and by suppressing the stem and root rot fungi which could help in cost effective and environmentally friendly manner.
Understanding CMIP6 Biases in the Representation of the Greater Horn of Africa Long and Short Rains
Authors: Schwarzwald Kevin , Goddard Lisa , Seager Richard , Ting Mingfang , Marvel Kate
Published: February 2022

The societies of the Greater Horn of Africa (GHA) are vulnerable to variability in two climatologically distinct rainy seasons, the March-May ‘long‘ rains and the October-December ‘short‘ rains. Recent trends in both rainy seasons, possibly related to patterns of low-frequency variability, have increased interest in future climate projections from General Circulation Models (GCMs). However, previous generations of GCMs historically have a poor record in simulating the regional hydroclimate. This study conducts a process-based evaluation of simulations of the GHA long and short rains in CMIP6, the latest generation of GCMs. Key biases in CMIP5 models remain or are worsened, including long rains that are too short and weak and short rains that are too long and strong. Model biases are driven by a complex set of related oceanic and atmospheric factors. A too strong climatological zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the Indian Ocean and convection over the GHA that is too deep in particular are connected with erroneously powerful short rains in models. Model mean state biases in the timing of the western Indian Ocean sea surface temperature seasonal cycle are associated with certain GHA rainfall timing biases; this connection is however not replicated in interannual variability within models, suggesting there may be a common driver of both biases. Ocean biases cannot explain rainfall biases on their own; simulations driven by historical SSTs (AMIP runs) often have larger biases than fully coupled runs. A path towards using biases to better understand uncertainty in projections of GHA rainfall is suggested.
Novel Topical Allogeneic Bone-Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment of Hard to Heal Diabetic Foot Ulcers, a Phase I Trial.
Authors: Andersen Jonas Askø , Rasmussen Anne , Frimodt-Møller Marie , Engberg Susanne , Steeneveld Esther , Kirketerp-Møller Klaus , O’Brien Timothy , Rossing Peter
Published: February 2022

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate safety of treating diabetic foot ulcers with a topically administered mesenchymal stem cell product.Method: Individuals with diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, toe blood pressure >39 mmHg and non-infected foot ulcers with duration of four to fifty-two weeks were screened.Participants were treated with a one-time application of a topically applied allogeneic cellular product containing CD362 enriched mesenchymal stem cells suspended in a collagen solution. Participants were subsequently followed for seven months to gather information on adverse event and serious adverse events.Results / Discussion: A total of sixteen individuals were screened, of whom two were included. The included participants incurred a total of seven adverse events and one serious adverse event. Increased exudation from the treated diabetic foot ulcer was observed for both participants and a connection to investigated medical product was suspected. The increased exudation was resolved within one week after application of investigated medical product, without any further complications. The serious adverse event consisted of a hospital admission due to neurological symptoms, which were assumed to be caused by hypoglycemia, with no suspected correlation to the investigated medical product. None of the other observed adverse events were suspected to be associated with the investigated medical product. Conclusion: This study presents data from two individuals with a diabetic foot ulcer treated with a novel topical mesenchymal stem cell product. An adverse event observed for both participants was suspected to be associated to the investigated medical product i.e. increased exudation, which was resolved within one week, did not lead to further complications and can easily be remedied by choosing bandages with higher absorption capacity or increasing frequency of bandages changes. This study lays the groundwork for further large scale randomized clinical studies. Trial registration: EudraCT number 2015-005580-16. Registered 12/06-2018
Comparative Evaluation Of Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Versus Pregabalin For Treatment Of Postdural Puncture Headache Following Surgery Under Subarachnoid Block
Authors: Verma Abhishek , P Rajkumar M , Kochhar Anjali , Gupta Monika , Singh Rajpal , Kumar Krishan
Published: February 2022

Background: PDPH (postdural puncture headache) can be devastating for the patients and challenging for the clinicians at the same time. In many upcoming modalities of treatment of PDPH we compared sphenopalatine ganglion block and pregabalin among patients undergoing subarachnoid block. Methods: ASA grade I and II patients who developed PDPH following surgery (both elective and emergency) under subarachnoid block were included. Patients with moderate to severe headache were randomized into two groups. Group SP-received SPGB and group P-received pregabalin 150mg. Pain relief was assessed by visual analogue score (VAS) at regular intervals. Inj. paracetamol 1g IV was given as rescue analgesia. Follow up done for 72 hours or till pain relief. Main Results: Mean VAS measured at 1 hour interval in group SP (3.13±0.43) was significantly lower as compared to and group P (6.03±0.99) with p value (p=0.001). Mean VAS at 12 hours in group P was 2.70±0.75 as compared to group SP (3.40±1.03) and difference was statistically significant with p value (p=0.004). The requirement of rescue analgesia at 1 hour was found to be significantly lower in group SP (p=0.0008) and at 12-hour requirement was significantly lower in group P (p=0.001). No difference was observed in VAS score or rescue analgesia at all other time intervals. Conclusion: We conclude that any patient with moderate or severe PDPH, both the treatment modalities (sphenopalatine nerve block and pregabalin) are effective as SPG nerve block gives immediate relief and pregabalin provides sustained pain relief.
Production of extracellular amylase contributes to the colonization of Bacillus cereus 0-9 in wheat roots
Authors: Huang Qiubin , Liu Huiping , Zhang Juanmei , Wang Shaowei , Liu Fengying , Li Chengdie , Wang Gang
Published: February 2022

Background: Bacteria usually secrete a variety of extracellular enzymes to degrade extracellular macromolecules to meet their nutritional needs and enhance their environmental adaptability. Bacillus cereus 0-9, a biocontrol bacterial strain isolated from the wheat root, has three genes annotated as amylase in the genome, but its function is unknown, and whether it is involved in its colonization process remains to be further studied. Methods: The gene mutant strains and fluorescently tagged strains were constructed by homologous recombination, and the amylase protein obtained by the prokaryotic expression system Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Iodine staining method was used to measure the activities of amylase proteins. We further observed the colonization abilities of test strains in wheat roots through frozen section technology.Results: The results showed that there were three amylase-encoding genes of amyC, amyP and amyS in the B. cereus 0-9 genome. Among the three amylases, only the ΔamyS mutant did not produce extracellular amylase, and the secretion ability was related to the signal peptide at positions 1-27. AmyS protein encoded by amyS gene is an α-amylase. The growth of R. cerealis was inhibited 84.7% by B. cereus 0-9, but the inhibited rate of ΔamyS strain decreased to 43.8%, and that of ΔamyS/amyS was restored when the amyS gene complementation. Further, the inhibited rate of ΔamySec strain was decreased to 46.8%, almost the same as ΔamyS mutant. Due to the deletion of amyS gene, the colonization capacity of ΔamyS (RFP) and ΔamySec (RFP) in wheat roots declined, while that of ΔamyS/amyS (RFP) was restored after the amyS gene was complemented, indicating that amyS gene influences the colonization of B. cereus 0-9 in wheat roots.For another, the colonization and biocontrol ability of the mutant was also restored after the addition of sugars such as glucose and maltose.Conclusions: B. cereus 0-9 has three genes of amyC, amyP and amyS annotated as amylase. Among them, only the deletion of amyS gene with signal peptide did not produce extracellular amylase. AmyS protein encoded by amyS gene is an α-amylase. Our results indicated the amyS gene is closely related to the colonization abilities of B. cereus 0-9 in wheat root, and the biocontrol abilities of B. cereus 0-9 to fight against R. cerealis. The extracellular amylase produced by B. cereus 0-9 can hydrolyze starch, and use the glucose, maltose and other nutrients to meet the needs of bacterial growth and multiply. Therefore, it is very possible that the secretion and hydrolytic activity of extracellular amylase can promote the colonization of B. cereus 0-9 in wheat roots, and play an important role in the prevention and control of plant diseases. Our results contribute to explore the mechanisms of microbial colonization in plant roots.