bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat correlates of wild boar density and rooting along an environmental gradient
Authors: Ferretti Francesco , Lazzeri Lorenzo , Mori Emiliano , Cesaretti Gloria , Calosi Martina , Burrini Lucia , Fattorini Niccolò
Published: August 2021

In wild ungulates, habitat choice usually is influenced by foraging constraints and predator avoidance, potentially leading to spatial variation of population density (e.g., greater densities in food rich or safer habitats). Assessing habitat-correlates of abundance and foraging activity in turn is important in understanding determinants of distribution. We assessed habitat correlates of presence, density, and rooting, for wild boar Sus scrofa, the most widespread ungulate in the world, in six protected areas of central Italy. We worked along an altitudinal gradient ranging from the coast to mountains, in late spring-summer 2019. We surveyed 617 sampling plots randomly placed onto study areas with tessellation stratified sampling, where we used fecal counts to estimate wild boar density and visually estimated the proportion of rooted area. Overall estimates of density and rooting (± standard error) varied from 3.5 ± 2.0 to 17.9 ± 5.4 individuals/km2 and from 1.4 ± 0.8% to 10.9 ± 1.1% of rooted ground. Density and rooting showed a moderate yet nonsignificant correlation across sites. Probability of presence, abundance, and rooting in sampling plots were higher in ecotone habitats (transition habitats between wooded and open areas). Topography did not influence boar presence or local abundance. Rooting increased with decreasing slope and rock cover, as well as increasing elevation, possibly due to soil supporting forage of higher nutritional quality. Our results support the importance of ecotone habitats for wild boar, emphasizing the role of these transitional areas in the period of nursing/weaning of offspring, as well as when crops are actively growing. Differences in overall estimates of rooting across study sites may depend on site-specific features (soil moisture and availability of alternative food resources). Future studies should test the correlation between inter-annual differences of rooting and changes in population density. Notwithstanding the latter, we identified significant ecological drivers of wild boar density and rooting activity.
Primary Nondural Central Nervous System Marginal ZoneB-Cell Lymphoma of the Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Type Mimicking CNS Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Sugita Yasuo , Hashimoto Go , Fukuda Kenji , Takahashi Kenji , Shioga Taro , Furuta Takuya , Arakawa Fumiko , Ohshima Koichi , Nakamura Hideo , Miyata Hajime , Watanabe Masashi , Kakita Akiyoshi
Published: August 2021

Marginal zone B-cell lymphomas (MZBCLs) are non-Hodgkin lymphomas arising from postgerminal center marginal zone B cells. MZBCLs are subclassified into extranodal, nodal, and splenic MZBCLs. Primary nondural central nervous system (CNS) MZBCLs of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type are among the extranodal examples. Their clinicopathological features are not well characterized. Therefore, the clinicopathological features of 8 primary nondural CNS MZBCLs of the MALT type were assessed to establish their pathological diagnostic criteria. Histologically, all cases of primary nondural CNS MZBCLs of the MALT type showed perivascular expansive monotonous proliferation of small atypical B lymphoid cells with plasma cell differentiation, low Ki-67 labeling index, and minimal invasion from the perivascular space. In addition, no vascular changes such as glomeruloid changes, obliterative fibrointimal proliferation, and intramural lymphocytic infiltration were seen. These key histological characteristics should be considered when diagnosing cases that are suspected to be primary nondural CNS MZBCLs of the MALT type. Additionally, regarding PCR for the detection of immunoglobulin heavy variable gene and T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangements, the former is detected, but the latter is not detected in all cases. Therefore, PCR detection including sequence analysis should be added when diagnosing difficult cases based on the key histological characteristics.
Nontraumatic liver herniation mimicking a right lower lobe lung mass
Authors: Samad Muhammad Adeel , Ali Annis , Shih-Della Penna Diane C , Tiedebohl Scott
Published: August 2021

Nontraumatic liver herniation through diaphragm is a rare condition. We present a case of a 54-year-old female presenting with nontraumatic liver herniation mimicking a right lower lobe mass. Patient was noted to have growth of two right lower lobe lung nodules from 1.5 cm × 2.8 cm and 0.9 cm × 1.3 in August 2009 to 2.8 cm × 4.1 cm and 1.1 cm × 1.4 cm in March 2019 on computerized tomography (CT) scan. PET scan as well as the growth pattern was consistent with low-grade malignancy likely carcinoid tumor. CT-guided biopsy was not feasible because of location of the mass. We performed robotic thoracoscopy with plan for wedge resection, however gross inspection of the thoracic cavity revealed two masses on the dome of the diaphragm with appearance like liver and correlating with nodules seen on CT scan. A core needle biopsy showed that it was benign liver tissue.
Large-scale magnetic field saturation and the Elsasser number in rotating spherical dynamo models
Authors: Orvedahl Ryan J , Featherstone Nicholas A , Calkins Michael A
Published: August 2021

Numerical simulations are used to investigate large-scale (mean) magnetic field generation in rotating spherical dynamos. Beyond a certain threshold, we find that the magnitude of the mean magnetic field becomes nearly independent of the system rotation rate and buoyancy forcing. The analysis suggests that this saturation arises from the Malkus-Proctor mechanism in which a Coriolis-Lorentz force balance is achieved in the zonal component of the mean momentum equation. When based on the large-scale magnetic field, the Elsasser number is near unity in the saturated regime. The results show that the large and small magnetic field saturate via distinct mechanisms in rapidly rotating dynamos, and that only the axisymmetric component of the magnetic field appears to follow an Elsasser number scaling.
Association of pre-ESKD hyponatremia with post-ESKD outcomes among incident ESKD patients
Authors: Marroquin Maria V , Sy John , Kleine Carola-Ellen , Oveyssi Justin , Hsiung Jui-Ting , Park Christina , Soohoo Melissa , Kovesdy Csaba P , Rhee Connie M , Streja Elani , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Tantisattamo Ekamol
Published: August 2021

Background

Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte disturbances in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients, and has been shown to be associated with higher mortality risk. However, the relationship between hyponatremia during late-stage CKD and the risk of poor outcomes after ESKD transition is unknown.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 32 257 US veterans transitioning to ESKD from 1 October 2007 to 30 March 2015. We evaluated adjusted associations between the 3-month averaged pre-transition to ESKD serum sodium and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included cardiovascular (CV) mortality, infection-related mortalities and hospitalization rate.

Results

Cohort mean ± standard deviation serum sodium was 139 ± 3 mEq/L, mean age was 67 ± 11 years, 98% were male and 28% were African American. Over a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 702 days (296, 1301) there were 17 162 deaths. Compared with the reference of 135 to <144 mEq/L, the lowest serum sodium group (<130 mEq/L) had a 54% higher all-cause mortality risk [hazard ratio 1.54 (95% confidence interval 1.34–1.76)] in the fully adjusted model. Associations were similar for CV and infection-related mortality, and hospitalization outcomes.

Conclusions

Hyponatremia prior to ESKD transition is associated with higher risk of all-cause, CV and infection-related mortalities, and hospitalization rates after ESKD transition. Future studies evaluating management of pre-ESKD hyponatremia may be indicated to improve patient outcomes for those transitioning to ESKD.
Dialysis withdrawal in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2019: time trends, risk factors and centre variation
Authors: van Oevelen Mathijs , Abrahams Alferso C , Bos Willem Jan W , Hoekstra Tiny , Hemmelder Marc H , ten Dam Marc , van Buren Marjolijn
Published: August 2021

Background

Dialysis withdrawal is a common cause of death in dialysis-dependent patients. This study aims to describe dialysis withdrawal practice in The Netherlands, focussing on time trends, risk factors and centre variation.

Methods

Data were retrieved from the Dutch registry of kidney replacement therapy patients. All patients who started maintenance dialysis and died in the period 2000–2019 were included. The main outcome was death after dialysis withdrawal; all other causes of death were used for comparison. Time trends were analysed as unadjusted data (proportion per year) and the year of death was included in a multivariable logistic model. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with withdrawal. Centre variation was compared using funnel plots.

Results

A total of 34 692 patients started dialysis and 18 412 patients died while on dialysis. Dialysis withdrawal was an increasingly common cause of death, increasing from 18.3% in 2000–2004 to 26.8% in 2015–2019. Of all patients withdrawing, 26.1% discontinued treatment within their first year. In multivariable analysis, increasing age, female sex, haemodialysis as a treatment modality and year of death were independent factors associated with death after dialysis withdrawal. Centre variation was large (80.7 and 57.4% within 95% control limits of the funnel plots for 2000–2009 and 2010–2019, respectively), even after adjustment for confounding factors.

Conclusions

Treatment withdrawal has become the main cause of death among dialysis-dependent patients in The Netherlands, with large variations between centres. These findings emphasize the need for timely advance care planning and improving the shared decision-making process on choosing dialysis or conservative care.
Validation of the Wave 1 and Wave 2 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Indicators of Tobacco Dependence Using Biomarkers of Nicotine Exposure Across Tobacco Products
Authors: Strong David R , Leas Eric , Noble Madison , White Martha , Glasser Allison , Taylor Kristie , Edwards Kathryn C , Frissell Kevin C , Compton Wilson M , Conway Kevin P , Lambert Elizabeth , Kimmel Heather L , Silveira Marushka L , Hull Lynn C , van Bemmel Dana , Schroeder Megan J , Cummings Kenneth Michael , Hyland Andrew , Feng June , Blount Benjamin , Wang Lanqing , Niaura Ray
Published: August 2021

Introduction

This study examined the predictive relationships between biomarkers of nicotine exposure and 16-item self-reported level of tobacco dependence (TD) and subsequent tobacco use outcomes.

Aims and Methods

The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study surveyed adult current established tobacco users who provided urine biospecimens at Wave 1 (September 2013–December 2014) and completed the Wave 2 (October 2014–October 2015) interview (n = 6872). Mutually exclusive user groups at Wave 1 included: Cigarette Only, E-cigarette Only, Cigar Only, Hookah Only, Smokeless Tobacco Only, Cigarette Plus E-cigarette, multiple tobacco product users who smoked cigarettes, and multiple tobacco product users who did not smoke cigarettes. Total Nicotine Equivalents (TNE-2) and TD were measured at Wave 1. Approximate one-year outcomes included frequency/quantity used, quitting, and adding/switching to different tobacco products.

Results

For Cigarette Only smokers and multiple tobacco product users who smoked cigarettes, higher TD and TNE-2 were associated with: a tendency to smoke more, smoking more frequently over time, decreased likelihood of switching away from cigarettes, and decreased probability of quitting after one year. For other product user groups, Wave 1 TD and/or TNE-2 were less consistently related to changes in quantity and frequency of product use, or for adding or switching products, but higher TNE-2 was more consistently predictive of decreased probability of quitting.

Conclusions

Self-reported TD and nicotine exposure assess common and independent aspects of dependence in relation to tobacco use behaviors for cigarette smokers. For other product user groups, nicotine exposure is a more consistent predictor of quitting than self-reported TD.

Implications

This study suggests that smoking cigarettes leads to the most coherent pattern of associations consistent with a syndrome of TD. Because cigarettes continue to be prevalent and harmful, efforts to decrease their use may be accelerated via conventional means (eg, smoking cessation interventions and treatments), but also perhaps by decreasing their dependence potential. The implications for noncombustible tobacco products are less clear as the stability of tobacco use patterns that include products such as e-cigarettes continue to evolve. TD, nicotine exposure measures, and consumption could be used in studies that attempt to understand and predict product-specific tobacco use behavioral outcomes.
Trends, challenges, opportunities, and future needs of the dietetic workforce: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Blair Merran , Mitchell Lana , Palermo Claire , Gibson Simone
Published: August 2021

Context

Issues related to nutrition and health are prominent, yet it is unclear if the dietetics workforce is being used optimally.

Objective

Trends, challenges, opportunities, and future needs of the international dietetic workforce are investigated in this review, which was registered with Open Science Framework (10.17605/OSF.IO/DXNWE).

Data sources

Eight academic and 5 grey-literature databases and the Google search engine were searched from 2010 onward according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Of 2050 articles screened, 184 were eligible for inclusion.

Data extraction

To chart data, a directed content analysis and a constant comparison technique were used.

Data analysis

The following 13 themes were identified: 1) emerging or expanding areas of practice; 2) skill development; 3) economic considerations; 4) nutrition informatics; 5) diversity within the workforce; 6) specific areas of practice; 7) further education; 8) intrapersonal factors; 9) perceptions of the profession; 10) protecting the scope of practice; 11) support systems; 12) employment outcomes; and 13) registration or credentialing.

Conclusions

The dietetics profession is aware of the need to expand into diverse areas of employment. Comprehensive workforce data are necessary to facilitate workforce planning.
Transpalpebral Incision for Resection of an Ethmoidal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Delavari Nader , Staffenberg David , Riina Howard
Published: August 2021

Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas are vascular malformations with arterial supply from the anterior ethmoidal artery and ultimate drainage into the sagittal sinus.
1-3
They are characterized by a high risk of hemorrhage. Microsurgical disconnection of the fistula represents a safe and robust treatment option. Endovascular treatment requires catheterization of the ophthalmic artery and carries a risk of visual deficits. The supraorbital craniotomy provides an excellent corridor to the anterior skull base and is well suited for the treatment of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas. The supraorbital craniotomy may be performed through a transpalpebral “eyelid” incision. The transpalpebral incision allows for a well-hidden scar and does not have any associated hair loss, as can be seen with the eyebrow incision. The patient consented to the procedure and being videotaped.
Carotid Artery Angioplasty and Stenting: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Darwal Maureen A , Liebman Kenneth M , Binning Mandy J ,   Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG), Arthur Adam , Mark Bain , Bendock Bernard , Binning Mandy Jo , Boulos Alan S , Crowley Webster , Fessler Richard , Grande Andrew , Guterman Lee , Hanel Ricardo , Hoit Daniel , Hopkins L Nelson , Howington Jay , James Robert , Jankowitz Brian , Kan Peter , Khalessi Alex A , Kim Louis , Langer David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Levitt Michael , Levy Elad , Lopes Demetrius , Mack William , Mericle Robert , Mocco J , Ogilvy Chris , Pandey Aditya , Replogle Robert , Riina Howard , Ringer Andrew , Rodriguez Rafael , Saugaveau Eric , Schirmer Clemens , Siddiqui Adnan , Spiotta Alex , Sultan Ali , Tawk Rabih , Thomas Ajith , Turner Raymond , Veznedaroglu Erol , Welch Babu , White Jonathan
Published: August 2021

Carotid artery angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been shown to be equally effective as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for carotid stenosis in both symptomatic and asymptomatic disease.
1
In patients who are considered high risk for endarterectomy, CAS is safe and effective.
2
While this is a common procedure, proper technique is crucial to ensure that the procedure is safe with minimal risk of stroke. This patient consented to treatment. The following is a video detailing the CAS procedure in a 77-yr-old male with a symptomatic 65% carotid stenosis (by NASCET criteria
3
) in a patient with prior CEA.
Power and Interaction
Authors: Schwalbe Michael L. , Mischke Kelsey
Published: August 2021

In this chapter we draw on G. H. Mead to formulate a definition of power as an organism’s capacity to modify its environment to satisfy its needs and desires. We argue that in the social world this capacity is exercised by individuals and groups through forms of action that elicit the cooperation of others. This fundamentally symbolic interactionist approach to power helps us see how power operates on both situational and structural levels. Our argument highlights five forms of action through which the cooperation of others is elicited: (1) crafting virtual selves; (2) using normative and procedural rules; (3) establishing frames and definitions of reality; (4) managing emotions; and (5) invoking extra-situational relationships or “nets of accountability.” An advantage of this approach is that it can illuminate the processes through which power is nurtured, undermined, and resisted.
Disasters
Authors: Kusenbach Margarethe , Christmann Gabriela B.
Published: August 2021

The chapter’s objective is to summarize various theoretical and substantive contributions that researchers working in the tradition of Symbolic Interactionism have brought to disaster studies. We begin by discussing the advantages of conceptualizing disasters from a social constructionist perspective in public and political discourse. Next, we continue our review by turning to constructionist and interactionist thinking (or lack thereof) with regard to disaster perception at the micro level. In a third step, we consider the importance of examining culture, a traditional stronghold of interpretive social research, when studying disasters. Lastly, we conclude our review by assessing constructionist framings of vulnerability and resilience, two current key concepts in the field of disaster studies. Overall, we strive to show that the symbolic-interactionist perspective can help disaster scholars formulate and answer important research questions, as well as solve problems in the real world.
Durkheim’s Team
Authors: Fournier Marcel , Carls Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the research team of sociologists that, beginning in 1896, collaborated with Émile Durkheim to create the journal L’Année sociologique. It explores the central place that Durkheim held in the group, as well as the vital roles that different collaborators such as Célestin Bouglé and Marcel Mauss played in making L’Année sociologique an initial success. The chapter then follows the development of this Durkheimian school and its historical legacy after Durkheim’s death in 1917. This development includes the Durkheimian school’s maintenance of a prominent position in the 1920s and 1930s, its relative post–World War II obscurity, and its rebirth beginning in the 1970s and 1980s through renewed academic interest in the work of members of the team. Beyond L’Année sociologique, special attention is given to specific members of Durkheim’s team, including collaborators such as Henri Hubert, François Simiand, Maurice Halbwachs, and Robert Hertz.
Introducing the Philosophy of Technology
Authors: Vallor Shannon
Published: August 2021

This introduction to the Oxford Handbook of the Philosophy of Technology begins with a provocation and rumination on the lateness of its arrival—that is, the fact that only in the twenty-first century do we have a mature body of Anglophone philosophical scholarship on technology that seems worthy of such an in-depth survey. Technology has been radically transforming the conditions of human existence for millennia; how could the pursuit of wisdom neglect it? This chapter reflects upon the ancient sources and contemporary costs of philosophical prejudice against, and considerable past neglect of, technology as an independent subject of inquiry, before outlining and summarizing the contributions in this volume that represent the robust field of philosophical study that has emerged to meet this need. The chapter concludes with a call for philosophers to embrace the profound and growing responsibility of becoming wise about technology, and humanity’s future with it.
Understanding Engineering Design and Its Social, Political, and Moral Dimensions
Authors: Brey Philip
Published: August 2021

This chapter covers two central issues in the philosophy of engineering design. The first concerns the nature, structure, and function of engineering design. Building on the existing literature, the chapter provides an account of engineering design from a bird’s eye view, asking what kind of practice it is, how it relates to other human practices (including other forms of design and other forms of engineering), and how engineering design processes are typically structured. The second issue concerns the moral, social and political choices embedded in design. The chapter investigates what a good design is from the perspective of ethics and society, how new designs can affect society in positive and negative ways, and how design processes can be supportive of values and ideals of a good society.
Emerging Technology as Promise and Peril
Authors: Johnson Deborah G.
Published: August 2021

Recent work in the philosophy of technology draws attention to the connection between technology and the good life. Discourse around emerging technologies also makes this connection, albeit implicitly, when it focuses on the promises and perils of going forward with a nascent technology. Emerging technologies are touted for their potential to bring about increased safety, health, convenience, or enlightenment and disparaged for their perils—diminished freedom, erosion of privacy, new vulnerabilities to nature. Use of the promises-and-perils framework is commonplace and rarely challenged. A comparison between the promises-and-perils framework and cost-benefit analysis reveals some of the advantages and disadvantages of promises-and-perils thinking. Uncertainty is an overarching problem and that makes plausibility important. How can the plausibility of promises and perils be assessed? A sociotechnical systems understanding of technology reveals at least three sources of uncertainty, and these provide some basis for evaluating the plausibility of promises and perils.
Philosophy of Technology and the Continental and Analytic Traditions
Authors: Franssen Maarten
Published: August 2021

During the past fifty-odd years, philosophy of technology has been nurtured by two distinct philosophical traditions, the continental and the analytic, with the former at first sight dominating. On closer scrutiny, however, it appears that philosophy of technology’s borrowings from the continental tradition have been superficial and eclectic at best, and philosophy of technology cannot be said to be firmly rooted in either continental or analytic philosophy. Yet the felt contrast, or even antagonism, between these traditions has arguably prevented the field from acknowledging that it failed to develop an encompassing conception of technology and from contemplating as a serious possibility that the phenomenon of technology may be so large as to escape such a definition. In response, this chapter proposes to think of philosophy of technology as composed of three subfields, and it makes suggestions on how the particular strengths of analytic and continental philosophy can contribute to these subfields.
Whence and W(h)ither Technology Ethics
Authors: Howard Don
Published: August 2021

Will there be a future for technology ethics as a respected academic discipline among philosophers, scientists, engineers, and the general public? We hope that the answer is, “Yes.” But for that to be so, the field must undertake a frank assessment of its historical origins in Heidegger’s ideology-laden, technology critique and in the environmental crisis of the 1960s and 1970s, along with the nuclear arms race and protests against newer technologies of war deployed in Vietnam. Moreover, technology ethics for the twenty-first century will thrive and will have an impact on technologists and policymakers only if it finds its way to complement its traditional emphasis on risk with an analytical framework that foregrounds the promotion of the human and the common good independent of received assumptions about the moral valence of technology, itself.
Should We Deploy Nuclear Energy?
Authors: Taebi Behnam
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that the lens of intergenerational ethics could help flesh out the moral implications of nuclear energy production and waste management. Instead of using ethics as a yardstick to pass a dichotomous judgment on nuclear energy, a better understanding of the technological subtleties of different existing and future nuclear technologies is needed; different technological pathways could influence the interests of different future generations in different ways. A more detailed look at these technologies and at future generations could improve the appreciation of the subtle intergenerational dilemmas of nuclear technology and contribute to technologically and ethically informed policymaking about the future of nuclear energy. This will provide a solid step toward comparing a specific type of nuclear energy (and its associated short-term and long-term risks and benefits) with other energy technologies.
Luxury and the Entrepreneur
Authors: Holt Robin
Published: August 2021

Based on fictional and non-fictional accounts, this chapter offers a narrative study of entrepreneurship in which the transgressive force of what Joseph Schumpeter calls ‘creative destruction’ is traced through the production of luxury objects emerging from the Meissen porcelain works. It is a narrative in which luxury and entrepreneurship are brought together, somewhat uneasily, under the forces of obsession, addiction, expertise, collecting, the affective power of things and civility.
Performative Practices and Life-Creation
Authors: Lipovetsky Mark
Published: August 2021

Beginning with Nikolai Evreinov’s concept of the perfomative formed at the turn of the twentieth century, this article discusses performative practices and life-creation in the underground of the 1960s–1970s (excluding the performance art per se). According to Evreinov, the “theatrlization of life” is defined by the transgression of existing norms (behavioral, social, cultural, and moral) coupled withthe excess, redundancy, and demonstrative overproduction of perfomrative forms. These characteristics united the underground group and individual performances with the lifecreation (zhiznetvorchestvo) of Russian modernists and avant-gardists. A special focus is given to such a permanent stage of performative practices as the Leningrad café “Saigon.” The article also discusses group perfomrative styles, shared by such communities as “Philological poets” and Khelenukty, as well as individual lifelong performances exemplified by such figures as Dmitrii Prigov, Venedikt Erofeev, or Sergei Chudakov.
Comparing Voluntary Sustainability Standards
Authors: van der Ven Hamish
Published: August 2021

Despite nearly two decades of comparative research on voluntary sustainability standards, a number of important questions remain unanswered. Chiefly, can they succeed in generating environmental outcomes? This chapter conducts a systematic review of articles that compare two or more voluntary sustainability standards to illuminate a number of blind spots and biases in the research to date. It finds a strongly interdisciplinary research community and a plurality of research methods. However, it also finds a number of weaknesses: namely, an inattention to research on environmental impacts and a tendency to draw broad lessons from a handful of sectors and certifications that are concentrated primarily in industrialized countries. These weaknesses suggest that considerable gaps remain in knowledge about voluntary sustainability standards and imply the need for rethinking this research agenda.
Interpretive Methodologies, Quantitative Methods, and Comparative
Environmental Politics
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Chase V. Miranda , van Wees Saskia
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues for a broader and more creative understanding of the relationship between methods and epistemology in the study of comparative environmental politics. Quantitative methods tend to be associated with comparative inferential questions while interpretive questions tend to be associated with qualitative methods. This chapter argues against these associations. The chapter begins by fleshing out the argument against assumed methodological associations. It identifies the use of quantitative methods in interpretive research as the biggest lacuna in the methodological playing field of comparative environmental politics. It then presents two examples of how to use quantitative methods effectively in interpretive research, without embedding those methods in an epistemological positivism with which they are generally associated. The first of these cases, based on dissertation research by Saskia van Wees, looks at the different patterns of environmental performance and environmental foreign policy in India and China in the period 2002–2012. The second case looks at efforts by Indigenous and traditional communities in Brazil’s Amazon Basin to oppose the construction of dams that would impact their communities.
Continuity and Change in Carbon Market Politics
Authors: Chavara Carley , Elliott Christian , Hoffmann Matthew , Paterson Matthew
Published: August 2021

The Paris Agreement institutionalized decentralized and national approaches to climate change policy through Article 4 and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) process. In this new context, what can be said about the prospects for a global carbon market, and how might that analysis benefit from a comparative political perspective? In this chapter, the authors argue that, given the shift to the NDC process and considering the history of carbon market linkage and diffusion, understanding the past and future of carbon markets requires an analysis of the variation in institutions and the political economies of countries. To illustrate this point, the authors unpack continuity and change in five cases: the European Union, China, Canada, South Korea, and Indonesia. The authors conclude that making sense of carbon markets requires an integrative view of the comparative institutional dynamics as well as the transnational processes of diffusion and learning that promotes policy ideas.
The Comparative Politics of Environmental Activism in Russia
Authors: Henry Laura A.
Published: August 2021

How do environmental nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) continue their activism under conditions of increasingly authoritarian governance? In the 1990s, during the immediate post-Soviet period, Russian environmental organizations developed activist strategies in a period of political instability and economic recession. These strategies roughly corresponded to Hirschman’s ideal types of exit, voice, and loyalty. Since that time, many of the conditions that facilitated the creation of these organizational types have changed. Foreign funding for civil society development declined sharply, the government has embraced a more coercive approach to shaping social activism, and social media provide new platforms and resources for environmentalists. Following the passage of the 2012 Law on Foreign Agents, new forms of environmentalism in Russia emerged to adapt to and challenge the government’s effort to contract space for autonomous action. These activist strategies complicate Hirschman’s ideal types in ways that illuminate how environmentalism may endure under authoritarian regimes in Russia and beyond.
Territory
Authors: Branch Jordan , Turnbull Timothy
Published: August 2021

The concept of territory has rarely been directly interrogated in International Political Economy (IPE) literature. Territory involves more than geography or space; instead it invokes a set of ideas and practices of political authority and control. While there are research programs in IPE that deal with spatial scale—including the study of global cities, regionalism, the size of states, offshoring, and special economic zones—there are important ways that IPE can draw on work from other fields that explicitly focuses on territory. Importantly, the literature on territory lays bare some of the territorial assumptions of common IPE models which, if further explored, have the potential to lead to better model specification and the opening up of new and fertile areas of research.
Introduction
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia , Doetjes Jenny
Published: August 2021

This introduction gives an outline of the major issues in the research on grammatical number, covering different types of nominal number marking, the relation between number and individuation, and number in the event domain. The second part of the chapter provides a summary of the chapters of the book, which is divided into four parts: foundations, nominal number, event number, and case studies.
Collective Nouns
Authors: de Vries Hanna
Published: August 2021

Collective nouns such as family, group, and herd combine properties associated with singularity or ‘oneness’ and properties associated with plurality, on all levels of grammar (lexical–conceptual, morphosyntactic, and semantic). Because of this property, they provide a unique window into the various factors that influence the expression and interpretation of grammatical number. This chapter starts out with a general introduction to the various conceptual and grammatical properties of collectives as well as the various ways in which they have been described and classified in different linguistic subfields. Then, it zooms in on their formal semantics, focusing on two central questions in particular: first, are collective nouns semantic plurals that are sometimes forced to behave like singulars, singulars that are sometimes allowed to behave like plurals, or simply ambiguous? And, second, how is the interpretation of an NP as either an indivisible atom or a quantifiable set influenced by morphosyntactic number marking?
Nominal Number and Language Pathologies
Authors: Biedermann Britta , Fieder Nora , Smith-Lock Karen
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on grammatical number processing taken from cognitive neuropsychology, including developmental delays and impairments of language (e.g. developmental language disorder, and Williams syndrome) and aphasia, an acquired language impairment after brain injury. These types of language impairment can give insight into the functional architecture of nominal number processing by looking at error patterns that arise in each of the aforementioned populations. By classifying observed responses in language production tasks into non-number and number errors, we are able to reveal underlying mechanisms of syntactic rules and their representations when they develop, but also learn about processes and representation of number when this information breaks down.
Verbal Plurality Cross-Linguistically
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia
Published: August 2021

This chapter gives a general overview of verbal plurality phenomena cross-linguistically, with verbal plurality understood as a descriptive label for instances of verbal morphology marking multiple events. Verbal plurality markers form a heterogeneous class cross-linguistically and many verbal plurality markers have readings that go beyond event plurality such as duratives and intensives. Part of this variation can be related to the fact that multiplicity readings arise from different sources such as plurality markers, collective markers, additive expressions, and degree expressions. Another factor of variation is contributed by the different event-identification conditions imposed by the verbal plurality marker. In particular, the event pluralities introduced by verbal plurality markers are often limited in their interaction with other elements in the clause and in many languages the availability of distributive dependencies between the event plurality and plural arguments depends on the syntactic type of the plurality denoting expression.
Multiple Event Readings andOccasional-Type Adjectives
Authors: Gehrke Berit
Published: August 2021

The chapter discusses three different readings that so-called frequency adjectives (e.g. daily, frequent, occasional) have been attributed to (internal, generic, adverbial) and zooms in on one of these readings, the adverbial one. Under the adverbial reading (e.g. The occasional sailor strolled by) the adjective can be paraphrased as a sentence-level adverb and thus seemingly scopes over the entire sentence. Two competing analyses of the adverbial reading are discussed, one in terms of distributional quantification, according to which the adjective is a determiner (or is forming a complex determiner with the article), vs one in terms of distributional modification, according to which the adjective is a DP-internal modifier and its seemingly scopal behaviour is merely an illusion. The chapter ends with some considerations why both types of analyses might be needed and a discussion of some cross-linguistic implications.
Dual in Standard and Syrian Arabic
Authors: Al-Zahre Nisrine
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the morphology and semantic interpretation of the dual in Standard Arabic and Syrian Arabic. In the evolution from classical Arabic to modern dialects dual agreement was lost entirely and only a few dialects such as Syrian Arabic have preserved productive dual marking on nouns. Even though the forms of dual agreement in Syrian Arabic are syncretic with the plural agreement forms the agreement pattern of duals remain clearly distinct from plural agreement with plural DPs and nouns modified by higher numerals. Furthermore, while the plural in Standard and Syrian Arabic allows inclusive readings, the dual expresses exact cardinality of two and does not allow the equivalent inclusive duals.
Non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya
Authors: Butler Lindsay
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the morphosyntactic properties of optional, non-inflectional plural marking in Yucatec Maya. Evidence is presented that suggests that the non-inflectional plural in Yucatec Maya adjoins to the Determiner Phrase rather than heading the Number Phrase as in better-known languages. Plural marking cannot occur inside of compounds, derivational morphology, or on a prenominal adjective. Additionally, it can adjoin to the second linear noun of a conjoined noun phrase and modify either or both of the conjuncts. The results of a sentence production experiment with speakers of Yucatec Maya are summarized and provide additional support for the Determiner Phrase–adjoined hypothesis. The Yucatec Maya facts are discussed in the wider context of cross-linguistic variation in the typology of plural marking and the implications for linguistic theory and models of language processing.
Countability and Number Without Number Inflection
Authors: Paul Moles , Zribi-Hertz Anne , Glaude Herby
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the mass–count distinction in Haitian Creole, where all nouns, including those meaning ‘mud’ or ‘remorse’, are combinable with cardinals and plural marking. It is argued that the English/Haitian contrast lies in the distribution of covert classifiers—freer in Haitian than in English—rather than in the relevance/irrelevance of the mass–count distinction. This distinction is arguably grounded in both syntax and the lexicon. A subclass of nouns (e.g. liv ‘book’) require 3pl pronominalization when bare, do not combine with small-amount markers, are strictly entity-denoting: they are assumed to merge with a lexically induced classifier. Stuff-denoting nouns (labou ‘mud’, remò ‘remorse’) are ambivalent with respect to pronominalization (3sg/3pl), combine with small-amount markers, and may denote continuous stuff or discontinuous units of stuff. It is assumed that while all lexical roots must combine with a classifier feature to trigger discontinuous readings, this feature may occur in n° (triggering entity denotations) or in Cl° (triggering unit-of-stuff-denotations).
Production and comprehension studies on the mass–count distinction in Yudja
Authors: Lima Suzi
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses the grammar of counting in Yudja, a Brazilian Indigenous language. Based on experimental studies with children and adults, the chapter shows that substance-denoting nouns may directly interact with the counting system in the language (constructions with numerals, constructions with count quantifiers such as ‘many’ and ‘size’ adjectives like ‘big’). In presenting the results of the studies for Yudja, the chapter exemplifies how psycholinguistic methods (particularly from language acquisition) can be a useful tool in fieldwork research.
Verbal Number in Chadic, with Special Reference to Hausa
Authors: Zimmermann Malte
Published: August 2021

The chapter provides a general overview of the formal marking of pluractionality in Chadic languages and its observable interpretive effects, with a special focus of Hausa. Section 29.2 introduces the three major strategies for marking pluractionality in Chadic (reduplication, infixing/ablauting, suffixation), before discussing possible correspondences between formal marking and interpretation. The empirical focus lies on languages that do not figure prominently in earlier works on pluractionality in Chadic. The section also contains a case study on the interpretation of different ways of pluractional marking in West Chadic Bole. Section 29.3 introduces the basic patterns of pluractional marking in Hausa, and their basic semantic interpretation in terms of distribution over participants or places. It then discusses secondary, pragmatically inferred meaning effects in terms of abundance, individuation, or intensification. The chapter ends with a discussion of why pluractional marking in Hausa does not easily allow for iterative event interpretations.
Dependent Numerals in Kaqchikel
Authors: Henderson Robert
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides an empirical overview of dependent numerals in the Mayan language Kaqchikel. The strategy is to divide the phenomenon along a few core parameters that are known to be relevant to the distribution of these distributed numerals cross-linguistically. First, it considers the space of dependent expressions in Kaqchikel in general, comparing numerals to other quantificational expressions known to have dependent readings in other languages. It then looks at which expressions are able to license the appearance of dependent numerals, considering a variety of quantificational expressions, with different syntactic and semantic properties, including aspectual and pluractional morphemes. It then explores how syntax mediates licensing. In particular, it looks at what syntactic configurations are possible between a dependent numeral and its licensor, including interclausal relationships. Finally, the chapter examines the precise semantic relationship between licensor and dependent numeral. More pointedly, it considers what it means to exhibit dependence.
Number in Balinese
Authors: Arka I Wayan , Dalrymple Mary
Published: August 2021

Nominal number in Balinese varies in expression. All Balinese pronouns are singular, in violation of Greenberg’s Universal 42 (‘All languages have pronominal categories involving at least three persons and two numbers’). Non-reduplicated common nouns have general number, and regular and associative plural constructions allow for expression of nominal plurality. Common nouns can also be reduplicated, which often (but not always) indicates plural meaning. In the verbal domain, reduplication is a derivational process which can imply rather than encode plural meaning. We also examine the semantics of nominal plurality in Balinese and the availability of inclusive/exclusive plural readings.
Individuation
Authors: Cheung Pierina
Published: August 2021

Languages differ in how they refer to countable objects. In number-marking languages such as English, countable individuals are often labelled by count nouns (e.g. two hippos), but languages such as Japanese lack mass–count syntax and require classifiers when referring to entities (e.g. two CL hippo). These cross-linguistic differences have led some to propose that linguistic structure affects how speakers construe entities in the world. Shown an ambiguous entity, English speakers tend to construe it as an object kind, whereas Japanese speakers construe it as a substance kind. However, recent studies show that these differences are likely due to lexical statistics, with English speakers drawing on the distribution of mass– count nouns to infer that the ambiguous entity is likely an object kind. Developmental studies further show that infants can distinguish between objects and substances. Together, recent studies suggest the language we speak does not affect how we construe entities.
Number in the Mental Lexicon
Authors: Schiller Niels O. , Verdonschot Rinus
Published: August 2021

This chapter discusses the representation and processing of grammatical number in language comprehension and production. Grammatical number is regarded as a syntactic feature stored with a word's lemma, i.e. the syntactic word, in the mental lexicon. The chapter discusses the representation of grammatical number in the mental lexicon and how this feature is selected. Comparisons to other grammatical features, such as grammatical gender, are also made. Moreover, the chapter reviews experimental work both in the area of language comprehension and language production to shed light on the processing of grammatical number in human cognition. The chapter closes with a report on recent experimental work conducted on Konso, a Cushitic language spoken in the south of Ethiopia. In Konso, the number feature interacts with the gender feature. Data from picture-naming experiments demonstrate that so-called plural gender should be interpreted as a gender feature rather than as a number feature.
Nominal Number Morphology
Authors: Cabredo Hofherr Patricia
Published: August 2021

This chapter summarizes the variation observed across nominal number systems cross-linguistically. The morphological realization of number varies with respect to the range of number values marked and the range of nouns that take number marking in a given language. However, the study of nominal number morphology is further complicated by the intricate interactions of morphology with syntax and semantics. On the syntactic side, nominal number morphology interacts with definiteness marking and syntactic role. On the semantic side, certain types of nominal number marking impose semantically specific readings on the nominals contrasting with other types of nominal number marking that allow inclusive plural readings in certain semantic contexts. The study of number-neutral reference has to examine the semantic effects arising from morphological, syntactic, and semantic sources separately.