bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circumstances of SUDEP: A nationwide population‐based case series
Authors: Sveinsson Olafur , Andersson Tomas , Carlsson Sofia , Tomson Torbjörn
Published: April 2018

Objective

Given the increasing attention being paid to potential strategies for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) prevention, we analyzed the circumstances of SUDEP and its incidence in relation to time of year, week, and day.

Methods

Prospective case‐series based on persons with an International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10) code for epilepsy in the Swedish Patient Registry 1998‐2005, who were alive on June 30, 2006 (n = 60 952). Linkage to the National Cause‐of‐Death Registry identified all deaths from July 2006 through December 2011, with epilepsy mentioned on death certificate, together with all deaths during 2008 (n = 3166). Death certificates, medical charts, autopsy, and police reports were reviewed to identify SUDEP cases and related circumstances. Autopsied non‐SUDEP deaths (n = 60) from the study population served as a reference.

Results

There were 329 SUDEPs (63% men) of which 167 were definite, 89 probable, and 73 possible. SUDEP cases were younger at death (50.8 years) than non‐SUDEP deaths (73.3 years) (P < .001) and more likely to be male (63% vs 55%, P = .0079). Most SUDEP cases died at night (58%), at home (91%), and 65% were found dead in bed. When documented, 70% were found in prone position. In 17%, death was witnessed and in 88% of these, a seizure was observed. Of the 329 SUDEP cases, 71% were living alone and 14% shared a bedroom. Compared to an autopsied non‐SUDEP reference group, definite SUDEPs were more likely to die at home, during the night, unwitnessed, in the prone position, to live alone, and more often with a preceding seizure.

Significance

SUDEP cases live alone, die unwitnessed at home at night, with indication of a preceding seizure, supporting the critical role of lack of supervision. These facts need to be considered in the development of preventive strategies.
The role of AMPA receptors and their antagonists in status epilepticus
Authors: Leo Antonio , Giovannini Giada , Russo Emilio , Meletti Stefano
Published: April 2018

Status epilepticus (SE) is typically defined as a prolonged self‐sustaining seizure or repeated seizures showing an incomplete recovery between them. SE represents a medical emergency often associated with significant disability, morbidity, and mortality. Despite the clinical impact, the mechanisms underlying the transition from self‐limited seizures to protracted, medically refractory seizures are not completely understood. About 40% of patients in established SE are refractory to antiepileptic drugs (first‐line treatment); therefore, there is a need for more efficacious drugs. In this review, we focused on the current knowledge about the involvement of alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors during SE, the preclinical efficacy of its antagonists, and the currently published clinical studies involving drugs with this mechanism of action. We carried out an extensive literature search to recognize experimental and clinical articles both on AMPA receptors and AMPA antagonists and SE. Recently, the role of AMPA receptors during and after SE has become clearer, and it is now widely accepted that early changes occur in the initial stages and probably contribute both to the maintenance of SE and to its refractoriness to treatment. The therapeutic potential of AMPA receptor inhibition has been sustained by studies in which AMPA receptor antagonists have been shown to terminate seizures in several SE animal models. To date, promising, but limited, data in humans support the use of AMPA receptor antagonists in patients with SE. AMPA receptor antagonists could become a new therapeutic option in patients with established SE when the first trials with second‐line agents have failed or probably even better after failure of benzodiazepines as a second‐line option.
Publication outlets for healthcare financial research: A study of journal quality perceptions
Authors: Forgione Dana A. , Liu Hanni , Smith Pamela C. , Liu H. Harrison
Published: April 2018

Publications in high quality journals often serve to indicate research productivity. However, many top‐rated journals infrequently publish cross‐disciplinary topics such as healthcare financial management (HFM). So, academic administrators and HFM researchers find it challenging to evaluate the quality of the work. Journals open to publishing HFM articles are distributed across multiple disciplines. Each field has its own journal rankings typically focused on their primary subject area. Starting with prior literature, we form a cross‐disciplinary journal list and solicit preliminary input from editors, associated editors, reviewers, and authors. We then solicit confirmatory ranking input from independent researchers in a holdout sample.
Consequences of dam‐altered thermal regimes for a riverine herbivore's digestive efficiency, growth and vulnerability to predation
Authors: Catenazzi Alessandro , Kupferberg Sarah J.
Published: April 2018

Rivers around the world are undergoing shifts in thermal regime due to climate change and human appropriation of water resources. The local impacts of thermal regime change are challenging to predict because water temperature can influence aquatic organisms and communities at multiple levels simultaneously. For example, thermal change can influence the phenology of periphyton blooms, primary consumer physiology and behaviour, and interspecific interactions with predators.

Using tadpoles of the threatened river‐breeding foothill yellow‐legged frog (Rana boylii, Ranidae), their algal foods and their invertebrate predators, we mimicked dam‐induced changes in temperature and observed the outcome of consumer–resource interactions. In stream enclosures, we reared tadpoles across a gradient of cold to warm conditions, quantified the ash content of diet, digestive efficiency and growth rate, and assessed their vulnerability to hemipteran and odonate predators.

Tadpoles reared in a cool stream (15.5°C daily mean) digested epilithic periphyton poorly (6.6 ± 0.4% assimilation efficiency). In contrast, average assimilation efficiency of tadpoles reared at 19°C was 11.6 ± 0.1%. Access to nutritious diatoms (i.e. dinitrogen‐fixing Epithemia spp., Rhopalodiaceae) increased assimilation efficiency to 10.1 ± 0.1% and 13.8 ± 0.1% in the cool and warm treatments, respectively. Assimilation efficiency correlated positively with tadpole growth rate (R = 0.66, p < .001).

The effect of temperature on mortality due to predation was mediated by low tadpole growth rates at cool temperatures and not by the temperature of predator exposure. Non‐lethal effects of predators on tadpole growth and tail injury, however, depended on both rearing temperature and exposure temperature. Contrary to the expectation that the cost of predator avoidance behaviours may be greater at warmer exposure temperatures because basal metabolic rates are higher, our results indicated that the energetic cost of foraging less was amplified at cool temperatures.

Our results show that when thermal conditions impair digestion in a species’ early life stages, recruitment bottlenecks are likely to arise due to the combined negative effects of cool temperatures on assimilation efficiency and growth, and increased predation by invertebrates.
Detrimental effects of a novel flow regime on the functional trajectory of an aquatic invertebrate metacommunity
Authors: Ruhi Albert , Dong Xiaoli , McDaniel Courtney H. , Batzer Darold P. , Sabo John L.
Published: April 2018

Novel flow regimes resulting from dam operations and overallocation of freshwater resources are an emerging consequence of global change. Yet, anticipating how freshwater biodiversity will respond to surging flow regime alteration requires overcoming two challenges in environmental flow science: shifting from local to riverscape‐level understanding of biodiversity dynamics, and from static to time‐varying characterizations of the flow regime. Here, we used time‐series methods (wavelets and multivariate autoregressive models) to quantify flow‐regime alteration and to link time‐varying flow regimes to the dynamics of multiple local communities potentially connected by dispersal (i.e., a metacommunity). We studied the Chattahoochee River below Buford dam (Georgia, U.S.A.), and asked how flow regime alteration by a large hydropower dam may control the long‐term functional trajectory of the downstream invertebrate metacommunity. We found that seasonal variation in hydropeaking synchronized temporal fluctuations in trait abundance among the flow‐altered sites. Three biological trait states describing adaptation to fast flows benefitted from flow management for hydropower, but did not compensate for declines in 16 “loser” traits. Accordingly, metacommunity‐wide functional diversity responded negatively to hydropeaking intensity, and stochastic simulations showed that the risk of functional diversity collapse within the next 4 years would decrease by 17% if hydropeaking was ameliorated, or by 9% if it was applied every other season. Finally, an analysis of 97 reference and 23 dam‐affected river sites across the U.S. Southeast suggested that flow variation at extraneous, human‐relevant scales (12‐hr, 24‐hr, 1‐week) is relatively common in rivers affected by hydropower dams. This study advances the notion that novel flow regimes are widespread, and simplify the functional structure of riverine communities by filtering out taxa with nonadaptive traits and by spatially synchronizing their dynamics. This is relevant in the light of ongoing and future hydrologic alteration due to climate non‐stationarity and the new wave of dams planned globally.
Dominant regions and drivers of the variability of the global land carbon sink across timescales
Authors: Zhang Xuanze , Wang Ying‐Ping , Peng Shushi , Rayner Peter J. , Ciais Philippe , Silver Jeremy D. , Piao Shilong , Zhu Zaichun , Lu Xingjie , Zheng Xiaogu
Published: April 2018

Net biome productivity (NBP) dominates the observed large variation of atmospheric CO2 annual increase over the last five decades. However, the dominant regions controlling inter‐annual to multi‐decadal variability of global NBP are still controversial (semi‐arid regions vs. temperate or tropical forests). By developing a theory for partitioning the variance of NBP into the contributions of net primary production (NPP) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh) at different timescales, and using both observation‐based atmospheric CO2 inversion product and the outputs of 10 process‐based terrestrial ecosystem models forced by 110‐year observational climate, we tried to reconcile the controversy by showing that semi‐arid lands dominate the variability of global NBP at inter‐annual (<10 years) and tropical forests dominate at multi‐decadal scales (>30 years). Results further indicate that global NBP variability is dominated by the NPP component at inter‐annual timescales, and is progressively controlled by Rh with increasing timescale. Multi‐decadal NBP variations of tropical rainforests are modulated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) through its significant influences on both temperature and precipitation. This study calls for long‐term observations for the decadal or longer fluctuations in carbon fluxes to gain insights on the future evolution of global NBP, particularly in the tropical forests that dominate the decadal variability of land carbon uptake and are more effective for climate mitigation.
Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor and its downstream effector, focal adhesion kinase, correlates with papillary thyroid carcinoma progression
Authors: Šelemetjev Sonja , Bartolome Aleksandar , Išić Denčić Tijana , Đorić Ilona , Paunović Ivan , Tatić Svetislav , Cvejić Dubravka
Published: April 2018

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream effector, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), have been shown to be overexpressed frequently in human malignancies and implicated in tumour aggressiveness. We aimed to investigate the relationship between EGFR and FAK expression and their possible correlation with the clinical phenotype of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Expression profiles of EGFR and FAK were analysed in PTC tissue samples (n = 104) by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Additionally, EGFR and FAK were immunohistochemically analysed in 20 primary tumours paired with their metastatic tissue in lymph nodes. High expression of EGFR and FAK was found in 55.77% and 57.69% cases, respectively, with a strong positive association between them (P < 0.0001, Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.844). Expression of each molecule and their coexpression correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM), degree of tumour infiltration, extrathyroid invasion and pT status of the patients. Western blot analysis confirmed that coexpression of high levels of EGFR and FAK correlated with adverse clinicopathological features. When compared to the corresponding primary tumour, increased or maintained high levels of EGFR and FAK were found in LNM, indicating their concordant expression during lymphatic spread. In conclusion, high levels of EGFR and its downstream effector, FAK, in association with lymphatic spread and tumour infiltration indicate their involvement in PTC progression and suggest that both molecules may predict its aggressive behaviour. Furthermore, FAK could be a potential target for anticancer therapy in patients with advanced thyroid cancer.
Microbial inactivation and quality improvement of tomatoes treated by package film with allyl isothiocyanate vapour
Authors: Gao Haiyan , Wu Weijie , Chen Hangjun , Qin Yanhong , Fang Xiangjun , Jin Tony Z.
Published: April 2018

In‐package sanitisation was developed using polylactic acid (PLA) films with allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) vapour. Tomatoes were artificially inoculated with Escherichia coli, Geotrichum candidum and Fusarium oxysporum and stored in clamshell boxes with the film fixed to the underside of the lid. The changes in bacterial and fungal populations and the quality of tomatoes during storage at 4 and 10 °C were evaluated. The results revealed that the film treatment (4 × 8 cm2 film in 1 L box) reduced the populations of inoculated bacteria and fungi on tomatoes by 2–3 log CFU g−1, and then significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited their growth during the 21‐day storage period at both temperatures. Tomatoes subject to film treatment had fewer changes in quality (colour, firmness, contents of total soluble solid, titratable acids and vitamin C) than the control samples during storage. The antimicrobial PLA film can be used for in‐package sanitisation to extend the shelf‐life of packaged tomatoes or similar perishable vegetables.
Comparative production of xylanase and the liberation of xylooligosaccharides from lignocellulosic biomass by Aspergillus brasiliensis BLf1 and recombinant Aspergillus nidulans XynC A773
Authors: da Silva Menezes Bruna , Rossi Daniele Misturini , Squina Fabio , Ayub Marco Antônio Záchia
Published: April 2018

We investigated the simultaneous production of xylanase and the liberation of xylooligosaccharides in rice husk solid‐state cultivations of Aspergillus brasiliensis BLf1 and by the recombinant Aspergillus nidulans XynC A773 strain. The bioprocess was optimised by experimental fractional design and response surface analysis. Results show that both fungi strains produced xylanases and their activities were dependent on the addition of basal medium, moisture content and the interactions between particle size and inoculum size, producing maximum xylanase activities of 230.7 U g−1 substrate for A. brasiliensis, and 187.9 U g−1 substrate for A. nidulans XynC. Xylooligosaccharides were liberated in the same cultures, with concentrations up to 17.6 mg g−1 and 23.9 mg g−1 of substrate for A. brasiliensis and A. nidulans XynC, respectively, both strains presenting similar profiles, with xylose residues varying from X3 to X6. These results suggest the possibility of lowering production costs of enzymes for food applications and oligosaccharides.
Dilute Russel Viper Venom Time analysis in a Haematology Laboratory: An audit
Authors: Kruger W. , Meyer P. W. A. , Nel J. G.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

To determine whether the current set of evaluation criteria used for dilute Russel Viper Venom Time (dRVVT) investigations in the routine laboratory meet expectation and identify possible shortcomings.

Methods

All dRVVT assays requested from January 2015 to December 2015 were appraised in this cross‐sectional study. The raw data panels were compared with the new reference interval, established in 2016, to determine the sequence of assays that should have been performed. The interpretive comments were audited, and false‐negative reports identified. Interpretive comments according to three interpretation guidelines were compared. The reagent cost per assay was determined, and reagent cost wastage, due to redundant tests, was calculated.

Results

Only ~9% of dRVVT results authorized during 2015 had an interpretive comment included in the report. ~15% of these results were false‐negative interpretations. There is a significant statistical difference in interpretive comments between the three interpretation methods. Redundant mixing tests resulted in R 7477.91 (~11%) reagent cost wastage in 2015.

Conclusions

We managed to demonstrate very evident deficiencies in our own practice and managed to establish a standardized workflow that will potentially render our service more efficient and cost effective, aiding clinicians in making improved treatment decisions and diagnoses. Furthermore, it is essential that standard operating procedures be kept up to date and executed by all staff in the laboratory.
Doctrinal Drift, Dance or Development: How Truth Takes Time in the Life of Communion
Authors: Cohen Will
Published: April 2018

In recent ecclesiology, which highlights the value of diversity and dialogue and the difficulty of resolving complex issues, the concept of doctrinal development is sometimes reduced merely to the notion that we cannot be sure of things we once thought we knew. While affirming the need for ecclesial humility and uncertainty, the article insists that a truly questioning church is one that also has hope of arriving, eventually, at answers to history's new questions. Passages from Scripture, Augustine and J.H. Newman are used to show that in recent ecclesiological statements of the Anglican Primates, the World Council of Churches and the Catholic theologian Stan Chu Ilo commenting on the 2014–15 Synods on the Family, an imbalanced vision of a church of only questions – prone to doctrinal drift or ‘dance’ – has supplanted a proper vision of a church of both questions and answers, in which authentic development of doctrine is possible.
Before Deification Became Eastern: Newman's Ecumenical Retrieval
Authors: McInroy Mark
Published: April 2018

John Henry Newman spearheaded one of the first modern retrievals of the Christian doctrine of deification. This article argues that, precisely because of the early date of Newman's rehabilitation, his treatment is not tinted by the polemics surrounding theosis that developed in the late nineteenth century between Eastern and Western Christianity. To Newman, deification is not an Eastern doctrine, it is not cause for division between East and West, and it does not supplant justification. Instead, it arises from a broad patristic consensus, it is a tool for union among the churches, and it provides resources for understanding justification properly.
Orthodox Christian Reception of the Pauline Teaching on Dikaiosynē: Chrysostom, in Conversation with Calvin, on Romans 1–3
Authors: Humphrey Edith M.
Published: April 2018

In the light of common preconceptions regarding polarized approaches to atonement in Eastern and Western Christianity, this article mainly looks to John Chrysostom's readings of Romans 1–3 for clarity on the Pauline themes of justice, righteousness and justification, putting these alongside the exegesis of a representative Reformer, John Calvin. The ancient theologian of the East gives full attention to the apostle's picturesque metaphors for atonement, including a robust but balanced treatment Paul's forensic language; Calvin is clearly appreciative of the judicial language, but also places it within a larger context (though not identically to Chrysostom). Chrysostom's approach to atonement is showcased also in his neglected sermon on the Ascension of Christ, where forensic language jostles with pictures of reconciliation, sacrifice, mediation and Christus Victor. The article makes a plea that scholars from both East and West read such representative theologians (along with the New Testament itself) with care, not exaggerating their differences. It is noteworthy, for example, that both Chrysostom and Calvin depict salvation as anticipating far more than bare acquittal before God. Chrysostom in particular uses the language of righteousness and justification to speak of a hope for glory, or, to use the Eastern terminology, theōsis. Such sober and anti‐reactionary examination is essential in both academic and ecumenical discussion, and may also help in arbitrating between insights of the so‐called ‘Old’ and ‘New Perspectives’ in Paul.
Newman's Forensic Classic of Development: Its Uniqueness and Its Agon with Gibbon and Surrogates
Authors: O'Regan Cyril
Published: April 2018

In this article I argue for the uniqueness of The Development of Doctrine vis‐à‐vis other classic texts on doctrinal development supplied by the German theologians J.S. Drey and J.A. Möhler. Whereas the accounts of the German theologians are ‘theological’ in the strict sense, Newman's is theological only indirectly and forensic in its primary construction and execution. By ‘forensic’ I mean that the bulk of his reasoning is argumentative and intends to clear a space for thinking plausibly of the development of doctrine given other assumptions in the secular imaginary. While I make plain that in his classic text Newman is taking issue with the barriers against the idea of development from a number of religious constituencies, I suggest that in the end the enemy of enemies are religious rationalists, especially those with a historical sense largely derived from reading Edward Gibbon. Although The Development of Doctrine is an extraordinary text in so many ways, it comes to life when one understands it as Newman doing battle with Gibbon over the proper historiography of Christianity over the ages.
Purely off‐clamp robotic partial nephrectomy: Preliminary 3‐year oncological and functional outcomes
Authors: Simone Giuseppe , Misuraca Leonardo , Tuderti Gabriele , Minisola Francesco , Ferriero Mariaconsiglia , Romeo Giuseppe , Costantini Manuela , Al‐Rawashdah Samer F , Guaglianone Salvatore , Gallucci Michele
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To describe our surgical technique and to report perioperative, 3‐year oncological and functional outcomes of a single‐center series of purely off‐clamp robotic partial nephrectomy.

Methods

A prospective renal cancer institutional database was queried, and data of consecutive patients treated with purely off‐clamp robotic partial nephrectomy between 2010 and 2015 in a high‐volume center were collected. Perioperative complications, and 3‐year oncological and functional outcomes were assessed. Univariable and multivariable analyses were carried out to identify independent predictors of renal function deterioration.

Results

Out of 308 patients treated, 41 (13.3%) experienced perioperative complications, 2.9% of which were Clavien grade ≥3. The 3‐year local recurrence‐free survival and renal cell carcinoma‐specific survival rates were 99.5% and 97.9%, respectively. No patient with preoperative chronic kidney disease stage ≤3B developed severe renal function deterioration (chronic kidney disease stage 4) at 1‐year follow up. At multivariable analysis, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.005) was the only independent predictor of a new‐onset chronic kidney disease stage ≥3 in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease stages 1 or 2.

Conclusions

Off‐clamp robotic partial nephrectomy is a safe surgical approach in tertiary referral centers, with adequate oncological outcomes and negligible impact on renal function.
Memory vs memory‐like: The different facets of CD8+ T‐cell memory in HCV infection
Authors: Hofmann Maike , Wieland Dominik , Pircher Hanspeter , Thimme Robert
Published: April 2018

Memory CD8+ T cells are essential in orchestrating protection from re‐infection. Hallmarks of virus‐specific memory CD8+ T cells are the capacity to mount recall responses with rapid induction of effector cell function and antigen‐independent survival. Growing evidence reveals that even chronic infection does not preclude virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell memory formation. However, whether this kind of CD8+ T‐cell memory that is established during chronic infection is indeed functional and provides protection from re‐infection is still unclear. Human chronic hepatitis C virus infection represents a unique model system to study virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell memory formation during and after cessation of persisting antigen stimulation.
Memory control by the B cell antigen receptor
Authors: Engels Niklas , Wienands Jürgen
Published: April 2018

The generation of memory B cells (MBCs) that have undergone immunoglobulin class switching from IgM, which dominates primary antibody responses, to other immunoglobulin isoforms is a hallmark of immune memory. Hence, humoral immunological memory is characterized by the presence of serum immunoglobulins of IgG subtypes known as the γ‐globulin fraction of blood plasma proteins. These antibodies reflect the antigen experience of B lymphocytes and their repeated triggering. In fact, efficient protection against a previously encountered pathogen is critically linked to the production of pathogen‐specific IgG molecules even in those cases where the primary immune response required cellular immunity, for example, T cell‐mediated clearance of intracellular pathogens such as viruses. Besides IgG, also IgA and IgE can provide humoral immunity depending on the microbe's nature and infection route. The molecular mechanisms underlying the preponderance of switched immunoglobulin isotypes during memory antibody responses are a matter of active and controversial debate. Here, we summarize the phenotypic characteristics of distinct MBC subpopulations and discuss the decisive roles of different B cell antigen receptor isotypes for the functional traits of class‐switched B cell populations.
Fatty acid metabolism in CD8+ T cell memory: Challenging current concepts
Authors: Raud Brenda , McGuire Peter J , Jones Russell G , Sparwasser Tim , Berod Luciana
Published: April 2018

CD8+ T cells are key members of the adaptive immune response against infections and cancer. As we discuss in this review, these cells can present diverse metabolic requirements, which have been intensely studied during the past few years. Our current understanding suggests that aerobic glycolysis is a hallmark of activated CD8+ T cells, while naive and memory (Tmem) cells often rely on oxidative phosphorylation, and thus mitochondrial metabolism is a crucial determinant of CD8+ Tmem cell development. Moreover, it has been proposed that CD8+ Tmem cells have a specific requirement for the oxidation of long‐chain fatty acids (LC‐FAO), a process modulated in lymphocytes by the enzyme CPT1A. However, this notion relies heavily on the metabolic analysis of in vitro cultures and on chemical inhibition of CPT1A. Therefore, we introduce more recent studies using genetic models to demonstrate that CPT1A‐mediated LC‐FAO is dispensable for the development of CD8+ T cell memory and protective immunity, and question the use of chemical inhibitors to target this enzyme. We discuss insights obtained from those and other studies analyzing the metabolic characteristics of CD8+ Tmem cells, and emphasize how T cells exhibit flexibility in their choice of metabolic fuel.
Sensory strategies in adult mental health: A qualitative exploration of staff perspectives following the introduction of a sensory room on a male adult acute ward
Authors: Forsyth Angus S. , Trevarrow Rebecca
Published: April 2018

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the use of sensory techniques to help with emotional regulation in adult mental health populations. This is against a backdrop of international policies aimed at reducing restrictive interventions and improving the effectiveness of de‐escalation techniques. A sensory room was designed and implemented on a male adult acute psychiatric ward. Staff perspectives were sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the room in managing emotional distress by exploring staff awareness of a broader range of de‐escalation strategies and by exploring what effect the room had on staff behaviours with respect to sensory interventions. A series of semi‐structured interviews were carried out, analysed, and grouped into themes. Three themes emerged as follows: enhancing de‐escalation, sensory interventions, and impact on staff. Findings showed that increased awareness of sensory processing and use of sensory strategies such as the sensory room were perceived by staff to have a positive impact on reducing distress with male service users. Staff use of the room was also discovered to have benefits that included staff attending to their own emotional needs and the use of the room supporting reflective learning during critical incident debriefing.
Digital innovation:Areview and synthesis
Authors: Kohli Rajiv , Melville Nigel P.
Published: April 2018

Organizations are under increasing pressure to apply digital technologies to renew and transform their business models. A great deal of research has examined specific phenomena, such as adoption antecedents and design methods. However, it is unclear what we know in totality, including what research streams exist, how they fit together, and fruitful opportunities for new knowledge development. We combine scientometric and systematic literature review methodologies to examine 7 dimensions of an adapted theoretical framework: initiation; development; implementation; exploitation; the role of the external competitive environment; role of internal organizational environment; and product, service, and process outcomes. From a macro perspective, we find vastly uneven coverage of research streams, diversity and diffusiveness of research, and knowledge and learning as an underlying conceptual pillar. Combined with our summary of each of the 7 research streams, these findings suggest several areas of future research, which we develop by identifying oppositions and tensions.
The relative efficacy of two exercise methods for older adults with chronic low back pain: A preliminary randomized control study
Authors: Salas Eric , Hulla Ryan , Vanzzini Nikeis , Trowbridge Cynthia , Brotto Marco , Keller David , Gatchel Robert J.
Published: April 2018

The objective of the current study was to examine the relative efficacy of two exercise techniques—a multidimensional treatment (MDT) and a traditional senior exercise therapy treatment (TET)—in older adults diagnosed with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Participants (N = 16) were randomly assigned to either the MDT (n = 8) or TET (n = 8) groups after meeting the requirements for the presence of CLBP. Participants in the MDT group received an individualized exercise program, while participants in the TET participated in a group exercise program. A Mann–Whitney test was conducted to determine differences between psychosocial and physical variables pre‐ and post‐intervention. Statistical analyses indicated no significant differences in physical or psychosocial variables at pre‐intervention assessment. However, participants in the MDT group reported a decrease in fatigue and pain interference, with an increase in physical functioning, when compared to the TET group. Additionally, the MDT group displayed a significant decrease pain interference, while the TET group had an increase grip strength. Patients who received the MDT reported less fatigue and pain interference, and an increase in their overall physical functioning. Overall, the MDT was a more efficacious method to manage CLBP.
Growth of diopside crystals in CMAS glass‐ceramics using Cr2O3 as a nucleating agent
Authors: Shi Yu , Li Bao‐Wei , Zhao Ming , Zhang Ming‐Xing
Published: April 2018

CaO–Al2O3–MgO–SiO2 (CAMS)‐based glass‐ceramics were prepared using body crystallization method. Adding Cr2O3 into the ceramics not only effectively lowered the crystallization temperature, but also led to significant grain refinement of diopside that crystallized in the CAMS glass‐ceramic after crystallization treatment at 900°C for 2 hours. Experimental work verified that the epitaxial growth of the diopside on the spinel particles, which formed during nucleation treatment when fabricating the glass‐ceramics, facilitated the heterogeneous nucleation of diopside on the spinel and refined the diopside. In addition, two energetically favored crystallographic orientation relationships between the epitaxial growth diopside and spinel were experimentally observed. They are //[001]diopside,////(200)diopside and //[101]diopside, (311)spinel//. These two novel results can be potentially used to develop new glass‐ceramic materials with improved performance.
Synthesis and luminescence properties of single‐component Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+, Eu3+ white‐emitting phosphors
Authors: Yu Meng , Zhang Wentao , Qin Shiyu , Li Junfeng , Qiu Kehui
Published: April 2018

A series of Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphors was synthesized by a solid‐state reaction method. The XRD results show that all as‐prepared Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+, Eu3+ samples match well with the standard Ca5(PO4)3F structure and the doped Dy3+ and Eu3+ ions have no effect on the crystal structure. Under near‐ultraviolet excitation, Dy3+ doped Ca5(PO4)3F phosphor shows blue (486 nm) and yellow (579 nm) emissions, which correspond to 4F9/2→6H15/2 and 4F9/2→6H13/2 transitions respectively. Eu3+ co‐doped Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+ phosphor shows the additional red emission of Eu3+ at 631 nm, and an improved color rendering index. The chromaticity coordinates of Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphors also indicate the excellent warm white emission characteristics and low correlated color temperature. Overall, these results suggest that the Ca5(PO4)3F:Dy3+, Eu3+ phosphors have potential applications in warm white light‐emitting diodes as single‐component phosphor.
Atrial fibrillation ablation using cryoballoon technology: Recent advances and practical techniques
Authors: Chen Shaojie , Schmidt Boris , Bordignon Stefano , Bologna Fabrizio , Perrotta Laura , Nagase Takahiko , Chun K. R. Julian
Published: April 2018

Atrial fibrillation (AF) affects 1–2% of the population, and its prevalence is estimated to double in the next 50 years as the population ages. AF results in impaired patients’ life quality, deteriorated cardiac function, and even increased mortality. Antiarrhythmic drugs frequently fail to restore sinus rhythm. Catheter ablation is a valuable treatment approach for AF, even as a first‐line therapy strategy in selected patients. Effective electrical pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of all AF ablation strategies. Use of radiofrequency (RF) catheter in combination of a three‐dimensional electroanatomical mapping system is the most established ablation approach. However, catheter ablation of AF is challenging even sometimes for experienced operators. To facilitate catheter ablation of AF without compromising the durability of the pulmonary vein isolation, “single shot” ablation devices have been developed; of them, cryoballoon ablation, is by far the most widely investigated. In this report, we review the current knowledge of AF and discuss the recent evidence in catheter ablation of AF, particularly cryoballoon ablation. Moreover, we review relevant data from the literature as well as our own experience and summarize the key procedural practical techniques in PVI using cryoballoon technology, aiming to shorten the learning curve of the ablation technique and to contribute further to reduction of the disease burden.
Police contacts, arrests and decreasing self‐control and personal responsibility among female adolescents
Authors: Hipwell Alison E. , Beeney Joseph , Ye Feifei , Gebreselassie Sabrina H. , Stalter Madeline R. , Ganesh Dyuti , Keenan Kate , Stepp Stephanie D.
Published: April 2018

Background

Female involvement in the juvenile justice system (JJS) has increased rapidly in recent years. Although deficits in self‐control and responsibility are associated with delinquency and higher rates of police contacts and arrests, much of this research has focused on males and/or selected samples of youth who already have a history of JJS involvement. Furthermore, little is known about the extent to which police contacts and arrests may disrupt normative psychosocial maturation.

Methods

Police contacts, arrests, levels of self‐control and personal responsibility were assessed annually between 12 and 17 years in a population‐based sample of 2,450 adolescent females. Fixed‐effects regression models, which control for stable individual characteristics, were used to examine whether within‐adolescent changes in self‐control, and responsibility were associated concurrently and prospectively with police contacts and arrests, and vice versa.

Results

Across adolescence, 5%–12% participants reported police contacts and 1%–4% were arrested. After adjusting for covariates, within‐person increases in self‐control and responsibility were associated concurrently with decreased odds of police contact. Increasing responsibility also predicted lower likelihood of police contact in the following year. When testing reverse causation, results showed that police contact predicted next year decreases in personal responsibility, and that being arrested predicted decreasing levels of self‐control and responsibility in the following year.

Conclusions

The study shows more clearly than previous work that increasing levels of responsibility precede decreased police contact in nonselected adolescent females, and that contacts with the justice system during adolescence may delay or undermine normative psychosocial maturation, highlighting important targets for intervention.
Characterization of the Catalytic Subunits of the RNA Exosome‐like Complex in Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Jiang Ning , Yu Shengchao , Yang Na , Feng Ying , Sang Xiaoyu , Wang Yao , Wahlgren Mats , Chen Qijun
Published: April 2018

The eukaryotic ribonucleic acid (RNA) exosome is a versatile multiribonuclease complex that mediates the processing, surveillance, and degradation of virtually all classes of RNA in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The complex, composed of 10 to 11 subunits, has been widely described in many organisms. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that there may be also an exosome‐like complex in Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite of great importance in public health, with eight predicted subunits having high sequence similarity to their counterparts in yeast and human. In this work, the putative RNA catalytic components, designated as PfRrp4, PfRrp41, PfDis3, and PfRrp6, were identified and systematically analyzed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) analyses suggested that all of them were transcribed steadily throughout the asexual stage. The expression of these proteins was determined by Western blot, and their localization narrowed to the cytoplasm of the parasite by indirect immunofluorescence. The recombinant proteins of PfRrp41, PfDis3, and PfRrp6 exhibited catalytic activity for single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA), whereas PfRrp4 showed no processing activity of both ssRNA and dsRNA. The identification of these putative components of the RNA exosome complex opens up new perspectives for a deep understanding of RNA metabolism in the malarial parasite P. falciparum.
Multisource fingerprinting for region identification of walnuts in Xinjiang combined with chemometrics
Authors: Gu Xinzhe , Zhang Li , Li Liting , Ma Nan , Tu Kang , Song Lijun , Pan Leiqing
Published: April 2018

Multiple techniques were employed to extract characteristic fingerprint information of walnuts from the different regions of Xinjiang. Analysis was conducted using near‐ and mid‐infrared spectroscopy, fatty acid and element data to establish geographic classification models of walnuts combined with chemometrics. The least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) model had a classification accuracy result of 98.8–100% for walnut samples from different geographical origins by NIR spectra. For the same variety of samples, PLSDA model also had high classification accuracy of 91–100% by MIR spectra. However, variance analysis showed that single element or fatty acid could not be differentiated between the three geographical origins of walnuts. In addition, the back propagation neural network classification model was used to analyze the elements found in the walnut specimens provided results with a mean accuracy of 89.7% for validation. This work demonstrated an acceptable feasibility of using multisource fingerprinting for differentiating regional and characteristic agriculture product to prevent frauds.

Practical applications

Currently, there is no effective, simple and rapid technology to prevent frauds of walnuts in Xinjiang occurring in the market, especially walnuts with adulteration or which has been counterfeited. Hence, in this research, we provided a feasible method to differentiate the walnut from different regions based on multiple fingerprinting and geographic traceability techniques, which could be applied to prevent frauds of walnuts occurring in the market in the future.
Strategies for integrating water management and spatial planning: Organising for spatial quality in the Dutch “Room for the River” program
Authors: Busscher T. , van den Brink M. , Verweij S.
Published: April 2018

In response to extreme flood events and an increasing awareness that traditional flood control measures alone are inadequate to deal with growing flood risks, spatial flood risk management strategies have been introduced. These strategies do not only aim to reduce the probability and consequences of floods, they also aim to improve local and regional spatial qualities. To date, however, research has been largely ignorant as to how spatial quality, as part of spatial flood risk management strategies, can be successfully achieved in practice. Therefore, this research aims to illuminate how spatial quality is achieved in planning practice. This is done by evaluating the configurations of policy instruments that have been applied in the Dutch Room for the River policy program to successfully achieve spatial quality. This policy program is well known for its dual objective of accommodating higher flood levels as well as improving the spatial quality of the riverine areas. Based on a qualitative comparative analysis, we identified three successful configurations of policy instruments. These constitute three distinct management strategies: the “program‐as‐guardian”, the “project‐as‐driver,” and “going all‐in” strategies. These strategies provide important leads in furthering the development and implementation of spatial flood risk management, both in the Netherlands and abroad.
Beyond market dependence: The origins of capitalism in Catalonia
Authors: Moreno Zacarés Javier
Published: April 2018

Buried in the footnotes of his famous 1976 essay, Robert Brenner left the remark that Catalonia had experienced an agrarian transition to capitalism in parallel to England. This important claim has been completely forgotten by his followers of the political Marxist tradition, who since then have developed his views on the origins of capitalism. Building on the specialist literature, this article revisits the question of the Catalan transition through the prism of political Marxism and teases out its implications. In particular, it argues that the Catalan case illustrates the centrality of agency and subjectivity in the process of capitalist change. Contrary to Brenner's claim, this paper will argue that pre‐capitalist social property relations persisted in agriculture throughout the period of transition. Instead, the region's capitalist breakthrough was prompted by sociocultural struggles in its 18th‐century proto‐industry.
Cerebrospinal fluid markers of extracellular matrix remodelling, synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation before and after cranial radiotherapy
Authors: Fernström E. , Minta K. , Andreasson U. , Sandelius Å. , Wasling P. , Brinkmalm A. , Höglund K. , Blennow K. , Nyman J. , Zetterberg H. , Kalm M.
Published: April 2018

Background

Advances in the treatment of brain tumours have increased the number of long‐term survivors, but at the cost of side effects following cranial radiotherapy ranging from neurocognitive deficits to outright tissue necrosis. At present, there are no tools reflecting the molecular mechanisms underlying such side effects, and thus no means to evaluate interventional effects after cranial radiotherapy. Therefore, fluid biomarkers are of great clinical interest.

Objective

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of proteins involved in inflammatory signalling, synaptic plasticity and extracellular matrix (ECM) integrity were investigated following radiotherapy to the brain.

Methods

Patients with small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) eligible for prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) were asked to participate in the study. PCI was prescribed either as 2 Gy/fraction to a total dose of 30 Gy (limited disease) or 4 Gy/fraction to 20 Gy (extensive disease). CSF was collected by lumbar puncture at baseline, 3 months and 1 year following PCI. Protein concentrations were measured using immunobased assays or mass spectrometry.

Results

The inflammatory markers IL‐15, IL‐16 and MCP‐1/CCL2 were elevated in CSF 3 months following PCI compared to baseline. The plasticity marker GAP‐43 was elevated 3 months following PCI, and the same trend was seen for SNAP‐25, but not for SYT1. The investigated ECM proteins, brevican and neurocan, showed a decline following PCI. There was a strong correlation between the progressive decline of soluble APPα and brevican levels.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first time ECM‐related proteins have been shown to be affected by cranial radiotherapy in patients with cancer. These findings may help us to get a better understanding of the mechanisms behind side effects following radiotherapy.
A Process Perspective on Organizational Failure: A Qualitative Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Habersang Stefanie , Küberling‐Jost Jill , Reihlen Markus , Seckler Christoph
Published: April 2018

An important stream of the organizational failure literature has proposed process models to describe how firms fail. Despite much progress, this stream is currently at a crossroads. Previous process models try to capture how failure unfolds in singular models that describe organizational failure as the result of either inertia or extremism or as a mixture of both. However, it remains unclear how these competing explanations are related and what underlying mechanisms explain why organizational failure processes unfold as they do. We address these issues by examining failure processes using a qualitative meta‐analysis research design. The qualitative meta‐analysis allows us to analyse and synthesize the wealth of previously published single‐case studies in order to develop process models of organizational failure. The most salient finding of our analysis is that failure processes converge around four distinct process archetypes, which we name imperialist, laggard, villain, and politicized. Each process archetype can be explained by the interplay of distinct rigidity and conflict mechanisms. Differentiating the four process archetypes and explaining the underlying mechanisms helps to resolve some contradictions in the previous failure process literature.