bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Travelling Methods: Tracing the Globalization of Qualitative Communication Research
Authors: Taylor Bryan C. , Lindlof Thomas R.
Published: May 2016

Existing discussion of the relationships between globalization, communication research, and qualitative methods emphasizes two images: the challenges posed by globalization to existing communication theory and research methods, and the impact of post-colonial politics and ethics on qualitative research. We draw in this paper on a third image – qualitative research methods as artifacts of globalization – to explore the globalization of qualitative communication research methods. Following a review of literature which tentatively models this process, we discuss two case studies of qualitative research in the disciplinary subfields of intercultural communication and media audience studies. These cases elaborate the forces which influence the articulation of national, disciplinary, and methodological identities which mediate the globalization of qualitative communication research methods.
Optimization of a Tunnel Lining Reinforced with FRP
Authors: Laníková Ivana , Stepanek Petr , Venclovský Jakub
Published: May 2016

This contribution describes the formulation of DBSO (deterministic based structural optimization) design of a tunnel lining. The principle by which a solution may be obtained for a problem concerning the dimensional and reinforcement design optimization of a concrete structure is introduced. The target function is defined as the minimum cost of used materials. The range of allowable solutions from the mathematical viewpoint is defined by constraining conditions expressed by relations derived from:equations of equilibrium (the solution of optimization calculations for a structure with a Winkler foundation using the finite element method),the reliability conditions of a reinforced concrete structure and from the continuity of deformations.The method (algorithm) for obtaining a serviceable reinforcement design (via the implementation of reinforcement types) from an optimal solution is described. The algorithm will be applied to the optimization of a tunnel lining design. FRP reinforcing bars will be used as reinforcement. The thickness of the tunnel lining and the areas of top and bottom reinforcement in cross-sections will be optimized. The obtained results will be compared with an optimized design created for the same tunnel structure but made from steel-reinforced concrete.
The Quality and Reliability in the Structural Design, Production, Execution and Maintenance of the Precast Residential Buildings in Poland in the Past and Now
Authors: Knyziak Piotr
Published: May 2016

The article is a review of solutions, errors and mistakes in the project design and execution and their impact on reliability and durability of structures. Were used the results of inspections of 95 precast residential buildings situated in Warsaw, build in years 1961-1994. Inspections were made in years 2005-2006 and 2014. The summary of author researches [1,2,3,4] shows that the precast concrete prefabricated buildings can achieve real duration of use not less than 100 years. Taking into account quite good maintenance, intensive modernization and greater economic value of the housing stock in Warsaw can be assumed that their service lives may reach 120-150 years.
Surface Modification or Doping of WO3 for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutant Containing Wastewaters: A Review
Authors: Singh Seema , Srivastava Vimal Chandra , Lo Shang Lien
Published: May 2016

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is an oxygen deficient metal oxide and well known semiconductor with a small band gap of between 2.4 and 2.8 eV. It is also used as a photo-catalyst for degradation of organic pollutants present in aqueous environment. It has stable physico-chemical properties and shows strong absorption of solar spectrum and thus can be used in visible-light driven photocatalysis. WO3 has a conduction band (ECB) of +0.4 V versus NHE (normal hydrogen electrode) at pH = 0. Therefore, pure WO3 has lower light energy conversion efficiency as compared to other widely used photocatalysts such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2). This is because the reduction potential of the electrons in WO3 is low due to its low conduction band level. O2 cannot be efficiently trapped in the conduction band electrons to yield superoxide radicals and fast recombination of charge carriers takes place resulting in lesser photocatalytic activity of WO3. However, holes in the valence band (EVB = +3.1 V) are energetically favorably situated to oxidize water to hydrogen. To modify the energy band position and reduce the charge carrier recombination, doping or surface modification of WO3 is necessary. This review article demonstrates the effect of dopants (low band semiconductor catalyst) on the surface modification of WO3 to enhance the photo catalytic activity which helps in degradation of the organic pollutants present in the wastewater.
Processing of Bulk MgB2 Superconductors for Application in Fault Current Limiters
Authors: Prikhna Tatiana , Sokolovsky Vladimir , Meerovich Victor , Eisterer Michael , Mamalis Athanasios G. , Kozyrev Artem , Gawalek Wolfgang , Moshchil Viktor , Sverdun Vladimir , Weber Harald W. , Kovylaev Valeriy , Goldacker Wilfried , Karpets Myroslav , Basyuk Tatiana , Wu Min Zhi , Sergienko Nina
Published: May 2016

Fault current limiters (FCL) require superconducting (SC) materials which can provide a definite rate of response to a fault event resulting in the SC – normal state reversible transition. The main characteristics determined the material suitability are the critical current density, jc, thermal conductivity and capacity which are strongly determined by manufacturing technology, in particular, of MgB2. In the paper we estimate the jc of bulk MgB2 samples by the vibrating magnetometer and inductive, contactless transformer, method using ring samples. The bulk MgB2 samples were produced under 30 MPa (hot pressing) and 2 GPa (quasihydrostatic pressing) at 800-1050 оС from different initial ingredients (Mg and B or MgB2 with and without additions). It is shown that the technology process and initial ingredients strongly influence the distribution of boron-and oxygen-enriched nanosized inhomogenities in MgB2 matrix, connectivity between SC grains, material porosity and, as result, the SC properties. The transformer method gives the jc in the range from 1.6·104 up to 6.3·104 A/cm2 at about 4 K while using magnetometer measurements the jc is estimated from 2.24·105 up to 5.1·105 A/cm2 at 10 K in self-magnetic fields. The contradictions in the jc estimated by different methods can be explained by instability of the SC state of MgB2, caused by variation of the applied magnetic field. Using the transformer method AC losses per a cycle before quenching for the best materials were estimated around 0.75-1 J/cm3, while the power of losses was about 200 W. The FCL model with rings cut out from SC MgB2 materials prepared using various technologies demonstrated that MgB2 is a promising material for application in inductive FCLs.
Mirandina uncinata sp. nov. from submerged leaves from Brazil
Authors: Fiuza Patrícia Oliveira , Monteiro Josiane Santana , Gusmãoa Luís Fernando Pascholati , Castañeda-Ruiz Rafael F.
Published: May 2016

A new species, Mirandina uncinata, collected on submerged leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense in the Brazilian semiarid region, is described and illustrated. Mirandina uncinata is characterized by polyblastic, integrated, terminal, sympodially extended conidiogenous
cells and cylindrical-fusiform, uncinate toward the apex, 5–7-septate, pale brown conidia.
Two new polypore species from the southwestern USA: Fomitiporia fissurata and F. deserticola
Authors: Vlasák Josef , Vlasák Josef
Published: May 2016

Based on molecular evidence and morphological studies, two new Fomitiporia species are described from southwestern USA. Fomitiporia fissurata sp. nov., on living Quercus, was previously misdetermined as F. robusta and is the only oak-inhabiting Fomitiporia
species in the region. Fomitiporia deserticola sp. nov. grows on cacti and desert shrubs in Arizona and was previously misdetermined as F. texana, which is a species found only on juniper.
Two new Puccinia species on Melica (Poaceae) from USA
Authors: Abbasi Mehrdad , Catherine Aime Mary
Published: May 2016

During a study of herbarium specimens of graminicolous rust fungi from the USA deposited in the Arthur Fungarium (PUR), two previously undescribed species infecting Melica spp. were encountered. Described as Puccinia melicae-porteri sp. nov. and P. goldsbroughii
sp. nov., they are compared to similar rust fungi on Melica spp. from around the world. A key to the fourteen Puccinia species on Melica spp. is provided.
Sources of Stress and Coping Strategies among Iranian Physicians
Authors: Tavakoli Zohreh , Montazeri Ali , Farshad Ali Asghar , Lotfi Zahra , Noor Hassim Ismail
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND: Physicians are at risk of having high levels of stress which affect their performance. Finding the stressors and the coping skills to manage stress could be used to develop program to decrease stressful situation. No study has been done on Physicians' stress and coping in Iran. The main objective of this study is to find out the main stressors and coping strategies among Iranian Physicians working in hospital in Tehran-Iran.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed on 780 Physicians,using a questionnaire consisted of two sections ;The first section were the stressors which included 67 questions and The second section were The Brief COPE with 28-items for assessing a broad range of coping behaviors among respondents.RESULTS: A total of 1100 questionnaires were distributed to all the available Physicians in the hospitals selected. 780 Physicians returned complete questionnaires with observed response rate of 75%. The majority of respondents (56.9%) were women. The first 3 sources of stress in workplace (Job stressors) are physical environment problem (75%), too much volume of work and poorly paid. The main sources of stress outside the work place (non-job stressors) ranked by Physicians were; financial problem (9.09), not enough time to spend with family (8.87), conflicts with household tasks (7.36).The top five coping strategies used by Iranian Physicians were Behavioral Disengagement, Planning, Instrumental support, Acceptance, and turning to religion.CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that both workplace and non-job sources of stress can affect the Physicians performance and there is an association between gender and coping skills.
Toward Multifunctional Polymer Hybrid through Tunable Charge Transfer Interaction of Anthracene/Naphthalenediimide
Authors: Zhang Linzhi , Xu Hongjie , Ma Xiaodong , Shi Zixing , Yin Jie , Jiang Xuesong
Published: May 2016

The interaction between building blocks in the polymer hybrids plays an important role in their performance and functions. Herein, a novel multifunctional polymer hybrid with tunable charge transfer (CT) interaction between π‐electron‐poor naphthalenediimide (NDI) containing polyimide (PI) and π‐electron‐rich anthracene (AN) ended polyhedral oligomer silsesquioxane (POSS‐AN) is reported (name the polymer hybrid “PI@POSS‐AN”), in which the presence of CT interaction between NDI and AN and its controllable feature are confirmed by UV−vis and fluorescence spectra. A new absorption band at 500 nm in the visible region appears and the emission maxima of the CT complexes are distinctly red‐shifted to 645 nm, while the fluorescence of NDI (493 nm) and AN (481 nm) are significantly quenched in the polymer hybrids. The resulting hybrid films are transparent and homogeneous, exhibit the enhanced thermal and mechanical performance with the increasing content of POSS‐AN. Thanks to the reversible photodimerization of AN, CT interaction between NDI and AN can be on‐off controlled in situ by UV light and heating, and rewritable fluorescence micro‐patterns with red and green emission can be obtained. In addition, the cross‐linked polymer hybrids possess healability and reprocessing performance.
Control‐relevant decomposition of process networks via optimization‐based hierarchical clustering
Authors: Heo Seongmin , Daoutidis Prodromos
Published: May 2016

A systematic method is proposed for control‐relevant decomposition of complex process networks. Specifically, hierarchical clustering methods are adopted to identify constituent subnetworks such that the components of each subnetwork are strongly interacting while different subnetworks are loosely coupled. Optimal clustering is determined through the solution of integer optimization problems. The concept of relative degree is used to measure distance between subnetworks and compactness of subnetworks. The application of the proposed method is illustrated using an example process network. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3177–3188, 2016
A trust region filter method for glass box/black box optimization
Authors: Eason John P. , Biegler Lorenz T.
Published: May 2016

Modern nonlinear programming solvers can be utilized to solve very large scale problems in chemical engineering. However, these methods require fully open models with accurate derivatives. In this article, we address the hybrid glass box/black box optimization problem, in which part of a system is modeled with open, equation based models and part is black box. When equation based reduced models are used in place of the black box, NLP solvers may be applied directly but an accurate solution is not guaranteed. In this work, a trust region filter algorithm for glass box/black box optimization is presented. By combining concepts from trust region filter methods and derivative free optimization, the method guarantees convergence to first‐order critical points of the original glass box/black box problem. The algorithm is demonstrated on three comprehensive examples in chemical process optimization. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3124–3136, 2016
CLIP‐COSY: Reine Inphase‐Signale und schnelle Akquisition COSY‐artiger Korrelationen
Authors: Koos Martin R. M. , Kummerlöwe Grit , Kaltschnee Lukas , Thiele Christina M. , Luy Burkhard
Published: May 2016

Das COSY ist ein wichtiges homonukleares 2D‐NMR‐Experiment zur Zuordnung von Resonanzen. Die Multiplettstruktur seiner Kreuzsignale ist jedoch häufig kompliziert, bedingt eine geringe Signalintensität und erfordert lange Aufnahmezeiten. Wir stellen das CLIP‐COSY vor, ein COSY‐artiges Experiment, das reine Inphase‐Signale erzeugt. Es verstärkt die Intensität der meisten Kreuzsignale und kann in wenigen Minuten aufgenommen werden. Durch Kombination mit nicht‐äquidistantem Abtasten (NUS) kann die Messzeit weiter reduziert werden und die Inphase‐Natur der Signale erlaubt den Einsatz homonuklearer Entkopplungsmethoden. Da beim CLIP‐COSY keine Auslöschung von Antiphase‐Komponenten stattfindet, kann das CLIP‐COSY auch bei Makromolekülen und anderen Systemen mit breiten Linien angewendet werden.
An All‐Solid‐State Fiber‐Shaped Aluminum–Air Battery with Flexibility, Stretchability, and High Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Xu Yifan , Zhao Yang , Ren Jing , Zhang Ye , Peng Huisheng
Published: May 2016

Owing to the high theoretical energy density of metal–air batteries, the aluminum–air battery has been proposed as a promising long‐term power supply for electronics. However, the available energy density from the aluminum–air battery is far from that anticipated and is limited by current electrode materials. Herein we described the creation of a new family of all‐solid‐state fiber‐shaped aluminum–air batteries with a specific capacity of 935 mAh g−1 and an energy density of 1168 Wh kg−1. The synthesis of an electrode composed of cross‐stacked aligned carbon‐nanotube/silver‐nanoparticle sheets contributes to the remarkable electrochemical performance. The fiber shape also provides the aluminum–air batteries with unique advantages; for example, they are flexible and stretchable and can be woven into a variety of textiles for large‐scale applications.
Enantiodivergent Combination of Natural Product Scaffolds Enabled by Catalytic Enantioselective Cycloaddition
Authors: Xu Hao , Golz Christopher , Strohmann Carsten , Antonchick Andrey P. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: May 2016

An efficient strategy has been established for the enantiodivergent synthesis of natural product inspired compounds embodying both tropane and pyrrolidine natural product fragments. This strategy includes the enantioselective kinetic resolution of racemic tropanes by means of a copper(I)‐catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition and allows the preparation of two enantiopure products in a one‐pot reaction in high yield and with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity by using one chiral catalyst.
Chiral Nanoparticles/Lewis Acids as Cooperative Catalysts for Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to α,β‐Unsaturated Amides
Authors: Yasukawa Tomohiro , Saito Yuuki , Miyamura Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Shū
Published: May 2016

Cooperative catalysts consisting of chiral Rh/Ag nanoparticles and Sc(OTf)3 have been developed that catalyze asymmetric 1,4‐addition reactions of arylboronic acids with α,β‐unsaturated amides efficiently. The reaction has been considered one of the most challenging reactions because of the low reactivity of the amide substrates. The new catalysts provide the desired products with outstanding enantioselectivities (>98 % ee) in the presence of low loadings (<0.5 mol %) of the catalyst.
Epoxy/p‐phenylenediamine functionalized graphene oxide composites and evaluation of their fracture toughness and tensile properties
Authors: Hussein Abdelrahman , Sarkar Sourav , Oh Dongkwon , Lee Kwangju , Kim Byungki
Published: May 2016

In an attempt to enhance the mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene‐based composites, the interface was engineered through the functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) sheets with p‐phenylenediamine; this resulted in p‐phenylenediamine functionalized graphene oxide (GO–pPDA). The morphology and chemical structure of the GO–pPDA sheets were studied by spectroscopic methods, thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization results show the successful covalent functionalization of GO sheets through the formation of amide bonds. In addition, p‐phenylenediamine were polymerized on graphene sheets to form crystalline nanospheres; this resulted in a GO/poly(p‐phenylenediamine) hybrid. The mechanical properties of the epoxy/GO–pPDA composite were assessed. Although the Young's modulus showed improvement, more significant improvements were observed in the strength, fracture strain, and plane‐strain fracture toughness. These improvements were attributed to the unique microstructure and strong interface between GO–pPDA and the epoxy matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43821.
Functional polymer from high molecular weight linear polyols and polyurethane‐based crosslinking units: Synthesis, characterization, and boron retention properties
Authors: Palencia Manuel , Restrepo Diego F , Combatt Enrique
Published: May 2016

The objective of this work was to synthesize functional polymers, with boron removal properties, from high molecular weight linear polyols based on N‐methyl‐d‐glucamine (NMDG) and polyurethane units as crosslinking reagent. For that, (4‐vinylbenzyl)‐N‐methyl‐d‐glucamine monomer (VbNMDG) was synthesized from vinylbenzyl chloride and NMDG, and subsequently, high molecular weight linear poly(VbNMDG) was obtained by radical free polymerization. Later, polymer dots were obtained from poly(VbNMDG) and urethanization reactions using methylene diphenyl diisocyanate at room temperature. Monomers and polymers were characterized by different techniques (FTIR, DLS, elemental analysis, H1‐NMR). In addition, boron retention properties were studied by diafiltration technique using the azomethine‐H method. It was concluded that synthesis of polymer dots, with high boron retention capacity, can be easily synthesized by procedure described. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43895.
Synthesis of CuInS2 by Sulfide Ion‐Exchange of CuIn(OH)5 Precursors
Authors: Jung Seonho , Lee Sangnam , Cha Ji‐Hyun , Jung Duk‐Young
Published: May 2016

CuInS2 semiconductor was synthesized from CuIn(OH)5 precursors via facile anion exchange in aqueous Na2S solution at room temperature. CuIn(OH)5 was prepared from copper and indium salts and NaOH by co‐precipitation in aqueous solution as a polycrystalline. The sulfide exchange reaction did not alter the copper to indium ratio. The reaction resulted in stoichiometric amounts of sulfur in the CuInS2 sample at room temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectra and ion chromatography were used to analyze the impurities, including chloride and nitrate in the prepared samples. CuInS2 showed a chalcopyrite crystal structure after annealing at 500°C under 4% hydrogen‐mixed argon atmosphere. The bandgap of the CuInS2 thin film device was estimated to be 1.46 eV.
Triarylboryl‐Functionalized Oxadiazole as a Host Material with Electron Transporting Property for Green PhOLEDs
Authors: Nghia Nguyen Van , Kim Jong‐Woong , Kim Youngmin , Lee Min Hyung
Published: May 2016

A triarylboryl‐functionalized oxadiazole compound, 2,5‐bis‐(m‐dimesitylboryl‐phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (1) was prepared and characterized to investigate multi‐functional properties in phosphorescent OLEDs (PhOLEDs). X‐ray crystal structure revealed that two Mes2B groups are oriented toward the same side and the entire fragments of oxadiazole, phenylene, and trigonal boron are in a nearly coplanar arrangement. From the optical and electrochemical measurements, 1 was shown to possess high triplet energy (E
T = 2.75 eV) and deep HOMO (E
HOMO = 6.02 eV) and low LUMO levels (E
LUMO = 2.53 eV), which are suitable for electron transporting (ETM) and/or host materials in PhOLEDs. Green PhOLED devices incorporating 1 as electron transporting material (ETM), host, or host/ETM were fabricated and compared their performance with that of the devices based on the well‐known CBP (9,9′‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐4,4′‐diylbis‐9H‐carbazole) host and TPBi (1,3,5‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzene) ETM. Among them, the devices based on 1 as host/ETM showed the highest performance that is comparable to that of the reference device.
Decomposition Patterns of Three C20 Isomer Clusters: Tight‐binding Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Lee Changhoon , Lee Kee Hag
Published: May 2016

We investigated the decomposition pattern of three C20
carbon isomer clusters using molecular dynamics simulations combined with the empirical tight‐binding total energy calculation method. Here, the thermodynamic behaviors show up for 2 ps. Dynamic behavior is researched by considering the change in assembly energy, bond distance distribution, total energy, and potential energy as a function of temperature. The bonds start breaking around 3300, 4500, and 5100 K for cage, bowl, and ring isomers, respectively. Once a bond is broken, strain accumulates on the neighbors of that atom, and bond cleavage is further accelerated at the neighboring atoms. Based on the snapshots of decomposition, we suggest a C20
formation scenario from linear carbon clusters to ring, bowl, or cage isomers.
Importance of Specific Capacity Based on the Mass of Active Material in the High Energy Density Li‐SO2 Secondary Batteries with an Inorganic Electrolyte
Authors: Yang Tae Hyeon , Kim Seok , Jung Yongju
Published: May 2016

The effect of the carbon loading on the performance of Li‐SO2
batteries was investigated using a fixed amount of inorganic electrolyte (LiAlCl4
·3SO2
). The discharge capacities of the cell were presented based on both the mass of sulfur dioxide (SO2
) in the electrolyte and the mass of carbon in the cathode. The energy density was estimated based on the total mass of the carbon cathode, the lithium anode and the electrolyte solution containing active materials. The discharge capacity with respect to the mass of SO2
, which directly indicates the utilization of SO2
, significantly increased from 76 to 171 mAh/g‐SO2
with an increase in carbon loading from ~1.1 to ~4.8 mg/cm2, whereas the capacity per gram of carbon decreased from 3000 to 1600 mAh/g‐C. Interestingly, the energy density of the Li‐SO2
battery showed a trend that is similar to its capacity per gram of SO2
against the carbon loading. This behavior indicates that the capacity per gram of SO2
, is a more important factor for designing high‐performance Li‐SO2
batteries than the capacity per gram of carbon.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Professional Perceptions of Jury Decision‐making Research Practices
Authors: Lieberman Joel D. , Krauss Daniel A. , Heen Miliaikeala , Sakiyama Mari
Published: May 2016

This article reports results from a survey measuring the acceptability of jury decision‐making research practices. Historically, there has been wide variability in the methodology used to conduct experimental jury decision‐making research. Samples can be drawn from different populations, the format of stimulus materials can vary, key elements of a trial, including jury instructions and deliberation, can be omitted, and different types of dependent measures can be used to assess decisions. The acceptability of evaluating different approaches for conducting research ultimately becomes a subjective process. The present study sought to identify professional standards regarding acceptable and unacceptable research practices by assessing the perceptions of individuals involved in conducting, reviewing, and publishing jury research. Overall, respondents (N = 74) placed greater weight on internal rather than ecological validity, and rated the utilization of theory to guide research as the most important factor. The inclusion of jury instructions was rated as the most important specific trial element, while deliberations received the least support. The findings present a guide for researchers designing materials, provide a framework for objective evaluation of manuscripts based on professional standards, offer guidance to courts seeking to determine the general acceptance of jury decision‐making research methodologies, and create a foundation for the development of more standardized practices in the field. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum replacement with albumin‐associated lipids prevents excess aggregation and enhances growth of induced pluripotent stem cells in suspension culture
Authors: Horiguchi Ikki , Sakai Yasuyuki
Published: May 2016

Suspension culture systems are currently under investigation for the mass production of pluripotent stem (PS) cells for tissue engineering; however, the control of cell aggregation in suspension culture remains challenging. Existing methods to control aggregation such as microwell culture are difficult to scale up. To address this issue, in this study a novel method that incorporates the addition of KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR) to the PS cell culture medium was described. The method regulated cellular aggregation and significantly improved cell growth (a 2‐ to 10‐fold increase) without any influence on pluripotency. In addition, albumin‐associated lipids as the major working ingredient of KSR responsible for this inhibition of aggregation were identified. This is one of the simplest methods described to date to control aggregation and requires only chemically synthesizable reagents. Thus, this method has the potential to simplify the mass production process of PS cells and thus lower their cost. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:1009–1016, 2016
The Oxygen Dilemma: A Severe Challenge for the Application of Monooxygenases?
Authors: Holtmann Dirk , Hollmann Frank
Published: May 2016

Monooxygenases are promising catalysts because they in principle enable the organic chemist to perform highly selective oxyfunctionalisation reactions that are otherwise difficult to achieve. For this, monooxygenases require reducing equivalents, to allow reductive activation of molecular oxygen at the enzymes' active sites. However, these reducing equivalents are often delivered to O2 either directly or via a reduced intermediate (uncoupling), yielding hazardous reactive oxygen species and wasting valuable reducing equivalents. The oxygen dilemma arises from monooxygenases' dependency on O2 and the undesired uncoupling reaction. With this contribution we hope to generate a general awareness of the oxygen dilemma and to discuss its nature and some promising solutions.
Structural Diversification of Lyngbyatoxin A by Host‐Dependent Heterologous Expression of the tleABC Biosynthetic Gene Cluster
Authors: Zhang Lihan , Hoshino Shotaro , Awakawa Takayoshi , Wakimoto Toshiyuki , Abe Ikuro
Published: May 2016

Natural products have enormous structural diversity, yet little is known about how such diversity is achieved in nature. Here we report the structural diversification of a cyanotoxin—lyngbyatoxin A—and its biosynthetic intermediates by heterologous expression of the Streptomyces‐derived tleABC biosynthetic gene cluster in three different Streptomyces hosts: S. lividans, S. albus, and S. avermitilis. Notably, the isolated lyngbyatoxin derivatives, including four new natural products, were biosynthesized by crosstalk between the heterologous tleABC gene cluster and the endogenous host enzymes. The simple strategy described here has expanded the structural diversity of lyngbyatoxin A and its biosynthetic intermediates, and provides opportunities for investigation of the currently underestimated hidden biosynthetic crosstalk.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed/Copper‐Mediated Selective C2 Alkynylation of Indoles and C1 Alkynylation of Carbazoles with γ‐Substituted tert‐Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Li Ting , Wang Zhen , Qin Wen‐Bing , Wen Ting‐Bin
Published: May 2016

A novel rhodium‐catalyzed/copper‐mediated C2‐selective C−H alkynylation of indoles using γ‐substituted tert‐propargyl alcohols as the alkynylating reagent and a removable 6‐methylpyridin‐2‐yl as the directing group has been developed, which provides a viable pathway for direct C2‐selective alkynylation of indoles. Moreover, this strategy could be extended to the C−H alkynylation of carbazoles at the C1 position.
Water Oxidation by Copper–Amino Acid Catalysts at Low Overpotentials
Authors: Lu Cui , Wang Jianying , Chen Zuofeng
Published: May 2016

Although notable progress has been made in developing first‐row transition‐metals‐based water oxidation catalysts, continuous efforts are required to identify more inexpensive, efficient, and robust catalysts. Here, we demonstrate the utility of a series of readily available complexes formed by earth‐abundant copper and amino acids as catalyst precursors. In phosphate solution at pH 12, electrolysis with 1 mm CuII and 4 mm Gly results in in situ formation of an amorphous surface precipitate of a CuO/Cu(OH)2 mixture, which incorporates a substantial amount of phosphate anions. This surface‐bound solid can catalyze water oxidation with an impressive onset overpotential of 380 mV, an overpotential of 450 mV for a current density of 1 mA cm−2, and a low Tafel slope of 64 mV dec−1, which make it among the most active Cu‐based heterogeneous electrocatalysts. The copper‐based reactivity toward water oxidation is shared by CuII complexation to other amino acids as catalyst precursors.
Rapid‐Scan Operando Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Davó‐Quiñonero Arantxa , Bueno‐López Agustín , Lozano‐Castelló Dolores , McCue Alan J. , Anderson James A.
Published: May 2016

Novel methodology, referred to as rapid‐scan operando, has been demonstrated to be a highly powerful tool for studying reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis, because it combines rapid scan for IR monitoring in the milliseconds time frame and operando methodology. As proof of concept, the NOx–CO and NOx–H2 reactions were studied as model catalyzed reactions with practical interest for removal of NOx in diesel exhausts. Rapid‐scan operando experiments confirmed state‐of‐the‐art knowledge concerning the reaction mechanisms and, more importantly, allowed us to elucidate, for the first time, the different roles of the surface hydroxy groups depending on the reductant used (CO or H2). Moreover, this new tool was used to distinguish the behavior of carbonates and nitrites under reaction conditions that could not be monitored by conventional IR spectroscopy approaches owing to overlap of their absorbance bands.
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Ketones Catalyzed by Imine Reductases
Authors: Wetzl Dennis , Gand Martin , Ross Alfred , Müller Hubertus , Matzel Philipp , Hanlon Steven P. , Müller Michael , Wirz Beat , Höhne Matthias , Iding Hans
Published: May 2016

Biocatalysis employing imine reductases is a promising approach for the one‐step generation of chiral amines from ketones. The enzymes reported for this process suffer from low activity and moderate stereoselectivity. We identified a set of enzymes that facilitate this reaction with high to quantitative conversions from a library of 28 imine reductases. This enabled the conversion of ketones with ammonia, methylamine, or butylamine into the corresponding amines. Most importantly, we performed preparative (>100 mg) scale syntheses of amines such as (1S,3R)‐N,3‐dimethylcyclohexylamine and (R)‐N‐methyl‐2‐aminohexane with excellent stereochemical purities (98 % de, 96 % ee) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Structure Family of Ternary Germanides: RIrGe2 (R: Y, Pr‐Sm, Gd‐Er) and MPtGe2 (M: Ca, Y, Ce‐Sm, Gd‐Tm).
Authors: FRANCOIS M. , VENTURINI G. , MCRAE E. , MALAMAN B. , ROQUES B.
Published: May 2016

The new isostructural germanides have been prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements at 1173 K. YIrGe2, which has been characterized by single‐crystal XRD, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Immm, Z = 8. The structure is closely related to the Sc5Co4Si10‐type.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Equilibria of the Lead‐Tellurium Binary System.
Authors: NGAI T. L. , MARSHALL D. , SHARMA R. C. , CHANG Y. A.
Published: May 2016

The liquidus curve of the Pb‐Te binary system has been determined by DTA (employing a small, (0.2 g) as well as a large (5 g) sample) and by chemical analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Study of Monosubstituted β‐Cyclodextrins. Crystal Structures of Phenylthio‐β‐cyclodextrin and Phenylsulfinyl‐β‐cyclodextrin and Spectroscopic Study of Related Compounds in Aqueous Solution.
Authors: KAMITORI S. , HIROTSU K. , HIGUCHI T. , FUJITA K. , YAMAMURA H. , IMOTO T. , TABUSHI I.
Published: May 2016

X‐ray structural analysis of (Ia) and (Ib) gives space group P41212 with Z = 8 and P212121 with Z=4, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Cleavage of the Oxygen Bridge in 8‐Oxabicyclo(3.2.1)octan‐3‐ones and ‐oct‐6‐en‐3‐ones by Trimethylsilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Authors: FOEHLISCH B. + , SENDELBACH S. , BAUER H.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the title compounds (I) and (V) with (IV) results in cleavage of the oxygen bridge to afford the monocyclic products (II) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity and Charge Transfer in Photoreactions of Donor‐Acceptor Systems. Part 8. Photochemical Cycloadditions of 1,3‐Dioxoles to Anisole.
Authors: MATTAY J. , RUNSINK J. , PICCIRILLI J. A. , JANS A. W. H. , CORNELISSE J.
Published: May 2016

Photolysis of anisole (I) with the dioxoles (II) results in the formation of the dimerization products (III) ((IIIa) is identified as the trans‐isomer, (IIIb) as a cis‐trans mixture) and the cyclo‐adducts (IV)‐(VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydration of Carboxamides to Nitriles with a Zirconia Catalyst.
Authors: JOSHI G. W. , RAJADHYAKSHA R. A.
Published: May 2016

The dehydration of the carboxamides (I), yielding the nitriles (II), is carried out in various solvents in the presence of a zirconia catalyst which has already been described.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Tetrafluoroethene Oligomers. Part 6. Some Reactions of 4‐Diazo‐1,1,1,2,2‐pentafluoro‐3‐pentafluoroethyl‐3‐trifluoromethylbutane.
Authors: COE P. L. , COOK M. I. , GOODCHILD N. J. , EDWARDS P. N.
Published: May 2016

The diazoalkane (III) is prepared from the isocyanate (I) via the salt (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorohalogeno Compounds. Part 2. Sonochemical Approach to 3,3,3‐Trifluoropropionic Acids.
Authors: HEMER I. , HAVLICEK J. , DEDEK V.
Published: May 2016

The fluoropropionic acids (II) are synthesized by ultrasound‐promoted reaction of the trihaloethanes (I) with zinc and carbon dioxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer Supported Acetylaminophenoxide Anion: Convenient Method for O‐Alkylation.
Authors: SALUNKHE D. G. , JAGDALE M. H. , SHINDE S. S. , SALUNKHE M. M.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of acetylaminophenoxide supported on Amberlyst A‐26 with the halides (II) represents an easy method for the synthesis of the O‐alkylated products (III) in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Alkenylphenylpropionic Acids.
Authors: AMANO T. , YOSHIKAWA K. , OGAWA T. , SANO T. , OHUCHI Y. , TANAMI T. , OTA T. , HATAYAMA K. , HIGUCHI S. , AMANUMA F. , SOTA K.
Published: May 2016

The 4‐alkenylchlorobenzenes (I), prepared from p‐chlorobenzene or 4‐chloromethylchlorobenzene by normal alkylation reactions with organometallic compounds, undergo Grignard reaction with (II), yielding the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on the Metabolites of Penicillium diversum var. aureum. Part 2. Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of Trihydroxytetralones.
Authors: FUJIMOTO Y. , SATOH M.
Published: May 2016

Juglone (I) is reduced to give the isomers (II) and (III) which are separated by reaction with acetone dimethylketal.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrazolone Derivatives. Part 13. Syntheses of 1‐Substituted 4‐Arylhydrazono‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐ones and 1‐Substituted 4‐Arylazo‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazoles as Potential Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: ISMAIEL A. M. , YOUSIF M. Y. , METWALLY M. A. , EL‐KERDAWY M.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (VI), (VIII) and (X) are synthesized as indicated in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Approach to 5‐Arylidenethiazolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: RUDORF W.‐D. , SCHWARZ R.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐arylpropynamides (I) and (IV) are coupled with the isothiocyanates (II) under various reaction conditions to give the iminothiazolidinones (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles. Part 20. Reactions of 2′′‐Methoxymethoxychalcone Epoxides Under Acidic Conditions.
Authors: TAKAHASHI H. , KUBOTA Y. , LIN F. , LI S. , ONDA M.
Published: May 2016

The chalcones (III), prepared by coupling the aldehydes (II) with the acetophenones (I), are epoxidized with alkaline hydrogen peroxide to give (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Partially Fluorinated Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 23. Thermolysis Reactions of 1,3,4,5,6,7,8‐Heptafluoro‐2‐naphthyl‐prop‐2‐enyl Sulphide and 1,3,4,5,7,8‐Hexafluoro‐2,6‐di(prop‐2‐enylthio)naphthalene in N,N‐Diethylaniline and Related Reactions with 1,3,4,5,6,7,8‐Heptafluoro‐1‐(prop‐2‐enyl)naphthalen‐2‐one and 2,3,4,5,6‐Pentafluoro‐4‐(prop‐2‐ enyl)‐2,5‐cyclohexadienone.
Authors: BROOKE G. M. , PLEWS G.
Published: May 2016

The polyfluoronaphthalene sulphide derivatives (III) and (IV) are synthesized from octafluoronaphthalene (I) by reaction with sodium hydrosulphide and propenyl bromide (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Ipso‐Substitution Reactions of 2‐ and 4‐Sulfonylpyridines with Grignard Reagents.
Authors: FURUKAWA N. , TSURUOKA M. , FUJIHARA H.
Published: May 2016

The methylsulfonylpyridines (II) and (X) are converted to the pyridylmethylsulfonylpyridine (III) and (XI) respectively in the presence of phenylmagnesium bromide (Id).
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on 2(1H)‐Quinolinone Derivatives as Gastric Antiulcer Active Agents. Synthesis and Antiulcer Activity of the Metabolites of 2‐(4‐ Chlorobenzoylamino)‐3‐(2(1H)‐quinolinon‐4‐yl)propionic Acid.
Authors: UCHIDA M. , TABUSA F. , KOMATSU M. , MORITA S. , KANBE T. , NAKAGAWA K.
Published: May 2016

The quinolinonylpropionic acid (I), which is a gastric antiulcer agent, produces the metabolites (II) ‐ (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Dioxin‐4‐ones and Their Use in Synthesis. Part 13. Synthesis of 5‐Halo‐1,3‐dioxin‐4‐ones and Their Conversion of 5‐Alkyl Derivatives.
Authors: SATO M. , YONEDA N. , KANEKO C.
Published: May 2016

The formylacetate (I) is converted to the 5‐methyldioxinone (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State Photodimerization Reaction of Some 3‐Styrylisoxazolo‐(3,4‐d)pyridazin‐7(6H)‐ones.
Authors: CHIMICHI S. , CICIANI G. , DAL PIAZ V. , DE SIO F. , SARTI‐FANTONI P. , TORROBA T.
Published: May 2016

Irradiation of the solid arylhetarylalkenes (I), prepared from aromatic aldehydes and the corresponding trimethyl heterocycle, produces the dimers (II) which are oxidized to yield the diacids (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2/9‐Substituted Indophenazine‐6‐acetic Acid α‐Aryl/methylbenzylidenehydrazides, 4‐Aryl‐1‐(indophenazine‐6‐methylcarbonyl)‐3‐thiosemicarbazides and 6‐(4‐Aryl‐5‐mercapto‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ylmethyl)indophenazines as CNS Active and Antiinflammatory Agents.
Authors: MOHAN R. R. , AGARWAL R. , MISRA V. S.
Published: May 2016

Title compounds of type (VI), (VIII) and (IX) are synthesized starting from the hydrazides (IV) and screened for their toxicity, and gross CNS and antiiflammatory activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthesis of Imidazo(5,1‐c)(1,4)benzoxazines via Their Corresponding Reissert‐Type Compounds.
Authors: BARTSCH H. , SCHWARZ O. , NEUBAUER G.
Published: May 2016

Acylation of the aniline (I), acid‐catalyzed cyclization and subsequent substitution yield the acyldihydrobenzoxazine carbonitriles (V) which are transformed into the imidazobenzoxazines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclization Reactions with Carbodiimides: Synthesis of Fused 1,2,4‐Triazoles.
Authors: MOLINA P. , ALAJARIN M. , FERAO A.
Published: May 2016

The fused mesoionic 1,2,4‐triazoles (IV) and (VI) are obtained by coupling the diarylcarbodiimides (I) with the N‐amino heterocycles (II) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Thiazyl(bis(trifluoromethyl)nitroxide) and Tris(thiazyl(bis(trifluoromethyl)nitroxide)).
Authors: HARTMANN G. , MEWS R. , SHELDRICK G. M. , ANDERSKEWITZ R. , NIEMEYER M.
Published: May 2016

The thiazyl compound (I) is irradiated to give the trimeric derivative (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Formation of 2‐Oxa‐8,9‐diazabicyclo(3.3.1)nona‐3,6‐diene Derivatives from Pyrimidine: Utility for Tetrahydropyrimidine Synthesis.
Authors: AKIBA K. , SAKAGUCHI A. , YAMAMOTO Y.
Published: May 2016

Pyrimidine (I) is activated with trimethylsilyl triflate (II) and subsequently transformed into the hydroxytetrahydropyrimidines (IVa) and (IVb) by reaction with the enol silyl ethers (IIIa) and (IIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of B10H10(C6H11)S(CH3)2CNH(t‐C4H9).
Authors: HERNANDEZ D. M. , HUFFMAN J. C. , TODD L. J.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the dimethyl sulfide (S‐B5)‐9‐cyclohexyl‐nido‐decaborane(11) (I) with the isocyanide (II) yields the title compound (III) as the major product.
ChemInform Abstract: First Demonstration of Solvolytic Generation of a Simple Silicenium Ion (R3Si+). Access via 1,2‐Methyl Migration.
Authors: APELOIG Y. , STANGER A.
Published: May 2016

As a starting point ab initio calculations predict that solvolytically produced α‐silylcarbenium ions are generally less stable than the isomeric silicenium ions generated via a 1,2‐methyl migration of these carbenium ions.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylic Rearrangement of Cyanophosphates. Part 3. Reaction of Acyclic Enone Cyanophosphates.
Authors: KURIHARA T. , MIKI M. , SANTO K. , HARUSAWA S. , YONEDA R.
Published: May 2016

The vinylic ketones (I) and the aldehydes (XIV) are cyanophosphorylated with diethyl phosphorocyanidate (II), producing the allylic phosphates (III) or (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: An Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopic Investigation of the Interaction of Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl with an Aluminum Oxide Surface.
Authors: GAJDA G. J. , GRUBBS R. H. , WEINBERG W. H.
Published: May 2016

The vibrational spectra show a transient complex formed between Mo(CO)6 and a fully hydroxylated alumina surface.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Bulky Alkyldichlorostibines and Alkyldichlorobismuthines Toward (W(CO)5)2‐: Synthesis of Compounds Containing Stibinidene, Bismuthinidene, and Dibismuth Ligands.
Authors: ARIF A. M. , COWLEY A. H. , NORMAN N. C. , PAKULSKI M.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the stibine (II) with the W carbonyl compound (I) affords the stibinidene complex (III), whose "open" (that is non metal‐metal bonded) structure is confirmed by X‐ray crystallography (space group C2/c, Z=4).
ChemInform Abstract: Insertion of Carbon Dioxide into Metal Alkoxide Bonds. Synthesis and Structure of Tungsten Tetracarbonyl Carbonate.
Authors: DARENSBOURG D. J. , SANCHEZ K. M. , RHEINGOLD A. L.
Published: May 2016

The recently prepared aryl oxide tungsten complexes (I) react with CO2 yielding the aryl carbonate pentacarbonyl species (II) which on hydrolysis accompanied by loss of a CO ligand leads to the title compound (III) (no yield given).
ChemInform Abstract: Aluminium Chloride Induced Cleavage of Diphosphaferrocenes in Aromatic Hydrocarbons; the Synthesis of η6‐Arene η5‐Phosphacyclopentadienyl Iron(II) Cations.
Authors: ROBERTS R. M. G. , WELLS A. S.
Published: May 2016

The reactivity of the diphosphaferrocenes (I) toward AlCl3 in aromatic solvents is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Models for Methemocyanin Derivatives: Structural and Spectroscopic Comparisons of Related Azido‐Coordinated (N‐ 3) Mono‐ and Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes.
Authors: KARLIN K. D. , COHEN B. I. , HAYES J. C. , FAROOQ A. , ZUBIETA J.
Published: May 2016

Model complexes for methemocyanin complexes are synthesized containing an azide ligand which is used as a probe of the dinuclear copper active site in the dioxygen‐transport hemocyanin.
ChemInform Abstract: Substitution Reactions of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing 2,2′‐Bipyridine and 1,10‐Phenanthroline.
Authors: ALLEN L. R. , CRAFT P. P. , DURHAM B. , WALSH J.
Published: May 2016

The substitution rates of complexes of type (I) with various ligands (CH3CN, Py, acetylpyridines) at 25 °C in aqueous solution are examined.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Oxidation Reaction of Tribromobis(diethyl sulfide)nitrosylruthenium(II), (Ru(NO)Br3(Et2S)2): Reaction and Structural Chemistry.
Authors: COLL R. K. , FERGUSSON J. E. , MCKEE V. , PAGE C. T. , ROBINSON W. T. , KEONG T. S.
Published: May 2016

The title complex (Ia) undergoes a photochemical oxidation from which the compounds (II) and (III) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: Mediated Electrochemical Reduction of CO2. Preparation and Comparison of an Isoelectronic Series of Complexes.
Authors: DUBOIS D. L. , MIEDANER A.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of the triphos ligand with the corresponding acetonitrile complexes yields the complexes (III) as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Platinum(II) Complexes Containing 1‐(Diphenylphosphino)‐2‐methoxyethane. 31P NMR and Catalytic Studies in the Presence of Tin(II) Chloride and the Crystal and Molecular Structure of Cyclic (Pt(Ph2PCH2CH2OMe)(Ph2PCH2CH2OMe)Cl)ClO4.
Authors: ANDERSON G. K. , COREY E. R. , KUMAR R.
Published: May 2016

The complexes (PtCl2‐n(Ph2P‐CH2‐CH2‐OMe)2)n+ (n = 0, 1, 2) react with SnCl2 in Me2CO or CHCl3 to produce (II) besides a series of tin‐containing Pt(II) anions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Norphytene and Its Isomer 2,6,10,14‐Tetramethylpentadec‐2‐ene.
Authors: PHADKE A. S. , KULKARNI S. N.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (V) is prepared as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: 20,20‐Dimethoxy‐16α,17α‐epiminopregnolone in the cis‐Opening Reaction of the Aziridine Cycle by Acetic Acid.
Authors: KAMERNITSKII A. V. , TURUTA A. M. , ISTOMSINA Z. I.
Published: May 2016

The oxazolinopregnenediolone hydrazone (IVa) is the main product in the ring opening reaction of the aziridino steroid (Ia) in acetic acid in the presence of ethoxycarbonylhydrazine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Methyl N‐(Protected)‐O‐(Acetamido‐O‐acetyl‐deoxy‐α‐D‐hexopyranosyl)‐L‐serinates.
Authors: SMIATACZ Z. , PASZKIEWICZ E.
Published: May 2016

The reduction of the hydroxyimine (Ia) followed by acetylation gives the acetamides (IIa) + (IIb) in low yield and with little stereodifferentiation.