bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy improvement of X-ray residual stress measurement in welds of Ni based alloy by two-dimensional detector with multiaxial rocking
Authors: Hashimoto T , Osawa Y , Hirano S , Mochizuki M , Nishimoto K
Published: March 2011

In materials such as Ni based alloys, the microstructures are formed by monophase solidification without solid state transformation. It is difficult to obtain the welding residual stress by X-ray diffraction because of the preferred orientation of the unidirectional solidification and the grain growth in the heat affected zone. To exclude their effect, a method that records the diffraction peaks in a two-dimensional detector combined with multiaxial rocking is proposed. It is clarified that the equilibrium of shrinkage and the recovery of strain during the thermal cycle determines the site of the maximum tensile stress. In addition, dynamic recrystallisation, which occurs during welding, contributes to the decreased residual stress at the fusion line. If the spatial resolution of the proposed and the conventional measurement methods can be correlated, the results of each method agree well. Therefore, the proposed method is an effective tool for measuring the residual stress in welded joints of Ni based alloy.
Prediction of welding deformations of large stiffened panels using average plastic strain method
Authors: Biswas P , Mandal N R , Das S
Published: March 2011

Curved or flat stiffened steel panels used in ships and offshore structures are fabricated mainly by fusion welding. It leads to heat induced plastic strains, distortions and residual stresses. These distortions may adversely affect the subsequent fit-up and alignment of the adjacent panels. A solution methodology named average plastic strain method was developed and adopted based on evaluation of average plastic strains of butt and fillet joints of small scale specimens. These were obtained using the conventional thermomechanical analysis. These plastic strains were then used to determine the overall distortions of large stiffened plate panels. The results obtained were compared with those of established inherent strain method for prediction of distortion of large stiffened plate panels. Computational efficiency of the average plastic strain method was found to be comparable with the inherent strain method. However, the accuracy in the plastic strain method was found to be better than that in the inherent strain method.
Softening behaviour of friction stir welded Al 6061-T6 and Mg AZ31B alloys
Authors: Woo W , Choo H
Published: March 2011

The influence of friction stir welding (FSW) on changes in microstructures has been studied extensively. In particular, the microstructural softening, which is manifested as a significant reduction in the hardness, tensile strength and residual stress, is one of the most significant issues. Here, we provide a brief review of the dominant softening mechanisms in FSW aluminium and magnesium alloys available in the literature. In particular, a direct comparison between a heat treatable Al 6061-T6 alloy and an AZ31B Mg alloy is presented to highlight key differences in the underlying mechanisms responsible for the apparently similar softening behaviour. The present study shows that the softening occurs in the wide region of the FSW Al 6061-T6 alloy due to the dissolution of the strengthening precipitates, while it happens mostly within the stir zone due to the localised texture variations in the FSW Mg AZ31B alloy. These softening behaviours are clearly represented in the residual stress profiles.
Revisiting the differentiation paradigm in acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Ablain Julien , de The Hugues
Published: March 2011

As the result of intense clinical and basic research, acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has progressively evolved from a deadly to a curable disease. Historically, efforts aimed at understanding the molecular bases for therapy response have repeatedly illuminated APL pathogenesis. The classic model attributes this therapeutic success to the transcriptional reactivation elicited by retinoic acid and the resulting overcoming of the differentiation block characteristic of APL blasts. However, in clinical practice, retinoic acid by itself only rarely yields prolonged remissions, even though it induces massive differentiation. In contrast, as a single agent, arsenic trioxide neither directly activates transcription nor triggers terminal differentiation ex vivo, but cures many patients. Here we review the evidence from recent ex vivo and in vivo studies that allow a reassessment of the role of differentiation in APL cure. We discuss alternative models in which PML-RARA degradation and the subsequent loss of APL cell self-renewal play central roles. Rather than therapy aimed at inducing differentiation, targeting cancer cell self-renewal may represent a more effective goal, achievable by a broader range of therapeutic agents.
Circadian rhythms and cognition in schizophrenia
Authors: Wulff Katharina , Joyce Eileen
Published: March 2011

Cognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia. Evidence in this Journal suggests that disrupted circadian synchronisation of sleep–wake phases may be one cause. Circadian synchronisation depends on the external input of light–dark cues and the integrity of central nervous system circadian oscillators; these may represent new interventional targets to improve cognition.
New Viceroyalty, New Nation, New Empire: A Transnational Imaginary for Peruvian Independence
Authors: Cahill David
Published: March 2011

The independence process in Spanish America was accompanied by new imaginaries concerning the new political entities that would emerge from the breakdown of the old colonial jurisdictions. This essay explores an imaginary for Peruvian independence, Bolivarian in scope, which lay at the center of the Revolution of 1814–15 in the southern Andes. This “revolution of the patria” started in Cuzco in 1814 but soon captured Arequipa, Huamanga, and much of Charcas, until its military defeat by royalist forces in 1815. It not only proposed full independence from viceregal control but also aimed at completely severing American ties to the Spanish monarchy. Francisco Carrascón, a peninsular prebendary resident in Cuzco who became the movement’s leading ideologue, had in 1801 unsuccessfully proposed the creation of a new viceroyalty to the Council of the Indies. In 1814, however, he advocated the creation of a new and independent Peruvian empire stretching from Lima to the River Plate, from “Sun to Sun.” The cities of Buenos Aires, Lima, Montevideo, and Cuzco were equally to be the principal imperial cities, but Cuzco, because of its antiquity and central location, would be the seat of government or “national peak.” While there is a significant historiography on the Revolution of 1814–15, it has been largely overlooked in several key Latin American independence syntheses. This essay therefore also seeks to restore the movement to the center of wider historiographic debates on Latin American independence.
Transatlantic Networks and Merchant Guild Rivalry in Colonial Trade with Peru, 1729 – 1780: A New Interpretation
Authors: Lamikiz Xabier
Published: March 2011

This article takes a fresh look at merchant networks that linked Spain and colonial Peru in the central decades of the eighteenth century. Spain’s trade with its American colonies has been studied primarily in the light of mercantilistic policies design to revive the exchanges. Much attention has been paid to the fierce rivalry between the merchant guilds of both sides of the Atlantic (those of Cádiz, Mexico City, and Lima), and their efforts to exert control over the trade, suggesting that transoceanic networks had a minor impact. In contrast, this article stresses the role of collaboration and mutual understanding between American and Iberian merchants. The adoption of a direct route linking Cádiz and Lima via Cape Horn in the 1740s, and the subsequent rise of a new, more competitive pattern of trade compelled merchants to build up sustained transatlantic networks that required a high level of personal trust. By using a previously unstudied cache of confiscated letters, this article shows that transatlantic travel, friendship, common regional and ethnic origin, and the increasing flow of information played a far more important part in the articulation of Spanish colonial trade than any merchant guild rivalry. These networks helped bring both sides of the Atlantic closer than they had ever been.
Mechanical signaling through the cytoskeleton regulates cell proliferation by coordinated focal adhesion and Rho GTPase signaling
Authors: Provenzano Paolo P. , Keely Patricia J.
Published: March 2011

The notion that cell shape and spreading can regulate cell proliferation has evolved over several years, but only recently has this been linked to forces from within and upon the cell. This emerging area of mechanical signaling is proving to be wide-spread and important for all cell types. The microenvironment that surrounds cells provides a complex spectrum of different, simultaneously active, biochemical, structural and mechanical stimuli. In this milieu, cells probe the stiffness of their microenvironment by pulling on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or adjacent cells. This process is dependent on transcellular cell–ECM or cell–cell adhesions, as well as cell contractility mediated by Rho GTPases, to provide a functional linkage through which forces are transmitted through the cytoskeleton by intracellular force-generating proteins. This Commentary covers recent advances in the underlying mechanisms that control cell proliferation by mechanical signaling, with an emphasis on the role of 3D microenvironments and in vivo extracellular matrices. Moreover, as there is much recent interest in the tumor–stromal interaction, we will pay particular attention to exciting new data describing the role of mechanical signaling in the progression of breast cancer.
WRB is the receptor for TRC40/Asna1-mediated insertion of tail-anchored proteins into the ER membrane
Authors: Vilardi Fabio , Lorenz Holger , Dobberstein Bernhard
Published: March 2011

Tail-anchored (TA) proteins are post-translationally targeted to and inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane through their single C-terminal transmembrane domain. Membrane insertion of TA proteins in mammalian cells is mediated by the ATPase TRC40/Asna1 (Get3 in yeast) and a receptor in the ER membrane. We have identified tryptophan-rich basic protein (WRB), also known as congenital heart disease protein 5 (CHD5), as the ER membrane receptor for TRC40/Asna1. WRB shows sequence similarity to Get1, a subunit of the membrane receptor complex for yeast Get3. Using biochemical and cell imaging approaches, we demonstrate that WRB is an ER-resident membrane protein that interacts with TRC40/Asna1 and recruits it to the ER membrane. We identify the coiled-coil domain of WRB as the binding site for TRC40/Asna1 and show that a soluble form of the coiled-coil domain interferes with TRC40/Asna1-mediated membrane insertion of TA proteins. The identification of WRB as a component of the TRC (Get) pathway for membrane insertion of TA proteins raises new questions concerning the proposed roles of WRB (CHD5) in congenital heart disease, and heart and eye development.
Physician-assisted dying outlaws: self-appointed death in the Netherlands
Authors: Ost Suzanne
Published: March 2011

No law in any jurisdiction that permits physician assisted dying offers individuals a medically assisted death without the need to comply with certain criteria. The Netherlands is no exception. There is evidence to suggest that physicians are averse to providing an assisted death even when the Dutch ‘due care criteria’ have been met and the unbearable pain and suffering requirement is especially difficult to satisfy. Some individuals with an enduring desire to die who do not meet the ‘due care’ criteria under the Dutch legislation turn to other means of achieving a self-appointed death. This paper explores two alternative methods of securing a self-determined death (an assisted death involving lay assistors or a self-hastened death by stopping eating and drinking), and raises the question of how far the law should recognise autonomy in the context of physician assisted death.
An Audit of the Use of Intra-Septal Local Anaesthesia in a Dental Practice in the South of England
Authors: Doman Stephen M
Published: March 2011

Aim

The aim of this audit was to evaluate the efficacy, when used by the author, of the intra-septal local anaesthetic technique for cavity preparation in mandibular molar and premolar teeth.

Methods

One hundred and thirteen consecutive patients who required local anaesthesia (LA) for cavity preparation in lower molar and premolar teeth in a general dental practice took part in the audit sample. Articaine 4%, with1:100,000 adrenaline (epinephrine), was administered using the intra-septal technique. Visual analogue scales (VAS) were used to record pain experienced on injection and the quality of anaesthesia obtained. Any side-effects reported were recorded. The standards set were that at least 70% should find the administration of the LA pain-free and that at least 80% should experience no pain during cavity preparation.

Results

Sixty-nine (62%) patients reported the injection technique to be completely pain-free and a further 23 (20%) reported very minor pain on injection. Eighty (71%) patients reported pain-free treatment and 18 (16%) experienced very minor pain during treatment. No side-effects were reported. Patients aged under 40 years and those who had cavities prepared in first premolar teeth appeared more likely to experience pain during cavity preparation.

Conclusion

The intra-septal injection technique requires no specialist equipment, is easily administered, rapid in onset and provides a level of anaesthesia equivalent to that produced by an inferior dental nerve block and with fewer side-effects. The injection is relatively painless to administer.
Genetic and environmental variation in heartwood colour of Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.)
Authors: Bradbury Gordon , Potts Brad M. , Beadle Chris L. , Dutkowski Greg , Hamilton Matthew
Published: March 2011

Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.) is a high-quality appearance-grade timber species native to eastern Australia. It is characterised by dark-coloured heartwood, with colour varying from pale straw to red-brown and walnut brown, and pale cream-coloured sapwood. This wide range in heartwood colour is expressed as between- and within-tree variation, and is regarded as a problem in markets where colour consistency is important. To understand the genetic and environmental control of heartwood colour, multiple colour measurements were taken from stem cores from 16 open-pollinated family collections of blackwood planted across three 19-year-old progeny trials. Data was analysed with a mixed model with within-tree variation modelled using a three-node cubic spline. Significant genetic, environmental and genetic-by-environment interactions were detected, not only in the variation in between-tree mean heartwood colour but also in the pattern of within-tree heartwood colour variation. In general, heartwood colour became darker, less yellow and more red towards the sapwood/heartwood boundary. To control the between- and within-tree heartwood colour variation in blackwood plantations, care is needed to not only select genotypes with the desired wood colour and colour variation but also site characteristics that allow expression of that colour.
Teaching Principles of Experimental Design While Testing Optimal Foraging Theory
Authors: Schwagmeyer P. L. , Strickler Stephanie A.
Published: March 2011

We describe a simple field study that we have found useful in introducing students to experimental design. Students manipulate the nutritive gain available from flowers to test the hypothesis that the foraging behavior of nectarivorous insects maximizes energy gain rate. They add sucrose solution to some flowers and water to others; additional flowers are left unmanipulated. Visit durations of foraging butterflies are then measured to test the prediction that individuals will forage longer at patches that offer higher energy gains. The project encourages students to consider how a study's design influences the results obtained, and helps to develop scientific reasoning skills.
Teaching Cultural & Botanical Connections: Ethnobotany with Tea
Authors: Poli Dorothybelle
Published: March 2011

Engaging students in ethnobotanical concepts can be a challenge if you present the topic as a straight lecture. I used the art of brewing tea, accompanied by numerous herbals (books), to impress upon my students how people have learned what plants are helpful or harmful to humanity
Fostering Students' Inquiry Skills: Developmental Time & Offspring Rates of Flour Beetles
Authors: Asshoff Roman , Roth Olivia
Published: March 2011

Tribolium castanaeum is a widespread insect in temperate regions. Because of its short generation time and easy handling, it serves as a model organism for various scientific questions. However, T. castanaeum, or its larger-sized relative Tenebrio molitor, can also be used at a school or college level to foster students' experimentation skills. We present a set of inquiry tasks that build stepwise on one another, using T. castanaeum or T. molitor as the model. The students will learn not only about insect ecology, but also about the influence of nutrition on several fitness parameters, such as development time and offspring number.
Recorded and potential alien invertebrate pests in Finnish agriculture and horticulture
Authors: VÄNNINEN I. , WORNER S. , HUUSELA-VEISTOLA E.
Published: March 2011

It is assumed that climate change will promote pest invasions and their establishment in new regions. We have updated the list of current alien invertebrate pest species in Finland and produced a list of potential new alien pests using a self-organizing map (SOM) that ranks species in terms of their risk of entry into Finland. The 76 pest species recorded included 66 insects, 5 nematodes, 2 mites and 3 slugs. Nearly half of the alien species appeared to have invaded Finland during the last 48 years. The SOM analysis is considered a viable tool for identification of potentially high-risk invasive pests from among the multitude of potential alien invaders, and represents a useful complement to local expert knowledge-based risk assessment of potentially invasive pests. Along with the comparisons with databases of current and potential pest species, SOM analysis suggests that in the changing climate, the habitats at greatest risk from exotic pests in Finland are horticultural: orchards, ornamental hardy-nursery stocks, landscape and ornamental tree nurseries, and greenhouses.
Emerging virus and viroid pathogen species identified for the first time in horticultural plants in Finland in 1997-2010
Authors: LEMMETTY A. , LAAMANEN J. , SOUKAINEN M.
Published: March 2011

Expansion and intensification of global trade in horticultural plants has increased the risk of spread of new alien pathogen species in the EU. Alien species of pathogenic viruses and viroids in horticultural plants have been introduced into Finland in infected plant material (plants, seedlings, cuttings, tubers, seeds). By 1997, about 30 virus species of horticultural plants had been detected in Finland. We aimed at compiling emerging new virus and viroid records during 1997-2010. Eight new viruses belonging to tospo-, potex-, poty-, tymo-, ilar- and allexiviruses were detected in horticultural plants: four occurred in greenhouse crops, two in vegetables and two in garden ornamentals outdoors. Five new findings of viroids were made in ornamental and vegetable greenhouse crops during 2008-2009. More rapid and accurate diagnostic methods have contributed to identifying new alien pathogens. Global trade seems to be the main reason for the introduction of the newest virus and viroid pathogens into Finland.;
Product Involvement in the Link Between Skepticism Toward Advertising and Its Effects
Authors: Chen Fang-Ping , Leu Jun-Der
Published: March 2011

Each year businesses spend millions of dollars on advertising to engender a positive attitude among consumers about a specific brand, eliminate any mistrust and suspicion about advertising, and rectify wrong attributions about products. In this research we focused on how doubt about
advertisements impacts on their effectiveness, in regard to brand attitude and purchasing intention. We adopted the seemingly unrelated regression model to estimate the parameter, and the mutual relationships among several regression equations are taken into consideration. There were 337 participants
in this experiment, and as indicated by the result, doubt about advertisements had a negative effect on brand attitude and purchasing intention. This negative effect will disrupt product involvement.
The Effects of Conflict on Team Decision Making
Authors: Cheng Long , Wang Zhong-Ming , Zhang Wei
Published: March 2011

The aim in this study was to examine the relationship between task and relationship conflict and their effect on team decision-making. A sample of 120 participants, divided into 40 teams, was recruited. We found that the relationship of task and relationship conflict was moderated by
the decision-making process and teams performed better when making good use of task conflict, while relationship conflict was reduced.
Turkish Adolescent Health Risk Behaviors and Self-Esteem
Authors: Geçkil Emine , Dündar Özlem
Published: March 2011

We examined health risk behaviors and self-esteem of 1,361 adolescents in Adiyaman, Turkey. The data were obtained using the Health Risk Behaviors Scale (HRBS; Çimen & Savaşer, 2003) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES; Rosenberg, 1965). The most frequent predictor
of risky behavior in adolescents was physical activity. Nutrition, psychosocial, hygiene, and substance abuse issues were also significant predictors of risky behavior. The results indicated that age, year at school (grade), gender, self-esteem, and school performance all had a strong impact
on health risk behaviors. Adolescents must be made aware of health risk issues associated with physical activity, nutrition, hygiene, and substance abuse.
Increasing Implicit Life Satisfaction
Authors: Jang Daisung , Kim Do-Yeong
Published: March 2011

We carried out 3 studies in which methods to increase implicit life satisfaction in collectivist participants were investigated. In Study 1, participants were instructed to recall their day from a positive perspective, each day for a total of 17 days. While some participants explicitly
rated their lives as being less negative, this did not result in implicit life satisfaction changes in those participants. In Study 2, the participants were exposed to supraliminal priming of the concept My Life with positive valences, but the effects of this exposure on explicit and
implicit life satisfaction proved not to be significant. In Study 3, an increase in implicit life satisfaction resulted from inducing moods in a fashion consistent with the collectivist cultural framework, but not with the individualist cultural framework. However, no changes in explicit life
satisfaction were noted in this study.
Foreign direct investment in the western Balkans: Privatization, institutional change, and banking sector dominance
Authors: Botric Valerija
Published: March 2011

The paper provides analysis of foreign direct investment (FDI) dynamics and
its determinants for the group of countries lately referred to as Western
Balkans (non- EU ex-Yugoslavia countries plus Albania). Due to vulnerable
external positions and enhanced funding requirements related to the EU
accession and catching-up, FDI is often highly welcomed by government
officials in the South East European (SEE) countries. The notion that FDI is
frequently accompanied by knowledge and know-how transfer makes this source
of capital growth even more desirable than simple capital accumulation from
frequently inadequate domestic savings. The analysis of the FDI determinants
on the overall economy level conducted within the panel data framework aims
to provide the answer whether the same factors as in Central and Eastern
European countries, now new EU member states, are relevant for the sampled
countries. Due to data limitations and the frequent emergence of new
countries in the region, the analysis does not extend to the early transition
period. Since it entails the beginning of the financial crisis, the
comparison of the results obtained with those of previous studies will enable
the discussion of internal versus external factors of FDI attraction in the
region.
Milk marketing under cooperative and non-cooperative marketing channels: Evidence from west Bengal
Authors: Sarker Debnarayan , Ghosh Bikash
Published: March 2011

The present study is an attempt to empirically investigate the price spread,
marketing costs, marketing margins, marketing efficiency, and profit
efficiency among market middlemen under cooperative and non-cooperative
marketing channels in the domestic trade market of liquid milk in West
Bengal. One of the important findings of this study is that, although the
inter-market (and intramarket) price variation for liquid milk under the
cooperative marketing agency in not far from uniformity, and all marketing
agencies under cooperative channels receive much lower abnormal profit per
unit of milk as compared with non-cooperative channels, the former fails to
provide much economic benefit, either to the producer or to the consumer,
because of the burden of much higher fixed cost per unit of liquid milk.
Sacral geography of Orthodox Christianity and religious tourism
Authors: Grcic Mirko
Published: March 2011

Introductory part of the paper briefly presents the case study of sacred
geography. This scientific discipline, as a branch of cultural geography,
deserves more attention due to the development of cultural tourism and the
protection of cultural heritage in globalization. Aim is to systematize and
display characteristics of sacred objects and places of pilgrimage in the
traditional orthodox Christianity. The author hopes that this work will
attract the attention of geographers and intellectual circles, and stimulate
researchers to devote greater attention to this important and current issue.
The state and perspectives of the development of spa tourism in the area of Jadar
Authors: Gajic Mirjana , Vujadinovic Snezana
Published: March 2011

The paper represents an outline of the most important natural and
anthropogenic tourist values on which the development of tourism of Jadar is
based. It is pointed out to the most important deposits of thermomineral
sources as the preconditions of the origin and development of spa centres.
The largest economic effects are realized through development of health
tourism in Banja Koviljaca which is the only one among spa centres that
acquired the market affirmation as individual tourist motive. Banja Badanja
has favorable conditions for development, still insufficiently affirmed and
in shadow of far more famous Banja Koviljaca. The priorities of development
of spa tourism are defined in the paper, and it is pointed to the
significance of selective offer that depends on the conditions of successful
organization of health spa, wellness-spa programmes and offered recreational
contents.
Geographical basis of tourist development of the Sokobanja basin
Authors: Radivojevic Aleksandar , Filipovic Ivan , Dimitrijevic Ljiljana , Nikolic Milena
Published: March 2011

Sokobanja is one of the major tourist sites in Serbia. It has significant
tourist potential. Nonetheless, tourism, as well as other economic activities
in this region, is in deep crisis. This paper analyzes the advantages and
disadvantages of tourism development in the spa area. According to a survey,
there is a good basis to attract tourists, but further development requires
higher investments, as well as greater involvement of local residents.
Etno parks in the function of cultural tourism development in the Macva, Sabacka Posavina and Pocerina
Authors: Grcic Ljiljana
Published: March 2011

The monuments of folk architecture have its historical, artistic and tourist
value. They illustrate the characteristics of local culture and way of life,
and therefore should be preserved for the future. The main touristic
functions in them can be cognitive, educational, fun, and also vacation and
recreation. If we would like to keep the traditional folk architecture, it is
necessary to protect vulnerable areas at the source or in the open air
museums. This paper presents an overview of the ethno-parks and other
facilities in the Macva, Sabac, Sabacka Pocerina and Posavina, which seems
preserved examples of folk architecture and architecture from the nineteenth
and early twentieth century, are part of the cultural heritage not only of
these areas, but also the whole of Serbia.
Critical sustainability and energy consumption in urban transport
Authors: Jovanovic Miomir
Published: March 2011

Industrialized countries are exploiting the world energy resources very
quickly (although they do not have enough of their own energy reserves). On
the other hand, population of the Third world simply exploded during the last
few decades. Hence, the real problem may occur if the Third world
metropolises follow the example of the auto-dependent, low density suburban
development of American cities. The effects will be disastrous: 14 times more
energy consumption and 9 times higher emissions of CO2 (in the sphere of
urban transportation).
Peritoneal dialysis - experiences
Authors: Djurdjevic-Mirkovic Tatjana
Published: March 2011

Peritoneal dialysis is the method of treatment of terminal-stage chronic
kidney failure. Nowadays, this method is complementary to haemodialysis. It
is based on the principles of the diffusion of solutes and ultrafiltration of
fluids across the peritoneal membrane, which acts as a filter. The dialysate
is introduced into the peritoneum via the previously positioned peritoneal
catheter. The peritoneal dialysis is carried out on daily basis, at home by
the patient, and the ?exchange? is repeated 4-5 times during the 24 hours.
The first steps in peritoneal dialysis at the Department for Haemodialysis of
the Clinical Centre of Vojvodina date back to 1973. Until 1992, the patients
were subjected to this program only sporadically. Since 1998 the peritoneal
dialysis method has been performed at the Clinic for Nephrology and Clinical
Immunology. In the period 1998-2008 ninety nine peritoneal catheters were
placed. Chronic glomerulonephritis, nephroangiosclerosis and diabetes were
identified as the most common causes of chronic renal failure. Two methods of
catheter placement were applied: the standard open surgery method (majority
of patients) and laparoscopy. Most of the patients were subjected to
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, whereas four patients received
automatic dialysis. Transplantation was performed in 10 patients, i.e.
cadaveric transplantation and living-related donor transplantation, each in 5
patients. Peritoneal dialysis was available as a service outside our
institution as well. A ten-year experience in peritoneal dialysis gained at
our Centre has proved the advantages and qualities of this method, strongly
supporting its wider application in the treatment of terminal-stage chronic
kidney failure.
Typical errors in pronouncing medical English terminology made by first and second year students of medicine at the Medical school of Novi Sad university
Authors: Marosan Zoran , Markovic Vuk
Published: March 2011

Introduction. This paper deals with typical errors on the phonological level
made by first and second year medical students at Novi Sad University. It
presents the results of a continuous survey conducted over a three-year
period of teaching medical English. The aim of this study was to determine
the most common pronunciation errors in medical English vocabulary, classify
them into distinct types, and propose the teaching methods for overcoming
them. Material and methods. The authors first made a list of the most
frequent medical words used at this level of study. They introduced them by
means of audio-visual methods and conducted continual oral practice
throughout the whole course. Results. The recorded common pronunciation
errors were classified into five types on account of the phonological and
other factors which cause them The number of words selected in this paper
totals to 67. Discussion. Most of the recorded pronunciation errors are due
to the differences between the two phonological systems. The previously
acquired knowledge plays an important part as well as the competence level in
general English. Other language skills and knowledge of phonological and
orthographic rules are important factors as well. Conclusion. A teacher of
medical English should adjust his/her teaching methods to the needs of
English for Specific Purposes. Medical students should practice pronunciation
in class and learn the most important rules of English phonetics; they should
also be instructed on how to use computer to improve their pronunciation.
Quantification of sclerotic renal glomeruli during the aging process in humans
Authors: Stojanovic Vesna , Jovanovic Ivan , Ugrenovic Sladjana , Pavlovic Snezana
Published: March 2011

Introduction. The aim of our research was to quantify the presence of totally
sclerotized glomeruli during the aging process. Material and Methods. The
study material were kidney tissue samples taken from fiftysix cadavers,
their age ranging from 20 to over 70 years. They were classified in six age
groups: I (20-29), II (30-39), III (40-49); IV (50-59); V (60-69) and VI
(older than 70). The tissue samples were routinely histologically processed
and then cut into the slices 5 mm thick, which were then stained and
stereologically analyzed under the microscope with a projection screen
(Reichert Visopan) with 10 x lens magnification and multipurpose test
system M42 application. The analysis was carried out on 20 fields of vision
per one sample. The numerical density of completely sclerotic and other
glomeruli was measured, and the resulting percentages were obtained from
this parameter. Results. Completely sclerotic glomeruli were not found in
the first group. They were observed in the II aging group (5%) for the first
time. Their numerical density and percentage increased during the aging
process and was 18% in the IV, 25% in the V and maximally 37.5% in the VI
aging group. Conclusion. Finally, the above cited results pointed to the
increase of completely sclerotized and the decreased presence of normal
glomeruli during the aging process
Drug interactions with grapefruit
Authors: Bojanic Zoran , Bojanic Novica , Bojanic Vladmila
Published: March 2011

Introduction. The concentration of many orally given medications may be
affected by grapefruit or grapefruit juice consumption. It may result in
numerous harmful effects. Interaction of grapefruit with drugs. Taking only
one cup of juice may induce interactions with different drugs even during the
period of a few days. The effect is induced by suppression of cytochrome P450
isoenzyme CYP3A4 in the intestinal wall. The Latin name of grapefruit, Citrus
paradisi, is quite opposite to the effects which could be induced by taking
grapefruit and some medications at the same time. It is necessary to avoid
taking grapefruit with the drugs whose pharmacokinetics could be altered by
the active principles found in that fruit. Discussion. The coloured
grapefruit contains less furanocoumarins, but there is no difference in
induction and intensity of pharmacokinetic interaction with drugs related to
its colour. Other citrus fruits (orange, lemon) do not have such effects, but
some other fruits (pomegranate, stella fruit, banpeiyu, hassaku,
takaoka-buntan and kinkan) exert inhibitory effects on the activity of
cytochrome P450 isoenzyme.
Medical nutrition therapy planning
Authors: Novakovic Budimka , Jovicic Jelena , Pavlovic-Trajkovic Ljiljana , Grujicic Maja , Torovic Ljilja , Balac Dragana
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Diet has vital, preventive and therapeutic functions. Medical
nutrition therapy is a part of the Standardized Nutrition Care Process
integrated in health care systems. Material and methods. An overview of the
Nutrition Care Process model and the application of nutrition guidelines
based on literature, reports, documents and programmes of international
health, food and physical activity authorities was done. Results. The
Nutrition Care Process model requires registered dieticians, standardized
terminology as well as nutrition diagnosis categorization. It consists of
four distinct, but interrelated and connected steps: (a) nutrition
assessment, (b) nutrition diagnosis, (c) nutrition intervention, and (d)
nutrition monitoring and evaluation. An individual approach is essential for
successful medical nutrition therapy. Nutrition guidelines facilitate the
process of understanding and application of medical nutrition therapy.
Conclusion. The Nutrition Care process provides dietetic professionals
information on high-quality client nutrition care. The success of medical
nutrition therapy rests not only upon the advice of the dietician, but also
upon the client?s compliance.
The role of oxidative/nitrosative stress in pathogenesis of paracetamol-induced toxic hepatitis
Authors: Radosavljevic Tatjana , Mladenovic Dusan , Vucevic Danijela , Jesic-Vukicevic Rada
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Paracetamol is an effective analgesic/antipyretic drug when
used at therapeutic doses. However, the overdose of paracetamol can cause
severe liver injury and liver necrosis. The mechanism of paracetamol-induced
liver injury is still not completely understood. Reactive metabolite
formation, depletion of glutathione and alkylation of proteins are the
triggers of inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, adenosine triphosphate
depletion and mitochondrial oxidant stress leading to hepatocellular
necrosis. Role of oxidative stress in paracetamol-induced liver injury. The
importance of oxidative stress in paracetamol hepatotoxicity is
controversial. Paracetamol induced liver injury cause the formation of
reactive oxygen species. The potent sources of reactive oxygen are
mitochondria, neutrophils, Kupffer cells and the enzyme xatnine oxidase. Free
radicals lead to lipid peroxidation, enzymatic inactivation and protein
oxidation. Role of mitochondria in paracetamol-induced oxidative stress. The
production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species is increased, and the
glutathione content is decreased in paracetamol overdose. Oxidative stress in
mitochondria leads to mito?chondrial dysfunction with adenosine triphosphate
depletion, increase mitochondrial permeability transition, deoxyribonu?cleic
acid fragmentation which contribute to the development of hepatocellular
necrosis in the liver after paracetamol overdose. Role of Kupffer cells in
paracetamol-induced liver injury. Paracetamol activates Kupffer cells, which
then release numerous cytokines and signalling molecules, including nitric
oxide and superoxide. Kupffer cells are important in peroxynitrite formation.
On the other hand, the activated Kupffer cells release anti-inflammatory
cytokines. Role of neutrophils in paracetamol-induced liver injury.
Paracetamol-induced liver injury leads to the accumulation of neutrophils,
which release lysosomal enzymes and generate superoxide anion radicals
through the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase.
Hydrogen peroxide, which is influenced by the neutrophil-derived enzyme
myeloperoxidase, generates hypochlorus acid as a potent oxidant. Role of
peroxynitrite in paracetamol-induced oxidative stress. Superoxide can react
with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrite, as a potent oxidant. Nitrotyrosine
is formed by the reaction of tyrosine with peroxynitrite in paracetamol
hepatotoxicity. Conclusion. Overdose of paracetamol may produce severe liver
injury with hepatocellular necrosis. The most important mechanisms of cell
injury are metabolic activation of paracetamol, glutathione depletion,
alkylation of proteins, especially mitochondrial proteins, and formation of
reactive oxygen/nitrogen species.
Hospital infections at the department of cardiovascular surgery
Authors: Markovic-Denic Ljiljana , Cemerlic-Adjic Nada , Mihajlovic Bogoljub , Pavlovic Katica , Nicin Svetozar , Fabri Miklos
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Despite modern surgical techniques, preoperative preventive use
of antibiotics and optimal treatment of operative site, patients who
underwent surgical procedures are still at a risk of developing hospital
infections. The aim of this paper was to estimate the frequency of hospital
infections at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and their presence
according to the anatomic localization as well as to identify the most
frequent causes of hospital infections. Material and methods. During one-year
period, all surgically treated patients were prospectively followed at the
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Institute of Cardiovascular
Diseases, Vojvodina. There were 1302 patients who underwent 1396 surgical
procedures during the period observed. The descriptive epidemiological method
was applied in the study. The following odds ratio and rates were calculated:
the incidence rate of patients with hospital infections, the incidence rate
of hospital infections and the incidence rate in relation to hospital stay of
each patient (incidence density). Results. During that period, 36 hospital
infections were recorded in 33 patients. The average incidence rate of
patients with hospital infection was 2.53% and hospital infection rate was
2.58% (from 0% to 5.13%). The male-female ratio was 3.1:1. The most frequent
hospital infections were surgical site infections (incidence rate 0.86%),
then gastroenteritis (incidence rate 0.77%) and bloodstream infections
(incidence rate 0.46%). The most common causes of hospital infections were:
Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Acinetobacter spp (22.2%) and coagulase
negative staphylococcus (11.1%). Conclusion. The fact is that the incidence
rate of hospital infections is relatively low, and such a trend can continue
only if the continuous epidemiological control and preventive measures are
implemented in the future.
Analysis of test anxiety in medical students
Authors: Latas Milan , Pantic Marina , Obradovic Danilo
Published: March 2011

Introduction. Most students experience some level of anxiety during the exam.
However, when anxiety affects the exam performance, it represents a problem.
Test anxiety is a special form of anxiety, which is characterized with
somatic, cognitive and behavioral symptoms of anxiety in situations of
preparing and performing tests and exams. Test anxiety turns into a problem
when it becomes so high that it interferes with test preparation and
performance. The objective of this study was to ascertain the presence of
test anxiety in medical students and to analyze some aspects of test anxiety
in medical students of different gender, at different years of studying and
possibility of failing a year. Material and methods. The study sample
consisted of 198 students of Belgrade University School of Medicine of all
years. Test anxiety was assessed by the Test Anxiety Inventory. Results. The
following results have been obtained in the study: 1. Medical students
generally present moderate level of test anxiety; 2. female students have
statistically significant more intense symptoms of test anxiety than male
students; 3. the most intense symptoms are in the 3rd year and the least are
in the 4th year of studies; 4. there is no statistically significant
difference in the presence of symptoms of test anxiety among the students who
have repeated one of the years of studies and regular students. Conclusion.
There is a considerable number of medical students who have intense symptoms
of test anxiety and these students require help and support.
Postpartum intra-abdominal haemorrhage: Case report
Authors: Petric Aleksandra , Zivadinovic Radomir , Tubic-Pavlovic Aleksandra , Mitic Dejan
Published: March 2011

Introduction. The most frequent cause of gynaecological haemoperitoneum is
ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Haemoperitoneum after a normal vaginal delivery
is rare and it is associated with high maternal mortality. Case report. A
22-year-old primipara had a normal vaginal delivery. She experinced acute
abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock ten hours after the delivery and was
referred to our hospital twenty one hours after the delivery. An urgent
ultrasound profile was done, which revealed free fluid in pelvis and in the
whole abdomen. An immediate laparotomy was done and 2 litres of blood were
found within the peritoneal cavity. The uterine wall was intact. We found a
haematoma on the anterior wall of rectum and livid colours of broad ligament.
The peritoneal cavity was cleaned and revised. Any injury of the spleen or
liver was excluded. Discussion and conclusion. Haematoperitoneum after a
normal vaginal delivery is rare but life threatening to mothers. It is
important to recognize this condition to avoid delay in diagnosis and
treatment because of high maternal mortality. Our patient was bleeding from
superficial rectal vessels. Only a few cases with undefined aetiologies have
been reported in literature.
Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines
Authors: Myśków Beata , Milczarski Paweł , Masojć Piotr
Published: March 2011

Comparison of RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers in assessing genetic diversity among rye (Secale cereale L.) inbred lines

Forty eight inbred lines of winter rye, of various origin and pedigree, were analysed using 19 RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers, 8 ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeats) primers and 13 SSR (simple sequence repeats) primer pairs. On the basis of particular marker types, there were created three separate dendrograms and one combined similarity tree, prepared on account of the whole data. Correlation coefficients for individual technique based on genetic similarity matrices were not significant. By comparing the GS data obtained on the basis of singular methods with collective matrix, it was observed that the highest correlation rate was for ISSR method (r=0.68). The utility of each marker technique was compared by using marker index MI. Diversity detecting index (DDT) was suggested in the paper, which may prove helpful in planning and comparing researches on phenetic relationships.
Septal Dislocation for Endoscopic Access of the Anterolateral Maxillary Sinus and Infratemporal Fossa
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Suh Jeffrey D. , Chiu Alexander G. , Palmer James N.
Published: March 2011

Background

Transnasal approaches to the anterolateral maxillary sinus and infratemporal fossa are challenging with traditional endoscopic techniques and instrumentation. Additional access in the anterior and lateral direction can be obtained with modified endoscopic medial maxillectomy (MEMM) or total endoscopic medial maxillectomy (TEMM) or via a transseptal approach. Alternatively, we have used a septal dislocation technique to help access these areas. Access to these areas may be necessary for treatment of inverted papilloma, schwannoma, and juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of septal dislocation for anterolateral reach in extended endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods

Cadaver dissection was performed on eight sides. MEMM, TEMM, and septal dislocation were sequentially performed according to standard techniques. Image-guided axial screenshots were used to identify the extent of anterolateral reach in each stage by measuring the angle of access from the midline.

Results

TEMM adds 12° of anterolateral reach when compared with MEMM. With septal dislocation, an average of 20 additional degrees is provided over TEMM. The anterior maxillary sinus is routinely accessed with straight instruments after septal dislocation.

Conclusion

The anterolateral maxillary sinus and infratemporal fossa are difficult areas to access with standard endoscopic techniques. Septal dislocation is a straightforward technique to achieve additional visualization and access when combined with TEMM.