Evaluation of the Impact of Tocilizumab Use in Recipients of CAR T Cells for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Cassanello Giulio , Luttwak Efrat , Devlin Sean M. , Luna De Abia Alejandro , Corona Magdalena , Landego Ivan , Parascondola Allison , Saldia Amethyst , Alarcon Tomas Ana , Dahi Parastoo B. , Lin Richard J. , Palomba M. Lia , Park Jae H. , Salles Gilles , Perales Miguel-Angel , Scordo Michael , Shouval Roni , Shah Gunjan L. 
Published: December 2023

Introduction: CAR T has revolutionized the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Treatment of the major toxicity of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is tocilizumab (toci) and corticosteroids based on the ASTCT grade. Real-world experiences in the United States and Europe have reported a higher rate of tocilizumab use than in pivotal trials; however, the impact of single or multiple administrations on clinical outcomes is not clear.

Methods: Patients diagnosed with diffuse (DLBCL), high grade (HGBCL) and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBL) treated at our institution with commercial CAR T were retrospectively identified. The association between the number of doses received with best overall response by day 100, PFS, and OS was investigated through a Cox regression model using a 14-day landmark analysis. Late neutropenia was defined as an ANC &lt;1000/mmc for two consecutive counts beyond day 30 post CAR-T infusion and a 30-day landmark analysis was performed in this case.

Results: 230 patients with R/R DLBCL (80%), HGBCL (17%) and PMBL (3%) were included in the analysis. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Axi-cel), tisagenlecleucel (Tisa-cel), and lisocabtagene maraleucel (Liso-cel) were administered in 62%, 29% and 9% of cases, respectively. Median age at time of CAR-T infusion was 65 years (range 20-86), with a male predominance (63%). The median number of prior treatment lines was 3 (range 1-12), and 21% underwent a prior autologous hematopoietic cell transplant. Disease burden prior to CAR-T infusion can be inferred by the following: bridging therapy was deemed necessary in 77% of patients, pre-lymphodepletion LDH was elevated in 40%, and bulky disease with largest mass diameter was &gt; 10 cm in 10%. CRS and ICANS were grade 2 in 107 patients (46%) and 46 patients (20%), respectively. Median time to first administration of toci was 4 days (range 1-16) with patients receiving 0 (51%), 1 (27%), 2 (14%), or 3-4 (8%) doses. Best response by day 100 for the whole cohort was CR in 138 (60%) and PR in 36 (16%) patients. In univariable analysis, factors associated with a lower likelihood of response were the administration of Tisa-cel (p=0.014), bulky disease (p&lt;0.001), administration of bridging therapy (p=0.009), and being refractory to the last treatment line (p=0.006). Number of doses of tocilizumab did not impact the likelihood of response (p=0.72). In a Cox regression model for survival, number of doses of tocilizumab was not associated with worse PFS (p=0.38, Figure 1) or OS (p=0.64), while other known negative predictors of response had impact on survival, such as bulky and refractory disease.

By univariable analysis, tocilizumab administration was significantly associated with prolonged neutropenia (p&lt;0.001). The likelihood to observe an ANC&lt;1000/mmc beyond day 30 increased accordingly to the number of doses received (Figure 2). Other factors associated with late neutropenia were bulky disease (P=0.013), need of bridging therapy (p=0.004), and corticosteroids administration (p&lt;0.001).

Conclusion: The number of tocilizumab infusions did not impact CAR T efficacy in terms of overall response and long-term survival, a finding that is concordant with other real-world experiences. The cumulative incidence of late neutropenia events was impacted by the number of doses received. We speculate that a severe CRS driven systemic inflammatory response, requiring several tocilizumab and corticosteroids administrations, may hinder the bone marrow function and recovery.