bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Redepositon of Impurities on Wool Fabric during Washing with Ecological Surfactants and Solvent Microemulsion
Authors: Carrión-Fité F.J.
Published: November 2018

The aim of this paper was to study addition of a non-toxic solvent microemulsion to conventional wash formulations with the aim of improving the performance of the conventional washing. In this work, the redeposition performance during washing was studied after washing a wool fabric with addition of a solid impurity The non-toxic solvent used was dimethyl sulfoxide micro-dispersed with an amphoteric surfactant as emulsifier. The fabric was washed with SDBS and biodegradable non-ionic surfactants such as an alcohol ethoxylate (AE) with 7 m. EO and an alkyl polyglucoside with 1.4 glucoside groups (APG). The fabric used was EMPA 217 wool fabric. The anionic and non-ionic surfactants and mixtures of the non-ionic surfactants were used separately and in mixture in varying proportions for the washes. Carbon black was used as the solid impurity in the washing. Sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were used as builders. The fabric was washed at low temperature (30° C) with water of different hardness. In all the cases, the performance in terms of redeposition of the solid impurity (carbon black) was enhanced (decreased) for all the mixtures tested when using the microemulsion of DMS in the washing formulation.
Determining Formability Function of Worsted Woven Fabrics in Terms of Fabric Direction
Authors: Ezazshahabi Nazanin , Mousazadegan Fatemeh , Saharkhiz Siamak , Latifi Masoud
Published: November 2018

Formability is a characteristic which determines fabric behavior during garment manufacturing and wear. It depends on fabric properties such as weave type, fabric density, warp and weft yarn twist, bending rigidity, and fabric tensile behavior, while tolerating small load values. It should be noted that this property changes with fabric direction and is not constant. In this research, fabric formability was investigated for worsted woven fabrics by evaluating this property in various fabric directions. It was concluded that fabric formability could be expressed as a Gaussian function of sample orientation in the warp direction. By studying several weave structures with different weft densities, the effect of firmness on fabric formability was clarified, which lead to better interpretation of fabric adaptability to the applied deformations.
Modification of Microfiber Synthetic Leather Base and Model by Collagen
Authors: Wang Xuechuan , Wang Xiaoqin , Qiang Taotao , Ren Longfang , Wang Peiyi
Published: November 2018

Modified by the pretreated model with collagen under the crosslinking effect of glutaraldehyde, the moisture absorption of modified samples increased by 26.34% and 42.6%. The test results of SEM, AFM and DSC show that there was coating on the fibers modified with collagen, and the relative average roughness of the modified fabric decreased. Modification with collagen also affected the thermal properties of the modified sample compared with that of the non-treated sample. Modification of the base with collagen in the same way that modified the model, the result indicate that the contents of amino group on the modified base sample were 1.61 times and 8.15 times compared with that of pretreated sample and non-treated sample, water vapor permeability of collagen modified samples increased by 28.58% and 53.43% respectively.
Multivariate Regression Modeling of Parameters Affecting Punching Force during Random Velour Needling
Authors: Mashroteh Hasan , Zarrebini Mohammad
Published: November 2018

Manufacturing of random velour needled fabrics comprises two separate needling operations. In the first stage a carded fibrous assembly is consolidated using a barbed needle. The consolidated assembly is opened-up due to action of fork needles of the second needling stage. In this special needling operation the mono-structure consolidated fibrous assembly is converted to a bi-structure fibrous assembly, comprised of base and pile layers. The extent of imparted structural changes influences physical and mechanical properties of the resultant random velour fabric. Fork needles which are the culprit of the structural alteration are subjected to relatively large forces. In this work the effect of random velour needling parameters and fiber characteristics on force exerted on the fork needle were investigated. Force measurement and data analysis were carried out using a purposely designed twin load cell force measuring unit and required software. Sixty four samples of polyester fabrics were prepared. Separate identification of the effect of principle independent parameters on the exerted force on individual fork needles was achieved using a linear multivariate regression analysis based on SAS 9.1 statistical software. Estimation of total average force (Frms) and peak average force (FPA) were used as response variables of the model. Results manifested that force exerted on the fork needle is profoundly affected by a large number of parameters. It was also found that, total fiber displacement “ TFD“, occurring during random-velour needling was the foremost factor directly influencing force on the fork needles.
Investigating the Effects of Different Repellent Agents on the Performance of Novel Polyester/Wool Blended Fabrics
Authors: Khoddami Akbar , Bazanjani Soheil , Gong R.H.
Published: November 2018

The effects of fluorocarbon finishing of hollow and solid polyester/wool were studied in order to establish the processing behavior and performance characteristics of the treated fabrics. Polyester/wool blended fabrics before and after dyeing were treated with different fluorochemicals; their liquid repellency after washing and dry cleaning was evaluated. Fabric mechanical properties were compared by measuring tensile strength and low stress mechanical properties. The results indicate that the finishing agent formulation has a great effect on the fabrics repellent properties. Studying the fluorocarbon chain re-orientation during laundering and dry cleaning revealed that each fluorocarbon has different ability to retrieve its original configuration via air drying with subsequent necessity of hot pressing to reach acceptable repellency. Also, the effect of hollow fibers on fabric mechanical properties is practically insignificant. The low stress mechanical properties indicate only relatively small differences among the samples. However, finishing with all chemicals and methods resulted in higher friction between the fibers and yarns, and in increased bending and shear rigidity, and shear hysteresis.
Sound-Absorbing and Flame-Retarding Property of Nonwoven Compounded PU foam Planks
Authors: Lou Ching-Wen , Li Ting-Ting , Huang Chien-Lin , Hsu Ying-Hsuan , Lin Jia-Horng
Published: November 2018

A nonwoven is an ideal sound-absorbing material due to its high surface area. Surface area of a nonwoven correlates with fiber denier and packing density, and affects the sound absorbing property. With smaller denier, sound waves have great chance to interact with fibers. Moreover, more fibers would produce friction in-between sound waves at high packing density. Besides, a large amount of fabrics are produced in the current textile industry. During the production process, selvages are cut form fabrics and then abandoned, thus leading to amazing wastes after a long period of discarding. This study used recycled selvage fiber to prepare composite nonwovens, and then compounded with polyurethane foam, forming sound-absorbing/flame-retarding composite planks. Porous and vibration absorbing mechanism was combined for improving sound the absorbing property. And effects of fiber denier, needle-punched density for nonwoven and foam density of PU foam on properties including sound-absorbing and flame-retarding are discussed. Results show that the sound absorption coefficient of the resultant composite plank was above 0.8 at medium frequency. Superficial composite nonwoven achieved the effect of delayed burning time.
Breathable, Antistatic and Superhydrophobic PET/Lyocell Fabric
Authors: Kwon Seong Ok , Park Chung Hee , Kim Jooyoun
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study was to develop a breathable and antistatic superhydrophobic PET/lyocell fabric by simple finishing with polymeric fluorocarbon siloxane. To find an optimum concentration of the finish agent, four different concentrations of fluorocarbon finish agent were applied on three different types of fabrics; lyocell 100%, PET 100%, and PET/lyocell blend (50%/50%). Static water contact angle (WCA), shedding angle, and water repellency tests were measured to evaluate the wettability and hydrophobicity of treated fabrics.

A PET/lyocell blend fabric treated with 40 g/L fluorocarbon finish agent exhibited superhydrophobic characteristics with WCA of 153.6° and shedding angle of 9.5° resulting from its lowed surface energy and multi-scale roughness. The effects of fluorocarbon finish on fabric moisture regain, electrostatic property, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and air permeability were evaluated as parameters for clothing comfort. PET/lyocell blend fabric treated with fluorocarbon exhibited significantly lower static electricity and higher moisture regain than the treated PET fabric. WVTR and air permeability were maintained after the finish. The blended fabric achieved noteworthy combination of antistatic and superhydrophobic properties. The functionality of finished PET and PET/lyocell fabrics, measured by WCA, shedding angle, and water repellency rate, was maintained until 10 washing cycles.
Impact of Pre-Finishing Process on Comfort Characteristics of Stretchable Cotton Fabric
Authors: Gorjanc Dunja Sajn , Bizjak Matejka
Published: November 2018

The comfort characteristics of fabrics (especially thermal insulation and permeability properties) are closely associated with the changes in their structural parameters. The reaction of a stretchable fabric, either after the finishing process or after a mechanical deformation, is higher than the reaction of conventional fabrics. The reaction after the finishing process is usually expressed in terms of density, thickness or mass increase, and in dimensional changes. The structural changes influence thermal insulation and water vapor permeability properties, which are the most important properties associated with the comfort of textiles.

This paper focuses on the impact of the pre-finishing process on the comfort characteristics of pure cotton fabrics and of cotton fabrics with elastane in the weft direction in plain and twill weave.

The results indicate that after the pre-finishing process (scouring/bleaching) for the analyzed fabrics, water vapor resistance and thermal resistance decrease. These decreases occur due to the structural changes inside the fabrics (warp yarn density and mass increase, whereas thickness decreases).
Mechanical Properties of Silk Fabric Degummed with Bromelain
Authors: Ninpetch Uraiwan , Tsukada Masahiro , Promboon Amornrat
Published: November 2018

Degumming is the process of removing the sericin or gum from silk yarn. Removing the gum improves the sheen, color, hand, and texture of the silk. Mai 1 silk yarn from Thai hybrid multivoltine Bombyx mori was degummed with commercial grade bromelain and with sodium carbonate. 96.58% of sericin content was removed from the silk yarn in small scale degumming procedure with 2 g/L bromelain and 91.84 % in large scale degumming with 5 g/L bromelain. Scanning electron micrographs of the silk yarn degummed with enzyme showed neither sign of destruction in its morphology nor surface damage. The surface of the yarn degummed with bromelain was smoother than that of the yarn degummed with sodium carbonate. According to the evaluation of its mechanical properties using Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric, the silk fabric degummed with bromelain showed good tensile strength, better response to bending deformation, higher flexibility, smother feel during bending, and softer and better elastic properties during compression.
Electro Spun- Nanofibrous Mats: A Modern Wound Dressing Matrix with a Potential of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
Authors: Abdelhady Seham , Honsy Khaled M. , Kurakula Mallesh
Published: November 2018

Nanofibers have emerged as advanced fibers with broad use and potential in biomedical fields in recent decades. The process of healing is an innate immune response towards a pathophysiology such as wound. Ordinary time taken for wound healing is approximately 2–3 days depending upon the chronic state. Air moisture and microbes risk pathological manifestations leading to delayed or incomplete palliate process. An external agent that can provide balanced moisture, increasing cell proliferation with microbial infiltration or anti- bacterial activity, aids to speed the healing process. Apart from these qualities, an ideal material should be simple, cost effective, and repeatable. Nanofibers produced through electrospinning have become a promising strategy in the treatment of wounds. Apart from being simple in application, they are produced from natural or synthetic polymers. Nanofibers exhibit high surface area, nanoporosity, with a potential to load potent drugs or enzymes. Other biomedical applications include use of nanofibers as tissue scaffolds and as masking agents in modern cosmetics. Therefore nanofibers are excellent candidates for wound treatment and management. The current review is an attempt to discuss and present literature about different techniques, chemical materials, and entities used to produce efficient electrospun nanofibers for use in pathological, medicinal, or treatment or management of injury or laceration.
Influence of Silver Loaded Antibacterial Agent on Knitted and Nonwoven Fabrics and Some Fabric Properties
Authors: Erdem Ramazan , Rajendran Subbiyan
Published: November 2018

The antibacterial effect of silver on knitted and nonwoven structures has been investigated. Three types of interlocked knitted fabrics (100% polyester, 100% viscose and 50%/50% polyester/viscose) were scoured and treated with silver ions by pad-dry-cure method. A nonwoven fabric (100% bleached cotton) was also treated with silver ions by using a spray technique. Physical and tensile properties of the treated fabrics were analyzed and compared with those of corresponding untreated ones. Results indicate that scouring process and antimicrobial treatment influenced the physical properties and antimicrobial effectiveness of the fabrics. An increase in tensile strength of 100% polyester and 100% viscose is observed after the antimicrobial treatment. The absorbency of all the treated knitted fabrics is decreased but it is substantially increased in the case of nonwoven fabrics. Antimicrobial activity of the treated fabrics was tested against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The results show that the treated nonwoven and blended (50%/50% polyester/viscose) knitted fabrics registered highest antimicrobial effect.
Geometrical Modelling of Jacquard Quilted Structures Weft Knitted Fabrics
Authors: Jin Lanming , Jiang Gaoming , Cong Honglian , Hou Chenguang
Published: November 2018

Jacquard quilted structure weft-knitted fabrics have many advantages, such as strong stereoscopic patterns, soft handling, adjustable apparel thickness, and use as home textiles. However, the final visual effects of such fabrics are difficult to predict prior to processing because of the rough surface caused by the connecting yarn and the inlay yarn of the fabric. This research applied a three-dimensional (3D) model instead of the original single-loop model to simulate knitted fabric. The 3D model is more suitable for a multilayer fabric because the simulation is quick, real, and convenient. The article includes experiments on structural parameters concerning regular dents of different samples, analysis of parameter data about the surface, and the simulation process with the objective of understanding the computer simulation of fabric. Results show good correlation between the simulation results and the actual fabric. Importantly, we can clearly see the expected effects in the fabrics without going through production and processing. This research will be useful for establishing a quick computer-generated simulation system for multilayer fabrics.
Surface Modification of Polyamide 6,6 Fabrics with an Alkaline Protease – Subtilisin
Authors: Begum Setara , Wu Jindan , Takawira Carrington M. , Wang Jiping
Published: November 2018

Subtilisin treatment is feasible in benign conditions, and yields a clean, dynamic approach for Polyamide 6,6 (PA 6,6) modification. In this study, the water contact angle (WCA) method, capillary height and moisture regain were used measure hydrophilicity. To characterization the modification, the scanning electron microscope (SEM), amino group quantification and x-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) were used. Fabric burst strength and hand properties were characterized. Optimum conditions for subtilisin treatment were found to be 55oC, neutral pH with 10% (owf) enzyme concentration for a fixed 90 min treatment period. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) results showed that carboxyl groups were produced on the modified fiber surface. The modified fibers showed much improved hydrophilicity as indicated by reduced wicking time, improved capillary height and moisture regain percentage. The creation of carboxylic acid group sand increased number of amino groups detected on the fabric surface may positively influence hydrophilicity. In comparison to harsh alkali modification, the enzyme treatment led to smaller weight loss. In general, enzymatic treatments- a more eco-friendly alternative to alkaline treatments, resulted in a significant improvement in surface properties of PA 6,6 fabrics.
Ultrasonic-intensified Chemical Cleaning of Nano filtration Membranes in Oilfield Sewage Purification Systems
Authors: Liu Qingyun , Dai Yong , Luo Yue , Chen Yanling
Published: November 2018

Ultrasonic-intensified chemical cleaning of a nano filtration membrane in an oilfield sewage purification system was studied in detail. The most extreme conditions of chemical dissolving of scalants evaluated in this study were dissolving agent SSA-I concentration of 60 g/L, temperature of 75oC, and reaction time of 6 h respectively. With a lower solution concentration of SSA-I (45 g/L), a temperature of 50oC, and a time of 4 h, ultrasonic-intensified chemical cleaning of nano filtration membrane achieved higher efficiency. Specifically, the measured percentage of scalant dissolved rose from 91.0% to 99.1%, the speed of scale- dissolving rose from 1.896 g/(L·h) to 2.478 g/(L·h) and the amount of scalant dissolved rose from 0.152 g/g to 0.220 g/g in comparison to pure chemical dissolving. The industrial application results also indicated that the membrane-flux recovery rate had been improved to 95.6% by the way of ultrasonic-intensified chemical cleaning, much higher than the original 49.1% of high-strength chemical cleaning. Hence, ultrasound effectively strengthens the chemical cleaning effect of nano filtration membranes.
An Experimental Study of RC Beams with Varying Concrete Strength Classes Externally Strengthened with CFRP Composites
Authors: Cosgun Turgay
Published: November 2018

It is known that the vast majority of buildings in Turkey are made out of reinforced concrete (RC). The 1999 Kocaeli and Düzce, the 2010 Elazig, and the 2011 Van earthquakes that occurred in Turkey revealed that the most significant factor in causing damage to buildings, or their collapse, was the use of low quality concretes, i.e., concretes with low strength values, in their construction This reveals that the load bearing members of these structures should be reinforced against the effects of possible earthquakes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) usage on the behavior of beams made out of low strength concrete. Within the scope of the study, the results of the experimental and numerical analysis for 14 RC beams, to which CFRP plates were applied on their lower surface, as well as for two reference beams, were presented for the case of collapsing. From the start of the test to the end, load, deflection and deformation data obtained from the beams were collected and then, by the identification of the collapsing mechanism as well as the load-deflection relation, the behavior of the beams was discussed in detail. In the numerical study, moment capacities were obtained for CFRP applied beams with different concrete strength values by using the material properties of the specimens examined in the mechanical test. The results of the numerical analysis were compared with those of the experimental tests, which were found to be consistent with each other.
Evaluation of Electrospinning Process Parameters of Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid and Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite Nanofibrous Scaffolds
Authors: Doustgani Amir , Ahmadi Ebrahim
Published: November 2018

Electrospinning recognized as a simple and inexpensive process for producing continuous polymeric nanofibers with diameters ranging from several micrometers down to tens of nanometers. In this study, an electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds based on lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) was developed. The fiber morphology and mean fiber diameter of prepared nanofibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. FTIR analysis demonstrated that there were strong intramolecular interactions between the molecules of PLGA and nano-HA. A more systematic understanding of process parameters was obtained and a quantitative relationship between electrospinning parameters and average fiber diameter was established by using response surface methodology. A response surface function was empirically determined by central composite design using fiber diameter as an observed response and the electrospinning parameters such as concentration, distance, applied voltage, temperature and flow rate as variables. The regression coefficient of the model was found to be 0.938. The predicted fiber diameter was in good agreement with the experimental result. PLGA/nano-HA nanofibrous scaffolds could be good candidates for tissue engineering applications.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotube / Polydimethylsiloxane Composites Yarn
Authors: Liu Wei , Xu Fujun , Zhu Nianhua , Wang Shuang
Published: November 2018

Carbon nano tube (CNT) yarn is an axially aligned CNT assembly. It has great potential many applications. In this study, the mechanical and electrical properties of the aerogel-spun CNT yarns and CNT/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite yarns were investigated. The CNT/PDMS yarn was fabricated by droplet infiltration of PDMS solution into the aerogel-spun CNT yarn. The mechanical properties of the CNT/PDMS yarns were significantly improved with an average strength of 837.29 MPa and modulus of 3.66 GPa, over 100% improvement compared to the original CNT yarns. The electrical conductivity of the CNT/PDMS yarn increased from 1636 S/cm to 3555 S/cm. The electromechanical properties of CNT/PDMS yarns demonstrated that such CNT yarn could be suitable for strain sensors.
A Comparative Strength Analysis of Denim Fabrics Made from Core-Spun Yarns Containing Textured Microfilaments
Authors: Sarioğlu Esin , Babaarslan Osman
Published: November 2018

Denim fabric is one of the most popular casual wear fabrics worldwide. The performance characteristics of denim fabrics have been improved by using functional fibers and elastane to make them comfortable to wear. Elastane fibers with high elasticity are used extensively in denim fabric production. Elastane fibers are generally used as the core part of the core-spun yarns as weft yarns. Besides elastane fibers; polyester and polyester derivatives are commonly used. This study examines the effects of filament fineness and yarn count on denim fabric performance. Textured polyester filaments with medium, fine and micro linear densities were used as the core part of the core-spun yarn and cotton fiber was used as sheath material. Yarn samples manufactured with the same production parameters at different yarn count were used as weft yarns of denim fabrics. Denim fabrics were produced with the same fabric cover factor to eliminate yarn count difference effects. Tensile, static tearing and dynamic tearing properties of denim fabrics were determined. To evaluate the effects of core part, 100 % cotton denim fabric was manufactured and tested. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the significance of filament fineness and yarn count ratio. Results showed that there was a significant effect of filament fineness on tensile, static tearing and dynamic tearing properties of denim fabrics. In addition, it was found that yarn count had no significance effect on static tearing properties of denim fabrics.
Analysis of Structural Changes in Jute Fibers after Peracetic Acid Treatment
Authors: Duan Ling , Yu Weidong , Li Zhaoling
Published: November 2018

Peracetic acid (PAA) is one of the most commonly used bleaching agents in the textile industry. The structural changes of jute fibers after PAA treatment are important in creating industrial applications. An investigation was carried out to determine the structural changes resulting from the removal of noncellulosic materials from jute fibers by PAA. The surface features of jute fiber were studied using a scanning electron microscope. PAA was effective in separateingindividual cellulose fibers from raw jute. However, fibers were damaged when the treatment time reached 80 minutes, PAA concentration was 10 wt. % and the pH was in the 4~5 range. The delignification by PAA treatment was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CP/MAS 13C-NMR spectroscopy showed that the PAA did cause some macromolecular structure changes in the cellulose fibers. X-ray diffraction technique demonstrated that there were four stages of crystallinity change, due to the removal of noncellulosic materials. These four stages include attack at the surfaces of cellulose crystallites, the dissolution of amorphous zones, attack of the inner cellulose crystallite and oxygen interference, respectively.
Absorbent Properties of Carboxymethylated Fiber, Hydroentangled Nonwoven and Regenerated Cellulose: A Comparative Study
Authors: Easson Michael , Villalpando Andres , Condon Brian D.
Published: November 2018

Commercially-available, bleached cotton fibers, rayon, and their hydroentangled counterparts were carboxymethylated to produce cellulosic products with increased absorbency. These cellulose materials were tested for absorbance, spectroscopic properties, degree of substitution and carding ability. Carboxymethylated fibers and hydroentangled webs exhibited increased water retention as the degree of substitution increased before losing fiber integrity and carding ability.
Preparation of Calixarene-PI Nanofibers and Application as a Selective Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Ions
Authors: Tao Xuchen , Feng Quan , He Hui
Published: November 2018

In order to utilize the adsorption selectivity of calixarenes towards heavy metal ions, calixarene functionalized polyimide (Calix-PI) fibers were prepared by three main synthesis procedures including preparation of the calixarene polyamide acid (Calix-PAA) spinning solution via amidation, fabrication of the Calix-PAA fibers by electrospinning, and preparation of the Calix-PI fibers via thermal imidization on the Calix-PAA fibers. The Calix-PI fibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The Calix-PI fibers display selective adsorption on Pb(II), which is fit with the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model and the Freundlich adsorption isothermal model. The rate constant of the pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model and the maximum Pb(II) uptake have all been calculated. The practical adsorption of Pb(II) on the Calix-PI fibers is mainly attributed to the monolayer chemical adsorption and slightly depended on the physical adsorption.
Cloth Simulation with Adaptive Force Model in Three-Dimensional Space
Authors: Luo Xuan , Jiang Gaoming , Cong Honglian , Zhao Yan
Published: November 2018

An adaptive force model is proposed to achieve better performance between the accuracy and the speed of cloth simulation in three-dimensional (3D) space. The proposed force model can be expressed with a general mathematical form demonstrated by the distance between the clothing and the human body. This paper defines how a continuous adaptive area can be established with a shape “block”. It is clarified that, within a specific block, a force model is expressed with the gravity of the clothing, the forces of the adjacent blocks and the anti-force of the human body to the block. In this manner, the force model of the desired clothing can be obtained through a general mathematical expression. The simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the acceptable clothing simulation in 3D space can be achieved with higher speed by saving about 20.2% runtime, and the efficiency of the proposed scheme can be verified.
Research on Degumming and Fixing Sericin to Obtain Sericin-fixed Souple Silk Yarns without Formaldehyde
Authors: Park Geon Yong , Kim Hyun Chel
Published: November 2018

In order to obtain sericin-fixed souple silk yarns, various conditions of degumming and fixing sericin were investigated. When raw silk yarns were degummed with solutions of soap and sodium carbonate and then fixed with sericin-fixing agents, degumming losses of 6–17% were attained. The degumming losses attained by degumming and fixing simultaneously in a solution of soap and sodium carbonate containing sericin-fixing agents were in the range of 6–9 percent. By one-step degumming with detergent after fixing sericin, sericin-fixed souple silk yarns were also obtained. In the case of two-step degumming successively twice at 60°C for 30 minutes and at 80°C for 30 minutes with detergent after fixing sericin at 60–80°C for 15 minutes with melamine and formaldehyde, the degumming losses were in the range of 7–13% and sericin removal was uniform. Two-step degumming was very effective for the elimination of free formaldehyde from silk yarns fixed with melamine and formaldehyde.
Enhancing Longitudinal Compressive Properties of Unidirectional FRP Based on Microbuckling Compression Failure Mechanism
Authors: Ruan Fangtao , Xu Zhenzhen , Hou Dayin , Li Yang , Chu Changliu
Published: November 2018

In this study, a new methodology to improve the longitudinal compressive strength and modulus of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber-reinforced epoxy resin matrix is developed. The proposed method involves wrapping a UHMWPE fiber bundle with a poly-p-phenylene benzobisoxazole fiber filament using a winding method, and using these bundles to fabricate unidirectional UHMWPE fabric. UHMWPE/epoxy composites were fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin-transfer molding (VARTM), and the compression properties of the composite were evaluated and compared to investigate the effect of the filament wrapping. Improvements in the compressive modulus were achieved for filaments wound with applied tension, and when increasing the filament-winding spacing; however, the compressive strength decreased with an increase in the filament-winding spacing. Results obtained confirm that fiber microbuckling failure occurred in the composite under longitudinal compression, and that inhibiting the buckling length of the fiber improved compressive properties. These results may be useful when designing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer composites.
Dyeing of Polyester with Reactive Dyestuffs Using Nano-Chitosan
Authors: Najafzadeh Neda , Habibi Sima , Ghasri Mohammadreza A.
Published: November 2018

The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of nano-chitosan on the dyeing of polyester fabric with reactive dyes. Polyester fabric was treated with alkali and coated with nano-chitosan. Afterwards all samples were dyed with reactive dyes. The water absorption and bending resistance of pristine polyester, alkaline and chitosan-treated polyester were measured. In order to investigate surface chemical bonding, FTIR/ATR was employed. Surface morphology of fabrics was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wettability and bending behavior of the treated polyester increased compared to the untreated one. The color difference between the dyed blank and chitosan-treated samples was estimated using a spectrophotometer. The data obtained shows it is possible to use reactive dyes to dye polyester fabrics finished with nano-chitosan and the resulting fabrics will exhibit acceptable washing and rubbing fastness.
The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Functionalization of Para-aramid Fiber on the Mechanical Property of Para-aramid Sheet
Authors: Lu Zhaoqing , Zhao Yongsheng , Su Zhiping , Zhang Meiyun , Yang Bin
Published: November 2018

The mechanical properties of para-aramid sheet (PAS) are mainly dependent on the interfacial property between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids. However, the chemical inertness and smooth surface of para-aramid chopped fiber lead to the poor interfacial adhesion between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids. In this study, para-aramid chopped fiber was treated by phosphoric acid (PA) solution with different concentration in order to prepare PAS with high mechanical strength. It was shown that PA -treatment can increase the surface roughness and improve the surface oxygen-containing active groups of para-aramid chopped fibers. In addition, there is a critical value of PA-concentration (20%). Proper PA-treatment gives rise to an increased tensile strength of PAS from 2.41 to 3.41 kN/m by an increment of 41.49%. However, excessive PA -treatment results in a dramatic reduction of tensile strength for para-aramid fibers and also for PAS possibly due to the structure destruction of para-aramid fiber. This work shows a simple but highly-efficient approach for improving the mechanical property of PAS via PA-treatment of para-aramid chopped fibers, and simultaneously elaborating the reinforcing effects for high-performance PAS especially through optimizing the interfacial property between para-aramid chopped fibers and fibrids.
Predicting Fabric Drapability Property by Using an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Taieb Amine Hadj , Mshali Slah , Sakli Faouzi
Published: November 2018

Drape, one of the most important properties of fabric, has played significant role in providing graceful aesthetic effects in garments. Drapability of textiles is judged subjectively and is dependent on people's skill and experience, which render difficulties during drape comparisons, especially when judged by different people. This work reports the results of a study on predicting the drapability of woven fabric using an artificial neural network. It was established that drapability could be predicted from the mechanical properties of fabric at low-stress.
Surface Wetting and Energy Properties of Cellulose Acetate, Polyester and Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Gupta Bhupender S. , Whang Hyun Suk
Published: November 2018

Using a dynamic wetting force device, involving a sensitive Wilhelmy balance, surface wetting behaviors of polyester, polypropylene, and cellulose acetate fibers, the last two in several different sizes and cross-sectional shapes, were examined. Assessed were the values of the advancing and the receding contact angles and the work of adhesion with water as the fluid. Conducting tests with deionized water and methylene iodide allowed us to assess the value of the total surface energy along with the values of the polar and the dispersion components of it. In a limited number of tests, the surface properties of polyester and polypropylene films were also determined and compared with those of the fibers. The results generally showed that the energy was largely dispersive, hysteresis in contact angles was low, and while the fiber size and cross-sectional shape did not influence the contact angles or the energy, the surface roughness and crystallinity played significant roles.
Air Filters for Ventilating Systems — Laboratory and in Situ Testing
Authors: Gustavvson Jan
Published: November 2018

Over the past few decades, many laboratory test methods have been developed to measure and characterize air filters using different synthetic dusts. Today, with concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) and air pollution on the rise, new standards are being developed to test the ability of air filters to remove particles in the laboratory as well as in situ. Still, laboratory tests that use coarse dusts can give very misleading results, and the rated efficiency for a filter can decrease dramatically in real-world applications. For better understanding and prevention of IAQ problems, test methods should be extended to include particle shape, type, and properties.
Evaluation of the Filtration Performance of Biocide Loaded Filter Media
Authors: Davis Wayne T. , Phillips B. Alan , Dever Maureen , Montie Thomas C. , Kelly-Wintenberg Kimberly , Macnaughton Sarah
Published: November 2018

This paper presents the results of a study designed to evaluate the filtration performance of nonwoven filtration media which have been loaded with a variety of biocides for use as potential indoor air filters. A test stand was constructed based on a modification of the ASTM 1215 Standard to provide testing of the bacterial removal efficiency of the filtration media. Biocide-loaded filtration media were first tested on an ASTM 1215 test stand using standard monodispersed latex spheres to determine the particle removal efficiency as a function of particle sizes in the 0.5 to 2.0 micrometer sizes. A multichannel optical particle counter was used to assess the efficiency. Additional samples of the same media were then tested in the modified ASTM 1215 test stand, referred to as the Biocontaminant Indoor Air Quality Test Stand (BIAQTS) by atomizing bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative) and fungi into the test stand. Initial bacterial testing was conducted using single-stage microbial samplers to determine the efficiency of filters for removing Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria and other bacteria. In addition to testing the filtration efficiency, additional tests were conducted on samples of the filter by placing small disk samples of the unexposed biocide-loaded filters and a non-loaded control filter onto microorganism-loaded agar in petri dishes. Microorganisms studied included four bacteria, a fungus, and an opportunistic pathogen. The samples were then incubated and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the zone of inhibited growth of the microorganisms around the disks due to the biocide treatments which were applied to the filters.

The results are presented for two of a series of biocide-loaded nonwoven filters which were prepared using two different techniques for loading the biocides: 1) nonwoven filters which were prepared by mixing the biocide with the polypropylene polymer prior to meltblowing the polymer into a filter - referred to as impregnated biocide, and 2) spray application of the biocides as a finish onto the filter media–referred to as post treatment. The effects of impregnated versus post treatment applications on filtration efficiency and on the inhibition of bacterial growth on the filters are presented.
Foamed Latex Bonding of Spunlace Fabrics to Improve Physical Properties
Authors: Shahani A. , Shiffler D.A. , Batra S.K. , Cannon Charles A.
Published: November 2018

Strength, abrasion resistance, load at 5% strain (modulus), and strain recovery of dry lay spunlace fabric are improved by the addition of small amounts (≤5%) of acrylic latex binder in the form of a collapsible foam. Bending rigidity is somewhat increased.
Adaptive robust control for free-floating space robot with unknown uncertainty based on neural network
Authors: Wenhui Zhang , Hongsheng Li , Xiaoping Ye , Jiacai Huang , Mingying Huo
Published: November 2018

It is difficult to obtain a precise mathematical model of free-floating space robot for the uncertain factors, such as current measurement technology and external disturbance. Hence, a suitable solution would be an adaptive robust control method based on neural network is proposed for free-floating space robot. The dynamic model of free-floating space robot is established; a computed torque controller based on exact model is designed, and the controller can guarantee the stability of the system. However, in practice, the mathematical model of the system cannot be accurately obtained. Therefore, a neural network controller is proposed to approximate the unknown model in the system, so that the controller avoids dependence on mathematical models. The adaptive learning laws of weights are designed to realize online real-time adjustment. The adaptive robust controller is designed to suppress the external disturbance and compensate the approximation error and improve the robustness and control precision of the system. The stability of closed-loop system is proved based on Lyapunov theory. Simulations tests verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method and are of great significance to free-floating space robot.
The development of an end-to-end service solution to support lupus patients and improve their experience in clinical trials
Authors: Allen Jodie , Child Abbey , Mertens Sarah
Published: November 2018

Objective

To develop an end-to-end clinical trial service to improve patient experience during trials, reduce the burden of participating in a trial, and increase trial retention.

Methods

A literature search and stakeholder interviews were used to identify current challenges and unmet needs of systemic lupus erythematosus patients and other systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trial stakeholders. The results from the literature search and interviews were used to create a five-phase map describing the current clinical trial experience of all stakeholders. A set of proposed solutions were developed to address the identified unmet needs and challenges. These solutions were presented to trial-experienced patients and study site personnel; any feedback obtained was used to further refine the solutions.

Results

Four site personnel and seven patients from three different systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trial sites were interviewed between September 2015 and December 2015. Key unmet needs and challenges were identified at each stage of the clinical trials. At the screening stage, some patients incorrectly thought they were successfully enrolled into the clinical trial. During enrollment, some patients found it difficult to keep fully informed about the trial and were unable to explain the trial process to loved ones. During the trial, patients struggled to prepare for study visits, felt overwhelmed by the trial process, and wanted someone to talk to for support. Clinical trial site personnel reported current key challenges as: delivering trial information clearly and consistently to patients, setting patient expectations, retaining enrolled patients, and providing non-clinical patient support. To address the needs of patients and site personnel, an end-to-end support service was designed, consisting of nine solutions: My Best Choice, My Eligibility, My Lupus Trial Kit, My Lupus Trial Coach, My Appointment Guide, My Clinic Compass, Our Gratitude, Building a Different Network, and My Next Chapter.

Conclusion

The solutions proposed in this qualitative study may help improve the systemic lupus erythematosus clinical trial experience for patients, potentially helping to increase trial recruitment and retention. The solutions proposed here would also promote positive patient-trial personnel relationships, which may help site personnel identify patients at risk of early withdrawal, while ensuring that the time and resources of site personnel are used efficiently.
Alexithymia explains increased empathic personal distress in individuals with and without eating disorders
Authors: Brewer Rebecca , Cook Richard , Cardi Valentina , Treasure Janet , Catmur Caroline , Bird Geoffrey
Published: November 2018

It is often assumed that empathy impairments are common in individuals with eating disorders (EDs), but empirical work has been limited and produced mixed results, making the clinical features and treatment needs of this population difficult to determine. Alexithymia, characterised by difficulties identifying and describing one’s own emotions, frequently co-occurs with EDs and is associated with atypical recognition of, and empathy for, others’ emotions. This study used an existing empathy for pain paradigm to determine whether atypical empathy in EDs stems from co-occurring alexithymia, rather than EDs per se. Empathy (specifically personal distress in response to others’ pain) was assessed in individuals with EDs ( N = 21) and an alexithymia-matched control group ( N = 22). Participants were simultaneously members of a high alexithymia ( N = 16) or low alexithymia ( N = 27) group, allowing the independent contributions of alexithymia and EDs to be determined. Participants judged the laterality of hands and feet in painful and non-painful situations, and the degree of empathic interference on response times was measured. Results indicated that observation of painful stimuli affected task performance in those with high levels of alexithymia more than those with low levels, but no effect of ED diagnosis was observed. These findings suggest that co-occurring alexithymia explains increased empathic personal distress in ED populations. Atypical empathy may therefore not be a core feature of EDs, and interventions aimed at improving empathy-related social functioning may only be necessary for patients who also have alexithymia. These findings emphasise the importance of determining the influence of co-occurring alexithymia when assessing empathy in clinical populations.
In-field measurement of vertical and horizontal forces in ski-jumping: Evaluation of a portable two-dimensional force plate
Authors: Fritz Julian , Kröll Josef , Jenny Herbert , Schwameder Hermann
Published: November 2018

Various methods for measuring ground reaction forces during ski-jumping have been developed and applied. The main limitations of the current systems are the restriction to the measurement of single phases (parts of the in-run and take-off) and single force components (vertical component only). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess a recently developed force measurement system (JH-SJ), which records forces in the vertical (compression and tension) and horizontal (anterior and posterior) directions over the entire hill jumping sequence. Comparing the values between the JH-SJ and calibrated reference systems in a static and ski-jumping-specific condition provided a means of validating the use of JH-SJ. Hill jumps were performed to evaluate the system regarding the feasibility of application and plausibility of the obtained data. Mean absolute difference during static validity evaluation was 3.5 N (2.7%). Root mean square errors during ski-jumping-specific validity evaluation were less than 11.9 N. Vertical forces acted as compression during all phases of the hill jump except for the flight phase, when tension forces were also recorded. Horizontal force acted as friction on the system during in-run, take-off and landing. The small deviation of the measurement system compared to the reference systems suggests high validity of the JH-SJ measurement system. Qualitative analysis of the forces during hill jumps delivered plausible results for all phases, similar to previous studies. Based on this study, the JH-SJ system measures forces with a high degree of accuracy and precision in real conditions (hill jumps), while contributing new insights into ski-jumping kinetics.