bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keepability of Pennsylvania versus West Coast Grown Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees: Genotypic Variation in Relation to Subfreezing Temperatures
Authors: Kubiske Mark E. , Abrams Marc D. , Finley James C.
Published: August 2019

Cut Douglas-fir Christmas trees grown in Pennsylvania from Rocky Mountain seed sources and coastal trees grown in the Pacific Northwest and shipped into Pennsylvania were compared for keepability. Following various cold treatments, the cut ends of trees were placed in water in an indoor display area. Coastal trees placed in a freezer at - 29°C for 24 h had 89 ± 5.1% (mean ± standard error) needle loss after one day of display, while Rocky Mountain origin trees exhibited only 3 ± 2.0% needle loss after 1 day and 50 ± 5.6% needle loss after 18 days. Coastal produced trees exposed to temperatures > - 12°C had 50 ± 9.8% needle loss at the end of the experiment, while Rocky Mountain trees ended with 22 ± 3.2% needle loss. Four additional treatments consisted of trees placed on an outdoor lot and periodically moved indoors to simulate Christmas tree market activity. Again, there was a significant difference between trees from coastal and Rocky Mountain sources, with 57.2 ± 4.3% and 11.8 ± 1.2% needle loss after 3 days, respectively. By the end of the 23 day experiment, the coastal trees were essentially devoid of needles, whereas Rocky Mountain trees had an average of only 20% needle loss. Coastal trees also exhibited a very noticeable loss of color and lustre. North. J. Appl. For. 7:86-89, June 1990.
Tax Reform and Christmas Tree Profits in the Lake States
Authors: Potter-Witter Karen , Leefers Larry A.
Published: August 2019

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 had a large impact on the profits of Christmas tree growers. Growers have significant costs for at least 7 years before they realize any returns. Prior to the Tax Reform Act, 60% of these returns were exempt from federal income tax if they qualified as long-term capital gains. Currently 100% of these returns are subject to taxation. Using a comprehensive survey of production costs of Michigan Christmas tree growers, this study found that after-tax rates of return dropped from 41% down to 31.6% for Scotch pine on an 8-year rotation. Other species and rotation showed corresponding decreases. North. J. Appl. For. 7:89-91, June 1990.
White Spruce Regeneration on a Blade-Scarified Alaskan Loess Soil1
Authors: Packee Edmond C.
Published: August 2019

Following hardwood removal from a mixed spruce-birch-aspen forest stand, portions of the stand were blade-scarified to encourage natural white spruce regeneration. Six years after treatment the number and height of white spruce seedlings were significantly greater on scarified than on unscarified plots. Whereas 100% of scarified sample plots contained five or more seedlings, 73% of unscarified plots contained no seedlings. Exposure of mineral soil and removal of grass competition are essential for the satisfactory natural regeneration of white spruce. Detailed regeneration surveys should not be considered for white spruce until seedlings are 15 cm tall, typically the fifth or sixth year after site preparation. North. J. Appl. For. 7:121-123, September 1990.
An Aspen Bark Factor Equation for Michigan
Authors: Fowler Gary W.
Published: August 2019

A multiple linear regression equation was developed to predict bark factor for aspen in Michigan as a function of tree height. Bark factors for bigtooth aspen were, in general, somewhat larger than bark factors for trembling aspen. Even though equations were developed for both species, the differences between the two equations were small, and not statistically significant, and a pooled equation based on both species is recommended. The pooled prediction equation yielded average relative errors from - 2.3 to 0.87% and - 1.02 to 3.83% at all tree heights for bigtooth and trembling aspen, respectively. For more accurate predictions of bark factor, the separate prediction equations for bigtooth and trembling aspen should be used. The new equations can be used to more accurately estimate tree and log wood volumes than when using a constant bark factor determined at breast height, which, in general, leads to underestimates of wood volumes. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):12-15.
Cable Yarding a Shelterwood Overstory in White Spruce Timber
Authors: Richmond Allen P. , Sampson George R. , Gasbarro Anthony F.
Published: August 2019

A shelterwood overstory from a 1972 seed cutting was felled with chainsaws and cable yarded with a Clearwater yarder in March and April 1987. Daily and yarding cycle data were collected to determine productivity and costs. Felling and yarding costs ranged from $53 to $61 per mbf when only merchantable timber was yarded. The costs rose to $83 to $90 per mbf when unmerchantable tops were also yarded. The data presented in this study provide loggers and forest managers with an estimate of the costs involved when using the Clearwater yarder to harvest green spruce.
Type and Timing of Thinning Hybrid Poplar Coppice Affects Growth
Authors: Druck Norman , Strobl Silvia
Published: August 2019

To optimize the growth of a hybrid poplar coppice plantation, a thinning trial was established in eastern Ontario. Four treatments were investigated: (1) thinning stools to one dominant sprout with residuals clipped at a height of 1 m (to increase operational efficiency of thinning), (2) thinning to one dominant sprout with residuals completely removed, (3) thinning to three dominant sprouts with residuals completely removed, and (4) no thinning. All treatments were performed at the beginning of either the third or fifth growing seasons (timing treatment one and two, respectively). When the 7-yr-old data were analyzed (i.e., 5 growing seasons after timing treatment one and 3 growing seasons after timing treatment two), thinning did not increase dominant sprout growth and significantly larger quantities of wood fiber were produced with lower thinning intensities or no thinning because of the greater number of sprouts per stool. Results of this trial suggest there is no advantage to thinning hybrid poplar coppice after the beginning of the third growing season. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):166-168.
Cavity-Nesting Bird Abundance in Thinned Versus Unthinned Massachusetts Oak Stands
Authors: Welsh Christopher J. E. , Healy William M. , DeGraaf Richard M.
Published: August 2019

Cavity-nesting birds provide significant benefits to forest communities, but timber management techniques may negatively affect cavity-nesting species by reducing the availability of suitable nest and foraging sites. We surveyed cavity-nesting birds from transects in eight Massachusetts oak stands to examine the effect of thinning with retention of snag and wildlife trees on bird use of those stands. We found no difference (P > 0.05) in number of primary- and secondary-cavity nesters detected per km among thinned and unthinned stands when snag and wildlife trees were retained during thinning Our stands ranged from 13.0-51.9 ha and were surrounded by pole- and sawtimber-sized stands. Intermediate cuttings on areas of similar size can be conducted without reducing cavity-nesting bird abundance if forest managers include wildlife considerations when planning and marking stands for harvest. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):6-9.
Determining Stocking, Forest Type, and Stand-Size Class From Forest Inventory Data
Authors: Hansen Mark H. , Hahn Jerold T.
Published: August 2019

This paper describes the procedures used by North Central Forest Experiment Station's Forest Inventory and Analysis Work Unit (NCFIA) in determining stocking, forest type, and stand-size class. The stocking procedure assigns a portion of the stocking to individual trees measured on NCFIA 10-point field plots. Stand size and forest type are determined as functions of the stocking, size, and species of these trees and the physiographic classification of the site. One stand-size classification algorithm used in all states inventoried by NCFIA is described. Three separate forest type classification algorithms used in the Lake States (MI, MN, and WI), Plains States (KS, NE, ND, and SD) and Central States (IA, IL, IN, and MO) are presented. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):82-89.
Natural Recovery of Compacted Soils in an Upland Hardwood Forest in Indiana
Authors: Reisinger Thomas W. , Pope Phillip E. , Hammond Sheldon C.
Published: August 2019

Recovery of soils compacted from conventional ground-based logging operations was assessed on six upland oak-hickory timber sales in south central Indiana. Two areas were selectively harvested in each of the years 1984, 1986, and 1988. Mean bulk density of undisturbed forest soils ranged from 0.93 to 1.02 mg/m3 for the silt loam soils found on all six study areas. Even though soil disturbance averaged 18% of the total sale area immediately after harvesting, the visible amount of soil disturbance decreased to 2.0 and 2.5% for the areas sampled 2 and 4 years after logging, respectively. Compacted soils on secondary skid trails (i.e., 1.08 mg/m3) recovered to preharvest bulk density in 2 to 4 years, but primary skid trails and landings with higher bulk density values (i.e., 1.19 to 1.28 and 1.35 mg/m3) will require somewhat longer than 4 years to recover. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):138-141.
3D RECONSTRUCTION OF INNER STRUCTURE OF RADIOACTIVE SAMPLES UTILIZING GAMMA TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Zoul David , Zháňal Pavel , Viererbl Ladislav , Kolros Antonín , Zuna Milan , Havlová Václava
Published: August 2019

Unique 3D tomography apparatus was built and successfully tested in Research Centre Rez. The apparatus allows three-dimensional view into the interior of low-dimension radioactive samples with a diameter up to several tens of millimeters with a betterresolution then 1 mm3 and is designed to detect domains with different levels of radioactivity. Structural inhomogeneities such as cavities, cracks or regions with different chemical composition can be detected using this equipment. The SPECT scanner has been successfully tested on several samples composed of a 3-mm radionuclide source located eccentrically within homogeneous steel bushings. To detect fine cracks inside a small sample, an ultrafine scan of the sample was carried out in the course of 24 hours with a 0.5-mm longitudinal and transverse step and 18° angular step. The exact location and orientation of a fine crack artificially formed inside a sample has been detected.
Mycorrhizae Benefit Survival and Growth of Sweetgum Seedlings in the Nursery
Authors: Bryan William C. , Kormanik Paul P.
Published: August 2019

In small plots where soil was fumigated with methyl bromide before sowing, roots of sweet-gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings were non-mycorrhizal. When such soil was inoculated with naturalist occurring endomycorrhizal fungi, or with a pure culture of Glomus mosseae, 1-0 seedlings were thrifty, averaging eight times taller and approximately 80 times greater in ovendry top weight than the non-mycorrhizal controls.
Increasing Southern Pine Timber Production Through Tree Improvement
Authors: Zobel Bruce
Published: August 2019

Increasing pressures on the pine timber supply in the South make it mandatory to find ways to increase the inventory. One effective way is through tree improvement. A major objective is to improve adaptability and maintain a broad genetic base, needed both for short-term development for marginal sites and for long-range breeding programs. Results have been good, with a number of specialty orchards already established. Accomplishments through tree improvement are: (1) volume increases varying from 10 to 30 percent for first-generation orchards, depending on selection intensity, roguing methods, and breeding strategy; (2) improvement in tree form, especially straightness; (3) proof that specific gravity of wood is strongly inherited; and (4) gains in fusiform rust resistance up to 40 percent in heavily infected areas.
Potential Mineral Release in Loblolly and Longleaf Pine Litter
Authors: Curtis Jack E. , Reeves Hershel C. , Halls Lowell K.
Published: August 2019

Litter in three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands contains more calcium in longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) stands of the same age, but similar amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus.
Rooting of Cuttings from Mature Water Oak
Authors: Hare Robert C.
Published: August 2019

Seventy-six percent of the cuttings taken from girdled shoots of 19 to 57-year-old water oaks rooted in one month; only 20 percent of the control cuttings, which were not girdled, rooted. Girdled shoots were treated with a rooting powder containing auxins, sucrose, and fungicide in early May, six weeks before cuttings were taken and inserted in a rooting medium. Control cuttings received the same powder just before insertion in the rooting medium. Girdling also increased the number of roots on and survival of rooted cuttings.
Analyzing Alternative Management Strategies for Unthinned Plantations
Authors: Pienaar L. V.
Published: August 2019

When a tract of land is used to produce timber by planting and clearcutting plantations of single species, the expected financial return will depend on the choice of species, planting density, and harvest age, as well as establishment and interest costs. An analytical procedure which will aid in these decisions, rather than provide an explicit optimum solution, is demonstrated for old-field slash pine plantations in the coastal region of Georgia.
Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding
Authors: Baker James B.
Published: August 2019

Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.
Performance of Eastern White Pine and Competing Vegetation Following Two Methods of Stand Conversion
Authors: Freeman Phillip C. , Van Lear D. H.
Published: August 2019

Growth and survival of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings planted beneath a residual hardwood overstory were compared for two growing seasons with seedlings in a clearcut area in the Piedmont of South Carolina. After two growing seasons, average diameter of white pine seedlings was significantly greater in the clearcut area. Seedling diameters in the clearcut were further increased by herbicide spraying, but not in the residual overstory plots where overstory competition inhibited sprout growth. Neither height growth nor survival (49 percent overall) of white pine seedlings was influenced by any treatment combination.
Lumber Yield and Grade Recovery from Southern Pine Sawtimber after Beetle Attack
Authors: Sinclair Steven A. , Ifju Gezu , Heikkenen H. J.
Published: August 2019

Dead southern pine sawtimber previously attacked by bark beetles was harvested 12 months after foliage fade and converted into lumber. Lumber yield on a volume and grade basis was significantly less for the beetle-killed trees than for a similar set of normal green trees. Upper logs of the beetle-killed trees showed a more serious grade and volume loss than the lower logs. Decay and borer damage were the main causes of grade yield loss.
Forest Harvesting Equipment Ownership and Operating Costs in 1984
Authors: Werblow Dennis A. , Cubbage Frederick W.
Published: August 2019

Forest harvesting equipment purchase costs in 1984 were determined by a survey of equipment dealers and manufacturers operating in the South. Based on delivered purchase prices, fixed costs for equipment ownership were calculated using machine rate formulas. Equipment operating costs were estimated based on general guidelines, fuel consumption data, and historical records. The fixed and operating cost data can be used when considering equipment investments and analyzing actual or potential harvesting systems.
Survival and Growth of Outplanted Pine Seedlings after Mycorrhizae Were Inhibited by Use of Triadimefon in the Nursery
Authors: Rowan S. J. , Kelley W. D.
Published: August 2019

Triadimefon (Bayleton®), applied as foliar sprays at recommended and higher rates to pine seedlings in nursery beds, inhibited development of mycorrhizal roots, but subsequent survival percentages and rates of growth of the seedlings in plantations were not affected.
Filter Strip Widths for Forest Roads in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Swift Lloyd W.
Published: August 2019

Filter strip standards currently applied to forest roads in the southern Appalachian Mountains may specify greater widths than are necessary with prevailing construction practices. Measurements of the distance that sediment traveled downslope below newly constructed roads were less than previously reported. Distances were notably less if natural obstructions existed on the forest floor, brush barriers constructed at the edge of the right-of-way, road fills grass-covered, and roads outsloped and drained by broad-based dips. Discussion of management considerations lead to proposed revised guidelines for minimum filter strip widths for the southern mountains.
Area Foresters and Virginia Seed Tree Law Effectiveness
Authors: Graff John , Kaiser Fred
Published: August 2019

An eight-county survey evaluated the effectiveness of the Seed Tree Law in Virginia. The survey revealed that reforestation activities occurred on 79% of the area harvested. The analysis also revealed that because they provided information on reforestation options to landowners, area foresters were key components to the success or failure of the Seed Tree Law.
Revising the Forestry Incentives Program for the South
Authors: Pitcher John A. , Risbrudt Christopher D.
Published: August 2019

Weaknesses revealed in evaluations of the Forestry Incentives Program led to internal rates of return that failed to cover investment costs adequately for certain practices. A revised set of silvicultural standards for field use has been implemented. Those standards having application in the South are presented.
Management Options for Poorly Stocked Stands in the South Central United States
Authors: Birdsey Richard A. , Pitcher J. A.
Published: August 2019

In the south central United States more than 22 million acres of timberland are now poorly stocked. Three-fourths of this poorly stocked timberland is in nonindustrial private forest ownership. Much of this acreage could be developed into satisfactory timber stands with additional treatment efforts. Opportunities to improve the quality, growth, and yield of partially stocked timberlands are often neglected. The control of competing vegetation to favor current growing stock must be assessed as an alternative to clearing and planting.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:73-77, May 1986.
Pollen Quantity and Viability Affect Seed Yields from Controlled Pollinations of Loblolly Pine
Authors: Matthews Fred R. , Bramlett David L.
Published: August 2019

Four quantities (0.25 to 2.00 cm3) and seven viabilities (0 to 89%) of loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) pollen were evaluated in all combinations for their effect on seed yields after use in controlled pollinations. Yields of developed and filled seeds as well as apparent pollination effectiveness were more strongly due to increasing viability than to increasing pollen quantity. The percent of filled seeds was only slightly affected by either pollen viability or quantity. Increased quantities of pollen with viability of less than 50% resulted in only minor increases in seed yields. To compensate for low viability of pollen lots, pine breeders should increase the number of flowers pollinated rather than the quantity of pollen per bag.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:78-80, May 1986.
Performance of Livingston Parish Loblolly Pine in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Powers H. R.
Published: August 2019

Seedlings of Livingston Parish (Louisiana) loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) have been widely used across the Gulf and south Atlantic Coastal Plain to reduce the damage caused by the fusiform rust disease. Since this seed-source material provided the first rust-resistant seedlings available to forestland managers, it was used wherever rust damage was heavy, in some cases into the Piedmont north of the recommended area of planting. This paper evaluates the performance of ten-year-old Livingston Parish trees in such an area. The rust resistance of the Livingston Parish trees was outstanding, with 83% being free of disease as compared with only 14% of the commercial controls. There was no difference in growth between the two groups of trees, and ice breakage was not significantly greater in the Livingston Parish trees.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:84-87, May 1986.
Root System Considerations in the Quality of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Carlson W. C.
Published: August 2019

A series of studies was carried out to determine quantitative relationships between root system quality parameters and ability to take up water, and expand the root system into adjacent soil. Root system size, described by displacement of water (i.e., root volume), determines the potential for water uptake prior to new root growth. Seedlings of comparatively high root volume also have superior root growth potential (RGP). After new root growth, the potential for water uptake is proportional to the number of new roots produced. The beginning of rapid root growth after planting is dependent on soil temperature. Root growth potential rank of open-pollinated families can change with soil temperature, which also alters RGP within family. Nursery practices that favor production of seedlings with high root volume and high RGP will increase the quality of seedlings of a given height.

South. J. Appl. For. 10:87-92, May 1986.
Impact of Annosus Root Rot Minimal 22 Years After Planting Pines on Root Rot Infested Sites
Authors: Kuhlman E. G.
Published: August 2019

Mortality due to annosus root rot among trees of seven species on two sites was 6% or less by age ten. Previous stands on these sites had been clearcut because the disease was widespread. After 22 years neither basidiocarps of Heterobasidion annosum nor trees with symptoms of annosus root rot were present in the plantations. Planted seedlings of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), and eastern white (P. strobus L.) pines survived well and at age 22 provided fully stocked to overstocked stands with good basal area and average dbh. Plots direct seeded with loblolly were fully stocked, whereas seeded slash and longleaf plots have always been poorly stocked. Annosus root rot is not a serious threat to regeneration on annosus infested sites.

South J. Appl. For. 10:96-98, May 1986.
Slash Pine Growth and Yield Responses to Sludge Applications
Authors: Riekerk H. , Lutrick M. C.
Published: August 2019

Sewage sludge was applied to forestland to test the effect of waste utilization on forest growth and yield improvement. Growth and yield improvement were associated with increased acidity and extractable phosphorus (P) in the surface sail. Heavy metal mobility was minimal. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) volume growth and yield improvement were significant at 0.035 ft3/yr and 8.0 ft3/ac/yr, respectively, for each 10 tons/ac of dry weight sludge. Sludge application after tree establishment improved growth by 0.054 ft3/yr and yield by 28.9 ft3/ac/yr. This was a two- to three-fold increase over sludge treatment before tree establishment. Differences were attributed to increased weed competition, disease, and seedling mortality in the pines planted after sludge treatment. Lower sludge rates frequently applied to established stand would be the best procedure for forest growth and yield improvement with a minimum of site problems. South. J. Appl. For. 10:142-45, Aug. 1986.
Influences of Forest Fertilization on South Carolina Deer Forage Quality
Authors: Wood Gene W.
Published: August 2019

Growing season application of high phosphate fertilizers to pine stands in South Carolina improved the nutritional value of foliage of some woody species for one to two years. Improvements in forage quality were more frequent on Coastal Plain than on Piedmont sites. The most important change was in increased levels of P in Coastal Plain forages, which are generally low in this nutrient. South. J. Appl. For. 10:203-206, Nov. 1986.
Tree Profile and Volume Ratio Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees on Cutover Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Ledbetter Julia R. , Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for predicting the height and cubic foot volume (ib or ob) to any top diameter limit (ib or ob) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown on cutover site-prepared lands. Example applications of the equations are given. South. J. Appl. For. 10:241-244, Nov. 1986.
Developmental Patterns of Residual Oaks and Oak and Yellow-Poplar Regeneration After Release in Upland Hardwood Stands
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L.
Published: August 2019

Representative plots in four mixed species, upland hardwood stands in the North Carolina Piedmont were reconstructed to determine height and diameter development patterns. The reconstructed stands were typical of those found in the southeastern United States with variable age structures but still predominantly even-aged. In all four sample plots yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) dominated the oaks (Quercus spp.) and hickories (Carya spp.) for at least 80 years, even when the oaks and hickories were older, residual stems originating before the disturbance that initiated the stand. Suppressed, residual oaks, released by the disturbance, grew more slowly and were of poorer quality and less desirable for commercial uses than the younger oaks, which began height growth immediately after this disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 10:244-248, Nov. 1986.
An Example of Site Classification in the Southeastern Coastal Plain Based on Vegetation and Land Type¹
Authors: Van Lear D. H. , Jones S. M.
Published: August 2019

A site classification system based on vegetation and land type was developed for the Savannah River Plant (SRP) in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Different positions of the landscape support distinctive plant communities. Late successional plant communities and their immediate predecessors were identified on eight site types along a moisture gradient ranging from dry, sandy uplands to flooded bottoms. Late successional, near-stable plant communities, even in the highly disturbed forest ecosystems of the Southeast, act as integrators of environmental factors to reflectsite potential. Vegetation can supplement information on soils and topography in the delineation and classification of forest sites. Knowledge of site-vegetative relationships would be especially useful in making management decisions regarding wildlife habitat evaluation, hazard rating for insects, diseases, and fires, and estimating potential uses for recreation. Application of the system by practicing foresters is discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):23-28.
Impact of Season of Harvest and Site Quality on Cut-Stump Treatment of Piedmont Hardwoods
Authors: Zedaker Shepard M. , Lewis² James B. , Smith David Wm. , Kreh Richard E.
Published: August 2019

Herbicide treatments were made to the cambial area of Piedmont hardwoods immediately after chainsaw clear-felling using Roundup® Velpar L ®, Tordon 101R®, Garlon 3A®, and Banvel CST®. Evaluations of the materials used were based on both percent kill of treated stumps and percent control of sprouting. Efficacy was determined for stumps treated during the dormant and growing season and for those growing on good versus poor sites. The interaction between herbicide and season of harvest was significant, with Tordon 101R, Velpar L, and Banvel CST all performing better on the dormant season-harvested areas. Garlon 3A and Roundup gave slightly better control of sprouting on the growing season-harvested areas. Based on percent kill, the Roundup, Garlon 3A, and Tordon 101R treatments were significantly more effective in controlling resprouting than the Velpar L and Banvel CST treatments. Two years after treatment, plots receiving the herbicide treatments had significantly less hardwood competition present. The hardwood basal area averaged 16.1 ft²/ac on untreated areas as opposed to 7.0 ft²/ac on the stump treated areas. South.J. AppL For. 11(1):46-49.
Effect of Storage of Loblolly and Slash Pine Cones on Seed Quality
Authors: Bonner F. T.
Published: August 2019

Effects of cone storage on seed quality were evaluated in studies conducted in Mississippi and Alabama on drying rates and storage conditions (bag vs. crate). The drying study found that: (1) Cone drying was equally rapid in indoor and outdoor covered conditions and slower in unprotected outdoor conditions; (2) seed extraction efficiency was significantly affected by all treatments with the best efficiency from cones stored outdoors unprotected; and (3) germination rate was more sensitive to treatment conditions than total germination. The second study compared burlap bagsto 20-bushel wirebound crates as storage containers for loblolly (Pinus–taeda L.) or slash (P. elliottii Engelm.) pine cones stored for varying periods. Study results reveal that (1) either bags or crates provide satisfactory storage if handled properly and (2) cone storage (4 weeks for slash,5 to 7 weeks for loblolly) enhances seed quality through apparent improved maturation. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):59-65.
Economic Aspects of Nursery Seed Efficiency
Authors: South David B.
Published: August 2019

Advancements in forest nursery management practices are directly tied to the value of the seeds used. When seed value is low and seeds are plentiful (as with wild seeds), old nursery practices that produce 5 plantable seedlings for 10 pure live seeds sown may be economically acceptable.However, with genetically improved seeds having a present value of 2 to 10 cents per seed, better nursery practices must be employed to provide optimum seed utilization. At some nurseries that produce 25 million seedlings and with seed costs of 0.5 cents per pure live seed, increasing nurseryseed efficiency by 10% could result in saving more than $20,000 annually. Also, if increasing nursery seed efficiency results in planting an additional 3,500 acres with improved seedlings, the increase in present value of future volume gains could easily amount to $90,000 peryear. To achieve the goal of producing 8 to 9 seedlings for every 10 pure live seeds sown, forest nurseries must have adequate funding to maintain the best personnel and equipment. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):106-109.
Relationship Between Initial Seedling Height and Survival and Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings Planted During a Droughty Year
Authors: Tuttle C. L. , South D. B. , Golden M. S. , Meldahl R. S.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling height (measured immediately following planting) was significantly related to survival after two growing seasons. This relationship was negative on sites classified as adverse, with shorter seedlings having better survival than taller ones. Onnonadverse sites, taller seedlings survived as well or better than shorter seedlings. On all sites, initial height was inversely related to total seedling height growth during the first two seasons, permitting shorter seedlings at planting to reach the same total height as taller ones by agetwo. As a result, at age two, initial field height was not significantly related to total height. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):139-143.
Measuring Wildfire Impacts: Method and Case Study
Authors: Mills W. L. , Shnitzler S. D. , Meldahl R. S.
Published: August 2019

A discounted cash flow model called the Impact Appraisal Model (IAM) computes the economic impact due to a change in timber production caused by a wildfire. Data requirements for the IAM can be obtained using standard inventory procedures to estimate the pre- and post-fire stand conditionsneeded to initiate a growth and yield simulator. The model is demonstrated using five loblolly plantations that burned in 1980 and 1981. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):143-147.
Taking Increment Cores with Power Tools
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W.
Published: August 2019

High-quality increment cores can now be extracted from trees by powering increment borers, with light-weight generators to operate electric drills or by using engine-powered drills that weigh less than 9 lb but develop 1.2 hp. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):151-153.
Five Fusiform Rust-Resistant Seed Sources in Coastal South Carolina: A Field Comparison
Authors: Powers H. R. , Matthews F. R.
Published: August 2019

Bulk collections of seeds from five fusiform rust-resistant sources of loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (P. elliottii var. elliottii) pines were tested for disease resistance and growth potential in coastal South Carolina. Texas and Arkansas loblolly had significantly less rust than trees from other seed sources, although all five resistant sources had significantly less rust infection than commercial checks. Texas loblolly has excellent height growth and was not significantly different from the top-ranked loblolly commercial checks. Arkansas loblolly, although excellent for rust resistance, attained the least height. Trees from the loblolly and slash pine rust-resistant orchards also had good growth and rust resistance. Livingston Parch (Louisiana) loblolly seedlings, which have been widely planted in the South, were not significantly different from the rust-resistant loblolly orchard seedlings in either growth or rust infection. Survival of all seed sources in the test was satisfactory; however, the Livingston Parish and slash commercial check had significantly fewer surviving trees. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):198-201.
Adoption of Silvicultural Practices by Opinion Leaders Who own Nonindustrial Private Forestland
Authors: Haymond Jacqueline L.
Published: August 2019

Sixty-three opinion leaders who are nonindustrial private forestland owners in eight rural South Carolina Piedmont counties were interviewed. The number of silvicultural practices used depended on the size of forestland ownership but not on present age, income, or management tenure of owners. The number of practices used was related positively to the owner's professed importance of the value of improving the forest for uses other than timber production. Neither the importance of cost in adopting a practice nor the ease of application were related statistically to silvicultural activity. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):20-23.
Genetic Strategies for Reducing Pitch Canker Incidence in Slash Pine
Authors: Rockwood D. L. , Blakeslee G. M. , Lowerts G. A. , Underhill E. M. , Oak S. W.
Published: August 2019

Seedlings or ramets from 224 slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) clones were evaluated for resistance to the pitch canker fungus Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans Wollenw. & Reink. (FMS). Heritabilities and associated genetic gains calculated in five field tests suggest that pitch canker incidence can be reduced through appropriate genetic strategies. Three short-term strategies may be used to reduce incidence: use of an east-central Florida seed source, use of seed from resistant clones in existing orchards, and use of seed from seed production areas developed in epidemic areas. Longer term strategies involving new clonal orchards are predicted to decrease incidence significantly. Pitch canker resistance does not appear to be genetically related to good growth or to resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):28-32.
Stand-Level Cubic-Foot Volume Ratio Equations for Planted Loblolly Pine on Site-Prepared Land in the Mid-South Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: Matney Thomas G. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Ledbetter Julia R. , Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

Volume ratio predictor equations are presented for calculating cubic foot volumes per acre to any top diameter limit in loblolly pine plantations on cutover site-prepared land. An illustrative example of the application of the equations is presented. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):7-11.
Profits from Growing Virginia Pine Christmas Trees in Louisiana
Authors: Hu Shih-Chang , Burns P. Y.
Published: August 2019

Costs and returns involved in growing Virgina pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) Christmas trees are presented as a guide to estimating profit from this enterprise. With the assumptions made, based on research and grower experience in southern Louisiana, the net profit was computed to be $481/ac/yr and the internal rate of return to be 38% for a four-year rotation. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):122-124.
Decision-Making Criteria for Forest Fertilization in the Southeast: An Industrial Perspective
Authors: Jokela Eric J. , Harding Bruce , Troth John L.
Published: August 2019

An effective operational forest fertilization program requires diagnostic systems that accurately identify a site's nutrient status and also predict stand responses to fertilizers. Diagnostic criteria evaluated over the past 20 years have included visual symptoms, soil analysis, foliar analysis, soil groups, greenhouse studies, experimental fertilization trials, and empirical response models. Each system has associated advantages and limitations when applied on an operational level. The diagnostic techniques used by forest managers will depend on reliability, costs of time and materials, and technical skills needed for implementation. A survey of industrial organizations having operational forest fertilization programs indicated that most were using a combination of methods, in the belief that simultaneous use of several criteria improves the accuracy of diagnosis. In the Lower Coastal Plain, managers most frequently cited soil groups, soil analyses, soil drainage classes, and results from experimental field trials as reliable criteria for making "at-time-of-planting" prescriptions. Knowledge required to manage the nutrition of established stands was generally considered to be more complex. Foliar analysis, soil groups, soil drainage classes, stand attributes, and fertilizer field trials ranked highest in perceived reliability. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):153-160.
Predicting Residuals by Stand Condition and Type of Harvest
Authors: McMinn James W. , Clark Alexander , Loggins Tommy J.
Published: August 2019

In mixed pine-hardwood stands in central Georgia, the tonnage of all trees not designated for harvest accounted for 89% of the variation in tonnage of standing residuals after conventional harvesting. Standing residuals weighed 5.4 to 29.3 tons/ac after conventional harvests, but an additional 2 to 13 tons of broken and uprooted material and 1 to 8 tons of hardwood tops would hinder recovery. A whole-tree system, for which small stems were harvested first, recovered 16 to 43 tons/ac, which was 56 to 94% more material than would have been left standing after conventional harvest of the same areas. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):190-193.
Management of Loblolly Pine Clone Banks for Scion Production
Authors: McKeand Steven E. , Sprague Jerry R. , Jett J. B.
Published: August 2019

Scion production in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) clone bank was maximized when scions were clipped from lateral branches only (heavy pruning treatment) as compared to hedging trees or hedging trees plus spraying with benzylaminopurine. Since the growth of the heavily pruned trees was very similar to nonpruned or lightly pruned trees, the use of this treatment is recommended to increase scion production in young pine seed orchards and clone banks that will also be used for breeding. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):231-234.
The Delivery of Semiprimitive Outdoor Recreation Opportunities on the Chattahoochee National Forest and Variations in Timber Demand
Authors: Botkin Martin R. , Devine Hugh A.
Published: August 2019

The Chattahoochee Forest Planning Model was modified to include semiprimitive nontimber harvest management prescriptions that equalled the maximum annual production of recreation visitor days of the existing timber harvest prescriptions. The present net value formulation was resolved to determine if the inclusion of the nontimber harvest prescriptions would affect the model's allocation of semiprimitive outdoor recreation resources. The revised model was also subjected to a series of resource allocation sensitivity simulations in which the estimates of future timber demand were varied. The allocation of semiprimitive outdoor recreation resources was influenced by the new prescription only when timber demand was less than 100% of the current timber demand estimate. Actual maximum acreage allocation of semiprimitive resources was achieved when timber demand was 75% of the existing estimate. Doubling the timber demand estimate did not decrease the acres allocated to the semiprimitive resource on the Chattahoochee National Forest. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):246-252
Effects of Crown Thinning on Baldcypress Height, Diameter, and Volume Growth
Authors: Dicke Stephen G. , Toliver John R.
Published: August 2019

Crown thinning a 63-year-old stand of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) averaging 220 ft²/ac of basal area to 180, 140, and 100 ft²/ac resulted in 5-year diameter growths of 0.44, 0.51, and 0.77 in., respectively. The unthinned control was significantly less at 0.31 in. Six-year height growth averaged 3.1 ft and was not influenced by treatment. Thinning to 140 and 100 ft²/ac stimulated epicormic branching on many trees, which may lower log quality. All crown thinning treatments appeared to increase sawtimber volume increment and sawtimber volume/ac over the control 5 years after thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):252-256.
Growth of 65-Year-Old Shortleaf Pine after Hardwood Felling or Removal in a Mixed Stand
Authors: McMinn James W.
Published: August 2019

In a 65-year-old shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and hardwood stand, hardwoods were felled and left lying at the stump or removed with a whole-tree harvest system. In the 5 years after treatment, residual pines responded in basal area growth to both removal and felling, but there was no significant difference in response between the two treatments. Magnitude of response was related to crown class and pretreatment growth. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):262-263.
Planting Loblolly Pine and Sycamore vs. Natural Regeneration on a Bottomland Site
Authors: Rich Martha F.
Published: August 2019

Comparing the yields of a 30-year-old, naturally regenerated hard-wood stand and two 16-year-old artificially regenerated stands of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) clearly demonstrates the superior yield (37 cords/ac) of the loblolly pine stand. Thenaturally regenerated hardwood stand yielded 30 cords/ac, while the sycamore plantation failed. An economic analysis shows that artificial regeneration of sycamore was not a viable investment due to site-selectivity and high establishment costs. Natural regeneration of hardwoods yields significantlylower returns than planting loblolly pine but could be considered a viable alternative on sites requiring intensive site preparation prior to planting pine. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):22-25.
A Simple Competition Assessment System Associated with Intensive Competition Control in Natural Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Seedling Stands
Authors: Cain M. D.
Published: August 2019

A simple competition assessment system was evaluated as part of an intensive competition control study in a natural, even-aged stand of loblolly-short-leaf pine (Pinus taeda L.- P. echinata Mill.) seedlings in southern Arkansas. Four levels of competition control were maintained annuallyfor 3 years as follows: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. The competition assessment system is based on a correlation of total height to groundline diameter (gld) for loblolly pine seedlingsthat are less than 6 ft tall. The correlation indicated that if seedling gld's are not within + 10 mm of total seedling height (in feet) multiplied by 10, then the seedlings would most likely show a positive growth response to competition control. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):8-12.
Opportunity Costs of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Foraging Habitat
Authors: Lancia Richard A. , Roise Joseph P. , Adams David A. , Lennartz Michael R.
Published: August 2019

The opportunity cost, or the loss in timber production, due to managing longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands as foraging habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) is a function of timber management objectives. Economic objectives that maximize soil expectation values(SEV) based on cubic foot (CF) volume result in shorter rotations and greater relative opportunity costs than wood production objectives that maximize the mean annual increment (MAI) based on board foot (BF) volume. When timber rotation ages are less than 60 years, opportunity costs of managingwoodpecker foraging habitat are minimized with a rotation of 79 years. When timber rotation ages are greater than 60 years, there is no opportunity cost associated with management for woodpecker foraging habitat. In some cases extending rotations beyond 79 years adds little additional opportunitycost, and rotation ages greater than 95 years could provide both nesting and foraging habitat. Finally, opportunity costs diminish as the density of colonies on a forest decreases. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):81-85.
Direct-Seeding of Loblolly Pine in the North Carolina Piedmont: Four-Year Results
Authors: Hazel Dennis W. , Smith Mark D. , Franklin Carlyle
Published: August 2019

Direct-seeding of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Piedmont was evaluated using combinations of the following treatments: hand-casting and mechanical broadcast sowing; use of stratified and unstratified seed; and sowing during November, January, and March. Sowing stratified seedin November and unstratified seed in March resulted in the lowest stocking; however, regeneration was accomplished by all treatments. Costs including seed, but exclusive of site preparation costs, were $10/ac for hand-casting and $18/ac for mechanical sowing. Because capitalis the most limiting resource for accomplishing regeneration on nonindustrial private forestland, direct-seeding is a viable regeneration alternative. When adequate labor is available, direct-seeding is an effective alternative to machine use. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):91-93.
Estimating Pine Density and Competition Condition in Young Pine Plantations Using 35mm Aerial Photography
Authors: Smith James L. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Heer Richard C.
Published: August 2019

A prediction system was developed that estimated pine density and hardwood competition levels in young plantations using simple measurements made on 35mm aerial photographs. The precision of the prediction system was found to be moderate to good. The use of these photo-based modelsin a decision-making situation was examined. Ground-based decisions regarding replanting, spraying for competition control, or no treatment were compared to similar decisions reached strictly from the aerial photographic measurements. Approximately 80% of all decisions agreed, and 90% of theno-treatment decisions agreed. While aerial photographs do not totally eliminate the need for field work, it is clear that photographic information can often produce reliable decisions with reduced field efforts. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):107-112.