bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Wind-Solar Power System with a Battery-Assisted Quasi-Z-Source Inverter: Optimal Power Generation by Deploying Minimum Sensors
Authors: Bubalo Matija , Bašić Mateo , Vukadinović Dinko , Grgić Ivan
Published: February 2023

This paper presents a hybrid renewable energy system (RES) including wind and photovoltaic (PV) power sources. The wind energy subsystem (WES) consists of a squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine (WT) and corresponding power electronic converter, by means of which a speed-sensorless indirect-rotor-field-oriented control of the SCIG is implemented. The outputs of both the WES and PV power source rated 1.5 kW and 3.5 kW, respectively, are connected to the DC bus, with the quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) acting as an interlinking converter between the DC bus and the AC grid/load. An advanced pulse-width-modulation scheme is applied to reduce the qZSI switching losses. The considered RES can operate both in grid-tie and island operation, whereas the battery storage system—integrated within the qZSI impedance network—enables more efficient energy management. The proposed control scheme includes successively executed algorithms for the optimization of the WES and PV power outputs under varying atmospheric conditions. A perturb-and-observe PV optimization algorithm is executed first due to the significantly faster dynamics and higher-rated power of the PV source compared to the WES. The WES optimization algorithm includes two distinct fuzzy logic optimizations: one for extraction of the maximum wind power and the other for minimization of the SCIG losses. To reduce the number of the required sensors, all three MPPT algorithms utilize the same input variable—the qZSI’s input power—thus increasing the system’s reliability and reducing the cost of implementation. The performance of the proposed hybrid RES was experimentally evaluated over wide ranges of simulated atmospheric conditions in both the island and grid-tie operation.
Experimental and Numerical Studies on Interaction Mechanism between Joints and a Hole in Rock-like Materials under Uniaxial Compression
Authors: Chen Xin , Liu Xiaoliang , Lu Ruiquan , Feng Zhongliang
Published: February 2023

To investigate the influence of joints on the stability of underground opening, uniaxial compression tests and FE analyses based on a microplane damage model for rocks has been conducted for rock-like models with a circular hole and a set of non-persistent joints. It was found that the peak strength and Young’s modulus decrease with the increase in joint continuity factor k, and variation of them with joint inclination angle β are W or V-shaped curves with the minima and maxima at β = 30° and 90°, respectively. The failure modes of the specimens and the collapse modes of the hole can be related to crack coalescence between the hole and the joints or matrix. Numerical simulation can reproduce the main features of macroscopic mechanical behavior and explain the anisotropic damage mechanism. The strong interaction between the hole and the nearest joint was revealed. During the elastic stage, stress concentration around the hole will be altered by the presence of the joints, and the effect may be strengthened with the increase in k. At the peak strength, the current stress concentration areas will be transferred from the hole surface to the interior due to stress loosening in damage localization bands/zones, and a higher hoop stress concentration factor may lead to lower strength.
Macroeconomic and Uncertainty Shocks’ Effects on Energy Prices: A Comprehensive Literature Review
Authors: Dokas Ioannis , Oikonomou Georgios , Panagiotidis Minas , Spyromitros Eleftherios
Published: February 2023

GDP, monetary variables, corruption, and uncertainty are crucial to energy policy decisions in today’s interrelated world. The global energy crisis, aggravated by rising energy prices, has sparked a thorough analysis of its causes. We demonstrate the significance of categorizing research by influence channels while focusing on their implications for energy policy decisions. We investigate the growing number of studies that use GDP, inflation, central banks’ characteristics, corruption, and uncertainty as critical factors in determining energy policies. Energy prices fluctuate because energy policies shift the supply–demand equilibrium. We categorise the effects and show that GDP, economic policy uncertainty, and, most notably, specific economic conditions and extreme events play a significant role in determining energy prices. We observed that energy consumption, GDP growth, and energy prices have a bidirectional, causal relationship. Still, the literature has not established which causative direction is the most significant. Taxes, interest rates, and corruption also significantly determine energy prices, although the origins of corruption have not been adequately examined. Lastly, uncertainty generally increases energy costs, but this relationship requires additional research in terms of the features of countries, conditions, and, most importantly, the theoretical backgrounds used.
An Increase in the Energy Efficiency of Axial Turbines by Ensuring Vibration Reliability of Blade Milling
Authors: Pavlenko Ivan , Kononenko Serhii , Czernek Krystian , Witczak Stanisław , Dobrotvorskiy Sergey , Basova Yevhenia , Ivanov Vitalii , Krupińska Andżelika , Matuszak Magdalena , Włodarczak Sylwia , Ochowiak Marek
Published: February 2023

Ensuring the vibration reliability of power equipment is one of the fundamental problems in modern power machinery. This problem has become more critical due to a permanent increase in the machining performance of high-speed milling of axial turbine blades. This article aims to identify reliable vibration parameters for high-speed milling of turbine blades to increase the energy efficiency of gas and steam turbines. For this purpose, mathematical models of free and forced oscillations of turbine blades during machining were developed. As a result of considering experimental and finite element analysis data, critical frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of free oscillations were identified using regression procedures by the best fit of analytical and empirical approaches. Additionally, after considering the forced oscillations of blades during high-speed machining, the magnitude of the specific cutting force and external damping ratio in the system ‘axial turbine blade and milling head’ were evaluated. The resulting magnitude of forced oscillations during machining was calculated. Finally, the amplitude–frequency response was also assessed, considering the machining parameters. Overall, the proposed methodology increases energy efficiency due to a decrease in the obtained machining quality of turbine blades.
A Systematic Study on Reinforcement Learning Based Applications
Authors: Sivamayil Keerthana , Rajasekar Elakkiya , Aljafari Belqasem , Nikolovski Srete , Vairavasundaram Subramaniyaswamy , Vairavasundaram Indragandhi
Published: February 2023

We have analyzed 127 publications for this review paper, which discuss applications of Reinforcement Learning (RL) in marketing, robotics, gaming, automated cars, natural language processing (NLP), internet of things security, recommendation systems, finance, and energy management. The optimization of energy use is critical in today’s environment. We mainly focus on the RL application for energy management. Traditional rule-based systems have a set of predefined rules. As a result, they may become rigid and unable to adjust to changing situations or unforeseen events. RL can overcome these drawbacks. RL learns by exploring the environment randomly and based on experience, it continues to expand its knowledge. Many researchers are working on RL-based energy management systems (EMS). RL is utilized in energy applications such as optimizing energy use in smart buildings, hybrid automobiles, smart grids, and managing renewable energy resources. RL-based energy management in renewable energy contributes to achieving net zero carbon emissions and a sustainable environment. In the context of energy management technology, RL can be utilized to optimize the regulation of energy systems, such as building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, to reduce energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable atmosphere. EMS can be accomplished by teaching an RL agent to make judgments based on sensor data, such as temperature and occupancy, to modify the HVAC system settings. RL has proven beneficial in lowering energy usage in buildings and is an active research area in smart buildings. RL can be used to optimize energy management in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) by learning an optimal control policy to maximize battery life and fuel efficiency. RL has acquired a remarkable position in robotics, automated cars, and gaming applications. The majority of security-related applications operate in a simulated environment. The RL-based recommender systems provide good suggestions accuracy and diversity. This article assists the novice in comprehending the foundations of reinforcement learning and its applications.
Comparative Analysis of Eight Numerical Methods Using Weibull Distribution to Estimate Wind Power Density for Coastal Areas in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain Iqrar , Haider Aun , Ullah Zahid , Russo Mario , Casolino Giovanni Mercurio , Azeem Babar
Published: February 2023

Currently, Pakistan is facing severe energy crises and global warming effects. Hence, there is an urgent need to utilize renewable energy generation. In this context, Pakistan possesses massive wind energy potential across the coastal areas. This paper investigates and numerically analyzes coastal areas’ wind power density potential. Eight different state-of-the-art numerical methods, namely an (a) empirical method, (b) graphical method, (c) wasp algorithm, (d) energy pattern method, (e) moment method, (f) maximum likelihood method, (g) energy trend method, and (h) least-squares regression method, were analyzed to calculate Weibull parameters. We computed Weibull shape parameters (WSP) and Weibull scale parameters (WCP) for four regions: Jiwani, Gwadar, Pasni, and Ormara in Pakistan. These Weibull parameters from the above-mentioned numerical methods were analyzed and compared to find an optimal numerical method for the coastal areas of Pakistan. Further, the following statistical indicators were used to compare the efficiency of the above numerical methods: (i) analysis of variance (R2), (ii) chi-square (X2), and (iii) root mean square error (RMSE). The performance validation showed that the energy trend and graphical method provided weak performance for the observed period for four coastal regions of Pakistan. Further, we observed that Ormara is the best and Jiwani is the worst area for wind power generation using comparative analyses for actual and estimated data of wind power density from four regions of Pakistan.
Robust Maximum Efficiency Tracking Control of Wirelessly Powered Directly Supplied Heart Pumps
Authors: Hakemi Amir , Jovanovic Dejan , Vilathgamuwa Mahinda , Walker Geoffrey R.
Published: February 2023

In recent times, wireless power transfer systems have been identified as a reliable option to supply power to medical implants. Up to now, Wireless Power Transfer Systems (WPTS) have only been used to charge batteries of low-power medical implants. However, for medical implants requiring a relatively higher power, such as a ventricular assist device, which is an implanted blood pump in the patient’s abdominal cavity, an external power supply has been used. When WPTS is used for medical implants, it increases the number of required power converter stages and hardware complexity along with the volume, which tends to reduce the overall efficiency. In addition, the existence of uncertainties in WPTS-based medical implants, such as load and mutual inductance variations, can lead to system instability or poor performance. The focus of this paper is to design a WPTS to supply power to the pump motor directly through its inverter based on the requirements of the motor drive system (MDS) without resorting to an additional DC-to-DC converter stage. To this end, the constraints that the drive system imposes upon WPTS have been identified. In addition, to make a reliable closed-loop operation, a µ-synthesis robust controller is designed to make sure the system maintains its stability and performance with respect to the system’s existing uncertainties. A number of experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the adopted WPTS design approach and the corresponding closed-loop controller for WPTS. Furthermore, the experimental findings for the maximum efficiency tracking (MET) approach (to minimize WPTS coil losses) and constant DC link voltage control approach are shown and compared. According to experimental results and system efficiency analysis, the former appears to perform better. The system dynamic performance analysis, on the other hand, demonstrates the latter’s advantage.
Campus Microgrids within the South African Context: A Case Study to Illustrate Unique Design, Control Challenges, and Hybrid Dispatch Strategies
Authors: Erasmus Stephanus , Esterhuysen Nicolaas , Maritz Jacques
Published: February 2023

South African universities boast a remarkable solar photovoltaic (PV) resource as a primary renewable energy component. Due to high peak demand tariffs and inherent prominent heating and cooling loads, fast and granular demand response programs are well established within typical campus grids, with electrical networks adapted towards hosting centralized PV plants and emergency diesel generation. With unreliable utility supply and aging infrastructure comes a natural landscape and niche application for campus microgrids (MG) in South Africa. One such case, the University of the Free State’s QwaQwa satellite campus in the Phuthaditjhaba district, is no exception to this, as it has sufficient solar PV generation, but it also has an unreliable utility component. This paper investigates a possible MG for the UFS QwaQwa campus with an emphasis on Hybrid PV-Diesel dispatch strategies, specifically, to ensure uptime during the loss of grid supply and decrease fuel usage. The proposed centralized diesel-PV MG system achieves a diesel cost reduction of 21.55%, based on simulated results using actual campus load data from 2019. The approach improves electricity availability, supplying 100% of all campus demand, compared to 70% under a de-centralized approach.
High-Performance Computation of the Number of Nested RNA Structures with 3D Parallel Tiled Code
Authors: Błaszyński Piotr , Bielecki Włodzimierz
Published: February 2023

Many current bioinformatics algorithms have been implemented in parallel programming code. Some of them have already reached the limits imposed by Amdahl’s law, but many can still be improved. In our paper, we present an approach allowing us to generate a high-performance code for calculating the number of RNA pairs. The approach allows us to generate parallel tiled code of the maximal dimension of tiles, which for the discussed algorithm is 3D. Experiments carried out by us on two modern multi-core computers, an Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6326 (2.90 GHz, 2 physical units, 32 cores, 64 threads, 24 MB Cache) and Intel(R) i7(11700KF (3.6 GHz, 8 cores, 16 threads, 16 MB Cache), demonstrate a significant increase in performance and scalability of the generated parallel tiled code. For the Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6326 and Intel(R) i7, target code speedup increases linearly with an increase in the number of threads. An approach presented in the paper to generate target code can be used by programmers to generate target parallel tiled code for other bioinformatics codes whose dependence patterns are similar to those of the code implementing the counting algorithm.
Ensiling Cyanide Residue and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation of Cassava Root Silage Treated with Cyanide-Utilizing Bacteria and Cellulase
Authors: Khota Waroon , Kaewpila Chatchai , Suwannasing Rattikan , Srikacha Nikom , Maensathit Julasinee , Ampaporn Kessara , Patarapreecha Pairote , Thip-uten Suwit , Sawnongbue Pakpoom , Subepang Sayan , Khanbu Kriwit , Cherdthong Anusorn
Published: February 2023

Cyanide is a strong toxin in many tropical forage plants that can negatively affect ruminants. The aim of this study is to determine the cyanide removal efficiency, silage quality, and in vitro rumen fermentation of fresh cassava roots ensiled without an additive (control) and with Acremonium cellulase (AC), two cyanide-utilizing bacterial inoculants (Enterococcus feacium KKU-BF7 (BF7) and E. gallinarum KKU-BC10 (BC10)), and their combinations (BF7 + BC10, AC + BF7, AC + BC10 and AC + BF7 + BC10). A completely randomized design was used with eight treatments × four small-scale silo replicates. Additionally, extra silage samples (seven silos/treatment for individually opening after 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, and 30 days of ensiling) were added to observe the changes in the total cyanide concentration and pH value. The fresh cassava root contained an optimal number of lactic acid bacteria (105 colony forming units/g fresh matter), and the contents of dry matter (DM) and total cyanides were 30.1% and 1304 mg/kg DM, respectively. After 30 days of ensiling, all silages demonstrated a low pH (<3.95; p < 0.01). Cyanide content ranged from 638 to 790 mg/kg DM and was highest in the control (p < 0.01). The addition of BF7 + BC10 increased the crude protein (CP) content (p < 0.01). The addition of AC decreased the fibrous contents (p < 0.01). The control had less acetic acid and propionic acid contents (p < 0.01) and a greater butyric acid content (p < 0.01). However, the degrees of in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and gas production were similar among treatments. Methane production ranged between 29.2 and 33.3 L/kg IVDMD (p < 0.05), which were observed in the AC + BC10 and BF7 + BC10 treatments, respectively. Overall, our results suggested that the cyanide removal efficiency after 30 days of ensiling with good-quality cassava-root silage was approximately 39% of the initial value. The enterococci inoculants and/or AC could improve the ensiling process and cyanide removal efficiency (increasing it to between 47 and 51% of the initial value). The novel enterococci inoculants (BF7 + BC10) were associated with a decreased cyanide content and an increased CP content. They appeared to promote the methanogenesis potential of the cassava root silage. More research is required to validate the use of cyanide-utilizing bacterial inoculants in cyanogenetic plants, bioenergy fermentation, and livestock.
Fish Biozonation in the Balkan Peninsula, Especially in Bulgaria: A Challenge
Authors: Apostolou Apostolos , Pehlivanov Luchezar , Schabuss Michael , Zornig Horst , Wolfram Georg
Published: February 2023

Fish are important elements of aquatic ecosystems. Their communities naturally follow the river continuum and have been well described in the western European freshwater watersheds. In regions of higher endemism, such as the Balkan Peninsula, the widely accepted fish zonation of Illies is doubtfully relevant. In this study, a more suitable categorization of lotic and lentic freshwater ecosystems in Bulgaria is proposed, based on 389 multimethodological and multihabitat fish sampling occasions. Referent-type communities have been determined for 33 types of recognized water bodies. Adapted zonation of Illies is a rough estimation of the real distribution of fish assemblances in the country; moreover, sensitive and/or endemic species are generally of restricted distribution and abundance. In view of the lentic ecosystems, they can be divided into salmonid and cyprinid, at approximately 1500 m above sea level.
Hemp: A Sustainable Plant with High Industrial Value in Food Processing
Authors: Yano Hiroyuki , Fu Wei
Published: February 2023

In the era of SDGs, useful plants which provide valuable industrial outputs and at the same time pose less impact on the environment should be explored. Hemp seems one of the most relevant gluten-free crop plants to meet such requirements. Its high nutritional value is comparable to soy. Moreover, almost the whole body of the hemp plant has a wide array of utility: industrial production of food, fiber, and construction materials. In view of environmental sustainability, hemp requires less pesticides or water in cultivation compared to cotton, a representative fiber plant. This short review investigates hemp’s sustainability as a plant as well as its utility value as a highly nutritional material in the food industry. Recent application research of hemp protein in food processing includes plant milk, emulsifiers, fortification of gluten-free bread, plant-based meat production, as well as membrane formation. These studies have revealed distinctive properties of hemp protein, especially in relation to disulfide (S-S)/sulfhydryl (-SH)-mediated interactions with protein from other sources. While its cultivation area and industrial use were limited for a while over confusion with marijuana, the market for industrial hemp is growing rapidly because it has been highly reevaluated in multiple areas of industry. Conclusively, with its sustainability as a plant as well as its distinctive useful property of the seed protein, hemp has promising value in the development of new foods.
Exploring Consumer Behavior and Preferences towards Edible Mushrooms in Slovakia
Authors: Predanócyová Kristína , Árvay Július , Šnirc Marek
Published: February 2023

Edible mushrooms represent a food with high nutritional properties, and their consumption has a positive effect on the health of consumers. The aim of the paper is to identify the behavior and preferences of consumers in the consumption of edible mushrooms in Slovakia. The aim of the paper was achieved by conducting a consumer survey using the snowball sampling method on a sample of 1166 respondents in the Slovak Republic, of which 1032 respondents were consumers of edible mushrooms. Using statistical methods (the Chi-square test of independence, Kruskal–Wallis H test, and Friedman test, as well as categorical principal component analysis), differences in consumer behavior were examined in three identified segments created based on the amount of consumption of edible mushrooms. The results of the consumer study showed the existence of statistically significant differences between the defined segments in terms of frequency of consumption, evaluation of the preference of edible mushrooms in various meals, evaluation of important reasons for consumption, and determination of preference for individual species of mushrooms, as well as determination of preference for the place of consumption and the option of obtaining mushrooms for consumption. Moreover, four latent components determining the purchase of mushrooms applicable in all segments were defined. Supporting the consumption of edible mushrooms among Slovak consumers is possible by increasing consumer awareness through recommendations and published articles. The research paper provides a new insight into the behavior and preferences of consumers in mushroom consumption, divided into three segments, which can fill the scientific research gap. The results provide valuable information for scientific purposes, as well as for food companies and policy makers.
Microbial Carotenoid Synthesis Optimization in Goat Cheese Whey Using the Robust Taguchi Method: A Sustainable Approach to Help Tackle Vitamin A Deficiency
Authors: Mata-Gómez Luis Carlos , Mapelli-Brahm Paula , Meléndez-Martínez Antonio J. , Méndez-Zavala Alejandro , Morales-Oyervides Lourdes , Montañez Julio
Published: February 2023

The work describes the carotenoid synthesis process by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422 using an agro-industrial waste as the substrate, seeking a biorefinery platform approach for waste utilization to produce high-value molecules. A culture medium based on goat milk whey (GMW) was optimized via the Taguchi method (L9 array). Four factors (ethanol, carbon and nitrogen source, and pH) were evaluated at three levels. The carbon and nitrogen composition were the factors dominating the process performance. Optimized conditions were validated (Urea, 0.3% w/v; pH, 4.5; ethanol, 10% v/v; glucose, 6.0%), and the carotenoid production (4075 µg/L) was almost 200% higher than when using the un-optimized process (2058 µg/L). Provitamin A carotenoids torulene, β–carotene, and γ–carotene (different proportions) were produced under all conditions. The hydrolyzed goat milk whey showed promising expectations as a low-cost source for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinis P4M422. The results are important for the innovative sustainable production of carotenoid-rich matrices for different purposes (nutrition, health promotion, color) and industries (foods, nutricosmetics, nutraceuticals, feeds), notably to help to combat vitamin A deficiency.
The Protective Role of Scorias spongiosa Polysaccharide-Based Microcapsules on Intestinal Barrier Integrity in DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice
Authors: Xu Yingyin , Feng Huiyu , Zhang Zhiyuan , Zhang Qian , Tang Jie , Zhou Jie , Wang Yong , Peng Weihong
Published: February 2023

Scorias spongiosa, a type of edible fungus, is beneficial for intestinal health. However, the mechanisms by which polysaccharides derived from S. spongiosa contribute to the integrity of the intestinal barrier have been little investigated. In the present study, 40 C57BL/6J mice were assigned into five groups: (1) Normal; (2) Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)Administration; (3) DSS + Uncapped polysaccharides; (4) DSS + Low microcapsules; (5) DSS + High microcapsules. After one week of administration of S. spongiosa polysaccharides, all mice, excluding the Normal group, had free access to the drinking water of 3.5% DSS for seven days. Serum and feces were then taken for analysis. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated the structure of the micro-capped polysaccharides with curcumin was completed with a rough surface, which differs from the uncapped polysaccharides. Noticeably, S. spongiosa polysaccharides enhanced intestinal barrier integrity as evidenced by increasing the protein levels of Claudin-1, ZO-1 and ZO-2. Low-capped polysaccharides mitigated the DSS-induced oxidative stress by increasing catalase (CAT) concentration and decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations. Besides, DSS treatment caused a disturbance of inflammation and the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and CRP were downregulated and the contents of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ were upregulated by S. spongiosa polysaccharides. Research on the potential mechanisms indicated that S. spongiosa polysaccharides inhibited the DSS-triggered activation of NF-κB signaling. Moreover, the JAK/STAT1 and MAPK pathways were suppressed by S. spongiosa polysaccharides in DSS-challenged mice, with Lcap showing the strongest efficacy. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the richness and diversity of the microbial community were reshaped by S. spongiosa polysaccharide ingestion. Therefore, our study substantiated that S. spongiosa polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against colitis mice by reshaping the intestinal microbiome and maintaining the balance of intestinal barrier integrity, antioxidant capacity and colonic inflammation through regulation of the NF-κB–STAT1–MAPK axis.
Predicting the Moisture Ratio of a Hami Melon Drying Process Using Image Processing Technology
Authors: Zhu Guanyu , Raghavan G.S.V. , Li Zhenfeng
Published: February 2023

For food drying, moisture content and shrinkage are vital in the drying process. This paper is concerned with the moisture ratio modeling and prediction issues of the Hami melon drying process. First, an experimental system was developed; it included an adjustable-power microwave drying unit and an image-processing unit. The moisture contents and the areas of Hami melon slices at different times were sampled in real time. Then, the expression of the moisture ratio with regard to shrinkage was derived by using the Weierstrass approximation theorem. A maximum likelihood fitness function-based population evolution (MLFF-PE) algorithm was then put forward to fit the moisture ratio model and predict the moisture ratio. The results showed that the proposed MLFF-PE algorithm was effective at fitting and predicting the moisture ratio model of the drying process of Hami melon slices.
Revisiting Fractional Cosmology
Authors: Micolta-Riascos Bayron , Millano Alfredo D. , Leon Genly , Erices Cristián , Paliathanasis Andronikos
Published: February 2023

Recently, the research community has been exploring fractional calculus to address problems related to cosmology; in this approach, the gravitational action integral is altered, leading to a modified Friedmann equation, then the resulting theory is compared against observational data. In this context, dynamical systems can be used along with an analysis the phase spaces for different values of the fractional order of the derivative and their different matter contents. The equilibrium points are classified, providing a range for the order of the fractional derivative in order to investigate whether the cosmological history can be reconstructed and a late-time accelerating power-law solution obtained for the scale factor. In this paper, we discuss the physical interpretation of the corresponding cosmological solutions with particular emphasis on the influence of the fractional order of the derivative in a theory of gravity that includes a scalar field minimally coupled to gravity. The presented results improve and extend those obtained previously, further demonstrating that fractional calculus can play a relevant role in cosmology.
Qualitatively Stable Schemes for the Black–Scholes Equation
Authors: Mehdizadeh Khalsaraei Mohammad , Shokri Ali , Wang Yuanheng , Bazm Sohrab , Navidifar Giti , Khakzad Pari
Published: February 2023

In this paper, the Black–Scholes equation is solved using a new technique. This scheme is derived by combining the Laplace transform method and the nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) strategy. The qualitative properties of the method are discussed, and it is shown that the new method is positive, stable, and consistent when low volatility is assumed. The efficiency of the new method is demonstrated by a numerical example.
Automatic Ship Detection Using PolSAR Imagery and the Double Scatterer Model
Authors: Karachristos Konstantinos , Anastassopoulos Vassilis
Published: February 2023

In ship detection by means of Polarimetric SAR imagery, a very promising feature is the characterization of the pixels of the ship based on the elementary scattering mechanisms that can be extracted using different decomposition algorithms. Elementary scattering mechanisms provide information regarding the physical, electrical and geometrical properties of the scatterers in each Polarimetric SAR pixel. In this work, the newly established algorithm of the Double Scatterer Model is applied to interpret each pixel of the Polarimetric SAR image with the contributions of two elementary scattering mechanisms, namely, primary and secondary. The main idea is to construct a binary image while preserving the rich information content in order to proceed in simple and fast image processing for target detection. The present algorithm is applied to datasets with different inherent characteristics acquired by Radarsat-2 and ALOS-PALSAR. The results presented by this new perspective on ship monitoring are remarkable.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Behaviour with Regard to Medication Errors in Intravenous Therapy: A Cross-Cultural Pilot Study
Authors: Giannetta Noemi , Katigri Meysam Rahmani , Azadboni Tahere Talebi , Caruso Rosario , Liquori Gloria , Dionisi Sara , De Leo Aurora , Di Simone Emanuele , Rocco Gennaro , Stievano Alessandro , Orsi Giovanni Battista , Napoli Christian , Di Muzio Marco
Published: February 2023

Background: Literature on the prevention of medication errors is growing, highlighting that knowledge, attitude and behavior with regard to medication errors are strategic to planning of educational activities and evaluating their impact on professional practice. In this context, the present pilot study aims to translate and validate nursing professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and behavior (KAB theory) concerning medication administration errors in ICU from English into Persian. Furthermore, two main objectives of the project were: performing a pilot study among Iranian nurses using the translated questionnaire and carrying out a cultural measurement of the KAB theory concerning medication administration errors in an ICU questionnaire across two groups of Italian and Iranian populations. Methods: A cross-cultural adaptation of an instrument, according to the Checklist for reporting of survey studies (CROSS), was performed. The convenience sample was made up of 529 Iranian and Italian registered nurses working in ICU. An exploratory factor analysis was performed and reliability was assessed. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the measurement invariance. Ethical approval was obtained. Results: There was an excellent internal consistency for the 19-item scale. Results regarding factorial invariance showed that the nursing population from Italy and Iran used the same cognitive framework to conceptualize the prevention of medication errors. Conclusions: Findings from this preliminary translation and cross-cultural validation confirm that the questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument within Persian healthcare settings. Moreover, these findings suggest that Italian and Persian nurses used an identical cognitive framework or mental model when thinking about medication errors prevention. The paper not only provides, for the first time, a validated instrument to evaluate the KAB theory in Iran, but it should promote other researchers in extending this kind of research, supporting those countries where attention to medical error is still increasing.
Understanding the Char-Bending Technique in Shipwreck Planks
Authors: Bram Moshe , Me-Bar Yoav
Published: February 2023

Char-bending is a term used in marine archaeology literature to describe the process of shaping long hull components (planks, wales, stringers) by bending them over open fire, from Antiquity, up to modern times. Experiments were done on planks of two wood species with different cross-sections. The planks were heated over open fire while monitoring the internal temperature and charred layer thickness on the side of the plank facing the heat source. The results show that in order to reach the temperature inside the wood required for it to become pliable, the formation of a charred layer, an undesirable by-product, is unavoidable. It is explained why char-bending, in almost all cases, occurs on the concave side of the plank.
Mucosal Sporotrichosis from Zoonotic Transmission: Descriptions of Four Case Reports
Authors: Yeow Yong Yaw , Tan Xue Ting , Low Lee Lee
Published: February 2023

Background: Sporotrichosis is a subacute or chronic mycosis caused by a dimorphic fungus of the genus Sporothrix. Zoonotic-transmitted sporotrichosis has become a major public health concern and is characterised by a different clinical pattern from the traditional epidemiology of sporotrichosis. Case presentation: We present the details of four patients with mucosal sporotrichosis with regional lymphadenopathy (three cases of granulomatous conjunctivitis and one case of nasal sporotrichosis). The patients’ age range was between 23 to 46 years old and their gender was three female and one male patient. All four patients shared the same ethnicity, Malay, and they had a common history of owning domestic cats as pets. Sporothrix schenckii were isolated from all the culture samples and its antifungal susceptibility patterns were compared in the mycelial and yeast phases. All four patients recovered with oral itraconazole treatment, but the treatment duration was variable among patients. Conclusions: People who have a history of contact with domestic cats should be aware of the possibility of sporotrichosis infection. It can present in cutaneous, lymphocutaneous, disseminated, or systemic forms. Early treatment and the prevention of disease progression are more beneficial to patients. The published data concludes that antifungal treatment is highly efficacious, although the reported treatment duration is variable.
Neurologic Biomarkers, Neuroimaging, and Cognitive Function in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kedžo Josip , Domjanović Škopinić Tea , Domjanović Josipa , Marinović Guić Maja , Lovrić Kojundžić Sanja , Tandara Leida , Matetić Andrija , Jurišić Zrinka
Published: February 2023

The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific neurologic biomarkers, neuroimaging findings, and cognitive function in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing electrical cardioversion, compared to control subjects. This cross-sectional study included 25 patients with persistent AF undergoing electrical cardioversion and 16 age- and sex-matched control subjects. Plasma levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light protein (NFL), and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), as well as parameters of neuroimaging and cognitive function, were compared between the groups. Neuroimaging was performed using the standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol. Cognitive function was assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Cognitive Function Index. Further analysis of neurologic biomarkers was performed based on the subsequent electrical cardioversion. There was no significant difference in GFAP (median of 24.7 vs. 28.7 pg/mL, p = 0.347), UCH-L1 (median of 112.8 vs. 117.7 pg/mL, p = 0.885), and NFL (median of 14.2 vs. 15.4 pg/mL, p = 0.886) levels between AF patients and control subjects. Similarly, neuroimaging showed no between-group difference in large cortical and non-cortical lesions (n = 2, 8.0% vs. n = 0, 0.0%, p = 0.246), small non-cortical lesions (n = 5, 20.0% vs. n = 5, 31.3%, p = 0.413), white matter hyperintensity (n = 23, 92.0% vs. n = 14, 87.5%, p = 0.636), and thromboembolic lesions (n = 0, 0.0% vs. n = 1, 6.3%, p = 0.206). Cognitive assessment did not show any between-group difference in the PROMIS index (52.2 ± 9.6 vs. 51.2 ± 6.2, p = 0.706). Finally, there were no significant dynamics in neurologic biomarkers following electrical cardioversion (p > 0.05). This hypothesis-generating study did not find a significant difference in neurologic biomarkers, neuroimaging findings, or cognitive function between patients with persistent AF and controls. The restoration of sinus rhythm was not significantly associated with a change in neurologic biomarkers. Further powered longitudinal studies are needed to re-assess these findings in an AF population.
Intermolecular-Type Conical Intersections in Benzene Dimer
Authors: Bende Attila , Farcaş Alex-Adrian
Published: February 2023

The equilibrium and conical intersection geometries of the benzene dimer were computed in the framework of the conventional, linear-response time-dependent and spin-flipped time-dependent density functional theories (known as DFT, TDDFT and SF-TDDFT) as well as using the multiconfigurational complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method considering the minimally augmented def2-TZVPP and the 6–31G(d,p) basis sets. It was found that the stacking distance between the benzene monomers decreases by about 0.5 Å in the first electronic excited state, due to the stronger intermolecular interaction energy, bringing the two monomers closer together. Intermolecular-type conical intersection (CI) geometries can be formed between the two benzene molecules, when (i) both monomer rings show planar deformation and (ii) weaker (approximately 1.6–1.8 Å long) C–C bonds are formed between the two monomers, with parallel and antiparallel orientation with respect to the monomer. These intermolecular-type CIs look energetically more favorable than dimeric CIs containing only one deformed monomer. The validity of the dimer-type CI geometries obtained by SF-TDDFT was confirmed by the CASSCF method. The nudged elastic band method used for finding the optimal relaxation path has confirmed both the accessibility of these intermolecular-type CIs and the possibility of the radiationless deactivation of the electronic excited states through these CI geometries. Although not as energetically favorable as the previous two CI geometries, there are other CI geometries characterized by the relative rotation of monomers at different angles around a vertical C–C axis.
Emerging Role of SMILE in Liver Metabolism
Authors: Sadasivam Nanthini , Radhakrishnan Kamalakannan , Choi Hueng-Sik , Kim Don-Kyu
Published: February 2023

Small heterodimer partner-interacting leucine zipper (SMILE) is a member of the CREB/ATF family of basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. SMILE has two isoforms, a small and long isoform, resulting from alternative usage of the initiation codon. Interestingly, although SMILE can homodimerize similar to other bZIP proteins, it cannot bind to DNA. As a result, SMILE acts as a co-repressor in nuclear receptor signaling and other transcription factors through its DNA binding inhibition, coactivator competition, and direct repression, thereby regulating the expression of target genes. Therefore, the knockdown of SMILE increases the transactivation of transcription factors. Recent findings suggest that SMILE is an important regulator of metabolic signals and pathways by causing changes in glucose, lipid, and iron metabolism in the liver. The regulation of SMILE plays an important role in pathological conditions such as hepatitis, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and controlling the energy metabolism in the liver. This review focuses on the role of SMILE and its repressive actions on the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors and bZIP transcription factors and its effects on liver metabolism. Understanding the importance of SMILE in liver metabolism and signaling pathways paves the way to utilize SMILE as a target in treating liver diseases.
ER-PM Junctions on GABAergic Interneurons Are Organized by Neuregulin 2/VAP Interactions and Regulated by NMDA Receptors
Authors: Vullhorst Detlef , Bloom Mara S. , Akella Neha , Buonanno Andres
Published: February 2023

Neuregulins (NRGs) signal via ErbB receptors to regulate neural development, excitability, synaptic and network activity, and behaviors relevant to psychiatric disorders. Bidirectional signaling between NRG2/ErbB4 and NMDA receptors is thought to homeostatically regulate GABAergic interneurons in response to increased excitatory neurotransmission or elevated extracellular glutamate levels. Unprocessed proNRG2 forms discrete clusters on cell bodies and proximal dendrites that colocalize with the potassium channel Kv2.1 at specialized endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane (ER-PM) junctions, and NMDA receptor activation triggers rapid dissociation from ER-PM junctions and ectodomain shedding by ADAM10. Here, we elucidate the mechanistic basis of proNRG2 clustering at ER-PM junctions and its regulation by NMDA receptors. Importantly, we demonstrate that proNRG2 promotes the formation of ER-PM junctions by directly binding the ER-resident membrane tether VAP, like Kv2.1. The proNRG2 intracellular domain harbors two non-canonical, low-affinity sites that cooperatively mediate VAP binding. One of these is a cryptic and phosphorylation-dependent VAP binding motif that is dephosphorylated following NMDA receptor activation, thus revealing how excitatory neurotransmission promotes the dissociation of proNRG2 from ER-PM junctions. Therefore, proNRG2 and Kv2.1 can independently function as VAP-dependent organizers of neuronal ER-PM junctions. Based on these and prior studies, we propose that proNRG2 and Kv2.1 serve as co-regulated downstream effectors of NMDA receptors to homeostatically regulate GABAergic interneurons.
Role of Running-Activated Neural Stem Cells in the Anatomical and Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury in p21 Knock-Out Mice
Authors: Battistini Jonathan Isacco , Mastrorilli Valentina , Nicolis di Robilant Vittoria , Saraulli Daniele , Marinelli Sara , Farioli Vecchioli Stefano
Published: February 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents one of the most common worldwide causes of death and disability. Clinical and animal model studies have evidenced that TBI is characterized by the loss of both gray and white matter, resulting in brain atrophy and in a decrease in neurological function. Nowadays, no effective treatments to counteract TBI-induced neurological damage are available. Due to its complex and multifactorial pathophysiology (neuro-inflammation, cytotoxicity and astroglial scar formation), cell regeneration and survival in injured brain areas are strongly hampered. Recently, it has been proposed that adult neurogenesis may represent a new approach to counteract the post-traumatic neurodegeneration. In our laboratory, we have recently shown that physical exercise induces the long-lasting enhancement of subventricular (SVZ) adult neurogenesis in a p21 (negative regulator of neural progenitor proliferation)-null mice model, with a concomitant improvement of olfactory behavioral paradigms that are strictly dependent on SVZ neurogenesis. On the basis of this evidence, we have investigated the effect of running on SVZ neurogenesis and neurorepair processes in p21 knock-out mice that were subject to TBI at the end of a 12-day session of running. Our data indicate that runner p21 ko mice show an improvement in numerous post-trauma neuro-regenerative processes, including the following: (i) an increase in neuroblasts in the SVZ; (ii) an increase in the migration stream of new neurons from the SVZ to the damaged cortical region; (iii) an enhancement of new differentiating neurons in the peri-lesioned area; (iv) an improvement in functional recovery at various times following TBI. All together, these results suggest that a running-dependent increase in subventricular neural stem cells could represent a promising tool to improve the endogenous neuro-regenerative responses following brain trauma.
The Autotaxin-LPA Axis Emerges as a Novel Regulator of Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotypic Modulation during Intimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Subedi Utsab , Manikandan Shrivats , Bhattarai Susmita , Sharma Papori , Sharma Sudha , Sun Hong , Miriyala Sumitra , Panchatcharam Manikandan
Published: February 2023

Neointimal hyperplasia is characterized by a loss of the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our group has recently shown that VSMC proliferation and migration are mediated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) during restenosis, but the role of autotaxin (ATX; lysophospholipase D), which produces LPA, remains unclear. Endothelial denudation of the mouse carotid artery was performed to induce neointimal hyperplasia, and the extent of damage caused by the ATX-LPA axis was assessed in VSMCs. We observed the upregulation of ATX activity (p < 0.0002) in the injured carotid artery using an AR2 probe fluorescence assay. Further, the tissue carotid LPA levels were elevated 2.7-fold in carotid vessels, augmenting neointimal hyperplasia. We used an electrical cell–substrate impedance sensor (ECIS) to measure VSMC proliferation and migration. Treatment with an ATX inhibitor (PF8380) or LPA receptor inhibitor (Ki16425) attenuated VSMC proliferation (extracellular signal-regulated kinases) activity and migration in response to recombinant ATX. Indeed, PF8380 treatment rescued the aggravated post-wire injury neointima formation of carotid arteries. The upregulation of ATX following vessel injury leads to LPA production in VSMCs, favoring restenosis. Our observations suggest that inhibition of the ATX-LPA axis could be therapeutically targeted in restenosis to minimize VSMC phenotypic modulation and inflammation after vascular injury.