bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the characteristics of pigment cluster formed foams in coatings and polymer formulations
Authors: Sudduth Richard D.
Published: January 2012

This study addressed conceptually the formation of foams in coatings and polymer formulations that are often formed from pigment clusters as a result of not having enough dispersing compound. This study introduced several new models relating to cluster sizes and cluster size distributions that resulted from combinations of existing models in the literature. Critical pigment volume concentration values were evaluated both experimentally and theoretically to try to elucidate new ways to evaluate and control the formation of foams formed from pigment clusters in both coatings and polymer formulations. The control of pigment cluster foams appears to be most easily achieved by minimizing the ultimate critical pigment volume concentration and optimizing the amount of dispersing agent added to the formulation. The ultimate critical pigment volume concentration was proposed to be optimized by blending pigment particles with different particle shapes and different random packing fractions. Minimizing the cluster dispersion coefficient, Cq, was found to be very important to keep the viscosity within controllable limits. Although experimental measurement of the parameters to isolate the clustering concepts introduced in this study may be difficult, it is expected that better quantitative measurement of clustering concepts will eventually prove to be very beneficial to providing improved suspension applications involving pigment cluster foams. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modifications of kenaf fibers with N‐methylol acrylamide for production of kenaf‐unsaturated polyester composites
Authors: Ren X. , Qiu R. , Li K.
Published: January 2012

Kenaf fiber mats were modified with N‐methylol acrylamide (NMA) solution with either sulfuric acid or p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH) as a catalyst. The (unmodified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites and (NMA‐modified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites were obtained by a compression molding process. Orthogonal experiments were used for determination of optimum modification variables for maximizing the flexural strength of the resulting (NMA‐modified‐kenaf)‐UPE composites. Three variables with three levels (NMA usage: 1, 3, and 5 wt %; usage of acid catalyst: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 wt %; and oven‐dry temperature for NMA‐treated kenaf fiber mats: 80, 103, and 125°C) for each variable were used in the orthogonal experiments. Modifications of kenaf fibers with TsOH as a catalyst significantly increased the flexural strength. Modifications of kenaf fibers with either sulfuric acid or TsOH as a catalyst significantly enhanced the flexural modulus and significantly reduced the water‐uptake rate of the resulting kenaf‐UPE composites. The improved interfacial adhesion between kenaf fibers and UPE resin was confirmed by characterization of NMA‐modified fibers with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning electron microscopy images. The mechanisms for the improved strengths and water‐resistance by the NMA modifications of the kenaf fibers were discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Depth‐gradient and photoinitiator‐free photocrosslinking of poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Koo Gwang‐Hoe , Jang Jinho
Published: January 2012

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) films are photocrosslinked by continuous UV irradiation without photoinitiators. Maximum gel fraction and swelling of the photocrosslinked PEO films reach up to about 38.8% and 2824%, respectively. From NMR analysis, the photocrosslinking mechanism of PEO can be attributed to recombination between methine radicals, which are generated from the polymer chain by hydrogen abstraction. However, the relatively low degree of crosslinking is attributed to more facile photooxidation of the generated radicals and concomitant photo‐scission of the crosslinks. Depth‐gradient crosslinked structure can be formed by inherent UV absorption and successive photoscission of the crosslinked polymer surface, which can be made uniform by adjusting UV energy. The photocrosslinked PEO shows the higher glass transition temperature as much as 7.3°C coupled with significantly enhanced storage modulus and thermal stability. The lower crystallinity causes by the reduced recrystallizability of the crosslinked polymer chains in melt. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose nano whiskers
Authors: Bahar Elif , Ucar Nuray , Onen Aysen , Wang Youjiang , Oksüz Mustafa , Ayaz Onur , Ucar Mehmet , Demir Ali
Published: January 2012

We use polypropylene (PP, an apolar polymer) and cellulose nano whiskers (CNW, a polar material) to produce nano polymer composites with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties. To improve compatibility, maleic anhydride grafted PP has also been used as a coupling agent. To enhance the uniform distribution of CNW in the composite, the matrix polymer is dissolved in toluene, and sonification and magnetic stirring are applied. Good film transparency indicates uniform CNW dispersion, but CNW domains in the composite film observed under an scanning electron microscope may indicate slight agglomeration of CNW in the composite film. The tensile strength of the composite compared with neat PP improves by 70–80% with the addition of CNW. The crystallinity has also been improved by about 50% in the CNW reinforced samples. As the content of CNW increases, the composite exhibits higher thermal degradation temperature, higher hydrophilicity, and higher thermal conductivity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modeling and simulation of polypropylene particle size distribution in industrial horizontal stirred bed reactors
Authors: Tian Zhou , Gu Xue‐Ping , Feng Lian‐Fang , Corriou Jean‐Pierre , Hu Guo‐Hua
Published: January 2012

This work aims at developing a steady‐state particle size distribution (PSD) model for predicting the size distribution of polypropylene particles in the outflow streams of propylene gas‐phase horizontal stirred bed reactors (HSBR), on the one hand and investigating the effect of the catalyst residence time distribution (RTD) on the polymer PSD, on the other hand. The polymer multilayer model (PMLM) is used to describe the growth of a single particle. Knowing the PSD and RTD of a Ziegler–Natta type of catalyst and polymerization kinetics, this model allows calculating the polymer PSD of propylene polymerization in the HSBRs. The calculated polypropylene PSDs agree well with those obtained from the industrial reactors. The results reveal that both the PSD and the RTD of the catalyst affect the polymer PSD but in different manners. The effect of RTD on the PSD is less significant in the case of a nonuniform size catalyst feed. This model also allows investigating the effects of other process parameters on the polymer PSD under steady‐state conditions, including intraparticle mass‐ and heat‐transfer limitations, initial catalyst size, and polymer crystallinity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile on cold crystallization and mechanical properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Wellen Renate M. R. , Canedo Eduardo L. , Rabello Marcelo S.
Published: January 2012

Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with small amounts of styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile (SAN) were prepared by melt blending, and cold crystallization of these mixtures was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry. The results suggest that SAN interacts with the amorphous phase of PET, as observed by variations in the glass transition temperature and in the morphology of the blends, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The addition of 1% SAN promoted a significant reduction in the crystallization rate of PET, in a manner similar to that of an antinucleating agent. However, the crystallinity of the PET/SAN blends was comparable with that of neat PET; hence, mechanical properties were only slightly affected. Kinetic parameters were determined using Avrami theory; Avrami plots presented a nonlinear behavior at the end of crystallization, indicating that cold crystallization proceeds in two stages. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Characterization of high melt strength propylene/1‐butene copolymer synthesized by in situ heat induction melt reaction
Authors: An Yanjie , Xing Haiping , Wang Yanhui , Tang Tao
Published: January 2012

Propylene/1‐butene copolymer powders were produced through bulk copolymerization of propylene with 1‐butene in a 12 m3 polymerization reactor. High melt strength polypropylene (HMSPP) was synthesized by in situ heat induction melt reaction, in which pure propylene/1‐butene copolymer powders without any additives were used as a basic resin and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) as a crosslinking agent. The structure and properties of the resultant HMSPP were characterized by means of various measurements. The content of TMPTA strongly influenced the melt strength and melt flow rate (MFR) of HMSPP. With increasing the content of TMPTA, the melt strength of HMSPP increased, and the MFR reduced. In addition, owing to the existence of crosslinking structure, thermal stability and tensile strength of HMSPP were improved compared with pristine propylene/1‐butene copolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of poly(oxyalkylene)amines on structure and properties of epoxide nanocomposites
Authors: Kelnar Ivan , Rotrekl J. , Kaprálková L. , Hromádková J.
Published: January 2012

A shortcoming of most polymer nanocomposites is relatively low toughness. An effective method to eliminate this is the use of a suitable combination of polymeric impact modifiers with organoclay, which may impart synergistic effects on the mechanical behavior of both thermoplastic and thermoset matrix nanocomposites. This work focuses on the effect of various combinations of amine‐terminated (APOP) and hydroxyl‐terminated poly(oxypropylene) (POP) and layered silicates on the structure and mechanical behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. The combination of APOP and POP with 0.5−5% wt % of organoclay leads to some compositions that produce well balanced mechanical behavior of the epoxy nanocomposite. The higher toughening effectiveness of APOP/montmorillonite (MMT) compared with that of POP/MMT is a consequence of formation of blended domains consisting of clay tactoids and fine APOP inclusions. An increase in the dispersed particle size with clay content was observed to be a consequence of more significant clay‐induced nucleation of phase separation at the expense of clay‐induced accelerated curing. The best mechanical behavior was observed for materials using an adduct of APOP and MMT, which was obtained using the ion exchange of sodium ions of MMT by protonated APOP. The enhanced mechanical behavior was due to the formation of nanosized planar arrays by self‐pilling of elastomer‐modified clay and the corresponding increase in the Tg of the epoxy. The structure/property relationships of these systems indicate that this type of clay polymer combination provides an effective way of modifying the mechanical behavior of epoxy nanocomposites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Addition of an indoleamine 2,3,‐dioxygenase inhibitor to B cell–depletion therapy blocks autoreactive B cell activation and recurrence of arthritis in K/BxN mice
Authors: Pigott Elizabeth , Mandik‐Nayak Laura
Published: January 2012

Objective

To define the role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) in driving pathogenic B cell responses that lead to arthritis and to determine if inhibitors of the IDO pathway can be used in conjunction with therapeutic B cell depletion to prevent the reemergence of autoantibodies and arthritis following reconstitution of the B cell repertoire.

Methods

Immunoglobulin‐transgenic mice were treated with the IDO inhibitor 1‐methyltryptophan (1‐MT) and monitored for the extent of autoreactive B cell activation. Arthritic K/BxN mice were treated with B cell depletion alone or in combination with 1‐MT. Mice were monitored for the presence of autoantibody‐secreting cells, inflammatory cytokines, and joint inflammation.

Results

Treatment with 1‐MT did not affect the initial activation or survival of autoreactive B cells, but it did inhibit their ability to differentiate into autoantibody‐secreting cells. Treatment with anti‐CD20 depleted the B cell repertoire and attenuated arthritis symptoms; however, the arthritis symptoms rapidly returned as B cells repopulated the repertoire. Administration of 1‐MT prior to B cell repopulation prevented the production of autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines and flare of arthritis symptoms.

Conclusion

IDO activity is essential for the differentiation of autoreactive B cells into antibody‐secreting cells, but it is not necessary for their initial stages of activation. Addition of 1‐MT to therapeutic B cell depletion prevents the differentiation of autoantibody‐secreting cells and the recurrence of autoimmune arthritis following reconstitution of the B cell repertoire. These data suggest that IDO inhibitors could be used in conjunction with B cell depletion as an effective cotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
An energy‐saving glutathione production method from low‐temperature cooked rice using amylase‐expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hara Kiyotaka Y. , Kim Songhee , Kiriyama Kentaro , Yoshida Hideyo , Arai Shogo , Ishii Jun , Ogino Chiaki , Fukuda Hideki , Kondo Akihiko
Published: January 2012

Glutathione is a valuable tripeptide that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Glutathione is industrially produced by fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Before the glutathione fermentation process with S. cerevisiae, a glucose extraction process from starchy materials is required. This glucose extraction is usually carried out by converting starchy materials to starch using high‐temperature cooking and subsequent hydrolysis by amylases to convert starch to glucose. In this study, to develop an energy‐saving glutathione production process by reducing energy consumption during the cooking step, we efficiently produced glutathione from low‐temperature cooked rice using amylase‐expressing S. cerevisiae. The combination of the amylase‐expressing yeast with low‐temperature cooking is potentially applicable to a variety of energy‐saving bio‐production methods of chemicals from starchy bio‐resources.
Jacob B. Winslow (1669–1760)
Authors: Bellary Sharath S. , Walters Andrew , Gielecki Jerzy , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane , Loukas Marios
Published: January 2012

Jacob Winslow was a Dutch born, French naturalized anatomist and physician whose contributions to medicine are abundant. His importance to medicine is undisputed. His personal life included a religious crisis that resulted in his estrangement from his family, but afforded him patrons in Paris to continue his work. Following this conversion, he changed his name to that of his catechist and was rechristened Jacques Benigne Wilson. His respect as an expert was well deserved, and he held several prominent positions during his career in Paris. His main work, Exposition anatomique de la structure du corps humain, was published in 1732 and is considered the first purely anatomical treatise. This review highlights his contributions to anatomy and medicine through the course of his career. Clin. Anat. 25:545–547, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foot anomalies and proximal symphalangism
Authors: Shaw Lauren , McCaul Janet , Irwin Greg J. , Huntley James S.
Published: January 2012

We report the case of a 2‐week‐old girl born at term (by vaginal delivery and without antenatal or perinatal events) who was referred as having “bilateral talipes and bilateral proximal symphalangism of little and ring fingers.” The “talipes” was atypical with marked equinus and varus, but no cavus or adductus of the midfoot. Her mother had both symphalangism (absence of proximal interphalangeal joints) of middle, ring, and little fingers bilaterally and fixed pes planus with a rigid fixed hindfoot—and these deformities had also been present from birth. The maternal grandmother was similarly affected. However, the neonatal subject has an unaffected older sibling; maternal siblings are also unaffected. The three affected people did not have other obvious musculoskeletal abnormalities. Because of the coalitions, the child's atypical talipes was managed by a modified Kite's procedure. Symphalangism‐coalition syndromes may be associated with conductive deafness because of fusion of the auditory ossicles. Clin. Anat. 25:781–784, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Glucose to Sorbitol
Authors: Geyer Reinhard , Kraak Peter , Pachulski Axel , Schödel Rainer
Published: January 2012

Nickel catalysts supported on ZrO2, TiO2 and ZrO2/TiO2 mixtures performed more active, selective and stable than Ni/SiO2 catalysts in the hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol. This was shown by catalytic testing as well as by determination of Ni crystallite size before and after the test. The reason for the better performance was assumed to be metal‐support interaction in the Ni/ZrO2, Ni/TiO2 and Ni/ZrO2/TiO2 catalysts.
Advanced Agrochemical Formulations through Encapsulation Strategies?
Authors: Hack Beate , Egger Holger , Uhlemann Jens , Henriet Michel , Wirth Wolfgang , Vermeer Arnoldus W. P. , Duff Daniel G.
Published: January 2012

The development and accomplishments of encapsulation strategies in the agrochemical field are reviewed. To this end, reasons for the encapsulation of agrochemicals are given and put into context with the opportunities and risks for this kind of formulation. Practical examples of encapsulation are discussed with a focus on crop protection formulation, including a short overview of available technologies. In summary it can be concluded that the development of controlled release formulations of agrochemicals still lags somewhat behind earlier expectations, this being mainly due to the strongly varying and uncontrollable environmental conditions the capsules are applied in. Only very few products claiming a controlled release of the active have made it onto the market. However, new or greatly improved products can still be achieved by means of encapsulation in areas like overcoming acute toxicity, instability, and incompatibility of actives.
A phase 1 trial of E7974 administered on day 1 of a 21‐day cycle in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Rocha‐Lima Caio M. , Bayraktar Soley , MacIntyre Jessica , Raez Luis , Flores Aurea M. , Ferrell Annapoorna , Rubin Eric H. , Poplin Elizabeth A. , Tan Antoinette R. , Lucarelli Antonio , Zojwalla Naseem
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

E7974, a synthetic analog of hemiasterlin, interacts with the tubulin molecule and overcomes resistance to other antitubulin drugs (taxanes and vinca alkaloids).

METHODS:

In a phase 1 study, E7974 was given intravenously over a 2‐ to 5‐minute infusion on day 1 of every 21‐day cycle. Adult patients with advanced refractory solid tumors who had adequate organ function and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2 were eligible for this study. A modified Fibonacci schema was used. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was the dose where <2 of 6 patients developed a dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT).

RESULTS:

Twenty‐eight patients (19 men and 9 women; median age, 64 years) treated at different cohort dose levels (0.18 mg/m2, 0.27 mg/m2, 0.36 mg/m2, 0.45 mg/m2, and 0.56 mg/m2) received a total of 66 courses of E7974. The MTD was established at 0.45 mg/m2, where 1 of 6 patients experienced DLT (grade 4 febrile neutropenia). Of the 17 refractory colon cancer patients with a median of 3 prior treatments, stable disease was seen in 7 patients (41%). There were no tumor responses. Median progression‐free survival was 1.2 months, and median overall survival was 6.7 months. In pharmacokinetic analysis, E7974 was characterized by a fast and moderately large distribution (37.95‐147.93 L), slow clearance (2.23‐7.15 L/h), and moderate to slow elimination (time to half‐life, 10.4‐30.5 hours).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study shows that E7974 once every 21‐day cycle shows antitumor activity in patients with refractory solid tumors. The recommended phase 2 dose is 0.45 mg/m2. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Zinc Naphthalocyanine–Naphthalenediimide Supramolecular Dyads
Authors: El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Moiseev Andrey G. , van der Est Art , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: January 2012

Photoinduced electron transfer was studied in self‐assembled donor–acceptor dyads, formed by axial coordination of pyridine appended with naphthalenediimide (NDI) to zinc naphthalocyanine (ZnNc). The NDI‐py:ZnNc (1) and NDI(CH2)2‐py:ZnNc (2) self‐assembled dyads absorb light over a wide region of the UV/Vis/near infrared (NIR) spectrum. The formation constants of the dyads 1 and 2 in toluene were found to be 2.5×104 and 2.2×104 M−1, respectively, from the steady‐state absorption and emission measurements, suggesting moderately stable complex formation. Fluorescence quenching was observed upon the coordination of the pyridine‐appended NDI to ZnNc in toluene. The energy‐level diagram derived from electrochemical and optical data suggests that exergonic charge separation through the singlet state of ZnNc (1ZnNc*) provides the main quenching pathway. Clear evidence for charge separation from the singlet state of ZnNc to NDI was provided by femtosecond laser photolysis measurements of the characteristic absorption bands of the ZnNc radical cation in the NIR region at 960 nm and the NDI radical anion in the visible region. The rates of charge‐separation of 1 and 2 were found to be 2.2×1010 and 4.4×109 s−1, respectively, indicating fast and efficient charge separation (CS). The rates of charge recombination (CR) and the lifetimes of the charge‐separated states were found to be 8.50×108 s−1 (1.2 ns) for 1 and 1.90×108 s−1 (5.3 ns) for 2. These values indicate that the rates of the CS and CR processes decrease as the length of the spacer increases. Their absorption over a wide portion of the solar spectrum and the high ratio of the CS/CR rates suggests that the self‐assembled NDI‐py:ZnNc and NDI(CH2)2‐py:ZnNc dyads are useful as photosynthetic models.
Preparation of Li2CO3 by gas‐liquid reactive crystallization of LiOH and CO2
Authors: Sun Yuzhu , Song Xingfu , Wang Jin , Yu Jianguo
Published: January 2012

A spinning disk reactor (SDR) was used in this research to prepare Li2CO3 by gas‐liquid reactive crystallization of LiOH and CO2. It was found that the end pH value of the above reaction should be controlled within the range of 9.0‐9.5 to obtain a high yield of Li2CO3. The effects of operational parameters (including the temperature, the concentration of LiOH solution, the rotation rate of the spinning disk, the circulation rate of LiOH slurry, the flow rate of CO2 and the ultrasound field) on the particle size and the yielding rate were investigated by an orthogonal experiment. The results show the significant factors influencing the particle size are the ultrasound field, the temperature and the flow rate of CO2. As for the yielding rate, the temperature, the concentration of LiOH solution and the flow rate of CO2 exert obvious impacts, while the effects of ultrasound field and the rotation rate of the spinning disk are limited. The SEM images show the Li2CO3products are flower‐like particles, which are composed of plate‐like primary crystals. The size analysis shows the volume mean particle size of the Li2CO3products ranges 37‐90 μm depending on the various experimental conditions. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substrate effect on microstructure and optical performance of sputter‐deposited TiO2 thin films
Authors: Yildirim G. , Bal S. , Gulen M. , Varilci A. , Budak E. , Akdogan M.
Published: January 2012

This study deals with the role of the different substrates on the microstructural, optical and electronical properties of TiO2 thin films produced by conventional direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering in a mixture of pure argon and oxygen using a Ti metal target with the aid of X–ray diffractometer (XRD), ultra violet spectrometer (UV–vis) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Transparent TiO2 thin films are deposited on Soda lime glass, MgO(100), quartz and sitall substrates. Phase purity, surface morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the films are compared with each other. It is found that the amplitude of interference oscillation of the films is in a range of 77‐89%. The transmittance of the film deposited on Soda lime glass is the smallest while the film produced on MgO(100) substrate obtains the maximum transmittance value. The refractive index and optical band gap of the TiO2 thin films are also inferred from the transmittance spectra. The results show that the film deposited on Soda lime glass has the better optical property while the film produced on MgO(100) substrate exhibits much better photoactivity than the other films because of the large optical energy band gap. As for the XRD results, the film prepared on MgO(100) substrate contains the anatase phase only; on the other hand, the other films contain both anatase and rutile phases. Furthermore, AFM images show that the regular structures are observed on the surface of all the films studied. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First derivative spectrophotometric determination of granisetron hydrochloride in presence of its hydrolytic products and preservative and application to pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Hewala Ismail I. , Bedair Mona M. , Shousha Sherif M.
Published: January 2012

Granisetron is a selective 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist used in prevention and treatment of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting. The drug is available in tablet dosage form and parenteral dosage form containing benzyl alcohol as a preservative. The main route of degradation of granisetron is through hydrolysis. The present work describes the development of a simple, rapid, and reliable first derivative spectrophotometric method for the determination of granisetron in presence of its hydrolytic products as well as the formulations adjuvant and benzyl alcohol. The method is based on the measurement of the first derivative response of granisetron at 290 nm where the interference of the hydrolytic products, the co‐formulated adjuvant and benzyl alcohol is completely eliminated. The proposed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, selectivity, accuracy, precision, robustness, detection, and quantification limits. Regression analysis showed good correlation between the first derivative response and the concentration of granisetron over a range of 8–16 μg ml−1. Statistical analysis proved the accuracy of the proposed method compared with a reference stability indicating high performance liquid chromatography method. The described method was successfully applied to the determination of granisetron in different batches of tablets and ampoules. The assay results obtained in this study strongly encourage us to apply the validated method for the quality control and routine analysis of tablets and parenteral preparations containing granisetron. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivatives of Photosensitive CORM‐S1 – CO Complexes of Iron and Ruthenium with the (OC)2M(S–C–C–NH2)2 Fragment
Authors: Velásquez Vaneza P. Lorett , Jazzazi Taghreed M. A. , Malassa Astrid , Görls Helmar , Gessner Guido , Heinemann Stefan H. , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: January 2012

[Fe(CO)2(SCH2CH2NH2)2] (1, CORM‐S1), [Fe(CO)2(SC6H4‐2‐NH2)2] (2, CORM‐S2), [Ru(CO)2(SCH2CH2NH2)2] (3), and [Ru(CO)2(SC6H4‐2‐NH2)2] (4) were prepared from the corresponding metal carbonyl compounds and cysteamine (deprotonation of the thiol functionality) or cystamine (oxidative addition of the S–S bond). They crystallized from donor solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide, as adducts with the bases bound by hydrogen bridges to the amino functionalities. Although the iron derivatives proved to be valuable photosensitive CO‐releasing molecules (CORMs), CO was not released from the ruthenium analogs with visible light.
Cephalometric analysis for microvascular head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Chang Edward I. , Clemens Mark W. , Garvey Patrick B. , Skoracki Roman J. , Hanasono Matthew M.
Published: January 2012

Background

While a large body of literature exists involving normative measurements for the craniofacial skeleton, few have analyzed the necessary dimensions that are pertinent in reconstruction using microvascular free flaps.

Methods

Cephalometric analysis was performed using 3‐dimensional CT scans from 70 adults. Relevant dimensions of the fibula were obtained from a subset of 20 patients.

Results

Normative cephalometric values, including various distances and angles, for the mandible and maxilla were obtained and compared to the dimensions of the fibula. Comparisons were made between measurements from men and women, and patients with full dentition and edentulous patients. Schematics for designing mandibular and maxillary reconstructions are presented.

Conclusion

When premorbid craniofacial anatomy cannot be discerned in the setting of extensive trauma or tumor involvement, normative dimensions may be a helpful guide for flap design and should be in the armamentarium of surgeons engaged in complex head and heck reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
mTHPC mediated interstitial photodynamic therapy of recurrent nonmetastatic base of tongue cancers: Development of a new method
Authors: Karakullukcu Baris , Nyst Heike J. , van Veen Robert L. , Hoebers Frank J. P. , Hamming–Vrieze Olga , Witjes Max J. H. , de Visscher Sebastiaan A. H. J. , Burlage Fred R. , Levendag Peter C. , Sterenborg Henricus J. C. M. , Tan I. Bing
Published: January 2012

Background

Interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) can be an option in the management of locally recurrent base of tongue cancer after (chemo)radiation treatment. The purpose of the current study was to develop a technique to implant light sources into the tumor tissue.

Methods

Twenty patients with previously irradiated locally recurrent base of tongue cancers who were not candidates for salvage surgery or reirradiation or refused these therapies were included in this study. The treatment planning was done on MRI. The light sources were implanted using modified brachytherapy techniques.

Results

The iPDT could be conducted in all patients without short‐term complications. At 6 months, 9 patients had complete response with 4 patients still free of disease (46–80 months). Long‐term complications included pharyngocutaneous fistula in 6 patients, serious bleeding in 1 patient, and cutaneous metastasis in 2 patients.

Conclusion

The initial results are encouraging. There is room for improvement to control the destructive potential of iPDT through planning and monitoring tools. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws: A clinicopathologic review. part II: Odontogenic carcinomas
Authors: Woolgar Julia A. , Triantafyllou Asterios , Ferlito Alfio , Devaney Kenneth O. , Lewis James S. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Slootweg Pieter J. , Barnes Leon
Published: January 2012

This is the second of a 3‐part review of the clinicopathologic features of intraosseous carcinoma of the jaws (IOCJ). This part deals with odontogenic carcinomas, rare entities that are difficult to evaluate because of changes in classification/nomenclature, lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, and variable consistency of the existing literature. Endorsing a critical approach, problems are addressed and areas of uncertainty are highlighted. As in part I, we emphasize histopathologic features from a diagnostic point of view and also question the existence of some “distinct” entities. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Cheek mucosa: A versatile donor site of myomucosal flaps. Technical and functional considerations
Authors: Massarelli Olindo , Baj Alessandro , Gobbi Roberta , Soma Damiano , Marelli Stefano , De Riu Giacomo , Tullio Antonio , Giannì Aldo B.
Published: January 2012

Background

Reconstruction of moderate‐sized mucosal defects of the oral cavity/oropharynx represents a surgical challenge. The most widely used reconstructive techniques are skin grafts, local or regional pedicled flaps, and free flaps, but they do not provide mucosal sensitivity, mobility, volume, or texture similar to that of native tissue. The cheek myomucosal flaps seem to provide “ideal reconstruction” because they carry a thin, mobile, well‐vascularized, and sensitive tissue, like those excised or lost. The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the indications for the advantages and disadvantages of 6 types of buccinator myomucosal flaps which are possible to raise from the cheek mucosa.

Methods

Sixty‐nine buccinator myomucosal flaps were performed on 66 patients with moderate‐sized postoncologic and posttraumatic oral and oropharyngeal defects.

Results

In all cases except 1, flaps were successfully used with excellent oncological and functional results.

Conclusion

Buccinator myomucosal flaps can be considered “ideal flaps” for three‐dimensional oral and oropharyngeal reconstructions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Charge Migration in Organic Materials: Can Propagating Charges Affect the Key Physical Quantities Controlling Their Motion?
Authors: Gollub Caroline , Avdoshenko Stanislav , Gutierrez Rafael , Berlin Yuri , Cuniberti Gianaurelio
Published: January 2012

Charge migration is a ubiquitous phenomenon with profound implications throughout many areas of chemistry, physics, biology, and materials science. The long‐term vision of designing functional materials with tailored molecular‐scale properties has triggered an increasing quest to identify prototypical systems where truly molecular conduction pathways play a fundamental role. Such pathways can be formed due to the molecular organization of various organic materials and are widely used to discuss electronic properties at the nanometer scale. Here, we present a computational methodology to study charge propagation in organic molecular stacks at nano and sub‐nanoscales and exploit this methodology to demonstrate that moving charge carriers strongly affect the values of the physical quantities controlling their motion. The approach is also expected to find broad application in the field of charge migration in soft matter systems.
The Dipole Correction Method for Extracting Excited State Potentials and Electronic Transition Dipoles from Fluorescence Data
Authors: Li Xuan , Shapiro Moshe
Published: January 2012

We have developed a new inversion scheme for the accurate extraction of excited state potentials from fluorescence line positions and line strengths which does not make use of the Franck Condon Approximation (FCA). Our “dipole correction” method also enables the extraction of the coordinate dependence of the electronic transition dipoles. The accuracy of the potential energy surfaces (PES) thus extracted is much higher than that of the FCA‐ derived PES. The procedure, illustrated for the Na2 A(1Σ+u) → X(1Σ+g) P‐branch emission, results in global errors of 0.1 cm−1, and average errors near the PES minimum of 0.03 cm−1, with A → X electronic transition dipole function accuracies better than 1×10−3 Debye. We also show that it is possible to use emission data from a few select states: Global errors as small as 0.08 cm−1 for the Na2 B(1Πu) PES, using emissions data from only the s=0–5 low‐lying levels or the s=20–23 states, are demonstrated.
Eine Jahressukzession von Rotatorien aus dem Plankton des Kainji‐Sees in Nigeria
Authors: Donner Josef , Adeniji H. A.
Published: January 2012

The Rotifers of two planktonic‐series during a year out of the Kainji‐Lake in the African state Nigeria are identified. They have a similarity to those of the European warm pools (Tümpel, Altwässer). Two new varieties are described: Asplanchna brightwelli var. and Euchlanis myersi cristata.
Benthic community structure near the Woods Hole sewage outfall
Authors: Nichols Jean Ann
Published: January 2012

Birge‐Ekman box cores were used to sample the benthic invertebrate fauna near the Woods Hole, Massachusetts sewage outfall and a nearby control area. Community structure in terms of numbers and taxa fluctuated seasonally at both control site and at the outfall. The outfall fauna was dominated by small nematode worms, and the year‐round maintenance of a nematode‐dominated community may be a mechanism for utilization of the unpredictable, unnatural, excess organic material available around the outfall. Based on the small size of the invertebrates at the outfall compared to the other areas, it is suggested that the relationship between macrofaunal abundance and average individual size in an assemblage is a measurement of community structure which can be useful in assessing environmental disturbance.
Plankton and seston of a Colorado (U.S.A.) alpine lake: The winter anomaly and the inlet‐outlet budget
Authors: Keefer Verne M. , Pennak Robert W.
Published: January 2012

Long Lake, Colorado, at an altitude of 3209 m, is oligotrophic and has an annual ice cover of 240 days. Greatest phytoplankton biomass (mostly μ‐algae) was attained in April and May under thick ice and snow. The Zooplankton was sparse; Cyclops was most abundant in winter, but cladocerans and rotifers had no seasonal maxima. The lake had a total water replacement of 38.7 times per year. Heavy June runoff flushes cut more than 99% of the plankton. On an annual basis, about twice as much plankton biomass is lost through the outlet as comes in through the inlet. Total monthly organic seston sedimentation (fallout) rates for the whole lake ranged from 16.1 kg in October to 730.8 kg in June. Total annual seston production (balance) was 8.0 g organic matter or 4.24 g carbon/m2.
Diel phytoplankton periodicity in Mikołajskie lake, Poland, as determined by different methods in parallel
Authors: Tilzer Max M. , Hillbricht‐Ilkowska Anna , Kowalczewski Andrzej , Spodniewska Irena , Turczyńska Joanna
Published: January 2012

Photosynthetic rates as measured by the oxygen light and dark bottle method were highly correlated with estimates using the 14C technique. The high O2/14C ratios found are explained by algal respiration and extracellular release which are included in photosynthetic measurements by the oxygen technique, while the 14C method yields values close to net photosynthesis.

Separation of net‐ and nannoplankton using a 50 μm plankton net for filtration was not comparable to distinctions made by microscopic examination. Separation of both by filtration caused a significant decrease in the photosynthetic activity of nannoplankton in 24‐hour incubations, but had no detectable effect after 4 hours of exposure.

“Bottle effects” in 24‐hour measurements of photosynthesis were similar using both methods. Asymmetric photosynthetic time‐curves as well as vertical phytoplankton migrations were the main reasons for errors in estimates of daily photosynthetic rates from part‐day incubations which were extrapolated to the entire day.
Adult life and emergence of Dolania americana in Northwestern Florida (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae)
Authors: Peters William L. , Peters Janice G.
Published: January 2012

The adult habits and emergence of Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae) were studied at the Blackwater River in Northwestern Florida. The adult life is crepuscular, beginning about 1½ hrs before sunrise with emergence of male subimagos. Males molt to imagos, female subimagos emerge, males and females mate, and females begin to oviposit in a fairly precise time sequence over the following hour. Only a few adults survive past sunrise. Females never molt to imagos and are polymorphic. Emergence is seasonal and begins between the end of April and the middle of May, depending on climatic conditions. Emergence is photoperiodically entrained. Water temperature is a phase setter and light intensity acts as a synchronizer.
Oxidant damage in Kashin‐Beck disease and a rat Kashin‐Beck disease model by employing T‐2 toxin treatment under selenium deficient conditions
Authors: Chen Jing‐hong , Xue Senghai , Li Siyuan , Wang Zhi‐lun , Yang Haojie , Wang Wei , Song Daiqing , Zhou Xiaorong , Chen Chen
Published: January 2012

Kashin‐Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic degenerative osteoarthropathy, but the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remains unclear. This study compares antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation using a novel model, in which rats were administered a selenium‐deficient diet for 4 weeks prior to their exposure to T‐2 toxin for 4 weeks. Changes in cell morphology and empty chondrocyte lacunae indicative of cell death, as well as cartilage proteoglycan loss in the deep zone of articular cartilage of knee joints were observed in rats with selenium‐deficient diet plus T‐2 toxin treatment. These changes were similar to those observed previously in KBD. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), indicative of lipid peroxidation in serum and cartilage, were significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to the normal diet group, while the levels of antioxidants, measured as total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidases (GPX), in serum and cartilage were significantly lower than that in the normal diet group. The mRNA expression of those antioxidants in cartilage tissue was significantly reduced by T‐2 toxin alone or by selenium‐deficient diet plus T‐2 toxin treatment. These results indicate that increasing TBARS and decreasing antioxidants in serum and cartilage by T‐2 toxin treatment with a selenium‐deficient nutritional status may alter oxidative stress in joint tissues and contribute to the pathological process of cartilage damage in KBD. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1229–1237, 2012
Inkjet Printing of Zinc(II) Bis‐2,2′:6′,2″‐Terpyridine Metallopolymers: Printability and Film‐Forming Studies by a Combinatorial Thin‐Film Library Approach
Authors: Friebe Christian , Wild Andreas , Perelaer Jolke , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: January 2012

For the first time, thin‐film libraries of zinc(II) bis‐2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine metallopolymers are prepared by inkjet printing to study structure–property relationships and their possible usage for organic photovoltaic (OPV) or polymer light‐emitting diode (PLED) applications. By using a combinatorial approach, various important parameters, including solvent system, dot spacing, and substrate temperature, as well as UV‐vis absorption and emission properties, are screened in a materials efficient and reproducible manner. Homogeneous films with a thickness of 150 –200 nm were obtained when printed at 40 –50 °C and from a solvent mixture of N,N‐dimethylformamide and acetophenone in a ratio of 90/10. In applications such as OPV and PLEDs the control over film thickness and homogeneity are central to obtain good device properties.
Kinetic Study of the Thermopolymerization of Furfuryl Methacrylate (FM) by Mathematical Modeling, 2–Moments of Molecular Size Distribution of the Primary Chains in the Networks
Authors: Lange Jurgen , Lozano Angel E. , García‐Yoldi Iñígo
Published: January 2012

The formation kinetics and structure of three‐dimensional networks in free radical polymerization of FM thermally initiated at high temperature are studied by analysis of zero and first‐order moments of molecular size distribution of primary chains (MSDPC) in the networks. Zero‐order moment values of MSDPC reveal that the system elapses as a living radical polymerization. Also, by means of the analysis of these moments and the first‐order ones of MSDPC, the sigmoidal shape of polymerization kinetic curves can be explained. On the other hand, the results of average crosslink density obtained using moment values of MSDPC suggest that this parameter does not change with polymerization temperature.

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Die mesophytische Flora der Saurierlagerstätte am Tendaguru (Tansania) Erste Ergebnisse
Authors: Kahlert E. , Schultka S. , Süß H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Abgesehen von einem unreifen Araukarienzapfen, der 1927 von Gothan kurz beschrieben wurde, werden erstmalig Pflanzenreste aus den Jura-Kreide-Grenzschichten des Tendaguru bekannt gemacht. Verkieselte Hölzer vor allem aus kreidezeitlichen Schichtabschnitten repräsentieren die für den Jura üblichen Koniferengruppen wie Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae und Taxaceae. Daneben konnten Ginkgoaceae nachgewiesen werden. Fusit ist nicht selten, meist aber sehr schlecht erhalten, bis auf ein Stück, das die Merkmale einer wahrscheinlich neuen Art von Glyptostroboxylon, einer Taxodiacee, zeigt. Naturmazerate von Kutikulen sind in den mittleren Saurier-Mergeln (tieferes Kimmeridge) häufig und können möglicherweise Ginkgophyten des Baiera/Sphenobaiera-Typs zugerechnet werden. Damit scheint die Flora von Tendaguru auf den ersten Blick von Gymnospermen extrem stark dominiert zu sein. Diese Dominanz ist wahrscheinlich auf taphonomische Prozesse und auf die selektive Probennahme während der Grabungsexpedition in den Jahren 1909–1913 zurückzuführen. So erscheinen neue Profilaufnahmen im Gelände unumgänglich, um ein differenzierteres Bild der jurassisch-kretazischen Flora des östlichen Afrika – die die Ernährungsgrundlage der meisten Dinosaurier vom Tendaguru bildete – zu entwickeln und phytogeographische Beziehungen genauer fassen zu können. Little is known about the Jurassic flora of East Africa. Therefore a preliminary account on plant remains from the well-known „Saurierlagerstätte” of Tendaguru is presented. Specimens of silicified wood represent typical conifers, such as Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae and Taxaceae, but also demonstrate the presence of Ginkgoales. Fusite is very common, but mostly not well preserved, except for one specimen which shows the characteristics of possibly a new species of the Taxodiacean genus Glyptostroboxylon. Natural macerated cuticules are abundant in the „middle Saurier-Mergel” (Lower Kimmeridgian) and they at least in part seem to belong to Ginkgophytaleans of the Baiera/Sphenobaiera-group. At first glance the composition of the flora of Tendaguru seems to be biased towards a predominance of Gymnosperms. This is not only a result of taphonomical processes, but also of selective sampling in 1909–1913. Preliminary observations support the opinion that further field work must be carried out if we would like to obtain a clearer „picture” of the Jurassic-Cretaceous flora that formed the diet of herbivorous dinosaurs. doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020114