bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 3. Exposure standards, public policy, laws, and future directions
Authors: Levitt B. Blake , Lai Henry C. , Manville Albert M.
Published: September 2021

Due to the continuous rising ambient levels of nonionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs) used in modern societies—primarily from wireless technologies—that have now become a ubiquitous biologically active environmental pollutant, a new vision on how to regulate such exposures for non-human species at the ecosystem level is needed. Government standards adopted for human exposures are examined for applicability to wildlife. Existing environmental laws, such as the National Environmental Policy Act and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the U.S. and others used in Canada and throughout Europe, should be strengthened and enforced. New laws should be written to accommodate the ever-increasing EMF exposures. Radiofrequency radiation exposure standards that have been adopted by worldwide agencies and governments warrant more stringent controls given the new and unusual signaling characteristics used in 5G technology. No such standards take wildlife into consideration. Many species of flora and fauna, because of distinctive physiologies, have been found sensitive to exogenous EMF in ways that surpass human reactivity. Such exposures may now be capable of affecting endogenous bioelectric states in some species. Numerous studies across all frequencies and taxa indicate that low-level EMF exposures have numerous adverse effects, including on orientation, migration, food finding, reproduction, mating, nest and den building, territorial maintenance, defense, vitality, longevity, and survivorship. Cyto- and geno-toxic effects have long been observed. It is time to recognize ambient EMF as a novel form of pollution and develop rules at regulatory agencies that designate air as ‘habitat’ so EMF can be regulated like other pollutants. Wildlife loss is often unseen and undocumented until tipping points are reached. A robust dialog regarding technology’s high-impact role in the nascent field of electroecology needs to commence. Long-term chronic low-level EMF exposure standards should be set accordingly for wildlife, including, but not limited to, the redesign of wireless devices, as well as infrastructure, in order to reduce the rising ambient levels (explored in Part 1). Possible environmental approaches are discussed. This is Part 3 of a three-part series.
Controllability of impulsive neutral stochastic integro-differential systems driven by a Rosenblatt process with unbounded delay
Authors: Benkabdi Youssef , Lakhel E.
Published: September 2021

In this paper, the controllability of a class of impulsive neutral stochastic integro-differential systems with
infinite delay driven by Rosenblatt process in a separable Hilbert space is studied.
The controllability result is obtained by using stochastic analysis and a fixed-point strategy. A practical example is provided to illustrate
the viability of the abstract result of this work.
Synthesis and Aggregation of Novel Sugar-based Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Ruijuan , Lei Yu , Mei Zikun , Wang Dong , Yin Zhigang
Published: September 2021

Novel sugar-based gemini surfactants with a 1,3-propan-2-ol spacer (1, 3-(N- alkyl-2-D-glucosaminyl acetyl) propan-2-ol, Glu(n)-3(OH)-Glu(n), n = 12, 14) were synthesized with D-(+)-glucono-1,5-lactone as starting material in two steps, whose structures were confirmed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance carbon spectroscopy (13C NMR). The micellization of Glu(n)-3(OH)-Glu(n) (n = 12, 14) in aqueous solution at 25.0°C was investigated by using surface tension measurement. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) is around 10–5 mol × L–1, and is one order of magnitude smaller than that of Glu(14)-3(OH)-Glu(14), indicating that the surface activity of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) is superior to that of Glu(14)-3(OH)-Glu(14). Moreover, the aggregation behavior of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) in aqueous solution at different pH values was investigated by surface tension, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and cryogenic transmission electron microscopic (Cryo-TEM) measurements. The results indicate that the CMC slightly increases with the decrease of the solution pH. The microstructure of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) aggregates transitions from micelle to vesicle with the solution pH from acidic to neutral and alkaline. The microstructural transformation of Glu(12)-3(OH)-Glu(12) with the solution pH is mainly determined by the protonation of the two tertiary amine nitrogen atoms in its hydrophilic headgroups.
Weakening of the Transdermal Effect of p-Phenylenediamine Pigments by the Temperature-Sensitive Poloxamer Sodium Alginate Gel
Authors: Gao Haiyan , Zhou Yue , Wang Jianguo , Xu Hujun
Published: September 2021

A temperature-sensitive hair dye was prepared with a poloxamer-sodium alginate mixture. When the hair dye was applied to the hair (< 32 °C), it retained its flow dynamics. The hair dye was able to undergo a phase change and formed a solid as soon as it touched the scalp (32°C), which reduced the transdermal amount of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) and also adverse effects and toxicity. Compared to a conventional hair dye, the temperature-sensitive hair dye achieved a reduction of the transdermal amount of p-phenylenediamine by almost 65% at different concentrations. At the same time, the colouring effect was not significantly reduced. The poloxamer alginate hydrogel can be used as a novel colouring material to reduce the harm of the dye intermediate to the human body when colouring hair.
Crystal and electronic structure of the new ternary phosphide Ho5Pd19P12
Authors: Zhak Olha , Karychort Oksana , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Zheng Chong
Published: September 2021

The title compound was prepared from the pure elements by sintering. The crystal structure was investigated by means of powder X-ray diffraction data. Ho5Pd19P12 exhibits the hexagonal Ho5Ni19P12-type structure with space group

P

6
‾

2
m

$P‾{6}2m$

, a = 13.1342(2), c = 3.9839(1) Å, R
I = 0.060, R
p = 0.080. The crystal structure can be described as a combination of two types of the structural units, [HoPd6P3] and [Ho3Pd10P6], respectively, mutually displaced by 1/2 along the crystallographic c axis. Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to analyze the electronic structure and provide deeper insight into the structure-property relationships. The results of the quantum chemical calculations indicate that the material features metallic bonding between Ho and Pd and covalent bonding between Pd and P.
Lignolytic Enzyme Activity of Isolated Bacteria from Termite (Coptotermes Sp.) and Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal, 1775) Guts
Authors: Latifah Emi , Mulyani Putri Dwi , Purwestri Yekti Asih
Published: September 2021

Bacteria BSR 2, Pseudomonas alcaligenes (BSR 3), Brevibacillus parabrevis (BSR 8), Brevibacillus sp. (BSR 9), isolated from termite gut and Bacillus licheniformis (BSA B1) isolated from milkfish gut have been known to possess celluloytic activity. However, their lignolytic ability has not been known. This study aimed to determine the lignolytic ability of bacteria isolated from termit (Coptotermes sp.) and milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal, 1775) guts and their enzymes characterization. The qualitative test was done through the spot test method, while quantitative assay was performed spectrophotometrically at 335 nm to calculate vanillin concentration. The isolates were grown in Lignin Mineral Medium, then the optical density (OD620) were measured every 24 hours for 5 days using spectrophotometer to determine their growth profile and the best isolation time of the lignolytic enzyme. Based on results, the best lignolytic enzyme isolation time for strains Bacillus licheniformis (BSA B1) and BSR 2 were 5 days, yielding lignolytic enzyme activity of 0.961 Â± 0.168 U/mg and 2.176 Â± 0.088 U/mg respectively, Â while strains Pseudomonas alcaligenes (BSR 3), Brevibacillus parabrevis (BSR 8), and Brevibacillus sp. (BSR 9) were 4 days, yielding of 1.206 Â± 0.045 U/mg, 1.162 Â± 0.191 U/mg, and 0.896 Â± 0.108 U/mg, respectively. The strain BSR 2 showed the highest lignolytic activity compared to other strains. The optimum temperature for lignolytic enzyme activity of BSR 2 was 30 â„ƒ and the optimum pH was 7. The lignolytic enzyme activity showed that these bacterial isolates can be a chance to be used as new alternative lignolytic enzyme source in commercial bioconversion process.
Assessment of Soybean Resistance to Leaf-feeding Insect, Spodoptera litura
Authors: Krisnawati Ayda , Nuryati Nuryati , Adie Mochammad Muchlish
Published: September 2021

One of soybean problem in Indonesia is leaf damage caused by the Spodoptera litura. The aim of the study was to identify the resistance of soybean genotypes againts army worm based on the preference index and morphophysiological characters. 150 soybean genotypes were grown under field condition from February to May 2018 in Malang (East Java, Indonesia). The preference test was conducted in the laboratory using G100H as resistant reference plant to armyworm. The result showed that the preference index was ranged from 0.09-1.82. A total of 105 genotypes showed a low preference index (resistant), 39 genotypes showed a high preference index (susceptible), and a genotype has similar preference index with the reference plant (has equal resistance with G100H). Based on the preference index and morphophysiological characters, 150 soybean genotypes can be grouped into eight clusters. A genotype from cluster VIII (Anjasmoro/Rajabasa-41) has characteristics of low leaf water content, dense leaf trichomes, and the preference index of 0.14. Those characteristics could be the attributes of the soybean genotypes that is resistant to S. litura. The Anjasmoro/Rajabasa-41 was recommended to be cultivated in Indonesian, or may be used as a gene source in the breeding program for S. litura resistance
Production of Sugar From Sweet Sorghum Stems with Hydrolysis Method Using Trichoderma viride
Authors: Ndapamuri Melycorianda Hubi , Herawati Maria Marina , Meitiniarti V Irene
Published: September 2021

Sorghum stem bagasse waste is one of the materials with high cellulose content. It can be utilized in glucose production through enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by Trichoderma viride. This study aims to determine sorghum stem bagasseâ€™s potential in producing glucose, assessing the time and concentration of sorghum stem bagasse in the hydrolysis process to produce glucose optimally and following SNI. Hydrolysis was carried out using a concentration of 5%, 8%, and 11% sorghum stem bagasse for 10, 15, and 20 days. The results showed that sorghum stem bagasse waste could produce glucose with an average glucose yield of 10.09% to 24.40 %. There is a tendency that increasing substrate concentration and hydrolysis time will increase the yield of liquid glucose. The treatment of 5% concentration of sorghum stem bagasse with a long hydrolysis time of 10 days can produce the highest liquid glucose, namely 24.40% with total dissolved solids of 7.40% Brix, the ash content of 0.26%, but 47.54% water content has not met SNI standards.Â
Indigenous Trichoderma harzianum as Biocontrol toward Blight Late Disease and Biomodulator in Potato Plant Productivity
Authors: Purwantisari Susiana , Sitepu Harum , Rukmi Isworo , Lunggani Arina Tri , Budihardjo Kadarwati
Published: September 2021

Indigenous Trichoderma has widely used in late-blight epidemic areas in Magelang, Indonesia as biocontrol and biomodulator. But it application still lacks of scientific proof, even though it is potently to be developed. Therefore, this study aims to identify and evaluate indigenous Trichoderma application in eradicating late blight and increase productivity. This research was an experimental posttest-only using six experimental plots, with P0 plot with no treatment. The solution was made by dissolve indigenous Trichoderma solid-starter into water (m/v), then used for treatment. The treatment plots including: two groups of sprayed-only plots with doses of 100 g/ 10 L of solution for P1 and 150 g/ 10 L of solution for P2; and two group treated with sprayed-poured method using doses of 100 g/ 10 L of solution for P3 and 150 g/ 10 L of solution for P4. The positive control group was P5 group, treated using chemical pesticides and tuber booster. The microscopic identification revealed that the local bioagent was Trichoderma harzianum species. Application of T. harzianum in P4 was significantly increased the productivity. However, it was not effective in increasing growth, but able to reduce the intensity of late blight disease. The research revealed that native Trichoderma is able to be used as anti-infectious agent and potentially improve the quality of potato plants. In the future, this research may worthwhile for farmers to develop and produce trustworthy and proven Trichoderma-based biocontrol and help them increase the potato production economically.
Î²-Glucans Production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Using Tofu Waste as Animal Feed Supplement
Authors: Sulistya Dewi Endah Rita , Nugroho Ary Susatyo , Nurwahyunani Atip , Ulfah Maria
Published: September 2021

Tofu industrial waste has the potential to become contaminant when it is not maximum processed, so it needs appropriate treatment to minimize the occurrence of pollution. Î²-Glucans can be produced from the yeast cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.As a feed supplement, Î²-Glucans have been used for an immunostimulant because it can increase the immune system. This study aimed to establish a suitable technology to produce Î²-Glucans fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae by utilize tofu waste as feed supplement. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model was used in the experimental method. This study used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) model.The treatment given wereP1: 1kg of tofu waste + 1kg of bran +0.2 kg fish meal + 0.2 lt molasses + 5.5 gSaccharomyces cerevisiae; P2: 1kg of tofu waste + 1kg of bran +0.2 kg fish meal + 0.2 lt molasses + 6.5 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae; P3: 1kg of tofu waste + 1kg bran + 0.2 kg fish meal +0.2 lt molasses + 7.5 g Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, and fermented for five days.The results found that P1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae 5.5 g was the best formulation to produced crude Î²-Glucans by weight of 25.9 g/kg of waste. Production of Î²-Glucans as an animal feed supplement is a waste-based feed technology development which is expected to increase livestock production both in quality and quantity.
Potential of Red Okra Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) to Restore Kidney Damage due to Sodium Nitrite
Authors: Wahyuningsih Sri Puji Astuti , Fachrisa Amalia , Nisaâ€™ Nabilatun , Kusuma Baskara Wiku Adi , Shoukat Nadia , Ahmar Rasyidah Fauzia , Alifiyah Na'ilah Insani
Published: September 2021

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) found in vegetables, drinking water, and cured meats, can damage tissue because it is an oxidant. Plant phytochemicals such as quercetin are antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the potential of red okra pods ethanol extract (ROE) to repair kidney damage in mice (Mus musculus) induced by NaNO2. The red okra pods were extracted three times with saturated ethanol. The experiment used 36 male BALB/c mice aged 6-8 weeks and body weight of about 28 g. There are six research groups, namely, normal control, negative control (exposure to NaNO2 50 mg/kg BW), treatment of exposure to NaNO2 and administration of ROE at doses of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg BW. Sodium nitrite and ROE were given daily for 23 days by gavage. On day 24, the serum was isolated. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cre) levels are measured to assess kidney function, as well as measuring the oxidant malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidant enzyme of superoxide dismutase (SOD). The kidneys were made histological preparations and analyzed on the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).Â  All data were statistically analyzed (Î±=0.05). This study indicated that the administration of ROE at a 100 mg/kg BW dose is the most optimal in repairing damage to the PCT with increased normal cells and reduced necrosis. Besides, it degraded BUN, Cre, and MDA levels in the serum of mice exposed to NaNO2 compared to the other treatments. All doses of ROE promoted the SOD level. ROE restore kidney tissue, especially on PCT to normal. Kidney damage due to exposure to NaNO2 preservatives can be reduced by administering ROE. ROE prevents kidney damage through an increase in antioxidant enzymes. ROE can be used as a food ingredient as a source of antioxidants, thereby reducing the impact of oxidant compounds.
Resistance Monitoring of Nilaparvata lugens Stall against Pymetrozine Insecticide with Determination of Diagnostic Concentrations
Authors: Murtiati Sri , Tarwotjo Udi , Rahadian Rully
Published: September 2021

Nilaparvata lugens Stall is one of the main insect pests on rice crops. Intensive control of this pests using insecticides has resulted in the development of insect resistance. This study aimed to find out the level of resistance of the N. lugens population to pymetrozine insecticides by determining the diagnostic concertations. N. lugens was collected from five endemic areas in Central Java Province from October 2019 to June 2020. The data from the bioassay test were analyzed with probit analysis to obtain the LC50 value. The results of the sensitivity test showed that the Kajen population has the highest RF value (2.47), while the Karanganyar population which has the lowest RF value (1) was the most sensitive population. The determined diagnostic concentration was LC95 = 25.52 ppm with the lowest concentration limit of 7.67 ppm and the highest of 30.05 ppm. To conclude, the determined diagnostic concentration (LC95 = 25.52 ppm) is effective for detecting the susceptibililty of N. lugens population. This finding would be beneficial for monitoring resistance of N. lugens population against pymetrozine insecticides in the field.
Raw Secondary Metabolites of Chitosan-enriched Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 to Control Corn Sheath Blight
Authors: Soesanto Loekas , Pradiptha Clarissa Nadya , Mugiastuti Endang
Published: September 2021

Corn is a strategic cereal with economic value and always face the corn sheath blight in the field. An alternative safely and environmentally friendly disease control is the use of biological agent Pseudomonas fluorescens P60 that produced raw secondary metabolites. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of chitosan enriched P. fluorescens P60 raw secondary metabolites against leaf blight and to determine the effect on the growth of maize. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Protection and Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University. In vitro test used a completely randomized design and in planta test used a randomized block design consisted of four treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of control and the secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60 enriched with chitosan 1, 2, and 3%. Variables observed were inhibition ability, chitinase and protease analysis qualitatively, incubation period, disease intensity, infection rate, AUDPC, crop height, crop fresh weight, and root fresh weight. The results showed that the secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60 enriched with chitosan 3% was effective in inhibiting the growth of Rhizoctonia solani as 63.3%, produced chitinase and protease, and could control the disease by delaying the incubation period as 79.05%, lowering the disease intensity as 68.68%, lowering the infection rate as 100%, and lowering AUDPC as 83.32%. The secondary metabolites of P. fluorescens P60 enriched with chitosan 3% was effective in improving plant growth by increasing plant fresh weight as 33.9% and root fresh weight as 43.09% compared to control. Chitosan could be used for improving effectiveness of antagonistic bacteria raw secondary metabolites. The raw secondary metabolites of bacterial antagonists could be improved their effectiveness against plant diseases by enrichment of chitosan.
Diversity of Pathogenic Fungi and Disease on Vegetable Crops at Polyculture Systems
Authors: Sucianto Eddy Tri , Abbas Muachiroh
Published: September 2021

Vegetables polyculture system is potentially increasing pathogenic fungi diversity because various plant hosts are available. There is no data about patogenic fungi diversity at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This study aimed to determine patogenic fungal diversity and disease percentage caused by the fungi at polyculture vegetable farming in Serang village, District of Karangreja, Purbalingga Regency. This research used purposive random sampling. Infected plants were collected at ten polyculture farming locations and fungal identification was performed at the laboratory. Fungi were identified morphologically based on the signs, symptoms, as well as macroscopic and microscopic characters. The fungi's pathogenity was determined by applying Koch's postulate test. The data were analyzed descriptively through literature comparison. The results showed that seven fungal species were found at polyculture farms in Serang Village. The obtained fungi were Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Septoria sp., Cercospora sp., Botryodiplodia sp., and Nigrospora sp. The lowest damage was 18.24% on tomato fruit infected by Fusarium sp. and the highest was on chili plants which was caused by Colletotrichum sp. The data is the first report for polycuture system. The obtained data has important implication for the management of vegetables farming in Serang Village.
Conservation Status of Agarwood-Producing Species (Gyrinops versteegii) in Indonesia
Authors: Sutomo Sutomo , Iryadi Rajif , Sumerta I Made
Published: September 2021

Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii are agarwood producing plant species that is widely used because of its fragrance. Gyrinops versteegii has not been much cultivated and along with the decreasing population of G. versteegii in its natural habitat. This study aimed to assess scarcity status of Gyrinops versteegii based on distribution records from both herbarium and field exploration to assist the formulation of its conservation policy. Distribution data were obtained from online database and also from field exploration in Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores Islands to obtain the population information. Area of Occupancy (AOO) and Extent of Occurrence (EOO) were calculated using GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool) and IUCN status recommendation was discussed. The estimated EOO was 868,422,919 km2, exceeding the value required for the threatened category. Based on EOO, it is included in the Least Concern (LC) category, but the EOO covers a large area of the ocean so the AOO was 116 km2 as meets criterion B (AOO<500 km2). It can be categorized into endangered (EN). Population data and conservation status of G verstegii are very important to provide recommendations on the quota wild-harvesting of agarwood by stakeholders.
The Mitotic Index of Cajanus cajan from Kisar Island, in the Southwest of Maluku
Authors: Sangur Kristin , Smith Alwi , Tomasoa Meike
Published: September 2021

The mitotic index of the roots of pigeon pea can be the basis for determining the growth of pigeon pea. The purpose of this research was to determine the time of root cell division, to observe the mitotic phases, and to determine the mitotic index of pigeon pea root cells. The preparation of the pigeon pea was carried out for 4 days to grow the roots. The roots were cut off at 08.00, 08.15, and 08.30 WIT (Eastern Indonesian Time). The roots were cut 0.5-1cm. Carnoy’s solution was used as the fixative solution using the Squash technique. The prepared roots were then observed using an Olympus cx-22 microscope and an OptiLab camera with a magnification of 100x40. The data were descriptively analyzed to describe the images of mitotic phases and the mitotic index presentation in the root cells of pigeon pea. The results of this research showed that the cell division of the pigeon pea roots began at 08.00 WIT, which was marked by the presence of a lot of prophase. The next phases that appeared were prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase which occurred from 08.15 to 08.30 with different numbers. The highest mitotic index occurred at 08.15, when most of the root cells underwent metaphase. This study succeeded in revealing that the optimum time for pigeon pea root cell division is 08.15 WIT. In the future, this research can help pigeon pea farmers in Southwest of Maluku to carry out vegetative reproduction which is closely related to this mitotic study.
Blood-Glucose Levels of Rats Given High-Fat Diets after Administration of Neem Leaf Ethanolic Extract
Authors: Isdadiyanto Sri , Mardiati Siti Muflichatun , Sitasiwi Agung Janika
Published: September 2021

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) is a medicinal plant that contains antioxidants, antihyperlipidemia, and has antidiabetic activity. This research aimed to examine the effect of neem leaf ethanolic extract on blood glucose levels of white rats given high-fat rations. The male white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) with two months of age were used. The treatment of test animals consisted of six treatment groups and four replications, namely: the control group (P0); given high fat rations + duck egg yolk 2.5 ml/200gBW (P1); given high-fat rations + 8 mg/200gBW simvastatin (P2); and P1+ the dose of neem leaf ethanolic extract of 75; 100; and 125 mg/200gBW (P3; P4; and P5). Blood-glucose levels were analyzed by colorimetric enzymatic method using Roche Diagnostics Cobas C reagents kits. Blood-glucose level was determined using Roche / Hitachi cobas c systems automatically. Homogeneous and normally distributed data of blood-glucose levels, body weight and feed consumption were analyzed statistically using ANOVA followed by Duncan's test with a significance level of 5% using SPSS 16.0 software. The results indicated that giving the neem leaf ethanolic extract of could reduce the blood glucose levels. In this study, it was concluded that the neem leaf ethanolic extract of could potentially be used as an alternative to cure diabetes mellitus.
Genetic Diversity and Relationships of Phalaenopsis Based on the rbcL and trnL-F Markers: In Silico Approach
Authors: Mursyidin Dindin Hidayatul , Ahyar Gusti Muhammad Zainal , Saputra Ahmad Winarto , Hidayat Aminoor
Published: September 2021

In silico is the more comprehensive and applicable approach in supporting, both conservation and breeding programs of germplasm. The study aimed to analyze and determine the genetic diversity and relationships of 24 species of Phalaenopsis using two DNA barcoding markers, namely the rbcL and trnL-F, by in silico approach. All sequences of these markers were collected randomly from the NCBI website and analyzed using several softwares and methods, such as ClustalW and MultAlin for multiple sequence alignments and MEGA-X to determine its genetic diversity and relationships. Specifically, the genetic diversity was determined using a nucleotide diversity index and their relationships by the Maximum Likelihood method. The results showed that Phalaenopsis has a low genetic diversity of 0.24, 0.32, and 0.19, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that this orchid separated into five (for the rbcL), six (trnL-F), and seven clades (a combined one), where the closest relationship is shown by P. amboinensis vs. P. venosa, whereas the farthest by P. gibbosa vs. P. doweryensis, P. stuartiana vs. P. micholitzii, and P. celebensis vs. P. pulchra. The results have novel information on the diversity and relationships of Phalaenopsis on the in silico approach. Thus, our findings might be used in supporting the conservation and breeding program of Phalaenopsis, both locally and globally.
Morphological Characterization and Physical Dormancy of Bauhinia winitii Seed: Living Collection of Purwodadi Botanic Garden
Authors: Lestari Dewi Ayu , Firdiana Elok Rifqi
Published: September 2021

Bauhinia winitii Craib (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) is a woody climber which is currently included in endangered species list. B. winitii seeds are orthodox seeds in which it has hard coat morphologically. Therefore, B. winitii seeds often undergo physical dormancy which can be broken through immersion in certain liquid media. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of B. winitii seeds and determine the pre-sowing treatment method to accelerate the seeds germination of B. winitii. External morphological characterization was carried out by observing the seeds quantitative and qualitative parameters. Characterization of seeds internal morphology was conducted using a digital microscope. Physical dormancy breaking was carried out by immersion in warm and cold water for 24 hours. Morphological characterization data were analyzed descriptively, while seed germination data were analyzed quantitatively by using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD test (with  confidence level of 95%). B. winitii has pod-shaped fruits with 2-6 seeds per pod, the seeds are 1.36 cm x 1 cm in size, 0.47 cm thick and weighed 0.5 g, oblong to conical in shape, smooth and shine surface, with light to dark brown in color. Seeds immersion treatment in warm water could break the physical dormancy of B. winitii seeds thus 63% of the seeds were able to germinate and it was significantly different compared to control and cold water immersion treatment. Technical to germinate B. winitii seed can be known from pre-sowing treatment. This study can be used as a reference for seed identification and germination technical of B. winitii seed.
The Combination of Phyllanthus niruri, Euphorbia hirta, and Loranthus sp. as a Source of Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Kristiani Elizabeth Betty Elok , Kasmiyati Sri
Published: September 2021

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri), patikan kebo (Euphorbia hirta), and benalu (Loranthus sp.) have often been used by people as medicinal plants. This research aimed to measure the levels of flavonoids, phenolics, and ascorbic acid compounds, as well as the Free Radical Scavenging (FRS) activity of ethyl acetate extract from the mixture of P. niruri, E. hirta, and Loranthus sp. The FRS activity was measured with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The level of compounds was measured by using the spectrophotometry method with specific reagents. The result of the FRS activity in ethyl acetate extract from the mixture of P. niruri, E. hirta, and Loranthus sp. varied depending on its dose. The measure of FRS in the P. niruri: E. hirta: Loranthus sp 0:0:1 (K-OOL) composition showed a strong result with a value of IC50 97.2 ± 2.1 ppm, while in the 0:0.5:0.5 (K-OEL) composition it was moderate with a value of IC50 147.6 ± 6.5 ppm. The other compositions showed weak and inactive results. The K-OOL composition had the highest flavonoid and phenolic content that were 298.8±0.00 mg QE/g extract and 141.5±2.85 mg GAE/g extract respectively. The composition with the highest ascorbic acid content (298.8±0.00 mg/g extract) was K-OEO composition. So far, research on medicinal plants is still limited to one type of plant. The combination of several types of plants in several formulations allows obtaining a composition that can produce maximum antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this research is expected to produce a combination formulation of various types of medicinal plants that have the K-OOL composition very strong antioxidant activity and can be used as herbal medicines.
Analysis of The Morphological Characteristics of Bush Frog Philautus spp. Gistel, 1848 (Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Mount Ungaran
Authors: Rahayuningsih Margareta , Rahmawati Winda , Hamidy Amir
Published: September 2021

Traditionally, the genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 contains small Rhacoporid frogs that lack vomerine teeth and a direct development tadpole stage. In Java, this genus consists of 3 species, including Philautus aurifasciatus, Philautus jacobsoni, and Philautus pallidipes. It is known that Philautus aurifasciatus and Philautus jacobsoni are sympatric species from Mount Ungaran and are morphologically difficult to distinguish. Therefore, information is needed through the phenetic characters of each population in the area to identify differences in their morphology. This study aimed to analyze the morphological characteristics of  Bush Frog Philautus spp. on Mount Ungaran in terms of meristic character through a direct field survey and comparison methods. Furthermore, it was conducted by observing 32 specimens of Philautus spp. from Mount Ungaran and compared with the Philautus aurifasciatus from Mount Gede Pangrango with 18 meristic characters. The results showed that Philautus spp. is similar to Philautus aurifasciatus in terms of their meristic characters. The results of the meristic analysis showed that Philautus spp. has a variety of dorsal colors from brown, purple, green, and gray with two types of patterns including patterned groups (resembling letters H, X, and V) and abstract. Furthermore, the throat, stomach, and lower thighs are granular with three snout shapes (protruding, round, and sloping). It has a loreal oblique tympanum and canthus rostralis. The forelimbs are not webbed while the hindlimbs are half webbed, and the inner metatarsal is an elongated oval in shape. Meristic analysis provides a basis for strengthening the taxonomic status of Philautus spp on Mount Ungaran, as well as information the distribution in Mount Ungaran.
GESTIÓN Y COMPETITIVIDAD EN LA ERA DE LA GLOBALIZACIÓN
Authors: Bouby Tolentino Francisca
Published: September 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis de lo que significa hacer gestión en la nueva era del cambiante sistema capitalista, caracterizado por la plena vigencia de la economía de mercado y la globalización acelerada. Hacer gestión en un país en desarrollo es muy diferente que hacer gestión en un país desarrollado. La globalización de los sistemas productivos permite clasificar a los diferentes países del mundo según el peso relativo de sus respectivas fuerzas de trabajo, dependiendo, fundamentalmente de la competitividad a nivel mundial que estas fuerzan tienen. Sobre esta base se estima que en los países desarrollados que integran el Primer Mundo, la mayoría de la fuerza laboral tiene el nivel de competitividad adecuado con los estándares internacionales. De otro lado, en los países en desarrollo de América Latina, Asia Oriental y el antiguo mundo soviético, que conforman el Tercer Mundo, no obstante tener ciertas fuerzas laborales competitivas, no podrán absorber con facilidad al grueso de la fuerza laboral que provienen de sus sectores económicos rurales e informales. Esta posición se refuerza en el hecho de que los niveles de competitividad internacional se elevan continuamente de acuerdo con los avances de la tecnología.
LA GERENCIA DEL CONOCIMIENTO COMO FUENTE DE VENTAJA PARA DESARROLLAR LAS MYPES
Authors: Tito Huamaní Pedro
Published: September 2021

Los resultados de la investigación demuestran que la Gerencia del Conocimiento es un modelo de gestión innovador y creativo para las organizaciones empresariales, sean éstas micro, pequeñas, medianas y/o grandes empresas. A diferencia de los últimos, en los primeros (micro y pequeñas empresas o MYPEs), dadas las limitaciones financieras y de gestión para la implementación de este modelo, debe seguirse la tendencia a la personificación; vale decir, una gestión caracterizada por el contacto permanente con sus colaboradores, en la que la tecnología ayude a comunicar sus conocimientos y no solo a almacenarlos. A nivel interno todavía no están dadas las condiciones –clima laboral en los talleres y formación académica de los propietarios- para gerenciar las MYPEs sobre la base de los conocimientos acumulados a través de sus colaboradores. Esto se refleja en el celo que todavía subsiste entre los trabajadores, dificultando compartir conocimientos, habilidades y destrezas aunque están convencidos que para desarrollar la organización necesariamente deben interactuar e intercambiar conocimientos. De la misma forma, a partir de los resultados de la investigación, se concluye que la adquisición de nuevos conocimientos para desarrollar su trabajo tiene una alta valoración entre los trabajadores y propietarios de las MYPEs. Creemos que este aspecto es importante para internalizar los valores de interacción humana y trabajo en equipo.
COMPETITIVIDAD Y PERCEPCIÓN DEL SERVICIO TURÍSTICO PERUANO ESTUDIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 2005
Authors: Begazo Villanueva José Domingo
Published: September 2021

Los peruanos debemos buscar la riqueza dentro de nosotros mismos. Estamos llenos de oportunidades por todas partes, esperando por alguien que le de el valor y la fuerza necesaria para convertirla en algo atractivo y poderoso para vender al mundo. La clave está en entender que somos una nación con una gran cultura viva fruto de siglos de mestizaje; justamente ese mestizaje ha hecho que nuestra cocina tenga una propuesta variada y diversa que ha cautivado al público internacional, y que es en ese mestizaje donde los peruanos deben encontrar la fuente de inspiración no solo para generar riqueza sino, sobretodo, para aceptarnos y querernos como nación. Recién a partir de esto podemos encontrar en nuestro interior todas aquellas ideas que luego saldrán transformadas en productos y en marcas para conquistar el planeta.
GESTIÓN DE EDUCACIÓN VIRTUAL
Authors: Castillo Moza Juan
Published: September 2021

La apertura social, además de la apertura espacio-tiempo, hacen posible que una institución educativa o un establecimiento asociado atiendan a un número significativamente grande de personas que aún encontrándose dispersas geográficamente y lejos de sus docentes, satisfacen necesidades de diversa índole como formación, capacitación, actualización, orientación, especialización y perfeccionamiento, según sea el caso. La educación virtual es una modalidad de la educación a distancia y abierta que en un contexto de nuevos ambientes telemáticos posibilita la comunicación humana mediada por la tecnología de información y comunicaciones, que acortan la distancia entre la enseñanza y el aprendizaje. En esta nueva forma de interacción global, profesores y estudiantes pueden compartir todo tipo de mensajes educativos en tiempo real o en forma asincrónica. El espacio donde se desarrolla la educación virtual es el ciberespacio generado por Internet. La gestión de educación virtual garantizará una buena ejecución de los planes y programas educativos en la educación a distancia y abierta en la modalidad virtual.
ADQUIRIENDO EXPERIENCIAS Y NUEVOS DESAFIOS
Authors: Mauricio Pachas Pablo
Published: September 2021

En la presente investigación se destaca la formación de profesionales en economía, administración y negocios en las Universidades de reconocido prestigio internacional; a propósito de la invitación por el Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos. Tales experiencias plantean desafíos para la Universidad Publica de nuestro País en la formación del nuevo profesional de economía, administración y negocios, que respondan al contexto de cambios y a la elevada competitividad de los mercados; en donde vienen destacando los países de Asia e India con su innovación y creatividad. Cuyo propósito será fortalecer al sector empresarial dedicado al comercio exterior, que en los últimos 5 años han venido generando importantes saldos en la balanza comercial para el beneficio del país. La Universidad debe aportar profesionales involucrado en la empresa y en la realidad económica, para fortalecer las potencialidades de las regiones que dedican su producción a las exportaciones no tradicionales y al desarrollo del País.
CAMBIO, INNOVACIÓN Y CREATIVIDAD EN LA GERENCIA PERUANA
Authors: Puell Palacios Juan
Published: September 2021

Las tendencias de la gerencia moderna no solamente se orientan al incremento de la productividad individual de las empresas, sino también al posicionamiento de las mismas en un mercado competitivo a través de la innovación, el cambio y la creatividad. Los gerentes y los empresarios modernos deben diseñar escenarios futuros para sus organizaciones, para ello es fundamental apostar por el cambio; es decir el cambio debe planificarse, innovando productos o servicios o creando otros totalmente nuevos. La innovación es el nuevo paradigma de las organizaciones eficientes y efectivas, y los gerentes deben tener en consideración que la innovación puede ser de varios tipos: radical, incremental, original, adaptada, tecnológica, de mercado, de productos y/o servicios, de proceso, modular o arquitectónica. De acuerdo a la naturaleza de la empresa se debe estudiar minuciosa y prioritariamente qué tipo de innovación requiere para crecer en el mercado y vencer a la competencia. Las empresas tradicionales y rutinarias que no cambian ni innovan sus productos o servicios quedan marginadas frente a las fuerzas destructoras de la competencia.
LA AUTOEVALUACIÓN NO ES EL CAMINO DIRECTO PARA LA ACREDITACIÓN UNIVERSITARIA
Authors: Valencia Pomareda Herbert
Published: September 2021

La acreditación universitaria busca, sobre todo, la calidad académica por lo que debemos conocer previamente las competencias laborales que los usuarios o empresas necesitan de nuestros egresados; por lo tanto, no es aconsejable lograr la acreditación por medio de una autoevaluación, ya que si nos autoevaluamos primero sin conocer las necesidades educativas de la sociedad puede ocurrir que los elementos evaluados no sean de importancia para lograr la calidad deseada.
TRATADO DE LIBRE COMERCIO ENTRE PERÚ Y CANADÁ (ALCANCES Y PERSPECTIVAS)
Authors: Ugarte  Casafranca Walter
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo aborda el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Perú y Canadá. Investiga sobre los antecedentes de la negociación, la importancia del mercado canadiense en la economía peruana y el posible impacto que ha de tener este acuerdo comercial. Incluye un análisis de los indicadores comerciales y una interpretación del acuerdo para la promoción y protección recíproca de las inversiones Perú-Canadá.
CÓMO ESCRIBIR EL INFORME FINAL DE UNA TESIS
Authors: Tito Huamaní Pedro L.
Published: September 2021

l informe final de la tesis de investigación se vuelve un dolor de cabeza para la mayoría de egresados de maestrías y doctorados, debido a que deben presentar de manera organizada y sistematizada el tema investigado, describiendo paso a paso la tarea realizada. En el caso de las ciencias administrativas, uno de los mayores limitantes para la presentación de estos documentos es la falta de modelos o guías, por lo que el presente texto brinda algunas pautas para ayudar a los egresados de maestrías y doctorados en la elaboración de su informe final de investigación.
LA ADMINISTRACIÓN COMO CIENCIA, TÉCNICA Y ARTE
Authors: Valeriano Ortiz Luis Fernando
Published: September 2021

Se viene discutiendo desde hace décadas si la administración es ciencia y arte; ciencia por los conocimientos base que se necesitan para el objeto y estudio de la organización, y arte porque se necesita personalidad y virtudes, aparte de la creatividad. Se suma la técnica porque se necesitan procedimientos y experiencia para la solución de problemas prácticos. Es por esto que la administración se caracteriza por la interdisciplinaridad en todas las carreras y en todos los ámbitos, y en especial en nuestra Facultad.
EMPLEABILIDAD DE EGRESADOS DE LA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ADMINISTRATIVAS DE LA UNMSM
Authors: Tito Huamaní Pedro Leonardo
Published: September 2021

Los resultados de la investigación revelan que existe una mediana correspondencia entre el ámbito de ocupación laboral definido por la universidad, a través de sus planes de estudios, y el nivel de empleabilidad y ocupabilidad de nuestros egresados en el mercado laboral. Tal afirmación se corrobora cuando el 53% de los encuestados manifestaron que los conocimientos impartidos en la universidad sirvieron poco o medianamente para su desempeño laboral óptimo. Ello implica que la Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) debe mantener una comunicación estrecha con los stakeholders, a fin de saber cuáles son sus requerimientos en términos de recursos profesionales, para incorporarlos en sus futuros planes de estudios Asimismo, la investigación también demuestra que un porcentaje representativo de nuestros egresados tienen empleos en posiciones inferiores dentro de la estructura organizacional, cumpliendo funciones administrativas y operativas poco o nada gravitantes para la organización. Esta situación se puede explicar desde dos posiciones: a) Que los encuestados fueron en su mayoría egresados de los últimos años (2004-2006), que recién se inician profesionalmente a laborar, y es obvio que lo harán desde abajo, y b) Que los planes de estudios no guardan relación con lo que exige el mercado laboral, por lo que nuestros egresados sistemáticamente son postergados de ascender a funciones o puestos relevantes, dado que no se encuentran debidamente preparados para ello. Contrastando y cruzando otros datos, podemos afirmar que los empleos poco relevantes de nuestros egresados se explican por la primera posición, lo que a su vez demuestra un elemento incontrolable en la investigación. En ese orden de ideas, la preocupación por el nivel de empleabilidad y ocupabilidad de nuestros egresados debe ser uno de los objetivos principales de la Facultad; ello implica que al momento de reestructurar los planes de estudios, en la fase de diagnóstico, se deben tomar muy en cuenta las opiniones y sugerencias que emitan los líderes y directivos de las organizaciones privadas o públicas. Debemos entender que la empleabilidad es un concepto mucho más dinámico que el empleo, puesto de trabajo o capacitación profesional. Trabajar por la empleabilidad de nuestros egresados implica potenciar sus competencias para conseguir trabajos y conservarlos; esto es mucho más que el proceso que conduce solo a la obtención del Título Profesional. En ese contexto, la UNMSM debe proporcionar un balance entre la formación técnica y científica para trabajos especializados, sin descuidar la formación del ciudadano que se integra a la sociedad para trascender en el tiempo. Postulamos, en suma, a una empleabilidad con formación integral del hombre que conjugue lo conceptual con lo procedimental y lo actitudinal, fundamentalmente.
LA GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO, FACTOR ESTRATÉGICO PARA EL DESARROLLO
Authors: Rodríguez Andino Milagro , García Colina Fernando , Pérez Hernández Miguel Ángel , Castillo Maza Juan Victoriano
Published: September 2021

La gestión del conocimiento ha adquirido una importancia significativa como factor de cambio y desarrollo en todo el quehacer de la sociedad. Su principal misión es crear un ambiente en el que el conocimiento y la información disponibles en una organización sean accesibles y puedan ser usados para estimular la innovación, provocar mejoras en la toma de decisiones y producir nuevos conocimientos. La clave está en crear una cultura donde la información y el conocimiento se valoren, se compartan, se gestionen y se usen eficaz y eficientemente. Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TIC) han proporcionado herramientas de indudable valor para la generación de bases de conocimiento, y constituyen un nuevo ámbito de investigación y desarrollo en este sentido. El trabajo que presentamos pretende valorar importantes aspectos a atender; entre éstos tenemos la política y los elementos principales de la estrategia para gestionar el conocimiento con el empleo de las TIC, que permita impulsar el desarrollo de una organización.