bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GIS applications in Human Geography
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: July 2017

Human geography is the branch of geography concerned with how and why people organize themselves across space and interact with their environments. Human geographers conduct their research that underpins the subfields of human geography in many social arenas. These subfields range from the geography of religion and regional geographies to political geography and mountain geography, and more. As the largest branch of geography, much research in human geography has been produced that makes use of a geographical information system (GIS). A GIS is a computer program that stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Work by human geographers who incorporate GIS into their research tends to fall into one of two categories. First, there is the work that uses GIS as a straightforward tool of spatial analysis, spatial modeling, and geo-visualization. The topics of these research projects span all the subfields of human geography. Second, there is the work that examines the theoretical and philosophical significance of GIS within human geography. Informed from the critical perspectives of feminism, queer studies, Marxism, and others, these studies typically situate GIS within the discipline at fundamental levels of epistemology and ontology. This approach to studying GIS within human geography shifts the focus away from the output of a research project and toward the process of research itself. This article contains sample works from some of the most vibrant subfields of human geography in which GIS is being adopted to increase our knowledge of the human organization of space and human-environment interactions: Urban Geography, Hazards Geography, and Historical Geography. This review also includes sections that summarize key works from Critical GIS, Qualitative GIS, and Public Participation GIS that provide additional vantage points from which to appreciate the multifaceted application of GIS across human geography.
Pediatric rheumatologic diseases
Authors: Teague Malinda
Published: July 2017

Rheumatologic diseases are uncommon in children but have the potential for significant morbidity, mortality, and disability. This article reviews the most common rheumatologic diseases in children, their diagnostic evaluations, and the NP's role in the management and coordination of these conditions.
Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Singendonk Maartje M.J. , Tabbers Merit M. , Benninga Marc A. , Langendam Miranda W.
Published: July 2017

In this systematic review, we summarize the evidence on prognosis and prognostic factors of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A structured search of Embase and MEDLINE/PubMed (inception to April 2016) yielded 5365 references; 4 publications met our inclusion criteria (risk of bias moderate‐high). Definitions and outcome measures varied widely between studies. The percentage of children with a diagnosis of GERD with esophagitis that had persisting symptoms and/or were on antireflux medication at follow‐up (12 months to >5 years) ranged from 23% (weekly symptoms) to 68% (antireflux medication), depending on definition used. In children with a diagnosis of GERD without esophagitis, 1.4% developed esophagitis at follow‐up (>5 years); none developed Barrett esophagus. In conclusion, prognostic studies on pediatric GERD are of limited quality and show large methodological heterogeneity. Based on these studies, we are unable to identify those children at risk for unfavorable outcome with regards to GERD symptoms or endoscopic complications.
Bioactive Whey Protein Concentrate and Lactose Stimulate Gut Function in Formula‐fed Preterm Pigs
Authors: Li Yanqi , Nguyen Duc Ninh , Obelitz‐Ryom Karina , Andersen Anders D. , Thymann Thomas , Chatterton Dereck E.W. , Purup Stig , Heckmann Anne B. , Bering Stine B. , Sangild Per T.
Published: July 2017

Objective:

Formula feeding is associated with compromised intestinal health in preterm neonates compared with maternal milk, but the mechanisms behind this are unclear. We hypothesized that the use of maltodextrin and whey protein concentrates (WPCs) with reduced bioactivity owing to thermal processing are important factors.

Method:

Ninety‐two cesarean‐delivered preterm pigs were fed increasing doses of formulas for 5 days (24–120 mL · kg−1 · day−1). In experiment 1, 4 groups of pigs (n = 15–16) were fed lactose‐ or maltodextrin‐dominant formulas (lactose/maltodextrin ratios 3:1 or 1:3, respectively), containing WPC with either high or low levels of IgG (WPC1 or WPC2, respectively). In experiment 2, 2 groups of pigs (n = 15–16) were fed lactose‐dominant formulas with either a bioactive WPC (BioWPC, produced by reduced thermal‐processing) or a conventional WPC (ConWPC).

Results:

In experiment 1, pigs fed formula with WPC1 had higher villi, hexose absorption, and lactase activity in small intestine, relative to WPC2, but predominantly with the lactose‐dominant formula (all P < 0.05). In experiment 2, the BioWPC product had higher bioactivity, as indicated by higher IgG, lactoferrin, and TGF‐β2 levels, and better enterocyte proliferation in vitro. Pigs fed the BioWPC formula showed better feeding tolerance and higher intestinal villi and lactase activity (all P < 0.05). The BioWPC formula‐fed pigs also had greater physical activity (P < 0.05 on day 4) and tended to show improved hexose absorption and decreased gut permeability (both P ⩽ 0.09).

Conclusions:

Infant formulas containing lactose as the main carbohydrate, and WPC with reduced thermal processing, may support gut maturation and health in sensitive, preterm neonates.
State of the Plastic Surgery Workforce and the Impact of Graduate Medical Education Reform on Training of Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Janes Lindsay , Lanier Steven T. , Evans Gregory R. D. , Kasten Steven J. , Hume Keith M. , Gosain Arun K.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Although recent estimates predict a large impending shortage of plastic surgeons, graduate medical education funding through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services remains capped by the 1997 Balanced Budget Act. The authors’ aim was to develop a plan to stimulate legislative action.

Methods:

The authors reviewed responses of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and American Medical Association from January of 2015 to a House Energy & Commerce Committee request for input on graduate medical education funding. In addition, all program directors in plastic surgery were surveyed through the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons to determine their graduate medical education funding sources.

Results:

All three organizations agree that current graduate medical education funding is inadequate to meet workforce needs, and this has a significant impact on specialty selection and distribution for residency training. All agreed that funding should be tied to the resident rather than to the institution, but disagreed on whether funds should be divided between direct (allocated to residency training) and indirect (allocated to patient care) pools, as is currently practiced. Program directors’ survey responses indicated that only 38 percent of graduate medical education funds comes from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Conclusions:

Organized medicine is at risk of losing critically needed graduate medical education funding. Specific legislation to support additional graduate medical education positions and funding (House Resolutions 1180 and 4282) has been proposed but has not been universally endorsed, in part because of a lack of collaboration in organized medicine. Collaboration among major organizations can reinvigorate these measures and implement real change in funding.
Harvesting the Buccal Fat Pad Does Not Result in Aesthetic Deformity in Cleft Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Bennett Katelyn G. , Thurston Todd E. , Vercler Christian J. , Kasten Steven J. , Buchman Steven R.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Buccal fat is often used as a pedicled flap in cleft palate repairs to minimize scarring and fortify tenuous closures. Although many surgeons have adopted this technique, others have remained circumspect because of the concern for subsequent facial asymmetry.

Methods:

Patients who underwent cleft palate repair using buccal fat pad flaps for closure between 2007 and 2015 were reviewed. Only patients with unilateral buccal fat pad flaps and three-dimensional photography were included. Volumetric analysis was performed on each patient to measure cheek volumes of both the flap and nonflap sides. A subgroup analysis on cleft palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients was performed to eliminate the confounding asymmetries of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Paired t tests were used to determine differences in cheek volumes. In addition, three reviewers examined photographs of patients and were asked to determine the side of fat pad harvest.

Results:

Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 55 months. The volume difference between the flap and nonflap sides was not significant (p = 0.81). Subgroup analysis on cleft palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients did not reveal a volume difference between the flap and nonflap sides (p = 0.98). When asked to determine which side buccal fat pads were harvested from based on patient photographs, the average percentage correct for three independent reviewers was 57 percent and the Cohen’s kappa was −0.084, indicating poor agreement.

Conclusion:

Although the buccal fat pad is thought to play a role in facial aesthetics, the authors found no difference in volume between harvest and nonharvest sides, nor was there a clinically detectable difference.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Finesse in Nasal Tip Refinement
Authors: Sieber David A. , Rohrich Rod. J.
Published: July 2017

Nasal tip refinement is one of the most difficult aspects of rhinoplasty surgery. In this article, the senior author (R.J.R.) presents his technique for nasal tip analysis and identifies the factors that contribute to nasal tip shape. Various techniques for nasal tip modification using both sutures and soft cartilage grafts are described to help produce optimal results.
The Relationship Between Efavirenz as Initial Antiretroviral Therapy and Suicidal Thoughts Among HIV-Infected Adults in Routine Care
Authors: Bengtson Angela M. , Pence Brian W. , Mollan Katie R. , Edwards Jessie K. , Moore Richard D. , O'Cleirigh Conall , Eaton Ellen F. , Eron Joseph J. , Kitahata Mari M. , Mathews William C. , Crane Heidi , Mugavero Michael J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Evidence about the effect of initiating efavirenz-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) as the first-line therapy on suicidal thoughts remains conflicting.

Methods:

Using data from a cohort of HIV-infected adults enrolled in routine care across 5 sites in the United States, we included participants with a baseline patient-reported outcome measure and detectable viral load who initiated ART between 2011 and 2014. Participants were followed until the earliest of the following: first suicidal thoughts, discontinuation of initial ART regimen, death, loss to care (>12 months with no HIV appointments), or administrative censoring (2014–2015). Suicidal thoughts were measured using a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item. We used weighted marginal structural Cox models to estimate the effect of initiating efavirenz-containing ART, versus efavirenz-free ART, on the hazard of active or passive suicidal thoughts after ART initiation, accounting for confounding by channeling bias.

Results:

Overall, 597 participants were followed for a median of 19 months (13,132 total person-months); 147 (25%) initiated efavirenz-containing ART. At ART initiation, 38% of participants reported suicidal thoughts or depressive symptoms. Initiating efavirenz-based ART was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) for suicidal thoughts below the null in the crude analysis [HR, 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53 to 1.45] and above the null in the weighted analysis (HR, 1.21; 95% CI: 0.66 to 2.28). Among those with a prior mental health issue, the weighted HR was 1.76 (95% CI: 0.45 to 6.86).

Conclusions:

After accounting for measured channeling bias, we observed no strong evidence that initiating efavirenz-containing ART increased the hazard of suicidal thoughts.
Pneumococcal neuraminidase activates TGF-β signalling
Authors: Gratz Nina , Loh Lip Nam , Mann Beth , Gao Geli , Carter Robert , Rosch Jason , Tuomanen Elaine I.
Published: July 2017

Neuraminidase A (NanA) is an important virulence factor that is anchored to the pneumococcal cell wall and cleaves sialic acid on host substrates. We noted that a secreted allele of NanA was over-represented in invasive pneumococcal isolates and promoted the development of meningitis when swapped into the genome of non-meningitis isolates replacing cell wall-anchored NanA. Both forms of recombinant NanA directly activated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, increased SMAD signalling and promoted loss of endothelial tight junction ZO-1. However, in assays using whole bacteria, only the cell-bound NanA decreased expression of ZO-1 and showed NanA dependence of bacterial invasion of endothelial cells. We conclude that NanA secretion versus retention on the cell surface does not influence neurotropism of clinical isolates. However, we describe a new NanA-TGF-β signalling axis that leads to decreased blood-brain barrier integrity and enhances bacterial invasion.
The online promotion of entrepreneurship education: a view from Canada
Authors: Pizarro Milian Roger , Gurrisi Marc
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine how entrepreneurship education is being marketed to students within the Canadian university sector.

Design/methodology/approach

A content analysis of the webpages representing 66 entrepreneurship education programs in Canada is performed.

Findings

Entrepreneurship education is found to be framed as providing students with a collaborative learning experience, useful hands-on skills with real world applications and an entrepreneurial mindset.

Research limitations/implications

This study looks at only one type of promotional material, and thus, further research is needed to triangulate its findings.

Originality/value

This is the first study that empirically examines the marketing of entrepreneurship education in Canada.
Entrepreneurial intentions of Colombian business students
Authors: Henley Andrew , Contreras Francoise , Espinosa Juan C. , Barbosa David
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reconceptualize the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) in the light of social cognitive theory to investigate the role of social capital, specifically the leadership skill as a social capital generating influence in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions.

Design/methodology/approach

A new conceptualization of TPB is proposed to allow the impact of bonding and bridging cognitive social capital to be mediated by TPB constructs of perceived desirability and feasibility of entrepreneurship. Hypotheses are developed related to leadership skills, family background and social norms as external and internal indicators of social capital, and tested on primary data from 322 student respondents in a Colombian business school.

Findings

Leadership skills, indicative of bridging cognitive social capital, are found to be strongly and significantly associated with entrepreneurial intentions through the mediating role of the core TPB constructs. Evidence for the role of bonding social capital through measures of the social acceptability of entrepreneurship and family background is mixed, and in the case of family background no indirect association with intentions is found.

Research limitations/implications

Although the Latin American context would suggest significant population variation in personal and background resource, there is relatively little variation across this sample, particularly in terms of family background. Thus, rates of graduate entrepreneurship may relate more closely to constraints acting on entry into higher education than on other background characteristics, and therefore future work in similar contexts ought to be conducted across a wider socio-economic sample.

Practical implications

Opportunities to develop and enhance student perception of leadership ability through either education or experience might improve levels of graduate entrepreneurship, alongside traditional activities to raise self-efficacy and perceived salience of entrepreneurship.

Originality/value

Student leadership skills have rarely been addressed in the context of entrepreneurship development. This paper highlights the relevance of this in a developing economy context.
CFD analysis on natural convective heat transfer of Al2O3-gear oil nanolubricant used in HEMM
Authors: Kotia Ankit , Ghosh Subrata Kumar
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The present work aims to numerically investigate the natural convective heat transfer performance of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)-gear oil nanolubricant used in heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM).

Design/methodology/approach

Viscosity, density and thermal conductivity of nanolubricants have been experimentally determined. The numerical simulation has been performed by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for a cylinder cavity which resembles shape of automatic transmission system of HEMM. The left wall temperature has been maintained at 293 to 313 K, and right wall is at a constant temperature of 283 K. Due to absence of any experimental study on natural convective heat transfer performance of Al2O3-gear oil nanolubricant, initially CFD model has been tested for accuracy by comparing experimental, and CFD results for Al2O3-water nanofluid has been available in open literature.

Findings

It has been observed that Nusselt number increases with increase in Rayleigh number, but it decreases with increasing particle volume fraction. The gear oil-based nanolubricant is expected to have the better thermal performance in HEMM at higher temperature.

Practical implications

The numerical analysis will help to predict the thermal performance of nanolubricant. The outcome may help the designers, researchers and manufacturers of HEMM.

Originality/value

Most of the previous studies have been limited with base fluid as water, ethylene glycol, etc. in the field of nanofluid. CFD study for thermal performance of Al2O3-gear oil nanolubricant is essential before the experimental work. This work is the preliminary stage of application of, nanolubricant for heat transfer.
Temperature dependence of the extreme-pressure behavior of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle additives in metal-forming polymeric lubricants
Authors: Peña-Parás Laura , García-Pineda Patricio , Maldonado-Cortés Demófilo , Garza Gerardo Tadeo , Taha-Tijerina Jaime
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of temperature on the extreme-pressure (EP) properties of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle-filled polymeric lubricants for metal-forming processes.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper studies the effect of nanoparticle additives of CuO and TiO2 on the load-carrying capacity of a metal-forming polymer lubricant used for deep-drawing at varying temperatures. EP measurements are performed with a four-ball tribotester according to the ITeE-PIB Polish method for testing lubricants under scuffing conditions. Tests are run at 25, 40, 60 and 75°C to further decrease the lubricant film thickness and determine the effect on the load-carrying capacity and the tribological mechanisms of nanoparticles. The tribological mechanisms of nanoparticles is studied using energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS).

Findings

Results indicate that nanoparticle additives increase the load-carrying capacity of the polymeric lubricant at all concentrations up to 60°C attributed to a mending effect and a reduction in the area of contact of moving surfaces; at 75°C, the improvement is lowered due to nanoparticle re-agglomeration. The best results are found with TiO2 nanoparticles due to their smaller size compared to CuO.

Practical implications

Nanoparticles of CuO and TiO2 are potential EP additives for metal-forming lubricants, providing protection to working components and extending tool life.

Originality/value

These results show the effectiveness and the tribological mechanisms of nanoparticle additives under EP conditions and increasing temperatures found in metal-forming processes.
Statistical models for predicting wear and friction coefficient of palm kernel activated carbon-epoxy composite using the ANOVA
Authors: Mat Tahir Noor Ayuma , Abdollah Mohd Fadzli Bin , Hasan Rafidah , Amiruddin Hilmi , Abdullah Muhammad Ilman Hakimi Chua
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to propose statistical models for predicting wear and friction coefficient of the palm kernel activated carbon-epoxy composite using the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Design/methodology/approach

All the specimens were formed into 10-mm diameter pins of 30-mm length each. The tribological test was conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer. The results of the coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear rate were then analysed using the ANOVA. Regression analysis was used to derive the predictive equations for both friction coefficient and wear rate.

Findings

It was found that the most significant parameter that affects the COF is the weight composition, while for the wear rate, it is the operating temperature. The proposed statistical models have 90-94 per cent reliability.

Research limitations/implications

The equation models are only limited within the tested parameters and ranges in the plastic deformation region.

Originality/value

These models can be very useful for material design engineers in avoiding the component failures occurring prematurely.
Synthesis and field dependent shear stress evaluation of stable MR fluid for brake application
Authors: K.P. Lijesh , Kumar Deepak , Hirani Harish
Published: July 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to report on the development of magnetorheological (MR) fluids, having high on-state shear stress/viscosity, low off-state shear stress/viscosity, good redispersibility and stable suspension of carbonyl iron particles, using tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TAH) and oleic acid.

Design/methodology/approach

MR fluids for use in brakes are synthesized using different weight percentages of silicone oil, TAH, oleic acid and iron particles. The effects of TAH and oleic acid are studied. Shear stress is measured as a function of magnetic field on a magneto-rheometer. The images of MR particles settling with time are presented. The test set-up used to evaluate the performance of the MR fluids synthesized for brake application is detailed. Finally, a significant improvement in the MR performance of brakes is reported.

Findings

The MR fluid having 0.25 Wt.% oleic acid showed low off-state viscosity/shear stress and high on-state viscosity/shear stress. A higher weight percentage of TAH in the MR fluid further reduced the low off-shear stress and increased the high on-state shear stress with better stability.

Originality/value

Improvement of MR brake performance by adding surfactants like TAH and oleic acid has been the subject matter of several studies in the past, but these studies used a fixed percentage of surfactants in MR fluids. In the present work, the optimum percentage of TAH and oleic acid for an improved braking performance is determined by varying their content in the MR fluid, which has not been reported in any other work thus far.
Infusing technology driven design thinking in industrial design education: a case study
Authors: Mubin Omar , Novoa Mauricio , Al Mahmud Abdullah
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper narrates a case study on design thinking-based education work in an industrial design honours program. Student projects were developed in a multi-disciplinary setting across a Computing and Engineering faculty that allowed promoting technologically and user-driven innovation strategies.

Design/methodology/approach

A renewed culture and environment for industrial design (ID) students emphasised seeking functionality and fidelity, user and society value over beauty and form factors alone. The pedagogical approach sought to determine the new industrial products reality with an increasing contribution by design thinking, and its associated methodologies that are currently advancing typical ID.

Findings

In conclusion, the authors propose a number of reflections as recommendations, which may be useful for educational institutions contemplating similar curriculum makeovers to their design degrees.

Originality/value

Our research provides valuable lessons to other design courses that wish to invigorate their curriculum with technical and design thinking-based advances.
Another hybrid? Family businesses as venture capitalists
Authors: Ljungkvist Torbjörn , Boers Börje
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper addresses the phenomenon of venture capital firms which are also family businesses (VCFBs). The purpose of this paper is to explore and understand the phenomenon of VCFB by answering the following questions: What are the features of professionalization in VCFBs? And, how do professionalization and types of family businesses explain the strategies and governance of VCFBs?

Design/methodology/approach

As an explorative case study, it maps the Swedish venture capital (VC) industry and compares two VCFBs and their business investments with regard to strategy and governance.

Findings

By suggesting two major configurations, the study explains how family business development and levels of professionalization relate to differences in VCFBs’ strategies, which in turn, affect their governance. The personal VCFB features active owners who personally take responsibility roles and strongly focus on customers and relationships. The administrative VCFB strongly focuses on predetermined financial metrics, high ethical awareness among board members, and ongoing interplay between the active family board members and minority shareholders.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in Sweden and concerns Swedish VCFBs. The paper contributes to the literature by combining the two currently separate research streams, i.e. family business and VC, highlighting the importance and consequences of family ownership in VC businesses.

Practical implications

The present study provides stock market investors and stock analysts with a deeper understanding of VCFBs’ strategy incentives. By identifying the kind of VCFB and its relation to strategy, more reasonable assessments and analyses of the VCFBs’ actions will be possible. Family firms willing to accept VC-finance should consider the type of VC and the potential consequences of family ownership.

Originality/value

This study is the first to classify VC firms as family businesses. Moreover, it shows the features of professionalization in VCFBs by suggesting a set of configurations.
Why Broadgate Phase 8 composite floor did not fail under fire
Authors: Mwangi Simon
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present the findings of a numerical investigation into the performance of the steel-concrete composite floor involved in Broadgate Phase 8 fire.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation is conducted by carrying out a 3-D thermomechanical analysis of a composite floor similar to the one involved in the fire using ANSYS. Four fire scenarios are investigated, with each producing a unique stress – strain pattern. The results obtained are compared with the observations made after the fire and inferences drawn.

Findings

The results obtained are found to be correlated with the observations made after the fire. The performance of the composite floor is found to be dominated by development of large strains, leading to large deflections. Furthermore, colder parts of the structure, through redistribution of forces, are found to have a profound impact on the ability of a composite floor to resist heating effects. From the findings, it is concluded that connections’ design, occurrence of membrane action and thermal restraints were the key reasons the floor did not fail.

Originality value

The study takes a more forensic approach. This is a departure from majority of published literature, where comparison is usually between experimental and numerical results. By comparing the findings from a real fire with those of a numerical investigation, the study provides an insight into the accuracy of applying numerical models for the prediction of effects of fire on structural behaviour.
Elevational transplantation suggests different responses of African submontane and savanna plants to climate warming
Authors: Ensslin Andreas , Mollel Neduvoto P. , Hemp Andreas , Fischer Markus
Published: July 2017

Despite strong climate change in the tropics, little is known about the responses of tropical plants to changing environments. Moreover, while variation in responses to climate change across plant functional groups may help to predict future vegetation dynamics, tropical multi‐species studies are missing.

To study plant responses to changes in temperature, we compared the survival, growth and reproduction of 101 herbaceous species originating from the savanna and the submontane vegetation zones in two experimental gardens representing the climate of both zones at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Additionally, we tested whether plant functional groups, such as annuals and perennials, shade‐tolerant and shade‐intolerant species, grasses and forbs, and natives and exotics differ in their responses to transplantation.

We show that the submontane species in the lower Kilimanjaro area clearly prefer the cooler submontane temperature in terms of survival, growth and reproduction, while savanna plants can grow equally well under both, the submontane and the savanna temperature regimes. This suggests that tropical submontane plants will likely face severe challenges with future climate warming and that the upper distributional limit of savanna plants may be due to biotic interactions rather than to climate. Moreover, we found different responses of grasses and forbs, and natives and exotics to transplantation irrespective of their origin, underlining the importance of considering plant functional groups in climate change research.

Synthesis. We demonstrate different responses of tropical submontane and savanna plants to experimental temperature variation. Together with the observed differences between important functional plant groups, this leads us to suggest that strong future changes in vegetation composition on African tropical mountains are likely.
Heat‐induced inflammation and its role in esophageal cancer
Authors: Maghsudlu Mohaddese , Farashahi Yazd Ehsan
Published: July 2017

Esophageal cancer, the sixth most common cause of death from cancer worldwide, consists of different histological types and displays various patterns of incidence. Esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma are the most prevalent types. As epidemiological studies report that ingesting hot substances is one major risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma, evaluating the effect of this external stress on esophagus cells seems desirable. This specific kind of stress brings about cellular changes and stabilizes them by affecting different cellular features such as genetic stability, membrane integrity and the regulation of signaling pathways. It also causes tissue injury by affecting the extracellular matrix and cell viability. Thus, one of the main consequences of thermal injury is the activation of the immune system, which can result in chronic inflammation. The genetic alteration that has occurred during thermal injury and the consequent reduction in the function of repair systems is further strengthened by chronic inflammation, thereby increasing the probability that mutated cell lines may appear. The molecules that present in this circumstance, such as heat shock proteins, cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory factors, affect intercellular signaling pathways, including nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells, signal transducer activator of transcription‐3 and hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α in supporting the survival and emergence of mutant phenotypes and the consequent malignant progression in altered cell lines. This investigation of these effective factors and their probable role in the tumorigenic path may improve current understanding.
Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of Australian‐registered insecticide formulations against Old World screwworm (Chrysomya bezziana) infestation
Authors: James PJ , Wardhana AH , Brown GW , Mayer DG , Urech R
Published: July 2017

Objective

To determine the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of Australian‐registered insecticide formulations against Old World screwworm (OWS) myiases for potential use in screwworm containment and eradication programs.

Methods

The longevity of protection provided by six insecticidal formulations (subcutaneous ivermectin, doramectin and abamectin, a topically applied aqueous formulation of spinosad, ivermectin controlled‐release capsule and a dicyclanil spray‐on formulation) was tested using implants of 1st‐instar OWS larvae on Javanese thin‐tail sheep. Therapeutic efficacy of four formulations (topical ivermectin, chlorfenvinphos/cypermethrin mixture, aerosol spinosad formulation and a formulation containing propetamphos and eucalyptus oil) was tested against 2‐ and 4‐day‐old OWS strikes.

Results

Both the ivermectin capsule and dicyclanil spray‐on formulation gave 100% protection against screwworm implants for the full 12 weeks of the study. Ivermectin, doramectin and abamectin administered SC all gave 100% protection at 3 days post‐treatment, but at 2 weeks the protection had become incomplete. Spinosad dipping did not give complete protection at any time. All four therapeutic treatments gave complete resolution of 2‐day‐old strikes and topical ivermectin, spinosad and chlorfenvinphos/cypermethrin, but not the propetamphos/eucalyptus oil formulation, gave complete resolution of all 4‐day‐old strikes.

Conclusion

Dicyclanil spray‐on and ivermectin capsule formulations, both registered for use in sheep, but not for cattle or other livestock species, gave much longer protection against screwworm implants than the currently recommended SC ivermectin. Pre‐emptive action to facilitate rapid deployment of these formulations in the event of a screwworm incursion is urgently needed.
Aggressive B‐cell lymphomas in the update of the 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematopoietic and lymphatic tissues: refinements of the classification, new entities and genetic findings
Authors: Ott German
Published: July 2017

The update of the 4th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematopoietic and Lymphatic Tissues portends important new findings and concepts in the diagnosis, classification and biology of lymphomas. This review summarizes the basic concepts and cornerstones of the classification of aggressive B‐cell lymphomas and details the major changes. Of importance, there is a new concept of High‐grade B‐cell lymphomas (HGBL), partly replacing the provisional entity of B‐cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma, the so‐called grey zone lymphomas. They either harbour MYC translocations together with a BCL2 and/or a BCL6 rearrangement (HGBL‐Double Hit) or HGBL, not otherwise specified (NOS), lacking a double or triple hit constellation. In addition, the requirement for providing the cell‐of‐origin classification in the diagnostic work‐up of DLBCLs, the role of MYC alterations in DLBCL subtypes, and newer findings in the specific variants/subtypes are highlighted.
Application of whole‐exome sequencing to direct the specific functional testing and diagnosis of rare inherited bleeding disorders in patients from the Öresund Region, Scandinavia
Authors: Leinøe Eva , Zetterberg Eva , Kinalis Savvas , Østrup Olga , Kampmann Peter , Norström Eva , Andersson Nadine , Klintman Jenny , Qvortrup Klaus , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Rossing Maria
Published: July 2017

Rare inherited bleeding disorders (IBD) are a common cause of bleeding tendency. To ensure a correct diagnosis, specialized laboratory analyses are necessary. This study reports the results of an upfront diagnostic strategy using targeted whole exome sequencing. In total, 156 patients with a significant bleeding assessment tool score participated in the study, of which a third had thrombocytopenia. Eighty‐seven genes specifically associated with genetic predisposition to bleeding were analysed by whole exome sequencing. Variants were classified according to the five‐tier scheme. We identified 353 germline variants. Eight patients (5%) harboured a known pathogenic variant. Of the 345 previously unknown variants, computational analyses predicted 99 to be significant. Further filtration according to the Mendelian inheritance pattern, resulted in 59 variants being predicted to be clinically significant. Moreover, 34% (20/59) were assigned as novel class 4 or 5 variants upon targeted functional testing. A class 4 or 5 variant was identified in 30% of patients with thrombocytopenia (14/47) versus 11% of patients with a normal platelet count (12/109) (P < 0·01). An IBD diagnosis has a major clinical impact. The genetic investigations detailed here extricated our patients from a diagnostic conundrum, thus demonstrating that continuous optimization of the diagnostic work‐up of IBD is of great benefit.
Impact of warm ischaemia time on postoperative renal function after partial nephrectomy for clinical T1 renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score‐matched study
Authors: Lee Hakmin , Song Byung D. , Byun Seok‐Soo , Lee Sang E. , Hong Sung K.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To analyse the effect of prolonged warm ischaemia time (WIT) on long‐term renal function after partial nephrectomy (PN), as controversy still exists as to whether prolonged WIT adversely affects the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after PN.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed data from 1816 patients who underwent PN for a clinical T1 renal tumour. The propensity scores for prolonged WIT were calculated with the shorter WIT group (<30 min) matched to the longer WIT group (≥30 min) in a 2:1 ratio. Multivariate analysis was used to determine independent predictors for occurrence of postoperative CKD [defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2] and major renal function deterioration (MRFD; defined as an eGFR decrease of ≥25% postoperatively).

Results

After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in CKD‐free survival between the two WIT groups (P = 0.787). Furthermore, longer WIT did not show any significant associations with postoperative CKD‐free survival [hazard ratio (HR) 1.002, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.989–1.015; P = 0.765) and MRFD‐free survival (HR 1.014, 95% CI 1.000–1.028; P = 0.055). From further subgroup analyses using more specific WIT thresholds (≤20, 21–30, 31–40, 41–50, ≥50 min) and status of preoperative CKD, no significant differences were noted in CKD and MRFD‐free survival amongst the subgroups (all P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Prolonged WIT was not associated with increased incidence of CKD or MRFD after PN.
Comparison between target magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in‐gantry and cognitively directed transperineal or transrectal‐guided prostate biopsies for Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 3–5 MRI lesions
Authors: Yaxley Anna J. , Yaxley John W. , Thangasamy Isaac A. , Ballard Emma , Pokorny Morgan R.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To compare the detection rates of prostate cancer (PCa) in men with Prostate Imaging–Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) 3–5 abnormalities on 3‐Tesla multiparametric (mp) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using in‐bore MRI‐guided biopsy compared with cognitively directed transperineal (cTP) biopsy and transrectal ultrasonography (cTRUS) biopsy.

Methods

This was a retrospective single‐centre study of consecutive men attending the private practice clinic of an experienced urologist performing MRI‐guided biopsy and an experienced urologist performing cTP and cTRUS biopsy techniques for PI‐RADS 3–5 lesions identified on 3‐Tesla mpMRI.

Results

There were 595 target mpMRI lesions from 482 men with PI‐RADS 3–5 regions of interest during 483 episodes of biopsy. The abnormal mpMRI target lesion was biopsied using the MRI‐guided method for 298 biopsies, the cTP method for 248 biopsies and the cTRUS method for 49 biopsies. There were no significant differences in PCa detection among the three biopsy methods in PI‐RADS 3 (48.9%, 40.0% and 44.4%, respectively), PI‐RADS 4 (73.2%, 81.0% and 85.0%, respectively) or PI‐RADS 5 (95.2, 92.0% and 95.0%, respectively) lesions, and there was no significant difference in detection of significant PCa among the biopsy methods in PI‐RADS 3 (42.2%, 30.0% and 33.3%, respectively), PI‐RADS 4 (66.8%, 66.0% and 80.0%, respectively) or PI‐RADS 5 (90.5%, 89.8% and 90.0%, respectively) lesions. There were also no differences in PCa or significant PCa detection based on lesion location or size among the methods.

Conclusion

We found no significant difference in the ability to detect PCa or significant PCa using targeted MRI‐guided, cTP or cTRUS biopsy methods. Identification of an abnormal area on mpMRI appears to be more important in increasing the detection of PCa than the technique used to biopsy an MRI abnormality.
Using family and staff experiences of a botulinum toxin‐A service to improve service quality
Authors: Burton K. L. O. , Bau K. , Lewis J. , Aroyan K. R. , Botha B. , Botman A. G. M. , Stewart K. , Waugh M.‐C. A. , Paget S. P.
Published: July 2017

Background

The decision for families to proceed with botulinum toxin‐A (BoNT‐A) injections for managing childhood conditions involving hypertonia can be complex. Family‐centred care is a service model that facilitates supporting families in this decision‐making process. Understanding families' experiences of services is critical to developing family‐centred care. The aim of this project was therefore to increase understanding of the experiences of families of children attending a BoNT‐A service in order to improve the service and its family‐centred approach to care.

Method

Sixteen staff of a BoNT‐A service participated in a patient journey mapping exercise. Nine families of the service participated in in‐depth interviews. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data from the staff session and interviews were analysed independently using grounded, hermeneutic thematic analysis.

Results

Staff sessions revealed 5 core themes that related to impacting on the family experience. Family interviews revealed 4 core themes, with 7 subthemes and 1 latent theme.

Conclusions

Areas of importance identified by families relating to BoNT‐A treatment included acknowledgement of individual needs, care coordination, empowerment of families and patients, consistency in service delivery, and the distressing nature of appointment and decision‐making. Comparison of the data from the staff patient journey mapping and family interviews suggested that staff have a good but incomplete understanding of the factors important to families, highlighting the need for consumer engagement in establishing family‐centred care. The themes identified can guide the provision of family‐centred BoNT‐A injection clinics.
Intellectual Property Rights and Canadian Wheat Breeding for the 21st Century
Authors: Gray Richard S. , Kingwell Ross Stephen , Galushko Viktoriya , Bolek Katarzyna
Published: July 2017

Although wheat is the largest field crop in Canada, the intellectual property rights for the self‐pollinated, nongenetically modified crop have been too weak to allow significant royalty flow to plant breeders. The sector heavily relies on resource‐constrained public breeding programs for new variety development. This long‐standing situation could change with the 2015 Agricultural Growth Act, which strengthens Canadian plant breeders’ rights to be consistent with the UPOV 91 convention. We explore the potential implications for Canada by examining the experience with UPOV 91 implementation in the United Kingdom, France, and Australia. Using the royalty structures in these countries as potential pathways for Canada, an ex ante benefit–cost framework is used to illustrate the choice of pathway is important. Over a 40‐year period, the Australian, French, and U.K. implementation pathways generate 4.8, 4.0, and 1.5 $CDN billion in net benefit (respectively) over the status quo. Over shorter time horizons of 20 and 30 years, France is quicker to establish uniform endpoint royalties that provide the highest net benefits. Proactive industry engagement to develop a more robust royalty collection system is required to realize these potential benefits.
Coronary artery calcium may stabilize following islet cell transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Madrigal Jessica M. , Monson Rebecca S. , Hatipoglu Betul , Oberholzer José , Kondos George T. , Varady Krista A. , Danielson Kirstie K.
Published: July 2017

Islet cell transplantation can functionally cure type 1 diabetes and also improve carotid intima‐media thickness. This study provides a preliminary description of changes in coronary artery calcium following islet transplantation, and associated factors. Coronary artery calcium was measured in 14 patients with type 1 diabetes (11 had measures both pre‐ and post‐transplant [mean 2.3 years]) in the University of Illinois at Chicago's clinical trial. Multivariable mixed‐effects linear regression of repeated measures was used to quantify calcium change and determine if this change was longitudinally associated with risk/protective factors. Thirteen of the patients were female, with mean baseline age, diabetes duration, and BMI of 47.6 and 28.7 years, and 23.1, respectively. Over half (57%) had detectable coronary artery calcium pre‐transplant. Minimal change (0.39 mm3/y, P = .02) occurred in coronary artery calcium levels pre‐ to post‐transplant. No patient met criteria for calcium progression. Coronary artery calcium was positively associated with total and small VLDL particles (P ≤ .02), statin dose (P = .02), and urine albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (P = .04) and negatively associated with free fatty acids (P = .03), total HDL (P = .03), large HDL particles (P = .005), and tacrolimus dose (P = .02). Islet transplant may stabilize coronary artery calcium, with optimal management of lipids and kidney function remaining key therapeutic targets. [NCT00679041].
The Regional Coordination of Strikes and the Challenge for Union Reform in Vietnam
Authors: Do Quynh Chi
Published: July 2017

Since the launch of the economic reform (Doi Moi) policy in the early 1990s, the union system of Vietnam has seen little change: the Vietnam General Confederation of Labour (VGCL) retains its monopoly, its political affiliation to and reliance on the Communist Party, while at the workplace, the VGCL‐affiliated enterprise unions are too dependent on the management to represent workers’ rights and interests. ‘Collective bargaining by riots’ has become the only way for rank‐and‐file workers to improve their working conditions. This article draws on more than a decade of research to show that informal organization of workers in some companies has grown to such an extent that the de facto leaders initiate bargaining with the employers and, when negotiations fail, they organize strikes. These strikes are usually settled in favour of the workers, causing a change in wage levels and leading to spontaneous ‘copycat’ strikes in neighbouring companies. This informal coordination of strikes across workplaces not only aims at achieving economic goals such as wage rises but has recently been used to express workers’ discontent with government policy. The nature of the strike waves has shifted gradually from economic to political; together with external pressure, this has pushed the top leadership of Vietnam to initiate serious trade union reform.