bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First record of the fossil snakefly genus Mesoraphidia (Insecta: Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China, with description of a new species
Authors: LÜ YA-NAN , LIU XINGYUE , DONG REN
Published: August 2015

Mesoraphidia daohugouensis sp. nov. is described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China. It is diagnosed by the following character states: subquadrate pronotum, narrowly elliptical forewing, distally darkened pterostigma closed respectively by a proximal costal crossvein and a distal radial veinlet, absence of pterostigmal crossvein. The new species represents the first record of Mesoraphidiinae from the Middle Jurassic of China.
No millipede endemics north of the Alps? DNA-Barcoding reveals Glomeris malmivaga Verhoeff, 1912 as a synonym of G. ornata Koch, 1847 (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae)
Authors: WESENER THOMAS
Published: August 2015

In order to evaluate the status of the only species of pill millipede (Glomerida) endemic to Germany, Glomeris malmivaga Verhoeff, 1912, a DNA barcoding study based on the COI mitochondrial gene was conducted. Sequences of G. malmivaga were compared to those of G. ornata Koch, 1847 from Slovenia, of which the former was previously described as a variety of the latter before being elevated to subspecies- and, recently, species-rank. Included in the analysis were specimens of G. helvetica Verhoeff, 1894, also originally described as a variety of G. ornata, which was supposed to be closely related to G. malmivaga based on its morphology, as well as geographical proximity of occurrence. Additionally, G. valesiaca Rothenbühler, 1899, which occurs in sympatry and looks quite similar to G. helvetica was also sequenced for the first time and included in the study. Sequences of four widespread Glomeris species, all occurring in close proximity to G. malmivaga, G. marginata Villers, 1789, G. connexa Koch, 1847, G. klugii Brandt, 1833 and G. intermedia Latzel, 1884 were downloaded from Genbank and incorporated in the analysis. While G. helvetica and G. valesiaca were found to be clearly separate from G. ornata (11.8–14.6% p-distance), G. malmivaga is almost identical to the latter (0.5% p-distance), despite the large geographical distance between both species. Because of their great morphological and genetical similarity, G. malmivaga n. syn. is synonymised under G. ornata.
Redescription of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) renei Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1957 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)
Authors: SÁBIO PRISCILA B. , ANDRADE ANDREY J. DE , GALATI EUNICE A. B.
Published: August 2015

The male genitalia of Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) renei (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1957) have four bristles, three fine and one semi-foliaceous, inserted basomesally on the gonocoxite. Nonetheless, in the original description and in other taxonomic studies, these bristles have been illustrated and described in varying formats. In order to clarify the morphology of this species, both sexes are here redescribed based on three males and one female from the type series. A lectotype and two paralectotypes are here designated.
Cross–Time Scale Interactions and Rainfall Extreme Events in Southeastern South America for the Austral Summer. Part I: Potential Predictors
Authors: Muñoz Á. G. , Goddard L. , Robertson A. W. , Kushnir Y. , Baethgen W.
Published: August 2015

The physical mechanisms and predictability associated with extreme daily rainfall in southeastern South America (SESA) are investigated for the December–February season in a two-part study. Through a k-mean analysis, this first paper identifies a robust set of daily circulation regimes that are used to link the frequency of rainfall extreme events with large-scale potential predictors at subseasonal-to-seasonal scales. This represents a basic set of daily circulation regimes related to the continental and oceanic phases of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ) and wave train patterns superimposed on the Southern Hemisphere polar jet. Some of these recurrent synoptic circulation types are conducive to extreme rainfall events in the region through synoptic control of different mesoscale physical features and, at the same time, are influenced by climate phenomena that could be used as sources of potential predictability. Extremely high rainfall (as measured by the 95th and 99th percentiles) is associated with two of these weather types (WTs), which are characterized by moisture advection intrusions from lower latitudes and the Pacific Ocean; another three WTs, characterized by above-normal moisture advection toward lower latitudes or the Andes, are associated with dry days (days with no rain). The analysis permits the identification of several subseasonal-to-seasonal scale potential predictors that modulate the occurrence of circulation regimes conducive to extreme rainfall events in SESA. It is conjectured that a cross–time scale interaction between the different climate drivers improves the predictive skill of extreme precipitation in the region.
The Relationship between Contiguous El Niño and La Niña Revealed by Self-Organizing Maps
Authors: Li Xin , Li Chongyin , Ling Jian , Tan Yanke
Published: August 2015

This study introduces a new methodology for identifying El Niño and La Niña events. Sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns for El Niño and La Niña onset, peak, and end phases are classified by self-organizing maps (SOM) analysis. Both onset and end phases for El Niño and La Niña exhibit eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) types. The SST anomaly patterns in peak phase can be classified into EP, EP-like, and CP types for El Niño, and EP, mixed (MIX), and CP types for La Niña.

The general type of each El Niño or La Niña event is then defined according to the SST type for each of the three phases. There is no robust connection between the general types of the contiguous El Niño and La Niña except that the MIX La Niña rarely induces a subsequent CP El Niño. However, there are strong relationships between the end-phase type of El Niño and the onset-phase type of the subsequent La Niña. The EP-end-type El Niño favors transition to the CP-onset-type La Niña, while the CP-end-type El Niño favors transition to the EP-onset-type La Niña. On the other hand, the CP-end-type La Niña favors transition to EP-onset-type El Niño. Furthermore, an El Niño that occurs after the decay of La Niña favors initiating as an EP-onset type. These relationships are driven by different atmosphere–ocean dynamics, such as coupled air–sea feedback, thermocline feedback, slow SST mode, and Bjerknes feedbacks.
Spatiotemporal Long-Range Persistence in Earth’s Temperature Field: Analysis of Stochastic–Diffusive Energy Balance Models
Authors: Rypdal Kristoffer , Rypdal Martin , Fredriksen Hege-Beate
Published: August 2015

A two-dimensional stochastic–diffusive energy balance model (EBM) formulated on a sphere by G. R. North et al. is explored and generalized. Instantaneous and frequency-dependent spatial autocorrelation functions and local temporal power spectral densities are computed for local sites and for spatially averaged surface temperature signals up to the global scale. On time scales up to the relaxation time scale given by the effective heat capacities of the ocean mixed layer and land surface, respectively, scaling features are obtained that are reminiscent of what can be derived from the observed temperature field. On longer time scales, however, the EBM predicts a transition to a white-noise scaling, which is not reflected in the observed records. A fractional generalization, which can be considered as a spatial generalization of the zero-dimensional, long-memory EBM of M. Rypdal and K. Rypdal, is proposed and explored. It is demonstrated that this generalized model describes qualitatively the main correlation characteristics of the temperature field reported in the literature and those derived herein from 500-yr-long control simulations of the NorESM Earth system model. A further generalization of the model, to include long-term persistence in the stochastic forcing, is also discussed.
Semidiurnal Baroclinic Tides on the Central Oregon Inner Shelf
Authors: Suanda Sutara H. , Barth John A.
Published: August 2015

Semidiurnal velocity and density oscillations are examined over the mid- and inner continental shelf near Heceta Bank on the Oregon coast. Measurements from two long-term observation networks with sites on and off the submarine bank reveal that both baroclinic velocities and displacements are dominated by the first mode, with larger velocities on the midshelf and northern parts of the bank. Midshelf sites have current ellipses that are near the theoretical value for single, progressive internal tidal waves compared to more linearly polarized currents over the inner shelf. Baroclinic current variability is not correlated to the spring–neap cycle and is uncorrelated between mooring locations. An idealized model of two internal waves propagating from different directions reproduces some of the observed variability in semidiurnal ellipse parameters. At times, the phasing between moorings along a cross-shelf transect are consistent with onshelf wave propagation, a characteristic also present in the output of a three-dimensional regional circulation model. Regional wind-driven upwelling/downwelling influences stratification at all shelf moorings. At locations north of the bank, stronger baroclinic velocities were found during periods of higher background stratification.
Multiple mobilities and entrepreneurial modalities among Chinese marriage migrants in Malaysia
Authors: Lu Melody CW , Zhang Juan , Chee Heng Leng , Yeoh Brenda SA
Published: August 2015

This research focuses on the migration trajectories of mainland Chinese women marriage migrants in Malaysia. It finds that their migratory motivations and pathways reveal formerly overlooked mobility patterns that depart from the institutionally organized, commercially arranged, or kinship and social network-mediated migration patterns. The authors argue that the state’s attempts to grow its regulatory capacity, the increasing ‘cost’ of legality and the multiplying of illegal-but-licit spaces through which migrants can navigate produce particular forms of mobile subjectivities which the authors broadly term ‘entrepreneurial’. The aim in this article is to begin to fill this gap in scholarship on entrepreneurialism and feminized migration with an ethnographic study of these gendered entrepreneurial strategies. The authors propose two interlinked concepts in vernacular Chinese – ‘out’ ( chu出) and ‘through’ ( zuan钻) – as a set of lenses to examine the marriage migrants’ variable motivations, their non-linear paths to upward and outward mobility, their careful negotiations and manoeuvring across and within state boundaries, and gender politics in intimate relations. This presents a more nuanced way of framing migrants’ mobile subjectivities as produced by a contextualized understanding of human agency operating within the particular conditions of Asia’s migration regimes.
Understanding Intergenerational Cultural Transmission Through the Role of Perceived Norms
Authors: Tam Kim-Pong
Published: August 2015

Intergenerational cultural transmission refers to the transmission of cultural ideas (e.g., values, beliefs, knowledge, practices) from one generation to the next generation. Among all available cultural ideas, which ones do parents select for transmission? As the recent normative approaches in cultural psychology highlight, cultural members do not just passively act out their internalized characteristics; they also strategically use their understanding of the culture’s norms to guide their actions. This essay elaborates the implications of these approaches for understanding intergenerational cultural transmission. The perceived norms perspective is introduced. This perspective premises that when selecting cultural ideas for transmission, parents consider not only their own orientations but also their perceptions of what is normatively important in the culture. It further states that parents’ reference to perceived norms is directed by the goals they hold. This essay discusses the contributions of this perspective to the study of intergenerational cultural transmission and identifies some directions for future research.
Evaluation of the foetal time to death in mice after application of direct and indirect euthanasia methods
Authors: Muñoz-Mediavilla C , Cámara J A , Salazar S , Segui B , Sanguino D , Mulero F , de la Cueva E , Blanco I
Published: August 2015

Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes requires that the killing of mammal foetuses during the last third of their gestational period should be accomplished through effective and humane methods. The fact that murine foetuses are resistant to hypoxia-mediated euthanasia renders the current euthanasia methods ineffective or humane for the foetuses when these methods are applied to pregnant female mice. We have assessed the time to death of foetuses after performing either indirect (dam euthanasia) or direct (via intraplacental injection – a new approach to euthanasia) euthanasia methods in order to determine a euthanasia method that is appropriate, ethical and efficient for the killing of mouse foetuses. The respective times to death of foetuses after performing the three most commonly used euthanasia methods (namely cervical dislocation, CO2 inhalation and intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital administration) were recorded. Absence of foetal heartbeat was monitored via ultrasound. We consider that the most effective and humane method of foetal euthanasia was the one able to achieve foetal death within the shortest possible period of time. Among the indirect euthanasia methods assessed, the administration of a sodium pentobarbital overdose to pregnant female mice was found to be the fastest for foetuses, with an average post-treatment foetal death of approximately 29.8 min. As for the direct euthanasia method assessed, foetal time to death after intraplacental injection of sodium pentobarbital was approximately 14 min. Significant differences among the different mouse strains employed were found. Based on the results obtained in our study, we consider that the administration of a sodium pentobarbital overdose by intraplacental injection to be an effective euthanasia method for murine foetuses.
A case of pulmonary Serratia marcescens granuloma radiologically mimicking metastatic malignancy and tuberculosis infection
Authors: Das Joyutpal , Layton Benjamin , Lamb Harriet , Sinnott Nicola , Leahy Bernard C
Published: August 2015

Serratia marcescens is a saprophytic gram-negative bacillus capable of causing a wide range of infections. A 57-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for four weeks with community acquired pneumonia. A chest x-ray, six weeks after discharge, demonstrated multiple, bilateral ‘cannon ball’–like opacities and mediastinal lymphadenopathy which were highly suspicious of disseminated malignancy or tuberculosis. The only symptom that this patient had was a productive cough. She had multiple commodities, but no specific immunodeficiency disorder. Interestingly, her sputum and bronchial washing samples grew S. marcescens. The computed tomography–guided lung biopsy demonstrated necrotic granulomatous changes. There was no pathological evidence of tuberculosis or fungal infection, malignancy or vasculitis. There are only a handful of reported cases of Serratia granulomas. Thus, we are reporting a rare instance of pulmonary Serratia marcescens granuloma radiologically mimicking metastatic malignancy and tuberculosis infection.
Structure and mechanical property of polylactide fibers manufactured by air drawing
Authors: Liu Qingsheng , Sun Yuanyuan , Xia Sainan , Zhang Hongxia , Tao Xianlong , Liu Yuhao , Deng Bingyao
Published: August 2015

Polylactide fibers were prepared by air drawing. The effects of mass throughput ( Q) and frequencies of electric machinery of drawing air ( fm) on the structure and mechanical properties of polylactide fibers are studied. With the increase of fm and the decrease of Q, the diameter of polylactide fiber decreases gradually. For a sample aged for less than 3 days, two glass transition temperatures ( Tg) are found, whereas for a sample aged for 30 days, only a single Tg appears. With the increase of fm, the crystallinity and crystalline orientation of polylactide fibers increase, which can restrict the physical aging. Therefore, polylactide fibers are relatively brittle when the fm is below 20 Hz. However, when fm reaches 30 Hz, elongation at break ( ɛb) of polylactide fiber increases rapidly to 1122%. With the further increase of fm, ɛb decreases and break stress ( σb) increases. In addition, physical aging can make ɛb decrease and σb increase.
Configuration of the Shoulder Complex During the Arm-Cocking Phase in Baseball Pitching
Authors: Konda Shoji , Yanai Toshimasa , Sakurai Shinji
Published: August 2015

Background:

The role of the scapula during high-velocity baseball pitching has been described without 3-dimensional kinematic data. It has been speculated that the scapula functions to align the humerus with the spine of the scapula on both the transverse and scapular planes at the end of the arm-cocking phase.

Hypothesis:

Two hypotheses were formulated: (1) the scapulothoracic protraction angle correlates with the humerothoracic horizontal adduction angle among participants, and (2) the scapulohumeral rhythm of the humerothoracic elevation is not the same as the normal ratio (2:1) observed widely in controlled abductions.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 20 Japanese professional baseball pitchers were asked to pitch 3 fastballs as they would normally during pitching practice. The 3-dimensional kinematic data of the thorax, scapulae, humeri, and pelvis were recorded using an electromagnetic tracking device operating at 240 Hz. Humerothoracic, scapulothoracic, and glenohumeral joint configurations were determined at the instant of stride-foot contact (SFC) and the end of the arm-cocking phase (MER).

Results:

The mean (±SD) glenohumeral horizontal adduction (–6° ± 7°) and elevation (85° ± 10°) angles at the MER indicated that the humerus was positioned almost parallel to the spine of the scapula. The mean scapulothoracic protraction angle (15° ± 10°) was significantly correlated with the humerothoracic horizontal adduction angle (10° ± 11°) at the MER ( r = 0.76, P < .001) but not at the SFC ( r = 0.13, P = .58). The scapulohumeral rhythm (4.2 [±1.9]:1) expressed as the ratio of the glenohumeral elevation angle to the scapulothoracic upward rotation angle at the MER was significantly greater than the normal ratio (2:1) ( P < .01).

Conclusion:

The results supported the hypotheses, providing evidence to corroborate the widely accepted concept that the scapula functions to align the humerus with the spine of the scapula so as to limit the glenohumeral joint configuration within the “safe zone” at the MER.

Clinical Relevance:

Disruption of coordination, such as abnormal patterns including “SICK” scapula (scapular malposition, inferior medial border prominence, coracoid pain, and dyskinesis) and scapular dyskinesis, may result in an abnormal configuration of the glenohumeral joint at the MER.
Lead recovery from scrap cathode ray tube funnel glass by hydrothermal sulphidisation
Authors: Yuan Wenyi , Meng Wen , Li Jinhui , Zhang Chenglong , Song Qingbin , Bai Jianfeng , Wang Jingwei , Li Yingshun
Published: August 2015

This research focused on the application of the hydrothermal sulphidisation method to separate lead from scrap cathode ray tube funnel glass. Prior to hydrothermal treatment, the cathode ray tube funnel glass was pretreated by mechanical activation. Under hydrothermal conditions, hydroxyl ions (OH–) were generated through an ion exchange reaction between metal ions in mechanically activated funnel glass and water, to accelerate sulphur disproportionation; no additional alkaline compound was needed. Lead contained in funnel glass was converted to lead sulphide with high efficiency. Temperature had a significant effect on the sulphidisation rate of lead in funnel glass, which increased from 25% to 90% as the temperature increased from 100 °C to 300 °C. A sulphidisation rate of 100% was achieved at a duration of 8 h at 300 °C. This process of mechanical activation and hydrothermal sulphidisation is efficient and promising for the treatment of leaded glass.
Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship
Authors: Ayala Erin E. , Kotary Brandy , Hetz Maria
Published: August 2015

Although research has been conducted on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and other factors associated with attribution formation, researchers have not yet determined how the combination of such factors simultaneously affects levels of victim blame and perpetrator blame. The current investigation recruited 221 students from an all-women’s college to examine differences in blame attributions across RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender, and the relationship between the two parties (i.e., stranger vs. acquaintance). Results suggested that RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender account for a significant amount of variance in blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators. In sum, victim blame with female perpetrators was relatively consistent across levels of RMA, but increased substantially for male perpetrators as individuals endorsed higher levels of RMA. Perpetrator blame, however, was highest with male perpetrators when individuals endorsed low levels of RMA and lowest for male perpetrators when individuals endorsed relatively higher levels of RMA. Findings demonstrate the continued influence of RMA on blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators, and the stigma faced by male victims. More research is needed on the differing attributions of male and female victims and perpetrators, as well as differing attributions based on type of relationship. Such research will lead to a better and more thorough understanding of sexual assault and rape.
Enhancement of vehicle stability through integration of direct yaw moment and active rear steering
Authors: Li Bin , Rakheja Subhash , Feng Ying
Published: August 2015

Coordination of chassis control systems can contribute to an improved overall performance of a vehicle. In this paper, a novel vehicle stability control scheme is proposed that integrates both the direct yaw moment control and active rear steering. The controller is synthesized via an upper-level control structure and a lower-level control structure. The required yaw moment and rear steering angle are generated using a sliding-mode controller in the upper-level control. The stability of a sliding-mode controller is proved using a Lyapunov function. The yaw moment is subsequently realized by distributing the braking torque between appropriate wheels in the lower-level control using a braking torque distribution scheme. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through open-loop and closed-loop simulations of a non-linear vehicle model, in terms of selected vehicle handling and control performance measures, namely yaw rate and side-slip angle tracking. The results obtained for different manoeuvres suggest that the proposed two-level control scheme can help to achieve substantial enhancements in the handling performance and the stability performance of the vehicle.
An extended sequential goodness-of-fit multiple testing method for discrete data
Authors: Castro-Conde Irene , Döhler Sebastian , de Uña-Álvarez Jacobo
Published: August 2015

The sequential goodness-of-fit (SGoF) multiple testing method has recently been proposed as an alternative to the familywise error rate- and the false discovery rate-controlling procedures in high-dimensional problems. For discrete data, the SGoF method may be very conservative. In this paper, we introduce an alternative SGoF-type procedure that takes into account the discreteness of the test statistics. Like the original SGoF, our new method provides weak control of the false discovery rate/familywise error rate but attains false discovery rate levels closer to the desired nominal level, and thus it is more powerful. We study the performance of this method in a simulation study and illustrate its application to a real pharmacovigilance data set.
Introducing the fit-criteria assessment plot – A visualisation tool to assist class enumeration in group-based trajectory modelling
Authors: Klijn Sven L , Weijenberg Matty P , Lemmens Paul , van den Brandt Piet A , Lima Passos Valéria
Published: August 2015

Background and objective

Group-based trajectory modelling is a model-based clustering technique applied for the identification of latent patterns of temporal changes. Despite its manifold applications in clinical and health sciences, potential problems of the model selection procedure are often overlooked. The choice of the number of latent trajectories (class-enumeration), for instance, is to a large degree based on statistical criteria that are not fail-safe. Moreover, the process as a whole is not transparent. To facilitate class enumeration, we introduce a graphical summary display of several fit and model adequacy criteria, the fit-criteria assessment plot.

Methods

An R-code that accepts universal data input is presented. The programme condenses relevant group-based trajectory modelling output information of model fit indices in automated graphical displays. Examples based on real and simulated data are provided to illustrate, assess and validate fit-criteria assessment plot’s utility.

Results

Fit-criteria assessment plot provides an overview of fit criteria on a single page, placing users in an informed position to make a decision. Fit-criteria assessment plot does not automatically select the most appropriate model but eases the model assessment procedure.

Conclusions

Fit-criteria assessment plot is an exploratory, visualisation tool that can be employed to assist decisions in the initial and decisive phase of group-based trajectory modelling analysis. Considering group-based trajectory modelling’s widespread resonance in medical and epidemiological sciences, a more comprehensive, easily interpretable and transparent display of the iterative process of class enumeration may foster group-based trajectory modelling’s adequate use.
High cycle fatigue property and fracture behavior of high-strength austempered ductile iron
Authors: Song Qingpeng , Zhang Jiwang , Zhang Ning , Li Wei , Lu Liantao
Published: August 2015

The high cycle fatigue tests of high-strength austempered ductile iron of grade 1200/850/04 (ASTM 897 M-06) were conducted by the high frequency fatigue machine. The results show that the S–N curve decreases continuously and there is no conventional fatigue limit at 107 cycles. According to the fracture surface observations, at short fatigue life region the specimens fail from defects at specimen surface and at long fatigue life region the specimens fail from internal defects with fish-eye area around it. According to the defect sizes measured in the standard inspection areas of the material, the maximum defect size evaluated by the statistics of extreme values method is in accordance with that of the fatigue test results. Meanwhile, it is obvious that the fatigue strength of austempered ductile iron is influenced by the original defect size and the fatigue limit can be well evaluated by the Murakami equation.
Impact of production requirements on high-quality ship product data models
Authors: Hmeshah Khaldoun , Erbach Norman , Bronsart Robert
Published: August 2015

Rules, standards and regulations have to be observed in every step of the ship design process. Ignoring these constraints in any case leads to higher costs going along with potentially lower product quality. Numerous investigations have shown that product data model correction activities require considerable resources (man-hours and although money = cost) to obtain an acceptable quality level, and in the worst case, a redesign of potentially larger parts of the ship structure has to be performed. Computer-aided design systems offer a large set of functions to define a product data model. However, in the current situation, these tools are not capable to fully ensure the correctness of the product data model while observing the relevant quality criteria which are generally shipyard specific as they are mainly imposed by the production facilities. A quality management system is introduced which is based on the ISO 10303-59 focusing on quality criteria to be applied for an efficient ship structure production process. The functions of the system will be demonstrated on weldability criteria. These criteria demand notches at distinctive constellations of components depending on their function and, for example, minimum distances and angles between structural parts due to welding processes and material requirements. As an additional criterion, sufficient excess material has to be assigned to plate edges functioning as block boundaries to allow for the correction of inaccuracies in the production process at even late stages. The integration of the product data quality management algorithms with the computer-aided design system, in this case AVEVA marine, shows an efficient correction of inapt data as the automatically detected errors can easily be fixed by means of a guided process including the visualization of the structural parts with the help of the computer-aided design system being applied for data modelling.
Female desistance: A review of the literature
Authors: Rodermond Elanie , Kruttschnitt Candace , Slotboom Anne-Marie , Bijleveld Catrien CJH
Published: August 2015

To examine whether, and if so how, male-based theories of desistance also apply to female offenders, this article reviews 44 studies on female desistance. Where available, gender differences in desistance are considered. Having children and supportive relationships is found to be important for females, in addition to economic independence, the absence of drugs and individual agency. Gender differences are found for the influence of children, supportive relationships, employment and the absence of criminal peers. This review shows that male-based theories of desistance seem applicable to females as well. Furthermore, results underscore the importance of considering how individual and social factors interact during the process of desistance. Implications for future research and for strategies for promoting desistance are discussed.
The Triple Crown of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Wolff Kevin T. , Baglivio Michael T. , Piquero Alex R. , Vaughn Michael G. , DeLisi Matt
Published: August 2015

This study examines the effect of negative emotionality, effortful control, and community disadvantage on juvenile recidivism. Using DeLisi and Vaughn’s temperament theory as a foundation, we assess whether youth who have temperament issues and those who live in disadvantaged communities are more likely to recidivate. Findings indicate that net of a wide array of known risk factors, youth with poor temperaments, and those living in disadvantaged communities are more likely to reoffend. Additionally, those youth who face a triple threat of temperament issues and disadvantage reoffend faster post-completion. The theoretical and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Alcohol service provision for older people in an area experiencing high alcohol use and health inequalities
Authors: McCabe Karen E , Ling Jonathan , Wilson Graeme B , Crosland Ann , Kaner Eileen FS , Haighton Catherine A
Published: August 2015

Background:

UK society is ageing. Older people who drink alcohol, drink more than those from previous generations, drink more frequently than other age groups and are more likely to drink at home and alone. Alcohol problems in later life however are often under-detected and under-reported meaning older people experiencing alcohol problems have high levels of unmet need.

Methods:

This study sought to identify existing services within South of Tyne, North East England to capture the extent of service provision for older drinkers and identify any gaps. The Age UK definition of ‘older people’ (aged 50 and over) was used. Services were contacted by telephone, managers or their deputy took part in semi-structured interviews.

Findings:

Forty six service providers were identified. Only one provided a specific intervention for older drinkers. Others typically provided services for age 18+. Among providers, there was no definitive definition of an older person. Data collection procedures within many organisations did not enable them to confirm whether older people were accessing services. Where alcohol was used alongside other drugs, alcohol use could remain unrecorded.

Conclusion:

To enable alcohol services to meet the needs of older people, greater understanding is needed of the patterns of drinking in later life, the experiences of older people, the scale and scope of the issue and guidance as to the most appropriate action to take. An awareness of the issues related to alcohol use in later life also needs to be integrated into commissioning of other services that impact upon older people.
‘Picture me healthy’: a pilot study using photovoice to explore health perceptions among migrant youth in Beijing, China
Authors: Leung May May , Jun Jing , Tseng Anna , Bentley Margaret
Published: August 2015

Globalization has resulted in an influx of migrant families from rural provinces into the urban areas of China. Although the migrant population may live in the same cities as urban residents, they experience different lives because of restricted access to job opportunities, social services, and schools for children. Limited research exists with Chinese rural-to-urban migrant youth, particularly using community-based approaches. This study explored migrant youths’ perceptions of their nutrition, physical activity, and health environment, using the community-based participatory research method of photovoice. Twelve migrant youth (6 boys and 6 girls) in Beijing, China, participated in two photovoice assignments focused on personal safety, nutrition, and physical activity. The photographs taken by the youth guided group discussions and semi-structured interviews. Inductive and deductive processes were used to identify codes (ideas emerging from text); similar codes were grouped into themes. Pedestrian safety was the most common personal safety concern. Another safety issue was the excess garbage in the community. Garbage was also a barrier to nutrition and physical activity as it was a food sanitation concern and limited the physical environments where children could play. Schools and community recreation centers were perceived as facilitators of physical activity. However, community centers were also a barrier as a limited number of them caused overcrowding, resulting in safety concerns. Photovoice enables youth to express their health perceptions. Our data provide interesting preliminary insight into the lives of Chinese migrant youth, which could help inform the development of interventions and advocate for positive environmental changes for this marginalized population.
Options for managing raised intracranial pressure
Authors: Tan Tong Khee , Cheng Ming Hua , Sim Eileen Yilin
Published: August 2015

This article reviews the current monitoring and management options for raised intracranial pressure (ICP), primarily in traumatic head injuries, in line with current literature and guidelines. The use of ICP monitoring is useful in managing, predicting outcomes, following the progression and guiding interventions of neurological disease states.

Patients with raised ICP should be monitored closely in a neurocritical care setting where appropriate interventions can be instituted based on available monitoring parameters. Various first- and second-tier methods should be considered, with the primary goal to decrease secondary insult to brain tissue for best outcomes.
Do Military Personnel “Acquire” the Capability for Suicide From Combat? A Test of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide
Authors: Bryan Craig J. , Sinclair Sungchoon , Heron Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2015

The interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide has been the focus of considerable empirical investigation over the past decade. However, little research has focused on the theory’s proposition that the capability for suicide is “acquired” as a consequence of exposure to painful and provocative experiences such as violence, aggression, and trauma. To determine if capability for suicide is “acquired” over time, we conducted a prospective study of 168 military personnel deployed to Iraq. Capability scores remained stable over the course of 2 years from pre- to postdeployment, even among military personnel reporting high combat exposure. Significant positive correlations among capability and combat exposure were comparable both before and after deployment. These findings suggest that capability for suicide was not “acquired” following combat exposure in this sample of military personnel. Capability was, instead, a stable construct.
Skene’s Gland Abscess
Authors: Desmarais Cassandra M.
Published: August 2015

Skene’s glands are glands situated in the caudal two-thirds of the urethra. Infection of the gland by bacteria leads to inflammatory obstruction of the paraurethral ducts, causing the formation of a cyst or abscess. Patients typically present with dysuria, dyspareunia, vaginal discharge, and pain. On physical examination, a palpable mass is present and purulent material can be expressed from the ductal orifice. Clinical assessment of women with paraurethral gland symptoms is difficult, necessitating further evaluation with imaging. Recent advances in sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging have dramatically improved evaluation of the female urethra and the paraurethral glands, clarifying findings at physical examination and providing accurate road maps for surgeons. Even though magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard, transperineal sonography is an emerging imaging technique that is being used to evaluate female urethral and periurethral disease in a more cost-effective manner.
Genetics of glucocorticoid-associated osteonecrosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Karol Seth E. , Yang Wenjian , Van Driest Sara L. , Chang Tamara Y. , Kaste Sue , Bowton Erica , Basford Melissa , Bastarache Lisa , Roden Dan M. , Denny Joshua C. , Larsen Eric , Winick Naomi , Carroll William L. , Cheng Cheng , Pei Deqing , Fernandez Christian A. , Liu Chengcheng , Smith Colton , Loh Mignon L. , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Hunger Stephen P. , Scheet Paul , Jeha Sima , Pui Ching-Hon , Evans William E. , Devidas Meenakshi , Mattano Leonard A. , Relling Mary V.
Published: August 2015

Key Points

Comprehensive study of glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis identifies glutamate receptor gene variants as risk factors.
Innovative tools and modeling methodology for impact prediction and assessment of the contribution of materials on indoor air quality
Authors: Desauziers V , Bourdin D , Mocho P , Plaisance H
Published: August 2015

Background

The combination of more and more airtight buildings and the emission of formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by building, decoration and furniture materials lead to lower indoor air quality. Hence, it is an important challenge for public health but also for the preservation of cultural heritage, as for example, artworks in museum showcases and other cultural objects. Indeed, some VOCs such as organic acids or carbonyl compounds may play a role in the degradation of some metallic objects or historic papers. Thus, simple and cost effective sampling tools are required to meet the recent and growing demand of on-site diagnostic of indoor air quality, including emission source identification and their ranking.

Results

In this aim, we developed new tools based on passive sampling (Solid-Phase Micro Extraction, SPME) to measure carbonyls compounds (including formaldehyde) and other VOCs and both in indoor air and at the material/air interface. On one hand, the coupling of SPME with a specially designed emission cell allows the screening and the quantification of the VOCs emitted by building, decoration or furniture materials. On the other hand, indoor air is simply analysed using new vacuum vial sampling combined with VOCs pre-concentration by SPME. These alternative sampling methods are energy free, compact, silent and easy to implement for on-site measurements. They show satisfactory analytical performance as detection limits range from 0.05 to 0.1 µg m−3 with an average Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of 18 %. They already have been applied to monitoring of indoor air quality and building material emissions for a 6 months period. The data obtained were in agreement with the prediction of a physical monozonal model which considers building materials both as VOC sources and sinks and air exchange rate in one single room (“box model”).

Conclusion

Results are promising, even if more data are required to complete validation, and the model could be envisaged as a predictive tool for indoor air quality. This new integrated approach involving measurements and modeling could be easily transposed to historic environments and to the preservation of cultural heritage.
High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of the extremely osmotolerant diphenol degrading bacterium Halotalea alkalilenta AW-7T, and emended description of the genus Halotalea
Authors: Ntougias Spyridon , Lapidus Alla , Copeland Alex , Reddy T. B. K. , Pati Amrita , Ivanova Natalia N. , Markowitz Victor M. , Klenk Hans-Peter , Woyke Tanja , Fasseas Constantinos , Kyrpides Nikos C. , Zervakis Georgios I.
Published: August 2015

Members of the genus Halotalea (family Halomonadaceae) are of high significance since they can tolerate the greatest glucose and maltose concentrations ever reported for known bacteria and are involved in the degradation of industrial effluents. Here, the characteristics and the permanent-draft genome sequence and annotation of Halotalea alkalilenta AW-7T are described. The microorganism was sequenced as a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains, Phase I: the one thousand microbial genomes (KMG) project at the DOE Joint Genome Institute, and it is the only strain within the genus Halotalea having its genome sequenced. The genome is 4,467,826 bp long and consists of 40 scaffolds with 64.62 % average GC content. A total of 4,104 genes were predicted, comprising of 4,028 protein-coding and 76 RNA genes. Most protein-coding genes (87.79 %) were assigned to a putative function. Halotalea alkalilenta AW-7T encodes the catechol and protocatechuate degradation to β-ketoadipate via the β-ketoadipate and protocatechuate ortho-cleavage degradation pathway, and it possesses the genetic ability to detoxify fluoroacetate, cyanate and acrylonitrile. An emended description of the genus Halotalea Ntougias et al. 2007 is also provided in order to describe the delayed fermentation ability of the type strain.
Induced polarization response of porous media with metallic particles — Part 2: Comparison with a broad database of experimental data
Authors: Revil André , Abdel Aal Gamal Z. , Atekwana Estella A. , Mao Deqiang , Florsch Nicolas
Published: August 2015

We have derived a set of new relationships describing polarization parameters in porous materials with disseminated particles made of a semiconductor, such as pyrite or magnetite. We have compared various predictions of this model to a broad set of experimental data. The chargeability was found to be controlled only by the volume fraction of metallic particles in agreement with the experimental data. The relaxation time, defined from the peak frequency of the phase, was observed to be proportional to the square of the size of the metallic particles and was independent of the salinity of the pore water solution. The relationship between the peak frequency and the grain size could be used to determine the diffusion coefficient of the [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-charge carriers in the semiconductor. This diffusion coefficient was consistent with the mobility of the charge carriers derived from theoretical considerations or electric-conductivity measurements. The resistivity of a mixture of a porous matrix characterized by a low-chargeability and dispersed semiconductors does not depend on the content of metallic grains, as long as the grains are below a percolation threshold (< 22 vol.%). Various experiments were performed using magnetite and pyrite at different grain sizes, weight fractions, and with/without porous materials (i.e., suspended in agar gel). These data were used to test some additional aspects of the model. We found excellent agreement between the model predictions and these experimental data.
2D joint inversion of geophysical data using petrophysical clustering and facies deformation
Authors: Zhang J. , Revil A.
Published: August 2015

Geologic expertise and petrophysical relationships can be brought together to provide prior information while inverting multiple geophysical data sets. The merging of such information can result in more realistic solution in the distribution of the model parameters. We have evaluated the geophysical inverse problem in terms of Gaussian random fields with mean functions controlled by petrophysical relationships and covariance functions controlled by a prior geologic cross section, including the definition of spatial boundaries for the geologic facies. The petrophysical relationship problem is formulated as a regression problem upon each facies. The inversion of the geophysical data is performed in a Bayesian framework. We have developed the usefulness of this strategy using a first synthetic case for which we have performed a joint inversion of gravity and galvanometric resistivity data with the stations located at the ground surface. The joint inversion was used to recover the density and resistivity distributions of the subsurface. In a second step, we considered the possibility that the facies boundaries were deformable and their shapes were inverted as well. We used the level-set approach to perform such deformation preserving a priori topological properties of the facies throughout the inversion. With the help of a priori facies petrophysical relationships and the topological characteristics of each facies, we made a posteriori inference about multiple geophysical tomograms based on their corresponding geophysical data misfits. We have applied this method to a second synthetic case showing that we can recover the heterogeneities inside the facies, the mean values for the petrophysical properties, and, to some extent, the facies boundaries using the 2D joint inversion of gravity and galvanometric resistivity data.
Screening Peers Softly: Inferring the Quality of Small Borrowers
Authors: Iyer Rajkamal , Khwaja Asim Ijaz , Luttmer Erzo F. P. , Shue Kelly
Published: August 2015

This paper examines the performance of new online lending markets that rely on nonexpert individuals to screen their peers’ creditworthiness. We find that these peer lenders predict an individual’s likelihood of defaulting on a loan with 45% greater accuracy than the borrower’s exact credit score (unobserved by the lenders, who only see a credit category). Moreover, peer lenders achieve 87% of the predictive power of an econometrician who observes all standard financial information about borrowers. Screening through soft or nonstandard information is relatively more important when evaluating lower-quality borrowers. Our results highlight how aggregating over the views of peers and leveraging nonstandard information can enhance lending efficiency.

This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.