bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I Heard it through the Grapevine”: Analysis of an Anti-Secularization Initative in the Sixteenth-Century Arequipan Countryside, 1584–1600
Authors: Marsilli María N.
Published: May 2005

Franciscan historian Antonine Tibesar’s study of the early evangelical accomplishments of the Franciscan Order in the Andes constitutes a landmark contribution to an insufficiently examined subject. Trying to detach his work from Joachimist debates, Tibesar did not deem the spirituality shared by peninsular friars to be relevant in explaining their poor early evangelical results. Although Tibesar acknowledged such shortcomings, he sustained that they were caused by an apathetic Franciscan engagement in parish work among the Indians. The inexperience of Spanish friars and the turmoil of the civil wars that ravaged the Andes in the aftermath of the conquest greatly explain this situation, he sustains. Additionally, Tibesar advances the idea that the undecided approach towards Indian conversion amongst sixteenth-century Franciscan authorities was the major cause of these first evangelical failures. Troubled by the hardships of life in Indian parishes and concerned about the lack of familiarity with parish administration among the Order’s ranks, the Franciscan establishment sent the friars contradictory orders, thus preventing them from bringing together a more coherent evangelical plan.
Transient Psychosis in an Immune-Competent Patient After Oral Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Administration
Authors: Saidinejad Mohsen , Ewald Michele Burns , Shannon Michael W.
Published: May 2005

We describe a rare adverse reaction to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX; Septra, Bactrim) in an immune-competent female adolescent. She was prescribed TMP-SMX for a urinary tract infection, which she had developed while being treated in the hospital for an extensive leg cellulitis. Shortly after receiving her third dose of TMP-SMX, she developed an acute altered mental status with agitation as well as vivid visual and auditory hallucinations. After prompt discontinuation of TMP-SMX, the patient slowly began to improve and was able to return to her baseline mental status within 10 days. No residual mental status changes were present. Despite the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, TMP-SMX, one of the first-generation broad-spectrum antibiotics, continues to be widely prescribed, in part because of its low cost and its easy availability. It is generally well tolerated and is associated with relatively few adverse effects. More common toxicities associated with TMP-SMX include hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow suppression, and gastrointestinal side effects. Central nervous system toxicity is very rare; when reported, it has been in an immune-compromised or an elderly patient.
Raman Spectroscopy in Combination with Background Near‐infrared Autofluorescence Enhances the In Vivo Assessment of Malignant Tissues
Authors: Huang Zhiwei , Lui Harvey , McLean David I. , Korbelik Mladen , Zeng Haishan
Published: May 2005

The diagnostic ability of optical spectroscopy techniques, including near‐infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy, NIR autofluorescence spectroscopy and the composite Raman and NIR autofluorescence spectroscopy, for in vivo detection of malignant tumors was evaluated in this study. A murine tumor model, in which BALB/c mice were implanted with Meth‐A fibrosarcoma cells into the subcutaneous region of the lower back, was used for this purpose. A rapid‐acquisition dispersive‐type NIR Raman system was employed for tissue Raman and NIR autofluorescence spectroscopic measurements at 785‐nm laser excitation. High‐quality in vivo NIR Raman spectra associated with an autofluorescence background from mouse skin and tumor tissue were acquired in 5 s. Multivariate statistical techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), were used to develop diagnostic algorithms for differentiating tumors from normal tissue based on their spectral features. Spectral classification of tumor tissue was tested using a leave‐one‐out, cross‐validation method, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to further evaluate the performance of diagnostic algorithms derived. Thirty‐two in vivo Raman, NIR fluorescence and composite Raman and NIR fluorescence spectra were analyzed (16 normal, 16 tumors). Classification results obtained from cross‐validation of the LDA model based on the three spectral data sets showed diagnostic sensitivities of 81.3%, 93.8% and 93.8%; specificities of 100%, 87.5% and 100%; and overall diagnostic accuracies of 90.6%, 90.6% and 96.9% respectively, for tumor identification. ROC curves showed that the most effective diagnostic algorithms were from the composite Raman and NIR autofluorescence techniques.
Temporal and Spatial Variation of Early Mortality Syndrome in Salmonids from Lakes Michigan and Huron
Authors: Wolgamood Martha , Hnath John G. , Brown Scott B. , Moore Kristin , Marcquenski Susan V. , Honeyfield Dale C. , Hinterkopf Joy P. , Fitzsimons John D. , Tillitt Donald E.
Published: May 2005

To assess the extent that early mortality syndrome (EMS) impacts different Pacific salmonid stocks and the association of EMS with thiamine, we collected eggs of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from three Lake Michigan tributaries (Platte River, Thompson Creek, and Root River) in 1996–2001. We also obtained eggs of Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha from Lake Michigan (Little Manistee River) and Lake Huron (Swan River) in 1998–2001. Unfertilized eggs from individual females were frozen for thiamine analysis, and the remainder were fertilized and reared until first feeding. We observed a high incidence of EMS in offspring when total egg thiamine levels were less than 1.7 nmol/g in both coho and Chinook salmon. In Lake Michigan strain coho salmon from the Platte River, EMS occurred in more than 70% of monitored families in 1996, 1999, 2000, and 2001, while 1997 and 1998 were years when EMS was low (<25%). Hinchenbrooke strain coho salmon from Thompson Creek exhibited greater impacts from EMS in the years when EMS was low in the Lake Michigan strain coho salmon from the Platte River. Similar to coho salmon, Lake Michigan Chinook salmon also exhibited EMS (>70%) in 1999, 2000, and 2001. Chinook salmon from Lake Huron exhibited high (>70%) EMS in 2001, moderate (40–60%) EMS in 1999, and low (<25%) EMS in 1998. Our data suggest that the incidence of EMS in salmonids varies by species, location, and year. The data support the general contention that EMS in salmonids is associated with low egg thiamine content.
Dynamic Analysis of Articulatory Movement Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Movies: Methods and Implications in Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Shinagawa Hideo , Ono Takashi , Honda Ei-Ichi , Masaki Shinobu , Shimada Yasuhiro , Fujimoto Ichiro , Sasaki Takehito , Iriki Atsushi , Ohyama Kimie
Published: May 2005

Objectives

To visualize articulatory movement using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) movie of a subject with cleft lip and palate (CLP) and to demonstrate the usefulness of this method for studying oropharyngeal function.

Material and Methods

Dynamic changes in oropharyngeal structures were assessed with an MRI movie of a man with cleft lip and palate and in a normal adult male volunteer during the articulation of /pa/, /ta/, and /ka/.

Results and Conclusions

Different movement patterns were observed during articulation in the subject with CLP compared with the normal volunteer. Posterosuperior movement of the tongue and the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall were clearly visualized in the subject with CLP. Thus, MRI movies appear to be a promising tool for evaluating speech function in patients with CLP because of their noninvasive and nonradiation nature.
Health-Related Quality of Life of Children Aged 11 to 14 Years with Orofacial Conditions
Authors: Locker David , Jokovic Aleksandra , Tompson Bryan
Published: May 2005

Objective

To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of 11- to 14-year-old children with orofacial conditions.

Design

Thirty-nine patients with orofacial conditions were compared with 32 patients with dental caries.

Outcome Measure

The multidimensional 37-item Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11- to 14-year-old children (CPQ11–14). This forms one component of the Child Oral Health Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Results

The orofacial group had slightly higher scores on the CPQ11–14 than the dental group (p < .05). The scores were slightly to moderately higher on the functional limitations (p < .01) and social well-being (p < .01) domains. The groups did not differ with respect to oral symptoms or emotional well-being. Mouth breathing, problems with speech, missing school, being teased, and being asked questions about their condition were the only issues reported more frequently by the orofacial group (p < .01). There was no evidence of social inhibition or withdrawal in the orofacial group. The children with orofacial conditions rated their oral health better than the children with dental decay (p < .05). In both groups, the majority of children reported that their condition had little impact on their life overall.

Conclusions

Based on CPQ11–14 scores, there were few differences in the HRQoL of 11- to 14-year-old children with orofacial conditions, compared with children with dental caries. This suggests that the majority of these children are well adjusted and able to cope with the adversities they experience as a result of their conditions. This may reflect the quality of the team approach used at the treatment setting at which they were recruited.
Distraction Osteogenesis for Bony Repair of Cleft Palate by Using Persistent Elastic Force: Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Liang Limin , Liu Chunming , Bu Rongfa
Published: May 2005

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of closing a cleft and lengthening the hard palate by the technique of distraction osteogenesis with elastic forces and to evaluate the influence of the management on the facial structure.

Design

Thirty 6-month-old mongrel dogs were assigned randomly to two groups with five subgroups for different purpose.

Interventions

An 8- × 25-mm cleft was surgically created in the posterior hard palate in experimental and sham control dogs. Bone markers were implanted in the hard palate. Osteotomies were carried out followed by the installation of a distractor made of NiTi-shape memory alloy.

Outcome measures

The results were evaluated clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Anthropometric data that represented the length, width, and height of the maxilla were taken on the dry skull of the control and experimental dogs and were analyzed statistically.

Results

The cleft was closed and the hard palate was lengthened after 2 to 3 weeks of distraction in all the experimental dogs. New bone formation was found at the site of osteotomy. The variables of facial length, height, and width showed no significant difference between the two groups (p > .05). The length of the hard palate in the experimental group was longer than that in the control group (p < .01).

Conclusion

Distraction osteogenesis with the elastic device of NiTi-shape memory alloy is effective for closing the cleft and lengthening the hard palate in a canine cleft model. There is no interference on the growth of the maxillofacial structures with the technique.
The Bacteriology of Children before Primary Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery
Authors: Chuo C. B. , Timmons M. J.
Published: May 2005

Objective

Bacterial infections can complicate any surgery. Knowledge of potentially pathogenic bacterial flora in children with cleft lip and palate allows appropriate risk management, including the need for prophylactic antibiotics. This project reviewed the bacteriology of children before primary cleft lip and palate surgery.

Design

A retrospective study of the results of nose, throat, and ear microbiological swabs taken from children, aged 1 to 26 months, before repair of primary cleft lip, cleft palate, or both was carried out. Swabs with Staphylococcus aureus and β-hemolytic streptococcus were considered positive.

Results

From October 1987 to May 2002, 321 primary cleft lip or palate operations were performed in 250 patients. Results from 326 sets of preoperative swabs were available, including five repeat sets from patients whose operations were postponed. There were 235 (72.1%) negative sets and 91 (27.9%) positive sets. Of the positive swabs, 86 sets grew S. aureus , and 10 sets grew β-hemolytic streptococcus.

Conclusions

Children with unrepaired cleft lip and palate have a significant risk of carrying S. aureus and a small risk of carrying β-hemolytic streptococci. These risks need to be considered when deciding on protocols for preoperative bacteriology tests and prophylactic antibiotics.
Intraoral Air Pressure Discrimination under Conditions of Experimental Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Authors: Williams William N. , Wharton Paul W. , Paulk Martha F. , Brown William S. , Turner Glenn E. , Stevens Gary
Published: May 2005

Objective

This study assessed a single subject's ability to detect the difference limen (DLs) for his self-generated intraoral air pressure while his oral and nasal cavities were experimentally coupled.

Method

The subject, a 46-year-old man, uses a speech bulb prosthesis to cover an unrepaired cleft of his hard and soft palates. The subject's oral and nasal cavities were experimentally coupled by drilling different size holes through the speech-bulb component of the prosthesis to approximate conditions of velopharyngeal insufficiency. There were four hole-size conditions (10, 15, 20, and 30 mm2), a no-prosthesis condition, and pre- and postbaseline conditions with the prosthesis intact. The subject blew into a tube connected to a pressure transducer and was presented with a series of paired pressure loads. The first pressure load of each pair was the referent (1, 3, or 5 cm H2O), and the second was a preselected comparator load of a different amount. The subject blew into the tube with sufficient force to center the voltage meter's needle at the zero mark. The subject then reported whether the second pressure load required more, less, or equal breath pressure, compared with the referent pressure load of that pair.

Results

Size of the hole coupling the oral/nasal cavities did not significantly affect the subject's difference limen.

Conclusion

Experimental coupling of the oral/nasal cavities did not affect this subject's ability to detect differences in his self-generated intraoral air pressure.
Audiological Status of Chinese Patients with Cleft Lip/Palate
Authors: Chu Katie M. Y. , McPherson Bradley
Published: May 2005

Objective

To review the audiological and otoscopic status of Chinese children and young adults seen at a cleft lip and palate clinic in Hong Kong and compare with previous studies of Western clinical populations.

Design

The hearing health status of the patients was analyzed on the basis of the results of their otoscopic, pure tone audiometric, and tympanometric examinations. The patients’ sex, age, race, and type of cleft pathology were examined for their potential relationship to hearing health status.

Participants

The records of 180 predominantly Chinese patients attending the Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Prince Philip Dental Hospital/University of Hong Kong from July 1977 to December 1999 were reviewed.

Results and Conclusion

The results indicated 13.4% of patient ears failed the audiometric screening and 23.7% of patient ears yielded abnormal tympanometric results. Patients’ sex, age, and type of cleft pathology were found not to be related to hearing screening results. The prevalence of hearing disorder was in contrast with Western studies that show a much higher rate of audiological problems in children and young adults with cleft lip/palate. Racial factors were considered to be possible reasons for this disparity. Other factors, such as timely medical and surgical intervention, including early cleft palate repair and the insertion of ventilation tubes in cases of middle ear effusion, do not convincingly account for the study findings.
No Evidence for Linkage and Association between 4q Microsatellite Markers and Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip and Palate in Chilean Case-Parents Trios
Authors: Blanco Rafael , Suazo José , Santos JoséLuis , Carreño Hernán , Palomino Hernán , Jara Lilian
Published: May 2005

Objective

Nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCLP) has the characteristics of a complex genetic trait. Linkage and association studies have suggested that one or more clefting loci may be located on chromosome 4q. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possible linkage and association due to linkage disequilibrium between five microsatellite markers located on 4q28 to 4q33 and NSCLP, using the case-parent trio design.

Subjects and Methods

A total of 56 Chilean families (32 simplex and 24 multiplex) were recruited. Microsatellite markers were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent-labeled forward primers, followed by electrophoresis on a laser-fluorescent sequencer. Case-parents trios were ascertained to assess linkage and linkage disequilibrium through a multistage procedure. Transmission disequilibrium tests for multiple alleles were carried out to assess the statistical significance of 4q28 to 4q33 microsatellite markers.

Results

Only weak evidence for linkage was obtained for the FGA marker (asymptotic uncorrected p value = .08 and empirical p value = .05). Only the FGA and UCP1 markers were selected for association analysis in trios, with unrelated cases achieving a nearly significant result for the UCP1 marker (asymptotic uncorrected p value = .07 and empirical p value = .19).

Conclusion

Though the FGA and UCP1 markers showed nearly significant p values for linkage and association, respectively, the results of the present study provided insufficient evidence of the existence of a major susceptibility locus in the 4q region that was analyzed in the present study.
Oral Disease Status of a Sample of Jordanian People Ages 10 to 28 with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Al-Wahadni Ahed , Alhaija Elham Abu , Al-Omari Mohammed Amin
Published: May 2005

Objective

To determine the levels of periodontal disease and dental caries in subjects with cleft lip and palate and to compare them with matched noncleft control subjects.

Design

A total of 32 subjects with cleft lip and palate, ages 10 to 28 years, and a similar number of noncleft control subjects were examined for plaque biofilm deposits, gingivitis, periodontitis, and dental caries by using the Silness and Löe plaque index (PI), Löe and Silness gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and the decayed-missing-filled-teeth (DMFT) index, respectively.

Setting

Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, and Prince Rashed Hospital, Royal Medical Services, northern Jordan.

Results

Scores for PI, GI, PPD, and DMFT were significantly higher in subjects with cleft lip and palate than in control subjects.

Conclusion

Subjects with cleft lip and palate are at an increased risk for dental caries and periodontal disease when compared with a noncleft population.
Visual and Statistical Modeling of Facial Movement in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Trotman Carroll-Ann , Faraway Julian J. , Phillips Ceib
Published: May 2005

Objective

To analyze and display facial movement data from noncleft subjects and from patients with cleft lip and palate by using a new dynamic approach. The hypothesis was that there are differences in facial movement between the patients with cleft lip and palate and the noncleft subjects.

Setting

Subjects were recruited from the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry Orthodontic and Craniofacial Clinics.

Patients, Participants

Sixteen patients with cleft lip and palate and eight noncleft “control” subjects.

Interventions

Video recordings and measurements in three dimensions of facial movement.

Main Outcome Measures

Principal component (PC) scores for each of six animations or movements and dynamic modeling of mean animations.

Statistics

Multivariate statistics were used to test for significant differences in the PC mean scores between the patient groups and the noncleft groups.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found in PC mean scores between the patient groups and the noncleft groups; however, the variability of the effect of clefting on the soft tissues during animation was noted when the noncleft data were used to establish a “normal” scale of movement. Compensatory movements were seen in some of the patients with cleft lip and palate, and the compensation was not unidirectional.

Conclusion

Measures of mean movement differences as summarized by PC scores between patients with cleft lip and palate and noncleft subjects may be misleading because of extreme variations about the mean in the patient group that may neutralize group differences. It may be more appropriate to compare patients to a noncleft normal scale of movement.
Testing a Conceptual Framework for Diabetes Self-Care Management
Authors: Sousa Valmi D. , Zauszniewski Jaclene A. , Musil Carol M. , McDonald Patricia E. , Milligan Sharon E.
Published: May 2005

Diabetes is a major source of morbidity, mortality, and economic expense in the United States. The majority of researchers and clinicians believe that diabetes is a self-care management disease, and that patients should be reliable, capable, and sufficiently responsible to take care of themselves. However, individuals with diabetes may or may not have diabetes knowledge, social support, self-care agency (an individual’s capability to perform self-care actions), and self-efficacy (an individual’s beliefs in his or her capability to perform self-care actions) that would help them to engage in diabetes self-care management. Therefore, this study examined the relationship among those factors using a cross-sectional model testing design. A convenient sample of 141 insulin-requiring individuals with either diabetes type 1 or type 2, 21 years old and over, was recruited from an outpatient diabetes care center located in a Southeast region of the United States. Simple linear regression, multiple standard regression, and multiple hierarchical regression were used to analyze the data. Individuals with greater diabetes knowledge had greater self-care agency and self-efficacy. Those with a higher score in social support had greater self-care agency and better diabetes self-care management, and those with greater self-efficacy had better diabetes self-care management. In addition, self-care agency mediated the effects of diabetes knowledge on self-efficacy and the effects of social support on diabetes self-care management. Self-efficacy mediated the effects of self-care agency on diabetes self-care management. Furthermore, the linear combination of diabetes knowledge, social support, self-care agency, and self-efficacy, taken together, positively affected diabetes self-care management. Enhancing an individual’s diabetes knowledge, social support, self-care agency, and self-efficacy may be a strategy which can promote better engagement in diabetes self-care.
Physical Activity Self-Definition Among Adolescents
Authors: Robbins Lorraine B. , Pis Monika B. , Pender Nola J. , Kazanis Anamaria S.
Published: May 2005

Since research involving adults indicates that physical activity (PA) self-definition influences PA participation, understanding PA self-definition and related factors, such as PA frequency and enjoyment, in youth is essential for designing interventions to reverse the decline in PA that occurs from childhood through adolescence. The objective of this study was to explore correlates of PA self-definition and assess differences in PA self-definition among African American and European American boys and girls in early, middle, and late puberty. A 3 (developmental stage) ¥ 2 (gender) design was used. African American and European American boys and girls, ages 9 to 17, participated. A total of 168 adolescents completed demographic data, developmental stage, and current and future PA self-definition questionnaires. Peak VO2 was obtained as a measure of physical fitness. Current PA self-definition was positively correlated with peak VO2 (p < .01) and future PA self-definition (p < .01). Males had higher current (p = .032) and future (p = .021) PA self-definition than females. The finding that boys have stronger current and future PA self-definitions than girls highlights the challenge for health professionals to enact immediate and effective measures to alter girls’ perceptions of themselves in terms of PA participation. Since current PA self-definition is also significantly correlated with future PA participation, strategies to assist girls in developing a strong PA self-definition may contribute to increased PA in their adult years.
Violation of Dignity in Care-Related Situations
Authors: Öhlén Joakim
Published: May 2005

This study seeks to explore narratives of care-related violations for patients with life-threatening illness receiving palliative care. Narratives told in dialogues with the researcher were processed phenomenologically hermeneutically. Four structures of meanings are described: focal points in recalling the experiences, experienced consequences of being violated, relationships causing violation, and personal struggling. The phenomenon of care-related violations means a complex experience of suffering as being abandoned, confronted with hopelessness, and further wounded. This experience may be directed toward readiness to share, introspectiveness, willingness to comprehend the incomprehensible, the riskiness of facing others, and attentiveness to acts of caring. It can be experienced in various relationships to professionals, family members and friends, to the mass media, and to welfare systems. Care-related violating episodes reveal the vulnerability of the person who is already suffering and makes him or her still more wounded, when actually comfort is expected. To receive affirmation in the state of fragility with increased suffering provoked by care-related violations can contribute to a transformation from human degradation into dignity, finding meaning, or reaching reconciliation in suffering.
The Influence of Gender and Ethnicity on Judgments of Culpability in a Domestic Violence Scenario
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J. , Negy Charles
Published: May 2005

Using an experimental analog design, in this study we examined 503 European American, African American, and Latino undergraduate students’ responses to a domestic violence scenario in which the ethnicity and gender of the perpetrator were manipulated. Results indicated that participants perceived perpetration of domestic assault significantly more criminal when committed by a man than when committed by a woman. That finding was robust across European Americans, African Americans, and Latinos and was expressed by both genders. Also, European American participants expressed significantly more criticism toward African American perpetrators of assault than they did toward European American and Latino perpetrators of the exact offense, suggestive of racial bias consistent with stereotypes about African Americans being excessively aggressive. Finally, Latino participants expressed significantly more sympathy toward women who assault their husbands than toward assaulting husbands. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Trauma Reactions of Bystanders and Victims to Repetitive Abuse Experiences
Authors: Janson Gregory R. , Hazler Richard J.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated psychological distress as measured by the Impact of Events Scale-Revised and physiological reactivity as measured by skin conductance and heart rate in bystanders as compared to direct victims of prevalent forms of repetitive abuse (e.g., bullying). Participants (N = 77) were interviewed twice: once to recall witnessing another person be abused repeatedly over time, and again to recall similar experiences as a victim. Present levels for bystander and victim distress were not significantly different, but distress levels were significantly greater for victim experiences at the time the repetitive abuse occurred. Scores for both groups were comparable to or exceeded scores associated with natural disasters and other life threatening experiences reported in the literature. Findings suggest repetitive abuse may affect bystanders and victims in similarly serious ways at the time the events occur and later in life.
(Re)Constructing Relationships with Grandparents: A Turning Point Analysis of Granddaughters' Relational Development with Maternal Grandmothers
Authors: Holladay Sherry , Lackovich Rita , Lee Margaret , Coleman Mindy , Harding David , Denton Desiree'
Published: May 2005

This study explores how granddaughters account for the development of their relationships with their maternal grandmothers. The retrospective interviewing technique was used to elicit turning points in their relational histories. Analysis of the turning point content revealed several different types of turning points that reflected both normative and idiosyncratic events. Increases in relational closeness resulted from decreases in geographic separation, engaging in shared activities, deaths or serious illnesses in the family, and family disruptions. Decreases in closeness were associated with negative experiences with the grandmother, increases in geographic separation, and the transition to college. Granddaughters reported that turning points related to death or serious illness and participation in shared activities were the most significant ones in their relationships with maternal grandmothers.
Drug Sensitivity in Older Adults: The Role of Physiologic and Pharmacokinetic Factors
Authors: Cherry Katie E. , Morton Mark R.
Published: May 2005

Age-related changes in physiology and pharmacokinetics (how drugs are used in the body) lead to increased drug sensitivity and potentially harmful drug effects. This report addresses the heightened sensitivity to drug effects seen in older adults. The first section of the report presents three examples of physiologic decline: a) decreased plasma protein binding affects drug distribution, b) declining liver function affects drug metabolism, and c) impaired kidney function delays drug elimination. The next section illustrates by example the risks associated with altered physiology: a) decline in plasma protein binding may result in an intensified effect of the drug Phenytoin, b) altered liver function increases the sedative effects of Diazepam, and c) declining kidney function results in accumulation of the drug Gentamicin, where toxic effects include kidney failure and deafness. The last section is a discussion of some broad considerations for geriatric pharmacology. Adverse drug reactions can largely be avoided by carefully weighing the needs and clinical status of older persons on an individual basis both prior to and throughout the course of a given drug therapy.
Assessing Hypermedia Navigation through Pathfinder: Prospects and Limitations
Authors: Barab Sasha A. , Fajen Brett R. , Kulikowich Jonna M. , Young Michael F.
Published: May 2005

In response to the need for more dynamic forms of assessment, our primary aim was to evaluate the validity of Pathfinder for representing and comparing individuals' navigation through a computer-based hypermedia environment. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the validity of Pathfinder for generating an empirically-derived path that represents a set of individual navigational paths. Participants were divided into two groups: a Test-based group and a Problem-based group. Based on prior research, we assumed that these groups would differ with respect to navigation. Pathfinder-generated networks and the related C-measure were used to test the validity of Pathfinder for capturing differences between these groups. The results supported our hypothesis that Pathfinder would be able to distinguish between the two groups. Furthermore, it was shown that, with some modification, Pathfinder was able to generate an empirically-derived network that represented the paths of the individuals in the group from which it was derived.
Behavioral Control of Cigarette Smoking: A Comprehensive Program
Authors: Hackett Gail , Horan John J.
Published: May 2005

Cigarette smoking has been a behavioral enigma. Single treatment techniques, when successful, are usually plagued by high recidivism rates and “practical” insignificance. Two recent developments, rapid smoking and comprehensive behavioral programming, hold promise for the eventual behavioral control of smoking. This study describes one such program and presents some preliminary findings.
Safety on the Streets: Cohort Changes in Fear
Authors: Cutler Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

Using data from two national surveys, cohort changes in fear for one's safety on the streets are examined over an eleven year period. Fear of walking alone at night has increased among all cohorts, but the greatest increases have taken place among the older cohorts. These results are consistent with interpretations that stress characteristics of the aging process to account for the elderly's greater fear of vulnerability to criminal victimization.
Joint Occupational and Environmental Pollution Prevention Strategies: A Model for Primary Prevention
Authors: Armenti Karla , Moure-Eraso Rafael , Slatin Craig , Geiser Ken
Published: May 2005

Occupational and environmental health issues are not always considered simultaneously when attempting to reduce or eliminate hazardous materials from our environment. Methods used to decrease exposure to hazardous chemicals in the workplace often lead to increased exposure in the environment and to the community outside the workplace. Conversely, efforts to control emissions of hazardous chemicals into the environment often lead to increased exposure to the workers inside the plant. There are government regulations in place that ensure a safe work environment or a safe outside environment; however, there is little integration of both approaches when considering the public's health as a whole. This article examines some of the reasons behind this dichotomy, focusing on the regulatory and policy frameworks with respect to workplace and environment that have resulted in the inability of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to coordinate their efforts to protect public health. The components of the Pollution Prevention Act and its potential to serve as a model for integrating occupational and environmental health are discussed. Limitations regarding enforcement of pollution prevention, as well as its disconnection from the work environment are equally highlighted. The article finishes by examining the barriers to integrating the occupational and environmental health paradigms and the promotion of primary prevention in public health.
Friendship, Social Interaction and Subjective Well-Being of Older Men in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Tesch Stephanie , Whitbourne Susan Krauss , Nehrke Milton F.
Published: May 2005

The relationship of informal social interaction to subjective well-being of older adults was investigated using the PGC Morale Scale, the MACC Behavioral Adjustment Scale, and a sociometric interview which provided measures of peer friendship and frequency of social interaction. Respondents were fifty-four males aged fifty-two to ninety years, who were residents of a Veterans Administration domiciliary. The predicted positive correlation was obtained between morale and frequency of social interaction with persons outside the institution, but men's friendships within the institution were not related to morale. As expected, men who reported an overall change in frequency of social interaction scored substantially lower on the PGC Morale Scale than those who perceived no change. Behavioral adjustment ratings of participants made by a staff member were positively correlated with friendship and social interaction scores. The results were thus consistent with a continuity model of aging, in which maintenance of accustomed levels of social interaction is related to subjective well-being.
Disillusionment, Health Status and Age: A Study of Value Differences of Midwestern Women
Authors: Query Joy M. N. , Steines Meriel
Published: May 2005

Disillusionment theory was tested among samples of young, middle-aged and elderly females in a Metropolitan Community on the North Central Plains. This theory suggests that as age increases, so does disillusionment with major American values. The problems of advancing age and poor health, one of the characteristics of the aging experience, are in conflict with the dominant values in American society; a situation which is likely to bring about either a change in values, or expression of disillusionment. Adherence to the work-activity orientation is not likely to decrease since it continues to provide identification and meaning to life.

Two hypotheses were substantiated by the data. Religious optimism among women decreases as age increases. The work-activity orientation among women does not decrease by age group. A third hypothesis, that among older women, belief in the mastery of science and technology over nature would decrease, was not supported. The orientation and value change among women according to the data presented is similar to that found for men on the themes of optimism and work-activity, but optimism rather than disillusionment was expressed about science-technology, suggesting the possibility of rural urban and sex differences.
Self-Reliance and Social Cooperation
Authors: Lombardi Donald N.
Published: May 2005

Drug use and abuse are viewed as symptomatic of more basic and underlying problems. Drug usage indicates the degree of alienation felt by young people. Addiction and drug use are only a side show activity—merely a way of evading the problems of every day living. With drugs, the user finds a way of escaping, conforming, or rebelling. There must be an emphasis on self-reliance and the courage to be imperfect and not live by the curse of perfection. Also, there is nothing wrong about the mobilization of inner resources but we must not only turn inward but also outward especially since we are socially embedded. The need is for equality and mutual respect. The promise for our salvation and growth is in social cooperation. Although we may have no control over the vicissitudes and circumstances of our life we do have control over our reactions to these circumstances. Thus, each person with his freedom of choice chooses between alternative actions. One can choose a life of Walter Mitty who finds daydreaming more exciting than real life or search for a Walden Three.
Sustainable Development: A Trade Union Perspective
Authors: Gereluk Winston , Royer Lucien
Published: May 2005

Sustainable development has become an important issue for trade unions around the world, but progress on sustainable development has been slow. Agenda 21, which came out of the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, called on workers and trade unions to assume an active role. The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) and the Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC) to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) became influential players who represent more than 155 million members in 148 countries and territories. The implementation of Agenda 21 has been hampered by bureaucratic gridlock—a situation that trade unions propose to overcome through innovative strategies on workplaces and workers. They realize that sustainable development cannot take place without radical changes in production and consumption. Globalization is creating opulence on the one hand and grinding poverty on the other. ICFTU and TUAC propose a new “world order” that includes democratic decision-making, popular accountability, transparency, and local control. They have proposed priorities, outlined in this article, for an international approach to sustainable development.
The Nature of the Life Concept across the Life-Span
Authors: Sheehan N. W. , Papalia-Finlay D. E. , Hooper F. H.
Published: May 2005

In this study of people ranging from six to over sixty-five years of age, a high frequency of animistic responses was found in all ages examined. While a significant age effect was noted in the ability to categorize animate objects accurately, animisitc responding was generally unrelated to logical classification ability or to analytic cognitive style. For eleven- to thirteen-year-olds, however, a significant relationship between animism and both cognitive style and classification ability existed. An interpretation of the results which found high levels of animistic thinking beyond adolescence does not support Piagetian theory. Rather, adults may respond animistically because of emotional attachments which they have formed to certain meaningful physical objects.
Marijuana: Implications of Use by Young People
Authors: Lamanna Michael
Published: May 2005

People refer vaguely to a “marijuana problem” suggesting the drug impairs the development, learning, and schooling of youngsters. This study uses survey and interview data and recent findings reported in journals to consider that problem in the following areas: marijuana is being used too frequently and at too early an age, marijuana is being used for negative reasons, psychoactive effects of the drug lead to irrational or unsafe behavior, young people lack accurate information about the drug's effects, use of marijuana leads to dependence or to the use of other drugs, use of marijuana impairs ability to learn, and the use of marijuana contributes to schooling problems: absenteeism, tardiness, drug trafficking, and other negative behavior.
Social Skill and Aging: Principles and Problems
Authors: Welford A. T.
Published: May 2005

Over the last two decades it has become increasingly recognized that concepts of skill, formulated originally for sensory-motor tasks such as industrial operations, can be applied to interaction between people. The need for social skills in the interactions between old people, their contemporaries, and younger people with whom they have contact, are explored, and suggestions are made for training social skills in order to improve human relations with and between the elderly. It is also argued that present ideas, favoring opportunities for older people to live in communities with those of like mind, can lessen the need for social skills by reducing the social demands of institutional living.
The Marihuana Perception Inventory: The Effects of Substance Abuse Instruction
Authors: Gabany Steve G. , Plummer Portia
Published: May 2005

This article reports the latest results of a continuing effort to develop a perceptual inventory of factors associated with the onset of marihuana use among youths and young people. In addition to better understanding why adolescents begin using marihuana, the inventory is intended to assist drug educators target their programs. This phase studied 617 students in three Midwest school districts prior to and after substance abuse instruction to determine the relationship between perceptions and demographic characteristics, and to learn if substance abuse instruction was related to changes in the student's perception of the relationships. Factor analysis again revealed a five-factor solution. All thirty-four inventory items were included in the final solution. Items appeared to group themselves among the scales in a fashion similar to that found in prior studies. However, the larger sample size permitted refinement of the scales: Maturational Difficulties; Excessive Pressure; Parental Failings; Rebelliousness; and Societal/Institutional Weaknesses. The inventory appears to be remarkably stable across demographic characteristics. Significant differences between pretest and posttest scores indicated that students perceived less of a relationship between Maturational Difficulties, Excessive Pressure, and Societal/Institutional Weaknesses and the onset of marihuana use after instruction, and more of a relationship between Parental Failings and the young person's decision to begin using marihuana. It appears that instructional programs can be expected to at least contribute to changes in perceptions concerning the relationship between societal and familial factors and the onset of marihuana use.
“You Never Run Out of Stamps” Electronic Communication in Field Experiences
Authors: Wepner Shelley B.
Published: May 2005

This study sought to determine the effects of electronic communication (i.e., e-mail and listserv communication) among triads of student teachers, college supervisors, and cooperating teachers. Twenty-one volunteer participants began as the initial cohort: five college supervisors, eight cooperating teachers, and eight preservice teachers. Each participant had a portable computer equipped with a modem. Four data sets were used: 1) individual self-assessments; 2) printouts of all e-mail communication related to the project; 3) printouts of all listserv responses; and 4) within-triad and between-triad group assessments. Participants' self-reporting of computer proficiency showed significant differences. The nature of participants' e-mail messages (e.g., lesson plan discussions) and listserv responses are discussed in relation to their overall evaluation of this opportunity.
Quality Management of Student-Student Evaluations
Authors: Henderson Tom , Rada Roy , Chen Chaomei
Published: May 2005

Classes delivered via the World Wide Web (WWW) have the ability to access large amounts of hypermedia. They can also be designed to present course work in small, orderly steps. Many learning theorists hypothesize that it is important to provide timely feedback which acts as a reinforcer if answers are good and as a corrective measure if answers are inadequate. However, it may not be practical for an instructor to give timely feedback on each submission done by all students in the class. One possible solution is to combine peer-peer evaluations with timely computer generated reports to help the instructor manage such a course. The peer evaluations may replace some or all of the traditional “grading” done by the professor. This process can contribute to higher developmental levels of understanding and students collaborative work skills may be honed by the requirements of the course. We hypothesize that instructors can adopt graphical methods of data presentation and quality improvement to help monitor the peer evaluation process in a timely and adequate fashion. Three such methods were applied to a class at Washington State University. Pseudo R-charts were used to track when comment scores by peers varied widely on an exercise submission. Pseudo X-bar charts helped identify exercise answers with unusually low average comment scores. Finally, relative frequency histograms were used to compare the frequency of questions asked to the frequency of questions answered when categorized using Bloom's taxonomy. Such tools were used during the class and were valuable input to the instructor.
Drug Involvement: A Response to an Inadequate Environment
Authors: Winslow Troy , Hankins Richard , Strachan Alan
Published: May 2005

In this selection from Abuse of Drugs: Information and Resource, a handbook for teachers and other professionals concerned with drug abuse, the authors attempt to create a frame of reference which will lead to a better understanding of some of the rather complex personal and institutional factors that may be related to the decisions of many individuals to become involved with drugs of abuse.
Dealing with Drugs
Authors: Rivkin Lawrence S.
Published: May 2005

This article describes how one person became involved as a resource to a health education teacher and several seventh grade health classes. This resulted in the production of two films based on these class experiences. The article describes: 1. how working with students helped to refine the content materials for the films; 2. how the films were produced; 3. the basic content of the films themselves. In this context, much basic drug information is discussed throughout the article; from marijuana, to solvents, to hallucinogens.