bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomographic Angiography of the Liver Via the Coeliac Axis
Authors: Lundstedt C. , Götberg S. , Lunderquist A. , Stridbeck H. , Ekberg H.
Published: June 2015

Sixty computed tomographic angiographic (CTA) examinations of the liver were performed with contrast injection into the coeliac axis. Data from both an arterial and a portal venous phase were recorded. In 41 patients it was possible to compare the results of CTA with palpation of the liver during laparotomy. The results from CTA and laparotomy were the same in 35 patients (85%). In one patient CTA disclosed verified liver lesions not diagnosed at laparotomy. There were 2 false negative and 3 false positive CTA examinations. In the remaining 19 patients, a clinical follow-up period of at least 6 months was used to evaluate the results of CTA. In the 7 patients in whom CTA showed benign lesions or a normal liver parenchyma, the clinical follow-up revealed no evidence of tumour growth in the liver.

References
Computed Tomography and 131I-MIBG Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Koizumi M. , Endo K. , Sakahara H. , Nakashima T. , Nakano Y. , Nakao K. , Torizuka K.
Published: June 2015

In order to evaluate the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) and 131I meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) scintigraphy for the localization of pheochromocytoma, a prospective study was undertaken in 23 patients with possible pheochromocytoma. Seventeen tumors were identified in 13 patients. Two tumors were extra-adrenal. CT was superior for locating tumors in the adrenal glands while 131I-MIBG scintigraphy was more useful in the detection of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma. Together with adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma, the sensitivity for locating the tumor was calculated as 82 per cent (14/17) for CT and 76 per cent (13/17) for 131I-MIBG scintigraphy, respectively. One adrenal tumor (1 cm in size) only was missed by both methods. No false positive CT scans of 131I-MIBG scintigraphy were obtained in the remaining 10 patients who had possible pheochromocytoma but were excluded. These results indicated that CT and 131I-MIBG scintigraphy were both useful tools for detecting pheochromocytoma.

References
Teletransmission of Radiographic Images
Authors: Nilsson U. , Nyman U. , Nilsson M.
Published: June 2015

A digital system for transmission of images over telephone lines using a 256×256×6 bits matrix provided for communication between a county hospital and a university hospital is presented. During a three-month period radiologic diagnostic problems encountered in 62 patients (computed tomography in 46 and conventional radiography in 16) were referred by transmitting selected images from each examination. Transmission of computed tomograms was performed without significant degradation of image quality and there was no loss of diagnostic information. Deterioration of image quality was noticed when conventional films especially those of the chest, were digitized and transmitted, though in no instance were they non-diagnostic. The consultations gave valuable information to the transmitting radiologist in approximately 50 per cent of the cases. Review by the consulted radiologists of all original films in each of the examinations 6 months later did not improve the diagnostic results. Thus, a few carefully selected images, digitized and transmitted over telephone lines, may be sufficient for adequate consultation.

References
Tumor Vessels and Contrast Enhancement of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Demonstrated by Percutaneous Transhepatic Portography
Authors: Fujisawa I. , Minami S. , Tsutsui K. , Imura T. , Asano M. , Kitamura O. , Matsumoto M. , Ozawa K. , Torizuka K.
Published: June 2015

A patient with an Edmondson type I—II hepatocellular carcinoma had, at celiac angiography, a poor arterial supply but a rich portal supply as observed at percutaneous transhepatic portography, an observation not previously reported in this disease. The importance of demonstrating the vascular supply of the tumor previous to planned intravascular treatment is obvious.
The Acetabular Sector Angle of the Adult Hip Determined by Computed Tomography
Authors: Anda S. , Svenningsen S. , Dale L. G. , Benum P.
Published: June 2015

A new set of angles measured on standard axial CT images of the hip joint is defined. The angles provide information on the support of the femoral head from the anterior and the posterior part of the acetabulum. These angles have been measured in 82 adult hips, and correlated to a set of established parameters commonly measured at conventional roentgenography and on CT images of the hip joint. The defined angles may prove to be valuable in the total appreciation of hip joint function and stability.
Radiologic Examination in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Barentsz J. O. , Rosenbusch G. R. , Strijk S. P. , Yap S. H.
Published: June 2015

The accuracy in the diagnosis of gastric cancer was investigated in 188 histologically proven cases, including 12 cases of early gastric cancer. One hundred and sixty-five of 167 patients (99%) were recorded radiologically as having a gastric lesion. The initial diagnosis was carcinoma in 144 patients (86%), and benign lesion in 21 cases (13%). In 2 cases (1%) no abnormalities were seen. In 3 out of 9 patients with a partial gastrectomy (33%) an incorrect diagnosis was made. In 11 of 12 patients with early gastric cancer the radiologic examination revealed abnormal findings, but 7 of these were incorrectly interpreted as benign. A retrospective analysis of the radiologic examination in which no malignancies were reported showed that inadequacy of the examination technique and misinterpretation of radiologic signs of malignancy were the main causes of failure in diagnosing of malignancy. The rate of misinterpretation of malignancy as a benign lesion (13%) justifies the endoscopic control of every radiologically detected abnormality. The high sensitivity in detecting a lesion indicates, however, that a biphasic radiologic examination is a safe screening method in gastric cancer. Endoscopy with biopsy showed a lesion in 156 out of 160 patients (98 %), but in 11 of these (7%) the initial examination did not yield histologic proof of malignancy. In 4 patients (2%) no abnormalities were observed by endoscopists. One hundred and forty-nine patients were examined with both radiology and endoscopy with biopsy. A malignant lesion with recognition of its malignant character was defined in 144 cases (97%).
Tumours of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Englund E. , Brun A. , Larsson E.-M. , Györffy-Wagner Z. , Persson B.
Published: June 2015

Proton MR relaxation times T1 and T2 were determined in vitro in 136 small specimens of astrocytomas grades I—IV, of oligodendrogliomas, metastases of adenocarcinomas, meningiomas and acoustic neuromas. In addition, 7 samples of peritumoural white matter were analysed. The analysed specimens were studied microscopically in their entirety regarding tumour type and occurrence of necrosis and non-tumour tissue admixture, such as fibrosis and haemorrhage. Most of the gliomas had longer relaxation times than normal white matter and T2 was significantly longer than in the other three tumour groups. The metastases had longer T1 than normal white matter, while T2 varied. The astrocytomas tended to show shorter relaxation times with increasing degree of malignancy, and shortening of T1 and T2 correlating with the proportion of tissue necrosis. Similarly, the metastases with tissue necrosis had shorter T1 and T2 than non-necrotic samples. The meningiomas had T1 values comparable with normal cortex, while the T2 values varied. Tumours containing a large proportion of fibrous tissue had shorter relaxation times than the others. Acoustic neuromas had only slightly longer T1 than normal white matter, while T2 was not prolonged. Both T1 and T2 were significantly shorter than in all other tumours studied. Peritumoural white matter had prolonged relaxation times compared with normal white matter, correlating to increased water content. These in vitro differences regarding relaxation times in various types of tumours of the central nervous system, dependent on various types of tissue alterations, should be of interest for the interpretation of in vivo images.
Site and Number of Liver Tumors Recorded at Angiography and Computed Tomography Compared with the Findings at Laparotomy and of Resected Liver Specimens
Authors: Lundstedt C. , Ekberg H. , Lunderquist A. , Tranberg K. G.
Published: June 2015

Angiography and computed tomography (CT) were performed in 96 patients before laparotomy for an intended liver resection. Of these, 73 patients underwent liver resection, from a local excision to a trisegmentectomy. The accuracy of angiography in tumor localization was 77 per cent when the results were compared with the findings at laparotomy and from resected specimens. With CT the accuracy was 85 per cent. In 47 patients an analysis of the number of tumor nodules was possible. There were 76 nodules, and ***42 (55%) were correctly identified by angiography and 58% (76%) by CT. Thirty-four tumor nodules were not seen at angiography, with the majority of these situated in the left liver lobe. At CT, 18 nodules were not observed, about equal numbers in right and left lobes. Five lesions thought to be present at angiography (9 at CT), could not be verified upon inspecting the resected specimens. Neither angiography nor CT seems to be reliable enough for an accurate prediction of resectability of liver tumors prior to laparotomy.
Ultrasonography and Scintigraphy of the Liver in Focal and Diffuse Disease
Authors: Henriksson L. , Kelter U.
Published: June 2015

In a clinical series the accuracy of standard colloid scintigraphy and gray-scale ultrasonography in investigations for liver disease was evaluated. The results of 246 investigations in which both methods were utilized were reviewed and classified according to diagnosis and follow-up. In focal disease the sensitivity was 0.90 for scintigraphy, and 0.83 for ultrasonography; ultrasonography had the higher specificity, 0.94 compared with 0.77 for scintigraphy. In diffuse disease the sensitivity was found to be low for both methods, about 0.60, while specificity was high, 0.86 for scintigraphy and 0.92 for ultrasonography. Decreased liver function in diffuse liver disease as reflected by bone marrow uptake at scintigraphy was not found to have any influence on the degree of sensitivity of ultrasonography.
Radiographic Changes in the Condyle of the Temporomandibular Joint in Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Könönen M.
Published: June 2015

One hundred and ten patients with psoriatic arthritis (PA) and 100 matched control patients were examined by using ***orthopan-tomography to discover radiographic changes in the condyle of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Thirty-one per cent of the PA patients and 13 per cent of the control patients had radiographic changes in the condyle of the TMJ. The most common radiographic finding in PA patients was unilateral erosion of the condyle. Of the radiographic changes in the PA group, cortical erosions correlated negatively with age, whereas osteophytes correlated positively with the duration of PA.
Conventional Radiography in Transient Synovitis of the Hip in Children
Authors: Egund N. , Hasegawa Y. , Pettersson H. , Wingstrand H.
Published: June 2015

Conventional radiography was performed at diagnosis and at follow-up 5 to 9 months later in 70 children with transient synovitis of the hip. Twenty-four of the patients also had CT examination at diagnosis. The cartilaginous and osseous reaction in the conventional antero-posterior radiographs was studied as was the relation between the radiographic and CT findings concerning fat planes, joint effusion, and position of the hip joint. At diagnosis there was significant increase in the medial joint space and at follow-up examination there was significant increase in medial and cranial joint space, metaphyseal width and acetabular roof width. There was a correlation of a bulging lateral ‘capsular fat plane’ to the position of abduction in the affected hip which explains the asymmetry in the lateral fat plane observed in these patients.
Arterial Wall Stiffness in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Christensen T. , Neubauer B.
Published: June 2015

The arterial wall stiffness in the common femoral artery was determined by means of an ultrasound technique in 47 ***insulin-dependent diabetics and 24 controls aged 20 to 39 years. They were all without vascular symptoms and signs, and were selected in such a way that they were thought to be free of age correlated changes. Furthermore, patients in potential risk groups, as for arterial disease of non-diabetic type, were excluded. The arterial wall stiffness was significantly increased in the diabetic group as compared with a control group. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation to the diabetic duration. Possible pathogenetic reasons are discussed.
Biologic Effects of Ultrasound on Liver Cells of Rat Embryos
Authors: Cardinale A. , Lagalla R. , de Maria M. , Valentino B. , Cabibi D. , Laconi A.
Published: June 2015

Experiments on the biologic effects of ultrasound (US) were carried out on rat embryos exposed for 120 s to a US beam showing features similar to those already employed for diagnostic purposes. Electron microscopic investigation of the liver parenchyma of rat embryos confirmed results obtained from adult guinea pigs with the same duration of exposure, i.e. diffuse vacuolization of cytoplasma and varying degrees of mitochondrial damage.
Digital Subtraction Angiography in Takayasu Arteritis
Authors: Matsunaga N. , Hayashi K. , Aikawa H. , Uetani M. , Iwao M. , Matsuoka Y. , Hombo A. , Fukushima T. , Maeda H.
Published: June 2015

The usefulness and limitation of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in Takayasu arteritis were investigated in 32 patients. Intravenous DSA was particularly useful in the follow-up of patients with an established diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis. Pulmonary arterial involvement could also be demonstrated with intravenous DSA as obstructive arterial changes and lack of accumulation of contrast medium in the pulmonary parenchyma. Detailed information concerning the site and extent of vascular involvement and development of collateral vessels were obtained with intraarterial DSA. Thickening of the thoracic aortic wall, however, could not be recognized with either intravenous or intraarterial DSA. Conventional angiography of the descending thoracic aorta is still required as an initial examination, particularly when there is no aortic arch involvement. However, there is no doubt that DSA has the potential to become the diagnostic procedure of choice in Takayasu arteritis.
Therapeutic Value of Hysterosalpingography with Lipiodol Ultra Fluid
Authors: Rasmussen F. , Justesen P. , Nielsen D. Tønner
Published: June 2015

Hysterosalpingography (HSG) with lipiodol ultra fluid was performed in 294 infertile women with a normal ovulatory temperature curve and at least two years of infertility and a partner with normal sperm. In 21 per cent, pregnancy occurred within 6 months after the examination, and about one third of the women with a normal finding or with intraperitoneal adhesions at HSG conceived. The pregnancy rate was especially high in the first two cycles after HSG. The spontaneous pregnancy rate was 8 per cent, and the difference between this and the total number of pregnancies must be attributed to a therapeutic effect of the procedure. Previous pelvic inflammatory disease was present in 40 per cent of those who did not become pregnant, while only 11 per cent of those who conceived had previous inflammation. Of the women without previous gynecologic disease 30 per cent conceived.
Digital Radiography of the Chest by Self-Scanning Linear Diode Arrays
Authors: Slasky B. S. , Sashin D. , Horton J. A. , Sternglass E. J. , Bron K. M. , Deutsch M. , Herron J. M. , Kennedy W. H. , Boyer J. W. , Girdany B. R. , Simpson R. W. , Hoy R. J. , Feist J. H.
Published: June 2015

Diode array digital radiography DADR is a method of radiographic imaging that combines the advantages of computer technology with self-scanning linear diode arrays. These digital images are superior to those obtained by film in recording and displaying information in the lightest and the darkest areas of the film, resulting in a balanced image of the entire thorax without compromising detail, and at reduced radiation dose. This is a direct result of the wide dynamic range, high contrast sensitivity, fiber optic coupling, small diode size, short exposure time, and rejection of scattered x-rays of the system coupled with digital post-processing enhancement of the image displayed at 1024×1024 pixels.
Radiation Dose and Somatic Risk from Computed Tomography
Authors: Faulkner K. , Moores B. M.
Published: June 2015

Lithium fluoride (LiF) thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) have been employed to measure the radiation dose distribution within a phantom and the central axis dose in air. Results are presented for seven (four EMI CT1010, one EMI CT5005, one EMI CT7070 and one Siemens DR2) different machines. Organ doses for four different computed tomography (CT) investigations (head, lung, liver and pelvis) have been estimated from previously published tables and the central axis dose in air in 3 CT units. These estimated organ doses were used in turn to deduce the somatic and genetic risks for the four types of CT examination. These calculations indicate that for an ‘average’ male patient undergoing a CT examination corresponding to the average conditions encountered, the total somatic risks are 3.15 10−4, 1.98 10−4, 2.31 10−4, and 1.38 10−4 for head, lung, liver and pelvis scans, respectively. The corresponding figures for female patients are 3.39 10−4, 3.95 10−4, 2.73 10−4, and 1.60 10−4. The risk from head scanning is approximately 250 times that of a dental pantomograph. Somatic and genetic risks will be approximately twice as high for contrast examinations.
Herniographic Appearance of the Lateral Inguinal Fossa
Authors: Ekberg O. , Kesek P.
Published: June 2015

Herniography frequently reveals clinically undetected groin hernia. Thereby herniography contributes to the clinical work-up in patients with obscure groin pain. However, the distinction between clinically important and unimportant abnormalities within the lateral inguinal fossa can be difficult. This study was therefore designed in order to elucidate the herniographic appearance of the lateral inguinal fossa in patients with obscure groin pain. Herniographic findings were compared with laterality of the patients' symptoms. The lateral umbilical fold was visible in only 47 per cent of the groins. A triangular shaped outpouching from the lateral inguinal fossa and a patent processus vaginalis were found with equal frequency on the left and right side. They were five times as frequent in men as in women. Their presence did not correlate with laterality of the patients' symptoms. Indirect hernias were almost twice as common on the symptomatic side as compared with the asymptomatic side. On the left side they were found twice as often in men as in women while there was no significant sex difference on the right side. Our results show that neither a patent processus vaginalis nor a triangular outpouching from the lateral inguinal fossa correlate with the laterality of the patients' symptoms while true indirect hernias do.
Proton Tl Relaxation Time of Normal and Abnormal Urine
Authors: Alanen A. , Nummi P. , Kormano M. , Irjala K.
Published: June 2015

Relaxation times Tl of normal and abnormal urine samples were measured with a 0.02 tesla MRI device in a spectrometric mode. Protein containing urine from patients with glomerulonephritis showed a slight shortening of Tl relaxation time. Radiographic contrast medium, pH, osmolality or glucose in diabetes did not significantly change the Tl relaxation time of urine. Urine can be used as a T1 relaxation reference in MR imaging of the pelvis even if the patient has received radiographic contrast medium or has diabetes or proteinuria for any reason.
Determination of Flow Velocities from Magnetic Resonance Multiple Spin-Echo Images
Authors: Ståhlberg F. , Henriksen O. , Thomsen C. , Stubgaard M. , Persson B.
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a method for the quantification of through-plane flow velocities by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from the flow characteristics of conventional multiple spin-echo (MSE) signals. Simulated inflow-outflow-dependent signals, as well as images of a flow phantom were generated and the logarithm of the flow-dependent signal value was plotted against echo time. The normalized slope of the resulting curve was calculated using a least-square fit to simulated and experimental data and was corrected for T2 relaxation effects by subtraction of a slope obtained at zero flow. After this correction, and with certain restrictions regarding the flow velocity (v), maximum number of echoes in the slope calculation and slice thickness (L), the normalized slope of the MSE signal becomes equal to the quotient v/L, and from this relation the flow velocity can be determined. The validity of the proposed method was examined for different flow velocities and for two opposite flow directions. The influence of the size of the region of interest and the number of spin echoes used in the calculation of the slope on the accuracy of the velocity determination was also studied. The sensitivity of the method to flow-induced phase changes was examined in the phantom by comparing the results obtained with different strengths of the slice-selective gradient as well as by comparing results from even-echo data with those from odd-echo data. When applied to simulated signal data, the method was found to be strictly valid only for a small velocity range, while for the flow phantom, the calculated velocities corresponded to measured velocities for values up to and over 100 mm/s. In the phantom experiment, the method was found to be insensitive to effects induced by combined changes of the slice thickness and the slice-selective gradient as well as to so-called even-echo rephasing effects. It is concluded that the examined method promises to be a rapid and easily interpretable alternative to other methods, e.g. magnetic resonance velocity-phase encoding, for the determination of flow velocities in vivo.
Computed Tomography of the Submandibular Salivary Glands
Authors: Larsson S. G. , Lufkin R. B. , Hoover L. A.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography offers a convenient method for the evaluation of the submandibular salivary glands and their surroundings. Normal measurements were established based on 38 normal subjects. The visualization of the ductal system in the gland and the relationship of the gland to the platysma muscle were recorded. The CT scans of 12 patients with a tongue base carcinoma and 4 patients with a verified obstruction of the submandibular duct were also reviewed to establish how the glands are affected by extrinsic lesions. The normal glands measured 28×18 mm (±5 mm) in the axial plane. Two patients with unilateral hypoplasia of the gland were found in the normal group. Visualization of the intraglandular duct is not a specific finding since it was observed in more than 25 per cent of the normal group. Displacement and bulging of the platysma muscle by the submandibular gland can be a sign of glandular enlargement. It was also seen in 9 out of 12 patients with carcinoma of the base of the tongue.
Ultrasonography in Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Authors: Soiva M. , Aro K. , Pamilo M. , Päivänsalo M. , Suramo I. , Taavitsainen M.
Published: June 2015

Cholecystosonography in approximately 40000 patients over five years in two university hospitals revealed 30 (75 %) of the 40 macroscopic primary carcinomas. In 3 cases the carcinoma was obscured by gallstones with shadowing, in 3 cases the origin of a tumour mass was misinterpreted, and in 4 cases the neoplastic growth mimicked gallbladder inflammatory changes or sludge. Malignancy was incorrectly diagnosed or suggested in 25 patients. The most frequent cause of a false positive report was acute or chronic inflammation, found at surgery in 16 gallbladders. Four carcinomas of the pancreatic head were believed to be gallbladder tumours. Cirrhosis with marked gallbladder wall thickening, gastric carcinomas with metastases, a common duct carcinoma, and two cases of sludge (with normal control studies) caused a false suggestion of gallbladder carcinoma. The most frequent ultrasonographic finding in gallbladder carcinomas was a mass filling the gallbladder (15 diagnosed cases), followed by wall thickening (9 cases), and polypoid or fungating tumour (6 cases). Real-time ultrasonography is a useful method for the preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma, but considerable diagnostic problems in the differentiation from inflammatory diseases may be encountered.
Distribution of Water, Fat, and Metals in Normal Liver and in Liver Metastases Influencing Attenuation on Computed Tomography
Authors: Ueda J. , Kobayashi Y. , Kenko Y. , Koike H. , Kubo T. , Tarano Y. , Hara K.
Published: June 2015

The quantity of water, lipid and some metals was measured in autopsy specimens of 8 normal livers, 9 livers with fatty change, and in 12 livers with metastases of various origins. These parameters contribute to the CT number measured in the liver. Water played a major role in demonstration of liver metastases as a low-density area on CT. Other contributory factors include iron, magnesium and zinc. Lipid and calcium had no influence in this respect. Heavy accumulation of calcium in a metastatic lesion gives a high-density area on CT. However, even when a metastatic lesion was perceived on CT as a low-density area, the calcium content of the lesion was not always lower than that of the non-tumour region.
In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging and 31P Spectroscopy of Large Human Brain Tumours at 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Thomsen C. , Jensen K. E. , Achten E. , Henriksen O.
Published: June 2015

31P MR spectroscopy of human brain tumours is one feature of magnetic resonance imaging. Eight patients with large superficial brain tumours and eight healthy volunteers were examined with 31P spectroscopy using an 8 cm surface coil for volume selection. Seven frequencies were resolved in our spectra. The spectra from patients with brain tumours showed a great scatter, but generally they overlapped those obtained in normal brain tissue. No characteristic pattern of the spectra was seen in the tumours. One patient with a metastasis from a small cell carcinoma of the lung was examined before and after chemotherapy. The spectra showed considerable changes during chemotherapy. It is concluded that 31P spectroscopy using surface coils is of limited value for tumour characterization, but may add useful information in monitoring the effect of chemotherapy.
The Scaphoid Fat Stripe in the Diagnosis of Carpal Trauma
Authors: Andersen J. Langer , Grøn P. , Langhoff O.
Published: June 2015

During a ten-year period scaphoid fracture was suggested in 541 wrists, but in 283 cases could not be confirmed at the initial radiographic examination. These cases were immobilized in plaster of Paris and examined clinically and radiologically 10 to 14 days later. A total of 274 additional radiographic examinations revealed 32 scaphoid fractures not initially recognized. Two fractures were at the retrospective analysis found to have been neglected. In the 249 cases where a fracture was never demonstrated, the immobilization and resulting sick leave were in retrospect considered not to have been indicated. In a retrospective analysis of case records and radiographic material including the configuration of the scaphoid fat stripe (SFS) at the initial radiographic examination the SFS was found to be useful in diagnosing scaphoid fractures. The use of the SFS in differential diagnosis would result in reduction of costs and inconvenience for patients without scaphoid fracture.
Fatty Meal Provocation Monitored by Ultrasonography
Authors: Hederström E. , Forsberg L. , Herlin P. , Holmin T.
Published: June 2015

Impaired gallbladder emptying is a recognized sign of acalculous gallbladder disease (AGBD). The emptying function was studied by ultrasonographic monitoring before and after ingestion of fat-containing food in a prospective study comprising 124 patients (136 examinations). In 17 patients the antero-posterior diameter of the gallbladder was unchanged or increased postprandiallly in addition to the onset of abdominal pain and nausea, signs interpreted as consistent with AGBD. Cholecystectomy, performed in 12 of these individuals, revealed histopathologic changes of different degree in 11 and adhesions of the gallbladder to adjacent organs in 8. The method is simple to perform, cheap, has no side effects and gives a low rate of false positive diagnoses.
Non-Palpable Breast Lesions
Authors: Hallgrimsson P. , Kåresen R. , Årtun K. , Skjennald A.
Published: June 2015

Marking of non-palpable breast lesions for biopsy has become a routine procedure in patients in whom mammography has suggested malignancy. Between October 1981 and December 1985 a localization method was used in 123 patients. In 35 per cent of the biopsies a malignant lesion was disclosed. In patients with a mass only, malignancy was found in 37 per cent of the biopsies. If microcalcifications alone were the main reason for the biopsy, malignancy was disclosed in 25 per cent. If both a mass and microcalcifications were present, 52 per cent of the biopsies disclosed a malignant lesion.
Validity of Renal Split Function by Single Probe Renography in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Hvid-Jacobsen K. , Nielsen S. L.
Published: June 2015

Single kidney function was determined both by single probe renography (131I hippuran) and gamma camera scintigraphy (99Tcm DMSA) in the sitting position in 42 consecutive patients who were referred to renography as a part of the workup of their hypertension. The positioning of the detectors turned out to be satisfactory in 83 per cent of the patients when compared with the determination of the split function at scintigraphy. This might be explained by the small 100 per cent isocount area of the probe (avoiding the effect of mobile kidneys) and by the 4-channel localization system.
Cineradiography in Closed and Open Pharyngeal Swallow
Authors: Birch-Iensen M. , Borgström P. S. , Ekberg O.
Published: June 2015

The pattern of swallowing by which the oral bolus reaches an air-containing oropharynx is called an ‘open swallow’ whereas the sequence in which the oropharynx is collapsed on the arrival of the bolus is called a ‘closed swallow’. The significance of this distinction was further analyzed by a correlation with other laryngeal and pharyngeal functions during swallowing in a cineradiologic study in 75 dysphagic patients and 50 asymptomatic volunteers. The relative incidence of open and closed type swallows was similar in the two groups. The maximum elevation of the pharynx and larynx was the same in open and closed swallow, although in individuals with an open swallow the elevation occurred later than in individuals with a closed swallow. Epiglottic movement disturbances, defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule, pharyngeal constrictor muscle paresis, cricopharyngeal incoordination, cervical esophageal webs and Zenker diverticula were significantly more common in individuals with an open pharyngeal swallow than in those with closed swallowing.
Ultrasonography of the Hand in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: De Flaviis L. , Scaglione P. , Nessi R. , Ventura R. , Calori G.
Published: June 2015

High resolution ultrasonography of the hand and wrist was performed on 20 patients with definite or probable rheumatoid arthritis (ARA standard criteria) in its early stage. In all the patients, swelling of the soft tissues of the fingers corresponded to an enlargement of the joint capsule containing a hypoechoic exudate. The rheumatoid nodules appeared as fluid-filled rounded cavities with sharp borders. Rheumatoid tenosynovitis was observed in 18/20 patients. This corresponded to oval or spindle-shaped cavities with a hypoechoic (10/18 cases) or anechoic content (8/18 cases) and with the tendon ribbon inside. Rupture of a tendon was diagnosed in 8/20 cases and it was always confirmed at surgery. Tenosynovitis of the flexor carpi ulnaris at the wrist level was observed in 10/20 patients. Ultrasonography is proposed as an effective first-line approach and as a periodical follow-up survey in early stage rheumatoid arthritis, in combination with standard radiography.
Orbital Phlebography for Differentiation between Multiple Sclerosis and Venous Vasculitis in Subacute Blindness
Authors: Hannerz J. , Ericson K. , Bergstrand G.
Published: June 2015

Thirteen consecutive patients with subacute unilateral loss of vision and periorbital pain but without pathology of the fundus or increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, were investigated with visual evoked response, electrophoresis of serum and cerebrospinal fluid, and orbital phlebography. Seven of these patients were found to suffer from multiple sclerosis. The remaining 6 were considered to have venous vasculitis. There was a spontaneous recovery from visual impairment in all patients with multiple sclerosis, but not in patients with venous vasculitis. Of the latter patients, only two, who were treated with steroids within the first four days after onset of symptoms, regained vision. It appears that orbital phlebography is the diagnostic procedure of choice for proper management of patients with subacute loss of vision.
Bone Mass Determination from Microradiographs by Computer-Assisted Videodensitometry
Authors: Kälebo P. , Strid K.-G.
Published: June 2015

Aluminium was evaluated as a reference substance in the assessment of rabbit cortical bone by microradiography followed by videodensitometry. Ten dense, cortical-bone specimens from the same tibia diaphysis were microradiographed using prefiltered 27 kV roentgen radiation together with aluminium step wedges and bone simulating phantoms for calibration. Optimally exposed and processed plates were analysed by previously described computer-assisted videodensitometry. For comparison, the specimens were analysed by physico-chemical methods. A strict proportionality was found between the ‘aluminium equivalent mass’ and the ash weight of the specimens. The total random error was low with a coefficient of variation within 1.5 per cent. It was concluded that aluminium is an appropriate reference material in the determination of cortical bone, which it resembles in effective atomic number and thus x-ray attenuation characteristics. The ‘aluminium equivalent mass’ is suitably established as the standard of expressing the results of bone assessment by microradiography.
Contact Thermography as a Screening Test for Deep Venous Thrombosis following Major Hip Surgery
Authors: Kjær L. , Christensen S. Winter , Vestergaard Aa. , Bjerg-Nielsen A. , Wille-Jørgensen P.
Published: June 2015

Contact thermography is a non-invasive, easily handled, and inexpensive investigation for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs. In this study 56 patients with total hip replacement were screened for DVT by contact thermography, using bilateral ascending phlebography as reference procedure. Examinations were performed on the seventh postoperative day. All thermograms were evaluated blindly and independently at the end of the study. Phlebography revealed unilateral DVT in six patients. Only two had corresponding findings at thermography, giving four false negative results. Moreover, 14 false positive thermograms were found. Based on the number of legs investigated, the nosographic sensitivity and specificity thus were 33 and 87 per cent, respectively. It is concluded that contact thermography is of no value as a screening test for DVT following major hip surgery.
Accuracy of Radiologic and Endoscopic Diagnosis of Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Gjørup T. , Agner E. , Jensen L. Bording , Møllmann K.-M.
Published: June 2015

On the basis of results of barium examination and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy four diagnostic criteria of duodenal ulcer can be formed: 1) radiography reveals an ulcer, 2) endoscopy reveals an ulcer, 3) both radiography and endoscopy reveal an ulcer, and 4) radiography and/or endoscopy reveals an ulcer. In a consecutive series of 156 patients the accuracy of each of the four diagnostic criteria was determined using the findings of an experienced specialist in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a reference. The predictive value of a positive diagnosis (PVpos) for the four diagnostic criteria was 0.63, 0.88, 1, and 0.68, respectively, and the predictive value of a negative diagnosis (PVneg) for all four criteria was around 0.90. The selection of diagnostic criteria should therefore depend on the clinical problem.
Aspects of Femoral Neck Anteversion; Theoretical Considerations and Experimental Results
Authors: Høiseth A. , Reikerås O. , Fønstelien E.
Published: June 2015

Although the general definition of femoral neck anteversion seems to be accepted, the details vary substantially and some measuring methods are based on anatomic prerequisites that are lacking. This may be a cause of inconsistent and incorrect determinations. An anatomic study was therefore performed. Only small differences were found between two neck axes and different methods for delineating the axes. Inconsistent use of the shaft axis gave substantial variations. The long axis of the femoral shaft was, however, not shown to be a source of substantial error. The variation between three different knee axes was substantial. The cross section of the femoral neck was found to be radially asymmetric. Therefore, a precise and unequivocal neck centre cannot be made by any combination of bi-plane projections of the neck.
Femoral Anteversion Measured by Ultrasonography and Radiography
Authors: Anda S. , Terjesen T. , Sundalsfoll S. , Tangerud Å.
Published: June 2015

Radiographic and real-time ultrasound measurements of femoral anteversion were compared in an anatomic study of 20 dried adult femurs. The real anteversion (AV) angle was determined by biplanar radiography. In four ultrasound measurements, the linear transducer was kept either horizontal or tilted. The measuring lines were either the anterior tangent of the femoral head—greater trochanter or the anterior tangent of the femoral neck. With the tilted transducer, the correlation between the head-trochanter AV angle and the real AV angle was high (r=0.9452), and slightly less when the anterior neck AV angle was used (r=0.9142). The clinical relevance is that the tilted transducer technique with the head-trochanter tangent is recommended for AV screening in patients with clinical signs of increased femoral anteversion. In adults 8.5° has to be subtracted in order to obtain an approximation of the real AV angle.
Bilateral Femoral Head Dysplasia and Osteochondritis
Authors: Andersen P. E. , Schantz K. , Bollerslev J. , Justesen P.
Published: June 2015

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda (MEDT) and spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasisa tarda (SEDT) are genetically transmitted conditions affecting the hips, which may resemble bilateral Legg-Perthes disease (LPD). Misdiagnoses are not uncommon, with serious implications for treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling. An epidemiologic study of MEDT and SEDT in a well-defined population of 453 921 persons in Denmark was performed. A population prevalence of 0.7 per 100000 inhabitants with SEDT and 4.0 per 100 000 inhabitants with MEDT was found. Distinguishing features between MEDT, SEDT and bilateral LPD based on radiologic findings in the hips, other joints, and spine were ascertained. Bilateral LPD is always asymmetric, exhibits patches of increased density in the epiphyses and often metaphyseal cyst-like changes. No spinal lesion or affection of other joints is present, and the acetabula are normal. In MEDT and SEDT the capital femoral epiphyses are symmetrically flattened, fragmented and uniformly slightly sclerotic. Generalised platyspondyly is a constant finding in SEDT.
A Scintimetric Study of Colles' Fracture
Authors: Schmalholz A. , Alberts K. A.
Published: June 2015

In order to study whether bone cement (methylmethacrylate) inserted in the medullary cavity of redisplaced Colles' fractures to fill the dorsal defect arising after repeat reduction is an obstacle to bony union, the course of healing was monitored by scintimetry in fractures thus treated (n=10), in fractures treated by external fixation (n= 10), and in undisplaced fractures immobilized in a plaster cast. No differences emerged between the three groups. It is therefore assumed that the insertion of bone cement does not disturb the healing process.
Alteration of Renal Blood Flow during Sequential Embolization of the Canine Kidney
Authors: Link D. P. , Lantz B. M. T. , Swanson M. , Tesluk H.
Published: June 2015

Experimental embolization of the renal artery with cross-linked dextran (CLD) microspheres was performed in 6 dogs. The blood flow was monitored by electromagnetic flow meter (EM) in 3 dogs and by video dilution technique (VDT), adapted to an angiographic digital subtraction system, in a second group of 3 dogs. Retrograde flow in the embolized renal artery was detected by 99Tcm microspheres. Sequential emboli produce a predictable and equal flow response with both measuring techniques. Thus, the less invasive VDT can be used in the clinical setting to optimize and control embolization procedures. This type of flow monitoring has great potential in alerting the angiographer when approaching the risk level for retrograde flow.
Multicystic Acoustic Neuroma
Authors: Drapkin A. J. , Rose W. S.
Published: June 2015

A rare case of a multicystic acoustic neuroma is reported. At computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the tumor was found to cause hydrocephalus, and displacement of the brainstem. The multicystic character was revealed on CT, while MRI only showed the mass lesion and the common signal intensities for an acoustic neuroma. The differential diagnosis of a multicystic lesion in the cerebellopontine angle is discussed.
Computed Tomography and Ultrasonography in Parotid Tumors
Authors: Isaza M. , Ikezoe J. , Morimoto S. , Takashima S. , Kadowaki K. , Takeuchi N. , Sano M. , Nakao K. , Kozuka T.
Published: June 2015

To determine the most appropriate radiographic approach to parotid tumors, computed tomography (CT) was performed in 65 patients with 33 benign tumors, 19 malignant tumors, 3 abscesses and 10 other lesions with a clinical appearance of tumor. In 22 of the 65 cases CT-sialography and in 26 ultrasonography (US) were also performed. The mass was well recognized on CT without sialography in all patients, and the lesion was also well evaluated in all those examined with US. At CT-sialography the tumor was well shown, but this method made it difficult to differentiate a benign from a malignant lesion, because the character of the delineation and the border of the tumor were difficult to evaluate. It is concluded that US and CT without sialography are satisfactory for evaluating the parotid tumor, and the indication for CT-sialography is limited to those cases in which the tumor is demonstrated on US, but is unclear on conventional CT.
Demonstration of Splenic and Portal Veins at Routine Celiac Angiography
Authors: Nilsson P. , Aspelin P.
Published: June 2015

The demonstration of splenic and portal veins during routine celiac angiography was prospectively investigated and blindly scored in 25 patients. Two identical angiographic series were performed with randomized intraindividual injections of either metrizoate 280 mg I/ml and ioxaglate 280 mg I/ml or metrizoate 370 mg I/ml and ioxaglate 320 mg I/ml. The splenic and portal veins were significantly better demonstrated when ioxaglate 280 mg I/ml was used, compared with metrizoate 280 mg/ml. No significant difference was found between metrizoate 370 mg I/ml and ioxaglate 320 mg I/ml. Ioxaglate and metrizoate adequately demonstrated the splenic veins but ioxaglate did so at a lower iodine concentration. A slower transcapillary diffusion rate combined with a lower osmolality of ioxaglate compared with metriozate is considered the major explanation for the better demonstration of the veins.
Assessment of Tibial Torsion Employing Fluoroscopy, Computed Tomography and the Cryosectioning Technique
Authors: Clementz B.-G. , Magnusson A.
Published: June 2015

Accurate assessment of tibial torsion, particularly the rotational deformity of a stabilized tibial fracture, demands precise anatomic landmarks at the proximal and distal measuring sites of the tibia. A fluoroscopic method has been proposed, utilizing the orientation of the femoral condyles and the medial malleolus to constitute two lines of reference. The relevance of using these structures for the assessment was studied while employing fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and the cryosectioning technique in 10 necropsy specimens of the human tibia. In all specimens the lines of reference were determined by each method and the tibial torsion was measured as the angle between the lines. The medial malleolus and the femoral condyles were found to present reliable anatomic landmarks for determination of the lines of reference in all employed techniques. The maximum difference between results obtained with different methods in a given specimen was 5.4°. The average difference between results with two techniques and two observers varied from 1.0 to 1.5°. The reproducibility of the fluoroscopic method, described by the estimated standard error of a single determination, was 1.3°.
Method Dependence of Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Analysis in Biologic Tissues
Authors: Komu M. , Alanen A. , Määttänen H. , Kormano M.
Published: June 2015

Spin-lattice proton relaxation times (T1) in several biologic and phantom samples have been measured and analysed by using standard inversion recovery (IR) and spin echo (SE) sequences at 0.02 T. The average T1 of the sample was measured with the two-data point method. In the case of bi-exponential relaxation the value of a single T1 is strongly dependent on the T1 and TR selected. With short TI the T1 value obtained by using the two point method is approximately equal to the weighted average of the two relaxation time components (T1s and T1l), while at long inversion times TI the single T1 is more dependent on the long component T1l. The more the true short and long relaxation time components T1s and T1l of the bi-exponential relaxation differ from each other, the greater is the potential error, provided that the weights ws and wl do not differ very much. When two-data point analyzing method is used, the possible multi-exponential behaviour of the relaxation in tissues will be missed. For more reliable T1 values a series of images with as many values of TI as possible should be taken. Knowledge of true multi-exponential relaxation parameters helps in optimizing the sequence parameters and the image contrast between the various tissues.
Computed Tomography in Massive Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Kälebo P. , Wallin J.
Published: June 2015

The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) was demonstrated in two cases. Employing dynamic, contrast-enhanced CT, both direct and indirect signs of PE may be rapidly and conveniently demonstrated. Possible contraindications for therapy may be diagnosed simultaneously and follow-up examinations after therapy may be readily performed. The method serves as a good complement when PE must be verified before treatment with potent agents.