bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GABAergic Neuronal Precursor Grafting: Implications in Brain Regeneration and Plasticity
Authors: Alvarez Dolado Manuel , Broccoli Vania
Published: June 2011

Numerous neurological disorders are caused by a dysfunction of the GABAergic system that impairs or either stimulates its inhibitory action over its neuronal targets. Pharmacological drugs have generally been proved very effective in restoring its normal function, but their lack of any sort of spatial or cell type specificity has created some limitations in their use. In the last decades, cell-based therapies using GABAergic neuronal grafts have emerged as a promising treatment, since they may restore the lost equilibrium by cellular replacement of the missing/altered inhibitory neurons or modulating the hyperactive excitatory system. In particular, the discovery that embryonic ganglionic eminence-derived GABAergic precursors are able to disperse and integrate in large areas of the host tissue after grafting has provided a strong rationale for exploiting their use for the treatment of diseased brains. GABAergic neuronal transplantation not only is efficacious to restore normal GABAergic activities but can also trigger or sustain high neuronal plasticity by promoting the general reorganization of local neuronal circuits adding new synaptic connections. These results cast new light on dynamics and plasticity of adult neuronal assemblies and their associated functions disclosing new therapeutic opportunities for the near future.
Metabolic Energy Correlates of Heart Rate Variability Spectral Power Associated with a 900-Calorie Challenge
Authors: Millis Richard M. , Austin Rachel E. , Hatcher Mark D. , Bond Vernon , Goring Kim L.
Published: June 2011

We studied healthy males challenged with a 900 Cal test beverage and correlated EE with the raw (ms2) and normalized units (nu) of total power (TP), low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) and VLF spectral power of heart rate variability (HRV). The correlations were evaluated during 20 min of normal breathing (NB, control) and 20 min of paced breathing (PB) at 12 breaths⋅min−1(0.2 Hz). EE was not significantly correlated with any of the HRV variables before the metabolic challenge. After the challenge, EE was positively correlated with LF/HF and with VLF; VLF was also positively correlated with LF/HF during both NB and PB. These findings suggest that EE may be a correlate of LF/HF and of VLF spectral power of HRV in healthy adolescent/young adult males. The association of lower resting energy expenditure with lower amounts of VLF spectral power may occur in individuals with predilections for obese phenotypes.
Mucosal Immunization Induces a Higher Level of Lasting Neutralizing Antibody Response in Mice by a Replication‐Competent Smallpox Vaccine: Vaccinia Tiantan Strain
Authors: Lu Bin , Yu Wenbo , Huang Xiaoxing , Wang Haibo , Liu Li , Chen Zhiwei
Published: June 2011

The possible bioterrorism threat using the variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, has promoted us to further investigate the immunogenicity profiles of existing vaccines. Here, we study for the first time the immunogenicity profile of a replication‐competent smallpox vaccine (vaccinia Tiantan, VTT strain) for inducing neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) through mucosal vaccination, which is noninvasive and has a critical implication for massive vaccination programs. Four different routes of vaccination were tested in parallel including intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), oral (i.o.), and subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculations in mice. We found that one time vaccination with an optimal dose of VTT was able to induce anti‐VTT Nabs via each of the four routes. Higher levels of antiviral Nabs, however, were induced via the i.n. and i.o. inoculations when compared with the i.m. and s.c. routes. Moreover, the i.n. and i.o. vaccinations also induced higher sustained levels of Nabs overtime, which conferred better protections against homologous or alternating mucosal routes of viral challenges six months post vaccination. The VTT‐induced immunity via all four routes, however, was partially effective against the intramuscular viral challenge. Our data have implications for understanding the potential application of mucosal smallpox vaccination and for developing VTT‐based vaccines to overcome preexisting antivaccinia immunity.
Role of Nuclear Receptors in the Biliary Epithelium
Authors: Firrincieli Delphine , Zuniga Silvia , Poupon Raoul , Housset Chantal , Chignard Nicolas
Published: June 2011

The biliary epithelium is organized as a single layer of biliary epithelial cells lining the biliary tree. Biliary epithelial cells have three major biological functions: protection, secretion and proliferation. These functions are all controlled by nuclear receptors. The biliary tree conveys bile, a complex fluid containing toxics such as endotoxins, from the liver to the duodenum. Active protection against endotoxins can be elicited by the vitamin D receptor or the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), thus avoiding constant inflammation of the biliary epithelium. Anti-inflammatory activities may be triggered by PPAR-α and -γ, which are also able to inhibit the deleterious effect of bacterial products. Secretion, a major function of biliary epithelial cells, is mainly regulated by circulating factors. Luminal factors, such as bile salts, may also control fluid secretion by classical intracellular pathways, membrane receptors or nuclear receptors. FXR or the glucocorticoid receptor have indeed been shown to increase the expression of genes encoding membrane-bound proteins that participate in biliary epithelial cell secretion. Biliary epithelial cells are quiescent cells that are able to proliferate in pathophysiological settings. Inhibition of estrogen receptor signaling decreases pathological biliary epithelial cell proliferation. Furthermore, progesterone, through the progesterone receptor, increases biliary epithelial cells proliferation. Taken together these observations suggest that nuclear receptors are involved in the control of biliary epithelial cell biology. A better delineation of the specific biliary epithelial cell functions controlled by nuclear receptors may shed light on potential therapeutic molecular targets of cholangiopathies.
The Molecular Mechanism of Cholestatic Pruritus
Authors: Oude Elferink Ronald P.J. , Kremer Andreas E. , Martens Job J.W.W. , Beuers Ulrich H.
Published: June 2011

Pruritus is a frequent symptom in patients with cholestatic liver diseases. Pruritus can be excruciating and, in rare cases, become a primary indication for liver transplantation. The molecular mechanism of itch signal transduction is largely unclear. It was our hypothesis that compounds which accumulate in the circulation during cholestasis act as direct or indirect pruritogens by affecting signaling in itch fibers. To test this, we screened plasma samples of a large group of patients with various cholestatic conditions for their capacity to activate neuroblastoma cells. Quite strikingly, we found that samples from itchy cholestatic patients caused a significantly higher activation than samples from non-itchy cholestatic patients and healthy controls. Purification revealed lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as the active compound. LPA is a very potent signaling lipid that can activate cells through various LPA receptors. Subsequently, we could demonstrate that cholestatic patients with pruritus have highly elevated levels of serum autotaxin (ATX), the enzyme that converts lysophosphatidylcholine into LPA. This is a striking finding as ATX has never been connected to itch perception thus far. We have also shown that LPA, when injected intradermally, causes itching in mice. On the basis of our results, we hypothesize that during cholestasis, expression of ATX is induced and gives rise to increased local formation of LPA near unmyelinated nerve endings of itch fibers. LPA then activates these neurons through one of the LPA receptors, which in turn potentiates action potentials along itch fibers.
Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Wadsworth Christopher A. , Dixon Peter H. , Wong Jason H. , Chapman Michael H. , McKay Siobhan C. , Sharif Amar , Spalding Duncan R. , Pereira Stephen P. , Thomas Howard C. , Taylor-Robinson Simon D. , Whittaker John , Williamson Catherine , Khan Shahid A.
Published: June 2011

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is increasing in incidence, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Chronic inflammation of the bile duct and cholestasis are major risk factors, but most cases in the West are sporadic. Genetic polymorphisms in biliary transporter proteins have been implicated in benign biliary disease and, in the case of progressive familial cholestasis, have been associated with childhood onset of CC. In the current study, five biologically plausible candidate genes were investigated: ABCB11 (BSEP), ABCB4 (MDR3), ABCC2 (MRP2), ATP8B1 (FIC1) and NR1H4 (FXR). Methods: DNA was collected from 172 Caucasian individuals with confirmed CC. A control cohort of healthy Caucasians was formed. Seventy-three SNPs were selected using the HapMap database to capture genetic variation around the five candidate loci. Genotyping was undertaken with a competitive PCR-based system. Confirmation of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Cochran-Armitage trend testing were performed using PLINK. Haplotype frequencies were compared using haplo.stats. Results: All 73 SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Four SNPs in ABCB11 were associated with altered susceptibility to CC, including the V444A polymorphism, but these associations did not retain statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Haplotype analysis of the genotyped SNPs in ATP8B1 identified significant differences in frequencies between cases and controls (global p value of 0.005). Conclusion: Haplotypes in ATP8B1 demonstrated a significant difference between CC and control groups. There was a trend towards significant association of V444A with CC. Given the biological plausibility of polymorphisms in ABCB11 and ATP8B1 as risk modifiers for CC, further study in a validation cohort is required.
Chronic Kidney Disease: Novel Insights from Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Böger Carsten A. , Heid Iris M.
Published: June 2011

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common, affecting about 10% of the general population, and causing significant morbidity and mortality. Apart from the risk conferred by traditional cardiovascular risk factors, there is a strong genetic component. The method of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) is a powerful hypothesis-free approach to unravel this component by association analyses of CKD with several million genetic variants distributed across the genome. Since the publication of the first GWAS in 2005, this method has led to the discovery of novel loci for numerous human common diseases and phenotypes. Here, we review the recent successes of meta-analyses of GWAS on renal phenotypes. UMOD, SHROOM3, STC1, LASS2, GCKR, ALMS1, TFDP2, DAB2, SLC34A1, VEGFA, PRKAG2, PIP5K1B, ATXN2/SH2B3, DACH1, UBE2Q2, and SLC7A9 were uncovered as loci associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and CKD, and CUBN as a locus for albuminuria in cross-sectional data of general population studies. However, less than 1.5% of the total variance of eGFR and albuminuria is explained by the identified variants, and the relative risk for CKD is modified by at most 20% per locus. In African Americans, much of the risk for end-stage nondiabetic kidney disease is explained by common variants in the MYH9/APOL1 locus, and in individuals of European descent, variants in HLA-DQA1 and PLA2R1 implicate most of the risk for idiopathic membranous nephropathy. In contrast, genetic findings in the analysis of diabetic nephropathy are inconsistent. Uncovering variants explaining more of the genetically determined variability of kidney function is hampered by the multifactorial nature of CKD and different mechanisms involved in progressive CKD stages, and by the challenges in elucidating the role of low-frequency variants. Meta-analyses with larger sample sizes and analyses of longitudinal renal phenotypes using higher-resolution genotyping data are required to uncover novel loci associated with severe renal phenotypes.
Herbert Falk: A Vital Force in the Renaissance of Bile Acid Research and Bile Acid Therapy
Authors: Hofmann Alan F.
Published: June 2011

Herbert Falk died on August 8, 2008, after a long illness. It was his vision that initiated the Bile Acid Meetings and brought to market chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid for the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones as well as the successful treatment of cholestatic liver disease. The 1st Bile Acid Meeting was a small workshop held at the University Hospital of Freiburg in 1970. Great interest in the topic was evident at that small meeting and led to a larger meeting in 1972, whose scope included both the basic and clinical aspects of bile acids. These meetings have continued at biennial intervals, the 2010 meeting being the 21st. The program has always included discussions of the most fundamental aspects of bile acid biosynthesis and metabolism as well as clinical applications of bile acid therapy. The meetings featured brief presentations, ample time for discussion, and imaginative social programs. They have always been flawlessly organized. Social programs usually included a hike through the beautiful countryside of the Black Forest followed by dinner in a rustic restaurant. Herbert Falk took part in these programs, personally welcoming every participant. In the warm glow of the ‘Badische’ hospitality, friendships developed, and scientific collaborations were often arranged. From a scientific standpoint, there has been enormous progress in understanding the chemistry and biology of bile acids. Herbert Falk established the Windaus Prize in 1978, and the prize has been given to individuals whose contributions moved the field forward. These bile acid meetings have been marvelous, rewarding experiences. We must all be grateful to Herbert Falk’s vision in establishing the Falk Foundation that has so generously sponsored these meetings. We also express our gratitude to his widow, Ursula Falk, who continues this worthy tradition.
“It’s Not the Beat, but It’s the Word that Sets the People Free”: Race, Technology, and Theology in the Emergence of Christian Rap Music
Authors: Sorett Josef
Published: June 2011

In an effort to address lacunae in the literature on hip hop, as well as to explore the role of new music and media in Pentecostal traditions, this essay examines rap music within the narratives of American religious history. Specifically, through an engagement with the life, ministry, and music of Stephen Wiley — who recorded the first commercially-released Christian rap song in 1985 — this essay offers an account of hip hop as a window into the intersections of religion, race, and media near the end of the twentieth century. It shows that the cultural and theological traditions of Pentecostalism were central to Wiley’s understanding of the significance of racial ideology and technology in his rap ministry. Additionally, Wiley’s story helps to identify a theological, cultural, and technological terrain that is shared, if contested, by mainline Protestant, neo-Pentecostal, and Word of Faith Christians during a historical moment that has been described as post-denominational.
After the Thrill is Gone: Married to the Holy Spirit but Still Sleeping Alone
Authors: Moultrie Monique
Published: June 2011

This article focuses on the culture industry around singles and sexuality within black religious broadcasting. Many Pentecostal preachers’ messages on sexuality respond to the great angst many black women feel concerning the prospect of marriage. Several studies conclude that, for a myriad of reasons, black women are the least likely to marry. This has led many televangelists to create a niche by encouraging black women to focus on career advancement and personal care. Yet, traditional notions of sexuality, which include abstinence before marriage and the repression of sexual pleasure, endure. This article explores the tension generated by televangelists who promote transgressing the social order that calls for marriage as an ultimate goal while they simultaneous offer a relationship with the sacred as a panacea for sexual desire. It asks what the implications are for black women, theologically and socially, when the Holy Spirit is offered as a spiritual replacement for physical relationships.
‘Woman of valor’ : The character and status of women in jewish philosophy of the sixteenth century
Authors: Regev Shaul
Published: June 2011

Researchers of Jewish History dealing with the topic of women’s character and status in Medieval Jewish texts drew their information mainly from Rabbinical Responsa and tended to neglect other types of literature: sermons and Biblical commentaries. Responsa were a primary source for two reasons—convenience and availability of the material. However, this type of literature was written out of necessity and dealt with the problematic situations in a woman’s life, whether with regard to her private life (as for instance in matters of marriage or divorce), her financial situation or other difficult issues. It may be possible to put together a clearer picture of women and their position in the Middle Ages, including their treatment by the men of their immediate surroundings, by examining and researching the vast literature of sermons and Biblical commentaries.Using an interpretation of Chapter 31 of the book of Proverbs (“Woman of Valor”), the preacher draws an image of the ideal woman and uses it to present his opinion on women, their shortcomings and their virtues. The main topic that preachers and interpreters discussed was the question of the perfection of women’s intellectual souls. As women did not usually acquire great intellectual learning, it stands to reason that they could not achieve perfection. Therefore, replacements were created that allowed women’s perfection to surpass that of men’s.
An Investigation of Vitruvius’ Technical Vocabulary Relating to Water Conduits and Pipelines in De arch. 8.6.6-9: vis spiritus and colluviaria (Re)examined1)
Authors: Nikolic Milorad
Published: June 2011

This article investigates the terms vis spiritus and colluviaria in the context of Vitruvius’ description of water pipelines (De arch. 8.6.6-9) by comparing the Vitruvian passage with Greek medical texts and concepts from fluid mechanics. It makes a new suggestion for the translation of the hapax legomenon colluviaria and supports a reinterpretation of the technical term vis spiritus.
The Dynamics of Trust: Communication, Action and Third Parties
Authors: Nooteboom Bart
Published: June 2011

After a clarification of the notion of trust, this article gives an analysis of the foundations of trust and the role of openness and communication, actions and third parties in the building, breakdown and repair of trust.
Asking as Giving: Apostolic Prayers and the Aesthetics of Well-Being in Botswana
Authors: Klaits Frederick
Published: June 2011

Drawing on an ethnographic description of hymns, prayers, and requests for material goods among Apostolic Christians in Botswana, this article considers how styles of asking bring aspects of the person to the attention of divine and human others. Apostolic believers regard personal well-being under circumstances of vulnerability as hinging in part on styles of prayer and asking, which entail forms of both self-assertion and engagement with the personhood of others. Experiences of vulnerability compel Apostolics’ awareness of how partible aspects of their persons, including the voice, move among them so as ideally to build up well-being. Thus prayers to God as the ultimate source of well-being frame persons in aesthetic terms so that they may be well apprehended by divine and human others. In light of Mauss’s theory of the gift, the article considers how verbal requests can foster well-being by conveying aspects of the person to divine and human hearers in ways that assert personal standing while sustaining moral consideration. An avenue is presented for comparative inquiry into the ways in which asking opens spaces of agency and obligation in religious and humanitarian discourses.
Parthisch biaspān, altarmenisch despan, altgeorgisch diaspani und Verwandtes
Authors: Bielmeier Roland
Published: June 2011

The article deals with Old Armenian despan 'messenger, envoy', its Old Georgian correspondence diaspani, their Iranian background and further loan correspondences in Syriac and Arabic. After showing the research history, a new modified Iranian etymology is proposed. Being ultimately based on Old Iranian *dvi-aspāna- 'having two horses', all the loans are shown to be taken over either from its well documented Parthian successor biaspān ( > Syriac) or from its undocumented Middle Persian successor *diaspān ( > Armenian, Georgian, and Arabic from Armenian). This implies a new reading of the Parthian form in its Parthian and Middle Persian literary contexts. In a further step the meanings of most of the records of the loans are investigated in their literary contexts by quoting and interpreting these contexts considering the social status of the messenger, the question whether horses are used by him, and whether he is remarkably fast on his way, as all these semantic aspects are involved in the etymology. Whereas the meanings 'messenger' or 'envoy with a high social status' are clearly dominating in the Parthian and Armenian records, the use of horses are mentioned only occasionally, and what is even less involved is fastness. In Old Georgian, however, the semantic range of the meanings is clearly wider. We also find the meanings 'messenger' or 'envoy with a high social status', but especially the usage of horses is more often expressed, leading to the finding that in some cases diaspani may simply designate the horse of the envoy and not the riding person, and in one case it even seems to designate the litter or the chariot in which the envoy is travelling. For this in Armenian the related loan despak is used, which is also known from Syriac and Talmudic Aramaic, but is not known from Georgian. There is only one Middle Iranian record that has survived, viz. Parthian biaspak in Middle Persian context. The Syriac loan stems from Parthian, whereas the Armenian and Aramaic records are based on the again undocumented Middle Persian *diaspak. Concerning the meaning, mainly the question is discussed whether a litter or a chariot is meant in the literary contexts, which are also given and interpreted. Finally, a similar New Persian form is added. Although it is already known from Firdausi's Šāhnāme, it nevertheless has to be considered a new creation in late Middle or early New Persian time, not going back to the aforementioned Middle or even Old Iranian forms.
Relative Clauses in Vartashen Udi Preliminary Remarks
Authors: Gippert Jost
Published: June 2011

The article provides a preliminary account of the structure of relative clauses in Udi, an endangered language of the Caucasus. Based upon written sources, mostly from Tsarist times, and audiovisual materials collected in a documentation project, it addresses the formation and use of relative pronouns that are built upon either interrogative or demonstrative stems. The main focus is on the question whether the latter type of relative pronouns can be regarded as a "sprachwirkliches" feature of spoken Udi; it is argued that further fieldwork with specific elicitation methods is necessary to give a reliable answer.
The Authenticity of the First Passion Prediction and the Origin of Mark 8.31-33
Authors: Zolondek Michael Vicko
Published: June 2011

This article presents arguments that the first passion prediction in Mk 8.31 is part of an authentic core lying behind Mk 8.31-33. The author will demonstrate that the objections raised against the authenticity of the first passion prediction are weakened considerably when subjected to close scrutiny. Nothing demands that one designate it as a vaticinium ex eventu; it lacks that which one would expect to find if it were a creation of the early church; and there is no plausible tradition-history that accounts for Mk 8.31-33. On the other hand, the arguments in favour of its authenticity are quite convincing. Jesus elsewhere is aware of and vocal about his impending death; the prediction is the fulcrum upon which highly embarrassing elements of Mk 8.31-33 rest; Mk 8.31-33 is likely independently attested in Mt. 16.21-23; and the most economical and comprehensive explanation as to the origin of Mk 8.31-33 is that the historical Jesus predicted his death. The author will not address the authenticity of Jesus' prediction of his resurrection, and, therefore, it will not be included here as part of the authentic core of Mk 8.31-33.
Development Cooperation as Economic Diplomacy?
Authors: de Haan Arjan
Published: June 2011

This article explores the role of international development cooperation — or aid — in foreign policy and diplomacy. Based on his experience as a practitioner, Arjan de Haan makes the observation that the development debate, and in particular the search for effective aid, has neglected the political role of aid. Moreover, the high political symbolism that aid has obtained, particularly in the last decade, has received relatively little attention. A political perspective on aid is now rapidly becoming more important, especially because of the enhanced importance of global security in setting an aid agenda, and because the old ways of working are — or seem to be — challenged by the rise of China and other countries that were recently (and still are) recipients of aid. An understanding of the diverse political motives behind aid should inform the way that aid effectiveness is measured. The changing politics in which aid is embedded are illustrated with reference to the Netherlands, which used to have one of the most respected aid programmes because of its multilateral emphasis and ‘untying’ of aid, and because Dutch strategic interests have now been made one of the cornerstones of the Netherlands’ new policy. The article hypothesizes that reinforcing progressive principles around international development can be a supportive element of a strengthened diplomacy in the globalized world beyond 2010.
Hobbes's Concept of Multitude
Authors: Astorga Omar
Published: June 2011

In this brief article I expound some uses that Hobbes gave to the concept of multitude. Firstly, I explain the distinction between "people" and "multitude", the confusion of which was regarded in De Cive as a cause of sedition. The plural and disunited character of the multitude is highlighted, in comparison with the unity that constitutes the people. Secondly, I show that Hobbes, beyond the cited distinction, makes a relevant use in Leviathan of the principle of representation, in order to show the way in which multitude becomes State. Finally, I highlight the two-fold use given by the author to such concept: on the one hand, by attributing a theoretical role to it, which should allow thinking of the rational construction of the State; on the other, by showing the historical reality of multitude, turned into a source of madness and sedition.
Language as a Factor of Integration or Segregation in Modern States
Authors: Costa Margarita
Published: June 2011

This paper aims at showing that Hobbes's theory of language, which allows men to communicate among themselves like no other animal species, is an importante factor in the integration of modern states. Both his nominalism and the fact that he considers language previous to reason play a role in the formation of social groups. This leads him, as Johnston points out, to make political order depend upon linguistic order. In consequence, Hobbes aims at building a political philosophy by introducing a suitable vocabulary and setting basic propositions from which to deduce valid conclusions, proceding more geometrico. He also points out the importance of language for men to emerge from the state of nature and to draw a compact for peace and security. He also stresses the relation between language and power. Biblical references are included to reinforce the role of language in society, It is also shown that occasionally language may be a disgregating factor. Examples are put rather to show the integrating force of language.
Linguistic changes in the Catalan spoken in Catalonia under new contact conditions
Authors: Arnal Antoni
Published: June 2011

Linguistic contact between Catalan and Spanish has undergone substantial change during the last quarter of the twentieth century. A new type of transfer linked to the sociolinguistic changes that have taken place in Catalonia have for the first time after many centuries of contact brought Catalan much closer to Spanish. This article tries to interpret this sudden change in the evolution of modern Catalan by using a model of contact-induced change which takes into account the importance of the agents of change.
Radiative Fluxes at Barrow, Alaska: A Satellite View
Authors: Niu Xiaolei , Pinker Rachel T.
Published: June 2011

Satellite estimates of surface shortwave radiation (SWR) at high latitudes agree less with ground observations than at other locations; moreover, ground observations at such latitudes are scarce. The comprehensive observations of radiative fluxes made since 1977 by the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the Barrow North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site are unique. They provide an opportunity to revisit accuracy estimates of remote sensing products at these latitudes, which are problematic because the melting of snow/ice and lower solar elevation make the satellite retrievals more difficult.

A newly developed inference scheme for deriving SWR from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS; Terra and Aqua) that utilizes updated information on surface properties over snow and sea ice will be evaluated against these ground measurements and compared with other satellite and model products. Results show that the MODIS-based estimates are in good agreement with observations, with a bias of −5.3 W m−2 (−4% of mean observations) for the downward SWR, a bias of −5.3 W m−2 (−7%) for upward SWR, a bias of 1 (1%) for net SWR, and a bias of −0.001 (0%) for surface albedo. As such, the MODIS estimates of SWR can be useful for numerical model evaluations and for estimating the energy budgets at high latitudes.
The Mission of Justice
Authors: Mcllroy David
Published: June 2011

This paper explores some of the biblical material, renewed attention to which has contributed to the rise in Christian commitment to the mission of justice. In particular, it looks at the ways in which that imperative has been articulated by evangelicals. The Old Testament prophets denounce injustice and this finds its echo in the book of James and in Revelation. Jesus was Justice Incarnate and calls His followers to demonstrate justice. Whilst there is continuing debate about whether action for justice is best understood as integrated with, inseparable from or even part of evangelism, there is growing agreement that the Great Commission cannot be fulfilled without obedience to the Great Commandments, and that may involve using law as an instrument to achieve justice.
Assessing the impact of Union Learning Representatives on training: evidence from a matched sample of ULRs and managers
Authors: Hoque Kim , Bacon Nicolas
Published: June 2011

Drawing on a matched sample of pairs of Union Learning Representatives (ULRs) and managers in 90 workplaces, this article evaluates managers’ views of the impact of ULRs on training and compares these views with those of ULRs themselves. Although managers are less positive than are ULRs about the impact ULRs have had, a significant proportion of managers nevertheless state that ULRs have had a positive influence. The article also uses the matched data to assess the factors associated with ULR effectiveness. ULRs are more likely to have had an impact on training where managers support the ULR role, where there is a learning centre at the workplace, where negotiation over training takes place and where the ULR covers no more than 200 employees.
The relative benefits found for students with and without learning disabilities taking a first-year university preparation course
Authors: Reed Maureen J. , Kennett Deborah J. , Lewis Tanya , Lund-Lucas Eunice
Published: June 2011

Positive outcomes have been reported for university preparation courses for students without disabilities. Little is known about whether these courses can offer the same benefit to students with learning disabilities and whether the inclusion of psychosocial factors, in addition to academic skills, would benefit both groups. First-level students with and without learning disabilities were tested on variables known to influence academic performance at the beginning and end of a university preparation course. Results revealed that students entering university with and without learning disabilities have similar challenges. Both groups showed increases in attentiveness, and academic and general resourcefulness after the course. Students with learning disabilities experienced greater gains in academic self-efficacy in comparison to their non-disabled peers. The study showed benefits in including psychosocial measures in a university preparation course, and that integrating students with learning disabilities into the course could help to alleviate the limited resources of disabilities programs.
Pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone in myeloma refractory to both bortezomib and lenalidomide: comparison of 2 dosing strategies in dual-refractory disease
Authors: Lacy Martha Q. , Allred Jacob B. , Gertz Morie A. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Short Kristen Detweiler , Buadi Francis , Dispenzieri Angela , Kumar Shaji , Greipp Philip R. , Lust John A. , Russell Stephen J. , Dingli David , Zeldenrust Steven , Fonseca Rafael , Bergsagel P. Leif , Roy Vivek , Stewart A. Keith , Laumann Kristina , Mandrekar Sumithra J. , Reeder Craig , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Mikhael Joseph R.
Published: June 2011

Pomalidomide at doses of 2 or 4 mg/d has demonstrated excellent activity in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). We opened 2 sequential phase 2 trials using the pomalidomide with weekly dexamethasone (Pom/dex) regimen at differing doses to study the efficacy of this regimen in patients who have failed both lenalidomide and bortezomib. Pomalidomide was given orally 2 or 4 mg daily with dexamethasone 40 mg weekly. Thirty-five patients were enrolled in each cohort. Confirmed responses in the 2-mg cohort consisted of very good partial response (VGPR) in 5 (14%), partial response (PR) in 4 (11%), minor response (MR) in 8 (23%) for an overall response rate of 49%. In the 4-mg cohort, confirmed responses consisted of complete response (CR) in 1 (3%), VGPR in 3 (9%), PR in 6 (17%), MR in 5 (14%) for an overall response rate of 43%. Overall survival at 6 months is 78% and 67% in the 2- and 4-mg cohort, respectively. Myelosuppression was the most common toxicity. This nonrandomized data suggests no advantage for 4 mg over the 2 mg daily. Pomalidomide overcomes resistance in myeloma refractory to both lenalidomide and bortezomib. This trial is registered at http://ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00558896.
VARIATION IN THE IRAQ VOWELS OUTSIDE THE PUBLIC Forum: THE INDEXING OF POLITICAL PERSUASION RECONSIDERED
Authors: Silva David J. , Peters Sharon A. , Ben Duhaish Fahad , Kim Sok-Hun , Koo Yilmin , Marji Lana , Park Junsuk
Published: June 2011

This study investigates the association between speakers' personal attributes, such as political stance or military experience, and their variable pronunciations of Iraq/Iran, as elicited through a rapid anonymous survey. For both target items, speakers' choice of variant appears to be associated not with political affiliation but with two other factors: ability to speak a second language and military service. English speakers who report being able to speak a foreign language are more likely to employ a variant more aligned with the source language, [irɑ:k]/[irɑ:n], while those with a record of military service tend toward the Americanized variants, [ajræk]/ [ajræn]. These results suggest that while specific variants might index political attitude in contexts where the construction of a particular political identity is desirable, in the absence of such a context, speakers' choice of variant is governed primarily by experiential factors.
High-performance Lithium Secondary Batteries Using Cathode Active Materials of Triquinoxalinylenes Exhibiting Six Electron Migration
Authors: Matsunaga Takayuki , Kubota Takayuki , Sugimoto Toyonari , Satoh Masaharu
Published: June 2011

A coin cell battery is fabricated using triquinoxalinylene as a cathode active material and a lithium metal anode. The first discharge curve shows a remarkably large capacity (420 A h kg−1), which corresponds to a six electron migration in the first charge. However, repeating the charge–discharge until the 15th cycle gradually decreases the capacity, but after that the capacity remains constant with a value of 220 A h kg−1. This large value remains even after 100 cycles. Additionally, the use of a tribromo-substituted derivative gives a large discharge capacity (≈250 A h kg−1) due to a comparatively stable six electron migration from the first charge–discharge cycle.
Occupational Stress and Its Related Factors among University Teachers in China
Authors: Sun Wei , Wu Hui , Wang Lie
Published: June 2011

Occupational Stress and Its Related Factors among University Teachers in China: Wei Sun, et al. Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, P.R. China—

Objectives

University teachers in China are expected to suffer serious occupational stress due to the expanding enrollment in universities without a proportional increase in teacher resources and the fact that all promotions for university teachers are determined based on not only teaching but also the outcome of scientific research. This study was designed to assess the occupational stress among university teachers in China and clarify its risk factors.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was performed in Liaoning Province, the centralized area of higher education in Northeast China. Eight universities (2 multidiscipline and 6 specialized) and 10% of academic staff each were randomly sampled. Questionnaires pertaining to occupational stress indicated by the Chinese Version Personal Strain Questionnaire (PSQ) and demographic characteristics, health status, work situations, and personal and social resources were distributed in October 2008. A total of 827 effective respondents(response rate 76.4%) became our participants.

Results

The average raw score of PSQ was 91.0 among the university teachers. General linear model analysis showed that the factors significantly associated with the PSQ score were, in standardized estimate (β)sequence, mental health, role overload, role insuficiency, social support, monthly income, role limitations due to physical problems, research inance and self‐rated disease with adjustment for age and sex.

Conclusion

We concluded that, in comparison to work‐related factors and social support, mental health is a prominent risk factor for occupational stress in university teachers in China. Improvement of mental health and organizational climate should be considered to lessen the occupational stress of university teachers.
Interstitial lung disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: key role of esophageal function tests in the diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Soares Renato Vianna , Forsythe Anne , Hogarth Kyle , Sweiss Nadera J. , Noth Imre , Patti Marco G.
Published: June 2011

CONTEXT: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in patients with respiratory disorders and interstitial lung fibrosis from diverse disease processes. However, a cause-effect relationship has not been well demonstrated. It is hypothesized that there might be more than a coincidental association between GERD and interstitial lung damage. There is still confusion about the diagnostic steps necessary to confirm the presence of GERD, and about the role of effective control of GERD in the natural history of these respiratory disorders. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of GERD in patients with respiratory disorders and lung involvement; the sensitivity of symptoms in the diagnosis of GERD; and the role of esophageal function tests (manometry and 24- hour pH monitoring) in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. METHODS: Prospective study based on a database of 44 patients (29 females) with respiratory disorders: 16 patients had idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 11 patients had systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease, 2 patients had polymyositis associated interstitial lung disease, 2 patients had Sjögren associated interstitial lung disease, 2 patients had rheumatoid artrithis associated interstitial lung disease, 1 patient had undifferentiated connective tissue diseases associated interstitial lung disease and 10 patients had sarcoidosis. The average forced vital capacity (% predicted) was 64.3%. All patients had esophageal function tests. RESULTS: Thirty patients (68%) had pathologic reflux (average DeMeester score: 45, normal <14.7). The average number of reflux episodes recorded 20 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter was 24. Sensitivity and specificity of heartburn were 70% and 57%, of regurgitation 43% and 57%, and of dysphagia 33% and 64%. Twelve patients with GERD underwent a laparoscopic fundoplication which was tailored to the manometric profile: three patients in which peristalsis was normal had a total fundoplication (360°) and nine patients in which the peristalsis was absent had a partial anterior fundoplication (180°). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show that: (a) abnormal reflux was present in about 2/3 of patients with respiratory disorders (idiophatic pulmonary fibrosis, connective tissue disorders and sarcoidosis), and it extended to the upper esophagus in most patients; (b) the sensitivity and specificity of reflux symptoms was very low; and (c) esophageal function tests were essential to establish the diagnosis of abnormal reflux, to characterize the esophageal function and guide therapy. Long term follow-up will be necessary to determine if control of reflux alters the natural history of these respiratory disorders.
Does low dose13C-urea breath test maintain a satisfactory accuracy in diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection?
Authors: Coelho Luiz Gonzaga Vaz , Silva Jr Arilto Eleutério da , Coelho Maria Clara de Freitas , Penna Francisco Guilherme Cancela e , Ferreira Rafael Otto Antunes , Santa-Cecilia Elisa Viana
Published: June 2011

CONTEXT: The standard doses of 13C-urea in 13C-urea breath test is 75 mg. OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of 13C-urea breath test containing 25 mg of 13C-urea comparing with the standard doses of 75 mg in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS: Two hundred seventy adult patients (96 males, 174 females, median age 41 years) performed the standard 13C-urea breath test (75 mg 13C-urea) and repeated the 13C-urea breath test using only 25 mg of 13C-urea within a 2 week interval. The test was performed using an infrared isotope analyzer. Patients were considered positive if delta over baseline was >4.0‰ at the gold standard test. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-one (59.6%) patients were H. pylori negative and 109 (40.4%) were positive by the gold standard test. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis we established a cut-off value of 3.4% as the best value of 25 mg 13C-urea breath test to discriminate positive and negative patients, considering the H. pylori prevalence (95% CI: 23.9-37.3) at our setting. Therefore, we obtained to 25 mg 13C-urea breath test a diagnostic accuracy of 92.9% (95% CI: 88.1-97.9), sensitivity 83.5% (95% CI: 75.4-89.3), specificity 99.4% (95% CI: 96.6-99.9), positive predictive value 98.3% (95% CI: 92.4-99.4), and negative predictive value 93.0% (95% CI: 88.6-96.1). CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose 13C-urea breath test (25 mg 13C-urea) does not reach accuracy sufficient to be recommended in clinical setting where a 30% prevalence of H. pylori infection is observed. Further studies should be done to determine the diagnostic accuracy of low doses of 13C-urea in the urea breath test.
Estilos de vida na adolescência: comportamento sexual dos adolescentes portugueses
Authors: Ferreira Maria Margarida da Silva Reis dos Santos , Torgal Maria Constança Leite de Freitas Paúl Reis
Published: June 2011

Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que actualmente os adolescentes iniciam a vida sexual cada vez mais cedo, sem contudo possuírem uma educação sexual consistente. Os objectivos deste estudo foram analisar o comportamento sexual de adolescentes do ensino secundário e identificar os hábitos de vigilância de saúde sexual em adolescentes, do ensino secundário, sexualmente activos. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório em que participaram 680 adolescentes, com idades entre 15 e 19 anos. Os resultados evidenciam que a maioria dos inquiridos ainda não iniciou a actividade sexual; são os rapazes os que mais reportam já ter tido relações sexuais; o preservativo não é um método utilizado por todos os adolescentes nas suas relações sexuais; a maioria dos adolescentes não faz vigilância de saúde sexual. É importante que os adolescentes sexualmente activos recebam cuidados de saúde e aconselhamento. As instituições de saúde e os seus profissionais necessitam de ser pró-activos tentando captar os adolescentes.
A experiência da doença na fibrose cística: caminhos para o cuidado integral
Authors: Pizzignacco Tainá Pelucio , Mello Débora Falleiros , Lima Regina Garcia
Published: June 2011

A Fibrose Cística é uma doença crônica que grande impacto exerce sobre a vida familiar. A experiência da doença é a maneira pela qual os indivíduos respondem à doença, atribuindo significados e buscando maneiras para lidar com ela no seu cotidiano. O estudo teve como objetivo compreender a experiência da Fibrose Cística a partir do contexto familiar. Estudo de caso etnográfico, realizado com famílias de crianças com a doença atendidas em um hospital escola do interior do estado de São Paulo. Os resultados foram divididos nos temas: passado, presente e futuro e permearam essas fases a busca pelo significado da doença e pelo suporte social, a importância da religião e espiritualidade e a centralidade da socialização da criança. Conhecer a experiência na doença e a rede social torna-se imprescindível para o planejamento de um cuidado integral. Essa abordagem mostrou-se inovadora para o cuidado à doença crônica.
Suporte relacionado ao cuidado em saúde ao doente com aids: o modelo de comboio e a enfermagem
Authors: Silveira Edilene Aparecida Araújo da , Carvalho Ana Maria Pimenta
Published: June 2011

O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a relação e a troca de suporte entre o doente com AIDS e pessoas à sua volta. O estudo está baseado no modelo de comboio das relações sociais que tem como uma de suas características a representação da rede em três círculos concêntricos. Os participantes eram pessoas que estavam internadas e que falaram sobre o suporte relacionado ao cuidado em saúde proporcionado por pessoas próximas, ou seja, que pertenciam ao círculo interno do comboio. A maioria dos participantes descreveu o círculo como sendo composto por no máximo cinco integrantes, sendo que pessoas da família foram as mais citadas. Os profissionais de saúde precisam conhecer o paciente e seu comboio, reconhecendo-os no contexto psicossocial e cultural de forma a favorecer a aceitação da soropositividade, mudanças no estilo de vida, ajuda nos cuidados de saúde e adesão ao tratamento.