bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Darunnajah Vote System Application Design Using PHP Programming Language
Authors: Panggabean Supriadi , Wahyu Joko Saputro  , Faishal Wafiq Zakiy  , Tutik Lestari  , Ahmad Rifqi
Published: February 2024

Voting is the most important part of choosing leaders in an organization or institution, especially for those of us who use a democratic system. The election of organizational leaders in Darunnajah is still carried out conventionally, elections still use paper to select organizational leaders which is carried out by recording and counting the name or picture of one of the candidates. Creating the Darunnajah Vote System in the form of a web application for the election of organizational leaders in the Darunnajah environment can speed up the voting process. The web application is built using PHP and MySQL with features of user management, class management, candidate management, and E-Voting. This study aims to build an e-voting system that is expected to provide voting results quickly, and accurately and can be monitored in real-time during the implementation of the leader election. This system development method uses a web application-based SDLC Waterfall model. Testing using the black box method, every feature contained in the Darunnajah Vote System application, namely the Admin Login feature, User Login, User Voting, and User Data Processing features runs normally and functions properly.
Controlling System of Automatic Microcontroller for Passion Fruit Juice Extractor
Authors: Sidehabi Sitti Wetenriajeng , Mutmainnah  , Saiful Ashar
Published: February 2024

The fruits are squeezed to extract their concentrate in fruit processing factories or industries, especially for the purple passion fruit variety. However, separating seeds from the fruit pulp uses a blender, resulting in a mixture of seeds and pulp. In this industry, seeds and fruit pulp are separated using a spinner machine and operated manually by operators. So, adding an automatic mechanism has the potential for optimization and improvement. This research aims to develop a passion fruit squeezing machine with maintenance and automation, upgrading the passion fruit filtering and squeezing spinner machine. The purpose is to control the speed of the passion fruit filtering motor using an AC Dimmer module and create an efficient automated tool for the passion fruit mixer and extractor machine. A squeezing machine is designed by utilizing a counter module to count the incoming passion fruits into the cylinder, and an Arduino Uno is used as the controller to adjust the motor speed using an AC dimmer. The passion fruit filtering machine is operated at a minimum triggering angle of 130 degrees and a maximum triggering angle of 80 degrees, or voltages ranging from 69.9 V to 102 V, with a minimum speed of 780 RPM and a total rate of 1462 RPM, and the squeezing time varies from 2 to 4 minutes.
User Segmentation Based on Purchasing Habits and Preferences on the Amazon Platform Using K-Means Clustering
Authors: Al Isra Denk Rimakka  , Aras Rezty Amalia
Published: February 2024

As a large company, Amazon operates an online marketplace with a diverse user base exhibiting varied purchasing habits. This diversity challenges Amazon to provide tailored services and marketing strategies for each user with distinct characteristics. Therefore, this research aims to assist Amazon in segmenting its users based on their characteristics, enabling the implementation of targeted marketing strategies and service provision for each user. The study employs the K-Means Clustering method to segment Amazon platform users based on their purchasing behavior, site feature interactions, and preferences. The research process involves Knowledge Data Discovery (KDD) stages, including data processing, attribute selection, and applying the K-Means Clustering algorithm. The analysis results reveal five distinct user clusters, each with unique characteristics reflecting user behavior and preferences. These clusters depict variations in purchasing frequency, interactions with site features, and responses to product recommendations. This user segmentation provides valuable insights for Amazon to develop more focused marketing strategies, enhance personalized services, and improve overall customer satisfaction.
Sentiment Analysis Of Indonesian Civil Servan Candidates 2023 Twitter Network With Naive Bayes Algorithm Method
Authors: Harman Akbar Tullah  , Muh Akbar  , Alem Febri Sonni  , Iskandar Akbar , Erwin Gatot Amiruddin  , Kamaruddin  , Asnimar
Published: February 2024

The main objective of this research is to uncover the important role played by the social media platform Twitter in shaping public opinion regarding the 2023 Civil Servant Candidate (CPNS) selection process in Indonesia. Using advanced techniques such as social network analysis and Python language processing, as well as the application of the Naive Bayes algorithm, this research carefully examines the conversation patterns and topic trends prevalent on Twitter during the CPNS selection phase. The findings of this research unequivocally highlight the enormous influence of Twitter on public sentiment related to CPNS selection, as demonstrated by the classification model's impressive accuracy rate of approximately 95.19%. In addition, this research successfully identifies the influential roles played by key actors, prominent accounts, and narratives in shaping public perceptions. These groundbreaking insights foster a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of public opinion in the context of CPNS selection, providing an invaluable basis for designing more effective communication strategies for the government and prospective civil servants.
COMPARISON OF TEAR FILM BREAKUP PATTERN IN ACTIVE AND INACTIVE THYROID EYE DISEASE PATIENTS
Authors: Soeprajogo Magdalena Purnama , Boesoirie Shanti F , Kartika Antonia , Prahasta Andika , Kartiwa Angga , Fajriansyah Angga
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Thyroid Eye Disease (TED) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the orbit that affects orbital fat, extraocular muscles, periocular tissue and lacrimal glands. TED activity can be assessed with a Clinical Activity Score (CAS) to identify active or inactive TED conditions. Dry Eye Diseases (DED) is one of the manifestations in patients with TED with a prevalence that varies from 27%-96%. The Asia Dry Eye Society (ADES) 2017 proposed a new concept for DED diagnosis and therapy, namely Tear Film Oriented Diagnosis (TFOD) and Tear Film Oriented Diagnosis Therapy (TFOT) with Tear Film Breakup Pattern (TBUP) examination. TBUP examination help in determine specific management of DED. The aim of this study is to determine the differences in TBUP in TED patients based on active and inactive.
Methods: This is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. The subjects were TED patients who came to the Cicendo Eye Hospital and met the inclusion criteria. The study was conducted at the National Eye Center of Cicendo Eye Hospital in April - June 2022. The data were analysed with the Chi-Square Test.
Result: This study was conducted on 23 patients or 46 eyes. This study found a statistically significant differences in TBUP features in active and inactive TED patients (p=0.0001). The most common features of TBUP was found in active TEDs was dimples (55%).
Conclusion: There are differences of TBUP features in active and inactive TED patient.
AI FOR LITTLE EYES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DEEP LEARNING IN EVALUATING PEDIATRIC CATARACT
Authors: Tjoeng Eric , Annisa Nur Devina
Published: February 2024

Background: Pediatric or congenital cataract (CC) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in children worldwide. Deep learning (DL), a subfield of artificial intelligence, has the potential to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes in various medical fields.
Research Objectives: summarize and evaluate the diagnostic and prediction capabilities of DL algorithms for CC.
Methods: From 1st February to 25th March 2023, a literature search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and EBSCO, as well as alternative sources such as Google Scholar. Search terms included “pediatric/congenital cataract”, “artificial intelligence", "deep learning", "convolutional neural network", “diagnosis”, "screening", "prediction" and other relevant synonyms. Quality assessment of studies were assessed based on CONSORT-AI and QUADAS-2. Outcomes extracted included accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC).
Results: Out of 69 studies screened, five studies with different study designs, dataset sizes, and type of DL algorithms employed were included in the systematic review. Most studies employed DL to analyze slit-lamp images to diagnose CC, while one study utilized DL to predict existence of CC from several risk factors. In silico, most studies demonstrated high accuracy and validity of DL algorithms in detecting and predicting CC; however, DL algorithm is not as accurate in diagnosing CC when compared to human counterparts. These studies had limited generalizability given the homogenous population.
Conclusion: DL shows potential as an adjunct tool for ophthalmologists to improve diagnosis and, therefore, treatment decisions for CC, particularly in remote and underdeveloped regions with limited medical resources.
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION FOLLOWING FILTRATION SURGERY IN DR. KARIADI GENERAL HOSPITAL SEMARANG 2020-2022
Authors: Mazidah Zulfa Mazidah Zulfa , Puspasari Denti , Rahmi Fifin L.
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: Filtration surgery is the most frequent surgery in managing glaucoma. Although trabeculectomy is generally a safe and effective procedure, complications can occur. The purpose of the study was to describe the early postoperative complications in patients who had undergone filtration surgery.
Methods: This study was a retrospective study that uses secondary data from electronic medical records of patients who had filtration surgery between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2022, in Kariadi Hospital Semarang. Preoperative data include age, gender, visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and type of glaucoma. The incidence of early postoperative complications was described up to 3 weeks of follow-up.
Results: 287 eyes were obtained from 266 patients who underwent filtration surgery. 168 eyes (58.5%) had phaco-trabeculectomy, 117 eyes (40.77%) had trabeculectomy and 2 eyes (0.7%) had ECCE-trabeculectomy. Primary angle closure glaucoma (126 eyes, 43.9%) was the most common type of glaucoma treated with filtration surgery. During the 3-week follow-up period, 93 eyes (32.4%) experienced an early complication with trabeculectomy being more common (17.42%) than combined surgery. The commonest complication found was hypotony in 69 eyes (24%). Other complications include hyphema (3.14%), transient intraocular pressure elevation (3.14%), bleb leakage (2.09%), suprachoroidal haemorrhage (0.7%), subhyaloid haemorrhage (0.35%) and retinal haemorrhage (0.35%).
Conclusion: This study found the most common early postoperative complication of filtration surgery was hypotony. This complication occurs frequently after trabeculectomy.
INTRAOPERATIVE MITOMYCIN-C, 5-FLUOROURACIL, RETROBULBAR TRIAMCINOLON ACETONIDE, IS IT EQUALLY EFFECTIVE TO DECREASE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AFTER TRABECULECTOMY?
Authors: Sari Yessi Primanda , Ekantini Retno , Gani Tatang Talka , Jati Krisna Dwi Purnomo
Published: February 2024

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and retrobulbar triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on the surgical result of trabeculectomy
Materials and Methods: All consecutive trabeculectomies with releasable sutures performed in Sardjito General Hospital between January 2022 and December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed from medical records. Patients without any intraoperative metabolite (control group, n=5) were compared to those with retrobulbar TA (n=5), MMC group (n=19), and 5-FU group (n=11) in terms of surgical success. Successful surgery results were defined as IOP between 5 - 21 mm Hg without any further medications or surgical intervention and fewer complications.
Results: 40 eyes of 35 patients (15 male, 25 female, mean age 52.4 years) were included in the study. The IOP pre operative in TCA group was 47.12 ±12.16 mmHg, in MMC group was 35.53 ± 17.05 mmHg, in 5-FU group was 34.54 ± 17.77 mmHg, and 43.80 ± 15.79 mmHg in group without any metabolite. The patient was observed until the post-operation day (POD) 90. There were no significant differences in intraocular pressure at POD 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 between the control group compared to TCA, MMC, and 5-FU group. In TCA group, pre operative IOP was 47.12 ±12.16 mmHg then decreases to 15.60 ± 4.61 mmHg at POD 90. In MMC group, pre operative IOP was 35.53 ± 17.05 mmHg, 90 days later became 14.42 ± 5.71 mmHg. In 5-FU group, pre operative IOP was 34.54 ± 17.77 mmHg then decrease to 13.64 ± 4.08 mmHg. In group without metabolite, pre operative IOP was 43.80 ± 15.79 mmHg, then became 21.00 ± 6.81 mmHg at POD 90. The lowest mean intraocular pressure of POD 90 was in the 5-FU group (13.64 ± 4.08 mmHg).
Complication after trabeculectomy in the TCA group was 21%, the MMC group was 27%, the 5-FU group was 10%, and the control group was 42%.
Conclusion: MMC, 5-FU, and TCA in this study are equally effective to decrease IOP after trabeculectomy.
BROLUCIZUMAB FOR WET-AGED RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION PATIENTS : TOO GOOD TO BE TRUE
Authors: Purbonegoro Tania , Prayogo M. Eko , Agni A. Nurini , W. Tri Wahyu , Supanji Supanji , S.W. Firman , Sasongko M. Bayu
Published: February 2024

Introduction & Objective: Brolucizumab is the newest anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drug. It showed superior anatomic outcomes compared to other anti-VEGF and noniferiority best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) results for Wet-Aged Related Macular Degeneration (Wet-AMD) patients. In Yogyakarta, its been only used in few patients and we want to report the Effectiveness and safety of brolucizumab in Wet-AMD patients in Yogyakarta.
Method: In this retrospective study, all neovascular AMD (nAMD) Patients who underwent brolucizumab intravitreal injections between December 2021 and January 2023 at YAP Eye Hospital were studied. Patient’s demographic data, before and after intravitreal brolucizumab injections (central subfield thickness, intraocular pressure and BCVA) were assessed.
Result :This study included 6 eyes of 6 patients ( 3 women) with a mean age of 69.5 years old. The mean follow- up period was 27 ± 10.1 weeks after the first injection of brolucizumab. Three patients were naïve nAMD patient, never got any intravitreal injections and three anti-VEGF experienced nAMD patients with ranibizumab or aflibercept injections prior to brolucizumab. Mean BCVA at baseline (before brolucizumab injection) was 0.12 decimal (6/48) and was 0.29 decimal (6/20) at the last follow-up. Five out of six patients visual acuity were improved,one patient had constant bcva. Four out of six patient central subfield thickness were reduced, none of the patient intraocular pressure increased over 21 mmhg. None of the patient reported any signs of inflammation, vasculitis, or any other ocular or systemic adverse effects.
Conclusion :This limited data demonstrated that brolucizumab was safe and effective in stabilizing BCVA for both of nAMD patients who had undergone previous treatment with other anti-VEGFs agents and naive. Future larger multicenter collaborative studies are warranted.
REDUCING TREATMENT BURDEN FOR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION PATIENTS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANIBIZUMAB PORT DELIVERY SYSTEM
Authors: Paramitha Dewa Ayu Anggi , Putri Ajeng Kartika Ayu , Ardhia Seruni Hanna , Jutamulia Jovita
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: Ranibizumab port delivery system (PDS) is a newly developed method that provides a continuous, long-term supply of ranibizumab into the vitreous, reducing the burden of monthly intravitreal injection visits for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab PDS in nAMD. 
Methods: An extensive literature search was performed on 4 online databases: PubMed, Cochrane, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect. The inclusion criteria are human studies comparing ranibizumab port delivery system and intravitreal ranibizumab, English language, with full-text journal available. The main outcome measurements are best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters, central foveal thickness (CFT), and adverse events.
Result: Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 635 adults were evaluated. At week 96, ranibizumab PDS reported observed mean BCVA changes from baseline (-1.0; +4.2; ETDRS letters) compared to monthly intravitreal ranibizumab (-1.1; +6.1; ETDRS letters). However, there was an increase in mean CFT changes from baseline (+9.9; -15.3 vs ?1.3; -21.3, µm) and more severe adverse events frequency (22; 4 vs 4; 0) with ranibizumab PDS versus monthly intravitreal ranibizumab, respectively. 
Conclusion: Ranibizumab PDS showed comparable visual outcomes to intravitreal ranibizumab while demonstrating marginally inferior anatomical outcomes and higher incidence of severe adverse effects. Despite this, with fewer treatment visits required for up to 24 weeks, ranibizumab PDS can potentially reduce the treatment burden in nAMD patients with poor compliance. Further studies are needed to provide better patient eligibility guidelines and recommendations for adverse event management of ranibizumab PDS.
VISUAL AND REFRACTIVE OUTCOME OF NEW GENERATION SMALL INCISION LENTICULE EXTRACTION (SMILE) IN MYOPIA AND MYOPIC ASTIGMATISM
Authors: Putri Rizqi , Dharmawidhiarini Dini , Afifah Azzahra , Moenir Farida , Napitupulu Sahata P.H.
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Two main options for the surgical correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism are corneal refractive surgery and implantation of phakic intraocular lens (IOL). Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is becoming more popular technique which includes a minimally invasive flap-free procedure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the visual and refractive outcome of New Generation SMILE in myopia and myopic astigmatism.
Methods: This is an observational retrospective study in patients who underwent SMILE using Visumax 800 Femtosecond laser procedure at Undaan Eye Hospital in period December 2022 to February 2023. Pre and post operative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism value, keratometry and intra ocular pressure (IOP) were evaluated at 1 day, 1 week and 1 month follow-up.
Results: The study comprised 30 eyes of 15 patients age from 18 to 32 years old. The mean post operative UCVA was significantly improved to 0.03 ± 0.06 logMAR at 1-day, 0.02 ± 0.04 logMAR at 1-week and -0.01 ± 0.02 logMAR at 1-month follow-up compared to preoperative UCVA 1.35 ± 0.23 logMAR (p<0.001). The mean refractive spherical equivalent was significantly changed from -4.60 ± 1.47 D preoperatively to -0.57 ± 0.38 D at 1-month follow up (p < 0.001). The mean refractive astigmatism decreased from -1.02 ± 0.66 D preoperatively to -0.34 ± 0.25 D at 1- month follow up (p<0.001).
Conclusion: New Generation of SMILE has shown good visual and refractive outcome for the correction of myopia and myopic astigmatic eyes since the early phase after surgery.
VISUAL OUTCOME BETWEEN EARLY AND DELAYED VITRECTOMY IN ENDOPHTHALMITIS PATIENTS OPERATED IN KARIADI HOSPITAL, SEMARANG : TWO YEARS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Authors: Rahmayanti Suci , Pragnanda Satya Hutama
Published: February 2024

Introduction : Endophthalmitis is a medical emergency caused by infection of tissue or fluids inside the eyeball. Vitrectomy for endophthalmitis is one of the treatment choice and leads to VA gains in some cases. Timing of surgery and visual outcome after surgery are vital to acknowledge. This study aims to analyze the difference of visual outcome between early and delayed vitrectomy in endophthalmitis patients operated in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital
Methods : A Retrospective study held from medical record of patients with endophthalmitis underwent vitrectomy surgery from January 2021 – January 2023 in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang. Endophthalmitis patients caused by trauma were excluded. All of the patients had immediate vitrectomy, and based on the onset, the patients were divided into two groups, early vitrectomy (onset  ? 7 days) and delayed vitrectomy (onset > 7 days). Independent t- test method was used to analyze the data (significant if p<0.05)
Result : Totally 30 endophthalmitis patients (30 eyes) were obtained. There were 18 patients (60%) had early vitrectomy and 12 patients (40%) had delayed vitrectomy. Postoperative examination showed 13 (72%) patients with early vitrectomy had improved VA, and 5 (28%) had constant VA. On the other hand, patients with delayed vitrectomy showed 5 (42%) had improved VA, 6 (50%) had constant VA, and 1 (8%) had decreased VA. The difference between two groups was significant (p=0.014)
Conclusion : This study found endophthalmitis patients with early vitrectomy had significant better visual outcome than delayed vitrectomy.
RIRISK FACTORS OF OCCIPITAL STROKE IN A TERTIARY EYE CENTER IN YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA
Authors: Satyawati Budhi Hartiwi , Hartono Hartono , Mahayana Indra Tri
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Occipital stroke involves the occipital lobe of the brain, which can impair the visual acuity in patients. Several risk factors have been proven as predisposing conditions for occipital stroke. This study investigates the risk factors for occipital stroke in tertiary eye center in Yogyakarta.
Methods: The method of this study was cross-sectional research by analyzing secondary data from medical records of patients with occipital stroke hospitalized in Dr. Yap Eye Hospital, a tertiary eye center in Yogyakarta. Patients diagnosed with occipital stroke from January 2021 to December 2022 were included in this study. Demography, clinical data, and risk factors associated with occipital stroke were recorded. The descriptive statistic was performed to evaluate the risk factors for occipital stroke. 
Results: Sixty-one subjects were analyzed, comprised of 44 males (72%) and 17 females (28%). The majority of subjects within age ?45 years old (93%). The attack occurred during activity (n=54, 89%) and wake-up (n=7, 11%). The involvement right eye (n=8, 13%), left eye (n=9, 15%), and bilateral (n=44, 72%). Of 122 eyes, 74 had hemianopia (61%), 34 had quadranopia (28%), and 14 had bilateral hemianopia (11%). Twenty-nine subjects had right occipital stroke (48%), 25 subjects had left occipital stroke (41%), and seven subjects had bilateral occipital stroke (11%). Most subjects had one risk factor (n=29, 48%) and two risk factors (n=23, 38%). Eight subjects had three risk factors (13%), and only one subject had four risk factors (2%). 
Conclusion: Most risk factors of occipital stroke involve only single and double risk factors. Only a minority of subjects had multiple risk factors.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTACT LENS WEAR AND THE RISK OF ACQUIRED BLEPHAROPTOSIS
Authors: Putri Febianza Mawaddah
Published: February 2024

Objectives: Contact lenses (CL) wear has been reported to be associated with acquired blepharoptosis. This literature review aims to summarize and evaluate the risk of acquired blepharoptosis in contact lens wearers.
Methods: Literature searching was conducted using three online databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase. Search terms such as “contact lens”, “ptosis”, and “blepharoptosis” were included. Reference lists of each study were also assessed for potentially relevant sources.
Results: Using relevant search terms in various databases, a total of three articles were included in this review. All studies reviewed were single-center retrospective studies. The three studies suggested that wearing contact lens was significantly associated with blepharoptosis. Long-term contact lens wear, ranging from 15 to 34 years, seemed to have a significant effect on the incidence of blepharoptosis. Hard contact lens (HCL) wear has a greater risk for ptosis to occur than soft contact lens (SCL) wear.
Conclusion: There is evidence of a clear association between hard or soft contact lens wear and an increased risk of blepharoptosis. Patients wearing contact lenses should be informed of the risk of blepharoptosis, and a history of contact lens wear should be sought in all patients who have acquired blepharoptosis.
MONOVISION VERSUS MULTIFOCAL INTRAOCULAR LENS IMPLANTATION IN CATARACT PATIENTS:A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Waznan Fadhli , Nursakina Yosilia , Rancakbudi Aydan J. , Widyawati Syska
Published: February 2024

Objective: With the aim to increase spectacle independence, recent approaches to repair cataracts include the implantation of premium intraocular lenses (IOLs), such as multifocals. Another approach is monovision techniques achieved by monofocal IOL implantation, which is more cost-effective, although it has the same good outcome as multifocal IOLs. This meta-analysis aimed to compare monovision versus multifocal IOL implantation in cataract patients.
Method: Systematic search was performed in April 2023 on six databases (Medline, SCOPUS, Proquest, EBSCO, Embase, and PubMed). Studies were extracted for the following outcome of interest: monovision, multifocal intraocular lens, spectacles independence, visual acuity. All studies published up to April 2023 were reviewed. Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) and The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies – of Interventions (ROBINS-I) was used to screen studies for risk of bias where appropriate. A meta-analysis was done to quantify any reported quantitative data.
Result: Ten studies satisfying the inclusion criteria were included. Pooling analysis for BCVA and BNVA showed no difference between monovision vs multifocal IOL (95% CI at -0,10 to 0,73; I2=79% (p=0,14) and 95% CI at -0,27 to 1,37; I2=94% (p=0,19), respectively). Spectacle independence showed monovision was inferior to multifocal IOL (RR 0,53; 95% CI at 0,34 to 0,82; I² 83% (p=0,004)).
Conclusion: Current evidence showed monovision was comparable to multifocal IOL in terms of visual acuity. While multifocal IOL achieved more spectacle-free patients than monovision, many patients in the monovision group also achieved spectacle-free condition.
Keywords: cataract, monovision, multifocal intraocular lens, visual acuity, spectacle independence.
SURGICAL THERAPY FOR PRIMARY GLAUCOMA IN DR. KARIADI GENERAL HOSPITAL SEMARANG DURING JANUARY 2020 TO DECEMBER 2022
Authors: Bestari Zeta Aisyah , Rahmi Fifin L. , Maharani Maharani , Puspasari Denti
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: Glaucoma can be treated with medicamentose, non invasive surgery, and invasive surgery. This study aims to determine the frequency and type of invasive surgery for primary glaucoma in Dr. Kariadi General Hospital during January 2020 to December 2022.
Methods: This was a descriptive research using secondary data obtained from electronic medical records, consist of gender, age, diagnosis, and type of surgery. The sample were taken with purposive sampling wherein patients meeting the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were chosen to be part of the study.
Result: There were total of 395 eyes (395 patients) with primary glaucoma who underwent surgery, consisted of 33% patients with open angle glaucoma (POAG) and 67% patients with angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Most common surgical therapy for POAG was trabeculectomy (37%), followed by combination of trabeculectomy and cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion (phacotrabeculectomy) (32%), cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion (16%), cyclocryotheraphy (10%), implantation of glaucoma drainage device (4%), and goniosynechialysis (1%). For PACG, most often chosen procedure was combination of trabeculectomy and cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion (phacotrabeculectomy) (61%), cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion (13%), cyclocryotheraphy (12%), trabeculectomy (11%), combination of cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion and goniosynechialysis (2%), and implantation of glaucoma drainage device (1%).
Conclusion : The most common type of surgery for open angle glaucoma was trabeculectomy
and for angle closure glaucoma was combination of trabeculectomy and cataract extraction with intra ocular lens insertion (phacotrabeculectomy)
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PUPIL SIZE WITH REFRACTIVE EROR IN METABOLIC SYNDROME AND NON-METABOLIC SYNDROME: POPULATION AMONG RURAL POPULATION IN MALANG
Authors: Aini Kurrotul , Sulistyowati Anny , Vierlia Wino Vrieda
Published: February 2024

Purpose: This study aims to assess the relationships between pupil size and refractive errors in both metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome populations residing in rural areas of Malang.
Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in 2019 across three villages in Malang districts. All attending participants underwent a comprehensive ocular examination, including pupil size assessment. Pupil abnormalities were defined as deviations from the normal diameter of 2-4 mm in bright light. Clinically relevant refractive errors included hyperopia (SphEq value ? 0.25 D), myopia (SphEq value ? -0.25 D), and astigmatism (cylinder ? 0.25 D). Blood samples gauged serum fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Waist circumference, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure were measured. Metabolic Syndrome diagnosis followed the 2006 International Diabetes Foundation criteria. Participants were categorized into metabolic syndrome and non-metabolic syndrome groups.
Results: The examination involved 953 participants, encompassing 944 right eyes and 942 left eyes. For the right eye, 434 eyes showed emmetropia, 252 exhibited myopia, 141 had hyperopia, and 117 presented astigmatism. Pupillary abnormalities were linked to astigmatism, but lacked significance (p = 0.893). The left eye results indicated 444 eyes with emmetropia, 244 with myopia, 138 with hyperopia, and 116 with astigmatism. Correlation with pupillary abnormalities yielded a non-significant p-value of 0.864. Pupil size outcomes in metabolic syndrome (499 eyes) and non-metabolic syndrome (454 eyes) were not significant (p = 0.649).
Conclusion: Refractive error does not correlate with pupil size in metabolic syndrome and nonmetabolic syndrome.
CORRELATION BETWEEN COMPLIANCE OF SPECTACLE WEAR AND MYOPIA PROGRESSIVITY RATE IN MEDICAL STUDENTS OF DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
Authors: Kingwijati Syahriza Naufal , Wildan Arief , Dharma Andhika Guna , Nugroho Trilaksana
Published: February 2024

Introduction
Myopia is a refractive error that causes images of distant objects to be focused in front of the retina by the non-accommodating eye. Myopia is one of the most common visual disturbances in the world. It is believed that the use of spectacle can reduce the progressivity rate of myopia. Spectacle can help light fall on the retina and prevent axial elongation of the eye. This theory needs to be investigated further so that it can be used as a reference. This study aimed to know the correlation between compliance of spectacle wear and myopia progressivity rate in medical students of Diponegoro University (UNDIP).
Methods
This research was an observational analytical study with cross-sectional design on 54 subjects ranging from 18 to 22 years old. Data are primary data obtained from questionnaires and objective eye examinations using an autorefractometer. The research was conducted from October to November 2021. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank test which p<0,05 was considered significant.
Results
The mean of compliance of spectacle wear and myopia progressivity rate in medical students of UNDIP are (1,57±0,108) and (0,259±0,515) dioptres respectively. The correlation between compliance of spectacle wear and myopia progressivity rate are p=0,082 and r=0,239.
Conclusion
There are no correlation between compliance of spectacle wear and myopia progressivity rate in medical students of UNDIP.
Keywords : Compliance, Spectacle, Myopia progressivity rate, Student
SUCCESSFUL RATE OF GLAUCOMA SURGERY IN SECONDARY GLAUCOMA AFTER VITRECTOMY IN KARIADI HOSPITAL SEMARANG 2020-2022
Authors: Ismail Nur Azizah Intan Putri , Maharani Maharani , Rahmi Fifin L. , Puspasari Denti
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Glaucoma is one of the most frequent complications of vitrectomy surgery. It can cause a significant rise in intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma surgery can be planned in medically uncontrolled glaucoma. Trabeculectomy and Glaucoma Drainage Device (GDD) implantation are the most frequent filtering surgeries used in these cases. This study aims to define the success rate of glaucoma surgery in secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy.
Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with retrospective data collection held from medical records of patients with secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy who underwent glaucoma surgery in Kariadi General Hospital Semarang from 2020-2022. Surgical success defined by postoperative IOP reduced by>20% from baseline, with or without anti-glaucoma medication.
Result: There were 16 eyes of trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and 8 eyes of GDD implants. The mean preoperative IOP was 43.76+6.77 mmhg for trabeculectomy 5-FU, and 42.43+4.02 mmhg for GDD implant. IOP levels in both groups varied significantly after one day, one week, one month, and three months after surgery (p<0.05). The success rate for the trabeculectomy 5-FU group was 75% and the GDD implant group was 87.5% in 3 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate between the trabeculectomy 5-FU and GDD implant groups (p=0.069). The complication were 18.75% and 25% for trabeculectomy group and GDD implant group, respectively.
Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the success rate between trabeculectomy 5-FU and the GDD implant group. Both groups are viable for glaucoma surgery in secondary glaucoma after vitrectomy surgery.
THE EFFECT OF LIMBAL RELAXING INCISIONS ON 1-WEEK POSTOPERATIVE IN K1 AND K2 VALUES
Authors: Bakhri Ilham Prayoga , Sadasih Wisnu , Fanany A. Rizal
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Limbal Relaxing Incisions (LRI) is a surgical technique used to correct astigmatism during cataract surgery. This technique used to reduce the steepness of the corneal curvature in a particular meridian. LRI can be performed alone or in combination with phacoemulsification. 
Methods: This prospective study aimed to investigate the effect of Limbal Relaxing Incisions (LRI) on corneal astigmatism in patients who underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Five patients were included in this study, and preoperative and 1-week postoperative keratometry values (K1=flat keratometry and K2=steep keratometry) were measured using the IOL Master. Paired t-test analysis was used to compare the changes in K1 and K2 values before and after LRI. 
Results: Five patients with the mean age 39.8 years (range: 22 to 76 years) and corneal astigmatism 3.12 D (range: 2.25 to 4.66 D) were underwent LRI and cataract surgery. The mean preoperative K1 and K2 values were 42.12 D and 46.44 D, respectively, while the mean 1-week postoperative K1 and K2 values were 42.60 D and 45.80 D, respectively. Paired t-test analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in K2 values (p = 0.025) but no significant change in K1 values (p = 0.329). 
Conclusion: This study showed there were no significant difference between pre and postoperative of K1 and showed a significant decrease in K2 on IOL Master examination. The wide age range of the included patients may have influenced the effectiveness of LRI in reducing astigmatism. Further study with more subjects are required.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RETINAL NERVE FIBRE LAYER THICKNESS, OPTIC NERVE HEAD PARAMETER, AND RELATED RISK FACTOR IN GLAUCOMA PATIENT
Authors: Wardhana Arif Kusuma , Ekantini Retno , Gani Tatang Talka , Jati Krisna Dwi Purnomo
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: To investigate the correlation between retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and the past RNFL thickness, related risk factor (gender, age, myopia, intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure). And RNFL parameter (symmetricity and four quadrants RNFL thickness) and optic nerve head parameter (rim area and vertical cup disc ratio)
Methods: 39 right eyes of both sex and various age underwent examination including IOP measurement, subjective refraction for determining refractive error, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for RNFL and ONH analysis. The follow up were done after one year.
Result: The RNFL symmetricity, superior, nasal, inferior, temporal RNFL thickness showed significance correlation with RNFL thickness (R= 0.487, p= 0.002), (R= 0.915, R= 0.749, R= 0.897, R= 0.702 with p= <0.001), but not showed significance correlation with rim area and vertical cup disc ratio (R= 0.175, p= 0.286) and (R= -0.093, p= 0.574). A significance correlation also showed with increasing age, gender, and systolic blood pressure (R= -0.387, p= 0.015), (R= 0.441, p= 0.005) and (R= -0.418, p= 0.008). But not showed significance correlation with history of past RNFL thickness, refractive error, IOP, and diastolic blood pressure (R= 0.258, p= 0.113), (R= 0.005, p= 0.975), (R= -0.234, p=0.152), and (R= 0.060, p=0.717).
Conclusion: RNFL thickness measurements showed significance correlation with RNFL parameter. It is not clear if past RNFL thickness, refractive error and IOP related with RNFL thickness even showed significance correlation with age, gender, and systolic blood pressure.
Keywords: Glaucoma, RNFL thickness, optical coherence tomography, optic nerve head
BILATERAL CONGENITAL MYDRIASIS WITH ACCOMPANYING MIXED DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
Authors: Wulandari Fadhilah Putri , Akib Marliyanti N. , Maharani Ratih Natasha , Patong Rani Yunita
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Congenital bilateral mydriasis is a rare condition characterized by fixed dilated pupils unresponsive to light. It may occur associated with cardiovascular syndrome, gastrointestinal malformation, or developmental delay. Referred causes in comprehensive differential diagnosis for congenital mydriasis include alterations in ocular structures, ocular innervation alterations and others secondary to trauma, infection, or topical medication.
Case Illustration: A 10 months-old boy presented to the hospital with large pupils in both eyes since birth. He has a persistent pupillary membrane with 9 mm diameter of pupil and unable to respond to light in both eyes. The pupillary response test using pilocarpine solution 0.1% showed no difference in diameter of pupils. Comprehensive pediatric examination revealed developmental delay. Computed tomography and laboratory result (laboratory blood count, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus) within normal limit. After eight months follow up, no significant change in pupil size or light responsiveness was found.
Discussion: Comprehensive examination of anterior to posterior segments of the eyes is imperative on the lookout for underdiagnosed diseases. Clinical assessment remains vital for guiding investigations. Observation is required to detect the presence of certain systemic abnormalities that frequently do not manifest at birth.
Conclusion: Congenital mydriasis can be diagnosed quickly in ordinary conditions, but it can be quite challenging when it presents as a coincidental finding of other spectrum diseases. It is important to perform a comprehensive general and eye examination to rule out any serious condition related to it.
Keyword: Bilateral congenital mydriasis, dilated pupil, mixed developmental delay, pediatric ophthalmology
SUTURELESS SCLERAL FIXATION OF INTRAOCULAR LENS IN APHAKIA: CHARACTERISTICS AND VISUAL OUTCOMES
Authors: Rahma Fatkhati Saida , S.W. Firman , W. Tri Wahyu , Supanji Supanji , Sasongko M. Bayu
Published: February 2024

Introduction & Objective: Sutureless Scleral fixation surgery is one of the secondary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation procedures for aphakic patients with absent or deficient capsular bag support that has gained more attention these days. This study aimed to describe the characteristics, indications for and visual outcomes of the patient who had undergone scleral fixation of intraocular lens at Sardjito Hospital.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 43 eyes that undergone sutureless scleral fixation intraocular lens at Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. The data were collected from electronic medical records of the patient from October 2020 to December 2022. The data was analysed descriptively by presenting number and percentage for categorical variables and mean ± standard deviation (SD) for numerical variables. Outcome include pre- and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA).
Results: There were 43 eyes obtained from 40 patients who underwent scleral-fixation intraocular lens in this study, consisting of 35 males (79,55%) and 9 females (20,45%). The mean age of the subjects was 50.04 ± 19.2 years. Lens subluxation was the most of indication for surgery (32,56%), followed by intraocular lens luxation (20,93%), dropped nucleus (16,28%), lens luxation (16,28%), intraocular lens decentration (9,30%), and endophthalmitis (4,65%). Before surgery, most of the patients had visual acuity of less than 3/60 (81,4%) and after surgery, 32,56% had ?6/18, 34,88% had <6/18-6/60 and 18,60% had <6/60-3/60.
Conclusion: The characteristics of patient who underwent scleral fixation intraocular lens in Sardjito Hospital was predominantly male and diagnosed with lens subluxation. There were enhancement in visual outcomes.
THE USE OF VISUAL FUNCTION INDEX-14 (VF-14) QUESTIONNAIRE IN DETERMINING CATARACT PATIENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE IN JONGGOL SUBDISTRICT, INDONESIA
Authors: Safira Nadya , Fermitaliansyah Muhammad Keyvan , Widyawati Syska , Mahyuddin Mutmainah
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: Unresolved cataract primarily has caused patients to have disturbance in carrying out daily activities, thus lowering their quality of life (QoL). We aim to use the Visual Function Index-14 (VF-14) questionnaire, one of the most frequently used tools, to discover the extent of daily activities disturbance in patients with cataract.
Methods: In this observational study, we conducted eye screening to 47 subjects in Jonggol subdistrict, Bogor, Indonesia. Patients were asked several questions based on the translated VF-14 questionnaire into Bahasa and also tested to find out their best-corrected visual acuities. Lens examination was carried on using handheld slit lamp.
Result: Out of all 47 subjects, 34 (72,3%) patients had cataract that was marked by lens opacities in either one or both eyes. According to distant vision impairment categories by International Classification of Diseases 11, 8,8% of cataract patients had normal vision from the better eye, 20,6% had mild, 64,7% had moderate, 0% had severe impairment, and 5,9% had blindness. From the assessment using VF-14 translated questionnaire, 14,7% subjects had no disruption in doing daily activities, 82,3% had disruption, and 2,9% could not do the mentioned activities at all. From the Spearman correlation test, there was a significant association with moderate correlation between the degree of vision impairment and QoL (p = 0.006, rs = 0.459).
Conclusion: The majority of cataract patients in Jonggol subdistrict had moderate vision impairment and had disruption in doing daily activities, therefore lowering their QoL.
OVERVIEW OF OCULAR TOXOPLASMOSIS IN DR KARIADI HOSPITAL SEMARANG
Authors: Ariska Amalia Dwi , Reki Winarto , Novita Dina
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Ocular toxoplasmosis is the most common infectious etiology of posterior uveitis. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis in Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang.
Methods: A retrospective review of out-patient medical records of ocular toxoplasmosis at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang from January 2018 to December 2022 was done. All toxoplasmic uveitis were included, whereas incomplete medical records and loss of follow-up were excluded.  The clinical characteristics of patients were recorded and analyzed.
Results: During 5 years a total of 160 patients were recruited of which 123 fulfilled the criteria, consisting of 47 males (38.2%) and 76 females (61.8%), mostly were acquired infection (97.6%) with immunocompetent status (75.6%), and affected unilateral eye (65%). The predominant age was 26-45 years old (41.5%). Primary infection (70.7%) was greater than recurrent infection (8.9%) in which recurrence affects 46-65 years old (72.7%). Visual acuity at the initial presentation was <6/18-6/60 (26.2%), and the final follow-up increased to ?6/18 (33.1%). Posterior uveitis (35.1%) with posterior pole lesion (66%) was a common clinical sign found. Medications given were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (51,3%), and corticosteroid (27.5%) as an adjuvant. The complication detected was cataract (13%).
Conclusion: Ocular toxoplasmosis was mostly found in immunocompetent male patients, acquired, unilateral, and in the posterior pole.  A good response was found by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and corticosteroid medications.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY PREDICTS VISUAL RECOVERY OF PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY ADENOMA FOLLOWING SURGERY IN DR KARIADI HOSPITAL,SEMARANG
Authors: Nitihapsari Galuh Yulieta , Prihatningtias Riski
Published: February 2024

Introduction and Objective: The characteristics, symptoms, and clinical manifestations of pituitary adenoma in Indonesia have not been widely studied. In 26 patients undergoing pituitary surgery at Dr. Kariadi Hospital, we compared visual acuity pre-operative and post-operative from normal and thin optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer-internal plexiform layer (GCL-IPL).
Method: A retrospective study of the medical record from January 2020 to December 2022 was done. 21 of the 26 patients had surgery by the transsphenoidal route and the rest by craniotomy. All patients had macroadenoma (tumor size >1cm) and were histologically confirmed. Visual acuity before and after surgery was evaluated along with the patient’s OCT value.
Result: The thinner pre-operative RNFL thickness was associated with worse visual acuity (VA). Patients with normal RNFL had a median VA of 20/200 while those with thin RNFL had to count their fingers (CF). The patients with normal pre-operative RNFL had a significant improvement in median VA after surgery, from 20/200 to 20/32 (p=0.022), whereas the patients with thin RNFL did not improve (CF to CF, p=0.026). The patients with normal pre-operative GCL-IPL had non-significant improvement in median VA after surgery from CF to 20/20 (p=0.505), also the patients with thin GCL-IPL from CF to 20/200 (p=0.151).
Conclusion: The visual recovery after pituitary adenoma surgery is likely to be predicted by pre-operative OCT RNFL. Patients with normal RNFL thickness show an increased tendency in visual recovery after surgery.
Keywords: Optical coherence tomography , visual acuity, pituitary adenoma