bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acacia saligna as a fodder tree for desert livestock and the interaction of its tannins with fibre fractions
Authors: Degen A Allan , Becker Klaus , Makkar Harinder P S , Borowy Norbert
Published: November 2006

Acacia saligna was examined as potential fodder for sheep (27.4 kg) and goats (14.8 kg) raised in arid and semi‐arid areas. This leguminous tree remains green all year and can be grown in deserts using only runoff water. Phyllodes collected in March had a crude protein content of 12.5% dry matter (DM) and high tannin content (tannins as tannic acid equivalent to 11.3% and condensed tannins as leucocyanidin equivalent to 8.3% DM). DM intake was low, amounting to 0.80% and 1.05% body mass daily for sheep and goats, respectively. Sheep lost 227 g day−1 and goats 196 g day−1 while on this diet. Dry matter, organic matter and energy digestibilities were low in both species but were higher for goats than for sheep, and negative digestibilities were measured for acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). Metabolisable energy intake for goats was 121.9 kJ kg−0.75 day−1 and for sheep was 78.6 kJ kg−0.75 day−1. Apparent N digestibility was 17.5% and 0.9% for goats and sheep, respectively, and both species were in negative N balance of 0.25–0.30 g kg−0.75 day−1. Total water intake and output were higher in sheep than in goats. Extractable tannins were virtually absent in faeces in both species, however, output of condensed tannins and protein in the ADF and ADL fractions were substantially higher. This showed the presence of tannin‐protein complexes in these fractions which explained the negative digestibilities of ADF and ADL. It was concluded that Acacia saligna could not be used as a sole dietary source for small ruminants because of low intake and negative nitrogen balance. This was due mainly to the high tannin content. However, the tree might have a potential as a supplementary fodder due to its high crude protein content.
Changes in pomegranate juice pigmentation during ripening
Authors: Gil María I , García‐Viguera Cristina , Artés Francisco , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A
Published: November 2006

Six anthocyanin pigments were found to be responsible for the red colour of pomegranate juice (cv ‘Mollar’). These were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively by HPLC and identified as delphinidin 3‐glucoside and 3,5‐diglucoside, cyanidin 3‐glucoside and 3,5‐diglucoside and pelargonidin 3‐glucoside and 3,5‐diglucoside. The fruit skin contained only the cyanidin and pelargonidin derivatives. Generally, there is an increase in juice pigmentation with fruit ripening. During early maturation stages the 3,5‐diglucosides were the main pigments and the delphinidin‐based derivatives were the predominant compounds. In late maturation stages the proportion of monoglucosides increased to reach values similar to or higher than those of the diglucosides, and the cyanidin‐based derivatives were the predominant substances. The concentration of pigments in juice obtained from mature pomegranates ranged between 50 and 100 μg of anthocyanin per gram fresh weight of arils. The development of anthocyanins was also tested in fruits produced in two different orchards, and in fruits from different locations in the tree. Red coloured fruits, located in the outer parts of the tree, and yellow fruits, on the inner branches, were analysed. The juices obtained with the seed coats of both fruit types, and from the two orchards selected, showed the same anthocyanin profile. However, the total amount of pigments in the juice was generally smaller in those fruits with reddish skins (outer fruits), than in those with yellow skins (inner fruits). As juice pigmentation is one important quality factor in pomegranate, these results could be used in on‐line determinations of the pomegranate quality by non‐destructive physical methods.
Effect of processing on some antinutritive and toxic components and on the nutritional composition of the African oil bean seed (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth)
Authors: Kingsley Mbajunwa Obinna
Published: November 2006

Meals of raw, cooked and fermented oil bean samples of African oil bean seeds (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth) were analysed for proximate composition, mineral content, presence and levels of trypsin inhibitors, tannins, phytic acid, cyanide, aflatoxin B1 and B2. The moisture content of the raw samples was 275.0 g kg−1 as is and on a dry matter basis the beans contained (g kg−1) 26.0 ash, 255.0 protein, 462.0 fats, 71.0 fibre and 186.0 carbohydrate. Compared with raw samples the fermented material (ugba) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher moisture (440 g kg−1 as is), fat (612.0 g kg−1 DM) and significantly (P < 0.05) lower protein (228.0 g kg−1 DM), ash (132.0 g kg−1 DM) and carbohydrate (186.0 g kg−1 DM). Minerals in raw seed were (g kg−1 DM) phosphorus (3.0), calcium (1.0) magnesium (2.0), potassium (6.5), sodium (455.0), manganese (25.3), iron (19.0), copper (27.0) and zinc (42.0). Except for zinc and calcium the minerals were leached significantly (P < 0.05) during cooking and fermentation. Quantities of manganese, copper and zinc in ugba appear adequate for dietary purposes. Trypsin inhibitor activity of raw beans decreased during cooking by 98% while fermentation increased the activity of the cooked sample by 1%. Phytic acid and tannins were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) during processing. No cyanide or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected.
Emulsifying properties of protein–pectin complexes and their use in oil‐containing foodstuffs
Authors: Dalev Pencho G , Simeonova Lilia S
Published: November 2006

The emulsifying properties of proteins have been well studied as they are important for the preparation of creams, mayonnaises and other oil/fat‐containing foodstuffs. The emulsifying action of a protein is not always sufficient to obtain stable emulsions of good quality. The use of chemical stabilisers in the food industry is not desirable. One of the best ways to improve the quality of emulsions and to produce emulsions with high nutritive value is to use protein‐polysaccharide complexes as emulsifiers. Varying the protein‐polysaccharide ratio in the complex, and also the kind of the polymers, would vary the quality and the nutritional value of the foodstuff. Four non‐conventional protein preparations were tested as emulsifiers and their emulsifying properties were improved by the addition of pectin. This makes it possible to create new foodstuffs with low oil content and high nutritional value.
A new method for the determination of pungent compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale)
Authors: Bartley John P
Published: November 2006

The compound responsible for the pungency of Australian‐grown ginger has been extracted using supercritical CO2. Methods for analysis of gingerols and shogaols by electrospray—MS have been developed and direct analysis of crude extracts without previous chromatographic separation is shown to be possible by negative ion electrospray—MS. The extracts produced by this procedure are shown to contain about 70 g kg−1 6‐gingerol and less than 2 g kg−1 6‐shogaol. The low concentration of shogaols, which are degradation products of gingerols, attests to the mild nature of both the extraction and the analytical procedures.
Post‐mortem changes in goose (Anser anser) breast muscles as affected by calcium chloride marination
Authors: Chou Rong‐Ghi R , Lin Kou‐Joong , Tseng Tsai‐Fuh , Wu Chaen‐Ping
Published: November 2006

Effect of calcium chloride marination at 5°C on post‐mortem changes in goose breast muscles was studied. Purified myofibrils were prepared from 0.1 M CaCl2 marinated muscles and controls (nonmarinated samples) after 0, 1, 3, 7 and 14 days of marination. The changes in myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), myofibrillar proteins and Z‐line structure of goose muscles were examined. Goose breast muscles marinated in 0.1 M CaCl2 at 5°C exhibited a more rapid rate of an increase in MFI, the appearance of 30 kDa component, and the disappearances of troponin‐T, ω‐actinin, titin, nebulin, and Z‐line structure than controls muscles did. It is concluded that 0.1 M CaCl2 marination at 5°C accelerates the post‐mortem changes in goose breast muscles.
Determination of hydrogen in irradiated frozen chicken
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher H S
Published: November 2006

A headspace analyser based on a hydrogen‐specific electronic sensor has been developed and applied to the determination of hydrogen in ice and in frozen chicken. The loss of hydrogen during storage of samples at — 18°C has been monitored; it has been demonstrated that the hydrogen generated during the irradiation of frozen chicken at 5 kGy can be determined for up to at least 6 months. It is concluded that hydrogen is a promising marker for distinguishing between irradiated and unirradiated frozen food; it could provide a rapid screening test, complementing other chemical, physical and microbiological procedures. Positive detection of hydrogen provides conclusive evidence of irradiation; however, no definite conclusions can be drawn from a failure to detect hydrogen.
The solubilisation and hydrolysis of spinach cell wall polysaccharides in gastric and pancreatic fluids
Authors: Miller Janice G , Buchanan Callum J , Eastwood Martin A , Fry Stephen C
Published: November 2006

The aim of this work was to investigate the fate, in the upper gut of a monogastric animal, of polymers bound within plant cell walls. Uniformly and specifically 14C‐labelled spinach cell walls were incubated in artificial body fluids with and without pepsin or pancreatin. In the absence of enzymes, artificial pancreatic juice (pH 8.8) at 37°C hydrolysed the methyl ester groups of wall‐bound pectins [half‐life (t1/2) 25 h]; the O‐acetyl ester groups of cell wall polysaccharides were much more stable (t 1/2 84 h). In contrast, artificial gastric juice (pH 1.85) hydrolysed wall‐bound acetyl groups more rapidly (t 1/2 ∼ 24 h) than methyl ester groups (t 1/2 ∼ 350 h). Thus, a proportion of the methyl and acetyl groups of plant cell wall polymers will be released in the upper gut as methanol and acetic acid, raising the question of whether these groups should be included within the definition of dietary fibre. The artificial body fluids also caused limited solubilisation of wall polymers but no hydrolysis to mono‐ or oligosaccharides. Neither pepsin nor pancreatin promoted the hydrolysis of methyl ester or acetyl groups. The small amounts of [14C]protein present in the cell wall preparations were hydrolysed by pepsin or pancreatin to yield amino acids and oligopeptides; however, the major polysaccharides of spinach cell walls were neither degraded to low‐molecular‐weight products nor solubilised by these enzymes.
Variations in the composition of various acyl lipids, tocopherols and lignans in sesame seed oils roasted in a microwave oven
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Shigezaki Junji , Takagi Sachiko , Kajimoto Goro
Published: November 2006

Seeds from various strains of cultivated Sesamum indicum Linn (colour of seeds: black, brown and white) were exposed to microwave roasting for 16 and 30min at a frequency of 2450 MHz and were studied not only for different acyl lipids and their fatty acid compositions, but also for the contribution of anti‐oxidants to the oxidative stability of the oils. Lipids from all‐seeded strains were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids as the major acids. The total lipids were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography into the following five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG), diacylglycerols, free fatty acids, polar lipids and steryl esters. The TAG were slightly and randomly hydrolysed by microwaves, but was still representing 900 g kg−1 of the total lipids at 30min of roasting. Although burning and bitter tastes occurred at the time, the tocopherols and lignans still amounted to over 80% of the original level. The results suggested that the oxidative stability of the oils would probably be due to the synergism between endogenous antioxidants and browning substances produced during microwave roasting.
Selection of annual legumes for incorporation into rice farming systems
Authors: Sangakkara U R
Published: November 2006

Legumes are often recommended for inclusion into rice farming systems to provide organic matter and nitrogen. Thus, a study evaluated the growth, yields and nitrogen dynamics of four popular legumes, namely Sesbania, Mungbean, Cowpea and French bean using 15N, when grown in a rice soil. Sesbania produced the highest quantity of nitrogen‐rich dry matter. In contrast, French beans produced the lowest quantity, which was low in nitrogen. Dry matter contents of other legumes available for incorporation were greater than in French beans. Nitrogen dynamics illustrated the very high nitrogen fixing capacity of sesbania, while the efficiency of symbiotic fixation was low in French beans. The net nitrogen balance of sesbania was high, followed by cowpea and mungbean. The study illustrated the benefits of using sesbania for the purpose of adding green manure and nitrogen. If a food legume is to be used, species such as cowpea or mungbean was more suitable to achieve the stated objectives than French bean, which produced the highest economic yield.
Effect of dietary fat source on fatty acid composition of cow's milk
Authors: Dhiman Tilak R , Zanten Klaas V , Satter Larry D
Published: November 2006

Four multiparous ruminally canulated cows and four primiparous cows without a ruminal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment to study the effect of dietary fat source on milk fatty acid composition. Cows were fed a diet containing 550 g lucerne silage and 450 g concentrate kg−1 dietary DM. The four diets were control and fat supplementation (32 g fat kg−1 diet DM) as roasted soya beans, calcium salts of palm oil fatty acids (Megalac®). or hydrogenated tallow (Alifet®). Cows fed supplemental fat as roasted soya beans. Megalac®. or Alifet® produced 33.8, 32.6, and 32.5 kg day−1 of 3.5% FCM. respectively, compared with 31.6 kg day−1 with no fat supplementation. Addition of fat decreased milk protein percentage. Milk fat percentage was increased with Megalac® and decreased with Alifet® feeding. Dietary fat decreased the proportion of short‐ and medium‐chain fatty acids (C6‐C14:0) in milk and increased the proportion of long‐chain fatty acids (C16 : 0 and longer). Roasted soya beans were most effective in reducing C16 : 0 and increasing C18 : 1, C18 : 2 and C18 : 3 acids in milk fat. Megalac® did not decrease milk C16 : 0 content, and neither Megalac® nor Alifet® affected C18 : 2 content.
Application of a statistical approach to the classification of honey by geographic origin
Authors: Sanz Susana , Perez Consuelo , Herrera Antonio , Sanz Mercedes , Juan Teresa
Published: November 2006

Forty eight honeys from the La Rioja region of Spain were analysed to establish their quality. Fourteen legally required parameters of quality control were measured. Samples were obtained from two geographic areas of production: Valley and Sierra. These areas present different agroclimatic conditions and, thus, different flora. Classification of these honeys according to their geographic origin was achieved by applying multivariate statistical analysis to the chemical and physical data. Acidity (free acidity and pH), mineral content (electrical conductivity and ash) and factors related to degree of freshness (hydroxymethylfurfural and diastatic activity), were found to be the most important features for classification. Determination of the geographic origin of a La Rioja honey (Valley or Sierra) was possible with 83% accuracy using only these legally required quality control parameters; pollen studies were not necessary to achieve this objective.
Effect of condensed tannin in cottonseed hulls upon the in vitro degradation of cottonseed kernel proteins by rumen microorganisms
Authors: Yu Feng , McNabb W C , Barry T N , Waghorn G C
Published: November 2006

A 24 h in vitro rumen incubation procedure was developed to measure the effect of adding cottonseed hulls (containing condensed tannin: CT) upon degradation of the 52 and 48 kDa major seed storage proteins present in unheated solvent extracted cottonseed kernels (which does not contain CT). Proteins were fractionated using sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and the protein bands quantified using imaging densitometry. Effects of CT were established by conducting incubations in the absence and presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight (MW) 3500), which binds and inactivates CT. A set of in vitro experiments was conducted, in which degradation rate and potential degradability were measured. In the absence of hulls, potential degradability of both kernel proteins was very high (99%, SE 0.5), with approximately 97% (SE 0.4) of this taking place within 8 h, and the addition of PEG did not effect degradation. Increasing rates of hull addition reduced the potential degradability of both kernel proteins in a linear manner, but did not affect degradation rate. Equal weights of hulls and kernel (ie 100% hulls) reduced potential degradability of the 52 and 48 kDa proteins by approximately 10% units. Addition of PEG increased degradation of both kernel proteins in incubations involving mixtures of hulls and kernels, with 2 mg PEG mg−1 CT being required to maximise this effect. However, the increase obtained accounted for only 50% of the depression in protein degradation caused by the addition of hulls. In all experiments, the 52 and 48 kDa proteins were similarly affected by the treatments applied. It was concluded that in vitro rumen degradability of the 52 and 48 kDa storage proteins in unheated solvent extracted cottonseed kernel was very high and close to 100%, and that this could be reduced by the addition of hulls in a linear relationship, with approximately half of the depression in potential degradability caused by hulls being due to effects of CT. However, even in the presence of hulls, the degradation of the 52 and 48 kDa proteins was still very high.
Inter‐relationships between chemical constituents, rumen dry matter and nitrogen degradability in fresh leaves of multipurpose trees
Authors: Nsahlai I V , Siaw D E K A , Umunna N N
Published: November 2006

This work determined the inter‐relationships between chemical constituents, rumen dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) degradabilities of fresh leaves from 20 multipurpose tree (MPTs) accessions belonging to the following genera: Acacia (2), Cajanus (2), Chamaecytisus (2), Erythrina (2), Leucaena (8) and Sesbania (4). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed among genera in all assayed chemical attributes except hemicellulose. There was apparently no disappearance of N in A saligna after the initial solubility. All genera had similar DM and N solubility but varied in degradation rate of DM (0.064‐0.137h−1; P < 0.002) and N (0.062‐0.135 h−1; P < 0.001), effective degradability of DM (672‐856 g kg−1; P < .001) and effective degradability of N (NED; 701‐902 g kg−1; P < 0.001). Except for A saligna, synchronization indices of the release of nutrients for each accession ranged from perfect (0.93) to poor (‐0.31) for soluble nutrients and from moderate (0.75) to very poor (‐0.81) for insoluble slowly degradable nutrients because N was in excess. Inter‐relationships among chemical constituents, DM and N degradation constants were established using correlation and regression analyses. Negative correlations occurred between N solubility and proanthocyanidins (PAs; P < 0.05), N degradation rate and hemicellulose (P <0.05), NED and either NDF (P < 0.05) or hemicellulose (P < 0.05) or PAs (P < 0.01), while N degradation rate was positively correlated with N content (P < 0.01). Equations for predicting N degradability characteristics (solubility, insoluble slowly degradable fraction, potential and effective degradability, rate of degradation and lag phase) accounted for 0.44‐0.83 of the variation (using chemical constituents), 0.56‐0.81 of the variation using corresponding DM degradation characteristics and, 0.74‐0.89 of the variation using mixed criteria. Superior models were of the form: ND_P = DM_P(‐β), where ND_P and DM_P are corresponding N and DM degradability characteristics, respectively, and β the regression of the deviations of the ratio ND_P : DM_P from unity on chemical constituents and accounted for 0.75‐0.92 Practical implications of DM degradability and nutrient release synchrony indices in relation to basal roughage intake and microbial protein synthesis were discussed. It was concluded that a mixed model could adequately predict N degradability of fresh forages and alleviate analytical cost. A functional approach of classifying browses is outlined.
Induction of cytochrome P‐450 in rat liver by a polyphenol‐rich extract from a bird‐resistant sorghum grain
Authors: Parbhoo Veena , Grimmer Heidi R , Cameron‐Clarke Anna , McGrath Robert M
Published: November 2006

A polyphenol‐rich extract of a bird‐resistant sorghum grain can induce protein in the microsomal fraction (cytochrome P‐450) of rat liver to the same extent as a standard induction technique, which uses an intraperitoneal injection of β‐naphthoflavone along with sodium phenobarbital in the drinking water. This microsomal protein can convert the promutagen 2‐aminofluorene to the N‐hydroxylated mutagenic derivative, as measured by an Ames test, though a little less efficiently than that induced by the standard technique.
Identification of volatile constituents in wines from Vitis vinifera var vidadillo and sensory contribution of the different wine flavour fractions
Authors: Ferreira Vicente , Fernández Purificación , Gracia José P , Cacho Juan F
Published: November 2006

A wine made with vidadillo, a very old Spanish variety, has been continuously extracted and the extract further fractionated in a silica gel column with successive portions of hexane/dichloromethane/ether mixtures following an elutropic order. Ten fractions showing different odours were isolated and analysed by HRGC‐MS and their olfactory and flavour threshold determined via triangular tests. More than 200 compounds belonging to different biosynthetic pathways have been identified. It is important to note the large number of γ‐ and α‐lactones and of compounds derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolism present. From a sensory point of view, all the fractions showed aroma values below 100, meaning that there are no clear impact compounds. Three fractions scored aroma values higher than 10, and therefore play an important role in the perception of the different flavour and aroma nuances of the wine. Compounds that may play an outstanding role are fusel alcohol acetates in the fruity notes, γ‐and α‐lactones in the peach notes, and some unidentified compounds in the liquorice notes. The silica gel prefractionation method leads to a class separation, and compounds showing similar aromatic notes are eluted together, allowing an easy interpretation of the role of the different groups of flavours.
The effect of cultivar and environment on saponin content of Australian sweet lupin seed
Authors: Ruiz Raquel G , Price Keith R , Rose Malcolm E , Arthur A Eddie , Petterson David S , Fenwick Roger
Published: November 2006

Seed from six cultivars of the lupin species Lupinus angustifolius were grown over 2 years in four areas of Australia, with up to 15 plots sampled within each area. Saponin contents in the harvested seed ranged from 379 to 740 mg kg−1. Three saponins were detected, two of which possessed chromatographic properties identical to soyasaponins I and VI, while the third appeared to possess a novel structure. The changes observed in saponin content were found to be mainly dependent on variety, followed by the site and then the region where grown. No significant effect was found between growing seasons although there was a strong correlation between saponin content and the site grown.
Biochemical changes in cassava tuber during fermentation and its effect on extracted starch and residue
Authors: George Mathew , Moorthy S N , Padmaja G
Published: November 2006

The biochemical changes brought about in cassava tubers during fermentation (72 h) with a mixed culture inoculum are delineated. The initial starch content of the four cultivars studied ranged from 216 to 331‐3 g kg−1 and only slight decrease in starch occurred after 72 h fermentation, the final values being 200–302‐2 g kg−1. There was a considerable decrease in the sugar content with fermentation in all the cultivars, indicating a predominant utilisation of the easily assimilable sugars by the microorganisms. A sharp decrease in pH (4‐3‐4–7) was observed after 24 h fermentation itself, resulting from the production of organic acids. There was increased recovery of the starchy flour from the fermented cassava tubers with concomitant decrease in the residue yield. The starchy flour had higher fiber content than that obtained from the non‐fermented tubers. Optical and scanning electron microscopy revealed clustering of starch granules in the starchy flour from fermented tubers.
In vitro multienzyme digestibility of protein of six varieties of African yam bean flours
Authors: Oshodi A A , Ipinmoroti K O , Adeyeye E I , Hall G M
Published: November 2006

The in vitro multienzyme protein digestibilities of the flours of six varieties of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), made from both whole seeds and dehulled seeds were investigated. The multienzyme system consisted of trypsin, chymotrypsin and peptidase. Digestibilities were determined for a 10 min digestion period. Both dehulling and heat treatment improved digestibility. Comparison of flours from raw whole seeds with those from dehulled seeds showed that digestibility was better in the latter, with an increase of 6.78%. Heat‐treated whole seed flcurs gave a digestibility increase of 6.06% compared with raw flours whereas in the dehulled samples the digestibility increase of heat‐treated flours over raw was 5.19%. Heat‐treated dehulled seeds were better, with a digestibility increase of 5.90% over the heat‐treated whole seed flours. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in the digestibilities among the whole seed flours but significant differences were observed in the dehulled seed flours.
Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) meal: Nutrient composition and feeding value for broilers
Authors: Ravindran V , Sivakanesan R
Published: November 2006

Breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) meal was found to contain (g kg dry matter) 59 crude protein, 14 crude fat, 59 crude fibre, 34 ash and 834 available carbohydrates. The amino acid composition of breadfruit meal (BFM) compared closely with that of maize. The nitrogen‐corrected apparent metabolisable energy value of BFM was determined to be 13.89 MJ kg−1 dry matter. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of BFM in broiler diets. In trial 1. BFM was included in broiler starter and finisher diets at 0, 125 and 250 g kg−1 replacing maize. In trial 2, BFM was incorporated in broiler starter diets at 0, 200 and 400 g kg−1 replacing maize. The results indicate that BFM supported broiler performance as efficiently as maize at all dietary levels tested.
Mechanisms of anthocyanin degradation in grape must‐like model solutions
Authors: Sarni Pascale , Fulcrand Hélène , Souillol Véronique , Souquet Jean‐Marc , Cheynier Véronique
Published: November 2006

Oxidative degradation of o‐diphenolic (eg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside) and non‐o‐diphenolic (eg malvidin‐3‐glucoside) anthocyanins in the presence of caffeoyltartaric acid and grape polyphenoloxidase was studied in model solutions. Both anthocyanins reacted with the enzymically generated caffeoyltartaric acid o‐quinone. Kinetic studies indicated that cyanidin‐3‐glucoside was degraded mostly by coupled oxidation whereas malvidin‐3‐glucoside formed adducts with caffeoyltartaric acid quinone. In solutions containing equimolar amounts of the anthocyanins, both reactions took place but coupled oxidation of cyanidin‐3‐glucoside occurred at a faster rate, partly protecting malvidin‐3‐glucoside. The occurrence of coupled oxidation resulted in sparing of caffeoyltartaric acid. Several oxidation products, including red pigments, were detected by HPLC. The UV‐Vis spectra of the coloured condensation products suggested that they contained both caffeoyltartaric acid and anthocyanin moieties. All these pigments were gradually degraded to colourless compounds either by enzymatic oxidation or by further reaction with quinones.
Partial inactivation of microbial proteinases with soybean Kunitz and Bowman—Birk inhibitors
Authors: Marchetti Stefano , Pitotti Anna , Giordano Annalisa , Chiabà Cristina , Fogher Corrado
Published: November 2006

It was previously demonstrated that some plant inhibitors are able to inactivate the bacterial proteinase subtilisin; since information concerning the effect of plant inhibitors on other microbial proteinases remains limited, we decided to determine the activity of the soybean Kunitz and Bowman‐Birk inhibitors (KI and BBI, respectively) on 14 proteinases of fungal and bacterial origin. The results show that microbial proteinases are frequently inhibited by KI and BBI and that proteinases with the same EC number (eg subtilisin Carlsberg and subtilisin BPN') may equally give different responses to the inhibitors. In particular, all serine proteinases examined were affected by both KI and BBI while metalloproteinases were not. Inhibition was also achieved on a range of microbial proteinases for which the mechanistic class is yet to be established; the data suggest that they belong to the serine type. In one instance, activation instead of inhibition was noted.
The phenolic pigment composition of black tea liquors—part I: Predicting quality
Authors: McDowell Ian , Taylor Sarah , Gay Clifton
Published: November 2006

The phenolic constituents of 95 black teas, representing nine countries, were analysed and assessed by HPLC. The procedure resolved 38 coloured phenolic components which were classified as theaflavins (4), thearubigins (23) and flavonol glycosides (11). The relative levels of these constituents were monitored by HPLC. One of the thearubigin constituents was unresolved chromatographically, but nevertheless quantified as a hump. The data set was statistically analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression PCA indicated that three of the quality attributes, quality/flavour, brightness/briskness and quality with milk, were strongly correlated with each other. The fourth attribute, colour/strength, was found to be the most effective in discriminating between teas, particularly between high strength teas from Assam and Tanzania and low strength teas from Sri Lanka and Malawi. Multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between tasters' scores and the chemical constituents. The model established gives an R2 of 63% based on six components; five resolved thearubigins and the unresolved thearubigin hump. These results indicate the potential to develop objective chemical assessment procedures for determining the quality of teas and is the first report of the flavour impact of individual thearubigins constituents.
Increased nitrogen secretion by inclusion of soya lectin in the diets of pigs
Authors: Schulze Hagen , Saini Harpal S , Huisman Joop , Hessing Martin , Van Den Berg Wim , Verstegen Martin W A
Published: November 2006

A study was conducted with 12 castrated male pigs of 13 kg average body weight (BW) to investigate the metabolic flow of purified soya lectin (SL) incorporated in pig diets in low and high doses and their effect on nitrogen (N) passing the terminal ileum. The pigs were fitted with a post‐valvular T‐caecum cannula and two indwelling blood catheters. They were daily fed 500 g of a corn‐starch‐based semi‐synthetic diet, free or supplemented with low or high doses of purified lectin. To determine the proportion of endogenous N on the amount of total N passing the terminal ileum, the 15N‐isotope dilution method was used. The amount of dietary ingested total lectins, determined by an ELISA method, recovered in the stomach was reduced from 177 and 1065 mg kg−1 of dry matter (DM) to 4.53 and 28.70 mg kg−1 of DM for the low lectin (LL) and high lectin (HL) diets, respectively. The concentration of lectins in mg kg−1 of DM in stomach and ileal digesta were at a similar level for LL and HL diets. The concentration of functional lectins as determined by the FLIA method (i.e. lectins capable of carbohydrate binding) were estimated in gastric digesta at 2.51 and 21.52 mg kg−1 of DM for LL and HL diets, respectively. They could not be detected in ileal digesta. The daily ileal DM and total N flow was significantly increased (P < 0.05) when feeding the HL diet, as compared with the lectin‐free (control) and LL diets. The dietary inclusion of purified lectin increased (P < 0.05) the daily flow of endogenous N at the terminal ileum. With LL and HL containing diets, the ileal N flow were increased to 0.14 and 0.62 g day−1, respectively, when compared to a control diet. Endogenous N passing the terminal ileum was increased by 0.33 and 0.51 g day−1 for LL and HL diets, respectively. In addition, the production of volatile fatty acids which appeared in the ileal digesta, in particular acetate and proprionate was increased in the pigs that were fed with the lectin‐containing diets.
Identification ofTuberspp and corresponding ectomycorrhizae through molecular markers
Authors: Paolocci Francesco , Angelini Paola , Cristofari Ettore , Granetti Bruno , Arcioni Sergio
Published: November 2006

Analyses, based on the structure of the rDNA region, were developed to examine the possibility of identifying and typing some of the most importantTuberspp at both the symbiotic and non‐symbiotic levels. Internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction using specific primer pairs on genomic DNAs, isolated from ascocarps and ectomycorrhizae of variousTuberspp and from rootlets of uninoculated host plants. The variability in the lengths of ITS amplification products of DNA isolated from fruit bodies allowed a primary discrimination of theTuberspp considered. At the ecto‐mycorrhizal level the same species showed a pattern which was the combination of those typical ofTuberplus the host plants. Southern analyses, performed using the ITS product ofTuber brumaleas a probe, confirmed the previous results: each fungus species showed a specific pattern, as well as eachTuber‐host plant combination. It is concluded that molecular markers from the rDNA region can be used to differentiateTuberspp and that the method proposed could be used to check and certify mycorrhizally infected plants.
Impact of shoot maturity on chlorophyll content, composition of volatile flavour compounds and plain black tea chemical quality parameters of clonal leaf
Authors: Obanda Martin , Owuor P Okinda
Published: November 2006

Chlorophyll content in black teas increased with a rise in shoot maturity, while the theaflavin content, brightness, total colour and tasters' evaluation declined. The increase in chlorophyll content in black teas of clone S15/10 was in a parallel with the greenness of the black tea infusions as described by tea tasters. These relationships were less pronounced in clone 6/8. The thearubigins content and the individual volatile flavour compounds composition in black tea remained the same or declined with increased shoot maturity, respectively. The results suggest that the impact of chlorophyll content on black tea quality is clonal dependent and becomes more significant as tea shoots mature and when the other plain black tea chemical quality parameters are low.
Caries resistance of lased human enamel with Er:YAG laser – morphological and ratio Ca/P analysis
Authors: de Andrade L E H , Pelino J E P , Lizarelli R F Z , Bagnato V S , de Oliveira Jr O B
Published: November 2006

Objective: ``In vitro'' analysis of caries resistance of dental enamel under caries simulation after irradiation with Er:YAG laser. Background Data: More susceptible to caries development spots at adjacent hard tissues from cavity preparations of dental tissues using burrs or lasers are quite common. Methods: Thirteen caries-free third permanent human molars were distributed as follows: G1: sound control and caries control; G2: Er:YAG 100, 200, 300, or 400 mJ/ 10 Hz/ 3 sec.; G3: the same parameters of G2 followed by artificial caries simulation, through dynamic model of demineralization and remineralization (DE/RE). Caries resistance analysis was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ca/P rate (X-Rays spectroscopy - EDX). Results: Photomicrographs showed that the Er:YAG laser created craters with rough aspect which became more evident as the energy per pulse was increased, but without change of regular morphology of enamel prisms. Significant statistical changes among the irradiated and control groups was observed considering the Ca/P ratio. Conclusion: Irradiated groups showed higher caries resistance than control groups. However, it is not possible to affirm that the enamel surface accidental irradiation could be a benefit to caries resistance for other situations can be considered, as biofilm deposit, which could increase the caries susceptibility.
Zum Einfluß der Fütterungsintensität auf den Polyenfettsäurengehalt im Schlachtfett schwerer Mastschweine (> 160 kg LM)
Authors: Kuhn M. , Jatsch Christiane , Beesten L.
Published: November 2006

In einem Fütterungsversuch mit viermal 12 DuxDL‐Börgen wurden die Tiere auf verschiedenem Versorgungsniveau gefüttert und dessen Einfluß auf die Mast‐ und Schlachtleistung sowie die Speckqualität der Schlachtkörper untersucht. Die positive Kontrollgruppe I erhielt durchgehend ein Mischfutter mit 13 MJ ME/kg, während die Energiedichte des Futters der extensiv ernährten negativen Kontrollgruppe IV 11.5 MJ ME/kg betrug. Die Umstellung auf die hohe Energiekonzentration erfolgte in Gruppe II zu Beginn der Mittelmast (ab 54 kg LM), in Gruppe III zu Beginn der Endmast (ab 109 kg LM). Die Schweine der Gruppe II konnten gegenüber denen der Gruppe I die Wachstumsretardation des ersten Mastabschnittes bis zum Mastende kompensieren; die der Gruppe III blieben insgesamt beachtlich zurück. In der Schlachtausbeute und in den Rückenspeckmaßen waren diese drei Gruppen jedoch ausgeglichen, wogegen die durchgehend extensiv gefütterte Gruppe IV in allen Bereichen signifikant schlechter war. Bei vergleichbarer Linolsäureaufnahme in den vier Gruppen lagen die Gehaltswerte in den untersuchten Fettkompartimenten Innenfett und Rückenspeck trotz wesentlich geringerer Verfettung der Tiere der Gruppe IV signifikant niedriger; die Linolensäurenwerte waren zwar signifikant erhöht, jedoch nicht im Verhältnis zur Aufnahme und zu den Gehaltswerten im Extensivfutter. Dieses Ergebnis dürfte auf eine verminderte praecaecale Fettverdaulichkeit aufgrund der adsorptiven Wirkung von gerüstsubstanzreichen Rationen infolge steigender Trockenschnitzelanteile zurückzuführen sein. Das Qualitätsmerkmal für die Herstellung von Dauerwurstwaren von höchstens 13% Polyenen im gesamten Rückenfett wurde in allen Versuchsgruppen unterschritten.
Mechanical Extraction of Plant Antioxidants by Means of Oils
Authors: Aeschbach R. , Büchler R. , Rossi P. , Sandoz L. , Wille H. J.
Published: November 2006

A simple mechanical process was developed for extracting natural antioxidants from plant materials with a food‐grade oil as carrier, avoiding the use of organic solvents. Oily extracts with a high extraction yield could be obtained by the combined application of heat, water, enzymes and mechanical energy. After an appropriate pretreatment, the plant material was contacted with an oil in a plough‐share mixer (Lödige) followed by a pressing on a piston press (Carver) which resulted in a limpid oil immediately. Different plant materials, preferably rosemary or sage or mixtures of several spices, were used. Carriers were chosen among high oleic oils, but qualitatively the best extracts were obtained with MCT oil, owing to the high polarity and the excellent oxidative stability of this carrier.
Proteolytic 18O‐labeling strategies for quantitative proteomics
Authors: Miyagi Masaru , Rao K.C. Sekhar
Published: November 2006

A number of proteomic techniques have been developed to quantify proteins in biological systems. This review focuses on the quantitative proteomic technique known as “proteolytic 18O‐labeling.” This technique utilizes a protease and H218O to produce labeled peptides, with subsequent chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis to identify and quantify (relative) the proteins from which the peptides originated. The technique determines the ratio of individual protein's expression level between two samples relative to each other, and can be used to quantitatively examine protein expression (comparative proteomics) and post‐translational modifications, and to study protein–protein interactions. The present review discusses various aspects of the 18O‐labeling technique, including: its history, the advantages and disadvantages of the proteolytic 18O‐labeling technique compared to other techniques, enzymatic considerations, the problem of variable incorporation of 18O atoms into peptides with a discussion on recent advancements of the technique to overcome it, computational tools to interpret the data, and a review of the biological applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 26:121–136, 2007
Characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis presentingfor physiotherapy management:A multicentre study
Authors: Kennedy Norelee , Keogan Fiona , Fitzpatrick Martina , Cussen Grainne , Wallace Lorraine
Published: November 2006

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) attending for physiotherapy management in Ireland.

Methods: Managers of physiotherapy departments in the 53 hospitals in Ireland were invited to participate in a multi‐centre observational study over a 6‐month period. Data on patients with RA the day of presentation for physiotherapy management were recorded. These data related to patient demographic details, disease management, aids and appliances, splint and orthoses usage and occupational issues. The Health Assessment Questionnaire was also recorded for each patient.

Results: A total of 273 patients from eight physiotherapy departments participated in the survey (n = 199; 73% female). Mean age of the participants was 59.3 (SD 12.5) years with mean disease duration of 13.8 (SD 10.6) years. The majority of the patients were inpatients (n = 170, 62%). Sixty‐eight per cent of patients had attended for previous physiotherapy treatment and 98% were under current rheumatologist care. Biologic therapies were prescribed to 11% of patients. Use of splint and foot orthoses was high with 133 patients (49%) wearing splints and 75 (31%) wearing foot orthoses. The majority of patients had moderate (n = 119, 44%) or severe (n = 94, 35%) disability as per Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) score. Mean HAQ score was 1.5, with HAQ scores showing increasing disability with increasing age, disease duration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) levels.

Conclusions: Patients with RA attending for physiotherapy management present with varied profiles. This study provides valuable information on the characteristics of patients with RA attending for physiotherapy management which will contribute to physiotherapy service planning and delivery and will optimize patient care. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoclast nuclei of myeloma patients show chromosome translocations specific for the myeloma cell clone: a new type of cancer–host partnership?
Authors: Andersen TL , Boissy P , Sondergaard TE , Kupisiewicz K , Plesner T , Rasmussen T , Haaber J , Kølvraa S , Delaissé J‐M
Published: November 2006

A major clinical manifestation of bone cancers is bone destruction. It is widely accepted that this destruction is not caused by the malignant cells themselves, but by osteoclasts, multinucleated cells of monocytic origin that are considered to be the only cells able to degrade bone. The present study demonstrates that bone‐resorbing osteoclasts from myeloma patients contain nuclei with translocated chromosomes of myeloma B‐cell clone origin, in addition to nuclei without these translocations, by using combined FISH and immunohistochemistry on bone sections. These nuclei of malignant origin are transcriptionally active and appear fully integrated amongst the other nuclei. The contribution of malignant nuclei to the osteoclast population analysed in this study was greater than 30%. Osteoclast–myeloma clone hybrids contained more nuclei than normal osteoclasts and their occurrence correlated with the proximity of myeloma cells. Similar hybrid cells were generated in myeloma cell–osteoclast co‐cultures, as revealed by tracing myeloma nuclei using translocations, bromo‐deoxyuridine, or the Y chromosome of male myeloma cells in female osteoclasts. These observations indicate that hybrid cells can originate through fusion between myeloma cells and osteoclasts. In conclusion, malignant cells contribute significantly to the formation of bone‐resorbing osteoclasts in multiple myeloma. Osteoclast–myeloma clone hybrids reflect a previously unrecognized mechanism of bone destruction in which malignant cells participate directly. The possibility that malignant cells corrupt host cells by the transfer of malignant DNA may have been underestimated to date in cancer research. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WIP null mice display a progressive immunological disorder that resembles Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Curcio C , Pannellini T , Lanzardo S , Forni G , Musiani P , Antón IM
Published: November 2006

The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X‐linked immunodeficiency syndrome caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASP). This participates in signalling and cytoskeletal homoeostasis, and some of its activities are regulated by its binding to the WASP interacting protein (WIP). WIP deficiency, however, has not yet been shown to be of pathological significance in humans. Here we show that, in WIP null (WIP−/−) mice, it produces haematological alterations and anatomical abnormalities in several organs, most probably as a consequence of autoimmune attacks. Granulocytosis and severe lymphopenia are associated with a proportional increase in segmented cells and fewer bone marrow erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Splenomegaly is accompanied by an increase of haematopoietic tissue and red pulp, reduction of the white pulp, and fewer B (B220+) lymphocytes (also apparent in the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches). Ulcerative colitis, interstitial pneumonitis, glomerular nephropathy with IgA deposits, autoantibodies, and joint inflammation are also evident. These progressive immunological disorders closely mimic those seen in WAS. WIP deficiency may thus be implicated in some cases in which mutations in the gene encoding WASP are not detected. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iodine test for determining the mortality of the California red scale after treatment with various insecticides
Authors: Ishaaya I. , Swirski E.
Published: November 2006

An improved iodine test based on the ability of the live scale to react with iodine, yielding reduced iodine products which in turn are unable to give the blue colour reaction with starch, has been used for determining the mortality of the California red scale after treatment with various insecticides. 0.1% monocrotophos, omethoate or methidathion (active material) and 1.4% ethion formulation were found to give good control, while methomyl, mecarbam and azinphos‐methyl were less effective. The results obtained by the iodine method resembled those obtained by the visual method, commonly used for determining death in armoured scales.