bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informed Consent in the Context of Prenatal HIV Screening
Authors: Geller Gail , Kass Nancy E
Published: November 2023

As discussed in Chapters 1, 10, and 11, many issues about the moral acceptability of screening programs concern autonomy-related rights and obligations, such as the right of patients to refuse medical interventions and the obligation of providers to solicit informed consent prior to the implementation of such interventions. In designing screening policies, the burden of moral justification rests on those who would compromise these autonomy-related rights.
HIV Infection, Pregnant Women, and Newborns: A Policy Proposal for Information and Testing
Authors: Faden Ruth R , Geller Gail , Powers Madison , Acuff Katherine , Allen Anita , Areen Judith , Hutton Nancy , Johnson Timothy , Kass Nancy , King Patricia , Modlin John , Repke John , Saah Alfred , Walters Leroy , Wissow Lawrence S
Published: November 2023

In this volume we have analyzed the numerous moral, legal, and policy issues raised by the prospect of screening and testing pregnant women and newborns for evidence of HIV infection. We have examined historical precedents for screening, as well as the current medical and public health contexts. In this chapter, we put forward a policy proposal for pregnant women and newborns based on the analyses and arguments presented in earlier chapters. Specifically, this chapter presents a detailed 10-point program of policy recommendations for both pregnant women and newborns, and develops its rationale through the examination of potential objections and criticisms. We conclude with a discussion of how our recommendations should change with advances in diagnostic technologies and medical management.
Epilogue: Blue
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

One morning in Berkeley in the spring of 1970, just a few months after I had moved to the city, my clock radio clicked and on came the CBS News. Lying in bed, I heard the newscaster report on President Richard Nixon’s announcement, the evening before, of the American military invasion of Cambodia. “What!” I shouted, as I bounded out of bed. Adrenalin flowed. It took some time for me to realize that Nixon’s secret invasion, by the very nature of its secrecy, could not be major, since no great event can be a secret in modern America.
Language and the Brain
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

As The Above Quotation from Noam Chomsky illustrates, it is widely believed that the uniquely human gift of language is due to some special property of the left side (or hemisphere) of the human brain as though a right-handed God had reached down and touched humans with some magic wand on the left temple. The evidence for the special role of the left hemisphere came in the first instance not from scripture but from the study of patients suffering damage to the brain. And although the predominance of the right hand has long been observed, the asymmetry of the brain was not discovered until well into the nineteenth century.
The Generative Mind
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter we reach the crux of my argument for a discontinuity between humans and other species. In Chapter 8, I argued that the left hemispheres of most humans are specialized for what I have called praxis. This may not be unique to humans, although we have almost certainly developed praxic skills to a level well beyond that reached by other animals. In this chapter I will focus on the way we represent things in our minds, and argue that out of praxis there has emerged a special form of representation whose most important property is generativity. This form of representation, I suggest, is unique to humans.
The Duality of the Brain
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

The theme of the book was that the two sides of the brain function as separate “minds,” each with its own consciousness. The idea was not entirely new, and indeed, there has long been fascination with the fact that the brain is essentially duplicated, in mirror-image fashion, about its midline. Wigan gave the idea vivid expression, however, by providing examples of what he saw as a corresponding duality of mind. The theme is one that has persisted, in various guises, to the present day.
The Plastic Brain
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

So Far, My Argument for a discontinuity between humans and other animals has rested on functions normally associated with the left side of the human brain. The most notable of these is language, whose properties of generativity and open-endedness seem to be unique to humans. Chapter 9 suggested that we may also use a left hemispheric, generative mode to represent shapes, derived from the fact that we live in an ever-changing sea of manufactured objects. Manufacture is itself relentlessly generative, to the point where it has taken over the human environment and increased our ability to know and recognize the objects around us.
Conclusions
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

The Hominid Line diverged from the apes somewhere between 4 and 8 million years ago. Genetically speaking, we remain very close to our nearest ape relative, the chimpanzee. Yet on the face of it we are very different. Even in terms of gross physical characteristics, chimpanzees resemble gorillas more than they resemble humans, though the molecular evidence suggests that they are closer to humans. And where humans are expansive creatures who have populated the globe-overpopulated it, perhaps-chimpanzees are an endangered species drawn to ever-shrinking habitats.
Introduction
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

All biological populations obey the immutable rule that, migration withstanding, the difference between their birth and death rates determines the direction and size of their growth rate. This relationship provides the foundation for demography—the study of populations and the processes that shape them (Pressat, 1985).
Population II: Extensions of Stable Theory
Authors: Carey James R
Published: November 2023

Pollack (1986) lists three different categories for questions regarding the two sexes. These are i) sexual reproduction; ii) sex ratio at birth; and iii) demography’s two-sex problem, i.e., the population consequences of sex specific birth, death, and mating. The concern here is with the last category of questions concerning the demographic implications of sex-specific differences in vital rates. The major books and papers addressing the two-sex problem in demography include those by Karmel (1948), Kendall (1949), Goodman (1953), Pollard (1973), Charlesworth (1980), Charnov (1982), Pollak (1986, 1987), and Caswell (1989).
A General Theory of Sentence Structure, Finiteness, and Nominative Case
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will propose a general theory of sentence structure, finiteness and nominative Case licensing, which will provide the necessary theoretical background for our study of the syntactic role played by subject-verb agreement within the Scandinavian languages, presented in chapters three to five below. We suggest that there are, universally speaking, two kinds of languages with respect to abstract features for tense and finiteness: languages where the abstract features for finiteness and tense are both generated under the same functional head, and languages where these features are generated under different functional heads. Following Pollock (1989) we assume that finite and non-finite clauses are distinguished by different values of an abstract finiteness feature Consider the discussion in section 1.2.5. Languages may differ with respect to the position of [+F] and [-F]: we will concentrate on the properties of finite clauses, i.e. clauses where some functional head is marked [+F]. The feature [+F] is not only an abstract marker for finiteness, it also has a crucial role to play with respect to nominative Case, as noticed in section 1.3. above; we will argue below that every occurrence of nominative Case must be governed, directly or indirectly, by the head marked with this feature.
Conclusions
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

This book has focused on a number of syntactic differences between primarily two groups of Scandinavian languages: the Insular Scandinavian (ISc.) languages, i.e. Icelandic, Faroese, and Old Scandinavian, and the Mainland Scandinavian (MSc.) languages, i.e. modern Swedish, Danish, and Norwegian. We have shown that these differences can all be related to two parameters of variation concerning the system of inflections, one concerning subject-verb agreement, and the other concerning case. First, the ISc. languages have a category Agr in 1°, and furthermore “strong” Agr, that is Agr with nominative case, while the MSc. languages have no Agr. Second, the ISc. languages have morphological case (m case), while the MSc. languages have no m-case, except with pronouns. However, since Faroese has “weak” m-case it patterns with the MSc. languages with regard to several properties which depend on m-case.
Why Social Science Needs Psychoanalysis: From Weber To Freud
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

No choice of subject, in conversation, in psychotherapy, and certainly in the discourse of the political and social sciences, is random or accidental. Each researcher and reader is attracted by specific themes, conflicts, and achievements of their subject. Every social scientist has an implicit theory of psychology and motivation; some theories are limited to common sense and proximate causes of specific decisions, others to rational interest models of politics. The best researchers struggle for the deepest possible understanding of the inner life of their subjects interwoven with the con text of the development of historical and cultural processes. The issue is whether the psychological model is conscious and explicit or unconscious and unexamined, whether it is adequate to its task, whether it is complex and rich enough to give a satisfying explanation of life.
The Creation Of A Scientific Community: The Burgholzli, 1902-1914
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Cultural creativity is our most precious possession as a civilization. We need originality in ideas and techniques and wish to nourish it in our institutions. Creativity has been extensively studied in biography and often convincingly located in the development of individuals. But very few, if any, cases of creativity are in isolation. All creations are in a political, social, cultural, and group context. Every author writes for someone, in fantasy or reality, some first reader or first viewer or listener whose re sponse matters. Creative artists, painters, and musicians all compose for an audience. Scientists research and publish with specific peers in mind. Creativity is a psychological function of real or fantasied groups.
Gladstone, Sin, And The Bulgarian Horrors
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Psychoanalysis has a lesson, not only for historians but for the world: an individual is an integral unity-is all of a piece on many levels of consciousness that dynamically interact. This is not merely a statement of conviction, it is demonstrable with great clinical intensity, and it is equally evident in the empirical study of history.1 Whereas the psycho analyst has the richness of a daily interaction, the historian has the context and longitudinal picture of a life.
Karl Renner And The Politics Of Accommodation: Moderationversus Revenge
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Karl Renner’s political life transcends the history of Austria’s empire and its two twentieth-century republics, making him the foremost leader of Austrian democratic politics. Renner was also the most innovative theoretician on the nationalities question that plagued the Habsburg monarchy and the twentieth-century world. He was chancellor of Aus tria’s first republic, leader of the right-wing Social Democrats, and president of the post-World War Two second republic. A study of his life and politics offers a perspective into the origins of the moderate, adaptive, political personality and a study of the tension between ideology and accommodation to the point where it is difficult to determine what core of principle remained.
Racism In Comparative Historical Perspective
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Two major schools of interpretation of racial hatred exist in the social sciences: the cognitive and the psychodynamic.1 The cognitive understanding of race prejudice is that it is a failure of socially organized learning consisting of erroneous beliefs about other groups. The psychodynamic approach focuses on the irrationality and rigidity of racism and the function it serves in the development and coherence of personality and social process.
Crisis Management: From Therapy To Government And From The Oval Office Tothecouch
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

A consequence of the sudden end of the Cold War, is that we realize, with a shock of recognition, what a masterful mutual exercise of crisis management it was. Both the U.S. and Soviet leadership deserve credit for sagacity motivated by fear and realism that substantially preserved world peace for half a century. From 1946 to 1989 the two superpowers succeeded in avoiding the meeting in combat of U.S. and Soviet armed forces, thus preventing the preconditions of a nuclear conflagration.
The Structure of Russian Society
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Eighteenth-century Russian society was dominated by a small and conspicuous ruling class, enjoying a monopoly over the exercise of political power. The monopoly was buttressed by privileges that conferred status upon the ruling class and sustained an awareness of its mission. Access to the ruling class, restricted and broadened in accordance with circumstances and the perception of needs, remained open to members of a dependent population consisting of clergy, townsmen, and peasants. Their upward mobility kept rejuvenating the ruling class and legitimizing the exercise of its power.
Political Apparatus and Bureaucracy
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Russian society, consisting of a small nobility ruling over dependent townsmen and peasantry, was governed by a political apparatus representing the interests and embodying the values of the ruling class. At the end of the seventeenth century, this apparatus exercised both military and civilian responsibilities indiscriminately, but the creation of a standing army and 20 years of war resulted in a functional separation of the military from the civilian apparatus, although officers were thrust into leading positions in civilian administration during Peter’s reign and for a long time thereafter.
The Rule Of The Empresses: 1725-1796
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

The death of the great tsar in January 1725 left a void in the Romanov house and intensified the rivalries between the supporters of the two courts, gathered around the Saltykovs and Dolgorukovs on the one hand, the Naryshkins on the other. Under a powerful ruler and in difficult circumstances, these rivalries were usually muted by the fear of dissension, the acceptance of his leadership, and association with his cause. They never disappeared, however, and the history of Peter’s domestic reforms was largely a chronicle of the attempts by these two extended political families to place their supporters in key institutions from which they could develop their patronage networks.
Crimes and Punishments
Authors: LeDonne John P
Published: November 2023

Another characteristic feature of the Russian political order-besides the absence of a code of judicial procedure-was the poverty of the legal tradition. Until the local government reform of the 1770s and the senatorial reform of 1805, no distinction was made between legal and other institutions; the dispensation of justice was ancillary to personnel management and fiscal administration. As a result, the ruling elite, perceiving political life as the exercise of power and the perpetual consolidation of patronage networks, saw the training of jurists as a challenge to its monopoly over political life.1 D’iaki and secretaries were trained in the apparatus, and their knowledge of procedural intricacies was not the knowledge of a body of law growing by accretions and rejections in the searching criticism of a public debate.
Book IV
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

They came to the country of Lacedaemon, where it nestled among the hollowed hills: and they drove up to the home of famous Menelaus. He was in act of feasting his many kinsmen to celebrate the marriages of his son and of the flawless daughter of his house. The girl he was giving to the son of that breaker of the line of battle, Achilles.
Book X
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

So we came to the Aeolian island. In that sea-cradled fast ness, within a bulwark of invincible bronze from which the cliff falls sheer, lived Aeolus son of Hippotas, a friend of the eternal Gods, with his twelve children, six daughters and six stalwart sons. Aeolus had so ordered it that the daughters served his sons for wives. They all eat at the one board with their father and revered mother and before them a myriad dainty dishes are heaped up. Day-long the steaming house echoes festively even to its court : but by night they sleep, each man and his bashful wife between soft rugs on ornate bed-steads.
Book XIII
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

He ceased, but his audience were so entranced by the tale that no one moved in the hushed twilit hall. At last the voice of Alcinous replied to him across the silence : “ Lord Odysseus, however great your misfortunes hitherto, now that you have eventually attained my bronze-floored house, my stately house, I think you will not suffer further deflection from your way home : touching which I have a charge for all you frequenters of my palace, who come to hear our minstrel and drink our ruddy aldermanic wine.
Book XIV
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

Meanwhile Odysseus strode up the hill-path that climbed straight from the timbered plains into the highlands, the way Athene had pointed him, to that devoted swineherd who cared more for his lord’s substance than any other of the serfs Odysseus owned. He found him sitting in the lodge of his high-walled steading which was a landmark because it stood by itself and was well built and large.
Human Immune System Aging: Approaches, Examples, and Ideas
Authors: Mayer Peter J
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to be a prelude to future studies and not a comprehensive review of the extensive literature in human immune system aging. The next section on the background to human immune system aging provides a brief summary of information relevant to the ideas and examples which follow. More detailed and thorough reviews of the subject are available (e.g., Goidl, 1987; Miller, 1989, 1991a; Schwab et al,. 1989; Segre et al,. 1989).
Role of the National Institute on Aging
Authors: Eveleth Phyllis B
Published: November 2023

The National Institute on Aging (NIA) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) conducts and supports biomedical and behavioral research and research training related to the aging process, and to diseases and other special problems and needs of older people. This is done through various funding mechanisms (research project grants, career development awards and contracts) to universities and other research institutions, as well as in NIA laboratories and clinics in Bethesda and Baltimore, Maryland. NIA’s programs are dedicated to a broad range of aging research encompassing basic, clinical, behavioral, social, epidemiological, and demographic studies. There is also some applied research on interventions in common problems, such as urinary incontinence, falls, and osteoporosis, and problems of older drivers. Integrative and cross-disciplinary approaches to health problems are encouraged.
Heart Disease Mortality among Workers Exposed to Carbon Monoxide in New York City
Authors: Stern Frank , Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

Carbon monoxide (CO) contributes to cardiovascular disease through several accepted and potential mechanisms, including binding to hemoglobin and reducing oxygen dissociation at the tissue level by shifting the oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve. Such oxygen deprivation may contribute to heart attacks, particularly in individuals whose hearts already are weakened by subclinical cardiovascular disease. Several experimental human studies of CO have focused on the acute effects on the heart of high-level CO exposure (for example, see Allred et al., 1989), but tens of thousands of workers are exposed to chronic low levels. NIOSH investigators wished to study the effects of longterm chronic exposure to CO. The target population were traffic control officers: (1) stationed in toll facilities on bridges, and (2) employed in observation booths within the tunnels. Industrial hygiene surveys in the 1960s showed that officers on bridges at that time were exposed to an average carbon monoxide concentration of about 13 parts per million (ppm), while officers in tunnels were exposed to an average carbon monoxide concentration of 51 ppm.
A Vinyl Chloride Case-Control Study
Authors: Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

In 1972, investigators from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) were informed of a report of a cluster of liver cancers at a plant in Louisville, Kentucky, that produced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic products. This plant opened in 1942 and produced both the monomer gas (VC gas) and the polymerized plastic (PVC) through 1966. In 1966, the plant stopped production of VC gas, but continued to buy the gas and to produce PVC products. About three-quarters of the men who had worked at the plant had been exposed to both VC gas and PVC dust.
Silica and Lung Cancer: A Proportionate Mortality Study
Authors: Steenland Kyle
Published: November 2023

Animal studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s showed that crystalline silica (quartz) could promote and induce lung tumors (Stettler et al., 1984). It was therefore of interest to determine whether silica-exposed human populations were at an increased risk of lung cancer. A second hypothesis of interest was whether those who have silicosis, a fibrotic disease of the lung, were at increased risk of lung cancer. It has been hypothesized that some aspect of silicosis, such as enzymes released by macrophages that are destroyed in the silicotic process, induces lung cancer (Goldsmith et al., 1982).
Bladder Cancer among Chemical Workers
Authors: Ward Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In 1981, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was asked by the Michigan Department of Public Health to investigate the health effects of exposure to 4,4’-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) exposure among workers at a small chemical plant in southern Michigan. This plant had come to the attention of State Health Department officials in 1979, when extensive environmental contamination with MBOCA had been discovered in the surrounding community. MBOCA is an aromatic amine with about the same potency as benzidine that is highly carcinogenic in rats and induces bladder tumors in dogs. MBOCA was one of the first fourteen carcinogens for which OSHA promulgated standards in 1974, but the MBOCA standard was withdrawn from consideration for procedural reasons and has never been reinstated (Ward et al., 1987). No adequate epidemiologic studies of MBOCA had been conducted.
Occupational Skin Disease and Contact Dermatitis
Authors: O’malley Michael
Published: November 2023

A large number of chemical and physical agents cause either skin irritation or allergy. The constant interaction of skin with the external environment accounts for the fact that occupational skin disease (OSD) represents 40 to 50% of all occupational illness (Nethercott et al., 1986). Classic high-risk industries include landscape and horticultural services; forestry services; poultry processing; leather tanning and finishing; soap, detergent, and cosmetic manufacturing; adhesive manufacturing; and metal plating and finishing (Wang, 1979). The variety of work settings affected illustrates the widespread distribution of potential hazards to the skin.
Beyond 1492
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

This is the third collection of essays by James Axtell, probably the most important ethnohistorian (dealing with American Indians and their relationship to white America) who is writing today. The new volume covers a wide range of topics dealing with American history, mainly in the 16th and 17th centuries. Axtell is concerned not only with the situation of American Indians, both before and after European colonization, but as well with the effect Indians had on the white immigrants and how the latter reacted. The 11 essay topics for the new volume are History as Imagination; First Encounters in North America; The Exploration of Norumbega; Native Reactions to the Invasion of America; The First Consumer Revolution; Jesuits in the Post-Columbian World; Humor in Ethnohistory; Europeans, Indians, and the Age of Discovery in American History Textbooks; The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial History; Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy; Beyond 1992. Much of the book focuses on the 500th anniversary of Columbus’s discovery of America, which will be observed in October 1992, with reflections on many aspects and ramifications of this event. The book will be published simultaneously with the observances in 1992.
History as Imagination
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Except In The Privacy of Their Own Classrooms, HIStorians seldom have an opportunity to declaim upon their disciplinary practices and credos. If they write history as well as teach it, they spend the vast majority of their time and effort on the past, not their own present. This is as it should be. But disciplines are protean, living things which constantly change, and their practitioners should from time to time take stock of how and why they do what they do. One way is to follow the philosophical and methodological debates that pepper their professional journals and conferences. Another is to put pen (or word processor) to paper to summarize their own beliefs and practices.
The Exploration of Norumbega: Native Perspectives
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

The History of Indian-European Relations In Colonial North America encompasses a wide variety of native groups, geographies, and contact situations, all evolving over time. Why and how choose one group or situation over another? How and why select one period over another? Answers will vary with historians because personal predilection—brewed from parentage, education, experience, rational calculation, and inexplicable likes and dislikes—plays a large role, not so much in historians’ interpretations or results (if they are well trained in their craft) as in their choice of subject and general approach to it. Sometimes the subject is chosen for them, as when a conference organizer, publisher, or journal editor invites them to tackle a theme for a special occasion.
Native Reactions to the Invasion of America
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Perhaps The Greatest Difference Between The CoLumbian observances of 1892 and 1992 is that the American natives were virtually absent a century ago whereas today they are clearly at the center of attention. Indian voices loudly and clearly present their own views on the meaning of their ancestors’ discovery of Columbus and its deadly aftermath, while even non native academics ensure that the “Admiral of the Ocean Sea” no longer enjoys the limelight.
Europeans, Indians, and the Age of Discovery in American History Textbooks
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

Scholars Sometimes Wind Up In Hot Water Inadvertently; occasionally they dive in headfirst. At the December 1986 meeting of the American Historical Association, I took the plunge on behalf of the Columbus Quincentenary Committee. We had decided to pave the way for a sensible, reflective commemoration of 1492 by taking stock of what educated Americans were apt to know about Columbus and the age of mutual discovery he launched in the Americas. College textbooks seemed the likeliest source of public knowledge because they dominated introductory history courses in most universities, and the Admiral and his age were not the stuff of the mass media except every fifty years. So I undertook a one-man survey of the leading text books, with the following results.
The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

National Anniversaries Call Forth Relatively Circumscribed efforts from historians. The centennial and sesqui centennial celebrations of revolutions, constitutions, and wars are largely bounded by those events—short in duration, narrow in geography, and often limited in global significance. The quincentenary of the Columbian Encounter, however, is very different. It commemorates rather than celebrates the forging of a single world from hitherto isolated continental and insular fragments, not by a single sailor in a single year but by the mutual action of the inhabitants of all those lands over half a millennium. Historians called upon to treat that expansive theme have their work cut out for them.
On the Dignity of Tables
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

Soon after modern spiritualism announced itself with the “Rochester knockings” of 1848, tables took on a new and controversial life. No longer were they content to live out their days impassively upholding dishes and glasses and silverware, vases, papers and novels, bibelots, elbows, or weary heads. They were changed: they began to move. Tables all over the United States and then in England, France, and other countries commenced rapping, knocking, tilting, turning, tipping, dancing, levitating, and even “thrilling” - though this last was uncommon.
Thinking Things
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

Imagine that Descartes’s evil genius showed up as one of the students in a literature class. (Although I cannot speak for all teachers, I doubt that even the most good-humored will find this event very difficult to picture.) And let us say that the evil of this student first manifests itself during a discussion of a passage from Shakespeare. The teacher, who speaks of the interrelation of natural, social, and metaphysical hierarchies, is nonplussed when the student insists that a speech about “degree” must be concerned with levels of temperature. As far as this student is concerned, the teacher’s reading makes no sense.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

We each remember our past in the best amateur tradition without receiving any instruction or ever being offered lessons. In spite of many mistakes and confessions of inadequacy, we each become the ultimate insider and foremost expert on our own memories. How is this crucial task accomplished? The goal of this book is to collect and interpret theoretical ideas that pertain to autobiographical memory and that originate from a variety of diverse sources in the scientific literature. The present work assembles, comments critically, and to a degree integrates three general approaches to autobiographical memory: (1) the subjective or experiential dimensions of autobiographical memory, (2) the early development and later recall of childhood memories, and (3) social, historical, and folkloric perspectives on autobiographical retention.
Freud’s Theory of Memory
Authors: Ross Bruce M
Published: November 2023

From his working out of psychoanalytic theory beginning in the mid-1890s until his death in 1939, Freud presented a range of concepts concerning the functions of retention and forgetting. Screen memories, repression, and childhood amnesia are key concepts of Freudian theory. In addition, Freud examined the role played in memory by different sensory modalities and reality testing. This chapter is devoted to the key concepts of Freud’s memory theory, with emphasis on his early work. It concludes with an analysis of his ideas about the much discussed question of whether there is a distinction between retention of actual early childhood events and the memory of infantile fantasies, and by consideration of the hypothesis that there can be multiple memoric encodings of a single object or event. Although this is chiefly a discussion of Freudian theory, in line with the assumptions expressed by many contemporary psychoanalysts (e.g., Gill, 1976; Rubenstein, 1967; Schafer, 1976) most mental energy explanations have been dispensed with, in particular, libido theory with its concepts of cathexes and anticathexes, bound and mobile energies, and so on.
The Early Years: The Social-Emotional Context of Development
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the context of deaf children’s early social and emotional development (which of course also is the context of early cognitive and language development). Early research in this area provided a rather bleak picture of deaf children living isolated lives filled with emotional distress and psychological disorders (for a review see Myklebust, 1960). More recent studies, in contrast, have suggested that deaf and hearing children appear similar on several dimensions relevant to social interactions with their mothers and their peers (for a review see Lederberg, 1993). This discrepancy can be explained in part by differences then and now in the social environments of deaf children and by attitudes toward deafness and development. At the same time, several methodological aspects of both the early and more recent research limit the conclusions that can be drawn from those studies.
‘‘The People’s Army”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

The junior officers who seized power on July 23, 1952, acted out of a conviction that only the army could arrest the decay of the political order and, in so doing, save the nation. The pashas had misruled Egypt, accrued fantastic personal gain, but ignored the woes of the common man and failed to end the occupation. Rather than building a strong national military and mobilizing against the occupier, politicians had sent a ragtag army, ill equipped and poorly led, to defeat in Palestine. The Free Officers, ashamed and bitter soldiers, rose in rebellion to oust “Egyptian traitors” who, by their corruption and self-interest, stood in league with the “imperialists.”
“The Great Deception”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

In the rhetoric that emerged during 1953 and that culminated in the show trials that autumn, the CCR defined its revolution primarily in contradistinction to the old “reactionary” political establishment. In doing so, the CCR faced troubling questions about the role of antiestablishment movements that shared a common disdain for old-regime politics but that now constituted ideological challenges to the developing revolutionary agenda and comprised alternative bases of power in the country. The Muslim Brotherhood and DMNL, the largest and least doctrinaire communist movement, had collaborated with the Free Officers and played significant supporting roles in their coup.
Acoustic Sources And Radiation
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. When a surface vibrates in a fluid, acoustic waves are generated. The simplest case to consider is that of a sphere of radius a pulsating in volume at frequency m. The wave number k = role in the combination ka is the appropriate general parameter to describe the behavior. Ifka < 1 the sphere is a very inefficient radiator of sound, but it improves in efficiency as the square of the frequency until ka = 2. Above this frequency the efficiency, measured as radiated power per unit area for given surface velocity, is constant. This behavior can be expressed in terms of an acoustic radiation impedance, and in particular its real part, the acoustic radiation resistance, as illustrated in Fig. 7.1. For a given volume flow generated by the source, the radiated acoustic power is proportional to radiation resistance. A small spherical source isoften areasonable model for a more complex small radiator.
The Inner Ear
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. The basic mechanical problem of the transduction organ is the achievement of frequency selectivity, so that some sort of spectral analysis of the acoustic signal can be made. At low frequencies, the firing of transducer cells is statistically synchronized with the exciting signal, so that the frequency analysis can be made at a higher neural level. At high frequencies there is no synchronization and neural impulses are correlated simply with signal intensity. If the individual transducer cells have mechanical resonant properties of their own, then they can form a series of secondary resonators in cascade with the resonance of the tympanum, as shown in a mechanical analog in Fig. 12.1. This results in an increase in frequency selectivity only if the mass of the transducer cells is small in relation to that of the primary resonator, otherwise a double-humped response curve is produced. The fraction of incident energy transferred to the transducer cell is then small.
Pneumatically Excited Sound Generators
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. Animals with active respiratory systems usually use the expired air as a power source for a vocal system. There are two different types of sound-generating mechanisms, the first associated with “voiced” sounds and relying upon a vibrating mechanical element, and the second associated with “whistled” sounds and having an entirely aerodynamic mechanism.
Signals, Noise, And Information
Authors: Fletcher Neville H
Published: November 2023

Synopsis. By a result known as Fourier’s theorem, any repetitive waveform with frequency f can be represented as the sum of a series of simple sinusoidal waves with frequencies nf where n = 1, 2, 3, These components are called the harmonics of the fundamental/. This is illustrated in Fig. 15.1, from which it is clear that the first few harmonics define the general shape of the wave, while higher harmonics are associated with sharp changes in slope. The amplitudes of the harmonics define the frequency spectrum of the original wave. A few examples are shown in Fig. 15.2, which also illustrates the fact that the amplitude of the harmonics generally declines steadily with increasing frequency.
Richard II and the Wilton Diptych
Authors: Wood Charles T
Published: November 2023

Although art historians have long admired the Wilton Diptych, universe sally praising it as a masterpiece of medieval art, until recently they displayed no such confidence when discussing its date, provenance, or specific meaning. Now, however, a large measure of agreement has emerged, a general consensus best expressed in the statement of the owner, London’s National Gallery, that “the Diptych cannot have been painted earlier than about 1395”; that it is somewhat ambiguously to be classified as belonging to the “French(?) School”; and that “Richard II may have commissioned it.”1 Disagreements on overall interpretation remain, but insofar as Richard is deemed to have been its probable patron, selecting himself as its principal subject, a better understanding of its themes may well lead to deeper insights into the views of that troubled monarch not just about himself, but about what he thought kingship should be. In a sense, then, the Wilton Diptych has evidentiary value not unlike that possessed by Louis IX’s Mise of Amiens and Edward I’s Confirmation of the Charters.
Origins of Southern Radicalism
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

In the sixty years before the American Civil War, the South Carolina Upcountry evolved from an isolated subsistence region that served as a stronghold of Jeffersonian Republicanism into a mature cotton-producing region with a burgeoning commercial sector that served as a hotbed of Southern radicalism. This groundbreaking study examines this startling evolution, tracing the growth, logic, and strategy of pro-slavery radicalism and the circumstances and values of white society and politics to analyze why the white majority of the Old South ultimately supported the secession movement that led to bloody civil war.
Planters and Plain Folk
Authors: Ford Lacy K
Published: November 2023

By 1850, the Southern cotton culture had spread from the eastern cotton belt, which included the South Carolina Upcountry, southwest into Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and to the Texas border. The gray sandy and red clay loam soils of the South Carolina Piedmont were no longer the South’s most fertile cotton lands, but the Upcountry still produced about 5 percent of the South’s cotton-more than North Carolina, Florida, and Texas combined and as much as the entire state of Louisiana. Despite having lost pride of place in the cotton economy to the newer growing regions of Alabama and Mississippi, the Upcountry remained an integral part of the cotton South. Moreover, throughout the antebellum era, the South Carolina Upcountry occupied something of a middle ground between plantation black-belt and family-farm hill country. As a general rule, the expansion of cotton culture transformed the small-farm backcountry of one generation into the plantation-dominated black-belt of the next. Parts of the South Carolina Upcountry evolved in precisely this fashion. The gradual, almost systematic, expansion of cotton production between 1800 and 1850 turned back-country districts where the population was over 80 percent white in 1800 into plantation districts which were well over 50 percent black a half-century later. But the expansion of plantation agriculture into the Upcountry proceeded unevenly and failed altogether in some places; thus the Upcountry remained in perpetual transition, no longer truly backcountry but never entirely a plantation region.
Social Profiles
Authors: Rocke Michael
Published: November 2023

To say that sodomy was a social as much as a sexual fact in Florence is, in a sense, to state the obvious. With as many as 15,000 individuals incriminated and 2,500 convictions for homosexual acts in little more than the last forty years of the fifteenth century, sodomy was no “deviant” behavior of a distinct sexual minority but a common part of male experience that had widespread social ramifications. The significance of sodomy lies not only in these impressive numbers, however. The hierarchical configuration of pederasty, for example, with its rigid code of sexual comportment, itself embodied and expressed social divisions and rank. As David Herlihy first proposed, moreover, the very social structure of Florence, with its late age of marriage for males of around thirty or thirty-one, a large proportion of men who never married, and the resulting profusion of footloose, profligate bachelors—those merrily singing about doing the euphemistic “born, ba, ba”—probably helped create favorable conditions in which sodomy and other unauthorized sexual activities flourished. Certain social dimensions of sodomy, real or perceived, also influenced the apparatus for policing it, as in 1459 when fines were reduced in response to the alleged ubiquity of the practice among craftsmen and the poor, or again in the early sixteenth century when penalties were scaled by age to the advantage of youths. As precise a definition as possible of the social composition of males incriminated for sodomy, then, should contribute to a better understanding of the nature and organization of homosexual activity and illuminate social tendencies and prejudices in its control.
Judgment and Aftermath
Authors: Mielke Alexander Mitscherlich Fred
Published: November 2023

Military Tribunal I was established on 25 October 1946 under General Orders No. 68 issued by command of the United States Military Government for Germany. It was the first of several military tribunals constituted in the United States Zone of Occupation pursuant to Military Government Ordinance No. 7, for the trial of offenses recognized as crimes by Law No. 10 of the Control Council for Germany.
The Doctors’ Trial and Analogies to the Holocaust in Contemporary Bioethical Debates
Authors: Caplan Arthur L
Published: November 2023

What is the relevance of the Holocaust for contemporary bioethics? It defies credibility that those in bioethics have spent so little time trying to answer this question. This is not simply because crimes on a staggering scale were committed in the name of public health by doctors and nurses. The tone and tenor of current debates concerning moral choices in biomedicine give this question particular urgency. References and analogies to the Holocaust, to Nazi Germany, and to the crimes of German medicine abound in contemporary discussions of bioethical subjects. Yet many who are quick either to invoke the Holocaust or to deny its relevance to contemporary events do so with an inadequate understanding of what Nazi doctors and scientists actually did and why.
Madina: Sultan and Prophet
Authors: Marmon Shaun
Published: November 2023

The sultan who first placed the eunuchs within the walls of the great mosque of Madina changed the ceremonial topography of the sanctuary. The tomb of the Prophet became a royal household. Just as a corps of eunuchs, themselves symbols of royal authority, controlled access to the sultan and to his family, the eunuchs of the sanctuary would guard the chamber that was both the Prophet’s tomb and, in his lifetime, the most intimate area of his household, the residence of his favorite wife.
More Exalted Than the Service of Kings
Authors: Marmon Shaun
Published: November 2023

One Friday morning in the late thirteenth century, the Egyptian jurist and renowned Sunni preacher Sirāj al-Dīo al-Ansārī reluctantly ascended the carved wooden pulpit of the Prophet’s mosque in Madina. He had scarcely finished the opening lines of the ritual Friday sermon when the Shi’i members of the congregation began to stone him with handfuls of pebbles from the gravel-strewn courtyard of the mosque. At this point the eunuchs of the Prophet, with their entire household retinues drawn up behind them, rose en masse, moved to the front of the mosque, and calmly seated themselves between the preacher and the crowd.
The Achaete-Scute Complex: ac, sc, Isc, ase
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

The achaete-scute complex is proximal to yellow (y) in a 90 kb segment that includes eight or nine transcription units; the units have been designated Tl through 79 (T6 corresponds to y) (Fig. 1.1). Four of these are thought to be responsible for the ac-sc genetic function, the scute family. Within the sc family the following correspondence has been suggested: T5 = ac; T4 = sc; 73 = Isc and T8 = ase. Each of these four genes is transcribed toward the centromere. (Campuzano et al. 1985; Villares and Cabrera 1987; Alonso and Cabrera 1988; Gonzalez et al. 1989, and references therein; see Ghysen and Dambly-Chaudiere 1988 for a review).
The Actin Genes: Act5C, Act42A, Act57B, Act79B, Act87E, Act88F
Authors: Maroni Gustavo
Published: November 2023

There is great similarity between Drosophila and mammalian actin amino acid sequences. Vertebrates have two distinct families of actins, one family as cytoplasmic filaments and the other occurring in muscle fibers. All Drosophila actins are more similar to vertebrate cytoskeletal actins than to muscle actins, but ActSC and Act42A are especially so (Fig. 2.1) (Fyrberg et al. 1981; Sanchez et al. 1983).