bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved Outcomes and Cost Savings Associated With Pharmacist Presence in the Emergency Department
Authors: McAllister Matthew W. , Chestnutt Joshua G.
Published: October 2017

Purpose: The study sought to determine whether the inclusion of a pharmacist on the emergency department (ED) resuscitation team was associated with improved compliance with the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines and patient survival. The study also evaluated cost avoidance associated with a pharmacist providing clinical services to the ED. Methods: Cardiac arrest event records were evaluated for compliance with ACLS guidelines as well as for whether or not a pharmacist was involved as a member of the resuscitation team. Pharmacists documented all interventions performed while physically present in the ED which were utilized to associate cost avoidance. Results: When a pharmacist assisted as a member of the resuscitation team, a significant increase in the percentage of medications administered in compliance with the ACLS guidelines was noted (78% vs 67%, P = .0255). An increase in survival to hospital admission (25% vs 17.8%, P = .0155) was also noted though no significant increase in survival to hospital discharge (15% vs 4.4%, P = .6392) was observed. Over a 5-month period, pharmacists in the ED performed 1200 interventions, which created US$98 362 in cost avoidance. This extrapolates to approximately US$320 000 per year in cost avoidance. Conclusion: Inclusion of a pharmacist as a member of the resuscitation team improved compliance with medications administered according to the ACLS guidelines and increased survival to hospital admission, though survival to hospital discharge was unaffected. The presence of a pharmacist in the ED was associated with approximately US$320 000 in cost avoidance per year, if not more.
Patients Given Take Home Medications Instead of Paper Prescriptions Are More Likely to Return to Emergency Department
Authors: Sarangarm Dusadee , Sarangarm Preeyaporn , Fleegler Melissa , Ernst Amy , Weiss Steven
Published: October 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the 30-day emergency department (ED) return rate between patients given a Take Home Medication pack (THM) versus a standard paper prescription (SPP) prior to discharge. Methods: This was an observational, prospective cohort study in an urban, university-affiliated, level I trauma center. Patients were identified through daily pharmacy reports. Consecutive adult patients discharged from the ED with either a THM or equivalent SPP were included. For each patient, baseline characteristics including age, gender, primary care provider (PCP), primary language, ethnicity, marital status, and insurance status were recorded from the electronic medical record (EMR). Review of the EMR was used to determine whether patients returned to the ED within 30 days and whether the return visit was for all-causes or for the same complaint targeted by the THM or SPP from the index visit. Similarly, visits to other providers in the health system within 30 days were recorded. Results: A total of 711 patients were included in the study, with 268 receiving a THM and 443 receiving a SPP. In comparison with the SPP group, the THM group was more likely to have an all-cause return (Relative Risk [RR] = 1.7, P < .01). Variables associated with increased odds of returning to the ED within 30 days included study group (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.7), male gender (aOR: 1.6), African American ethnicity (aOR: 3.0), public insurance (aOR: 3.3), and institutional financial assistance (aOR: 5.0). The difference between study groups for index visit complaint-specific returns was not significant. Conclusions: Patients receiving a THM demonstrated a higher all-cause return rate than patients receiving a SPP. A randomized study is needed evaluating the effect of THM on return ED visits.
International Mentoring Programs: Leadership Opportunities to Enhance Worldwide Pharmacy Practice
Authors: Ubaka Chukwuemeka , Brechtelsbauer Erich , Goff Debra A.
Published: October 2017

Health-system and community pharmacy practice in the United States is experiencing transformational change; however, this transformation is lagging in the international arena. As a result, efforts are being made to provide support and education to the international pharmacy leaders and practitioners. This article describes one effort, the Mandela Washington Fellows Program, and suggests areas where pharmacy leaders can be involved to help advance the practice of pharmacy on an international level. The Mandela Washington Fellows Program for young Africa leaders consists of a US-Africa pharmacy-mentoring program identified ranging from educational opportunities to collaboration for implementation of patient care programs. The specifics of the mentoring program include daily meetings, clinic and ward rounds, round table discussions with mentors, and visits to various hospital care systems. Lessons were learned and strategies for sustaining the program are discussed. These types of programs represent leadership opportunities that may not be apparent to most pharmacy directors, but expanding their view to helping international pharmacists expand their practice only strengthens the professional goal of providing patient-centered pharmacy services.
Navigating the New Antimicrobial Stewardship Regulations
Authors: Davis Sondra , Verheyden Collin , Cooper Mandelin , Desai Devak
Published: October 2017

Purpose: Many health care facilities are navigating their way through the new antimicrobial stewardship standards and guidelines. The purpose of this article is to provide information for health care facilities to improve patient care. Summary: New regulations and guidelines surrounding antimicrobial stewardship have prompted facilities to review their process related to antimicrobial stewardship. In setting up a program, there are many factors to consider including involving key personnel, obtaining leadership support, identifying an infectious disease physician to chair or cochair the committee, and meeting agenda, metrics, and educational needs. Conclusion: Antimicrobial stewardship plays a vital role in both our hospital and community setting. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to improve optimal patient care through rounding, review of patients’ chart, and contribute to the improvement of antimicrobial stewardship by working with a multidisciplinary team. These efforts may improve the utilization of antimicrobial agents.
Evaluation of Insulin Use and Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Elderly Patients
Authors: Bach Quyen N. , Gilmore Rod A. , Sheffield Melody C. , Hawkins W. Anthony
Published: October 2017

Background: Routine administration of correctional insulin is no longer recommended as a primary strategy to treat hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients. Studies have demonstrated significant improvement in glycemic control in patients treated with basal and correctional insulin (B+C) versus correctional insulin alone (C). However, the effect of C or B+C on hypoglycemic events is not well understood. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of B+C versus C on hypoglycemic events in hospitalized elderly patients. Methods: A single-center retrospective review of patients at least 65 years old that were admitted between April and July 2016, who were prescribed any type of insulin. Exclusion criteria included admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) on hospital admission, history of hypersensitivity to insulin, or insulin use for the management of hyperkalemia. Patients were divided based on the insulin regimen prescribed, B+C or C. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of hypoglycemic episodes between groups. Secondary outcomes included severity of hypoglycemia, hospital length of stay (LOS), hospital mortality, and ICU transfer. Hypoglycemia was defined as a blood glucose level less than 70 mg/dL. Results: A total of 709 patients were included, with 144 (20.3%) prescribed B+C and 565 (79.7%) prescribed C. Incidence of hypoglycemia was greater in the B+C group than C (29.1% vs 12.6%, p=0.012). The average blood glucose readings during hypoglycemic episodes between B+C and C were 50 mg/dL and 52.5 mg/dL, respectively ( p<0.01). There was no difference observed in hospital LOS. No patients required ICU admission within 24 hours of a hypoglycemic event or died during the index hospitalization. Conclusion: There is a higher incidence of hypoglycemia in elderly patients prescribed basal plus correctional insulin than correctional insulin alone.
Using “Big Data” Versus Alternative Measures of Aggregate Data to Predict the U.S. 2016 Presidential Election
Authors: Ma-Kellams Christine , Bishop Brianna , Zhang Mei Fong , Villagrana Brian
Published: October 2017

To what extent could “Big Data” predict the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election better than more conventional sources of aggregate measures? To test this idea, the present research used Google search trends versus other forms of state-level data (i.e., both behavioral measures like the incidence of hate crimes, hate groups, and police brutality and implicit measures like Implicit Association Test (IAT) data) to predict each state’s popular vote for the 2016 presidential election. Results demonstrate that, when taken in isolation, zero-order correlations reveal that prevalence of hate groups, prevalence of hate crimes, Google searches for racially charged terms (i.e., related to White supremacy groups, racial slurs, and the Nazi movement), and political conservatism were all significant predictors of popular support for Trump. However, subsequent hierarchical regression analyses show that when these predictors are considered simultaneously, only Google search data for historical White supremacy terms (e.g., “Adolf Hitler”) uniquely predicted election outcomes earlier and beyond political conservatism. Thus, Big Data, in the form of Google search, emerged as a more potent predictor of political behavior than other aggregate measures, including implicit attitudes and behavioral measures of racial bias. Implications for the role of racial bias in the 2016 presidential election in particular and the utility of Google search data more generally are discussed.
Making Room for Methods: Incorporating Full-scale Research Projects in Non-methods Courses
Authors: Bartholomay Daniel J.
Published: October 2017

Scholarship examining the educational potential of semester-long research projects in non-methods undergraduate sociology courses is limited. To address this gap in knowledge, I drew from active learning and problem-based learning literatures to develop a term research project in two sections of an undergraduate sociology course at a large public university in the Midwest. This study assesses the efficacy of that research project by addressing two main areas in need of further discussion in the teaching sociology literature: (1) the ability of full-scale research projects to develop students’ sociological imaginations and (2) the effectiveness of incorporating a full-scale research project in a non-methods course. Panel survey methods reveal that completing the research project contributed to the improvement of students’ sociological understanding of inequalities. The findings also suggest that completing the project increased students’ confidence in their abilities to conduct social research even though the project took place in a non-methods course.
Why is there resistance to works councils in Germany? An economic perspective
Authors: Müller Steffen , Stegmaier Jens
Published: October 2017

Recent empirical research generally finds evidence of positive economic effects for works councils, for example with regard to productivity and – with some limitations – to profits. This makes it necessary to explain why employers’ associations have reservations about works councils. On the basis of an in-depth literature analysis, this article shows that beyond the generally positive findings, there are important heterogeneities in the impact of works councils. The authors argue that those groups of employers that tend to benefit little from employee participation in terms of productivity and profits may well be important enough to shape the agenda of their employers’ organization and have even gained in importance within their organizations in recent years. The authors also discuss the role of deviations from profit-maximizing behavior like risk aversion, short-term profit-maximization and other non-pecuniary motives, as possible reasons for employer resistance.
A joint evaluation of wave and wind energy resources in the Black Sea based on 20-year hindcast information
Authors: Rusu Liliana , Ganea Daniel , Mereuta Elena
Published: October 2017

In this study, a joint evaluation of the wind and wave energy over the Black Sea basin is performed for a 20-year time interval. The importance of such a study is enhanced by the fact that the potential of the wave energy cannot be considered high compared to the large oceans, while the wind conditions over the Black Sea can be considered significant in various areas. The wind fields from the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction were used for wind energy estimation. A high resolution wave hindcast database, as resulted from the simulations performed with the Simulating WAves Nearshore model, is used for a detailed analysis of the wave energy potential in the basin of the Black Sea. The reliability of the wave simulation results was increased by means of some data assimilation methodologies. The variability and complementarity of these renewable energy resources was investigated. The analysis showed that there exist some suitable areas for combined wind-wave exploitation.
Biologic Joint Repair Strategies: The Mizzou BioJoint Story
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Stoker Aaron M. , Stannard James P. , Bozynski Chantelle C. , Cook Cristi R. , Pfeiffer Ferris M. , Cook James L.
Published: October 2017

Because articular cartilage has very limited healing potential, most symptomatic cartilage injuries eventually result in end-stage osteoarthritis and are treated with artificial joint replacement. Our interdisciplinary, comparative orthopedic research performed by a team of DVMs, MDs, engineers, and basic scientists has yielded marked progress toward effective biologic joint restoration strategies by bringing bench-side ideas to fruition in bedside applications in both canine and human patients. This mini-review summarizes the progress of biologic joint restoration strategies at our center.
Descending aortic aneurysm in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome: options for repair
Authors: Wood Greta , Booth Karen , Khan Zahid , Biss Tina , Roysam Chandrika , Dark John
Published: October 2017

We report open surgical repair of a previously stented descending thoracic aneurysm in a patient with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and a platelet count <10 × 109·L−1. The same patient was described previously in a report of the first endovascular stent in this form of vasculitis. We describe the pre- and intraoperative management, and suggest a change in strategy in this setting.
Early Numeracy Trajectories: Baseline Performance Levels and Growth Rates in Young Children by Disability Status
Authors: Hojnoski Robin L. , Caskie Grace I. L. , Miller Young Robin
Published: October 2017

Data indicate that children with disabilities typically display lower levels of proficiency in mathematics than their nondisabled peers, with this difference remaining stable over time. Although literature exists regarding school-age children, few studies have examined early numeracy skills of preschoolers and child characteristics associated with performance and growth over time. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the performance and growth over time of preschool-age children who have a disability and those without a disability to determine whether patterns of performance are evident at this age and how patterns may differ between the two groups. Results from a sample of children enrolled in inclusive preschool classrooms ( N = 205) indicated differences in initial performance as well as growth over time across measures of oral counting, quantity discrimination, and one-to-one counting; fewer differences were noted for numeral recognition. Results are discussed in the context of early identification and intervention.
Moving Home: Examining the Independent Effects of Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Residential Mobility on Recidivism in High-Risk Parolees
Authors: Breetzke Gregory , Polaschek Devon
Published: October 2017

A number of studies have shown that the residential mobility of an offender postrelease can significantly influence recidivism. Research has also shown how the mobility of neighborhoods into which offenders are released is an important contextual factor that predicts recidivism. Within the social disorganization framework, this study combines these lines of research by examining the effect of both individual- and neighborhood-level residential mobility on recidivism for a cohort of high-risk prisoners released on parole in New Zealand. Using multilevel analysis techniques, we found that neither immediate individual-level residential mobility nor neighborhood-level mobility was associated with recidivism after controlling for various multilevel predictors. A number of individual- and neighborhood-level variables were predictive of recidivism, including the number of parole conditions placed on the released offender, and the percent foreign born in their neighborhood. These results are discussed within the context of an increasingly eclectic and diverse country.
Lack of meaningful activity on acute physical hospital wards: Older people’s experiences
Authors: Clarke Channine , Stack Caroline , Martin Marion
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Research suggests that older people on acute physical hospital wards are at increased risk of physical and mental health decline due to inactivity during their stay. Whilst studies have highlighted potential causes of such inactivity, there exists a paucity of occupational therapy research that explores engagement in meaningful occupation from patients’ perspectives in hospital settings.

Method

Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to gain a deeper understanding of how 18 older people spent their time on hospital wards and the impact this had on their feelings of wellbeing. Interviews were carried out and analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis guidelines.

Findings

Patients experienced a lack of meaningful activity on the wards which resulted in feelings of passivity, boredom and a sense of alienation from their normal roles, routines and sense of self. Despite a willingness to engage in activity, barriers were suggested as limited resources, hospital routines and personal limitations. Suggestions of potential meaningful activities were made.

Conclusion

Occupational therapy services need to review service provision and provide an occupation-focused service, ensuring that patients’ engagement in meaningful activities is seen as an integral part of their role in order to maintain patients’ mental and physical wellbeing. Recommendations for further research are highlighted.
Trapped in trash: ‘Modes of governing’ and barriers to transitioning to sustainable waste management
Authors: Pollans Lily B
Published: October 2017

The disposal of municipal solid waste can be costly and environmentally destructive. This article asks why, given many alternatives, most waste material is still disposed of in landfills or incinerators. Building upon the ‘modes of governing’ framework proposed by Bulkeley, Watson, and Hudson as a means of identifying and interpreting the relationships among the many actors and artefacts that constitute a municipal solid waste management system, this article explores the barriers to transitioning between modes. The case of solid waste management in Boston, Massachusetts illustrates how key factors – limited enforcement of existing policy, institutional and physical fragmentation, financial incentives, and the vested interests of the private sector – protect the disposal mode of governing. Meanwhile, the actors most interested in moving towards more sustainable waste management techniques lack access to decision-making processes and daily operations, limiting their ability to influence policy and practice. The analysis of barriers suggests an alternative way of classifying modes – dominant, incremental, visionary, and aspirational – that explicitly captures the relative entrenchment of each mode, while also opening up the framework for application in other geographies, and for other systems that may or may not share similar governmental rationalities, technologies, or capacities.
US Metropolitan Area Resilience: Insights from dynamic spatial panel estimation
Authors: Doran Justin , Fingleton Bernard
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we show that the economic crisis commencing in 2007 had different impacts across US Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and seek to understand why differences occurred. The hypothesis of interest is that differences in industrial structure are a cause of variations in response to the crisis. Our approach uses a state-of-the art dynamic spatial panel model to obtain counterfactual predictions of Metropolitan Statistical Area employment levels from 2008 to 2014. The counterfactual employment series are compared with actual employment paths in order to obtain Metropolitan Statistical Area-specific measures of crisis impact, which then are analysed with a view to testing the hypothesis that resilience to the crisis was dependent on Metropolitan Statistical Area industrial structure.
Recognizing the role of CGRP and CGRP receptors in migraine and its treatment
Authors: Edvinsson Lars , Warfvinge Karin
Published: October 2017

Premise

The brain and the sensory nervous system contain a rich supply of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and CGRP receptor components. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between CGRP release and acute migraine headache that led to the development of CGRP-specific drugs that either abort acute attacks of migraine (gepants) or are effective as prophylaxis (antibodies). However, there is still much discussion concerning the site of action of these drugs.

Problem

Here we describe the most recent data related to CGRP in the trigeminal ganglion and its connections to the CNS, putative key regions involved in migraine pathophysiology. Gepants are small molecules that have limited ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whereas CGRP antibodies are 1500 times larger molecules, and are virtually excluded from the brain, with a BBB permeability of < 0.1%. Thus we propose that the primary site of action for the antimigraine drugs is outside the CNS in areas not limited by the BBB.

Potential solution

Therefore, it is reasonable to discuss the localization of CGRP and its receptor components in relation to the BBB. The trigeminovascular system, located outside the BBB, has a key role in migraine symptomatology, and it is likely targeted by the novel CGRP drugs that successfully terminate migraine headache.
Soluble guanylyl cyclase is a critical regulator of migraine-associated pain
Authors: Ben Aissa Manel , Tipton Alycia F , Bertels Zachariah , Gandhi Ronak , Moye Laura S , Novack Madeline , Bennett Brian M , Wang Yueting , Litosh Vladislav , Lee Sue H , Gaisina Irina N , Thatcher Gregory RJ , Pradhan Amynah A
Published: October 2017

Background

Nitric oxide (NO) has been heavily implicated in migraine. Nitroglycerin is a prototypic NO-donor, and triggers migraine in humans. However, nitroglycerin also induces oxidative/nitrosative stress and is a source of peroxynitrite – factors previously linked with migraine etiology. Soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the high affinity NO receptor in the body, and the aim of this study was to identify the precise role of sGC in acute and chronic migraine.

Methods

We developed a novel brain-bioavailable sGC stimulator (VL-102), and tested its hyperalgesic properties in mice. We also determined the effect of VL-102 on c-fos and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity within the trigeminovascular complex. In addition, we also tested the known sGC inhibitor, ODQ, within the chronic nitroglycerin migraine model.

Results

VL-102-evoked acute and chronic mechanical cephalic and hind-paw allodynia in a dose-dependent manner, which was blocked by the migraine medications sumatriptan, propranolol, and topiramate. In addition, VL-102 also increased c-fos and CGRP expressing cells within the trigeminovascular complex. Importantly, ODQ completely inhibited acute and chronic hyperalgesia induced by nitroglycerin. ODQ also blocked hyperalgesia already established by chronic nitroglycerin, implicating this pathway in migraine chronicity.

Conclusions

These results indicate that nitroglycerin causes migraine-related pain through stimulation of the sGC pathway, and that super-activation of this receptor may be an important component for the maintenance of chronic migraine. This work opens the possibility for negative sGC modulators as novel migraine therapies.
Hip and Ankle Kinematics in Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Situations: Video Analysis Using Model-Based Image Matching
Authors: Koga Hideyuki , Nakamae Atsuo , Shima Yosuke , Bahr Roald , Krosshaug Tron
Published: October 2017

Background:

Detailed kinematic descriptions of real anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury situations are limited to the knee only.

Purpose:

To describe hip and ankle kinematics as well as foot position relative to the center of mass (COM) in ACL injury situations through use of a model-based image-matching (MBIM) technique. The distance between the projection of the COM on the ground and the base of support (BOS) (COM_BOS) normalized to the femur length was also evaluated.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten ACL injury video sequences from women’s handball and basketball were analyzed. Hip and ankle joint kinematic values were obtained by use of MBIM.

Results:

The mean hip flexion angle was 51° (95% CI, 41° to 63°) at initial contact and remained constant over the next 40 milliseconds. The hip was internally rotated 29° (95% CI, 18° to 39°) at initial contact and remained unchanged for the next 40 milliseconds. All of the injured patients landed with a heel strike with a mean dorsiflexion angle of 2° (95% CI, –9° to 14°), before reaching a flatfooted position 20 milliseconds later. The foot position was anterior and lateral to the COM in all cases. However, none of the results showed larger COM_BOS than 1.2, which has been suggested as a criterion for ACL injury risk.

Conclusions:

Hip kinematic values were consistent among the 10 ACL injury situations analyzed; the hip joint remained unchanged in a flexed and internally rotated position in the phase leading up to injury, suggesting that limited energy absorption took place at the hip. In all cases, the foot contacted the ground with the heel strike. However, relatively small COM_BOS distances were found, indicating that the anterior and lateral foot placement in ACL injury situations was not different from what can be expected in noninjury game situations.
Extinguishing fires involving ammonium nitrate stock with water: Possible complications
Authors: Han Zhe , Pasman Hans J , Mannan M Sam
Published: October 2017

Violent decomposition and explosion of ammonium nitrate induced by a fire present potentially a serious threat to personnel, facilities, and nearby community. One of the most recent incidents involving ammonium nitrate occurred on 17 April 2013, in West, Texas, killing 15 people and injuring more than 250 people; this incident has caused heated discussion again on the safety issues associated with ammonium nitrate including firefighting issues. In terms of fire protection, water suppression systems have been widely used in chemical process facilities as an active protection layer, and they have been successful in tackling most of the fires. However, where water is the only agent to fight a fire in an ammonium nitrate store, acting as a cooling and hence combustion extinguishing agent, it does not limit the oxidant supply as this is contained within the ammonium nitrate molecule. Under some circumstances, the addition of water may also favor the conditions for explosion. In this article, the possible role of water interfering physically and to some extent chemically with ammonium nitrate stock in a fire is discussed, calling for more research to develop an optimal procedure to fight ammonium nitrate fertilizer fires.
Use of Nasogastric Feeding Tubes for Children at Home: A Template for Caregiver Education
Authors: Lyman Beth , Rempel Gina , Windsor Kerrin , Guenter Peggi
Published: October 2017

There is a lack of knowledge on the part of caregivers who need to place nasogastric (NG) tubes in children for enteral nutrition therapy. This article provides the rationale, best practices, and a template for caregiver education. Canadian and Australian programs have excellent patient education materials. They have shared these step‐by‐step procedures for healthcare professionals to provide to caregivers to whom they are teaching placement and care of NG tubes.
The Role of ADHD in Predicting the Development of Violent Behavior Among Juvenile Offenders: Participation Versus Frequency
Authors: Wojciechowski Thomas W.
Published: October 2017

Past research has identified attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a risk factor for engagement in violent offending. Despite the link between the disorder and violent offending, this risk factor has yet to be examined as a predictor of heterogeneity in the development of violent offending among juvenile offenders. It is likely that the impulsivity, genetic link, and generally chronic disorder course which are characteristics of the disorder play roles in predicting violent offending, which is consistent with both self-control theory and general developmental theory related to early life deficits and life-course persistent offending. Past research has also elucidated a developmental trajectory model of violent offending, which is utilized by the present research. The present research examines ADHD as a risk factor predicting trajectory group assignment. The Pathways to Desistance data followed 1,354 juvenile offenders for 84 months following conviction for a serious offense. Using multinomial logistic regression, this study extends past research on the development of violent offending among juvenile offenders by examining ADHD as a risk factor predicting assignment to violent offending trajectory groups. Results indicate that meeting criteria for ADHD at baseline predicted membership to all trajectory groups relative to the Abstaining group when all covariates were included. This increase in risk is highest for the trajectory group characterized by the highest frequency of violent offending. This indicates the relevance of identifying and treating ADHD among juvenile offenders to best mitigate risk of violent recidivism throughout adolescence and early adulthood.
Behavior and pressure drop of an upwardly two-phase flow through multi-hole orifices
Authors: Zeghloul Ammar , Azzi Abdelwahid , Hasan Abbas , Azzopardi Barry James
Published: October 2017

Experimental results on hydrodynamic behavior and pressure drop of two-phase mixture flowing upwardly in a pipe containing single- and/or multi-hole orifice plate are presented. It was found from the measurement of the void fraction upstream and downstream the orifices that the flow behavior is significantly affected by the layout of the orifice plate used and the flow starts to recover after approximately 7 D downstream the orifice. Furthermore, increasing orifice holes number results in decreasing the slip ratio. The standard deviation of the void fraction was used to identify the flow pattern before and after the orifices and found that the critical threshold transition occurred at a standard deviation of 0.2. The flow homogenization necessitates a minimum value of the liquid superficial velocity to occur, and the position where it takes place depends on this velocity and on the orifice holes number. It was also inferred from the two-phase pressure drop data across the orifices that three different flow regimes, where the transition between bubbly-to-slug and slug-to-churn flow, can be identified. An assessment of the predicted two-phase flow multiplier using some previous models dedicated to single-hole orifice was achieved; and found that the model proposed by Simpson et al. is the most reliable one. Single-phase pressure drop was also measured and compared with correlations from literature.
Different systems, same inequalities? Post-compulsory education and young adults’ literacy in 18 OECD countries
Authors: Borgna Camilla
Published: October 2017

Education is increasingly seen as a substitute for social policy, but opportunities for skill development vary by social background and educational institutions are not neutral in this respect. While previous research has extensively examined how schooling affects skills distribution, the role of post-compulsory education has been long overlooked. Using data from the 2011/2012 Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competences, this article investigates how selected features of upper secondary and tertiary education are connected to the social stratification of young adults’ literacy skills in 18 OECD countries. First, I use individual-level regressions to assess the extent to which disparities in the skills of 24- to 29-year-old individuals are explained by parental education in each country. Second, I apply fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis across countries to investigate under which institutional conditions the social stratification of young adults’ literacy skills is most severe. The findings point to the existence of functionally equivalent education regimes: young adults face severe disparities not only in socially selective higher education systems but also in relatively open systems characterized by institutional differentiation; moreover, disparities arising during compulsory schooling are consequential for the skill distribution of young adults, underscoring the importance of a life-course approach to education policies.
‘Diversion or safety net?’ Institutions and public opinion on vocational education and training
Authors: Di Stasio Valentina
Published: October 2017

Vocational education and training (VET) has been described in the sociological literature as a mixed blessing. On one hand, vocational qualifications facilitate the school-to-work transitions of youth (safety net function of VET); on the other hand, placement into vocational tracks dissuades students from attending higher education (diversion function of VET). In this study, I analyse whether VET is perceived to function as a safety net and/or a diversion route by the public at large. VET systems greatly vary across countries with regard to their perceived prestige, the involvement of social partners in the provision of training and the certification of occupational skills. Thus, I focus on whether perceptions of VET vary systematically across countries. Using Eurobarometer data from 2011, I show that in countries with occupationally oriented VET systems, which provide work-based training in the form of apprenticeships, both the safety net and diversion functions are recognized as distinctive aspects of VET. Although public perceptions of the safety net function do not vary across education groups, the analyses show that highly educated individuals are less likely than the other education groups to suggest vocational education as an option, even when they do recognize its role as a safety net. This study contributes to our understanding of the micro-level mechanisms that underlie the formation of educational preferences across social groups.
Modern variations in clay minerals in mud deposits of the Yellow and East China Seas and their geological significance
Authors: Zhang Zhaopeng , Chu Zhongxin
Published: October 2017

The vertical distribution of clay minerals in the short cores B44, YSZD01, and DH8-1 collected from typical mud deposits in the North Yellow Sea, Central South Yellow Sea, and East China Sea and associated geological significances were examined based on the analysis of Pb210 and Cs137 dating, ratios of kaolinite/illite and smectite/chlorite, illite crystallinity, and illite chemical index. The sediments of mud deposits of the North Yellow Sea are mainly from the Yellow River (Huang He) with that of the inner East China Sea being mainly from the Yangtze River (Changjiang), while sediment sources of mud deposits of the Central South Yellow Sea mainly include the Yellow River and the old Yellow River delta. For cores B44 and DH8-1 with a single main source, both illite chemical index and illite crystallinity have a close relationship with temperature and precipitation in the sediment-source river basin except for YSZD01 with a multi-source. Generally, the ratios of kaolinite/illite and smectite/chlorite indicate that chemical weathering strengthens while physical weathering weakens within the source river basin for the mud sediments from the North Yellow Sea to the Central South Yellow Sea to the East China Sea. In general, illite percentage would decrease, while kaolinite percentage would increase for cores B44, YSZD01, and DH8-1 if the East Asian Winter Monsoon was enhanced in the past 100 years.
Primary Care Teams and Pharmacist Staffing Ratios: Is There a Magic Number?
Authors: Smith Marie A.
Published: October 2017

Primary care physician (PCP) shortages are predicted for 2025, and many workforce models have recommended the expanded integration of nurse practitioners and physician assistants. However, there has been little consideration of incorporating clinical pharmacists on primary care teams to address the growing number of patient visits that involve medication optimization and management. This article summarizes various estimates of pharmacist staffing ratios based on number of PCPs, patient panel size, or annual patient encounters. Finally, some steps are offered to address the practice- and policy-based implications of expanding primary care pharmacist activities at the local and state levels.
Vibration analysis of nonlocal strain gradient embedded single-layer graphene sheets under nonuniform in-plane loads
Authors: Ebrahimi Farzad , Barati Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2017

This paper develops a nonlocal strain gradient plate model for vibration analysis of graphene sheets under nonuniform in-plane mechanical loads. For more accurate analysis of graphene sheets, the proposed theory contains two scale parameters related to the nonlocal and strain gradient effects. Graphene sheet is modeled via a two-variable shear deformation plate theory needless of shear correction factors. Governing equations of a nonlocal strain gradient graphene sheet on elastic substrate are derived via Hamilton’s principle. Galerkin’s method is implemented to solve the governing equations for different boundary conditions. Effects of different factors such as in-plane loading, load factor, nonlocal parameter, length scale parameter, elastic foundation, and boundary conditions on vibration characteristics of graphene sheets are examined.
Effect of high-hydrostatic pressure and moderate-intensity pulsed electric field on plum
Authors: García-Parra J , González-Cebrino F , Delgado-Adámez J , Cava R , Martín-Belloso O , Élez-Martínez P , Ramírez R
Published: October 2017

Moderate intensity pulse electric fields were applied in plum with the aim to increase bioactive compounds content of the fruit, while high-hydrostatic pressure was applied to preserve the purées. High-hydrostatic pressure treatment was compared with an equivalent thermal treatment. The addition of ascorbic acid during purée manufacture was also evaluated. The main objective of this study was to assess the effects on microorganisms, polyphenoloxidase, color and bioactive compounds of high-hydrostatic pressure, or thermal-processed plum purées made of moderate intensity pulse electric field-treated or no-moderate intensity pulse electric field-treated plums, after processing during storage. The application of moderate intensity pulse electric field to plums slightly increased the levels of anthocyanins and the antioxidant activity of purées. The application of Hydrostatic-high pressure (HHP) increased the levels of bioactive compounds in purées, while the thermal treatment preserved better the color during storage. The addition of ascorbic acid during the manufacture of plum purée was an important factor for the final quality of purées. The color and the bioactive compounds content were better preserved in purées with ascorbic acid. The no inactivation of polyphenoloxidase enzyme with treatments applied in this study affected the stability purées. Probably more intense treatments conditions (high-hydrostatic pressure and thermal treatment) would be necessary to reach better quality and shelf life during storage.
Changing the Dominant Narrative: A Call for Using Storytelling as Language and Literacy Theory, Research Methodology, and Practice
Authors: Johnson Lamar L. , Gibbs Grey ThedaMarie D. , Baker-Bell April
Published: October 2017

This special themed issue illuminates the pivotal role the STAR ( Scholars of Color Transitioning Into Academic Research Institutions) program has played in our trajectories as early career scholars of Color. Moreover, the editorial will showcase how STAR served as a space of contestation and humanization for six racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse scholars who have separate but interrelated stories that foreground issues in the field of language and literacy education. To conclude, this article will provide the field with innovative approaches for venturing into new literacies and ways of knowing.
An Approach to Minimising Risk of Adrenal Insufficiency When Discontinuing Oral Glucocorticoids
Authors: Nicholas Mathew N. , Li Stephanie K. , Dytoc Marlene
Published: October 2017

Oral glucocorticoids are commonly used across every field of medicine; however, discontinuing them in patients can be challenging. The risk of acute adrenal crises secondary to glucocorticoid withdrawal can be fatal and arises from chronic suppression of the adrenal glands. Identifying risk factors for adrenal suppression in dermatological patients, such as doses greater than 5 to 7.5 mg of prednisone equivalent, duration of glucocorticoid use greater than 3 weeks, certain medications, and comorbidities, can help risk-stratify patients. The use of adrenal gland testing such as basal cortisol levels and adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation tests can confirm adrenal suppression in patients. This review article provides an approach that dermatologists can use to minimise the risk of adrenal insufficiency in patients discontinuing glucocorticoids and when it may be appropriate to use adrenal gland testing.
Going global: Fantasy sports gameplay paradigms, fan identities and cultural implications in an international context
Authors: Ploeg Andrew J
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the cultural implications of the internationalization of contemporary fantasy sports. In particular, it exposes previously unexplored distinctions between season-long North American and European fantasy sports (the two most prominent world markets). In order to contextualize these distinctions, first, this article provides a concise history of both North American and European fantasy sports, delineating briefly the philosophies that shaped them. Second, it examines the contrasting paradigms (i.e., the models by which fantasy sports are imagined, designed and played) of North America and Europe’s most popular fantasy sports – North American and European football – paradigms that reflect to various extents the hypercommodification and dehumanization of the athletes involved. On the basis of this examination, the article argues that the two frameworks produce disparate fan identities – that of ‘owners’ in North American fantasy football and of ‘managers’ in European fantasy football. Third, it makes a case for three possibilities as to how and why these differences may have arisen. Thus, the article utilizes the differences in the two models as a foundation for its contentions regarding the potential reasons for these distinctions and their cultural significance. This article forms part of the Special Issue ‘On the Move’, which marks the twentieth anniversary of European Journal of Cultural Studies.
Data-driven reporting: An on-going (r)evolution? An analysis of projects nominated for the Data Journalism Awards 2013–2016
Authors: Loosen Wiebke , Reimer Julius , De Silva-Schmidt Fenja
Published: October 2017

Data-driven journalism can be considered as journalism’s response to the datafication of society. To better understand the key components and development of this still young and fast evolving genre, we investigate what the field itself defines as its ‘gold-standard’: projects that were nominated for the Data Journalism Awards from 2013 to 2016 (n = 225). Using a content analysis, we examine, among other aspects, the data sources and types, visualisations, interactive features, topics and producers. Our results demonstrate, for instance, only a few consistent developments over the years and a predominance of political pieces, of projects by newspapers and by investigative journalism organisations, of public data from official institutions as well as a glut of simple visualisations, which in sum echoes a range of general tendencies in data journalism. On the basis of our findings, we evaluate data-driven journalism’s potential for improvement with regard to journalism’s societal functions.
Dosimetric Analysis of Microscopic Disease in SBRT for Lung Cancers
Authors: Mao Ronghu , Tian Lingling , Zhang You , Ren Lei , Gao Renqi , Yin Fang-Fang , Ge Hong
Published: October 2017

Objective:

The objective of this study is to theoretically and experimentally evaluate the dosimetry in the microscopic disease regions surrounding the tumor under stereotactic body radiation therapy of lung cancer.

Methods:

For simplicity, the tumor was considered moving along 1 dimension with a periodic function. The probability distribution function of the tumor position was generated according to the motion pattern and was used to estimate the delivered dose in the microscopic disease region. An experimental measurement was conducted to validate both the estimated dose with a probability function and the calculated dose from 4-dimensional computed tomography data using a dynamic thorax phantom. Four tumor motion patterns were simulated with cos4(x) and sin(x), each with 2 different amplitudes: 10 mm and 5 mm. A 7-field conformal plan was created for treatment delivery. Both films (EBT2) and optically stimulated luminescence detectors were inserted in and around the target of the phantom to measure the delivered doses. Dose differences were evaluated using gamma analysis with 3%/3 mm.

Results:

The average gamma index between measured doses using film and calculated doses using average intensity projection simulation computed tomography was 80.8% ± 0.9%. In contrast, between measured doses using film and calculated doses accumulated from 10 sets of 4-dimensional computed tomography data, it was 98.7% ± 0.6%. The measured doses using optically stimulated luminescence detectors matched very well (within 5% of the measurement uncertainty) with the theoretically calculated doses using probability distribution function at the corresponding position. Respiratory movement caused inadvertent irradiation exposure, with 70% to 80% of the dose line wrapped around the 10 mm region outside the target.

Conclusion:

The use of static dose calculation in the treatment planning system could substantially underestimate the actual delivered dose in the microscopic disease region for a moving target. The margin for microscopic disease may be substantially reduced or even eliminated for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy.