bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Consequences of Legitimacy Crises in Global Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart
Published: August 2022

This chapter deepens the quantitative analysis of the previous chapter and completes the qualitative analysis from Chapter 4. It shows that, in the case of the WTO, the legitimacy crises concerned the organizational rules. This included enhancing collaboration with nonstate actors and gearing up statistical capacities and media outreach. For the UNFCCC, by contrast, legitimacy crises had a crucial impact on essential milestones of the organization’s decision-making, e.g., with the de facto failure of the 2009 summit in Copenhagen, and with essential power shifts towards member states that paved the way for the 2015 Paris Agreement. The chapter also shows that the WTO and the UNFCCC witnessed a proliferation of a multitude of new plurilateral initiatives in their respective fields. For the UNFCCC, this change can partly be attributed to the legitimacy crises. Hence, the effects of legitimacy crises are sometimes visible only beyond the organizational borders. With this wider perspective, the chapter broadly confirms the results of the quantitative analysis, that legitimacy crises do not automatically entail disadvantages for the IO in question.
Kalecki and the Problem of International Money
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: August 2022

This chapter presents in broad outline the elements of the ‘Oxford critique’ of the Bretton Woods proposals of Keynes and White, and Kalecki’s proposals for overcoming what he regarded as the limitations of the two. Kalecki collaborated in this with Ernst (‘Fritz’) Schumacher and with Thomas Balogh. They were concerned mainly with the foreign exchange constraint on full employment that would have arisen if governments resorted to deflationary measures, to build up foreign exchange reserves, taking them out of international circulation. But they were also concerned with the central concept in the Keynes and White Plans which did not allow for the foreign trade imbalances required to industrialise the developing countries.
Do We Need a New Bretton Woods to Tackle the Crisis of Modern Capitalism?
Authors: Gallardo Julio Lόpez , Szymborska Hanna
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores whether ideas for a new international economic system put forward in the 1930s and the 1940s by John Maynard Keynes and Michał Kalecki could be applied to tackle the ongoing crisis of modern capitalism. Following the review of Keynes’s and Kalecki’s original proposals for global economic cooperation after the Second World War, the merits of these proposals under the conditions of contemporary capitalism are examined. The chapter goes on to argue that the Bretton Woods solutions cannot be easily transplanted to the situation in the twenty-first century where private capital markets dominate over official and multilateral interventions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what kind of international cooperation is needed to stimulate the global economy and reduce inequality in the future.
International Debt and the Problem of Equilibrium
Authors: Toporowski Jan
Published: August 2022

We cannot therefore transfer wholesale to our present time the policies discussed at the time of Bretton Woods. But we can use the insights that emerged 75 years ago to understand better our present situation and the policies that may alleviate the economic problems This chapter presents a framework of macroeconomic policies derived from the ideas of Kalecki as a means of securing international payments. He recognised international debt as the weak link in the international monetary system. This requires an effective system of fiscal stabilization in developing countries based on avoiding deflation, and debt management secured on domestic financial resources.
Universal History
Authors: Heilbron J.L.
Published: August 2022

To prepare himself for a high post in the world of scholarship, Bianchini worked up universal history and chronology from the records of all nations and reduced them to a single volume and two decks of playing cards. The single volume covers the first 32 centuries of human history and the cards offer mnemonic illustrations, drawn by Bianchini, of developments from Creation to the year 1600 AD. The chapter also discusses Innocent XI’s wars against the Ottoman Empire, which set a major theme in the politics of the Ottoboni faction, and the early career of one of its members, Bianchini’s friend Giovanni Francesco Albani, who became Pope Clement XI. The main subject of the chapter, however, is Bianchini’s tour de force in writing his universal history with little explicit reliance on Scripture.
Jubilee Line
Authors: Heilbron J.L.
Published: August 2022

“Jubilee Line” brings together Bianchini’s expertise in astronomy and history at the solar observatory Clement XI commissioned at Santa Maria degli Angeli, still one of the best sights in the Eternal City. Observations at this unusual installation resulted in strong indications in favor of the Copernican system then opposed by the Roman Catholic Church. Bianchini inscribed his historical interests on the floor of the basilica by placing medallions there to record significant events; each medallion being located where the sun’s image falls at noon on the days commemorated. One such was the day of the defeat of the Turks at Vienna by Jan Sobieski, whose wife and granddaughter play major parts in Bianchini’s story. The Monsignor, who attained that rank in 1701, directed his interests in history and astronomy into calendrics and chronology, and thence into early church history and archeology. Clement rewarded and burdened him with the charge of superintendent of all ancient Latin inscriptions found in Rome and, not overlooking Bianchini’s technical expertise, overseer of two of the three main aqueducts in Rome’s water supply.
Republican of Letters
Authors: Heilbron J.L.
Published: August 2022

“Republican of Letters” elevates Bianchini to chief intellectual of Rome and the main instrument of Clement XI’s use of monuments, art, science, and erudition to offset the loss of pontifical military power. Because of his increasing domestic importance and closeness to Clement, Bianchini was considered the natural leader of an academy promoted by the historian Ludovico Antonio Muratori that aimed to improve and defend Italian scholarship. The aim conflicted with Bianchjini’s cosmopolitan values, which were confirmed by his election to one of the most prestigious places in the Republic of Letters -- foreign associate of the Paris Academy of Sciences. The chapter analyzes Bianchini’s even-handed internationalism, which aligned with papal policy during the Spanish war, and his usually evenhanded criticism, which he exercised for the benefit of scholars and believers by reviewing books for the censorship.
Exeunt
Authors: Heilbron J.L.
Published: August 2022

This chapter disposes of the actors and describes several monuments to them that still reward inspection. Consideration of these monuments, which include part of the Vatican museums, makes a fitting conclusion to the book, for, as Bianchini rightly insisted, historians ought not to omit the proofs and delights afforded by depiction of artifacts illustrative of the times they write about. The monuments described include tombs of Maria Clementina, Queen Christina, and Pope Alexander VIII in St Peters and testimonials to Bianchini in Rome and Verona. Among other actors exiting the scene, Wogan remained the most colorful; his later military adventures in Spanish service earned him the governorship of Don Quixote’s province of La Mancha and his literary productions attracted the attention and admiration of Jonathan Swift.
The Pluralization of Law and Literature
Authors: Olson Greta
Published: August 2022

Chapter I presents the diversification of Law and Literature and makes an argument for understanding “Literature” in an expanded sense. Law and Literature has grown into a number of “Law and X” fields, such as Law and the Visual, Law and the Humanities, Law and Human Rights, Law and Culture, and Law and Narrative. The chapter warns against facile assumptions about what narrative is, and that Law and Literature work needs to take narratological distinctions and categories into account, and differentiate between structures based on varying types of law in discrete legal systems. The Chapter Introduces theories of fictionality to describe the conjoined narrativity and metaphoricity of law, as well as theories of legal subjectivity, based in Rudolf von Jhering’s account of passionate feelings for law (Rechtsgefühle) and Eugen Ehrlich’s description of “living law.” The chapter offers a model for understanding how legal identities are experienced affectively.
Why Should We Care about the Future of Law and Literature?
Authors: Olson Greta
Published: August 2022

Chapter V begins with a discussion of the pertinence of the anti-immigration, ethnonationalist texts previously analyzed in the book. Instances of popular legality, these texts counter a still pertinent tendency in Law and Literature scholarship, which is to treat all aesthetic works as Good and Moral antidotes to inhumane and immoral law. These texts point to the agonistic cultural politics of the present, and to why an expanded version of Law and Literature needs to address the affects behind them. The chapter stresses the necessity of incorporating new models of analysis into Law and Literature and of enunciating the interdisciplinary project’s central methods in expanded narrative analysis, media studies, and cultural-legal narratologies. Law and Literature offers keys for understanding how legal identities are constructed, for analyzing how legal texts are formally constructed, and for comprehending how cultural-legal issues are mediated using affective means.
Sandpile Models
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

In this chapter we discuss deterministic and stochastic sandpile models. The relative simplicity of sandpile models has stimulated a series of theoretical approaches and we review here the most successful ones. As in standard critical phenomena the simplest qualitative approach is provided by mean-field theory. A particularly instructive analogy in this respect is provided by branching processes that can be seen as a general mean-field description of avalanche propagation. In the context of sandpile models, branching processes can also be used to describe the role of boundary dissipation on self-organization. While mean-field theory is general but approximate, some properties of sandpile models can be obtained exactly thanks to the Abelian properties of some sandpile models. Finally, we discuss field theory approach to sandpile models and the relation with absorbing state phase transitions.
Vortices in superconductors
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

The transport properties of vortices in type II superconductors represent a challenging theoretical problem in condensed matter. As first noted by De Gennes forty years ago, the penetration of vortices in the superconductor when the magnetic field is ramped up resembles the formation of a granular pile. Due to the interplay between vortex repulsion and pinning, the magnetic flux forms a steady profile, known as the Bean state. Experiments have shown that the analogy with SOC sandpile models is even stronger since magnetic flux enters in avalanches in the material. In several cases, these avalanches are power law distributed and this phenomenon can be accounted by models resembling the SOC sandpile. In this chapter, we first discuss briefy the basic properties of type II superconductors, from the microscopic interactions between individual vortices to the phenomenological macroscopic behavior of flux profiles. Next, we provide an account of the main experimental observations of vortexavalanches. The efforts made in the past to understand the observed avalanchesfrom the motion of individual vortices is summarized and we finally discuss the path from microscopic to macroscopic models.
Avalanches in Biological Systems
Authors: Zapperi Stefano
Published: August 2022

In the present book, we have discussed several examples of avalanche phenomena and crackling noise derived from the physics of materials. Similar phenomena, however, are observed also in living systems. We provide here a few representative examples to illustrate this point. In particular, we consider the burst dynamics of punctuated evolution, the abrupt phenotype transformations controlled by gene regulatory networks in the cell, and the intermittent motion of collective cell migration. This list of examples is far from being exhaustive but provides an idea of the relevance of avalanche phenomena for biological systems.
The Church and the Multistate System
Authors: Møller Jørgen , Doucette Jonathan Stavnskær
Published: August 2022

This chapter shifts attention to the multistate system. It argues that the European multistate system was set in train when the fusion of lay and religious authority came to an end in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The chapter first shows how around ad 1000 everything favoured the opposite: hegemony or empire. The chapter next shows that this changed due to the conflict of church and state in general and the Catholic Church’s persistent interest in avoiding that one secular polity outmatched the others in particular. This is most spectacularly illustrated by how the late medieval papacy denounced the old notion, going back to Rome but revived by the popes and the Carolingians in the ninth century, that other lay rulers were subordinated to the Western (German) Emperor. In the place of this venerable idea, churchmen formulated and spread the exact opposite doctrine: that ‘the king is emperor within his own realm’ (Rex in regno suo imperator). Beginning with Gregory VII, they also provided support to new states arising on the periphery of the Latin West to balance the older states closer—and more threatening––to Papal Rome. This is where we find the origins of the modern notion of the equality of states in international relations. The chapter ends by tracing these developments up until the Reformation.
Spenser’s Rosalind
Authors: Hecht Paul J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how Spenser’s first work was gripped by intertwined aesthetic and sexual anxieties, and that, far from displaying confident mastery, it displays technical shortcomings and ongoing difficulties among English poets trying to match the achievements of their Roman exemplars. Specifically, it examines the relationship between Spenser’s book and Virgil’s pastoral poems, and the technical demands of stanza form and sound management in alliteration. The chapter argues that Rosalind’s scathing view of Spenser’s poetry takes its place among several radically experimental and arguably feminist rethinkings of aesthetic and sexual value. The most prominent of these is the figure of Diggon, a shepherd effeminized to the point of gender ambiguity, and whose plight as an economic migrant is linked to racialized abjection. The chapter then places these analyses in the context of Spenser’s later return to pastoral in Colin Clout’s Come Home Againe and book 6 of The Faerie Queene.
Conclusion
Authors: Hecht Paul J.
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the place of Rosalind on the path to greater freedom and possibility for actual women, focusing on the poetry of Mary Wroth, and the stage and screen careers of Dora Jordan and Katharine Hepburn. The focus with Wroth is on furious responses to her poetry, and ways in which the style she forged have things in common with the critical dynamics explored around Rosalind. The discussion of Dora Jordan analyzes a musical entertainment called The Romp, that demonstrates a particular aspect of Rosalind’s inclination toward tyranny and violence. And the chapter ends with a discussion of Katharine Hepburn’s performance in an early film called Morning Glory, based on a play by Zoë Akins, in which Rosalind emerges as a vehicle of theatrical and cinematic power.
The World Bank as an Organization
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

This chapter shares the book’s research questions, analytical framework, variables, and its methodological approach. The book’s understanding of international organization studies is explored before pivoting into an explanation of why and how the discipline of public administration may assist mid-range theory development. The placement of this public administration literature against its intellectual history and more recent international public administration and transnational administration scholarship showcases the disciplinary opportunity. The book’s use of stakeholder theory and a bureaucratic politics approach as its analytical framework is defended before sharing the methods which guided analysis of 32 years of PSM/PSG sector policy changes. The last section of this chapter defends its analytical model versus alternative theories and approaches not used in this book.
Minimize the State, Free the Market (January 1980 to October 1989)
Authors: Moloney Kim
Published: August 2022

At first glance, one-third of this chapter appears to merely restate a frequently retold “origins” story of structural adjustment and privatization emphases at the 1980s Bank. But by engaging in a sector-specific analysis, other crucial stories are also told. Each overlooked story shape this sector’s emerge and highlight the value of this book’s analytical approach in reconsidering “origin” stories. Each sector-specific intellectual debate during this period would shape the Bank’s PSM agenda in the decades to come. This includes a late 1970s and early 1980s debate on whether the Bank’s mission was poverty-first or growth-first, an infrequently discussed 1983 World Development Report and the intellectual battles which framed its publication, a two-year debate over the Indonesia Report (1985) and its institutional development focus, and instability between the US and the World Bank. This chapter illustrates how bureaucratic politics and stakeholder influence alters which debates are heard, where disagreement intensity varies, and which sector policy changes arise. During this decade, key sector-specific policy change actors included the US, UK, the G7, and to some extent, the IMF too. This decade would be the only one in which external actors dominated this sector’s policy shifts.
Introduction: Preventing Trade, Investment, Energy, and Climate Conflicts through Rule of Law?
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

This Introduction summarizes the content and conclusions of the following chapters on the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development; the regulatory failures of the United Nations (UN) and World Trade Organization (WTO) systems to protect the seventeen agreed sustainable development objectives effectively for the benefit of all citizens and their human rights; and the disintegration of the world trading system caused by the mercantilist power politics of the US Trump administration, by China’s authoritarian state capitalism, geopolitical rivalries, and trade wars. The ordo-liberal economic constitutionalism and multilevel governance of public goods in Europe have responded more effectively to market failures, governance failures, and related constitutional failures. Chapters 6–9 offer detailed case studies of how the WTO dispute settlement jurisprudence, investment law, and adjudication, constitutional, human rights, and environmental litigation have contributed to protecting transnational rule of law and other Sustainable Development Goals. Europe’s economic constitutionalism is rejected by Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism and by China’s authoritarian state capitalism; as also many third-world economies and regional economic orders (like the China-led Belt and Road networks) reveal increasing heterogeneity, the US-led neo-liberal world order risks disintegrating. UN and WTO law and democratic alliances must promote private–public network governance and civil society participation in order to stabilize and depoliticize multilevel governance of global public goods.
Governance Failures: UN Law and WTO Law Fail to Protect Sustainable Development
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 2 explains why the post-1945 human rights revolution and international economic law revolution have failed to prevent the trade wars and geopolitical rivalries described in Chapter 3. The member-driven governance dominating United Nations (UN)/World Trade Organization (WTO) legal practices does not—and cannot—effectively protect human rights, rule of law, and global public goods (PGs) (like public health, climate change mitigation, and sustainable development) as long as power politics is not more effectively constrained; just as authoritarian power politics (e.g. in the UN Security Council) prevents effective protection of human rights through UN law, so do regulatory capture of economic regulation (e.g. in the United States and Bretton Woods institutions) and authoritarian blockage of WTO consensus decisions prevent limitation of market failures, governance failures, and constitutional failures in multilevel economic regulation. The neo-liberal Washington consensus is increasingly challenged by the more cosmopolitan Geneva consensus and ordo-liberal Brussels consensus. The totalitarian Beijing consensus imposed by China’s communist party monopoly entails systemic geopolitical rivalries that challenge the post-1945, US-led, UN and Bretton Woods systems. The citizen-oriented UN Sustainable Development Agenda reflects the ordo-liberal Geneva consensus and requires collective actions by democratic alliances aimed at civilizing and ‘constitutionalizing’ UN and WTO power politics by stronger protection of human and constitutional rights of citizens.
Constitutional Economics for Multilevel Economic Regulation
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 4 explains why constitutional and institutional economics and public choice theory can assist in narrowing the value conflicts between US neo-liberalism, China’s constitutionally unrestrained state capitalism, and Europe’s ordo-liberal constitutionalism. Transforming the world for realizing sustainable development requires multilevel regulation of market failures (e.g. by competition, environmental, and social law and institutions), governance failures (e.g. by individual rights and judicial remedies), and constitutional failures (e.g. by common market law, democratic constitutionalism protecting human and constitutional rights). Interpreting the World Trade Organization (WTO) sustainable development objectives in conformity with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals may offer more coherent benchmarks for evaluating economic and environmental measures (like carbon taxes, carbon border adjustments, green subsidies, regulatory restrictions of greenhouse gas emissions) than neo-liberal conceptions of Kaldor–Hicks efficiencies. Globalization and its transformation of national into transnational public goods require extending constitutional and institutional economics to multilevel governance in order to enhance the wealth of nations, not only through cooperation and division of labour among private economic actors but also among law-makers, governments, and courts beyond national frontiers.
Protecting Rule of Law and Human Rights in the World Trading System
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 6 illustrates how the World Trade Organization (WTO) jurisprudence has, for twenty-five years (1995–2020), promoted the rule of law consistent with constitutional principles (e.g. of proportionality balancing) of judicial administration of justice. It discusses legitimacy problems of WTO adjudication resulting from the limited jurisdiction of WTO dispute settlement bodies. Notwithstanding the rare invocation of human rights and the reticent use of systemic treaty interpretation methods by WTO governments, WTO jurisprudence protected human rights values. Even if WTO complainants, defendants, and WTO dispute settlement bodies avoided references to human rights, there is no empirical evidence that the more than 500 GATT/WTO panel, appellate, and arbitration findings violated human rights. Many GATT/WTO dispute settlement findings balanced private and public interests, for instance by systemic interpretation of WTO rules consistent with multilateral treaties like the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The increasing recourse to unilateral invocations of national security and public morals for justifying politically motivated trade sanctions was successfully contained by WTO panel reports limiting the allegedly self-judging nature of such invocations of WTO exceptions by insistence on good faith interpretation and respect for the necessity, proportionality, and other rule-of-law principles in WTO law and general international law. Democratic constitutionalism and related theories of justice explain why power-oriented pursuit of the sustainable development goals—including a rules-based, mutually beneficial multilateral trading system, and transnational rule of law—require multilevel constitutional restraints such as those underlying the WTO dispute settlement system.
Judicial Overreach? Constitutional Justice Requires Multilevel Judicial Comity
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich
Published: August 2022

Chapter 8 explains why—as the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Climate Agreement do not include provisions for third-party adjudication—it is important to provide for multilevel judicial remedies protecting transnational rule of law. Localizing the legal and judicial remedies for decentralized enforcement of the sustainable development goals requires reducing the disconnect between UN/World Trade Organization (WTO) law, multilevel governance, domestic citizens, and civil society institutions (including business and trade unions) and promoting mutual coherence of national and international trade, investment, and environmental law remedies. This chapter discusses the increasing governmental claims of judicial overreach in multilevel investment adjudication, the recent initiatives for WTO appellate arbitration, and judicial overreach in European climate and economic adjudication. It clarifies the constitutional principles (e.g. of proportionality balancing, subsidiarity, judicial deference towards margins of interpretation in domestic jurisdictions with more expertise and more democratic support and accountability) that should govern judicial comity in the administration of justice and multilevel protection of the rule of law in national and international jurisdictions. The recent jurisprudence by national constitutional courts reviewing national climate legislation and insufficient greenhouse gas reductions confirms the importance of constitutional and judicial restraints on legislative discretion and administration of climate mitigation measures.
Meet the Family
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

This chapter sets the scene by introducing the fundamental properties of superconductors, the vast range of materials that superconduct, the different forms that they come in and why superconductors are useful in real applications. It also outlines the discovery of the phenomenon of superconductivity and the key historical developments.
Battles with Brittleness
Authors: Speller Susannah
Published: August 2022

For some applications, we need to use a superconductor that either works at higher temperature or can withstand higher magnetic fields than the workhorse niobium-titanium alloy. The problem with all of the other materials are that they are brittle. This means that it is much more difficult to make them into long lengths of wire. This chapter explores how we go about doing this in practice for two of the technological materials, niobium-tin and magnesium diboride, which belong to a class of materials called intermetallics. As we go along, powder processing of objects by pressing and sintering is introduced. “Under the Lens” sections estimate the volume fraction of porosity and explore the mechanism for solid state diffusion. The Arrhenius equation that crops up in diffusion is one of the most important in materials science which are touched upon in a “Wider View” section.
Universals (I)
Authors: Ott Walter
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the dominant version of the top-down picture: the universals theory, forged by D. M. Armstrong, Fred Dretske, and Michael Tooley. On this view, a law of nature states a necessitation or ‘N’ relation among universals. Like primitivism, it claims that laws govern events; but unlike that view, it provides a metaphysical analysis of laws. This chapter looks at the motivations for the view and deals with some of the chief objections to it. On the universals view, properties themselves are causally inert, except insofar as they stand in the N-relation. The chapter argues that there is nothing objectionable about such ‘quiddities.’ It divides the objections to non-dispositional properties into epistemic and metaphysical, and deals with each in turn. The more serious objection to the universals view stems from its making the laws of nature contingent. I argue that it then has no principled reason to deny that laws can vary within a given world.
Introduction
Authors: Agri Dalida
Published: August 2022

The Introduction outlines the purpose, approach, structure, and arguments of the book. The chapter also provides a helpful roadmap for the journey ahead. It offers a substantial discussion that presents the reader with a nexus of major ideas, carefully laid out to ensure that the readings, which focus on Flavian epic, are grounded in a clear, shared understanding of the larger context. This chapter includes a detailed section that takes stock of the existing scholarship on emotion and Stoicism in Flavian epic before delving into key issues surrounding Stoic ethics in Rome, Stoic political thought, and the figure of the tyrant in the poetic tradition from Homer all the way to the Flavians.
Reading Fear in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica
Authors: Agri Dalida
Published: August 2022

The next three chapters offer an overview of fear and cognate emotions in all three Flavian epic, and the influence of Stoic thought in the poetic treatment of these emotions. Each chapter is dedicated to a particular epic. Chapter 2 examines the use of fear and hope in depictions of power and leadership in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica. It also prompts wider, important considerations on the role of prophecy, and the relation between divine will and human agency. This chapter further explores fear in the case of Medea and the mapping of vulnerability to emotion onto gender instability through the use of reverse sex similes, in particular.
Reading Fear in Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Agri Dalida
Published: August 2022

Chapter 3 explores how fear and related emotions such as envy, anger, and hatred contribute to and shape the overall narrative in Statius’ Thebaid. It looks at how fear plays a pervasive role in the human and divine power struggles that dominate the epic by drawing attention to the significance of (false) belief in the formation of the passions, which, in turn, dictate actions and behaviour. This chapter draws attention to Tisiphone as a key figure in Statius’ poetic engagement with Stoic ethics, the deployment of fear as a political idea, and the pertinence of the Stoic concept of sumpatheia to the sustainability of evil in the Thebaid. Widening up the scope of Stoic thought in Statius’ epic, the discussion provides new readings to reconcile seemingly irreconcilable notions such as fate, free will, and the existence of evil in a world designed to produce good.
Epilogue
Authors: Agri Dalida
Published: August 2022

The Epilogue brings the study to a close by summarizing the key arguments of each chapter in this book. It offers the author’s views on the nature and scope of the intertextual relationship between the three major Flavian epics (Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, Staitus’ Thebaid, and Silius Italicus’ Punica) and identifies further links and contrasts between the Flavian epicists in their poetic treatment of fear, tyranny, and the passions. The Epilogue also provides a quick comparative overview of the poets’ scale of engagement with Stoic thought, ponders the multifaceted influence of Seneca, and finally opens up the discussion to suggest further lines of enquiry.
The Well-Ordered Republic
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

Classical republicans from Machiavelli to Madison and contemporary republicans such as Philip Pettit and Quentin Skinner together form a coherent political tradition centered on three main principles: the non-domination principle, the empire of law principle, and the popular control principle. Republicans argue that people are not free when their choices are dominated by others, even when those others are benevolent, and even when that domination was consented to. Because domination presents an obstacle to human flourishing, public laws, policies, and institutions should be designed to reduce the extent to which people experience it. To this end, republicans advocate the rule of law, the public provision of an unconditional basic income, and popular control over public officials. Republican freedom is constituted as a public good by these laws, policies, and institutions, and because their health and maintenance depend on active citizen support, securing republican freedom is an ongoing collective project. To achieve stability, a well-ordered republic must enjoy robust civic engagement on the part of citizens, possibly secured in part through active civics education. Republicans should support cosmopolitan principles of global economic justice, the international rule of law, and cooperative multilateral security policies.
Popular Control
Authors: Lovett Frank
Published: August 2022

Republicans hold that top public officials at least must be subject to effective popular control, for otherwise they will dominate citizens. The republican argument for popular control does not depend on the assumption public officials cannot be trusted, but rather on the nature of domination—even benevolent public officials would dominate citizens if their powers were not suitably controlled. Most classical republicans were skeptical of democracy as an implementation of popular control, but contemporary republicans are firm democrats. Many classical republicans enthusiastically supported the separation of powers, but contemporary republicans are divided on its merits. While top public officials must be subject to popular control, it remains an open question how far popular control should extend, with some republicans arguing that it is better to de-politicize certain public offices. Discretionary authority is often problematic from a republican point of view, but need not in all cases constitute domination. Legislative authority presents special challenges for republicanism: while necessary in order to respond to emergent forms of domination, that authority may itself necessarily constitute a form of domination. Republicans are divided on the merits of judicial review. While hostile to prerogative powers, republicans have been willing to support properly-designed emergency powers.
Uneven Targeting of Cash Transfers
Authors: Ampratwum Edward
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the political dynamics underpinning implementation of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) programme, exploring the puzzle of why LEAP is implemented better in some districts than others. Drawing on four detailed case studies in the Upper West and Central regions, the chapter argues that both state infrastructural power and political competition shape implementation of the programme. However, in Ghana’s highly competitive political system, it is political competition that dominates, with political competition between and within parties tending to undermine the impartiality of targeting processes compared with districts in which one party is dominant. This politicization of distribution remains despite the centralization of targeting processes in recent reforms, with local political actors exploiting their connections to national politicians as a means of bypassing central controls.
The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Naomi
Published: August 2022

In 2016, Bangladesh’s Primary Education Stipend Project (PESP), a conditional cash transfer programme that had been assisting targeted poor children since the 1990s, was reformed to reach all children attending government schools. Since the reforms, the cash has been disbursed through mobile money technology. The chapter argues that the PESP reform was motivated by the Awami League’s growing dominance, and its need for popular legitimacy and channels through which to reach citizens. However, the research found no evidence that the growing dominance of the ruling party had strengthened its capacity to discipline its agents to enforce its policies. Instead, the government had responded to criticisms of the contention and alleged corruption in the programme by redesigning it to bypass local actors.
Chaucer and the Progress of Poetry
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the diverse and sometimes conflicting accounts of Chaucer that were inherited by eighteenth-century writers from their predecessors. The ‘Testimonies’ on Chaucer in Thomas Speght’s editions of 1598 and 1602 are compared and contrasted with those in John Urry’s edition of 1721. The chapter discusses the importance given to Chaucer in poems tracing the overall progress of English poetry by Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, George Daniel, Joseph Addison, Samuel Cobb, and Samuel Wesley. It also investigates the critical accounts of Chaucer by Thomas Rymer, Sir Thomas Pope Blount, and their relation to the same critics’ responses to the poetry of Spenser, and to more recent poetry by Edmund Waller and Sir John Denham. The chapter attempts to distinguish between those who regarded Chaucer as the ‘father’ of English poetry only in the sense of a distant forebear and those who saw him as an active progenitor of poetry in the immediate present. It questions the assumption that Chaucer’s standing was in continuous and universal decline, and explores the way in which Sir John Mennes, Charles Gildon, and Samuel Pepys were able to perceive the strength of Chaucer’s thought, despite the antiquity of his language.
Palamon and Arcite
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

Dryden’s critical remarks on Chaucer were felt to have been given crucial illustration and support in his reworkings of a number of Chaucerian poems. This chapter is devoted to Palamon and Arcite, Dryden’s translation of Chaucer’s The Knight’s Tale. It examines two remarkable critical claims: Dryden’s own assertion that The Knight’s Tale was a poem resembling, in kind and in quality, the Aeneid and the Iliad, and Thomas Warton’s belief that Chaucer’s poem had contributed to making Dryden’s version ‘the most animated and harmonious piece of versification in the English language’. Both these views met with both resistance and approval during the eighteenth century, but with the latter predominating. Thomas Gray considered that in Palamon and Arcite Dryden had forged, selected, or invented a poetic diction that was internally coherent and effectively free of the linguistic conventions of any time. Thomas Morell and others drew attention to the shared presence and treatment of the gods—and human responses to those gods—in Chaucer, Homer, and Dryden. Dryden, this chapter suggests, positively embraced the anachronisms in The Knight’s Tale to which Johnson was to object. His translation abounds in echoes of other writers whose sentiments were analogous to Chaucer’s or had been inspired by him. His overall endeavour was to bring the largest possible range of human and literary experience to his poem.
The Cock and the Fox
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter deals with The Cock and the Fox, Dryden’s version of Chaucer’s Nun’s Priest’s Tale. Taking its cue from John Miller’s commentary (1761), and Sir Walter Scott’s suggestion that Dryden’s embellishments to Chaucer’s poem represent those sparks ‘which genius strikes out when in collision with the work of a kindred spirit’, the chapter concentrates on the ways in which Dryden drew on solemn works (particularly Paradise Lost) and on political and theological controversies of his own day to reveal Chaucer’s tale as a poem which, as Scott put it, ‘in grave, ironical narrative, liveliness of illustration, and happiness of humorous description, yields to none that ever was written’. The Cock and the Fox, this chapter suggests, offers an exemplary model of the reading process, which inevitably involves readers’ experience of life and of other related reading, as well as their response to the work which is their immediate concern.
Chaucer’s Characters, Chaucer’s Character, and the Character of Chaucer’s Verse
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

After a brief general survey of the responses to Chaucer that followed after Dryden’s Fables, this chapter concentrates on three related topics: eighteenth-century accounts of Chaucer’s characterization in The Canterbury Tales; attempts to divine the character of Chaucer the Man from his Works; and different (and sometimes conflicting) understandings of the character and characteristics of Chaucer’s verse. It is argued that Chaucer’s characters were seen by commentators from Dryden to Blake both as vivid portrayals of his contemporaries and as exemplary illustrations of permanent features of human nature. Attempts to derive impressions of Chaucer the Man from the poet’s Work (and to interpret the Work in the light of the Life), it is shown, were often vitiated by the unreliability of the sources cited—many of them poems attributed to Chaucer but not actually by him. The short poem thought to have been written by Chaucer speaking in propria persona on his deathbed (and translated into modern English by Walter Harte and Christopher Smart), offered eighteenth-century readers an image of the poet as a man of philosophical wisdom and serenity. The debate on the merits and defects of Chaucer’s versification (and their significance for the evaluation of his work) continued through the editions of Urry, Morell, and Thomas Tyrwhitt. The issues raised in that debate are investigated by examining the treatment of similar portions of Chaucer’s texts by his various editors and commentators.
Some Eighteenth-Century Wives of Bath
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

Of all Chaucer’s personages, the Wife of Bath was the most celebrated in the eighteenth century. The words of her Prologue and Tale—or reports or imitations of her words—appear in a wide variety of forms: plays, translations, imitations, dictionaries, anthologies, poetic commonplace books, and in the footnotes to editions of Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and occasionally Horace and Juvenal. Presentations of the Wife vary from Blake’s monster to the figure who talks her way into heaven itself in the much-reprinted ballad The Wanton Wife of Bath. This chapter discusses the depictions of the Wife in John Gay’s The Wife of Bath (1713), in versions of the Wife of Bath’s Prologue, by Pope and by Andrew Jackson, and in retellings of The Wife of Bath’s Tale by Richard Brathwaite, Dryden, George Ellis, and Voltaire.
Samuel Johnson and Chaucer
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the presence of Chaucer in Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (1755, 2nd edn, 1773). There are considerable difficulties in reconciling remarks in Johnson’s Lives of the Poets, his plans for an edition of Chaucer, and his references to Chaucer in different parts of the Dictionary. Johnson presented Chaucer with difficulties of every kind, as a historian of the language, as a historian of the course of English poetry, and as a literary critic. His decision to confine his illustrative examples to works composed during and after the sixteenth century should have excluded Chaucer entirely. But Chaucer creeps in (often via Junius’s Etymologicon). Johnson cites lines that appear nowhere in Chaucer’s texts, and misquotes some that do. Some Chaucerian words and phrases (‘Mars armipotent’, ‘gladder’) are attributed to Dryden rather than to their source in Chaucer, and the reader of the Dictionary is offered a great many passages of Chaucer via Dryden. So frequent, indeed, is citation of Dryden’s Chaucerian versions, that some works (e.g. The Character of a Good Parson) appear piecemeal almost entire in the Dictionary.
Introduction: The origins of the regime
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

This chapter positions the emerging special regime around serious violations of human rights in the international legal order. Seldom has any attention been given in the literature so far to serious violations of human rights as a separate category of human rights violations that encapsulates some of the core community values. Serious violations of human rights arguably form part of the transformation of international law from a legal system primarily based upon bilateral legal relations among states to a system where respect for certain common fundamental values is brought to the forefront. The chapter offers a comparative analysis of serious violations of human rights with other closely related notions—namely, jus cogens norms, erga omnes obligations, and international crimes. It further provides an understanding of the ‘special regime’ for the purposes of this book, and hints at the slow, gradual, and often unintentional emergence of the special regime under consideration. Many of the processes and mechanisms found in the following chapters are the outcome of practical considerations and compromise.
The enforcement component
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the second operative component of the special regime around serious violations of human rights that encompasses enforcement measures surpassing bilateral inter-state relations. It specifically examines the UN Security Council measures, as well as third-party countermeasures, that seek to force perpetrators to cease the commission of serious violations of human rights. It reflects on the expansion of ‘threat to the peace’ (under the UN Charter) to include serious violations of human rights, thus justifying certain UN Security Council measures (sanctions, authorisation to use force, or peace operations) to be taken as a response to such violations. It argues that such measures are reserved only to serious violations of human rights, not to any human rights violation. Further, it follows the parallel developments outside the auspices of the UN, where international organisations and states other than those directly injured have also been taking enforcement measures on their own initiative as a response to situations of serious violations of human rights. It touches upon the debate around the responsibility to protect that is inevitably linked to these discussions.
The Maccabean Model
Authors: Gruen Erich S.
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 challenges the notion that the Maccabean ‘rebellion’ can serve as exemplary of subordinate peoples’ uprisings against imperial rule in antiquity. The struggles that prevailed in second-century bce Judea do not resolve themselves into a Jewish effort to throw off the yoke of Hellenistic monarchy, let alone the eradication of Hellenic influence. The chapter presents a more complex and shifting picture in which the Maccabees confronted local rivals within Judea and Palestine more generally and in which relations with the Seleucids fluctuated between hostilities and amicable negotiations that allowed for the continuance of Jewish authority within a larger Hellenic world. The celebrated persecutions under Antiochus IV proved to be exceptional and temporary and should not be allowed to define the era. Judah Maccabee and his successors benefitted as much from the favours of Seleucid princes and pretenders as from intermittent combats with them. An informal modus vivendi rather than unrelenting resistance characterized the relationship.