bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of the oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder close to a wall at moderate Keulegan–Carpenter and low Reynolds numbers
Authors: SCANDURA PIETRO , ARMENIO VINCENZO , FOTI ENRICO
Published: May 2009

The oscillatory flow around a circular cylinder close to a plane wall is investigated numerically, by direct numerical simulation of the Navier–Stokes equations. The main aim of the research is to gain insight into the effect of the wall on the vorticity dynamics and the forces induced by the flow over the cylinder. First, two-dimensional simulations are performed for nine values of the gap-to-diameter ratio e. Successively, three-dimensional simulations are carried out for selected cases to analyse the influence of the gap on the three-dimensional organization of the flow. An attempt to explain the pressure distribution around the cylinder in terms of vorticity time development is presented. Generally, the time development of the hydrodynamic forces is aperiodic (i.e. changes from cycle to cycle). In one case (Re = 200), when the distance of the cylinder from the wall is reduced, the behaviour of the flow changes from aperiodic to periodic. When the cylinder approaches the wall the drag coefficient of the in-line force increases in a qualitative agreement with the results reported in literature. The transverse force is not monotonic with the reduction of the gap: it first decreases down to a minimum, and then increases with a further reduction of the gap. For intermediate values of the gap the decrease of the transverse force is due to the reduction of the angle of ejection of the shedding vortices caused by the closeness of the wall; for small gaps the increase of the transverse force is due to the strong interaction between the vortex system ejected from the cylinder and the shear layer generated on the wall.

Three-dimensional simulations show that the flow is unstable with respect to spanwise perturbations which cause the development of three-dimensional vortices and the distortion of the two-dimensional ones generated by flow separation.

In all the analysed cases, the three-dimensional effects on the hydrodynamic forces are clearly attenuated when the cylinder is placed close to the wall.

The spanwise modulation of the vortex structures induces oscillations of the sectional forces along the axis of the cylinder which in general are larger for the transverse sectional force. In the high-Reynolds-number case (Re = 500), the reduction of the gap produces a large number of three-dimensional vortex structures developing over a wide range of spatial scales. This produces homogenization of the flow field along the spanwise direction and a consequent reduction of the amplitudes of oscillation of the sectional forces.
Statistical properties of mechanically generated surface gravity waves: a laboratory experiment in a three-dimensional wave basin
Authors: ONORATO M. , CAVALERI L. , FOUQUES S. , GRAMSTAD O. , JANSSEN P. A. E. M. , MONBALIU J. , OSBORNE A. R. , PAKOZDI C. , SERIO M. , STANSBERG C. T. , TOFFOLI A. , TRULSEN K.
Published: May 2009

A wave basin experiment has been performed in the MARINTEK laboratories, in one of the largest existing three-dimensional wave tanks in the world. The aim of the experiment is to investigate the effects of directional energy distribution on the statistical properties of surface gravity waves. Different degrees of directionality have been considered, starting from long-crested waves up to directional distributions with a spread of ±30° at the spectral peak. Particular attention is given to the tails of the distribution function of the surface elevation, wave heights and wave crests. Comparison with a simplified model based on second-order theory is reported. The results show that for long-crested, steep and narrow-banded waves, the second-order theory underestimates the probability of occurrence of large waves. As directional effects are included, the departure from second-order theory becomes less accentuated and the surface elevation is characterized by weak deviations from Gaussian statistics.
Remarkable returns: the influence of a labour-led socio-economic rights movement on legislative reasoning, process and action in Nigeria, 1999–2007
Authors: Okafor Obiora Chinedu
Published: May 2009

During 1999–2007, a labour-led but broad-based socio-economic rights movement, which focused on a pro-poor (and therefore highly popular) anti-fuel price hike message, persuaded and/or pressured Nigeria's federal legislature, the National Assembly, to: mediate between it and the Executive Branch of Government; take it seriously enough to lobby it repeatedly; re-orient its legislative processes; explicitly oppose virtually all of the Executive Branch's fuel price hikes; and reject key anti-labour provisions in a government bill. Yet the movement did not always succeed in its efforts to influence the National Assembly. This article maps, discusses, contextualises and analyses these generally remarkable developments. It also argues that while many factors combined to facilitate or militate against the movement's impact on legislative reasoning, process and action during the relevant period, this movement's ‘mass social movement’ character was the pivotal factor that afforded it the necessary leverage to exert considerable, if limited, influence on the National Assembly.
The story of a tragedy: how people in Haut-Katanga interpret the post-colonial history of Congo
Authors: Rubbers Benjamin
Published: May 2009

In order to give an account of the Congolese tragedy since independence, the inhabitants of Haut-Katanga often resort to four different narratives: the abandonment by Belgium; the biblical curse on Africans; the conspiracy of Western capitalism; or the alienation of life powers by Whites. Though these four stories offer different scenarios, they are all constructed with two types of actors – Whites and Congolese people. This article suggests that this racial/national frame finds its origins in colonial and national ideologies, which have left their mark on Haut-Katanga, and that it continues today to structure the narratives through which people remember their post-colonial history. Collective memory and racial/national identity are reciprocally constituted in these stories, but in different terms. They offer, accordingly, different ways of influencing the present.
The future of phonetics
Authors: Kohler Klaus J.
Published: May 2009

This paper sets out from a global definition of phonetics as ‘the study of the spoken medium of language’ in the broadest sense, whose goal is the description, modelling and explanation of speech communication in the languages of the world. Within this overall scientific frame, three general perspectives are distinguished — ‘speech signal analysis’, ‘historical linguistics and sound change’, ‘phonetics of the languages of the world’ — under which a wide array of specific questions, including applications, e.g. in language teaching, speech therapy and speech technology, may be subsumed. The three perspectives are outlined individually and in relation to each other, also with regard to their separate historical developments in the study of language and speech. The modem integration of the three perspectives into the unified paradigm of ‘phonetic or experimental phonology’ is then illustrated with reference to recent research at some leading phonetics labs around the world. From this examination of past history and present-day state-of-the-art of what is considered to be the core paradigm for phonetic study, conclusions are drawn for future research and teaching on the basis of this paradigm. In the shaping of phonetics as a scientific discipline, a strong plea is put forward for scientific, explanatory integration rather than modular, taxonomic diversification of the subject.
The Pelagic Young and Early Bottom Stages of Teleosteans
Authors: Clark Robert S.
Published: May 2009

The present report deals with the young fish which were collected in the neighbourhood of Plymouth during the summer and autumn of 1919, from the beginning of July to the end of September, by small meshed nets operated from the Association's steamer Oithona. It is a supplement to Dr. Allen's report on the “Post-larval Teleosteans collected near Plymouth during the Summer of 1914,” published in Vol. XI, No. 2 (May, 1917), of this Journal, and to the writer's “General Report on the Larval and Post-larval Teleosteans in Plymouth Waters” in Vol. X, No. 2 (June, 1914).

The total number of fish examined amounts to 16,400, which are referable to 24 families, 39 genera and 71 species. All the forms are stages in the life histories of fishes, which are well known as adults.

The pelagic young of the species of Gadus and Pleuronectes are poorly represented in the catches, but this is not surprising when one considers the lateness in the year when the hauls were made. Similarly the young of early spawners like the Herring are absent.

The pelagic young of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius) appear for the first time since investigations with small meshed nets have been undertaken in the Plymouth area, the only other records of their occurrence in the western area of the English Channel being those which were taken by the Danish research steamer Thor, vide Schmidt (1909).
Clavella iadda, N.Sp. A Parasitic Copepod of Gadus Morrhua. Including some further remarks upon C. sciatherica, with a detailed account of the renal excretory system.
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: May 2009

Together with the specimens of C. sciatherica, Leigh-Sharpe, presented to me by Michael G. L. Perkins, and taken by him from various Gadus morrhua at Lowestoft, in August, 1918 (vide Parasitology, XI, 118, and footnote), was another tube containing about a dozen further specimens taken by him at the same date, from the identical hosts. He first called my attention to the fact that we had two distinct species of Clavella from the same fish, and to him I am primarily indebted for most of the following observations. The claims of the other specimens to be considered as members of a distinct and new species are:—

(1) Body less globose, longer than wide.

(2) Ovisacs tapering.
On a Tornaria found in British Seas
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: May 2009

Before 1888 no specimen of Tornaria, the well-known pelagic larva of Balanoglossus, had been taken off the English Coast. But on August 9th of the past year Mr. Weldon, using the surface net near the Eddystone Lighthouse, took several young specimens of Tornaria, and subsequently the same gentleman, during a cruise of a week's duration towards the end of August, captured many larger and more mature specimens of the same larva. Other specimens were taken by us up to September 21st, and in the month of August, Mr. Rupert Vallentin found several specimens in the vicinity of Falmouth.

The specimens taken on these occasions form the subject of the present memoir, and their anatomy is detailed at some length, both because of the interest attached to a form bitherto unknown to England, and because it is in some respects of morphological importance.

The specimens taken by us came from the offing, and were not taken within four miles of theshore; Mr. Vallentin's Tornaria were found close to the shore at Falmouth. As he was able to bring his back alive and preserve them at leisure in his laboratory, they are better preserved than those taken by us, since we were obliged to preserve our catch in a somewhatrough manner out at sea. An examination of Mr. Vallentin's specimens leaves me no doubt that the larva is Tornaria Kröohnii, aspecies found in the Mediterranean. The different forms of Tornariahave not been with certainty referred to their adult forms, but T. Kröohnii must belong to one of the Mediterranean species of Balanoglossus, that is to say, to B. Kowalevsltii, B. minutus, or B. claviger, species which have not hitherto been recorded from the English Channel, unless we suppose that the larva of B. salmoneus v. sarniensis, which occurs in the Channel Islands andat Roscoff, is identical with Tornaria Kröohnii.
Blue-green algae of a developing salt marsh
Authors: Stewart W. D. P. , Pugh G. J. F.
Published: May 2009

In the past few years considerable attention has been paid to the distribution of the microflora of the salt marshes at Gibraltar Point, Lincolnshire (National Grid reference TF 555576). During these studies it was observed (Turner, personal communication) that blue-green algae (Myxophyceae) were of frequent occurrence in soil samples from the region, but no analyses of the algal flora were carried out. It is well established, however, that blue-green algae are generally present in salt marsh regions (Chapman, 1960 a). Previous studies on the blue-green algae of British salt marshes are few, although detailed investigations have been carried out at Canvey and Ynyslas (Carter, 1932, 1933 a, b) and Scolt Head Island (Chapman, 1939). Some difficulty is experienced, however, in attempting to correlate these results with present day studies, mainly because of the widespread colonization of salt marsh regions within recent years by Spartina townsendii H. & J. Groves, and by the fact that few quantitative data are available. It is hoped that the present communication which is concerned with the blue-green algal flora of the New Marsh at Gibraltar Point, a region dominated by Spartina townsendii, will allow an assessment to be made of the flora prevailing in a developing salt marsh under present-day conditions.
The effect of light on the growth of sporelings of the red algae Antithamnion plumula and Brongniartella byssoides
Authors: Boney A. D. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

It was recently suggested (Boney & Corner, i960,1962a) that, contrary to the theory of complementary chromatic adaptation, the accessory pigment phycoerythrin might not be involved in photosynthesis by sporelings of the intertidal red alga Plumaria elegans (Bonnem) Schm. but is used primarily as a means of protecting the plant from excess green light in the wave-band 500–540 mμ. This work, however, was done with one species only, and concerning the wider question of marine red algae in general, it seemed possible that the role of phycoerythrin might vary with ecological distribution. Thus, plants completely submerged and thereby excluded from most red light would use their accessory pigments for photosynthesis (energizing chlorophyll a indirectly); but plants adapted to long periods of normal daylight would be similar to Plumaria in relying to a much greater extent on chlorophyll a alone for photosynthesis, and use their accessory pigments as protection against inhibitory green light.
Studies on a Calanus Patch II. The estimation of algal productive rates
Authors: Cushing D. H.
Published: May 2009

Algal productive rates have rarely been estimated at sea, although many estimates have been made of primary productivity as g carbon/m2/day. A distinction may be drawn between productive rate and productivity, and it is in the use of the term ‘standing stock’. The latter is the quantity of living algal material per unit volume or beneath unit surface. The productive rate is the rate at which the standing stock reproduces itself; for a given species it is of course a division rate. It is expedient to use the term ‘division rate’ for a single species, but the term ‘productive rate’ may be used for the whole algal community. The productivity is the product of standing stock and productive rate and so contains in it the very great variations of standing stock that are the common experience of all planktologists.
Sea Water, The Natural Medium of Phytoplankton I. General Features
Authors: Johnston R.
Published: May 2009

Preliminary culture assays were made using marine algae to elucidate the ‘quality’ of sea waters from the North Sea and North Atlantic Ocean for phytoplankton growth. Assays with (a) bacteria-free Skeletonema costatum, (b) unialgal Skeletonema and Peridinium trochoideum and (c) mixed phytoplankton organisms indicated change of quality according to location, depth and season. Assay results correlated best with zooplankton indicator quality and to a lesser extent with phytoplankton abundance. Assay results were also compared with the distributions of temperature, salinity, oxygen, phosphate, U.V. fluorescence, phytoplankton dominants, zooplankton dominants and abundance. Assessment of sea-water quality was biased for the assay organism used. Factors which altered sea-water quality were added thiamine and B12 (40% improved), IAA (25% improved) and EDTA (almost invariable manyfold improvement). Destructive chemical treatments removed almost completely any good qualities for growth of Skeletonema but seldom for that of Peridinium.
On the anthomedusaeTiaranna rotundaandModeeria formosa
Authors: Edwards C.
Published: May 2009

The history of the medusaTiaranna rotunda(Quoy & Gaimard) is reviewed. Little has been published on its young stages and its hydroid is unknown.

Young specimens of the medusa, caught in the Firth of Clyde, are described and figured.

The speciesModeeria formosaForbes is discussed and is shown to have been described from a young specimen ofTiaranna rotunda. By priority the specific name becomesModeeria rotunda(Quoy & Gaimard), andModeeriaForbes becomes a senior synonym ofTiarannaHaeckel. The family name Tiarannidae is unchanged. The type-genus isModeeria, of which the typespecies isM. rotunda.

The seasonal occurrence of the medusa is discussed and evidence is adduced supporting the belief that the species is specialized for living in deeper water.
Amino acids and some other nitrogenous compounds inCalanus finmarchicus
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

Amino acids, both free and combined as protein, and some other nitrogenous constituents ofCalanus finmarchicushave been examined. Seventy-six per cent of the total nitrogen inC. finmarchicuswas present in protein amino acids, 14% in the free amino acid fraction, 6% in trimethylamine oxide, and 1·5% in betaine. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work on nitrogenous constituents ofCalanus.

The free amino acid fraction ofCalanusis compared with that of higher Crustacea and it is suggested that this fraction may be important in the adaptation of the animal to dilute sea water.

Amino acid nitrogen made up 40% of the total nitrogen of particulate material from Clyde sea water. This finding is compared with other recent analyses of the phytoplanktonic nitrogen and total particulate nitrogen of inshore waters.
The accumulation of137Cs by brackish water invertebrates and its relation to the regulation of potassium and sodium
Authors: Bryan G. W.
Published: May 2009

The relationship between the ability of brackish water invertebrates to regulate Na and K and the extent to which the radioactive fission product137Cs can be accumulated has been studied.

The brackish water isopodSphaeroma hookeriand the gastropodPotamopyrgus jenkinsihave been acclimatised to a wide range of sea-water dilutions. UnfedSphaeromacan survive in sea-water concentrations of 100–2·5%, whilePotamopyrguscan live fairly indefinitely in concentrations of 50–0·1%. Measurements of Na and K in the whole animals of both species and in the blood ofSphaeromahave been made. Salt movements are quite rapid and acclimatization to new media is achieved by both species in less than 10 h. Concentration factors for inactive K in particular increase to high values in the more dilute media.

Uptake of the isotopes42K and137Cs from solution has been examined in both species over a range of sea-water concentrations. All of the body K is exchangeable with 42K and in Sphaeroma exchange of42K between the blood and tissues is so rapid that the body surface appears to be the limiting factor in the uptake of the isotope. Both species exchange42K more rapidly in the higher concentrations of sea water and one reason for this may be the existence of an exchange diffusion component of exchange which increases as the salinity of the medium is raised. Indirect evidence suggests that the excretion of42K in urine is probably not an important factor in exchange.
Studies on the Nutrition of Marine Flatfish the Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Plaice and Sole
Authors: Cowey C. B. , Adron J. , Blair A.
Published: May 2009

Present knowledge of the nutritional requirements of fish is limited to certain species of salmon and trout (e.g. Halver, DeLong & Mertz, 1957; Shanks, Gahimer & Halver, 1962). In view of the current interest in the cultivation of marine flatfish (Shelbourne, 1964) information on their dietary needs is equally desirable. Experience with salmon (DeLong, Halver & Mertz, 1958) has indicated that protein is the largest and most expensive constituent of fish diets and studies on the nutritional value of different food proteins for fish are necessary if the fish are to be reared economically and successfully. A desirable prerequisite to such studies is a knowledge of those amino acids for which the fish has an absolute dietary requirement, i.e. which it cannot itself synthesize from other substances normally available. With most animals these requirements have been identified by growth trials using partially (or wholly) defined diets. The rearing of fish on defined diets is not easy and it seemed in the first instance that an indirect but valid approach might be utilized. If animals are given a radioactively labelled carbon source, such as uniformly labelled [U-14C]glucose a significant amount of the radioactive carbon will be incorporated only into those compounds which the animal can itself synthesize. By isolating the amino acids from the tissue proteins following such a dose the essential amino acids are identified as those which are not radioactive. The amino acids containing radioactivity correspond with the so-called non-essential amino acids.
Growth, Reproduction, Respiration and Carbon Utilization of the Sand-Dwelling Harpacticoid Copepod, Asellopsis Intermedia
Authors: Lasker Reuben , Wells J. B. J. , McIntyre A. D.
Published: May 2009

The copepod Asellopsis intermedia (T. Scott) is a conspicuous member of the meiobenthos in sand on a small exposed beach at Firemore, in Loch Ewe, Scotland, and is the only species of this genus so far recorded interridally from the area. Length of adults does not exceed 0.65 mm in females and 0.55 mm in males. Although it lives below the sand surface, it is not an interstitial form since it burrows by displacing the sand grains rather than by moving freely in the interstitial spaces.
The Status and Ecology of Rhabdopleura Compacta (Hemichordata) from Plymouth
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D.
Published: May 2009

The first specimens of Rhabdopleura to be found were dredged by G.O. Sars from a depth of 120 fm (220 m) at Skraaven (Fig. 1) in the Lofoten Islands during 1866. They were mentioned in a fauna list by M. Sars (1868) as Halilophus mirabilis, and fully described by G.O. Sars (1872, 1874) as Rhabdopleura mirabilis. By that date AUman (1869 a-c) had described Rhabdopleura normani. His specimens had been dredged from 90 fm (165 m) off the Shetland Islands in 1868 by A. M. Norman and J. G. Jeffreys. Burdon-Jones (1954) gives the locality more precisely as:lsquo;… a depth of 93 fm at a point in the outer Haaf, some 40 miles east of Whalsey Skerries’ (Fig. 1). In 1880 Hincks described a third species which he named R. compacta because of its distinctive habit of growth. The habitat and locality were somewhat inadequately given as: ‘On shells from deep water; Coast of Antrim’ (Fig. 1). Hincks makes acknowledgement to Hyndman for dredging these shells (Hincks, 1880). From 1857 to 1859 Hyndman was serving on the Belfast Dredging Committee and it is possible that the specimens of R. compacta, which Hincks had discovered in material sent to him by Hyndman many years previously, were among the polyzoan collections known to have been made off the coast of Antrim. Hyndman (1858) included a list of polyzoa identified by Hincks, from deep water near the Maidens' Rocks. The following year Hyndman (1859) included a further list of polyzoa identified by Hincks, for which specific localities are not given.
Experiments and Observations made at the Plymouth Laboratory
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

One of the objects of zoological study is to ascertain more completely and more accurately the peculiarities by which one kind of animal (species, variety, genus, &c.) is distinguished from another. The advance of our knowledge in this direction depends on the more minute examination and more accurate distinction of known forms, the examination of larger numbers of specimens from familiar localities, and the examination of specimens from localities previously unsearched. There is scarcely any family so thoroughly investigated that it does not yield new discoveries on a renewed examination of more abundant material. It is found possible to recognise finer distinctions, and so split up one species into several, or convert what was considered a species into a genus. New material—that is to say, examination of a large number of specimens— often shows, too, that distinct species are more or less connected by intermediate forms. But in all this work the part played by these minute peculiarities in the life of the animal usually receives little attention. It is not the object of systematic zoology to ascertain the uses of characters, or to explain their origin. These objects require different methods, and are usually pursued by different investigators. But among the various methods employed there is one which has seldom, if ever, been followed—that of surveying the various characters of different grades,—specific, generic, family, &c.—in order to find whether it is possible to trace a connection between them and the habits of the animals which exhibit them, and generally to consider how far the principles which have been suggested in explanation of the evolution of species are applicable to the diagnostic characters of a particular family.
Note on some Supposed Hybrids between the Turbot and the Brill
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L.
Published: May 2009

The specimens conform to a type which appears to be fairly well known to Grimsby fishermen, and fish merchants, and which is always regarded by them as the offspring of the parents mentioned in the title. The object of the present note is to discuss the probabilities of the correctness of this diagnosis as fully as the material allows. The form can hardly be said to be rare, since within two years I have secured three specimens, while I have heard of several others having been present in the market. In some old manuscript notes kindly lent me by my friend Mr. G. L. Alward I find descriptions which apply to two fish of the same type, while Dr. Günther tells me that he has received several from London fish merchants.
The Migration of the Anchovy
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

The facts gathered up to the present time with regard to the occurrence of anchovies in the English Channel are briefly as follows:

In November, 1889, large numbers of anchovies were reported to have been taken at Dover in the drift-nets used for sprat fishing. During the same month also numbers were taken by the sprat fishermen in Torbay, in seines.
Remarks on Trawling
Authors: M'Intosh
Published: May 2009

Fully ten years having elapsed since the Report on Trawling on the eastern shores was presented to the Trawling Commission (composed of the late Earl of Dalhousie, chairman; Right Hon. Edward Marjoribanks, M.P., now Lord Tweedmouth; Prof. Huxley; Mr. W. S. Caine, M.P.; and Mr., now Sir, T. F. Brady), it appears to be desirable to review the statements contained therein in the light of the information which the impetus given by the Commission has produced. Moreover this examination of results is all the more nececssary, since last year another important body—viz. the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Fisheries, presided over by Mr. Majoribanks, M.P.—issued a new blue-book containing the finding of the Committee, and a mass of evidence.
Effects of water of reduced salinity on the vertical migration of zooplankton
Authors: Lance Joan
Published: May 2009

Effects of water of reduced salinity on the vertical migration of the zooplankton of Southampton Water were investigated in the laboratory using the adults of six copepod species (Acartia tonsa, A. bifilosa, A. discaudata, A. clausi, Centropages hamatus, Temora longicornis) and the larvae of one decapod species (Porcellana longicornis). Additional observations were made on Centropages typicus adults taken off Plymouth.

Salinity discontinuity layers had a marked effect on the vertical migration of zooplankton. A single discontinuity layer formed by placing less dense diluted sea water over full strength sea water acted as a barrier to animals attempting to swim toward the surface of an experimental water column and no individuals were able to enter the zone of reduced salinity when an extreme dilution was used. Comparison of the behaviour of various species and of different sexes or developmental stages of a particular species suggests that vertical distribution was partly dependent on the salinity tolerances of individuals. Upward migration was also restricted by a vertical series of discontinuity layers.

The swimming activity of copepods was depressed in homogeneous water columns of reduced salinity. Activity depended both on the degree of dilution and on the period of immersion. There were indications that behaviour varied according to the salinity tolerances of the different species.
On the venom of the lesser weeverfish,Trachinus vipera
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

A method is described for obtaining the venom from the dorsal fin of the lesser weever without harming the fish. It is suggested that the amount of venom normally injected into the wound by the weever when it stings is O-5-O-2 mg dry weight of venom. Some 60% of the dry weight of the venom appears to consist of toxic muco-substances, which have a neurotoxic effect, but are without toxic effect on the blood. In extracts this fraction may be separated into two albumins and an amino polysaccharide, though in the native venom these are probably associated into a single complex mucosubstance. When injected subcutaneously this fraction of the venom produces no local pain. The venom also contains about 1-20 jug/mg (dry-weight basis) of 5-hydroxytryptamine which appears to be the origin of the pain of the sting, together with some undetermined histamine releaser (not an indole) of low molecular weight. It is suggested that the chief role of the 5-hydroxytryptamine in the venom is to produce pain around the area of the inflicted wound.
Potassium metabolism and the accumulation of137Caesium by decapod Crustacea
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Ward Eileen
Published: May 2009

The accumulation of137Cs from sea water has been examined in relation to potassium metabolism in the lobster Homarus vulgaris and in the prawn Palaemon serratus. In unfed animals137Cs is taken up and lost far more slowly than 42K. Although all the inactive K in the animals can be exchanged with 42K, higher whole-animal concentration factors are reached for137Cs (about eight for lobsters and twenty-five for prawns). This is because both species have higher plasma/medium ratios for137Cs than K at equilibrium despite the selective excretion of137Cs. Also, except for the hepatopancreas in lobsters and fed prawns, all soft tissues can probably attain higher tissue/plasma ratios for137Cs than inactive K.

Uptake of both isotopes has also been studied in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes. In crayfish in o-i % sea water 137Cs is not concentrated to the same extent as K by whole animals (50-200 for137Cs against about 4500 for K). Although the situation between plasma and tissues resembles that in the marine animals,137Cs cannot be accumulated in the plasma to the same degree as K. Crayfish selectively excrete 137Cs in the urine relative to K at a lower concentration than in the plasma.

In the accumulation of137Cs by all species, muscle is the principal limiting factor in uptake and loss, but with 42K the body surface becomes more limiting.

Experiments on the absorption of137Cs from food in prawns and freshwater crayfish have been carried out. In prawns in a constant environment, feeding is probably less important than uptake over the body surface while in crayfish feeding is probably much more important.
A predator-prey size relationship for Plaice larvae feeding on Oikopleura
Authors: Shelbourne J. E.
Published: May 2009

Pelagic plaice larvae in the southern North Sea normally feed exclusively on the appendicularian Oikopleura dioica, and the size of prey eaten can be estimated from the Oikopleura faecal pellets found in the larval gut

Predator-prey size measurements show that smaller plaice larvae are restricted to smaller prey, and that, as larval growth proceeds, so their feeding versatility increases, to include all sizes of Oikopleura at a late pelagic stage of development. Competition for food will therefore be keenest in the early larval stages, when prey-size restriction prevails. This accords with Hjort's hypothesis regarding brood strengths.

As growth proceeds, so plaice larvae begin to discriminate for prey size. At the close of the pelagic phase, the degree of size selection is roughly equal to that of a 6o-mesh to i in. plankton net.
Chemical changes in sea water Off Plymouth during 1960
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I.
Published: May 2009

The results of analysis of sea-water samples from the International Hydrographic Station Ei during i960 are given in graphical form and as integral mean values for the water column of 70 m. Winter maximum values for phosphate and silicate were found in January, and the spring decreases were 0-42 /xg atom P/l. and 2-23 /xg atom Si/1.
The distribution of some plankton animals in the English Channel and approaches: ii. Surveys with the Gulf iii high-speed sampler, 1958-60
Authors: Southward A. J.
Published: May 2009

Comparison of the recent surveys with investigations back to 1903 confirms earlier suggestions of a general tendency towards an increase in southern forms (including south-western species) and a decrease in northern forms (including north-western species) in the western English Channel, although there has been considerable fluctuation from time to time. These and other biological changes in the area during the past 58 years are believed to be largely a result of rising temperatures and a consequent general shifting of boundaries of distribution. There appears to be no real evidence that the changes in plankton distribution are due to a change in fertility in the water or of variation in strength of inflow of oceanic water. However, these aspects cannot be separated from the changes that have taken place in populations of fish, and will be discussed further in a later paper.
Studies on marine flagellates: VI. Chrysochromulina pringsheimii sp.nov
Authors: Parke Mary , Manton Irene
Published: May 2009

A new species of Chrysochromulina with an unusual type of cocoon-like scaly covering has been described with the light microscope. The morphology and arrangement of the scales has been elucidated with the electron microscope. Salient features are the presence of four different types of scale (large and small plates and large and small spines) in characteristic positions in or on the case, the small plates having the normal two layers characteristic of primitive scales in this group, the other three types being specialized modifications of this. Some developmental and evolutionary consequences of the morphological observations are discussed. A preliminary observation on the thickness of micro-fibrils composing the base-plates of spined scales is given.
On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton: I. Preliminary Observations on the Feeding of the Marine Copepod,Calanus Helgolandicus(Claus)
Authors: Corner E. D. S.
Published: May 2009

Measurements have been made of the quantity and type of food assimilated by adult femaleCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) during the summer months.

Animals kept in the dark at 10° C under a continuous flow of ‘outside’ Plymouth sea water (0·95–2·50 mg insoluble organic material/1.) removed 26·0–66·5 μg/day/Calanus, of which 74–91% was actually digested.

Volumes of sea water filtered daily varied between 10·0 and 36·0 ml./ animal, with an average of 21·5.

The animals preferentially selected a diet of high organic content from the particulate food available, digesting average daily quantities of 18·1 μg carbohydrate, 6·5 μg lipid and 2·7 μg protein.

The average amount of food digested daily accounted for 25·3% of the dry weight and was equivalent to an average respiration rate of 26·5 μl. O2/ animal/day, which adequately accounts for the highest values reported by others forC. finmarchicus(Gunnerus) kept under similar conditions of light and temperature.

These results, which provide direct evidence thatCalanusobtains the bulk of its food from particulate material present in the sea, have been discussed with especial reference to Pütter's hypothesis.
The Larval Stages ofBalanus Balanus(L.) Da Costa
Authors: Barnes H. , Costlow John D.
Published: May 2009

Six naupliar and a cyprid stage forB. balanusare described and diagrams given for the general outlines and individual appendages. Sizes and setation formulae are given.

The naupliar stages resemble both B. balanoides andB. crenatus; attention is drawn to some distinguishing features and a key for the separation of the species is provided.
Vitamin B12 and Marine Ecology: The Response of Monochrysis Lutheri
Authors: Droop M. R.
Published: May 2009

Yield of the supra-littoral chrysomonad Monochrysis lutheri varied directly as vitamin B12 concentration between the limits 0·1 and 100 μμg/ml., each μμg of vitamin supporting 0·55 × 106 cells. Between the same limits of concentration there was to be seen no significant deviation in initial rate of cell division from the mean value of 1·1 divisions per day (phototrophic growth: 2000 lux, 20° and 15° C), the conclusion being that limitation of the division rate does not occur before the concentration vitamin B12 has dropped below 0·1 μμg/ml.
The Generic Position of the Brachiopod Megerlia Echinata (Fischer & Oehlert)
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

The variation in convexity of the valves and the development of the pedicle opening in M. echinata is described in shells from a length of 1·2 mm to 13·5 mm and it is concluded that the differences in shell shape and form of the pedicle opening between M. truncata and echinata are of no more than specific value and that the latter species should be transferred from Pantellaria back to Megerlia.
The Growth Stages and Adult Structure of the Lophophore of the Brachiopods Megerlia Truncata (L.) and M. Echinata (Fischer & Oehlert)
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

Megerlia truncata and M. echinata dredged by R.V. ‘Sarsia’ have been examined living. The growth stages of the lophophore are described and figured, the series being fuller in M. echinata than in M. truncata. The adult lophophore of M. truncata has been sectioned and its structure described.

The ciliary feeding mechanism in Megerlia is similar to that already described by the author in brachiopods with plectolophous lophophores
Salinity Tolerance and Permeability to Water of the StarfishAsterias RubensL.
Authors: Binyon John
Published: May 2009

Evidence is presented to suggest that the salinity tolerance of the adult North SeaAsterias rubensis around 23‰, whereas that of the Baltic Sea animals is 8‰. This, together with other evidence outlined, is thought to be sufficient reason to justify the use of the term ‘physiological race’ where these two populations are concerned.

AdultA. rubensfrom the North Sea is incapable of any degree of weight regulation in diluted media within the ecological temperature range, size or state of the breeding cycle.

Similarly, it is incapable of any osmotic regulation and it is suggested that the two main coelomic cavities constitute an osmotic unity.
Perchlorate in Sea Water
Authors: Greenhalgh R. , Riley J. P.
Published: May 2009

The use of tetraphenylarsonium chloride for the detection and determination of perchlorate in sea water has been investigated. An aqueous solution of this reagent gives a visible precipitate of tetraphenylarsonium perchlorate with sea water containing 5 μg ClO4-/ml. within 10 min. For the quantitative determination of traces of perchlorate, potassium perrhenate is added to the water sample, and the tetraphenylarsonium perrhenate, which is precipitated by addition of the reagent, co-precipitates tetraphenylarsonium perchlorate. Perchlorate is determined in the mixed precipitate by infra-red absorption spectrophotometry. Using 100 ml. of sea water, a sensitivity of 0·03 μg ClO4-/ml. can be attained, with a coefficient of variation of ca. 10%. No interference is caused by the ions normally present in sea water.
Contributions to Marine Bionomics: The Habits and Respiratory Mechanism of Corystes cassivelaunus.
Authors: Garstang Walter
Published: May 2009

Corystes cassivelaunus is a crab of unusually narrow and elongated form, which has received the popular name of “masked crab” from the grotesque resemblance which its sculptured carapace bears to a human face. It is common round all the coasts of the British Isles, and, although normally an inhabitant of the deeper water, is occasionally found at home in sandy pools on the sea shore, and is frequently cast up in hundreds on sandy shores after heavy gales.
Physical and Biological Conditions in the North Sea
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: May 2009

IN my report, in the preceding number of this Journal, on my observations in the North Sea, I referred briefly to the problem of the relation between the physical and biological conditions. This problem will afford scope for investigation for some time to come, and the purpose of the present article is to discuss and compare some of the most recent additions to our knowledge of the matter. The paper by Mr. H. N. Dickson, to which I referred in my previous report, was published in the Geographical Journal last March, under the title of “The Movements of the Surface Waters of the North Sea,” and in the Scottish Geographical Journal, in 1894, was published a series of papers by Professor Pettersson on “Swedish Hydrographic Research in the Baltic and the North Seas.” Professor Heincke has discussed the fish fauna of Heligoland, its composition and sources, in an interesting paper in the series issued under the title of “Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen,” by the staff of the Biological Station at Heligoland, in association with the Commission for the Investigation of the German Seas, at Kiel. Professor Heincke's paper is contained in Bnd. I., Hft. 1 of this series (1894), and in the same volume are a number of papers dealing on similar lines with other divisions of the marine fauna of the Heligoland Bight.

It will be most convenient and logical to start the present discussion with a consideration of the results of Professor Pettersson's work. He found that the Skagerack and Cattegat were filled with layers of water distinguished from one another by differences of salinity, and that the lower layers entered the channel as under–currents, and could be recognised at the surface somewhere in the North Sea.
Supplement to Report on the Sponge Fishery of Florida and the Artificial Culture of Sponges.
Authors: Allen E. J.
Published: May 2009

Since the Report on the subject of the Artificial Culture of Sponges was published, some further information of importance relating to the subject has been courteously supplied by the Acting Commissioner of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. This information is in the form of a letter to the United States Commission from Mr. Ralph M. Monroe, of Cocoanut Grove, Biscayne Bay, Florida, to whom the Acting Commissioner refers as “an intelligent and energetic man, whose statements, we think, can be given entire credence” wherein this gentleman gives a detailed account of some experiments conducted by himself at Biscayne Bay, during the years 1889, 1890 and 1891.
Notes on the Didemnidae (Ascidiacea). II. The number of rows of stigmata inDidemnum gelatinosumMilne Edwards and inDidemnum maculosum(Milne Edwards)
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

Milne Edwards (1841) established the genusLeptoclinumfor those Didemnidae which possessed a largely expanded common cloacal system. His type of the genus wasL. maculosumwhich is now placed in the genusDidemnumSavigny (1816). Other species wereL. asperumandL. durumwhich are now regarded as mere forms ofDidemnum maculosum(e.g. Harant & Vernièeres, 1933);Leptoclinum fulgenswhich is closely related (see Harant & Vernièeres), if not a mere colour form ofDidemnum maculosum], Leptoclinum listerianumwhich has been transferred to the genusDiplosomaMacdonald; andLeptoclinum gelatinosum.This last has often been considered synonymous withDiplosoma listerianum,but my reasons for disagreeing with this assumption are elsewhere expressed (Carlisle, 1953). Milne Edwards did not of course describe the course of the sperm duct by whichDiplosomais distinguished fromDidemnum.In the absence of a description of this diagnostic character we are reduced to a consideration of numerous details of the anatomyof Leptoclinum gelatinosumin order to decide where to place it in the classificatory scheme. When such a point-by-point comparison of shape and curvature of the gut, position of anus, form of atrial and buccal apertures, nature of test, etc., is made, it appears that the one point in which the drawings and descriptions given by Milne Edwards differ betweenL. gelatinosumandDidemnumgelatinosumMime Edwards (1841) is the presence of a common cloacal system in the former and its absence in the latter. But the presence or absence of a common cloacal system is no longer regarded as a generic distinction (see, for example, van Name, 1945).
On the hormonal inhibition of moulting in decapod crustacea
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

Recently I have reported experiments which have led me to throw doubt on the universal applicability of the theory of the production of a moult-inhibiting hormone by the eyestalks of the decapod Crustacea (Carlisle, 1953). I suggested that the eyestalk moult-inhibiting hormone might be associated with the existence of a definite moulting season. In animals which possessed such a moulting season moultingwould then be inhibited outside this season, but within the season there might well be no such inhibition. The experiments reported here support a modified form of this hypothesis.
The growth rate of the hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), in the Clyde and other Scottish sea areas
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

Hake belonging to the genus Merlucdus are large fish often growing to overa metre in length; they are predators, being well streamlined and armed with formidableteeth; they feed pelagically on smaller fish of their own and other species. Of the various species distributed round the ocean basins, the European Hake, M. merlucdus (L.), ranges from Lofoten on the coast of Norway, to Dakar on the African westcoast; it is found most plentifully along the edge of the continental shelf of Western Europe but also extends into the Mediterranean and North Sea, whilestragglers occasionally range as far as Iceland.
Breeding and growth of whiting (Gadus merlangus L.) in Isle of Man Waters
Authors: Bowers A. B.
Published: May 2009

The whiting(Gadus merlangus L.) is an abundant food fish in waters to the west and south-west of the Isle of Man. As the stock is at times subject to intensive fishing it seemed desirable to study this species and possibly ascertain the effect of commercial exploitation on the biology of the fish.