bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ammonia volatilisation from nitrogen fertilisers surface-applied to bare fallows, wheat crops and perennial-grass-based pastures on Vertosols
Authors: Schwenke Graeme D. , Manning William , Haigh Bruce M.
Published: November 2014

Farmers on Vertosols in the northern grains region of Australia are increasingly using pre-crop broadcasting and in-crop topdressing of nitrogen (N) fertilisers. Surface application risks gaseous loss via ammonia volatilisation, but the magnitude of N loss is unknown. Because both soil properties and environmental conditions influence ammonia volatilisation, measurements need to be field-based and non-intrusive, e.g. micrometeorological. We used an integrated horizontal flux technique to measure ammonia volatilised from neutral to alkaline Vertosols for a month after the application of several fertiliser products in 10 bare-fallow paddocks, seven mid-tillering wheat crops, and two perennial-grass-based pastures. Ammonia loss from urea averaged 11% (5.4–19%) when applied to fallow paddocks, 4.8% (3.1–7.6%) when applied to wheat, and 27% when applied to pasture. Volatilisation from urea applied to pastures was high, because there was little rain after spreading. Losses from ammonium sulfate applied to pastures were >60% less than from urea. Nitrogen losses from ammonium sulfate were high (18.6–33.8%) from soils with >10 g 100 g–1 of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), but were 52% less than from urea at five of eight fallow paddocks on non-calcareous soils, and 76% less than from urea at the two pasture paddocks. Coating urea with N-(n-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide reduced ammonia loss at just two of eight fallow paddocks and one of three in-crop paddocks. Ammonia volatilisation from aqueous solutions of urea, urea ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate were either less than or no different from losses from granulated urea, but not consistent. With the exception of ammonium sulfate applied to soils with >10 g 100 g–1 of CaCO3, surface application of N fertiliser during autumn–winter on cropped Vertosols in the Australian northern grains region does not lead to major N loss via ammonia volatilisation.
Nitrous oxide emission from two acidic soils as affected by dolomite application
Authors: Shaaban Muhammad , Peng Qian , Lin Shan , Wu Yupeng , Zhao Jinsong , Hu Ronggui
Published: November 2014

The effect of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) application on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission was examined in a laboratory study with soil from a rice paddy–rapeseed rotation (PR soil, pH 5.25) and from a rice paddy–fallow–flooded rotation soil (PF soil, pH 5.52). The soils were treated with 0, 0.5 (L) and 1.5 (H) g dolomite 100 g–1 soil. Results showed that N2O emissions were higher in control treatments (untreated dolomite) in both soils. Application of dolomite decreased N2O emissions significantly (P ≤ 0.001) as soil pH increased in both soils. The H treatment was more effective than the L treatment for the reduction of N2O emissions. The H treatment decreased the cumulative N2O emissions by up to 73.77% in PR soil and 64.07% in PF soil compared with the control. The application of dolomite also affected concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, ammonium and nitrate in soils, which related to N2O emission. The results suggest that dolomite not only counteracts soil acidification but also has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions in acidic soils.
Degradation of mouse locomotor pattern in the absence of proprioceptive sensory feedback
Authors: Akay Turgay , Tourtellotte Warren G. , Arber Silvia , Jessell Thomas M.
Published: November 2014

Significance

Terrestrial locomotion is thought to be generated by the actions of a circuit of interconnected interneurons (central pattern generator) in the spinal cord that drive the patterned activity of pools of motor neurons, causing sequential contraction of dozens of leg muscles. Sensory feedback exerts a strong modulatory influence on this pattern; nevertheless, it remains unclear whether sensory feedback also plays a role in the generation of the normal locomotor pattern. Through the use of a combination of electrophysiology, behavior, and mouse genetics, we provide evidence that the absence of proprioceptive sensory feedback degrades locomotor pattern, indicating that proprioceptive feedback is required for the construction of locomotor pattern.
What handedness and angles between helices has the studied three-helical protein domain?
Authors: Pereyaslavets Leonid B. , Glyakina Anna V. , Dovidchenko Nikita V. , Sokolovskiy Igor V. , Galzitskaya Oxana V.
Published: November 2014

Summary: We have created a new server FoldHandedness. Using this server it is possible: (i) to define the regions of helices from two issues (from the PDB file and using the last version of the DSSP program), (ii) to determine the handedness for any chosen three helices and (iii) to calculate the angle and sign between the chosen pairs of the helices for large proteins and complexes of proteins with DNA or RNA.

Availability and implementation: The FoldHandedness server is available for users at http://bioinfo.protres.ru/foldhandedness

Contact:  ogalzit@vega.protres.ru
MUSCLE: automated multi-objective evolutionary optimization of targeted LC-MS/MS analysis
Authors: Bradbury James , Genta-Jouve Grégory , Allwood J. William , Dunn Warwick B. , Goodacre Royston , Knowles Joshua D. , He Shan , Viant Mark R.
Published: November 2014

Summary: Developing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses of (bio)chemicals is both time consuming and challenging, largely because of the large number of LC and MS instrument parameters that need to be optimized. This bottleneck significantly impedes our ability to establish new (bio)analytical methods in fields such as pharmacology, metabolomics and pesticide research. We report the development of a multi-platform, user-friendly software tool MUSCLE (multi-platform unbiased optimization of spectrometry via closed-loop experimentation) for the robust and fully automated multi-objective optimization of targeted LC-MS/MS analysis. MUSCLE shortened the analysis times and increased the analytical sensitivities of targeted metabolite analysis, which was demonstrated on two different manufacturer’s LC-MS/MS instruments.

Availability and implementation: Available at http://www.muscleproject.org.

Contact:  info@muscleproject.org

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
EVpedia: a community web portal for extracellular vesicles research
Authors: Kim Dae-Kyum , Lee Jaewook , Kim Sae Rom , Choi Dong-Sic , Yoon Yae Jin , Kim Ji Hyun , Go Gyeongyun , Nhung Dinh , Hong Kahye , Jang Su Chul , Kim Si-Hyun , Park Kyong-Su , Kim Oh Youn , Park Hyun Taek , Seo Ji Hye , Aikawa Elena , Baj-Krzyworzeka Monika , van Balkom Bas W. M. , Belting Mattias , Blanc Lionel , Bond Vincent , Bongiovanni Antonella , Borràs Francesc E. , Buée Luc , Buzás Edit I. , Cheng Lesley , Clayton Aled , Cocucci Emanuele , Dela Cruz Charles S. , Desiderio Dominic M. , Di Vizio Dolores , Ekström Karin , Falcon-Perez Juan M. , Gardiner Chris , Giebel Bernd , Greening David W. , Gross Julia Christina , Gupta Dwijendra , Hendrix An , Hill Andrew F. , Hill Michelle M. , Nolte-'t Hoen Esther , Hwang Do Won , Inal Jameel , Jagannadham Medicharla V. , Jayachandran Muthuvel , Jee Young-Koo , Jørgensen Malene , Kim Kwang Pyo , Kim Yoon-Keun , Kislinger Thomas , Lässer Cecilia , Lee Dong Soo , Lee Hakmo , van Leeuwen Johannes , Lener Thomas , Liu Ming-Lin , Lötvall Jan , Marcilla Antonio , Mathivanan Suresh , Möller Andreas , Morhayim Jess , Mullier François , Nazarenko Irina , Nieuwland Rienk , Nunes Diana N. , Pang Ken , Park Jaesung , Patel Tushar , Pocsfalvi Gabriella , del Portillo Hernando , Putz Ulrich , Ramirez Marcel I. , Rodrigues Marcio L. , Roh Tae-Young , Royo Felix , Sahoo Susmita , Schiffelers Raymond , Sharma Shivani , Siljander Pia , Simpson Richard J. , Soekmadji Carolina , Stahl Philip , Stensballe Allan , Stępień Ewa , Tahara Hidetoshi , Trummer Arne , Valadi Hadi , Vella Laura J. , Wai Sun Nyunt , Witwer Kenneth , Yáñez-Mó María , Youn Hyewon , Zeidler Reinhard , Gho Yong Song
Published: November 2014

Motivation: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical bilayered proteolipids, harboring various bioactive molecules. Due to the complexity of the vesicular nomenclatures and components, online searches for EV-related publications and vesicular components are currently challenging.

Results: We present an improved version of EVpedia, a public database for EVs research. This community web portal contains a database of publications and vesicular components, identification of orthologous vesicular components, bioinformatic tools and a personalized function. EVpedia includes 6879 publications, 172 080 vesicular components from 263 high-throughput datasets, and has been accessed more than 65 000 times from more than 750 cities. In addition, about 350 members from 73 international research groups have participated in developing EVpedia. This free web-based database might serve as a useful resource to stimulate the emerging field of EV research.

Availability and implementation: The web site was implemented in PHP, Java, MySQL and Apache, and is freely available at http://evpedia.info.

Contact:  ysgho@postech.ac.kr
Human children rely more on social information than chimpanzees do
Authors: van Leeuwen Edwin J. C. , Call Josep , Haun Daniel B. M.
Published: November 2014

Human societies are characterized by more cultural diversity than chimpanzee communities. However, it is currently unclear what mechanism might be driving this difference. Because reliance on social information is a pivotal characteristic of culture, we investigated individual and social information reliance in children and chimpanzees. We repeatedly presented subjects with a reward-retrieval task on which they had collected conflicting individual and social information of equal accuracy in counterbalanced order. While both species relied mostly on their individual information, children but not chimpanzees searched for the reward at the socially demonstrated location more than at a random location. Moreover, only children used social information adaptively when individual knowledge on the location of the reward had not yet been obtained. Social information usage determines information transmission and in conjunction with mechanisms that create cultural variants, such as innovation, it facilitates diversity. Our results may help explain why humans are more culturally diversified than chimpanzees.
The ecology of primate material culture
Authors: Koops Kathelijne , Visalberghi Elisabetta , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: November 2014

Tool use in extant primates may inform our understanding of the conditions that favoured the expansion of hominin technology and material culture. The ‘method of exclusion’ has, arguably, confirmed the presence of culture in wild animal populations by excluding ecological and genetic explanations for geographical variation in behaviour. However, this method neglects ecological influences on culture, which, ironically, may be critical for understanding technology and thus material culture. We review all the current evidence for the role of ecology in shaping material culture in three habitual tool-using non-human primates: chimpanzees, orangutans and capuchin monkeys. We show that environmental opportunity, rather than necessity, is the main driver. We argue that a better understanding of primate technology requires explicit investigation of the role of ecological conditions. We propose a model in which three sets of factors, namelyenvironment,socialityandcognition, influence invention, transmission and retention of material culture.
Influence of climate on the presence of colour polymorphism in two montane reptile species
Authors: Broennimann Olivier , Ursenbacher Sylvain , Meyer Andreas , Golay Philippe , Monney Jean-Claude , Schmocker Hans , Guisan Antoine , Dubey Sylvain
Published: November 2014

The coloration of ectotherms plays an important role in thermoregulation processes. Dark individuals should heat up faster and be able to reach a higher body temperature than light individuals and should therefore have benefits in cool areas. In central Europe, montane local populations of adder (
Vipera berus
) and asp viper (
Vipera aspis
) exhibit a varying proportion of melanistic individuals. We tested whether the presence of melanistic
V. aspis
and
V. berus
could be explained by climatic conditions. We measured the climatic niche position and breadth of monomorphic (including strictly patterned individuals) and polymorphic local populations, calculated their niche overlap and tested for niche equivalency and similarity. In accordance with expectations, niche overlap between polymorphic local populations of both species is high, and even higher than that of polymorphic versus monomorphic montane local populations of
V. aspis
, suggesting a predominant role of melanism in determining the niche of ectothermic vertebrates. However, unexpectedly, the niche of polymorphic local populations of both species is narrower than that of monomorphic ones, indicating that colour polymorphism does not always enable the exploitation of a greater variability of resources, at least at the intraspecific level. Overall, our results suggest that melanism might be present only when the thermoregulatory benefit is higher than the cost of predation.
Inbreeding-related trade-offs in stress resistance in the ant
Formica exsecta
Authors: Freitak D. , Bos N. , Stucki D. , Sundström L.
Published: November 2014

Inbred individuals and populations are predicted to suffer from inbreeding depression, especially in times of stress. Under natural conditions, organisms are exposed to more than one stressor at any one time, highlighting the importance of stress resistance traits. We studied how inbreeding- and immunity-related traits are correlated under different dietary conditions in the ant
Formica exsecta
. Its natural diet varies in the amount and nature of plant secondary compounds and the level of free radicals, all of which require detoxification to maintain organismal homeostasis. We found that inbreeding decreased general antibacterial activity under dietary stress, suggesting inbreeding-related physiological trade-offs.
Nanobiocatalyst advancements and bioprocessing applications
Authors: Misson Mailin , Zhang Hu , Jin Bo
Published: November 2014

The nanobiocatalyst (NBC) is an emerging innovation that synergistically integrates advanced nanotechnology with biotechnology and promises exciting advantages for improving enzyme activity, stability, capability and engineering performances in bioprocessing applications. NBCs are fabricated by immobilizing enzymes with functional nanomaterials as enzyme carriers or containers. In this paper, we review the recent developments of novel nanocarriers/nanocontainers with advanced hierarchical porous structures for retaining enzymes, such as nanofibres (NFs), mesoporous nanocarriers and nanocages. Strategies for immobilizing enzymes onto nanocarriers made from polymers, silicas, carbons and metals by physical adsorption, covalent binding, cross-linking or specific ligand spacers are discussed. The resulting NBCs are critically evaluated in terms of their bioprocessing performances. Excellent performances are demonstrated through enhanced NBC catalytic activity and stability due to conformational changes upon immobilization and localized nanoenvironments, and NBC reutilization by assembling magnetic nanoparticles into NBCs to defray the high operational costs associated with enzyme production and nanocarrier synthesis. We also highlight several challenges associated with the NBC-driven bioprocess applications, including the maturation of large-scale nanocarrier synthesis, design and development of bioreactors to accommodate NBCs, and long-term operations of NBCs. We suggest these challenges are to be addressed through joint collaboration of chemists, engineers and material scientists. Finally, we have demonstrated the great potential of NBCs in manufacturing bioprocesses in the near future through successful laboratory trials of NBCs in carbohydrate hydrolysis, biofuel production and biotransformation.
Altered swelling and ion fluxes in articular cartilage as a biomarker in osteoarthritis and joint immobilization: a computational analysis
Authors: Manzano Sara , Manzano Raquel , Doblaré Manuel , Doweidar Mohamed Hamdy
Published: November 2014

In healthy cartilage, mechano-electrochemical phenomena act together to maintain tissue homeostasis. Osteoarthritis (OA) and degenerative diseases disrupt this biological equilibrium by causing structural deterioration and subsequent dysfunction of the tissue. Swelling and ion flux alteration as well as abnormal ion distribution are proposed as primary indicators of tissue degradation. In this paper, we present an extension of a previous three-dimensional computational model of the cartilage behaviour developed by the authors to simulate the contribution of the main tissue components in its behaviour. The model considers the mechano-electrochemical events as concurrent phenomena in a three-dimensional environment. This model has been extended here to include the effect of repulsion of negative charges attached to proteoglycans. Moreover, we have studied the fluctuation of these charges owning to proteoglycan variations in healthy and pathological articular cartilage. In this sense, standard patterns of healthy and degraded tissue behaviour can be obtained which could be a helpful diagnostic tool. By introducing measured properties of unhealthy cartilage into the computational model, the severity of tissue degeneration can be predicted avoiding complex tissue extraction and subsequent
in vitro
analysis. In this work, the model has been applied to monitor and analyse cartilage behaviour at different stages of OA and in both short (four, six and eight weeks) and long-term (11 weeks) fully immobilized joints. Simulation results showed marked differences in the corresponding swelling phenomena, in outgoing cation fluxes and in cation distributions. Furthermore, long-term immobilized patients display similar swelling as well as fluxes and distribution of cations to patients in the early stages of OA, thus, preventive treatments are highly recommended to avoid tissue deterioration.
Loss of animal seed dispersal increases extinction risk in a tropical tree species due to pervasive negative density dependence across life stages
Authors: Caughlin T. Trevor , Ferguson Jake M. , Lichstein Jeremy W. , Zuidema Pieter A. , Bunyavejchewin Sarayudh , Levey Douglas J.
Published: November 2014

Overhunting in tropical forests reduces populations of vertebrate seed dispersers. If reduced seed dispersal has a negative impact on tree population viability, overhunting could lead to altered forest structure and dynamics, including decreased biodiversity. However, empirical data showing decreased animal-dispersed tree abundance in overhunted forests contradict demographic models which predict minimal sensitivity of tree population growth rate to early life stages. One resolution to this discrepancy is that seed dispersal determines spatial aggregation, which could have demographic consequences for all life stages. We tested the impact of dispersal loss on population viability of a tropical tree species,
Miliusa horsfieldii,
currently dispersed by an intact community of large mammals in a Thai forest. We evaluated the effect of spatial aggregation for all tree life stages, from seeds to adult trees, and constructed simulation models to compare population viability with and without animal-mediated seed dispersal. In simulated populations, disperser loss increased spatial aggregation by fourfold, leading to increased negative density dependence across the life cycle and a 10-fold increase in the probability of extinction. Given that the majority of tree species in tropical forests are animal-dispersed, overhunting will potentially result in forests that are fundamentally different from those existing now.
Mycobacterium celeriflavum sp. nov., a rapidly growing scotochromogenic bacterium isolated from clinical specimens
Authors: Shahraki Abdolrazagh Hashemi , Çavuşoğlu Cengiz , Borroni Emanuele , Heidarieh Parvin , Koksalan Orhan Kaya , Cabibbe Andrea Maurizio , Hashemzadeh Mohamad , Mariottini Alessandro , Mostafavi Ehsan , Cittaro Davide , Feizabadi Mohamad Mehdi , Lazarevic Dejan , Yaghmaei Farhad , Molinari Gian Lorenzo , Camaggi Anna , Tortoli Enrico
Published: November 2014

Six strains of a rapidly growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium were isolated from pulmonary specimens of independent patients. Biochemical and cultural tests were not suitable for their identification. The mycolic acid pattern analysed by HPLC was different from that of any other mycobacterium. Genotypic characterization, targeting seven housekeeping genes, revealed the presence of microheterogeneity in all of them. Different species were more closely related to the test strains in various regions: the type strain of

Mycobacterium moriokaense

showed 99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, and 91.5–96.5 % similarity for the remaining six regions. The whole genome sequences of the proposed type strain and that of

M. moriokaense

presented an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 82.9 %. Phylogenetic analysis produced poorly robust trees in most genes with the exception of rpoB and sodA where

Mycobacterium flavescens

and

Mycobacterium novocastrense

were the closest species. This phylogenetic relatedness was confirmed by the tree inferred from five concatenated genes, which was very robust. The polyphasic characterization of the test strains, supported by the ANI value, demonstrates that they belong to a previously unreported species, for which the name Mycobacterium celeriflavum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AFPC-000207T ( = DSM 46765T = JCM 18439T).
A DEK Domain-Containing Protein Modulates Chromatin Structure and Function inArabidopsis
Authors: Waidmann Sascha , Kusenda Branislav , Mayerhofer Juliane , Mechtler Karl , Jonak Claudia
Published: November 2014

Chromatin is a major determinant in the regulation of virtually all DNA-dependent processes. Chromatin architectural proteins interact with nucleosomes to modulate chromatin accessibility and higher-order chromatin structure. The evolutionarily conserved DEK domain-containing protein is implicated in important chromatin-related processes in animals, but little is known about its DNA targets and protein interaction partners. In plants, the role of DEK has remained elusive. In this work, we identified DEK3 as a chromatin-associated protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. DEK3 specifically binds histones H3 and H4. Purification of other proteins associated with nuclear DEK3 also established DNA topoisomerase 1α and proteins of the cohesion complex as in vivo interaction partners. Genome-wide mapping of DEK3 binding sites by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing revealed enrichment of DEK3 at protein-coding genes throughout the genome. Using DEK3 knockout and overexpressor lines, we show that DEK3 affects nucleosome occupancy and chromatin accessibility and modulates the expression of DEK3 target genes. Furthermore, functional levels of DEK3 are crucial for stress tolerance. Overall, data indicate that DEK3 contributes to modulation of Arabidopsis chromatin structure and function.
Piezo‐composite actuated control surface system for flying vehicle
Authors: Hoon Park Ki , Soo Yoon Bum , Trung Nguyen Ngoc , Seo Goo Nam , Sam Kang Tae , Joon Yoon Kwang
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop lightweight actuators in order to replace conventional hydraulic/pneumatic actuators and to apply the actuation system to a small flying vehicle.

Design/methodology/approach

A new type of control surface using a piezo‐composite actuator for a small flying vehicle has been designed and manufactured. The piezo‐composite actuator is composed of a piezoelectric ceramic layer, a carbon/epoxy layer and glass/epoxy layers. Through this, the miniaturization and weight reduction of the actuation systems for flying vehicle can be achieved. A simple model of the control surface has been manufactured and evaluated through experiments.

Findings

The performance test results showed that the developed actuator can produce stable angle of attack independent of the applied loading. A radio controller for the actuator was developed to control the motions wirelessly. It was found that the piezo‐composite actuator and its integrated controller system have a possibility to be used not only as a small flying vehicle but also as a control surface actuator of a small unmanned flying robot through the miniaturization of power supply and control system.

Originality/value

The paper describes the procedures of designing and manufacturing smart structure application of the piezo‐composite actuator with performance evaluation and comparison method. It is expected that piezo‐composite actuator can be used as a small flying vehicle control surface actuator through the miniaturization of power supply and control system with the use of the integrated radio controller MIPAD.
Government publications and primary resources for historical research: a selective bibliography
Authors: Mix Vickie
Published: November 2014

Purpose – ‐‐ The purpose of this paper is to identify, describe and locate primary resources using government publications and non‐government publications.Design/methodology/approach ‐‐ This paper examines primary resources for historical research particularly in federal government publications distributed through the Federal Depository Library Program.Findings ‐‐ The paper finds that government publications provide a rich source of primary research materials for post‐secondary research in disciplines such as history, geography, ethnography, education and agriculture.Originality/value ‐‐ Searching for primary historical resources in small‐ to medium‐sized academic libraries can often yield a limited field of resources. Federal government publications distributed through the Government Printing Office are freely available via selective and regional Federal Depository Libraries. This work seeks to identify tools appropriate for higher education primary historical research.
Factors influencing auditor change: evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Nazatul Faiza Syed Mustapha Nazri Sharifah , Smith Malcolm , Ismail Zubaidah
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine two factors which influence auditor change: audit and client firms’ characteristics, for Malaysian listed companies. Given the costs involved, it is important to understand the reasons why companies change their auditor and choose a particular level of audit assurance.

Design/methodology/approach

This study evaluates the effects of various independent variables on auditor change behaviour and the sensitivity of results to alternative period measurement by using logistic regression analysis.

Findings

An examination of 400 companies listed on the Bursa Malaysia (formerly known as Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange‐KLSE) over a period of 18 years reveals auditor change to be significantly influenced by client firm's characteristics, notably changes in management, size of the client firm, complexity, and client's firm growth, lending support to the findings of previous survey studies.

Research limitations/implications

In the cause of brevity, a number of potentially important variables, that might enhance an understanding of auditor change behaviour in Malaysia, were not incorporated in the regression models, and might be considered in future studies.

Originality/value

The results presented in the paper have important implications for both the auditing profession and regulators in Malaysia.
Mental health assessment of children and adolescents with learning disability
Authors: Friedlander Robin , Moss Steve
Published: November 2014

Understanding the mental health problems of children who have learning disabilities presents huge challenges across many domains. This paper examines some of the assessment frameworks that may be used, offers clinical guidance on collecting information and suggests ways in which various theoretical approaches can be used to derive comprehensive case formulations. An emphasis is placed on the use of structured methods to improve reliability and validity.
Predictors of hospital admission for women with learning disabilities and psychiatric disorders compared with women maintained in community settings
Authors: Taggart Laurence , McMillan R , Lawson Annette
Published: November 2014

This study examined the personal characteristics and social context of two groups of women with learning disabilities and psychiatric disorders who resided in some form of community residential facility. One group of women had been admitted to hospital in the past 12 months (N = 20) and the other had been maintained in the community without any admissions (N = 33). A prospective natural group comparison design was employed over a 12‐month period to study any differences between the groups. Data was collected from the women's key workers using a pro forma and three standardised instruments: Index of Social Competence, Aberrant Behaviour Checklist and the PAS‐ADD Checklist. The groups were matched on age and level of learning disabilities. Differences were found between the groups' behavioural and psychiatric profiles. Anti‐psychotic medication was the first line of treatment. A non‐significant trend was found on negative life experiences, and a binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that high levels of challenging behaviour and having behavioural/mental health management strategies in place predicted hospital admission. The findings of this study are discussed and improvements are explored.
Green Light for mental health in Hampshire
Authors: Eastwood Jane , Borrows Ronnie , Ferguson Dave , Redding Nike , Ricketts Matthew
Published: November 2014

Green Light was developed to enable service providers to implement the National Service Framework for Mental Health (NSF MH), and asks how good your mental health services are for people with a learning disability. A multi‐agency user and carer project in Hampshire has evaluated and improved the quality of existing service provision for adults with learning disabilities who also have a mental health problem.
Mental health services for people with a learning disability
Authors: Cumella Stuart
Published: November 2014

Many parts of the world are developing specialist mental health services for people with a learning disability. Government policy in England appears to favour a move in the opposite direction. The general aims of mental health services for people with a learning disability are indeed similar to those of the rest of the population, but distinctive clinical skills are required to assess, treat and support effectively people with a learning disability who have mental health and/or behavioural problems. There is therefore a need for specialist services to meet the needs of this population, which should include acute admission facilities, outreach services in the community and long‐term support.
Issues Influencing Use of Electronic Data Interchange Technology
Authors: Watts Charles , Hogan Patrick T. , Treleven Mark
Published: November 2014

To compete effectively in today’s global marketplace,a company must have a competitive supply chain. A competitive supply chain requires an ability to communicate rapidly and accurately. Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) is one method that world class organizations have successfully used to improve the communication of orders and design changes. However, the growth in use of EDI has been much slower than projected. This article discusses the results of a survey to identify some of the barriers to the use of EDI and some possible methods to overcome those barriers. The results of this study show that organizational resistance to change is lower for EDI users than for non users. The results further indicate that awareness of technical issues is higher for EDI users. Suggestions regarding how to help overcome the barriers to using high technology innovations such as EDI are provided.
Bank Z's communication dilemma during Turkey's 2001 crisis
Authors: Vardar Nükhet
Published: November 2014

Subject area

Marketing.

Study level/applicability

The primary target for this case study is marketing and communications undergraduate students, especially those from emerging countries; the secondary target is MBA students studying principles of marketing, integrated marketing communications.

Case overview

Turkey probably faced the most severe economic crisis after the Second World War in February 21, 2001, when the Turkish Lira was devalued by 94 percent against US dollar just overnight. Against this volatile business environment, Bank Z as one of the major banks in Turkey, was preparing for the launch of a major new marketing and communication plan. In April 2000 Bank Z had set itself the target of “changing the banking concept in Turkey, accomplishing no other bank was able to realize”. So Bank Z was ready to communicate its new consumer banking products when the country started to face rough times. Especially financial institutions and banks were encountering serious trust issues. Bank Z on the other hand, had grouped its products according to their line of financial expertise in five groups with the aim of having specialized personnel in these different areas, serving clients in the best possible way. Furthermore, the bank was aiming to realize 80 percent of its transactions via telephone and internet banking. Therefore, Bank Z had undertaken major technological investments in order to be able to deliver these services. But under these volatile economic conditions, should they go ahead with the campaign? Or should they postpone the campaign? Or should they realize it with a reduced frequency and budget? What if they postpone and one of the competitors start a new advertising campaign with similar propositions? The case tries to answer these critical questions with the help of market data, showing the likely course of business decisions can take in an emerging country just under 24 hours.

Expected learning outcomes

There are two main outcomes: first, to show the importance of consistent, continuous and sustainable communication for brand's marketing activities, especially during times of economic instability. The second outcome is to simulate difficulties of decision making under highly volatile market conditions and in high-risk environments, especially when the business environments can change abruptly.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available.
Improvement in Corrosion‐resistance of Decorative Nickel‐Chromium Plating
Authors: Turner P.F.
Published: November 2014

Much progress has been made in the past few years in improving the corrosion‐resistance of decorative nickel‐chromium‐plated articles, especially those subjected to outdoor exposure. There now exists a wide range of alternative finishes, all of which are alleged to improve the corrosion‐resistance to some extent. To evaluate these finishes completely, manufacturers are required to spend much time, money and energy. Manufacturers generally wish to improve their standard of corrosion‐resistance of decorative deposits with no increase in cost, and with some of the more complex systems for corrosion protection this is now possible by an overall reduction in nickel thickness.
Copper‐base alloys for use in sea‐water—Part 2
Authors: Maritimer
Published: November 2014

Phosphor bronze THE PHOSPHOR BRONZES are alloys of copper and tin to which small percentages of phosphorus (maximum about 0.4%) are added for various metallurgical reasons—but not to increase corrosion resistance.
PIPELINE CORROSION:
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: November 2014

The practical aspects of cathodic protection have been well documented in the past. This article looks at an equally important, but less obvious, part of the technique.
Corrosion protection for process plant by cathodic protection
Authors: Shepherd W.
Published: November 2014

There is a paramount need in process plant for effective control of corrosion. Corrosion can contaminate the product handled, cause unsafe conditions to develop or cause pollution if a vessel or pipeline leaks or collapses. Viewed in a positive light, efficient corrosion prevention can lead to economic plant life, a reduction in downtime for plant replacement, a good product and a safer working environment.
COMMUNITY AND FAMILY MEDIATION IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Authors: Wall James A. , Sohn Dong‐Won , Cleeton Natalie , Jian Jin Deng
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the mediations of 125 community mediators in the People's Republic of China. The mediators' reports on two mediations each—one in a community (inter‐family) and one in a family (intra‐family) dispute—indicated the frequency with which they used 33 mediation techniques. In family (versus community) mediations, Chinese mediators were found to rely more heavily upon the techniques of separating the parties, getting assistance from third parties, calling for empathy, stating the other side's point of view, and utilizing logic. As for the strategies (combinations of techniques) employed, we found three distinct ones—separate, analyze together, criticize—in the family mediations. Two sets—reason together and criticize—were detected in the community mediations.
The Theory of Aerodynamics
Authors: Levy H.
Published: November 2014

THE equations governing the motion of a viscous fluid were first obtained by Navier more than 100 years ago (“Memoire sur les Lois du Mouvement des Fluides,” Mem. de l'Acad. des Sciences, vi, 389, 1822), and, in spite of their close study by Stokes, Helmholtz, Kelvin, Rayleigh, Lamb, and numerous other mathematicians of great eminence, no complete unrestricted solution for any case of practical importance has yet been discovered. As they stand, the mathematical difficulties presented by the equations have so far been found to be too formidable, and whatever progress has been achieved has been by imposing restrictions on the form of the equations, and therefore serious limitations on the nature of the fluid motion studied. It may be that the mathematical symbolism in the formulation of the problem of viscous fluid flow as usually presented is not that best adapted for its purpose, that it is not as natural a medium of expression as, for example, tensor analysis is for relativity; that, in fact, the essential factors that govern the eddying, for instance, in the wake of a moving body are not presented as governing the structure of the equations.
Education and the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Piercy N.A.V.
Published: November 2014

TWENTY years ago, engineering youth emerging from apprenticeship often had reason for regarding the possession of a university degree as an invidious distinction, on the whole rather better concealed. Nowadays, it is difficult for universities to cope with the demand from certain branches of the engineering industry for young men of suitable education with talent for work.
Airship Propulsion Methods
Authors: Teed Major P.L.
Published: November 2014

THE trials of R 100 and R 101, with the consequent revival of interest in airship technical matters, makes the present time not inappropriate for reviewing the alternative methods by which such craft can be propelled.
A Course for Ground Engineers
Authors: Ross Major A.A.
Published: November 2014

THE syllabus of the examination for a licence in category “D,” as given in the first article of this series, requires from the applicant a specialised knowledge of:
The Problem of Autorotation
Authors: Irving H.B.
Published: November 2014

THERE is little doubt at the present time as to the great advance in safety which the invention of the automatic slot has brought to the aeroplane. It has been the means of overcoming one of its chief failings, the loss of stability and control at the stall. Automatic slots at the wing tips are themselves capable of converting an aeroplane which is unstable in roll at incidences beyond the stall into one which is definitely stable; at the same time the aileron control is increased and improved in that its application is not accompanied by so great an adverse yawing moment as for ailerons working on an unslotted wing. Further, if some form of interconnection between ailerons and slots is adopted, or some device (e.g. the “interceptor”), by means of which the action of the slot can be spoiled, a further big addition to the control at the stall can be made as well as further improvement in the shape of a reversal of the usual yawing moment. Whether such addition is desirable for all types of machine remains to bo seen; it may be that in certain types the automatic slots alone, without interconnection, will provide all the increase in stability and control at the stall which is required.
The Design of Seaplanes
Authors: Gouge A.
Published: November 2014

THE general aspect of seaplanes covers a very wide field, including as it does single and twin float seaplanes and also flying boats of many different types, and with the increase of knowledge in the science of aeronautics the subject is becoming one of very great importance.
The Practice of Research
Authors: Alcock J.F. , Glyde H.S.
Published: November 2014

IN the first part of this article a description of the apparatus used for engine testing and research was given. The actual procedure in carrying out tests on an engine will now be described.
The Causes of Noise in Aircraft
Authors: Davis A.H.
Published: November 2014

THE advantages which arise from the directness and speed of aircraft, and the high record for safety held by Air Lines like Imperial Airways, contribute to the increasing popularity of air travel. With many persons, however, the chief deterrent at present is understood to be the discomfort caused by the noise experienced, and there is no doubt that there are civil aircraft in use to‐day which are excessively noisy. Consequently attention has been directed recently in this and in other countries to suppressing the considerable noise to which passengers in aircraft cabins are usually subjected. The experiments are not yet completed, and it is not possible yet to answer all the questions that may arise. It is thought, however, that the following account of the trend of present results, as judged from recent work in the light of the writer's own experience, may be helpful in indicating the principles involved.
Safety and Multi‐Engined Machines
Authors: Cowley W.L.
Published: November 2014

IN order to obtain machines of large carrying capacity, there is a tendency to increase the number of power units, and it is of great interest to consider the effect of this policy upon safety in flight. It is obvious that, if all the power units are of the same construction, the possibility of failure of one engine in a machine fitted with two engines is twice that in a machine fitted with one engine, so that in general the probability of one unit going out of action in a multi‐engined machine is proportional to the number of power units employed. In the case of a single‐engined machine horizontal flight cannot be maintained after the engine fails, and unless the failure occurs in the vicinity of a safe landing ground disaster may result. In the case of a multi‐engined machine, however, if level flight can be maintained on the power obtainable from the remaining units, it may bo possible to arrive at a safe landing ground without further trouble. The question, therefore, arises as to which factor is the more important, the increase in the probability of failure, or the ability to fly level with an engine out of action.
Aeronautical Research in England
Authors: Glazebrook Richard
Published: November 2014

IT has been suggested to me that some account of Aeronautical Research in England during the past ten years, its methods, its progress and a brief notice of the principal results achieved would be of interest to the Congress.
The Question of Fuel Quality
Authors: Banks F.R.
Published: November 2014

OWING to the high performances demanded for present‐day aeroplanes, it becomes increasingly difficult for the aviation engine manufacturers to produce engines of high power outputs having suitable dimensions for neat installation and giving low frontal area.
The Two‐Bladed Airscrew
Authors: Morris J.
Published: November 2014

APPARENTLY two‐bladed airscrews are acro‐dynamically more efficient in traction than multi‐bladed varieties, and, moreover, are easier to manufacture. Furthermore, they are simpler to transport. There were, however, decided drawbacks peculiar to the two‐bladed airscrew. The more important of these are here discussed.
Drop Forgings and Stampings
Authors: Thain W.A.
Published: November 2014

AMONG the aeroengine and aircraft parts manufactured by the drop‐forging and drop‐stamping processes are airscrew hubs and shafts, crankshafts, connecting rods, valves, valve‐rockers, camshafts, dashpot pistons, spar brackets, and windmill propellers. In addition a large number of smaller and less important parts are drop stamped to practically finished dimensions.
Smoke Investigation of Air Flow
Authors: Farren W.S.
Published: November 2014

IN a lecture before the Royal Aeronautical Society in December 1931, the author demonstrated the use of a wind tunnel which has recently been developed in the Aeronautical Laboratory of the Engineering Department of Cambridge University for projecting on a screen the flow pattern when air flows past bodies of various shapes.
Stresses in Metal‐Covered Planes
Authors: Atkin E.H.
Published: November 2014

THE advent of the metal‐ and ply‐covered plane has caused a number of one‐time academic problems in the theory of torsion to become of practical interest to the aircraft designer. Any satisfactory solution, therefore, of the academic problem implied in the title to this paper will be a step towards the more complete analysis of the stresses in the root portion of the metal‐covered wing.
The New British Load Factors
Authors: Howard H.B.
Published: November 2014

THE Air Ministry has lately introduced extensive revisions into the official requirements for the strength of civil aeroplanes and the object of this article is to consider briefly their significance and effect on the trend of design. The general nature of the problem and the development and character of the system which is being modified must, however, first be summarised if the real meaning of these changes is to be appreciated. The problem of fixing the requisite strength for a given aeroplane divides naturally into two parts; first the magnitude of external loads which the aeroplane must be assumed to encounter, second the structural problem of determining the methods to be used in ascertaining the resistance to those actions.
A Design for an Air Port
Authors: Cousins H.G.
Published: November 2014

THE first consideration in planning an aerodrome is the purpose for which it is to be used. The specifications in this case include the provision of Customs facilities and hangars for private aircraft, for aeroplanes of medium size and for the largest types of air liner at present in use. This aerodrome is therefore intended to provide for overseas flights, inter‐municipal services and for private flying. The size of field and other details specified are considered to be the minimum required for an air port which combines the operation of all these functions and ample provision is therefore necessary to allow of expansion in all its branches.