bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intuitions and Arguments: Cognitive Foundations of Argumentation in Natural Theology
Authors: De Cruz Helen , De Smedt Johan
Published: June 2017

This paper examines the cognitive foundations of natural theology: the intuitions that provide the raw materials for religious arguments, and the social context in which they are defended or challenged. We show that the premises on which natural theological arguments are based rely on intuitions that emerge early in development, and that underlie our expectations for everyday situations, e.g., about how causation works, or how design is recognized. In spite of the universality of these intuitions, the cogency of natural theological arguments remains a matter of continued debate. To understand why they are controversial, we draw on social theories of reasoning and argumentation.
Lutheran Perspective on Natural Theology
Authors: Karimies Ilmari
Published: June 2017

This article examines Martin Luther’s view of Natural theology and natural knowledge of God. Luther research has often taken a negative stance towards a possibility of Natural theology in Luther’s thought. I argue, that one actually finds from Luther’s texts a limited area of the natural knowledge of God. This knowledge pertains to the existence of God as necessary and as Creator, but not to what God is concretely. Luther appears to think that the natural knowledge of God is limited because of the relation between God and the Universe only one side is known by natural capacities. Scholastic Theology built on Aristotelianism errs, according to Luther, when it uses created reality as the paradigm for thinking about God. Direct experiential knowledge of the divinity, given by faith, is required to comprehend the divine being. Luther’s criticism of Natural theology, however, does not appear to rise from a general rejection of metaphysics, but from that Luther follows certain ideas of Medieval Augustinian Platonism, such as a stark ontological differentiation between finite and infinite things, as well as the idea of divine uniting contradictions. Thus the conflict between faith and reason on Luther seems to be explicable at least in part as a conflict between two different ontological systems, which follow different paradigms of rationality.
Os Argonautas, de Apolônio de Rodes, e a tradição literária
Authors: Caldas Thais Evangelista de Assis
Published: June 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a tradição poética da Grécia que diz respeito ao mito de Jasão e Medeia. Assim, será analisado o jogo intertextual entre a epopeia alexandrina – representada pela obra Os Argonautas, de Apolônio de Rodes – e as poesias homérica, hesiódica e pindárica e também a tragédia euripidiana Medeia e os idílios XIII e XXII de Teócrito.

Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonauts and literary tradition

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate the Greek poetic tradition of the myth of Jason and Medea. This paper also analyzes the intertextual relationships between the Alexandrian Epic - represented by Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonauts - and the Homeric poems, Hesiod and Pindar and also the Euripidean tragedy Medea and the idylls of Theocritus XIII and XXII.

Keywords: Apollonius of Rhodes’ Argonauts; Alexandrian epic poems; intertextuality. 
Apontamentos sobre a Arte retórica de Fortunaciano
Authors: Lombardi Garbellini Izabella
Published: June 2017

Neste artigo, apresenta-se um resumo das partes de minha pesquisa de mestrado, a qual tem por objeto a Arte retórica de Consulto Fortunaciano, manual escolar composto em latim, provavelmente no século IV d. C. A pesquisa divide-se em duas partes: a primeira compreende um estudo sobre a autoria, datação e partição da obra, e outro sobre a doutrina exposta nesta e, em particular, sobre quatro pontos dessa doutrina que chamam a atenção da crítica especializada por serem, de algum modo, particulares da obra; a segunda parte compreende a tradução anotada da obra.

Notes on the Art of Rhetoric by Fortunatianus

Abstract

This article presents an overview of my Master research, which focuses on the Art of Rhetoric by Consultus Fortunatianus, a handbook composed in Latin, probably in the fourth century AD. The research is divided into two parts: the first comprises a study of the authorship, dating and partition of the work, and another a study of the doctrine set forth in this and in particular on four points of doctrine which attract the attention of specialized critics for being somehow, particular to this work; the second part includes the annotated translation of the work.

Keywords: Master research; ars rhetorica; Consultus Fortunatianus 
Historiografia e gênero biográfico na Vita Caligulae de Suetônio – primeiras reflexões
Authors: Lima Danielle
Published: June 2017

Neste artigo pretendemos apresentar os resultados iniciais da pesquisa de Iniciação Científica acerca de Suetônio (69- 130? d.C) e sua relação com a historiografia romana. Em nosso estudo, partimos da biografia do imperador Calígula, a De Vita Caligulae, para analisar aspectos genéricos da biografia de modo a observar suas características e como esta se insere na tradição historiográfica romana, a saber, como um modo de se escrever história ou como um gênero à parte. Durante a pesquisa, além da tradução de parte da biografia, realizamos um breve estudo acerca da historiografia romana, bem como algumas considerações sobre aspectos textuais e estilísticos de Suetônio.

Historiography and biography genre in the Vita Caligulae from Suetonius - some impressions

Abstract

This paper presents the reflections and the results of the Scientific Initiation Research about Vita Caligulae (Life of Caligula), from Suetonius (69/70 - 130? a.C.) and his relation to the roman historiography. In our study, we start from the biography of Caligula emperor, named De Vita Caligulae, to analyze those generic aspects of the biography in the way to notice its features and how this biography is inserted in the historiographical roman tradition, to be known, as a way to write history or as a different genre. During the research, besides the translation of the biography, we realized a brief study about the roman historiography, as well as some considerations about the textual and stylish aspects of Suetonius.

Keywords: Suetonius; Historiography; Biography 
Reflexões sobre a relação entre oralidade e poesia na poética de Marcial
Authors: Cavalcanti do Carmo Rafael
Published: June 2017

Este trabalho objetiva analisar um aspecto fundamental da existência do fenômeno literário na antiguidade: a relação que se estabelece, para seu pleno funcionamento, entre oralidade e letramento. Para tanto, tomamos como base teórica os estudos na área de História da Leitura, desenvolvidos por Roger Chartier e outros, bem como o conceito de campo literário utilizado por Maingueneau (e retomado de Pierre Bourdieu) em sua explicação acerca dos fatores constituintes do contexto de uma obra literária. Com esse referencial teórico, buscamos compreender as variações espaço-temporais a que se submetem os ritos da produção, da recepção e da difusão do fenômeno literário, para, valendo-nos de poemas de Marco Valério Marcial, exemplificar em que medidas a forte relação entre oralidade e letramento, que perpassa o mundo antigo de maneira ampla, se faz presente no próprio ato de composição dessa poesia.

Reflections on the relation between orality and poetry in Martial’s poetic

Abstract

 This work aims to analyze a fundamental aspect of the existence of the literary phenomenon in antiquity: the relation that is established, for its perfect functioning, between orality and literacy. To do that, we have taken as theoretical basis the studies in the area of History of reading, developed by Roger Chartier and others, as well as the concept of literary field used by Maingueneau (and recovered from Bourdieu) in his explanation about the constitutive factors of a literary work’s context. With this theoretical referential, we intend to understand the spatial and temporal variations to which the rites of production, reception, and circulation of the literary phenomenon are submitted, to, by using poems of Marcus Valerius Martial, exemplify in what sense the strong relation between orality and literacy, that passes through the ancient world in a wide manner, makes itself present in the very compositional act of this poetry.

Keywords: orality and literacy; Martial’s poetry; metalanguage; poetic composition. 
AVGVSTINVS HIPONENSIS, VIR CHRISTIANUS, DICENDI PERITUS: Análise das influências clássicas na proposta de formação oratória agostiniana
Authors: Baycer Junior Ivan
Published: June 2017

Neste trabalho expor-se-á uma análise das influências clássicas presentes na proposta de formação oratória agostiniana, a ser desenvolvida paralelamente ao estudo das concepções de retórica no seio do cristianismo. Buscando-se observar que a apresentação elaborada por Agostinho de Hipona à eloquência clássica reflete simultaneamente a repulsa por seu passado e as concepções herdadas pela formação cristã. Desta forma, perceber-se-á que o antigo retor propõe bases para uma eloquência não artificiosa, cujas bases espelham as concepções paulinas – profundamente influenciadas pelo platonismo – e a herança retórica latina, representada principalmente por Cícero. Proposta desenvolvida no decorrer do quarto livro do tratado De doctrina christiana, foco deste estudo, onde se vê Agostinho refletir e embasar o ideal de orador simples, de fala sábia e não artificiosa. 

AVGVSTINVS HIPONENSIS, VIR CHRISTIANUS, DICENDI PERITUS: Analysis of classical influences in the proposal of Augustinian oratorical training

Abstract

This work will expose an analysis of classical influences present in the proposal of Augustinian oratorical training, being developed in parallel with the study of concepts of rhetoric within Christianity. Aiming to note that the presentation prepared by Augustine of Hippo to the classical eloquence simultaneously reflects the rejection to his past and the ideas inherited by the Christian formation. Thus, it will realize that the old rhetorician proposes bases for a non artificial eloquence, whose bases reflect the Pauline conceptions – strongly influenced by Platonism – and the Latin rhetorical heritage, represented mainly by Cicero. Proposal developed during the fourth book of the treatise De doctrina Christiana, the focus of this study, where we see Augustine to reflect and to base the ideal of simple orator, with wise speech and non artificial.

Keywords: Christianity; Latin Patristics; Augustine of Hippo; Rhetoric. 
A polêmica como história de longa duração: ciceronianos e anticiceronianos do século XVII
Authors: Sinkevisque Eduardo
Published: June 2017

Demonstra-se que a questão dos estilos ciceroniano/anti-ciceroniano concernidos à oratória e à escrita da história, nos séculos XVI/XVII, pode ser definida como uma polêmica de longa duração, ou longuíssima, em virtude de atualizar, singularmente, um tipo de debate travado desde a Antiguidade romana (século I da Era cristã), passando pelo Humanismo, até a Modernidade. Após definir polêmica como gênero, definir ciceronianismo/anti-ciceronianismo, discutem-se exemplos de usos do debate estilístico e de poder das representações discursivas em alguns dos historiadores, retores e preceptistas mais significativos do século XVII ibérico-italiano, como Cabrera de Córdoba (1619), Manuel Severim de Faria (1624), Frei Vicente do Salvador (1630), Famiano strada (1632) e Agostino Mascardi (1636). Neste sentido a polêmica seiscentista do estilo agudo em história repõe a querela antiga dos estilos.

Abstract

This paper discusses examples of the stylistic debate uses and power of discursive representations in some of historians, retors and in the most significant treatises of the Iberian and Italian seventeenth century, as Cabrera de Córdoba (1619), Manuel Severim de Faria (1624), Frei Vicente do Salvador (1630), Famiano Strada (1632) and Agostino Mascardi (1636). Therefore, the seventeenth-century Controversy acute style in History restores the old Controversy of styles.

Keywords: Controversy; historical art; Atticism; Asianism; style 
Resenha - Machacek, Gregory. Milton and Homer: "written to aftertimes"
Authors: Abreu Vanessa Do Carmo
Published: June 2017

A presente resenha apresenta uma análise do livro de Gregory Machacek, Milton and Homer: "written to aftertimes", de 2011.
Reabilitando os pensadores antigos para uma Linguística no século XXI
Authors: Fortes Fábio , Lacerda Faria Rocha Eduardo , Adão Sá Freitas Fernando , Silva Moraes Henrique , Alves da Silva Hudson Carlos
Published: June 2017

Perspectiva histórica tem sido, nos últimos anos, revalorizada no âmbito da Linguística. Entretanto, a apropriação de elementos do passado nem sempre se realiza levando em conta qualquer aspecto teórico ou metodológico que envolvem a leitura de um texto antigo. Neste trabalho, pretendemos dar nossa contribuição ao delineamento de alguns aspectos teóricos e metodológicos que precisam emergir sempre que se deseja lidar com tratados metalinguísticos do passado, assim como refletir sobre possíveis contribuições que os Estudos Clássicos podem oferecer à Historiografia da Linguística.

Abstract

Historical perspective has been recently revalued by the field of Linguistics. However, the appropriation of past elements in order to make a sort of ‘History of this discipline’ has not always been carried out taking into account any methodological and theoretical aspects involving the reading of an ancient text. In this paper, we aim at giving our contribution to designing some methodological and theoretical aspects which must come out whenever dealing with metalinguistic treatises from ancient times, as well as reflecting on possible contributions that the Classical Studies can effectively provide to the Historiography of Linguistics.

Keywords: Historiography of Linguistics; Classical Studies; Linguistics; historical perspective 
Distribution of Extended Spectrum Β-Lactamase Genes among Proteus Mirabilis Isolated From Clinical Specimens in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Authors: Khalid Haval M. , Yassin Najim A.
Published: June 2017

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase-among Proteus mirabilis strains recorded high incidence leaving few therapeutic options of potential infections. The purpose of current study was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) producing P. mirabilis, in addition to molecular characterization of the ESBL gene-types using PCR. All isolates were fully identified, checked for antibiotic susceptibility and ESBL production using double disk synergy phenotypic method. Positive ESBL-producing isolates were subjected to PCR assay using specific primers for detection of CTX-M, TEM, and SHV genes. The majority of the isolates exhibited absolute susceptibility (100%) to both meropenem and ertapenem and high susceptibility (95%) to imipenem, while co-resistance were expressed toward cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and other non-lactam antibiotics. Out of 37 isolates, 21(57%) were ESBL-producers and using a double-disc synergy test (DDST). Using molecular-based PCR, CTX-M (81%), TEM (57%) and SHV (24%) were determined among ESBL-positive. CTX-M was predominant and circulating among phenotypic multiple resistant strains. Moreover, the coexistence of CTX-M and TEM gene was a more frequent combination. The study highlighted the increasing levels of low antibiotic susceptibility among P. mirabilis harbored ESBL genes at Duhok city and also confirms that a high level of blaCTX-M-positive ESBL isolates is circulating in this area.
The Prevalence of S. Aureus Nasal Colonisation and its Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern amongst Primary School Pupils
Authors: Assafi Mahde S. , Polse Reem F. , Hussein Nawfal R. , Haji Ahmed H. , Issa Araz R.
Published: June 2017

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most adaptable human pathogens. Nasal Staphylococcus aureus is the main cause of community-associated staphylococcal infections. This project aimed to study the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) and evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility tests among primary school children at Zakho city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Nasal swabs were taken from a total of 300 primary school pupils aged 8-12 years. Collected nasal swabs were processed according to the standard bacteriological culture and isolates were identified using mannitol fermentation, Gram stain, catalase test and coagulase test. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out on Muller-Hinton agar (MHA) to determine the susceptibility of S. aureus and CA-MRSA towards antibiotics. 30% (90/300) of the primary school children carried S. aureus. The nasal carriage of MRSA was 4% (12/300) among participants. All MRSA isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, doxycycline, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. This study showed that the incidence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA is comparable with reports from elsewhere. Measures are needed to keep the emergence and transmission of these pathogens to a lowest. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all S. aureus isolates is crucial for treatment of MRSA. Further studies are required to detect the risk factors of the acquisition of MRSA.
Effect of Some Chemical Factors on Pullulan Production from Date Syrup by Alocal Isolate of the Fungus Aurobisedium Pullulans
Authors: Haidar Mustafa M. , Adil Jeen N.
Published: June 2017

This study was developed to use Iraqi date syrup as a carbon source and basal substrate for the production of the exopolysaccharide “Pullulan” by the yeast like fungus A. pullulans. It has been revealed that the best incubation period for high accumulation of pullulan was three days of incubation with initial pH value of 6.5. Also, the fermentation medium of 12% sugar was found to be superior to other sugar concentrations with respect to pullulan production. Moreover, the results of the addition of different nitrogen source containing same amounts of nitrogen present in 0.2% ammonium sulphate show that the urea stimulated pullulan biosynthesis by the fungus more than other tested nitrogen sources. Additionally, highest production of pullulan was obtained when a concentration of 0.2% sodium chloride and was added to the fermentation medium.
Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites under Fingernails of Primary School Children in Zakho, Kurdistan Region
Authors: Jameel Ahmad Y. , Issa Araz R. , Amidy Kaveen S.Kh. , Mero Wijdan M. S. , Sabri Mohammed A. , Khdihir Mohammed A.
Published: June 2017

In this study, 103 fingernails samples were collected (31 female and 72 male) from primary school children aged between 6 to12 years, which lived in Zakho city during the period from March to November, 2015. Each fingernail sample was immersed in normal saline, and subsequently centrifuged for 5 minutes at 2500 rpm. The supernatant was discarded; a few drops of the sediment of each sample were placed on the center of a clean glass slide with a drop of iodine or eosin, and then examined microscopically. The results revealed a total rate of 25.24% of infection with parasites. The recorded parasites with their rates included: eggs of Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichaura (7.76, 5.82, 2.91 and 0.97 %, respectively) and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia (4.85 and 2.91 %). According to age, the highest percentage of infection occurred in 9 years old children. Regarding the gender, males showed a higher rate of infection than females (17.47 % versus 7.76%, respectively). These results clarify the role of fingernails in the transmission of parasitic infections, which requires continuous cleaning and cutting.
Anatomical and Palynological Characters of Celtis L. In Kurdistan-Iraq
Authors: Shahbaz Saleem E. , Sharif Nazar M.
Published: June 2017

Anatomical and palynological characters of Celtis genus growing in Iraq were studied in an attempt to provide useful features to delimit taxa and to refine taxonomic relationships. Results revealed the presence of lithocysts inside the leaf structure of C. tournefortii with few of them forming very small protrusion out of the leaf, while in C. australis lithocysts form large protrusion out from the leaf. The large midrib adaxial hump of C. tournefortii constitute a wide area between the two sides of the leaf blade, while in C. australis the small midrib adaxial hump produce narrow area between the two sides of the leaf blade. Stomata are of anomocytic type in C. australis while, anomocytic and paracytic in C. tourneforti. Furthermore, simple hairs are dense on the adaxial side of the petiole of C. tournefortii var. tournefortii, while absent from the adaxial side of the petiole of C. tournefortii var. glabrata. Leaves of all taxa are distinctly bifacial, hypostomatic, and provided with one layer of palisade parenchyma. Pollen grains are 3-porate, rarely 4-porate. A sunken area in the aperture surrounding a pore is distinct. Pollen is mediae in size and subprolate in shape, the pollen grains of C. australis together with var. glabrata belong to Celtis-type grain, while, var. tournefoertii to the Ulmus-type grain. The high anatomical and palynological differences between varieties of C. tournefoertii support promotion of these two varieties to the specific level.
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of a New Series of Benzo[E][1,3]Oxazepine Compounds from Schiff Bases
Authors: Azeez Hashim J. , Qadir Kali M.
Published: June 2017

The present work includes synthesis, characterization and investigation the biological activity of a new series of benzo [e][1, 3]oxazepine compounds which were prepared from Schiff bases. The synthetic routes have been divided into two steps as follows: The first step includes the synthesis of Schiff bases, by treatment of 4-amino diphenyl amine and different substituted benzaldehydes in absolute ethanol using glacial acetic acid as catalyst. The second step of this work is the synthesis of a series benzo [e][1, 3] oxazepine, by the reaction of the synthesized Schiff bases with phthalic anhydride in dry benzene. The structures of the synthesized products were confirmed on the basis of (UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Some of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity, against two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative).The results showed the high sensitivity of the synthesized compounds to both types of bacteria.
The Influence of the Growth Time on the Size and Alignment of Zno Nanorods
Authors: Abdulrahman Ahmed F. , Ahmed Sabah M. , Ahmed Naser M.
Published: June 2017

Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods arrays were synthesized on glass substrates. ZnO seed layers were prepared on the glass substrate by RF Sputtering technique. ZnO nanorods synthesized using low-cost chemical bath deposition method at low temperature (95 ºC). The effect of the different growth time such as (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) h on the morphology, elemental chemical composition and structure of the ZnO nanorods were obtained systemically, and tested by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive analysis (EDX), and XRD measurements. The results found that the ZnO nanorods with hexagonal wurtzite structure grow vertically on the glass substrates. Most of the prepared samples have strong and sharp (002) peak intensities and the diffraction peaks (002) become higher and narrower as growth time increasing, obtaining that the ZnO crystalline quality became better with growth time increasing. The growth rate was decreased with increasing growth time, and the high aspect ratio was found at 4 h as a growth time. The size, length and crystalline size of the ZnO nanorods increase with increasing growth time. Furthermore, the ZnO nanorods vertically grow at (002) direction along the c-axis on the glass substrate, with elementary chemical compositions of zinc and oxygen only for all prepared samples.
Biomass estimation of some fast growing trees in the eastern Terai, Nepal
Authors: Thapa Hasta B.
Published: June 2017

Abstract on PDF
Ethnobotanical study at Khandbari Municipality of Sankhuwasabha District, Nepal
Authors: Parajuli Shankar Prasad
Published: June 2017

Abstract on the PDF
Institutional strengthening in leasehold forestry through cooperatives
Authors: Singh Bijay Kumar
Published: June 2017

abstract on the PDF
Omphalotus olearius, a toxic mushroom of Kathmandu valley
Authors: Adhikari M.K. , Durricu G.
Published: June 2017

Abstract on the PDF
Impact of community forest on rural livelihood
Authors: Roy Rabndra , Pokharel Ridish K
Published: June 2017

No abstract
Les apports de l’analyse transactionnelle aux organisations positives
Authors: Chernet Daniel
Published: June 2017

Dans notre monde contemporain, les médias nous présentent de plus en plus souvent des entreprises « broyeuses d’humains » au service exclusif de la finance, servant les intérêts de quelques-uns au détriment de ceux qui y travaillent. Nous sommes confrontés à un nombre croissant de personnes en grande souffrance dans leur milieu de travail. Mais il existe des entreprises et des chercheurs qui mettent leur intelligence et leur énergie pour enrayer cette tendance. Daniel Chernet, en fait partie. Dans un langage clair et direct, il décrit l’exemple des entreprises « positives », et partant des concepts de la théorie organisationnelle de Berne, il explore les conditions nécessaires au changement et l’impact de ce changement sur les différents niveaux de processus de fonctionnement de l’organisation. La lecture de son article nous apporte une vraie bouffée d’optimisme quant au futur : il est possible aux organisations de mettre en place d’autres types de fonctionnement dans lesquels l’humain reprend sa place, et l’utilisation de l’AT peut aider à les élaborer. B.E.
Remue-ménage dans la direction d’école
Authors: Henaff Françoise
Published: June 2017

Françoise Hénaff nous raconte une belle expérience sur la capacité d’ouverture d’une institution scolaire confrontée à une situation dite « de crise » dont l’équipe pédagogique se saisit comme d’un challenge et d’une opportunité de créativité et d’apprentissage. A partir de sa volonté de partager avec l’équipe pédagogique la gestion de l’activité, la directrice, leader reconnue comme responsable par l’institution, crée les conditions de la coopération de cette équipe, en favorisant l’intimité et la créativité. Elle permet ainsi à l’équipe d’éviter de subir dans la passivité une situation de changement de direction, en mettant en place un processus co-créé, négocié, innovant, dans cette institution. Son article met aussi en évidence comment l’environnement de l’école a besoin d’un leadership bien identifié : celui / celle vers qui se tourner en cas de problème inédit, touchant, par exemple, à la protection du public accueilli. Cette expérience peut être très modélisante pour les responsables d’établissement qui ont à cœur de développer la motivation et la responsabilité des membres de leur équipe, et d’insuffler de la fraîcheur dans le système complexe de l’école ! M.M.
Le prix du compromis politique
Authors: Piganiol Marie
Published: June 2017

Les politiques sociales parviennent-elles à s’accomplir lorsque des politiques gestionnaires menacent leur réalisation ? Si oui, comment et à quel prix ? Cet article s’intéresse aux face-à-face entre les politiques de logement et de la dette. Depuis les années 2000, ces deux politiques s’affrontent dans le marché foncier par leurs stratégies rivales. D’un côté, les villes sont à l’affût de terrains urbains à bas prix pour construire massivement des logements abordables. De l’autre, les administrations et les entreprises publiques vendent chèrement le patrimoine public pour rembourser leur dette. À partir d’une enquête qualitative approfondie sur des transactions concernant des terrains publics, nous distinguons deux modalités de compromis marchands entre les villes et les propriétaires publics : le prix de vente et l’augmentation de la rente foncière. Ces compromis ont plusieurs conséquences politiques. À court terme et à condition que les villes y mettent le prix, la vente des terrains publics permet de créer de nombreux logements. Mais la vente des terrains publics encourage l’augmentation des prix fonciers, compromettant les politiques de logement à long terme.
Pour mettre fin au mythe de Laplace
Authors: Sartenaer Olivier
Published: June 2017

Nous ouvrons la présente étude par une élucidation de la teneur du « mythe de Laplace », que nous interprétons comme l’inférence prenant pied sur la conjonction de deux prémisses, l’hypothèse d’une intelligence illimitée et l’hypothèse d’un univers ontologiquement déterministe, et aboutissant à la thèse du déterminisme épistémologique. Nous nous donnons ensuite comme objectif de démontrer qu’une telle inférence est invalide. À cette fin, nous partons à la recherche d’un cadre métaphysique particulier au sein duquel il est possible de soutenir la conjonction des hypothèses de l’inférence laplacienne avec la négation de sa thèse. En particulier, après avoir évalué – puis écarté – la possibilité que le bergsonisme convienne à cet égard, nous montrons qu’une philosophie spécifique de l’évolution s’étant inspirée – mais aussi distanciée – du bergsonisme constitue le cadre recherché. La mise en évidence de l’existence et de la consistance même d’une telle philosophie constitue l’occasion de mettre fin au mythe de Laplace.
Le structuralisme phénoménologique de Jacques English
Authors: Benoist Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

La voie de recherche de Jacques English fut absolument unique dans son contexte. À l’époque du structuralisme et de la prédominance de l’ontologie heideggerienne, il choisit de se consacrer à l’étude de la phénoménologie husserlienne. Pendant trente ans, il joua le rôle de gardien de la flamme de la phénoménologie transcendantale dans un relatif isolement et dans une certaine mesure à contre-courant. Son enquête endurante jeta les bases d’un nouveau départ de la recherche phénoménologique, qui finalement survint dans les années 1980. Pourtant, cet article montre comment, dans l’analyse englishienne, combinant Husserl et Platon sur un mode original, la phénoménologie de la conscience a intrinsèquement une dimension structurale. En fait, la phénoménologie de Jacques English fournit l’exemple singulier d’un structuralisme de la conscience.
Monocyte Adhesion, Migration, and Extracellular Matrix Breakdown Are Regulated by Integrin αVβ3 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Brilha Sara , Wysoczanski Riccardo , Whittington Ashley M. , Friedland Jon S. , Porter Joanna C.
Published: June 2017

In tuberculosis (TB), the innate inflammatory immune response drives tissue destruction, morbidity, and mortality. Monocytes secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which have key roles in local tissue destruction and cavitation. We hypothesized that integrin signaling might regulate monocyte MMP secretion in pulmonary TB during cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Adhesion to type I collagen and fibronectin by Mycobacterium tuberculosis–stimulated monocytes increased MMP-1 gene expression by 2.6-fold and 4.3-fold respectively, and secretion by 60% (from 1208.1 ± 186 to 1934.4 ± 135 pg/ml; p < 0.0001) and 63% (1970.3 ± 95 pg/ml; p < 0.001). MMP-10 secretion increased by 90% with binding to type I collagen and 55% with fibronectin, whereas MMP-7 increased 57% with collagen. The ECM did not affect the secretion of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 or -2. Integrin αVβ3 surface expression was specifically upregulated in stimulated monocytes and was further increased after adhesion to type I collagen. Binding of either β3 or αV integrin subunits increased MMP-1/10 secretion in M. tuberculosis–stimulated monocytes. In a cohort of TB patients, significantly increased integrin β3 mRNA accumulation in induced sputum was detected, to our knowledge, for the first time, compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). Integrin αVβ3 colocalized with areas of increased and functionally active MMP-1 on infected monocytes, and αVβ3 blockade markedly decreased type I collagen breakdown, and impaired both monocyte adhesion and leukocyte migration in a transwell system (p < 0.0001). In summary, our data demonstrate that M. tuberculosis stimulation upregulates integrin αVβ3 expression on monocytes, which upregulates secretion of MMP-1 and -10 on adhesion to the ECM. This leads to increased monocyte recruitment and collagenase activity, which will drive inflammatory tissue damage.
Aging Impairs Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Increases Influenza-Induced Mortality in Mice
Authors: Wong Christine K. , Smith Candice A. , Sakamoto Koji , Kaminski Naftali , Koff Jonathan L. , Goldstein Daniel R.
Published: June 2017

Influenza viral infections often lead to increased mortality in older people. However, the mechanisms by which aging impacts immunity to influenza lung infection remain unclear. We employed a murine model of influenza infection to identify these mechanisms. With aging, we found reduced numbers of alveolar macrophages, cells essential for lung homeostasis. We also determined that these macrophages are critical for influenza-induced mortality with aging. Furthermore, aging vastly alters the transcriptional profile and specifically downregulates cell cycling pathways in alveolar macrophages. Aging impairs the ability of alveolar macrophages to limit lung damage during influenza infection. Moreover, aging decreases alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, downregulates the scavenging receptor CD204, and induces retention of neutrophils during influenza infection. Thus, aging induces defective phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages and increases lung damage. These findings indicate that therapies that enhance the function of alveolar macrophages may improve outcomes in older people infected with respiratory viruses.
IL-23 Limits the Production of IL-2 and Promotes Autoimmunity in Lupus
Authors: Dai Hong , He Fan , Tsokos George C. , Kyttaris Vasileios C.
Published: June 2017

The IL-23/IL-17 pathway is important in multiple autoimmune diseases, but its effect on lupus pathology remains unclear, with opposing trials in murine models of the disease. In this study, we show a disease activity–related upregulation of serum IL-23 and IL-23 receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as compared with healthy controls. When added in SLE T cell in vitro cultures, IL-23 induced IL-17 and limited IL-2 production, whereas T follicular helper and double negative (DN) T cells significantly expanded. To further dissect the role of IL-23 in the expression of autoimmunity and related pathology, we generated IL-23 receptor–deficient MRL.lpr mice. These IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr mice displayed attenuated lupus nephritis with a striking decrease in the accumulation of DN T cells in the kidneys and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, T cells from IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr mice produced increased amounts of IL-2 and reduced amounts of IL-17 compared with T cells from wild type animals. In vitro IL-23 treatment promoted IL-17 production and downregulated IL-2 production. The IL-23R−/−MRL.lpr had fewer T follicular helper cells, B cells, and plasma cells, leading to decreased production of anti-dsDNA Abs. Our results show that IL-23 accounts for the main aspects of human and murine lupus including the expansion of DN T cells, decreased IL-2, and increased IL-17 production. We propose that blockade of IL-23 should have a therapeutic value in patients with SLE.
Investigar es una función inherente a la Educación Superior
Authors: Hernández Norma
Published: June 2017

No resumen
Caracterización de pacientes con Acromegalia atendidos en la Consulta de Endocrinología del Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social
Authors: López Estrada Elliana Regina
Published: June 2017

En el Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social (ISSS) a través del consultorio de especialidades, se tienen pocos datos sobre la población con acromegalia, por lo que en el presente estudio se describen las principales características de 40 pacientes con dicha patología atendidos durante el 2010. El rango de edad del grupo osciló entre los 21 y 75 años, siendo en su mayoría mujeres (60%). Las manifestaciones clínicas encontradas fueron: crecimiento acral y facial, cefalea, trastornos visuales y artralgias; con inicio más frecuente entre la segunda y quinta décadas de la vida. El tiempo promedio de evolución de la enfermedad al diagnóstico fue de 3.8 años, el cual es menor al descrito en la literatura mundial; sin embargo, la mayoría debutó con macroadenomas y extensión perisellar. El 95% fue abordado con resección quirúrgica inicial y posteriormente la mayoría recibió análogos de somatostatina de larga y corta acción (27.5% y 22.5% respectivamente). Se encontró que el 55% del grupo no había logrado control bioquímico, siendo más común en mujeres y en presencia de macroadenomas hipofisiarios con algún grado de extensión. El tamizaje de complicaciones cardiovasculares y colorrectales se realizó en 17.5% y 10% de pacientes, respectivamente, reportándose anormalidades en la mayoría, incluso un caso de cáncer colónico avanzado. Se espera que la información obtenida constituya la base para aseguraren la institución la atención óptima y el manejo integral del paciente con acromegalia.
Evaluación del “Programa Educación para la Vida” en la prevención de consumo de drogas en estudiantes de Tercer Ciclo y Bachillerato
Authors: Bautista Pérez Fabio
Published: June 2017

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los resultados o efectos del “Programa Educación para la Vida”, en la prevención del consumo de drogas en estudiantes de Tercer Ciclo y Bachillerato en instituciones estatales. La investigación fue descriptiva, con un diseño transversal en el que participaron 594 estudiantes provenientes de centros educativos, que recibieron el programa y centros que no lo recibieron, de la ciudad de San Salvador, El Salvador. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes habían recibido información sobre prevención del consumo de drogas, VIH, Educación Integral de la Sexualidad; así también sobre Habilidades para la Vida, Equidad de Género, Proyecto de Vida, Educación en Derechos Humanos y Cultura de Paz, pero no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la prevención de consumo de drogas como alcohol, tabaco y marihuana entre Centros Educativos que recibieron el programa y los Centros que no lo recibieron. En relación a las actitudes hacia las drogas, la mayoría opinó que “ha aprendido a controlarse en cualquier circunstancia, no acudir a las drogas, saber llevar nuestros problemas, saber medir nuestra autoestima”, “le ha ayudado a comprender a los demás y tener confianza”, “me ha ayudado a conocerme interiormente, respetarme y quererme porque nadie me conoce mejor que yo”. Los hallazgos en este estudio sugieren una revisión sistemática de las políticas y estrategias de la intervención del “Programa Educación para la vida” por el Ministerio de Educación, para un mejor aprovechamiento del mismo entre los estudiantes de Tercer Ciclo y Bachillerato.
Enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo como causa de fiebre de origen por determinar
Authors: Trejo Ayala Rafael , Montúfar Rubén
Published: June 2017

La Fiebre de Origen por Determinar, constituye un verdadero reto para el médico, ya que puede ser causada y desarrollada por múltiples causas entre las que se pueden mencionar: las enfermedades infecciosas, neoplásicas, colágeno vascular, misceláneas e idiopáticas. Las causas asociadas a enfermedad del tejido conectivo representan del 33% al 40% de los casos. El objetivo de este reporte es presentar un caso de una mujer, de 28 años, quien después de múltiples estudios, repetidos ingresos hospitalarios y persistencia de su fiebre, ocho meses después, aparecen síntomas compatibles con lupus, polimiositis y esclerodermia; por lo que se consideró el diagnóstico de Enfermedad Mixta del Tejido Conectivo.
Stress, Strain-Rate Analysis of Sub-Surface Driveway Plants
Authors: Greene Peter R. , Greene Virginia A.
Published: June 2017

Sub-surface driveway plants are strong enough to penetrate a macadam surface of thickness 7 – 9 cm. The mechanics of how the Taraxacum officinale accomplishes this feat remain a mystery. Using the Maxwell model for pavement yielding over time, data are presented which may shed some light on this phenomenon. The post-buckling behavior of the plant stalk is quantified. Euler bending and buckling theory enables calculation of the cellular stress field, compared to turgor pressure, indicating impending cell buckling. Post-buckling plastic strain of the plant stem is 19%. At the cell wall, the stress concentration factor is 3-times greater than the applied external field, so the cell’s internal turgor pressure is overwhelmed by imposed external stress. An Impulse Integral is developed for the surface whereby the product of applied FORCE times TIME is CONSTANT, in order to produce a given amount of surface deflection. Taraxacum officinale stems and leaf stalks are strong enough, in buckling mode, to lift and push apart the fractured macadam crater through which they erupt, but not strong enough to initially crack the surface. The purpose of this work is to determine the mechanisms underlying this unusual plant survival phenomenon, backed by quantified data.
N5,N10‐methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii also serves as a methylglyoxal reductase
Authors: Miller Danielle V. , Ruhlin Michelle , Ray William Keith , Xu Huimin , White Robert H.
Published: June 2017

In Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, methylglyoxal (MG) is required for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. Previously, the reduction of MG to lactaldehyde in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii cell extracts using either NADPH or F420H2 was demonstrated; however, the enzyme responsible was not identified. Using NADPH as the reductant, the unknown enzyme was purified from cell extracts of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and determined to be the F420‐dependent N5,N10‐methylenetetrahydromethanopterin reductase (Mer). Here, we report that the recombinantly overexpressed Mer is able to use NADPH and MG (KM of 1.6 and 1.0 mm, respectively) to produce lactaldehyde. Additionally, Mer does not catalyze the reduction of MG to lactaldehyde in the presence of reduced Fo, the precursor of F420.
Oxygen transfer in co‐extruded multilayer active films for food packaging
Authors: Di Maio Luciano , Marra Francesco , Bedane Tesfaye F. , Incarnato Loredana , Saguy Sam
Published: June 2017

Oxygen scavenger applications in flexible food packaging are still limited due to the difficulty to ensure scavenging activity during storage and throughout the product shelf life. To avoid fast inactivation of the scavenger, multilayer active structures can be realized by inserting the active layer between two or more inert layers. In this work, an unsteady‐state 1D reaction‐diffusion mass transfer model was developed for predicting and optimizing the barrier‐to‐oxygen performance and the physical configurations of the co‐extruded multilayer active films. The film configuration was a three‐layers structure composed of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as external inert layers, and PET with a polymeric oxygen scavenger as the core reactive layer. Scavenging activity of the multilayer film increased with the reactive layer thickness. Oxygen absorption reaction at short times decreased proportionally with the thickness of the external layers. The most appropriate combinations of inert‐to‐active film thickness were studied and analyzed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Die direkte katalytische Oxidation von Methan zu Methanol – eine kritische Beurteilung
Authors: Ravi Manoj , Ranocchiari Marco , van Bokhoven Jeroen A.
Published: June 2017

Es gibt vielzählige direkte, selektive Ansätze, um Methan partiell zu oxidieren, jedoch ist noch keiner von ihnen zur industriellen Reife gelangt. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Oxidation von Methan zu Methanol eine schwierige, aber lohnende Aufgabe, da sie eine wirkungsvolle Methode ist, um das Abfackeln von Erdgas, das als Nebenprodukt in der Erdölindustrie anfällt, zu unterbinden, und zugleich die Möglichkeit bietet, Methan zu valorisieren. Dieser Aufsatz berücksichtigt die Synthese von Methanol und seinen Derivaten ausgehend von Methan durch homogen‐ und heterogenkatalytische Methoden. Er zeigt die starken Einschränkungen der direkten katalytischen Synthese von Methanol aus Methan auf und unterstreicht dabei die enorme Überlegenheit von Systemen, die Methanolderivate produzieren oder sich durch Besonderheiten wie die Verwendung von Mehrkomponenten‐Katalysatoren zur Methanolstabilisierung auszeichnen. Für die zukünftige Forschung erweist sich die Stabilisierung von Methanol in der homogenen und heterogenen Katalyse als unentbehrlich.
Claycop/hydrazine: A new and highly efficient recyclable/reusable catalytic system for 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole synthesis under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Elnagdy Hanan M. F. , Gogoi Kongkona , Ali Abdul A. , Sarma Diganta
Published: June 2017

Clay‐supported copper(II) nitrate (claycop) has been used as an efficient catalyst for azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions leading to 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles. The highly efficient claycop/hydrazine hydrate catalytic system affords triazoles in a few minutes (1–20 min) at room temperature, under mild and solvent‐free conditions. High regioselectivity, excellent yields, ease of claycop synthesis and recyclability/reusability of the catalyst are considered as practical merits of the protocol.
Preparation of cationic modified collagen extracted from leather wastes and their application in dye flocculation
Authors: Li Chongyi , Liao Hongguang , Zhang Xiang , Yu Xiaoguang , Tong Mengliang
Published: June 2017

A series of novel cationic flocculants are designed and synthesized successfully by grafting two monomers onto the collagen backbone, namely acrylamide (AM) and 2‐methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC). Apparently, these effective grafting modifications are well demonstrated by adopting FTIR and H1 NMR measurements, which could be used to estimate grafting ratios of corresponding monomers approximately. Additionally, significant improvements in positive charge densities and amorphous aggregation structures are also definitely confirmed by Zeta and XRD measurements, respectively. Moreover, thermogravimetric analysis clearly proves the formation of cationic branched chain architectures, whose maximum thermal degradation temperature would significantly decrease with the introduction of AM. In addition, much more porous and rougher surface structures could be visibly observed after successful grafting modifications. Furthermore, when the feeding weight ratio between collagen and DMC is controlled at 1:3, or the equal amounts of AM and DMC are introduced meanwhile the mass ratio between collagen and mixed monomers (DMC + AM) is fixed at 1:4, the samples acquired could both perform the best in decolorizing the model wastewater containing methyl orange (MO) dyes in their groups, and hereby, a corresponding flocculation mechanism is also proposed based on the structural analysis of the formed flocs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45363.