bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PH-domain-dependent selective transport of p75 by kinesin-3 family motors in non-polarized MDCK cells
Authors: Xue Xiaoxiao , Jaulin Fanny , Espenel Cedric , Kreitzer Geri
Published: April 2010

A key process during epithelial polarization involves establishment of polarized transport routes from the Golgi to distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains. To do this, the machinery involved in selective trafficking must be regulated during differentiation. Our previous studies showed that KIF5B selectively transports vesicles containing p75-neurotrophin receptors to the apical membrane of polarized, but not non-polarized MDCK cells. To identify the kinesin(s) responsible for p75 trafficking in non-polarized MDCK cells we expressed KIF-specific dominant-negative constructs and assayed for changes in post-Golgi transport of p75 by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. Overexpression of the tail domains of kinesin-3 family members that contain a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, KIF1A or KIF1Bβ, attenuated the rate of p75 exit from the Golgi in non-polarized MDCK cells but not in polarized cells. Analysis of p75 post-Golgi transport in cells expressing KIF1A or KIF1Bβ with their PH domains deleted revealed that vesicle transport by these motors depends on the PH domains. Furthermore, purified KIF1A and KIF1Bβ tails interact with p75 vesicles and these interactions require the PH domain. Knockdown of canine KIF1A also inhibited exit of p75 from the Golgi, and this was rescued by expression of human KIF1A. Together these data demonstrate that post-Golgi transport of p75 in non-polarized epithelial cells is mediated by kinesin-3 family motors in a PH-domain-dependent process.
Selective export of human GPI-anchored proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Bonnon Carine , Wendeler Markus W. , Paccaud Jean-Pierre , Hauri Hans-Peter
Published: April 2010

Selective export of transmembrane proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) relies on recognition of cytosolic-domain-localized transport signals by the Sec24 subunit of the COPII vesicle coat. Human cells express four Sec24 isoforms, termed Sec24A, Sec24B, Sec24C and Sec24D that are differentially required for selective, signal-mediated ER export of transmembrane proteins. By contrast, luminally exposed glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins cannot bind directly to Sec24 and must either use membrane-spanning cargo receptors or alternative mechanisms for ER export. Little is known about the mechanism underlying export of GPI-anchored proteins from the ER in higher eukaryotes. Using siRNA-based silencing, we identified that ER-to-Golgi transport of the human GPI-anchored protein CD59 requires Sec24, with preference for the Sec24C and Sec24D isoforms, and the recycling transmembrane protein complex p24-p23 that exhibited the same Sec24C-Sec24D isoform preference for ER export. Co-immunoprecipitation indicated unprecedented physical interaction of CD59 as well as a GFP-folate-receptor-GPI-anchor hybrid with a p24-p23 complex. Density gradient centrifugation revealed co-partitioning of CD59 and p24-p23 into biosynthetically early lipid raft fractions, and CD59 transport to the Golgi was cholesterol dependent. The results suggest that the 24p-23p complex acts as a cargo receptor for GPI-anchored proteins by facilitating their export from the ER in a Sec24-isoform-selective manner involving lipid rafts as early sorting platforms.
EP45 accumulates in growingXenopus laevisoocytes and has oocyte-maturation-enhancing activity involved in oocyte quality
Authors: Marteil Gaëlle , D'Inca Romain , Pascal Aude , Guitton Nathalie , Midtun Torbjørn , Goksøyr Anders , Richard-Parpaillon Laurent , Kubiak Jacek Z.
Published: April 2010

The capacity of oocytes to fully support meiotic maturation develops gradually during oocyte growth. Growing oocytes accumulate proteins and mRNAs required for this process. However, little is known about the identity of these factors. We performed a differential proteomic screen comparing the proteomes of growing stage-IV oocytes, which do not undergo meiotic maturation in response to progesterone, with fully grown stage-VI ones, which do. In 2D gels of stage-VI oocytes, we identified a group of four protein spots as EP45 (estrogen-regulated protein 45 kDa), which belongs to the family of serine protease inhibitors and is also known as Seryp or pNiXa. Western blot analysis after mono- and bi-dimensional electrophoreses confirmed the accumulation of certain forms of this protein in oocytes between stages IV and VI. EP45 mRNA was not detectable in oocytes or ovaries, but was expressed in the liver. A low-mobility isoform of EP45 was detected in liver and blood, whereas two (occasionally three or four) higher-mobility isoforms were found exclusively in oocytes, suggesting that liver-synthesized protein is taken up by oocytes from the blood and rapidly modified. Alone, overexpression of RNA encoding either full-length or N-terminally truncated protein had no effect on meiotic resumption in stage-IV or -VI oocytes. However, in oocytes moderately reacting to low doses of progesterone, it significantly enhanced germinal-vesicle breakdown, showing a novel and unsuspected activity of this protein. Thus, EP45 accumulates in growing oocytes through uptake from the blood and has the capacity to act as an ‘oocyte-maturation enhancer’ (‘Omen’).
Dynamic, inter-subunit interactions between the N-terminal and central mutation regions of cardiac ryanodine receptor
Authors: Liu Zheng , Wang Ruiwu , Tian Xixi , Zhong Xiaowei , Gangopadhyay Jaya , Cole Richard , Ikemoto Noriaki , Chen S. R. Wayne , Wagenknecht Terence
Published: April 2010

Naturally occurring mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) have been linked to certain types of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Two mutation hotspots that lie in the N-terminal and central regions of RyR2 are predicted to interact with one another and to form an important channel regulator switch. To monitor the conformational dynamics involving these regions, we generated a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair. A yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) was inserted into RyR2 after residue Ser437 in the N-terminal region, and a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) was inserted after residue Ser2367 in the central region, to form a dual YFP- and CFP-labeled RyR2 (RyR2S437-YFP/S2367-CFP). We transfected HEK293 cells with RyR2S437-YFP/S2367-CFP cDNAs, and then examined them by using confocal microscopy and by measuring the FRET signal in live cells. The FRET signals are influenced by modulators of RyR2, by domain peptides that mimic the effects of disease causing RyR2 mutations, and by various drugs. Importantly, FRET signals were also readily detected in cells co-transfected with single CFP (RyR2S437-YFP) and single YFP (RyR2S2367-CFP) labeled RyR2, indicating that the interaction between the N-terminal and central mutation regions is an inter-subunit interaction. Our studies demonstrate that FRET analyses of this CFP- and YFP-labeled RyR2 can be used not only for investigating the conformational dynamics associated with RyR2 channel gating, but potentially, also for identifying drugs that are capable of stabilizing the conformations of RyR2.
Numerical Investigation of Residual Stresses and Distortions due to Multi-Pass Welding in a Pipe-Flange Joint
Authors: Abid M , Qarni M J
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a numerical simulation for examining temperature fields, residual stresses, and distortions in multi-pass welding of a pipe-flange joint. A sequentially coupled transient non-linear thermo-mechanical three-dimensional finite-element model is developed to simulate four-pass tungsten inert gas welding process. An ANSI class 300{#} flange is welded with a 6 mm thick, 200 mm long, and 100 mm nominal diameter pipe, using a single V-groove butt joint with a 1.2 mm root opening. Goldak's double ellipsoidal model is used for the weld heat source, and inactive element addition technique is used for the addition of weld filler elements. Axial and hoop residual stresses and out-of-plane distortions along the flange face are plotted. In addition, welding start and end effects are discussed.
Application of genetic algorithms to active vibration control of a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber
Authors: Liang C-H , Tung P-C
Published: April 2010

This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) controller for the active vibration control of a centrifugal pendulum vibration absorber (CPVA). The genetic algorithm is applied to search for the optimal solution for the regulation of the anti-resonance frequency in an active pendulum vibration absorber (APVA), which is operated by suppressing vibration of the carrier. The dynamic model of the APVA is developed and simulated using MATLAB. The simulation results reveal that the GA controller can find the optimal variables when the excitation frequency varies, to determine an appropriate value for the torque of the active pendulum such that minimizes the amplitude of vibration of the carrier. After the GA process is complete, the search results are cumulatively stored in the knowledge base. The carrier vibration results obtained using the CPVA are compared with those obtained using the GA APVA. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GA APVA in reducing carrier vibration.
Sampled-data exponential stabilization of a class of non-linear stochastic systems
Authors: Wu J , Shi P
Published: April 2010

In this paper, the problem of sampled-data exponential stabilization of non-linear stochastic systems with interval parameter uncertainties is considered. The parameter uncertainties are characterized by a matrix bound which is natural in real applications and the non-linearity is assumed to satisfy the boundedness condition. By using the input delay approach, the stochastic sampled-data system is transformed into a stochastic continuous time-delay system. State-feedback and output-feedback controller designs for the non-linear stochastic systems are proposed based on the exponential stability condition such that the system is robustly exponentially stable. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Compression ignition of directly injected natural gas with entrained diesel
Authors: Laforet C A , Brown B S , Rogak S N , Munshi S R
Published: April 2010

A new fuel injector prototype for heavy-duty engines has been developed to use direct-injection natural gas with small amounts of entrained diesel as an ignition promoter. This ‘co-injection’ is quite different from other dual-fuel engine systems where diesel and gas are introduced separately. In an engine with co-injection, diesel and gas are injected simultaneously through one set of nozzle holes as the piston approaches top dead centre. Most of the combustion is non-premixed, as in a conventional diesel engine, but the natural gas supplies over 90 per cent of the energy for typical operating conditions. Reliable compression-ignition can be attained, but two injections per engine cycle are often needed to minimize engine knock. The present paper focuses on 800 r/min light-load operation (equivalence ratio between 0.05 and 0.22) with a single injection per cycle, in order to better understand how the ignition process is affected by in-cylinder conditions and the gas/diesel ratio. Two techniques were used to explore the data: response surface methodology and power-law fits. These methods both showed above a certain diesel/gas ratio that ignition delay approached that of pure diesel injections, but significant knock would occur if the total fuel energy of the injection was high. With high injection pressure and low cylinder pressure, the region of allowable diesel flow (i.e. the region with low knock intensity and high combustion efficiency) was increased for cases with low to moderate gas flow compared with low injection pressure. Injection pressure had little effect at high cylinder pressure, and had no significant effect on ignition delay.
Stratified liquefied petroleum gas—dimethyl ether compression ignition engine combustion at various intake valve open timings
Authors: Yeom K , Bae C
Published: April 2010

The combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics of compression ignition engine with a variable valve timing device were investigated for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and dimethyl ether (DME) under various LPG injection timing conditions. LPG was used as the main fuel injected directly into the combustion chamber. DME was used as an ignition promoter injected into the intake port. Different LPG injection timings were tested to verify the effects of the mixture homogeneity on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of the LPG and DME compression ignition engine. The average charge temperature was calculated to analyse the pollutant formation. The ringing intensity was used for the analysis of knock characteristics.

The combustion and exhaust emission characteristics differed significantly depending on the LPG injection and intake valve open timings. The carbon monoxide (CO) emission increased as the intake valve opened and LPG injection timings were retarded owing to the local mixture inhomogeneity. However, the particulate matter (PM) emission decreased and the nitrogen oxides (NO x) emission increased as the intake valve open timing was retarded in the diffusion combustion regime. Finally, the combustion efficiency decreased as the intake valve open and LPG injection timings were retarded.
Integrated framework for safety management and uncertainty management
Authors: Abrahamsen E B , Aven T , Iversen R S
Published: April 2010

Safety management and uncertainty management have traditionally been completely separate functions. The two disciplines are, to a large extent, based on different scientific pillars. The safety discipline typically produces frequency estimates of specific hazardous events, whereas the uncertainty discipline produces prediction intervals based on probability distribution quantiles, in addition to mean values. Furthermore, the safety discipline has a focus on risk acceptance criteria, whereas the uncertainty discipline makes top-ten and similar lists to rank the most critical uncertainty aspects. These differences make it difficult to obtain an integrated framework for safety management and uncertainty management. However, the recent introduction of risk perspectives highlighting the uncertainty component of risk has provided an improved basis for development of such an approach. By seeing risk as a two-dimensional concept covering events and consequences on the one side and uncertainties on the other, the content and boundaries of risk assessments are changed. The gap between the two disciplines can, to a large extent, be bridged. The purpose of the current paper is to present and discuss an integrated framework for these disciplines and traditions, based on this risk perspective. The starting point is petroleum operations, but the discussion is, to a large extent, general.
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity of Kinetically Stabilized Anthryldiphosphene Derivatives
Authors: Tsurusaki Akihiro , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Sasamori Takahiro , Matsuda Kazunari , Kanemitsu Yoshihiko , Watanabe Yasuaki , Hosoi Yoshinobu , Furukawa Yukio , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: April 2010

The first stable anthryldiphosphenes, 1 and 2, were synthesized by utilizing kinetic stabilization of 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Tbt) and 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Bbt) groups, and were characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. The UV–visible spectroscopic data suggested the electronic communication between the anthryl moiety and the P=P unit. It was found that TbtP=P(9-Anth) (1a: 9-Anth = 9-anthryl) showed weak fluorescence in hexane solution. Furthermore, the reactivities of anthryldiphosphene 1 with a chromium complex, chalcogenation reagents, a diene, and electron-deficient olefins have been revealed.
The β-Sheet Structure pH Dependence of the Core Fragments of β2-Microglobulin Amyloid Fibrils
Authors: Hiramatsu Hirotsugu , Lu Ming , Goto Yuji , Kitagawa Teizo
Published: April 2010

Amyloid fibril structures of peptides having the sequence of the #20–41 region of β2-microglobulin (β2m20–41 and β2m21–29) were investigated with FTIR microscope spectroscopy. pH dependence of the amide I band of the IR absorption spectra was analyzed. For β2m20–41, the β-sheet content at pH 6.0 was 55% (12.1 residues) and the β-sheet was located in the N21–G29 and I35–V37 regions, but at pH 2.5 it was 60% (13.1 residues) and located in the F22–V27 and P32–V37 regions. The two structures with different amounts of β-sheet were switched at pH 4.5, which was close to the pI of this sequence (ca. 4.3) rather than the pKa of the carboxyl groups (5.8 ± 0.3 and 3.3 ± 0.4), suggesting the importance of the total number of charges rather than protonation of specific residue(s). The spectral characteristics of the IR linear dichroism and 13C isotope labeling indicated the formation of parallel β-sheet structure in both regions, and the stacking direction was unaltered by pH change. Unexpectedly however, the IR spectra of the β2m21–29 fibril demonstrated the simultaneous presence of parallel/anti-parallel β-sheets. The relevance of the pH dependence of the β2m20–41 fibril structure to that of β2m fibrils is discussed.
Nickel(II) Complexes of tpa Ligands with 6-Phenyl Substituents (Phntpa). Structure and H2O2-Reactivity
Authors: Tano Tetsuro , Doi Yoshitaka , Inosako Masayuki , Kunishita Atsushi , Kubo Minoru , Ishimaru Hirohito , Ogura Takashi , Sugimoto Hideki , Itoh Shinobu
Published: April 2010

Nickel(II) complexes supported by a series of tpa {tris[(pyridin-2-yl)methyl]amine} ligand derivatives containing different numbers of phenyl substituent on the 6-position of pyridine donor group (Phntpa, n = 0–3) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Ligand tpa and its derivatives with one or two 6-Ph substituent(s) (Ph0tpa, Ph1tpa, and Ph2tpa) afforded nickel(II) complexes 1[0], 1[1], and 1[2] with a distorted octahedral geometry, whereas the ligand having three 6-Ph groups (Ph3tpa) gave nickel(II) complex 1[3] with a five-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal structure. All the complexes exhibited a high spin ground state (S = 1). Reactivity of the nickel(II) complexes 1[0] and 1[1] toward H2O2 was very poor, whereas 1[2] and 1[3] readily gave bis(μ-oxo)dinickel(III) complexes 2[2] and 2[3], respectively, in the reaction with H2O2 at a low temperature. The bis(μ-oxo)dinickel(III) complexes 2[2] and 2[3] gradually decomposed to cause an aromatic hydroxylation reaction of one of the 6-Ph groups of the supporting ligands. The ligand substituent effects on the formation and decomposition processes of the bis(μ-oxo)dinickel(III) complexes are discussed based on the structures and the redox potentials of the starting nickel(II) complexes.
Peptide Thioester Formation by an N to S Acyl Shift Reaction at the Cysteinyl Prolyl Cysteine Position
Authors: Kawakami Toru , Shimizu Sakiko , Aimoto Saburo
Published: April 2010

In protein synthesis, peptide thioesters are frequently used as key building blocks for the ligation strategy. We report herein on the synthesis of a peptide thioester using an N to S acyl shift reaction. A peptide containing a Cys–Pro–Cys (CPC) sequence was transformed into a peptide diketopiperazine (DKP) thioester under acidic conditions. In this reaction, the CPC moiety undergoes a tandem N to S acyl shift, followed by DKP formation to give the desired thioester. Since proteins containing a CPC sequence can be prepared by recombinant DNA techniques, the CPC peptide represents a new method for preparing peptide thioesters as recombinant proteins for protein synthesis.
FELASA recommendations for the education and training of laboratory animal technicians: Category A
Authors: Convenor J Weiss , Bukelskiene V , Chambrier Ph , Ferrari L , Van Der Meulen M , Moreno M , Mulkens F , Sigg H , Yates N
Published: April 2010

The future laboratory animal technician in Europe will be provided with three different levels of education. All candidates have to start with an introductory course to reach level A0. At this level (A0) they will be able to assist in the laboratory animal facility by undertaking limited specific duties under supervision. Most A0 assistants will continue their education and training for at least one year while in full-time employment. This process will include continual assessment with the option of a final examination to become qualified at level A1. A1 represents a comprehensively educated laboratory animal technician with theoretical background knowledge and practical skills. Some of the A1 laboratory animal technicians may continue specific education for at least another year of full-time employment. They will develop knowledge and expertise as well as supervisory and basic managerial skills in order to obtain level A2.
Accommodation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome involves reversible excursions along multiple pathways
Authors: Whitford Paul C. , Geggier Peter , Altman Roger B. , Blanchard Scott C. , Onuchic José N. , Sanbonmatsu Karissa Y.
Published: April 2010

The ribosome is a massive ribonucleoprotein complex (∼2.4 MDa) that utilizes large-scale structural fluctuations to produce unidirectional protein synthesis. Accommodation is a key conformational change during transfer RNA (tRNA) selection that allows movement of tRNA into the ribosome. Here, we address the structure–function relationship that governs accommodation using all-atom molecular simulations and single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). Simulations that employ an all-atom, structure-based (Gō-like) model illuminate the interplay between configurational entropy and effective enthalpy during the accommodation process. This delicate balance leads to spontaneous reversible accommodation attempts, which are corroborated by smFRET measurements. The dynamics about the endpoints of accommodation (the A/T and A/A conformations) obtained from structure-based simulations are validated by multiple 100–200 ns explicit-solvent simulations (3.2 million atoms for a cumulative 1.4 μs), and previous crystallographic analysis. We find that the configurational entropy of the 3′-CCA end of aminoacyl-tRNA resists accommodation, leading to a multistep accommodation process that encompasses a distribution of parallel pathways. The calculated mechanism is robust across simulation methods and protocols, suggesting that the structure of the accommodation corridor imposes stringent limitations on the accessible pathways. The identified mechanism and observed parallel pathways establish an atomistic framework for interpreting a large body of biochemical data and demonstrate that conformational changes during translation occur through a stochastic trial-and-error process, rather than in concerted lock-step motions.
The implications of EC Race Equality and Employment Directives for British anti-discrimination legislation
Authors: Meer Nasar
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the adoption of EC directives derived from Article 13 of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam. It argues that these directives are party to important changes in established legal responses to racial and religious anti-discrimination in Britain. It maps the interaction of specific British approaches and generic European Commission directives, and assesses what broader implications these directives may be tied to politically, as well as legally, with respect to human rights discourses, the Equalities and Human Rights Commission, and a Single Equalities Act. The article also reflects on whether Britain's approaches are being ‘Europeanised’.
Abdul-Baha's First Thousand-Verse Tablet: History and Provisional Translation
Authors: Rabbani Ahang , Fananapazir Khazeh
Published: April 2010

From the onset of his ministry, Abdul-Baha faced significant family opposition to his authority and position. These family members, led by Mirza Muhammad-Ali, a younger half-brother of Abdul-Baha to whom Bahaullah had given a rank subordinate to Abdul-Baha, colluded in spreading false
allegations against Abdul-Baha who was seeking to spread the Baha'i Faith to Europe and North America. For several years, Abdul-Baha worked hard to contain these defections and to prevent news of them from reaching other Baha'i communities.

By 18967, the Baha'is of Egypt had heard enough
of the details that when Mirza abbullh Afnn was going on a visit to Akka, they asked him to learn as much of the details as he could. To his great shock, while in Akka, the Afnan learned that indeed Abdul-Baha's brothers and the majority of his family had arisen against him in rebellion. As
instructed by Abdul-Baha, the young pilgrim on his return to Egypt informed the Baha'i community of the occurrences in Akka and the opposition to Abdul-Baha. The celebrated Mirza Ab'l-Fadl found this hard to accept. Therefore, he wrote to Abdul-Baha inquiring about the veracity of this news,
and received in response a lengthy tablet dated 26 March 1897, which we propose to be called the First Thousand-Verse Tablet. This paper will provide historical background and a provisional translation of this momentous tablet.
The Global Distribution of Baha'is in the 1940s
Authors: Smith Peter
Published: April 2010

This note provides a summary of information presently available on the extent and distribution of the Baha'i communities around the world during the 1940s.
Sacred Scripture as a Catalyst for Creative Expression: An Endless Ocean of God's Ancient Inspiration
Authors: Randall Corinne
Published: April 2010

Why is scripture a catalyst for cultural expression and how can the writings of Bahaullah infuse a fresh dynamic into this process This paper examines the relationship between visual art and scripture through examples taken from the visual art practice of the author. Specific pieces
of artwork are described and illustrated along with the verses from Bahaullah's The Hidden Words that inspired them. These pieces aim to translate the verses into visual metaphors and through this interpretation discover more about the direct correlation that exists between visual art and
sacred text. This unfolding process provides a framework for exploring wider implications that are relevant to contemporary life and philosophy. Comparisons are made with other creative practitioners who have drawn their inspiration from spiritual teachings and particular interest is placed
on the cultural expressions of the Islamic tradition. The metaphorical meanings of key motifs such as veils, layers, light, gems and silence are described, along with examples of how they have been used by artists throughout history. These examples attempt to open the reader's eyes to an awareness
of the signs and symbols of the divine that penetrate all aspects of creation. The cyclical energies of the creative process are compared to the cyclical nature of divine revelation and the spiritual progress of individual souls. The power of minimal art is seen as a reflection of the ineffable
and the challenge of postmodernism is highlighted as an attempt to unify this emptiness once more with the diversity of contemporary life. These observations illustrate how academic study and contextualization of an artist's practice can provide a framework that, far from restricting creativity,
offers a deep grounding and springboard into the freedom of spontaneous improvisation.
Adasiyyah: A Study in Agriculture and Rural Development
Authors: Poostchi Iraj
Published: April 2010

This paper comprises of a systematic study of the work of Baha'i farmers, food growers and sharecroppers who, for over half a century (190660), toiled on the lands in Adasiyyah, a village in the north-west of Jordan. The history of this community has been reconstructed from written
and oral sources. The author presents the early history of this community from the time that Abdul-Baha purchased the land for it. The earliest settlers were Baha'is of Zoroastrian background who moved there from Yazd in Iran. The author describes the gradual growth of this community, some
of the problems that they encountered and the guidance that Abdul-Baha gave them. In particular, the author concentrates on the agricultural development of the community's lands and the innovations that they introduced, some of which were subsequently taken up by other farmers in the area.
Some conclusions are drawn about the features of Baha'i development in rural areas as advocated by Abdul-Baha: the importance of agriculture to rural development; fairness and moderation in the landlordtenant relationship; the importance of prayer and consultation in community decision-making
and resolution of conflict; and the importance of developing self-sufficiency and self-reliance in rural populations.
Using the World Atlas of Language Structures
Authors: Cysouw Michael
Published: April 2010

The World Atlas of Language Structures is a recently published resource providing data on the geographical distribution of grammatical structures for a large sample of the world′s languages. The articles in this special issue are the result of some first attempts to use the wealth of data available in the Atlas. This introduction discusses some general aspects of the data available in the Atlas and summarizes the articles.
LINFER: inferring implications from the WALS database
Authors: Bakker Dik
Published: April 2010

In linguistic typology, implications typically emerge as a result of in-depth study of a few related linguistic parameters. Another way to find implications is to infer them from a typological database with a large number of variables. In this contribution, I discuss the LINFER computer program that was developed precisely for this goal. I have applied the program to the database on which the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) is based, arguably one of the largest typological databases available. In this paper, I will report on some first findings. Further, I will show that around one in every 2000 value pairs from the WALS leads to an acceptable and potentially interesting implication. A simulation shows that this is 4 times as many as a purely random dataset of the same size would produce.
A refined sampling procedure for genealogical control
Authors: Bickel Balthasar
Published: April 2010

Typological distributions are the combined result of universal structural principles, areal diffusion, and shared descent. The core concern of quantitative typology is to disentangle and to identify these various factors. While areal and structural factors can be tested against each other in standard multivariate designs based on sample stratification, genealogical factors cannot be handled by sample stratification since about one third of all proven families (the strata needed) are isolates, i.e. count only one member. In response, typologists have since long sought to control for genealogical relations during sampling rather than during statistical testing. But available methods suffer from a number of drawbacks. Most importantly, they are not sensitive to the fact that different typological variable have different degrees of stability (genealogical dependence) within families, and that this again varies from family to family. This article proposes a refined method for genealogical control during sampling, which is based on DRYER′s (1989) proposals but is sensitive to actual distributions within genealogical units at each taxonomic level.
Which parts of language are the most stable?
Authors: Parkvall Mikael
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an algorithm intended to quantify the diachronic stability of linguistic characteristics. It is argued that a linguistic feature whose presence or absence is best predicted by language families is a stable feature. Conversely, a feature that correlates better with geographical areas than with families is one that is sensitive to diffusion. Contrasting the structural heterogeneity within families with that found within geographical areas, it is thus possible to make a statement regarding the varying diachronic stability of specific features. While the main aim of the paper is methodological exploration, and while the method certainly not devoid of problems, I propose that the current approach can be useful in studies of language contact and long-range historical comparison.
Grammaticalization as a creative process
Authors: Heine Bernd , Stolz Thomas
Published: April 2010

While language has been described in many previous linguistic theories as a static, self-contained system, it is viewed as a dynamic, open-ended phenomenon in recent studies on grammaticalization. In the present paper it is argued that both the genesis and the development of grammatical categories are the result of a general cognitive process that is creative in nature.
„Nur eingeschränkte Krisenbereitschaft”. Die staatliche Reaktion auf die Entführung des CDU-Politikers Peter Lorenz 1975
Authors: Dahlke Matthias
Published: April 2010

Vorspann

Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland reagierte während der siebziger Jahre sehr unterschiedlich auf die Bedrohung durch den internationalen Terrorismus. Kam es 1972 zu einer blutigen Eskalation, so gelang es der Bundesregierung 1977, ihre Position zu behaupten. Darüber wird gern übersehen, dass der Staat 1975, bei der Entführung von Peter Lorenz, ganz anders handelte, indem er die Forderungen der Terroristen erfüllte. Wie kam es zu dieser Entscheidung? Erstmals wird hier aufgrund des nun zugänglichen Aktenmaterials das staatliche Handeln in dieser Krise systematisch rekonstruiert.
Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft 1933 bis 1945. Politik und Selbstverständnis einer Großforschungseinrichtung
Authors: Hachtmann Rüdiger
Published: April 2010

Vorspann

Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft musste im „Dritten Reich“ mitnichten um das Überleben kämpfen, sondern konnte im Gegenteil auf eine stupende Erfolgsgeschichte zurückblicken, als sie 1946/47 in Max-Planck-Gesellschaft umbenannt wurde. Der Berliner Historiker Rüdiger Hachtmann beleuchtet die Dimensionen des Erfolgs und analysiert die Etappen, die dazu führten. Besondere Bedeutung findet dabei die Kontaktpflege zur NS-Regierung, die von der Spitze der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und hier namentlich von Ernst Telschow betrieben wurde, der nach 1945 unangetastet blieb.
Vertriebene im doppelten Deutschland. Integrations- und Erinnerungspolitik in der DDR und in der Bundesrepublik
Authors: Schwartz Michael
Published: April 2010

Vorspann

Während die Bundesrepublik gegenüber den Heimatvertriebenen aus den deutschen Reichs- und Siedlungsgebieten im Osten nach 1949 lange eine Strategie der „Eingliederung auf Vorbehalt“ verfolgte, betrieb die DDR zur Lösung des sogenannten „Umsiedlerproblems“ eine Politik der Zwangsassimilation. Gründe und Hintergründe dieser gegensätzlichen sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Integrationspolitiken untersucht Michael Schwartz ebenso wie die damit eng zusammenhängenden konkurrierenden Erinnerungskulturen in Ost und West. Bei allen Unterschieden sieht Schwartz aber auch eine wichtige Parallele: Die in beiden Teilen Deutschlands lange verdrängten Erfahrungen der „Gewalt durch Vertreibung“ sowie der „Gewalt durch Integrationskonflikte nach der Vertreibung“. Diese Erfahrungen, so das Plädoyer von Schwartz, müßten behutsam in die kollektive Erinnerung der deutschen Nation und ihrer europäischen Nachbarn eingebettet werden.
Role of phytotherapy in the prevention and treatment of obesity
Authors: Balázs Andrea
Published: April 2010

A túlsúly és az elhízás bizonyítottan a jövő egyik legjelentősebb egészségügyi problémája. A fejlett országokban a túlsúlyos és elhízott emberek aránya ötévente megduplázódik. Egy európai vizsgálat adatai szerint minden második felnőtt túlsúlyos, és a becslések szerint 2000 és 2030 között az elhízottak száma megduplázódhat. Ahogy növekszik világszerte az elhízottak és a cukorbetegek száma, úgy nő az érdeklődés a természetes alapú készítmények iránt. Az elhízás terápiájában több száz gyógynövény ismert, de a forgalmazott és alkalmazott teakeverékeket szájhagyomány vagy más információforrás alapján alkalmazzák. A nagyszámú növény botanikailag rendkívül sokféle, számos rendszertani egységből kerül ki, így az sem meglepő, hogy a hatóanyagok kémiailag szintén sokfélék. A különböző hatóanyagok más-más hatásmechanizmuson keresztül fejtik ki hatásukat. Az elhízás, a diabetes kezelésére engedélyezett növényi gyógyszerkészítmény még nincs forgalomban, így a lakosság vagy engedély nélküli, vagy ismeretlen minőségű, vagy más célra engedélyezett termékeket fogyaszt. Ez a helyzet sok országra jellemző, ami visszaélésekre ad lehetőséget, valamint a betegek számára sem ad kellő biztonságot a gyógynövények alkalmazásában.
First Record of a Polypodium sp. Parasitizing Eggs of Shovelnose Sturgeon from the Wabash River, Indiana
Authors: Sepúlveda Maria S. , Stefanavage Tom , Goforth Reuben
Published: April 2010

This article reports the presence of an endocellular parasite, Polypodium sp., in the eggs of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus from the Wabash River, Indiana. The parasite was detected in 18% (2/11) of adult female sturgeon necropsied in April 2008. This constitutes the first record of this parasite in this host and in Indiana. The implications for the quality of the caviar remain unknown at this time.
Use of Asiatic Pennywort Centella asiatica Aqueous Extract as a Bath Treatment to Control Columnaris in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Rattanachaikunsopon P. , Phumkhachorn P.
Published: April 2010

To develop antibiotic-free and chemical-free aquaculture, it is necessary to have natural substances to control diseases of aquatic animals. The aim of this study was to find an herb having therapeutic effect against columnaris, a fish disease caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Of all tested herbs (including kalmegh Andrographis paniculata, candle bush Cassia alata, Asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica, mangosteen Garcinia mangostana, pomegranate Punica granatum, and guava Psidium guajava), the aqueous extract of Asiatic pennywort exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against F. columnare; the minimal inhibitory concentration was 31.25 μg/mL. It was also found to have a bactericidal effect on F. columnare. When experimental bath exposures of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to F. columnare were performed, the median lethal dose was determined to be 2.37 × 105 colony forming units/mL. For in vivo trials, six different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) of Asiatic pennywort aqueous extract were used as bath treatments to control experimentally induced columnaris in Nile tilapia. The decrease in fish mortality was dose dependent, and at a concentration of 100 mg/L no mortality or adverse effects were noted in the infected fish. This study suggests that Asiatic pennywort aqueous extract has the potential to control disease caused by F. columnare.
Enterococcus gallinarum meningitis in an immunocompetent host: a case report
Authors: Antonello Vicente Sperb , Zenkner Francis de Moura , França Josiane , Santos Breno Riegel
Published: April 2010

We describe a rare case of a 53-year-old man with a long history of alcohol abuse, with Enterococcus gallinarum meningitis, an organism that rarely causes human infection and is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. The patient improved with high-dose ampicillin and gentamicin therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first Brazilian reported case of E. gallinarum meningitis and probably the first case described in an immunocompetent host.
Análise da distribuição espaço-temporal de dengue e da infestação larvária no município de Tupã, Estado de São Paulo
Authors: Barbosa Gerson Laurindo , Lourenço Roberto Wagner
Published: April 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: O vírus da dengue é transmitido pela picada do mosquito Aedes aegypti e, o atual programa de controle não atinge o objetivo de impedir sua transmissão. Este trabalho objetivou analisar a relação entre a distribuição espaço-temporal de casos de dengue e os indicadores larvários no município de Tupã, de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2007. MÉTODOS: Foram construídos indicadores larvários por quarteirão e totalidade do município. Utilizou-se o método cross-lagged correlation para avaliar a correlação entre casos de dengue e indicadores larvários. Foi utilizado estimador kernel para análise espacial. RESULTADOS: A correlação cruzada defasada entre casos de dengue e indicadores larvários foi significativa. Os mapas do estimador Kernel da positividade de recipientes indicam uma distribuição heterogênea, ao longo do período estudado. Nos dois anos de transmissão, a epidemia ocorreu em diferentes regiões. CONCLUSÕES: Não ficou evidenciada relação espacial entre infestação larvária e ocorrência de dengue. A incorporação de técnicas de geoprocessamento e análise espacial no programa, desde que utilizados imediatamente após a realização das atividades, podem contribuir com as ações de controle, indicando os aglomerados espaciais de maior incidência.
Estudo clínico-epidemiológico da doença de Chagas no distrito de Serra Azul, Mateus Leme, centro-oeste do Estado de Minas Gerais
Authors: Silva Élvio Marques da , Rocha Manoel Otávio da Costa , Silva Rian César , Paixão Gilmar do Carmo , Buzzati Haendel , Santos Alessandra Nogueira , Nunes Maria do Carmo Pereira
Published: April 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas permanece como grave problema de saúde pública na América Latina, mesmo com o controle de sua transmissão. Esse estudo avaliou a prevalência da doença de Chagas no distrito de Serra Azul, Centro-Oeste de Minas Gerais, identificando as anormalidades eletrocardiografias dos indivíduos com sorologia positiva. MÉTODOS: A sorologia para doença de Chagas foi realizada em 676 indivíduos (48% da população). O exame clínico e o eletrocardiograma (ECG) foram realizados na população sorologicamente positiva. Selecionou-se um grupo controle para comparação dos dados do ECG. RESULTADOS: A população estudada residia principalmente em área rural, com baixo nível sóciocultural. Quatorze indivíduos foram positivos, com prevalência de 2,1%. Os indivíduos chagásicos eram de faixa etária mais avançada (67 vs 39 anos; p < 0,001). As anormalidades ao ECG nos chagásicos foram frequentes (79%). O ECG dos soropositivos mostrou maior prevalência de extrassístoles ventriculares, distúrbio da condução do ramo direito isolado ou associado ao bloqueio da divisão ântero-superior em relação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência da doença de Chagas no distrito de Serra Azul foi de 2,1%. Os soropositivos estavam em faixa etária mais elevada, sugerindo controle da transmissão. As anormalidades eletrocardiográficas foram frequentes, predominando distúrbio de condução do ramo direito.
Cutaneous cryptococcosis due to Cryptococcus gattii in a patient on chronic corticotherapy
Authors: Bellissimo-Rodrigues Fernando , Baciotti Maysa , Zanatto Maria Paula , Silva Jaqueline Otero , Martins Marilena dos Anjos , Martinez Roberto
Published: April 2010

Cryptococcus gattii causes a form of endemic mycosis that most commonly affects the lungs and central nervous system of immunocompetent patients living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Case report. A 66-year-old man who had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease without HIV infection and had been on systemic corticotherapy for several years developed extensive ulceration of the left forearm that was associated with ipsilateral supraclavicular adenomegaly, consequent to infection with Cryptococcus gattii. The patient was treated with fluconazole 400mg/day for eight months, which led to complete healing of the lesion. This case emphasizes that, although rare, C. gattii may cause opportunistic cutaneous-lymphatic infection in patients living in the southeastern region of Brazil who are immunocompromised through chronic corticotherapy.
Malária vivax com tempo de incubação prolongado, detectada no Distrito Federal: relato de três casos
Authors: Tauil Pedro Luiz , Luz Francisco das Chagas de Oliveira , Oliveira Anna Paula Lopes de , Deckers Fernando Augusto Lopes , Santos João Barberino
Published: April 2010

Foram detectados três casos de malária vivax em Brasília, Distrito Federal, área considerada indene, procedentes da Amazônia, seis meses após estarem residindo em Brasília. Período de incubação prolongado tem sido descrito apenas para infecções por cepas de Plasmodium vivax de clima temperado. Não foi possível genotipar os parasitos.
Biomassa microbiana do solo em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em plantio direto, submetido a intensidades de pastejo
Authors: Souza Edicarlos Damacena de , Costa Sérgio Ely Valadão Gigante de Andrade , Anghinoni Ibanor , Lima Christina Venzke Simões de , Carvalho Paulo César de Faccio , Martins Amanda Posselt
Published: April 2010

Em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária, boa parte do suprimento de nutrientes para as pastagens provém das excreções dos animais, na forma de esterco e de urina, o que resulta em estímulo à atividade e ao acúmulo de nutrientes nas suas células. Este estudo foi desenvolvido num experimento de integração lavoura-pecuária em plantio direto, iniciado em 2001, e objetivou avaliar o impacto de diferentes intensidades de pastejo da pastagem de inverno (aveia-preta + azevém; 10, 20 e 40 cm, e um tratamento sem pastejo) sobre a atividade microbiana e sobre os teores e estoques de C, N e P na biomassa microbiana na camada de 0-10 cm de um Latossolo Vermelho, no Sul do Brasil, durante o ciclo da pastagem. Os teores e estoques dos nutrientes na biomassa e a atividade microbiana foram alterados pela intensidade de pastejo e pela época no ciclo da pastagem. Os teores de C e de P microbiano aumentaram do início da pastagem, em maio, até o período de grande produção de fitomassa, em setembro, após o qual decresceram, acompanhando o início de senescência da pastagem. Por sua vez, o N microbiano decresceu de maio para novembro, possivelmente devido à absorção desse nutriente pelas plantas. Sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária em plantio direto mantêm a qualidade biológica do solo, sendo, sob adequada lotação animal, similar ao sistema plantio direto sem a entrada de animais. No entanto, sob alta intensidade de pastejo (10 cm) há perdas nessa qualidade do solo em condições de estresse hídrico.
Desenvolvimento de normas DRIS e CND e avaliação do estado nutricional da cultura do algodoeiro
Authors: Serra Ademar Pereira , Marchetti Marlene Estevão , Vitorino Antonio Carlos Tadeu , Novelino José Oscar , Camacho Marcos Antonio
Published: April 2010

Entre os vários métodos de avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas, encontram-se o DRIS e o CND, os quais têm como objetivo, entre outros, ordenar a limitação dos nutrientes na planta. Este trabalho teve como finalidade o desenvolvimento de normas DRIS e CND e a comparação dos diagnósticos realizados por esses métodos, ao avaliar lavouras comerciais de algodão, no município de São Desidério (BA). A base de dados foi constituída pelos teores totais de nutrientes de 65 amostras de folha completa e pela produtividade de algodão em caroço oriundo de talhões com média de 120 ha. Para ajuste do método, a população foi dividida em duas classes: uma com produtividade acima de 4.250 kg ha-1 e outra com produtividade abaixo desta. As melhores respostas em termos de produtividade foram proporcionadas pelo K, Ca e Mn, tanto pelo método DRIS quanto pelo CND. Avaliando a frequência de diagnoses concordantes quanto ao potencial de resposta positivo à adubação, constatou-se que o N (70,8 %) foi o nutriente em que se observou a menor concordância entre os dois métodos (DRIS e CND), no entanto, o método DRIS diagnosticou maior deficiência relativa para o N do que o CND. Quanto aos demais nutrientes avaliados, a frequência de diagnoses concordantes pelo potencial de resposta à adubação esteve em torno de 73,8 % para o Zn a 87,7 % para o P. Com o ajuste dos métodos DRIS e CND, chegou-se a diagnósticos semelhantes em relação ao estado nutricional da cultura do algodoeiro no oeste da Bahia.