15 year re-analysis of the urban climate of Amsterdam using WRF
Authors: Koopmans Sytse , Steeneveld Gert-Jan , van Haren Ronald , Holtslag Albert 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;15 year re-analysis of the urban climate of Amsterdam using WRF &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sytse Koopmans&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; (Sytse.koopmans@wur.nl), Gert-Jan Steeneveld&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;, Ronald van Haren&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, Albert A.M. Holtslag&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;Netherlands eScience Center, the Netherlands:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ongoing world-wide climate change and urbanization illustrate the need to understand urban hydrometeorology and its implications for human thermal comfort and water management. Numerical weather prediction models can assist to understand these issues, as they progress increasingly towards finer scales. With high model resolutions (grid spacing of 100m), effective representation of cities becomes crucial. The complex structures of cities, configuration of buildings, streets and scattered vegetation, require a different modelling approach than the homogeneous rural surroundings. The current urban canopy-layer schemes account for these city specific characteristics, but differ substantially amongst each other due to uncertainty in land use parameters and incomplete physical understanding. Therefore, the hindcasting of the urban environment needs improvement.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we improve the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) mesoscale model performance by incorporating observations of a variety of sources using data assimilation (WRF-3DVAR) and nudging techniques on a resolution up to 167 meter. Data assimilation aims to accurately describe the most probable atmospheric state by steering the model fields in the direction of the observations. Specific to urban boundary layers, a novel approach has been developed to nudge modelled urban canyon temperatures with quality controlled urban weather observations. Adjusting the urban fabric accordingly is crucial, because of the large heat storage within urban canopies. The road and wall layers of the urban canopy are adjusted depending on the bulk heat transfer coefficient and urban geometry. Other data assimilation sources consists of WMO synoptic weather observations and volume radar data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The results of the 15-year climatological urban re-analysis are here presented and it is subdivided in three key questions. First, we attempt to answer how large the trends are in human thermal comfort over the 15 year period. Second, we investigate if there are seasonality&amp;#8217;s detected in maximum urban heat island intensities. Earlier found hysteresis-like curves were reproduced to a large extent for for pedestrian level air temperatures. Lastly, we analyse trends in extreme precipitation using simulated precipitation data on one second interval.&lt;/p&gt;