bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenations over Silver: A Highly Active and Chemoselective Ag‐In/SiO2 Catalyst for the One‐Step Synthesis of Allyl Alcohol from Acrolein
Authors: Lucas M. , Claus P.
Published: August 2005

A highly active, chemoselective and environmentally friendly Ag‐In catalyst which enables the extremely difficult selective hydrogenation of acrolein to allyl alcohol is described. The catalyst by far exceeds the space‐time yield of the industrially performed synthesis of allyl alcohol, and can be regarded as a basis for a one‐step hydrogenation process of acrolein.
Higher Triplet Excited States of Benzophenones and Bimolecular Triplet Energy Transfer Measured by Using Nanosecond–Picosecond Two‐Color/Two‐Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Cai Xichen , Sakamoto Masanori , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro
Published: August 2005

The lifetimes of benzophenone in the higher triplet excited state (BP(Tn)) and several BP derivatives in the Tn states were measured directly to be τTn=37±7 ps and 20–33 ps, respectively, by using the nanosecond–picosecond (ns–ps) two‐color/two‐laser flash photolysis method. Based on the direct measurements of τTn of BP(Tn), the triplet energy transfer (TET) from BP(Tn) to quenchers (Q), such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), benzene (Bz), and p‐dichlorbenzene (DCB), was investigated. The fast TET from BP(Tn) to Q can be attributed to the lifetime‐dependent quenching process, according to the Ware theoretical model of the bimolecular energy transfer reaction. The contribution of the lifetime‐dependent term on kTET was 27, 60, and 86 % for CCl4, Bz, and DCB as the Q of BP(Tn), respectively, indicating that the TET from BP(Tn) to Q is influenced not only by τTn, but also by the size of Q.
Syntheses and Structures of Ln4Pt10In21 (Ln: La—Nd).
Authors: Zaremba Vasyl I. , Hlukhyy Viktor , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Poettgen Rainer Poettgen Rainer
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Half‐Antiperovskites: Structure and Type‐Antitype Relations of Shandites M3/2AS (M: Co, Ni; A: In, Sn).
Authors: Weihrich Richard , Anusca Irina , Zabel Manfred
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(A19N7)[In4]2 (A: Ca, Sr) and (Ca4N)[In2]: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Physical Properties, and Chemical Bonding.
Authors: Kirchner Martin , Schnelle Walter , Wagner Frank R. , Kniep Ruediger , Niewa Rainer
Published: August 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Marriage and mortality in bladder carcinoma
Authors: Gore John L. , Kwan Lorna , Saigal Christopher S. , Litwin Mark S.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Being married confers significant benefits in survival for patients with a variety of chronic conditions including breast and prostate carcinoma. The authors attempted to determine whether marital status is associated with survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors identified 7262 subjects from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results public‐use database who underwent radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. They performed survival analyses using Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models. The authors created multivariate models to evaluate the independent association between marital status and survival, controlling for pathologic stage, lymph node status, age, race/ethnicity, and gender.

RESULTS

Married subjects were older and more often male, white, and had earlier disease stage at diagnosis. Married subjects had significantly better survival than did single or widowed subjects (P < 0.001), and married subjects revealed a trend toward better survival than separated/divorced subjects (P = 0.20). Multivariate modeling revealed that compared with single subjects, those who were married had better survival, independent of age at the time of diagnosis, gender, race/ethnicity, disease stage, and lymph node status (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Marriage was associated with improved survival in patients with bladder carcinoma, independent of other factors known to influence mortality in this population. Although the mechanisms underlying this survival advantage are unknown, possibilities include differences in cancer screening, risk behaviors, and access to medical care. The interaction between psychosocial factors and the body's immune function may further explain the differential survival in this cohort. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Leptomeningeal metastases from small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Seute Tatjana , Leffers Pieter , ten Velde Guul P. M. , Twijnstra Albert
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The current study was performed to investigate the frequency of leptomeningeal metastases (LMM) in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) as well as the effect of LMM on survival, any correlation between the location of the LMM and survival, and a possible increased risk of LMM among patients with brain metastases (BM) located in the posterior fossa.

METHODS

Between 1980–2003, 458 consecutive patients with SCLC were enrolled in the current study. Patients underwent regular neurologic examination and imaging of the brain before, during, and after treatment. The diagnosis of LMM was established by either the presence of malignant cells in the cerebrospinal fluid or positive clinical symptoms and signs supported by radiologic findings on magnetic resonance imaging.

RESULTS

The group of patients in the current study had a 2% prevalence of LMM and the 2‐year cumulative incidence of LMM was found to be 10%. The median survival after the diagnosis of LMM was reported to be 1.3 months. The median survival among patients with LMM located in the spinal cord was 2.4 months. The reported LMM‐free survival 2 years after the diagnosis of SCLC was 78% for patients without BM and 61% for those patients with BM. Approximately 15% of the patients with BM located in the posterior fossa developed LMM, whereas only 10% of patients with cerebral BM did.

CONCLUSIONS

The current prospective study found a 2‐year cumulative incidence of LMM of 10%, with a prevalence of 2%. Patients with LMM located in the spinal cord appeared to survive longer than patients with cranial LMM. SCLC patients with BM located in the posterior fossa may be at a higher risk of developing LMM compared with patients with cerebral BM. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Amine Hydration: A United‐Atom Force‐Field Solution
Authors: Oostenbrink Chris , Juchli Daniel , van Gunsteren Wilfred F.
Published: August 2005

The free energies of hydration for ammonia and mono‐, di‐, and trimethylated amines experimentally show an unexpected trend that has, in the past, been difficult to reproduce computationally. Absolute and relative free energies of hydration of these compounds were calculated using the OPLS all‐atom and the united‐atom GROMOS force fields. Both force fields reproduce the relative free energy of hydration, but the absolute free energies of hydration were only reproduced within kBT when using the recently developed GROMOS parameter set 53A6. Relative free energies of solvation in chloroform could also be reproduced indicating a proper partitioning of the compounds between polar and apolar media. Overall we conclude that it is possible to resolve the amine hydration problem using a simple united‐atom force field.
Metaplastic breast carcinoma on fine‐needle cytology samples: A report of three cases
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Mansueto Gelsomina , Vetrani Antonio , Accurso Antonello , Fortunato Adriana , Palombini Lucio
Published: August 2005

Metaplastic breast carcinoma (MBC) may have a varied presentation on fine‐needle cytology samples. We herewith describe three cases of MBC found in our series. One of these cases showed a peculiar mixture of malignant ductal, apocrine type, and squamous epithelial cells with fascicles of spindle cells with variable degree of atypia and was diagnosed as metaplastic carcinoma of the carcino‐sarcomatous type. The other two lesions were characterized by an abundant chondroid extracellular matrix to which were variably admixed carcinomatous and chondroid‐type cells, with variable degree of atypia. Both these latter cases were defined as matrix‐producing metaplastic carcinomas. Because of the various presentation of MBC on fine‐needle cytology samples and the possible influence of needle “sampling” on the cytological specimen, the spectrum of differential diagnoses to be considered may encompass a number of benign and malignant entities, like keratinous subareolar cysts, malignant fibroepithelial lesions with myxo‐chondroid stroma, and true sarcomas of the breast, with cartilaginous metaplasia. It is the Authors' feeling that, with optimal samples, the cytomorphological findings of this rare variant of breast carcinoma permit its accurate pre‐operative diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33: 205–209. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent immunohistochemical markers in the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver
Authors: Gokden Murat , Shinde Anjali
Published: August 2005

Differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver can be problematic and may require immunohistochemical work‐up. Recently, new immunohistochemical markers have been introduced with promising results in this area. We studied three of these markers, human hepatocyte antibody (HepPar‐1), human epithelial‐related antigen (MOC‐31), and thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1), in cell‐block sections of fine‐needle aspirations from 30 hepatocellular carcinomas and 27 metastatic carcinomas from various sites. Of 27 metastatic carcinomas, all but one were positive for MOC‐31 and, all but one were negative for HepPar‐1. TTF‐1 was positive only in the nuclei of metastatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma from the lung. Of 30 hepatocellular carcinomas, 26 were positive for HepPar‐1 and all were negative for MOC‐31, while TTF‐1 showed cytoplasmic staining in 23 cases. HepPar‐1, MOC‐31, and TTF‐1 are complementary markers in the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic carcinomas of the liver, with high sensitivity and specificity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;33:166–172. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brønsted Acid Mediated Double Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Methylenecyclopropanes with Arenes
Authors: Wang Bao‐Yu , Jiang Ri‐Shan , Li Jia , Shi Min
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the Brønsted acid mediated reaction of methylenecyclopropanes with various arenes to give the corresponding double Friedel–Crafts reaction products (cyclized products) under mild conditions. A plausible reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of deuterium labeling and control experiments. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A preconditioned semi‐staggered dilation‐free finite volume method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on all‐hexahedral elements
Authors: Sahin Mehmet
Published: August 2005

A new semi‐staggered finite volume method is presented for the solution of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations on all‐quadrilateral (2D)/hexahedral (3D) meshes. The velocity components are defined at element node points while the pressure term is defined at element centroids. The continuity equation is satisfied exactly within each elements. The checkerboard pressure oscillations are prevented using a special filtering matrix as a preconditioner for the saddle‐point problem resulting from second‐order discretization of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The preconditioned saddle‐point problem is solved using block preconditioners with GMRES solver. In order to achieve higher performance FORTRAN source code is based on highly efficient PETSc and HYPRE libraries. As test cases the 2D/3D lid‐driven cavity flow problem and the 3D flow past array of circular cylinders are solved in order to verify the accuracy of the proposed method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of upward/downward groundwater fluxes using transient variations of soil profile temperature: test of the method with Voyons (Aube, France) experimental data
Authors: Bendjoudi Hocine , Cheviron Bruno , Guérin Roger , Tabbagh Alain
Published: August 2005

The temperature variations recorded at several points of a vertical shallow‐depth profile are governed both by conductive and convective heat transfers and can be used to calculate the vertical component of the Darcy velocity and thermal diffusivity in the soil. This paper describes such calculations when transient variations over tens of days are considered and tests them using data collected at Voyons (Aube, France). The temperature was recorded during a year and a half period with a 1 h sampling time step at three different depths: 0·2, 0·4 and 0·75 m. By processing the annual variation of temperature, we obtained a value of the Darcy velocity in good agreement with the value of actual/potential evapotranspiration ratio. By processing transient variations, despite the limitation of the calculations due to the lack of sensitivity of the sensors, results obtained at Voyons were in good correlation with tensiometric data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of wind on the spatial distribution of rain over micro‐scale topography: numerical modelling and experimental verification
Authors: Blocken Bert , Poesen Jean , Carmeliet Jan
Published: August 2005

The wind‐driven‐rain effect refers to the redistribution of rainfall over micro‐scale topography due to the existence of local perturbed wind‐flow patterns. Rainfall measurements reported in the literature point to the fact that the wind‐driven‐rain distribution can show large variations over micro‐scale topography. These variations should be taken into account in hillslope hydrology, in runoff and erosion studies and in the design of rainfall monitoring networks. In practice, measurements are often not suitable for determining the wind‐driven‐rain distribution. Therefore, a few researchers have employed numerical modelling. In order to provide confidence in using numerical models, experimental verification for a range of different topographic features is imperative. The objective of this study is to investigate the adequacy of a two‐dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to predict the wind‐driven‐rain distribution over small‐scale topography. The numerical model is applied to a number of topographic features, including a succession of cliffs, a small isolated hill, a small valley and a field with ridges and furrows. The numerical results are compared with the corresponding measurement results reported in the literature. It is shown that two‐dimensional numerical modelling can provide a good indication of the wind‐driven‐rain distribution over each type of micro‐scale topography that is considered in this study. It is concluded that more detailed verification procedures are currently inhibited due to the lack of available and detailed spatial and temporal rainfall data from field measurements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of actual evapotranspiration from an alluvial aquifer of the Kouris catchment (Cyprus) using continuous streamflow records
Authors: Boronina Anastasia , Golubev Sergey , Balderer Werner
Published: August 2005

The Kouris catchment is located in the south of the Troodos massif in Cyprus. The hydrology is driven by a Mediterranean climate, a mountainous topography, and a complex distribution of hydrogeological properties resulting from complex geology.

To quantify the regional water balance further, a simple method using continuous streamflow records in the River Limnatis (Kouris catchment) was applied to calculate the actual evapotranspiration rate in the dry seasons. It was found that daily cycles of streamflow, recorded by automatic pressure logger, were caused by direct evaporation from the groundwater table and by transpiration of riparian forest. The daily amounts of ‘missing’ streamflow were calculated for the period 30 October–4 November 2001 and were extrapolated to the entire dry season and to the whole Kouris catchment. The actual evapotranspiration rate from the alluvial aquifer of the region is 2·4 ± 0·5 Mm3 for April–September 2001. The validity of the assumptions and the uncertainties in the estimates used in the method are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corrosion rates of stainless steel under shear stress measured by a novel parallel‐plate flow chamber
Authors: Messer Regina L. W. , Mickalonis John , Adams Yolanda , Tseng Wan Y.
Published: August 2005

A unique parallel‐plate flow chamber has been engineered to assess the corrosion properties of implant materials in biological environments under shear flow. This parallel‐plate flow chamber provides a novel approach to investigate hypotheses regarding cellular‐material–mechanical‐force interactions that influence the success or failure of implant devices. The results of the current study demonstrated that physiological stresses (0.5–50 dynes/cm2) from laminar flow from cell culture media did not significantly alter corrosion rates of stainless steel, providing baseline information for an extensive study of the cellular‐material–mechanical‐force interactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that this device is electrochemically stable and provides reproducible results within test parameters. In addition, the results were not significantly different from corrosion tests on bulk samples. Therefore, this system will be useful for investigating cell‐material interactions under shear stress for implant alloys or other opaque materials. This information is currently lacking. The results of the present study also support further development of this test system to assess cellular responses to these materials under shear stresses. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Trends in storminess over the Netherlands, 1962–2002
Authors: Smits A. , Klein Tank A. M. G. , Können G. P.
Published: August 2005

Trends in the annual number of independent wind events over the Netherlands are studied for the period 1962–2002. The events are selected out of 13 hourly 10 m wind speed records that are part of a high quality dataset of near‐surface wind observations at Dutch meteorological stations. Comparisons are made with trends in independent wind events selected from geostrophic wind speed records and reanalysis data.

The results for moderate wind events (that occur on average 10 times per year) and strong wind events (that occur on average twice a year) indicate a decrease in storminess over the Netherlands between 5 and 10%/decade. This result is inconsistent with National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research or European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data, which suggest increased storminess during the same 41 year period.

Possible explanations are given for the discrepancy between the trends in storminess based on station data and the trends in storminess based on reanalysis data. Evaluation of trends in geostrophic wind, both from station data and reanalysis data, and evaluation of trends in vector‐averaged (upscaled) 10 m wind over the Netherlands point towards inhomogeneities in the reanalysis data as the main cause of the discrepancy. We conclude that it is likely that the decrease in storminess observed in Dutch station records of near‐surface wind in the past four decades is closer to reality than the increase suggested by the reanalysis data. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
The latitude of the subtropical ridge over Eastern Australia: The L index revisited
Authors: Drosdowsky Wasyl
Published: August 2005

Recent research has suggested that the position of the subtropical ridge in mean sea‐level pressure over eastern Australia, referred to as the L index, has undergone a substantial poleward shift over the past century. These findings are not supported by calculations of the L index based on daily National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis from 1948 to 2002, and on monthly mean Australian pressure data from 1890 to 2003. Reasons for these differences are discussed, together with the relationship between the L index and Australian rainfall. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Statistical distributions of the daily rainfall regime in Catalonia (Northeastern Spain) for the years 1950–2000
Authors: Burgueño A. , Martínez M. D. , Lana X. , Serra C.
Published: August 2005

A database of daily rainfall, compiled from 75 gauges covering the period 1950–2000, that was previously considered for analysing spatial and temporal patterns of the daily pluviometric regime in Catalonia is used to obtain new statistical patterns of the daily rain amounts. First, the annual number of rainy days, its coefficient of variation and time trends affecting this number are evaluated for every rain gauge, with the aim of complementing previous analyses concerning the average amount per rainy day and its absolute and relative dispersions. Second, empirical cumulative amount X and time Y distributions are obtained for every rain gauge and fitted with exponential and Weibull models respectively. Third, a normalized rainfall curve is obtained for every rain gauge and modelled in two ways. One of them is based on the relationship X = Yexp[−b(1 − Y)c] and the other on the beta distribution of X given by Y. It is noticeable that there is a relationship between the parameters of both models and the coefficient of variation of the daily rainfall. Additionally, a strong spatial variability is deduced after a review of the results. This variability is characterized by spatial gradients of the parameters of the exponential and Weibull distributions and of the threshold levels that define different percentiles of the X and Y distributions. A more homogeneous spatial behaviour is observed when the contribution to rain amounts of a specific type of daily episode is analysed. Thus, a relatively low ratio of rainy days (25–35%), with daily amounts exceeding average values, generates a good part of the rain amounts (75–85%) for most gauges (80%). Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Gong J. , Chen L. , Fu B. , Huang Y. , Huang Z. , Peng H.
Published: August 2005

Understanding the effects of land use change on soil properties is important for soil quality improvement and sustainable land use. In this study, six land use types including wasteland (WLD), cropland (CLD), abandoned land (ABD), artificial grassland (AGD), shrubland (SLD) and woodland (WOD) were selected to analyse the effects of land use types on soil nutrient in the Anjiapo catchment in the western part of the Loess Plateau in China. Significant differences were found in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NON) (P < 0.01) between the six land use types. Our study also showed that land use types have different effects on soil nutrient storage, and vegetation restoration may improve soil nutrients and soil quality. While crop plantation can significantly decrease soil fertility, the trend can be reversed by cropland abandonment and afforestation. It is recommended that more C input, alternative cultivation practices, vegetation restoration and education and techniques training of local farmers could be used to improve soil conditions and to advance the sustainable land use and local development in the loess hilly area in the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Front Cover: Macromol. Rapid Commun. 15/2005
Authors: Sarazin Yann , Fink Gerhard , Hauschild Klaus , Bochmann Manfred
Published: August 2005

Front Cover: The cover page represents the copolymerisation of propene with vinylnorbornene. As the diagram indicates, structurally similar metallocenes show very different reactivity, with rac‐C2H4(Ind)2‐ ZrCl2 having a greater affinity for VNB than for propene. CC side chains are quantitatively converted into polar functionalities. Further details can be found in the Communication by Y. Sarazin, G. Fink, K. Hauschild, and M. Bochmann* on page 1208.
Corticospinal excitability during motor imagery of a simple tonic finger movement in patients with writer's cramp
Authors: Quartarone Angelo , Bagnato Sergio , Rizzo Vincenzo , Morgante Francesca , Sant'Angelo Antonino , Crupi Domenica , Romano Marcello , Messina Corrado , Berardelli Alfredo , Girlanda Paolo
Published: August 2005

Motor imagery (MI) is the mental rehearsal of a motor act without overt movement. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), we tested the effect of MI on corticospinal excitability in patients with writer's cramp. In 10 patients with writer's cramp and 10 healthy controls, we applied focal TMS over each primary motor area and recorded motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from contralateral hand and arm muscles while participants imagined a tonic abduction of the index finger contralateral to the stimulated hemisphere. In healthy controls and patients, the MEP amplitude in the relaxed first dorsal interosseus muscle (FDI) showed a muscle‐specific increase during MI; however, the increase was less pronounced in patients than in healthy controls. In addition, in patients but not in controls, the MEP amplitude also increased in hand and forearm muscles not involved in the imagined movement. This abnormal spread of facilitation was observed in the affected and unaffected upper limb. MI of simple hand movements is less efficient and less focussed in patients with writer's cramp than it is in normal subjects. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Effect of levodopa on pain threshold in Parkinson's disease: A clinical and positron emission tomography study
Authors: Brefel‐Courbon Christine , Payoux Pierre , Thalamas Claire , Ory Fabienne , Quelven Isabelle , Chollet François , Montastruc Jean Louis , Rascol Olivier
Published: August 2005

Patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently experienced painful sensations that could be in part due to central modification of nociception. We compared pain threshold before and after administration of levodopa in PD patients and in controls, and investigated cerebral activity with positron emission tomography (PET) during experimental nociceptive stimulation. Pain threshold was determined using thermal stimulation during two randomized conditions: off and on. We performed H215O PET analysis of regional cerebral blood flow on subjects while they received alternate randomized noxious and innocuous stimuli during off and on conditions. In off condition, pain threshold in nine PD patients was significantly lower than in nine controls. Administration of levodopa significantly raised pain threshold in PD patients but not in controls. During off condition, there was a significant increase in pain‐induced activation in right insula and prefrontal and left anterior cingulate cortices in PD compared to control group. Levodopa significantly reduced pain‐induced activation in these areas in PD. This study shows that pain threshold is lower in PD patients but returns to normal ranges after levodopa administration. Moreover, PD patients have higher pain‐induced activation in nociceptive pathways, which can be reduced by levodopa. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
The role of bone marrow evaluation in the staging of patients with otherwise localized, low‐risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Russell Heidi V. , Golding Laurie A. , Suell Mary Nell , Nuchtern Jed G. , Strother Douglas R.
Published: August 2005

Background

Bone marrow aspirations and biopsies are standard staging procedures for neuroblastoma because the tumor frequently metastasizes to the bone marrow. The presence of bone marrow metastases indicates stage 4 or 4S neuroblastoma by International Neuroblastoma Staging System (INSS) criteria; these stages are also associated with other metastatic sites of disease. We questioned whether bone marrow studies changed the staging or treatment of children with localized, completely resected tumors if there was no other evidence of metastatic spread. If stage of disease rarely changed with bone marrow results, it might be possible to avoid this procedure in a subset of patients with neuroblastoma.

Procedure

The staging studies of patients with INSS stage 1 (n = 29), 4 (n = 60), and 4S (n = 13) neuroblastoma from two institutions were reviewed.

Results

There were no patients upstaged from stage 1 to 4 or 4S by bone marrow metastases alone. Fifty‐nine of 60 stage 4 patients had other sites of metastases on imaging studies, the remaining patient had an unresectable primary tumor and marrow disease. All subjects with stage 4S disease had liver metastases.

Conclusions

Bone marrow studies did not contribute data that changed the stage of patients who had surgically resectable tumors and no evidence of metastatic spread on imaging studies. When present, metastatic spread to the marrow was associated with advanced local tumors or other sites of metastatic disease. Given the relatively small size of our study population, further studies are warranted that investigate the utility of bone marrow studies for patients who otherwise have INSS stage 1 neuroblastoma. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma of bone—is it a bad tumor?
Authors: Ng A. , Hobson R. , Williams D. , Morland B.
Published: August 2005

A teenage boy presented with a CD30‐positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) affecting his scapula and was successfully treated with chemotherapy. His clinical features and outcome were compared with other cases described in the literature. A further review of 11 ALCL cases with bony involvement treated in the UK since 1990, including two with primary bone disease, did not suggest an unfavorable treatment outcome. This finding will need to be confirmed by further study on a larger patient cohort with primary bone ALCL. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optische in situ Schichtdickenmessung in Bedampfungsanlagen. Optical in situ film thickness monitoring in coating systems
Authors: Gössi Dominik
Published: August 2005

Im Vergleich zu der in Bedampfungsanlagen gebräuchlichen Schwingquarzmessung ist die optische Schichtdickenmessung wesentlich präziser. Sie basiert auf dem Interferenzprinzip von monochromatischen Lichtstrahlen, welche an den Übergängen von Schichten mit unterschiedlichen Brechwerten sowohl Transmission wie auch (bisweilen mehrfach) Reflexion erfahren. Während eines Bedampfungsprozesses gibt der zeitliche Verlauf der Intensität des resultierenden Lichtstrahls präzise Auskunft über die Schichtdicke. Die Messung erfolgt an einem austauschbaren Testglas, welches in unmittelbarer Nähe der Substrate angebracht ist. Der genaue Zeitpunkt der Abschaltung wird durch die Anpassung eines theoretischen Kurvenverlaufs an die digitalisierten Messwerte berechnet. Ordnungsfilter sorgen dafür, dass keine Effekte höherer Beugungsordnungen des Monochromatorgitters die Messung beeinflussen.
Special Issue on: Discourse organisation through time and space/L'organisation du discours à travers le temps et l'espace
Authors: LE DRAOULEC ANNE , PERY-WOODLEY MARIE-PAULE , SARDA LAURE
Published: August 2005

Nous nous proposons, dans ce numéro, d'aborder l'organisation du discours (écrit et oral) sans nous restreindre à un système d'analyse spécifique. De ce fait, nous sommes amenées à circonscrire notre thématique en nous donnant des points d'entrée privilégiés: le choix du temps et de l'espace, en même temps qu'il répond à cette nécessité de borner le domaine d'étude, reflète la prégnance de ces deux paramètres dans la construction et l'interprétation du discours.
Politics and the Human Dimension: Hubert Humphrey and
Ronald Reagan
Authors: Kampelman Max M.
Published: August 2005

Political science, judging by the reading material that reaches my
desk, has become much more of a science than it was more than 50
years ago when I served on the faculties of the University of
Minnesota and Bennington College. It is important that this
development not distort the reality that politics and government
remain fundamentally human institutions. My own movement from the
academy to practical politics, to private life, and to government
service has reinforced my view that the unpredictable human
ingredient is an essential part of the political process—an obvious
observation but one difficult to quantify. Max M. Kampelman was counselor of the State Department,
U.S. ambassador to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in
Europe, and ambassador and U.S. negotiator with the Soviet Union
on Nuclear and Space Arms. He is now chairman emeritus of
Freedom House; the American Academy of Diplomacy; and the
Georgetown University Institute for the Study of
Diplomacy.
Comparative study of the high‐latitude E region ion and neutral temperatures in the polar cap and the auroral region derived from the EISCAT radar observations
Authors: Maeda Sawako , Nozawa Satonori , Ogawa Yasunobu , Fujiwara Hitoshi
Published: August 2005

The ion and neutral temperatures in the auroral region have been compared with those in the polar cap based upon simultaneous measurements with the EISCAT‐UHF radar at Tromsø and the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) at Longyearbyen from March 8 to 12 in 1999. The E region ion temperature at Tromsø does not show any characteristic difference between dayside and nightside except for a tendency to increase slightly during the nights. At Longyearbyen, however, the E region ion temperature shows the opposite sense of the day‐night asymmetry, i.e., being higher in the dayside than in the nightside. The day‐night asymmetry of the neutral temperature estimated from the measured ion temperature has the same feature as the day‐night asymmetry of the ion temperature. The dayside E region neutral temperature at Longyearbyen is higher than that at Tromsø, particularly at and above 110 km. The difference between them increases with increasing altitude. The E region neutral temperatures derived from the two EISCAT radars have been compared with the temperature predicted by the mass spectrometer/incoherent scatter (MSISE‐90) model. The dayside neutral temperature at Tromsø is consistent to the MSIS temperature. In contrast, the dayside E region neutral temperature at Longyearbyen is significantly higher than the MSISE‐90 model temperature. Energetics which account for the distributions of the ion and neutral temperatures are also discussed.
Quality assurance of the solar UV network in the Antarctic
Authors: Lakkala K. , Redondas A. , Meinander O. , Torres C. , Koskela T. , Cuevas E. , Taalas P. , Dahlback A. , Deferrari G. , Edvardsen K. , Ochoa H.
Published: August 2005

Measuring ultraviolet radiation in the Antarctic region, where weather conditions are extremely challenging, is a demanding task. Proper quality control of the measurements and quality assurance of the data, which are the basis of all scientific use of data, has to be especially well planned and executed. In this paper we show the importance of proper quality assurance and describe the methods used to successfully operate the NILU‐UV multichannel radiometers of the Antarctic network stations at Ushuaia, 54°S, and Marambio, 64°S. According to our experience, even though multichannel instruments are supposed to be rather stable as a function of time, severe drifts can occur in the sensitivity of the channels under these harsh conditions. During 2000–2003 the biggest drifts were 35%, both at Ushuaia and Marambio, with the sensitivity of the channels dropping at different rates. Without proper corrections in the data, this would have seriously affected the calculated UV dose rates. As part of the quality assurance of the network a traveling reference NILU‐UV, which was found to be stable, was used to transfer the desired irradiance scale to the site NILU‐UV data. Relative lamp tests were used to monitor the stability of the instruments. Each site NILU‐UV was scaled channel by channel to the traveling reference by performing solar comparisons. The method of scaling each channel separately was found to be successful, even though the differences between the raw data of the site NILU‐UV and the reference instruments were, before the data correction, as much as 40%. After the correction, the mean ratios of erythemally weighted UV dose rates measured during the solar comparisons in 2000–2003 between the reference NILU‐UV and the site NILU‐UV were 1.007 ± 0.011 and 1.012 ± 0.012 for Ushuaia and Marambio, respectively, when the solar zenith angle varied up to 80°. These results make possible the scientific use of NILU‐UV data measured simultaneously at quite different locations, e.g., the Antarctic and Arctic, and the method presented is also practicable for other multichannel radiometer networks.
Adakites from collision‐modified lithosphere
Authors: Haschke M. , Ben‐Avraham Z.
Published: August 2005

Adakitic melts from Papua New Guinea (PNG) show adakitic geochemical characteristics, yet their geodynamic context is unclear. Modern adakites are associated with hot‐slab melting and/or remelting of orogenic mafic underplate at convergent margins. Rift‐propagation over collision‐modified lithosphere may explain the PNG adakite enigma, as PNG was influenced by rapid creation and subduction of oceanic microplates since Mesozoic times. In a new (rift) tectonic regime, decompressional rift melts encountered and melted remnant mafic eclogite and/or garnet‐amphibolite slab fragments in arc collisional‐modified mantle, and partially equilibrated with metasomatized mantle. Alternatively, hot‐slab melting in a proposed newborn subduction zone along the Trobriand Trough could generate adakitic melts, but recent seismic P‐wave tomographic models lack evidence for subducting oceanic lithosphere in the adakite melt region; however they do show deep subduction zone remnants as a number of high P‐wave anomalies at lithospheric depths, which supports our proposed scenario.
Involvement of presenilins in cell-survival signalling pathways
Authors: McCarthy J.V.
Published: August 2005

Familial AD (Alzheimer's disease) is a rare autosomal dominant form of AD, associated with clinical and pathological features similar to those identified in the more prevalent sporadic AD cases. The majority of familial AD cases are caused by mutations in either of the highly homologous PS (presenilins), an essential component of the γ-secretase enzyme complex, or amyloid precursor protein, a γ-secretase substrate and the precursor of amyloid β peptides. The observation that PS are absolutely required for γ-secretase activity, and parallel studies demonstrating that PS interact with several signalling molecules, modulate their stability or regulate their proteolysis, have led to the suggestion that involvement of PS in additional signalling pathways mediating key cellular functions may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegeneration. In this paper, we review PS-regulated molecules, their role in cell signalling and possible involvement in neurodegeneration in patients suffering from AD.
Aerobic synthesis of vitamin B12: ring contraction and cobalt chelation
Authors: Heldt D. , Lawrence A.D. , Lindenmeyer M. , Deery E. , Heathcote P. , Rigby S.E. , Warren M.J.
Published: August 2005

The aerobic biosynthetic pathway for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) biosynthesis is reviewed. Particular attention is focused on the ring contraction process, whereby an integral carbon atom of the tetrapyrrole-derived macrocycle is removed. Previous work had established that this chemically demanding step is facilitated by the action of a mono-oxygenase called CobG, which generates a hydroxy lactone intermediate. This mono-oxygenase contains both a non-haem iron and an Fe-S centre, but little information is known about its mechanism. Recent work has established that in bacteria such as Rhodobacter capsulatus, CobG is substituted by an isofunctional protein called CobZ. This protein has been shown to contain flavin, haem and Fe-S centres. A mechanism is proposed to explain the function of CobZ. Another interesting aspect of the aerobic cobalamin biosynthetic pathway is cobalt insertion, which displays some similarity to the process of magnesium chelation in chlorophyll synthesis. The genetic requirements of cobalt chelation and the subsequent reduction of the metal ion are discussed.
Structure–function relationships in mitochondrial complex I of the strictly aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Brandt U. , Abdrakhmanova A. , Zickermann V. , Galkin A. , Dröse S. , Zwicker K. , Kerscher S.
Published: August 2005

The obligate aerobic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been established as a powerful model system for the analysis of mitochondrial complex I. Using a combination of genomic and proteomic approaches, a total of 37 subunits was identified. Several of the accessory subunits are predicted to be STMD (single transmembrane domain) proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis of Y. lipolytica complex I has provided strong evidence that a significant part of the ubiquinone reducing catalytic core resides in the 49 kDa and PSST subunits and can be modelled using X-ray structures of distantly related enzymes, i.e. water-soluble [NiFe] hydrogenases from Desulfovibrio spp. Iron–sulphur cluster N2, which is related to the hydrogenase proximal cluster, is directly involved in quinone reduction. Mutagenesis of His226 and Arg141 of the 49 kDa subunit provided detailed insight into the structure–function relationships around cluster N2. Overall, our findings suggest that proton pumping by complex I employs long-range conformational interactions and ubiquinone intermediates play a critical role in this mechanism.
Size-dependent properties of ZnmSn clusters: A density-functional tight-binding study
Authors: Pal Sougata , Goswami Biplab , Sarkar Pranab
Published: August 2005

We present the results of our theoretical calculations on structural and electronic properties of ligand-free ZnnSn [with n ranging from 4 to 104 (0.8–2.0-nm diameter)] clusters as a function of size of the clusters. We have optimized the structure whereby our initial structures are spherical parts of either zinc-blende or wurtzite structure. We have also considered some hollow bubblelike structures. The calculations are performed by using a parametrized linear combination of atomic orbitals–density-functional theory–local-density approximation–tight-binding method. We have focused on the variation of radial distribution function, Mulliken populations, electronic energy levels, band gap, and stability as a function of size for both zinc-blende and wurtzite-derived ZnS clusters. We have also reported the results of some nonstoichiometric ZnmSn (with m+n=47, 99, 177) clusters of zinc-blende modification.
Effective conductivity by a probability-based local method
Authors: Grigoriu Mircea , Papoulia Katerina D.
Published: August 2005

A local method is developed for estimating the effective conductivity for materials with varying deterministic or random conductivity on domains with mixed boundary conditions. The effective conductivity is the conductivity of a virtual homogeneous material which behaves globally as the original heterogeneous material. It is shown that the effective conductivity can be calculated from the values of the potential at a relatively small number of points in the specimen. A method is developed for calculating the potential at an arbitrary point in the specimen directly, rather than extracting its value from a field solution. The method is based on some technical concepts related to properties of diffusion processes and an extension of Itô’s formula for continuous semimartingales to the case of reflected diffusion processes. However, the application of the method is intuitive and uses elementary Monte Carlo simulation algorithms. The paper presents essential facts proving the validity of the proposed method and two numerical examples illustrating the calculation of the effective conductivity for specimens with deterministic and random conductivity fields.
Secondary electron emission of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond by impact of slow H+, D+, H2+, C+, O+, and O2+ ions
Authors: Wieser M. , Wurz P. , Nemanich R. J. , Fuselier S. A.
Published: August 2005

We report on the measurements of the secondary electron yield of chemical-vapor-deposited diamond upon the reflection of primary H+, D+, H2+, C+, O+, and O2+ ions in an energy range of 50–1000 eV per atom at a 60° angle of incidence to the surface normal. Depending on the species and energy, a secondary electron yield between 0.1 and 2 was observed and remained unchanged over weeks without further periodic reconditioning of the surface and in spite of the moderate vacuum environment of 10−7mbar. Semiempirical fit functions were found with a dependence on the inverse velocity and the square root of the atomic number of the projectiles.
Area x-ray detector based on a lens-coupled charge-coupled device
Authors: Tate Mark W. , Chamberlain Darol , Gruner Sol M.
Published: August 2005

An area x-ray detector constructed using commercially available “off-the-shelf” parts is described and its performance is characterized. The detector consists of a 1024×1024pixel charge-coupled device (CCD) camera optically coupled to x-ray sensitive phosphor screen using a standard 35 mm camera lens. The conversion efficiency, spatial nonuniformity, spatial resolution and the detective quantum efficiency of the detector have been measured. Also shown is an example of data taken with the detector. The detector is a relatively low-cost device suitable for a wide variety of quantitative x-ray experiments where the input area need not be larger than about 70 mm across.
Remote quantitative temperature and thickness measurements of plasma-deposited titanium nitride thin coatings on steel using a laser interferometric thermoreflectance optical thermometer
Authors: Liu Yue , Mandelis Andreas , Choy Mervyn , Wang Chinhua , Segal Lee
Published: August 2005

An optical thermometer based on the principle of laser thermoreflectance has been introduced to monitor the surface temperature of thin coatings on steel parts undergoing an industrial titanium nitride (TiN) alloy deposition process. To study the feasibility of the optical thermometer, various thermo-optical parameters of TiN affected by the deposition process have been investigated; namely, the reflectance-temperature relation, the thermoreflectance coefficient, and the coating thickness dependence of thermoreflectance and of total reflectance. A theory of interferometric thermoreflectance has been introduced to model the total reflectance variations during the coating process. An inverse reflectance-temperature relation for the TiN–D2 steel substrate system has been found and a first-order Taylor series expansion used to model thermoreflectance has been shown to yield a thermoreflectance coefficient which is independent of temperature. Both results are in quantitative agreement with the Drude–Zener theory of conductors and semi-conductors. An empirical formula has been derived to effectively model the experimental thermoreflectance coefficient dependence of the TiN–D2 steel system on TiN coating thickness, in qualitative agreement with scattering mechanisms of the Boltzmann transport theory in conductors and semiconductors. The good agreement of theoretical interferometric thermoreflectance simulations with in situ measurements during a specific industrial TiN sputter-coating growth process and the independence of the thermoreflectance and thin-coating-thickness reflectance coefficients from temperature show the potential of using this nonintrusive noncontacting technique as an optical thermometer to determine surface temperatures of physically inaccessible samples undergoing industrial coating deposition processes.
Dynamic thermal and radiative behaviors of a high pressure sodium lamp plasma
Authors: Ben Ahmed R. , Kazziz S. , Troudi L. , Charrada K. , Helali H. , Zissis G. , Said R.
Published: August 2005

The main purpose of the present work consists in the study of supply frequency and sodium vapor pressure effects on the sodium lamp properties. The retained model is a two-temperature channel type that reproduces quite well the electrical and thermal behaviors as well as the main radiative characteristics of mercury-sodium discharge plasma and can be easily coupled with the lamp circuitry software.