bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Added Value of Local Sheep Breeds in Alpine Agroecosystems
Authors: Teston Marta , Orsi Matteo , Bittante Giovanni , Cecchinato Alessio , Gallo Luigi , Gatto Paola , Macedo Mota Lucio Flavio , Ramanzin Maurizio , Raniolo Salvatore , Tormen Antonella , Sturaro Enrico
Published: April 2022

This study is part of a project (Sheep Al.L. Chain, RDP Veneto Region) aiming to improve the competitiveness of local sheep breed farms through valorization of their links with mountain agroecosystems. We considered two local sheep breeds of the eastern Italian Alps, “Alpagota” and “Lamon”, which have a population of 400 and 3000 heads, respectively, and are used to produce lambs for typical products. A total of 35 farms (17 for Alpagota, with a total of 1652 heads; 18 for Lamon, with a total of 337 heads) were surveyed to collect data on farm organization, flock structure and management (farm questionnaire), land use management (GIS approach), and value chain organization (participatory processes). The link between the two local sheep breeds and mountain agroecosystems is very strong: land use is characterized by a large number of small patches of grasslands in marginal areas. Moving from the results of this study, a set of strategies aiming at improving the competitiveness of these systems have been proposed. Communication to the consumers and to the relevant stakeholders of the added value of local sheep breeds in marginal mountain agroecosystems can contribute to favor the resilience of small ruminant farms and the conservation of Alpine sheep breeds.
Community Vital Signs: Measuring Wikipedia Communities’ Sustainable Growth and Renewal
Authors: Miquel-Ribé Marc , Consonni Cristian , Laniado David
Published: April 2022

Wikipedia is an undeniably successful project, with unprecedented numbers of online volunteer contributors. After 2007, researchers started to observe that the number of active editors for the largest Wikipedias declined after rapid initial growth. Years after those announcements, researchers and community activists still need to understand how to measure community health. In this paper, we study patterns of growth, decline and stagnation, and we propose the creation of 6 sets of language-independent indicators that we call “Vital Signs”. Three focus on the general population of active editors creating content: retention, stability, and balance; the other three are related to specific community functions: specialists, administrators, and global community participation. We borrow the analogy from the medical field, as these indicators represent a first step in defining the health status of a community; they can constitute a valuable reference point to foresee and prevent future risks. We present our analysis for eight Wikipedia language editions, and we show that communities are renewing their productive force even with stagnating absolute numbers; we observe a general lack of renewal in positions related to special functions or administratorship. Finally, we evaluate our framework by discussing these indicators with Wikimedia affiliates to support them in promoting the necessary changes to grow the communities.
The Impact of Political Connections on Corporate Green Innovation: The Mediating Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility and the Moderating Effect of Environmental Public Opinion
Authors: Wang Bo , Peng Cheng , Wu Jiujiang , Liao Fangwei
Published: April 2022

The construction industry is the lifeblood of the national economy; thereby, to some extent, the green transformation of the construction industry is representative of the industrialization levels of modern construction, especially in China. Based on the panel data of A-share listed companies in China’s construction industry from 2014 to 2019, this work studies the influence mechanism of political connection on corporate green innovation by establishing a multiple regression model, analyzes the realization path of corporate social responsibility as an mediating variable on the impact of political connections on corporate green innovation, and reveals the role boundary of environmental public opinion as a moderating variable on the impact of political connections on corporate green innovation. The results show that political connection has a significant positive impact on corporate green innovation, and this impact exists in both state-owned and non-state-owned enterprises, as well as in the eastern region and the central and western regions of China. Moreover, corporate social responsibility plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between political connection and corporate green innovation, and serves as an effective value transfer intermediary, a benefit balance mechanism, and a risk avoidance method. Political connections urge enterprises to be more socially responsible, thus affecting green innovation. Additionally, environmental public opinion strengthens the positive impact of political connections on corporate green innovation, especially in non-state-owned enterprises and in the eastern regions with a higher degree of marketization. The research conclusions provide a new theoretical reference for promoting the transformation of green innovation and achieving high-quality development in the construction industry.
Yield and Yield Criteria of Flax Fiber (Linum usititassimum L.) as Influenced by Different Plant Densities
Authors: Arslanoglu Şahane Funda , Sert Soner , Şahin Hasan Alp , Aytaç Selim , El Sabagh Ayman
Published: April 2022

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is mostly grown in temperate climate conditions. The rising demand for natural fibres other than cotton has re-introduced flax cultivation in to the agenda. This situation has necessitated the acceleration of flax production research in Turkey. The purpose of this research is to discover the best seeding density for flax fibre cultivation. The trials were carried out with the Rolin flax variety at the coordinates 41°21′53″ N and 36°11′17″ E, during the winter seasons of 2018–2019 and 2019–2020, at densities of 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 plant m−2, by using a random block design. According to the results obtained from analysis of variance, where all these charectors examined viz, years, densities, year and density interaction were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). The highest straw, fiber and seed yields per decare were measured at 2000 plant m−2 density, while as the lowest values were determined at 500 plant m−2 density. However In the interaction of year and density, the highest plant height and technical length were measured in the first year at 1750 plant m−2 density at 102.7 cm and 80.2 cm, respectively. Similarly the highest straw yield (764 kg da−1), fiber yield (198.6 kg da−1) and seed yield (133.9 kg da−1) were measured in the first year at 2000 plant m−2 density. Adequate rainfall during the rapid development stage of winter flax in April-May boosted plant height, technical length, straw, seed, and fibre yield. Although the yields were low during the second year, which was dry. While the positive significant correlation (**; p < 0.01) was found between plant density and plant height (r = 0.907 **), straw yield per decare (r = 0.981 **), seed yield per decare (r = 0.973 **), fiber yield per decare (0.978 **), technical length (r = 0.828; * p < 0.05), negative significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between plant density and the number of secondary branches (r = −0.955 **), stem diameter (−0.955 **) and plant seed weight (r = −0.923 **). According to the data recorded in two-years. It was observed that for high straw, fiber and seed yield, 2000 plant m−2 density was appropriate for cultivating flax fiber during the winter growing period in mild climate conditions.
Assessing Carbon Pools of Three Indigenous Agroforestry Systems in the Southeastern Rift-Valley Landscapes, Ethiopia
Authors: Tesfay Hafte Mebrahten , Negash Mesele , Godbold Douglas L. , Hager Herbert
Published: April 2022

The role of agroforestry (AF) systems in providing ecosystem services is very crucial. The greatest considerable increase in carbon (C) storage is often attained by moving from lower biomass land-use systems to tree-based systems such as AF. However, for estimation of C stocks in indigenous AF systems of southeastern Rift-Valley landscapes, Ethiopia, the data are scarce. This study was aimed to investigate the biomass, biomass carbon (BC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock of Enset-based, Enset-Coffee-based, and Coffee-Fruit-tree-Enset based AF systems. Comparison of SOC stock of AF systems against their adjacent monocrop farms was also investigated. Research questions were initiated to answer whether C stocks among the three AF systems vary because of different management systems and how biomass C stock is influenced by species abundance, diversity, and richness in the AF systems. The study was carried out at three selected sites in the Dilla Zuria district of Gedeo zone. Twenty farms (total of 60) representative of each AF system were arbitrarily selected and inventoried, and the biomass C stocks estimated. Ten adjacent monocrop farms which were related to each AF system were selected in a purposive manner for comparison of SOC stock. Inventory and soil sampling were employed in the 10 × 10 m farm plot. The mean AGB ranged from 81.1 to 255.9 t ha−1 and for BGB from 26.9 to 72.2 t ha−1. The highest C stock was found in Coffee–Fruittree–Enset based (233.3 ± 81.0 t ha−1), and the lowest was in Coffee–Enset based AF system (190.1 ± 29.8 t ha−1). The result showed that SOC stocks were not statistically significant between the three AF systems, although they showed a significant difference in their BC stock. The C stocks of the investigated AF systems are considerably higher than those reported for some tropical forests and AF systems. The SOC of AF systems is significantly higher than the ones for the adjacent monocrop farms. Therefore, it can be understood that the studied AF systems are storing significant amounts of C in their biomass as well as in soil. This considerable C storage by these systems might contribute to climate change mitigation.
Endplate Design and Topology Optimization of Fuel Cell Stack Clamped with Bolts
Authors: Zhang Zhiming , Zhang Jun , Zhang Tong
Published: April 2022

The endplate plays an important role in the performance and durability of fuel cell stacks, and also to mass power density. Aiming at a lightweight endplate and uniform deflection of the endplate, the purpose of this study is to model the endplate including the supply, discharge ports and the distribution manifolds. The stress and displacement distribution of the endplate are also analyzed by numerical simulation. After that, the three optimized topologies aiming to minimize compliance, uniform stress distribution and two objectives coupling are discussed, and the intake endplate and blind endplate are individually reconstructed. The mass of optimized intake endplate is reduced by 35%, and the mass of optimized blind endplate is reduced by 46% for the goal of attaining a lightweight endplate, while maintaining the uniformity of the stress distribution of the first cell next to the endplate. Considering these factors, optimized endplates are obtained, which are valuable to fuel cell stack design.
Preservation or Diversification? Ideas and Practices Connected with Sustainability in Vanuatu
Authors: Pascht Arno
Published: April 2022

The aim of this article is to explore anthropology’s potential to contribute to reflections on the definition of sustainability. It draws on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in the South Pacific island state of Vanuatu, using as its main methods semi-structured interviews, participant observation and freelisting. This article presents decisions and acts of the inhabitants of the rural village of Siviri regarding both the cultivation of food crops and fishing. It relates findings to a recent anthropological working definition of ‘sustainability’ that emphasises facilitating the necessary conditions for change by building and supporting diversity to address the unpredictability of the future. This definition is opposed to other current definitions that stress the preservation of existing norms. The research results presented here show that, with their decidedly future-oriented ideas and practices, the villagers of Siviri engaged with climate change adaptation projects and workshops regarding conservation and subsequently created new cultivation methods and established a marine conservation area. Additionally, they reduced their engagement in cultivation and diversified their livelihood practices. Referring to theoretical approaches connected with the ‘ontological turn’ in anthropology, it is argued that asking ontological questions reveals fundamental differences between the inhabitants of the village of Siviri and international and national governments and organisations in terms of their conceptualisations connected with sustainability. The article concludes that anthropology can make important contributions to discussions about sustainability that have the potential to improve the dialogue between different stakeholders by showing the alterity of conceptualisations. This may lead to new, localised and contextualised definitions of sustainability.
Evaluation of Physio-Chemical Characteristics of Bio Fertilizer Produced from Organic Solid Waste Using Composting Bins
Authors: Ajaweed Aseel Najeeb , Hassan Fikrat M. , Hyder Nadhem H.
Published: April 2022

Background: The possibility of converting the organic fraction of municipal solid waste to mature compost using the composting bin method was studied. Nine distinct treatments were created by combining municipal solid waste (MSW) with animal waste (3:1, 2:1), poultry manure (3:1, 2:1), mixed waste (2:1:1), agricultural waste (dry leaves), biocont (Trichoderm hazarium), and humic acid. Weekly monitoring of temperature, pH, EC, organic matter (OM percent), and the C/N ratio was performed, and macronutrients (N, P, K) were measured. Trace elements, including heavy metals (Cd and Pb), were tested in the first and final weeks of maturity. Results: Temperatures in the first days of composting reached the thermophilic phase in MSW compost with animal and poultry manure between 55–60 °C, pH and EC (mS/cm) increased during the composting period in most composting bin treatments. Overall, organic matter (OM percent) and the C/N ratio decreased (10.27 to 18.9) as result of microbial activity during composting. Organic matter loss percent was less in treatments containing additives (biocont l humic acid) as well agricultural waste treatment. Composting bin treatments with animals and poultry showed higher K and P at the mature stage with an increase in micronutrients. Finally heavy metals were (2.25–4.20) mg/kg and (139–202) mg/kg for Cd and Pb respectively at maturation stage. Conclusion: Therefore, the results suggested that MSW could be composted in the compost bin method with animal and poultry manure. The physio-chemical parameters pH, Ec and C/N were within the acceptable standards. Heavy metals and micronutrients were under the limits of the USA standards. The significance of this study is that the compost bin may be used as a quick check to guarantee that the outputs of long-term public projects fulfill general sustainability requirements, increase ecosystem services, and mitigate the effect of municipal waste disposal on climate change particularly the hot climate regions.
The Changing Role of Management Accounting in Product Development: Directions to Digitalization, Sustainability, and Circularity
Authors: Varaniūtė Viktorija , Žičkutė Ineta , Žandaravičiūtė Akvilė
Published: April 2022

In an environment of multiplying uncertainties, management accounting plays an important role in addressing product development issues. Changing business models, the capabilities of companies, and increasing consumer needs require reconsideration of the directions in the product development process. The purpose of this paper is to identify the changing role of management accounting in product development, to understand how research is progressing according to such vital directions as digitalization, sustainability, and circularity. Bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review were used to determine the main directions of the changing role of management accounting in product development. Results revealed that these directions were related to innovation, which could be considered the main driver for the changes in management accounting in product development. Furthermore, these directions are related to better company performance, which is a consequence of changes.
Crude Oil Market Functioning and Sustainable Development Goals: Case of OPEC++-Participating Countries
Authors: Vasiljeva Marina V. , Ponkratov Vadim V. , Vatutina Larisa A. , Volkova Maria V. , Ivleva Marina I. , Romanenko Elena V. , Kuznetsov Nikolay V. , Semenova Nadezhda N. , Kireeva Elena F. , Goncharov Dmitrii K. , Elyakova Izabella D.
Published: April 2022

This article aims to substantiate the factors by which the oil industry influences the sustainable development of OPEC++-participating countries under conditions of uncertainty. The impact of the price parameters of the world oil market and the tools of its regulation on the sustainability of OPEC++-participating countries was assessed using panel regression analysis. The sustainable development level of OPEC++-participating countries was analyzed by the integrated estimation method, focusing on crude oil market functioning features. Undoubtedly, we can testify that there is a direct correlation between the country’s level of socio-economic development and sustainable development. In resource economies, a reduction in oil production and exports cannot have the same effect on sustainable development as in countries that do not produce oil, or are characterized by a higher level of economic development. With an appropriate level of economic diversification and the effectiveness of the institutional framework for managing the oil market, sustainable development can be achieved. Based on the model of the integrated assessment of the sustainable development of oil-exporting countries, the impact of statistically significant financial investors’ panic factor on the imbalance of oil prices due to the uncertainty of economic development was determined. Key indicators that create a panic factor in the oil market were identified. These include the indicators of the number of countries enforcing lockdown and the pandemic’s duration. We argue for the need to develop an effective strategy for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in OPEC++-participating countries, based on the management of crude oil supply and demand forces and by considering the effect of financial investors’ panic factor on the oil market.
Analysis of Influencing Factors in Purchasing Electric Vehicles Using a Structural Equation Model: Focused on Suwon City
Authors: Kim Sukhee , Choi Jungyoon , Yi Yongju , Kim Hyungjun
Published: April 2022

The global automobile market is promoting the introduction of eco-friendly vehicles such as electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. However, disadvantages such as expensive prices and limited mileage compared to internal combustion engine vehicles have become obstacles to the expansion of eco-friendly vehicles. Therefore, in this study, a survey was conducted on the purchase of electric vehicles for citizens of Suwon. Using the survey data, a structural equation model was constructed to analyze the factors affecting the purchase of electric vehicles, which are eco-friendly vehicles. The results indicate that a lack of information and government policy on EV, the level of EV recognition and subsidy policy do not have an effect on EV purchase. However, charging infrastructure, battery performance and safety, operating conditions including ramps or use of heaters and air conditioners, subsidy effects and charging services demonstrate positive effects on EV purchase. Using direct and indirect effect analysis, the study shows that higher government subsidy and visiting charging services are the two most influential factors on EV purchase, followed by EV driving environment, charging infrastructure, battery performance and safety, and a lack of information and electric vehicle supply policy.
Efectos de bioestimulantes en las clorofilas y el número de hojas en el cultivo de pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) en condiciones semiprotegidas
Authors: Cobena Montes Yelitza Lilibeth , Torres-García Antonio , Héctor Ardisana Eduardo Fidel , Fosado Téllez Osvaldo , León-Aguilar Rolando
Published: April 2022

En la agricultura ecuatoriana se utilizan grandes cantidades de fertilizantes químicos y el cultivo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L.) no constituye excepción en esa realidad que tanto daño causa al ambiente, a los suelos, a las aguas subterráneas y superficiales, así como a la salud humana. Una alternativa en las últimas décadas es el empleo de bioestimulantes, que reducen los impactos negativos que produce la utilización indiscriminada de los fertilizantes químicos sintéticos. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes bioestimulantes (estiércol bovino, lixiviados de vermicompost de estiércol bovino y caprino, microorganismos eficientes) sobre el contenido de clorofilas y el número de hojas en las plantas de 5 híbridos de pimiento (Salvador, Quetzal, Odín, Nathalie y Canario) en condiciones de cultivo semiprotegido y riego localizado, en el periodo comprendido del 2016 al 2019. En la investigación con los diferentes híbridos se utilizó el diseño experimental de bloques al azar con 3 réplicas. El contenido relativo de clorofilas y el número de hojas se midieron a los 45 días después del trasplante. La aplicación de los bioestimulantes indujo efectos favorables significativos en las variables evaluadas y las diferencias se expresaron en dependencia del híbrido, dosis y tipo de bioestimulantes, observándose en cada híbrido que al menos una de las dosis de bioestimulantes produjo valores similares o superiores a los alcanzados con la fertilización química a base de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio. Esto demuestra que el empleo de los bioestimulantes constituye una opción beneficiosa para la sustitución parcial de la aplicación de los fertilizantes químicos en el cultivo de los híbridos de pimiento.
Palabras clave: Capsicum annuum L.; estiércoles; lixiviados de vermicompost; microorganismos eficientes
Índice de mecanización agrícola de la Parroquia Crucita, Manabí - Ecuador
Authors: Aragundi Demera Miguel Antonio , Pachecho Gil Henry Antonio
Published: April 2022

La mecanización agrícola desempeña un papel primordial en la producción de alimentos. Su implementación adecuada requiere conocer los indicadores que inciden en su desempeño. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el índice de mecanización agrícola de la parroquia Crucita del cantón Portoviejo. Consistió en la ejecución de una investigación de tipo descriptiva no experimental, la cual estuvo dividida en dos fases, la primera un levantamiento en campo que conllevó la ejecución de una encuesta socio económica y técnica dirigida a productores y propietarios de maquinaria agrícola y la segunda fase de trabajo implicó la obtención del área mecanizable con el uso de herramientas de sistema de información geográfica (SIG). Se obtuvo como resultado, una edad media de los productores de 52,3 años, cuyo mayor índice de educación es primaria con un 70%; en relación a la maquinaria se evidencio que existen tres tipos de maquinaria en la zona con un total de 82 unidades, donde el motocultor representa el 79% del total. El área óptima(ideal) para mecanizar es 1161,45 ha. El índice de mecanización en el área en estudio presentó particularidades que responden al cultivo establecido siendo en este caso el arroz el de mayor incidencia con un IM de 1,80 kW. ha-1, el cual representa que para este rubro existe una sub utilización de la maquinaria, caso contrario ocurre con toda el área disponible para mecanizar donde existe un IM de 0,40 kW. ha-1 en la cual la única maquinaria disponible es el tractor de dos ejes el mismo indica sobre utilización.
Palabras clave: productividad; diagnóstico; socio-técnico-económico; maquinaria agrícola; tractor.
Caracterización química de los residuos sólidos procedentes de la elaboración de tres tipos de cerveza artesanal (stout - negra, imperial - rubia, guayacán - roja)
Authors: Torres Barberan Oscar Luis , Gorozabel Muñoz Wagner Antonio
Published: April 2022

El bagazo de malta de cebada es un residuo del proceso de elaboración de cerveza artesanal, el mismo que tiene un bajo costo y alta disponibilidad, es un subproducto rico en nutrientes el cual, puede ser utilizado en la industria alimentaria e industrial. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar y comparar las propiedades químicas de los residuos sólidos del bagazo procedentes de la elaboración de diferentes variedades de cerveza artesanal (stout - negra, imperial - rubia, guayacán - roja) y que su uso quede a consideración del proceso agroindustrial que se desea brindar. Las muestras de cerveza artesanal fueron tomadas en la empresa cervecera “Beerkingo” ubicado en el Cantón Sucre en la vía Rio Canoa Km 7, provincia de Manabí. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) de un factor siendo el bagazo de cerveza de tres variedades el factor en estudio, se aplicó un ANOVA paramétrico para el análisis de las muestras; donde existió diferencia estadística significativa, se aplicó la prueba de Tukey al (p<0,05) en los análisis de proteína, fibra, ceniza y materia seca. Los resultados del ANOVA demostraron significancia estadísticas en todos los parámetros estudiados, y la prueba de Tukey indica que el gabazo procedente del M1 (bagazo de Stout - negra) reportó un mayor porcentaje de proteína con 5,23%, así mismo en lo referente en ceniza, fibra y materia seca los mayores porcentajes los obtuvo la muestra M3 (bagazo guayacán - roja) con porcentajes de 1,13%, 4,45 % y 36,99% respectivamente; lo cual evidencia que existen componentes químicos para la generación de valor agregado de este subproducto. Quedando comprobado que contienen componentes nutricionales que se pueden aprovechar en su totalidad para consumo humano o suplemento para alimentación animal.
Palabras clave: Bagazo de cerveza; sub producto; cebada
Especies arvenses en plantaciones de melina (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) en la provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Ecuador
Authors: Cedeño Zambrano José , Jiménez Romero Edwin , Bautista Zambrano Priscila , Pinargote Alava John Jairo , Mestanza Uquillas Camilo , Díaz Herraiz Aurelio
Published: April 2022

Las arvenses pueden llegar a interactuar directa o indirectamente con los cultivos, ofreciendo un gran espectro de funciones agronómicas y ecológicas. A razón de ello, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar la diversidad de especies arvenses en plantaciones de Gmelina arborea Roxb. (Melina), de tres, cuatro y cinco años, establecidas en la hacienda “La Evelina” del cantón La Concordia, provincia de Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas. Se aplicó el método de área mínima donde se encontró un total de 32 especies en las 12 unidades de muestreo del sitio de estudio. Se registraron datos cuantitativos y cualitativos tales como: nombres científicos, hábitos, abundancia por especie, así como las coordenadas correspondientes a cada sitio. Para el análisis de diversidad se calcularon parámetros como: abundancia absoluta, también se utilizaron los Índices de Jaccard, Shannon y Simpson y el método de área mínima según Braun Blanquet. Se encontraron 11 595 individuos en 32 especies, de las cuales la más abundante fue: Asystasia gangética. El Índice de Shannon y el Índice de Simpson determinaron una diversidad media en dos sitios de estudio y diversidad baja en un sitio. Finalmente, la ejecución del análisis de diversidad permitió determinar que la comunidad de especies arvenses va a depender del nivel de predominancia de la plantación de Melina, por lo que conforme incrementó su edad, menor fue la cantidad de especies arvenses por unidad de superficie.
Palabras clave: Arvenses; melina; diversidad; análisis; interacciones
América Latina ante el conflicto en Ucrania: una respuesta desde un orden internacional basado en normas
Authors: Arredondo Ricardo
Published: April 2022

La agresión de Rusia contra Ucrania ha planteado una violación de las normas básicas del derecho internacional contemporáneo y representa una amenaza sin precedentes a un orden internacional basado en normas. Este trabajo analiza en primer lugar algunas de las normas y principios básicos de un orden internacional basado en normas que han sido violados por Rusia, partiendo de los argumentos utilizados por este país para justificar la agresión armada sobre Ucrania. A continuación, se considera cuál ha sido la respuesta de la comunidad internacional a esas violaciones del orden legal vigente, tanto a nivel institucional como estatal, incluyendo las acciones ante distintos foros y tribunales. Se describe brevemente el impacto de las acciones armadas rusas sobre el orden internacional. Finalmente, se examina la respuesta de América Latina a esta crisis, tomando en consideración factores meta jurídicos y de política exterior.
De l’anthropologie physique à la paléo-ethnologie funéraire et à la paléo-biologie
Authors: Crubézy Eric
Published: April 2022

Après un rapide historique de l’anthropologie physique on précise les 3 principaux axes de recherche actuels de la discipline pour les populations du passé, paléo-ethnologie funéraire (étude du monde des morts), paléo-biologie (étude du monde des vivants) et histoire du peuplement. Il apparaît d’une part qu’aucun de ces axes n’est indépendant des autres, et d’autre part qu’une démarche méthodologique stricte est nécessaire pour passer de l’étude du monde des morts à celle du monde des vivants puis à l’histoire du peuplement.
La diagnose sexuelle à partir du squelette : possibilités et limites
Authors: Bruzek Jaroslav
Published: April 2022

Sex diagnosis of skeletons : possibilities and limitations.

The author enumerates the biological criteria of sex diagnosis from skeletal remains. The fiability comparison of different methods demonstrates that only the analysis of the innominate bone results in a right diagnosis with less than 5% error. The paper discusses some precisions about sex diagnosis on skeletons from ancient Egypt and about problems in connection with fragmentary bones.
Le peuplement de la vallée du Nil au Paléolithique supérieur
Authors: Gambier Dominique
Published: April 2022

The people of the Nil valley in the upper paleolithic period.

Human remains from Upper Paleolithic sites in the Nil valley are rather scarce, particularly from the Early Upper Paleolithic. Their morphology is essentially modern and there is a strong relationship between the North African Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic populations and the Nil valley materials. But the origin of these modern populations is still discussed.
Origines du peuplement de l’Égypte ancienne : l’apport de l’anthropobiologie
Authors: Froment Alain
Published: April 2022

Bien que l’abondance des restes humains en Égypte privilégie l’anthropologie physique pour aborder la question de l’origine de son peuplement, l’intérêt pour la craniologie a beaucoup diminué, dans le même temps où des méthodes d’analyse statistique élaborées, mais facilement démocratisées par la micro-informatique, se développaient, de sorte qu’il n’y a pas eu de synthèse récente sur l’anatomie des Égyptiens, comparée à l’ensemble des populations mondiales. Après avoir souligné les implications idéologiques qu’entraînent de telles recherches, et passé en revue les différentes approches possibles, notamment l’étude des peintures et des sculptures, et les analyses biologiques des momies, une analyse craniométrique multivariée, portant sur 384 populations mondiales, est présentée. Elle montre que la population égyptienne présentait une grande variabilité, et confirme l’opinion générale sur le polymorphisme et le gradient géographique concernant la forme du crâne : les populations de Basse-Égypte sont très proches de celles du Maghreb, et celles de Haute-Égypte ressemblent à celles de Nubie, ces dernières étant voisines, mais non identiques, à celles d’Afrique sub-saharienne. Il n’y a cependant aucune rupture entre toutes ces populations, mais différenciation progressive, et globalement, le physique des Égyptiens Anciens est exactement à équidistance de celui des Européens et de celui des négro-africains ; certaines populations de la Méditerranée d’une part, de la Corne de l’Afrique (Tigré, Somalie) de l’autre, tombent à l’intérieur de la gamme de variation des Égyptiens Anciens. Cette méthode d’approche de la variabilité humaine est "clinale" et non "raciale” : elle n’est basée sur aucune typologie et permet d’interpréter les variations anatomiques en termes de biologie génétique et d’adaptabilité au milieu. Dans ce contexte, prétendre que les Égyptiens pharaoniques étaient tous des "Noirs", ou des "Blancs", relève de la fantaisie ou de la manipulation.
Les sépultures de Kerma, Soudan (3000-1500 B.C.) : apport de l’anthropologie
Authors: Simon Christian
Published: April 2022

Les restes humains des fouilles de la mission archéologique de l’Université de Genève proviennent de la nécropole de Kerma (3000-1500 B.C. ). Environ 200 tombes ont été excavées. L’analyse paléodémographique montre une mortalité assez forte caractérisée par une faible espérance de vie à la naissance (e°o = 22-23 ans). Cette mortalité est aggravée par la présence de sujets sacrifiés. Les non-adultes forment 32 % de la population totale. On observe une sélection des inhumés en faveur des adolescents de 15 à 19 ans, provoquée en partie par la présence des sacrifices humains. L’analyse morphologique montre une assez forte hétérogénéité de la population avec cependant des regroupements d’individus à morphologie semblable. Le type humain de la population reste le même au cours du temps. L’insertion des groupes Kerma dans un échantillon de populations le long de la vallée du Nil (Egypte, Nubie) et en Afrique nous indique que la population de Kerma s’insère bien dans l’ensemble des populations nubiennes. Elle présente une certaines affinité avec les populations égyptiennes et beaucoup moins avec les populations africaines (exception faite de l’Ethiopie qui est morphologiquement assez proche des Nubiens). On observe à Kerma, la mutilation dentaire (ablation de certaines dents) qui est une coutume pratiquée par de nombreuses populations africaines. A Kerma 6 à 7 % des sujets montrent une ablation des incisives supérieures et inférieures. Cette pratique dénote l’influence des populations du Sud à Kerma. Le sacrifice humain est un autre rituel important. Il apparaît au Kerma Ancien pour prendre un développement important au Kerma Classique. On peut trouver dans les tombes un ou plusieurs sujets sacrifiés (hommes, femmes ou enfants). La composition ethnique des sujets sacrifiés ne diffèrent pas de celle des sujets principaux des tombes et il n’a pas été encore possible de reconnaître des liens familiaux à l’intérieur d’une même sépulture.
L'analyse de l'espace figuratif par dipôles. La tombe décorée n° 100 de Hiérakonpolis
Authors: Gautier Patrick André
Published: April 2022

Figurative space analysis by ‘dipôles’. The decorated tomb of Hieraconpolis (n°100).

A figurative space analysis is propound here in terms of elaboration by characterising painter choices on continuous axes coupling two opposite attitudes by a criterion. The analysis of themes, lay-out, style and content of this image defines the iconographic set as a catalogue of various interactions. It is concluded on the elaboration of figure as sign, of image as figurative predication and on the very nature of the figurative space of that picture. This nature reflects a mental attitude towards space conducting to writing on the one hand, to a figurative semiotics, on the other hand.
Cyperus rotundus L. (nutgrass) as an example of a major plant food available to predynastic populations and its exploitation
Authors: Hillman Gordon
Published: April 2022

Parmi les restes de plantes carbonisées utilisées comme nourriture, les plus abondants sont les tubercules de souchet, Cyperus rotundus. Le nombre de ces tubercules découverts au Ouadi Kubbaniya (18000 BP) n’est pas important, mais il est néanmoins remarquable pour un site si ancien.

L’abondance des fragments carbonisés de souchet reflète probablement le rôle important de ce tubercule dans le régime alimentaire kubbaniyien.
La chasse-cueillette et l’agriculture en Égypte : transition de la chasse et de la cueillette à l’horticulture dans la vallée du Nil
Authors: Wetterstrom Wilma
Published: April 2022

Notre travail consistera à suivre la voie prise par les chasseurs-cueilleurs égyptiens pour passer de la chasse et de la cueillette à l’agriculture. Pendant l’épipaléolithique, ces chasseurs-cueilleurs appliquaient une stratégie de subsistance qui s’était probablement développé au cours du pléistocène final dans un environnement où les ressources alimentaires manquaient cruellement. Ils dépendaient de racines et de poissons tout en tirant partie d’une grande variété de plantes et d’animaux sauvages qui assuraient très probablement leur survie pendant les périodes de pénurie.

On insistera, ici, sur l’idée que la domestication des plantes et des bêtes fut tout d’abord conçue comme un complément de sécurité faces aux ressources habituelles et aléatoires des chasseurs-cueilleurs. Même si ces ressources étaient, à certaines périodes de l’année abondantes dans les régions marécageuses nilotiques, il n’en demeurait pas moins des saisons de grande «faim ». En particulier lors de crues du Nil exceptionnellement fortes, faibles ou prématurées. En effet, les caprices du Nil étaient la plus grande menace l’approvisionnement de base de ces chasseurs-cueilleurs, tant le volume des eaux d’inondation — ainsi que le moment et la durée des crues — pouvaient varier de manière importante.
Henri de Morgan : l’inventeur d’EI Adaïma (1854-1909)
Authors: Lorre Christine
Published: April 2022

Henri de Morgan (1854-1909) discoverer of the predynastic site of Adaïma (Upper Egypt) was trained early in prehistoric research through contacts with some of the great personnalities of the French archaeological circle of the second half of the 19th century. Expatriated in the USA in 1876, he added to his first centres of interest the prospecting of Indian archeological artefacts for the Parisian dealers Rollin and Feuardent, while maintaining scientific contacts with the MAN. At the same time, he travelled many times, each of a scientific nature, in the Mediterranean. In the field of the beginning of the metal-working, Henri de Morgan shared so closely the preoccupations of his brother Jacques that he accompanied him on his explorations in Armenia, toward the end of the 1880’s, and rejoined him once more on the field in 1901 in the study of necropolis in north-western Iran. However the exploration of prehistoric sites in Upper Egypt remains without doubt his main contribution to archaeobgical research of his age ; he enriched considerably the corpus of artefacts (divided between the Brooklyn Museum and the MAN) supporting the thesis, still contested by many of his contemporaries, of the prehistoric origins of Egypt. Through the site of El Adaima, the reading of H.de Morgan’s notebooks preserved at the MAN also gives information on his methods of recordingfleld observations and turning them to the best account for publishing.
Le sacrifice humain en contexte funéraire : problèmes posés à l’anthropobiologie et à la médecine légale. L’exemple prédynastique
Authors: Ludes Bertrand , Crubézy Eric
Published: April 2022

Etude anatomo-pathologique des lésions cervicales de 5 sujets mis au jour dans la nécropole prédynastique d’Adaïma (4 proviennent de sépultures doubles ou multiples). Les lésions ont été comparées à des cas anciens et contemporains d’égorgement et de décollation. Il apparaît que 2 cas pourraient correspondre à des égorgements, 2 autres à des égorgements suivis de décollation. Un autre évoque plus une décollation qu’un égorgement mais le crâne était en situation anatomique dans la tombe. La diversité des situations est mise en évidence et les auteurs s’interrogent sur la valeur symbolique de l’ouverture de la gorge.
La Mésopotamie et le «sacrifice humain» en contexte funéraire
Authors: Forest Jean-Daniel
Published: April 2022

Around 2500 B.C., eminent persons of Ur in Mesopotamia were ceremoniously buried with members of their householf. Upon examining the socio-cultural context of this practice, we are led to believe that the strict notion of human sacrifices cannot be applied here. However, it also allows us to understand that such practices were structural and were certainly more widespread than previously believed. Evidence points to such practices as early as the 4th millenium, during the Uruk period, or even earlier during the Obeid period. Its disappearance which we suggest took place in the last centuries of the 3th millenium (during the Sargonides reign), might be linked to the socio-cultural evolution which took place during this period.
Le problème des sacrifices humains : cas du néolithique soudanais
Authors: Reinold Jacques
Published: April 2022

Entre 1975 et 1999, une dizaine de cimetières furent étudiés au Soudan central et en Nubie, à partir de la fouille de plus d’un millier de tombes, qui, chronologiquement, documentent la période qui s’étend entre la première moitié du Ve millénaire et la première moitié du IVe.

Sur ce millier de squelettes, cinq, provenant de sépultures multiples, présentent des positions qui les différencient très nettement des autres. Ces «anomalies» s’ajoutant à d’autres, permettent d’évoquer des cas de sacrifices humains, en relation avec un processus de stratification sociale, prélude à l’apparition du premier grand royaume africain : Kerma.
Cognitive capacities, visual representations of a message and the invention of writing in Egypt
Authors: Crubézy Eric
Published: April 2022

For some Egyptologists or linguists, the invention of writing in Egypt appeared all of a sudden. For neuroscientists, it was certainly preceded by a phase of development because it implies a major evolution of the cognitive senses of humans. We have tested this last hypothesis using data from the Predynastic cemetery of Adaïma. It appears that the nature, distribution and arrangement of funerary offerings is directly associated to the biological (age, sex, pathology) and cultural (symbolic artifacts) status of the deceased. This leads us to believe that a very sharp sense of analytical thinking existed concerning the elite and the portrait. The evolution from the portrait to the ideogram seems to have been linear ; phonograms are more specific of the transition from the portrait to the proper name defined by royal power and the pharaoh
Chronology and local traditions. The representation of power and the royal name in the late predynastic period
Authors: Jirnénez-Serrano Alejandro
Published: April 2022

The main aim of this paper is to present an alternative hypothesis about the origin of the serekh. From current archaeological evidence, it will suggest that the three elements (falcon, palace-façade and hieroglyphic) that compound the royal serekh have their origin in different parts of the Nile Valley, being associated with the royal figure during the unification process. Other depictions considered serekhs will also be discussed.

"A group of people become a society when mem hers of the group develop a set of signs and rituals that are mutually recognized and acknowledged".

''What emerged in the Early Dynastic Period was one set of preferences selected and refined by a controlled group, accompanied by a loss of diversity"
The Early Dynastic Funerary Enclosures of Abydos
Authors: Bestock Laurel
Published: April 2022

The site of Naga ed-Deir is located on the east bank of the Nile near Abydos. The Early Dynastic portion of the site consisted of four cemeteries. Cemeteries N1500 and N3000 contained primarily tombs of Dynasties I and II, while the tombs in cemeteries N3500 and N500 dated to Dynasties II and III. The preserved tomb superstructures were rectangular in plan and oriented roughly northsouth. The mastabas had mud brick walls with little or no batter constructed around inner cores of gravel, rubble, sand or mud brick. Evidence of enclosure walls and of small, walled courtyards on the western side of some mastabas was found. Super- and substructure walls were often coated with mud plaster over which a layer of white plaster was sometimes applied. The earliest and largest mastabas had niche paneled façades on at least their western (valley-facing) and southern sides. The back panels of some niches were painted red. Most mastabas were small and had only two niches on the western side. These niches, whether simple or compound, were short and topped with a lintel. The most common form of grave was a simple pit, the lower portion of which consisted of a single burial chamber, often lined with mud brick and roofed. Roofs were either flat and made of wood and mud plaster or mud brick, or vaults made of mud brick. Multi-chambered tombs were rare. Some burial chambers were accessed by a ramp or stairway, which was sealed with mud brick and, occasionally, large limestone slabs. Most tombs contained only a single burial. Pottery and stone vessels were the most common grave goods, but unusual finds such as the metal tools of a carpentry kit and an elaborate parure of gold testify to the ancient importance of the site and its inhabitants.
Les sépultures subsidiaires des grandes tombes de la Ire dynastie égyptienne
Authors: Vaudou Emilie
Published: April 2022

At the time of the discovery of the first dynasty’s famous funerary sites, Saqqara and Umm el-Qaab, archaeologists found small tombs located around or near large tombs. Since, the objectives and circumstances of the establishment of these small tombs represent important questions especially concerning human sacrifice. With the comparison between these funerary sets and other first dynasty sites where we can find this type of burials, we will try to find out the answers.
Archaeobotanical studies at Hierakonpolis Locality HK6: The Pre and Early Dynastic elite cemetery
Authors: Fahmy Ahmed G. , Friedman Renée Frances , Fadl Mohamed
Published: April 2022

Plant macroremains were separated from samples taken from nine tombs (1-3, 5-7, 9-11) in an elite cemetery at locality HK6 at Hierakonpolis. These tombs are dated to the Predynastic Naqada IIA period and the Early Dynastic Naqada A2-IIIC1 (c. 3800 – 3650 B. C./ 3200 – 3050 B. C.). Human and/or animal skeletal remains were found in all of these tombs. A total of 1984 plant macroremains were identified. This botanical assemblage has been attributed to 23 plant taxa and classified into wild edible fruits, cultivated crops, wild herbs, wood and charcoal. The highest number and percentage of plant remains as well as the greatest number of plant species were recorded from Tombs 1, 3 and 11. The current study shows that the Predynastic inhabitants depended heavily for wood and fuel on native trees, e. g., Acacia nilotica, Ficus sp, Tamarix aphylla, Tamarix nilotica and Ziziphus spina-christi. From the remains it was also possible to reconstruct the characteristic habitats and plant communities that flourished in the general vicinity of the site : 1) a contracted desert vegetation dominated by Acacia nilotica, Balanites aegyptiaca, Capparis decidua, Fagonia bruguieri, Ficus sycomorus and Tamarix aphylla ; 2) a contracted ground water-bound desert vegetation included Acacia nilotica, Desmostachya/ Imperata and Tamarix ; 3) a swampy habitat characterized by stands of Phragmites, Desmostachya/Imperata, Cyperus alopecuroides and Tamarix nilotica. Remains of conifer trees, e. g., Cedrus libani, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis, have been found in very small numbers. They may have been imported into Egypt from the Levant.