bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiscale patterns of rarity in fungi, inferred from fruiting records
Authors: Gange Alan C. , Allen Lewis P. , Nussbaumer Aline , Gange Edward G. , Andrew Carrie , Egli Simon , Senn‐Irlet Beatrice , Boddy Lynne
Published: April 2019

Aim

It is unknown whether fungi show similar trends to other organisms in their macroecological patterns of abundance and spatial distribution. Here, we investigated fungal abundance–occupancy relationships to determine whether fungi that are common at a local scale tend to be more widely distributed.

Location

UK and Switzerland.

Time period

1950–2014.

Major taxa studied

Fungi.

Methods

We used a local data set of fruiting records of 2,319 species in the UK, accumulated over 65 years, and one from Switzerland of 319 species, spanning 32 years. Using the number of records and occurrence as proxies for abundance, in each case we examined the form of species and rank abundance distributions and compared these with distributions of records in the national databases over the same time. We plotted relationships of the local number of records and regional occupancy and calculated multiscale indices of rarity for all fungal species.

Results

There was a remarkable congruence in the patterns found in the UK and Switzerland. Regional assemblages are characterized by many rare species, whereas few are common (fitting the lognormal distribution). However, at local scales, distributions best fitted a power law, suggesting that habitat availability or dispersal processes might play important roles. Fungi with a high number of local records are densely distributed nationally, but unlike other organisms, locally rare fungi may also be densely distributed at a wider scale.

Main conclusions

Fungal fruiting records can be used to infer patterns in fungal distributions. Abundances in local assemblages may be determined by the position of the assemblage in the overall geographical range of each species, dispersal ability and environmental filtering. We advocate the use of multiscale approaches to rarity in future fungal sampling programmes, to provide more reliable information for future conservation policy decisions and fungal biogeography.
Mud Tank Zircon: Long‐Term Evaluation of a Reference Material for U‐Pb Dating, Hf‐Isotope Analysis and Trace Element Analysis
Authors: Gain Sarah E. M. , Gréau Yoann , Henry Hadrien , Belousova Elena , Dainis Ivars , Griffin William L. , O'Reilly Suzanne Y.
Published: April 2019

Zircon megacrysts from the Mud Tank carbonatite, Australia, are being used in many laboratories as a reference material for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating and trace element measurement, and LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS determination of Hf isotopes. We summarise a database of > 10000 analyses of Mud Tank zircon (MTZ), collected from 2000 to 2018 during its use as a secondary reference material for simultaneous U‐Pb and trace element analysis, and for Hf‐isotope analysis. Trace element mass fractions are highest in dark red‐brown stones and lowest in colourless and gem‐quality ones. Individual unzoned grains can be chemically homogeneous, while significant variations in trace element mass fraction are associated with oscillatory zoning. Chondrite‐normalised trace element patterns are essentially parallel over large mass fraction ranges. A Concordia age of 731.0 ± 0.2 Ma (2s, n = 2272) is taken as the age of crystallisation. Some grains show lower concordant to mildly discordant ages, probably reflecting minor Pb loss associated with cooling and the Alice Springs Orogeny (450–300 Ma). Our weighted mean 176Hf/177Hf is 0.282523 ± 10 (2s, n = 9350); the uncertainties on this ratio reflect some heterogeneity, mainly between grains. A few analyses suggest that colourless grains have generally lower 176Hf/177Hf. MTZ is a useful secondary reference material for U‐Pb and Hf‐isotope analysis, but individual grains need to be carefully selected using CL imaging and tested for homogeneity, and ideally should be standardised by solution analysis.
Migration of Latin American nurses to Spain 2006–2016: a case study
Authors: Pastor‐Bravo M. , Nelson S.
Published: April 2019

Aim

To examine the migration of nurses from Latin America to Spain over the period from 2006 to 2016.

Background

This study examines the impact of the 2008 global economic crisis on migration flows of nurses to Spain from its major source countries of Latin America.

Methods

Using an exploratory case study, we present original data provided by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport of the Government of Spain upon request on applications and success rates for credential recognition of nurses intending to immigrate to Spain, with an extended analysis of Latin American applications which account for the 70% of skilled worker migration to Spain.

Results

Successful applications for credential recognition of overseas nursing qualifications plummeted from a peak of 1384 in 2007 to 55 in 2016. Migration intentionality also decreased but has undergone a slight increase in recent years.

Discussion/Conclusion

We found that the economic crisis effectively closed the door to internationally educated nurses to work as nurses in Spain. Moreover, the denial of official recognition of nursing credentials appears to be unaffected by the existence of bilateral trade and mobility agreements between Spain and source countries. We conclude that the level of nursing migration to Spain is a sensitive indicator of domestic labour market conditions.

Implications for health policy

Despite the lack of any transparent policy on the credential approvals, in practice the government is limiting access to the nursing labour market by overseas education nurses. We urge that attention be paid by health human resource planners on the intersection between labour market and migration trends to support a transparent and data‐informed discussion by all stakeholders on the current state of the nursing labour market in Spain and its future needs.
Differential Quaternary dynamics of evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China revealed by phylogeography of Lindera aggregata (Lauraceae)
Authors: Ye Jun‐Wei , Li De‐Zhu , Hampe Arndt
Published: April 2019

Aim

According to palaeo‐biome reconstructions, the subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLF) in East Asia contracted to a narrow belt south of 24° N during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Yet numerous phylogeographical studies of EBLF plants have inferred glacial refugia north of this area. Here, we aim to further elucidate the Quaternary dynamics of EBLFs using the widespread shrub Lindera aggregata as model.

Location

Subtropical China.

Taxon

Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm (angiosperms).

Methods

Four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments and 15 low‐copy nuclear genes (LCGs) were sequenced in 19 populations. The time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) was estimated using secondary calibrations. Bayesian algorithms were used to infer population clustering, phylogeny and divergence time. Historical gene flow was estimated using a maximum‐likelihood algorithm. Potential habitats at present and during the LGM were predicted using ecological niche modelling.

Results

The TMRCA estimate was 1.78 Myr. We observed a shallow cpDNA network organized around one dominant haplotype. The LCGs revealed three distinct genetic clusters that reflected contrasting historical population dynamics. The most ancient cluster was located south of the Nanling and Wuyi Mountains and indicated long‐term population persistence in multiple refugia. The area further north was occupied by two disjunct clusters that dated back to the LGM and showed signatures of a rapid northward expansion from two refugia. We detected noteworthy pollen‐mediated secondary admixture between all three clusters including somewhat preferential southward gene flow.

Main conclusions

Lindera aggregata represents a rare example of extensive post‐glacial range expansion across the EBLF biome (expansion‐contraction model) that contrasts with its generalized long‐term population stability in the southernmost range parts. Our findings also provide rare evidence for noteworthy post‐glacial gene flow into long‐term refugial populations. They correspond relatively well with palaeo‐biome reconstructions and support the hypothesis that the EBLF has undergone extensive post‐glacial community reshuffling.
Dental treatment procedures for periodontal disease and the subsequent risk of ischaemic stroke: A retrospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lin Hsiao‐Wei , Chen Chun‐Min , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Chen Yen‐Yu , Guo Ru‐Yu , Lin Yen‐Ping , Li Ya‐Ching
Published: April 2019

Aim

To investigate the association between specific dental therapy for periodontal disease and the risk of ischaemic stroke.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a population‐based cohort study that used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database 2005 for the period of 2000–2013. Our observations focused on patients with the diagnoses of gingivitis or periodontitis with and without specific treatment and subsequent incidence of ischaemic stroke. Dental care services include dental scaling, intensive treatment (subgingival curettage and root planing) and tooth extraction. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

Compared with those in the gingivitis cohort, patients with periodontitis have a higher risk of ischaemic stroke and a lower survival rate of stroke over the 10‐year follow‐up period. After integrative dental care, both dental scaling and intensive treatment, the risk was reduced, especially in patients with periodontitis, while patients with periodontal disease may have an increased risk of stroke after tooth extraction therapy.

Conclusions

Our study showed that periodontitis is a risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Both dental scaling and intensive treatment for periodontal disease are associated with a lower risk of further ischaemic stroke events.
Cross‐cohort change in adolescent outcomes for children with mental health problems
Authors: Sellers Ruth , Warne Naomi , Pickles Andrew , Maughan Barbara , Thapar Anita , Collishaw Stephan
Published: April 2019

Background

Child mental health problems are common. Previous studies have examined secular changes in their prevalence but have not assessed whether later outcomes have changed. We therefore aimed to test whether outcomes of child mental health problems have changed over a 40‐year period.

Methods

Three cohorts were utilized: The National Child Development Study (NCDS: N = 14,544, aged 7 in 1965), the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC: N = 8,188, aged 7 in 1998), and the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS: N = 13,192, aged 7 in 2008). Mental health problems at age 7 were identified using the parent‐reported Rutter‐A scale (NCDS) and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (ALSPAC and MCS). Associated outcomes were compared across cohorts: age 11 social functioning, age 16 exam attainment and age 16 mental health.

Results

Child mental health problems were common in each cohort (boys: 7.0%–9.7%; girls: 5.4%–8.4%). Child mental health problems became more strongly associated with social functioning problems (boys: NCDS OR = 1.95 (1.50, 2.53), MCS OR = 3.77 (2.89, 4.92); interaction p < .001; girls: NCDS OR = 1.69 (1.22, 2.33), MCS OR = 3.99 (3.04, 5.25), interaction p < .001), lower academic attainment for boys (NCDS OR = 0.49 (0.31, 0.78), ALSPAC OR = 0.30 (0.22, 0.41), interaction p = .009), and age 16 mental health problems (boys: NCDS d′ = 0.55 (0.38, 0.72), ALSPAC d′ = 0.95 (0.73, 1.16); interaction p = .004; girls: NCDS d′ = 0.50 (0.34, 0.65), ALSPAC d′ = 0.99 (0.78, 1.20); interaction p < .001).

Conclusions

Child mental health problems have become more strongly associated with negative social, educational and mental health outcomes in recent generations.
Vital laser‐activated teeth bleaching and postoperative sensitivity: A systematic review
Authors: Kikly Amira , Jaâfoura Sabra , Sahtout Saida
Published: April 2019

Objective

This systematic review investigated the effect of vital laser‐activated tooth bleaching regarding efficiency and postoperative sensitivity. The search for articles was conducted on Medline (PubMed) database. The following keywords were used: “Lasers” [Mesh] and “Tooth bleaching” [Mesh]. Using the Boolean operator “AND,” the following Boolean equation was formulated: (“Lasers” [MeSH] AND “Tooth bleaching” [MeSH]).

Materials and Methods

Inclusion criteria were as follow: clinical trials in English or French available in full text. Article search was limited to the ones published between 2007 and 2019.

Results

A total of 12 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The quality assessment of trials included was undertaken independently as part of data extraction process. A JADAD score was attributed to each paper.

Conclusion

A marked color change was noted for patients undergoing light‐activated bleaching independently of the bleaching agent. Regarding sensitivity, the results of the various studies proved controversial.

Clinical Significance

Laser activation of the bleaching agent promotes the efficiency of the treatment but does not reduce postoperative sensitivity.
Mathematical modeling of hydrodynamic properties of lime (Mexican lime)
Authors: Rozbahani Atefeh , Movahhed Sara , Ahmadi Chenarbon Hossein
Published: April 2019

Grading and hydraulic handling of fruits and vegetables are important subjects of study in industries to maintain their quality and reduce their losses. It is thus essential to have knowledge of hydrodynamic properties of agricultural products for sorting, grading, washing, packaging, and storage purposes. This study first determined the physical properties (i.e., mass, density, volume and shape coefficient) influencing terminal and other hydrodynamic properties of Mexican lime (locally known as Jahromi lime). Then, a water column and a video camera were used to measure the terminal velocity and falling time of the samples. The effect of physical properties determined, and the difference between water and lime densities on the hydraulic properties were analyzed in MATLAB. The results show that Mexican lime samples reached their terminal velocity in 2.5 s when the terminal velocity and the falling time were 0.08 m/s and 6.5 s, respectively. The water–lime density difference, volume, and the sample mass had the significant effect (p < 0.05) on the terminal velocity and falling time. However, the shape coefficient had no significant effect.

Practical applications

Fruits with different densities fall to different depths at a given time, and a properly situated separator can be used for grading them. This research prospect the use of Mexican lime terminal velocity as a parameter for density‐based hydraulic grading to be used in the design and development processes of fruit sorting and grading systems, and regression equations of sample movement were fitted based on their physical properties to find the best model.
Assessment of secondary zinc reserves of nations
Authors: Maung Kyaw Nyunt , Lwin Cherry Myo , Hashimoto Seiji
Published: April 2019

When  addressing the sustainable use of metals, one must consider not only primary metals in the natural environment but also alternative resources, such as secondary metals found in society. For that purpose, elucidating the availability of secondary metals, that is, secondary metal reserves, is important. A classification framework of the secondary resources was applied to investigate its applicability to zinc and to assess the secondary zinc reserves and resources of major targeted countries. Our estimates show that Japan and the United States have secondary zinc reserves of 14 and 13 Mt, respectively, and showed the total estimated amount of secondary zinc reserves of the study countries is equivalent to about 24% of the global primary zinc reserves. On a per‐capita basis, France, Germany, and Japan have the largest secondary zinc reserves. The application of a classification framework showed that a considerable amount of secondary zinc resources is found in landfills, providing a future potential target for secondary zinc landfill mining. The framework provides details about the sizes and locations of secondary zinc resources. This information is useful for both industry and policy makers to maximize access to valuable secondary zinc sources. This study also highlights the necessity for the integrated management of primaszzry and secondary zinc resources.
Influence of short‐term side effects on oral sleep appliance compliance among CPAP‐intolerant patients: An objective monitoring of compliance
Authors: Mullane Shane , Loke Weiqiang
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To investigate the predictive value of side effects on usage times during the initial titration phase of oral appliance therapy for sleep apnoea. The secondary objective was to assess the correlation between subjective and objective usage times.

Methods

A total of 21 subjects diagnosed with sleep apnoea and a history of non‐compliance with CPAP therapy were enrolled in the 4‐week clinical study. Objective compliance was assessed through an intra‐oral compliance monitor embedded in a Thornton Adjustable Positioner. Subjective compliance was evaluated through self‐reporting and questionnaire for side effects.

Results

Excess salivation, xerostomia and tooth discomfort were the most common side effects (61%‐67%). Noises (OR = 10, 95% CI = 0.85‐117.02, P = 0.067), jaw discomfort (OR = 15, 95% CI = 1.21‐185.20, P = 0.035) and gum discomfort (OR = 8.86, 95% CI = 1.0‐∞, P = 0.038) were highly predictive of non‐compliance. Subjects with either “none” or “mild” side effects recorded a mean oral appliance usage time ≥5.5 hours/night, while subjects reporting “severe” side effects recorded a mean usage time ≤4 hours/night. The mean usage time was 5.49 hours/night, with nightly compliance (defined as >4 hours per night for 70% the nights per week) at 33%. Nonetheless, compliance increased from 26%‐50% from week 1 to week 4. The subjective and objective usage times were highly correlated (r = 0.81).

Conclusions

There was a high correlation between subjective and objective compliance reporting data. Moderate/severe side effects had the greatest effect on compliance.
Eleutheroside B increase tight junction proteins and anti‐inflammatory cytokines expression in intestinal porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC‐J2)
Authors: Che Dongsheng , Zhao Bao , Fan Yueli , Han Rui , Zhang Chun , Qin Guixin , Adams Seidu , Jiang Hailong
Published: April 2019

Eleutheroside B (EB) is a phenylpropanoid glycoside with anti‐inflammatory properties, neuroprotective abilities, immunomodulatory effects, antinociceptive effects, and regulation of blood glucose. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of EB on the barrier function in the intestinal porcine epithelial cells J2 (IPEC‐J2). The IPEC‐J2 cells were inoculated into 96‐well plates at a density of 5 × 103 cells per well for 100% confluence. The cells were cultured in the presence of EB at concentrations of 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/ml for 48 hr. Then, 0.10 mg/ml was selected as the suitable concentration for the estimation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) value, alkaline phosphatase activity, proinflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, tight junction mRNA and protein expression. The results of this study indicated that the supplementation of EB in IPEC‐J2 cells decreased cellular membrane permeability and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interferon‐γ (INF‐γ), and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). The supplementation of EB in IPEC‐J2 cells increased tight junction protein expression and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 10 (IL‐10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β). In addition, the western blotting and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) results indicated that EB significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mRNA and protein expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, Claudin‐3, Occludin, and Zonula Occludins protein‐1 (ZO‐1). Therefore, dietary supplementation of EB may increase intestinal barrier function, tight junction protein expression, anti‐inflammatory cytokines, and decrease proinflammatory cytokines synthesis in IPEC‐J2 cells.
Diagnostic accuracy of stereotactic brain biopsy for intracranial neoplasia in dogs: Comparison of biopsy, surgical resection, and necropsy specimens
Authors: Kani Yukitaka , Cecere Thomas E. , Lahmers Kevin , LeRoith Tanya , Zimmerman Kurt L. , Isom Scott , Hsu Fang‐Chi , Debinksi Waldemar , Robertson John L. , Rossmeisl John H.
Published: April 2019

Background

Stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) is a technique that allows for definitive diagnosis of brain lesions. Little information is available regarding the diagnostic utility of SBB in dogs with intracranial diseases.

Objective

To investigate the diagnostic accuracy (DA) of SBB in dogs with brain tumors.

Animals

Thirty‐one client‐owned dogs that underwent SBB followed by surgical resection or necropsy examinations.

Methods

Retrospective observational study. Two pathologists blinded to SBB and reference standard diagnoses reviewed histologic specimens and typed and graded tumors according to World Health Organization and revised canine glioma classification criteria. Agreement between tumor type and grade from SBB were compared to reference standards and assessed using kappa statistics. Patient and technical factors associated with agreement also were examined.

Results

Stereotactic brain biopsy specimens were obtained from 24 dogs with gliomas and 7 with meningiomas. Tumor type agreement between SBB and the reference standard was observed in 30/31 cases (κ = 0.95). Diagnostic concordance was perfect for meningiomas. Grade agreement among gliomas was observed in 18/23 cases (κ = 0.47). Stereotactic brain biopsy underrepresented the reference standard glioma grade in cases with disagreement. The DA of SBB was 81%, with agreement noted in 56/69 biopsy samples. Smaller tumors and fewer SBB specimens obtained were significantly associated with diagnostic discordance.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The DA of SBB readily allows for the diagnosis of common brain tumors in dogs. Although glioma grade discordance was frequent, diagnoses obtained from SBB are sufficient to currently inform therapeutic decisions. Multiple SBB specimens should be collected to maximize DA.
Is trigonitis a neglected, imprecise, misunderstood, or forgotten diagnosis?
Authors: Sadeghi Zhina , MacLennan Gregory , Childs Stacy J. , Zimmern Philippe E.
Published: April 2019

To consolidate our understanding of “trigonitis” and its relevance in current urologic practice, we reviewed the literature on this entity. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases (1905 to present) were systematically reviewed for any English language articles addressing the following terms: trigonitis, cystitis trigoni, cystitis cystica, squamous metaplasia, pseudomembranous trigonitis, vaginal metaplasia, infection or inflammation of the trigone, and trigonitis in recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTI). Abstracts or articles not focused on trigonitis, or those only repeating findings from other original articles on trigonitis, and studies in children or men were excluded. Reported histologic findings on trigonitis, theories regarding its pathophysiology, and therapeutic strategies were reviewed. From 57 relevant articles, only 27 focused on trigonitis. Cystoscopic evaluation of the trigone described inflammatory lesions of cystitis cystica, occasionally small stones or pus‐filled lesions, an appearance that should be differentiated from white patches of squamous metaplasia. Embryologic formation of the trigone, history of rUTIs, and effects of hormones on the trigone have been proposed as underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Numerous therapeutic strategies have been reported to treat symptomatic trigonitis, including antibiotic therapy, intravesical instillation of different agents, electrofulguration, and laser coagulation. However, no treatment indication criteria have been well established so far, and long‐term data are lacking. Despite several reports describing histologic and endoscopic findings of trigonitis, its prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment have remained poorly defined. Its relevance in the management of rUTIs should be further evaluated.
On the role of the utility function in the estimation of preference parameters
Authors: Pignalosa Daria
Published: April 2019

Modern economic theory summarizes the main characteristics of individual preferences through a definite set of parameters: risk aversion, prudence, and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. Despite their importance, the results of the literature devoted to the parameters’ estimation are controversial. This paper highlights the neglected role that may have been played by the constraints that the quantitative definition of the parameters and the utility functions employed impose on the estimation. A number of simulation exercises are presented, which show that the same saving behaviour can be associated with quite different values of the parameters depending on the utility function adopted.
Notes on the genusQuekettia(Orchidaceae) with descriptions of two new species from Colombia and Guyana
Authors: Kolanowska Marta , Szlachetko Dariusz L.
Published: April 2019

Two new species of the orchid genusQuekettiaare described. ColombianQuekettia aureliaeis distinguished from similarQ. microscopicaby the pandurate lip with a pair of small, flap‐like calli in the isthmus between hypo‐ and epichile, and deeply emarginated epichile apex.Quekettia senghasianafound in Guyana resemblesQ. papillosabut it is characterized by the free lateral sepals, oblanceolate, obtuse petals and much larger lip which is oblong–obovate in outline and with lip disc being papillate only near the base.
Defecatory urge increases cognitive control and intertemporal patience in healthy volunteers
Authors: Zhao Dongxing , Corsetti Maura , Moeini‐Jazani Mehrad , Weltens Nathalie , Tuk Mirjam , Jan Tack , Warlop Luk , Van Oudenhove Lukas
Published: April 2019

Background

Past research has demonstrated that moderate urge to urinate improves inhibitory control, specifically among participants with higher behavioral inhibition sensitivity (BIS). The effect was absent when the urge exceeded intolerable level. The present research examines whether rectal distension‐induced urge to defecate has similar effects.

Methods

The moderate and high defecatory urge were induced by rectal distension in healthy volunteers (n = 35), while they completed Stroop task and monetary delay discounting task. The difference of average reaction time between incongruent and congruent trials in the Stroop task (Stroop interference) and the preference for larger‐later rewards in the delay discounting task were the primary outcomes.

Key Results

Participants with high BIS (n = 17) showed greater ability to inhibit their automatic response tendencies, as indexed by their Stroop interference, under moderate urge relative to no urge (128 ± 41 ms vs 202 ± 37 ms, t64 = 2.07; P = 0.021, Cohen's d: 0.44), but not relative to high urge (154 ± 45 ms, t64 = 1.20; P = 0.12, Cohen's d: 0.30). High BIS participants also showed a higher preference for larger‐later reward in the delay discounting task under high (odds ratio = 1.51 [1.02‐2.25], P = 0.039) relative to no urge, but not relative to moderate urge (odds ratio = 1.02 [0.73‐1.42], P = 0.91). In contrast, rectal distension did not influence performance on either of the tasks in participants with low BIS (n = 18).

Conclusions and inference

These findings may be interpreted as a “spill‐over” effect of inhibition of the urge to defecate to volitional cognitive control among healthy participants with high BIS.
Comparing the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during epicardial ablation in swine versus canine models
Authors: Caluori Guido , Wojtaszczyk Adam , Yasin Omar , Pesl Martin , Wolf Jiří , Belaskova Silvie , Crha Michal , Sugrue Alan , Vaidya Vaibhav R. , Naksuk Niyada , DeSimone Christopher V. , Killu Ammar M. , Padmanabhan Deepak , Asirvatham Samuel J. , Stárek Zdeněk
Published: April 2019

Background

Choosing the appropriate animal model for development of novel technologies requires an understanding of anatomy and physiology of these different models. There are little data about the characteristics of different animal models for the study of technologies used for epicardial ablation. We aimed to compare the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during epicardial radiofrequency ablation between swine and canine models using novel epicardial ablation catheters.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study using data obtained from epicardial ablation experiments performed on swine (Sus Scrofa) and canine (Canis familiaris) models. We compared the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias during ablation between swine and canine using multivariate regression analysis. Six swine and six canine animals underwent successful epicardial radiofrequency ablation. A total of 103 ablation applications were recorded.

Results

Ventricular arrhythmias requiring cardioversion occurred in 13.11% of radiofrequency ablation applications in swine and 9.75% in canine (relative risk: 117.6%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 83.97‐164.69, animal‐based odds ratio [OR]: .55, 95% CI: .23‐61.33; P = .184). When adjusting for application position, duration of ablation and power, the odds of developing potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia in swine increased significantly compared to canine (OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 1.35‐9.55; P = .010).

Conclusions

The swine myocardium is more susceptible to developing ventricular arrhythmias compared to canine model during epicardial ablation. This issue should be carefully considered in future studies.
Role of concealed conduction and allied phenomena in the genesis, maintenance, and termination of cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Jazayeri Mohammad‐Reza
Published: April 2019

Concealed conduction is a common electrocardiographic phenomenon whereby a series of events may occur as a result of incomplete propagation of an impulse. The occurrence, maintenance, and resolution (termination) of several events such as functional block and cardiac arrhythmias are linked to concealed conduction. This phenomenon should be suspected on the surface electrocardiogram whenever an arrhythmic event occurs unexpectedly. Several electrophysiological concepts such as transseptal conduction and linking phenomenon are close allies of concealed conduction. His‐bundle electrocardiography and comprehensive electrophysiology may be needed to verify this phenomenon.
Inheritance of Striga hermonthica adaptive traits in an early‐maturing white maize inbred line containing resistance genes from Zea diploperennis
Authors: Akaogu Ijeoma C. , Badu‐Apraku Baffour , Tongoona Pangirayi , Ceballos Hernan , Gracen Vernon , Offei S. K. , Dzidzienyo Daniel
Published: April 2019

Striga hermonthica can cause as high as 100% yield loss in maize depending on soil fertility level, type of genotype, severity of infestation and climatic conditions. Understanding the mode of inheritance of Striga resistance in maize is crucial for introgression of resistance genes into tropical germplasm and deployment of resistant varieties. This study examined the mode of inheritance of resistance to Striga in early‐maturing inbred line, TZdEI 352 containing resistance genes from Zea diploperennis. Six generations, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 derived from a cross between resistant line, TZdEI 352 and susceptible line, TZdEI 425 were screened under artificial Striga infestation at Mokwa and Abuja, Nigeria, 2015. Additive‐dominance model was adequate in describing observed variations in the number of emerged Striga plants among the population; hence, digenic epistatic model was adopted for Striga damage. Dominance effects were higher than the additive effects for the number of emerged Striga plants at both locations signifying that non‐additive gene action conditioned inheritance of Striga resistance. Inbred TZdEI 352 could serve as invaluable parent for hybrid development in Striga endemic agro‐ecologies of sub‐Saharan Africa.
Media Freedom and Protest Events in the Global South*
Authors: Zhao Mengyang
Published: April 2019

Objective

This articles analyzes the relationship between media freedom and protest onset in 60 African and Latin American countries from 1993 to 2015. Additional analysis is conducted to explore such relationship for different types of protest events.

Method

The article is based on event history data generated from the Social Conflict Analysis Database, Freedom House, Polity IV, the World Bank, and the International Telecommunication Union, which are analyzed using Cox regression models.

Results

The results indicate a consistent curvilinear relationship between media freedom and protest onset. In other words, only when media is severely restricted can it pose a significant threat to protest mobilization. Results also show that spontaneous protest events are more likely to be affected by changes in media freedom than organized protests.

Conclusions

This study incorporates media freedom into the study of contentious politics in the Global South. It separately analyzes multiple types of protests instead of lumping them into one category, offering a more detailed pattern of the heterogeneous effect of media freedom in different protest contexts.
Representation's Effect on Latinx College Graduation Rates*
Authors: Capers K. Jurée
Published: April 2019

Objective

College enrollments among Latinx students have increased by 12 percent in the last 14 years, but the group's overall graduation rate has only increased by 5 percent, leading researchers to reevaluate the predictors of completion for Latinx students. This study explores the relationship between Latinx graduation rates and various forms of representation.

Methods

Random effect modeling using institutional‐level data collected from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 2008–2011, is used to examine the relationship between Latinx graduation rates, peer, faculty, and structural representation.

Results

Results suggest that structural representation and behaviors are important predictors of Latinx students’ persistence toward graduation. Specifically, historically black colleges and universities fare better than other structures in representing and supporting Latinx students.

Conclusion

Institutions and policymakers seeking to improve the college completion rates of Latinx students should think beyond descriptive representation and consider reducing the structural barriers to Latinx students’ success.
Creating Political Habitus: Religion Versus Nonreligion*
Authors: Davidson James Clark , Pieper Christopher M.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Existing literature suggests that religious organizations provide institutional resources and civic skills that facilitate collective action. This study expands this effort by investigating the role of specific religious practices on forms of political engagement and comparing them with secular equivalents.

Methods

Data used are from Wave IV of the Baylor Religion Survey (n = 1,572) Pearson correlations to explore bivariate relationships and then we present binary logistic regression models for predicting protest engagement.

Results

Results indicate participation in community‐based religious activities, such as prayer groups or Bible studies, is a robust predictor of traditional means of political participation such as participating in a voter registration drive. The religiously unaffiliated are more likely to engage in protest and other distinct political activities.

Conclusion

We argue that these divergent processes of political socialization generate two opposite forms of “political habitus” in U.S. culture, and contribute significantly to a historically polarized electorate. These findings also provide an inferential technique for predicting mobilization and/or political engagement style based on religious markers.
A web‐based visualization tool for exploring stakeholder conflicts in land‐use planning
Authors: Bohman Samuel , Fasth Tobias
Published: April 2019

This article describes an open source web‐based visualization tool for exploring stakeholder conflicts in land‐use planning. It implements a multi‐criteria, decision‐analytic framework which solves a conflict‐constrained knapsack problem in order to find Pareto efficient combinations of actions which maximize public value, given the conflict constraint. The user interface is centered around an interactive map in which geographical subareas are color‐shaded in proportion to the mean strength of preference for a particular chosen action within the population in the selected area. The aim of this work is to investigate the use of web technologies and formal problem‐solving methods for improving public participation in land‐use planning and support local governments in the pursuit of improved decision‐making. The tool was developed using the free statistical programming language R and the web application framework Shiny. Its usefulness is demonstrated through a case study in Upplands Väsby municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. The article ends with a summary together with some ideas for future research and development.
Shear stress and oxygen availability drive differential changes in opossum kidney proximal tubule cell metabolism and endocytosis
Authors: Ren Qidong , Gliozzi Megan L. , Rittenhouse Natalie L. , Edmunds Lia R. , Rbaibi Youssef , Locker Joseph D. , Poholek Amanda C. , Jurczak Michael J. , Baty Catherine J. , Weisz Ora A.
Published: April 2019

Kidney proximal tubule (PT) cells have high‐metabolic demands to drive the extraordinary ion and solute transport, water reabsorption, and endocytic uptake that occur in this nephron segment. Increases in renal blood flow alter glomerular filtration rate and lead to rapid mechanosensitive adaptations in PT transport, impacting metabolic demand. Although the PT reabsorbs essentially all of the filtered glucose, PT cells rely primarily on oxidative metabolism rather than glycolysis to meet their energy demands. We lack an understanding of how PT functions are impacted by changes in O2 availability via cortical capillaries and mechanosensitive signaling in response to alterations in luminal flow. Previously, we found that opossum kidney (OK) cells recapitulate key features of PT cells in vivo, including enhanced endocytic uptake and ion transport, when exposed to mechanical stimulation by culture on an orbital shaker. We hypothesized that increased oxygenation resulting from orbital shaking also contributes to this more physiologic phenotype. RNA seq of OK cells maintained under static conditions or exposed to orbital shaking for up to 96 hours showed significant time‐ and culture‐dependent changes in gene expression. Transcriptional and metabolomics data were consistent with a decrease in glycolytic flux and with an increased utilization of aerobic metabolic pathways in cells exposed to orbital shaking. Moreover, we found spatial differences in the pattern of mitogenesis vs development of ion transport and endocytic capacities in our culture system that highlight the complexity of O2‐dependent and mechanosensitive crosstalk to regulate PT cell function.
Stereotactic radiation therapy for canine multilobular osteochondrosarcoma: Eight cases
Authors: Sweet Katherine A. , Nolan Michael W. , Yoshikawa Hiroto , Gieger Tracy L.
Published: April 2019

Radiotherapy is often considered in the management of canine multilobular osteochondrosarcoma (MLO), but its efficacy against bulky MLO tumours is poorly described. This retrospective case series describes the clinical outcomes of pet dogs with MLO treated with a stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) prescription of 30 Gy in three consecutive daily 10 Gy fractions. Dogs with an imaging (via computed tomography [CT] scan) and/or pathologic diagnosis of MLO were included. Patient demographics, tumour characteristics, radiation plan dosimetry, toxicity and outcome data were obtained retrospectively from the records. The median progression‐free survival time (MPFST) and median overall survival time (MST) were calculated using a LOGLOG test. Eight dogs were included. None had evidence of metastasis at the time of SRT. Clinical signs associated with the MLO included a mass noted by owner, stertor, vestibular signs, exophthalmos and abnormal mentation. Of the five dogs that had CT scans performed 3 to 9 months after SRT, tumour volume decreased by 26% to 87% in four dogs and increased by 32% in one dog. Late radiation toxicity was documented in three dogs (VRTOG Grade 1 skin and/or ocular, n = 2; Grade 3 central nervous system, n = 1). Confirmed local disease progression (n = 3; two were treated with a second course of SRT) and suspected pulmonary metastasis (n = 2) occurred 90 to 315 days after SRT. The MPFST was 223 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 144.5‐276.5 days). The MST was 329 days (IQR: 241.5‐408 days). This protocol was well‐tolerated, but the duration of response was short‐lived.
RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AMONG ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION MALE PATIENTS IN MALAYSIA FROM 2006 TO 2013
Authors: Juhan Nurliyana , Mohd Khalid Zarina , Zubairi Yong Zulina , Mahmood Zuhdi Ahmad Syadi , Wan Ahmad Wan Azman
Published: April 2019

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in Malaysia and globally. This study aimed to identify associated risk factors in cardiovascular disease among ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) male patients and obtain a feasible model to describe the data. A total of 16,673 STEMI male patients from 18 participating hospitals across Malaysia in the National Cardiovascular Disease Database-Acute Coronary Syndrome (NCVD-ACS) registry year 2006-2013 were analysed. Univariate analysis was conducted. Significant variables from the univariate analysis were further analysed by a multivariate logistic analysis to identify the prognostic factors. The most prevalent risk factor for male patients was smoking (79.3%), followed by hypertension (54.9%) and diabetes mellitus (40.4%). At univariate level, this study is consistent with the findings from the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) where smoking is a significant risk factor. After adjustment in multivariate logistic model, the risk factors for cardiovascular death among male patients are related to age, premorbid condition such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, family history of CVD, Killip class, type of treatment such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and relevant comorbidity such as renal disease. Drastic efforts in the management of all risk factors in males is needed to improve adherence outcomes.
FINE PARTICLE REMOVAL USING HYDROPHOBIC MICROPOROUS POLYMERIC MEMBRANES
Authors: Wardani Anita Kusuma , Ivan Ivan , Darmawan Ivan Ruben , Khoiruddin Khoiruddin , Wenten I Gede
Published: April 2019

The air quality in the world has been worsening in the last decades due to industrial, vehicle, cigarettes smoke, forest fire, and fuel usage. In this case, fine particles are the world’s greatest concern due to its aerodynamic properties which enable it to travel throughout the world. The current conventional technologies seem to have lost their reliability due to complexity, low removal efficiency, and high equipment cost. Membrane air filter brings new hope to answer this challenge. It gives high removal efficiency with an acceptable pressure drop to fulfill the need for clean air at a lower price. Recently, the introduction of nanofibre membrane as a low-cost membrane may broaden membrane application in air filtration. Compared to conventional membrane, nanofibre membrane offers some interesting features such as higher porosity, interconnected pore structure, and narrow pore size distribution that provide remarkable permeability. In this paper, the microporous polymeric membrane for air filtration especially for fine particles removal is reviewed including mechanism of fine particle removal, membrane preparation, and factor affecting filtration performance.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES-MODIFIED EPOXY GROUT FOR PIPELINE REPAIR SYSTEM
Authors: Arifin Hanis Hazirah , Zainal Nurfarahin , Zardasti Libriati , Yahaya Nordin , Kar Sing Lim , Md Noor Norhazilan
Published: April 2019

Epoxy grout properties are theoretically important in predicting the behaviour of the composite pipeline repair system. Usually, it is used as an infill material to fill the gap or irregularity on the surface caused by pipe corrosion and ensures a smooth bed before fibre wrapper can be applied to recover the pipeline strength. In this research, the existing commercially available epoxy resin grout has been strengthened by using Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) at the amount 0.1% of weight fractional to evaluate their apropos behaviour to the neat epoxy grout. The various mechanical tests were performed on this modified grout to identify its compression, tensile, flexural and lap shear strength. In addition, the dispersion process of CNTs was carried out by using ultrasonication and three-roll mill technique to ensure an optimum enhancement in the properties of the polymer matrix. By comparing the strength, 0.1% of CNTs filler has significantly improved the strength of grout in flexural, tensile and shear bonding but not in compression. In addition, the results also indicate that CNTs filler has increased the modulus of elasticity of the infill material. Therefore, it demonstrates the intrinsic potential of the CNTs in modifying the properties of the epoxy grout.
DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FORMULATED FISH FEED SUPPLEMENTED WITH MICROALGAE FROM BIOREMEDIATION PROCESS
Authors: A Talip Balkis , Zing Neo Zhi , Hairuddin Nur Diyana , Radin Mohamed Radin Maya Saphira , Muhammad Norhayati , Basri Hatijah , Abdullah Norazlin , Mohamad Kahar Ernna Erynna , Saeed Al-Geethi Adel Ali , Abdullah Shakila
Published: April 2019

This study was conducted to determine the potential of Scenedesmus sp. from phycoremediation as fishmeal replacer in formulated fish feed targeted for Oreochromis niloticus. Formulated fish feeds were designated with Formulation 1 being the control; in Formulation 2 and 3, 2 % of fishmeal was substituted with Scenedesmus sp. cultivated in Bold’s Basal Medium, and in artificial wastewater, respectively. It was found that supplementation with Scenedesmus sp. did not alter the hardness of the feed pellets (p>0.5), but the water stability of Formulation 2 and 3 was significantly lower than Formulation 1 (p<0.05). Zero correlation was established based on the fishmeal content with water stability (p>0.05). Negative correlation was determined between moisture content and water stability of Formulation 2 and 3 (p<0.05). This study showed the phycoremediation ability of Scenedesmus sp. in artificial wastewater with removal efficiency of 12.42 % and 49.25 % for Zn and Fe, respectively. It also found that biomass productivity of microalgae was lower in artificial wastewater compared to that in Bold’s Basal Medium. Overall, the results of the study suggested the sustainability of wastewater-treated microalgae as fishmeal replacer had little effect on physicochemical properties of fish feed.