bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The postprandial dynamics of gastroduodenal zone hormones in patients with metabolic obesity associated or not associated with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kirienkova Elena Vital'evna , Vasilenko Mariia Aleksandrovna , Zatolokin Pavel Anatol'evich , Mironyuk Nataliya Ivanovna , Skuratovskaia Dar'ya Aleksandrovna , Litvinova Larisa Sergeevna
Published: January 2016

Background. The main aims of the conservative treatment of metabolic obesity (MО) are weight loss and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Incretin-based drugs are considered to be effective and safe and stimulate insulin secretion via the β-cells of the pancreas, and are widely used to restore impaired glucose tolerance. Bariatric surgery not only significantly reduces BMI but also normalises carbohydrate metabolism in patients with MО over a short period after the operation by increasing the secretion of endogenous incretins.Aim. To investigate hormone secretion in the gastroduodenal zone in patients with MО after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass before and after a test meal.Material and methods. We studied the plasma levels of insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, ghrelin and incretins (GIP and GLP-1) using flow fluorometry in 28 patients with MO (12 males and 16 females aged 29–63 years). Patients were divided into two groups: those who did not undergo gastric bypass surgeries and those after treatment (18 months).Results. We found a postprandial increase in the plasma GIP levels with respect to the baseline values in all subject groups, regardless of whether or not they had type 2 diabetes. A analysis of the levels of postprandial GLP-1 secretion revealed the existence of multidirectional dynamics of this indicator regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes: an increase, decrease, or no difference in GLP-1 secretion was found compared to the measurements on an empty stomach.Conclusions. The postprandial GIP levels increased compared with baseline levels in all groups. The dynamics of the changes in the postprandial GLP-1 levels were multidirectional in patients with MО regardless of the presence of impaired glucose tolerance after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. A positive correlation was observed between the plasma ghrelin levels and glucagon in all groups.
Population-based nutrition study on an urban population with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kuntsevich Aleksandr Konstantinovich , Mustafina Svetlana Vladimirovna , Konstantinovna Malyutina Sofya , Verevkin Evgeniyi Georgievich , Dmitrievna Rymar Oksana
Published: January 2016

Aim. The aim of our cross-sectional study was to evaluate the nutrition (or diet) habits of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in the urban population (45–69 years) of Novosibirsk.Materials and methods. We included 1,041 people with DM and 8,095 people without DM in this study. The nutrition data were obtained via a population survey using a questionnaire to assess the frequency of food consumption within the framework of HAPIEE, an international project.Results. The prevalence of DM was 11.4% in this study population. The nutrition intake analysis showed that carbohydrate consumption in both men and women with DM was significantly lower compared with that in those without DM, while fat and protein intake were significantly higher. In men with type 2 DM, the proportions of black bread, vegetables, dairy products and meat in the diet were significantly higher, while the proportions of white bread and sweets in the diet were significantly lower compared with their counterparts without DM. Women with DM also had significantly higher proportions of black bread, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish in the diet and lower proportions of white bread, potatoes and sweets in the diet than the controls. The proportions of fruit, eggs and alcohol intake did not differ between the groups for both men and women. In men, there was also no difference in the proportions of potatoes, vegetables and fish intake between the groups.Conclusion. The diets of both patients with DM and the general population in Novosibirsk are not well balanced.
Dynamics of blood pressure and neurological deficit in the acute phase of stroke among patients with and without diabetes mellitus
Authors: Eduardovna Anna Popelysheva
Published: January 2016

Aim. The haemodynamics of patients with diabetes mellitus 2 during acute ischaemic stroke and their connection with the recovery of neurological deficit has been inadequately studied.Materials and Methods. We studied the blood pressure dynamics of 183 patients with mild-to-moderate acute ischaemic stroke receiving antihypertensive therapy, depending on whether or not they had type 2 diabetes mellitus.Results. In patients with diabetes, high blood pressure persisted during the first week, mainly because of the diastolic index, and they had a more rapid decline in blood pressure in the second week than those without diabetes. However, reaching the target blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg was faster in patients with diabetes, regardless of the intensity of antihypertensive therapy. Although diabetes significantly correlated with the efficiency of recovery of neurological deficit, it also showed a tendency to frequent functional impairment in patients with diabetes than those without diabetes.Conclusions. The results suggest that patients with diabetes and hypertension require less aggressive treatment, particularly in the second week of hospitalization. This may affect the efficiency of recovery of functional deficits. Further study of blood pressure dynamics and their relation to functional recovery of neurological deficit is required during the acute period after an ischaemic stroke in patients with diabetes.
The relationships between glucose variability and renal function in type 2 diabetes patients on basal-bolus insulin therapy
Authors: Klimontov Vadim V. , Myakina Natalia E.
Published: January 2016

Aim. To assess the relationship of glucose variability (GV) and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin therapy.Materials and methods. We observed 101 females with type 2 diabetes, aged 47–79 years, with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 30 mL/min/1.73 m2. Insulin was combined with metformin in 45 of these women. The mean glucose and standard deviation, continuous overlapping net glucose action, lability index, J-index, low blood glucose index (LBGI), high blood glucose index (HBGI), M-value and mean absolute glucose (MAG) were calculated based on the results of blinded continuous glucose monitoring. The prevalence of episodes of low interstitial glucose (3.9 and 2.8 mmol/L) of at least 20-min duration was estimated.Results. Patients with a GFR of 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 had significantly lower HBGI, J-index, MAG and M-value compared with those with better filtration (all p 0.05); LBGI was not dependent on GFR. The GFR values were weakly and positively correlated with HBGI, J-index, M-value and MAG. Multiple regression analysis showed that GFR is an independent predictor of MAG (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in the prevalence of episodes of low interstitial glucose between patients with different GFR ranges.Conclusions. GV parameters are related to renal function in type 2 diabetic women on basal-bolus insulin therapy. Patients with stage 3b chronic kidney disease have reduced GV, predominantly in the hyperglycaemic band, compared with those with better filtration.
The use of orthopaedic shoes in patients with diabetes at high risk of foot amputation and Charcot arthropathy
Authors: Demina Anastasia Gennagyevna , Bregovskiy Vadim Borisovich , Karpova Irina Albertovna
Published: January 2016

Aim. To evaluate the use of orthopaedic shoes in patients with diabetes with foot ulcers and/or previous minor amputations or Charcot arthropathy (CA) and factors influencing this use.Patients and methods. One hundred twenty-one patients with diabetes (55 men and 66 women; 36 in the inactive stage of CA) were included. A questionnaire based on footwear was used to evaluate patients’ compliance. Daily activity and the severity of the foot deformities were recorded. Further, foot geometry and forefoot and midfoot circumferences were measured.Results. Fifty-eight patients did not use orthopaedic shoes. Users and non-users did not differ in terms of gender and type of diabetes. The causes of refusal included ill-fitting shoes (56%), ugly appearance (11%), traumatisation with shoes (11%), inability to walk (5%) and other causes (17%). The percentages of patients in each category of deformity severity were mild (41.2%), moderate (37%) and severe (54%. Frequency of refusal of CA vs non-CA patients: 72.2% and 43.5%; with severe deformities,70.8% vs 34%; with moderate deformities, 83.3% vs 57.2% (p 0.05 for all). In patients with CA, the only significant parameter was the difference in the circumference of the midfoot between the affected and non-affected foot; in CA users and non-users, this parameter was 1.93 ± 1.25 vs 0.70 ± 0.83 cm, respectively (р = 0.01).Conclusions. The high frequency of refusing to wear orthopaedic shoes is related to severe foot deformities and the inability to accommodate them in off-the-shelf footwear. Most of the patients used orthopaedic shoes for outdoor use, but the frequency of use was low. Shoe compliance did not depend on gender but increased with ageing, low levels of daily activity and in patients with severe deformities. Patients with CA are characterised with extremely low compliance. In this group, foot parameters and other objective parameters did not rely on footwear compliance.
Coping strategies in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients using insulin: the relationship with emotional well-being and glycaemic control
Authors: Motovilin Oleg G. , Andreevna Shishkova Y. , Surkova Elena V.
Published: January 2016

Background. Over the long disease course of diabetes mellitus (DM), with its demands in terms of everyday self-management of the disease, individual psychological characteristics may be associated with both emotional well-being (WB) and glycaemic control. The former includes various types of coping strategies (CSs) of the patients, which comprise the common ways for patients to overcome difficult situations.Aim. To study the relationships between CS and both glycaemic control and emotional WB in patients with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) treated with insulin.Materials and methods. The study included 84 patients with T1D and 56 patients with insulin-treated T2D [age, 22.5 ± 3.3 and 61.0 ± 8.9 years; men/women, 29/55 and 11/45; duration of DM, 11.9 ± 5.36 and 11.6 ± 6.2 years and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), 9.1% ± 2.2% and 9.0% ± 1.4%, respectively]. The HbA1c levels were determined in all patients. The Strategic Approach to Coping Scale constructed by S. Hobfoll was used to study CS, and emotional WB was assessed based on the severity of anxiety and depression. Further, we used the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory developed by C.D. Spielberger and adapted by Y.L. Khanin and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Only Russian validated versions of the questionnaires were used in the study.Results. In both groups of patients, ‘Assertive (Persistent) Actions’ was positively associated with emotional WB. In patients with T2D, WB increases when using ‘Cautious Action’ and ‘Social Joining’. The deterioration of emotional WB was associated with ‘Aggressive Actions’ in both groups of patients. In patients with T1D, negative WB was also associated with ‘Avoidance’, while in patients with T2D, negative WB was associated with ‘Instinctive Actions’. In patients with T1D, ‘Instinctive Action’ was associated with higher HbA1c levels. In patients with T2D, ‘Cautious Action’, ‘Avoidance’ and ‘Antisocial Action’ were associated with lower HbA1c levels.Conclusion. In patients with T1D and T2D, CSs are associated with both emotional WB and glycaemic control. Emotional WB and lower HbA1c levels are associated with ‘Assertive Action’, ‘Cautious Action’, ‘Avoidance’ and ‘Asocial Action’. Negative WB and higher HbA1c levels are associated with ‘Aggressive Action’ and ‘Instinctive Action’.
Associations of functional and biochemical parameters of endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women with a different state of carbohydrate metabolism
Authors: Ruyatkina Lyudmila Aleksandrovna , Iskhakova Irina Sergeevna , Nikolaev Konstantin Yuryevich , Ruyatkin Dmitriy Sergeevich
Published: January 2016

Most of the questions regarding vascular and rheological regulation related to normal health and disorders of carbohydrate metabolism remain unclear, which is important in the pathogenesis of angiopathy. Consequently, in the literature, there is no information about the function of endothelial vasomotion during occlusion. The present study investigated early postmenopausal women, when clinical, metabolic, and hemodynamic disturbances often manifest.Aim. To study the association between clinical and biochemical indicators of endothelial microcirculation in naturally postmenopausal women with different carbohydrate metabolism statuses.Materials and methods. We surveyed 94 postmenopausal women who were divided into three groups based on their carbohydrate metabolism status: group 1, type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 52); group 2, prediabetes (n = 16); group 3, normoglycemia (n = 26). The following indicators were assessed: lipid profiles and anthropometric fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and endothelin-1 levels. Microcirculation was evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 17.0).Results. LDF parameters in group 3 were significantly different from group 1 during occlusion and reperfusion and also from group 2 in basal blood flow. During occlusion, the frequency of microcirculation oscillation was higher in group 1, whereas the amplitude of oxygen saturation oscillation was lower in group 3 than those in group 2. VraEr and Vra/mEr indicators during reperfusion in group 1 and VrfEf during basal blood flow in group 2 were higher than those in group 3; Vr parameters reflect the contribution of fluctuations in the relative erythrocyte volume in the probed area of skin to the modulation of vascular tone. In group 1, occlusal LDF indicators correlated with waist circumference, whereas VEGF, lipid profile parameters, and reperfusion parameters, VraEr correlated with systolic blood pressure and lipid profile. In group 2, VrfEf inversely correlated with VEGF levels, and in group 3, the frequency of microcirculation oscillation inversely correlated with endothelin-1 levels.Conclusions. We revealed the associations of metabolic, anthropometric, and hemodynamic factors as well as biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction with microcirculation parameters in various modes of endothelial activity (basal, occlusion, and reperfusion) in postmenopausal women according to their carbohydrate metabolism status; we also describe the effect of age on microvasculature vasomotion.
The morphological characteristic of tissue repair in patients with neuropathic and neuroischemic forms of diabetic foot syndrome
Authors: Zaitseva Ekaterina L. , Doronina Ludmila P. , Molchkov Roman V. , Voronkova Iya A. , Tokmakova Alla Y.
Published: January 2016

Aim. To evaluate the morphological and immunohistochemical features of granulation tissue formation in patients with diabetic foot syndrome.Materials and methods. We analysed the histological (light microscopy) and immunohistochemical (CD31, CD68, osteopontin, MMP-9 and TIMP-1) features of tissue repair processes in patients with diabetes mellitus. The study involved 63 patients with diabetic foot syndrome after surgical debridement.Results. We found severe intercellular oedema, poorly organised extracellular matrix, small amounts of fibroblast-like cells and expressed inflammatory infiltration, along with the presence of young granulation tissue. According to the results of the immunohistochemical studies, there were a moderate number of macrophages (immunopositive with antibodies to CD68), intense staining of MMP-9 and weak staining of TIMP-1 and osteopontin.Conclusion. According to the findings of the histological and immunohistochemical studies, tissue repair processes in patients with diabetes mellitus are decelerated.
Vildagliptin: optimal control in type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment
Authors: Ametov Alexander Sergeevich
Published: January 2016

Incretin hormones are important for normal pancreatic islet function and glucose homeostasis. Sensitivity to glucose of the α- and β-cells of the pancreas is diminished in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), leading to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance due to elevated glucagon levels in hyperglycaemia and impaired glucagon counterregulation in hypoglycaemia. In addition, T2DM is associated with increased lipotoxicity-induced insulin resistance. This article is a comprehensive review of the safety and efficacy of vildagliptin in patients with T2DM and evaluates the extra-pancreatic effects of incretin-based therapies. Clinical evidence has proven that vildagliptin effectively decreases HbA1c with a low risk of hypoglycaemia and is weight neutral. Vildagliptin also suppresses postprandial triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein levels after ingestion of fat-rich meals and reduces fasting lipolysis, suggesting inhibition of fat absorption and reduced TG stores in non-fat tissues.
Association of the polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene and endothelial function in men with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Khripun Irina Alekseevna , Vorobyev Sergey Vladislavovich , Kogan Michael Iosifovich
Published: January 2016

In recent years, actively studied the effect of androgen deficiency on the cardiovascular system, including endothelial function. Genomic effects of testosterone caused by the length of CAG repeats polymorphism in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.Aim. To examine the association of the polymorphism in the AR gene and carbohydrate, lipid metabolism, endothelial function in men with type 2 diabetes.Materials and methods. We examined 88 men, aged 40-65 years (mean age 53±6,4years) with type 2 diabetes. All patients underwent the study of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, the assessment of vasomotor endothelial function of the brachial artery by ultrasound sonography, were studied biochemical markers of endothelial dysfunction – ICAM-1, VCAM-1, p-selectin, e-selectin, resistin and number of CAG-repeats in the AR gene. Statistical analysis was performed using the application package SPSS 21,0 using regression analysis.Results. The number of CAG repeats had a significant positive regression to the level of total testosterone, a weak negative regression of the number of CAG repeats in the AR gene and lipid metabolism: triglycerides, LDL, atherogenic index. The assessment of the brachial artery ultrasonography revealed negative regression of the baseline brachial artery diameter and blood flow velocity in the endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The number of CAG repeats was significantly correlated with the levels of p-selectin and resistin. Thus, increasing the number of CAG repeats in the AR gene via a weakening of sensitivity to androgens leads to disruption of endothelial function in men with type 2 diabetes. Increasing the number of CAG repeats in the AR gene leads to deterioration of linear flow velocity during the test with reactive hyperemia with increasing production of p-selectin and resistin.Conclusions. The number of CAG repeats in the AR gene can be regarded as a predictor of the development and progression of cardiovascular lesions in men with type 2 diabetes.
Possible applications of gliptins (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on the various modes of insulin therapy
Authors: Galstyan Gagik Radikovich , Sergeeva Svetlana Viktorovna
Published: January 2016

The evidence for DPP-4 inhibitors effectiveness at the late stages of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are still growing. This is particularly important for those patients who receive insulin without adequately glycemic control. This publication provides the overview of studies which demonstrate high efficacy of Vildagliptin in reducing the blood glucose level in patients with hight duration of T2DM and insulin therapy. DPP-4 inhibitors normalize basal and postprandial glucagon secretion with pancreas α-cells that helps to provide better glycemic control and to reduce a risk of hypoglycemia. Besides, there are very interesting data for Vildagliptin to reduce insulin requirement in T2DM patients in addition to HbA1clevel decrease.
Pharmacogenetics of hypoglycemic agents
Authors: Kononenko Irina Vladimirovna , Mayorov Aleksandr Yuryevich , Koksharova Ekaterina Olegovna , Shestakova Marina Vladimirovna
Published: January 2016

Despite the increase in the number of hypoglycemic agents, 35%–40% of patients with diabetes are unable to achieve adequate glycemic control. One of the reasons is the genetic heterogeneity of diabetes mellitus, requiring different treatment approaches; however, the individual metabolic features and sensitivity to drugs also affect the therapeutic effectiveness. The review presents the main results of pharmacogenetic research of several antidiabetic drugs: metformin, sulfonylurea, agonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 and thiazolidinediones.
Modern basal insulins: an ongoing story or the start of a new era?
Authors: Dedov Ivan Ivanovich
Published: January 2016

Basal insulin represents an essential tool in the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The development of insulin analogues has improved the possibilities of diabetes treatment. Despite significant progress in understanding the physiology, chemistry, kinetics and action of insulin, currently available basal insulin products do not optimally mimic the endogenous profile of insulin. Although basal insulin analogues have some advantages over neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin in diabetes treatment, hypoglycaemia remains the main problem in the achievement of optimal glycaemic control in most patients with diabetes. These unmet clinical needs have stimulated the development of new basal insulin analogues with improved pharmacological profiles. This article reviews the specific characteristics of new long-acting insulin analogues to try and understand their benefits and limitations in the improvement of diabetes management and their possibilities in physiologic and safe insulin replacement.
Insulin degludec: a new basal insulin analogue with an ultra-long duration of action. Safety and efficacy in Russian patients with diabetes
Authors: Shestakova Marina Vladimirovna , Antciferov Michail Vladimirovich , Mayorov Alexander Yur'evich , Ruyatkina Luydmila Alexandrovna , Suplotova Ludmila Alexandrovna , Dogadin Sergey Anatol'evich , Lebedev Nikolay Borisovich , Alekseeva Yana Gennadievna
Published: January 2016

Aims. Insulin degludec (IDeg) is a novel insulin analogue that, following subcutaneous injection, forms soluble multihexamers, resulting in an ultra-long duration of action, which is two-fold longer than that of insulin glargine (IGlar). We present data from Russian cohorts of two multinational, open-label, treat-to-target phase 3 trials that investigated the efficacy and safety of IDeg and IGlar administered once daily.Materials and methods. The BEGIN Basal–Bolus Type 1 trial was a 52-week study comparing IDeg (n = 45) to IGlar (n = 16), both 100 U/mL, and in combination with insulin aspart in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). The BEGIN LOW VOLUME trial compared IDeg (200 U/mL; n = 27) to IGlar (100 U/mL; n = 28) over 26 weeks in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs. The primary outcome of both studies was the non-inferiority of IDeg to IGlar, as assessed by HbA1c level reduction at the trial end.Results. In patients with T1D, HbA1c level reductions at the trial end were 0.42% (IDeg) and 0.22% (IGlar). The rates of confirmed hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose level 3.1 mmol/L or severe) were lower in IDeg than in IGlar [17.83 vs. 22.87 events/patient/year exposure (PYE), respectively]. The rates of nocturnal-confirmed hypoglycaemia were lower for IDeg than for IGlar (2.24 vs. 4.77 events/PYE, respectively). Severe episodes occurred in 10% of patients in both treatment groups, with rates per PYE of 0.12 (IDeg) and 0.06 (IGlar). In patients with T2D, HbA1c levels decreased by 1.17% (IDeg) and 1.26% (IGlar) at the trial end. The rates of confirmed hypoglycaemia were comparable in IDeg and IGlar (0.52 vs. 0.44 events/PYE, respectively). The rates of nocturnal-confirmed hypoglycaemia were lower for IDeg than for IGlar (0.18 vs. 0.28 events/PYE, respectively). No severe episode occurred in either treatment group. In both studies, IDeg was well tolerated with no difference in safety between the two analogues investigated.Conclusions. In both T1D and T2D, IDeg provided similar glycaemic control to IGlar, with a lower risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia.
Data on the first experience of insulin degludec (Tresiba®) treatment for type 2 diabetes in daily clinical practice
Authors: Suplotova Lyudmila Alexandrovna , Plotnikov Nikolay Valer'evich , Romanova Natal'ya Valer'yanovna , Bel’chikova Larisa Nikolaevna , Khieva Ekaterina Viktorovna , Shestakova Marina Vladimirovna
Published: January 2016

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the new ultra-long-acting insulin degludec (Tresiba®) in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice.Methods: This primary health care clinical observational study included 20 insulin-naïve type 2 diabetic patients (mean age: 57.2 years, range: 54.4–61.5 years), who were inadequately controlled on maximum tolerated doses of oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and in whom baseline insulin therapy with ultra-long-acting insulin degludec was initiated. The duration of treatment was 6 months. The list of procedures met the ‘Standard of primary medical care in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus’, as approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (12.28.2012 №1581-n). Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire. All patients provided written consent before participating in the study.Results: In the outpatient setting, insulin degludec was well tolerated by all the patients. During the observational period, there were no events of symptomatic hypoglycaemia confirmed by self-measured plasma glucose (blood glucose level 3.9 mmol/l). At the end of the observational period, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose level (FPG) and postprandial (2 h after a meal) plasma glucose level (PPG) had decreased. Despite the fact that most of the patients had poor baseline glycaemic control, after 6 months of degludec therapy, 45% of the participants achieved a target HbA1c of 7.0%, and 45% achieved a target HbA1c of 8.0%. Improved glycaemic control was associated with increased quality of life scores on both physical and mental health components.Conclusion: In this primary health care clinical observational study, the initiation of insulin degludec in type 2 diabetes patients with poor glycaemic control on OADs was associated with the achievement of effective glycaemic control. In addition, it had a good safety profile, and it improved quality of life scores and adherence to the treatment.
Results of the ADVANCE trial and interventional observational program ADVANCE-ON: whether our understanding of the relationship of glycemic factors and the risk of vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes has changed?
Authors: Shestakova Marina Vladimirovna , Khalimov Yuriy Shavkatovich
Published: January 2016

The results from the analysis of the ADVANCE trial and post-intervention program ADVANCE-ON are presented in this article. These studies are dedicated to study the effect of intensive glycemic control on the incidence of micro- and macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and evaluation of long-term results of intensive glycemic control. We discuss the progress of views on the impact of glycemic control on the development of cardiovascular complications. According to the analysis of the research results, gliclazide MR is safe in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular complications.
A Note on Additive Groups of Some Specific Associative Rings
Authors: Woronowicz Mateusz
Published: January 2016

Almost complete description of abelian groups (A, +, 0) such that every associative ring R with the additive group A satisfies the condition: every subgroup of A is an ideal of R, is given. Some new results for SR-groups in the case of associative rings are also achieved. The characterization of abelian torsion-free groups of rank one and their direct sums which are not nil-groups is complemented using only elementary methods.
Codes of Ethics and Their Place in Education
Authors: Krč Miroslav
Published: January 2016

The paper deals with the place of codes of ethics within the system of ethical work. In schools in Olomouc district, we analyzed whether they use codes of ethics and how they deal with them. In this region, there are 153 schools and the sample consisted of 80 schools. The research problem was set whether the teaching profession needs its own code of ethics. The advantages of a mandatory code of ethics or a generated code as their own initiative are analyzed here. The research results indicate that the best way is to provide schools a sample code of ethics and let them adapt it to their specific conditions. The research has been mixed, it includes a quantitative research that describes phenomena using variables and qualitative research interpreting the respondents' views on the relation of ethics and professional conduct. The greatest lack a code of ethics was found in secondary vocational schools. Secondary grammar schools usually treated ethical codes. In most European countries, it represents one of the curriculum options in ethical education.
An Analysis of Interaction Patterns in the Focus Group Interview
Authors: Gavora Peter
Published: January 2016

This paper is based on the analysis of a focus group interview of a moderator and a group of undergraduate students on the topic of self-regulation of learning. The purpose of the investigation was to identify interaction patterns that appeared in the talk of participants and the moderator. In the stream of communication two rudimentary interaction patterns were recognized. The first pattern was named the Catalogue. It consists of a sequence of turns of participants who respond to a request of the moderator and who provide their answers, one by one, without reacting on the content of the previous partner(s) talk. The other interaction pattern was called the Domino. In this pattern participants respond to each other. The Catalogue pattern prevailed in the interview. Alongside with identification of patterns of interaction the study demonstrated the functions of the common ground and its accomplishment in the talk of the moderator and participants.
The European Dimensions of Vocational Training
Authors: Sós Tamás
Published: January 2016

The research examined the connection between vocational education, training and the world of work, and the social situation in Hungary in a European outlook. The accentual issues of the analysis disclosing the problem are: youth unemployment, the tendencies of secondary vocational education, proportions of enrollment and the features of training tendencies, the growing number of early dropouts, the effect of family background on student performance. This work tried to find the answer to the question: What variations have the changes in the regulations of vocational training, encouraging dual education brought on in the connection between trainers and work places? The research did not prove that the central vocational training system would be more effective than a varied, flexible, permeable, transparent decentralized operation with parts built on each other. The introduction of the complex exam overshadowed the evaluation of the competency areas, and fits less to the modularity of the framework curricula. With the legal regulation of vocational training in force the modular system has become a formality. Taking prior knowledge into account has become more difficult. The efficiency of professional structural decisions is questionable, it has not triggered the extension of employment among career starters, and does not mean a guarantee of finding a job either. Creating the motivation of economic role players may bring on steps forward to take up bigger tasks in vocational training. The research has confirmed the importance of improving the basic competency areas when planning vocational training, of life-long learning, of practice orientation, and also of the continuous connection with the labor market.
The Importance of Technical Education for the Development of Society
Authors: Kozík Tomáš
Published: January 2016

After 1990, the Slovak Republic saw an emergence of a negative attitude towards technical education at primary schools. However, since the beginning of the 21st century the Government has been aware of the unfavourable development of technical education in Slovakia, and according to its autumn 2012 policy statement, it considered “education, science, research and innovation, information and digitization to be essential pillars of the knowledge-based society and economy”. This statement also indicated support for strengthening of education focused on natural sciences and engineering. One of its main preconditions would be innovation of educational programs at different levels of the educational system in accordance with the requirements of pedagogical practice and in line with current needs of the labour market. Therefore, it will support the education leading to the development of job skills of primary school pupils to ensure professional orientation of students, particularly at secondary vocational schools.

The importance of technical education for the overall development of children is discussed in relation to the preparation of students to study at secondary vocational schools. A successful completion of topics in the subject of Technology at primary schools (PS) is a prerequisite for an easier transition of pupils to secondary vocational schools.
Mathematical Literacy as an Essential Criterion of Healthy Personality Development and of Effective Education with an Emphasis on Class Climate
Authors: Hasajová Lívia
Published: January 2016

Personality development is determined by several factors; we have focused on the effect of mathematical literacy. Gaining new knowledge and skills not only from mathematics is influenced by class climate and the environment in which the educational process takes place.
Renovation And Modernization Of Hotel Buildings - Case Studies In Silesia
Authors: Bradecki Tomasz , Uherek-Bradecka Barbara
Published: January 2016

The cultural heritage of Silesia has different backgrounds and is often characterized by difficult to assess values. There is doubt as to whether some of the existing buildings should be modernized. Since 2000, an increase in the amount of investments in hotel buildings and conference venues in Poland has been observed. The functions and roles of hotels within a city have also changed. The paper presents examples of original projects and realizations of hotel buildings in Silesia. A discussion was also held regarding the issue of adapting and modernizing hotel buildings.
Adaptation Of Forgotten Buildings The Example Of The Ruins Of The Kościelec Protestant Church In Piaski
Authors: Gleń Piotr , Jarocka-Mikrut Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

Small towns in the Lublin Province are abundant with buildings possessed of outstanding historical and architectural values, representing the culture of past generations. Piaski, about 30 km east of Lublin, also boasts some of the remarkable characteristic of small towns. Not only does it feature post-Jewish tenements, but also a palace and complexes of religious buildings situated on its outskirts. This article focuses on the Kościelec - an unused, dilapidated former Protestant church. Now, works are being carried out that have inspired the Piaski town authorities to try to find a best-use scenario for the former church, in order to preserve its architectural values for future generations. The authors of this article aim to prove the necessity of research and analysis in finding the best new functions for properties whose function has already been imposed. The example of successfully completed revitalisation works at the palace and park complex in Gardzienice, located not far from the baroque Protestant church in Piaski, illustrates the advantages of some of the adaptation processes that can be employed in such buildings.
Design Problems With Renovating And Adapting An Old Mill On The Example Of The Execution Of An Original Project
Authors: Grzonka Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

Nowadays, postindustrial areas and buildings are becoming more and more valuable. Very popular are those with special historical and architectural values, which are additionally located in large cities. The situation of those possessing fewer attributes encouraging their adaptation is worse. Sometimes, however, there are reasons why a decision is made to invest in such buildings despite the many difficulties connected with the implementation of these investments. This situation was presented on the example of the renovation and adaptation of an old electric mill in Łaziec into a restaurant.
Construction Solutions For Historical Object Foundations In The Context Of Changing Their Functional Use
Authors: Gwizdała Kazimierz , Florkowska Sylwia
Published: January 2016

Properly executed renovation and adaptation of a grade listed property not only ensures its constructional safety, but may also highlight the object’s historical value. Taking into consideration various factors, such as divergence of interests, or technical and legal determinants, it is safe to say that the renovation and adaptation of grade listed properties for new purposes is a complex process. The authors of the paper wish to discuss the problem of renovation based on selected properties, with special regard to constructional solutions for foundations. The presented examples will illustrate the issue of foundation enhancements resulting from the adaptation of buildings for new purposes. Through individual constructional solutions, such as jet grouting, it was possible to ensure the stability of degraded properties and safe transfer of increased values of usage load.
Methods Of Testing And Assessing The Technical Condition Of Chosen Building Structures Located In The Area Of The Auschwitz-Birkenau National Museum In Oświęcim
Authors: Kańka Stanisław , Stryszewska Teresa , Tracz Tomasz , Karczmarczyk Stanisław , Paruch Roman
Published: January 2016

The results presented in this article consider the means of assessing the technical condition of two selected buildings, i.e. prisoner barracks number 123 and 124, located at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim. The work was carried out within the framework of a research project involving the development of methods for preserving, securing and strengthening the structure of buildings, along with their substrate and finishes. The aim of the project was to gain a knowledge base reflecting the actual state of the existing facilities and, on that basis, develop preservation methods and ways to protect the existing facilities against further damage, while maintaining the current character.
Tenement House “Under The Golden Crown” In Wrocław - Renovation Of The Peculiar Monument
Authors: Kirschke Krystyna
Published: January 2016

Among the many historic buildings in Wroclaw, there is a property address Rynek 29 - Oławska 2, that in 1970 entered in the register of monuments as “a department store, earlier tenement house called “Under the Golden Crown”. In the fact it was built in 1961 and it is neither a historical building nor department store. It is, spectacular example of creative retrospective, in the post-war reconstruction of Wroclaw. It has relict of medieval and Renaissance architecture, but the aboveground parts have a skeleton structure of commercial buildings from the early 20th century. In recent years, there is a problem with renovating such buildings. Recognition of these monuments has become a requirement now. Because only in this way in the future, in the course of modernization works, you will be able to avoid bad decisions and unforeseen situations.
Post-Harbour Areas - New Urban Space
Authors: Nowacka-Rejzner Urszula
Published: January 2016

In the article on selected examples one illustrated the different solutions for shaping post-harbour areas. One highlighted the complexity and longevity of activities conducted in these areas, which include both: the modernization of building structures, shaping of new functional and spatial interactions, reproduction of natural resources, protection and sharing of preserved buildings and complexes of cultural heritage, but also well balanced management of transformed area. The basis for conducted deliberations constitute studies and field studies concerning the development of urban structures, conducted for many years by the author.
Scaffoldings Used During The Renovation Of The Metropolitan Cathedral Of St. John The Baptist And St. John The Evangelist In Lublin
Authors: Pieńko Michał , Robak Aleksander , Błazik-Borowa Ewa
Published: January 2016

This article describes three cases of scaffolding use as a structure for carrying out a renovation work at the Cathedral in Lublin. In order to achieve optimum access to the object, one used modular scaffolding. This type of scaffold is able to expand in any direction. In addition to the typical use, the scaffold was used as temporary roofing which allowed conducting the work during the winter. Monuments require a detailed approach to the problem of scaffolding. Despite the short period of use we should pay particular attention to the possibility of anchoring scaffoldings. Performing static calculation allows minimizing the number of anchors and used elements.
Concept And Its Implementation During The Reconstruction Of The Church Of Blessed Virgin Mary In Chojna
Authors: Płotkowiak Maciej
Published: January 2016

St. Mary's parish church in Chojna was erected at the turn of XIV and XVc. in a shape of three aisles, hall church without transept, completed from the west with a single tower and from the east with polygonal presbytery with an ambulatory attached. The convergence of characteristic structural and decorative features with employed ones in medieval churches being attributed to Hinrich Brunsberg's fabric resulted in such a way, that also authorship of St. Mary in Chojna was assigned to this legendary architect and master builder of late Middle Ages period. The church was destroyed by fire during WWII in February 1945 and since then had remained as an open ruin. In 1997 reconstruction procedure of the church was begun under the leadership of the author and it still continues. This text consists of the sum of experiences connected with confronting design ideas and solutions with their executions on the site during construction works.
Numerical Modelling Of The Strengthening Process Of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams
Authors: Szewczyk Piotr , Szumigała Maciej
Published: January 2016

This paper presents the numerical modelling of strengthening a steel-concrete composite beam. The main assumption is that the strengthening is not the effect of the state of a failure of a structure, but it resulted from the need to increase the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of the structure (for example: due to a change in the use of the object). The expected solution is strengthening without the necessity to completely unload the structures (to reduce the scope of works, the cost of modernization and to shorten the time). The problem is presented on the example of a composite beam which was strengthened through welding a steel plate to the lower flange of the steel beam. The paper describes how energy parameters are used to evaluate the efficiency of structures’ strengthening and proposes an appropriate solution.
Analysis Of Construction Salt Decomposition Within Walls Of Ceramic Brick In The Midtown Tenement Houses
Authors: Szostak Bartosz , Trochonowicz Maciej
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this paper is to introduce issues related to the corrosive effects of construction salts. Sequentially, one will discuss issues related to the distribution of salt in the wall, salinity sources and types of masonry material damage. There will also be presented the results of research conducted by the authors, which allowed determining the distribution of salinity in the walls depending on the depth and height of sampling. The paper will present test results of samples taken from several heights and depths within the same piece of wall and summaries from all facilities. Research conducted by the authors were based on chemical analyzes performed using the prepared chemical tests. Assays are made using titration and colorimetric methods.
Modernization Of Public Space Floor And Its Impact On Area - The Example Of The Kościuszko Square In Białystok
Authors: Tofiluk Anna
Published: January 2016

The last 25 years have been in many Polish cities a period of intensive modernization and renewals of the existing public spaces. Most of all the resurfacing of the pavement and changing of street furniture have been held. In many cases, the transformations in the urban areas were integrated with exclusion from traffic. The question arises what criteria architects or landscape architects follow and what design solutions apply. It is also interesting how the new shape of the floor in public spaces (understood here as a pavement and street furniture together) can help to create integrating and activating space for residents. And how it can affect the quality of life in a wider area. This article attempts to answer these questions based on new solutions on Kosciuszko Square in Białystok, executed in 2005-2009.
Concept Of Revitalization Of Selected Military Facilities Of Dragoons Barracks In Olsztyn
Authors: Zagroba Marek
Published: January 2016

Revitalization is a complex program to restore the functioning of the neglected urban areas in terms of spatial, economic and social. Revitalization activities on post-military facilities are stopping negative phenomena, such as degradation of space, social pathology or lack of proper functioning of the area, adapted to modern needs.

The object of the work is to present some aspects with the revitalization of former military facilities in the area of the Artyleryjska Street in Olsztyn. The presented design concept aims to revitalize a neglected area of the barracks, which will enable the activation site and include it in the city urban space. The method adopted in this work is the architectural project of adapting selected post-military facilities for new functions, affecting the economic development and social integration of people.
Revitalization Of The 1970s Within The ‘Old Town’ In Kraków
Authors: Żwirek Paweł , Fiszer Jakub
Published: January 2016

The paper presents selected issues in the revitalization of the façades of buildings located in the historic ‘Old Town’ part of the city of Kraków. The subjects of the revitalization were the façades of an office building and a multi-level garage, both built in the 1970s in the administrative district of the ‘Old Town’ in Krakow. The criteria that guided the project heads in the choice of technology and technical solutions used in the revitalization project are also presented. The paper discusses the problems associated with the implementation of a new aluminium façade on the exterior walls, which were characterized by very large inaccuracies, significantly exceeding tolerance values.