bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric refractory chronic immune thrombocytopenia: Identification, patients' characteristics, and outcome
Authors: Pincez Thomas , Fernandes Helder , Fahd Mony , Pasquet Marlène , Chahla Wadih Abou , Granel Jérome , Ducassou Stéphane , Thomas Caroline , Garnier Nathalie , Jeziorski Eric , Bayart Sophie , Chastagner Pascal , Cheikh Nathalie , Guitton Corinne , Paillard Catherine , Lejeune Julien , Millot Frédéric , Li‐Thiao Te Valérie , Mallebranche Coralie , Pellier Isabelle , Castelle Martin , Armari‐Alla Corinne , Carausu Liana , Piguet Christophe , Benadiba Joy , Pluchart Claire , Stephan Jean‐Louis , Deparis Marianna , Briandet Claire , Doré Eric , Marie‐Cardine Aude , Barlogis Vincent , Leverger Guy , Héritier Sébastien , Aladjidi Nathalie , Leblanc Thierry
Published: April 2024

Refractory chronic immune thrombocytopenia (r‐cITP) is one of the most challenging situations in chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP). Pediatric r‐cITP is inconsistently defined in literature, contributing to the scarcity of data. Moreover, no evidence is available to guide the choice of treatment. We compared seven definitions of r‐cITP including five pediatric definitions in 886 patients with cITP (median [min‐max] follow‐up 5.3 [1.0–29.3] years). The pediatric definitions identified overlapping groups of various sizes (4%–20%) but with similar characteristics (higher proportion of immunopathological manifestations [IM] and systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]), suggesting that they adequately captured the population of interest. Based on the 79 patients with r‐cITP (median follow‐up 3.1 [0–18.2] years) according to the CEREVANCE definition (≥3 second‐line treatments), we showed that r‐cITP occurred at a rate of 1.15% new patients per year and did not plateau over time. In multivariate analysis, older age was associated with r‐cITP. One patient (1%) experienced two grade five bleeding events after meeting r‐cITP criteria and while not receiving second‐line treatment. The cumulative incidence of continuous complete remission (CCR) at 2 years after r‐cITP diagnosis was 9%. In this analysis, splenectomy was associated with a higher cumulative incidence of CCR (hazard ratio: 5.43, 95% confidence interval: 1.48–19.84, p = 7.8 × 10−4). In sum, children with cITP may be diagnosed with r‐cITP at any time point of the follow‐up and are at increased risk of IM and SLE. Second‐line treatments seem to be effective for preventing grade 5 bleeding. Splenectomy may be considered to achieve CCR.
Incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal health conditions in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancers: A report from the Swiss childhood cancer survivor study
Authors: Christen Salome , Roser Katharina , Mader Luzius , Otth Maria , Scheinemann Katrin , Sommer Grit , Kuehni Claudia , Michel Gisela
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Childhood cancer and its treatment can cause damage to the musculoskeletal system. We aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of musculoskeletal health conditions (MSHC) in survivors, and to investigate differences by cancer‐related characteristics.

Methods

We used data from the Childhood Cancer Registry and the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, including survivors (≥5 years since diagnosis; diagnosed 1976–2015 at <20 years of age) aged ≥15 years at study. Cumulative incidence and prevalence of MSHCs (osteoporosis, limb length discrepancy, limited joint mobility, bone/joint pain, scoliosis, changes to chest/ribs and amputation) were calculated from self‐reported data.

Results

We included 2645 survivors (53% men; median age 24 years, range 15–59 years). Prevalence and cumulative incidence of any MSHC was 21% and 26%, respectively. Incidence rate for any MSHC was 15.6/1000 person‐years. Scoliosis (8%), bone/joint pain (7%) and limited joint mobility (7%) were the most prevalent MSHC. MSHC co‐occurred with other health conditions in 87% of survivors. We found increased rates of MSHC in women (RR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2–1.7), bone tumour survivors (RR = 6.0, 95%CI: 4.5–7.9), survivors older at diagnosis (11–15 years: RR = 1.8, 95%CI: 1.5–2.3), after a relapse (RR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.3–1.9), treatment with surgery (RR = 1.2, 95%CI: 1.0–1.5), chemotherapy (RR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1–1.8) or stem cell transplantation (RR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.0–2.5), and more recent year of diagnosis (2011–2015: RR = 4.3, 95%CI: 2.8–6.8).

Conclusion

MSHCs are prevalent in survivors, the risk is increasing in younger survivor cohorts, and MSHCs usually occur in multimorbid survivors. Strengthening of rehabilitation services and appropriate referrals are needed to mitigate the effects of the cancer and cancer treatment.
Exploring Steroidal Saponin Composition and Morphometric Characteristics of Rhizomes from Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don: Inference for Medicinal Properties and Genetic Stock Improvement
Authors: Singh Bisht Surendra , Meena Rajendra K. , Bhandari Maneesh S. , Pal Singh Prithvi , Sharma Upendra , Bisht Aman , Verma Praveen K.
Published: April 2024

Trillium govanianum, a medicinal herb, exhibiting diverse morphometric traits and phytochemicals across developmental stages of plants. The changes in the chemical profile and steroidal saponin levels in the rhizome of T. govanianum across different developmental stages were previously unknown. This study categorizes rhizomes into three types based on scar presence: juvenile (5–10 scars, Type I), young (11–19 scars, Type II), and mature (21–29 scars, Type III). Rhizomes show varying sizes (length 1.2–4.7 cm, girth 0.3–1.6 cm), weight (0.18–5.0 g), and extractive yields (9.7–16.1 % w w−1), with notable differences in saponin content (5.95–21.9 mg g−1). Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐MS/MS (UHPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS)‐based chemical profiling identifies 31 phytochemicals, mainly including diverse saponins. Ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (UHPLC‐ELSD)‐based quantitative analysis of seven key saponins reveals stage‐specific accumulation patterns, with protodioscin (P) and dioscin (DS) predominant in mature rhizomes. Statistical analysis confirms significant variation (p=0.001) in saponin levels across developmental stages with chemical constituent protodioscin (P=4.03±0.03–15.76±0.14 mg g−1, PAve=9.79±3.03 mg g−1) and dioscin (DS=1.23±0.06–3.93±0.07 mg g−1, DSAve=2.59±0.70 mg g−1), with acceptable power (p=0.738; |δ|>0.5) statistics for effective sample size (n=27 samples used in the study) of T. govanianum. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Euclidean clustering further highlighted chemotype distinctions.
The clinical effects of individual career counseling on clients’ psychological distress
Authors: Arifoulline Nicole , Milot‐Lapointe Francis , Le Corff Yann
Published: April 2024

This study examined the clinical effects of career counseling on psychological distress and the role of counselor adherence, working alliance, and client neuroticism in predicting these effects. The 239 participants received an average of 7.81 sessions at a university career counseling center. Among clients with a clinical level of psychological distress (n = 179) at the study's inception, 55.87% recovered, 22.35% improved, 19.55% experienced no change, and 2.23% saw an aggravation of their psychological distress. Results showed that a higher level of counselor adherence to the intervention manual significantly increased the probability that clients recovered or improved as compared to not experiencing significant change. Working alliance did not predict clinical change, nor did it moderate the effect of counselor adherence. Clients who improved had higher levels of neuroticism than clients who recovered.
Quantum optimization algorithms: Energetic implications
Authors: Hong Enriquez Rolando P. , Badia Rosa M. , Chapman Barbara , Bresniker Kirk , Pakin Scott , Mishra Alok , Bruel Pedro , Dhakal Aditya , Rattihalli Gourav , Hogade Ninad , Frachtenberg Eitan , Milojicic Dejan
Published: April 2024

Since the dawn of quantum computing (QC), theoretical developments like Shor's algorithm proved the conceptual superiority of QC over traditional computing. However, such quantum supremacy claims are difficult to achieve in practice because of the technical challenges of realizing noiseless qubits. In the near future, QC applications will need to rely on noisy quantum devices that offload part of their work to classical devices. One way to achieve this is by using parameterized quantum circuits in optimization or even in machine learning tasks. The energy requirements of quantum algorithms have not yet been studied extensively. In this article, we explore several optimization algorithms using both theoretical insights and numerical experiments to understand their impact on energy consumption. Specifically, we highlight why and how algorithms like quantum natural gradient descent, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximations or circuit learning methods, are at least to more energy efficient than their classical counterparts; why feedback‐based quantum optimization is energy‐inefficient; and how techniques like Rosalin can improve the energy efficiency of other algorithms by a factor of 20. Finally, we use the NchooseK high‐level programming model to run optimization problems on both gate‐based quantum computers and quantum annealers. Empirical data indicate that these optimization problems run faster, have better success rates, and consume less energy on quantum annealers than on their gate‐based counterparts.
Job Burnout Among the Helping Professions: The Roles of Childhood Maltreatment, Attachment Styles and Perceived Supervisor Support
Authors: Icekson Tamar , Kaye‐Tzadok Avital , Zeiger Aya
Published: April 2024

Job burnout is a major predicament globally, especially among the helping professions. Based on the job demands–resources (JDR) theory and on attachment theory, this study explored the relations between a history of childhood maltreatment (CM), insecure attachment styles (avoidant and anxious), perceived supervisor support and job burnout. A sample of 320 helping professionals participated in the study, of which 35% reported experiencing CM. Findings confirmed the hypothesis that a history of CM was positively related to both avoidant and anxious attachment styles. Anxious attachment style partly mediated the relationship between CM and burnout. In addition, the relationship between CM and burnout was mediated by avoidant attachment style and perceived supervisor support, so that highly avoidant professionals perceived their supervisors as less supportive, reporting higher levels of burnout. Notably, there were no discernible variations in burnout levels when comparing professionals who had experienced maltreatment with those who had not. The study highlights the value of adopting an attachment perspective to better understand job burnout among the helping professions.
The Role of Sulfur in Meeting 4R Nutrient Stewardship Goals
Authors: Bruulsema Tom , Olson Ron
Published: April 2024

Sulfur plays several roles in 4R plant nutrition. First, as an essential plant nutrient, it may need to be applied to optimize yields and quality of crops. Second, there may be a need to replenish the sulfur removed from the soil by crop harvests. Third, some forms of sulfur may have additional benefits through their effects on soil pH and on soil nitrogen processes. The three roles combine to support enhanced productivity with lower impacts on the environment. This article reviews basic sulfur nutrition, recent trends affecting the need for fertilizers, and the contribution of sulfur to improving productivity sustainably. Earn 1 CEU in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Magnetic nanofluid‐based liquid marble for a self‐powered mechanosensation
Authors: Chen Manhui , Liu Ziwei , Li Yike , Zhang Shanfei , Chen Peng , Zhang Pengyu , Su Bin
Published: April 2024

Magnetic nanofluid possesses the characteristic of interfering with the propagation of the magnetic field, endowing it with the sensing property in motion. However, the residual adhesion of magnetic nanofluid as it flows over solid surfaces remains an open question. Liquid marbles allow for quantities of liquids to be encapsulated by hydrophobic particles, ensuring a unique nonstick property for utilization in different applications. In this study, being capsuled by hydrophobic nano‐/microscale powders, a magnetic nanofluid‐based liquid marble (MNLM) with well mechanical stability has been fabricated. A magnetic nanofluid posture detector (MNPD), which consists of an MNLM, a magnetic tube, and coils, has been assembled that can convert mechanical energy to electricity as it freely rolls on the solid surface. Gesture recognition can be achieved when combining five MNPDs with fingers. The fabricated MNPD possesses a good signal recognition capability, which can separately distinguish the bending of each finger. Moreover, a variety of language hand gestures with specific meanings (digits, letters, “OK,” and “I Love You”) can be further recognized through corresponding combinations. The potential of MNPD in the realm of gesture recognition will offer a novel avenue for flexible wearables.
Experimental investigation of enhanced form‐stable phase change material based on stearic acid/expanded graphite/SEBS composite
Authors: Agrawal Nidhi , Arora Bharti
Published: April 2024

Phase change materials (PCMs) are the materials that can absorb and release energy during their phase transition. The materials have become ubiquitous but still face challenges. The inevitable transition from solid phase to liquid phase in these materials during operation limits their utility in application areas that require leak‐proof properties like orthopaedic mattresses or gel packs, or applications requiring self‐load‐bearing capabilities (such as ceiling tiles and building walls). Entrapment of PCM in porous matrices is one of the promising methods of capturing the PCM and limiting the flow of materials in the liquid phase. The present study discusses the preparation of exfoliated graphite from commercially available intercalated graphite. The process of exfoliating the intercalated graphite has been holistically characterized using x‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The graphite with a surface area of 47.37 cc/g with a purity of 99% was found to have a maximum absorption of 80% (w/w) stearic acid as PCM. In addition, this paper investigates two synthetic routes to prepare the shape‐stabilized PCM. The blends are characterized and compared along six indicators: transition point, latent heat capacity, thermal conductivity, exudation behavior, FTIR, and SEM. Composite 1 refers to stearic acid absorbed in the exfoliated graphite. Composite 2 refers to the stearic acid absorbed in exfoliated graphite which is further treated with an elastomer SEBS. The leak test performed on both blends signifies that SEBS is an essential ingredient. The PCM composition optimized in this study can unlock various thermal applications with critical requirements where direct exposure of chemicals to the user is unacceptable. Further, the study itself is envisaged to serve as a framework to develop enhanced shape‐stabilized PCMs with tuneable thermal conductivity and extended operation life in application areas where leakage in liquid phase is a concern.
Concomitant and sequential administration of nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir and azvudine in patients with COVID‐19 caused by the Omicron variant: Safety and efficacy
Authors: Chen Guang‐Bin , Zheng You‐Rou , Yu Yun‐Ni , Liang Li‐Mian , Chen Chao , Liu Ying‐Xia , Lu Hong‐Zhou
Published: April 2024

Background

This study assessed the safety and efficacy of nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir (Paxlovid®) and azvudine when administered sequentially or concomitantly in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by the Omicron variant.

Methods

Ninety‐three patients confirmed to be infected with the Omicron variant by nucleic acid detection were retrospectively investigated. Information was collected on general health status, medication, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) according to whether nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir and azvudine were administered sequentially or concomitantly. Data on times of onset, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of ADRs and on conversion to a negative nucleic acid test were also recorded.

Results

Possible ADRs were recorded in 41 patients (44.1%). There were 22 gastrointestinal reactions in 18 patients and 18 hematological abnormalities in 16 after sequential or concomitant treatment with nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir and azvudine. Liver enzyme levels increased in nine cases and creatinine clearance decreased in two. Cases of atrial fibrillation (n = 1), sleep disorder (n = 2), rash (n = 2), dizziness (n = 1), and weakness (n = 5) were also documented. Only vomiting, poor appetite, diarrhea, xerostomia, bitter taste, and rash were considered probable ADRs; others were thought to be possible ADRs. In all cases, the nucleic acid test did not turn negative after the first antiviral was applied. The nucleic acid test of 28 patients did not turn negative before discharge. The remaining 65 patients (69.9%) returned a negative nucleic acid test after receiving the second antiviral agent.

Conclusions

Treatment with nirmatrelvir‐ritonavir and azvudine is safe and effective whether administered sequentially or concomitantly in patients with COVID‐19 caused by the Omicron variant.
Characterization of human skin under tension using terahertz time domain spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Baitong , Zhang Pengyan , Tan Keyu , Zhu Hengxin , Li Zixuan , Li Chuanwei , Wang Zhiyong
Published: April 2024

This paper introduces a spectral analysis method for monitoring the human skin in vivo based on a combination of terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The method can quantitatively measure the refractive index, thickness and transmission coefficient of epidermis, and the refractive index of dermis in natural, as well as the tension condition of the skin. An optically reflective model for the multilayer structure of the skin is first established. The initial thickness of the epidermis is then measured by OCT as a known quantity for the established model. By fitting the established model to the experimentally obtained THz‐TDS signals, the above parameters of the skin can be calibrated. Furthermore, the dependence of these skin parameters on the tension status are investigated. This study provides a means for terahertz technology to measure the skin in vivo.
Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Gefapixant (MK‐7264), a P2X3 Receptor Antagonist, in Healthy Adults
Authors: Nussbaum Jesse C. , Hussain Azher , Butera Peter , Ford Anthony P. , Kitt Michael M. , O'Neill Edward A. , Smith Steven , Vargas Gabriel , O'Reilly Terry , Wynne Chris , Stoch S. Aubrey , Iwamoto Marian
Published: April 2024

Gefapixant (MK‐7264, RO4926219, AF‐219) is a first‐in‐class P2X3 antagonists being developed to treat refractory or unexplained chronic cough. The initial single‐ and multiple‐dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of gefapixant at doses ranging from 7.5 to 1800 mg were assessed in four clinical trials. Following single‐dose administration of 10‐450 mg, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of gefapixant in plasma and urine demonstrated low inter‐subject variability and a dose‐proportional exposure. Following administration of multiple doses twice daily, the plasma exposures were dose‐proportional at doses ranging from 7.5 to 50 mg and less than dose‐proportional at doses ranging from 100 to 1800 mg. The time to mean peak drug concentration ranged from 2 to 3 h post‐dose, and steady state was achieved by 7 days after dosing, with an accumulation ratio of approximately 2, comparing data from day 1 to steady state. The mean apparent terminal half‐life ranged from 8.2 to 9.6 h. Gefapixant was primarily excreted unmodified in urine. Gefapixant was well tolerated following single‐dose administration up to 1800 mg and multiple doses up to 1800 mg twice daily; there were no serious adverse events (AEs) reported. The most common AE reported was dysgeusia. The PK profile supports a twice‐daily dosing regimen.
Improved therapeutic approach for spinal muscular atrophy via ubiquitination‐resistant survival motor neuron variant
Authors: Rhee Joonwoo , Kang Jong‐Seol , Jo Young‐Woo , Yoo Kyusang , Kim Ye Lynne , Hann Sang‐Hyeon , Kim Yea‐Eun , Kim Hyun , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Kong Young‐Yun
Published: April 2024

Background

Zolgensma is a gene‐replacement therapy that has led to a promising treatment for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). However, clinical trials of Zolgensma have raised two major concerns: insufficient therapeutic effects and adverse events. In a recent clinical trial, 30% of patients failed to achieve motor milestones despite pre‐symptomatic treatment. In addition, more than 20% of patients showed hepatotoxicity due to excessive virus dosage, even after the administration of an immunosuppressant. Here, we aimed to test whether a ubiquitination‐resistant variant of survival motor neuron (SMN), SMNK186R, has improved therapeutic effects for SMA compared with wild‐type SMN (SMNWT).

Methods

A severe SMA mouse model, SMA type 1.5 (Smn−/−; SMN2+/+; SMN∆7+/−) mice, was used to compare the differences in therapeutic efficacy between AAV9‐SMNWT and AAV9‐SMNK186R. All animals were injected within Postnatal Day (P) 1 through a facial vein or cerebral ventricle.

Results

AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice showed increased lifespan, body weight, motor neuron number, muscle weight and functional improvement in motor functions as compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice. Lifespan increased by more than 10‐fold in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice (144.8 ± 26.11 days) as compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice (26.8 ± 1.41 days). AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice showed an ascending weight pattern, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice, which only gained weight until P20 up to 5 g on average. Several motor function tests showed the improved therapeutic efficacy of SMNK186R. In the negative geotaxis test, AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice turned their bodies in an upward direction successfully, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice, which failed to turn upwards from around P23. Hind limb clasping phenotype was rarely observed in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice, unlike AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice that showed clasping phenotype for more than 20 out of 30 s. At this point, the number of motor neurons (1.5‐fold) and the size of myofibers (2.1‐fold) were significantly increased in AAV9‐SMNK186R‐treated mice compared with AAV9‐SMNWT‐treated mice without prominent neurotoxicity. AAV9‐SMNK186R had fewer liver defects compared with AAV9‐SMNWT, as judged by increased proliferation of hepatocytes (P < 0.0001) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 production (P < 0.0001). Especially, low‐dose AAV9‐SMNK186R (nine‐fold) also reduced clasping time compared with SMNWT.

Conclusions

SMNK186R will provide improved therapeutic efficacy in patients with severe SMA with insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Low‐dose treatment of SMA patients with AAV9‐SMNK186R can reduce the adverse events of Zolgensma. Collectively, SMNK186R has value as a new treatment for SMA that improves treatment effectiveness and reduces adverse events simultaneously.
Membranes on the move: The functional role of the extracellular vesicle membrane for contact‐dependent cellular signalling
Authors: Jahnke Kevin , Staufer Oskar
Published: April 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid‐enclosed structures released by virtually all life forms, have gained significant attention due to their role in intercellular and interorganismal communication. Despite their recognized importance in disease processes and therapeutic applications, fundamental questions about their primary function remain. Here, we propose a different perspective on the primary function of EVs, arguing that they serve as essential elements providing membrane area for long‐distance, contact‐dependent cellular communication based on protein‐protein interaction. While EVs have been recognized as carriers of genetic information, additional unique advantages that they could provide for cellular communication remain unclear. Here, we introduce the concept that the substantial membrane area provided by EVs allows for membrane contact‐dependent interactions that could be central to their function. This membrane area enables the lateral diffusion and sorting of membrane ligands like proteins, polysaccharides or lipids in two dimensions, promoting avidity‐driven effects and assembly of co‐stimulatory architectures at the EV‐cell interface. The concept of vesicle‐induced receptor sequestration (VIRS), for example, describes how EVs confine and focus receptors at the EV contact site, promoting a dense local concentration of receptors into signalosomes. This process can increase the signalling strength of EV‐presented ligands by 10‐1000‐fold compared to their soluble counterparts. The speculations in this perspective advance our understanding of EV‐biology and have critical implications for EV‐based applications and therapeutics. We suggest a shift in perspective from viewing EVs merely as transporters of relevant nucleic acids and proteins to considering their unique biophysical properties as presentation platforms for long‐distance, contact‐dependent signalling. We therefore highlight the functional role of the EV membrane rather than their content. We further discuss how this signalling mechanism might be exploited by virus‐transformed or cancer cells to enhance immune‐evasive mechanisms.
An all‐embracing science: The anthropological conception of Paolo Mantegazza
Authors: Scalese Fabio
Published: April 2024

This paper deals with the anthropological conception of the first modern Italian anthropologist, Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910). We will begin by contextualizing the status of anthropology in Italy during the second half of the 19th century. Subsequently, we will delve into some of the inspirations that led the Italians to have such a multifaceted conception of the discipline. Next, we will outline the content of this approach and clarify the meaning of “omnicomprehensive science.” From there, we will come to understand the reason for the variety of interests of the anthropologist, who aimed to study the human being in all aspects of life. We will then mention the moral objective present in his professional journey: through an understanding of the complexity of human life, the anthropologist wanted to contribute to the progress and well‐being of society; in other words, to “living well.”
Risk factors for surgery in stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease: A retrospective cohort study from the GETAID pédiatrique
Authors: Lacotte Edouard , Boujonnier Louis , Martinez‐Vinson Christine , Viala Jérôme , Ley Delphine , Coopman Stéphanie , Lerisson Héloïse , Dabadie Alain , Dumant‐Forrest Clémentine , Pigneur Bénédicte , Ruemmele Frank , Enaud Raphael , Comte Aurélie , Rebeuh Julie , Bertrand Valérie , Caron Nicolas , Breton Anne , Duclaux‐Loras Rémi , Vasies Ioana , Dupont‐Lucas Claire
Published: April 2024

Objectives

Previous studies have shown rates of surgical resection of up to 41% in stricturing pediatric Crohn's disease (CD). In this retrospective multicenter study, our aims were to identify clinical risk factors and magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) features of small bowel strictures associated with surgery.

Methods

Pediatric patients with symptomatic stricturing small bowel CD (defined as obstructive symptoms or proximal dilatation on MRE) confirmed by MRE between 2010 and 2020 were recruited from 12 French tertiary hospitals. Patient characteristics were compared by surgical outcome multivariable Cox regression.

Results

Fifty‐six patients (61% boys) aged 12.2 ± 2.7 years at diagnosis of CD were included. Median duration of CD before diagnosis of stricture was 11.7 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 25–75: 1.2–29.9). Nineteen (34%) patients had stricturing phenotype (B2) at baseline. Treatments received  before stricture diagnosis included MODULEN‐IBD (n = 31), corticosteroids (n = 35), antibiotics (n = 10), anti‐TNF (n = 27), immunosuppressants (n = 28). Thirty‐six patients (64%) required surgery, within 4.8 months (IQR: 25–75: 1.8–17.3) after stricture diagnosis. Parameters associated with surgical resection were antibiotic exposure before stricture diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 15.62 [3.35–72.73], p = 0.0005), Crohn's disease obstructive symptoms score (CDOS) > 4 (aOR: 3.04 [1.15–8.03], p = 0.02) and dilation proximal to stricture >28 mm (aOR: 3.62 [1.17–11.20], p = 0.03).

Conclusion

In this study, antibiotic treatment before stricture diagnosis, intensity of obstructive symptoms, and diameter of dilation proximal to small bowel stricture on MRE were associated with risk for surgical resection.
Comparison of four in vitro test methods to assess nucleus pulposus replacement device expulsion risk
Authors: Rahman Tamanna , Kibble Matthew J. , Harbert Gianluca , Smith Nigel , Brewer Erik , Schaer Thomas P. , Newell Nicolas
Published: April 2024

Background

Nucleus replacement devices (NRDs) are not routinely used in clinic, predominantly due to the risk of device expulsion. Rigorous in vitro testing may enable failure mechanisms to be identified prior to clinical trials; however, current testing standards do not specify a particular expulsion test. Multiple methods have therefore been developed, complicating comparisons between NRD designs. Thus, this study assessed the effectiveness of four previously reported expulsion testing protocols; hula‐hoop (Protocol 1), adapted hula‐hoop (Protocol 2), eccentric cycling (Protocol 3), and ramp to failure (Protocol 4), applied to two NRDs, one preformed and one in situ curing.

Methods

Nucleus material was removed from 40 bovine tail intervertebral disks. A NRD was inserted posteriorly into each cavity and the disks were subjected to one of four expulsion protocols.

Results

NRD response was dependent on both the NRD design and the loading protocol. Protocol 1 resulted in higher migration and earlier failure rates compared to Protocol 2 in both NRDs. The preformed NRD was more likely to migrate when protocols incorporated rotation. The NRDs had equal migration (60%) and expulsion (60%) rates when using unilateral bending and ramp testing. Combining the results of multiple tests revealed complimentary information regarding the NRD response.

Conclusions

Adapted hula‐hoop (Protocol 2) and ramp to failure (Protocol 4), combined with fluoroscopic analysis, revealed complimentary insights regarding migration and failure risk. Therefore, when adopting the surgical approach and animal model used in this study, it is recommended that NRD performance be assessed using both a cyclic and ramp loading protocol.
Functional anterior cruciate ligament braces may have a role in select patient groups although there is presently limited evidence supporting or refuting their routine use: A scoping review of clinical practice guidelines and an updated bracing classification
Authors: Geeslin Andrew G. , Moatshe Gilbert , Engebretsen Lars , Lind Martin , Hansson Frida , Stalman Anders , Barenius Bjorn , LaPrade Robert F.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to perform a scoping review of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) concerning the use of functional anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) braces and to clarify the nomenclature for bracing relevant to ACL injury treatment in order to support prescribing clinicians.

Methods

A PubMed search for CPGs for the use of braces following ACL injury or reconstruction was performed. CPGs on the treatment of ACL injuries with sufficient attention to postoperative braces were included in this scoping review. The references used for supporting the specific CPG recommendations were reviewed. Specific indications for brace use including brace type, period of use following surgery and activities requiring brace use were collected.

Results

Six CPGs were identified and included this this review. Three randomised trials provided the evidence for recommendations on functional brace use following ACL reconstruction in the six CPGs. Functional ACL braces were the primary focus of the three randomised trials, although extension braces (postoperative knee immobilisers) were also discussed. A novel dynamic ACL brace category has been described, although included CPGs did not provide guidance on this brace type.

Conclusions

Guidance on the use of functional ACL braces following ACL reconstruction is provided in six CPGs supported by three randomised trials. However, the brace protocols and patient compliance in the randomised trials render these CPGs inadequate for providing guidance on the use of functional ACL braces in the general and high‐risk patient populations when returning to sport after ACL reconstruction. Functional ACL braces are commonly utilised during the course of ACL injury treatment although there is presently limited evidence supporting or refuting the routine use of these braces. Future studies are, therefore, necessary in order to provide guidance on the use of functional and dynamic ACL braces in high‐risk patient populations.

Level of Evidence

Level II.
Flexible and Rigid Bronchoscopy for Critically Ill Children on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Young Ashley , Patel Krupa , Allen Kiona , Ghadersohi Saied , Rowland Matthew , Hazkani Inbal
Published: April 2024

Background

We aim to describe our experience with bronchoscopy to diagnose and relieve tracheobronchial obstruction in anticipation of decannulation in children on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of children on ECMO between 1/2018 and 12/2022.

Results

A total of 107 children required ECMO support during the study period for cardiac (n = 48, 45%), pulmonary (n = 38, 36%), or cardiopulmonary dysfunction (n = 21, 20%). Thirty‐seven (35%) patients underwent 99 bronchoscopies while on ECMO. Most (76%, n = 75) experienced no improvement or worsening of chest radiography 24 hours following bronchoscopy. Clinical improvement in tidal volumes 48 hours after the first bronchoscopy was noted in 13/25 patients with available data (p = 0.05). Adverse events were seen in 18 (49%) patients who underwent bronchoscopy, including pneumothorax (n = 8, 22%), pneumonia (n = 7, 19%), pulmonary hemorrhage (n = 6, 16%), and sepsis (n = 5, 14%). ECMO courses were longer (25.4 ± 37.2 vs 6.1 ± 8.8 days, p < 0.0001) and more likely to be complicated by pneumonia (p = 0.0004) and sepsis (p = 0.047) in patients who underwent bronchoscopy compared with those who did not. Adverse events following bronchoscopy were associated with the number of bronchoscopies (p = 0.0003) and the presence of obstructive materials but not with the type of bronchoscopy or indication for ECMO. Mortality rates were similar between patients who underwent bronchoscopy and those who did not.

Conclusion

Children requiring bronchoscopy represent a subset of the sickest children on ECMO. Bronchoscopy may provide benefit in children with persistent cardiopulmonary failure who could not otherwise be decannulated. Adverse events are associated with the number of bronchoscopies and the presence of obstructive material.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:4134–4140, 2024
An impedance matching section based on composite right/left‐handed transmission line model in viewpoint of phase shift and noise figure
Authors: Günel Tayfun
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a genetic‐based synthesis approach for an impedance matching section based on a composite right‐/left‐handed (CRLH) transmission line model called CRLH transmission line impedance matching section (CRLHTLIMS) in viewpoint of transmission phase shift and noise figure is newly presented. To find the unknown values of right‐/left‐handed inductances and capacitances of a CRLHTLIMS, a type of global optimization algorithm called continuous parameter genetic algorithm is used. The length, transmission phase shift, and noise figure of the CRLHTLIMS are computed by using simple equations. Different examples for a uniform CRLHTLIMS are given. According to the results, this approach is an easy and effective way for the synthesis of transmission line impedance matching sections in viewpoint of transmission phase shift and noise figure.
Fully automated planning for anatomical fetal brain MRI on 0.55T
Authors: Neves Silva Sara , McElroy Sarah , Aviles Verdera Jordina , Colford Kathleen , St Clair Kamilah , Tomi‐Tricot Raphael , Uus Alena , Ozenne Valéry , Hall Megan , Story Lisa , Pushparajah Kuberan , Rutherford Mary A. , Hajnal Joseph V. , Hutter Jana
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Widening the availability of fetal MRI with fully automatic real‐time planning of radiological brain planes on 0.55T MRI.

Methods

Deep learning‐based detection of key brain landmarks on a whole‐uterus echo planar imaging scan enables the subsequent fully automatic planning of the radiological single‐shot Turbo Spin Echo acquisitions. The landmark detection pipeline was trained on over 120 datasets from varying field strength, echo times, and resolutions and quantitatively evaluated. The entire automatic planning solution was tested prospectively in nine fetal subjects between 20 and 37 weeks. A comprehensive evaluation of all steps, the distance between manual and automatic landmarks, the planning quality, and the resulting image quality was conducted.

Results

Prospective automatic planning was performed in real‐time without latency in all subjects. The landmark detection accuracy was 4.2 2.6 mm for the fetal eyes and 6.5 3.2 for the cerebellum, planning quality was 2.4/3 (compared to 2.6/3 for manual planning) and diagnostic image quality was 2.2 compared to 2.1 for manual planning.

Conclusions

Real‐time automatic planning of all three key fetal brain planes was successfully achieved and will pave the way toward simplifying the acquisition of fetal MRI thereby widening the availability of this modality in nonspecialist centers.
Synthesis and characterization of barium titanate nanoplatelets/polyvinylidene fluoride nanocomposite for piezoelectric properties
Authors: Aldulaimi Hussein , Pircheraghi Gholamreza , Nemati Ali
Published: April 2024

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanostructures with a tetragonal structure have unique mechanical and piezoelectric properties. BaTiO3 nanoplatelets (BTNPs) were synthesized via the precipitation of the hydroxide (Ba‐Ti‐OH) precursor, which was subsequently subjected to hydrothermal treatment. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) granules and BTNPs powder were compounded through melt‐mixing within a laboratory internal mixer to PVDF/BTNP nanocomposite. The dispersion of BTNPs were analyzed using FE‐SEM images. The examination of the polycrystalline structure of a PVDF/BTNP nanocomposite involved the utilization of FTIR, DSC, and XRD measurements. Further, the tensile test was carried out to study the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. The piezoelectric tests showed that the PVDF nanocomposite with 10 wt.% of BTNP exhibited the highest output voltage and current due to its maximum crystallinity. The measured current increased from 0.03 μA for PVDF to 0.22 μA for PVDF/BTNP nanocomposite and further to 0.34 after polling. PVDF's piezoelectric properties experienced an 11‐fold enhancement due to alterations in its crystalline structure. Power density improved by 644% (7.5 times), and piezoelectric sensitivity rose by 173%. Consequently, the PVDF/BTNP nanocomposite demonstrates significant potential for applications in electronics and energy harvesting.

Highlights

Unique Tetragonal nanoplatelets produced via controlled BTNP synthesis.

10% BTNP enhances nanocomposite crystallinity by 22.7%

PVDF‐10 displays increase in both voltage and current, enhancing piezoelectricity.

Nanocomposites show promise for energy and electronics.
Effect of layered transition metal dichalcogenide hybrid nanomaterials on the piezoelectric performance of non‐solvent induced phase separated polyvinylidene fluoride
Authors: Kacem Eya , Al‐Ejji Maryam , Yempally Swathi , Ponnamma Deepalekshmi
Published: April 2024

Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with high aspect ratios enhance the alignment of polymer chains and induce a preferred orientation of the polymeric crystallites when incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). In addition to offering an effective charge‐transfer mechanism, TMDs give PVDF more rigidity and piezoelectric qualities. This work reports the non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) introduced while developing the PVDF/MoS2 composites. During the NIPS, the PVDF chains become phase‐separated, which induces high polarization in the PVDF matrix. Phase‐separated PVDF/MoS2 composites show high porosity and charge distribution attributed to the enhanced piezoelectric output voltage. While the neat PVDF demonstrated very feeble output voltage generation, the hybrid composite containing 2 wt.% of MoS2/ZnO facilitated almost 20 times higher performance (peak‐to‐peak voltage of 2.4 V). This work yielded a phase‐separated composite that finds uses in energy harvesting, sensors, and actuators, among other fields.

Highlights

NIPS creates high‐porosity composites with improved charge distribution.

Layered TMDs improve charge‐transfer mechanism and PVDF's electrical properties.

2 wt.% MoS2/ZnO exhibits nearly 20 times higher voltage generation than neat PVDF.
Quasinormal Spectrum of (2+1)$(2+1)$‐Dimensional Asymptotically Flat, dS and AdS Black Holes
Authors: Skvortsova Milena
Published: April 2024

While ‐dimensional black holes in the Einstein theory allow for only the anti‐de Sitter (AdS) asymptotic, when the higher curvature correction is tuned on, the asymptotically flat, de Sitter, and AdS cases are included. Here, a detailed study of the stability and quasinormal spectra of the scalar field perturbations around such black holes with all three asymptotics is proposed. Calculations of the frequencies are fulfilled with the help of the 6th order Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method with Pade approximants, Bernstein polynomial method, and time‐domain integration. Results obtained by all three methods are in a very good agreement in their common range of applicability. When the multipole moment is equal to zero, the purely imaginary, i.e., non‐oscillatory, modes dominate in the spectrum for all types of the asymptotic behavior, while the spectrum at higher resembles that in four‐dimensional spacetime with the corresponding asymptotic.
Finite time disturbance observer based sliding mode control for PMSM with unknown disturbances
Authors: Zhufu Guanfeng , Wang Shubo , Wang Xue
Published: April 2024

This article proposes a finite time disturbance observer (FTDO) with modified non‐singular terminal sliding mode control (NTSMC) scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motor with unknown uncertainties such as system uncertainties and disturbances. A FTDO is used to estimate the unknown uncertainties and provides feed‐forward compensation in the control design. A novel fast sliding mode reaching law is developed, which can reduce the time to reach the sliding surface while the chattering phenomenon in the control signal. Then, by incorporating the FTDO into the modified sliding mode manifold, a finite time NTSMC scheme is presented. The developed control method can not only compensate the unknown uncertainties, but also achieve a finite time convergence. The finite time stability of the closed system under the presented control strategy is guaranteed via Lyapunov stability theory. The validity and feasibility of the presented control scheme are verified with simulations and experiments based on a motor driving system.
A Mild and Metal Free Effective Route for the Synthesis of the Benzofuro[3,2‐c]quinoline Frame Work via Pictet‐Spengler Reaction
Authors: Vanga Anusha , Subbarao Muppidi , Debbarma Chumui , Nayak Mrutunjay , Kamireddy Kamalakar Reddy , Shiva Kumar K.
Published: April 2024

We have reported an effective, metal free, one‐pot methodology for synthesising benzofuro[3,2‐c]quinolines via a Pictet‐Spengler reaction under mild conditions in open air. Our approach has a few advantages over the traditional two‐component synthesis as it is step and atom economic, environmentally benign and a convergent synthetic method. We have discussed here the good substrate scope of this novel methodology.
A Chemometric–Assisted Voltammetric Method for Simultaneous Determination of Acetaminophen and Diclofenac
Authors: Azish Neda , Pourbasheer Eslam , Imanzadeh Hamideh , Amiri Mandana
Published: April 2024

Diclofenac (DCF) and Acetaminophen (ACT) are among the most important nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that sought after for their antipyretic, analgesic, and anti‐inflammatory properties. In addition, ACT and DCF show synergistic activity toward pain relief. Therefore, appropriate analytical strategies are required for the simultaneous quantification of these NSAIDs in prescription drugs. This study introduces a method for the direct and simultaneous determination of ACT and DCF using the voltammetric approach in conjunction with chemometric tools such as partial least squares (PLS) and genetic algorithm–multiple linear regressions (GA−MLR). The calibration set was established using differential pulse voltammetry for 25 distinct mixtures of ACT and DCF. The calibration curve exhibited linearity within the concentration ranges of 0.1–1000 μM for ACT and 0.1–100 and 100–1000 for DCF. The effectiveness of chemometric methods was evaluated by analyzing synthetic mixtures of ACT and DCF and applying these methods to real samples containing a commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the specified drugs. Both methods yielded favorable results.
Optimized Method for High‐Quality RNA Extraction from Formalin‐Fixed Paraffin‐Embedded Tissues
Authors: Dara Mahintaj , Dianatpour Mehdi , Omidifar Navid , Azarpira Negar , Nili‐Ahmadabadi Amir
Published: April 2024

RNA extraction from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues (FFPE) presents a notable challenge. Extracting RNA from FFPE tissues has been challenging due to RNA degradation and chemical bonding between RNA and proteins during the fixation process. This results in reduced concentration and quality of the extracted RNA from FFPE tissues, impacting subsequent downstream analyses. In this study, we present an optimized approach involves replacing the tissue temperature‐digestion step with tissue crushing and homogenization. RNA extraction was performed on 100 FFPE tissue blocks obtained from the archive of Pathology Department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. After deparafinization of the tissues, RNA was extracted using this modified method, and the results compared to those of a standard extraction procedure and commercial kits used for FFPE tissue. Then gel electrophoresis and Real time PCR were done to check the quality and integrity of the extracted RNA. The results show that the concentration of RNA obtained from this method was significantly (P value <0.0001) higher than the other methods. In conclusion, we have successfully introduced a modified method that enables the extraction of high‐quality and intact RNA from FFPE tissue. This method stands as a reliable option for molecular biology studies necessitating precise RNA extraction.