bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaphor in Empirical Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

Metaphors of mind and their elaboration into models serve a crucial explanatory role in psychology. The use of analogy to direct observation and interpretation of evidence is foundational. Some of the predominant metaphors employed in empirical psychology in the last 150 is presented. In this chapter, an attempt is made to describe how biology and engineering provide the predominant metaphors for contemporary psychology. A contrast between the discursive and descriptive functions of metaphor use in theory construction serves as a platform for deliberation upon the pragmatic consequences of models derived therefrom. The conclusion contains reflections upon the possibility of an integrative interdisciplinary psychology.
Contemporary Empirical Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

This chapter describes the history of psychology from the mid-20th century to the present. From the neuroscience revolution to cognitive science and the computational theory of the mind, it discusses methodological issues, including the philosophy of statistics and questionable research practices. Critical psychology and other forms of internal critique are explored. Reformulation of the goal of empirical psychology from reductionism to mechanistic explanation is described. The benefits of mechanistic explanation are extolled and a scheme is put forward of an interdisciplinary multilevel form of psychology. The chapter concludes with a discussion of issues in the philosophy of science raised by contemporary psychological sciences.
Popular Psychology
Authors: Gabriel Rami
Published: February 2023

Since the empirical use of psychology does not adequately acknowledge mysterious aspects of the mind such as the transformative powers of love and mystical experience, an industry of popular psychology arose to fill this space of speculation and aspiration. The contrasting knowledge industries offer differing visions of control: empirical psychology is Promethean, seeking to explain the human condition by the virtues of rational and empirical truth-seeking, while popular psychology has Narcissus as its model, providing superstitious rituals to enact the purportedly limitless power of the self. This chapter explores how the popular use of psychology melds science and desire to provide succor through the prescription of ritualized actions.
The Voice of Virtue
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

The Voice of Virtue illuminates the musical practices at the heart of the Neostoic movement that spread across French lands during the Wars of Religion in the latter half of the sixteenth century. Guided by twin reparative traditions granting music and philosophy therapeutic power, composers and performers across the embattled Catholic and Protestant confessions turned to moral song as a means of repairing personal and collective virtue damaged by the ongoing conflict. Moral song collections enlarged interest in Stoicism by circulating attractive paraphrases of Stoic maxims set to music. Even more importantly, this skillfully composed repertoire of polyphonic song offered a multi-sensory moral practice that would have resonated powerfully for those well-versed in the Stoic ethical program. Bringing together a repertoire of little-known music prints, a lively visual culture, and a rich body of literary and philosophical sources, The Voice of Virtue not only illuminates the influence of Stoicism on music, but also reveals that Neostoicism as an intellectual or cultural movement cannot be fully understood without accounting for its vibrant musical practices.
Introduction
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

This introduction proposes the repertoire of moral song as a source for the cultural history of philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Circulating ethical precepts drawn from the mounting revival of Stoic philosophy for a Christian audience, collections of vernacular moral song developed at the intersection of sacred and secular domestic music practices. This liminal position, which increased the appeal and influence of Stoic-inflected moral song for a cross-confessional audience seeking relief from the religious conflicts, also rendered its pagan philosophical borrowings easier to overlook as they were strategically folded into an acceptable Christian framework.
Neostoic Remedies
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

This chapter outlines the moral crisis posed by the French Wars of Religion and documents the rising interest in the therapeutic powers of both music and philosophy. Although Neoplatonism had been the favored philosophy in French court circles of the mid-sixteenth century, the 1570s and 1580s saw a shift toward Stoicism as a resource for understanding and controlling the passions. During the reign of Henri IV, Stoicism grew to become the dominant stream of thought as Catholics and Protestants developed contemplative and musical strategies of Stoic consolation capable of soothing strife and cultivating constancy in individuals and communities across the francophone world.
Imprinting Virtue
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 outlines the three collections of moral poetry and their numerous musical settings that are the center of this study: Guy du Faur de Pibrac’s Quatrains (1574); the Octonaires de la vanité du monde (c. 1574) by Antoine de Chandieu, Simon Goulart, and Joseph Du Chesne; and Pierre Mathieu’s Tablettes ou Quatrains de la vie et de la mort (1610). Texts from these moral collections inspired polyphonic settings by the most important composers of the day, such as Orlande de Lassus, Paschal de L’Estocart, Guillaume Boni, Claude Le Jeune, and Artus Aux-Cousteaux. The poets, composers, and first audience for the Quatrains, Octonaires, and Tablettes were active participants in the Neostoic resurgence spearheaded by the Catholic magistracy associated with the Palais de Justice in Paris and Reformed Protestant pastor-scholars based in Geneva. Although exhibiting stylistic differences, these three collections were linked through their shared Stoic borrowings, print histories, and musical settings.
The Exercise of Harmony
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers the influence of Stoic educational theory and epistemology on the composition and use of Pibrac’s Quatrains. Memorized widely in early modern education and set in abundant musical arrangements, the Quatrains embody the brevity and stylistic restraint so prized in Stoic rhetoric. Not only did these “anti-rhetorical” stylistic priorities deliver a common-sense mode of persuasion, they had gained practical value since ancient times as the ideal format for memorization. Stoic didacticism aimed to shape children into rational beings by building a storehouse of knowledge that would form the bedrock of all future moral reasoning. The repetitions at the heart of this didactic repertoire suggest a mode of moral progress rooted in both intellectual knowledge and lived experience—daily practices capable of forging an invisible community of virtue-lovers united not by religious affiliation but through a shared pursuit of wisdom.
Sound Judgment
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

Chapter 6 explores the crisis of musical knowledge provoked by the revival of Skepticism—a movement closely tied to Neostoicism. Although Stoicism played the most pivotal role in shaping early modern theories of the emotions, it was Skepticism that drove the conversation on epistemology, marshaling detailed arguments against an uncritical trust in sensory knowledge. The role of musical hearing, and its relationship to folly or wisdom, attracted significant attention in these Skeptic and Neostoic discussions, driving stylistic reforms that prioritized clarity and comprehension of the musical text over virtuosic compositional pyrotechnics. As the producers of moral song collections grappled with these critical sensory concerns in a period of increased global expansion, they revealed the gendered and racialized stakes of both musical knowledge and virtue.
Conclusion
Authors: Latour Melinda
Published: February 2023

The conclusion returns to the counterintuitive role of pleasure, ambition, and riches in the moral song corpus, revealing striking allegorical musical encounters of desire that rival those in the love corpus. A pressing question raised throughout the vanitas corpus concerns the power of the artistic object and musical performance to simultaneously incite and therapeutically treat desire. Among the ancient schools, the Stoics were famous lovers of allegory and deeply invested in its moral potential. This was one of the Stoic arguments for promoting a theory of moral education that did not call for the censorship of poetry and the arts. Even in cases of immoral or corrupt works, the Stoics taught that one could benefit from exposure to these materials through a process of moral contemplation that could draw out a deeper truth. Guided by this logic, the musical and artistic exercises of Stoic rationality and self-mastery turn out to be surprisingly fleshly and cleverly balanced at the precarious juncture between teaching and temptation.
Sentencing and the Conflict between Algorithmic Accuracy and Transparency
Authors: Ryberg Jesper , Petersen Thomas S.
Published: February 2023

Predictive accuracy and transparency are generally recognized as ethically desirable features of algorithms at sentencing. However, it is often explicitly or implicitly assumed that there may be a conflict between transparency and accuracy. If an algorithmic tool is made more transparent, this will result in a loss of predictive accuracy and vice versa. The purpose of the present chapter is to discuss the nature of this conflict. More precisely, it is first argued that even if there is a conflict between transparency and accuracy, this does not demonstrate the conflict to be of genuine ethical significance. Second, even when there is a genuine ethical conflict between transparency and accuracy, this may sometimes be resolved in ways other than by engaging in trade-offs. Finally, the chapter discusses the theoretical and practical implications of these conclusions.
Algorithm-Based Sentencing and Discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: February 2023

US courts are increasingly using algorithm-based recidivism risk prediction instruments in estimating offenders’ dangerousness and, thus, the warranted severity of the punishment. Some argue that this practice mitigates well-known biases in non-algorithm-based recidivism risk assessments. Whether this is so or not, in the present US context, algorithm-based sentencing is quite likely to be unfairly discriminatory. This claim might have radical implications regarding the US penal system in general (as well as that of all other countries); to wit, that it too is unfairly discriminatory against groups with high base crime rates. If so, we face a dilemma forcing us to revise some of our beliefs about penal justice.
The Compassionate Computer
Authors: Dagan Netanel , Baron Shmuel
Published: February 2023

Sentencing scholarship has largely neglected the possibility of applying algorithms to mercy. This doesn’t come as a surprise: Is there any greater contradiction than between algorithmic decision-making and the compassionate, human, and interpersonal nature of mercy? Such polarity brings some theorists and policymakers to reject algorithm-based sentencing altogether. In this chapter, we offer a preliminary attempt at integrating mercy within algorithmic sentencing. First, we distinguish between two main concepts of mercy—justice and pure—and different types of algorithms—deductive and inductive. Second, we argue the following: (a) as long as justice mercy can be reduced to a proportionality-related calculus (e.g., extra harsh suffering), it can be introduced through a deductive algorithm; (b) pure mercy, being unpredictable, and deviating from justice, can be incorporated mainly through an inductive algorithm. This is true, at least to some extent, even for theories that permit deviation from equality when exercising mercy.
Plea Bargaining, Principled Sentencing, and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Lippke Richard L.
Published: February 2023

The development of AI sentencing algorithms raises the prospect of more consistent and transparent sentencing outcomes. However, the hoped-for improvements in sentencing may not occur in legal jurisdictions that permit prosecutors an outsized role in determining sentencing outcomes through plea bargaining. In what I term “robust” plea bargaining regimes, prosecutors often view charging decisions and sentencing recommendations strategically. They negotiate them in ways aimed primarily at producing guilty pleas rather than producing consistent or truthful outcomes. Prosecutors in such regimes might resist efforts to make the plea deals they forge more consistent and transparent. Given the centrality of charging decisions in determining sentencing outcomes in robust plea bargaining regimes, I examine the feasibility of devising AI charging algorithms.
Framing a Choral Curriculum Based on the Kodály Philosophy
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the Kodály concept as it applies to the choral rehearsal. It defines musicianship using the concept of multiple dimensions of musicianship described in the book Kodály Today (2015) and the Kodály in the Classroom series. The multiple dimensions of musicianship, in combination with the Kodály approach, provide the foundation for developing a music curriculum for choirs from middle school through college. The chapter includes a discussion of goals for teachers to set with regard to performance and sight-reading and offers questions to consider in creating a choral studies curriculum. It outlines an approach to developing students as performers, stewards of their cultural heritage, critical thinkers, creative human beings, and informed listeners. It provides templates for several model choral curricula and choral rehearsal plans.
Getting Started
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

The chapter provides ideas, procedures, and techniques for laying the foundations of choral singing during the first few weeks of choral rehearsals for middle school, high school, and college-level choirs. It discusses recruiting and auditioning potential choir members and offers criteria for evaluating the rehearsals the occur in the beginning weeks of the term. It focuses on the aspects that best promote and maintain the choral music curriculum’s learning objectives. This chapter defines two models for teaching folk songs and canons, Performance Through Sound Analysis (PTSA) and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation (PTSAN). It also provides several choral rehearsal templates and rehearsal plans.
Laying the Foundation of Choral Singing Through Folk Songs and Folk Song Arrangements
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

The chapter aims to demonstrate how singing folk songs and folk song arrangements can strengthen the multiple dimensions of choral singers’ musicianship. Students entering a choral program often already know a selection of folk songs. The choral director can use this repertoire to develop vocal production, part-work, music literacy, improvisation, composition, and arranging and listening skills. The chapter ends with an overview of Kodaly’s choral legacy: The Kodály Choral Library, two- and three-part repertoire composed by Kodály based on folk stylistic elements, his classical art music, and his unaccompanied choral compositions. This repertoire can be used to develop sight-reading, part-hearing and part-singing skills and as an introduction to choral repertoire in general.
Sequencing Part-Work Skills in the Choral Rehearsal for Beginner (Level 1), Intermediate (Level 2), and Advanced (Level 3) Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter provides ideas for building better listening skills by means of the progressive development of part-hearing and part-singing. Part-singing is the ability to sing multipart music; part-hearing is the ability to hear other voice parts while singing one’s own. These are acquired skills. The chapter includes discussion of helping students build their part-hearing and part-singing in homophonic and polyphonic music. It applies the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation models to learning two-part folk song arrangements. The ultimate goal is to provide ideas that build students’ voices and ears simultaneously by concentrating on intonation and inner hearing. The chapter ends with a summary of the most important stylistic characteristics for the major compositional periods.
Sound Ways to Develop Music Theory Skills Through Audiation in the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter presents an overview of the pedagogical tools that foster the development of audiation, notation, reading, and music theory skills in the choral rehearsal taught from a Kodály perspective. Choral directors often adopt specific teaching tools based on their own educational experiences. Because of this, they may not recognize the benefits of adopting pedagogical tools because they do not fully understand how to incorporate them into the choral rehearsal. Audiation and music literacy skills are essential dimensions of what it means to be a musician. Using the best practices to teach these skills can significantly enhance an ensemble’s sound and their ability to learn how to sight-read.
Music Theory and Sight-Reading Sequence for Level 2 Choirs
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This chapter aims to continue developing students’ ability to think in sound and learn more advanced rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic elements. The Level 2A intermediate theory sequence is intended for high school and college-level non-auditioned choirs, and Level 2B intermediate theory sequence is intended for auditioned high school and collegiate groups. The chapter offers detailed strategies for teaching triads and their inversions, functional harmony, cadences, modes, and figured bass, with numerous musical examples. Kinesthetic, aural, and written activities engage students with the material and aid in its absorption. Helpful tables suggest specific songs that demonstrate key elements in addition to the full gamut of scales, intervals, and chord spellings.
Putting It All Together
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

The chapter presents strategies for teaching specific repertoire ranging from a medieval canon to the music of Béla Bartók, John Tavener, and Eric Whitacre. Each strategy includes preparation activities for presenting a choral octavo more effectively in the Vocal Warm-Ups and Music Theory through Performance sections of the choral rehearsal; presentation activities using the Performance Through Sound Analysis and Performance Through Sound Analysis and Notation models of learning, in the Learning Choral Repertoire section; and practice activities, in the Practicing Octavo Repertoire section of the choral rehearsal. The chapter concludes with a guide to long-term planning in choral rehearsals.
Phrase and Form
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces students to the concept of the musical phrase and, using several common songs as examples, show how to determine the form of compositions that are eight to sixteen measures in length. Using the sound-to-symbol approach, it has students learn a song aurally before attempting to read it from staff notation. This step is preceded by audiation, or hearing the song with the inner ear. Finally, a sight-reading exercise is given.
Major Pentatonic Melodies
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents the major pentatonic scale, providing examples in a variety of keys and meters. Exercises and assessments are included.
Minor Pentatonic Melodies
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents the minor pentatonic scale in a variety of keys. It includes a number of musical examples, as well as assessment tools.
Orientation to the Major Scale
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit addresses major tonality with the use of five- and six-note scales. It offers musical exercises in a variety of keys and meters as well as assessment tools.
Compound Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces another way to divide the pulse or beat into three equal divisions. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Compound Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents the second subdivision of the beat in compound meter. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Compound Meter
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit introduces more complex subdivisions of the beat in compound meter that are found in tonal music. Examples are given in a variety of keys, and assessment tools are included.
Classical-Style Compositions
Authors: Houlahan Micheál , Tacka Philip
Published: February 2023

This unit presents literature from the Classical style period for sight-reading.
Democracy
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

What makes democracy good? Does democracy promote peace and stability or cause dangerous division? Does democracy enlighten and ennoble us or make us angry and irrational? Does democracy make wise or foolish choices? Does democracy enhance our freedom, or does it make the majority our master? Does democracy create equality or is democratic equality an illusion? These questions have animated Western thought for 2,500 years. In this engaging work, leading democratic theorist Jason Brennan provides a curated, guided tour of the most important arguments for and against democracy, looking through the core values of stability, virtue, wisdom, freedom, and equality. The goal is to help readers understand what is really at stake in democracy and its alternatives. Democracy: A Guided Tour will give students, casual readers, and experts alike a crash course on the most significant works in philosophy, political science, and economics in assessing the promises and perils of democracy.
Against Wisdom
Authors: Brennan Jason
Published: February 2023

This chapter considers and reviews arguments and evidence in favor of the view that democracies make foolish and unwise decisions. Plato argues that some people know better than others and that democratic bodies as a whole are incompetent. Justice requires that we do what is right, not what is popular. John Stuart Mill argues that democracy can lead to a class-based political system in which government serves the poor at the expense of the many. He defends a plural voting scheme on the grounds that it gives everyone a say but also is more reliable than pure democracy. Hayek argues that instead of asking whether democracy outperforms other political systems, we should instead ask whether some decisions should remain inside civil society or the market, because all governments are incompetent to make them. The chapter ends by considering the empirical evidence in contemporary political science that most citizens are extremely ignorant of and misinformed about basic and non-basic political information.
The Ideology of Competition in School Music
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This book explores competition as a structuring force in school music and provides critiques of that system from multiple philosophical and theoretical perspectives. Competition is seen by many music teachers, students, and supporters as natural and inevitable—something that is a taken-for-granted aspect of music education or an irresistible force, rather than a choice. The book uncovers this ideological nature of competition and examines its effect on student learning, teacher agency, and equity within music education. It considers ways in which music educators might reconsider the role of competition in their teaching practice and offers alternative frameworks for organizing school music.
Cynicism
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter seeks to determine how the competitive structure of school music persists, despite misgivings by music teachers, by arguing that many individuals have developed a “cynical distance” to the competitive system. This cynical distance allows one to express critique of the authoritative structure—to deny its usefulness, fairness, and claim to power over one’s practice—while simultaneously acting as if one accepts the authority of the status quo. The chapter argues that cynicism has become a primary mode of music teacher subjectivity within high-stakes competitive school music environments, mirroring the cynicism found among workers in all sectors in late capitalism. Cynical music teachers engage in a disavowal of the competitive structure which, paradoxically, allows that structure to maintain hegemony. Cynics believe they have direct access to a “true” and “authentic” praxis. This allows the cynic to relinquish responsibility for changing the system, leading to a “decaf” resistance—a resistance without risk or the possibility of real change.
The Lost Trophy
Authors: Powell Sean Robert
Published: February 2023

This chapter employs the “trophy” as a shorthand symbol for the objects that we pursue in order to fill-in the lack at the center of our subjectivity. As music teachers engaged in a competitive system, we may be literally pursuing trophies, but we could substitute many other “objects”: “first division rating,” “honor ensemble status,” “having the most students in all-state,” “beating the neighboring school,” “receiving a lifetime achievement award,” “obtaining the high-status job,” “performing that Grade 6 composition,” and so on. This unattainable or lost object is what psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan termed, within his idiosyncratic algebra, the objet petit a (or objet a). This is the object-cause of desire, the cause of desire itself rather than the object of desire (which is the concrete object that substitutes for this unattainable object). Objet a is a complex concept that evolved over the course of Lacan’s work. This chapter offers the “lost object” as a useful concept to help us understand the unrelenting desire at the heart of competition in music education
When Words Are Inadequate
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

This book is the first English-language, transnational history of modern dance written from and beyond the perspective of China. It contributes to the dance scholarship on the early to mid-twentieth-century global dissemination of modern dance, where China is typically missing, by recuperating the Chinese contributions to this movement. It also extends the horizon of China studies, where modern dance is largely missing, by rewriting the cultural history of modern China from a bodily movement–based perspective through the lens of dance modernism. The book examines the careers and choreographies of four Chinese modern dance pioneers—Yu Rongling, Wu Xiaobang, Dai Ailian, and Guo Mingda—and their connections to canonical Western counterparts, including Isadora Duncan, Mary Wigman, Rudolf von Laban, and Alwin Nikolais. Tracing these Chinese pioneers’ varied experiences in Paris, Tokyo, Trinidad, London, New York, and China’s metropolises and borderlands, it shows how they each contributed to, adapted, and ultimately reimagined the legacies of early Euro-American modern dance. In so doing, the book reinserts China into the multi-centered, transnational network of artistic exchange that fostered the global rise of modern dance and further complicates the binary conceptions of center/periphery and West/East. The book also explores the relationships between performance and representation, choreography and politics, and nation-building and global modernisms: by situating modern dance within an intermedial circuit of literary and artistic forms, it demonstrates how modern dance provided a kinesthetic alternative and complement to other sibling arts and participated in unique ways in China’s successive revolutions, reforms, wars, and political movements.
Transmediating Kinesthesia
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

Chapter 2 examines the life, career, and choreographies of Wu Xiaobang in Tokyo, Shanghai, and beyond in the 1930s and 1940s and his strategies to adapt the central European modern dance he learned in Japan into “China’s new dance.” The chapter leverages the conception of kinesthesia in modern dance, which refers to the contagious nature of bodily movement. The significance of kinesthesia in wartime China lies in its potential of transforming spectators offstage into quasi-participants of the performance onstage and thus blurs the distinction between the active performer(s) and the passive audience, which had political and practical implications for the role of modern dance in an age of total war and mass mobilization. Moreover, early modern dance often promoted kinesthesia as a bodily means to challenge the hegemonic system of language- and representation-based paradigms. However, Wu did not pit kinesthesia against language or narrative, but instead incorporated elements of these, along with properties of other artistic mediums, into his dance. This strategy of transmediation, called “reverse integration” here, was partly caused by the status of modern dance being a “latecomer” in the Chinese field of other more well-established modern art forms. It was also the result of the somewhat conflicting dual goals of modern dance in China—to position itself as a legitimate and independent urban high art on the one hand and, on the other hand, as a useful tool for mass enlightenment and mobilization during a time of national crisis, revolution, and total war.
Epilogue
Authors: Ma Nan
Published: February 2023

The “Epilogue” introduces Guo Mingda, a Chinese male modern dancer-choreographer and theorist. Guo left Republican China (1912–1949) for the United States in 1947, obtained his master’s degree in dance education from the University of Iowa (1947–1950), pursued a doctorate in dance education at New York University (1951–1954), learned various schools of Euro-American modern dance, studied dance and choreography with Alwin Nikolais (1910–1993) at the Henry Street Playhouse in New York for four years (1952–1955), and returned to socialist China in 1955. Guo translated, integrated, and reinterpreted histories and theories of various schools of modern dance and played an instrumental role in preserving the modern dance discourse in socialist China—during a time when modern dance was banned—and in reviving the genre in the Reform Era of the 1980s. Therefore, Guo’s modern dance endeavors provided an important “(anti-)American link” that connected the end of modern/new dance in China in 1960 and the genre’s resurgence in the early 1980s, with the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) in between.
What is Exploitation?
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

This chapter creates a classification schema of exploitation in the workplace by drawing upon the historical development of labor laws. This classification schema comprises five main components: (1) criminal infringements, (2) economic violations of wage and hour entitlements, (3) safety violations, (4) leave and other workplace entitlement violations, and (5) discrimination violations. The chapter then uses this schema to analyze data from the MWRD, finding that the vast majority of substantiated violations against migrant workers are economic (81%) but that the other four components are also present. Important points of difference also emerge across the jurisdictions. There are more safety violations in Canada than elsewhere and a far higher number of discrimination cases in Canada and England than in Australia or California. This chapter explores the differences across the jurisdictions and provides some data on differing case success rates across violation types.
“A Member of the Family”?
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

The chapter starts with the case of Binti Salim Udin, who was brought to the United Kingdom and worked in a household until, when accused of theft, she drank a bottle of drain-cleaning acid and destroyed her esophagus. She brought a series of criminal charges against the employer, which were dropped, and then proceeded with a claim for underpayment of wages. The case was appealed in Nambalat v. Taher & Anor.: Udin v. Pasha & Ors. (2012) EWCA Civ 1249, in which three migrant domestic workers, including Ms. Udin, failed in their challenge to their classification under British law as “members of the family” who need not be paid the national minimum wage. This chapter covers how women are subjected to different and, in some cases, graver forms of workplace harm than men. These include sexual assault and harassment, but also sex-based trafficking and exploitation in gendered work, such as domestic care work. Key gendered statistics from the MWRD are analyzed, including the prevalence of female litigants in some jurisdictions, their underrepresentation in others, the types of claims that women bring, and those claim types where they are underrepresented.
A Fatal Fall
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

In the case of R v. Metron Construction (2013) five migrant workers in the construction sector fell from a swing stage that was being used to build an apartment block in downtown Toronto. Four were killed, the other rendered a quadriplegic. The company, Metron Construction, faced first civil, then criminal charges, and, ultimately, the second-in-charge manager was imprisoned for industrial manslaughter (R v. Kazenelson 2018). The case raises important issues about workplace safety and training for migrant workers, the precariousness of visa status in the construction industry, and challenges in proving the causal link between employers’ behavior and their liability for migrant workers’ injuries. More broadly, this chapter looks at how the occupational sector in which migrants are employed affects their workplace rights and the role played by government bodies in preventing such injuries. These issues are explored and data from the MWRD are presented, arranged according to International Standard Classification of Occupations groupings.
Labor Rights or Immigration Enforcement?
Authors: Boucher Anna K.
Published: February 2023

In the seminal case of Hoffman Plastic Compounds Inc. v. NLRB (2002), Jose Castro, an undocumented Mexican migrant worker employed in Hoffman Plastics, a PVC factory in Orange County, California, sought back payment following unfair dismissal for trade union organizing. This case was eventually litigated all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where, by a slim majority, the Court found that those without visa status were not entitled to enforce back pay under the National Labor Relations Act because this would be in conflict with restrictions against illegal immigration status under the Immigration Reform and Control Act. The case provides a useful lens for understanding the tension between labor and immigration regulation, not only in California but in all four countries examined in this book. The MWRD includes workers without visas and migrants working illegally (such as tourists) or working with lapsed visas; these data are analyzed in this chapter that considers the underrepresentation of undocumented workers as claim-makers.
Celestial Venus, Caesar’s Victories, and the Julian Calendar
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Cicero continued to deal with the problems stemming from the controversial decision he had taken at the end of his consular year, 63 b.c. He suffered exile in 58–57 b.c., and then had to decide within the following decade whether to support Caesar or Pompeius Magnus in their civil war. Caesar, perhaps influenced by Cicero’s invocation of the planet Jupiter in the poem he wrote about his consular year, seems to have found support in the appearance in the sky of Venus, his divine Julian ancestor, in her celestial manifestation during his final conflicts with Pompeius Magnus and his supporters, at his quadruple triumph, and at the dedication of his Temple of Venus Genetrix.
Antonius, Octavianus, and the Egyptian Mathematicus
Authors: Lewis Anne-Marie
Published: February 2023

Antonius and Octavianus remained rivals after the deification of Caesar on the Kalends of January, 42 b.c. and the battles at Philippi that took place later in the same year in October 42 b.c., but both of them had a common political interest in maintaining the triumvirate with Lepidus. They also became brothers-in-law and associated with each other in social activities outside of politics. During this period of uneasy detente, Antonius received a troubling forecast from an Egyptian mathematicus who suggested that Antonius was inferior to Octavianus. It is most likely that the mathematicus based his prognosis on a comparison of the geniturae (natal horoscopes) of the two men.
Social Inclusion in Contemporary British Conservatoires
Authors: Porton Jennie Joy
Published: February 2023

This chapter discusses contemporary British music conservatoires and their practices, as experienced from the perspectives of alumni. Specifically, the discussion centers around the issue of social background in relation to class, and the social dimensions of pedagogy and learning, and how social position in wider society affects alumni experience of educational practices. This chapter demonstrates that alumni’s social backgrounds are intrinsically interwoven with their notions of self- and musical identity. It examines how social background impacts higher education experiences and how feelings of inequality are exacerbated by institutional practices. Qualitative data gathering was undertaken via interviews with 20 conservatoire alumni reflecting attendance dates spanning 1990 to 2018, representing seven institutions across England and Wales. Applying the lens of Stuart Hall and Pierre Bourdieu, a cultural and class-based analysis of the ethnographic data was generated. Ultimately, this study shows that conservatoires have typically underestimated the impact of their practices on musicians’ identity formation.
(Un)settling Institutional Hegemony
Authors: Kolbe Kristina
Published: February 2023

This chapter explores some of the challenges that diversity strategies in classical music institutions in the “West” can entail and hopes to offer constructive perspectives for those working toward equality and social justice in the cultural sector. Drawing on ethnographic and interview data gathered through a year-long qualitative study of a diversity project initiated at a German opera house, the author teases out the contingencies of diversity discourses as they become institutionalized in the cultural production process. The chapter documents that this ambivalent process can indeed offer a critical lens through which to address and challenge classical music’s white elitism, while it simultaneously also risks reproducing racialized and classed inequalities. To harness the disruptive qualities of diversity discourses in favor of actual institutional and social change, the author argues that it is pivotal to fundamentally rethink the standardized production logics that have been entrenched in the “Western” classical music sector.
Staging a Loose Canon
Authors: Vincent Caitlin
Published: February 2023

Opera companies face a unique challenge in the 21st century: how to stage historical works in the face of modern-day cultural norms. Many companies rely on opera’s long-standing staging practices—including blackface and yellowface—for productions of canonical operas. Yet, as questions of racism and sexism come to the fore in the cultural sector, opera’s reliance on both historical repertoire and traditional staging practices is under increased scrutiny. This chapter considers the degree to which companies find themselves in an ideological conflict between operatic tradition and contemporary social expectations. This chapter examines how the nature of the operatic canon and the resulting rift between different audiences is forcing companies to address the artform’s institutionalized racism and misogyny. Drawing on examples of recent productions, it describes three strategies employed by companies in order to resolve the problematic elements of canonical works: (1) revision or reinterpretation, (2) education and contextualization, and (3) casting.
Creolization, Mixing, and Plurality
Authors: Kendall Hannah
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Christina Scharff interviews composer Hannah Kendall about her career trajectory, recent compositions, and views on the lack of diversity in the field of classical music. Hannah Kendall begins by telling us about the wider, structural reasons that would have almost prevented her from pursuing composition and the work on equity, diversity, and inclusion she did while pursuing her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in the UK. Currently doing a PhD (DMA/doctorate) in composition at Columbia University in the City of New York (USA), Hannah Kendall discusses her recent work and the ways in which it engages with the current political moment, as well as taking up wider issues around creolization, “mixing-up,” and plurality. She shares her views on the shift toward “diversity” in the classical music field, the effect the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the classical music sector, and advice for activists/musicians who want to make change.
The New “Yellow Peril” in “Western” European Symphony Orchestras
Authors: Kawabata Maiko
Published: February 2023

The “Yellow Peril”—a term referring to the historical racist phobia of invasion by foreigners, specifically East Asians—also describes a current problem among professional Western European orchestras. Interviews with ethnically Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese musicians reveal that bullying, microaggressions, and discrimination occur in a range of settings from conservatoires to auditions, rehearsals, concerts, and tours. The reasons why the pervasive stereotypes of the soulless automaton or the perpetual outsider persist ultimately appear to be structural: the deeply entrenched Eurocentric hypocrisy that the “universal” language of classical music belongs exclusively to white people reflects a white supremacist ideology. While US scholars (Yoshihara, 2007; Yang, 2014; Wang, 2015) have documented racism against East Asian and Asian-American classical musicians, Yellow-Perilism in Berlin, London, or Vienna has received less attention in academic literature. Acknowledging existing inequality is a necessary first step if orchestras are to become truly more diverse and inclusive.
On Leaving Classical Music
Authors: Gray Anthony
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews Anthony Gray about racism in classical music in the UK, which over time led to his decision to leave the classical music sector. Anthony describes training at a music conservatoire and the experiences that led to him becoming aware of his Black identity within this space. Subsequently, working in education and outreach for major classical music institutions, he describes the microaggressions, racism, and lack of solidarity from colleagues that he experienced. Anthony reflects on the lack of activism in classical music compared to the theater world, where he now works, which has seen more active demands for change. Overall, he describes the hierarchical world of classical music as one where people have to fit in to existing structures, or get out—and for him, there was no option other than to get out.
(Dis)orient Yourself!
Authors: Ryan Eleanor
Published: February 2023

How does whiteness inform ways of being in classical music? How does it orient practice and how might its modes of control and containment be disoriented? This chapter reports on whiteness as an ontology entangled within the author’s practices as a white classical musician teaching and performing in Trinidad. Writing autoethnographically, the author analyzes the formation of white musical subjectivity and incidents from working life through the lens of critical race and decolonial theory to explore the affective and discursive powers of whiteness and how these emerge as embodied performances. The author argues that the reflexivity of critical autoethnographic research is effective in disorienting whiteness, but that to challenge white ontologies it is necessary to both engage in critique of the discourse surrounding classical music, and disrupt the recursive nature of music pedagogies to reorientate classical music as a space for all bodies.
Everyday Bridges
Authors: Ponchione-Bailey Cayenna
Published: February 2023

“Everyday Bridges” provides a glimpse into some of the challenges faced by a conductor working to promote social justice within and through mainstream orchestral performance. It explores ways the author has met those challenges, in particular acting as a bridge between the conventions and expectations of orchestral practices and the people and ideas that are not yet part of these everyday routines. Through the example of a commissioning project from 2017, insight is given into the extra time, money, skills, and emotional labor often required to produce concerts that veer even slightly away from the conventional practices that facilitate the efficient functioning of our modern-day orchestra industry. This chapter is a behind-the-scenes peek into what is often required to try to make positive change in the orchestra sector, concert by concert.
Changing Classical Music from the Inside
Authors: Nwanoku Chi-chi
Published: February 2023

In this chapter, editor Anna Bull interviews Chi-chi Nwanoku about her experience of being a Black classical musician based in the UK and how this led to her founding the Chineke! Orchestra. Chi-chi describes the challenges that this has involved, but also the reasons why it is important and the progress that has been achieved. She talks about Chineke!’s work in bringing composers of color into the classical music canon and in changing the concert experience—changes that are rippling out into the orchestra world more widely. Overall, she emphasizes how important it is that musicians of color and People of Color feel that classical music belongs to them, and that they are the purveyors of this music.
Reflecting on the Work of Gender Relations in New Music
Authors: Farnsworth Brandon , Lovell Rosanna
Published: February 2023

This chapter gives an overview of key actions by the activist group Gender Relations in New Music, which advocates for increased gender equality and intersectional diversification in contemporary classical music (CCM). The chapter describes this particular group’s activities, which have included creating statistics, organizing events, protesting actions, and connecting interested people in this still disparate area of CCM. Through a retrospective analysis of these actions collectively, the article argues that strategies of relationality and coalition-building have made GRiNM’s critiques of CCM institutions unique, and have gradually both adapted themselves and informed the evolving discourse around the diversification of contemporary music.