bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VICTORIAN POLITICS AND POLITICS OVERSEAS
Authors: MIDDLETON ALEX
Published: October 2020

This review explores recent historiography on the international and imperial dimensions of nineteenth-century British politics. In particular, it charts historians’ attempts to assess how British engagement with politics overseas – in Europe, the empire, and the ‘rest of the world’ – helped to shape domestic political structures, cultures, and ideologies. While concentrating mainly on studies produced during the last twenty years, the review also affirms the continued relevance of work from before the turn of the century, and suggests that some of the most compelling approaches to connecting ‘domestic’ and ‘international’ politics may lie in older historiography. It proposes also that political historians might engage more closely with relevant scholarship by intellectual historians and historians of political thought.
Fermentation profile, microbial populations, taxonomic diversity and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages based on Cactus and Gliricidia
Authors: Santos F. N. S. , Santos E. M. , Oliveira J. S. , Medeiros G. R. , Zanine A. M. , Araújo G. G. L. , Perazzo A. F. , Lemos M. L. P. , Pereira D. M. , Cruz G. F. L. , Paulino R. S. , Oliveira C. J. B.
Published: October 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cactus (Opuntia spp) levels in total mixed ration silages based on Cactus and Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud) on the fermentation profile, microbial populations, aerobic stability and taxonomic diversity. The completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 4 factorial design with four replications, being four rations with different levels of Cactus (15, 30, 45, 60% based on the dry matter) and four opening periods (0, 15, 30 and 60 days of fermentation). An interaction effect (P < 0.050) was observed among the diets and opening times for mould and yeast populations. An interaction effect for the levels of acetic acid was observed, where the diets 15, 30, 45 and 60% showed higher values at 60 days (0.44, 0.41, 0.35 and 0.40 g/kg DM, respectively). A significant difference was observed for the richness and diversity index (Chao1 and Shannon). The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and the genera Lactobacillus and Weissella. Cactus can be added in total mixed ration silages up to the level of 60% in a way that it positively affects the qualitative indicators of the silages, modulating the taxonomic communities and allowing the predominance of important groups for preservation of the ensiled mass.
Reading Resistances in Ralph Waldo Emerson and José Martí
Authors: TAYLOR ANDREW
Published: October 2020

This article takes as its starting point a consideration of the ways in which the ideological methodology of “New Americanist” criticism has closed off possibilities of reading that might choose to value ambiguity, contradiction, and excess – elements which militate against the discursive neatness of critique. In readings of Ralph Waldo Emerson and José Martí, I argue that resolutely politicized interpretations of Emerson fail to do justice to the unstable texture of his prose. In turn, Martí's writing about the United States is more uneven, surreal and excessive than a straightforward account of postcolonial resistance allows. Both Emerson and Martí exhibit a discursive flexibility that puts pressure on readings driven by inflexible ideological parameters seeking to position both men within frameworks of political quietism and postcolonial revolution respectively. I explore how the idea of revolution is imagined by Emerson in ways that run counter to our more conventional understanding of political transformation. To be sure, Martí's revolutionary actions in the cause of Cuban independence were tangible in ways that Emerson could never have countenanced for himself; nevertheless Emerson's understanding of resistance as differently located and performed provoked in Martí a high, and consistent, degree of sympathy.
A qualitative examination of men’s participation in contraceptive use and its barriers in Tehran
Authors: Bagheri Reyhaneh , Shuib Rashidah , Karupiah Premalatha , Farvid Panteá , Khalajabadi-Farahani Farideh
Published: October 2020

From 1989 to 2014, Iran was known as a country with a successful family planning programme, and has experienced a sharp decline in fertility over recent decades. This led to the introduction of pronatalist policies in 2014 and the restriction of family planning services. The aim of this study was to explore men’s views on their access to contraceptive information and services and the socio-cultural barriers to such access in Tehran. The qualitative study was conducted in 2014 using in-depth interviews with 60 married men of varying ages and socioeconomic status from across Tehran. The data were analysed with a basic interpretive approach using MAXQDA10. Although the majority of the men acknowledged the importance of family planning and contraceptive use, they reported that their access to contraceptive information and services was limited. Discussion of sexual matters and contraception among men was identified as being somewhat embarrassing. Three main issues were identified: (1) men’s poor awareness of contraceptive use; (2) men’s poor access to high-quality health care services; and (3) cultural taboos and gender norms as barriers to contraception use by men. Socio-cultural and gender norms were found to significantly affect the men’s contraceptive use. The study results support the growing call for gender-transformative approaches to family planning and reproductive health service delivery in Iran, to involve men and facilitate their greater participation.
Computed tomographic analysis of the prevalence of International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cells and their association with frontal sinusitis
Authors: Seth N , Kumar J , Garg A , Singh I , Meher R
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To determine the radiological prevalence of frontal cells according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification in patients undergoing computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses for clinical symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis, and to examine the association between cell classification and frontal sinusitis development.

Methods

A total of 180 (left and right) sides of 90 patients were analysed. The prevalence of each International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cell was assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the distribution of various cells in patients with and without frontal sinusitis.

Results

The agger nasi cell was the most commonly occurring cell, seen in 95.5 per cent of patients. The prevalence rates for supra agger cells, supra agger frontal cells, supra bullar frontal cells, supra bullar cells, supra-orbital ethmoid cells and frontal septal cells were 33.3 per cent, 22.2 per cent, 21.1 per cent, 36.1 per cent, 39.4 per cent and 21.1 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of any of the cell types in patients with frontal sinusitis compared to those without (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The presence of any of the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cells was not significantly associated with frontal sinusitis.
Why Is It So Difficult to Reform Collective Labour Law? Associational Power and Policy Continuity in Chile in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Pérez Ahumada Pablo
Published: October 2020

Since Chile returned to democracy in 1990, centre-left governments have tried to reform the provisions on collective bargaining, strikes and unions established by the Pinochet dictatorship. Between 2015 and 2016 President Michelle Bachelet made the latest attempt to reform them. Despite favourable conditions, the changes were modest. This article explains why this is so. Drawing upon the notion of ‘associational power’ and through comparisons with labour reforms in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, this article suggests that the imbalance between workers’ and employers’ collective power is key for explaining why pro-labour reforms fail.
Protein metabolism and related body function: mechanistic approaches and health consequences
Authors: Tomé Daniel , Benoit Simon , Azzout-Marniche Dalila
Published: October 2020

The development and maintenance of body composition and functions require an adequate protein intake with a continuous supply of amino acids (AA) to tissues. Body pool and AA cellular concentrations are tightly controlled and maintained through AA supply (dietary intake, recycled from proteolysis andde novosynthesis), AA disposal (protein synthesis and other AA-derived molecules) and AA losses (deamination and oxidation). Different molecular regulatory pathways are involved in the control of AA sufficiency including the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, the general control non-derepressible 2/activating transcription factor 4 system or the fibroblast growth factor 21. There is a tight control of protein intake, and human subjects and animals appear capable of detecting and adapting food and protein intake and metabolism in face of foods or diets with different protein contents. A severely protein deficient diet induces lean body mass losses and ingestion of sufficient dietary energy and protein is a prerequisite for body protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle, bone and other lean tissues and functions. Maintaining adequate protein intake with age may help preserve muscle mass and strength but there is an ongoing debate as to the optimal protein intake in older adults. The protein synthesis response to protein intake can also be enhanced by prior completion of resistance exercise but this effect could be somewhat reduced in older compared to young individuals and gain in muscle mass and function due to exercise require regular training over an extended period.
Data-driven cognitive phenotypes in subjects with bipolar disorder and their clinical markers of severity
Authors: Rabelo-da-Ponte Francisco Diego , Lima Flavia Moreira , Martinez-Aran Anabel , Kapczinski Flávio , Vieta Eduard , Rosa Adriane Ribeiro , Kunz Maurício , Czepielewski Leticia Sanguinetti
Published: October 2020

Background

Subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) show heterogeneous cognitive profile and that not necessarily the disease will lead to unfavorable clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify clinical markers of severity among cognitive clusters in individuals with BD through data-driven methods.

Methods

We recruited 167 outpatients with BD and 100 unaffected volunteers from Brazil and Spain that underwent a neuropsychological assessment. Cognitive functions assessed were inhibitory control, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, working memory, short- and long-term verbal memory. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis to determine and confirm cognitive clusters, respectively. Then, we used classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to determine clinical and sociodemographic variables of the previously defined cognitive clusters.

Results

We identified three neuropsychological subgroups in individuals with BD: intact (35.3%), selectively impaired (34.7%), and severely impaired individuals (29.9%). The most important predictors of cognitive subgroups were years of education, the number of hospitalizations, and age, respectively. The model with CART algorithm showed sensitivity 45.8%, specificity 78.4%, balanced accuracy 62.1%, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.61. Of 10 attributes included in the model, only three variables were able to separate cognitive clusters in BD individuals: years of education, number of hospitalizations, and age.

Conclusion

These results corroborate with recent findings of neuropsychological heterogeneity in BD, and suggest an overlapping between premorbid and morbid aspects that influence distinct cognitive courses of the disease.
Personality disorders and cause-specific mortality: a nationwide study of 2 million adolescents
Authors: Tiosano Shmuel , Laur Lucian , Tirosh Amir , Furer Ariel , Afek Arnon , Fink Noam , Derazne Estela , Tzur Dorit , Fruchter Eyal , Ben-Yehuda Ariel , Bader Tarif , Amital Howard , Szklo Moyses , Weiser Mark , Twig Gilad
Published: October 2020

Background

Personality disorders are prevalent in 6–10% of the population, but their risk for cause-specific mortality is unclear. The aim of the study was to assess the association between personality disorders diagnosed in late adolescence and all-cause as well as cause-specific (cardiovascular-related, external-related) mortality.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal study on a historical prospective cohort based on nationwide screening prior to recruitment to the Israeli army. The study participants were 16–19-year-old persons who attended the army screening (medical and cognitive, including screening for psychiatric disorders) between 1967 and 2006. Participants were followed from 1967 till 2011.

Results

The study included 2 051 606 subjects, of whom 1 229 252 (59.9%) were men and 822 354 (40.1%) were women, mean age 17.36 years. There were 55 508 (4.5%) men and 8237 (1.0%) women diagnosed with personality disorders. The adjusted hazard ratio (HRs) for coronary, stroke, cardiovascular, external-related causes and all-cause mortality among men with personality disorders were 1.34 (1.03–1.74), 1.82 (1.20–2.76), 1.45 (1.23–1.71), 1.41 (1.30–1.53) and 1.44 (1.36–1.51), respectively. The absolute rate difference for all-cause mortality was 56.07 and 13.19 per 105person-years among men and women, respectively. Among women with personality disorders, the adjusted HRs for external-related causes and all-cause mortality were 2.74 (1.87–4.00) and 2.01 (1.56–2.58). Associations were already evident within 10 years of follow-up.

Conclusions

Personality disorder in late adolescence is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, external- and all-cause mortality. Increased cardiovascular mortality is evident before the age of 40 years and may point to the importance of lifestyle education already in youth.
Designing collaborative governance that is fit for purpose: theorising policy support and voluntary action for road safety in Sweden
Authors: Hysing Erik
Published: October 2020

Collaboration has become a key element of governments’ efforts to address complex policy problems as well as of attempts to revitalise democracy. Depending on what public agencies want to achieve by engaging in collaboration – whether collaboration is intended to gain support for public policymaking, induce voluntary actions by stakeholders, or something else – collaborative governance will have to mean very different things. Collaborative governance needs to be made fit for purpose. Drawing on the literature and a case study of road safety governance in Sweden, the article theorises on the interplay between strategic purpose and institutional design in collaborative governance and shows how two types of strategic purposes – policy support and voluntary actions – determine appropriate choices of institutional designs. This generates important insights that contribute to understanding institutional diversity and factors important to the success or failure of collaborative governance, and can aid practitioners who are designing collaborative forums within various policy fields.
The Relevance View: Defended and Extended
Authors: Mann Kirsten
Published: October 2020

The Relevance View, exemplified by Alex Voorhoeve's Aggregate Relevant Claims, has considerable appeal. It accommodates our reluctance to aggregate weak claims in canonical cases like Life for Headaches (where one person's claim to life-saving treatment competes with millions of claims for headache relief), while permitting aggregation of claims in a range of other cases. But it has been the target of significant criticism. In an important recent paper, Patrick Tomlin argues that the view suffers from failures of internal logic, violating plausible consistency constraints and generating incoherent combinations of verdicts on cases. And in cases resembling real-world healthcare allocation problems, Tomlin argues that the view offers no guidance at all. In response, I argue that the internal logic of the Relevance View is sound, and the view's core principles, suitably clarified, support a significant extension of the view beyond the simple cases to which it is typically applied.
Enhancing the potential effects of text messages delivered via an m-health intervention to improve packing of healthy school lunchboxes
Authors: Brown Alison , Sutherland Rachel , Janssen Lisa , Hudson Nayerra , Chooi Amelia , Reynolds Renee , Walton Alison , Lecathelinais Christophe , Reilly Kathryn , Nathan Nicole , Wolfenden Luke
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of different lunchbox messages on parents’ intention to pack a healthy lunchbox.

Design:

This study employed an experimental design.

Setting:

A series of messages were developed to align with the six constructs of the Health Belief Model. Messages were also developed that were (and were not) personalised and varied based on the source of the information provided (university, school, dietitian and health promotion service). During a telephone survey, participants were read the content of each message and asked about their intention to pack a healthy lunchbox.

Participants:

Parents of primary school-aged children were randomised to receive different messages to encourage the packing of healthy lunchboxes.

Results:

The study was completed by 511 parents. Linear mixed regression analyses identified significant differences (P< 0·05) in intention scores between variant messages targeting the same behavioural constructs for ‘susceptibility’, ‘severity’, ‘benefits’ and ‘barriers’ but not ‘cues to action’ or ‘self-efficacy’. The highest mean behavioural intention score was for ‘benefits’, whilst the lowest mean score was for ‘barriers’. There were no significant differences in intention scores of parents receiving messages from a dietitian, university, health promotion team or school (P= 0·37). Intention scores did not differ in which messages were personalised based on child’s name (P= 0·84) or grade level (P= 0·54).

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that messages that focus on the benefits of packing healthy lunchboxes may be particularly useful in improving intentions of parents to pack healthy foods for their children to consume at school.
Food insecurity measurement and prevalence estimates during the COVID-19 pandemic in a repeated cross-sectional survey in Mexico
Authors: Gaitán-Rossi Pablo , Vilar-Compte Mireya , Teruel Graciela , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To validate the telephone modality of the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA) included in three waves of a phone survey to estimate the monthly household food insecurity prevalence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.

Design:

We examined the reliability and internal validity of the ELCSA scale in three repeated waves of cross-sectional surveys with Rasch models. We estimated the monthly prevalence of food insecurity in the general population and in households with and without children and compared them with a national 2018 survey. We tested concurrent validity by testing associations of food insecurity with socio-economic status and anxiety.

Setting:

ENCOVID-19 is a monthly telephone cross-sectional survey collecting information on the well-being of Mexican households during the pandemic lockdown. Surveys used probabilistic samples, and we used data from April (n 833), May (n 850) and June 2020 (n 1674).

Participants:

Mexicans 18 years or older who had a mobile telephone.

Results:

ELCSA had an adequate model fit and food insecurity was associated, within each wave, with more poverty and anxiety. The COVID-19 lockdown was associated with an important reduction in food security, decreasing stepwise from 38·9 % in 2018 to 24·9 % in June 2020 in households with children.

Conclusions:

Telephone surveys were a feasible strategy to monitor reductions in food security during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Characteristics of successful primary school-based experiential nutrition programmes: a systematic literature review
Authors: Charlton Karen , Comerford Teagan , Deavin Natika , Walton Karen
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Diet and nutrition in childhood has been associated with the risk of chronic disease later in life. The aim of this review was to identify key characteristics of successful experiential nutrition interventions aimed to change nutrition-related cognitive and behavioural outcomes in primary schoolchildren.

Design:

A systematic literature review was undertaken using search terms (‘food security’, ‘school’, ‘nutrition’ and ‘program’) applied to five scientific databases (CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Academic Search complete), with outcomes defined as nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and/or dietary behaviours.

Participants:

Primary school-aged children exposed to interventions conducted, at least partially, on school grounds.

Results:

A total of 3800 articles were identified from the initial search and manual searching, of which sixty-seven articles were eligible for inclusion. Forty-two articles met the criteria of being successful, defined as achieving significant differences in outcomes of interest, accompanied by a demonstrated reach. Interventions included school gardens (n9), food provision (n5), taste testing (n8), cooking classes (n10) and multicomponent programmes (n10). Nutrition education (when combined with taste testing), cooking-related activities and gardening interventions increased children’s willingness to taste unfamiliar foods including new fruits and vegetables, improved their cooking and food preparation skills and increased nutritional knowledge.

Conclusions:

This review provides evidence that nutrition education programmes in primary schoolchildren that are experiential in nature are most likely to be successful if they include multiple strategies, have parental involvement and focus specifically on vegetable intake.
Rice cultivar response to sublethal concentrations of glyphosate and paraquat late in the season
Authors: McCoy Justin , Golden Bobby , Bond Jason , Dodds Darrin , Bararpour Taghi , Gore Jeff
Published: October 2020

Differential tolerance may be observed among rice cultivars with desiccant exposure events during rice reproduction and ripening. Five field studies were established at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS, to determine the effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of common desiccants across multiple rice cultivars. Rice cultivars in the study were ‘CLXL745’, ‘XL753’, ‘CL163’, ‘Rex’, and ‘Jupiter’. Desiccant treatments included no desiccant, paraquat, or glyphosate and were applied at the 50% heading growth stage respective to cultivar. Differential injury estimates among cultivars and desiccant treatments was observed when glyphosate or paraquat was applied at 50% heading. Injury from glyphosate at 50% heading was nondetectable across all cultivars. However, injury following paraquat applications was >7% across all rating intervals and cultivars. Hybrid cultivars exhibited less injury with paraquat applications than the inbred cultivars in the study. Rice following exposure to glyphosate or paraquat at 50% heading growth stage produced rough rice grain yield decreases ranging from 0% to 20% and 9% to 21%, respectively. Rough rice grain yield decreases were observed across all cultivars following paraquat exposure, and all inbred cultivars following glyphosate exposure. Across desiccant treatment, head rice yield was reduced in three of five cultivars in the study. When pooled across cultivar, paraquat applications cause a head rice yield reduction of 10%, whereas rice yield following glyphosate application remained >95%. Although differential tolerance among cultivars to paraquat or glyphosate exposure was observed, impacts on grain quality coupled with yield reductions suggests extreme rice sensitivity to exposure to sublethal concentrations of these desiccants at the 50% heading growth stage.
Ultraschall des Fusses (adaptiert nach SGUM-Richtlinien)
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio , Bianchi Stefano
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit wird die vereinfachte Ultraschallanatomie des Fusses erläutert. Hierbei werden die adaptierten grundlegenden Standardebenen nach SGUM-Richtlinien im Detail beschrieben und anhand einer Auswahl von hochauflösenden Ultraschall-Bildern illustriert. Fundierte Kenntnisse der sonografischen Anatomie sind unabdingbar, um Pathologien zu erkennen.
Assessment of Ground‐Based X‐Band Radar Reflectivity: Attenuation Correction and its Comparison With Space‐Borne Radars Over the Western Ghats, India
Authors: Das Subrata Kumar , Krishna U. V. Murali , Kolte Yogesh K. , Deshpande Sachin M. , Pandithurai G.
Published: October 2020

Reflectivity measurements from X‐band ground‐based radar (GR) are assessed using observations from the Ku‐band space‐borne radars (SRs) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Measurement satellites as a reference. The GR is at Mandhardev (18.04°N, 73.86°E) in the Western Ghats region, and the evaluation period is from June to September of 2014 and 2018. At X‐band, the rainfall‐induced attenuation leads to significant signal loss. The rain attenuation correction of GR is performed based on the relationship between specific attenuation and reflectivity. Using T‐matrix scattering simulations, the specific attenuation and reflectivity are derived from the disdrometer data. Further, the systematic differences between reflectivity measured by GR and SR are minimized by performing the frequency scaling using scattering simulation. The comparison between corrected reflectivities of GR and SR is achieved by matching the resolution volumes and viewing geometry of both radars. The evaluation between corrected reflectivities of GR and SR shows reasonable agreement between them, indicating that the attenuation correction performs reasonably for GR. In rain regions, the GR bias lies between −2.6 and −1.8 dB for stratiform cases, while for convective samples, the GR bias varies from −2.4 to −0.7 dB relative to SR observations. The GR shows smaller reflectivity compared to SR at all heights. This study aims to implement the attenuation correction to long‐term X‐band radar data available in the Western Ghats region to study the orographic precipitation and convective system during monsoon.
An Estimation of Human‐Error Contributions to Historical Ionospheric Data
Authors: Dandenault Patrick B. , Dao Eugene , Kaeppler Stephen R. , Miller Ethan S.
Published: October 2020

Ground‐based radar sounders are used to characterize the dynamics and chemistry of Earth's upper atmosphere by using measurements of ionospheric peak electron density (NmF2) and its associated altitude (hmF2). Continuous sounder observations of the E and F regions of the ionosphere have been carried out regularly at dozens of stations worldwide since the midtwentieth century. A deep understanding of short‐ and long‐term upper atmospheric variability depends on a fundamental understanding of these observational data. The manual analysis of historical analog (predigital age) ionograms to derive the plasma frequency profiles and the ionospheric parameters hmF2 and NmF2 is a tedious procedure and susceptible to human error. In order to better understand this human error, a study is conducted in which ionograms from vertical sounders are manually scaled by a team of ionospheric researchers. The results of the study are then used to estimate the variability of the hand‐scaled ionospheric parameters foF2 and foE. Those results are then used to estimate the downstream impact on ionospheric models that use foF2 and foE as input. The results demonstrate that there can be large variability in the manual scaling of foF2 and fmaxE from vertical incidence ionograms. However, the participants did typically better than 5% uncertainty for benign ionograms. A long‐term analysis of hmF2 modeling exhibits low sensitivity to statistical errors imposed on foF2 and foE, but a short‐term analysis showed that modeled hmF2, neutral winds, and electron densities can be very different when small adjustments are made to foF2 and fmaxE.
Seasonal Error Component Analysis of the GPM IMERG Version 05 Precipitation Estimations Over Sichuan Basin of China
Authors: Tang S. , Li R. , He J. , Fan X. , Wang H. , Yao S.
Published: October 2020

An error decomposition method is used to analyze and track seasonal error sources of the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) Version 05 daily precipitation estimations, including Early‐, Late‐, and Final‐run products (IMERG‐DE, IMERG‐DL, and IMERG‐DF, respectively) over the Sichuan Basin of China from January 2016 to December 2018. The method decomposes the total errors into hit bias, missed precipitation, and false precipitation, which can be attributed to the satellite retrieval processes. Results show that in spring, all the estimations had serious overestimation in the northwest of the basin. The major error source is the hit bias of the intensity over 25 mm/day. In summer, the three IMERG estimations overestimated the precipitation in almost the entire Sichuan Basin, especially in the south and southwest. The principal determinants of the error sources are missed and false light precipitation (<25 mm/day), while hit bias and false precipitation are the leading error sources for the moderate precipitation (25–54 mm/day). In autumn, the IMERG‐DF's overestimation mainly comes from hit and false moderate precipitation (15–64 mm/day), while the underestimation of the IMERG‐DE and DL is mainly determined by missed and false precipitation of the precipitation less than 15 mm/day. In winter, the main contributors to the underestimation of the IMERG‐DE and DL estimations are missed and false lighter precipitation (<8 mm/day). However, the total errors of the IMERG‐DF are resulting from the three components canceling one another. Additionally, missed precipitation often takes place in the autumn and winter and false precipitation in summer and winter. The IMERG‐DL shows better error control of positive hit bias and false precipitation than do the other estimations in summer.
Framework of Forecast Verification of Surface Solar Irradiance From a Numerical Weather Prediction Model Using Classification With a Gaussian Mixture Model
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Takenaka Hideaki , Nohara Daisuke
Published: October 2020

A clustering and classification method using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to summarize and simplify meteorological data from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. Each horizontal grid in the integration domain of the NWP model is characterized by a feature vector, which consists of a multivariable with multiple pressure levels. All horizontal grids at every forecast time are classified based on the GMM clustering. The classification results show that grids are clustered into air masses or disturbances with the same meteorological characteristics. This paper describes application of the proposed classification method as a framework to verify the forecast of surface solar irradiance from the NWP model. Satellite observation data are used as the reference so that verification can be performed over the integration domain of the NWP model for each air mass or disturbance that moves and changes shape over time. The mean square error (MSE) is decomposed into the square of the mean error and the MSE between variables centered on zero, the square root of which is called the centered root mean square error (CRMSE). The analyses are performed for forecast data over a 2 day forecast horizon. The change in mean error is not significant until the second day, whereas the CRMSE is maintained only during the first day. Each air mass has a different forecast error structure. The proposed framework clarifies the structure of the forecast error of the surface solar irradiance.
Numerical Simulation‐Based Clarification of a Fluid‐Flow System in a Seafloor Hydrothermal Vent Area in the Middle Okinawa Trough
Authors: Tomita S. A. , Koike K. , Goto T. , Suzuki K.
Published: October 2020

Despite many studies on seafloor hydrothermal systems conducted to date, the generation mechanism of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) deposits is not yet fully understood. To elucidate this mechanism, this study clarifies the three‐dimensional regional temperature distribution and fluid flow of a seafloor hydrothermal system of the Iheya North Knoll, middle Okinawa Trough. Lateral flow and boiling of hydrothermal fluids below a caprock were the main features found by the simulation. A caprock formation generated by anhydrite precipitation and hydrothermal alteration is the most plausible cause of these features, because caprocks can increase the temperature and induce boiling of fluids by preventing seawater inflow. Such a formation also gradually makes the top of the conduit less permeable; thus, lateral flow occurs. Consequently, vapor‐rich hydrothermal fluids poor in metals are discharged from vents as white smokers, whereas liquid‐dominated hydrothermal fluids rich in metals flow laterally below the caprocks, forming subseafloor SMS deposits.
Impact of Assimilating Meteorological Observations on Source Emissions Estimate and Chemical Simulations
Authors: Peng Zhen , Lei Lili , Liu Zhiquan , Liu Hongnian , Chu Kekuan , Kou Xingxia
Published: October 2020

The impacts of assimilating meteorological observations on source emissions estimate and chemical simulations are investigated. Using 6‐hr Global Forecast System (GFS) analyses or cycling ensemble assimilation of meteorological observations have similar diurnal variations of source emissions. Compared to experiment without meteorological analyses, using 6‐hr GFS analyses provides stronger diurnal variations of SO2 and NO emissions, and cycling ensemble assimilation of meteorological observations further strengthens the diurnal variations. When independently verified against the observed PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 concentrations, simulation forced by posterior source emissions with 6‐hr GFS analyses produces smaller biases and errors than simulation forced by posterior source emissions without meteorological analyses. The biases and errors are generally further reduced with cycling ensemble assimilation of meteorological fields. Therefore, the advantages of cycling ensemble assimilation of meteorological observations to provide realistic meteorological fields and construct flow‐dependent uncertainties of meteorological fields for estimating source emissions and chemical simulations have been demonstrated.
Long‐Term Increase in Antarctic Ice Sheet Vulnerability Driven by Bed Topography Evolution
Authors: Paxman Guy J. G. , Gasson Edward G. W. , Jamieson Stewart S. R. , Bentley Michael J. , Ferraccioli Fausto
Published: October 2020

Ice sheet behavior is strongly influenced by the bed topography. However, the effect of the progressive temporal evolution of Antarctica's subglacial landscape on the sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) to climatic and oceanic change has yet to be fully quantified. Here we investigate the evolving sensitivity of the AIS using a series of data‐constrained reconstructions of Antarctic paleotopography since glacial inception at the Eocene‐Oligocene transition. We use a numerical ice sheet model to subject the AIS to schematic climate and ocean warming experiments and find that bed topographic evolution causes a doubling in ice volume loss and equivalent global sea level rise. Glacial erosion is primarily responsible for enhanced ice sheet retreat via the development of increasingly low‐lying and reverse sloping beds over time, particularly within near‐coastal subglacial basins. We conclude that AIS sensitivity to climate and ocean forcing has been substantially amplified by long‐term landscape evolution.
Solar Activity and Lunar Precessions Influence Extreme Sea‐Level Variability in the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Coasts
Authors: Valle‐Levinson Arnoldo , Martin Jonathan B.
Published: October 2020

Along the Atlantic coast of the United States, interannual sea‐level variations of up to 20 mm are superimposed regionally upon the global average sea‐level rise (~3 mm/year) from human‐caused global warming. These variations affect the degree of coastal flooding and related damage during the highest annual tides. Interannual sea‐level variations have been attributed to several atmospheric and oceanographic processes. In the present analysis, detrended tide gauge data isolate >5‐year interannual variations. These variations can be reliably reconstructed (>77% of the variance explained) with Fourier coefficients that have frequencies related to lunar orbit (nodal and apsidal precessions) combined with solar activity. Although a causal relationship between astronomical forcing and extreme sea levels remains elusive, the reconstructions may provide an effective method for projections of extreme sea levels. Two reconstructions project that anomalously high sea levels may occur in the late 2020s, mid‐2050s, early 2060s, early 2070s, and late 2090s.
InSAR Reveals Complex Surface Deformation Patterns Over an 80,000 km2Oil‐Producing Region in the Permian Basin
Authors: Staniewicz Scott , Chen Jingyi , Lee Hunjoo , Olson Jon , Savvaidis Alexandros , Reedy Robert , Breton Caroline , Rathje Ellen , Hennings Peter
Published: October 2020

Here we used Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data acquired between November 2014 to January 2019 to map how the basin's surface has deformed in response to fluid injection and extraction. While our stacking approach has low complexity, its accuracy increases with the Sentinel‐1 data volume. With an automated outlier removal algorithm, we achieved ∼2 mm/year accuracy across the basin in the presence of up to ±15 cm tropospheric noise. We observed numerous subsidence and uplift features near active production and disposal wells, with the maximum deformation rate occurring in 2018 when production peaked. The most important deformation signatures are linear patterns that extend tens of kilometers near Pecos, TX, where a cluster of increased seismic events was cataloged by the Texas Seismological Network (TexNet). Our elastic modeling results demonstrate that fluid extraction and dip slip along normal faults are potential causes for the observed seismicity and deformation patterns.
First Simultaneous Lidar Observations of Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Fe and Na (TIFe and TINa) Layers at McMurdo (77.84°S, 166.67°E), Antarctica With Concurrent Measurements of Aurora Activity, Enhanced Ionization Layers, and Converging Electric Field
Authors: Chu Xinzhao , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Xu Zhonghua , Yu Zhibin , Plane John M. C. , Gardner Chester S. , Ogawa Yasunobu
Published: October 2020

We report the first simultaneous, common‐volume lidar observations of thermosphere‐ionosphere Fe (TIFe) and Na (TINa) layers in Antarctica. We also report the observational discovery of nearly one‐to‐one correspondence between TIFe and aurora activity, enhanced ionization layers, and converging electric fields. Distinctive TIFe layers have a peak density of ~384 cm−3 and the TIFe mixing ratio peaks around 123 km, ~5 times the mesospheric layer maximum. All evidence shows that Fe+ ion‐neutralization is the major formation mechanism of TIFe layers. The TINa mixing ratio often exhibits a broad peak at TIFe altitudes, providing evidence for in situ production via Na+ neutralization. However, the tenuous TINa layers persist long beyond TIFe disappearance and reveal gravity wave perturbations, suggesting a dynamic background of neutral Na, but not Fe, above 110 km. The striking differences between distinct TIFe and diffuse TINa suggest differential transport between Fe and Na, possibly due to mass separation.
Contrasting Phase Changes of Precipitation Annual Cycle Between Land and Ocean Under Global Warming
Authors: Song Fengfei , Lu Jian , Leung L. Ruby , Liu Fukai
Published: October 2020

We report a land‐ocean contrast in the phase change of precipitation annual cycle in multimodel ensemble simulations as climate warms, with a robust delay over land (0–40°N/S) versus an advance (0–40°N/S) or no clear (0–25°N/S) phase changes over ocean. The robust delay over land is caused by the increased effective atmospheric heat capacity CA. Over ocean, the increased CA favors a phase delay, while the land‐ocean precipitation contrast during the peak rainy season favors a phase advance. The latter overwhelms the former and causes a seasonal advance over 0–40°N/S, while the two factors cancel out and result in no phase changes over 0–25°N/S. Under the atmospheric energetic constraint, the land‐ocean precipitation contrast in the peak rainy season is related to their opposite amplitude changes of surface temperature annual cycle: Seasonally different wind changes enhance the amplitude over ocean, while increased CA and surface cooling feedback reduce the amplitude over land.
Paleofire, Vegetation, and Climate Reconstructions of the Middle to Late Holocene From Lacustrine Sediments of the Toushe Basin, Taiwan
Authors: Huang Zhenhui , Ma Chunmei , Chyi Shyh‐Jeng , Tang Lingyu , Zhao Lin
Published: October 2020

We identified four climatic stages between 6.2 and 1.3 cal kyr before present (BP) based on pollen and charcoal concentrations by high‐resolution Accelerated mass spectrometer (AMS) 14C‐dated sediment profile from Taiwan's Toushe Basin. From 6.2 to 4.6 cal kyr BP, the region was warm‐wet with infrequent wildfires and dominant subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests. The climate was cooler‐drier from 4.6 to 3.0 cal kyr BP, with a decline in forest and increased fire frequency. From 3.0 to 2.1 cal kyr BP, climate further cooled and dried, with the development of alpine meadows and higher fire frequency. The region became warmer and wetter from 2.1 to 1.3 cal kyr BP, accompanied by forest recovery. Climatic changes were linked to changes in East Asia Summer Monsoon intensity, which is mainly controlled by solar radiation. Wildfires were likely controlled by precipitation variability that is influenced by East Asia Summer Monsoon and El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Toushe Basin experienced drought conditions and frequent wildfires during the El Niño years.
Analytical Fast Magnetosonic Wave Model Based on Observations of Van Allen Probe
Authors: Yao Fei , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Wang Dedong , Ouyang Zhihai
Published: October 2020

Based on observations of Van Allen Probe‐A during the period from 19 September 2012 to 28 February 2016, the relations of the fast magnetosonic (MS) wave amplitude Bw with kp index, the wave normal angle (WNA), and the wave normalized frequency (norF) are presented. Then, we establish an analytical regression model for MS wave amplitude as a function of geomagnetic storm activity (presented by kp index), L‐shell (L), magnetic local time (MLT), magnetic latitude (λ), and the characteristics of MS wave, that is, wave norF and WNA. From the analytical Bw models, we found MS wave amplitude Bw has a positive relation with the intensity of geomagnetic activities both inside and outside the plasmapause, while the Bw can reach higher values inside the plasmapause than it does outside the plasmapause as the kp index increases. The Bw distribution on the norF demonstrates that most of the wave energies are concentrated on the lower harmonics part, which results from the excitation mechanism of MS waves. In addition, the Bw distribution on the WNA shows that the waves with larger normal angles have higher values of wave amplitude. Our analytic MS wave model agrees with the observed distribution in 3‐D space of L, MLT, and λ well with high value of determine coefficient R2. The extended λ dimension will help us to calculate the more accurate bounced averaged diffusion coefficients during particles transit time.
CO2 Increase Experiments Using the CESM: Relationship to Climate Sensitivity and Comparison of CESM1 to CESM2
Authors: Bacmeister J. T. , Hannay C. , Medeiros B. , Gettelman A. , Neale R. , Fredriksen H. B. , Lipscomb W. H. , Simpson I. , Bailey D. A. , Holland M. , Lindsay K. , Otto‐Bliesner B.
Published: October 2020

We examine the response of the Community Earth System Model Versions 1 and 2 (CESM1 and CESM2) to abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO2 concentrations (4xCO2) and to 1% annually increasing CO2 concentrations (1%CO2). Different estimates of equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) for CESM1 and CESM2 are presented. All estimates show that the sensitivity of CESM2 has increased by 1.5 K or more over that of CESM1. At the same time the transient climate response (TCR) of CESM1 and CESM2 derived from 1%CO2 experiments has not changed significantly—2.1 K in CESM1 and 2.0 K in CESM2. Increased initial forcing as well as stronger shortwave radiation feedbacks are responsible for the increase in ECS seen in CESM2. A decomposition of regional radiation feedbacks and their contribution to global feedbacks shows that the Southern Ocean plays a key role in the overall behavior of 4xCO2 experiments, accounting for about 50% of the total shortwave feedback in both CESM1 and CESM2. The Southern Ocean is also responsible for around half of the increase in shortwave feedback between CESM1 and CESM2, with a comparable contribution arising over tropical ocean. Experiments using a thermodynamic slab‐ocean model (SOM) yield estimates of ECS that are in remarkable agreement with those from fully coupled Earth system model (ESM) experiments for the same level of CO2 increase. Finally, we show that the similarity of TCR in CESM1 and CESM2 masks significant regional differences in warming that occur in the 1%CO2 experiments for each model.
A Generalized Mixing Length Closure for Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux Schemes of Turbulence and Convection
Authors: Lopez‐Gomez Ignacio , Cohen Yair , He Jia , Jaruga Anna , Schneider Tapio
Published: October 2020

Because of their limited spatial resolution, numerical weather prediction and climate models have to rely on parameterizations to represent atmospheric turbulence and convection. Historically, largely independent approaches have been used to represent boundary layer turbulence and convection, neglecting important interactions at the subgrid scale. Here we build on an eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux (EDMF) scheme that represents all subgrid‐scale mixing in a unified manner, partitioning subgrid‐scale fluctuations into contributions from local diffusive mixing and coherent advective structures and allowing them to interact within a single framework. The EDMF scheme requires closures for the interaction between the turbulent environment and the plumes and for local mixing. A second‐order equation for turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) provides one ingredient for the diffusive local mixing closure, leaving a mixing length to be parameterized. Here, we propose a new mixing length formulation, based on constraints derived from the TKE balance. It expresses local mixing in terms of the same physical processes in all regimes of boundary layer flow. The formulation is tested at a range of resolutions and across a wide range of boundary layer regimes, including a stably stratified boundary layer, a stratocumulus‐topped marine boundary layer, and dry convection. Comparison with large eddy simulations (LES) shows that the EDMF scheme with this diffusive mixing parameterization accurately captures the structure of the boundary layer and clouds in all cases considered.