bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Event Detection and Drilling Processes Using High-Speed Downhole Telemetry and MPD Know-How
Authors: Johnson A. , Boucher M. , Pink S.
Published: February 2024

Objectives/Scope

The objective of this paper is to describe how high-speed downhole telemetry and technologies developed for managed pressure drilling (MPD) may be combined to overcome the limitations of conventional surface-based event detection systems. This paper will discuss equipment and control system considerations in the exposition of a downhole event detection system.

Methods/Procedures/Processes

An evaluation of high-speed downhole telemetry in the context of an MPD operation was performed, uncovering the limitations of conventional and MPD event detection systems. Using simplified fluids physics models, this paper describes how a surface-based event detection system is disadvantaged in identifying changing or deteriorating downhole conditions. Examples include cases of gas solution following an influx and undiagnosed wellbore instability events. Downhole event detection systems and methods, which aid in the early detection of the events, are shared along with a discussion of applications of MPD technologies in non-MPD wells.

Result/Observations/Conclusions

This paper is a demonstration of the shortcomings of conventional event detection approaches. Nearly all contemporary event detection systems are surface-based, consuming surface-acquired data. The drawback of this approach is that downhole events grow in magnitude or scope undetected until an instrument detects a change at the surface. This may allow the downhole conditions to significantly depart from what the rig crew thinks is happening based on what they can see at the surface.

By combining downhole high-speed telemetry technology and certain components developed for MPD operations, a downhole event detection system can compare measured values from downhole tools with expected values from an online model. The downhole measurements represent the well as it is, whereas the estimates represent the well from the surface vantage point. Deviation between these two viewpoints occurs during key contingency events, implying that a change has occurred downhole that cannot be physically measured at the surface. As such, a deviation alarm may be set, which is triggered significantly before any surface-based event detection systems. Detecting problems and responding to the well early is essential to reduce the occurrence and impact of unplanned events.

Novel/Additive Information

Other information is shared regarding event detection system design and integration with other systems onboard the rig. Visualizations that simplify the interpretation of downhole-acquired data are shared. Additional considerations for rig integration are also discussed.
Maturation of Challenging Narrow Upper Gharif Channel Reserves: a Case Study from Central Oman Fields
Authors: Alsalmi M. M. , Sabahi A. A.
Published: February 2024

Gharif Rocks primarily consists of fluvial and coastal clastic sediments. They are regionally overlain by the AlKhalta formation of glacial origin. They are Early to Late Permian (Akhdar Group) in age and spanned a depositional period of about 20 million years.

There are three main issues related to Upper Gharif reservoirs and those are: (1) Reservoir Prediction (2) Connectivity & (3) Compartmentalization. These uncertainties have big impact on development decisions including, well count, well spacing & water flood management in most fields.

In this case study, some of these complex stratigraphic trap systems are explained & the risks of development were mitigated by building multiple geological conceptual models & smart phased development.
A Low-Speed Wind Turbine: An Offshore Application for Operational Greenification
Authors: Sedaralit M Faizal
Published: February 2024

A fossil fuel is undergoing transitional era towards clean energy envision, reducing carbon footprint is one of top priorities. This is unlocking factor for license to operate (LTO) and continue production from fossil fuel as based energy source. Power generation from open burning combustion i.e., gas turbine generator (GTG) is no longer an option. Moving forward, rather to reduce the CO2 emission to meet net zero carbon emission (NZCE) by year 2050. One of ways to mitigate this GTG problem is by replacing fossil fuel, methane as a feedstock to clean energy derive from wind power. The harvesting of wind energy is not an easy task as Malaysia offshore region is known as low wind speed environment typically below 7 meter per second (m/s) with average of 2m/s (Asia wind association energy, 2023).

The use of normal wind turbine for low speed wind region is not suited best for this mission to produce energy. Low wind speed in this region is fall under class S. Therefore, a new scheme of technology is needed to cater such requirement. The technology is called low speed wind turbine, which able to generate and store power up-to 4 megawatt (MV). With this invention, capable to solve existing brownfield operational paint point for decarbonation effort. This paper showcasing a case study for offshore Sarawak, Malaysia.

An integrated approach is adopted for seamless development between green field and brownfield scopes. A green field development refers to wind turbine installation and power generation and storage. Meanwhile, for a brown field scope is defined as tie-in, platform modification and GTG replacement. The novelty of this project, the platform is located offshore with a total water depth around 60 meters, in which cost for substructure is one of considerably high for development. The wind turbine technique is moving away from the conventional of substructure jacket installation, instead adopted of a tension leg platform (TLP) concept; it is floating structure with mooring system. Of course, integration with TLP is a tall tower that reaches up to 180 meters height as stand to rotor and blades. This enables wind harvesting at maximum of wind energy for a duration of 365 days per annum. A total integrated energy management system (IEMS) plays significant roles, and this include energy storage and power-up including battery and control systems.
Experimental Investigation of Non-Chemical CO2 Microbubbles Eor Performance in Low-Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Jia Haowei , Yu Haiyang , Tang Huiting , Shi Jianchao , Tang Engao , Wang Yang
Published: February 2024

As a novel, economic, and environmentally friendly enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and carbon sequestration technology, non-chemical CO2 microbubble (MB) has potential applications in low permeability reservoirs. At present, there are only few studies available focusing on non-chemical MB EOR in low permeability reservoirs. Previous studies mainly focused on its storage efficiency in saline aquifers, and more research is needed to fully understand the EOR mechanism in low permeability. In this paper, the EOR performance and its mechanisms of non-chemical CO2 MB in low permeability reservoirs are experimentally investigated. For comparations, a series of CO2-based method were also included, such as CO2 injection, water altering gas and conventional foam.

The results demonstrate that CO2 MB has competitive EOR performance to conventional foam injection. The increment oil recovery of microbubbles on 2.23×10−3 μm2 and 9.46×10−3 μm2 rock samples are 11.74% and 19.59% original oil in place (OOIP), respectively. In parallel coreflood experiment, the MB increased oil recovery by 10.73% and 17.92% of OOIP on core samples with the permeability of 9.43×10−3μm2 and 2.25×10−3μm2, respectively. The CT imaging shows that the core sample has lots of residual oil zones due to microheterogeneity. After MB flooding, the average residual oil saturation of the core sample is reduced from 42.15% to 33.5% and the horizontal and vertical residual oil zones are eliminated. The results of this study comprehensively evaluated the feasibility and EOR performance of non-chemical CO2 MB in low permeability reservoirs. Overall, the results suggest that non-chemical CO2 MB is an efficient EOR method which has better displacement efficiency and conformance control ability than other CO2-based non-chemical EOR method (CO2 injection and WAG).
Mitigating Nonproductive Time: A Novel Algorithm for Dsl Fault Detection
Authors: Couto-Silva C. M. , Shetty S. , Olid-Gonzalez A. , Wallez G. , Chatelet V. , Kohar A.
Published: February 2024

Digital slickline (DSL) has been introduced to improve the efficiency of intervention operations in both onshore and offshore wells. DSL cables provide a real-time two-way-telemetry path between the acquisition system at the surface and the downhole sensors. Most nonproductive time (NPT) in DSL operations stems from telemetry issues due to cable faults despite the system's robustness. To address this, we developed a data-driven framework for identifying potential cable damage and its approximate location using the DSL logging telemetry data, including communication signals, pressure, and depth. We tested our method on 992 real-case downhole jobs across almost 30 countries. To validate our method, we compared the method predictions for 60 jobs with labeled potential faults (i.e., cable damage), reaching an accuracy of 98% when considering whether the job has a fault. Thus, our framework enhances cable management, reducing NPT and associated costs.
Biomethane Value Chain Enhancement: Development of a Digital Tool for Preliminary Techno-economic Evaluations and Sustainability Assessment
Authors: Abbate F. , Bosetti A. , Guidolin M. , Pinna R. S. , Dovico L. , Franco R. , Lacquaniti M. , Menegon S. , Zampato M.
Published: February 2024

"2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development" document has been assumed by the international community as the main guideline to be followed in order to ensure the undertaking of the path towards sustainability and the achievement of the sustainability target.

As an international energy company, Eni is heavily committed with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and is sponsoring various initiatives to achieve them.

Biogas production through anaerobic digestion as well as biomethane represent one of the main goals to be achieved in the bioenergy field. Energy transitions give biogas and biomethane the opportunity to gain a firmer foothold in global energy consumption. Biogas and biomethane start from a low base, but are the fastest-growing forms of bioenergy in both the STEPS and the SDS. Their combined market share in total modern bioenergy demand grows from 5% today to 12% by 2040 in STEPS and to 20% in SDS [21]

In this context, Eni (R&D, EniProgetti, DIT) developed an innovative and integrated tool which deals with chemical, engineering and digitalization topics related to feedstock-to-biomethane chain, called hereinafter "the Tool".

The Tool is a software suite able to perform technical/economical assessments of plants for transformation of feedstock into biomethane through anaerobic digestion (AD) and biogas upgrading processes. Its target users are represented by expert developers in charge of devising the most convenient plant configuration, considering plant requirements, efficiency, capital and operating costs.
Estimation of Gas Initial In-Place Utilizing Well Surface Data Via Supervised Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Ejaz Muhtashim , Mehmood Saad , Azeem Abdul , Hussain Sadam
Published: February 2024

Machine learning techniques are being implemented across many industries, including oil and gas, disrupting traditional workflows. The objective of this paper is to provide an effective, robust and an alternate data-driven methodology to estimate gas initial in-place utilizing well surface data. A machine leaning assisted workflow has been established to transform variable rate & wellhead pressure history into constant rate & pressure response, which is subsequently translated into flowing P/Z for in-place calculation.

The study concept is based on developing a relationship of flowing wellhead pressure (FWHP) against independent variables via supervised machine learning approach. Multiple linear regression algorithm (MLR) was adopted which models the linear relationship between a single dependent continuous variable and multiple predictor variables. In this study flowing wellhead pressure (FWHP) was modelled against gas rate and cumulative production. FWHP vs gas rate training was performed to establish FWHP response with changing gas rate reflecting well productivity, while FWHP vs cumulative production training was performed to determine FWHP reduction with depletion.

The methodology involved typical machine learning pipeline steps including data collection and cleaning, feature engineering, model training & tuning and model deployment. Feature engineering was the most critical step where representative variables were identified and manipulated to improve model prediction accuracy. The data set of each well was split into test/train set (~ 40/60%) and model accuracy was determined via R-squared technique. The best-fit model was then used to generate FWHP profile against constant gas rate, which was then transformed into flowing P/Z to calculate gas initial in-place GIIP.

The above procedure was performed on several gas producers. It was identified that FWHP was predicted with reasonable degree of accuracy when trained against feature set consistent for all wells, derived from gas rate and cumulative production. The initial gas in-place subsequently estimated was in line with conventional techniques in all cases validating the reliability of this approach. It was also identified that ~ 20-25% production data was adequate to develop robust ML model providing reliable GIIP estimates.

Conventional hydrocarbon initial-in-place estimation techniques require acquisition of downhole data resulting in frequent well shut-in and/or utilization of commercially available applications. The above explained machine learning approach provides equally reasonable in-place estimation utilizing merely surface data, reducing the requirement of extensive downhole acquisition.
Intelligent Solution for Auto-Detecting Lithology Scheme While Drilling by Machine Learning
Authors: Gamal Hany , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Abdulaziz Abdulaziz M.
Published: February 2024

Predicting the lithology type of drilled formation is a critical task in the drilling operations as it significantly affects the drilling program and the drilling operation's total cost. Hence, it is highly recommended to detect the lithology variation while drilling to be able to optimize the drilling parameters based on the penetrated lithology type. Currently, the lithology changes are estimated from the geological data and logs which are considered as operations limitations and drawbacks of this approach as cost and lag time. The current study proposes an intelligent machine learning solution for auto-detecting the formation tops and lithology types of drilled formations while drilling in real-time utilizing drilling surface data.

Machine learning techniques are technically employed for developing real-time prediction models for the drilled rock lithology from the surface rig sensor data as weight on bit, drillstring speed, hook load, mud pumping rate, torque, pumping pressure and rate, and rate of penetration as model input data to predict the drilled lithology class. Different ML techniques Decision Tree, K Neighbors Classifier, and Bagging Classifier were tested through the methodology to assess the computational power for classifying and auto-detecting the drilled lithology while drilling by feeding real-time drilling data to the models. The data set represents a complex lithology of five different drilled formations (dolomite formation, anhydrite, dolomitic limestone composition, limestone, and shale formation), while the dataset is utilized for training and testing purposes. The methodology approach presents a comprehensive layout for data collection, preprocessing, data statistics and analytics, feature engineering, model development and parameters optimization, and prediction performance evaluation.

The results showed a high prediction performance for the models for training and testing with an overall accuracy higher than 98 through detecting complex lithology schemes. Predicting the drilled formation's tops and lithology while drilling in real-time will provide a technical guide for optimizing the drilling parameters for better drilling performance and optimized mechanical-specific energy.
Field Trial Test to Minimize Flaring in Deepwater Gas Field
Authors: Kiertkul Suphawat , Yusoff Mohd Faizal
Published: February 2024

Block H consists of deepwater gas wells tie-back to FLNG via 1,830 meters of dual risers. During LNG plant upset, a minimum feed gas is required not only to supply fuel gas, but also to sustain the riser stability to prevent slugging and surge due to nature of dynamic gas flow in deepwater risers. The objective is to perform field trial tests to stretch the turndown limit to minimize flaring to environmental impact during process shutdown.

An OLGA model was revisited to run several cases below the design limit to review the well pressures, subsea pressures, liquid hold-up fraction profiles, total liquid hold-up profile in each subsea component as well as topside liquid arrival rates. A work instruction was practically developed for the field trial test to compromise the lower limit of the riser turndown against flow stability from the wellbore, XMT, flowlines, risers, all the way to Inlet receiving facilities at topside. A mitigation plan was prepared to prevent slugging flow and avoid operation interruption in overall system at topside facilities and subsea production system.

The results from the field trial test indicated a lower limit of the riser turn down could be as low as 50 MMSCFD for a period. A step reduction of 5MMSCFD feed gas from the turndown design limit of 70MMSCFD was performed to monitor dynamic flow behavior in the entire system to adjusted real-time process parameters. At the flow lowered than 60MMSCFD, an increase in liquid holdup at subsea and liquid levels at topside separators were observed, but manageable thru the level control valves in the separator integrated system and process control loops. However, at a flow rate lower than 50MMSCFD, an unstable flow in the one flowline was detected as well as instability at the wellbore. This is because each wellbore requires a minimum flow rate for deliquification. Besides, the multiphase flow regime in the riser section subsequently started to change from annular to churn flow and eventually became slugging flowing to the topside as liquid level at slug catchers and separators increased. The decision was to shut down one Rotan well and minimize the three wells from the field to ensure enough energy could sweep out liquid at the risers and flowlines while minimizing flaring during this period.

Optimizing flare requires a comprehensive approach considering various points of process parameters to avoid operation interruption. The compromise solution to sustain overall stability is to bring down the riser turndown rate as low as reasonably practical and leading to the flare reduction at downstream of Gas Metering system up to 20MMSCFD during the process shutdown. This reduced flare gas emission from the field to atmosphere around 3,033 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2022.
Development of a Mechanistic and Data-Driven Model for Multiphase Flow Leak Detection in Pipeline
Authors: Barooah Abinash , Khan Muhammad Saad , Rahman Mohammad Azizur , Hassan Rashid , Hassan Ibrahim , Sleiti Ahmad K. , Gomari Sina Rezaei , Hamilton Matthew
Published: February 2024

Prompt and reliable detection of pipeline leaks is vital for human safety, the economy, the environment, and corporate reputation. However, a simple mechanistic model for accurately predicting leak characteristics in different flow regimes is lacking. To fill this gap, a novel methodology was used to develop a multiphase flow leak detection model using only inlet and outlet parameters.

The gas-liquid two-phase leak mass flow rate, location, and size are computed through iterative processes in the upstream and downstream sections of the leak. Data sets were generated for a wide range of geometric (3 – 5 inch pipe diameter, 2000 – 10000 feet pipe length, 500 – 1500 feet leak location, 0.2 – 3 inch leak opening diameter), hydrodynamic (Newtonian, air, CO2, N2) and operating conditions (0.3 – 0.628 outlet liquid fraction). These data sets were utilized to develop contour plots and a data-driven model using statistical analysis based solely on the inlet and outlet parameters.

The results indicate that a change in total mass flow rate and pressure in the inlet and the outlet section of the leak can be a good indicator for determining the location and size of the leak. The effect of different pressure constraints, pipe length, pipe diameter, two-phase fluid rheology, leak diameter, leak location, outlet liquid volume fraction, and flowing liquid hold-up on leak size, pressure, and flow rate is analyzed. Decreasing the liquid fraction in the outlet section of the leak leads to a slight increase (6% average) in the inlet mass flow rate and a significant decrease (50% average) in the outlet mass flow rate for fixed pressure constraints, resulting in an increased leak flow rate, pressure, and density. Similarly, longer pipe lengths, bigger pipe diameters, heavier gas phase, and lower liquid fraction at the outlet have higher leak pressure for the same leak locations due to higher leak flow rate. Furthermore, contour plots revealed that identifying a leak near the pipe inlet is easier, although determining its size remains challenging. On the other hand, detecting a leak near the pipe outlet is more difficult, but assessing its size is comparatively easier. The developed data-driven showed good agreement with different literature data sets with a MAPE of less than 20%.

The mechanistic model's key advantage lies in its reliance on fundamental equations and physics, making it applicable to various operating conditions for field applications. Moreover, the data-driven model is straightforward and accurate, eliminating the need for complex simulations. This study has the potential to assist industries in determining leak location, size, and pressure using only the inlet and outlet parameters, without requiring multiple sensors along pipelines.
Use of Cellulosic Esters Derived from Coffee Ground Wastes as Sorbent Material for the Purification of Produced Water from Kuwaiti Oil Extraction Operations
Authors: Salem F. Al , Thiemann T. , Polouse V. , Alshamsi H. , Alaryani M. , Alshamsi M. , Selem B. , Youssef M. , Hasan S.
Published: February 2024

It has been noted that worldwide at least 6 million tons of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are generated annually. This is why a novel means of purifying produced water (PW) from oil production processes in Kuwait using biomass derived from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as a final step is under investigation. Cellulosic material gained from CGs is functionalized by esterification utilizing acetyl (C2) octanoyl (C8) or palmitoyl chloride (C16). The esterification is carried out to further augment the hydrophobicity of the torrefied, extracted SCG-cellulose to allow for the adsorption of oil and other lipophilic contaminants from the PW. Sorption properties of the thus derived cellulosic esters in combination with activated carbons are reported.
Synergistic Scale Inhibitor Blends for Severe Carbonate Scaling Systems
Authors: Johnston C. J. , Jordan M. M. , Vikshaland K. , Johnston M.
Published: February 2024

Control of inorganic sulphate and carbonate scales with polymer and phosphonate based scale inhibitors is well established within the oilfield chemical industry. The potential for synergistic interactions with blends of these chemical types to give reduced treatment rates, lower chemical discharge volumes and potentially lower treatment cost specifically for carbonate scale control and better energy efficiency, is less well understood.

This paper presents the selection and field trial application of such a synergistic blend designed to control severe scaling within produced fluid heaters on a North Sea platform, however this blend has the potential to be applied in other environments such as CO2 WAG production systems, heaters and heat exchangers, for example.

Inhibitor performance tests were carried out to evaluate inhibition of a range of single component inhibitors before blends of these chemicals were evaluated to try to reduce the inhibitor concentration required to control both calcium carbonate (saturation ratio, SR 550, mass 1100mg/l) and barium sulphate (SR 55, mass 450mg/l) scale formation.

For this challenging carbonate scale environment at high temperature (105°C), it was observed that a blend of a polymer (carboxylic acid functionalized polymer) and the currently applied phosphonate was more effective than either of the components by themselves, suggesting synergistic interaction.

Results from the initial field trial of the synergistic blend are presented with monitoring methods outlined to confirm that the formulation is as effective as the laboratory evaluated tests suggested.

The initial trial started at the incumbent product injection rate for 1 week with differential pressure across the topside heaters, fluid flow rate and fluid heating performance being trended to confirm scale control prior to a 20% reduction in treatment rate being applied for 1 week with a further reduction of 40% of the incumbent being applied for another 7 days prior to the full dose rate of the incumbent chemical being reinstated to allow full review of the trial results.

The methods outlined in this study demonstrate the potential to reduce chemical treatment rate, cost and environmental impact by evaluating the synergistic interaction of the current range of commercially available scale inhibitors and therefore eliminating the high registration costs and time associated with bringing a new molecule to market. This study also offers the potential for synergistic blends to be utilized to inhibit severe carbonate scales in challenging environments including extreme calcite scaling environments such as CO2 WAG production, high temperature topside heaters, alkaline surfactant polymer flooding and heat exchangers.
Performance Aspects of Water Quality in Disposal Wells
Authors: Alfakher Basil , Smith Kern , Alhamad Luai , Ulloa Joel
Published: February 2024

Water quality is one of the most significant variables that influence the injectivity in matrix disposal wells. Permeability reduction through water/rock interaction or pore throat blocking are two common mechanisms of injectivity loss. This paper investigates the relative contribution of fluid/water compatibilities, water/rock interactions and all of the other water borne contaminants on formation damage.

A series of systematic experiments were conducted to determine the most significant parameters contribution to potential formation damage mechanisms, their contribution to the cumulative damage, and possible treatment designs to restore core permeability. The proposed analytical workflow included a comprehensive characterization of potential injection water (both liquid and solids) utilizing advanced analytical techniques to characterize water quality in terms of salinity and solid organic and inorganic contamination such as ICP and XRD. In addition, coreflooding experiments were performed to quantify the impact of oil content, dissolved and suspended solids, and particle sizes on the injectivity loss as a function of time core plugs. Treatments to remove or bypass the damage to regain permeability were also investigated.

Experimental results uncovered the water parameters that contribute to formation damage such as water salinity, oil-in-water content, and suspended solids. The average particle size of the suspended particles was in the order of 10 microns. Coreflooding results indicate that the water severely damaged cores up to 42%, with permeability to air below 30 md. The water composition, along with the high total suspended solids played an important role in the damage observed in the lab experiments. Total suspended solids and scaling tendency of the water accounted for over 60% of the damage, with oil content for the remainder. Based on the analysis of the relative contribution of the various damage mechanisms, for low permeability (25 – 50 mD), the following water quality requirements would be recommended to best manage the loss of injectivity: oil in water content less than 100 ppm, total suspended solids less than 50 mg/L with an average particle solids size less than 5 microns.

In this paper, a systematic analytical workflow is investigated that provides methodology of screening water quality for injection purposes. The methodology can be adapted to different water sources for enhanced injectivity and disposal.
Developing a Novel Approach for Integrating and Blending an Effective Emulsion Viscosity Model
Authors: Tebbani A. , Rodriguez D. J. , Morrison G.
Published: February 2024

This paper aims to develop a new, effective emulsion viscosity model by researching various correlations available from open literature. The approach is to blend and adjust these correlations to create a robust model that better characterizes oil-continuous and water-continuous liquid mixtures. The scope of the work includes integrating a phase inversion point calculation and defining a blending method to ensure a smooth and continuous transition between pure liquid phases when estimating effective liquid emulsion viscosity.

The technique involved blending and adjusting six correlations for emulsion viscosity, yielding the effective viscosity for oil or water continuous regimes. A calculated inversion point obtained from a published correlation was used to determine the transition between the two regimes. The new model was run in real-time while testing an inline Multiphase Flow Meter (MPFM) at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in May 2023.

Robust characterization of effective liquid viscosity in emulsion systems is crucial for reliable multiphase metering, as it directly impacts the calculation of liquid and gas rates via the effective Reynolds number (Re). The results of this study highlight the practicality and robustness of this new emulsion viscosity ensemble model. The observed improvement of gas and liquid rates compared to the reference emphasizes the practical impact of this model in enhancing MPFM measurement accuracy.
Corrosion Inhibitor Optimization for Sweet Corrosive Gas Field Based on Flow Assurance Study, Inspection Review and Assessment of Corrosion Erosion Likelihood
Authors: Mitraningsih Farih , Kumalasari Reni Tri Puji
Published: February 2024

Corrosion Inhibitor (CI) has been injected as corrosion mitigation supplementing corrosion allowance (CA) of Carbon Steel (CS) piping and pipelines at Mahakam since gas fields development in 1990's. By CI, the piping and pipeline integrity is expected reaching 20-30years design life. CI is considered effective not only by decreasing the CO2 or sweet corrosion likelihood. According to flow assurance study (FAS) focused on corrosion erosion as discussed in detailed by API RP 14E, CI presence increases the threshold of liquid erosional velocity. Disregard the possibility of CI absorption by sand, solid erosion is also managed by similar approach. Furthermore, thousands of CI injection package has been installed, monitored and maintained for decades with control valve limitation to set minimum injection rate as 2 liter/day. Considering production profile fluctuation, particularly when high amount of water and sand coming after plateau period, the CI forecast increase significantly, equal to the injection packages maintenance frequency and injection package problems. In 2020's, where reservoir depletion happened, the study to reevaluate the necessity of CI injection is initiated with objective to optimize (stop) CI injection at some flow lines thus preventing excessive CI consumption and process incompatibility issue without jeopardizing flow lines and pipeline integrity status. This paper summarizes the methodology up to getting >50% cost optimization, which covering assessment of natural corrosion likelihood (NCL) as per empirical CO2 corrosion model and API RP 14E, actual corrosion likelihood (ACL) from corrosion coupon (CC) and remaining life assessment (RLA) and fitness for service (FFS) assessment on flow lines inspection result as per process piping design code ASME B31.3, piping inspection code API 570 and when necessary FFS assessment code API 579.
Method of Wireless Monitoring System Connection
Authors: Alrashed Ibrahim S
Published: February 2024

Conventional wired communication technologies have taken a major role in industrial monitoring and control networks over the past years, they are becoming insufficient to fulfill the increasingly demands of today's plant modern applications, fundamentally due to the very complex design of wired infrastructure. Currently, Safety shower and eye wash stations at Shaybah Producing, GOSP#04 are not connected to DCS. The challenge is to connect them to DCS. However, the control room is far away and requires very long cabling, junctions’ boxes and including ground excavation costs for all locations. The proposed solution instead of conventional wired mechanical switches of safety shower and eye wash through cabling will be by a wireless shower/eye wash technology.

Wireless technology, yet, through its increased utilization, has the possibility to revolutionize the current industry to solve and mitigate existing problems faced by wired solutions. Nowadays, wireless technology has made a good step by introducing new class of applications, however, they still face hard utilization when specifically, real-time, reliable distributed control operations are concerned.

The current industry is becoming more complicated and consists of thousands of instruments, sensors, actuator and controllers, to carry over the required tasks and functions to be communicated to assigned control system. These systems, yet, have a massive amount of wiring that might increase the risk of failure for point to point communication data.

The proposed invention is related to wireless technology which is to implement a wireless shower monitoring system at a designated building having emergency eye wash/shower point of safety, this shall be achieved by deployment of proximity switches and discrete transmitters (DT). DTs transfer the eye wash shower status via wireless network to gateway that shall be installed in the control room roof top via multiple field link that are installed near to gateway. Gateway shall communicate shower eye wash status with existing DCS over Modbus TCP/IP communication. Therefore, shower status will be monitored through DCS.
Navigating Error Reduction: An Investigation of Enhanced Reality Technology and Operator Competency
Authors: Alaa Ahmed
Published: February 2024

The baby boomer generation continues to retire and turnover in the process industry (the great resignation) is impacting many manufacturing sites with severe ‘brain drain’ at all levels, especially operators. The industry is searching for ways to make onboarding of new hires and plant specific qualification more efficient and effective. Traditional methods, like classroom training and shadowing experienced colleagues and SMEs for an extended period of time, are important but no longer sufficient.

Moreover, these traditional ways to pass on procedural knowledge tend to be highly dependent on the individual (people), which hinders standardization. Over time, shifts develop different ways of doing things, departing from the original procedure or taking shortcuts. In many instances, this leads to practice in the field not reflecting the written procedure. Our industry has a clear need for more transparency and a higher level of control over the practical procedural knowledge of the workforce (tribal knowledge), as well as a way to check and measure the level of operator knowledge and procedural compliance.

In addition to the shortcomings of traditional training, a common cause for practice in the field not reflecting the written procedures is that the ‘procedure clarity’ is often suboptimal due to the ambiguities or general statements in the procedure steps.

These challenges and shortcomings directly impact operational productivity due to long onboarding times and unplanned equipment downtime as a result of operating errors. They also directly impact plants’ safety performance, especially where actions cannot be automated and secured by safety instrumented systems. The flawless interaction of operators with the asset is an important layer of plant safety.

Enhanced Reality technology has been proven to solve the challenges described above. It allows simulating standard operating procedures in a photorealistic 3D environment (digital replica) for users to review, practice and test on standard operating procedures on-demand and on any device. Manufacturing organizations can capture their practical procedural expertise (Tribal Knowledge) and are able to measure and track procedure competency across their operators. This methodology has been labelled Digital Twin of the Person (DToP) by Gartner (1), referring to the human-centric approach of this technique.

Our presentation will include case studies from some of the process industries biggest companies that demonstrate the impact of improved procedure clarity and more consistent execution, which reduces unplanned events and speeds up operator onboarding while capturing more ‘tribal knowledge’.
População em situação de rua: características sociodemográficas, trajetória e condições de saúde
Authors: Gontijo Thiago Gomes , Aguiar Yasmin de Oliveira , Oliveira Beatriz do Carmo Veloso de , Spelta Larissa Solari , Silva Vitória Lopes de Castro , Morais Évelin Angélica Herculano de , Lana Francisco Carlos Felix , Freitas Giselle Lima de
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas, a trajetória de vida e as condições de saúde de pessoas em situação de rua (PSR) em Belo Horizonte/MG. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado no município de Belo Horizonte, com 390 pessoas em situação de rua. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados. Resultados: O público tinha idade média de 38,8 anos, com predominância do sexo masculino, heterossexuais e pardos. Quanto à escolaridade, a maioria reportou o ensino fundamental incompleto. Em relação à renda mensal, 226 (57,9%) declarou não possuir e 171 (43,8%) estavam desempregados. Sobre a trajetória de rua, as questões financeiras foram apontadas como a principal razão para estar na rua. O vínculo familiar interrompido foi relatado por 212, (54,4%) dos participantes. A maioria afirmou ter planos para sair das ruas e já ter passado por algum tipo de preconceito e discriminação. A autoavaliação do estado de saúde foi considerada boa por 292 (74,9%). Conclusão: Os resultados confirmam que raça, escolaridade, renda e ocupação determinam situações de vida nas ruas. Também, apontam para a naturalização de adversidades, uma vez que os entrevistados consideram possuir boa condição de saúde, minimizando acesso a direitos básicos. Tais aspecto exigem políticas mais sensíveis e direcionadas às necessidades do público.
Aspectos clínicos-epidemiológicos relacionados ao parto de gêmeos em um hospital do Distrito Federal entre 2020 e 2021
Authors: Lima Tainara Ribeiro , Sousa Carolina Wanis Ribeiro de
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos das gestações gemelares durante os partos ocorridos em um hospital do Distrito Federal, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2020 a 31 de dezembro de 2021. Métodos: um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo, com coleta de dados retrospectiva das gestações gemelares com partos ocorridos em um hospital do Distrito Federal entre o período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2021.Foram incluídas na pesquisa 68 gestantes assistidas no período de 01/01/2020 a 31/12/2021; Gestação gemelar; Partos ocorridos após a 24ª semana gestacional e partos realizados em um hospital do Distrito Federal.  Resultados: Observou-se que fatores como idade acima de 30 anos, prematuridade e acompanhamento de gravidez de risco foram fatores diretamente correlacionados com problemas maternos e perinatais na gestação de gêmeos, ainda se destaca o impacto das comorbidades na gravidez. Conclusão: Portanto, a gestação gemelar apresentam certos riscos e complicações que precisam ser levados em consideração durante o processo afim de garantir uma gravidez segura.
Coinfecção pela Covid-19 e HIV: Depleção do sistema imunológico e características clínicas em pacientes acometidos
Authors: Almeida João Lukas Nunes , Padilha Marcos Daniel Mendes , Monteiro Jacqueline Cortinhas , Silva Andréa Nazaré Monteiro Rangel da , Laurentino Rogério Valois , Lima Aline Cecy Rocha de , Costa Greice de Lemos Cardoso , Pereira Keise Adrielle Santos , Sousa Renata Santos de , Feitosa Rosimar Neris Martins
Published: February 2024

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura científica consequências clínicas decorrentes da coinfecção do SARS-CoV-2 em pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (PVHIV). Revisão bibliográfica: A COVID-19 possui uma gama de manifestações clínicas, com sintomas similares aos da gripe (febre, tosse e letargia). Foi constatado que a presença de comorbidades contribuíam para a gravidade da infecção, afetando o sistema imune do indivíduo. Assim, é viável supor que as pessoas com outros problemas de saúde que afetam a imunidade, como a infecção pelo HIV poderiam desenvolver casos mais graves. Analisou-se a existência de consequências clínicas decorrentes da coinfecção da COVID-19 em PVHIV. No geral, os dados sugerem que PVHIV infectadas pela COVID-19 não possuem um quadro clínico que necessite de maiores intervenções do que os indivíduos soronegativos para HIV, mostrando que não a presença do HIV, mas o imunomprometimento pode contribuir para os casos mais graves. Considerações finais: Novos estudos são necessários para investigar a coinfecção entre HIV e COVID-19 com amostragens maiores e que sejam capazes de rastrear os mecanismos de interação entres esses vírus na coinfecção.
Perspectives of Pediatric Patients, Parents, and Healthcare Providers on the Disclosure of a Leukemia Diagnosis and the Investigation of Internalizing Symptoms in Children with Leukemia
Authors:   Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, Yasar Yusuf , Kaya Zuhre ,   Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, Guney Esra ,   Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey., Kirkiz Serap ,   Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, Kocak Ulker ,   Department of Pediatric Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Published: February 2024

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine study participants’ knowledge, attitudes, anxiety, and coping strategies following a leukemia diagnosis. Study Design: The 350 participants included 100 pediatric patients, 100 parents, and 150 healthcare providers. The survey was filled out by all participants. Patients’ and Parents’ perceptions of their children’s anxiety levels were also evaluated using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: In total, 84 pediatric patients were aware of their leukemia diagnosis, but the remaining 16 were not at the time of the survey. Thirteen (82%) of the 16 patients were under the age of seven at the time of diagnosis. Parents and health care providers strongly agreed that leukemia diagnosis should be disclosed directly to children. Compared with healthcare providers, parents were significantly more likely to opt for disclosure after starting chemotherapy by the parents in the doctor’s office (p<0.05). Parent’s perceptions of their children’s anxiety levels were significantly higher than patients’ (p<0.05). Healthcare providers responded to the survey that 32% of the pediatrician, 16% of nurses, and 86% of interns received training on delivering bad news. Conclusions: Our research shows that there is no agreement among healthcare providers and patients’ parents about who, when, and where to inform children of a leukemia diagnosis. The findings also highlight the importance of reinforming children diagnosed at less than 7 years when they are older. Additionally, delivering bad news training to healthcare providers and providing psychological support to parents and adolescents have a positive impact.
Adult Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: A Mini-Review on Recent Developments
Authors:   Department of Transplant Infectious Diseases, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, USA, B Thomas David , Toni Pacioles ,   Edwards Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cabel-Huntington Hospital, 1400 Hal Greer Blvd, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
Published: February 2024

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis, also known as HLH, is a group of disorders classified as a type of cytokine release syndrome triggering an abnormal activation of lymphocytes. First described in a pediatric case with viral trigger in 1979, the key features of this syndrome include rapid progression with high mortality and impaired immunity. Many different etiological triggers have been described since the initial case. The syndrome can have profound impacts on all body systems which is explored to some extent within this text. Several agents have been tried in the treatment of this condition, particularly with respect to sustained remission and mortality benefits overall. This review seeks to outline clinical presentation and prognostic factors of HLH as well as recent advances in clinical treatment. Trials are discussed from literature review outlining prognostic markers as well as a discussion of tried therapies, recent advances and emerging agents of interest. Significant progress has been made in recent years although this remains a very complex and challenging disease to treat and mortality also remains high.