bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydronephrosis and Urine Retention in Estrogen-Implanted Athymic Nude Mice
Authors: Gakhar G. , Wight-Carter M. , Andrews G. , Olson S. , Nguyen T. A.
Published: January 2009

Subcutaneous estrogen pellet implantation is commonly practiced to induce tumor promotion in nude (Nu- FOXnl nu) mice for xenograft tumor modeling. Twelve of 23, 18-week-old nude mice developed dysuria after estrogen pellet implantation. Physical examination revealed variably distended abdomens with palpable distended bladders. All mice were euthanatized and postmortem examinations were made. Blood samples of the mice were collected, and serum estrogen concentration was measured. Postmortem examination revealed variable dilation of the urinary bladder and unilateral or bilateral dilations of ureters and kidneys. Microscopically, 12 of 23 mice and 13 of 23 mice showed dilated urinary bladder and hydronephrosis, respectively.
Canine Duplication of Descemet's Membrane
Authors: Kafarnik C. , Murphy C. J. , Dubielzig R. R.
Published: January 2009

The morphology of a duplication phenomenon of the canine Descemet's membrane (DM) is described in relation to signalment, history, and ocular disease status. Sixty-six canine eyes from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin archives between 2000 and 2007 were examined. All cases were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Alcian blue periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), while 14 cases were additionally stained with Masson's trichrome, picrosirius red, cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (CK), vimentin, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination was performed in 3 corneas and in 1 normal control eye. Alcian blue PAS staining and TEM confirmed the basement membrane nature of the abnormal secondary DM. The thickness of the first DM, referred to as the corneal layer (CL) and the second or anterior chamber layer (ACL), were nearly the same, with no significant difference seen ( P = .93). In 39% (26/66) of the eyes, a fibrous, collagenous matrix component was present between the CL and ACL, which contains vimentin-positive and α-SMA-negative spindle cells (14/14).The corneal endothelial cells in 7/14 eyes stained weakly with CK and strongly in 2 additional eyes. The most frequent histopathologically confirmed, clinical ocular histories were chronic glaucoma in 76% (50/66) of eyes, previous intraocular surgery in 36% (24/66), lens luxation in 21% (4/66), and blunt trauma in 15% (10/66) of the cases. We speculate that activation and migration of endothelial cells, in association with trauma or lens contact, play a role in the pathogenesis of this phenomenon.
Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase Type 5 (Entpd5)-Deficient Mice Develop Progressive Hepatopathy, Hepatocellular Tumors, and Spermatogenic Arrest
Authors: Read R. , Hansen G. , Kramer J. , Finch R. , Li L. , Vogel P.
Published: January 2009

Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase type 5 (ENTPD5, also CD39L4) is a soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes purine nucleoside diphosphates. Genetic inactivation of ENTPD5 in mice ( Entpd5-/-) resulted in 2 major histopathologic lesions: hepatopathy and aspermia. The hepatopathy was progressive and characterized by centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy, oval cell proliferation, bile staining of Kupffer cells, and hepatocyte degeneration with increasing incidence and severity of degenerative lesions, development of multiple foci of cellular alteration, and hepatocellular neoplasia with age. Greatly increased proliferation of hepatocytes in young adult as well as aged Entpd5-/- mice was demonstrated by Ki67 immunohistochemistry and 5î-bromo-3î-deoxyuridine incorporation. Of 15 Entpd5-/- mice between 44 and 69 weeks of age, all showed foci of cellular alteration in the liver, and at least 6 of 15 developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatocellular adenoma, or both. Significantly, none of these lesions were observed in 13 wild-type Entpd5++ littermates. These findings, combined with the historically low incidence (about 5%) of HCC in mice up to 2 years of age with the same genetic background, strongly suggest that loss of Entpd5 promotes hepatocellular neoplasia in mice. In humans, ENTPD5 has been found to be identical to the PCPH proto-oncogene, and dysregulation of this gene has been demonstrated in some human cancers. This mouse model could contribute to the understanding of the influence of ENTPD5/PCPH on cellular proliferation and neoplasia.
Identification of Cancer Stem Cells in Dog Glioblastoma
Authors: Stoica G. , Lungu G. , Martini-STOICA H. , Waghela S. , Levine J. , Smith R.
Published: January 2009

There is increasing evidence in some malignancies that the tumor clone is heterogeneous in regard to proliferation and differentiation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis implies that not all the cells in the tumor have the same capacity to proliferate and maintain the growth of the tumor. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), possess the ability to proliferate and self-renew extensively. In the past decade, several groups have reported the existence of a CSC population in different human brain tumors from both children and adults. We report here the identification of a CSC population from a Boxer dog with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) that possesses a great capacity for proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This cloned cell line is aneuploid, forms neurospheres in culture, possesses CSC markers, and reproduces the original dog GBM when inoculated into the nude mouse brain.
Vasoformative Disorder, Resembling Littoral Cell Angioma, of the Spleen in a Geriatric Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Yamate J. , Izawa T. , Kuwamura M. , Mitsunaga F. , Nakamura S.
Published: January 2009

A 30-year-old female Japanese macaque showed marked splenomegaly. The enlarged spleen consisted of neoplastic proliferation of anastomosing vascular channels resembling morphologic structures of red pulp sinuses; occasionally, papillary fronds were seen in dilated channels. Immunohistochemically, the lining cells reacted to both endothelial cell (von Willebrand factor) and macrophage (macrophage scavenger receptor class A) markers, indicating features of littoral cells of the spleen. Based on the pathologic characteristics, particularly the presence of neoplastic cells with macrophage/histiocyte-like attributes, this tumor was regarded as littoral cell angioma; this is a rare benign splenic vascular tumor.
Diagnostic Exercise: Epithelioid Hemangiosarcoma Mimicking Metastatic Prostatic Neoplasia in a Dog
Authors: Shor S. , Helfand S. C. , Gorman E. , LÖHR C. V.
Published: January 2009

A 10-year-old intact male Labrador Retriever dog was euthanized because of rapid deterioration after suffering from mild chronic cough, hematuria, acute blindness, ataxia, and lethargy. Clinical examination revealed blepharospasm and hyphema, with clear discharge from the right eye; a firm mass in an enlarged right testicle; a mass in the irregularly enlarged prostate; and nodules in the left kidney, liver, and spleen detected by abdominal sonography. Cytologic evaluation of fine needle aspirates from the prostate, testis, and kidney comprised large, clustered or individualized, anaplastic cells that lacked convincing tissue differentiation. Necropsy examination revealed an irregularly enlarged prostate with dark tan to red zones and multiple, discrete, beige to dark red nodules that ranged from 0.5 to 6 cm in diameter in the lung, liver, left kidney, right testis, colon wall, stomach wall, and brain. On histologic examination, discrete nests of anaplastic carcinoma-like tumor cells were found in sections of all affected organs. Results of immunohistochemical examination revealed widespread expression of von Willebrand factor and the absence of cytokeratin in neoplastic cells. The diagnosis was metastatic epithelioid hemangiosarcoma, primary site unknown.
Buchbesprechung/Book Review
Authors: Steimer Werner
Published: January 2009

No abstract available
Buchbesprechung/Book Review
Authors: Kundt Günther
Published: January 2009

No abstract available
HbA1c-Bestimmung – ein neues Diagnosekriterium? / HbA1c – The new diagnostic criterion?
Authors: Steveling Antje , Völzke Henry , Nauck Matthias , Wallaschofski Henri
Published: January 2009

Entsprechend den aktuellen Leitlinien soll die Diagnosestellung des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Deutschland anhand der Kriterien der American Diabetes Association (ADA) erfolgen, die sich an Kriterien der National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) und der World Health Organisation (WHO) anlehnen. Zum Screening des T2DM wurde die Bestimmung des HbA1c-Wertes bislang allerdings von der ADA als diagnostischer Parameter abgelehnt, da er als nicht auseichend standardisiert und zu wenig sensitiv eingestuft wurde.

In neueren Untersuchungen konnte allerdings eine gute Sensitivität und Spezifität des HbA1c-Wertes zur Diagnostik eines T2DM nachgewiesen werden, so dass zukünftig mit einer steigenden Bedeutung des HbA1c-Wert als Screening-Parameter des T2DM gerechnet werden kann. In der folgenden Übersicht soll deshalb die HbA1c-Bestimmung als mögliches Screeninginstrument und Prädiktor des Erkrankungsverlaufs näher erörtert werden.
Adipokine: Rolle in der Pathophysiologie und Therapie von Adipositas und Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus / Adipokines: Role in the pathophysiology and therapy of obesity and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Faßhauer Mathias , Blüher Matthias
Published: January 2009

Adipositas und viszerale Fettakkumulation sind unabhängige Risikofaktoren für die Entstehung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen und des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus. Das genaue Verständnis der molekularen Mechanismen, die dem Zusammenhang zwischen Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und dem Metabolischen Syndrom zugrunde liegen, ist die Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung neuer Strategien in der Prävention und Therapie dieser Erkrankungen. Bisher sind die Mechanismen der Adipositas-assoziierten Entstehung metabolischer und kardiovaskulärer Folgeerkrankungen nicht vollständig geklärt. Die Adipositasforschung der letzten beiden Jahrzehnte hat gezeigt, dass das Fettgewebe ein hochaktives endokrines Organ ist, das eine Vielzahl von bioaktiven Molekülen produziert, die als Adipokine bezeichnet werden. Veränderungen der Konzentrationen zirkulierender Adipokine wie Leptin, Adiponectin, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Retinol-Bindungsprotein 4 (RBP4), Vaspin, Adipozyten-Fettsäure-Bindungsprotein (AFABP), Fibroblasten-Wachstumsfaktor 21 (FGF21) und viele andere mehr werden häufig bei metabolischen und vaskulären Komplikationen der Adipositas gefunden.

Deshalb könnten Veränderungen der Adipokinsekretion das mechanistische Bindeglied zwischen vermehrter Fettmasse und gestörter Funktion anderer Gewebe wie Leber und Muskulatur darstellen. Die gestörte Regulation der Adipokinsekretion ist ein wichtiger Mechanismus, über den das Fettgewebe zur Entstehung und Verschlechterung von Insulinresistenz und metabolischen Erkrankungen beitragen kann.
Effect of Inhomogeneity in Aligned Grains on Creep-Fatigue Crack Opening and Propagation Behavior of Directionally Solidified Superalloy
Authors: Yamamoto Masato , Kitamura Takayuki , Ogata Takashi
Published: January 2009

Directionally solidified superalloy, which has elongated large grains, is used for gas-turbine blade application because of its high creep strength. Since the grain size is not small enough in comparison with the component size or the crack size, the inhomogeneous microstructure strongly affects the crack propagation behavior in such a structure. The authors investigate the effect of microstructural inhomogeneity on crack propagation morphology and crack propagation rate (da/dN) under a creep-fatigue condition. The macroscopic direction of the main crack is perpendicular to the loading axis, though the path is microscopically bumpy due to the effect of inhomogeneous multi-grains. Several subcracks are found around the main crack, and they occasionally coalesce with each other. In order to understand the local fluctuation of (da/dN) due to the inhomogeneous multi-grains, the grain shape and its crystallographic orientation are identified by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD). The subcracks tend to initiate at the high angle grain boundaries oriented nearly perpendicular to the loading axis. The local fluctuation of da/dN is influenced by two factors. One is the cracking path; the intergranular crack shows higher da/dN. The other factor is the magnitude of Young’s modulus of the grain (in loading direction) at the crack tip. The higher Young’s modulus leads to a lower da/dN in transgranular cracking. The detailed observation of local displacement near the crack tip clarified that the magnitude of cyclic displacement inversely related to the Young’s modulus of the grain in the loading axis, and results in the high strain concentration at the crack tip in the grain with low Young’s modulus. The experiment result suggests that the strain around the crack tip governs the crack propagation rate though it is affected by the inhomogeneous microstructure.
The Effects of Lubricant Ingredients on New Hydraulic Oil Cleanliness
Authors: Sander John , Mauritz Steve , Smith Terry , Turner Jeff , Courtney Spencer
Published: January 2009

Although most of the emphasis on hydraulic fluid cleanliness is routinely placed on in-service fluids, more and more attention is being given to new hydraulic oil cleanliness. Nobody would argue that it is important for users to install clean hydraulic fluid in any system, but some have found that some fluids do not seem to clean no matter how much time is spent on preinstallation filtration. Is it possible that certain lubricant ingredients give false positive readings in certain generally accepted particle counting test methods? Some have already proven that the answer is yes. This paper will attempt to evaluate various specific chemical ingredients used to formulate hydraulic fluids, including base stocks and additive components, to determine in further detail which components “trick” particle count tests.
Technology and Applications of Alternately Timed Quenching Technology
Authors: Chen Nailu , Zuo Xunwei , Zhou Shu , Xu Jun
Published: January 2009

Some steels fail to meet mechanical property requirements after oil quenching with subsequent tempering. If water is used in an attempt to facilitate better property formation, quenching cracks may then be encountered. To address these situations a methodology referred to as Alternately Timed Quenching (AT-Quenching) has been developed and is described in this paper. Computer simulation using water and air as the quenching media was used to develop AT-Quenching methodology. Based on the simulation results, the processing parameters of AT-Quenching were determined and then applied using a computer-controlled quenching tank. The results obtained from this study showed that the use of AT-Quenching could increase the depth of hardening without cracking.
Unique expression pattern of the EMT markers Snail, Twist and E-cadherin in benign and malignant parathyroid neoplasia
Authors: Fendrich Volker , Waldmann Jens , Feldmann Georg , Schlosser Katja , König Alexander , Ramaswamy Annette , Bartsch Detlef K , Karakas Elias
Published: January 2009

Background

Epithelial and mesenchymal transitions (EMT) are essential for embryonic development and progression of non-invasive tumor cells into malignant, metastatic carcinomas. During embryogenesis, the parathyroid glands develop from pharyngeal pouches and migrate to their final destinations, densely enclosed by mesenchymal neural crest cells. In this study, we examined the expression of the EMT markers Snail, Twist and E-cadherin in normal parathyroid glands and benign and malignant parathyroid diseases.

Methods

Using immunohistochemistry, we compared expression of E-cadherin, Snail and Twist in 25 patients with parathyroid adenoma, 25 patients with parathyroid hyperplasia, and nine patients with parathyroid cancer with normal parathyroid glands.

Results

Normal parathyroid glands, parathyroid adenomas, and parathyroid hyperplasias showed a typical membranous E-cadherin staining pattern. Expression of Snail was found in 22/25 parathyroid adenomas and in all parathyroid hyperplasias. Twist was expressed in 22/25 of parathyroid adenomas and in 20/25 parathyroid hyperplasias. Snail and Twist positive cells were homogeneously distributed throughout the gland. However, in all nine parathyroid carcinomas, membranous E-cadherin staining was lost. In addition, the expression pattern of Snail and Twist was changed and mostly limited to the invasive front of cancer tissue samples.

Conclusion

Expression of Snail and Twist at the invasive front and consecutive loss of E-cadherin in parathyroid carcinomas suggests a key role of EMT in the tumorigenesis of this cancer. The unique expression pattern could help to distinguish between an adenoma and a non-metastatic carcinoma. Loss of E-cadherin and change of the expression pattern of Snail and Twist together should result in anen blocresection or a close follow-up.
Diel Feeding Chronology, Gastric Evacuation, and Daily Food Consumption of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Oregon Coastal Waters
Authors: Benkwitt Cassandra E. , Brodeur Richard D. , Hurst Thomas P. , Daly Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2009

The diel feeding periodicity of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was determined from stomachs collected in coastal waters off Oregon in 2000 and 2003. Juvenile Chinook salmon exhibited a diurnal feeding pattern with morning and evening feeding periods. There were differences in the duration and magnitude of the dawn and dusk peaks between the 2 years. Gastric evacuation rates of euphausiid meals were estimated from laboratory experiments at 9.3, 10.7, and 13.9°C. Based on an exponential model, the instantaneous evacuation rates at these three temperatures were 0.0407, 0.0589, and 0.0807 per hour, respectively. The daily ration of juvenile Chinook salmon in Oregon coastal waters in 2000 and 2003 was estimated using three models. Using laboratory‐derived evacuation rates, the Elliott and Persson and Eggers models produced daily ration estimates of 2.04% and 2.57% of body weight (BW), respectively, in 2000 and 2.93% and 2.46%BW in 2003. The MAXIMS model, which does not rely on laboratory‐derived evacuation rates, produced higher estimates of daily ration (3.84% and 4.28%BW). Our diel feeding chronology, gastric evacuation rate, and daily ration estimates for juvenile Chinook salmon were comparable to those of other juvenile salmonids.
Increased Population Density and Suppressed Prey Biomass: Relative Impacts on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon Growth
Authors: Ward D. M. , Nislow K. H. , Folt C. L.
Published: January 2009

Individual growth rates of fish often depend on both population density and resource availability, both of which are subject to anthropogenic impacts and can be manipulated in the interest of restoring or enhancing fish populations. However, direct tests of the relative contribution of these factors to growth variation are lacking for most populations and are critically needed to guide management. We used a large‐scale field experiment to evaluate the relative effects of increased population density and suppressed prey biomass on the growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. We directly manipulated salmon population density by releasing newly hatched salmon fry from uniform initial conditions at three density treatments in natural streams (18 sites total, repeated over 2 years). We arrayed the density treatments across sites that encompassed a more than 10‐fold range in the biomass of benthic invertebrate prey for salmon, a low prey biomass being associated with heavy shading from riparian forest canopy. This controlled approach clearly demonstrated the enormous growth plasticity of juvenile Atlantic salmon; their mean body mass ranging from 1.2 to 14 g across sites after one growing season. Variation in prey biomass had the strongest effects on fish growth. The fish grew faster at sites with high prey biomass regardless of population density, and prey biomass alone accounted for 71% of the explained variation in their growth. Only after taking the variation explained by prey biomass into account was it apparent that the study fish grew faster at sites with low stocking density and at sites where high losses reduced Atlantic salmon population density. To maintain salmon growth and size‐dependent life histories, restoration and management efforts clearly need to consider anthropogenic factors that suppress prey abundance.
Missing in Action: Vocabulary Instruction in Pre‐K
Authors: Neuman Susan B. , Dwyer Julie
Published: January 2009

Recognizing the importance of starting early, the purpose of our article is to examine if and how vocabulary is taught in commercially prepared early literacy curriculum for pre‐K. Ten curriculum programs are reviewed to determine the prevalence of vocabulary instruction and the pedagogical practices used to support the learning of words and their meanings. Results of the analysis indicate a paucity of instructional guidance in vocabulary in pre‐K early literacy curriculum programs.

إن غرض مقالتنا هذه هو أن يستقصى إذا وكيف يتم تعليم المفردات في منهاج التعلم المبكر الذي قد حضر تجارياً لمرحلة التعليم ما قبل الروضة إدراكاً لأهمية الانطلاق المبكر. ولقد تمت المراجعة لعشرة برامج منهاجية كي يحدد انتشار تعليم المفردات والممارسات التعليمية المستخدمة لدعم اكتساب الكلمات ومعانيها. وتشير نتائج التحليل إلى قلة التوجيه التعليمي في المفردات في برامج التعلم المنهاجية ما قبل الروضة.

本文作者意识到及早开始学习字汇的重要性。本文目的是考查由商营机构提供的幼儿前读写课程是否有教授字汇和怎样教授字汇。本文评审了十个课程，考查教授字汇的普遍性，以及为支持学习单字和单字的意思所采用的教学实践。分析结果显示，只有少数的幼儿前读写课程会给予学生在学习字汇方面的教学指引。

Reconnaissant l'importance de commencer tôt, notre article a pour but d'examiner si et de quelle façon on enseigne le vocabulaire dans le matériel pédagogique du commerce destiné aux enfants d'avant le jardin d'enfants au début de la lecture‐écriture. On a examiné dix matériels afin de déterminer la prévalence de l'enseignement du vocabulaire et des pratiques pédagogiques employées en vue de l'apprentissage des mots et de leurs significations. Les résultats de l'analyse montrent un manque de guidage didactique en matière de vocabulaire dans les matériels destinés aux enfants d'avant le jardin d'enfants au début de la lecture‐écriture.

Цель данной статьи: выяснить, предусмотрено ли расширение словарного запаса детей в рамках коммерчески разработанных программ для дошкольников и если да, то как именно это осуществляется. Признавая важность раннего обучения, авторы проанализировали десять учебных программ, чтобы определить, включают ли они в себя работу с лексикой и какими методами достигается усвоение слов и понимание их смысла. Результаты анализа указывают на недостаточность работы со словарем в учебных планах по развитию грамотности дошкольников.

Concientes de la importancia de empezar temprano, el propósito de nuestro artículo es el de examinar si y cómo se enseña el vocabulario en los currículos preparados por el comercio para los grados pre‐K. Se examinaron diez programas para determinar cuán común era la instrucción de vocabulario y las prácticas pedagógicas usadas para apoyar el aprendizaje de las palabras y sus significados. Los resultados del análisis indican una falta de orientación en la instrucción de vocabulario en los programas curriculares de alfabetización en el pre‐K.
External stability of waterfront reinforced soil structures under seismic conditions using a pseudo-static approach
Authors: Choudhury D. , Ahmad S. M.
Published: January 2009

This paper presents an analysis of the external stability of a waterfront reinforced soil retaining structure. Such structures, in addition to being subjected to normal hydrostatic pressures, are also subjected to earthquake, which gives rise to additional seismic inertia forces and hydrodynamic pressure. Simple pseudo-static approaches are adopted to calculate the seismic inertia forces on the waterfront retaining structure, and a conventional approach is used to estimate the hydrodynamic pressure. The failure wedge is considered to be confined by a planar rupture surface. The results are presented for direct sliding and overturning failure modes of the retaining structure (including results for sloped and vertical walls). By considering all combinations of forces, generalised expressions are developed for the length of geosynthetic reinforcement needed to counter these two modes of failure. The expressions are fairly simple, and can be used directly by practising engineers for the design of waterfront reinforced soil structures. The required geosynthetic length in the direct sliding mode increases from 0.56H to 5.02H when the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient is increased from 0 to 0.3. It has also been found that, of the two modes of failure, the direct sliding mode is critical. In addition, the requirement for geosynthetic reinforcement for a slope angle of 60° to the horizontal is greater than that needed for a vertical wall (i.e. with a slope angle of 90°). A parametric study is also presented. In addition to the horizontal seismic acceleration coefficient, the downstream water height, pore pressure ratio and soil friction angle all have a significant effect on the sliding and overturning stability of the waterfront retaining structure. Comparison of the present methodology with a previously existing methodology, but for the dry case, shows a close match.
Diffusion of metals in geosynthetic clay liners
Authors: Lange K. , Rowe R. K. , Jamieson H.
Published: January 2009

The potential for using geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) to mitigate metal mobility is dependent, in part, on consideration of its effectiveness as a diffusive barrier. In this context, laboratory-measured diffusion coefficients and supporting sorption data for metals (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn) are reported for the following four cases where a GCL might serve as an effective barrier material to metals and metalloids: acidic rock drainage, gold mine tailings, lime-treated mine effluent, and municipal solid waste. The average diffusion coefficients for Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe and Ni covered a narrow range from 0.67 × 10−10 to 0.89 × 10−10 m2/s. The diffusion coefficients for As, Al, Mg, Mn and Sr were in the range D = 0.80 × 10−10 to D = 1.6 × 10−10. The diffusive movement of other more common inorganic ions such as Ca, Na, S (SO4) and Cl are also considered, as well as the impact of pH, Eh and speciation on metal mobility in GCLs.
Perforation owing to impacts on reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Izatt C. , May I. M. , Lyle J. , Chen Y. , Algaard W.
Published: January 2009

The development and testing of a finite-element model to investigate the impact resistance of reinforced concrete slabs, with and without metal decking, is described. The model is validated against empirical design formulae for cylindrical projectiles. A series of experimental tests involving I-sections impacting reinforced concrete slabs is described and the results are used to validate the model further. Having validated the model, it is then used to provide data for impacts of the slab by typical column sections used in multi-storey buildings. The results could be used to assess the potential effects of dropping components during construction.
Two-dimensional flood modelling of the Damansara River
Authors: Lim S. P. , Cheok H. S.
Published: January 2009

The various methodologies used in Malaysia for studying flood range from the traditional flood mapping through visual observations to one-dimensional river modelling. Although shown to be practicable, these conventional methods are still far from being able accurately to model the magnitude, direction, extent and rate of flood wave propagation over the flood plain. With the advent of geographic information system (GIS), light detection and ranging (Lidar) survey and advancement in hydraulic modelling software, this study utilises the advanced engineering technologies for the two-dimensional hydraulic modelling of the Damansara River. Results of the simulations show that the model is capable of providing crucial information such as direction and rate of flood propagation, flood inundation extent, flood depths and flood duration for the studied areas.
Modelling effects of mangroves on tsunamis
Authors: Teo F. Y. , Falconer R. A. , Lin B.
Published: January 2009

The hydrodynamic effects of estuarine mangrove trees on tsunami currents have been studied in this paper. An existing two-dimensional depth-integrated numerical model, with both the effects of drag force induced by mangrove trees and the blockage effects on the water flow through mangrove swamps, have been included. To investigate how these trees affect the attenuation of the tsunami current at the head of the estuary, one idealised case has been considered with mangrove trees distributed along the whole channel. This model has been used to simulate the water level variations and velocities induced by tsunami currents at three locations along the centre of the channel. Recorded data of tide elevation during a historical tsunami have been used to set up the open seaward boundary condition in this model. Three cases of different diameters and densities of idealised mangrove trees have been studied to examine the significance of the vegetation on the current attenuation. It was found that mangrove trees have a significant impact on the hydrodynamic processes of tsunami waves. The model has also been set to simulate these tsunami currents in a real estuary, namely the Merbok estuary, Kedah, Malaysia. Simulations have been undertaken for the swamp area and main river, for both conditions of with and without mangrove trees, with the aim of studying the effects of mangrove trees on the hydrodynamic processes during a tsunami. Comparisons of velocity profiles and water elevations for both cases have been undertaken. These results show that the mangroves help in reducing the effects of a tsunami in the main river and swamp areas.
Computation of afflux ratings and water surface profiles
Authors: Mantz P. A. , Benn J. R.
Published: January 2009

Afflux is defined as the maximum increase in water level due to the presence of a structure such as a bridge or culvert in a stream. It is difficult to measure directly because the location of maximum water level upstream of the structure varies with flow discharge. Even computing afflux is not straightforward, as bridges and culverts are subject to as many as nine modes of flow depending on the flow discharge. These modes vary with increased discharge from subsoffit, subcritical flow, to structure overtopping modes with critical flow, and even submerged structure flow. A hydraulic engineer may require a single afflux rating curve for design, or the water surface profile alongstream (longitudinally) through a structure for use in river engineering. For this reason, hydrodynamic computer codes named Afflux Advisor and Afflux Estimator were developed for the former and latter purposes respectively. This paper describes the methods used in each code, and tests the codes against field and laboratory data. Both codes were developed in Visual Basic for Applications, and Afflux Estimator has been interfaced to the UK Environment Agency's conveyance estimation system. The project was sponsored by the Environment Agency and the UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Improving social technologies for recycling
Authors: Alexander C. , Smaje C. , Timlett R. , Williams I.
Published: January 2009

Although kerbside recycling participation rates have been well studied, little consideration has been paid to dense housing, especially high-rise estates, even though such areas have particularly low participation rates. Because such areas present infrastructural difficulties for recyclates storage and collections, reduced service often results. Nevertheless, solutions still emphasise communication strategies and householder responsibility over adequate infrastructural provision. This paper draws together three empirically based analyses focusing on the improvement of waste collection procedures and infrastructural design for high- and low-rise dense housing. Two sites were studied: an inner London estate and Portsmouth. Both sites have minimal storage space either within the home or in external private, communal or public areas. Both areas have high churn rates. Analysis of the findings suggests that consideration needs to be given to several factors: social, architectural, technological, infrastructural and organisational. Communication strategies need to be simple and consistent and need to acknowledge non-Anglophone residents. Spatial ownership needs to be clearly demarcated and maintained. Solutions must be tailored to existing exigencies of the built environment (such as poor vehicular access) and need to include broader infrastructural factors such as functioning lifts and convenient, safe storage facilities. New-build is better placed to integrate a flexible collection infrastructure. However, pressure to increase housing density is providing a continuing challenge to design appropriate storage and collection infrastructures.
Gauging HWRC performance from vehicle weigh-ticket data
Authors: Maynard S. , Cherrett T. , Waterson B.
Published: January 2009

This paper describes a modelling approach designed to investigate the variability in nett amenity bin weights produced by nine household waste recycling centres (HWRCs) in West Sussex, UK over a 12-month period. Compaction technique, vehicle type, site design and month were identified as key factors explaining 76% of the variability in the data. For each significant factor, a weighting coefficient was calculated to generate a predicted nett weight for every bin transaction. Analysis of predicted and observed mean bin weights suggested that three sites had similar characteristics but returned significantly different mean nett bin weights. Subsequent waste and site audits determined the possible sources of the remaining variability. Significant differences were identified in the proportions of bagged waste and dry recyclables deposited in the amenity waste stream at the sites, with significantly less observed at one site. Operational and managerial techniques (e.g. material separation, compaction frequency and site management ethos) were also identified as factors impacting on mean bin weights and general site performance. The model can be used to identify sites producing significantly different bin weights, enabling detailed ‘back-end’ waste analyses to be efficiently targeted and best practice in HWRC operation identified.
Is Psychological Aggression as Detrimental as Physical Aggression? The Independent Effects of Psychological Aggression on Depression and Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Lawrence Erika , Yoon Jeungeun , Langer Amie , Ro Eunyoe
Published: January 2009

The differential effects of psychological and physical victimization on depression and anxiety symptoms were examined via APIM and growth curve modeling techniques in a sample of newlyweds (N = 103 couples) assessed four times over the first 3 years of marriage. On average, husbands and wives reported moderate levels of psychological aggression, and there were no sex differences in prevalence rates or mean levels. Changes in psychological victimization were associated with changes in depression and anxiety symptoms, even after controlling for the effects of physical victimization. This study demonstrates the severe impact of psychological aggression on its victims and expands on previous studies of battering samples to demonstrate that psychological victimization may be more damaging than physical victimization in nonbattering, community couples.
Defining Appropriate Stages of Change for Intimate Partner Violence Survivors
Authors: Burke Jessica Griffin , Mahoney Patricia , Gielen Andrea , McDonnell Karen A. , O’Campo Patricia
Published: January 2009

Recent research suggests that the transtheoretical model of behavior change is a promising approach for interventions addressing women’s experiences of intimate partner violence. This study explores the distribution of abused women across the stages of change for (a) staying safe from intimate partner violence and (b) leaving an abusive relationship. It explores the relationship between stage assignment and other indicators of a woman’s stage (i.e., safety behaviors and desire for services). Quantitative surveys were conducted with 96 low-income, urban abused women recruited from six health care clinics. The findings call into question the appropriateness of using a staging algorithm that uses one “global” question about keeping safe and suggest that staging questions focused on a single action stage (e.g., leaving) are also problematic. In conclusion, additional work remains to be done to develop and validate quantitative measures of stages of change for survivors of intimate partner violence and to design, implement, and evaluated stage-based, tailored intimate partner violence interventions.
Exploring the Relationship Between Childhood Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Abuse: Gender Differences in the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation
Authors: Gratz Kim L. , Paulson Autumn , Jakupcak Matthew , Tull Matthew T.
Published: January 2009

Despite evidence that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk for intimate partner abuse perpetration, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Given literature suggesting that violent behaviors may serve an emotion regulating function, this study examined the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner abuse perpetration among 341 male and female undergraduates. However, given evidence of gender differences in the underlying mechanisms of intimate partner abuse, emotion dysregulation was expected to be more relevant to the perpetration of partner abuse among men. Consistent with hypotheses, emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and intimate partner abuse among men; conversely, emotion dysregulation was not associated with partner abuse among women.
Intimate Partner Violence Among Hispanic Men and Women: The Role of Drinking, Neighborhood Disorder, and Acculturation-Related Factors
Authors: Cunradi Carol B.
Published: January 2009

Using secondary data analysis, this study assessed the contribution of drinking, neighborhood disorder, and acculturation-related factors to past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) risk among a national sample of married or cohabiting Hispanic men (n = 1,148) and women (n = 1,399) who participated in the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Drinking measures were past-year alcohol abuse, past-month binge drinking, and number of past-year drinking days. Neighborhood disorder was measured by perceived level of neighborhood problems. Acculturation-related factors were nativity and survey interview language preference (Spanish vs. English). Similar proportions of men and women reported IPV perpetration (6.1% vs. 6.5%) and IPV victimization (8.8% vs. 7.8%). Logistic regression results indicated that for men, neighborhood disorder was associated with IPV perpetration (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55) and victimization (OR = 1.36). For women, neighborhood disorder (OR = 1.34) and their alcohol abuse (OR = 10.26) were associated with IPV victimization, but not IPV perpetration. Acculturation-related factors were not associated with IPV perpetration or victimization for men or women. The findings suggest that IPV prevention efforts should address deleterious neighborhood conditions in addition to individual-level factors that place couples at risk for IPV.
Efficacy of Transdiagnostic Treatments: A Review of Published Outcome Studies and Future Research Directions
Authors: McEvoy Peter M. , Nathan Paula , Norton Peter J.
Published: January 2009

Theory and evidence relating to biological and psychological vulnerabilities, comorbidity, latent structure, cognitive and behavioral maintaining factors, and treatment outcome suggest that commonalities across emotional disorders may outweigh the differences. Thus, researchers have recently begun evaluating transdiagnostic (or unified) treatment protocols, which target common maintaining factors, by applying them to individuals with multiple disorders or to mixed-diagnosis groups. The aim of this article is to review the efficacy of unified protocols for anxiety and mood disorders. Evidence suggests that unified treatments are associated with symptom improvement, generally perform better than wait-list controls, are associated with improvements in comorbid disorders, and may compare well to diagnosis-specific treatments. Unified protocols are also associated with high client satisfaction, therapeutic alliance, group cohesion, and positive treatment expectations. However, these conclusions are tempered by the small number of studies and methodological limitations. We propose directions for future research.
The Transdiagnostic Perspective on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: New Wine for Old Wineskins?
Authors: Clark David A. , Taylor Steven
Published: January 2009

Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety and depression has been of growing interest in psychotherapy research. In this article we discuss several fundamental issues raised by contributors to this special issue on transdiagnostic CBT for emotional disorders. Although researchers have tended to assume that interventions are transdiagnostic because they are labeled as such, the actual boundary between transdiagnostic and disorderspecific treatments may be far less clear than previously acknowledged. Nevertheless, there are many reasons to advocate for greater attention to a transdiagnostic perspective, not the least being the large shared variance in the emotional disorders, which is often overlooked in contemporary disorder-specific CBT protocols. Evidence of the efficacy of transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety and depression is limited, and issues facing comparative outcome and process studies are discussed. The article concludes by suggesting a programmatic framework for advancing a theory-driven, empirically based psychotherapy research agenda that could lead to the development of a truly integrated, transdiagnostic CBT for anxiety and depression.
Bloat Reduction Potential of an Alfalfa Cultivar Selected for Low Initial Ruminal Disappearance
Authors: Bernáldez M. Laura , Basigalup Daniel H. , Ferrer Jorge Martínez , Balzarini Mónica , Alomar Daniel
Published: January 2009

Foamy bloat causes large economic losses in beef and dairy grazing systems based on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Dry matter (DM) disappearance at initial stages of rumen fermentation is associated with bloat. The National Institute for Agricultural Technology, Argentina, developed a cultivar of alfalfa (Carmina) with low initial ruminal DM disappearance (LIRD). To study the bloat reduction potential of Carmina, a grazing trial using steers was conducted. The trial was repeated in 10 periods using the cultivar Barbara as control. Bloat frequency and severity were estimated by direct observation of each animal after the start of grazing. Just before grazing, forage samples were taken so as to characterize agronomic properties and chemical composition of the pasture. Cultivars were not different in crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin concentration (248, 317, 239, and 58 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Overall, Carmina reduced bloat occurrence (P < 0.01) by 25.2% compared to Barbara, but presented a lower forage DM yield per hectare and a slight more advanced maturity stage (cultivars were grazed from early to mid‐bud). Selection for LIRD was an effective way to reduce bloat risk.
Gene Expression and Isoflavone Concentrations in Soybean Sprouts Treated with Chitosan
Authors: Chen Huilan , Seguin Philippe , Archambault Annie , Constan Lea , Jabaji Suha
Published: January 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate whether chitosan treatments of sprouts of three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars (OAC Champion, AC Orford, and AC Proteina) can increase not only concentration of isoflavones in sprouts but also the transcript levels of genes and their subfamilies encoding enzymes at key points of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase [E.C. 4.3.1.5], chalcone synthase [E.C. 2.3.1.74], chalcone isomerase [E.C. 5.5.1.6], and chalcone reductase [E.C. 2.3.1.170]), and at a key branch‐point enzyme in isoflavone biosynthesis (isoflavone synthase [E.C. 1.14.13.86]). Chitosan effects on transcript levels of 14 genes differed depending on the cultivar as demonstrated by significant interactions (P < 0.05) between soybean cultivar and chitosan treatment for all genes. For all cultivars, response to chitosan treatments varied significantly depending on the gene. Overall, the greatest response was observed with high molecular weight chitosan. Very‐low‐ and low‐isoflavone cultivars (i.e., AC Orford and OAC Champion) sometimes responded positively to chitosan treatments, while the high‐isoflavone cultivar (i.e., AC Proteina) responded only negatively to chitosan. Chitosan treatments had limited effect on isoflavone concentrations, only reducing glycitein in OAC Champion by 38%. No correlation was found between gene expression and isoflavone concentrations. Differences in isoflavone concentrations were observed between sprouts of the three cultivars; AC Proteina had the highest isoflavone concentration and AC Orford the lowest. Results indicate that although isoflavone concentration and gene expression varied with cultivar, chitosan treatment is not a viable option for increasing isoflavone content in sprouts of cultivars evaluated.
Early Growth of Flint Maize Landraces under Cool Conditions
Authors: Peter Roland , Eschholz Tobias W. , Stamp Peter , Liedgens Markus
Published: January 2009

Cold stress is a major factor that limits the success of environmentally sound cultivation of maize in central and northern Europe. This study evaluated the early growth of seven groups of Swiss Flint maize landraces (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) of different geographic origin under controlled cool conditions by assessing shoot and root traits. Measurements of plants, subjected to a permanent cold stress of 15/13°C (day/night), were made at the three‐leaf stage of the check Magister, a hybrid of approved good early vigor. The ranking (univariate analysis of variance) and the multivariate clustering of the groups of landraces differed when root and shoot traits were included in the evaluation. Furthermore, the association of phenotype with geographic parameters was successful only when root traits were considered. Groups of Swiss landrace accessions expressed three types of phenotypes under cold conditions: (i) large leaf area and an extensive axile root system for landraces from the Tessin and the Poschiavo valley (i.e., south of the Alps), (ii) large leaf area and a short axile root system in landraces from the Linth valley, the lower Rhine valley, and the posterior Rhine valley, all of which are north of the Alps, (iii) small leaf area and a short axile root system in landraces from the anterior Rhine valley and the Swiss Rhône valley. The method of root phenotyping (i.e., a simple and rapid determination of traits of axile roots) proved suitable for the characterization of a large number of samples, as is typically required in quantitative genetic analysis.