bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ С УЧЕТОМ ОПЫТА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БАШКОРТОСТАН
Authors: Ermolenko Tatyana V. , Bikkinin Irek A.
Published: May 2021

Обеспечение населения доступной и качественной медицинской помощью и финансирование системы здравоохранения приобрели особую актуальность. В статье приведен исторический анализ норм права, устанавливающих источники финансирования здравоохранения, а также анализ действующего порядка финансового обеспечения системы здравоохранения и трудностей, с которыми столкнулась медицинское обслуживание РФ в наши дни. В работе сформированы предложения по путям решения существующих проблем, в целях совершенствования медицинского обслуживания населения, повышения эффективности порядка финансирования деятельности медицинских учреждений, в том числе и образовательных, в целях развития медицинской науки, подготовки квалифицированного медицинского персонала.
Цель. Изучить особенности становления финансирования системы здравоохранения в Российской Федерации, а также проанализировать современные проблемы, стоящие перед здравоохранением России, вытекающие из недостаточного его обеспечения.
Материалы и методы. Проанализированы источники права устанавливающие порядок финансового обеспечения системы здравоохранения, начиная от времен Древней Руси до наших дней. Расходы федерального бюджета с 2017 по 2019 год на нужды системы здравоохранения сравнивались с расходами по другим статьям функциональной классификации. Полученные данные обработаны методами непараметрической статистики. Количественные признаки представлены в виде таблицы.
Результаты. Ежегодно выделяемый бюджет на нужды здравоохранения составлял не более 2.5 % ВВП. В связи с текущим финансированием здравоохранения сложились некоторые проблемы: дефицит квалифицированных медицинских работников, недостаточная мотивация студентов к продолжению профессиональной медицинской деятельности, несогласованность порядка финансового обеспечения между регионами, уровень российской фармацевтики не соответствует современным требованиям.
Заключение. Таким образом, проблема недостаточного финансирования здравоохранения является актуальной и свидетельствует о необходимости разработки мероприятий, направленных на стабилизацию состояния системы здравоохранения, модернизации ее в будущем в целях обеспечения населения страны доступным и качественным медицинским обслуживанием.
ОЦЕНКА АДАПТАЦИОННЫХ РЕЗЕРВОВ СЕРДЦА СТУДЕНТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКОГО ВУЗА В ДИНАМИКЕ ОБУЧЕНИЯ
Authors: Martusevich Andrew K. , Bocharin Ivan V. , Dilenyan Levon R. , Kiseliv Yaroslav V.
Published: May 2021

Целью работы явилась сравнительная оценка вариабельности сердечного ритма студентов младших и выпускного курсов медицинского ВУЗа.
Материал и методы. Исследование проведено на 426 студентах первого-второго курсов Приволжского исследовательского медицинского университета (178 юношей и 248 девушек) и 58 студентах выпускного (шестого) курса (23 юноши и 35 девушек). Для регистрации электрокардиограммы и анализа гемодинамических показателей, в том числе характеризующих вариабельность сердечного ритма, применяли систему спортивного тестирования «Medical Soft». Для мониторинга использовали стандартные гемодинамические параметры, статистические и спектральные показатели вариабельности сердечного ритма, а также интегральный критерий состояния микроциркуляции. Анализ данных производили в соответствии с возрастными нормативами.
Результаты. Установлено, что состояние кардиоваскулярной системы у студентов шестого курса существенно отличается от такового у младшекурсников. Так, у представителей данной группы зафиксировано увеличение уровня диастолического давления, относительная тахикардия, нарастание параметра LF/HF, снижение показателя pNN50, характеризующего вариабельность ритма. Одновременно показано увеличение общего периферического сопротивления сосудов и снижение микроциркуляции.
Заключение. Установлено, что выпускники медицинского ВУЗа имеют более выраженные признаки дизадаптации в функционировании сердечно-сосудистой системы, чем студенты младших курсов. Они проявляются как в перестройке вариабельности кардиоритма (в сторону симпатической гиперстимуляции миокарда), так и изменении состояния сосудов.
МЕТОД ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ АКУСТИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА
Authors: Dragan Sergey P. , Bogomolov Aleksey V.
Published: May 2021

Цель. Разработать метод мониторинга акустической безопасности человека на основе объективно ее характеризующих количественных показателей.
Материалы и методы. Расчет коэффициента акустической безопасности основан на сопоставлении измеренных показателей акустической обстановки по шуму и инфразвуку в местах жизнедеятельности человека с их предельно допустимыми уровнями, установленными санитарными нормами.
Результаты. Изложен метод расчета показателя акустической безопасности персонала – коэффициента акустической безопасности – на основе фиксированных (эквивалентный уровень звука A за рабочую смену, измеренный с частотной коррекцией по шкале «А» и/или рассчитанный за 8 часов рабочей смены; максимальный уровень звука A, измеренный с временной коррекцией «медленно» S = 1 с; максимальный уровень звука A, измеренный с временной коррекцией «импульс» I = 40 мс; пиковый корректированный по шкале «C» уровень звука; эквивалентный общий уровень инфразвука за рабочую смену в диапазоне частот 1,4…22 Гц; максимальный общий уровень инфразвука, измеренный с временной коррекцией S (медленно) в диапазоне частот 1,4…22 Гц) и вариативных (эквивалентные уровни звукового давления за рабочую смену в октавных полосах частот 2, 4, 8, 16 Гц и уровни звукового давления в октавных полосах частот 31,5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Гц) показателей акустической обстановки. Представлен пример реализации разработанного метода для оценивания акустической безопасности машинистов тепловозов. Указан набор показателей акустической обстановки, необходимых для применения разработанного метода при оценивании акустической безопасности в определенном частотном диапазоне.
Заключение. Разработанный метод позволяет количественно оценить акустическую безопасность человека, обосновать приоритеты ее повышения и оценить эффективность реализации мероприятий, направленных на обеспечение акустической безопасности.
A Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Formic Acid Content in Isosulfan Blue and Various Drug Substances
Authors: Takale Nilesh , Kaliyaperumal Neelakandan , Mannathusamy Gopalakrishnan , Govindasamy Rajarajan
Published: May 2021

The Pharmaceutical industry uses formic acid in the manufacturing of various drug substances or API. At the time of manufacturing of API formic acid is use as an oxidizing agent. Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. It also called methanoic acid.Formic acid present in API at high concentrations is very hazardous but in low concentrations is very beneficial. The developed and validated method was short, precise, cost effective and reproducible with FID detector and easy to use. The method is a selective and superficial analytical method for determination of formic acid in different drug substances. We report here the development and validation study of headspace gas chromatographic method to determine formic acid in different drug substances we are reported here. As per this method, the drug sample was dissolved in 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in a GC headspace vial and 0.1% (v/v) of concentrated sulfuric acid in isopropyl alcohol used as a diluent. A AB-Inowax capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm I.D. and 0.5 µm film thickness) was used under gradient conditions with FID. The formic acid peak was well separated from all other solvents that are used in synthesis of particular drug substance. The LOD and LOQof the method for formic acid are 82 ppm and 249 ppm respectively. Formic acid are low toxic class-III solvent as per ICH guideline.
Soziopragmatik von unser bei Rufnamen im Westmitteldeutschen.
Authors: Werth Alexander
Published: May 2021

Speakers of Western Central German dialects frequently use the first person plural form of the possessive article unser with proper names (e. g. us Dietmar ‘our Dietmar’). But conditions of use are so far totally unclear. This paper focuses on form and use of unser with proper names in Moselle Franconian dialects. The findings are based on interviews. They show that unser is primarily used to refer to blood relatives. However, consanguinity is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for unser. In particular, its use is triggered by social closeness and the assumption of responsibility by the speaker.
Grammatik, Höflichkeit und Gender in der Zweiten Person.
Authors: Simon Horst
Published: May 2021

In this paper, I study various manifestations of the grammatical category gender in address-related forms, above all in second person pronouns. It will be shown that its use is intricately connected with politeness – either because the gendered pronouns of address are themselves polite forms or because they can, under certain circumstances, convey nuances of social gender and concomitant connotations. The languages studied include, among others, Japanese, Arabic and other Semitic languages, as well as historical and dialectal varieties of German and Italian.
Algorithm optimization of cross-interfaces computed tomography into full field
Authors: Ling Chen , Chen Haiyan , Gao Yu , Wu Yue
Published: May 2021

Tomographic approaches in confined space require advanced imaging algorithms that can properly consider the refractive distortion as the imaging rays pass through the optical wall. Our previous work established an algorithm (cross-interfaces computed tomography, CICT) and practically solved tomographic problems in confined space. However, critical restriction was found in CICT, which is that images simulated at small azimuth angles are contaminated with noticeable signal loss and become unusable. Based on this recognition, this work has developed an improved tomography approach, namely, full-field cross-interfaces computed tomography (FCICT), to extend the available view angles to all perspectives. The key to this approach involves the 3D domain discretization using voxel parallelepipeds instead of traditional voxel layers to establish the ray-tracing relationship between imaging planes and the measurement domain. The imaging process of FCICT is first validated by quantitatively comparing the grid imaging locations in measured and simulated projections of a calibration plate. By evenly distributing the view angles in the whole azimuth angle range, the FCICT reconstruction is then numerically validated by reconstructing a simulated double-cone flame phantom. The reconstruction presents a high correlation coefficient of

∼

98

%

with the original phantom. Finally, the FCICT is employed to reconstruct an ethylene-air premixed flame. Comparisons show that re-projections generated by the FCICT reconstruction are in accordance with measured flame images, with the mean correlation coefficients of more than 95%.
Polarization sensing using submarine optical cables
Authors: Mecozzi Antonio , Cantono Mattia , Castellanos Jorge C. , Kamalov Valey , Muller Rafael , Zhan Zhongwen
Published: May 2021

Observation of polarization modulation at the output of a submarine link, extracted from a standard coherent telecom receiver, can be used to monitor geophysical events such as sea waves and earthquakes occurring along the cable. We analyze the effect of birefringence perturbations on the polarization at the output of a long-haul submarine transmission system, and provide analytical expressions instrumental to understanding the dependence of the observed polarization modulation on the amplitude and spatial extension of the observed events. By symmetry considerations, we show that in standard single mode fibers with random polarization coupling, if polarization fluctuations are caused by strain or pressure, the relative birefringence fluctuations are equal to the relative fluctuations of the polarization averaged phase. We finally show that pressure induced strain is a plausible explanation of the origin of polarization modulations observed in a long submarine link. The presented analysis paves the way for the transformation of transoceanic fiber optic links during operation into powerful sensing tools for otherwise inaccessible geophysical events occurring in the deep ocean.
Dynamic patterns of correlated activity in the prefrontal cortex encode information about social behavior
Authors: Frost Nicholas A. , Haggart Anna , Sohal Vikaas S.
Published: May 2021

New technologies make it possible to measure activity from many neurons simultaneously. One approach is to analyze simultaneously recorded neurons individually, then group together neurons which increase their activity during similar behaviors into an “ensemble.” However, this notion of an ensemble ignores the ability of neurons to act collectively and encode and transmit information in ways that are not reflected by their individual activity levels. We used microendoscopic GCaMP imaging to measure prefrontal activity while mice were either alone or engaged in social interaction. We developed an approach that combines a neural network classifier and surrogate (shuffled) datasets to characterize how neurons synergistically transmit information about social behavior. Notably, unlike optimal linear classifiers, a neural network classifier with a single linear hidden layer can discriminate network states which differ solely in patterns of coactivity, and not in the activity levels of individual neurons. Using this approach, we found that surrogate datasets which preserve behaviorally specific patterns of coactivity (correlations) outperform those which preserve behaviorally driven changes in activity levels but not correlated activity. Thus, social behavior elicits increases in correlated activity that are not explained simply by the activity levels of the underlying neurons, and prefrontal neurons act collectively to transmit information about socialization via these correlations. Notably, this ability of correlated activity to enhance the information transmitted by neuronal ensembles is diminished in mice lacking the autism-associated gene Shank3. These results show that synergy is an important concept for the coding of social behavior which can be disrupted in disease states, reveal a specific mechanism underlying this synergy (social behavior increases correlated activity within specific ensembles), and outline methods for studying how neurons within an ensemble can work together to encode information.
Sexual and reproductive health information and referrals for resettled refugee women: A survey of resettlement agencies in the United States
Authors: Katcher Tonya , Thimmesch Rebecca , Spitz Alison , Kulkarni Leena , Panth Neelima , Weiner Arlen , Woodford Martin Michelle
Published: May 2021

Background

Refugee resettlement offices are the first point of contact for newly arrived refugees and play a significant role in helping refugees acclimate and settle into life in the United States. Available literature suggests that refugee women are vulnerable to poor sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes, including sexually transmitted infections and HIV infections as well as adverse pregnancy outcomes, but little is known about the role that refugee resettlement offices play in supporting refugee women’s SRH. This study examines the capacity and interest of resettlement offices in providing SRH information and referrals to newly arrived refugees.

Methods and findings

The research team conducted an online survey of staff members at refugee resettlement offices throughout the US in 2018 to determine (1) available SRH resources and workshops; (2) referrals to and assistance with making appointments for SRH and primary care appointments; (3) barriers to addressing SRH needs of clients; and (4) interest in building the capacity of office staff to address SRH issues. The survey was created for this study and had not been previously used or validated. Survey data underwent descriptive analysis. A total of 236 resettlement offices were contacted, with responses from 100 offices, for a total response rate of 42%. Fifteen percent (N = 15) of refugee resettlement agencies (RRAs) who responded to the survey provide materials about SRH to clients, and 49% (N = 49) incorporate sexual health into the classes they provide to newly arrived refugee clients. Moreover, 12% (N = 12) of responding RRAs screen clients for pregnancy intention, and 20% (N = 20) directly refer to contraceptive care and services. This study is limited by the response rate of the survey; no conclusions can be drawn about those offices that did not respond. In addition, the survey instrument was not validated against any other sources of information about the practices of refugee resettlement offices.

Conclusions

In this study, we observed that many resettlement offices do not routinely provide information or referrals for SRH needs. Responding offices cite lack of time and competing priorities as major barriers to providing SRH education and referrals to clients.
Thousands of protein linear motif classes may still be undiscovered
Authors: Bulavka Denys , Aptekmann Ariel A. , Méndez Nicolás A. , Krick Teresa , Sánchez Ignacio E.
Published: May 2021

Linear motifs are short protein subsequences that mediate protein interactions. Hundreds of motif classes including thousands of motif instances are known. Our theory estimates how many motif classes remain undiscovered. As commonly done, we describe motif classes as regular expressions specifying motif length and the allowed amino acids at each motif position. We measure motif specificity for a pair of motif classes by quantifying how many motif-discriminating positions prevent a protein subsequence from matching the two classes at once. We derive theorems for the maximal number of motif classes that can simultaneously maintain a certain number of motif-discriminating positions between all pairs of classes in the motif universe, for a given amino acid alphabet. We also calculate the fraction of all protein subsequences that would belong to a motif class if all potential motif classes came into existence. Naturally occurring pairs of motif classes present most often a single motif-discriminating position. This mild specificity maximizes the potential number of coexisting motif classes, the expansion of the motif universe due to amino acid modifications and the fraction of amino acid sequences that code for a motif instance. As a result, thousands of linear motif classes may remain undiscovered.
Distribution difference of colostrum-derived B and T cells subsets in gilts and sows
Authors: Forner Ricardo , Bombassaro Gabrielly , Bellaver Franciana Volpato , Maciag Shaiana , Fonseca Francisco Noé , Gava Danielle , Lopes Leticia , Marques Mariana Groke , Bastos Ana Paula
Published: May 2021

Piglets are highly vulnerable to infections, but colostrum provides them with some protection. The function of colostrum components is unknown, as is if the amount and subsets of leukocytes in colostrum differ between gilts and sows. This study serially characterized leukocyte populations in colostrum for differential leukocyte counts. Differences in humoral and cellular composition of colostrum between 40 gilts and 40 sows (parities orders 3–4) from a commercial herd were examined. Flow cytometry is a useful tool to identify and quantify leukocyte subsets in sow colostrum. Overall, there were no (p ≥ 0.05) parity differences in total macrophages, granulocytes, and T and B cells. However, the sows’ colostrum presented significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) T lymphocyte subsets than gilts, such as central memory CD4+T cells, effector memory CD4+T cells, and central memory CD8+T cells. Among B-lymphocytes, percentages of SWC7+CD5+cells were significantly higher in sow colostrum than in that of gilts. As expected, IgG concentrations were significantly higher in sows than in gilts. Colostrum from sows had significantly greater mitogenic activity than colostrum from gilts and this fact can be associated with the potential to accelerate the maturation of a newborn’s gastrointestinal tract. Our findings suggest that parity order may be one among other factors influencing the cell population and, consequently, the immune adaptive response in piglets that induces neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to antigens.
Are there sex differences in physiological parameters and reaction time responses to overload in firefighters?
Authors: Perroni Fabrizio , Cardinali Ludovica , Cignitti Lamberto , Gobbi Erica , Grugni Federico , Amatori Stefano , Rocchi Marco Bruno Luigi , Grandinetti Luca , Lunetta Francesco , Stocchi Vilberto , Baldari Carlo , Sisti Davide , Guidetti Laura
Published: May 2021

Male and female firefighters work side-by-side in the same in strenuous and risky conditions. Anthropometrics, physiological, and reaction time (mean of reaction time -MRT-, and errors made -E) parameters of 12 Female and 13 Male firefighters were compared. Effect of overload (step test with and without equipment) on the MRT and E were analyzed on 3 trials (T1 = 1-1s, T2 = 0.5-1s, T3 = 0.5–0.5s), compared with a pre-test condition (basal). T-test between males and females was applied to assess differences (p<0.05) in all parameters. ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni on 3 conditions of step test between males and females was applied in reaction time variables. Between MRT and E, in T1, T2 and T3 trials and the 3 test conditions, ANCOVA models with interactions were used. Differences (p<0.05) in anthropometric, physiological and reaction time data emerged across groups, and on the 3rd trials (T3 vs T1 and T2) in reaction time parameters of each group. ANCOVA showed differences (p<0.001) in E among trials. Post hoc showed significant differences in T1vsT3 and T1vsT2. MRT x trial interaction was extremely significant (P<0.001). Implementing fitness and reaction time exercise programs is important to decrease the injury risk and increase work capacity in firefighters with reference to female workers.
Odor sampling strategies in mice with genetically altered olfactory responses
Authors: Reisert Johannes , Golden Glen J. , Dibattista Michele , Gelperin Alan
Published: May 2021

Peripheral sensory cells and the central neuronal circuits that monitor environmental changes to drive behaviors should be adapted to match the behaviorally relevant kinetics of incoming stimuli, be it the detection of sound frequencies, the speed of moving objects or local temperature changes. Detection of odorants begins with the activation of olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity following inhalation of air and airborne odorants carried therein. Thus, olfactory receptor neurons are stimulated in a rhythmic and repeated fashion that is determined by the breathing or sniffing frequency that can be controlled and altered by the animal. This raises the question of how the response kinetics of olfactory receptor neurons are matched to the imposed stimulation frequency and if, vice versa, the kinetics of olfactory receptor neuron responses determine the sniffing frequency. We addressed this question by using a mouse model that lacks the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 4 (NCKX4), which results in markedly slowed response termination of olfactory receptor neuron responses and hence changes the temporal response kinetics of these neurons. We monitored sniffing behaviors of freely moving wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice while they performed olfactory Go/NoGo discrimination tasks. Knockout mice performed with similar or, surprisingly, better accuracy compared to wildtype mice, but chose, depending on the task, different odorant sampling durations depending on the behavioral demands of the odorant identification task. Similarly, depending on the demands of the behavioral task, knockout mice displayed a lower basal breathing frequency prior to odorant sampling, a possible mechanism to increase the dynamic range for changes in sniffing frequency during odorant sampling. Overall, changes in sniffing behavior between wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice were subtle, suggesting that, at least for the particular odorant-driven task we used, slowed response termination of the odorant-induced receptor neuron response either has a limited detrimental effect on odorant-driven behavior or mice are able to compensate via an as yet unknown mechanism.
A survey of current trends and suggested future directions in coral transplantation for reef restoration
Authors: Ferse Sebastian C. A. , Hein Margaux Y. , Rölfer Lena
Published: May 2021

Coral transplantation has been used in reef restoration for several decades, but information on the type of projects, their scope, scale, and success is mostly limited to published scientific studies and technical reports. Many practitioners do not have the capacity to share their progress in peer-reviewed literature, yet likely have a wealth of information to share on how to improve the efficiency of transplantation efforts. In order to incorporate non-published data on coral transplantation projects and gain an overview of the general features of these projects, we conducted an initial systematic online survey of projects run by various practitioners. Surveyed projects (n= 50) covered most of the tropical belt and ranged in size from a few hundred transplanted corals to >5000 transplants. The most frequent source of coral fragments were corals already broken from some previous impact (“corals of opportunity”; 58% of projects), followed by fragments stored in different types of aquaculture systems (42% of projects). The use of sexual reproduction was very limited. Fast-growing, branching corals were used in 96% of projects, being by far the most common transplanted growth form. About half of the projects mentioned undertaking maintenance of the transplantation plots. The majority of projects undertook subsequent monitoring (80%), yet the available data indicates that duration of monitoring efforts was not adequate to evaluate long-term success. The findings underline that while some general principles for successful coral restoration projects are reasonably well established, others need to be mainstreamed better in order to improve the effectiveness of coral transplantation for reef restoration. This relates in particular to sustainable funding, adequate site assessment, and long-term monitoring using established protocols. Additional information is needed to better understand and address potential challenges with regards to the sourcing of transplants and use of slow-growing species. A better integration of practitioners is necessary to improve the understanding of coral transplantation effectiveness. The results underline a need to develop and use monitoring protocols that allow gauging and comparing the effectiveness of coral transplantation among various projects, as well as for accessible platform(s) to allow the exchange of experiences made in different projects. Regular surveys of restoration projects are recommended to collate and share information among practitioners. We provide a number of recommendations for items to include in future surveys.
Implementation outcomes of HIV self-testing in low- and middle- income countries: A scoping review
Authors: Rivera Adovich S. , Hernandez Ralph , Mag-usara Regiel , Sy Karen Nicole , Ulitin Allan R. , O’Dwyer Linda C. , McHugh Megan C. , Jordan Neil , Hirschhorn Lisa R.
Published: May 2021

Introduction

HIV self-testing (HIV-ST) is an effective means of improving HIV testing rates. Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are taking steps to include HIV-ST into their national HIV/AIDS programs but very few reviews have focused on implementation in LMIC. We performed a scoping review to describe and synthesize existing literature on implementation outcomes of HIV-ST in LMIC.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Global Health, Web of Science, and Scopus, supplemented by searches in HIVST.org and other grey literature databases (done 23 September 2020) and included articles if they reported at least one of the following eight implementation outcomes: acceptability, appropriateness, adoption, feasibility, fidelity, cost, penetration, or sustainability. Both quantitative and qualitative results were extracted and synthesized in a narrative manner.

Results and discussion

Most (75%) of the 206 included articles focused on implementation in Africa. HIV-ST was found to be acceptable and appropriate, perceived to be convenient and better at maintaining confidentiality than standard testing. The lack of counselling and linkage to care, however, was concerning to stakeholders. Peer and online distribution were found to be effective in improving adoption. The high occurrence of user errors was a common feasibility issue reported by studies, although, diagnostic accuracy remained high. HIV-ST was associated with higher program costs but can still be cost-effective if kit prices remain low and HIV detection improves. Implementation fidelity was not always reported and there were very few studies on, penetration, and sustainability.

Conclusions

Evidence supports the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of HIV-ST in the LMIC context. Costs and user error rates are threats to successful implementation. Future research should address equity through measuring penetration and potential barriers to sustainability including distribution, cost, scale-up, and safety.
Analysis of factors influencing casual sexual behavior among male college students in Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Yang Zhongrong , Chen Weiyong , Jin Meihua , Chen Wanjun , Chen Lin , Zhou Xin
Published: May 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the situations and factors influencing casual sexual behavior among male college students, in order to provide scientific evidences and measures of the prevention and control for HIV/AIDS.

Method

Using the stratified cluster sampling method, male college students who self-reported sexual behavior were selected as survey subjects in 13 colleges and universities in 11 cities of Zhejiang Province from October to November 2018. We used a custom online questionnaire to collect information on the demographic characteristics, sexual attitudes, sexual behaviors, and HIV interventions of the respondents. The χ2 test was performed on the composition ratios between different groups. With the occurrence of casual sexual behavior as the dependent variable, logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing casual male sexual behavior.

Results

A total of 2734 male college students were surveyed, aged 20.20±1.41 years, of which 595 had casual sex, accounting for 21.7%. The rate of HIV prevention awareness among the participants was 85.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that receiving a self-assessment of HIV risk conducted by the school (Ajusted OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.14–1.84), knowing that HIV self-test kits were available at school (Ajusted OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.56–2.62), accepting one-night stands (Ajusted OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 2.18–3.66), accepting commercial sex (Ajusted OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.53–2.48), being a man who has sex with men (Ajusted OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.37–2.39), being a senior (Ajusted OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.30–0.71), having knowledge of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment (Ajusted OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.51–0.86), and knowing that the CDC provides HIV testing services (Ajusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.41–0.77) were factors influencing male college students’ casual sexual behavior.

Conclusion

Male college students who have causal sexual behaviors have a high degree of openness in sexual attitudes, insufficient knowledge of AIDS prevention, and knowledge of HIV testing-related information but low testing rates. For male college students’ HIV prevention education intervention, it is necessary to emphasize the establishment of correct sexual attitudes and concepts and promote safe sexual behaviors to prevent the spread of HIV.
Prediction of the compressive strength of high-performance self-compacting concrete by an ultrasonic-rebound method based on a GA-BP neural network
Authors: Du Guoqiang , Bu Liangtao , Hou Qi , Zhou Jing , Lu Beixin
Published: May 2021

To address the problem of low accuracy and poor robustness of in situ testing of the compressive strength of high-performance self-compacting concrete (SCC), a genetic algorithm (GA)-optimized backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model was established to predict the compressive strength of SCC. Experiments based on two concrete nondestructive testing methods, i.e., ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt rebound hammer, were designed and test sample data were obtained. A neural network topology with two input nodes, 19 hidden nodes, and one output node was constructed, and the initial weights and thresholds of the resulting traditional BPNN model were optimized using GA. The results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.967 between the values predicted by the established BPNN model and the test values, with an RMSE of 3.703, compared to a correlation coefficient of 0.979 between the values predicted by the GA-optimized BPNN model and the test values, with an RMSE of 2.972. The excellent agreement between the predicted and test values demonstrates the model can accurately predict the compressive strength of SCC and hence reduce the cost and time for SCC compressive strength testing.
Incidence, individual, and macro level risk factors of severe binocular visual impairment and blindness in persons aged 50 and older
Authors: Kreft Daniel , Doblhammer Gabriele , Guthoff Rudolf F. , Frech Stefanie
Published: May 2021

Objective

This study aims to estimate the incidence of severe binocular vision impairment and blindness (SVI/B) and to identify eye diseases and regional risk factors of persons with SVI/B at ages 50 years and older.

Methods

We designed an observational cohort study based on longitudinal, multifactorial, and administrative information of a random sample of 250,000 persons at ages 50+. All individuals were included in the process-produced health claims register of the Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse in 2004, and were followed until 2015. We analyzed ten selected eye diseases and regional characteristics as risk factors for SVI/B using Cox models, adjusting for demographic characteristics and multi-morbidity.

Results

The age-standardized incidence was 79 new diagnoses of SVI/B per 100,000 person-years (95%-CI: 76-82); 77 for males (72-82) and 81 for females (77-85). By adjusting for multiple factors, the model revealed and confirmed that individuals who were very old (Hazard ratio90+: 6.67; 3.59-12.71), male (1.18; 1.01-1.38), had multi-morbidities (three+ diseases: 3.36; 2.51-4.49), or had diabetes (1.26; 1.07-1.49) had an increased risk of SVI/B. Compared to persons without the particular eye disease (all p<0.001), persons diagnosed with secondary glaucoma had a multiple-adjusted 4.66 times (3.17-6.85) higher risk, those with retinal vascular occlusion had a 4.51 times (3.27-6.23) higher risk, and those with angle-closure glaucoma had a 4.22 times (2.60-6.85) higher risk. Population density was not a risk factor, while persons living in wealthier regions had 0.75 times (p=0.003) to 0.70 times (p<0.001) the risk of SVI/B than persons in the least wealthy regions of Germany.

Conclusion

The study revealed and confirmed some profound risk factors of SVI/B at both the individual and the macro level. The sizes of the effects of the characteristics of the living context were smaller than those of the individual characteristics, especially for some severe eye diseases. While urbanity and access to health services had no effect, regional economic wealth was a risk factor for SVI/B. Future health care measures and advice by physicians should take these dimensions of inequalities in SVI/B into account.
The human cytomegalovirus protein UL147A downregulates the most prevalent MICA allele: MICA*008, to evade NK cell-mediated killing
Authors: Seidel Einat , Dassa Liat , Schuler Corinna , Oiknine-Djian Esther , Wolf Dana G. , Le-Trilling Vu Thuy Khanh , Mandelboim Ofer
Published: May 2021

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes capable of killing target cells without prior sensitization. One pivotal activating NK receptor is NKG2D, which binds a family of eight ligands, including the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related chain A (MICA). Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous betaherpesvirus causing morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients and congenitally infected infants. HCMV encodes multiple antagonists of NK cell activation, including many mechanisms targeting MICA. However, only one of these mechanisms, the HCMV protein US9, counters the most prevalent MICA allele, MICA*008. Here, we discover that a hitherto uncharacterized HCMV protein, UL147A, specifically downregulates MICA*008. UL147A primarily induces MICA*008 maturation arrest, and additionally targets it to proteasomal degradation, acting additively with US9 during HCMV infection. Thus, UL147A hinders NKG2D-mediated elimination of HCMV-infected cells by NK cells. Mechanistic analyses disclose that the non-canonical GPI anchoring pathway of immature MICA*008 constitutes the determinant of UL147A specificity for this MICA allele. These findings advance our understanding of the complex and rapidly evolving HCMV immune evasion mechanisms, which may facilitate the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
A theatrical evidence-based cognitive intervention for older adults
Authors: Noice Tony , Noice Helga
Published: May 2021

This article describes a 35-year program devoted to determining the cognitive learning strategies of professional actors and then using those strategies to lower the risk factors for dementia in older adults. Details of a series of successful evidence-based theatrical interventions are provided along with the identification of areas in which our work directly overlaps drama therapy research. The methods involved in this endeavour include protocol analysis, behavioural testing and pre- and post-intervention data comparison. Most recently, these results have been verified by neuroscientists using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It is hoped that drama therapists will find elements of this program that will be applicable to their work with older adults.
Trends in East Asian policies on digital surveillance tools during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sherstoboeva Elena , Pavlenko Valentina
Published: May 2021

This article investigates how digital surveillance tools used by East Asian governments against COVID-19 affect privacy and personal data protection. It applies doctrinal legal analysis and case study to compare national regulations of these tools as well as their implementation in China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea. The approaches range considerably from total (China) to selective surveillance, which, however, seems overly excessive towards privacy of certain social groups, exacerbating social stratification and business disruptions in East Asia. The article argues that selective surveillance models vary across the region from voluntary selective (Japan) to compulsory selective surveillance (Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, South Korea) and differ in terms of privacy and related rights. Yet, the increased risks of data misuse and leakages in all the East Asian states and territories need effective legal mechanisms for privacy and data protection that pay sufficient attention to public scrutiny and independent regulators.
Managing sustainability development of the agricultural sphere based on the entropy weight TOPSIS model
Authors: Stoyanets Nataliya , Hu Zetao , Chen Junmin , Niu Lichen
Published: May 2021

The evaluation of rural governance capacity is a crucial part of studying the economic and social development of rural areas in the Henan Province. Based on the theory of social structure, this article studies the rural governance capacity. We construct a governance capacity evaluation indicator system from the perspective of social structure theory and use the entropy weight method TOPSIS evaluation model to calculate indicator weight and governance ability score of every township. The results illustrate that the overall governance capacity score is low, and there are differences among regions. The weights, which are different among different governance agents, provide a certain guidance for effectively improving governance capabilities. This study will offer a reference for the assessment of the governance of rural areas in Henan or in areas with similar economic and social development to the Henan region.
Impact of socio-demographics on consumers’ attitude and purchase intention towards ‘eco-friendly’ products
Authors: Walia Sargam Bahl , Kumar Harish , Negi Naveen
Published: May 2021

The objective of this study was to understand the impact of demographic and social variables on consumer attitudes and purchase intentions towards eco-friendly products. The research design used in the study is descriptive research. Primary data were collected from respondents in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, using a structured questionnaire. A total of 500 respondents were considered for the study. Secondary sources of information included various research publications, published newspapers, online and printed journals, magazines, websites and books. The study reveals a significant impact of demographic and social variables on consumer consumption of ‘green’ products. It explores the differences in attitude between ‘green’ and ‘non-green’ consumers regarding social and demographic dimensions.
VÁZQUEZ ASTORGA, Mónica: El edificio de la Delegación del Gobierno en Aragón (antiguo Gobierno Civil de Zaragoza) como imagen de la historia de la ciudad contemporánea
Authors: Tarifa Castilla María Josefa
Published: May 2021

Les remito la reseña del libro:VÁZQUEZ ASTORGA, Mónica: El edificio de la Delegación del Gobierno en Aragón (antiguo Gobierno Civil de Zaragoza) como imagen de la historia de la ciudad contemporánea. Zaragoza, Institución “Fernando el Católico” (Colección Estudios Arte), 2020.
La exposición del Arca Santa de la Catedral de Oviedo en el Museo del Prado (1935)
Authors: Aparicio Vega Juan Carlos
Published: May 2021

En 1935 el público del Museo del Prado pudo contemplar por vez primera fuera de su marco habitual, el Arca Santa (c. 1096-1101) de la Catedral de Oviedo, uno de los relicarios más singulares del románico europeo y pieza esencial de la Cámara Santa. Esta presentación estuvo relacionada con su restauración en el Instituto Valencia de Don Juan. En la dilatada historiografía sobre esta obra maestra, apenas se registra dicha exhibición, que ahora relatamos en base a documentos inéditos.
Un destello arquitectónico del siglo XIV: la capilla de Santa Catalina, antigua sala capitular de la catedral de Burgos
Authors: Polanco Melero Carlos
Published: May 2021

La Capilla de Santa Catalina de la Catedral de Burgos presenta un novedoso abovedamiento, análogo al de la Capilla Barbazana de la Catedral de Pamplona. El edificio burgalés pudo preceder al pamplonés y se aportan elementos argumentales en este sentido. Las capillas funerarias de la segunda mitad del siglo XIV y del tardogótico castellano entroncan con su configuración espacial y arquitectónica. En la arquitectura religiosa, su impronta se extiende hasta finales del siglo XV.
A free dialogical logic for surrogate reasoning: generation of hypothesis without ontological commitments
Authors: Redmond Juan
Published: May 2021

This article aims to present a Free Dialogic Logic [FDL] as a general framework for hypothesis generation in the practice of modelling in science. Our proposal is based on the idea that the inferential function that models fulfil during the modelling process (surrogate reasoning) should be carried out without ontological commitments. The starting point to achieve our objective is that the scientific consideration of models without a target is a symptom that, on the one hand, the Applicability of Logic should be considered among the conditions of adequacy that should take into account all modeling process and, on the other, that the inferential apparatus at the base of the surrogate reasoning process must be rid of realistic assumptions that lead to erroneous conclusions. In this sense, we propose as an alternative an ontologically neutral inferential system in the perspective of dialogical pragmatism.
One Health information management: health system reforms to support social well-being in Thailand
Authors: Youthao Sangtien , Amornsiriphong Somsak
Published: May 2021

Background and Aim: The information about the health problems interaction between animal health, ecosystems, and human health that the "One Health (OH)" concept is becoming more complex. This study focused on OH information in Thailand to develop guidelines for establishing a "One Health Information Management (OHIM)" system by drafting the structure of an OH information strategic plan.

Materials and Methods: A mixed methods approach was used and included questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, and observations in agencies across the country to gather evidence about actions relating to the OH concept, such as the Memorandum of Agreements between the Ministry of Public Health and eight main agencies.

Results: The study concentrated on the key issue that understanding the OH concept is difficult, as the environment and human health sectors include less knowledge of this concept than the animal health sector. Further, there are concerns about the comprehension of OH concepts, and high-level information management and data storage relating to OH, including medicine, cattle, wild animal, environment, and environmental resource management. Data from OH researchers and publicly accessible government data are less integrated and inconsistently managed across agencies.

Conclusion: The study of OHIM strategic development should consist of four important points: (1) Clarity in the OH concept, (2) OH staff development, (3) development of an OHIM data network and innovation, and (4) research and academic development, and global OHIM academic exchange. All of these points will lead to health system reforms to support social well-being.
Outsourcing – egy folyamatos megújulásra képes stratégiai eszköz a vállalati versenyképesség szolgálatában, az innováció kontextusában
Authors: Balogh Attila
Published: May 2021

Napjainkban, amikor az élet szinte minden területét áthatja az egyre növekvô verseny, a felgyorsult innováció, a tudásalapú rendszerek térhódítása, a globalizáció és az informatikai forradalom, valóban csak egyetlen dolog tûnik állandónak: maga a változás. Logikusan adódnak tehát a következô kérdések: milyen hatással vannak a jelzett folyamatok a vállalatokra, azok alapfolyamataira és irányítására? Létre lehet-e hozni (amennyiben igen, milyen módon) egy hatékonyabb szervezetet, mely a kihívásoknak képes rugalmasan megfelelni? Hogyan képes kihasználni a vállalat a technológiai innováció kínálta lehetôségeket? A fenti kérdések átfogó megválaszolására jelen tanulmány nem vállalkozhat. A vizsgálat fókuszában ezért – mint lehetséges megoldás – egy megújuló menedzsmenttechnika, az outsourcing (tevékenység-kihelyezés) áll, és ennek néhány újszerû, lényegi vonását, elsôsorban a stratégiai menedzsment kontextusában igyekszik feltárni a tanulmány.