bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efectos de la descarga estacional del Canal del Dique en el mecanismo de intercambio de aguas de una bahía semicerrada y micromareal: Bahía de Cartagena, Colombia
Authors: Molares Ricardo , Mestres Marc
Published: June 2018

Las características mareales de la Bahía de Cartagena (Colombia), su morfología y la fluctuación estacional del caudal de descarga del Canal del Dique modifican el mecanismo de intercambio de agua de la bahía con el mar abierto a través de dos entradas: Bocagrande y Bocachica. Con el fin de estudiar el proceso de intercambio de agua, tres escenarios diferentes fueron diseñados y numéricamente modelados, utilizando el Sistema de Modelación Regional del Océano (ROMS_AGRIF).

Los resultados mostraron que las fluctuaciones del caudal de descarga del Canal del Dique modifican fuertemente el régimen de corrientes de flujo y reflujo a través de las entradas de la bahía. Considerando el incremento sostenido en la descarga del río (de bajo a alto caudal de descarga) a lo largo del año y la intensidad de la corriente promedio que fluye hacia afuera de la bahía (reflujo) a través de Bocagrande, esta corriente aumentó hasta un 60 %, mientras que las corrientes dirigidas hacia la bahía (flujo) a través de Bocachica, experimentaron variaciones entre el 23 % (en el sector profundo de la entrada-canal de navegación) y 50 % (en la sección de agua someras de esta entrada).

Durante la época de alta rata de descarga del Canal del Dique, a través de la entrada de Bocagrande al noroeste de la bahía, el flujo de masas de agua es generalmente dirigida hacia afuera de la bahía. Esto es mayormente debido a la presencia de La Escollera, que se extiende entre la isla Tierrabomba y el continente, la cual actúa como una pared que previene el influjo de las aguas oceánicas densas sobre el fondo. Al mismo tiempo, el agua mezclada y menos densa en la superficie, es empujada fuera de la bahía por la corriente inducida por la descarga del Canal del Dique.

Al suroeste de la bahía (Bocachica) se identifican dos regímenes de intercambio de masas. En la sección somera, cercana al continente, el régimen es similar al detectado en Bocagrande, y también al observado en las capas superficiales (0 a 6 m) sobre el canal navegable en Bocachica. En las capas profundas de este canal, el flujo de agua se dirige hacia la bahía.
Determinación de los datums de referencia vertical con fines hidrográficos para la Bahía de Cartagena
Authors: Pulido Nossa Diego Armando , Bornachera Armando De Lisa , Viteri Dagoberto David , Guzmán Martínez Richard
Published: June 2018

El Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Caribe (CIOH), en representación de la Dirección General Marítima (Dimar), autoridad marítima nacional, comprometida con los procesos de reglamentación y estandarización de las actividades que se realizan en la jurisdicción del puerto de Cartagena, especialmente los levantamientos de información batimétrica que se realizan en la Bahía de Cartagena, definió los datums o niveles de referencia vertical hidrográficos basándose en una metodología que combina la utilización de datos históricos, correspondientes al año 2011, de nivel de agua registrados por la estación mareográfica ubicada en el muelle del CIOH en la Bahía de Cartagena, cálculos matemáticos con los registros obtenidos y resultados de trabajos de campo, para relacionar la red geodésica nacional con los niveles verticales obtenidos. De esta forma se generó el metadato que permite referir un levantamiento hidrográfico a los niveles determinados acorde a la necesidad y/o propósito final del trabajo.

Los datums obtenidos fueron: MLWS (promedio de las bajamares de sicigia), utilizado para la referenciación de la cartografía náutica oficial colombiana; LAT (marea astronómica más baja) y MSL (nivel medio del mar). Todos los ante¬riores corresponden a datums recomendados por la Organización Hidrográfica Internacional (OHI) para la referenciación vertical de levantamientos hidrográficos, especialmente el MLWS y el LAT. Adicionalmente se calcularon los datums MHWS (promedio de las pleamares de sicigia) y HAT (marea astronómica más alta). Además de los fines de generación cartográfica, los resultados obtenidos permitirán ampliar el rango de productos, análisis y estudios que se derivan del cálculo, im¬plementación y estandarización de los niveles verticales, como es el caso de las fusiones con datos espaciales producto de levantamientos en tierra, utilización de la metodología para medición de ascensos y descensos del nivel de agua por medio de tecnología GNSS RTK; siendo ésta la de más alta precisión disponible en la actualidad en el desarrollo de levantamientos hidrográficos en el ámbito mundial, por parte de la Dimar, contar con el soporte técnico para exigir la estandarización a un mismo nivel de referencia vertical,de los levantamientos hidrográficos que realizan entidades externas generando un control eficiente que resolverá definitivamente discrepancias que se han presentado constantemente cuando se confrontan productos de distintas entidades.
Proceso de intercambio de masas de agua de la bahía de Cartagena (Caribe colombiano) basado en la medición de parámetros oceanográficos
Authors: Grisales López César Humberto , Salgado Mesa Julián A. , Molares Babra Ricardo José
Published: June 2018

Se realizó una descripción y análisis del proceso de intercambio de masas de agua en la bahía de Cartagena, para lo cual se efectuaron salidas de campo, en las cuales se tomaron diferentes mediciones de parámetros oceanográficos en las entradas de la bahía (Bocagrande y Bocachica), así como en la descarga del Canal del Dique a la bahía. Otros aportes de agua no se tuvieron en cuenta. Las mediciones se efectuaron en las dos épocas (seca y húmeda), con el fin de determinar la influencia de los extremos estacionales en la dinámica de la bahía, principalmente del Canal del Dique, que durante la época de lluvias triplicó el aporte en el volumen de agua hacia la bahía.

Durante la época seca y en el sector de Bocachica (mediciones efectuadas durante un ciclo de marea) se presentó un flujo dominante hacia la bahía, correspondiente a un volumen de 59.1567x106 m3 durante un ciclo de marea y un flujo de salida por Bocagrande correspondiente a un volumen de 76.2013x106 m3, con una disminución del 28.81 % en el volumen de agua de la bahía. En la época de lluvias y durante un ciclo de marea, el volumen de agua que ingresó a la bahía (Bocachica y Canal del Dique) fue de 89.8590x106 m3, mientras que el volumen de salida por Bocagrande fue de 78.5392x106 m3, con un incremento del 12.59 % en el volumen de agua de la bahía.

Estos resultados corroboran los obtenidos por Molares y Mestres (2013), quienes simularon la dinámica de la bahía y determinaron una variación en los regímenes de flujo de entrada y salida a la bahía dependiendo de la época del año. Se resalta la importancia de los resultados obtenidos, los cuales indican las variaciones del volumen de agua dentro de la bahía, adquiriendo importancia por el impacto socioeconómico y ecológico que puede tener en este importante sistema estuarino.
Seguimiento satelital de las condiciones océano-atmosféricas asociadas a los eventos de precipitación en Colombia durante el evento La Niña 2010–2011
Authors: Bastidas Salamanca Martha Lucero , Figueroa Casas Apolinar
Published: June 2018

La comprensión de la variabilidad climática es un tema de gran interés científico debido a que puede repercutir en las condiciones ambientales y socio-económicas de un país. Este estudio hace uso de datos satelitales para describir los eventos de precipitación ocurridos en el territorio colombiano durante el evento de La Niña 2010-2011 y registrados en estaciones meteorológicas costeras del Caribe. Se utilizaron datos de la temperatura de brillo de las nubes, medida por el Geostationary Operational Envirormental Satellite -GOES-12; datos de temperatura superficial del mar derivados de imágenes mensuales del Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer – MODIS, y datos de precipitación intisituto de dos estaciones meteorológicas costeras (Cartagena y Santa Marta). Las imágenes satelitales GOES permitieron describir el evento La Niña 2010-2011 a partir de la identificación de nubes altas y complejos convectivos de mesoescala, los cuales se asocian a elevadas precipitaciones; mientras que las imágenes MODIS evidenciaron un comportamiento oceánico opuesto entre el Caribe colombiano, que exhibió anomalías positivas, y el Pacífico Oriental Tropical, que experimentó la influencia del evento y lo reflejó en anomalías negativas. Modelos lineales empleando datos satelitales de temperatura superficial del mar, in situ de precipitación y del Índice de Oscilación del Sur, revelaron que solamente para la estación ubicada en El Rodadero (Santa Marta), la precipitación fue explicada por la temperatura superficial del mar adyacente, mientras que el IOS no resultó significativo.
Composición y abundancia estacional del microzooplancton superficial de la bahía Ancón de Sardinas, Pacífico colombiano
Authors: Zambrano Ortiz Mónica María Zambrano-Ortiz María , Castrillón Valencia Freddy Albeiro , Casanova Rosero Róbinson Fidel , Portilla Angulo Lina Angélica
Published: June 2018

Se realizó un análisis de la composición taxonómica, diversidad y abundancia del microzooplancton presente en aguas super ciales de la bahía de Ancón de Sardinas, zona limítrofe en el Pacífico entre Colombia y Ecuador, a partir de dos muestreos realizados en mayo (época húmeda) y noviembre (época seca) de 2012. Las muestras se obtuvieron mediante colectas superficiales; se registraron las variables sicoquímicas, los niveles de nutrientes y de clorofila-a en cada estación. La abundancia de zooplancton varió entre 6 y 122 Ind/m3 para el periodo de lluvias con el grupo de tintínidos como mayor componente, mientras que para la época seca la abundancia varió entre 20 y 41 Ind/m3, destacándose el grupo de copépodos por su mayor proporción frente a los otros grupos. No se detectaron diferencias significativas en la abundancia de zooplancton entre las dos épocas climáticas (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.60), pero sí en la temperatura (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.0472); la salinidad (Mann-Whitney, p = 0.009), y la clorofila-a (Mann- Whitney, p = 0.016), especialmente por factores como el incremento en el caudal de los ríos y el aporte de las lluvias durante la época húmeda. Las características del estuario asociadas con la variabilidad estacional determinan la abundancia y composición del microzooplancton en la bahía.
Caracterización oceanográfica de la bahía de Solano
Authors: Pierini Jorge Omar , Rodríguez Leguizamón Adriana Alejandra
Published: June 2018

Se caracterizaron los parámetros físicos oceanográficos de la bahía de Solano, ubicada al norte del Pacífico colombiano, partiendo de datos obtenidos en dos campañas oceanográficas, realizadas por el Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Pacífico en dos épocas del año 2013. Los patrones de movimiento hidrodinámico durante el ciclo de marea tienen una clara relación corriente- marea en el orden de sus movimientos. La dirección de las corrientes se ve afectada por los cambios del ciclo mareal y esta hidrodinámica obedece a un patrón sujeto a la batimetría de la bahía y vientos. Los resultados de esta caracterización re ejaron que la bahía tiene un régimen de mareas semidiurno, mesomareal, cuya influencia sobre el campo de corriente es del tipo mixta. Las corrientes residuales establecen una bahía netamente exportadora de sal, influenciada por la fuerza que ejercen los vientos. Se determinó que las variables meteorológicas tienen influencia en la interacción océano-atmosfera de la bahía y pueden ocasionar cambios en las corrientes superifciales. Por otro lado, las copiosas precipitaciones pueden generar variaciones en la salinidad y la temperatura superficial. La distribución de las mismas en profundidad es uniforme espacialmente, mientras que a lo largo del ciclo de marea se evidenciaron ligeras variaciones en la termoclina y en la haloclina.
Análisis de la variabilidad espacio-temporal del sistema de surgencia de La Guajira en el dominio espacio-frecuencia, empleando el MTM-SVD (Multi Taper Method Singular Value Decomposition)
Authors: Gutiérrez Leones Gustavo Adolfo , Correa Ramírez Marco Alejandro , Hormazabal Fritz Samuel Ernesto
Published: June 2018

Se emplearon datos satelitales de clorofila-a, campo de vientos y temperatura superficial del mar para un periodo de doce años sobre el área de influencia del sistema de surgencia de la península de La Guajira, para ser analizados mediante el MTM-SVD, con el fin de obtener una visión general de las principales frecuencias de variabilidad, determinar la fracción de varianza explicada para cada una de estas frecuencias y determinar sus patrones de oscilación, tanto estacionarios o de propagación. Se encontró que la señal anual y semianual domina en forma significativa el comportamiento del sistema de afloramiento en la península de La Guajira. La señal anual está asociada a las fluctuaciones del esfuerzo de los vientos Alisios, mientras que la señal semianual obedece al incremento en la intensidad de los vientos que se da como consecuencia del descenso latitudinal de la baja de las Azores, que modifica el campo isobárico de la región, permitiendo la génesis del veranillo de "San Juan". Se establecieron relaciones entre el comportamiento interanual del campo de viento y la ocurrencia de eventos El Niño y La Niña, observándose coherencia entre la respuesta del sistema y las alteraciones atmosféricas que se generan como consecuencia de la intervención de El Niño-Oscilación del Sur.
Un modelo hidrodinámico del estrecho de Gerlache (Antártida) para el verano del hemisferio sur
Authors: Lonin Serguei
Published: June 2018

La Primera Expedición Científica de Colombia en la Antártida fue realizada durante el verano del hemisferio sur (enero-febrero de 2015) en el área del estrecho de Gerlache, ubicado en la península Antártica. La información oceanográfica e hidrográfica recolectada durante el crucero permitió implementar un modelo hidrodinámico bajo las condiciones de deshielo con el fin de estudiar los procesos hidrofísicos en el área de estudio con posterior aplicación del modelo a las predicciones del tiempo y el movimiento de los témpanos de hielo. Se formula el modelo hidrodinámico, haciendo énfasis en la descripción matemática de una compleja morfología, con presencia de sistemas de fiordos, islas y pasillos angostos. Se analizó el régimen de la marea astronómica, siendo de mayor importancia en la dinámica del estrecho en comparación con las corrientes termohalinas y la deriva de viento para este período del año.
Caracterización del régimen del viento y el oleaje en el litoral del departamento del Atlántico, Colombia
Authors: Daniel Inger , Higgins Alvarez Aldemar , Ayala Mantilla Cristian , Martínez Duarte Paola , Tigreros Benavides Paulo , Muñoz Vargas Alejandro
Published: June 2018

Con el objetivo de caracterizar el régimen del viento y el oleaje en el litoral del departamento del Atlántico se utilizaron datos (2005-2015) de re-análisis del modelo espectral de NOAA-WWIII (WaveWatch III), desarrollada por National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, ftp:// polar.ncep.noaa.gov/pub/history/waves), para un punto ubicado en la coordenada 11°9'59''N y 74°49'59''O en la zona de desembocadura del río Magdalena, Caribe colombiano. Con los resultados de la modelación se realizó un análisis estadístico con el que se generaron rosas de vientos y oleaje y función de distribución de probabilidad acumulada para estos parámetros. Se encontró que la velocidad del viento y la altura significante del oleaje son más energéticos para la época seca y provienen de la dirección NE; mientras que los vientos y el oleaje menos intensos se presentan en la época de lluvia mayor. La información obtenida es relevante para conocer el régimen de viento y oleaje en la zona de desembocadura del río Magdalena, en la cual se encuentra ubicado el principal puerto del departamento de Atlántico; además estos son dos forzadores que influyen en el proceso de dispersión de sedimentos o contaminantes, así como en la hidrodinámica y morfodinámica de la desembocadura. Esta metodología constituye una herramienta que puede ser aplicada en otras latitudes.
Editorial
Authors: Ospina Herrera Hernán Mauricio
Published: June 2018

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The Onyx Liquid Embolic System: Another Chance in the Management of Peripheral Bleeding
Authors: Ierardi Anna Maria , Femia Marco , Petrillo Mario , Angileri Salvatore Alessio , Hörer Tal , Carrafiello Gianpaolo
Published: June 2018

Ethylene vinyl alcohol or Onyx copolymer (Medtronic) is an embolization agent increasingly used in peripheral interventional radiology. The Onyx Liquid Embolic System (LES) offers a liquid, non-adhesive, non-absorbable, injectable and permanent embolic agent with an indication for neuro-interventional procedures. Due to its physical properties, Onyx has more embolic predictability than other currently available liquid agents and seems to have good potential in endovascular bleeding management, especially for patients with coagulopathies or anti-coagulation therapy. The aim of this brief review is to analyze the advantages of Onyx in the emergency setting on the basis of evidence in the current literature.
Femoral Arterial Closure After REBOA using the Fascia Suture Technique: First Experiences in a Military Setting
Authors: Reva Viktor A , Hörer Tal M , Samokhvalov Igor M , Larzon Thomas
Published: June 2018

Femoral vascular closure after REBOA can be challenging, and large-caliber sheaths combined with acute traumatic coagulopathy may lead to serious bleeding complications. The Fascia Suture Technique (FST) has been proposed as a safe easy-to-use and cheap method for reliable vascular closure. We present two cases of critically unstable patients for whom this technique was successfully used after REBOA placement through 8 Fr and 10 Fr sheaths at a Role 2 medical treatment facility. In one case, the FST was used for closure of both the femoral artery and vein. The femoral vascular closure took 6–7 minutes for each procedure (in both cases). No additional sutures were needed before reliable hemostasis was achieved. No hematoma or any other complication was noted during air transportation or afterward during a 6-month follow-up period. This report demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using the FST in austere environments.
Acute Kidney Injury Following Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hoareau Guillaume L , Cassiday Patrick A , Stewart Ian J , Studer Amy C , DuBose Joseph J , Neff Lucas P , Williams Timothy K , Johnson M Austin
Published: June 2018

Background: Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is an emergent technology for the treatment of non-compressible torso hemorrhage (NCTH). While aortic occlusion (AO) above the site of hemorrhage provides hemostasis and time for surgical intervention, ischemia-reperfusion injury to the kidneys is a known complication. We aimed to report the incidence and factors associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) following AO in patients with NCTH or in similar porcine models. Methods: We searched Pubmed (MEDLINE), Embase, Scopus, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses from inception to July 2017. We included original studies of trauma patients with NCTH treated with REBOA, or similar porcine studies that included renal parameters, excluding case reports and case series. After duplicate removal, full texts of studies retrieved via the search strategy were evaluated by two authors. Renal parameters (e.g., creatinine concentration, urine output, histopathology) were extracted. Quality of the evidence and risk of bias were assessed.Results: Twelve out of 2,100 records were included (three trauma patients, nine porcine studies). While one out of three human reports described AO in Zone 1, all swine publications reported Zone 1. All human studies reported renal damage. There were nonetheless inconsistencies in definitions used. Evidence of AKI was reported in three out of nine swine studies. Conclusions: Consistent reporting of AKI incidence is lacking from human clinical studies of AO in NCTH trauma patients. While comorbidities in trauma patients may contribute to AKI, animal models support the association between AO and AKI. As REBOA is growing in popularity as a therapy for NCTH, further studies determining factors associated with the AKI are needed.
Blunt Abdominal Aortic Injury: A Hybrid Approach to Combined Injuries
Authors: Guetta Ohad , Shaked Gad , Greenberg George , Sebbag Gilbert , Czeiger David
Published: June 2018

Blunt abdominal aortic injury (BAAI) is a relatively rare pathology, usually the result of a seat belt injury in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), mostly combined with other injuries. Time is a crucial factor for the successful early management of these cases. Hybrid operating theaters, which support the integration of surgical treatment and interventional radiology, provide opportunities to reduce the time-to-surgery for life-threatening conditions. We report the case of a 24-year-old female who was involved in a high-kinematics MVA. On presentation, she was hemodynamically stable but had a prominent seat belt sign and peritoneal signs. A computerized tomography (CT) scan revealed an intimal flap of the infra-renal aorta and a peri-aortic hematoma together with a suspected laceration of the small bowel. The patient was operated with a hybrid approach; emergent endovascular repair of the aortic injury with stent deployment immediately followed by an explorative laparotomy for the intestinal injury. Her postoperative course was uneventful. The hybrid staged approach allowed a clean and efficient repair of a potentially lethal aortic injury and addressed a contaminated injury in the same compartment, hence preventing redundant morbidity. With the advances and growing availability of endovascular techniques, the hybrid approach has to be an important component of trauma management in the modern era.
KETEGARAN TOKOH MELIA DALAM NOVEL DI SINI CINTA PERTAMA KALI BERSEMI KARYA MIRA W. DALAM DUNIA PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Listyarini Ikha
Published: June 2018

Popular culture (popular culture) is the culture created by ordinary people with simple and intended for commercial purposes, so it can be enjoyed by the whole society. Popular culture (popular culture) is one part of the realm of cultural studies (cultural studies) because popular culture is also part of a culture that enrich the culture of any society. In the span of a long history, created a popular culture that has produced popular literature which has a high magnetic power to the audience of literary or lovers who simply looking for entertainment. Conditions that hit many aspects of life, not least in the literature. Originally came from the birth of popular art, which later developed into popular fiction stories circulating lately. In popular literature stories told not to show an intense problem, because if so, the popular literature will be heavy and can turn into serious literature.Novel Love it Here First Bersemi reached a circulation of 10,000 and suffered five reprints. After the success of his novel, Wim Umboh working on this novel into a film of the same title and was also sold in the market in the '80s with a cast-famous actor. This is one sign that the novel is a work of popular literature, which is reproduced through a variety of media. In this way, it is hoped this story can be enjoyed by the wider community, not just lovers of literature community.Kink is inside of Melia can be applied in education. Actualization of the value in the formation of character through education requires careful planning and mature so that the process and the results are as expected. Planting process in the formation of character values ?óÔé¼ÔÇ??óÔé¼ÔÇ?through education must be packaged well and that can be implemented through a structured learning, extracurricular activities, and the activities of governance (management). Given the character education is part and an integral part of the development of national character, the role of education is vital and has a major responsibility for generating human resources Indonesian character that can conduct a civilized nation of Indonesia.
Finite Element Modeling of a Reinforced Concrete Column Strengthened with Steel Jacket
Authors: Salman Hamza Mahdi , Al-Sherrawi Mohannad Husain
Published: June 2018

The reinforced concrete column is designed to have a nominal axial resistance. Under different conditions like errors in design, and changing the use of the building from residential to public or storage (extra live loads), the reinforced concrete column will not be able to sustain the desired applied load, and the strengthening is required. This paper presents a finite element model to simulate and investigate the behavior of adding steel jacket to a preloaded and non-damaged reinforced concrete column. Depending on the loading state of the non-strengthened reinforced concrete column and the purpose of adding the steel jacket, two possible cases have been studied. In the first case, which is suitable to investigate the reinforced concrete column with design errors, the steel jacket has been added to the unloaded reinforced concrete column; while the second case is suitable for adding steel jacket to the pre-loaded non-damaged reinforced concrete column. The finite element model was carried out using the ABAQUS/standard v. 6.13 software. The results obtained by the proposed finite element model showed fairly good agreement with the existing experimental and analytical results.
Study of the Vibratory Behavior of the Bridge under the Passage of Mobile Loads Convoys: Comparative Study between Uni-dimensional and Three-dimensional Modeling
Authors: Ouchenane Meriem
Published: June 2018

In order to understand the dynamic behavior of bridges under the passage of convoys of moving vehicles, it was necessary to start with the example of a single moving force, however, this study was deemed insufficient because the bridge is under several vehicle forces simultaneously. As a result, this study focuses on the vibration of bridges subjected to convoys of several mobile loads. Based on the analysis of the equation of motion that manage this behavior for the case of a simply-supported unamortized thin beam, subjected to convoys of one, two, and three forces at constant speed. In order to verify the solution obtained for a convoy of n forces through the superposition of solutions of single force with a time offset, see the influence of the spacing ‘e’ between the forces of the convoy on the dynamic amplification factor and compare the results of the analytical study with those derived from the real model established by the software Csi Bridge.
Strut and Tie Modeling for RC Deep Beams under non-Central Loadings
Authors: Abdul-Razzaq Khattab Saleem , F. Jebur Sarah , H. Mohammed Abbas
Published: June 2018

This work aims at presenting detailed procedures companied by numerical examples for analyzing and designing reinforced concrete deep beams that subjected to non-central loadings based on Strut and Tie method (STM). The subjected loadings were moved from the center of the beam span towards the supports reaching the maximum non-centrality could be achieved (after which the beams became ‘not deep’ from ACI 318M-14 point of view). A total of three deep beams with three different types of loadings were taken into considerations; one concentrated force, two concentrated forces and uniformly distributed load. Every specimen had a cross section of 150  400 mm and a total length of 1000 mm. Generally, it was found that moving load from the span center towards one of the supports leads to worth notable decreases in the beam ultimate capacity. Therefore, in the case of one-concentrated force, the ultimate load capacity decreased by 30.2% when left shear span to effective depth ratio (aL/d) decreased from 1.3 to 0.65. While in the cases of two-concentrated forces or uniformly distributed loading, it was found that changing (aL/d) ratio from 1.02 to 0.37 led to decrease the deep beam ultimate capacity by 30.5%.
An Analogue Experiment on Pervious Concrete Subject to Dust Fall Blocking
Authors: Lin Qijian , Choufu Liang
Published: June 2018

Increased urbanization comes with increased traffic volume which gradually decrease the draining effect of porous asphalt concrete through porosity blocking. This study aims to discuss clogging as a result of dust or sand and the subsequent changes at the permeability function after rainfall. Four groups of pervious concrete mixtures were prepared. Aggregates were coarse and fine bottom ashes from the refuse incinerator. Prior to conducting the experiments, the permeability in the groups ranged from 1399.75 ~ 1412.91 ml/15sec. We adopted the 2011 average monthly dust fall in Pingtung County and magnified it by 10 and 20 times to simulate natural dust fall and clump dust fall on the pavement. Ruling out other factors, our results suggest that natural dust fall has little influence on the water permeability of pervious concrete. Water permeability was reduced sharply when the natural dust fall was increased 15 times. Moreover, it never surpassed the 400 ml/15sec minimum of the Japanese porous pavement technical indicator.
Simulation of the Behavior of Corrosion Damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams with/without CFRP Retrofit
Authors: Zabihi-Samani Masoud , Shayanfar Mohsen Ali , Safiey Amir , Najari Amir
Published: June 2018

Harsh environmental conditions along with aggressive chemical agents are known as one of the main reasons behind damages observed in reinforced concrete members. Corrosion of reinforcement worldwide is one of the leading causes of damages occurred in reinforced concrete over the lifespan. There are many critical energy and transportation infrastructures located on coastal regions exposed to high humidity and chloride content where they are highly prone to reinforcement corrosion. This calls for retrofit methods, which safeguard not only the strength but also the durability of corrosion deteriorated reinforced concrete structures. Carbon fiber polymers considering their mechanical and chemical properties are recognized as one of the main retrofit techniques. In this study, the influence of different levels of corrosion on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams is studied. ABAQUS software package is employed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with tensile reinforcements and stir-ups corrosion degrees of 20% and 40%. The structural behavior of original damaged specimen as well as the same specimen strengthen with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is studied. The purpose of the retrofit is compensate for the loss of shear and flexural capacity of the member due to corrosion. Different variants for the arrangement of CFRP strips are studied and compared. The result of the current research further uncaps the efficiency of fiber polymers to secure strength and durability of corrosion damaged reinforced concrete members.
Self-Healing Ability of High-Strength Fibre-Reinforced Concrete with Fly Ash and Crystalline Admixture
Authors: Reddy T. Chandra Sekhara Reddy , Theja A Ravitheja , Sashidhar C.
Published: June 2018

The aim of this study is to analyse the self-healing capability of high-strength fibre-reinforced concrete (M70) with fly ash and crystalline admixture (CA) in four types of environmental exposures i.e. Water Immersion (WI), Wet-Dry Cycles (WD), Water contact (WC) and Air Exposure (AE). Specimens for four mixes are cast, one mix containing 1.1% of CA and three mixes with 10%, 20% and 30% partial replacement of cement with fly ash and additions of 1.1% CA. The specimens were pre-cracked at 28 days, in the range of 0.10-0.40 mm and the time set for healing was 42 days. The result shows that all the mixes have considerable amount of closing ability and strength-regaining capability for all exposure conditions. The concrete with 20% fly ash and 1.1% CA has complete crack closing ability and 100% strength-regaining capability for WI and WD cycle conditions. From SEM analysis, it is confirmed that self-healing products are CaCO3 and C-S-H gel.
Experimental Study of Behaviour of Reactive Powder Concrete Strengthening by NSM-CFRP Corbels
Authors: Mohammad Abdul Kareem Qasim , Al-Shamaa Mushriq Fuad Kadhim
Published: June 2018

The research contain an experimental examination for the behaviour of reactive powder concrete corbels, strengthened with  varying orientation of  Near Surface Mounted Carbon Fiber Reinforcement Polymers (CFRP) strips. Six reactive powder concrete corbels were tested. Divided into two groups, each group contain three specimens, one of them without strengthening takes as control corbel specimen, two corbels in each group strengthened by inclined and horizontal near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer (NSM-CFRP) stripes, other variable was the shear span to the effective depth ratio (a/d) to study the influences of those variables on the ultimate strength carrying capacity, cracking pattern, cracking load, vertical deflection, failure modes. The results showed an important improvement in the behaviour and load capacity of strengthened reinforced RPC corbels in addition to enhancing the stiffness of corbels. For group A where a/d =0.65, the percentages of increase in load failure were about (10.3% - 15.45%) for inclined and horizontal strengthening respectively, and for group B where  a/d =0.4, the percentages of  increase in load failure were about  (7.1% - 14.6%) for inclined and horizontal strengthening respectively.
Evaluation of Legislation Adequacy in Managing Time and Quality Performance in Iraqi Construction Projects- a Bayesian Decision Tree Approach
Authors: Hassan Zainab , Ibrahim Amer M. , Naji Hafeth
Published: June 2018

Delay and quality defects are significant problems in Iraqi construction projects. During the period from 2003-2014, legislation has been changed to enhance the performance of construction project. This change is done by modifying some clauses of legislation and adding or deleting the others. The aim of this study is to evaluate the adequacy of these changes by using questionnaire and Bayesian decision tree model. 30 projects were taken for the period from 2003-2014. Performance of construction project was assessed on one hand by conducting a questionnaire which depend on the impact of legislation clauses on the time and quality performance, while on the other hand Bayesian decision tree model was developed in which qualitative estimate of time and quality performance by using KNIME program. The results of questionnaire estimate the delay from very low to very high and quality from very low to high in Iraqi construction industry. The results of Bayesian decision tree model reveal that the high percentage of construction projects were implemented with very high delay and high level of quality. The model gives good accuracy in prediction time and quality performance about 86.7%. These results show the enhancement in the quality performance is greater than the time performance under the legislative change. The model can assist the Iraqi legislator in evaluation the impact of legislation on time and quality performance of construction project.
A Numerical Analysis of Reinforced T Shaped Concrete Beams by Polymeric Strap of CFRP and GFRP with Finite Element Method Technique
Authors: Marefat Naeini Mehrdad , Moghadasi Sayed Mahdi , Omidi Bidgoli Mostafa
Published: June 2018

In recent decades, researchers and structural engineers have shown great interest in the use of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) plates/sheets for maintaining strength and durability in the utilization of concrete structures. In this study, reinforced-concrete beam with T-shaped cross-section is reinforced with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) plates and Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) plates under 4-points inflections by finite element method. In order to analyze the performance of the polymer plates used in the reinforcement of the considered concrete beams, some sheets with 5cm and 10 cm width having different formation patterns are joined to the concrete area. For this purpose, the angle between the lines of the plates and the longitudinal axis of the beam is varied based on four different degrees of gradations, from 30 to 90°. In addition, the role of these sheets in limiting the deformation of the beam in its U-shaped and full-wrapping conditions is studied. The transversal distance between the plates is also considered as equal to the width of plates. Seventy-two samples of concrete beams with C30 and C50 grades which were strengthened with polymer plates are compared with non-polymeric concrete beams. The numerical analysis results illustrate that the use of the different formation patterns and deflection angle of plates cause differences in the process of beam settlement. Further, the results show that C50 grade concrete samples are most effective in the reduction of concrete deformation when carbon fibers of 5cm width are used at an angle of 30 degrees with beam linear axis and traversal formation pattern. On the other hand, among the C30 grade samples, the best performance is related to the use of 5 cm carbon fibers which were utilized as full-wrapping. Under both aforementioned circumstances, the possible amount of the polymeric beam settlement over non-polymeric beam will decrease by about 50%.
Mechanical properties of concrete containing Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Waste Glass Powder
Authors: Salem Al-Ahdal Basheer Mohammed , Xiong Li Bi , Tufail Rana Faisal
Published: June 2018

This paper for the first time investigates the workability, compressive and tensile strength of concrete containing Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash and Waste Glass Powder. Seventy six cube specimen (150  150  150 mm were cast with different composition of Fly Ash, Rice Husk Ash ,Waste Glass Powder and steel fibers. The cubes were tested for axial compression and tensile tests. The research also investigated the effect of curing regime on the compressive and tensile strength of concrete cube specimen. The results revealed that the addition of 15 % Rice Husk Ash and 39% Fly Ash increased the workability of 25 % as compared to the controlled concrete. The sample containing 10 % Rice Husk Ash, 10% Waste Glass Powder and 39% micro silica produced worst workability as it decreased the workability up to 5 % of controlled concrete. The results for axial compressive strength shows that the addition of 15% Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and 39% of Fly Ash (FA) in concrete leads to the improvement of compressive strength by 14%. The sample containing replacement of 10% Rice Husk Ash (RHA), 10% waste glass powder (WGP) and 39 % of micro silica (MS) in concrete leads to the improvement by 53.9 for compressive. The replacement  of 10% Rice Husk Ash (RHA), 10% waste glass powder (WGP ), 39 % of micro silica (MS) 3% steel fiber in concrete leads to the improvement by 37% for compressive strength. It was observed from the results of tensile strength that the samples containing 15% Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and 39 % of Fly Ash (FA) increased the tensile strength by 24% as compared to the controlled concrete. The sample containing replacement of 10% Rice Husk Ash (RHA), 10% waste glass powder (WGP) and 39 % of micro silica (MS) in concrete leads to an increase of 20% as compared to the controlled ones. Also, the replacement of 10% Rice Husk Ash (RHA), 10% waste glass powder (WGP), 39 % of micro silica (MS) 3% steel fiber increased the tensile strength by 40 % as compared to the controlled concrete sample. Finally, it was concluded that the replacement of 10% RHA, 39% micro Silica, 10% WG in concrete was found to be superior for increasing the mechanical properties of concrete.
Application of Electrodialysis Process for Reduction of Electrical Conductivity and COD of Water Contaminated By Composting Leachate
Authors: Parsa Nazila , Khajouei Golnoosh , Masigol Mohammadali , Hasheminejad Hasti , Moheb Ahmad
Published: June 2018

The presented paper describes an experimental study to reduce electrical conductivity (EC) of composting leachate-polluted water by using electrodialysis (ED) process. High efficiency, simple operation, low waste generation and selectivity are considered as major advantageous of applying ED process. Along with evaluation of ED method for desalination, the possibility of the process for COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal was also studied. The impact of- applied voltage, feed concentration and process time on ED performances were investigated. Increasing of the applied voltage and decrease of feed concentration enhanced the reduction of EC and improved the COD removal from the sample. At optimal condition (Voltage=10 Volt, feed solution=Cf/4 and time operation=120 min), the reduction of EC and COD removal were 92.7%, and 83.8%, respectively. Applying higher voltage and using more feed solution concentrations resulted in more energy consumption. The obtained results showed that ED method can be considered as an acceptable method to reduce salt and organic content.
Numerical Analysis of TBM Tunnel Lining Behavior using Shotcrete Constitutive Model
Authors: Shaalan Heyam H. , Azit Romziah , Mohamad Ismail Mohd Ashraf
Published: June 2018

Shotcrete is a fundamental support element for tunnels and underground constructions. Shortly after application, shotcrete linings undergo a high load while the ordinary concrete is not fully hardened yet. Therefore, the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete material must consider. Traditional approaches assume a linear elastic behaviour using a hypothetical young modulus to model this time-dependency and creep effects. In this paper, a new constitutive model of shotcrete is applied to evaluate the time-dependent behaviour of TBM tunnel lining under high in-situ stress state. The Shotcrete model is based on the framework of Elasto-plasticity and designed to account for non-linear and time-dependent behaviour for concrete material more realistically. A parametric study of the time-dependent behaviour of the shotcrete lining, using the shotcrete model, is performed. To achieve this, the influence of the lining thickness, tunnel diameter and tunnel depth on the development of the stresses and displacement of the shotcrete lining with time is investigated. The results showed that the development of the lining tensile stress with time at tunnel crown increases by increasing the lining thickness and tunnel depth, whereas it decreases by increasing of the tunnel diameter. At the tunnel sidewall, the lining compression stress with time increases with the increase of the tunnel depth and diameter, while higher lining thickness decreases the lining compressive stresses. However, the results showed the ability of the shotcrete model to simulate the structural behaviour of the shotcrete lining with time.
Evaluation the P-Delta Effect on Collapse Capacity of Adjacent Structures Subjected to Far-field Ground Motions
Authors: Kazemi Farzin , Mohebi Benyamin , Yakhchalian Mansoor
Published: June 2018

In urban areas, adjacent structures can be seen in any insufficient distance from each other, because of economic and refusal of acquired minimum separation distance according to seismic previsions. Collapse capacity assessment of structures is one of the important objectives of performance-based seismic engineering. The purpose of this study is to consider the pounding phenomenon and P-Delta effect in seismic collapse capacity assessment of structures. For this purpose, 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-story adjacent structures with different conditions of separation distance among them, were modeled in the OpenSees software. Furthermore, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDAs) were performed using 78 far-field ground motion records to compute the collapse capacities of adjacent structures. The results obtained from IDAs for adjacent structures show that during pounding, taller structure reaches its collapse capacity earlier than shorter one. In addition, by considering the P-Delta effect and increasing the distance between adjacent structures, time of collapse and number of impacts increases. According to results, considering the P-Delta effect in modeling has significant influence in seismic collapse capacity assessment of pounding structures.
Fuzzy AHP Method for Selection of a Suitable Seismic Retrofitting Alternative in Low-Rise Buildings
Authors: Pashaei Reza , S. Moghadam Abdolreza
Published: June 2018

Decision making for selecting an appropriate alternative among nominated alternatives is still a problem among retrofit designers. It is clear that selected alternative should comply the current codes in terms of structural criteria, but the other criteria may not be considered. The main goal of this study is to introduce a suitable method for making a decision in order to find the best alternative considering the effective criteria in retrofitting of low-rise buildings. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), as a technique of Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), is compatible to solve the problem. Effective criteria have been categorized to structural, operational, economic and functional criteria and sixteen sub-criteria considered as a pattern that satisfies the entire involved group including structural and architectural engineers, contractor, client, and authorities in retrofitting of low-rise buildings. Since most of the involved criteria such as aesthetic, durability, and compatibility have fuzzy nature and cannot be compared numerically, fuzzy AHP can be a compatible method for comparison different retrofitting alternatives among both fuzzy and non-fuzzy criteria. A matrix of pair-wise comparison (MPC) is used for determining the weight of criteria and also for scoring the alternatives respect to each criterion. A Fuzzy Importance scale with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFN) is applied for comparing the criteria. The method is examined by a case study and the results show the used method can help designers for selecting the appropriate alternative.
Analysis and Evaluation of the Role of Mass Media on Urban Branding in Tourism
Authors: Yazdani Mohammadhasan , Alipour Ebrahim , Dashti Amir Hesam , Arzhengi Bahram
Published: June 2018

One of the Provinces competitiveness components in attracting tourists is the urban tourism branding and one of the most influential factors in this field is advertising and informing through the mass media which was a key point and the main goal in this research. This is of applied type in terms of purpose and research and describes the correlation between variables and is a survey way in terms of research method. The statistical sample of this study was 371 people who were selected by stratified random sampling. Finally, the data were analyzed by SPSS software and the variables were evaluated by AHP and ANP methods. The results of the pair comparison of the criteria indicated that the media advertising with the coefficient of 0.3352 has priority over other criteria for urban tourism development based on urban branding. Interpretation of the results of the standardized regression coefficients, namely beta (Beta), showed that the representation of tourism places in the form of tangible facts with beta of 289.0 had the greatest impact on the variable of tourism development and the establishment of urban branding. Therefore, a standard deviation in the representation variable increased the development rate of tourism by a standard deviation of 289.0, on the contrary.