bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF GLASS BATCH MELTING BY RADIOACTIVE TRACING*
Authors: Lindroth Stig
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Radioactive emanation‐producing tracers for the investigation of powders have been applied to (1) the determination of surfaces and surface changes (e.g., melting) and (2) the study of diffusion phenomena in relation to transformations and chemical reactions. Preliminary investigations of glass batches have indicated the usefulness of this method. In the application of the procedure, small samples of glass batch (0.2 gm.) are treated with radiothorium nitrate solution, dried and sieved, and heated at a constant rate of 10 °C. per minute to 900–1000°. The release of thorium emanation atoms as a function of the temperature is measured by their ionizing effect on a nitrogen current passing the sample into an ionization chamber connected to an amplifier and a sensitive galvanometer. Investigations using this method are described.
DECOMPOSITION AND RESYNTHESIS OF THE MICAS*
Authors: Rov Rustum
Published: November 2006

Abstract

A study was made of the ‐decomposition of the micas muscovite, phlogopite, biotite, and lepidolite and of the vermiculite Jefferisite. Decomposition was effected by heat, water vapor under pressure, and electrodialysis. The changes were generally detected by X‐ray methods supplemented by water‐loss determinations, differential thermal analysis, photomicrographs, and electron micrographs. Muscovite and phlogopite were found to have similar dehydration and decomposition characteristics, whereas biotite appeared to be more stable toward heat than either. Lepidolite, after a minor decomposition, may be melted and recrystallized congruently. Jefferisite decomposed to talc at about 350 °C.

Low‐temperature arid low‐pressure hydrothermal experiments failed to produce any marked effects No intermediate products of decomposition were isolated in the high‐ temperature (maximum 650°C.), high‐pressure (maximum 10,000 Ib. per sq. in.) experiments. It was possible to resynthesize muscovite and phlogopite from their decomposition products. Electrodklysis was used for the first time as a tool for decomposing biotite and jefferisite in stages, finally reaching a silica gel. Other possible applications for electrodialysis were investigated.
Stress‐Strain Behavior of Titanium Dioxide (Rutile) Single Crystals
Authors: ASHBEE K. H. G. , SMALLMAN R. E.
Published: November 2006

A technique is described for testing rutile single crystals in compression at elevated temperatures. The stress‐strain behavior of crystals of four different orientations was examined up to temperatures in excess of 1000°C, and a dependence of both the flow stress and the rate of work hardening on crystal orientation was observed. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the various slip systems found to operate in the differently oriented crystals.
Irradiation of Metal‐Fiber‐Reinforced Thoria‐Urania
Authors: NEIMARK L. A. , KITTEL J. H. , HOENIG C. L.
Published: November 2006

Randomly oriented fibers of either molybdenum or niobium were incorporated into hot‐pressed pellets of 10, 30, and 50 wt% UO2 in ThO2 to improve the thermal conductivity and the thermalshock resistance. Pellets 3/8 in. in diameter and about 3/8 in. long were irradiated in NaK capsules either bare or jacketed in Zircaloy‐2 with the annulus between pellet and jacket filled with lead or helium. The pellets were irradiated to burnups ranging up to 34,500 Mwd per ton of oxide (1.0 × 1021 fissions per cm3) at central temperatures of the order of 3000°C. Fracture and metallographic sections of the irradiated specimens confirmed out‐of‐pile measurements that the molybdenum fibers increased the effective thermal conductivity of the mixed oxides. It was possible to give the fibered pellets higher heat ratings than the unfibered pellets before comparable thermal effects occurred. The fibers tended to reduce central‐void formation, to retard columnar recrystallization, and to maintain the integrity of the pellet. In some heliumbonded specimens, the molybdenum fibers coalesced into a central sphere after melting. The coalescence did not occur in lead‐bonded specimens. The niobium fibers were found to react with the oxides. Fission gas release from unclad fibered pellets was a maximum of 15.3% of theoretical at a burnup of 31,500 Mwd per ton of oxide (8.3 × 1020 fissions per cm3) and aκdθ value of 57 watts per cm. Gas release from similarly irradiated unfibered pellets was a maximum of 6.3% at 21,800 Mwd per ton of oxide (6.6 × 1020fissions per cm3) and an initial κdθ value of 92 watts per cm. The disparity in gas release was attributed to the breaking into pieces of the unfibered pellets early in the irradiation and their consequent operation at significantly lower temperatures than the fibered pellets.
Effect of Grain Size on Transverse Bend Strength of Alumina and Magnesia
Authors: SPRIGGS R. M. , VASILOS T.
Published: November 2006

Experimental findings are presented for the effect of microstructure on the room‐temperature transverse bend strength properties of hot‐pressed dense pure alumina and magnesia. Bend strength shows an exponential dependence on porosity but is sensitive to fabricating temperatures because of changes in grain size. Log‐log plots of strength (extrapolated to zero porosity) versus grain size reveal the relation

S= 86,000G−1/3 (psi) for alumina and S= 50,000G−1/6 (psi) for heat‐treated specimens of magnesia (G= grain size in microns).
Thermal Shock by Radiation Heating
Authors: HASSELMAN D. P. H.
Published: November 2006

Thermal shock on heating by radiation is described. It is shown that for bodies at low initial temperature, the transient thermal‐stress solution to a good approximation can be obtained by considering the bodies to be subjected to a constant heat flux. Expressions are derived for the maximum radiation temperature to which bodies of simple shape can be subjected without fracture. The emissivity of the material is shown to be as important as the thermal and mechanical properties usually considered in thermal‐shock theory. Good agreement is found between theory and experiment.
Nickel‐Zinc Ferrites: II, Preparation and Properties of Stoichiometric 32NiO/68ZnO Ferrite*
Authors: BROCKMAN F. G. , MATTESON K. E.
Published: November 2006

A nickel‐zinc ferrite (43NiO/57ZnO) with 0.1 mol% cobalt ferrite was previously shown (1) to be very sensitive to Fe2O3 content, (2) to exhibit a maximum in resistivity and in μ0Q at a unique composition, and (3) to be stoichiometric at this composition in that the sum of the mol fractions of the divalent oxides equaled the mol fraction of Fe2O3. To determine (1) if these results are unique for the NiO/ZnO ratio 43/57 and (2) if Co is responsible for the high resistivity at the maximum, Co‐free 32NiO/68ZnO ferrite was investigated. The results were similar to the previous ones, except that the unique composition is stoichiometric with respect not only to the metallic ions but also to oxygen.
Nickel‐Zinc Ferrites: III, Dielectric Properties of Stoichiometric Nickel‐Zinc Ferrites*
Authors: BROCKMAN F. G. , WHITE R. P.
Published: November 2006

Dielectric samples of Ni‐Zn ferrites which are stoichiometric with respect both to oxygen and to a 1:1 molar ratio of the divalent oxides to Fe2O3 have low (∼15) dielectric constants, ε′p, which are independent of frequency. This finding differs sharply from reported results in which the dielectric constant of Ni‐Zn ferrites has always been observed to have a pronounced low‐frequency dispersion. Because the conditions of preparation of such stoichiometric ferrites are critical, it is concluded that the present findings result from careful control of stoichiometry. The loss‐related characteristic, ε″p, is also reported and discussed.
Absorption and Scattering Losses in Glasses and Fibers for Light Guidance
Authors: JACOBSEN A. , NEUROTH N. , REITMAYER F.
Published: November 2006

Fiber optics for telecommunications applications require very high purity glass. Light loss in glass results primarily from absorption and scattering. Transition metal ions and OH ions cause most of the absorption, whereas scattering is caused by microheterogeneity. Scattering losses vary from 1 to 4 dB/km at 850 nm; absorption losses are high near 630 nm, because of Cr3+ and Ni2+ impurities, but are lower near 850 nm, making this a preferred wavelength region. Flint glass with a total loss of 50 dB/km at 850 nm, prepared using pure material and special techniques, was used as the core of thin‐clad optical fibers 70 μm in diameter; these fibers had an internal loss at 850 nm of ∼450 dB/km.
Structural Interpretations of Dielectric Measurements in a Lead Borate Melt
Authors: De LUCA J. P. , BERGERON C. G.
Published: November 2006

The electrical conductivity, dielectric permittivity, and dielectric loss of amorphous PbO‐2B2O3 were measured from 300° to 850°C. The experimental activation energy for conduction was 37±4 kcal/mol from 300° to 450°C and 89±10 kcal/mol from 450° to 650°C and gradually decreased to 34±4 kcal/mol with further increases in temperature. The most probable relaxation time, determined from the dielectric measurements, had the same experimental activation energy as conduction. Possible mechanisms of ionic transport for Pb in the glass and melt are proposed.
Calculation of Stresses and Strains in Four‐Point Bending Creep Tests
Authors: HOLLENBERG G. W. , TERWILLIGER G. R. , GORDON R. S.
Published: November 2006

An analysis of strains and stresses in four‐point bending creep tests in the limit of small beam deflections resulted in a general equation which relates the load‐point deflection, the applied load, the creep exponent (N), and the geometrical parameters of the loading system. Measurements of load‐point deflection rates, which are experimentally easy to accomplish in ceramic systems, vs the applied load lead to the direct determination of the creep exponent and the creep compliance in a steady‐state creep test. The creep compliance is a function of the temperature, grain size, and all other factors except stress. The elastic equation relating the load‐point deflection and the outer fiber strain is strictly valid for viscous creep and approximately valid for nonviscous creep (i.e. N>1) if the ratio of the distance between the support points to the distance between the load points is not very large.
Effect of Heating on Adsorption Behavior of Porous Glass
Authors: UESUGI S. , HUDGINS R. R. , SILVESTON P. L.
Published: November 2006

The effect of heat treatment and fluoridation of the surface on the adsorption of n‐butane on porous glass was studied. The BET surface area, pore‐size distribution, and porosity were obtained from N2 isotherms of samples successively heated at temperatures from 350° to 865°C. Deformation of the bulk structure began at 700°C. A cylindrical pore model inadequately correlated changes in specific surface, mean pore radius, and porosity. Surface heterogeneity was decreased to some extent by heat treatment at 865°C. Treatment of the surface with HF caused no significant change in the heat of adsorption from that of the untreated sample. Adsorption sites other than surface silanol groups are proposed to explain the results.
Optical Absorption Spectra of Cr3+ in MgO·Al2O3‐MgO·3.5Al2O3 Spinels
Authors: REED JAMES S.
Published: November 2006

Spinel crystals in the system MgO·nAl2O3:Cr3+ (1.04≤n≤3.51) were synthesized by flame fusion; their absorption spectra were measured in transmission from 400 to 50,000 cm−1. The O‐H band spectra suggest the presence of protons in octahedral site vacancies which appear for n>1. The spectra for Cr3+ indicate clearly that these ions occupy only octahedral sites. However, the effective trigonal field, which varies with n, causes the major absorption bands to split in the form of a lower‐energy shoulder on a higher‐energy component. The red‐green transition in these spinels was rationalized and observed to arise from a somewhat different mechanism than that in other oxides in which the site radii and Cr3+ concentration vary considerably.
Diffusion in Three‐Component Cement Clinkers
Authors: CHRISTENSEN N. H. , JEPSEN O. L.
Published: November 2006

Experimental data on the interfacial reaction at 1500°C between two three‐component cement clinkers indicate a reaction mechanism in which diffusion in the interstitial melt is the rate‐controlling process. A diffusion coefficient for CaO in this melt was computed from moving‐boundary kinetics.
Conversion of CaO·Al2O3·10H2O to 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O
Authors: MEHTA P. K. , LESNIKOFF GEORGE
Published: November 2006

The morphological changes accompanying the conversion of the hexagonal CaO·Al2O3·10H2O phase to the cubic 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O phase were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The hydration and conversion reactions were monitored by X‐ray diffraction analysis. From the micrographs, it was inferred that changes in the pore structure and the presence of large cubic crystals of questionable adhesive value were probably the principal factors responsible for the loss of strength in converted calcium aluminate cement pastes.
Solid Solutions in the Keatite Crystal Lattice
Authors: RAY SATYABRATA
Published: November 2006

The crystallization and stability of keatite solid solutions (ss) of base composition Li2O·Al2O3·nSiO2 with substitutions of Mg for Li and of B or Ga for Al were studied. Keatite ss with ≥40 mol% Li2O replaced by MgO and n=3.7 to 5.7 were crystallized. The stability of the phase decreased with increasing MgO and/or SiO2. An increased degree of imbalance of anion charge, created by the replacement, limited the composition range and stability of this phase. The metastable solid solutions of this composition exsolved cordierite at the higher temperatures. Stable keatite ss with 25 mol% Al2O3 replaced by B2O3 and n=3 to 5 were also crystallized. When n=3, the lattice accommodated more Li+ ions than it could without the replacement. Gallium sesquioxide could substitute exclusively for Al2O3 in a stable keatite lattice only for n>4. With n=4, ≥50 mol% Al2O3 could be replaced by Ga2O3. Glasses with high concentrations of Ga tended to crystallize, in association with predominant keatite ss, phases with Ga in 6‐fold coordination. The lattice parameters of the keatite ss did not change appreciably as a result of such substitutions.
Effects of Strain on Solid‐Solution Formation in an Ag‐Pd Paste
Authors: WALKER G.A.
Published: November 2006

A paste of Ag‐Pd in orthosilicate glass, when fired, forms a useful conductor for the semiconductor industry. To understand the interaction of the Ag and Pd during firing, the paste and the fired conductor were studied by X‐ray diffraction analysis. A complete structural analysis of 80% Ag‐2% Pd pastes and the starting Ag and Pd revealed that the initial structure of the Pd controlled the final form of the solid solution in the fired conductor, Pastes made from Pd with internal strain and faulting gave inhomogeneous solid solutions in the temperature ranges studied, whereas pastes made from Pd with no internal strain or faulting gave homogeneous solid solutions. Kinetic studies were made in an effort to under‐ stand the mechanism of the Ag‐Pd reaction for different structural types of Pd. A model mechanism is proposed, and possible effects on the physical characteristics of the pastes are noted.
Eruptive cherry angiomas associated with vitiligo: Provoked by topical nitrogen mustard?
Authors: MA Hui‐Jun , ZHAO Guang , SHI Fei , WANG Yi‐Xia
Published: November 2006

We report a 27‐year‐old man who had suffered with vitiligo for 7 years and with eruptive cherry angiomas within or around the repigmented vitiliginous skin for 2 years. After continual therapy for vitiligo with topical nitrogen mustard in a concentration of 0.001% for 5 years, multiple cherry angiomas erupted within or around the repigmented vitiliginous plaques. The discontinue therapy with nitrogen mustard stopped the appearance of new cherry angiomas. The presence of eruptive cherry angiomas was evident and was confirmed by histopathology. We suggest that the chronic chemical stimuli caused by topical nitrogen mustard might result in the formation of eruptive cherry angiomas.
Pharmacokinetics and bone effects of budesonide in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: RAUTIAINEN H. , FÄRKKILÄ M. , NEUVONEN M. , SANE T. , KARVONEN A.‐L. , NURMI H. , KÄRKKÄINEN P. , NEUVONEN P. J. , BACKMAN J. T.
Published: November 2006

Background/aim  To evaluate the safety of budesonide in primary biliary cirrhosis.

Methods  77 primary biliary cirrhosis patients, with stages I–III at entry, were randomized to use either budesonide 6 mg and ursodeoxycholic acid 15 mg/kg (group A), or ursodeoxycholic acid alone (group B) daily for 3 years. In 22 patients, budesonide pharmacokinetics was determined after 3 years. Bone mass density was measured in 62 patients at baseline and 3 years; in 57 patients also liver biopsies were performed.

Results  At 3 years, no significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of budesonide were found between the patients with stages 0–I, II and III primary biliary cirrhosis. In group A, bone mass density in femoral neck and lumbar spine were decreased by 3.6% (P = 0.0002) and 2.8% (P = 0.003) from the baseline. In group B, the corresponding decreases were 1.9% (P = 0.029) and 0.7% (P = 0.25), but the differences between the groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.16 for femoral neck and P = 0.08 for lumbar spine).

Conclusions  The plasma concentrations of budesonide do not significantly differ within stages I–III primary biliary cirrhosis patients. The combination of budesonide and ursodeoxycholic acid may decrease bone mass density in the femoral neck and lumbar spine in some primary biliary cirrhosis patients, and bone mass density is recommended to be monitored during budesonide therapy.
Molecular therapies in β‐thalassaemia
Authors: Quek Lynn , Thein Swee Lay
Published: November 2006

The β‐thalassaemias have a major global impact on health and mortality. Allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only approach that may lead to a cure but this approach is not available to most patients. The mainstay treatment for the majority remains life‐long blood transfusion in combination with a rigorous regime of iron chelation. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology and molecular basis of the disease has provided clues for more effective strategies that aim to correct the defect in β‐globin chain synthesis at the primary level or redress the α/β‐globin chain imbalance at the secondary level. Improved understanding of the molecular basis of the disease complications, such as iron overloading, has also provided clues for potential molecular targets at the tertiary level.
Expression and production of aberrant PAX5 with deletion of exon 8 in B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of children
Authors: Sadakane Y. , Zaitsu M. , Nishi M. , Sugita K. , Mizutani S. , Matsuzaki A. , Sueoka E. , Hamasaki Y. , Ishii E.
Published: November 2006

We investigated PAX5 expression in childhood B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Seven of 21 children with B‐lineage ALL had multiple PAX5 variants, while 14 children and healthy controls showed full‐length (FL) and one variant PAX5. By Western blotting, healthy controls displayed Pax5‐FL, while one short Pax5, derived from the deletion of exon 8 (Pax5‐ΔE8) was produced in 90% of ALL samples, as well as in ALL cell lines. PAX5‐ΔE8 lacked more than 50% of the transactivation domain, indicating that aberrant Pax5 production might lead to the arrest of B‐cell differentiation, contributing to the pathogenesis of B‐lineage ALL.
Living in poverty: a qualitative inquiry of emaciated adolescents and young women coming from low‐income families in a Chinese context
Authors: Ma Joyce L. C.
Published: November 2006

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is no longer a disease of the rich in the West. Hitherto, no study has been carried out in the West or in the Chinese context that documents the experiences of poor people suffering from AN. This qualitative study aims to identify the subjective experiences of seven Chinese emaciated adolescents and young women coming from low‐income families, their family difficulties and needs, and resilience in coping. The results of the study have shown that family poverty has significantly triggered the onset of AN for two emaciated adolescents, while factors such as parents’ marital discord and relentless pursuit of thinness have also been reported. Family difficulties experienced included problems in parenting, inadequate financial resources, and insufficient information and access to health and social services. Strong family motivation and filial piety are found to be important cultural assets conducive to recovery. Implications of this study for social work practice are discussed.
How children experience fostering outcomes: participatory research with children
Authors: Fernandez Elizabeth
Published: November 2006

This paper presents findings from longitudinal research that uses quantitative and qualitative methods to explore children’s perceptions of outcomes of the care experience. Children’s self‐assessments on two occasions reflect a high level of psychosocial need. Important relationships emerged regarding the children’s judgements of their interpersonal skills and attachments. Children who displayed stronger maternal attachment were likely to sustain highly cohesive relationships with the rest of the foster family. Themes emerging from the data are discussed, including the role of foster mothers and fathers in enhancing developmental outcomes for children.
Closing the gap? The effectiveness of referred access family support services
Authors: Sanders Robert , Roach Gareth
Published: November 2006

This paper presents findings from a study of the effectiveness of family support services provided through two family centres run by a voluntary agency in partnership with a South Wales local authority. It evaluates the effectiveness of family support services by looking at both the family views and a number of measurable outcomes in terms of reported changes in family functioning and the well‐being of children and parents. Interventions were monitored over 6 months using a pre‐test post‐test non‐equivalent groups design, incorporating quantitative and qualitative methods. Child well‐being, family functioning and some aspects of parental well‐being (related directly to the child) did improve over the intervention period for family support service users. This improvement resulted in the family support service users ‘closing the gap’ with non‐service users (comparison group), to such an extent on some measures, as to be statistically significant. The qualitative evidence confirmed these improvements. The only area that did not improve, according to the quantitative findings, was that of parental well‐being (not related directly to the child). This includes important factors around social support networks, such as parental confidence, social interaction and social contact. The reasons for lack of improvement in these areas are discussed, emphasizing the importance of monitoring the impact of using the service and incorporating a focus on the quality of the nature of the relationship between the worker and the service user.
Severe fibrosis in hepatitis C virus-infected patients is associated with increased activity of the mannan-binding lectin (MBL)/MBL-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) complex
Authors: Brown K S , Keogh M J , Tagiuri N , Grainge M J , Presanis J S , Ryder S D , Irving W L , Ball J K , Sim R B , Hickling T P
Published: November 2006

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) binds microorganisms via interactions with glycans on the target surface. Bound MBL subsequently activates MBL-associated serine protease proenzymes (MASPs). A role for MBL in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection had been indicated by previous studies examining MBL levels and polymorphisms in relation to disease progression and response to treatment. We undertook this study to investigate a possible relationship between disease progression and functional MBL/MASP-1 complex activity. A functional assay for MBL/MASP-1 complex activity was employed to examine serum samples from patients with chronic HCV infection, non-HCV liver disease and healthy controls. Intrapatient consistency of MBL/MASP-1 complex activity levels was assessed in sequential samples from a subgroup of patients. Median values of MBL/MASP-1 complex activity were higher in sera from patients with liver disease compared with healthy controls. MBL/MASP-1 complex activity levels correlate with severity of fibrosis after adjusting for confounding factors (P = 0·003). MBL/MASP-1 complex activity was associated more significantly with fibrosis than was MBL concentration. The potential role of MBL/MASP-1 complex activity in disease progression is worthy of further study to investigate possible mechanistic links.
Diclofenac induces basophil degranulation without increasing CD63 expression in sensitive patients
Authors: Malbrán A , Yeyati E , Rey G L , Galassi N
Published: November 2006

Diclofenac (Dc) induces an IgE-independent basophil (Ba) degranulation in susceptible individuals. CD63 Ba expression is utilized as an in vitro test for diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity. We tested the ability of Dc to induce CD63 Ba expression by flow cytometry (BAT) and Ba degranulation using light microscopy (HBDT) in patients sensitive to Dc. We studied 14 patients with diclofenac hypersensitivity, also two patients sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and 12 normal controls. HBDT was performed by mononuclear cells toluidine blue staining. BAT determined CD63 expression in antiCD63/anti-IgE/anti-CD45-labelled whole blood. In each case, the percentage of activated Ba post-stimulation with 1 and 10 µg/ml Dc was determined. Positive controls included N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) peptide-induced activation. IgE-mediated Ba activation was induced with a Dp allergenic extract. With Dc 1 µg/ml, mean HBDT in Dc-susceptible individuals was 33·62 ± 18·35% and 8·49 ± 4·79% in controls (P = 0·0001). Mean BAT was 2·04 ± 1·68% and 1·93 ± 1·40% in controls (P = 0·8). Ba preincubation with Dc did not affect fMLP-induced CD63 expression, neither in Dc-sensitive individuals (P = 0·8) (n = 4) nor in subjects without Dc hypersensitivity (P = 0·25) (n = 4). Ba from the two patients sensitive both to Dc and Dp responded to Dp but not to Dc by BAT: Dc, 1·99 ± 0·78%; Dp: 60·87 ± 9·28%; but showed degranulation by HBDT: Dc, 30·53 ± 1·02%, Dp: 48·78 ± 22·17%. Dc induces Ba degranulation in sensitive patients in a way that does not induce CD63 expression and is different from IgE-mediated and fMLP-mediated degranulation. Our results suggest that CD63 expression is not a reliable diagnostic method for diclofenac allergy.
Intraoperative cytology of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Vrdoljak‐Mozetič D. , Stanković T. , Krašević M. , Verša‐Ostojić D. , Štemberger‐Papić S. , Rupčić S.
Published: November 2006

Objective:  To describe the cytomorphology of clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the ovary in intraoperative samples of peritoneal fluid, imprint and scraping samples of the tumour tissue.

Study design:  Fourteen histologically confirmed cases, stained by standard cytological procedures, were analysed by light microscopy.

Results:  In 33.3% of peritoneal fluid samples and 92.9% of imprint and scraping cytological samples, besides variable clear cell cellular morphology, one or both distinct cytological characteristics were observed: eosinophilic, hyaline, extracellular, globular substance with or without formation of a ‘raspberry’ body and an eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions. These structures were clearly seen only in samples stained by May‐Grünwald–Giemsa.

Conclusion:  Using cytological analysis of imprint and scraping samples of ovarian tumours it is possible to make a precise intraoperative cytological diagnosis in most cases of CCC of the ovary.
The detection of genital tract infection by Papanicolaou‐stained tests
Authors: McMillan A.
Published: November 2006

A variety of cytological changes suggestive of genital tract infection may be noted during microscopy of a Papanicolaou‐stained cervical smear. The dilemma faced by cytopathologists is whether or not to report suspicious changes to the clinician responsible for the woman's care. This review examines the effectiveness of Papanicolaou‐smear microscopy in the diagnosis of the more common sexually transmitted infections, and aims to encourage debate on the reporting of suggestive cytological changes.
Hosts and symptoms of Plum pox virus: ornamental and wild Prunus species
Authors: James D. , Thompson D.
Published: November 2006

Several ornamental and wild Prunus species have been identified as natural and/or experimental hosts for Plum pox virus (PPV). The significance of natural vs. experimental hosts, graft or bud‐transmitted infections vs. aphid‐transmitted infections in ornamental or wild Prunus hosts, and their relevance in the field situation, are not clearly understood. However, since PPV is aphid‐transmitted, any host in the field or nursery serves as a potential reservoir and source of inoculum and must be monitored and controlled in any PPV eradication or management programme.
Causal agent of sharka disease: new and emerging events associated with Plum pox virus characterization
Authors: James D. , Glasa M.
Published: November 2006

Plant RNA viruses have a high genetic variation potential due to the absence of proofreading activity in their RNA replicase. In addition to mutation, recombination is generally thought to be an important source of variability. Both evolutionary processes have contributed to the diversity of Plum pox virus (PPV). There are now six recognized subgroups, strains or serotypes of PPV (D, M, Rec, EA, C and W). Isolates belonging to the PPV‐Rec subgroup are derived from RNA recombination between PPV‐D and PPV‐M and occur frequently in various central and eastern European countries. The divergent isolate W3174 is a new and distinct strain of PPV, identified as PPV‐W. It is quite conceivable that, with time, other groups will be defined and that the present classification will need revision to accommodate additional PPV variability.
Detection and characterization of Plum pox virus: molecular methods
Authors: Olmos A. , Capote N. , Candresse T.
Published: November 2006

Since their initial description, molecular methods for the detection of Plum pox virus (PPV) have been increasingly used by diagnostic laboratories. Although they initially provided higher sensitivity than traditional serological (ELISA) techniques, molecular hybridization assays were rapidly superseded by RT‐PCR based systems for detecting and characterizing PPV isolates. These techniques have indeed surpassed all traditional methods in sensitivity and specificity. Continuous efforts are being made to improve the use of molecular techniques in routine tests, in particular to overcome specific problems caused by plant material with high contents of RT‐PCR inhibitors. Different systems for viral target preparation before the RT‐PCR reaction have been developed based on immunocapture, or, avoiding extract preparation, on print and squash capture. The use of immobilised targets on paper has allowed the detection of PPV in single aphids. Sequence data from a number of PPV isolates, often obtained through PCR‐based techniques has permitted the clustering of PPV strains into six groups: D, M, EA, C, W and Rec and the development of group‐ or strain‐specific detection assays. Other important advances have arisen with the determination of the viral load in a plant or aphid samples by quantitative, real‐time PCR, as automation and user‐friendly softwares have made this technology more available.
Epidemiology of Plum pox virus strain M in Greece
Authors: Varveri C.
Published: November 2006

Plum pox virus has been endemic in Greece since 1967 causing important losses in apricot and to a lesser extent in peach crops. A survey undertaken in 1992 in public and private mother‐tree plantations to estimate its incidence revealed that the virus was absent in isolated areas far from commercial stone‐fruit crops. Virus titers decrease significantly during the hot months in the infected trees but re‐increase in October–November permitting reliable detection. It is virulent M‐type isolates which are effectively transmitted by aphids that are mostly recovered. Aphis gossypii and Hyalopterus pruni were the most abundant virus vectors captured during the small scale monitoring undertaken in apricot orchards in 1999 and 2000. Virus spread was monitored in two apricot orchards from 1996 to 2000 and analysed. Initial infections followed a completely random spatial pattern, while loose clusters appeared in succeeding years, to finally reach a uniform distribution representing high infection levels. The nearby ecological conditions greatly affected the rate of disease development.
Epidemiology of sharka disease in North America
Authors: Gottwald T. R.
Published: November 2006

The history of North American (USA and Canada) epidemics ofPlum pox virus(PPV), as well as hypotheses about the general North American epidemiology of PPV, are summarized. The hierarchical sampling method, combined with reliable DASI‐ELISA detection/confirmation procedures, were successfully used for extensive PPV surveys of stonefruit‐producing areas in both countries. The influence of epidemiological analyses on eradication policy is described.
Control and monitoring: quarantine situation of Plum pox virus in New Zealand
Authors: Lebas B. S. M. , Ochoa‐Corona F. M. , Elliott D. R. , Double B. , Smales T. , Wilson J. A.
Published: November 2006

Biosecurity New Zealand recognizes that Plum pox virus (PPV) is one of the most destructive diseases of stone fruit and aims to keep New Zealand free from it. PPV has never been detected in New Zealand orchards during national surveys. but it has been detected in post‐entry quarantine. Biosecurity New Zealand has analysed the potential pathways for PPV to enter the country, and developed phytosanitary regulations and prevention control measures to reduce the risks. A contingency plan, a response programme, and diagnostic protocols have been developed and simulation exercises based on a hypothetical PPV incursion have been carried out.
Control and monitoring: control strategies for Plum pox virus in Canada
Authors: Thompson D.
Published: November 2006

In 2000, Plum pox virus (PPV) was discovered in Canada in the provinces of Ontario and Nova Scotia. Delimitation surveys were used to define quarantine areas. An eradication strategy was developed based on a threshold value for virus incidence which triggered removal of the entire orchard block. Each year the threshold value is being lowered until reaching a zero tolerance level. Growers are compensated financially for their losses. A two‐tiered certification programme was designed to provide clean replacement trees. Initially, growers planted PPV‐tested trees as an interim measure until fully virus‐tested stock became available. It is hoped that this eradication programme will eliminate PPV from Canada by 2010.
Control and monitoring: Plum pox virus quarantine situation in France
Authors: Speich Pierre
Published: November 2006

Sharka disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV) is present in several areas in France, and its total eradication from the territory is not considered feasible. Although sharka falls under mandatory control measures, the objective is, in the infected areas, to contain the disease in the orchards at sufficiently low levels so that the production remains economically viable. In parallel, official controls are carried out to guarantee that plants for planting, including seedlings, which are moved in trade are free from PPV.
Breeding for resistance: breeding for Plum pox virus resistant apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.) in Spain
Authors: Badenes M. L. , Llácer G.
Published: November 2006

Plum pox virus, Dideron type (PPV‐D), was first detected in Spain in 1984. Since then, it has spread among Japanese plum trees and apricot trees has been extremely rapid in the main producing areas. In Spain, breeding for resistance was the only efficient method for controlling the disease on apricot. Two breeding programmes are currently producing new hybrids resistant to the disease. The main problem encountered by both programmes is the difficult procedure needed for screening the trait that delays the programmes. Nevertheless, more than 8000 seedlings have been produced, two new varieties have been released and several advanced selections are under study. The procedure for screening sharka resistance has varied by techniques and cultivars used which has resulted in different hypotheses about inheritance of the trait. Additionally, several studies on mapping and molecular markers in progress could provide markers for molecular assisted selection that can increase the breeding efficiency.
Breeding for resistance: breeding for Plum pox virus resistant plums (Prunus domestica L.) in Germany
Authors: Hartmann W. , Neumüller M.
Published: November 2006

In German plum breeding programmes new varieties tolerant to Plum pox virus (PPV) were initially obtained by selecting hybrids originating from crossings between tolerant old varieties while, later on, sharka tolerant varieties bred in Čačak, Serbia were used as crossing partners. Varieties released from these programmes replaced the sensitive ones in all sharka infected regions in Germany. While all the new tolerant varieties can be infected by the virus, PPV symptoms on the fruits are acceptable. However, environmental factors can weaken the plant, causing them to suffer more from PPV infections and to display worse symptoms on fruits, as did occur during some recent very dry and warm years. A breeding programme at the University of Hohenheim is tackling this problem with genotypes that show a hypersensitive response after infection. These genotypes are completely field resistant to PPV, remaining virus free in the field since they cannot be infected via aphid transmission. They are able to isolate the virus after infection. The first hypersensitive variety was ‘Jojo’. Many seedlings originating from crossings with at least one hypersensitive parent are under evaluation. Since the inheritance of the trait ‘hypersensitivity against PPV’ is very good, combining hypersensitivity with excellent fruit quality and good cropping capacity will be possible soon. In 2005, a breeding programme for hypersensitive Prunus genotypes began at the Technical University of Munich.
Éléments de biologie chez Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne, 1935) Thorne & Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): 1 – Capacités de quiescence et de diapause
Authors: Anthoine G. , Gauthier J. P. , Mugniéry D.
Published: November 2006

Nacobbus aberrans est un nématode phytoparasite réglementé dans l’Union Européenne. Les risques d’introduction restent limités de par les réglementations mises en place. Toutefois, l’intensification actuelle des échanges commerciaux implique une meilleure connaissance de ses capacités à surmonter les conditions adverses auxquelles il peut être exposé lors d’importation de matériel végétal. La présente étude s’est attachée àétudier la capacité des stades précoces, œuf et J2, de N. aberransà suspendre leur développement. L’étude de l’éclosion de masses d’œufs de deux populations sud‐américaines de N. aberrans met en évidence l’existence d’une diapause embryonnaire, se traduisant par la persistance d’œufs non développés et de juvéniles non éclos dans une masse d’œufs, malgré des conditions favorables de développement. Cette même étude souligne l’existence d’une relation linéaire entre le nombre d’individus éclos et le nombre total d’individus dans une masse d’œufs, avec un pourcentage moyen d’éclosion d’une masse d’œufs variant de 85 à 90%. L’étude des deuxièmes stades juvéniles en conditions de dessiccation montre que ce stade est capable de surmonter cette condition extrême, en conservant ses capacités de parasitisme sur tomate en conditions in vitro. Ces résultats sur les dormances chez N. aberrans soulignent le risque accru d’établissement de ce nématode en cas d’introduction à des stades difficilement décelables, mais capables de parasitisme.
Invasive and quarantine pests in forests in Slovakia1
Authors: Zúbrik Milan , Kunca Andrej , Turčani Marek , Vakula Jozef , Leontovyc Roman
Published: November 2006

Biological invasions of insects, plants, and fungal pest species often cause substantial disturbance to forest ecosystems and as well as severe socioeconomic impacts. Central Europe acts as a ‘bridge’ between Western and Eastern Europe both ecologically and as an important transit corridor for people. Human activity, including the movement of material goods, increases the risk of invasions. Some species introduced in the past have been established, becoming common and causing serious problems (such as Dreyfusia nordmannianae or Hyphantria cunea). The status, importance and spatial distribution in Slovakia of seven different forest pests recently introduced into Slovak forest ecosystems (Cameraria ohridella, Coleotechnites piceaella, Cryphonectria parasitica, Dothistroma septospora, Ips duplicatus, Parectopa robiniella, Phyllonorycter robiniellus) as well as two others not yet recorded in Slovakia (Anoplophora glabripennis, Phytophthora spp.) is discussed.
Plum pox virusand the estimated costs associated with sharka disease
Authors: Cambra M. , Capote N. , Myrta A. , Llácer G.
Published: November 2006

Since first being recorded in 1917–18 in Bulgaria, sharka (plum pox) disease has progressively spread via infected plant material to be present in mostPrunus‐growing nations today. The disease has serious agronomic and political consequences because it causes enormous economic losses. In countries in which sharka is endemic, a high percentage of apricot and European plum production is unmarketable because of the disease. To these figures should be added the costs of sanitary controls, surveys and eradication programmes against sharka virus. Estimated costs associated with sharka management worldwide in the last 30 years exceed 10 000 million euros. However, improvements in knowledge of the disease and in techniques used to identify the disease are significantly aiding disease control and management.
Phytophthora ramorum: the situation in Scotland1
Authors: Schlenzig Alexandra
Published: November 2006

In Scotland inspections for Phytophthora ramorum on plants in the horticulture nursery trade started in July 2001 and are currently carried out four times per year. In addition, approximately 130 established gardens have been inspected for the disease during the years 2003 and 2004. Phytophthora ramorum has been found on Rhododendron, Viburnum, and lilac (Syringa vulgaris); the most important host plant is Viburnum tinus. The pathogen is confined to nurseries and garden centres with the exception of one private garden. The first finding was in April 2002 with 17 more outbreaks the same year. Since then the number of outbreaks per year has declined dramatically to 6 in 2003, 5 in 2004 and 3 until November 2005. Altogether, there have been 21 different outbreaks sites since the first finding, some with repeated occurrences of the disease.
Aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate drift in southern Appalachian Mountain streams: implications for trout food resources
Authors: ROMANISZYN ERIC D. , HUTCHENS JOHN J. , BRUCE WALLACE J.
Published: November 2006

1. We characterised aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate drift in six south‐western North Carolina streams and their implications for trout production. Streams of this region typically have low standing stock and production of trout because of low benthic productivity. However, little is known about the contribution of terrestrial invertebrates entering drift, the factors that affect these inputs (including season, diel period and riparian cover type), or the energetic contribution of drift to trout.

2. Eight sites were sampled in streams with four riparian cover types. Drift samples were collected at sunrise, midday and sunset; and in spring, early summer, late summer and autumn. The importance of drift for trout production was assessed using literature estimates of annual benthic production in the southern Appalachians, ecotrophic coefficients and food conversion efficiencies.

3. Abundance and biomass of terrestrial invertebrate inputs and drifting aquatic larvae were typically highest in spring and early summer. Aquatic larval abundances were greater than terrestrial invertebrates during these seasons and terrestrial invertebrate biomass was greater than aquatic larval biomass in the autumn. Drift rates of aquatic larval abundance and biomass were greatest at sunset. Inputs of terrestrial invertebrate biomass were greater than aquatic larvae at midday. Terrestrial invertebrate abundances were highest in streams with open canopies and streams adjacent to pasture with limited forest canopy.

4. We estimate the combination of benthic invertebrate production and terrestrial invertebrate inputs can support 3.3–18.2 g (wet weight) m−2 year−1 of trout, which is generally lower than values considered productive [10.0–30.0 g (wet weight) m−2 year−1].

5. Our results indicate terrestrial invertebrates can be an important energy source for trout in these streams, but trout production is still low. Any management activities that attempt to increase trout production should assess trout food resources and ensure their availability.
Fitness consequences of variation in natural antibodies and complement in the Barn SwallowHirundo rustica
Authors: MØLLER ANDERS PAPE , HAUSSY CLAUDY
Published: November 2006

The immune system and its component parts have evolved and are maintained due to the fitness benefits that hosts acquire in terms of parasite resistance. However, there are relatively few studies of the fitness consequences of natural variation in immunity in free‐living populations, mainly due to the complexity of the immune system and logistic problems of assessing immunity and fitness components.

We quantified two aspects of humoral immunity in a population of Barn SwallowsHirundo rustica, natural antibodies and complement that constitute the first line of defence against parasites.

The magnitude of both immune components increased during the breeding season.

Very old adults had reduced levels of natural antibodies, providing evidence consistent with immuno‐senescence, while that was not the case for lysis. However, there was no evidence that survivors from one year to the next had stronger agglutination or lysis than nonsurvivors.

Females with a second clutch had higher levels of natural antibodies than females that only had a single clutch, while males showed no differences. Annual fecundity of females decreased with natural antibody levels, that was not evident in males. Therefore, in females, natural antibody and complement levels are important predictors of vital rates.

Tail length of male partners, but not of females, explained the variation in female natural antibodies and complement, while there was no similar effect in males. This pattern may have arisen from differential parental investment by females mated to the most attractive males.

The abundance of four different ectoparasites was not predicted by either immune component.