bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phonology of Swedish
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

This book provides a comprehensive overview of Swedish phonology. There are two chapters on respectively vowels and consonants, describing the alternations and distributions of allophones and providing new, motivated phonemic charts. The rules and processes that are primarily segmental in nature are collected in one chapter, which includes both fully productive processes, and partly petrified ones. Among the most interesting segmental processes are the sandhi process of retroflexion, where interaction of several conditioning factors (quantity, morphology, phonation) accounts for the distribution, and the rule of d-continuization whereby a /d/ is realized as [r] in words that lack phonological stress. Most previous interest in Swedish phonology concerns the prosodic level and several chapters are devoted to an account for the interaction of stress, tone, prosodic structure and morphological structure. The minimal prosodic word is shown to be the domain of syllabification, of culminativity by stress, and of the assignment of a lexical tone from suffix to primary stress. Unlike English, Swedish only admits one stress per minimal prosodic word. Moreover, Swedish stress information is largely specified in morphemes (as stressed, or as subcategorizing for a stress). Together with a phonological stress rule, these factors greatly constrain word formation in Swedish, as well as account for the rather spectacular process of nickname formation. The argument for this organization of things is extensively laid out in two chapters focussing on the stress and accent distribution, respectively. Another chapter lays out the quantity system of Swedish, where stressed syllables must be heavy, but by virtue of containing either a long vowel or a long consonant. There is a chapter on the orthographic representation and comments on orthography are also given in the chapters on vowels and consonants. The book aims at providing new analyses where motivated, but at the same time endeavours not to be too theory dependent in presentation.
Vowels
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

The vowel chapter goes over all vocalic phonemes and allophones and ends in a phonemic chart. Vowel quantity is taken to be predictable in Swedish, hence the long and short variants of each vowel can be considered allophones of the same phoneme. There are nine distinct vowel phonemes, all occurring with long and short variants. For two phonemes, /e/ and /ɛ/, neutralize in the short variant, as [ɛ]. The alternations between long and short alternant, as well as the rule-governed vowel alternations provide important cues to the phonemic system defended at the end of the chapter. For instance, the lowering of /ø/ and /ɛ/ before a retroflex (including /r/) motivate the height separation between /ɑ/, which is [low] and /ø/ and /ɛ/ which are [mid].
Consonants
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Swedish. Sixteen of these occur in both a short and a long variant, and that distinction is phonemic. This is to say that consonants may be lexically specified with a mora. Among the most interesting properties of the consonant system is the double specification of aspiration and voicing in the obstruents, an instance of overspecification. Swedish also has crowd of palatal and velar voiceless fricatives: /s/, /ʂ/ and /ɕ/. The phoneme /ʂ/ exhibits a lot of allophonic variation, where the typical prevocalic realization is [ɧ] and the postvocalic is [ʂ].
Segmental processes
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

This chapter contains a discussion of the most important synchronic processes that are primarily segmental in character, though very often there is a prosodic component, too, in the environment for the application of some segmental rule. Some of the minor regular processes are discussed already in the vowels and consonants chapters. One of the most interesnting rules is retroflexion, where an /r/ coalesces with a following laminal coronal consonant. The chapter also discusses vowel lowering (of /e/ and /ɛ/), vowel centralization of short /ø/, nasal assimilation, excrescence of /ɡ/, and a set of rules relating to /d/: postnasal d-deletion, assimilation of /d/, and continuization of /d/. Furthermore, there is the spread glottis assimilation (also known as devoicing in the literature), and another couple of small rules. The last sections of the chapter take up rules that are no longer fully productive, but which describe large generalizations in the lexicon, e.g. palatalization of velar consonants, ablaut and umlaut, and regressive spreading of nasality.
The prosodic word
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

As in much current literature, prosodic structure is here taken to be recursive. The discussion of the prosodic hierarchy in Swedish must neessarily begin with the prosodic word which is an important point of alignment of morphological and prosodic structure. In this chapter the centrals generalizations of the minimal prosodic word are laid out, i.e. domain of syllabification, domain on culminativity (1 stress), and a few other properties relating to segment sequencing and rhythm. These properties can be used to diagnose the boundaries of the minimal prosodic word. Interestingly, the minimal prosodic word is also the domain within which a suffix can assign a lexical tone to a stressed syllable. This fact turns out to be a major key to understanding the regular inhibition of accent 2 under certain conditions. The chapter also describes the maximal prosodic word when it is distinct from the minimal prosodic word, and how word accent is culminative in that domain. The chapter also briefly touches on the formation of prosodic word domains in syntax.
The prosodic foot and stress patterns
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

The prosodic foot turns out to be defective in Swedish. There is no evidence for more than a single foot per minimal prosodic word, and since stressed syllables in Swedish are mandatorily heavy, all of the foot is taken up by a single syllable. The evidence for the foot, beyond stress, is found in the distribution of /h/ and prosodic minimality. The latter part of the chapter presents patterns of stress clash resolution and the Swedish version of the rhythm rule. There is a discussion of how stress can be diagnosed in Swedish, with the help of compound formation and vocative chant. The notion of rhythmic prominence and patterns of stress alternations are also briefly discussed.
Segmental quantity and prosodic weight
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

Swedish has mandatory stress to weight, i.e. a requirement on stressed syllables to be heavy. This is a difference with respect to English. This prosodic constraint is met by segmentals in two basic ways, by placing two moras on a vowel, or by placing one on the vowel and onte on the following consonant. Some consonants are underlyingly specified for a mora, while vowel length is predictable. The chapter reviews the discussion and arguments for underlying vowel length as well as for underlying consonant length. The phonological behaviour of vowels under different conditions, such as consonant suffixation is also covered.
Prosodic status of morphemes in the lexicon: stress
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

A major theme of this book is the lexcial specification of prosodic information, and the consequences that this has for the understanding of word formation and the shape of the lexicon in Swedish. It also help for the understanding of the stress system as such. Thus, there are four types of morphemes: tonic (i.e. stressed), pretonic, posttonic and unspecified. Given the previously introduced constraints on Culminativity within the minimal prosodic word, this system now predicts that certain combinations of morphemes should be better formed than others, and those predictions are shown to be borne out. Where no stress is in place, a phonological routine will provide stress at the right edge of the word, where however a posttonic morpheme can steer stress to the preceding syllable. This system explains the pattern of how “Germanic” and “foreign” morphemes combine or don’t combine in Swedish, as a purely prosodic phenomenon.
Prosodic status of morphemes in the lexicon: tone
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

Tone is specified in most syllabic suffixes. This is here demonstrated via an analysis of the interaction of tone with less than well-formed structures, such as anacrusis, i.e. words that begin with unstressed syllables. While the stress properties of morphemes largely determine the shape of words, the tonal properties of morphemes provide a source of information on prosodic wellformedness. When a suboptimal structure arises, tone may fail to be assigned from a suffix to a preceding stress, thus giving us a window on markedness and unmarkedness of prosodic structure. Parallel patterns between suffixation in Central Swedish and compound accent in South Swedish are demonstrated. It is shown that there is a lexical distinction relating to strength of accent assignment between tonal suffixes.
Syllables and phonotactics
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

The chapter looks at the central syllable generalizations for onsets and nuclei, and then turns to an overview of phonotactic patternings in initial and final clusters. A distinction is made between morphologically simple and morphologically complex clusters in final position.
Orthography
Authors: Riad Tomas
Published: January 2014

In this final chapter, the correspondence between phonemes and graphemes is illustrated. The chapter has the character of a catalogue with exemplification, looking both at phoneme to grapheme correspondence, and grapheme to phoneme correspondence. There is also a discussion of the representation of quantity in the orthographic system of Swedish.
The first invented notations: Designing the Class Piece
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

On an ordinary day in a public school in suburban Wayland, Massachusetts, the children in this 4th grade music class had begun their work by listening closely to the fourth movement of Hindemith’s wind quintet from his Kleine Kammermusik, op. 24 no. 6. After they had listened carefully, the children’s task was to design their own composition modeled after the Hindemith movement but using just classroom percussion instruments—drums, sticks, and clapping. Over a period of several days the children listened attentively to the work and discussed it at length. They had noticed that the most important contrasts were between the solos played by each of the wind instruments in turn, and the part that they called the “chorus” played by all the instruments together. There was an alternation between solos and chorus. In the solos, each player seemed to be improvising new material just for his instrument, while in the chorus, all the instruments, playing together, seemed to be repeating much the same music each time. The contrast between the solos and the chorus created boundaries or “edges” that outlined the large structural elements of the piece. To help the children in designing their own piece, they were asked to make drawings of the Hindemith—the two kinds of structural elements, improvisatory solos and the “chorus,” alternating with one another. After the children had made initial sketches, we derived a kind of template showing the alternation of solos and “chorus.”
The collaborative invention of meaning: A short history of evolving ideas
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter reports on continuing work with the group of 8- to 9-year-old children in The Laboratory for Making Things. Sarah, Ruth, and Stanley from the previous group are joined by two new children, Rose and Sidney. Like the others, Rose and Sidney are having trouble working with common symbolic expressions such as written language, numbers, graphs, and also the conventions of music notation.
The development of intuitive musical understanding: A natural experiment
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

This chapter is again a close case study of students at work. But unlike the students in previous chapters, the participants here are two musically novice students who attended classes at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are followed as they go about the task of composing melodies within the constraints of previously prepared musical materials. The two students in this natural experiment are representative of some 75 students who have participated in a music fundamentals class supported by the computer music environment, Impromptu. The students’ running logs, made as they worked, trace their decision making, composition sketches, and analysis of progressive modifications. These logs, together with their completed compositions, serve as the data for analysis of this “natural experiment.”
Music as embodied mathematics: A study of a mutually informing affinity
Authors: Bamberger Jeanne
Published: January 2014

The argument examined in this chapter is that music—when approached through making and responding to coherent musical structures and facilitated by multiple, intuitively accessible representations—can become a learning context in which basic mathematical ideas may be elicited and perceived as relevant and important. Students’ inquiry into the bases for their perceptions of musical coherence provides a path into the mathematics of ratio, proportion, fractions, and common multiples. In a similar manner, we conjecture that other topics in mathematics—patterns of change, transformations, and invariants—might also expose, illuminate, and account for more general organizing structures in music. Drawing on experience with 11- and 12-year-old students working in a software music/math environment, we illustrate the role of multiple representations, multi-media, and the use of multiple sensory modalities in eliciting and developing students’ initially implicit knowledge of music and its inherent mathematics.
Islam and Middle Childhood
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

The first chapter introduces the terrain of the book, locating the religious nurture of Muslim children in various literatures that the book draws on. Firstly, there is an explanation of the book’s approach to understanding everyday lived religion. This is followed by an introduction to the social history of Muslims in Britain and a summary of what is known about religious transmission in minority faiths in the West, set in the context of debates about secularization. There is then an introduction to the theoretical framework used for understanding the process of learning religion. There are four elements to the theoretical framework: cognitive transmission, embodiment and habitus, minority defence and the role of religious organizations. Finally, the focus of the chapter moves on to childhood, with material on middle childhood, the concept of religious nurture and a summary of the traditions of the nurture and education of children in Islam.
Inter-Generational Transmission of Islam: Evidence from the Citizenship Survey
Authors: Taylor Chris , Moore Graham
Published: January 2014

Before introducing the qualitative research findings which are the book’s main focus, Chapter 2 sets the Cardiff case study in a national and comparative context by presenting quantitative analysis of existing survey data. The chapter is based on secondary analysis of the 2003 Home Office Citizenship Survey. This dataset provides a rare opportunity to study the inter-generational transmission of religion in England and Wales and to compare different religious groups. The Citizenship Survey data suggest that Muslims are much more successful than Christians in passing on religion to the next generation. There are also some insights into differences between the transmission of Islam and other religions in terms of social class and education. The question of why British Muslims are relatively successful in passing on their faith is the central question the book attempts to answer.
Learning Islam in the Home
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

Chapter 4 provides something of an empirical overview to the whole qualitative study, summarizing the ‘big picture’ of Islamic nurture and mentioning some important issues which later chapters return to in more detail. However, it also focuses more specifically on family-based learning and how children are taught informally by parents and other family members. There is material on parents’ own experiences of religious upbringing and an introduction to the regimes of formal learning parents put in place for children (Chapter 5 then focuses on this aspect in more depth). There is discussion of which family members are responsible for religious nurture and commonality and diversity between families in their regimes of religious nurture. The chapter concludes with an overview of family expectations in relation to belief, practice and children’s behaviour.
Children in Formal Religious Education
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

Chapter 5 looks specifically at formal learning about Islam. Most of this material relates to religious organizations; mosques and Islamic Studies schools. However, many children have formal lessons in teachers’ homes, or teachers come to them, so the chapter also includes discussion of home-based formal religious education. Chapters 4 and 5 form a pair of chapters focused on how children are taught explicitly about Islam. The remaining empirical chapters are less explicit about the teaching of religion, but are concerned with how the social context of young Muslim children has an impact on religious nurture. Chapter 5 first introduces the terrain of formal education in Muslim communities. There follows material on religious socialization with other children, approaches to learning in supplementary schools, and parents’ and children’s views of mosque facilities. The chapter concludes with a section on formal teaching and learning in family homes.
School, City, and Society
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

At this point, the book’s focus moves away from the family and the mosque to consider the wider social context of the children’s lives. It deals with social relations in school, the local social networks and the children’s contact with family members abroad. All of these are considered in so far as they affect religious nurture. There are separate discussions of parents’ and children’s views of state schools and of the alternatives to state school used by a minority of families in the study. This is followed by material on parents’ and children’s experiences of non-Islamic social and cultural influences. The chapter concludes on the theme of informal Muslim social networks in the local area and beyond, including some material on contact with Muslim countries of origin.
Muslim Family Life
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

This chapter returns to the family, but rather than focusing on explicit teaching about Islam, as did Chapter 4, there is a wider consideration of family life and how religious nurture is implicated in particular family practices. The chapter begins with an overview of family structure: gender, extended families and non-traditional families. The concept of family practices is then introduced and the rest of the chapter is devoted to consideration of four issues which emerged from the study. These are the material fabric of the home; choice of names for children; traditional birth rituals (call to prayer, circumcision, rubbing a sweet substance on a baby’s lips, animal sacrifice and shaving of the baby’s hair) and celebrations (both Islamic and non-Islamic).
Nationality, Ethnicity, and Religion
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

The final empirical chapter puts Muslim identities into the broader context of inter-generational collective identities, focusing on the significance of ethnicity and national identity. After an overview on inter-generational identities, there are specific discussions of parents’ and children’s tendency to declare themselves ‘Muslim first’; British, English and Welsh identities; identification with locality; and minority ethnic identities. There is evidence of a fairly high level of inter-generational agreement, with considerable overlap between parents and children and evidence of transmission of identity, although there is also some evidence of individualization. The fairly high levels of agreement would suggest that collective identities are an important part of a Muslim habitus and potentially reinforce religious transmission.
Conclusion
Authors: Scourfield Jonathan , Gilliat-Ray Sophie , Khan Asma , Otri Sameh
Published: January 2014

The authors conclude the book by taking stock of what has been learned about the process of religious nurture. The chapter returns to the four theoretical perspectives introduced in Chapter 1 and discussed at various times throughout the book. These are cognitive transmission, embodiment and habitus, minority defence and the role of religious organizations. The authors argue that all four perspectives are needed to explain the development of a Muslim child’s religiosity and the relative success of religious nurture in Muslim families. The final chapter also considers the implications for public services of how children are brought up to be Muslims in practice.
Legality, Illegality, A-Legality
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The chapter lays the groundwork for the remainder of the book, discussing three variations on an entirely mundane joint act whereby a group of friends buy victuals at a food shop with a view to throwing a party. These scenarios have a number of functions. They allow of describing, in some detail, what it means that legal orders appear as concrete normative orders from the first-person plural perspective of joint action. They lend credence to the claim that it is reductive to view the unity of legal orders as the unity of a manifold of norms. And, crucially, they introduce the three-way distinction between legality, illegality and a-legality in a way that illuminates the distinction and relation between the boundaries and limits of legal orders.
Setting Legal Boundaries
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

The problem to be dealt with in this chapter is twofold. On the one hand, it is necessary to get a handle on how, in response to a-legality, boundary-setting can transform legal collectives. Transformative boundary-setting responds to what is orderable in the normative claim raised by a-legality; it involves shifting the limit between legal (dis)order and order. On the other hand, the chapter seeks to understand the nature of boundary-setting which gives rise to a novel collective by breaking out and away from an extant collective. Inaugural boundary-setting is the obverse of what remains unorderable by a collective in the normative claim raised by a-legality; it marks the passage across a fault line leading from one first-person perspective into another one. The analysis of boundary-setting focuses on the interplay between question and response at the heart of collective self-identification.
A Politics of A-Legality
Authors: Lindahl Hans
Published: January 2014

This final chapter addresses the problem of the normativity of legal order and ordering: how ought boundaries to be set? And this means: what ought to be included, and what excluded, in response to a-legal behaviour? At issue, therefore, is a theory of normative responsiveness. The chapter outlines the contours of a single, but crucial feature thereof, namely a politics of a-legality which indirectly acknowledges, in the process of setting boundaries, that every legal collective has a blind spot in the form of normative claims that resist integration into the circle of reciprocity and mutual recognition, yet which the collective cannot simply shrug off as specious, other than at the price of falling prey to a petitio principii. Linking collective self-identification to a novel reinterpretation of the concept of collective self-restraint, the chapter develops an account of a politics of a-legality that takes leave of both particularism and universalism.
OM-sentences
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the form and interpretation of ‘OM-sentences’ such as One more can of beer and I’m leaving. It shows that such a sentence admits three ‘interpretations’, which are very closely related to more commonly encountered constructions, including conditionals. However, there are aspects of the interpretation of such a sentence which are systematically unspecifiable. These sentences should not be derived from more complex underlying structures, but they are in fact underlain by structures characterizable by the phrase structure rule: S→ NP CONJ S. To complete the analysis, the chapter shows how rules of semantic interpretation may be devised which capture the similarities between sentences like this one and other constructions in a very natural way.
Topicalization, inversion, and complementizers in English (1992)
Authors: Culicover Peter W.
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides evidence that there are two complementizer-type positions in English, each of which is the head of a maximal projection. The two heads, C and Pol, permit the explanation of a range of phenomena that do not appear to be amenable to a one-complementizer analysis. This C/Pol analysis captures some facts about the behaviour of why and how come as well as some subtle differences between them. The chapter also proposes that PolP can appear not only as a complement of C, but as a complement of I.
Stylistic Inversion in English
Authors: Culicover Peter W. , Levine Robert D.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the syntactic structure of Stylistic Inversion. It argues that the phenomenon discussed in the literature as Locative or Stylistic Inversion in English is actually a conflation of two quite different constructions: firstly, light inversion (LI), in which the postverbal NP element can be phonologically and structurally extremely simple, possibly consisting of a single name; and, secondly, heavy inversion (HI), where the postverbal element is heavy in the sense of heavy NP shift. It presents evidence that the preverbal PP in LI patterns with subjects but the PP in HI is a syntactic topic.
Africa and the Umpires of Empire
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter introduces the key questions addressed in the book. It theorizes judicial discourses of colonial difference and imperial universalism. It explores how these notions of native difference and imperial universalism influenced the practices of power in colonial settings, and shaped the evolving jurisprudence of Empire. The chapter also critically engages the historiography on British imperial justice and colonial law in Africa
Medicine Murders and Blood Money
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the tensions inherent in administration of imperial justice through the lens of both official discourse in the colonies and the jurisprudence of the Imperial Appeal Courts. It probes the fault lines in the ideological and jurisprudential debate over the scope of customary law in criminal trials, particularly those involving ritual murder. Officials within the imperial judicial establishment insisted on the strict application of colonial penal law in criminal trials. On the other hand, local administrative officers who were more concerned with the maintenance of social order objected to a slavish adherence to the procedural technicalities of penal law in adjudicating crimes among natives. The chapter argues that the administration of criminal justice was one legal arena where tensions within the colonial legal and judicial establishment most evidently shaped the construction of native difference.
Litigious Chiefs and Land Palavers
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines how the tensions between imperial universalism and colonial difference played out in the high-stakes legal battles over land and political authority in the Imperial Appeal Courts. Because land was so central to colonial material culture, disputes over land and property rights offer unique insights into the processes by which colonial difference was constructed, contested, and maintained within the imperial justice system. The chapter also explores how assertions of imperial ideals of justice and equity, the notion of propertied personhood, and the commodification of land intersected with notions of native otherness in judicial discourse and adjudicatory processes. It investigates how colonial difference was invoked and negotiated within and outside of the courts in land and chieftaincy appeals. It also considers the impact of these appeals on imperial jurisprudence and the colonial political order.
Conclusions
Authors: Ibhawoh Bonny
Published: January 2014

This chapter concludes the book and recaps its key arguments. It argues that imperial courts were central to the construction and contestation of colonial difference as well as to the subsequent management of tensions between native exceptionalism and imperial universalism. The adjudication of imperial difference inevitably manifested the contradictions of British law. Imperial Appeal Courts operating beyond the direct influence of provincial colonial officialdom served as alternate locales for debates revolving around questions of inclusion and exclusion, power and restraint. The chapter draws parallels between historical and contemporary trends in supranational adjudication and the globalization of legal culture.
History of Histories
Authors: Gerry Simpson
Published: January 2014

This book emerged from a 2010 conference in Melbourne called ‘Untold Stories: The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials’. It features a collection of untold or under-told stories about trials and histories that have, in some respect or other, been hidden or obscured by the imperatives of an official or semi-official disciplinary history. This chapter reflects on four modes of historical work being done in this book: consolation, recovery, pedigree, and pedagogy.
A Supranational Criminal Tribunal for the Colonial Era
Authors: Benjamin E. Brockman-Hawe
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines a specific provision inserted into one of the two treaties that marked the end of hostilities between France and Siam in 1893 — a provision that stipulated the establishment of a Mixed Court. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II discusses how such an unusual article came to be included in an otherwise typical colonial-era agreement. Sections III and IV describe the prosecutions before a Siamese Special Court and later before the Article III Franco-Siamese Mixed Court. Finally, Section V discusses the significance of the Mixed Court as an international criminal law phenomenon, including its role as a progenitor of contemporary international criminal law mechanisms and the substantive and procedural laws they apply.
The Ottoman State Special Military Tribunal for the Genocide of the Armenians
Authors: Jennifer Balint
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the establishment of Ottoman Courts-Martial after World War I to prosecute the genocide of the Armenians. The trials created an important legacy for the prosecution of genocide and provided an official record of the genocide of Armenians perpetrated by the Ottoman state from 1915–1918. The record of these trials, however, has been actively buried by the new Turkish state. They have been largely hidden for years, resurrected mainly by a few scholars with some access to the archive. Many documents have been destroyed, and the archive is still largely closed. This has supported Turkey's insistence for years that the genocide did not happen.
Eisentrager’s (Forgotten) Merits
Authors: Vladeck Stephen I.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the Supreme Court's 1950 ruling in Johnson v Eisentrager, where twenty-seven German nationals captured in China were tried by a US military commission for war crimes based on their continuing support of the Japanese military after Germany's surrender on 8 May 1945. Twenty-one of the defendants were convicted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from five years' to life imprisonment. After being transferred back to Germany to serve their sentences, the twenty-one convicted defendants sought habeas relief in the US courts; their claims were ultimately rejected by the Supreme Court by a six to three vote. The chapter analyses how the Supreme Court reached that decision.
Making Peace with the Past
Authors: Benedetta Faedi Duramy
Published: January 2014

The German army terrorized several Italian villages and cities between 1943 and 1945. Some of these involved retaliations against partisan attacks, whiles others were part of a war against civilians that aimed at intimidating and terrorizing the entire population. This chapter examines the untold story of the massacres of Civitella, Cornea, and San Pancrazio based on the testimonies of survivors and the relatives of the victims. It also analyses the war crimes trial before both the Italian Military Court of La Spezia and the Italian Supreme Court.
Competing Histories
Authors: Rain Liivoja
Published: January 2014

This chapter analyses the attempts of three Baltic states — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — to prosecute offences against international law committed in their territories by the Soviet authorities during and after World War II. It highlights the storytelling or history-writing function of trials of international crimes. The situation of the Baltic states also illustrates what happens if the historical record produced by such trials is in conflict with existing historical paradigms.
Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Julia Selman-Ayetey
Published: January 2014

This chapter discusses the law of universal jurisdiction and its application in Norway in the case of Public Prosecutor v Mirsad Repak. It examines constitutional issues raised by the case and addresses the question of whether any other legal forum would have been better suited to try the case. Norway's increasing tendency to investigate, arrest, extradite, and prosecute foreign war criminals demonstrates to the rest of the world that the country that respects international humanitarian law will not hesitate to utilize its extraterritorial powers when necessary. The case of Mirsad Repak illustrates that such prosecutions can be achieved in an effective and just manner, and should encourage other states to take similar action should the need arise.
Reading the Shadows of History
Authors: Nyamuya Maogoto Jackson
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines Turkish and Ethiopian domestic trials, which used the framework of extant penal codes to prosecute international crimes in accordance with domestic penal codes. Turkish authorities invoked norms encompassing the laws of humanity and crimes against humanity in the prosecution of its political and military elite. The Ethiopian prosecutions (Red Terror Trials) focused on the former ruling military junta (the Derg), whose senior military and political officials were suspected of committing mass human rights violations — genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
The Crime of Aggression
Authors: Clark Roger S.
Published: January 2014

This chapter turns to the August 1946 trial of the Japanese general — Takashi Sakai — by a domestic tribunal in Nanking, the Republic of China, in order to reflect on the meaning of the concept of a ‘crime against peace’ or the ‘crime of aggression’, and the exercise of national jurisdiction. It raises three basic questions: What is the crime of aggression? Who can commit it? Where may they be prosecuted?
‘Germans are the Lords and Poles are the Servants’
Authors: Drumbl Mark A.
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the trial of Arthur Greiser, who served as Gauleiter (i.e., governor/territorial leader) of the Warthegau, a large expanse of western Poland illegally annexed to Nazi Germany, beginning in September 1939. It begins with a biographical sketch of Greiser — his youth, his family, his path to power, and his eventual dénouement. It then discusses Greiser's trial, judgment, and punishment, noting how the proceedings narrated his story and, in turn, a tale of aggressive war. Finally, it charts the impact of the Greiser judgment on international criminal law.
The Finnish War-Responsibility Trial in 1945–6
Authors: Tallgren Immi
Published: January 2014

This chapter examines the Finnish war-responsibility trial in 1945–6. The trial demonstrates the difficulty of the national exercise of jurisdiction based on an international obligation; how limited and contingent the instrument of criminal justice may prove to be in elucidating historical contexts or addressing collective loss; and the far-reaching and powerful effects criminal trials.
Eros, Woundedness, and Creativity in Plato’sSymposium
Authors: McCoy Marina Berzins
Published: January 2014

Chapter five examines the links between eros and vulnerability. Against those who read the Symposium’s ‘ladder of love’ as a move away from loving the ordinary and imperfect, I advocate an understanding of philosophy that retains a care for the imperfect and ordinary. Diotima’s speech describes eros at its last stage before reaching the finality of eternal contemplation, as the place where human creativity takes place. Reproduction in not only a physical, but also intellectual and creative sense, is part of the human response to our own need and lack, as we strive for but cannot yet reach the eternal. The fruitfulness of eros depends upon a lack and need in human beings, and their responsiveness to the neediness of one another, and not an other-worldly or perfectionistic orientation. Alcibiades’ entrance into the party as a drunk, erotic, and frustrated young man who speaks of suffering from a Socratically induced ‘snakebite’ also suggests a tragic dimension to eros.
Political Experiences and the Security of Community
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

The attempts at sociological identification and definition by activists and observers alike were at once struggles over the representation of the activists’ political experiences. This chapter explores these diverse political experiences behind anti-nuclear-weapons activism and is concerned with delineating the social networks on which the British and West German campaigns rested. It charts the processes during which people in both Britain and Germany turned into activists, and is concerned with uncovering the diverse genealogies of motivations that led people towards the campaigns. This chapter's focus is on the main (and often overlapping and interconnected) groups that were involved in the protests, as most of the activists still identified themselves with other social groups and parties: intellectuals, Christians, members of the labour movements, youth movement activists and pacifists.
‘Peace’, the Nation, and International Relations
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

Behind the movements’ clear agendas lurked a more complicated set of policy proposals that were deeply ingrained in nationally specific experiences and in specific ways of framing the role of their respective nation in world affairs. While the British and West German activists brought with them a multiplicity of views about international relations, we can nevertheless see nationally specific ways of framing the issue of nuclear armaments. At the core of this convergence around nationally specific issues were the activists’ severe misgivings about a real and substantial defence policy problem, which arose out of the nuclearization of the strategies of the NATO countries since the mid-1950s.
Demonstrating Security
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides a thick description of the symbolic politics and activist experiences at the annual Aldermaston and Easter Marches as well as other protest events. It was primarily on the protest marches themselves that the activists embodied the movements and the definitions of the ‘peace’, national identity, and international relations they stood for, and that they expressed their desire for security against the threat of nuclear war. On the marches, the boundary between the activists and the society surrounding them became visible. At the same time, the marches themselves symbolized the journey the activists intended their society as a whole to take. It was by marching and protesting that British and West German protesters came to experience fellowship and belonging. The marches themselves embodied experiences of conversion and signified progress towards activists’ dream of a more civilized world.
Redefining Solidarity
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

This chapter demonstrates the changing relationship between politics and culture within British and West German extra-parliamentary politics in the second half of the 1960s and especially around 1967 and 1968. The movements in both countries witnessed the protesters’ emancipation from the rigid binary cold war system of thinking. This went hand in hand with the realization that it was impossible to discuss the state of world affairs without speaking about ‘America’. The increasing focus across the Atlantic had profound implications for the mutual perception of the protests, the links between them, and the ways in which they conceptualized their relationship to the world. This chapter analyses this transformation in the British and West German protesters’ politics of security, which had profound implications for the ways in which they conceived of the subjects and objects of these politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Nehring Holger
Published: January 2014

The Conclusion summarizes the key results of the book. It stresses the importance of the memory of the Second World War for activists’ experiences of the cold war. It discusses the importance of British political traditions for West German extra-parliamentary politics in the 1950s and early 1960s, and it highlights the transitions to a global politics of solidarity over the course of the 1960s, when the focus was primarily on the role of the United States. It highlights how activists were driven by their own sense of historical mission. It also highlights the importance of a politics of culture for our understanding of the New Left.
Agricultural Input Subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Agricultural input subsidies were a major feature of development policies in rural economies until the 1980s. Continuing rural poverty with low productivity and fertilizer use in smallholder staple crops has led to their resurgence in Africa. These subsidies are, however, controversial with claims of both large food security benefits and unsustainable, inefficient resource use. This book reviews current theory and evidence on the strengths and weaknesses of these programmes and the effects of programme context, design, and implementation. Theoretical arguments for agricultural subsidies are based on input promotion where farmers’ private costs (benefits) are higher (lower) than wider economic costs (benefits). These arguments, and concerns about inefficiency and diversion, are reviewed and extended to consider input affordability constraints and ‘smart’ rationing and targeting. Recent programmes in Africa have a variety of generally producer-focused objectives, with varied implementation and programme outcomes. Most pay little attention to consumer interests and potential contributions to wider growth. A detailed examination of Malawi’s controversial agricultural input subsidy programme follows. Drawing on a wide range of information sources, the political and agro-economic contexts of the programme are examined, with evidence on its implementation and impacts from 2005 to 2011. Positive impacts are recorded on beneficiaries’ production, incomes, food consumption, school enrolment, child health, and reduced need for earnings from undertaking casual labour for others. There is evidence of indirect economy-wide impacts, but this is not as strong as might be expected. Targeting and graduation are identified as critically important issues requiring continuing attention.
Recent African experience with input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

Resurgent interest in agricultural input subsidies has led a number of countries in Africa to implement agricultural input subsidy programmes focusing particularly on fertilizers. This chapter reviews available information on recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Ghana, Zambia, Nigeria, Tanzania, Rwanda, Mali, and Senegal. These programmes are of different scales and pursue different, sometimes, multiple objectives, with the private sector playing different roles, and have varied implementation and programme outcomes. The chapter notes that while there are a number of objectives in different programmes, most focus on production objectives and producer welfare and ignore the interests of consumers and the processes by which subsidy programmes contribute to wider pro-poor economic growth. The review also shows that graduation from subsidies has not been an explicit design feature of these programmes.
Direct impacts of input subsidies
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

This chapter provides evidence on the direct impacts of Malawi’s Farm Input Subsidies programme, based on analysis of household level survey data collected by the authors and findings from other studies. There are, however, difficulties with maize production data, and the economy-wide effects may mask direct beneficiary impacts. Using several household welfare indicators, analysis of four panels of household data, and qualitative studies, the results suggest that subsidy receipt has positive impacts on beneficiaries’ maize production, net crop income, food consumption, household income, school enrolment, child health, and reduced supply of ganyu labour.
Conclusions
Authors: Chirwa Ephraim , Dorward Andrew
Published: January 2014

This chapter pulls together the main themes and issues in the book. Following the book’s three part structure, it first summarizes changing subsidy theory and practice, with theoretical recognition of a wide range of potential direct beneficiary and wider indirect subsidy benefits and of conditions necessary for these to be achieved. Recent agricultural input subsidy programmes in Africa vary in their attention to these different benefits and conditions. Major conclusions from Malawi’s programme are summarized, emphasizing the importance of its specific context and large scale as well as evidence of the mix of outputs and of direct and indirect impacts. Targeting and graduation are identified as critically important issues requiring continuing attention. Both are related to programme sustainability, which is considered in terms of financial, political, and agro-ecological sustainability. A particularly challenging issue is the paradox of political interests that both drive the introduction of large subsidy programmes and undermine their better implementation.
Introduction: The Mountains of the Mind
Authors: Flood Gavin
Published: January 2014

The chapter begins with a reflection on Gerard Manley Hopkins who looks back to a traditional kind of inwardness and forward to inwardness as alienation in the twentieth century. The chapter introduces the idea of the truth within that the religions under review share the metaphor of inwardness although the content of that inner truth varies according to tradition. There is an implicit contrast here between external and internal truth. The claims to internal truth are often at the expense of external truth that is regarded as being of lower order. The understanding of inwardness in Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism is a mapping of the self across cultures. This chapter presents the general orientation of the book and examines the question of method.