bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Imperial Ambitions of a “Middle Power” (from the Concept of “Global Britain” to “Progressive Realism”)
Authors: Elena Ananieva
Published: January 2025

On the eve of leaving the EU, the British government began to develop a foreign policy concept, which was called “Global Britain” and formalized in the national security strategy “Global Britain in the Era of Competition” (2021). The United Kingdom positioned itself as a “middle power” with interests almost all over the world and democratic countries as allies in the fight against authoritarian regimes. The need for a new version of the document (2023) arose in London in connection with the intensification of systemic competition, the beginning of Russia's military operation in Ukraine. Under the influence of Washington, Britain has also toughened its position towards China, retaining the previous wording regarding Russia — “the most acute threat”. The creation and strengthening of alliances in the Euro-Atlantic and Indo-Pacific is the task set by the Government of R. Sunak, departing from the principle of interaction exclusively with countries that share democratic values. On the eve of the 2024 parliamentary elections, the Labour Party unveiled its concept of “progressive realism”. The main postulates: the priority security zone is the Euro-Atlantic, preparations for ensuring security by the forces of European countries (to conclude a pact with the EU on security and defense) in the context of the reorientation of Britain's main ally, the United States, to counter China; the destruction of the alliance of China and Russia; a departure from the priority of the value organizing principle of international relations “democracy vs authoritarianism” to the pragmatic principle of a “rules-based order” in order to attract the countries of the “Global South” by partially satisfying their interests. The victory of the Labour Party in the 2024 general election means that the foundations of the Conservatives' foreign policy course will be preserved with situational adjustments.
The Russian Factor in the Syrian Course of France (2012—2015)
Authors: Zhidkova Aleksandra
Published: January 2025

The Syrian crisis since its outbreak in 2011 has become one of the most acute problems of international relations. Moscow’s position on the Syrian issue included a set of measures aimed at stabilizing the situation in the region and finding a political way out of the conflict. At the same time, Russia's strategy, based on support for the official Syrian government, contrasted with the opinion of West countries, including France. First of all, the article analyzes the evolution of France’s Syrian course in terms of its attitude toward Russian initiatives. The author also examines the position of key French parties on the Syrian issue, the attitude of French society and the impact of security and immigration issues on the adjustment of French strategy.
The Confrontation of Interests and Ambitions at the Lausanne Peace Conference Through the Prism of the Turkish, Soviet and British Cartoons of 1922—1923
Authors: Lyulchak Aleksander
Published: January 2025

This article analyzes the images and symbols used by the Turkish, Soviet and British political cartoons during the Lausanne Peace Conference of 1922—1923. The research with the help of imagology provides the identification of the difference in the approaches between the Kemalist, Soviet and Western narratives in covering the same event. On the one hand, there were certain similarities in the cartoons of different countries, which indicated the internationalization of some images (for example, “the coward Turk”, “Uncle Sam”, etc.). On the other hand, each cartoon contained a unique symbol different from similar pictures of that time. Thus, the cartoons dedicated to the Lausanne Peace Conference were distinguished not only by a wide palette of images, but also by a range of emotional colors that were inserted into these cartoons. In this sense, they clearly followed the propaganda trends specific for Turkey, the USSR, and the UK.
Integration of Spain into Euro-Atlantic Structures and the USSR
Authors: Filatov Georgy
Published: January 2025

The process of Spain's accession to Euro-Atlantic structures intensified in the second half of the 1970s and culminated in Madrid joining the EEC and NATO. In the context of the Cold War, the emergence of a new member in one of the warring blocs was bound to cause a serious change in the balance of power. Despite the fact that the Soviet Union was dissatisfied with this situation, Moscow did not take active steps to counteract it, as archival documents and the memoirs of Spanish and Soviet diplomats show. The USSR limited itself to protests and attempts to convince the Spanish political elite that accession to Euro-Atlantic structures was disadvantageous for both Spain and Europe as a whole, since it would upset the balance of power in the Old World that had been established by the early 1980s.
The Position of the USSR at the United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea in Geneva: the Perception of American Diplomacy
Authors: Gigolaev German
Published: January 2025

In the second half of the twentieth century, three international conferences were held under the auspices of the United Nations, during which international maritime law was codified, which was embodied in the adoption of the four Conventions on the Law of the Sea in Geneva (1958), and then the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982). Of course, these events cannot be considered out of connection with the general historical context — the cold war, the policy of detente, the rivalry of superpowers and the process of decolonization. The article examines how American diplomacy perceived the position of its rival in global confrontation — the USSR — during the UN conferences on the law of the sea in Geneva (1958 and 1960) in close connection with the assessment of the interaction of the USSR and the “Soviet bloc” with developing countries and those threats to the interests of U. S. maritime activities that emanated from those states of Asia Africa and Latin America. A comparison is made with the conditions under which the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea was held (1973—1982). The source base of the work is published documents of the US Department of State, as well as publications of UN documents and documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU from the Russian State Archive of Modern History.
A View from Baku: the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875—1878 as Reflected by the Turkic Press of the Russian Transcaucasia (the Case of the Ekinci newspaper)
Authors: Vershinina Maria
Published: January 2025

The article examines the Ekinci newspaper, Russia’s first Turkic-language periodical which was published in Baku between 1875 and 1877. The aim of the study is to understand the perception of the Great Eastern Crisis and Russian-Ottoman relations among the intellectual elite of the Turkic Muslim community in Russian Transcaucasia. Ekinci was the only Muslim newspaper in the Russian Empire during this time, and therefore provides a valuable insight into the intellectual discourse of Muslim communities in late 19th-century Russia. The analysis of the newspaper’s agenda allows us to enrich both the historical narrative on the development of Russia’s Turkic-language press as well as provides a deeper insight into the ideological landscape in Transcaucasia on the eve of and during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877—1878. The Ekinci newspaper adopted a humanistic and educational stance, and by drawing upon a variety of sources, including periodicals in Eastern languages, it was able to produce rich content which provided vivid depiction of global events. The interest of Transcaucasian Muslims in the domestic affairs of the Ottoman Empire was a natural occurrence, but it did not threaten their political loyalty to Russia.
Between Vienna and Florence. The Role of Russia in the Pursuit of a Resolution of the “Venetian Question” (Spring — Summer 1866)
Authors: Kimlenka Katsiaryna
Published: January 2025

The article discusses Russia's position on the question of Venetia, which remained under the control of Vienna after the war of France and the Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859. For the Italian government, obtaining this territory was another step towards building the “natural borders” of the Italian kingdom. Vienna saw the loss of control over Venice and Venetia as a threat to the cohesion of the Austrian Empire. At the same time, the “Venetian question” had a European dimension. Prussia was willing to support Italy in its struggle for Venice, as they had a common adversary, Austria. Napoleon III played an important role in Italian affairs in general. The British government feared that the issue of Venetia could provoke a war that would damage British trade and destroy the European balance. Russia had its own interests related to the “Venetian question”. Previously, Russia's position on this problem was touched upon by historians studying the ‘German question’ and the history of the Austro-Prussian confrontation, but did not become the main subject of discussion. The author of the article focuses on the role of Russia in the search for a solution to the problem of Venetia, and also dwells on the fears of Russian diplomats associated with the outbreak of hostilities in the north-east of the Apennine Peninsula.
German-Americans after World War I: from the End of Integration to the Beginning of Assimilation
Authors: Kovaleva Daria
Published: January 2025

The article discusses the evolution of the status of German Americans in the United States following World War I, focusing on the transition from integration to assimilation. It examines the shift in identity and cultural practices among German Americans, from a determined desire to preserve their German heritage before the war to gradually assimilating into American society afterward. The study explores how the perception of German culture changed after WWI, which led to the fact that German Americans began to hide their background and refuse to study and preserve the German language. Through a historical analysis, the article aims to trace this transformation from integration to assimilation among Americans of German descent during the early 20th century.
Who Was behind the Secret Negotiations between the USSR and Franco’s Spain in 1947?
Authors: Filatov Georgy
Published: January 2025

The 1947 negotiations between the USSR and Spain took place against the backdrop of Moscow’s firm anti-Franco stance at the end of World War II. In this context, the question of how contacts between these adversarial nations were initiated is of significant importance. While this topic has previously attracted the attention of researchers, little has been known about the identities of the key initiators and participants in the negotiations, with the information coming almost exclusively from Spanish archives. However, new documents from Swiss archives shed light on the biographies of the main figures involved. These materials suggest that the initial contacts were established through the private initiative of the German Reinhold Becker. He reached out to the Soviet side via Swiss captain Paul Scherer, who had close ties to the USSR. With the assistance of his Spanish associate, Francisco Pujol Mas, Becker was able to pass information to the highest levels of the Spanish leadership.
The USSR at the UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea in Geneva (1958, 1960): Interaction with Various Groups of States
Authors: Gigolaev German
Published: January 2025

The First and Second UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea in Geneva in 1958 and 1960 were held in a period known as the “early détente”, when, on the one hand, international tensions eased and opposing military-political blocs began to actively negotiate. On the other hand, this is a period of numerous crises, showing, among other things, that there was no willingness to compromise and reach an agreement on the part of the participants in the global confrontation. In these circumstances, the Geneva Conferences on the Law of the Sea became a forum where two irreconcilable positions on the breadth of the territorial sea — the Soviet and the American — collided. The balance of power in the UN was such that the USSR and the socialist countries remained in a clear minority. However, many developing countries took a position similar to the USSR and different from the American one on the issue under consideration, and there was no complete unanimity among Western countries either. Under these conditions, both superpowers were forced to maneuver and think about changing the initial position from which they entered the negotiations. The article, based on archival documents of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, as well as published documents of the United Nations and the US Department of State, attempts to give a brief overview of how the USSR interacted with various groups of countries during the UN Conferences on the Law of the Sea in Geneva.
Peasants of Piedmont in the Civil War of 1799: Analysis of Categories of Combatants in the Social Context of Time
Authors: Mitrofanov Andrey
Published: January 2025

A wave of anti-French and anti-revolutionary uprisings swept Italy in the spring and summer of 1799. A coalition of antagonistic forces, unimaginable just a few years ago, opposed the occupiers and their local Republican allies. This coalition included landowners, tenants and landless peasants, the bourgeoisie and nobility, officials of the central and provincial administration, and the parish clergy. A new “social configuration” emerged in which they all found their place. Characteristic in this regard is the example of Piedmont, which suffered the most during the French occupation, where, as in the south of Italy, a fierce civil conflict unfolded, in which the peasantry was the main force. The purpose of this article is to propose a new classification of groups of combatants participating in the civil war in Piedmont. Unlike traditional historiography, the author does not offer a traditional narrative about famous events, but an analysis of a number of groups in the social context of the era. Methodologically, this approach is justified in the studies of M. Broers, G. Turi and G. Cirillo. The problem of classifying peasant groups is one of the pressing problems of modern historiography, since its solution allows us to look from a new perspective at the entire history of the popular movement of 1799, that is, to do this not only through the analysis of well-known social categories, but through the analysis of groups of combatants, which included a variety of, sometimes antagonistic, social strata. At the same time, the author pays priority attention to a complex of social and economic reasons that pushed the masses of the population to uprisings and active resistance.
The USSR and the Angolan Crisis of 1975—1976. Based on Materials from the Archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Authors: Osipov Evgeny
Published: January 2025

The article, based on documents from the archives of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, most of which have not been previously introduced into scientific circulation, examines the evolution of Soviet policy in the Angolan crisis of 1975—1976. As the situation in Angola developed and the civil war began, Moscow went from moderate and largely indirect (through the Republic of the Congo) support for the people’s Marxist movement MPLA to more active and substantial support for the People’s Republic of Angola after its proclamation by MPLA leader Augustinho Neto on November 11, 1975. According to French diplomats, Moscow’s decisive actions in late 1975 — early 1976 were explained not only by the anti-colonialist focus of the policy traditional for the USSR, but also by the desire to limit the growing influence of the PRC in Africa, as well as the passive position of the United States in the Angolan crisis. The Soviet leadership’s desire to intensify its actions in the Third World on the eve of the 25th Congress of the CPSU also played a role. As a result, according to the French assessment, it was the active support from the USSR and Cuba that became the decisive factor in the military successes of the MPLA. Moreover, they prompted France to change its neutral position and become the first Western country to recognize the existence of the People’s Republic of Angola in February 1976. Paris’s main motivation was the desire to limit Soviet influence on Angola, which was of great interest to Western countries from a geographical point of view. Despite its decisive contribution to the success of the MPLA, Moscow acted very cautiously in the Angolan direction, trying to walk a line that would allow Augustinho Neto’s movement to gain the upper hand, but at the same time not to disrupt the trend of detente and not to provoke Washington to more active intervention in Angolan affairs. As a result, Soviet policy achieved its goal.
Yet Again, the Enlightenment and the Enlightened: From Intellectual Discussions to the Programs of Political Parties in Contemporary Germany
Authors: Yurin Alexander
Published: January 2025

The concept of Enlightenment has long played an important role in the socio-political and socio-cultural life in Germany. It occupied a prominent place in the socio-political works of major philosophers, was used to describe the historical period, as well as a concept of political struggle. Despite the increasing time gap with the Enlightenment, the debate among German intellectuals around this concept continued in the second half of the twentieth century. In this polemic, the Enlightenment was used as a reference to assess the modern socio-political and socio-cultural development of Germany. In addition to intellectual discussions, the concept of Enlightenment was included in the texts of election campaigning of major political parties, where it was subjected to ideological elaboration. The largest parties of the German Bundestag appealed to it with varying degrees of intensity to legitimize a wide range of political actions. This concept is placed in sections on education, culture, social policy, migration and foreign policy. Using theoretical approaches and methodological apparatus developed within conceptual history and critical discourse analysis, the article examines modification of the content of the concept of Enlightenment and analyzes its semantic links with other key concepts presented in the programs of the largest political parties. The article shows multiple strategies for using this concept, the formation of new conceptual structures and the reproduction of old language patterns.
The Role of Klemens von Metternich in the Creation of the Vienna System of International Relations
Authors: Kotova Elena
Published: January 2025

The article deals with the role of Metternich in the creation of the Vienna system of international relations as well as the foreign policy objectives of the Austrian Empire after the Napoleonic Wars. The strategic goal of Metternich as Chairman of the Congress of Vienna, was to ensure Austria's central position in the European concert of powers and domination in Italy and Germany. Largely due to the successful diplomacy of Metternich Austria was able to achieve this goal. The article analyzes the conservative strategy of Metternich, which was determined by the global challenge — to ensure the continued existence of the multinational Habsburg Empire. Great attention is paid to the study of Austro-Russian relations, including a personal relationship between Metternich and Alexander I.
For the Strengthening of Hearts: Relations between Russia and Poland and National Mythology in Jan Matejko’s Works
Authors: Kuchuk Andrey
Published: January 2025

This paper is a visual analysis of the works of the famous Polish painter of the 19th century Jan Matejko, dedicated to the image of Russia in the context of bilateral Russian-Polish relations. Jan Matejko painted his works with the aim of strengthening the national pride of Poles deprived of their national state, so that in the future they would be able to find the strength to fight against the states that divided the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The study of works related to Russia is important because they reflect the national mythology on which all Poles are brought up, so they often perceive the artistic interpretation uncritically, and as a result they form a very prejudiced image of Russia in their minds.
The Personnel of the Russian Diplomatic Mission in the Hague during the First World War: Forgotten Names
Authors: Shatokhina-Mordvintseva Galina
Published: January 2025

Important pages of bilateral Russian-Dutch relations are connected with the activities of the Russian diplomatic mission in the Kingdom of the Netherlands during the First World War. The article deals with the staff of The Hague mission during this period, but the main attention is paid to the diplomats of the «second row» – first secretaries Konstantin Mikhailovich Onu and Heinrich Heinrichovich von Bach, second Secretary Pavel Konstantinovich Pustoshkin, whose service has never been the subject of scientific research. The purpose of the article is to trace the life path and career advancement of these diplomats of The Hague mission and, as far as possible, to restore their lost service records. The article is based on documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire (AVPRI), “Yearbooks”, published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which contain information about the activities of Russian diplomacy and materials on the personnel of the department, collections of documents, genealogies and other reference works, memoirs. These sources made it possible to draw up biographies of K. M. Onu, G. G. von Bach and P. K. Pustoshkin, to provide information about their closest relatives, to trace the stages of their promotion from junior diplomatic posts and lower civil ranks to appointment to the mission in The Hague, to give a brief summary of their further lives after the actual completion of their diplomatic careers in 1918.
Social-Political and Cultural life of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s Viewed by Visiting Soviet Humanitarians
Authors: Stykalin Aleksander
Published: January 2025

The Prague Spring of 1968 is known primarily as a mass democratic movement aimed at giving fresh strength to real socialism, increasing its effectiveness and external attractiveness. Getting ahead of its time, it was stopped by the ruling elites of the USSR and of the Soviet bloc countries, who were not ready for such a far-reaching liberalization of system in one of the socialist countries. The literature concerning the Prague Spring and the August 1968 intervention is extremely extensive and diverse, but putting into circulation of new sources remains actual. The article focuses on the perception by visiting Soviet humanities scholars and writers of the active social and of the rich cultural and academic life of Czechoslovakia in 1960s, of the events of the Prague Spring and the so-called “normalization” that followed its suppression. Their notes and reports, previously of little use to researchers, complement the picture of events with new facts and, in addition, expand our knowledge of the perception of the Prague Spring ideas by the Soviet scientific and creative intelligentsia. Of particular value are the notes of experts in the problems of Czechoslovakia and its culture.
The Evolution of Soviet Leaders’ Images in American Popular Music During the Cold War
Authors: Okun Alexander
Published: January 2025

The aim of the article is to determine the place and role of American popular music in the process of formation and evolution of the images of Soviet leaders in the context of the Cold War based on the constructivist approach. The author proceeds from the fact that popular culture reflects ideas and views deeply rooted in the public consciousness, and at the same time creates such ideas and stereotypes through the formation of spontaneous images and their consolidation in popular culture. In this regard, the analysis of the repertoire of images replicated by American popular music of various genres allows us to contribute to the historiography of the Cold War from the point of view of studying it as an image confrontation between the two powers. In addition, identifying the evolution of ideas about Soviet leaders in American popular culture makes it possible to expand our understanding of the socio-cultural context of the development of Soviet-American relations. For the first time in Russian historiography, the article examines the lyrics of songs by popular US performers as a source for understanding the set of values through the prism of which the authors gave characteristics, assessed the personalities and activities of their characters, thereby actually acting as actors in the ideological confrontation between the two systems. The author comes to the conclusion that the evolution of the images of Soviet leaders in American popular music from the second half of the 1940s to the early 1960s clearly demonstrates how their perception changed radically three times in a relatively short period of time. Due to the tradition of personifying countries through the images of their rulers, this change reflected the transformation of ideas about the possibility of interaction with the Soviet Union as a potential international partner. The transition from the allied relations of the Second World War to the confrontation in the conditions of the Cold War was accompanied by the demonization of the image of I.V. Stalin. A short-term "thaw" in the domestic and foreign policies of the Soviet Union gave rise to hopes for the possibility of cooperation between the two countries in ensuring peace and security. These hopes and the associated humanized image of N.S. Khrushchev were replicated both by the American mass media and the work of musicians working in various genres of popular music. However, in the context of the aggravation of Soviet-American relations during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which put the countries on the brink of a nuclear conflict, hopes were replaced by new disappointment. This disappointment was compounded by high expectations from the new Soviet leadership, which resulted in a return to the radical rhetoric of the Cold War.
“Fallen, fallen is Babylon!” The Interpretation of the Fall of Paris in 1814 by the German Protestant Clergy
Authors: Sterkhov Dmitry
Published: January 2025

The article focuses on the problem of the interaction between religion and political propaganda in Europe in the early 19th century. As a case study can serve the sermons delivered by German Protestant pastors on the occasion of the capture of Paris by the troops of the Sixth Coalition on March 31, 1814. The problem is a part of vivid discussions in the modern historiography on modernization and secularization which have already led to the coining of the term “second confessional age” by the German historian Olaf Blaschke (1820—1960). The analysis of the sermons has shown that the German Protestant pastors interpreted the fall of Paris in 1814 as an act of God's direct intervention in the earthly politics. The collapse of Napoleon's Empire was compared to that of the Old Babylonian Kingdom and was seen as God's revelation to the humanity, and God himself was presented presented to the public as a warrior and true leader of the Anti-French coalition. All the blame for this fell on Napoleon Bonaparte himself who was painted as cruel tyrant, oppressor of nations and godless heretic. Both French Emperor and his capital represented atheistic and revolting ideas of the philosophy of the Enlightenment. The sermons obviously lack the image of the national enemy, the French were represented as victims of Napoleon's ambitions, the pastors suggested reconciliation of the two nations. Germany itself was depicted by the clergy as a nation of princes and its peoples, united by common language, culture and moral values. The pastors argued that the fall of Paris was beneficial for the whole of humanity since they saw the chance for the perpetual peace among the nations. Nationalistic ideas did not completely penetrate the Protestant thought during that period, but they surely will after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 and especially on the eve of the World War I. There can be no doubt that political propaganda and religion were inextricably intertwined with one another so that the lower chronological limit of Blaschke's “second confessional age” could be extended to the early 19th century.
Catholic Organizations and their Role in the Political System of Fascist Italy (1929—1934)
Authors: Tokareva Evgenia
Published: January 2025

This article explores the role of Catholic organizations in the political system of Fascist Italy between 1929 and 1934, with a focus on the implications of the Lateran Agreements. While these agreements formally legitimized Catholic organizations, they also enabled the Fascist state to tighten its control over their activities. Drawing on archival materials from the Italian State Archive (Police Fund) and the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the study examines the complex relationship between the Vatican and the Fascist government. Key questions include the reasons for the regime's suspicion toward Catholic organizations and the extent to which accusations of anti-Fascist activity were justified. The findings reveal that, despite significant state pressure, Catholic organizations retained a degree of autonomy and continued to serve as a counterweight to Fascist institutions. This research highlights the role of religious institutions as a form of resistance within fascists regimes and contributes to a deeper understanding of the Church’s place in Italy in 1930’s.
When Ours Become Strangers: Another Communism of Santiago Carrillo
Authors: Filatov Georgy
Published: January 2025

In the 1970s, the old communist parties began to move away from their pro-Soviet positions. The Spanish Communist Party (PCE), under the leadership of Santiago Carrillo, showed the greatest zeal in this matter. Documents from RGANI, GARF, as well as the diaries of Anatoly Chernyaev, demonstrate how one of the Soviet Union's most loyal allies gradually turned into a renegade. Although the conflict began in 1968, when the PCE condemned the entry of Warsaw Pact troops into Czechoslovakia, a complete break did not occur at that moment. Moscow maintained official relations with the old Communist Party, although a number of communists who disagreed with Carrillo’s actions formed their own pro-Soviet parallel parties. The Soviet Union was ready to tolerate the willfulness of the PCE as long as the disagreements concerned specific practical issues. However, in 1977, Carrillo published the book Eurocommunism and the State, in which he not only criticized the USSR and the CPSU, but also seriously deviated from the official Soviet ideological discourse. After this, the Soviet leadership set a course for a gradual severance of relations and the creation of a single pro-Soviet Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain, which appeared in 1984. It was recognized by the Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist bloc, which marked the final transformation of the old PCE into the Communist Party of another communism.
A “Weird” Guerrilla. Zapatist Army of National Liberation as Participant of Mexico’s Transformation in Late 20th — Early 21st Centuries
Authors: Manukhin Alexey
Published: January 2025

Rural insurgent movements in Latin America were usually influenced by a small group of ideologues who maintained contact with an urban focal point or party. The Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN), which developed in the Mexican state of Chiapas in the 1980s, began its journey as a “classic” rural guerrilla. The group’s high command propagated the ideas of reorganizing Mexico in a revolutionary way among the Indian communities of certain areas of the state of Chiapas who were dissatisfied with their situation. However, under the influence of local “interest groups”, the original guerrilla core of the organization became part of the collective leadership of the Zapatista communities, although it did not lose its independent command functions. The article examines how, after the failure of the armed uprising of January 1, 1994, the struggle for the creation of autonomous self-governing structures, opposition to neoliberalism and globalization on a Mexican and global scale gradually became central to the activities of the EZLN. All this was in line with the socio-political changes in Mexico at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, associated with the decline of the hegemony of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, PRI). The Zapatista leadership responded quite skillfully to changes in the internal political situation and outlined its position in the context of election campaigns. Criticism of neoliberal reforms in Mexico, corruption, and advocacy of the rights of indigenous peoples increased the group’s authority within the country and abroad, ensuring its stability in the face of pressure from the military-police apparatus. At the same time, the EZLN did not seek to build alliances with leading political forces, focusing on its autonomist project. As a result, it lost influence both at the Chiapas level and throughout the country.
Condemnation of Shumsky’s National Deviationism and the Communist Party of Western Ukraine
Authors: Melnichenko Tanya
Published: January 2025

This article examines the discussion between representatives of the Comintern and the Communist Party of Western Ukraine about the “national bias” in the activities of a member of the Central Committee of the KP(b)U, member of the IKKI and People’s Commissar of Education of the Ukrainian SSR (1924—1927) A. Ya. Shumsky. Shumsky’s position on the national issue was shared by the majority of the heads of the KPZU. The question of “Shumskism” as a nationalist bias in the KP(b)U, it has outgrown not only the framework of KP(b) but also the framework of the CPSU, having acquired an international character and becoming the subject of discussion also of the Communist Party of Poland and the Executive Committee of the Comintern. The period of 1927—1928, unlike the subsequent one, still allowed the exposed figures to defend their positions, although there were fewer and fewer opportunities for this. An important resource for such independence turned out to be the support of the KPZU, broken by the organizational strength of the Comintern.
The Spanish Communist Parties during the Late Francoism and the Transition to Democracy: A Comparative Study of Political Culture
Authors: Rosano Alloza Mario
Published: January 2025

This article is a comparative study of the following Spanish communist parties: the Communist Party of Spain (which has been the official CP of Spain since 1921), the Communist Party of Spain (Marxist-Leninist) [whose orientation was Maoist-Hoxhist], the Revolutionary Communist League (Spanish representative of the Trotskyist Fourth International [United Secretariat]), and the Liberation Collective (a group that evolved from grassroots Christianity towards the communism of the councils and workers' autonomy). The aim of the text is to study the similarities and differences in the patterns of practice and beliefs of these parties during the late Francoist period and the Transition to democracy (1959—1982). The research is based on primary documentary sources, oral interviews conducted by the author and secondary bibliography.
The Problem of Holstein Guardianship in the Foreign Policy of Catherine II in 1762—1764
Authors: Petrova Maria
Published: January 2025

The article, based on unpublished materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire and the Austrian State Archive, examines Catherine II’s position on the Holstein question, which has been studied mainly in the context of relations between Russia and Denmark. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of this issue for the German policy of the Russian Empress. Her first task after accession to the throne was to obtain recognition from the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I of her rights of guardianship over the minor Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, who had inherited the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp from his father, Emperor Peter III. By taking possession of the duchy Catherine II sought to gain additional leverage in German affairs and strengthen her position in European affairs. The article presents a detailed account of the procedure undertaken to recognise Catherine II as guardian of the Grand Duke, and elucidates the challenges the Russian and Holstein diplomats encountered in fulfilling the formalities prescribed by the legislation of the Holy Roman Empire, which were in conflict with the sovereign status of the Russian empress.
The Influence of Cuba’s Leftist Ideas on Brazil's Leftist Radicalism
Authors: Olkhovskaya Violetta
Published: January 2025

The work is devoted to the influence of the Cuban socialist idea on the Brazilian state. It is known that the revolution in Cuba led to a number of important socio-political and economic processes in Latin America, including Brazil. The article focuses on the development of leftist movements in Cuba in the late 50s and early 60s, and how leftist revolutionaries influenced the growth of socialism and communism in Latin America. The work evaluates not only the left-wing personalities in Brazil, who were inspired by the success of the Cuban Revolution, but also the analysis of left-wing movements formed during this period of time, taking into account the fact that one of the main factors in the formation and development of socialist and communist associations was the Cuban factor, which not only promoted the idea of building socialism, but also radicalized leftist movements. The article raises the issue of the participation of Catholic associations of the 60s in the development of the ideas of socialism and the promotion of political literacy of supporters of the fusion of biblical ideas in Brazil with left-wing ideas. Special attention is paid to the 1964 military coup in Brazil, which led to the degradation and prohibition of leftist movements in the country until the period of transition to civilian governance in the country. Along with this, the article notes that the successes and failures of the leftist movements of the 60s in Brazil directly influenced the leftist movements of the late 20th and early 21st century in the country.
The View of COMECON Experts on the Prospects for Developing Cooperation with Libya in Oil Sector, Mid-1970s
Authors: Glazov Alexandr
Published: January 2025

The author of the article for the first time publishes and introduces into scientific circulation an analytical document prepared in late 1976 by experts for COMECON Oil Bureau — “Generalized material for preparation of a set of measures related to cooperation of COMECON member countries [among themselves and with Libya] and aimed at guaranteeing in advance long-term oil supplies from Libyan Arab Republic”. Today this document is held by the Russian State Archive of Economics (as part of the large collection of COMECON materials: RGAE. Fond 561). By analyzing the document, it is possible to reveal the view of foreign trade specialists of COMECON member countries on the prospects for developing cooperation with the Libyan Arab Republic (LAR) in oil sector in the mid-1970s. The published document confirms COMECON good awareness of what was happening to the oil industry of LAR in the seventies.
Relations Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Armenia (1991—2011)
Authors: Minasyan Edik
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to an analysis of the relations between the Republic of Armenia (RA) and the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), one of the key players in the South Caucasus. Based on documents and research literature, the processes of establishing qualitatively new relations between Iran and Armenia after the restoration of independence of Armenia, in 1991—2011, are highlighted. The nature of the new strategy of the IRI in relation to the countries of the region is shown. Iran’s efforts aimed at maintaining stable peace in the region, in particular its mediation mission regarding the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, as well as its generally restrained, balanced and impartial position, are noteworthy. The processes of establishing political and diplomatic relations between the IRI and the RA are emphasized. The purpose of the study is to consider the nature and features of relations between Armenia and Iran in the post-Soviet years. The research is based on materials from the state diplomatic archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia, as well as materials of the Iranian-Armenian press devoted to this issue. The study of the modern historical period of Armenian-Iranian relations has been conducted by a number of authors, but this article examines a full, comprehensive range of regional security issues. In the first three decades of the 21st century, interstate relations between the RA and the IRI provided the opportunity to create rich, multidisciplinary cultural, scientific and educational programs.
Inertion in the Russian Economic Elite
Authors:   Academy of Marketing and Social and Information Technologies, Sidnina V. L.
Published: January 2025

Inertion aspects of the ways of behaviour of the Russian economic elite, evolution of these ways in the Post-Soviet Russia, possibilities of the influence on the ways of behaviour of the economic elite for enhancing their civilization are considered in the article. The article is written on the basis of the materials of the conference «National Elite is the Destiny of Russia».
Financial aspects pass a new wages systems in budget spheare
Authors:   Saratov State University, Zamyatina N. V.
Published: January 2025

The article is devoted to problems of new systems in budget spheare in modern Russia. The author investigate such issues, as: causes leading to deep crisis of wages systems in budget spheare; trends of possible development forms of wages; objective difficulties of their adaptation to modern conditions.
Alumni Perspectives of the Life Significance of Attending an Undergraduate Outdoor Academic Program
Authors: Fuesler Abigail , Bobilya Andrew J. , Daniel Brad
Published: January 2025

The outdoor industry is growing in the U.S., and its economic impact has been well documented. One pathway toward employment in the outdoor industry has been undergraduate training in an outdoor academic program (OAP). Undergraduate OAPs require significant financial support, access to outdoor spaces, and specialized faculty training. Consequently, OAPs remain challenging to justify to college administrators. The alumni perspective is critical to communicating the value of the long-term impacts of graduating from OAPs. This study explored the perceived significance of experiences in undergraduate OAPs and how those experiences impacted graduates’ careers. The study utilized a Significant Life Experience (SLE) framework and recruited alumni of three longstanding OAPs via an Internet survey. The respondents found their OAP to be extremely impactful on their career, whether in the outdoor industry or another field. College administrators and faculty can utilize the findings of this study as they consider the value of OAPs.
A sustentabilidade no ensino superior: uma análise em projetos de pesquisa, ensino e extensão de universidades brasileiras
Authors: Maciel Eloisa Antunes , Andrade Mariana Aparecida Bologna Soares de
Published: January 2025

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar, à luz das macrotendências de EA propostas por Layrargues e Lima (2014) e dos indicadores de sustentabilidade, as políticas de sustentabilidade em projetos de pesquisa, ensino e extensão de três universidades brasileiras. Para isso, realizamos uma aproximação teórica com os 121 indicadores de sustentabilidade inseridos nas onze dimensões de Ambientalização curricular e as três Macrotendências de Educação Ambiental: Conservacionista, Crítica e Pragmática. A análise revelou uma predominância do indicador 5, relacionado à investigação e transferência de conhecimento, fortemente vinculado à Macrotendência Pragmática. Isso sugere que os projetos estão mais focados na aplicação prática e imediata do conhecimento, priorizando resultados tangíveis. O indicador 3, que trata da responsabilidade socioambiental, também foi relevante, demonstrando o compromisso das instituições com a integração da sustentabilidade em suas práticas e políticas, alinhando-se à Macrotendência Crítica. No entanto, houve uma escassez de projetos associados à reflexão crítica sobre poder, justiça social e transformação educativa, limitando o potencial de formação de cidadãos críticos e engajados nas questões ambientais. Esse aparato teórico oferece uma importante contribuição para entender como os projetos de sustentabilidade podem ser avaliados sob diferentes vertentes da Educação Ambiental.
Combined Application of Bio-agents and Novel Fungicides for Management of Collar Rot of Chickpea
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Singh Vivek , . Harshita , Jaisval Girijesh Kumar
Published: January 2025

Background: The chickpea, scientifically known as Cicer arietinum L., is a significant legume crop that serves as a valuable source of vegetable protein. The chickpea crop is susceptible to various pests and illnesses. Collar rot, induced by the fungal pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii, is a highly significant and extremely damaging disease that affects chickpea crops. The disease causes seedling mortality ranging from 54.7 to 95 per cent and field conditions result in yield decrease ranging from 22 to 50 per cent. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using a combination of fungicides, bio-agents and organic amendments for the management of collar rot in chickpea. Methods: The investigations were conducted in the Rabi seasons of 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiments involved the integration of fungicides, fungal biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp.), FYM and Vermicompost to control Collar rot disease in Chickpea caused by S. rolfsii. Six indigenous fungal antagonists (Trichoderma spp.) were assessed in a laboratory setting against S. rolfsii using both dual culture and non-volatile (culture filtrate) methods. The efficacy of the fungicides was assessed using the poison food technique. Nine fungicides were assessed in a laboratory setting to determine their effectiveness against a pathogen and Trichoderma harzianum-2. The fungicides were tested at four different concentrations: 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm. The goal was to identify fungicides that are extremely toxic to S. rolfsii at lower concentrations, while being less harmful to the bioagent Trichoderma spp. Pot culture studies were conducted using a completely randomised design (CRD), while field experiments were conducted using a randomised block design (RBD). Result: Trichoderma harzianum-2 (TH-2) was found to be highly efficient against the pathogen. It reduced the growth of the pathogen by 75.18% in the dual culture technique and by 61.85% in the culture filtrate approach. Among the nine fungicides tested, four of them, specifically propineb, mancozeb, captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP and penflufen 13.28% w/w + trifloxystrobin, showed lower inhibitory effects on Trichoderma harzianum at doses ranging from 50 to 1000 ppm. The treatment that resulted in the highest seed germination rate (100%) and the lowest occurrence of collar rot was the one where the seeds were treated with captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP and the soil was supplemented with Trichoderma harzianum through vermicompost application.