bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Writing Across the Curriculum: Reliability Testing of a Standardized Rubric
Authors: Minnich Margo , Kirkpatrick Amanda J. , Goodman Joely T. , Whittaker Ali , Stanton Chapple Helen , Schoening Anne M. , Khanna Maya M.
Published: June 2018

Background:

Rubrics positively affect student academic performance; however, accuracy and consistency of the rubric and its use is imperative. The researchers in this study developed a standardized rubric for use across an undergraduate nursing curriculum, then evaluated the interrater reliability and general usability of the tool.

Method:

Faculty raters graded papers using the standardized rubric, submitted their independent scoring for interrater reliability analyses, then participated in a focus group discussion regarding rubric use experience.

Results:

Quantitative analysis of the data showed a high interrater reliability (α = .998). Content analysis of transcription revealed several positive themes: Consistency, Emphasis on Writing Ability, and Ability to Use the Rubric as a Teaching Tool. Areas for improvement included use of value words and difficulty with point allocation.

Conclusion:

Investigators recommend effective faculty orientation for rubric use and future work in developing a rubric to assess reflective writing. [
J Nurs Educ.
2018;57(6):366–370.]
A Grounded Theory of the Resilience Process in Postqualification Nursing Students
Authors: Jackson Jennifer
Published: June 2018

Background:

Resilience is important for undergraduate nursing students. However, little is known about resilience for postqualification nursing students who return for graduate studies. The purpose of this study was to explore the process of resilience for nursing students in graduate programs.

Method:

Postqualification nursing students were interviewed once to learn about their experiences in graduate education in this grounded theory study. Ten participants formed a convenience sample that was voluntarily recruited through a research course.

Results:

Participants described their process of resilience as one of managing challenges that was facilitated by passion and support. Participants applied several metacognitive and practical strategies. In addition, participants reported that they enjoyed or struggled through their studies (often both in varying degrees). The participants' resilience strategies reflected the application of prior learning.

Conclusion:

The process of resilience for postqualification students can be outlined in a theoretical process centered on managing challenges. Educators can support resilience by providing support and enabling resilience strategies. [
J Nurs Educ.
2018;57(6):371–374.]
Descripcions i notícies del gabinet Salvador en llibres de viatges, guies i altres documents impresos (1713-1895)
Authors: Camarasa J. M.
Published: June 2018

Entre comienzos del siglo XVIII y mediados del siglo XIX el gabinete de los Salvador era de visita obligada para cuantos interesados por la historia natural o simplemente curiosos o eruditos que pasaban por la ciudad de Barcelona. No todos aquellos visitantes han dejado testimonio escrito de su paso por el gabinete, ni menos aún testimonio publicado, pero el medio centenar de noticias, descripciones o juicios que hemos podido localizar cubren prácticamente la totalidad de este período (incluso lo superan) y constituyen un valioso testimonio de las transformaciones del gabinete y de la evolución en la valoración de éste y de su contenido por parte de los sucesivos visitantes. En el apéndice se incluyen los textos y las referencias de estas noticias, descripciones y juicios acerca del gabinete Salvador.

[ca] Entre començaments del segle XVIII i mitjan segle XIX el gabinet dels Salvador va ser de visita obligada per a tots els interessats per la història natural o simplement curiosos o erudits que passaven per la ciutat de Barcelona. No tots aquells visitants han deixat testimoni escrit del seu pas pel gabinet ni encara menys testimoni imprès però el mig centenar de notícies, descripcions o judicis que hem pogut localitzar cobreixen pràcticament la totalitat d’aquest període (fins i tot l’ultrapassen) i constitueixen un valuós testimoni de les transformacions del gabinet i de l’evolució en la valoració del gabinet mateix i del seu contingut per part dels successius visitants. En l’apèndix s’inclouen els textos i les referències d’aquestes notícies, descripcions i judicis sobre el gabinet Salvador.
Catálogo de la familia Orchidaceae en Guinea Ecuatorial
Authors: Galán Cela P. , Gamarra R. , Ortúñez E.
Published: June 2018

Se presenta un catálogo actualizado de las especies y táxones infraespecíficos de la familia Orchidaceae en Guinea Ecuatorial, obtenido a partir de testimonios de herbario y revisión bibliográfica. Nuestros resultados indican la presencia de 225 táxones más 12 que requieren confirmación en el conjunto del territorio (Annobón, Bioko y Río Muni), incluidos en 43 géneros y 10 tribus pertenecientes a las subfamilias Vanilloideae, Orchidoideae y Epidendroideae. Se aportan 88 táxones más en el catálogo de Río Muni respecto a publicaciones precedentes. La tribu Vandeae es la más representada, con 118 táxones. Atendiendo al hábito, 53 táxones son terrestres, seis son trepadores y 166 son epífitos. La mayor riqueza de orquídeas se manifiesta en la isla de Bioko y en las provincias occidentales de Río Muni. De las 31 especies descritas sobre materiales ecuatoguineanos, seis son consideradas endemismos de Guinea Ecuatorial.
SIMULATING THE IMPACTS OF INDOOR VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS ON HVAC PERFORMANCE USING eQUEST AT HAMPSHIRE COLLEGE'S R. W. KERN CENTER
Authors: Raymond Matthew , Hews Sarah , Cianfrani Christina
Published: June 2018

INTRODUCTION

Hampshire College, in Amherst, Massachusetts, is taking part in the green building movement with the construction of the R. W. Kern Center, which opened in the spring of 2016. The building was certified to meet the Living Building Challenge in spring 2018 and has satisfied building standards such as Net Zero energy and water. To meet these standards, the design of the building employs solar photovoltaic panels, a rain water catchment and purification system, a greywater treatment system, storm water infiltration rain gardens, composting toilets, and control monitoring systems to make the building more efficient and decrease its harmful impacts on the environment. The greywater treatment system utilizes both indoor vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) and an outdoor horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) to filter greywater effluent from sinks and a coffee bar, meeting the requirement to treat and handle all wastewater generated on site. Although the VFCW system performance has been shown to be effective in exterior environments (Sklarz et al., 2009), its use inside a building requires scrutiny to verify that the adoption of this system does not affect the operation of essential building systems.

The green systems that the Kern Center and others like it are employing may have impacts on the building's environment, construction and operation. These modifications must be monitored, and their effects quantified. The alteration of the thermal and air quality characteristics of the interior building has a significant effect on occupant health and the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) energy on consumption. Several studies have investigated the benefits of indoor plants for air filtration or for exterior greywater filtration.
Identification of the First Teleost CD5 Molecule: Additional Evidence on Phenotypical and Functional Similarities between Fish IgM+ B Cells and Mammalian B1 Cells
Authors: Abós Beatriz , Bird Steve , Granja Aitor G. , Morel Esther , More Bayona Juan A. , Barreda Daniel R. , Tafalla Carolina
Published: June 2018

Despite teleost fish being the first animal group in which all elements of adaptive immunity are present, the lack of follicular structures, as well as the fact that systemic Ab responses rely exclusively on unswitched low-affinity IgM responses, strongly suggests that fish B cell responses resemble mammalian B1 cell responses rather than those of B2 cells. In line with this hypothesis, in the current study, we have identified a homolog of CD5 in teleost fish. This pan-T marker belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of receptors is commonly used in mammals to distinguish a subset of B1 cells. Subsequently, we have demonstrated that a very high percentage of teleost IgM+ B cells express this marker, in contrast to the limited population of CD5-expressing B1 cells found in most mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fish IgM+ B cells share classical phenotypic features of mammalian B1 cells such as large size, high complexity, high surface IgM, and low surface IgD expression, regardless of CD5 expression. Additionally, fish IgM+ B cells, unlike murine B2 cells, also displayed extended survival in cell culture and did not proliferate after BCR engagement. Altogether, our results demonstrate that although fish are evolutionarily the first group in which all the elements of acquired immunity are present, in the absence of follicular structures, most teleost IgM+ B cells have retained phenotypical and functional characteristics of mammalian B1 cells.
mTORC2 Activity Disrupts Lysosome Acidification in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Impairing Caspase-1 Cleavage of Rab39a
Authors: Monteith Andrew J. , Vincent Heather A. , Kang SunAh , Li Patrick , Claiborne Tauris M. , Rajfur Zenon , Jacobson Ken , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Vilen Barbara J.
Published: June 2018

Lysosomes maintain immune homeostasis through the degradation of phagocytosed apoptotic debris; however, the signaling events regulating lysosomal maturation remain undefined. In this study, we show that lysosome acidification, key to the maturation process, relies on mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2), activation of caspase-1, and cleavage of Rab39a. Mechanistically, the localization of cofilin to the phagosome recruits caspase-11, which results in the localized activation of caspase-1. Caspase-1 subsequently cleaves Rab39a on the phagosomal membrane, promoting lysosome acidification. Although caspase-1 is critical for lysosome acidification, its activation is independent of inflammasomes and cell death mediated by apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, revealing a role beyond pyroptosis. In lupus-prone murine macrophages, chronic mTORC2 activity decouples the signaling pathway, leaving Rab39a intact. As a result, the lysosome does not acidify, and degradation is impaired, thereby heightening the burden of immune complexes that activate FcγRI and sustain mTORC2 activity. This feedforward loop promotes chronic immune activation, leading to multiple lupus-associated pathologies. In summary, these findings identify the key molecules in a previously unappreciated signaling pathway that promote lysosome acidification. It also shows that this pathway is disrupted in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Electroacoustic Assessment of Wireless Remote Microphone Systems
Authors: Salehi Haniyeh , Parsa Vijay , Folkeard Paula
Published: June 2018

Wireless remote microphones (RMs) transmit the desired acoustic signal to the hearing aid (HA) and facilitate enhanced listening in challenging environments. Fitting and verification of RMs, and benchmarking the relative performance of different RM devices in varied acoustic environments are of significant interest to Audiologists and RM developers. This paper investigates the application of instrumental speech intelligibility and quality metrics for characterizing the RM performance in two acoustic environments with varying amounts of background noise and reverberation. In both environments, two head and torso simulators (HATS) were placed 2 m apart, where one HATS served as the talker and the other served as the listener. Four RM systems were interfaced separately with a HA programmed to match the prescriptive targets for the N4 standard audiogram and placed on the listener HATS. The HA output in varied acoustic conditions was recorded and analyzed offline through computational models predicting speech intelligibility and quality. Results showed performance differences among the four RMs in the presence of noise and/or reverberation, with one RM exhibiting significantly better performance. Clinical implications and applications of these results are discussed.
The action of the mapping class group on the space of geodesic rays of a punctured hyperbolic surface
Authors: Bowditch Brian H. , Sakuma Makoto
Published: June 2018

Let

\Sigma

be a complete finite-area orientable hyperbolic surface with one cusp, and let

\mathcal R

be the space of complete geodesic rays in

\Sigma

emanating from the puncture. Then there is a natural action of the mapping class group of

\Sigma

on

\mathcal R

. We show that this action is "almost everywhere" wandering.
Modeling the fractal geometry of Arctic melt ponds using the level sets of random surfaces
Authors: Bowen Brady , Strong Courtenay , Golden Kenneth M.
Published: June 2018

During the late spring, most of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea icewith a layer of snow on top. As the snow and sea ice begin to melt, water collects on the surface to form melt ponds. As melting progresses, sparse, disconnected ponds coalesce to form complex, self-similar structures which are connected over large length scales. The boundaries of the ponds undergo a transition in fractal dimension from 1 to about 2 around a critical length scale of 100 square meters, as found previously from area–perimeter data. Melt pond geometry depends strongly on sea ice and snow topography. Here we construct a rather simple model of melt pond boundaries as the intersection of a horizontal plane, representing the water level, with a random surface representing the topography. We show that an autoregressive class of anisotropic random Fourier surfaces provides topographies that yield the observed fractal dimension transition, with the ponds evolving and growing as the plane rises. The results are compared with a partial differential equation model of melt pond evolution that includes much of the physics of the system. Properties of the shift in fractal dimension, such as its amplitude, phase and rate, are shown to depend on the surface anisotropy and autocorrelation length scales in the models. Melting-driven differences between the two models are highlighted.
Numerical integration for fractal measures
Authors: Malmquist Jens , Strichartz Robert S.
Published: June 2018

We find estimates for the error in replacing an integral

\int f d\mu

with respect to a fractal measure

\mu

with a discrete sum

\sum_{x \in E} w(x) f(x)

over a given sample set

E

with weights

w

. Our model is the classical Koksma–Hlawka theorem for integrals over rectangles, where the error is estimated by a product of a
discrepancy
that depends only on the geometry of the sample set and weights, and
variance
that depends only on the smoothness of

f

. We deal with p.c.f. self-similar fractals, on which Kigami has constructed notions of
energy
and
Laplacian
. We develop generic results where we take the variance to be either the energy of

f

or the

L^1

norm of

\Delta f

, and we show how to find the corresponding discrepancies for each variance. We work out the details for a number of interesting examples of sample sets for the Sierpinski gasket, both for the standard self-similar measure and energy measures, and for other fractals.
Análisis de las políticas públicas culturales en comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
Authors: Pacheco Salgado Fredy Rafael
Published: June 2018

El presente artículo presenta un análisis de cómo se diseñan e implementan las políticas públicas culturales al interior de 4 comunidades indígenas de Colombia, con el fin de conocer su alcance en la preservación de las culturas autóctonas y sus aportes normativos a la construcción y conservación del patrimonio cultural de la nación. Se presenta un análisis de la normatividad nacional e internacional que permite la implementación de políticas públicas culturales que brinden una mayor protección e interacción de expresiones e identidades culturales diversas con miras al fortalecimiento de la interculturalidad de acuerdo con los convenios internacionales de protección a la cultura. Seguidamente se analizan las actuales estrategias implementadas para la elaboración de las políticas públicas culturales al interior de las comunidades indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Se concluye con una seria de lineamientos estratégicos con el fin de lograr políticas públicas culturales que beneficien el patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial en comunidades indígenas.
Pervivir desde la identidad cultural. Una propuesta de empoderamiento diferencial desde el papel de las mujeres indígenas Nasa en contexto de ciudad
Authors: Ciro Calderón Johana , Martínez Puche Antonio
Published: June 2018

Este artículo presenta una reflexión desde las experiencias de las mujeres indígenas del sur de Colombia, para aportar al diálogo y promover el entendimiento entre las diferentes miradas de los feminismos en construcción, surgidos de las comunidades de mujeres de América Latina, en especial el feminismo descolonial y el feminismo comunitario.
Este aporte se deriva del trabajo doctoral titulado Metodología de Empoderamiento Diferencial desde la identidad cultural y el desarrollo local de las mujeres indígenas Nasa del Municipio de Santiago de Cali, Colombia, que propone y desarrolla una metodología para el empoderamiento de las mujeres de esta comunidad, inscrita en los postulados de las epistemologías del sur y, en consecuencia, surgida desde y para las mujeres indígenas Nasa del sur de Colombia.
¿Cuáles son las bases conceptuales de esta estrategia de empoderamiento? ¿Cuáles son sus consonancias con los feminismos en construcción en América Latina? ¿Cuál es la propuesta metodológica de esta investigación? ¿De dónde parte y hacia dónde se dirige? Estas son las preguntas a las que se dará respuesta en el desarrollo de este artículo.
Organización y sobrevivencia de los campesinos arroceros de Morelos
Authors: Steffen Riedemann María Cristina
Published: June 2018

El colapso de la producción de arroz en el estado de Morelos es uno de los resultados de la implantación de políticas neoliberales en el campo. Sin embargo, existen causas adicionales que lo agravan. Este trabajo sostiene que una de ellas es la débil organización de los ejidatarios que cultivan arroz. Para fundamentar esto, se presenta una reflexión sobre las etapas que ésta ha vivido desde los años veinte, cuando los ejidatarios asumieron el cultivo. Es posible concluir que, exceptuando el intento de Rubén Jaramillo en 1926, ellos nunca han logrado construir una organización autónoma, sino que han permanecido sometidos a los intereses del Estado y empresarios privados, contradictorios con los suyos.
Traspatios campesinos de Morelos
Authors: Cobo González Rosario , Paz Paredes Lorena
Published: June 2018

En este artículo se analiza el carácter multifuncional del traspatio campesino en comunidades de varias regiones morelenses. El traspatio también llamado solar, huerta o calmile en náhuatl, es un área cercana a la vivienda donde se producen alimentos, condimentos, plantas medicinales y flores; que, dependiendo del ciclo agrícola, ritual y familiar, se usa para criar animales, como bodega, lugar de recreo, descanso, convivencia y alojamiento de peregrinos. Sitio ligado al universo femenino y extensión de las tareas domésticas y del cuidado, que conserva y potencia la biodiversidad de la zona, los saberes y prácticas locales.  La variedad de especies animales y vegetales que albergan los traspatios se relaciona con sus dimensiones, el clima de la zona, el tipo de suelo y, sobre todo, con los gustos y tradiciones culturales de la familia y la comunidad. A pesar de la modernidad, la urbanización y el crecimiento poblacional de localidades cercanas a los centros urbanos, las familias, principalmente las mujeres, los han preservado, pues les proporcionan seguridad alimentaria y cierta autonomía del mercado, servicios ambientales (microclimas, retención de agua y mejoramiento de suelos, captura de carbono, etc.), plantas medicinales, ornamentales, y ocasionalmente algún ingreso por la ventas de sus productos en pequeña escala.
Stable sulfur isotope measurements to trace the fate of SO2 in the Athabasca oil sands region
Authors: Amiri Neda , Ghahreman Roya , Rempillo Ofelia , Tokarek Travis W. , Odame-Ankrah Charles A. , Osthoff Hans D. , Norman Ann-Lise
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Concentrations and
δ34S values for SO2 and size-segregated sulfate aerosols were determined for air monitoring station
13 (AMS 13) at Fort MacKay in the Athabasca oil sands region, northeastern
Alberta, Canada as part of the Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for
Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) campaign from 13 August to 5 September 2013.
Sulfate aerosols and SO2 were collected on filters using a
high-volume sampler, with 12 or 24 h time intervals. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) enriched in 34S was exhausted by a chemical
ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) operated at the measurement site and
affected isotope samples for a portion of the sampling period. It was
realized that this could be a useful tracer and samples collected were
divided into two sets. The first set includes periods when the CIMS was not
running (CIMS-OFF) and no 34SO2 was emitted. The second set is for
periods when the CIMS was running (CIMS-ON) and 34SO2 was expected
to affect SO2 and sulfate high-volume filter samples. δ34S values for sulfate aerosols with diameter D>0.49 µm
during CIMS-OFF periods (no tracer 34SO2 present) indicate the
sulfur isotope characteristics of secondary sulfate in the region. Such
aerosols had δ34S values that were isotopically lighter (down to
−5.3 ‰) than what was expected according to potential sulfur
sources in the Athabasca oil sands region (+3.9 to +11.5 ‰).
Lighter δ34S values for larger aerosol size fractions are contrary
to expectations for primary unrefined sulfur from untreated oil sands
(+6.4 ‰) mixed with secondary sulfate from SO2 oxidation
and accompanied by isotope fractionation in gas phase reactions with OH or
the aqueous phase by H2O2 or O3. Furthermore, analysis of
34S enhancements of sulfate and SO2 during CIMS-ON periods
indicated rapid oxidation of SO2 from this local source at ground
level on the surface of aerosols before reaching the high-volume sampler or
on the collected aerosols on the filters in the high-volume sampler.
Anti-correlations between δ34S values of dominantly secondary
sulfate aerosols with D< 0.49 µm and the concentrations of Fe
and Mn (r = −0.80 and r = −0.76, respectively) were observed,
suggesting that SO2 was oxidized by a transition metal ion (TMI)
catalyzed pathway involving O2 and Fe3+ and/or
Mn2+, an oxidation pathway known to favor lighter sulfur isotopes. Correlations between SO2 to sulfate conversion ratio (F(s)) and the
concentrations of α-pinene (r = 0.85), β-pinene
(r = 0.87), and limonene (r = 0.82) during daytime suggests that
SO2 oxidation by Criegee biradicals may be a potential oxidation
pathway in the study region.
Secondary aerosol formation promotes water uptake by organic-rich wildfire haze particles in equatorial Asia
Authors: Chen Jing , Budisulistiorini Sri Hapsari , Miyakawa Takuma , Komazaki Yuichi , Kuwata Mikinori
Published: June 2018

Abstract. The diameter growth factor (GF) of 100 nm haze particles at 85 % relative
humidity (RH) and their chemical characteristics were simultaneously monitored at
Singapore in October 2015 during a pervasive wildfire haze episode that was
caused by peatland burning in Indonesia. Non-refractory submicron
particles (NR-PM1) were dominated by organics (OA; approximating 77.1 % in
total mass), whereas sulfate was the most abundant inorganic constituent
(11.7 % on average). A statistical analysis of the organic mass spectra
showed that most organics (36.0 % of NR-PM1 mass) were highly
oxygenated. Diurnal variations of GF, number fractions of more hygroscopic
mode particles, mass fractions of sulfate, and mass fractions of oxygenated
organics (OOA) synchronized well, peaking during the day. The mean
hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of the haze particles was
0.189 ± 0.087, and the mean κ values of organics were
0.157 ± 0.108 (κorg, bulk organics) and
0.266 ± 0.184 (κOOA, OOA), demonstrating the important
roles of both sulfate and highly oxygenated organics in the hygroscopic
growth of organics-dominated wildfire haze particles.
κorg correlated with the water-soluble organic fraction
insignificantly, but it positively correlated with f44 (fraction of the
ion fragment at m∕z 44 in total organics) (R = 0.70), implying the
oxygenation degree of organics could be more critical for the water uptake of
organic compounds. These results further suggest the importance of sulfate
and secondary organic aerosol formation in promoting the hygroscopic growth
of wildfire haze particles. Further detailed size-resolved as well as
molecular-level chemical information about organics is necessary for the
profound exploration of water uptake by wildfire haze particles in equatorial Asia.
Aerosol–fog interaction and the transition to well-mixed radiation fog
Authors: Boutle Ian , Price Jeremy , Kudzotsa Innocent , Kokkola Harri , Romakkaniemi Sami
Published: June 2018

Abstract. We analyse the development of a radiation fog event and its gradual
transition from optically thin fog in a stable boundary layer to
well-mixed optically thick fog. A comparison of observations and a
detailed large-eddy simulation demonstrate that aerosol growth and
activation is the key process in determining the onset of adiabatic
fog. Weak turbulence and low supersaturations lead to the growth of
aerosol particles which can significantly affect the visibility but
do not significantly interact with the long-wave radiation, allowing
the atmosphere to remain stable. Only when a substantial fraction of
the aerosol activates into cloud droplets can the fog
interact with the radiation, becoming optically thick and
well mixed. Modifications to the parameterisation of cloud droplet
numbers in fog, resulting in lower and more realistic
concentrations, are shown to give significant improvements to an NWP
model, which initially struggled to accurately simulate the
transition. Finally, the consequences of this work for common aerosol
activation parameterisations used in climate models are discussed,
demonstrating that many schemes are reliant on an artificial minimum
value when activating aerosol in fog, and adjustment of this minimum
can significantly affect the sensitivity of the climate system to
aerosol radiative forcing.
Ground-based MAX-DOAS observations of tropospheric formaldehyde and comparisons with CAMS model at a rural site near Beijing
Authors: Tian Xin , Xie Pinhua , Xu Jin , Wang Yang , Li Ang , Wu Fengcheng , Hu Zhaokun , Liu Cheng , Zhang Qiong
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO), a key aerosol precursor, plays a significant role in atmospheric photo-oxidation pathways. In this study, HCHO column densities were measured using Multi-axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instrument at the University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS) in Huairou District, Beijing, which is about 50 km away from the city center, during the period of October 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, in which the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit was organized on 3 to 12 November. Peak values of HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) around noon and a good correlation coefficient of 0.87 between HCHO and O3 indicate that the secondary sources of HCHO through photochemical reactions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dominate HCHO values in the area around UCAS. Dependences of HCHO VCDs on wind fields and backward trajectories were identified and indicated that the HCHO values in the area around UCAS were considerably affected by the transports of pollutants (VOCs) from polluted area in the south. The effects of control measures on HCHO VCDs during the APEC period were evaluated. During the period of APEC conference, the averaged HCHO is 37.95 % and 30.75 % lower than that during the pre-APEC and post-APEC period, respectively. The phenomenon could be attributed to both effects of prevailing northwest wind fields during the APEC and strict control measures. We also compared the MAX-DOAS results with the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model. The CAMS model and MAX-DOAS results are generally consistent with a good correlation coefficient of ~ 0.83. The peak values are well consistently captured by both data sets, but the low values are systematically underestimated by the CAMS model. The finding indicates the CAMS model can well simulate the effects of transports and the secondary sources of HCHO, but underestimate the local primary sources.
Preparation and analysis of zero gases for the measurement of trace VOCs in air monitoring
Authors: Englert Jennifer , Claude Anja , Demichelis Alessia , Persijn Stefan , Baldan Annarita , Li Jianrong , Plass-Duelmer Christian , Michl Katja , Tensing Erasmus , Wortman Rina , Ghorafi Yousra , Lecuna Maricarmen , Sassi Guido , Sassi Maria Paola , Kubistin Dagmar
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Air quality observations are performed globally to monitor the status of the
atmosphere and its level of pollution and to assess mitigation strategies.
Regulations of air quality monitoring programmes in various countries demand
high-precision measurements for harmful substances often at low trace
concentrations. These requirements can only be achieved by using high-quality
calibration gases including high-purity zero gas. For volatile organic
compound (VOC) observations, zero gas is defined as being hydrocarbon-free
and can be, for example,
purified air, nitrogen or helium. It is essential for the characterisation of
the measurement devices and procedures, for instrument operation as well as
for calibrations. Two commercial and one self-built gas purifiers were tested
for their VOC removal efficiency following a standardised procedure. The
tested gas purifiers included one adsorption cartridge with an inorganic
media and two types of metal catalysts. A large range of VOCs were
investigated, including the most abundant species typically measured at air
monitoring stations. Both catalysts were able to remove a large range of VOCs
whilst the tested adsorption cartridge was not suitable to remove light
compounds up to C4. Memory effects occurred for the adsorption
cartridge when exposed to higher concentration. This study emphasises the
importance of explicitly examining a gas purifier for its intended application
before applying it in the field.
Correcting for trace gas absorption when retrieving aerosol optical depth from satellite observations of reflected shortwave radiation
Authors: Patadia Falguni , Levy Robert C. , Mattoo Shana
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Retrieving aerosol optical depth (AOD) from top-of-atmosphere (TOA)
satellite-measured radiance requires separating the aerosol signal from the
total observed signal. Total TOA radiance includes signal from the underlying
surface and from atmospheric constituents such as aerosols, clouds and gases.
Multispectral retrieval algorithms, such as the dark-target (DT) algorithm
that operates upon the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS,
on board Terra and Aqua satellites) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer
Suite (VIIRS, on board Suomi-NPP) sensors, use wavelength bands in “window”
regions. However, while small, the gas absorptions in these bands are
non-negligible and require correction. In this paper, we use the
High-resolution TRANsmission (HITRAN) database and Line-By-Line Radiative
Transfer Model (LBLRTM) to derive consistent gas corrections for both MODIS
and VIIRS wavelength bands. Absorptions from H2O, CO2 and
O3 are considered, as well as other trace gases. Even though MODIS
and VIIRS bands are “similar”, they are different enough that applying
MODIS-specific gas corrections to VIIRS observations results in an
underestimate of global mean AOD (by 0.01), but with much larger regional AOD
biases of up to 0.07. As recent studies have been attempting to create a long-term
data record by joining multiple satellite data sets, including MODIS and
VIIRS, the consistency of gas correction has become even more crucial.
Stomatal control of leaf fluxes of carbonyl sulfide and CO2 in a Typha freshwater marsh
Authors: Sun Wu , Maseyk Kadmiel , Lett Céline , Seibt Ulli
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an emerging tracer to constrain land photosynthesis
at canopy to global scales, because leaf COS and CO2 uptake processes
are linked through stomatal diffusion. The COS tracer approach requires
knowledge of the concentration normalized ratio of COS uptake to
photosynthesis, commonly known as the leaf relative uptake (LRU). LRU is
known to increase under low light, but the environmental controls over LRU
variability in the field are poorly understood due to scant leaf scale
observations. Here we present the first direct observations of LRU responses to
environmental variables in the field. We measured leaf COS and CO2
fluxes at a freshwater marsh in summer 2013. Daytime leaf COS and CO2
uptake showed similar peaks in the mid-morning and late afternoon separated
by a prolonged midday depression, highlighting the common stomatal control on
diffusion. At night, in contrast to CO2, COS uptake continued,
indicating partially open stomata. LRU ratios showed a clear relationship
with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), converging to 1.0 at high
PAR, while increasing sharply at low PAR. Daytime integrated LRU (calculated
from daytime mean COS and CO2 uptake) ranged from 1 to 1.5, with a
mean of 1.2 across the campaign, significantly lower than the previously reported
laboratory mean value (∼ 1.6). Our results indicate two major
determinants of LRU – light and vapor deficit. Light is the primary driver
of LRU because CO2 assimilation capacity increases with light, while
COS consumption capacity does not. Superimposed upon the light response is a
secondary effect that high vapor deficit further reduces LRU, causing LRU
minima to occur in the afternoon, not at noon. The partial stomatal closure
induced by high vapor deficit suppresses COS uptake more strongly than
CO2 uptake because stomatal resistance is a more dominant component
in the total resistance of COS. Using stomatal conductance estimates, we show
that LRU variability can be explained in terms of different patterns of
stomatal vs. internal limitations on COS and CO2 uptake. Our findings
illustrate the stomata-driven coupling of COS and CO2 uptake during
the most photosynthetically active period in the field and provide an in situ
characterization of LRU – a key parameter required for the use of COS as a
photosynthetic tracer.
Methane-oxidizing seawater microbial communities from an Arctic shelf
Authors: Uhlig Christiane , Kirkpatrick John B. , D'Hondt Steven , Loose Brice
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Marine microbial communities can consume dissolved methane
before it can escape to the atmosphere and contribute to global warming.
Seawater over the shallow Arctic shelf is characterized by excess methane
compared to atmospheric equilibrium. This methane originates in sediment,
permafrost, and hydrate. Particularly high concentrations are found beneath
sea ice. We studied the structure and methane oxidation potential of the
microbial communities from seawater collected close to Utqiagvik, Alaska, in
April 2016. The in situ methane concentrations were
16.3 ± 7.2 nmol L−1, approximately 4.8 times oversaturated
relative to atmospheric equilibrium. The group of methane-oxidizing bacteria
(MOB) in the natural seawater and incubated seawater was
> 97 % dominated by Methylococcales (γ-Proteobacteria). Incubations of seawater under a range of methane
concentrations led to loss of diversity in the bacterial community. The
abundance of MOB was low with maximal fractions of 2.5 % at 200 times
elevated methane concentration, while sequence reads of non-MOB methylotrophs
were 4 times more abundant than MOB in most incubations. The abundances of
MOB as well as non-MOB methylotroph sequences correlated tightly with the
rate constant (kox) for methane oxidation, indicating that
non-MOB methylotrophs might be coupled to MOB and involved in community
methane oxidation. In sea ice, where methane concentrations of
82 ± 35.8 nmol kg−1 were found, Methylobacterium
(α-Proteobacteria) was the dominant MOB with a relative abundance of
80 %. Total MOB abundances were very low in sea ice, with maximal
fractions found at the ice–snow interface (0.1 %), while
non-MOB methylotrophs were present in abundances similar to natural seawater
communities. The dissimilarities in MOB taxa, methane concentrations, and
stable isotope ratios between the sea ice and water column point toward different
methane dynamics in the two environments.
Gas transfer velocities of CO2 in subtropical monsoonal climate streams and small rivers
Authors: Li Siyue , Mao Rong , Ma Yongmei , Sarma Vedula V. S. S.
Published: June 2018

Abstract. CO2 outgassing from rivers is a critical component for evaluating riverine carbon cycle, but it is poorly quantified largely due to limited measurements and modeling of gas transfer velocity (k) in subtropical streams and rivers. We measured CO2 flux rates, k and partial pressure (pCO2) in river networks of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region, a typical area in the upper Yangtze River with monsoonal climate and mountainous terrain. The observed k values (k600 = 48.4 ± 53.2 cm/h) were showed large variability due to spatial variations in physical controls on surface water turbulence. Our k measurements using chambers were comparable with model derived velocities. Unlike in open waters, k is more pertinent to flow velocity and water depth in the studied small rivers. Our results show that TGR river networks emitted approx. 1.4 Tg CO2/y using varying approaches such as chambers, measured k and developed k model. This study suggests that incorporating scale-appropriate k measurements into extensive pCO2 investigation is required to refine basin-wide carbon budgets in the subtropical streams and small rivers. We concluded that simple parameterization of k as a function of morphological characteristics was site specific and hence highly variable. k models should be developed for stream studies to evaluate the contribution of these regions to atmospheric CO2.
Historical nitrogen fertilizer use in agricultural ecosystems of the contiguous United States during 1850–2015: application rate, timing, and fertilizer types
Authors: Cao Peiyu , Lu Chaoqun , Yu Zhen
Published: June 2018

Abstract. A tremendous amount of anthropogenic nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been applied to agricultural lands to promote crop production in the US since the 1850s. However, inappropriate N management practices have caused numerous ecological and environmental problems which are difficult to quantify due to the paucity of spatially explicit time-series fertilizer use maps. Understanding and assessing N fertilizer management history could provide important implications for enhancing N use efficiency and reducing N loss. In this study, we therefore developed long-term gridded maps to depict crop-specific N fertilizer use rates, application timing, and the fractions of ammonium N (NH4+-N) and nitrate N (NO3−-N) used across the contiguous US at a resolution of 5 km  ×  5 km during the period from 1850 to 2015. We found that N use rates in the US increased from 0.22 g N m−2 yr−1 in 1940 to 9.04 g N m−2 yr−1 in 2015. Geospatial analysis revealed that hotspots for N fertilizer use have shifted from the southeastern and eastern US to the Midwest, the Great Plains, and the Northwest over the past century. Specifically, corn in the Corn Belt region received the most intensive N input in spring, followed by the application of a large amount of N in fall, implying a high N loss risk in this region. Moreover, spatial-temporal fraction of NH4+-N and NO3−-N varied largely among regions. Generally, farmers have increasingly favored ammonia N fertilizers over nitrate N fertilizers since the 1940s. The N fertilizer use data developed in this study could serve as an essential input for modeling communities to fully assess N addition impacts, and improve N management to alleviate environmental problems. Datasets used in this study are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.883585.
Did Foucault do Ethics? The "Ethical Turn," Neoliberalism, and the Problem of Truth
Authors: Gamez Patrick
Published: June 2018

This paper argues against a common misunderstanding of Foucault's work. Even after the release of his lectures at the Collège de France, which ran throughout the 1970s until his death in 1984, he is still often taken to have made an "ethical" turn toward the end of his life. As opposed to his genealogies of power published in the 1970s, which are relentlessly suspicious of claims of individual agency, his final monographs focus on the ethical self-formation of free individuals. I suggest that this basic misinterpretation makes possible interpretations of Foucault's work as being sympathetic to neoliberal government, by linking the ethical turn to a "liberal" or "neoliberal" turn in his thought. I present a case against the ethical turn by arguing that Foucault's main focus, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, is a concern for the ways in which we become obligated by truth.
Surprise: A Circular Dynamic of Multi-Directional Verbalization
Authors: Depraz Natalie
Published: June 2018

To understand the dynamics of the verbalization of surprise, I will start with the philosophical theoretical place that is, in my opinion, the most remarkable in terms of the descriptive phenomenology of surprise, namely, its approach by Paul Ricœur in Freedom and Nature in terms of what he calls “emotion-surprise.” This theoretical position will lead me to retrace, in a second step, the archeology of what Ricoeur calls the “circular phenomenon” or the “circular process” of surprise, which includes body language in a burst of "shaking" and the language of cognitive as well as aesthetic "shock". There is an a priori antinomy here that is based on a post-Cartesian duality of the body and the mind, but it is circularized by Ricoeur. On the basis of this dual model of surprise, I will retrace its genealogy in a number of authors (Darwin, James, Izard, and Ekman on the one hand, and Peirce, Husserl, Dennett, Davidson, on the other hand) and will analyze some first-person descriptions that come from “microphenomenological interviews” [entretiens d’explicitation].
Book Review: Rockwell F. Clancy, Towards a Political Anthropology in the Work of Gilles Deleuze: Psychoanalysis and Anglo-American Literature (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2015).
Authors: Bogue Ronald
Published: June 2018

A review of Rockwell F. Clancy, Towards a Political Anthropology in the Work of Gilles Deleuze: Psychoanalysis and Anglo-American Literature (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2015).
A LEGITIMIDADE DA NORMA MORAL E JURÍDICA NA ACEPÇÃO DE KELSEN E KANT - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i3.41512
Authors: Zambam Neuro José , Spiazzi Algerich Antunes Lucio Henrique , Rodrigues Ricardo Antônio
Published: June 2018

Resumo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar a concepção de Kelsen e Kant sobre a legitimidade da lei moral e da norma jurídica, bem como os seus fundamentos e suas características. Sabendo que o direito e a moral integram a história da humanidade em vista da efetivação das condições de justiça, o seu conteúdo e a sua respectiva prática fomentam a atualização das normas, a fim de responder às demandas do contexto social, normalmente complexo e dinâmico. Com a mesma intensidade as referências inseridas na tradição jurídica representam o fortalecimento do ordenamento social e das instituições. O vigor da democracia depende do amadurecimento dos valores morais, da capacidade de legislar de forma coerente e, assim, contribuir para a estabilidade social seja política, seja institucional. O método investigativo-bibliográfico a partir de autores da tradição orienta este estudo que reflete questões contemporâneas, especificamente, os fundamentos da legitimidade das regras que objetivam a justiça. A moral e a lei de forma complementar são a principal referência para a solução dos graves problemas da atualidade.Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present Kelsen and Kant’s point of view on both moral law and rule of law legitimacy, its foundations and its features. Knowing that law and moral are an element of the human history aimed for fulfilling the conditions for justice, its contents and their respective practices to promote the updating of standards in order to answer the demands of the social context, which are usually complex and dynamic. In the same way, references in the legal tradition represent the strengthening of the social rules and its institutions. Democracy’s strength depends on the maturation of moral values, the capacity for legislating coherently and, thus, for contributing to social stability, either politically or institutionally. Investigative-bibliographic method from traditional authors guides this study, which reflects contemporary issues, specifically, the foundations of legitimacy of rules that aim justice. Morality and law, complementarily, are the main reference to solve the tough nowadays problems.
MEMÓRIA E VERDADE NA TRANSIÇÃO DEMOCRÁTICA BRASILEIRA: O EMBLEMÁTICO FILME A FREIRA E A TORTURA (1983), DE OZUALDO CANDEIAS - DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/rfd.v41i3.47160
Authors: Oliveira Alcilene Cavalcante
Published: June 2018

Resumo: Este artigo parte do conceito Justiça de transição, especificamente de seu pilar Memória e Verdade, no contexto de transição democrática no Brasil, para destacar a relevância do cinema nacional quanto à problematização da memória sobre o passado de ditadura civil-militar no país (1964-1985). Analisa-se o filme A freira e a tortura, de Ozualdo Candeias, lançado em 1983, que, ambientado nos anos 1970, mostra a repressão às religiosas em instâncias do Estado de exceção – em que direitos foram suspensos e outros violados. Considera-se que esse longa-metragem, de ficção, integra a produção conflitiva de memórias que se realiza no país, desde o início da abertura política (1974), para enfrentar o passado de ditadura – marcado pela violência perpetrada pelo Estado. Observa-se que a despeito de suas ambiguidades e contradições, o artefato cultural estabelece uma visão menos conciliadora sobre aquele processo político, desvelando, isto sim, o autoritarismo e a violência política do período, inclusive a violência de gênero.Abstract: This article is based on the concept of Transitional Justice, specifically its pillar Memory and Truth, in the context of democratic transition in Brazil, in order to highlight the relevance of national cinema to the problematization of memory about the past of civil-military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985). In particular, we analyze the film A Freira e a tortura by Ozualdo Candeias, released in 1983, which, set in the 1970s, shows the repression of women religious in the instances of the State of exception, where rights have been suspended and others violated. It is considered that this film, fiction, integrates the conflictive production of memories that takes place in the country, from the beginning of the political opening (1974), to face the past of dictatorship - marked by the violence perpetrated by the State. It is observed that, despite its ambiguities and contradictions, the cultural artifact establishes a less conciliatory vision about that process of dictatorship, revealing, rather, authoritarianism and political violence of the period, including gender violence.