bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sharing cognitive dissonance as a way to reach social harmony
Authors: Dessalles Jean-Louis
Published: March 2011

Commonsense wisdom dictates that mutual understanding grows with cognitive harmony. Communication seems impossible between people who do not share values, beliefs and concerns. If carried to the extreme, however, this statement neglects the fact that the formation of social bonds crucially depends on the expression of cognitive dissonance.
Language
Authors: Reboul Anne
Published: March 2011

The current state of the world requires changing cognition on several counts, and this necessarily involves efficient intercultural communication. It has often been thought that intercultural communication is problematical in itself due to linguistic and cultural diversity. The present article aims to show that this is not the case, but that what makes intercultural communication difficult are the universal rather than culture-specific features of humans, e.g. time preference (i.e. short-sighted decision-making) and group preference (a tendency to favor one’s own group over others).
Buddha’s scheme for forming noble-minded generalists in society
Authors: Nakatani Hideaki
Published: March 2011

A passage of the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad asserts that the cause of actions is the will, which has desire as its origin, and that the removal of desire is a sine qua non for entrance into eternal bliss. Following the main line of this idea, Buddha has made two important discoveries. The first is the discovery of the subconscious entity called papañca, a subjacent but influential concomitant of all kinds of human mental phenomena and, at the same time, the cause of all of our miseries. The second discovery is the fact that, to eliminate the papañca, it is necessary to practice the solitary and meditative life of a mendicant without any possession. Our consciousness cannot be changed, at least as far its foundations are concerned, by rational inference but only through such actions as solitary life with introspection into the nature of our consciousness. His claim that only such a solitary meditative mendicant could give people good advice on life would be most suggestive. Good advice (i.e. the most precious gift) could only be given by a person of profound wisdom as well as of total altruism, who realizes himself as such a personality through introspection into the nature of consciousness and a solitary life of no possession. These two processes should be the main components of forming the wise and altruistic person. Buddha’s instruction was addressed neither to the general public nor to monks living in a community (saṅgha, which did not seem to exist at his time) but to his small number of disciples. His scheme for forming in a society a small number of generalists of noble character should be the subject of more serious examination for the human and social sciences of today. In addition, the proposal of Buddha to carry on praxis for the change of cognitive foundation may suggest that the objectivist stance of scientists puts them in fetters, preventing them from engaging themselves in praxis to ensure the objectivity of observation, and restricting them to their sphere of cognition.
Theoretical themes for an anthropology of resources
Authors: Uchibori Motomitsu
Published: March 2011

This article is a synopsis of the research project embracing a variety of topics and themes concerning things that are accepted as resources in the multi-layered fields of human activity. The project aims at developing a new integrative perspective of anthropological research through focusing upon feedback processes between formations of ‘symbolic resources’ on the one hand, and of ‘ecological resources’ on the other. These two categories of resources combine to constitute the very basis that any human society works on. Theoretical attempts are directed at establishing the thesis that modes of their allocation, distribution and common sharing reveal the most fundamental aspects of social mechanisms.
A personalist approach to care ethics
Authors: Vanlaere Linus , Gastmans Chris
Published: March 2011

Notwithstanding the fact that care ethics has received increased attention, it has also faced much criticism. One of the focal points of critics is the normativity of care. Only when the objective normative basis of care is sufficiently clarified can care practices be evaluated and optimized from an ethical point of view. We emphasize that two levels of normativity can be identified: the context level and the foundational anthropology level. The personalist approach to care ethics is normatively stronger, at least on one level, namely the foundational anthropology level. This personalist approach to care ethics indicates in which direction action must be taken so that human action may be considered ethically sound.
The ethics of care: Role obligations and moderate partiality in health care
Authors: Nortvedt Per , Hem Marit Helene , Skirbekk Helge
Published: March 2011

This article contends that an ethics of care has a particular moral ontology that makes it suitable to argue for the normative significance of relational responsibilities within professional health care. This ontology is relational. It means that moral choices always have to account for the web of relationships, the relational networks and responsibilities that are an essential part of particular moral circumstances. Given this ontology, the article investigates the conditions for health care professionals to be partial and to act on the basis of particular responsibilities to their patients. We will argue that priorities could be partial in three ways: first, because there may be exceptional circumstances that allow for giving priority to one patient over another; second, because the integrity of the patient and a health care worker may be connected in special ways; and, finally, even if impartiality is essential, the institutional basis of health care must always give ample space for an ethically qualified individual and personal care for patients. Even if difficult priorities may be necessary, the conditions of institutional health care should always seek to create the prerequisites for nurses and doctors to administer proper care.
Researching lived experience in health care: Significance for care ethics
Authors: Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Verhaeghe Sofie TL , Kars Marijke C , Coolbrandt Annemarie , Stevens Marleen , Stubbe Maaike , Deweirdt Nathalie , Vincke Jeroen , Grypdonck Maria
Published: March 2011

The aim of this article is to demonstrate the usefulness of qualitative research for studying the ethics of care, bringing to light the lived experience of health care recipients, together with the importance of methods that allow reconstruction of the processes underlying this lived experience. Lived experiences of families being approached for organ donation, parents facing the imminent death of their child and patients being treated using stem cell transplantation are used to illustrate how ethical principles are differentiated, modified or contradicted by the narrative context of persons concerned. The integration of empirical data into ethics will help caregivers in their ethical decision making and may enrich care ethics as a narrative and interpretative field.
Ethics of caring and professional roles
Authors: Paulsen Jens Erik
Published: March 2011

Normative discussions about modern health care often revolve around principles stating what must not be done or how to ration scarce resources in the name of justice. These are important discussions. However, in order to have an impact on clinical roles, ethical reflection must be able to describe and address the complexities and challenges of modern nursing and doctoring, and maybe even the patient role. A multi-principled approach, such as the one suggested by Beauchamp and Childress, can obviously address almost any such issue, but a great deal of translation is often required in order to address role-related issues. I shall here argue that an ethics of caring is better suited to grasping the big picture when the question is how to create value-informed clinical roles in an era of rapid development.
ESD between Systemic Change and Bureaucratic Obfuscation
Authors: Jucker Rolf
Published: March 2011

As in many other countries, the transformation of the Swiss education system into one that is conducive to a sustainable society is difficult. This article attempts to clarify a framework within which such change could happen. Following an extensive review process, the author has compiled essential learning approaches, knowledge, skills, values and action competencies for education for sustainable development (ESD). He argues that learners can become effective change-agents—even within an overall economic, political and educational context which is not keen on giving up the current unsustainable paradigm—just by seeing models of the desired change and being able to experiment with them.
Building Capacity in Urban Sustainability Assessment through Use of a Scenarios Game
Authors: Taylor Rhys E. , Rutledge Daniel T. , van Roon Henri
Published: March 2011

Urban form, the patterns of cities, in New Zealand is explored 50 years into the future through a scenarios game, published on the Internet. Four diverse scenarios provide a means to explore the present situation and envision how it may change over time with different trend drivers. Wild card events introduce uncertainty in a way that resonates with historical experience, although the content is future-focused. The researchers sought ways to engage policymakers and the wider public in futuring as a creative process, and to employ narrative and visual feedback from game experiences. They developed adaptations in game design and process, including the use of urban maps. Results highlighted a need for resilience in urban form to increase prospects for longer-term viability. Use of the scenarios game may aid creative thinking about urban design and contribute to capacity building, such as a readiness to cope with rapid social or environmental change and to apply values that underpin sustainability.
Building Regional Capacity for Sustainable Development through an ESD Project Inventory in RCE Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: White Peta , Petry Roger
Published: March 2011

The Regional Centre of Expertise on Education for Sustainable Development in Saskatchewan (RCE Saskatchewan, Canada) is part of the United Nations University RCE Initiative in support of the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005–14). With funding from the Government of Saskatchewan’s Go Green Fund, RCE Saskatchewan carried out research identifying education for sustainable development (ESD) projects within six priority areas for sustainability in its Canadian prairie region. This ESD capacity assessment was conducted by eight post-secondary students from late 2007 to 2009 and resulted in a searchable database and visual representation (map) of these ESD projects along with ongoing documentation of project milestones and processes. The database has become a useful tool assisting networking of Saskatchewan ESD providers, researchers and participants. This article describes the importance of the inventory in advancing the RCE, the project conception and management, the processes utilised for its successful completion (including descriptions of the technology utilised), the project findings and their implications. It concludes that for an RCE with minimal resources, an ESD project inventory employing student researchers within a higher education setting using Free/Open Source technologies is a cost-effective way of advancing the networking and capacity-building goals of an RCE.
How Do We Measure Affective Learning in Higher Education?
Authors: Buissink-Smith Nell , Mann Samuel , Shephard Kerry
Published: March 2011

Educational outcomes related to sustainability often include affective attributes such as values, attitudes and behaviours. Educators in higher education who attempt to research, monitor, assess or evaluate learning of affective attributes can face a bewildering array of methodologies and approaches and a research literature that spans several fields of enquiry. This article provides an overview of affective learning in the broad area of education for sustainable development, guidance for university teachers and researchers contemplating measuring affective attributes and a frame-work of affective attribute measurement based on the Krathwohl et al. (1964) taxonomy.
Assessing Cardiff University’s Curricula Contribution to Sustainable Development Using the STAUNCH(RTM) System
Authors: Lozano Rodrigo , Peattie Ken
Published: March 2011

This article presents the results of the sustainable development curricula assessment undertaken at 19 of the 28 schools of Cardiff University using the Sustainability Tool for Assessing UNiversity’s Curricula Holistically (STAUNCH(RTM). STAUNCH(RTM) was developed with two objectives: (1) to systematically assess how and the extent to which a university’s curricula contributed to education for sustainable development (ESD) by assessing its modules, degrees and schools, and (2) to facilitate consistent and comparable as-sessment efforts capable of handling a large quantity of modules and of being applied across multiple institutions. STAUNCH(RTM) follows four steps: (1) criteria selection, (2) data collection, (3) data input and grading against the selected criteria, and (4) analysis and results of degrees, schools and the university’s contribution to sustainable development (SD). The results from the assessment show that currently SD in the curricula is being addressed mainly through portfolio approaches, where each school focuses on its discipline or areas of disciplines, but fails to connect with the broader SD context through inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives. The results from this research could be used by other universities to look for ways to better integrate SD into their curricula, and thereby be-come better aligned with the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD).
Challenging the Focus of ESD
Authors: de Andrade Daniel Fonseca
Published: March 2011

In parallel to the 2009 World Conference on Education for Sustainable Development held in Bonn, Germany, UNESCO organised a group of 25 young education for sustainable development (ESD)-engaged people from 25 countries to bring perceptions, demands, suggestions and contributions to the conference. Prior to the conference the group was divided into four clusters to carry out and structure discussions on specific matters. This article discusses two ESD assumptions—about poverty and partnerships—that arose in one cluster. Both issues are addressed critically and challenge ESD to broaden discussions.
Are We There Yet? Positioning Qualitative Research Differently
Authors: Wuest Judith
Published: March 2011

Almost two decades ago, Janice Morse launched this conference, and QHR as a venue for qualitative health research scholarship. The health research climate was then resistant to qualitative research methods. Qualitative scholars portrayed the rigor of their work in traditional scientific language and justified qualitative approaches in opposition to quantitative approaches. Emphasis on difference expanded as we embraced paradigm debates and argued about location of particular research approaches. Increasingly, I have been challenged to reconsider the boundaries between and among research methods and paradigms as I struggled to answer my most pressing emerging questions. The focus of this presentation is consideration of how the position of qualitative research has shifted over the past 20 years. Based on my program of women’s health research, I will discuss the appeal and pitfalls of concrete distinctions, the challenges of flexibility and convergence, and the necessity of moving beyond difference toward a complete research toolbox that is useful for improving health.
The Art of Strategic Management
Authors: Maranville Steven
Published: March 2011

This article contends that the strategic thinking process is composed of two joint, but paradigmatically distinct, activities—analysis and synthesis. Analysis represents the scientific paradigm, whereas synthesis represents the artistic paradigm. Nevertheless, the Strategic Management course is dominated by the scientific paradigm, even though the artistic paradigm is the means by which true strategic value emanates. Therefore, this article examines the relationship between the scientific and artistic paradigms, concluding that consilience is necessary although challenging. A review of the management education literature reveals attempts at introducing the artistic paradigm to the management classroom. This review leads to the proposal of a case-based experiential exercise that integrates analysis and synthesis in the context of the Strategic Management course.
Serving Two Masters
Authors: Masket Seth E. , Noel Hans
Published: March 2011

Studies comparing the ideological leanings of voters and elected officials are often hampered by the lack of a common measure. The authors use legislative referenda—on which state legislators and voters both vote on the same issue—as bridging observations to develop a common measure for both. They use this measure to help assess two theories of legislative representation, the well-known dyadic model and a partisan model that assumes legislators are also accountable to a collective party agenda. Examining referenda votes during several sessions of the California Assembly, the authors report several findings that are consistent with the partisan model. They find that legislators are significantly more ideologically extreme than the median voter in their districts. They also find that members of the majority party are considerably more extreme relative to their districts than members of the minority party are and that the majority party becomes even more extreme the longer it maintains control of the chamber.
The Dynamics of Interest Representation at the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Hansford Thomas
Published: March 2011

How do organized interests respond to their opponents’ advocacy activities in a policy venue? Utilizing data on amicus curiae filings at the U.S. Supreme Court, the author estimates vector error correction and vector autoregression models that allow him test whether interests respond, in a dynamic sense, to the efforts of the “other side.” The author capitalizes on the temporal sequencing of variation in advocacy activity to gain leverage on the causal connection between the behaviors of opposing sets of interests and provides a richer portrait of the dynamics of interest representation in a policy venue. The results reveal that organized interests respond positively to the advocacy activities of their opponents by exhibiting both short-term counteraction and long-term countermobilization, implying that over the long run, interest representation at the Court is responsive and perhaps balanced.
The Political Determinants of Women’s Descriptive Representation in Cities
Authors: Smith Adrienne R. , Reingold Beth , Owens Michael Leo
Published: March 2011

Why is the descriptive (or numerical) representation of women in policy-making positions higher in some cities than in others? Despite a strong body of work on the descriptive representation of women in state government, research on the presence of women in municipal government is limited in empirical scope and theoretical development. This study is different. First, the authors employ an original data set of 239 cities with populations of 100,000 or more to update and extend the empirical reach of scholars’ knowledge. Second, the authors develop and test hypotheses to explain how the urban political context affects women’s descriptive representation. The analysis reveals that the election of women as council members and mayors are interdependent phenomena. The authors also find that political characteristics of local communities are consequential for predicting the presence of women as municipal policy makers—just as consequential as electoral structures and other institutional features.
A Review of Consumer-Provided Services on Assertive Community Treatment and Intensive Case Management Teams: Implications for Future Research and Practice
Authors: Wright-Berryman Jennifer L. , McGuire Alan B. , Salyers Michelle P.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Assertive community treatment (ACT) is an evidence-based practice that provides intensive, in vivo services for adults with severe mental illness. Some ACT and intensive case management teams have integrated consumers as team members with varying results. METHODS: The authors reviewed the literature examining the outcomes of having consumer providers on case management teams, with attention devoted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RESULTS: Sixteen published studies were identified, including eight RCTs. Findings were mixed, with evidence supporting consumer-provided services for improving engagement and limited support for reduced hospitalizations. However, evidence was lacking for other outcomes areas such as symptom reduction or improved quality of life. CONCLUSION: Including a consumer provider on an ACT team could enhance the outreach mechanisms of ACT, using a more recovery-focused approach to bring consumers into services and help engage them over time. More rigorous research is needed to further evaluate integrating consumer providers on teams.
Does Assertive Community Treatment Increase Medication Adherence for People With Co-occurring Psychotic and Substance Use Disorders?
Authors: Manuel Jennifer I. , Covell Nancy H. , Jackson Carlos T. , Essock Susan M.
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed data from a randomized trial to examine the impact on medication adherence of integrated treatment delivered via assertive community treatment (ACT) versus standard clinical case management (SCCM). METHOD: Data from the original study included 198 study participants with co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders who were randomly assigned to receive integrated treatment via ACT or SCCM and were followed for 3 years. We applied mixed-effects logistic regression to estimate group (ACT vs. SCCM) by time effects on a self-report measure of medication adherence. Adherence was dichotomized as 20% or more missed medication days (“poor adherence”) versus less than 20% missed medication days (“adequate adherence”). RESULTS: Participants who were assigned to ACT reported significant improvement in medication adherence compared with those assigned to SCCM. CONCLUSIONS: Integrated treatment delivered via ACT may benefit persons with co-occurring psychotic and substance use disorders who are poorly adherent to medications.
Emotional Outlook on Life Predicts Increases in Physical Activity Among Initially Inactive Men
Authors: Baruth Meghan , Lee Duck-Chul , Xuemei Sui  , Church Timothy S. , Marcus Bess H. , Wilcox Sara , Blair Steven N.
Published: March 2011

This study examined the relationship between emotional outlook on life and change in physical activity among inactive adults in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. A total of 2,132 sedentary adults completed a baseline medical examination and returned for a follow-up examination at least 6 months later. Participants self-reported physical activity level and emotional outlook on life. Emotional outlook on life was significantly and positively related to physical activity participation at the follow-up visit in men but not women. Men who were usually very happy and optimistic at baseline had significantly greater increases in physical activity compared to men who were not happy. Men with a more positive outlook on life (e.g., happier) may be more likely to increase physical activity levels. Physical activity interventions targeting men may be more successful if they first increase happiness.
Exchange Rate Pass-through
Authors: Dash Aruna Kumar , Narasimhan V.
Published: March 2011

This article investigates the exchange rate pass-through for Indian export and import prices. A markup model for aggregate export/import prices is set up, and the analysis is carried out using Johansen–Juselius cointegration and error correction models. The evidence shows partial pass-through into export prices, but more than complete pass-through into import prices, with the long-run pass-through coefficients being larger than the short-run coefficients. Thus, the Indian exporter does appear to have a little bargaining power, but it is not so with the Indian importer. The results cast a question mark over the efficacy of exchange rate changes as a policy tool in correcting trade balances, and also point to the risk of imported inflation.
What Criteria Should Policy-makers Use for Assisting Households with Educational Expenditure?
Authors: Shafiq M. Najeeb
Published: March 2011

Low household expenditure on education compromises the learning and future labour market prospects of children. This study provides an empirical framework for determining the criteria that South Asian policy-makers can use for assisting households with educational expenditure. A case study of urban Bangladesh using tobit and hurdle regression models indicate that households in the bottom two per capita quartiles should receive priority as recipients of policy assistance. Other criteria include households with parents who have not completed primary schooling and households with boys, older children and multiple children of school-going age.
Inflation Model for India in the Context of Open Economy
Authors: Joshi Ajit R. , Acharya Debashis
Published: March 2011

In this article, an atheoretic model is built to explain and forecast inflation, using variables that capture domestic as well as foreign influences on inflation. In all, five specifications of models are estimated, one with only domestic variables and four with one of the foreign price variables, namely, Commodity Price Index (COMM), US Producer Price Index (USPPI), crude oil price (CRUDE), industrial countries’ Consumer Price Index (CPI) (INDCPI). It is found that models with foreign price indicators provide better in-sample fit than the baseline model with only domestic variables. Among the models with foreign price variables, the Commodity Price Index (COMM) performs as the best foreign price variable among the set used, in terms of both in-sample and out-of-sample root mean squared errors (RMSE).
Solving the Forward Discount Bias Puzzle in a Small Open Developing Economy
Authors: Weeraratne Bilesha B.
Published: March 2011

This article tests the validity of a Forward Discount Bias Puzzle, in a small open developing economy (SODE)—Sri Lanka—by employing first an unstructured vector autoregression (VAR) model and then a structured VAR model. The author argues that empirical examinations concerning SODEs cannot merely replicate methodology followed in testing developed economies, and identifies the need to disentangle capital flows from interest rate changes by including both capital flow and monetary policy variables. The article finds no evidence of a Forward Discount Bias Puzzle in Sri Lanka, and that perfect capital mobility is a too strong assumption. Hence, it proves that empirically more appropriate approach is to assume some capital mobility and incorporate capital flow data to accommodate for this change, in the analysis of UIRP.
From rules to encounters: Ethical decision-making as a hermeneutic process
Authors: Clark Chris
Published: March 2011

• Summary: This article addresses what theories, methods and procedures practitioners ought to adopt in order to resolve ethical problems in service practice. Several approaches are identified from the literature but none are entirely credible in themselves or sufficient for reliably founded ethical decision-making. The article argues that addressing ethical issues should rather be understood as a hermeneutic process. Gadamer’s historically informed hermeneutics is appropriated to lend insight into this process.

• Findings: Approaches to ethical decision-making identified from the literature include: a) approaches based on induction from published ethical codes; b) decision-making algorithms; c) recourse to formal tribunals; d) implicitly following routine agency practices. The place of ‘reflection’ in decision-making is also considered. Taking inspiration from writers in medical ethics, it is proposed that resolving ethically problematic situations should be considered as a hermeneutic process demanding a repeated and progressive quest to reconcile the detailed particularities of the case with complex, competing and evolving moral imperatives. The hermeneutic process proceeds both in relation to the case and in relation to the constantly developing standards and expectations of the professional community and the wider society, and so may be understood as a form of double hermeneutic.

• Applications: Practitioners facing ethically difficult situations should envisage the issue as an incompatibility of frames of meaning, and apply a hermeneutic analysis in pursuit of a ‘merging of horizons’ to address conflicts of ethical views.
The norm of solidarity: Experiencing negative aspects of community life after a school shooting tragedy
Authors: Nurmi Johanna , Räsänen Pekka , Oksanen Atte
Published: March 2011

•  Summary: Recent rampage shootings at schools have provoked intense academic discussion. While there have been two recent school shootings in Finland, there is not much empirical research focusing on these incidents. What is particularly lacking is research on community reaction to this type of mass violence. In this article, we take a look at the negative aspects of solidarity after a shooting incident in a small Finnish community of Jokela. We explore community experience on shootings through two types of empirical measures. The research material consists of a mail survey of the local residents and focused interviews of professional experts.

•  Findings: Our results suggest that there was a rise in social solidarity after the shooting tragedy. However, the increased level of solidarity was also followed by a variety of negative phenomena such as strengthened group divisions between youth and adults, social stigmatization, and feelings of collective guilt. These experiences are familiar in the cultural trauma processes.

•  Applications: In general, the article points out that mass violence has long-term impact on people’s social engagement and interaction patterns. Similar processes can be argued to be particularly significant when studying relatively small communities.
Understanding the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain and developing cultural sensitive services
Authors: Chau Ruby CM , Yu Sam WK , Tran Cam TL
Published: March 2011

• Summary: This article aims to examine the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain and explore how the understanding of this diversity contributes to the development of culturally sensitive services. Two arguments are highlighted. First, it is undoubtedly insensitive to impose mainstream health services on ethnic minority groups, such as Chinese people in Britain, as it neglects to accommodate the heritage that they want to uphold. Second, it may be equally insensitive to take for granted the fact that all members of ethnic minority groups prefer to organize their health according to their heritage.

• Findings: A better understanding of the diverse preferences for health services of ethnic minority groups in general and Chinese people’s in particular would help health professionals to organize and deliver their services in a more culturally sensitive manner. The article has three main parts. The first part examines the importance of cultural sensitivity practices in health services. The second part explores the diverse health needs of Chinese people in Britain. The last part introduces two analytical tools, namely the culturagram and Titterton’s paradigm for welfare.

• Applications: By applying these tools to four cases, the discussion shows how they contribute to the understanding of the diverse health needs of Chinese people and the development of culturally sensitive services.
Depression among Vertically HIV-Infected Adolescents in Northern Thailand
Authors: Lee Benjamin , Chhabra Manik , Oberdorfer Peninnah
Published: March 2011

Purpose: To compare depression risk among vertically HIV-infected adolescents and matched controls in northern Thailand. Methods: The Thai Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was administered among vertically HIV-infected adolescents and matched controls in northern Thailand from 2007 to 2008, as part of a comprehensive quantitative survey that also assessed demographics, substance use, and sexual behavior and knowledge. A total CDI score ≥15 was considered a positive screen for possible depression. Results: A total of 54 cases and 165 controls participated; cases had significantly lower mean CDI scores (P = .003) and fewer screened positive for possible depression (P = .046). Cases who screened positive were more likely to have engaged in sexual intercourse (P = .07). Conclusions: Depressive symptoms and depression risk were reduced among vertically HIV-infected adolescents compared to matched controls in northern Thailand. Further investigation into mental health disorders among vertically HIV-infected adolescents in developing settings is needed.
Monolateral Visual Loss Due To Cryptococcal Meningitis
Authors: Luigi De Socio Giuseppe Vittorio , Bernini Laura , Menduno Paola , Pitzurra Lucia , Leone Francesca , Baldelli Franco
Published: March 2011

A case of retrobulbar monolateral optic neuritis due to disseminated Cryptococcosis in a 32-year-old man with a new diagnosis of AIDS is described in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). The patient presented a monolateral rapid visual loss on day 7 of a liposomal amphotericin B treatment. Neuroradiological imaging showed the presence of retrobulbar neuritis. After starting ART and intravenous metilprednisolone 1 g daily for 3 days, we assisted to a progressive improvement of visual acuity. At 3 months of follow-up, complete clinical resolution was obtained. In this case, in the presence of effective antiretroviral and antifungal treatment, a short course of metilprednisolone was a safe therapy.
Narrative, drama and charismatic leadership: The case of Apple’s Steve Jobs
Authors: Sharma Abz , Grant David
Published: March 2011

This article argues that a leader’s narrative and storytelling skills play a critical role in constructing their charismatic identity. In line with Goffman’s (1959) observations, we argue that these skills are effected through ‘stage management’: a segregation between back and front ‘performing regions’ that serves to minimise potential incursions, leaks, disruptions and faux pas that may undermine the leader’s performance. Further, we suggest that Burke’s (1966) observations in relation to the importance of scene setting offer important insights into the impact of leader storytelling and narrative on followers. We revise and extend Gardner and Avolio’s (1998) dramaturgical model of the charismatic relationship in order to reflect these observations, and go on to apply this model to an analysis of three public performances by a case-study leader — Steve Jobs, co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. We examine Jobs’ performances as discursive texts, exploring the ways in which he uses them, through stage management, to practice narrative and storytelling and explore how, through these discursive activities, he is able to define himself and his world for his followers. In doing so, we empirically demonstrate and extend the utility of the dramaturgical metaphor to the study of charismatic leadership.
Mission accomplished?: Research methods in the first five years of Leadership
Authors: Bryman Alan
Published: March 2011

Taking its lead from a growing literature dealing with the research methods employed in management and adjacent disciplines and from the editors’ goal of encouraging a diversity of methodological positions in the pages of Leadership, this article reports the findings of a content analysis of the research methods employed in empirical articles during the journal’s first five years of publication. Particularly in comparison with a comparable study of the North American journal, The Leadership Quarterly, the content analysis findings reveal a greater tendency to employ a qualitative than a quantitative research approach and for qualitative interviewing and the qualitative analysis of documents to be predominant methods of data collection. At the same time, the findings also reveal similarities with traditional journals in terms of the methods employed, such as a relatively low take up of mixed-methods research.
The Role of Hamstring Tightness in Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Labovitz Jonathan M. , Yu Jenny , Kim Chul
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to determine if hamstring tightness was an increased risk in plantar fasciitis. It was thought that there is an increased risk of plantar fasciitis when hamstring tightness is present. A total of 105 patients (68 women, 37 men) were included in the study, 79 of whom were diagnosed with plantar fasciitis. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and the presence of plantar fasciitis, equinus, and calcaneal spurs were assessed. The popliteal angle was measured using standard diagnostic techniques. Without controlling for covariates, BMI, the presence of a calcaneal spur, tightness in the gastrocnemius, gastrocnemius—soleus, and hamstring all had statistically significant association with plantar fasciitis. After controlling for covariates, patients with hamstring tightness were about 8.7 times as likely to experience plantar fasciitis (P < .0001). Patients with BMI >" xbd="358" xhg="338" ybd="2322" yhg="2284"/> 35 were approximately 2.4 times as likely to experience plantar fasciitis compared with those with BMI < 35 (P = .04). This study demonstrates that hamstring tightness plays a significant role in the presence of plantar fasciitis and should be addressed along with equinus and obesity when providing treatment to patients with this diagnosis.
Is Goniometry Suitable for Measuring Ankle Range of Motion in Female Ballet Dancers? An Initial Comparison With Radiographic Measurement
Authors: Russell Jeffrey A. , Shave Ruth M. , Kruse David W. , Nevill Alan M. , Koutedakis Yiannis , Wyon Matthew A.
Published: March 2011

Female ballet dancers require extreme ankle motion to attain the demi-plié (weight-bearing full dorsiflexion [DF]) and en pointe (weight-bearing full plantar flexion [PF]) positions of ballet. However, techniques for assessing this amount of motion have not yet received sufficient scientific scrutiny. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine possible differences between weight-bearing goniometric and radiographic ankle range of motion measurements in female ballet dancers. Ankle range of motion in 8 experienced female ballet dancers was assessed by goniometry and 2 radiographic measurement methods. The latter were performed on 3 mediolateral x-rays, in demi-plié, neutral, and en pointe positions; one of them used the same landmarks as goniometry. DF values were not significantly different among the methods, but PF values were (P < .05). Not only was PF of the talocrural joint significantly less than the other 2 measurements (P < .001), PF from the goniometric method applied to the x-rays was significantly less than PF obtained from clinical goniometry (P < .05). These data provide insight into the extreme ankle and foot motion, particularly PF, required in female ballet dancers and suggest that goniometry may not be ideal for assessing ankle range of motion in these individuals. Therefore, further research is needed to standardize how DF and PF are measured in ballet dancers.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level I
Achilles Tendon Rupture With Open Distal Tibia and Fibula Fracture
Authors: Hill Gareth N. , Barksfield Richard , Ramesh Palanisamy
Published: March 2011

The authors present a previously unreported case of an open fracture of the distal tibia and fibula with associated Achilles tendon rupture in a 27-year-old motorcyclist. Management followed established trauma principles of wound exploration, debridement, and stabilization of the fracture with reamed locked intramedullary nailing of the tibia. The injury to the Achilles tendon was not identified until surgical exploration for fixation of the fracture. This required a 2-stage operative approach, involving initial debridement and fracture fixation followed by Achilles tendon repair during the second-look wound review procedure. The authors believe this to be the first reported case of Achilles tendon rupture in association with an open transverse distal tibia fracture. Prior to surgical exploration of the wound, Achilles tendon rupture was not suspected, emphasizing the need for clinical suspicion, thorough examination, and adequate wound exploration at operation for fracture fixation.
Use of Alternative Therapies in Patients With Asthma in Central New Jersey
Authors: Mithani Sima , Monteleone Catherine
Published: March 2011

The objective was to investigate characteristics of patients using alternative therapies for asthma, reasons for its use and its association with conventional medicine use. Over a period of 14 months, 32 (18%) of 187 patients completing a survey reported using alternative therapies to treat asthma. The most common alternative therapy used was exercise/massage; the least popular was homeopathy. The highest users were women (59%), ages 41-50 (31%), White ethnicity (63%), higher education (56%), and higher annual household income (84%). The major reasons for usage were having more control of their health, personal beliefs, and concern over side effects of conventional medication. It is concluded that the rate of alternative therapy use in patients with asthma in central New Jersey was lower than in some other studies. It is important for physicians to take these therapies into account to develop a health care plan consistent with patients’ beliefs and expectations.
A Randomized Controlled Behavioral Trial of a New Adult Asthma Self-management Program
Authors: Tousman Stuart A. , Zeitz Howard , Bond Donna , Stewart Deidira , Rackow Regina , Greer Rebecca , Hatfield Sharon , Layman Karen , Ganjwala Puja
Published: March 2011

Aims: The purpose of the present research was to design and implement an adult asthma self-management program using a randomized control design.

Methods: A total of 24 participants served in the control group while 21 participants served in the intervention group. Those in the intervention group participated in 7 weekly meetings which consisted of interactive discussions, problem-solving, social support and a behavior modification procedure. The behavior modification procedure consisted of homework assignments in which participants were asked to self-monitor and record asthma specific behaviors (including peak expiratory flow, avoidance/removal of asthma triggers, and controller medication adherence) and general lifestyle behaviors (including drinking water, practicing relaxation, washing hands and exercising).

Results: A series of two factor mixed design analysis of variance computations indicated statistically significant interactions. When compared to participants in the control condition, those individuals who participated in the intervention had significant improvements in asthma self-efficacy, asthma quality of life, and patient activation. Significant interactions also indicated that those in the intervention groups had increases in the frequencies of the following self-reported behaviors: 1) reducing asthma triggers; 2), reading about asthma; 3) peak flow monitoring; 4) exercising, and; 5) hand washing. Follow-up data 2 months after the intervention indicated maintenance for many of the psychological, cognitive and behavioral changes.

Conclusions: These results confirm that our adult asthma selfmanagement program can lead to improvements in short term outcomes.
Framing Asthma
Authors: Johnson Bridget , Henderson Jessica , Pedersen Peggy , Stonecipher Linda
Published: March 2011

Little is known about the portrayal of asthma in US newspapers. The purpose of the present study was to analyze 7 representative US newspapers to determine the frequency of substantive asthma articles and the occurrence of stigma, challenge, fear, and management frames within the articles. The authors conducted a content analysis of 203 in-depth asthma articles from 2 years in 7 US newspapers and developed a coding instrument to identify framing cues of stigma versus challenge and fear versus management. Research results supported the need for an increase in substantive print news articles about asthma. Fear cues were present in 43% of the articles reviewed, although the majority of them (88%) contained a management solution message. Only 41% of articles contained a positive challenge cue. More than one-fourth (28%) contained a stigma cue. Overall, the majority of the articles had a neutral or positive tone, but almost 2 of 10 articles had a negative tone. Recommendations and implications for asthma educators are discussed.
Perceptions of Exercise Among School-Aged Children With Asthma
Authors: Shaw Michele R. , Davis Amy H.T.
Published: March 2011

This grounded theory–driven study explored the predominant categories and concepts involved with perceptions of exercise among school-aged children with asthma. Data came from 13 in-depth interviews with 10 children. Five boys and 5 girls, ages 8 to 12 years, with varying asthma disease severity, participated. In addition, 9 parents completed a health history questionnaire. The process of creating perceptions of exercise was the grounded theory that emerged from the data. The ongoing creation of perceptions of exercise was influenced by 4 predominant categories: perceived benefits, striving for normalcy, exercise influences, and asthma’s influence. Because process is an ongoing occurrence, the 4 predominant categories may influence the creation of exercise perceptions simultaneously, or at different times and in various ways dependent upon the characteristics of the child and his or her unique situations and experiences. Perceived benefits, striving for normalcy, exercise influences, and asthma’s influence were identified categories involved with the interactions, actions, and consequences interwoven throughout the creation of perceptions of exercise process. These categories help explain how exercise perceptions are developed from the participants’ perspective. The process of creating perceptions of exercise is a continuous, circular happening with the consequences leading to the development of exercise perceptions. The context may change but the overall process retains applicability to creating perceptions of exercise. The subjective insight gained through the development of this theory gives light to numerous areas for future nursing research and implications for practice to improve the overall quality of life among school-aged children with asthma.