bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barabhas Machair
Authors: MacLeod Rivett Mary A , Elliot Mark , Ballin Torben Bjarke , Cowie Trevor
Published: April 2022

The townships of Barabhas are on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides between the blanket bog of Barabhas Moor to the east, and machair and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Barabhas Machair (centre NGR: NB 351 513) has been eroding for at least a century, and of archaeological interest for nearly as long. Survey and excavations over the last 40 years have revealed settlements from the Early Bronze Age to the present day, in a landscape that has been used and reused.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Group‐Based Outpatient Physical Therapy After Total Knee Replacement: Results From the Economic Evaluation Alongside the ARENA Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Barbosa Estela C. , Wylde Vikki , Thorn Joanna , Sanderson Emily , Lenguerrand Erik , Artz Neil , Blom Ashley W. , Marques Elsa M. R.
Published: April 2022

Objective

To assess the cost‐utility and cost‐effectiveness of a group‐based outpatient physical therapy intervention delivered 6 weeks after primary total knee replacement (TKR) compared with usual care, alongside the Activity‐Orientated Rehabilitation Following Knee Arthroplasty (ARENA) multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.

Methods

The economic analyses were performed from the perspective of the health and social care payer. We collected resource use for health and social care and productivity losses and patient outcomes for 12 months after surgery to derive costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Results were expressed in incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and incremental net monetary benefit statistics (INMBs) for a society willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained, with sensitivity analyses to model specification and perspective.

Results

The cost of the ARENA physical therapy classes was mean ± SD £179 ± 39 per patient. Treatment in the year following surgery cost was, on average, £1,739 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] –£742, £4,221) per patient in the intervention group (n = 89), which was an additional £346 (95% CI £38, £653) per patient compared with usual care (n = 91) (£1,393 [95% CI –£780, £3,568]). QALY benefits were 0.0506 higher (95% CI 0.009, 0.09) in the intervention group, corresponding to an additional 19 days in “perfect health.” The ICER for the intervention group was £6,842 per QALY gained, and the INMB was £665 (95% CI £139, £1,191), with a 92% probability of being cost‐effective, and no less than 73% in all sensitivity analysis scenarios.

Conclusion

The addition of group‐based outpatient physical therapy classes to usual care improves quality of life and is a cost‐effective treatment option following TKR for a society WTP threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained.
Metal‐Free Organic Triplet Emitters with On–Off Switchable Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer
Authors: Shao Wenhao , Hao Jie , Jiang Hanjie , Zimmerman Paul M. , Kim Jinsang
Published: April 2022

Metal‐free organic triplet emitters are an emerging class of organic semiconducting material. Among them, molecules with tunable emission responsive to environmental stimuli have shown great potential in solid‐state lighting, sensors, and anti‐counterfeiting systems. Here, a novel excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) system is proposed showing the activation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) or room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) simultaneously from both keto and enol tautomers. The prototype ESIPT triplet emitters exhibit up to 50% delayed emission quantum yield. Their enol–keto tautomerization can be switched by controlling the matrix acidity in doped polymer films. Taking advantage of these unique properties, “on‐off” switchable triplet emission systems controlled by acid vapor annealing, as well as photopatterning systems capable of generating facile and high‐contrast emissive patterns, are devised.
Hybrid Silicon‐Polymer Photodetector Engineered Using Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition for High‐Performance and Bias‐Switchable Multi‐Functionality
Authors: Kim Hyeonghun , Zhang Yuxuan , Rothschild Molly , Roh Kwangdong , Kim Yunseok , Jang Ho Seong , Min Byung‐Cheol , Lee Sunghwan
Published: April 2022

Black silicon (b‐Si) featured by anti‐reflective surfaces is extensively studied to realize highly sensitive photodetectors. The key to augmenting the light‐detection capability of b‐Si is to facilitate charge extraction while limiting undesired recombination events at surface defects. To this end, oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) is leveraged to form a highly conformal and conductive (3000 S cm−1) organic transport layer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), on b‐Si nanostructures. The oCVD PEDOT instrumentally extracts photo‐induced charges, through which b‐Si photodetectors implementing oCVD PEDOT achieve a superior photo‐detectivity of 1.37 × 1013 Jones. Furthermore, by engineering the pore dimension of b‐Si, a mode‐tunable Si photodetector is contrived, where the functions of broad‐band and visible‐blinded modes are switched facile by a bias polarity. The unprecedented device paves the way for extending the applications of Si detectors toward novel sensory platforms such as night‐vision, motion tracking, and bio‐sensing.
Disorder and Confinement Effects to Tune the Optical Properties of Amino Acid Doped Cu2O Crystals
Authors: Kurashvili Mariam , Polishchuk Iryna , Lang Arad , Strohmair Simone , Richter Alexander F. , Rieger Sebastian , Debnath Tushar , Pokroy Boaz , Feldmann Jochen
Published: April 2022

Biominerals are organic–inorganic nanocomposites exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique configuration. Using optical spectroscopy and theoretical modeling, it is shown that the optical properties of a model bioinspired system, an inorganic semiconductor host (Cu2O) grown in the presence of amino acids (AAs), are strongly influenced by the latter. The absorption and photoluminescence excitation spectra of Cu2O‐AAs blue‐shift with growing AA content, indicating band gap widening. This is attributed to the void‐induced quantum confinement effects. Surprisingly, no such shift occurs in the emission spectra. The theoretical model, assuming an inhomogeneous AA distribution within Cu2O‐AAs due to compositional disorder, explains the deviating behavior of the photoluminescence. The model predicts that the potential causing the confinement effects becomes a function of the local AA density. It results in a Gaussian band gap distribution that shapes the optical properties of Cu2O‐AAs. Imitating and harnessing the process of biomineralization can pave the way toward new functional materials.
Integrating Photorewritable Fluorescent Information in Shape‐Memory Organohydrogel Toward Dual Encryption
Authors: Shang Hui , Le Xiaoxia , Sun Yu , Shan Fuqing , Wu Shuangshuang , Zheng Yinfei , Li Danyang , Guo Dong , Liu Qingquan , Chen Tao
Published: April 2022

As one of the severe global problems, counterfeiting information has brought a huge negative impact on every aspect of human society. Though various anticounterfeiting strategies, including fluorescent materials, are widely developed for dealing with the above problem, the information security level needs to be further improved due to sophisticated hacking techniques. In this study, an organohydrogel is designed by constructing interpenetrating organohydrogel networks, in which naphthalimide moieties (DEAN, green‐yellow emission) are introduced in hydrophilic poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogel network and anthracene units (blue emission) are copolymerized in hydrophobic polystearate methacrylate (PSMA) organogel network. Triggered by UV light of 365 nm, the unimer–dimer transition occurs and leads the fluorescent color of organohydrogel to change from blue to faint yellow, making secret information be stored with the assistance of photomasks. Furthermore, by combining crystallization‐induced shape memory performance, dual encryption can be achieved. This fluorescent organohydrogel provides a new idea for fabricating smart materials with the ability of encryption–decryption, which is of great significance in information security protection.
Autologous Human Immunocompetent White Adipose Tissue‐on‐Chip
Authors: Rogal Julia , Roosz Julia , Teufel Claudia , Cipriano Madalena , Xu Raylin , Eisler Wiebke , Weiss Martin , Schenke‐Layland Katja , Loskill Peter
Published: April 2022

Obesity and associated diseases, such as diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions globally. In this era of “diabesity”, white adipose tissue (WAT) has become a target of high interest for therapeutic strategies. To gain insights into mechanisms of adipose (patho‐)physiology, researchers traditionally relied on animal models. Leveraging Organ‐on‐Chip technology, a microphysiological in vitro model of human WAT is introduced: a tailored microfluidic platform featuring vasculature‐like perfusion that integrates 3D tissues comprising all major WAT‐associated cellular components (mature adipocytes, organotypic endothelial barriers, stromovascular cells including adipose tissue macrophages) in an autologous manner and recapitulates pivotal WAT functions, such as energy storage and mobilization as well as endocrine and immunomodulatory activities. A precisely controllable bottom‐up approach enables the generation of a multitude of replicates per donor circumventing inter‐donor variability issues and paving the way for personalized medicine. Moreover, it allows to adjust the model's degree of complexity via a flexible mix‐and‐match approach. This WAT‐on‐Chip system constitutes the first human‐based, autologous, and immunocompetent in vitro adipose tissue model that recapitulates almost full tissue heterogeneity and can become a powerful tool for human‐relevant research in the field of metabolism and its associated diseases as well as for compound testing and personalized‐ and precision medicine applications.
Coupling Long‐Range Facet Junction and Interfacial Heterojunction via Edge‐Selective Deposition for High‐Performance Z‐Scheme Photocatalyst
Authors: Li Xuan , Anwer Shoaib , Guan Qiangshun , Anjum Dalaver H. , Palmisano Giovanni , Zheng Lianxi
Published: April 2022

The construction of photocatalytic systems that have strong redox capability, effective charge separation, and large reactive surfaces is of great scientific and practical interest. Herein, an edge‐connected 2D/2D Z‐scheme system that combines the facet junction and the interfacial heterojunction to achieve effective long‐range charge separation and large reactive surface exposure is designed and fabricated. The heterostructure is realized by the selective growth of 2D‐layered MoS2 nanoflakes on the edge‐sites of thin TiO2 nanosheets via an Au‐promoted photodeposition method. Attributed to the synergetic coupling of the facet junction and the interfacial heterojunction that assures the effective charge separation, and the tremendous but physically separated reactive sites offered by layered MoS2 and highly‐exposed (001) facets of TiO2, respectively, the artificial Z‐scheme exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance in photodegradation tests. Moreover, the junctional plasmonic Au nanoclusters not only act as electron traps to promote the edge‐selective synthesis but also generate “hot electrons” to further boost photocatalytic performance. The Z‐scheme charge‐flow direction in the heterostructure and the roles of electrons and holes are comprehensively studied using in situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photodegradation tests. This work offers a new insight into designing high‐performance Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems.
Ultralow Threshold Room Temperature Polariton Condensation in Colloidal CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Nanoplatelets
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Zhang Lei , Xiang Wenbin , Lu Changgui , Cui Yiping , Zhang Jiayu
Published: April 2022

Room‐temperature exciton‐polariton Bose‐Einstein condensation (BEC), a phase transition to single quantum state with strong nonlinearity, provides a new strategy for coherent light sources and ultralow threshold optic switches. In this work, colloidal CdSe/CdS 2D nanoplatelets are embedded into a microcavity, and exciton‐polariton BEC is realized with an ultralow threshold of 0.5 µJ cm–2 at room temperature. The superlinear power‐dependent emission, macroscopic occupation of the ground state, strong blueshift and broadening of the emission peak, and long‐range coherence strongly confirm the realization of the polariton laser. This work suggests considerable prospects for colloidal nanoplatelets in low‐cost, high‐performance polariton devices, and coherent light sources.
Microacoustic Metagratings at Ultra‐High Frequencies Fabricated by Two‐Photon Lithography
Authors: Melnikov Anton , Köble Sören , Schweiger Severin , Chiang Yan Kei , Marburg Steffen , Powell David A.
Published: April 2022

The recently proposed bianisotropic acoustic metagratings offer promising opportunities for passive acoustic wavefront manipulation, which is of particular interest in flat acoustic lenses and ultrasound imaging at ultra‐high frequency ultrasound. Despite this fact, acoustic metagratings have never been scaled to MHz frequencies that are common in ultrasound imaging. One of the greatest challenges is the production of complex microscopic structures. Owing to two‐photon polymerization, a novel fabrication technique from the view of acoustic metamaterials, it is now possible to precisely manufacture sub‐wavelength structures in this frequency range. However, shrinking in size poses another challenge; the increasing thermoviscous effects lead to a drop in efficiency and a frequency downshift of the transmission peak and must therefore be taken into account in the design. In this work three microacoustic metagrating designs refracting a normally incident wave toward −35° at 2 MHz are proposed. In order to develop meta‐atoms insensitive to thermoviscous effects shape optimization techniques incorporating the linearized Navier–Stokes equations discretized with finite element method are used. The authors report for the first time microscopic acoustic metamaterials manufactured using two‐photon polymerization and, subsequently, experimentally verify their effectiveness using an optical microphone as a detector in a range from 1.8 to 2.2 MHz.
The impact of postoperative exocrine index on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease following pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Tsunematsu Masashi , Gocho Takeshi , Yanagaki Mitsuru , Shirai Yoshihiro , Haruki Koichiro , Furukawa Kenei , Yasuda Jungo , Onda Shinji , Sakamoto Taro , Ikegami Toru
Published: April 2022

Background

To study exocrine function of the remnant pancreas after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), we propose the use of an exocrine index (PEI) that combines the volume of the remnant pancreas and the intraoperative amylase activity of the pancreatic juice. Here, we aimed to determine whether the PEI can predict non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) following PD.

Methods

Fifty‐seven patients for whom pancreatic juice amylase activity was measured during PD were enrolled. NAFLD was defined as a liver‐to‐spleen attenuation ratio of <0.9 on plain CT 1 year following surgery. We retrospectively evaluated clinical parameters, including the PEI, to identify predictors of NAFLD.

Results

Fifty‐four patients (95%) were regularly administered 1200 mg of pancreatic lipase. NAFLD was diagnosed in 13 participants (23%) 1 year following surgery. NAFLD was associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (P = .006), soft pancreas (P = .001), small main pancreatic duct (P = 0008), low remnant pancreatic volume (P < .001), low intraoperative amylase activity in the pancreatic juice (P = .001), high pancreatic fibrosis (P = .032), and large body weight loss (P = .015). The PEI was significantly lower in the participants with NAFLD than in those without (P < .001). The participants were then classified into tertiles of PEI: <5 × 106, 5‐25 × 106, and >25 × 106. The prevalence of NAFLD in these groups was 53% (10/19), 11% (2/19), and 5% (1/19), respectively. In multivariable analyses, there was a significant association between NAFLD and the PEI (P value for trend = .042).

Conclusion

The PEI, calculated using the remnant pancreatic volume and the intraoperative pancreatic juice amylase activity, predicts NAFLD development following PD.
A scoping review of youth advisory structures in the United States: Applications, outcomes, and best practices
Authors: Haddad Kristen , Jacquez Farrah , Vaughn Lisa
Published: April 2022

Although youth advisory structures (YASs) have proliferated internationally to facilitate the voice of young people, little is known about the practices of such groups, especially in the United States. To address this gap of knowledge, this study describes the findings of a scoping review of scholarly research on YAS in the United States. The review found that although the use of YAS is increasing, current scholarship offers little information about YAS processes or how youth are engaged. Most YAS in the review partnered with marginalized young people to inform research and programming around sensitive health topics, such as human immunodeficiency virus prevention. Youth who participated in YAS experienced positive outcomes such as leadership and skill development, healthier decision‐making, and confidence. Although most studies involved youth in minimal ways, there is a growing body of literature where youth are engaged in long‐term partnerships that support positive youth development. This review details other key characteristics of YAS and provides recommendations for best practices, such as building consensus around terms used to refer to YAS and promoting the dissemination of process details around YAS facilitation.
ZSCAN1 Autoantibodies Are Associated with Pediatric Paraneoplastic ROHHAD
Authors: Mandel‐Brehm Caleigh , Benson Leslie A. , Tran Baouyen , Kung Andrew F. , Mann Sabrina A. , Vazquez Sara E. , Retallack Hanna , Sample Hannah A. , Zorn Kelsey C. , Khan Lillian M. , Kerr Lauren M. , McAlpine Patrick L. , Zhang Lichao , McCarthy Frank , Elias Joshua E. , Katwa Umakanth , Astley Christina M. , Tomko Stuart , Dalmau Josep , Seeley William W. , Pleasure Samuel J. , Wilson Michael R. , Gorman Mark P. , DeRisi Joseph L.
Published: April 2022

Objective

Rapid‐onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD), is a severe pediatric disorder of uncertain etiology resulting in hypothalamic dysfunction and frequent sudden death. Frequent co‐occurrence of neuroblastic tumors have fueled suspicion of an autoimmune paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS); however, specific anti‐neural autoantibodies, a hallmark of PNS, have not been identified. Our objective is to determine if an autoimmune paraneoplastic etiology underlies ROHHAD.

Methods

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from pediatric ROHHAD patients (n = 9), non‐inflammatory individuals (n = 100) and relevant pediatric controls (n = 25) was screened using a programmable phage display of the human peptidome (PhIP‐Seq). Putative ROHHAD‐specific autoantibodies were orthogonally validated using radioactive ligand binding and cell‐based assays. Expression of autoantibody targets in ROHHAD tumor and healthy brain tissue was assessed with immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry, respectively.

Results

Autoantibodies to ZSCAN1 were detected in ROHHAD patients by PhIP‐Seq and orthogonally validated in 7/9 ROHHAD patients and 0/125 controls using radioactive ligand binding and cell‐based assays. Expression of ZSCAN1 in ROHHAD tumor and healthy human brain tissue was confirmed.

Interpretation

Our results support the notion that tumor‐associated ROHHAD syndrome is a pediatric PNS, potentially initiated by an immune response to peripheral neuroblastic tumor. ZSCAN1 autoantibodies may aid in earlier, accurate diagnosis of ROHHAD syndrome, thus providing a means toward early detection and treatment. This work warrants follow‐up studies to test sensitivity and specificity of a novel diagnostic test. Last, given the absence of the ZSCAN1 gene in rodents, our study highlights the value of human‐based approaches for detecting novel PNS subtypes. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:279–291
Gold(I) α‐Trifluoromethyl Carbenes: Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Studies
Authors: Rigoulet Mathilde , Vesseur David , Miqueu Karinne , Bourissou Didier
Published: April 2022

Aryl trifluoromethyl diazomethanes 2‐R (R=Ph, OMe, CF3) are readily decomposed by the (o‐carboranyl)diphosphine gold(I) complex 1. The resulting α‐CF3 substituted carbene complexes 3‐R have been characterized by multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as X‐ray crystallography (for 3‐Ph). The bonding situation was thoroughly assessed by computational means, showing stabilization of the electrophilic carbene center by π‐donation from the aryl substituent and backdonation from Au, as enhanced by the chelating P^P ligand. Reactivity studies under stoichiometric and catalytic conditions substantiate typical carbene‐type behavior for 3‐Ph.
Fluorine‐free superhydrophobic meshes decorated with porous microspheres for highly efficient oil–water separation
Authors: Lu Zhen , Liu Huarong , Cui Xiaoling , Li Yue , Lv Zhijun , Chen Weijian
Published: April 2022

In this study, we report a new facile method to prepare fluorine‐free superhydrophobic separation films by deposition of micron‐sized hydrophobic polyhigh internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) microspheres on stainless steel meshes. The so‐called polyHIPE microspheres are polymer ones with interconnected porous structures, which are prepared by γ‐ray radiation polymerization of (W/O HIPE)/W double emulsions stabilized by a single emulsifier 12‐acryloyloxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid using a one‐step emulsification in this work. The oil–water separation results show that our self‐made hydrophobic meshes have excellent oil–water separation efficiency (about 99.5%), outstanding permeation flux (no less than 187.5 L/[m2·min] and the maximum value of 1850 L/[m2·min]). The oil flux of common organic solvents, water contact angle and water intrusion pressure of these hydrophobic meshes can be readily tuned by changing the size, amount and composition of polyHIPE microspheres. It is worth noting that the superhydrophobic meshes remain excellent separation efficiency and stability after 10 cycles in corrosive environments. More importantly, these superhydrophobic meshes can also efficiently separate surfactant‐stabilized water‐in‐oil emulsions. The polyHIPE microspheres decorated superhydrophobic meshes that can easily realize large‐scale production have potentially practical applications in sewage treatment or separation/purification.
Postnatal growth of the lumbosacral spinal segments in cat: Their lengths and positions in relation to vertebrae
Authors: Shkorbatova Polina Y. , Lyakhovetskii Vsevolod A. , Veshchitskii Aleksandr A. , Bazhenova Elena Y. , Pavlova Natalia V. , Musienko Pavel E. , Merkulyeva Natalia S.
Published: April 2022

Cat is a prominent model for investigating neural networks of the lumbosacral spinal cord that control locomotor and visceral activity. We previously proposed an integral function, establishing the topographical relationship between the spinal cord segments and vertebrae in adult animals. Here, we investigated the dynamic of this topographical relationship through early and middle periods of development in kittens. We calculated the length of each vertebra relative to the total length of the region from 13th thoracic (T) to the 7th lumbar (L) vertebrae (V) as well as the length of each segment relative to the total region from T13 to the three‐dimensional sacral (S) segment. As in our previous work, the length and position of VL2 were used to establish relationships between the characteristics of the segments and vertebrae. Cubic regression reliably approximates the lengths of segments relative to VL2 length. As the cat aged, the relative length of VT13 and VL1 decreased while the relative length of VL5 increased. The relative length of the T13 and L3 segments increased while the relative length of the S1‐S2 segments decreased. The T13‐L2 segments are descended monotonically relative to the VL1‐VL2 border. The L3‐S1 segments are also descended, though with more complex dynamics. The positions of the S2‐S3 segments remained unchanged. To conclude, different spinal segments displayed different developmental dynamics. The revealed relationship between vertebrae and lumbosacral spinal segments may be helpful for clearly defining stimulation regions to invoke particular functions, both in experimental studies on the spinal cord and clinical treatment.
Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Over One‐Third of Patients With Th/To Antibody–Positive Scleroderma in Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: Suresh Shashank , Charlton Devon , Snell Erin K. , Laffoon Maureen , Medsger Thomas A. , Zhu Lei , Domsic Robyn T.
Published: April 2022

Objective

This study was undertaken to describe clinical manifestations in patients with Th/To antibody–positive systemic sclerosis (SSc) during long‐term follow‐up.

Methods

We performed a case–control study involving anti‐Th/To antibody–positive patients with SSc who were newly referred to the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and the Pittsburgh Scleroderma Center from 1980 to 2015. For every case, 2 anti‐Th/To antibody–negative SSc patients (the first 2 consecutively seen after a case) were used as controls. Long‐term disease manifestations and survival were then compared between cases and controls.

Results

A total of 204 anti‐Th/To antibody–positive SSc patients and 408 controls were identified. The cohort had a mean ± SD age of 52 ± 12.9 years, and 76% of individuals were women. Anti‐Th/To antibody–positive patients more often presented without skin thickening (P < 0.0001) and had a higher rate of pulmonary hypertension (PH) (P < 0.0001) and interstitial lung disease (P = 0.05) compared to anti‐Th/To antibody–negative SSc controls. Anti‐Th/To antibody–positive SSc patients also had less frequent muscle and joint involvement than anti‐Th/To antibody–negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). After a median clinical follow‐up period of 6.1 years (interquartile range 2.4–12.7), 38% of anti‐Th/To–positive patients had developed PH compared to 15% of anti‐Th/To antibody–negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). The rate of PH classified as World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH] was 23% in anti‐Th/To–positive patients compared to 9% in anti‐Th/To antibody–negative SSc controls (P < 0.0001). After adjusting for age and sex, anti‐Th/To antibody positivity was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.3 (95% confidence interval 2.3–4.9) for increased risk of developing PH at 10 years of follow‐up from the first scleroderma center visit.

Conclusion

This is the largest cohort of patients with anti‐Th/To antibody–positive SSc with long‐term follow‐up data. The very high rate (38%) and associated independent risk of anti‐Th/To antibody–positive patients developing PH in follow‐up, particularly in WHO Group 1 PAH patients, is striking. Patients presenting with limited skin involvement should be tested for Th/To antibodies, and if present, careful monitoring for PH is warranted.
An Olefin‐based, Fluorescent Covalent Organic Framework for Selective Sensing of Aromatic Amines
Authors: Li Lihua , Ma Yinghu , Yang Haohao , Niu Jing , Yang Haoran , Wang Faqiang , Hu Chengxian , Zhang Yubao , Guan Xiaolin , Peng Hui , Ma Guofu
Published: April 2022

Owing to various chemical structures and different basicity of amines, a fluorescent probe that could distinguish aromatic and aliphatic amines is highly desirable for practical applications. Herein, an olefin‐based, fluorescent COF (COF−Py−AN) with unique π‐electron deficient groups was synthesized, which was a functionalized platform to realize sensing of π electron‐rich aromatic amines. COF−Py−AN displayed fluorescence quenching in the presence of aromatic amines like aniline, with excellent selectivity against a variety of aromatic molecules, and the detection limit of COF−Py−AN toward aniline was as low as 1.29 μM. More importantly, COF−Py−AN could realize discriminating between aromatic and aliphatic amines. Furthermore, density functional theory calculations showed that the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism contributes to fluorescence sensing. This is the first example of olefin‐based fluorescent COF materials for selective sensing of aromatic amines.
Construction of Branched DNA‐based Nanostructures for Diagnosis, Therapeutics and Protein Engineering
Authors: Hu Pin , Dong Yuhang , Yao Chi , Yang Dayong
Published: April 2022

Branched DNA with multibranch‐like anisotropic topology serves as a promising and powerful building block in constructing multifunctional‐integrated nanomaterials in a programmable and controllable manner. Recently, a series of branched DNA‐based functional nanomaterials were developed by elaborate molecular design. In this review, we focused on the construction of branched DNA‐based nanostructures for biological and biomedical applications. First, the molecular design and synthesis method of branched DNA monomer were briefly described. Then, the construction strategies of branched DNA‐based nanostructures were categorially discussed, including target‐triggered polymerization, enzymatic extension and hybrid assembly. Finally, the biological and biomedical applications including diagnosis, therapeutics and protein engineering were summarized. We envision that the review will contribute to the further development of branched DNA‐based nanomaterials with great application potential in the field of biomedicine, thus building a new bridge between material chemistry and biomedicine.
Comparative effectiveness and toxicity of radiotherapy regimens in limited stage small cell lung cancer: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Jiupeng , Guo Hui , Zhang Yongfeng , Liu Heng , Dou Quanli
Published: April 2022

Purpose

The aim of this Network Meta‐analysis was to compare the current radiotherapy regimens of limited‐stage small cell lung cancer (LS‐SCLC), in terms of overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), and the incidence of acute radioactive esophagitis and radioactive pneumonia.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched until January 2022. The studies were included, comparing radiotherapy regimens in LS‐SCLC patients. We compared hypofractionated radiotherapy (HypoTRT), hyperfractionated radiotherapy (HyperTRT), and conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (ConvTRT1(<60 Gy), ConvTRT2(≥60 Gy)).

Results

There was similar efficacy among the contemporary radiotherapy regimens for PFS of LS‐SCLC. HypoTRT and HyperTRT significantly improved the OS of LS‐SCLC compared with ConvTRT1 (<60 Gy), while not improving the OS of LS‐SCLC compared with ConvTRT2 (≥60 Gy). There was no significant difference between HypoTRT and HyperTRT, between ConvTRT1(<60 Gy) and ConvTRT2(≥60 Gy), respectively. HyperTRT developed the highest odds of acute radioactive esophagitis compared to ConvTRT1(<60 Gy) and ConvTRT2(≥60 Gy). There was no significant difference in the incidence of acute radioactive esophagitis between HypoTRT and HyperTRT, ConvTRT1(<60 Gy), ConvTRT2(≥60 Gy), respectively and between ConvTRT1 and ConvTRT2. There was no statistically significant difference among radiotherapy regimens for the incidence of acute radioactive pneumonia.

Conclusion

The current radiotherapy regimens are similar in efficacy and toxicity for LS‐SCLC, except for ConvTRT1(<60 Gy). Given the lower costs and convenient logistics management of HypoTRT comparatively, it is an acceptable alternative for LS‐SCLC.
Reduced Graphene Oxide Overlayer on Copper Nanocube Electrodes Steers the Selectivity Towards Ethanol in Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Mardones‐Herrera Elías , Castro‐Castillo Carmen , Nanda Kamala Kanta , Veloso Nicolás , Leyton Felipe , Martínez Francisco , Sáez‐Pizarro Natalia , Ruiz‐León Domingo , Aguirre María Jesús , Armijo Francisco , Isaacs Mauricio
Published: April 2022

Developing copper‐based electrocatalysts that favor high‐value multi‐carbon oxygenates is desired, given their use as platform chemicals and as a direct fuel for transportation. Combining a CO‐selective catalyst with copper shifts the selectivity of CO2 electroreduction toward C2 products. Herein, we developed a reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐modified copper nanocube electrocatalyst that could shift the selectivity of CO2 electroreduction towards ethanol (Faradaic efficiency 76. 84 % at −0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)). Spectroelectrochemical Raman analysis reveals a higher population of *C2HxOy intermediates at −0.9 V vs. RHE on the rGO‐modified copper nanocube electrocatalyst surface, which coincides with the highest faradaic efficiency of ethanol upon CO2 electroreduction at the same potential. Our results demonstrate that the rGO modification can enhance ethanol selectivity through a probable tandem electrocatalysis mechanism and provide insights into controlling electrocatalytic activity and product selectivity in the CO2 electroreduction reaction.
Transfer Mechanism of Anthracycline Antibiotics and Their Ion Association with PAMAM Dendrimer at Liquid|Liquid Interfaces**
Authors: Takami Toshinari , Kanai Shohei , Nishiyama Yoshio , Lee Hye Jin , Nagatani Hirohisa
Published: April 2022

The transfer reaction of anthracycline antibiotics, daunorubicin (DNR) and doxorubicin (DOX), was investigated at the water|1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) interface. Spectroelectrochemical analysis demonstrated significant changes in the transfer mechanism of anthracycline cations with a slight structural difference across the bare water|DCE interface and the biomimetic interface with a phospholipid layer. The facilitated ion transfer feature was found for both HDNR+ and HDOX+ at the biomimetic interface, where the adsorption process of HDOX+ was observed over a wide potential range at the aqueous side of the interface, that is, the polar headgroup region of the phospholipid layer. The molecular association between the carboxylate‐terminated generation 3.5 polyamidoamine (G3.5 PAMAM) dendrimer and anthracycline derivatives occurred preferentially under neutral pH conditions. The negatively charged G3.5 PAMAM dendrimer induced positive shifts of the transfer potential of anthracycline cations at the water|DCE interface, indicating its ability as potential‐ and pH‐responsive drug carriers.
A comparative performance of machine learning algorithms on laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy data of minerals
Authors: Alix Gian , Lymer Elizabeth , Zhang Guanlin , Daly Michael , Gao Xin
Published: April 2022

The exploration and analyses of chemical components in (extra‐)terrestrial geological materials (such as asteroids and meteorites) are insightful in modern research. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LiBS) is a popular method for analyzing the chemical attributes of geologic samples—which scientists use to study and understand planetary bodies and their complex histories. In the literature, several machine learning models that produce high‐accuracy predictions have been proposed. In our work, we compared the performances of such models in predicting elemental abundances on a certain spectroscopic dataset. Models included partial least squares (PLS), extreme gradient boost machines (XGB), neural networks, and linear models. In our results, we showed how PLS and XGB are superior in terms of high predictive power, their ability to generalize, and their reasonably efficient runtimes. In addition, we proposed Ensemble models that aggregate predictions of top‐tier models and observed that they can be desirable. We intend to gain better understanding of how these models perform in predicting elemental compositions on specific spectrum (LIBS) datasets.
Two‐Step Dielectric Responsive Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Material with Mid‐Band Light Emission
Authors: Jia Qiang‐Qiang , Tong Liang , Zhang Wan‐Ying , Fu Da‐Wei , Lu Hai‐Feng
Published: April 2022

Hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskite (HOIP) have received tremendous scientific attention because of the phase transition and photovoltaic properties. However, achieving the special perovskite structure with both two‐step dielectric response and luminescence characteristics is rarely reported. Herein, we report an organic‐inorganic hybrid perovskite, [(BA)2 ⋅ PbI4] (Compound 1, BA=n‐butylamine) by introducing flexible organic cations (HBA+), with direct mid‐band gap as 2.28 eV. Interestingly, this material exhibits two‐step reversible dielectric response at 350 K and 460 K (in heating process), respectively. Besides, the photoluminescence was found: it emits charming green light under 365 nm lamp (Photoluminescence quantum yield is 9.52 %). The outstanding two‐step dielectric response and luminescence characteristics of this compound might pave the way for the application of dielectric and ferroelectric functional materials in temperature sensors and mechanical switches.
Memetic swarm clustering with deep belief network model for e‐learning recommendation system to improve learning performance
Authors: Venkatesh Maganti , Sathyalaksmi S.
Published: April 2022

In this article, an efficient clustering and classification model using memetic swarm clustering and deep belief network called MSC‐DBN model, to derive a recommendation system for web‐based learning. In the proposed method, the three main phases are considered: (i) clustering, (ii) classification, and (iii) recommendation. In first phase, MSC uses ant bee colony, Particle swarm optimization and k‐MEANS clustering. In the second phase, DBN is used for classification in the clustered based users. Clustered based user's has three categories of learners. Finally, MSC‐DBN system is automatically recommends the learning materials to the learners based on the complexity level of the material and learner's capability. A detailed experimental analysis is conducted to ensure the effective recommendation performance. The proposed method is activated in Java. The proposed method attains higher precision 93.26%, 96.12%, and 91.11%, higher recall 89.56%, 92.36%, and 95.66% and higher F‐score 93.12%, 97.14%, and 92.11% compared with the existing approaches, like generalized sequential pattern (GSP) model with context aware (CA)‐collaborative filtering (CF) called (GSP‐CA‐CF), context aware (CA)‐collaborative filtering (CF) called (CF‐CA), and generalized sequential pattern (GSP). Finally, the simulation outcomes demonstrate that the proposed method can be able to find the optimal solutions efficiently and accurately.
A novel approach for cardiovascular disease prediction using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Arunachalam Saran Kumar , Rekha Rajagopal
Published: April 2022

For the past few decades, cardiovascular disease has shown a binding impact on the country's mortality rate. The prediction of cardiovascular disease is more challenging during the process of clinical data analysis. The emergence of Machine Learning approaches paved the way to predict the disease and determining the consequences of the disease in the earlier stage to help the physicians during complex decision‐making. This work adopts k‐Nearest Neighbor as baseline classifier and ensemble X‐boost, Adaboost, and Random subspace classifier model to predict heart disease and predict the features of cardiovascular disease using Linear Support Vector Feature Measure (). This model considers the diverse combination of features to make the better classification process. The model shows superior performance with precision via Clinical Decision Support System. The factors that influence the cardiovascular disease need to predict, and better decision is taken during the critical condition. Here, the online available University of California Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning dataset is used for training and testing where 80% data is considered for training and 20% considered for testing purpose. The simulation is done in MATLAB 2020b simulation environment, and the outcomes are compared with various existing approaches. Here, performance metrics like accuracy, precision, F‐measure, stability rate, region of curve, and recall is measured to show the model efficiency. The prediction accuracy of the proposed model is 96% which is higher than existing approaches. The overall performance of proposed ensemble model is 96% accuracy, 97% precision, 95% sensitivity, 95% F‐measure, 93% Matthew's correlation coefficients, 4.53% False Positive Rate, 3.10% False Negative Rate, and 96% True Positive Rate, respectively.
Durability of treatment effects following internet‐delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for depression and anxiety delivered within a routine care setting
Authors: Palacios Jorge E. , Enrique Angel , Mooney Olwyn , Farrell Simon , Earley Caroline , Duffy Daniel , Eilert Nora , Harty Siobhan , Timulak Ladislav , Richards Derek
Published: April 2022

Objective

To investigate post‐treatment relapse and remission rates 3, 6 and 9 months after completion of an acute phase of a clinician‐supported internet‐delivered cognitive‐behavioural therapy (iCBT) for anxiety and depressive symptoms, within a routine care setting.

Method

Secondary analysis from a 12‐month pragmatic randomized‐controlled trial delivered within the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme in England. Participants in the intervention arm were included if they met criteria for reliable recovery from depression (PHQ‐9) and anxiety (GAD‐7) at post‐treatment assessment. Survival analysis was used to assess durability of treatment effects and determine predictors to relapse at 3‐, 6‐ and 9‐month follow‐up. Hazard ratios predicting time‐to‐relapse were estimated with semi‐parametric Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Of the 241 participants in the intervention arm, 89 participants met the criteria for reliable recovery from depression and anxiety at the post‐treatment assessment. Of these 89 eligible cases, 29.2% relapsed within the 9‐month period, with 70.8% remaining in remission at 9 months post‐treatment. Of those who relapsed, 53.8% experienced a relapse of depression and anxiety; 7.7% experienced a relapse of depression only; and 38.4% experienced a relapse of anxiety only. Younger age, having a long‐term condition, and residual symptoms of anxiety at end‐of‐treatment were all significant predictors of relapse.

Conclusions

This study is the first to explore the remission and relapse rates after an acute phase of iCBT treatment, within a routine, stepped‐care setting. The results add to the scarce literature on the durability of the effects of iCBT treatment in routine care settings, where patients are not typically followed up after receiving a completed course of treatment.
A Mouse Model of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Minaga Kosuke , Watanabe Tomohiro , Kamata Ken , Kudo Masatoshi , Strober Warren
Published: April 2022

Pancreatitis occurs in two forms defined by its chronicity. Acute pancreatitis (AP) occurs suddenly and only lasts for several days. Consequently, most patients with AP recover without permanent damage to the pancreas, and about 20% of patients with AP have severe disease. In contrast, chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a long‐lasting inflammation that causes permanent damage to pancreatic tissue; consequently, this form is marked by the emergence of persistent endocrine and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Despite these differences, AP and CP share central mechanisms of disease: in both forms, inflammation is initiated and/or sustained by the intrapancreatic activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes followed by the autodigestion of pancreatic tissues. In addition, in both forms enzymatic damage is accompanied by changes in intestinal permeability and entry of commensal organisms into the pancreas where they elicit innate immune responses that ultimately dominate and define pancreatic inflammation. In the murine models of AP and CP described here, both of these elements of pancreatitis pathogenesis are taken into account. Thus, in one approach mice are administered high doses of cerulein, a cholecystokinin analog with the ability at this dose to induce excessive activation of the cholecystokinin receptor expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and the release of active trypsin that causes both direct and indirect acinar damages due to entry of commensal organisms and stimulation of innate immune responses. In a second approach mice are administered low doses of cerulein, which causes little or no damage to the pancreas unless given along with nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) ligand, which in the presence of low‐dose cerulein administration induces a pathologic innate immune response mediated by NOD1. These approaches are adopted to produce AP when cerulein or cerulein plus NOD1 ligand is applied only once or to produce CP when a similar regimen is applied multiple times. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Cerulein‐induced acute pancreatitis

Alternate Protocol 1: Acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein and NOD1 ligand

Basic Protocol 2: Cerulein‐induced chronic pancreatitis

Alternate Protocol 2: Chronic pancreatitis induced by cerulein and NOD1 ligand

Support Protocol: Isolation of pancreatic mononuclear cells
Solvent‐Free Strategy for Direct Access to Versatile Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Complete Atom Economy
Authors: Fan Weibin , Zhang Yuan , Li Yinghua , Zhang Wei , Huang Deguang
Published: April 2022

A solvent‐free method for the synthesis of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) by iodoquaternization of alkenes with N‐heteroarenes was reported. Its advantages lie in energy‐saving and clean production by using iodine as the oxidant and manual grinding the starting materials, together with the complete atom economy and low process mass intensity (PMI) value. Demonstrated by 50 examples, the generated QAS was proved to be able to produce valuable chemicals, such as biological protease inhibitors, anti‐cancer agents, and organic fluorescent materials.
Single‐parentage assignments reveal negative‐assortative mating in an endangered salmonid
Authors: Steele Craig A. , Delomas Thomas A. , Campbell Matthew R. , Powell John H.
Published: April 2022

Understanding reproductive patterns in endangered species is critical for supporting their recovery efforts. In this study we use a combination of paired‐parent and single‐parent assignments to examine the reproductive patterns in an endangered population of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that uses Redfish Lake in central Idaho as a spawning and nursery lake. Recovery efforts include the release of maturing adults into the lake for volitional spawning. The lake is also inhabited by a population of residentO.nerkathat is genetically indistinguishable, but phenotypically smaller, to the maturing adults released into the lake. The resident population is difficult to sample and the reproductive patterns between the two groups are unknown. We used results of paired‐ and single‐parentage assignments to specifically examine the reproductive patterns of male fish released into the lake under an equal sex ratio and a male‐biased sex ratio. Assignment results of offspring leaving the lake indicated a reproductive shift by males under the two scenarios. Males displayed an assortative mating pattern under an equal sex ratio and spawned almost exclusively with the released females. Under a male‐biased sex ratio most males shifted to a negative‐assortative mating pattern and spawned with smaller females from the resident population. These males were younger and smaller than males that spawned with released females suggesting they were unable to compete with larger males for spawning opportunities with the larger, released females. The results provided insights into the reproductive behavior of this endangered population and has implications for recovery efforts.