bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linkage of Safety Site Conditions with Accidents
Authors: Mishra A. K. , Adhikari Rochak , Aithal P. S.
Published: March 2022

Purpose: In Construction many employments are there which draws attention to high standards of safety. the study was conducted To access the linkage between site condition of safety management in selected Five under construction commercial projects of Bharatpur Metropolitan city with accident cases for framing the empirical solution of productivity through safety seems highly significant.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Site visit of the Project; questionnaire survey and interview were done. Initially, the case study of the 5- project and questionnaire survey for the pilot survey was distributed. Cases of 11 Accidents were documented and analyzed for creating safe acts and safe conditions.
Findings/Result: It was concluded that the occupational hazards in the commercial projects construction process consist of the physical hazards primarily while hazards like mechanical, psychological, and chemical are the minor ones. Use of the safety signboards was limited in the sites. It is also observed that there is no proper optimal use of the personal safety procedure. It is recommended that employers and the contractor team should be responsible for the health and safety of the worker and follow the general guidelines for it. Productivity without safety cannot lead to profitability. Loss of some parts to loss of life is recorded due to a lack of construction safety practice-based theory of causation of accidents. Urgent needs of implementing proactive and reactive safety procedures at management, organization, and employee level should be focused on. There must be proper allocation of the safety items in the BOQ and the work done and personnel allocating doing the work should be aware of the hazards. The housekeeping and the preventive measures must be allocated and the proper use of the PPE too. The job satisfaction from the engineering team to the workforce must be provided by the organization.
Originality/Value: The study will be significant for policymakers and professionals to feel and experience the danger of the construction industry to avoid in their case as if we experience by doing the accident may we cannot be in a position to share the experience. The need for regulatory improvements will draw attention.
Paper Type: Empirical Research
Relationship between Screen Based Activity and Computer Vision Syndrome Complaints among Vocational High School Students
Authors: Lie Yohana , Suarningsih Ni Kadek Ayu , Krisnawati Komang Menik Sri
Published: March 2022

The development of the industrial revolution 4.0 era resulted in unlimited information technology media that are accessible to all people, especially teenagers who are currently studying. Activities that are using screen-based information technology media or Screen Based Activity (SBA), especially those that are not well controlled, can lead to physical disorders such as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). This study aims to determine the relationship between SBA and CVS complaints among Vocational High School Students. This research is a descriptive correlative study with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 255 students majoring in information technology. The sample was selected using simple random sampling technique. SBA data collection was measured using the adolescent sedentary activity questionnaire, and the CVS complaints were measured using the CVS questionnaire. The results of the bivariate analysis test for the relationship between SBA and CVS complaints using the Spearman Rank test obtained a significant value of 0.000 (p ≤ 0.05) where there was a significant relationship between SBA and CVS complaints in students with a moderate correlation value of 0.416 and a positive correlation direction. This means that with the increasing duration of the SBA, the CVS complaints will increase in students at Vocational High School 1 Denpasar and vice versa. The writer recommends that educational institutions should pay attention to SBA in students by providing knowledge about controlled SBA to prevent CVS complaints.

HIGHLIGHTS

The continuous use of screen-based technology on students for daily activities can lead to physical disturbances

The increase in complaints of CVS was found to be associated with the longer duration of SBA

It is necessary to raise awareness and knowledge regarding health effect related to prolonged SBA and optimize the exposure time along with preventive measures in order to reduce CVS complaints among students

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
La alimentación como acción, experiencia performática
Authors: Faba Muñoz Nuria
Published: March 2022

La alimentación, a lo largo de la historia, ha sido objeto de ser representada por diversas técnicas y disciplinas artísticas como: la pintura, la escultura, el dibujo o la fotografía. Sin embargo, existen otras disciplinas más cercanas al momento actual, como es el caso del vídeo o del arte de acción. El vídeo, en ocasiones, es mostrado como obra artística independiente y en otras como registro de acciones artísticas. Los artistas que recurren a la acción para expresar una idea, cuentan con múltiples elementos como: el espacio, el tiempo, el sonido, la luz, los objetos, los espectadores y su propio cuerpo. Estas acciones artísticas, en las que a la articulación de estos elementos se les suma la improvisación y la cadencia, son las denominadas por muchos curadores, artistas y teóricos como performances.En qué consiste la performancey en qué se diferencia de otras acciones artísticas, es un tema muy ambiguo objeto de discusión y desarrollo teórico. Del mismo modo y con una intencionalidad paralela se quiere dar a conocer los trabajos de artistas performersque han trabajado en la línea de la alimentación y con las acciones que se generan a su alrededor. Acciones cotidianas como el comprar, el cocinar, el comer o el relacionarse. Todo ello es entendido a través de las obras, de una selección de artistas performerscomo: Bobby Baker, Martha Rosler, Rirkirit Tiravanija, Antoni Miralda, Àlvar Calvet, Patty Chang o Romira de Novellis, entre otros. Cada artista, en su trabajo performático, ofrece una visión muy particular implícita en la acción cotidiana vinculada a la alimentación. La huella de esta acción puede ser muy diversa, suscitando reacciones muy dispares en los espectadores alejándolos de la indiferencia.alimentación, performance, experiencia artística, arte de acción, performers.
LA PINTURA Y OTRAS FUENTES DE DOCUMENTALES PARA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE UN RELATO VISUAL DE LA ALIMENTACIÓN
Authors: Garcia Olivares Gerardo Jesus
Published: March 2022

Mirar la pintura como otras fuentes visuales de documentación para construir un relato visual sobre la alimentación es de gran importancia ya que con ellos construimos un ideario de lo que es la alimentación actual y como ha ido transformándose a lo largo de los tiempo. En el arte rupestre, pintura, publicidad, diseño gráfico, arte contemporáneo, creación digital encontramos clara evidencia de que comíamos, como lo comíamos y con comíamos. Este artículo pretende mostrar que la historia del arte ha ido acompañando a la historia de la alimentación y que en la actualidad esta última encuentra en ellas una de las bases fundamentales para la construcción de un relato que de consistencia a analizar la alimentación en su vertiente histórica y que ayudan a construir y sostener un relato sobre la alimentación muy usado en los museo dedicados a este tema.
EL MUSEO ETNOLÓGICO COMO LABORATORIO SOCIOCULTURAL DE LA ALIMENTACIÓN
Authors: Pereiro Xerardo
Published: March 2022

Presento en este texto una mirada y un breve recorrido sobre la evolución del museo etnológico y la necesidad actual de convertirlo en un laboratorio sociocultural. A lo largo del mismo revisamos la diversidad de tipos de museos etnológicos, sus formas de cambiar y de adaptarse a los nuevos tiempos en este siglo XXI. Finalmente presentamos una propuesta para incluir la alimentación en la misión del museo en su transición a laboratorio sociocultural de la vida humana.
RESIDUOS DE COCO. ARTE Y VERMICOMPOSTADO PARA SU REUTILIZACIÓN
Authors: Soriano Soto Maria Desamparados , García Francisco , García-España Laura
Published: March 2022

Los residuos de coco son difíciles de eliminar y aunque presentan utilidad como sustrato en jardinería, su larga vida los hace útil para otras actividades, siendo muy utilizado dentro del arte para realizar manualidades y obras decorativas tanto en joyeria, adornos, instrumentos, etc. Además algunas partes del coco con dificil reutilización tras u uso agroindustrial puede procesarse por compostado transformándolo en un recurso útil como fertilizante, dada su alta proporción en nutrientes. Se menciona su utilidad en el arte y se presentan los resultados relativos a la reutilización de residuos de coco procedentes de una empresa emergente de Ecuador después de la utilización agroindustrial del coco. Los residuos compostados se prepararon adicionando estiercol de conejo y agua, y se analizaron en diferentes etapas del proceso de compostaje. Durante el proceso de transformación del residuo se controlaron parámetros como la temperatura y la humedad, se precisa una temperatura elevada para realizar la desinfección del producto final y manteniendo la humedad alrededor del 60% para facilitar el proceso. Los resultados muestran la riqueza en nutrientes del producto final, apto para su utilización como fertilizante, habiéndose iniciado los ensayos para poder utilizarse también como sustrato v para el desarrollo vegetal. El estudio se enmarca dentro de un Proyecto de Cooperación de la Universitat Politécnica de Valencia en la Escuela de Agronomia y del Medio Rural.
PENGARUH PELATIHAN KERJA, MOTIVASI KERJA DAN ETOS KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA SALES PT. ALFA SCORPH MEDAN
Authors: Pudyastuti Esty
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang mempunyai tujuan untuk Apakah pelatihan kerja, motivasi kerja dan etos kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja sales PT. Alfa Scorpii Medan. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan BUMN yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2013-2017. Jumlah sampel yang didapatkan dengan menggunakan beberapa kriteria adalah sebesar 100 data. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Analisis Regresi Logistik dengan bantuan program olah data E-Views (Statistical Product and Service Solution) versi 10. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel fixed asset intensity tidak berpengaruh terhadap keputusan revaluasi aset tetap, variabel liquidity dan variabel cash flow from operation berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap keputusan revaluasi aset tetap. Sedangkan, variabel leverage dan firm size berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap keputusan revaluasi aset tetap
PENGARUH PROMOSI, PENERAPAN PRINSIP SYARIAH, DAN BAGI HASIL TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN MENJADI BANK BNI SYARIAH
Authors: Efi Endang Dwi Setyo Rini
Published: March 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh promosi, penerapan prinsip syariah, bagi hasil terhadap keputusan manjadi nasabah Bank BNI Syariah Cabang Pasuruan. Untuk variabel dependen (Y) dalam penelitian ini adalah keputusan menjadi nasabah. Untuk variabel independen (X) meliputi, promosi (X1), penerapan prinsip syariah (X2), dan bagi hasil (X3).Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 100 orang dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode random sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis Regresi Linier Berganda, uji asumsi klasik, Uji signifikansi dan uji ketepatan model. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan berdasarkan uji t, variabel promosi (X1), penerapan prinsip syariah (X2), bagi hasil (X3) memiliki pengaruh terhadap keputusan menjadi nasabah (Y).
Comparative analysis of methods for determining the granulometric composition of soils in the Northern Azov region
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Boldyreva Veronika , Bezuglova Olga , Mezhenkov Anton , Litvinov Yuri , Morozov Igor
Published: March 2022

The article presents the results of a study of the particle-size distribution of ordinary calcareous chernozem using the following methods: field, classical pipet method, areometric method and laser diffraction method. When interpreting, the principle of logical and terminological analysis "term - definition - method - result - classification" was applied. A comparative analysis of the data obtained showed that the results of laboratory tests of the same soil samples depend both on the method of preparing soil samples and on the method of quantitative accounting of particles. Possible modifications of the preparation of soil samples are presented, which allow minimizing the resulting differences. The results were used to develop algorithms for aggregating disparate data into a single Soil Geographic Database of Russia. Keywords: GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION, METHODS OF DETERMINATION, DATABASE, CHERNOZEM ORDINARY CARBONATE
Development of a New Scale for Aircraft Weighing
Authors:   Technical Center for Information Technology and Electronics, Mihm Gerhard
Published: March 2022

In 2015 the existing scale for aircraft weighing failed calibration. The item was calibrated to the European standard for pressure calibration. This standard is more precise than the international standard. New items of same manufacturer passed calibration by the manufacturer and the international standard but also failed the European standard. Intensive market research showed that there is no scale on the market calibrated to the European standard with the precision needed. German Armed Forces was forced to look for a company with enough experience in the construction of pressure scales to construct the scale needed. The presentation will demonstrate the way of procurement of the scales, and also discuss solving problems that arose in getting the item into service.
Relationship between Biomedical Engineering and Metrology for Project Development
Authors:   Etalons SA de CV, Benitez Roberto
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, inter disciplinarity is a common characteristic in many work fields leading to the creation of work teams with the capacity of performing their duties and collaborating with people from other areas of study. The aim of this project is to remark the importance of the linking between Metrology and Biomedical Engineering (BE), so the combination of both fields can enlarge the useful life of medical devices by developing new methods and technologies to provide preventive maintenance and calibration of biomedical equipment. Since medical staff hugely depends on device measurements and displays, it creates a bigger uncertainty that only a team familiar with both metrology and biomedical knowledge can work on. For this, an important linking on BE undergraduate and graduate students along with a Calibration Laboratory is formed to achieve the demanding projects from health industry. To quantify and qualify the interest and knowledge of BE students, a total of 40 students were surveyed on a period of 5 days. Promising results were shown regarding on good basic knowledge of metrology concepts and encouraging interest by 60% of students. With these results, we can assure most students are willing to learn about metrology applied in the health industry for their consideration that it would bring a better and accurate performance of medical devices. Results showed a 65% of interest on including courses about metrology in their career curriculum. ETALONS -Calibration Laboratory- has already begun to recruit undergraduate students for the opportunity of internships, as well as participating along with Tecnológico de Monterrey (ITESM) for seminaries, congress conferences, metrology workshops, etc. On the other hand, seeing the promising interest of BE students for metrology, ETALONS has decided to propose a topic course for the BE curriculum on metrology focused on health industry as well as a project for the Innovation Week (Semana i) that ITESM carries out every year internally. According to this activities, students can have the convenience to learn, work and apply their knowledge on a company specialized on metrology and calibration services with a special department focused on BE.
Maximum Voltage and Possible Over Voltage Failure Mechanism of Multijunction Thermal Converters
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Cular Stefan
Published: March 2022

Multijunction Thermal Converters (MJTCs) with heater resistances between 200 Ω and 250 Ωwere tested to determine the maximum voltage prior to failure. The MJTC chips were mounted on alumina substrates and their temperature monitored with 100 Ω (resistance temperature detectors) RTDs. Thermal losses were considered to be minimal over the few millimeters from the MJTC chip to the RTD on the substrate. Thermal imaging was used to map and validate the temperature distribution across the MJTC chip. Voltage was applied to the MJTC in steps taking several minutes each, allowing the MJTC output voltage and substrate temperature to equilibrate. With 20 V applied to an MJTC for over 20 minutes the MJTC output was over 2.1 V, and the substrate temperature increased to 341 K prior to device failure. Based on these measured quantities, the temperature of the resistive element was estimated to have reached approximately 640 K. A Multiphysics model was developed to explore the experiment and confirmed the resistive element of the MJTC design could reach a temperature of approximately 700 K with 20 V applied. Further analysis of the heating of the resistive element, a 70 nm thick, Ni75Cr20Al2.5Cu2.5 film, revealed that at these high temperatures, the major constituents of the alloy could evaporate at a significant enough rate to remove the film within several minutes. Postmortem examination of the MJTCs revealed a pattern indicative of evaporation occurring with a hot spot in the center of the resistive element. With a better understanding of the MJTC failure mechanisms and operating parameter space it is possible to explore new design techniques to further expand the usable voltage range for multijunction thermal converters.
EA-Sponsored Interlaboratory Comparisons in Europe: The Process and the Lessons Learned
Authors:   Czech Metrology Institute, Klenovska Simona
Published: March 2022

In the globalized world mutual recognition arrangements (MRAs) at various levels concerning measurement and testing certificates play a crucial role in elimination of technical barriers to trade and in this context proficiency testing, PT(interlaboratory comparisons, ILCs, in calibration) have recently emerged as one of the most objective and effective methods of assessment of technical competence of laboratories. The European Cooperation for Accreditation (EA)decided in 2006 to put under test the validity of its part of the ILAC MRA by organizing EA-sponsored ILCs in Europe • at that time ILCs in physical metrology were quite scarce and EUROMET (at that time) was unwilling to take it over. The basic idea was that individual EA member accreditation bodies (ABs) would nominate calibration labs accredited by them to take part in such ILCs and external ILC providers (preferably those accredited according to EN ISO/IEC 17043)would be contracted to organize them on the EA's behalf. EA set up a corresponding working group called EA LC wg ILC(calibration and testing) to facilitate the process to avoid pitfalls experienced here in the past.
SI Redefinition and the Role of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants
Authors:   National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Wood Barry
Published: March 2022

In November 2018 representatives from over 58 countries will meet to approve a major revision to our international measurement system, the SI. This redefinition will be the most sweeping change in the last 140 years and remove the last defining artifact from the SI. In essence there definition of the SI will set the exact values of seven constants, five of which are fundamental constants of physics. This will intrinsically link physics and metrology, and in doing so improve the accuracy of our primary standards and make them inherently stable in both time and space. But how and who will chose those exact values? I will outline the history and work of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants, the committee that actually derives those values. I will review the problems that have been faced and how they were overcome and briefly outline the various committees and organizations that have contributed to the process of acceptance and final approval. Finally, I will outline how the measurement transition will be managed and what lies ahead after the redefinition of the SI.
New Automated Coaxial AC Bridge for Rapid Calibration of AC Resistors
Authors:   Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation, Koike Mariko
Published: March 2022

A new automated coaxial AC bridge 10:1 for the calibration of AC resistors from 0.1 O to 100kΩ in the frequency range from 50 Hz to 10 kHz has been fabricated by Japan Electric Meters Inspection Corporation (JEMIC). The distinguishing feature of our new AC bridge is that no injection signals are required to balance the bridge circuit, that is, the voltage difference is read directly. The system is computer-controlled using a coaxial mechanical scanner for setup, and it is only necessary to select 'start' on a PC. As a result, it takes less than one minute to calibrate an AC resistor. That is, our new method enables rapid calibration of the AC bridge. The AC bridge has been evaluated by using calculable resistance standards and by comparing it with a conventional AC bridge at JEMIC. The relative expanded uncertainties of the present system have been estimated to be 15×10-6 for the in-phase component and 30×10-6 for the quadrature component at 1 kHz.
Characterization of the Dimensions of Internal Gap in a Glass Artifact Using a Laser Triangulation Probe
Authors:   National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Ren Wei
Published: March 2022

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Dimensional Metrology Group (DMG) develops and delivers unique and critical high-value dimensional measurements that promote industry innovation, ensure product quality, and are not commercially available. In some cases, we need to use multiple measuring systems to provide our customers with the needed measurement results. This paper is the story of one of these measurements that involved a number of different instruments and is typical of the complexity of many of our customer requests. Recently, NIST provided a measurement solution for characterizing the gap width of a new biotechnology absorbance spectrometry standard reference material (SRM). This SRM is a reduced path length validation absorption standard for Ultraviolet (UV) visible spectroscopic measurements. The SRM consists of a series of very small rectangular glass containers called cuvettes and has been developed for the biotechnology community’s daily measurements of samples where the sample amount available is very limited: typically, samples include DNA, RNA, or an antibody. Identification of the exact substance by spectrometry measurements is based on how the substance absorbs light. The dimension of the gap between the inside walls of the cuvette is a critical characterization, therefore measurement of the gap width with low uncertainty is required.
O USO DA VENTOSATERAPIA E SUA ATUAÇÃO NA ESTÉTICA
Authors: Araujo Andrea Paula , Sousa Iolene de
Published: March 2022

Este estudo visa descrever os diversos usos da ventosaterapia especialmente na área da estética. Tal procedimento consiste na desobstrução de qualquer tipo de inativação do corpo, movimentação do sangue, assim como na renovação do vigor. Deste modo, é uma metodologia medicinal oriental com vários anos de sucesso e permeada de evidenciação que contribui grandemente para a saúde do ser humano. Por este motivo tem sido empregada na área da estética de forma recorrente, como apresentado ao longo deste trabalho. A presente pesquisa serve-se de uma revisão teórica para a coleta de dados, a qual utiliza fontes terciárias tais como: livros, trabalhos acadêmicos, sites, entre outras, publicadas entre 2015 e 2021. Os resultados apontam que este tipo de método tem sido bastante explorado devido a sua eficiência a um custo baixo. Sendo assim, relatos presentes na literatura mostram a sua eficácia na cicatrização, amenização das estrias, redução da circunferência abdominal, drenagem linfática, redução das celulites e redução da retenção de líquidos pelo organismo.
Technical note: Use of PM2.5 to CO ratio as a tracer of wildfire smoke in urban areas
Authors: Jaffe Daniel , Schnieder Brendan , Inouye Daniel
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Wildfires, and the resulting smoke, are an increasing problem in many regions of the world. However, identifying the contribution of smoke to pollutant loadings in urban regions can be challenging at lower concentrations due to the presence of the usual array of anthropogenic pollutants. Here we propose a method using the difference in PM to CO emission ratios between smoke and typical urban pollution. For smoke, emission ratios of PM2.5 to CO are between 200–300 µg m−3 ppb−1, whereas typical urban sources have an emission ratio that is lower by a factor of 4–10. This gives rise to the possibility of using this ratio as an indicator of smoke extent. We use observations a regulatory surface monitoring sites in Sparks, NV, for the period of May–September 2018–2021. During this time, there were many smoke-influenced periods from numerous California wildfires that burned during this period. Using a PM / CO ratio of 30, we can split the data into smoke-influenced and no-smoke periods. We then develop a Monte Carlo simulation, tuned to local conditions, to derive a set of PM2.5 / CO values that can be used to identify smoke influence in urban areas. From the simulation, we find that a smoke enhancement ratio of 140 µg m−3 ppb−1 best fits the observations, which is significantly lower than the ratio observed in fresh smoke plumes. The most likely explanation for this difference is greater loss of PM2.5 during dilution and transport to warmer surface layers. We find that the PM2.5 / CO ratio in urban areas is an excellent indicator of smoke and should prove to be useful to identify biomass burning influence on the policy relevant concentrations of both PM2.5 and O3. Using the results of our Monte Carlo simulation, this ratio can also quantify the influence of smoke on urban PM2.5.
The Impacts of Wildfires on Ozone Production and Boundary Layer Dynamics in California’s Central Valley
Authors: Pan Keming , Faloona Ian
Published: March 2022

Abstract. We investigate the role of wildfire smoke on ozone photochemical production (P(O3)) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) dynamics in California’s Central Valley during June–September, 2016–2020. Wildfire events are identified by the Hazard Mapping System (HMS) and Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). Air quality and meteorological data are analyzed from 10 monitoring sites operated by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) across the Central Valley. On average, wildfires were found to influence air quality in the Central Valley on about 20 % of the total summer days of the study. During wildfire influenced periods, maximum daily 8 h averaged (MDA8) O3 was enhanced by about 5.5 ppb or 10 % of the median MDA8 (once corrected for the slightly warmer temperatures) over the entire valley. Overall, nearly half of the total exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) where MDA8 O3 > 70 ppb, occur under the influence of wildfires, and approximately 10 % of those were in exceedance by 5 ppb or less indicating circumstances that would have been in compliance with the NAAQS were it not for wildfire emissions. The photochemical ozone production rate calculated from the modified Leighton relationship was also found to be higher by 26 % on average compared to non-fire periods despite the average diminution of j(NO2) by ~7 % due to the shading effect of the wildfire smoke plumes. Furthermore, the in-situ ozone production rates are found to be elevated due to enhancement of both peroxy radicals and NO in near equal measure. Surface heat flux measurements from two AmeriFlux sites in the Northern San Joaquin Valley show midday surface buoyancy fluxes decrease by 30 % on average when influenced by wildfire smoke. Similarly, afternoon peak ABL heights measured from a radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) located in Visalia in the Southern San Joaquin Valley were found to decrease on average by 80 m (~15 %) with a concomitant reduction of downwelling shortwave radiation of 54 Wm-2, consistent with past observations of the dependence of boundary layer heights on insolation.
A high transmission axial ion mobility classifier for mass-mobility measurements of atmospheric ions
Authors: Leiminger Markus Sebastian , Fischer Lukas Christoph , Brilke Sophia , Resch Julian , Winkler Paul , Hansel Armin , Steiner Gerhard
Published: March 2022

Abstract. We present an electrical mobility classifier for mass-mobility measurements of atmospheric ions. Size segregation coupled with mass spectrometric detection of naturally occurring ions in the atmosphere is challenging due to the low ion concentration. Conventional electrical mobility classifying devices were not yet coupled with mass spectrometry to resolve natural ion composition. This is either due to the insufficient transmission efficiency, or design concepts are incompatible with this application e.g., using high electric fields close to the inlets to push ions from high to low electric potential. Here, we introduce an axial ion mobility classifier, termed AMC, with the aim to achieve higher transmission efficiencies to segregate natural ions at reasonable sizing resolution. Similar, to the recently introduced principle of the high-pass electrical mobility filter (HP-EMF) presented by Bezantakos et al., 2015, and Surawski et al., 2017, ions are classified via an electric field that is opposed to the gas flow direction carrying the ions. Compared to the HP-EMF concept, we make use of sheath flows to improve the size resolution in the sub 3 nm range. With our new design we achieve a sizing resolution of 7 with a transmission efficiency of about 70 %.
Effects of peatland management on aquatic carbon concentrations and fluxes
Authors: Pickard Amy E. , Branagan Marcella , Billett Mike F. , Andersen Roxane , Dinsmore Kerry J.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Direct land-to-atmosphere carbon exchange has been the primary focus in
previous studies of peatland disturbance and subsequent restoration.
However, loss of carbon via the fluvial pathway is a significant term in
peatland carbon budgets and requires consideration to assess the overall
impact of restoration measures. This study aimed to determine the effect of
peatland land management regime on aquatic carbon concentrations and fluxes
in an area within the UK's largest tract of blanket bog, the Flow Country of
northern Scotland. Three sub-catchments were selected to represent peatland land
management types: non-drained, drained, and restoration (achieved through
drain blocking and tree removal). Water samples were collected on a
fortnightly basis from September 2008 to August 2010 at six sampling sites,
one located upstream and one downstream within each sub-catchment.
Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were significantly lower for the upstream non-drained
sub-catchment compared to the drained sub-catchments, and there was
considerable variation in the speciation of aquatic carbon (DOC, particulate organic carbon (POC),
CO2, and CH4) across the monitoring sites, with dissolved gas
concentrations inversely correlated with catchment area and thereby
contributing considerably more to total aquatic carbon in the smaller
headwater catchments. Significantly higher POC concentrations were observed
in the restored sub-catchment most affected by tree removal. Aquatic carbon
fluxes were highest from the drained catchments and lowest from the
non-drained catchments at 23.5 and 7.9 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively,
with variability between the upstream and downstream sites within each
catchment being very low. It is clear from both the aquatic carbon concentration
and flux data that drainage has had a profound impact on the hydrological
and biogeochemical functioning of the peatland. In the restoration
catchment, carbon export varied considerably, from 21.1 g C m−2 yr−1 at the upper site to 10.0 g C m−2 yr−1 at the lower
site, largely due to differences in runoff generation. As a result of this
hydrological variability, it is difficult to make definitive conclusions
about the impact of restoration on carbon fluxes, and further monitoring is
needed to corroborate the longer-term effects.
Physiological and climate controls on foliar mercury uptake by European tree species
Authors: Wohlgemuth Lena , Rautio Pasi , Ahrends Bernd , Russ Alexander , Vesterdal Lars , Waldner Peter , Timmermann Volkmar , Eickenscheidt Nadine , Fürst Alfred , Greve Martin , Roskams Peter , Thimonier Anne , Nicolas Manuel , Kowalska Anna , Ingerslev Morten , Merilä Päivi , Benham Sue , Iacoban Carmen , Hoch Günter , Alewell Christine , Jiskra Martin
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Despite the importance of vegetation uptake of atmospheric gaseous elemental
mercury (Hg(0)) within the global Hg cycle, little knowledge exists on the
physiological, climatic, and geographic factors controlling stomatal uptake
of atmospheric Hg(0) by tree foliage. We investigate controls on foliar
stomatal Hg(0) uptake by combining Hg measurements of 3569 foliage samples
across Europe with data on tree species' traits and environmental conditions.
To account for foliar Hg accumulation over time, we normalized foliar Hg
concentration over the foliar life period from the simulated start of the
growing season to sample harvest. The most relevant parameter impacting daily foliar stomatal Hg uptake was
tree functional group (deciduous versus coniferous trees). On average, we
measured 3.2 times higher daily foliar stomatal Hg uptake rates in deciduous
leaves than in coniferous needles of the same age. Across tree species, for
foliage of beech and fir, and at two out of three forest plots with more
than 20 samples, we found a significant (p<0.001) increase in
foliar Hg values with respective leaf nitrogen concentrations. We therefore
suggest that foliar stomatal Hg uptake is controlled by tree functional
traits with uptake rates increasing from low to high nutrient content
representing low to high physiological activity. For pine and spruce
needles, we detected a significant linear decrease in daily foliar stomatal
Hg uptake with the proportion of time during which water vapor pressure
deficit (VPD) exceeded the species-specific threshold values of 1.2 and
3 kPa, respectively. The proportion of time within the growing season during
which surface soil water content (ERA5-Land) in the region of forest plots
was low correlated negatively with foliar Hg uptake rates of beech and pine.
These findings suggest that stomatal uptake of atmospheric Hg(0) is
inhibited under high VPD conditions and/or low soil water content due to the
regulation of stomatal conductance to reduce water loss under dry
conditions. Other parameters associated with forest sampling sites (latitude
and altitude), sampled trees (average age and diameter at breast height), or
regional satellite-observation-based transpiration product (Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model: GLEAM) did not
significantly correlate with daily foliar Hg uptake rates. We conclude that
tree physiological activity and stomatal response to VPD and soil water
content should be implemented in a stomatal Hg model to assess future Hg
cycling under different anthropogenic emission scenarios and global warming.
Building confidence in STEM students through breaking (unseen) barriers
Authors: Heron Philip Joseph , Williams Jamie A.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) subjects have historically struggled to be inclusive and accessible to students from diverse backgrounds. The field of geoscience, in particular, has also had challenges in diversity with respect to staff and student recruitment. The consequence of non-inclusive practices still propagates today, with certain demographics not engaging in STEM activities. As a result, there needs to be conscious efforts to adopt equity, diversity, and inclusive (EDI) initiatives for subjects such as geoscience to grow. In this article, we outline the steps we have taken to break down known (and unknown) barriers to education in the teaching of a science outreach course to a diverse student body. Our outreach course, Think Like A Scientist, has been running in a number of UK prisons since 2019. Although the program is tailored to the restrictive prison environment, the application of its core principles to education are fundamental EDI practises that could be beneficial to a wide audience. In this paper, we outline our reasoning for specific pedagogical choices in the classroom when working with students that have low confidence in STEM education, and highlight the need for engagement that is relatable, accessible, inclusive, and offers encouragement.
Vegetation reconstruction using plant wax n-alkane chain length distribution and δ13C of multiple chains: A multi-source mixing model using Bayesian framework
Authors: Yang Deming , Bowen Gabriel
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Plant wax n-alkane chain length distribution and δ13C have been studied in modern ecosystems as proxies to reconstruct vegetation and climate of the past. Studies on modern plants often report both chain-specific n-alkane concentrations and δ13C values. However, studies on geological archives interpret only one proxy, while both carry crucial information on the mixing sources. We propose a multi-source mixing model in a Bayesian framework that evaluates both proxies simultaneously. The model consists of priors that include user-defined source groups and their associated parametric distributions of n-alkane concentration and δ13C with well characterized uncertainties. The mixing process involves newly defined mixing fractions such as fractional leaf mass contribution (FLMC) that can be used in vegetation reconstruction, and fractional source contribution to a specific n-alkane homologue (FSCn). Markov Chain Monte Carlo is used to generate samples from the posterior distribution conditioned on both proxies. We present two case studies with distinct sets of priors. One involves n-C27, n-C29 and n-C31 alkanes in lake surface sediments of Lake Qinghai, China. The model provides more specific interpretations on the n-alkane input from aquatic sources than the conventional Paq proxy. The other involves n-C29, n-C31 and n-C33 alkanes in lake surface sediments in Cameroon, western Africa. The model produces mixing fractions of forest C3, savanna C3, and C4 plants, offering additional information on the dominant biomes compared to the traditional two-endmember mixing regime. FSCn can be used to assess the interpretation of associated n-alkane δ2H values, and future versions of the model incorporating lipid H isotope systematics could support integration of this proxy with C isotope and chain length distribution data. Despite the achievements, processes associated with n-alkane integration into sedimentary archives have not been incorporated, and the model could be further improved by adding components such as n-alkane turnover and transportation. Future studies on modern plants and catchment systems will be critical to develop calibration datasets that advance the strength and utility of the framework.
Microwave radiometry experiment for snow in Altay China: in situ time series of data for electromagnetic and physical features of snow pack and environment
Authors: Dai Liyun , Che Tao , Zhang Yang , Ren Zhiguo , Tan Junlei , Akynbekkyzy Meerzhan , Xiao Lin , Zhou Shengnan , Yan Yuna , Liu Yan , Li Hongyi , Wang Lifu
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Snow depth is a key parameter in climatic and hydrological systems. Passive microwave remote sensing, snow process model and data assimilation are the main methods to estimate snow depth in large scale. The estimation accuracies strongly depend on input of snow parameters or characteristics. Because the evolving processes of snow parameters vary spatiotemporally, and are difficult to accurately simulate or observe, large uncertainties and inconsistence exist among existing snow depth products. Therefore, a comprehensive experiment is needed to understand the involution processes of snow characteristics and their influence on microwave radiation of snowpack, evaluating and improving the snow depth and SWE retrieval and simulation methods. An Integrated Microwave Radiometry Campaign for snow (IMCS) was conducted at the Altay National Reference Meteorological station (ANRMS) in Xinjiang, China, during snow season of 2015/2016. The campaign hosted a dual polarized microwave radiometer operating at L, K and Ka bands to provide minutely passive microwave observations of snow cover at a fixed site, daily manual snow pit measurements, ten-minute automatic 4-component radiation and layering snow temperatures, covering a whole snow season of 2015/2016. The measurements of meteorological and underlying soil parameters were requested from the ANRMS. This study provides a summary of the obtained data, detailing measurement protocols for microwave radiometry, in situ sow pit and station observation data. A brief analysis of the microwave signatures against snow parameters is presented. A consolidated dataset of observations, comprising the ground passive microwave brightness temperatures, in situ snow characteristics, 4-component radiation and weather parameters, was achieved in the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, China. The dataset is unique in providing continuously daily snow pits data over a snow season at a fixed site and matched microwave brightness temperatures, radiation and meteorological data. The dataset is expected to serve for the evaluation and development of the microwave and optical radiative transfer models and snow evolution process models. The consolidated data are available at https://data.tpdc.ac.cn/en/ (doi: 10.11888/Snow.tpdc.270886) (Dai, 2020).
Introducing new lightning schemes into the CHASER (MIROC) chemistry climate model
Authors: He Yanfeng , Hoque Hossain Mohammed Syedul , Sudo Kengo
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) associated with lightning activities (hereinafter designated as LNOx) is a major source of NOx. In fact, it is regarded as the most dominant NOx source in the upper troposphere. Therefore, improve the prediction accuracy of lightning and LNOx in chemical climate models is crucially important. This study implemented two new lightning schemes with the CHASER (MIROC) global chemical transport/climate model. The first lightning scheme is based on upward cloud ice flux (ICEFLUX scheme), whereas the second, also adopted in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) forecasting system (original ECMWF scheme). In the case of the original ECMWF scheme, by tuning the equations and adjustment factors for land and ocean, a modified ECMWF scheme was also tested in CHASER. In the original version of CHASER (MIROC), lightning is initially parameterized with the widely used cloud top height scheme (CTH scheme). Model evaluations with lightning observations conducted using an optical transient detector (OTD) indicate that both the ICEFLUX and ECMWF schemes simulate the spatial distribution of lightning more accurately on a global scale than the CTH scheme does. The modified ECMWF scheme showed the highest prediction accuracy for the global distribution of lightning. Validation by atmospheric tomography (ATom) aircraft observations and tropospheric monitoring instrument (TROPOMI) satellite observations shows that the ICEFLUX scheme reduced the model biases to a greater extent than the ECMWF schemes when compared using the CTH scheme. The effects of the newly introduced lightning schemes on the tropospheric chemical fields were evaluated by comparison with the CTH scheme. Although the newly implemented lightning schemes have a minor effect on the tropospheric mean oxidation capacity compared to the CTH scheme, they led to marked change of oxidation capacity in different regions of the troposphere. Long-term trend analyses of flash and surface temperatures predicted using CHASER (2001–2020) show that lightning schemes predicted an increasing trend of lightning, except for the ICEFLUX scheme, which predicted a decreasing trend of lightning. The global lightning rates of increase during 2001–2020 predicted by the CTH scheme were 17.86 %/°C and 2.60 %/°C, respectively, with and without nudging, which are slightly beyond the range of an earlier study (5 %/°C–16 %/°C). Furthermore, the ECMWF schemes predicted a larger increasing trend of lightning flash rates under global warming by a factor of 3 (modified ECMWF scheme) and 5 (original ECMWF scheme) compared to the CTH scheme without nudging. In conclusion, the two new lightning schemes improved global lightning prediction in the CHASER model. However, further research is needed to assess the reproductivity of long-term trends of lightning.
An ensemble Kalman filter system with the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model v1.0
Authors: Ohishi Shun , Hihara Tsutomu , Aiki Hidenori , Ishizaka Joji , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Kachi Misako , Miyoshi Takemasa
Published: March 2022

Abstract. This study develops an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF)-based regional ocean data assimilation system, in which the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) is implemented with the Stony Brook Parallel Ocean Model (sbPOM) version 1.0 to assimilate satellite and in-situ observations at a daily frequency. A series of sensitivity experiments are performed with various settings of the incremental analysis update (IAU) and covariance inflation methods, for which the relaxation-to-prior perturbations and spread (RTPP and RTPS, respectively) and multiplicative inflation (MULT) are considered. We evaluate the geostrophic balance and the analysis accuracy compared with the control experiment in which the IAU and covariance inflation are not applied. The results show that the IAU improves the geostrophic balance, degrades the accuracy, and reduces the ensemble spread, and that the RTPP and RTPS have the opposite effect. The experiment using the combination of the IAU and RTPP results in significant improvement for both balance and accuracy when the RTPP parameter is 0.8–0.9. The combination of the IAU and RTPS improves the balance when the RTPS parameter is ≤ 0.8 and increases the accuracy for the parameter values between 1.0 and 1.1, but the balance and accuracy are not improved significantly at the same time. The experiments with MULT do not demonstrate sufficient skill in maintaining the balance and reproducing the surface flow field regardless of whether the IAU is applied or not. Therefore, the combination of the IAU and RTPP with the parameter of 0.8–0.9 is found to be the best setting for the EnKF-based ocean data assimilation system.