bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat degradation is threatening reef replenishment by making fish fearless
Authors: Lönnstedt Oona M. , McCormick Mark I. , Chivers Douglas P. , Ferrari Maud C. O.
Published: February 2014

Habitat degradation is one of the ‘Big Five’ drivers of biodiversity loss. However, the mechanisms responsible for this progressive loss of biodiversity are poorly understood. In marine ecosystems, corals play the role of ecosystem engineers, providing essential habitat for hundreds of thousands of species and hence their health is crucial to the stability of the whole ecosystem.

Climate change is causing coral bleaching and degradation, and while this has been known for a while, little do we know about the cascading consequences of these events on the complex interrelationships between predators and their prey. The goal of our study was to investigate, under completely natural conditions, the effect of coral degradation on predator–prey interactions.

Settlement stage ambon damselfish (Pomacentrus amboinensis), a common tropical fish, were released on patches of healthy or dead corals, and their behaviours in situ were measured, along with their response to injured conspecific cues, a common risk indicator. This study also explored the effect of habitat degradation on natural levels of mortality at a critical life‐history transition.

We found that juveniles in dead corals displayed risk‐prone behaviours, sitting further away and higher up on the reef patch, and failed to respond to predation cues, compared to those on live coral patches. In addition, in situ survival experiments over 48 h indicated that juveniles on dead coral habitats had a 75% increase in predation‐related mortality, compared to fish released on live, healthy coral habitats.

Our results provide the first of many potential mechanisms through which habitat degradation can impact the relationship between prey and predators in the coral reef ecosystem. As the proportion of dead coral increases, the recruitment and replenishment of coral reef fishes will be threatened, and so will the level of diversity in these biodiversity hot spots.
The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline
Authors: Sperber GH , Sperber SM
Published: February 2014

The craniofacial complex encapsulates the brain and contains the organs for key functions of the body, including sight, hearing and balance, smell, taste, respiration and mastication. All these systems are intimately integrated within the head. The combination of these diverse systems into a new field was dictated by the dental profession's desire for a research branch of basic science devoted and attuned to its specific needs. The traditional subjects of genetics, embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, dental materials, odontology, molecular biology and palaeoanthropology pertaining to dentistry have been drawn together by many newly emerging technologies. These new technologies include gene sequencing, CAT scanning, MRI imaging, laser scanning, image analysis, ultrasonography, spectroscopy and visualosonics. A vibrant unitary discipline of investigation, craniofacial biology, has emerged that builds on the original concept of ‘oral biology’ that began in the 1960s. This paper reviews some of the developments that have led to the genesis of craniofacial biology as a fully‐fledged health science discipline of significance in the advancement of clinical dental practice. Some of the key figures and milestones in craniofacial biology are identified.
Perceived Discrimination Among African American Adolescents and Allostatic Load: A Longitudinal Analysis With Buffering Effects
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Lei Man‐Kit , Chae David H. , Yu Tianyi , Kogan Steven M. , Beach Steven R. H.
Published: February 2014

This study was designed to examine the prospective relations of perceived racial discrimination with allostatic load (AL), along with a possible buffer of the association. A sample of 331 African Americans in the rural South provided assessments of perceived discrimination from ages 16 to 18 years. When youth were 18 years, caregivers reported parental emotional support and youth assessed peer emotional support. AL and potential confounder variables were assessed when youth were 20. Latent growth mixture modeling identified two perceived discrimination classes: high and stable, and low and increasing. Adolescents in the high and stable class evinced heightened AL even with confounder variables controlled. The racial discrimination to AL link was not significant for young adults who received high emotional support.
Effects of different periods of hypoxic training on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity
Authors: Morishima Takuma , Hasegawa Yuta , Sasaki Hiroto , Kurihara Toshiyuki , Hamaoka Takafumi , Goto Kazushige
Published: February 2014

This study examined the effects of different periods of hypoxic training on glucose metabolism. Sedentary subjects underwent hypoxic training (FiO2 = 15·0%) for either 2 weeks (2‐week group; n = 11) or 4 weeks (4‐week group; n = 10). The 2‐week group conducted training sessions on 6 days week−1 for 2 weeks, whereas the 4‐week group conducted training sessions on 3 days week−1 for 4 weeks. Body fat mass or abdominal fat area did not change after training period in either group. VO2max increased in both groups after training period (42 ± 2 versus 43 ± 2 ml min−1 kg−1 in 2‐week group, 41 ± 1 versus 42 ± 2 ml min−1 kg−1 in 4‐week group). Both groups showed a reduction in mean blood pressure after training period (92 ± 3 versus 90 ± 3 mmHg in 2‐week group, 91 ± 2 versus 87 ± 2 mmHg in 4‐week group, P≤0·05). No change was observed in blood glucose response after glucose ingestion after training period. However, area under the curve for serum insulin concentrations after glucose ingestion significantly decreased in only 4‐week group (6910 ± 763 versus 5812 ± 872 μIU ml−1 120 min, P≤0·05). In conclusion, hypoxic training reduced blood pressure with independent on training duration. However, a longer period of hypoxic training led to greater improvements in insulin sensitivity compared with equivalent training over a shorter period, suggesting that hypoxic training programmes for more than 4 weeks might be more beneficial for improving insulin sensitivity.
Challenging current views on apolipoprotein E's role as stroke predictor
Authors: Hermann D. M.
Published: February 2014

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Fiber‐post bond strength in canals obturated with a cross‐linked gutta‐percha core obturator
Authors: Scotti Nicola , Coero Borga Francesco A. , Alovisi Mario , Bergantin Emanuele , Marchionni Silvia , Pasqualini Damiano , Berutti Elio
Published: February 2014

The aim of this in‐vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of fiber posts cemented in a root canal filled using various root‐canal obturation techniques. A total of 33 monoradicular samples, treated endodontically, were randomly assigned to three groups according to the root‐canal obturation technique: group 1, continuous‐wave technique; group 2, plastic‐obturator‐core technique; and group 3, cross‐linked gutta‐percha obturator‐core technique. Fiber posts were luted in each sample and each was sectioned perpendicular to the post axis. The push‐out test was performed using a universal machine and the maximum failure load was recorded in MPa mm−2. Several samples were randomly chosen for scanning electron microscopy evaluation. The mean debris and dentinal tubule‐opening scores were calculated separately in the coronal and apical portions. Bond strength was significantly higher in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. Debris scores were significantly higher in the apical portion of groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. Within the limitations of this study it can be affirmed that thermoplasticized alpha gutta‐percha seemed to worsen the cleaning of post‐space walls and hence reduced fiber‐post bond strength.
The Influence of Social Environment: Behavior of Unrelated Adults Affects Future Juvenile Behaviors
Authors: Liebgold Eric B.
Published: February 2014

Juveniles' behaviors are often influenced by the behaviors of conspecifics. Most experimental studies of the influence of conspecific behavior vary the social environment by the presence or absence of conspecifics or investigate the impact of the outcome of social encounters (winner/loser effects) but less frequently expose individuals to variation in behavioral phenotypes present in the social environment. Based on previous work showing that juveniles of the salamander Plethodon cinereus are likely to interact frequently with non‐parental adults, I hypothesized that territorial adults in the social environment alter the future behaviors of juveniles. I measured the intracohort social behaviors of juvenile salamanders collected from two geographic areas, Michigan (MI) and Virginia (VA), before and after housing with ostensibly territorial (VA) or non‐territorial (MI) adults. There were overall effects of adult territoriality and aggression on the behavior of juveniles. However, juveniles from populations in MI were especially susceptible to behavioral modification. Compared with behaviors prior to being housed with adults, MI juveniles increased investigatory and escape behaviors in juvenile–juvenile interactions after being housed with adults that displayed territorial behaviors and decreased investigatory and escape behaviors after being housed with non‐territorial adults. This study shows that not only is a specific behavior, territoriality of adult salamanders, a social environment that modifies future juvenile behaviors, but the effects of social environment may differ between populations.
Climate controls the distribution of a widespread invasive species: implications for future range expansion
Authors: McDowell W. G. , Benson A. J. , Byers J. E.
Published: February 2014

Two dominant drivers of species distributions are climate and habitat, both of which are changing rapidly. Understanding the relative importance of variables that can control distributions is critical, especially for invasive species that may spread rapidly and have strong effects on ecosystems.

Here, we examine the relative importance of climate and habitat variables in controlling the distribution of the widespread invasive freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea, and we model its future distribution under a suite of climate scenarios using logistic regression and maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt).

Logistic regression identified climate variables as more important than habitat variables in controlling Corbicula distribution. MaxEnt modelling predicted Corbicula's range expansion westward and northward to occupy half of the contiguous United States. By 2080, Corbicula's potential range will expand 25–32%, with more than half of the continental United States being climatically suitable.

Our combination of multiple approaches has revealed the importance of climate over habitat in controlling Corbicula's distribution and validates the climate‐only MaxEnt model, which can readily examine the consequences of future climate projections.

Given the strong influence of climate variables on Corbicula's distribution, as well as Corbicula's ability to disperse quickly and over long distances, Corbicula is poised to expand into New England and the northern Midwest of the United States. Thus, the direct effects of climate change will probably be compounded by the addition of Corbicula and its own influences on ecosystem function.
Climate Change, Environmental Governance and the Scale Problem
Authors: Haarstad Håvard
Published: February 2014

As the world faces critical challenges in resource and energy sustainability, the importance of transforming the way governance institutions work across scales is increasingly recognized by policy makers, policy advocates and scientists. The scale problem has become a central topic of discussion in different disciplines, but it is one to which the discipline of geography has a particularly important contribution to make. This article argues for geography's relational concept of scale – seeing scales as interconnected arenas produced and constructed by social action, rather than naturally existing, discrete units – and shows some implications this has for how we frame and act on environmental issues. In particular, a relational perspective on scale changes the way we frame the scalar “existence” of environmental problems and how we assign responsibility. This can open new possibilities for analyses and for politics that can be mobilized around these problems.
Geographies of Marriage and Migration: Arranged Marriages and South Asians in Britain
Authors: Pande Raksha
Published: February 2014

This article examines the extant literature on marriage and migration with reference to the South Asian populations in Britain (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi). It will focus specifically on debates surrounding the practice of arranged marriages, their purpose, value and status in Britain. It will identify a gap in the literature when it comes to theorising and revealing the contemporary lived experience of arranged marriage among South Asians in Britain through lenses other than that of forced marriage. The article will begin by discussing the different ways in which arranged marriages have been defined. Central to this discussion will be an examination of how arranged marriages, as they are practised by the South Asian diaspora, are viewed as opposed to western notions of marriage. It will make a case for a renewed understanding of the institution of arranged marriage, one which gives due recognition to the affective register of such practices. It will conclude by calling for human geography research to attend to how contemporary British South Asians ‘do’ an arranged marriage, in order to see the ways in which this practice has been translated and reworked to suit individual aspiration and new (trans)national contexts.
Hydrothermal, multiphase convection of H2O‐NaCl fluids from ambient to magmatic temperatures: a new numerical scheme and benchmarks for code comparison
Authors: Weis P. , Driesner T. , Coumou D. , Geiger S.
Published: February 2014

Thermohaline convection of subsurface fluids strongly influences heat and mass fluxes within the Earth's crust. The most effective hydrothermal systems develop in the vicinity of magmatic activity and can be important for geothermal energy production and ore formation. As most parts of these systems are inaccessible to direct observations, numerical simulations are necessary to understand and characterize fluid flow. Here, we present a new numerical scheme for thermohaline convection based on the control volume finite element method (CVFEM), allowing for unstructured meshes, the representation of sharp thermal and solute fronts in advection‐dominated systems and phase separation of variably miscible, compressible fluids. The model is an implementation of the Complex Systems Modelling Platform CSMP++ and includes an accurate thermodynamic representation of strongly nonlinear fluid properties of salt water for magmatic‐hydrothermal conditions (up to 1000°C, 500 MPa and 100 wt% NaCl). The method ensures that all fluid properties are taken as calculated on the respective node using a fully upstream‐weighted approach, which greatly increases the stability of the numerical scheme. We compare results from our model with two well‐established codes, HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, by conducting benchmarks of different complexity and find good to excellent agreement in the temporal and spatial evolution of the hydrothermal systems. In a simulation with high‐temperature, high‐salinity conditions currently outside of the range of both HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, we show the significance of the formation of a solid halite phase, which introduces heterogeneity. Results suggest that salt added by magmatic degassing is not easily vented or accommodated within the crust and can result in dynamic, complex hydrologies.
The Interaction of a Histidine‐Rich Protein Hpn with the Membrane Mimics: Implications for Pathologic Roles of Hpn in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Zhou Qinglu , Qi Shuang , Sun Xuesong , Ge Ruiguang
Published: February 2014

Background

Hpn is a small histidine‐rich protein in Helicobacter pylori. This protein has been shown to play roles in nickel storage and detoxification and to exhibit cytotoxicity to gastric epithelial cells. Hpn can be secreted outside of the bacterium and forms amyloid‐like structures.

Objective

To study the interactions between Hpn and membrane mimics, which may further our understanding of the pathologic roles of this bacterium.

Methods

Various biochemical and biophysical methods, such as secondary structure determination be CD, calcein release assay with fluorescence spectrometry, and Laurdan and Prodan generalized polarization determination have been used to characterize the interaction between Hpn and membrane mimics.

Results

Membrane mimics induced the formation of α‐helix in Hpn. The interaction disrupts the integrity of the membrane mimics and leads to the release of inner calcein probe. The experiments involving the Laurdan and Prodan fluorescence indicated that increasing the total protein/lipid ratio leads to a less ordered and more hydrated lipid membrane structure close to the water/lipid interface of lipid bilayers modeling the mitochondrial inner membrane.

Conclusion

The present data indicated that Hpn may take part in the pathological roles of Helicobacter pylori through membrane interactions.
ENTANGLED MEMORY: TOWARD A THIRD WAVE IN MEMORY STUDIES
Authors: FEINDT GREGOR , KRAWATZEK FÉLIX , MEHLER DANIELA , PESTEL FRIEDEMANN , TRIMÇEV RIEKE
Published: February 2014

This essay takes up the call for a “third phase” in memory studies and makes theoretical and methodological suggestions for its further development. Starting from an understanding of memory that centers on memory's temporality, its relation to language, and its quality as a social action, the essay puts forward the concept of “entangled memory.” On a theoretical level, it brings to the fore the entangledness of acts of remembering. In a synchronic perspective, memory's entangledness is presented as twofold. Every act of remembering inscribes an individual in multiple social frames. This polyphony entails the simultaneous existence of concurrent interpretations of the past. In a diachronic perspective, memory is entangled in the dynamic relation between single acts of remembering and changing mnemonic patterns. Memory scholars therefore uncover boundless cross‐referential configurations. Wishing to enhance the dialogue between the theoretical and the empirical parts of memory studies, we propose four devices that serve as a heuristic in the study of memory's entanglement: chronology against time, conflict, generations, and self‐reflexivity. Current debates on European memory permit us to explore the possible benefits that the concept of entangled memory carries for memory studies.
LÖWITH, LÖWITH'S HEIDEGGER, AND THE UNITY OF HISTORY
Authors: TRÜPER HENNING
Published: February 2014

This article is about the problem of the unity of history as seen through the writings of Karl Löwith. By “unity of history” I understand the notion that all history constitutes one and only one range of kinds of objects and/or one field of knowledge. The article argues that the problem of the unity of history—though often neglected as a matter of mere argumentative infrastructure—is central to a number of wider problems, most prominently the possibility of a plural understanding of historicity and the possibility of ultimately avoiding a unified historical teleology. The article revisits Löwith's writings and proposes a variety of novel interpretations with the aim of evincing the centrality, and of exploring diverse aspects, of the problematic of the unity of history. This problematic is shown to have informed Löwith's work on the secularization thesis as well as his debate with Hans Blumenberg. The foundations of Löwith's discussion of the problem are pursued across his ambivalent critique and appropriation of Heidegger's model of an ontology of historicity as marked by inevitable internal conflict and thus disunity. The paper reconstructs the manner in which, after the Second World War, Löwith's philosophy of history sought to salvage basic traits of the Heideggerian model when it tried to establish the possibility of plural historicity from a notion of the natural cosmos. It is demonstrated that the motives for this salvage operation ultimately extended beyond the problem of Löwith's reception of Heidegger and concerned the possibility of continuing any debate on the philosophy of history.
AN OPEN INVITATION?: ADDING LINKS TO THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Carbonell Bettina M.
Published: February 2014

Gradual changes in the way historians select, interpret, and represent aspects of the past are related to equally or perhaps more gradual changes in museum practice. Edited collections on this subject reflect the state of both disciplines and offer an opportunity to evaluate trends, assess progress, and forecast the future. The collection examined in this review essay focuses on the idea of sharing historical authority: How far have we come? What methods have been used? What is the value of collaborative effort? Have technological developments, including digital media and the “participatory Web,” really enabled more inclusive participation? The analysis of the collection includes specific attention to the text itself as an exhibitionary object and emphasizes the effects of its unusual design elements, deictic signals, and heterogeneous genres—particularly the case studies and “thought pieces” that form a significant part of the collection. Other focal points include: the interrogative mood of the text and its call for active reading; explicit historical, social, and disciplinary contexts; and precursor texts that have addressed similar subject matter.
A novel HLA‐B*18:80 allele identified by SBT typing in an Italian bone marrow volunteer donor
Authors: Lochmann E. , Frison S. , Longhi E. , Moscetti A. , Vecchiato C.
Published: February 2014

A novel allele, officially named B*18:80, was detected in a Caucasoid individual by polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers and SBT. The new allele differs from B*18:01:01 at two nucleotidic positions in codon 24 at exon 2.
Analysis of polymorphic sites in the promoter of the nitric oxide synthase 2 gene in Brazilian patients with leprosy
Authors: Messias‐Reason I. J. T. , van Tong H. , Velavan T. P.
Published: February 2014

Leprosy is one of the most neglected infectious tropical diseases of the skin and the nerves caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae. The inducible NOS isoform encoded by NOS2A plays a vital role in host defence against bacterial infections. The functional promoter polymorphisms in NOS2A are associated with various autoimmune and infectious diseases. We investigated the association of NOS2A variants with progression of leprosy in a Brazilian cohort including 221 clinically classified patients and 103 unrelated healthy controls. We observed a novel variant ss528838018A/G in the promoter region at position −6558. The other functional variants were observed with low frequency of minor allele (<0.005). NOS2A promoter variant (−954G/C) was not observed in Brazilian populations, and the new observed promoter variant (ss528838018A/G) as well as other promoter variants were not associated with any clinical forms of leprosy in the Brazilian populations.
Return of the internal jugular vein—development of collateral drainage following neonatal ligation of the vein
Authors: MARTIN M.J. , ARMSTRONG T.S.H. , JOHNSTON G.M. , YOUNGSON G.G.
Published: February 2014

The development of collateral venous drainage in the neck of a child, who as a neonate had undergone ligation and cannulation of the right internal jugular vein, is described. The resultant vessels were of sufficient calibre to be considered as potential sites for vascular access, although it is possible that their course in the thorax may preclude correct placement of a central venous catheter. Nevertheless, we feel that this case further illustrates the benefit of hand‐held ultrasonography in visualizing the vascular structures of the neck. Moreover, ligation of a vein in the neonatal period should not be a contraindication to subsequent assessment of that site for vascular access.
Using Qualitative Methods in Research with People Who Have Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Beail Nigel , Williams Katie
Published: February 2014

Background

JARID has a long and positive association with qualitative research dating back to its first issue. This paper looks at the development of qualitative methods and their application in the field of intellectual disability (ID).

Method

When invited to make a contribution on qualitative research for the 25th Anniversary of JARID, the present authors considered the options. We examined the frequency with which qualitative studies have been published in three major intellectual disability journals over a decade, and we considered attempting a systematic review or a meta‐synthesis.

Results

The volume of published studies has increased, but there were too many across a diverse range of topics for a systematic review of qualitative research in general; but not enough for a systematic review or meta‐synthesis with a particular focus. However, there were many issues that needed to be aired. This paper therefore contains some critical reflections on the use of qualitative methods.

Conclusion

If we want to hear the voices of people who have ID then we need appropriate ways to do this. Qualitative methods are playing an increasing role in bringing the unknown about people who have ID into the known. The approach plays a valuable role in informing us about the experiences and lives of people who have ID. However, we have identified many methodological issues which will need to be further explored. At the same time, we need to develop methods to enable increased participation of people who have ID in some aspects of research. The participatory paradigm is more established in qualitative approaches as it lends itself to participation in generating research questions, developing interview questions, conducting interviews and even stages of the analysis. There are clearly areas that need to be addressed by trained researchers and the whole process will need some facilitation and support. Writing up for journals is one aspect that could be very problematic: so other forms of dissemination need to be explored.
Schools, Peers, and Prejudice in Adolescence
Authors: Benner Aprile D. , Crosnoe Robert , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: February 2014

Adolescents' perceptions of the prejudice in their social environments can factor into their developmental outcomes. The degree to which others in the environment perceive such prejudice—regardless of adolescents' own perceptions—also matters by shedding light on the contextual climate in which adolescents spend their daily lives. Drawing on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study revealed that school‐wide perceptions of peer prejudice, which tap into the interpersonal climate of schools, appeared to be particularly risky for adolescents' academic achievement. In contrast, adolescents' own perceptions of peer prejudice at schools were associated with their feelings of alienation in school. Importantly, these patterns did not vary substantially by several markers of vulnerability to social stigmatization.
An intrauterine catch‐up growth regimen increases food intake and post‐natal growth in rats
Authors: Baik M. , Rajasekar P. , Lee M. S. , Kim J. , Kwon D‐H. , Kang W. , Nguyen T. H. , Vu T‐T. T.
Published: February 2014

Nutritional conditions during the intrauterine stage are an important developmental programming factor that can affect the growth and metabolic status during foetal development and permanently alter the phenotypes of newborn offspring and adults. This study was performed to examine the effects of intrauterine catch‐up growth (IUCG) on food intake, post‐natal body growth and the metabolic status of offspring and growing rats. Control pregnant rats were fed ad libitum during the entire gestation period. For the IUCG regimen, pregnant rats were fed 50% of the food of the controls from pregnancy days 4 through 11 (8 days), followed by ad libitum feeding from pregnancy days 12 through parturition. The birth weight of offspring was not affected by the IUCG regimen. At weaning, offspring from each treatment group were assigned to two groups and given either a normal diet or high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks until 103 days of age. In the normal diet group, the IUCG offspring showed a 9.0% increase (P < 0.05) in total food intake, were 11.2% heavier (p < 0.05) at 103 days of age and had an 11.0% greater (p < 0.05) daily weight gain compared with control offspring. The IUCG regimen did not affect body glucose and lipid metabolism. After exposure to the HFD, the IUCG regimen has not exacerbated metabolic disorders. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the IUCG nutritional regimen during pregnancy can increase the food intake and post‐natal body growth of offspring without inducing metabolic disorders such as obesity and insulin resistance. The IUCG nutritional regimen might be used to improve the food intake and post‐natal body growth of domestic animals.
Oclacitinib (APOQUEL®) is a novel Janus kinase inhibitor with activity against cytokines involved in allergy
Authors: Gonzales A. J. , Bowman J. W. , Fici G. J. , Zhang M. , Mann D. W. , Mitton‐Fry M.
Published: February 2014

Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes are involved in cell signaling pathways activated by various cytokines dysregulated in allergy. The objective of this study was to determine whether the novel JAK inhibitor oclacitinib could reduce the activity of cytokines implicated in canine allergic skin disease. Using isolated enzyme systems and in vitro human or canine cell models, potency and selectivity of oclacitinib was determined against JAK family members and cytokines that trigger JAK activation in cells. Oclacitinib inhibited JAK family members by 50% at concentrations (IC50's) ranging from 10 to 99 nm and did not inhibit a panel of 38 non‐JAK kinases (IC50's > 1000 nm). Oclacitinib was most potent at inhibiting JAK1 (IC50 = 10 nm). Oclacitinib also inhibited the function of JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy and inflammation (IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐13) as well as pruritus (IL‐31) at IC50's ranging from 36 to 249 nm. Oclacitinib had minimal effects on cytokines that did not activate the JAK1 enzyme in cells (erythropoietin, granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, IL‐12, IL‐23; IC50's > 1000 nm). These results demonstrate that oclacitinib is a targeted therapy that selectively inhibits JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy, inflammation, and pruritus and suggests these are the mechanisms by which oclacitinib effectively controls clinical signs associated with allergic skin disease in dogs.
Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Cachara Catfish, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum
Authors: Henrique Gomes Cornélio Fernando , da Cunha Douglas Amaral , Silveira Jennifer , Alexandre Daniel , Silva Carlos Peres , Fracalossi Débora Machado
Published: February 2014

Cachara, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum, is a high commercial value carnivorous catfish in Brazil, but whose dietary protein requirement is still unknown. Aiming to determine this requirement, groups of 15 juveniles (16.08 ± 1.13 g) were fed isoenergetic diets (4600 kcal/kg gross energy) with increasing levels of crude protein (30, 35, 40, 45, 50, and 55%). After 60 d, regression analysis revealed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of increasing dietary crude protein concentration on growth variables. The highest weight gain and specific growth rate as well as the best feed conversion were shown by fish fed the 50% crude‐protein diet. Similarly, protease activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed 50% crude protein. However, the highest protein retention was observed in fish fed the 45% crude‐protein diet. Protein and dry matter digestibilities did not differ (P > 0.05) for diets containing 40, 45, or 50% crude protein. Therefore, based on weight gain and at a dietary energy concentration of 4600 kcal/kg, the estimated protein requirement for juvenile cachara between 16 and 85 g is 49.25% crude protein. This is equivalent to 44.79% digestible protein and a gross energy to digestible protein ratio of 10.27 kcal/g.
Effect of Caffeine Added to the Activating Solution on Sperm Motility of Fresh and Thawed Semen of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Curimba,Prochilodus lineatus
Authors: F. S. Carvalho Aline , R. Ferreira Machado Monica , S. Andrade Estefânia , D. S. Murgas Luis , G. Zangeronimo Márcio , C. Barros Thiago , G. Paula Fernanda
Published: February 2014

The aim was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of caffeine added in activating solution over sperm motility in fresh and thawed semen of pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus, and curimba,Prochilodus lineatus. The activating solutions were prepared with sodium bicarbonate solution of 0.76% (NaHCO3) and caffeine was added at concentrations of 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0mM. As control, a solution ofNaHCO30.76 without caffeine was used. Eight males of pacu and 20 males of curimba were used. Aliquots of 200 μL of semen were diluted in 800μLextender solution (DMSO10% andBTS5%), placed in 0.5mLstraws and cryopreserved for 7 d in a liquid nitrogen tank. There was a linear increase in sperm motility for fresh semen of pacu, and for curimba fresh and thawed semen (P< 0.05), due to the increase in the concentration of caffeine. There was a quadratic response for duration of motility for thawed semen of pacu and for fresh semen of curimba (P< 0.05), respectively. These results indicate that addition of caffeine in the activator solution can improve sperm motility parameters, however, is dependent on the species and concentration used.
The Reuse of Water on the Culture of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, in BFT System
Authors: Krummenauer Dariano , Samocha Tzachi , Poersch Luis , Lara Gabriele , Wasielesky Wilson
Published: February 2014

The use of the same water over multiple culture cycles in a biofloc technology system can be highly beneficial. This study evaluated the effect of different levels of biofloc‐rich water on selected water quality indicators and on the productive performance of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, juveniles (3.5 g) stocked at 312 juveniles/m3 and cultured under conditions of no water exchange. The study was performed over a 30‐d period in an 800‐L tank system. A total of four biofloc enrichment levels (25, 50, 75, and 100%) and control (0%) were tested with three replicates each. Significant differences in nitrogen compounds were found between the biofloc‐enriched water and the zero‐enrichment treatment. No statistically significant differences among the biofloc‐enriched treatments were found in survival, final weight (8.25 g), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (1.08). The shrimp raised in clear seawater (i.e., a 0% biofloc enrichment) were significantly smaller (7.37 g vs. 8.25 g) and showed a higher FCR (1.52 vs. 1.08) than the shrimp cultured in the biofloc‐rich water. Nevertheless, no differences in yields were found between treatments. The results of this study suggest that culture in biofloc‐enriched water produces higher levels of water quality and shrimp performance than culture in natural seawater.
Evaluation of the Effects of Different Stunning Methods on the Stress Responses and Meat Quality of the Amazon hybrid surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum female × Leiarius marmoratus male
Authors: da Silva Maciel Elayna Cristina , de Almeida Filho Edivaldo Sampaio , Bertoloni William , Sampaio de Abreu Janessa
Published: February 2014

Different stunning methods (carbon dioxide [CO2] and hypothermia) used in industrial fish processing were compared with asphyxia in air, which is used in traditional fishing, to evaluate the effects of these methods on the stress responses and the meat quality of the Amazon hybrid surubim, Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum female × Leiarius marmoratus male. After the application, blood and behavioral indicators were evaluated. Following death by gill cutting, the fish were gutted, and analyses of muscle pH, rigor mortis, the exudation of the meat, and coloration were performed. Significantly higher levels of cortisol and glucose were exhibited by the fish subjected to asphyxia than by the fish stunned by either CO2 or hypothermia. The fish subjected to asphyxia displayed decreasing muscle pH during the first 2 h after death and showed higher rates of rigor mortis after 3 h than the fish that were stunned by the other two methods. The asphyxia is a practice that exposes fish to suffering by causing an increase in stress responses, which affects meat quality. The immersion of fish in water and ice (hypothermia) for 5 min was more effective stunning method than the use of CO2, resulting in higher loss of sensibility and greater welfare.
“asking with tears forgiveness”: Weeping as ‘Gentling’ in Blake's Milton
Authors: Lafford Erin
Published: February 2014

In this article I wish to counter a critical perception of Blake as a ‘hard’ and unforgiving poet through a reading of his epic Milton as a conscious study in the nature of forgiveness. Specifically, I frame Blake's model of forgiveness as integral to his belief that every human has an inherent right and potential to participate in a divine body of imagination, in order to conduct a study of how Blake sees this as being achieved. Our divinity, and therefore our humanity in Blake's terms, is made manifest, not through hardness, supremacy and strength that allows us to overcome difficulties, but through softness and gentleness. Specifically, I draw on the theologian Stanley Hauerwas' notion of ‘gentling’ (“Christ's Gentle Man,” 2010) to define this softness, a term he develops from a reading of the beatitudes of Matthew's gospel to forward an understanding of the divine, not as strong, but as broken and mourning, to argue that Blake attempts to gentle and forgive fragmented individuals by presenting them with moments of weeping in his poetry, an action that calls the weeping figure into divinity through a forgiving process of meeting, of both the self and others. Alongside Hauerwas' notion of gentling, Martin Buber's I and Thou (1937) also offers a way of situating forgiveness in the difference between hard and soft relations, as this article illustrates. The absence of connection or ‘meeting’ in Buber's ‘I–It’ relationship, I argue, is founded on ‘hardness’, the ‘I’ seeing the other only as an object from which he or she is removed. The ‘I–Thou’ relationship, however, is gentling and mutual, expressive of Blake's vision of forgiveness and its importance within the divine human.
Browning's “A Forgiveness”: A Grammatical Reading
Authors: Gibson Richard
Published: February 2014

This reading situates Robert Browning's “A Forgiveness” in the context of popular Victorian lyrics in order to draw attention to features of the popular texts that are tellingly absent from or ironized within Browning's poem. I trace the “grammar of forgiveness” in the popular texts, outlining the often explicitly theological framework that guides how the language of forgiveness is used and to what intended effect. This linguistic exploration also demonstrates that Browning's title – now a curious phrase – was not unusual at the time; it was often employed in the period to make distinctions between human and divine forgiveness. The study juxtaposes the “grammar of forgiveness” found in the popular texts with that of Browning's poem, revealing that the speaker is, in his own macabre fashion, grammatically inventive, fusing forgiveness and retribution in his deadly response to his wife's feigned infidelity and the murderous visit to confession in which he reports how his wife died. Yet the speaker's bleak presentation of forgiveness, I argue, should not be read uncritically as expressing Browning's ethical perspective. Instead, I observe that the poem's form – the dramatic monologue – presents the reader with the opportunity for critique of the speaker's project, inviting reflection on the speaker's form of forgiveness rather than demanding its practice in the manner characteristic of the popular lyrics.
Forgiving Wordsworth: Revision, Religion, and Cockney Reconciliation in Leigh Hunt'sThe Feast of the Poets
Authors: Tomko Michael
Published: February 2014

This paper investigates the role of Romantic forgiveness in the poetics of Leigh Hunt amid the often turbulent interaction between the first and second generations of British Romantics over politics, culture, and religion. While recent studies of the “Hunt Circle” or “Cockney Circle” by Jeffrey Cox, Charles Mahoney, and others have recovered the combative edge of Hunt's literary and political relationship with “apostate” poets such as William Wordsworth, this essay examines how the multifaceted poet and journalist sought to reintegrate Wordsworth into a broader reformed community in his revisions ofThe Feast of the Poets. Contrary to the exclusion of Romantic forgiveness in the secular critical models ofRene Wellek, M.H. Abrams, and Harold Bloom, the essay turns to Hunt'sAutobiographyto uncover, in an otherwise secular narrative, a model of Romantic forgiveness and reconciliation that derives from Hunt's religious thought. The reconciliatory revisions of Hunt's treatment of Wordsworth in the poetical‐critical pieceThe Feast of the Poetsexemplify this model of Romantic forgiveness. In moving from vitriolic attack in 1811 to redemptive praise in 1815, Hunt crafts a poetic space that retrieves the literary contributions of his political rival and grafts them into a re‐envisioned British culture focused on Cockney conviviality and cultural reconciliation.
The Dynamics of Poetics and Forgiveness in Adelaide Procter's ‘Homeless’
Authors: Larsen Hoeckley Cheri Lin
Published: February 2014

Adelaide Procter's “Homeless” can be read as a case study in the dynamics of poetics and forgiveness, taking into account the poem's various Victorian contexts and formal practices. Procter seems to see forgiveness as a dynamic process, shifting for different readers. While Procter writes in a theological framework, using the sentimental Catholic figure of the rosary, she also engages with arguments that some might consider “secular”, such as female employment and sexual double standards. With sentimental and religious poetics, then, Procter enters Victorian discussions as controversial as those of female sexuality and economic practice to challenge accepted Victorian notions of sin, forgiveness, and social equity.
Resurrection of Mesoplodon hotaula Deraniyagala 1963: A new species of beaked whale in the tropical Indo‐Pacific
Authors: Dalebout Merel L. , Scott Baker C. , Steel Debbie , Thompson Kirsten , Robertson Kelly M. , Chivers Susan J. , Perrin William F. , Goonatilake Manori , Charles Anderson R. , Mead James G. , Potter Charles W. , Thompson Lisa , Jupiter Danielle , Yamada Tadasu K.
Published: February 2014

We present genetic and morphological evidence supporting the recognition of a previously synonymized species of Mesoplodon beaked whale in the tropical Indo‐Pacific, Mesoplodon hotaula. Although the new species is closely‐related to the rare ginkgo‐toothed beaked whale M. ginkgodens, we show that these two lineages can be differentiated by maternally (mitochondrial DNA), biparentally (autosomal), and paternally (Y chromosome) inherited DNA sequences, as well as by morphological features. The reciprocal monophyly of the mtDNA genealogies and the largely parapatric distribution of these lineages is consistent with reproductive isolation. The new lineage is currently known from at least seven specimens: Sri Lanka (1), Gilbert Islands, Republic of Kiribati (1+), Palmyra Atoll, Northern Line Islands, U.S.A. (3), Maldives (1), and Seychelles (1). The type specimen (Sri Lanka) was described as a new species, M. hotaula, in 1963, but later synonymized with M. ginkgodens. This discovery brings the total number of Mesoplodon species to 15, making it, by far, the most speciose yet least known genus of cetaceans.
Echinococcus cysts affecting oromaxillofacial structures – a systematic review
Authors: Just BA , Kern P , Luthardt RG , Rudolph H , Grüner B , Wahlers K
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Cystic echinococcosis is a worldwide spread zoonosis and humans become accidental intermediate hosts. Any tissue can be affected. However, oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis is very uncommon and has never been studied systematically and no evidence‐based treatment recommendations are available. Aim of this paper is to summarize the current knowledge and clinical experience with oromaxillofacial manifestations of cystic echinococcosis.

Materials and Methods

PubMed database was accessed with a comprehensive, complex search strategy. Medical Subject Headings terms, wildcard search, truncated search terms and Boolean operators were used. No filters to restrict the results were set. Two evaluators jointly assessed the results in terms of defined criteria.

Results

The search strategy retrieved 538 results in total. After evaluation 83 publications presenting 108 cases on oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis were included. Parotid gland, mandibular region and maxillary region were most commonly affected. Median patient age was 22 years (range 2.5 months to 81 years). Surgical treatment was performed in 97 cases.

Conclusions

In cases of oromaxillofacial cystic echinococcosis a thorough evaluation of the patients for further cysts is essential. Therapeutic treatment options are surgical or minimally invasive intervention and drug treatment with benzimidazoles. The diagnosis can be difficult and often require a multidisciplinary approach.