bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUE (LIV) ON AUTONOMIC VARIABLES
Authors: Hord David J. , Johnson Lavkrne C. , Lubin Ardie
Published: February 2007

In three independent studies using 105 subjects, regression analysis was used to determine which autonomic variables are most affected by the “law of initial value” and whether the “law” always acts in the same way, i.e. are large responses always associated with low prestimulus levels of activity and conversely. For GSR, heart rate, respiration rate, and skin temperature it was found that the slope of the regression of stimulus level on prestimulus level (Byx) distinguishes these four ANS variables. The conclusion is that the LIV operates as one would predict for heart rate and respiration rate responses, with values of Byx less than one; but that the law does not operate for skin (finger) temperature responses, since Byx is consistently very close to one. For GSR responses expressed in terms of conductance, the converse of the LIV seems to hold, with Byx consistently greater than one. Law of initial value (LIV), Autonomic nervous system. (ANS)
BASIC OPERATIONS OF DIGITAL LOGIC
Authors: Brown Clinton C. , Thorne Philip R.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the basics of digital logic operations, discusses the functional operation of electronic circuits which accomplish these operations and analyzes the operation of complexes of these circuits which may be used for counting, timing, and amplitude registration of the phenomena of interest in psycho‐physiological research.
CONROLLED PHYSICAL AND SUBJECTIVE INTENSITIES OF ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Watson Peter D.
Published: February 2007

A series of investigations was conducted to determine which physical parameters must be controlled to deliver constant electrical stimulation and the effect of controlling these parameters on subjective estimates of shock intensity. Constant voltage and constant current stimulation were tested with eight waveforms and five electrode configurations, including a concentric disc electrode. Dry skin and treated skin techniques were tested in a comparative power experiment and with a method of magnitude estimation.

Passing an electrical stimulus through an electrode‐skin circuit produces a marked reduction in the impedance of that circuit. This drop in impedance is a local effect, rather than a centrally mediated response, causes differences in perceived magnitude, and occurs no matter whether voltage, current, or power is held constant and no matter what waveform, frequency or electrode configuration is used. The use of the concentric disc electrode and treatment of the skin with an electrolyte makes it possible to reduce impedance to a predetermined level, which when combined with constant voltage or constant current results in a constant physical stimulus and constant subjective estimates of the stimulus intensity.
HABITUATION OF THK ORIENTING RESPONSE IN ALERT AND DROWSY SUBJECTS
Authors: McDonald David G. , Johnson Laverni C. , Hord David J.
Published: February 2007

Alert and drowsy subjects (by EEG criterion) were compared in two experiments for psychophysiological habituation of the orienting response. Subjects in Experiment I (N = 30) received 10 presentations of a doorbell‐type buzzer, and in Experiment II (N = 69) they received 10 presentations of a 500‐cps tone. Comparisons were made of: (I) galvanic skin response (GSR); (2) spontaneous GSRs between trials; (3) heart rate (HR) responses; (4) finger vasoconstriction responses; (5) finger temperature responses; and (0) respiration. Results showed that there were no differences between groups in GSR; however, the drowsy group showed consistently fewer spontaneous GSRs. Cardiovascular response measures of the drowsy groups showed consistently and significantly greater responses on the later trials and, therefore, no habituation of these responses. This finding was more consistent for HR than vasomotor response. In the discussion of these results, the authors were able to rule out several possible explanations, hence the reasons for this differential autonomic response are as yet unknown.
THE EFFECTS OF VERBAL RESPONSES ON THE LABORATORY DETECTION OF DECEPTION
Authors: Gustafson Lawrence A. , Orane Martin T.
Published: February 2007

Ss were given one of three different response tasks to perform in a detection of deception experiment using the galvanic skin response (GSR). The first group was told to say nothing as they heard each question, the second group to say “no” to each question, and the third group to make a word association to each question. Questions were presented in both a random order and a known sequential order. There were over‐all differences among the three groups for both conditions of question presentation. The second group was most frequently detected, the first group next, and the third group was detected least frequently. Differences between experimental procedures used in this study and other studies using word association do not permit comparison of the results of this study with other studies.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE AND GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE IN THE RAT
Authors: Holdstock T. L. , Schwartzbaum J. S.
Published: February 2007

A comparison was made between classical conditioning and pseudoconditioning of heart rate (HR) and galvanic skin response (GSR) using low or high intensity shock as unconditioned stimuli (UCS). Conditioning treatment involved 5‐sec delayed conditioning, 32 trials/session for 5 sessions with shock administered randomly on half the trials. Pseudoconditioning was exactly the same except for pairing of CS and UCS.

In contrast to pseudoconditioning, which produced mild acceleration of HR, minimal GSR, and frequent somatic response to the CS (as defined electromyographically), conditioning treatment produced consistent deceleration of HR, larger magnitude and frequency of GSR, and minimal overt somatic response to CS. The conditioned decelerative HR response developed rapidly and persisted throughout the experiment. Such apparent conditioning phenomena may still involve sensitization‐type effects and somatic interactions.
ON THE CONSTANT‐CURRENT ERROR IN SKIN RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Wilcott R. C. , Hammond L. J.
Published: February 2007

A substantial reduction in skin resistance (SR) is produced by a rise in induced voltage. This indicates that with a constant‐current circuit, variations in voltage can have a significant effect on the SR level. Therefore, SR levels obtained with a constant‐current and constant‐voltage circuits were compared for a group of Ss. The higher the SR level, the greater the discrepancy between the constant‐current and constant‐voltage measurements. The use of a constant‐voltage circuit when measuring high SR levels is recommended.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SKIN POTENTIAL, SKIN RESISTANCE AND SWEATING OF THE CAT'S FOOT PAD
Authors: Wilcott R. C.
Published: February 2007

A study was made of the skin potential (SP), skin resistance (SR), and sweating of the cat's foot pad. Since many of the variables studied had previously been investigated in humans, comparable data were obtained. The characteristics of SP and SR of the cat are similar to those of humans, except that in cats, SP responses have a shorter latency than SR responses, and variation of the SP basal potential resulting from induction of a voltage between the SP electrodes has no effect on the amplitude or wave form of SP responses. Dissociation produced by arterial occlusion and procaine injection around the nerve suggest that SP responses of the cat are innervated by different nerve fibers than those which lead to the sweat glands.
A CARDIO PREAMPLIFIER FOR THE FREE‐ROVING RAT
Authors: Mundl William J.
Published: February 2007

A transistorized amplifier has been designed with the aim of providing a reliable triggering signal for a cardiotachograph when it is recording from small animals. The frequent base‐line instabilities of the cardio signal caused by the animal's movements are eliminated by the use of a transformer at the input. Direct coupling between the stages assures fast recovery of the amplifier from overloads produced by large transient signals. Correct placement of the electrodes is important for obtaining a large electrocardiogram (EKG) signal and for the reduction of artifacts. (W. J. Mundl)
A RESPIRATION TRANSDUCER FOR THE RAT
Authors: Mundl William J.
Published: February 2007

Transducers using strain gauges as sensing elements were successfully employed to record respiration from rats. The transducers were shaped to fit over the animals’ backs, and were used in both restrained and free‐roving situations. A direct current (DC) bridge in conjunction with an alternating current (AC) amplifier eliminated base‐line adjustments.
FINGER‐SWEAT PRINTS IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LOW AND HIGH INCENTIVE
Authors: Malmo Robert H.
Published: February 2007

The differential effect of incentive on finger sweating compared with the effects on various other physiological measures was investigated in a group of 59 Ss. Finger sweating (FS) appeared slightly superior to palmar conductance (PC) in discriminating between low and high incentive conditions, but heart rate (HR) and muscle potentials appeared to be the best of those discriminators used.

Correlations between PC and visual ratings for FS were 0.65 and 0.09 for high and low incentive conditions, respectively. There were numerous significant correlations between physiological measures (at relatively low levels) but the two FS measures correlated only with PC and with each other. Correlations between physiological and performance measures were also obtained. On the one hand HR and electromyograms (EMGs), and on the other PC and FS ratings, differed with respect to the incentive conditions under which significant correlations with performance were obtained. In the main, HR and EMGs showed significant correlations with performance under low, and PC and FS ratings under high incentive.

Further evidence for less sweating by dark‐skinned Ss compared with light‐skinned Ss was reported.
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES AMONG HOUSEWIVES IN PSYCHOPHYSICAL ANH SKIN POTENTIAL RESPONSES TO ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Sternbach Richard A. , Tursky Bernard
Published: February 2007

From earlier work on the effects of instructional sets, it was hypothesized that subcultural differences in attitudes toward pain should be reflected in psycho‐physiological correlates. Yankee, Irish. Jewish, and Italian housewives participated in threshold and magnitude estimation studies of electric shock, and their skin potential responses to repetitive electrical stimulation were recorded. Significant differences in upper thresholds and in the adaptation of diphasic palmar skin potentials are consonant with attitudinal differences, and such differences support earlier findings on the influence of sets on psychophysiological functioning.
A CONCENTRIC SHOCK ELECTRODE FOR PAIN STIMULATION
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Watson Peter D. , O'Connell D. N.
Published: February 2007

Shock electrode of concentric design successfully eliminates burning of skin, provides for increased subject mobility, delimits area of stimulation, and reduces unwanted muscle action.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD OF HEART RATE MEASUREMENT
Authors: Opton EdWward , Rankin Neil O. , Lazakus Richard S.
Published: February 2007

Theoretical and practical considerations require a heart rate measurement method which produces substantial correspondence between heart rate and other autonomic and psychological measures of arousal, and which also is fast and inexpensive. A new heart rate measurement method, the peak rate method. meets these criteria. The peak rate method corresponds as closely to a skin conductance measure of reaction to a stressful movie as does the method of mean cyclic maxima (Malmstrom. Opton, & Lazarus, in press). The peak rate method also yields heart rate curves which are markedly elevated at the most psychologically stressful points during the movie. The peak rate method does not involve the laborious, expensive computations required by the method of mean cyclic maxima.

Smoothing heart rate curves by a method of moving averages is also shown to be desirable.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PATTERN QUANTIFICATION AND THE AROUSAL CONIINIUM
Authors: Daniel Robert S.
Published: February 2007

The view that the EEG shows a continuum correlated with behavioral arousal was subjected to experimental test. A simple model of the expected results from five experimental states of arousal was used as a criterion against which to evaluate various parameters of EEG data after they had been processed by electronic analysis systems.

Eighteen normal young adults were the Ss. Occipital and parietal recordings were taken during relaxation, attention, arousal, recovery, and relief states. Sample epochs of the records were analyzed by amplitude distribution, frequency spectrum, power spectrum, wavelength distribution, autocorrelation, and cross correlation.

No single parameter matched the predicted model in a convincing manner. However, correlograms of occipital recordings after interpretation by relative power ratios did support the hypothesis with statistically significant differences. It was concluded that behavioral arousal is inversely related to the scaled continua of (1) the proportion of total power to be found at the dominant frequency, and (2) rhythmicity of the dominant wave.
AN INEXPENSIVE MASKING NOISE GENERATOR: MONAURAL OR STEREO
Authors: Tart Charles T.
Published: February 2007

A simple masking noise generator which can be constructed for about thirty five dollars is described. The output is sufficient to drive several pairs of headphones or a loudspeaker in a Skinner box. Duplication of the unit for another twenty five dollars allows “stereo” masking noise to be used on the headphones, a feature which most subjects find more pleasant than monaural masking noise.
AUTONOMIC COMPONENTS OF ORIENTING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Uno Tadao , Grings William W.
Published: February 2007

Changes in skin conductance (GSR), skin potential (SP), heart rate (HR), finger blood volume (BV), and pulse volume (PV) were recorded in response to 2‐sec bursts of white noise. Five intensity levels of sound (60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 db) were presented over 5 repetitions. Results showed that: (1) response magnitudes and latencies were directly related to stimulus intensity and inversely related to number of repetitions; (2) for BV, SP, and GSR the effect of repetition varied with stimulus intensity; (3) HR changes were primarily monophasic; and (4) BV and PV were more sensitive to stimulus intensity differences than were the electrodermal responses.
MEASUREMENT OF RESPIRATORY RATE IN THE UNRESTRAINED RAT
Authors: EISMAN EUGENE
Published: February 2007

A method is presented for recording breathing rate in the unrestrained rat. A thermocouple is implanted in the nose and the leads are externalized through a terminal implanted on the skull. The difference in temperature between inspired and expired air is taken as the measure of breathing. Techniques for construction and implantation of the thermocouple unit are presented.
STUDIES OF AUTONOMIC BALANCE: A SUMMARY
Authors: Wenger M. A.
Published: February 2007

A summary of a series of studies of autonomic balance and differential patterns of autonomic function in normal and hospitalized adult males, covering the period of 1944 to the present.
SPECIFICITY OF EEG PHOTIC FLICKER RESPONSES TO COLOR AS RELATED TO VISUAL IMAGERY ABILITY
Authors: Brown BarbaraB.
Published: February 2007

Two groups of subjects were selected from a previously studied population sample: a group of habitual visualizers, most of whom developed eye movements during recall of motion, and a group of non‐visualizers, most of whom did not. EEG following responses to red photic flicker differed markedly for the two groups, being diminished in visualizers but enhanced in non‐visualizers as compared to their EEG following responses to blue or green. Mental and visual imagery tasks induced significantly greater alpha blocking in visualizers than in non‐visualizers. The partial or complete desynchronization of on‐going rhythmic EEG activity suggests a lower threshold for EEG desynchronization for visualizers than for non‐visualizers. The augmented EEG following of non‐visualizers to red flicker appears to represent a different aspect of the same response continuum.
A RE‐EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF RESPONSE‐CONTINGENT AVERSIVE TONES ON GASTROINTESTINAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Stern Robert M.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of response‐contingent and random aversive auditory stimulation on gastrointestinal motility. Ss were presented with four consecutive 10‐min treatment periods in the following order: response‐contingent (R‐C), random, R‐C, random. During R‐C, S could avoid the 5‐sec 90 db tone, which was programmed to come on every 30 sec, by pressing a key once during the 5 sec preceding the tone. During the random period, S had no control over the presentation of the tone. The results indicated that during R‐C, amplitude of gastrointestinal motility was significantly greater and latency briefer than under random conditions. These results are accounted for in terms of the dual role of the tone in the R‐C condition, i.e. it is aversive and it signifies to S that his time estimation was incorrect.
THE “RESPIRATORY VASOMOTOR REELEX” IN THE EOREHEAD AND EINGER
Authors: Royer Fred L.
Published: February 2007

The so‐called respiratory vasomotor reflex, long observed in plethysmography of the extremities, was examined in seven normal Ss ranging in age from 17 to 38 years. With a photometric method, the vascular responses of the skin of the forehead and the finger were found to differ following a deep breath like a sigh. These responses were quite similar to the vascular components of the orienting reflex, i.e., vasodilation in the forehead and vasoconstriction in the hand. A polyphasic response in the forehead in some Ss followed the deliberate deep inspirations. This polyphasic response has also been observed during the orieinting reflex but without changes in respiration. This type of response appears to be associated with bradycardia, and may be related to similar vascular responses observed following cardiac arrhythmias.
THE FIRST NIGHT EFFECT: AN EEG STUDYOF SLEEP
Authors: Agnew H. W. , Webb Wilse B. , Williams Robert L.
Published: February 2007

The electroencephalographic records from 43 subjects who slept for four consecutive nights in a laboratory environment were studied in an effort to describe the First Night Effect. These records showed that the first night of laboratory sleep contains more awake periods and less Stage I‐rapid eye movement sleep. There is a delay in the onset of Stages IV and I‐REM and the sleep is more changeable. These effects rapidly adapt out by the second night of sleep.
INDIVIDUAL THERMAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS IN COLD‐INDUCED VASODILATATION
Authors: Teichner Warren H.
Published: February 2007

Individuals were classified as fast and non‐vasodilators during a first hand‐cooling experience. They were then required to carry out a prolonged detection task in 80°F and in 55°F air temperature. Comparisons were made of bodily thermal characteristics during hand cooling and during the detection sessions and of the percentage and speed of detection. The results suggest the possibility of characteristic differences between the two classified groups as well as of a relationship between behavioral and thermal regulating mechanisms.
THIRTY‐DAY STABILITY OF SPONTANEOUS GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES IN MAN
Authors: Docter Richard F. , Friedman Louis F.
Published: February 2007

Measures of long‐range stability of spontaneous GSRs (Galvanic Skin Response) were obtained from 23 male university students. Records were taken throughout a weekly recording period and compared with measures obtained under identical conditions 30 days later. In addition to the investigation of long‐term spontaneous GSR stability, this design permitted analysis of the 24‐hr stability of measured responses within each of the recording periods.

Results yielded significant correlations between measures obtained 24 hr apart, as well as a significant correlation between the median weekly rates of spontaneous GSR emission taken 30 days apart. Comparison of emission rates on comparable recording days 30 days apart failed to manifest a significant relationship.

Present data support earlier studies of 24‐hr spontaneous GSR stability. In spite of the failure to find significant relationships between emission rates on comparable days of the two recording periods, the authors conclude that the significant relationship between median weekly rates of emission, taken 30 days apart, indicates that spontaneous GSR is an intra‐individual characteristic which remains relatively stable, even over extended periods of time.
INDIVIDUAL AND INTERINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BINOCULAR RETINAL RIVALRY IN MAN
Authors: Aafjes Marlene , Hueting Johan E. , Visser Piet
Published: February 2007

In a group of 12 male and female subjects of ages between 18 and 45 years the alternation frequency of binocular retinal rivalry (BRR) has been found to change depending upon the durations of the periods for which the target is fixated, and of the intercalated resting time. Analysis of variance indicated significant inter‐individual differences in level of mean frequency and in rate of increase.
THE AVERAGED EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSE TO COMPLEX VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Lifshitz Kenneth
Published: February 2007

Averaged cortical evoked responses in man to repetitive informationally complex pictorial stimuli, as opposed to other visual stimulation, were obtained from scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The method used involved the projection of lantern slides. Included were three different categories (indifferent scenic, repulsive medical, and nude female photographs) assumed to evoke, respectively, neutral, negative, and positive reactions in the normal young male subjects. In all subjects, recordings from occipital or occipitoparietal scalp leads consistently resulted in evoked response patterns to pictorial slides measurably differing from responses to these same slides made non‐associational through defocusing, or to blank light flashes. Responses to pictorial stimuli were also different than those to motivated observation of projected words, colors, or geometric patterns. The evoked responses to the three different categories of pictorial stimuli also showed significant differences. These differences were not as marked and were clearly replicable only for some subjects.
ORIENTING AND ADAPTIVE CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO HEAT AND COLD
Authors: Zimny George H. , Miller Frank L.
Published: February 2007

The purpose of the study was to test nine hypotheses derived from the theory of E. N. Sokolov. The hypotheses tested dealt with the habituation and return of the orienting response, and with the relationship between the orienting and adaptive responses. Three presentations of an auditory stimulus were interpolated among a series of 28 presentations of a cold stimulus administered to one group of 13 human subjects and among 28 presentations of a hot stimulus administered to another group of 13 subjects. Heart rate and amplitude and latency of vasomotor response to all stimuli were measured using a finger photoplethysmograph. When vasoconstrictive orienting responses to hot and to cold habituated out, vasoconstrictive adaptive responses to cold and vasodilatory adaptive responses to heat appeared. Eight of the nine hypotheses were confirmed, thereby providing strong support for Sokolov's theory, upon which the hypotheses were based.
BODY MOVEMENT ARTIFACT AS A CONTAMINANT IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SLEEP1
Authors: Altshuler Kenneth Z. , Brebbia D. Robert
Published: February 2007

Experiments were undertaken to define the relationships between body movements and changes in oxygen consumption rate (V̇O2) and pulse rate. Methods included the use of indirect calorimetry for determination of V̇O2, a bedspring transducer and multiple electromyographic leads for movements, electrocardiograms for pulse rate, and electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings for condition of wakefulness or stage of sleep. Major and minor movements were distinguishable from each other in wakeful subjects by their effects on V̇O2 and pulse rate. Both types of movements evoked shorter changes during sleep. The concurrence of muscle potential or artifact on the EEG leads and polygraphic deflection from the bedspring was found to be a reliable indicator of movements eliciting such changes. Movements in sleep which evoked measureable changes in V̇O2 were noted to involve a considerable proportion of total muscle mass. V̇O2 response to movements during sleep endured for 1.52 min (S.D. ± 0.60), compared to 3.34 min (S.D. ± 0.99) in wakeful subjects. Pulse rate response was 0.26 min (S.D. ± 0.13) in wakeful subjects and appeared to be far briefer during sleep.
EVOKED CORTICAL RESPONSES TO AFFECTIVE VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Gross Milton M. , Kissin Benjamin
Published: February 2007

The influence of affective meaning on visual evoked responses was investigated in male college students. By utilization of conditioning procedures, previously meaningless figures (CS) acquired affective loadings, e.g., positive, negative, and neutral. The semantic differential scale and critical flicker interval (CFI) were used as indices of conditioning. Although conditioning occurred without awareness, both measures of conditioning yielded results in the same direction, and all three affective conditions differed significantly from one another. Averaged evoked responses were obtained for each affective stimulus. Amplitudes were found to differ significantly from one another in all three conditions, the unpleasant stimulus eliciting the lowest evoked response, and the neutral condition evoking the highest amplitude. Significantly shorter latencies were obtained for the unpleasant stimulus, whereas the latencies of the positive and neutral stimuli did not differ significantly from each other. The results suggest a direct influence of the emotional centers (limbic system) on the visual perception of affective stimuli. Further studies were suggested to clarify the role of awareness and the specific modalities involved in conditioning.
RELATIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE LATENCY, AMPLITUDE AND DURATION SCORES AS MEASURES OF AROUSAL AND HABITUATION IN NORMAL AND RETARDED ADULTS1
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf , O'Connor Neil
Published: February 2007

The comparability of latency, duration and amplitude scores of the first derivative of the galvanic skin response (GSR) in normal and retarded young adults was studied under various conditions of stimulus intensity, duration, and repetition. Duration scores were a measure of the onset‐to‐peak time of the primary wave and were found to be most sensitive to changes in stimulus conditions, least subject to measurement errors, and least cumbersome to handle statistically. Latency scores were found to be least sensitive, with amplitude scores occupying an intermediate position. The correlations between the three types of responses were low and showed no substantial or meaningful differences between stimulus conditions and subject groups. The authors concluded that for some types of GSR measurement, duration scores can replace the more commonly used amplitude scores.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LEARNING AND OVERLEARNING
Authors: Andreassi John L. , Whalen Patricia M.
Published: February 2007

Two experiments were conducted to investigate physiological activity associated with original learning and overlearning of verbal materials (nonsense syllables). In Experiment 1, the physiological responses measured were heart rate (HR), palmar skin conductance (PSC), and galvanic skin responses (GSRs) during original learning, overlearning, and new learning. In Experiment 2, the same physiological responses were recorded but original learning was followed by two overlearning phases.

The results showed that: there were decreases in all of the physiological measures with overlearning; there were increases in all of the measures with new learning; and further decreases in physiological activity occurred with “double overlearning.” It was concluded that the drop in physiological activity which occurred with overlearning was due to an habituation of physiological responses when Ss were no longer required to assimilate novel materials and a reduction in apprehensiveness as the experiment progressed.
THE DIFFERENTIAL CONDITIONABILITY OF TWO COMPONENTS OF THE SKIN CONDUCTANCE RESPONSE
Authors: Mordkoff Arnold M. , Edelberg Robert , Ustick Michael
Published: February 2007

The dual effector basis of the skin conductance response (SCR) was investigated in an experiment in which responses from both the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hand were classically conditioned using a delayed, discrimination conditioning paradigm. Orienting (OR), anticipatory (AR) and unconditional responses (UCR) were distinguished on the basis of latency. Both the anticipatory response and the response which occurred when the unconditional stimulus (UCS) was omitted (CR) were conditional. The magnitude of the response from the dorsal and palmar placements was similar for the ORs, UCRs, and CRs, but the palmar ARs were significantly greater than the dorsal. A conditioning index which took into account the magnitude of the UCR, revealed that the palmar AR differentiated between reinforced and non‐reinforced conditional stimuli to a greater degree than the dorsal response. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the epidermal component of the SCR, reflected in measurements from the dorsum of the hand, accompanies the alerting or orienting response of the organism, whereas the sweat gland component of the SCR, represented largely in measurements from palmar sites, is primarily associated with a defensive, anxiety‐like response.
FINGER SWEAT PRINT TAPE BANDS
Authors: McNair Douglas M. , Droppleman Leo F. , Kussman Michael
Published: February 2007

A simple inexpensive technique for obtaining finger sweat prints (FSPs) is described. Evidence for its validity is presented. The method proved approximately equal to a more elaborate procedure in sensitivity to an anticholinergic drug effect. FSP techniques, perhaps, have been technically refined without the compensating gains of increased reliability or validity.
MODIFICATION IN AUTONOMICALLY MEDIATED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO COLD PRESSOR BY COGNITIVE ACTIVITY: AN EXTENSION
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Wieland Betty A. , Mefferd Roy B. , Benton Richard G. , McDaniel C. Douglas
Published: February 2007

The SNS response decrement obtained by Mefferd and Wieland (1965) when a congitive task was imposed during a painful stimulus was reproduced with 15 Ss under conditions involving minimal motor activity. The results support the conclusion that cognitive activity perse was the major determinant of the decrement.
EFFECTS OF CHANGING THE CS‐US INTERVAL ON HUMAN SALIVARY RESPONSES
Authors: Wells David T. , Feather Ben W.
Published: February 2007

An experiment was performed to test the effect of changing the CS‐US interval on the pattern of conditioned salivation. Each of 6 subjects (Ss) received 60 reinforced trials on each of 3 CS‐US intervals: 10, 20, and 40 sec. For each CS‐US interval 10 test trials were given to determine the change in pattern of response with change in the CS‐US interval. An additional session included 2 test trials in which an extraneous stimulus was given simultaneously with the CS. The results showed little evidence of inhibition of delay in the longer intervals or of disinhibition when the extraneous stimulus was applied. The most significant result was a response which followed CS offset in the 20‐ and 40‐sec intervals. The question of the nature of this response remains to be answered by use of a different experimental design. Significance of the level of conditioning remained high (p <. 00001) over the manipulation of CS‐US interval.
AN ABSOLUTE OHMIC READOUT OF THE GALVANICSKIN RESPONSE
Authors: Hicks Ronald G. , Giesige Richard , Fick Arthur
Published: February 2007

A relatively linear Wheatstone bridge that quantifies skin resistance is described. Current through the skin is kept low and relatively constant in all ranges. Circuitry is simple, easy to calibrate and reliable.
EVOKED RESPONSE AND STARTLE BLINK TO STRONG ACOUSTIC STIMULI OF DIEEERENT SIGNAL MEANING
Authors: Sakano N. , Pickenhain L.
Published: February 2007

In healthy man, the effects of stimulus intensity and a preceding optic signal with different meaning upon: the latencies and amplitudes of the startle blink reflex; the peaks P1, N1 and P2 of the auditory cortical evoked response (ACER); and on the strength of the subjective startle response were investigated.

A pistol‐shot elicited a startle blink of shorter latency and larger amplitude, and an ACER with shorter latency of peak N1 and larger amplitude of P1– N1 than a click, which was produced by a condenser discharge into a loudspeaker.

If an optic stimulus preceded the acoustic stimuli, the amplitudes of the ACER peaks and the latency of peak N1 decreased. The startle blink, however, displayed only a latency shortening. The subjective startle response was weaker.

If the preceding optic signal had an undifferentiated meaning, the amplitudes of the startle blink and the ACER peaks were larger than if an optic signal with differentiated meaning preceded the acoustic stimulus. In the first case, the latency of the startle blink was shorter, but that of the peak N1 longer; the subjective startle response was stronger.

It was shown that only the amplitude of the peak P1– N1 of the ACER is directly correlated with the strength of the subjective startle response.

The underlying neurophysiological mechanisms were discussed.
VASOMOTOR CONDITIONING AND AWARENESS
Authors: Shean Glenn D.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between conditioning, generalization, and extinction of digital vasoconstriction, and subject awareness of CS‐US sequence was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to four groups and within‐group awareness was controlled through the manipulation of instructional parameters. Results indicated that vasomotor conditioning occurred only in those subjects that were judged to be aware of relevant conditioning stimulus relationships. Conditioned responses were found to extinguish almost immediately when subjects were informed of shock cessation. These findings were interpreted as being consistent with an approach which distinguishes between conditioning and relational learning.
STABILITY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN HEART RATE ACTIVITY DURING THE NEWBORN PERIOD
Authors: Clifton Rachel K. , Graham Frances K.
Published: February 2007

Reliability of 14 measures of newborn heart rate activity was estimated by intercorrelations among repeated daily testings and by the coefficient of concordance. Subjects were 16 newborns tested for three days and a subsample of 10 newborns tested for five days. Thirteen of the measures showed some significant stability although they differed in the size of correlations and in the degree of concordance. The two measures of temporal characteristics of response were among the least reliable and measures taken at the point of minimal activity were among the most reliable. The only measure for which there was no evidence of significant reliability was the within‐individual regression of poststimulus on prestimulus scores. This finding has obvious implications for the argument that individual regressions should be used instead of group regressions to adjust for prestimulus differences.
DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS AND WORD ASSOCIATIONS RELATED TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATION
Authors: Aarons Louis
Published: February 2007

Theoretical analysis has suggested that the feedback of neuromuscular activity affects quantitative but not qualitative aspects of responses, i.e. arousal provides energy but not direction for behavior. This study was carried out to determine whether or not qualitative aspects of ideation vary with the normal diurnal fluctuations of neuromuscular activity. Word association tests revealed qualitative differences among responses before sleep, upon awakening and at noon. Some differences were related to psychological test variables of kinesthetic orientation, need for change, and anxiety; other differences were independent of psychological test scores but related to the time of the word tests and intensity of muscle action potential (EMG). Subjects with low and high scores on the psychological tests were similar in both body temperature variation and amount of time spent in different EEG sleep stages. EMG levels during sleep were highly correlated with EEG sleep stages for both groups, but low psychological test scorers exhibited more EMG activity than high scorers. Neuromuscular arousal was accompanied by qualitative changes in verbal responses that were related to psychological orientations.
ELECTRODERMAL AND ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN CONCEPT IDENTIEICATION
Authors: Pishkin Vladimir , Shurley Jay T.
Published: February 2007

This study examined concept identification (CI) performance as a function of physiological arousal and physiological activity as a function of task complexity and expectation of success or failure. The development of an unsolvable set constituted stresses used to manipulate arousal. Results showed the following: (1) a positive correlation between CI errors and muscle action potential (MAP), (2) a negative correlation between spontaneous GSRs and MAP, (3) a greater number of spontaneous GSRs in low complexity‐solvable set CI as compared with high complexity problems, (4) progressively improving CI performance in low complexity‐solvable set problems, (5) increase in MAPs with high complexity‐unsolvable set CI. These findings were interpreted as indicating that MAP reflects internal disturbance associated with inability to process information while spontaneous GSRs reflect successful information intake.
DEEP INSPIRATIONS AS STIMULI FOR RESPONSES OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Anschel Carol
Published: February 2007

The effects of four types of deep breaths on the latency, the magnitude and the duration of finger volume pulse, heart rate and galvanic skin responses were studied in a quasi‐learning situation. The respiratory stimuli were normal inspirations, three times deeper than normal, six times deeper and fast, and six times deeper and slow. Twenty Ss took each type of deep breath in random order six times in response to specific lights. Graphs and statistical tests are presented summarizing the above relationships and two unexpected findings are discussed.
SKIN POTENTIAL, HEART RATE, AND THE SPAN OF IMMEDIATE MEMORY
Authors: Thetford Paul E. , Klemme Mary E. , Spohn Herbert E.
Published: February 2007

Relations between orienting response and span of immediate memory were studied by measuring skin potential responses (SPR) and heart rate (HR). Four conditions were studied by presenting letters in a tachistoscope and a 1000 cycle, 100 db tone simultaneous on some but not all trials. The conditions (15 Ss in each) were: tone and letters for 10 trials, then letters alone for 10 trials; tone and letters for 20 trials; only letters for 10 trials, followed by letters and tone for 10 trials; and only letters for 20 trials.

The results showed: (1) positive SPR habituated and negative did not, (2) tone produced more SP activity, (3) HR showed a shift from acceleration to deceleration over 20 trials, but tone had no influence, (4) tone had no direct influence on span scores, (5) Ss showed improvement in number ol letters reported correctly. There was a significant correlation between span and negative SPR when tone was sounded (r =. 36).
COMMENT ON TWO RECENT REPORTS OF OPERANT HEART RATE CONDITIONING
Authors: Murray E. Neil , Katkin Edward S.
Published: February 2007

This paper examined two reports of operant heart rate (HR) conditioning, one of which reported apparently successful cardiac slowing, and the other apparently successful cardiac speeding. Although the authors of these two studies concluded that they had demonstrated instrumental modification of HR independent of somatic mediators, this review of their results indicated that voluntary activity was a crucial mediator of the obtained effects. New statistical analyses were presented to support the notion that Ss’ cognitive and somatic activities influenced HR change more than the reinforcement contingencies utilized.
A NOTE ON SMOKING AND HEART RATE
Authors: Elliott Rogers , Thysell Richard
Published: February 2007

The effect of a cigarette on the heart rate (HR) of habitual smokers was assessed after brief abstinence and after regular smoking, with controls of sham smoking and deep breathing. Smoking, and only smoking, caused elevations in HR of about 20 bpm. The effect mimics habituation, and its dissipation, which may take about an hour, proceeds more slowly after continual smoking than after smoking a single cigarette after a few hours abstinence.
LONG TERM CONDITIONING OF ORIENTING RESPONSES
Authors: Gale Elliot N. , Ax Albert F.
Published: February 2007

The Russian literature suggests that as stable conditional responses develop, orienting responses (ORs) adapt. Prior research by Gale and Stern (1967 and 1968) indicated that in a differential conditioning situation the OR becomes conditioned (COR) and conditioned responses in the form of anticipatory responses (CAR) develop. The Russian literature suggests an inverse relationship between these two responses. As the CAR evolves the COR extinguishes. In the present study conditioning in the electrodermal and peripheral vasomotor systems was assessed utilizing 300 trials of conditioning. The results indicate that the COR does not extinguish in a series this long, nor does the CAR increase in amplitude as predicted. Rather the two CRs evolve in a similar manner. Possible explanations for the obtained results are discussed.
VALIDATION OF A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL TEST OF APTITUDE FOR LEARNING SOCIAL MOTIVES
Authors: Ax Albert F. , Bamford Jacqueline L.
Published: February 2007

This study was based on two assumptions. The first is that the hierarchy of motives is learned. “Hierarchy of Motives” is a concept denoting those largely unconscious systems which enable the selection of alternative behavior. The second assumption is that learning the hierarchy of motives requires an aptitude which varies widely in the population. The working hypotheses were: (1) presently measured aptitudes and environmental influences are insufficient to account for the observed variance in performance, and (2) that a discriminative learning task which requires a differential physiological response of the autonomic nervous system can measure the aptitude for learning social motives.

Sixty‐three Negro subjects were classified into two relatively higher and lower motivation groups based on their history of employment (from interview data) or on vocational training school teachers’ ratings. They were subjected to a single session of discriminative classical autonomic conditioning involving tones and pain, and given intelligence, personality, and level of aspiration tests. It was found that 18 variables, each individually statistically significant, when combined by means of a discriminant function analysis, classified 92% of the subjects into their correct criterion (motivation) groups. It was concluded that the working hypotheses were strongly confirmed and that the two assumptions were supported. Implications of these findings if confirmed by replication are (1) that a fundamental human aptitude for learning motives exists and can be measured; (2) having measures of the aptitude enables exploration of its relationships to other aptitudes and characteristics; (3) knowledge of these relationships will make it possible (a) to more accurately predict human performance involving motivation, (b) to more appropriately select and place personnel, (c) to devise more practicable training procedures for developing socially desirable motives, and (d) to provide persons unprepared for self‐support with more appropriate vocational training.
AN INTEGRATING COUNTER FOR LIQUID FLOW MEASUREMENT
Authors: Krausman David
Published: February 2007

This device provides a graphic representation of liquid flow in much the same manner as does a cumulative recorder. The output is in the form of an ascending staircase voltage, whose amplitude is a direct function of the accumulated number of drops of liquid flow. Reset occurs at exact time intervals which can be varied from 1 to 120 seconds. The flow is formed into tiny droplets by means of a large bore, long taper hypodermic needle. The droplets fall freely interrupting a light beam directed at a highly sensitive photo‐Darlington cell. The electrical portion of the device provides for automatic registry and graphic write‐out of both the event of the drop in the flow and for the integral of the flow over time.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF PAINFUL AND COGNITIVE STIMULI
Authors: Sadler Timothy G. , Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A. , Benton Richard G. , McDaniel C. Douglas
Published: February 2007

Sympathetic activity (SA) was reduced when a cognitive task was imposed during an ongoing response to cold pressor. However, this reduction effect was not obtained when CP was imposed 40‐sec after the onset of a cognitive task. Rather the response level appeared to be about that which would have been obtained from cold pressor alone. These results suggest that the reduction found in the former situation is not the result of distraction due to cognitive activity per se, as we had previously proposed, but it is the initial SA resulting from presentation of the cognitive task that causes the interaction. This suggests that the competition occurs at a level below that of cognition.
THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC POTENTIAL AND REACTION TIME PERFORMANCE
Authors: Friedman Howard , Taub Harvey A.
Published: February 2007

The relationship between transcephalic DC potential changes and simple serial reaction time performance was investigated with the hypothesis that Ss exhibiting more positive TCDC shift would be slower in RT performance than Ss with less positive (or negative) shift. In two experiments, measurements of shift in DC from an initial pre‐performance reading to points just before, during, and following RT performance were made. Equal division into groups based on those Ss with most shift in a positive direction versus those with least positive (or negative) shift provided two groups of 12 male Ss in Experiment I, which used constant intertrial interval, and two groups of 11 Ss each in Experiment II, which used random intertrial intervals. The differences in performance between the groups were consistently in the direction expected by the hypothesis. In Experiment I, analysis of variance revealed significant interactions between groups and RT performance blocks over time. Significant differences between groups as well as significant interaction effects were found in Experiment II.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE IN IMMOBILIZED CATS
Authors: Van Twyver Henry B. , King Robert L.
Published: February 2007

Ten cats were immobilized with Flaxedil and given either paired conditioning trials or unpaired presentations of the CS and UCS in a study of classical GSR conditioning. The paired group received 5 adaptation trials followed by 40 paired tone‐shock acquisition trials and 10 extinction trials. A pseudo‐conditioning control group received unpaired trials with tone and shock, to control for pseudoconditioning and sensitization.

It was found that the group receiving paired conditioning trials responded at a significantly higher magnitude than did control Ss, thus demonstrating classical conditioning in this preparation. Electromyograms were recorded for all Ss during the experimental sessions to monitor skeletal movements. The level of immobilization was such that no movements were seen in response to the CS. Analysis of the baseline skin resistance data revealed no significant differences which could have contributed to group differences in GSR magnitudes. It is concluded that skeletal movement was not a necessary concomitant of classical conditioning of the GSR.