bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reseña de libro: Desplazamiento forzado en escenarios de conflicto: perspectivas desde la ética y los derechos humanos
Authors: Lykes M. Brinton
Published: July 2022

Forced Displacement in Conflict Scenarios: Ethics and Human Rights PerspectivesDe Andrea Hellemeyer & Eduardo Díaz Amado (eds.)

A manera de introducción al libro compilado por Andrea Hellemeyer y Eduardo Díaz Amado, reproducimos la intervención de Brinton Lykes durante la presentación de la obra.
Argument a contrario
Authors: Keršić Marin
Published: July 2022

Argument a contrario jest argument koji se učestalo koristi u sudskoj praksi, ali i u svakodnevnom zaključivanju. Iako se argument možda čini kao jedan od jednostavnijih, otvara prostor za brojna teorijska i praktična pitanja, među kojima ističemo sljedeća: pitanje uvjerljivosti zaključivanja po suprotnosti, odnosa argumenta s drugim argumentima i tumačenjem (prije svega, argumentom analogije, suženim, doslovnim i proširenim tumačenjem i ciljnim tumačenjem) te pitanje odnosa sa „šutnjom“ normotvorca. Strukturno, autor u radu prvo u uvodu prikazuje pojam i karakteristike argumenta. Nakon toga, objašnjavaju se varijante argumenta: interpretativna i produktivna (prema Guastiniju) te slaba i jaka (prema Peczeniku). Rad nastavlja s analizom i formalizacijom strukture argumenta, uz poseban osvrt na jaku i slabu pragmatičku negaciju i njihov utjecaj na zaključivanje a contrario. Iznesena shvaćanja potom su prikazana u odlukama Suda Europske unije i Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske. Na temelju iznesenoga, autor u radu iznosi zaključke relevantne za pravnu znanost, a potencijalno i za sudačko rasuđivanje.
Izbori ravnatelja i upravljanje školom u obaveznom školstvu Hrvatske između stručnosti i podobnosti – povijesni pregledi između 1871. i 2021. godine
Authors: Dubovicki Snježana , Munjiza Emerik
Published: July 2022

U radu je istražen postupak izbora ravnatelja (u razdoblju od 150 godina) u obaveznom školstvu Hrvatske između uvođenja školske obveznosti i suvremenosti. U razdoblju ove analize Hrvatska se nalazila u različitim državno-političkim asocijacijama i društvenim uređenjima. Osnovni cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati načine i pristupe izbora školskih ravnatelja u svim državnim asocijacijama i društvenim uređenjima kroz izbor školskih ravnatelja koji se kretao između stručnosti i podobnosti. To je istraženo kroz sastav organa upravljanja, propisanih uvjeta i izborne procedure. Istraživanje je obavljeno analizom 31 školskog zakona izmjena i dopuna) koji imaju karakter primarnih izvora. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se izbor ravnatelja u kontinuitetu kretao unutar stručnosti i podobnosti s ponešto diferenciranim otklonima. U izborima ravnatelja postoji velika razlika između javne percepcije koja se često temelji na pojedinačnim slučajevima, medijskoj eksponiranosti i zakonskoj regulativi. To bi se moglo ukloniti/ublažiti profesionalizacijom ravnateljske službe. Dosadašnji pokušaji su tek djelomično praktično operacionalizirani.
Vulnerability of the Church through Abuse of Power, Body and Conscience
Authors: Bošnjaković Josip
Published: July 2022

The wounds on the Body of Christ are a part of God’s identity. Pierced arms, hips, and legs are a sign and testimony of the Paschal Mystery that is Passion, Death, and Resurrection. The Church is a vulnerable and wounded Body, just as any other person is vulnerable and wounded. The Body of the Church and the body of a person can be wounded by processes that take place within the Body/bodies, and other institutions, persons, states, Churches, religions. The article discusses the wounding of the Church due to the consequences of the processes that take place within the body, and above all, due to the abuse of power, body, and conscience. When the body is exposed to the gaze of others due to being wounded, then a reaction is possible through the feeling of shame, through a complex experience that speaks of the inner process of a being that feels ashamed, which is exposed to the gaze of others. Recovery from wounding is a lengthy process that requires openness, honesty, wound detection, and talking about the course of events that led to wounding. At the same time, the wounded Body needs help, hence the article talks about possible recovery from abuse through tenderness, compassion, empathy, spiritual monitoring of people on their path to recovery.
Zlostavljanje i zanemarivanje djece u dječjoj književnosti
Authors: Milković Ivana
Published: July 2022

U radu se analiziraju glavni i sporedni likovi romana Matilda Roalda Dahla. Razmatraju se osobine i postupci Matilde, glavnoga lika, iz perspektive zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja djece u dječjoj književnosti. Izdvajaju se primjeri različitih oblika posrednoga i neposrednoga fizičkoga i emocionalnoga zlostavljanja, te zanemarivanja navedenih u djelu. Matilda kao junakinja razvija svoje intelektualne sposobnosti do razine u kojoj oni postaju fantastičan element priče i tako rješava nepovoljnu situaciju u kojoj se nalazi. Matilda je aktivan i glavni akter svojega djetinjstva i neustrašivo preuzima odgovornost za svoje sretno djetinjstvo. Analizira se i uloga sporednih likova. Odrasli likovi su ili zlostavljači pa ih treba kazniti ili pak sami svojevoljno ostaju ravnodušnima prema zlostavljanju, pa im nije posvećena gotovo nikakva pažnja. Djecu, kao žrtve zlostavljanja, karakteriziraju dva tipa odnosa prema zlostavljačima. Jedan tip su djeca žrtve nasilja koje paralizira strah od zlostavljača. Drugi tip su djeca koja se na sve moguće načine bore protiv zlostavljača i pokušavaju ga pobijediti. U drugi tip ubrajamo i Matildu, kojoj je dana tolika intelektualna moć i duhovna snaga da ona ni u jednom trenu ne posumnja u negativnost postupaka zlostavljanja. Sigurna je u svoj put te naposljetku u potpunosti preuzima ulogu junakinje, ne samo u svom životu, već i u svojoj okolini.
Mikromobilite – Ulaşıma Mucizevi Bir Çözüm Mü, Yoksa Bir Hayal Kırıklığı Mı?
Authors: DÜNDAR Selim , GÜNAY Gürkan , KARLİKANOVAİTE-BALIKÇI Agne , ŞENTÜRK BERKTAŞ Ecem , ULU İrem Merve
Published: July 2022

Mikromobilite sistemleri son yıllarda dünyanın pek çok bölgesinde olduğu gibi ülkemizde de oldukça popüler olmaya başlamıştır. Mikromobilite sistemlerinin popülerliğinin artmasının ana nedenleri, artan araç paylaşım sistemleri, özellikle son kilometre ya da son mil olarak tanımlanan kısa mesafelerde ekonomik bir alternatif olması, trafik sıkışıklıklarından en alt düzeyde etkilenmesi ve bu sistemlerin çevre dostu olduğu algıları bulunmaktadır. Ancak bu düşünce ya da algıların ne kadar gerçeği yansıttığı üzerinde dikkatlice durulması gereken bir konudur. Mikromobilite sistemleri, özellikle zevkli bir kullanıma sahip olduğundan büyük oranda gençler tarafından oldukça popüler olmaya başlamış ulaşım türleridir. Ancak, güvenliği düşük, trafik sıkışıklıklarına çözüm sunamayan ve kamuoyunda oluşan genel algının aksine çevreye olumsuz etkileri olan bir alternatiftir. Yine de motorlu taşıtların yerine son kilometre ulaşımında tamamlayıcı bir ulaşım türü olarak kullanıldığında önemli ve olumlu bir ulaşım alternatifi sunmaktadır. Buna karşın, mikromobilite sistemlerinin etkinliğini belirlemek için sosyal fayda/maliyet analizleri gibi kapsamlı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmeli, gerekirse bu sistemlerin kullanımına ilişkin önemli yasal düzenlemeler gerçekleştirilmelidir.
Differential expression of C-terminal binding protein 2 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2022

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with early-onset breast cancer. We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding C-terminal binding protein 2, CTBP2, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast: in women aged 45 and younger, and women aged 70 and higher. CTBP2 was also differentially expressed in the brain metastases of patients with brain metastatic breast cancer. CTBP2 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of CTBP2 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with overall survival in human breast cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by PAM50 molecular subtype. CTBP2 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Computational analysis suggest C2I as a promising vaccine candidate for Botulism caused by C2 toxin
Authors: Arambam Nevidita , Nakul Mihir , P Preeti , rawal kamal
Published: July 2022

C2 exotoxin, majorly produced by C and D serotypes of anaerobic bacterium class, Clostridia, does not function as a neurotoxin; contrary to other botulism toxins. As a binary toxin, C2I protein, the enzymatic portion of the toxin aided by C2IIa, the activated transporter part, assembles as an active C2 toxin. Upon endocytosis of the complex into the target eukaryotic cell, it causes the actin cytoskeleton to depolarize by ADP-ribosylation and induces rounding of the cell followed by apoptosis. C2I as a recombinant mutant has also been recently studied in relation to vaccinogenic characteristics (1). The C2I being the active cause of the damage inflicted in eukaryotic cells made us keen on exploring its potential as a toxoid vaccine. Hence, in this study, we analyzed if this protein could serve as an ideal candidate for vaccine development targeting C2 toxin. We utilized immunoinformatics and computational algorithms based tools to identify the quality of the vaccine candidate from this bacterial toxin of interest. Using a literature-based cut-off, we obtained a Pi value of 58% from the Vax-ELAN pipeline, indicating that it may be examined further as a vaccine candidate. We acquired an 89.35% vaccine probability from the Vaxi-DL pipeline, indicating that it has the probability to be employed as a promising toxoid or recombinant vaccine candidate. All that being said, it needs more research and testing to function as an effective vaccine against Botulism caused by C2 toxin.
A Discussion of Hate Speech on the Internet
Authors: Kothawade Sunita
Published: July 2022

In common sound, “hate speech” easily refer to offensive discourse targeting a group or an individual established inherent traits - such as race, denomination or gender - and that concede possibility threaten friendly peace. Under International Human Rights Law, skilled is no universal definition of hate talk as the concept is still widely argued especially in commendations to its relation to independence of opinion and verbalization, non-discrimination and balance. With the aim to provide an unified foundation for the UN system to address the issue everywhere, the United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech defines hate speech as. “some kind of ideas in speech, literature or behaviour, that attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory terminology with reference to one or a group on the basis of the one they are, in other words, based on their creed, ethnicity, ethnic group, race, colour, descent, neuter or other identity determinant.
Imaging somatosensory cortex: human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Authors: Puckett Alexander M , Panchuelo Rosa Sanchez
Published: July 2022

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful tool for imaging somatosensory cortex, providing a means to non-invasively measure cortical activity in awake and behaving humans. Notably, this technique has permitted the homunculus – a hallmark of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) organization – to be examined with unprecedented detail. With the development of high-resolution fMRI (mostly at ultra-high field, 7 Tesla), it is now possible to investigate the finer topographic details of the sensory homunculus in almost any individual. Moreover, fMRI can be used to investigate other various bottom-up response properties as well as more top-down perceptual and cognitive processes (e.g., attention and prediction) across a wide range of experimental conditions. This chapter mainly focuses on tactile experiments, outlining a number of experimental paradigms and analysis techniques; practical and participant-specific difficulties are noted. Although we focus on fMRI for imaging primary somatosensory cortex, this technique can also be used to image cortical activity in other areas involved in somatosensory processing such as secondary somatosensory cortex (S2), insular cortex, or the cerebellum.
Negative mood dysregulation loads strongly onto common factors with many forms of psychopathology: Considerations for assessing nonspecific symptoms
Authors: Stanton Kasey , Balzen Kennedy , Levin-Aspenson Holly Frances , DeFluri Christine Marie
Published: July 2022

There have been proposals to expand definitions for categorical disorders and dimensionally-conceptualized syndromes (e.g., psychopathy) to include negative mood lability and dysregulation (NMD). Factor analytic results are often presented in support of these proposals, and we provide factor analytic demonstrations across clinically-oriented samples showing that NMD indicators load strongly onto factors with a range of psychopathology. This is unsurprising from a transdiagnostic perspective but shows that factor analysis could potentially be used to justify expanding definitions for specific constructs even though NMD indicators show strong, nonspecific loadings on psychopathology factors ranging widely in nature. Expanding construct definitions and assessment approaches to emphasize NMD also may negatively impact discriminant validity. We agree that targeting NMD is essential for comprehensive assessment, but our demonstrative analyses highlight a need for using factor analysis and other statistical methods in a careful, theoretically-driven manner when evaluating psychopathology structure and developing measures.
Do cells have working memory?
Authors: Le Tam-Tri
Published: July 2022

Scientists have discovered a molecular mechanism acting as working memory for cells.
ROLE OF DEEP LEARNING STRATEGIES IN DETECTING COVID-19 PNEUMONIA
Authors: rawal kamal , Ridhima
Published: July 2022

In this chapter, we will describe the various deep learning strategies used in detecting COVID-19pneumonia with the help of different models.
Social movement and mental health of Korean women sexual violence survivors, 2012-2019
Authors: Kim Chungah , Nielsen Andrew , Teo Celine , Chum Antony
Published: July 2022

Objectives. To examine the whether the #MeToo movement influenced the depressive symptoms of women with a history of sexual violenceMethods. We used a nationally representative sample (n=4429) of women aged 19-50 from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families between 2012-2019. A difference-in-differences model was used to estimate the within-person change in depressive symptoms attributable to the #MeToo movement across women with and without a history of sexual violence. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CESD) scale. Results. The #MeToo movement led to a 1.64 decrease in CESD among women with a history of sexual violence relative to women without after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that the #MeToo movement in Korea led to reduced depressive symptoms among women with a history of sexual violence. Policy implications. Despite the progress of the #MeToo movement, there are still judicial and institutional problems that can re-victimize sexual violence survivors. Further policy changes will likely improve the mental health of survivors.
Validation of a Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39-based Functional Mobility Composite Score (FMCS) in people with Parkinson’s disease.
Authors: Hanff Anne-Marie , McCrum Christopher , Rauschenberger Armin , Aguayo Gloria , Zeegers Maurice , Leist Anja , Krüger Rejko
Published: July 2022

INTRODUCTION Functional mobility is an important outcome for people with Parkinson’s disease (PwP). Despite this, there is no established patient-reported outcome measure that serves as a gold standard for assessing patient-reported functional mobility in PwP. We aimed to validate the algorithm calculating the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39) based Functional Mobility Composite Score (FMCS). METHODS We designed a count-based algorithm to measure patient-reported functional mobility in PwP from items of the PDQ-39 subscales mobility and activities of daily living. Convergent validity of the algorithm calculating the PDQ-39-based FMCS was assessed using the objective Timed Up and Go (n=253) and discriminative validity was assessed by comparing the FMCS with patient-reported (MDS-UPDRS II) and clinician-assessed (MDS-UPDRS III) motor symptoms as well as between disease stages (H&Y) and PIGD phenotypes (n=736). Participants were between 22 to 92 years old, with a disease duration from 0 to 32 years and 64.9% in a H&Y 1–2 ranging from 1 to 5. RESULTS Spearman correlation coefficients (rs) ranging from -0.45 to -0.77 (p < 0.001) indicated convergent validity. Hence, a t-test suggested sufficient ability of the FMCS to discriminate (p < 0.001) between patient-reported and clinician-assessed motor symptoms. More specifically, FMCS was more strongly associated with patient-reported MDS-UPDRS II (rs=-0.77) than clinician-reported MDS-UPDRS III (rs=-0.45) and can discriminate between disease stages as between PIGD phenotypes (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The FMCS is a valid composite score to assess functional mobility through patient reports in PwP for studying functional mobility in studies using the PDQ-39.
Differential expression of TSEN54 in cancers of the breast.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: July 2022

Breast cancer affects women at relatively high frequency (1). We mined published microarray datasets (2, 3) to determine in an unbiased fashion and at the level of the transcriptome genes most differentially expressed in the primary tumors of patients with early-onset breast cancer. We found significant differential expression of the gene encoding tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit 54, TSEN54, when comparing primary tumors of the breast to the tissue of origin, the normal breast: in women aged 45 and younger, and women aged 70 and higher. TSEN54 mRNA was present at significantly higher quantities in tumors of the breast as compared to normal breast tissue. Analysis of human survival data revealed that expression of TSEN54 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with distant metastasis-free survival in patients with basal and luminal A subtype breast cancer, demonstrating a relationship between primary tumor expression of a differentially expressed gene and patient survival outcomes influenced by PAM50 molecular subtype. TSEN54 may be of relevance to initiation, maintenance or progression of cancers of the female breast.
Keterampilan Menulis
Authors: Muslim Penerbit Yayasan Cendekia , Rabiatul Adawiyah Siregar M.Pd.
Published: July 2022

Menulis itu penting, karena dengan adanya tulisankita bisa memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat. Banyakdiantara generasi muda yang tidak tertarik kepada aktivitasmenulis,denganalasantidakberbakatuntukmenulisserta tidak tahu apa tujuan menulis. Sehinga merekatidak ikut berkontribusi dalam kegiatan tulis menulis.Agar tujuan menulis tercapai dibutuhkan panduan danlatihan yang sering sehinga kita terlatih dan akhirnyamenjadi kebiasaan yang positif.Penulis menyadari jika dalam penyusunan bukumemiliki kekurangan, namun penulis meyakini sepenuhnyabahwasekecilapapunbukuinitetapakanmemberikansebuahmanfaatbagipembaca.
Is Internet Gaming Disorder being captured by diagnostic criteria: a qualitative analysis of the lived experience based on Reddit posts.
Authors: Petrovskaya Elena
Published: July 2022

The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder in the DSM-5 as a condition worthy of further study has generated significant controversy. In part, this is due to concern over how the diagnostic criteria were developed: it is unclear to what extent the development of these criteria incorporated subjective accounts of living with the disorder. The current study aimed to evaluate the extent of the alignment of core symptoms of the gaming disorder lived experience with the DSM-5 criteria for clinical diagnosis. Analysis was conducted of 288 posts on Reddit written by people about their experiences of gaming disorder, using codebook thematic analysis. Seven core symptoms were found. In those, there was no evidence for the existing DSM criteria of tolerance and deception of others about time spent gaming. There was, however, evidence to suggest cravings and urges should be included as criteria, and evidence to support preoccupation, which is sometimes considered to be a feature of highly engaged but not necessarily dysregulated gaming. By emphasising the role of the addicted individuals in constructing their own experience, this work highlights the potential of involving experts with lived experience in the development of such diagnostic criteria.
A Pre-Post Design for Testing Insight from Personalized Feedback about Positive Affect in Contexts
Authors: Leertouwer IJsbrand , Vermunt Jeroen , Schuurman Noémi Katalin
Published: July 2022

Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data about people’s self-reported experiences can be summarized and reported back to them as a so-called personalized feedback report. A popular form of personalized feedback concerns people’s positive affect in different environments and activities. The goal of this type of feedback is to provide participants insight into contexts that are associated with particularly high or low positive affect. Then, they may seek these contexts out more or less often respectively. However, the extent to which participants gain insight from this type of personalized feedback has not yet been quantified. In this study, we tested whether participants indeed gained insight from personalized feedback about their average positive affect in different contexts. We did this using a pre-post design, in which we compared estimates that participants made of their average positive affect in different contexts before and after receiving their personalized feedback to their respective personalized feedback (N = 133). For a subsample of participants (n = 77), we mistakenly provided feedback that was consistently higher than the actual average of their EMA data. We found that participants generally changed their estimates in the direction of both the ‘correct’ and ‘incorrect’ personalized feedback. These findings suggest that people may be inclined to adjust their perception towards their personalized feedback, even when the feedback is flawed.
How to ask twenty questions and win: Machine learning tools for assessing preferences from small samples of willingness-to-pay prices
Authors: Sokratous Konstantina , Fitch Anderson , Kvam Peter D.
Published: July 2022

Subjective value has long been measured using binary choice experiments, yet responses like willingness-to-pay prices can be an effective and efficient way to assess individual differences risk preferences and value. Tony Marley's work illustrated that dynamic, stochastic models permit meaningful inferences about cognition from process-level data on paradigms beyond binary choice, yet many of these models remain difficult to use because their likelihoods must be approximated from simulation. In this paper, we develop and test an approach that uses deep neural networks to estimate the parameters of otherwise-intractable behavioral models. Once trained, these networks allow for accurate and instantaneous parameter estimation. We compare different network architectures and show that they accurately recover true risk preferences related to utility, response caution, anchoring, and non-decision processes. To illustrate the usefulness of the approach, it was then applied to estimate model parameters for a large, demographically representative sample of U.S. participants who completed a 20-question pricing task -- an estimation task that is not feasible with previous methods. The results illustrate the utility of machine-learning approaches for fitting cognitive and economic models, providing efficient methods for quantifying meaningful differences in risk preferences from sparse data.
The Effect of Face Masks on the Stereotype Effect in Emotion Perception
Authors: Primbs Maximilian , Rinck Mike , Holland Rob , Knol Wieke M. , Nies Anique , Bijlstra Gijsbert
Published: July 2022

The accurate and swift decoding of emotional expressions from faces is fundamental for social communication. Yet, emotion perception is prone to error. For example, the ease with which emotions are perceived is affected by stereotypes (Bijlstra et al., 2010). Moreover, the introduction of face masks mandates in response to the Covid-19 pandemic additionally impedes accurate emotion perception by introducing ambiguity to the emotion perception process. Predictive coding frameworks of visual perception predict that in such situations of increased ambiguity of the sensory input (i.e., faces with masks), people increasingly rely on their prior beliefs (i.e., their stereotypes). Using specification curve analysis, we tested this prediction across two experiments, featuring different social categories (Study 1: Gender; Study 2: Ethnicity) and corresponding emotion stereotypes. We found no evidence that face masks increase reliance on prior stereotypes. In contrast, in Study 1 (but not in Study 2), we found preliminary evidence that face masks decrease reliance on prior stereotypes. We discuss these findings in relation to predictive coding frameworks and dual process models and emphasize the need for up-to-date analytic methods in social cognition research.
The role of PMd in voluntary motor control: insights from TMS research.
Authors: Denyer Ronan , Greenhouse Ian , Boyd Lara A.
Published: July 2022

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research has furthered understanding of human PMd function due to its unrivalled ability to measure the inhibitory and facilitatory influences of PMd over M1 in a temporally precise manner. Findings from TMS research indicate that PMd transiently modulates inhibitory output to effector representations within M1 during motor preparation depending on which effectors are selected for response, and that the timing of these modulations correlates with the cognitive demands of the task. In this review, we critically assess this literature within the context of prevailing theories of PMd function borne out of single/multi unit recording research in non-human primates. Through this process we identify gaps in the literature and propose future experiments to address lingering questions.
Covariate Selection in Exposure Disparity Analysis
Authors: Wu Christopher
Published: July 2022

Many exposure disparity analyses involve running a regression, and using the slope parameter estimate to characterize inequality. However, little attention is often paid to the choice of covariates included in the model, despite the observation that parsimonious selection tends to lead to larger slope estimates. This paper studies this observation and argues that, contrary to best practices in predictive modelling and causal inference, the intentional omission of predictors or confounders may be desirable. The implication is that a liberal selection of covariates may cause an arbitrary understatement of inequality.
Research funding and scientific careers
Authors: Melkers Julia , Woolley Richard , Kreth Quintin
Published: July 2022

In this chapter, we explore the catalytic human capital outcomes of grant funding, relevant to a career-stage model of research careers. To do this, we provide an overview of the state of knowledge on the relationship between funding and research careers. Because funding tools that target various career stages have emerged over time, we identify several important trends in research funding and their consequences for the support of research careers. Our discussion is organized around career stages to highlight the early, mid, and later career factors relevant to the design of funding instruments and how career scripts are reflected in, and potentially shaped by these career-stage-specific instruments. We conclude with a discussion of the knowledge gaps relevant to improving our understanding of the relationships between research funding and academic careers, with suggestions for future research.mobility
Before Ghibli was Ghibli: Analysing the Historical Discourses Surrounding Hayao Miyazaki’s Castle in the Sky (1986)
Authors: Denison Rayna
Published: July 2022

While Studio Ghibli may have become Japan’s most important and successful animation studio, its early significance is far more debatable in relation to the success of its films. Normally viewed from the present moment, Studio Ghibli’s brand significance is unmistakable, having become a producer of world renowned animation, and a distribution label for its own animated hit films and other high-profile animation in Japan. To challenge this perception of Ghibli’s brand significance, this article revisits the early history of Studio Ghibli in order to examine the discourses around the formation of the studio. Using Studio Ghibli’s first official film release, Tenkū no shiro Lapyuta (Castle in the Sky) (Miyazaki, 1986) as a case study, this article argues for a corrective analysis of the importance of Studio Ghibli to animator Hayao Miyazaki’s first ‘Ghibli’ film. The article demonstrates that throughout this release, there was a tension between art and industry that would become the hallmark of Ghibli’s style, but that the company itself may have had little to do with that brand’s early conception.
Ecological Risk Assessment using Satellite Derived NDVI, HFP and Rainfall Erosivity in Nepal
Authors: Baniya Binod , Karki Jaya Ram
Published: July 2022

Understanding vegetation dynamics is becoming increasingly crucial to maintain ecosystem in the Himalaya region. An assessment of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and human footprint pressure indicates the ecological risk scenario of Nepal. The original NOAA NDVI product available from 1981-2015 were used. Similarly, Human footprint pressure data for 1993 and 2009 were used. The study purpose was to develop ecological risk map based on NDVI dynamics and human pressure to natural resources. The result showed that the intensity of vegetation dynamics was 0.065 yr-1 with large positive and negative intensities observed in 2006 and 1984, respectively. Both of the intensity of vegetation changes and variance of NDVI showed increased ecological fragility in the Tran-Himalayan region. However, negative correlation between NDVI and rainfall erosivity showed reduced soil erosion and ecological risk in the region. The human footprint pressure has increased up to 43 which together with increasing annual population growth trend (1.35 yr-1) has exerted pressure on the natural system and created ecological risk. The results have important implications for a better understanding of the vegetation dynamics in response to ongoing climatic variability and associated ecological risks in Nepal.
Impacts of Parental Migration on Children Left Behind
Authors: Kunwar Laxman Singh
Published: July 2022

Globally, migration has been a common phenomenon. Migration has impacts on global, regional, national, local and household’s level. Migration has both positive and negative effectives, and it depends upon government policies, culture of community and household’s behavior. This article aims to describe the impacts of parental migration on children left behind and it is based on secondary sources of information. Remittances has contributed to improve education and health status of children left behind but at the same time loneliness, and physiological problems are being common negative impacts to children left behind of migrant family. Both positive and negative impacts to children left behind are briefly discussed based on available literature.
Comparative Cytomorphometric Study of Exfoliated Oral Epithelial Cells from a Population of Smokers, Tobacco Users and Gutkha Chewers
Authors: Nishant  , Sharma Bhagwat Swaroop
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Tobacco remains one of the most important preventable cause of addiction, sickness and mortality in the world as it affects the oral epithelium. Normal epithelium undergoes continuous exfoliation or shedding of its superficial cells, and it is replenished by new crop of cells from the basal layer. The rationale of exfoliative cytology lies in the epithelial physiology. The purpose of this study is to conduct quantitative cytomorphometric studies on squames obtained from a population of Tobacco and Gutkha users, to assess the cytomorphometric changes in Nuclear Area (NA) and Cytoplasmic Area (CA) of squames from tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, gutkha chewers, to compare the results with control group normal healthy individuals and among themselves.
Methods: Oral smears were taken from buccal mucosa of total 200 individuals. The smears were histochemically stained and cytomorphological assessment was done. Groups were compared by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the significance of mean difference between the groups was done by Tukey’s post hoc test after ascertaining normality by Shapiro-Wilk test andhomogeneity of variances by Levene’s test.
Results: The mean Nuclear area of tobacco chewer (C) was the highest and the normal individual (N) was the least. The mean Cytoplasmic area of normal individual (N) was the highest and the tobacco chewer(C) was the least.
Conclusions: This study supports and extends the view that cytomorphometric evaluation of keratinocytes can serve as a useful diagnostic adjunct for early detection of oral cancer. 
Keywords: exfoliative cytology; cytomorphometric; tobacco users; gutkha users.
Literacy of Suicide among Doctors and Nurses at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal
Authors: Shah Sunil , Neupane Dipendra , Sah Kamlesh Kumar
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Increased knowledge and improved attitudes about suicide are important factors for suicide-prevention strategies. Not only mental health professionals and public, but doctors and nurses working in other departments and general hospitals, especially in resource limited low-middle income country like Nepal, need to be knowledgeable identifying and making appropriate referrals for mental health issues and suicidal patients. This study was conducted to assess doctors and nurses’ literacy of suicide at a tertiary care government center in Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among doctors and nurses working at the hospital. Literacy of suicide scale was utilized to assess the status of literacy regarding suicide among 188 study participants. Descriptive statistics were applied.
Results: The total mean literacy of suicide scale (LOSS) score was calculated to be 13.07 (SD=3.65). Higher number of participants, 117 (62.2%) scored above mean on total LOSS score.  Performance was the poorest on recognizing the signs of suicide while it was best on identifying the cause of suicide. People with relationship problems or financial problems have a higher risk of suicide was correctly identified by 89.9% of the participants. While only 60 (31.9%) participants correctly answered item “men are more likely to suicide than women” from the domain risk.
Conclusions: Majority of nurses and doctors performed better on the literacy of suicide scale. Health professionals were found knowledgeable about suicide. Those with higher level of education, specialization and training in mental health scored higher. Future studies among various categories of population and association of level of literacy and attitude, practices is needed.
Comparative Study of Single versus Double Burr Hole Drainage for Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Authors: KC Bidur , Shakya Bikram , Thapa Amit
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Various surgical technique is used for evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma. Burr hole drainage is a most preferred. However, there exist a controversy regarding single versus double burr hole among neurosurgeon. This study aims to compare the single versus double burr hole drainage for chronic subdural hematoma in terms of mortality, wound infection andrecurrence.
Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over the period of 3 years. Data were collected in terms age, gender, type of surgery, mortality, wound infection and recurrence. These data were analysed to compare between the single versus double burr hole groups. 
Results: A total of 53 patients with chronic subdural hematoma underwent burr hole drainage were enrolled. Mean age of patients was 61.87 ± 17.35 years with male to female ratio 4.88:1. In this study, single burr hole was performed in 35 patients (66%) versus double burr hole in 18 patients (34%). Superficial surgical site infection was observed in 3 patients (5.7%) wherein 1 from single burr hole and 2 from double burr hole group with no statistically significant association (P value = 0.26). There was only 1 recurrence (1.9%). This was from single burr hole group versus no recurrence from double burr hole group which was not statistically significant (P value = 1.00). There was no mortality in both the groups in this study.
Conclusions: There is no effect on mortality, infection and recurrence comparing single versus double burr hole drainage following evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma.
Keywords: burr hole drainage; chronic subdural hematoma; recurrence.
Effect of Negative Ion Concentration and Magnetic Field on Electronegative Plasma Sheath
Authors: Chalise Roshan , Nepali Bhujendra , Thakur Ghanshyam , Basnet Suresh , Khanal Raju
Published: July 2022

Plasma is the ionized state of matter and is of interest as it has found applications in diverse fields. In all practical applications of plasma, it interacts with the material surface via non-neutral region that is formed between bulk plasma and surface known as the sheath, which plays a vital role in overall plasma properties. In this work, the characteristics of electronegative magnetized plasma sheath have been presented employing the kinetic trajectory simulation method based on kinetic theory. It is found that magnetic field and volumetric composition of negatively charged particles have significantly affected the characteristics of electronegative plasma sheath. Although the particle densities deplete towards the wall, the decreasing rate of negative charged particles is steeper than that of positive ions. The magnitude of electric field slowly increases close to the sheath entrance, whereas it sharply increases close to the wall. The positive ion density decreases in both cases when the concentration of negative ion is increased or when the magnetic field is increased. On increasing the magnetic field from 0 to 250 mT, the ion density reaching the wall decreases from 0.331 to 0.305 n ps. The results are similar and agree with similar works following different models and our model provides a satisfactory basis for the study of electronegative plasma sheath.
Knowledge on Biomedical Waste Management among Nurses Working in a Hospital of Biratnagar
Authors: Gautam Sapana , Mandal Punam Kumari , Yangden Namita , Rai Munawatee
Published: July 2022

Biomedical wastes (BMWs) are the waste generated within the hospital. The increasing number of hospitals in the public and private sectors has made a significant generation of hospital waste. Improper waste management has a direct impact on human health and the environment. The objective of this study is to identify the knowledge on biomedical waste management among nurses in a hospital at Biratnagar. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in Neuro Cardio and Multispecialty Hospital. The nonprobability purposive sampling technique was used to collect data from 101 nurses using a semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive analysis was done by using mean and standard deviation and in inferential analysis chi-square test was used to find the association between level of knowledge and selected demographic variables. The findings showed that among 101 respondents, the majority (88.1%) had a moderate level of knowledge and there were no associations between nurse’s level of knowledge on biomedical waste management and selected demographic variables. It is recommended that continuing education and time to time training classes should be conducted by hospital authorities so that knowledge among nurses on biomedical waste management can be increased.
Effect of Covid-19 in Nepalese Tourism Sector and its Potential Measures in Nepal
Authors: Timsina Tirtha Raj
Published: July 2022

Tourism is a service-based industry with multiplicity of inter-linkages to the various other sectors in an economy. It contributes the significant amount of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with remarkable employment opportunities in many countries of the world. This research work is conducted to identify the effect of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Nepalese tourism industry and potential measure to cope with the effect in the economy by which necessary suggestions would recommend for this sector. This is a qualitative research based on the qualitative data gathered from primary as well as secondary sources. Fifteen respondents from different parts of Kathmandu valley have been purposively selected to obtain the first-hand responses who are formally engaged in tourism sector. It is found that there is significant effect in entire tourism sector and considerable decline globally and even the final statistics has not been measured yet. Nepal is also in the similar stream. Still there are lots of possibilities to cope with and develop new paradigm by handling the same things differently. This study concludes that there are plenty of measures to handle the problem created by the pandemic like COVID-19 throughout the economy including tourism. The knowledge acquired and lesson learned from the experiences make everything possible to handle it wisely so as to produce expected outcome that is why there is the enough sphere to revive Nepalese tourism in days to come.
अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध र बौद्ध संस्कृति {International relations and Buddhist culture}
Authors: ज्ञवाली Gyawali वेदराज Vedraj
Published: July 2022

अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध अथवा देशहरूका बिचको सम्बन्धमा विदेश नीति र त्यसकोव्यवहारिक पक्ष कुटनीतिको महत्वपूर्ण महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका रहेको हुन्छ । कुटनीतिका दुई आयाम कडाशक्ति र नरमशक्ति मध्ये यो लेख मूलतः नरमशक्ति कुटनीति तथा त्यसको नेपाली सन्दर्भमा केन्द्रित छ । धर्म, संस्कृति, कला, शिक्षा आदि नरमशक्ति अन्तर्गत पर्ने हुनाले नेपालको विदेश सम्बन्धमा बौद्ध धर्मसंस्कृतिको उपादेशयता, महत्वबारे बौद्ध साहित्यको विश्लेषणका आधारमा यो तयार पारिएको हो । नेपालको कुटनीतिमा कडाशक्ति भन्दा नरम शक्तिको महत्व धेरै रहेको हुनाले नेपालको नरमशक्ति मध्ये बौद्धधर्मदर्शन, बौद्धसंस्कृति र सर्बोपरी  रूपमा बुद्ध तथा बुद्धको जन्मस्थान लुम्बिनीलाई प्रयोग गर्न सकिन्छ । यो लेख मूलतः अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धबारे बुद्धका विचार, पञ्चशील र अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध, बुद्ध र नेपालको नरमशक्ति कुटनीति उपशीर्षकमा विभक्त रहेको छ ।

Foreign policy and its practical aspects play an important role in international relations or relations between countries. Of the two dimensions of diplomacy, hard power and soft power, this article basically focuses on soft power diplomacy and its Nepali context. As religion, culture, art, education, etc. fall under the soft power, it has been prepared on the basis of the analysis of Buddhist literature on the doctrine and importance of Buddhist culture in Nepal's foreign relations. Since soft power is more important than hard power in Nepal's diplomacy, Lumbini, the birthplace of Buddha and Buddha, can be used as one of the soft power of Nepal in Buddhist philosophy, Buddhist culture and above all. This article is basically divided into sub-headings of Buddha's views on international relations, Panchsheel and international relations, Buddha and Nepal's soft diplomacy.
Blood in the Water: Jewell Parker Rhodes’sBayou Magicas Children’s Petrofiction
Authors: Saguisag Lara
Published: July 2022

Jewell Parker Rhodes’s Bayou Magic (2015), written in the wake of the 2010 BP oil spill, deliberates the special problem of talking to children about oil. How does one tackle the subject of oil when addressing young people? How are children enabled to participate in discourses on petroleum? The novel also reveals a dilemma: the resource that we associate with comfort and progress actually contaminates, wounds, and lays waste to natural and human ecosystems. Caught in the mucky conundrum of oil, Bayou Magic reveals the challenges of talking to children about oil and oil catastrophes. In striving to meet the expectation that children’s fiction should offer a hopeful, if not happy, ending, Bayou Magic resorts to a resolution that “contains” the oil spill but sidesteps the problem of our persisting dependence on oil. But the novel’s allusion to the African deity Mami Wata is significant, as the figure connects the oppression of Black peoples to the exploitation of natural resources. As such, the novel uses fantastical elements not to imply that only something magical or divine can save us from disaster; rather, it signals that projects of environmental justice require openness to and embrace of radically imaginative solutions.
“I Love Romance!” Adolescent Girls Critique the Depiction of Love and Romance in The Hunger Games
Authors: Crookston Shara L.
Published: July 2022

In this qualitative study, nine adolescent girls between the ages of eleven and fourteen (M=12) reacted to how romance is depicted in The Hunger Games book and film series. Although some feminist researchers have been disappointed in the series ending, arguing that it reinforces post-feminist, repronormative and heteronormative ideas, most of the participants in this study felt that the inclusion of romance was appropriate for protagonist Katniss Everdeen, stating that this did not take away from what they saw as the “girl power” message of the series. Study participants believed that authors write heterosexual romance as a way of appealing to adolescent girl readers; several girls, however, expressed their desire to see this change. Furthermore, study participants provided alternative endings to the series that did not always include heterosexual romance or marriage for Katniss, thereby providing a nuanced critique of heteronormativity and gender roles in the series.
Pretty Sweet? Hegemonic Masculinity, Female Physicality, and the Regulation of Gender in a Vintage Book Series for Girls
Authors: Singleton Ellen
Published: July 2022

The Girls of Central High series, published over a century ago, provides a unique opportunity to investigate crucial intersections of gender, class, and institutionalized schooling that impact on competitive female sporting activities. In this article, these intersections are explored through a detailed examination of two characters in the series whose lives are affected by sport in very different ways. Although this book series served to reproduce and reinforce conventional attitudes and beliefs about femininity and masculinity, it also succeeded in reassuring young women that the desire to participate in vigorous competitive team sport was reasonable, feminine, and beneficial for other aspects of their lives.
“Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid”: Discourses of the Sexual Abuse of Boys
Authors: Ouellette Marc A.
Published: July 2022

Currently, the discourses of popular culture unflinchingly reproduce the myths and stereotypes of a cycle of abuse in which boys who have been victimized will inevitably sexually abuse others. Moreover, the momentum of the popular discourses leads to their frequent conflation in institutional and even in therapeutic coverage. In many ways, such boys become contemporary versions of scapegoats, branded not for something they have but rather for something that was done to them.