bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Particle aggregation/disaggregation and sorting using woven spiral beams
Authors: Tai Y. P. , Wei W. J. , Zhang H. , Ma H. X. , Li X. Z.
Published: November 2023

Spiral beams (SBs) have attracted increasing attention in structured light fields owing to their chirality and rich modes. However, the wrench force of existing SBs is uncontrollable and nonadjustable, which greatly limits the complex applications of particle manipulation. To address this issue, we proposed a woven spiral beam (WSB) with a controllable force field. The WSB was constructed by reshaping multispiral beams woven through an SB. The proposed WSB has flexible adjustable intensity lobes, which are easy to modulate independently, including size, position, helicity, and phase gradient. Furthermore, the WSBs were used to experimentally execute important particle manipulations, such as aggregation/disaggregation and sorting. This study provides an alternative scheme for the functional applications of SBs, which leads to different application scenarios in optical manipulations.
Outreach nurses critical for delivery of HIV care to women in western Victoria
Authors: Gador-Whyte Andrew P. , Roder Christine , Hamilton Rochelle , Fay Helen , Huning Emily , Nicholson Emma , Mackie Kathryn , Athan Eugene , Wade Amanda J.
Published: November 2023

Women living with HIV in regional Victoria face barriers accessing care. We evaluated the care cascade and outreach nurse support required for women attending our service between 2005 and 2020. A total of 33 women attended; 97% (32/33) were on antiretroviral therapy; 67% (22/33) retained in care, 27% (9/33) transferred and 6% (2/33) lost to follow up. Of women retained in care, 95% (21/22) were on antiretroviral therapy and 91% (20/22) had virological suppression. A total of 91% (30/33) required outreach nurse care (median care episodes 100/woman; IQR 44–179) – most frequently (87%; 26/30) liaising with pharmacies and prescribers. Outreach nurses are critical in achieving UNAIDS targets for women in western Victoria.
Recalling presupposed information
Authors: Masia Viviana , Garassino Davide , Brocca Nicola , de Saussure Louis
Published: November 2023

This article addresses, experimentally, the question of how presuppositions are cognitively processed and
retrieved in discourse. In the proposed research, we have administered tweets produced by Italian politicians to native speakers
so as to assess how easily they could retrieve the presupposed content of two presupposition triggers (definite descriptions and
change of state verbs), as opposed to their explicit paraphrase, by answering verification questions. Results showed that content
presupposed by change of state verbs was likely to receive more attention than content conveyed by definite descriptions; this
could possibly be due to the greater effort involved in mentally representing the event taken for granted by the predicates.
Definite descriptions, on the contrary, seem to instruct to a shallower processing modality, which means that their content is
processed less attentively or in a ‘good-enough’ way.
Mirative evidentials, relevance and non‑propositional
meaning
Authors: Ifantidou Elly , Tsavdaridou Lemonia
Published: November 2023

In this study, we are addressing the call for further research
(Aikhenvald 2015) into how
languages, in our case Modern Greek, mark the unexpected. Our first research
question is: Can we identify a class of mirative evidential markers in Modern
Greek? The expected answer is that we can, if we take account of frequency rates
in a variety of sources in the real world, namely plays, corpora and tags in
social media. The second research question is: Do these markers convey
propositional or non-propositional meaning? Our findings suggest that the Greek
data involves predominantly non-propositional types of meaning since mirativity
is not delivered by the semantic content of the utterance (e.g., Ooo! Tí
vlépoun ta mátia mou? “Oh! What do I see?”, Ma ti les tóra?
“But what are you saying now?”, Ba ba ti akoúo?
“Well, well, what do I hear?” Mi mou pis! ‘Don’t tell
me!’).
Probing the cognitive load of consecutive interpreters
Authors: Moratto Riccardo , Yang Zhimiao
Published: November 2023

This study employs four purpose-built corpora to assess the frequency of the disfluency marker uh (emm) in Chinese-English consecutive interpreting (CI) renditions as a proxy measure of interpreters’ cognitive load. Based on Plevoets and Defrancq (2016, 2018), the frequencies are compared across four informational load indicators: delivery rate, lexical density, proportion of numbers, and sentence length. The analysis also probes the potential influence of interpreting directionality on disfluencies. Results reveal differential effects of the four informational load indicators on disfluencies and, by extension, interpreters’ cognitive load, while Chinese-to-English CI is associated with an increase in disfluencies compared to English-to-Chinese for interpreters with Chinese as their A language.
Geochemistry of extremely modified chromites from the chrysotile asbestos-bearing Zvishavane Ultramafic Complex, south central Zimbabwe
Authors: Chaumba Jeff B. , Mamuse Antony
Published: November 2023

The Zvishavane Ultramafic Complex (ZUC) is a metamorphosed ultramafic-mafic body exposed within the Zvishavane gneiss complex in south central Zimbabwe. The complex hosts Africa's largest mine and reserves of high-grade chrysotile asbestos. Rock types of the ZUC range from serpentinites, metadunites, and metagabbros. Accessory chromites, which are altered to ferrian chromites, are hosted in metadunites and serpentinites. Chromium number, Cr# (100*Cr/(Cr + Al)), is extremely high, and ranges from 90.6 to 99.5. Low magnesium number, Mg# 100*Mg/(Mg + Fe2+), ranges from 5.1 to 8.4.

Most ZUC ferrian chromites occur as inclusions or marking the outlines of relict olivine crystals, and in veinlets traversing the serpentinites. On 100*Fe3+/(Al + Fe3+) versus 100*Fe2+/(Mg + Fe2+) diagram, the chromites all plot in the magnesioferrite field, and in the ferrian chromite field on a Fe3+-Cr-Al ternary diagram. On wt% Al2O3 versus wt% Cr2O3 and 100*Cr/(Cr + Al) versus 100*Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) plots, chromites all plot in the modified trend fields. The bulk of the chromites were metamorphosed at temperatures of ≤500°C, and no samples experienced temperatures exceeding 550°C. A plot of Fe3+/(Fe3++ Fe2+) versus wt% MnO is indicative of hydrous metamorphism of ZUC chromites. It is interpreted that extensive modification of the ZUC chromites occurred during hydrothermal alteration, under conditions more oxidising than quartz-fayalite-magnetite but less than magnetite-hematite, which accompanied the formation of high-grade chrysotile asbestos for which the ZUC is famous. Four granitic plutons exposed within 50km of ZUC were likely the source of hydrothermal fluids responsible for extensive hydrothermal alteration, which likely led to the formation of high-grade chrysotile asbestos, and almost completely modifying the chromites in the process. Compositions of accessory chromites in chrysotile asbestos meta-ultramafic bodies elsewhere are likely to be extremely modified.
Transient septin sumoylation steers a Fir1-Skt5 protein complex between the split septin ring
Authors: Müller Judith , Furlan Monique , Settele David , Grupp Benjamin , Johnsson Nils
Published: November 2023

Ubiquitylation and phosphorylation control composition and architecture of the cell separation machinery in yeast and other eukaryotes. The significance of septin sumoylation on cell separation remained an enigma. Septins form an hourglass structure at the bud neck of yeast cells that transforms into a split septin double ring during mitosis. We discovered that sumoylated septins recruit the cytokinesis checkpoint protein Fir1 to the peripheral side of the septin hourglass just before its transformation into the double-ring configuration. As this transition occurs, Fir1 is released from the septins and seamlessly relocates between the split septin rings through synchronized binding to the scaffold Spa2. Fir1 binds and carries the membrane-bound Skt5 on its route to the division plane where the Fir1-Skt5 complex serves as receptor for chitin synthase III.
Low-cost measurements of the ‘resonant’ wavelengths reflected by a compact disc under skimming light rays
Authors: Di Mauro M , Onorato P , Gratton L M , De Luca R , Fiore O , Gislén L , Naddeo A
Published: November 2023

We demonstrate the construction and utilization of an affordable apparatus using readily available materials to accurately measure in a quantitative manner the wavelengths reflected by a compact disc (CD) under skimming light rays. In fact, only a limited number of wavelengths can be revealed when light rays from a white lamp are directed at a CD (or a DVD) in a manner that specifically selects the rays that graze the surface of the horizontally held disc. We compare the results with the ones obtained with a commercial spectrometer, finding that they are in good agreement among them and with the theoretical predictions.
Hands-on visualization of the effect of fictitious forces with a laser pointer
Authors: Vázquez-Dorrío Benito , Paredes Angel , Angel Queiruga-Dios Miguel
Published: November 2023

Inertial motion looks like accelerated motion when observed from the point of view of a non-inertial reference frame. A non-inertial observer can then describe the trajectories by introducing fictitious forces, like the centrifugal and Coriolis forces, that arise from the coordinate change between reference frames. This well-known fact is part of the typical Physics syllabus for undergraduate scientists and engineers, and a number of interesting classroom demonstrations have been discussed in the literature. We present a complementary possibility for the visualization of the effect of fictitious forces by shining a blue laser beam on a rotating platform covered with a phosphorescent vinyl sheet. The laser can be moved in order to simulate inertial motion in the laboratory frame for the trajectory of the laser spot. This gets immediately imprinted in the rotating phosphorescent material resulting in non-inertial trajectories that can be readily observed and compared to the dynamics governed by fictitious forces. Since friction is not considered, this hands-on activity can be considered as a direct demonstration of the effect of pure fictitious forces in and out of the classroom. The approach is simple, inexpensive, fast and non-destructive, and can therefore be very convenient for active lecture demonstrations or individual activities of students. We also describe some educational possibilities of how to use the procedure in the classroom or in the laboratory.
Enhanced performance of AlGaN-based deep-UV LED by incorporating carrier injection balanced modulation layer synergistically with polarization-regulating structures
Authors: Hu Xun , Kong Lijing , Yang Pan , Gao Na , Huang Kai , Li Shuping , Kang Junyong , Zhang Rong
Published: November 2023

A comparable concentration of carriers injected and transported into the active region, that is, balanced hole and electron injection, significantly affects the optoelectronic performance of AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (DUV LEDs). In this study, we introduce a novel structure characterized by a carrier injection balanced modulation layer, incorporating a polarization-regulating gradient p-AlGaN in a DUV LED. We conducted a systematic examination of its impact on the carrier injection and transport processes. Theoretical simulations demonstrate the mitigation of abrupt variations in Al content at the interface between electron blocking layer/p-AlGaN and p-AlGaN/p-GaN within the valence bands. Consequently, holes are more likely to be injected into the active region rather than accumulating at these interfaces. Meanwhile, due to the reduced barrier height at the top of the valence band, the holes were efficiently transported into the quantum well and confined with comparable and balanced concentrations of electrons by suppressing overflow, thereby promoting the radiative recombination rate. Compared with the conventional DUV LED, the hole concentration and radiative recombination rate of the designed structure in the final quantum well are significantly increased to 179.8% and 232.3%, respectively. The spontaneous emission intensity achieves nearly twice at the same current injection density. Moreover, the efficiency droop is significantly suppressed when operated at a gradually increasing current density. This study presents a promising approach that can serve as a reference for achieving high-efficiency AlGaN-based DUV LEDs.
Stability and superconductivity of freestanding two-dimensional transition metal boridene: M4/3B2
Authors: Shi Xiaoran , Gao Junfeng , Qiu Shi , Chang Yuan , Zhao Luneng , Fu Zhen-Guo , Zhao Jijun , Zhang Ping
Published: November 2023

The small atomic mass of boron indicates strong electron–phonon coupling (EPC), so it may have a brilliant performance in superconductivity. Recently, a new 2D boride sheet with ordered metal vacancies and surface terminals (Mo4/3B2−x
) was realized in experiments (Zhou et al 2021 Science
373 801). Here, the 2D monolayer freestanding Mo4/3B2 is evidenced to be thermodynamically stable. Through electronic structure, phonon spectrum and EPC, monolayer Mo4/3B2 is found to be an intrinsic phonon-mediated superconductor. The superconducting transition temperature (Tc
) is determined to be 4.06 K by the McMillian–Allen–Dynes formula. Remarkably, the Tc
of monolayer Mo4/3B2 can be increased to 6.78 K with an appropriate biaxial tensile strain (+5%). Moreover, we predict that other transition metal replacing Mo atoms is also stable and retaining the superconductivity. Such as monolayer W4/3B2 is also a superconductor with the Tc
of 2.37 K. Our research results enrich the database of 2D monolayer superconductors and boron-related formed materials science.
The influence of different versions of FLUKA and GEANT4 on the calculation of response functions of ionization chambers in clinical proton beams
Authors: Baumann Kilian-Simon , Derksen Larissa , Witt Matthias , Adeberg Sebastian , Zink Klemens
Published: November 2023

Objective. To investigate the influence of different versions of the Monte Carlo codes geant4 and fluka on the calculation of overall response functions f

Q
of air-filled ionization chambers in clinical proton beams. Approach. f

Q
factors were calculated for six plane-parallel and four cylindrical ionization chambers with geant4 and fluka. These factors were compared to already published values that were derived using older versions of these codes. Main results. Differences in f

Q
factors calculated with different versions of the same Monte Carlo code can be up to ∼1%. Especially for geant4, the updated version leads to a more pronounced dependence of f

Q
on proton energy and to smaller f

Q
factors for high energies. Significance. Different versions of the same Monte Carlo code can lead to differences in the calculation of f

Q
factors of up to ∼1% without changing the simulation setup, transport parameters, ionization chamber geometry modeling, or employed physics lists. These findings support the statement that the dominant contributor to the overall uncertainty of Monte Carlo calculated f

Q
factors are type-B uncertainties.
Modelling small block aperture in an in-house developed GPU-accelerated Monte Carlo-based dose engine for pencil beam scanning proton therapy
Authors: Feng Hongying , Holmes Jason M , Vora Sujay A , Stoker Joshua B , Bues Martin , Wong William W , Sio Terence S , Foote Robert L , Patel Samir H , Shen Jiajian , Liu Wei
Published: November 2023

Purpose. To enhance an in-house graphic-processing-unit accelerated virtual particle (VP)-based Monte Carlo (MC) proton dose engine (VPMC) to model aperture blocks in both dose calculation and optimization for pencil beam scanning proton therapy (PBSPT)-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Methods and materials. A module to simulate VPs passing through patient-specific aperture blocks was developed and integrated in VPMC based on simulation results of realistic particles (primary protons and their secondaries). To validate the aperture block module, VPMC was first validated by an opensource MC code, MCsquare, in eight water phantom simulations with 3 cm thick brass apertures: four were with aperture openings of 1, 2, 3, and 4 cm without a range shifter, while the other four were with same aperture opening configurations with a range shifter of 45 mm water equivalent thickness. Then, VPMC was benchmarked with MCsquare and RayStation MC for 10 patients with small targets (average volume 8.4 c.c. with range of 0.4–43.3 c.c.). Finally, 3 typical patients were selected for robust optimization with aperture blocks using VPMC. Results. In the water phantoms, 3D gamma passing rate (2%/2 mm/10%) between VPMC and MCsquare was 99.71 ± 0.23%. In the patient geometries, 3D gamma passing rates (3%/2 mm/10%) between VPMC/MCsquare and RayStation MC were 97.79 ± 2.21%/97.78 ± 1.97%, respectively. Meanwhile, the calculation time was drastically decreased from 112.45 ± 114.08 s (MCsquare) to 8.20 ± 6.42 s (VPMC) with the same statistical uncertainties of ~0.5%. The robustly optimized plans met all the dose–volume-constraints (DVCs) for the targets and OARs per our institutional protocols. The mean calculation time for 13 influence matrices in robust optimization by VPMC was 41.6 s and the subsequent on-the-fly ‘trial-and-error’ optimization procedure took only 71.4 s on average for the selected three patients. Conclusion. VPMC has been successfully enhanced to model aperture blocks in dose calculation and optimization for the PBSPT-based SRS.
Inductive and magnetorheological properties of soft and hard magnetic fillers in elastomers
Authors: Šimić Dino , Lang Andrej , Klüppel Manfred
Published: November 2023

Magnetorheological elastomers are smart materials, that have great potential for many technical applications like intelligent semi-active dampers or energy harvesting applications. We investigate soft- and hard-magnetic filler types in typical technical elastomers under cyclic deformation regarding their influence on the electromagnetic induction and magnetic switching-ability of the compounds. The effect of vulcanization in an external magnetic field is considered leading to anisotropic samples with aligned filler particles. It is found that the soft magnetic fillers show a higher switching-ability compared to hard magnetic fillers in anisotropic samples, which is related to hysteretic and slow magnetization behaviour of hard magnetic fillers. This also leads to a negative switching effect or softening of the samples if the direction of the magnetic field is opposite to that during vulcanization, suggesting rotational motion of the particles in dependence of the outer field. The stress values and mechanical hysteresis are generally higher for the anisotropic samples, both for soft and hard magnetic fillers. This is found for quasistatic and dynamic excitations at different frequencies and can clearly be related to the alignment of particles. Nevertheless, the energy harvesting ability seems to be widely independent of this since no significant different inductive properties are found for isotropic and anisotropic samples. The possibility of a combined magnetorheological and energy harvesting application is discussed.
Detailed analysis of the impact of internal heat leaks on the working properties of cold-carrier energy-emissive harvesters
Authors: Fernández J J
Published: November 2023

We study the working properties of cold-carrier energy-emissive harvesters that have internal heat leaks. We obtain the expressions of their electronic current, open-circuit voltage, chemical potential, power and efficiency using both the Impact-Auger and the Particle-Balance models. For each model we consider two different situations: when CC-EEHs works at constant temperature and when they work receiving a constant input heat flux. We show that heat leaks change all the mentioned properties and that they must be considered in calculations on cold-carrier energy-emissive harvesters. We also discuss how these two working situations are different between them and how considering the losses leads to different results on each one of the two situations.
Effect of film thickness on the electrical and the photocatalytic properties of ZnO nanorods grown by SILAR technique
Authors: Yousra Khadraoui , Guettaf Temam Elhachmi , Saâd Rahmane , Barkat Hadjer
Published: November 2023

In this work, Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films were synthesised by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique at various number of cycles (10–50 cycles). The effect of film thickness on the structural properties, surface morphology, optical and electrical properties, and sunlight assisted photocatalytic activities through photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye of ZnO thin films were studied. The energy dispersive x-rays (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence Zn and O elements. The x-rays diffraction (XRD) pattern showed the polycrystalline nature of ZnO thin films and the crystallite size increases with film thickness. The SEM images showed that a greater film thickness resulted in the growth of hexagonal nanorods arrays. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed that the surface roughness increases with film thickness yielding in an enhanced specific surface area. The UV—visible transmission spectra showed that increasing film thickness results in band gap expansion from 3.15 eV to 3.31 eV together with a reduction in optical transmittance. The estimated sheet resistance and resistivity were found to be in the range of 1.34–7.1 Ω sq−1 and 0.09–2.12 ×10–1 Ω.cm. The photocatalytic studies reveal that increasing film thickness leads to an improved photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO films. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO films is due to the increased surface area and low recombination rate of carriers charges (e−/h+), resulting from band gap expansion.
Superstring cosmology — a complementary review
Authors: Brandenberger Robert
Published: November 2023

In this review, a number of approaches to superstring cosmology which make use of key
features which distinguish string theory from point particle theories are discussed, with
particular emphasis on emergent scenarios. One motivation for the discussion is the
realization that, in order to describe the evolution of the very early universe, it is necessary
to go beyond a conventional effective field theory (EFT) analysis. Some of the conceptual
problems of an EFT analysis will be discussed. The review begins with a summary of the criteria
for a successful early universe scenario, emphasizing that cosmic inflation is not the only
scenario of early universe cosmology which is consistent with current cosmological observations.
Bouncing and emergent scenarios as interesting alternatives are introduced. Some realizations of
these scenarios from superstring theory are reviewed, e.g. String Gas Cosmology, the Pre-Big-Bang
scenario, the Ekpyrotic model, Double Field Theory cosmology and matrix model cosmology. In light
of the difficulties in obtaining cosmic inflation from string theory (at the level of EFT), and
realizing that there are promising examples of alternative early universe scenarios which are
derived from basic principles of superstring theory, one must entertain the possibility that the
cosmology emerging from string theory will not involve an extended period of accelerated
expansion.
Spectro-spatial evolution of the CMB. Part III. Transfer functions, power spectra and Fisher forecasts
Authors: Kite Thomas , Ravenni Andrea , Chluba Jens
Published: November 2023

In this paper, we provide the first computations for the distortion transfer functions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in the perturbed Universe, following up on paper I and II in this series. We illustrate the physical effects inherent to the solutions, discussing and demonstrating various limiting cases for the perturbed photon spectrum. We clarify the relationship between distortion transfer functions and the photon spectrum itself, providing the machinery that can then compute constrainable CMB signal power spectra including spectral distortions for single energy injection and decaying particle scenarios. Our results show that the μ × T and y × T power spectra reach levels that can be constrained with current and future CMB experiments without violating existing constraints from COBE/FIRAS. The amplitude of the cross-correlation signal directly depends on the average distortion level, therefore establishing a novel fundamental link between the state of the primordial plasma from redshift 103 ≲ z ≲ 3 × 106 and the frequency-dependent CMB sky. This provides
a new method to constrain average early energy release using CMB imagers. As an example we derive constraints on single energy release and decaying particle scenarios. This shows that LiteBIRD may be able to improve the energy release limits of COBE/FIRAS by up to a factor of ≃ 2.5, while PICO could tighten the constraints by more than one order of magnitude. The signals considered here could furthermore provide a significant challenge to reaching cosmic variance-limited constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity from distortion anisotropy studies. Our work further highlights the immense potential for a synergistic spectroscopic approach to future CMB measurements and analyses.
Neutrino winds on the sky
Authors: Nascimento Caio , Loverde Marilena
Published: November 2023

We develop a first-principles formalism to compute the distortion to the relic neutrino
density field caused by the peculiar motions of large-scale structures. This distortion slows
halos down due to dynamical friction, causes a local anisotropy in the neutrino-CDM
cross-correlation, and reduces the global cross-correlation between neutrinos and CDM. The local
anisotropy in the neutrino-CDM cross-spectrum is imprinted in the three point cross-correlations
of matter and galaxies, or the bispectrum in Fourier space, producing a signal peaking at squeezed
triangle configurations. This bispectrum signature of neutrino masses is not limited by cosmic
variance or potential inaccuracies in the modeling of complicated nonlinear and galaxy formation
physics, and it is not degenerate with the optical depth to reionization. We show that future
surveys have the potential to detect the distortion bispectrum.
Cosmic chronometers with photometry: a new path to H(z)
Authors: Jimenez Raul , Moresco Michele , Verde Licia , Wandelt Benjamin D.
Published: November 2023

We present a proof-of-principle determination of the Hubble parameter H(z) from
photometric data, obtaining a determination at an effective redshift of z = 0.75 (0.65 < z < 0.85)
of H(0.75) = 105.0±7.9(stat)±7.3(sys) km s-1 Mpc-1, with 7.5% statistical and
7% systematic (10% with statistical and systematics combined in quadrature) accuracy. This is
obtained in a cosmology model-independent fashion, but assuming a linear age-redshift relation in
the relevant redshift range, as such, it can be used to constrain arbitrary cosmologies as long as
 H(z) can be considered slowly varying over redshift. In particular, we have applied a neural
network, trained on a well-studied spectroscopic sample of 140 objects, to the COSMOS2015
survey to construct a set of 19 thousand near-passively evolving galaxies and build an
age-redshift relation. The Hubble parameter is given by the derivative of the red envelope of the
age-redshift relation. This is the first time the Hubble parameter is determined from photometry
at ≲ 10% accuracy. Accurate H(z) determinations could help shed light on the Hubble
tension; this study shows that photometry, with a reduction of only a factor of two in the
uncertainty, could provide a new perspective on the tension.
Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection in complex multiple X-point configurations in an ancient solar–lunar terrestrial system
Authors: He 何 Xiang-Lei 向磊 , Mao 毛 Ao-Hua 傲华 , Sun 孙 Meng-Meng 萌萌 , Zou 邹 Ji-Tong 继同 , Wang 王 Xiao-Gang 晓钢
Published: November 2023

Magnetic reconnection processes in three-dimensional (3D) complex field configurations have been investigated in different magneto-plasma systems in space, laboratory, and astrophysical systems. Two-dimensional (2D) features of magnetic reconnection have been well developed and applied successfully to systems with symmetrical property, such as toroidal fusion plasmas and laboratory experiments with an axial symmetry. But in asymmetric systems, the 3D features are inevitably different from those in the 2D case. Magnetic reconnection structures in multiple celestial body systems, particularly star–planet–Moon systems, bring fresh insights to the understanding of the 3D geometry of reconnection. Thus, we take magnetic reconnection in an ancient solar–lunar terrestrial magneto-plasma system as an example by using its crucial parameters approximately estimated already and also some specific applications in pathways for energy and matter transports among Earth, ancient Moon, and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Then, magnetic reconnection of the ancient lunar–terrestrial magnetospheres with the IMF is investigated numerically in this work. In a 3D simulation for the Earth–Moon–IMF system, topological features of complex magnetic reconnection configurations and dynamical characteristics of magnetic reconnection processes are studied. It is found that a coupled lunar-terrestrial magnetosphere is formed, and under various IMF orientations, multiple X-points emerge at distinct locations, showing three typical magnetic reconnection structures in such a geometry, i.e., the X-line, the triple current sheets, and the A–B null pairs. The results can conduce to further understanding of reconnection physics in 3D for plasmas in complex magnetic configurations, and also a possible mechanism for energy and matters transport in evolutions of similar astrophysical systems.
Dependence of Rydberg-atom-based sensor performance on different Rydberg atom populations in one atomic-vapor cell
Authors: Wu 武 Bo 博 , Yao 姚 Jiawei 佳伟 , Wu 吴 Fengchuan 逢川 , An 安 Qiang 强 , Fu 付 Yunqi 云起
Published: November 2023

The atomic-vapor cell is a vital component for Rydberg atomic microwave sensors, and impacts on overall capability of Rydberg sensors. However, the conventional analysis approach on effect of vapor-cell length contains two implicit assumptions, that is, the same atomic population density and buffer gas pressure, which make it unable to accurately capture actual response about effect of Rydberg-atom-based sensor performance on different Rydberg atom populations. Here, utilizing a stepped cesium atomic-vapor cell with five different dimensions at the same atomic population density and buffer gas pressure, the height and full width at half maximum of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal, and the sensitivity of the atomic superheterodyne sensor are comprehensively investigated under conditions of the same Rabi frequencies (saturated laser power). It is identified that EIT signal height is proportional to the cell length, full width at half maximum and sensitivity grow with the increment of cell length to a certain extent. Employing the coherent integration signal theory and atomic linear expansion coefficient method, theoretical analysis of the EIT height and sensitivity are further investigated. The results could shed new light on understanding and design of ultrahigh-sensitivity Rydberg atomic microwave sensors and find promising applications in quantum measurement, communication, and imaging.
A high accuracy reference facility for ongoing comparisons of CO2 in air standards
Authors: Viallon J , Meyer C , Moussay P , Schmidt J , Maxwell S , Arrhen F , Wielgosz R I
Published: November 2023

The design, performance characteristics and validation of a next generation reference facility for carbon dioxide (CO2) in air standards based on manometry is presented. Novel attributes of the facility include automated operation, avoidance of significant pressure corrections for measurements on extracted CO2, fully characterized trapping efficiencies, and reduced measurement uncertainty. Improvements in system performance have been achieved using specific materials, notably Silconert®-treated stainless-steel, providing increased mechanical stability whilst minimizing carbon dioxide adsorption on surfaces, and avoiding use of elastomer O-rings, which would lead to losses of CO2. Full automation of the cryogenic extraction process of CO2 from air has been achieved, avoiding any manual intervention within the temperature stabilized section of the facility, and allowed full characterization and correction for trapping efficiencies and trace water measurement. The facility has been validated across the CO2 in air amount fraction range of (380–800) µmol mol−1 using standards with values traceable to the reference value of the CCQM−K120 (2018) comparison. It was demonstrated to operate with a standard measurement uncertainty of 0.09 µmol mol−1 at 400 µmol mol−1. The automation allows five measurement results per day to be produced with a typical standard deviation of the mean at or below 0.02 µmol mol−1. The facility will be used as a stable reference in the future BIPM.QM−K2 ongoing comparison, to compare consistency of amount fraction values in different CO2 in air standards. The CO2 amount fraction in two ensembles of nine BIPM standards covering the same range will also be measured with the facility to provide their SI-traceable values, and further monitored on a longer time scale. Each ensemble will constitute a CO2 in air scale to be compared with other available scales such as WMO.CO2.X2019 through the BIPM.QM−K5 comparison.
Development of the upgraded single crystal dispersion interferometer (SCDI-U) and its first measurements of the line integrated electron densities in KSTAR during shattered pellet injections
Authors: Lee Dong-Geun , Lee Kwan Chul , Juhn J.-W. , Lee Jae-seok , Kim Jayhyun , Park SooHwan , Lehnen Michael , Park Yong-Hwa , Jeong Jae-Hak , Yim Jaebeom , Ghim Y.-C.
Published: November 2023

Dispersion interferometers (DI) are widely used to measure line integrated electron densities in many fusion devices. A recent development of a heterodyne single crystal DI (SCDI) with a laser wavelength of 1064   nm (Lee et al 2021 Rev. Sci. Instrum.
92 033536) allows an easier and simpler optical setup by using only one, instead of two, nonlinear crystal. It is found that the reported heterodyne SCDI with an acoustic-optical modulator (AOM) has different beam paths between the frequency-shifted, via the AOM, fundamental and second harmonics which act as the reference beams. Such a separation of the reference beams inevitably produces non-removable phase shifts associated with mechanical vibrations, resulting in a reduction of the removing efficiency of the mechanical vibrations that DI systems can provide. By utilizing the fact that the diffraction angle due to the AOM is inversely proportional to the frequency of the laser beam and linearly proportional to an order of the frequency-shift, the SCDI-Upgrade (SCDI-U), which has complete overlap of the optical paths for both probing and reference beams from the laser source to the detectors, is proposed in this work. Its first measurements in KSTAR during shattered pellet injections are reported, and results obtained by the SCDI-U are compared with those from the existing two-color interferometer (TCI) in KSTAR. It is found that the SCDI-U measures the electron density more reliably during such an abrupt and large density change than the TCI does. Qualitative analyses on the effects of different injection schemes of the shattered pellets and possible application of the SCDI-U for ITER are also discussed.
Implementation of dual-energy material decomposition technique in stationary CT baggage scanner withπ-angle sparsity for enhancing threat detection
Authors: Shim Jiyong , Kim Youngjo , Yang Hyesun , Cho Hyosung , Choi Kwangyun
Published: November 2023

Two-dimensional X-ray inspection systems are widely used in aviation security applications; however, they have inherent limitations in recognizing the three-dimensional (3D) shapes of hidden objects. Therefore, there is a growing demand for the implementation of advanced 3D X-ray inspection systems at airports for more accurate detection of threats in luggage and personal belongings. In this study, we designed a new stationary computed tomography (CT) baggage scanner with π-angle sparsity (i.e., 20 pairs of X-ray sources and line detectors were placed within a scan angle of 180°) and compressed sensing (CS)-based reconstruction, and implemented a dual-energy material decomposition (DEMD) technique in the proposed system to separate soft and dense materials of an examined object to enhance threat detection. To validate the efficacy of the proposed approach (CS/180°/P20), we conducted a feasibility study using numerical simulation before its practical implementation. Polychromatic projections were emulated at X-ray tube voltages of 60 and 140 kVp, and DEMD was applied to the projections prior to CT reconstruction. Conventional and dual-energy CT images were reconstructed using both standard filtered-backprojection (FBP) and state-of-the-art CS-based algorithms to compare the image quality. According to our simulation results, the CS-reconstructed images were almost unaffected by the clearly evident streak artifacts on the FBP-reconstructed images because of the use of 20 extreme sparse-view projections, and the image quality of the dual-energy CT images obtained using the proposed CT configuration was similar to that obtained using the conventional CT configuration with 720 dense projections, indicating the efficacy of the proposed approach. Consequently, high-quality dual-energy CT images of soft and dense materials were successfully obtained using the proposed stationary CT configuration.
Development of the Thomson scattering measurement system for cascade arc device with indirectly heated hollow cathode
Authors: Yamasaki K. , Okuda K. , Kono J. , Saito A. , Mori D. , Suzuki R. , Kambara Y. , Hamada R. , Namba S. , Tomita K. , Pan Y. , Tamura N. , Suzuki C. , Okuno H.
Published: November 2023

We have developed a Thomson scattering measurement system for the cascade arc discharge
device designed for the plasma window (PW) application study. The PW is one of the plasma
application techniques that sustain the steep pressure gradient between high pressure (10–100 kPa)
and a vacuum environment due to the thermal energy of the plasma. Since the plasma thermal energy
is the essential parameter for the pressure separation capability of PW, we installed the Thomson
scattering measurement system to observe the electron density and temperature within the anode and
cathode of the PW for the detailed analysis of the pressure separation capability. The
frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (532 nm, 200 mJ, 8 ns) was employed for the probe laser. The
scattered light was fed to the triple grating spectrometer. The notch filter between the first
and second grating eliminated the stray light, realizing a sufficiently high signal-to-noise
ratio. The Thomson scattering measurement system successfully obtained the electron density and
temperature of the cascade arc plasma at 20 mm downstream from the tip of the cathode. The
installed system successfully obtained the Thomson scattering spectrum and showed that the
electron density increased from 2 × 1019 m-3 to 7 × 1019 
m-3 with the discharge power, while the electron temperature was almost constant at about 2 eV. The obtained data successfully contributed to the study of the pressure separation capability
of the PW.
Discrepant trends in global land-surface and air temperatures controlled by vegetation biophysical feedbacks
Authors: Kan Fei , Lian Xu , Cui Jiangpeng , Chen Anping , Mao Jiafu , He Mingzhu , Xu Hao , Piao Shilong
Published: November 2023

Satellite-based land surface temperature (Ts) with continuous global coverage is increasingly used as a complementary measure for air temperature (Ta), yet whether they observe similar temporal trends remains unknown. Here, we systematically analyzed the trend of the difference between satellite-based Ts and station-based Ta (Ts–Ta) over 2003–2022. We found the global land warming rate inffered from Ts was on average 42.6% slower than that from Ta (Ts–Ta trend: −0.011 °C yr−1, p = 0.06) during daytime of summer. This slower Ts-based warming was attributed to recent Earth greening, which effectively cooled canopy surface through enhancing evapotranspiration and turbulent heat transfer. However, Ts showed faster warming than Ta during summer nighttime (0.015 °C yr−1, p < 0.01), winter daytime (0.0069 °C yr−1, p = 0.08) and winter nighttime (0.0042 °C yr−1, p = 0.16), when vegetation activity is limited by temperature and solar radiation. Our results indicate potential biases in assessments of atmospheric warming and the vegetation-air temperature feedbacks using satellite-observed surface temperature proxies.
On the NASA GEDI and ESA CCI biomass maps: aligning for uptake in the UNFCCC global stocktake
Authors: Hunka Neha , Santoro Maurizio , Armston John , Dubayah Ralph , McRoberts Ronald E , Næsset Erik , Quegan Shaun , Urbazaev Mikhail , Pascual Adrián , May Paul B , Minor David , Leitold Veronika , Basak Paromita , Liang Mengyu , Melo Joana , Herold Martin , Málaga Natalia , Wilson Sylvia , Durán Montesinos Patricia , Arana Alexs , Ernesto De La Cruz Paiva Ricardo , Ferrand Jeremy , Keoka Somphavy , Guerra-Hernández Juan , Duncanson Laura
Published: November 2023

Earth Observation data are uniquely positioned to estimate forest aboveground biomass density (AGBD) in accordance with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) principles of ‘transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency and comparability’. However, the use of space-based AGBD maps for national-level reporting to the UNFCCC is nearly non-existent as of 2023, the end of the first global stocktake (GST). We conduct an evidence-based comparison of AGBD estimates from the NASA Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation and ESA Climate Change Initiative, describing differences between the products and National Forest Inventories (NFIs), and suggesting how science teams must align efforts to inform the next GST. Between the products, in the tropics, the largest differences in estimated AGBD are primarily in the Congolese lowlands and east/southeast Asia. Where NFI data were acquired (Peru, Mexico, Lao PDR and 30 regions of Spain), both products show strong correlation to NFI-estimated AGBD, with no systematic deviations. The AGBD-richest stratum of these, the Peruvian Amazon, is accurately estimated in both. These results are remarkably promising, and to support the operational use of AGB map products for policy reporting, we describe targeted ways to align products with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. We recommend moving towards consistent statistical terminology, and aligning on a rigorous framework for uncertainty estimation, supported by the provision of open-science codes for large-area assessments that comprehensively report uncertainty. Further, we suggest the provision of objective and open-source guidance to integrate NFIs with multiple AGBD products, aiming to enhance the precision of national estimates. Finally, we describe and encourage the release of user-friendly product documentation, with tools that produce AGBD estimates directly applicable to the IPCC guideline methodologies. With these steps, space agencies can convey a comparable, reliable and consistent message on global biomass estimates to have actionable policy impact.
Analysis and prediction of surface topography characteristics and influence factors of tool passive vibration in milling process
Authors: Zhang Wei , Su Peibin , Zheng Minli , Zhang Lei , Bai Fengsong
Published: November 2023

The surface topography of the processed workpiece has a significant impact on its service performance, and the tool undergoes passive vibration due to the influence of milling forces during the machining process. This article focuses on the influence of milling parameters and tool passive vibration on the formation process of surface topography. Firstly, the forming mechanism of surface topography during passive vibration of cutting tools was studied, and a cutting edge motion trajectory model considering milling parameters and passive vibration of cutting tools was established; And the influence of milling parameters on surface topography with and without tool passive vibration was analyzed through experiments and simulations; A prediction model for the maximum height S
z and areal arithmetic mean height S
a of surface topography was established using least squares support vector machine (LSSVM). We used the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to search for optimal solutions for kernel width coefficients and regularization parameters in LSSVM, and wrote a program to improve the PSO-LSSVM prediction model. The results indicate that the proposed prediction model can provide a certain basis for the selection of actual milling experimental parameters.
Error analysis of precision measurement with monocular vision
Authors: Wang Shun , Li Xianyou , Zhang Yufei , Xu Ke
Published: November 2023

To systematically study the measurement error of the calibration coefficient method when the camera’s optical axis is not perpendicular to the measurement plane, this paper first discusses the principle of error measurement with 2D imaging model, and then derives the distribution relationship of physical points corresponding to evenly distributed pixels in the pixel coordinate system based on the projection transformation matrix of the vision system. Theoretical analysis reveals an equivariance series in the expression of physical point intervals. Considering rotational symmetry of the coordinate axis, this paper analyzes the geometric relationship when the calibration plane rotates around the

X

axis and derives the mathematical expression for dimensional measurement. Finally, an experimental platform with both industrial and telecentric lenses is proposed and designed. Experimental results demonstrate that the measurement results of the expression derived in this paper are consistent with the traditional coordinate transformation method and the maximum deviation of the measurement is less than 0.06 mm, validating the theoretical analysis presented in this paper and providing theoretical guidance for subsequent practical application.
The higher Du Bois and higher rational properties for isolated singularities
Authors: Friedman Robert , Laza Radu
Published: November 2023

Higher rational and higher Du Bois singularities have recently been introduced as natural generalizations of the standard definitions of rational and Du Bois singularities. In this note, we discuss these properties for isolated singularities, especially in the locally complete intersection (lci) case. First, we reprove the fact that a

k
k

-rational isolated singularity is

k
k

-Du Bois without any lci assumption. For isolated lci singularities, we give a complete characterization of the

k
k

-Du Bois and

k
k

-rational singularities in terms of standard invariants of singularities. In particular, we show that

k
k

-Du Bois singularities are

(
k
−
1
)

(k-1)

-rational for isolated lci singularities. In the course of the proof, we establish some new relations between invariants of isolated lci singularities and show that many of these vanish. The methods also lead to a quick proof of an inversion of adjunction theorem in the isolated lci case. Finally, we discuss some results specific to the hypersurface case.