bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV-Therapie – ein Überblick
Authors: Skoll M.
Published: August 2021

Bereits mehr als 30 Jahre sind seit der Zulassung der ersten antiretroviralen Therapien vergangen, und die Entwicklungen der medikamentösen Behandlung der HIV-Infektion konnten seither großartige Erfolge verzeichnen. Heutzutage steht HIV-Behandlern ein breites Spektrum an Wirkstoffen zur Verfügung, um für die Patientinnen und Patienten sozusagen individualisierte HIV-Therapien zu verordnen. Es gibt 5 Wirkstoffklassen, die auf jeweils unterschiedliche Angriffspunkte im HIV-Replikationszyklus abzielen. Für eine adäquate Therapie ist stets eine Kombination von Medikamenten aus diesen Klassen erforderlich, wobei neben den bekannten klassischen Dreifachtherapien auch bereits bestimmte duale Therapien für die Behandlung der HIV-Infektion zugelassen sind. Moderne antiretrovirale Therapien sind sehr gut verträglich und einfach einzunehmen, wodurch die Therapietreue der Patienten positiv beeinflusst wird. Entscheidend für die Wahl der passenden antiretroviralen Therapie sind auch die Resistenzbarriere sowie das Interaktionspotenzial der jeweiligen Substanzen. Bei erfolgreicher Behandlung der HIV-Infektion wird die viral RNA im Plasma der betroffenen Person unter die Nachweisbarkeitsgrenze gesenkt, wodurch in weiterer Folge neben den positiven Auswirkungen auf das Immunsystem der Patienten auch die Transmission der HIV-Infektion über sexuelle Kontakte verhindert wird. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Überblick über die wichtigsten Wirkstoffe der jeweiligen Klassen mit entsprechenden Vor- und Nachteilen der Substanzen geschaffen sowie aktuelle Empfehlungen zur Kombination antiretroviraler Medikamente dargestellt.
An Organizational Analysis of the Schismatic Church of Satan
Authors: Foertsch Steven
Published: August 2021

Background

The Church of Satan, the seminal example of organizational Satanism, was founded in 1966. During the 1970s, the Church of Satan was wracked by a history of numerous schisms. Despite the notoriety of Satanism in popular culture, few scholars have analyzed the Church of Satan as a religious organization. Furthermore, not many scholars have directly discussed the schisms that it has undergone.

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to analyze the Church of Satan, an understudied case in American religious organizational history, and its schisms. A theoretical framework based on religious economies and organizational ecology is introduced to account for schism in Satanism, which hitherto has been dominated by European cultural milieu arguments.

Methods

A historical case study is performed on the case of the Church of Satan, using primary and secondary documentation, in order to address four theoretical propositions.

Results

Findings demonstrate costliness, authority, doctrine, and niche/environment were all potential causes for the schisms that impacted the Church of Satan.

Conclusions and Implications

The Church of Satan conforms to religious economies and organizational ecology theory expectations of schism. Further research is needed to understand organizational aspects of Satanism and other avant garde religious groups.
Legendre polynomial-based robust Fourier transformation and its use in reduction to the pole of magnetic data
Authors: Nuamah Daniel Oduro Boatey , Dobróka Mihály , Vass Péter , Baracza Mátyás Krisztián
Published: August 2021

A new inversion based Fourier transformation technique named as Legendre-Polynomials Least-Squares Fourier Transformation (L-LSQ-FT) and Legendre-Polynomials Iteratively Reweighted Least-Squares Fourier Transformation (L-IRLS-FT) are presented. The introduced L-LSQ-FT algorithm establishes an overdetermined inverse problem from the Fourier transform. The spectrum was approximated by a series expansion limited to a finite number of terms, and the solution of inverse problem, which gives the values of series expansion coefficients, was obtained by the LSQ method. Practically, results from the least square method are responsive to data outliers, thus scattered large errors and the estimated model values may be far from reality. A definitely better option is attained by introducing Steiner’s Most Frequent Value method. By combining the IRLS algorithm with Cauchy-Steiner weights, the Fourier transformation process was robustified to give the L-IRLS-FT method. In both cases Legendre polynomials were applied as basis functions. Thus the approximation of the continuous Fourier spectra is given by a finite series of Legendre polynomials and their coefficients. The series expansion coefficients were obtained as a solution to an overdetermined non-linear inverse problem. The traditional DFT and the L-IRLS-FT were tested numerically using synthetic datasets as well as field magnetic data. The resulting images clearly show the reduced sensitivity of the newly developed L-IRLS-FT methods to outliers and scattered noise compared to the traditional DFT. Conclusively, the newly developed L-IRLS-FT can be considered to be a better alternative to the traditional DFT.
Zwischen Regulierung und Repression
Authors: Richter Thomas , Johansson Jessica , Castro Silvia Rojas
Published: August 2021

Gesetzliche Maßnahmen im Bereich der Auslandsfinanzierung von zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen werden inzwischen als zentraler Bestandteil von schrumpfenden zivilgesellschaftlichen Räumen angesehen. Allerdings existiert in der Literatur bisher kein Konsens über die Angemessenheit eines expliziten staatlichen Eingriffs in diesem Bereich. Der Artikel entwickelt deswegen einen konzeptionellen Rahmen, um den einschränkenden Charakter von staatlichen Eingriffen empirisch präziser als bisher bestimmen zu können. Wir plausibilisieren unser konzeptionelles Argument anhand von sechs kurzen Fallstudien zu Deutschland, Österreich, der Türkei, Ungarn, Uruguay und Venezuela. Damit tragen wir in dreifacher Art und Weise zur Debatte über schrumpfende zivilgesellschaftliche Räume bei. Wir zeigen erstens, dass gesetzliche Maßnahmen in Bezug auf die ausländische Finanzierung von Zivilgesellschaft nicht zwangsläufig als Teil eines weltweiten repressiven Trends anzusehen sind. Zweitens schlagen wir eine neue analytische Einordnung vor, die über das bisher dominante binäre Verständnis hinausgeht, welches gerade im Global Süden jeglicher Anpassung gesetzlicher Maßnahmen in diesem Bereich repressive Tendenzen unterstellt. Drittens versuchen wir eine Sicht der internationalen Menschenrechte zur Vereinigungsfreiheit mit einer auf nationalen verfassungsrechtlichen Normen fokussierten Perspektive in Verbindung zu bringen, um damit empirisch-analytisch präziser auf die in vielen Ländern existierenden rechtsnormativen Unterschiede zwischen diesen beiden Ebenen aufmerksam zu machen.
Problems in Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Gelis François
Published: August 2021

This collection of problems in Quantum Field Theory, accompanied by their complete solutions, aims to bridge the gap between learning the foundational principles and applying them practically. The carefully chosen problems cover a wide range of topics, starting from the foundations of Quantum Field Theory and the traditional methods in perturbation theory, such as LSZ reduction formulas, Feynman diagrams and renormalization. Separate chapters are devoted to functional methods (bosonic and fermionic path integrals; worldline formalism), to non-Abelian gauge theories (Yang-Mills theory, Quantum Chromodynamics), to the novel techniques for calculating scattering amplitudes and to quantum field theory at finite temperature (including its formulation on the lattice, and extensions to systems out of equilibrium). The problems range from those dealing with QFT formalism itself to problems addressing specific questions of phenomenological relevance, and they span a broad range in difficulty, for graduate students taking their first or second course in QFT.
Quantifying Disaster Impacts on Local Public Health Agency’s Leadership, Staffing, and Provision of Essential Public Health Services
Authors: Clay Lauren A. , Stone Kahler W. , Horney Jennifer A.
Published: August 2021

Objective:

The objective of this study is to assess the impact that natural disaster response has on local health departments’ (LHD) ability to continue to provide essential public health services.

Methods:

A web-based survey was sent to all North Carolina Local Health Directors. The survey asked respondents to report on LHD functioning following Hurricanes Florence (2018) and Dorian (2019).

Results:

After Hurricane Florence, the positions who most frequently had regular duties postponed or interrupted were leadership (15 of 48; 31.3%), and professional staff (e.g., nursing and epidemiology: 11 of 48; 22.9%). Staffing shelters for all phases – from disaster response through long-term recovery – was identified as a burden by LHDs, particularly for nursing staff. Approximately 66.6% of LHD jurisdictions opened an Emergency Operations Center (EOC) or activated Incident Command System in response to both hurricanes. If an EOC was activated, the LHD was statistically, significantly more likely to report that normal duties had been interrupted across every domain assessed.

Conclusions:

The ability of LHDs to perform regular activities and provide essential public health services is impacted by their obligations to support disaster response. Better metrics are needed to measure the impacts to estimate indirect public health impacts of disasters.
Issues in Radiation Nursing Education in Japan Before and After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Horiuchi Teruko , Yamada Chieri , Kinoshita Misako , Moriyama Nobuaki , Yasumura Seiji
Published: August 2021

Background:

The response of nurses in Japan to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident was deemed inadequate. This study examined the issues in Japanese radiation nursing education.

Method:

Anonymous, self-administered postal questionnaires were sent to managers and teachers of 1053 basic nursing educational institutions in Japan.

Results:

Among the 342 institutions that completed the questionnaire, 218 (63.7%) had incorporated Radiological Nursing Education into their curriculum while 124 (36.3%) had not. Based on the time of their incorporation, they were divided into the pre-accident incorporation group and the post-accident incorporation groups. For 89 of 111 institutions (85.6%) in the former group, the main reason for the incorporation was radiotherapy care. For 11 of 26 institutions (42.3%) in the latter group, the incorporation was their response to the nuclear disaster.

Conclusion:

Nursing education in Japan has been inadequate, and as such, nurses find it hard to respond to nuclear disasters. Examining the current nursing education system and building a new model based on the nuclear disaster experience are urgent issues.
Variability in the antioxidant MSRA gene affects the psychopathology of patients with anorexia nervosa
Authors: González Luz M , García-Herráiz Angustias , Mota-Zamorano Sonia , Albuquerque David , Flores Isalud , Gervasini Guillermo
Published: August 2021

The objective is to determine whether variability in the MSRA gene, related to obesity and several psychiatric conditions, may be relevant for psychopathological symptoms common in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and/or for the susceptibility to the disorder. A total of 629 women (233 AN patients and 396 controls) were genotyped for 14 tag-SNPs. Psychometric evaluation was performed with the EDI-2 and SCL-90R questionnaires. Genetic associations were carried out by logistic regression controlling for age and adjusting for multiple comparisons (FDR method). Two tag-SNPs, rs11249969 and rs81442 (with a pairwise r2 value of 0.41), were associated with the global EDI-2 score, which measures EDI-related psychopathology (adjusted FDR-q = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Moreover, rs81442 significantly modulated all the scales of the SCL-90R test that evaluates general psychopathology (FDR-q values ranged from 4.1E-04 to 0.011). A sliding-window analysis using adjacent 3-SNP haplotypes revealed a proximal region of the MSRA gene spanning 187.8 Kbp whose variability deeply affected psychopathological symptoms of the AN patients. Depression was the symptom that showed the strongest association with any of the constructed haplotypes (FDR-q = 3.60E−06). No variants were found to be linked to AN risk or anthropometric parameters in patients or controls. Variability in the MSRA gene locus modulates psychopathology often presented by AN patients.
Physiological threat sensitivity predicts anti-immigrant attitudes
Authors: Mustafaj Matea , Madrigal Guadalupe , Roden Jessica , Ploger Gavin W.
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Research finds that the perception that immigrants are culturally and economically threatening is associated with negative attitudes toward immigration. In a largely separate body of work, psychophysiological predispositions toward threat sensitivity are connected to a range of political attitudes, including immigration. This article draws together these two literatures, using a lab experiment to explore psychophysiological threat sensitivity and immigration attitudes in the United States. Respondents with higher threat sensitivity, as measured by skin conductance responses to threatening images, tend to be less supportive of immigration. This finding builds on our understanding of the sources of anti-immigrant attitudes.
Risk factors for poor colostrum quality and failure of passive transfer in Scottish dairy calves
Authors: Haggerty Alexandra , Mason Colin , Ellis Kathryn , Denholm Katharine
Published: August 2021

Failure of passive transfer (FPT) has health, welfare and economic implications for calves. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of 370 dairy calf serum samples from 38 Scottish dairy farms was measured via radial immunodiffusion (RID) to determine FPT prevalence. IgG concentration, total bacteria count (TBC) and total coliform count (TCC) of 252 colostrum samples were also measured. A questionnaire was completed at farm enrollment to investigate risk factors for FPT and poor colostrum quality at farm-level. Multivariable mixed effect logistic and linear regressions were carried out to determine significant risk factors for FPT and colostrum quality. Prevalence of FPT at calf level was determined to be 14.05%. Of 252 colostrum samples, 111 (44.05%) failed to meet Brix thresholds for colostrum quality. Of these 28 and 38 samples also exceeded TBC and TCC thresholds, respectively. Increased time between parturition and colostrum harvesting was numerically (non-significantly) associated with a colostrum Brix result <22%, and increased time spent in a bucket prior to feeding or storing was significantly associated with high TBC (≥100 000 cfu/ml and also ≥10 000 cfu/ml). High TBC values in colostrum were significantly associated with lower serum IgG concentrations. This study highlights associations between colostrum quality and FPT in dairy calves as well as potential risk factors for reduced colostrum quality; recommending some simple steps producers can take to maximise colostrum quality on farm.
Disorder-specific cingulo-opercular network hyperconnectivity in pediatric OCD relative to pediatric anxiety
Authors: Becker Hannah C. , Norman Luke J. , Yang Huan , Monk Christopher S. , Phan K. Luan , Taylor Stephan F. , Liu Yanni , Mannella Kristin , Fitzgerald Kate D.
Published: August 2021

Background

Prior investigation of adult patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has found greater functional connectivity within orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic (OST) circuitry, as well as altered connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks such as the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and default mode network (DMN), relative to controls. However, as adult OCD patients often have high rates of co-morbid anxiety and long durations of illness, little is known about the functional connectivity of these networks in relation to OCD specifically, or in young patients near illness onset.

Methods

In this study, unmedicated female patients with OCD (ages 8–21 years,n= 23) were compared to age-matched female patients with anxiety disorders (n= 26), and healthy female youth (n= 44). Resting-state functional connectivity was used to determine the strength of functional connectivity within and between OST, CON, and DMN.

Results

Functional connectivity within the CON was significantly greater in the OCD group as compared to the anxiety and healthy control groups. Additionally, the OCD group displayed greater functional connectivity between OST and CON compared to the other two groups, which did not differ significantly from each other.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that previously noted network connectivity differences in pediatric patients with OCD were likely not attributable to co-morbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, these results suggest that specific patterns of hyperconnectivity within CON and between CON and OST circuitry may characterize OCD relative to non-OCD anxiety disorders in youth. This study improves understanding of network dysfunction underlying pediatric OCD as compared to pediatric anxiety.
Afrocommunism Ten Years After: Crippled But Alive
Authors: Ottaway Marina
Published: August 2021

The year 1977 was a good one for Marxism-Leninism in Africa, for in the space of a few months, three important countries officially embraced that ideology. Ethiopia did so after three years of revolutionary upheaval, and in the wake of a shoot-out in the old imperial palace, during which Mengistu Haile Mariam managed to eliminate the more moderate members of the ruling military committee. In Angola and Mozambique, which had gained independence from Portugal less than two years earlier, Marxism-Leninism was officially adopted at party congresses which decided to transform the pre-independence liberation movements into orthodox vanguard parties.
“This is not Your Time Here” Islamic Fundamentalism and Art in Sudan: An African Artist Interviewed
Authors: Kirker Constance L.
Published: August 2021

Among the changes and currents in the politics of African nations today are some the West “approves of,” for example, the trend toward multi-party systems. Others threaten civil liberties and the establishment of democratic states, in particular, the freedom of artistic expression implied in liberal democracy. “Islamic Fundamentalism” is seen by many in the West as especially threatening.
Is Zimbabwe Poised on a Liberal Path? The State and Prospects of the Parties
Authors: Sithole Masipula
Published: August 2021

Lamenting the proliferation of factionalism in the Zimbabwe liberation movement during the 1970s, an observer once commented, “If you were to put two Zimbabweans on the moon and visited them the next day, you would find that they have formed three parties.” This observation was a criticism of splits and divisions that tended, some believed, to weaken the liberation movement.
From the Heart of an African
Authors: Montrat Myriam
Published: August 2021

After spending one year in the United States, I realize how ignorant Americans are about Africa. For example, a woman felt sorry for me because she thought that everyone in my country, the Ivory Coast, was starving. Of course she was making a direct connection with the starvation problem in Somalia, which was at that time of the year receiving great coverage. She did not know where the Ivory Coast was located, and apparently Somalia and the Ivory Coast meant the same thing to her.
The Media and Africa: The Portrayal of Africa in the New York Times (1955–1995)
Authors: Schraeder Peter J. , Endless Brian
Published: August 2021

Eighteen U.S. soldiers were killed and dozens were wounded in a fierce battle in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4, 1993. Their deaths were a direct outgrowth of the Clinton administration’s handling of a series of United Nations (UN)-sanctioned military interventions in Somalia, which are popularly referred to as Operation Restore Hope. With the Cable News Network (CNN) providing almost instantaneous transmission to audiences in the United States and abroad, the victorious Somali forces not only paraded a captured U.S. helicopter pilot, Corporal William Durant, through the streets of Mogadishu, but also dragged the naked corpse of a U.S. soldier past mobs of Somali citizens who vented their anger by spitting on, stoning, and kicking the body.
The Limits of Electoralism
Authors: Olufemi Kola
Published: August 2021

With the declaration of former military ruler, General Olusegun Obasanjo, as the president-elect, the long process of choosing Nigeria’s next civilian leadership finally brought to an end what had been a veritable “transition without end.” Although the elections have been successfully concluded, serious doubts remain concerning the survival and stability of the incoming civil order. It is one thing to hold elections, but establishing an enduring democratic order is a totally different and more challenging task.

On at least two grounds, the ongoing transition differed from earlier attempts. First, unlike General Ibrahim Babangida’s model of “guided transition”—in which the government formed the two political parties, wrote their manifestos, provided their funding, and appointed their officials—the current political parties were formed entirely by the political elite through the coalescence and structuring of the different political tendencies that survived General Sani Abacha’s reign of terror.
Political Transition, Ethnoregionalism, and the “Power Shift” Debate in Nigeria
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin
Published: August 2021

The Nigerian military has been engaged in a program of transition to democratic rule since 1985. The country’s military rulers developed “transition politics” into a strategy of transitions without end, a ruse to prevent democratization. Hopefully, Nigeria is now at the crossroads. One of the most important issues posed in the transition has been the ethnoregional one: Would entrenched ethnoregional forces allow political power to shift from the North to the South? It is not a new question in Nigerian transition politics.

Two broad issues surface when ethnoregional domination emerges as a political issue in Nigeria: control of political power and its instruments, such as the armed forces and the judiciary; and control of economic power and resources.
The Press and Democratic Transition in Nigeria: Comparative Notes on the Abacha and Abubakar Transition Programs
Authors: Obadare Ebenezer
Published: August 2021

In only four years, Nigeria has experienced two successive transition-to-civil-rule programs. The first, implemented with shocking inconsistency by the regime of General Sani Abacha, came to an abrupt anticlimax with the late despot’s unexpected death. The second appears to have been, judging by the country’s recent political history, unusually successful, culminating in the election of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) aspirant, General Olusegun Obasanjo, as presidentelect. While various reasons have been adduced for the apparent failure of one and the relative success of the other, political analysts in the country seem to agree that the main reason has to do with the fact that the programs differed profoundly in terms of motives, methodologies, and even ends.
South Africa 1999: The ANC and Democratic Consolidation
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: August 2021

Two days before South Africa’s national election on June 2, 1999, Business Day—the country’s “quality” national daily newspaper—pronounced that “on balance” its vote was going to the African National Congress (ANC) for the job it had done since 1994. The government’s performance could have been better, it opined, but it could also have been a lot worse:

The ruling party deserves credit for the relative social stability SA has enjoyed since 1994. Its macroeconomic management, while not flawless, has been impressive. It has resisted taking the populist route. That it has been able and willing to do so is thanks, in part, to the strong 62% majority it won at the last election. ANC leaders might have felt less able to resist populist pressures had the majority been narrower.

After an uncertain start, the ANC has begun to deliver the improvements to the quality of life of its primary constituency, the black majority. Maintaining fiscal discipline while delivering on at least some election promises in the midst of an emerging markets crisis has been a remarkable balancing act.

Nevertheless, we cannot overlook some severe flaws and failures. The school system is a mess. Crime could have been more effectively dealt with. The performance of many ANC-run provincial governments has been abysmal. Notwithstanding its anti-corruption talk, it has displayed a reluctance to act firmly against culprits seen as party loyalists. All of which emphasizes the need for an effective opposition—if one can be found.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Marginalization of Colored and Indian Interests in South African Politics
Authors: Addis Megan
Published: August 2021

South Africa’s second democratic national election has been heralded as generally “free and fair” and a significant step toward the consolidation of the nation’s 1994 democracy. However, five years after the replacement of apartheid with full citizen participation and the recognition of equal rights for all, South Africa remains largely divided by race. Despite the overall peacefulness and tolerance that marked the election on June 2, 1999, and the general assumption that the country is moving away from race-based politics, the issue of race proved to be far from insignificant in both the campaigns of the various political parties and the patterns of voter support. Although most parties went to extensive lengths to prove their commitment to multiracialism and claimed support across the racial spectrum, few had much success in transcending the historical divisions of the electorate.
Continuity and Change: Political Allegiances and Attitudes in the Border Region, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Wood Geoffrey
Published: August 2021

South Africa’s second democratic elections in June 1999 represented an important step on that country’s path to “normality,” to political pluralism, as opposed to the racial oligarchy of the past. At the same time, the clear victory of the African National Congress (ANC) underscored the dominant-party nature of South African politics. Despite the party’s overwhelming victory, however, it had to contend with a number of challenges, most notably from within its Eastern Cape heartland. This article explores the nature of party competition in the Border Corridor of the province by examining both the 1999 election results and the results of a detailed opinion survey conducted in the area in late 1998. Sandwiched between the former homelands of the Transkei and Ciskei, the corridor is of considerable importance given its geographical location and political history. The district encompasses greater East London, the provincial capital of Bisho, and King Williams Town.
COMPLETE SUBSET AVERAGING FOR QUANTILE REGRESSIONS
Authors: Lee Ji Hyung , Shin Youngki
Published: August 2021

We propose a novel conditional quantile prediction method based on complete subset averaging (CSA) for quantile regressions. All models under consideration are potentially misspecified, and the dimension of regressors goes to infinity as the sample size increases. Since we average over the complete subsets, the number of models is much larger than the usual model averaging method which adopts sophisticated weighting schemes. We propose to use an equal weight but select the proper size of the complete subset based on the leave-one-out cross-validation method. Building upon the theory of Lu and Su (2015, Journal of Econometrics 188, 40–58), we investigate the large sample properties of CSA and show the asymptotic optimality in the sense of Li (1987, Annals of Statistics 15, 958–975) We check the finite sample performance via Monte Carlo simulations and empirical applications.
In the Realm of Comrades? Scattered Thoughts Occasioned by the Centenary of the Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921–2021
Authors: Karl Rebecca E.
Published: August 2021

This brief essay meditates on the advent of the ideal of horizontal social relations, exemplified in the early CCP years in the political term, “comrade” (tongzhi). It takes up Qu Qiubai as exemplary of a Marxist political thinker whose commitments to horizontality/comrade relations can be illustrated through his theories of literature, translation and language. It proposes that despite Xi Jinping's recent rhetorical admonishments to re-activate “comrade” as a political term, it is the LGBTQ community's appropriation of “comrade” in contemporary China that actually holds the potential for a substantive reanimation of the utopian ideals begun a century ago.
Child Support in Shared Care Cases: Do Child Support Policies in Thirteen Countries Reflect Family Policy Models?
Authors: Hakovirta Mia , Meyer Daniel R. , Skinner Christine
Published: August 2021

Increasingly, parents in separated families equally share care of their children post-separation. In this article we extend a well-known family policy model to generate hypotheses about the level of child support to be paid by separated parents when children live primarily with their mother (‘sole custody’) in contrast to when children spend equal time with both parents (‘shared care’). We test these hypotheses with data collected from thirteen countries. In sole custody cases, countries with an earner-carer policy model do have lower child support expectations than countries with a traditional family policy model or a market-oriented model, as predicted. Countries with a traditional family policy model do have the highest orders in the shared case, as predicted. However, there is as much variation within models as there is between, suggesting new analytic frameworks for considering child support in family policy need to be developed.
Frequency-reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna using metasurface
Authors: Abdalrazik Ahmad , Abdel-Rahman Adel B. , Allam Ahmed , Abo-Zahhad Mohammed , Yoshitomi Kuniaki , Pokharel Ramesh K.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we propose a frequency-reconfigurable antenna structure consisting of a dielectric resonator (DR) topped by a superstrate material. Two metasurfaces (MSs) are placed upon the DR and the superstrate, where these two MSs are utilized to synthesize a localized reduction of the dielectric constant of the DR. By placing switches into one of the MSs, the distribution of dielectric constant of the DR can be switched to one of two predefined distributions, which is equivalent to switching the DR length to two different lengths. Consequently, the frequency response of the proposed structure can be tuned to one of two operating bands. The excited modes inside the proposed antenna were obtained analytically and through simulations. Also, the dielectric constant value of substrates topped by MSs was analyzed. The antenna was fabricated and measured, and good agreement between simulation and measurement was attained. The antenna bandwidths are 7–8.1 GHz (14.7%) and 8.5–9.2 GHz (8%) and the gains are 5.1 and 7.8 dB, in the cases of having switches off and on, respectively.
Replikationskrise in der präklinischen Suchtforschung und Vorschläge zur Krisenbewältigung
Authors: Spanagel Rainer
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Nicht nur die Suchtforschung, die Wissenschaft im Allgemeinen hat ein Problem. Viele veröffentlichte wissenschaftliche Befunde lassen sich nicht replizieren. In der biomedizinischen Forschung tritt das Problem der Reproduzierbarkeit von Daten über das gesamte translationale Kontinuum hinweg auf. Es gibt jedoch zwei große Translationslücken. Zum einen die mangelhafte Übertragbarkeit von Befunden aus den Grundlagen bzw. der präklinischen Forschung in den klinischen Humanbereich und zum anderen die Übertragung von Befunden aus klinischen Studien in die praktische Durchführung im klinischen Alltag. Warum lassen sich die Ergebnisse von tierexperimentellen Befunden häufig so schlecht auf den Menschen übertragen? Spezifische Probleme: Unabhängig vom Forschungsbereich und dem Herkunftsland der Forschung wurden in den letzten Jahrzenten fast ausschließlich positive Resultate veröffentlicht. Dieser positive Publikationsbias trägt zunehmend zu Translationsproblemen bei. Ein weiteres Problem ist die mangelhafte Methodik. Die Genauigkeit, mit der präklinische Daten erhoben und beschrieben werden, und die daraus resultierende Robustheit der Daten sind im Allgemeinen sehr gering. Häufig wird auch übersehen, dass die tierexperimentellen Befunde, die publiziert werden, letztendlich nur eingeschränkt generalisierbar sind. Ein weiteres keineswegs zu unterschätzendes und bislang in der Literatur nicht erörtertes Translationsproblem ist der fehlende Placeboeffekt bei tierexperimentellen Interventionsstudien. Vorschläge: In diesem Positionspapier wird ein 10-Punkte-Katalog erörtert, mit dem sich die Reproduzierbarkeit und Translation von präklinischen Studien deutlich erhöhen ließe. Schlussfolgerungen: Trotz der hier vorgeschlagenen verbesserten Methodik wird es auch in Zukunft immer wieder zu einem Translationsfehler kommen. Entscheidend dabei ist dann die Frage: Warum kam es zu einem Translationsfehler? Die simple Begründung, tierexperimentelle Befunde ließen sich nicht auf den Menschen übertragen, kann so nicht gelten. Denn meist kann durch weitere Forschungsbemühungen und einem kritischen Dialog zwischen Präkliniker und Kliniker eine Erklärung für einen Translationsfehler gefunden werden. Wir können somit aus Translationsfehlern lernen und weiteren Erkenntnisgewinn schaffen. Die Replikationskrise ist nur dann eine Krise, wenn wir für fehlende Replikation keine Erklärung finden.
The Global Fingerprint of Modern Ice‐Mass Loss on 3‐D Crustal Motion
Authors: Coulson Sophie , Lubeck Mila , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Powell Evelyn , Davis James L. , Hoggard Mark J.
Published: August 2021

Crustal motion generated by rapid ice‐mass loss from Earth's glaciers and ice sheets has previously been considered in Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) analyses and numerical models across regions of ice retreat. However, the fingerprint of ice‐mass loss is not limited to glaciated areas, but is characterized by a global pattern of 3‐D crustal deformation. We compute “far‐field” vertical and horizontal deformation rates that occurred in response to early 21st century mass flux from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets, global glaciers and ice caps, and associated ocean loading. We demonstrate that mass changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet and high latitude glacier systems each generated average crustal motion of 0.1–0.4 mm/yr across much of the Northern Hemisphere, with significant year‐to‐year variability in magnitude and direction. Horizontal motions associated with ice‐mass loss exceed vertical rates in many far‐field areas, and both should be considered in future analysis of GNSS measurements.
Detecting Sub‐Micron Space Weathering Effects in Lunar Grains With Synchrotron Infrared Nanospectroscopy
Authors: Utt K. L. , Ogliore R. C. , Bechtel H. A. , Gillis‐Davis J. J. , Jolliff B. L.
Published: August 2021

Space weathering processes induce changes to the physical, chemical, and optical properties of space‐exposed soil grains. For the Moon, space weathering causes reddening, darkening, and diminished contrast in reflectance spectra over visible and near‐infrared wavelengths. The physical and chemical changes responsible for these optical effects occur on scales below the diffraction limit of traditional far‐field spectroscopic techniques. Recently developed super‐resolution spectroscopic techniques provide an opportunity to understand better the optical effects of space weathering on the sub‐micrometer length scale. This paper uses synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy to examine depth‐profile samples from two mature lunar soils in the mid‐infrared, 1,500 –700 cm−1 (6.7–14.3 μm). Our findings are broadly consistent with prior bulk observations and theoretical models of space weathered spectra of lunar materials. These results provide a direct spatial link between the physical/chemical changes in space‐exposed grain surfaces and spectral changes of space weathered bodies.
Elastic organic crystals with ultralong phosphorescence for flexible anti-counterfeiting
Authors: Huang Kaiwei , Song Lulu , Liu Kun , Lv Anqi , Singh Manjeet , Shen Kang , Shen Jing , Wang Jiamin , Wang Hongchen , Shi Huifang , Ma Huili , Gu Mingxing , Sun Gengzhi , Yao Wei , An Zhongfu , Huang Wei
Published: August 2021

Ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) crystals have attracted increased attention due to the distinct photophysical property of a long-lived lifetime. However, organic crystals are generally brittle, leading to a serious problem for their application in flexible technology. Herein, we report three types of elastic organic crystals (EOCs) with ultralong phosphorescence via introducing halogen atoms (Cl, Br, I) into π-conjugated phosphorescent molecules. Especially, the crystal containing iodine atoms displayed both excellent elasticity (ε = 3.01%) and high phosphorescent efficiency (ΦPh = 19.1%) owing to the strong halogen bonds. Taking advantage of its highly efficient UOP and excellent elasticity, we successfully used a DCz4I crystal for anti-counterfeiting application. These findings may provide guidance for the development of elastic crystals with afterglow and expand the scope of potential applications on flexible materials.
Advancing improvement in riverine water quality caused a non-native fish species invasion and native fish fauna recovery
Authors: Głowacki Łukasz , Kruk Andrzej , Penczak Tadeusz
Published: August 2021

The knowledge of biotic and abiotic drivers that put non-native invasive fishes at a disadvantage to native ones is necessary for suppressing invasions, but the knowledge is scarce, particularly when abiotic changes are fast. In this study, we increased this knowledge by an analysis of the biomass of most harmful Prussian carp Carassius gibelio in a river reviving from biological degradation. The species' invasion followed by the invasion's reversal occurred over only two decades and were documented by frequent monitoring of fish biomass and water quality. An initial moderate improvement in water quality was an environmental filter that enabled Prussian carp’s invasion but prevented the expansion of other species. A later substantial improvement stimulated native species’ colonization of the river, and made one rheophil, ide Leuciscus idus, a significant Prussian carp’s replacer. The redundancy analysis (RDA) of the dependence of changes in the biomass of fish species on water quality factors indicated that Prussian carp and ide responded in a significantly opposite way to changes in water quality in the river over the study period. However, the dependence of Prussian carp biomass on ide biomass, as indicated by regression analysis and analysis of species traits, suggests that the ecomorphological similarity of both species might have produced interference competition that contributed to Prussian carp’s decline.
Local reputation, local selection, and the leading eight norms
Authors: Podder Shirsendu , Righi Simone , Takács Károly
Published: August 2021

Humans are capable of solving cooperation problems following social norms. Social norms dictate appropriate behaviour and judgement on others in response to their previous actions and reputation. Recently, the so-called leading eight norms have been identified from many potential social norms that can sustain cooperation through a reputation-based indirect reciprocity mechanism. Despite indirect reciprocity being claimed to extend direct reciprocity in larger populations where direct experiences cannot be accumulated, the success of social norms have been analysed in models with global information and evolution. This study is the first to analyse the leading eight norms with local information and evolution. We find that the leading eight are robust against selfish players within most scenarios and can maintain a high level of cooperation also with local information and evolution. In fact, local evolution sustains cooperation under a wider set of conditions than global evolution, while local reputation does not hinder cooperation compared to global reputation. Four of the leading eight norms that do not reward justified defection offer better chances for cooperation with quick evolution, reputation with noise, larger networks, and when unconditional defectors enter the population.
Child-directed speech is optimized for syntax-free semantic inference
Authors: You Guanghao , Bickel Balthasar , Daum Moritz M. , Stoll Sabine
Published: August 2021

The way infants learn language is a highly complex adaptive behavior. This behavior chiefly relies on the ability to extract information from the speech they hear and combine it with information from the external environment. Most theories assume that this ability critically hinges on the recognition of at least some syntactic structure. Here, we show that child-directed speech allows for semantic inference without relying on explicit structural information. We simulate the process of semantic inference with machine learning applied to large text collections of two different types of speech, child-directed speech versus adult-directed speech. Taking the core meaning of causality as a test case, we find that in child-directed speech causal meaning can be successfully inferred from simple co-occurrences of neighboring words. By contrast, semantic inference in adult-directed speech fundamentally requires additional access to syntactic structure. These results suggest that child-directed speech is ideally shaped for a learner who has not yet mastered syntactic structure.
Association between mortality and highly antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care unit-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Lakbar Ines , Medam Sophie , Ronflé Romain , Cassir Nadim , Delamarre Louis , Hammad Emmanuelle , Lopez Alexandre , Lepape Alain , Machut Anaïs , Boucekine Mohamed , Zieleskiewicz Laurent , Baumstarck Karine , Savey Anne , Leone Marc ,   REA RAISIN Study Group, Alfandari Serge , Bailly Sébastien , Bajolet Odile , Baldesi Olivier , Berger-Carbonne Anne , Bollaert Pierre-Edouard , Bretonniere Cedric , Chatelet Céline , Corne Philippe , Durand-Joly Isabelle , Friggeri Arnaud , Gasan Gaëlle , Gauzit Rémy , Giard Marine , Landelle Caroline , Lavigne Thierry , Lepelletier Didier , Perrigault Pierre-François , Picos Santiago , Robaux Marie-Aline , Stoeckel Vincent , Timsit Jean-François , Vanhems Philippe
Published: August 2021

Data on the relationship between antimicrobial resistance and mortality remain scarce, and this relationship needs to be investigated in intensive care units (ICUs). The aim of this study was to compare the ICU mortality rates between patients with ICU-acquired pneumonia due to highly antimicrobial-resistant (HAMR) bacteria and those with ICU-acquired pneumonia due to non-HAMR bacteria. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective cohort study using the French National Surveillance Network for Healthcare Associated Infection in ICUs (“REA-Raisin”) database, gathering data from 200 ICUs from January 2007 to December 2016. We assessed all adult patients who were hospitalized for at least 48 h and presented with ICU-acquired pneumonia caused by S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, or A. baumannii. The association between pneumonia caused by HAMR bacteria and ICU mortality was analyzed using the whole sample and using a 1:2 matched sample. Among the 18,497 patients with at least one documented case of ICU-acquired pneumonia caused by S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, or A. baumannii, 3081 (16.4%) had HAMR bacteria. The HAMR group was associated with increased ICU mortality (40.3% vs. 30%, odds ratio (OR) 95%, CI 1.57 [1.45–1.70], P < 0.001). This association was confirmed in the matched sample (3006 HAMR and 5640 non-HAMR, OR 95%, CI 1.39 [1.27–1.52], P < 0.001) and after adjusting for confounding factors (OR ranged from 1.34 to 1.39, all P < 0.001). Our findings suggest that ICU-acquired pneumonia due to HAMR bacteria is associated with an increased ICU mortality rate, ICU length of stay, and mechanical ventilation duration.
High density mapping guided partial antral ablation for a pulmonary vein isolation
Authors: Hwang Jongmin , Han Seongwook , Hwang Chun , Park Hyoung-Seob , Lee Cheol Hyun , Kim In-Cheol , Cho Yun-Kyeong , Chung Jin Wook , Yoon Hyuck-Jun , Kim Hyungseop , Nam Chang-Wook , Hur Seung-Ho , Kim Jin Young , Kim Yun Seok , Jang Woo Sung
Published: August 2021

The muscular discontinuities at the pulmonary vein (PV)–left atrial (LA) junction are known. The high-density mapping may help to find the muscular discontinuity. This study evaluated the efficacy of a partial antral ablation for a pulmonary vein (PV) isolation using high density (HD) mapping. A total of 60 drug-refractory atrial fibrillation (AF) patients undergoing catheter ablation were enrolled. The detailed activation mapping of each PV and LA junction was performed using an HD mapping system, and each PV segment’s activation pattern was classified into a “directly-activated from the LA” or “passively-activated from an adjacent PV segment” pattern. The antral ablations were performed at the directly-activated PV segments only when the PV had “passively-activated segments”. If the PV did not contain passively-activated segments, a circumferential antral ablation was performed on those PVs. A “successful partial antral ablation” was designated if the electrical isolation of targeted PV was achieved by ablation at the directly-activated segments only. If the isolation was not achieved even though all directly-activated segments were ablated, a “failed partial antral ablation” was designated, and then a circumferential ablation was performed. Among 240 PVs, passively-activated segments were observed in 140 (58.3%) PVs. Both inferior PVs had more passively-activated segments than superior PVs, and the posteroinferior segments had the highest proportion of passive activation. The overall rate of successful partial antral ablation was 85%. The atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrence was observed in 10 patients (16.7%) at 1-year. HD mapping allowed the evaluation of the detailed activation patterns of the PVs, and passively-activated segments may represent muscular discontinuity. Partial antral ablation of directly-activated antral segments only was feasible and effective for a PVI.
A particle swarm optimization approach for predicting the number of COVID-19 deaths
Authors: Haouari Mohamed , Mhiri Mariem
Published: August 2021

The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has raised huge concerns about the prospect of a major health disaster that would result in a huge number of deaths. This anxiety was largely fueled by the fact that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the disease, was so far unknown, and therefore an accurate prediction of the number of deaths was particularly difficult. However, this prediction is of the utmost importance for public health authorities to make the most reliable decisions and establish the necessary precautions to protect people’s lives. In this paper, we present an approach for predicting the number of deaths from COVID-19. This approach requires modeling the number of infected cases using a generalized logistic function and using this function for inferring the number of deaths. An estimate of the parameters of the proposed model is obtained using a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (PSO) that requires iteratively solving a quadratic programming problem. In addition to the total number of deaths and number of infected cases, the model enables the estimation of the infection fatality rate (IFR). Furthermore, using some mild assumptions, we derive estimates of the number of active cases. The proposed approach was empirically assessed on official data provided by the State of Qatar. The results of our computational study show a good accuracy of the predicted number of deaths.