bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and Control Structure for NPID Controller
Authors: Saxena Aditi , Kumar Jitendra , Agrawal Reeya
Published: May 2021

Designing a non-linear controller has always been a very daunting job for researchers and control engineers. The robotic manipulators have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. In this paper, we are talking about two link manipulators. A comprehensive explanation of dynamics and the control structure of the NPID controller have been provided to the industries by reducing the workforce with the help of automation. This controller is a combination of Proportional Integral and Derivative Controller and has a nonlinear factor that is multiplying with the integral controller, and it was further concluded that the NPID controller was the best among the others. This controller is used in various important fields such as welding, under water robots, industry, painting, spot welding and many more.
A Review on Design Methods of Vertical take-off and landing UAV aircraft
Authors: Kumar Veneet , Sharma Rajkumar , Sharma Shailesh , Chandel Siddharth , Kumar Subodh
Published: May 2021

Unmanned aerial vehicle is the most widely used aircraft technology due to its eminent applications in various fields like in military for surveillance, patrolling and rescue operations, agriculture and civil uses like food delivery, Aerial photography etc. There are two main categories of UAVs; Fixed-wing UAVs and multi-rotor UAVs. There are some issues which arise with conventional aerial vehicles like the absence of enough runway in rural areas and dense forests. Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) UAVs have the advantages of both fixed-wing and fixed rotor type aircraft. These types of aircraft are more suitable for such applications where lack of runway and dense forests are major issues. This review article mainly focuses on the work done in the domain of design and analysis of vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)
Thermal analysis of brake disc of an automobile
Authors: Najmi Hozaan , Kumar Nitesh , Himanshu  , Singh Ankit , Singh Rishabh , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: May 2021

One of the most effective protective features of modern vehicles is the braking system. The brake absorbs kinetic energy of the rotating parts (Wheels) and dissipates this energy into the surrounding atmosphere in the form of heat energy. Disc brake is the recent trend in automobile which dissipates the heat faster than the conventional brakes but if hard braking is done, thermal stresses in the brake disc are induced, leading to excessive heat generation, which further produces distortion and thermal cracking of the disc leading to disc failure. The main objective of this work is to compare four different materials viz. Aluminium Alloy, Ceramics, Grey Cast Iron and Titanium Alloy for disc brake and to identify the most suitable material for brake disc. The model of disc was prepared using the dimensions of an existing Maruti car and its transient state analysis is done using SOLIDWORKS. After the analysis the value of heat flux distribution and von-Mises stress for the selected profile was 1.577e+05 W/m2 and 7.920e+09 N/mm2 for Aluminium alloy, 4.358e+05 W/m2 and 9.806e+09 N/mm2 for Ceramics, 9.747e+05 W/m2 and 1.218e+10 N/mm2 for Grey Cast Iron and 9.224e+05 W/m2 and 8.292e+09 N/mm2 for Titanium alloy. It was noted that the heat flux dissipation is more and von-Mises stress is less for the Grey Cast Iron and it is suitable for the manufacturing purpose.
An Efficient Resource Utilization in VM Live Migration Techniques using CloudSim a Simulation tool
Authors: Gupta Ambika
Published: May 2021

In the era of cloud resources and edge computing the transferring of data from one node to another node server is a complicated task in which there should be no disruption. While any user is accessing the cloud services then it is required that shifting a virtual machine load from anywhere must be without disturbing the services on front end. There is a key problem which is high resource usage such as network usage, management of various cloud resources, tolerating the fault occurrence, consumption of energy etc. It is also required that the resource consumption should be more efficient when shifting the virtual machine load from one physical host to another particular physical host. This paper identifies a solution to manage the workload on different migration techniques without disruption of services in cloud computing environment.
Self-healing in concrete using ureolytic species of bacteria and yeast
Authors: Singh Neha , Ahmad Juned , Mir Snober S.
Published: May 2021

Structural members made of concrete may develop micro cracks within themselves with time due to shrinkage and temperature effects, which instigates untimely failures. After the second hydration of concrete, some cracks and pores are still left unsealed leading to the auxiliary degradation and lessened service life. The use of ureolytic species of microorganism with concrete aids in the sealing of these cracks without expulsion of any precarious fumes or constituents detrimental to the environment, which is present in various chemical sealants accessible in the market. The ureolytic bacterial species is capable of producing calcium carbonate precipitate in the presence of urea and calcium substrate. The precipitate formed has the ability to cure the cracks and pores that would have occurred during placing or in their service life. In this paper, the comparison between bacteria and yeast infused concrete with the control concrete in terms of durability aspect like compressive strength, behaviour in acidic exposure and water absorption rate has been determined. The amount of calcium carbonate generated with same growth conditions has been determined for both bacteria and yeast infused concrete, which will help in evaluating the nature of different microorganism for self-healing mechanism. The result of this study is that Yeast has the potential to be used as microbe in self-healing of concrete.
Analysis of the Torsional Irregularity as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 and IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002
Authors: Gudainiyan Jitendra , Parihar Hemant Singh
Published: May 2021

The earthquake-resistant design of a building begins with its architectural design. Earthquake safety depends on many factors such as type of structural system, distribution of mass, and mechanical properties of structural material used in the construction of buildings. A building with regular configurations suffers much less damage as compared to building with irregular configurations. The irregularity criteria have been modified in the new IS 1893(Part): 2016 which is the sixth revision of the Indian Seismic Code. This paper aims to perform a comprehensive analysis on the torsional irregularity criteria (a type of plan irregularity) as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 and IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002. The irregular buildings with different plans have been modelled by computer software STAAD.Pro Connect Edition and results of torsional irregularity checks as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2016 and IS 1893(Part 1): 2002 have been compared. The criteria for torsional irregularity check as per new IS1893(Part 1): 2016 is found to be more elaborated and simpler as compared to old IS 1893(Part 1): 2002. New seismic code gives about 2.7 times clearer indication of torsional irregularity in the building model.
Analysis of Risk Assessment in Highway Projects Using Importance Index
Authors: Garg Rahul , Rawat Saurabh
Published: May 2021

Road construction delay is considered to be repetitive problems in the construction industry causing various negative effects on project success in terms of time, money, and quality. Therefore it is essential to identify and analyze the causes of highway construction delay. The main purpose of this study is to identify the causes of delay affecting highway construction projects. 40 delay causes were identified using a literature review and were categorized into 13 groups. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey. Questionnaires were distributed to 425 respondents out of which 388 were received. Values of Frequency and severity of occurrence of delay causes are calculated for getting values of importance index. Risk factors are ranked using the importance index. Results indicate that the top five harmful delay factors are change in design, Delayed payment, Inaccurate details in drawings, Financial difficulties, and Poor project management, and least five harmful delay factors are Physical obstruction during construction, Road blockage, and traffic at the construction site, Labor dispute, Sudden change in government law and skilled labor. The findings can help the Project team to decrease highway construction delays.
Static stability investigation of a tapered asymmetric sandwich beam supported on variable Pasternak foundation
Authors: Pradhan M , Behera S. , Nayak D. K. , Dash P. R.
Published: May 2021

The investigation to analyse a sandwich beam’s static stability with asymmetric configuration, tapered along the thickness, placing on a Pasternak foundation having linearly varying stiffness and influenced by an alive axial load is executed for several boundary conditions employing computational method. Use of Hamilton’s principle results in the equations of motion and related boundary conditions. Hill’s equations are achieved from the non-dimensionalized equations of motion with the use of Galerkin’s method. Then, the effects of various parameters on the static stability for different boundary conditions are obtained and are showcased in a sequence of graphs using the appropriate MATLAB program.
Effects of the concentration of various bacillus family bacteria on the strength and durability properties of concrete: A Review
Authors: Parashar Arun Kumar , Gupta Ankur
Published: May 2021

It is almost impossible to avoid the development of cracks on the surface of the concrete even after using the best quality material and workmanship. These cracks may result into the degradation of concrete in terms of its strength and durability. Therefore it becomes utmost important to seal these cracks so that the devastating effects of the degrading agencies that may enter into the concrete through these cracks can be reduced or eliminated. This paper presents a review on the effects of the concentration of various bacillus family bacteria on the strength and durability properties of concrete. The bacteria with a concentration of 100 CFU to 108 has been considered in this review. This paper also outlines the self-healing ability of different bacillus family bacteria. Self-healing refers to the cracks in concrete, through addition of the bacillus family bacteria to the concrete mix and checks the impacts of bacillus family bacteria on the strength and durability properties of the concrete.
Exposure of calcined clay and low calcium flyash-based mortar on moderate acid environment
Authors: Kishore Kamal , Gupta Nakul
Published: May 2021

The resource management is one of the crucial issues in managing the various natural resources available. Presently, the application of cement in construction industry is very frequent in producing different structural elements. Such use of cement in preparing structural formworks emits a reasonable amount of carbon dioxide and other hazardous gases into the atmosphere during the manufacturing of cement. As a result, these mechanisms pollute the environment and degrade the thickness of the protective layer of ozone. Several concerns and measures have been taken to lower the footprint of carbon emission. One of them is the adoption of pozzolana. In the present study, Class F fly ash and calcined clay is taken as the substitute for ordinary Portland cement in 4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20% for making mortar cubes cured up to 90 days. The cubes were subjected to the analysis of consistency, initial and final setting times, compressive strength, and acid attacks. The study revealed the interaction of pozzolans with the properties of the mortars and dependencies of the present proportions in forming the strength of the mortar cubes.
Experimental investigation of the effect of curing compound on self-compacting concrete properties
Authors: Nigam Mayank , Gupta Ankur
Published: May 2021

Lack of proper compaction and curing in cement concrete may lead to the poor strength and durability characteristics. In this paper the effect of curing compound on self-compacting concrete properties has been investigated. The experimental work was performed in two phases. In the 1st phase the optimum superplasticizer (SP) dosage was determined for the maximum compressive strength and in the second phase the effect of curing agent (PEG4000) on the strength at optimum SP dosage was investigated. Additionally workability, split tensile strength and flexural strength were also investigated at different SP and curing agent dosage. The test results showed that the maximum compressive strength of 27.7MPa and 39.48MPa was obtained at 1% SP dosage after one and four weeks of testing. The splitting tensile strength and flexural strength also showed maximum improvement at 1% SP dosage. The maximum mechanical strength of the self-cured concrete in terms of compression, tension and flexure was obtained at 1.6% dosage of PEG4000. The workability got reduced as the dosage of curing compound was increased from 1.2% to 1.8%. Therefore, the self-compacted and self-cured concrete for the maximum strength can be developed at an optimum dosage of 1% PCE based superplasticizer and 1.6% PEG4000 based curing compound.
Experimental study of the effect of alkali contamination on geo-mechanical properties of the soil
Authors: Soni Atul , Varshney Deepak
Published: May 2021

As a civil engineer, we all are quite aware that the soils expansive in nature are not at all suitable as a material for foundation engineering purposes. Due to this very nature, geotechnical failures in expansive soil have been observed at various sites. Seasonal variations are responsible for swelling and shrinking that causes large volume changes in the expansive soil. Similar effects are also shown by the interaction of non-expansive soil with industrial sewage or effluent. It is a fact that engineering behavior of soil can be changed with the interaction of alkali. Alkali base solutions are discharged into the soil mass from differs industries, for example, paint and dyeing, paper manufacturing ventures, cotton factories and aluminum factories, etc. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of alkali interaction on engineering behavior of soil. For this, the samples of normal soil and contaminated soil were collected from Hindalco Industries Ltd., Renukoot (U.P.). The contamination was due to caustic liquor. The mechanical properties of normal soil and contaminated soil samples were investigated in laboratory by performing various geo-mechanical tests like specific gravity, grain size distribution, Atterberg’s limit, compaction characteristic, permeability, free swelling index, swelling pressure, shear strength parameter and consolidation characteristic.
Investigation of 7T SRAM Cell for IoT based devices
Authors: Mittal Deepak , Tomar V.K.
Published: May 2021

Internet of Thing (IoT) based devices require the design of ultra-low power Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) to sustain the long battery life. In present work, for execution different types of SRAM cell methodologies Cadence Virtuoso tool is used and all considered methodologies read and write operations have been supervised out. These SRAM cell methodologies various parameters also have been calculated, there are read static noise margin (RSNM), write static noise margin (WSNM), read delay, write delay, read power and write power. For low read, write power dissemination and faster read and write working new 7T SRAM cell methodology is proposed. It has been recognized that new 7T SRAM cell methodology as collated to 6T to 9T SRAM cell methodologies read power consumption reduced by 1.60* to 4*. New 7T SRAM cell methodology as collated to traditional 6T, 8T and 9T SRAM cell write power consumption is decreased by 2.3* to 2.6*. It is also noticed that as collated to 6T, 8T and 9T SRAM cell methodology that new 7T SRAM read delay suppressed by 2.40* to 2.60* and its write delay is also suppressed by 3.80* to 99*. As collate to 6T to 9T SRAM cell methodologies write operation robustness of new 7T SRAM cell is 3.0* to 6.5* perform in better way. New 7T SRAM cell has the tradeoff that its read operation robustness is 6* to 14* lesser as collate to 6T, 8T and 9T SRAM cell methodologies. Due to low power consumption and less delay new 7T SRAM cell methodology is suitable for Internet of things (IOT) based devices.
Mapping customer delight by discriminating augmented communication technology for sustainable advantage
Authors: Dubey P , Bajpai N , Kulshreshtha K , Singh D
Published: May 2021

The paper proposes to map customer delight experience through the firm’s product augmentation efforts. The study act as a juncture of conceptual insight, empirical analysis, and perceptual visualisation, classifying low (Chill), moderate (Smiling) and high (Feat) delight affect by using the product augmentation model. The present research aims to create a framework to assess smartphone customers’ delight by extending Kano (1984) and Fuller and Matzler (2008) proposal through product augmentation. The first section of the paper deals with the development of the conceptual model containing ten predictor variables of product augmentation along with the categories of customer delight experiences. The second section validates the model by using discriminant analysis. The last section substantiates the impact of predictor variables as vector quantity for profiling of customer delight categories by using a perceptual mapping technique. The proposal demonstrates and endorses the consistency in the delineating nature of product augmentation by identifying each predictor variable’s discriminating power in the respective category. The salience of the study affirms the conceptual and practical implications through behavioural segmentation based on augmentation efforts for technology enhancement.
A Method for Human Burn Diagnosis Using Machine Learning and SLIC Superpixels Based Segmentation
Authors: Yadav D. P.
Published: May 2021

The burn is a global health issue. The treatment of burn is performed by a burn surgeon. Burn region color is used to categorize burn types by a burn surgeon. Due to the lack of resources in many places burn patient dies. In such a situation a computer-based diagnosis system is very helpful. The severity of the burn is based on the depth and size of the burn region. The burn severity analysis can be accurately done by using the CIELab image as it contains all spectrums of colors. In the proposed work, the CIELab image is segmented using SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) superpixel segmentation algorithm to form the same color pixels clusters. These clusters are used to diagnosis the severity of a burn, The severity of a burn is measured by the value of kurtosis. A high kurtosis value implies a larger depth and a small value implies a smaller depth. Based on the depth of burn, grafting or non-grafting is suggested by a burn surgeon. We observed depth of the burn is high in full-thickness burn compared to the deep dermal and the superficial dermal burn. The proposed method can correctly identify full-thickness burn and most of the deep dermal burn image. The open-access standard data set BURNS BIP-US DATABASE is used for training and testing of the proposed model on SVM (Support Vector Machine). The proposed model can classify with an accuracy of 89.16% and F1- score 90%. The achieved accuracy of the model is better than 79% of multidimensional scaling (MDS) in previous work.
A Novel Approach for Solving TSP Problem Using Genetic Algorithm Problem
Authors: Sharma Sachin , Jain Vinod
Published: May 2021

TSP is a well-known optimization problem. It comes in the category of NP-Hard problems. The solution of TSP problem is not possible using traditional algorithms. It is having many application areas in science and engineering. Genetic algorithm is a well-known AI technique which performs well to solve optimization problems. The performance of genetic algorithm depends upon its operators. In this paper a novel genetic cross over is proposed to solve TSP problem. The performance of proposed algorithm is better as compared to other techniques to solve TSP.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Emotion Recognition by Ensemble based multilevel classification
Authors: Rathor Sandeep , Kansal Megha , Verma Mansi , Garg Madhav , Tiwari Rishabh
Published: May 2021

Emotion is a part of communication. By the communication we can recognize the emotions whether the communicator is happy, sad, surprise, etc. The objective of this research is to decrease the gap between humans and machines taking emotions into account. In this regard, an artificial intelligence with machine learning techniques is used. In this paper, 8 distinct emotions are used as happy, sad, surprised, angry, calm, neutral, disgust and fearful. For feature extraction, MFCC, chroma and mel is used. The proposed model is executed on the standard LibriSpeech dataset. For feature reduction principal component analysis is used before train the model. The classification is also done by using the basic machine learning classifiers like KNN, SVM and MLP and found the individual accuracy of the classifiers 29.83%, 68.69% and 61.50% respectively. To enhance the accuracy more, we propose an ensemble based classification model using the MLP Classifier with 300 hidden layers, SVM (rbf) and KNN (weight uniform, distance), AdaBoost and Gradient Boost classifier. The obtained accuracy of the proposed model is higher than any of the individual classifier i.e. 90%.
Cloud Computing, Exigency, Issues, Solutions: A survey
Authors: Bansal Saloni , Tomar V.K
Published: May 2021

In the era of digitalization all over the world, cloud computing is the ubiquitous supreme technology that provides many computer resources and data storage network to the consumers smoothly on-demand. Many researchers of both academics as well as industries are proactively indulge in providing the benefits of cloud computing to the society. As per ray of IT industries is increases drastically also leads in the need of network of dynamic nature. This dynamic and scalable nature of cloud computing creates hurdles in security of data appears in the network. Mainly, three services are the centre of study in cloud computing i.e. Saas, Paas, Iaas. Several security aspects namely multitancy, variability, trouble in data and hackers attacks also focused on priority basis. This paper demonstrate the conceve outlook of latest issues related with cloud computing and the solution of issues. Many authors also convey several methodologies for cloud computing.It is especially recommended to newcomer ensuing their study in field of cloud computing to find the solutions related the issues of cloud computing.
Potential Use of Artificial Neural Networks in Prediction of Dengue Abundance in Agra District
Authors: Sant Tatavarty Guru , Satsangi Neh
Published: May 2021

India being a sub-tropical country faces several diseases spread through mosquito vectors, one of which being Dengue. Dengue is classified as mosquito-borne viral infection causing severe illness and mortality in children and adults in Asian sub continent. There are an estimated 390 million infections annually and to reduce the impact of dengue among population in sub-tropical regions, a novel disease prediction model is required. The aim of this study is to estimate the dengue cases with clinical and environmental variables like rainfall, relative humidity and temperature from 2005-2018 using data available on the India meteorological department for the geographical location of Agra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Datasets were represented as average minimum and maximum temperature, average annual rainfall in cm, relative humidity and number of reported dengue cases. In this paper, we examined the effectiveness of the artificial neural network (ANN) for dengue prediction for four major sites in Agra (Dayalbagh, Sikandra, Agra cantonment and Kamla Nagar) and prediction model was designed for the period of 2019 and compared with the observed values. The results show variation in the prediction model with respect to clinical and environmental variables corresponding to four different sites. The average error of the prediction model ranged between 27.3% and 84% respectively. Until now several approaches have been discovered for controlling mosquito vectors but their effectiveness is still questioned. Therefore developing prediction model for mosquito prevalent areas in India will help in better encounter with the disease, causing less mortality.
Analysis of modified time series prediction techniques: A case study with bakery industry
Authors: Sharma Rajkumar , Agrawal Manoj Kumar , Singhal Piyush , Agrawal Deepak
Published: May 2021

In the current scenario, it is a very difficult task to predict the demand for a particular product in the market. It is very challenging work for the industries to manufacture the product without being acquainted with the actual sale. To meet the demand of customers and to make the supply chain process optimize various strategies are being adopted at each node of the supply chain. Manufacturing the product by the market consumption significantly affects the revenue generation of small and medium scale enterprises especially of the FMCG industry.

In this paper, a case study of a medium-scale industry named “Gopal Ji Food Products.” Kosi Kalan (U.P.) has been performed, Highlights of this case study have been kept to know the demand for the number of boxes of biscuits which are to be distributed in the market. The primary work is done by collecting historical data of the requirement of boxes for the last 104 weeks (April 2017 to March 2018). With the help of this data, the demand pattern is known. After knowing the demand pattern, an attempt has been made to develop a prediction model using time series forecasting to acquaint with the number of boxes to be manufactured in advance. The result shows that the data obtained through Non-linear Autoregressive time series forecasting can be used for better planning and fulfilling market demand on time and making the whole supply chain more optimize, effective, and cost-efficient.
Thermal Stability and Light Transmission Capability of Nano TIO2 Enhanced Phase Change Material as Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Fikri M. Arif , Pandey A. K. , Samykano Mahendran , Sharma Kamal , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Rahim Nasrudin Abd , Saidura R.
Published: May 2021

InPhase Change Material (PCM) already pick up some interests among recent researchers and engineers due to its unique characteristic of storage and releasing high quantity of heat energy during phase transition process. However, there’s some disadvantages for this material such as low absorption of irradiance and super cooling phenomena occurred. To overcome this problem high conductive nanoparticles are dispersed in to the PCM resulting a new composite called nano-enhanced PCM (NEPCM). In this present paper, the impact of adding Titanium (IV) oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) on pure paraffin wax also was investigated. Output reveal that NEPCM have greater thermal stability than pure PCM. When increasing the %wt, the thermal stability also increases, as shown clearly when using Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as surfactant.
Selected papers of the Joint 19th International Heat Pipe Conference and 13th International Heat Pipe Symposium
Authors: Filippeschi Sauro , Marengo Marco
Published: May 2021

The Joint 19th IHPC (International Heat Pipe Conference) and the 13th IHPS (International Heat Pipe Symposium) was held at the University of Pisa, June 10th-14th, 2018. The joint conference focuses on topics related to heat pipes, thermosyphons and other two-phase thermal devices. The conference is the most important and attended scientific and networking event in the field of two-phase heat transfer devices worldwide. The 1st International Heat Pipe Symposium was held at Tokyo, Japan, in 1985, and it has been held in staggered years from the IHPC until 2016, when the first joint event has been organized in Jeju Island, South Korea. The conference held at Pisa, has been the second joint event of this important conference and welcomed a large number of scientists and technologists from all over the world.
Flat Plate Pulsating Heat Pipes with and without separating grooves: experimental investigation on adiabatic length, coolant temperature and orientation
Authors: Pagnoni F , Ayel V , Romestant C , Bertin Y
Published: May 2021

Two Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes have been tested under various operating conditions, working fluids and different evaporator-to-condenser distances. The devices have the same geometrical features; nevertheless, on one FPPHP plate external grooves between adjacent channels have been engraved to minimize the transversal thermal conductive spreading whilst the other is a simple smooth plate. The working fluids are ethanol and FC72. Both FPPHPs have shown better performances when tilted in favorable vertical position. It has been found that higher secondary fluid temperatures within the condenser provide better thermal performances. The fluids’ different thermophysical properties and critical diameters have remarkable effects on FPPHPs behavior. Moving the condenser towards evaporator increases the heat transfer capabilities, reducing the influence of gravity. Finally, the higher thermal insulation between adjacent channels, provided by the external grooves, seems to degrade the thermal performance, especially on horizontal position and on the edge.
Modelling of a screen mesh wick heat pipe using Al2O3 nanofluids
Authors: Herrera B , Chejne F , Mantelli M B H , Mejía J , Cacua K
Published: May 2021

In this work, a phenomenological model that considers the interaction of nanoparticles of a Al2O3/water nanofluid within a cylindrical mesh wick heat pipe has been developed. The model is based on Navier-Stokes equations and it uses population balance as a method to account for the interaction of nanoparticles. The model predicted values of capillary limit with nanofluids up to 32% higher than that of the heat pipe using DI water. Those values were in agreement with the values found experimentally. Although the better performance of the capillary limit in the model was a consequence of the reduction of the pore radius which increases the capillary pressure, that was not the main cause for better capillary limit in experimental conditions at lower nanofluid concentrations. On the other hand, it was found that exists an optimum concentration of nanoparticles which decreases the effective thermal resistance of the heat pipes. In this work, that concentration was 0.5% w/w.
Experimental investigation of a capillary-assisted high performance evaporator
Authors: Marie Alexandre , Lavieille Pascal , Miscevic Marc , Lachassagne Laurent , Dupont Vincent
Published: May 2021

A particular architecture for a miniaturized evaporator is proposed in which liquid is spread on the heat source using a thin capillary structure connected to two manifolds. The vapor produced by the heat source is extracted from the device using a separate outlet. A prototype has been designed, manufactured and integrated in a mechanically pumped loop in order to evaluate the evaporator efficiency in terms of heat transfer coefficient and induced pressure drop. In this paper, a capillary structure consisting in parallel rectangular micro-grooves is investigated with HFE7000 used as the working fluid. Results show that the evaporator is able to extract heat flux of the order of 10 W.cm-2 with heat transfer coefficients close to 104 W.m-2.K-1 while inducing pressure losses below a few hundred Pascal. Direct visualizations of the flow in the capillary structure allowed a precise characterization of the evaporator functioning mode, in particular the existence of two distinct two-phase flow regimes depending on the flooding of the capillary structure: nucleate boiling and liquid films evaporation. In order to predict the occurrence of these operating modes, a hydraulic model of the evaporator assembly has been developed and validated thanks to dedicated experimental campaigns. In particular, this model is able to predict the separation between the nucleate boiling and evaporation mode and highlights the fact that the capillary limit is not the main restricting factor in terms of the device maximum manageable heat flux.
Performance of a small diameter two-phase closed thermosyphon in geyser boiling condition
Authors: Pabón Nelson Yurako Londoño , Vieira Gabriel Serafin Couto , Milanez Kênia Warmling , Mantelli Marcia Barbosa Henriques
Published: May 2021

In the present article, the geyser boiling phenomenon is experimentally investigated in a small diameter two-phase closed thermosyphon. The studied thermosyphon has an inner diameter of 4.8 mm and total length of 918 mm. Three specific filling ratios and four temperatures for the thermal bath used to provide cooling water to the condenser were tested. Power was inputted in steps of 20 W, up to 100 W. Variation of the temperatures on the walls of the evaporator, adiabatic and condenser sections as well as variations on pressure, obtained from a pressure transducer installed on the thermosyphon, indicated the presence of Geyser boiling. The results show that the studied variables affect directly the intensity and periodicity of the geyser boiling phenomenon.
Path Loss and Channel Modeling at 3.5GHz for 5G Cellular System
Authors: Al-Khero S Kh , Abbosh Y M
Published: May 2021

Wireless channel characterization is the basis of the architecture of the wireless communication system. The detailed propagation models are indeed the requirement for fifth generation communication network design. This paper presents the characteristics of channel propagation for a fifth-generation system in Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) scenarios with co-polarization (V-V) and cross polarization (V-H) in a second floor/Communication Engineering Department/Electronics college building at 3.5GHz frequency. The comparison between two path loss models shows that the Close-In (CI) of free space reference distance path loss model is more suitable than Floating-Intercept (FI) path loss model. The results of both models show that the path loss exponent value (n) is ranged between 1.7 and 2.9 for the LOS scenario, while it was between 2.1 and 3.1 for NLOS scenario for both co-polarization and cross polarization.
MIMO to Enhance the Performance of VLC Systems
Authors: Ali Ahmed Taher , Younus Safwan Hafeedh , Ozbay Serkan
Published: May 2021

In general, visible light communication (VLC) systems run at low data rates. By introducing multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) techniques, service at enhanced data rates can be viable for VLC systems. This work proposes MIMO technique to attain VLC system with high data rates. To attain MIMO method this system includes a number of photodiodes with a narrow field of view (FOV), which highlights the benefit of using MIMO technology in improving the data rate. The results show that using MIMO technique leads to enhance the VLC system when it is compared with the traditional system (without using MIMO). The results show that an improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) level, which is the most attempt to determine communication quality, increasing the channel bandwidth and reducing the delay spread are achieved when MIMO technique is used.
A Method for Designing Unequal Power Divider for Implementing Antenna Array Excitations
Authors: Ali Yaser Ahmed , Abdulqader Ahmed Jameel , Mohammed Jafar Ramadhan
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a method for designing a feeding network to obtain a low peak sidelobe pattern of an 8*1 linear antenna array is proposed. The optimized element weights were first obtained using genetic algorithm. Then two different networks based on equal and unequal power dividers are designed for the linear antenna arrays. In an equal power divider structure, the power is divided equally into all branches of the network to reach the final ports, while in the unequal structure; the division is only made equal in some branches and unequal in other branches to build an unequal power divider. In the two methods, the design process is based on two stages, the first stage uses a T-junction power divider, and the second stage a Wilkinson power divider is used. In an equal power divider, T-junction and Wilkinson divide the power equally, while in the case of an unequal power divider the T-junction divider is only unequal. In the two designs, the feeding network is designed according to the following specifications: the substrate (FR-4 with ϵr =4.3) and ground dimensions are 440.4mm × 103.8mm ×1.6 mm and 440.4mm × 103.8mm × 0.035mm respectively, and at a resonant frequency of 2.36 GHz. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the designed power dividers that to be used as a feeding network in the linear antenna arrays.
An Efficient Model for Low Voltage Distribution Smart Feeder Overcurrent Protection System Using Microcontroller
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Srivastava Viranjay M.
Published: May 2021

A Smart feeder is a growing energy distribution framework that is implanted with various types of energy distribution sources, as sustainable power sources, consolidated heat and power, and dispersed energy resources. The advantages of smart feeder arrangement are low transmission and dissemination cost, and, possibly, high dependability, high effectiveness, and low natural effect. Additionally, the administration of the electrical feeder system is getting increasingly problematic. The absence of data at the base feeder and the electricity administration network status have been distinguished as the significant obstruction to its successful monitoring and control of the electrical distribution system. This research work presents an advancement of the microcontroller-based smart feeder protection from overcurrent using fast using Solid State relay (SSR) to viable monitoring and control of the Feeder system. The simulation result of this work shows that the system is able to control and monitor the feeder protection system from overcurrent with the help of Microcontroller viable results that have been achieved with this system. In this research work, PhotoMOS relay cut-off time and overcurrent parameters have been calculated. The achieved results show significant results over the traditional EMR circuit protection. The PhotoMOS relay operating cut-off time 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 ms with respect to the overcurrent values 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mA, which is significantly less than the EMR protection system. A 220 V electricity network was utilized to test the reliability and quality of the microcontroller-based PhotoMOS circuit. The proposed approach is demonstrated to be compelling in both grids associated and islanded modes.
Antenna Azimuth Position Control Using Fractional Order PID Controller Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Mahmood Ali , Almaged Mohammed , Abdulla Abdulla I.
Published: May 2021

This work shows the design procedure of fractional-order proportional–integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers for an antenna azimuth position system based on genetic algorithm optimization approach. FOPID controllers are considered as a special type of the classical PID controller in which the derivative and integral elements have orders of fractions between zero and one. Therefore, FOPID controllers comprise two additional variables ( μ and λ ) in comparison with the typical PID controller. The FOPID is designed to control the azimuth angle of the antenna. Genetic algorithm (GA) will be employed to find an optimal value for the five FOPID controller’s gains using different type of fitness function including mean square error (MSE), integral square error (ISE) and integral time square error (ITSE). The achieved results exhibit an excellent steady and transient state performance of system, for instant fast settling and rise times as well as low present of peak overshoot.
A Rail line model with distributed parameters of track circuit
Authors: Aliev Ravshan
Published: May 2021

Models of continuous jointlesstrack circuits with an adaptive receiver are presented, where the power supply is connected to the beginning or middle of the rail circuit, and also to the locomotive receiver. The aim of the work is to develop models of rail lines, which take into account the actual current distribution along the track line and which may be used to research adaptive jointlesstrack circuits. The electric schemes of the jointlesstrack circuits are given, equations, connecting currents and voltages at the ends of the rail line, coefficient of four-pole rail lines, algorithms for calculating track circuits. In conclusion, that the track circuit can operate at an insulation resistance four times lower than the permissible value, where the permissible insulation resistance is Ri = 1om*km. New approaches and tools for analyzing and synthesizing solutions are considered, with considering account real operating conditions and disturbing factors.
Realization of Dependable Digital Systems for Safety-Critical Computer Systems using FPGAs
Authors: bashi F N kassab , Khairullah S S , Elks C R
Published: May 2021

Digital systems built based on field-programmable-gate-arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly being used in safety-critical computer systems. These systems typically require high levels of integrity, reliability, and performance to ensure the correct operation of the critical application in which the digital systems are embedded. To achieve the safety and functional objectives, many hardware architectural scenarios based on fault tolerance techniques were proposed. This research paper presents a new dependable digital system (DDS) that consists of fault tolerant blocks (FTBs), spare functional blocks (SFBs), synchronization units, and input output units. Markov-based chain have been used to model the correct operation of the proposed hardware system that is targeted to be realized on FPGA-based technology. This system was designed to be reliable against transient faults (TF), permanent faults (PF), and hardware common cause failures (CCF). The reliability analysis of the proposed system was accomplished with Markov modeling techniques which could express the regenerative behavior of the digital system. Certain states in the system represent system failure, while others represent fault-free behavior in the presence of faults. Finally, based on the MathWorks Simulink simulation results of modeling the DDS digital system, the system does meet its functionality and reliability requirements.
Power consumption measurements of WSN based on Arduino
Authors: Salim U T , Qaddoori S L , Al-Saegh A , Ali Q I
Published: May 2021

To deal with the deficiencies and limitations for existing wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes, such as low generality, low degree of variability and poor flexibility, Arduino WSN node’s development benefits are integrated with Bluetooth wireless communication characteristics. This paper introduces four simple point-to-point WSN power measurement methods. Each WSN node is constructed from Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, Bluetooth module, and different sensors. The paper’s goal is to characterize the power consumption at different power-saving modes. So, numerous power measurement methodologies are presented to measure the power consumption of the WSN node, in real-time, for different power saving modes such as (idle, sleep, power-down, etc.). These methodologies also determine the power consumption at communication states. Then the results obtained from these states show that the idle mode consumes more power than the other modes. In addition, the transmitted state consumes the major power regardless of the data rate used during the communication between the two ends.
Hybrid DCT-SVD Based Digital Watermarking Scheme with Chaotic Encryption for Medical Images
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed A , Jebur Bilal A , Younus Karam M
Published: May 2021

The quality of medical image is crucial due to the sensitivity of medical diagnoses. Nowadays medical images are commonly shared between various entities across the medical sector to improve the quality of diagnoses. Thus, watermarking process is usually applied on these images to embed patient’s private information. One of the key challenges is preserving image quality, keeping it clean of distortions after the watermarking process, and sustaining robustness. In this work, a hybrid Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Singular value decomposition (SVD) based image watermarking scheme with chaotic encryption is proposed. The obtained results have demonstrated that the proposed scheme is secure and robust compared to the present schemes. In particular, the results show decent robustness and excellent imperceptibility of watermarked host medical images. Moreover, Peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and Normalized Correlation (NC) are used to evaluate the performance of the scheme. The scheme has shown a minimum PSNR of 59 dB and an NC value of 1 with no attacks applied, and not less than 0.5 with the presence of various attacks.
Synthesis and Implementation of IIR Filter using VHDL Language
Authors: Gadawe N. T. , Fathi T.A. , Qaddoori S.L. , Hamad R. W.
Published: May 2021

VHDL is a hardware description language of different hardware architectures at divers’ levels of abstraction. The language is used for design, modelling, and investigation of hardware. In this paper, it is presented hardware implementation architectures of IIR filter using synthesizable VHDL. The MATLAB Filter Design and Analysis Tool (FDA Tool) is usedto calculate filter coefficients. Then, the filter is simulated and implemented on the Xilinx xc3s500efg320-4. A fixed-point number representation is used in the implementation of the filter. The proposed design of the filter includes two architectures: parallel architecture and programmable multiplexing architecture, each type has its advantages and disadvantages. In the results, some figures depending on the size of design (filter length) are introduced in the synthesis report.
Design of Fractional-order Sobel Filters for Edge Detections
Authors: Edress Ibtisam , Al-Sabawi Emad A. , Younus Majid Dherar
Published: May 2021

Most image processing applications use edge detection to extract information as a preliminary step to object segmentation and feature extraction. Edge accuracy is one of the edge detector challenges; The current work presents the design of the fractional-order Sobel filters based on Yi_Fei-1 to Yi_Fei-5. A comparison among the proposed filters has been implemented for edge detection based on a supervised assessment, using mean square error, misclassification error, and symmetric distance. Many images with their ground truths have been used in the evaluation. Results showed that the fractional-order of Sobel-based Yi_Fei-2 has the best edge map among the proposed filters.