SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS
Authors: Burrows H. Jackson 
Published: February 2018

1. By questionnaire, an attempt has been made to ascertain the characteristics of a hundred cases of slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis.

2. The principal object has been to see whether an etiological classification would be possible pending an assessment of the results of treatment.

3. Proper statistical analysis has proved impossible because of the incompleteness of the data.

4. As usual, boys predominated and were usually affected as much as three years older than the girls.

5. It was exceptional to find epiphysial slipping in a girl once she had begun to menstruate.

6. Nearly a quarter of the cases were bilateral, or became so after six to twenty-four months or more.

7. Little information came from an enquiry about dietary fads, the estimation of urinary ketosteroid excretion in twenty-three of the patients, or some minor pathological investigations.

8. No convincing evidence was found of skeletal retardation or of general thickening of epiphysial discs, such as might perhaps be expected in a hormonal disturbance characterised by defective epiphysial maturation.

9. From each child with the necessary data, indices of height, weight and build were ascertained, which would indicate his expectation of finding a place among a hundred physically normal children of his own sex and age, and, if so, where that place would be. From these studies four groups of children seemed to emerge: I) what may be called abnormally heavy children who would not find a place among a hundred, or somestimes a thousand, physically "normal" children of their own age and sex; 2) unusually heavy children who would find a place in the heaviest minority of the normal hundred; 3) a very small group of abnormally small people, among whom might be expected the subjects of pituitary infantilism; and 4) a large group of children of average physique for their sex and age.

10. From this information and from clinical evidence in the case returns, it appeared that a quarter of the assessable boys and nearly two-thirds of the assessable girls showed evidence of endocrine defect, quite apart from those who were merely unusually fat.

11. By distinguishing these two groups of children from a third group of constitutionally "normal," an attempt has been made to see whether there is any correlation between evident endocrine defect and such characteristics as bilateral affection, delayed epiphysial maturation, a history of relevant injury and its nature, and sudden or gradual epiphysial slipping.

12. No relationship was established between any of these characteristics and endocrine type: bilateral affection was no commoner in the endocrine group; delayed maturation was not demonstrated in either; a history of relevant injury was equally common, and its nature identical, in both; slipping might be sudden or gradual in either indiscriminately.

13. There was a history of seemingly relevant injury in half the patients, and it was much commoner with sudden slipping than with gradual slipping. Sudden slipping was often preceded by symptoms of gradual slipping, or sudden slipping of one epiphysis was sometimes followed by gradual slipping of the other.

14. In gradual slipping the cardinal symptoms were pain and limp, usually starting synchronously and gradually; the pain was usually intermittent and referred much more often to the hip than the knee; the limp was usually continuous.

15. Of signs, demonstrable wasting seemed to be absent as often as present, but shortening was usual. Lateral rotation deformity was usually present, adduction often, and flexion sometimes. In more than a third of the cases limitation of movement was slight enough to be easily missed.

16. The radiographic observations confirmed the seeming widening at the affected epiphysial disc, the greater displacement revealed by the lateral view, and the difficulty of identifying avascular necrosis before collapse.

17. Treatment was delayed in thirty-four casesâa third of the whole; the reasons have been analysed; diagnostic failure was the cause in nineteen.

18. A few cases outside the series have been mentioned briefly because of special points of interest: slipping in gross pituitary diseaseâin pituitary giantism, and(at the age of thirty-three) in pituitary hypogonadism; slipping with defect of the opposite lower limbâinfantile paralysis of the leg, and Legg-CalveÌ-Perthes disease of the hip; familial affectionâslipping in two brothers.

19. The results of treatment in the present cases, supplemented by others, have been studied by Dr John Hall and related to some of the clinical features. His paper appears separately.