bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of a cold‐active alkaline phosphatase by imipenem revealed by in silico modeling of metallo‐β‐lactamase active sites
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep , Ásgeirsson Bjarni , Minda Renu , Salaye Lipika , Frère Jean-Marie , Rao Basuthkar J.
Published: September 2012

We demonstrate the inhibition of the native phosphatase activity of a cold active alkaline phosphatase from Vibrio (VAP) (IC50 of 44 ± 4 (n
= 4) μM at pH 7.0 after a 30 min preincubation) by a specific β‐lactam compound (only by imipenem, and not by ertapenem, meropenem, ampicillin or penicillin G). The homologous scaffold was detected by an in silico analysis that established the spatial and electrostatic congruence of the active site of a Class B2 CphA metallo‐β‐lactamase from Aeromonas hydrophila to the active site of VAP. The tested β‐lactam compounds did not inhibit Escherichia coli or shrimp alkaline phosphatase, which could be ascribed to the lower congruence indicated by CLASP. There was no discernible β‐lactamase activity in the tested alkaline phosphatases. This is the first time a scaffold recognizing imipenem in an alkaline phosphatase (VAP) has been demonstrated.
Prepubertal exposure to glucocorticoid delays puberty independent of the hypothalamic Kiss1‐GnRH system in female rats
Authors: Kinouchi Riyo , Matsuzaki Toshiya , Iwasa Takeshi , Gereltsetseg Ganbat , Nakazawa Hiroshi , Kunimi Kotaro , Kuwahara Akira , Yasui Toshiyuki , Irahara Minoru
Published: September 2012

Secretion of glucocorticoids is widely known as a key endocrine response to stresses. Prenatal dexamethasone administration induces intrauterine growth retardation and delayed onset of puberty in female rats independent of the hypothalamic Kiss1‐gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic intracerebroventricular (central, CD) or subcutaneous (peripheral, PD) dexamethasone administration to prepubertal female rats on the onset of puberty and body weight change. Rats administered dexamethasone from day 25 to day 34 (CD and PD) showed significantly reduced body weight gain throughout the experimental period and delayed onset of vaginal opening compared with rats administered saline centrally (CS) or peripherally (PS). At 34 days old, hypothalamic Kiss1r mRNA levels were significantly lower with CD than with CS. No significant differences were seen between rats administered saline and rats administered dexamethasone with regard to hypothalamic Kiss1, GnRH and NPY mRNA levels or serum LH levels. Serum leptin concentrations were higher in CD and PD than in the controls (CS and PS). These results suggest that the delayed onset of puberty induced by prepubertal dexamethasone administration occurs independent of the hypothalamic Kiss1‐GnRH system.
On non-self-similar regimes in homogeneous isotropic turbulence decay
Authors: Meldi Marcello , Sagaut Pierre
Published: September 2012

Both theoretical analysis and eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) simulations are carried out to investigate the different decay regimes of an initially non-self-similar isotropic turbulence. Breakdown of self-similarity is due to the consideration of a composite three-range energy spectrum, with two different slopes at scales larger than the integral length scale. It is shown that, depending on the initial conditions, the solution can bifurcate towards a true self-similar decay regime, or sustain a non-self-similar state over an arbitrarily long time. It is observed that these non-self-similar regimes cannot be detected, restricting the observation to time exponents of global quantities such as kinetic energy or dissipation. The actual reason is that the decay is controlled by large scales close to the energy spectrum peak. This theoretical prediction is assessed by a detailed analysis of triadic energy transfers, which show that the largest scales have a negligible impact on the total transfers. Therefore, it is concluded that details of the energy spectrum near the peak, which may be related to the turbulence production mechanisms, are important. Since these mechanisms are certainly not universal, this may at least partially explain the significant discrepancies that exist between experimental data and theoretical predictions. Another conclusion is that classical self-similarity theories, which connect the asymptotic behaviour of either the energy spectrum $E(k\ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0)$ or the velocity correlation function $f(r\ensuremath{\rightarrow} + \infty )$ and the turbulence decay exponent, are not particularly relevant when the large-scale spectrum shape exhibits more than one range.
“Forgotten Heroes and Forgotten Issues”: Business and Trademark History during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Higgins David M.
Published: September 2012

This reassessment of the importance of trademarks in business during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reveals that the focus by business historians on the beverage and processed-foodstuff industries has resulted in comparative neglect of the textile and metal-fabrication industries. The trademark histories of the latter two show that they followed their own paths, which resulted in their adopting three solutions to trademark issues that differed sharply from the approaches taken by the former two. The textile and metalfabrication sectors participated heavily in the evolution of an international regime to protect intellectual property; featured prominently in the development of patents in trademarks and trade names; and devised unique institutional solutions to the emerging problem of conflicting private marks in the Lancashire cotton-textile and Sheffield edge-tool industries. The history of these two industries indicates that trademark protection was not sufficient to ensure international competitiveness and long-run survival.
The effect of dry cow antibiotic with and without an internal teat sealant on udder health during the first 100 d of lactation: a field study with matched pairs
Authors: Mütze Katja , Wolter Wilfried , Failing Klaus , Kloppert Bärbel , Bernhardt Heinz , Zschöck Michael
Published: September 2012

The objective of this field study was to compare the udder health status as well as the clinical mastitis rate during the first 100 d of lactation in cows that received long-acting dry cow antibiotic alone (group AB) or in combination with an internal teat sealant (group AB + OS). The study was conducted during a 9-month period and included 136 Holstein cows from 12 dairy farms in Hessia, Germany. Between days 1 and 5 after calving a California mastitis test (CMT) was performed. Milk-samples were collected for bacteriological culture before drying off, between days 6 and 14 and days 35 and 56 of lactation. Additionally the cows were monitored for the occurrence of clinical mastitis events until 100 d post partum. Within the 12 herds cow-pairs were formed on the basis of age, milk yield and SCC. A cow-pair consisted of one cow from group AB and one cow from group AB + OS. For statistical analysis within every cow-pair one quarter that has been dried off with internal teat sealant and dry cow antibiotic (group AB + OS) was compared with one quarter that has been dried off with dry cow antibiotic (group AB) alone. As criterion for the matching process of udder quarters the cytobacteriological udder health status before drying off was used. A total of 544 quarters (136 cows) were used in this analysis. In the first 5 d after calving, group AB had significantly more quarters with a positive CMT reaction than group AB + OS (85vs. 57;P <0·001), and in the first 100 d of lactation, group AB had more quarters with clinical mastitis than group AB + OS (25vs. 15;P = 0·03). In the time periods 6–14 and 35–56 d of lactation, there were fewer quarters in group AB + OS populated withCorynebacteriumspp. (days 6–14,P = 0·05; days 35–56,P = 0·02) and aesculin-positive streptococci (days 35–56,P = 0·02). The internal teat sealant was a promising tool for the prevention of new intramammary infections (IMI) of dry cows with environmental udder pathogens as expressed during early lactation.
Herd-level determinants of bovine leukaemia virus prevalence in dairy farms
Authors: Erskine Ronald J , Bartlett Paul C , Byrem Todd M , Render Chelsea L , Febvay Catherine , Houseman Jessica T
Published: September 2012

The prevalence of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) was determined in 113 Michigan dairy herds by ELISA testing for anti-BLV antibodies in milk. Additionally, an interview regarding management practices with cooperating herd managers identified farm-level variables thought to be associated with prevalence of BLV. Twenty-three risk factors (P ⩽ 0·1) were identified on one-way ANOVA or simple linear regression. Multivariate analysis identified several management practices whose predictive value for increased prevalence of BLV may relate to transmission among herd mates, e.g. reuse of hypodermic needles, lack of fly control, gouge dehorning and increased use of injections in dry cows. Additionally, exclusive breeding of heifers with artificial insemination was associated with decreased BLV prevalence, as compared with at least some use of natural service by a bull. Although intervention studies are needed before causal relationships can be concluded, and unaccounted variables related to transmission exist among dairy herds, these findings suggest management practices that may help dairy producers reduce the transmission of BLV within their herds.
Delayed carotid blow-out syndrome: a new complication of chemoradiotherapy treatment in pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Esteller E , León X , de Juan M , Quer M
Published: September 2012

Background:

Carotid blow-out syndrome is one of the most devastating complications of head and neck carcinoma. It usually occurs as a post-operative complication or when the tumour compromises the vascular axis.

Methods and results:

We report two patients who suffered carotid blow-out syndrome but who did not have the usual predisposing factors. Both patients had a pharyngolaryngeal carcinoma that was treated with chemoradiotherapy. Residual non-tumoural ulceration was seen along the lateral wall of the hypopharynx in both cases. This ulceration eventually reached the vascular axis, precipitating carotid rupture and death.

Conclusion:

Residual non-tumoural ulceration of the lateral wall of the hypopharynx after chemoradiotherapy should be considered with the utmost caution. Once persistence of the tumour is excluded, surgery is indicated to protect the vascular axis, in order to prevent carotid blow-out syndrome.
Guillotine versus dissection tonsillectomy: randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Frampton S J , Ward M J A , Sunkaraneni V S , Ismail-Koch H , Sheppard Z A , Salib R J , Jain P K
Published: September 2012

Objective:

This trial aimed to compare the guillotine technique of tonsillectomy with ‘cold steel’ dissection, the current ‘gold standard’.

Design:

A single centre, randomised, controlled trial.

Methods:

One hundred children aged 3 to 11 years who were listed for bilateral tonsillectomy were recruited. Patients had one tonsil removed by each technique, and were blinded to the side. The operative time, intra-operative blood loss, haemostasis requirement and post-operative pain scores were recorded and compared.

Results:

Operative time and intra-operative blood loss were both significantly less for the guillotine technique (p < 0.001) and there was a significantly reduced haemostasis requirement (p < 0.001). Pain was also less on the guillotine side (p < 0.001). There were no tonsillar remnants or palatal trauma for either technique. There was no significant difference between techniques in the frequency of secondary haemorrhage.

Conclusion:

This study provides level Ib evidence that guillotine tonsillectomy in children with mobile tonsils is an effective and time-efficient procedure which produces less intra-operative blood loss and post-operative pain than cold steel dissection.
Involvement of focal adhesion kinase in cellular proliferation, apoptosis and prognosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Li D W , Sun Y J , Sun Z F , Dong P
Published: September 2012

Objective:

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between focal adhesion kinase expression and clinicopathological factors, cell apoptosis and proliferation, and overall survival, in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods:

Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of focal adhesion kinase and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in tissue samples. Apoptotic cells were assessed using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (‘TUNEL’) method.

Results:

The proportion of focal adhesion kinase expression was 73.26 per cent in tumour tissues, significantly greater than in normal tissues (p < 0.05), and was significantly related to laryngeal cancer clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and overall survival (p < 0.05). In the tumour cases assessed, up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase expression was significantly associated with decreased cell apoptosis and increased proliferation (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that focal adhesion kinase may affect laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression through regulation of cell apoptosis and proliferation. Focal adhesion kinase expression is a major prognostic factor in laryngeal cancer patients.
Transtympanic balloon dilatation of eustachian tube: a human cadaver pilot study
Authors: Kepchar J , Acevedo J , Schroeder J , Littlefield P
Published: September 2012

Objective:

To determine the feasibility and safety of transtympanic balloon dilatation of the eustachian tube.

Methods:

Transtympanic eustachian tube dilatation was performed on six cadaver heads using balloon catheters. Catheters were placed in each eustachian tube and the head scanned by computed tomography. Randomised, blinded dilatation of one balloon in each head was performed, followed again by a second computed tomography scan. The scans were reviewed by a neurotologist and neuroradiologist who were blinded to previous treatment, and measurable dilatation and incidental damage noted.

Results:

There was adequate placement of the balloon catheter beyond the bony isthmus in 6 of 10 eustachian tubes. There was one insufficient catheter placement and three adverse placements (one into the petrous carotid canal and two into the vidian canal). Only one dilated tube showed a measurable increase in diameter.

Conclusion:

This experiment revealed serious safety issues with transtympanic eustachian tube dilatation. Therefore, this approach should not be considered feasible at this time.
Prognostic value of cathepsin L and its inhibitor headpin in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nakashima T , Yasumatsu R , Masuda M , Clayman G L , Komune S
Published: September 2012

Objective:

To investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of the expression of cathepsin L and its inhibitor headpin, in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Design:

Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 56 oral squamous cell carcinoma samples. We evaluated the relationship between cathepsin L and headpin expression versus patients' clinicopathological factors and survival.

Results:

The group that was positive for cathepsin L expression tended to have positive metastatic neck lymph nodes and a poorer prognosis. Headpin expression was not related to metastasis or prognosis. Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma had higher levels of headpin expression compared with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion:

Cathepsin L expression is related to the invasive and metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
The relationship between vestibular aqueduct diameter and sensorineural hearing loss is linear: a review and meta-analysis of large case series
Authors: Spencer C R
Published: September 2012

Introduction:

Inner ear homeostasis is dependent on the vestibular aqueduct and its content, the endolymphatic duct. Narrow and enlarged vestibular aqueducts have both been associated with hearing loss in Ménière's and large vestibular aqueduct syndromes. This review investigated the correlation between vestibular aqueduct diameter and pure tone average, and the effect of measurement site (i.e. the midpoint or the external aperture).

Materials and methods:

A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of large case series published on the Allied and Complementary Medicine, British Nursing Index, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Embase, Health Business Elite, Health Management Information Consortium, Medline, PsycInfo and PubMed databases. References and personal books were also scrutinised.

Results:

A linear relationship between vestibular aqueduct diameter and hearing loss was observed, with a projected increase of 6 dBHL per unit of vestibular aqueduct diameter (95 per cent confidence interval, 2–10;p = 0.003). This relationship was independent of measurement site.

Discussion:

This dose-dependent or linear relationship supports the role of flow and/or pressure change as aetiological factors in the pathogenesis of hearing loss, as per Poiseuille's law. This aetiological association is strengthened by the fact that the observed relationship is independent of measurement site.
Limitless Land and the Redefinition of Rights: Popular Mobilisation and the Limits of Neoliberalism in Chile, 1973–1985
Authors: BRUEY ALISON J.
Published: September 2012

In 1985, the Pinochet dictatorship reversed radical neoliberal urban development policy in response to economic crisis and political pressure mounted by the urban poor in alliance with the Catholic Church and the Left. The regime's free-market policies conflicted with a popular sector political culture that considered housing a right which the state must uphold. To implement its radical policies, the regime sought to change the understanding that housing was a right and the state a legitimate target of demand. However, it was unsuccessful. In the early 1980s, organisedpobladoressuccessfully brought the affordable-housing crisis to the forefront of public attention via the resurrection of pre-coup forms of direct action and pressured the dictatorship to back down from neoliberal dogmatism.
Linkages in the New ICT Clusters of Latin America: Evidence from Costa Rica
Authors: CIRAVEGNA LUCIANO
Published: September 2012

This paper studies the obstacles that hinder the formation of linkages among local firms, multinational corporations and universities in the Costa Rican information and communication technologies cluster. It examines both the social and the economic reasons for forming or participating in linkages, ranging from the capabilities of potential partners to compliance with customs. The research is based on qualitative information collected over four years through more than 150 direct and detailed interviews with different stakeholders in the cluster. Costa Rica is often used as a positive benchmark of cluster policy in Latin America, but it is argued here that linkages among firms in the sector have developed much more slowly than anticipated.
‘It Does Not Even Seem Like We Are in Brazil’: Country Clubs and Gated Communities in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1951–1964
Authors: DUARTE REGINA HORTA
Published: September 2012

This study focuses on the first gated communities in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, which were developed between 1951 and 1964. In an era of democracy and economic growth, the Brazilian government promoted infrastructural improvements and attracted foreign capital. However, there was a concomitant increase in inequality and poverty, and deep-rooted political conflicts. Notwithstanding the varying motivations of those who chose to live in gated communities, this article argues that the attempt by elites to establish a lifestyle of leisure and European-style sophistication in these enclaves had political, ethnic, class and gender implications. Their self-segregation strengthened the patrimonialism and authoritarianism in politics that would prevail during the ensuing military dictatorship.
‘Beheading’, Rule Manipulation and Fraud: The Approval of Election Results in Brazil, 1894–1930
Authors: RICCI PAOLO , PORTO ZULINI JAQUELINE
Published: September 2012

Studies of electoral fraud tend to focus their analyses only on the pre-electoral or electoral phases. By examining the Brazilian First Republic (1889–1930), this article shifts the focus to a later phase, discussing a particular type of electoral fraud that has been little explored by the literature, namely, that perpetrated by the legislatures themselves during the process of giving final approval to election results. The Brazilian case is interesting because of a practice known asdegola(‘beheading’) whereby electoral results were altered when Congress decided on which deputies to certify as duly elected. This has come to be seen as a widespread and standard practice in this period. However, this article shows that this final phase of rubber-stamping or overturning election results was important not because of the number of degolas, which was actually much lower than the literature would have us believe, but chiefly because of their strategic use during moments of political uncertainty. It argues that the congressional certification of electoral results was deployed as a key tool in ensuring the political stability of the Republican regime in the absence of an electoral court.
Der Blick durch die enge Tür: Lk 13.22–30 im architekturgeschichtlichen Kontext der städtischendomus
Authors: Adrian Matthias
Published: September 2012

The image of the narrow door in the Gospel of Luke is to be read in the context of a symposium in a Romandomus. The elaboration of the Q-material is related to patron-client-relationships and their architectural and cultural conditions (salutatio, cena). By announcing an eschatological turn of events the pericope warns householders in the community to open now their residences for wandering prophets, thus fulfilling the teaching of Jesus.
Identität bei Paulus: Beobachtungen am Galaterbrief
Authors: Bachmann Michael
Published: September 2012

In the discussion of ‘identity’ in Paul's writings, the question whether the apostle holds to a view of salvation history is a controversial matter. The most important aspects of ‘identity’ play a part, however, in Galatians: namely the individual, the social, the mental and the habitual. In 1.6–2.14 the letter discusses a transformation in the life of the author; in 2.15–21 this is the case for Jewish (Christian) persons and in 3.1–6.17 for non-Jewish (Christian) ones. To be sure, the law is thereby relativized (see the enthymeme in 2.14b). The circumcision commandment should not to be forced upon non-Jewish (Christian) persons (see 5.2–6), because salvation is not mediated byργα νόμου. After joining Christ (cf. 2.20; 3.18, 25; 4.7: οὐκτι), according to Paul, one has to take heed of the danger of a relapse, thus falling behind this event (cf. 2.18; 4.9b; 5.1: restitutive πάλιν). Furthermore, the apostle expects, astonishingly enough, a habitus of the addressees conforming to the law (see 5.14, 23b; 6.2). And the ‘Israel of God’ (compare especially Ps 127[128].6; 4QMMT C31–32; PapMur 42.7) even receives a peace greeting in 6.16. This view probably stands contrary to many exegetical expectations (due to the [purely] non-Jewish identities of Christians through many centuries).
’Εϰϰλησία τοῦ θεοῦ: The ‘Church of God’ and the Civic Assemblies (ἐϰϰλησίαι) of the Greek Cities in the Roman Empire: A Response to Paul Trebilco and Richard A. Horsley
Authors: van Kooten George H.
Published: September 2012

In this essay I take issue with Paul Trebilco's recent argument in this journal that the Christian self-designation of ἐϰϰλησία has a background in the Septuagint. I argue that its Graeco-Roman political meaning in the sense of ‘civic assembly’ was decisive in its adoption by Paul, and that Paul wished to portray his communities as alternative organizations existing alongside the civic assemblies. At the same time, however, I am critical of Richard Horsley's anti-imperialist understanding of the Pauline communities. Paul's contrast between two types of ἐϰϰλησία is an expression of his view on two types of πολίτευμα, a distinction which finds its background in the Stoic doctrine of dual citizenship. Through a sustained analysis of ἐϰϰλησία in the Hellenistic and Roman periods I show that, in many respects, the functioning of the Christian ἐϰϰλησία mirrors the operations of the civic assemblies.
Geweißte Grabmäler. Motivkritische Anmerkungen zu Mt 23.27–28
Authors: Lau Markus
Published: September 2012

In Matthean research, the quest for a suitable key to the understanding of the sixth woe (Mt 23.27–28) has not yet provided results that are fully convincing. Against the backdrop of Jewish everyday life, the image of positively connoted white tombs seems to have no relevant point of reference. Rather, white is understood as a warning colour in the context of tombs as it is intended to mark and warn against the tombs’ impurity. In contrast to these findings, the article confirms the existence of prominent white graves which were considered beautiful in first-century Judaism: the tombs of the patriarchs at Hebron and the tomb of King David at Jerusalem, both artfully embellished by Herod the Great. In the light of these parallels, the logic of the comparison, which serves as an argument for the woe of Mt 23.27–28, falls into place and perhaps provides an additional insight into Matthew's view of Herod the Great.
Les récits synoptiques de la Passion préservent-ils une couche narrative composée à la veille de la Grande Révolte Juive?
Authors: Bourgel Jonathan
Published: September 2012

This article attempts to demonstrate that the synoptic narratives of the Passion contain a stratum composed in Judea on the eve of the Great Revolt. This proposition may provide a common solution to several controversial issues such as the identity of those who arrest Jesus, the latter's trial before the Sanhedrin and Barabbas’ liberation. There is reason to think that the author(s) of this narrative layer sought to enhance the high priests’ guilt in Jesus’ death, at a time when the members of the high-priesthood were hated by their Jewish brethren on account of their exactions.
Spatial distribution and cognitive correlates of gamma noise power in schizophrenia
Authors: Díez Á. , Suazo V. , Casado P. , Martín-Loeches M. , Molina V.
Published: September 2012

Background

Brain activity is less organized in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls (HC). Noise power (scalp-recorded electroencephalographic activity unlocked to stimuli) may be of use for studying this disorganization.

Method

Fifty-four patients with schizophrenia (29 minimally treated and 25 stable treated), 23 first-degree relatives and 27 HC underwent clinical and cognitive assessments and an electroencephalographic recording during an oddball P300 paradigm to calculate noise power magnitude in the gamma band. We used a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the factor structure of gamma noise power values across electrodes and the clinical and cognitive correlates of the resulting factors.

Results

The PCA revealed three noise power factors, roughly corresponding to the default mode network (DMN), frontal and occipital regions respectively. Patients showed higher gamma noise power loadings in the first factor when compared to HC and first-degree relatives. In the patients, frontal gamma noise factor scores related significantly and inversely to working memory and problem-solving performance. There were no associations with symptoms.

Conclusions

There is an elevated gamma activity unrelated to task processing over regions coherent with the DMN topography in patients with schizophrenia. The same type of gamma activity over frontal regions is inversely related to performance in tasks with high involvement in these frontal areas. The idea of gamma noise as a possible biological marker for schizophrenia seems promising. Gamma noise might be of use in the study of underlying neurophysiological mechanisms involved in this disease.
Non-family experience and receipt of personal care in Nepal
Authors: YARGER JENNIFER , BRAUNER-OTTO SARAH R.
Published: September 2012

Scholars and policy makers have expressed concern that social and economic changes occurring throughout Asia are threatening the wellbeing of older adults by undercutting their systems of family support. Using a sample of 1,654 men and women aged 45 and above from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, we evaluated the relationship between individuals' non-family experiences, such as education, travel and non-family living, and their likelihood of receiving personal care in older adulthood. Overall, we found that among individuals in poor health, those who had received more education, travelled to the capital city, or lived away from their families were less likely to have received personal care in the previous two weeks than adults who had not had these experiences. Our findings provide evidence that although familial connections remain strong in Nepal, experiences in new non-family social contexts are tied to lower levels of care receipt.
Steady symmetric low-Reynolds-number flow past a film-coated cylinder
Authors: BAND L. R. , OLIVER J. M. , WATERS S. L. , RILEY D. S.
Published: September 2012

In this study, we examine a steady two-dimensional slow flow past a rigid cylinder coated with a thin layer of immiscible fluid. The Reynolds number for the external bulk flow is assumed small and flow within the film is driven by the action of the bulk fluid’s tangential viscous stress acting at the interface. Using double asymptotic expansions based on the bulk fluid’s Reynolds number and the aspect ratio of the film thickness to the cylinder’s radius, we derive the leading- and first-order equations governing the steady-state film dynamics, and obtain analytical solutions, in terms of the film thickness, for the bulk flow. We solve the governing film equations, finding that solutions feature a drained region. We briefly discuss the influence of the Capillary number and fluid viscosities, and conclude by showing how the presence of the film affects the drag on the film-coated cylinder.
(k+1)-Cores Have k-Factors
Authors: CHAN SIU ON , MOLLOY MICHAEL
Published: September 2012

We prove that the threshold for the appearance of a k-regular subgraph in Gn,p is at most the threshold for the appearance of a non-empty (k+1)-core. This improves a result of Pralat, Verstraete and Wormald [5] and proves a conjecture of Bollobás, Kim and Verstraete [3].
Speed of response in ultrabrief and brief pulse width right unilateral ECT
Authors: Loo Colleen K. , Garfield Joshua B. B. , Katalinic Natalie , Schweitzer Isaac , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan
Published: September 2012

Ultrabrief pulse width stimulation electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) results in less cognitive side-effects than brief pulse ECT, but recent work suggests that more treatment sessions may be required to achieve similar efficacy. In this retrospective analysis of subjects pooled from three research studies, time to improvement was analysed in 150 depressed subjects who received right unilateral ECT with a brief pulse width (at five times seizure threshold) or ultrabrief pulse width (at six times seizure threshold). Multivariate Cox regression analyses compared the number of treatments required for 50% reduction in depression scores (i.e. speed of response) in these two samples. The analyses controlled for clinical, demographic and treatment variables that differed between the samples or that were found to be significant predictors of speed of response in univariate analyses. In the multivariate analysis, older age predicted faster speed of response. There was a non-significant trend for faster time to 50% improvement with brief pulse ECT (p = 0.067). Remission rates were higher after brief pulse ECT than ultrabrief pulse ECT (p = 0.007) but response rates were similar. This study, the largest of its kind reported to date, suggests that fewer treatments may be needed to attain response with brief than ultrabrief pulse ECT and that remission rates are higher with brief pulse ECT. Further research with a larger randomized and blinded study is recommended.
D1-like receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell regulate the expression of contextual fear conditioning and activity of the anterior cingulate cortex in rats
Authors: Albrechet-Souza Lucas , Carvalho Milene Cristina , Brandão Marcus Lira
Published: September 2012

Although dopamine-related circuits are best known for their roles in appetitive motivation, consistent data have implicated this catecholamine in some forms of response to stressful situations. In fact, projection areas of the ventral tegmental area, such as the amygdala and hippocampus, are well established to be involved in the acquisition and expression of fear conditioning, while less is known about the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in these processes. In the present study, we initially investigated the involvement of the mPFC and NAc in the expression of conditioned fear, assessing freezing behaviour and Fos protein expression in the brains of rats exposed to a context, light or tone previously paired with footshocks. Contextual and cued stimuli were able to increase the time of the freezing response while only the contextual fear promoted a significant increase in Fos protein expression in the mPFC and caudal NAc. We then examined the effects of specific dopaminergic agonists and antagonists injected bilaterally into the posterior medioventral shell subregion of the NAc (NAcSh) on the expression of contextual fear. SKF38393, quinpirole and sulpiride induced no behavioural changes, but the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH23390 increased the freezing response of the rats and selectively reduced Fos protein expression in the anterior cingulate cortex and rostral NAcSh. These findings confirm the involvement of the NAcSh in the expression of contextual fear memories and indicate the selective role of NAcSh D1-like receptors and anterior cingulate cortex in this process.
Introduction: Social Policy and Religion in Contemporary Britain – Taking Stock and Moving Forward
Authors: Baker Christopher , Jawad Rana
Published: September 2012

This themed section inSocial Policy and Society, exploring current trends within British social policy and welfare provision in the light of the re-emerging role of religion, is timely for three reasons.
Psychopathologie – heute
Authors: Stieglitz Rolf-Dieter , Freyberger Harald
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung: Psychopathologische Symptome stellen nach wie vor die grundlegenden deskriptiven Merkmale dar, mit denen sich spezifische diagnostische Kategorien nach entsprechenden diagnostischen Algorithmen konstituieren. Vor diesem Hintergrund erweist sich die systematische Ausbildung in Psychopathologie als die Grundlage psychiatrischer Diagnostik und Forschung. In Outcomestudien, die sich mit der Effektivität psychopharmakologischer, psychotherapeutischer und anderer Interventionen beschäftigen, stellen psychopathologische Symptome und Syndrome nach wie vor die wichtigste Gruppe zu untersuchender Parameter dar.
Neurowissenschaft und Psychopathologie heute – Ergänzung, Fusion, Verdrängung?
Authors: Hoff Paul , Bottlender Ronald
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung: Der Spannungsbogen zwischen biologischen, psychologischen und sozialwissenschaftlichen Ansätzen prägt die Psychiatrie seit ihren Anfängen. Der enorme Wissenszuwachs in den Neurowissenschaften verschafft dem Thema eine besondere Aktualität und Bedeutung, wobei die psychopathologische Perspektive in den letzten Jahrzehnten deutlich an Gewicht verloren hat. Der Beitrag leuchtet auf psychiatrie historischem Hintergrund die wichtigsten Positionen dieser Debatte aus. Mit Blick auf die zukünftige Rolle der Psychopathologie plädiert er dafür, den unergiebigen und sachlich nicht begründeten Konfrontationen das ernsthafte, auf Argumenten beruhende Gespräch zwischen den verschiedenen Ansätzen entgegenzusetzen und dies als genuinen Bestandteil einer weiter gefassten Psychopathologie zu verstehen. Dies bedingt freilich auf allen Seiten die Bereitschaft, von vorschnellen Gesamterklärungen abzusehen und neben empirischen Daten auch Subjektivität und personale Autonomie als wissenschaftliche Gegenstände anzuerkennen.
Der psychopathologische Befund als Kernstück der psychiatrischen Diagnostik
Authors: Haug Achim , Trabert Wolfgang , Schaub Rainer
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung: Der psychopathologische Befund ist das Kernstück der psychiatrischen Diagnostik und damit auch Ausgangspunkt jeder psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Mit geeigneten Massnahmen können die Validität und Reliabilität der Befunderhebung deutlich gesteigert werden. Die Festlegung einer definierten Fachbegrifflichkeit sowie das fortwährende Training im präzisen Gebrauch der Fachsprache sind die wichtigsten Elemente hierbei. Dann werden auch Werte erreicht, die mit somatischen Untersuchungsbefunden vergleichbar oder sogar besser als diese sind. Entwicklungen der experimentellen Psychopathologie sind wichtig, ersetzen aber nicht die grundlegende Untersuchung des psychopathologischen Befundes. Am Anfang steht die Erkennung und Einordnung von Einzelphänomenen des Erlebens und Verhaltens ganz im Sinne des Satzes «Ich sehe nur, wovon ich weiß».
Neuropsychologische Trends in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie – alles eine Frage der Aufmerksamkeit?
Authors: Lepach Anja C. , Lehmkuhl Gerd , Petermann Franz
Published: September 2012

Zusammenfassung. Der aktuelle Beschluss zur Anerkennung der ambulanten neuropsychologischen Therapie durch approbierte Richt­linientherapeuten mit zusätzlicher neuropsychologischer Weiterbildung ermöglicht, wie nie zuvor, eine Annäherung der Disziplinen in Ausbildung und Praxis. Im Forschungsbereich liefern neuropsychologische Fragestellungen weiterhin wichtige Erkenntnisse zur Erforschung, Diagnostik und Behandlung vielfältiger Störungsbilder. Diese bibliometrische Analyse betrachtet, exemplarisch an den Jahrgängen 2009 bis 2012 vier deutschsprachiger Zeitschriften, für welche Themen der Neuropsychologie und Kinderpsychiatrie sich Schnittstellen ergeben. Das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätssyndrom stellt dabei in Übereinstimmung mit internationalen Trends eine zentrale gemeinsame Herausforderung dar.
On the basin‐scale detection and attribution of human‐induced climate change in monsoon precipitation and streamflow
Authors: Mondal Arpita , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: September 2012

Detecting and quantifying the presence of human‐induced climate change in regional hydrology is important for studying the impacts of such changes on the water resources systems as well as for reliable future projections and policy making for adaptation. In this article a formal fingerprint‐based detection and attribution analysis has been attempted to study the changes in the observed monsoon precipitation and streamflow in the rain‐fed Mahanadi River Basin in India, considering the variability across different climate models. This is achieved through the use of observations, several climate model runs, a principal component analysis and regression based statistical downscaling technique, and a Genetic Programming based rainfall‐runoff model. It is found that the decreases in observed hydrological variables across the second half of the 20th century lie outside the range that is expected from natural internal variability of climate alone at 95% statistical confidence level, for most of the climate models considered. For several climate models, such changes are consistent with those expected from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. However, unequivocal attribution to human‐induced climate change cannot be claimed across all the climate models and uncertainties in our detection procedure, arising out of various sources including the use of models, cannot be ruled out. Changes in solar irradiance and volcanic activities are considered as other plausible natural external causes of climate change. Time evolution of the anthropogenic climate change “signal” in the hydrological observations, above the natural internal climate variability “noise” shows that the detection of the signal is achieved earlier in streamflow as compared to precipitation for most of the climate models, suggesting larger impacts of human‐induced climate change on streamflow than precipitation at the river basin scale.
Dike‐fault interaction during the 2004 Dallol intrusion at the northern edge of the Erta Ale Ridge (Afar, Ethiopia)
Authors: Nobile Adriano , Pagli Carolina , Keir Derek , Wright Tim J. , Ayele Atalay , Ruch Joel , Acocella Valerio
Published: September 2012

During continental rifting the interaction between faulting and magmatic intrusions is not well understood. Using InSAR and seismicity, we show that a ∼0.06 km3 dike was intruded along the Dallol segment, Ethiopia and was accompanied by a Mw 5.5 earthquake and associated fault slip along the western flank of the rift. The intrusion was fed by a previously unidentified magma chamber under Dallol. The total seismic moment release was ∼2.3 × 1017Nm, ∼10% of the geodetic moment. This is a higher proportion than during the 2005–2009 Dabbahu rifting episode, which ranged between 1–4% of the geodetic moment. A larger component of faulting occurs at Dallol than at Dabbahu segment, a feature we interpret to be related to the proximity (10 km) of the Dallol segment to the rift margin, where well‐developed faults facilitate slip.
Shear‐wave velocity as an indicator for rheological changes in clay materials: Lessons from laboratory experiments
Authors: Mainsant G. , Jongmans D. , Chambon G. , Larose E. , Baillet L.
Published: September 2012

Clay‐rich geological formations are responsible for many landslides, the dynamics of which are still poorly understood and intensely debated. Analysis of landslide motion shows that slow clayey slope movements can suddenly accelerate and fluidize as a result of sudden loading or heavy rainfall. This solid‐fluid transition, which involves disorganization of the particle network, is accompanied by a loss in rigidity that could potentially be monitored by S‐wave velocity (Vs) variations. To investigate this hypothesis, two types of laboratory experiments were performed on clay samples originating from an area affected by numerous landslides (Trièves, French Alps). First, creep and oscillatory rheometric tests revealed the thixotropic behavior of the clay with a highly pronounced viscosity bifurcation at a critical stress τc. In relation with this reduction in apparent viscosity, a significant drop in Vs is also observed over τc. Second, at zero stress, acoustic surface wave propagation experiments showed a rapid linear Vs decrease with the gravimetric water content (w) in the plastic domain, and a much lower decay in the liquid domain. The geotechnically‐defined liquid limit then appears as a break in theVs‐wcurve. For water contents in the liquid domain in particular, both experiments gave consistent results. These laboratory results demonstrate that rheological changes in clay can be revealed through Vs variations, offering the possibility of monitoring solid‐to‐fluid transitions in the field.
A simulation study of the current‐voltage relationship of the Io tail aurora
Authors: Matsuda K. , Terada N. , Katoh Y. , Misawa H.
Published: September 2012

The Io tail aurora extends for approximately 100 degrees downstream in longitude from the Io footprint aurora. Observations indicate that the brightness of the Io tail aurora continuously decreases along the footpath while its peak altitude remains constant. According to the quasi‐steady theoretical frame, this suggests that the field‐aligned voltage is constant while the parallel current density decreases in the downstream direction. The mechanism that realizes the current‐voltage relationship of the Io tail aurora remains unresolved. In this paper, we apply a new multimagnetofluid code to the Io‐Jupiter system to clarify the origin of the current‐voltage relationship. The code solves a set of equations that includes the electron convection term in Ohm's law, which enables us to simulate the current‐driven ion acoustic instability in the fluid frame. The instability forms a transition layer at a high altitude, which accelerates the magnetospheric electrons and blocks the magnetospheric ions, leading to the formation of a density depleted region called an auroral cavity. We find that if the ionospheric proton density decreases at the same rate as the parallel current density, the timescale on which the transition layer disappears is consistent with the longitudinal extent of the tail aurora, and the potential gap is constant all along the tail. We discuss the possibility that the fringe, wideband repetitive bursts of the Io‐related Jovian decametric radiation, is excited in the auroral cavity.
Pickup proton instabilities and scattering in the distant solar wind and the outer heliosheath: Hybrid simulations
Authors: Liu Kaijun , Möbius Eberhard , Gary S. Peter , Winske Dan
Published: September 2012

The growth of magnetic field fluctuations driven by the injection of pickup ions perpendicular to a background magnetic field in a homogeneous, collisionless plasma is studied using one‐dimensional hybrid simulations. Freshly ionized protons are continuously injected into the simulations at constant rates and relative speeds consistent with conditions in the distant solar wind and the outer heliosheath. The pickup protons initially form a ring‐velocity distribution unstable to the electromagnetic proton cyclotron instability and lead to enhanced magnetic fluctuations. After an exponential growth phase of the instability, the fluctuating magnetic fields exhibit linear temporal growth followed by a more‐slowly growing quasi‐steady phase. The excited fluctuations pitch angle scatter the pickup protons toward an isotropic shell velocity distribution with the most significant scattering occurring in the exponential growth phase. The scattering rate of the freshly injected pickup protons during the linear temporal growth phase remains relatively constant and it increases with the pickup proton injection rate. More importantly, significant pitch angle scattering only occurs after the accumulated pickup proton density exceeds a critical value, the scattering‐onset density. The scattering‐onset density also increases with the pickup proton injection rate and the scattering onset typically occurs during the exponential growth phase of the magnetic fluctuations. Scaling relations for the scattering rate and the scattering‐onset density versus the pickup proton injection rate are derived from the simulation results. These relations suggest that significant scattering of pickup protons in the outer heliosheath occurs in a relatively limited spatial range close to the heliopause, related to the issue of whether the “secondary ENA” mechanism is a possible explanation for the ENA ribbon observed by IBEX. Implications of the results on pickup proton dynamics in the distant solar wind are also discussed.