bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex variation in an endangered rattlesnake, the Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus)
Authors: Jaeger Collin P. , Duvall Melvin R. , Swanson Bradley J. , Phillips Christopher A. , Dreslik Michael J. , Baker Sarah J. , King Richard B.
Published: May 2016

Genetic diversity is fundamental to maintaining the long‐term viability of populations, yet reduced genetic variation is often associated with small, isolated populations. To examine the relationship between demography and genetic variation, variation at hypervariable loci (e.g., microsatelliteDNAloci) is often measured. However, these loci are selectively neutral (or near neutral) and may not accurately reflect genomewide variation. Variation at functional trait loci, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), can provide a better assessment of adaptive genetic variation in fragmented populations. We compared patterns of microsatellite andMHCvariation across three Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) populations representing a gradient of demographic histories to assess the relative roles of natural selection and genetic drift. Using 454 deep amplicon sequencing, we identified 24 putatively functionalMHC IIBexon 2 alleles belonging to a minimum of six loci. Analysis of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates provided evidence of historical positive selection at the nucleotide level, and Tajima's D provided support for balancing selection in each population. As predicted, estimates of microsatellite allelic richness, observed, heterozygosity, and expected heterozygosity varied among populations in a pattern qualitatively consistent with demographic history and abundance. WhileMHCallelic richness at the population and individual levels revealed similar trends,MHCnucleotide diversity was unexpectedly high in the smallest population. Overall, these results suggest that genetic variation in the Eastern Massasauga populations in Illinois has been shaped by multiple evolutionary mechanisms. Thus, conservation efforts should consider both neutral and functional genetic variation when managing captive and wild Eastern Massasauga populations.
The Valence States of Copernicium and Flerovium
Authors: Ghosh Abhik , Conradie Jeanet
Published: May 2016

Compared with its lighter congener HgF4, copernicium tetrafluoride, CnF4, is predicted to be significantly more stable with respect to decomposition to the elements. Tetravalent flerovium on the other hand is unlikely to be experimentally accessible, except possibly as FlF4. Because of the large 7p1/2–3/2 energy splitting, many divalent flerovium compounds are also expected to be thermodynamically unstable. The two dihalides FlF2 and FlCl2, however, are predicted to be thermodynamically stable; flerovium thus is not quite as noble as xenon, which is not known to form a chloride.
A Three‐Dimensional Tetraphenylíethene‐Based Metal–Organic Framework for Selective Gas Separation and Luminescence Sensing of Metal Ions
Authors: Yang Wei , Chang Ganggang , Wang Hailong , Hu Tong‐Liang , Yao Zizhu , Alfooty Khalid , Xiang Shengchang , Chen Banglin
Published: May 2016

A three‐dimensional porous metal–organic framework (MOF), UTSA‐86, made up of cadmium ions and a chromophoric tetraphenylethene‐based tetracarboxylate ligand, 4′,4′′′,4′′′′′,4′′′′′′′‐(ethene‐1,1,2,2‐tetrayl)tetrakis(1,1′‐biphenyl‐4‐carboxylic acid (H4ettc), has been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. This multifunctional MOF exhibits permanent porosity, selective gas uptake, and luminescence sensing of metal ions.
Proline and α‐Methylproline as Chiral Auxiliaries for the Synthesis of Enantiopure Bis‐Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Helms Melanie , Wang Chuanyong , Orth Barbara , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric
Published: May 2016

A convenient proline‐ and α‐methylproline‐mediated method for the synthesis of enantiomerically pure bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes is reported. The reactions of l‐proline or l‐α‐methylproline with [Ir(µ‐Cl)(C^N)2]2 (C^N = cyclometalating 2‐phenylpyridine, 2‐phenylbenzoxazole, or 2‐phenylbenzothiazole ligand) afforded diastereomeric mixtures of intermediate prolinatoiridium(III) complexes from which the Λ‐(S) diastereomers were isolated with excellent diastereomeric purity by washing, precipitation, or crystallization. A subsequent trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) induced substitution of the prolinate ligands with 2,2′‐bipyridine with the retention of configuration provided the chiral‐only‐at‐metal complexes with >99 % ee.
(β‐Diketiminato)cadmium Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide: Facile Access to Low‐Coordinate Cadmium Complexes
Authors: Borren Elliot S. , Fitchett Christopher M. , Fulton J. Robin
Published: May 2016

A new route to access low‐coordinate (β‐diketiminato)cadmium complexes has been developed. Treatment of [Cd(HMDS)2] with BDI‐H (HMDS = [N(SiMe3)2]; BDI = [{N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)C(Me)}2CH]) forms [(BDI)Cd(HMDS)], which is a useful synthon for the generation of other low‐coordinate cadmium complexes such as anilido complex [(BDI)Cd(NH{N(2,6‐iPr2C6H3})(THF)], aryloxo complex [(BDI)Cd(O‐2,6‐tBu2C6H3)], as well as chloro complex [{(BDI)CdCl}2]. [(BDI)Cd(HMDS)] is extremely sensitive to hydrolysis, generating [{(BDI)Cd(OH)}2] upon exposure to “dry” tert‐butyl alcohol.
Fast determination of neonicotinoid insecticides in bee pollen using QuEChERS and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Valverde Silvia , Bernal José Luis , Martín María Teresa , Nozal María Jesús , Bernal José
Published: May 2016

In this study, a new method has been developed to determine seven neonicotinoid insecticides (acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam) in bee pollen using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a selective MS detector (qTOF). An efficient sample treatment involving an optimized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was proposed. In all cases, average analyte recoveries were between 91 and 105%, and no matrix effect was observed. Chromatographic analysis (6.5 min) was performed on a core‐shell technology based column (Kinetex® EVO C18, 50×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm, 100 Å). The mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% of formic acid in ACN, with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min in gradient elution mode. The fully validated method was selective, linear from LOQ to 500 μg/kg, precise and accurate; relative standard deviation and relative error values were below 8%. Low limits LODs and LOQs were obtained, ranging from 0.6 to 1.3 μg/kg (LODs) and 2.1 to 4.0 μg/kg (LOQs). The method was applied to neonicotinoid analysis in several commercial bee pollen samples from different Spanish regions.
Applications of Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models With Covariates to Longitudinal Test Data
Authors: Fu Jianbin
Published: May 2016

The multidimensional item response theory (MIRT) models with covariates proposed by Haberman and implemented in the mirt program provide a flexible way to analyze data based on item response theory. In this report, we discuss applications of the MIRT models with covariates to longitudinal test data to measure skill differences at the individual and group levels. In particular, we describe the differential item functioning procedure to identify common items with item drift across test occasions, and model selection and evaluation based on model comparison, fit statistics, and skill estimates. A real dataset on algebra tests is used to demonstrate the applications.
There Is But One True Hub, and His Name Is Henry
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: May 2016

The world is full of gas trading “hubs.” Some are shown in Exhibit 1.
Non‐Destructive or Noninvasive? The Potential Effect of X‐Ray Fluorescence Spectrometers on Luminescence Age Estimates of Archaeological Samples
Authors: Huntley Jillian , Westaway Kira E. , Gore Damian B. , Aubert Maxime , Ross June , Morwood Michael J.
Published: May 2016

The non‐destructive nature of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers is a principal reason for an increase in their use in archaeological science over the last 15 years, especially for analyzing museum‐curated artifacts andin situsite fabrics. Here, we show that low‐power XRF spectrometry can be detrimental for luminescence dating (surface applications such as mud‐wasp nest dating in particular). We investigated the effects of irradiation by X‐rays emitted from handheld and benchtop spectrometers on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signals. Measurements were taken using a portable OSL (pOSL) unit on the following unprepared archaeological materials: sedimentary quartz grains, pottery, a mud‐wasp nest, stone tools, and a rock flake with anthropogenically applied pigment and natural pigmentation (iron oxides). We observed an increase in luminescence compared to initial background counts for all materials tested, which could lead to overestimation of age determinations in some situations. Our experiment provides a reminder of the potential effects of X‐ray radiation, and the need for thorough documentation of all recording and analytical techniques applied to archaeological materials.
Investigation on the mechanism of non‐photocatalytically TiO2‐induced reactive oxygen species and its significance on cell cycle and morphology
Authors: Gali Nirmal Kumar , Ning Zhi , Daoud Walid , Brimblecombe Peter
Published: May 2016

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are widely used in daily human life, and were reported to elicit biological effects such as oxidative stress either generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) or causing cell necrosis without generating ROS, whose underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet known. In this study, the role of dissolved oxygen in TiO2 catalytic activity in dark environment, and long‐term cytotoxic effects of TiO2 exposure were investigated. To determine the effect of dissolved oxygen, the anatase‐TiO2 nanoparticle suspension was prepared both in deoxygenated and regular MilliQ water, and a ~ 9‐fold higher ROS in regular MilliQ samples was observed compared to deoxygenated samples while in the dark, which suggested dissolved oxygen as the driving agent behind the TiO2 catalytic reaction. On the other hand, the differential cell viability and endogenous ROS activity was demonstrated through a sensitive macrophage‐based assay, on a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Both the cell number and endogenous ROS activity increased with increase in time till 48 h, followed by a reduction at 72 h exposure period. Long‐term exposures to these nanoparticles even at low concentrations were found detrimental to cells, where late apoptosis until 48 h and necrosis at 72 h leading to cell death were noted. Late apoptotic events and cell membrane cytoskeletal actin rearrangement observed were hypothesized to be induced by particle‐mediated cellular ROS. This in addition to radical generation ability of TiO2 in the dark will help further in better understanding of the toxicity mechanism in cells beyond ROS generation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lake level reconstruction of Huangqihai Lake in northern China since MIS 3 based on pulsed optically stimulated luminescence dating
Authors: Zhang Jingran , Tsukamoto Sumiko , Jia Yulian , Frechen Manfred
Published: May 2016

Lake sediments provide rich information about past climatic variations in the drainage area. Five outcrops from Huangqihai Lake in northern China were investigated to reconstruct the lake level fluctuations during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. A chronological framework ranging from ∼34 to ∼8 ka was established by pulsed optically stimulated luminescence dating using sand‐sized quartz and by radiocarbon dating techniques. The chronological and geological evidence demonstrates that the lake level of Huangqihai reached a peak elevation of ∼1340 m [>77 m above the present lake level (a.p.l.l)] during the early Holocene. Such highstand was sustained from ∼10 to ∼8 ka and retreated towards the middle and late Holocene. Between ∼50 and ∼11 ka, aeolian and fluvial deposition prevailed around the lake basin and no lake sediment was found above 1277 m (∼14 m a.p.l.l.), demonstrating a low lake level during this interval compared with that of the early Holocene.
Lateglacial and Holocene relative sea‐level changes and first evidence for the Storegga tsunami in Sutherland, Scotland
Authors: Long Antony J. , Barlow Natasha L. M. , Dawson Sue , Hill Jon , Innes James B. , Kelham Catherine , Milne Fraser D. , Dawson Alastair
Published: May 2016

We reconstruct one of the longest relative sea‐level (RSL) records in north‐west Europe from the north coast of mainland Scotland, using data collected from three sites in Loch Eriboll (Sutherland) that we combine with other studies from the region. Following deglaciation, RSL fell from a Lateglacial highstand of +6−8 m OD (Ordnance Datum = ca. mean sea level) at ca. 15 k cal a BP to below present, then rose to an early Holocene highstand and remained at ca. +1 m OD between ca. 7 and 3 k cal a BP, before falling to present. We find no evidence for significant differential Holocene glacio‐isostatic adjustment between sites on the north‐west (Lochinver, Loch Laxford), north (Loch Eriboll) and north‐east (Wick) coast of mainland Scotland. This suggests that the region was rapidly deglaciated and there was little difference in ice loads across the region. From one site at the head of Loch Eriboll we report the most westerly sedimentary evidence for the early Holocene Storegga tsunami on the Scottish mainland. The presence of the Storegga tsunami in Loch Eriboll is predicted by a tsunami wave model, which suggests that the tsunami impacted the entire north coast of Scotland and probably also the Atlantic coastline of north‐west Scotland.
Investigating Organizational Transformation in Automotive Supply Chains: A Case Study on B2B and Extranet
Authors: Bak Ozlem
Published: May 2016

Success and failure of e‐business‐enabled transformation in the automotive supply chains can depend on the individual e‐business application and show variations in the same organization.
Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐Based Copolymers with Conjugated 2‐(2‐Ethylhexyl)‐3,4‐dimethoxythiophene Side Chains
Authors: Wang Wengong , Chen Lixia , Wang Guo , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang , Shen Ping
Published: May 2016

In order to regulate the electronic ability of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT), the new electron‐donating unit (BDTOT) is designed and synthesized which consists of a BDT backbone with conjugated 2‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,4‐dimethoxythiophene side chains. By alternating copolymerization of BDTOT with electron‐accepting units of fluorinated benzothiadiazole (FBT), benzothiadiazole (BT), and pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione (DPP), three donor–acceptor (D‐A) copolymers (PBDTOT‐FBT, PBDTOT‐BT, and PBDTOT‐DPP) have been developed for PSC applications. The impact of dimethoxythiophene substituent and the electron‐accepting strength of the acceptor units on the absorption, HOMO/LUMO energy levels, and photovoltaic properties of the resultant polymers is investigated in detail. PBDTOT‐BT and PBDTOT‐DPP exhibit relatively narrower bandgaps and PBDTOT‐FBT possesses a down‐shifted HOMO energy level as compared to their corresponding analogs without methoxy groups onto the conjugated thiophene side chains. The screening of the different blend ratio, the processing additive, and polar solvent post‐treatment is conducted to optimize the polymer solar cell (PSC) devices. PSCs with PBDTOT‐FBT as donor deliver a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.55%. By treatment of the active layer with methanol to tailor the morphology, the solar cell based on PBDTOT‐FBT exhibits the remarkably improved PCE of 4.84% with a V
oc of 0.92 V, a J
sc of 8.71 mA cm−2, and an FF of 60.3%.

image
1H MRS in the human spinal cord at 7 T using a dielectric waveguide transmitter, RF shimming and a high density receive array
Authors: Henning A. , Koning W. , Fuchs A. , Raaijmakers A. , Bluemink J. J. , van den Berg C. A. T. , Boer V. O. , Klomp D. W. J.
Published: May 2016

Multimodal MRI is the state of the art method for clinical diagnostics and therapy monitoring of the spinal cord, with MRS being an emerging modality that has the potential to detect relevant changes of the spinal cord tissue at an earlier stage and to enhance specificity. Methodological challenges related to the small dimensions and deep location of the human spinal cord inside the human body, field fluctuations due to respiratory motion, susceptibility differences to adjacent tissue such as vertebras and pulsatile flow of the cerebrospinal fluid hinder the clinical application of1H MRS to the human spinal cord. Complementary to previous studies that partly addressed these problems, this work aims at enhancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of1H MRS in the human spinal cord. To this end a flexible tight fit high density receiver array and ultra‐high field strength (7 T) were combined. A dielectric waveguide and dipole antenna transmission coil allowed for dual channel RF shimming, focusing the RF field in the spinal cord, and an inner‐volume saturated semi‐LASER sequence was used for robust localization in the presence ofB1+inhomogeneity. Herein we report the first 7 T spinal cord1H MR spectra, which were obtained in seven independent measurements of 128 averages each in three healthy volunteers. The spectra exhibit high quality (full width at half maximum 0.09 ppm, SNR 7.6) and absence of artifacts and allow for reliable quantification of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) (NAA/Cr (creatine) 1.31 ± 0.20; Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) 5), total choline containing compounds (Cho) (Cho/Cr 0.32 ± 0.07; CRLB 7), Cr (CRLB 5) and myo‐inositol (mI) (mI/Cr 1.08 ± 0.22; CRLB 6) in 7.5 min in the human cervical spinal cord. Thus metabolic information from the spinal cord can be obtained in clinically feasible scan times at 7 T, and its benefit for clinical decision making in spinal cord disorders will be investigated in the future using the presented methodology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure Profile Prediction of Dual‐Thrust Rocket Motors under Uncertainties
Authors: Gawad Alaa R. Abdel , Ahmed Mahmoud Y. M. , Abdalla Hamed M. , El‐Senbawy Mohamed A.
Published: May 2016

Mathematical models that simulate the internal ballistics of solid propellant rocket motors are widely used in lieu of the expensive, hazardous, time‐consuming static firing experiments. Since they rely on the input of various measured data, these models are vulnerable to uncertainties that may deteriorate their prediction accuracy. Improving the accuracy of internal ballistics prediction can be achieved by coupling the mathematical models with optimization algorithm. This paper discusses the issues of uncertainties and their impact on prediction accuracy of developed mathematical models. The model handles two types of dual thrust rocket motors, where the impact of uncertainties is more pronounced since they include more geometric and ballistic parameters. The model is developed based on the fundamental principles of internal ballistics and is coupled with a commercial genetic algorithm optimization tool. Two static firing tests are conducted to assess the proposed optimized prediction model. It is found that prediction optimization via tuning the uncertain parameters has led to significantly improving the prediction accuracy. More importantly, the tuned uncertain parameters give better understanding and clearer insight of the phenomena taking place inside dual thrust solid propellant rocket motors.
Campylobacter jejuni adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase is an active hexamer that is allosterically controlled by the twisting of a regulatory tail
Authors: Mittelstädt Gerd , Moggré Gert‐Jan , Panjikar Santosh , Nazmi Ali Reza , Parker Emily J.
Published: May 2016

Adenosine triphosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (ATP‐PRT) catalyzes the first committed step of the histidine biosynthesis in plants and microorganisms. Here, we present the functional and structural characterization of the ATP‐PRT from the pathogenic ε‐proteobacteria Campylobacter jejuni (CjeATP‐PRT). This enzyme is a member of the long form (HisGL) ATP‐PRT and is allosterically inhibited by histidine, which binds to a remote regulatory domain, and competitively inhibited by AMP. In the crystalline form, CjeATP‐PRT was found to adopt two distinctly different hexameric conformations, with an open homohexameric structure observed in the presence of substrate ATP, and a more compact closed form present when inhibitor histidine is bound. CjeATP‐PRT was observed to adopt only a hexameric quaternary structure in solution, contradicting previous hypotheses favoring an allosteric mechanism driven by an oligomer equilibrium. Instead, this study supports the conclusion that the ATP‐PRT long form hexamer is the active species; the tightening of this structure in response to remote histidine binding results in an inhibited enzyme.
Prediction of Steady‐State Strip Profile in Flat Rolling
Authors: Lee Jae Sang , Shin Tae Jin , Yoon Sung Jin , Hwang Sang Moo
Published: May 2016

A prerequisite for automatic process set‐up and control in a hot strip mill, in a cold rolling mill, and in a plate mill is to acquire a precision mathematical model for the prediction of the strip profile and the residual stresses. In this paper, an issue is raised regarding the importance of taking into account the effect of post‐deformation. Also, demonstrated is how to rigorously implement it into the calculation of the strip profile and residual stress profile. The validity of our post‐deformation model is verified through comparison with predictions from finite element simulation and also with actual measurements.
Mechanism Study on the Severe Foaming of Rhamnolipid in Fermentation
Authors: Long Xuwei , Sha Ruyi , Meng Qin , Zhang Guoliang
Published: May 2016

Although the biosurfactant rhamnolipid has been previously characterized as having low foam ability, its fermentation is largely impeded by severe foaming. Hence, the investigation of this paradox is critically important for improving the mass production of rhamnolipid. Unexpectedly, the hydrophobic cell, instead of rhamnolipid, has been claimed to explain such severe foaming in rhamnolipid fermentation. This study tried to systematically investigate the severe foaming in fermentation, aiming to propose an effective strategy for foam control. The overflowing foam sustained a super high stability in terms of half‐time for over 30 min. The major product of rhamnolipid largely contributed to the severe foaming in the fermentation process whereas other products like cells elicited much more limited effects. Furthermore, the foam stability of the fermentation broth increased with rhamnolipid concentration and noticeably increased with agitation speed. In the classic Bikerman foam test system without stirring, rhamnolipid showed foam stability as low as Tween 20 which is well known for its poor foam stability. However, in a stirring Bikerman system, rhamnolipid exhibited a foam stability almost as high as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 10 g/L and even surpassed SDS at a higher concentration of 20 g/L. Hence, the extraordinarily increased foam stability of rhamnolipid with both agitation and concentration could explain the severe foaming at its late‐stage fermentation when rhamnolipid‐rich solution is mechanically agitated.
Icatibant Compared to Steroids and Antihistamines for ACE-Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema
Authors: Botnaru Tudor , Robert Antony , Mottillo Salvatore
Published: May 2016

Article chosen

Bas M, Greve J, Stelter K, et al. A Randomized Trial of Icatibant in ACE-Inhibitor-Induced Angioedema. N Engl J Med 2015;372:418-25. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1312524.
2015 Nepal Earthquake: Analysis of Child Rescue and Treatment by a Field Hospital
Authors: Wang Jun , Ding Hui , Lv Qi , Chen Jin-hong , Sun Yan-feng , Fan Hao-jun , Liu Qiu-ling
Published: May 2016

Objective

To retrospectively analyze the rescue and treatment of pediatric patients by the Chinese Red Cross medical team during the Nepal earthquake relief.

Methods

The medical team set up a field hospital; the pediatric clinic consisted of 1 pediatrician and several nurses. Children younger than 18 years old were placed in the pediatric clinic for injury examination and treatment.

Results

During the 7-day period of medical assistance (the second to third week after the earthquake), a total of 108 pediatric patients were diagnosed and treated, accounting for 2.8% of the total patients. The earthquake-related injuries mainly required surgical dressing and debridement. No severe limb fractures or traumatic brain injuries were found. Infection of the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the skin were the most common ailments, accounting for 42.3%, 18.5%, and 16.7%, respectively, of the total treated patients.

Conclusion

Two to 3 weeks after the earthquake, the admitted pediatric patients mainly displayed respiratory and gastrointestinal infections. When developing a rescue plan and arranging medical resources, we should consider the necessity of treating non–disaster-related conditions. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 4)
Characteristics of Effective Disaster Responders and Leaders: A Survey of Disaster Medical Practitioners
Authors: King Richard V. , Larkin Gregory Luke , Fowler Raymond L. , Downs Dana L. , North Carol S.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To identify key attributes of effective disaster/mass casualty first responders and leaders, thereby informing the ongoing development of a capable disaster health workforce.

Methods

We surveyed emergency response practitioners attending a conference session, the EMS State of the Science: A Gathering of Eagles. We used open-ended questions to ask participants to describe key characteristics of successful disaster/mass casualty first responders and leaders.

Results

Of the 140 session attendees, 132 (94%) participated in the survey. All responses were categorized by using a previously developed framework. The most frequently mentioned characteristics were related to incident command/disaster knowledge, teamwork/interpersonal skills, performing one’s role, and cognitive abilities. Other identified characteristics were related to communication skills, adaptability/flexibility, problem solving/decision-making, staying calm and cool under stress, personal character, and overall knowledge.

Conclusions

The survey findings support our prior focus group conclusion that important characteristics of disaster responders and leaders are not limited to the knowledge and skills typically included in disaster training. Further research should examine the extent to which these characteristics are consistently associated with actual effective performance of disaster response personnel and determine how best to incorporate these attributes into competency models, processes, and tools for the development of an effective disaster response workforce. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 4)
Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms and Burnout Among Medical Rescue Workers 4 Years After the Great East Japan Earthquake: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kawashima Yuzuru , Nishi Daisuke , Noguchi Hiroko , Usuki Masato , Yamashita Akihiro , Koido Yuichi , Okubo Yoshiro , Matsuoka Yutaka J.
Published: May 2016

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and burnout 4 years after the Great East Japan Earthquake among medical rescue workers in Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs).

Methods

We examined participants’ background characteristics, prior health condition, rescue work experiences, and the Peritraumatic Distress Inventory (PDI) score at 1 month after the earthquake. Current psychological condition was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and Maslach Burnout Inventory administered 4 years after the earthquake. By applying univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses, we assessed the relative value of the PDI and other baseline variables for PTSD symptoms and burnout at 4 years after the earthquake.

Results

We obtained baseline data from 254 participants during April 2 to 22, 2011. Of the 254 participants, 188 (74.0%) completed the follow-up assessment. PDI score 1 month after the earthquake was associated with symptoms of PTSD (β=0.35, P<.01) and burnout (β=0.21, P<.01). Stress before deployment was a related factor for burnout 4 years after the earthquake in these medical rescue workers (β=2.61, P<.04).

Conclusions

It seems important for DMAT headquarters to establish a routine system for assessing the PDI of medical rescue workers after deployment and screen those workers who have high stress prior to deployment (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:848–853)
“Adhering to the Community” (Luzūm al-Jamāʿa): Continuities between late Umayyad Political Discourse and “Proto-Sunni” Identity
Authors: Barzegar Abbas
Published: May 2016

This article addresses the early formation of Sunni “orthodoxy” through the prisms of historical memory and collective identity rather than those of theology, law, and formal political power.2It does so by exploring the socio-political context in which the phraseluzūm al-jamāʿa3(adhering to the community) was deployed during the late Umayyad/Marwanid (64/684–132/750) and early Abbasid (132/750–333/945) periods, primarily among the networks of hadith transmitters who circulated the idea during that period. The results of this analysis reveal that ideas central to Sunni conceptions of community first developed in Umayyad patronage structures and networks, before being adopted by the so-called “proto-Sunni” elite.
Before the Revolution (Israel, Iran), 2013, Color, 60 min. In Hebrew and Persian with English subtitles. Director: Dan Shadur. Producer: Barak Heymann. Distributor: Heymann Brothers Films; 2 Barzilay Street, Tel Aviv, 65113, Israel; +972-3-5602701; info@heymannfilms.com.
Authors: Miller Corey
Published: May 2016

Director Dan Shadur's parents, Avi and Nili, were part of a multitude of Israeli diplomats and businesspeople doing business in Iran before the Islamic Revolution of 1979. For many of these people, their years in Iran were the happiest moments of their lives. They enjoyed big apartments, substantial earning power, vacations in the mountains, royal dinners, and front-row seating at military parades. Of course, all of this was to disappear starting with the tumultuous period at the end of 1978.
Dietary patterns in the French adult population: a study from the second French national cross-sectional dietary survey (INCA2) (2006–2007)
Authors: Gazan R. , Béchaux C. , Crépet A. , Sirot V. , Drouillet-Pinard P. , Dubuisson C. , Havard S.
Published: May 2016

Identification and characterisation of dietary patterns are needed to define public health policies to promote better food behaviours. The aim of this study was to identify the major dietary patterns in the French adult population and to determine their main demographic, socio-economic, nutritional and environmental characteristics. Dietary patterns were defined from food consumption data collected in the second French national cross-sectional dietary survey (2006–2007). Non-negative-matrix factorisation method, followed by a cluster analysis, was implemented to derive the dietary patterns. Logistic regressions were then used to determine their main demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Finally, nutritional profiles and contaminant exposure levels of dietary patterns were compared using ANOVA. Seven dietary patterns, with specific food consumption behaviours, were identified: ‘Small eater’, ‘Health conscious’, ‘Mediterranean’, ‘Sweet and processed’, ‘Traditional’, ‘Snacker’ and ‘Basic consumer’. For instance, the Health-conscious pattern was characterised by a high consumption of low-fat and light products. Individuals belonging to this pattern were likely to be older and to have a better nutritional profile than the overall population, but were more exposed to many contaminants. Conversely, individuals of Snacker pattern were likely to be younger, consumed more highly processed foods, had a nutrient-poor profile but were exposed to a limited number of food contaminants. The study identified main dietary patterns in the French adult population with distinct food behaviours and specific demographic, socio-economic, nutritional and environmental features. Paradoxically, for better dietary patterns, potential health risks cannot be ruled out. Therefore, this study demonstrated the need to conduct a risk–benefit analysis to define efficient public health policies regarding diet.
Association of fish consumption and dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA with myocardial infarction in a prospective Danish cohort study
Authors: Gammelmark Anders , Nielsen Michael S. , Bork Christian S. , Lundbye-Christensen Søren , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Schmidt Erik B.
Published: May 2016

Several studies have investigated the potential benefits of marine n-3 PUFA in CVD, generally suggesting a lower risk of CHD. However, recent trials have questioned these results. This study investigated the association of fish consumption with dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA with incident myocardial infarction (MI). In a Danish cohort study, 57 053 subjects between 50 and 64 years of age were enrolled from 1993 to 1997. From national registries, we identified all cases of incident MI. Dietary fish consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative food questionnaire, including twenty-six questions regarding fish intake. In addition, we calculated the intake of total and individual marine n-3 PUFA. During a median follow-up of 17·0 years, we identified 3089 cases of incident MI. For both men and women, a high intake of fatty fish was inversely related to incident MI. Thus, when comparing the highest and the lowest quintile of fatty fish intake, we found a 12 % lower relative risk of MI in men (hazard ratio (HR) 0·88; 95 % CI 0·77, 1·00) and a 22 % lower relative risk in women (HR 0·78; 95 % CI 0·63, 0·96) after adjustments. For women, similar associations were observed for individual and total marine n-3 PUFA. In contrast, intake of lean fish was not associated with MI. In conclusion, incident MI was inversely related to a high intake of fatty fish, but not lean fish. However, test for trends across quintiles was not statistically significant. In general, this study supports the view that consumption of fatty fish may protect against MI.
Shared Partisanship, Household Norms and Turnout: Testing a Relational Theory of Electoral Participation
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Cutts David
Published: May 2016

Previous research shows that the household context is a crucial source of influence on turnout. This article sets out a relational theory of voting in which turnout is dependent on the existence of relational selective consumption benefits. The study provides empirical tests of key elements of the proposed model using household survey data from Great Britain. First, building on expressive theories of voting, it examines the extent to which shared partisan identification enhances turnout. Secondly, extending theories of voting as a social norm, it tests whether the civic norms of citizens’ families or households affect turnout over and above the social norms of the individual. In accordance with expectations of expressive theories of voting, it finds that having a shared party identification with other members of the household increases turnout. It also finds that the civic duty of other household members is important in explaining turnout, even when allowing for respondent’s civic duty.
“The House of Your Church Is Burning”: Race and Responsibility in Marilynne Robinson'sGilead
Authors: SPINKS LEE
Published: May 2016

This article examines Marilynne Robinson's novelGileadin dialogue with her speculative reflection upon Dietrich Bonhoeffer's theology to read the novel as a radically ambivalent text which exposes an aporia at the core of the Reverend Ames's Christian ethics. This ambivalence appears in the way that Ames's version of his own family history works assiduously to expiate the perceived violence done to ethics by his grandfather's support for abolitionist violence while remaining haunted by the thought that in the unforgiving context of Bleeding Kansas simply to insist upon an absolute distinction between violence on the one hand and ethics and law on the other may be irreconcilable with the workings of good faith and the ends of justice. Reinterpreting Ames's narrative in the light of Jacques Derrida's reflection on the paradoxical structure of ethical responsibility, the article argues that the violence done to Ames's ethical reflection by the memory of the grandfather, John Brown, and the excluded black body reveals the agonistic location of the ethics of abolitionist history between two kinds of violence on the uncertain border between justice and law which defines the ground of every genuinely ethical decision.
If You're So Smart: John Maynard Keynes and Currency Speculation in the Interwar Years
Authors: Accominotti Olivier , Chambers David
Published: May 2016

This article explores the risks and returns to currency speculation during the 1920s and 1930s. We study the performance of two well-knowntechnicaltrading strategies (carry and momentum) and compare them with that of afundamentals-basedtrader: John Maynard Keynes. Technical strategies were highly profitable during the 1920s and even outperformed Keynes. In the 1930s, however, both technical strategies and Keynes performed relatively poorly. While our results reveal the existence of profitable opportunities for currency traders in the interwar years, they suggest that such profits were necessary compensation for enduring the substantial risks that all strategies entailed.
Learning to Love the Government
Authors: Meyer Brett
Published: May 2016

One counterintuitive variation in wage-setting regulation is that countries with the highest labor standards and strongest labor movements are among the least likely to set a statutory minimum wage. This, the author argues, is due largely to trade union opposition. Trade unions oppose the minimum wage when they face minimal low-wage competition, which is affected by the political institutions regulating industrial action, collective agreements, and employment, as well as by the skill and wage levels of their members. When political institutions effectively regulate low-wage competition, unions oppose the minimum wage. When political institutions are less favorable toward unions, there may be a cleavage between high- and low-wage unions in their minimum wage preferences. The argument is illustrated with case studies of the UK, Germany, and Sweden. The author demonstrates how the regulation of low-wage competition affects unions’ minimum wage preferences by exploiting the following labor market institutional shocks: the Conservatives’ labor law reforms in the UK, the Hartz labor market reforms in Germany, and the European Court of Justice'sLavalruling in Sweden. The importance of union preferences for minimum wage adoption is also shown by how trade union confederation preferences influenced the position of the Labour Party in the UK and the Social Democratic Party in Germany.
ON-ROAD VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RANDOM NEURAL NETWORK AND BAG-OF-VISUAL WORDS
Authors: Hussain Khaled F. , Moussa Ghada S.
Published: May 2016

A large increase in the number and types of vehicles occurred due to the growth in population. This fact brings the need for efficient vehicle classification systems that can be used in traffic surveillance and intelligent transportation systems. In this study, a multi-type vehicle classification system based on Random Neural Networks (RNNs) and Bag-Of-Visual Words (BOVWs) is developed. A 10-fold cross-validation technique is used, with a large dataset, to assess the proposed approach. Moreover, the BOVW–RNN's classification performance is compared with LIVCS, a vehicle classification system based on RNNs. The results reveal that BOVW–RNN classification system produces more reliable and accurate classification results than LIVCS. The main contribution of this paper is that the developed system can serve as a framework for many vehicle classification systems.
Keepin’ It Real (Respectable) in 2008: Barack Obama's Music Strategy and the Formation of Presidential Identity
Authors: GORZELANY-MOSTAK DANA
Published: May 2016

From the earliest elections with popular participation to the present day, American presidential candidates have harnessed music's connotative potential and affective properties in a variety of campaign contexts. But in a corporatized electoral landscape where the fields of politics and popular culture are inextricably intertwined, and every aspect of the candidate's public and private life is subjected to intense scrutiny enabled by the emergence of Web 2.0 technologies, nontraditional texts (such as music) play an increasingly significant role in candidate identity formation. Adding to recent work that explores the aesthetic and social dimensions of newly composed campaign music and its cultural currency, this essay turns a critical lens toward preexisting music and its impact on campaign discourses during Barack Obama's 2008 presidential primary campaign. I investigate three components of Obama's soundscape: 1) his engagement with hip hop—its artists, audiences, and values; 2) the intersections between his professed musical tastes and his complex biography; and 3) the playlists he used at campaign rallies, and the factors that allowed this soundtrack to solidify his own identity as candidate as well as forge alliances with women voters and black voters. Ultimately, cultural and musical analyses reveal how Obama's music strategy allowed him to project a black identity that was both “real” and “respectable.”
Constructed Melodies: Building the Score into the Set
Authors: SLOBIN MARK
Published: May 2016

The article introduces the topic of film music's relationship to the built environment of cinema. The discussion springboards from James Sanders's analysis of New York City sets, based on the architecture of selected movies (mostly from the 1930s and 40s), as presented in his Celluloid Skyline. The focus is on four locations: the brownstone façade, the working-class street, the enclosed courtyard, and the construction site. The argument is that two key components of American cinema's structure—music and architecture—are sometimes in direct dialogue, as composers and filmmakers both render New York ethnographically accurately and offer sometimes a mythic imagining of a particular place.
Experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells requires pertussis toxin-driven IL-1β production by myeloid cells
Authors: Ronchi Francesca , Basso Camilla , Preite Silvia , Reboldi Andrea , Baumjohann Dirk , Perlini Luana , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Sallusto Federica
Published: May 2016

CD4+ Th17 are heterogeneous in terms of cytokine production and capacity to initiate autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here we demonstrate that experimental priming of encephalitogenic Th cells expressing RORγt and T-bet and producing IL-17A, IFN-γ and GM-CSF but not IL-10 (Th1/Th17), is dependent on the presence of pertussis toxin (PTX) at the time of immunization. PTX induces early production of IL-1β by CD11b+CCR2+Gr1+ myeloid cells, which are rapidly recruited to antigen-draining lymph nodes. PTX-induced generation of Th1/Th17 cells is impaired in IL-1β- and ASC-deficient mice and in mice in which myeloid cells are depleted or fail to migrate to lymph nodes and requires expression of IL-1R1 and MyD88 on both T cells and non-T cells. Collectively, these data shed light on the enigmatic function of PTX in EAE induction and suggest that inflammatory monocytes and microbial infection can influence differentiation of pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases through production of IL-1β.
Cotton-textile-enabled flexible self-sustaining power packs via roll-to-roll fabrication
Authors: Gao Zan , Bumgardner Clifton , Song Ningning , Zhang Yunya , Li Jingjing , Li Xiaodong
Published: May 2016

With rising energy concerns, efficient energy conversion and storage devices are required to provide a sustainable, green energy supply. Solar cells hold promise as energy conversion devices due to their utilization of readily accessible solar energy; however, the output of solar cells can be non-continuous and unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to combine solar cells with compatible energy storage devices to realize a stable power supply. To this end, supercapacitors, highly efficient energy storage devices, can be integrated with solar cells to mitigate the power fluctuations. Here, we report on the development of a solar cell-supercapacitor hybrid device as a solution to this energy requirement. A high-performance, cotton-textile-enabled asymmetric supercapacitor is integrated with a flexible solar cell via a scalable roll-to-roll manufacturing approach to fabricate a self-sustaining power pack, demonstrating its potential to continuously power future electronic devices.
Spin-texture inversion in the giant Rashba semiconductor BiTeI
Authors: Maaß Henriette , Bentmann Hendrik , Seibel Christoph , Tusche Christian , Eremeev Sergey V. , Peixoto Thiago R. F. , Tereshchenko Oleg E. , Kokh Konstantin A. , Chulkov Evgueni V. , Kirschner Jürgen , Reinert Friedrich
Published: May 2016

Semiconductors with strong spin–orbit interaction as the underlying mechanism for the generation of spin-polarized electrons are showing potential for applications in spintronic devices. Unveiling the full spin texture in momentum space for such materials and its relation to the microscopic structure of the electronic wave functions is experimentally challenging and yet essential for exploiting spin–orbit effects for spin manipulation. Here we employ a state-of-the-art photoelectron momentum microscope with a multichannel spin filter to directly image the spin texture of the layered polar semiconductor BiTeI within the full two-dimensional momentum plane. Our experimental results, supported by relativistic ab initio calculations, demonstrate that the valence and conduction band electrons in BiTeI have spin textures of opposite chirality and of pronounced orbital dependence beyond the standard Rashba model, the latter giving rise to strong optical selection-rule effects on the photoelectron spin polarization. These observations open avenues for spin-texture manipulation by atomic-layer and charge carrier control in polar semiconductors.
Identification of proliferative progenitors associated with prominent postnatal growth of the pons
Authors: Lindquist Robert A. , Guinto Cristina D. , Rodas-Rodriguez Jose L. , Fuentealba Luis C. , Tate Matthew C. , Rowitch David H. , Alvarez-Buylla Arturo
Published: May 2016

The pons controls crucial sensorimotor and autonomic functions. In humans, it grows sixfold postnatally and is a site of paediatric gliomas; however, the mechanisms of pontine growth remain poorly understood. We show that the murine pons quadruples in volume postnatally; growth is fastest during postnatal days 0–4 (P0–P4), preceding most myelination. We identify three postnatal proliferative compartments: ventricular, midline and parenchymal. We find no evidence of postnatal neurogenesis in the pons, but each progenitor compartment produces new astroglia and oligodendroglia; the latter expand 10- to 18-fold postnatally, and are derived mostly from the parenchyma. Nearly all parenchymal progenitors at P4 are Sox2+Olig2+, but by P8 a Sox2− subpopulation emerges, suggesting a lineage progression from Sox2+ ‘early’ to Sox2− ‘late’ oligodendrocyte progenitor. Fate mapping reveals that >90% of adult oligodendrocytes derive from P2–P3 Sox2+ progenitors. These results demonstrate the importance of postnatal Sox2+Olig2+ progenitors in pontine growth and oligodendrogenesis.