bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elektrochemische Synthese von Perowskiten im System K/Ba/Pr/Bi/O
Authors: Oberndorfer C. P. M. , Konuma M. , Jansen M.
Published: January 2008

Electrochemical Synthesis of Perovskites in the System K/Ba/Pr/Bi/O

An easy procedure for the synthesis of well crystalline samples of (K,Ba)(Pr,Bi)O3 is provided by anodic oxidation of melts consisting of Ba(OH)2 / KOH / Pr(NO3)3 / Bi(NO3)3, at comparatively low temperatures of about 220 °C. We have explored the influence of different parameters like temperature, potential of the working electrode, and composition of the electrolyte. Chemical and thermal analyses were performed. Products obtained at different experimental conditions revealed different Ba/K and Pr/Bi ratios with a large homogeneity range. X‐Ray powder diffraction and single crystal structure analyses of KxBa1−xPryBi1−yO3 proved these compounds to be cubic perovskites. Barium and potassium ions are disordered occupying the A‐sites while praseodym and bismuth ions share the B‐sites or are ordered, as indicated by a doubling of the lattice parameter. The composition x and y can independently be altered. XPS analysis and physical properties are reported and discussed.
Halogenide der Seltenerdmetalle Ln4X5Z. Teil 3: Das Chlorid La4Cl5B4 – Präparation, Struktur und Verwandtschaft zu La4Br5B4, La4I5B4
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Oeckler Oliver , Simon Arndt
Published: January 2008

Rare Earth Halides Ln4X5Z. Part 3: The Chloride La4Cl5B4 – Preparation, Structure, and Relation to La4Br5B4, La4I5B4

La4Cl5B4 is synthesized by reaction of LaCl3, La metal and boron in sealed Ta containers at 1050 °C < T < 1350 °C. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with a = 16.484(3) Å, b = 4.263(1) Å, c = 9.276(2) Å and β = 120.06(3)°. Ce4Cl5B4 is isotypic, a = 16.391(3) Å, b = 4.251(1) Å, c = 9.180(2) Å and β = 120.20(3)°. The La atoms form strings of trans‐edge shared La octahedra, and the B atoms inside the strings form B4‐rhomboids, which are condensed to chains via opposite corners. The Cl atoms interconnect the channels according to La2La4/2Cli−i6/2Cli−a2/2Cla−i2/2. The crystal structures of the bromide and the iodide are comparabel, however, the interconnection of the strings is different in the three structure types, as 14 Cl, 13 Br and 12 I atoms surround the La6 octahedra.
Mixed Valence Tungsten(IV,V) Compounds with Layered Structures (Part II)): Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Cu1−x[W2O2Cl6] and Cu1−x[W4O4Cl10]
Authors: Beck Johannes , Kusterer Christian
Published: January 2008

The reaction of CuCl with WOCl3 at 400 °C leads to a mixture of Cu1−x[W2O2Cl6] (1) and Cu1−x[W4O4Cl10] (2) in form of black lustrous needles. Both compounds crystallize in space group C2/m with a = 12.7832(5) Å, b = 3.7656(2) Å, c = 10.7362(3) Å, β = 119.169(2)° for 1 and a = 12.8367(19) Å, b = 3.7715(7) Å, c = 15.955(3) Å, β = 102.736(5)° for 2. The structures are made up of WO2Cl4 octahedra. In the case of 1 two octahedra are edge‐sharing via chlorine atoms to form pairs which are linked via the trans‐positioned oxygen atoms to form infinite double strands $^{\infty}_{1}\rm [W_{2}O_{4/2}Cl_{2/2}Cl_{4}]$. In the structure of 2 two of these double strands are condensed via terminal chlorine atoms to form quadruple strands $^{\infty}_{1}\rm [W_{4}O_{8/2}Cl_{6/2}Cl_{4}]$. Like for all members of the Mx[W2O2X6] structure family (X = Cl, Br) nonstochiometry with respect to the cations M was observed. The copper content of 1 and 2 was derived from the site occupation factors of the respective structure refinements. For several crystals examined the copper content varied between x = 0.27 and 0.17 for 1 and x = 0.04 for 2. In both structures the oxochlorotungstate strands are negatively charged and connected to layers by the monovalent copper ions, which are tetrahedrally coordinated by the non‐bridging chlorine atoms of the strands. The structure models imply disorder of the Cu+ ions over closely neighboured sites.
Synthesis and Structural Features of a New Diselenonium Dication Stabilized by Sulfur Atoms of Thiourea Groups: X‐ray Characterization of [(Se‐ettu)2]Br2 (ettu = ethylenethiourea)
Authors: Schulz Lang Ernesto , Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Tabarelli Greice
Published: January 2008

Selenium and bromine were refluxed in methanol and stirred with ethylenethiourea to give yellow crystals of [(Se‐ettu)2]Br2 (ettu = ethylenethiourea). The first reported 1,2‐diselenonium dication stabilized by sulfur atoms is air unstable and yields a three‐dimensional lattice with Se+···Br−···Se+ bridges enclosing also single Se+···Br− interactions and H···Br− bonds. The air instability of [(Se‐ettu)2]Br2 probably is due to redox reactions which lead to the decomposition of ethylenethiourea with precipitation of sulfur.
Seltenerdhalogenide Ln4X5Z. Teil 1: C und/oder C2 in Ln4X5Z
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Schaloske Manuel C. , Hoch Constantin , Zheng Chong , Simon Arndt
Published: January 2008

Rare Earth Halides Ln4X5Z. Part 1: C and/or C2 in Ln4X5Z

The compounds Ln4X5Cn (Ln = La, Ce, Pr; X = Br, I and 1.0 < n < 2.0) are prepared by the reaction of LnX3, Ln metal and graphite in sealed Ta‐ampoules at temperatures 850 °C < T < 1050 °C. They crystallize in the monoclinic space group C2/m. La4I5C1.5: a = 19.849(4) Å, b = 4.1410(8) Å, c = 8.956(2) Å, β = 103.86(3)°, La4I5C2.0: a = 19.907(4) Å, b = 4.1482(8) Å, c = 8.963(2) Å, β = 104.36(3)°, Ce4Br5C1.0: a = 18.306(5) Å, b = 3.9735(6) Å, c = 8.378(2) Å, β=104.91(2)°, Ce4Br5C1.5: a = 18.996(2) Å, b = 3.9310(3) Å, c = 8.282(7) Å, β = 106.74(1)°, Pr4Br5C1.3: a = 18.467(2) Å, b = 3.911(1) Å, c = 8.258(7) Å, β = 105.25(1)° and Pr4Br5C1.5: a = 19.044(2) Å, b = 3.9368(1) Å, c = 8.254(7) Å, β = 106.48(1)°.

In the crystal structure the lanthanide metals are connected to Ln6‐octahedra centered by carbon atoms or C2‐groups. The Ln6‐octahedra are condensed via opposite edges to chains and surrounded by X atoms which interconnect the chains. A part n of isolated C‐atoms is substituted by 1‐n C2‐groups. The C‐C distances range between 1.26 and 1.40Å. In the ionic formulation (Ln3+)4(X−)5(C4−)n(C2m−)1−n·e− with 0 < n < 1 and m = 2, 4, 6 (C22−, C24− C26−), there are 1 < e− < 5 electrons centered in metal‐metal bonds.
Reversible leukoencephalopathy with acute neurological deterioration and permanent residua in classical homocystinuria: A case report
Authors: Vatanavicharn N. , Pressman B. D. , Wilcox W. R.
Published: January 2008

We report a 24‐year‐old patient with underlying classical homocystinuria who developed acute neurological deterioration apparently induced by malnutrition secondary to poor compliance with treatment and pancreatitis. Neurological examination revealed stupor, tremor of the upper extremities, spasticity, and Babinski responses of the bilateral lower extremities. The biochemical profile, including marked hypermethioninaemia, hyperhomocysteinaemia, and decreased cystine in plasma, is consistent with cystathionine β‐synthase deficiency. Brain MRI showed reversible diffuse white‐matter changes without evidence of thrombosis. The clinical features and neuroimaging including diffusion‐weighted MRI suggest a demyelinating process similar to other inborn errors of the transsulfuration pathway such as methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency, disorders affecting methylcobalamin metabolism (cobalamin C, D, E, and G disorders), and methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency. She was left with residual spastic paraparesis despite normal follow‐up MRI. Our observation suggests that reversible demyelination is another neurological manifestation of classical homocystinuria; however, the pathophysiology is unknown.
The Determination of n‐3 Fatty Acid Levels in Food Products Containing Microencapsulated Fish Oil Using the One‐Step Extraction Method. Part 1: Measurement in the Raw Ingredient and in Dry Powdered Foods
Authors: Curtis Jonathan M. , Berrigan Natalie , Dauphinee Prudence
Published: January 2008

An optimized one‐step extraction and methylation method (OSE) for the determination of n‐3 fatty acid levels in microencapsulated fish oil products has been described. Validation of the method for the food ingredient powder MEG‐3®(a commercial microencapsulated fish oil product manufactured by Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd, with a gelatin shell matrix) has been demonstrated and compared to a method that combines enzymatic digestion of the shell material, gravimetric determination of released oil payload and an official method of fish oil analysis. Excellent agreement between the two methods was also achieved using a microencapsulated standard of pure ethyl palmitate. The OSE method was applied to an infant formula containing microencapsulated fish oil powder and is shown to be a valid method for such dry powdered foods.
A high-fructose diet impairs basal and stress-mediated lipid metabolism in healthy male subjects
Authors: Abdel-Sayed Andrew , Binnert Christophe , Lê Kim-Anne , Bortolotti Murielle , Schneiter Philippe , Tappy Luc
Published: January 2008

The effects of a 7 d high-fructose diet (HFrD) or control diet on lipid metabolism were studied in a group of six healthy lean males. Plasma NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, net lipid oxidation (indirect calorimetry) and exogenous lipid oxidation (13CO2production) were monitored in basal conditions, after lipid loading (olive oil labelled with [13C]triolein) and during a standardised mental stress. Lactate clearance and the metabolic effects of an exogenous lactate infusion were also monitored. The HFrD lowered plasma concentrations of NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate as well as lipid oxidation in both basal and after lipid-loading conditions. In addition, the HFrD blunted the increase in plasma NEFA and exogenous lipid oxidation during mental stress. The HFrD also increased basal lactate concentrations by 31·8 %, and lactate production by 53·8 %, while lactate clearance remained unchanged. Lactate infusion lowered plasma NEFA with the control diet, and net lipid oxidation with both the HFrD and control diet. These results indicate that a 7 d HFrD markedly inhibits lipolysis and lipid oxidation. The HFrD also increases lactate production, and the ensuing increased lactate utilisation may contribute to suppress lipid oxidation.
Seed-set evaluation of four male-sterile, female-fertile soybean lines using alfalfa leafcutting bees and honey bees as pollinators
Authors: ORTIZ-PEREZ E. , MIAN R. M. A. , COOPER R. L. , MENDIOLA T. , TEW J. , HORNER H. T. , HANLIN S. J. , PALMER R. G.
Published: January 2008

Male-sterile, female-fertile plants were used to produce hybrid soybean seed. Manual cross-pollination using male-sterile plants to produce large quantities of hybrid seed is difficult and time-consuming because of the low success rate in cross-pollination. Insect pollinators may be suitable vectors to transfer pollen, but the most suitable vector for pollen transfer from the male parent to the female parent has not been identified for soybean. The objective of the present study was to evaluate seed-set on four male-sterile, female-fertile soybean lines by using alfalfa leafcutting bees (Megachile rotundata (F.)) and honey bees (Apis mellifera (L.)) as pollinators. Seed-set was evaluated in summers 2003 and 2005 near Ames, Iowa, USA and in summers 2003, 2004, and 2005 near Wooster, Ohio, USA. Neither the effect of pollinator species nor the interaction effect of pollinator species×location was significant for any year. Honey bees performed similarly to alfalfa leafcutting bees at both locations. The results indicated significant differences for seed-set among male-sterile lines, suggesting preferential pollination. Male-sterile lines, ms1 (Urbana) and ms2 (Ames 2), had higher cross-pollinated seed-set compared to ms6 (Ames 1), and ms6 (Corsoy 79). At the Ames location, ms1ms1 (Urbana) plants had the highest seed-set (50·16 seeds per male-sterile plant in 2005). At the Wooster location, ms1ms1 (Urbana) plants also had the highest seed-set (92·04 seeds per male-sterile plant) in 2005. Costs and local conditions need to be addressed to support the choice of either pollinator species as a pollination vector to produce hybrid soybean seed.
Sex-dependent toxoplasmosis-associated differences in testosterone concentration in humans
Authors: FLEGR J. , LINDOVÁ J. , KODYM P.
Published: January 2008

Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that subjects with latent infection of the coccidian parasiteToxoplasma gondiihave a higher concentration of testosterone than uninfected controls. Here, we searched for direct evidence of latent toxoplasmosis-associated differences in testosterone concentration among a population of 174 female and 91 male students screened forToxoplasmainfection. We have foundToxoplasma-infected men to have a higher concentration of testosterone andToxoplasma-infected women to have a lower concentration of testosterone thanToxoplasma-free controls. The opposite direction of the testosterone shift in men compared to women can explain the observed gender specificity of behavioural shifts inToxoplasma-infected subjects.
Factors influencing relapse during a 2-year follow-up of first-episode psychosis in a specialized early intervention service
Authors: Malla A. , Norman R. , Bechard-Evans L. , Schmitz N. , Manchanda R. , Cassidy C.
Published: January 2008

Background

Differential association of risk factors associated with relapse following treatment of first-episode psychosis (FEP) have not been studied adequately, especially for patients treated in specialized early intervention (SEI) services, where some of the usual risk factors may be ameliorated.

Method

Consecutive FEP patients treated in an SEI service over a 4-year period were evaluated for relapse during a 2-year follow-up. Relapse was based on ratings on the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and weekly ratings based on the Life Chart Schedule (LCS). Predictor variables included gender, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), total duration of untreated illness (DUI), age of onset, pre-morbid adjustment, co-morbid diagnosis of substance abuse during follow-up and adherence to medication. Univariate analyses were followed by logistic regression for rate of relapse and survival analysis with the Cox proportional-hazards regression model for time to relapse as the dependent variables.

Results

Of the 189 eligible patients, 145 achieved remission of positive symptoms. A high rate of medication adherence (85%) and relatively low relapse rates (29.7%) were observed over the 2-year follow-up. A higher relapse rate was associated with a co-morbid diagnosis of substance abuse assessed during the follow-up period [odds ratio (OR) 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–6.51]. The length of time to relapse was not associated with any single predictor.

Conclusions

Specialized treatment of substance abuse may be necessary to further reduce risk of relapse even after improving adherence to medication.
Sources, diversity and circulation of biogenic compounds in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica
Authors: Nędzarek Arkadiusz
Published: January 2008

This paper presents horizontal and seasonal differences in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the surface waters of Admiralty Bay. The average annual concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were found to be 1.054 and 0.129 mg dm-3 respectively. Organic nitrogen constituted 59% of total nitrogen on average, while N-NO3- was substantially higher than N-NH4+ (0.362 and 0.062 mgN dm-3, respectively). Organic phosphorus constituted 34% of total phosphorus on average, and the mean annual concentration of reactive phosphorus was 0.085 mgP dm-3. The observed concentrations of N and P were higher in the nearshore area and lower in the central part of the Admiralty Bay basin. In explaining this account was taken of surface runoff into the bay, the decay of marine macroalgae in the tidal area and the excretion of N and P by marine animals. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in freshwater streams varied from 0.528–5.698 mgN dm-3 and from 0.088–1.709 mgP dm-3. In laboratory experiments, 24-hour loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus released from the remains of macroalgae into the waters of the bay were estimated at about 6.2 tN and 10.3 tP, while the approximate quantities excreted by macrozoobenthos were 482 kgN and 48 kgP. The availability of N-NH4+ was seen to be greater in the waters of the bay than has been reported for open water in this part of the ocean and water from the Bransfield Strait had a diluting effect on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the bay. The role of the wind in carrying mineral salts from waters of the Bay to the inland environment was also discussed.
Fit for public consumption? An exploratory study of the reporting of nutrition research in UK tabloids with regard to its accuracy, and a preliminary investigation of public attitudes towards it
Authors: Basu Andrea J , Hogard Elaine
Published: January 2008

Objective

To explore the quality (accuracy, balance, practical context) of tabloid articles reporting on nutrition research, and public attitudes towards it.

Design

A qualitative multi-method study consisting of a systematic analysis of tabloid articles and a series of focus groups with members of the public.

Setting

Tabloid newspapers (nationwide). Focus groups were conducted at a UK university.

Subjects

All UK tabloid newspapers were collated for a full calendar month. Members of the local Women’s Institute and non-teaching staff within the University College Chester were recruited as focus group participants.

Results

Twenty-nine tabloid articles were included. A standardised TAT (Tabloid Analysis Tool) was used a total of thirty-nine times (once for each research study cited). Twenty-six failed to accurately report research results, thirty-six failed to mention significant research limitations, and only five quoted a third-party expert source. Two focus groups, each with eight participants, were conducted. Attitudes expressed were largely negative, highlighting elements of confusion and scepticism. Articles were more likely to be disregarded than acted upon, although some value was attached to newspapers providing nutrition information.

Conclusions

Tabloid reporting on nutrition research is not sufficiently accurate, balanced or contextualised, and public attitudes towards the reporting are not wholly favourable. Guidance for journalists via registered dietitians and a strengthening of present links could serve to utilise this form of mass media more effectively.
Diet, physical activity and cognitive impairment among elders: the EPIC–Greece cohort (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition)
Authors: Psaltopoulou T , Kyrozis A , Stathopoulos P , Trichopoulos D , Vassilopoulos D , Trichopoulou A
Published: January 2008

Objectives

To identify dietary and lifestyle variables that may affect cognitive function in the elderly.

Design

Population-based prospective cohort study.

Setting

General community residing in Athens and the surrounding Attica region of Greece.

Subjects

A total of 732 men and women, 60 years or older, participating in the EPIC–Greece cohort (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition) and residing in the Attica region had sociodemographic, anthropometric, medical, dietary and lifestyle variables ascertained at enrolment (1993–1999). Six to 13 years later, cognitive function was evaluated through the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and affective state through the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).

Results

MMSE score was positively associated with years of formal education, height and physical activity and inversely with age, diabetes mellitus and GDS score (P < 0·05 for all). Among dietary variables, intake of PUFA was inversely associated with cognitive function and this association was largely accounted for by a similar association with seed oils. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet, as well as intake of olive oil, MUFA and SFA exhibited weakly positive but not significant associations.

Conclusion

Physical activity and early life factors as reflected in height are significant predictors of cognitive function in the elderly. Seed oil consumption may adversely affect cognition, whereas other nutritional factors do not appear to have a quantitatively large effect.
Targeting of the immune system in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ramanujam Meera , Davidson Anne
Published: January 2008

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex immune disorder in which loss of tolerance to nucleic acid antigens and other crossreactive antigens is associated with the development of pathogenic autoantibodies that damage target organs, including the skin, joints, brain and kidney. New drugs based on modulation of the immune system are currently being developed for the treatment of SLE. Many of these new therapies do not globally suppress the immune system but target specific activation pathways relevant to SLE pathogenesis. Immune modulation in SLE is complicated by differences in the immune defects between patients and at different disease stages. Since both deficiency and hyperactivity of the immune system can give rise to SLE, the ultimate goal for SLE therapy is to restore homeostasis without affecting protective immune responses to pathogens. Here we review recent immunological advances that have enhanced our understanding of SLE pathogenesis and discuss how they may lead to the development of new treatment regimens.
α1β2δ, a silent GABAAreceptor: recruitment by tracazolate and neurosteroids
Authors: Zheleznova N , Sedelnikova A , Weiss D S
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

This study investigated the α1β2δ isoform of the GABAAreceptor that is presumably expressed in the forebrain. The functional and pharmacological properties of this receptor combination are largely unknown.

Experimental approach:

We expressed α1β2δ GABAAreceptors inXenopus laevisoocytes. GABA‐activated currents, in the presence and absence of modulators, were recorded using the two‐electrode voltage clamp technique.

Key results:

The α1β2δ isoform of the GABAAreceptor exhibited an extremely small GABA‐mediated current. Tracazolate increased the current amplitude evoked by a half‐maximal concentration (EC50) of GABA by 59‐fold. The maximum current was increased 23‐fold in the presence of a saturating GABA concentration. Concomitant with the increase in the maximum, was a 4‐fold decrease in the EC50. Finally, a mutation in the second transmembrane domain of the δ subunit that increases receptor efficacy (L286S), eliminated the increase in the maximum GABA‐activated current. The endogenous neurosteroid, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), also decreased the EC50and increased the maximum current amplitude, although to a lesser degree than that of tracazolate.

Conclusions and implications:

Taken all together, these findings indicate that the small GABA‐mediated currents in the absence of the modulator are due to a low efficacy for activation. In the absence of modulators, α1β2δ GABA receptors would be effectively silent and therefore contribute little to inhibition in the CNS. In the presence of tracazolate or endogenous neurosteroids however, this particular receptor isoform could exert a profound inhibitory influence on neuronal activity.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1062–1071; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707665; published online 21 January 2008
Pharmacokinetic interaction between DA‐8159, a new erectogenic, and metformin in rats: competitive inhibition of metabolism via hepatic CYP3A1/2
Authors: Choi Y H , Chung S J , Lee M G
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Erectile dysfunction is highly prevalent in diabetic patients and PDE V inhibitors are effective and safe for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Therefore, in this study we investigated whether a pharmacokinetic interaction occurs between DA‐8159 and metformin, as both drugs are metabolized via hepatic CYP3A1/2 in rats.

Experimental approach:

DA‐8159 (30 mg kg–1) and metformin (100 mg kg–1), both separately and together, were administered to rats either intravenously or orally. The V
max, K
m, CLint, apparent inhibition constants (K
i), [I]/K
i and concentrations of each drug in the liver and intestine were then measured.

Key results:

After i.v. administration of both drugs simultaneously, the AUC of DA‐8159 and metformin was significantly greater (21.2 and 33.9% increase for DA‐8159 and metformin, respectively) than that of each drug alone. After p.o. administration of the drugs, the AUC of metformin was also significantly greater (20.7% increase) in the presence of DA‐8159 than in its absence. However, the AUC of DA‐8159 was similar in the absence and presence of metformin.

Conclusions and implications:

The significantly greater AUC of metformin and DA‐8159 after i.v. administration of both drugs and of metformin after p.o. administration of both drugs is probably due to competitive inhibition for the metabolism of these drugs via hepatic CYP3A1/2. However, the similar AUCs of DA‐8159 in the absence and presence of metformin, after p.o. administration, indicates that the dose of metformin used was insufficient to inhibit the hepatic and intestinal metabolism of DA‐8159.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1568–1578; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707680; published online 21 January 2008
The role of GABAAreceptors in the control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in the dog
Authors: Beaumont H , Jönsson‐Rylander A‐C , Carlsson K , Pierrou S , Ahlefelt M , Brändén L , Jensen J , Boeckxstaens G E , Lehmann A
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) are triggered by activation of mechanosensitive gastric vagal afferents and are the major cause of gastroesophageal reflux and therefore an important target for therapeutic intervention in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Activation of the metabotropic GABABreceptor has shown to inhibit TLESRs. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of the ionotropic GABAAreceptor in the regulation of TLESRs.

Experimental approach:

TLESRs were quantified using Dentsleeve manometry in dogs, and GABAAagonists were given i.v. prior to gastric distension. Immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR were used to localize GABAAreceptors in the dog nodose ganglion, the source of vagal afferents which initiate TLESRs.

Key results:

The prototypical GABAAagonist muscimol produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of TLESRs ranging from 19 to 56%. The two other GABAAagonists evaluated, isoguvacine and 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisoxazolo‐[5,4‐c]pyridin‐3‐ol (THIP), as well as the GABAApositive allosteric modulator diazepam, had no major effects on TLESRs. Evaluation of higher doses was limited by emesis (THIP and isoguvacine) or restlessness/sedation (diazepam). Of the predominant GABAAreceptor subunits (α, β and γ components), α and β but not γ were detected in the dog nodose ganglion by RT‐PCR, while immunohistochemistry in addition demonstrated nerve fibres expressing the γ subunit.

Conclusions and implications:

The present observations demonstrate that GABAAreceptors exert an inhibitory control of TLESRs. These results warrant further studies using GABAAisoform‐selective agonists to define the identity of receptors involved.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1195–1202; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707681; published online 21 January 2008
Modulation of TRPC5 cation channels by halothane, chloroform and propofol
Authors: Bahnasi Y M , Wright H M , Milligan C J , Dedman A M , Zeng F , Hopkins P M , Bateson A N , Beech D J
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

TRPC5 is a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel and has expression and functions in the cardiovascular and nervous systems. It forms a calcium‐permeable cation channel that can be activated by a variety of signals including carbachol (acting at muscarinic receptors), lanthanides (e.g. Gd3+) and phospholipids (e.g. lysophosphatidylcholine: LPC). Here we report the effects of inhalational (halothane and chloroform) and intravenous (propofol) general anaesthetics upon TRPC5.

Experimental approach:

Human TRPC5 channels were expressed in HEK 293 cells and studied using fura‐2 and patch‐clamp recording to measure intracellular calcium and membrane currents respectively at room temperature. Human TRPM2 channels were studied for comparison.

Key results:

TRPC5 activation by carbachol, Gd3+ or LPC was inhibited by halothane and chloroform at 0.1 and 0.2 mM respectively. Neither agent inhibited TRPM2. Propofol had an initial stimulatory effect on TRPC5 (evident in patch‐clamp recordings only) and an inhibitory effect at 10 μM. TRPM2 was not affected by propofol. Propofol inhibited activation of TRPC5 by Gd3+ but not LPC, suggesting the effect was not directly on the channel. Propofol's anti‐oxidant property was not necessary for its inhibitory effect because di‐isopropyl benzene, a propofol analogue that lacks the hydroxyl group, also inhibited TRPC5.

Conclusions and implications:

The data show the sensitivity of TRPC5 channel to general anaesthetics and suggest that some of the effects could have clinical relevance. The effects may be explained in part by the sensitivity of the channel to biophysical properties of the lipid bilayer.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1505–1512; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707689; published online 21 January 2008
Methionine and its derivatives increase bladder excitability by inhibiting stretch‐dependent K+ channels
Authors: Baker S A , Hennig G W , Han J , Britton F C , Smith T K , Koh S D
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

During the bladder filling phase, the volume of the urinary bladder increases dramatically, with only minimal increases in intravesical pressure. To accomplish this, the smooth muscle of the bladder wall must remain relaxed during bladder filling. However, the mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of bladder excitability during stretch are unclear. We hypothesized that stretch‐dependent K+ (TREK) channels in bladder smooth muscle cells may inhibit contraction in response to stretch.

Experimental approaches:

Bladder tissues from mouse, guinea pig and monkey were used for molecular, patch clamp, mechanical, electrical, Ca2+ imaging and cystometric responses to methionine and its derivatives, which are putative blockers of stretch‐dependent K+ (SDK) channels.

Key results:

SDK channels are functionally expressed in bladder myocytes. The single channel conductance of SDK channels is 89pS in symmetrical K+ conditions and is blocked by L‐methionine. Expressed TREK‐1 currents are also inhibited by L‐methioninol. All three types of bladder smooth muscle cells from mouse, guinea pig and monkey expressed TREK‐1 genes. L‐methionine, methioninol and methionine methyl ester but not D‐methionine increased contractility in concentration‐dependent manner. Methioninol further increased contractility and depolarized the membrane in the presence of blockers of Ca2+‐activated K+ conductance. L‐methionine induced Ca2+ waves that spread long distances through the tissue under stretched conditions and were associated with strong contractions. In cystometric assays, methioninol injection increased bladder excitability mimicking overactive bladder activity.

Conclusions and implications:

Methioninol‐sensitive K+ (SDK, TREK‐1) channels appear to be important to prevent spread of excitation through the syncitium during bladder filling.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1259–1271; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707690; published online 21 January 2008
Tethering of proteins to RNAs by bacteriophage proteins
Authors: Keryer‐Bibens Cecile , Barreau Carine , Osborne H. Beverley
Published: January 2008

Many steps in the control of gene expression are dependent on RNA‐binding proteins, most of which are bi‐functional, in as much as they both bind to RNA and interact with other protein partners in a functional complex. A powerful approach to study the functional properties of these proteins in vivo, independently of their RNA‐binding ability, is to attach or tether them to specifically engineered reporter mRNAs whose fate can be easily followed. Two tethering systems have been mainly used in eukaryotic cells, namely the MS2 coat protein system and the lambda N—B box system. In this review, we firstly describe several studies in which these tethering systems have been used and provide an overview of these applications. We next describe the major features of these two systems, and, finally, we highlight a number of points that should be considered when designing experiments using this approach.
Cryo‐section immunolabelling of difficult to preserve specimens: advantages of cryofixation, freeze‐substitution and rehydration
Authors: Ripper Dagmar , Schwarz Heinz , Stierhof York‐Dieter
Published: January 2008

Background information. Electron microscopic immunolabelling of ultrathin thawed cryo‐sections, according to the method of Tokuyasu, is widely used as a very sensitive high‐resolution localization technique. Its main advantages are that antigens remain in a hydrated environment prior to immunolabelling, and that antigen accessibility is improved compared with resin section labelling. However, the quality of structural appearance and antigenicity depends highly on the limitations of the initial conventional chemical fixation step, such as slow diffusion and selective reaction/cross‐linking of fixative molecules.

Results and conclusions. Cryofixation, instead of conventional chemical fixation, followed by freeze‐substitution/chemical fixation, rehydration and further processing for Tokuyasu cryo‐sectioning leads to an improved preservation of both ultrastructure and antigenicity. This is especially true for tissues which are difficult to preserve by conventional chemical fixation at ambient temperatures, such as plant material, Drosophila embryos or nematode tissue. In particular labile and highly dynamic structures (for example, microtubules and Golgi apparatus) are remarkably better preserved. These improvements are also valid for light microscopic applications.
Determining the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia with or without adequate nitrogen fertiliser
Authors: Bolland M. D. A. , Guthridge I. F.
Published: January 2008

Fertiliser phosphorus (P) and, more recently, fertiliser nitrogen (N) are regularly applied to intensively grazed dairy pastures in south-western Australia. However, it is not known if applications of fertiliser N change pasture dry matter (DM) yield responses to applied fertiliser P. In three Western Australian field experiments (2000–04), six levels of P were applied to large plots with or without fertiliser N. The pastures were rotationally grazed. Grazing started when ryegrass plants had 2–3 leaves per tiller. Plots were grazed in common with the lactating dairy herd in the 6-h period between the morning and afternoon milking.
A pasture DM yield response to applied N occurred for all harvests in all three experiments. For the two experiments on P deficient soil, pasture DM yield responses also occurred to applications of P. For some harvests when no fertiliser N was applied, probably because mineral N in soil was so small, there was a small, non-significant pasture DM response to applied P and the P × N interaction was highly significant (P < 0.001). However, for most harvests there was a significant pasture DM response to both applied N and P, and the P × N interaction was significant (P < 0.05–0.01), with the response to applied P, and maximum yield plateaus to applied P, being smaller when no N was applied. Despite this, for the significant pasture DM responses to applied P, the level of applied P required to produce 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield was mostly similar with or without applied N. Evidently for P deficient soils in the region, pasture DM responses to applied fertiliser P are smaller or may fail to occur unless fertiliser N is also applied. In a third experiment, where the soil had a high P status (i.e. more typical of most dairy farms in the region), there was only a pasture DM yield response to applied fertiliser N.
We recommend that fertiliser P should not be applied to dairy pastures in the region until soil testing indicates likely deficiency, to avoid developing unproductive, unprofitable large surpluses of P in soil, and reduce the likelihood of P leaching and polluting water in the many drains and waterways in the region. For all three experiments, critical Colwell soil test P (a soil test value that was related to 90% of the maximum pasture DM yield), was similar for the two fertiliser N treatments.
The effect of grazing severity and fertiliser application during winter on herbage regrowth and quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: Lee J. M. , Donaghy D. J. , Roche J. R.
Published: January 2008

The objective of the current study was to quantify the effects of greater herbage residuals in winter on leaf appearance rate, herbage accumulation and quality, and plant energy reserves, as well as quantifying the effects nitrogen (N), or phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) fertilisers had on the above measures. Ten pasture areas were grazed to different residual masses (1260 ± 101 and 1868 ± 139 kg DM/ha, Severe and Lax, respectively) over five consecutive days by dry dairy cows. Two randomly located subplots within each grazing area were fertilised with either 50 kg N/ha (N treatment) or 50 kg N/ha, 31 kg S/ha plus 26 kg P/ha (N + S + P treatment) on the day immediately following defoliation (day 1), and were compared with a control subplot. Neither growth rate (15.1 ± 8.1 kg DM/ha.day), nor leaf appearance rate (15.1 ± 0.3 days per new leaf) differed between treatments. As a result, herbage accumulated over the 49 days of regrowth was similar across grazing treatments and averaged 726 kg DM/ha. Application of N + S + P tended to increase total herbage accumulated during regrowth compared with either the control or N treatment subplots (860 v. 675 and 643 kg DM/ha, respectively), likely a result of increased tiller density. Swards defoliated more severely had lower initial water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations compared with swards laxly defoliated, but this difference had disappeared before appearance of the third new leaf. Herbage quality improved in the Severe treatment subplots after emergence of the third new leaf, with higher digestibility, greater WSC and metabolisable energy, and lower fibre content than in laxly grazed subplots.
Porcine somatotropin and cysteamine hydrochloride improve growth performance and reduce back fat in finisher gilts
Authors: Dunshea F. R.
Published: January 2008

Porcine somatotropin (pST) treatment of pigs consistently improves daily gain and feed conversion ratio but the daily injections involved can be problematic. The sulfhydryl compound cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) increases somatotropin secretion in several species, possibly through inhibition of somatostatin secretion. Therefore, it is possible that dietary CSH supplementation may provide a dietary means of increasing pST secretion and improving growth performance in finisher pigs. Eighteen female crossbred (Large white × Landrace) gilts (59.2 kg) were allocated to one of three treatments with the respective factors being a control diet, dietary CSH (0.7 g/kg) and intramuscular pST (5 mg/day) for 5 weeks. After slaughter the whole half carcass was cut into primal cuts which were then dissected to a retail level into lean, fat, bone and rind. Over the first 2 weeks of the study daily gain was increased by both pST (+46%, P < 0.001) and CSH (+12%, P < 0.05) while feed conversion ratio was decreased by pST (–30%, P < 0.001) and CSH (–9.4%, P = 0.08) over this period. Over the entire 5 weeks there was a large and sustained increase in daily gain in pigs treated with pST (+38%, P < 0.001), while dietary CSH tended to cause a more modest increase in daily gain (+7.4%, P = 0.06). As a result, final liveweight (+10.6 and +2.0 kg, respectively) and carcass weight (+5.8 and +1.6 kg, respectively) were increased by pST and CSH. Back fat was decreased by both pST and CSH (–1.7 and 1.0 mm, respectively). Total dissectible tissue was increased by pST (+9.1%, P < 0.001) and CSH (+3.3%, P < 0.05). In pigs treated with pST, the increased tissue was primarily as lean (+11.1%, P < 0.008) and bone (+17.8%, P = 0.017), whereas an accumulation of non significant increases in lean, rind and bone was responsible for the increased dissectible tissue in the carcass of pigs supplemented with CSH. In conclusion, dietary CSH increased daily gain and carcass weight and decreased FCR and P2 backfat, with responses being most pronounced over the first 2 weeks of dietary supplementation and not as great as those caused by exogenous pST treatment.
Pollen fertility and berry setting behaviour of the grape variety Carina
Authors: Liu S. M. , Sykes S. R. , Clingeleffer P. R.
Published: January 2008

Carina is a significant grape variety grown in Australia to produce dried currants. Its yield and fruit quality are restricted by pollination; however, this can be improved by the judicious use of hormone-based setting sprays. Male fertility and seedless berry set in Carina were investigated by examining pollen viability, the effect of self- and cross-pollination on berry set and in ovulo embryo recovery in comparison with two pollen sterile varieties, Hunisa and Kishmishi. Carina pollen failed to germinate in vitro and gave poor berry set when used to pollinate Hunisa and Kishmishi. Percentage berry set in Carina was unaffected by pollination treatments, but cross-pollination increased berry size. Larger seed traces (>1.2 mm in length) were present in most cross-pollinated Carina berries and their size and number were correlated positively with berry size. In ovulo embryo recovery rates ranged from 19.7 to 49.0% and 6.8 to 13.6% for cross-pollinated combinations of Carina when ovules were cultured at 50 and 75 days after pollination, respectively. In contrast, embryo recovery was zero from self-pollinated ovules. The results indicated that Carina produces sterile or non-functional pollen and is capable of setting seedless fruits through either parthenocarpy and/or stenospermocarpy.
Revivification of an Ossified Genre? Simin Behbahani and the Persian Ghazal
Authors: Parviz Brookshaw Dominic
Published: January 2008

Although considered a ‘modern’ poet, unlike most of her contemporaries (e.g. Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan-e Sales, and Nader Naderpour), Simin Behbahani, has, on the whole, avoided the free verse forms of shi‘r-i nu and has chosen to employ the most popular classical genre of Persian lyric poetry, the ghazal, as the chief vehicle for her poetic expression. Behbahani has been praised by many literary critics for her use of innovative metric schemes, especially from the mid-1970s onwards, and she is perhaps one of the first Persian poets since the medieval period to do so with any success. This article, however, will focus on features other than meter (such as imagery, language, and structure) to examine how innovative or traditional Behbahani's ghazals are in these respects. There is a tangible tension between the old and the new in Behbahani's ghazals, which has yet to be fully explored. After a broader discussion of how Behbahani has reworked the classical ghazal and how her remolding of this traditional genre has been received by literary critics, I will examine two poems from her 1973 collection Rastakhiz [Resurrection] in order to demonstrate how the poet blends the old with the new in her ghazals.
Challenges to the Arab petroleum industry
Authors: Khadduri Walid
Published: January 2008

The Arab oil industry provides on a steady basis approximately 20 million b/d of crude oil, compared to the global consumption of around 85 million b/d. Arab oil producers are committed to ensure stable oil markets and to balance global supply and demand, despite the many political crises in the region. The industry faces many challenges: dealing with stringent environmental standards, and providing the finance for its maintenance and expansion to meet rising world demand, as well as integrating its activities with the local economies through enhancing research and development, training and providing employment for nationals.
The after-effects of the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah war
Authors: Salem Paul
Published: January 2008

This article is an examination and analysis of the forces and trends that were unleashed by the 2006 summer war between Israel and Hezbollah. It studies the effects on Lebanese politics and stability as well as on the fortunes of Hezbollah itself. It also examines the effects of the war on regional and international players such as Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Iran, as well as Israel and the USA. The article concludes that neither Israel nor Hezbollah won the war but that the conflict left Lebanon and the region more unstable and vulnerable to further shocks.
OPERATIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT UNDER LOCAL ANALGESIA, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PROSTATECTOMY.
Authors: Bridge Reginald
Published: January 2008

Between what matters and what seems to matter, How should the world we know judge wisely?‐E. C. Bentley.
ACCESSORY PANCREAS CAUSING INTUSSUSCEPTION
Authors: Rose Keith
Published: January 2008

1. A case, the second in the literature, of an accessory pancreas causing intussusception is recorded

2. Accessory pancreases are briefly described.

3. The mechanism of intussupception is discussed.
RECTO‐SIGMOID AND SIGMOID SURGERY
Authors: Devine H. B.
Published: January 2008

1. A principle is established, in the surgery of the distal part of the colon, whereby extensive resections can be carried out safely with preservation of natural function.

2. The histories of three patients, chosen to illustrate the use and the value of this principle, are reported.

3. Stress is laid on the importance of the method advocated in the surgical treatmentof thf various phases of diverticulitis of the sigmoid, and of carcinoma of the upper or lower end of the sigmoid or of the recto‐sigmoid junction.
AN INTRADURAL AND SACROCOCCYGEAL TUMOUR
Authors: Jenkins James A.
Published: January 2008

This case presents the interesting feature of two tumours of entirely different histological structure apparently derived from portions of the same developmental remnant. From the brief description of the origin of the vestiges coccygiens it will be apparent that the difference in histology in the two tumours is in keeping with the developmental origin of the portion of this vestigeal structure from which they are derived.
GOITRE IN OTAGO
Authors: D'Ath E. F.
Published: January 2008

1. A study is presented of 368 cases of thyreoid disease observed a t the Dunedin Hospital over a period of six and three‐quarter years.

2. Simple and toxic goitre' occurred in approximately equal pro‐portion, but many of the simple cases presented features of “border‐line” toxicity.

3. The difficulties of accurate classification, particularly in the toxic classes, are discussed and arguments advanced for the abandonment of the differentiation “primary”) and “secondary”

4. The family history in all classes (least marked in the primary Graves's disease group) indicates the high family incidence of goitre in this district.

5. The results of surgical treatment in toxic goitre are excellent and compare favourably with those in other important disease groups, such as biliary.

6. The operation mortality in toxic cases was 3.770.

7. An unduly high incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion 8. Poxt‐operative myxoedema in classical form was noted in three.

8. Poxt‐operative myxoedema in classical form was noted in three cases out of 319 operations in all classes.

9. Tetany occurred in three cases in the same series.

10. Our biochemistry findings indicate that the blood iodine content is higher in primary Graves' disease than in simple goitre, and that the iodine content of blood, urine, fsces and gland are all lower than normal in simple goitres.

11. Observation of our cases leads to the conclusion that the histological picture merely represents innumerable variations of one and the same pathological process of involution and hyperplasia. It is impossible accurately to correlate the pathological picture with the clinical classification. after operation is recorded. cases out of 319 operations in all classes.