bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INCREASE: An updated model suite to study the INfluence of Cosmic Rays on Exoplanetary AtmoSpherEs
Authors: Herbst Konstantin , Grenfell John Lee , Sinnhuber Miriam , Wunderlich Fabian
Published: November 2021

Exoplanets are as diverse as they are fascinating. They vary from ultrahot Jupiter‐like low‐density planets to presumed gas‐ice‐rock mixture worlds such as GJ 1214b or worlds as LHS 1140b, which features twice the Earth's bulk density. Regarding the great diversity of exoplanetary atmospheres, much remains to be explored. For a few selected objects such as GJ1214b, Proxima Centauri b, and the TRAPPIST‐1 planets, the first observations of their atmospheres have already been achieved or are expected in the near future with the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope envisaged in October 2021. However, in order to interpret these observations, model studies of planetary atmospheres that account for various processes—such as atmospheric escape, outgassing, climate, photochemistry, as well as the physics of air showers and the transport of stellar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays through the stellar astrospheres and planetary magnetic fields—are necessary. Here, we present our model suite INCREASE, a planned extension of the model suite discussed in Herbst, Grenfell, et al. (2019).
Evaluating the effects of Picture Exchange Communication System® mediator training via telehealth using behavioral skills training and general case training
Authors: Treszl Alyssa , Koudys Julie , O'Neill Paige
Published: November 2021

Research indicates that the Picture Exchange Communication System® (PECS®) is an evidence‐based communication approach for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about PECS‐related parent training, treatment fidelity, or generalization and maintenance of skills. The purpose of the current study was to explore strategies to help parents support their child's PECS use at home. One child with ASD and both his parents participated. Researchers used behavioral skills training to teach target PECS skills and applied general case training strategies to actively program for generalization. A multiple baseline design across skills was used to monitor the primary parent trainee's fidelity during training sessions and a multiple probe design was embedded to monitor both parents' treatment fidelity in the natural environment with their child. The parent trainee demonstrated target PECS skills within the training setting. However, parents did not reliably demonstrate all target PECS skills in the generalization setting during follow‐up.
Polyneuropathy monitoring in Parkinson's disease patients treated with levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel
Authors: Pauls K. Amande M. , Toppila Jussi , Koivu Maija , Eerola‐Rautio Johanna , Udd Marianne , Pekkonen Eero
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Levodopa‐carbidopa‐intestinal‐gel (LCIG) infusion is an effective treatment for advanced PD with motor fluctuations. Polyneuropathy occurs as a complication in 10–15% of patients. We wanted to assess the frequency of polyneuropathy in Finnish advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with continuous LCIG infusion, and the value of different clinical monitoring parameters during follow‐up.

Materials and methods

Patient records of PD patients started on LCIG infusion at Helsinki University Hospital who received nerve conduction studies at baseline and 6 months after treatment initiation were reviewed for epidemiological information, mini mental state examination, baseline and 6 months’ UPRDS‐III, weight, body mass index, levodopa dose (LD), plasma homocysteine levels, folate, vitamin B6 and B12.

Results

Out of 19 patients (n = 6 on B‐vitamin substitution), two (10.5%) developed new‐onset polyneuropathy after initiation of LCIG therapy (n = 0 with vitamin substitution). Neuropathy was associated with significant weight loss (BMI reduction > 1.5), but not with other monitoring parameters. Homocysteine rose significantly in patients not substituted with B‐vitamin complex, but not in patients with B‐vitamin substitution. Homocysteine changes correlated with LD changes in the absence of vitamin B substitution. After oral B‐vitamin substitution, both patients’ polyneuropathy remained electrophysiologically and clinically stable.

Conclusions

Rates of polyneuropathy in Finnish PD patients with LCIG treatment are comparable to previous studies. Patients’ weight should be included in regular follow up monitoring and can be used for patient self‐monitoring. Vitamin B substitution appears to reduce coupling between levodopa dose and homocysteine and may be useful to prevent polyneuropathy related to LCIG.
Population attributable fractions of clinical and social risk factors for suicide in Bangladesh: Finding from a case–control psychological autopsy study
Authors: Arafat S. M. Yasir , Khan Md. Abdullah Saeed , Knipe Duleeka , Khan Murad M.
Published: November 2021

Background

Our knowledge of suicide in low‐income countries is limited. Understanding the importance of factors that contribute to suicide risk will allow for the appropriate allocation of limited resources. In order to prioritize suicide prevention activities in Bangladesh, we estimate the fractions of suicides attributable to key risk factors.

Methods

Using data from matched cases (100) and controls (100) as part of a psychological autopsy study in Dhaka, we estimate the population attributable fraction for key clinical (psychiatric disorders and physical disability), and social (life events, psychical and/or sexual abuse, unemployment, and social isolation) risk factors for suicide in Bangladesh.

Results

Assuming a causal relationship, life events were responsible for the largest proportion of suicide deaths (85.9%; confidence interval [CI], 79.6–90.2), followed by mental disorder (49.5%; CI, 45.3–53.4). The population attributable fraction for the risk factors was 42.9% (CI, 40.6–45) for depression, 11% (CI, 8.9–13) for sexual abuse, and 34.9% (CI, 10.1–52.9) for social isolation.

Conclusions

The study determined the population attributable fraction of risk factors for suicide in Bangladesh. Prevention strategies should be prioritized on the management of the aftermaths of adverse life events, treatment of psychiatric disorders, sexual abuse, and social isolation in the country.
A biomimetic hyaluronic acid‐silk fibroin nanofiber scaffold promoting regeneration of transected urothelium
Authors: Niu Yuqing , Galluzzi Massimiliano , Deng Fuming , Zhao Zhang , Fu Ming , Su Liang , Sun Weitang , Jia Wei , Xia Huimin
Published: November 2021

This study was designed to investigate the regulatory effect of hyaluronic acid (HA)—coating silk fibroin (SF) nanofibers during epithelialization of urinary tract for urethral regeneration. The obtained electrospun biomimetic tubular HA‐SF nanofiber scaffold is composed of a dense inner layer and a porous outer layer in order to mimic adhesion and cavernous layers of the native tissue, respectively. A thin layer of HA‐gel coating was fixed in the inner wall to provide SF nanofibers with a dense and smooth surface nano‐topography and higher hydrophilicity. Compared with pure SF nanofibers, HA‐SF nanofibers significantly promoted the adhesion, growth, and proliferation of primary urothelial cells, and up‐regulate the expression of uroplakin‐3 (terminal differentiation keratin protein in urothelium). Using the New Zealand male rabbit urethral injury model, the scaffold composed of tubular HA‐SF nanofibers could recruit lumen and myoepithelial cells from the adjacent area of the host, rapidly reconstructing the urothelial barrier in the wound area in order to keep the urinary tract unobstructed, thereby promoting luminal epithelialization, smooth muscle bundle structural remodeling, and capillary formation. Overall, the synergistic effects of nano‐topography and biophysical cues in a biomimetic scaffold design for effective endogenous regeneration.
Micromorphological and elemental characteristics of chickpea, faba bean, field pea, and lentil cotyledon topographies
Authors: Jeganathan Brasathe , Temelli Feral , Vasanthan Thava
Published: November 2021

Background and objectives

Micromorphological and elemental information on pulse cotyledon topographies is an essential aspect in identifying grain physiological and structural interactions at cotyledon‐seed coat (abaxial) and cotyledon–cotyledon (adaxial) interfaces, which can influence grain quality and processing behavior in food industry applications. The objective of this study was to characterize the topographies of the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of two cultivars each of faba bean, chickpea, field pea, and lentil via micromorphological and elemental analyses.

Findings

Scanning electron microscopic imaging of the abaxial and adaxial cotyledon surfaces showed gentle undulation of either tabular‐ or polygonal‐shaped epidermal cells that were projected as flat or rugose. They were covered by epicuticular wax films, which had smooth, striate, or granular micromorphology. Elemental results confirmed the presence of C, O, K, Ca, and Mg as the key elements on both cotyledon abaxial and adaxial surfaces.

Conclusions

Abaxial and adaxial cotyledon topographies of all the cultivars confirmed varietal differences associated with their micromorphological characteristics. It can be concluded that both abaxial and adaxial surfaces are cemented by a complex cuticle layer of similar elemental composition with a few significant (p < .05) variations. The ease of milling/pearling of pulses could be directly associated with the species, cultivar, architecture, micromorphology, and elemental composition of the pulse cotyledon abaxial and adaxial surfaces.

Significance and novelty

These findings will not only assist in interpreting the differences observed in the processing behavior of different pulse species and cultivars but will also enhance our understanding of the process design, targeting pearling of pulses for value‐added food applications.
Radiculopathies caused by spontaneous pneumorrachis: Two case reports and review of literature
Authors: Lassoued Ferjani Hanene , Ben Ammar Lobna , Kaffel Dhia , Maatallah Kaouther , Triki Wafa , Ben Nessib Dorra , Hamdi Wafa
Published: November 2021

Pneumorarchis is a rare condition of low back pain. It is usually asymptomatic and secondary to trauma. Spontaneous pneumorrachis is scarce.
Catalytic Treatment of Organic Solvent Vapor in a Baking Oven
Authors: Inoue Kenichiro
Published: November 2021

A catalytic treatment for organic solvent vapor using the heat of a baking oven was investigated. A Pt/Al2O3 catalyst showed high activity for toluene. A Co3O4‐CeO2 catalyst preferentially oxidized ethyl acetate and butyl acetate, but by‐products were generated. These organic solvents produce high emissions from painting and printing ink in Japan. However, treating all three solvents simultaneously at low temperatures is difficult. In the present study, when a Pt/Co3O4‐CeO2 catalyst was employed at oven temperatures of 230–250 °C, a gas containing toluene, ethyl acetate, and butyl acetate was able to be effectively treated with no carbon deposition. The application of the Pt/Co3O4‐CeO2 catalyst enabled treatment in the oven using the oven's own heat.
Modeling stress–strain behavior of ceramic composites
Authors: Kerans Ronald J.
Published: November 2021

A well‐known model of stress–strain behavior in continuous‐fiber ceramic composites was expanded, corrected, and coded in a popular programming language. Four versions of the code with differing output plot formats are included. They can be pasted into a program file and used without editing. One of them allows observing the changes in the stress–strain curve while varying nearly any of the input properties. The ability to observe or quickly plot and compare curves using different parameters can aid in understanding the roles of constituent and interface properties in composite behavior. It can also aid in inferring unmeasurable properties in actual composites. Comparisons of model output to experiment are presented and discussed.
The Machine Learning Life Cycle in Chemical Operations – Status and Open Challenges
Authors: Gärtler Marco , Khaydarov Valentin , Klöpper Benjamin , Urbas Leon
Published: November 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) has received a lot of attention with many publications in recent years. Interestingly related projects in the industry are mostly still in their early stages. We are convinced that progress will only be possible if the entire machine learning (ML) life cycle is considered. Our study focuses on the practical challenges, uses a recent study as foundation and adopts the life‐cycle description, highlights the life‐cycle practices in other domains and formulates research directions that can help to improve the utilization of AI and machine learning in the process industry.
Reminders of money increase patient empowerment
Authors: Whelan Jodie , Goode Miranda R.
Published: November 2021

The passage of price transparency legislation in the US combined with efforts to enhance the customer experience suggest that patients are more likely to encounter reminders of money when thinking about and making healthcare decisions. Because money is symbolically and empirically associated with empowerment, we propose that money reminders in the healthcare domain will increase patient empowerment. Across three experiments, we find that reminding people of money increases patient empowerment, as indicated by an established patient empowerment scale (Study 1), heightened desire for autonomy when making healthcare decisions (Study 2), and greater reactance to imagining a doctor's refusal to prescribe a requested drug (Study 3). We show that this effect is attenuated when the health condition is serious (as opposed to minor).
Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Flavones and Isoflavones via Palladium/Norbornene Cooperative Catalysis
Authors: Ma Yuanyuan , Gao Qianwen , Zhou Lan , Liu Shanshan , Cheng Hong‐Gang , Zhou Qianghui
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Flavones and isoflavones are recognized as privileged heterocyclic scaffolds for the preparation of bioactive compounds. Efficient methods to access these heterocycles are in urgent need. Herein, we report diversity‐oriented synthesis of flavones and isoflavones from 3‐iodochromones via palladium/norbornene cooperative catalysis. The success of this research relies on the use of a unique bridge‐head ester modified norbornene derivative as the mediator. Salient features of this include readily available starting materials regarding 3‐iodochromones, ortho‐C—H arylating and alkylating reagents and ipso‐terminating reagents, broad substrate scope, good chemoselectivity, good step‐economy and scalability. A large number of structurally diversified flavones, isoflavones and 2,3‐diarylated chromones can be quickly prepared in a predictable manner. As showcased by the efficient formal synthesis of umbralisib, this chemistry can be treated as another valuable addition to the toolbox of medicinal chemists.
Capture‐Release Strategy Facilitates Rapid Enzymatic Assembly of Oligosaccharides
Authors: Fang Wenyuan , Zhong Kan , Cheng Jiansong , Liu Xian‐Wei , Liu Chang‐Cheng , Wang Zhongfu , Cao Hongzhi
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

A convenient and highly efficient strategy was developed for the simplification of enzymatic synthesis and purification of oligosaccharides. Glycosyl acceptors terminated with a thiol tag were extended by enzymatic modular assembly (EMA) in the aqueous phase, and the desired products were captured during solid‐phase workup (SPW) using commercially available thiopropyl Sepharose 6B resin through a reversible disulfide linkage. Finally, the products were released from solid‐phase resin in the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) as reducing agent and the resin could be recovered and reused. This strategy overcomes the uncertain influence of polymer‐ or ionic‐supports commonly used in enzymatic glycosylation, and showed perfect compatibility with all 10 enzyme modules for the rapid assembly of a series of complex oligosaccharides.
PROTOCOL: Teacher professional development for disability inclusion in low‐ and middle‐income Asia‐Pacific countries: An evidence and gap map
Authors: Ahmed Syeda K. , Jeffries David , Chakraborty Anannya , Lietz Petra , Kaushik Amit , Rahayu Budiarti , Armstrong David , Sundarsagar Kris
Published: November 2021

According to prior research, teacher readiness and capability are key contributors for successful transition towards disability inclusive education, yet in‐service teacher professional development for disability inclusion remains an under‐researched area. The key objective of this evidence and gap map (EGM) is to locate evidence on interventions for disability inclusion focused teacher professional development (TPD) in low‐to‐middle‐income‐countries (LMICs) in the Asia‐Pacific region. As such, it will illustrate different levels of evidence for TPD interventions as well as where there is no evidence (i.e., gaps). In other words, the EGM can make agencies aware where they might be operating in an area that is evidence‐free or evidence‐weak so they can take up interventions that are evidence‐based or collect evidence for the intervention they are presently supporting. Thus, the ultimate goal for the EGM is to assist funders and implementing agencies when making decisions as to how to support LMICs in the region to reach their aim of developing quality teachers for the global inclusive education agenda (target SDG 4.c).
Is diabetes associated with increased pathological burden in Alzheimer's disease?
Authors: Sadrolashrafi Kaviyon , Craft Suzanne , Decourt Boris , Adem Abdu , Wilson Jeffrey R. , Miller Justin , Sabbagh Marwan N.
Published: November 2021

Introduction

We examined the association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypothesized that diabetes is associated with an increased pathological burden in clinically and pathologically diagnosed AD.

Methods

All data were obtained from the Uniform Data Set (UDS) v3, the Neuropathology Data Set, and the Researcher's Data Dictionary‐Genetic Data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center. The dataset (37 cases with diabetes and 1158 cases without) relies on autopsy‐confirmed data in clinically diagnosed AD patients who were assessed for diabetes type in form A5 or D2 during at least one visit. Differences in scores were explored using a general linear model. Effect sizes were calculated using sample means and standard deviations (Cohen's d).

Results

The presence of diabetes was associated with a lower Thal phase of amyloid plaques (A score; 4.6 ± 0.79 vs. 4.3 ± 0.85, P < .05) and lower Braak stage for neurofibrillary degeneration (B score; 5.58 ± 0.72 vs. 5.16 ± 0.96, P < 0.05) but not for density of neocortical neuritic plaques (CERAD score‐C score). The National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ABC score) was not different between AD+DM and AD‐DM.

Discussion

This pilot study found a significantly lower Thal phase of amyloid plaques and Braak stage for neurofibrillary degeneration in AD‐confirmed individuals with diabetes compared to those without. Thus type 2 DM is not associated with increased AD pathology in clinically and pathologically confirmed cases of AD.
Amplified drought induced by climate change reduces seedling emergence and increases seedling mortality for two Mediterranean perennial herbs
Authors: Garnier Suzon , Giordanengo Emma , Saatkamp Arne , Santonja Mathieu , Reiter Ilja M. , Orts Jean‐Philippe , Gauquelin Thierry , Meineri Eric
Published: November 2021

Seedling recruitment is a bottleneck for population dynamics and range shift. The vital rates linked to recruitment by seed are impacted by amplified drought induced by climate change. In the Mediterranean region, autumn and winter seedling emergence and mortality may have strong impact on the overall seedling recruitment. However, studies focusing on the temporal dynamic of recruitment during these seasons are rare. This study was performed in a deciduous Mediterranean oak forest located in southern France and quantifies the impact of amplified drought conditions on autumn and winter seedling emergence and seedling mortality rates of two herbaceous plant species with meso‐Mediterranean and supra‐Mediterranean distribution (respectively, Silene italica and Silene nutans). Seedlings were followed from October 2019 to May 2020 in both undisturbed and disturbed plots where the litter and the aboveground biomass have been removed to create open microsites. Amplified drought conditions reduced seedling emergence and increased seedling mortality for both Silene species but these negative effects were dependent on soil disturbance conditions. Emergence of S. italica decreased only in undisturbed plots (−7%) whereas emergence of S. nutans decreased only in disturbed plots (−10%) under amplified drought conditions. The seedling mortality rate of S. italica was 51% higher under amplified drought conditions in undisturbed plots while that of S. nutans was 38% higher in disturbed plots. Aridification due to lower precipitation in the Mediterranean region will negatively impact the seedling recruitment of these two Silene species. Climate change effects on early vital rates may likely have major negative impacts on the overall population dynamic.
A review on recent advances in the enrichment of glycopeptides and glycoproteins by liquid chromatographic methods: 2016–Present
Authors: Kumari Mona , Tetala Kishore K. R.
Published: November 2021

Among various protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs), glycosylation has received special attention due to its immense role in molecular interactions, cellular signal transduction, immune response, etc. Aberration in glycan moieties of a glycoprotein is associated with cancer, diabetes, and bacterial and viral infections. In biofluids (plasma, saliva, urine, milk, etc.), glycoproteins are low in abundance and are masked by the presence of high abundant proteins. Hence, prior to their identification using mass spectrometry methods, liquid chromatography (LC)‐based approaches were widely used. A general enrichment strategy involves a protein digestion step, followed by LC‐based enrichment and desorption of glycopeptides, and enzymatic excision of the glycans. The focus of this review article is to highlight the articles published since 2016 that dealt with different LC‐based approaches for glycopeptide and glycoprotein enrichment. The preparation of stationary phases, their surface activation, and ligand immobilization strategies have been discussed in detail. Finally, the major developments and future trends in the field have been summarized.
Stereotactic laser interstitial thermal therapy corpus callosotomy for the treatment of pediatric drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Mallela Arka N. , Hect Jasmine L. , Abou‐Al‐Shaar Hussam , Akwayena Emefa , Abel Taylor J.
Published: November 2021

Objective

Corpus callosotomy is a safe and effective procedure for reducing the frequency of drop attacks. MR‐guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) offers a minimally invasive alternative to conventional open craniotomy for callosotomy. We hypothesized that MRgLITT callosotomy could be safely performed in pediatric patients with similar seizure control.

Methods

We present an institutional case series of 11 procedures in 10 patients for the treatment of drop attacks in drug‐refractory primary generalized epilepsy. MRgLITT was used for complete callosotomy, anterior two‐thirds, posterior, or ablation of residual callosal fibers following prior callosotomy (open or MRgLITT). We retrospectively reviewed clinical course, operative details, radiographic imaging, clinical outcomes, and complications.

Results

Operative time ranged from 4‐8 hours, and median hospitalization was 2 days. No complications were encountered. Among the 7 patients with at least 3 months of follow‐up, 71% experienced freedom from drop attacks at longest follow‐up and 57% of cases showed improvement in their other seizure semiologies as well (Engel Class II: 28%, Class III: 28%, Class IV: 43%).

Significance

MR‐guided LITT callosotomy is safe and effective modality in the management of pediatric patients with medically intractable epilepsy characterized by drop attacks. While this is among the largest pediatric series to date, further studies are required to delineate its safety and efficacy among such patients.
Clinicopathologic and survival correlates of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma driven by RAS/RAF mutations
Authors: Agaram Narasimhan P. , Huang Shih‐Chiang , Tap William D. , Wexler Leonard H. , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: November 2021

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Among RMS subtypes, ERMS is associated with a favorable outcome with an overall survival of 70% at 5 years for localized disease. The molecular profile of ERMS is heterogeneous, including mostly point mutations in various genes. Therapeutic strategies have remained relatively consistent irrespective of the molecular abnormalities. In this study, we focus on a homogeneous RAS/RAF mutated ERMS subset and correlate with clinicopathologic findings. Twenty‐six cases (16 males and 10 females) were identified from screening 98 ERMS, either by targeted DNA sequencing (MSK‐IMPACT) or by Sanger sequencing. Fourteen (54%) cases had NRAS mutations, 6 (23%) had KRAS mutations, 5 (19%) had HRAS mutations, and 1 case (4%) had BRAF mutation. Median age at diagnosis was 8 years (range 1–70) with two‐thirds occurring in the children. Tumor sites varied with H&N and GU sites accounting for 62% of cases. RAS isoform hot spot mutations predominated: NRAS p.Q61K (57%), KRAS p.G12D (67%), and HRAS (codons 12, 14, and 61). Additional genetic abnormalities were identified in 85% of the RAS‐mutated cases. At last follow‐up, 29% of patients died of disease and 23% were alive with disease. The 3‐year and 5‐year survival rates were 75% and 61% respectively. In conclusion, RAS mutations occur in 27% of ERMS, with NRAS mutations encompassing half of the cases. Overall RAS‐mutant RMS does not correlate with age or site, but most tumors show an undifferentiated and spindle cell morphology.
Subwavelength on‐chip light focusing with bigradient all‐dielectric metamaterials for dense photonic integration
Authors: Ren Zhihao , Dong Bowei , Qiao Qifeng , Liu Xinmiao , Liu Jinyuan , Zhou Guangya , Lee Chengkuo
Published: November 2021

Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) provide a promising platform for miniaturized on‐chip optical systems for communication, computation, and sensing applications. The dense integration of photonic components is one of the keys to exploit the advantages of PIC. Although light focusing is a fundamental and indispensable function in PICs, focusing light at the micro/nanometer‐scale is challenging. Here, a bigradient on‐chip metalens (BOML) is proposed to achieve ultrasmall focal lengths and spot sizes at the subwavelength scale for dense PICs. The design of BOML combines gradient geometry and gradient refractive index into one metalens by simultaneously engineering the length and width of subwavelength silicon slots. With a small device footprint of only 168 μm, the BOML achieves efficient on‐chip focusing with the record‐breaking figure‐of‐merits, which are the ratio of wavelength to focal length/spot size (0.268 and 2.83) and numerical aperture (1.78). Leveraging on the Fresnel design, the footprint of BOML is further reduced by 55.1%, and the numerical aperture is enhanced to 1.9. The demonstration of mode conversion and beam steering with efficiency over 80% and a tilting range of 7.2° holds the potential for highly dense on‐chip photonic systems for optical communication, optical sensing, nonlinear optics, and neural networks for deep learning.

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Impact of grit, resilience, and stress levels on burnout and well‐being of dental students
Authors: Al‐Zain Afnan O. , Abdulsalam Sarah
Published: November 2021

Objective

Dentistry is demanding and requires a high level of diligence and resilience, resulting in high stress that may impact students’ burnout and well‐being. The aims were to: (1) investigate the levels of grit, resilience, stress, burnout, and well‐being among students at King Abdulaziz University‐Faculty of Dentistry; (2) explore age, gender, dentistry as the first career choice, academic level, grit, resilience, and stress as predictors for burnout and well‐being among dental students; (3) investigate the correlations among grit, resilience, stress, burnout, and well‐being among dental students.

Methods

An electronic questionnaire was distributed, comprised of demographic information and five validated scales: (1) grit (grit‐8‐item); (2) resilience (The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC)); (3) stress (perceived stress scale); (4) burnout (Oldenburg Burnout Inventory); (5) well‐being (World Health Organization‐5). The total students number was (n = 1057), number of participants were (n = 355), and the response rate was (33%). Predictors of well‐being and burnout (multiple linear regression analyses) and correlations among the scales (Spearman Correlation Coefficient) were performed.

Results

Median age (22 years old). Trait levels varied among students. Grit, stress, and academic year were significant predictors for burnout (p < 0.0001), where sixth‐year undergraduates showed significantly high, third‐year undergraduate and graduates showed significantly low burnout levels. Age, gender, stress, and academic year were significant predictors for well‐being (p < 0.0001), where older students and fifth‐year undergraduates showed significantly low, and males showed significantly high well‐being levels. Burnout had a significant moderate positive relationship with stress and a weak negative relationship with resilience and grit. Well‐being had a significant negative moderate relationship with burnout and stress and a weak positive relationship with resilience.

Conclusion

The levels of grit, resilience, stress, burnout, and well‐being, and correlations varied among dental students. The academic level was a common significant predictor between burnout and well‐being. We recommend reinforcing existing programs at the school and implementing a resilience program to reduce burnout levels and improve students’ well‐being.
Hot saline irrigation in comparison to nasal packing after sinus surgery
Authors: Nordström Axel , Jangard Mattias , Svedberg Marie , Kullenberg Helena , Ryott Michael , Kumlin Maria
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Previous studies have shown that hot saline solution (HSS) nasal irrigation is effective against nasal bleeding and is used to treat nasal hemorrhage. In a pilot study, we evaluated hot saline nasal irrigation in comparison to a routinely used nasal packing in terms of self‐reported complications and mucosal healing after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Methods

Patients undergoing surgery for bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis received polyvinyl acetate (PVA) nasal packing in the left nostril, and the right nostril was rinsed with 47°C sterile saline immediately after surgery. Patients' experiences of pain, bleeding, and other types of uncomfortable experiences were measured using a visual analog scale for each nostril before, during, and immediately after nasal packing removal. Two weeks post‐surgery, the assessments were repeated including an endoscopic evaluation of the mucosa by the surgeon.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients completed the study. Prior to removal of the packing, the patients experienced significantly more pain and other uncomfortable experiences in the nostril treated with nasal packing, as compared to the nostril solely rinsed with hot saline. After removal, patients reported significantly more uncomfortable experiences from the packing treated nostril. Two weeks post‐surgery, no difference in mucosal healing was observed between the two nostrils.

Conclusions

The results from this study indicate that irrigation with HSS could be an alternative postoperative treatment to conventional PVA nasal packing. Hot saline irrigation may contribute to patients experiencing improved control of postoperative bleeding, pain, and less suffering of other causes as well as health‐economic benefits, without affecting the mucosal healing up to 2 weeks post‐surgery.

Level of Evidence

1b
Some families of the general Mathieu‐type series with associated properties and functional inequalities
Authors: Agarwal Ritu , Kumar Naveen , Parmar Rakesh K. , Purohit Sunil D.
Published: November 2021

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce general families of the extended Mathieu‐type power series and present a number of potentially useful integral representations of several general families of the extended Mathieu‐type power series in a unified manner. Relationships of the extended Mathieu‐type functional power series with the generalized Hurwitz–Lerch zeta function is also considered. Various other properties, mainly, Mellin transform and Hankel transform, and fractional derivative formulae are derived for the extended Mathieu series. A pair of the bounding inequalities are established for the extended Mathieu‐type series. As an application of newly defined function, we present a systematic study of probability density function and distribution function associated with the general extended Mathieu‐type power series. In particular, the mathematical expectation and variance of the distribution are derived. Finally, we prove some properties of monotonicity, convexity, and Turán‐type inequalities for the general extended Mathieu‐type power series.
Elaboration of near‐valence band defect states leading deterioration of ambipolar operation in SnO thin‐film transistors
Authors: Minohara Makoto , Asanuma Shutaro , Asai Hidehiro , Dobashi Yuka , Samizo Akane , Tezuka Yasuhisa , Ozawa Kenichi , Mase Kazuhiko , Hase Izumi , Kikuchi Naoto , Aiura Yoshihiro
Published: November 2021

Ambipolar transistor operation in SnO thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is a promising character for future practical application, such as in integrated logic devices based on oxide semiconductors, because of its ability to develop them using a single material. However, there are only a few reports that demonstrate the apparent ambipolar operation for SnO TFTs owing to the insufficient knowledge on the reasons for deterioration of device performance. Although a previous study controls the operation mode of SnO TFTs [A. W. Lee et al. Adv. Electron. Mater. 6, 200742 (2020)], an additional passivating layer is required; however, it hinders the benefits of SnO usage. In this study, we provide the mechanism of deterioration of the ambipolar character of bare SnO TFTs, that is, the origin of defect states near the valence band maximum (near‐VB defect). Comprehensive spectroscopic approaches including photoemission, X‐ray emission, and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, reveal that near‐VB defect states originate from oxygen vacancies, existing at the surface, and also in the entire SnO film. This finding is useful to improve device performance for obtaining the ambipolar operation of SnO TFTs.
Pastures and fodder for feeding equids 3000 years ago: The Can Roqueta site (Barcelona, Spain) as a model of equine herd management
Authors: Albizuri Silvia , Grandal‐d'Anglade Aurora , López‐Cachero Francisco Javier
Published: November 2021

Can Roqueta has provided a large number of equid and dog assemblages from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. An analysis of the stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N in 42 bone samples has made it possible to reconstruct the diet of domestic equids. The results and carpological remains show that the territory was managed for agricultural and pasture use. They indicate the cultivation of two types of highly nutritious and digestible millet, used in combination with other cereals to prepare fodder, as well as the use of natural pastures.
The economic and social impact ofCOVID‐19 on tourism and hospitality industry: A case study from Oman
Authors: Mohammed Said Al‐Mughairi Habiba , Bhaskar Preeti , khalfan hamood Alazri Abdullah
Published: November 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has incurred a substantial economic and social impact around the world. Many sectors have been drastically affected but the tourism and hospitality industry was one of the hardest hit by the COVID‐19 outbreak globally. The coronavirus pandemic has caused direct losses of half‐billion Omani Rial to the tourism sector. This pandemic has also exacerbated the mental health of business owners of the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman. This research aims to investigate the economic and social impacts of COVID‐19 on the tourism and hospitality sector of Oman. The data was collected from business owners of micro, small, medium, and large size‐companies operating in the tourism and hospitality industry. A structured questionnaire was distributed and data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. The finding of the study reveals a negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman due to the COVID‐19 outbreak. The economic impact includes financial loss, reduction in customer demand at a national and international level, disruptions in the logistics and distribution channels, ruined the relationship with suppliers, customers, and employees. The social impact included depression, irritation, anxiety, and stress among the business owners about the present and future conditions. This study has given valuable suggestion to mitigate the negative economic and social impact on the tourism and hospitality industry of Oman. The finding of the study will support the government to boost the tourism and hospitality industry in Oman.
Preparation of chitosan nanospheres and optimization of process parameters by response surface method
Authors: Yang Yaqi , Yang Na , Zheng Chaolun , Shao Ziqiang
Published: November 2021

In this study, chitosan (CS) was used as raw material to prepare CS nanospheres by emulsion cross‐linking method, and the influence of process parameters on the microscopic morphology and particle size distribution of nanospheres was investigated. In addition, through the establishment of a response surface model, the influence of various process parameters on the preparation process of CS microspheres was explored, which provides basic data and theoretical basis for preparing uniform CS nanospheres and putting them into actual production to realize intelligent processing. Through scanning electron microscopy and particle size distribution test, the optimal preparation process conditions of CS nanospheres are obtained: CS concentration is 2.0%, cross‐linking agent ratio is 6:100, stirring speed is 400 r/min, and the minimum particle size is 99.65 nm. The response surface model has good fitting degree, and the experimental error is small. The influence order of technological parameters is CS concentration > cross‐linking agent ratio > stirring speed, and the optimal parameters are CS concentration is 1.97%, the cross‐linking agent ratio is 6:100, the stirring speed is 450.29 r/min, and the predicted minimum particle size is 95.10 nm.
Real clinical impact of drug–drug interactions of immunosuppressants in transplant patients
Authors: Gago‐Sánchez Ana Isabel , Font Pilar , Cárdenas Manuel , Aumente María Dolores , Del Prado José Ramón , Calleja Miguel Ángel
Published: November 2021

The main objective was to determine the prevalence of real drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of immunosuppressants in transplant patients. We conducted a prospective, observational 1‐year study at a tertiary hospital, including all transplanted patients. We evaluated data from monitoring blood concentrations of immunosuppressive drugs and adverse drug events (ADEs) caused by DDIs. The DDIs were classified as C, D, or X according to their Lexi‐Interact rating (C = monitor therapy, D = consider therapy modification, X = avoid combination). The clinical importance of real DDIs was expressed in terms of patient outcomes. The causality of DDIs was determined using Drug Interaction Probability Scale. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences v. 25.0. A total of 309 transplant patients were included. Their mean age was 52.0 ± 14.7 years (18–79) and 69.9% were male. The prevalence of real DDIs was 21.7%. Immunosuppressive drugs administered with antifungal azoles and tacrolimus (TAC) with nifedipine have a great clinical impact. Real DDIs caused ADEs in 22 patients. The most common clinical outcome was nephrotoxicity (1.6%; n = 5), followed by hypertension (1.3%; n = 4). Suggestions for avoiding category D and X DDIs included: changing the immunosuppressant dosage, using paracetamol instead of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and interrupting atorvastatin. The number of drugs prescribed and having been prescribed TAC was associated with an increased risk of real DDIs. There are many potential DDIs described in the literature but only a small percentage proved to be real DDIs, based on the patients´ outcomes.
Silica Supported Synthesis and Quorum Quenching Ability of Isoxazolones Against Both Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Kadam Hari K. , Salkar Komal , Naik Akshata P. , Naik Milind M. , Salgaonkar Lalitprabha N. , Charya Lakshangy , Pinto Kathleen C. , Mandrekar Vinod K. , Vaz Teotone
Published: November 2021

Isoxazolones are synthesised using easily available, economical and reusable silica (TLC grade) catalyst. High yields are obtained in aqueous reaction system with substrate tolerance without affecting the yield. This multigram scale, purification free method exhibits prospects for a large scale use in future. These compounds were screened for their potential application as quorum quenchers in pathogenic bacteria. The prepared compounds were analysed for quorum quenching (QQ) activity on Gram negative bioreporter strain Chromobacterium violaceum by inhibiting its pigment production i. e. violacein production in a concentration dependent manner. Some Isoxazolone derivatives showed very good quorum quenching activity. Moreover these derivatives also showed very good antibiofilm activity against both Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) bacterial human pathogens through Quorum Quenching mechanism. Isoxazolones thus have enormous potential to be exploited in the medical field against bacterial infections caused by both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial human pathogens.
A Pacman‐Like Titanium‐Doped Cobalt Sulfide Hollow Superstructure for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Bao Tong , Xia Yi , Lu Jingyi , Zhang Chaoqi , Wang Jing , Yuan Ling , Zhang Yunxia , Liu Chao , Yu Chengzhong
Published: November 2021

Transition‐metal sulfides (TMSs) are attractive oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. Developing new strategies to improve their electrochemical performance of TMSs is of great significance. Herein, a unique pacman‐like titanium‐doped cobalt sulfide hollow superstructure (Ti‐CoSx HSS) is fabricated as an OER electrocatalyst. Using a prearranged metal–organic framework (MOF)‐on‐MOF heterostructure as a precursor treated by one‐pot sulfidation, a sequential structural conversion process leads to the formation of Ti‐CoSx HSS, which is assembled by interconnected Ti‐doped CoSx nanocages around a cake‐like cavity. Benefiting from the architecture and compositional advantages, Ti‐CoSx HSS exhibits excellent OER performance with an overpotential of 249 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 45.5 mV dec−1 due to increased active site exposure, enhanced electron and mass transfer. This strategy enabled by MOF‐on‐MOF paves the way toward innovative MOF derivatives for various applications.
Emerging Roles of Bromodomain Protein 4 in Regulation of Stem Cell Identity
Authors: Dey Anusree , Uppal Sheetal , Giri Jayeeta , Misra Hari Sharan
Published: November 2021

Understanding the mechanism of fate decision and lineage commitment is the key step for developing novel stem cell applications in therapeutics. This process is coordinately regulated through systematic epigenetic reprogramming and concomitant changes in the transcriptional landscape of the stem cells. One of the bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) family member proteins, bromodomain protein 4 (BRD4), performs the role of epigenetic reader and modulates gene expression by recruiting other transcription factors and directly regulating RNA polymerase II elongation. Controlled gene regulation is the critical step in maintenance of stem cell potency and dysregulation may lead to tumor formation. As a key transcriptional factor and epigenetic regulator, BRD4 contributes to stem cell maintenance in several ways. Being a druggable target, BRD4 is an attractive candidate for exploiting its potential in stem cell therapeutics. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate how BRD4, through its interplay with pluripotency transcriptional regulators, control lineage commitment in stem cells. Here, we systemically review the role of BRD4 in complex gene regulatory network during three specific states of stem cell transitions: cell differentiation, cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation. A thorough understanding of BRD4 mediated epigenetic regulation in the maintenance of stem cell potency will be helpful to strategically control stem cell fates in regenerative medicine.
Polystyrene nanoplastics potentiate the development of hepatic fibrosis in high fat diet fed mice
Authors: Li Ling , Xu Minjie , He Chao , Wang Hui , Hu Qinglian
Published: November 2021

Polystyrene nanoparticles (PS‐NPs) as an issue of global environmental concern, have been shown to induce hepatic toxicity via triggering oxidative injury and inflammation. Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is initiated when excessive lipid is accumulated in the liver and will proceed to liver fibrosis with repeatedly chronic liver injury. In this study, we examined whether intravenous injection of PS‐NPs could enhance the hepatic toxicity and potentiate the development of liver fibrosis in experimental high fat diet (HFD)‐induced mice. The results demonstrated that PS‐NPs could aggravate chronic hepatitis by interfere with liver lipid metabolism in HFD induced mice. Further, hepatic tissue in PS‐NPs treated HFD mice displayed substantially lowered superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, which confirming the oxidative stress induced by PS‐NPs. PS‐NPs exposure also resulted in the up‐regulation of inflammation response in liver, as evidenced by the enhanced infiltration of Kupffer cells (KCs) and elevated expression of pro‐inflammatory related indicators. Meanwhile, Masson trichrome staining revealed that PS‐NPs could aggravate steatohepatitis with higher collagen fiber in HFD fed mice. Our data suggests that PS‐NPs can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in HDF‐induced experimental mice and further aggravate liver fibrosis, which highlight the potential health risks of PS‐NPs.