bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Inter-Korean Cooperation in Tourism
Authors: Kim Samuel Seongseop , Lee Heeseung , Timothy Dallen J.
Published: May 2008

Tourism is often called the world's peace industry and a pivotal contributor in establishing good relations between host country and country of origin. In particular, cross-border cooperation is a critical factor of success in developing various forms of tourism, especially in areas
adjacent to international borders. Between countries partitioned for various reasons, what is the role of cooperation in tourism? This study discusses current efforts of inter-Korean cooperation through tourism and various events and suggests strategies to promote more cooperation. While these
recommendations would be the ideal, there are significant constraints to cross-border cooperation on the Korean peninsula. These are considered at the end of the article.
Import Content of Tourism: Explaining Differences Among Island States
Authors: Ramjee Singh Diaram H.
Published: May 2008

Although the import content of the tourism industry among small island states is considered to be high, there are wide disparities in the leakage rates among island destinations. This article seeks to test several hypotheses about factors that are likely to explain the differences in
the import content of the industry among 19 destinations. The study found that the most important factors are country size and domestic agriculture. Interestingly, and contrary to expectation, tourist per capita housed at a destination and infrastructure development seemed to have little impact
on the import content of the industry.
Relationship Between Cruise-ship Tourism And Stay-over Tourism: A Case Study of the Shift In the Cayman Islands' Tourism Strategy
Authors: Shamsub Hannarong , Albrecht William , Dawkins Russell
Published: May 2008

Like all Caribbean destinations, the Cayman Islands has two sectors of tourism: stay-over tourism and cruise-ship tourism. Before the 1990s, the official Cayman Islands' tourism strategy placed more emphasis on the stay-over sector. After the significant drop in the number of stay-over
visitors in the late 1990s, the official stance shifted, placing more emphasis on the cruise-ship sector with the intent of converting cruise ship visitors into stay-over visitors. This study investigates the simultaneous relationship between the two sectors. Results suggest that in terms
of the number of visitors generated to each other a) both sectors of tourism are simultaneously related, b) stay-over tourism is a substitute for cruise-ship tourism, and c) cruise-ship tourism is a complement to stay-over tourism. Policy makers should therefore note that while stay-over
tourism is a substitute for cruise-ship tourism, cruise-ship is actually a complement to stay-over tourism.
"Rereading the Subjugating Tourist" in Neoliberalism: Postcolonial Otherness and the Tourist Experience
Authors: Wearing Stephen , Wearing Michael
Published: May 2008

In this review article, Wearing and Wearing attempt to develop an interactionist, constructionist, and postcolonial framework for conceptualizing tourist experiences of space. They argue that the tourist place provides social spaces for individual experiences related, among other things,
to leisure expectations, guest–host relationships, and interactions with community members. To Wearing and Wearing, operations of power between the culture of the tourist and that of the host enable hegemonic constructions of the host's culture. These sorts of constructions position
the "otherness" of hosts as inferior to the tourist's original culture, which is usually "White" and "infused with Western knowledge." The authors maintain thereby that the tourist destination then generally becomes a place for the voyeuristic gaze of the tourist, which, at best, reduces the
destination culture to an inferior exoticism.
Tourism Entrepreneurship: People, Place, and Process
Authors: Koh Khoon Y.
Published: May 2008

Tourism development is a function of tourism supply and demand. Whereas the tourism development literature has abundant information relating to tourism demand, the literature on tourism supply is scarce. This article identifies three tourism supply themes for empirical research: Entrepreneurial
people, Entrepreneurial places, and Entrepreneurial process.
Students' Travel Motivations
Authors: Hallab Zaher , Price Catherine , Fournier Herve
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this research study was to explore travel motivations and sociodemographic characteristics of hospitality management students in Switzerland. The results of this study revealed that hospitality management students attached a high level of importance to attributes in a
tourist destination such as cost/price, security, scenery, accessibility, the food and beverage experience, the lodging experience, and nightlife and entertainment facilities. It was also revealed that male students valued more nightlife, entertainment, and casinos than did female students.
On the other hand, female students valued more the attribute of unfamiliar environment. When it comes to age, it was revealed that those in the 18–21 age category valued more shopping than members in the 22–29 age category. However, members in the 22–29 age category valued
more the attribute of unfamiliar environment.
Business Environment, Operations Strategy, and Performance in Travel Agencies: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Tsaur Sheng-Hshiung , Liang Ying-Wen , Hsiao Hsin-Yu
Published: May 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between the business environment and the operational strategies of travel agencies. We examine and analyze the strategies adopted by travel agencies with different performance levels when facing the changes in business environment. The results indicate that the travel agencies concerned with business cost and political factors tend to adopt the cost leading strategy, those concerned with labor availability and dynamism in the market tend to adopt the differentiation strategy or focus strategy, those concerned with competitive hostility and travel risk tend to adopt the focus strategy, and those concerned with market environment and travel risk tend to adopt the flexibility strategy. Furthermore, high performers place more importance toward the environmental dimensions of cost leading and labor availability. Data also present that the high and low performers use different strategies. The research validates the theoretical framework for the relationship between business environment and operations strategy choices. Some useful suggestions are offered as references for travel agents.
Destination Image: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Tasci Asli D. A. , Meydan Selma Uygur , Cavusgil S. Tamer
Published: May 2008

Despite ample tourism assets and several decades of tourism development, Turkey still does not have a competitive edge in international tourism. A relatively negative image and/or lack of image are cited as one factor among several others in Turkey's low tourism arrivals and revenues
relative to other Mediterranean destinations. Few researchers have measured the image of Turkey and even fewer have done so in the context of international travel. In this study, Turkey's image as an international travel destination was measured using a student population from the US. The
findings confirm previous research in terms of Turkey's negative image shaped by stereotypical conceptions rather than factual information. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Reducing Meeting Costs: Consolidation and Outsourcing
Authors: Toh Rex S. , Foster T. Noble , Peterson Dean
Published: May 2008

This study is based on an extensive review of the literature and interviews with 50 executives from the hospitality industry, cruise lines, corporations, and associations, individually interviewed at their premises. Using content analysis, we discovered that since September 11 2001,
the accompanying recession, and the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002, corporations have become very cost conscious in regard to meeting costs. We also found that corporations have used two different but not mutually exclusive approaches to cost cutting: consolidate operations and
outsource non-core activities. This article outlines these measures and identifies the types of companies that will engage in them, as well as situations that call for one or the other.
Relating Destination Satisfaction to Future Travel Behavior
Authors: Furr H. Leslie , Bonn Mark A.
Published: May 2008

This study employs stepwise discriminant function analysis to reduce the number of variables that best classified travelers into one of two categories based on the "trip satisfaction" variable. The resultant "behavioral model" defined the method for predicting satisfaction levels in
tourism travelers to a particular tourism destination based on a list of variables that characterized a variety of travel behaviors. The discriminant function reduced the total list of 67 variables to 15 variables that correctly classified visitors who were more (or less) satisfied with their
leisure experience in Tampa 74% of the time. The list included such guest reactions to questions about "perceived value of their travel dollar," "whether or not they dined out," and "the daily amount spent on lodging." The significant difference in means between the satisfied and less satisfied
visitors indicated that a high number of visitors must be staying with friends or family because the entire population for this study spent at least one night at the destination area. Further analysis of the high satisfaction group indicated that 47% of this group responded that visiting friends
and family was an important reason for traveling to this destination. The importance that most satisfied guests placed on proper signage, customer service, Florida climate, dining out, and variety of available activities were all additional significant predictors of customer satisfaction.
Understanding Film-induced Tourism
Authors: Beeton Sue
Published: May 2008

Certain notions become accepted as "truths" by the general public, regardless of their accuracy, particularly if they are repeated with sufficient regularity by so-called "respected" sources, such as those in the popular media. The field of tourism is often a witness to this phenomenon.
Arguably, every journalist goes on a holiday of some sort, hence they are all "experts" and often present anecdotal material as such. This view is particularly the case with the concept of film-induced tourism. One example is the continual insistence by those in the popular press that the
movie trilogy The Lord of the Rings has dramatically increased tourism visitation to New Zealand. However, research by Tourism New Zealand, along with the emerging work from academics, does little to support this. Attempting to bring some balance into the media hype that surrounds film-induced
tourism, this article outlines the extent of film-induced tourism knowledge and current research in the field. Not only does the article examine tourism to sites depicted in film (movies and television series), but also the film studios themselves, particularly those with conscious tourism
activities such as theme parks and bookable site tours.
Are We Drawing the Right Conclusions? The Dangers of Answer Format Effects in Empirical Tourism Research
Authors: Dolnicar Sara
Published: May 2008

Empirical tourism research has a long history, and empirically based findings represent an important component of theory development and managerial insight. Nevertheless, empirical data of any kind are susceptible to misinterpretation. The aim of this study is to investigate to which
extent empirical tourism research accounts for three sources of potential misinterpretation of results: (1) the occurrence of answer format effects, (2) the occurrence of culturally specific response styles, and (3) the selection of data analytic techniques appropriate for the data format.
A review of 43 academic publications from 2000 and 2001 suggests that empirical tourism research is strongly guided by standards that have developed within the tourism research community and are not questioned anymore: ordinal answer formats dominate the field, ordinal data are analyzed using
techniques requiring metric data, and cross-cultural response styles are ignored, which is a particularly concerning finding given the amount of cross-cultural comparisons typically undertaken in tourism research. Recommendations for improvement are made.
Typology of Vacation Decision-making Modes
Authors: Decrop Alain , Zidda Pietro
Published: May 2008

This article presents a new typology of vacationers, which is based on decision-making variables rather than on traditional sociodemographic and psychographic criteria. We describe six types of vacationers: habitual, rational, hedonic, opportunistic, constrained, and adaptable. This
typology emerged from an interpretive qualitative study of Belgian vacationers. Here factor and cluster analyses help us to quantitatively validate the typology on a representative sample of holiday-makers.
A Life on the Road: Experience of Geographical Mobility and Acculturation Among Transnational Mobile Professionals
Authors: Bardhi Fleura
Published: May 2008

While cross-cultural geographical mobility is considered as one of the main social conditions of contemporary times, social sciences research in mobility has examined mainly leisure mobility or mobility of sedentary populations (e.g., sojourners). This article studies a group of contemporary nomads, transnational mobile professionals (TMPs)—a global consumer segment characterized by cosmopolitanism and voluntary mobility that is not anchored in national territories and is constantly on the road. Contrasting TMPs to sojourners, the article suggests that TMPs experience mobility as an out of ordinary experience, as a mean for creating, transforming, and developing self-identity, and a way of achieving other professional or life goals. The article also shows that TMPs take a cosmopolitan perspective on mobility and other cultures and engage voluntary in the acculturation process in the host country.
Intentions and consequences of tourist complaints
Authors: Kozak Metin , Tasci Asli D. A.
Published: May 2008

Consumer complaints are an important factor for service providers; effective handling of consumer complaints can be a key to acquiring loyal customers. However, despite the abundance of studies on customer complaints regarding goods and service products of hotels and restaurants, there
is a lack of research on customer complaints regarding tourism destinations. Aiming to specifically focus on customer complaints about a tourist destination, researchers of this text investigated (1) what types of complaints foreign tourists have, (2) how they tend to report their complaints
and to whom, and (3) what sorts of practical measures they recommend to resolve their own complaints. To achieve this, an on-site self-administered survey was undertaken on foreign charter tourists visiting the southwest part of Turkey during the summer of 2004. Results showed that tourists
had several complaints and several suggestions about resolving their complaints, mostly with monetary compensation. The article includes managerial implications and future research suggestions.
Beginner research on tourism and the tourist: Beware of words and caricatures!
Authors: Petr Christine , Gueguen Nicolas
Published: May 2008

Based on an interview with a French anthropologist particularly well versed in tourism, this article offers a useful overview of the phenomenon of tourism to the beginner researcher. The research focuses essentially on the dangers of caricatures and simplistic views, and offers a more
stimulating portrait of the tourist as a research field.
Preferences, benefits, and park visits: A latent class segmentation analysis
Authors: Kemperman Astrid D. A. M. , Timmermans Harry J. P.
Published: May 2008

This study describes and predicts segments of urban park visitors to support park planning and policy making. A latent class analysis is used to identify segments of park users who differ regarding their preferences for park characteristics, benefits sought in park visits, and sociodemographics.
Data for the present study were obtained using a mail-back survey on park choice behavior from 1,107 residents in the Eindhoven region in The Netherlands in 2002. The latent class analysis resulted in four segments of residents based on clearly different park preferences and benefits sought
in the parks. The segments are characterized as "local nature lovers," "passive park users," "visitors of pleasant neighborhood parks," and "active large park users." Sociodemographics did not discriminate between the various segments of park visitors. These findings emphasize the importance
of taking into account different leisure preferences and benefits sought by individuals when evaluating the impact of urban green space facilities.
Market segmentation by reasons and influences to visit a destination: The case of International visitors to Australia
Authors: Laesser Christian , Crouch Geoffrey I. , Beritelli Pietro
Published: May 2008

This article is about segmenting international holiday travelers on the basis of their motivations to travel to a certain destination—in this case Australia. For this task, using a two-step procedure, we clustered complementary reasons for, and influences on, travel to Australia
by visitors, whose primary travel purpose was leisure. The results revealed that there are two groups of visitors. Members of cluster 1 (62.3%) turn out to be comparably older, originate predominantly from Asia, New Zealand, and the US, and visit relatives and stay either at a friend's or
relative's home as well as hotels. In contrast, visitors defining cluster 2 (37.7%) are comparably younger, originate mainly from Europe and Japan, stay in a variety of types of accommodation, and experience a broad panoply of what Australia has to offer, while in some cases working. The results
further suggest that (1) immigrants from comparably nearby origin markets fuel an increasing demand with regard to interpersonal relations to their home country (cluster 1), and (2) Australia proves to be an attractive destination, especially in long-haul markets with high international travel
propensity, such as Europe and Japan as opposed to the US (cluster 2).
Cultural consequences on traveler risk perception and safety
Authors: Reisinger Yvette , Mavondo Felix
Published: May 2008

This article explores the relationship between national culture and perceived travel risk, safety, anxiety, and travel intentions. Two hundred forty-six Australian and 336 foreign respondents were surveyed as to their cultural orientation, travel risk and safety perception, anxiety,
and intentions to travel. The results of path analysis show that the uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism and, in particular, long/short-term cultural orientations are the most significant predictors of travel risk and safety perceptions in both samples. The terrorism and sociocultural
risk emerged as the most significant determinants of travel anxiety and safety. Anxiety and level of perceived safety determined intentions to travel internationally. Implications of the study results are discussed.
Multidimensional Timing Decisions: A Case Study in Tourism Behavior Analysis
Authors: Zhang Junyi , Fujiwara Akimasa , Sawara Junichi
Published: May 2008

Tourism behavior decisions usually involve some interrelated choices among activities/trips over time. In this study, we developed a multidimensional timing decision model under the principle of random utility maximization. The derived model not only allows for the temporally varying
utility of timing decision, but also incorporates sequential correlation between the neighboring timings. The model can also endogenously specify the sequences of activities/trips as well as heterogeneous preferences about the timing. Using a data collected from 1-day car tourists at a tourism
region nearby the Sea of Japan, we empirically confirmed the effectiveness of the derived model in representing the complex decision-making mechanisms of tourism behavior.
How Self-Image Congruence Impacts Customer Satisfaction in Hotels
Authors: Wilkins Hugh , Merrilees Bill , Herington Carmel
Published: May 2008

The importance of self-image congruence for product selection has been established across a number of purchase contexts, but the research that has included postpurchase evaluations is limited to a few examples, including a tourist destination, jewelery, and the use of ATMs. Despite recognition of the role of self-image congruence for hotel consumption, no research has been identified that addresses the affect self-image congruence has on postpurchase evaluations. This article reports an empirical analysis of the importance of self-image congruence to the postpurchase evaluation of hotels. The results indicate that self-image congruence affects the level of customer satisfaction. The results also indicate that the impact of self-image congruence varies with purpose of trip and gender.
The Hedonic Repeat Visit: Exploring Consumption Differences Among First-Time and Repeat Japanese Visitors in Hawaii
Authors: Rosenbaum Mark S.
Published: May 2008

This article investigates product and service consumption between first-time and repeat Japanese visitors in Hawaii. Overall, the empirical results reveal that repeat visitors to Waikiki are likely to be Japanese females, in their mid-thirties, who relish in fun, self-indulgent, overall
hedonic consumption, during their stay. Unlike first-time visitors, who take sightseeing tours and who express interest in purchasing products reminiscent of the local culture, repeat visitors are likely to engage in shopping, golfing, and in patronizing spas during their Hawaiian vacation.
Visit Impact on Destination Image
Authors: Tasci Asli D. A.
Published: May 2008

Various factors influence destination image such as information sourcing from diverse channels as well as perceiver characteristics including sociodemographic characteristics and past travel behavior. Past travel behavior and its influence on destination image receive much attention from destination image researchers; however, these researchers do not discuss the reasons of visitation's influence on destination image. Using a large and longitudinal data set from the Michigan Regional Travel Market Survey, this study reassesses the influence of visitation on destination image and provides a dialectic discussion of the potential reasons for this influence reflecting on various theories from related fields of study. This article includes implications and future research suggestions.
Sins of the Fathers: The Holocaust and the Leisure Travel Decision Among American Jews
Authors: Podoshen Jeffrey Steven
Published: May 2008

Understanding the ethnicity and how it affects the tourism decision process is important for a better understanding of key demographic segments of travelers. This research explores the effects of past ethnic conflict on the tourism decision process for leisure travel. Specifically,
this study looks at the Holocaust and the propensity for Americans of Jewish descent to choose Germany as a leisure destination. Evidence appeared to indicate that those travelers who had family members involved in the Holocaust were less likely to travel to Germany on leisure than those who
did not, but that American Jews in general were no less likely to travel to Germany on leisure than non-Jews.
Residents' Perceptions of Tourism Impacts: An Analysis of Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation
Authors: Lu Xiao-Li , Wu Chunyou , Xiao Gui-Rong
Published: May 2008

Investigating residents' perception of tourism impacts is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact. Due to the underlying correlation among several impacts indices, tourism impacts are generally very complex to model. Various methods such as single-variable and statistics
used in previous authoritative studies are not sensitive enough, which may affect the decision-making process adversely. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to analyze residents' perceptions of tourism impacts. Basic attributes and a hierarchical
framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Then weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. The weighted evaluation matrices are then aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the final stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified
to get the rank of residents' perceptions of tourism impacts. Sensitivity of fuzzy synthetic evaluation is quite high compared to other index evaluation techniques. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method. The findings clearly
indicate that the fuzzy synthetic evaluation may successfully harmonize inherent complex conditions in residents' perception of tourism impact.
Sars in China: Tourism Impacts and Market Rejuvenation
Authors: Gu Huimin , Wall Geoffrey
Published: May 2008

In an increasingly turbulent world, the tourism industry is forced to respond to external factors that are beyond its control. This article examines the consequences of SARS for tourism in Beijing and elsewhere in China and the initiatives that were taken to revive the tourism economy.
The SARS episode is divided into four stages: preliminary, crisis, recovery, and normalization. Although severe, the impact of SARS was short-lived, partly because the Chinese authorities took prompt actions to address the crisis, particularly through product repackaging and new marketing
initiatives.
Understanding Choice and Rejection in Destination Consideration Sets
Authors: Perdue Richard R. , Meng Fang
Published: May 2008

Understanding destination choice is a key focus of tourism research. An extensive body of existing research examines various components of the decision process, including destination choice modeling, information seeking, and the formation and effects of destination images. The existing
research is primarily focused on the factors that influence the positive choice of a particular destination. Recognizing the concept of a consideration/evoked set, a research question that has not been adequately examined is "why are destinations rejected?" The underlying, but untested, assumption
is reciprocalness of attributes. Destinations that are perceived as high on a given set of attributes are chosen and the rejected destinations, de facto, are assumed to be rejected because they are low on those same attributes. This research identifies key differences in the reasons why people
select a resort destination compared to the reasons for rejection. While further research is needed, the results are discussed within the framework of a noncompensatory, satisficing destination choice heuristic.
The Macroeconomic Environment and Airline Profitability: A Study of us Regional Airlines
Authors: Genc Ismail H. , Miller Jon R. , Gursoy Dogan
Published: May 2008

In this article, a SARMAX(p,s,q) model is utilized to study the macroeconomic determinants of regional airline profitability in the US. While seasons have an impact on profitability, no season seems to differ from another. Findings indicate that wealth has more relevance than
income on the profitability variable. The cost of capital and unemployment negatively affect airlines. Although small, the lagged values of profitability mostly have a perverse effect on the current profitability, indicating the absence of a sustained growth performance in the industry. Even
though 9/11 has negatively affected regional airlines, this study fails to find a statistically significant support for that observation. In addition, findings suggest that inflation in general and the real price of oil do not have statistically significant effects.
Modeling Domestic Tourism in Sweden
Authors: Lundgren Anders , Lundevaller Erling , Müller Dieter K.
Published: May 2008

In this article it is demonstrated how a microsimulation model based on TDB data (Swedish Tourist Database provided by Marknadsfakta, Åre, Sweden) can be used to estimate the number of trips, choice of activity, and choice of destination for domestic overnight trips in Sweden
using individual microdata from Statistics Sweden. It is argued that this modeling on the microlevel accounts for changes in population structure and geography to a far greater extent than conventional models because of its focus on individual behavior in relation to individual socioeconomic
characteristics. Thus, changes in the supply of tourism result in changing travel patterns. Also changes in the population and its spatial distribution are mirrored directly in the resulting travel pattern.
Reasons Behind Taking International Pleasure Trips During a Pending War: A Proposed Typology
Authors: Moufakkir Omar
Published: May 2008

People take international pleasure trips for different reasons. The objective of this study was to investigate the reasons behind taking international pleasure trips during wartime. The research took place during the second week of the Iraq war. Recognizing safety as a strong factor
that influences travel and vacation taking, we randomly selected 118 international tourists in Tenerife, Spain, and asked them the following question: "Why have you taken an international pleasure trip despite the pending war?" A content analysis of this question resulted in the following
four categories: "get away," "war is outside Tenerife," "booked before," and "tradition." Based on these results and informal unstructured interviews with respondents, a typology has been attempted. We were able to identify four groups that we named: (1) The travel hard tourists, (2) The fatalistic
tourists, (3) The orthodox tourists, and (4) The optimistic tourists.
Relationship between Satisfaction and Future Behavior
Authors: Kozak Metin , Beaman Jay
Published: May 2008

Studies have been carried out on satisfaction and international pleasure travel. Some have related satisfaction and past visits to a particular destination with intentions to recommend it, to revisit it, and to visit other destinations in its area. This study arose from reconsideration
of research on satisfaction and stated intentions of travelers from Britain and Germany to Mallorca and Turkey. Analysis confirmed that satisfaction is a significant predictor of stated intentions and that contingent factors moderate the influence of satisfaction on intentions. Explaining
limited variance led to the logical examination of why the explanation was not better. It is concluded that variance explanation was low because segments had particular satisfaction–likelihood relations and because satisfaction and likelihood responses were ambiguous. Sources of variation
that can be controlled are identified. They include some first-time visitors not being likely to return regardless of satisfaction; personal satisfaction responses not reflecting what the party will do; and likelihood responses not having a clear meaning. Practical and research implications
are presented.
Tourist Vacation Preferences: The Case of Mass Tourists to Crete
Authors: Andriotis Konstantinos , Agiomirgianakis George , Mihiotis Athanasios
Published: May 2008

Tourists during their vacations participate in a variety of activities. These activities range from active to passive ones and they may depend on various factors, including travel arrangement and sociodemographic characteristics. The aim of this article is to provide guidelines to Cretan
destination managers for supplying well diversified tourist products that could satisfy particular requirements of tourists by examining tourist vacation preferences and identifying whether certain factors can influence tourists' preferences. The findings suggest that tourists visiting Crete
prefer passive activities, and that the three main factors that influence tourists' activities are nationality, age, and season of visit. Despite the limitations of the study, it is evident that various policies are required by Cretan destination managers in order to provide activities directed
to satisfy tourists' demand. These policies are discussed in relation to Crete's brand identity.
Ecotourism Resources Management as a Way for Sustainable Tourism Development in Egypt
Authors: Eraqi Mohammed I.
Published: May 2008

As ecotourism becomes more and more popular, sustainability requirements cannot be ignored from the viewpoints of both practitioners and researchers. The purpose of this study is to present an overview of a general picture for ecotourism resources management to understand how sustainability
can be applied to different tourism sites and how ecotourism resources can be managed and marketed effectively and efficiently in Egypt. Statistical models, such as Statistical Means, Correlation Coefficients, Chi-Square, and Regression Analysis, are used to test and interpret the research
outcomes. The research findings explained that there are positive attitudes of locals towards sustainability requirements and there is a degree of misunderstanding to the concept of ecotourism for many tourism companies and agencies in Egypt. Also, it is important to develop a new marketing
strategy for ecotourism in Egypt using suitable tourism marketing strategies and policies.
Barriers to Sustainable Tourism Development in Jamaica
Authors: Altinay Levent , Var Turgut , Hines Suzette , Hussain Kashif
Published: May 2008

Many destinations have recognized the importance of implementing sustainable tourism development. However, for many developing countries worldwide, economic, social, and physical challenges pose great hindrances to sustainable development. The aim of this article is to investigate and
evaluate the difficulties of implementing sustainable tourism development practices in Jamaica. The primary research is based on qualitative analysis to find out the obstacles regarding the implementation of sustainable tourism development, based on three themes, namely financial constraints,
social instability, and lack of coordinated tourism planning. The overall results revealed that, in terms of sustainable practices, there are several initiatives being implemented by both public and private sectors, but they lack management, cohesiveness, and in some cases, collaboration.
Also, if sustainability is to be achieved in a developing country, it will require effective financial management of all industries and a serious concentration on social sustainability.
Analyzing the Total Productivity Change in Travel Agencies
Authors: Barros Carlos Pestana , Dieke Peter U. C.
Published: May 2008

This article estimates changes in total productivity in travel agencies in two stages. In the first stage, it breaks down total productivity into technically efficient change and technological change by means of data envelopment analysis (DEA) applied to a representative sample of travel agencies operating in the Portuguese market. The aim of this procedure is to seek out those best practices that will lead to improved performance in the market. We rank the companies according to their change in total productivity for the period 2000–2004, concluding that some companies experienced productivity growth while others experienced a decrease in productivity. In the second stage, the inefficient scores are regressed into contextual variables of inefficiency with a bootstrapped Tobit model. The implications arising from the study are considered in terms of managerial policy.
Understanding Differences in Tourist Motivation Between Domestic and International Travel: The University Student Market
Authors: Kim Kakyom
Published: May 2008

While travel motivation is a key concept to predict travel behaviors, the concept has not much been highlighted by tourism researchers in the student market. Thus, the current study was intended to determine push and pull motivational factors of US university students and to assess
whether the motivational factors significantly differed between domestic travel and international travel. A total of 1,761 responses obtained from an e-mail/Internet-based survey were analyzed. Factor analysis suggested eight push factors and six pull factors. Independent samples t-test
and the chi-square statistic indicated substantial differences as well as similarities in the factors and sociodemographic characteristics between the two types of travel, correspondingly. Both theoretical and practical implications based on the findings are discussed, which may prove beneficial
to travel destination marketers and businesses.
Determinants of Outbound Holiday Travel for Barbados
Authors: Campbell Trevor , Mitchell Travis Klaus
Published: May 2008

Over the years in Barbados, the focus of tourism research has been on inbound tourism. No previous study appears to have addressed the issue of outbound holiday travel by Barbadians. Like inbound holiday travel, outbound holiday travel is seen as a form of relaxation. In addition, it
allows Barbadians to visit family and friends that they may not have seen for decades, to witness cultural events, and to purchase goods that are cheaper than at home or that may not be available in the home country. Outbound holiday travel by Barbadians helps to maintain and increase employment
in businesses such as travel agencies and airline companies, thereby helping to boost government's tax intake and fiscal position. The article reviews some literature on the subject matter, looks at trends in outbound holiday travel by Barbadians, and, using the Engle Granger two-step method,
attempts to identify variables that will impact on this dependent variable over the long and short run. The results show that real per capita income, the real exchange rate, the price of tourism, and personal commercial bank credit affect outbound holiday travel in the long run while all the
above-mentioned explanatory variables with the exception of personal commercial bank credit impact upon outbound holiday travel in the short term.
Data Patterns and the Accuracy of Annual Tourism Demand Forecasts
Authors: Yu Gongmei , Schwartz Zvi , Humphreys Brad R.
Published: May 2008

Both data patterns and forecasting accuracy have been identified in the literature as important constructs in tourism demand forecasting. However, the relationship between the two was either ignored or addressed only indirectly. This study develops an innovative methodology
to identify and categorize typical tourism demand patterns, and assesses the impact of the identified patterns on the accuracy of various tourism forecasting methods using a large data set. Four distinct patterns were identified: (1) a stable linear trend, (2) a nonlinear trend, (3) a wave-shaped
trend, and (4) an abrupt change pattern. These four arrival data patterns affect the accuracy of forecasting models in a specific and systematic manner. Within the tourism industry, it might be feasible to categorize data based on a small number of typical, easily observable features. The
relationships between the performance of the forecasting models and these data patterns could be exploited for optimal selection of a forecasting method, improving the accuracy of the forecasts.
Perceptions of the Beach Users: A Case Study of the Coastal Areas of North Cyprus Towards Establishment of a "Carrying Capacity"
Authors: Alipour Habib , Altinay Mehmet , Hussain Kashif , Sheikhani Nazita
Published: May 2008

Within the main elements of economic sustainability, sociocultural sustainability, and environmental sustainability, the criteria of "carrying capacity" have been emphasized through residents' perception analysis to explore practical methods towards the application and implementation
of such criteria. As data analysis revealed, the main tourist resources in the case of North Cyprus—the coast and the beach—have a certain capacity to sustain the impact and pressure. Despite the significance of the indigenous environment and with respect to the residents' perception
of optimum carrying capacity levels, the study explores that this issue has not been given a due consideration. This has resulted in a process of coastal development that bypasses any measure towards the application of a standard to harmonize the degree of physical development and the capacity
of the beach. The main objective is to establish the concept of carrying capacity as the means to achieve the reconciliation of environmental impacts with tourism development. The study concludes that, if carrying capacity measurement and its implementation are not incorporated into the planning
decision as a clear policy, there will be grave negative consequences for the very resources that attract the visitors.
Demonstrating an Exploratory-Confirmatory Factor Approach to Travel Activity Patterns: A Study of French Pleasure Travelers to North America
Authors: (Shawn) Jang Soocheong , Hu Clark , Morrison Alastair M. , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: May 2008

An effective way of understanding travelers' preference in a destination is to investigate travel activity patterns. This study took a two-stage approach to discover how travel activities can be explored and verified by a manageable number of dimensions. Activity participation data
collected from 434 French outbound pleasure travelers were factor analyzed to explore possible underlying activity dimensions by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Using eight explored activity dimensions (including Nature, Sightseeing, Local Lifestyle, Culture & Social, Beach &
Outdoor, City Touring, Shopping & Dining, and Entertainment), a model was then hypothesized and validated based on a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify the tenability of the dimension structure. The authors also discuss the managerial implications of the findings and recommend
the practical use of activity dimensions in destination marketing by prioritizing budget allocations based on activity participation rates.
Analyzing Stakeholders' Perceptions of Sports Tourism
Authors: Chhabra Deepak
Published: May 2008

The unprecedented growth of sports tourism requires systematic and coordinated planning. The primary aim of this study was to craft an existing sports tourism framework and examine the position and role of the Tourism and Visitors Bureau from the perspective of the stakeholders. Based
on the results, a modified framework is suggested.
Travel Authenticated?: Postcards, Tourist Brochures, and Travel Photography
Authors: Hillman Wendy
Published: May 2008

The use of postcards, tourist brochures, and photographic evidence of travel by tourists is a way of justifying their journey and travel experience through visual authentication. The postcard, brochure, or photograph depicts the genuine or authentic vision of the traveler as having
physically been present in the often far flung location under perusal. Both postcards and photographs, as visual media, serve to provide the traveler and, in turn, the relative or friend at home, with the proof of travel to distant and exotic places, and visual authentic verification that
the traveler was actually present in the location. Tourist brochures, however, provide inducement to visit these same tourist destinations, conjuring up images of the "Other," the exotic, and the authentic.
World Cup 2002: Perceptions of Korean and Japanese Expatriates
Authors: Toh Rex S. , Khan Habibullah , Fong Chrystal
Published: May 2008

Hallmark sporting events can stimulate the economy, promote tourism and business opportunities, engender national unity and improve country image, and have beneficial or deleterious sociological impacts. The aim of this study of World Cup 2002 (cohosted by Korea and Japan) is to investigate
the differential impacts of World Cup 2002 on Korea and Japan, using the results from a small survey conducted among their expatriate communities living in Singapore. Analysis of the survey results show that Korea is perceived to have benefited more than Japan.
How Significant Events and Economic Factors Influence Taiwan's Outbound Tourism to China
Authors: Chen Ying-Chih , Kang Hsin-Hong , Yang Tzer-Chyun
Published: May 2008

It was not until 1987 that the relations between Taiwan and China began to thaw, opening the door for cross-strait civilian contacts. In recent years, with China's rapid economic development, ever-increasing numbers of Taiwanese citizens have been traveling to China, in spite of the
fact that official cross-strait relations remain hostile, with political and even military crises often occurring. How do such factors affect Taiwanese people's willingness to travel to China? This study is intended to discuss how significant events (such as the "Special State-to-State Relation"
proposition, Taiwan's presidential elections, and the SARS outbreak) and economic factors influence Taiwan's outbound tourism to China. Quarterly data used in this study cover the 41-quarter period from 2Q 1994 to 2Q 2004. A unit root test ensures that all of the estimated variables are stationary;
then, a casual model is developed to estimate how economic variables and significant events influence Taiwan's outbound travels to China. Empirical results show that significant political events do not remarkably reduce the Taiwanese people's willingness to travel to China, while the SARS
outbreak had a greater impact. On the other hand, income, price, and outbound travels of the previous period are significant independent variables, while variables such as exchange rate and the prices of alternative destination tours are less significant.
Local Communities' Attitudes Towards Impacts of Tourism Development in Egypt
Authors: Eraqi Mohammed I.
Published: May 2008

This study examines the attitudes of local citizens toward tourism development of residents in Egypt through studying impacts of tourism development on the local community. It aims to measure the effect of tourism development on the standard of living of the Egyptian people. For achieving
the research objectives data were collected through a questionnaire distributed among local people; 462 questionnaire forms were recollected after they were filled in by the chosen random sample of respondents. Descriptive statistic analysis was used to measure the tourism development impacts
depending on a Likert scale. Multiple regression/stepwise model was used to decide the relationship between the standard of living in Egypt as a dependent variable and the tourism development indicators as independent variables. The main results are that local people have positive attitudes
towards tourism development indicators and there are some negative sociocultural impacts of tourism development on local communities in Egypt.
Dea Application for the Tourist Satisfaction Management
Authors: Pyo Sungsoo
Published: May 2008

The outputs of Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) can be used for destination satisfaction management. This study attempts to show an application of DEA to a tourist destination, Jeju Island, suggesting that DEA is a useful tool to produce important information in managing destination tourist satisfaction. DEA can be used to find best practices for benchmarking by producing a single index of efficiency of decision-making units (DMU; here, market segments were used). The efficiency index also helps to identify DMUs (market segments) requiring immediate attention for improvements because they have the smallest index number. Weighted efficiency reference set suggests possible DMUs to benchmark. Overcommitted input could be identified and quantified to optimize the resources allocation with the reduced input by reviewing scores of excessive inputs used. This study uses survey data in DEA. Interpretation of DEA with survey data has different implications compared to financial and other ratio data.