bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Discourse in the News: Democratizing Responsibility or Aestheticizing Politics?
Authors: CHOULIARAKI LILIE
Published: March 2007

This article considers the influential social theoretical argument that relates the proliferation of mediated knowledge and information with the emergence of `mediated' democracy, a new form of democracy based on nondialogical deliberation rather than collective decision making (see for example Thompson, 1995). Drawing on sociological theory, media studies and discourse analysis, the paper uses empirical material to argue that the facilitation of deliberative processes among audiences is a matter not only of changing institutional arrangements (towards a regulation of marketized media) but also of changing the mode of articulation of media discourse itself; even though the latter may be a consequence of the former, each is a sine qua non for deliberative democracy. The meta-argument of this paper is that high social theory, which engages centrally with information flows and structures, should also incorporate a theoretical account of the discursive aspects of information, and of the symbolic resources that constitute aspects of the social world in the field of media.
Oppositional Readings of Network Television News: Viewer Deconstruction
Authors: Hacker Kenneth L. , Coste Tara G. , Kamm Daniel F. , Bybee Carl R.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an empirical study regarding deconstruction by network television news viewers. We define news deconstruction as the identification and criticism of ideology in news by its viewers. Twelve viewers were given surveys about the news, shown videotapes of NBC news, and asked to fill out cognitive response forms during viewing. We explained our studies of news deconstruction and then interviewed them regarding their impressions of our explanation and their feelings about the ideological aspects of news and how they oppose them. We contentanalyzed the cognitive response and interview data for deconstruction moves using four categories which we call oppositional statement types: 1. Criticism—comments concerning news content. 2. Resistance—disbelief in news content. 3. Challenge—questioning of factual accuracy of news. 4. Deconstruction—exposing ideology that promotes only one view of events and discourages others.

Our content analysis indicates that most oppositional moves for the viewers we studied are criticism comments—surface-level criticisms. The least common oppositional moves are challenges.

The purpose of the interviews was to have the viewers discuss how they feel about news deconstruction. Our interview observations indicate how viewers attempt to deconstruct the news and where they have trouble doing so. After news deconstruction was explained to them, most of our viewers appeared capable of identifying news bias and ideology. However, they tended to struggle when trying to replace TV news as an information source with one they find more trustworthy. This finding is consistent with our quantitative finding that challenge statements are uncommon.
Metaphors of Security: A Comparison of Representation in Defence Discourse in Post-Cold-War France and Britain
Authors: Thornborrow Joanna
Published: March 2007

In this paper I examine the different types of metaphoric representation in French and English within the domain of security and defence in Europe. The analysis takes the form of a comparison of the metaphors used in press reports of two summit meetings dealing with issues of security (Nato in London, July 1990, and CSCE in Paris, November 1990). It is argued that even though some metaphors occur in both languages, there are some marked differences between the way security and Europe itself are conceptualized metaphorically in French and English, and that these differences have implications for negotiating the changing political and military relationships between the countries of post-cold-war Europe.
Teachers and Secondary School Bullying: A Postmodern Discourse Analysis
Authors: Hepburn Alexa
Published: March 2007

This paper analyses a set of accounts from within a postmodern discursive framework. Interviews were conducted with secondary school teachers and were semi-structured, focusing on school bullying. The aim of analysis was to tackle the problem of bullying at a discursive level. This marks a shift away from seeing bullying as something situated within the interpersonal relations of pupils, or explained in terms of fixed personality traits. This paper argues that in order to understand a social problem such as bullying, we have to be aware of the discursive limits employed in the way that the problem is constructed. It was found that teachers draw upon modernist discourses of individual responsibility and fixed personality traits, and that bullying strategies are maintained by these modernist individualist discourses. This paper goes on to provide recommendations for tackling bullying at a discursive level.
The Discourse of Colonial Withdrawal: A Case Study in the Creation of Mythic Discourse
Authors: Flowerdew John
Published: March 2007

Based on a large corpus of speeches, interviews, public meetings, writings, and other pronouncements, this paper critically examines the discourse of the last British Hong Kong governor, Chris Patten, in the five years leading up to the change of sovereignty over Hong Kong from Britain to China, in 1997. The thesis of the paper is that in its focus on four issues—the free market economy, the freedom of the individual, the rule of law, and democracy—each of which was designed to highlight an aspect of what Patten promoted as Britain's legacy to Hong Kong, Patten's discourse can be characterized in terms of a myth concerned with ensuring that Britain could withdraw from its last major colony with honour. The paper analyses four discursive strategies used by Patten in the promotion of his myth: the transformation of old political genres and the introduction of new ones, presupposition, involvement (the use of indexicals), and lexical structuring and reiteration. As such, the paper is presented as a case study in the creation of mythical discourse in the field of politics.
Discourse Characteristics in the Sociolect of Repentant Criminals
Authors: Timor Uri , Landau Rachel
Published: March 2007

Ex-criminals who are rehabilitated in Yeshivot (Jewish religious academies) for newly religious men in Israel change their language gradually from a criminal sociolect to a religious one typical of the Yeshivot; at the same time they make extensive use of diverse linguistic means to promote the change in their ideology and in their social identity. Discourse analysis of six passages from phenomenological interviews with such penitents exemplify this change in the penitent's language, as well as the purposeful use the repentants make of diverse linguistic resources (semantic, grammatical, syntactic, structural and metalinguistic) to rebuild their worldview and to gain social legitimacy in their new community. These resources include extensive use of religious utterances, use of a criminal sociolect in referring to the criminal past, ellipsis, tag questions, personal pronouns, nominalization, passive voice, anaphora, idiosyncratic use of contrasts, figurative language, negative and positive connotations, intensifiers, modal utterances, and meta-language.
Which Way Cognitive Development?
Authors: Roth Daniel , Slone Michelle , Dar Reuven
Published: March 2007

The article addresses the current status of Piaget's theory as a perspective on the nature of the human intellect and its development. As a framework for discussion, we adopt Lakatos's methodology of research programs, which has been used by several authors to debate the role of Piaget's and other perspectives on cognitive development. The position we advocate is that, in recent years, research in cognitive development has undergone a profound change of perspective, in the course of which the basic ontological commitments of the Piagetian approach have been challenged and undermined. We argue that Piaget's fundamental assumptions of overarching structures and the process of equilibration have been superseded by a new perspective represented by a synthesis of domain-specific and domain-general processes, which has become the dominant impetus in the field.
Logical Creativity
Authors: Morris Harold C.
Published: March 2007

A tendency to view logical cognition and creativity as antitheses has begun taking root in popular culture. This article argues that logical reasoning actually affords many avenues for creative expression. A fundamental distinction between the two basic kinds of logical inference, deductive and adductive, is articulated, with some passing discussion as well of induction and of reasoning by analogy. The adductive creation of new systems or logical forms is likened to musical composition. Criteria for what constitutes an `interesting' logical form are stated. The topic of creativity in relation to deductive problem-solving or theorem-proving leads to consideration of the construct of `elegance' in logic. Finally, paradoxes and quine sentences are exhibited as evincing the logician's aesthetic interest in such things as possess a `strangeness in the proportion'.
Chinese Psychology Under Political Pressure: A Comment on Guoan Yue
Authors: Petzold Matthias
Published: March 2007

Within the history of Chinese psychology, this new academic discipline has always been under strong political pressure, and was attacked twice, once in 1958 and again during the `Cultural Revolution'. However, in their scientific work, Chinese psychologists have been very interested in all the different approaches of contemporary western schools of psychology. The diverging Chinese viewpoints on theories of psychology should be considered the result of these difficult conditions for academic work.
Aggression Research
Authors: Lubek Ian
Published: March 2007

In a recent article Fowers and Richardson raised epistemological eyebrows by recasting the cognitive aggression formulation of Huesmann, Eron and associates within a critical hermeneutic analysis. They highlighted certain ideological and value choices, especially of `liberal individualism', linked to violence and its control; these constrained research and limited the range of questions asked. This `hermeneutic' vs `naturalistic, empiricist' debate offers a valuable starting-point for a broader, critical-historical, multi-level analysis of phenomena such as aggression. After historically situating Huesmann and Eron's research programme within mainstream psychology, the development of a consensus about aggression research strategies is traced at three levels-scientific, meta-scientific and extra-scientific. Such historical and multi-level analyses point to a need for both traditional positivist and alternative perspectives to reconceptualize, for both their research and practice, the moral dimension of scientific psychology.
Computational Psychology and Naturalism: A Comment on Looren de Jong
Authors: van Hezewijk Rene
Published: March 2007

Looren de Jong traces Gibson's ecological approach to perception to the tradition of Heider and Brunswik, and from Gibson to Marr. In this commentary I first discuss the use of classifying traditions. Then I discuss Looren de Jong's classifications of naturalism and rationalism. I then argue that Marr's position is accordingly misrepresented.
Between Scientism and Relativism
Authors: Martin Jack , Thompson Janice
Published: March 2007

Because of the contextual, agentically controlled, uncertain and morally constituted nature of psychological phenomena, psychological inquiry is vulnerable to charges of scientism and relativism. These characteristics of the subject-matter of psychology and the challenges they pose for psychological inquiry are elaborated. Three approaches to conceptualizing psychological studies that might avoid these difficulties are discussed and examined critically: phenomenology, hermeneutics and neorealism. In light of these considerations, psychological inquiry might best be understood as a pluralistic set of necessarily interpretative scholarly studies, warranted by epistemic, moral and existential/experiential considerations, in addition to relevant empirical demonstrations.
Grounded Theory Methodology
Authors: Rennie David L.
Published: March 2007

The originators of the grounded theory approach to qualitative research now disagree on certain procedural aspects of the methodology, while agreeing on others, and dispute its epistemological implications. In this article it is argued that the rift can be traced to a conflict over the logic of justification of the approach. Strauss and Corbin endorse Dewey's instrumentalism, including its prizing of the experimental method, and introduce a form of hypothetico-deductivism into the grounded theory method. Alternatively, although subscribing tacitly to the experimental method, Glaser does not tie it in with instrumentalism, and insists that grounded theory properly involves only the inductive phase of inquiry. It is argued that both instrumentalism and induction are inadequate as rationales for the grounded theory method. A new logic of justification, termed methodological hermeneutics and derived from Margolis's reconciliation of realism and relativism, has been developed by the author. When applied to the two positions, it leads to the conclusion that Glaser's procedures are the most consistent with the objectives of the method.
Experimental Effects
Authors: Sohn David
Published: March 2007

The psychological literature has little to say about the constancy of experimental effects, whether those effects are the same for all individuals or vary with the individual. Investigators rarely specify whether the effects noted in research findings apply to every individual or are an average of varying individual effects. Where it does address the matter at all, namely in experimental design texts, the literature gives conflicting messages. It is argued here that a deterministic view of causation, which is implied in most propositions in psychology, leads to the expectation that effects are constant. The problems and confusion that result from viewing such effects as variable are explicated. The consequences of not addressing the issue of effect constancy are to leave statements of findings and propositions unacceptably vague and to encourage, in general, imprecise thinking about substantive matters.
Time, Temporality and the Dynamics of Community
Authors: Kenyon Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Drawing on a qualitative study of `student areas', this article proposes a way forward for the sociological study of community. In charting the community lives of two separate groups - students and locals - the author argues that past emphases on the creation and maintenance of order, harmony and stability (or conversely the loss of such `community') have left the study of community analytically and conceptually underdeveloped. The article reveals that to fall short of harmony and stability does not necessarily mean that community itself is lost; community solidarities are by their very nature dynamic and flexible. What is found to be crucial for an understanding of this dynamic process of community is the relatively neglected issue of time.
Time and Social Theory
Authors: Nowotny Helga
Published: March 2007

The paper first discusses fundamental issues raised for social theory by the concept of `social time' and investigates how the concept is delineated from other discipline-embedded ones. The second section reviews the concept of social time in the work of major social theorists, notably Mead, Elias, Giddens and Luhmann. The link or lack thereof to human agency is considered crucial. The third section examines briefly the numerous empirical contributions to the study of time that cover a wide variety of subfields of social research. Finally the present potential for `time studies' in the social sciences is assessed.
The Juridical Matrix
Authors: Minkkinen Panu
Published: March 2007

... in opposition to the juridico-philosophical discourse that constructs itself around the problem of sovereignty and law, the discourse that interprets the permanent war in society is essentially politico-historical, an indeterminately critical and, at the same time, extremely mythical discourse in which truth func tions as a weapon to gain partisan victory. (Michel Foucault, 1989: 91)
Whose Rule of Law? Rethinking Post- Colonial Legal Culture in Hong Kong
Authors: Sin Wai Man  , Chu Yiu Wai
Published: March 2007

In postcolonial Hong Kong, the Rule of Law inherited from the colonizers has acquired the status of a grand narrative capable of masking its own injustices. This is made possible by the Occidentalization strategies employed by those in power, namely the government and the legal profession. The major injustice of the Rule of Law is in its construction of the standard of reasonableness. It is argued that for lin guistic, ethnic and structural reasons, reasonableness as construed in the legal dis course is culture-biased and marginalizes qing, which is a very important element of the cultural roots of the Hong Kong Chinese. The influence of this marginalization of qing is not limited to the legal discourse itself, but is further extended to the public sphere. In turn, in relation to the Rule of Law, the public sphere is rendered unable to perform the task of a 'warning system with sensors' as desired by Habermas.
What Is This Thing About Female Circumcision? Legal Education and Human Rights
Authors: Green Kate , Lim Hilary
Published: March 2007

The article explores the construction of Female Circumcision as the epitome of the challenge of cultural pluralism to universal human rights within human rights peda gogy. Three particular features of this construction are investigated. First, the horror of the practice seems to render other challenges invisible. As a result, it appears that the west is the place of normality, and other peoples have instead 'culture and tra dition'. Second, it is sited in a mythical 'Africa', fixed as one place and one time, with one 'victim', which includes not only the 'passive child' but also the 'dangerous African seductress'. Third, the pedagogic construction implicitly relies on the notion of the west's rational and autonomous human being. Among the many possibilities for discussion here, the article focuses on the two most significant to the argument: the child and the body. The article concludes that the pedagogic construction of Female Circumcision undermines the whole enterprise of gaining a deeper under standing of cultural pluralism and universalism. Incorporating discussion of body practices common in the west, including male circumcision, equally presents the danger of creating simple 'objects of study'. A way forward is consciously to seek in the classroom the multilayered awareness which is necessary to recognize our own limitations.
Dynamics of the Yugoslav Crisis
Authors: SIMIC PREDRAG
Published: March 2007

States use mediation as a foreign policy instrument. Their intervention as mediators is legitimized by the goal of conflict reduction, which they typically proclaim. The desire to make peace, however, is intertwined with other motives best described within the context of power politics.... Mediators are seldom indifferent to the terms being negotiated. Even when they seek peace, they try to avoid terms not in accord with their own interests, which usually allow a wider range of acceptable outcomes than the immediate interests of the parties.1
The Uneven Development of Suburbanization during Transition in Hungary
Authors: Timár Judit , Váradi Monika Mária
Published: March 2007

This paper considers how far suburbanization in Hungary has followed the Western model. The authors argue that the transition period, as a distinctive era, will not bring about fundamental changes in the cause-and-effect relationships of surburban development. The decisive role of capital in Hungarian suburbanization is evident in the uneven development of this spatial process. It is contended that the actors in the suburbanization of transition, although labelled ‘distinctive’ by some commentators, do not have a trajectory which is essentially different from that of their western counterparts. Differences arise from the means and pace of acquiring property and capital. As in advanced capitalism, suburbanization in Hungary results in social tensions, segregation and exclusion.
Regimes of Exclusion
Authors: Bulpett Carol
Published: March 2007

The concept of welfare regimes has a long pedigree inspired by the work of Gosta Esping-Andersen. This article seeks to examine the exclusionary effects of contrasting systems of welfare as manifested within two of Esping-Andersen’s regime categories, the conservative regime of Germany and the liberal regime of the UK. Using a case-study approach, empirical research has centred on social housing provision in the northern German city of Hamburg and the southern English city of Southampton. These case-studies demonstrate how different regimes produce different variants of social policy despite very similar objectives. The resulting manifestations of exclusion reflect the ideology of the underlying systems as Esping-Andersen’s categories have indicated. The aim of this paper is therefore to examine the manifestations of exclusion as operationalized by contrasting welfare regimes. These exclusionary tendencies are placed within the ideological discourse of citizenship as currently illustrated by the contrasting states, while the continuing relevance of Esping-Andersen’s regime categories are reexamined.
Regional Development Agencies in Western Europe
Authors: Halkier Henrik , Danson Mike
Published: March 2007

Regional development agencies (RDAs) have played an important role in the rise of bottom-up regional policy in western Europe, and it is often maintained that the RDA approach offers a significant supplement or alternative to the traditional financial incentives of central government. A 'model RDA' is expected to be a semi-autonomous public body and to develop an integrated strategy that primarily aims at strengthening the indigenous sector of the economy.

This article discusses the findings of a survey of selected development bodies in eight western European countries undertaken in order to identify systematic differences between various types of regionally-based development bodies and illuminate possible origins of this pattern. Key characteristics with regard to organization, policy programmes and modes of implementation are examined, and on the basis of this a typology of regionally based development bodies is proposed and possible origins of these patterns considered.

The analysis concludes that only half of them comply with the requirements of a model RDA while the other half mainly concentrate on a limited number of often rather traditional policy programmes. Three distinct types of model RDAs can be identified on the basis of policy profiles and organizational resources, and preliminary probing of the possible origins of this diversity suggests the importance of factors such as the surrounding political institutional environment and regional policy paradigm prevailing when the organization was created.
The Problem of Psychosocial Distress and the Crisis in Psychology
Authors: Rieber Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposed a new model of psychosocial stress in the light of changing social norms and value orientation. It is argued that the prevalent psychosocial distress underscores the emergence of psycbopathy in everyday life. In today's world, psychopathy is becoming a norm and is sustained by social and political institutions. The article discusses the consequent crisis of psychology in Russia and the United States. A need to develop a unifying science with less rigid professional and disciplinary boundaries is highlighted
The Relevance of Psychology in a Developing Country: Examples from Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Das J.P.
Published: March 2007

The paper explores the relevance of psychology in a developing country, India, with the help of examples from cognitive assessment. A model of cognitive processes called PASS (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous and Successive Processing) is proposed. The model suggests that cognition can be understood as the result of the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems which influence each other. The paper con cludes that the distinction between pure and applied psychology is false and psychologists have an important role to play in developing societies.
Psychology and Development: A Conceptual Itinerary
Authors: Zaman Arshad , Zaman Riffat Moazam
Published: March 2007

This paper suggests that psychology can contribute to a better understanding of conditions prevailing in "underdeveloped" countries. To do so, however, psychologists must overcome psychology's almost exclusive focus on the individual; and economists, the tendency of their discipline to look at "developing"societies not in terms of their own experience but in terms of the experience of European-type societies. With these shifts, the paper proposes a three-point strategy: (a) "underdevelopment" should be defined not in terms of deficits of wealth and capital accumulation, but in terms of appropriately selected psychological variables (for example, by combining Hirschman's Exit-Voice- Loyalty framework with Bandura's social cognitive theory, deficits of perceived self- efficacy-at individual and collective levels—can provide a potential alternative definition); (b) an ideographic theory of "social helplessness" is then sketched" in the light of historical experience for Pakistan; and (c) the possibility of psychosocial therapeutic (or, policy) interventions are then examined with reference especially to Bandura's work on human agency and Beck's work on treatment of depression. In conclusion, the paper calls for a greater consensus on the paradigm proposed, or extensions of it, before further research takes place.
A Note on an Indigenous Approach to Understanding Sorrow
Authors: Verma Jyoti
Published: March 2007

A study of the religio-philosophical texts reveals that the Indian way of examining a problem is to reach for the very root of the problem by unearthing its cause or causes and identifying the underlying psychological processes. This perspective involves a search for enduring solutions rather than short-term palliations. Understanding the etiology of a problem paves the way for the emergence of the solution which becomes self-evident at that point.

The present paper analyses sorrow and attempts to go into its etiology in the light of what has been said on the subject in the Indian religio-philosophical literature. Accordingly, it is suggested that the reasons for sorrow are: (a) the conception of a limited self; (b) the emergence of the quality of restless mobility or rajoguna; (c) dependence on external objects as sources of sukha (pleasure); and (d) the fear of separation from the source of sukha.
Social Distress; through Perceptions of the Berlin Wall Before and After the Fall: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rieber Robert W.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, an analysis of the representations and symbolism manifested on the Berlin Wall and their meanings both before and after the fall of the Wall have been presented. It was hypothesised that due to rapid social changes as a conse quence of the unification of Germany there has been an increase in social dis tress. Both qualitative and quantitative data have been examined. A model of social distress has been presented and explicated. Particular institutions where social distress is at work and reasons for the increase in social distress are also discussed.
Four Different Meanings of "Being Poor"
Authors: Hundeide Karsten
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on human construction of meaning and psychological poverty in the context of economic poverty of four different communities: Begumpur—slumdwellers of Patna, India; Simpruk—slumdwellers of Jakarta; homeless poor in U.S.; and, Jews of East Europe. These four communities gave four different reconstructions of their similar situations. The Begumpur population believed that everything in life happens according to a predestined pattern leaving no room for individual effort. For the Simpruk slumdwellers fate determines the possibilities of life and the fulfilment of these depends upon personal effort. The Western slumdwellers with their individualist and materalistic orientation put great emphasis on individual effort and personal success. Their failure in this context gives rise to a combination of guilt, resignation, inferiority feelings and hatred towards authorities. The East European Jews are more pragmatic in their orientation. They face the challenges of everyday living through a practical tradition of skills in trade and economy and a literary tradition of transcendental reconstructions. This most successful reconstruction of their poverty situation provides them with long term coping benefits.
Sculpting Population Policies: Some Issues
Authors: Rao Mohan , Jain Devaki
Published: March 2007

The Singamma Sreenivasan Foundation, Bangalore, and the Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, had organised a Colloquium on Population Policies in Bangalore on 19 and 20 November 2000. Com prising academics, policy makers and activists from the southern states, this Col loquium yielded a rich corpus of ideas on issues related to health and population. In order to disseminate these further, to stimulate informed opinion and a wider public debate, and indeed to influence policy makers at the Centre, a Second Colloquium on Population Policies was organised in New Delhi on 21 and 22 April 2001. In addition to academics and activists from the health movement, the Colloquium also involved a wide range of women's groups, especially those seriously involved in health and population issues and dalit groups. This paper summarises the main threads of the discussion at the Colloquium. Briefly describing the National Population Policy 2000, the paper analyses the population policies of five Indian states that were the focus of the discussions at this Colloquium. Following this is a summary of the extraordinarily rich discussions that ensued.
Gendered Nation, Gendered Peace
Authors: Mohsin Amena
Published: March 2007

The modern state embodies and promotes hegemonic and masculine values, silenc ing the voices of minorities and women. This paper attempts to show in the context of Bangladesh how the use of the category 'nation' has resulted in the marginalisation of women generally as well as of minorities, specifically in the Chittagong Hill Tracts.
Methodological Issues in Science and Technology Policy Research: Technological Capability
Authors: Adboye Titus , Clark Norman
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses how best to conduct research on problems of science and technology (S&T) policy, with particular reference to African economic development in the context of the recent policy climate associated' with structural adjustment measures advocated by bodies such as the World Bank. It argues that since S&T policy is really concerned with the long-term structural evolution of economic systems, the methodological problems involved in studying associated issues need to transcend the methodological approaches of individual disciplines like economics. Taking inspiration from recent innovation literature the paper goes on to suggest an inter disciplinary approach involving comparative case studies and close links with client sectors.
To Create an Industry: The Growth of Consumer Electronics Manufacturing in Mexico and Taiwan
Authors: Lowe Nichola , Kenney Martin
Published: March 2007

In 1970, an observer of the investment by the consumer electronics multinationals in Mexico and Taiwan could not have predicted the marked difference in the develop ment of these two nations. The contrast between the Mexican and Taiwanese elec tronics industry could not be more striking—Taiwan's electronics industry was a result of expanding foreign direct investment. Taiwan experienced an expansion of foreign exchange, employment and development of assembler-supplier relations. But, most importantly, it developed local firms capable of supplying these foreign assemblers. Among the Latin American nations, Mexico received the preponderance of investment in consumer electronics. Unlike in Taiwan, investments in Mexico never led to the development of an indigenous industry nor created a synergy between the assemblers and the local suppliers. This paper explores the reasons for the divergence between the two economies, related to the investor's objectives, the investor's position in the international market, and the specific regional location of production chosen for each nationllocality. A complete and historically accurate understanding of the divergence between these two countries can be obtained by examining firm and general industry strategies regarding production and production location between 1965 and 1982. This permits a nuanced understanding of the complexities of local industrial development and the potential role of the foreign investor and, in the process, move beyond simplified arguments about the centrality of the state industrical development.
On the Margins of Utopia—One more look at Mughal Painting
Authors: Juneja Monica
Published: March 2007

Can a notion of 'utopia' be recovered within a pre-modern, non-European cultural setting, that of the Mughal court? This paper looks for the articulation of this topos as a discursive practice within the spaces of visual representation. It argues that utopia was not conceptualised as an unattainable vision projected onto the future, rather it repre sented an ideal located in the present, one which constituted the present, for time itself was no longer imagined as structured in linear progression. Painted images have been explored as the location of a 'lieu idéologique', and at the same time as spaces from where the persuasive force of ideal visions could be undermined.
Women's Time in the Havelis of North India
Authors: Dalal Urvashi
Published: March 2007

Time in the havelis, as in other medieval habitats, was put to social use and shared by the family, though unequally, by its men, women and children. Since it was determined by patriarchy, the time of the havelis' women was distributed around the axis of men's concerns, and thus denied the former an autonomy over it. This was the structural reality; the existential level ex hibits women assuming control over their time. The control developed as they asserted themselves as conscious human beings in order to create space/ power against their confinement by patriarchy. Patriarchy homogenised wom en's time across class divisions, but it was the social culture of each class that differentiated it; time was stratified by the social culture of leisure identified with the class dwelling in these habitats.
Multinational Banking in Pakistan
Authors: Mohammad Hanif Akhtar
Published: March 2007

This study proposes to fill the gap in the literature available by examining the factor affecting the expansion of foreign banks in Pakistan. It takes an overview of the trends and dynamics of the activities of foreign banks in the economy. An investigation is made to explore the factors that motivate foreign banks for doing busi ness in Pakistan. Findings of the survey reveal the fact that profitability, trade financing, following the clients, diversifying the risk and market size are important factors for the presence of foreign banks in the country.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A BRITISH ICE HOCKEY AUDIENCE
Authors: Crawford Garry
Published: March 2007

This article presents a consideration of the major findings from 1425 respondents to two large-scale questionnaire-based surveys of supporters of the British ice hockey club Manchester Storm conducted in 1998 and 1999. It is the intention of this article to provide a source of comparative information on a relatively under-researched audience and as a basis for continuing research on sport audiences, both in Britain and internationally. These surveys suggest that the audience at Manchester Storm is primarily composed of local, mixed gender, family based units, with a large proportion of respondents with what would appear to be relatively affluent occupations and incomes, and is significantly different in profile to that witnessed at many other British mass spectator sports.
Selective Representation of Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality in American Television Coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympics
Authors: Billings Andrew C. , Eastman Susan Tyler
Published: March 2007

Past research of American Olympic telecasts has suggested that gender, ethnic, and national biases may hide within prime-time network telecasts. Analysis of host and reporter commentary in the 2000 Sydney Olympics confirmed that men athletes, Whites, and Americans continued to be the most-mentioned and most-positively portrayed in the television coverage, yielding more than their fair share of coverage. Analysis of gendered coverage showed that men were characterized as being more athletic and more committed than women athletes, and, in addition, men received over half of all airtime and of all mentions of athletes. Analyses of ethnicity showed that White athletes were portrayed as succeeding because of commitment, whereas Black athletes succeeded because of innate athletic skills. Analyses of nationalism found that the most-mentioned athletes and half of all athletes mentioned were American participants. Such differential treatment has significant implications for the development of American viewers’ self-identity, particularly for children and teenagers.
SOCCER SUPPORT AND SOCIAL IDENTITY
Authors: Hughson John
Published: March 2007

This article uses elements of postmodernist spatial theory to explain aspects of ethnic identity among a group of soccer `hooligans' who follow a traditionally Croatian-based team in Australia's premier soccer competition. While not supporting the practices of vilification evident in the group, the article seeks to understand the significance of such practices from the subcultural perspective of its members. To this end Soja's concept of `Thirdspace' and Bhabha's related concept of `third space' are used to explain how members of the group found a metaphorical space within the soccer stadium to construct a unique social identity.
SOME CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS IN ELITE SPORTSMEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARDS THEIR BODIES
Authors: Loland Nina Waaler
Published: March 2007

This article examines some tensions related to how male bodybuilders, ski jumpers, and soccer players view their bodies. Both ski jumpers and soccer players displayed a functional orientation toward their bodies, while the ski jumpers strove for a thin and light body that would improve the length of their jumps. Soccer players also had somewhat diverse body ideals, as the game requires different skills. Bodybuilders were primarily concerned with appearance, especially size. There also was an association between concern about appearance and dissatisfaction with one's body. Ski jumpers and soccer players were less concerned than the bodybuilders were with their public image and were also more satisfied with their looks. The study indicates that athletes' perceptions of their bodies depend upon the sporting contexts, and that there are tensions between athletes' perceptions of their bodies and the cultural ideals associated with men's bodies at large.
Exploration of the Relationship between International Experiences and the Interdisciplinary Work of University Faculty
Authors: Vincenti Virginia B.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the published literature to obtain a better understanding about how international and, more generally, intercultural experiences might facilitate the development of interdisciplinary faculty work in higher education. More specifically, it examines characteristics of interdisciplinary individuals, benefits of international/intercultural experiences to travelers, the qualities needed for intercultural effectiveness, university disciplines as cultures, and how the relationship between international/intercultural experience is similar to interdisciplinary experience and competence. Finally, it addresses questions for future research.
International Dimensions of Higher Education in Hong Kong: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Teather David C. , Hsang Herbert H. , Chang Wendy W.Y.
Published: March 2007

This discussion con s at an important time in Hong Kong's history, a it will end 155 years under British rule and fall under the sovereignty of China on July 1, 1997.

The article discusses the growth of Hong Kong into an economy powerhouse and how it has utilized international education to achieve this lofty status. Topics covered include the many challenges faced in the 21st century, from the perspective of the higher education sector itself-its institutions, students, and faculty groups. Hong Kong's expansion program, which was initiated in 1989, has faced several challenges that may very well impact on the success of the program. These concern include maintaining high quality and language standards, efficient use of resources, employment opportunities for graduates, and the need to maintain world-class faculty at the higher education institutions. Finally, there is a discussion of the prospect for internationalization after Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
Feminist Critiques of the Separative Model of Self
Authors: ENGLAND PAULA , KILBOURNE BARBARA STANEK
Published: March 2007

The article applies the radical-cultural feminist critique of the separative model of self to rational choice theories. Four assumptions of neoclassical economics-the “ideal type” of rational choice theories-are identified: selfishness; that interpersonal utility comparisons are impossible; that tastes are exogenous and unchanging; and that individuals are rational. For the most part, sociological versions of rational choice theories rely on these same assumptions. The article shows that a separative rather than a connected model of the self underlies each of these assumptions.
On the Need to Make a Better Job of Justifying Rational Choice Theory
Authors: FARMER MARY K.
Published: March 2007

Smelser sees the principle attraction of the rational choice approach as its potential to produce “analytically simple” models that generate clear empirical predictions and its fundamental problem as the “lack of realism,” which he believes this necessitates. It is argued that, on the contrary, it is the ontological realism of the approach that is its strength. Rational choice theory assumes that humans are purposive actors. This insight is more general than the culturally specific assumptions (e.g., of wealth maximizing behavior) common in economics, and, appropriately embedded in institutionally and culturally specific models, it generates explanatory theories whose power rests on their claim to correctly identify the mechanisms that produce observable social consequences. Such rational choice models can be demonstrated to have clear retrodictive empirical implications. These provide a better test of the power of the explanations than any attempt to predict future social outcomes, because, of its nature, the human social world is relatively unpredictable and uncertain.
Experiments with Social Traps III
Authors: RAPOPORT ANATOL , DIEKMANN ANDREAS , FRANZEN AXEL
Published: March 2007

A coalition is usually assumed to involve an agreement, explicit or implicit, among several actors (individuals or organizations) to cooperate in pursuit of a common interest. Typically members of a coalition regard such cooperation in their own individual interest only if others continue to cooperate. Thus violation of the agreement holding the coalition together by some members often instigates others to defect, and the process becomes self-reinforcing. The effect is demonstrated in an experiment with a Tragedy of the Commons type game, in which one of the players, a confederate of the experimenter, (the “stooge”) grossly violates apparent expectations of the others. Measures of the amount of cooperation (or noncooperation) before and after the stooge's intervention are related to the presence or absence of preliminary discussion and to the number of players.
On Modeling Interpersonal Behavior
Authors: Mueller Dennis C.
Published: March 2007

Julian Simon proposes a model of resource allocation decisions that not only explains market transactions but that also makes sense of the seemingly noneconomic phenomena of gift giving. However, Simon's model can be seen as just one case of a more general formal model of rational decision making on the basis of particular constraints and preferences. This general model produces both positive, testable predictions and (despite Simon's denials) a useful basis for normative debates. It could also provide a common theoretical framework for all the behavioral sciences.
A PARADIGM FOR SOCIAL CAPITAL
Authors: Sandefur Rebecca L. , Laumann Edward O.
Published: March 2007

This paper reconsiders James S. Coleman's concept of social capital. The concept has gained wide use and acceptance in sociology since its first publication, but, Coleman's own writings on the subject remain to date its most extensive analytic treatment. We make two contributions to social capital theory. First, we recast social capital theory to focus on benefits rather than forms. We identify three benefits that forms of social capital may confer: information, influence and control, and social solidarity. In the context of a focus on benefits, we consider how a specific form of social capital may vary in the degree to which its benefits generalize to different kinds of goals, and how forms that are valuable for some purposes may be a liability for other purposes. Second, we emphasize social capital's origin in aspects of social structure that actors may appropriate to use in their interests. We suggest how changes in the social structure of which social capital is an aspect may affect the emergence and persistence of forms of social capital and may condition the value of given forms.
Utilising the Concept of Protection in Health Maintenance among the Bena in Tanzania
Authors: Juntunen Anitta , Nikkonen Merja , Janhonen Sirpa
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a study of the protective health care actions by the Bena. The article is based on an ethnographic research project that dealt with cultural care among the Bena tribe in the Ilembula villages in Tanzania. The data were collected with open-ended interviews and participatory observation. Forty-nine villagers were interviewed. The findings show that childhood and adulthood include some sensitive phases of the Bena life span that require protective actions to ensure reproductive, physical, and mental health. The following main protective actions were related to health protection in the sensitive phases: taking local herbs, avoiding sexual relations, hiding menstruation and early pregnancy from others, avoiding contacts with magic, avoiding kitchen work, using one’s own utensils, and omitting greeting others.
Qualitative Health Research in Ibero-America: The Current State of the Science
Authors: Gastaldo Denise , Mercado-Martinez Francisco J. , Ramasco-Gutierrez Milagros , Lizardi-Gomez Alejandra , Gil-Nebot María Ángeles
Published: March 2007

Qualitative health research (QHR) comprises a field that has spread and consolidated in Ibero-America (Iberian and Latin American countries) during the 1990s. Until now, however, no systematic evaluation has been made of the qualitative health research published in the region. The aim of this article is to discuss four aspects of QHR: the capability and limitations of using international databases to identify Ibero-American qualitative health studies; the principle health topics studied in Latin America using QHR methodologies; the development of QHR in Spain; and the theoretical perspectives that guide studies in Latin America.

A bibliographic search was conducted to identify QHR studies listed in 17 international and/or regional databases. A parallel search was conducted by contacting research centers, academic institutes, and key researchers in several countries.