bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inversion of droplet aerosol analyzer data for long-term aerosol-cloud interaction measurements
Authors: Berghof M. I. A. , Frank G. P. , Sjogren S. , Martinsson B. G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The droplet aerosol analyzer (DAA) was developed to study the influence of aerosol properties on clouds. It measures the ambient particle size of individual droplets and interstitial particles, the size of the dry (residual) particles after the evaporation of water, and the number concentration of the dry (residual) particles. A method was developed for the evaluation of DAA data to obtain the three-parameter dataset: ambient particle diameter, dry (residual) particle diameter and number concentration. First results from in-cloud measurements performed on the summit of Mt. Brocken in Germany are presented. Various aspects of the cloud aerosol dataset are presented, such as the number concentration of interstitial particles and cloud droplets, the dry residue particle size distribution, droplet size distributions, scavenging ratios due to cloud droplet formation and size-dependent solute concentrations. This dataset makes it possible to study clouds and the influence of the aerosol population on clouds.
Soil physical restrictions and hydrology regulate stand age and wood biomass turnover rates of Purus–Madeira interfluvial wetlands in Amazonia
Authors: Cintra B. B. L. , Schietti J. , Emillio T. , Martins D. , Moulatlet G. , Souza P. , Levis C. , Quesada C. A. , Schöngart J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In Amazonia, wetlands constitute about 30% of its entire basin, of which ancient fluvial terraces located in vast interfluvial regions cover a large portion. Although the increased number of permanent plots in the recent years has contributed to improved understanding of regional variation in forest dynamics across the Amazon Basin, the functioning of large lowland interfluvial wetlands remain poorly understood. Here we present the first field-based estimate for tree ages, wood biomass productivity and biomass turnover rates for eight 1 ha plots in wetland and non-flooded forests distributed along the BR-319 Highway along a distance of about 600 km crossing the Purus–Madeira rivers interfluvial region in central-southwestern Amazon Basin. We estimate stand age, wood biomass productivity and biomass turnover rates combining tree-ring data and an allometric equation based on diameter, tree height and wood density and relate these structural parameters to physical soil and hydrological restrictions. Wood biomass and productivity varied twofold among the plots, with wood biomass stocks ranging between 138–294 Mg ha−1 and productivity varying between 3.4–6.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Soil effective depth, topography, structure and mainly soil water saturation significantly affected stand age (64–103 yr) and forest dynamics in terms of annual biomass turnover rates (2.0–3.2%). On harsher soils characterized by a poor structure, low effective depth and high water saturation, biomass turnover rates were increased and forests stands were younger compared to well-drained sites. We suggest that soil constraints, especially soil water saturation, limit the development of the stand structure, resulting in forests with younger stand ages and higher biomass turnover rates compared to forests growing on well-drained soils. We do not find, however, any relation between physical soil restrictions or hydrology and wood biomass productivity, but there is a trend of increasing wood biomass productivity and phosphorus concentrations at the soil surface. Based on our results we establish hypotheses for different dynamical processes between forests growing on waterlogged and well-drained soils and discuss how these results can be applied in the background of conservation as well as the potential development of forest management plans in this region, which will experience increased deforestation due to the construction of the BR-319 Highway crossing the interfluvial region of the Purus–Madeira rivers.
A neural network-based estimate of the seasonal to inter-annual variability of the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink
Authors: Landschützer P. , Gruber N. , Bakker D. C. E. , Schuster U. , Nakaoka S. , Payne M. R. , Sasse T. P. , Zeng J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Atlantic Ocean is one of the most important sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), but this sink has been shown to vary substantially in time. Here we use surface ocean CO2 observations to estimate this sink and the temporal variability from 1998 through 2007 in the Atlantic Ocean. We benefit from (i) a continuous improvement of the observations, i.e. the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) v1.5 database and (ii) a newly developed technique to interpolate the observations in space and time. In particular, we use a two-step neural network approach to reconstruct basin-wide monthly maps of the sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) at a resolution of 1° × 1°. From those, we compute the air–sea CO2 flux maps using a standard gas exchange parameterization and high-resolution wind speeds. The neural networks fit the observed pCO2 data with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 10 μatm and with almost no bias. A check against independent time-series data and new data from SOCAT v2 reveals a larger RMSE of 22.8 μatm for the entire Atlantic Ocean, which decreases to 16.3 μatm for data south of 40° N. We estimate a decadal mean uptake flux of −0.45 ± 0.15 Pg C yr−1 for the Atlantic between 44° S and 79° N, representing the sum of a strong uptake north of 18° N (−0.39 ± 0.10 Pg C yr−1), outgassing in the tropics (18° S–18° N, 0.11 ± 0.07 Pg C yr−1), and uptake in the subtropical/temperate South Atlantic south of 18° S (−0.16 ± 0.06 Pg C yr−1), consistent with recent studies. The strongest seasonal variability of the CO2 flux occurs in the temperature-driven subtropical North Atlantic, with uptake in winter and outgassing in summer. The seasonal cycle is antiphased in the subpolar latitudes relative to the subtropics largely as a result of the biologically driven winter-to-summer drawdown of CO2. Over the 10 yr analysis period (1998 through 2007), sea surface pCO2 increased faster than that of the atmosphere in large areas poleward of 40° N, while in other regions of the North Atlantic the sea surface pCO2 increased at a slower rate, resulting in a barely changing Atlantic carbon sink north of the Equator (−0.01 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−1 decade−1). Surface ocean pCO2 increased at a slower rate relative to atmospheric CO2 over most of the Atlantic south of the Equator, leading to a substantial trend toward a stronger CO2 sink for the entire South Atlantic (−0.14 ± 0.02 Pg C yr−1 decade−1). In contrast to the 10 yr trends, the Atlantic Ocean carbon sink varies relatively little on inter-annual timescales (±0.04 Pg C yr−1; 1 σ).
Origin of lipid biomarkers in mud volcanoes from the Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean
Authors: López-Rodríguez C. , Stadnitskaia A. , De Lange G. J. , Martínez-Ruíz F. , Comas M. , Sinninghe Damsté J. S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Mud volcanoes (MVs) are the most prominent indicators of active methane/hydrocarbon venting at the seafloor on both passive and active continental margins. Their occurrence in the Western Mediterranean is patent at the West Alboran Basin, where numerous MVs develop overlaying a major sedimentary depocenter containing overpressured shales. Although some of these MVs have been studied, the detailed biogeochemistry of expelled mud so far has not been examined in detail. This work provides the first results on the composition and origin of organic matter, Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM) processes and general characteristics on MV dynamics using lipid biomarkers as the main tool. Lipid biomarker analysis was performed on MV expelled material (mud breccias) and interbedded hemipelagic sediments from Perejil, Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs located in the northwest margin of the Alboran Sea. The n-alkane-distributions and n-alkane-derived indices (CPI and ACL), in combination with the epimerization degree of hopanes (22S/(22S + 22R)) indicate that all studied mud breccia have a similar biomarker composition consisting of mainly thermally immature organic matter with an admixture of petroleum-derived compounds. This concordant composition indicates that common source strata must feed all three studied MVs. The past or present AOM activity was established using lipid biomarkers specific for anaerobic methanotropic archaea (irregular isoprenoids and DGDs) and the depleted carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of crocetane/phytane. The presence of these lipid biomarkers, together with the low amounts of detected GDGTs, is consistent with the dominance of anaerobic methanotrophs of the ANME-2 over ANME-1, at least in mud breccia from Perejil MVs. In contrast, the scarce presence or lack of these AOM-related lipid biomarkers in sediments from Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs, suggest no recent active methane seepage has occurred at these sites. Moreover, the observed methane concentrations support the current activity of Perejil MV, and the very low methane seepage activity in Kalinin and Schneider's Heart MVs.
Upstream to downstream: a multiple-assessment-point approach for targeting non-point-source priority management areas at large watershed scale
Authors: Chen L. , Zhong Y. , Wei G. , Shen Z.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The identification of priority management areas (PMAs) is essential for the control of non-point source (NPS) pollution, especially for a large-scale watershed. However, previous studies have typically focused on small-scale catchments adjacent to specific assessment points; thus, the interactions between multiple river points remain poorly understood. In this study, a multiple-assessment-point PMA (MAP-PMA) framework was proposed by integrating the upstream sources and the downstream transport aspects of NPS pollution. Based on the results, the integration of the upstream input changes was vital for the final PMAs map, especially for downstream areas. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this research recommended that the NPS pollutants could be best controlled among the upstream high-level PMAs when protecting the water quality of the entire watershed. The MAP-PMA framework provided a more cost-effective tool for the establishment of conservation practices, especially for a large-scale watershed.
Technical Note: Alternative in-stream denitrification equation for the INCA-N model
Authors: Etheridge J. R. , Birgand F. , Burchell II M. R. , Lepistö A. , Rankinen K. , Granlund K.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Integrated Catchment model for Nitrogen (INCA-N) is a semi-distributed, process based model that has been used to model the impacts of land use, climate, and land management changes on hydrology and nitrogen loading. An observed problem with the INCA-N model is reproducing low nitrate-nitrogen concentrations during the summer growing season in some catchments. In this study, the current equation used to simulate the rate of in-stream denitrification was replaced with an alternate equation that uses a mass transfer coefficient and the stream bottom area. The results of simulating in-stream denitrification using the two different methods were compared for a 9 month simulation period of the Yläneenjoki catchment in Finland. The alternate equation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.59) simulated concentrations during the growing season that were closer to the observed concentrations than the current equation (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.47). The results of this work promote the incorporation of the alternate equation into the model for further testing.
Mapping wave set-up near a complex geometric urban coastline
Authors: Soomere T. , Pindsoo K. , Bishop S. R. , Käärd A. , Valdmann A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Wave induced set-up is a process that leads to increased water levels in coastal regions. When coupled with storm conditions, wave set-up – or, for brevity, set-up – can significantly increase the risk of flooding or structural damage and therefore is of particular importance when considering coastal management or issues related to the planning of nearshore infrastructures. Here, we investigate the effects of set-up in the coastal region of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea, close to Tallinn, Estonia, although the results will have wider relevance for many other areas. Due to a lack of continuous wave data we employ modelling to provide input data using a calculation scheme based on a high-resolution (470 m) spectral wave model WAM to replicate spatial patterns of wave properties based on high-quality, instrument-measured wind data from the neighbourhood of the study site. The results indicate that for the specific geometry of coastline under consideration, there is a variation in set-up which is strongly affected by wind direction. The maximum set-up values are up to 70–80 cm in selected locations. This is more than 50% of the all-time maximum water level and thus may serve as a substantial source of marine hazard for several low-lying regions around the city. Wind directions during storms have changed in recent years and, with climate variability potentially increasing, these results will encourage further tests which may be used in a policy setting regarding defences or other structures in and around coastlines. In particular, with urban development now taking place in many coastal regions (including the one within this study) these results have implications for local planners. They may also be incorporated into new storm warning systems.
Adaptability and transferability of flood loss functions in residential areas
Authors: Cammerer H. , Thieken A. H. , Lammel J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Flood loss modeling is an important component within flood risk assessments. Traditionally, stage-damage functions are used for the estimation of direct monetary damage to buildings. Although it is known that such functions are governed by large uncertainties, they are commonly applied – even in different geographical regions – without further validation, mainly due to the lack of real damage data. Until now, little research has been done to investigate the applicability and transferability of such damage models to other regions. In this study, the last severe flood event in the Austrian Lech Valley in 2005 was simulated to test the performance of various damage functions from different geographical regions in Central Europe for the residential sector. In addition to common stage-damage curves, new functions were derived from empirical flood loss data collected in the aftermath of recent flood events in neighboring Germany. Furthermore, a multi-parameter flood loss model for the residential sector was adapted to the study area and also evaluated with official damage data. The analysis reveals that flood loss functions derived from related and more similar regions perform considerably better than those from more heterogeneous data sets of different regions and flood events. While former loss functions estimate the observed damage well, the latter overestimate the reported loss clearly. To illustrate the effect of model choice on the resulting uncertainty of damage estimates, the current flood risk for residential areas was calculated. In the case of extreme events like the 300 yr flood, for example, the range of losses to residential buildings between the highest and the lowest estimates amounts to a factor of 18, in contrast to properly validated models with a factor of 2.3. Even if the risk analysis is only performed for residential areas, our results reveal evidently that a carefree model transfer in other geographical regions might be critical. Therefore, we conclude that loss models should at least be selected or derived from related regions with similar flood and building characteristics, as far as no model validation is possible. To further increase the general reliability of flood loss assessment in the future, more loss data and more comprehensive loss data for model development and validation are needed.
Spring-time zooplankton size structure over the continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay
Authors: Vandromme P. , Nogueira E. , Huret M. , Lopez-Urrutia Á , González-Nuevo González G. , Sourisseau M. , Petitgas P.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Linking lower to higher trophic levels requires a special focus on the pivotal role played by mid-trophic levels, i.e. the zooplankton. One of the most relevant information on zooplankton in term of fluxes of matter lies in its size structure. We present here an extensive dataset of size measurements covering part of the western European shelf and slope, from the Galician coast to the Ushant front, during springs from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton size spectra were estimated using both measurements carried out in situ by the Laser-Optical Plankton Counter (LOPC, 816 records) and WP2 net (200 μm mesh size) samples scanned following the ZooScan methodology and image analysis (a total of 89 samples were analyzed). The LOPC counts and sizes all particles in the range 100 to 2000 μm of spherical equivalent diameter (ESD) whereas the WP2/ZooScan allows the counting, sizing and identification of zooplankton from ~400 μm ESD. The difference between the LOPC (all particles) and the WP2/ZooScan (zooplankton only) is assumed to provide the size distribution of non-living particles whose descriptors are further related to a set of explanatory variables (including physical, biological and geographic descriptors). A statistical correction based on these explanatory variables is then applied to LOPC measurements to removed the part due to non-living particles and estimate zooplankton size spectra. This extensive data set provides a new look at regional and inter-annual variability of the pelagic ecosystem of the Bay of Biscay.
The Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production in Swaziland: The case of Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme
Authors: Nkondze Majahodvwa S. , Masuku Micah B. , Manyatsi Absalom M.
Published: November 2013

This study sought to investigate the impact of climate change on livestock production at the Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme in Swaziland. Primary data were collected using an interview schedule from 323 sampled households. Climate data were collected from the Swaziland Meteorology Department and Livestock data were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture. Perceptions of households and climate data were used to establish climate patterns in Mpolonjeni Area Development Programme. The Recardian regression model and descriptive statistics were used to establish the impact of climate change on livestock production. A total of 99.4% of the respondents suggested that temperatures were increasing whilst 98% felt that rainfall patterns were erratic. About 95% of the respondents have experienced drought at some point in time. Results of the Ricardian model showed that goats net revenue was sensitive to winter temperature, winter temperature squared, winter rainfall and winter rainfall squared. The study concludes that climate change impacts negatively on livestock production and thus livestock owners need touseclimate change adaptation strategies, adapt especially when it comes to drinking water sources for the animals. In case of poor rainfall, farmers need to provide their animals with drinking water. Government should assist livestock farmers with reliable water sources such as canals and dams.
Development Strategy of Seaweed Aquaculture Business in Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia
Authors: S Sunadji , S Muhammad , A Tjahjono , H Riniwati
Published: November 2013

Seaweed is a main commodity in fisheries revitalization plan other than shrimp and tuna because it has some excellence, such as: export opportunities that are widely opened, price that is relatively stable, absence of trade quota for seaweed; simple cultivation technology that makes it easy-learned; short-term of cultivation cycle that gives profit fast; small amount of capital needs; seaweed belongs to unchangeable commodity because it has no synthetic changes; seaweed aquaculture is considered as labor-intensive business that requires some labors. Kupang Regency has potential area for seaweed aquaculture by 10.354,07 ha and newly-utilized area by 10 % in 2010. Seaweed aquaculture business in Kupang Regency is conducted by home industry. Government policy which is represented by Fisheries and Marine Services of Kupang Regency is still partially implemented. This study aims to acquaint development strategy of seaweed aquaculture business in Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Applied research method is survey, population of seaweed cultivators, while the applied data analysis is SWOT analysis. Result of analysis based on SWOT analysis shows that development of seaweed aquaculture ranks in first quadrant position meaning that applied strategy is Progressive or Aggressive strategy. Progressive development strategy of seaweed business can be carried out by: production harvest escalation, quality and continuity of seaweed increase, labor increment and area utilization, as well as government role increment in capital and institutional development.
User Engagement with Mental Health Videos on YouTube
Authors: Oliphant Tami
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Mental health is a primary determinant of well-being, and as more people look online for mental health information, YouTube is an increasingly important information source. Although authoritative organizations such as the World Health Organization post videos to YouTube, when retrieved these videos are interspersed with personal, commercial, governmental, television or other media segments, and institutional videos. YouTube was searched for videos on mental health to measure user engagement with these videos. It was hypothesized that videos posted to YouTube that contained personal narratives would generate more user engagement in terms of more video view counts, likes, and number of comments. Methods: YouTube was searched for mental health information using three different search terms and phrases: “depression,” “bipolar disorder,” and “mental health.” The first 20 results for the terms depression and bipolar disorder were screen captured and for the search phrase mental health the first 40 videos were screen captured. All 80 videos were categorized according to video producer type and analyzed using YouTube metrics including number of “likes,” view counts, and comments to measure user engagement with the videos. Results: The majority of videos returned in the top results were posted by laypersons and the videos focus on the poster's personal experience (38%) followed by videos produced for television and other media (29%). Videos that contain personal narratives and experiential knowledge generate the most user engagement and are preferred sources for users searching for mental health information. Discussion: Users’ greater engagement with personal videos indicates that there is an important role for librarians and information professionals in assisting users in deciding what mental health information is accurate, authoritative, and reliable regardless of the authority of the video producer. In addition, the results of this research might inform best practices for professional organizations posting videos to YouTube.
The Information Needs of Clinicians: a Study of the Doctors Nova Scotia Clinical Library
Authors: Lee Patricia J.
Published: November 2013

Background: The Clinical Library (CL) is a virtual library of books, journals, drug information, and patient information. It has no hard copy books or journals to lend. Objectives: On the 10-year anniversary of the CL, feedback from information skills training indicated a need for a user assessment survey to ensure that the CL continues to meet the medical information needs of the modern clinician. The study was conducted to assess the level of electronic information use, the geographical distribution of users, and the frequency of use by various clinical practitioners. The study also contained a survey of health librarians in the United Kingdom to assess whether our information strategies are in line with international practices and needs. Methods: External consultants were hired to conduct interviews and a survey among the membership and to perform an environmental scan of Canadian and U.S. services. A series of interviews was conducted by the health librarian at health libraries in the U.K. Results: Sixty-two percent of survey respondents said they access information to help inform patient diagnosis or treatment at least every 2–3 days, 40% of respondents regularly use web-based medical information services, and 46% of respondents used the CL as part or all of their electronic search strategy. The use of the CL varied widely depending on the location of respondents and their access to a health library. Respondents in rural areas and those unaffiliated with hospital libraries were more likely to use the virtual CL. Family practitioners showed the most familiarity with the CL offerings and reported the highest use of the CL (66.7% of respondents). A significant minority of respondents found the CL difficult to navigate. The U.K. arm of the study showed that services offered there were similar to those offered by the CL. Conclusions: Based on the findings, the CL remains a vital service for members. The CL should maintain its services for members and make the user interface easier to use. A majority of clinicians are seeking evidence to support decisions about patient care. The use of web-based resources, including journals and textbooks, is growing. The CL is meeting the needs of a significant portion of respondents, mainly family physicians. The U.K. study found that librarians there offer similar services to those offered by the CL and that, based on their use, U.K. librarians expect to be offering these services for some time to come. The CL must look for synergies and duplication with affiliated libraries and find ways to collaborate and promote services.
The Value of Library and Information Services in Patient Care: Canadian Results From an International Multisite Study
Authors: Bartlett Joan C. , Marshall Joanne Gard
Published: November 2013

Introduction: This paper presents the Canadian results from a larger, international study with the objective of assessing the value of health library and information services and their impact on patient care. Methods: Data were collected using a web-based survey of healthcare providers in 13 Canadian hospitals collectively served by four libraries, and data were analyzed statistically using SPSS. The survey centred on a specific, recent, patient care incident for which the respondent had sought information. Follow-up semi-structured phone interviews with librarians at the participating sites provided supplemental data. Results: Twelve hundred and thirty-one people from the Canadian sites responded to the survey. Over 70% indicated that their management of the clinical situation changed as a result of the information. Positive changes included advice given to patient or family (48%), choice of drugs (31%), and choice of treatment (30%); adverse events that were avoided included patient misunderstanding of disease (23%), additional tests or procedures (18%), and patient mortality (5%). Results also showed which information resources were used and from where they were accessed. The information resources were valued as much, if not more, than other sources of information such as laboratory reports or medical records. Discussion: The results showed that participants perceive health library and information services to be highly valued and reported that their use has a positive impact on a range of patient care outcomes. They also highlighted the preferred information resources and access points among different groups of health professionals.
Modular Robot System for Maintenance Tasks in Large Scientific Facilities
Authors: Pagala Prithvi Sekhar , Baca José , Ferre Manuel , Aracil Rafael
Published: November 2013

Large scientific facilities such as particle accelerators are scenarios that require continuous maintenance and specific type of interventions. The intervening personnel are sometimes required to work exposed to residual radiation. The inclusion of robotic systems into these environmental conditions are being encouraged to increase the availability of the facility and reduce personal radiation doses. However, this scenario presents challenging conditions for robotic systems in terms of structural, equipment and environmental conditions. This paper addresses the design of a modular robotic system as an alternative to conventional robots to overcome the challenges. This work also explores the various capabilities of the design along with its future possibilities. The SMART heterogeneous modular robot systems, prototype and simulation results are presented.
A Fast and Robust Feature-Based Scan-Matching Method in 3D SLAM and the Effect of Sampling Strategies
Authors: Ulas Cihan , Temeltas Hakan
Published: November 2013

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) plays an important role in fully autonomous systems when a GNSS (global navigation satellite system) is not available. Studies in both 2D indoor and 3D outdoor SLAM are based on the appearance of environments and utilize scan-matching methods to find rigid body transformation parameters between two consecutive scans. In this study, a fast and robust scan-matching method based on feature extraction is introduced. Since the method is based on the matching of certain geometric structures, like plane segments, the outliers and noise in the point cloud are considerably eliminated. Therefore, the proposed scan-matching algorithm is more robust than conventional methods. Besides, the registration time and the number of iterations are significantly reduced, since the number of matching points is efficiently decreased. As a scan-matching framework, an improved version of the normal distribution transform (NDT) is used. The probability density functions (PDFs) of the reference scan are generated as in the traditional NDT, and the feature extraction - based on stochastic plane detection - is applied to the only input scan. By using experimental dataset belongs to an outdoor environment like a university campus, we obtained satisfactory performance results. Moreover, the feature extraction part of the algorithm is considered as a special sampling strategy for scan-matching and compared to other sampling strategies, such as random sampling and grid-based sampling, the latter of which is first used in the NDT. Thus, this study also shows the effect of the subsampling on the performance of the NDT.
Mechanical Design of a Hybrid Leg Exoskeleton to Augment Load-Carrying for Walking
Authors: Miao Yunjie , Gao Feng , Pan Dalei
Published: November 2013

An innovative lower extremity exoskeleton, SJTU-EX, is demonstrated in Shanghai JiaoTong University, which mainly aims to help soldiers and workers to support a payload in motion. This paper summarizes the mechanical design of SJTU-EX. Each pseudo-anthropomorphic leg of SJTU-EX has four active joints and two passive joints, and the joint ranges are optimized in consideration of both safety factors and the realization of typical motions. Springs are applied in the leg to eliminate the effect of gravity. The results of dynamic simulations are used to determine the actuated joints and the passive joints. Novel Hy-Mo actuators are introduced for SJTU-EX and the layout of the actuator for Diamond Side 2 is described in detail as a design example.
Acritarcas silurianos da Formação Trombetas, bacia do Amazonas
Authors: Oliveira Sandra de Fátima , Lima Murilo Rodolfo de
Published: November 2013

A análise palinológica de uma amostra procedente da cachoeira do Viramundo, parte inferior do Membro Pitinga, Formação Trombetas, revelou presença de uma palinoflora diversificada e bem preservada. Vinte e três espécies de acritarcas foram identificadas, incluindo algumas com valor estratigráfico, indicativas do intervalo bioestratigráfico correspondente ao Ludloviano. Esta atribuição reforça conclusões obtidas pelos últimos autores que trabalharam na área, apoiando a idéia de contato gradacional entre a Formação Trombetas e a sobrejacente Formação Maecuru. A assembléia foi certamente depositada em um ambiente marinho, nerítico e provavelmente sob condições de salinidade baixa.
Mesosauridae e crustacea-malacostraca nos jazigos fossilíferos de Perolândia e Montevidiu, estado de Goiás
Authors: Mezzalira Sérgio , Vieira Percy Corrêa , Ferreira Francisco José F
Published: November 2013

Em 1973, VASCONCELOS, do DNPM Departamento Nacional da Produção Mineral-, apresentou uma nota no XXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, realizado em Aracaju, SE, comunicando o encontro em camadas permianas do sudoeste goiano, região de Jataí, do réptil Mesosaurus brasiliensis. Segundo aquele autor, "ficou assim comprovada a extensão do seu 'habitat' até os mares permianos de Goiás".
Revisiting Jacques Gréber’s L’Architecture aux États-Unis: From City Beautiful to Cité-Jardin
Authors: Gournay Isabelle
Published: November 2013

In 1920, Jacques Gréber published what was and still is the largest book on U.S. architecture and urban design ever issued in France. His dual agenda was to stress the impact of Beaux-Arts design methods (presenting his gardens and Philadelphia parkway as highlights of this trend), and to advocate the practical accomplishments of a pragmatic and affluent civilization.

Showcasing an "edited" North American city, devoid of commercialism and filled with civic structures of great dignity and comfort, L’Architecture aux États-Unis looked back to ideals and accomplishments of the American Renaissance and ahead to the metropolitan culture of the 1920s. For the first time in France, ventures by U.S. architects in the field of civic art were acknowledged as major achievements. Gréber formulated ideas about modern North American civic centres, business districts, parks, and model suburbs that would affect his proposals for Ottawa and on his French career. His book triggered the evolution of French views of the U.S.-built environment toward greater interest and generally more positive views.
The Elusive Faces of Modernity: Jacques Gréber and the Planning of the 1937 Paris World Fair
Authors: Udovicki-Selb Danilo François
Published: November 2013

The occasion of the first commission that Jacques Gréber received to plan the new city centre of Ottawa—the 1937 Paris International Exposition—was the scene of the first encounter between the proponents of the New Architecture and the tenets of the "Retour à l’Ordre." The last in the long tradition of French "Universelles, " with their common eighteenth-century Illuminist legacy, the exposition Gréber planned was the first to open its doors widely to the most radical modern arts. This article argues that Gréber based the exposition on a double refusal: On the one hand, the refusal to introduce a unique controlling style, as had been the case in all previous French fairs, and on the other the refusal to represent modernity in any single-minded form. This pluralist approach announced in France the end of modernity understood as an issue of style altogether.
Modified shelf water on the continental slope north of Mac Robertson Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Wong Annie P. S. , Riser Stephen C.
Published: November 2013

We report on under‐ice profiling float observations of cold, dense, and oxygenated bottom layers on the continental slope of Mac Robertson Land (60°–72°E) in East Antarctica. This bottom layer water mass, with potential temperature in the range −1.8°C < θ < −0.4°C, is identified as modified shelf water. It is a downslope variety of dense water formed on the Antarctic continental shelf in winter and plays an important role in ventilating the deep Southern Ocean. The seasonal evolution of its thickness and density follows the sea ice cycle of growth and decay, reaching a maximum in October–November. The characteristics and location of this modified shelf water are similar to Cape Darnley Bottom Water, thus suggesting the same primary source in the Cape Darnley polynya region. These float data support recent results that the continental shelf along Mac Robertson Land is a significant source of dense waters in East Antarctica.
Intensity‐based source inversion of the destructive earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Sirovich Livio , Pettenati Franco , Cavallini Fabio
Published: November 2013

We inverted the regional pattern of intensities of the catastrophic earthquake of 1694 in the southern Apennines and determined the geometrical and kinematic characteristics of its source, including the double‐couple orientation (strike angle 299° ± 10°, dip 54° ± 12°, and rake 309° ± 11°; pure dip‐slip solution not precluded). The objective nonlinear inversion was performed using the simple 11 parameter kinematic‐function model (KF) with a niching genetic algorithm technique. The similarity between the pattern of the field intensities of the 1694 earthquake and the synthetic pattern is striking. This result is supported by the fact that our inversion technique was verified in the study area, where it was able to again find the source of theMs6.9 Irpinia 1980 earthquake, known from instruments and from field surveys of the rupture. This type of inversion enables researchers to exploit the extensive intensity data from Italy and other countries to extend the knowledge of seismotectonic activity to preinstrumental times. New paleoseismological evidence and even published descriptions of the fault rupture by witnesses of the 1694 earthquake were found, confirming our results. We also present and apply a new algorithm, of general interest, to calculate disorientations between double‐couples via standard linear algebra. The 3‐D rotations that bring the pairwise orthogonal unit vectors that were estimated by our intensity inversion into the instrumental triples of the 1980 Irpinia earthquake, assumed as benchmarks, provide verification of our algorithm.
Impact of sea‐ice processes on the carbonate system and ocean acidification at the ice‐water interface of the Amundsen Gulf, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Fransson Agneta , Chierici Melissa , Miller Lisa A. , Carnat Gauthier , Shadwick Elizabeth , Thomas Helmuth , Pineault Simon , Papakyriakou Tim N.
Published: November 2013

From sea‐ice formation in November 2007 to onset of ice melt in May 2008, we studied the carbonate system in first‐year Arctic sea ice, focusing on the impact of calcium‐carbonate (CaCO3) saturation states of aragonite (ΩAr) and calcite (ΩCa) at the ice‐water interface (UIW). Based on total inorganic carbon (CT) and total alkalinity (AT), and derived pH, CO2, carbonate ion ([CO32−]) concentrations and Ω, we investigated the major drivers such as brine rejection, CaCO3 precipitation, bacterial respiration, primary production and CO2‐gas flux in sea ice, brine, frost flowers and UIW. We estimated large variability in sea‐ice CT at the top, mid, and bottom ice. Changes due to CaCO3 and CO2‐gas flux had large impact on CT in the whole ice core from March to May, bacterial respiration was important at the bottom ice during all months, and primary production in May. It was evident that the sea‐ice processes had large impact on UIW, resulting in a five times larger seasonal amplitude of the carbonate system, relative to the upper 20 m. During ice formation, [CO2] increased by 30 µmol kg−1, [CO32−] decreased by 50 µmol kg−1, and the ΩAr decreased by 0.8 in the UIW due to CO2‐enriched brine from solid CaCO3. Conversely, during ice melt, [CO32−] increased by 90 µmol kg−1 in the UIW, and Ω increased by 1.4 between March and May, likely due to CaCO3 dissolution and primary production. We estimated that increased ice melt would lead to enhanced oceanic uptake of inorganic carbon to the surface layer.
The Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Freeman Arthur
Published: November 2013

The therapeutic relationship is believed to be a key ingredient for effective therapy in virtually all treatment models and therapy modalities. Cognitive behavioral therapy is often mistakenly assumed to avoid or give limited attention to the therapeutic relationship. This chapter addresses this mistaken notion and describes how cognitive behavioral therapy deals with the relationship. By differentiating between the therapeutic alliance—the implicit and explicit contract regarding the goals of therapy—and the therapeutic bond, which subsumes the interpersonal relationship between therapist and patient, the cognitive behavioral therapist can focus on the specific needs of the patient in terms of the patient's disorder, therapist and patient skill sets, and systemic support for change. Therapeutic relationship‐enhancing and therapeutic destructive behaviors are both explicated and discussed. Clinical examples are used to clarify and elucidate the specific interventions.
Metacognitive Therapy
Authors: Wells Adrian
Published: November 2013

Metacognitive therapy is based on an information processing model. Psychological disorder is seen as resulting from extended thinking in response to negative thoughts or beliefs. This thinking occurs as a specific cognitive attentional syndrome comprised of worry, rumination, focusing on threat, and coping behaviors that have paradoxical effects. The cognitive attentional syndrome prolongs the sense of threat and impairs flexible mental control and is caused by metacognition; in particular, the domains of positive and negative metacognitive beliefs. Metacognitive therapy, developed by Adrian Wells, aims to reduce the cognitive attentional syndrome and modify these underlying metacognitions. The treatment directly improves the control of worry, rumination, and attention, and challenges metacognitive beliefs. The theory and treatment is supported by empirical evidence and the results of clinical trials show that the treatment effect sizes are large. The principles and practice of metacognitive therapy are described and illustrated in obsessive‐compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.
Contingency Management Treatments
Authors: Byrne Shannon A. , Petry Nancy M.
Published: November 2013

Contingency management is a behavioral intervention in which tangible reinforcement is provided for the demonstration of positive, quantifiable behaviors. Contingency management is particularly efficacious for the treatment of substance use disorders, when objective measures of abstinence are reinforced. This chapter reviews the efficacy of contingency management for substance use disorders, alone and in combination with other cognitive therapies, as well as important behavioral principles that can foster behavioral change. Key elements of contingency management interventions, including the frequency and magnitude of reinforcement, assessment of substance use, and possible adverse effects, are described. Types of reinforcement, such as draws from a prize bowl with the chance of winning prizes, or vouchers that can be exchanged for retail goods, are also presented. Integration of contingency management with cognitive behavioral therapy is also described.
Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Svaldi Jennifer , Tuschen‐Caffier Brunna
Published: November 2013

Eating disorders are associated not only with mental and behavioral problems, but also with an increased risk for body damage, cardiac arrest, and premature death. Overvaluation of body weight and shape and associated body dissatisfaction are core features of anorexia nervosa as well as bulimia nervosa. Patients' self‐evaluation is strongly dependent on how satisfied or unsatisfied they are with weight or shape. For the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, cognitive behavioral approaches focus on the distinctive features of the disorder: nutritional management and normalization of food intake; alteration of body image disturbances and negative feelings toward one's body; alteration of the functional relation of stress and eating behavior. Empirical evaluation confirms that psychotherapy is the treatment of choice for both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. For bulimia nervosa, the therapeutic approach should be cognitive behavioral. For anorexia nervosa, the evidence of treatment effectiveness is rather scarce.
School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Diliberto Rachele
Published: November 2013

School refusal behavior refers to a child‐motivated refusal to attend school and/or difficulties remaining in classes for an entire day. Cognitive behavioral treatment approaches for anxiety‐based school refusal behavior involve key components such as psychoeducation, somatic control exercises, cognitive therapy, coping skills training, and gradual exposure to the school setting. Youths who refuse school for positive reinforcement receive several cognitive behavioral treatment strategies that are targeted primarily toward parents and/or family members. These strategies include contingency management and contingency contracting as well as related practices such as forced school attendance, communication skills training, peer refusal skills training, attendance journals, and escorts to school and class. Broader strategies to address problematic absenteeism have also incorporated cognitive behavioral components and include school‐based truancy courts, alternative school‐based programs, and mental health and related initiatives.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Rasmussen Jessica , Blashill Aaron J. , Greenberg Jennifer L. , Wilhelm Sabine
Published: November 2013

Body dysmorphic disorder is characterized by a significant preoccupation with an imagined or slight defect in appearance that causes significant distress and impairment. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the most widely studied and empirically supported psychosocial intervention for body dysmorphic disorder. Cognitive behavioral models ofBDDtheorize that heightened selective attention toward minor details in appearance can lead to a distorted body image. Cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder consists of cognitive restructuring for maladaptive thoughts related to appearance (e.g., “Everyone is looking at my nose”) and exposure and response prevention for feared and avoided situations related to the disorder (e.g., going into social situations and talking with people one‐on‐one). Additional therapeutic techniques are integrated into cognitive behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder, including psychoeducation, motivational interviewing, and mindfulness/perceptual retraining. Flexible modules aimed at addressing common co‐occurring concerns in body dysmorphic disorder (e.g., skin picking and depression) allow clinicians to further individualize the treatment. Special considerations must be taken into account for certain subpopulations such as adolescents, individuals with muscle dysmorphia, and those who are seeking surgery.
Dysthymia and Chronic Major Depression
Authors: Arnow Bruce A. , Corcoran Kathleen M. , Thase Michael E.
Published: November 2013

This chapter reviews epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, societal burden, treatment efficacy, and clinical recommendations for two forms of chronic depression, specifically, dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression. Comparisons of individuals with different presentations of chronic depression have revealed few differences in demographic, clinical, and familial characteristics, or in treatment response. However, comparisons of nonchronic versus chronically depressed samples indicate substantial differences with higher levels of comorbidity, prevalence of child adversity, parental psychopathology, and societal burden among those with chronic forms of depression. The chapter reviews findings on treatments for chronic major depression and dysthymic disorder, including cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and combined treatment. It is argued that the length of treatment trials to date lacks empirical basis and does not reflect the long‐term nature of the illness. Treatment recommendations specific to chronic forms of depression are discussed.