bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF WHOLE FRUITING BODIES OF TRAMETES HIRSUTA (WULF. FR.) PIL. AGAINST SOME COMMON PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND FUNGUS
Authors: Sivaprakasam E. , Kavitha D. , Balakumar R. , Sridhar S. , Kumar J. Suresh
Published: January 2025

Aqueous and methanolic extracts of fruit bodies of Trametes hirsuta were tested against five pathogenic fungi like Penicillium sps., Aspergillus fumigatous, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Mucour indicus and five bacterial stains such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of all these extracts were demonstrated by well diffusion assay. Nearly all the extracts were found effective against these bacterial and fungal strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the various extract range from 200 mg to 50 mg on tested bacteria and fungi. The maximum antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of whole fruit bodies of Trametes hirsuta was found 33 mm at 200 mg against Staphylococcus aureus than that of methanol extract. The significant antifungal activity of aqueous extract was found 46 mm at 200 mg against Aspergillus flavus than that of methanol extract. The antimicrobial activity was showed at concentration dependent.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF SOME DIHYDROPYRIMIDINES
Authors: Rana Kulbhushan , Kaur Balbir , Chaudhary Gagandeep , Kumar Suresh , Goyal Sandeep
Published: January 2025

Wide range of biological activities is associated with 1, 4-dihydropyridines/ pyrimidines, individually or in combination. In view of this, synthesis of various 6-methyl-4-substitutedphenyl-2-thioxo-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl esters and 6-methyl-4-substituted phenyl-2-S-alkyl(benzyl)-1, 4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid ethyl esters were undertaken for synthesizing biologically active molecules with improved activity, lesser toxicity with undesirable side effects in clinical use. All the synthesized compounds have been characterized by using IR, Mass studies, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Further, some compounds were screened for anti-ulcer activity. Compound 4(r) has shown maximum anti-ulcer activity as compared to control group.
POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT, HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF LEAVES OF HIBISCUS PLATANIFOLIUS LINN
Authors: Saravanan D. , Lakshmi I. Aparna , Gobinath M. , Kumar B. Giriesh , Priya S. , Syamala E. , Rahamathbee K.
Published: January 2025

The aim of present study was to investigate antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect of leaves of Hibiscus platanifolius Linn on rats and estimation of total phenolic and flavonoids content in ethanolic extract. The study of hypoglycemic activity involves induction of diabetes to rats of all the groups using alloxan (150 mg/kg i.p) followed by subsequent treatment with ethanol and aqueous hot extracts at two different doses each. Glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg per day for one week) used as a reference standard. Blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and total proteins were estimated from the serum by using standard kits. The antioxidant activity was accessed by reducing power and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The total phenolic and flavonoids content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 reagent method, respectively. The biochemical parameters were increased in all diabetes rats; there parameters were decreased by the administration of ethanolic and aqueous hot extracts of leaves of Hibiscus platanifolius at dose of 100 mg and 150 mg/kg and are nearly similar to normal levels. Hibiscus platanifolius exhibited its scavenging effect in concentration dependent manner on hydrogen peroxide and property of metal chelating and reducing power. The content of flavonoids was 57 ± 5.4 mg g-1 and that of phenolic was 289.5 ± 5 mg g-1.From this study it has been concluded that the ethanolic and aqueous hot extracts of leaves of Hibiscus platanifolius having good antioxidant, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effect.
POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF MURRAYA KOENIGII AND CINNAMOMUM TAMALA WITH REFERENCE TO ANTIOXIDANTS ACTIVITY
Authors: Smerq James , Sharma Mukta
Published: January 2025

Antioxidants are one of the most important nutraceutical compounds that have emerged from the recent decades of research in food science. The advances in this field have allowed a better understanding of the free radical damage of cellular constituents, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. Antioxidants and radical scavengers have a crucial role in the treatment or prevention of several diseases such as type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, cancer, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative disorders. Restrictions on the use of synthetic antioxidants are being imposed because of their toxic properties. The present study is the continuation of a program aimed at investigation on antioxidant activity of extracts from medicinal plants and to identify alternative natural and safe sources of food antioxidant especially from plant origin. In this report the anti-peroxidative effect of alcoholic extract of Murraya koenigii and Cinnamomum tamala have been studied in rat liver homogenate where ferrous sulphate has been used as inducer to induce lipid per oxidation. On the basis of results, it could be concluded that TBARS production in normal condition group is very slow and it is very high in FeSO4 treated groups. Results further revealed that at lower doses, the rate of formation of TBARS is slow but grows as the level of dose is increased. Significant and moderate results were found from 0.40 mM to 0.80 mM of ferrous sulphate. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects may be related to the antioxidant effects of the polyphenols resulting in decreased free radical production.
EVALUATION OF IN-VIVO ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF ANNONA CRASSIFLORA WOOD EXTRACT
Authors: Pimenta L.P. S. , Mendonça D. D. , Pretti D. L. , Cruz B. L. D. , Leite E. A. , De Oliveira M. C.
Published: January 2025

Annona crassiflora is a native tree from Brazilian savanna area of the state of Minas Gerais. The ethanolic extract of A. crassiflora wood was obtained and purified, and an annonaceous acetogenins-rich fraction was obtained and characterized. The in vivo antitumor activity and toxicity of this fraction were evaluated in Ehrlich solid tumor-bearing Swiss mice. The annonaceous acetogenins showed a pronounced in vivo antitumor effect, with a reduction in the Ehrlich’s tumor growth of 38% and 20% after single intratumoral and intravenous administration, respectively, at a dose of 1.25 mg/kg, as compared to the control group. Concerning toxicological studies, the absence of clinical signs and renal toxicity could be observed, and all animals survive throughout the entire experimental period (14 days). By contrast, mielotoxicity and hepatotoxicity could be detected in mice treated with the A. crassiflora wood extract.
ROLE OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CANCER: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Singh N. , Verma P. , Pandey B. R. , Gilca M.
Published: January 2025

Cancer is hyperproliferative disorder that involves transformation, dysregulation of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Millions of people die every year with different types of cancer such as lung cancer and mesothelioma from inhaling asbestos fibers and tobacco smoke, or leukemia from exposure to benzene at their workplaces. In the last century, great advances were made in modern medical system in cure and prevent of this disease. However, success rates are very low. Withania somnifera (WS) has been used as traditional medicine for decades for the treatment of various ailments. The various parts of WS and its constituents are effective in prevention and treatment of different kinds of cancer like colon cancer, lung cancer, blood cancer, skin cancer, breast cancer, renal cancer, fibrosarcoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer. We are conducting clinical studies to prove the efficacy of WS in prevention and treatment of different forms of cancer including prostate and lung cancers, especially in last stages, and this wonder medicinal herb is found to be beneficial in many patients. We have some cases of lung cancer that were refused modern therapy and recovered clinically and radiologically with our therapy of Ashwagandha. Clinical studies suggest its use as anti-tumor and immunomodulatory agent in sarcoma, brain cancer, uterine tumor, fibroids and other tumors including endodermal carcinoma. Therefore, this medicinal herb WS alone can be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of cancer patients or it can also be used as adjunct/ complimentary medicine along with chemotherapy or radiotherapy to patients. As the causative factors in formation and development of cancerous conditions can be multifactorial eg. stress- physical, chemical, biological and emotional, viral infection like Herpes cause several time more cancer of bladder, low immune syndrome plays major role in spread and causation of cancer, environmental chemical toxins, allopathic drugs, pesticide infected food with heavy metals and some not properly developed metallic preparation of Ayurvedic or other Folk Medicine can be a causative factor, leave aside genetic processes of the Individual for the development of the risk of cancer. If we look in the properties of WS like adaptogen/ anti-stress agent, immunomodulator, antioxidant (reducing free radical damage, anabolic effect, improving resistance of body, reducing fatigue and detoxificant effects, we are inclined to suggests that WS works through all above mechanisms in controlling the dreaded cancer, rather than its effect on stopping the cell division. As during radio and chemotherapy body’s natural normal cells are also killed and low immunity develops, WS helps prevent these adverse effects of both and helps patients better recovery and life styles. However, multicentric long term clinical studies by oncologists, although deviated from their routine, must be carried out on WS to prove our contentions.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CRYPTOLEPIS SANGUINOLENTA ON PHARMACOKINETICS OF ARTESUNATE
Authors: M Sakyiamah M , A Ocloo , P Adjimani J , A Sittie
Published: January 2025

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta on the pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial; artesumate in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Reconstituted freeze dried Cryptolepis sanguinolenta was administered in drinking water at the therapeutic dose of 36 g/kg body weight for two (2) weeks, followed by a single oral dose of artesunate (150 mg/kg body weight). The Concentration - Time course; Maximum Whole Blood Concentration, Cmax; Time for the Maximum Concentration, Tmax; Bioavailability; Elimination Rate Constant; Half- life; Clearance; Volume of Distribution and Absorption Rate Constant were measured. Results indicated that about 80% of dihydroartemisinin was recovered during extraction suggesting that the extraction procedure was effective. The elimination rate constant and clearance of dihydroartemisinin the most potent metabolite of artesunate increased by 233.3% and 62.1% respectively in rats which received concurrent administration of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta compared to control (artesunate only). This resulted in significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the Bioavailability (40.1%), Volume of Distribution (68.1%) and Half-life (52.1%) of dihydroartemesinin. The findings therefore, showed that Cryptolepis sanguinolenta could cause sub-therapeutic blood levels of dihydroartemisinin of artesunate leading to decreased effectiveness and possibly drug resistance as a result of herb-drug interactions. Thus, in clinical practice, patients should be advised on the serious implication of using Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and artesunate together.
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL EVALUATION OF ROOTS OF SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS SCHNEIDER
Authors: Sharma Surendra Kumar , Singh Ajay Pal
Published: January 2025

Simmondsia chinensis Schneider commonly known as jojoba is a semi-arid evergreen shrub. Jojoba is unique among plants in the fact that its products (seeds) contain about 50 percent by weight oil. Jojoba liquid wax generally used in folk remedies for renal colic, sunburn, chaffed skin, hair loss, headache, wounds and sore throat. However, there are no reports on the roots of this plant. The present investigation deals with the pharmacognostical studies of the roots of the said plant. Pharmacognostical studies include microscopic, physico-chemical constants (ash & extractive values), fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical evaluation.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC FINGERPRINT ANALYSIS OF IXORA COCCINEA METHANOLIC FLOWER EXTRACT
Authors: Sumathy H. , Sangeetha J. , Vijayalakshmi K.
Published: January 2025

Ixora coccinea (R.) belonging to the Rubiaceae family is an ornamental plant claimed for the management of oral cancer and one of ingredients in curing different ailments. The present investigation was carried out to determine the chemical composition of Ixora coccinea methanolic flower extract using HPLC, HPTLC and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry technique. HPLC analysis of Ixora cocccinea methanolic flower extract revealed the presence of Biochin A, Myricetin, Quercetin, Rutin, Diadzein and formononetin, HPTLC fingerprint revealed the presence of ursolic acid and GC-MS with 24 phytochemicals among which some are of biological importance. The result of this study offers a platform for using Ixora coccinea pharmacologically.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CHALCONE DERIVATIVES LINKED TRIAZOLES
Authors: Panchal Ashvin D. , Kunjadia Prashant D. , Patel Pravinkumar M.
Published: January 2025

In this work, an attempt was made to synthesize chalcone 3-(Substitutedphenyl)-N-(4H-1, 2, 4-triazol-4-yl) acrylamide by condensation of substituted benzaldehyde with N-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) acetamide under basic conditions. A simple condensation reaction of substituted benzaldehyde and N-(4H-1, 2, 4-triazol-4-yl) acetamide using Sodium hydroxide as a base was carried out for the study. The synthesized chalcone derivative was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR & 13C-NMR and studied for their Antimicrobial and Antifungal activities and compared with the standard drugs, some compound of the series exhibited promising anti-microbial and anti-fungal activity compared to standard drugs.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF POLYHERBAL HYDROETHANOLIC EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED Β-CELL DESTRUCTION IN RATS
Authors: R Kannadhasan , J Anbu , Anjana Ashwini
Published: January 2025

In the view of pathogenicity of diabetics, there are certain factors involved to produce oxidative stress over the pancreatic -cells, that may be due glucose toxicity or due to involvement of free radical mechanisms. So, possible protection of -cells against oxidative stress can be achieved by employing antioxidants rich herbs, which will not only acts as free radical scavengers and also for prevention of -cells from further damage in Streptozotocin induced Type 1 diabetic rats. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of the polyherbal hydroethanolic extract (PHHE) supports the presence of active constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc for whose the anti oxidant property was assessed by -carotene linoleate in vitro method of oxidation in TLC plate. To ascertain the antioxidant property in vivo, the enzyme level studies like SOD, CAT & GSH in liver and pancreas were made and also the deeper investigation of role of anti oxidants and possible protection over pancreatic -cells were observed.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE LEAVES OF MYXOPYRUM SERRATULUM
Authors: Gopalakrishnan S. , Rajameena R. , Vadivel E.
Published: January 2025

The antibacterial and antifungal activities of petroleum ether (40-60oC), benzene, chloroform, ethanol and water extracts of the leaves of Myxopyrum serratulum A. W. Hill. (Oleaceae) were tested for their antimicrobial activity in Agar diffusion assay. Significant antimicrobial activities were found against three gram positive bacteria, Streptococcus faecalis, Baccillus subtilis and Baccillus cereus, four gram negative bacteria; Klebsiella aerogens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteas vulgaris and two fungi, Candida albicans, Asparagillus flavans strains by using zone of inhibition assay. The activities were confirmed by Activity Index (AI). Activity Index values were found to be higher for ethanolic extract followed by the water extract. Among all the extracts tested; the ethanolic extract showed a good antimicrobial potential against microorganisms used in the study. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the ethanolic extract was also determined. The results support the ethnomedicinal use of Myxopyrum serratulum for the treatment of wounds and cuts.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF PREDNISOLONE PROLIPOSOMAL GEL FOR EFFECTIVE TOPICAL PHARMACOTHERAPY
Authors: Kurakula Mallesh , Srinivas C. , Kasturi Nagasree , Diwan Prakash V.
Published: January 2025

The present objective for the study was to prepare proliposomal gel bearing a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, prednisolone intended for topical application. Various proliposome formulations were prepared using thin film hydration technique by varying the lipid phase composition (lecithin/cholesterol). Proliposome formulations were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, surface charge, FTIR and stability studies. Topical proliposomal gels were prepared by incorporation of proliposome into strusctured vehicle carbopol (2%). Alternatively, hydrogels containing prednisolone were prepared and their drug release properties were investigated. Pharmacodynamic activity was also determined for optimized proliposomal gel and was compared with commercial marketed gel. A spherical shape of reconstituted prednisolone liposome with an average vesicle about 2~6μm was observed in photomicrographs. The percentage entrapment of drug was increased with increase in phospholipid composition in the range of 85-98%. FTIR studies showed no possible drug-excipient interaction. Proliposomal gel showed prolonged release of prednisolone than the hydrogels. Anti-inflammatory activity proliposomal gel showed maximum percentage of inhibition of edema 60% when compared to commercial marketed gel 55%. Stability studies indicated that product is stable and should be stored at low temperatures. Proposed prednisolone proliposomal gel showed sustains release with enhanced anti inflammatory activity implicating its potential in effective topical pharmacotherapy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
EFFECT OF GLYMIN, A POLYHERBAL FORMULATION ON LIPID PROFILE AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Shairibha S. M. Rexlin , Rajadurai M.
Published: January 2025

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic widely spread human disease. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats had been shown to be associated with functional and morphological changes in liver and kidney. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of glymin on lipid profile and histopathological study of liver and kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Lipid profiles were investigated in serum and tissues (liver and kidney) of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with glymin (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for the period of 35 days. Diabetic rats exhibited an increase in the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol), and a decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol). The administration of glymin shows decreased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids and LDL-cholesterol, and an increased level of HDL-cholesterol. The findings of this study indicate that the administration of glymin resulted in a better lipid profile which helps to recover the pathological effects of diabetes on liver and kidney of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VITEX ALTISSIMA L. USING UV-VIS, FTIR AND GC-MS
Authors: S Sahaya Sathish , N Janakiraman , M Johnson
Published: January 2025

The present study was carried out to characterize the bioactive constituents present in different leaf extracts of Vitex altissima L. using UV-VIS, FTIR and GC-MS. The crude extracts were scanned in the wavelength ranging from 200-1100 nm by using Perkin Elmer Spectrophotometer and the characteristic peaks were detected. For GC-MS analysis, 10 g sample is extracted with 30 ml ethanol, filtered in ash less filter paper with 2 g sodium sulphate and the extract is concentrated to 1 ml by bubbling nitrogen into the solution. The compound detection employed the NIST Ver. 2.0 - Year 2005 library. The biological activities are based on Dr. Duke’s Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases by Dr. Jim Duke of the Agricultural Research Service/USDA. The UV-VIS profile showed different peaks ranging from 400-700 nm with different absorption respectively. The FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes, alkynes, alkyl halides, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, aromatics, nitro compounds and amines in different extracts. The results of the GC-MS analysis provide different peaks determining the presence of 21 phytochemical compounds with different therapeutic activities. The major phytoconstituents were n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.74%), 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid [Z, Z] (23.41%) and Squalene (14.74%). Hence, this study offers a base of using V. altissima as herbal alternative for the synthesis of antimicrobial agents.
SCREENING OF ISOLATED FRACTIONS OF DENDROPHTHOE FALCATA METHANOL STEM EXTRACT FOR ITS EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS OF MALE RATS
Authors: Kachhawa J. B. S. , Gupta R. S. , Sharma K. K.
Published: January 2025

In our previous study methanol crude extract of Dendrophthoe falcata Ettingsh (family-Loranthaceae), stem showed contraceptive like activities in male albino rats. In the present study proven fertile male rats were treated with different isolated fractions (Chloroform: Methanol) of D. falcata stem at 50 mg/rat/day for 60 days. On day 61th the animals were autopsied, testes and accessory sex organs i.e. epididymides, seminal vesicle, ventral prostate were dissected out and weighed. Sperm dynamics and serum testosterone level were assessed; also testicular histological studies were done. The sperm motility and density were significantly reduced in all the treatment groups. Testosterone levels were declined significantly. Evaluations of testicular cell dynamics and histological studies suggest disrupt or inhibited spermatogenesis.
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF OCIMUM SANCTUM IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CANCER AND EXPOSURE TO RADIATION: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Singh N. , Verma P. , Pandey B. R. , Bhalla M.
Published: January 2025

Extensive studies, experimental and clinical prove that Tulsi possess anti-stress/adatogenic, antioxidant, immunomodulator and anti-radiation properties which also may help it to play major role in prevention and treatment of cancer. As Tulsi has health benefitting effects by reducing stress and improving both cellular and humoral immunity, its role in prevention and treatment of cancer cases may be a new approach in therapy of cancer and in prevention of ill effects of radiation. Studies in biological models like fibrosarcoma cell culture, papilomas in the skin of albino mice, mice having sarcoma - 180 solid tumors etc. provide proof for its anticancer activity. As it has been shown that Tulsi exhibit anticancer activity in animal models, studies were carried out in human cancer in vivo like human cell fibrosarcoma and in vitro in human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2) and it was found effective. Thus, this review is a concise version of Tulsi’s anti-cancer effect. The aim is to stimulate research in this field, prevent and treat human carcinoma by initiating detailed studies in this field. It will be a novel agent, safe and effective for humans suffering with cancer in general and as a specific agent. The research work which is going on this direction is a proof of benefits by reducing toxicity of chemo and radio therapies and providing better and healthier life style by Tulsi. Therefore, it was worthwhile to review its anticancer properties to give an overview of its status to scientist both modern and ancient (Ayurvedic).
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MUCOADHESIVE POTENTIAL OF SODIUM ALGINATE ON MICROSPHERES CONTAINING AN ANTI-DIABETIC DRUG: GLIPIZIDE
Authors: Allamneni Yaswanth , Reddy B V V K , Chary P Dayananda , N Venkata Balakrishna Rao , Kumar S Chaitanya , Kalekar Arun Kumar
Published: January 2025

The objective of the present investigation was to design mucoadhesive microspheres to achieve a substantial increase in length of stay of the drug in the GI tract of glipizide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Glipizide is a second-generation sulfonylurea derivative used for the treatment of type II diabetes. Its short biological half-life (0.3 ± 0.7 h) necessitates the need to be administered in two or three doses of 2.5-10 mg per day. Mucoadhesive microsphere exhibit a prolonged residence time at the site of application and facilitate an intimate contact with the underlying absorption surface and thus contribute to improved or better therapeutic performance of drug. It would, therefore be advantageous to have means for providing an intimate contact of the drug delivery system with the absorbing membranes. In the present study, alginate based mucoadhesive microspheres of were prepared by ionotropic external gelation technique utilizing calcium chloride (CaCl2) as a cross linking agent, to take the advantage of swelling and mucoadhesive property of alginate beads for improving the oral delivery of glipizide. Interaction studies performed using FTIR spectroscopy and DSC revealed that there was no drug to polymer interactions. The prepared microspheres are discrete, spherical and free flowing which was characterized by entrapment efficiency, particle size, micromeritic properties, in-vitro release behavior, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-vitro wash off test etc. Depending upon the variability in the concentration of sodium alginate, time of cross linking agent, the factors like particle size, and incorporation efficiency and release rate and mucoadhesion properties of microspheres varies. It was observed that increasing the polymer concentration along with the cross-linking time given the better affect on microspheres characteristic and percentage release of drug. Formulation F8 containing 5% w/v sodium alginate was selected as best formulation by considering its better % drug entrapment [84.31%] and flow properties [Carr’s index (8.204), angle of repose (31.15)].
GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) EXTRACT SUPPLEMENTATION ALTERS THE GLYCOGEN DEPOSITION IN LIVER AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN GONADS OF FEMALE ALBINO RATS
Authors: Srivastava Sashank , Pathak P. H.
Published: January 2025

Garlic is an ayurvedic herb that has been extensively used as medication and as the taste enhancer of the food. The present investigation was undertaken to provide data on the efficacy of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) extract on glycogen deposition and protein metabolism in female albino rats that may further explore medicinal potential of garlic. The rats were divided into four groups A, B, C and D, keeping group A as a healthy control. The garlic extract was tried in three different doses, 1ml, 2ml and 4ml/ kg body weight as low, medium and high dose respectively and given orally for the period of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days daily to the rats of group B, C and D as stated above. The significant (P<0.01 & P<0.05) increase in glycogen and protein level was observed when rats were fed with low and medium dose but when rats were fed with high dose of garlic extract there was significant (P<0.01) decrease in glycogen level and a not significant decrease in protein level was observed.
SYNTHESIS OF N-[4-({4-[(5-METHYL-1, 3, 4-THIADIAZOL-2-YL)SULFAMOYL] PHENYL}SULFAMOYL)PHENYL]AMINE: AN IMPURITY IN THE ANTIBACTERIAL DRUG SULFAMETHIZOLE
Authors: Talagadadeevi G B , Vancha B R , Anusuri S , Jampani M. Rao.
Published: January 2025

The process for the preparation of antibacterial compound 4-amino-N-(5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide (Sulfamethizole) 4 involves the reaction of 2-amino-5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole 1 with 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2 followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the intermediate N-{4-[(5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}acetamide 3. The HPLC analysis of sulfamethizole showed the formation of an impurity which was isolated and identified as N-[4-({4-[(5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) sulfamoyl] phenyl} sulfamoyl) phenyl] amine 6. This impurity is the result of the reaction of unreacted sulfonyl chloride 2 with sulfamethizole to form N-[4-({4-[(5-methyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfamoyl]phenyl}sulfamoyl)phenyl]acetamide 5 followed by alkaline hydrolysis of the acetamido group. The structure was further confirmed by independent synthesis.
IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES OF PRITCHARDIA ARECINA
Authors: HN Krishna Kumar , HR Rakshitha , SN Navyashree , Chauhan Jyoti Bala
Published: January 2025

In the present study, antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanolic fruit extracts of Pritchardia arecina were investigated. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were assessed using 1, 1,-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Both the extracts exhibited significant reducing power which was dose dependent. The IC50 value in DPPH assay was found to be 18 and 27µg/ml for methanolic and aqueous extract respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, steroids, amino acids and carbohydrates. The total phenolic content observed for aqueous and methanolic extracts were 25 and 40 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract respectively.
EFFECT OF AQUEOUS FLOWER EXTRACT OF CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES IN MALE ALBINO RATS
Authors: Natarajan A. , Ahmed K. Syed Zameer , Sundaresan S. , Sivaraj A. , Devi K. , Kumar B. Senthil
Published: January 2025

Catharanthus roseus is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The present study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic and hyperlipidemic potential of Catharanthus roseus on alloxan induced diabetes in male albino rats. Oral administration of aqueous extract of Catharanthus roseus at a dose of 250 mg, 350 mg, and 450 mg/kg body weight for 30 days to diabetic rats resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose, reduction in lipid profile and also prevented a decrease in body weight. Histological observation demonstrated significant fatty changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates in pancreas of diabetic rats. But, supplementation with Catharanthus roseus to diabetic rats significantly reduced the fatty changes and inflammatory cell infiltrates.
ASSESSMENT OF FLAVONOID RELEASE WITH DIFFERENT PERMEATION ENHANCERS
Authors: Vaisakh M. N. , Pandey A.
Published: January 2025

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of different permeation enhancers in the transdermal permeation of flavonoids. A weed plant named Chromolaena odorata have been employed as the flavonoid source. Six different cream formulations have been prepared with the Chromolaena extract using different permeation enhancers such as ethanol, dimethyl sulphoxide, surfactants and occlusive agents. The amount of flavonoids penetrated during a time period of four hours was noted. The highest amount of penetration was obtained with the formulation no 6 which contained a combination of different permeation enhancers. The result suggests that a synergistic combination of different permeation enhancers can be adopted for enhancement of permeation of flavonoids in topical drug delivery systems.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF SOME NEWER SEMICARBAZONE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Sameem Shahnawaz , Kumar Nitin , Pathak Devender
Published: January 2025

A series of 4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1-(substituted acetophenone) semicarbazones 3(a-j) was synthesized by starting with 3-chloroaniline which on reaction with sodium cyanate yielded 1-(3’-chlorophenyl) urea (1) followed by reaction with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of ethanol gave 4-(3’-chlorophenyl) semicarbazide (2). Compound (2) on condensation with substituted acetophenone gets converted in to final compounds 3(a-j). The purity of the newer compounds was checked by m.p. and TLC analysis. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, EIMS-spectral data and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity by Maximal Electroshock (MES) method by using phenytoin as standard at a concentration of 30 mg/kg. The anticonvulsant effect of the newly synthesized compounds was assessed by absence or reduction of hind limb tonic extensor phase. Among the synthesized derivatives compounds 3e and 3j were found to be the most potent compounds in the series.
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF PYROSTEGIA VENUSTA USING PHERETIMA POSTHUMA
Authors: Nisha P. V. , Shruti N. , Swamy K. Sweta , Kumari Meera , Vedamurthy A. B. , Krishna V. , Hoskeri Joy H.
Published: January 2025

Approximately 3 million people are infected with helminthes worldwide. Helminthes infections are commonly found in villages of developing countries and are being recognized as cause of much acute as well as chronic illness among the human beings as well as cattle’s. Hence, the treatment for helmintic infection is of utmost need. The high cost of modern anthelmintics has limited the effective control of these parasites. However, increasing problems of development of resistance in helminthes against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening medicinal plants for their anthelmintic activity. Literature survey revealed that there are only few reports available on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of this plant. In the present investigation we have made a sincere attempt to evaluate the anthelmintic property of chloroform and methanol extracts of Pyrostegia venusta using Pheretima posthuma as an experimental helminthes model. Piperazine citrate was used as the standard reference. Five different concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mg/ml) of chloroform and methanol extracts were used to determine their effect as time taken to paralysis and time to induce death in the worms. Among the various concentrations of chloroform extract tested, 12.5 mg/ml showed efficient anthelmintic activity with paralysis time (23 min) and death time (44 min). Among all the concentrations of methanolic extract tested, 12.5 mg/ml showed significant results with paralysis time (34 min) and death time (78 min) respectively. This investigation revealed that chloroform extract was more effective in its anthelmintic action against Pheretima posthuma when compared to methanolic extract. But both the extracts were less potent when compared with standard drug piperazine citrate.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PARTS OF IMPERATA CYLINDRICA (L) BEAUV.
Authors: Parkavi V. , Vignesh M. , Selvakumar K. , Mohamed J. Muthu , Ruby J. Joysa
Published: January 2025

Antimicrobial is an agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoan, as well as destroying viruses. Antibacterial drugs either kill bacteria (bactericidal) or prevent the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic). The scope of this study was to extract the active constituents present in the plant Imperata cylindrica by cold maceration method and to find the folklore claim of antibacterial action. The antibacterial activity was performed under sterile condition by using cup and plate method. Three extracts were prepared for this study such as ether extract, ethanolic extract and aqueous extract. The extractions were diluted as 200 mg/2 ml ratio. Each 200 mg of aqueous extract and ethanol extract was diluted with 2 ml of distilled water respectively; whereas the ether extract was suspended with tween 80, a suspending agent. The antibacterial test was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. The test was done in triplicate with sterile Petri plates (10×10 cm) in Muller Hinton agar media. 0.5 ml of diluted culture was poured on each Petri plates and a well of 8 mm diameter approximately was cut with sterile metallic borer in the inoculated agar plate. The wells were filled with previously diluted three different extracts separately. The plates were labeled and incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. At the end of incubation period, the zone of inhibition (diameter) was measured and results showed that aqueous extract had very potent antibacterial activity comparatively with other extracts.
CANCER LUNG: CURE/LONG TERM CONTROL FOLLOWING POLYHERBAL INTERVENTIONS- A CASE REPORT
Authors: Verma P. , Pandey B. R. , Bhalla M. , Raghuvanshi P.
Published: January 2025

At present, there is no specific treatment aimed at cure of human lung cancer, a kind of most lethal cancers. Modern allopathy provides only temporary relief of symptoms or severity when used in the form of medicines, radiotherapy or chemotherapy at the cost of moderate to severe side-effects while long term survival or complete cures are anecdotal. It is also well known that surgical interventions, chemo and radiotherapies have failed consistently to cure many varieties of cancers. This hopeless situation demands for newer kind of therapeutic interventions which may not be the conventional modes of therapy. Alternative/complementary medicine from plant sources becomes well worth trying for these cancers as these medicines are quite safe and their effectiveness is worth investigating. We hereby present a case of lung cancer of subtype adenocarcinoma where the patient was certain to die even if the patient could afford conventional allopathic treatment.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS OF FOSINOPRIL BY SUBLIMATION METHOD
Authors: Rao N. G. Raghavendra , Kumar Mahesh , Reddy Mettu Srikanth , Kistayya C. , Reddy B. Mahipal
Published: January 2025

Fosinopril is an antihypertensive, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. This is used in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure, to reduce proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and to prevent stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients and hypertension. In present research work an attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of Fosinopril with increased rate of dissolution may leads to increase bioavailability. The fast dissolving tablets of Fosinopril were prepared by using sublimation method. Croscarmellose sodium is used as a superdisintegrant. Camphor, Urea and Menthol are used as a sublimating agent. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters like weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time, drug content, water absorption ratio, wetting time, in-vitro drug release, FTIR, DSC studies and short term stability studies. IR spectral analysis and DSC study showed that there was no drug interaction with formulation additives of the tablet. The blend was examined for the pre-compressional parameters. The prepared tablets formulations were evaluated for post-compressional parameters. The values of pre-compression parameters evaluated were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing property. All the post-compressional parameter are evaluated were prescribed limits and results were within IP acceptable limits. The disintegration time of 17 to 52 sec, water absorption ratio of 50.75 to 84.41%, wetting time of 23.41 to 36.61sec. In-vitro dissolution studies on the promising formulations SF3, SF6 and SF9 formulations were carried out in 6.8 phosphate buffer solution. This data reveals that overall, the formulation SF3, SF6 and SF9 shows nearly faster drug release. The formulations SF3, SF6 and SF9 50 % of drug released in 0.67 min, 0.73min, and 0.69 min, respectively, and 90 % of drug released in 2.93 min, 4.88 min, and 3.83 min, respectively when compared to other tablet formulation. Among all the formulation SF3 were found to be promising and showed a disintegration time of 17 sec, 50 % of drug released in 0.67 min, and 90 % of drug released in 2.93 min. The stability study conducted as per the ICH guidelines and the formulations were found to be stable. The results concluded that fast dissolving tablets Fosinopril showing enhanced dissolution, will lead to improved bioavailability, improved effectiveness and hence better patient compliance.
STAVUDINE LOADED BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERIC MICROSPHERES AS A DEPOT SYSTEM FOR PARENTERAL DELIVERY
Authors: Srivastava Saurabh , Sinha V. R.
Published: January 2025

Injectable biodegradable polymeric microspheres of Stavudine were prepared using different viscosity grades of PLGA 50:50 (RESOMER® 504H and RESOMER® 502H) by solvent evaporation technique with different drug/polymer ratios. Tailored release of Stavudine facilitates reduction in symptoms of HIV infection and delay AIDS progression by reducing viral load to undetectable levels for extended period of time. The influence of formulation variables on microparticle characteristics like polymer type and concentration, vehicle type, polymer solution/vehicle volume ratio, surfactant concentration and drug to polymer ratios were evaluated. Microspheres were evaluated for yield, entrapment efficiency, particle size and in-vitro release behavior as well as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), residual solvent analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Microspheres showed excellent surface topography with uniform distribution and structural integrity of the drug having the entrapment efficiency of 90.96 ± 1.09 and mean particle diameter below 65μm. Drug release kinetics data were obtained from various kinetic models and best explained by “Korsmeyer-Peppas equation” for both the polymers which depicted that drug release mechanism is anomalous transport, i.e. diffusion as well as polymer relaxation. Drug release from microspheres exhibited the characteristic release pattern of a monolithic matrix system with 90-100% drug release in 6-8 weeks demonstrating the feasibility of prolonged delivery of Stavudine using biodegradable microspheres for parenteral depot system.
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME SUBSTITUTED INDOLE DERIVATIVES FOR CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY
Authors: Singh Navneet , Agarwal R. C. , Singh C. P.
Published: January 2025

In the present study, a series of Indole containing the oxadiazole and thiazolidinones side chain at 3- position, is discussed. The synthesized Indole derivatives 4 (a-e), 5 (a-e) were evaluated for cardiovascular activities. Compound 3-[5’-(3”-indolomethylene)-1’,3’,4’-oxadiazol-2’-yl]-2-(p-methoxy phenyl)-4-thiazolidinone 5b, was found to be the most potent compound of the present study which showed cardiovascular activity of varying degree at dose 2.5 mg/Kg. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
DETERMINATION OF MORPHINE IN HUMAN URINE BY A SIMPLE REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD WITH UV DETECTION
Authors: Ruzilawati A. B. , Yusuf W. N. Wan , Ramli N. , Hussain Z. , Rasool A. H. G.
Published: January 2025

A simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of morphine in human urine using codeine as internal standard. After solid-phase extraction (SPE), the compounds were separated on a reversed-phase Acentis Express C18 column (150mm × 4.6mm, 2.7µm) equipped with a guard column (2.7 µm, 5 mm × 4.6 mm). The channel on the UV detector was configured to acquire data at 285 nm. The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile-sodium acetate (pH 4; 0.01M) (10:90, v/v). The flow rate was 0.6 ml/min. Injection volume was 30 ml. The run time was set at 10 min. The retention time for morphine and codeine were approximately 3.4 min and 7.2 min, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 150-2000 ng/ml with good linearity. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) in urine were 50 and 150 ng/ml, respectively. Recovery was greater than 85%. The inter-day precision was from 9.27% to 12.53% and the intra-day precision ranged from 1.63% to 4.58%. The inter-day accuracy ranged 81.45% to 109.88% and intra-day accuracy ranged from 81.56% to 106.69%. The stability studies showed that morphine was stable up to one month in urine. This method was applied to determine morphine concentration in human urine for toxicology analysis.
ANTIFERTILITY EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS OF FERONIA ELEPHANTUM CORREA LEAF AND BARK ON MALE ALBINO RATS
Authors: A. Muthulakshmi , R. Jothibai Margret , Mohan V. R.
Published: January 2025

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effective concentration of ethanol extract of Feronia elephantum leaf and bark on male reproductive system of albino rats. The study was divided into four groups of five animals each. The first group (I) received distilled water for a period of 14 days, served as control. The groups II, III and IV of animals were administered the ethanol leaf extract daily at 400mg/kg body weight, bark extract daily at 400 mg/kg body weight and 1:1 ratio of leaf (200mg/kg b.wt) and bark (200mg/kg b.wt) extract of Feronia elephantum respectively for a period of 14days. Significant decreases in the weight of testis (p<0.05), epididymis (p<0.01) and seminal vesicle (p<0.05) were observed. The results of the hormonal assay showed that, increased serum levels of FSH and estrogen but decreases in the serum levels of LH and testosterone compared to control. The results showed that, Feronia elephantum has effects on male rat reproduction, affecting the sexual behavior and epididymal sperm concentration.
STANDARDIZATION OF HPLC METHOD OF SCOPOLETIN IN DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF CONVOLVULUS PLURICAULIS
Authors: Upadhyay Vipul , Sharma Neeru , Tiwari Amit Kumar , Joshi M. H. , Malik Amreesh , Singh Brijpal , Kalakoti Bahadur Singh
Published: January 2025

Different extract of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy, (Methanol, hydro-alcohol (50%) and water) were prepared and tested of scopoletin. The maximum scopoletin content was observed in 50% ethanolic extract followed by methanol and water extracts. It was 0.1738%, 0.0932% and 0.0435% in hydro-alcoholic, Methanol and water extract respectively. A simple HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was developed for the determination of Scopoletin in Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy. Shankhpushpi is an astringent, hot aphrodisiac and a nervine tonic. It improves strength, digestive power, helpful in epilepsy, insomnia, heart disease and hemetemesis. Analyte separation and quantification were achieved by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV detection at 366 nm. The method involves the use of C18 column (Phenomenex, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5µm) with isocratic mixture of methanol and water containing 0.1% v/v formic acid in the ration of 30:70. Linearity was observed in the range of 20-100 ppm with correlation coefficient of 0.9961. Relative standard deviation of linearity of the method was found to be 1.29%. Detection limit was 5.0 ppm and quantification limit was 7.5 ppm. The repeatability of the method was found to be 0.71%. Recovery values from 99.10 to 100.1% indicate best accuracy of the method.
MICRO CHEMICAL (ELEMENTAL) ANALYSIS OF LEUCAS ASPERA (WILLD) LINK EMPLOYING SEM-EDAX
Authors: Yashvanth Sunkara , Shobha Rani Satla , Madhavendr S. S.
Published: January 2025

The plant, Leucas aspera (Willd) Link is well known for its varied medicinal uses. Present study deals with its micro chemical (elemental) characterization using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) detector fitted to Scanning Electron Microscope. The plant has very interesting morphology. Crystals of varied shape and inclusions/exudates were noticed within and on the leaf & stem surfaces. Various plant parts analysed were, stem surface, stem sections, stem inclusions, blebs on stem hairs, crystals of varied shape, root sections, abaxial and adaxial surfaces, flower, seed and seed caruncle. Lot of variation in elemental composition was observed in various plant parts. Major elements detected were Carbon, Oxygen, Calcium, Silica, and Aluminum. Other elements found were Iron, Sodium, potassium, Phosphorus and Chlorine.