bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Diazo‐Transfer Reactions to 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Tosyl Azide.
Authors: Presset Marc , Mailhol Damien , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean
Published: December 2011

Multigram‐scale synthesis of 2‐diazo‐1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds can be efficiently performed.
ChemInform Abstract: “Design” of Boron‐Based Compounds as Pro‐Nucleophiles and Co‐Catalysts for Indium(I)‐Catalyzed Allyl Transfer to Various Csp3‐Type Electrophiles.
Authors: Dao Hai Thanh , Schneider Uwe , Kobayashi Shu
Published: December 2011

An improved methodology for the indium(I)‐catalyzed allylation of acetals and ethers, through combination of allyl boronate as pro‐nucleophile with a commercially available borinic ester as co‐catalyst, is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Photodecarboxylation of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives with FSM‐16 under Visible Light Irradiation of Fluorescent Lamp.
Authors: Tada Norihiro , Matsusaki Yoko , Miura Tsuyoshi , Itoh Akichika
Published: December 2011

For the first time, FSM‐16 acts as photocatalyst under visible light in the presented synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Base Assisted Broensted Base Catalysis: Direct Regioselective Asymmetric Vinylogous Alkylation of Allylic Sulfones.
Authors: Jiang Lin , Lei Qian , Huang Xin , Cui Hai‐Lei , Zhou Xue , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: December 2011

The in situ generation of the tert‐butoxy anion as a strong Broensted base by reaction of the amine catalyst with the Morita—Baylis—Hillman carbonates is crucial for generation of the hard nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Dimethyl Carbonate with Aliphatic Amines under High Pressure.
Authors: Margetic Davor , Zrinski Irena , Glasovac Zoran , Eckert‐Maksic Mirjana , Maksimovic Ljiljana
Published: December 2011

A catalyst‐free and solvent‐free high‐pressure synthesis of carbamates is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted Olefins and Conjugate Dienes by Using α‐Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals as the Building Blocks.
Authors: Jin Weiwei , Du Wangming , Yang Qin , Yu Haifeng , Chen Jiping , Yu Zhengkun
Published: December 2011

The method provides an efficient and selective approach to various trisubstituted alkenes and dienes.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoregulated Copper‐Free Sonogashira Coupling in Water.
Authors: Liu Ning , Liu Chun , Xu Qiang , Jin Zilin
Published: December 2011

The catalyst transfers into the substrate phase at temperatures above its cloud point.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Enzymatic Approach to (S)‐1‐Aryl‐allylamines.
Authors: Knezevic Anamarija , Landek Goran , Dokli Irena , Vinkovic Vladimir
Published: December 2011

A range of enantiopure aryl allylamines is prepared by optical resolution with Novozym 435.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of Simple Ketones Using Dipyridylphosphine Ligands in Air.
Authors: Yu Feng , Zhang Xi‐Chang , Wu Fei‐Fei , Zhou Ji‐Ning , Fang Wenjun , Wu Jing , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: December 2011

The applied XPP‐ligand is commercially available and air‐stable.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted Enamides by an Oxidative Heck Reaction.
Authors: Liu Yu , Li Dan , Park Cheol‐Min
Published: December 2011

Conditions for the oxidative Heck cross‐coupling of enamides are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Diarylnaphthalenes by Chemoselective Suzuki—Miyaura Reactions of 2‐Bromo‐1‐(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)naphthalene.
Authors: Hassan Zahid , Hussain Munawar , Langer Peter
Published: December 2011

The reactions of naphthalene derivative (I) proceed with excellent chemoselectivity in favor of the bromide position allowing the selective formation of diarylated products (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of γ‐Substituted Butenolides via the Vinylogous Mukaiyama—Michael Reaction Catalyzed by a Chiral Scandium(III)‐N,N′‐dioxide Complex.
Authors: Zhang Qi , Xiao Xiao , Lin Lili , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: December 2011

The e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Arylation of Pyrrole Derivatives in Superbasic Media.
Authors: Vakuliuk Olena , Koszarna Beata , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: December 2011

Optimized conditions allow the regioselective preparation of 2‐arylpyrroles as important building blocks with the use of aryl iodides and without the external addition of a transition metal catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic N‐Alkyl Imines with Chiral Cationic Ru‐MsDPEN Catalysts.
Authors: Chen Fei , Ding Ziyuan , Qin Jie , Wang Tianli , He Yanmei , Fan Qing‐Hua
Published: December 2011

The Ru complex efficiently promotes the process.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Indolines by Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric C—C Coupling Involving an Unactivated Methylene Group.
Authors: Nakanishi Masafumi , Katayev Dmitry , Besnard Celine , Kuendig E. Peter
Published: December 2011

A chiral palladium complex generated from N‐heterocyclic carbene is successfully applied to the synthesis of highly enantioenriched trans‐fused indolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Formation of Fluorine‐Containing Tetrahydrocarbazole During the Reaction of Indole, Paraformaldehyde, and Fluorine‐Containing β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Pang Wan , Xin Yong , Zhu Shi‐fa , Jiang Huan‐feng , Zhu Shi‐zheng
Published: December 2011

A three‐component reaction of indole derivatives (I) and (VII), fluorinated β‐ketoesters (II) and (VIII) or β‐ketosulfone (V), and paraformaldehyde is used to prepare a variety of fluorine‐containing indole derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Original Synthesis of 2‐Substituted‐4,11‐dimethoxy‐1‐(phenylsulfonyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐naphtho [2,3‐f]indole‐5,10‐diones Using TDAE and Cu‐Catalyzed Reaction Strategy.
Authors: Khoumeri Omar , Giuglio‐Tonolo Gamal , Crozet Maxime D. , Terme Thierry , Vanelle Patrice
Published: December 2011

A novel rapid synthesis of title naphthoindolediones (IV) is presented, involving TDAE‐mediated reaction of benzylimines with bromomethylanthracenediones (I) followed by Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular amination reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: I‐MCR—Ullmann Cascade Toward Furo[2,3‐b]indole Scaffold.
Authors: Zhu Xu , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Sun Chang , Chen Tao , Shen Zhi‐Liang , Ji Shun‐Jun
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of a variety of title furoindole derivatives, e.g. (V) and (VIII), is presented, involving a three‐component coupling of 1,3‐diketones with o‐halobenzaldehydes and isocyanides, followed by intramolecular Cu‐catalyzed Ullmann reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Direct 5‐Arylation of 1‐Methylpyrazole with Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Beladhria Anissa , Beydoun Kassem , Ammar Hamed Ben , Salem Ridha Ben , Doucet Henri
Published: December 2011

1‐Methylpyrazole is arylated under Pd‐catalyzed conditions with aryl bromides to produce mixtures of 4‐ and 5‐substituted products with a preference of the latter.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to 3‐Aminoindazoles by Buchwald—Hartwig C—N Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Lohou Elodie , Collot Valerie , Stiebing Silvia , Rault Sylvain
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of new protected 3‐haloindazoles (II) and (VII) is developed and their efficiency in Buchwald—Hartwig‐type amination is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: α‐Thioureidoalkylation of 4‐Alkyl‐ and 4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazides.
Authors: Gazieva G. A. , Struchkova M. I. , Kolotyrkina N. G.
Published: December 2011

The title reaction provides previously unknown bis(thiosemicarbazido)imidazolidine‐2‐thiones (III) in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 1,5‐Disubstituted‐2‐aminoimidazoles: Antibiotic Activity of a First Generation Library.
Authors: Harris Tyler L. , Worthington Roberta J. , Melander Christian
Published: December 2011

A library of the title compounds (VIII) (20 examples) is efficiently synthesized from readily available amino acids and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Tandem Transformation on an Ionic‐Liquid Support: Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo/Pyridobenzimidazolones and Isoindolinone‐Fused Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Thummanagoti Suman , Yellol Gorakh S. , Sun Chung‐Ming
Published: December 2011

The title tandem process consists of three steps: condensation followed by successive double intramolecular cyclizations.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Rearrangements of Vinyl Sulfones.
Authors: Atienza Roxanne L. , Roth Howard S. , Scheidt Karl A.
Published: December 2011

The carbene generated from a triazolium salt and NaOtBu catalyzes the rearrangement of 1,1‐bis(arylsulfonyl)ethenes to the corresponding (E)‐1,2‐bis(arylsulfonyl)ethenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Divergent Synthesis of Fully Substituted Isoxazoles and Spirofused Pyrazolin‐5‐ones from Cyclopropyl Oximes.
Authors: Fu Xiaolan , Huang Peng , Zhou Guangyuan , Hu Yinqiao , Dong Dewen
Published: December 2011

Reaction of cyclopropyl oximes under Appel conditions (CBr4, PPh3) provides access to substituted isoxazoles (II) and (V) via cyclopropyl ring opening and recyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Various Chiral 1,2,4‐Triazole‐Containing α‐Amino Acids from Aspartic or Glutamic Acids.
Authors: Blayo Anne‐Laure , Brunel Frederic , Martinez Jean , Fehrentz Jean‐Alain
Published: December 2011

The starting materials are readily prepared from the corresponding protected amino acids by amide formation and treatment with Lawesson′s reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Controlling Selectivity of Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Azide/Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) Between Sulfonyl Azides and Normal Alkynes or Propynoates.
Authors: Liu Yantao , Wang Xinyan , Xu Jimin , Zhang Qun , Zhao Yi , Hu Yuefei
Published: December 2011

Reaction of terminal alkynes (I) with sulfonyl azides (II) proceeds smoothly in the presence of a Cu(II)—o‐aminophenol catalytic system to give N‐sulfonyltriazoles (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Step‐Economic, Efficient, ZnS Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Spirooxindole Derivatives in Aqueous Medium via Knoevenagel Condensation Followed by Michael Addition.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Parewa Vijay , Jain Anuj Kumar , Rathore Kuldeep S.
Published: December 2011

The preparation of the ZnS nanoparticles is described as well.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiospecific Synthesis of Pyridinones as Versatile Intermediates Toward Asymmetric Piperidines.
Authors: Gouault Nicolas , Le Roch Myriam , Cheignon Adele , Uriac Philippe , David Michele
Published: December 2011

Treatment of amino ynones of type (I), generated from amino acids, with the system AuCl(PPh3)/AgSbF6 allows a new, simple, and enantioselective access to pyridinones like (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Furan Ring Opening — Pyridine Ring Closure: New Route to Quinolines under the Bischler—Napieralski Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Butin Alexander V. , Tsiunchik Fatima A. , Kostyukova Olga N. , Uchuskin Maxim G. , Trushkov Igor V.
Published: December 2011

A principally new method for the synthesis of polyfunctional title compounds is developed by recyclization of 2‐[2‐(acylamino)benzyl]furans in the presence of POCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aza‐[3 + 3] Annulation in the Synthesis of Indolizidines: An Unexpected Reversal of Regiochemistry.
Authors: Buchanan Grant S. , Dai Huifang , Hsung Richard P. , Gerasyuto Aleksey I. , Scheinebeck Casi M.
Published: December 2011

Treatment of pyrrolidines of type (I) with enals in the presence of the chiral ammonium salt allows a diastereo‐ and enantioselective access to indolizidines via an unprecedented head—to—tail annulation.
ChemInform Abstract: Rh1‐Catalyzed [6 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkyne—Allenylcyclobutanes: A New Entry for the Synthesis of Bicyclo[6.m.0] Skeletons.
Authors: Inagaki Fuyuhiko , Sugikubo Katsuya , Oura Yuki , Mukai Chisato
Published: December 2011

Cleavage of the unfunctionalized simple cyclobutane and construction of the bicyclo[6.m.0] frameworks can be achieved under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Pyrimidine—Isoxazoline Hybrids in a [bmim][PF6]—Water Biphasic System.
Authors: Lanjewar Kushal , Rahatgaonkar Anjali , Chorghade Mukund , Saraf Binda
Published: December 2011

The solvent system is effective in enhancing the cyclocondensation of enones of type (I)/(III) with hydroxylamine to yield isoxazolines in a short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Bioevaluation of Cycloalkyl Fused 2‐Aminopyrimidines as Antitubercular and Antidiabetic Agents.
Authors: Tripathi Rama Pati , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

A variety of title compounds (III) (20 examples) are efficiently obtained by reaction of bis‐benzylidene cycloalkanones and guanidine hydrochloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Diels—Alder Cycloaddition of Chiral Nonracemic 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Dienes.
Authors: Morris Erin N. , Nenninger E. Katherine , Pike Robert D. , Scheerer Jonathan R.
Published: December 2011

Substrate (II) undergoes regio‐ and stereoselective cycloadditions with electron‐rich and electron‐poor alkenes to afford bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Facile Method for the General Synthesis of 3‐Aryl Substituted 4,5,6,7‐Tetrahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrazines and Their Ring Fused Analogues.
Authors: Chowdhury Chinmay , Mukherjee Sanjukta , Chakraborty Biswajit , Achari Basudeb
Published: December 2011

The Boc‐protective group of compound (V) is easily cleaved under acidic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot, Non‐Catalytic Approach to 1,2,4‐Benzothiadiazine‐11‐dioxides.
Authors: Cherepakha Artem , Kovtunenko Vladimir O. , Tolmachev Andrey , Lukin Oleg
Published: December 2011

Condensation of o‐halobenzenesulfonyl chlorides with amidines and aminopyridine derivatives provides access towards a wide range of title benzthiadiazine dioxides under mild noncatalytic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Dihydrothiadiazinoazines and Dihydrothiadiazinoazoles and Their Pyrolytic Desulfurization Ring Contraction.
Authors: Al‐Etaibi Alya , John Elizabeth , Ibrahim Maher R. , Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , Ibrahim Yehia A.
Published: December 2011

Base‐promoted reaction of heterocyclic arylideneaminothiones, e.g. (VII) or (XI), with bromoacetates affords trans‐substituted thiadiazines fused to various heterocycles [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: [4 + 2 + 1] Domino Cyclization in Water for Chemo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Spiro‐Substituted Benzo[b]furo[3,4‐e][1,4]diazepine Derivatives.
Authors: Cheng Chuang , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Li Guigen
Published: December 2011

All products are purified by being merely filtered and then washed with ethanol.
ChemInform Abstract: Macrocyclization of Oxetane Building Blocks with Diazocarbonyl Derivatives under Rhodium(II) Catalysis.
Authors: Rix Diane , Ballesteros‐Garrido Rafael , Zeghida Walid , Besnard Celine , Lacour Jerome
Published: December 2011

The title reaction affords a rare type of 15‐membered polyether macrocycle.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Mediated Olefination of 2‐(tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl)pyridine by sp3 C—H Activation.
Authors: Wang Cong , Ge Haibo
Published: December 2011

The method allows an efficient access to allylsilane structures.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalized 3(2H)‐Furanones via Photooxygenation of (β‐Keto)‐2‐substituted Furans: Application to the Biomimetic Synthesis of Merrekentrone C.
Authors: Gryparis Charis , Lykakis Ioannis N. , Efe Christina , Zaravinos Ioannis‐Panayotis , Vidali Theonymphi , Kladou Eugenia , Stratakis Manolis
Published: December 2011

Members of the hygrophorone family like merrekentrone C (VIII), which exhibits fungicidal activity, are prepared using cross coupling of furans (V) and (VI) and photooxygenation of product (VII) as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: seco‐Limonoids and Quinoline Alkaloids from Raputia heptaphylla and Their Antileishmanial Activity.
Authors: Coy Barrera Carlos Andres , Coy Barrera Ericsson David , Granados Falla Diana Susana , Delgado Murcia Gabriela , Cuca Suarez Luis Enrique
Published: December 2011

The novel seco‐limonoid raputiolide (I) and the new quinoline alkaloids heptaphyllone A (II) and B (III) are isolated together with six known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of New α‐Nucleophiles for the Hydrolysis of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents: Application to the Reactivation of Phosphorylated Acetylcholinesterase.
Authors: Saint‐Andre Geraldine , Kliachyna Maria , Kodepelly Sanjeevarao , Louise‐Leriche Ludivine , Gillon Emilie , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Nachon Florian , Baati Rachid , Wagner Alain
Published: December 2011

A variety of (het)aryl aldoximes, (het)arylamidoximes and hydroxamic acids, e.g. (I), is tested as nucleophilic agent for the hydrolysis of phenylphosphonothioate (PhX), a member of a class of organophosphorus used as chemical warfare agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Mechanochemistry Understanding of Tribochemical Reactions
Authors: Li S. H. , Palekar V.
Published: December 2011

Review: 80 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes
Authors: Olmstead Marilyn M. , Balch Alan L. , Pinzon Julio R. , Echegoyen Luis , Gibson Harry W. , Dorn Harry C.
Published: December 2011

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxocluster‐Reinforced Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Materials: Effect of Transition Metal Oxoclusters on Structural and Functional Properties
Authors: Gross Silvia
Published: December 2011

Review: 157 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional p‐Phosphonated Calixarenes
Authors: Martin Adam D. , Raston Colin L.
Published: December 2011

Review: synthesis, self assembly and applications as vehicles for drug delivery, material science and nanotechnology, and separation science; 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Imino Bonds with Half‐Sandwich Metal Catalysts
Authors: Wang Chao , Villa‐Marcos Barbara , Xiao Jianliang
Published: December 2011

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysts Using Membrane Separation
Authors: Janssen Michele , Mueller Christian , Vogt Dieter
Published: December 2011

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomimetic Synthesis of Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan: Indolemonoterpene Alkaloids
Authors: Michel Sylvie , Tillequin Francois
Published: December 2011

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diterpenes
Authors: Min Zhi‐Da
Published: December 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thioxoquinazolines: Synthesis, Reactions and Biological Activities
Authors: El‐Hiti Gamal A. , Hussain Ajaz , Hegazy Amany S. , Alotaibi Mohammad H.
Published: December 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Diels‐Alderase Never Ending Story
Authors: Minami Atsushi , Oikawa Hideaki
Published: December 2011

Review: 127 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Reactions Initiated by Oxidative Dearomatization. Biomimicry or Artifact?
Authors: Jackson Stephen K. , Wu Kun‐Liang , Pettus Thomas R. R.
Published: December 2011

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applicable Properties of Cucurbiturils
Authors: Parvari Galit , Reany Ofer , Keinan Ehud
Published: December 2011

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aromatic Oligoamide Foldamers: A Paradigm for Structure — Property Relationship
Authors: Gan Quan , Wang Ying , Jiang Hua
Published: December 2011

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances of Application of Ionic Liquids in Catalytic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Shi Yukun , Qu Guangfei , Ning Ping , Zhang Jun , Feng Hui
Published: December 2011

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions
Authors: Carmona Daniel , Oro Luis A.
Published: December 2011

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Therapeutic Applications of Gold Complexes: Lipophilic Gold(III) Cations and Gold(I) Complexes for Anticancer Treatment
Authors: Che Chi‐Ming , Sun Raymond Wai‐Yin
Published: December 2011

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry and Biology of Rocaglamides (= Flavaglines) and Related Derivatives from Aglaia Species (Meliaceae)
Authors: Ebada Sherif S. , Lajkiewicz Neil , Porco John A. Jr. , Li‐Weber Min , Proksch Peter
Published: December 2011

Review: 140 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Withanolides and Related Steroids
Authors: Misico Rosana I. , Nicotra Viviana E. , Oberti Juan C. , Barboza Gloria , Gil Roberto R. , Burton Gerardo
Published: December 2011

Review: 267 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyimine Container Molecules and Nanocapsules
Authors: Rue Nicholas M. , Sun Junling , Warmuth Ralf
Published: December 2011

Review: 270 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Catalytic Processes
Authors: Bell Mexis T. , Head‐Gordon Martin
Published: December 2011

Review: 119 refs.
DNA methyltransferases1 (DNMT1) and 3a (DNMT3a) colocalize with GAD67‐positive neurons in the GAD67‐GFP mouse brain
Authors: Kadriu Bashkim , Guidotti Alessandro , Chen Ying , Grayson Dennis R.
Published: December 2011

DNA methylation is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism commonly associated with transcriptional silencing. DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are a family of related proteins that both catalyze the de novo formation of 5‐methylcytosine and maintain these methylation marks in cell‐specific patterns in virtually all mitotic cells of the body. In the adult brain, methylation occurs in progenitor cells of the neurogenic zones and in postmitotic neurons. Of the DNMTs, DNMT1 and DNMT3a are most highly expressed in postmitotic neurons. While it has been commonly thought all postmitotic neurons and glia express DNMTs at comparable levels, the coexpression of selected DNMTs with markers of distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes has not been previously examined in detail in the mouse. To this end, we analyzed the expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3a along with GAD67 in the brains of the glutamic acid decarboxylase67‐enhanced green fluorescent protein (GAD67‐GFP) knockin mice. After first confirming that GFP‐immunopositive neurons were also GAD67‐positive, we showed that in the motor cortex, piriform cortex, striatum, CA1 region of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and basolateral amygdala (BLA), GFP immunofluorescence coincided with the signal corresponding to DNMT1 and DNMT3a. A detailed examination of cortical neurons, showed that ≈30% of NeuN‐immunopositive neurons were also DNMT1‐positive. These data do not exclude the expression of DNMT1 or DNMT3a in glutamatergic neurons and glia. However, they suggest that their expression is low compared with the levels present in GABAergic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1951–1964, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complexity of networks (Reprise)
Authors: Standish Russell K.
Published: December 2011

Network or graph structures are ubiquitous in the study of complex systems. Often, we are interested in complexity trends of these system as it evolves under some dynamic. An example might be looking at the complexity of a food web as species enter an ecosystem via migration or speciation, and leave via extinction. In a previous article, a complexity measure of networks was proposed based on the “complexity is information content” paradigm. To apply this paradigm to any object, one must fix two things: a representation language, in which strings of symbols from some alphabet describe, or stand for the objects being considered; and a means of determining when two such descriptions refer to the same object. With these two things set, the information content of an object can be computed in principle from the number of equivalent descriptions describing a particular object. The previously proposed representation language had the deficiency that the fully connected and empty networks were the most complex for a given number of nodes. A variation of this measure, called zcomplexity, applied a compression algorithm to the resulting bitstring representation, to solve this problem. Unfortunately, zcomplexity proved too computationally expensive to be practical. In this article, I propose a new representation language that encodes the number of links along with the number of nodes and a representation of the linklist. This, like zcomplexity, exhibits minimal complexity for fully connected and empty networks, but is as tractable as the original measure. This measure is extended to directed and weighted links, and several real‐world networks have their network complexities compared with randomly generated model networks with matched node and link counts, and matched link weight distributions. When compared with the random networks, the real‐world networks have significantly higher complexity, as do artificially generated food webs created via an evolutionary process, in several well‐known ALife models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011
Characterization of volatile and aroma‐impact compounds in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L., var. Triumph) fruit by GC‐MS and GC‐O analyses
Authors: Wang Ying , Hossain Doris , Perry Patrick L. , Adams Bill , Lin Jianming
Published: December 2011

Although persimmon fruit is grown in various countries and is increasingly appreciated for its nutritional value, health benefits and rich flavour, surprisingly little research has been conducted to uncover the components responsible for its unique flavour. An aroma extract of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L., var. Triumph) was obtained by hydrodistillation under vacuum followed by solid phase extraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC‐MS) analysis of the extract led to the positive identification of 50 compounds, among which aldehydes emerged as the most important class of volatile compounds. Thirty‐two compounds were determined to have aroma‐impact, by gas chromatography–olfactometry analysis of the aroma extract. The six most intense aroma‐impact compounds were methional, (E)‐2‐hexenal, phenylacetaldehyde, (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienal, hexanal and Furaneol®. Their aroma qualities largely explain the aroma character of persimmon fruit, which was described as fresh peach, a touch of orange, sweet, woody, floral, green and potato. Unambiguous identification of trace aroma‐impact compounds (E,E,Z)‐2,4,6‐nonatrienal and (E,Z,Z)‐2,4,7‐decatrienal by GC‐MS was achieved by applying a solid phase extraction procedure for selective isolation of carbonyl compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zurich Cross Rail, Weinberg Tunnel – the challenges of the loose ground section and passing under the river / Durchmesserlinie Zürich, Weinbergtunnel – Herausforderung Lockergesteinsstrecke und Flussunterquerung
Authors: Bosshard Martin , Bolliger Josef , Kobel Roland
Published: December 2011

A notable increase of rail traffic is expected in Switzerland in the next few decades. In order to cope with this increase, the main station in Zurich is being improved with a new underground through station – the Löwenstraße station. This will be connected to the existing Swiss Railways network through the new Weinberg Tunnel. With the opening of the new Cross Rail in 2014, Zurich will become more attractive as a business location, and the journey times for long‐distance connections will be massively improved. The investment cost of this project is about 2.031 billion CHF (price basis 2005). This article gives an overview of the overall project and then describes the Weinberg Tunnel and the loose ground section in detail.

In der Schweiz wird für die kommenden Jahrzehnte eine markante Zunahme des Bahnverkehrs erwartet. Um diese Zunahme bewältigen zu können, wird der Hauptbahnhof Zürich mit einem neuen unterirdischen Durchgangsbahnhof – dem Bahnhof Löwenstraße – erweitert. Dieser soll über den neuen Weinbergtunnel an das bestehende Netz der Schweizerischen Bundesbahnen angeschlossen werden. Mit Inbetriebnahme dieser so genannten Durchmesserlinie im Jahr 2014 gewinnt der Wirtschaftsstandort Zürich an zusätzlicher Attraktivität, aber auch die Reisezeiten im Fernverkehr erfahren massive Verbesserungen. Die Investitionskosten für dieses Projekt belaufen sich auf rund 2,031 Mrd. CHF (Preisbasis 2005). Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über das Gesamtprojekt und beschreibt dann eingehend den Weinbergtunnel mit der Lockergesteinsstrecke.
New pumped storage station to cover peaks of electricity demand / Neues Pumpspeicherwerk zur Abdeckung des Bedarfs an Spitzenenergie
Authors: Gmür Martin , Kälin Andreas
Published: December 2011

The Kraftwerke Linth‐Limmern AG, an important Swiss high‐pressure power company, is extending its existing plant with the Linthal 2015 project in order to continue to be able to guarantee a secure electricity supply. The core element of the project is the Limmern pumped storage station with pumping and generation power of 1,000 MW each. Construction work on the project started at the end of September 2009. The construction sites high in the mountains, which extend up to a height of 2, 500 m above sea level, are accessed by two 25 t construction cable railways. Not only the logistics, weather and natural hazards but also the sheer size of the project are a great challenge for all parties. The total construction period for the Limmern pumped storage station is estimated at seven years, and commissioning of the four machine groups is planned for 2015/16.

Die Kraftwerke Linth‐Limmern AG, ein bedeutendes Schweizer Hochdruckkraftwerk, baut mit dem Projekt Linthal 2015 ihre bestehenden Anlagen aus, um auch in Zukunft eine sichere Stromversorgung gewährleisten zu können. Kernstück des Projekts bildet das Pumpspeicherwerk Limmern mit einer Pump‐ und Turbinenleistung von je 1.000 MW. Der Baubeginn des Projekts erfolgte Ende September 2009. Die Hochgebirgsbaustellen, die bis in eine Höhe von 2.500 m ü.M. reichen, werden durch zwei 25‐t‐Bauseilbahnen erschlossen. Die Logistik, die Witterung und die Naturgefahren sowie die Größe des Projekts stellen große Anforderungen an alle Beteiligten. Insgesamt wird für das PSW Limmern mit einer Bauzeit von knapp sieben Jahren gerechnet. Die Inbetriebnahme der vier Maschinengruppen ist in den Jahren 2015/16 vorgesehen.
Validity of the LCPC abrasivity coefficient through the example of a recent Danube gravel / Aussagekraft des LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizienten am Beispiel eines rezenten Donauschotters
Authors: Drucker Petra
Published: December 2011

The LCPC abrasivity test is regulated in the French standard NF P18‐579 “Granulats: Essai d'abrasivité et de broyabilité” and has recently been used increasingly in German‐speaking countries to quantify the abrasivity of granular soils. Using the example of a recent Danube gravel from the Prater in Vienna, the range of possible LCPC abrasivity coefficients, which can be determined for granular soils by making more or less use of the margin for interpretation allowed by the stated French standard, is demonstrated. The test results presented here should be of assistance in better understanding the validity of LCPC abrasivity coefficient considering the “actual” abrasivity of a soil. Some general factors with influence on the abrasivity or rather more on the wear caused by abrasive granular materials are discussed.

Der LCPC‐Abrasivitätsversuch ist in NF P18‐579 “Granulats: Essai d'abrasivité et de broyabilité” geregelt und wird in der jüngsten Vergangenheit im deutschsprachigen Raum vermehrt zur Bezifferung der Abrasivität von Lockergesteinen herangezogen. Am Beispiel eines rezenten Donauschotters aus dem Wiener Prater wird die Bandbreite möglicher LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizienten aufgezeigt, die unter mehr oder weniger großer Ausnutzung des Interpretationsspielraums, den die genannte französische Norm zulässt, an Lockergestein ermittelt werden kann. Die vorgestellten Versuchsergebnisse sollen zu einem besseren Verständnis der Aussagekraft von LCPC‐Abrasivitätskoeffizenten im Hinblick auf die “tatsächliche” Abrasivität eines Lockergesteins verhelfen. Einige allgemeine Einflussfaktoren auf die Abrasivität, bzw. vielmehr auf den Verschleiß durch körnige Abrasivstoffe, werden diskutiert.
Preparation, characterization and adsorption performance of molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin using suspension polymerization
Authors: Geng Liyuan , Kou Xing , Lei Jiandu , Su Haijia , Ma Guanghui , Su Zhiguo
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: There are few reports on erythromycin molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) used as HPLC stationary phase and solid phase extraction matrices. These imprinted polymers are prepared by bulk polymerization, which is tedious and time‐consuming, and they are irregular and possess poor reproducibility and low binding capacity. In this study, molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were prepared by aqueous suspension polymerization for the first time.

RESULTS: Imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were prepared using suspension polymerization in which 1.5% PVA‐water solution is used as continuous phase, and chloroform solution containing erythromycin, methacrylic acid and crosslinker is used as disperse phase. The composition of disperse phase is optimized, and the optimum molar ratio of erythromycin to methacrylic acid was 1:5. Selectivity analysis revealed that the imprinted microspheres can specifically recognize erythromycin from its structure analogues. The binding mechanism between erythromycin and methacrylic acid was investigated by UV‐Vis spectrophotometry. Adsorption kinetics and the adsorption isotherm of the imprinted microspheres indicate that erythromycin can be adsorbed rapidly by the imprinted microspheres and the maximum theoretical static binding capacity is 128.6110 mg g−1. The imprinted microspheres were used to extract erythromycin from a milk sample and a high recovery rate was obtained.

CONCLUSION: Molecularly imprinted microspheres for erythromycin were uniform and possess high adsorption capacity and excellent selectivity. They are therefore a promising extraction and chromatographic media. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of acetic acid on lipid accumulation by glucose‐fed activated sludge cultures
Authors: Mondala Andro , Hernandez Rafael , French Todd , McFarland Linda , Sparks Darrell , Holmes William , Haque Monica
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND: The effect of acetic acid, a lignocellulose hydrolysis by‐product, on lipid accumulation by activated sludge cultures grown on glucose was investigated. This was done to assess the possible application of lignocellulose as low‐cost and renewable fermentation substrates for biofuel feedstock production.

RESULTS: Biomass yield was reduced by around 54% at a 2 g L−1 acetic acid dosage but was increased by around 18% at 10 g L−1 acetic acid dosage relative to the control run. The final gravimetric lipid contents at 2 and 10 g L−1 acetic acid levels were 12.5 ± 0.7% and 8.8 ± 3.2% w/w, respectively, which were lower than the control (17.8 ± 2.8% w/w). However, biodiesel yields from activated sludge grown with acetic acid (5.6 ± 0.6% w/w for 2 g L−1 acetic acid and 4.2 ± 3.0% w/w for 10 g L−1 acetic acid) were higher than in raw activated sludge (1–2% w/w). The fatty acid profiles of the accumulated lipids were similar with conventional plant oil biodiesel feedstocks.

CONCLUSIONS: Acetic acid enhanced biomass production by activated sludge at high levels but reduced lipid production. Further studies are needed to enhance acetic acid utilization by activated sludge microorganisms for lipid biosynthesis. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of high‐quality ultrathin transmission electron microscopy specimens of a nanocrystalline metallic powder
Authors: Riedl Thomas , Gemming Thomas , Mickel Christine , Eymann Konrad , Kirchner Alexander , Kieback Bernd
Published: December 2011

This article explores the achievable transmission electron microscopy specimen thickness and quality by using three different preparation methods in the case of a high‐strength nanocrystalline Cu–Nb powder alloy. Low specimen thickness is essential for spatially resolved analyses of the grains in nanocrystalline materials. We have found that single‐sided as well as double‐sided low‐angle Ar ion milling of the Cu–Nb powders embedded into epoxy resin produced wedge‐shaped particles of very low thickness (<10 nm) near the edge. By means of a modified focused ion beam lift‐out technique generating holes in the lamella interior large micrometer‐sized electron‐transparent regions were obtained. However, this lamella displayed a higher thickness at the rim of ≥30 nm. Limiting factors for the observed thicknesses are discussed including ion damage depths, backscattering, and surface roughness, which depend on ion type, energy, current density, and specimen motion. Finally, sections cut by ultramicrotomy at low stroke rate and low set thickness offered vast, several tens of square micrometers uniformly thin regions of ∼10‐nm minimum thickness. As major drawbacks, we have detected a thin coating on the sections consisting of epoxy deployed as the embedding material and considerable nanoscale thickness variations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:711–719, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Back to school II: A response to Cohen, Jaycox, Amaya‐Jackson, and Stein
Authors: Rolfsnes Erika S. , Idsoe Thormod
Published: December 2011

This is a response to Cohen, Jaycox, Amaya‐Jackson, and Stein's commentary on Rolfsnes and Idsoe's (2011) review and meta‐analysis of school‐based intervention programs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. The authors explain why a previous review of school‐based interventions (Jaycox, Stein & Amaya‐Jackson, 2009) was not identified through the search process and apologize that it was not credited. The authors also highlight the variation between the two publications.
Electroresponsive behavior of 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel
Authors: Liu Genqi , Song Jinyue
Published: December 2011

An interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel composed of 2‐hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and poly(vinyl alcohol) was prepared. Its swelling properties and electroresponsive behavior in aqueous NaCl solutions were studied. The results indicated that the water uptake ability of the hydrogel decreased with increasing ionic strength of aqueous NaCl solution. The Young's modulus, elongation at break and tensile strength of the hydrogel swollen in deionized water were 4.29 MPa, 76.5% and 3.26 MPa, respectively. The hydrogel swollen in the NaCl solution bent toward the anode under non‐contact direct current electric fields, and its bending speed and equilibrium strain increased with increasing applied voltage. The electroresponsive behavior of the hydrogel was also affected by the electrolyte concentration of external NaCl solution, and there was a critical ionic strength of 0.10 where the maximum equilibrium strain of the hydrogel occurred. By changing the direction of the applied potential cyclically, the hydrogel exhibited good reversible bending behavior. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Lignans with Anti‐Hepatitis B Virus Activities from Phyllanthus niruri L.
Authors: Wei Wanxing , Li Xiangrong , Wang Kuiwu , Zheng Zuowen , Zhou Min
Published: December 2011

One new lignan, nirtetralin B, along with its two known stereoisomers were isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. The structure of the new compound was determined by spectroscopy experiments and x‐ray diffraction analysis. These lignans were assayed for anti‐hepatitis B virus activities in vitro. Nirtetralin and nirtetralin A, B effectively suppressed the secretion of the HBV antigens in a dose‐dependent manner with IC50 values for HBsAg of 9.5 µm (nirtetralin A), 16.7 µm (nirtetralin B) and 97.2 µm (nirtetralin), IC50 values for HBeAg of 17.4 µm (nirtetralin A), 69.3 µm (nirtetralin B) and 232.0 µm (nirtetralin), respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective Effects of Paeoniflorin Against Corticosterone‐induced Neurotoxicity in PC12 Cells
Authors: Mao Qing‐Qiu , Zhong Xiao‐Ming , Qiu Feng‐Mei , Li Zhao‐Yi , Huang Zhen
Published: December 2011

Neuroprotection has been proposed as one of the acting mechanisms of antidepressants. Paeoniflorin, a monoterpene glycoside, has been reported to display antidepressant‐like effects in animal models of behavioural despair. The present study aimed to examine the protective effect of paeoniflorin treatment on corticosterone‐induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Paeoniflorin was shown to elevate cell viability, decrease levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in corticosterone‐treated PC12 cells. Paeoniflorin also reversed the reduced nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA level caused by corticosterone in PC12 cells. The results suggest that paeoniflorin exerts a neuroprotective effect on corticosterone‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, at least in part, via the inhibition of oxidative stress and the up‐regulation of NGF expression. This neuroprotective effect may be one of the action pathways that accounts for the in vivo antidepressant activity of paeoniflorin. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity Is a Biomarker of Primitive Normal Human Mammary Luminal Cells
Authors: Eirew Peter , Kannan Nagarajan , Knapp David J.H.F. , Vaillant François , Emerman Joanne T. , Lindeman Geoffrey J. , Visvader Jane E. , Eaves Connie J.
Published: December 2011

Elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) expression/activity has been identified as an important biomarker of primitive cells in various normal and malignant human tissues. Here we examined the level and type of ALDH expression and activity in different subsets of phenotypically and functionally defined normal human mammary cells. We find that the most primitive human mammary stem and progenitor cell types with bilineage differentiation potential show low ALDH activity but undergo a marked, selective, and transient upregulation of ALDH activity at the point of commitment to the luminal lineage. This mirrors a corresponding change in transcripts and protein levels of ALDH1A3, an enzyme involved in retinoic acid synthesis and the most highly expressed ALDH gene in normal human mammary tissue. In contrast, ALDH1A1 is expressed at low levels in all mammary epithelial cells. These findings raise interesting questions about the reported association of ALDH activity with breast cancer stem cells and breast cancer prognosis.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Limbal Epithelial Stem Cells: Role of the Niche Microenvironment
Authors: Ordonez Paula , Di Girolamo Nick
Published: December 2011

The cornea contains a reservoir of self-regenerating epithelial cells that are essential for maintaining its transparency and good vision. The study of stem cells in this functionally important organ has grown over the past four decades, partly due to the ease with which this tissue is visualized, its accessibility with minimally invasive instruments, and the fact that its stem cells are segregated within a transitional zone between two functionally diverse epithelia. While human, animal, and ex vivo models have been instrumental in progressing the corneal stem cell field, there is still much to be discovered about this exquisitely sensitive window for sight. This review will provide an overview of the human cornea, where its stem cells reside and how components of the microenvironment including extracellular matrix proteins and their integrin receptors are thought to govern corneal stem cell homeostasis.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Spindle positioning in the stem cell niche
Authors: Yadlapalli Swathi , Yamashita Yukiko M.
Published: December 2011

Stem cells are the source of differentiated cells that constitute tissues and organs. Two fundamental characteristics of stem cells are their abilities to self‐renew stem cell identity and to produce differentiated cells, the balance of which can be achieved by asymmetric stem cell division. Many stem cells have been shown to reside in a stem cell niche, the home of stem cells that regulates the stem cell behavior. Recent studies have revealed the critical contribution of cytoskeletons in achieving asymmetric stem cell division: mitotic spindles in dividing stem cells are often oriented with respect to the stem cell niche, which is supported by concerted actions of microtubule networks and components at the cell membrane such as adherens junctions, the actin cytoskeleton, and the extracellular matrix. In this article, we review the mechanism of stem cell spindle orientation, with emphasis on its relationship with the stem cell niche, and discuss how it contributes to tissue development and homeostasis. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:215–230. doi: 10.1002/wdev.16

This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Aging
Health and safety implications of occupational exposure to engineered nanomaterials
Authors: Stebounova Larissa V. , Morgan Hallie , Grassian Vicki H. , Brenner Sara
Published: December 2011

The rapid growth and commercialization of nanotechnology are currently outpacing health and safety recommendations for engineered nanomaterials. As the production and use of nanomaterials increase, so does the possibility that there will be exposure of workers and the public to these materials. This review provides a summary of current research and regulatory efforts related to occupational exposure and medical surveillance for the nanotechnology workforce, focusing on the most prevalent industrial nanomaterials currently moving through the research, development, and manufacturing pipelines. Their applications and usage precedes a discussion of occupational health and safety efforts, including exposure assessment, occupational health surveillance, and regulatory considerations for these nanomaterials. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:310–321. doi: 10.1002/wnan.174

This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
On understanding the economics and elasticity challenges of deploying business applications on public cloud infrastructure
Authors: Suleiman Basem , Sakr Sherif , Jeffery Ross , Liu Anna
Published: December 2011

The exposure of business applications to the web has considerably increased the variability of its workload patterns and volumes as the number of users/customers often grows and shrinks at various rates and times. Such application characteristics have increasingly demanded the need for flexible yet inexpensive computing infrastructure to accommodate variable workloads. The on-demand and per-use cloud computing model, specifically that of public Cloud Infrastructure Service Offerings (CISOs), has quickly evolved and adopted by majority of hardware and software computing companies with the promise of provisioning utility-like computing resources at massive economies of scale. However, deploying business applications on public cloud infrastructure does not lead to achieving desired economics and elasticity gains, and some challenges block the way for realizing its real benefits. These challenges are due to multiple differences between CISOs and application’s requirements and characteristics. This article introduces a detailed analysis and discussion of the economics and elasticity challenges of business applications to be deployed and operate on public cloud infrastructure. This includes analysis of various aspects of public CISOs, modeling and measuring CISOs’ economics and elasticity, application workload patterns and its impact on achieving elasticity and economics, economics-driven elasticity decisions and policies, and SLA-driven monitoring and elasticity of cloud-based business applications. The analysis and discussion are supported with motivating scenarios for cloud-based business applications. The paper provides a multi-lenses overview that can help cloud consumers and potential business application’s owners to understand, analyze, and evaluate important economics and elasticity capabilities of different CISOs and its suitability for meeting their business application’s requirements.