bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated analysis for multiplet identification from ultra-high resolution 2D-1H,13C-HSQC NMR spectra
Authors: Ferrante Laura , Rajpoot Kashif , Jeeves Mark , Ludwig Christian
Published: May 2023

Background: Metabolism is essential for cell survival and proliferation. A deep understanding of the metabolic network and its regulatory processes is often vital to understand and overcome disease. Stable isotope tracing of metabolism using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool to derive mechanistic information of metabolic network activity. However, to retrieve meaningful information, automated tools are urgently needed to analyse these complex spectra and eliminate the bias introduced by manual analysis. Here,

we present a data-driven algorithm to automatically annotate and analyse NMR signal multiplets in 2D-1H,13C-HSQC NMR spectra arising from 13C -13C scalar couplings. The algorithm minimises the need for user input to guide the analysis of 2D-1H,13C-HSQC NMR spectra by performing automated peak picking and multiplet analysis. This enables non-NMR specialists to use this technology. The algorithm has been integrated into the existing MetaboLab software package.

Methods: To evaluate the algorithm performance two criteria are tested: is the peak correctly annotated and secondly how confident is the algorithm with its analysis. For the latter a coefficient of determination is introduced. Three datasets were used for testing. The first was to test reproducibility with three biological replicates, the second tested the robustness of the algorithm for different amounts of scaling of the apparent J-coupling constants and the third focused on different sampling amounts.

Results: The algorithm annotated overall >90% of NMR signals correctly with average coefficient of determination ρ of 94.06 ± 5.08%, 95.47 ± 7.20% and 80.47 ± 20.98% respectively.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that the proposed algorithm accurately identifies and analyses NMR signal multiplets in ultra-high resolution 2D-1H,13C-HSQC NMR spectra. It is robust to signal splitting enhancement and up to 25% of non-uniform sampling.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVEL NOTES AS A TEXT TYPE (BASED ON GERMAN TEXTS)
Authors: Tsedrik Lidiia N.
Published: May 2023

The article presents travel notes in German and their linguistic and stylistic features within the context of a typological analysis based on the approach of the German textological school which studies the diversity of text types.

The purpose of the study is to determine the main features of travel notes as a text type.

Research material: travel notes in German published in the press, as well as posted on Internet portals. As part of the study methods of comparative and descriptive analysis were used, which included classification, interpretation, and generalization. The study also involves elements of etymological, definitional, component and contextual analysis.

Results. The texts of travel notes perform both informative and appellative functions, which make it possible to define travel notes as the transitional type of texts. Despite the relative freedom that the author has in creating texts, travel notes still have a certain structure. The definition of the main characteristics of travel notes as a type of text allows us to conclude that they are a specific phenomenon that combines not only various speech components, but also other types of texts.

Practical implications. The theoretical significance lies in the study and description of travel notes as a text type, analysis of their characteristics and linguistic and stylistic features. The research material can be used for further study of this type of text. The data obtained can be used in theoretical courses and seminars on lexicology and stylistics when teaching the German language.
Ban Targeted Advertising? An Empirical Investigation of the Consequences for App Development
Authors: Kircher Tobias , Foerderer Jens
Published: May 2023

On many multisided app platforms, the supply-side monetizes their work with targeted advertising. The targeting of ads has raised concerns over user privacy and has led to calls for platform firms and regulators to bar this practice. Important for this debate is to understand the consequences that a ban on targeted advertising would have for app development. To inform, we exploit that Google, in 2019, banned targeted advertising in Android children’s games. This setting represents an ideal real-world laboratory and permits a quasi-experimental research design. Our overall finding is that the ban on targeted advertising caused substantial app abandonment. The ban reduced the release of feature updates, particularly for games of young, undiversified, and advertisement-dependent firms. Only games of exceptionally high quality and demand showed an increase in development. Corroborating this picture, affected games were more likely to be delisted. Developers shifted their efforts toward their unaffected games and released fewer new games on average. Further tests substantiate that targeted advertising represented a crucial form of monetization for affected games and that the ban obliterated ad revenues used for app development. Our findings have several implications. To avoid a loss in app innovation, platform firms should consider implementing measures to reduce the burden on developers, especially by creating alternative monetization opportunities. Consumers and policymakers should be aware that targeted advertising plays a crucial role for app development and can use our estimates for designing policies. Thus, consumers’ demand for privacy can conflict with platform firms’ goal to foster app innovation.

This paper was accepted by Hemant Bhargava, information systems.

Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4726 .
Revista Em Pauta: três décadas de um tracejo científico acadêmico
Authors: Freire Silene De Moraes
Published: May 2023

O presente artigo busca resgatar aspectos expressivos da história da Faculdade de Serviço Social da Uerj relacionando os mesmos ao surgimento e desenvolvimento da Revista Em Pauta, veículo de divulgação científica dessa unidade acadêmica e do seu programa de pós-graduação stricto sensu, no ano em que o periódico completa três décadas de existência. A trajetória dessa publicação que transitou da fase de Cadernos Em Pauta à atual Revista Em Pauta enfrenta diferentes momentos de aprimoramento que não podem ser compreendidos como um projeto em si, mas sim como parte de um processo de adensamento acadêmico que caracteriza a Faculdade em que a revista foi criada e se desenvolveu nesses trinta anos. Palavras-Chave: Revista Em Pauta; Faculdade de Serviço Social; história.
“A causa de um é a causa de todos”. Greves e sindicatos em Portugal 1870, um olhar da história global
Authors: Varela Raquel
Published: May 2023

Neste artigo analisamos o período da primeira onda de greves em Portugal relacionando-as com a situação histórica internacional, em particular a crise econômica da grande depressão de 1870, a fundação da Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores – a Fraternidade Operária – nesse período, a revolução ibérica de 1868. A partir de 1870, Portugal conhece a greve, que, mesmo reprimida, restringida ou proibida de fato até 1974, nunca mais deixará o panorama social contemporâneo. Uma das características fundamentais da produção capitalista, desde então, é a paragem da produção pelos trabalhadores. Que condições se criaram para que uma nova palavra tenha surgido no léxico social, e, pese embora a dureza da repressão que sobre os trabalhadores se abateu, nunca mais tenha deixado a realidade social? Palavras-Chave: greves; Portugal; Fraternidade Operária; Comuna de Paris.
PERENCANAAN PENGGUNAAN TANAMAN HIAS UNTUK FITOREMEDIASI RUANGAN DALAM (INDOOR) APARTEMEN DARI PAJANAN PARTIKULAT
Authors: Aprilia Elfira , Tangahu Bieby Voijant
Published: May 2023

Pencemaran udara dalam ruang merupakan suatu keadaan adanya polutan yang konsentrasinya dapat berisiko menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan manusia. Salah satu jenis pencemar udara yang berdampak pada kesehatan adalah particulate matter (PM) karena bersifat respirable yang memicu terjadinya gangguan pernapasan. Terdapat beberapa faktor yang menjadi penyebab berpengaruhnya konsentrasi partikulat di dalam ruangan yang dilakukan penghuni apartemen, salah satunya adalah faktor dari luar ruangan seperti pengaruh dari aktivitas transportasi. Fitoremediasi merupakan salah satu solusi untuk mereduksi partikulat yang berlebih. Sehingga tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari perencanaan ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pajanan partikulat di dalam ruangan apartemen, menginventarisasi tanaman hias yang sesuai dalam fitoremediasi udara indoor, serta merencanakan kebutuhan tanaman hiasnya. Pengukuran konsentrasi partikulat dilakukan di dalam ruangan apartemen pada 3 lokasi unit yang sudah ditentukan. Pemilihan ruangan apartemen dengan memperhatikan jarak dari ruangan ke lahan parkir sebagai pembandingnya. Setelah dilakukan pengukuran partikulat, 3 dari 3 unit untuk pengukuran konsentrasi PM2,5 menunjukkan hasil di atas baku mutu menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan No. 1077 Tahun 2011. Sedangkan untuk pengukuran PM10, hanya 1 dari 3 unit yang hasil pengukurannya berada di atas baku mutu. Karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan, maka untuk mereduksi konsentrasi partikulat di dalam ruangan, digunakan metode fitoremediasi dengan menggunakan tanaman hias. Fitoremediasi sendiri merupakan metode untuk membersihkan maupun mengontrol kontaminan dengan menggunakan tumbuhan. Kebutuhan tanaman hias dalam ruangan direncanakan dengan memperhatikan tingkat reduksi tanaman supaya konsentrasi partikulat tidak melebihi baku mutunya dan dihitung dengan metode pendekatan. Pada unit A dan B, direncanakan 3 tanaman hias, sedangkan untuk unit C hanya membutuhkan 2 tanaman hias untuk mereduksi PM2,5 dan PM10.
UJI EFEKTIVITAS ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes) DAN KAYU APU (Pistia stratiotes) SEBAGAI TUMBUHAN POLISHING TREATMENT UNTUK MENYISIHKAN BOD, COD, DAN TSS PADA LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH POTONG HEWAN
Authors: Ananta Nugraha Yudi , Tangahu Bieby Voijant
Published: May 2023

Konsentrasi bahan yang tercemar terdapat dalam air limbah cair rumah potong hewan seperti BOD, COD, dan TSS dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif pada kehidupan biota sehingga berakibat terjadinya dampak negatif pada kehidupan biota. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengolah air limbah rumah potong hewan menggunakan metode fitoremediasi dengan eceng gondok dan kayu apu sehingga terjadi meningkatkan kualitas air limbah yang akan dibuang ke badan air. Penelitian dilakukan melalui penelitian utama dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap, yaitu tahap propagasi, aklimatisasi, uji range finding test, dan pengujian utama. Tahap propagasi dilakukan selama 1 bulan hingga tumbuh tunas atau tumbuhan generasi kedua yang akan digunakan untuk tahap selanjutnya. Pada tahap aklimatisasi bertujuan untuk mendapatkan tumbuhan uji telah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan baru. Kemudian tahap uji range finding test harus dilakukan untuk menetapkan konsentrasi zat uji yang akan digunakan untuk pengujian utama. Konsentrasi yang digunakan yaitu 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, dan 80% dan dilakukan selama 7 hari. Kemudian tahap pengujian utama dengan parameter yang dianalisis yaitu BOD, COD dan TSS. Hasil yang diperoleh pada tahap range finding test menunjukkan bahwa pada limbah RPH sapi eceng gondok dapat hidup pada konsentrasi limbah sebesar 10%. Sementara kayu apu dapat hidup pada konsentrasi limbah 20%. Sedangkan pada limbah RPH ayam eceng gondok dapat hidup pada konsentrasi limbah 20%. dan kayu apu pada konsentrasi limbah 20%. Sementara hasil fitoproses menunjukkan bahwa pada limbah cair rumah potong hewan (sapi) penyisihan BOD paling efektif pada tumbuhan kayu apu yaitu sebesar 300,7 mg/L, penyisihan COD paling efektif pada tumbuhan kayu apu yaitu sebesar 368 mg/L, dan penyisihan TSS paling efektif pada kayu apu yaitu sebesar 54,2 mg/L. Pada limbah cair rumah potong hewan (ayam) penyisihan BOD paling efektif pada tumbuhan kayu apu yaitu sebesar 65,4 mg/L, penyisihan COD paling efektif pada tumbuhan kayu apu yaitu sebesar 176 mg/L, dan penyisihan TSS paling efektif pada kayu apu yaitu sebesar 76,8 mg/L.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Huw J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter illustrates significant shifts in European fighting methods for which the British were ill-prepared. It discusses the systematic use of terrain, fortifications and well-posted infantry, cavalry and artillery that helped spark a century-long debate about universal systems of warfare. The chapter then examines a fundamental re-evaluation of the fighting practices of the British Army. It delves into the creation of new military knowledge during the years after their defeat, how officers and soldiers responded to new and unexpected challenges, developed new approaches to fighting a war and implemented those ideas in the face of organisational tradition, institutional resistance and personal suspicion of change. The process would take decades, and would be facilitated by, and help perpetuate, an accidental military enlightenment in Britain. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes that this period of military change, innovation and adaptation reflected a much larger, European-wide movement.
The ‘Universal Soldier’
Authors: Davies Huw J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows how Ensign Thomas Mitchell, newly commissioned in the 95th Rifles, represented what had been dubbed ‘the universal soldier’. Trained to perform regular infantry line duties, the chapter describes that these members of the light infantry were also capable of more specialist skirmishing, reconnaissance and intelligence-collection duties. This chapter then explores how Mitchell extracted several maxims in Henry Lloyd's Philosophy of War about the use of light infantry, and more general observations on the conduct of war. It emphasizes that Mitchell immersed himself in the military history of the British and European armies, studied in some depth the campaigns of Marlborough and Frederick the Great and attempted to link these to lessons pertinent to contemporary warfare. In the wake of the failures of the 1790s and the success of the campaign in Egypt, the chapter also stresses that it became clear that the British Army needed to re-evaluate its order of battle. The chapter highlights that the Frederician tactics employed during the early campaigns against Revolutionary France were central to success in conventional battle but were vulnerable to the expansion of the French light infantry arm. It then evaluates the British Army's informal experiment with the use of light infantry for decades, inspired by the experience of wilderness warfare in North America.
The Qur'an: Text and Commentary, Volume 1
Authors: Neuwirth Angelika
Published: May 2023

This six-volume commentary, published originally in Germany, offers a historical and philological analysis of the form, structure, and semantic message of each of the 114 Qur'anic suras. It brings together the fruits of the past hundred years of modern scholarship and provides access to the aesthetic, theological, linguistic, and semantic background required to appreciate the unique novelty, force, and historical position of the Qur'an. Contextualizing the Qur'anic message in the broader world of late antiquity, it bridges the gaps between the inner-Islamic scholarly world and the academy. Skillfully translated, this first volume focuses on the Meccan suras, the earliest and often the most aesthetically striking and compelling part of the corpus of Qur'anic proclamations.
Prologue
Authors: Knight Roger
Published: May 2023

This prologue recounts how, on March 27, 1804, a convoy of 67 merchant ships prepared to set out from Cork Harbour, bound for ports in the West Indies. The warship charged with escorting the convoy was the HMS Apollo, assisted by the HMS Carysfort. On April 2, HMS Apollo struck a shoal; no fewer than twenty-seven West India merchant ships of the convoy followed her and were wrecked with her. Herein lay a curious British naval weakness. By 1802, only 7 per cent of British warships had a chronometer on board and the navy only began to issue them in subsequent years, while ships in home waters did not receive them until the 1840s. The prologue illustrates the difference between success and failure during the Napoleonic Wars, one of so many forgotten decisions which made up the complex organisation of worldwide British sailing convoys.
North Sea Convoys
Authors: Knight Roger
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the reality of the lives of naval and merchant officers and seamen who maintained the blockade and escorted the convoys in the harsh conditions of northerly latitudes. Commander John Hancock of HMS Cruizer specialised in blockading the French and Dutch coasts and hunting down privateers. Meanwhile, Commander Peter Rye of HMAS Providence patiently convoyed merchant ships to and from the Humber to German, Danish, and Swedish ports. Before the beginning of the war, the careers of both officers had followed similar paths, having been born within a year of each other in 1765 and 1766 and entering the navy within a month of each other in 1778. With their different roles and temperaments, the two officers were major contributors to the maintenance of Britain's control of the North Sea.
The Mediterranean
Authors: Knight Roger
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the importance of Malta for the trade patterns of British convoys in the Mediterranean. Malta was a priceless asset for it was already a complete naval base with facilities, and it offered a different strategic advantage from Gibraltar. When the war resumed in 1803, the British had in Malta an immense, deep-water and easily defended harbour, sheltered from storms, well-supplied with fresh water, a natural centre for both British military and trade shipping. The bulk cargoes to Britain included cotton from Alexandria, currants from Patras, wheat from Salonika, and olive oil and wine from the Ionian Islands. Of the fruit, the most important for the war effort were lemons. One unique mineral that was of very high strategic value was the sulphur ore (brimstone) from the mines of Sicily, a critical element in the manufacture of gunpowder in Britain.
Beauty
Authors: Brown Matthew
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the long history between beauty and sports. It elaborates on how sports promotion was shaped by racialized and gendered ideologies about human bodies in the early 1900s. Sports were understood and promoted in order to improve bodies, communities, and societies, so the aesthetic dimension was vital to the public provision of sports. The chapter also considers the ways in which women who played sports were characterized as masculine, while the dominance of men's soccer represented the notion of male physical effort, coordination, individual skill, and competitiveness as beautiful. It explains that education, institutions, and the media created a binary of separate men's and women's sports.
Technology
Authors: Brown Matthew
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses that the integration of technology enabled South Americans to excel in sports. It looks into the achievements of aviators Jorge Newbery and Jorge Chávez, who both competed in Europe and North America. Technologically enabled sports were part and parcel of a sporting landscape characterized by transnational connections and nation-building projects. The chapter explains the technological innovations that created motorsports and cycling, which triggered greater media attention than endurance sports. It also explores the transformative effects of communications technologies, such as magazines, films and sporting commentaries by radio that were broadcast across South America in the late 1920s.
Make Old Ideas Seem New
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the effectiveness of keyword curation and strategic signaling to methodically and habitually amplify extremist concepts that were once considered to be justified human rights atrocities. Blurring the boundaries of mainstream conservatism by normalizing extremist ideas has serious consequences for the public's understanding of civil rights and racial equity. Research also found that white supremacist ideas amplified by the right-wing information ecosystem fostered the practice of “othering” by extremist groups. The chapter focuses on race realism and white shift as white supremacist tropes that promise xenophobia through the valorization of violence, whiteness, Nazi ideology, and colonial history. It looks into how disinformation can contribute to radicalization by bolstering resentment and rewarding outrage.
Close the Loop
Authors: Tripodi Francesca Bolla
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the propaganda feedback loop. It references that PragarU videos that routinely use scriptural inference to drill down into documents, speeches, and scientific claims while simultaneously encouraging viewers to think critically but not question the broader cultural narrative. The right-wing information ecosystem utilizes the power of the five dimensions of conservatism and scriptural inference while simultaneously encourages users to seek out more information. The chapter elaborates on how the right-wing information ecosystem repeatedly used Dr. Martin Luther King's words to frame the critical race theory as a threat to American society. It also looks into the traction of the Antifa movement, which has beliefs that revolve around active and aggressive opposition to far-right movements.
The Important Federal Role in Zoning Reform
Authors: Ellickson Robert C.
Published: May 2023

The chapter suggests specific federal and state policies to remedy current local zoning abuses, asserting that the federal government has only a secondary role. Congress would be wise to increase the funding of housing vouchers, a form of housing assistance far more efficient and equitable than project-based housing assistance. The chapter promotes how federal government should provide grants-in-aid to state agencies established to address local zoning abuses. The chapter emphasizes what Washington, D.C. does best, which is appropriating funds. It urges the federal government to expand its housing voucher program and provide grants-in-aid to state agencies charged with extirpating exclusionary practices.
An Anatomy of Lynching
Authors: Crabtree Mari N.
Published: May 2023

This chapter closely analyzes the 1916 lynching of Jesse Washington in Waco, Texas, and the 1918 lynching of Mary Turner in Brooks County, Georgia: the ritual violence itself, local Black and white communities’ responses in their immediate aftermath, and national media coverage. These two cases encapsulate many common elements of lynching during the peak period of 1880 through 1940, and dissecting the anatomy of lynching—exploring the composition and assemblage of lynch mobs, specific rituals of lynching, and racial and gender myths reinforced by lynching—provides a historical foundation for tracing continuities between lynching at the height of Jim Crow and its legacies in the three decades following 1940.
Haunting
Authors: Crabtree Mari N.
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyzes several ways in which lynching haunted the South. Long after mobs dispersed from the sites of lynchings, memories of that violence lingered in the physical spaces themselves, and Black southerners found a measure of justice in tales of the supernatural—vengeful ghosts, deathbed confessions, divine retribution, and even a destructive tornado. These folktales and family lore enabled Black communities to process and condemn local lynchings, but via an act of God or an angry ghost, rather than a direct expression of their criticism, but for some, lynchings literally haunted them, leaving them to struggle with traumatic memories they could not shake.
The Blues
Authors: Crabtree Mari N.
Published: May 2023

This chapter lays out a theory of African American collective trauma and cultural memory, arguing that the blues sensibility contains an instructive metaphor for understanding the full range of ways in which Black southerners gave expression to their memories of lynching and confronted those memories. Drawing upon the work of writers from Ralph Ellison to Jeffrey Ferguson but also the insights of blues musicians from B. B. King to Mississippi Fred McDowell, this chapter demonstrates how the blues sensibility avoids reducing Black memories of lynching to either resistance or submission and, instead, places these memories within a framework that resonates with the African American cultural tradition. As a way of being—a posture toward life—the blues equip Black people to face both life’s joys and sorrows, and they warn us against the perils of collective amnesia.
Epilogue
Authors: Crabtree Mari N.
Published: May 2023

In the past few decades, community organizations and museums throughout the South, such as the Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center and the Equal Justice Initiative’s National Memorial for Peace and Justice, have worked to memorialize lynching victims and encourage a multiracial, public reckoning with lynching and its legacies. The epilogue reflects on these and other memorialization efforts and considers how well they address the persistent legacies of lynchings past and present. Despite hard-fought battles for historical markers and official apologies, the reluctance to revisit that history and the absence of substantive restitution for communities impacted by lynching—and, of course, the ongoing problem of anti-Black violence—show how lynching still intrudes upon the present.
What Kind of Miracle Was the U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program?
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter evaluates the U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program, which was designed as a response to the loss of Southeast Asian rubber imports during World War II. The initiative was hampered both by flawed design and by prewar denialism that the United States would or should become involved in the war, which led to delays in facilities construction. The U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program started late, failed to meet production targets before the last quarter of 1943, produced an imperfect substitute for natural rubber, and involved hundreds of millions of dollars of unnecessary expenditure. In the wake of a politicized battle over what feedstock should be used in the program, and after his veto of the Rubber Supply Act of 1942, President Roosevelt appointed a committee and instructed it to examine the perilous economic, military, and political situation in which the country then found itself. The chapter then discusses the crisis that brought the committee into existence and the substance of its September 1942 Report of the Rubber Survey Committee, referred to as the Survey Committee Report. It looks at the attempts to develop alternative plant-based sources of latex; the program's emphasis on petroleum; and the nationwide program of gas rationing to save rubber.
Petroleum, Paukenschlag, and Pipelines
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the challenges to the petroleum industry during World War II, the most serious of which came from German U-boats, whose activities directly and indirectly threatened the manufacturing heartland of the country and the strategic capabilities of the United States and its allies. Dealing with East Coast supply was primarily a distribution challenge, not a production or refining problem. The chapter then looks at how U-boat predation led to the construction of two pipelines from East Texas to the Northeast (Big Inch and Little Big Inch pipelines), financed by the government. After a two-year postwar hiatus, the pipelines were again used, but at that point to transport natural gas. Ultimately, the history of the petroleum industry between 1941 and 1945 is consistent with declining productivity in U.S. manufacturing. In responding to neither of the sector's main challenges did the exigencies of war lead to breakthrough technologies in the exploration for, production of, or refining of oil.
From Priorities Unemployment to Labor Shortage
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter investigates how shortages of materials and subassemblies, aggravated by producer hoarding, drove the priorities unemployment that was a signature feature of production during the first half of U.S. participation in the war. After 1943, severe labor shortage and a secondary product composition effect added to the mix. Throughout the war, these strains periodically caused productive capacity to remain idle, sometimes for extended periods. The chapter then looks at the 1943 minutes of the meetings of the War Production Board. It also considers the push for national service legislation, which was seen by advocates as a move in the direction of more equal sacrifice and as a partial solution to labor shortages and high turnover in industry. Moreover, the chapter studies the manpower policies of the Selective Service System.
Are Patent Data Consistent with the Productivity Numbers?
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses whether patent data can be interpreted as consistent with the narrative presented in the previous chapter. For aviation and shipbuilding, patenting rates were stable compared to those in the prewar period, but there were declines for chemicals, and even sharper declines for petroleum, rubber and plastics, instruments, fabricated metals, and other machinery, particularly when comparing 1941–48 with 1932–1940. Similar declines are evident in consumer-oriented sectors where production was eliminated or sharply restricted during the war, including motor vehicles, electrical appliances, and radios and televisions. Existing explanations for weak wartime patenting focus on “economic conditions” and judicial decisions—particularly compulsory licensing decrees in the late 1930s—along with an intellectual and political environment that allegedly weakened the economic value of patents. The chapter proposes that, with a few exceptions, patentable inventive activity declined as a direct consequence of economic mobilization for war.
Do You Believe in Magic?
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

This chapter reflects on the attribution of positive long-term supply-side benefits to U.S. economic mobilization for World War II. The use of the word “miracle” in descriptions of U.S. manufacturing during World War II celebrates the ability of the country to produce thousands of Liberty ships, tens of thousands of tanks, hundreds of thousands of aircraft, jeeps, trucks, and guns to supply the soldiers, sailors, and airmen of the United States and its allies while at the same time sustaining domestic consumption. World War II did leave significant institutional, normative, and economic legacies for the United States. The war was not, however, associated with a political revolution or fundamental changes in the instrumentalities of government. The chapter then looks at the historiography of U.S. military conflict and economic growth, considering the American Civil War. Both World War II and the American Civil War reduced potential output while under way.
Figural Art
Authors: Adler Yonatan
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the question of when Judeans began to observe a prohibition against the graphic depiction of humans and animals in profane artwork in fulfillment of what understood to be the “second commandment” of the Decalogue. Literary sources from the first century CE describe a commonly held belief among Judeans that Torah law forbids the artistic representation of living creatures. That this ban was observed almost universally among Judeans at this time is demonstrated by the almost complete lack of figural representations in contemporary archaeological and numismatic remains. Observance of this prohibition is in evidence as early as the first century BCE, as well as in the final three decades of the second century BCE. Prior to this time, we lack evidence that Judeans avoided figural art in any way. Coins minted in Judea in the first half of the third century BCE displayed portraits of the Ptolemaic monarchs and the image of an eagle, and all Judean coins from the late Persian period displayed images of animals and humans. Figurines from sites in Persian Yehud and Judean seals featuring figural art from Persian Babylonia also suggest that figural art was not eschewed by Judeans during Achaemenid times.
Introduction
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter emphasizes that the precarity of Asian peace is a problem not only in its own right but for the United States as well. It argues that sustaining Asian peace requires not only acknowledging but also trying to improve the Pacific power paradox: the unvarnished reality that the United States has presented three different faces toward the Asian peace, sometimes simultaneously. The chapter first investigates how much has America really mattered, for good or ill. It aims to answer the following questions: What U.S. decisions and thought processes have gone into preserving regional stability? How, if at all, does U.S. officials' thinking about Asia over time differ from the way scholars have explained the absence of war in the region? To what extent has Washington been not just a source of, but also a threat to, regional security? More importantly, what might the United States do to shore up an Asian peace that is today under tremendous strain? To answer these questions, the chapter explains explain the Asian peace itself and America's role in it.
Founding the Asian Peace
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the emergence of Asian peace in the context of pivotal decisions made between the United States and China during the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations. It argues that the Sino-U.S. détente was not entirely an intentional founding moment for what would become Asian peace. The chapter then shifts to focus on the two great powers that most shaped subsequent regional dynamics: the United States and China. It emphasizes that President Richard Nixon and Chairman Mao Tse-tung were simply men exploiting an opportunity before them that did not exist in the decades prior. Theirs was a moment born of several converging historical processes: a shifting balance of power, an anti-China image in Washington that was softening, and an evolving domestic politics in both nations that was starting to incentivize engaging the enemy. The chapter examines Nixon's and Mao's agreement to issue a tepid joint statement that catalyzed a pivot away from rivalry, giving rise to something grander than the objects of Chinese and U.S. ambitions at the time. The chapter looks at the advantages of Sino-U.S. détente. As it highlights, Sino-U.S. détente was not all attributable to a single premise for either side.
Conservative Domination of Asia
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter assesses the risks, wagers, and strategic thinking about Asia during the Reagan era—a time when the United States deliberately pursued a high-risk, military-centric approach to security but enjoyed the good fortune of doing so in a relatively low-threat environment. It analyzes how Asia typified a minimalist “negative peace”: the absence of war not out of a movement toward deep cooperation and solidarity but rather out of a tendency to keep leaders in power and avoid the destructive costs of conflict. By this time, the East Asian “miracle” economies of Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia had all emerged as developed or newly industrialized countries. These governments, as the chapter underlines, were collectively prioritizing economic development, adopting more market-friendly policies to attract foreign capital as well as constructing institutional arrangements and informal networks to promote economic interdependence. The chapter concludes by investigating how smaller states pursued this developmentalist wager on the presumption that the United States, and the global North more broadly, would offer favorable terms of trade and investment to the Third World.
Pivoting in Posthegemony Asia
Authors: Jackson Van
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on U.S. strategy during the presidency of Barack Obama, who pursued a deliberately conservative approach of “rebalancing” to Asia—that is, reallocating greater time and resources away from the Middle East and toward the region deemed to be of greatest importance to U.S. interests. The chapter first recounts how the United States had been disproportionately responsible for a global financial crash, then looks at Obama's entry just in time to deal with the aftermath. The chapter also emphasizes that the financial crisis had the potential to pose a singularly grave threat to the Asian peace. It argues that economic vitality had not only become a prerequisite for domestic political legitimacy in Asia but also incentivized suppressing territorial disputes and historical rivalries. The chapter chronicles how Obama found himself navigating numerous latent and active conflicts in Asia. It then stresses the pivot's answer to the problem of Asian security: to sustain Asia's “operating system,” which Obama understood as “the complex legal, security, and practical arrangements that have underscored four decades of prosperity and security.”
Burning the Big House
Authors: Dooley Terence
Published: May 2023

During the Irish Revolution nearly three hundred country houses were burned to the ground. These ‘Big Houses’ were powerful symbols of conquest, plantation, and colonial oppression, and were caught up in the struggle for independence and the conflict between the aristocracy and those demanding access to more land. Stripped of their most important artifacts, most of the houses were never rebuilt and ruins such as Summerhill stood like ghostly figures for generations to come. This book offers a unique perspective on the Irish Revolution, exploring the struggles over land, the impact of the Great War, and why the country mansions of the landed class became such a symbolic target for republicans throughout the period. The book details the shockingly sudden acts of occupation and destruction — including soldiers using a Rembrandt as a dart board — and evokes the exhilaration felt by the revolutionaries at seizing these grand houses and visibly overturning the established order.
‘The Irish Landlords Have Become the Victims of a Revolution’
Authors: Dooley Terence
Published: May 2023

This chapter lays out the history of the Irish landlords and their ‘Big Houses’ prior to World War I. It discusses the decline of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy during this period, and how this decline is readily symbolised by vanished or crumbling Irish country house architecture. The chapter traces this decline through early twentieth-century revolutionary sentiment as mass organisations such as the Irish National Land League caused further anti-landlord sentiment, and the political developments of the period further undermined the power of the gentry. The aristocrats who remained in their residences post-1914 are also examined, as these remaining aristocrats had to contend with a wholly new relationship with their former tenants, to say nothing of the local populations. Finally, the chapter returns to the central thesis of the book by briefly exploring how these political and social developments eventually led to the burning of the ‘Big Houses’.
‘I Think the Greed of Land Is at the Root of This Class of Crime’
Authors: Dooley Terence
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the consequences behind the house burnings. It studies the burning of Big Houses such as Moydrum or Summerhill or Kilmorna to reveal that, for whatever loose political or military reason, these burnings simultaneously ended centuries of landlord presence in an area and provided access to a sizeable amount of productive agricultural land to be divided amongst locals. In essence, micro social revolutions took place across the country. In the final analysis, while a Big House owner may have been a Protestant and a Unionist/Loyalist, a spy or informer, it was their traditional role as landlord that explained the lingering resentment in many localities, especially amongst those who had agrarian as opposed to political agendas, and it is arguable that the former were in the majority. Thus, as the chapter shows, the burning of Big Houses, and more widespread intimidation of their owners, was an effective stratagem to drive the owner away, leaving lands available for redistribution.
‘There Were Hens Roosting on Valuable Oil Paintings’
Authors: Dooley Terence
Published: May 2023

This chapter focuses on the destruction and looting of Big Houses. Looting is a universal phenomenon of war and civil commotion; it can be driven by a wide variety of motivations, not least the despoliation of enemy culture. Big House looting during 1920–23 could be justified as another means of plundering the coloniser's landscape, even a form of retribution for ancestral wrongs. The available sources are generally very restrained in what they reveal about the mayhem and chaos during the destruction of a Big House. Additionally, the chapter reveals the difficulty in establishing all that was destroyed in the houses burned, or if attributions were authentic. Hence, in conflagrations across the country these losses could mean not just the destruction of a family's history, but that of a whole community, and, indeed, an incalculable loss to the history of the nation. However, the chapter also reveals that many Irish country house owners, anticipating attack, had put valuable contents into safe storage in bank vaults, galleries, and museums, or sent them off to safe havens in England.
Film and Radio
Authors: Mackenzie John M.
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyses the cultural influences of film and radio in the empire. It first considers the effects of cinema upon imperial culture as well as the extent to which this innovative technology had an ideologically conservative influence or helped to advance the emergence of new identities and political affiliations. The chapter takes a look at different types of films: the topical film, documentary and ‘uplift’ films, talkies, and empire feature films. It then turns to radio, which became increasingly important in British national life between the wars but also became highly influential as an international means of communication. After all, unlike other communication technologies of the time, radio was wireless, thus cultural forms could be broadcasted all over the empire.
Phage Before the War (1917–1940)
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter reviews and evaluates the meager basic knowledge about phages that was accumulating during the first half of the twentieth century, and this background provides the starting point for an analysis of the American Phage Group and its role in the development of the discipline of molecular biology. From the discovery of bacteriophage in 1917 until the disruptions and dislocations of World War II, the trajectory of phage research is traced through an analysis of the scientific literature that specifically dealt with this field. The chapter uses this data to capture the focus on phage and the topics in phage research that attracted the attention of scientists in the interwar period. A closer examination of phage research during this time reveals a conceptual divergence between the medical and the biological aspects of bacteriophage. The promise of phage as antibacterial agents of therapy was certainly the more prominent of these themes. Interest in the biological nature of phage, while attracting less attention, proved to be both more contentious and more fruitful of new insights. It is this thread of interwar research to which the chapter reveals the roots of the American Phage Group.
Heterogeneity
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the consequences of the emerging biological physicalism of the 1920s and 1930s by considering the diversity of individuals who contributed to the phage community and by tracing the ways that biological interests shaped their work in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. This group of scientists, mostly physicists and chemists, represents different generations, diverse nationalities, and distinct academic traditions, yet all developed serious interests in biological problems. This diverse group was essential in the processes of negotiation and agreement on the research framework and its set of shared commitments that defined the American Phage Group. This chapter focuses on self-identified physicists in particular. It considers the actors, the questions, the methods, and the answers that formed the interwar context from which phage research and much of molecular biology emerged.
Nucleation
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains the definition, origin, and structure of the American Phage Group. It explores the American Phage Group research framework and how it was developed. How such a diverse array of people had come together to form a nucleus of collaboration that would attract others and eventually create a coherent research community that would lead to the full-fledged birth of molecular biology is described. The chapter considers how the norms of this new endeavor was established. How converts were recruited to the specific views of their research program and how “membership” in this research community was decided are also considered. Additionally, the chapter also examines the challenges dealt with inside and outside the phage research community.
The French Connection
Authors: Summers William C.
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers some of the scattered linkages and reciprocal influences from the international phage community, focusing in particular on the Europeans who established collegial and collaborative connections with the American Phage Group. Scientists taking up phage in the 1950s and 1960s in Europe, especially, had developed a different relationship to the American Phage Group than those who had coalesced around Delbrück, Luria, and Hershey in the 1940s. In the immediate postwar period there were important connections forged between the fledgling American Phage Group and the developing school of French molecular biologists. Although the Pasteur Institute was a center of French bacteriology, it had always had a medical orientation. Medical bacteriology and vaccine development and production were the main foci for postwar development.
Sunday Best
Authors: Carey John
Published: May 2023

In 1977, newly installed as a professor of English at Oxford, the author took the position of chief reviewer for the Sunday Times. In a career spanning over 40 years and upwards of 1,000 reviews, the author has kept abreast of the brightest and best books of the day, distilling his thoughts each week for the entertainment of Sunday readers. Contained in this volume is the cream of that substantial crop: a choice selection of the books which the author has most cherished. Covering subjects as diverse as the science of laughter, the art of Grayson Perry, the history of madness, and Sylvia Plath's letters, this is a collection of treats and surprises, suffused with careful thought, wisdom, and enjoyment. The result is a compendium of titles which have stood the test of time, offered with the author's warmest recommendation.