bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Mg-0.3at.%Y Dilute Alloy
Authors: Zheng Rui Xiao , Kawarada Ichiro , Gong Wu , Shibata Akinobu , Somekawa Hidetoshi , Ogata Shigenobu , Tsuji Nobuhiro
Published: December 2018

In this study, a Mg-0.3at.%Y alloy was provided for a severe plastic deformation by high pressure torsion (HPT) and subsequent annealing. After the HPT by 5 rotations, nanocrystalline structures with a mean grain size of 0.23 μm having deformed characteristics were obtained. Fully recrystallized microstructures with mean grain sizes ranging from 0.66 μm to 32.7 μm were obtained by subsequent annealing at various temperatures. Room temperature tensile tests revealed that ultrafine grained (UFG; grain sizes smaller than 1 μm) specimen exhibited very high yield strength over 250 MPa but limited ductility. In contrast, good balance of strength and ductility was realized in fine grained specimens with grain sizes around 2~5 μm. Particularly, the yield strength and total tensile elongation of a specimen with a mean grain size of 2.13 μm were 184 MPa and 37.1%, respectively, which were much higher than those of pure Mg having a similar grain size. The significant effects of grain size and Y addition on the mechanical properties were discussed.
Microstructural Characterization of Mg-TM (TM=Ni or Cu) - Y Alloys and their Mechanical Property
Authors: Itoi Takaomi , Tomura Yoshiki
Published: December 2018

Microstructure and mechanical property of the Mg-TM (TM=Ni or Cu) -Y alloys were investigated. Results revealed that Mg phase, Long period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase, and Mg2TM phase were formed in the Mg-TM-Y alloy around the composition ratios of TM and Y are 1:1 or 1:2. Tensile test clearly showed relationship between the mechanical property and microstructure in Mg-Ni-Y cast alloy. The 0.2% proof stress (σ0.2) of the Mg-Ni-Y cast alloy increase with the increasing solute elements contents, while the elongation decreases. This result indicated that the Mg-TM-Y alloy with the composition ratios of TM and Y are 1:1 or 1:2 have both high proof stress and appropriate elongation. It was suggested that the LPSO phase was appropriate strengthening phase in the Mg-rich region in the Mg-TM-Y alloy system. Basal texture of the LPSO and Mg phases was formed by hot-rolling in the sheet plane and the Mg2TM phase was dispersed in the Mg phase. The Mg97Cu1Y2 rolled sheet showed highσ0.2 about 350 MPa at room temperature. Furthermore, formation of an oxide film on the Mg-Cu-Y alloy was investigated at 973 K in air. As a result, it was suggested that the Y2O3 film was formed on the re-melted Mg-Cu-Y alloy surface as an incombustible oxide film.
Influence of Aluminium on Castability of V-Microalloyed Steels
Authors: Banks Kevin Mark , Tuling Alison , Netshilema Muthoiwa , Burty Marc
Published: December 2018

The influence of aluminium content on the hot ductility behaviour in V-N steels was investigated. Cylindrical specimens were subjected to thermal cycles and strain rates approximating those experienced by a conventional slab surface during continuous casting. The resulting microstructures were examined using light optical and electron microscopy and correlated with measured reduction-in-area (RA) values, calculated precipitate chemistries and volume fractions, as well as the flow stress behaviour. It was found that removal of aluminium significantly improved the hot ductility. However, increasing the total [V][N] product in Al-free steels reduces RA. Poor hot ductility is caused by low austenite grain boundary mobility characterized by high work hardening rates. The fracture mode in brittle specimens is intergranular along thin ferrite films. AlN appears to inhibit austenite grain boundary mobility in V-high N steels when the cooling rate and strain rate are both very slow as experienced during unbending. SEM analysis of fracture surfaces revealed the presence of MnS-AlN particles in microvoids. TEM-EDAX spectra showed that the larger particles observed in the Al-containing steels are mostly a constitution of duplex/triplex grain boundary precipitates, i.e., MnS-AlN and V(C,N). Conversely, good ductility in austenite is associated with high grain boundary mobility that produces fine, recrystallised grains and subsequent dimple fracture after plastic tensile stress.
Impact of Initial State during Calibre Rolling: Investigating Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Moses Marie , Luft Johannes , Ullmann Madlen , Prahl Ulrich , Kawalla Rudolf
Published: December 2018

In order to investigate the effect of rolling on microstructure and mechanical properties of different initial states, cast and extruded magnesium alloy AZ80 bars were rolled in calibre. The microstructural characterization was done by light microscopy. As a result, the initial grain size of the cast AZ80 (66 μm) clearly differs from the extruded bar (13 μm). After 14 passes of hot rolling in calibre, a significant grain refining effect was achieved resulting in grain sizes of 5 μm for the cast and 3 μm for the extruded material. To investigate the mechanical properties in the initial and rolled state, tensile tests of both conditions were conducted at room temperature. Due to grain refining, the tensile strength (162 MPa) and the elongation (3 %) of cast AZ80 increased remarkably during 14 passes of calibre rolling (360 MPa and 19 %). The strengthening effect was also evident for the rolled extruded AZ80. However, the cast material exhibited cracks during calibre rolling due to its inexpedient microstructure for a high deformation calibre. On the contrary, the extruded AZ80 was easily deformable. This shows the clear impact of initial states on aspired end properties of processed materials. Future investigations will deal with developing a suitable calibration for cast AZ80.
Influence of Initiation Site and Lamellar Divergency on the Overall Kinetics of Cellular Growth and Coarsening in Aged U-Nb Alloys
Authors: Hackenberg Robert E. , Emigh Megan G. , Papin Pallas A. , Kelly Ann M. , Forsyth Robert T. , Tucker Tim J. , Clarke Kester D.
Published: December 2018

Overall kinetics of lamellar overaging reactions in U-5.5Nb and U-7.5Nb were analyzed by Avrami-Arrhenius analyses of volume fractions measured from an extensive temperature-time (T-t) matrix of specimens. The cellular initiation site (grain boundaries, inclusions) and regimes of lamellar divergency-cum-slowing growth rate were explicitly accounted for. Avrami exponents n from T-t regimes of constant-growth rate were consistent with theory (1<n<3); those from divergent T-t regimes were smaller, n~0.7, which is not surprising given their different growth rate behavior. The apparent activation energies Q were similar for grain-boundary and inclusion-nucleated discontinuous precipitation, indicating that their nucleation site does not alter their overall kinetics. Avrami Analysis of Isothermal Aging Kinetics
Prediction of Magnetostrictive Properties of Fe-Ga Alloy Based on Internal Energy Model with Magnetomechanical Effect
Authors: Koyama Akihiro , Fujita Masaki , Ikeuchi Takehito , Imafuku Muneyuki
Published: December 2018

Fe-Ga alloy is expected as energy harvest material having superior magnetostrictive properties. In this study, we compared angle dependence of amount of magnetostriction with ideal magnetostrictive model using cube-oriented single crystal Fe-18mol%Ga alloy. Magnetostriction in [100] of specimen was measured with changing the direction of statical magnetic field H by strain gauge. As a result, the measured magnetostriction could not fully explaind by traditional energy-based model of magnetostriction. We compared measurement result using strain gauge with calculation result using energy-based model. As a result, there was a large difference in maximum compressive strain value. We established modified energy-based model considering the deviation of magnetic domains so as to match the actual magnetostriction behavior.
Apparent Poisson’s Ratio for Fe-Ga Alloy Single Crystal due to Magnetostriction
Authors: Fujita Masaki , Ikeuchi Takehito , Koyama Akihiro , Imafuku Muneyuki , Fujieda Shun , Suzuki Shigeru
Published: December 2018

Fe-Ga alloys are used for practical magnetostrictive materials. The understanding of mechanical properties under magnetic field is very important for their application to vibration power generation devices. Especially, Poisson’s ratio is one of key parameters because it is strongly related with the volume change of materials. In the study, we investigated actual behavior of Poisson’s ratio due to magnetostriction, instead of just the mechanical one. The sample was cube-oriented Fe-18mol%Ga single crystal disc. Static magnetic fields were applied in various directions parallel to (001). Strain values in various directions were measured by strain gauge and X-ray diffraction. And then, tri-axial strain analysis for single crystal was carried out. Theoretically, Poisson’s ratio due to magnetostriction is known to be 0.5, (volume conservative), value is close to the mechanical one, 0.45. On the other hand, we found that Poisson’s ratio exhibits anisotropic behavior despite the elastic constants are equivalent in [010] and [001]. This phenomenon is attributable to the magnetic domain structure under zero magnetic field. In this presentation, we will discuss this apparent Poisson’s ratio considering the volume strain and magnetostriction comprehensively.
Control of Dispersolds in 7475 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Zhou Yi Ran , Kang Lei , Duan Ce Heng , Zhao Gang , Tian Ni
Published: December 2018

7475 aluminium alloy is widely used in aerospace industry and military field. There are many dispersoid former elements in 7475 aluminium alloy, such as Mn, Cr, Ti, Zr and Sc. And the dispersoid configuration has important effect on the performance of alloy wrought. The characteristic of dispersoids in the semi-continuous casting ingot of 7475 aluminum alloy and the evolution of their distribution during rolling have been investigated. The size, shape and distribution of dispersoids are controlled by pre-treatment before homogenization. The results show that there are many coarse triangular, irregular block and spindly rod-like dispersoids which contain some of Cr and Mg and a little of Cu and Zn in the 7475 aluminum alloy which subject to conventional one-step homogenization treatment. The size and the distribution of the Cr-containing dispersoids is not uniform. The width of the coarse dispersoids is close to 1 micron and the length of the spindly rod-like dispersoids is more than 4 microns. There is no dispersoids in the center of the dendritic grains, but the nonuniform distribution of dispersoids is eliminated when the hot rolling reduction exceed 80%. The dispersoids can be significantly refined and homogenously distributed by pre-treated before the conventional one-step homogenized. The pre-treatment can stimulate the nucleation of Cr-containing dispersoids, narrow down the dispersoids free zone. The size of the dispersoids is dramatically reduced by pre-treated before the conventional homogenization, and the width of the coarse dispersoids and length of the spindly rod-like ones are less than 300 nm and 1 micron.
Solidification and Microstructural Control in Selective Electron Beam Melting of Co-29Cr-10Ni-7W Alloy
Authors: Phan Minh A.L. , Fraser Darren , Chen Zhanwen , Gulizia Stefan
Published: December 2018

Electron beam melting (EBM) has been among the most widely applied additive manufacturing techniques providing a high production rate, low residual stress and good mechanical properties of as-fabricated parts. In order for a wider industrial application of EBM, knowledge on alloy suitability for the process is important. In this work, EBM of Co-29Cr-10Ni-7W alloy is studied. During EBM, the alloy solidifies in a typical columnar-dendritic manner with multiple carbide phases formed in interdendritic regions and grain boundaries. Under the commonly used EBM conditions, cracks are readily observed in the EBM-fabricated state. In the present work, the forms of cracking are described and microstructure analysis has been conducted in order to suggest how cracks propagate during EBM. We will also discuss the possibility of controlling EBM operation to alter grain growth orientations and thus to reduce hot cracking. Keywords: melt pools; columnar dendritic growth; hot tearing; liquation cracking
Magnetostrictive Property and Magnetic Domain Structure of Fe-Ga Alloy Single Crystal under Tensile Strain
Authors: Fujieda Shun , Asano Shimpei , Hashi Shunichiro , Ishiyama Kazushi , Fukuda Tsuguo , Suzuki Shigeru
Published: December 2018

The saturation value of the magnetostriction curve in the [100] direction of a Fe-Ga alloy single crystal was decreased from 226 to 55 ppm by applying the tensile strain of 533 ppm to the measured direction. By magnetic domain observation using a magneto-optic Kerr effect microscope, a complex structure composed of various magnetic domains was observed under zero applied strain. On the other hand, a stripe structure composed of magnetic domains with the magnetization direction in two kinds of <100> magnetic easy directions parallel to the tensile direction, which were separated by straight 180° domain walls, was observed under the tensile strain of 533 ppm. The characteristic magnetic domain structure due to the tensile strain was successfully observed as a cause of the significant decrease of the saturation value of the magnetostriction curve.
Structural Stability of Novel Multicomponent AlZn-Based Cast Alloy
Authors: Krajewski Paweł K. , Greer Alan Lindsay , Faryna Marek , Krajewski Witold K.
Published: December 2018

Structural modification of ternary aluminium – zinc – coper alloys influences their wear properties. In a series of studies, Al – 30 wt. % Zn – 3 wt. % Cu alloy (Al-30Zn-3Cu) has been doped with 1 wt.% Mn introduced with AlMn-based master alloys. The alloy microstructure and mechanical properties have been studied using light and SEM/EBSD microscopy, and measurements of wear resistance and dimensional changes. Reducing Cu content to 3 wt.% and doping with 1 wt.% Mn allows obtaining alloy of significantly refined grains, improved wear resistance and preserved high dimensional stability.
Microstructure Development and Related Mechanical Behavior of the ZEW200 Mg Alloy Processed by Differential Speed Rolling and Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Victoria-Hernández José , Kurz Gerrit , Suh Joungsik , Letzig Dietmar
Published: December 2018

The present work investigates the influence of shear deformation on microstructural-texture and mechanical behavior of ZEW200 Mg alloy sheets. For the introduction of extra shear deformation during thermomechanical processing, the separate effect of differential speed rolling (DSR) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) were analyzed. The results were compared with the microstructure and mechanical behavior of equal speed rolled (ESR) ZEW200 sheets. No significant texture changes were observed after the utilization of DSR, while ECAP processing was effective in changing the character of the texture and reducing the texture intensity. The large yield stress asymmetry observed in the rolled sheet is strongly reduced in the ECAP processed sheets. Results showed the potential to use shear deformation to modify the crystallographic texture via the profuse activation of {10-12}<10-11> extension twins. The presence of a large twin fraction of the microstructure modified the work hardening behavior of the processed sheets due to the further activation of basal  slip. The application of extra shear deformation to tailor the texture during processing is, therefore, an alternative to optimize the deformation behavior of already formable Mg alloys.
Development of Al-Fe-(Cu) Series Alloys for Aluminum Cables and the Related Annealing Behaviors
Authors: Chen Hua , Yang Rong Kai , Wu Xiao Dong , Yuan Yuan , Zhang Bing , Chen Guan , Cao Ling Fei
Published: December 2018

In this work, Al-Fe-(Cu) alloys for aluminum cables were designed and the related annealing behaviors were discussed in detail to help understand the influence of processing and heat treatment on the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the studied alloys. The interaction between different solute elements was tracked by using hardness and electrical conductivity testing. The microstructure was investigated by using Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) technique, along with Scanning Electron Microscopy with Backscattered Electron Detector (BSE). The results show that the conductivities of Al-Fe-Cu alloy increased with the elongated annealing time, and reaches its maximum at 6 h, when annealed at temperatures from 275 °C to 375 °C. The addition of Fe to Al can strengthen the alloy and decrease its conductivity slightly, while the addition of Cu will influence the alloy conductivity significantly. The morphologies of precipitates will change with different amount of alloying elements as well.
Phase Transformations in the Brazing Joint during Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of a γ-TiAl Alloy Studied with In Situ High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Hauschildt Katja , Stark Andreas , Burmester Hilmar , Tietze Ursula , Schell Norbert , Müller Martin , Pyczak Florian
Published: December 2018

TiAl alloys are increasingly used as a lightweight material, for example in aero engines, which also leads to the requirement for suitable repair techniques. Transient liquid phase bonding is a promising method for the closure of cracks (in non-critical or non-highly loaded areas). The brazing solder Ti-24Ni was investigated for brazing the alloy Ti-45Al-5Nb-0.2B-0.2C (in at. %). After brazing, the joint exhibits different microstructures and phase compositions. The transient liquid phase bonding process was investigated in the middle of the joint region in situ to acquire time resolved information of the phases, their development, and thus the brazing process. These investigations were performed using high-energy X-ray diffraction at the “High-Energy Materials Science” beamline HEMS, located at the synchrotron radiation facility PETRA III at DESY in Hamburg, Germany. For this, we used an induction furnace, which is briefly described here. During the analysis of the diffraction data with Rietveld refinement, the amount of liquid was refined with Gaussian peaks and thus could be quantified. Furthermore, while brazing four different phases occurred in the middle of the joint region over time. Additionally, the degree of ordering of the βo phase was determined with two ideal stoichiometric phases (completely ordered and disordered). Altogether, the phase composition changed clearly over the first six hours of the brazing process.
Modelling of the Influence of Prior Deformation of Austenite on the Martensite Formation in a Low-Alloyed Carbon Steel
Authors: Gyhlesten Back Jessica , Lindgren Lars Erik
Published: December 2018

The current work aims at developing models supporting design of the rolling and quenching processes. This requires a martensite formation model that can account for effect of previous plastic deformation as well as evolution of stress and temperature during the quenching step. The effect of deformation prior to the cooling on the transformation is evaluated. The experimental result shows that prior deformation impedes the martensite transformation due to the mechanical stabilisation of the austenite phase. Larger deformation above 30 % reduces the effect of the mechanical stabilisation due to increase in martensite nucleation sites. The computed transformation curves, based on an extended version of the Koistinen-Marburger equation, agree well with experimental results for pre-straining less than 30 %.
Effect of Deformation Temperature on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Low-Alloyed Copper Alloy
Authors: Morozova A. , Olkhovikova Yana , Tkachev Evgeniy , Belyakov Andrey , Kaibyshev Rustam
Published: December 2018

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a copper alloy subjected to deformation at temperatures of 20 °C and 400 °C to total strains from 1 to 4 were examined. The formation of planar low-angle boundaries with moderate misorientations occurs within initial grains at relatively small strains regardless of deformation temperature. Upon further processing the misorientations of these boundaries progressively increase and the new ultrafine grains develop. Continuous dynamic recrystallization takes place during deformation at ambient and elevated temperatures. The kinetics of dynamic recrystallization is discussed in terms of a modified Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov relationship. The large plastic straining results in significant strengthening, the ultimate tensile strength increases from 190 MPa in the initial state to 440 MPa and to 400 MPa after total strain of 4 at 20 °C and 400 °C, respectively. A modified Hall-Petch relationship is applied to evaluate the contribution of grain refinement and dislocation density to the overall strengthening.
Experimental Investigation of Temperature Distribution during Wire-Based Laser Metal Deposition of the Al-Mg Alloy 5087
Authors: Froend Martin , Bock Frederic E. , Riekehr Stefan , Kashaev Nikolai , Klusemann Benjamin , Enz Josephin
Published: December 2018

Wire-based laser metal deposition enables to manufacture large-scale components with deposition rates significant higher compared to powder-based laser additive manufacturing techniques, which are currently working with deposition rates of only a few hundred gram per hour. However, the wire-based approach requires a significant amount of laser power in the range of several kilowatts instead of only a few hundred watts for powder-based processes. This excessive heat input during laser metal deposition can lead to process instabilities such as a non-uniform material deposition and to a limited processability, respectively. Although, numerous possibilities to monitor temperature evolution during processing exist, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between temperature and geometric shape of the deposited structure. Due to changing cooling conditions with increasing distance to the substrate material, producing a wall-like structure results in varying heights of the individual tracks. This presents challenges for the deposition of high wall-like structures and limits the use of constant process parameters. In the present study, the temperature evolution during laser metal deposition of AA5087 using constant process parameters is investigated and a scheme for process parameter adaptions in order to reduce residual stress induced componential distortions is suggested.
Ectonucleotidase Expression on Human Amnion Epithelial Cells: Adenosinergic Pathways and Dichotomic Effects on Immune Effector Cell Populations
Authors: Morandi Fabio , Horenstein Alberto L. , Quarona Valeria , Faini Angelo Corso , Castella Barbara , Srinivasan Raghuraman C. , Strom Stephen C. , Malavasi Fabio , Gramignoli Roberto
Published: December 2018

This study investigates the mechanism(s) underlying the immunoregulatory activities of placenta-derived human amnion epithelial cells (hAEC). The working hypothesis is that NAD+ and ATP, along with ectoenzymes involved in their metabolism, play a significant role in hAEC-mediated immune regulation. Proof of principle of the hypothesis was obtained by analyzing the interactions between hAEC and the main human leukocyte populations. The results obtained indicate that hAEC constitutively express a unique combination of functional ectoenzymes, driving the production of adenosine (ADO) via canonical (CD39, CD73) and alternative (CD38, CD203a/PC-1, CD73) pathways. Further, the picture is completed by the observation that hAEC express A1, A2a, and A2b ADO receptors as well as ADO deaminase, the enzyme involved in ADO catabolism. The contribution of the purinergic mediator to immunomodulation was confirmed by exposing in vitro different immune effector cells to the action of primary hAECs. B cells showed an enhanced proliferation and diminished spontaneous apoptosis when in contact with hAEC. T cell proliferation was partially inhibited by hAEC through ADO production, as confirmed by using specific ectoenzyme inhibitors. Further, hAEC induced an expansion of both T and B regulatory cells. Last, hAEC inhibited NK cell proliferation. However, the involvement of ADO-producing ectoenzymes is less apparent in this context. In conclusion, hAEC exert different in vitro immunoregulatory effects, per se, as a result of interactions with different populations of immune effector cells. These results support the view that hAEC are instrumental for regenerative medicine as well as in therapeutic applications for immune-related diseases.
Antigen-Specific TCR Signatures of Cytomegalovirus Infection
Authors: Huth Alina , Liang Xiaoling , Krebs Stefan , Blum Helmut , Moosmann Andreas
Published: December 2018

CMV is a prevalent human pathogen. The virus cannot be eliminated from the body, but is kept in check by CMV-specific T cells. Patients with an insufficient T cell response, such as transplant recipients, are at high risk of developing CMV disease. However, the CMV-specific T cell repertoire is complex, and it is not yet clear which T cells protect best against virus reactivation and disease. In this study, we present a highly resolved characterization of CMV-specific human CD8+ T cells based on enrichment by specific peptide stimulation and mRNA sequencing of their TCR β-chains (TCRβ). Our analysis included recently identified T cell epitopes restricted through HLA-C, whose presentation is resistant to viral immunomodulation, and well-studied HLA-B–restricted epitopes. In eight healthy virus carriers, we identified a total of 1052 CMV-specific TCRβ sequences. HLA-C–restricted, CMV-specific TCRβ clonotypes dominated the ex vivo T cell response and contributed the highest-frequency clonotype of the entire repertoire in two of eight donors. We analyzed sharing and similarity of CMV-specific TCRβ sequences and identified 63 public or related sequences belonging to 17 public TCRβ families. In our cohort, and in an independent cohort of 352 donors, the cumulative frequency of these public TCRβ family members was a highly discriminatory indicator of carrying both CMV infection and the relevant HLA type. Based on these findings, we propose CMV-specific TCRβ signatures as a biomarker for an antiviral T cell response to identify patients in need of treatment and to guide future development of immunotherapy.
How Did We Get Here ?
Authors: Thom Allan R.
Published: December 2018

This is the transcript of the inspirational address delivered by Dr. Allan Thom, President-World Federation of Orthodontists to the Presidents of the APOS Affiliate Societies at the 11th APOC in Boracay, Phillipines in March, 2018.
Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding in a 4-day-old Infant with Unilateral Cleft Lip, Alveolus, and Palate Deformity
Authors: Mathew Abin , Muddaiah Sunil , Subrahmanya Jayanth B. , Somaiah Sanju , Shetty Balakrishna , Reddy Goutham
Published: December 2018

Introduction

A four day old male infant was referred to our department. Infant’s mother complained of an opening over lip and difficulty in feeding and desires to get it corrected. On clinical examination patient showed complete unilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate deformity towards the left side.

Methods

On the initial visit, lip taping using 1/4inch 3M Steri-strip was applied and instructions were given to parents about lip taping, and advised to continue lip taping for 2 weeks. Initial impressions were taken to fabricate the Presurgical nasoalveolar molding appliance. Intraoral molding plate was made to approximate the maxillary segments. Nasal stent was added to correct the nose deformity. Presurgical impressions were made.

Results

Under this pre surgical treatment, the cleft alveolus reduced in size from 13mm to 3mm at the alveolar ridge and palate, respectively. The nasal wing was lifted considerably.

Conclusion

Pre-surgical nasoalveolar moulding helped to reduce the cleft gap, improve the arch form, approximate lip segments and distinctly improve the morphology of the nose by correcting flattened nasal wings. This aforementioned correction not only enabled better aesthetic results after surgery but also reduced tissues tension and scar formation post-surgery.
Small inner marsh area delimitation using remote sensing spectral indexes and decision tree method in southern Brazil
Authors: Simioni J. P. D. , Guasselli L. A. , Ruiz L. F. C. , Nascimento V. F. , De Oliveira G.
Published: December 2018

Vast small inner marsh (SIM) areas have been lost in the past few decades through the conversion to agricultural, urban and industrial lands. The remaining marshes face several threats such as drainage for agriculture, construction of roads and port facilities, waste disposal, among others. This study integrates 17 remote sensing spectral indexes and decision tree (DT) method to map SIM areas using Sentinel 2A images from Summer and Winter seasons. Our results showed that remote sensing indexes, although not developed specifically for wetland delimitation, presented satisfactory results in order to classify these ecosystems. The indexes that showed to be more useful for marshes classification by DT techniques in the study area were NDTI, BI, NDPI and BI_2, with 25.9%, 17.7%, 11.1% and 0.8%, respectively. In general, the Proportion Correct (PC) found was 95.9% and 77.9% for the Summer and Winter images respectively. We hypothetize that this significant PC variation is related to the rice-planting period in the Summer and/or to the water level oscillation period in the Winter. For future studies, we recommend the use of active remote sensors (e.g., radar) and soil maps in addition to the remote sensing spectral indexes in order to obtain better results in the delimitation of small inner marsh areas.
Estimación de la evapotranspiración real en zonas de llanura mediante productos de humedad de suelo de la misión SMAP
Authors: Walker E. , García G. A. , Venturini V.
Published: December 2018

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important process in the water cycle and in the land-surface energy balance. Over the last decades, remote sensing has provided valuable information to quantify ET. However, methodologies that use data from microwave passive sensors, such as “Soil Moisture Active Passive” (SMAP) mission, have been recently developed. In this work, a formulation to derive the relative evapotranspiration and ET from in situ and microwave data, is presented. The methodology is based on a modification of the original Komatsu (2003) equation by introducing a calibration parameter to represent the wind speed and vegetation effects and estimate the relative evapotranspiration. This new equation was used on the Bouchet’s complementary relationship with the Priestley-Taylor’s equation, to estimate ET at regional scales. The results were compared with observed data in the Southern Great Plains – USA (SGP) area, indicating that the new model estimated ET with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.88 mmd–1 and a coefficient of determination (R2 ) greater than 0.8. The calibrated model was applied in an extremely humid period in Argentinean Pampas region with results near to potential rates.
Evaluación del estado sanitario de individuos de Araucaria araucana a través de imágenes hiperespectrales
Authors: Medina N. , Vidal P. , Cifuentes R. , Torralba J. , Keusch F.
Published: December 2018

The Araucaria araucana is an endemic species from Chile and Argentina, which has a high biological, scientific and cultural value and since 2016 has shown a severe affection of leaf damage in some individuals, causing in some cases their death. The purpose of this research was to detect, from hyperspectral images, the individuals of the Araucaria species (Araucaria araucana (Molina and K. Koch)) and its degree of disease, by isolating its spectral signature and evaluating its physiological state through indices of vegetation and positioning techniques of the inflection point of the red edge, in a sector of the Ralco National Reserve, Biobío Region, Chile. Seven images were captured with the HYSPEX VNIR-1600 hyperspectral sensor, with 160 bands and a random sampling was carried out in the study area, where 90 samples of Araucarias were collected. In addition, from the remote sensing techniques applied, spatial data mining was used, in which Araucarias were classified without symptoms of disease and with symptoms of disease. A 55.11% overall accuracy was obtained in the classification of the image, 53.4% in the identification of healthy Araucaria and 55.96% in the identification of affected Araucaria. In relation to the evaluation of their sanitary status, the index with the best percentage of accuracy is the MSR (70.73%) and the one with the lowest value is the SAVI (35.47%). The positioning technique of the inflection point of the red edge delivered an accuracy percentage of 52.18% and an acceptable Kappa index.
Evaluación del uso de LiDAR discreto, full-waveform y TLS en la clasificación por composición de especies en bosques mediterráneos
Authors: Torralba J. , Crespo-Peremarch P. , Ruiz L. A.
Published: December 2018

LiDAR technology –airborne and terrestrial- is becoming more relevant in the development of forest inventories, which are crucial to better understand and manage forest ecosystems. In this study, we assessed a classification of species composition in a Mediterranean forest following the C4.5 decision tree. Different data sets from airborne laser scanner full-waveform (ALSFW), discrete (ALSD) and terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) were combined as input data for the classification. Species composition were divided into five classes: pure Quercus ilex plots (QUI); pure Pinus halepensis dense regenerated (HALr); pure P. halepensis (HAL); pure P. pinaster (PIN); and mixed P. pinaster and Q. suber (mPIN). Furthermore, the class HAL was subdivided in low and dense understory vegetation cover. As a result, combination of ALSFW and TLS reached 85.2% of overall accuracy classifying classes HAL, PIN and mPIN. Combining ALSFW and ALSD, the overall accuracy was 77.0% to discriminate among the five classes. Finally, classification of understory vegetation cover using ALSFW reached an overall accuracy of 90.9%. In general, combination of ALSFW and TLS improved the overall accuracy of classifying among HAL, PIN and mPIN by 7.4% compared to the use of the data sets separately, and by 33.3% with respect to the use of ALSD only. ALSFW metrics, in particular those specifically designed for detection of understory vegetation, increased the overall accuracy 9.1% with respect to ALSD metrics. These analyses show that classification in forest ecosystems with presence of understory vegetation and intermediate canopy strata is improved when ALSFW and/or TLS are used instead of ALSD.
Estimación de parámetros biofísicos de la vegetación en praderas y cultivos en Chile mediante fotografía digital hemisférica obtenidas por una cámara GoPro
Authors: Uribe D. , Mattar C. , Camacho F.
Published: December 2018

The estimation of the biophysical parameters of vegetation such as LAI (Leaf Area Index), FAPAR (Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation) and FCOVER (Fraction of Green Vegetation) have many climatic, hydrologic, ecosystem and silvo-agricultural applications. Despite the various satellite products that estimate these parameters continuously and globally, it’s necessary to continue generating in situ estimations to validate these remote data. It’s in this context where Digital Hemispheric Photography (DHP) technique stands out as being one of the most accurate an adaptable to operate continuously with diverse photographic equipment and field scenarios. The objective of this paper is to estimate effective LAI (LAIeff), true LAI (LAItrue), FAPAR and FCOVER through the DHP method on several agricultural land covers in Chile, between the years 2015 and 2016 using a GoPro camera and the CAN-EYE software to process hemispheric photographs. The results obtained were initially compared with those provided by a CANON EOS 6D camera mounted together with a SIGMA 8mm F3.5-EX DG fisheye lens and subsequently with satellite products provided by the Copernicus Global Land service, derived from PROBA-V mission at 333 m2 spatial resolution. The comparison between the CANON and GoPro shows similar values and R2 over 0,72 for all parameters. The comparison with PROBA-V resulted in values over 0,52 of R2 for the parameters, and similar multitemporal patterns. It’s concluded that it’s possible to estimates LAIeff, FAPAR and FCOVER like other fish eyes cameras. Concerning PROBA-V, except for FAPAR, the estimates with the GoPro do not show much correlation. In both campaigns significant discrepancies were observed in the LAItrue, which could be related to the calculation of CAN-EYE canopy clumping with the characteristics of the camera itself.
Compatible reuse of the single hall churches in Catania (IT): thinking and proposals
Authors: Lo Faro Alessandro , Mondello Attilio , Salemi Angelo
Published: December 2018

Summarizing the most recent studies about scientific approaches to the theme of building reuse, we propose a metadesign strategy applied to the single hall churches in Catania’s historic centre. We have performed a census and analyses on them from a morphological, technical and thermo-physical point of view. We also conducted an analysis of the urban settlement system in which these historic buildings are located, in order to verify compatibility with the "new" potential uses. However, a critical issue emerges regarding the possibility to standardize the decision-making processes involving historic buildings with a high cultural relevance.

This study proposes a meta-approach to the problem of compatible reuse, looking at the specificity of disused or little used religious buildings. After making a short state of art, a cataloging and expeditious anamnesis, we have analysed a framework of needs that would consider the settlement demands in the urban context of Catania. We performed, at the end, an assessment of compatibility of reuse that satisfies the historic building safeguard, the reversibility of possible action and the requirements of the new undertaken functions.

 
Editorial
Authors: Palmero Iglesias Luis
Published: December 2018

In order to respond to the Call of past months, our magazine Vitruvio has on this occasion approached its content in a specific way towards the reuse and sustainable recovery of the built architectural and landscape heritage....
Growth and Haematological Response of Clarias gariepinus to Garlic (Allium sativum) Supplemented Diet
Authors: Onomu Abigail John
Published: December 2018

This study investigated the growth and haematological response of Clarias gariepinus to different concentration of garlic supplemented diet for a period of 12 weeks. This study was carried out in 2011 in the premises of Fisheries Department, Delta State University, Asaba, Nigeria. The experimental diet was formulated to contain 0% (control), 0.5%, 1% and 3% garlic. Fish were sorted into four groups based on the diet and were fed 3% live body weight. Diets which contain garlic did not show a significant effect (P = 0.06) on the weight of C. gariepinus. However, fish fed diets containing garlic had a higher (P <0.001) total length compared to the control. Nevertheless, fingerlings fed 0.5% concentration of garlic in diet exhibited greater growth in terms of weight and length compared to fingerlings in all other treatment groups and the control. At the end of the experiment, the total red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) of fish in the garlic supplemented groups were greater (P <0.05) compared to the values prior to the commencement of the experiment and to the control. However, catfish fed 0.5% garlic diet were observed to have a higher value of RBC, PCV and Hb than the other concentrations. Increment in plasma protein was noted in catfish fed garlic supplemented diet than the control.

This study demonstrates that garlic supplemented feed stimulates increment in both total length and haematological indices of fish. Supplementation of fish feed with garlic is therefore of high benefit in aquaculture as it boosts the ability of C. gariepinus to resist diseases.
Value Added as a Measure of Economic Profit
Authors: Orsag Silvije , Džidić Ante
Published: December 2018

Economic profit is the concept immanent for the value added. It is an attempt to analyze properly the business success in terms of contribution of profit to the increase in the company value and the stockholders’ wealth. Fundamentally, value added is a measure of the business success where all standard costs and the costs of invested capital are excluded from the realized revenues. Profit as a traditional measure of business success ignores the cost of equity, although equity is the most expensive form of capital. To illustrate better this concept, we made an analysis of the most profitable corporations in Bosnia and Herzegovina listed on Banja Luka and Sarajevo stock exchanges. The analysis showed that the majority of these corporations operate poorly because they do not meet the implicit cost of capital, essentially losing the value of capital entrusted to them by their stockholders. Also, this analysis questioned the importance of the industries which are usually considered to be the most important in BiH economy.
Human Capital, Entrepreneurship and Rural Growth of the Serbian Economy
Authors: Josipović Sonja , Molnar Dejan
Published: December 2018

In the new economy, based on knowledge and innovation, the concept of human capital is becoming an increasingly important factor of growth (and development) not only for urban, but also for rural areas. The studies dealing with the analysis of the available human capital at the local level have highlighted its significant presence in rural areas characterised by a “specific environmental quality”, defined in the literature as rural outdoor amenities. Highly educated individuals who live and work with their families in these areas are responsible for the successful transformation of the local economy, employment growth, the improvement of living standard, development of entrepreneurship, and achievement of high rates of economic growth. This paper is aimed at analysing the relevance of the concept of human capital for rural development, with special emphasis on the rural development of Serbia. The paper presents the results of anempirical study of the model of economic growth of rural areas in Serbia,based on the panel data analysis, during a five-year period. According tothe results, human capital and entrepreneurship have a significant impacton economic growth. Additionally, there are significant differences inthe rate of economic growth between the rural areas with high and lowoutdoor amenities in Serbia. Human capital and entrepreneurship arerepresented in the models of rural economy growth as determinants of thedevelopment mechanism through which rural economies grow.
Inborn Knowledge
Authors: McGinn Colin
Published: December 2018

An argument that nativism is true and important but mysterious, examining the particular case of ideas of sensible qualities.

In this book, Colin McGinn presents a concise, clear, and compelling argument that the origins of knowledge are innate—that nativism, not empiricism, is correct in its theory of how concepts are acquired. McGinn considers the particular case of sensible qualities—ideas of color, shape, taste, and so on. He argues that these, which he once regarded as the strongest case for the empiricist position, are in fact not well explained by the empiricist account that they derive from interactions with external objects. Rather, he contends, ideas of sensible qualities offer the strongest case for the nativist position—that a large range of our knowledge is inborn, not acquired through the senses. Yet, McGinn cautions, how this can be is deeply problematic; we have no good theories about how innate knowledge is possible. Innate knowledge is a mystery, though a fact.

McGinn describes the traditional debate between empiricism and nativism; offers an array of arguments against empiricism; constructs an argument in favor of nativism; and considers the philosophical consequences of adopting the nativist position, discussing perception, the mind–body problem, the unconscious, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Inventing Atmospheric Science
Authors: Fleming James Rodger
Published: December 2018

How scientists used transformative new technologies to understand the complexities of weather and the atmosphere, told through the intertwined careers of three key figures.

“The goal of meteorology is to portray everything atmospheric, everywhere, always,” declared John Bellamy and Harry Wexler in 1960, soon after the successful launch of TIROS 1, the first weather satellite. Throughout the twentieth century, meteorological researchers have had global ambitions, incorporating technological advances into their scientific study as they worked to link theory with practice. Wireless telegraphy, radio, aviation, nuclear tracers, rockets, digital computers, and Earth-orbiting satellites opened up entirely new research horizons for meteorologists. In this book, James Fleming charts the emergence of the interdisciplinary field of atmospheric science through the lives and careers of three key figures: Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862–1951), Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898–1957), and Harry Wexler (1911–1962).

In the early twentieth century, Bjerknes worked to put meteorology on solid observational and theoretical foundations. His younger colleague, the innovative and influential Rossby, built the first graduate program in meteorology (at MIT), trained aviation cadets during World War II, and was a pioneer in numerical weather prediction and atmospheric chemistry. Wexler, one of Rossby's best students, became head of research at the U.S. Weather Bureau, where he developed new technologies from radar and rockets to computers and satellites, conducted research on the Antarctic ice sheet, and established carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. He was also the first meteorologist to fly into a hurricane—an experience he chose never to repeat.

Fleming maps both the ambitions of an evolving field and the constraints that checked them—war, bureaucracy, economic downturns, and, most important, the ultimate realization (prompted by the formulation of chaos theory in the 1960s by Edward Lorenz) that perfectly accurate measurements and forecasts would never be possible.