bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Main and interactive effects of weekly transformational and laissez‐faire leadership on followers’ trust in the leader and leader effectiveness
Authors: Breevaart Kimberley , Zacher Hannes
Published: January 2019

Leaders’ behaviour fluctuates over time, and leaders use different behaviours that impact their followers. Whereas transformational leadership is associated with positive outcomes, laissez‐faire leadership negatively affects followers. An important question that remains unanswered is how the joint use of both leadership behaviours relates to leader effectiveness. In this study, we answer this question by investigating the main and interactive effects of transformational and laissez‐faire leadership behaviours on perceived leader effectiveness. Specifically, we hypothesized that leaders are perceived as less effective by their followers when they use both transformational and laissez‐faire leadership, because it reduces followers’ trust in their leader. Data came from 59 employees who participated in a weekly diary study and provided 228 data points. Results showed that both weekly transformational and laissez‐faire leadership predicted trust in the leader assessed in the following week. Trust in the leader, in turn, positively predicted perceived leader effectiveness assessed one week later. Contrary to our predictions, we found that trust in the leader and perceived leader effectiveness were reduced when leaders showed a combination of less (−1SD) weekly transformational and more (+1SD) laissez‐faire leadership than usual. In the weeks that leaders showed more (+1SD) transformational leadership, followers had more trust in their leader and perceived their leader to be more effective regardless of the leader's use of laissez‐faire. These findings suggest that it is important to take interactions between different leadership behaviours into account when studying leadership effectiveness.

Practitioner points

Leaders should inspire, support, and intellectually challenge their followers on a weekly basis, because these transformational leadership behaviours enhance followers’ trust in the leader.

Leaders should refrain from a passive approach towards their followers, especially in weeks when they do not show transformational leadership, because this approach reduces followers’ trust in the leader.

Leaders use different leadership behaviours within the same week and the effects of these behaviours are rather short‐lived (i.e., within that week rather than across weeks).

Followers’ trust in the leader positively predicts followers’ perceptions of leader effectiveness.
Religiousness and the HEXACO personality factors and facets in a large online sample
Authors: Ashton Michael C. , Lee Kibeom
Published: January 2019

Objective

To examine the associations of religiousness with personality characteristics.

Method

We obtained self‐ratings of religiousness along with self‐reports on the HEXACO Personality Inventory—Revised in a sample of nearly 200,000 online respondents. Respondents also indicated their religious affiliation, religiousness of upbringing, and political orientation; a subset of the respondents also indicated attitudes about immigration and foreign aid.

Results

Religiousness showed weak associations (|r|s < 0.15) with several HEXACO factors but somewhat stronger associations with the Fairness and Altruism facets (both rs > 0.20). On those facets, participants with the highest religiousness self‐rating (7 on a 1‐to‐7 scale) averaged about 1 SD higher than did participants with the lowest religiousness self‐rating. In addition, religiousness was negatively related to the Unconventionality facet among persons whose upbringing was very religious, but not among persons whose upbringing was very nonreligious. Religiousness/personality associations were generally quite similar within different religious affiliations (Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and several branches of Christianity) but were stronger within relatively religious countries than within nonreligious countries. Despite the positive association of religiousness with the Altruism facet, religiousness was uncorrelated with pro‐out‐group attitudes (i.e., favoring multicultural immigration and foreign aid).

Conclusion

The findings advance our understanding of religiousness/personality associations.
Long‐lasting persistence of large B‐cell clones in hepatitis C virus‐cured patients with complete response of mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis
Authors: Visentini Marcella , Del Padre Martina , Colantuono Stefania , Yang Baoran , Minafò Ylenia Aura , Antonini Silvia , Carnovale Myriam , De Santis Adriano , Pulsoni Alessandro , De Sanctis Giuseppe Maria , Gragnani Laura , Zignego Anna Linda , Fiorilli Massimo , Casato Milvia
Published: January 2019

Background & Aims

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV) is characterized by the expansion of rheumatoid factor‐producing B‐cell clones. The aim of this study was to assess whether B‐cell clones may persist in these patients after the clearance of the virus with antiviral therapy, and whether their persistence influences clinical outcomes.

Methods

Forty‐five HCV‐cured MCV patients were followed up for a median of 18.5 (range 9‐38) months after the clearance of HCV. Circulating B‐cell clones were detected using flow cytometry either by the skewing of kappa/lambda ratio or by the expression of a VH1‐69‐encoded idiotype.

Results

The clinical response of vasculitis was 78% complete, 18% partial and 4% null. However, cryoglobulins remained detectable in 42% of patients for more than 12 months. Circulating B‐cell clones were detected in 18 of 45 patients, and in 17 of them persisted through the follow‐up; nine of the latter patients cleared cryoglobulins and had complete response of vasculitis. Several months later, two of these patients had relapse of MCV.

Conclusions

B‐cell clones persist in MCV patients long after HCV infection has been cleared but halt the production of pathogenic antibody. These ‘dormant’ cells may be reactivated by events that perturb B‐cell homeostasis and can give rise to the relapse of cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis.
Measuring growth and medium‐ and longer‐term outcomes in malnourished children
Authors: Owino Victor O. , Murphy‐Alford Alexia J. , Kerac Marko , Bahwere Paluku , Friis Henrik , Berkley James A. , Jackson Alan A.
Published: January 2019

Severe and moderate acute malnutrition are among the leading causes of mortality among children in low‐ and middle‐income countries. There is strong evidence that growth assessed anthropometrically from conception to 2 years of age marks later risk of ill health. This is central to the concept of the developmental origins of adult disease and is presumed to be related to modification of developmental processes during critical “window(s)” of vulnerability. Interventions to treat acute malnutrition have resulted in dramatic increase in the number of affected children surviving. Ensuring that these children thrive to fulfil their full physical and cognitive potential is a new challenge. Integral to this challenge is the need to be able to measure how earlier insults relate to the ability to survive and thrive to productive adulthood. Despite its obvious value, routine anthropometry does not adequately indicate how earlier adverse exposures affect more refined aspects of growth. Anthropometry is inadequate for predicting how disruption of healthy growth might modulate risk of disease or any subsequent interventions that correct this risk. A clear characterisation of healthy child growth is needed for determining which component best predicts later outcomes. The extent to which postnatal acute malnutrition is a consequence of maternal factors acting preconception or in utero and their relationship to postnatal health and long‐term risk of non‐communicable diseases is not clear. Body‐composition measurement has significant untapped potential allowing us to translate and better understand the relationship between early insults and interventions on early growth in the short‐term and long‐term health outcomes.
Perceptions of competency‐based medical education from medical student discussion forums
Authors: Dehmoobad Sharifabadi Anahita , Clarkin Chantalle , Doja Asif
Published: January 2019

Background

Competency‐based medical education (CBME) is becoming widely implemented in medical education. Trainees’ perceptions of CBME are important factors in the implementation and acceptance of CBME. Online discussion groups allow unique insight into trainees’ perceptions of CBME during residency training.

Methods

We analysed 867 posts from 20 discussion threads in Premed 101 (Canadian) and 2756 posts from 50 threads in Student Doctor Network (SDN) (American) using NVivo 11. Inductive content analysis was used to develop a data‐driven coding scheme that evolved throughout the analysis. Measures were taken to ensure the trustworthiness of findings, including co‐coding of a subsample of 600 posts, peer debriefing, consensus‐based analytical decision making and the maintenance of an audit trial.

Results

Medical residents and students participating in the discussion forums emphasised select themes regarding the implementation of CBME in residency training. Concerns about CBME in Canada primarily involved its implications for the length of residency and post‐residency opportunities. Posts on the American forum had a prominent focus on differing areas, such as the subjectivity in the assessment of core competencies and the role of CBME in termination of a resident's position.

Conclusions

Online discussion groups have the potential to provide unique insight into perceptions of CBME. The presented concerns may have implications for refining the model of CBME and illustrate the importance of providing clarification for trainees regarding length of training and evaluation structures from those involved in designing of CBME programmes.
‘Knowledge is power’: A framework for partnering with consumers in developing and delivering a scientific meeting in nephrology
Authors: Duncanson Emily , Dansie Kathryn , Gutman Talia , Tong Allison , Howell Martin , Jesudason Shilpanjali , Reidlinger Donna , Williamson Amber , Scholes‐Robertson Nicole , Murphy Lisa , Hawley Carmel M , Craig Jonathan C , Johnson David W , McDonald Stephen
Published: January 2019

Involving consumers (patients, carers and family members) across all stages of research is gaining momentum in the nephrology community. Scientific meetings present a partnership opportunity with consumers for dissemination of research findings. The Better Evidence and Translation in Chronic Kidney Disease (BEAT‐CKD) research collaboration, in partnership with Kidney Health Australia, convened two consumer sessions at the 54th Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology Annual Scientific Meeting held in September 2018. The educational objectives, topics and session formats were informed by members of the Better Evidence and Translation‐Chronic Kidney Disease Consumer Advisory Board (which at the time comprised 36 consumers from around Australia with varied experience of kidney disease). Patients, health professionals and researchers facilitated and presented at the sessions. In‐person and live‐streaming attendance options were available, with over 400 total participants across the two sessions. Sessions were also video recorded for dissemination and later viewing. Evaluations demonstrated consumers found the presentations informative, relevant and accessible. Attendees indicated strong interest in participating in similar sessions at future scientific meetings. We propose a framework for partnering with consumers as organisers, facilitators, speakers and attendees at scientific meetings in nephrology.
Automation and Job Polarization: On the Decline of Middling Occupations in Europe
Authors: Jerbashian Vahagn
Published: January 2019

Using data from 10 Western European countries, I provide evidence that the fall in prices of information technologies (IT) is associated with a lower share of employment in middle‐wage occupations and a higher share of employment in high wage occupations in industries which depend more on IT relative to industries which depend less. Similar results hold within gender and age groups, with notable differences in these groups. For instance, the share of employment in high wage occupations among males has increased less than among females with the fall in IT prices.
On the Whitham system for the radial nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Ablowitz Mark J. , Cole Justin T. , Rumanov Igor
Published: January 2019

Dispersive shock waves (DSWs) of the defocusing radial nonlinear Schrödinger (rNLS) equation in two spatial dimensions are studied. This equation arises naturally in Bose‐Einstein condensates, water waves, and nonlinear optics. A unified nonlinear WKB approach, equally applicable to integrable or nonintegrable partial differential equations, is used to find the rNLS Whitham modulation equation system in both physical and hydrodynamic type variables. The description of DSWs obtained via Whitham theory is compared with direct rNLS numerics; the results demonstrate very good quantitative agreement. On the other hand, as expected, comparison with the corresponding DSW solutions of the one‐dimensional NLS equation exhibits significant qualitative and quantitative differences.
Tsogolo la Thanzi: A Longitudinal Study of Young Adults Living in Malawi's HIV Epidemic
Authors: Yeatman Sara , Chilungo Abdallah , Lungu Sydney , Namadingo Hazel , Trinitapoli Jenny
Published: January 2019

Tsogolo la Thanzi (TLT) was designed to study how young adults navigate sexual relationships and childbearing during a generalized HIV epidemic. TLT began in 2009 with a population‐representative sample of 1,505 women and 574 men between the ages of 15 and 25 living in Balaka, southern Malawi, where regional adult HIV prevalence then stood at 15 percent. The first phase (2009–11) included a series of eight interviews, spaced four months apart. During this time, women's romantic and sexual partners enrolled in the study on an ongoing basis. A refresher sample of 315 women was added in 2012. Seventy‐eight percent of respondents were re‐interviewed in the second phase of TLT (2015), which consisted of follow‐up interviews approximately 3.5 years after the previous interview (ages 21–31). At each wave, detailed information about fertility intentions and behaviors, relationships, sexual behavior, health, and a range of sociodemographic and economic traits was gathered by means of face‐to‐face surveys. Biomarkers for HIV and pregnancy were also collected. Distinguishing features include: a population‐representative sample, closely spaced data collection, dyadic data on couples over time, and an experimental approach to HIV testing and counseling. Data are available through restricted data‐user agreements managed by Data Sharing for Demographic Research (DSDR) at the University of Michigan.
Outsider Scholars and Outsider Sociologists
Authors: Treitler Vilna Bashi
Published: January 2019

If we take the time to look at the academy writ large and sociology as a discipline specifically, we can readily find the evidence to confirm a long‐standing exclusion of certain scholars from the academic mainstream. This exclusion is especially evident in the case of scholars of color, but also includes women, nonelites (e.g., college and graduate students who lack academic social capital from elders who have been through it and could help), and those who wish to push for a more humanist scientific agenda over purist positivist science. Sexism and racism keep us from seeing the best of our ideas emerge to bring the discipline forward. As if the pursuit of good work and good works are mutually exclusive, an embrace of purist positivism leads us to shun antiracist, antisexist, nonhumanist science, labeling it “advocacy” or worse, “activist,” and conversely, ceding ground to those who wrap themselves in “objectivity” even as they may further regressive agendas. This article makes a case for the existence of an “outsider scholar,” and outlines sociology's outsider problem. I argue that this problem endures at all levels of the academic endeavor, from undergraduate education all the way through to the ranks of administration. I conclude by offering remedies to lead us toward a more inclusive and social justice‐oriented sociology.
Application of Taguchi method for the optimization of Fe2+ removal from contaminated synthetic groundwater using a rotating packed bed contactor
Authors: Ismail Wan Mohd Zamri W. , Ng Yee‐Sern , Mukherjee Sumona , Kundu Anirban , Mukhopadhyay Soumyadeep , Sen Gupta Bhaskar , Hashim Mohd Ali , Yusoff Ismail
Published: January 2019

Malaysia contains elevated levels of iron in shallow groundwater in the range of 3–7 mg Fe/L compared to the USEPA safe limit of 0.3 mg Fe/L. Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd in Malaysia uses the ‘River Bank Filtration’ (RBF) technology to harvest hyporheic water. The RBF treatment removes the turbidity of the river water through the river bed acting as a filter, but is unable to remove the Fe from the harvested water. This work proposes a technology to reduce Fe concentration in the extracted water using granular activated carbon in a laboratory‐scale rotating packed bed contactor (RPBC). The Taguchi method was used for optimizing the operating conditions for the adsorption of Fe onto activated carbon in the RPBC system. Taguchi optimization results showed that a removal efficiency of 87% Fe from a 50 mg Fe/L concentration could be achieved by a RPBC at an initial pH of 6.5, a feed rate of 40 L/h, a rotating speed of 1600 rpm and a packing density of 357 kg/m3.
Application of standardized platelet‐rich plasma in elderly patients with complex wounds
Authors: Tian Ju , Cheng Liu‐Hang‐Hang , Cui Xiao , Lei Xiao‐Xuan , Tang Jian‐Bing , Cheng Biao
Published: January 2019

In recent years, autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) derivatives have been used widely in the regeneration and repair of tissue, but a standard definition and preparation method for PRP are lacking. We developed a standardized method using platelet indices as quality‐control indicators for PRP preparation. Twenty‐one elderly patients (9 males, 12 females) with complex wounds were treated with standardized platelet‐rich plasma (S‐PRP). The platelet count in PRP after the second centrifugation was 1,069–1,436 × 109/L. We adjusted the platelet concentration in PRP after a second centrifugation to 1,000 × 109/L according to a formula using platelet‐poor plasma (PPP). The standardized preparation method that we developed gave S‐PRP with a relatively uniform platelet concentration. The wounds of 21 patients showed accelerated healing after S‐PRP treatment, and there were no obvious side effects during treatment. These data suggest that our preparation method of S‐PRP, using platelet indices as quality‐control indicators with platelet count of 1,000 × 109/L could be used for the treatment of complex wounds in the elderly. The preparation method of S‐PRP proposed in the present study may be a simple and effective method of PRP quality control.
The Analysis of Students’ Special Curiosity in Sports Based on Some Demographic Variables
Authors: Yıldırım Mehmet , Çoban Oktay
Published: January 2019

The present study aims to determine special curiosity in sports among students who study at different university departments. The population of the study consists of students studying at different departments at Yozgat Bozok University during 2018-2019 academic year. The sample of the study consists of 397 students who study at different departments at Yozgat Bozok University during 2018-2019 academic year and voluntarily participated in the online survey sent them by e-mail. Survey was used as a data collection method in the study. Students’ demographic features were obtained using a “personal information form”. In order to identify students’ specific curiosity in sports, “Sport Fan Specific Curiosity Scale” adapted to Turkish context and tested for reliability and validity by Korur and Dever (2018) was used. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 software program. Frequency analysis, percentage analysis, arithmetic means, t test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. The findings of the analysis demonstrate that statistically significant differences were found among students’ levels of specific curiosity in sports in terms of their gender, department, family participation in sports and monthly expenses (p<0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant differences were observed among students in terms of place of residence and family level of income (p>0.05).
Does the Early and Late Rate of Torque Development, Change in Relation to the Quadriceps Angle?
Authors: Saç Ajlan
Published: January 2019

The rate of torque development (RTD), which determines the force that can be developed in the early phase of muscle contraction (0-200 ms), is very important in terms of tracking explosive strength improvement and preventing knee injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of quadriceps angle which affects the structural alignment of the lower extremity with early (0-100 ms) and late (100-200 ms) rate of torque development of the knee extensor muscles and myoelectrical activity. The study was carried out with 38 well-trained male basketball players (mean age: 22.3±2.5 years). The participants were divided into two groups with normal (<11°) and abnormal (>10°) values. RTD was measured in concentric/concentric mode at 60, 120 and 180°/s angular velocities in an isokinetic dynamometer. Surface electromyography (sEMG) was used to determine the myoelectrical activity. When RTD0-100 and RTD100-200 were examined, statistically significant difference was observed at 60 and 120°/s (p<0.05). However, no difference was observed at 180°/s. In addition, sEMG data did not have a statistically significant difference between groups. Negative correlation was found between all RTD at 60, 10 and 180°/s with Q angle (180°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.34, 180°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.35, 120°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.40, 120°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.48, 60°/s RTD0-100 r= -0.55, 60°/s RTD100-200 r= -0.59; p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the structural differences of the lower extremity and the early and late rate of torque development of the knee extensor muscles. Considering the structural variables, it is thought that it is important to improve the rate of torque development with appropriate resistance training in athletes with variables such as abnormal Q angle, and thus knee injuries can be prevented through athletic development.
Elbow angle modulates corticospinal excitability to the resting biceps brachii at both spinal and supraspinal levels
Authors: Dongés Siobhan C. , Taylor Janet L. , Nuzzo James L.
Published: January 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Corticospinal excitability to biceps brachii is known to modulate according to upper‐limb posture. Here, cervicomedullary stimulation was used to investigate potential spinal contributions to elbow angle‐dependent changes in corticospinal excitability at rest.

What is the main finding and its importance?

At more extended elbow angles, biceps responses to cervicomedullary stimulation were decreased, whereas cortically evoked responses (normalized to cervicomedullary‐evoked responses) were increased. Results suggest decreased spinal excitability but increased cortical excitability as the elbow is placed in a more extended position, an effect that is unlikely to be attributable to cutaneous stretch receptor activation.

Corticospinal excitability to biceps brachii is known to modulate according to upper‐limb posture. In study 1, our aim was to investigate potential spinal contributions to this modulation and the independent effect of elbow angle. Biceps responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (motor evoked potentials; MEPs) and electrical cervicomedullary stimulation (cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials; CMEPs) were measured at five elbow angles ranging from full extension to 130 deg of flexion. In study 2, possible contributions of cutaneous stretch receptors to elbow angle‐dependent excitability changes were investigated by eliciting MEPs and CMEPs in three conditions of skin stretch about the elbow (stretch to mimic full extension, no stretch or stretch to mimic flexion). Each study had 12 participants. Evoked potentials were acquired at rest, with participants seated, the shoulder flexed 90 deg and forearm supinated. The MEPs and CMEPs were normalized to maximal compound muscle action potentials. In study 1, as the elbow was moved to more extended positions, there were no changes in MEPs (P = 0.963), progressive decreases in CMEPs (P < 0.0001; CMEPs at 130 deg flexion ∼220% of full extension) and increases in the MEP/CMEP ratio (P = 0.019; MEP/CMEP at 130 deg flexion ∼20% of full extension). In study 2, there were no changes in MEPs (P = 0.830) or CMEPs (P = 0.209) between skin stretch conditions. Therefore, although results suggest a decrease in spinal and an increase in supraspinal excitability at more extended angles, the mechanism for these changes in corticospinal excitability to biceps is not cutaneous stretch receptor feedback.
Rat mesenteric small artery neurogenic dilatation is predominantly mediated by β1‐adrenoceptors in vivo
Authors: Søndergaard Asger Maare , Overgaard Cathrine Bang , Mazur Aleksandra , Postnov Dmitry D. , Matchkov Vladimir V. , Aalkjaer Christian
Published: January 2019

Key points

The prevailing dogma about neurogenic regulation of vascular tone consists of major vasodilatation caused by CGRP (and possibly substance P) released from sensory‐motor nerves and vasoconstriction caused by noradrenaline, ATP and neuropeptode Y release from sympathetic nerves.

Most studies on perivascular nerve‐mediated vasodilatation are made in vitro.

In the present study, we provide evidence indicating that in vivo electrical perivascular nerve stimulation in rat mesenteric small arteries causes a large β1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated vasodilatation, which contrasts with a smaller vasodilatation caused by endogenous CGRP that is only visible after inhibition of Y1 NPY receptors.

Mesenteric arteries are densely innervated and the nerves are important regulators of vascular tone and hence blood pressure and blood flow. Perivascular sensory‐motor nerves have been shown to cause vasodilatation in vitro. However, less is known about their function in vivo. Male Wistar rats (10–12 weeks old; n = 72) were anaesthetized with ketamine (3 mg kg−1) and xylazine (0.75 mg kg−1) or pentobarbital (60 mg kg−1). After a laparotomy, a section of second‐order mesenteric artery was visualized in an organ bath after minimal removal of perivascular adipose tissue. The effects of electrical field stimulation (EFS) and drugs on artery diameter and blood flow were recorded with intravital microscopy and laser speckle imaging. EFS caused vasodilatation in arteries constricted with 1 μm U46619 in the presence of 140 μm suramin and 1 μm prazosin. The vasodilatation was inhibited by 1 μm tetrodotoxin and 5 μm guanethidine, although not by the 1 μm of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096bs. In the presence of 0.3 μm Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226, BIBN4096bs partly inhibited the vasodilatation. Atenolol at a concentration 1 μm inhibited the vasodilatation, whereas 0.1 μm of the β2‐adrenoceptor selective antagonist ICI‐118,551 had no effect. Increasing the extracellular [K+] to 20 mm caused vasodilatation but was converted to vasoconstriction in the presence of 1 μm BIBN4096bs, and constriction to 30 mm potassium was potentiated by BIBN4096bs. Atenolol but not BIBN4096bs increased contraction to EFS in the absence of suramin and prazosin. In mesenteric small arteries of anaesthetized rats, EFS failed to stimulate major dilatation via sensory‐motor nerves but induced sympathetic β1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated dilatation.
From the Bush to the Cloud: Following the Social Lives of the Skins ‘Dun’ and ‘Dee’
Authors: Langsford Claire
Published: January 2019

Tracing the flows and transitions of some commodities can be incredibly difficult. Like their living counterparts, crocodile skins are unpredictable and multiple, submerging in and out of view. They are disobedient, ‘Other’ objects in the sense used by Ihde (1990), as they regularly work against the classifications and transformation activities of human agents. Like Law and Singleton’s (2004) ‘fire objects’ they are both present and absent as their ‘crocodileness’, their status as animal subjects, moves in and out of focus in different cultural contexts. When faced with such devious objects an ethnographer cannot, like Appadurai, view objects as mere conduits of human meaning and intentionality but instead must make use of multiple methods to capture the voices, actions and effects of these objects as they move through processes of commoditisation. Combining online research, practitioner narratives, object interviews and photography, my research and telling of Dun and Dee’s story aims to explore how the crocodile skins’ physical, relational and symbolic properties as animals/objects/commodities have the capacity to affect the emotions, interpretations and creative efforts of cosplayers and others.
An Ethnography of Entanglements: Mercury’s Presence and Absence in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Robertson Thomas , Farrelly Trisia
Published: January 2019

This paper describes a ‘follow the thing’ methodology as applied to an ethnography of entanglements. This methodology allowed for a materially and politically nuanced understanding of Antioquia, Colombia’s response to mercury pollution. This pollution primarily originates from the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) industry where mercury is employed in the gold extraction process. In following the mercury, the authors experiment with an ethnography of entanglements. The paper discusses how they address the current lacunae in mining ethnographies by focussing on mining as ‘practice’, going past the provision of technical descriptions of mining and ethnographic descriptions of miners to an ethnography of mining. This ethnographic approach considers the politics of materiality and addresses a lack of attention to the impacts of the presence and absence of materials on social life. Various mining practices in Antioquia illuminate how entanglements between miners and mercury have been co-constitutive of particular modes of ASGM. The paper will also provide examples of ‘negative mercury entanglements’ where efforts have been made to extricate mercury from mining practices. Rather than creating a vacuum, these mercury absences have been generative of new contested symbolic and material arrangements including entrepreneurial and ‘responsible’ mining, debates over miners’ rights, and the creation of new political relationships between ASGM and large-scale mining companies.
Boudicca's Helmet: Warrior Women of British Anthropology
Authors: Rimoldi Eleanor
Published: January 2019

Book Review Essay
Cosmopolitanism and the Moral Economies of Aged Residential Care
Authors: Jaye Chrystal
Published: January 2019

In this essay I contend that the aged care sector not only constitutes a political economy, but is at the same time a moral economy containing multiple contested moral spaces, purposes and standpoints. Global processes of cosmopolitanisation contain moral agendas that link macro level structures with local communities, families, individuals, workplaces, and organisations. The aged residential care (ARC) facility as a moral economy exemplifies vernacular cosmopolitanisation. The State shapes the moral economy of the New Zealand aged care sector through enforceable policies and regulations, while organisations and facilities compete in a neoliberal consumption-oriented marketplace. Those employed in the sector such as nurses and careworkers seek a living. Residents must find home within ARC, while their families expect they receive quality care from ARC facilities.
'A Stranger in the Name of Jesus': Exploring Cosmopolitan Ethics in a Ugandan Christian Care Community
Authors: Wardell Susan
Published: January 2019

This article uses the author’s ethnographic case study of a Christian youth work community in Uganda to inform a discussion around the theoretical relationship between cosmopolitan ideologies and Christian care ethics. Fieldwork conducted among the youth workers of ‘Moment of Truth Evangelistic Ministries’ (MOTEM), in Kampala, Uganda, between 2012 and 2014 highlighted a moral obligation to care. Two points of similarity are shown between this and what is usually described as a cosmopolitan ethic.The first is the basis of care in an identification with an imagined moral community – a transcendent and global ‘family of believers’ – and the second is a care orientation to a universal recipient. I discuss orientations to strangers, neighbours, village-mates, and family, in order to explore the faith-based youth worker as an embedded moral subject; situated in both local and global moral worlds. The article argues against other authors that have suggested religious fundamentalism is diametrically opposed to a cosmopolitan sensibility, using the case study to elucidate the complex and intersecting ways that cosmopolitan and Christian subjectivities can be experienced in the contemporary religious modernity of Kampala.
Cosmopolitans in Australian and New Zealand Health Care Systems
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha
Published: January 2019

Health systems are abstract spaces in which cosmopolitanisms of care emerge. This article identifies four key types of care cosmopolitans: health care practitioners, health care students, patients, and informal carers of patients. Care cosmopolitans are individuals who enter into health systems from their various angles and draw upon their individually-held cultures, experiences and knowledge – aided by technology and salient discursively-operationalised ideas – to manage their own or other people’s health. To illustrate, I first explore the enculturating processes of medical education – including training in cultural competence and cultural safety – in terms of the way they inform students and health care practitioners as care cosmopolitans. Then, taking the case of chronic illness, I turn to patients and informal carers, who navigate tensions in their existing and intimate relationships, and where different levels of knowledge, common heuristics, and access to technology influence their practices of care. In discussing the nuances of care cosmopolitans in these contexts, I draw on data collected in Australia and New Zealand over an eight year period (2010–2018).
Defiant Memory and the Infrastructure of Intimacy: The Thriving Homes of Māori Jews in Aotearoa, New Zealand
Authors: Ore Hadas
Published: January 2019

Social research since the 1980s demonstrates the resurgence of interest in whakapapa and growing recognition in the importance of whānau for the affirmation of being Māori in contemporary Aotearoa, New Zealand. Analysing memories of home, this paper integrates the latest development in the theory of home and nostalgia with empirical data from social psychology on the well-being of contemporary Māori Jews. The data is based on open-end, in-depth interviews with twenty-one Māori Jews between the ages of eighteen
and sixty-seven years old, highlighting relationship with whakapapa through funerary practices and food. It demonstrates that contemporary Māori Jews express longing for home and intimacy as well as ambivalence, pain and grief as they critique home. In their lived relationships with whakapapa the Māori Jews in this study employ defiant memory to resist the intergenerational racial
tension within their whānau. In this way, they constitute their infrastructure of intimacy and ameliorate their well-being.
Collaboration and Contamination: Notes on the Ethnographic Frontier
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: January 2019

Book Review Essay
Tā Moko and the Cultural Politics of Appropriation
Authors: Young Mika
Published: January 2019

With the rapid development of globalisation, issues of cultural appropriation – a topic of longstanding interest in social anthropology – have shifted and intensified in many ways. In recent decades the phenomenon has presented both challenges and opportunities for indigenous cultures across the globe to re-negotiate their cultural agency and empowerment. Grounded in the realm of cultural politics, I explore this issue through the iconic example provided by Jean-Paul Gaultier’s 2007 ‘Vogue Magazine’ campaign, in which European models were employed to display Aotearoa/New Zealand Māori tā moko while advertising clothing and sunglasses. There are several different solutions favoured by some Māori folk regarding this issue, all of which are underpinned by both opportunities and pitfalls. While I argue that solutions to issues of cultural appropriation should ultimately be led by the cultural groups who are directly affected, there is also room, I suggest, for anthropologists to play a role in this process. I envisage this to be through amplifying Indigenous voices, and by contributing to an enhanced awareness of the complexity of cultural appropriation.
Peculiarities of real shallow sea wave-guide vortex structure
Authors: Shchurov Vladimir A.
Published: January 2019

The temporal vector-phase characteristics of the interference field of a low-frequency signal tone in a real wave-guide of shallow sea were taken under consideration. Physical objects were detected in the field of destructive interference, which, according to known features, are defined as local vortices of the intensity vector. “Static” vortices and vortices that perform periodic oscillatory motions in the direction along the axis of the wave-guide relative to the phase centre of the combined receiving device have been discovered. It has been demonstrated that the structure of vortices depends on signal/noise ratio. Signalling tone with a frequency of 88 ± 1 Hz from the near-surface moving sound source was taken under consideration. Introduced results of the full-scale experiment expand the concepts of real fundamental properties of the shallow sea acoustic field.
Association Between Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity and Gross Motor Coordination in Preschool Children
Authors: Silva-Santos Sandra , Santos Amanda , Duncan Michael , Vale Susana , Mota Jorge
Published: January 2019

Introduction:Adequate gross motor coordination is essential for children participating in age-related physical activities and has an important role in maintaining sufficient physical activity levels during the life course.Aim:To examine the association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and gross motor coordination during sedentary behavior in early childhood (ages 3–6 y).Methods:The sample comprised 209 children aged 3–6 y. Gross motor coordination was assessed according to the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2). The battery to assess gross motor coordination comprised the aiming and catching, and balance components. MVPA was measured by accelerometry worn for 7 consecutive days (Monday to Sunday).Results:Our data indicated that 31.5% of the sample had low, 32.5% medium, and 36.0% high gross motor coordination. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that MVPA was positively associated with gross motor coordination, adjusted for gender and sedentary behavior.Conclusions:Preschoolers with high gross motor coordination spend more time in MVPA. Gross motor coordination development should therefore be a key strategy in childhood interventions aiming to promote physical activity.
Escherichia coli
Pathobionts Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mirsepasi-Lauridsen Hengameh Chloé , Vallance Bruce Andrew , Krogfelt Karen Angeliki , Petersen Andreas Munk
Published: January 2019

Gut bacteria play a key role in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory process in the gut tissues of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, by supplying antigens or other stimulatory factors that trigger immune cell activation. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in IBD patients compared to that in healthy controls and a reduced diversity of intestinal microbial species are linked to the pathogenesis of IBD.
Identification of a Fifth Antibacterial Toxin Produced by a Single Bacteroides fragilis Strain
Authors: Shumaker Andrew M. , Laclare McEneany Valentina , Coyne Michael J. , Silver Pamela A. , Comstock Laurie E.
Published: January 2019

The intestinal microbiota is a diverse microbial ecosystem that provides numerous benefits to humans. The factors that govern its establishment and stability are just beginning to be elucidated. Identification and characterization of antimicrobial toxins produced by its members and their killing range are essential to understanding the role of antagonism in community composition and stability. Here, we identify a fifth antimicrobial toxin produced by a single
Bacteroides fragilis
strain and identify its target. The finding of such a large number of toxins that antagonize competing members suggests that this feature substantially contributes to the fitness of these bacteria. In addition, these toxins may have applications in genetically engineered gut bacteria to allow engraftment or to antagonize a potentially pathogenic member.
Experimental Evolution of Extreme Resistance to Ionizing Radiation in
Escherichia coli
after 50 Cycles of Selection
Authors: Bruckbauer Steven T. , Trimarco Joseph D. , Martin Joel , Bushnell Brian , Senn Katherine A. , Schackwitz Wendy , Lipzen Anna , Blow Matthew , Wood Elizabeth A. , Culberson Wesley S. , Pennacchio Christa , Cox Michael M.
Published: January 2019

Some bacterial species exhibit astonishing resistance to ionizing radiation, with
Deinococcus radiodurans
being the archetype. As natural IR sources rarely exceed mGy levels, the capacity of
Deinococcus
to survive 5,000 Gy has been attributed to desiccation resistance. To understand the molecular basis of true extreme IR resistance, we are using experimental evolution to generate strains of
Escherichia coli
with IR resistance levels comparable to
Deinococcus
. Experimental evolution has previously generated moderate radioresistance for multiple bacterial species. However, these efforts could not take advantage of modern genomic sequencing technologies. In this report, we examine four replicate bacterial populations after 50 selection cycles. Genomic sequencing allows us to follow the genesis of mutations in populations throughout selection. Novel mutations affecting genes encoding DNA repair proteins and RNA polymerase enhance radioresistance. However, more contributors are apparent.
Direct Identification of Pathogens in Urine by Use of a Specific Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Spectrum Database
Authors: Pinault Lucile , Chabrière Eric , Raoult Didier , Fenollar Florence
Published: January 2019

Urinary tract infections are among the most common reasons for antimicrobial treatment, and early diagnosis could have a significant impact by enabling rapid administration of the adapted antibiotic and preventing complications. The current delay between sample receipt and pathogen identification is about 24 to 48 h, which could be significantly shortened by use of an accurate direct method.
Performance of a Novel Low-Cost, Instrument-Free Plasma Separation Device for HIV Viral Load Quantification and Determination of Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV in Malaysia: a Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Pham Minh D. , Haile Berhan A. , Azwa Iskandar , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Raman Nishaan , Saeidi Alireza , Kahar Bador Maria , Tan Margaret , Zhu Jiawei , Feng Yi , Elliott Julian H. , Garcia Mary L. , Li Fan , Crowe Suzanne M. , Luchters Stanley , Anderson David A.
Published: January 2019

HIV viral load (VL) testing is the recommended method for monitoring the response of people living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The availability of standard plasma VL testing in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and access to this testing, are limited by the need to use fresh plasma.
Molecular Characteristics of the Conserved
Aspergillus nidulans
Transcription Factor Mac1 and Its Functions in Response to Copper Starvation
Authors: Cai Zhendong , Du Wenlong , Liu Lianhong , Pan Daodong , Lu Ling
Published: January 2019

Copper is an essential cofactor of enzymes during a variety of biochemical processes. Therefore, Cu acquisition plays critical roles in cell survival and proliferation, especially during Cu starvation. Knowledge of the key motif(s) by which the low-Cu-responsive transcription factor Mac1 senses Cu is important for understanding how Cu uptake is controlled. Findings in this study demonstrated that the Cu fist motif, but not Cys-rich motifs, is essential for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake in
Aspergillus
. In addition, Cu transporters CtrA2 and CtrC are both required for Mac1-mediated Cu uptake during Cu starvation in
A. nidulans
, indicating that species-specific machinery exists for Cu acquisition in
Aspergillus
.
Rectal bleeding caused by a syphilitic inflammatory mass
Authors: Serigado Joao , Lewis Eugene , Kim Grace
Published: January 2019

A 47-year-old man presented with fatigue, decrease appetite, abdominal pain and rectal bleeding. His colonoscopy revealed a single, firm, raised, centrally ulcerated mass at the anorectal junction. During this same admission, he was diagnosed with HIV and syphilis, found to have multiple hepatic lesions and positive cerebrospinal fluidvenereal disease research laboratory test (VDRL). Biopsies from both the hepatic lesions and rectal ulcer showed spirochaetes by immunostaining. The initial presentation was felt to be secondary to a rectal inflammatory mass caused by syphilis.
Hepatitis in patients with syphilis: an overlooked association
Authors: Pizzarossa Ana Carina , Rebella Martín
Published: January 2019

We present the case of a patient who sought treatment for fever and a maculopapular rash involving the trunk, limbs, palms and soles. The patient also presented with hepatomegaly and elevated levels of liver enzymes (with a higher increase of alkaline phosphatase). With the proposal of early syphilitic hepatitis, during the stage of secondary syphilis, a venereal disease research laboratory andTreponema pallidumhaemagglutination tests were requested, which confirmed the diagnosis. All altered parameters improved with antibiotic treatment for secondary syphilis. Syphilitic hepatitis is an often overlooked presentation of syphilis and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with elevated levels of liver enzymes and risk factors for syphilis.
Primary Ewing sarcoma of the kidney
Authors: Doroudinia Abtin , Ahmadi Sara , Mehrian Payam , Pourabdollah Mihan
Published: January 2019

Primary Ewing sarcoma (ES) or primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) is a rare tumour in adults and primary renal involvement is extremely rare. Patients with renal ES or PNET respond to and would benefit from conventional ES treatment according to ES study protocols. Here, we report a case of a young woman, presenting with right flank pain and haematuria. After ultrasound and CT evaluation, a right middle pole renal mass was detected. The patient underwent radical right nephrectomy, and a grade 4 ES with peritoneal involvement was documented. Subsequently, the patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy for 5 months. Follow-up 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan demonstrated bilateral cervical, hilar, mediastinal and retroperitoneal FDG-avid adenopathies associated with mild right-sided pleural effusion with no metabolic activity, signifying the role of PET/CT scan in tumour restaging.