bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutant cycles at CFTR’s non-canonical ATP-binding site support little interface separation during gating
Authors: Szollosi Andras , Muallem Daniella R. , Csanády László , Vergani Paola
Published: May 2011

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a chloride channel belonging to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily. ABC proteins share a common molecular mechanism that couples ATP binding and hydrolysis at two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) to diverse functions. This involves formation of NBD dimers, with ATP bound at two composite interfacial sites. In CFTR, intramolecular NBD dimerization is coupled to channel opening. Channel closing is triggered by hydrolysis of the ATP molecule bound at composite site 2. Site 1, which is non-canonical, binds nucleotide tightly but is not hydrolytic. Recently, based on kinetic arguments, it was suggested that this site remains closed for several gating cycles. To investigate movements at site 1 by an independent technique, we studied changes in thermodynamic coupling between pairs of residues on opposite sides of this site. The chosen targets are likely to interact based on both phylogenetic analysis and closeness on structural models. First, we mutated T460 in NBD1 and L1353 in NBD2 (the corresponding site-2 residues become energetically coupled as channels open). Mutation T460S accelerated closure in hydrolytic conditions and in the nonhydrolytic K1250R background; mutation L1353M did not affect these rates. Analysis of the double mutant showed additive effects of mutations, suggesting that energetic coupling between the two residues remains unchanged during the gating cycle. We next investigated pairs 460–1348 and 460–1375. Although both mutations H1348A and H1375A produced dramatic changes in hydrolytic and nonhydrolytic channel closing rates, in the corresponding double mutants these changes proved mostly additive with those caused by mutation T460S, suggesting little change in energetic coupling between either positions 460–1348 or positions 460–1375 during gating. These results provide independent support for a gating model in which ATP-bound composite site 1 remains closed throughout the gating cycle.
Improved scintillation time response in (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ compared with Lu2O3 : Eu3+ transparent ceramics
Authors: Rétot Hélène , Blahuta Samuel , Bessière Aurélie , Viana Bruno , LaCourse Brian , Mattmann Eric
Published: May 2011

The scintillation properties of two sesquioxides ceramics Lu2O3 : Eu3+ and (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ were studied. Both ceramics present comparable transparency and light yield whereas (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ showed an order of magnitude reduced afterglow in the 3–300 ms range. A thorough study of the location and behaviour of Eu3+ dopant ions at C2 and S6 sites of Lu2O3 and (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 structures was carried out with low-temperature selective excitation of Eu3+. This revealed that (i) at both C2 and S6 sites, Eu3+ 4f–4f lifetime is shorter in (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ than in Lu2O3 : Eu3+, (ii) the host matrix (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 as compared with Lu2O3 favours the location of Eu3+ at C2 site. As decay times of Eu3+ in C2 and S6 sites are 1.0 ms and 3.8 ms, respectively, the preferred occupation of C2 in (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ implies a much shorter decay time for (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ in the 3–20 ms range. Reduction of afterglow in the 20–300 ms range is illustrated by thermally stimulated luminescence peaks presenting a highly reduced intensity for (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ compared with Lu2O3 : Eu3+ implying reduced charge trapping defects in (Lu0.5Gd0.5)2O3 : Eu3+ ceramics.
Increase in the density of states in n-type extruded (Bi(1−x)Sbx)2(Te(1−y)Sey)3 thermoelectric alloys
Authors: André C , Vasilevskiy D , Turenne S , Masut R A
Published: May 2011

The concentration and doping of n-type doped (Bi(1−x)Sb
x
)2(Te(1−y)Se
y
)3 thermoelectric alloys produced by powder metallurgy followed by hot extrusion are varied in order to optimize their performance for the generation of electricity. The material is polycrystalline and strongly textured, with an undetermined volumetric fraction of nanoscale subgrains, and its thermoelectric properties are optimal along the extrusion direction. Within the composition range 0 ⩽ x, y ⩽ 0.1 the quaternary (Bi0.97Sb0.03)2(Te0.93Se0.07)3 shows the highest temperature-averaged dimensionless figure of merit ⟨ZT⟩ for applications where T
C = 295 K and T
H = 420 K. This average ⟨ZT⟩ is further optimized for values of carrier concentrations close to n = 3.4 × 1019 cm−3. The introduction of substitution elements constituting these quaternary alloys leads to an increase in the electronic equivalent density of states compared with Bi2Te3. This increase has a direct impact on the Seebeck coefficient, the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity and the carrier mobility.
TiNxOy/TiN dielectric contrasts obtained by ion implantation of
; structural, optical and electrical properties
Authors: Punzón Quijorna E , Torres Costa V , Agulló-Rueda F , Herrero Fernández P , Climent A , Rossi F , Manso Silván M
Published: May 2011

The properties of TiN can be gradually transformed by
implantations in the 10–40 keV range and fluences in the 5 × 1013–5 × 1016 cm−2 range. The resulting structure consists of shallow TiN
x
O
y
(TiNO)/TiN contrasts with increased resistivity on the top layer. In fact, oxygen actively replaces nitrogen in the implanted TiN region as illustrated by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. N substitutions and vacancies in the lattice induce structural distortions and strain generation as illustrated by x-ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The influence of these modifications in the optical and electrical properties was characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry and four probe resistivity measurements. The proposed process, especially at the lower energy, is liable to help in the creation of electrical/photonic structures based in shallow TiNO/TiN electric/dielectric contrasts.
Evolution of the H-mode edge pedestal between ELMs
Authors: Stacey W.M. , Groebner R.J.
Published: May 2011

The evolution of edge pedestal parameters between edge-localized modes (ELMs) is analyzed for an H-mode DIII-D (Luxon 2002 Nucl. Fusion
42 612) discharge. Experimental data are averaged over the same sub-intervals between successive ELMs to develop data that characterize the evolution of density, temperature, rotation velocities, etc over the interval between ELMs. These data are interpreted within the context of the constraints imposed by particle, momentum and energy balance, in particular in terms of the pinch–diffusion relation for radial particle flux that is required by momentum balance. It is found that in the edge pedestal there is an increase in both inward (pinch) electromagnetic and outward (diffusive) pressure gradient forces over the inter-ELM interval.
Effects of complex symmetry-breakings on alpha particle power loads on first wall structures and equilibrium in ITER
Authors: Shinohara K. , Kurki-Suonio T. , Spong D. , Asunta O. , Tani K. , Strumberger E. , Briguglio S. , Koskela T. , Vlad G. , Günter S. , Kramer G. , Putvinski S. , Hamamatsu K.
Published: May 2011

Within the ITPA Topical Group on Energetic Particles, we have investigated the impact that various mechanisms breaking the tokamak axisymmetry can have on the fusion alpha particle confinement in ITER as well as on the wall power loads due to these alphas. In addition to the well-known TF ripple, the 3D effect due to ferromagnetic materials (in ferritic inserts and test blanket modules) and ELM mitigation coils are included in these mechanisms. ITER scenario 4 was chosen since, due to its lower plasma current, it is more vulnerable for various off-normal features. First, the validity of using a 2D equilibrium was investigated: a 3D equilibrium was reconstructed using the VMEC code, and it was verified that no 3D equilibrium reconstruction is needed but it is sufficient to add the vacuum field perturbations onto an axisymmetric equilibrium. Then the alpha particle confinement was studied using three independent codes, ASCOT, DELTA5D and F3D OFMC, all of which assume MHD quiescent background plasma and no anomalous diffusion. All the codes gave a loss power fraction of about 0.2%. The distribution of the peak power load was found to depend on the first wall shape. We also made the first attempt to accommodate the effect of fast-ion-related MHD on the wall loads in ITER using the HMGC and ASCOT codes. The power flux to the wall was found to increase due to the redistribution of fast ions by the MHD activity. Furthermore, the effect of the ELM mitigation field on the fast-ion confinement was addressed by simulating NBI ions with the F3D OFMC code. The loss power fraction of NBI ions was found to increase from 0.3% without the ELM mitigation field to 4–5% with the ELM mitigation field.
Recent results from the HIT-SI experiment
Authors: Jarboe T.R. , Akcay C. , Chilenski M.A. , Ennis D.A. , Hansen C.J. , Hicks N.K. , Aboul Hosn R.Z. , Hossack A.C. , Marklin G.J. , Nelson B.A. , O'Neill R.G. , Sieck P.E. , Smith R.J. , Victor B.S. , Wrobel J.S. , Nagata M.
Published: May 2011

New understanding and improved parameters have been achieved on the Helicity Injected Torus with Steady Inductive helicity injection current drive (HIT-SI) experiment. The experiment has a bowtie-shaped spheromak confinement region with two helicity injectors. The inductive injectors are 180° segments of a small, oval cross section toroidal pinch. Spheromaks with currents up to 38 kA and current amplification of 2 have been achieved with only 6 MW of injector power. The Taylor-state model is shown to agree with HIT-SI surface and internal magnetic profile measurements. Helicity balance predicts the peak magnitude of toroidal spheromak current and the threshold for spheromak formation. The model also accurately predicts the division of the applied loop voltage between the injector and spheromak regions. Single injector operation shows that the two injectors have opposing, preferred spheromak current directions. An electron locking relaxation model is consistent with the preferred direction, with ion Doppler data and with bolometric data. Results from higher frequency operation are given. The impact of the new understanding on the future direction of the HIT programme is discussed.
Construction of central units in integral group rings of finite groups
Authors: Jespers Eric , Parmenter M.
Published: May 2011

In this paper we give new constructions of central units that generate a subgroup of finite index in the central units of the integral group ring

Z

G

\mathbb {Z} G

of a finite group. This is done for a very large class of finite groups

G
G

, including the abelian-by-supersolvable groups.
Classification with correlated features: unreliability of feature ranking and solutions
Authors: Toloşi Laura , Lengauer Thomas
Published: May 2011

Motivation: Classification and feature selection of genomics or transcriptomics data is often hampered by the large number of features as compared with the small number of samples available. Moreover, features represented by probes that either have similar molecular functions (gene expression analysis) or genomic locations (DNA copy number analysis) are highly correlated. Classical model selection methods such as penalized logistic regression or random forest become unstable in the presence of high feature correlations. Sophisticated penalties such as group Lasso or fused Lasso can force the models to assign similar weights to correlated features and thus improve model stability and interpretability. In this article, we show that the measures of feature relevance corresponding to the above-mentioned methods are biased such that the weights of the features belonging to groups of correlated features decrease as the sizes of the groups increase, which leads to incorrect model interpretation and misleading feature ranking.

Results: With simulation experiments, we demonstrate that Lasso logistic regression, fused support vector machine, group Lasso and random forest models suffer from correlation bias. Using simulations, we show that two related methods for group selection based on feature clustering can be used for correcting the correlation bias. These techniques also improve the stability and the accuracy of the baseline models. We apply all methods investigated to a breast cancer and a bladder cancer arrayCGH dataset and in order to identify copy number aberrations predictive of tumor phenotype.

Availability: R code can be found at: http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~laura/Clustering.r.

Contact:  laura.tolosi@mpi-inf.mpg.de

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Developing and evaluating harvest control rules with different biological reference points for the American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery in the Gulf of Maine
Authors: Zhang Yuying , Chen Yong , Wilson Carl
Published: May 2011

Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., and Wilson, C. 2011. Developing and evaluating harvest control rules with different biological reference points for the American lobster (Homarus americanus) fishery in the Gulf of Maine. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1511–1524. The American lobster (Homarus americanus) supports one of the most valuable commercial fisheries in the United States. Controversy exists, however, in terms of the biological reference point (BRP) used in assessing lobster stock status, and there is no fully established or evaluated harvest control rule (HCR). A sex-specific, size-dependent operating model is developed to evaluate the performance of two HCRs, discrete and continuous, which adjust annual fishing mortality discretely and linearly, respectively, based on the status of the fishery. For each HCR, different BRPs are considered along with management duration, recruitment dynamics, and natural mortality. HCRs with a suitable set of BRPs can drive the fishery from an undesirable status to an optimal status. The continuous HCR tends to perform better than the discrete one. The Ftarget of 0.31 year−1 showed the best performance in the long term by balancing the needs of the fishing industry and conservation bodies. However, this was not the case in the short term. An Ntarget of 49.6 million would allow the American lobster to be maintained at its current stock level, with high recruitment and stable natural mortality. The study provides a framework for a systematic evaluation of management regulations for the American lobster.
The Transcriptome of Fusarium graminearum During the Infection of Wheat
Authors: Lysøe Erik , Seong Kye-Yong , Kistler H. Corby
Published: May 2011

Fusarium graminearum causes head blight disease in wheat and barley. To help understand the infection process on wheat, we studied global gene expression of F. graminearum in a time series from 24 to 196 h after inoculation, compared with a noninoculated control. The infection was rapid and, after 48 h, over 4,000 fungal genes were expressed. The number of genes expressed increased over time up to 96 h (>8,000 genes), and then declined at the 144- and 192-h post-inoculation time points. After subtraction of genes found expressed on complete medium, during carbon or nitrogen starvation, and on barley, only 355 were found exclusively expressed in wheat, mostly genes with unknown function (72.6%). These genes were mainly found in single-nucleotide polymorphism-enriched islands on the chromosomes, suggesting a higher evolutionary selection pressure. The annotated genes were enriched in functional groups predicted to be involved in allantoin and allantoate transport, detoxification, nitrogen, sulfur and selenium metabolism, secondary metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and degradation of polysaccharides and ester compounds. Several putative secreted virulence factors were also found expressed in wheat.
Modality-specific Somatosensory Changes in a Human Surrogate Model of Postoperative Pain
Authors: Fißmer Ina , Klein Thomas , Magerl Walter , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Zahn Peter K. , Pogatzki-Zahn Esther M.
Published: May 2011

Background

Postoperative pain remains a challenging problem in part because the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. There is a compelling need for translational studies in human models of postoperative pain to bridge the gap between animal models und human clinical studies.

Methods

Somatosensory changes using Quantitative Sensory Testing for up to 72 h after an experimental 4-mm incision were characterized in 20 male volunteers.

Results

During incision, perceived pain was 29 on a 100-point numeric rating scale and declined rapidly over the next 60 min. After incision, thresholds at the site of incision were lowered to painful heat (primary heat hyperalgesia; P < 0.01, effect size: 0.68) but not to painful cold (P > 0.05, effect size: 0.00). Remote to the incision, mechanical pain thresholds were lowered, pain ratings were increased, and an area of hyperalgesia occurred (P < 0.05, effect size: 0.56; P < 0.01, effect size: 0.70; P < 0.01, respectively; secondary mechanical hyperalgesia). All signs of heat and mechanical hyperalgesia declined until full resolution at 27-72 h after incision. Increased mechanical pain ratings remote to the incision (r = 0.47; P < 0.01) but not the area of hyperalgesia (r = 0.28) or heat hyperalgesia (r = 0.12) correlated with incision-induced pain.

Conclusions

Ongoing activity of nociceptors underlying nonevoked pain after incision in humans may not be explained by sensitization of nociceptors to heat but triggers the increased painfulness of mechanical stimuli in the area of secondary hyperalgesia. However, the spatial expansion of hyperalgesia seems to rely on at least partly different mechanisms. These findings may contribute to the understanding of pain and hyperalgesia after surgery.
Effect of Formula Composition on the Development of Infant Gut Microbiota
Authors: Hascoët Jean‐Michel , Hubert Claire , Rochat Florence , Legagneur Henryse , Gaga Simona , Emady‐Azar Shahram , Steenhout Philippe G
Published: May 2011

Objectives:

Breast‐feeding induces a gut microbiota rich in bifidobacteria, whereas formula‐fed babies have a more diverse colonization. This ecosystem contributes to the development of the immune response and the lower incidence of diarrhea and allergy in breast‐fed infants. This randomized double‐blind controlled trial aimed to evaluate the bifidogenic effect of a mainly whey protein study formula low in phosphate and protein, allowing a composition closer to that of human milk.

Patients and Methods:

One hundred ninety healthy infants exclusively received study formula with or without Bifidobacterium longum (BL999), or a control formula for up to 4 months. Breast‐fed infants served as a reference population. Stool samples collected at 2 months of age were analyzed for bacterial counts (log colony‐forming unit [CFU]/g).

Results:

Bifidobacteria counts were significantly higher in infants receiving the study formula alone (10.0[0.8], P < 0.0001, median [interquartile range]) or with BL999 (9.8[1.4], P < 0.01) than control (9.2[3.5]), and were similar to breast‐fed infants (10.1[0.4], P > 0.05). The difference between the 2 study groups was 0.16 log CFU/g (90% confidence interval [CI] [0–0.4]), within the predefined equivalence margin. Microbiota profile, as a percentage of total bacteria counts, showed about 50% Bifidobacteria, 8% Enterobacteria, and <10% Clostridia in study formulae and breast‐fed infants versus 22%, 13%, and 19% in controls, respectively. There were no significant differences in growth measurements, digestive tolerance, and adverse events between groups.

Conclusions:

This study showed that infant formula closer resembling human milk was more bifidogenic than the control formula and led to a microbiota profile similar to that for breast‐fed infants.
Role of Eosinophils in Inflammatory Bowel and Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Woodruff Samantha A , Masterson Joanne C , Fillon Sophie , Robinson Zachary D , Furuta Glenn T
Published: May 2011

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by the invasion of leukocytes into the intestinal mucosa. However, a mixed inflammatory picture is observed that includes neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. To this day, the role of eosinophils in health and in disease remains unclear. Investigations into their function stem primarily from allergic diseases, asthma, and parasitic infections. This makes it even more difficult to discern a role for the fascinating eosinophil in IBDs because, unlike the lung or the skin, eosinophils reside in normal intestinal mucosa and increase in disease states; consequently, an intricate system must regulate their migration and numbers. These granulocytes are equipped with the machinery to participate in gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation and in the susceptible microenvironment, they may initiate or perpetuate an inflammatory response. A significant body of literature characterizes eosinophils present in the GI microenvironment where they have the potential to interact with other resident cells, thus promoting intestinal remodeling, mucus production, epithelial barrier, cytokine production, angiogenesis, and neuropeptide release. A number of lines of evidence support both potential beneficial and deleterious roles of eosinophils in the gut. Although studies from the gut and other mucosal organs suggest eosinophils affect mucosal GI inflammation, definitive roles for eosinophils in IBDs await discovery.
Role of Dietary Factors and Food Habits in the Development of Childhood Obesity: A Commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Authors: Agostoni Carlo , Braegger Christian , Decsi Tamas , Kolacek Sanja , Koletzko Berthold , Mihatsch Walter , Moreno Luis A , Puntis John , Shamir Raanan , Szajewska Hania , Turck Dominique , van Goudoever Johannes ,   ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition
Published: May 2011

This Comment by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition aims to provide a summary of the role of nutrition‐related factors on obesity prevention in children ages 2 to 18 years. This Comment emphasizes that dietary interventions should be incorporated into a multidisciplinary strategy for obesity prevention. No single nutrient has been unequivocally associated with the development of obesity. Methodological limitations in study design and the complex nature of obesity must be taken into account when interpreting the association with reported dietary factors. Energy intake should be individually determined, taking into account energy expenditure and growth. Preferential intake of slowly absorbed carbohydrates and limiting the ingestion of rapidly absorbed carbohydrates and simple sugars should be promoted. No specific recommendations for macronutrient intakes to prevent obesity can be made. Plant foods can be used as the main food contributors to a well‐balanced diet with adequate monitoring of nutrient intake. Plain water should be promoted as the main source of fluids for children instead of sugar‐sweetened beverages. Children should eat at least 4 meals, including breakfast, every day. Regular family meals should be encouraged. Regular consumption of fast food with large portion sizes and high energy density should be avoided. Healthy food options should be promoted for snacking. Food portion sizes should be appropriate for age and body size. Nutrition and lifestyle education aimed at the prevention of obesity should be included in the routine care of children by health care professionals.
Limiting Ago protein restricts RNAi and microRNA biogenesis during early development in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Lund Elsebet , Sheets Michael D. , Imboden Susanne Blaser , Dahlberg James E.
Published: May 2011

We show that, in Xenopus laevis oocytes and early embryos, double-stranded exogenous siRNAs cannot function as microRNA (miRNA) mimics in either deadenylation or guided mRNA cleavage (RNAi). Instead, siRNAs saturate and inactivate maternal Argonaute (Ago) proteins, which are present in low amounts but are needed for Dicer processing of pre-miRNAs at the midblastula transition (MBT). Consequently, siRNAs impair accumulation of newly made miRNAs, such as the abundant embryonic pre-miR-427, but inhibition dissipates upon synthesis of zygotic Ago proteins after MBT. These effects of siRNAs, which are independent of sequence, result in morphological defects at later stages of development. The expression of any of several exogenous human Ago proteins, including catalytically inactive Ago2 (Ago2mut), can overcome the siRNA-mediated inhibition of miR-427 biogenesis and function. However, expression of wild-type, catalytically active hAgo2 is required to elicit RNAi in both early embryos and oocytes using either siRNA or endogenous miRNAs as guides. The lack of endogenous Ago2 endonuclease activity explains why these cells normally are unable to support RNAi. Expression of catalytically active exogenous Ago2, which appears not to perturb normal Xenopus embryonic development, can now be exploited for RNAi in this vertebrate model organism.
The Prp19 complex is a novel transcription elongation factor required for TREX occupancy at transcribed genes
Authors: Chanarat Sittinan , Seizl Martin , Sträßer Katja
Published: May 2011

Different steps in gene expression are intimately linked. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the conserved TREX complex couples transcription to nuclear messenger RNA (mRNA) export. However, it is unknown how TREX is recruited to actively transcribed genes. Here, we show that the Prp19 splicing complex functions in transcription elongation. The Prp19 complex is recruited to transcribed genes, interacts with RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and TREX, and is absolutely required for TREX occupancy at transcribed genes. Importantly, the Prp19 complex is necessary for full transcriptional activity. Taken together, we identify the Prp19 splicing complex as a novel transcription elongation factor that is essential for TREX occupancy at transcribed genes and that thus provides a novel link between transcription and messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) formation.
ARGONAUTE2 Mediates RNA-Silencing Antiviral Defenses againstPotato virus Xin Arabidopsis
Authors: Jaubert Marianne , Bhattacharjee Saikat , Mello Alexandre F.S. , Perry Keith L. , Moffett Peter
Published: May 2011

RNA-silencing mechanisms control many aspects of gene regulation including the detection and degradation of viral RNA through the action of, among others, Dicer-like and Argonaute (AGO) proteins. However, the extent to which RNA silencing restricts virus host range has been difficult to separate from other factors that can affect virus-plant compatibility. Here we show that Potato virus X (PVX) can infect Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which is normally a nonhost for PVX, if coinfected with a second virus, Pepper ringspot virus. Here we show that the pepper ringspot virus 12K protein functions as a suppressor of silencing that appears to enable PVX to infect Arabidopsis. We also show that PVX is able to infect Arabidopsis Dicer-like mutants, indicating that RNA silencing is responsible for Arabidopsis nonhost resistance to PVX. Furthermore, we find that restriction of PVX on Arabidopsis also depends on AGO2, suggesting that this AGO protein has evolved to specialize in antiviral defenses.
Direct fitness for dynamic kin selection
Authors: WILD G.
Published: May 2011

Abstract The direct‐fitness approach to modelling the evolution of social traits is an alternative to the classical inclusive‐fitness‐based approach. Despite both its utility and popularity, the direct‐fitness approach has not yet been extended to include the analysis of dynamic traits, i.e. traits whose level of expression may vary over time. In this article, I apply the direct‐fitness approach to cope with the evolution of a dynamic resource‐allocation behaviour when this behaviour influences the fitness of relatives. I am able to implement the direct‐fitness approach using components (reproductive value, fitness changes and measures of relatedness) found in standard, social‐evolutionary models. I illustrate the modified direct‐fitness model with an example studied by previous authors, and I show how the direct‐fitness perspective can aid the validation of analytical results by means of a genetic algorithm.
Analysis of the subcellular localisation of lipoxygenase in legume and actinorhizal nodules
Authors: Demchenko K. , Zdyb A. , Feussner I. , Pawlowski K.
Published: May 2011

Plant lipoxygenases (LOXs; EC 1.13.11.12) catalyse the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic (18:2) and α‐linolenic acid (18:3(n‐3)) and are involved in processes such as stress responses and development. Depending on the regio‐specificity of a LOX, the incorporation of molecular oxygen leads to formation of 9‐ or 13‐fatty acid hydroperoxides, which are used by LOX itself as well as by members of at least six different enzyme families to form a series of biologically active molecules, collectively called oxylipins. The best characterised oxylipins are the jasmonates: jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate that are signalling compounds in vegetative and propagative plant development. In several types of nitrogen‐fixing root nodules, LOX expression and/or activity is induced during nodule development. Allene oxide cyclase (AOC), a committed enzyme of the JA biosynthetic pathway, has been shown to localise to plastids of nodules of one legume and two actinorhizal plants, Medicago truncatula, Datisca glomerata and Casuarina glauca, respectively. Using an antibody that recognises several types of LOX interspecifically, LOX protein levels were compared in roots and nodules of these plants, showing no significant differences and no obvious nodule‐specific isoforms. A comparison of the cell‐specific localisation of LOXs and AOC led to the conclusion that (i) only cytosolic LOXs were detected although it is generally assumed that the (13S)‐hydroperoxy α‐linolenic acid for JA biosynthesis is produced in the plastids, and (ii) in cells of the nodule vascular tissue that contain AOC, no LOX protein could be detected.
Feed consumption, nutrient utilization and serum metabolite profile of captive blackbucks (Antelope cervicapra) fed diets varying in crude protein content
Authors: Das A. , Katole S. , Kumar A. , Gupta S. P. , Saini M. , Swarup D.
Published: May 2011

Summary A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum level of crude protein (CP) in the diet of captive blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) in which feed consumption and nutrient utilization are maximal. Fifteen blackbucks (BW 25–34 kg) were distributed into three groups of five each in an experiment of 75‐days duration including a digestion trial of 5‐day collection period. All the animals were offered 200 g of concentrates and fresh maize fodder ad libitum. The overall CP content of the three respective diets was 6.9%, 10.4% and 12.7%. Blood samples were collected on the last day of the experiment. Intake and digestibility of CP increased (p < 0.01) with the increased level of CP in the diet. Feed consumption and nutrient intake were not significantly different among the groups. However, digestibilities of most of the nutrients were higher in the 10.4% CP diet than in the 6.9% CP diet. The endogenous loss of nitrogen was similar among the groups. Based on the endogenous losses, minimum N requirement was calculated to be 776 mg/kg BW0.75/day, and to meet this requirement, diet must contain at least 8.27% CP. Serum urea nitrogen concentration increased (p < 0.01) with increased level of dietary CP. Serum level of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase was higher (p < 0.05) in the group fed 6.9% CP diet. Animals in the group fed low protein diet also lost body mass during the experimental period. It was concluded that a diet containing 10.4% CP was optimum for maximizing nutrient utilization without any adverse effect on voluntary feed consumption and serum metabolite profile of blackbucks.
Effects of dietary inclusion of Rhus coriaria on internal milieu of rabbits
Authors: Capcarova M. , Slamecka J. , Abbas K. , Kolesarova A. , Kalafova A. , Valent M. , Filipejova T. , Chrastinova L. , Ondruska L. , Massanyi P.
Published: May 2011

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of Rhus coriaria L. inclusion to the diet on some biochemical, haematological parameters and the level of antioxidant status of male rabbits. Adult rabbits were divided into five groups: one control (C) and four experimental groups. Experimental animals received sumac per os in feed in various doses (0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00% and 1.50%) for 90 days. Significant increase in PDWc (platelet distribution width) in E3 group when compared with control group was recorded. Sumac administration resulted in decreased cholesterol levels in all experimental groups vs. control group. Significantly lower level of cholesterol was found in E4 group with highest dose of sumac (1.50%). Higher values of total antioxidant status (TAS) and albumins were observed in all experimental groups in comparison with control group. A significant increase in TAS was detected in group E1 and E4. Concentrations of albumins were significantly higher in groups E3 and E4 vs. control group. Sumac administration had no significant effect on bilirubin content. In conclusion, these results show a positive effect of sumac consumption on antioxidant status and cholesterol level in adult male rabbits.
Management of perianal abscess with hainosankyuto in neonates and young infants
Authors: Kawahara Hisayoshi , Nakai Hiroshi , Yoneda Akihiro , Kubota Akio
Published: May 2011

Background:  Perianal abscess (PA) is a common condition acquired in infancy, yet its treatment method remains controversial. We reviewed the outcome of neonates and young infants with PA who were treated with the traditional Japanese medicine, hainosankyuto (TJ‐122).

Methods:  Fifteen male infants with PA under the age of 3 months were reviewed. The median age of infants at disease onset was 33 days (range, 18–88 days) and the median bodyweight was 4.1 kg (range, 2.5–6.4 kg). TJ‐122 was administered at a dose of 0.20 g/kg/day (n= 13) or 0.25 g/kg/day (n= 2) orally in two or three divided doses before meals. Antibiotics were not used in any of the patients.

Results:  Of the 15 patients, 14 were cured and had no recurrence, with a median TJ‐122 administration of 28 days (range, 14–117 days). Eight patients were cured within 28 days (53%) and 12 were cured within 60 days (80%). One patient, who was later diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency, showed incomplete healing of PA with intermittent pus discharge and recurrence. The patient was cured by 1 year of age following repeated administration of TJ‐122 and juzentaihoto (TJ‐48).

Conclusion:  Medical management with TJ‐122 was effective in most neonates and young infants with PA. It appears prudent to manage these patients with hainosankyuto before resorting to surgical intervention.
The bionic eye: a review
Authors: Ong Jong Min , da Cruz Lyndon
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Visual prostheses including artificial retinal devices are a novel and revolutionary approach to the treatment of profound visual loss. The development of the field of visual prosthesis began with cortical prosthetic devices but since then, a variety of devices which target different sites along the visual pathway have been developed with the retinal prosthesis being the most advanced. We present a review of the history of these devices, an update on the current state of play and future prospects of this field.
Severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis requiring trabeculectomy with mitomycin C for corticosteroid‐induced glaucoma
Authors: Ang Marcus , Ho Ching‐Lin , Tan Donald , Chan Cordelia
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background:  To describe clinical features of severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis with steroid response in Asian children and risk factors for glaucoma filtration surgery.

Design:  Retrospective non‐controlled, comparative case series.

Participants:  Patients with severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis seen at a single centre over 6 years.

Methods:  Clinical features, symptoms and treatment modalities were recorded for patients (i) diagnosed with severe VKC (clinical grade ≥3); (ii) had >2 recordings of increased intraocular pressures of >21 mmHg; (iii) and a minimum follow‐up period of 1 year post‐presentation.

Main Outcome Measure:  Corticosteroid‐induced glaucoma requiring trabeculectomy with mitomycin‐C.

Results:  Six patients (eight eyes) of 36 patients required trabeculectomy/mitomycin‐C. All were male. Mean age of disease onset was 9.3 ± 4.5 years for a mean duration of 6.08 ± 3.5 years. Mean intraocular pressures increase from baseline was 29.0 ± 8.2 mmHg and all required >2 anti‐glaucoma medications. The main risk factor for trabeculectomy was a greater increase in intraocular pressures from baseline (odds ratio 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0–1.5; P = 0.011), which was independent of potential confounders such as type and duration of corticosteroid use. Comparing eyes pre‐ and post‐trabeculectomy, all improved in clinical severity of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (mean clinical grade improvement 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–3.0; P < 0.001) and reduced dependence on topical corticosteroids for mean duration of 22.5 ± 15.3 months.

Conclusion:  In our study, patients with a ‘greater steroid response’, that is, higher increase in intraocular pressures from baseline are associated with a 30% higher risk toftrabeculectomy.
Influence of dietary‐fibre intake on diabetes and diabetic retinopathy: Sankara Nethralaya‐Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study (report 26)
Authors: Ganesan Suganeswari , Raman Rajiv , Kulothungan Vaitheeswaran , Sharma Tarun
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background:  The present study aims to report the influence of dietary‐fibre intake on diabetes and diabetic microangiopathies among subjects >40 years in Urban India

Design:  Population‐based cross‐sectional study.

Participants:  A total of 1383 patients were included in the study, 1261 diabetics and 122 controls.

Methods:  All subjects underwent comprehensive eye examination including assessment of diabetic retinopathy using fundus photography. Dietary‐fibre intake was assessed using a validated questionnaire. All questions were validated based on factor analysis (overall communalities value >0.5). The cut‐off for low‐fibre diet was calculated by the average of study scores (≤ 32 for low‐fibre diet).

Main Outcome Measures:  Prevalence of diabetes in subjects with low‐fibre diet versus healthy diet and risk of microangiopathies.

Results:  Subjects with low‐fibre diet intake, had 1.51 times more risk of microalbuminuria than those with a healthy‐fibre diet. Similarly, the odds of having diabetic retinopathy and sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy (odds ratio 1.41 [95% CI 1.02–1.94] and odds ratio 2.24 [95% CI 1.01–5.02], respectively) in low‐fibre diet subjects were more. Low‐fibre diet was consumed predominantly by lower socioeconomic status group (11.9 vs. 6.5, P = 0.002).

Conclusions:  Subjects with type II diabetes had a lower dietary‐fibre intake. The presence of diabetic retinopathy, sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy and microalbuminuria were also associated with lower dietary‐fibre intake.
Association of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha ‐308 G/A polymorphism with primary open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Bozkurt Banu , Mesci Lutfiye , Irkec Murat , Ozdag Burcin B , Sanal Ozden , Arslan Umut , Ersoy Fugen , Tezcan Ilhan
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background:  Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) is an important proinflammatory cytokine driving axonal degeneration and retinal ganglion cell apoptosis in glaucoma. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of TNF‐α ‐308 G/A and ‐238 G/A polymorphisms with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG).

Design:  A prospective, case–control study, university hospital setting.

Participants:  Eighty‐six POAG patients and 193 healthy unrelated controls.

Methods:  TNF‐α polymorphisms were screened by using direct gene sequencing.

Main Outcome Measures:  Frequency of TNF‐α ‐308 G/A and TNF‐α ‐238 G/A promoter polymorphisms in glaucoma and healthy subjects.

Results:  The frequencies of TNF‐α ‐308 GA genotype and ‘A’ allele were higher in patients with POAG (22.1% and 12.2%, respectively) in comparison with the control group (10.9% and 6%, respectively) (P = 0.046 and 0.02, respectively), with odds ratios of 2.45 (P = 0.01, 95% CI = 1.23–4.87) and 2.19 (P = 0.013, 95% CI = 1.18–4.08), respectively. Genotype distribution of the TNF‐α ‐238 variants did not yield a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.87).

Conclusion:  TNF‐α ‐308 G/A polymorphism seems to be associated with POAG in Turkish population. However, population‐based studies with large number of subjects and long‐term follow‐up are needed to verify the association of TNF‐α ‐308 G/A polymorphism with glaucoma susceptibility.
The developing clinical problem of chemotherapy‐induced hepatic injury
Authors: Pilgrim Charles H. C. , Thomson Benjamin N. , Banting Simon , Phillips Wayne A. , Michael Michael
Published: May 2011

Chemotherapy is being administered to an increasing number of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM), whether they have resectable disease or not. Although this may be appropriate to downstage patients with unresectable disease, and offers theoretical advantages to those who have resectable disease, there is a price to be paid in the development of chemotherapy‐induced hepatic injuries (CIHI). These include chemotherapy‐associated fatty liver diseases and sinusoidal injuries. The main chemotherapeutic agents currently used in the adjuvant setting for colorectal carcinoma, and the neoadjuvant treatment of CRLM include 5‐flurouracil, oxaliplatin and irinotecan, and while there are non‐specific and overlapping injury profiles, oxaliplatin does appear to be primarily associated with sinusoidal injury and irinotecan with steatohepatitis. In this review, the rationale for administering chemotherapy to patients with CRLM is presented, and the problems this brings are outlined. The specific injury patterns will be detailed, as well as the data correlating specific chemotherapy regimens to these injury patterns. Finally, the clinical outcomes of patients with CRLM who undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hepatic resection will be considered. The need for methods to identify patients at risk of CIHI and to recognize established CIHI prior to surgery will be emphasized.
Ketamine as an adjunct to fentanyl improves postoperative analgesia and hastens discharge in children following tonsillectomy – a prospective, double‐blinded, randomized study
Authors: Elshammaa Nabil , Chidambaran Vidya , Housny Walaa , Thomas Joan , Zhang Xue , Michael Rafik
Published: May 2011

Objective:  To evaluate the effect of ketamine, as an adjunct to fentanyl, on postoperative analgesia and duration of Postoperative Care Unit (PACU) stay, in children undergoing tonsillectomy.

Background:  Ketamine, as an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate antagonist, has been recognized to have an opioid sparing effect. In addition, it does not depress respiration or affect airway tone. Hence, addition of ketamine could be potentially beneficial in children undergoing tonsillectomy, due to the high incidence of sleep apnea in these patients.

Methods:  In a double blinded, randomized trial, 60 ASA status I and II children between 2 and 7 years of age, scheduled to undergo elective tonsillectomy were recruited. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups to receive fentanyl 1 mcg·kg−1 (F1 group), fentanyl 2 mcg·kg−1 (F2 group), ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1 (K group), or fentanyl 1 mcg·kg−1 plus ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1 (FK group) pre‐incision. Postoperative pain was scored on arrival to the PACU and at 30, 60, and 90 min thereafter. Any incidence of nausea/vomiting and time to discharge from the PACU were also recorded.

Results:  Important predictors found for postoperative pain on arrival to the recovery room are the group (P = 0.02) and duration of surgery (P = 0.02). Least square means and standard errors of pain scores on PACU arrival were 4.87±0.69, 3.04±0.68, 2.10±0.68 and 2.03±0.69 for F1, F2, K and FK groups, respectively. On group‐wise comparison adjusted for surgical time, significant difference was detected between F1 and K (P = 0.02), and F1 and FK (P = 0.0048) groups. Marginal significance was detected in duration of PACU stay among groups (P = 0.08); F2 and FK group had a shorter PACU stay than F1 (P = 0.05 and 0.04 respectively). No significant difference was detected in the need for supplemental analgesia.

Conclusion:  We conclude that the administration of ketamine 0.5 mg·kg−1 with 1 mcg·kg−1 fentanyl in children undergoing tonsillectomy may improve postoperative pain control without delaying home discharge.
The effect of dexmedetomidine during myringotomy and pressure‐equalizing tube placement in children
Authors: Pestieau Sophie R. , Quezado Zenaide M. N. , Johnson Yewande J. , Anderson Jennifer L. , Cheng Yao I. , McCarter Robert J. , Pena Maria T. , Finkel Julia C.
Published: May 2011

Background:  Bilateral myringotomy (BMT) is a commonly performed otolaryngologic procedure in children.

Objectives:  To examine the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine, an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, on time‐averaged pain scores, pain control, need for rescue analgesia, and agitation scores in children undergoing BMT.

Methods:  We designed a trial to enroll 160 children randomized to one of four groups: two study groups, dexmedetomidine (1 or 2 μg·kg−1), or two control groups representing our institutional standards of practice (intranasal fentanyl‐2 μg·kg−1 or acetaminophen as needed postoperatively).

Results:  After 101 children were enrolled, patient caregivers observed that some enrollees were excessively sedated and required prolonged postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay. This observation led to an unplanned interim analysis and early trial termination. After data were collected, severe nonnormality of pain and agitation scores necessitated a switch of the outcome to assess repeated measurements of the proportion of patients with pain, severe pain, and agitation. Demographics, time to emergence, and agitation were similar among all groups. The risk of requiring acetaminophen rescue (P < 0.0001) and proportion of patients having pain (P = 0.016) was significantly higher in one control group (rescue analgesia only) compared with fentanyl or dexmedetomidine groups. Importantly, length of stay in the PACU was significantly longer in dexmedetomidine‐2 μg·kg−1‐treated compared with dexmedetomidine‐1 μg·kg−1‐treated, fentanyl‐treated, or the control group, P = 0.0037.

Conclusions:  In this trial, we were unable to answer the original question as to the role of dexmedetomidine on time‐averaged pain and agitation scores after BMT. However, our findings clearly demonstrate that in children undergoing BMT, at higher doses, dexmedetomidine significantly prolongs length of stay in the PACU.
Subcontracting, Posted Migrants and Labour Market Segmentation in Finland
Authors: Lillie Nathan
Published: May 2011

Using evidence from the shipbuilding and construction industries in Finland, this article shows how trade union responses to the introduction of migrant workers can be conditioned by product markets. Growing numbers of ‘posted workers’, or intra‐European Union work migrants employed via transnational subcontractors, are segmenting the labour market, by competing with domestically domiciled workers whose employment is more tightly regulated. In Finland, the construction worker's union has had a far more assertive and successful approach to enforcing wage norms than the union in shipbuilding. This appears to be related to the greater exposure of shipbuilding to international product market competition.