bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post‐ischemic brain damage: pathophysiology and role of inflammatory mediators
Authors: Amantea Diana , Nappi Giuseppe , Bernardi Giorgio , Bagetta Giacinto , Corasaniti Maria T.
Published: December 2008

Neuroinflammatory mediators play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia, exerting either deleterious effects on the progression of tissue damage or beneficial roles during recovery and repair. Within hours after the ischemic insult, increased levels of cytokines and chemokines enhance the expression of adhesion molecules on cerebral endothelial cells, facilitating the adhesion and transendothelial migration of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. These cells may accumulate in the capillaries, further impairing cerebral blood flow, or extravasate into the brain parenchyma. Infiltrating leukocytes, as well as resident brain cells, including neurons and glia, may release pro‐inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines and oxygen/nitrogen free radicals that contribute to the evolution of tissue damage. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases in the propagation and regulation of neuroinflammatory responses to ischemic brain injury. These enzymes cleave protein components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen, proteoglycan and laminin, but also process a number of cell‐surface and soluble proteins, including receptors and cytokines such as interleukin‐1β. The present work reviewed the role of neuroinflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and their potential exploitation as drug targets for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Helicobacter pylori single‐stranded DNA binding protein – functional characterization and modulation of H. pylori DnaB helicase activity
Authors: Sharma Atul , Nitharwal Ram G. , Singh Bhupender , Dar Ashraf , Dasgupta Santanu , Dhar Suman K.
Published: December 2008

Helicobacter pylori, an important bacterial pathogen, causes gastric ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma in humans. The fundamentals of basic biology such as DNA replication are poorly understood in this pathogen. In the present study, we report the cloning and functional characterization of the single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein from H. pylori. The N‐terminal DNA binding domain shows significant homology with E. coli single‐stranded DNA binding protein (SSB), whereas the C‐terminal domain shows less homology. The overall DNA‐binding activity and tetramerization properties, however, remain unaffected. In in vitro experiments with purified proteins, H. pylori (Hp) SSB bound specifically to ssDNA and modulated the enzymatic ATPase and helicase activity of HpDnaB helicase. HpSSB and HpDnaB proteins were co‐localized in sharp, distinct foci in exponentially growing H. pylori cells, whereas both were spread over large areas in its dormant coccoid form, suggesting the absence of active replication forks in the latter. These results confirm the multiple roles of SSB during DNA replication and provide evidence for altered replicative metabolism in the spiral and coccoid forms that may be central to the bacterial physiology and pathogenesis.
Expression of poly(A)‐binding protein is upregulated during recovery from heat shock in HeLa cells
Authors: Ma Shuhua , Bhattacharjee Rumpa B. , Bag Jnanankur
Published: December 2008

Induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs) helps cells to survive severe hyperthermal stress and removes toxic unfolded proteins. At the same time, the cap‐dependent translation of global cellular mRNA is inhibited, due to the loss of function of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4F complex. It has been previously reported that, following heat shock, HSP27 binds to the insoluble granules of eIF4G and impedes its association with cytoplasmic poly(A)‐binding protein (PABP) 1 and eIF4E. In the studies reported here, in addition to heat shock, we have included results of our investigation on the association between eIF4G, PABP1 and HSP27 during recovery from heat shock, when cap‐dependent mRNA translation resumes. We showed here that in the heat‐shocked cells, the PABP1–eIF4G complex dissociated, and both polypeptides translocated with the HSP27 to the nucleus. During recovery after heat shock, PABP1 and eIF4G were redistributed into the cytoplasm and colocalized with each other. In addition, PABP1 expression was upregulated and its translation efficiency was increased during the recovery period, possibly to meet additional demands on the translation machinery. HSP27 remained associated with the eIF4G–PABP1 complex during recovery from heat shock. Therefore, our results raise the possibility that the association of HSP27 with eIF4G may not be sufficient to suppress cap‐dependent translation during heat shock. In addition, we provide evidence that the terminal oligopyrimidine cis‐element of PABP1 mRNA is responsible for the preferential increase of PABP1 mRNA translation in cells undergoing recovery from heat shock.
Plant‐derived compounds and extracts with potential as aphid repellents
Authors: Halbert S.E. , Corsini D. , Wiebe M. , Vaughn S.F.
Published: December 2008

We devised a method for screening various substances for possible aphid repellency. Corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) were released in an arena and allowed to select paired green tiles coated with petroleum jelly alone or petroleum jelly containing 1% of the substance being tested. Aphids adhering to tiles were counted 24 h later. If significantly fewer aphids landed on treated tiles, the substance was considered to have potential for repelling aphids. Fifty‐five substances were tested. Most showed no activity, but several including β‐citronellol, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, oils distilled from several species of Artemisia and Achillea millefolia (yarrow) oil showed some promise.
Deployment of diversity for enhanced crop function
Authors: Newton A.C. , Begg G.S. , Swanston J.S.
Published: December 2008

Mixtures of genotypes are the norm in natural and seminatural ecosystems and subsistence agriculture but have been replaced by pure genotypes in modern agriculture to maximise profitability in high‐input systems. However, crop function with respect to the stability of yield and quality in particular tends to be lost in this process. Diversity can be reintroduced into cropping systems as a trait not only to confer stability but also to exploit synergies between component genotypes, compensating for potential performance losses against the best performing genotype in any given season or location. Quality need not be compromised, and research has demonstrated practical development and deployment approaches, which challenge the assumed benefits of current approaches to agronomy and achieve enhanced crop function.
Global Egalitarianism
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: December 2008

To whom is egalitarian justice owed? Our fellow citizens, or all of humankind? If the latter, what form might a global brand of egalitarianism take? This paper examines some recent debates about the justification, and content, of global egalitarian justice. It provides an account of some keenly argued controversies about the scope of egalitarian justice, between those who would restrict it to the level of the state and those who would extend it more widely. It also notes the cross‐cutting distinction between relationists (whose views on scope are derived from a belief about which relations, practices or institutions give rise to the demands of equality) and non‐relationists (who place no such importance on empirical facts about the relations between individuals). Beyond this, it sets out some of the different principles that might flow from a commitment to global egalitarianism. One of the key goals is to highlight the increasing diversity within debates on global justice, so that even those with a shared commitment to global equality may espouse different views about the justifications for equality, as well as the nature of, and proper sites for, egalitarian principles.
Automatism, Causality and Realism: Foundational Problems in the Philosophy of Photography
Authors: Costello Diarmuid , Phillips Dawn M.
Published: December 2008

This article contains a survey of recent debates in the philosophy of photography, focusing on aesthetic and epistemic issues in particular. Starting from widespread notions about automatism, causality and realism in the theory of photography, the authors ask whether the prima facie tension between the epistemic and aesthetic embodied in oppositions such as automaticism and agency, causality and intentionality, realism and fictional competence is more than apparent. In this context, the article discusses recent work by Roger Scruton, Dominic Lopes, Kendall Walton, Gregory Currie, Jonathan Cohen and Aaron Meskin, Noël Carroll, and Patrick Maynard in some detail. Specific topics addressed include: aesthetic scepticism, transparency, imagination, perception, information, representation and depiction.
ON THE COMPONENTS OF Kr85 CLEARANCE CURVES FROM THE BRAIN OF THE DOG
Authors: HÄGGENDAL EGIL , NILSSON NILS JOHAN , NORBÄCK BENGT
Published: December 2008

On the components of Kr85 clearance curves from the brain of the dog. Acta physiol. Scand. 1965. 66. Suppl. 258. 5–25. ‐ Clearance curves from the brain in dogs were studied after short intra‐arterial injections of Kr85. Multiexponential curves consisting of two main components were received both by recording γ‐ and β‐radiation. The slopes of these two components corresponded to each other in the two types of curves. Local micro‐injections of Kr85 in the cortical grey matter resulted in mono‐exponential clearance curves with the same slope as the fast phase of the composite γ‐ or β‐curve, whereas curves from micro‐injections in the subcortical white matter had a slope corresponding to the slow phase of the composite curves. A third very slow phase of the composite γ‐curve was identified as due to flow in extracerebral tissue. In addition, an initial rapid phase was recorded in most curves after intra‐arterial injections and was assumed to be due to activity in the arterial blood. This phase was not present in clearance curves from blood drawn from the superior sagittal sinus, whereas the two main components representing blood flow in grey and white matter were identified. Some difficulties in the analysis of the composite clearance curves, especially concerning the slow component, are discussed.
EFFECTS OF ARTERIAL CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND OXYGEN SATURATION ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AUTOREGULATION IN DOGS
Authors: HÄGGENDAL EGIL , JOHANSSON BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Effects of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in dogs. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 66. Suppl. 258. 27–53. ‐ Pressure‐flow relation‐ ships of the cerebral circulation under influence of variations in arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation were studied in pentobarbital anaesthetized dogs. Cerebral blood flow was measured by recording of the γ‐ emission of radioactive krypton (Kr85), which was injected into the vertebral artery. The recorded desaturation curve was resolved into two exponential phases and the fast phase was considered as representative of blood flow in the grey matter of the brain. It was demonstrated that autoregulation of flow occurred within wide pressure limits under normo‐ and hypocapnia. Auto‐regulation was less pronounced under hypercapnia and was abolished at low arterial oxygen saturation. Possible mechanisms of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow are discussed. Evidences are presented which speak against the theory that changes in the carbon dioxide tension are the main cause of this autoregulation. The results from previous studies concerning the principal effects of arterial carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation on cerebral blood flow were confirmed.
A Method for Determination of Low Carbon Monoxide Concentration in Blood
Authors: Linderholm H. , Sjöstrand T. , Söderström B.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the measurement of the CO content of blood, particularly at low concentrations. The error of a single determination was 1–3 per cent of the total amount of CO (range 0.7–70 μl) present in the analyzed sample. At an ordinary CO content of about 0.1 ml CO/100 ml blood the error was about ± 0.002 ml CO/100 ml blood (S.D.). Different procedures for the release of CO from the blood were compared. With K3 Fe(CN)6 and H2SO4 equal and slightly smaller amounts of CO were obtained than with KH(JO3)2, if blood with a low CO content was analyzed. Evidently KH(JO3)2, although less than some other chemical agents (K2Cr2O7 and NaOH), causes extra CO formation from the blood. In spite of the error due to this extra CO formation there were advantages to use KH(JO3)2 for analysis in higher ranges of CO concentrations, when this small error became insignificant. If extraction of CO from the blood with reagents such as K3 Fe(CN)6, H2SO4 or KH(JO3)2 took place at a high O2 partial pressure slightly larger amounts of CO were obtained than with extraction in“vacuum” or in an atmosphere of N2. The results indicate that small amounts of CO may be formed during procedures used for the release of CO from blood, probably due to oxidative break down of hemoglobin.
Variations of Glycolytic Intermediates, Phosphate Compounds and Pyridine Nucleotides after Prolonged Stimulation of an Isolated Crustacean Neurone
Authors: Giacobini Ezio , Grasso Alfonso
Published: December 2008

The level of several glycolytic intermediates, phosphate compounds, and reduced and oxidized pyridine nucleotides was determined in an isolated crustacean nerve cell preparation both at rest and after prolonged physiological stimulation. The glycogen decreased consistently with the lactate increase during impulse activity. ATP showed a continuous decrease during prolonged stimulation while ADP and Pi showed opposite patterns. After stimulation, the ratio TPN/TPNH fell by more than 50 per cent. This was due to a decrease of TPN. Similarly, the DPN/DPNH ratio fell by 50 per cent, but in this case it was due to a decrease of DPN and a simultaneous increase of DPNH. The results strongly suggest the involvement of glycolysis in the mechanism maintaining impulse activity in this neurone. Impulse activity in the crustacean nerve cell is linked to an energy requiring system. This energy is furnished by ATP splitting and glycolysis directly or through the arginine phosphate step supporting the ATP resynthesis.
The Action of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Glutamate on the Impulse Activity and Respiration of the Crayfish Stretch Receptor Neurone
Authors: Giacobini Ezio , Marchisio Pier Carlo
Published: December 2008

The effect of seven intermediates of the TCA cycle, of pyruvate and glutamate, was studied on the impulse activity and oxygen uptake of the slowly adapting cell of the stretch receptor organ of crayfish. Citrate, isocitrate, α‐ketoglutarate and succinate showed a strong excitatory action, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate and pyruvate had no action while glutamate had an inhibitory action on the impulse activity. The most effective substrate tested was citrate which also increased respiration sevenfold. Isocitrate showed a lower effect (2.2 fold) as did α‐ketoglutarate (4 fold), succinate (2.8 fold) and malate (3 fold). Fumarate, pyruvate and glutamate did not have any effect on the respiratory activity. The only substrate showing an inhibitory effect on oxygen uptake was oxaloacetate. Glucose, tested for comparison, also showed stimulatory effect (2.4 fold) on respiration. The authors are inclined to believe that the effect on the impusle activity and respiration exerted by these compounds is confined to the nerve cell membrane. The opposite modes of action of malate and oxaloacetate on respiration, which did not affect impulse activity, are however more difficult to explain in terms of a pure membrane mechanism.
Peripheral Autonomic Influence on the Motility of the Urinary Bladder in the Cat: II. ‘Tone’
Authors: Gjone Ragnar
Published: December 2008

Parasympathetic and sympathetic influence on the“tone” of the bladder was revealed through alterations in the slope of the pressure‐volume records (cystometrograms) following partial and complete section of the autonomic nerve supplies to the vesical wall. When all bladder nerves but the efferent parasympathetic fibres were cut bilaterally, a marked elevation of vesical tone was noted. By additional section of the efferent parasympathetic supply (total extrinsic denervation) this increase in the tone of the bladder was completely abolished. A moderate decrease in vesical tone primarily ensued by section of the parasympathetic supply alone, leaving the sympathetic innervation intact. After additional sympathetic denervation, thereby depriving the bladder of all extrinsic nerves, vesical tone again increased close up to normal levels. Thus, the tone of the urinary bladder was shown to be under influence of excitatory parasympathetic and inhibitory sympathetic effects.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of ‘Limbic’, Diencephalic and Mesencephalic Structures in the Cat
Authors: Gjone Ragnar
Published: December 2008

By means of intravesical pressure recording through a cystostomy, supraspinal influence on the urinary bladder was studied by stereotaxic stimulation of the cat's brain. The separation of excitatory and inhibitory brain loci was in this work based on the different effects upon the micturition reflex only. Excitatory responses to stimulation were identified by induction of micturition, and inhibition by interruption of a micturition act initiated by rapid filling of the bladder. The following new findings are reported: Within the amygdaloid nuclear complex and the pyriform cortex excitatory bladder responses were obtained on stimulation of the basolateral division, and inhibition on stimulation of the corticomedial area. By hypothalamic stimulation a dorsolateral excitatory and a ventromedial inhibitory field was found. Inhibitory bladder responses were demonstrated from the posterior cingulate gyrus and from the reticular formation of the upper brain stem. Predominantly excitatory responses were produced by stimulation of the superior collicule and from the periaquaeductal grey substance. Excitatory responses from all these regions were abolished by section of the parasympathetic bladder supply, but remained unaltered by sympathetic denervation. Inhibitory responses were abolished when the sympathetic bladder supply was cut. Thus, excitatory effects of stimulation were identified as parasympathetic and inhibitory effects as sympathetic in nature.
Sulphate Conjugation during Development, in Human, Rat and Guinea Pig
Authors: Pulkkinen Martti O.
Published: December 2008

Conjugation of p‐nitrophenol, dehydroepiandrosterone and oes' trone in human foetus, rat and guinea pig at different stages of intra‐ and extrauterine life was determined. The enzyme, from different tissues, was obtained as an ammonium sulphate fraction, and analysis of the conjugates was carried out by determining the sulphate form as a complex with methylene blue in chloroform.

The sulphurylation appeared to be carried on faster as the animal developed and this phenomena does not appear to be dependant on the animal species or on the tissue used in the experiments. The sulphate conjugation of phenols may develop more rapidly, in the rat after the age of two weeks, than that of steroids.
Distribution of Adrenergic Nerves in the Eye and Some Related Structures in the Cat
Authors: Ehinger Berndt
Published: December 2008

With the specific and highly sensitive fluorescence technique of Falck and Hillarp, the distribution of adrenergic nerves has been studied in the eye and some related structures in the cat. Adrenergic nerves occur in the cornea, in the loose connective tissue at the limbus, in the tissues of the chamber angle and in the iridic stroma. The large vessels of the iris possess the same spacious arrangement of the adrenergic fibres as is seen in many other mammals. Both the sphincter and the dilator pupillae have a rich supply of varicose adrenergic fibres. There is a layer of varicose adrenergic fibres under the ciliary epithelium and in the ciliary processes. In the retina, there is a layer of adrenergic fibres between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers, as well as adrenergic nerve cells both in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer. The tarsal muscle as well as the muscle of the nictitating membrane has a wide‐meshed plexus of adrenergic nerves. In the lacrimal gland, seemingly every secretory cell is reached by an adrenergic fibre.
The Organ and the Subcellular Distribution of Palmityl‐CoA: Carnitine Palmityltransferase in Man
Authors: Norum Kaare R.
Published: December 2008

The organ and the subcellular distribution of palmityl‐CoA: carnitine palmityltransferase have been studied in man. Biopsies were taken from patients of either sex operated in general anesthesia. The activity of the enzyme was assayed by measuring the rate of incorporation of (14C)‐carnitine into palmitylcarnitine when the tissue preparation was incubated with palmitylcarnitine, (14C)‐carnitine and CoA. The enzyme was found to be present in all the organs and tissues tested except red blood cells and serum. The greatest concentrations of the enzyme were found in the liver and the cortex of the kidney. Medulla of kidney; placenta, heart and adipose tissue had intermediate levels. Muscle, uterus, brain, lung, leucocytes and blood platelets had relatively little enzyme activity. In all the organs and tissues most of the enzyme activity was found in the mitochondrial fraction, but significant amounts were always present in the microsomal fraction and the particle‐free supernatant. The amount of the enzyme found in each organ seems to correlate with the known rates of fatty acid oxidation in the respective organ.
The Functional Role of Some Autonomic and Behavioral Patterns Evoked from the Lateral Hypothalamus of the Cat
Authors: Folkow Björn , Rubinstein Eduardo H.
Published: December 2008

The lateral hypothalamic area was topically stimulated in awake cats via chronically implanted electrodes. From dorsolateral hypothalamic“feeding center” localizations it was possible to elicit a facilitatory influence on unconditioned and conditioned behavior responses connected with the approach of food, while at the same time intestinal motility was enhanced by the stimulation. The extent to which a fully developed feeding response was elicited by the stimulation was dependent on the degree of satiation of the stimulated animal. From ventrolateral hypothalamic“alarm area” localizations even weak electrical stimulation interfered strikingly with conditioned feeding responses and produced short‐lasting inhibition of the prevailing intestinal motor activity.
Thymic and Thoracic Duct Contributions to Blood Lymphocytes in Normal and Thyroxin‐Treated Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: Ernström Ulf , Larsson Bengt
Published: December 2008

The percentage and number of lymphocytes were compared in thymic‐vein, carotid‐artery and femoral‐vein blood of guinea‐pigs. The lymphocyte populations of thymic‐vein blood and thoracic‐duct lymph were subdivided into groups of lymphocytes classified by their mitochondrial content (MC). Normal animals and thyroxin‐treated animals were investigated. The following results were obtained: The percentage and number of lymphocytes were greater in thymic‐vein blood than in both carotid‐artery and femoral‐vein blood, indicating an emigration of lymphocytes from the thymus. The thoracic‐duct lymph contained a much greater proportion of“larger” lymphocytes, characterized by higher mitochondrial content, than the blood. After an initial decrease (6 hrs after injection), thyroxin caused a pronounced increase in the incidence of lymphocytes with medium and high mitochondrial content in the blood. This increase was preceded by a similarly increased incidence of lymphocytes with medium and high mitochondrial content in the thorac: c‐duct lymph.
Cholecystokinin and Pancreozymin, one single Hormone?
Authors: Jorpes Erik , Mutt Viktor
Published: December 2008

Secretin, cholecystokinin (GCK) and pancreozymin (PZ) are taken up on alginic acid from a dilute acetic acid extract of the heat‐coagulated duodeno‐jejunal mucosa of the hog. After elution they are precipitated with sodium chloride. From the salt cake secretin is taken up in methyl alcohol. From the material insoluble in methanol witli 5 Ivy dog units (IDU) of CCK per mg, the CCK and PZ activities are adsorbed on CMC cellulose and the active material further chromatographed on TEAE cellulose, resulting in a product with 250 IDU of CCK per mg. Further purification was achieved by passage through a Sephadex G 50 column and subsequent chromatography on an Amberlite XE‐64 column. The activity was now 3,000 (6,000) IDU/mg. Since Harper and Raper's original PZ preparation and a commercial sample of Pancreozymin Boots contain 0.3 Ivy dog units of cholecystokinin per mg the cholecystokinin activity has been enriched 10,000‐(20,000‐)fold. Parallel with this rise in strength of the CCK activity, as assayed in guinea pigs, runs an equal rise in the PZ activity, as determined in cats at three different levels of strength, namely at 0.3. 220 and 3,000 (6,000) IDU/mg. This observation strongly supports the assumption that both activities are exerted by one and the same substance. It is also known that, because of the methionine content of the purest polypeptide, both are inactivated through the action of a dilute H2aO2 solution. and both fully reactivated on subsequent reduction with cysteine hydrochloride.
Effects of Growth Hormone on Erythropoiesis in the Intact Rabbit and the Polycythemic Mouse
Authors: Halvorsen S.
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamic region may produce reticulocytosis and increased red cell mass in intact rabbits (Seip et al. 1961). In order to compare the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on erythropoiesis with the effect of growth hormone (GH), daily GH injections have been given to intact rabbits, and the changes in erythropoiesis have been followed with the same parameters as in the previous study. GH caused a marked peripheral reticulocytosis which was very similar to that following hypothlamic stimulation, and the slope of both curves was similar to those following hypoxia or erythropoietin injections. GH did not, however, cause an increase in ROM. Hemoglobin, erythrocytes and hematocrit decreased, especially during the first days of GH administration, mainly due to hemodilution. The red cell size increased following GH treatment. The plasma erythropoietin levels in the GH treated rabbits were not significantly increased. These findings confirm and extend previous findings of the effect of GH on erythropoiesis, and indicate that the effects of hypothalamic stimulation cannot be explained on the basis of increased GH production alone. The effect of GH on erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse was also studied. The results indicate that there is no effect on the stem cell level. Porcine growth hormone did not increase Fe59 uptake into red blood cells in polycythemic mice when given alone or when given in addition to standard erythropoietin. The reticulocyte response to a single dose of standard erythropoietin changed slightly when growth hormone was added.
The Influence of Thyroxine Treatment and Thyroidectomy on the Calorigenic and Some Other Metabolic Effects of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Experiments on Fasted Rabbits
Authors: Svedmyr Nils
Published: December 2008

In fasting rabbits studies were made of the influence of thyroidhormone on the calorigenic effect of adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) and their elevating actions on the concentration of lactic acid, glucose and free fatty acids (FFA) in the blood. Thyroxine treatment potentiated significantly the calorigenic and hyperlactacidemic effects of A in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/min, but not that of 0.05 μg/kg/min. The hyperglycemic effect of A was weaker after thyroxine treatment, while its effect on the plasma FFA was not changed with certainty. After thyroidectomy the calorigenic and hyperlactacidemic effects of A were significantly diminished. In untreated animals the calorigenic, hyperlactacidemic and hypergly‐cemic effects of NA in a dose of 0.5 μg/kg/min were weaker than those of A in the same dose, while the effect on the plasma FFA was more marked. Thyroxine treatment did not with certainty influence any of the metabolic effects of NA. Most of the calorigenic effect of A could be ascribed to an increased lactic acid metabolism both in untreated, thyroidectomized and thyroxine treated rabbits. The influence of thyroid hormones on the calorigenic effect of A in rabbits may therefore be ascribed, at least in part, to an increased lactic acid production and metabolism.
Effects of Acute Heart Failure and Administration of Ouabain on Cardiac Catecholamine Uptake
Authors: Oliverio Alberto , Wang Hsueh‐hwa
Published: December 2008

The cardiac catecholamine uptake of tracer doses of tritiated noradrenaline (3H‐d1‐NA) was studied using guinea pig heart‐lung preparations. Acute heart failure was induced by mechanically overloading the left ventricle through increasing the resistance of the outflow tract.3H‐NA uptake during failure (average 22%), was significantly lower than in the controls (average 31%). When the failing heart was recompensated with ouabain, the NA uptake was also restored to normal. Ouabain alone did not have any effect on3H‐NA uptake. The decreased NA uptake during acute heart failure was not attributed to a decreased coronary blood flow as86Rb uptake was not affected. It is suggested that decreased uptake of NA during heart failure is causally related to the hypo‐dynamic state of the myocardium, and that restoration of normal uptake after ouabain is associated with the improvement of myocardial contractile force. Possible explanation of these relationships are discussed.
Influence of Bovine Albumin and Acids on the Respiration and Adhesiveness of Human Thrombocytes
Authors: Engel Poul Frederik
Published: December 2008

Unbuffered suspensions of human thrombocytes in which pH attained values up to 8.8, did not consume oxygen, except initially, as determined in cartesian divers. However, thrombocytes treated with bovine albumin solutions respired constantly for several hours, so did thrombocytes suspended in plasma with pH 6.0 containing HCl, H2SO4, 0.25M citrate buffer, or 0.30M tris buffer, One thrombocyte consumed about 10‐8μl/hr of oxygen at pH 6.0–7.8 during the first 3–6 hrs. During the following hours the respiration declined depending on pH so that 1/4 to 1/2 of the respiration remained at pH 6.0 after 50 hrs. The respiration diminished by a factor of 10 at pH 7.3–7.4 after 27 hrs. at pH 7.8–7.9 after 12 hrs, at pH 8.2–8.3 after 3 hrs, and at pH 8.6 after less than 2 hrs. The adhesiveness was almost nil at pH 6.0 and about 30% at pH 7.4–8.8.
The Influence of Olfactory Stimuli upon the Activity of Secondary Neurones in the Burbot (Lota lota L.)
Authors: Döving Kjell B.
Published: December 2008

The nervous activity of single secondary neurones was recorded from the olfactory tract of the burbot while stimulating the olfactory epithelium with various solutions. Efferent influence was eliminated by transecting the olfactory tract. About 30 per cent of the stimuli produced an increased activity in the neurones, and 20 per cent caused inhibition of the spontaneous discharge while about half of the stimulations failed to produce any change in the rate of firing. The excitatory type of response typically began with an increased discharge followed by a steady discharge at a lower frequency which was maintained throughout the stimulation. Most of the units which were inhibited gave off‐discharges. The activity of the secondary neurones adapted very slowly to continuous stimulation.
Effect of Puromycin and Puromycin Analogues on Glycogen Synthesis in the Isolated Rat Diaphragm1
Authors: Søvik Oddmund
Published: December 2008

In a previous work from this laboratory it was reported that puromycin specifically depressed the insulin‐induced glycogen synthesis in isolated rat diaphragm. In the present work the effect of puromycin on glycogen synthesis has been studied under modified experimental conditions. When glucose as a substrate was excluded from the incubation medium, puromycin depressed the incorporation of14C‐glucose into glycogen in absence of added insulin. To study this effect of puromycin, experiments with puromycin analogues were undertaken. At a concentration of 270 μ/ml puromycin inhibited protein synthesis by more than 0 %. Equimolar concentrations of puromycin aminonucleoside and 6‐dimethylam nopurine caused only slight inhibition of protein synthesis, but depressed the incorporation of14C‐glucose into glycogen to the same degree as puromycin. The results suggest that puromycin influences the synthesis of muscle glycogen by a mechanism not related to the inhibitory efiect of puromycin on protein synthesis. The possibility that puromycin might interfere with the activity of glycogen synthetase is discussed.
On the Biological Assay of Secretin. The Reference Standard
Authors: Jorpes J. E. , Mutt V.
Published: December 2008

The authors discuss the methods in use for the assay of secretin preparations in dogs, cats and rats. A detailed description is given of the method of Mutt and Söderberg, maintaining the cats anesthetized continuously for 4–5 days. Particular attention is paid to recent methods using rats for the secretin assay. The numerical values of the different secretin units, suggested by different authors, are discussed. The difficulties encountered in selecting a reference standard are discussed. The authors recommend frequent controls of the strength of the standard with any of the familiar techniques.
Blood Flow through Human Adipose Tissue Determined with Radioactive Xenon
Authors: Larsen O. Andrée , Lassen N. A. , Quaade F.
Published: December 2008

The disappearance rate of an injected depot of radioactive Xenon dissolved in saline has been used to measure the blood flow through human adipose tissue according to the tissue clearance principle of Kety. The technical details regarding the injection and radioactivity measurement are described and the theoretical implications of the use of local clearance methods in general are discussed. The study comprised 69 examinations of 17 men and 38 women in various states of nutrition. The average blood flow, as measured in the abdominal fatty tissue, was 2.6 ml/100 g. min with a standard deviation of 1.7, and it was found to decrease significantly with increasing thickness of the fatty tissue.
The Effects of a Gastric Inhibitory Substance on Gastric Secretion in the Pylorus Ligated Rat1
Authors: Semb Lars S.
Published: December 2008

An extract was prepared from juice secreted by vagally denervated isolated pouches of the gastric antrum in the dog, by dialyzing against water and lyophilization. This gastric inhibitory substance (GIS) was assayed in pylorus ligated rats. Three groups of rats served as controls. One group received no injections, while the two other were injected with saline (1 ml/100 g rat) intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). Two different types of gastric secretion were studied: (a) basal or spontaneous gastric output, and (b) gastric acid response to exogenous gastrin. GIS lowered significantly the basal or spontaneous output of acid, but did not alter the basal output of pepsin significantly. When GIS was injected into animals stimulated by gastrin, there was a highly significant lower output of both acid and pepsin.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE AND OTHER HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES IN RETINAL CULTURES
Authors: Hansson Hans‐Arne
Published: December 2008

Tissue cultures of retinae from mainly young rats and rabbits were grown for histochemical demonstration of the presence of acetylcholine esterase and other hydrolytic enzymes. Several different methods for esterases were used in combination with inhibitors with known properties for studies on the specificity of the histochemical results obtained on the tissue cultures.

Acetylcholine esterase activity was demonstrated, with the use of acetyl‐thiocholine iodide as substrate and with either of the drugs 4×10‐6 M Mipafox, 1×10‐5 M IsoOMPA or 3×10‐8 M Nu 683 as inhibitors of nonspecific cholinesterases, both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of the multipolar nerve cells and in some small nerve cells. The nerve cell processes showed high activities, even at points of connections between different processes and between nerve cell processes and perika‐ryons. Other histochemical methods with a‐naphthyl acetate and naphthol AS‐D acetate as substrates did not reveal any acetylcholine esterase activity. Indoxyl acetate was probably hydrolysed to a certain degree by acetylcholine esterase.

Acetylcholine esterase activity was not evident in the nerve cells until after several days in culture. During the same time there was a structural development of the nerve cells. The visual cells lacked acetylcholine esterase activity.

The proxinial parts of the rod‐like processes from the visual cells showed in culture a high activity for esterases, acid phosphatases, pepti‐dase, leucyl naphthyl amide hydrolase, dinucleotidases, pyrophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. These results are discussed and related to the conditions in vivo.

Granulated cells of mesenchymal origin also showed high activities of hydrolytic enzymes.
Secretive Response of the Electrically Stimulated Nasal Salt Gland in Larus Argentatus (Herring Gull)
Authors: Hakansson C. H. , Malcus B.
Published: December 2008

The secretion from the nasal salt gland inLarus argentatus(Herring Gull) was studied by a new type of flowmeter which allowed the secretion at electrical nerve stimulation to be followed continuously. The maximal secretory capacity of the gland was found to be within the range of 280–375 mm3/min/g gland. Equal volumes and equal electrolytic concentrations were secreted from the two ducts of the gland. After the period of stimulation the secretion continued at a decreasing rate for about 2 min. This afterflow was supposed to be the result mainly of postsynaptic afterdischarge and physical distension of the gland.
Electron and Fluorescence Microscopical Studies on the Nucleus Gaudatus Putamen of the Rat after Unilateral Lesions of Ascending Nigro‐Neostriatal Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Hokfelt Tomas , Ungerstedt Urban
Published: December 2008

The ultrastructural appearance of the nuc. caudatus putamen (NCP) of the rat was studied after unilateral lesions of the nigro‐neostriatal dopamine (DA) fibres. A strong reduction in the percentage of boutons containing small granular vesicles was found in slices of the NCP on the operated side after incubation in an α‐methyl‐noradrenaline (NA) (10 Mg/ml) containing medium. This reduction was of about the same magnitude in rats killed two to twelve days after the operation,i.e. from about 12 per cent on the control side to 0–4 per cent on the operated side. However, no certain reduction was found in animals killed one day after the operation. These results were in perfect agreement with the fluorescence microscopical findings, demonstrating a reduced accumulation of amines in the DA nerve terminals as well as reduced levels of endogenous amine at these time intervals after the lesion.–Parallel to the reduction in number of boutons containing small granular vesicles, boutons were observed showing obvious signs of the so called “dense” type of degeneration. These boutons were, however, comparatively rare and present above all in rats killed between two and four days after performing the lesion. Further studies are necessary to establish whether they represent boutons belonging to degenerating DA nerve terminals or not. It may be concluded that the present study gives ultrastructural evidence for the existence of an ascending nigro‐neostriatal DA neuron system, although the degenerating pattern of these neurons is still unclear.
Renal Clearances of Labelled Inulin (Inulin‐Carboxyl‐14C, Inulin‐Methoxy‐3H) and a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 1000) in the Rat
Authors: Bergllnd Fredrik , Engberg Anders , Persson Erik , Ulfendahl Hans
Published: December 2008

The simultaneous renal clearances of 14C‐inulin, 3H‐inulin and PEG 1000 were measured in 10 unanesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats by a constant infusion technique. Both the 3H‐inulin/PEG 1000 and the 3H‐inulin/14G‐inuiin clearance ratios were significantly below unity. There was a negative correlation between 3H‐inulin/PEG 1000 or 14C‐inuIin/PEG 1000 clearance ratios and the clearance of PEG 1000, indicating more efficient “sieving” at increased filtration rates. Inulin (unlabelled, as well as labelled derivatives) is considered unsuitable for the accurate measurement of glomerular filtration rate in the rat.
On Adrenergic Influence on Gastric Motility in Chronically Vagotomized Gats
Authors: Jansson G. , Lisander B.
Published: December 2008

Experiments were performed on chloralosed cats, which had been vagotomized 9–102 days previously. In contrast to the situation inacutelyvagotomized cats, recordings of gastric motility revealed pronounced and regular contractions, which persisted after exclusion of spinal pathways but could be completely blocked by small doses of atropine. These contractions therefore appeared to be the result of enhanced activity of the intramural cholinergic ganglionic cells, presumably due to sensitization to local excitatory influences after decentralization.–This type of motility could be markedly inhibited by even weak activation of the gastric adrenergic supply. Intestinal distension, or afferent stimulation of me:enteric nerve fibres as well as efferent low frequency stimulation of the splanchnic supply to the stomach, promptly inhibited the stomach contractions. After administration of atropine the above types of adrenergic activation elicited at most only very weak inhibitory response of the stomach, and then only after a long latency.–The data presented are compatible with the view that the adrenergic fibres to the stomach exert theirprimaryaction on stomach motility by inhibiting the intramural cholinergic ganglion cells rather than the smooth muscle cells, responsible for gastric myogenic tone, or by any “presynaptic inhibitory action” on the preganglionic vagal nerve endings.
Unit Responses in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Rat to Sweep Tones
Authors: MøLLER AAGE R.
Published: December 2008

Unit discharges in the cochlear nucleus of the rat have been studied in response to stimulation with continuous tones whose frequency was changed linearly at different rates (sweep tones). At low sweep rates the distribution of discharges as a function of tone frequency was an expression of the unit's response area. When the rate of frequency change was increased the response areas of the unit became narrower. At a certain sweep rate the probability of firing, within a narrow frequency range around the units' CF, reached a maximum value which was several times greater than that found for low sweep speed. The direction of the change in tone frequency had no significant influence on the results and the average firing rate appeared to be independent of the sweep rate. These results indicate that spectral resolution of cochlear nucleus units was enhanced at a certain rate of frequency change. Additional experiments showed that the enhancement of spectral resolution at a certain rate of frequency change remains upon introduction of masking wide band noise.
The case of the camera in the kitchen: Surveillance, privacy, sanctions, and governance
Authors: Ullmann‐Margalit Edna
Published: December 2008

In the summer of 2007, a member of the Rationality Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem took it upon himself to install a closed‐circuit TV camera in the Center’s kitchen. An email explained that the camera was installed in an effort to solve the problem of cleanness in the kitchen. The camera was removed a week later: within this week, the members of the Center exchanged close to 120 emails among themselves, expressing their opinions for and against the camera, and discussing related issues. Taking off from this exchange, this article explores some of the surprisingly rich set of normative concerns touched upon by the kitchen camera incident. Among them: public surveillance and people’s polarised attitudes to it, the invasive gaze and the argument that “if you have nothing to hide you have nothing to worry about,” the efficacy of disciplining behavior through sanctions along with the problem of shaming sanctions, the notion of privacy and its arguable relevance to the kitchen case, and more. In an epilogue, I offer some reflections in the wake of the incident, connecting it to the incipient literature on regulation through observation. I find that it is precisely the smallness, concreteness, and seeming triviality of this incident that helps bring a large set of interconnected, vexing normative concerns into sharp relief.
Brand and Branding Geographies
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: December 2008

Brands and branding can sometimes seem pervasive. Yet, the geographies of brands and branding have been relatively neglected and under‐researched, especially in economic geography. The focus here is the historically longstanding and well‐established brands and branding of goods and services. Drawing on empirical examples to ground its claims, the argument seeks to establish the entangled geographies of branded objects and branding processes, advocates reading their socio‐spatial histories, explains their uneven geographies and relationships to uneven development and explores their potential and pitfalls for territorial development locally and regionally. The conclusion is that brands and branding geographies have the potential to stimulate a novel approach to addressing spatial questions at the intersections of economic, social, cultural, political and ecological geographies that can transcend the more ‘traditional’ and longstanding foci of firms and industries for ‘new economic geographies’. Ideas to contribute to future research on brand and branding geographies are then sketched out.
Human Trafficking: Globalization, Exploitation, and Transnational Sociology
Authors: Limoncelli Stephanie A.
Published: December 2008

In the last decade, human trafficking has emerged as a new area of research for sociologists and other scholars across a wide range of fields. Globalization has exacerbated the illicit trade of people and their parts within and across territorial borders, generating concern among activists and academics and prompting the development of a burgeoning literature with varying concerns and viewpoints. This article reviews what we know about human trafficking dynamics and trends, its causes, and current responses, including critiques of anti‐trafficking efforts. While much work remains to be done in simply mapping current trafficking activities, a transnational sociological framework can help to move theory and research on trafficking forward.