bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study the Displacement Characteristics of Foam Flooding after Polymer Flooding on NMR
Authors: Zhao Jin Sheng , Li Tian Tai , Zhang Ming , Li Zhao Min
Published: October 2011

Through parallel cores with different permeability contrast, the displacement process of foam flooding after polymer flooding is experimental studied. Using the experiment technology of nuclear magnetic resonance, the fluid distribution in cores with different diameter was studied. The distribution area of bore diameter in which oil is sweepouted of water flooding, polymer flooding and foam flooding under different processes and various heterogeneity conditions. The results show, against water flooding and polymer flooding, the distribution area of bore diameter in which oil is sweepouted is broadened. Foam can plugging the wide aperture in which water and polyer channeling，and foam can sweep the bore diameter which can’t be swept by water and polymer. Foam can not only advance the recovery of low permeability core but also sweep the oil in microbore of high permeability core.
Test Study and Application of Fracturing Stimulation Technologies with Liquid Powder for Low-Permeability Oil Reservoir in FY Block of Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Wu Jin Jun , Chu Xiao San , Zhao Guo Hua , Liu Li Cai
Published: October 2011

To the present status and difficulties of complex oilfields, like low-permeability and ultralow-permeability reservoir, abnormally high formation pressure reservoir and formation vulnerability, liquid powder fracturing stimulation technology is tested in low-permeability oilfields. This paper introduced the study of the performance of liquid powder and process optimization, including the performance optimization experiment of liquid powder, formula optimization study of insulating liquid, design of the ignition process and optimization design of construction process. The loading rate of the optimal liquid powder increased significantly so as to meet the fracture of abnormally high-pressure formation. Its active mechanism and characteristics are also analyzed in this paper. In FY block of Daqing Oilfield, the application test of liquid powder fracturing was used in six vertical wells and a horizontal well called CP-2 well (for the first time), and good results have been observed. Combined with the tests, we carried out research and analysis. Field tests show that the liquid powder fracturing stimulation technology can achieve significant stimulation goals for low-permeability oil reservoir and offer a new technological method to low-permeability oil reservoir fracturing and development.
Sensitivity Analysis of Fracture Affecting Factors in Low Permeable Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Liu Yi Kun , Chu Yang , Luo Xin
Published: October 2011

There are many factors affecting the fracture measures in low permeable fractured reservoir.And there are different effects and complex relationship between them.In order to analyze the various factors, the paper uses the grey correlation analysis method to determine the main factor. And it uses the method to analyze the fracture affecting factors in low permeable fractured reservoir in the ×× oil production of ×× oil field .This method is simple convenient and accurate.It can be use to guide the optimal design of fracture measures.
Key Problems in the Calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure Based on Analytical Method
Authors: Li Ju , Liao Xin Wei , Kun Su
Published: October 2011

Miscible and/or near miscible gas injection processes are among the most widely used enhanced oil recovery techniques. The successful design and implementation of a miscible gas injection project is dependent upon the accurate determination of minimum miscible pressure (MMP), the pressure above which the displacement process becomes multi-contact miscible. Analytical methods, which are inexpensive and quick to use, have been developed to estimate MMP for complex fluid characterizations. However, many problems still existed in the analytical calculation, which will lead to the failure of calculation, or wrong result. This paper shows how the initial tie line could be calculated when the component of injection gas doesn’t included in the crude oil. And moreover, how to get a complete set of initial value for the equations of crossover tie lines, and the influence of EOS for the result of key tie lines is analyzed simultaneously.
Study on Properties of Pectinate Hydrophobically Associating Polyacrylamide Solutions
Authors: Shi Lei Ting , Li Xiao Nan , Zhou Wei , Wang Song Xia , Yang Qiong , Ye Zhong Bin , Zhang Jian
Published: October 2011

In this article, the viscosifying abilities, rheological properties, flow characteristics of pectinate hydrophobically associating polymer (PHAP) solutions with different hydrophobe content were studied using technical methods of viscosity measurement, rheological and core flow experiments. Researches on viscosifying of different PHAPs at 20°C and 65°C in distilled water and saline indicate that, with the raise of hydrophobe content, viscosity of polymer solutions increases first and then decreases, which means that there should be a critical hydrophobe content( CHC). Below CHC, the anti-shear ability of polymer solutions enhances as hydrophobe content rises; while the shear resistance would fall down when and after the content reaches CHC. In high permeability porous media, all polymer solutions take on greater injectivity, and RFF can all be higher than 5, yet with the increasing of hydrophobe content, RF goes up first and then declines. It could be an effective way to enhance mobility control ability, improve polymer flooding effect in high permeability reservoirs and design polymer molecular structure more reasonably, using the pectinate structure and hydrophobic association interaction between polymer moleculars.
GA-Based Minimum Miscible Pressure Prediction
Authors: Kun Su , Liao Xin Wei , Chen Jing
Published: October 2011

Minimum Miscible Pressure (MMP) is among key parameters to predict CO2flooding performance during candidate reservoirs screening process. In this paper, key factors determining MMP are screened after investigation over previous researches, and then by seven samples of oil component, a reasonable empirical function is developed to predict MMP for reservoirs in China, of which coefficients are calculated by genetic algorithm (GA) to improve accuracy for further application. After comparison, it proves better prediction by new function than the ones already existed, which can be widely used for further MMP prediction for pilot reservoir in China.
Study on Combustion Model of the Propellant Used in Oil Composite Perforation
Authors: Li Jun , Bi Sheng Yu , Liu Gong Hui
Published: October 2011

The new technology of composite perforation, which combines together the conventional perforation and the high energy gas fracturing, can effectively increase the hydrocarbon production and improve the enhancement of the oil/gas recovery. In recent years, the composite perforation technique has been widely used worldwide. However, this technology was not used extensively in Chinese oil filed because its research on the combustion characters of propellant is rare and the corresponding optimal perforation design is not practical. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the propellant’s burning features, we establish a new combustion model for the propellant used in composite perforation, which takes into account that the combustion consists of the cylinder layer burning and circular burning along the perforation tunnels. Using the actual well data from oilfield and the conventional parameters of domestic propellant, we use this new model to perform numerical simulations and analyze in detail the process of related pressure change. The simulation results are accordance with the actual data from field operation, which further confirms the reliability of the model. The established model can provide better references for the optimum design of composite perforation.
A Study on Salt Effect on Treatment of Oily Wastewater Using Microwave Radiation
Authors: Jiang Hua Yi , Ji Cheng , Cao Qiu E , Yang Rui Ya , Zhi Huan , Zhang Yi Nan
Published: October 2011

The treatment of oily wastewater by microwave radiation is highly-efficient, low contaminative. In order to improve the effect of processing oily wastewater with microwave radiation, the influence of the ionic property, the ionic valency, the ionic concentration and microwave parameter are investigated by experiment. The results show that inorganic salt promotes demulsification under microwave radiation condition. The lower the ionic valency is, the better the deoiling effect is. The deoiling rate increases in a certain range with concentration of inorganic salt increasing, and it also has the optimum microwave parameters. When oily wastewater is disposed by microwave radiation after adding inorganic salt, the deoiling rate is up to 97.78%
Regeneration of Used Vacuum Pump Oil by Furfuryl Alcohol
Authors: Yan Xiao Chao , Cheng Zheng Zai , Lei Rui , Lin Su Su
Published: October 2011

Solvent extraction technique is one of the cheapest and most efficient processes experienced in recycling of used lubricating oils. In this paper, the performance of furfuryl alcohol in recycling used vacuum pump oil was evaluated experimentally. The effect of the most critical parameters (solvent to oil ratio, and extraction temperature) was investigated. The results show that viscosity index and refractive index of refined oil was related to the solvent to oil ratio. Viscosity index and the refractive index come to a reasonable value at 90°C when solvent to oil ratio equal to 1.5. The difference of IR spectrum of the used vacuum pump oil and re-refined vacuum pump oil show that absorption peaks at 1745cm – 1 and 1160 cm – 1 disappeared after solvent extraction.
Using Biological Treatment of Henan Oilfield -Produced Water: Pilot Plant Test Study
Authors: He Feng , Fu Peng Cheng , Xu Chun Ming
Published: October 2011

Biological treatment of heavy crude oil production wastewater is well-established method for remediation of these wastes. We have developed effective biological treatments by (1) utilizing microbes with high oil-degrading abilities, (2) allowing greater organic loads while increasing both process stability and the resistance to shock loading, (3) minimizing the production of waste sludge byproducts, and (4) adopting anaerobic and aerobic biological processes to improve the biodegradation of the wastewater. Fixed-film bioreactors with 15h hydraulic retention times have decreased chemical oxygen demand by 74.8%, total suspended solids by 90.9%, oil by 80.6%, and phenols and sulfides by 100%. The results with an in situ pilot system show that the bioreactor's hydrolytic acidulation and contact oxidation tanks are suitable for treating oilfield wastewater, and that water quality after treatment fully meets national drainage standards.
Experimental Study on Sulfuric Acid Leaching Behavior of Chromite with Different Temperature
Authors: Liu Cheng Jun , Qi Jie , Jiang Mao Fa
Published: October 2011

Utilizing Pakistan chromite as raw material, the rapid leaching of chromium and iron could be realized by the sulfuric acid leaching process on the condition of atmospheric pressure and the addition of oxidant A. And the leaching rate of chromium and iron would be 98.5% and 71.9%, respectively. The sulfuric acid leaching processes with different temperature were systematically studied by chemical analysis and phase analysis. The results showed that, with the increase of reaction temperature, the leaching rate of chromium would increase gradually, but the leaching rate of iron increased at first and then decreases and reached its maximum at 140°C. When the temperature > 160°C, the phases of the leaching residue were magnesium iron silicate and a few of silica, no chromohercynite, chrompicotite and magnesioferrite existed in the chromite. The leaching solution of sulfuric acid leaching process could be used for preparing the basic chrome sulfate, and there is no Cr6+ in the leaching residue and solution. The results would provide theoretical guidance for solving environmental pollution problem of Cr6+ in traditional chromate production process.
Bottom-Blown Stirring Technology Application in Consteel EAF
Authors: Dong Kai , Zhu Rong , Liu Wen Juan
Published: October 2011

Bottom blown stirring technology application in EAF was studied in this paper. The basic principle of bottom blowing process was researched, the bottom blown stirring can give strong stirring effect on the molten steel bath, thus bath mixing time was shortened, decarburization and dephosphorization were improved, however over stirring would lead to liquid steel incontact with atmosphere air. Reasonable process was considered on Consteel EAF. results show that: with bottom-blown stirring technology, decarburization and dephosphorization increase significantly; oxygen and lime consumption decrease; content of FeO in final slag reduces; and heat time becomes short.
An Analysis of Sustainable Development Based on a Comparison of the Pre- and Post-Disaster Biocapacity and Ecological Footprint in Zhouqu County,China
Authors: Yue Dong Xia , Zhang Jia Jing , Guo Jian Jun , Du Jun , Ma Jin Hui , Meng Xing Min
Published: October 2011

Zhouqu County is not only an impoverished area but also a poor environment region. Frequent occurrence of geological disasters in Zhouqu, which largely determines the quality of ecological environment, affects the regional sustainable development. In this paper, on a case study of Chengguan Town of Zhouqu, two TM images acquired in pre- (2008)and post-disaster(2010) were selected to conduct the research, using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis techniques. The state of the ecological environment and sustainable development of the region were evaluated by using the ecological footprint methodology. The results show: Firstly, the biocapacity of built-up area and cropland are reduced by 318.50gha and 82.78gha after debris flow disaster respectively, followed by forest land, grazing ground, fishing ground and barren ground, which has played a serious impediment in economic development; Secondly, the ecological deficit reaches to -0.9245gha/per-cap before disaster, however, it reduces to -1.0691gha/per-cap after disaster. This indicates that Chengguan Town is not sustainable development, after sudden disaster, the situation of unsustainable development becomes more serious; Thirdly, it is found that debris flow and landslides are mainly not only in forest land and cropland, also areas containing many people and buildings, which shows geological disasters has played a significant impact on the socio-economic development. Finally, this article provides scientific references for the restoring of ecological environment as well as scientific disaster relief after the debris flow disaster. Therefore, strengthening management and mitigation techniques of disaster is benefit to humans and socio-economic sustainable development.
Research on Measurement of Void Fraction for Vertically Rising Pipes by Optical Fiber Probe
Authors: Chen Feng Yun , Liu Wei Min
Published: October 2011

A way of measuring the average cross-sectional void fraction for vertically rising oil pipes by using closing valves quickly and optical fiber probe has been researched. Experiments were performed in oil-gas two-phase flow and the range of the average void fraction is 0.1～0.5. The relationship between average cross-sectional void fraction of a oil-gas two-phase flow and pipe’s center void fraction in vertically rising oil pipes, for different pipe diameters and varying oil flow, is obtained. An exponential model of average void fraction is also obtained with reference to Bankoff’s[1] variable density model. It is found that local void fraction reduces from center in radial direction and the local void fraction maximum value appears in the pipe’s center.
Application of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis in the Separation and Determination of the Tertiary Butylhydroquinone
Authors: Xiang Qian , Gao Ying
Published: October 2011

We describe the use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the determination of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) without derivatization or purification. The influences of buffer pH and voltage on the separation of TBHQ were studied. The internal standard method was used for the quantification of TBHQ. Amperometric detection was carried out at an applied potential of 0.80 V. The detection limit of TBHQ was found to be 10-6 M. Peak intensity varied linearly with TBHQ concentration from 10-4 to 5×10-6 M. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for peak intensity and migration time was in the range of 3.58–4.36% and 0.51–0.94%, respectively. The recovery of the method in food samples is 95.36% for TBHQ. The method developed is suitable for the routine analysis of synthetic phenolic antioxidant TBHQ in samples.
Optimization and Comparison of Three Methods on Anthocyanins Extraction from Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) Using RSM
Authors: Yang Yu , Zhao Sheng Xin , Xu Ya Qin , Yu Ze Yuan
Published: October 2011

Response surface methodology (RSM) complemented with a central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize and compare three different anthocyanins extraction methods (solid–liquid extraction(SLE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)) from blackcurrant fruits. The aim was to obtain extracts with high anthocyanins content, which would be potentially interesting for commercial applications as natural colorants. Three major independent variables such as extraction time(min), ethanol concentration (%,v/v), solution to solid ratio (mL/g) were coded at five levels and their actual values were selected on the basis of preliminary experimental results. Results indicated that the yields of anthocyanins varied when extracted with different method, the order of anthocyanins yield from high to low was: MAE (95.77%), UAE (93.65%) and SLE (90.82%). Among three reaction parameters, ethanol concentration consistently tended to significantly affect the anthocyanins yield for above three models (p < 0.0001). MAE was the best of three methods in this study and the optimal values were as follows: extract time controlled at 6.3 min, ethanol concentration maintained at 72.8%, solution to solid ratio equaled to 8.1:1 and working power at 400W. The experimental anthocyanins value under above optimum conditions could reach to 95.77±1.05% that was in perfect agreement with the predicted model 95.52%.
Extraction Mechanism of Total Flavonoids from Red Kidney Bean by Microwave and Light Wave Radiation
Authors: Peng You , Bo Yang
Published: October 2011

Extraction of total flavonoids from red kidney bean was studied by combination method of microwave and light wave radiation without solvent. Heating the sample for 8 min with power 800W (microwave 55% and light wave 45%), the total flavonoids were extracted with ethyl alcohol.The extraction ratio of total flavonoids is 1.04%, that is close with that of corresponding conventional extraction process. This method had many merits, such as simple, rapid, low cost, etc. Extraction mechanism was investigated preliminarily with high magnification fluorescence microscope FM, IR. It indicated that improvement of extraction efficiency of secondary metabolite is possibly because that plant tissue cell structure was changed by microwave.
Extraction of Effective Compounds in Pine Pollen and In Vitro Assay of their Antitumor Effect
Authors: Zhu Zi Ping , Li Na
Published: October 2011

Supercritical CO2 was used to extract effective compounds from pine pollen, MTT colorimetric method was applied to determine anti-cancer effect of effective compounds in pine pollen. Results indicated that extracts obtained at pressure ranges 0~30 MPa and 10~15 MPa had significant inhibition effect on the lung cancer cells 95D of pig (95D) and their IC50 value was 253.22 μg/mL and 252.19 μg/mL, respectively. Extracts attained at pressure ranging 0~10 MPa, 10~15 MPa and 0~30 MPa had significant inhibition effect on the stomach cancer cells SGC-7901 of human (SGC-7901), and their IC50 value was 248.35 μg/mL, 459.56 μg/mL and 301.20 μg/mL, individualy. Supercritical CO2 extract of pine pollen had inhibition effects on the lung cancer cells 95D of pig and the sSubscript texttomach cancer cells SGC-7901 of human, and the corresponding active compounds were different.
Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Noni (Morinda citrifolia L) Seed Oil Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Bai Xin Peng , Zhao Xiao Lei , Guo Zhi Yong , Liu Xiao Qin , Xu Fang Lian
Published: October 2011

This study examined extraction of noni (Morinda citrifolia L) seed oil（NSO） by using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effects of the process parameters, namely extraction pressure, temperature and CO2 flow rate and extract time on the yield of NSO. The extraction parameters were optimized with a central composite design experiment. The result showed that the oil recovery got the highest for 20.13% dry basis under the condition of pressure 21 MPa, temperature 37°C, flow velocity 20 L/min and the extract time 104 min, the pressure expressed most significant effect on the oil yield (p <0.001)
Study on Drying Technology of Sargassum Fusiforme
Authors: Liu Shu Xing , Zhu Li Li , Zhang Shu Meng
Published: October 2011

A convenient and nutritious dried instant Sargassum fusiforme was developed by the study on the technology of drying with the raw materials of Sargassum fusiforme. The result indicated that the optimum drying technology of Sargassum fusiforme is: on the condition of 95°C for 90s,to blanching, then by means of variable temperature for hot air drying at the 3m/s wind speed, which is air temperature 80°C in first hour,70°C for another 3.5 hours, that we can get high quality Sargassum fusiforme in Rehydration shape,color, and taste .etc.
Comparison of Biochemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superb) with Several Species of Shrimps
Authors: Liu Li , Liu Cheng Chu , Li Jia Le
Published: October 2011

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superb) is a species of krill (shrimp-like crustaceans) found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. It is the most abundant species of krill, which catchable stock is believed to amount up to 10 million tons per year, and may be the most potential marine resource for utilization as food in the world. This paper compared the nutritional components and heavy metals of edible portions of Antarctic krill, greasy-back shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis), Chinese white prawn (Exopalaemon modestus), and oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). Antarctic krill meat contained 76.39% of water, 17.22% of crude proteins, 2.66% of crude lipids, and 1.43% of ashes, respectively. At dry basis, Antarctic krill had relatively lower content of crude protein (72.92%) than oriental river prawn (85.35%), greasy-back shrimp (81.12%), or Chinese white prawn (78.18%). However, it had significantly higher lipid content (11.25%) than the three species of shrimps (4.89%~6.65%). And the total amino acids in dry samples of Antarctic krill meat was 74.46g/100g, which was lower than the shrimps, but the essential amino acid content (45.90g/100g protein) was higher than others. Regarding to minerals, no significant difference was found in Antarctic krill and the shrimps, with exceptions that Antarctic krill contained two to three times higher content of magnesium (458.28mg/100g) and copper (4.96mg/100g) than shrimps. In addition, the heavy metals including lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) in Antarctic krill meat met the limit standard of contaminants in aquatic products. But fluorine content of Antarctic krill meat surpassed the safety limit (2.0mg/kg) and might be a safety concern.
Direct Measurement and Identification of Nonradiative Processes in ZnO Nanocrystallines by Combining Photoacoustic Spectroscopy with Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Feng , Li Kui Ying , Sun Jing Zhi , Wang Mang , Wu Gang , Zhao Yong
Published: October 2011

Nonradiative transitions (NRTs) are relaxation processes competing with radiative process. In light emitting diodes and room temperature laser devices, NRTs lower the emission efficiency. In order to prohibit these processes, better understanding is practically needed. But nowadays knowledge of NRTs comes from the analyses of the steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, which are indirect evidences because of their radiative nature. Here we report a direct detection of nonradiative processes of ZnO nanocrystallines by combination of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) with field-induced photovoltaic spectroscopy (FISPS) methods. In photoacoustic spectrum of ZnO nanocrystals, a main feature centered at 374 nm and a shoulder feature at 441 nm have been recorded. The surface photovoltage spectrum (SPS) displays a main peak at about 364 nm, which is assigned to band-gap transition. And the FISPS spectrum shows a main feature at 380 nm and a pronounced shoulder at 450 nm. The relative energy of the PAS main feature locates at about 0.1 eV lower than that of band-gap, and the relative energy of the PAS main and shoulder features locates at 60 meV higher than that of FISPS main and shoulder features. These energy spaces are in good consistent with the exciton binding energy reported for ZnO nanostructures. Thus we tentatively ascribe the NRTs to the trapping of the photogenerated excitons to the surface states of ZnO nanocrystallines.
Ecological Consciousness Setting during China Urbanization
Authors: Zhong Qiu , Shi Guo Qing
Published: October 2011

China is facing ecological revolution now. The basis of the revolution is establishing the ecological consciousness. Different level of ecological consciousness in urban and rural area raised our attention. According to different environment conditions and based on pollution theory, we try to find out the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness during this changing time. Since China is on the fast urbanization period, environmental awareness change on rural-urban migrants can be this key. This paper focused on which factor(s) have significant effect to ecological consciousness. Urban and Rural residents were interviewed for data collecting, and for deep research, three groups (Urban Residents Group, Rural residents Group and Migrants Group) are split based on responders’ migration experience. In this paper, ANOVA analysis and regression analysis are used. Based on pollution-driven theory, two models are given to compare the explanation strengths between within and without theory variables. We found that pollution experience and relative pollute have important effect on eco-consciousness. So Ecological Consciousness is not straight influenced by environment condition, but people think about the deterioration. We considered that, the cornerstone of setting ecological consciousness is recognizing the crisis and disruption of ecological environment.
Ion Distribution in Saltwater under High-Voltage Static Electric Field
Authors: Gu Liang , Chen Xin Gang , Liu Xiao Dong , Liu Wei
Published: October 2011

The world is facing a severe crisis of fresh water shortage. Seawater desalination technology is the ideal answer to this crisis. However, the conventional technologies consume too much energy, which greatly restrict their popularization. A method for saltwater desalination is proposed based on high-voltage static electric field eliminating the dissolved ions in saltwater. The desalination function is realized by static high-voltage electric field exerting electric force on the ions in the salt solution to strongly separate the ions of the contrary sign. Three factors were simulated to reveal their effects on the ion distribution or the separation efficiency, including salt concentration, electric field intensity and width of water pipeline. Results shows that the above three factors greatly affect the ion distribution characteristics in the water pipeline. This method is helpful in energy saving for seawater desalination.
A Two-Phase Semi-Infinite Programming Method for Yongxin Water Resources Allocation in Jiangxi Province
Authors: Shi Bin , Huang Guo He , Lu Hong Wei , Li Xiao Yan
Published: October 2011

Inappropriate agricultural activities are the main sources of water shortage to surface and ground water in rural areas. How to generate preferred decision schemes for agricultural activities is a critical issue for decision makers. In this study, a two-phase semi-infinite programming method (TPSIP) is proposed and applied to regional water resource allocations in the County of Yongxin. Multiple control variables are introduced both in the objective function and constraints. This makes it possible for the constraints to be relaxed under respective levels. Thus a more satisfactory objective value can be obtained.
The SWOT Analysis of Low-Carbon Development on Economy of China
Authors: Yang Li
Published: October 2011

Regarded as a new economical development model of low energy consumption, environmental pollution and emission, developing low-carbon economy in China has already become an urgent task. Based on the international background and current situation of China, this paper gives a thorough analysis on the aspects of advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and challenges of developing low-carbon economy in China.
The Research Framework of Sharing Information Platform in Energy Performance Contract
Authors: Lu Zhi Jian , Sun Yuan Xin
Published: October 2011

Since the Energy Performance Contract (EPC) includes complex structure, many members and serious asymmetry information, it is reasonably practicable to ensure its efficient and stable operation preconditions to establish information-sharing model. In this paper, we use the way of information flow to research the sharing information model in EPC. The result shows that the bases of sharing information are the set of sharing scope and order splitting. Accordingly, we put forward the sharing information platform of energy service information integration in EPC and constructing tactic.
Study of the Paper Consumption Pattern Based on the Low-Carbon Development of Cities in China
Authors: Li Zhi Jian , Han Qing
Published: October 2011

With the widespread use of paper and paper products in China especially in cities, the subsequent negative impact becomes apparent. In the course of paper production and processing, resources and energy are consumed, with large amounts of carbon dioxide emitted, which greatly affects the low-carbon development of cities. Therefore, aiming at the characteristics of current way of paper consumption among urban residents in China, the consumption pattern of paper and paper products based on the low-carbon development of cities is put forward.
Quality assurance of malaria case management in an urban and in sub-rural health centres in Goma, Congo
Authors: Lutala Prosper M. , Kasereka Claude M. , Kasagila Eric K. , Inipavudu John B. , Toranke Suleiman I.
Published: October 2011

Background: Every year, up to three million deaths throughout the world occur as a result of malaria, 90% of which occur in Africa. Despite training providers in malaria case management and the availability of appropriate medical suppliers, there are still weaknesses in the management chain of malaria.Objectives: Our aim was to assess the quality of malaria case management in two primary health care centres in the Goma health district. Specific objectives were the assessment of quality accuracy in the dosage, the duration of treatment, the intervals between administrations, and the routes of administration of anti-malarial medication in two health centres, as well as the subsequent comparison of those two sites. Method: A descriptive retrospective study was conducted using the malaria register’s review to assess two health centres in the Goma health district. Socio-demographical and clinical data were recorded and the quality was assessed against the national guidelines. Descriptive statistics with percentages and Chi-square values were computed. Results: Under-dosage was more common in CCLK (Centre Chrétien du Lac Kivu [Lake Kivu Christian Centre]) with 55 patients (62.5%; 95% CI, 52% – 71.8%) patients, whilst the over-dosage was present in 64 patients (80%; 95% CI, 69.9% – 87.2%) in CASOP (Caisse de Solidarité Ouvrière et Paysanne [Fund of Solidarity Workers and Peasants]). The duration of treatment was shorter in CCLK in 15 patients (93.7%; 95% CI, 71.6% – 98.8%); CASOP had a high rate of inappropriate intervals between the administration of drugs in 14 patients (82.3%; 95% CI, 58.9% – 93.8%). Intravenous administration rates were high in both sites with respectively 102 patients in CASOP (62.5%; 95% CI, 54.9% – 69.6%) and 61 patients in CCLK (37.4%; 95% CI, 30.3% – 45.0%). Significant differences were found between the two sites with regard to intervals of administration (χ2 = 7.11, p = 0.007), duration of treatment (χ2 = 8.51, p = 0.003), dosage (χ2 = 3.91, p = 0.05). The routes of administration were used in a similar manner, however, in the two sites (χ2 = 0.78, p = 0.37).Conclusion: Abnormalities in dosage, in the duration of treatment, in the intervals between administration and in the routes of administration were found in both sites. Consequently we conclude that success in guidelines implementation is a complex process and cannot be based only on scientific evidence, but certain contextual factors must be considered.
Density and temperature of energetic electrons in the Earth's magnetotail derived from high-latitude GPS observations during the declining phase of the solar cycle
Authors: Denton M. H. , Cayton T. E.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Single relativistic-Maxwellian fits are made to high-latitude GPS-satellite observations of energetic electrons for the period January 2006–November 2010; a constellation of 12 GPS space vehicles provides the observations. The derived fit parameters (for energies ~0.1–1.0 MeV), in combination with field-line mapping on the nightside of the magnetosphere, provide a survey of the energetic electron density and temperature distribution in the magnetotail between McIlwain L-values of L=6 and L=22. Analysis reveals the characteristics of the density-temperature distribution of energetic electrons and its variation as a function of solar wind speed and the Kp index. The density-temperature characteristics of the magnetotail energetic electrons are very similar to those found in the outer electron radiation belt as measured at geosynchronous orbit. The energetic electron density in the magnetotail is much greater during increased geomagnetic activity and during fast solar wind. The total electron density in the magnetotail is found to be strongly correlated with solar wind speed and is at least a factor of two greater for high-speed solar wind (VSW=500–1000 km s−1) compared to low-speed solar wind (VSW=100–400 km s−1). These results have important implications for understanding (a) how the solar wind may modulate entry into the magnetosphere during fast and slow solar wind, and (b) if the magnetotail is a source or a sink for the outer electron radiation belt.
ASAMgpu V1.0 – a moist fully compressible atmospheric model using graphics processing units (GPUs)
Authors: Horn S.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. In this work the three dimensional compressible moist atmospheric model ASAMgpu is presented. The calculations are done using graphics processing units (GPUs). To ensure platform independence OpenGL and GLSL is used, with that the model runs on any hardware supporting fragment shaders. The MPICH2 library enables interprocess communication allowing the usage of more than one GPU through domain decomposition. Time integration is done with an explicit three step Runge-Kutta scheme with a timesplitting algorithm for the acoustic waves. The results for four test cases are shown in this paper. A rising dry heat bubble, a cold bubble induced density flow, a rising moist heat bubble in a saturated environment and a DYCOMS-II case.
Dynamic Contour Tonometry and Goldmann Applanation Tonometry: Correlation with Intracameral Assessment of Intraocular Pressure
Authors: Riva Ivano , Quaranta Luciano , Russo Andrea , Katsanos Andreas , Rulli Eliana , Floriani Irene
Published: October 2011

Purpose

To compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measured using a dynamic contour tonometer (DCT) and a Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) with in vivo intracameral IOP, and establish the relationship between DCT, GAT and central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Materials and Methods

We examined 50 eyes of 50 patients with POAG scheduled for glaucoma or cataract surgery. Immediately before surgery, CCT, GAT and DCT IOP were assessed, after which manometry of the anterior chamber was performed. A Bland-Altman plot was used to test the agreement among the 3 measurements of IOP, and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to evaluate the effect of CCT on DCT and GAT.

Results

On average, the DCT readings were 4.0±1.6 mmHg higher than the GAT readings and 2.3±2.4 mmHg higher than the manometric readings; the GAT measurements were generally a mean 1.7±1.8 mmHg lower than the manometric readings. The CCT had an almost similar influence on DCT and GAT measurements (p=0.84).

Conclusions

The DCT-measured IOP was significantly higher than that measured by means of GAT and anterior chamber manometry. The DCT and GAT readings were both influenced by CCT to the same extent.
The Prevalence of Predisposing Deformity in Osteoarthritic Hip Joints
Authors: Klit Jakob , Gosvig Kasper , Jacobsen Steffen , Sonne-Holm Stig , Troelsen Anders
Published: October 2011

It is becoming increasingly evident that hip joint deformities may be major contributors to the development of osteoarthritis, and the term ‘idiopathic osteoarthritis’ may be inappropriate in many cases.

Our study cohort was derived from the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Sub-study, a cross sectional population-based database of 4151 individuals, all of whom had a standard anteroposterior weight-bearing pelvic radiograph taken.

Hip joints were classified according to type and degree of deformity. We defined hip osteoarthritis by a minimum joint space width of ≤ 2mm. This cut-off has a significant relationship in both sexes with the clinical presentation. The study cohort which fulfilled these inclusion criteria consisted of 322 females (149 right hips and 173 left hips) and 162 males (77 right hips and 85 left hips) with osteoarthritis.

We found an overall prevalence of predisposing hip deformities in females of 62.4% and in males of 78.9%. Minor and major deformities showed the same prevalence. Both sexes had a comparable prevalence of minor and major hip joint deformity, except for pistol grip deformity, which was more prevalent in men. We concluded that ‘idiopathic osteoarthritis’ is uncommon, and that even minor predisposing deformities are associated with hip osteoarthritis.
A Biomechanical Comparison of the Thrust Plate Prosthesis and a Stemmed Prosthesis
Authors: Karatosun Vasfi , Unver Bayram , Gultekin Alper , Gunal Izge
Published: October 2011

The thrust plate prosthesis (TPP) is a neck preserving femoral component in total hip arthroplasty (THA) which may facilitate more precise biomechanical reconstruction of the hip. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical results of the TPP with a conventional THA.

We compared anteroposterior radiographs from 60 patients who had undergone cementless THA, with 44 who had undergone a TPP. We measured the hip centre of rotation, femoral offset, limb length, and neck-shaft angle.

The horizontal hip centre of rotation, vertical femoral offset, limb length and neck-shaft angle measurements showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in both groups when compared with preoperative values. However, the vertical hip centre of rotation and horizontal femoral offset measurements were different only in TPP patients when compared with preoperative values (p<0.05). When both groups (TPP and THA) were compared only the horizontal hip centre of rotation displayed a significant difference (p=0.003) in favor of the THA.

Therefore, we found no difference in restoring the biomechanics of the hip using the two methods, and only the horizontal hip centre of rotation restoration favoured the THA. Our findings indicate that the TPP does not produce more accurate restoration of leg length or offset. Reproduction of hip mechanics after TPP may not be as good as has been suggested.
Groin Pain following Hip Resurfacing: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Mcarthur John R. , Costa Matthew , Griffin Damian R. , Krikler Steven J. , Parsons Nicholas , Foguet Pedro R.
Published: October 2011

We compared 47 patients with groin pain following hip resurfacing to a matched control group. Functional scores and plain radiographs were assessed along with measurement of whole blood cobalt and chromium by inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Symptomatic patients underwent ultrasound scan of the affected hip.

Mean functional outcomes were poor in those with pain and good in the control group. Groin pain was associated with valgus stem positioning and lower neck:head ratio (relatively narrow neck) (p=0.03, p=0.04 respectively).

We classified patients with groin pain into two groups: biological and mechanical. The biological group had soft tissue abnormalities on USS and higher levels of cobalt and chromium (p=0.04, p=0.05 respectively). The mechanical group had normal USS, lower metal ion levels and more retroverted femoral components (p=0.01).
A Single Center Study of Clinical Success in Radiocephalic Fistula Creation
Authors: Huseynova Khumar , Werneck Christiane , Pope Marc
Published: October 2011

Purpose

To compare standard methods (control) with a new protocol for radiocephalic fistula (RCF) creation involving ultrasound vein mapping by the surgeon in the operating room, ligation of cephalic vein branches in the lower forearm, and use of a tourniquet for the arteriovenous anastomosis.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent radiocephalic fistula creation between April 2008 and March 2010 in a regional vascular center. Patients were identified retrospectively by reviewing hospital operating room and office billing records. The electronic charts of all patients were reviewed. The primary endpoint was functional RCF patency at last follow-up.

Results

A total of 118 patients underwent arteriovenous (AV) fistula creation by 3 surgeons during the two-year study period. Of these, 59 patients underwent RCF creation, 33 of whom were managed using the new protocol. The two groups were comparable, except for age (66 in the study group vs. 60 in the control group, P=.04). Tourniquet use shortened operative time from 48 to 36 minutes (P=.04). Functional patency was 82% vs 77% (P=.64).

Conclusion

The new protocol for RCF creation results in shorter operative times and high functional patency rates.
Camera Calibration Using Composed Cubic Splines
Authors: Arfaoui Aymen , Plante France
Published: October 2011

Camera calibration is a process whereby the geometric characteristics of a specific camera are determined. It is performed so that the photograph obtained can be used to produce accurate measurements. This paper presents a simple and accurate model for extracting the optical characteristics (intrinsic parameters) as well as the 3D position and orientation of the camera (extrinsic parameters) based on image coordinate measurements for targets of known 3-D position. The proposed algorithm is divided into two major steps. First, the behaviour of a grid of projected lines is studied and the required local corrections are applied. Such corrections are calculated using Composed Cubic Splines. This function covers radial, decentering and prism distortions. It provides a more realistic model of distortion which is represented as a composed surface. Then, calibration parameters are estimated using a pinhole model based on the minimization of a linear criterion relating the 3D coordinates of the targets with their 2D image projections.
Fixed‐station monitoring of a harbour wall community: the utility of low‐cost photomosaics and scuba on hard‐substrata
Authors: Van Rein H. , Brown C. J. , Schoeman D. S. , Quinn R. , Breen J.
Published: October 2011

In marine temperate waters, the diverse epibenthic communities of hard substrata require robust, efficient, high‐resolution methods to better understand community dynamics and biological processes, such as growth, recruitment and mortality that drive changes within communities.

The epibenthic community of a harbour wall was monitored from fixed stations over three seasons in 2009 to evaluate the utility of a high‐resolution photomosaic method. The community was described by visually estimating cover and abundance of taxa within the photomosaics. In addition, areas occupied by the solitary cup coral Caryophyllia smithii, the encrusting sponge Hymeniacidon perleve, and the red macroalga Plocamium cartilagineum were digitized and their seasonal growth, recruitment and mortality estimated over the study period.

Significant changes occurred to the community in every season. The fewest number of taxa and the lowest total taxa cover was observed in the winter. In the spring, there was significant growth of red macroalgae, brown macroalgae, and ascidian taxa. In the summer there was significant growth of green macroalgae and turf taxa, while red macroalgae experienced photoinhibition, and ascidians significantly declined in abundance.

The photomosaics enabled the extraction of data at a high taxonomic resolution, reduced the effects of water‐column turbidity, and through digitization, enabled estimation of the seasonal growth, recruitment, and mortality of C. smithii, H. perleve and P. cartilagineum. However, the spring and summer canopies of macroalgae and turf obscured the detection of many understory taxa, and thus, limited the accuracy of understorey assessments. Provided the limitations of photomosaics are recognized, the method demonstrated in this study has many potential benefits of advantage for fixed‐station monitoring studies in temperate waters.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of Climate Neutral Energy Carriers by Photosynthesis and Disproportionation of Biomass Components
Authors: Ringpfeil Manfred
Published: October 2011

Der Klimawandel muss durch Einführung eines neuen, auf erneuerbaren Energien und Stoffen beruhenden Energieversorgungssystems abgeschwächt werden. Brückentechnologien sollen helfen, die gestellten Ziele zu erreichen. Eine von ihnen ist der progressive Verschnitt von Erdgas mit Biomethan. Ausgangsstoff für Biomethan ist das Kohlendioxid der aktuellen Atmosphäre. Die Photosynthese konzentriert den Kohlenstoff in der entstehenden Biomasse. Eine weitere Konzentrierung wird durch mikrobielle Disproportionierung zu Biomethan und Kohlendioxid erreicht. Biomethan kann ohne jeden Nachteil mit Erdgas gemischt werden und bewirkt eine höhere klimatische Verträglichkeit der Mischungen.
Thermal Use of Biomass and Residual Materials in Germany
Authors: Gaderer Matthias , Spliethoff Hartmut
Published: October 2011

Ein Überblick zum Stand der Technik wird gegeben und neue Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der thermischen Nutzung der Biomasse vorgestellt. Die thermische Nutzung von Biomasse in Deutschland ist eine wesentliche Säule der Bereitstellung von erneuerbaren Energien. Der Primärenergiebedarf und die Potenziale der Biomasse in Deutschland werden dargestellt und mit anderen Regionen verglichen. Es ist ersichtlich, dass eine deutliche Steigerung der Biomassenutzung durch begrenzte Ressourcen limitiert ist. Mit neuen Verfahren zur Biomasseaufbereitung, wie der Torrefizierung und der Hydrothermalen Karbonisierung können weitere biogene Reststoffe zur Nutzung durch Verbrennung und Vergasung erschlossen werden. Dargestellt werden daher der Stand der Verbrennungs‐ und Vergasungsverfahren und aktuelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Synthesegasherstellung.