bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Introduction of a Boryl Substituent into the 2‐Position of Azulene: Application of the Miyaura and Smith Methods to Azulene
Authors: Kurotobi Kei , Miyauchi Masato , Takakura Katsuto , Murafuji Toshihiro , Sugihara Yoshikazu
Published: September 2003

The 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolanyl group was directly introduced into the 2‐positions of azulenes with high selectivity by the C−H activation method with use of iridium catalysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Briarane, Erythrane, and Aquariane Diterpenoids from the Caribbean Gorgonian Erythropodium caribaeorum
Authors: Taglialatela‐Scafati Orazio , Craig Kyle S. , Rebérioux Delphine , Roberge Michel , Andersen Raymond J.
Published: September 2003

Seven new diterpenoids belonging to the briarane [erythrolides R (5), S (6), T (7), and U (8)], erythrane [erythrolide V (9)], and aquariane [aquariolides B (10) and C (11)] skeletal classes have been isolated from the encrusting gorgonian Erythropodium caribaeorum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical interconversions. A biogenetic proposal that links carbon skeletons found in E. caribaeorum diterpenoids is presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Oxidative Coupling Reactions Mediated by MoCl5 Leading to 2,2′‐Cyclolignans: The Specific Role of HCl
Authors: Kramer Beate , Fröhlich Roland , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: September 2003

The scope and performance of oxidative coupling reaction using MoCl5 can be significantly improved by employing Lewis‐acidic additives such as TiCl4, SnCl4, or SiCl4. Since the by‐product, HCl, plays a particular function as an inhibitor for MoCl5 by forming chloro complexes, exploiting typical chloride scavengers, like silver salts or molecular sieves, is also successful. A variety of differently substituted 1,4‐diarylbutanes 4a−g, which were easily synthesized by a modular approach, were subjected to the dehydrodimerization reaction. For the oxidative coupling reaction, a para‐substitution pattern — with a donor group on the aryl system — is pivotal for allowing access to the 2,2′‐cyclolignans 5a,e−g. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Utilization of raffinose and melibiose by a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Atiyeh Hasan , Duvnjak Zdravko
Published: September 2003

The mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36858 was used in the production of ethanol and/or fructose from synthetic media in batch processes with raffinose, melibiose or sucrose. The mutant was able to hydrolyze all the sugars used and to selectively ferment glucose and galactose to ethanol while fructose accumulated in the fermentation medium. The fructose yield was above 89% of the theoretical value in the media with either raffinose or sucrose, when initial concentrations were between 131.5 g dm−3 and 242.0 g dm−3. The ethanol yields were 82% and 77% of the theoretical values in the media with melibiose and sucrose, respectively, and about 72% of the theoretical value when raffinose was used. The fructose fraction in the carbohydrate content of the produced syrups was more than 96% when raffinose concentration was below 189.1 g dm−3. However, even at a sucrose concentration of 187.9 g dm−3, the produced syrup contained 100% fructose. Some oligosaccharides were also produced in all tested media. The produced oligosaccharides were consumed by the end of the fermentation process. These findings can be useful in the production of ethanol and high fructose syrups using raw materials based on sucrose and raffinose such as molasses. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of xylanase on ozone bleaching kinetics and properties of Eucalyptus kraft pulp
Authors: Roncero M Blanca , Torres Antonio L , Colom José F , Vidal Teresa
Published: September 2003

Environmental pressure has led the pulp and paper industry to develop new technologies in order to reduce or suppress the presence of various pollutants in effluents from bleaching plants. One of the choices for this purpose is enzyme‐based biotechnology. This study deals with the effect of using a xylanase‐based enzymatic pretreatment, in a TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) sequence, on the properties of the resulting paper pulps. The hexenuronic acid content in the pulp and the physical properties of the paper were also studied. The performance of the xylanase was analysed through kinetic studies on ozone bleaching. The enzymatic pretreatment results in easier bleaching and delignification of the pulp, causing a bleach‐boosting effect. The decreased consumption of reagent is related to a decreased content of hexenuronic groups. The physical properties of the treated pulp are similar to those of untreated pulps. Cellulose degradation, delignification and chromophores' removal show first‐order kinetics. Enzyme pretreatment leads to differences between the kinetic constants of cellulose degradation and chromophores' removal, due to an increased accessibility to bleaching agents. The xylanase treatment leads to a lower floor kappa number (IK∞) during the ozone stage. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of fluoride using some lanthanum(III)‐loaded adsorbents with different functional groups and polymer matrices
Authors: Fang Luo , Ghimire Kedar Nath , Kuriyama Masayuki , Inoue Katsutoshi , Makino Kenjiro
Published: September 2003

Although fluoride is beneficial for human beings in small quantities, it causes dental fluorosis when consumed in larger quantities over a period of time. In recent years, considerable work has been conducted for the purpose of developing new and low cost absorbents for adsorptive removal of fluoride, especially chelating resins loaded with metal ions. In the present study, several types of adsorbents with different functional groups loaded with lanthanum(III) were prepared to be used for fluoride removal from water. The optimum conditions for loading lanthanum(III) on the adsorbents and the effects of pH and initial fluoride concentration as well as shaking time and solid–liquid ratio on the removal of fluoride have been investigated. Based on these fundamental data, the removal of fluoride from actual hot spring water was also tested as a practical application by comparing the efficiency of different adsorbents for the removal of fluoride from hot spring water. The following conclusions were obtained. (1) The different chemical composition and chemical structure of the polymer matrix play the most important role in fluoride adsorption, (2) strongly acidic adsorbents are more effective on fluoride removal at neutral pH than weakly acidic adsorbents, (3) the order of fluoride removal in the neutral pH range of 4.5–8.0 by the different La(III)‐loaded adsorbents employed in the present work is as follows: 200CT resin > POJRgel > IR124resin > SOJR gel ≥ CPAgel ≥ WK11 resin. The column experiments showed that the 200CT resin loaded with lanthanum(III) at pH 6.0 can be successfully employed for the removal of fluoride ions from actual hot spring water. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Transport of chromium(VI) through a Cyanex 921‐supported liquid membrane from HCl solutions
Authors: Alguacil Francisco José , Caravaca Concepción , Martín María Isabel
Published: September 2003

The transport of chromium(VI) through a flat‐sheet supported liquid membrane containing Cyanex 921 as a carrier has been investigated. The permeation of the metal is investigated as a function of various experimental variables: hydrodynamic conditions, concentration of chromium(VI) and HCl in the feed phase, carrier concentration and diluent in the membrane and strippant concentration in the stripping phase. The mass transfer coefficient and the thickness of the aqueous boundary layer were calculated from the experimental data. Furthermore, the selectivity of Cyanex 921‐based flat‐sheet supported liquid membrane towards different metal ions and the behaviour of the system against other carriers are presented. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrochemical decomplexing and oxidation of organic (chelating) additives in effluents from surface treatment and metal finishing
Authors: Lissens Geert , Verhaege Marc , Pinoy Luc , Verstraete Willy
Published: September 2003

The electrochemical decomplexing and oxidation of two frequently used complexing agents in surface treatment and metal finishing—EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid)—and of organic non‐complexing additives used in nickel‐plating baths were the subject of this study. Using a Ti–RuO2 electrode, a partial indirect oxidation by in‐situ electrochemical generation of chlorine compounds could be achieved for EDTA and NTA. At a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrode however, complete decomplexing and high COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and TOC (Total Organic Carbon) (up to 95%) removal occurred at an average current density of 2 A dm−2. It is shown that direct electrochemical oxidation at a BDD electrode resulted in lower energy consumption and higher treatment rates than indirect oxidation at a Ti–RuO2 electrode. Decomplexing at the BDD electrode occurred at high current efficiencies ranging from 71% to 95% with decomplexing rates in the order of 3.13 mmol (Ah)−1 and 5.02 mmol (Ah)−1 for EDTA and NTA respectively. COD removal rates obtained were 0.090 g (Ah)−1 for EDTA, 0.100 g (Ah)−1 for NTA and 0.205 g (Ah)−1 for the nickel‐plating additives. Electrochemical decomplexing and oxidation of common chelating agents can render the subsequent metal precipitation and biological wastewater treatment of surface treatment and metal finishing effluents more efficient. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Selective catalytic reduction by urea in a fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Roh Seon Ah , Jung Soon Hwa , Jeong Sang Mun , Kim Sang Done
Published: September 2003

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by urea as a reducing agent was carried out over fresh and sulfated CuO/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts in a fluidized‐bed reactor. The optimum temperature ranges for NO reduction on the fresh and sulfated CuO/γ‐Al2O3 catalysts were 300–350 °C and 400–450 °C, respectively. NO reduction with the sulfated CuO/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst was somewhat higher than that with the fresh CuO/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst. N2O formation increased with increasing reaction temperature. Ammonia (NH3) slip increased with increasing gas velocity and decreased with increasing reaction temperature. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Almost sure central limit theorems for random fields
Authors: Fazekas István , Rychlik Zdzisław
Published: September 2003

A general almost sure limit theorem is presented for random fields. It is applied to obtain almost sure versions of some (functional) central limit theorems. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Absence of eigenvalues of Dirac operators with potentials diverging at in‐finity
Authors: Kalf Hubert , Ōkaji Takashi , Yamada Osanobu
Published: September 2003

We investigate the non‐existence of eigenvalues of Dirac operators α · p +m(r)β + V(x) in the Hilbert space L2(R3)4 with a variable massm(r) and a matrix‐valued function V(x), which may decay or diverge at infinity. As a result we show that there are no eigenvalues of Dirac operators for a large class of m(r) and V(x) such that |m(r)| ≪ |V(x)| →∞ as r → ∞ and V(x) is positive or negative definite at infinity. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Weak type estimates for Calderón‐Zygmund operators on Herz spaces at critical indexes
Authors: Komori Yasuo
Published: September 2003

We define weak Herz spaces $ \dot K ^{\alpha , p, \infty} _{q} $(ℝn) which are the weak version of the ordinary Herz spaces $ \dot K ^{\alpha , p} _{q} $(ℝn). We consider the boundedness of Calderón‐Zygmund operators from $ \dot K ^{\alpha , p} _{q} $ to $ \dot K ^{\alpha , p, \infty} _{q} $ at critical indexes α = −n/q, n(1− 1/q) and q = 1. We also consider weighted estimates. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modular quintics in ℙ4
Authors: Meyer Christian
Published: September 2003

We will examine the arithmetic of some of the members of a pencil of symmetric quintics in projective 4‐space. We will give evidence for the modularity of some of the exceptional members (even the non‐rigid ones) and give a proof in one rigid case. (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some ratio inequalities for iterated stochastic integrals
Authors: Yan Litan
Published: September 2003

Let X = (Xt, ℱt) be a continuous local martingale with quadratic variation 〈X〉 and X0 = 0. Define iterated stochastic integrals In(X) = (In(t, X), ℱt), n ≥ 0, inductively by

with I0(t, X) = 1 and I1(t, X) = Xt. Let (ℒ︁xt(X)) be the local time of a continuous local martingale X at x ∈ ℝ. Denote ℒ︁*t(X) = supx∈ℝ ℒ︁xt(X) and X* = supt≥0 |Xt|. In this paper, we shall establish various ratio inequalities for In(X). In particular, we show that the inequalities

hold for 0 < p < ∞ with some positive constants cn,p and Cn,p depending only on n and p, where G(t) = log(1+ log(1+ t)). Furthermore, we also show that for some γ ≥ 0 the inequality

holds with some positive constant Cn,p,γ depending only on n, p and γ, where Un is one of 〈In(X)〉1/2∞ and I*n(X), and V one of the three random variables X*, 〈X〉1/2∞ and ℒ︁*∞(X). (© 2003 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure induces persistent elevation of c‐fos expression and hypomethylation in its exon‐4 in mouse uterus
Authors: Li Shuanfang , Hansman Roberta , Newbold Retha , Davis Barbara , McLachlan John A. , Barrett J. Carl
Published: September 2003

Perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) induces reproductive tract cancers later in life in both humans and animals. Because there is no clear evidence that perinatal DES exposure induces gene mutation, we proposed that perinatal DES exposure causes epigenetic methylation changes that result in persistent alterations in gene expression, leading to tumorigenesis. The proto‐oncogene c‐fos is one of the immediately induced genes in uterine epithelium after estrogen simulation and a key player in uterine carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated c‐fos expression in mice neonatally exposed to DES (2 μg/pup/day on postnatal days 1–5). The mRNA levels of c‐fos in uteri of neonatal DES‐treated mice were persistently 1.4–1.9‐fold higher than that in the control mice from day 5 to day 60. Overall, the uterine c‐fos expression level in the neonatal DES‐exposed group was significantly higher than that in the control group. After examination of the methylation status of the c‐fos gene, we found that the CpGs in promoter and intron‐1 regions were completely unmethylated. In exon‐4, from day 17 to day 60, the percentage of unmethylated CpGs was higher in neonatal DES‐exposed mice uteri than that in control (42%, 51%, 47%, and 42% in DES‐exposed mice vs 33%, 34%, 33%, and 21% in control mice at day 17, 21, 30, and 60, respectively). These results suggest that perinatal DES exposure may permanently alter gene expression and methylation, and the methylation modification may occur in either the promoter regions or other regulatory sites in the gene. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.†
Community as a factor in implementing interorganizational partnerships: Issues, constraints, and adaptations
Authors: Mulroy Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2003

This article reports findings from a community‐based study of collaboration among seven nonprofit human
service agencies in a very low‐income urban neighborhood. The project, funded by a federal demonstration
grant, was developed to prevent child abuse and neglect as an alternative to the existing public child welfare
system. Findings suggest that privatization, funding uncertainties, and community‐level factors posed
external stressors that constrained executives' ability to collaborate. The article identifies five key
stressors, analyzes how each constrained the partnership, and then discusses specific adaptations made by
executive leadership in political, technical, and interpersonal areas that facilitated strategic adjustment and
realignment in a very complex interorganizational arrangement and set of relationships. Finally, implications are
drawn for nonprofit managers, social policy, and nonprofit research.
Continuity planning for nonprofits
Authors: Meyer‐Emerick Nancy , Momen Mehnaaz
Published: September 2003

Many nonprofits assist in emergency response and disaster relief to alleviate human suffering. In order to
enhance those efforts and the maintenance of routine nonprofit operations, this article introduces the concept of
continuity planning. Continuity planning does not focus on specific risks, such as floods or hurricanes, but on the
maintenance of critical operational processes despite natural, anthropogenic, or technological interruptions.
Continuity planning has yet to be widely applied within the nonprofit sector, primarily due to a lack of fiscal or
personnel resources. This article explores several continuity‐planning options for nonprofits and provides a
brief explanation of the process.
The diffusion of a pediatric care innovation in a large urban nonprofit health care system
Authors: Barth Michael C. , Sherlock Cynthia Hansel
Published: September 2003

This article documents and analyzes the diffusion of an innovation in pediatric primary care, the Healthy
Steps for Young Children Program, in a large health care system, Advocate Health Care in Chicago. We use
Everett Rogers's model (1995) for the diffusion of innovations to provide the framework for this
discussion of the key decision points, challenges, obstacles, critical success factors, and other factors that
have contributed to the ongoing expansion efforts in Advocate. In so doing we chronicle the progression of
Healthy Steps from Advocate's initial decision to pilot the program at five pediatric sites to its
decision to expand the approach broadly within the Advocate system. Rogers's model facilitates both
description and the development of useful guides for future innovations within a broad range of nonprofit
organizations.
Solid‐phase synthesis: a paradigm shift
Authors: Marshall Garland R.
Published: September 2003

A personal review by the first graduate student of Professor R. Bruce Merrifield of the evolution of solid‐phase synthesis and its acceptance by various subsets of the chemistry community. Solid‐phase synthesis, as currently practised in the synthesis of biopolymers, combinatorial solid‐phase organic chemistry, synthesis of natural products, catalyst selection, chemical ligation and materials development, has proven a paradigm shift for the chemistry community. Copyright © 2003 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of electromechanical systems via interconnection and damping assignment
Authors: Rodríguez Hugo , Ortega Romeo
Published: September 2003

In this article, we propose a general controller structure for asymptotic position regulation of electromechanical systems derived using the Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity‐Based Control methodology recently proposed in the literature. The controller is applicable to arbitrary fully actuated electromechanical systems with linear magnetic materials consisting of inductances, permanent magnets, and one mechanical co‐ordinate. We assume linear magnetic materials and fully actuated electrical dynamics; however, no restrictions are imposed on the particular form of the parameters that define the system dynamics, i.e. the inductance matrix, the magnetic coupling or the potential energy function. This allows us to treat—in a unified framework and without any additional simplifying assumptions—very diverse applications, including magnetic suspensions, and stepper and permanent magnet synchronous motors. Instrumental for our developments is the inclusion of ‘virtual’ couplings between the electrical and the mechanical subsystem, which is naturally suggested in this control methodology. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐fault anisotropy following the Hector Mine earthquake
Authors: Cochran Elizabeth S. , Vidale John E. , Li Yong‐Gang
Published: September 2003

We present anisotropy measurements from shear wave splitting along the Hector Mine rupture zone. Six major arrays were deployed in four locations in the year following the M7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. The dense station coverage, wide distribution of the arrays, and repeated deployments show a clear predominant fast direction and spatial variation of splitting along the fault but no resolvable temporal variations. We determined splitting parameters using an automated cross‐correlation method, discarding fast directions with initial source polarizations near crack parallel or perpendicular directions. Only two of the four array locations give reliable measurements of anisotropy at depth. Fast directions and delay times are constant across the 1 km wide array length. However, some spatial variation of splitting is observed along fault strike. Delay times decrease from north to south, with greater splitting in areas of higher slip. A change in splitting parameters along fault strike likely reveals the orientation of cracking in the near‐fault region during a major quake. Average fast directions are between fault parallel and the regional maximum compressive stress direction. We do not see temporal evolution in anisotropy; however, measured splitting suggests a heterogeneous stress field partially created during rupture that persists over at least a 1 year timescale.
A probabilistic model of rainfall‐triggered shallow landslides in hollows: A long‐term analysis
Authors: D'Odorico Paolo , Fagherazzi Sergio
Published: September 2003

The long‐term temporal evolution of soil thickness in hollows depends on the processes controlling the rates of colluvium accumulation and erosion. Accumulation is due to soil creep and mass‐wasting processes from the adjacent slopes, while erosion of colluvial deposits is mainly due to debris flow and landsliding. An analysis of the long‐term evolution of colluvial deposits is developed through a stochastic model of soil mass balance at a point accounting for colluvium infilling, expressed as a deterministic function of the deposit thickness, and soil erosion by shallow landslides, modeled as a random (Poisson) process. Landsliding is related to the characteristics of the triggering precipitation through an infinite‐slope stability analysis, a kinematic model of hollow response to rainfall, and the intensity‐duration‐frequency curves characterizing the regime of extreme precipitation. This analysis provides a probabilistic representation of the long‐term dynamics at a point of colluvium thickness as a function of the timescale of hollow infilling and of the frequency of triggering rainfalls. The model is solved both numerically and (under simplified conditions) analytically, showing the existence of different regimes in the temporal evolution of soil thickness. In the case of steep slopes (i.e., with slope angles, β, greater than the soil repose angle, ϕ) the hollow can be either in a supply‐limited state or in event‐limited conditions, depending on whether the dynamics are limited by the supply of sediment from the adjacent slopes or by the occurrence of rainstorms able to trigger landslides. Nevertheless, since the likelihood of landslide occurrence increases with increasing values of deposit thickness, colluvium accretion always leads to conditions favorable to landsliding. Vice versa, in the case of gentle slopes (i.e., β < ϕ) the probability of landsliding decreases with increasing values of soil thickness, and event‐limited conditions may evolve into unconditionally stable states.
Effective dispersion in heterogeneous media under random transient flow conditions
Authors: Cirpka Olaf A. , Attinger Sabine
Published: September 2003

Under steady state flow conditions, solute dispersion in heterogeneous porous media is much smaller in the transverse than in the longitudinal direction. This holds particularly for effective dispersion of a plume originating from a point‐like injection. The effective dispersion coefficient describes the actual dispersive mixing of solutes in the aquifer. The lack of dispersive transverse mixing may limit considerably natural attenuation of certain contaminants. Temporal fluctuations of the flow direction enhance horizontal transverse dispersion. This has been shown previously for uniform flow and for macrodispersion in stationary media. We present a linear stochastic theory for effective dispersion under quasi‐steady state flow conditions with random temporal fluctuations of the mean flow direction. As for macrodispersion, effective transverse dispersion proves to be dominated by transient flow effects. We compare semianalytical results derived from linear theory to those from particle‐tracking random‐walk simulations for a three‐dimensional test case. The parameters of the test case are similar to those obtained at the Borden site, where the mean transverse flow component fluctuated approximately by ±10°. Linear theory and particle simulations agree well.
Geodynamic implications of xenolith geotherms
Authors: Sleep Norman H.
Published: September 2003

Studies of xenolith suites yield depth‐temperature arrays for the lithosphere at the time of eruption. These studies constrain the conductive heat flow through the lithosphere and limit the temperature range across the rheological boundary layer to <300 K. Numerical models of convection illustrate features that may be found within suites of samples. An individual dike may sample the geotherm along a finite length of its strike having variable geotherms, causing scatter in the depth‐temperature array. In a suite from the Slave Province of Canada, local heating within a deep stockwork is a more likely cause of scatter. Plume material ponded beneath a craton may yield a linear array extrapolating to the shallow geotherm without any noticeable kink or curvature. This situation existed beneath Lesotho in South Africa at ∼90 Ma. Convection at the base of the lithosphere may produce stress concentrations that trigger dike formation. Dikes may stagnate and form stockworks in low‐stress regions above the thermal boundary layer.
Concerning ULF pulsations in Mercury's magnetosphere
Authors: Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz , Mager Pavel N. , Klimushkin Dmitri Yu.
Published: September 2003

Upcoming missions such as Messenger or BepiColombo will revolutionize our knowledge about planet Mercury and its magnetosphere. To contribute to a comparison between the terrestrial and the Hermean magnetosphere the system of partial differential equations describing coupled directional and isotropic eigenmodes of a magnetosphere filled with a multi‐component plasma is derived and investigated to study eigenoscillations of Mercury's magnetosphere. As anticipated eigenfrequencies are smaller, but comparable to the ion gyrofrequencies of the plasma assumed, an MHD treatment as used by Dungey [1954] is not appropriate. Instead, a cold plasma approximation is used keeping the off‐diagonal components of the dielectric tensor thus allowing higher frequencies to be tackled. Unlike in the terrestrial magnetosphere, the directional and the isotropic modes in the Hermean magnetosphere remain coupled even for axisymmetric perturbations with azimuthal waves numbers m = 0.
Visualization of ULF waves in SuperDARN data
Authors: Ponomarenko Pavlo V. , Menk Frederick W. , Waters Colin L.
Published: September 2003

Measurements of ionospheric E × B drifts obtained with HF radars from the SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar) Network sometimes show signatures of ULF (few mHz) waves. We present a new data display technique that facilitates the detection of ULF waves in both ground and sea scatter returns. Statistical study of high time resolution data from the SuperDARN TIGER radar in Tasmania, Australia, revealed that ULF wave signatures occur on an everyday basis with ground scatter accounting for about 60% of wave events. About half of these events exhibit high coherence across large spatial distances and are associated with ULF pulsations recorded by a ground magnetometer. These results show that SuperDARN radars may be used to routinely monitor ULF waves in the high‐latitude ionosphere.
Effect of condensation rate enhancement factor on 3‐nm (diameter) particle formation in binary ion‐induced and homogeneous nucleation
Authors: Laakso Lauri , Kulmala Markku , Lehtinen Kari E. J.
Published: September 2003

Charges in aerosol particles enhance condensation flux of polar molecules onto particles. In this paper, the effect of condensation enhancement due to Coulomb forces was investigated. The main aim is to find out the upper limit of the effect and its significance on nucleation mode particle growth dynamics. The enhancement factor seems to be below 5 for charged particle growth from 1.5 to 10 nm in particle radius. However, only a limited amount of particle population is charged, and the overall effect maximum effect was less than 2. This, combining with a vapor concentration of about 1 × 107 molecules cm−3, is enough to explain nucleation mode growth of 1 nm h−1. Also, the effect of enhanced condensation on total observed aerosol concentration was simulated using an aerosol dynamic model. In the case of neutral nucleation, the effect is negligible for small enhancement factor (EF). With higher EF the final concentration was found to decrease. In the case of ion‐induced nucleation the effect varied with preexisting particle concentration and enhancement factor.
Ice‐cloud effective particle size parameterization based on combined lidar, radar reflectivity, and mean Doppler velocity measurements
Authors: Donovan D. P.
Published: September 2003

A procedure for remotely estimating ice cloud effective particle size profiles using a combination of lidar signals, radar reflectivity, and average radar Doppler velocity has been applied to several months of data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's Southern Great Plains site. On average, the data show a clear dependence of effective particle size on both temperature and ice water content, though considerable scatter is present in the retrieval results. The data are used to construct a size distribution parameterization based on a bimodal ice particle size‐distribution model whose characteristics depend both on temperature and ice water content. The results are found to be consistent with the results of previous investigations based upon in situ measurements.
Fine and coarse modes of dicarboxylic acids in the Arctic aerosols collected during the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1997
Authors: Narukawa M. , Kawamura K. , Anlauf K. G. , Barrie L. A.
Published: September 2003

Fine (<1 μm) and coarse (>1 μm) aerosol particles were collected at Alert, Canada (82°27′N, 62°30′W), during the Arctic spring as part of the Polar Sunrise Experiment 1997 and were analyzed for low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids (C2–C11) using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). More than 80% of total diacids were detected in the fine fraction, suggesting the production by gas‐to‐particle conversion in the Arctic. In both fractions, oxalic acid was the dominant diacid species followed by succinic and malonic acids. Shorter chain diacids (C2–C5) showed the concentration maximum on 5–7 April; however, longer chain diacids (<C6) did not show a clear peak in the same periods. A significant depletion of ozone was observed during the experiment, where an anticorrelation was found between the concentrations of ozone and shorter chain diacids (C2–C5) in both fine and coarse aerosols. During this event, we also observed the enhanced concentration of filterable bromine in both modes. Peaks of dicarboxylic acids in both coarse and fine aerosols during ozone depletion events indicate that heterogeneous reactions are occurring on coarse particle and possibly on fine particles as well. Dicarboxylic acids may be produced by the oxidation of precursor compounds such as glyoxal and glyoxylic and other ω‐oxocarboxylic acids that contain aldehyde (hydrated form) group, being involved with ozone and halogen chemistry in the Arctic marine boundary layer.
Donor intracaval thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism after simultaneous piggyback liver transplantation and aortic valve replacement
Authors: Nishida Seigo , Vaidya Anil , Franco Edson , Neff Guy , Madariaga Juan , Nakamura Noboru , Levi David M. , Nery Jose R. , Bolooki Hooshang , Tzakis Andreas G.
Published: September 2003

Abstract: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a well known and serious complication that may develop after abdominal surgery. Liver transplant recipients are not immune to PE and tend to share many of the same risk factors with surgical patients who are stricken with this potential fatal complication. Liver transplantation using the piggyback (PB) technique is widely accepted, although there are reports of technique‐specific‐related vascular complications. We present a case of a 49‐yr‐old male liver transplant recipient who received his graft using the PB while simultaneously undergoing aortic valve replacement. His post‐operative course was complicated by a PE 15 d after his surgery and was the result of an intracaval thrombus of the graft liver. The current case should alert clinicians to think of a donor intracaval thrombus as a complication of PB liver transplantation and a possible source of PE.
Reduced P‐selectin expression on circulating platelets after prolonged cold preservation in renal transplantation
Authors: Scheinichen Dirk , Vilsendorf Andreas Meyer zu , Weißig Annette , Bornscheuer Albrecht , Becker Thomas , Juettner Bjoern , Mahr Karl‐Heinz , Heine Joern
Published: September 2003

Abstract: The uremic state in patients with terminal renal insufficiency is accompanied by a bleeding tendency connected with platelet dysfunction. Prolonged cold ischemia and inflammatory interactions between leukocytes, platelets and endothelial cells contribute to ischemia‐/reperfusion (I/R) injury and may impair long‐term graft survival. We evaluated the influence of the duration of cold preservation time on the expression of platelet GPIIb/IIIa and P‐selectin and on the formation of leukocyte‐platelet complexes after kidney transplantation. Fourteen patients undergoing kidney transplantation were divided into group I with long preservation time (26.6 ± 1.9 h) and group II with short preservation time (8 ± 6.1 h). Five venous blood samples (3 ml) were taken before induction of anesthesia, 12 h, 2, 7 and 14 d after transplantation. Surface expression of the GPIIb/IIIa, P‐selectin and the percentage of platelet‐granulocyte complexes were quantified by flow cytometry. Additionally blood from seven healthy volunteers was analyzed. GPIIb/IIIa and P‐selectin expression on circulating platelets were significantly decreased in the long and the short‐term graft preservation group compared with healthy volunteers. A significantly reduced P‐selectin expression was found in the long‐term preservation group compared with the short‐term group. The percentage of platelet‐granulocyte complexes also decreased in both preservation groups in the first 2 d after reperfusion and remained in this state in the long‐term preservation group. Reduced expression of P‐selectin on circulating platelets may be an indicator of I/R injury after prolonged kidney graft preservation.
Human Herpesvirus 8 and Epstein–Barr virus‐related monotypic large B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder coexisting with mixed variant of Castleman's disease in a lymph node of a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Theate Ivan , Michaux Lucienne , Squifflet Jean‐Paul , Martin Antoine , Raphael Martine
Published: September 2003

Abstract: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) has been related to some malignant lymphoproliferations, including post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). We describe a case of a HHV8 and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positive large B‐cell lymphoproliferation coexisting with Castleman's disease in the same lymph node of a long‐term renal transplant recipient. Biopsy revealed mixed type of Castleman's disease and anaplastic cells showing IgA restriction, although molecular analysis failed to detect monoclonality. Only large cells were co‐infected by both EBV and HHV8. After reduction of immunosuppression, the lesion partially regressed. After 1 yr, local evolution required surgery followed by irradiation. The present case represents a unique form of localized monotypic but polyclonal large cell PTLD associated with Castleman's disease. It can be added to PTLD with HHV8 and EBV co‐infection.
The influence of sward canopy structure on foraging decisions by grazing cattle. I. Patch selection
Authors: Griffiths W. M. , Hodgson J. , Arnold G. C.
Published: September 2003

Patch selection by grazing dairy cows in response to simultaneous variation in combinations of sward structural characteristics was examined in three experiments in which four mature dairy cows were offered a choice of patches (typically 0.9 m × 0.9 m) of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) presented in a linear arrangement. Treatments involved combinations of variations in sward height, stubble height and/or depth of regrowth, prepared by preliminary cutting treatments. They were arranged in balanced sets of four to nine treatments, which were arranged in linear sequences of eighteen to twenty‐seven patches. Within experiments, sequences were balanced across replicate sets of patches, which were grazed separately by individual cows. The number of bites removed and the residence time for each patch were highly correlated in all three experiments, and the results are reported using number of bites per patch as an estimator of foraging behaviour. In the first experiment, with vegetative swards, cows preferentially selected the tallest swards. When swards comprising reproductive stem were offered in Experiment 2, cows selectively grazed short‐stubble swards rather than tall‐stubble swards, although both offered a similar depth of regrowth. Cows did not exhibit preference for swards comprising the greatest quantity of leaf mass, indicating that the spatial distribution of plant components assumed greater importance. In the third experiment, the number of bites removed increased with increasing depth of regrowth, and was negatively correlated with sward height. The three patch‐appraisal cues investigated were broadly ranked in order of importance as (i) depth of regrowth, (ii) sward maturity and (iii) sward height. There was no evidence, at least at a short temporal scale, that patch behaviour was influenced by conditions in adjacent patches, suggesting that the cows assessed grazing opportunities on a patch‐by‐patch basis.
The influence of sward canopy structure on foraging decisions by grazing cattle. II. Regulation of bite depth
Authors: Griffiths W. M. , Hodgson J. , Arnold G. C.
Published: September 2003

Bite depth was measured in four experiments in which grazing cows were offered, individually, patches of perennial ryegrass swards, typically 0·9 m × 0·9 m, of contrasting structural composition within linear sequences of eighteen to twenty‐seven patches. Bite depths were analysed in relation to the independent effects of pseudo‐stem height, re‐growth depth, stubble height and sward height. In vegetative swards comprising predominantly leaf, with re‐growth and stubble strata of vegetative origin, bite depth was strongly related to sward height. However, when the leaf–stem contrast between strata increased, bite depth was strongly correlated with the depth of re‐growth. Cows were observed to penetrate into a mature stubble stratum with increasing sward height, indicating that stubble height is only a partial regulator of bite depth. In an experiment designed to investigate the independent effects of pseudo‐stem and sward height, pseudo‐stem was only a partial regulator of bite depth. Evidence to support the concept that bite depth is a fixed proportion of sward height across swards of different structure was inconsistent, but there was evidence of a maximum bite depth of 0·70 of sward height. There were also indications that bite depth was conditioned by the number of bites removed. This suggested that cows initially took a cautious approach to grazing, building up bite depth with feedback over the first 20–30 bites in a new patch. Behaviour at the current patch was not affected by the characteristics of the preceding or succeeding patch in sequence.
Modelling phosphorus leaching to watercourses from extended autumn grazing by cattle
Authors: McGechan M. B.
Published: September 2003

A modelling approach was undertaken to investigate the effect of grazing animals on phosphorus pollution of water draining from grazed fields. Following a similar study in relation to slurry spreading in winter, the dual‐porosity hydrological and contaminant transport model, MACRO, was calibrated to represent transport of phosphorus from faeces through the soil to field drains. Rapid flows, through water‐filled macropores in wet soil, of phosphorus sorbed onto colloidal particles in the faeces of cattle appeared to be the dominant transport mechanism. The outputs of the model supported experimental evidence that levels of phosphorus pollution of water draining from grazed fields can rise substantially if grazing is extended into late autumn, particularly if grazing is extended until soil has wetted up to around the field capacity water content. The critical housing date, to avoid phosphorus losses rising to an unacceptable level, varied considerably between years. The outputs of the model suggest that phosphorus pollution does not occur during grazing under dry conditions where soil macropores do not contain water, so that losses would remain low if animals are housed before soil substantially wets up in the autumn.
Effects of sulphur supply on the morphology of shoots and roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Wang Y. F. , Wang S. P. , Cui X. Y. , Chen Z. Z. , Schnug E. , Haneklau S.
Published: September 2003

A sulphur (S)‐deficient top soil was used in a pot experiment to investigate the effect of S supply on shoot and root growth and development in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The treatments consisted of three rates of addition of S: 0, 20 and 40 mg kg−1 soil and each was replicated four times. Alfalfa was harvested at 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 d after seedling emergence.

By the end of the experiment, plants with S supply had a significantly larger leaf area, heavier leaf, shoot and root dry weight per pot than controls. The effects of adding S also significantly increased plant height, basal stem diameter, chlorophyll concentration of young leaves, root length and root surface area compared with controls. The effects of S were greater on shoots than on roots. The ratio of root to shoot dry weight was 0·47 when S was supplied and 0·88 without added S, indicating that c. 0·32 and 0·47 of the total net photosynthate, produced with or without S supply, respectively, were used for the development of roots. Overall, overcoming S deficiency resulted in a significant increase in shoot and root growth.
Forage potential of semi‐leafless grain peas
Authors: Koivisto J. M. , Benjamin L. R. , Lane G. P. F. , Davies W. P.
Published: September 2003

Individually sown plants of a forage‐type pea (Pisum sativum L.), cv. Magnus, and a grain‐type pea cv. Eiffel, were harvested several times over the growing season to determine how the quantity of plant components changed with time from sowing. There was no difference between the pea types in the mean dry weight per plant. The leaf‐to‐stem ratio of the two types was also not different. An appropriate grain‐type pea cultivar could be a suitable substitute for forage‐type cultivar in some forage production systems.
Use of the Sperm‐Class Analyser® for objective assessment of human sperm morphology
Authors: Soler C. , De Monserrat J. J. , Gutiérrez R. , Nuñez J. , Nuñez M. , Sancho M. , Pérez‐Sánchez F. , Cooper T. G.
Published: September 2003

The Sperm‐Class Analyser® was validated for assessing morphometric parameters of the head and midpiece of unwashed and washed human ejaculated spermatozoa from volunteers providing a wide range of semen quality. A higher proportion of sperm could be assessed (86% fresh semen and 75% washed sperm) if Hemacolor staining was used rather than DiffQuik (80 and 73%) or Papanicolaou (78 and 68%). Different stains employed different fixatives and the area, length, width and perimeter of the sperm head was significantly larger for washed sperm stained by Hemacolor and DiffQuik. Acrosomal area ranged from 48 to 51% of the sperm head area and this percentage was larger for washed sperm stained with DiffQuik. Sperm at the end of the slide, distant from the initial semen droplet, were larger in area and perimeter than those at that site or in the middle. The high precision and reproducibility of the equipment required assessing only 50 sperm on the slide. Far greater variation was found in head width, relative acrosomal area and midpiece width between different slides prepared from the same ejaculate, highlighting the inherent variability within the ejaculate and smear preparation, and requiring more than one slide to be assessed.
Possible role of arachidonic acid in the regulation of lactate production in rat Sertoli cells
Authors: Meroni Silvina B. , Riera María F. , Pellizzari Eliana H. , Schteingart Helena F. , Cigorraga Selva B.
Published: September 2003

The aim of the study was to determine whether arachidonic acid (AA) is involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell lactate production and if this fatty acid participates in follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) regulation of Sertoli cell function. In a first set of experiments the effect of AA and porcine pancreas phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on lactate production, glucose uptake, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH A mRNA levels in Sertoli cell cultures obtained from 20‐day‐old rats was evaluated. In a second set of experiments the effect of two PLA2 inhibitors – quinacrine (Q) and AACOCF3 – on FSH stimulation of the above‐mentioned parameters of Sertoli cell function was investigated. Treatment with PLA2 and AA increased Sertoli cell lactate production. The observed action of exogenously added PLA2 involved its catalytic properties responsible for AA release. PLA2 and AA treatments also stimulated Sertoli cell glucose uptake, LDH activity and LDH A mRNA levels. In order to determine whether AA participates in FSH regulation of Sertoli cell lactate production cells were incubated with FSH in the absence or presence of the PLA2 inhibitors Q and AACOCF3. Both drugs partially inhibited the ability of FSH to stimulate lactate production, glucose uptake and LDH activity. The present investigation suggests that AA is involved in the regulation of lactate production, glucose transport, LDH activity and LDH A mRNA levels. In addition, these results suggest that cytosolic PLA2 and AA may participate in FSH‐regulation of Sertoli cell energetic metabolism.