bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bandwidth Optimization and Energy Management in Real-Time Wireless Networks
Authors: Franchino Gianluca , Buttazzo Giorgio , Marinoni Mauro
Published: March 2016

In embedded systems operated by battery and interacting with the environment, a fundamental issue is the enforcement of real-time and energy constraints to guarantee a desired lifetime with a given performance. A lot of research has focused on energy management at the communication level; however, not many authors considered both real-time and energy requirements in wireless communication systems.

This article proposes El-SMan, a power-aware framework working in combination with MAC layer communication protocols for maximizing battery lifetime in wireless networks of embedded systems with real-time constraints. Exploiting the flexibility in bandwidth requirements, El-SMan adapts stream parameters to balance performance versus energy consumption, taking both lifetime and message deadlines into account.
Automatic Moment-Closure Approximation of Spatially Distributed Collective Adaptive Systems
Authors: Feng Cheng , Hillston Jane , Galpin Vashti
Published: March 2016

Spatially distributed collective adaptive systems are an important class of systems that pose significant challenges to modeling due to the size and complexity of their state spaces. This problem is acute when the dynamic behavior of the system must be captured, such as to predict system performance. In this article, we present an abstraction technique that automatically derives a moment-closure approximation of the dynamic behavior of a spatially distributed collective adaptive system from a discrete representation of the entities involved. The moment-closure technique is demonstrated to give accurate estimates of dynamic behavior, although the number of ordinary differential equations generated for the second-order joint moments can grow large in some cases. For these cases, we propose a rigorous model reduction technique and demonstrate its use to substantially reduce the computational effort with only limited impact on the accuracy if the reduction threshold is set appropriately. All techniques reported in this article are implemented in a tool that is freely available for download.
Agonist-Mediated Activation of STING Induces Apoptosis in Malignant B Cells
Authors: Tang Chih-Hang Anthony , Zundell Joseph A. , Ranatunga Sujeewa , Lin Cindy , Nefedova Yulia , Del Valle Juan R. , Hu Chih-Chi Andrew
Published: March 2016

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses through the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway are required for the function of STING (TMEM173), an ER-resident transmembrane protein critical for cytoplasmic DNA sensing, IFN production, and cancer control. Here we show that the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway functions downstream of STING and that STING agonists selectively trigger mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in normal and malignant B cells. Upon stimulation, STING was degraded less efficiently in B cells, implying that prolonged activation of STING can lead to apoptosis. Transient activation of the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway partially protected agonist-stimulated malignant B cells from undergoing apoptosis. In Eμ-TCL1 mice with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, injection of the STING agonist 3′3′-cGAMP induced apoptosis and tumor regression. Similarly efficacious effects were elicited by 3′3′-cGAMP injection in syngeneic or immunodeficient mice grafted with multiple myeloma. Thus, in addition to their established ability to boost antitumoral immune responses, STING agonists can also directly eradicate malignant B cells. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2137–52. ©2016 AACR.
Development of a Novel c-MET–Based CTC Detection Platform
Authors: Zhang Tian , Boominathan Rengasamy , Foulk Brad , Rao Chandra , Kemeny Gabor , Strickler John H. , Abbruzzese James L. , Harrison Michael R. , Hsu David S. , Healy Patrick , Li Jing , Pi Cinthia , Prendergast Katherine M. , Hobbs Carey , Gemberling Sarah , George Daniel J. , Hurwitz Herbert I. , Connelly Mark , Garcia-Blanco Mariano A. , Armstrong Andrew J.
Published: March 2016

Amplification of the MET oncogene is associated with poor prognosis, metastatic dissemination, and drug resistance in many malignancies. We developed a method to capture and characterize circulating tumor cells (CTC) expressing c-MET using a ferromagnetic antibody. Immunofluorescence was used to characterize cells for c-MET, DAPI, and pan-CK, excluding CD45+ leukocytes. The assay was validated using appropriate cell line controls spiked into peripheral blood collected from healthy volunteers (HV). In addition, peripheral blood was analyzed from patients with metastatic gastric, pancreatic, colorectal, bladder, renal, or prostate cancers. CTCs captured by c-MET were enumerated, and DNA FISH for MET amplification was performed. The approach was highly sensitive (80%) for MET-amplified cells, sensitive (40%–80%) for c-MET–overexpressed cells, and specific (100%) for both c-MET–negative cells and in 20 HVs. Of 52 patients with metastatic carcinomas tested, c-MET CTCs were captured in replicate samples from 3 patients [gastric, colorectal, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC)] with 6% prevalence. CTC FISH demonstrated that MET amplification in both gastric and colorectal cancer patients and trisomy 7 with gain of MET gene copies in the RCC patient. The c-MET CTC assay is a rapid, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific method for detecting MET-amplified tumor cells. CTCs with MET amplification can be detected in patients with gastric, colorectal, and renal cancers.

Implications: This study developed a novel c-MET CTC assay for detecting c-MET CTCs in patients with MET amplification and warrants further investigation to determine its clinical applicability. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 539–47. ©2016 AACR.
Clinical Trial of 2-Phenethyl Isothiocyanate as an Inhibitor of Metabolic Activation of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen in Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Yuan Jian-Min , Stepanov Irina , Murphy Sharon E. , Wang Renwei , Allen Sharon , Jensen Joni , Strayer Lori , Adams-Haduch Jennifer , Upadhyaya Pramod , Le Chap , Kurzer Mindy S. , Nelson Heather H. , Yu Mimi C. , Hatsukami Dorothy , Hecht Stephen S.
Published: March 2016

2-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a natural product found as a conjugate in watercress and other cruciferous vegetables, is an inhibitor of the metabolic activation and lung carcinogenicity of the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in F344 rats and A/J mice. We carried out a clinical trial to determine whether PEITC also inhibits the metabolic activation of NNK in smokers. Cigarette smokers were recruited and asked to smoke cigarettes containing deuterium-labeled [pyridine-D4]NNK for an acclimation period of at least 1 week. Then subjects were randomly assigned to one of two arms: PEITC followed by placebo, or placebo followed by PEITC. During the 1-week treatment period, each subject took PEITC (10 mg in 1 mL of olive oil, 4 times per day). There was a 1-week washout period between the PEITC and placebo periods. The NNK metabolic activation ratio [pyridine-D4]hydroxy acid/total [pyridine-D4]NNAL was measured in urine samples to test the hypothesis that PEITC treatment modified NNK metabolism. Eighty-two smokers completed the study and were included in the analysis. Overall, the NNK metabolic activation ratio was reduced by 7.7% with PEITC treatment (P = 0.023). The results of this trial, while modest in effect size, provide a basis for further investigation of PEITC as an inhibitor of lung carcinogenesis by NNK in smokers. Cancer Prev Res; 9(5); 396–405. ©2016 AACR.
Patients with Rosacea Have Increased Risk of Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Egeberg Alexander , Hansen Peter Riis , Gislason Gunnar Hilmar , Thyssen Jacob Pontoppidan
Published: March 2016

Background: Rosacea is a chronic skin condition that affects self-esteem and quality of life. However, data on depression and anxiety in patients with rosacea are scarce. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between rosacea and new-onset depression and anxiety disorders. Methods: Data on all Danish citizens aged ≥18 years between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2011, were linked at individual level in nationwide registers. Incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were calculated, and crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by Poisson regression models. Results: The study comprised a total of 4,632,341 individuals, including 30,725 and 24,712 patients with mild and moderate-to-severe rosacea, respectively. Mild and moderate-to-severe rosacea increased the risk of both depression [IRR 1.89 (95% CI 1.82-1.96) and IRR 2.04 (95% CI 1.96-2.12)] and anxiety disorders [IRR 1.80 (95% CI 1.75-1.86) and IRR 1.98 (95% CI 1.91-2.05)]. Conclusions: Rosacea was associated with a disease severity-dependent, increased risk of depression and anxiety disorders. The findings may call for increased awareness of psychiatric morbidity in patients with rosacea.
Isolated Splenic Metastases of Her2+++ Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sigrand Julie , Bazin Camille , Ewald Jacques , Dermeche Slimane , Ries Pauline , Poizat Flora , Guiramand Jerome , Raoul Jean-Luc
Published: March 2016

Isolated metastases from gastric adenocarcinoma to the spleen are very infrequent. Usually, there are multiple metastases from gastric cancer, and isolated splenic metastases are very rare [Lam and Tang: Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000;124:526-530] because of certain anatomical and physiological characteristics (e.g., angulation between the splenic artery and celiac trunk, paucity of afferent lymph flow toward the spleen, contractility of the spleen and major immune content). Here, we report 2 cases of isolated splenic metastases from an adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction, both with long-term survival outcome and overexpression of Her2.
Penile Fracture: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Amer Tarik , Wilson Rebekah , Chlosta Piotr , AlBuheissi Salah , Qazi Hasan , Fraser Michael , Aboumarzouk Omar M.
Published: March 2016

Objectives: To review the causes and management of penile fracture and to compare between surgical and conservative management as well as immediate and delayed interventions in terms of overall and specific complications. Methods: A search of all reported literature was conducted for all articles reporting on the management and outcomes of penile fractures. Full texts of relevant articles were obtained and screened according to the inclusion criteria. Outcomes measures were numbers of patients receiving surgical or conservative management, aetiology of fracture, length of admission, complications as well as the specifics of diagnostic approaches and operative management. Data was collated and where possible meta-analysed using Revman software. Results: A total of 58 relevant studies involving 3,213 patients demonstrated that intercourse accounts for only 48% of cases with masturbation and forced flexion accounting for 39%. Meta-analysis shows that surgical intervention was associated with significantly fewer complications vs. conservative management (p < 0.000001). Surgical intervention results in significantly less erectile dysfunction (ED), curvature and painful erection than conservative management. There was no significant difference in the number of patients developing plaques/nodules (p = 0.94). Meta-analysis shows that overall early surgery is preferable to delayed surgery but that rates of ED are not significantly different. Discussion: Early surgical intervention is associated with significantly fewer complications than conservative management or delayed surgery. The combined outcome of rapid diagnosis by history and clinical examination and swift surgical intervention is key for reconstruction with minimal long-term complications.
Bone Healing and Hormonal Bioassay in Patients with Long-Bone Fractures and Concomitant Head Injury
Authors: Khallaf Fathy G. , Kehinde Elijah O. , Hussein Sundus
Published: March 2016

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate healing of fractures in patients with concomitant head injuries and to measure blood hormone levels to elucidate the mechanism of a possible accelerated osteogenesis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty-two patients were included in this study and divided into 3 cohorts: group A with head injuries only (n = 52); group B with head injuries as well as long-bone fractures (n = 50); group C with long-bone fractures only (n = 60). Fracture-healing parameters including time of appearance and thickness of the bridging callus, and blood hormonal assays were measured and compared using Student's t test. Results: The mean time to healing was significantly lower in cohort B (6.9 ± 2.9 weeks) than C (22.4 ± 8.7 weeks; p = 0.001). The mean thickness of the healing callus was significantly higher in cohort B (26.3 ± 9.7 mm) than C (8.1 ± 5.9 mm; p = 0.002). The mean healing rate was also higher in cohort B (4.5 ± 2.3 mm/week) than C (0.38 ± 0.21 mm/week; p = 0.001). Blood hormonal assays in group B showed higher values of parathyroid hormone and growth hormone than in group C. However, adrenaline and noradrenaline values were lower in group B than in group C at all measured time intervals, and correspondingly leptin was lower in all groups (p = 0.001). Corticosteroid values were normal in group B compared to slightly higher values in group C, also at all measured time intervals. Conclusion: In this study, healing of fractures in patients with concomitant head injuries was accelerated, thereby indicating an involvement of a combined neurohormonal mechanism.
A crise pós-moderna no Brasil e na Rússia: literaturas em diálogo
Authors: Cavaliere Arlete
Published: March 2016

nulo
Serguei Dovlátov no contexto da terceira onda de emigração russa
Authors: Mikaelyan Yulia
Published: March 2016

Os acontecimentos históricos e políticos ao longo do século XX levaram a quatro ondas de emigração da população russa para o exterior. Este artigo tem como propósito fazer uma breve resenha do contexto histórico e cultural das ondas de emigração russa, dando ênfase à terceira onda de emigração, e analisar o lugar do escritor e jornalista Serguei Dovlátov na colônia literária nova-iorquina dos anos 80 e seu papel na tradição literária russa.
A Imagem Feminina de Moscou na Literatura Russa
Authors: Américo Edelcio
Published: March 2016

O presente artigo visa a abordar um dos aspectos da correlação entre as duas capitais russas, Moscou e São Petersburgo, ou seja: a imagem feminina de Moscou e, por conseguinte, o caráter masculino de São Petersburgo, que se formaram na literatura e na cultura russa, bem como as suas transformações ao longo dos séculos XVIII-XX. Como exemplos, recorreremos a obras de clássicos russos como Aleksandr Púchkin, Liev Tolstói e Nikolai Gógol, entre outros.
Sobre a prosa de Varlam Chalámov
Authors: Silva Andrea Zeppini Menezes da
Published: March 2016

Este artigo objetiva delinear alguns traços da prosa de Varlam Chalámov através da leitura de um dos contos da obra Contos de Kolimá e de dois ensaios em que o autor discute sobre o que pensa da literatura e de sua própria obra.
Em Defesa do Insólito: Victor Chklóvski e Guimarães Rosa
Authors: Vaz Valteir
Published: March 2016

Este artigo apresenta, em linhas gerais, a intersecção entre a concepção de estranhamento (ostraniênie) de Viktor Chklóvski e a “poética” de Guimarães Rosa, evidenciando, sobretudo, seus pontos de contato.
Fiódor Dostoiévski: uma vida “hiperbiografável”
Authors: Almeida Giuliana Teixeira de
Published: March 2016

Muitas biografias foram escritas sobre a fascinante vida de FiódorDostoiévski, o proeminente escritor da literatura russa do século XIX. Este artigo pretende analisar três biografias clássicas escritas por Leonid Grossman, KonstantinMochulsky e Joseph Frank tendo em vista a importância desses trabalhos para a tradição biográfica edificada sobre a vida de Dostoiévski.
The lives of an American life - The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and the idea of personal identity
Authors: Chaplin Joyce E.
Published: March 2016

recorrendo aos campos da história dos impressos e da história da ciência - dois campos de importância indiscutível para entender Benjamin Franklin, o impressor da Filadélfia, e Benjamin Franklin, o famoso experimentador elétrico - este ensaio sugerirá que as memórias de Franklin são evidência de que ele pensou sobre si mesmo como encarnado em ações (como ele tinha se apresentado ao mundo, através de experimentos científicos) e como identificado em relação a outras pessoas, como ele tinha sido por muito tempo, como um colaborador em diversos projetos e como um correspondente. Isso é diferente do seu sentido desencarnado e individualista que a maioria das edições de sua autobiografia, como uma simples narrativa, lhe deram. Edições mais complexas e com diversos textos podem ser ao menos igualmente válidas, sobretudo para mostrar como ideias de identidade pessoal, nesse ponto da história, eram coletivas e encarnadas.
Abductive inference and historiography: a conversation for historians and philosophers
Authors: Honenberger Phillip , Megill Allan
Published: March 2016

o artigo toma a forma de uma conversa entre estudantes em um seminário de filosofia da história. O tópico do dia é abdução, uma forma de inferência identificada pela primeira vez por Charles S. Peirce, que a comparou e contrastou à dedução e indução. Após o professor introduzir o tópico e um aluno resumir a visão do próprio Peirce acerca da inferência abdutiva, os alunos se revezam propondo modelos de inferência abdutiva e oferecendo observações sobre a possível adequação destes modelos como descrições de ou guias para uma investigação ou explicação histórica. Um aluno propõe que a diferença da abdução, contrastando com a dedução e indução é apenas que a abdução infere que a conclusão é possível ao invés de necessária (dedução) ou provável (indução). Alguns alunos oferecem objeções a esta caracterização e a discussão então se move na direção de uma série de outras propostas para compreender a própria abdução, assim como a distinção entre particularidade e generalidade histórica, o caráter da explicação histórica e a função da evidência na avaliação das teses históricas.
Bergson revisited: interview with François Azouvi
Authors: Camolezi Marcos
Published: March 2016

Nesta entrevista, François Azouvi apresenta as razões teóricas que o levaram a escrever La gloire de Bergson: essai sur le magistère philosophique a partir de Maine de Biran e de Descartes. A partir disso, aproveita para discutir o significado possível do fazer história da filosofia; não se furta a comentar as relações tecidas nas primeiras décadas do século XX entre a obra de Bergson e as vanguardas artísticas; expõe as motivações de poder que resultaram na condenação e, anos depois, na absolvição do bergsonismo pela Igreja; e ressalta o comportamento distanciado, por parte do filósofo, de temas crônicos e políticos que dividiram a França. Azouvi procura mostrar, ainda, o papel da crítica da ciência na gênese da notoriedade de um filósofo capaz de oferecer a seu público a ambição metafísica mais exigente por meio das correntes científicas mais avançadas de sua época.
Circulating N-Linked Glycoprotein Acetyls and Longitudinal Mortality Risk
Authors: Lawler Patrick R. , Akinkuolie Akintunde O. , Chandler Paulette D. , Moorthy M. Vinayaga , Vandenburgh Martin J. , Schaumberg Debra A. , Lee I-Min , Glynn Robert J. , Ridker Paul M , Buring Julie E. , Mora Samia
Published: March 2016

Rationale:

Circulating glycoprotein N-acetyl glucosamine residues have recently been associated with incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.

Objective:

Using a plasma glycan biosignature (GlycA) to identify circulating N-acetyl glycan groups, we examined the longitudinal association between GlycA and mortality among initially healthy individuals.

Methods and Results:

We quantified GlycA by 400 MHz
1
H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 27 524 participants in the Women’s Health Study (NCT00000479). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. We replicated the findings in an independent cohort of 12 527 individuals in the Justification for the Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) trial (NCT00239681). We also undertook secondary examination of cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality in the Women’s Health Study. In the Women’s Health Study, during 524 515 person-years of follow-up (median, 20.5 years), there were 3523 deaths. Risk factor–adjusted multivariable Cox proportional hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per SD increment in GlycA for all-cause mortality was significantly increased at 5 years (1.21 [1.06–1.40]) and during maximal follow-up (1.14 [1.09–1.16]). Similar risk for all-cause mortality was observed in the replication cohort (1.33 [1.21–1.45]). In the Women’s Health Study, risk of cardiovascular disease mortality was increased at 5 years (1.43 [1.05–1.95]) and during maximal follow-up (1.15 [1.04–1.26]) and of cancer mortality at 5 years (1.23 [1.02–1.47]) and during maximal follow-up (1.08 [1.01–1.16]). Examination of correlations and mortality associations adjusted for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, suggested that GlycA reflects summative risk related to multiple pathways of systemic inflammation.

Conclusions:

Among initially healthy individuals, elevated baseline circulating glycoprotein N-acetyl methyl groups were associated with longitudinal risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality.
Conditional Deletion of
Hsd11b2
in the Brain Causes Salt Appetite and Hypertension
Authors: Evans Louise C. , Ivy Jessica R. , Wyrwoll Caitlin , McNairn Julie A. , Menzies Robert I. , Christensen Thorbjørn H. , Al-Dujaili Emad A.S. , Kenyon Christopher J. , Mullins John J. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Holmes Megan C. , Bailey Matthew A.
Published: March 2016

Background—

The hypertensive syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11βHSD2), allowing inappropriate activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by endogenous glucocorticoid. Hypertension is attributed to sodium retention in the distal nephron, but 11βHSD2 is also expressed in the brain. However, the central contribution to Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess and other hypertensive states is often overlooked and is unresolved. We therefore used a Cre-Lox strategy to generate 11βHSD2 brain-specific knockout (
Hsd11b2
.BKO) mice, measuring blood pressure and salt appetite in adults.

Methods and Results—

Basal blood pressure, electrolytes, and circulating corticosteroids were unaffected in
Hsd11b2
.BKO mice. When offered saline to drink,
Hsd11b2
.BKO mice consumed 3 times more sodium than controls and became hypertensive. Salt appetite was inhibited by spironolactone. Control mice fed the same daily sodium intake remained normotensive, showing the intrinsic salt resistance of the background strain. Dexamethasone suppressed endogenous glucocorticoid and abolished the salt-induced blood pressure differential between genotypes. Salt sensitivity in
Hsd11b2
.BKO mice was not caused by impaired renal sodium excretion or volume expansion; pressor responses to phenylephrine were enhanced and baroreflexes impaired in these animals.

Conclusions—

Reduced 11βHSD2 activity in the brain does not intrinsically cause hypertension, but it promotes a hunger for salt and a transition from salt resistance to salt sensitivity. Our data suggest that 11βHSD2-positive neurons integrate salt appetite and the blood pressure response to dietary sodium through a mineralocorticoid receptor–dependent pathway. Therefore, central mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism could increase compliance to low-sodium regimens and help blood pressure management in cardiovascular disease.
Online Discovery of Search Objectives for Test-Based Problems
Authors: Liskowski Paweł , Krawiec Krzysztof
Published: March 2016

In test-based problems, commonly approached with competitive coevolutionary algorithms, the fitness of a candidate solution is determined by the outcomes of its interactions with multiple tests. Usually, fitness is a scalar aggregate of interaction outcomes, and as such imposes a complete order on the candidate solutions. However, passing different tests may require unrelated “skills,” and candidate solutions may vary with respect to such capabilities. In this study, we provide theoretical evidence that scalar fitness, inherently incapable of capturing such differences, is likely to lead to premature convergence. To mitigate this problem, we propose disco, a method that automatically identifies the groups of tests for which the candidate solutions behave similarly and define the above skills. Each such group gives rise to a derived objective, and these objectives together guide the search algorithm in multi-objective fashion. When applied to several well-known test-based problems, the proposed approach significantly outperforms the conventional two-population coevolution. This opens the door to efficient and generic countermeasures to premature convergence for both coevolutionary and evolutionary algorithms applied to problems featuring aggregating fitness functions.
Fragile Equilibrium: Romania and the Vietnam War in the Context of the Sino-Soviet Split, 1966
Authors: Stanciu Cezar
Published: March 2016

How many powerful allies should a small country have? This was a question to which Nicolae Ceauşescu of Romania had a specific answer. Romania's policy of autonomy in the Soviet bloc was based on a delicate balance between Moscow and Beijing, as Romanians claimed that all Communist parties were equal and none had the right to question the others’ policy choices. Such a political course involved numerous risks for a Soviet satellite, and the Vietnam War added one more. Moscow was in favor of negotiations and a peaceful settlement of the conflict, whereas China was vehemently against negotiations and in favor of military victory on the battlefield. Whose side was Romania going to take? To preserve an autonomous position in the Soviet bloc, Romania was compelled to maintain a fragile equilibrium between the two leading powers of the Communist world and prevent Moscow from rallying the Communist movement against China on many divergent issues, including the Vietnam War.
The British Mandate in Palestine: The Strange Case of the 1930 White Paper
Authors: Cohen Michael J.
Published: March 2016

After the “Wailing Wall” riots and pogroms that swept Palestine in August 1929, a British Commission of Inquiry reported that the Zionist project in Palestine could not proceed without encroaching upon the rights of the Palestinians, creating a class of landless Arabs. The minority Labour government endorsed these conclusions, in its White Paper of October 1930. But in a period of severe economic crisis, with Britain fearful of the Zionist lobby in the United States, and dependent upon Zionist finance to maintain its rule over Palestine, the government retreated from its own policy, in unique constitutional circumstances.
Middle Eastern Christian Spaces in Europe: Multi-sited and Super-diverse
Authors: Galal Lise Paulsen , Hunter Alistair , McCallum Fiona , Sparre Sara Lei , Wozniak-Bobinska Marta
Published: March 2016

Despite little scholarly attention, Middle Eastern Christian Churches are a well-established element of the European religious landscape. Based on collaborative research, this article examines how three mutual field visits facilitated a deeper understanding of the complexity that characterises church establishment and activities among Iraqi, Assyrian/Syriac and Coptic Orthodox Christians in the uk, Sweden and Denmark. Exploring analytical dimensions of space, diversity, size, and minority position we identify three positions of Middle Eastern Christians: in London as the epitome of super-diversity, in Copenhagen as a silenced minority within a minority, and in Södertälje as a visible majority within a minority.
One Foot in Helsinki, One Foot in Mayapur: iskcon Finland as a Glocal European Religion
Authors: Zeller Benjamin E.
Published: March 2016

iskcon is traditionally studied as a new religious movement (nrm) or an instance of diasporic Hinduism. I argue here that an examination of the Finnish branch of iskcon can be conceptualized as a case of a glocalized (global-local) religious movement wherein members have created amalgamated identities straddling the borders between nation states and cultures. Members have created a hybrid religious community appealing to both native-born Finns seeking to challenge and redefine the notion of Finnishness and Europeanness, and Indian immigrants seeking to bridge the boundaries between their new Finnish social-religious context and their Indian social-religious heritage. It offers a powerful example of the way in which members of a religious community have utilized their religious identity to situate themselves within the contemporary context of a secularized neoliberal European state.
Jewish Neo-Aramaic Innovations
Authors: Mutzafi Hezy
Published: March 2016

The present article concerns salient Jewish Neo-Aramaic (jna) innovations in the framework of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic (nena).jnais such a wide spectrum of varieties that in some cases geographically distant dialects are fundamentally different from each other on all levels of language structure and are mutually incomprehensible. Nevertheless, all these dialects share some typical or unique traits which transcend dialectal boundaries and bind thejnavarieties together to the exclusion of all or the vast majority of neighboring Christiannenadialects. Ethnolectal divisions and separate Jewish as opposed to Christian isoglosses innenahave likely emerged due to diffusional patterns dominated by the force of communal and confessional cohesiveness that has overridden convergence and affinity with geographically proximate, but religiously distinct,nena-speaking communities.
Begonia (Begoniaceae) from Batang Ai National Park and vicinity, Sarawak, Borneo, including six new species
Authors: SANG JULIA , KIEW RUTH
Published: March 2016

Nine Begonia species are recorded from the Batang Ai National Park and the forest area adjacent to the Park. Of these, six species are described here as new (Begonia acidulenta, Begonia bayae, Begonia compacta, Begonia edgariana, Begonia jenginensis and Begonia tebiang). All species belong to section Petermannia. A key to the new species and three species previously described by Lin et al. (2014) is provided. Following the guidelines for the IUCN Categories and Criteria, the proposed conservation status of the seven new species known from the national park is assessed as “Least Concern”.
Genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Hexapoda, Collembola) reveals its diversity in cave habitats: two new species from Croatia
Authors: Papáč Vladimír , LUKIĆ MARKO , KOVÁČ ĽUBOMÍR
Published: March 2016

Two new species of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896, N. cvitanovici sp. nov. and N. lackovici sp. nov., are described from caves of Croatia. N. lackovici sp. nov. exhibit marked troglomorphic features such as extremely elongated ungua and antennae, larger body among others. Descriptions are completed with comparative tables for chaetotaxy of antennae and legs. Diagnostic table for the congeners and identification key to the world species are provided. Distribution records of other Neelus species in Croatian caves are added. Threats of troglobiotic Neelus species in Croatia are discussed.
Checklist of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the state of Morelos, Mexico
Authors: NIÑO-MALDONADO SANTIAGO , SÁNCHEZ-REYES URIEL JESHUA , CLARK SHAWN M. , TOLEDO-HERNÁNDEZ VICTOR HUGO , CORONA-LÓPEZ ANGÉLICA MARÍA , JONES ROBERT W.
Published: March 2016

We record 116 genera and 366 species of Chrysomelidae from the state of Morelos, Mexico. This represents an increase of 9.3% in the species richness of these beetles for the state. Also, Morelos is currently the third most diverse state in leaf beetles within Mexico, with 16.78% of total species recorded for the country. The most diverse genera were Calligrapha, Disonycha, Blepharida, Leptinotarsa, Cryptocephalus, Systena, Alagoasa, Diabrotica and Pachybrachis, each with more than eight species. Most of these genera contain large, showy beetles. When the chrysomelid fauna is more fully understood, some of the genera of tiny beetles will likely prove to be more diverse.
Two new species of Scirtothrips genus-group (Thripidae) of Northern Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: NG Y.F. , MOUND L.A.
Published: March 2016

The survey of Thysanoptera in peninsular Malaysia has been concentrated largely in areas growing crops and flowers around Kuala Lumpur, and the Cameron Highlands, and there are few records of these insects from native forests particularly in the northern part of the country. The two species described here were collected during a recent visit to Belum-Temengor Forest Complex, in Perak State, part of the second largest forested area on the peninsular, and connected to the Bang Lang National Park, in Yala Province, Thailand. This forest has been well known as home to a number of endangered animals, including Malayan tigers and Asian elephants, as well as remarkable plant species such as Rafflesia with the world’s largest flowers (Abdullah et al. 2011). Despite this, forest areas are facing a major challenge from the insatiable demand for timber, palm oil and minerals, with an 80% increase in deforestation rate in Malaysia between 1990 and 2005 (FAO 2010). Forested land in peninsular Malaysia has been estimated at 5.88 million-ha or 44% of total area, but the coverage of reserved virgin forest is about 0.40 % or 23,002-ha (Dahlan 2008).
New species of Ribesaptera Heiss from eastern Madagascar (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae)
Authors: BAŇAŘ PETR , HEISS ERNST , HUBÁČKOVÁ LENKA
Published: March 2016

The rich flat bug fauna of Madagascar comprises eleven apterous genera of Mezirinae with 21 species (Heiss 2012, Heiss & Marchal 2012) to date, and all of them are endemic: Ambohitantelya Heiss & Baňař 2013 (1 sp.); Antsirabenus Heiss 2008 (2 spp.); Cervinotaptera Heiss & Marchal 2012 (1 sp.); Chlonocoris Usinger & Matsuda 1959 (3 spp.); Cimicomanes Kiritshenko 1959 (5 spp.); Classeyana Hoberlandt 1963 (1 sp.); Paulianum Hoberlandt 1957 (1 sp.); Pericartaptera Heiss 2009 (2 spp.); Ribesaptera Heiss 2011 (1 sp.); Robertiessa Hoberlandt 1963 (1 sp.) and Tananarivea Drake 1957 (3 spp.).
Standardization of Offshore Surface Wind Speeds
Authors: He Y. C. , Chan P. W. , Li Q. S.
Published: March 2016

Wind measurement offers an essential data source for a wide range of practices in the fields of meteorology and wind engineering. However, records of surface winds are usually influenced by terrain/topographic effects, and direct usage of raw data may bring in nonignorable errors for follow-up applications. A data-driven standardization scheme was recently proposed by the authors to convert the surface wind measurements over rugged terrain into their potential values corresponding to reference conditions, that is, for neutral winds at a height of 10 m above open flat terrain (z0 = 0.03 m). As a complementary part of the preceding work, this study focuses on the standardization of surface wind speeds with marine exposures. The effect of wind strength on the roughness of the sea surface is further taken into account, with emphasis on the difference between deep-ocean and shallow-water cases. As an application example, wind measurements at a buoy site near the coastal line (water depth is 14 m) are adjusted to their potential values, which are then compared with those at a nearby station. The good agreement between the two sets of results demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the standardization method. It is also found that the behavior of roughness length scale over shallow water may differ noticeably from that over deep ocean, especially under strong wind conditions, and an inappropriate usage of marine roughness predictors may result in significant estimation errors.
Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Summer Precipitation over Central Europe in a Suite of High-Resolution Climate Models
Authors: Lind Petter , Lindstedt David , Kjellström Erik , Jones Colin
Published: March 2016

High-impact, locally intense rainfall episodes represent a major socioeconomic problem for societies worldwide, and at the same time these events are notoriously difficult to simulate properly in climate models. Here, the authors investigate how horizontal resolution and model formulation influence this issue by applying the HIRLAM–ALADIN Regional Mesoscale Operational NWP in Europe (HARMONIE) Climate (HCLIM) regional model with three different setups: two using convection parameterization at 15- and 6.25-km horizontal resolution (the latter within the “gray zone” scale), with lateral boundary conditions provided by ERA-Interim and integrated over a pan-European domain, and one with explicit convection at 2-km resolution (HCLIM2) over the Alpine region driven by the 15-km model. Seven summer seasons were sampled and validated against two high-resolution observational datasets. All HCLIM versions underestimate the number of dry days and hours by 20%–40% and overestimate precipitation over the Alpine ridge. Also, only modest added value was found for gray-zone resolution. However, the single most important outcome is the substantial added value in HCLIM2 compared to the coarser model versions at subdaily time scales. It better captures the local-to-regional spatial patterns of precipitation reflecting a more realistic representation of the local and mesoscale dynamics. Further, the duration and spatial frequency of precipitation events, as well as extremes, are closer to observations. These characteristics are key ingredients in heavy rainfall events and associated flash floods, and the outstanding results using HCLIM in a convection-permitting setting are convincing and encourage further use of the model to study changes in such events in changing climates.
Suppression of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Variability at Increased CO2
Authors: MacMartin Douglas G. , Zanna Laure , Tziperman Eli
Published: March 2016

Multidecadal variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is shown to differ significantly between the 4 × CO2 and preindustrial control simulations of the GFDL Earth System Model, version 2M (ESM2M) general circulation model (GCM). In the preindustrial simulation, this model has a peak in the power spectrum of both AMOC and northward heat transport at latitudes between 26° and 50°N. In the 4 × CO2 simulation, the only significant spectral peak is near 60°N. Understanding these differences is important for understanding the effect of future climate change on climate variability, as well as for providing insight into the physics underlying AMOC variability. Transfer function analysis demonstrates that the shift is predominantly due to a shift in the internal ocean dynamics rather than a change in stochastic atmospheric forcing. Specifically, the reduction in variance from 26° to 45°N is due to an increased stratification east of Newfoundland that results from the shallower and weaker mean overturning. The reduced AMOC variance that accompanies the reduced mean value of the AMOC at 4 × CO2 differs from predictions of simple box models that predict a weaker circulation to be closer to a stability bifurcation point and, therefore, be accompanied by amplified variability. The high-latitude variability in the 4 × CO2 simulation is related to the advection of anomalies by the subpolar gyre, distinct from the variability mechanism in the control simulation at lower latitudes. The 4 × CO2 variability has only a small effect on midlatitude meridional heat transport, but does significantly affect sea ice in the northern North Atlantic.
Cloud–Radiation Feedback as a Leading Source of Uncertainty in the Tropical Pacific SST Warming Pattern in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Ying Jun , Huang Ping
Published: March 2016

The role of the intermodel spread of cloud–radiation feedback in the uncertainty in the tropical Pacific SST warming (TPSW) pattern under global warming is investigated based on the historical and RCP8.5 runs from 32 models participating in CMIP5. The large intermodel discrepancies in cloud–radiation feedback contribute 24% of the intermodel uncertainty in the TPSW pattern over the central Pacific. The mechanism by which the cloud–radiation feedback influences the TPSW pattern is revealed based on an analysis of the surface heat budget. A relatively weak negative cloud–radiation feedback over the central Pacific cannot suppress the surface warming as greatly as in the multimodel ensemble and thus induces a warm SST deviation over the central Pacific, producing a low-level convergence that suppresses (enhances) the evaporative cooling and zonal cold advection in the western (eastern) Pacific. With these processes, the original positive SST deviation over the central Pacific will move westward to the western and central Pacific, with a negative SST deviation in the eastern Pacific. Compared with the observed cloud–radiation feedback from six sets of reanalysis and satellite-observed data, the negative cloud–radiation feedback in the models is underestimated in general. It implies that the TPSW pattern should be closer to an El Niño–like pattern based on the concept of observational constraint. However, the observed cloud–radiation feedback from the various datasets also demonstrates large discrepancies in magnitude. Therefore, the authors suggest that more effort should be made to improve the precision of shortwave radiation observations and the description of cloud–radiation feedback in models for a more reliable projection of the TPSW pattern in future.
Explicit Representation of Spatial Subgrid-Scale Heterogeneity in an ESM
Authors: de Vrese Philipp , Hagemann Stefan
Published: March 2016

In present-day Earth system models, the coupling of land surface and atmosphere is based on simplistic assumptions. Often the heterogeneous land surface is represented by a set of effective parameters valid for an entire model grid box. Other models assume that the surface fluxes become horizontally homogeneous at the lowest atmospheric model level. For heterogeneity above a certain horizontal length scale this is not the case, resulting in spatial subgrid-scale variability in the fluxes and in the state of the atmosphere. The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology’s Earth System Model is used with three different coupling schemes to assess the importance of the representation of spatial heterogeneity at the land surface as well as within the atmosphere. Simulations show that the land surface–atmosphere coupling distinctly influences the simulated near-surface processes with respect to different land-cover types. The representation of heterogeneity also has a distinct impact on the simulated gridbox mean state and fluxes in a large fraction of land surface.
Global Observations of Open-Ocean Mode-1 M2 Internal Tides
Authors: Zhao Zhongxiang , Alford Matthew H. , Girton James B. , Rainville Luc , Simmons Harper L.
Published: March 2016

A global map of open-ocean mode-1 M2 internal tides is constructed using sea surface height (SSH) measurements from multiple satellite altimeters during 1992–2012, representing a 20-yr coherent internal tide field. A two-dimensional plane wave fit method is employed to 1) suppress mesoscale contamination by extracting internal tides with both spatial and temporal coherence and 2) separately resolve multiple internal tidal waves. Global maps of amplitude, phase, energy, and flux of mode-1 M2 internal tides are presented. The M2 internal tides are mainly generated over topographic features, including continental slopes, midocean ridges, and seamounts. Internal tidal beams of 100–300 km width are observed to propagate hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Multiwave interference of some degree is widespread because of the M2 internal tide’s numerous generation sites and long-range propagation. The M2 internal tide propagates across the critical latitudes for parametric subharmonic instability (28.8°S/N) with little energy loss, consistent with the 2006 Internal Waves across the Pacific (IWAP) field measurements. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, the M2 internal tide loses significant energy in propagating across the equator; in contrast, little energy loss is observed in the equatorial zones of the Atlantic, Indian, and western Pacific Oceans. Global integration of the satellite observations yields a total energy of 36 PJ (1 PJ = 1015 J) for all the coherent mode-1 M2 internal tides. Finally, satellite observed M2 internal tides compare favorably with field mooring measurements and a global eddy-resolving numerical model.
The Association Between α1-Antitrypsin and Coronary Artery Ectasia
Authors: Turhan Caglar Fatma Nihan , Ksanski Vusal , Polat Veli , Ungan Ismail , Kural Alev , Ciftci Serkan , Demir Bulent , Ugurlucan Murat , Akturk Faruk , Karakaya Osman
Published: March 2016

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The underlying pathophysiology of CAE is not fully understood. α1-antitrypsin (A1AT) plays a role in the tissue protease system, and AAT-1 deficiency (A1ATD) has been shown to be related to CAD. We compared A1AT serum levels in patients with and without CAE to determine the association between A1AT levels and the extent of ectasia using the Markis score. We included 50 patients (38 males) with isolated CAE and 46 patients (28 males) with normal coronary arteries after coronary angiography. The levels of A1AT were measured by nephelometry. The median A1AT levels were lower in patients with isolated CAE than in the control group (1.27 ng/mL [range: 1.07-1.37 ng/mL] vs 1.43 ng/mL [range: 1.27-1.59 ng/mL]; P < .001). According to the Markis classification, the extent of CAE was not correlated with A1AT levels ( P = .41). Our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between serum A1AT levels and CAE. α1-antitrypsin is fundamental for the stability and integrity of the arterial wall. Lack of elastase inhibition in cases of A1ATD may contribute to ectasia formation by facilitating proteolysis and weakening the arterial wall.
A Monte Carlo Study of an Iterative Wald Test Procedure for DIF Analysis
Authors: Cao Mengyang , Tay Louis , Liu Yaowu
Published: March 2016

This study examined the performance of a proposed iterative Wald approach for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) between two groups when preknowledge of anchor items is absent. The iterative approach utilizes the Wald-2 approach to identify anchor items and then iteratively tests for DIF items with the Wald-1 approach. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted across several conditions including the number of response options, test length, sample size, percentage of DIF items, DIF effect size, and type of cumulative DIF. Results indicated that the iterative approach performed well for polytomous data in all conditions, with well-controlled Type I error rates and high power. For dichotomous data, the iterative approach also exhibited better control over Type I error rates than the Wald-2 approach without sacrificing the power in detecting DIF. However, inflated Type I error rates were found for the iterative approach in conditions with dichotomous data, noncompensatory DIF, large percentage of DIF items, and medium to large DIF effect sizes. Nevertheless, the Type I error rates were substantially less inflated in those conditions compared with the Wald-2 approach.