bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Assessment of the Soil Foundation Characteristics Utilizing the 2D Resistivity Imaging and Down-Hole Seismic Refraction Techniques: A Case Study in Tenth of Ramadan City, Egypt
Authors: Soliman Shokry A. , Shebl Salah , El Khafif Ahmed , Hazley T.F. S , Farag M.H.
Published: November 2021

Two-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging and seismic refraction, in the form of down-hole survey, were applied to delineate the subsurface section and elastic moduli and identify geotechnical characteristics of subsurface materials in the 10th of Ramadan industrial area, Cairo, Egypt. The results of four 2-D profiles of electrical resistivity, in the form of dipole–dipole and Wenner configurations, revealed that the subsurface section contains two main geo-electrical layers; the first is made of sand, some silt, and gravels, reflecting low resistivity values ranging from 25 to 65.5 ohm m. This layer is overlying a high resistivity layer (65.5 to135 ohm m), corresponding to medium to coarse sand, with gravel and calcareous materials. It is worth noting that that the down-hole technique was used to measure velocities of P and S waves in order to derive the low strain dynamic elastic properties, such as Poisson’s ratio, Shear modulus, stress ratio, concentration index, N-value, and the ultimate and allowable bearing capacities of the subsurface soil, down to an approximate depth of 30 m in the borehole at the site. In addition, the Vs30 value was calculated and revealed that the soil is categorized as a NEHRP class (D). Furthermore, the results of geotechnical parameters and elastic moduli were found to be realistic and sensible for the purposes of engineering constructions and imply that the soil in the study area is characterized by fairly to moderately competent quality. A new empirical correlation is proposed between the obtained Vs and resistivity values, where Vs = 1.0302 ρ + 172.74.
Density - Velocity Relationship and Prediction of Lithology Variation Using Physical Analysis in Kf-4 Well of The Kifl Oil Field, Yamama Formation, South of Iraq
Authors: Alobaidy Abdulaziz R. , Al-Banna Ahmed S.
Published: November 2021

The density-velocity relation is an important tool used to predict one of  these two parameters from the other. A new empirical density –velocity equation was derived in Kf-4 well at Kifl Oil Field, south of Iraq. The density was derived from Gardner equation and the results obtained were compared with the density log (ROHB) in Kl-4 well. The petrophysical analysis was used to predict the variations in lithology of Yamama Formation depending on the well logs data, such as density, gamma, and neutron logs. The physical analysis of rocks depended on the density, Vp, and Vs  values to estimate the elastic parameters, i.e. acoustic impedance (AI) and Vp/Vs ratio, to predict the lithology and hydrocarbon indicators. According to the results of physical properties, Yamama Formation is divided into five units in Kf-4 well at Kifl Oil Field.   The lithology of Yamama Formation was found to consist of limestone, dolomite, shale, and anhydrite rocks.
Strategi bisnis lembaga penyiaran lokal pt bali ranadha televisi (bali tv)
Authors: Hermarani Putu Arina , Gelgel Ni Made Ras Amanda
Published: November 2021

Based on the KPID Bali website in 2020, PT Bali Ranadha Televisi is the first and only private local television broadcasting institution in Bali Province that is still active and persists in broadcasting local programs. The agency established a local television broadcasting station called Bali TV. The purpose of this study is to determine the business strategy of the local broadcaster PT Bali Ranadha Televisi. This qualitative research uses Niche Theory Analysis in Media Ecology. The results of this study are: 1) There are 6 types of local broadcast program content on Bali TV, 2) The target of audiences are from children to adults, 3) The capital used by Bali TV is human resources (HR), income from production costs of broadcast programs, advertising revenues, broadcast programs, and additional off-air programs, 4) Bali TV is referred to as a generalist media because it has various sources of life support.
Effects of different extraction methods on the extraction yield, degradation of
bixin and formation of harmful volatile compounds in the extracts from annatto
seeds
Authors: Chuyen H.V. , Eun J.B.
Published: November 2021

Annatto is one of the most common natural colorants used in the food industry. However,
the degradation of bixin (principle colour component) during the manufacturing and
storage of annatto leads to the formation of undesirable volatile compounds which are
harmful to human health. The aim of this study was to reduce the amount of undesirable
volatile compounds while remain a sufficient extraction yield of bixin in annatto extracts.
Bixin from annatto seeds was extracted using soybean oil at 120°C, sodium hydroxide
solution at 50°C and acetone with a Soxhlet extractor. The extraction yield and the
degradation of bixin in annatto extracts during the extraction processes were investigated
and the formation of harmful volatile compounds including toluene and m-xylene in the
extracts was analysed using a gas chromatography (GC) system equipped with a flame
ionization detector (FID). The extraction with acetone resulted in the highest bixin yield,
followed by extraction with sodium hydroxide. Bixin extraction yield of the extraction
with soybean oil was the lowest and decreased gradually after 40 mins of the extraction.
Losses of bixin by the extractions with acetone and sodium hydroxide were low while the
extraction with soybean oil caused significant degradation of bixin. All three methods
produced negligible amounts of toluene. However, the concentration of m-xylene in the
acetone extracts was very high and remained unchanged during the extraction while
sodium hydroxide extract contained a low level of this compound. Thus, the extraction
method using sodium hydroxide solution is recommended for recovering pigment from
annatto seeds to minimize the risk of harmful volatile compounds in annatto products.
Recent development in preparation of food packaging films using biopolymers
Authors: Suresh S. , Pushparaj C. , Subramani R.
Published: November 2021

In the past decades, most materials used in the food packaging industry are nonbiodegradable materials that pose increased environmental concerns and sustainability
issues. Hence, polymer-based biodegradable materials and edible films have been
developed to increase the shelf life of food products. Especially, biopolymer-based nanomaterials are engineered with multifunctional characteristics because of their size, surface
area, shelf life, thermal stability, and mechanical and barrier strength. These materials
display enriched properties of biodegradability, antimicrobial activity, and
biocompatibility and may have the possibility to replace plastic materials in future. Thus,
this review offers a brief overview of the classification of biopolymers, key parameters
that are important in food packaging films (including the role of plasticizers, cross-linkers,
pH, temperature, and relative humidity), and recent applications of novel biopolymer
nanocomposite materials used in the food industries.
Knowledge, awareness and practice of vitamin D among population of Qassim
Region, Saudi Arabia before and during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Alhomaid R.M.
Published: November 2021

One billion people globally have been affected by vitamin D deficiency and its associated
diseases; therefore, the present study was aimed to estimate the knowledge, awareness and
practices of vitamin D in the Qassim region of the adult population before and during the
COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 195 of the general
adult population in the Qassim region, Saudi Arabia from 15th September 2020 to 25th
October 2020. The results revealed that a high percentage of participants are cognizant of
vitamin D (93.8%). Also, it appears that there was no association between knowledge and
awareness of vitamin D and age, gender, education or social status. Around 82.6% of the
participants know the sources of vitamin D and the majority of participants enjoy sun
exposure (79%), where the most time exposed to the sun is early in the morning and after
3 pm, reported to at 43.6% and 52.3%, respectively. In addition, about 35% of participants
increased their knowledge of vitamin D after the emergence of COVID-19. A high
percentage of participants thought that vitamin D raising the body immunity against viral
infection or improve immunity, in general, was at 67.7%, that thought that vitamin D
prevents or increase resistance to COVID-19. From the foregoing results, it could be
concluded that a high level of knowledge and awareness about vitamin D in adults living
in the Qassim region and increased knowledge after the emergence of COVID-19 is the
most important result of the current study.
Global impact of foodborne diseases on health
Authors: Mansour A.A.A. , Gupta N.B. , Gupta S.C.
Published: November 2021

The occurrence of foodborne diseases (FBD) has increased in the last decade as a result of
negligence for hygiene. Prevalence of FBD due to lack of education, insufficient health
services result in the spread of disease on a larger scale. Personal hygiene, as well as local
cleanliness, is the most important aspect of the overall health community. Pandemic like
COVID is due to lack of personal hygiene as well as health education. The data published
by global bodies like World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that the FBD should be
controlled by increasing awareness related to personal hygiene and health education. This
article reviewed the global occurrence of FBD, preventive measures and solutions for an
overall healthy community. The aim of this review is to analyse reports related to
foodborne diseases over the globe and suggest guidelines for community health. The
scope of this review is in food safety and quality – microbiological and chemical in Food
research Journal. Reviews, reports, research data related to foodborne diseases have been
analysed and future solutions for building a better health community have been suggested.
A total of 74 references including research articles, reviews, press notes, government sites
related to foodborne diseases over the globe have been reviewed and data collection has
been analysed to suggest better health community guidelines. All the references showed
that the occurrence of foodborne diseases are increasing day by day and thus control
measure policies have to be implemented worldwide. These include strict government
policies, education of food vendors, strict action against those who are not following it,
educating the importance of personal as well as community hygiene. These results will
surely help to build a better healthy community in future. The data showed that foodborne
disease is affecting many populations at any age each year leading to morbidity and
mortality. The disease is caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. The common
symptoms are diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Awareness and education
related to community health should be spread using advertisements, social media,
newspapers, news channels to lower the incidence of foodborne diseases.
Effects of transglutaminase enzyme on physicochemical properties of milkfish
(Chanos chanos) surimi gel
Authors: Yuliana I. , Mahendradatta M. , Laga A.
Published: November 2021

Milkfish is one type of fish that can be used as raw material for surimi. However, previous
research indicated that the quality of surimi powder produced from milkfish needed some
improvements in order to produce surimi with good texture and strength gel. The addition
of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) enzyme is expected to produce surimi with better
gel characteristics. The research objectives were to determine the best enzyme
concentration and reaction time in the formation of surimi gel and to determine the effect
of enzyme addition on the physical and chemical characteristics of surimi gel produced.
The research was divided into two stages: 1) preparation for making surimi, and 2)
determination of enzyme concentration and reaction time for surimi gel formation. The
research treatment consisted of two factors, which were enzyme concentration (0, 0.1, 0.3,
0.5 units/g of surimi) and reaction time (0, 30, 60 mins). The observation parameters
consisted of yield, gel strength, whiteness, pH, water content, protein content, and fat
content. The results showed that the best concentration of MTGase enzyme was 0.5 units/
g with a reaction time of 60 mins. The addition of transglutaminase enzyme gave an effect
significantly on gel strength, whiteness, protein content, and fat content in the milkfish
surimi gel produced.
High-Performance Work Practices And Employee Resilience In New Zealand's Public Services: A Conditional Indirect Effect Model Of Leadership Styles
Authors:   , Senanayake Erangi
Published: November 2021

This study considers the relationship between high involvement work practices (HIWP) and employee resilience, as moderated by leadership style. It offers an empirical test of a structural model exploring these relationships in New Zealand’s core public sector.

The 2016 Workplace Dynamics Survey, undertaken by the New Zealand Public Service Association (PSA) and Victoria University of Wellington, gathered information on the psychological outcomes of workers' job experiences and the organisations for which they worked. All participants were PSA members and were asked questions regarding their jobs, workplaces, and personal lives. The original sample included 14125 participants. For the current study, the sample was subsequently narrowed downed to core public sector members both managerial and non-managerial employees were selected, and items with missing values were imputed using the Expectation-Maximisation logarithm –the imputation resulting in 7326 unique replies for this study.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the measurement model, and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to explain the relationship between, on the one hand, the four organizational elements as comprising HIWP –power, information, knowledge, and rewards (PIRK) –and employee resilience, on the other. The hypothesized structural model was then tested, parameters were estimated, and moderators added to see if they could explain variation (heterogeneity) in the effect sizes.

According to the model, HIWP positively affects individual employee's self-reported resilience and that this relationship is moderated by and perceived through management style. The model investigates the relationship between a second-order latent variable encompassing the combined effect of the PIRK attributes on a first-order latent variable measuring employee resilience. The model also posits that this relationship is direct and indirect, through two first-order latent variables measuring constructive and laissez-faire leadership styles.

This study adds theoretical and practical knowledge by demonstrating that leadership style matters in the relationship between human resource management and the capacity of employees to positively cope, adapt and even thrive in dynamic environments. This research's key finding is that HIWP is positively related to employee resilience and that leadership style mediates that relationship. The results of this study further indicate that, while an individual’s level of education moderates the relationship between HIWP and employee resilience, the employee’s ethnicity and tenure on the job do not. Finally, this study offers proposals for future research, including data collection and recommendations for practitioners.
DUPLICATE DO NOT PUBLISH - The Electrical Conductivity of Some Hydrous and Anhydrous Molten Silicates as a Function of Temperature and Pressure
Authors:   , Satherley John
Published: November 2021

This thesis is concerned with the measurement and interpretation of electrical conductivity in molten silicates. Physicochemical properties and structural models of silica and silicates are reviewed first, to give a general picture of their behaviour. Electrical conductivity was measured as a function of temperature, pressure and water composition. To make these measurements an internally heated pressure vessel, designed to operate at temperatures up to 1200 degrees C and pressures up to 5 kbars was constructed. Conductivity measurements were made on the following anhydrous and hydrous silicate melts: SiO2/Na2O 60/40, 65/35, 75/25, 78/22 mol%; SiO2/Na2O/CaO 72/24/4 mol%; Mt. Erebus lava; SiO2/Na2O 78/22 mol% + ~5 wt% H2O and Mt. Erebus lava + ~4 wt% H2O in the temperature range 850-1000 degrees C and the pressure range 0-1.3 kbar. Arrhenius temperature and pressure dependencies on conductivity were observed. The pressure coefficient of conductivity was zero for the anhydrous melts well above Tg but small and positive for the hydrous silicates. Water caused ~40% reduction in conductivity when added to a melt which was accounted for in terms of the mixed alkali effect. Conductivity isobars for the hydrous silicates passed through a maximum as a function of increasing temperature. The conductivity behaviour as a function of temperature and pressure is analogous to that observed in partially ionised liquids and is intrepretated in an identical way. The range of operation of a piezoelectric alpha-quartz crystal viscometer was extended to allow measurement of viscosity as a function of temperature.
DUPLICATE DO NOT PUBLISH - Studies of Strained Ring Systems: Cyclopropa[1]Phenanthrenes
Authors:   , Dent Barry Roy
Published: November 2021

The aim of the present study has been the synthesis of 1H-cyclo-Propa[1]phenanthrene (16a) and its derivatives, the sole remaining unknown structural type of the cycloproparenes. Established procedures for cycloproparene synthesis are not readily adaptable to this ring system, and routes based upon new bridge-head-substituted 1a,9b-dihydrocyclopropa[1]phenanthrenes are examined. 1, 1-Dichloro-1a-phenylseleno-1a, 9b-dihydrocyclopropa [1] phenanthrene (73) is prepared by the addition of dichlorocarbene to the corresponding phenanthrenyl selenide (72). syn-Selenoxide elimination of PhSeOH from the derived selenoxide (74) gives 1,1-dichloro-1H-cyclopropa[1]phenanthrene (76) which is intercepted by methanolysis. Labelling studies provide convincing evidence for the intermediacy of the 1H-cycloproparene. The viability of an oxidative decarboxylation route to 1,1-dialkyl-1H-cyclopropa[1]phenanthrenes is investigated for the model compound 7,7-dimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid (122). A product of formal cyclopropyl-allyl cation rearrangement, is isolated. 1a-Methylseleno-1a,9b-dihydrocyclopropa[1]phenanthrenes (174) is prepared by the unprecedented addition of methylselenide anion to 1aH-cyclopropa[1]phenanthrene (63) (generated by a new route involving the fluoride ion-promoted elimination of the elements of chlorotrimethylsilane from the isomeric 1-chloro-1a-trimethylsilyl-1a, 9b-dihydrocyclopropa[1]phenanthrenes (170) and (171)). Treatment of the drived dimethylselenonium tetra-fluoroborate (179) with base in the presence of furan gives the endo- and exo-furan cycloadducts (180) and (181) of 1H-cyclopropa[1]phenanthrene (16a). The results presented herein provide the first conclusive evidence for the existence of the 1H-cyclopropa[1]phenanthrene ring system, both as the parent hydrocarbon (16a) and the 1,1-dichloro-derivative(76).
DUPLICATE DO NOT PUBLISH - The Development of a Systemic Approach to the Positive Management of Behaviour in One Secondary School
Authors:   , Hill David James
Published: November 2021

This thesis demonstrates one way in which the tenets of positive behaviour support could be used to meet the challenges of enhancing the academic and social learning of students in secondary school. Positive behaviour support (PBS) is a relatively new concept (and certainly new to New Zealand secondary education) which provides innovative ways in which students at secondary school can be supported and their progress through school sustained at the best possible level. A school-wide approach to developing positive behaviour support involves the integration of ecological assessment, measurable outcomes, data-based decision making, evidence-based practices and development of systems supports for these implementing change. This study centres on the development of a Positive Behaviour Support system in one secondary school. The researcher began this study as a collaborative intervention with class teachers to assist individual students at risk of failure or exclusion from school. What emerged was a wider study to meet the developing needs of the school and the staff and students. The emergent study was conducted in three distinct phases. The (original) individual student investigation was followed by a classroom investigation phase using a case study research approach. The third phase, school development, evolved into the beginning of a community of practice model. This mixed method approach to research uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative data sources to record the experience of this secondary school embarking on a journey of school reform as it moves to a school-wide positive behaviour support approach. This thesis describes the development of three tiers of support in a systemic model. It identifies the constituent elements of each tier and makes suggestions about how other schools could initiate a similar model of support in their own context. The study concludes that it is possible to develop a systemic approach within existing school systems. The result of such a development is improved academic outcomes for students, increased efficacy for teachers and effective processes for student support.
The Development of a Systemic Approach to the Positive Management of Behaviour in One Secondary School
Authors:   , Hill David James
Published: November 2021

This thesis demonstrates one way in which the tenets of positive behaviour support could be used to meet the challenges of enhancing the academic and social learning of students in secondary school. Positive behaviour support (PBS) is a relatively new concept (and certainly new to New Zealand secondary education) which provides innovative ways in which students at secondary school can be supported and their progress through school sustained at the best possible level. A school-wide approach to developing positive behaviour support involves the integration of ecological assessment, measurable outcomes, data-based decision making, evidence-based practices and development of systems supports for these implementing change. This study centres on the development of a Positive Behaviour Support system in one secondary school. The researcher began this study as a collaborative intervention with class teachers to assist individual students at risk of failure or exclusion from school. What emerged was a wider study to meet the developing needs of the school and the staff and students. The emergent study was conducted in three distinct phases. The (original) individual student investigation was followed by a classroom investigation phase using a case study research approach. The third phase, school development, evolved into the beginning of a community of practice model. This mixed method approach to research uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative data sources to record the experience of this secondary school embarking on a journey of school reform as it moves to a school-wide positive behaviour support approach. This thesis describes the development of three tiers of support in a systemic model. It identifies the constituent elements of each tier and makes suggestions about how other schools could initiate a similar model of support in their own context. The study concludes that it is possible to develop a systemic approach within existing school systems. The result of such a development is improved academic outcomes for students, increased efficacy for teachers and effective processes for student support.
N M R Studies of Coal
Authors:   , Davenport Sally Jane
Published: November 2021

Carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR was used to study a selection of fifty-seven New Zealand coals and ten Australian coals. The coal rank varied from lignite to semianthracite. A qualitative survey of the plant origins of NMR signals was followed by an EPR study of the unpaired spin-species in coal. The quantitative reliability of the NMR response of coal was analysed in relaxation and "visibility" studies. Different approaches to the problem of accounting for intensity in spinning-side-band (SSB) signals were assessed. The most successful approach was found to be the complete computer simulation of the spectrum from combinations of SSB intensity patterns broadened by a mixture of Lorentzian and Gaussian lineshapes. This method of analysis produced oxygen contents that showed a good correlation with oxygen contents (by difference) from Ultimate analysis. The resultant carbon, hydrogen and oxygen functional group analyses allowed considerable insight into the depositional influences on, and alteration of, the coal structure with increasing degree of coalification.
Keystone Species on New Zealand Offshore Islands: Ecological Relationships of Seabirds, Rats, Reptiles and Invertebrates on Cook Strait Islands
Authors:   , Markwell Timothy J
Published: November 2021

The influence of seabirds and rats on island ecosystems was measured to assess the applicability of the keystone species concept for ecology and conservation. Pitfall trapping for lizards and small invertebrates, soil sampling and stable isotope analysis was used to assess the roles played by seabirds and rats on six islands in the Marlborough Sounds. Both abundance and ordinal richness of invertebrates were found to be greater on islands with seabirds than on seabird-free islands. Although lizard distribution was strongly influenced by species-specific habitat requirements, the greatest numbers of lizards recorded in this study were found on seabird-inhabited islands. Although significant differences were not found, the C:N ratio of soils in seabird colonies in this study and at other sites was lower than that at seabird-free sites. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis showed that a proportion of the diet of animals at a range of different levels throughout the island foodweb was derived from seabirds. Rats were found to negate many of the positive effects of seabirds. As well as significantly lower numbers of seabirds, islands with rats had lower abundance of lizards and lower abundance and diversity of mall invertebrates than rat-free islands. Although both seabirds and rats play important roles in island ecosystems, neither conformed to a definition of a keystone species. Theoretical and practical problems were found with the calculation of keystone status for different taxa. Given that important species cannot be shown to be keystones, and that calculation is technically difficult (and maybe impossible) the classification of seabirds, rats, or any other species as keystone is not likely to advance theoretical ecology or assist with conservation management. Attempts to define keystone species were found to be unsuccessful and abandonment of the term was advised.
Magnetic and Transport Studies of Strongly Correlated Perovskite Ceramics
Authors:   , Hemery Erwan
Published: November 2021

This thesis describes the results from an experimental study of the magnetic and transport properties of two strongly correlated transition metal oxides. The firstmaterial under study is the ferromagnetic half-metal double perovskite, Sr2FeMoO6, in which we have made isoelectronic (Ba2+) and electronic (La3+) substitutions onto the strontium site. Magnetoresistance measurements on Sr2-xBaxFeMoO6 revealed that the low temperature magnetoresistance is dominated by inter-grain transport while the intra-grain contribution is evident when the temperature is close to the ferromagnetic transition temperature. Transport measurements on Sr2-xLaxFeMoO6 clearly showed that the doping dependence of the thermoelectric power is surprisingly similar to the one observed in the superconducting cuprates. In addition, it was found that the electronic doping leads to an increase in the ferromagnetic transition temperature, which supports the band filling model. Substitution on the Fe site was also investigated by partially replacing Fe with the non-magnetic aluminium element (Sr2Fe1-xAlxMoO6). It was found from thermoelectric power measurement that the Fe electronic state is below3+,which is inconsistentwith theoretical models but is in good agreement with Mossbauer measurements. In addition, magnetic measurements showed that the reduction in the ferromagnetic ordering temperature could be explained in terms of a 3D percolation model. The second compound is the oxygen deficient strontium iron oxide SrFeO3-delta . The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power was measured in this compound for the first time and shown to be reminiscent of the charge-ordering Verwey transition observed in Fe3O4. Magnetic measurements show an increase of a weak ferromagnetic signal versus the oxygen deficiency that could originate from a Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction in the distorted FeO6 octahedra. Finally, we observed a large magnetoresistance near room temperature for compounds close to the orthorhombic SrFeO2.75 phase.
The Historical and Psychological Significance of the Unorganized Games of New Zealand Primary School Children
Authors:   , Sutton-Smith Brian
Published: November 2021

In the Spring of 1948 while teaching at a primary school, I observed a small group of girls playing a game called "Tip the Finger". During the game one of the players chanted the following rhyme: "Draw a snake upon your back And this is the way it went North, South, East, West, Who tipped your finger?" I recognized immediately and with some surprise that this rhyme contained elements which were not invented by the children and were probably of some antiquity. I knew, for example, though only in a vague and unlearned manner, that the four pattern of the North, South, East and West and the Snake symbolism were recurrent motifs in mythology and folklore. I was aware also that there did not exits any specialized attempt to explain the part that games of this nature played in the lives of the players.
A Sociology of Maori Education - Beyond Mediating Structures
Authors:   , Penetito Walter Takaha
Published: November 2021

The history of the relationship between Maori (the indigenous minority) and Pakeha (the dominant majority) is one that is encapsulated in processes of mediation. Pakeha resolve issues that favour kawanatanga solutions (article 1 of the Treaty) while Maori recommendations almost always line up with solutions that uphold questions to do with tino rangatiratanga (article 2 of the Treaty). Each takes into account forms of accommodation of the other but these compromise positions are usually the tasks for the public servants who are by definition, working for the government of the day, and therefore, on the side of kawanatanga. The point of articulation is critical in the nature of the relationship between Maori and Pakeha. The legal academic, Alex Frame (2002) describes this position as important for those New Zealanders "who have tried to walk in both worlds, thereby not only honouring and strengthening their own and each other's cultures, but also bringing to life a third and co-existing culture of interaction in Aotearoa". A study of a variety of mediating structures, explores the relationship between Maori and Pakeha and analyses the effects these have on both parties, especially as these pertain to developments in Maori education. An approach to settling the conundrum of prioritising one agenda without creating new grievances for redress is argued throughout the study. It is argued, further, that a major re-think is needed of what an education will mean in order to meet the requirements of a contemporary Polynesian/Western society that both honours the tenets of its foundation document as well as providing a rational basis for meeting commitments in the modern global society.
Time-Varying Market Leverage and the Market Risk Premium in New Zealand
Authors:   , Bao Danyi
Published: November 2021

This paper applies the Ibbotson and Sinquefield (1976) method and the Lally (2002) method to New Zealand data over the period 1960-2005 in order to estimate the market risk premium (MRP) in two versions of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). With respect to the standard CAPM, the resulting Ibbotson estimate of the MRP for New Zealand was 6.11%. The resulting Lally estimate of the MRP ranged from 5.52% (in 1970) to 18.40% (in 1990), with an average of 7.95%, and was 6.40% for 2005. With respect to the simplified Brennan-Lally CAPM, the resulting Ibbotson estimate of the MRP for New Zealand was 8.49%. The resulting Lally estimate of the MRP ranged from 7.91% (in 1970) to 20.79% (in 1990), with an average of 10.33%, and was 8.78% for 2005. The Lally and the Ibbotson estimates of the MRP are similar in general. However, when market leverage is unusually high or low, they diverge significantly. In future, practitioners may need to choose between the estimates from the two methods when market leverage goes beyond the normal level.
Integrating Renewable Energy in Pacific Island Countries
Authors:   , Marconnet Marie
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the entry of renewable energy technologies into Pacific Islands' electricity markets, with particular focus on a new technology: the Pelamis, a wave energy converter. Pacific Islands are endowed with various types of renewable energy resources, yet they remain highly dependent on expensive fuel imports for their energy requirements, using little renewable energy. This paradox is investigated by studying the characteristics of Pacific Islands' electricity markets, including a case study on the entry of a new renewable energy technology, the Pelamis, into the electricity market of Hawaii. The integration of renewable energy technologies into Pacific Islands' electricity systems is then analysed from the point of view of an energy planner. The recent application of portfolio analysis to energy planning has provided a new framework to evaluate the different electricity generating options available to energy planners. Taking both the generating cost and financial risk of each technology into account, portfolio theory has been applied to various European countries, by comparing actual generation portfolios to an efficient frontier showing the trade-off between energy security and the cost of electricity generation. This framework has clear relevance to Pacific Island Countries. However, the characteristics inherent to Pacific Island Countries have important implications on the operation of their electricity systems, which are not necessarily taken into account in portfolio analysis. In particular, geographical isolation inhibits these countries from connecting to larger intercontinental grids, which emphasizes the importance of reliability of supply. This thesis presents a mathematical model which establishes a method for computing an optimal intertemporal path for introducing renewable energy into a pre-existing electricity system. The model explicitly allows for the cost of maintaining reliability of supply as intermittent generators are integrated. The framework also incorporates concepts from Integrated Resource Planning and portfolio analysis. Finally, policies for accelerating renewable energy development are reviewed, and a discussion is provided on the policies which are likely to be most suitable to Pacific Islands. One of the main conclusions of this thesis is that the amount of backup capacity for renewable energy can be optimally minimized by diversifying the mix of renewable energy resources in each island. In practice, this would require studying the complementarities and loading curves of the various renewable resources available, and comparing their total potential production, and the variability of this production, to electricity demand. This would allow energy planners to model the inclusion of a maximum amount of renewable energy using a minimum of backup capacity to maintain system reliability, potentially leading to a more efficient implementation and formulation of policies aimed at developing renewable energy generation in Pacific Islands.
I'll Get by with a Little Help from my Friends: Young People's Help-Seeking for Depression
Authors:   , Peacocke Phillipa Mary
Published: November 2021

The present research involved two studies examining the impact of severity on the process of help-seeking for depression. The first study included a survey of 316 New Zealand Adolescents (14-18 years) help-seeking, their inclination to seek help from a friend, parent, medical person and mental health professional for each scenario, and barriers to seeking help from these sources. Young females were more likely to identify depressive symptoms as a problem, and reported higher help-seeking, as well as lower barriers to seeking help. Age and ethnicity impacted on the process of seeking help, and inclination to seek help from different sources, supporting a complex multi-stage process, which both individual and contextual variables impact on the different stages. Correspondence Analysis was conducted on participant barriers to seeking help, which revealed that the severity of symptoms and source of help were reflected in participants' selection of barriers. It was suggested that young people perceive formal sources of help as more appropriate for severe symptoms of depression than informal sources such as friends and family. To examine this further, twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with similar aged young people in the second study. Through thematic analysis, two overarching themes were identified. The expected response from a helper, and their relationship with a helper, were found to influence seeking help from different sources. The severity of depressive symptoms was found to overlap with these themes, to influence the perceived appropriateness of different helpers. This research contributes to understanding the reasons young people prefer informal sources of help. That is, they are more trusted, the response is more predictable, and help is considered more relevant from informal sources, particularly friends. The importance of utilising and strengthening already established help-seeking pathways of friends and family is encouraged to improve help-seeking from professionals.
A Study in Splitting the Ant Complex Monomorium antarcticum (Fr. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors:   , Dann Michael J
Published: November 2021

This work provides new information about the native Southern Ant complex Monomorium antarcticum. In the first experimental chapter (chapter two) the diversity of species within the complex, the utility of DNA barcode molecular data in such taxonomic work and how DNA barcode data combines with traditional morphological and morphometric data is investigated. The second experimental chapter (chapter three) explores the genetic structuring of the complex and how that relates to the complexs recent biogeographic history and the dispersal potential, both natural and human mediated. The two experimental chapters (chapters two and three) in this thesis have overlap of portions of the methods and results as they have been written as a pair of papers so as they can be read independently from each other.
The Paris Commune of 1871 in Selected Texts of French Prose Fiction
Authors:   , Dunn Bruce Hamilton
Published: November 2021

The thesis consists essentially of a consideration of the Paris Commune of 1871 as represented in the following texts: l'Apprentie by Gustave Geffroy; l'Ami de l'Ordre by Jerome and Jean Tharaud; Bas les Coeurs and l'Epaulette by Georges Darien; la Colonne and Philemon vieux de la vieille by Lucien Descaves; les Massacres de Paris by Jean Cassou. With two exceptions (Bas les Coeurs (1889) and les Massacres de Paris (1935)) these works appeared during the opening fifteen years of the twentieth century. In addition to its obvious function of introducing the principal authors discussed, the Introduction provides background information to (and attempts to set the tone for) material examined in the main body of the thesis. Chapters one and Two, devoted to Gustave Geffroy and the Tharaud brothers respectively, consider the commune primarily in terms of its effects upon, and consequences for, individuals and families at the time. Georges Darien's savage denunciation of the bourgeois order - an indictment in which the Paris Commune serves an essential purpose - is considered in chapter Three. The fourth chapter (centred upon la colonne by Lucien Descaves) entails discussion of the commune's repudiation - through the toppling of the vendome column - of warmongering and chauvinism. In Philemon vieux de la vieille, the Commune is seen essentially in terms of its continued significance for former communards looking back, during the early l900's, to the seventy-two days' and the years of exile. Jean Cassou's characterisation of leading participants in the Commune notably Louis Rossel, Louise Michel and Jaroslaw Dombrowski - provides the principal focus for discussion in chapter six. Sources used by both Descaves and Cassou are considered in the relevant chapters. To complement material in Chapters One to Six, appendices relating to three texts (Un Communard by Leon Deffoux; le Mur by Maurice Montegut; la commune by Paul and Victor Margueritte) are included. Throughout the thesis, references are frequently made to, and comparisons drawn with, other writers who have portrayed the commune: notably Emile Zola, Leon Cladel and Jules Valles.
A Contemporary Interpretation of Mayavada: Advaita Vedanta and the Affirmation of the Material Universe
Authors:   , Parkin Nicholas
Published: November 2021

Mayavada (the doctrine of maya) is the Advaitin explanation of how the infinite Brahman is manifested as the finite material world. Brahman is unchanging and perfect; the locus of the changing and imperfect world. This paper has two aims. The first is to show that mayavada affirms the reality of the material world, despite the claims of Paul Deussen and Prabhu Dutt Sharstri to the contrary. To achieve this end a world-affirming mayavada is formulated based on the metaphysics of Swami Vivekananda, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and Sri Aurobindo. The second aim is to show that world-affirming mayavada is a plausible metaphysical position which should be taken seriously in contemporary metaphysical debate. To achieve this some pluralist arguments against nondualism are rejected, and it is explained how world-affirming mayavada is preferable to pluralism when accounting for the ontological problems that arise from limitless decomposition and emergence due to quantum entanglement. Hence the conclusion of this paper will be that mayavada is a plausible metaphysical position which affirms the reality of the material world.
Some Studies of New Zealand Quaternary Pyroclastic Rocks
Authors:   , Kohn Barry Paul
Published: November 2021

The development of volcanic "ash" studies in New Zealand can be traced through three broad periods (Jeune 1970). During the late 19th century the extensive pumice deposits surrounding Lake Taupo received considerable comment (Crawford 1875, Smith 1876 and Cussen 1887). Thomas (1887) recognised a covering of younger andesitic ash from Mts. Tongariro and Ruapehu overlying the pumice from Taupo and in his 1888 report on the eruption of Mt. Tarawera in 1886, Thomas provided a valuable description of the eruption and the deposits resulting from it. Tephra deposits received only cursory attention during the following years until soil surveys initiated as part of the research effort into bush sickness demonstrated a relationship between incidence of the disease and soil derived from tephra (Aston 1926). Extended soil surveys followed (Granger 1929, 1931, 1937, Taylor 1930, 1933, Grange and Taylor 1931, 1932) during the course of which many important soil forming tephras were named, described and mapped. On the basis of minerals studies, contributions were recognised from four recently active volcanic centres; Taupo, Rotorua, Tongariro National Park and Mt. Egmont.
Phylogeography Of Southern New Zealand: Implications Of Pliocene And Pleistocene Processes And Evolutionary Concordance Across Independent Loci
Authors:   , O'Neill Shay B.
Published: November 2021

The endemic fauna of the South Island has proven to be an ideal taxonomic group to examine the impact of climatic and geological processes on the evolution of New Zealand's biota since the Pliocene. This thesis examines the phylogeography of McCann's skink (Oligosoma maccanni) in order to provide insight into the relative contribution of Pliocene and Pleistocene processes on patterns of genetic structure in South Island biota. This thesis also investigates the phylogeography of the brown skink (O. zelandicum) to examine whether Cook Strait landbridges facilitated gene flow between the North and South Island in the late-Pleistocene. This thesis also investigates the presence of genealogical concordance across independent loci for the endemic alpine stick insect, Niveaphasma. I obtained mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data (ND2 and ND4; 1284 bp) from across the range of both skink species and mtDNA (COI; 762 bp) and nuclear sequence data (EF1 ; 590 bp) from across the range of Niveaphasma. I used DGGE in order to resolve nuclear EF1 alleles and examined phylogeographic patterns in each species using Neighbour-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. Substantial phylogeographic structure was found within O. maccanni, with divergences among clades estimated to have occurred during the Pliocene. Populations in the Otago/Southland region formed a well-supported lineage within O. maccanni. A genetic break was evident between populations in east and west Otago, while north-south genetic breaks were evident within the Canterbury region. There was relatively minor phylogeographic structure within O. zelandicum. Our genetic data supports a single colonization of the North Island by O. zelandicum from the South Island, with the estimated timing of this event (0.46 Mya) consistent with the initial formation of Cook Strait. There was substantial genetic structuring identified within Niveaphasma, with a well-supported lineage present in the Otago/Southland region. There was also a genetic break between populations in Canterbury and eastern Otago with those in central Otago and Southland. The genetic data provided strong genealogical concordance between mtDNA haplotypes and nuclear alleles suggesting an accurate depiction of the historical isolation identified between the major clades of Niveaphasma. This finding offers compelling evidence for the use of nuclear gene  phylogeography alongside mtDNA for future evolutionary studies within New Zealand.
Some Aspects of Western Taranaki Geology and Pedology
Authors:   , Neall Vincent Ernest
Published: November 2021

The North Island of New Zealand is the southern end of an island arc structure which stretches 3000 km northwards to Samoa. It comprises the Hikurangi Trench to the east of the North Island (Houtz, et.al. 1967), a central negative gravity anomaly (Robertson and Reilly 1958) and two volcanic zones to the west of the gravity anomaly (Cole 1967). The volcanic zones comprise the Ohakune-White Island zone of calc-alkaline volcanoes and a western zone of more alkaline volcanoes from Northland to Taranaki. The Taranaki volcanoes are principally high potash low magnesia hornblende-andesites (Hatherton 1968a) which extend 25 km south from New Plymouth to Mt. Egmont. Volcanological investigations on the Taranaki andesites have previously been limited to petrological, geomorphic and Recent tree-ring dating studies. The following work involves detailed studies on the tephrochronology, lahar stratigraphy, weathering and soil formation in western Taranaki together with a detailed interpretation of Quaternary volcanic and climatic events.