bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable silk catheters for the delivery of therapeutics across anatomical repair sites
Authors: Brown Joseph E. , Tozzi Lorenzo , Schilling Benjamin , Kelmendi‐Doko Arta , Truong April B. , Rodriguez Maria J. , Gil Eun Seok , Sucsy Robert , Valentin Jolene E. , Philips Brian J. , Marra Kacey G. , Rubin J. Peter , Kaplan David L.
Published: April 2018

Biodegradable silk catheters for the delivery of therapeutics are designed with a focus on creating porous gradients that can direct the release of molecules away from the implantation site. Though suitable for a range of applications, these catheters are designed for drug delivery to transplanted adipose tissue in patients having undergone a fat grafting procedure. A common complication for fat grafts is the rapid reabsorption of large volume adipose transplants. In order to prolong volume retention, biodegradable catheters can be embedded into transplanted tissue to deliver nutrients, growth factors or therapeutics to improve adipocyte viability, proliferation, and ultimately extend volume retention. Two fabrication methods are developed: a silk gel‐spinning technique, which uses a novel flash‐freezing step to induce high porosity throughout the bulk of the tube, and a dip‐coating process using silk protein solutions doped with a water soluble porogen. Increased porosity aids in the diffusion of drug through the silk tube in a controllable way. Additionally, we interface the porous tubes with ALZET osmotic pumps for implantation into a subcutaneous nude mouse model. The work described herein will discuss the processing parameters as well as the interfacing between pump and cargo therapeutic and the resulting release profiles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 501–510, 2019.
Management of wilt disease of chickpea in vivo by silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by rhizospheric microflora of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Kaur Pawan , Thakur Rajesh , Duhan Joginder S , Chaudhury Ashok
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

This work reports the isolation and screening of rhizospheric microflora of chickpea and their role in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The antifungal potential of AgNPs for control of wilt disease of chickpea, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (FOC) was evaluated in vitro and in vivo pot experiments. The effect of AgNPs on seed germination and soil community was also evaluated.

RESULTS

Among microbial strains, two bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. and Achromobacter sp. and two fungi, Trichoderma sp. and Cephalosporium sp., were identified for biosynthesis of AgNPs. AgNPs were confirmed by UV‐visible spectra (λ = 420 nm) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with size 20–50 nm. AgNPs showed very high antifungal activity (95%) against FOC in vitro at 100 µgmL−1 concentration. Pot experiments showed maximum and minimum reduction in wilt incidence over control, i.e. 73.33% for AgNPs and copper‐oxychloride (CuOCl) i.e. 26.67%, respectively. Seeds coated with AgNPs showed high germinability up to 98% and no negative impact was observed on soil community.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated the role of AgNPs against the fungal disease of chickpea that can be extended to other diseases of chickpea and other important Indian crops. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of casein, hydrolyzed casein, and whey proteins on urinary and postprandial plasma metabolites in overweight and moderately obese human subjects
Authors: Schmedes Mette , Bendtsen Line Q , Gomes Sisse , Liaset Bjørn , Holst Jens J , Ritz Christian , Reitelseder Søren , Sjödin Anders , Astrup Arne , Young Jette F , Sundekilde Ulrik K , Bertram Hanne C
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Casein and whey proteins differ in amino acid composition and absorption rate; however, the absorption rate of casein can be increased to mimic that of whey proteins by exogenous hydrolysis. In view of these compositional differences, we studied the metabolic responses to intake of casein, hydrolyzed casein, and whey proteins in overweight and moderately obese men and women by investigating select urinary and blood plasma metabolites.

RESULTS

A total of 21 urinary and 23 plasma metabolites were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The postprandial plasma metabolites revealed a significant diet–time interaction for isoleucine (P = 0.001) and tyrosine (P = 0.001). The level of isoleucine and tyrosine peaked 90 min postprandially with a 1.4‐fold difference following intake of whey proteins compared with either casein or hydrolyzed casein. A 1.2‐fold higher urinary level of lactate was observed after intake of whey proteins compared with intake of intact casein (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

The plasma metabolites revealed different amino acid profiles reflecting the amino acid composition of casein and whey proteins. Furthermore, the results support that casein hydrolysates neither affect the postprandial amino acid absorption rate nor the amino acid level compared with that of intact casein. The urinary lactate increases following whey protein intake might indicate a higher metabolism of glucogenic amino acids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of honey adulteration with beet sugar and corn syrup using infrared spectroscopy and genetic‐algorithm‐based multivariate calibration
Authors: Başar Başak , Özdemir Durmuş
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) equipped with attenuated total reflectance accessory was used to determine honey adulteration. Adulterated honey samples were prepared by adding corn syrup, beet sugar and water as adulterants to the pure honey samples in various amounts. The spectra of adulterated and pure honey samples (n = 209) were recorded between 4000 and 600 cm−1 wavenumber range.

RESULTS

Genetic‐algorithm‐based inverse least squares (GILS) and partial least squares (PLS) methods were used to determine honey content and amount of adulterants. Results indicated that the multivariate calibration generated with GILS could produce successful models with standard error of cross‐validation in the range 0.97–2.52%, and standard error of prediction between 0.90 and 2.19% (% w/w) for all the components contained in the adulterated samples. Similar results were obtained with PLS, generating slightly larger standard error of cross‐validation and standard error of prediction values.

CONCLUSION

The fact that the models were generated with several honey samples coming from various different botanical and geographical origins, quite successful results were obtained for the detection of adulterated honey samples with a simple Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Having a genetic algorithm for variable selection helped to build somewhat better models with GILS compared with PLS. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
What publishers can take away from the latest early career researcher research
Authors: Nicholas David , Watkinson Anthony , Abrizah Abdullah , Boukacem‐Zeghmouri Cherifa , Xu Jie , Rodríguez‐Bravo Blanca , Świgoń Marzena , Herman Eti
Published: April 2018

Key points

Early career researchers (ECRs) consider journals the central form of communication – but are concerned about pressure to publish.

ECRs want to share but currently accept the closed publishing system because of the need to build a traditional reputation.

ECRs know – and appear to care – little about publishers but trust them as publishing and reviewing facilitators.

Editors are criticized for not managing peer review with better selection of reviewers.

Megajournals are not seen as the future journal form and criticized for lack of selectivity.

ECRs want open access/science in principle but are circumspect about their contribution to it.

ResearchGate is a key force for change as ECRs consider it a mainstay communication and reputation platform.
A Novel Method for Manufacturing High‐Performance Layered Silicate/Epoxy Nanocomposites Using an Epoxy–Diamine Adduct to Enhance Compatibility and Interfacial Reactivity
Authors: Wei Ran , Wang Xiaoqun , Zhang Xu , Wang Shijie , Zhu Shouyu , Du Shanyi
Published: April 2018

To solve the bottlenecks of poor dispersion and weak interface in nanocomposites, a novel epoxy–diamine adduct (TMA) is synthesized by reacting the epoxy monomer with the curing agent diamine to functionalize montmorillonite (MMT), which is designed to have perfect compatibility and reactivity with the epoxy matrix. Then, pristine MMT and TMA–MMT are incorporated with epoxy resin to fabricate nanocomposites. The correlations between surface functionalization, morphology, and interfacial interaction of the sheets and the composites properties are systematically investigated. The results show that the adduct is successfully synthesized and is terminated with epoxy and amine groups. Improved dispersion/exfoliation with larger surface fractal and smaller gyration radius of TMA–MMT can be obviously observed. At 3 wt% MMT loading, both the strength and modulus obtained from tensile and flexural tests improve significantly (by ≈40%). Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibits excellent N2 barrier properties. The gas permeability is dramatically reduced by 91% compared to that of the neat epoxy. A model for gas permeation in the nanocomposite reveals that the MMT platelets are homogeneously dispersed in the matrix. Consequently, the improved dispersion/exfoliation and enhancement of the properties confirm the superiority of the adduct generated from the matrix, providing a general method for the development of high‐performance nanocomposites.
Automated pixel‐wise brain tissue segmentation of diffusion‐weighted images via machine learning
Authors: Ciritsis Alexander , Boss Andreas , Rossi Cristina
Published: April 2018

The diffusion‐weighted (DW) MR signal sampled over a wide range of b‐values potentially allows for tissue differentiation in terms of cellularity, microstructure, perfusion, and T2 relaxivity. This study aimed to implement a machine learning algorithm for automatic brain tissue segmentation from DW‐MRI datasets, and to determine the optimal sub‐set of features for accurate segmentation.

DWI was performed at 3 T in eight healthy volunteers using 15 b‐values and 20 diffusion‐encoding directions. The pixel‐wise signal attenuation, as well as the trace and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the diffusion tensor, were used as features to train a support vector machine classifier for gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid classes. The datasets of two volunteers were used for validation. For each subject, tissue classification was also performed on 3D T1‐weighted data sets with a probabilistic framework. Confusion matrices were generated for quantitative assessment of image classification accuracy in comparison with the reference method.

DWI‐based tissue segmentation resulted in an accuracy of 82.1% on the validation dataset and of 82.2% on the training dataset, excluding relevant model over‐fitting. A mean Dice coefficient (DSC) of 0.79 ± 0.08 was found. About 50% of the classification performance was attributable to five features (i.e. signal measured at b‐values of 5/10/500/1200 s/mm2 and the FA). This reduced set of features led to almost identical performances for the validation (82.2%) and the training (81.4%) datasets (DSC = 0.79 ± 0.08).

Machine learning techniques applied to DWI data allow for accurate brain tissue segmentation based on both morphological and functional information.
Describing the leadership capabilities of advanced practice nurses using a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Lamb Alyson , Martin‐Misener Ruth , Bryant‐Lukosius Denise , Latimer Margot
Published: April 2018

Aim

The aim of this study is to explore advanced practice nurses’ perceptions of their leadership capabilities.

Design

A qualitative descriptive methodology informed by a well‐established leadership framework was used to explore advanced practice nurses’ perceptions of their leadership.

Methods

Purposive sampling of advanced practice nurses working in tertiary acute care facilities in Eastern Canada was employed. Data sources included face‐to‐face interviews and document analysis. Fourteen advanced practice nurses participated in two audio‐taped semi‐structured interviews from March 2013–January 2014. Data were transcribed and analysed using NVIVO 10 software and content analysis.

Results

Two main themes were identified: “Patient‐focused leadership” and “organization and system‐focused leadership”. These two themes are further described through leadership domains and capabilities that clearly articulate advanced practice nursing leadership and its contribution to improving the care environment for patients and families, nurses and other healthcare providers, organizations and the healthcare system.
Superior electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness and low percolation threshold through the preferential distribution of carbon black in the highly flexible polymer blend composites
Authors: Ravindren Revathy , Mondal Subhadip , Bhawal Poushali , Ali Shek. Mahammad Nasim , Das Narayan Chandra
Published: April 2018

Carbon black distribution in different phases of blends affects the percolation threshold and electrical properties and electromagnetic interferences (EMIs) shielding effectiveness to a great extent. We addressed the challenge of developing a light weight and highly flexible superior EMI shielding material by combining ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) and ethylene octane copolymer (EOC) with conductive carbon black. The selective distribution of filler particle in the EMA phase facilitates the way for double percolation phenomenon which signifies higher electrical conductivity properties. This percolated filler network development is revealed from the field emission scanning electron microscopy and TEM analysis. This newly developed conductive blend demonstrates superior EMI shielding efficiency of −31.4 dB together with promising mechanical and thermal properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1404–1418, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Self‐descriptions on LinkedIn: Recruitment or friendship identity?
Authors: Garcia Danilo , Cloninger Kevin M. , Granjard Alexandre , Molander‐Söderholm Kristian , Amato Clara , Sikström Sverker
Published: April 2018

We used quantitative semantics to find clusters of words in LinkedIn users’ self‐descriptions to an employer or a friend. Some of these clusters discriminated between worker and friend conditions (e.g., flexible vs. caring) and between LinkedIn users with high and low education (e.g., analytical vs. messy).
Multifunctional polyaniline/chloroplatinic acid composite material: Characterization and potential applications
Authors: Ozkazanc Ersel , Ozkazanc Hatice
Published: April 2018

Polyaniline/chloroplatinic acid (PANI/H2PtCl6.H2O) composite is synthesized viain situoxidative polymerization method. Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet‐visible, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, and Thermogravimetric techniques are used for the characterization studies. The surface morphology of the samples is investigated by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Dielectric measurements are carried out depending on the temperature. The dispersion process increases the thermal degradation temperature of PANI by about 60°C, while reducing the optical energy gap of PANI from 1.99 to 1.76 eV. Chloroplatinic acid significantly increases the agglomeration and grain size (up to 10 μm) on the surface of the PANI. Gas sensor measurements show that Polyaniline/chloroplatinic acid composite can be a candidate for ethanol detection. With the dispersion process, the electrical conductivity of PANI increases almost 2.5 times. The charge transport mechanism of the samples is consistent with electron tunneling model up to 97°C and with small polaron tunneling model at higher temperatures. The hopping distance of the charge carriers reduced to 4.82 from 5.30 nm with dispersion process. Experimental results reveal that PANI/chloroplatinic acid composite can be a rather suitable multifunctional material for various applications such as gas sensors, optoelectronic and semiconductor devices. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:66–73, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Case report: Giant cystic lesions with a rare pulmonary diagnosis
Authors: Siew Ruth , Cheng Eulalia R. Y.
Published: April 2018

A 14‐year‐old male who presented with back pain was found to have giant cystic lesions on CXR and emphysematous changes on chest CT. He underwent right lobectomies and histopathology of the resected lesions demonstrated giant bullous emphysema with placental transmogrification. This has not been previously described in a pediatric patient. We describe his clinical findings, pulmonary function tests, and post‐operative course. The pathogenesis of placental transmogrification remains uncertain. As this is the first reported pediatric case, we propose that giant bullous emphysema with placental transmogrification should be considered in the differential diagnosis for cystic lesions in the pediatric age group.
Power of lower extremities is most important determinant of agility among physically inactive or active adult people
Authors: Manderoos Sirpa , Vaara Mariitta , Karppi Sirkka‐Liisa , Aunola Sirkka , Puukka Pauli , Surakka Jukka , Mälkiä Esko
Published: April 2018

Objective

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the relationships between agility, running speed, jumping height and length, body mass index, self‐report pain in back and in lower extremities, personal factors as self‐report health and fitness, and leisure time physical activity in physically inactive or active adult people.

Methods

Altogether, 233 healthy subjects, 149 women (43.0 ± 7.3 years) and 84 men (44.0 ± 7.7 years), participated into study. Outcome measures were described in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains.

Results

Multiple regression analysis showed that jumping length explained 24.6% and 15.3% of the variance associated with agility in women and men (adjusted R2 = .246, p < .001; adjusted R2 = .153, p = .001, respectively).

Conclusions

Jumping length was the main determinant of agility among physically inactive or active women and men. The findings of this study strengthen opinion that the Agility Test for Adults demands also other physical and cognitive characteristics as measured now and their part explaining agility results may be relatively great. We suggest that perception and decision making explain for a great part in agility. It seems that body mass index does not play important role in agility, but physical inactivity can explain or increase the decline of agility. Also, various biological mechanisms in aging process can be linked to the deterioration of capacity of agility.
Critical success factors of risk‐based inspection
Authors: Mohamed Ramuna , Che Hassan Che Rosmani , Hamid Mahar Diana
Published: April 2018

Risk‐based inspection (RBI) is a tool which helps ensure safe and economically viable operation. To benefit from an RBI system, the factors that affect its implementation need to be studied. This research focuses on identifying and ranking the critical success factors (CSFs) of RBI. Based on the literature review of RBI, an initial list of 28 potential CSFs was identified and complied. These CSFs were then grouped into eight factor headings according to RBI/RBM, RBIM and risk assessment process. A survey was conducted to assess and prioritizes the degree of influence of those success factors on RBI systems, while determining whether these CSFs do indeed play a critical role in the successful implementation of RBI systems as perceived by the respondents. Samples were collected to confirm the identified CSFs. The findings show that the most influential factor is “Data Collection,” and while “RBI Estimation” is the most critical factor heading in the implementation of RBI. Additionally, the findings also show that all CSFs identified are critical and relevant for Malaysian industries. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Process Saf Prog 38: 4–20, 2019
Enhanced Gas‐Sensing Performances of Ru‐Loaded p‐Type Co3O4 Nanoparticles
Authors: Kruefu Viruntachar , Inpan Ungkana , Leangtanom Pimpan , Arkarvipath Chatkaew , Kongpark Patcharee , Phokharatkul Ditsayut , Wisitsoraat Anurat , Tuantranont Adisorn , Phanichphant Sukon
Published: April 2018

Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) and Co3O4 NPs‐functionalized with 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 wt.% Ruthenium (Ru) are synthesized by the precipitation and impregnation methods. X‐ray diffraction data confirm that all samples are highly crystalline with a typical cubic Co3O4 NPs structure. Electron microscopic images show spherical morphologies of Co3O4 nanoparticles with the diameters of 10–30 nm and Ru nanoparticles with relatively small diameters of 2–4 nm loaded on Co3O4 surfaces. The gas‐sensing results reveal that Ru loading at an optimally low Ru content of 0.25 wt.% led to significantly enhanced ethanol sensing performances. Specifically, the 0.25 wt.%Ru/Co3O4 sensor exhibits a good p‐type response of ≈30 to 100 ppm C2H5OH, short response time (0.08 s), good recovery time (a few minutes) and high C2H5OH selectivity against H2S, H2, NH3, NO2, and SO2. Therefore, the Ru‐loaded Co3O4 sensor is a promising alternative p‐type gas sensor for ethanol detection.
Slippery slope?
Authors: Smith DVL
Published: April 2018

How should the customer insight industry respond to the Post‐Truth era?
Making a difference
Authors: Kearon John
Published: April 2018

Tragedy can strike an industry at any time and unfortunately, ours is no exception.
Hydrazide Salts of Di‐Picric Acid as Dense and Insensitive Energetic Materials
Authors: Devi Alka , Dharavath Srinivas , Ghule Vikas D.
Published: April 2018

Energetic dipicrate hydrazide salts were synthesized by combining picric acid (PA) as anion and carbohydrazide and oxalyldihydrazide as cations in stoichiometric amounts (2 : 1 mol ratio). The structures of 2,2′‐carbonyldi(hydrazin‐1‐ium) bispicrate (1) and 2,2′‐(1,2‐dioxoethane‐1,2‐diyl)di(hydrazin‐1‐ium) bispicrate (2) were investigated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, illustrate that both crystals of 1 and 2 belong to the monoclinic system (space group, C2/c). The prepared salts were thoroughly characterized using NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA). The detonation velocities and pressures of salts 1 (8.02 km/s, 27.8 GPa) and 2 (8.23 km/s, 30.5 GPa) were computed by using EXPLO5 code. They exhibit high density, acceptable oxygen balance, good detonation properties and admirable thermal stability.
Risk Factors for Surgical Complications in Ventral Hernia Repair
Authors: Lindmark Mikael , Strigård Karin , Löwenmark Thyra , Dahlstrand Ursula , Gunnarsson Ulf
Published: April 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for an adverse event, i.e. early surgical complication, need for ICU care and readmission, following ventral hernia repair. Our hypothesis was that there is an association between an increased complication rate following ventral hernia repair and specific factors, including hernia size, BMI > 35, concomitant bowel surgery, ASA‐class, age, gender and method of hernia repair.

Methods

Data from a hernia database with prospectively entered data on 408 patients operated for ventral hernia between 2007 and 2014 at two Swedish university hospitals were analysed. A 3‐month follow‐up of complications, need for intensive care and readmission, was performed by reviewing the medical records.

Results

Eighty‐one of 408 patients (20%) had a registered complication. Fifty‐eight (14%) of these were classed as Clavien I–IIIa, and in 19 cases a Clavien IIIb–IV complication was reported. Large hernia size was associated with increased risk for early complication. A Kendall Tau test analysis revealed a proportional relationship between hernia size and modified Clavien outcome class (p < 0.001). Morbid obesity, ASA‐class, method, hernia recurrence, age and concomitant bowel surgery were not statistically significant predictors of adverse events.

Conclusions

Assessment of hernia aperture size is of great importance in the preoperative evaluation of ventral hernia patients to consider risk for post‐operative complications. These results suggest a careful attitude when applying watchful waiting concepts and when postponing hernia surgery to achieve weight loss. A delaying attitude may result in increased risk of complications caused by increasing hernia size.
Galectin‐3 and incident cognitive impairment in REGARDS, a cohort of blacks and whites
Authors: Venkatraman Anand , Callas Peter , McClure Leslie A. , Unverzagt Fred , Arora Garima , Howard Virginia , Wadley Virginia G. , Cushman Mary , Arora Pankaj
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The relationship between serum galectin‐3 and incident cognitive impairment was analyzed in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study.

Methods

Baseline galectin‐3 was measured in 455 cases of incident cognitive impairment and 546 controls. Galectin‐3 was divided into quartiles based on the weighted distribution in the control group, and the first quartile was the referent.

Results

There was an increasing odds of cognitive impairment across quartiles of galectin‐3 (odds ratios, 1.00 [0.68–1.46], 1.45 [1.01–2.10], and 1.58 [1.10–2.27] relative to the quartile 1; P trend = .003) in an unadjusted model, which persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and race (P = .004). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors greatly attenuated this association (odds ratios, 0.97 [0.60–1.57], 1.52 [0.94–2.46], and 1.27 [0.76–2.12]; P = .15). The association differed by diabetes status (P interaction, .007). Among nondiabetics (293 cases, 411 controls), those with galectin‐3 in the fourth compared with first quartile had an odds ratio of 1.6 (0.95–2.99; P trend, .02). In diabetics, the odds ratio was 0.23 (0.04–1.33).

Discussion

Serum galectin‐3 was associated with increased risk of incident cognitive impairment in a large cohort study of blacks and whites but only in nondiabetics.
DRINKING PERFORMANCE AND POLITICS IN PUEBLO BONITO, CHACO CANYON
Authors: Crown Patricia L.
Published: April 2018

Drinking vessels provide information on changes in drinking practices, crafting, exchange patterns, rituals, and the creation of status differences in Chacoan society. They reveal a gradual sequence of change in vessel forms, followed by dramatic intensification of drinking activity in the AD 1000s that provided opportunities for differentiation among Chaco residents, particularly at Pueblo Bonito. Termination of the most iconic drinking vessel form, the cylinder vessel, and the rituals surrounding it around AD 1100 was followed by the introduction of a northern drinking vessel form. Careful reconstruction of the production, consumption, and discard practices associated with drinking vessels provides the means for understanding broader processes in the Chaco world.
Direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow and heat transfer in a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer laden with particles
Authors: Li Dong , Luo Kun , Fan Jianren
Published: April 2018

Direct numerical simulations of particle-laden flows in a spatially developing turbulent thermal boundary layer over an isothermally heated wall have been performed with realistic fully developed turbulent inflow boundary conditions. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first time the effects of inertial solid particles on turbulent flow and heat transfer in a flat-plate turbulent boundary layer have been investigated, using a two-way coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method. Results indicate that the presence of particles increases the mean streamwise velocity and temperature gradients of the fluid in the near-wall region. As a result, the skin-friction drag and heat transfer are significantly enhanced in the particle-laden flows with respect to the single-phase flow. The near-wall sweep and ejection motions are suppressed by the particles and hence the Reynolds shear stress and wall-normal turbulent heat flux are attenuated, which leads to reductions in the production of the turbulent kinetic energy and temperature fluctuations. In addition, the coherence and spacing of the near-wall velocity and temperature streaky structures are distinctly increased, while the turbulent vortical structures appear to be disorganized under the effect of the particles. Moreover, the intensity of the streamwise vortices decreases monotonically with increasing particle inertia.
Tracing the Absolute Time-Frame of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean
Authors: Arvaniti Theodora , Maniatis Yannis
Published: April 2018

The Early Bronze Age (EBA) is associated with technological and cultural changes that may suggest the onset of a new culture. The question usually posed is whether the spread of the EBA culture is a matter of contemporary evolutionary practices or a matter of migration of peoples. We contribute to this discussion by tracing the appearance and spread of the EBA in the Aegean using an absolute time-frame provided by more than 200 radiocarbon (14C) dates from 25 different Aegean sites. These have been compiled and statistically treated, individually, and in geographical groups to allow temporal and spatial comparisons. A new model is constructed for the first time for northern Greece. The dates are compared between various settlements and areas in each of the traditional cultural divisions EBA I, EBA II, and EBA III and possible subdivisions. The statistical treatment and comparisons indicate that the EBA appeared slightly earlier, around 3300 BC, in northern Greece than in southern Greece, and the Cycladic Islands and also lasted longer in some areas in northern Greece, ending at around 1900 BC.
INTEGRATED NUTRIENT–WEED MANAGEMENT UNDER MECHANISED DRY DIRECT SEEDING (DDS) IS ESSENTIAL FOR SUSTAINED SMALLHOLDER ADOPTION IN RAINFED LOWLAND RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.)
Authors: SENGXUA PHENG , JACKSON TAMARA , SIMALI PHETSAMONE , VIAL LEIGH K. , DOUANGBOUPHA KHAMSOUK , CLARKE ELIZABETH , HARNPICHITVITAYA DOME , WADE LEN J.
Published: April 2018

In rainfed lowland rice-based systems, increasing labour scarcity due to off-farm employment is encouraging farmers to switch from transplanting to dry direct seeding (DDS). To assure stable productivity at a level comparable with or superior to transplanting, DDS management must ensure rice seedlings have access to nutrients in order to be competitive with weeds, which must also be suppressed. This paper examined farmer perceptions of DDS using a farmer survey, and used on-farm experiments to examine responses of rainfed lowland rice to integrated nutrient–weed management, based around mechanised DDS. In the survey, weeds were the biggest problem faced by farmers in using DDS (61%). In 90% of cases, farmers reported that weeds had increased under DDS, with most farmers (78%) controlling weeds by hand. All farmers said they would use DDS in the following season (100%), due to labour savings (47%), timeliness of operations, improved productivity, low investment or a combination of these (44%). In on-farm experiments, banding nutrients with the seed at sowing enhanced early dry matter of rice, while early weed dry matter was reduced. Early weed control using ducklings or hand weeding reduced weed competition and increased rice growth, with ducklings providing additional yield benefits over hand weeding. Early increases in seedling vigour of rice, and in weed suppression, carried through to greater dry matter and yield of rice at maturity. Integrated nutrient–weed management in mechanised DDS increased DDS yields, reduced DDS yield variability and contributed to sustainability of DDS rice systems.
THE ORDINES OF VAT. LAT. 7701 AND THE LITURGICAL CULTURE OF CAROLINGIAN CHIETI
Authors: Westwell Arthur
Published: April 2018

The study of medieval liturgy is well served by a fuller appreciation of the unique richness of individual manuscripts. One example, Vat. Lat. 7701, is a key piece of evidence for uncovering the reception of the Carolingian project to ‘correct’ liturgy in Chieti, Abruzzo. This manuscript is a ‘pontifical’, created for the personal use of a ninth-century bishop of Chieti. Within this book, he described and prescribed his own liturgical duties, those which made up his office as the Carolingians understood it. The peculiarities of the manuscript and some of its unique features are best understood by reference to this imperative. Alongside other products of the Carolingian scriptorium at Chieti, the manuscript reveals that even bishops at the southernmost tip of the Carolingian Empire saw themselves as fully engaged in an Empire-wide programme to amend liturgical practice, which did not aim for uniformity but led to significant creativity. This programme was associated with imperial authority, but led by bishops themselves. Local liturgical variation is undeniable in our manuscript, but the sharing of texts and communication with sees all across the Empire are equally visible components.
The dendroidal category is a test category
Authors: ARA DIMITRI , CISINSKI DENIS-CHARLES , MOERDIJK IEKE
Published: April 2018

We prove that the category of trees Ω is a test category in the sense of Grothendieck. This implies that the category of dendroidal sets is endowed with the structure of a model category Quillen-equivalent to spaces. We show that this model category structure, up to a change of cofibrations, can be obtained as an explicit left Bousfield localisation of the operadic model category structure.
International Emergency Medical Teams Training Workshop Special Report
Authors: Albina Anthony , Archer Laura , Boivin Marlène , Cranmer Hilarie , Johnson Kirsten , Krishnaraj Gautham , Maneshi Anali , Oddy Lisa , Redwood-Campbell Lynda , Russell Rebecca
Published: April 2018

The World Health Organization’s (WHO; Geneva, Switzerland) Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Initiative created guidelines which define the basic procedures to be followed by personnel and teams, as well as the critical points to discuss before deploying a field hospital. However, to date, there is no formal standardized training program established for EMTs before deployment. Recognizing that the World Association of Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM; Madison, Wisconsin USA) Congress brings together a diverse group of key stakeholders, a pre-Congress workshop was organized to seek out collective expertise and to identify key EMT training competencies for the future development of training programs and protocols. The future of EMT training should include standardization of curriculum and the recognition or accreditation of selected training programs. The outputs of this pre-WADEM Congress workshop provide an initial contribution to the EMT Training Working Group, as this group works on mapping training, competencies, and curriculum. Common EMT training themes that were identified as fundamental during the pre-Congress workshop include: the ability to adapt one’s professional skills to low-resource settings; context-specific training, including the ability to serve the needs of the affected population in natural disasters; training together as a multi-disciplinary EMT prior to deployment; and the value of simulation in training.

AlbinaA, ArcherL, BoivinM, CranmerH, JohnsonK, KrishnarajG, ManeshiA, OddyL, Redwood-CampbellL, RussellR. International Emergency Medical Teams training workshop special report. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):335–338.
Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images’ Exodus from Braj
Authors: PAUWELS HEIDI , BACHRACH EMILIA
Published: April 2018

This paper studies how Brajbhāṣā Vaishnava narratives describe the role the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb played in the displacement of Krishna images from the Braj heartland in the 1660s and 1670s. While contemporary discourse frequently suggests that the emperor was a villain persecuting beloved Hindu deities, who in turn are victims forcibly moved from their original homeland, the early-modern vernacular narratives we consider here perceive these peregrinations in rather more complex ways. This article foregrounds the case of the best-known dispersed Krishna image: Śrī Nāthajī, a deity of the Vallabha-Sampradāya, now residing in the Mewar area of Rajasthan. It analyses mostly the discourse of the Śrī Nāthajī kī Prākaṭya-Vārtā, or ‘The story of the Appearance of Śrī Nāthajī’, attributed to Vallabha's descendant, Harirāy. The sectarian logic presents Aurangzeb as an ardent, if uncouth, devotee and Śrī Nāthajī as an autonomous agent, not a victim, but rather a victor.
Infant feeding practices and determinant variables for early complementary feeding in the first 8 months of life: results from the Brazilian MAL-ED cohort site
Authors: Maciel BLL , Moraes ML , Soares AM , Cruz IFS , de Andrade MIR , Filho JQ , Junior FS , Costa PN , Abreu CB , Ambikapathi R , Guerrant RL , Caulfield LE , Lima AAM
Published: April 2018

Objective

The present study aimed to describe breast-feeding, complementary feeding and determining factors for early complementary feeding from birth to 8 months of age in a typical Brazilian low-income urban community.

Design

A birth cohort was conducted (n 233), with data collection twice weekly, allowing close observation of breast-feeding, complementary feeding introduction and description of the WHO core indicators on infant and young child feeding. Infant feeding practices were related to socio-economic status (SES), assessed by Water/sanitation, wealth measured by a set of eight Assets, Maternal education and monthly household Income (WAMI index). Two logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate risk factors associated with early complementary feeding.

Results

Based on twice weekly follow-up, 65 % of the children received exclusive breast-feeding in the first month of life and 5 % in the sixth month. Complementary feeding was offered in the first month: 29 % of the children received water, 15 % infant formulas, 13 % other milks and 9·4 % grain-derived foods. At 6 months, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were both 47 % and these increased to 69 % at 8 months. No breast-feeding within the first hour of birth was a risk factor for the early introduction of water (adjusted OR=4·68; 95 % CI 1·33, 16·47) and low WAMI index a risk factor for the early introduction of other milks (adjusted OR=0·00; 95 % CI 0·00, 0·02).

Conclusions

Data suggest local policies should promote: (i) early breast-feeding initiation; (ii) SES, considering maternal education, income and household conditions; (iii) timely introduction of complementary feeding; and (iv) dietary diversity.
The Skin of Spectral Time in Grisey'sLe Noir de l’Étoile
Authors: EXARCHOS DIMITRIS
Published: April 2018

Following the aesthetics of pure continuity in the late 1970s, Grisey moved on to compose for unpitched percussion inTempus ex Machina, focusing on pure rhythm. Shortly afterwards he elaborated on his theory of temporality in a talk and article of the same title; one decade later, he includedTempusas the first movement ofLe Noir de l’Étoile. Grisey insisted on the significance of the perception of musical time, of theskinof time – as opposed to itsskeletonorflesh. This article puts forward an interpretation of Grisey's thinking of temporality, drawing on concepts from French philosophy. It further provides an analysis of two sections ofLe Noir, tracing these concepts in the structuring of musical time, with a view to providing a possible direction towards a re-definition of spectral time.
Heard Utopia vs Utopian Hearing: Haas'sin vainand Political Ambivalence in New Music
Authors: SILVA MAX
Published: April 2018

This article examines Haas's politically programmatic workin vainin relation to a later essay wherein Haas disavows politically motivated composition. The first section investigates Haas's allegation thatin vain’s ideological failure is due to its politically inappropriate semantic richness. Yet multiple interpretive passes through the piece show thatin vainfails to be ideologically straightforward only because of a deeper ethical commitment to an aesthetics of defamiliarization. In the second section, I show how the basic political narrative is complicated by the estranging effect of darkness; in the third section, I align Haas's aesthetics with a post-Spectral ethics, and consider how the narrative meaning of overtone chords is complicated by their potential for challenging preconceived categories of listening. The final section returns to the essay and its blind spot for this deeper ethical aesthetics that obscuresin vain’s ideological clarity, speculating that Haas's omission betrays hidden anxieties about the modernist ethical project.
Musical Spectra,l'espace sensibleand Contemporary Opera
Authors: CROSS JONATHAN
Published: April 2018

The appearance of thecorps sonoreat a key dramatic moment in Rameau'sPygmalion(1748) opens up anespace sensible(a term borrowed from Michel Leiris) where sounds derived from the harmonic series can articulate transformed temporal and spatial environments. Thecorps sonore– rediscovered and repurposed by the spectral movement of the 1970s – reappears in a number of twenty-first-century operas in order to animate a late-modern sense of theespace sensible. Instead of crossing a threshold towards the transcendent, the seemingly immobilecorps sonorecan now represent a modernist sense of loss, death, exile, ruin, and failure. Michaël Levinas's 2010 operatic reinterpretation of Kafka'sMetamorphosisstands as an exemplar of the ways in which the spectrum of sound (here the voice of the ‘becoming-animal’ Gregor Samsa metamorphosed by electronic means) can create a ‘deterritorialized’ space of alienation. Liminal, spectral spaces in works by Dufourt, Grisey, Haas, Harvey, Murail, and Saariaho are also discussed.
Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Using Hourly Measurements of Elemental Tracers and Major Constituents in an Urban Environment: Investigation of Time‐Resolution Influence
Authors: Wang Qiongqiong , Qiao Liping , Zhou Min , Zhu Shuhui , Griffith Stephen , Li Li , Yu Jian Zhen
Published: April 2018

We demonstrate with field data the benefit of using high‐time‐resolution chemical speciation data in achieving more robust source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Hourly composition data were collected over a month in Shanghai, including four inorganic ions, 13 elements, organic, and elemental carbon. PMF analysis of the hourly data set (PMF1h) resolves eight factors: secondary nitrate/sulfate, vehicular/industrial emissions, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, tire wear, Cr and Ni point source, residual oil combustion, and dust, with the first three being the major ones and each contributing to >20% of PM2.5 mass. To characterize the benefit gained from time resolution, we carried out separate PMF analyses of 4‐ and 6‐hr averaged data of the same data set (PMF6h and PMF4h). PMF6h and PMF4h produce an eight‐factor solution sharing similar factors to those by PMF1h but show less stability and more mixing in source profiles. Profile mixing was especially noticeable for tire wear, coal combustion, and Cr and Ni point source in PMF6h, as the 6‐hr averaging significantly decreased between‐sample variability and increased rotational ambiguity. While the three sets of PMF solutions were similar in contributions for factors with major species as source markers (e.g., secondary nitrate/sulfate), larger variations existed for factors with trace species as markers due to mixing of major species in the profiles and higher rotational uncertainties in PMF4h and PMF6h. Our results indicate that hourly time series of elements and major components could achieve more robust source apportionment through better capturing of diurnal‐scale dynamics in source activities.
Modeled Postglacial Landscape Evolution at the Southern Margin of the Laurentide Ice Sheet: Hydrological Connection of Uplands Controls the Pace and Style of Fluvial Network Expansion
Authors: Lai Jingtao , Anders Alison M.
Published: April 2018

Landscapes of the U.S. Central Lowland were repeatedly affected by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Glacial processes diminished relief and disrupted drainage networks. Deep valleys carved by meltwater were disconnected from the surrounding uplands. The upland area lacking surface water connection to the drainage network is referred to as noncontributing area (NCA). Decreasing fractions of NCA on older surfaces suggest that NCA becomes drained over time. We propose that the integration could occur via (1) capture of NCA as channels propagate into the upland or (2) subsurface or intermittent surface connection of NCA to external drainage networks providing increased discharge to promote channel incision. We refer the two cases as “disconnected” and “connected” since the crucial difference between them is the hydrological connection of the upland to external drainage. We investigate the differences in evolution and morphology of channel networks in low‐relief landscapes under disconnected and connected regimes using numerical simulations. We observe substantially faster rates of erosion and integration of the channel network in the connected case. The connected case also creates longer, more sinuous channels than the disconnected case. Sensitivity tests indicate that hillslope diffusivity has little influence on the evolution and morphology. The fluvial erosion coefficient has significant impact on the rate of evolution, and it influences the morphology to a lesser extent. Our results and a qualitative comparison with landscapes of the glaciated U.S. Central Lowland suggest that connection of NCAs is a potential control on the evolution and morphology of postglacial landscapes.
Assessing Short‐Term Impacts of Management Practices on N2O Emissions From Diverse Mediterranean Agricultural Ecosystems Using a Biogeochemical Model
Authors: Deng Jia , Li Changsheng , Burger Martin , Horwath William R. , Smart David , Six Johan , Guo Lei , Salas William , Frolking Steve
Published: April 2018

Croplands are important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The lack of both long‐term field measurements and reliable methods for extrapolating these measurements has resulted in a large uncertainty in quantifying and mitigating N2O emissions from croplands. This is especially relevant in regions where cropping systems and farming management practices (FMPs) are diverse. In this study, a process‐based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification‐DeComposition (DNDC), was tested against N2O measurements from five cropping systems (alfalfa, wheat, lettuce, vineyards, and almond orchards) representing diverse environmental conditions and FMPs. The model tests indicated that DNDC was capable of predicting seasonal and annual total N2O emissions from these cropping systems, and the model's performance was better than the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emission factor approach. DNDC also captured the impacts on N2O emissions of nitrogen fertilization for wheat and lettuce, of stand age for alfalfa, as well as the spatial variability of N2O fluxes in vineyards and orchards. DNDC overestimated N2O fluxes following some heavy rainfall events. To reduce the biases of simulating N2O fluxes following heavy rainfall, studies should focus on clarifying mechanisms controlling impacts of environmental factors on denitrification. DNDC was then applied to assess the impacts on N2O emissions of FMPs, including tillage, fertilization, irrigation, and management of cover crops. The practices that can mitigate N2O emissions include reduced or no tillage, reduced N application rates, low‐volume irrigation, and cultivation of nonleguminous cover crops. This study demonstrates the necessity and potential of utilizing process‐based models to quantify N2O emissions from regions with highly diverse cropping systems.