bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Racial, Cultural, and Ethnic Diversity within US Veterinary Colleges
Authors: Greenhill Lisa M. , Nelson Phillip D. , Elmore Ronnie G.
Published: January 2008

A comprehensive survey containing 30 questions regarding racial, cultural, and ethnic issues was sent electronically to each of the member colleges within the Association of American Veterinary Colleges (AAVMC) during 2005. Responses were received from 25 of the 28 veterinary colleges in the United States and two foreign colleges. Most colleges had more than one respondent complete the survey. Since the respondents were not identified and were not uniform in regards to position within each college, some responses might have reflected the individual respondent's views rather than the college's actual situation or philosophy. The information gained from this survey demonstrates strong trends in attitudes to and practices with respect to diversity in US veterinary colleges. Three major areas were addressed in the survey—college and university environment and cultures, faculty and curriculum, and recruitment and retention of veterinary students from underrepresented minorities. In many instances, the survey confirmed a lack of knowledge about diversity issues at the respondents’ institutions. These survey results will serve as a benchmark for gauging changes in the profession's racial, cultural, and ethnic demographics in the future and as a foundation upon which to build effective diversity programs.
Teaching Basic Medical Sciences at a Distance: Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning in Internet-Based Courses
Authors: Ertmer Peggy A , Nour Abdelfattah Y.M
Published: January 2008

In recent years, the Internet has become an effective and accessible delivery mechanism for distance education. In 2003, 81% of all institutions of higher education offered at least one fully online or hybrid course. By 2005, the proportion of institutions that listed online education as important to their long-term goals had increased by 8%. This growth in available online courses and their increased convenience and flexibility have stimulated dramatic increases in enrollment in online programs, including the Veterinary Technology Distance Learning Program (VT-DLP) at Purdue University. Regardless of the obvious benefits, distance learning (DL) can be frustrating for the learners if course developers are unable to merge their knowledge about the learners, the process of instructional design, and the appropriate uses of technology and interactivity options into effective course designs.

This article describes strategies that we have used to increase students’ learning of physiology content in an online environment. While some of these are similar, if not identical, to strategies that might be used in a face-to-face (f2f) environment (e.g., case studies, videos, concept maps), additional strategies (e.g., animations, virtual microscopy) are needed to replace or supplement what might normally occur in a f2f course. We describe how we have addressed students’ need for instructional interaction, specifically in the context of two foundational physiology courses that occur early in the VT-DLP. Although the teaching and learning strategies we have used have led to increasingly high levels of interaction, there is an ongoing need to evaluate these strategies to determine their impact on students’ learning of physiology content, their development of problem-solving skills, and their retention of information.
Using Group Learning to Promote Integration and Cooperative Learning between Asian and Australian Second-Year Veterinary Science Students
Authors: Mills Paul C. , Woodall Peter F. , Bellingham Mark , Noad Michael , Lloyd Shan
Published: January 2008

There is a tendency for students from different nationalities to remain within groups of similar cultural backgrounds. The study reported here used group project work to encourage integration and cooperative learning between Australian students and Asian (Southeast Asian) international students in the second year of a veterinary science program. The group project involved an oral presentation during a second-year course (Structure and Function), with group formation engineered to include very high, high, moderate, and low achievers (based on previous grades). One Asian student and three Australian students were placed in each group. Student perceptions of group dynamics were analyzed through a self-report survey completed at the end of the presentations and through group student interviews. Results from the survey were analyzed by chi-square to compare the responses between Asian and Australian students, with statistical significance accepted at p < 0.05. There were too few Asian students for statistical analysis from a single year; therefore, the results from two successive years, 2004 (N = 104; 26% Asian) and 2005 (N = 105; 20% Asian), were analyzed. All participating students indicated in the interviews that the project was worthwhile and a good learning experience. Asian students expressed a greater preference for working in a group than for working alone (p = 0.001) and reported more frequently than Australian students that teamwork produces better results (p = 0.01). Australian students were more likely than Asian students to voice their opinion in a team setting (p = 0.001), while Asian students were more likely to depend on the lecturer for directions (p = 0.001). The results also showed that group project work appeared to create an environment that supported learning and was a successful strategy to achieve acceptance of cultural differences.
Effect of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Test Variability on Concrete Pavement Performance as Predicted by Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide
Authors: Tanesi Jussara , Kutay M. Emin , Abbas Ala , Meininger Richard
Published: January 2008

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete is a property that can affect the performance of the pavement and its service life and is one of the most important inputs in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). The CTE can be either estimated or measured in the laboratory. The test method used to determine this property is AASHTO TP 60, still a provisional test method and not yet evaluated for its precision. CTEs of more than 1,800 concrete specimens were measured at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center. The specimens included cylinders that were cast in the laboratory as well as field cores obtained from the Long-Term Pavement Performance pavement sections. Approximately 150 of the specimens were tested individually several times for assessment of repeatability of the test method. An analysis is presented of test differences observed, as is a sensitivity analysis of the CTE test variability on predicted performance based on the MEPDG. The differences in predicted international roughness index (IRI), percent slabs cracked, and faulting due to test variability were determined for concretes with CTEs ranging from 4 to 7 × 10−6 in./in./°F. It was observed that differences in test results may result in significant discrepancies in the predicted IRI, percent slabs cracked, and faulting. Thus, a single test result should not be used as representative of the CTE of a mixture due to the considerable impact of the test variability on the predicted pavement performance. Moreover, the specifications should state the minimum number of tests necessary for the CTE determination and the acceptable test variability.
Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Marginal Air Content
Authors: Tanesi Jussara , Meininger Richard
Published: January 2008

Freeze-thaw resistance is a key durability factor for concrete pavements. Recommendations for the air void system parameters are normally 6% ± 1% total air and spacing factor ≤ 0.20 mm (0.008 in.). However, it was observed that some concretes that did not possess these commonly accepted thresholds presented good freeze-thaw resistance in laboratory studies. A study evaluated the freeze-thaw resistance of several marginal air void mixes, with two different types of air-entraining admixtures: a Vinsol resin admixture and a synthetic admixture. The study used rapid cycles of freezing and thawing in plain water, in the absence of deicing salts. For specific materials and concrete mixture proportions used in this project, the marginal air mixes (concretes with fresh air contents of 3.5% or higher) presented an adequate freeze-thaw performance when Vinsol resin-based air-entraining admixture was used. The synthetic admixture used in the study did not show the same good performance as the Vinsol resin admixture did.
Performance of Steel-Post, W-Beam Guardrail Systems
Authors: Faller Ronald K. , Sicking Dean L. , Bielenberg Robert W. , Rohde John R. , Polivka Karla A. , Reid John D.
Published: January 2008

On the basis of the proposed changes to the NCHRP Report 350 guidelines, NCHRP Project 22-14(2) researchers deemed it appropriate to first evaluate two strong-post W-beam guardrail systems before finalizing the new crash testing procedures and guidelines. For this effort, the modified G4(1S) W-beam guardrail system and the Midwest Guardrail System (MGS) were selected for evaluation and comparison. Five full-scale vehicle crash tests were performed with the two longitudinal barrier systems, in accordance with the Test Level 3 (TL-3) requirements presented in the NCHRP Report 350 Update. For the modified G4(1S) testing program, two 2,270-kg pickup truck vehicles (2270P vehicles) were used: one 3/4-ton, two-door vehicle and one 1/2-ton, four-door vehicle. For the MGS testing program, two 2,270-kg pickup truck vehicles (2270P vehicles) and one 1,100-kg small-car vehicle (an 1100C vehicle) were used, with both pickup truck configurations being evaluated. On the basis of several findings, the NCHRP Project 22-14(2) researchers determined that the 1/2-ton, four-door pickup truck was better suited for use as a surrogate light truck test vehicle than the 3/4-ton, two-door pickup truck. The modified G4(1S) W-beam guardrail system, mounted at the top rail height of 706 mm, provided acceptable safety performance when it was crashed into by the 1/2-ton, four-door pickup truck vehicle, thus meeting the proposed TL-3 requirements presented in the NCHRP Report 350 Update. Testing of the modified G4(1S) W-beam guardrail system was not successful with a 3/4-ton, two-door pickup truck under the TL-3 impact conditions. The MGS was found to meet the TL-3 criteria presented in the NCHRP Report 350 Update for Test Designations 3-10 and 3-11. Satisfactory safety performance was observed with the MGS with both the 1/2-ton, four-door and 3/4-ton, two-door pickup truck vehicles.
Integrating Value Engineering and Context-Sensitive Solutions
Authors: Osman Hesham , El-Gohary Nora M. , El-Diraby Tamer E.
Published: January 2008

The designers of transportation infrastructures are increasingly using the term “context-sensitive design” (CSD) or the broader term “context-sensitive solutions” (CSSs) to refer to a design process that strives to be more cognizant of its surrounding environment. Transportation infrastructures, especially in urban environments, are part of a much larger urban ecology that consists of a complex set of natural and human-made systems. As such, design guidelines that solely address engineering and safety considerations have proved themselves incapable of delivering street designs that respond to the functional requirements of the multitude of stakeholders within urban environments. Analysis of these requirements is a necessary first step for any successful CSD-CSS. In this regard, value engineering has been identified as a successful tool for product functional analysis. Several phases of value engineering overlap with the guiding principles of CSD-CSS. As such, this paper presents a value engineering framework that can be used for the analysis of the functional requirements of urban streets within a CSD-CSS approach. To place the proposed framework into context, a major transit improvement project in the city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was studied. Seven of the main design elements were analyzed against the primary and secondary objectives identified by the value engineering process. Almost all objectives were attained by the design elements selected. The proposed framework and analysis of the case study show that the value engineering methodology can be efficiently used to address the needs of CSD design of urban streets.
Particle Separation and Hydrologic Control by Cementitious Permeable Pavement
Authors: Kuang Xuheng , Kim Jong-Yeop , Gnecco Ilaria , Raje Saurabh , Garofalo Giuseppina , Sansalone John J.
Published: January 2008

Cementitious permeable pavement (CPP) has the potential to provide in situ particulate, chemistry, and hydrologic control for storm water. The specific aspects of this control that have been the subject of significant interest and discussion are filtration, hydrologic control, and the potential for clogging. This study investigated the behavior of CPP subject to particle loadings for a constant particle size gradation, a sandy silt gradation. Recovered from an I-75 Cincinnati, Ohio, site subject to runoff loadings, these CPP specimens had similar pore size distributions and effective porosities. The total mass removal efficiencies for the particles were significant, ranging from nearly total removal for medium and coarse sands to greater than 60% removal for fine silt-size particles. With an engineered surface matrix, total phosphorus reductions exceeded 80%. The commensurate turbidity reductions were significant, and the turbidity of the effluent was generally reduced from 50% to 90% of the influent values. In situ hydrologic restoration was significant, generating peak flow reductions and storage within the pore space that represented approximately 25% of the CPP volume, and the temporal aspects of the influent hydrograph were attenuated compared with that for conventional impervious pavement. The initial hydraulic conductivity was in the range of 10−2 cm/s and followed a first-order exponential decline, and restoration of this hydraulic conductivity required some form of pavement cleaning approximately once every 6-month period. Cleaning by pavement vacuuming restored more than 95% of the initial hydraulic conductivity.
Urban domestic gardens (XII): The richness and composition of the flora in five UK cities
Authors: Loram Alison , Thompson Ken , Warren Philip H. , Gaston Kevin J.
Published: January 2008

Question:

What floras are typically associated with domestic gardens in cities?

Location:

The urban areas of the cities of Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Leicester and Oxford, UK.

Methods:

The composition and diversity of plant species in 267 urban domestic gardens in the five cities was recorded by complete census and quadrat sampling.

Results:

The entire garden flora consisted of 1056 species, of which 30% were native and 70% alien. 34% of the 50 most frequently recorded species in gardens were native, a number of them being weeds. Although plant species richness in individual gardens varied with garden area, the above breakdowns held true when the cities were considered individually. The only exception was Belfast where, overall, plant species richness was slightly lower than in any of the other cities. Comparing quadrat samples, species richness was found to be greater in the garden habitats of each of the cities than in a number of other habitats, with species accumulation curves showing no sign of reaching saturation at 120 quadrats. This is due to the high proportion of alien species found in gardens, and in particular those surviving at low densities as a result of human intervention.

Conclusion:

There was surprisingly little difference in plant species richness, diversity or composition between the cities, despite the variation in geographical and climatic factors. This suggests that human factors such as plant availability, garden management and social/economic status of individual householders had an overriding influence.
Circulating cell‐free DNA methylation‐based multi‐omics analysis allows early diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhao Guochao , Jiang Ruijingfang , Shi Ying , Gao Suizhi , Wang Dansong , Li Zhilong , Zhou Yuhong , Sun Jianlong , Wu Wenchuan , Peng Jiaxi , Kuang Tiantao , Rong Yefei , Yuan Jie , Zhu Shida , Jin Gang , Wang Yuying , Lou Wenhui
Published: April 2024

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with a 5‐year survival rate of 7.2% in China. However, effective approaches for diagnosis of PDAC are limited. Tumor‐originating genomic and epigenomic aberration in circulating free DNA (cfDNA) have potential as liquid biopsy biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Our study aims to assess the feasibility of cfDNA‐based liquid biopsy assay for PDAC diagnosis. In this study, we performed parallel genomic and epigenomic profiling of plasma cfDNA from Chinese PDAC patients and healthy individuals. Diagnostic models were built to distinguish PDAC patients from healthy individuals. Cancer‐specific changes in cfDNA methylation landscape were identified, and a diagnostic model based on six methylation markers achieved high sensitivity (88.7% for overall cases and 78.0% for stage I patients) and specificity (96.8%), outperforming the mutation‐based model significantly. Moreover, the combination of the methylation‐based model with carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) levels further improved the performance (sensitivity: 95.7% for overall cases and 95.5% for stage I patients; specificity: 93.3%). In conclusion, our findings suggest that both methylation‐based and integrated liquid biopsy assays hold promise as non‐invasive tools for detection of PDAC.
Subpar reporting of pre‐analytical variables in RNA‐focused blood plasma studies
Authors: Van Der Schueren Céleste , Decruyenaere Philippe , Avila Cobos Francisco , Bult Johanna , Deleu Jill , Dipalo Laudonia Lidia , Helsmoortel Hetty Hilde , Hulstaert Eva , Morlion Annelien , Ramos Varas Elena , Schoofs Kathleen , Trypsteen Wim , Vanden Eynde Eveline , Van Droogenbroeck Hanne , Verniers Kimberly , Vandesompele Jo , Decock Anneleen
Published: April 2024

Extracellular RNA (cell‐free RNA; exRNA) from blood‐derived liquid biopsies is an appealing, minimally invasive source of disease biomarkers. As pre‐analytical variables strongly influence exRNA measurements, their reporting is essential for meaningful interpretation and replication of results. The aim of this review was to chart to what extent pre‐analytical variables are documented, to pinpoint shortcomings and to improve future reporting. In total, 200 blood plasma exRNA studies published in 2018 or 2023 were reviewed for annotation of 22 variables associated with blood collection, plasma preparation, and RNA purification. Our results show that pre‐analytical variables are poorly documented, with only three out of 22 variables described in over half of the publications. The percentage of variables reported ranged from 4.6% to 54.6% (mean 24.84%) in 2023 and from 4.6% to 57.1% (mean 28.60%) in 2018. Recommendations and guidelines (i.e., BRISQ, ASCO‐CAP, BloodPAC, PPMPT, and CEN standards) have currently not resulted in improved reporting. In conclusion, our results highlight the lack of reporting pre‐analytical variables in exRNA studies and advocate for a consistent use of available standards, endorsed by funders and journals.
Prediction of Flow Stress and Characterizing the Deformation Mechanism of As‐Extruded 7005 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Lin Chun‐Nan , Tzeng Yu‐Chih
Published: April 2024

This study explores isothermal hot compression of the as‐extruded 7005 aluminum alloy within a temperature range of 573–823 K, with strain rates from 0.001 to 1 s−1 and a strain of 1.2. Three constitutive equations, employing hyperbolic sine, power law, and exponential functions, were formulated and compared to predict rheological peak stress accuracy and applicability. The results indicate that the hyperbolic sine function is suitable across all stress levels, the power law function for low stress (<56 MPa), and the exponential function for high stress (>56 MPa). Introducing a strain compensation function enhances hyperbolic sine function accuracy. The stress exponent (n) and activation energy (Q) decrease with increased deformation, indicating a transition in the deformation mechanism from early‐stage dislocation climb to later‐stage dislocation glide. At 773 K with strain >0.6, the presence of precipitates maintains the n value at approximately 4. Solute atoms (Zn, Mg, and Zr) and precipitates (MgZn2 and Al3Zr) impede diffusion and dislocation motion, resulting in deformation activation energies surpassing pure aluminum. Additionally, kernel average misorientation maps demonstrate that higher deformation temperatures and lower strain rates reduce internal residual stresses.
Hybrid Plasmon Mode Enhancing the Lifetime and Forward‐Directional Emission for Solution‐Processed OLEDs
Authors: Liang Ningning , Xin Xia , Yin Mingjie , Chen Ruixiang , Yang Hua , Tian Ruiqi , Chen Yiming , Song Ningning , Zhai Tianrui
Published: April 2024

Ongoing research is dedicated to tackling the trade‐off between out‐coupling efficiency, transparency, and conductivity for transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs), owing to their continuously increasing application in smartphones/watches, augmented/virtual reality, and naked eye 3D projection. Herein, an aluminum substrate‐mediated hybrid plasmon mode is deliberately embedded in solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diode (SOLED). The created TCE with a 6‐nm‐Al film‐mediated indium tin oxide (ITO) displays an average transmittance of 88.3%, an average ultra‐low haze of 0.2%, and a sheet resistance of 9.5 Ω  sq−1, surpassing commercial ITO substrates. By precisely controlling the geometry of this aluminium film/dielectric spacer/silver nanoparticle (Al film‐TAPC‐Ag NP) coupled system, a hybrid dipolar, and quadrupolar mode is required, providing further enhanced scattering strength and plasmon coupling effect in the resultant OLED. These Al film‐TAPC‐Ag NP system mediated SOLEDs display improved decay rate of triplet excitons, elevated electroluminescence out‐coupling efficiency, and suppressed waveguide confinement. Consequently, enhanced stability by 10% after 580 h storage without encapsulation, forward‐directed emission with a ± 70° light‐emitting angle, and a 22% current efficiency enhancement are simultaneously realized, compared with conventional SOLEDs. This work presents new opportunities for LED design and for the implementation of solution‐processed LEDs in large‐area high‐performance displays.
Evolution of Graphene Dirac Fermions in Electric Double‐Layer Transistors with a Soft Barrier
Authors: Lin Fanrong , Liu Jiawei , Lu Huan , Liu Xin , Liu Ying , Hu Zhili , Lyu Pin , Zhang Zhuhua , Martin Jens , Guo Wanlin , Liu Yanpeng
Published: April 2024

The interface and dielectric environment of graphene transistors are of great importance to commercial circuit integrations. The tangling bond in oxide‐based dielectric severely lagged the carrier mobility while the 2D dielectric layer (for instance, hexagonal boron nitride) unavoidably hastened complicated condensed physics even at room temperature. Herein, multilayer black phosphorus (BP) a versatile and widely‐tunable dielectric candidate for manifesting graphene fermions is demonstrated. Because of hetero‐interfacial charge redistributions, a vertical electric double‐layer between the bottom BP layer and top graphene spontaneously forms with the central BP layer as a soft barrier. Under dual‐gate modulation, abnormal step‐like evolution of Dirac fermions and charge‐transfer quantum Hall effect arises while the intrinsic Dirac behavior of graphene is preserved, ascribing to the gate‐tunable charge redistributions of dielectric BP layer. Moreover, the electric double‐layer transistors apply equally well to bilayer graphene with similar Dirac behavior but an enhanced interfacial charge interference. The findings not only create a new avenue to manipulate the fermions by assembling graphene with narrow‐gapped 2D layered materials but also promote electric double‐layer transistors as a new build block to design multifunctional devices.
Freestanding MXene‐Scaffolded Film Cathodes Enable High‐Performance Flexible Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zeng Zhen , Shen Jianyu , Lai Yiliang , Hua Guoxin , Wang Yuxiao , Liu Junyang , Tang Weihua
Published: April 2024

Flexible electronics are among the highest‐profile devices in today's world. The development of high‐capacity power supply with both flexibility and rate stability is in great demand yet remains highly challenging. Herein, for the first time the construction of freestanding films is reported by integrating α‐MnO2 nanofibers in MXene (Ti3C2Tx) bonded single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) networks (named MXSC) through covalent bonding as binder‐free cathodes for high capacity and rate stability aqueous zinc‐ion battery. The film electrodes boast high electrical conductivity and decent flexibility for rolling and folding. The optimal MnO2@MXSC (α‐MnO2/SWCNTs/MXene = 10:40:60 by weight ratio) cathode contributes a steady specific capacity of 368 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 over 1000 cycles charge and discharge process, delivering a high energy density of 354 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 963 W kg−1. More importantly, the MnO2@MXSC cathode demonstrates exceptional cyclic performance after being bent 1000 times. The flexible Zn‐MnO2@MXSC thin film battery maintains its energy storage capability when subject to folding and cutting. Such outstanding abilities of this highly flexible rechargeable MnO2@MXSC cathode offer a unique perspective on powering wearable electronic devices.
Engineering the Metal‐Support Interaction and Oxygen Vacancies on Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4 Nanorods for Synergetic Enhanced Electrocatalytic Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Conversion
Authors: Su Jinhui , Shi Ke , Liu Baocang , Xi Zichao , Yu Junchao , Xu Xuan , Jing Peng , Gao Rui , Zhang Jun
Published: April 2024

Ruthenium (Ru) loaded catalysts show high activity and selectivity for ammonia (NH3) synthesis via electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3−), but their practical application is still restricted by their high cost and insufficient stability. Herein, a multi‐component electrocatalyst of Ru nanoclusters loaded on phosphorus‐doped/phosphate‐modified and oxygen vacancy (OV)‐rich Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods (Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4) to synergistically promote electrocatalytic NO3− reduction reaction (NO3−RR)‐to‐NH3 performance via strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) is reported. Impressively, the best Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits outstanding NO3−RR activity, selectivity, and durability in 0.1 M KNO3 + 0.5 M KOH solution, with an NH3 yield rate of 14.37 ± 0.21 mgNH3 h−1 cm−2 (1710.71 ± 25 mgNH3 h−1 mgRu−1) at −0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), an NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 97.2% at −0.55 V vs. RHE, and a superior stability over 50 h, suppressing most of reported Fe‐based and Ru‐based electrocatalysts. The characterizations and theoretical calculations unveil that the SMSI between Ru nanoclusters and P‐Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods can promote the generation of OV, tune the electronic structure of Ru species, and stabilize Ru nanoclusters, thereby reducing the reaction energy barrier of NO3−RR‐to‐NH3, inhibiting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, and boosting the NH3 yield rate NH3 FE, and stability.
A Highly Integrated Component with Tri‐Part Significantly Enhances Fuel Cell Power Density by Reducing Mass Transfer Resistance and Excellent Humidity Tolerance
Authors: He Can , Wen Qinglin , Ning Fandi , Shen Min , He Lei , Tian Bin , Li Wei , Xu Leilei , Liu Yiyang , Dan Xiong , Chai Zhi , Zou Siyi , Zhou Xiaochun
Published: April 2024

Traditional flow fields and gas diffusion layers (GDL) suffer from water flooding at the rib contact surface, resulting in mass transfer obstruction. Herein, an integrated component (i‐component) with tri‐part of the flow field, gas diffusion backing, and the microporous layer is prepared using the filter molding method to prevent flooding at the rib. The i‐component with micro‐tunnels is more compact than traditional fuel cells and has no distinct interface, significantly enhancing fuel cell performance, reducing mass transfer resistance, and improving water management. Remarkably, the mass transfer resistance of the i‐components is reduced by six times, accompanied by a 50% increase in power density (1.63 W cm−2) and a 146% surge in volume‐specific power (24 500 W L−1). Additionally, it exhibits excellent humidity tolerance in the relative humidity range of 30–100%. This method achieves large‐area i‐component (388 cm2) preparation in 0.5 h at 350 °C, which reduces time by dozens and energy consumption by over 100 times compared to the traditional method for preparing commercial GDL. The i‐component significantly enhances the mass transfer and water management capabilities of fuel cells. Hence, the i‐component provides new strategies for next‐generation fuel cells, water electrolysis, flow battery, carbon dioxide reduction, etc.
Charge‐Transfer‐Mediated Exciton Dynamics in Van der Waals Antiferromagnet NiPS3
Authors: Li Yuanhe , Liang Gaoming , Kong Chongtao , Sun Baoquan , Zhang Xinhui
Published: April 2024

2D van der Waals antiferromagnets have emerged as excellent candidates for studying novel low‐dimensional magnetism. The recently discovered spin–orbit‐entangled excitonic bound state appearing below the Néel temperature of 150 K in 2D antiferromagnetic NiPS3 (the so‐called Zhang–Rice (ZR) exciton) has drawn considerable attention in terms of exploring the strong correlation of spins, orbitals, and charges in a localized many‐body state. However, the formation mechanism of ZR excitons remains unclear, and its ultrafast dynamics have yet to be fully explored. Here, utilizing broadband transient reflectivity spectroscopy, the strong correlation between the charge‐transfer state excitation and the dynamic evolution of ZR excitons is investigated. Through systematic tuning of the pumping photon energy across the charge‐transfer state in NiPS3, the results reveal a short radiative lifetime of tens of picoseconds and a long nonradiative lifetime of up to nanoseconds for ZR excitons following an ultrafast charge transfer of ≈2 ps from the charge‐transfer state. The findings provide evidence of charge‐transfer‐induced ZR excitonic states in NiPS3, where the intriguing phenomena of strongly coupled spins and charges can be explored.
Simultaneous Fresh Water Collection and Li+ Selective Adsorption Enabled by A Salt‐Resistant Separated Solar Evaporator
Authors: Chen Kai , Li Lingxiao , Li Bucheng , Yang Yanfei , Zhu Keyu , Zhang Junping
Published: April 2024

Solar‐driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) of brine may solve the fresh water shortage issue but suffers from salt‐fouling. Meanwhile, adsorption can extract valuable lithium (Li) from brine but is hampered by low adsorption capacity/rate, additional energy input and low selectivity, etc. Here, as a proof‐of‐concept, the design of a separated solar evaporator (S‐evaporator) is reported for simultaneously efficient fresh water collection and Li+ selective adsorption by SIE of brine, accomplishing their complementation using only sunlight. The S‐evaporator consists of a tilted n‐shaped H2TiO3‐modified fabric and a photothermal sheet on it. The superhydrophilic fabric transports brine to the photothermal sheet and provides affluent sites for Li+ adsorption. The photothermal sheet promotes SIE and enhances Li+ adsorption by significantly increasing the fabric's temperature. Consequently, simultaneous fresh water collection and Li+ selective adsorption are realized by the S‐evaporator. Under 1 kW m−2 illumination, the S‐evaporator shows long‐term stable evaporation rate (1.51 kg m−2 h−1) for 20 wt% brine, high Li+ adsorption capacity (20.09 mg g−1), good Li+ adsorption selectivity from real brine and good cycle stability. The S‐evaporator has great application potential for efficiently extracting fresh water and Li+ from brine as demonstrated by the large SIE setup in real outdoor conditions.
Simultaneous Reduction of Bulk and Contact Thermal Resistance in High‐Loading Thermal Interface Materials Using Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: He Xiu , Liu Xirui , Huang Jiajing , Lin Wenbo , Wen Jiawang , Huang Pochung , Zeng Xiaoliang , Zhang Yan , Wang Qianlong , Lin Yue
Published: April 2024

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) play a pivotal role in the transfer of heat from high‐temperature sources, such as CPUs, to heat sinks in power electronics. The effectiveness of grease‐type TIMs is determined by their effective thermal impedance (REFF), which hinges on optimizing both the specific bulk (RB) and contact (RC) thermal resistances. Achieving concurrent optimization of these resistances poses a significant challenge, especially in high filler loading TIMs, typically above 76 vol%. This research leverages interface engineering through Self‐Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) to address this challenge. A substantial decrease in REFF is realized to 0.169 K cm2 W−1, a tenfold enhancement compared to non‐SAM treated TIMs, which exhibit REFF values of 2.265 K cm2 W−1. This leap in performance is primarily ascribed to the reduced surface energy of SAM treated Al2O3, leading to lower particle‐to‐particle Van der Waals forces, thereby improving particle dispersion and strengthening interfacial bonds. Furthermore, longer carbon chains in SAMs result in increased RB, yet a decrease in RC, due to the chains' capacity for enhanced energy absorption and molecular entanglement. The investigation underscores the significance of shorter‐chain SAMs in fine‐tuning thermal resistance, highlighting the crucial role of molecular architecture in the design of advanced TIMs.
Self‐Assembly Enabled Printable Asymmetric Self‐Insulated Stretchable Conductor for Human Interface
Authors: Ahmed Salahuddin , Momin Marzia , Ren Jiashu , Lee Hyunjin , Zhou Tao
Published: April 2024

Soft and stretchable conductors with high electrical conductivity and tissue‐like mechanical properties are crucial for both on‐skin and implantable electronic devices. Liquid metal‐based conductors hold great promise due to their metallic conductivity and minimal stiffness. However, the surface oxidation of liquid metal particles in polymeric matrices poses a challenge in forming a continuous pathway for highly conductive elastic composites. Here, it is reported a printable composite material based on liquid metal and conducting polymer that undergoes a self‐assembly process, achieving high conductivity (2089 S cm−1) in the bottom surface while maintaining an insulated top surface, high stretchability (>800%), and a modulus akin to human skin tissue. This material is further applied to fabricate skin‐interfaced strain sensors and electromyogram sensors through 3D printing.
Bacterial Biohybrids for Invasion of Tumor Cells Promote Antigen Cross‐Presentation Through Gap Junction
Authors: Li Wen , Chen Qi‐Wen , Fan Jin‐Xuan , Han Zi‐Yi , Song Wen‐Fang , Zeng Xuan , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: April 2024

Due to inherent differences in cellular composition and metabolic behavior with host cells, tumor‐harbored bacteria can discriminatorily affect tumor immune landscape. However, the mechanisms by which intracellular bacteria affect antigen presentation process between tumor cells and antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) are largely unknown. The invasion behavior of attenuated Salmonella VNP20009 (VNP) into tumor cells is investigated and an attempt is made to modulate this behavior by modifying positively charged polymers on the surface of VNP. It is found that non‐toxic chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) modified VNP (VNP@COS) bolsters the formation of gap junction between tumor cells and APCs by enhancing the ability of VNP to infect tumor cells. On this basis, a bacterial biohybrid is designed to promote in situ antigen cross‐presentation through intracellular bacteria induced gap junction. This bacterial biohybrid also enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules on the surface of tumor cells through the incorporation of Mdivi‐1 coupled with VNP@COS. This strategic integration serves to heighten the immunogenic exposure of tumor antigens; while, preserving the cytotoxic potency of T cells. A strategy is proposed to precisely controlling the function and local effects of microorganisms within tumors.
Integrating Single‐Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Reveals Heterogeneity of Early Pig Skin Development and a Subpopulation with Hair Placode Formation
Authors: Wang Yi , Jiang Yao , Ni Guiyan , Li Shujuan , Balderson Brad , Zou Quan , Liu Huatao , Jiang Yifan , Sun Jingchun , Ding Xiangdong
Published: April 2024

The dermis and epidermis, crucial structural layers of the skin, encompass appendages, hair follicles (HFs), and intricate cellular heterogeneity. However, an integrated spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of embryonic skin has not yet been described and would be invaluable for studying skin‐related diseases in humans. Here, single‐cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses are performed on skin samples of normal and hairless fetal pigs across four developmental periods. The cross‐species comparison of skin cells illustrated that the pig epidermis is more representative of the human epidermis than mice epidermis. Moreover, Phenome‐wide association study analysis revealed that the conserved genes between pigs and humans are strongly associated with human skin‐related diseases. In the epidermis, two lineage differentiation trajectories describe hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and epidermal development. By comparing normal and hairless fetal pigs, it is found that the hair placode (Pc), the most characteristic initial structure in HFs, arises from progenitor‐like OGN+/UCHL1+ cells. These progenitors appear earlier in development than the previously described early Pc cells and exhibit abnormal proliferation and migration during differentiation in hairless pigs. The study provides a valuable resource for in‐depth insights into HF development, which may serve as a key reference atlas for studying human skin disease etiology using porcine models.
Conformal Engineering of Both Electrodes Toward High‐Performance Flexible Quasi‐Solid‐State Zn‐Ion Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Wu Yaopeng , Yuan Wei , Wang Pei , Wu Xuyang , Chen Jinghong , Shi Yu , Ma Qianyi , Luo Dan , Chen Zhongwei , Yu Aiping
Published: April 2024

The severe Zn‐dendrite growth and insufficient carbon‐based cathode performance are two critical issues that hinder the practical applications of flexible Zn‐ion micro‐ssupercapacitors (FZCs). Herein, a self‐adaptive electrode design concept of the synchronous improvement on both the cathode and anode is proposed to enhance the overall performance of FZCs. Polypyrrole doped with anti‐expansion graphene oxide and acrylamide (PPy/GO‐AM) on the cathode side can exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance, including decent capacitance and cycling stability, as well as exceptional mechanical properties. Meanwhile, a robust protective polymeric layer containing reduced graphene oxide and polyacrylamide is self‐assembled onto the Zn surface (rGO/PAM@Zn) at the anode side, by which the “tip effect” of Zn small protuberance can be effectively alleviated, the Zn‐ion distribution homogenized, and dendrite growth restricted. Benefiting from these advantages, the FZCs deliver an excellent specific capacitance of 125 mF cm−2 (125 F cm−3) at 1 mA cm−2, along with a maximum energy density of 44.4 µWh cm−2, and outstanding long‐term durability with 90.3% capacitance remained after 5000 cycles. This conformal electrode design strategy is believed to enlighten the practical design of high‐performance in‐plane flexible Zn‐based electrochemical energy storage devices (EESDs) by simultaneously tackling the challenges faced by Zn anodes and capacitance‐type cathodes.
A Self‐Powered Biochemical Sensor for Intelligent Agriculture Enabled by Signal Enhanced Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Gao Along , Zhou Qitao , Cao Zhikang , Xu Wenxia , Zhou Kang , Wang Boyou , Pan Jing , Pan Caofeng , Xia Fan
Published: April 2024

Precise agriculture based on intelligent agriculture plays a significant role in sustainable development. The agricultural Internet of Things (IoTs) is a crucial foundation for intelligent agriculture. However, the development of agricultural IoTs has led to exponential growth in various sensors, posing a major challenge in achieving long‐term stable power supply for these distributed sensors. Introducing a self‐powered active biochemical sensor can help, but current sensors have poor sensitivity and specificity making this application challenging. To overcome this limitation, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)‐based self‐powered active urea sensor which demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity is developed. This device achieves signal enhancement by introducing a volume effect to enhance the utilization of charges through a novel dual‐electrode structure, and improves the specificity of urea detection by utilizing an enzyme‐catalyzed reaction. The device is successfully used to monitor the variation of urea concentration during crop growth with concentrations as low as 4 µm, without being significantly affected by common fertilizers such as potassium chloride or ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. This is the first self‐powered active biochemical sensor capable of highly specific and highly sensitive fertilizer detection, pointing toward a new direction for developing self‐powered active biochemical sensor systems within sustainable development‐oriented agricultural IoTs.
Optically Enhanced Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with Light Utilization Efficiency Surpassing 5.5%
Authors: Zhang Ye‐Fan , Chen Wei‐Shuo , Chen Jing‐De , Ren Hao , Hou Hong‐Yi , Tian Shuo , Ge Heng‐Ru , Ling Hong‐Hui , Zhang Jia‐Liang , Mao Hongying , Tang Jian‐Xin , Li Yan‐Qing
Published: April 2024

Converting non‐visual light into photocurrent while maintaining high visual transparency is vital for semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) application, yet often challenging over insufficient invisible light‐harvesting. Herein, spectrally selective optical manipulation for ST‐OSCs with high visual light transparency and full‐spectral non‐visual light reflection is proposed by matching the optical admittance of ultrathin Ag films using ZnS and MgF2. The reflection of optically enhanced ST‐OSCs at the spectral region beyond the human eye's response spectrum is improved and the transmission in the visual region is simultaneously enhanced. By further integrating an anti‐reflective structure, the optimal structure boosts the average visible transmittance and power conversion efficiency of ST‐OSCs to 44.3% and 12.6%, respectively, yielding a record light utilization efficiency of 5.6%. Corresponding flexible ST‐OSCs with high mechanical stability implies that this work provides a facile and universal strategy for ST‐OSCs aiming at building integrated photovoltaics.
Relationship between Alzheimer dementia and QT interval: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Rabkin Simon W.
Published: April 2024

While the link between aging and mortality from dementia is widely appreciated, the mechanism is not clear. The objective of this study was to determine whether there is a direct relationship between Alzheimer dementia (AD) and the QT interval, because the latter has been related to cardiac mortality. A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted after a Medline and EMBASE search using terms “Alzheimer disease or Dementia AND QT interval, QT dispersion or cardiac repolarization.” Four studies with control groups were identified. There were significant differences in QT interval between individuals with AD vs individuals without dementia (controls) (odds ratio (OR)1.665 [random effects model] and 1.879 [fixed effect model]) (p < 0.001). There were significant differences in QT interval between individuals with AD vs individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (OR 1.760 [random effects] and 1.810 [fixed effect]) (p < 0.001). A significant (p <0.001) correlation exists between the QTc and the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE), a test of cognitive function. Two studies examined QT variability (the difference between the longest and shortest QT interval on a 12 lead ECG); the OR for QT variability AD vs MCI was 3.858 [random effects model] and 3.712 [fixed effects model] (p < 0.001). When compared to the control group, the OR for QT dispersion in AD was 6.358 [random effects model] or 5.143 ( P< 0.001) [fixed effects model]. A qualitative analysis of the data raised questions about paucity of data defining the nature of the control groups, the pathophysiologic mechanism, and the uniform use of a poor QT heart rate correction factor. The longer QT in AD, greater QT variability in AD, and the direct relationship between QT interval and AD severity supports a brain–heart connection in AD that might be fundamental to aging‐induced AD and mortality. Issues with defining the control group, limited number of studies, conflicting data in population studies, and the lack of a strong electrophysiological basis underscore the need for additional research in this field.
3D Printing in the Design and Fabrication of Anthropomorphic Hands: A Review
Authors: Park Jonghoo , Chang Munhyeok , Jung Inchul , Lee Haemin , Cho Kyujin
Published: April 2024

In this article, 3D‐printed anthropomorphic hands for prosthetic or robotic applications are reviewed as 3D printing has transformed manufacturing by enabling the creation of intricate structures layer by layer, offering design freedom and efficiency. This review categorizes 3D‐printed anthropomorphic hands based on actuation, transmission, joint, and functional features like sensing and grasp patterns. It also assesses the level of anthropomorphism and validation methods by presenting criteria in prosthetic and robotic applications. Then, the article discusses 3D printing technologies in their usage and types, highlighting the advantages of multi‐material capabilities and integration of different hand components. Future directions on structural components, anthropomorphism, validation, and use of 3D printing are discussed, focusing on trends that only 3D printing technology can achieve in anthropomorphic hand development.
Truncating variants of the sterol recognition region of SHH cause hypertelorism phenotype rather than hypotelorism‐holoprosencephaly
Authors: Yamada Mamiko , Mizuno Seiji , Inaba Mie , Uehara Tomoko , Inagaki Hidehito , Suzuki Hisato , Miya Fuyuki , Takenouchi Toshiki , Kurahashi Hiroki , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: April 2024

Sonic hedgehog signaling molecule (SHH) is a key molecule in the cilia‐mediated signaling pathway and a critical morphogen in embryogenesis. The association between loss‐of‐function variants of SHH and holoprosencephaly is well established. In mice experiments, reduced or increased signaling of SHH have been shown to be associated with narrowing or excessive expansion of the facial midline, respectively. Herein, we report two unrelated patients with de novo truncating variants of SHH presenting with hypertelorism rather than hypotelorism. The first patient was a 13‐year‐old girl. Her facial features included hypertelorism, strabismus, telecanthus, malocclusion, frontal bossing, and wide widow's peak. She had borderline developmental delay and agenesis of the corpus callosum. She had a nonsense variant of SHH: Chr7(GRCh38):g.155802987C > T, NM_000193.4:c.1302G > A, p.(Trp434*). The second patient was a 25‐year‐old girl. Her facial features included hypertelorism and wide widow's peak. She had developmental delay and agenesis of the corpus callosum. She had a frameshift variant of SHH: Chr7(GRCh38):g.155803072_155803074delCGGinsT, NM_000193.4:c.1215_1217delCCGinsA, p.(Asp405Glufs*92). The hypertelorism phenotype contrasts sharply with the prototypical hypotelorism‐holoprosencephaly phenotype associated with loss‐of‐function of SHH. We concluded that a subset of truncating variants of SHH could be associated with hypertelorism rather than hypotelorism.