bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Exactly engrav’d by Tho
Authors: Herissone Rebecca
Published: July 2020

Thomas Cross Jr. was the first music printer to capitalize on the growth of public musical performances in late seventeenth-century England by producing cheap, single-sheet editions of the newest and most popular songs, especially those from the latest theater productions, for audience members and others in fashionable society to buy. As England’s first specialist music engraver, he was able to produce his simple prints of individual songs unusually quickly and to sell them at a fraction of the price of the larger movable-type anthologies that remained the mainstay of established London music stationers in this period. In the absence of intellectual property laws, Cross was free to print any music he could acquire, and he soon came to be seen as a threat by composers and music stationers alike. He clearly did not enjoy good relationships with contemporary composers, and we can safely assume that they did not supply him with his source materials. Given that his prints were nearly always the first published editions of the theater songs to appear in print, how did he obtain his musical texts? This article examines the hypothesis that Cross’s engravings may have derived directly from the stage performances of the singers he names in the titles of his editions, and that they may reflect the singers’ interpretations of the music “exactly engrav’d,” as Cross claimed. Comparison of the variants in Cross’s editions with readings preserved in sources that have known connections to contemporary performance demonstrates that his prints—despite their not undeserved reputation for inaccuracy—probably preserve contemporary performing practices more closely than has hitherto been acknowledged. Their significance as sources thus needs to be reevaluated, which raises broader questions about the criteria that scholars use when making judgments about the relative authority of sources from this period.
Electron spins coupling of coconut shell activated nanocarbons in solid propellant on improving to the thrust stability and specific impulses
Authors: Supadmana Muda Nur Rachman , Wardana I.N.G. , Hamidi Nurkholis , Yuliati Lilis , Witjaksono Gunawan
Published: July 2020

The role of activated coconut carbon in the combustion of solid propellant composed by ammonium perchlorate, aluminum, and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene on improving to the thrust stability and specific impulses have been studied experimentally. Nanocarbons derived from coconut shells produces carbon compounds which dictates electron spin coupling sp2-sp3 when there is an increase in temperature until combustion occurs. Strong nanocarbon bonds require high temperatures and pressures to release bonds and bind oxygen. The results show that activated carbon plays a role in controlling the propellant combustion reaction and reduces thrust fluctuations. But the particle size plays a very decisive role. In micro size the activated carbon becomes a thermal load so thrust power decrease. At nano size the very wide contact area of the activated carbon accelerates the decomposition process to absorb large amounts of energy. While carbon nano as capacitors active side control the combustion reaction so that the exothermic process takes place more gradual and smoother that prolong burning time. As a result, there is an increase in heat flow that amplifies thrust stability and specific impulses.
Effect of inlet air temperature on SI engine fueled with diethyl ether-gasoline blends
Authors: Srihari S. , Sanjay Kumar D. , S Thirumalini
Published: July 2020

In this study the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition genset engine fueled with gasoline and diethyl ether (DEE) blends are carried out. The DEE blends are varied from 3%, 6% and 9% by volume in gasoline. A four-stroke single cylinder constant speed spark ignition engine is used for the experiments. The variation in fuel consumption and exhaust emission with respect to two different inlet air temperatures are studied. The concentration of exhaust emissions such as HC, CO, NOx is observed. The parameters such as inlet air temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, relative air to fuel ratio are also measured. It is noticed that 6% DEE blend in gasoline reduced almost reduced HC emission about 57% and also considerable reduction in CO emission at lower air intake temperature. The addition of diethyl ether has an improvement in performance and significant reduction in HC, CO and NOx emissions.
An experimental investigation on the performance of a thermoelectric dehumidification system
Authors: Rakkwamsuk P. , Paromupatham P. , Sathapornprasath K. , Lertsatitthanakorn C. , Soponronnarit S.
Published: July 2020

A thermoelectric (TE) air-cooling system for dehumidifying indoor air in a building was investigated. The system was composed of 4 TE modules. The cold sides of the TE modules were fixed to an aluminum heat sink to remove moisture in the air of a test chamber of 1 m3 volume, while a heat sink with circulating cooling water at the hot sides of the TE modules was used for heat release. The effects of input electric current to the TE modules and air flow rate through the heat sink were experimentally determined. The system’s performance was evaluated using dehumidification effectiveness and coefficient of performance (COP). A suitable condition occurred at 18.5 A of current flow and 240 W of power being supplied to the TE modules with a corresponding cooling capacity of 149.5 W, which gave a dehumidification effectiveness of 0.62. Therefore, it is anticipated the proposed TE dehumidifier concept will contribute to the air conditioning system’s reduction of room humidity.
Bond strength evaluation of heat treated Cu-Al wire bonding
Authors: Shariza S. , Anand T. Joseph Sahaya , Warikh A. R. M. , Cher Chia Lee , Kok Yau Chua , Boon Huat Lim
Published: July 2020

Bond strength evaluation of wire bonding in microchips is the key study in any wire bonding mechanism. The quality of the wire bond interconnection relates very closely to the reliability of the microchip during performance of its function in any application. In many reports, concerns regarding the reliability of the microchip are raised due to formation of void at the wire-bond pad bonding interface, predominantly after high temperature storage (HTS) annealing conditions. In this report, the quality of wire bonds prepared at different conditions, specifically annealed at different HTS durations are determined by measurements of the strength of the interface between the bond wire and the bond pad. The samples are tested in pull test and bond shear test. It was observed that the higher bonding temperature as well as the longer duration of HTS increased the bond strength. This is represented through the analysis of the measurements of ball shear strength. This is due to the fact that higher bonding temperature and longer HTS promoted better growth of the Cu-Al IMC layer. A transmission electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM-EDX) has been carried out to observe the formation of the Cu-Al IMC layer in the sample.
Heat transfer characteristics on MHD Powell-Eyring fluid flow across a shrinking wedge with non-uniform heat source/sink
Authors: Anantha Kumar K. , Ramadevi B. , Sugunamma V. , Ramana Reddy J. V.
Published: July 2020

This report presents the flow and heat transfer characteristics on magnetohydrodynamic non-Newtonian fluid across a wedge near the stagnation point. The fluid flow is time independent and laminar. The radiation and irregular heat sink/source effects are deemed. The system of nonlinear ODEs is attained from PDEs by choosing the proper similarity transformations. Further, the well-known shooting and Runge-Kutta methods are utilized to acquire the problem’s solution subject to assumed boundary conditions. Figures are outlined to emphasize the impact of several parameters on the fields of velocity and temperature. Further, the rate of heat transfer and friction factor are also anticipated and portrayed with the assistance of table. Results indicate that the curves of velocity diminish with shrinking parameter, magnetic field parameter and material fluid parameter. Also the non-uniform heat source/sink parameters play a crucial role in the heat transfer performance.
An investigation of using grey scale image analysis for predicting the amount of deposited electrospun nanofibres
Authors: Nurfaizey A. H. , Long F. C. , M. Daud M. A. , Muhammad N. , Mansor M. R. , Tucker N.
Published: July 2020

When electrospinning, the amount of electrospun fibres deposited is difficult to determine due to the extremely small size and light weight of the fibres.  Several methods have been used to predict the amount of deposited fibres including weighing, imaging and direct measurement. Yet, these methods have drawbacks that make them unsuitable for commercial scale process control. In this study, an image analysis method is used to predict the amount of deposited fibres over a significant area. When images of electrospun fibres are converted into grey scale images, it is suggested that the amount of fibres deposited can be predicted by measuring the grey scale intensity. Weighing method was used to validate the image analysis results. Weighing method was found wanting when the deposition time was short (p>0.05) due to the insignificant fibre masses compared to the variation of substrates. The results suggest that image analysis method could be used to predict the amount of deposited electrospun nanofibres. Test on different polymers and substrates showed that the method was still capable to distinguish the samples. The developed method has the potential to be applied as an in-line non-destructive quality control method for electrospun fibre manufacture.
Effect of orifice geometry and orifice to test section spacing on distribution of wall static pressure on a convex surface
Authors: Hanchinal Anilkumar M. , Katti Vadiraj V.
Published: July 2020

The experimental investigation is carried out to study the distribution of wall static pressure (Cp & Cpo) on the convex smooth surface by air jet impingement. A great deal of attention was paid to analyze the effects of orifice geometry for various flow and geometric conditions, a comparison of the wall static pressure coefficient is done for different orifice. The experimental results show that the wall static pressure on a convex test section is higher for rectangular orifice compared to other orifice. The wall static pressure decreases circumferentially from its maximum value at the stagnation point (θ = 0°) and also for higher Z/dh. Higher value of Cp and Cpo are obtained for unconfined flow. The experiments were performed with the following parameters: the jet Reynolds number (Re) = 10000–50000, the orifice-to- convex surface distance (Z/dh) = 1–5, Circumferential angle (θ) = 0° to 30°, Curvature ratio (D/dh), Orifice = Circular, Square, Triangle, Rectangle.
Effects of ColdArc welding parameters on the tensile strengths of high strength steel plate investigated using the Taguchi approach
Authors: Sabdin S. D. , Hussein N. I. S. , Sued M. K. , Ayob M. S. , A. Rahim M. A. S. , Fadzil M.
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of process parameters on ColdArc welding of cold rolled steel plate using 1.2 mm diameter mild steel welding wire. A Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE) method with grey relational analysis approach was selected for data collection and optimization. 9 experiments were conducted following the L9 (33) Taguchi Orthogonal Array Design. The best result   from the experiments for tensile strength was obtained for welding parameters of 70 A (current), 17.6 V (voltage) and 800 mm/min welding speed. Based on the results, the Taguchi analysis predicted the optimised tensile strength would be obtained when the welding current, welding voltage and speed are at 70V, 17.6A and 0.6 m/min, respectively. Thus, most significant parameters for tensile properties of cold rolled steel is welding speed (37%), voltage (34 %) and current (28%). These factors are critical in determining the tensile strength, where increasing the welding speed reduces the heat input. However, decreasing the heat input by lowering the welding voltage resulted in bad weld bead formation.
Influence of process parameters on surface roughness and forming time of Al-1100 sheet in incremental sheet metal forming
Authors: Mohanty Swagatika , Regalla Srinivasa Prakash , Daseswara Rao Yendluri Venkata
Published: July 2020

Product quality and production time are critical constraints in sheet metal forming. These are normally measured in terms of surface roughness and forming time, respectively. Incremental sheet metal forming is considered as most suitable for small batch production specifically because it is a die-less manufacturing process and needs only a simple generic fixture. The surface roughness and forming time depend on several process parameters, among which the wall angle, step depth, feed rate, sheet thickness, and spindle speed have a greater impact on forming time and surface roughness. In the present work, the effect of step depth, feed rate and wall angle on the surface roughness and forming time have been investigated for constant 1.2 mm thick Al-1100 sheet and at a constant spindle speed of 1300 rpm. Since the variable effects of these parameters necessitate multi-objective optimization, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array has been used to plan the experiments and the significance of parameters and their interactions have been determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The optimum response has been brought out using response surfaces. Finally, the findings of response surface method have been validated by conducting additional experiments at the intermediate values of the parameters and these results were found to be in agreement with the predictions of Taguchi method and response surface method.
Effect of uniaxial load on microstructure and mechanical properties of Thixo-joint AISI D2 tool steel
Authors: Adnan F. , Sajuri Z. , Omar M. Z.
Published: July 2020

Tool steels are commonly used to cut metal materials due to their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion and deformation. However, tool steels are difficult to be joined using conventional fusion welding process. In this study, a thixotropic property of metal was utilised to butt-join an AISI D2 tool steel by using uncommon direct partial re-melting (DPRM) method. A high frequency of induction heating is used to apply the DPRM method. From the recent study, there are many methods in achieving the globular microstructure with the success of semi-solid joining process. Though, very less information on the microstructural effect of semi-solid joining on the mechanical properties was reported. This study aims to analyse the effect of uniaxial force on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the thixo-joint of D2 tool steel. The microstructural analysis showed the diffusion occurred between the grains of the thixo-joint sample with 2.5 N uniaxial force. The maximum strength of the thixo-joint sample with force was 652 MPa. This was slightly higher than the as-received sample and the thixo-joint sample without force. The average hardness value of the thixo-joint sample was 400 HV due to the transformation of ferrite to the metastable austenite.
Effect of initial blank temperature in hot press forming towards 22MnB5 springback failure
Authors: Ng C. H. , Lai C. F. , M. Yahaya S. N. , Shamsudin S. , S. Ahmad S. N. A. , Sharrifuddin F.
Published: July 2020

The springback failure of ultra-high strength boron steel (22MnB5) in hot press forming (HPF) process was characterized under bending and membrane conditions. Hot press forming for U–shaped parts with ultra-high strength boron steel were experimented and simulated to study the effect of initial blank temperatures on springback failure in the automotive industry. The results specify the various preheated temperature of 22MnB5 blank effect toward springback occurrences with reference to hot press forming dies design. ANSYS Workbench was used to verify finite element (FE) simulations of the processes in order to consolidate the knowledge of springback. The validated numerical simulation model were used in analyzing the stress and strain distributions along the formed part in the FE models, it was found that the springback angle was related in averaging value throughout quenching, regardless of the forming conditions. Springback failure mainly caused dimension deviation in hot press form parts due to the impact of thermal restoring moments and quenching rate of hot press forming process.
Analysis of LPG diffusion flame in tube type burner
Authors: Patel Vipul , Shah Rupesh
Published: July 2020

The present research aims to analyse diffusion flame in a tube type burner with Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel. An experimental investigation is performed to study flame appearance, flame stability, Soot free length fraction (SFLF) and CO emission of LPG diffusion flame. Effects of varying air and fuel velocities are analysed to understand the physical process involved in combustion. SFLF is measured to estimate the reduction of soot. Stability limits of the diffusion flame are characterized by the blowoff velocity. Emission characteristic in terms of CO level is measured at different equivalence ratios. Experimental results show that the air and fuel velocity strongly influences the appearance of LPG diffusion flame. At a constant fuel velocity, blue zone increases and the luminous zone decreases with the increase in air velocity. It is observed that the SFLF increases with increasing air velocity at a constant fuel velocity. It is observed that the blowoff velocity of the diffusion flame increases as fuel velocity increases. Comparison of emission for flame with and without swirl indicates that swirl results in low emission of CO and higher flame stability. Swirler with 45° vanes achieved the lowest CO emission of 30 ppm at Φ = 1.3.
The fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithm design for dynamic positioning system under unexpected impacts
Authors: Do Viet-Dung , Dang Xuan-Kien
Published: July 2020

The vessel motion is a nonlinear and complicated in practical applications. The factors which affect vessel motion, mainly come from environmental influences. In this paper, we develop a fuzzy particle swarm optimization algorithm that applies to dynamic positioning system for stabilizing a vessel motion under unexpected impacts. The structure parameter of fuzzy system is calibrated by particle swarm optimization method. The coverage domain width and the overlap degree influence of membership function are adjusted dynamically from system errors. Thereby optimizing the control signal and enhancing the dynamic positioning system quality. Simulation studies with comparisons on a supply vessel are carried out. The proposed in a better response compared to other method such as fuzzy that proved effective of the proposed controller.
Effect of heat treatment on the tribological performance of electroless quaternary nickel alloy
Authors: Zaimi M. , Azran M. N. , Kasim M. S. , M. Kamal M. R. , Othman I. S. , Lau K. T. , Widodo T. D. , Sofian A. H.
Published: July 2020

Heat treatment of nickel-based alloy can increase the alloy’s hardness as well as the wear resistance properties. Nevertheless, the effect of heat treatment on the quaternary Ni alloy coating properties produced from electroless deposition bath is less known due to its composition uniqueness. In this study, Cu and Co are added in the Ni-P alloy matrix using hypophosphite-based Electroless Ni deposition method on mild steel substrate in acidic and alkaline bath. The coatings are then heat treated at 623 K for 3600s. The coatings hardness is measured using microVickers hardness tester and the surface morphology of the coatings are studied using both Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurement is used to measure the coatings compositions. The wear behavior of the coatings is also investigated before and after heat treatment using ASTM G-99. The coatings from acidic-based bath produces Ni-Cu-Co-P alloy coating while the alkaline-based bath produces Ni-Co-Cu-P alloy based on XRF analysis. Results show that the hardness increases more than 20% for acidic-based bath and 40% for alkaline-based bath coating. The highest increment is the Ni-Co-Cu-P alloy, from 553.3 HV to 991.3 HV after heat treatment. The grain refinement of the coatings can be observed after heat treatment in SEM observation. This is proved by the XRD measurement results where polycrystalline Ni (111) formation is seen after heat treatment overshadowing the Cu (111) and Co (111) peaks. Ni phosphide species are also formed after the heat treatment. The polycrystalline Ni and the Ni phosphide formation, as well as the existence of Co and Cu in the alloy deposits reduces the wear rate significantly after the heat treatment.
The Idea of Ethnopoetics in Contemporary Research
Authors: Zakharov Vladimir N.
Published: July 2020

In recent decades, ethnopoetics has become one of the new philological disciplines. Its idea first appeared in the treatise of Nicolas Boileau “The Art of Poetry” (1674), in which the classicist theorist formulated the requirement of local and historical color in art. His rule was followed by many poets, playwrights and novelists of Modern history. In Anglo-American criticism, the term ethnopoetics was introduced in 1968. Jerome Rotenberg, who, along with Dennis Tedlock and Dell Himes, founded the principles and methods of studying American Indian poetry. In the 2000s. this concept has entered encyclopedic dictionaries in English and other European languages, but this word is still not in Russian terminological dictionaries. So far, the concept of poetics, which restricts the semantics of words forming a term, has received recognition. Already in the process of formation of ethnopoetics, its subject was expanded at the expense of middle Eastern and Jewish folklore, and later the oral creativity of other peoples. The word formation model (ἔθνος/ ethnos + ποιητική/poetics) cancels limited interpretations of the term. In modern usage, the term ethnopoetics is used in a wide range of meanings that have not yet been marked by lexicographers, but convey the full semantics of the words forming the term. The idea of ethnopoetics gave rise to not one, but several of its concepts. The author of the article develops his earlier understanding of ethnopoetics as a discipline that should study the national identity of the oral and written text, describe in the categories of poetics the specific things that make national literature national. It is characterized by concepts and conceptospheres, they form the mentality, reveal the cultural code of national literatures. The analysis of ethnopoetics opens up great opportunities in the comparative analysis of thesauri of different authors and their works.
Monica S. Devens: The Liturgy of the Seventh Sabbath. A Betä Israel (Falasha) Text
Authors: Appleyard David
Published: July 2020

Review
Taddesse Adera - Ali Jimale Ahmed (eds.): Silence is not Golden. A Critical Anthology of Ethiopian Literature
Authors: Abbink Jon G.
Published: July 2020

Review
Production of Historical Works in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Some Notes on the State of Recent Publications 1991-97
Authors: Tafla Bairu
Published: July 2020

As the random samples in the preceding notes show, publications of various kinds and qualities have been continuously produced (albeit obvious financial, political and technical difficulties) in Ethiopia and Eritrea in Amharic, English, Gǝʿǝz, and Tǝgrǝñña throughout the decades of this century, and particularly in the present one. In the field of history, which has been taken as a point of focus in this article, conspicuous progress seems to have been made in the last half a dozen or so years as a result of the enhancement of historical consciousness promoted partly through education and partly through the prevailing political circumstances which awakened many, at least in the case of Ethiopia, to the uncertainties that have been looming up on the horizon. In the case of Eritrea, the primary drive seems to have been the search for identity and self-assertion following the attainment of sovereignty. Another factor is the rise of a relatively vast and rapacious readership in both countries evolving from the educational efforts of the last half of a century and the general literacy cam­paign which accompanied formal schooling. Furthermore, there has been a marked ex­pan­sion of printing facilities, bookshops and libraries, as well as some pioneering publishing houses – all of which might have provided an impetus in their own way. The production of some works critical of the contemporary government may also reflect the existence of a relative relaxation in censorship, at least in the early years of the decade, a unique situation which was unthinkable under the monarchy and the Marxist regime.Two significant aspects of the recent production of historical works in Ethiopia and Eritrea have been the marked improvement in quality as well as the increase in thematic variety. Episodic, epochal, biographical and autobiographical studies are prevailing over the traditional tendency of commencing history with Adam and Eve. Likewise, the narrative and/or collective method of history is gradually giving way to the interpretive, but not at the expense of source materials which are also being sought, collected and published.Most of the works have a touch of originality, as they incorporate, consciously or otherwise, materials derived from oral traditions and personal observations of the authors. It is, therefore, time for scholars, reviewers, bibliographers and librarians outside those countries to take these works seriously into account.
Uoldelul Chelati Dirar, Alessandro Gori, and Irma Taddia: Lettere tigrine. I documenti etiopici del Fondo Ellero
Authors: Pankhurst Richard
Published: July 2020

Review
Giovanni Ellero: Antropologia e storia d'Etiopia. Note sullo Scirè, l'Endertà, i Tacruri e il Uolcaìt
Authors: Taddia Irma
Published: July 2020

Review
Sven Rubenson (ed.): Tewodros and his Contemporaries 1855-1868
Authors: Tafla Bairu
Published: July 2020

Review
Il fondo umanistico dei modelli e degli ideali dei gadl. Ricerca linguistico-filosofica su alcuni testi del XV secolo etiopico
Authors: Wolde-Yohannes Samuel
Published: July 2020

Dissertation Abstract
Praises of the Cross, Wǝddase Mäsqäl, by Abba Giyorgis of Gasǝč̣č̣a
Authors: Haile Getatchew
Published: July 2020

One of the many works of Abba Giyorgis of Gasǝč̣č̣a/Sägla (d. 1527) is a Wǝddase Mäsqäl “Praises of the Cross”, a work which previously was known only from Abba Giyorgis’s Acts (Gädl) and oral tradition. Recently, however, the Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm Library, Addis Abäba/Collegeville, has discovered and microfilmed a 16th-century copy of the text, EMML 504, edited and translated here. In the work Abba Giyorgis reviews the symbolic prophecies in the Old Testament relating to the Incarnation of the Word. The Wǝddase Mäsqäl is an exceedingly high quality literary work, even by the author’s famously high standards.
Bibliographie zur äthiosemitischen und kuschitischen Sprachwissenschaft XIV: 2009
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

Bibliography for the Study of Ethiosemitic, Cushitic and Omotic Languages.
Trois notes: sur le bois de la Croix, sur Grégoire l’Illuminateur au Concile de Nicée dans la Gloire des Rois et sur une source arabe du Livre des Mystères du Ciel et de la Terre
Authors: Beylot Robert
Published: July 2020

Miscellaneous Article
Patrick Desplat: Heilige Stadt – Stadt der Heiligen. Ambivalenzen und Kontroversen islamischer Heiligkeit in Harar, Äthiopien
Authors: Wagner Ewald
Published: July 2020

Review
Technical Notes
Authors: Team Editorial
Published: July 2020

Editorial Notice
Äthiopische Inschriftenfragmente aus der himjarischen Hauptstadt Ẓafār
Authors: Müller Walter W.
Published: July 2020

Up to now eight fragmentary Ethiopic inscriptions have been discovered in South Arabia, dating from the time immediately after the year 525 A.D. when the Yemen was conquered by the Abyssinians. Three of these fragments, among them a hitherto unpublished text, were found in the Himyarite capital Ẓafār and are parts of reports of the deeds of the Ethiopian King Kāleb. The scanty informations which can be gained from these fragmentary Ethiopic inscriptions share common features with events which are known from other contemporary epigraphic documents and from hagiographic sources in various languages.
In memoriam Siegfried Pausewang (1937-2012)
Authors: Aspen Harald , Tronvoll Kjetil , Balsvik Randi Rønning , Lindtjørn Bernt , Berg Trygve , Aalen Lovise
Published: July 2020

Obituary
The Bashada of Southern Ethiopia: A Study of Age, Gender and Social Discourse
Authors: Epple Susanne
Published: July 2020

Dissertation Abstract
“The Eighteen Million Täwaḥǝdo Victims of Martyr-Saint Adyam Sägäd Iyasu”: Towards a Better Understanding of Lasta–Tǝgray Defiance of the Royal Centre of Gondärine Ethiopia (1630s–1760s)
Authors: Endeg Mihretie Kindeneh
Published: July 2020

Two gädls, briefly examined in this study, portray Iyasu I as a Ṣägga Lǝǧ partisan. Ṣägga Lǝǧ is one of two views dismissed as heresy at the 1878 Boru Meda synod. This synod settled the Christological controversy that beset the Ethiopian Church for two and a half centuries, by declaring Karra, the polemical name for Täwaḥǝdo, as official orthodoxy. What is strange about the accounts of the two gädls is that they seem to contradict oneof the doxas of Ethiopian historiography, which is that Iyasu I was a diehard Täwaḥǝdo. This study resolves this enigma by showing that during the Gondärine period the Täwaḥǝdo teaching, which enjoyed the recognition of the royal centre as orthodoxy, was Ṣägga Lǝǧ. Such revision of the historiography of the doctrinal controversy in turn paves the way for a better understanding of the rebellion of Lasta and southern Tǝgray, against the monarchial centre of Gondärine Ethiopia. So far, the history of this rebellionis poorly understood due to the wrong assumption that the Karra teaching championed by the Lasta–Tǝgray group at the time was the same Täwaḥǝdo of the monarchial centre. No historian could thus entertain the possibility of a long lasting rebellion in the name of Karra. This study shows that throughout much of the Gondarine period, Karra was rather the doctrine of a third party that defied the centre using Lasta and southernTǝgray as safe-heavens.
Who should take the Credit for the Bible Translation Works carried out in Eritrea?
Authors: W. Andemariam Senai
Published: July 2020

The labour and sacrifices of the members of the Swedish Evangelical Mission and their predecessors in the production of scriptural works in Eritrea, and partly in Ethiopia, are praiseworthy. More acclaim is owed to these workers for their educating and/or involving native workers in the arduous task that often spanned two or three generations. When it comes to taking credit for these works, however, the native workers were rarely mentioned or, if they are mentioned, their contributions were not given the deserved recognition. This article attempts to highlight the remarkable contributions of native workers in the translation, or completion of the translation, of the Bible into four languages in Eritrea in contradistinction with the often exaggerated contributions of foreign missionaries in that successful mission.
Churches Built in the Caves of Lasta (Wällo Province, Ethiopia): A Chronology
Authors: Gervers Michael
Published: July 2020

The five churches of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos, Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm, Ǝmäkina Lǝdätä Maryam, Walye Iyäsus and Žämmädu Maryam are all built in caves in the massif of Abunä Yosef, situated in the Lasta region of Wollo. Changes in their architectural forms suggest that they were constructed over a period of several hundred years in the order listed and as such represent a significant chronological model against which many of Ethiopia’s rock-hewn churches may be compared. Until the publication of this paper, it has been universally accepted that the church of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos was built in the second half of the 12th century under the sponsorship of an eponymous king. Aspects of the church’s architecture, namely the absence of a raised space reserved for the priesthood before the triumphal arch (the bema), of any sign of a chancel barrier around it, of western service rooms, of a vestibule and narthex, and of the presence of a reading platform (representative of the Coptic ambo), of a full-width open western bay (allowing for a ‘return aisle’), and of arches carrying the aisle ceilings, all point to a date of construction around the mid-13th century. In fact, the closest parallels to Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos may be found in Lalibäla’s second group of monolithic churches, Amanuʾel and Libanos. Closely associated also is the church of Gännätä Maryam. A painting of the Maiestas Domini in the south-east side room (pastophorion) of the latter suggests that the room served as an extension of the sanctuary. By the end of the 13th century, as witnessed by Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm and the other churches built in caves, the full-width sanctuary becomes a characteristic which endures throughout 14th- and 15th -century Ethiopian church architecture. Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos and Gännätä Maryam stand on the cusp of a major liturgical change which coincides with the transfer of royal power from the Zagwe dynasty to their Solomonic successors, who sought legitimacy by following Coptic practices.
Towards a Comprehensive Edition of the Arabic–Ethiopic Glossary of al-Malik al-Afḍal, Part II: New Readings from the Second Sheet
Authors: Bulakh Maria , Kogan Leonid
Published: July 2020

In Aethiopica 16, the first part of new readings from the al-Malik al-Afḍal’s 14th-century Arabic–Ethiopic Glossary was published. The present paper offers the results of analysis of the second sheet of the Glossary and contains all identifications which differ from those offered by Franz-Christof Muth. For the 53 entries from the second sheet of the Glossary, whose identification in Muth’s publication is either missing altogether or not sufficiently convincing, new readings are offered and discussed.
Betrachtungen zu Harariner grammatischen Termini
Authors: Wagner Ewald
Published: July 2020

In 1986, Abdurahmān Maḥamad Qorām published a Harari Grammar which made him the first Harari to describe his mother tongue in the language, itself. For this purpose he had to invent a grammatical terminology in Harari. 26 years later, Ali Naji, also a native speaker, used in his book on Harari grammar almost the same terms. That shows that Qorām’s terminology has won acceptance in the meantime.The present article investigates the means which Qorām applied to create the new terminology. Rarely he took over the terms of foreign languages unchanged. More often he translated Arabic, English and Amharic terms. In most cases, however, he formed new expressions, exploiting the inherent lingusitic possibilities of the Harari language.
Joachim Crass – Ronny Meyer (eds.), Language Contact and Language Change in Ethiopia
Authors: Banti Giorgio
Published: July 2020

Review Article
Susanne Epple, The Bashada of Southern Ethiopia: A Study of Age, Gender and Social Discourse
Authors: Müller Angela M.
Published: July 2020

Review
A Fragment of an Ancient Hymnody Manuscript from Mǝʾǝsar Gwǝḥila (Tǝgray, Ethiopia)
Authors: Nosnitsin Denis , Rabin Ira
Published: July 2020

The article presents a multidisciplinary analysis of an old fragment of a hymnody manuscript recently recorded in one of the ecclesiastic libraries of East Tǝgray. The handwriting on the fragment demonstrates pre-14th century palaeographic features. A peculiarity of the text is represented by the so-called “odd vocalization”, with many words vocalized in a way different from the standard Gǝʿǝz. The content of the fragment is a sequence of antiphons, some having been identified. A non-destructive material analysis, aimed at identifying the chemical components of the inks, revealed that the black ink used in the fragment is dissimilar from the common carbon inks attested in more recent manuscripts of the same ecclesiastic library. It does contain a high quantity of iron and a few other metals; however, it cannot be plainly identified as iron-gall-inks.
Bibliographical abbreviations used in this volume
Authors: Team Editorial
Published: July 2020

Bibliographical abbreviations used in this volume
Ethiopian Manuscripts in the State and Private Collections of St Petersburg: An Overview
Authors: Gusarova Ekaterina
Published: July 2020

For more than two centuries St Petersburg, the capital of the former Russian Empire, has been famous for its collections of Ethiopian manuscripts, objects of art and documents concerning Ethiopian history. They are concentrated in three state institutions and in several private collections of African art. This article provides a short history of formation of Ethiopian manuscript collections of Russia and describes the process of their description and study. Some interesting and unpublished items were generally describedand their miniatures published.
In memoriam Andrzej Zaborski (1942–2014)
Authors: Appleyard David
Published: July 2020

Obituary
In memoriam Gianfranco Fiaccadori (1957–2015)
Authors: Daskas Beatrice , Soldati Agostino
Published: July 2020

Obituary
Academic news
Authors: Bausi Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Siegbert Uhlig awarded with the British Academy ‘Edward Ullendorff Medal’
The Marginal Notes in the Abba Gärima Gospels
Authors: Haile Getatchew
Published: July 2020

It is clear that, due to the age of the manuscripts of the Abba Gärima Gospels and the condition in which they are preserved, some leaves of one Gospelmanuscript have been inadvertently rebound with another Gospel manuscript. My presentation follows Garima I and Garima II, as titled, which have been graciously sent to me for this conference. For my personal study of the notes, I was fortunate to have access to copies made three times, first by D.M. Davies, then by Jacques Mercier, and now by HMML, the Museum and Library to which I am affiliated. Unfortunately, there are letters and words that might be lost forever unless there is a technology that can retrieve them.Also, a few people and many places will remain unidentified, at least for now, as it is not clear if two words which come following one another are names of one place or of two. As one will see, the method I followed is this: (1) editing the texts, (2) translating them into English, and (3) offering my views under ‘Commentary’. The Index helps when questioning if words that look alike are names of the same place or of different places. Conti Rossini’s edition of Liber Axumae (1909) and the study of its ‘Land Charters’ by Huntingford (1965) have been helpful.These notes are what one might call Land Charters; none of them is a colophon.
Orature on Literature: the Case of Abba Gärima and His Gospel
Authors: Alehegne Mersha
Published: July 2020

This paper presents oral narratives told about Abuna Gärima, one of the so called Nine Saints, and his evangelical mission in northern Ethiopia. The narratives presented in the paper discuss different issues: where and how did he write his Gospel, which is believed to be the first Ethiopic Gospel, and the oldest known manuscript in the literary culture of the country; the different miracles the Saint performed during his years of service at the monas­tery; and how he is commemorated in the people’s popular songs and qǝne, a unique style of Gǝʿǝz poetry. These narratives were collected through oral interviews made with individuals who relate themselves to the monastery which is believed to have been founded by the Saint.
Arabic Grammar Traditions in Gibe and Harär: Regional Continuity vs Specificity of Scholarship
Authors: Fani Sara
Published: July 2020

The present study is based on the analysis of manuscript collections of two regions of Ethiopia in part collected during two field missions and in part already known. Gibe and Harär areas were chosen both for the interesting history of their Islamisation and for their location directed towards West and North Africa from the one side, and East Africa and the Arabian peninsula from the other. Among the different fields of Islamic education, Arabic grammar has been identified as a subject not specific to certain collections or areas, being Arabic learning at the base of every Islamic curriculum studiorum. The traditional core curriculum for Arabic learning has been determined according to the presence of traditional grammar works together with their comments, abridgements, glosses etc. in order to highlight possible specificities or common traditions between the two areas and between these and the surrounding regions through implicit intellectual networks along the historical trade routes.
Some Observations on the Text of šayḫ Hāšim’s Fatḥ al-raḥmānī
Authors: Gori Alessandro
Published: July 2020

The paper focuses on the text of šayḫ Hāšim’s Fatḥ al-raḥmānī, a famous work of the Arabic literature of Harär, analyzing its so far known manuscript tradition.
Ivo Strecker, Berimba’s Resistance. The Life and Times of a Great Hamar Spokesman. As told by his son Aike Berinas
Authors: Dohrmann Alke
Published: July 2020

Review
Alessandro Bausi, in collaboration with Siegbert Uhlig, eds, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica. Volume 5: Y–Z, Supplementa, Addenda et Corrigenda, Maps, Index
Authors: Piovanelli Pierluigi
Published: July 2020

Review
Paola Buzi, Coptic Manuscripts 7: The Manuscripts of the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Part 4: Homiletic and Liturgical Manuscripts from the White Monastery: With two documents from Thebes and two Old-Nubian manuscripts
Authors: Lundhaug Hugo
Published: July 2020

Review
Julia Pfitzner, ‘Unser Kalender funktioniert nicht mehr!’ Ernährungssicherung und Anpassung im Zeichen des Klimawandels: Ein Fallbeispiel von Agro-Pastoralisten in Südäthiopien
Authors: Schlee Günther
Published: July 2020

Review
Rainer Voigt, ed., Tigre Studies in the 21st Century/Tigre-Studien im 21. Jahrhundert
Authors: Kapeliuk Olga
Published: July 2020

Review
In memoriam Jacques Bureau (1946-1998)
Authors: Rouaud Alain
Published: July 2020

Obituary
Robert Hetzron (ed.): The Semitic Languages
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

Review Article
4. – 7. 9.1998 in Frankfurt/Main (Germany): 5th Biennial European Association of Social Anthropologists’ Conference
Authors: Gelaye Getie
Published: July 2020

Conference Report
Alfredo González-Ruibal, An Archaeology of Resistance: Materiality and Time in an African Borderland
Authors: Meckelburg Alexander
Published: July 2020

Review
Alessandro Bausi, Alessandro Gori, and Gianfrancesco Lusini, eds, Linguistic, Oriental and Ethiopian Studies in Memory of Paolo Marrassini
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

Review
Ugo Zanetti, Saint Jean, higoumène de Scété (viie siècle). Vie arabe et épitomé éthiopien
Authors: Bausi Alessandro
Published: July 2020

Review
Ian Campbell, The Massacre of Debre Libanos. Ethiopia 1937. The Story of One of Fascism’s Most Shocking Atrocities
Authors: Mattioli Aram
Published: July 2020

Review
Girma Getahun, ed., tr., The Goǧǧam Chronicle, by Aläqa Täklä Iyäsus WaqǦera
Authors: Gebreyes Solomon
Published: July 2020

Review
Some Observations on the Construct Marker -a in Classical Ethiopic
Authors: Siegismund Kasper
Published: July 2020

This contribution offers a discussion of the Classical Ethiopic use of the marker -a to indicate both the direct object and the construct state of nouns. Following a critical evaluation of the explanation of the phenomenon given by Josef Tropper, a few observations are made here which seem to lend support to the idea that the use of the marker in the construct state is in fact a generalization of the accusative ending.
The Establishment of Gwǝlt and Rim Landholdings in Eighteenth-Century Gondärine Churches with a Special Focus on Ḥamärä Noḫ Śälästu Mǝʾǝt Däbr
Authors: Guebreyesus Namouna , Abdu Hiruy
Published: July 2020

The Ethiopian kings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries established churches endowed with large estates. The gwǝlt charter founding these estates conferred tax and jurisdictional privileges on the beneficiaries for the administration of the churches. On the land given as gwǝlt , individual holdings known as rim were distributed to clerics. The study defines the economic and social contexts in which the foundation of both gwǝlt and rim occurred and shows that such grants were a manifestation of the king’s prerogatives and that the creation of ecclesiastical holdings disturbed existing social status and entitlements to land. In a comprehensive analysis the study considers land documents from Gondärine churches, with an emphasis on the Golden Gospel of the church of Ḥamärä Noḫ. The commentaries of the Fǝtḥa nägäśt, composed in the same period as the Gondärine land documents, will serve to explain the legal framework of gwǝlt and rim as applied in the eighteenth century in regards to customary Gondärine practices. This study of gwǝlt and rim reveals landholding practises whereby several rights coexisted on the same land, a fundamental aspect of Ethiopian land tenure which continued until the Revolution of 1974.
Eyob Ghebreziabhier Bein, Tigriyna Dictionary, I: Tigriyna–Italian– English: Modern Dictionary, II: Italian–Tigriyna–English: Modern Dictionary, III: English–Tigriyna–Italian: Modern Dictionary
Authors: Voigt Rainer
Published: July 2020

Review
Shimelis Mazengia, Nominalization via Verbal Derivation: Amharic, Tigrinya and Oromo
Authors: Krzyżanowska Magdalena
Published: July 2020

Review
Getatchew Haile, Ethiopian Studies in Honour of Amha Asfaw
Authors: Villa Massimo
Published: July 2020

Review
Wolbert G. C. Smidt and Sophia Thubauville, eds, Cultural Research in Northeastern Africa: German Histories and Stories
Authors: Camilleri Nicola
Published: July 2020

Review
Nägaśi Gǝdäy, ጦማረ መዋቲ (Ṭomarä mäwati, ‘Letter of the dead’)
Authors: Hiruie Ermias
Published: July 2020

Review
Luisa Sernicola, Ancient Settlement Patterns in the Area of Aksum (Tigray, Northern Ethiopia)—Ca. 900 BCE–800/850 CE
Authors: Agostini Alessio
Published: July 2020

Review
Reliance on Predicative Units as a Method of Analysing and Translating Amharic Written Texts
Authors: Fridman Iosif
Published: July 2020

In analysing and translating Amharic texts, most foreign students have experienced major problems while trying to ‘redirect’ the rigidly leftbranching syntax of Amharic into the predominantly right-branching syntax of most European languages. The way out of this difficulty proposed by some teachers of Amharic consists in the so-called ‘translating from the end’ principle: the student begins to decipher the structure of an Amharic sentence from the finite verb form at its very end and gradually proceeds towards the beginning of the sentence, untangling—one by one—the syntactic structures involved. In the course of teaching Amharic, I have found this method largely inadequate for the purpose it is supposed to achieve. As an alternative to the ‘translating from the end’ method the author proposes another strategy which could be termed ‘reliance on predicative units’. In using this strategy, the student should, first of all, single out verb forms which are likely to perform the function of (final or dependent) predicates. The second step consists in delimiting groups, or units, headed by every such verb form. The third step is to provide a rough, working translation of every such unit without taking into consideration its relations to the other units in the sentence. The fourth, and final, step consists in joining the translations of the predicative units together; at this stage, detailed knowledge of Amharic morphosyntactic rules is very much required.
RIÉ 277: An Inscription of the Time of Ptolemy II?
Authors: Liuzzo Pietro Maria
Published: July 2020

The article suggests that the inscription known as RIÉ 277 might be a Hellenistic inscription of the period of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. This interpretation is based on a revision of the main hypotheses concerning the geographical centre suggested by the text.
Table of Contents
Authors: Editorial Team
Published: July 2020

Table of Contents