bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of terrestrial ecosystems to recent Northern Hemispheric drought
Authors: Lotsch Alexander , Friedl Mark A. , Anderson Bruce T. , Tucker Compton J.
Published: March 2005

Satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) observations reveal large and geographically extensive decreases in vegetation activity in Eurasia and North America between 1999 and 2002. In 2001, 73% of central southwest Asia exhibited NDVI anomalies that were more than one standard deviation below 21‐year average conditions, and in 2002, fully 95% of North America exhibited below‐average NDVI. This episode of large‐scale vegetation browning coincided with a prolonged period of below‐normal precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere, which limited moisture availability for plant growth. Spatio‐temporal dynamics of NDVI, precipitation, and sea surface temperature data reveal that synchronous patterns of ocean circulation anomalies in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indo‐Pacific are strongly correlated with observed joint variability in NDVI and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere during this period.
Hydraulic adjustments of the Bosphorus exchange flow
Authors: Oguz T.
Published: March 2005

A three dimensional model elucidates connection between observed internal hydraulic characteristics of the Bosphorus flow and channel configuration. A typical two‐layer, quasi‐steady exchange flow system is shown to be hydraulically adjusted within the strait by a series of morphological features. Three successive hydraulic controls occur within the southern 10 km zone: first near the southern exit due to convex bending of the channel, then at the southern sill and at the constriction. Finally, the exchange flow system experiences another hydraulic control at the northern sill near the Black Sea entrance of the strait. The upper and lower layer flows exiting from the strait at both ends with currents of ∼1.0 m s−1, layer depths of ∼10 m and g′ ∼ 0.1 ms−2 thus impose maximal exchange conditions.
Mending Fences; or, What the Public Saw
Authors: Gedge Karin E.
Published: March 2005

At the same time that ministerial misconduct exposed the flaws in separate spheres ideology, the accounts of two dozen clergymen’s trials disclose the ways they worked to repair and reinforce the damaged boundaries. Caught in a disgraceful liaison that threatened a career, ministers usually escaped conviction or severe punishment. In the course of these trials, clergy were rescued from the dangerous domestic sphere and “masculinized,” portrayed as valiant combatants in monumental political or theological battles that secured their positions in the public sphere and acknowledged their value to the church and to society. Only two of these men were Catholic priests, yet most enjoyed a cultural immunity similar to the medieval privilege of “benefit of clergy.” Women, however, were “feminized,” depicted as vulnerable victims in need of the protection of fathers and husbands within the domestic sphere and suffering public ignominy if they strayed beyond it. In short, clergy learned to stay out of the domestic sphere and women to stay in it.
Forbidden and Forgotten Territory; or, Where the Pastor Feared to Tread
Authors: Gedge Karin E.
Published: March 2005

Shifting gender ideologies threatened to marginalize Protestant clergy in the domestic sphere where much of traditional pastoral training and work took place. The “professionalization” of the clergy successfully redefined the ministry as a masculine endeavor by shifting the education of young ministerial candidates from the paternal and familial parsonage to the theological seminary, and shifting the focus of study from practical experience in pastoral work to biblical scholarship, rhetoric, and controversial theology. Manuals and the lecture notes of professors and students in these institutions reveal that the abbreviated study of pastoral theology generally advocated a ministry carefully adapted to the various classes, ages, temperaments, and spiritual states of parishioners. Yet few explicitly addressed the “forbidden” and “forgotten territory” of women in the pastoral relationship, so fraught with sexual tension and cultural inconsistencies. Those who did unanimously urged extreme caution on the part of the minister and recommended he search out a competent wife who would serve as the “happy medium” between the pastor and his female parishioners.
Meanings in Motion
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

An analysis of what mysticism might mean if its underlying presumptions–that God desires suffering, that mystics marry Christ–are false. Also explores trends in the scholarship on female mysticism, including a devaluation or dismissal of erotic and psychological aspects. The concluding section treats the inversions of values and meanings in mysticism, then surveys perceptions regarding whether saints’ mortification is for imitation or wondrous admiration.
Mysticism as Dissent
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

This study of the politics of canonization begins with discussion of the changing policies toward beata mysticism that affected Rose of Lima’s cause for canonization. The chapter further explores how intimate relation with Christ through mysticism created an alternative, extra-institutional channel to deity that was implicitly subversive to Catholic hierarchy and bureaucracy. The concluding sections treat Rose of Lima’s tacit and sometimes excessive obedience as a strategy to subvert authority and her identity as a mujer varonil or Virgin warrior that was later adapted for diverse military purposes.
Vicarious Atonement
Authors: Graziano Frank
Published: March 2005

Discusses how Rose of Lima, on the model of Christ, offered herself as a sacrificial victim to expiate the sins of natives, Spaniards, and Creoles in the New World. Rose of Lima’s patronage is explored in its relations to the Madonna of Mercy and other antecedents.
Terminology, Myth, and Tribes
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

This chapter begins with an explanation of the enmity between American evangelical Protestants and Roman Catholics, which can be traced back to colonial period. It then discusses scholarly literature on evangelical-Catholic relations, and analyzes three myths: the Protestant myth, Roman Catholic myth, and the Enlightenment myth. An overview of the chapters in this volume is also presented.
Three Presbyterians and Three Congregationalists
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

This chapter examines the anti-Catholicism rhetoric of three Presbyterians and three Congregationalists. All six were apprehensive about the dangers posed by Catholicism to Protestant America, but varied in their presentation of the danger. The Presbyterians’ objections were primarily theological, and remained in close contract with the original Calvinist impetus. The Congregationalists worried more about the political and social dangers posed by the Catholic Church.
The Nineteenth-Century Bishops and Anti-Catholicism
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

It is a common perception that Christendom thrives within the Catholic Church; that Catholics are not full participants in the democratic experiment nor are they free to do their own thinking. This chapter looks at some Catholic response to the more virulent forms of expression of this perception. Specifically, it reviews the responses of Bishop England, Archbishops Purcell and Hughes, and Cardinal Gibbons.
John Hughes and Kirwan in New York
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

Bishop John Hughes (1797-1864) was one of the staunchest defenders of the Catholicism since the beginning of his clerical career. In 1850, Presbyterian pastor Nicholas Murray (1802-61) exposed popery in a series of essays addressed as letters to the bishop. Hughes had ignored the pseudonymous author of these letters. However, when Murray was revealed as the author of the Kirwan letters, Hughes felt the need to respond and did so in Kirwan Unmasked.
James Gibbons of Baltimore
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

Archbishop of Baltimore James Gibbons’s book Faith of Our Fathers, an apologetic work meant on the surface for an American Protestant audience rather than a catechism for Catholics, was shaped by the evangelical attacks against his church. The book sought to explain to “fair-minded readers” how Catholics are Christians, how they are the best Christians of all, how they are misunderstood, and how they are as good Americans as anybody else. This sort of instruction was needed both by American Catholics and Protestants.
What Have Catholic Theologians Made of Biblical Christianity?
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

Catholic bishops have added to fundamentalism the term biblical Christianity. Biblical Christianity covers what they mean — the millions of evangelicals beyond the fundamentalist label. It is argued that biblical Christianity is the form of Christian practice and belief that finds its basis, limits, and primary content in the Bible, in which community life and worship are organized around and in conscious imitation of the forms provided in the Bible.
Bishops Again and the Vatican
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

In 1987, a small committee of the National Conference of Catholic bishops composed and approved “A Pastoral Statement for Catholics on Biblical Fundamentalism”, which received little public attention. The letter treated fundamentalism as a “general approach to life which is typified by unyielding adherence to rigid doctrinal and ideological positions”. The letter’s criticism of fundamentalism was threefold: fundamentalist biblicism eliminates the church from Christianity; it ignores the historicity of the Bible, distorts the meaning of the Catholic doctrine of inerrancy, and ends in a hermeneutical leap from the Bible to contemporary life; and it offers simple and confident answers to complex questions.
Conclusion: The Lion and the Lamb
Authors: Shea William M.
Published: March 2005

This chapter begins with the author’s explanation of the rationale behind this volume on evangelicals and Catholics. It analyses the relationships between Protestants and Catholics. It argues that the Reformation was a great tragedy that poisoned the Christian.
Temple Dialectics
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

The temple played a pivotal role in fostering Orthodox identity in late imperial rural Russia. It had three overarching functions. First as an “official” sacerdotal structure that impressed meaning on a locality through its presence. Second, it served as a narrative repository for both personal and shared religious experiences of lay persons. Third, it was an enduring forum for relational dialectics with respect to both the internal life of the faith community and the world outside it.
The Message of Mary
Authors: Shevzov Vera
Published: March 2005

Marian icons and their related stories reflect Mary’s role in the ecclesial world of late imperial Russian Orthodoxy. This chapter examines the image of Mary as a symbol of collective Orthodox experience that emerges from devotional literature. It describes the special relationship between Mary and her icon, and the way icon stories portray Mary making use of her own image. It then analyses the values and sentiments that the icon of Mary encouraged with respect to the issues of religious authority, the community, and the individual.
Subalternity and Advocacy as Kairos for Theology
Authors: Taylor Mark Lewis
Published: March 2005

This essay explores a central crisis facing theologians of liberation in the postmodern context: those seeking to hear the voice of the subalterns and to advocate on their behalf may also participate in structures and exercises of domination and privilege that reinforce the subalterns’ “speechlessness.” The author situates this problem within a postmodernism which can unsettle yet can also reinforce structures of domination. The author suggests four modes of authentic advocacy required to make for a ikairosmoment in theology, wherein crisis provokes and enables new opportunities for transformation.
More Than Ever
Authors: Hopkins Dwight N.
Published: March 2005

Although postmodernity raises issues that wouldseem to call for the abandonment of the preferential option for the poor, that option is more necessary than ever, and postmodernity only intensifies that need. Postmodernity has intensified exploitation, oppression, discrimination, and exclusion. The author examines the past and present meanings of the preferential option, from Scripture, in the tradition of African-American sacred life, and in the work of Gustavo Gutiérrez. To prefer the poor is to call for a transformed individual self in service tothe larger collective ownership of God’s creation. Postmodernity should be judged by belief and practice anchored in the preferential option for the poor.
The Work of Love
Authors: Hamner M. Gail
Published: March 2005

The author contends that the feminist politics of Donna Haraway, Kaja Silverman, and Luce Irigaray–despite theirdistance from Christian discourse–deploy love as a Christian-inflected option for the marginalized, as the basis for their attempt to stand with and advocate for those without power or voice. Although ultimately each project fails to accomplish what it attempts, what is noteworthy is the desire to deploy (Christian) love toward political ends. By recognizing the need for coalition politics and nonessentializing conceptions of subjectivity, the political appeal to love allows an escape from both the futility of identity politics and the cynicism of postmodernism.
Descartes on Nothing in Particular
Authors: Palmer Eric
Published: March 2005

This essay examines Descartes's conception of vacuum in the World and the Principles, relating that conception specifically to the natural philosophy of Galileo and Albert of Saxony. It is argued that understanding the historical context helps to explain Descartes's different attitudes toward the impossibility of vacua.
Leibniz's Constructivism and Infinitely Folded Matter
Authors: Levey Samuel
Published: March 2005

“Leibniz's Constructivism and Infinitely Folded Matter” This essay examines Leibniz's account of the structure of matter and its relation to his views of the infinite. Leibniz interprets the actually infinite division of matter into finite parts on the model of infinite convergent series, but that model admits of different ontological interpretations; and the one Leibniz adopts appears to be in conflict with his metaphysical analysis of matter as a discrete rather than continuous quantity. I identify a constructivist strand of thought in Leibniz's philosophy of mathematics, revealing two competing conceptions of the infinite in his philosophy. Leibniz's constructivism, I suggest, obscures from his view the difficulties with his own model of the structure of matter, yet his eventual recognition of some of those difficulties prepares the ground for his later doctrine of incorporeal substance. Thus, Leibniz's constructivism appears to play an instrumental role in the emergence of that doctrine.
Locke and Leibniz and the Debate Over Species
Authors: Goodin Susanna
Published: March 2005

“Locke and Leibniz and the Debate over Species” An examination of Leibniz's reaction to Locke's theory of essences and species, exploring both his responses in the New Essays and his deeper views on species as developed in his other, more esoteric works. The central thesis is that the responses Leibniz offers in the New Essays are inadequate as a refutation of Locke. Not only does Leibniz misunderstand Locke's theory of nominal and real essences but in arguing against Lockealso relies on his more considered views, requiring metaphysical assumptions that, if accepted, do not even allow Locke's original concerns about species and essences to arise.
A Spectator at the Theater of the World
Authors: Voss Stephen
Published: March 2005

Descartes's epistemology, morals, and metaphysics – each offer reason to look on real life as a spectator looks on a theater production. The meditator seeking certainty watches his body move as in a dream and employs an entirely passive faculty of knowledge. In order to act firmly and yet not risk disappointment, the moral subject confines action to the soul, refusing to count bodily activities as actions, and cultivates a desire free from passion. After the Meditations, the metaphysician abandons the thesis that soul and body constitute a human being, consequently limiting human goods to goods of the soul alone and devaluing embodied life in the world.
Introduction
Authors: Kreitzer Beth
Published: March 2005

This introductory chapter begins with an explanation of why sermons were selected as source material for this study. It presents evaluations of Martin Luther’s ideas and writings, and discusses the situation of Marian devotion and theology on the “eve” of the Reformation to develop a context for the presentation of Virgin Mary by Luther and his followers. An overview of the chapters included in the volume is then presented.
The Beginnings
Authors: Davis Thomas W.
Published: March 2005

This chapter discusses the development of archaeological explorations of Palestine. The first systematic exploration of Palestine resulted from the combined efforts of two Americans, Edward Robinson and Eli Smith, in the 1800s. As interest in Palestine grew, the Palestine Exploration Fund and Palestine Exploration Society, and Society of Biblical Archaeology were established. The late 19th century saw the change from treasure hunting to true scientific inquiry in Palestinian archaeology.
The Legacy of Biblical Archaeology
Authors: Davis Thomas W.
Published: March 2005

The new paradigm of Syro-Palestinian archaeology dominates U.S. field research in Palestine. Classic biblical archaeology has been dismissed as an outdated paradigm of no importance. However, the recognition of its positive contributions would restore a much needed balance to the current understanding of the growth and development of the field.
Introduction
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

A paradigm shift has occurred in human knowing that places ‘power’ at the center of interpreting humans’ experience. This hermeneutic has found a distinctive expression in theological methodology where it has coincided with the incorporation of historical consciousness and utilization of experience as a starting point. Within theology, this has produced renewed interest in pneumatology, the study of the Spirit of God. Since biblically the Spirit of God is identified as divine power, this volume relates the divine Spirit to various forms of power.
The Power of Fear
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Throughout history, fear has been one of the most powerful instruments of control. Whether real or imagined, the threats of military force, of public disgrace, of financial ruin, and of divine punishment have all been used to motivate or discourage action. Politicians, teachers, parents, religious leaders have all used fear to encourage or discourage certain activity. Oppressive governments have kept populations in submission through propaganda to instill fear. One of the most prevalent experiences of fear is fear of change – the threat of an uncertain future. Christianity teaches that one of the key elements in Jesus’ work of salvation was freeing humans from fear by proclaiming a God of compassion whose Spirit works against fear and assures human hope in the future.
The Power of Wealth
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

While wealth has always provided power, this has increased in modern times when wealth has become a basic source of influence. With increased globalization, the disparity between rich and poor has widened and more and more wealth has passed into corporate control. Opposing the values of an economic system that subordinates persons to profit, Christianity, guided by the Spirit, advocates the primacy of people. Wealth in itself is not evil, it has the power to better human life, but it often leads to oppression of the poor. In contrast, Christianity proposes the ideal of evangelical poverty.
The Power of Love
Authors: Cooke Bernard
Published: March 2005

Both scripture and Christian tradition identify the Spirit of God with divine love. While seldom linking love and friendship with power, humans have long thought of authentic love as a supreme good in human experience. However, ‘love’ has had quite different resonance in various contexts. Agapic love often joined to erotic attraction and revelatory of divine love and kenotic aspect of creation. Biblical link of Spirit/love/power with power of the divine word. Christian stress on fundamental role of love, on knowledge of the heart, in morality and spirituality. Love, human and divine, as ultimate power.
Iceland
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , McKay David , Newton Kenneth
Published: March 2005

This section provides information on the most significant features of government and politics in Iceland. These include data on state structure and offices, parties, government constitutions, electoral and voting systems, and basic media materials on media, education, economic interest organisations and the budget.
Work, Needs, and Inequality
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: March 2005

Some of the broader issues concerning economic inequality are addressed. Inequality is sometimes viewed in relative terms, viz., as a departure from some notion of appropriate distribution, based on needs and desert Inequality can, therefore, be viewed not merely as a measure of dispersion, but also as a measure of the difference between the actual distribution of income, and the distribution (1) according to needs or (2) according to some concept of desert. These two approaches are discussed.
1 The Nature and Attraction of Esteem
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip
Published: March 2005

Social esteem is to be distinguished from a variety of other attitudes like love and admiration or, on the negative side, hate or disgust. Positive esteem is something that we human beings find attractive, perhaps inherently–perhaps as a result of biological priming–but certainly for its instrumental benefits: it clearly helps us attain other goods and makes it easier to think well of ourselves–to have self-esteem. And positive esteem cannot be easily procured: it is scarce in the sense of requiring effort to achieve and in the sense of occasioning competition among those who pursue.
14 The Intangible Hand in Practice
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Pettit Philip
Published: March 2005

The intangible hand is distinguished by the way in which it gives rise to social norms, where these are distinct from the laws that the polity coercively supports and the regularities that emerge spontaneously from the operation of the market. There is a well-known argument that norms are not going to be available when they are needed–in particular, when they are needed to help people escape collective predicaments–but this would apply only if the giving of esteem required intentional effort; it does not apply to esteem in the sense in which it may involve only the formation of an attitude. The chapter illustrates the many different ways in which norms may emerge and be sustained under the influence of esteem forces.
Women's Representation in Post-Communist Europe
Authors: Matland Richard E.
Published: March 2005

This chapter presents a synthesis of the findings of the case studies featured in this volume. It begins with an overview of the levels of representation in post-communist European states. It then discusses legislative representation in Eastern Europe, political institutions and women’s representation, focusing on electoral system effects, party institutions, and party ideology. It then provides suggestions on the future direction of research in democratic development and women’s representation.
Two Versions of the Liar Paradox
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

Reviews the standard semantic paradoxes, and constructs a simple formal language in which the paradoxical reasoning can be reconstructed. Particular attention is paid to Löb's paradox, which allows for the derivation of any sentence in the language as a theorem. The advantages of a natural deduction system over an axiomatic logic is discussed.
What is Truth, and What is a Theory of Truth?
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

Considers criteria of adequacy for a theory of truth. The semantics of the truth predicate is explicated, together with accounts of what the proximate and ultimate truth conditions of logically complex sentences are.
A Language That Can Express Its Own Truth Theory
Authors: Maudlin Tim
Published: March 2005

The semantic theory developed for a formal language in the previous chapters is now formulated in the language itself. Applying the semantic theory to this formulation, one finds that the theory of truth itself turns out to be neither true nor false. An analogy to the theory of continued fractions is proposed.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer H. Matthew
Published: March 2005

Presents the two basic principles of my analysis of freedom and unfreedom (the F Postulate and the U Postulate). It then explains the general aspiration of my book: the construction of a theory of socio-political freedom that leads to the conclusion that such freedom is measurable in principle. Indicates that the task of measuring each person’s overall freedom includes an evaluative component, but that it is primarily a matter of gauging the extent of each person’s physical latitude.
Introduction: From Stagnation to Hyper-Innovation
Authors: Moran Michael
Published: March 2005

This introductory chapter discusses the transformation of governing arrangements in Britain from stagnation in the first two-thirds of the 20th century, to hyper-innovation. It argues that these two phases are connected by crisis, specifically a crisis of economic policy and the crisis of the content of rule itself. A brief overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
The Portuguese Permanent Representation in Brussels: The Institutionalization of a Simple System
Authors: Magone José M.
Published: March 2005

The Portuguese permanent representation is regarded as an important part of the national system for EU policy co-ordination, and the Portuguese administration tends to send its best officials to the mission in Brussels. The permanent representation was created after Portugal became a member of the European Union in 1986, and from the very beginning it was influenced by the missions of other member states, the main models being the permanent representations of France and the UK. The special relationship of Portugal to these countries shaped the organization and operation of the Portuguese permanent representation. The lessons learnt were not so much related to the structure of the permanent representation, which is similar to those of other member states, but more to the skills and the way the members of permanent representation do their jobs, which is related to the experience of those civil servants in the French and British administrations before they were sent to the permanent representation. The different sections of the chapter discuss: the organization of the Portuguese permanent representation, its personnel, its internal functioning and working methods, its role, its capacity to implement ambitions, its success, and the simplicity and efficiency of national EU policy co-ordination structures in Portugal.
The Swedish Permanent Representation to the EU: Melding National and Collective Interests
Authors: Mazey Sonia
Published: March 2005

The chapter is divided into two main parts, with the first part of the discussion providing the contextual backdrop to the detailed study of the Swedish permanent representation that follows. The argument presented in the first part is twofold: first, it is argued that effective co-ordination of EU policy at both the national and EU levels is regarded as extremely important by the Swedish government for at least two related reasons—the high political salience of EU matters in Sweden, and the Social Democratic government’s determination to be an influential actor in the EU policy arena; second, it is argued that, although Swedish administrative adjustment to EU membership has been relatively unproblematic in the short term, the process of adaptation is not yet complete—the initial belief that EU matters could simply be incorporated into the Swedish system of ministerial consultation has proved problematic, and the volume and pace of EU policy-making has placed considerable strains upon the limited resources of the Swedish ministries, and might yet prove to be incompatible with Swedish policy style. In an attempt to address these problems, the government introduced in 1998 new co-ordinating structures designed to streamline central EU policy co-ordination and strengthen political leadership on EU policy. The second part of the chapter examines how the Swedish permanent representation fits into this wider picture; it discusses the organization, personnel, internal functioning and working methods, and role of the Brussels-based administration, and evaluates its effectiveness and capacity to implement ambitions, bearing in mind the co-ordination needs and policy ambitions of the Swedish administration. The picture that emerges from this study is one of a technically specialized, functionally segmented, and non-hierarchical bureaucracy, which, after five years, is nevertheless still evolving as an administration, and whose effectiveness in delivering national policy ambitions is as much a reflection of its capacity to influence the national administration as of its diplomatic role in Brussels.
National Co‐ordination in Brussels: The Role of Ireland's Permanent Representation
Authors: Laffan Brigid
Published: March 2005

This final country study describes how limited material resources impose severe constraints on the coverage of action and the type of activities that can be pursued by Ireland at the European level. At the same time, however, it shows that policy co-ordination can be effectively achieved when relations within an administrative élite are close and there is a political consensus in favour of Europe. Ireland’s permanent representation was established at Brussels in 1967 as an EU mission, and was part of a long-term strategy to ensure that Ireland would be successful in its application for membership of the European Union. This was finally achieved in 1973. The chapter describes the size and development of the Irish permanent representation from 1967 onwards, its current working methods, its role, and its effectiveness and capacity to implement ambitions.
The Role of Accounting in the German Financial System
Authors: Leuz Christian , Wüstemann Jens
Published: March 2005

Analyses the role of financial accounting in the German financial system. It starts from the common perception that German accounting is rather ‘uninformative’. This characterisation is appropriate from the perspective of an arm’s length or outside investor and when confined to the financial statements per se. But it is no longer accurate when a broader perspective is adopted. The German accounting system exhibits several arrangements that privately communicate information to insiders, notably the supervisory board. Owing to these features, the key financing and contracting parties seem reasonably well informed. The same cannot be said about outside investors relying primarily on public disclosure. A descriptive analysis of the main elements of the German system and a survey of extant empirical accounting research generally support these arguments.
Practical Irrationality and the Structure of Decision Theory
Authors: Heath Joseph
Published: March 2005

Any theory of practical irrationality necessarily imposes a division of labour between an account of the agent's intentional states and how these are formed, and an account of how these intentional states get applied in particular circumstances to choose a particular action. Nevertheless, questions that concern the content of the agent's beliefs and desires are still routinely lumped together with questions that deal with the way the agent chooses in the light of these beliefs and desires. This generates a number of pseudoproblems. Seeks to clarify some of them, by considering the internal structure of decision theory.
Philosophy of Action: Defective Action and Belief-Formation
Authors: Voak Nigel
Published: March 2005

Examines Hooker’s philosophy of action, and in particular his views on defective action and belief-formation, in order to understand how the mental faculties, examined in the previous chapter, interact together. It is argued that Hooker stresses the inherently voluntary nature of all sin, and humanity’s potential through diligence to know and choose the good. Attention is given to Hooker’s theory of certainty, which considers just how certain the reason must be in any given case in order to fulfil its responsibilities, and this also forms a fundamental basis for the discussion of religious authority to be found in ch. 4.
Reason, Will, and Grace in the Late Works
Authors: Voak Nigel
Published: March 2005

Looks at the relationship between the reason, the will, and grace in Hooker’s ‘late’ writings, defined as the body of material produced in the last two years of his life in response to the Christian Letter of 1599, a tract attacking books one to five of the Lawes for allegedly holding a variety of positions contrary to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England. Concentrating on those articles directly related to Hooker’s doctrine of grace, the chapter very carefully analyses these writings, demonstrating his evasiveness when confronted over this aspect of his theology. It is argued that through veiling his views on common grace he is able to sound characteristically Reformed, even while in reality continuing to distance himself from a Reformed interpretation of these articles. In this respect, therefore, the Christian Letter had correctly perceived the implications of Hooker’s theology in the Lawes, as moving away from the Reformed tradition in his view of human nature and grace.
Aspects of the Future in Accounting: The Use of Market Prices and “Fair Values” in Financial Reports
Authors: Bromwich Michael
Published: March 2005

Some arguments are examined for incorporating into accounting reports further estimates or predictions of the future, and items that embed future cash flows. After an introduction (Section 1), Section 2 outlines some of the common concerns of standard-setters with decision-orientated accounting (the essence of which is that accounting items should be measured using their economic values, which are founded on the cash flows they are expected to generate), and considers some of the general arguments for incorporating future-orientated accounting items into accounting reports. Looks at the strong movement toward ‘fair-value’ accounting in which asset and liability carrying values are based on the market prices that would result from arm’s length transactions between well-informed participants. In Section 3, as an example of this market value approach, some problems with suggestions for accounting for financial instruments (assets) are considered. Section 4 looks more briefly at the use of fair values with non-financial assets, and the final section gives a brief conclusion.
Constituent Lobbying and Its Impact on the Development of Financial Reporting Regulations: Evidence from Germany
Authors: McLeay Stuart , Ordelheide Dieter , Young Steven
Published: March 2005

An examination is made of the impact of constituent lobbying activity on accounting regulators during the transformation of the Fourth European Company Law Directive into German accounting law. Using detailed published commentaries prepared by representative organizations on draft accounting legislation, evidence is provided concerning the preferences of the three primary German accounting constituencies – industry preparers, auditors, and academic experts. Initially, a model that merely distinguishes between the three constituencies suggests that the industry lobby group representing preparers exerts the greatest influence on the decisions of the German legislature. However, when the empirical model is extended to include all two-way interaction effects, the relative power of preparers is seen to be far lower, with the influence exerted by industry depending crucially on the support of at least one of the remaining lobby groups.
From Accounting Directives to International Accounting Standards
Authors: van Hulle Karel
Published: March 2005

An insider perspective is presented on the historical development of EU (European Union) accounting regulation. The author explains why the EU moved away from the idea of European harmonization through the EU Accounting Directives to the adoption of International Accounting Standards (IAS) for all listed EU companies, and provides important insights into the dynamics of EU standard-setting processes. The chapter clearly demonstrates that the regulation of financial reporting is a complex issue and that there is no easy way to bring about accounting harmonization. The nine sections are: Introduction; The Accounting Directives; First attempts toward further harmonization; Development of a new accounting strategy; Proposed new accounting strategy; The proposed new accounting strategy in action; Toward a mandatory application of IAS; Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the application of IAS; and Concluding observations.
Academics in the Accounting Policy Process: England and Germany Compared
Authors: Power Michael
Published: March 2005

Focuses on the role of a specific interest group accounting policy-making: the academics. The author provides an international comparison of the role of academics in the accounting policy-making process in Germany and England, analysing the nature of their involvement, the degree of institutionalization of their voice, as well as their influence on the process. The different sections of the chapter look at cultural and environmental differences in academic accounting between the two countries, accounting groups and networks in the two countries, and the role of individuals and ideas.
Conversion and Its Consequences
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Paul’s encounter with Jesus transformed the knowledge he had of the founder of Christianity that he had gained as a persecutor. A very brief mission in Arabia was followed by three years in Damascus during which period he became a tentmaker. From Peter in Jerusalem, Paul learnt about the historical Jesus. His probing of the mystery of a Messiah who should not have died is at the root of his unique stress on the fact that Jesus died by crucifixion.
A Journey into Europe
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Evangelization of the Celts at Pessinus. Instead of ministering at Troas, Paul crossed to Europe, and in the process experienced his first sea voyage. Paul’s attitude towards women ministers in Philippi, where one of them acted as his patron. Lack of patronage in Thessalonica obliged him to adopt a lifestyle based on the workshop, but his preaching filled the void left by the co-option of Cabirus into the official cult of the city.
The First Year in Ephesus
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Missionary expansion through converts returning to their homes and businesses. As a first step in claiming her daughter churches, Antioch sent a Judaising delegation to correct the theology of the Galatians. Celtic reluctance to make a decision obliged consultation with Paul, who responded in Galatians. Ostensibly addressed to the Galatians, its real audience was the intruders.
Conversations with Corinth
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Reports on the situation at Corinth convinced Paul that the root of most of the problems lay with the Spirit-people who had misunderstood Apollos. In 1 Cor, Paul brutally attacks this group, alienating them completely. To revenge themselves on Paul, they formed an alliance with the Judaising delegation from Antioch. The presence of the latter sparked Paul’s second (unplanned) visit to Corinth, which culminated in an undignified retreat to Macedonia. There he discovered why the Judaizers had reached Corinth so quickly. They had been repudiated in Philippi and Thessalonica. Returning to Ephesus, Paul wrote the extremely delicate Severe Letter, which he sent with Titus.
Farewell to the East
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome
Published: March 2005

Having sent Priscal and Aquila to Rome to prepare his mission to Spain, Paul wrote Rom 1–11 as a captio benevolentiae, to which he added Rom 12–16 when he got specific information from P & A about the Roman church. He sentRom 1–16 before leaving for Jerusalem with the Collection. Fearful of his reception there he made a farewell circuit of his churches in Macedonia and Asia, leaving Timothy in Ephesus. Arrested by the Romans in Jerusalem, and imprisoned in Caesarea, he was eventually sent to Rome.
Does the Third Way Work? The Left and Labour Market Policy Reform in Britain, France, and Germany
Authors: Clasen Jochen , Clegg Daniel
Published: March 2005

Identifies the main trends in family policy across European countries over the last decade or so and analyses how these developments are to be interpreted, especially in the context of what they reveal about how the Third Way approaches the family. Family policy, and more generally the relationship between the state and the family, is changing. Among the most notable changes are: a heightened interest on the part of the state in family solidarity (especially as it relates to the behaviour of men); a move to treat children independently of their families and to grant them individual rights; a tendency to treat both parents as workers; a move towards a greater welfare mix; and a move towards gender neutrality for the purposes of social policy. In terms of an explanation, while many of these developments have some common currency with Third Way thinking, they are not fully comprehensible in terms of the advance of a Third Way project as such. Rather, they draw their origins from different sources, and, by and large, are very influenced by historical and contemporary processes at national level.
Opening Moves
Authors: Sedley David
Published: March 2005

Following a survey of established interpretations of the Theaetetus, I sketch my own, incorporating elements of many of them, especially of Myles Burnyeat’s. I argue that for once Socrates is not Plato’s mouthpiece but that rather Plato wants to present the Socrates of the early dialogues as his own midwife. I draw attention to Plato’s unitarian approach to his own work – his constant emphasis on its philosophical continuity. The theme of midwifery, which I argue serves this same end, is then further fleshed out by reference to the opening stages of the dialogue’s argument. Finally, I map out the principles underlying Socrates maieutic art, principles that in the remainder of the book I will argue to underlie certain positive philosophical insights that, despite his self-declared barrenness, he finds himself able to articulate.
Perception
Authors: Sedley David
Published: March 2005

Here I examine the arguments that finally dispose of Theaetetus’ definition ‘Knowledge is perception’. I argue that Socrates’ objection against the extreme flux covertly implied by this definition is not exactly, as usually understood, that it eliminates language (Heracliteans can continue to speak in their own peculiar way), but that it makes dialectic impossible. In proceeding to the final phase of this argument, I draw particular attention to Socrates’ surprisingly forthright distinction between predicates to which we gain access through the senses and those to which the mind itself has unmediated access – roughly, the empirical and the a priori, respectively. In placing ‘being’ in the latter class, Socrates is speaking of ordinary being, as featured explicitly or implicitly in everyday predications, and using its a priori character to demolish the idea that perception could ever grasp (ordinary everyday) truths. But there is also, I argue, a Platonic subtext, where the ‘being’ in question is that associated with Plato’s transcendent Forms.
The Divine Plan of Salvation in Cyril
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: March 2005

Traces Cyril’s narrative of salvation from the baptism of Jesus through his death and resurrection to his ascension and enthronement, in order to show that, in Cyril’s view, the re-creation, sanctification, and divinization of human nature is completed first in Christ himself. Particular attention in given to the baptism of Jesus, which for Cyril reveals the Incarnate Word as both agent and recipient of salvation and establishes the central place of the gift of the Spirit in Cyril’s narrative of divine life. The conclusion reached is that, in Cyril’s eyes, Christ’s humanity is at one and the same time a representative, corporate humanity and an individual, concrete humanity like our own.
The Gift of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: March 2005

Considers Cyril’s understanding of the manner in which the divine life in Christ is appropriated, or passed on, to us. It examines in turn: (a) the gift of the Holy Spirit in relation to baptism; (b) the Eucharist as participation in the life-giving flesh of Christ; and (c) the complex issues surrounding the dual means of reception. Concludes that Cyril presents a twofold path for the reception of divine life, centred around the notion of divine indwelling, and often depicted through the paired terms, ‘spiritually’ and ‘corporeally’. These two modes of indwelling are normally related to the sacramental events of baptism and the Eucharist respectively.
The Reception of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: March 2005

Discusses Cyril’s understanding of how the divine life in Christ is appropriated by us. The first stage of investigation consists in a sketch of Cyril’s theology of grace, showing the interplay of faith, human freedom, and divine grace in the reception of divine life. The second stage asks whether (and in what sense) the Incarnate Word serves as the pattern for our reception of, and progress in, the divine life, and whether Cyril allows full play for the humanity of Christ. The third and final stage asks what the relation is between the divine life implanted in us and the fruits of that divine life worked out in us and through us in this present age. Concludes that in Cyril, our reception of the divine life is ordered to a distinctive way of life and to a progressive sanctification through which we are conformed to Christ.
Conclusions: Cyril's Narrative of Divine Life
Authors: Keating Daniel A.
Published: March 2005

Offers a critical summary, under the rubric of divinization, of Cyril’s account of salvation and offers a hypothesis for why Cyril made use of the technical vocabulary of divinization so infrequently. Explores the exegetical foundations of Cyril’s narrative and attempts to describe the theological shape of his account of divine life in the human race.
The UK—A Test Case for the Liberal Welfare State?
Authors: Taylor-Gooby Peter , Larsen Trine P.
Published: March 2005

The UK developed an innovative agenda of new social risk policies through the 1980s and 1990s. The Conservative government up to 1997 essentially pursued liberal market reforms with minimal provision for vulnerable minorities. After 1997, new labour developed a programme of work‐life balance and New Deal labour market reforms that represented a change of direction in the UK context. These policies relied heavily on market provision and on market incentives, with a state safety net for those on low incomes, but were more generous than the previous provision and were carefully and consciously structured to enhance work incentives for women with domestic responsibilities and others. They were influential in welfare state debate across Europe and at EU level. Reliance on a private sector, which government cannot directly control, created problems, most notably in childcare, elder care, and pensions. The UK is able to change policy rapidly due to its highly centralised ‘Westminster’ governmental system. Its reform experience has important lessons for other European countries.