bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Earth: Prism of 2020
Authors: Eremchenko Eugene
Published: December 2021

Through the prism of the 8th Digital Earth Summit and within the context of the disastrous 2020, this article addresses some of the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in Digital Earth Vision 2030. Some significant scientific aspects of the Digital Earth development are described and briefly discussed: the problem of providing a satisfactory definition of the Digital Earth and typology of different geospatial visualizations, the ambiguity between the concepts of Digital Earth and Digital Twins, the problems arising from the use of Digital Earth in sustainable development as well as the problem of using Digital Earth for natural and technological disasters prevention and mitigation. Attention is given to the use of Digital Earth in exploring the key challenge of 2020 – the COVID-19 pandemic. The possibility of using the Digital Earth as a tool for fundamental research is declared.
Methods for Displaying the Dynamics of Indices Based on Remote Sensing Data of the Earth
Authors: Trubakov Evgeniy , Trubakov Andrey , Trubakova Anna
Published: December 2021

One of important aspects of developing geographic information systems and remote sensing of the Earth is the problem of displaying the received data for visual analysis. Dynamic data are particularly difficult in this regard. In this case, not the current state may be of interest, but the change in data over time. It is very difficult to display such data and their change. At the same time, in some cases, it is the change of some spatial and vegetation indices that can give man a complete picture and allow to make the right decisions. This paper is devoted to the development of methods for displaying changes in the Earth remote sensing data based on automatically placed markers showing the direction and nature of the change. Experiments have shown that such markers make it possible to focus man's attention well on the dynamics of changes and improve the visual perception of such information. The paper proposes not only an original approach to markers, but also an algorithm for automatic arrangement of these markers on the map, taking into account both remote sensing data and the nature and dynamics of their changes over a certain period of time. This allows to build a fully automated system for preparing visual maps for people. The method of marker formation itself, which combines both color and symbolic information for a sharper image, may also be of interest.
Development of a Gradient Descent Algorithm for Pathway Routing Based on Functional-Voxel Modeling
Authors: Tolok Alexey , Petukhov Pavel
Published: December 2021

This paper considers a pathfinding algorithm using the gradient method for functional-voxel modeling problems. The basic principles of constructing gradient lines based on the functional voxel model are investigated. The tool to describe the scene with obstacles is the mathematical apparatus of R-functions. To solve the problem of pathfinding in a weakly deterministic environment, we propose an algorithm that is based on the use of: gradient method analyzing the color palette of images of local features of the function; mathematical apparatus of R- functions describing the topography of the solution surface at the current moment in time. An algorithm of target control that solves the problem of getting out of possible "trapped objects" is considered. For this, the principle of changing the position of the target was developed to control the gradient direction.
Computer Eye-Tracking Model to Investigate Influence of the Viewer’s Perception of the Graphic Information
Authors: Borevich Ekaterina , Mescheryakov Serg , Yanchus Victor
Published: December 2021

The goal is to study the visual perception of graphic composition of various styles. An original author's method of conducting an experiment has been developed, which includes the preparation of stimulus material, collecting data, and statistical algorithms to analyze parametric data. The stimulus materials were based on graphic images in the cubism and abstractionism styles as well as on photorealistic images. An eye-tracking equipment was used to record eye movement activity and collect experimental data. The statistical analysis of the parametric data of the observer's viewing pattern has revealed that the viewer’s perception of visual information is more effective by observers with art education. The results are of importance for developing effective training and test systems for operators, users, GUI developers, etc.
Optimizing ARINC 661 Rendering for OpenGL with Hardware Support in the JetOS Aviation Operating System
Authors: Barladyan Boris Khaimovich , Shapiro Lev Zalmanovich , Deryabin Nikolay Borisovich , Solodelov Yury , Voloboy Alexey Gennadievich , Galaktionov Vladimir Alexandrovich
Published: December 2021

This paper denotes to the problem of the pilot display visualization speed. The software used in avionics has to follow strict rules prescribed by many standards. The studies used OpenGL Safety Critical (SC) with hardware support for Vivante GPU running in the aircraft real time operating system JetOS. One of the avionics standards – ARINC 661 – defines the application rendered in a cockpit display system. It raises the issue of efficient OpenGL SC using to ensure the acceptable visualization speed. Due to the specific of application prepared by the ARINC 661 server the visualization speed for the prospective aircraft platform (i.MX6 processor with Vivante GPU) is too slow to meet aviation requirements. An efficient visualization speed acceleration algorithm has been proposed and implemented. Firstly the OpenGL calls were optimized. But this optimization cannot be directly integrated into the ARINC 661 server. So a special intermediate module was designed and elaborated. The proposed approach makes it possible to achieve a visualization speed acceptable for an aircraft pilot display.
Technology for Cast Iron Microstructure Analysis in SIAMS Software Using Neural Networks
Authors: Sivkova Tatyana , Gusev Aleksandr , Syropyatov Artem
Published: December 2021

The paper covers key issues of metal and alloys’ microstructure control using cast iron microstructure examples, and ways of resolving these issues by integration of neural networks into algorithms of SIAMS software. Paper lists key specifics of using the technology and training neural network, aimed at improving algorithm reproducibility, analysis acceleration and simplification. The method for training neural network models as part of the SIAMS software includes functionality for assessing the quality of training. The described method allows you control the model error using the value of the loss function. Developed algorithms in form of ready solutions were integrated into the SIAMS software package, and can be recommended for serial microstructure control in industrial laboratories.
Realistic Simulation of Synthetic Images on Computer Monitors Based on the Color Appearance Model CIECAM02
Authors: Budak Vladimir , Emelianova Ekaterina
Published: December 2021

The theory of global illumination and computer programs based on it allows calculating the light field accurately in an arbitrary three-dimensional lighting scene. However, the output of the visualization of the light field spatial-angular distribution to the display screen in the form of an image is inevitably associated with scaling the luminance and color of the image pixels to the computer display dynamic range. To date, a color appearance model was created in colorimetry. This model allows recalculating the image pixels' color for viewing conditions other than the original ones preserving the image's visual perception. This model is approved by the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) as a standard model under the name CIECAM02. In this paper, the CIECAM02 algorithm model is implemented, and a study of designing a lighting system for lighting a theater stage to create an atmosphere of sunset is carried out. Modeling the lighting system is performed in the DIALux evo program, which is the de facto standard of design in lighting engineering. The correspondence of the visualization of the stage lighting to the feeling of sunset is analyzed based on expert assessments. The research allows us to recommend the inclusion of the CIECAM02 model in the algorithms for visualizing the image of three-dimensional lighting scenes.
Multipath Redundant Real-Time Transmission with the Destruction of Expired Packets in Intermediate Nodes
Authors: Bogatyrev Vladimir , Bogatyrev Stanislav , Bogatyrev Anatoly
Published: December 2021

The possibilities of increasing the probability of timely service and reducing the average waiting time for requests for machine-to-machine exchange in distributed computer systems are investigated. Improving the reliability, timeliness and error-free transmission in automated distributed control systems focused on intelligent and cognitive methods of data and image analysis is fundamental in their real-time operation. The effect is achieved as a result of the reserved multipath transfers of packets critical to delays, at which their replication is provided with a task for each replica of the path (route) of sequential passage of network nodes. An analytical model is proposed for estimating the probability of timely delivery and the average total waiting time in the queues of route nodes with reserved and non-reserved packet transmission. The communication nodes that make up the data transmission route are represented by single-channel queuing systems with an infinite queue. The influence of the multiplicity of redundancy (replication) of transmissions on the probability of their timely maintenance is analyzed. The condition for the success of reserved transfers is that the accumulated total waiting in the queues of nodes that make up the path for at least one of the replicas of the packet should not exceed the given maximum allowed time. The efficiency of destroying expired packets in the intermediate nodes that make up the data transmission paths is shown. The existence of an optimal redundancy multiplicity critical to the total delay in the queues of packets is shown.
The Timeliness of the Reserved Service in the Cluster with the Regulation of the Time of Destruction of Overdue Requests in the Node Queues
Authors: Bogatyrev Vladimir , Bogatyrev Stanislav , Bogatyrev Anatoly
Published: December 2021

With the increasing complexity of distributed control tasks based on their intellectualization, there are problems of insufficient time and computing resources for functioning in real time. In this regard, there is a need to develop methods for organizing distributed real-time computer systems, based on the consolidation of distributed computing resources with their integration into clusters. The possibilities of increasing the probability of timely servicing of waiting- critical requests in the cluster as a result of query replication and controlling the time of destruction of potentially expired replicas in node queues are investigated. The cluster is represented as a group of queuing systems with infinite queues with a limited average waiting time. The effectiveness of the reserved service of a real-time request is determined by the probability of executing at least one of the generated copies of the request in the maximum allowable time without losing it due to errors and waiting time limits in the queues of cluster nodes. It is shown that there is an optimal multiplicity of query replication with a significant influence of the choice of restrictions on the waiting time for requests in queues before they are destroyed.
Study on Synchronous Propagation Behavior of Hydraulic Fractures and Cementing Interfacial Cracks during Fracturing of Shale Horizontal Wells
Authors: Feng Fuping , Han Xu , Suo Yu , Wang Heyuan , Ye Qinyou , Duan Yongwei
Published: December 2021

Large-scale staged hydraulic fracturing stimulation technology is an effective method to increase shale oil and gas recovery. However, cracks will appear along with the cementing interface and expand under the drive of fluid while hydraulic fracturing, failing wellbore sealing. To solve this problem, the synchronous propagation model of hydraulic fractures and cementing interfacial cracks in hydraulic fracturing is established. The Newton iteration method and displacement discontinuity method are used to solve the propagation length of each fracture, and the effects of cement sheath parameters and fracture parameters on the interface failure range are studied. The results show that when multiple hydraulic fractures expand, the interfacial cracks are also affected by “stress shadow,” offering an asymmetric expansion, and the cementing interfacial cracks in the area between hydraulic fractures are easier to expand. The failure range of interface between the hydraulic fractures expands rapidly if the cement elastic modulus increases from 5 GPa to 10 GPa; while the cement elastic modulus is higher than 10 GPa, the failure area is mainly affected by the number of hydraulic fractures; the failure range is not affected by the number of hydraulic fractures if the hydraulic fracture spacing is less than 10 m or more than 30 m; while the crack spacing is between 10 m and 30 m, the more the number of hydraulic fractures, the easier it is to cause the interface failure range to increase and connect. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of cement slurry systems and fracturing parameters.
Relato sobre os desafios da produção de material didático audiovisual em um projeto de Extensão do Instituto Federal Catarinense
Authors: Schardosim Chris Royes , Zancanaro Airton , Miron Keren Talita Silva , Filagrana Julia Eloisa
Published: December 2021

Neste relato apresenta-se um projeto de extensão que surgiu em decorrência da situação de ensino remoto vivenciada na pandemia da Covid-19, em 2020, durante a prática pedagógica de docentes do Instituto Federal Catarinense (IFC). Trata-se dos desafios da produção de material didático audiovisual, especialmente, a gravação de vídeos para a complementação dos estudos dos discentes dos cursos técnicos integrados ao ensino médio e dos cursos de graduação e mestrado dos campi onde os docentes atuam. O objetivo é estruturar e institucionalizar a produção desses materiais por meio deste projeto. Além disso, pretende-se que os docentes, com auxílio da bolsista e da mestranda voluntária, possam ampliar as possibilidades de produção de material didático audiovisual, bem como contribuir para a divulgação científica. Até o momento da escrita deste texto, não há resultados concretos, mas esperamos que os vídeos produzidos tenham qualidade didática e técnica, e que possam contribuir para o conhecimento do público-alvo.
A simulação da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987/88 no contexto da pandemia da covid-19:
Authors: Neuhold Roberta dos Reis , Bitencourt Isadora Horst , Silva Victórya Leal Altmayer , Pacheco Vitoria Nunes
Published: December 2021

O projeto IFMUNdi: promovendo debates, produzindo conhecimento concluiu sua quarta edição em março de 2021. Desde 2017, o projeto promovia simulações de eventos da Organização das Nações Unidas e do poder legislativo brasileiro de forma presencial, transformando, durante dois dias, o auditório do Campus Osório do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul em palco de debates sobre problemáticas locais e globais. Devido à pandemia da Covid-19, o projeto adaptou suas atividades para a modalidade remota. No processo, ao mesmo tempo em que se deparou com dificuldades (como a incerteza diante do engajamento discente e a necessidade de modificação de metodologias já sedimentadas), também teve a oportunidade de inovar o fluxo de debate e de ampliar seu público-alvo. Neste artigo, é relatada justamente a experiência de promoção de uma simulação de forma remota, no cenário pandêmico. O órgão simulado foi a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987/88, responsável pela elaboração da Constituição Federal vigente. A simulação, realizada em formato on-line, contou com a participação de estudantes, predominantemente do ensino médio e oriundos de cinco estados brasileiros, além de ter sido precedida por espaços e materiais formativos que qualificaram a atuação dos inscritos para representarem parlamentares e veículos de comunicação.
Dosimetric Evaluation of a Treatment Planning System Using the Aapm Medical Physics Practice Guideline 5.a (MPPG 5.a) Validation Tests
Authors: Yousif Yousif A , Zifodya Jackson
Published: December 2021

In this work, the AAPM Medical Physics Practice Guideline 5.a (MPPG 5.a) validation tests package was used to evaluate the dosimetric performance of a new version of the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) algorithms. A series of tests were developed and comparisons between TPS calculated and corresponding beam data measurements have been performed for basic beam validation, heterogeneity correction and IMRT/VMAT dose validation tests. Measurements were performed using a Varian IX Linear Accelerator with the 6 MV, 6MV FFF and 18 MV photon beams, and 6, 9, 12, 16, 20 MeV electron beams. Results for basic dose validation tests yielded differences within 3% for all point doses and pass rate greater than 95% for all depth profiles using 3%/3mm criteria. For testing the ability of the TPS in accounting for tissue inhomogeneity, corresponding comparisons were performed with the presence of a heterogeneous media to simulate an air inhomogeneity. Results showed a mean deviation between the TPS calculated and measured of 1.9%, reaching a maximum of 2.8% for the AAA algorithm. For IMRT/VMAT validation tests, our local criteria passing rate of 95% was used, but no consensus of the tolerance exists. Our results agree well with the data reported accuracy in previous studies of Eclipse TPS. In summary, the AAPM MPPG 5.a validation tests are a valuable package for evaluating dose calculation accuracy and are very useful for TPS upgrade checks, commissioning tests and routine TPS QA.
The Monthly Variation Tendency of Microcystin-LR Levels in The Huangpu River (China) by Applications of ELISA and HPLC
Authors: Hua Sijia , Chen Jiawen , Wu Liang , Yu Xinyue , Ye Jing , Li Yuanting , Zhu Yongqiang , Tian Fuxiang
Published: December 2021

In this study, the contents of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures in the laboratory and natural water samples from the Huangpu River in different seasons were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Excellent correlation between the two methods was obtained (R2 > 0.99). ELISA was a reliable and simple method with high reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 25%) and satisfactory recovery for the monitoring of low levels of MC-LR. MC-LR concentrations in Huangpu River varied with the seasonal variation,which peaked in August with the temperature over 30°C and then gradually declined with the decreasing temperature after August. The highest MC-LR concentration in the Huangpu River was below the WHO drinking water quality standard (1 ug/L). These results indicated that warm temperature accelerated the MC-LR synthesis and release, and it is necessary to regularly monitor the MC-LR levels, especially during the high algae period in summer. ELISA can be applied to detect the low levels of MC-LR in the field without complex treatment, avoiding the samples from denaturation and degradation during the transportation. Hence, ELISA is a better alternative of HPLC when HPLC is unavailable, especially when rapid testing is required in routine MC-LR analysis.
The Role of New-Emerging Lands on Sources of Aeolian Sand Deposits Driven by Shrinking of the Urmia Salt Lake
Authors: Samani Aliakbar Nazari , Biabani Leila , Fathabadi Abolhassan , Khosravi Hassan , Wasson Robert James , Hassangavyar Moslem Borji
Published: December 2021

Urmia Lake, the largest saline lake in Iran and the Middle East, is located in the northwest of Iran, has shrunk over the past decades. The reduced water level has increased the area of dry land around the lake allowing new environmental hazard such as sand dunes encroachment, particularly on the western side of the lake. There are five terrain types that could contribute sediment to the dunes, and it is the main aim of this research to identify the contributions to the dunes of each terrain type. Fifteen surface samples were collected from the five most erodible terrain types and eight samples were collected from the dunes both in downwind and upwind directions from the lake, and major element components were measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). According to the Besler classification, all samples are in the saline class. Also, the chemical index of alteration (CIA) values in all samples were less than 50, indicating weak weathering. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, suitable tracers were selected and were imported to the sourcing equations. Quantification of uncertainty and the creation of two new fingerprinting models for aeolian sediments based on both Bayesian and GLUE procedures were used. The highest proportion comes from the salty and puffy lands (44.2%) followed by salty polygon land (23.5%), clay-salty areas, puffy-flaky lands (7.01%), the terminus of the fine sandy alluvial fan (13.2%), and clay-salty abandoned lands (12.1%). It is concluded that if land managers use these results, they can more efficiently decrease the hazards posed by dune reactivation and migration though implementation of soil conservation on the affected lands around the dried lake.
Activation of Cadmium Under Simulated Solar Illumination and Its Impact on the Mobility of Cd in Flooded Soils
Authors: Luo Bihao , Xiao Chenfeng , Liu Yuling , Li Li , Peng Liang , Zeng Qingru , Luo Si
Published: December 2021

In waterlogged paddy soils, cadmium (Cd) can be precipitated as cadmium sulfide (CdS) under reductive environment, thereby limiting the absorption of Cd by plants. Multiple environmental factors (such as water, pH, Eh, etc.) played a role in the control of Cd mobility and bioavailability. In this study, we investigated the influence of the solar irradiation on the photo-dissolution of synthetic CdS-montmorillonite composites (CdS-M) in solution and the stability of Cdin natural soil. The release kinetic of Cd2+ showed that after the irradiation of simulated sunlight, CdS-M composites became less stable compared to the dark control. The solar irradiation seemed to enhance the release of Cd2+ from CdS significantly and continuously. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments confirmed that the photogenerated holes, O2·- and •OH were possibly involved in the photo-induced release of Cd2+, while the holes was primarily responsible for the reaction.Irradiation under alkaline solution or the presence of DOM, PO43-, CO32- and urea markedly inhibited the photodissolution process of CdS. The photo-mediated activation of Cd was further confirmed in paddy soil under natural sunlight, with a nearly 3-fold increase in concentration of extractable Cd during the 15 days irradiation. This study highlights the importance of photochemical transformation of Cd in the environmental water and soil.
Ovarian Incompatibility in Tuberose (Polianthes Tuberosa L.) Cultivars and Breeding Lines
Authors: Bharathi Thangaraj Usha , Lallawmzuali Rosalind , Kirthishree Subramanyamrao Prabhakarrao
Published: December 2021

Background: Incompatibility occurs frequently in the plant system upon intra- or interspecific crosses resulting in several pollination barriers. The modest understanding on the breeding behaviour and mechanisms governing tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) through this study will direct us to appraise the pollination and post pollination events on self- and cross- incompatibility and seed set behaviour for cross breeding programme.Results: Self-pollination of tuberose cultivars Arka Prajwal, Mexican Single and Arka Sugandhi failed to produce pods upon autogamy and geitonogamy. Pollen-pistil interaction study of incompatible cultivar Arka Prajwal substantiates that pollen tube enters the ovule within 24 hours after pollination. It discharges its contents into the embryo on the 1st day after pollination and polysaccharide granules evident upon fluorescence microscopic study. The pollen tube growth rates of self and controlled pollination were similar; however, sterility was expressed in the ovary. The female gametophytic development in self and cross incompatible cultivar Arka Prajwal showed normal development initially after pollination whereas embryosac degeneration was observed at later stage. Complete degeneration of the integument and nucellar cells was also observed. Conclusions: This study is the first to elucidate the occurrence of pseudo self-incompatibility in tuberose by identifying tuberose cultivars and breeding lines which produce pods upon geitonogamy. A positive pollen-pistil interaction with the degeneration of embryosac, integument and nucellar cell and pod shrinkage, abortion and fall confirms the prevalence of the ‘Ovarian Incompatibility’ or ‘Late-Acting Incompatibility’ in tuberose.
Exceptionally bright optical emission from a rare and distant gamma-ray burst
Authors: Oganesyan Gor , Karpov Sergey , Jelinek Martin , Beskin Gregory , Ronchini Samuele , Banerjee Biswajit , Branchesi Marica , \v{S}trobl Jan , Pol\'{a}\v{s}ek Cyril , Hudec Ren\'{e} , Ivanov Eugeny , Katkova Elena , Perkov Alexey , Biryukov Anton , Orekhova Nadezhda , Sasyuk Vyacheslav , Ma\v{s}ek Martin , Jane\v{c}ek Petr , Ebr Jan , Jury\v{s}ek Jakub , Cunniffe Ronan , Prouza Michael
Published: December 2021

Long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are produced by the dissipation of ultra-relativistic jets launched by newly-born black holes after the collapse of massive stars. Right after the luminous and highly variable gamma-ray emission, the multi-wavelength afterglow is released by the external dissipation of the jet in circumburst medium. We report the discovery of a very bright (10 mag) optical emission 28 s after the
explosion of the extremely luminous and energetic GRB 210619B located at redshift 1.937.
Early multi-filter observations allowed us to witness the end of the shock wave propagation into the GRB ejecta. We
observed the spectral transition from a bright reverse to the forward shock emission,
demonstrating that
the early and late GRB multi-wavelength emission is originated from a very narrow jet propagating into an unusually rarefied interstellar medium. We also find evidence of an additional component of radiation, coming from the jet wings which is able explain the uncorrelated optical/X-ray emission.
The Correlation of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Carbohydrates with the Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yang Long-Shan , Meng Guang-Xiao , Ding Zi-Niu , Yan Lun-Jie , Yao Sheng-Yu , Li Hai-Chao , Dong Zhao-Ru , Chen Zhi-Qiang , Hong Jian-Guo , Li Tao
Published: December 2021

Background Glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and carbohydrates have been shown to be associated with a variety of cancers, but their correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. The purpose of our study was to investigate the correlation of GI, GL and carbohydrate with risk of HCC.Methods Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science until November 2020. According to the size of heterogeneity, the random effect model or the fixed effect model was performed to calculate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the correlation of GI, GL, and carbohydrates with the risk of HCC.Results Seven cohort studies involving 1,193,523 participants and 1,004 cases, and 3 case-control studies involving 827 cases and 5,502 controls were eventually included. The pooled results showed no significant correlation of GI (RR=1.11, 95%CI 0.80-1.53, I2= 62.2%), GL (RR=1.09, 95%CI 0.76-1.55, I2 = 66%), and carbohydrate (RR=1.09, 95%CI 0.84-1.32, I2=0%) with the risk of HCC in general population. Subgroup analysis revealed that in hepatitis B virus (HBV) or/and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive group, GI was not correlated with the risk of HCC (RR=0.65, 95%CI 0.32-1.32, p=0.475, I2=0.0%), while GL was significantly correlated with the risk of HCC (RR=1.52, 95%CI 1.04-2.23, p=0.016, I2=70.9%). In contrast, in HBV and HCV-negative group, both GI (RR=1.23, 95%CI 0.88-1.70, p=0.222, I2=33.6%) and GL (RR=1.17, 95% CI 0.83-1.64, p=0.648, I2=0%) were not correlated with the risk of HCC. Conclusion A high GL diet is correlated with a higher risk of HCC in people with hepatitis virus. A low GL diet may be recommended for patients with viral hepatitis to reduce the risk of HCC.
Association of Bleb Formation With Peri-aneurysmal Contact in Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Satoh Toru , Yagi Takanobu , Sawada Yoichi , Sugiu Kenji , Sato Yu , Date Isao
Published: December 2021

The mechanism of bleb formation in unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between peri-aneurysmal contact (PAC) and bleb formation. Forty-five aneurysms were classified depending on the presence of blebs and PAC using computed tomographic angiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Aneurysmal hemodynamics were assessed using computational fluid dynamics. The independent variables associated with bleb formation were statistically assessed. Fourteen aneurysms (31.1%) had blebs, all of which were located at the site of PAC (group A). Thirty-one aneurysms (68.9%) had no bleb, of which 13 had a PAC (group B) and 18 had no PAC (group C). PAC was the only independent variable associated with bleb formation (p < 0.05). Aneurysmal volumes were significantly higher in group A, followed by groups B and C in series. Aneurysmal wall shear stress (WSS) tended to be lowest in group A, followed by groups B and C in series. The maximum WSS at the blebs was only 17% of the maximum WSS at the aneurysmal domes. This study demonstrated that bleb formation in UIAs was associated with the establishment of PAC during their growth, which may have more detrimental effects on bleb formation than hemodynamics.
Experiences and Disease Self-Management in Individuals Living With Chronic Kidney Disease: Qualitative Analysis of the National Kidney Foundation's Online Community
Authors: Du Yan , Dennis Brittany , Ramirez Valerie , Li Chengdong , Wang Jing , Meireles Christiane
Published: December 2021

Background: Self-management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the keys in improving CKD outcomes and quality of life. There has been an increased use of online health communities to share the experiences of those living with CKD. By analyzing the CKD online forum data, this study aims to: 1) understand the experiences and challenges of individuals living with CKD, and 2) explore how online communities may help CKD patients in improving CKD self-management. Methods: Publicly available posts of peer interactions on the National Kidney Foundation's online community for people affected by CKD were extracted in April 2021 using computer programming. A total of 20,436 posts were collected, of which 400 posts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, and saturation was reached. Two researchers coded each post independently, and discrepancies were discussed to reach consensus. Results: The analysis identified seven themes: 1) Dynamics of CKD status, 2) CKD comorbidities, 3) Managing CKD and symptoms, 4) Life participation and outlook; 5) Navigating healthcare and clinical needs, 6) Medical tests and results; and 7) Support on the forum. The results revealed that comorbidities were common in CKD patients and early-stage CKD was not communicated in a timely manner to patients by the health care community; living with CKD challenged both CKD and caregivers; some common challenges included but were not limited to the management of a diet for CKD and co-morbidities (especially co-morbid diabetes), CKD dynamics and symptoms, and fear of/ways to prevent progression. Individuals living with CKD primarily used the online forum to share and seek information and emotional support for managing CKD (including co-morbidities). Conclusions: Challenges of living with CKD were found not only in those with advanced kidney disease and those on dialysis, but also in those with early and middle stages. Information and emotional support from the online forum serves as a platform to empower CKD patients with the knowledge, skills and confidence for CKD self-management. Proactive and innovative strategies with a combination of virtual and real settings to improve self-management for individuals with all-stage CKD needs to be explored and tailored.
Cardiovascular Risks Before Myocardial Infarction Differences Between Men and Women
Authors: Nyström Alice , Strömberg Susanne , Jansson Karin , Faresjö Åshild Olsen , Faresjö Tomas
Published: December 2021

Background
Prodromal cardiac symptoms are warning signals preceding cardiac disease. Previous studies have shown some gender differences in prodromal symptoms as well as established risk factors for MI. This study aims to map possible gender differences in social factors and established risk factors preceding myocardial infarction (MI).
Methods
The study includes data of N=213 middle-aged men and women, all diagnosed with myocardial infarction (ICD-10 I21.9) from the region of south-east Sweden. They answered a questionnaire at discharge from the cardiologic clinic and additional clinical data from medical records were merged from the National Swedeheart Register.
Results
The dominant prodromal symptom for both sexes were experience of chest pain at the onset of MI. The major gender differences were that significantly more females (p=0.015) had a hyperlipidemia diagnose. Females also reported to have experienced higher stress load the year preceding myocardial infarction with serious life events (p=0.019), strained economy (p=0.003), and reports of sadness/depression (p<0.001). Females reported higher perceived stress load than men (p=0.006). Men had higher systolic blood pressure than women at hospital admission and a higher systolic- and diastolic blood pressure at discharge.
Conclusion
Influences of the social environment, such as serious life events, strained economy, depression, stress, and sleep deprivation were stronger as potential risk factors for myocardial infarction in women than among men. Of the traditional risk factors only, hyperlipidemia was more frequent among women. These findings could contribute to a deeper understanding of diagnostic differences between gender, as well as a more gender-oriented cardiovascular preventive work.
Dynamic Characteristics of Ball Bearing-Coupling-Rotor System with Angular Misalignment Fault
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Xu Hongyang , Yang Yang , Ma Hui , He Duo , Zhao Xiang
Published: December 2021

The rotor misalignment fault, which occurs only second to unbalance, easily occurs in the practical rotating machinery system. Rotor misalignment can be further divided into coupling misalignment and bearing misalignment. However, most of the existing references only analyze the effect of coupling misalignment on the dynamic characteristics of the rotor system, and ignore the change of bearing excitation caused by misalignment. Based on the above limitations, a five degrees of freedom nonlinear restoring force mathematical model is proposed, considering misalignment of bearing rings and clearance of cage pockets. The finite element model of the rotor is established based on the Timoshenko beam element theory. The coupling misalignment excitation force and rotor unbalance force are introduced. Finally, the dynamic model of the ball bearing-coupling-rotor system is established. The radial and axial vibration responses of the system under misalignment fault are analyzed by simulation. The results show that the bearing misalignment significantly influences the dynamic characteristics of the system in the low-speed range, so bearing misalignment should not be ignored in modeling. With the increase of rotating speed, rotor unbalance and coupling misalignment have a greater impact. Misalignment causes periodic changes in bearing contact angle, radial clearance, and ball rotational speed. It also leads to reciprocating impact and collision between the ball and cage. In addition, misalignment increases the critical speed and the axial vibration of the system. The results can provide a basis for health monitoring and misalignment fault diagnosis of the rolling bearing-rotor system.
Factors Associated with Malaria Care-Seeking for Among Children Under 5 Years of Age in Mozambique: A Secondary Analysis of the 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey
Authors: Cassy Annette , Chicumbe Sergio , Saifodine Abuchahama , Zulliger Rose
Published: December 2021

BackgroundMozambique is ranked fourth in a list of the 29 countries that accounted for 95% of all malaria cases globally in 2019. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with care-seeking for fever, to determine the association between knowledge about malaria and care-seeking and to describe the main reasons for not seeking care among children under five years of age in Mozambique.MethodsThis is a quantitative, observational study based on a secondary data analysis of the 2018 Malaria Indicatory Survey. This weighted analysis was based on data reported by surveyed mothers or caregivers of children aged 0-59 months who had fever in the two weeks prior to the survey.ResultsCare was reportedly sought for 69.1% [95% CI 63.5-74.2] of children aged 0-59 months old with fever. Care-seeking was significantly higher among younger children, <6 months old (AOR=2.47 [95% CI 1.14-5.31]), 6-11 months old (AOR=1.75 [95% CI 1.01-3.04]) and 12-23 months old (AOR=1.85 [95% CI 1.19-2.89]), as compared with older children (48-59 months old).In adjusted analysis, mothers from the middle (AOR=1.66 [95% CI 0.18-3.37]) and richest (AOR=3.46 [95% CI 1.26-9.49]) wealth quintiles were more likely to report having sought care for their febrile children than mothers from the poorest wealth quintile. Additionally, mothers with secondary or higher education level were more likely to seek care (AOR=2.16 [95% CI 1.19-3.93]) than mothers with no education. There was no association between maternal malaria knowledge or reported exposure to malaria messages and care-seeking behaviors.The main reasons reported for not seeking care included distance to health facility (46.3% of respondents), perception that the fever was not severe (22.4%) and the perception that treatment was not available at the health facility (15%).ConclusionHealth facility access and socioeconomic barriers continue to be important constraints on malaria service utilization in Mozambique.
Effect of Polymer Liners in Different Via Shapes: Impact on Crosstalk Induced Delay
Authors: Chandrakar Maya , Majumder Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2021

The performance of a through silicon via (TSV) based 3D integrated circuit technology is primarily dependent on the choice of an appropriate liner material. The most commonly used liner material SiO2 is undergoing considerable reliability challenges such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch, scallop formation, and interfacial delamination related problems. Therefore, TSVs employed with a polymer liner have achieved significant attention in recent years due to their low dielectric constant and excellent step coverage along the via surface that can effectively reduce thermal stress and crosstalk induced delay. This paper presents a comprehensive and accurate RLGC model for different via shapes considering the impact of various liner materials on the crosstalk induced delay. Considering an accurate via geometry and material properties at 32 nm and 45 nm technology, the proposed equivalent RLGC parameters include the cumulative effects of TSV metal, liner, bump, and the silicon substrate. The aforementioned parameters are used to model a novel T-type equivalent electrical network of cylindrical, tapered, and coaxial TSVs considering a coupled driver-via-load (DVL) setup. The proposed equivalent models of different via shapes are used to demonstrate the worst-case crosstalk induced delay in TSVs under the influence of various liner materials. Considering a tapered TSV, a significant improvement in crosstalk induced delay at 32 nm w.r.t. 45 nm technology is observed as 53.5%, 33.76%, and 19.12% at aspect ratios of 2.4, 3, and 4, respectively for the BCB liner.
The Associations between Interleukin-17 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Gaoming , Ma Jingfu , Zhang Ning , Li Xiaogang , Li Fangfang , Jiang Yuxing
Published: December 2021

Backgrounds: Numerous of case-control studies have reported the associations between Interleukin-17 (IL-17) polymorphisms and colorectal cancer, however, the results were inconsistent. The aim of this meta-analysis was to further clarify the effects of IL-17 polymorphisms on colorectal cancer susceptibility.Materials and method: Relevant Studies were extracted from electronic databases of Pubmed, Embase, Web of science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CMB) up to April 2021. The Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were conducted to estimate the strength of the associations and the Stata 13.0 software was used to perform the meta-analysis.Results: Ten articles including 2599 cases and 2845 controls were enrolled in our research after strictly literature screening. Highly significant associations between IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism and increased colorectal cancer susceptibility were observed in all the five gene models (allelic, dominant, recessive, homozygous and heterozygous models), subgroup analysis based on ethnicity revealed that these associations existed not only in Asia population, but also in Caucasian population. However, the results showed no significantly elevated colorectal cancer risk correlated to IL-17F rs763780 polymorphism and a slightly lower colorectal cancer susceptibility for Caucasian population was discovered in the recessive and homozygous models of this mutation.Conclusion: IL-17A rs2275913 polymorphism may be an independent risk factor contributed to colorectal cancer susceptibility, while IL-17F rs763780 polymorphism displayed a possible decreased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Future studies with large-scale samples were warranted to identify these associations.
A Distributed Ant Colony Optimization in Edge Detection
Authors: Chen Min
Published: December 2021

With the rise of image data and increased complexity of tasks in edge detection, conventional artificial intelligence techniques have been severely impacted. To be able to solve even greaterproblems of the future, learning algorithms must maintain high speed and accuracy through economical means. Traditional edge detection approaches cannot detect edges in images in a timely manner due to memory and computational time constraints. In this work, a novel parallelized ant colony optimization technique in a distributed framework provided by the Hadoop/Map-Reduce infrastructure is proposed to improve the edge detection capabilities. Moreover, a filtering technique is applied to reduce the noisy background of images to achieve significant improvement in the accuracy of edge detection. Close examinations of the implementation of the proposed algorithm are discussed and demonstrated through experiments. Results reveal high classification accuracy and significant improvementsin speedup, scaleup and sizeup compared to the standard algorithms.
Modifying the yeast very long chain fatty acid biosynthetic machinery by the expression of plant 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase isozymes
Authors: Stenback Kenna , Flyckt Kayla , Hoang Trang , Campbell Alexis , Nikolau Basil
Published: December 2021

Eukaryotes express a multi-component fatty acid elongase to produce very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), which are building blocks of diverse lipids. Elongation is achieved by cyclical iteration of four reactions, the first of which generates a new carbon-carbon bond, elongating the acyl-chain. This reaction is catalyzed by either ELONGATION DEFECTIVE LIKE (ELO) or 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) enzymes. Whereas plants express both ELO and KCS enzymes, other eukaryotes express only ELOs. We explored the KCS and ELO enzymatic redundancies by expressing the former in yeast strains that lacked endogenous ELO isozymes. Expression of the 26 maize KCS isozymes in wild-type, scelo2 or scelo3 single mutants did not affect VLCFA profiles. However, five of these KCSs were capable of complementing the lethal scelo2; scelo3 double mutant. These rescued strains express novel VLCFA profiles reflecting the different catalytic capabilities of the KCS isozymes. These novel strains offer a platform to explore the relationship between VLCFA profiles and cellular physiology.
Large contribution of fossil-derived components to aqueous secondary organic aerosols in China
Authors: Xu Buqing , Zhang Gan , Gustafsson Örjan , Kawamura Kimitaka , Lin Jun , Andersson August , Bikkina Srinivas , Kunwar Bhagawati , Pokhrel Ambarish , Zhong Guangcai , Zhao Shizhen , Li Jing , Huang Chen , Cheng Zhineng , Zhu Sanyuan , Peng Ping'an , Sheng Guoying
Published: December 2021

Incomplete understanding of the sources of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) leads to large uncertainty in both air quality management and in climate change assessment. Chemical reactions occurring in the atmospheric aqueous phase represent an important source of SOA mass, yet, the effects of anthropogenic emissions on the aqueous SOA (aqSOA) are not well constrained. Here we use compound-specific dual-carbon isotopic fingerprints (δ13C and Δ14C) of dominant aqSOA molecules, such as oxalic acid, to track the precursor sources and formation mechanisms of aqSOA. Substantial stable carbon isotope fractionation of aqSOA molecules provides robust evidence for extensive aqueous-phase processing. Contrary to the paradigm that these aqSOA compounds are largely biogenic, radiocarbon-based source apportionments show that fossil precursors produced over one-half of the aqSOA molecules. Large fractions of fossil-derived aqSOA contribute substantially to the total water-soluble organic aerosol load and hence impact projections of both air quality and anthropogenic radiative forcing. Our findings reveal the importance of fossil emissions for aqSOA with effects on climate and air quality.