bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
sGC Stimulators and Activators
Authors: Tolppanen Heli , Ponikowski Piotr
Published: October 2019

Nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase(sGC)-cGMP signalling is impaired in HF syndromes, which could predispose to vascular oxidative stress. Nitrates directly stimulate cGMP, but are limited by tolerance. Therapeutic targets that aim at increasing cGMP concentrations have therefore been explored. Recently, two classes of drugs have been discovered, the sGC activators and the sGC stimulators, which target two different redox states of sGC: the NO-sensitive reduced (ferrous) sGC and NO-insensitive oxidized (ferric) sGC, respectively.  Cinaciguat is an activator and riociguat and vericiguat are sGC stimulators. Vericiguat is the most advanced agent in its clinical trial programme with two completed phase IIb studies, SOCRATES -REDUCED in HFrEF and SOCRATES-PRESERVED in HFpEF, with mixed results on NT-proBNP. The ongoing VICTORIA trial in HFrEF will study 4,872 participants with a mortality/morbidity end-point and VITALITY HFpEF trial will study  735 participants, with a quality of life end-point.
Myosin Activators
Authors: Rosano Giuseppe , Ponikowski Piotr
Published: October 2019

Inotropes historically all increased intra-cellular calcium levels and they commonly caused intracellular Ca2+ overload and triggered malignant arrhythmias. The myosin activators, such as Omecamtiv Mecarbil (OM), increase myosin activity and function, and modify acto-myosin interaction through calcium-independent mechanisms. OM is a selective cardiac myosin activator that binds specifically the catalytic domain of cardiac myosin without any significant effect over other types of non-cardiac myosin. It increases the speed of ATP hydrolysis and, therefore, accelerates the transition rate to a strongly bound force-producing state, increases the number of myosin heads that interact with actin filaments and increases the proportion of time they are in a force producing state. OM decreases the inefficient use of non-contractile energy. OM has been studied in 4 phase II clinical trials with more than 1,300 patients with heart failure. The GALACTIC-HF trial is a nearly 8,000 patient HFrEF mortality/morbidity trial which started recruiting in January 2017 and should be completed soon.
Adenosine Receptor Agonists
Authors: Wallner Markus , Ponikowski Piotr
Published: October 2019

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that binds to adenosine cell surface receptors, which are widely expressed in heart and blood vessel cells as well as in the brain, kidney and adipose tissue.There are 4 subtypes of P1 (adenosine) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), named A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which mediate a variety of cardioprotective and regenerative effects. In the heart, these effects are predominantly mediated through A1 receptors (A1R), which are expressed in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells.  Pre-clinical studies have reported multiple potential benefits achievable by modulation of adenyl cyclase with beneficial effects in a variety of pre-clinical models of cardiovascular disease including chronic heart failure (HF). A1R blockade (e.g. rolofylline) was however not successful in the PROTECT trial, where 2033 patients with acute HF and renal dysfunction were randomized to rolofylline or placebo, showed no benefit on renal function, symptoms, rehospitalization, or mortality. Following this attention turned to partial adenosine agonists, capadenoson and neladenoson bialanate hydrochloride, which has two phase II studies underway, PANACHE (HFpEF) and PANTHEON (HFrEF).
Genes, Cells, and MiRNAs
Authors: Gara Edit , Lainscak Mitja
Published: October 2019

Novel methods to treat HF include gene, cell and microRNA  delivery. There have been few gene therapy trials in HF. The CUPID I and II trials with AAV1.SERCA2a showed unconvincing results. The STOP-HF trial using direct intra-myocardial injection of a non-integrating plasmid vector carrying stromal cell-derived factor-1 showed no clinical effects and the AC6 gene transfer trial used IC infusion of escalating doses of Ad5.hAC6 was similarly negative. Despite high hopes stem cell trials to date in HF have not shown convincing clinical benefits. More recent clinical trials in this area have investigated the injection of cell stimulating paracrine factors (peptides, small molecules, hormone-like molecules) without actual cell delivery. Micro-RNA’s (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA strands, comprising 19-25 nucleotides, that have a distinct signalling role and a various patterns of expression in ischaemic myocardium, hypertrophy, cardiomyopathies, and overt HF. They act at the post-transcriptional regulation level. Numerous novel miRNAs have been discovered, and their in-depth role has been characterised. miRNAs can serve as therapeutic substances or therapeutic targets in a range of cardiovascular diseases.   Clinical trials are likely in the near future.
Platería salmantina del siglo XVIII en la Catedral de Ávila. La obra de Luis de Torres y Baeza (1675-1719)
Authors: Sánchez Sánchez David
Published: October 2019

During the 18th century, the town of Salamanca was one of the most important places of the Spanish silverwork. Some of the greatest silversmiths from there went to work to the cathedral of Ávila, called by the bishops and incumbents of the church. The first of them was Luis de Torres y Baeza, who left in Ávila his better pieces, and whose work and life are still almost unknown.
Las provincias españolas bajo la apariencia femenina: un ejemplo de la representación de las identidades territoriales durante el reinado de Amadeo I
Authors: López Castillo José Miguel
Published: October 2019

La construcción de la identidad es fruto del devenir histórico, cultural y económico de un pueblo. En este caso, las identidades provinciales de España han participado de diferentes aspectos contextuales que han ido afianzando un prototipo popular femenino identificador en el último tercio del siglo XIX. Gracias a las aportaciones artísticas y literarias que se desarrollaron durante el Romanticismo, podremos comprender cómo evolucionaron en el contexto y la cultura visual de la España finisecular y canovista unos tipos que mostraron las principales señas de identidad por medio de su indumentaria tradicional.
Gusto y promoción en el contexto cortesano. Los condes de Miranda en el tránsito a la Contemporaneidad
Authors: Zaparaín Yáñez María José , Escorial Esgueva Juan
Published: October 2019

La familia de los condes de Miranda constituye un singular exponente de las transformaciones experimentadas por la alta nobleza durante la Edad Moderna. En este proceso, su promoción artística se convirtió en un elocuente testimonio de su adaptación al paso del tiempo. Los últimos titulares del linaje Zúñiga responden a esta dinámica y muestran, a través de sus gustos y trayectorias personales, los cambios que, desde el reformismo ilustrado a la restauración absolutista, afectaron a la España de su tiempo.
EL Psalterivm Latinvm de 1476 conservado en el Archivo Capitular de Oviedo: Un ejemplo de decoración pictórica en incunables
Authors: Sáenz Pascual Raquel
Published: October 2019

En el Archivo de la Catedral de Oviedo se encuentra uno de los escasos ejemplares conservados del Psalterium Latinum publicado por Alding y Bermentlo en Nápoles, en 1476. Este incunable está decorado a mano con iniciales afiligranadas y su página inicial muestra una orla de acantos, la representación del rey David en la inicial y un escudo heráldico de la familia Manrique de Lara y Quiñones. Estos elementos convierten este volumen impreso en una pieza única y en un buen ejemplo de una práctica habitual en los incunables a finales de la Edad Media
La imagen de Santiago del espaldarazo del Monasterio de Las Huelgas de Burgos. Escenarios históricos (e historiográficos) de un santo vestidero
Authors: Carrero Santamaría Eduardo
Published: October 2019

En el monasterio cisterciense de Las Huelgas de Burgos se conserva una imagen sedente y articulada de un hombre barbado, que porta una espada en ristre en su mano derecha. Sus orígenes se han basado en la tradición que la consideraba un intermediario de madera entre la divinidad y el rey, a través de su identificación con el Apóstol Santiago. De este modo, era supuestamente utilizada en el ceremonial de toma de armas de los reyes de Castilla, para dar la pescozada al monarca. Otra hipótesis es la que considera la imagen instrumento de una tradición moderna, basada en la restauración que demostró como en realidad se trata de una imagen de la Virgen posiblemente del siglo XIII, alterada fechas modernas para transformarla en la figura actual. En este artículo se argumenta cómo la imagen, efectivamente, sufrió una transformación moderna y su estatus tradicional debe ser reconsiderado en otras direcciones interpretativas.
Convention as the Source of the Avant-Garde. Remarks on the Inventiveness of Poetics of the Past
Authors: Niebelska-Rajca Barbara
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 59 (2011), issue 1.

Modern theoretical-literary treatises, defined as normative poetics, are usually connected with the dominance of the convention and normativism, with obligatory rules, canonical concepts and restrictive directives hampering originality. The present text tries to revise the conviction that convention is a dominant tendency in the development of the old theoretical thought; it tends to show the avant-garde aspects of modern poetics and to present the relations between what is conventional and what is innovative in the most original theoretical texts of late Renaissance and Baroque. Examples of two avant-garde modern poetics—Francesco Patrizi’s theory of wonder formed at the end of the 16th century and the 17th century Emanuele Tesauro’s conceptistic theory—show that tradition and convention are necessary elements of inventive theories. The avant-garde of poetics of the past, contrary to the avant-garde of the 20th century, is not born from the defiance of the earlier theories but is formed by way of modernizing and transforming them. Old inventive theories—despite all the departures from tradition—are still part of the classical paradigm. Hence, the avant-garde character of late-Renaissance and Baroque theoretical reflection consists in a peculiar synergy of convention and novelty.
The First Polish-French Rendez-Vous of Cultures. Henry III of France’s (Henri de Valois’) Polish Episode
Authors: Półćwiartek-Dremierre Dorota
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 63 (2015), issue 1.

A complex political game, differences in the level of development of the political, social and aesthetic thought, different customs, and also frequently a language gap—all these conspired against the Polish-French dialogue in the sphere of culture in the years 1573-1574. The article analyzes the opportunities for both parties to get to know each other during the Polish episode of Henri de Valois: a visit by the Polish group of envoys to Paris in the summer of 1573, and a poetical exchange between Philippe Desportes and Poles, including Jan Kochanowski, that closed the Henri period. The exchange, up till the recent times called univocally a “duel,” turns out to be, in the case of Adieu à la Pologne and Gallo crocitanti ἀμοιβή the starting of a real, albeit ephemeral dialogue beyond the political and everyday reality, one on the level of art.
Interpretation as Feeling Settled. A few Thoughts about Reading (Poems)
Authors: Antoniuk Mateusz
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne”, vol. 59 (2011), issue 1

The article is a suggestion for an interpretation of Czesław Miłosz’s poem Biel (Whiteness) (from the volume Miasto bez imienia (City Without a Name). The accepted methodology of interpretation tries to find and define the zone of mediation between the ideal of comprehensive reading, striving after integrating and structuralizing the global meaning of the work, and the suggestions coming from post-structuralist philosophy of reading texts. The author’s own interpretation of the poem has been taken into consideration; a comparative reading of Biel has been suggested as well as of a Miłosz’s later poem Powrót do Krakowa w roku 1880 (Return to Krakow in 1880). This comparison is supposed to serve showing different strategies of creating texts and meanings used by the author of Nieobjęta ziemia (Unattainable Earth).

At the same time, at the background, a commentary to Miłosz’s poem becomes an opportunity to construct a meta-interpretative reflection. Looking at his own reading the author formulates remarks concerning the process of reading and comprehending, he introduces and analyzes the metaphor of “interpretation as feeling settled.”
The Symbolic Role of Poverty in the Franciscan Preaching of the Saxon Era
Authors: Wolański Filip
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 61 (2013), issue 2.

The article presents selected aspects of the functioning of the concept of poverty in the narrative of Old Polish Franciscan preaching of the Saxon era. The relationship between the context formed by Old Polish culture and the role of the idea of poverty in the Franciscan movement is presented. The author attempts to present the adaptation of the topica, drawing on the broadly conceived Christian tradition, to the realities of the Polish Republic. To do so, an analysis of the discourse of various types of sermons is presented. The object of the analysis is Sunday and holiday preaching. The article, though, focuses on funeral sermons, which apparently has great significance for the Sarmatian culture. The concluding section highlights the extreme importance of the issue of poverty as one of those cultural symbols that defined the place and meaning of caritas in Old Polish culture. It was also necessary to form various aspects of the social sensitivity of those times.
Decanal Conferences of Priests in the Diocese of Kielce in Interwar Poland
Authors: Bujak Grzegorz
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 57 (2009), issue 2.

After Poland regained independence the role of priests’ deanery conferences gained more importance. Regular deanery conventions of the clergy positively influenced pastoral work, established order in it as well as unifying its goals and methods. They also played an important role in solving the problems of local priests concerning their living standards. The bishop appreciated the significance of deanery conferences, judging them to be an important element of the system of management and control of the diocese. In 1926, a diocesan director of pastoral conferences was appointed, his aim being, among others, to set subjects for discussion at such conventions. The conferences became an important instrument for finding out about priests’ opinions and their attitudes as well as for moulding them by the diocesan authorities.
Man in the Face of Passing and the Transitory Nature of the Moment in Marcus Aurelius’ Meditations
Authors: Siwicka Małgorzata
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 56 (2008), issue 3.

In his Meditations, the Stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius very often resorts to the motif of passing and transitory nature of human life. On the one hand, this permanent and pessimistic motif may be interpreted as a certain kind of spiritual exercise, practised not only by Stoics. On the other hand, we cannot exclude that this is a manifestation of the author’s personal views and experiences. Marcus often touched upon the topic of death, a fact that was not necessarily an expression of his fear of what was inevitable since, according to the Stoic doctrine, death belongs to the immutable order of the world and is congruous with nature, hence it is completely ac­ceptable. Marcus Aurelius is rather afraid of the transitory nature of the moment that we are given. He stresses that life “is passing away” each day and, at the same time, he is tormented with the lack of time that must be filled with good and respectable behaviour, with life in conformity with reason, or the deity. Marcus Aurelius is not frightened by death itself, but by the possibility to lose control over one’s life, loss of consciousness, and the ability to reflect (in case of an illness or old age). He also firmly stresses the importance of favours that we may and should render to others, which besides properly forming one’s soul, are the goal of human life.
The Myth of Prometheus in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Kołakowska Katarzyna
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 58–59 (2010–2011), issue 3

Protagoras is an exceptional dialogue of Plato as it uses two modes of expression: mythos and logos. Both are used by Protagoras in Great Speech, but the first one seems to be the most important. Protagoras chose the mythical mode of expression when he described to Socrates how he makes his pupils good citizens and politicians. The famous sophist told the story about two brothers: Prometheus and Epimetheus. It is easy to notice that Protagoras identifies with the clever Prometheus. However, the attentive reader can notice that Prometheus from Protagoras’ myth made a decision with fatal consequences. He entrusts his brother Epimetheus with a too re­sponsible task. If Prometheus had been clever he should have predicted the dramatic conse­quences of his decision (see the etymology of his name). It might have been a conscious and in­tentional effort of Plato who wanted to ridicule Protagoras, the main opponent of Socrates. The resulting effect is so strong because Protagoras, who identifies with Prometheus, told the myth by himself in which Prometheus is in fact the less clever of the two brothers.
The Concept of Brutishness (Thēriotēs) in Aristo¬tle’s Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Marcinkowska-Rosół Maria
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 3.

The article deals with “brutishness” or “beastliness” (thēriotēs), a concept introduced by Aristotle in the seventh book of the Nicomachean Ethics and defined by him as a negative ethical disposition, different both from vice (kakia) and from incontinence (akrasia), and leading to such pathological behaviours as cannibalism, paedophilia, omophagy, phobias and compulsions. Aristotle’s statements concerning brutishness (VII 1, 1145a15–35, VII 5, 1148b15–1149a24 and VII 6, 1149b23–1150a8) are examined and interpreted in order to clarify the following issues: the essence of thēriotēs as a specific ethical disposition (Sections I–II), its concrete forms and their causes (Section III), the moral-psychological condition of persons with a brutish hexis (Section IV), and their self-consciousness and moral responsibility for their brutish acts (Section V).
King, Prophet or Priest? The Charisma of a Consecrated Ruler in the Ottonian Miniatures: Ideological Contents and the Functions of Presentations of the Saxon Dynasty Emperors
Authors: Tabor Dariusz
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 4.

The article focuses on miniatures of an enthroned emperor. These are: the miniature showing Otto II from the Registrum Gregorii (Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 14), two miniatures from the so-called Gospels of Otto III (Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm. 4453)—one showing Otto III and the other one showing the allegories of the provinces of the empire, two miniatures (Otto II and the provinces) contained in the Gospels bound in the code also containing works by Flavius Josephus (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, Class. 79) and the miniature with the figure of Otto III found in the Liuthar Gospels, also called the Aachener Evangeliars (Aachen, Domshatz). The pictures were studied by Percy Ernst Schramm, Piotr Skubiszewski, Henry Mayr-Harting, Wolfgang Christian Schneider, Ludger Körntgen, Hagen Keller and Eric Palazzo. Exaltation of the emperor has its precedents in the Carolingian art. Placing the royal space in the upper gallery of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the miniature showing the exalted Charles the Bald in the Count Vivian Bible witness to the Carolingian approach to the person of the ruler. The sources of the consecration of an exalted ruler over bishops and princes in miniatures should be looked for in the theological-political views of the epoch. Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, Smaragdus, Alcuin and Thietmar of Merseburg define the ruler as one chosen and anointed by God for ruling the people. However, the exaltation of the ruler should be looked for in the liturgy of the consecration of the king that is documented in the Pontifical Romano-Germanique. The most important act of this liturgy is the anointing, unction, practiced during the consecration prayer. The image of the enthroned emperor mirrors the moment of the liturgy in which the consecrated one, after being anointed and handed the regalia, ascends the throne in the apse, led there by the metropolitans and princes. The anointing is derived from the Old Testament consecration of kings, prophets and judges. However, the consecration of a king is different from the consecration of a bishop, presbyter or deacon, so defining the anointed king as a sacerdos is unjustified. The image of the bishop consecrated and exalted on the pattern of a ruler also appears in the Ottonian art—in the Psalterium Egberti and the Codex Egberti. The analysed and interpreted pictures are put in the context of the set of Christological miniatures found in liturgical books where the mentioned miniatures appear. It follows from the above statements that the figure of the ruler as one who listens to God’s Word, and the figure of the ruler who is not a type of Christ, but should be shaped on the pattern of Christ, are the basic features of the contents of all the four miniatures.
The Concordia Novi Et Veteris Testamenti in its Juxtaposition of Illustrations: the Hitting of the Hammers of Tubalcain and the Hammering of the Nails into the Hands and Feet of Christ During the Crucifixione
Authors: Kobielus Stanisław
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 61 (2013), issue 4.

In the Gospels relating the passion of Christ, there is no description of the act of nailing Him to the cross, but there are clearly other biblical testimonies that nails were used for the crucifixion. In many representations, parallel to the nailing of the members of Christ to the cross or raising it with His body, we find placed alongside it, the scene of hammering iron with hammers by Tubal-Kain for the purpose of drawing out the appropriate tones. He hits on the anvil, while Jabal makes a notation of the tones. With this type of illustration, the sound of the hammers during the crucifixion of Christ meets with the sound of the hammers hitting the anvil. Hence, painting and music meet in the iconography of the crucifixion of Christ. It was a sort of Concordia Novi et Veteris Testamenti. In showing this prefiguration, there is also a going back to the history of Pythagoras. It was also an example for the functioning in the Middle Ages, and still later in the Renaissance, of the formulation of the Concordia divi Moysi et divini Platonis.
The Coral Altar with the Apocalyptic Woman in the Treasury of St Mary’s Basilica in Krakow. Theological Contents
Authors: Kobielus Stanisław
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 64 (2016), issue 4.

In Polish museum collections there are a few objects made of coral or decorated with it. They are, among others, altars, holy water fonts, crucifixes and other liturgical items. Most often they were bought during Poles’ travels to Italy in the Mannerism and Baroque epochs. St Mary’s Basilica’s treasury boasts of a portable coral altar dated to the middle of the 17th century, a gift from  Maria Josepha, the wife of King Augustus III. It has a golden frame and is embellished with enamel and coral. Its centre features the figure of the Blessed Virgin Mary standing on a crescent, in a radiant coral glory, surrounded by Marian symbols. It is an apotheosis of the Blessed Virgin Mary based on a fragment of the Apocalypse of St John. The figure of Mary is presented with her cosmic attributes: twelve stars around her head; she is clothed with a radiant glory; and she has a crescent under her feet. Around her seven symbolic biblical signs are presented, ones connected in the exegetic tradition with her being the mother of the Messiah. The term Cedrus exaltata—is perceived as the symbol of majesty, sublimity, loftiness, paradisaical beauty, safety. Fons signatus is a sealed spring, an enclosed one, accessible only to the Mother of God’s Son, chosen by God. Hortus conclusus is the symbol of St Mary’s virginity. Oliva speciosa points to St Mary’s charity, her extraordinary fertility, inner peace, the gift of relieving sufferings. Rosa plantata is a metaphor of wisdom, love, medicine for sinners. Puteus aquarum viventium, a well of living waters, indicates St Mary’s mediation for people redeemed by Jesus. Turris eburnea—the ivory tower is another feature of the Virgin Mary’s beauty, of her immaculate body and fortitude.
Still Life in 17th-Century Seville Painting
Authors: Witko Andrzej
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 60 (2012), issue 4.

Although still nature did not enjoy a lot of prestige as a genre of paining in 17th-century Seville, it still accompanied many scenes that had a religious or secular character. With time, it even gained an autonomous status and some popularity, resulting rather from decorative reasons. It was to be ensured by presenting various objects made by man, but also appetizing articles of food and beautiful, colourful flowers. It was in this convention that, among others, works by Francisco de Zurbarán and his son Juan, Francisco Barranco or Pedro de Camprobín y Passano were painted. A feature typical of Seville painting was also the use of the language of symbols in still lifes, especially in a religious context, as Zurbarán’s paintings. Historical circumstances connected with the spreading famine and the plague gave the still life a new function. It was to satisfy the longing for the lost wealth of life, showing tasteful and beautiful still lifes, like those in the works by Pedro de Medina Valbuena, Cornelio Schut and Andrés Peréz. The toll of the Black Death also inspired artists. However, they painted works emphasizing the briefness and futility of human life, didactic and moralizing, which culminated in the paintings by Juan de Valdés Leal and his son Lucas.
Ordering the World. The Aims of Art in Zbigniew Herbert’s Letters
Authors: Nowak Maciej
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 57, issue 1 (2009).

This article is devoted to Zbigniew Herber’s thoughts concerning esthetics. The author interprets the poet’s letters written to various people (among others, to Halina Misiołkowa, Czesław Miłosz and Jerzy Zawieyski) and looks for his opinions on art and creativity. He treats the letters not as auxiliary materials for the study of poetry, but as the main subject of his research. He perceives the transition from private letters to writing poetry as a consequence of the axiological connections joining both of these types of expression. He pays special attention to Herbert’s care for the consciousness of the aims of art, stemming from historical experience. The poet himself defined them in one of the letters as “ordering the world.”
The Unknown Czycz
Authors: Niedziałkowska Dorota
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 61, issue 1 (2013).

The presented material contains the first edition of an unknown story by the writer and poet Stanisław Czycz (1929–1996) with an introduction concerning the history of the work and with the editor’s commentary. The typescript survived in the writer’s home archive. Owing to another archive record it was possible to establish that the humorous sketch was written for a competition organized by the Magazyn Turystyczny Światowid. It was also possible to try to date the text more precisely. The rules of the competition said that its aim was to arouse writers’ interest in the subject of tourism and to win readers for good fiction dealing with this subject. The story is about a Sunday trip to the woods. The protagonist meets his friend who is riding a motorbike and offers him his company. The confrontation of the lover of walking tourism and the motorcyclist ends with the former one winning it. A cheerful tale has the same tone as Czycz’s Krzeszowice stories printed in the Przekrój weekly at that time, and then published in the volumes Nim zajdzie księżyc (Before the Moon Sets) (1968) and Nie wiem co ci powiedzieć (I Don’t Know What to Tell You) (1983). It reveals a different face of the writer, whose debut was the innovative And (1961), and who, after writing Ajol (1967) and Pawana (Pavane) (1977) was called the Polish James Joyce.
On Bruno Schulz’s Bookplates
Authors: Piekarski Ireneusz
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 64, issue 1 (2016).

The article enters into a dialogue with the interpretation of Bruno Schulz’s bookplates made by Władysław Panas in his book Bruno od Mesjasza (Bruno of the Messiah) (Lublin 2001). An attempt to understand them in a different (less holistic) way leads the author of the article to the conclusion that in Schulz’s plates the first veiled variant of the mythical Book may be seen—of the fundamental motif of Bruno Schulz’s later literary work.
A Bystander or a (Passive) Witness? A Few Remarks on the Consequences of the Choice of Terminology in Research into the Shoah or the Holocaust
Authors: Karwowska Bożena
Published: October 2019

The Polish version of the article was published in Roczniki Humanistyczne vol. 64, issue 1 (2016).

The article is an attempt at an analysis of the usefulness of the concept of “bystander” that is becoming increasingly popular in social sciences, and in modern studies of the Shoah and the Holocaust. The author points to objective terminological dependencies, but she also takes into consideration the differences in the historical and cultural experience that require different perceptions of the role of witnesses in English language discourse and in the East European, and especially Polish, perspective.
A Gloss for the Judgement of the Supreme Court of 22 June 2017, File Ref. No. Iv Kk 189/17
Authors: Joachimiak Sławomir
Published: October 2019

In this gloss, the author offers a mostly favourable commentary on the content of the judgement of the Supreme Court of 22 June 2017, file ref. no. IV KK 189/17, which provides a backdrop for a discussion of the recent legislative changes made to Article 76 of the Criminal Code that formed the basis for the said judicial decision. The relationship between this provision and Article 108 of the Code is discussed in the context of the amendments, the doctrine and case law. The article also addresses the possibility of including a conditionally suspended custodial sentence in a concurrent sentence after the probation period is over and the expiry of the period referred to in Article 75 § 4 of the Criminal Code.
Income Tax for 1939 and Occupation of Upper Silesia
Authors: Graczyk Konrad
Published: October 2019

The article concerns the attitude of the occupation administration of the Third Reich introduced in Upper Silesia in September 1939 to the issue of income tax for 1939. The article discusses the analysis of Polish legislation and jurisprudence in the field of tax law carried out by German officials, the proposed regulation, its motives and the final solution. The considerations concerning Polish income tax were preceded by the presentation of analogous measures taken by Germany in connection with the incorporation of Austria and the Sudetenland.
Amicable Methods for Collective Dispute Resolution—Selected Legal Issues
Authors: Mikos Daria
Published: October 2019

The article deals with the issue of asserting the rights and interests of all employees who enjoy the representation of trade union organisations in their disputes with the employer. The aim of the article is to give a detailed presentation of issues related to collective labour disputes.

To achieve this aim, the stages at which the rights and interests underlying collective labour disputes are presented in detail. This study employs the dogmatic-legal method. The author carries out an analysis and interpretation of the provisions relating to collective labour disputes in the field of labour law. It was vital to examine the legal norms established by the legislator. A description and systematisation of the applicable legislation was also conducted. Issues relating to the resolution of collective disputes in the workplace are presented theoretically with a detailed discussion of the specific stages.

This presented work is divided into four parts. The first presents the basic notions related to collective labour disputes. The sections that follow present the problems involved in the particular stages of claims enforcement based on employment relationship, i.e. bargaining, mediation, and arbitration. The rules for joining specific stages of resolving the above mentioned disputes were also discussed.

To a large extent, the issues elucidated here bring the reader, and above all entities involved in collective labour conflicts, closer to the methods of asserting their own rights and interests.
Tobacco Taxation in Old-Time Poland
Authors: Naworski Zbigniew
Published: October 2019

The article deals with taxation of tobacco and tobacco products in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After tobacco was imported into Poland, its use spread extremely quickly; initially it was used as snuff, and from the 18th century onwards, smoking in pipes became prevalent. Importantly, tobacco and tobacco products were then regarded as a medicine to prevent and cure almost all diseases.

Duties on tobacco/snuff were first imposed in 1643 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and in the Crown tobacco monopoly was introduced in 1659. From that time, tobacco/snuff duties were imposed regularly in Lithuania; in the Crown duty on these products was imposed once again in 1677, and then in the 1690s tobacco monopoly ended throughout the Polish Republic. The issue was revived only in the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, when tobacco monopoly was introduced, initially managed by a private company called Kompania Tabaczna, and then, in the 1690s, by the state-owned Manipulacja Tabaczna.

However, over the whole period under consideration, revenues from tobacco/snuff taxation were relatively small.
A Few Remarks on Regulations Concerning Delationes in Fiscal Matters in the Imperial Legislation of the First Half of the 4th Century A.D.
Authors: Nowicka Dobromiła
Published: October 2019

The aim of the article is to examine the constitutions contained in the Theodosian Code dating to the first half of the 4th century, and related to the phenomenon of fiscal denunciation (C. Th.  10,10,1–8). For years, controversy among the authors has been aroused by the first two constitutions of this title and their reference to issues related only to either criminal procedure or fiscal procedure, or both. The first issue addressed by the presented article is therefore the question of the nature of delationes, referred to in C.Th. 10,10,1 and 2. The second problem, formulated and subjected to scrutiny, is the question of the nature of the ban on reporting activities in fiscal matters – whether it was of a general nature or related only to certain forms of denunciation. It seems that, in the light of the last constitutions within our scope, it is not possible to assume that all forms of providing information in fiscal matters were severely punished.
Stages in Canonical Provision of the Office of Pastor under the Current Polish Synodal Legislation
Authors: Wnuk Radosław
Published: October 2019

According to Polish synodal legislation, similarly to the Code of Canon Law, the provision of the office of pastor consists of three stages: 1) designation of a person, 2) conferral of the title, and 3) taking possession of the office.

In accordance with both universal and particular law, the provision may be free or dependent. The diocesan bishop confers the office freely (cc. 523–525). In the case of a dependent provision, however, another competent ecclesiastical authority nominates a candidate, and the diocesan bishop only confers the title to the office (c. 525; 682, §1).

According to legislators of particular law, the conferral of a legal title to an office should take place by a nomination decree. The decree should meet the requirements of a singular administrative act (cc. 48–57).

The placement in the possession of a parish by the local ordinary or his delegate and the assumption of the office by a pastor is the final stage of the provision. Under particular law, two aspects of this act are distinguished: the legal aspect (the drawing up and signing of a handover protocol by the pastor and other competent bodies), and the liturgical one (solemn entry of a new pastor into the parish church according to the ritual of a specific particular Church).

Legislators of particular law also places the presbyter who has been promoted to the office of pastor under an obligation to make a profession of faith (c. 833, 6°) and take the oath of fidelity, according to the formulas approved by the Holy See.
Powers of the Legislative Body of a Local Government Unit Concerning the Grant Of Subsidies in Light of the New Act on the Financing of Educational Tasks
Authors: Bieś-Srokosz Paulina
Published: October 2019

As of January 1, 2018, the provisions of the new Act on the financing of education tasks came into force, whereby the statutory legislator authorised the legislative bodies of local government units to, among others, determine the procedure for the granting and settlement of subsidies, as envisaged by Article 38 para. 1 of the act on the financing of educational tasks. These powers (convergent with the powers granted by the provisions of the subordinate act on the education system) give this body the possibility of technically regulating the scope of data which an application for subsidy must contain, but not to determine the principles and conditions as necessary conditions. The article presents selected judgements of administrative courts (based on previous regulations), which emphasize the abuse of power by the legislative bodies of local government units.
Municipal Mortgage Loan Institutions in the Kingdom of Poland. A Contribution to the Discussion on the Organisatioal Model of Mortgage Credit in Poland
Authors: Fermus-Bobowiec Anna
Published: October 2019

The article presents the legal underpinnings of the operation of municipal credit societies in the Kingdom of Poland, which were institutions providing municipal mortgage loans. This is presented using the example of the Lublin Land Credit Society, and the author draws general conclusions about the model of mortgage loan offered by loan societies. At that time, the credit society was the most popular organisational model used with mortgage loans, not only in towns (municipal credit societies) but also in the countryside (land credit societies).

Furthermore, when seeking the origins of mortgage banking, the author presents other institutions granting long-term loans in the Polish territories, apart from credit societies. This analysis, with its legal and historical perspective, is considered by the author to be a contribution to discussion on mortgage loan and the place of contemporary mortgage banking in Poland.
Treasury Crisis as Illustrated by 17th Century Poland
Authors: Kuśmierz Łukasz
Published: October 2019

The article describes a crisis of the State Treasury of Poland that occurred in the 1660s and 1670s. The State’s revenues and expenditures are discussed, as well as institutional problems of the Polish Republic, such as: decentralization of the fiscal apparatus and the State’s fiscal planning. The study presents the background of the introduction of: general poll and excise taxes. Also, an attempt is made to point out the causes of the economic crisis in the Treasury.
Supreme Court Systems in the Nordic Countries. An Outline of the Issue
Authors: Serzhanova Viktoria
Published: October 2019

The aim of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of the role and tasks that the supreme courts perform in the Nordic legal and political systems. The main focus of the paper is on considerations of the tasks, goals, role and functions of the supreme courts in the Nordic countries, as well as the principles of organisation and functioning on which the supreme court systems in this region of Europe are based. An important part of this study covered the determination of common features and differences that can be seen when comparing countries of the eastern and western Nordic legal culture.
The Freedom of Construction and Obligations to Maintain Building Structures
Authors: Zwolak Sławomir
Published: October 2019

The subject of the study is the issue of freedom of construction, shown against the background of obligations relating to the maintenance of buildings. The source of building freedom is the constitutional principle of property protection, which provides the owner with protection against unlawful infringement of his rights and excessive power of public administration bodies. However, the exercise of building freedom does not mean complete freedom in the use of the building structure, because it has its limits outlined in the implementation of the values indicated in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The study analyses the compliance of obligations concerning the maintenance of building structures with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
The Scope of the Power of Governance in the Canonical Legal Order (Canon 130 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law)
Authors: Dzierżon Ginter
Published: October 2019

In the presented study, the author carried out a detailed analysis of canon 130 CIC/83, demonstrating that the amendment of the canon dispelled some interpretative concerns that commentators had with regard to canon 196 CIC/17. The author believes it would be preposterous to reduce the forum of power of governance solely to the external domain. This is because the nature of the Church is not manifested only in this dimension. After all, the Church has both visible and invisible nature. Most acts of governance are placed externally because they serve the public good. Yet some of them are actions carried out in the internal forum, and it cannot be limited to the sphere of conscience because it has a wider scope. It is obvious that, as a rule, decisions taken for the internal forum due to their secrecy and lack of public character have consequences only in that forum. By introducing a clause which goes “except insofar as the law establishes it in determined cases,” the legislator does not rule out a different solution whereby internal forum acts also take effect in the external forum. The assumption of such an eventuality is intended to prevent conflicts between these areas.
Introduction of the Concept of an Independent Central Bank into the Polish Political System in Light of the European Experience
Authors: Chęciński Remigiusz , Przychodzki Michał
Published: October 2019

The article is intended to outline the development of central banking in terms of its independence, with particular emphasis on the implementation of the idea of an independent central bank in Poland, also comparison with some other countries. The idea of central-bank independence was presented from personnel, financial and functional perspectives.

In the initial phase of their development, central banks were mainly established in the form of capital-based companies. Their position and importance was determined by special privileges. The Maastricht Treaty was a normative act that had a major influence on the shape of the currently dominant concept of an independent central bank, which pursues a free monetary policy at its own discretion. The Constitution of 1997 and the Act 29 August 1997 on the National Bank of Poland of  were crucial in guaranteeing the strong position and independence of NBP from state authorities.
The Origin of the Polish National Loan Fund and Its Operation on the Polish Lands
Authors: Komierzyńska-Orlińska Eliza
Published: October 2019

The idea of establishing the Bank of Poland as the central bank of the Second Polish Republic and introducing a new currency appeared shortly after Poland regained its independence. At the beginning of 1919, in the economic circles it was believed that one of the initial steps taken by the government would be to establish a new issuing bank in place of the Polish National Loan Fund, which had appeared on the Polish territory in an emergency situation—during the First World War, and which, contrary to the original (both German and Polish) plans survived for 7 years and was transformed after the war into the first bank of issue in the now independent Polish State.

The Polish National Loan Fund established by the Germans as an issuing institution by way of the ordinance of December 9, 1916 establishing the Polnische Landes Darlehnskasse was granted the privilege of issuing a new currency, that is a new monetary unit under the name marka polska. The German authorities were guided by various objectives when creating the new issuing institution—first of all, the aim was to limit the area of circulation of the German mark and to create an instrument that would draw in the occupied area of the Polish territory to finance the war, contrary to the assurances of the occupying authorities that the PKKP would be an institution supporting the economy and banking system of the country—the Kingdom of Poland, whose creation was envisaged after the end of World War I.
The Significance of Notifying the Legal Qualification of an Offence and Its Revision During Criminal Proceedings for the Defence of the Accused
Authors: Sowiński Piotr Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

The article presents issues concerning the legal qualification of a criminal act by the prosecutor, including the public prosecutor, the legal qualification of the fact, and the significance of this procedural act for the defendant’s ability to defend himself effectively. The relationship between the limits of accusation and the limits of examination of a criminal case and the scope of defence were presented. The author discusses the indication of changes in the legal qualification to the suspect or defendant and the court’s authorisation in this respect, with particular emphasis on the regulation provided by Article 399 § 1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Doubts about the application of Article 80 of the Code are discussed as well as its influence on the use of the institution of obligatory defence.