bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
राइटरबाजे कथामा दृष्टिविन्दु
Authors: ढकाल निर्मला , भट्टराई खगेश्वर
Published: June 2024

प्रस्तुत लेखमा राइटरबाजे कथाको दृष्टिविन्दुको अध्ययन भएको छ । व्यक्तिमन, प्रेम नियति र सामाजिक संरचनाले सृजना गरेको मानसिक अवस्थालाई मुख्य विषयवस्तु बनाएर लेखिएको यस कथामा कुन माध्यम र कसरी दृष्टिविन्दुको प्रयोग भएको छ भनेर खोजी गर्ने प्रयोजनमा यो अध्ययन केन्द्रित रहेको छ । यसका लागि कथाका मुख्य तत्वहरूमध्ये दृष्टिविन्दुलाई सैद्धान्तिक पर्याधारका रूपमा उपयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनलाई गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचा र विश्लेषणात्मक विधि अवलम्बन गरी निष्कर्षमा पुर्‍याइएको छ । यस अध्ययनमा कथामा प्रस्तुत भएका घटना र घटनामा चित्रण भएर आएका उद्धरणका आधारमा कथाको दृष्टिविन्दुलाई विश्लेषण गरी निष्कर्षमा पुगिएको छ । मूलतः यस कथामा प्रथमपुरूष दृष्टिबिन्दुको प्रयोग भएको छ । कथामा आएका घटनाक्रमहरूलाई विन्यास गरी कथा रचना गरिएकाले कथाको अभिवृत्ति केन्द्रीय दृष्टिविन्दुमा संरचित छ । कथाभरि नै मुख्य पात्रका रूपमा भोटिनी आएकी छे र भोटिनीकै माध्यमबाट सम्पूर्ण कथाको वर्णन गरिएको छ । प्रथमपुरूष केन्द्रीय दृष्टिविन्दुको प्रयोग कथामा भएको यस कथामा समाख्याताको रूपमा आएकी भोटिनी अर्थात् म पात्रका मानसिक संवेगका विभिन्न माध्यमबाट कथागत अभिवृत्तिलाई निरन्तर गतिशील तुल्याइएको छ । भोटिनीका जीवनका बाह्यान्तरिक उतारचढाबलाई समाख्याताको रूपमा आएको म पात्रको केन्द्रीयतामा रचना गरिएको प्रस्तुत कथा प्रथमपुरूष केन्द्रीय दृष्टिविन्दुका माध्यमबाट कथाको संरचनाले पूर्णता पाएको विषयमा विमर्श भएको छ ।
प्रोफेसर शर्माको डायरी लामो कवितामा बहुलार्थी प्रयोग
Authors: घर्ती दुर्गाबहादुर
Published: June 2024

प्रस्तुत लेख विप्लव ढकालको प्रोफेसर शर्माको डायरी लामो कवितामा प्रयुक्त बहुलार्थी प्रयोगको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित छ । कविताको लामो संरचनामा आख्यानको समावेश गरिएको पाइन्छ । घटना, पात्र, परिवेश जस्ता कुरा आख्यान संरचनाका लागि अपरिहार्य हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत लामो कवितामा आख्यानको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा प्रोफेसर शर्माको डायरीको कथा प्रस्तुत गरिएको छ । त्यस कथाको घटना, पात्र र वस्तुलाई विभिन्न अर्थमा बुझ्न सकिन्छ । शब्दको अर्थगत बहुलताको सैद्धान्तिक आधार उत्तरसंरचनावादी अवधारणा हो । त्यसको आरम्भ विनिर्माणवादबाट भएको हो । विनिर्माणवादका स्थापना ज्याक डेरिडाले गरेका हुन् । शब्दसँग अर्थ वा विचार पनि जोडिएर आउने हुनाले त्यसलाई अर्थकेन्द्रवाद पनि भन्न सकिन्छ । केन्द्रले संरचनाको खेललाई बन्द गरिदिन्छ भन्ने डेरिडाको मान्यता छ । केन्द्रको अनुपस्थितिमा हरेक कुरा सङ्कथन बन्दछ र अनन्त अर्थको खेल विस्तार गर्दछ । भाषाले कुनै विचार, वस्तु, व्यक्ति आदिको सङ्केत गर्दछ । त्यस सङ्केतले केन्द्रलाई प्रतिस्थापित गर्दछ । सङ्केतअन्तर्गत सङ्केतक र सङ्केतित पर्दछन् । शब्दकेन्द्रवाद द्विचर विरोधमा अडेको हुन्छ । डेरिडाले द्विचर विरोधको विलोपन र विपर्यास गरेका छन् । उनले आफ्ना अवधारणा ‘डिफराँस’ का आधारमा प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् । त्यो भनेको परम्परागत अर्थ स्थगित हुनु र अर्थ अन्यभन्दा भिन्न हुनु हो । त्यस प्रक्रियामा एउटा शब्दबाट अरू अर्थ बन्दै जान्छ र अर्थ चिप्लिरहने हुन्छ । अर्थका सम्बन्धमा अन्य उत्तरसंरचनावादी विद्वान्हरूले पनि आफ्ना दृष्टिकोण प्रस्तुत गरेका छन् । प्रस्तुत कविताको घटना, पात्र र वस्तुलाई विभिन्न अर्थमा बुझ्न सकिन्छ । तिनले सोझो अर्थमा शैक्षिक जगत्मा देखिने विकृतिको यथार्थलाई बुझाउने भए पनि त्यसलाई राजनीतिशास्त्र, मनोविश्लेषण, अस्तित्ववाद, शक्तिकेन्द्रका आधारमा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ । प्रस्तुत लामो कविताका विषयमा विभिन्न विद्वान्हरूले विभिन्न ढङ्गमा अध्ययन गरे पनि अनेकार्थी प्रयोगका अध्ययन भएको पाइँदैन । त्यही नै प्रस्तुत अध्ययनको अनुसन्धान अन्तराल हो । यस अध्ययनमा पुस्तकालयकार्यद्वारा सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ र सामग्रीको विश्लेषण गुणात्मक पद्धतिअन्तर्गत पाठात्मक विश्लेषण विधिमा गरिएको छ । अनेकार्थी प्रयोगका दृष्टिले प्रस्तुत लामो कविता सफल रहेको छ भन्ने यस अध्ययनको निष्कर्ष हो ।
Economic Growth, Transport Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality Nexus: Assessing the Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Dahal Arjun
Published: June 2024

This paper intends to determine the influence of economic growth and energy use in the transport sector on the degradation of the environment or rise in CO 2 emissions. It is based on secondary data gathered from numerous financial reviews of Nepal and reports from the World Bank. The exploratory and descriptive research designs are applied to investigate the relationship and effect of GDP and transportation energy consumption on the deterioration of environmental quality. The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and ordinary least square (OLS) method are used in the study. It has been discovered that the GDP and transportation energy use each have a substantial role in determining environmental quality. The worsening of environmental quality is also observed to increase by 0.2796 and 0.6699 percent for every one percent increase in GDP and transportation energy  consumption, respectively. Policymakers may increase spending on energy-efficient transportation, production methods, and renewable energy sources to decrease carbon emissions.
Sexual dysfunction in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors receiving patients attending psychiatric outpatient department at tertiary level hospital in Pokhara: a cross sectional study
Authors: KC Bipin , Vaidhya Leepa , Ghimire Rajendra , Sharma Rajan , Karki Melina
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Sexual dysfunction is common following treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and can have a negative impact on treatment adherence. However, few patients spontaneously report these dysfunctions in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to find out the proportion and pattern of sexual dysfunction following treatment with SSRI.
Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary level hospital among psychiatric patients visiting the outpatient department from 9 Nov 2022 to 8 Nov 2023, after receiving ethical approval from the institutional review committee. Demographic details, psychiatric diagnosis, medication used, and duration of medication used were recorded. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress-21 Scale was used to assess depression, anxiety and stress and the psychotrophic related sexual dysfunction questionnaire was used to assess sexual dysfunction and its pattern.
Result: A total of 87 patients receiving SSRI were included in the study. The proportion of sexual dysfunction among SSRI recipients was found to be 27(31.03%). The proportion of sexual dysfunction was higher in males 19(70.37%). Among those 27 patients, the most common pattern was decreased libido 17(62.96%), and vaginal lubrication 3(11.11%) was the least common pattern of sexual dysfunction. Out of 27 patients with sexual dysfunction 9(33%) spontaneously reported sexual dysfunction.
Conclusion: Nearly one-third of recipients of SSRIs have sexual dysfunction, majority of patients may not report sexual dysfunction spontaneously and sexual dysfunction is seen more in paroxetine recipients.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with Coronavirus disease-19 admitted in a tertiary hospital in Nepal
Authors: Ojha Anil Raj , Acharya Subi , Lal Bibek Kumar , Amatya Puja , Kansakar Prerana , Sharma Chalise Shiva , Rajbhandari Rateena , Tuladhar Sucharita , Nepal Archana , Shakya Anjum , Anjum Md Firoz , Pant Dikshya , Shrestha Shova , Pokhrel Bhisma , Shrestha Shrijana
Published: June 2024

Introduction: COVID-19 is a disease caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that led to a global epidemic resulting in significant morbidity across all ages. This study is intended to find out the clinical presentation of COVID-19 in children and to compare them among different age categories in children.
Method: This is a retrospective study done over the period of one year in COVID facility of Patan hospital. Demographic and clinical profile of children who were tested positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were recorded. The data was compiled in Microsoft Excel 2021 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 27.
Result: During the study period 1639 children were admitted in Patan Hospital with 136(8.30%) of them in the COVID facility. Among these, 41(30.14%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with the median age of 2 years and 26(63.41%) were male. The cases were evenly distributed among infants 13(31.71%), under five 14(34.14%) and 5-14 years old 14(34.14%). The asymptomatic children were 8(19.51%) while 17(41.46%) had mild symptoms. Infants and preschool children had less severe presentation as compared to older children. Fever 33(80.45%) and cough/difficulty in respiration 8(19.51%) were the most common symptoms while respiratory signs like crackles 15(36.59%) and subcostal recession 9(21.95%) were the most common.
Conclusion: SARS-COV-2 infection in children present with mild symptoms. Fever, respiratory signs and symptoms were common. There were no differences in morbidity among different age categories.
Accuracy of macroscopic examination of gall bladder specimens for malignancy after cholecystectomy
Authors: Sharma Shambhavi , Poudel Sanjay , Shrestha Samir , Shah Surendra , Maharjan Shanta Bir , Shrestha Sajan
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Routinely all specimens are sent for HPE due to the possibility of missing incidental gall bladder carcinoma(IGBC) which has a incidence of 0.2-2.9%. Missing IGBC would have a devastating effect on patients. However, many studies have reported thorough macroscopic examination of gallbladder specimen by surgeons would be enough to rule out carcinoma. Those missed carcinomas are at early stage (pT1a) which would not change the management of the patients.
Method: It was a prospective observational study that included all patients undergoing cholecystectomy for benign gallstone disease form July 2019 to June 2020 at Patan Academy of Health Sciences. Data collected were analysed using Fisher’s Exact Test.
Result: The negative predictive value and specificity of macroscopic examination by surgeons were 99.6% and 84.1% respectively. Incidence of IGBC was found to be 0.31%.
Conclusion: Detailed mucosal macroscopic examination of gallbladder specimen by a surgeon can exclude primary malignancy of gall bladder. Therefore, selective approach of HPE after cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease can be considered a routine practice.
Anatomical variations of the cystic duct assessed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): a cross-sectional study at tertiary center of Nepal
Authors: KC Sudeep , Banjade Udaya Raj , Ghimire Prabeen
Published: June 2024

Introduction: The cystic duct is a crucial structure that allows bile to flow from the gallbladder to the Common Bile Duct (CBD). Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can accurately depict the cystic duct anatomy and its variants which can help surgeons and interventional radiologists tailor their approach to each patient’s unique anatomy and reduce the risk of inadvertent bile duct injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate variations of cystic ducts in patients undergoing MRCP.
Method: This cross-sectional, prospective study was done in Department of Radiology, Patan Hospital. MRCP of 252 patients done between 1st September 2023 to February 2024 were analysed. The three-dimensional MRCP images were visually analysed and categorized as per the study done by Sarawagi et al. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)20.
Result: MRCP of patient were evaluated out of which were 99(39.29%) were males and 153(60.71%) were females. The most common type was right lateral insertion seen in 120(47.62%) patients and rest of patients having other anatomical variants. Posterior insertion in 36(14.29%) was most commonly seen variant followed by high insertion in 25(9.92%). Right posterior sectoral hepatic duct draining into the cystic duct was the least common.
Conclusion: Typical lateral insertion was found in a 47.62% patients and common other variations were also noted in our study. Variations in the cystic duct are not uncommon. This study reinforces the importance of considering anatomical variations of the cystic duct whenever performing surgical, endoscopic and percutaneous procedures.
Clinical response to Rifaximin amongst irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients at tertiary level hospital in Nepal
Authors: Karki Binod , Sherpa Tshering Wangdi , Deo Rajeeb Kumar , Thapa Pukar
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is common in patients with abdominal symptoms resulting in significant healthcare expenses. The diagnosis relies on ROME criteria, emphasizing recurrent abdominal pain over three months with changes in defecation patterns and stool appearance. Various treatment options are available for IBS including the role of antibiotics such as Rifaximin. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of rifaximin in Nepalese IBS patients.
Method: This was a prospective observational study done in a Nepalese tertiary referral hospital for a period of one year after obtaining the ethical approval. All diagnosed IBS patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria were treated with Rifaximin for two weeks and the improvement in their symptoms was recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS software.
Result: A total of 33 participants were included, with a majority being female 22(66.70%). The mean age was 36.58±7.19 years, and the majority 31(93.90%) were nonvegetarian. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom 28(84.80%), followed by diarrhea and bloating. IBS-D was the most predominant diagnosis 25(75.8%). After treatment initiation, 26(78.80%) reported symptom improvement. Among those with improvement, 11(36.40%) reported a nearly 50% reduction in symptoms and 6(18.2%) experienced complete relief.
Conclusion: Treatment with Rifaximin resulted in a notable decrease in irritable bowel syndrome symptoms across various subclasses among Nepalese patients.
Leisure Tourism in Bhedetar
Authors: Koirala Kaushal
Published: June 2024

This paper analyzes leisure tourism in Bhedetar, eastern Nepal. Leisure tourists usually enjoy beauty, nice hotels and resorts, and the atmosphere of natural and cultural heritage. The most popular activities of leisure tourism include social tours, cultural tours, religious tours, family tours, recreational tours, sports tours, and medical tours. Bhedetar lies at the confluence of two different geographical environments: the hills and Tarai. The geographical situation of Bhedetar plays an important role in the development of tourist destinations. Its exquisite scenic beauty, natural environment, and cultural heritage provide a reliable source of pleasure and refreshment for leisure tourists. This paper is based on both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected from field observation, interaction with local people, hotel service providers, and tourists using checklists, questionnaires, and personal interviews. Secondary data were collected from books, journals, and e-resources. Tables, charts, and diagrams are used for data analysis. The findings revealed that the increasing number of hotels and lodges at Bhedetar indicated an internal market for leisure tourism. However, there are a lot of hurdles and barriers hindering the promotion of leisure tourism in this area. This paper suggests that the tourism promotion authorities should initiate action to address these barriers for the development of Bhedetar as a chosen leisure tourist destination.
Impact of Marketing Expenditure on Sales and Profitability of Listed Manufacturing Companies in Nepal
Authors: Agrahari Khusboo , Karki Dipendra , Rai Ram Bahadur
Published: June 2024

Marketing expenses are important corporate operations that have an impact on lead generation and revenue in an organization. In today’s business environment, it is essential to know how marketing expenditures affect a company’s performance. Based on this viewpoint, the primary goal of this study was to determine whether marketing expenditures had an impact on companies’ performance. The study examined the impact of marketing expenditures on sales and profitability of listed manufacturing companies in Nepal. This study is based on secondary data collected from six listed manufacturing companies for six years, from 2016/17 to 2021/22. A descriptive statistic, correlation analysis, and simple linear and non-linear regression methods were applied to analyze the data. The study concludes that there was a non-linear relationship of marketing expenditure with sales and profitability. It indicates that there was a certain level of marketing expenditure that maximizes sales and profitability. The company needs to analyze what amount of money, time, and effort are put into marketing expenditures. Companies face the danger of inducing a price orientation in the market if they employ promotions excessively. A balanced marketing budget is crucial to the company's prosperity. With this view, the marketing manager should provide an accurate annual marketing budget that maximizes sales and profitability for the company.
Need of State-led Strategy for Economic Development in Nepal
Authors: Nepal Purushotam , Chaudhary Niresh
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is to explore the way and importance of state-led strategical development in the context of Nepal. Basically, there are three different methods of development strategies that are commonly practiced in the countries of the world. They are state-led strategy, individual-led strategy, and NGO-led strategy of the economic development. Among them, the basic way of development is the investment through the government fund. To find which of these strategies is appropriate in context of Nepal, this review study was conducted. It has also used the simple statistical method of analysis with the help of the secondary data. The findings are presented in table and bar graph. The result of this analysis shows that the most appropriate development strategy is the investment through government organization especially in the initial phase of development of a country. So, it can be suggested that the state-led-strategy of development can be adopted for economic development of Nepal.
English Code Mixing in the Novel Great Falls
Authors: Pokhrel Jhamak
Published: June 2024

Available with full text.
Pattern of Serum Cortisol Levels in Different Thyroid Disorders
Authors: Sah Sanjay Kumar , Sah Navin Kumar , Sah Anil Kumar , Yadav Nirdhan , Marasini Surendra
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Thyroid disorders are now common endocrinological issues with an ample number of cases with the most abundant cases of hypothyroidism. Serum cortisol levels have been found to be deranged in cases of thyroid disorders. The thyroid disorders have impact on adrenals glands that produces cortisol. In hypothyroidism, high cortisol results in increase cortisol half-life and also decrease of metabolic clearance. However, control mechanisms often allow normal cortisol values. This study was carried out with an aim to evaluate the serum cortisol in different thyroid disorders and to correlate the relation of serum cortisol with thyroid hormones.Materials and methods: This hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was carried out in a tertiary care center of Madesh   province, National Medical College Teaching Hospital in a time frame for six month from September 2022 to February 2023. A total of 300 samples were enrolled in the study (100 hyperthyroid, 100 hypothyroid and 100 euthyroid as control) after taking a well informed written consent and prior ethical clearance. The thyroid function test and serum cortisol was estimated and data were put in Microsoft excel 2010 and analyzed using SPSS version 22.Results: This study showed that there was highly significant difference in the highest level of sensory block achieved between the two groups (p < 0.001 ) and motor blockade. Most of patients receiving bupivacaine alone (Group B) had achieved T6 dermatomal sensory level block and Bromage score of 4, while patients receiving fentanyl with bupivacaine (Group F) achieved T8 and also Bromage score of 3 respectively. The mean duration for highest sensory level in group F and group B was 7.76 and 9.66 minutes, respectively. The mean duration for 2 segment regression in group F and group B was 95.28 and 67.24 minutes respectively. Hypotension was significantly high in Group B.Conclusion: The study concluded that serum cortisol level is elevated in cases of hypothyroidism, particularly in frank primary hypothyroidism. However, the mean cortisol levels were found to be normal in other thyroid disorders.
Impacts of Migration on Livelihood: A case study of Sindhupalchok District
Authors: Shrestha Madan Gopal
Published: June 2024

The central objective of the study was impacts of migrants on livelihoods in the study district. This study was conducted in two communities of the Sindhupalchok districts - Talamarang1 and Melamchi2 of the Melamchi Nagarpalika3. The study was based on primary and secondary data using both qualitative and quantitative information, SPSS pc+ was used to analyze the data. Findings reveal that spatial economic inequality in the studied district and its peripheral highlands is challenging; resource access and employment opportunities are the founding factors of migration, showing the linkages between migration and poverty. In the study area similar to other studies migration is cost-sensitive, poorer are short-distance migrants and richer are long distant migrants as the cost for migration for longer distance involves low costs. Migrants seek change in livelihood patterns, showing that youths are high migratory than others and the trend of female migration is increasing. However, only some are economically benefitted while others are placed in vulnerable conditions, manifesting the problem of selectivity and reverse causality. Remittances are the secondary source of income in the study area. Higher than remittances richer in personal assets and reduces the vulnerability of being poverty. Economic inequalities are seen in the community that has no relation to the remittances. Remittances directly proportional to the economic strengths, it was found that the strength has decreased the risk, seasonality, and vulnerability that has been faced by migrant workers. Both have combined effects on improving livelihood. The situation resembles the sketch diagram as explained by Frank Ellis (2003).
Socio-Economic Benefits of Community Forest
Authors: Subedi Bed Kumari
Published: June 2024

Nepal’s community forestry has become an example of progressive legislation and policies in the decentralization of forest management. It has attracted international attention because in Nepal, decentralization is linked with emerging issues sustainable forest management, forest governance, policy advocacy, equity, gender, poverty and the role of civil society in community forestry. The text examines the socio-economic and environmental benefits of community forestry on the local community. In the study area, which includes 240 member households, a sample of 60 households (Forest User Groups - FUGs) was selected through random probability sampling. The community forestry initiative contributes to the development of local human resources and enhances rural livelihoods. It empowers people by fostering team building, group dynamics, and self-motivation in community development. Both direct and indirect benefits from community forestry have significantly impacted the social life of the people in the study area. The primary economic activities of the FUGs include agriculture, livestock farming, and various home-based industries. Industries such as iron-based, furniture, and bamboo-based rely on the forest for raw materials, indicating the forest's role in the local economy and its contribution to additional income. The research also highlights the forest's environmental aspect, noting the effective conservation of biodiversity through various activities.
Celebrating Homosexuality and Female Masculinity in Kimberly Peirce’s movie Boys Don’t Cry
Authors: Pandey Ashok Raj
Published: June 2024

This research argues that Kimberly Peirce’s movie “Boys Don’t Cry” can be read as emancipative gender narrative that strongly resists Heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity by putting forward female masculinity and celebrating homosexual identity. Our paper focus on some ways narrative has deliberately challenged gender discourse; firstly by resisting Heteronormative social complex and secondly by dismantling male-centric masculinity. This paper further claims that the expression of each rebellious dialogue and contexts within the narrative of Boys Don’t Cry have contributed to give alternative justice for all socially victimized transgender. It also explains the way movie questions the long sustained subjectivities of heterosexual gender discourse and tries to normalize the existence of LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) population in American society. Our paper develops to the conclusion that the 1999 crime drama Boys Don’t Cry not only advocates gender freedom but also exposes homosexual realities and the brutal consequence of society’s failure to accept this fact.
The Nepali Communist Movement and People’s Multiparty Democracy
Authors: Pokhrel Ishwar
Published: June 2024

Madan Bhandari postulated People’s Multiparty Democracy (PMPD) to bolster both the Nepali Communist Movement and the International Communist Movement. As the global experiment with Marxism under one-party communist rule and the Soviet model of socialism collapsed, and the partyless Panchayat regime in Nepal became unpopular, Madan Bhandari fused classical Marxism, Leninism, and New Democracy, liberal democracy with the unique situation of Nepal to establish the foundational concept of PMPD. This article retraces the developmental trajectory of PMPD in conjunction with the evolving Communist Movement in Nepal. It examines PMPD’s development from its initial adoption at the Fifth National General Convention of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) through the party’s subsequent General Conventions. In this light, this paper reveals that PMPD emerged not only as a central principle for the party’s vision of socio[1]economic transformation and political strategy but also provided insights for other political parties and movements. Furthermore, this paper explores the potential of PMPD to address citizens’ needs exceptions, and core national interests. The future of Nepal’s communist movement depends on its adherence to democratic principles and popular consent. Nepali communists must remain competitive to retain the revolution’s achievements, and strategies must align with current realities. Finally, an excessive focus on democratization at the expense of revolutionary change and socio-economic transformation goals may undermine the progress of the communist movement in Nepal.
Foreign Policy: From the Perspective of People’s Multiparty Democracy
Authors: KC Khadga
Published: June 2024

The term “national interests” generally refers to priorities, aims, and goals that a nation-state intends to accomplish in its foreign policies and interactions with other nations. These interests might differ greatly based on the nation, its resources, history, location, and present geopolitical climate. In order to examine foreign policies, some theories are used in research papers and scholarly works. These include constructivism, Marxism, neo-Marxism, offensive and defensive realism, internal and domestic theories, and system theories. In the context of Nepal, national interests have been formed by its geopolitics. Nepal should have embraced the non-alignment strategy since ancient times and maintained cordial relations with its immediate neighbors due to its strategic placement between China and India, two Asian giants and large economies. Following the restoration of democracy in 1990, globalization and liberalization appear to have had a major impact on Nepal’s foreign policy developments. Nevertheless, the most striking deviations from Nepal’s foreign policy norms following the 1990 political change are the country’s adoption of a more liberal multiparty democracy, the dominance of Marxist political parties, and actions and beliefs of the Marxist movement. Through a multiparty electoral system, the People’s Multiparty Democracy (PMPD) is a political system that guarantees the people’s control over governmental authorities. PMPD is a political theory that combines democracy and multiparty systems. As a PMPD idealist, Madan Bhandari fought for Nepal’s national interests. In particular, he criticized modern global capitalism and unconditionally supported Nepal’s independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty.
People’s Multiparty Democracy: A Base to Socialism
Authors: Roka Debraj
Published: June 2024

Madan Bhandari, an iconic revolutionary leader, formulated People’s Multiparty Democracy (PMPD), a groundbreaking political framework in Nepal rooted in the Marxist-Leninist ideology. Bhandari’s PMPD emphasizes socioeconomic transformation to eliminate discrimination and dismantle remnants of feudalism and imperialism. This article examines the essential alliances and integrations among parties with socialist ideologies, highlighting their significance in the ongoing debate over effective and equitable governance. It investigates the origins and core principles of PMPD and its roadmap to socialism in Nepali context. The main findings of the research suggest that placing governmental control in the hands of the people, focusing on socioeconomic transformation, fostering social ownership, promoting economic equality, and ensuring cultural and material preparedness are critical elements of PMPD’s path to socialism. By adopting PMPD’s guiding principles, Nepal can develop its own unique model of socialism.
Women’s Agency and Social Change in Nepal: A Marxist Perspective
Authors: Aryal Vijay
Published: June 2024

The Constitution of Nepal 2015 provides substantial opportunities for women’s empowerment through its provisions for their rights and facilities. This legal framework represents a socio-political shift aimed at development, positioning women’s agency as a critical tool for social change. However, Nepal’s multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural society presents diversity in women’s socio-economic status and agency across different communities. This paper examines women’s agency and social change in Nepal, drawing on the perspectives of Sen (1999), Bhandari (1993), and Marxist writings. It critically analyzes women’s agency, using data from literature and secondary source. Women’s agency, defined as the freedom to pursue goals and values, is essential for promoting social justice and well-being. Cooperative conflict and perceptions of entitlement within families emphasize the importance of women’s economic independence, education, and property rights. Women’s agency is linked to significant outcomes, including improved child survival, reduced fertility rate, and enhanced socio-economic roles. Nepal’s constitution supports women’s agency through its rights and provisions, contributing to declining gender inequality and improved health and educational outcomes.
تأثير استراتيجيات استهداف السوق والتمركز في التسعير على اساس المنافسة : دراسة تحليلية لعينة من المسؤولين في شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية.
Authors: م.م.هيثم حامد سالم  , أ.م.د.سرمد حمزة جاسم
Published: June 2024

الغرض من الدراسة هو  الكشف عن تأثير استراتيجيات استهداف السوق كمتغير مستقل أول واستراتيجية التمركز كمتغير مستقل ثاني في التسعير على أساس المنافسة كمتغير تابع في شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية، وتهدف هذه الدراسة الى تشخيص أسباب انخفاض مبيعات شركة توزيع المنتجات النفطية في العراق، حيث تعاني الشركة المبحوثة من انخفاض في مستوى الطلب على منتجاتها من الزيوت الخاصة بمحركات السيارات بسبب شدة المنافسة من قبل المنتجات المستوردة مما أدى وجود فجوة سلبية بين المبيعات الفعلية والمبيعات المخططة. وتم الاعتماد على منهج  الدراسة التحليلية لعينة من القيادات العليا والوسطى في الشركة ومن هم في منصب ( مدير عام، معاون مدير عام، مدير هيأة، مدير قسم، مسؤول شُعبة)، تم اختيار عينة الدراسة بصورة عمدية وبلغ مجتمع الدراسة(110) فرداً، بينما بلغ حجم العينة المبحوثة (88)فرد، تم استخدام الاستبانة والمقابلات الشخصية والملاحظة كأداة لجمع البيانات والمعلومات فضلاً عن استخدام برنامج SPSS V25, AMOS 25)) في تطبيق معظم المعالجات والتحليلات الإحصائية من اجل الوصول الى نتائج تفيد الدراسة وتحقق أهدافها. وقد توصل الباحث الى عدد من الاستنتاجات كان أهمها: تمر بعض منتجات الشركة في مرحلة التدهور وهي المرحلة الأخيرة من مراحل دورة حياة المنتوج بسبب المنافسة الشديدة في السوق والتغيير في اذواق الزبائن فضلاً عن التقدم التكنولوجي، على الرغم من انخفاض أسعارها مقارنة بالمنتجات المستوردة نتيجة عدم تقديم منتجات مبتكرة .
)Article Beauty management )
Authors: Assistant Professor Dr. Fouad Yousif Abdul Rahman
Published: June 2024

The article aims to demonstrate the adoption of modern management, which is lacking in most organizations of an aesthetic nature, in building a mental image, modernizing work methods, and administrative and human dealings between employees and customers, in order to provide better service to customers in a modern framework under the name of internal and external beauty management. Where the researcher relied on the method of descriptive and philosophical analysis in following up the variable updates, addressing the weaknesses and enhancing the strengths inherent in the organizational behavior, and dealing with the term beauty management in a way that develops the modern philosophy of beauty and manages it scientifically and logically with high performance. The researcher reached an important conclusion in the qualitative shift in changing the previous mental image towards building green organizations with a new sense and beauty of dealing with scientific, administrative, and human methods.
Analisis Keandalan Bangunan Gedung Dalam Upaya Mengurangi Risiko Kebakaran
Authors: Yudhiarma Yudhiarma , Prabowo Herry , Binta Izzazaya , Hilmy Mochammad
Published: June 2024

Pencegahan kebakaran merupakan salah satu aspek keselamatan bangunan. Untuk mengetahui dan menilai tingkat keandalan suatu bangunan terhadap bahaya kebakaran, maka disusun rumusan masalah yaitu bagaimana mendesain suatu analisis pencegahan kebakaran yang dapat diaplikasikan pada bangunan gedung. Selanjutnya, bagaimana penerapan aplikasi sistem tersebut pada bangunan gedung, dengan studi kasus bangunan Direktorat Politeknik Negeri Pontianak, Kota Pontianak, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil mengenai adalah pemeriksaan keandalan bangunan dalam pencegahan kebakaran merupakan salah satu alat bantu dalam menilai dan memeriksa bangunan untuk tindakan pencegahan terhadap kebakaran pada bangunan gedung. Pemeriksaan keandalan bangunan dapat memberikan penilaian/pemeriksaan yang lebih detail pada sistem pencegahan kebakaran, penilaian komponen sarana penyelamatan, penilaian komponen proteksi aktif, serta sarana penilaian proteksi pasif. Hasil observasi yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan Nilai Keandalan Sistem Keselamatan Bangunan (NKSKB) berada pada kondisi cukup. Nilai tingkat keandalan keselamatan sistem proteksi kebakaran yaitu sebesar 83,80%.
Kajian Segmen Fasade Rumah Tinggal Tradisional Melayu di Tepian Sungai Kapuas Kampung Tambelan Sampit Kota Pontianak
Authors: Ciptadi Wahyudin , Hamzah Erwin Rizal , Radhi Muhammad , Harimurti Puspito
Published: June 2024

Keberadaan rumah tinggal tradisional Melayu ditepian sungai Kapuas, Kampung Tambelansampit Pontianak memiliki nilai kekhasan fasade rumah tinggal yang berbeda dcengan daerah lain. Sehingga didalam mengidentifikasi jenis/tipe/tipologi dari fasade sebuah rumah tinggal tradisional harus melibatkan aspek tolok ukur sistem model (stylistic system)  yang yang berkaitan dengan style atau langgam yang mewujudkan bentuk fasade bangunan.
N.J.Habraken (1978) mempertegas pernyataan ini dengan menyatakan bahwa arsitektur rumah tinggal merupakan suatu kesatuan sistem yang terdiri atas Spatial System, Physical System, dan Stylistic System. Sistem model (stylistic system) ini meliputi fasade, bentuk pintu dan jendela serta unsur-unsur lain baik di dalam maupun di luar bangunan dari elemen atas (kepala), elemen tengah (badan), dan elemen bawah (kaki) di rumah tinggal  tradisional Melayu dengan melihat nilai kekhasan yang unik dari fasade rumah tinggal rumah tinggal tradisional Melayu.
Dalam penelitian terapan ini dapat digolongkan ke dalam skema sosial humaniora,seni budaya, Pendidikan dengan tema riset yaitu seni, identitas, kebudayaan, dan karakter bangsa. Sedangkan jika disesuaikan dengan Rencana Induk Penelitian (RIP) Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur Politeknik Negeri Pontianak tahun 2020-2024 judul penelitian terapan ini dapat dikelompokan menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu: a.) fokus penelitiannya : seni dan budaya dengan topik penelitian : tipomorfologi bangunan budaya dan bangunan bersejarah di Kalimantan Barat; b.) fokus penelitiannya : infrastruktur dan transportasi dengan topik penelitian : tipomorfologi perumahan ditepian air.
Penelitian terapan ini menggunakan pendekatan metode rasionalistik-kualitatif dengan mengambil beberapa sampel penelitian dari populasi  rumah tinggal tradisional Melayu ditepian sungai Kapuas yang masih ada dan masih bertahan sampai saat ini. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa tahapan proses pelaksanaan yaitu :  tahap pengumpulan data (observasi awal, observasi lanjutan, dan wawancara) dan tahap analisis data serta pembahasan hasil penelitian. Hasil yang ingin dicapai dari penelitian terapan ini  adalah teridentifikasinya jenis/tipe/tipologi fasade rumah tinggal  tradisional Melayu yang berada di tepian sungai Kapuas, Kampung Tambelan Sampit, kota Pontianak dengan dokumentasi data gambar  (blue print), artikel ilmiah yang dimuat di jurnal maupun di prosiding nasional atau lokal.
Effect of Temperature of Turmeric Extraction and Incorporation of Palm Oil in Transparent Soap Making Applications as a Skin Protection Media
Authors: Gunawan Desdy H , Mangunsong Lamria
Published: June 2024

The research is based on the need for natural ingredients that are protective for skin health to avoid infection. Considering that currently there is a dangerous outbreak caused by a virus, so it is very necessary to protect it in various preparations that are easy to use, such as soap. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the combination of palm oil and turmeric extract extracted with different temperature variations on the resulting transparent soap. The stages of this research have 3 main stages, namely 1) Making turmeric extract with temperature variations of 50.55 and 60oC for 15 minutes, 2) Making transparent soap with a formulation of turmeric extract and palm oil 3) Physical and chemical analysis of the resulting transparent soap. The test results concluded that the soap did not cause skin irritation, the range of alkaline pH was 9.5-9.6 and the foam stability was relatively maintained from all samples, the water content was below 15% and the ALB was carried 2.5% and the physical properties in the form of a soap hardness texture that did not shrink quickly. destroyed during use.
Identifikasi Pengaruh Konfogurasi Ruang terhadap Gerakan Angin
Authors: Ikram Muhammad Subhansyah , Hilmy Mochammad , Maulana Deni , Fibrianto Jockie Zudhy
Published: June 2024

Satu diantara beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja manusia di Politeknik Negeri Pontianak adalah kondisi iklim setempat. Politeknik Negeri Pontianak yang berlokasi di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat memiliki kondisi iklim tropis lembab dengan karakteristik tingkat kadar air di udara lebih tinggi dari zona lainnya. Kondisi iklim tersebut berdampak pada ketidaknyamanan dalam beraktivitas sehingga menyebabkan turunnya produktivitas dan secara tidak langsung dapat berpengaruh pada penurunan kualitas dari bangunan gedung di kawasan lingkungan Politeknik Negeri Pontianak. Upaya untuk meningkatkan produktifitas tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan penghawaan buatan berupa penggunaan peralatan mekanis namun berdampak pada penggunaan energi tambahan berupa energi listrik dan peningkatan biaya operasional bangunan gedung. Upaya lain yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan memanfaatkan potensi angin untuk kebutuhan pendinginan lingkungan sehingga dapat berdampak pada kenyamanan termal dan peningkatan produktivitas. Pemanfaatan potensi angin tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan konfigurasi tata massa bangunan yang tepat sehingga aliran angin dapat bergerak sesuai yang diharapkan untuk mencapai tujuan pendinginan bangunan dan kenyamanan termal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan identifikasi pengaruh bentuk bangunan gedung dan konfigurasi ruang terhadap perilaku angin di Kawasan Politeknik Negeri Pontianak.
Analisis Pengaruh Tipologi Bentuk Bangunan terhadap Nilai Perpindahan Kalor pada Bangunan Kantor Sewa
Authors: Kurniashally Nurul Qalbi , Alqadrie Auliya Maula
Published: June 2024

Air conditioning is used to provide thermal comfort for building users is one of the conditions that often occurred in tropical buildings. As a result, the energy consumption of the building increased. One of the solutions to solve this problem is by reducing the heat that received by the building by finding the form of building. The process of determining the typology of office buildings is divided into 4 geometric form, namely squares, rectangles, triangles, and cylinders. The process is carried out with the function of the building as a rental office based on its geometric form. The method used is a simulation using the Ecotect program, for the weather data using Malaysia weather data which has been adjusted to the latitude of the location in Pontianak as well as some data obtained from BMKG for Pontianak City, West Kalimantan. In the process of simulating the shape of the building with the respect to the heat transfer value, several things are taken into consideration, namely the location, orientation, and the form of the building.
Metrological Analysis of Sphericity Geometry to Lathe Conditions at the Mechanical Technology Laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering Politeknik Negeri Pontianak
Authors: Karyadi Edi , Rusadi Rusadi , Hadimi Hadimi , Widayanti Tri
Published: June 2024

This research was conducted on the premise that the age of using lathes in the Mechanical Technology Laboratory of the Department of Mechanical Engineering Pontianak State Polytechnic has been more than 30 years since this Polytechnic was established. It is predicted that the resulting workpiece is not exactly sized by the tolerance limit given to students.
This research was conducted by measuring geometry (geometric metrology) on lathes used by the Department of Mechanical Engineering students during machining practice.
This study aims primarily to see whether there has been a significant deviation / beyond the allowable tolerance limit on the lathe used by students of the Pontianak State Polytechnic Mechanical Department, this research will later be able to take benefits that have to do with improving the skills of students of the Pontianak State Polytechnic Mechanical Engineering Department.
Data obtained based on direct experiments on the object under study, the data obtained are processed with several analytical techniques by the variables studied, namely roundness analysis.
The results showed that the tolerance of sphericity deviations in lathes MB 2 = 64 μm, can produce workpieces with tolerance values above 64 μm (IT 10). On lathes MB 2 = 84 μm, it can produce workpieces with tolerance values above 84μm (IT 10). Lathe MB 3 = 50 μm, can produce workpieces with tolerance values above 50 μm (IT 9). While the MB 4 lathe tolerance of the deviation of the roundness is 92 μm, it can produce workpieces with tolerance values above 92 μm (IT 11). While the lathe MB 5 tolerance of the deviation of roundness is 80 μm (IT 10), it can produce workpieces with tolerance values above 80 μm.
Because these machines are still used for education, especially the implementation of practicum in machining process courses and production activities, improvements should be made to improve their performance.
Dynamika zmian poziomu funkcjonowania poznawczego wśród pacjentów po infekcji SARS-CoV-2 – propozycja zdalnej oceny neuropsychologicznej w badaniu podłużnym
Authors: Malinowska Ewa , Żarnecka Dominika , Łojek Emilia , Zespół Badawczy NeuroCovid Wydziału Psychologii UW
Published: June 2024

Cel: Celem przeprowadzonego badania podłużnego była ocena funkcjonowania poznawczego osób, które chorowały na COVID-19, określenie dynamiki zmian obserwowanych w tym zakresie na przestrzeni 3‒4 miesięcy, porównanie wyników pacjentów z wynikami grupy kontrolnej oraz weryfikacja przydatności nowej metody zdalnej oceny neuropsychologicznej.
Metoda: Przeprowadzono badanie podłużne z wykorzystaniem narzędzia do telefonicznej oceny neuropsychologicznej Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), które na potrzeby badania przetłumaczono na język polski. Badanie objęło osoby po infekcji SARS-CoV-2 (grupa COVID(+) oraz osoby z grupy kontrolnej (COVID(‒). Obie grupy zostały przebadane dwukrotnie, w odstępie 3‒4 miesięcy. Badanie prowadzono od lipca 2020 do stycznia 2022 roku.
Wyniki: Przeprowadzono porównania danych z wykorzystaniem analizy wariancji dla pomiarów powtarzanych w schemacie mieszanym. W porównaniu z grupą COVID(‒) grupa COVID(+) uzyskała istotnie niższe wyniki w pierwszym i w drugim pomiarze Testu powtarzania liczb wspak oraz w pierwszym pomiarze w Teście ciągu liczb. Dodatkowo zaobserwowano poprawę w wynikach uzyskiwanych przez grupę COVID(+) w drugim pomiarze w porównaniu z pierwszym pomiarem w: Teście 15 słów Reya, zarówno w warunku natychmiastowego, jak i odroczonego odtworzenia; Teście powtarzania liczb wspak, Teście ciągu liczb oraz w Teście liczenia wspak.
Konkluzja: Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na obniżenie funkcji pamięci roboczej oraz wnioskowania indukcyjnego u osób z grupy COVID(+) w porównaniu z grupą COVID(‒). Dodatkowo przeprowadzone badanie wskazuje na przydatność BTACT w śledzeniu zmiany poziomu funkcjonowania poznawczego w czasie u osób po infekcji SARS-CoV-2. Szczególnie pomocne w monitorowaniu wspomnianych zmian wydają się testy służące ocenie pamięci operacyjnej (Test 15 słów Reya, Test powtarzania liczb wspak) oraz test wnioskowania indukcyjnego (Test ciągu liczb).
THEMES IN FRENCH CULTURE
Authors: Mead Margaret , Métraux Rhoda
Published: June 2024

Margaret Mead collaborated with her long-time colleague Rhoda Métraux in this unique study of French culture. The Hoover Institute at Stanford University originally published this volume, which grew out of the Columbia University project on Research of Contemporary Cultures in 1954. It is one of the few works by American social scientists dealing with broad themes of French life. Mead and Métraux present a vivid picture of the French starting with the organization of the house and its architecture, and drawing original conclusions for the structure of French families and overall cultural values. This work, long out of print, is a fascinating and penetrating portrait of a contemporary European society.
Спектрометр электронов «ТОТЭМ-Э» для проекта «Странник»
Authors: Моисеенко Д. А. , Шестаков А. Ю. , Вайсберг О. Л. , Журавлев Р. Н. , Митюрин М. В. , Моисеев П. П.
Published: June 2024

Описывается принцип функционирования спектрометра электронов «ТОТЭМ-Э», разрабатываемого для комплекса научной аппаратуры «Странник» (КНА-С) проекта «Резонанс-МКА», приводятся аналитические характеристики конструкторско-доводочного образца прибора, полностью соответствующего штатному образцу в части применяемых электронных компонентов и электронно-оптической схемы, описывается процедура функциональных испытаний прибора, приводится описание структуры и принципов функционирования аппаратно-программного комплекса, созданного для испытаний приборов подобного типа. Конструкция прибора «ТОТЭМ-Э» предлагает новый подход к измерениям потока частиц, позволяющий увеличить достоверность и скорость измерений. Особенностью предложенной схемы представляется возможность одномоментного измерения потоков электронов в плоском сечении в пространстве скоростей в диапазоне энергий от Е0 до 6.5Е0, где Е0 – минимальная регистрируемая прибором энергия частиц. Это достигается использованием двух конических электростатических зеркал, которые отбирают электроны из плоского 360-градусного сечения потока для последующего анализа по энергии и применением координатно-чувствительного детектора для одномоментной регистрации частиц.