bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting to Sweden I
Authors: Rothstein Bo
Published: February 2021

How and why some countries were able to make the historical transition from a patrimonial, nepotistic, and corrupt bureaucracy to a relatively clean and professionalized one is still an understudied topic in the literature on corruption. This chapter presents original data on such a transition in the case of Sweden, drawing on court hearings of cases of malfeasance among public officials in the period 1720–1850. An important explanation for why the Swedish bureaucracy was able to break out of the collective action trap of corruption relates to Charles Tilly’s theory of the importance of war for state making. This chapter pinpoints the importance of having lost a significant war—in the Swedish case, the war against Russia in 1808–9—and the constitutional and regime changes this set in motion. Drawing on comparative data on malfeasance, the similarities in this regard between the Swedish and Danish cases are highlighted.
Models of Word Identification
Authors: Reichle Erik D.
Published: February 2021

This chapter first describes the tasks that are used to study how readers identify printed words (e.g., the lexical-decision task) and then reviews the key empirical findings related to skilled and impaired word identification (i.e., dyslexia). As explained, these findings have both motivated the development of computer models of word identification and been used to evaluate the explanatory adequacy of those models. The chapter then reviews several precursor theories and models of word identification that provide recurring metaphors (e.g., generating word pronunciations via analogy vs. the application of rules) in the development of later, more formally implemented word-identification models. The chapter reviews a large representative sample of these models in the order of their development, to show how the models have evolved in response to empirical research and the need to accommodate new findings (e.g., how the letters in words are perceived in their correct order). The chapter concludes with an explicit comparative analysis of the word-identification models and discussion of the findings that each model can and cannot explain.
Rap My Name (Beginner)
Authors: Wardrobe Katie
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes an activity that was designed as a simple way for teachers to integrate technology into their music classes. Students will write a 4-measure “name rap” within a specified structure and use a drum sequencer or existing drum loop to create a rhythmic backing to accompany themselves. They will then record their rap over the rhythmic backing using audio recording software. This lesson can work with almost any age group, but it works best with Grades 5 through 8. It could be adapted for students younger than Grade 5 and for older students, too. Students can work on this activity individually, in pairs, or in small groups.
Learning and Performing with Drum Kit Technologies (Advanced)
Authors: Stillie Bryden
Published: February 2021

The activities in this chapter are designed for undergraduates in their third year of drum kit studies who have developed advanced skills on the acoustic drum kit. This activity introduces students to the features and musical affordances of drum kit technologies. Students learn how to use percussion controllers and electronic drum triggers, in conjunction with music software they have experience of, to perform pieces of music in solo performance settings on hybrid, and fully electronic, drum kits. The three-stage approach includes: 1) exploring the built-in features of the percussion controller and associated music software, 2) using the controller in a familiar context, for example, to extend the possibilities of an acoustic drum kit in a hybrid setup, and, 3) creating a performance using only the technology (i.e., removing the familiar acoustic drum kit).
Creating Songs on iPads is a Cinch! (Beginner)
Authors: Beal Daniel
Published: February 2021

With this activity, your second and third grade music students will have the opportunity to create a song using the GarageBand app on iPads. The process of writing a song can lead to a plethora of learning outcomes that are shaped by the students, own strengths and interests. They will have access to over 3,750 prerecorded music loops from eighteen different genres and be able to record themselves playing over 300 digital instruments. Students will have full control over the different musical elements of their song, such as: form, tempo, genre, key signature, dynamics, texture, and instrumentation (to name a few).
Steal Like an Artist
Authors: Churchville John
Published: February 2021

This activity was designed for composers of all ages who are looking for a starting point toward creating original music. This is a process of analysis of form and structure, then applying these findings to create an original piece of music. Students begin by analyzing an existing piece of music for its foundational elements such as the chord structure, form (verse, chorus, bridge, etc.), instrumentation, measure count, and more. Then, using one or more of these elements, students create a new, original piece of music. The activity has been used for students from Grade 4 through Grade 12, as well as college students.
Shared Sample Projects (Advanced)
Authors: Hein Ethan
Published: February 2021

The lesson described in this chapter is meant to give students the opportunity to think about and develop their sonic imaginations, critical listening, decision making (including the skill of fighting option paralysis), ideas about living in a recording-saturated world, and authority and ownership of recorded music. Designed for undergraduate students, this activity requires all students to use the same short audio sample and audio manipulation software to create new full-length pieces of original music using the shared sample and nothing else. They can process and manipulate the sample as they see fit, but they may not use any additional sounds or instruments.
Impressionist Expressionist (Intermediate)
Authors: Cooper Patrick K.
Published: February 2021

In this activity, students will create a two- to four-minute soundscape based on one of two Impressionist paintings of contrasting styles. Students will develop a basic fluency with a DAW of the teacher’s choosing. Translating the emotional effects of art across mediums can be a useful exercise because it can develop sensitivity to the art forms on either side of the transfer. This project teaches students how to make connections between extramusical ideas and their manifestation in sound. Providing source materials serves to give students a starting point from which to move forward in sequential steps to achieve a unique result that is a synthesis of both classic works of art and their own creativity.
Five Seconds of Fame
Authors: Emo Martin
Published: February 2021

Smartphones are seemingly everywhere but the variety of ring and alert tones used are often limited to a standard number of preset options. New tones can be purchased from commercial websites but it is possible for anyone to create their own tone. In this project, students create their own custom tones to use on their smartphones. First, they compose short original compositions in a DAW and then upload them to their phones as custom ringtones or alert tones. The DAW Ableton Live Intro is used, which has a free trial available for educational institutions. Three 45-minute lessons are allotted to complete the project, but there is scope for increased depth of musical skills depending on the student’s previous experience with composing. Smartphone technology and operating systems change frequently, so please be prepared to check this module for any technical changes before you begin and adjust the lesson plan accordingly.
Music Production Centers (MPCs) to Change the World (Beginner)
Authors: Urbach Martin
Published: February 2021

In this lesson designed for high students, learners will explore how to design, build, and perform MPCs (music production centers) using recycled materials, conductive materials, Makey Makeys, and the programming language Scratch as tools for engaging youth in critical consciousness and social justice activism as well as to discover, hone, and celebrate their artistic identity/voice. Figures 52.1 and 52.2 are some examples of MPCs made by students. Learning outcomes include: 1) using sampling as a resource for customizing music according to students’ needs, 2) making “soundboxes” (MPCs) that can be used as stand-alone musical instruments, or that can serve as instruments with which to collaborate, and 3) using music, science, and technology to create responses regarding social injustices that students feel passionate about tackling.
Design to Break Barriers
Authors: Rathgeber Jesse
Published: February 2021

In this experience, learners will develop a critical consciousness of barriers to participation rooted in ableism that are “baked into” instruments. This critical consciousness will assist learners in creating controllers with lower/no barriers for disabled persons/persons with disabilities. Learners will encounter concepts such as the “social model of disability” that come from Disability Studies scholarship in order to find and address disabling features of commercially-available instruments and to design new instruments, controllers, and practices that are anti-ableist. Through these experiences, learners will develop skills and knowledge related to using microcontrollers such as the Makey Makey and coding platforms such as Scratch through an iterative design process.
Mouse Theremin with p5.js (Intermediate)
Authors: Baum Liam
Published: February 2021

This project was designed for middle- and high-school students who have a basic introduction to text-based coding languages. The basic part of this lesson can be done with little to no prior coding experience; however, there is a lot of opportunity for variation and extensions where understanding some basic coding concepts can be useful. In this project, students will create a simple sketch using the p5.js programming language to code a basic theremin that changes pitch and volume by moving the mouse around the screen. Learning outcomes include becoming familiar with: 1) coding concepts such as syntax, loops, declaring variables, and mapping values, 2) basic graphics—Pixels, X and Y axis, and c) sound synthesis concepts such as oscillators, frequency, hertz, and amplitude.
Creating a Region
Authors: Reilly James
Published: February 2021

This chapter begins with China’s ambitious effort to create an entirely new regional grouping: the China–CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) Partnership, or “16+1.” Despite the paucity of China’s economic presence, its fragile diplomatic ties in the region, and flimsy regional coherence, 16+1 proved largely successful. The second case, examining Beijing’s investment promotion efforts, demonstrates Beijing’s capacity for learning and adaptation. The third case explores Beijing’s creative response to CEEC trade deficits, including its strategic provision of export certifications and encouragement for Chinese agricultural firms to invest in CEE countries while expanding their exports to China. The final case assesses China’s bilateral influence attempts: targeting key CEE states by providing economic benefits. Across these four cases, Beijing’s orchestration approach proved largely effective, rapidly mobilizing broad participation with high implementation coherence at low cost.
Engaging North Korea
Authors: Reilly James
Published: February 2021

China’s orchestration approach to economic statecraft is evident across this chapter’s three cases. First, central-level officials delegated authority to economic-minded government agencies and financial institutions. They established supportive policies and financial resources that successfully enticed Chinese enterprises to “go out” into North Korea’s uncertain economic environment. Regional officials seized this opportunity, eagerly promoting cross-border trade and investment ties in the expectation that local economies would benefit. China’s foreign aid, the second case, operated along similar lines, mobilizing an array of enterprises and regional officials to implement central-level policy at modest cost. The final case, Beijing’s sanctions aimed at Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons program, demonstrates China’s capacity to restrain commercial ties, even though sanctions failed to deter Pyongyang’s efforts. However, policymakers’ successful mobilization of commercial actors and regional officials contributed to modest economic improvements and spurred market-based dynamics, bolstering North Korea’s regime stability while shoring up bilateral ties.
Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Autesserre Séverine
Published: February 2021

Chapter Three discusses the conventional but problematic way to end wars, which the author calls “Peace, Inc.” Using anecdotes from around the world, the chapter shows that peacebuilding often fails when, and because, it is exclusively designed and implemented by international interveners. The outsiders who come to help, such as United Nations peacekeepers, diplomats, and international non-governmental organization staff members, often assume that insiders (people living in conflict zones) do not have what it takes to build peace, but foreign experts do. This flawed assumption lies at the core of the traditional approach to resolving national and international conflicts. It causes tensions between foreign aid workers and host populations and creates multiple challenges for both domestic and international peacebuilders. It also results in numerous absurd situations—some of them funny and some disastrous. As a result, standard international strategies rarely work, and they are at times counterproductive or even harmful.
The Inferences of Right
Authors: Moyar Dean
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides the basic conceptual framework that guides Hegel’s account in his Philosophy of Right. It begins with an account of the final moves in “Subjective Spirit” through which Hegel deduces his conception of the free will. His key move is the unification of the rationality of inference (theoretical) with the purposiveness of the will (practical) to arrive at a conception of the practical inferences of the free will. It is shown how this conception is the basis of the account of the free will in the Philosophy of Right Introduction. The chapter argues for a conception of expressive validity to capture the normative character of the practical inferences of right. This account makes sense of Hegel’s conception of the immanent dialectical development of right. The template of the Basic Argument is refined to show how it guides the incorporation of particularity and contingency into the universality of right.
The Five Adored in Early-Nineteenth-Century Sikh Literature
Authors: Fenech Louis E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter begins with a summary of the early- to mid-eighteenth-century historical context, which was marked by a decline in the power and authority of the Mughal court and the gradual rise of Sikh power in the Punjab. It then moves on to examine the formation of the Panj Piare construct in the context of the rise of various armed ascetic movements in the late eighteenth century, many of which competed for resources with the various Khalsa Sikhs of the period. It ends by examining the origin story of the Five Beloved in early-nineteenth-century Sikh texts such as Gur-panth Prakāś, Siṅgh Sāgar, and the Sūraj Prakāś.
The Woman in the Wilderness
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

Medieval and early modern Christianity wrestled uncomfortably with Christianity’s fundamentally chiliastic nature. Just as first-century Christians strove to dissociate their religion from its radical Jewish roots in order to cultivate legitimacy, so did theologians of subsequent centuries strive to downplay apocalypticism in favor of vague millennialism. The magnetic imagery of the Book of Revelation gripped the popular imagination, with its compelling imagery of seven-headed beasts, Christ’s glorious return armed for the final battle with Satan, and descriptions of signs presaging the dawning of the Latter Day. Some theologians could not resist the lure of apocalyptic analysis, and many laypeople yearned to witness the events of Revelation, while others sought to play leading roles in bringing it on. The Reformation refreshed apocalyptic millennialism, and Calvinist Puritans from England transplanted this to the “New World,” which Massachusetts Bay–founder John Winthrop predicted would be a “city on a hill.”
“The Prophecy of Daniel is Now Literally Fulfilling”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

Contrary to the espoused rationalism of the leaders of the American Revolution, popular perceptions of the violent detachment from Great Britain and the creation of a new republic filled the public with apocalyptic anxiety and millenarian expectation. For some, the rapidly unfolding drama heralded the dawn of a new nation preordained by God and populated by his chosen people. For others, the recent wars and accompanying social upheaval confirmed the irretrievably depraved nature of humanity, and when compared to contemporaneous supernatural occurrences, displayed terrifying symptoms of the tribulation foretold in the biblical Books of Daniel and the Revelation of John.
“Lightnings and Thunderings, and Voices”
Authors: Smith John Howard
Published: February 2021

The egalitarian energy of the American Revolution powered a wave of popular anti-authoritarianism reacting against Federalist influence in the Washington and Adams administrations. Egalitarian evangelicalism constituted a rebuttal to Enlightenment republicanism. The same process transformed American Christianity into a populist, radically egalitarian and anticlerical religion. Dramatically increased numbers of Baptists and Methodists gave these denominations legitimacy, and many new sects appeared throughout the post-revolutionary period. Against the vocal concerns of established clergymen, evangelical itinerants urged people to read the Scriptures for themselves and come to their own conclusions of what it means to be a Christian, and that no formal education was necessary to understand divine truth. Taking Christ as their example, men and especially women from old and new denominations let their individualistic readings of the Bible, visions, and dreams guide them toward Truth, and convinced many that the Second Coming was near at hand.
Publishing Issues and Their Impact on Reproducibility
Authors: Bausell R. Barker
Published: February 2021

While the classic scientific publishing process is a primary and addictive scientific motivator, it is also a major factor in the proliferation of irreproducibility. Some of the disadvantages of the process include the facilitation of publication bias, a rickety and easily gamed peer review system, the unavailability of research results for many scientists, scholars, and the pubic due to exorbitant costs levied by publishers on academic institutions and individuals, the rise of predatory online journals, and the inordinate amount of time required from study submission to publication. Proposed solutions, many already in the process of implementation, are discussed, including preprint repositories, “as is” or post-publication peer review, making peer review independent of the journal system, and allowing investigators to continue to revise manuscripts after initial publication accompanied by continued open peer review.
Adaptive Institutions and Networked Governance
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 3 lays out the main argument of the book, that in the context of the invisibility bargain, a democratic government has a political incentive to prioritize the interests of citizens over migrants (even when formal institutions promise protections), and thus may be an inadequate guarantor of security in migrant-receiving areas. The resulting gaps in formal state protections can increase migrant vulnerability and escalate conflict between migrants and citizens. Governance networks that connect international organizations, nonstate actors and the state can emerge to fill these gaps, adapting innovative forms of governance that complement, substitute, or compete with state authority and security provision. More diverse and dense networks provide a greater number of potential access points through which migrants might gain the resources and protections they need to thrive in the host community. The chapter provides a theoretical framework for understanding how governance networks contribute to host-migrant human security.
Valued Contribution and Social Invisibility in Ecuador
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D.
Published: February 2021

Chapter 6 illustrates the empirical application of the social invisibility component of the invisibility bargain in Ecuador, showing how race, gender, and other markers of difference structure host society expectations of who belongs in the “community of value.” Using an intersectional lens, it teases apart the overlapping structures of exclusion that affect indigenous and Afro-Colombians, other Colombian migrants, and Afro-Ecuadorians quite differently in their access to human security and social integration in Ecuador. The chapter highlights accent as the primary marker of difference that heightens the social visibility of Colombian migrants, and it traces the coping mechanisms—including minimizing difference, reducing social distance, and informal negotiation through intermediaries, that migrants use to avoid the social sanctions of backlash under the invisibility bargain.
Republican Remedies
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond
Published: February 2021

Since its founding of the republic, Americans have devised a variety of different ways to reconcile unity with depth, separation with checks, and presidentialism with republicanism. This chapter surveys the succession of informal institutional and organizational improvisations that periodically altered practical working relationships within the American constitutional system. These extra-constitutional contrivances created several distinctive “systems” of administration, each of which preserved the republican idea of inter-branch collaboration. Nineteenth-century remedies were party-based; twentieth-century remedies were administration-based. The move from one system to the next marked a profound change in the operation of government at large, but at every turn, a more powerful presidency was corralled into novel arrangements that reaffirmed collective responsibility. The origins of our beleaguered republic lay in the 1970s, when that spirit of accommodation began to break down. Presidents grew more independent in their political and institutional powers, and they asserted their right to unitary control over the executive branch more vigorously. In the congressional pushback, collaboration gave way to a constitutional face-off.
Depth in Knowledge
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers depth in knowledge, focusing on rules-based protections for knowledge-based authority in the executive branch. Rules provide firmer footing for depth than norms do, but even rules strain under presidents bent on political control. With the so-called war on science ramping up again in the Trump administration, questions about whether and to what extent rules protect government research and expertise from the unitary executive have been pushed front and center. Here we consider four cases in which knowledge-based authority was besieged, focusing on the National Weather Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the executive branch’s response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Depth in Appointment
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines depth in appointment, focusing on the tension between qualifications for administrative office and expectations for presidential control. What Trump’s administration has brought to the fore are the suspicions harbored by a unitary executive toward qualifications per se and in the broadest sense of the term. Ability, sound judgment, commitment to assigned duties are all presumptive conditions on presidential control, implicit limits on political subordination, anticipated brakes on personal will. Conversely, the demand for executive branch unity elevates loyalty above all other qualifications. Here, we offer snapshots of the drive to dissolve administrative qualifications into loyalty to the president at several sites, considering: a hybrid arrangement at the National Security Council; the use of acting appointments at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Homeland Security, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; the assault on merit-based appointments for administrative law judges; and protections against at-will removal at independence agencies like the Federal Reserve.
This Wicked Gamble
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

On the eve of the amphibious assault at Gallipoli, practically all the senior military officers involved feared disaster. Disaster promptly ensued, with a large loss of life including among Australian units. The resignation of Admiral Fisher compounded the disaster and led to the fall of the Asquith Ministry and formation of Coalition government. Days after the landings, the British government was stunned to learn that Russia had no wheat available for export. Fortuitously, the price of wheat fell thanks to an unexpected bumper North American crop. After another failed attack at the Dardanelles in August 1915, British government finally cuts its losses and quit the Gallipoli peninsula.
Conclusion
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A.
Published: February 2021

The conclusion reviews the previous chapters as a case study in high-level policymaking under pressure. Globalization, the internationalization of the grain trade, and the outbreak of war confronted the British government with conjoined political–economic and military–diplomatic problems, which it had no good options to solve. The complexity of the challenges confronting the government render simplified narratives of its decision-making inaccurate and of doubtful utility as a model. This argument has important methodological implications for students of grand strategy and military history: the former requires as much attention to military as to civilian perspectives and the latter demands better economic literacy. Both require rigorous archival research in civilian and military, public and private records, as well as a willingness to engage the past with a high level of precision.
Hannah Arendt and Federalism
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the relation between Arendt’s conception of Judaism, its relation to the history of the Jewish people, and her theory of republicanism. The chapter argues that Arendt follows Martin Buber’s lead, who was the first 20th-century thinker to explicitly identify the anarchic core of Jewish political theology. Buber conceives God’s Kingship as the inner meaning of the Jewish faith and articulates this Kingship in the post-Weberian terms of the idea of charismatic leadership. In contrast with Heidegger’s political theology in the 1930s, which attempts to determine peoplehood as a function of opening a space for the manifestation of the gods of the Earth, the chapter shows that Arendt recovers Roman civil religion in order to unify republican federalism with an anarchic conception of political freedom.
Policing with Noise
Authors: Krzych Scott
Published: February 2021

This chapter employs the discourse theory of Jacques Lacan and the political theory of Jacques Rancière to interrogate the conservative simulacrum of political debate. Michael Moore’s early documentaries produced waves of criticism from across the political spectrum, as critics expressed concern, and sometimes shock, in response to Moore’s flamboyant flouting of documentary conventions. Moore’s ironic performances lure his interlocutors into a defense of untenable political ideas and positions; the corresponding nonsense of the latter’s political speech demonstrates the bias or noise (in Rancière’s sense of the term) constitutive of the very status quo that Moore seeks to upend. Conservative films made to counter, critique, or contradict Moore’s earlier works hysterically mimic Moore’s form as the very means to dismiss his political arguments. Through the strictly formal debates in which they engage, conservative documentaries produce aesthetic noise as a spectacular means to drown out Moore’s own political agenda and divest the so-called debate of its explicit political content.
Paradigmatic Politics
Authors: Krzych Scott
Published: February 2021

This final chapter examines films distributed by the conservative production company Citizens United, placing special emphasis on the films’ excessive use of stock footage as a substitute for archival images. The stock footage, I claim, functions as an aesthetic correlative for neoliberalism in the era of communicative capitalism and likewise provides the primary aesthetic means by which the hysterical films mimic the conventions of compilation documentaries. The generic, paradigmatic images are paired with the talking points offered by political speakers, thereby implying that the former validates the latter, despite the fact that both modes of presentation bear no direct relationship to the referents they invoke. The simulacrum of more conventional documentary forms and strategies provides the hysterical films with the flexible tools by which to dismiss or erase from view any and all political alternatives, avoiding a substantive debate through the very performance of debate.
Conclusion: The Political Prosecutor Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D.
Published: February 2021

We conclude the book by summarizing our key analysis and findings and drawing general conclusions about the expansive role that politics plays in the administration of federal justice. In doing so, we reflect on the broad conclusions about how political factors affect federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. We examine continuity and change in these themes during the Trump Administration and speculate about these trends in the coming years. We also discuss opportunities for further research and potential reform, arguing that the empirical study of prosecution is a topic ripe for further inquiry by those interested in the law and politics of the U.S. federal government, the states, and legal systems around the world.
The Napoleonic Tradition
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: February 2021

Some features of the administrative system in France predate Napoleon and his framing of the French state. But the Napoleonic model of the state remains a crucial means of understanding public administration in France. For example, the emphasis on law as the foundation of administration and of accountability can be seen as Napoleonic. Likewise, although the French state has become more decentralized, the emphasis on uniformity and control from Paris still survives to some extent. That centralization also is related to the relatively weak connections of the French state with social actors, especially when compared to other European countries. As well as serving as the foundation for French administration the Napoleonic model has been dispersed to other countries in Europe such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. The legal foundations of the Napoleonic tradition have made it resistant to many contemporary reforms in the public sector, notably those based on New Public Management.
Accomplished works and facts
Authors: Storch Anne
Published: February 2021

There are different traditions that focus on ‘capturing’ endangered languages such as field linguistics and documentary linguistics. They position themselves somewhat differently to the language or practices they aim to represent, their user community(/ies), and the nature of the enterprise. Focusing on aspects such as research goals, methods, outcomes, and agents, this chapter examines the similarities and differences between these traditions to uncover their ideological underpinnings based on an assessment of (classic) training manuals or guides. Despite critical voices and changes in these traditions, both remain preoccupied with amassing data to feed Northern scientific activities, notions such as objectivity, representativeness, replicability, and, among other things, asymmetries between speakers’ and researchers’ interests are not resolved. Change has not fundamentally transformed the research paradigm on endangered languages, freeing it from its colonial origins, because there is a reluctance among linguists to embrace reflexivity as part of their research process.
Linguistics and language in the global economy of knowledge
Authors: Connell Raewyn
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on a particular character in colonial (and neocolonial) linguistic enquiry: the missionary. Through an analysis of two nineteenth-century descriptions of isiXhosa (van der Kemp 1804 and Boyce 1844), I show how missionaries projected their experiences, desires, and imaginations on to these texts. They did not create linguistic descriptions, but rather poetic voices and texts that were both disciplined (creating linguistic order) and excessive (creating disorder). The two texts show traces of what is conventionally repressed and erased in linguistic description. Van der Kemp’s word list inscribes complex practices of frontier speech (rather than representing isiXhosa), and Boyce’s grammar is strangely affective and emotional, creating linguistic forms that are phantasmatic. Both texts are deficient, if we read them as representations of a language called isiXhosa; yet they are exuberant, when we read them as poetry and art, revealing desires, fantasies, and the limits of colonial control.
Researching endangered languages
Authors: Migge Bettina
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores language ideologies in the colonial context of Arabic in Egypt. After achieving independence in the second half of the twentieth century, Egypt, like all Arab countries, followed a policy of Arabization. In order to understand the implications of such policies for colonial linguistics, it is essential to explore the ideology of Egypt as one community, an ideology that was propagated negatively first by the colonizers and then by Egyptians. The nation-state as an imagined community, built on ideologies and perceptions that are emergent in discourse and dependent on it, is in the focus of the chapter, which describes the role of Standard Arabic vis-à-vis Egyptian local varieties in constructing ideas about Egyptians as an imagined community.
The missionary in the theatre of linguistics
Authors: Deumert Ana
Published: February 2021

Colonial discourses and practices have affected the discipline of linguistics and knowledge production for a long time. This chapter focuses on Jamaican, by looking at how the study of Jamaican is embedded in colonial linguistics. The chapter examines the historical development of Creole Studies in this regard. Furthermore, it investigates Jamaicans’ creative ways with writing and spelling by analysing different practices in various media forms. The examples show how these practices can be read as postcolonial answers to the complex problematic of the standardization and destandardization of Jamaican. Writing practices are discussed against the background of speakers’/writers’ metalinguistic knowledges. The chapter further reflects on whether creative writing and spelling practices can be regarded as a form of decolonization.
Decolonizing decolonization? Desiring pure language in Mali
Authors: Monz Katharina
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides a postscript to the volume as a whole. Beginning with an account of the universalization of modern Western temporalities and notions of time, the chapter goes on to describe the “rhetoric of modernity,” a key term in this analysis. The central section of the chapter describes the origins of the disciplines of archaeology and linguistics in the modern university system, and gives an account of the coloniality of knowledge, the process whereby modern Western conceptions of knowledge came to supplant knowledge formations in other parts of the world. The key question that is asked in the chapter is: “what is it that archaeologists and linguists should envision?” And the following answer is proposed: “what is needed is to question the assumptions upon which disciplinary formations have been built…Conversation is the only way forward, to rule the expert out, and build a communal praxis of living.”
Ascending capitalism
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

In the medieval feudal societies, finance had traditionally depended on the ownership of land as the foremost source of wealth and income. Over time, however, the excessive demand for resources by rivalrous European rulers, together with the continuous expansion of trade routes and international commercial relationships, offered opportunities for financial innovation, while the growing volume of transactions also led to increased specialisation. Finance, thus, gradually evolved from auxiliary services into a sophisticated business. This chapter tracks some major developments of the era, ranging from novel instruments to the management of sovereign debt, commercial credit and the origins of modern corporations, and addresses the early theoretical contentions that were induced by the expansion of financial innovation.
Marginalism and the Austrian School
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

The three chapters of Part II focus on Schumpeter's monetary theory of development. To begin with, the current chapter addresses his intellectual upbringing in the midst of the marginalist revolution and how he drew the lines to his intellectual kinship of the Austrian School. Studying in Vienna with two of the main proponents of the marginalist revolution, his own method and concepts were thoroughly rooted in its fundamental premises. First, the attention turns to its founders (Jevons, Walras and Menger), then to the influence of Schumpeter's teachers Böhm-Bawerk and Wieser. This is followed by a discussion of the monetary theory of Knut Wicksell, who systematically applied the marginalist principles to monetary matters. Finally, we ask how Schumpeter related to the monetary theories of Ludwig Mises and Friedrich Hayek.
Finance and economic evolution
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

The final chapter of Part II highlights Schumpeter's seminal theory of economic development as a deliberate monetary conception and its genuine account of the nexus between finance and the real economy. Innovation and creative destruction critically depend on the creation and reallocation of purchasing power through finance. The chapter offers a brief reconstruction, which assimilates Schumpeter's further elaborations on selected themes in his later publications along several basic premises, such as open opportunity sets, entrepreneurship and innovation, temporary monopoly profits, or discontinuous change. Furthermore, venture investors must trust the entrepreneurs' vision and provide them with the purchasing power needed to control the means of production in advance. Successful innovations induce imitation and their progressive diffusion annihilates the temporary monopoly surplus, thereby decreasing prices, raising demand and fostering the overall growth of real income. Moreover, innovations do not occur independently, but are clustered, generating overlapping waves of business fluctuations.
The vision sustained
Authors: Peneder Michael , Resch Andreas
Published: February 2021

This chapter demonstrates how Schumpeter’s monetary theory of economic development has endured and stood the test of time. It first addresses the later monetary theory of John Hicks and early representatives of the dissenting view that money matters to growth. Among these, his students James Tobin and Hyman Minsky carried important elements of his vision into the emerging New Keynesian and Post-Keynesian traditions. From the 1970s onwards, the growing literature on financial frictions substantiated his emphasis on imperfect markets by exact theoretical explanations. These allowed for the further integration of finance into Schumpeterian growth models, which have become a forceful strand of the macroeconomic mainstream since the beginning of the 1990s. Similarly, they provide the theoretical underpinning for scripting the nexus of finance and growth in the more recent waves of agent-based models. Finally, the chapter discusses the empirical research on the nexus between finance and growth.
The EU’s engagement with civil society on human rights
Authors: Kenner Jeff , Peake Katrina , Wallace Stuart
Published: February 2021

The European Union’s (EU’s) engagement with civil society is multifaceted, involving a variety of initiatives, dialogues, and cooperation. The EU has recognised the importance of engaging with these actors as an avenue to foster the improvement and promotion of human rights globally. It seeks to undertake effective engagement through public consultations, meeting transparency requirements, ensuring policy coherence, and funding to support their activities. This is closely connected to EU treaty provisions and the EU’s democratic legitimacy. This chapter identifies ways and means for the EU to provide more effective structures for dialogue with civil society, target funding to increase the capacity of civil society organisations to promote human rights and explore more proactive methods of engagement. It makes recommendations to streamline and strengthen the EU’s engagement with civil society to improve its efficiency and effectiveness.
Issues Based on Species Life History and Behavior
Authors: Veech Joseph A.
Published: February 2021

Species vary tremendously in their life histories and behavior. The particular life history traits and behavior of the focal species must be considered when designing a study to examine habitat associations. For some species, individuals use different areas (of the landscape or territory) for breeding and foraging. As such, the important characteristics for the foraging and breeding habitats may be different. The dramatically different life stages of some organisms (e.g., amphibians and some insects) often correspond to equally dramatic differences in habitat use between juveniles and adults. For some species, habitat use differs among seasons. Species that are highly mobile and have individuals that move around substantially on a daily or weekly basis are particularly challenging for a habitat analysis. For these species, the most efficient and appropriate study design may be one that tracks individuals (through radio-telemetry or GPS) and analyzes the environmental or habitat characteristics at locations where the individual has stopped, rather than trying to survey for the species in pre-established and insufficiently small survey plots. In addition, individual movement and the issues mentioned above may necessitate that environmental variables are measured and analyzed at multiple spatial scales.
The Role of Trust in Rebuilding Countries in Fragile and Conflict Situations
Authors: Sembene Daouda
Published: February 2021

There is a broad recognition of the potential of trust to enhance cooperation, economic efficiency, and institutional performance. Trust matters by making coordinated interaction possible between social and economic agents. However, reaping these benefits in countries in fragile and conflict situations may prove challenging, as social relations are typically undermined by distrust, with adverse impact on economic, social, and institutional development. To rebuild FCS countries, trust must be nurtured with a view to shaping positive development outcomes. This chapter explores the role played by trust in the rebuilding process by analyzing the implications of trust for the effectiveness of domestic political and economic institutions and multilateral organizations. The chapter explores the interaction between trust with issues related to political legitimacy, weak governance, taxation, and financial sector development. Finally, it discusses how trust matters for effective engagement of international institutions in FCS countries, drawing on the experience of the IMF in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Fiscal Capacity and State Fragility
Authors: Besley Timothy , Mueller Hannes
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses issues that arise in building an effective fiscal state and relates this to debates about causes and consequences of state fragility. It argues that the lack of capacity to raise revenue is symptomatic of a wider range of issues that lie at the heart of state fragility, including a weak private sector, a lack of legitimacy and poorly functioning administrative structures. Building the capacity to mobilize revenues requires building a social contract based on a culture of voluntary compliance in addition to strengthening more tangible aspects of the state. This has far-reaching consequences policies that aim to strengthen fiscal capacity in the context of fragility.
Assessing the Role of the IMF in Fragile States
Authors: Collyns Charles , Kuruc Kevin , Takagi Shinji
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents an assessment of the IMF’s role in countries in fragile and conflict-affected situations, drawing primarily on the findings of a recent evaluation report by the Independent Evaluation Office. The IMF is widely acknowledged to have made significant contributions to helping build core economic policy institutions, achieve macroeconomic stability, and promote macro-critical reforms in these countries. Quantitative analyses based on a “dynamic” list of fragile states suggest that the IMF’s program engagement has been positively associated with increased tax revenue, higher GDP growth, and greater official aid inflows. Even so, the IMF’s business model, focused on short-term macroeconomic stabilization, has a tendency to treat fragile states like any other country and does not always fit well with their long-term sustained development needs. The chapter argues that the IMF’s support for fragile states has yet to achieve its full potential and identifies areas where effectiveness can be strengthened.
Tailoring IMF-Supported Programs to Fragile and Conflict-Affected States’ Needs
Authors: Hitaj Ermal , Lane Chris , Mehta Paulomi , Turk Rima
Published: February 2021

We consider the impact of Fund-supported programs in fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS) on aid flows and what factors determine program success. Using several indicators of fragility in a multivariate setting, we find that the catalytic role of IMF engagement on aid is significant in general and particularly so in fragile states. There is clear evidence that risks are more elevated in FCS due to conflict and political instability. Probit analysis for metrics of program success indicates that programs in FCS have a significantly higher probability of non-completion than non-FCS. We find a strong negative effect of high public debt on program completion. Usage of prior actions is associated with weaker program performance, suggesting that their use occurs in situations that are perceived as more risky. We recommend a greater focus on the drivers of conflict and instability in FCS and consideration of program measures that contribute to better economic outcomes.