bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortical Motor Mapping in Epilepsy Patients: Information from Subdural Electrodes in Presurgical Evaluation
Authors: Ikeda Akio , Miyamoto Susumu , Shibasaki Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Summary: It is essential to delineate an epileptogenic zone and to define the eloquent cortices at or close to the epileptogenic zone in patients with neocortical epilepsy for epilepsy surgery. Prolonged implantation of the subdural electrode in presurgical evaluation is currently one of the best clinical methods to provide the essential information before epilepsy surgery. Electric cortical stimulation and recording of sensory evoked potentials by means of subdural electrodes are widely used for functional cortical mapping. Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is clinically useful to delineate the primary and nonprimary motor cortices such as supplementary motor area proper (SMA proper) and pre‐SMA, because BP occurs for any type of voluntary movements of the body, and because it is not associated with the risk of seizure induction in contrast with high‐frequency cortical electric stimulation. Single‐pulse electric cortical stimulation to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) also could complement currently used high‐frequency cortical electric stimulation, especially for mapping of the primary motor and premotor cortices with lower risk of seizure induction.
Genetics in Epilepsy: Transcultural Perspectives
Authors: Tripathi M. , Jain S.
Published: March 2003

Summary: In the last two decades there have been many significant advances with regard to the genetics of human epilepsies. Knowledge of the mutations responsible for inherited human epilepsies not only will help in a better diagnosis and understanding of the mechanisms involved in epileptogenesis and their inheritance, but also will result in the development of better and safer antiepileptic drugs, discovery of novel therapeutic modalities, improved genetic counseling, and perhaps even prevention of epilepsies. The overall impact of these genetic discoveries across different populations and cultures will perhaps be beneficial to improving the lives of the millions affected by these diverse but common brain disorders.
Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Epilepsy: Some Transcultural Issues
Authors: Trimble Michael R. , Krishnamoorthy E. S.
Published: March 2003

Summary:  Purpose: To review transcultural perspectives in the neuropsychiatry of epilepsy.

Methods: Systematic literature searches of standard databases, cross‐referencing, chapters, and opionion leader articles.

Results: Articles from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Japan were identified and are reviewed herein. The spectrum of psychopathology in epilepsy is rather similar across cultures. However, psychopathology specific to epilepsy, the interictal behavioural syndrome of Geschwind, for example, has not been well studied outside the Western world.

Discussion: There is a need for well‐designed epidemiological studies of neuropsychiatric disorders in epilepsy. These should use harmonised protocols and outcome measures. Special attention should be paid to the impact of aetiology on psychiatric co‐morbidity and disablement.
Epileptogenesis in the Dysplastic Brain: A Revival of Familiar Themes
Authors: Baraban Scott C.
Published: March 2003

Brain malformations are now widely recognized in many forms of epilepsy. To investigate how malformed brain regions participate in the generation of seizure activity researchers have focused on animal models. Here we describe recent advances in this field.
Reelin’ in Genes for Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Crino Peter B.
Published: March 2003

Malformations of cortical development are a broad family of disorders that are characterized by abnormal cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex and a high association with epilepsy. In recent years positional cloning strategies have been implemented to identify several distinct gene mutations that are responsible for developmental brain malformations. The defined functional roles of proteins encoded by these genes have provided pivotal insights into the cellular mechanisms of brain development. Identification of these genes provides important clinical information used in genetic counseling for patients and their families.
Pathophysiologische und therapeutische Aspekte des linksventrikulären „Remodelings” in der Postinfarktphase
Authors: Auer J. , Berent R. , Eber B.
Published: March 2003

Zusammenfassung: Spezifische Umbauvorgänge im Bereich der Randzone des Infarkts und im Bereich des nicht infarzierten Myokards werden als „Remodeling” bezeichnet. Der Prozeß des ventrikulären Remodelings dauert über Wochen und Monate nach der initialen Myokardschädigung bis ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Wandspannung und Festigkeit der Narbe aus kollagenem Bindegewebe erreicht ist. Der Prozeß des Remodelings nach Myokardinfarkt wird in zwei Phasen eingeteilt, einer frühen Phase innerhalb der ersten 72 Stunden und einer späten Phase jenseits der ersten drei Tage. Eine wesentliche Rolle spielen Hypertrophie und Kollagenabbau. Geschädigte Myozyten sezernieren Zytokine, die einen Trigger für nachfolgende biochemische Abläufe im Rahmen des Remodelings darstellen. Neben Revaskularisationsmaßnahmen zur Wiederherstellung eines offenen Infarktgefäßes spielt der Einsatz pharmakotherapeutischer Strategien, wie ACE‐Hemmer und β‐Adrenorezeptorenblocker zur Beeinflussung des „Remodelings” in der Therapie nach abgelaufenem Myokardinfarkt eine wesentliche Rolle.
Advances in Anti‐Inflammatory Therapy
Authors: Aletaha D. , Smolen J. S.
Published: March 2003

Summary:Our goal was to evaluate the state of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), before the introduction of the coxibs.  The prerequisite for inclusion was the presence of RA (ACR criteria) plus therapy with an NSAID with or without a disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). A total of 368 consecutive RA patients (81 % women) from the outpatient clinic at the Vienna General Hospital were included. Rheumatoid factor was positive in 62 %, the patients' mean age was 60 ± 14 years. The period of observation was 1972 – 1998.  Seventy‐seven per cent of the patients had DMARD and NSAID therapy. NSAID therapy was dominated by diclofenac, accounting for 60 % of all therapies. Eighteen other substances were applied more rarely. All NSAIDs together were given for 768 patient years (with a mean duration of therapy of 17 years ± 21 months).  Seventy‐two per cent of the patients received GI‐protective therapy mainly with histamine antagonists and sucralfate while on nonsteroidal therapy. NSAID toxicity mostly affected the GI tract. There was a similar incidence of GI‐related adverse events between patients with and patients without GI protection, mainly dyspepsia and nausea.  NSAIDs have the potential to cause adverse events in the GI tract. Therapy with histamine antagonists or sucralfate did not reduce the patients' rate of gastrointestinal adverse events.
Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with New Disease Modifying Drugs
Authors: Aringer M. , Graninger W. B.
Published: March 2003

Summary: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious illness that can only be controlled by the appropriate use of disease modifying anti‐rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In spite of the successful use of such substances, and of methotrexate in particular, a large number of patients still experience disease progression. Leflunomide and the two anti‐TNF agents, infliximab and etanercept, were therefore warmly greeted as very welcome additions to the rheumatologist's armamentarium. These successful newcomers, their strengths and problems are the focus of the present review.
Indikation und Resultate der Endoskopie auf Intensivstationen
Authors: Aschl G. , Kirchgatterer A. , Allinger St. , Hinterreiter M. , Stadler B. , Knoflach P.
Published: March 2003

Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Studie analysierte retrospektiv alle endoskopischen Untersuchungen im Verlauf von 10 Jahren an den drei Intensivstationen eines Schwerpunktkrankenhauses mit über 1000 Betten. Es wurden alle Endoskopien hinsichtlich Indikation und Resultat ausgewertet.  In den Jahren 1989 – 1998 wurden 326 Endoskopien durchgeführt, der überwiegende Teil davon betraf den obereren Gastrointestinaltrakt (88 %). In über 87 % war eine suspekte gastrointestinale Blutung die Indikation. Die häufigsten Resultate waren Ulzera im Magen bzw. Duodenum und Ösophagusvarizen gefolgt von Mallory‐Weiss‐Läsionen, Ösophagitis und erosiver Gastritits. Bei den Blutungen zeigte sich eine ähnliche Verteilung wie bei nicht intensivmedizinischen Patienten, intensivspezifische Blutungsursachen wie sondenbedingte Ösophagitis waren mit 3 % aller Blutungen relativ selten.  Die Gesamtzahl der Endoskopien an den Intensivstationen war während des Beobachtungszeitraumes angestiegen, allerdings nahm auch die Gesamtzahl der Intensivpatienten zu, wobei der Anstieg nicht immer parallel verlief.
Interleukin‐2 Activation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Hájek R. , Kořístek Z. , Vinklárková J. , Janovská E. , Klabusay M. , Doubek M. , Dvořáková D. , Bourková L. , Dušek L. , Büchler T. , Adler J. , Adam Z. , Penka M. , Mayer J. , Vorlíček J.
Published: March 2003

Summary: Background: Recent findings concerning the role of immunity in the eradication of residual malignant disease after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation have led to extensive studies of T‐cell and natural killer (NK) mediated anti‐tumour effects. Interleukin 2 (IL‐2) activation of autologous bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) before transplantation is one of the methods of adoptive cell therapy. Methods: Autologous BM of patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (n = 11) and PBSC of patients with multiple myeloma (n = 14) were activated by IL‐2 in laboratory conditions with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of this method, the activation of T and NK cells, recovery of active progenitor cells, microbial contamination, and reduction of malignant cell content. Results: Samples of BM (mean 2.6 × 106 cells) and PBSC (mean 10.3 × 106 cells) were cultured in complete culture medium with IL‐2 (6000 UI/ml) for 24 h. The recovery of CD34+ cells and CFU‐GM was 82.5 % and 51.5 %, respectively, for BM, and 85 % and 86 %, respectively, for PBSC (mean values). No purging effect was detected by flow cytometry and a small decline in malignant cell contamination was observed by quantitative PCR in BM samples. No microbial contamination occurred during the sample processing. Conclusions: The described in vitro activation of BM and peripheral blood stem cells using IL‐2 was evaluated as a safe and reliable method suitable for clinical application.
Adverse ffects of covert iridovirus infection on life history and demographic parameters ofAedes aegypti
Authors: Marina Carlos F. , Ibarra Jorge E. , Arredondo‐Jiménez Juan I. , Fernández‐Salas Ildefonso , Liedo Pablo , Williams Trevor
Published: March 2003

AbstractSublethal viral infections can cause changes in the body size and demography of insect vectors, with important consequences for population dynamics and the probability that individual mosquitoes will transmit disease. This study examined the effects of covert (sublethal) infection byInvertebrate iridescent virus 6(IIV‐6) on the demography of femaleAedes aegyptiand the relationship between key life history parameters in covertly infected female insects compared with healthy (control) insects or non‐infected mosquitoes that had survived exposure to virus inoculum without becoming infected. Of the female mosquitoes that emerged following exposure to virus inoculum and were offered blood meals, 29% (43/150) proved positive for covert IIV‐6 infection. The net reproductive rate (R0) of covertly infected females was 50% lower for infected females compared to control mosquitoes, whereas non‐infected exposed females had an R0approximately 15% lower than that of controls. Reproduction caused a significant decrease of about 13 days in mosquito longevity compared to females that did not reproduce (P < 0.001). Infected females lived 5–8 days less than non‐infected exposed females or controls, respectively (P = 0.028). Infected females and non‐infected exposed females both had significantly shorter wings than control insects (P < 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between wing length and longevity in covertly infected female mosquitoes but not in control or non‐infected exposed mosquitoes. Longer lived females produced more eggs in all treatments. There were no significant correlations between body size and fecundity or the production of offspring. There was also no correlation between fecundity and fertility, suggesting that sperm inactivation was a more likely cause of decreased fertility in older mosquitoes than sperm depletion. We conclude that covert infection by iridescent virus is likely to reduce the vectorial capacity of this mosquito.
Wie entsteht ein Ekzem?
Authors: Trautmann Axel , Disch Rainer , Bröcker Eva‐B. , Akdis Cezmi A. , Gillitzer Reinhard
Published: March 2003

Neue Erkenntnisse über T‐Lymphozyten, Keratinozyten und deren Interaktion führen zu einem besseren funktionellen Verständnis der ekzematösen Entzündung und können sowohl das klinische wie auch das histologische Bild des Ekzems plausibel erklären. Neben aktivierten Endothelzellen und Adhäsionsmolekülen steuert ein komplexes Zusammenspiel verschiedener Chemokine die Rekrutierung der T‐Lymphozyten aus den Blutgefäßen und die Migration in die Dermis und Epidermis. Die T‐Lymphozyten schädigen die Epidermis durch proinflammatorische Zytokine und können über „Killermoleküle” den apoptotischen Zelltod einzelner Keratinozyten verursachen. Es kommt zur Degradierung von Adhäsionsmolekülen auf Keratinozyten und damit zur Auflösung des epidermalen Zellverbandes (Spongiose). Die Keratinozyten aktivieren daraufhin Reparaturmechanismen, die beim chronischen Ekzem Akanthose und Parakeratose zur Folge haben.
Global Transcription Analysis of Krebs Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Mutants Reveals an Alternating Pattern of Gene Expression and Effects on Hypoxic and Oxidative Genes
Authors: McCammon Mark T. , Epstein Charles B. , Przybyla-Zawislak Beata , McAlister-Henn Lee , Butow Ronald A.
Published: March 2003

To understand the many roles of the Krebs tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in cell function, we used DNA microarrays to examine gene expression in response to TCA cycle dysfunction. mRNA was analyzed from yeast strains harboring defects in each of 15 genes that encode subunits of the eight TCA cycle enzymes. The expression of >400 genes changed at least threefold in response to TCA cycle dysfunction. Many genes displayed a common response to TCA cycle dysfunction indicative of a shift away from oxidative metabolism. Another set of genes displayed a pairwise, alternating pattern of expression in response to contiguous TCA cycle enzyme defects: expression was elevated in aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase mutants, diminished in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA ligase mutants, elevated again in succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase mutants, and diminished again in malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase mutants. This pattern correlated with previously defined TCA cycle growth–enhancing mutations and suggested a novel metabolic signaling pathway monitoring TCA cycle function. Expression of hypoxic/anaerobic genes was elevated in α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase mutants, whereas expression of oxidative genes was diminished, consistent with a heme signaling defect caused by inadequate levels of the heme precursor, succinyl-CoA. These studies have revealed extensive responses to changes in TCA cycle function and have uncovered new and unexpected metabolic networks that are wired into the TCA cycle.
Transfer prices and the structure of intra‐firm trade
Authors: Madan Vibhas
Published: March 2003

In this paper the structure of intra‐firm trade within the context of transfer price manipulation by a multinational firm is endogenized. ‘High’ and ‘low’ values of host‐country tax rates give rise to intra‐firm trade in final goods and intermediate inputs, and ‘intermediate’ values of the tax rate are associated with intra‐firm trade in either the intermediate inputs or the final goods only. Higher tariffs and stricter local content restrictions bias intra‐firm trade towards intermediate‐good trade and final‐good trade, respectively. In the presence of endogenous transfer prices host‐country sales may increase if the multinational faces stricter trade restrictions and higher host‐country tax rates. JEL Classification: F23, F12

Prix de cession interne et structure du commerce itnra‐firme. Ce mémoire endogénéise la structure du commerce intra‐firme dans le contexte d'un modèle qui permet la manipulation du prix de cession interne par une firme plurinationale. Des taux de taxation hauts et bas par le pays hôte entraînent un commerce international intra‐firme tant dans les biens finaux que dans les intrants intermédiaires; des taux moyens de taxation sont associés à un commere intra‐firme soit dans les intrants intermédiaires, soit dans les biens finaux mais pas dans les deux. Des droits de douane élevés et des restrictions sur le contenu intérieur plus importantes créent des distorsions en faveur du commerce intra‐firme dans les biens intermédiaires et dans les biens finaux respectivement. Quand il existe des prix de cession interne endogènes, les ventes de la firme nationale peuvent s'accroître si la firme plurinationale fait face à des restrictions au commerce plus importantes et à des taux de taxation plus élevés de la part du pays hôte.
The efficiencies defence in merger cases: implications of alternative standards
Authors: Bian Lin , McFetridge D. G.
Published: March 2003

We compare alternative interpretations of the efficiencies defence, provided under Canadian competition law, for mergers found likely to lessen competition substantially. We find the respective percentage reductions in long‐run marginal cost required for a profitable merger to satisfy the total surplus, price, and two weighted surplus standards, given pre‐merger market structure. We find that when efficiency spillovers are low and markets are concentrated, the cost reduction required to satisfy the price standard is over four times higher than is required for a profitable, total‐surplus‐increasing merger and the cost reductions required to satisfy the weighted surplus standards are nearly twice as high.

Les auteurs comparent diverses interprétations des stratégies de défense en terme d'eﬃcacité pour les fusions dont on pense qu'elles vont réduire substantiellement le concurrence dans le cadre de la loi sur la concurrence au Canada. Ils identifient que les réductions en pourcentage dans le coût marginal de longue période qui sont requises pour qu'une fusion profitable satisfasse aux normes du surplus total, du prix, et des deux surplus pondérés, compte tenu de la structure de marché avant la fusion. Il semble que quand les eﬀets de débordement d'efficacité sont faibles et que les marchés sont concentrés, les réductions de coûts requises pour satisfaire la norme de prix soient quatre fois plus élevées que ce qui est requis dans le cas d'une fusion profitable qui accroît le niveau de mieux‐ être, et presque deux fois deux fois plus élevées pour satisfaire la norme des surplus pondérés.
Farm settlement with imperfect capital markets: a life‐cycle application to Upper Canada, 1826–1851
Authors: Lewis Frank D.
Published: March 2003

Farm settlement, where borrowing is constrained, is addressed with a life‐cycle model. Because a pioneer farm must be cleared before becoming productive, the settler first accumulates in order to purchase supplies and maintain consumption during the initial years. Implications of the model are explored using data from Upper Canada, 1826–1851: age at settlement is delayed. Settlers eventually receive higher incomes than those who do not settle; rising life expectancy contributes to settlement; an immediate income is a prerequisite to settlement. Such findings conform to the experience of Upper Canada and other pioneer areas and may also illuminate aspects of migration. JEL classification: N31, J61

Colonisation agricole quand les marchés du capital sont imparfaits:une application du modèle du cycle de vie au Haut‐Canada, 1826–51. L'auteur examine le processus de colonisation agricole quand il y a contraintes sur les emprunts à l'aide d'un modèle de cycle de vie. Parce qu'un pionnier doit d'abord défricher avant que la ferme ne soit productive, le colon doit avoir préalablement accumulé un certain pécule afin de pouvoir acheter le matériel nécessaire et maintenir sa consommation durant les premières années de colonisation. On analyse les implications de ce modèle en utilisant les données pour le Haut Canada de 1826 à1851. Entre autres résultats, on note que l'âge où l'on s'installe est reporté; que ceux qui colonisent éventuellement reçoivent des revenus beaucoup plus élevés que ceux qui ne le font pas; que la croissance de l'espérance de vie tend à encourager la colonisation; et qu'une source immédiate de revenus est un prérequis à la colonisation. Ces résultats et certains autres sont conformes à ce que l'on observe dans le Haut Canada et dans les autres zones de colonisation, et il peuvent jeter un peu de lumière sur certains aspects du processus de migration.
Private information for foreign investment in emerging economies
Authors: Kinoshita Yuko , Mody Ashoka
Published: March 2003

In previous studies it has been found that new foreign investment is significantly related to the stock of existing investment in the country/region. This paper's contribution is the finding that a Japanese firm's new investment in an emerging economy is positively correlated with its own previous investment in that economy and also with the current/planned investments by competitors. These two channels are primarily substitutes; that is, investment by competitors becomes less salient when the firm has experience in the market. The correlated behaviour is not explained by industrial agglomerations but appears to reflect the value of private information to investment in emerging economies.

Information privée et investissement étranger dans les économies en émergence. Des travaux antérieurs ont montré que les nouveaux investissements à l'étranger sont co‐reliés de manière significative à la taille du stock d'investissement étranger dans le pays ou la région. La contribution de ce mémoire porte sur le fait qu'un nouvel investissement d'une entreprise japonaise dans une économie en émergence est co‐relié positivement avec son propre niveau antérieur d'investissement dans cette économie mais aussi avec le niveau des investissements présents et anticipés de ses concurrents. Ces deux canaux d'information sont des substituts: le niveau d'investissement par les concurrents devient moins important à proportion que l'entreprise a acquis de l'expérience dans ce marché. Ce comportement co‐relié n'est pas expliqué par les effets d'agglomération industrielle mais semble refléter la valeur de l'information privée quand on investit dans des économies en émergence.
Know‐how sharing with stochastic innovations
Authors: Eaton B. Curtis , Eswaran Mukesh
Published: March 2003

We provide a model of know‐how sharing between competing firms in which each of two firms gets a stochastic innovation in its stock of know‐how in every period. Separately considering the cases when innovations are indivisible and divisible, we examine the nature of the subgame perfect sharing agreements that can obtain. We discover that both stochasticity and indivisibility undermine the ability to support sharing. Furthermore, we find that there are equilibria in which know‐how sharing can be intermittent and that small innovations are more likely to be shared than large ones, when innovations are divisible but not necessarily when they are indivisible. JEL Classification: O30, O33

Partage du savoir faire quand les innovations sont stochastiques. Les auteurs proposent un modèle de partage du savoir‐faire entre entreprises concurrentes dans lequel chacune des deux entreprises obtient une innovation stochastique dans son stock of savoir‐faire à chaque période. En considérant séparément les cas où les innovations sont divisibles et non‐divisibles, on examine la nature des accords de partage parfait qui peuvent se produire dans le sous‐jeu. On montre que la stochasticité et l'indivisibilité minent la possibilité de maintenir le partage. De plus, on découvre que des solutions d'équilibre avec partage de savoir‐faire peuvent jouer par intermittence, et qu'on est davantage susceptible de partager les fruits des petites innovations plus que des grandes quand les innovations sont divisibles, mais pas nécessairement quand elles sont indivisibles.
Anti‐dumping measures as a tool of protectionism: A mechanism design approach
Authors: Cheng Leonard K. , Qiu Larry D. , Wong Kit Pong
Published: March 2003

In this paper we explore the design of optimal incentive‐compatible anti‐dumping (AD) measures. When the weight given to the domestic firm's profit in the government's objective function is relatively small, it is shown that no AD duty should be imposed if the foreign firm reports its own costs, but a constant AD duty should be imposed if the domestic firm reports the foreign firm's cost. When this weight is large, in either case of reporting the AD duty is a prohibitive tariff. The optimal AD measures are modified in the presence of a GATT/WTO constraint. JEL Classification: F12, F13

Les mesures anti‐dumping en tant qu'outil de protectionnisme: une approche en termes de construction de mécanismes. Ce mémoire examine la construction de mesures optimaales anti‐dumping (AD). Quandla valence des profits de la firme domestique est faible dans la fonction objective du gouvernement, on peut montrer qu'aucune mesure AD ne devrait être imposée si l'entreprise étrangère révèle ses propres coûts, mais qu'un droit AD constant devrait être imposé si c'est la firme domestique qui révèle les coûts de l'entreprise étrangère. Quand la valence des profits de la firme domestique est grande, quelle que soit la source de l'information, la mesure AD qui s'impose est un droit de douane prohibitif. Les mesures optimales doivent évidemment être modifiées pour prendre en compte la contrainte engendrée par l'existence des règles du GATT/OMC.
The role of credentials in the Canadian labour market
Authors: Ferrer Ana M. , Riddell W. Craig
Published: March 2003

We study the role of credentials or ‘sheepskin effects’ in the Canadian labour market. Sheepskin effects refer to increases in wages associated with the receipt of a degree after controlling for educational inputs such as years of schooling. We find strong evidence of sheepskin effects associated with graduation from high school, community college or trade school, and university. The importance of credentials increases with educational attainment, accounting for 30 per cent of the return to 16 years of schooling but more than half of returns above 16 years. Our evidence indicates that both years of schooling and degree completion influence earnings. JEL Classification: I2, J3

Le rôle des certificats dans le marché du travail au Canada. Les auteurs étudient le rôle des certificats ou des «effets de parchemin» dans le marché du travail au Canada. Les effets de parchemin font référence aux augmentations de salaires associées à l’obtention d’un diplôme ou d’un grade après avoir pris en compte l’expérience éducationnelle comme les années d'éducation. On découvre des résultats probants pour ce qui est des effets de parchemin associés à l’obtention d’un diplôme d'école secondaire, de collège communautaire, d'école technique, et d’université. L’importance de la certification augmente avec le niveau d’instruction : elle compte pour 30 pourcent du rendement pour 16 années de scolarité mais pour plus de la moitié des rendements pour la scolarité au delà de ces premiers 16 ans. Les résultats indiquent que tant les années de scolarité que la certification comme telle ont un impact sur les gains.
Spatial Diffusion of Management Practices in Urban and Rural Areas
Authors: Wojan Timothy R.
Published: March 2003

Data on production and management practices across firms are scarce.Therefore studies of rural and urban industrial development have usually abstracted from this issue or have invoked product cycle theory to explain comparative urban and rural productive ingenuity. Several qualitative studies of rural production have contradicted the product cycle hypotheses, but attempts to generalize these results have not succeeded. An attempt is made here to test the product cycle explanation of industrial location using the registry of firms with ISO 9000 certification in nine southern states. These data suggest a bifurcation of rural counties. Urban and rural counties containing certified firms have been much more likely to increase the number of such firms, but in those counties without certified firms the probability of new certified firms has declined
Time Pioneers and Travel Behavior: An Investigation into the Viability of ‘Slow Motion’
Authors: Nijkamp Peter , Baaijens Sef
Published: March 2003

This paper positions time in the center of spatial economic analysis, with a particular view on travel speed in transport behavior. The issue of ‘slow motion’ is at present very timely and has led to a new concept in transport analysis, viz. ‘time pioneer’. Such a person is prepared to give up part of his scarce time for other, as yet unknown purposes. This attitude might generate ‘slow motion’ behavior. The paper aims to critically review the concept of a time pioneer from a broad perspective on the socio‐economic meaning of time in our globalizing society. The viability of time pioneering behavior is next empirically tested by means of an extensive survey among travelers in the Netherlands. A new modeling experiment, viz. rough set analysis, is carried out in order to deal with empirical survey data in a smallsample context. On the basis of the empirical results, it is concluded that, while ‘slow motion’ is seemingly an appealing socio‐psychological travel mode, the share of time pioneers among actual travelers is rather low.
Labor Market Dynamics During a Period of Structural Change: California inEarly 1990s
Authors: Cox Edwards Alejandra , Grobar Lisa M.
Published: March 2003

This paper contributes to the literature on labor market dynamics in four ways. First, unlike most of the existing literature, it uses the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). This panel survey, with a 32‐month window of observation, allows a more precise measure of employment flows than other data sources. It was found that one out of three workers experiences a job transition during the observation period. Second, it focuses on the state of California during an economic cycle. According to these estimates, the net decline in employment represents just 2.6 percent of all job rotations (separations offset by accessions), and gross job flows were as important during the downturn as they were during the economic expansion. Third, it estimates gross flows by sector, and finds significant variation in gross flows relative to employment across sectors of economic activity. Fourth, it examines the coexistence of cyclical and structural changes of California in the early 1990s. The results suggest a labor market link between structural changes and economic cycles.
Location and the Innovation Performance of Commercial GIS Companies
Authors: Hartung Valerie , MacPherson Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at the role of firm size, location, and in‐house research and development (R&D) in the innovation performance of U.S. firms in the commercial geographic information systems (GIS) industry. Data from a survey of 300 GIS firms are presented. The results suggest that innovation‐intensity varies directly with in‐house R&D spending (scaled as a proportion of company sales), but inversely with company size (total employment). Significant regional variations in the innovation performance of GIS firms are identified. It is argued that the geography of innovation is influenced by the spatial distribution of young and/or small firms, in that R&D‐productivity is found to vary inversely with company size. An important finding is that creative inputs to support innovation are almost evenly divided between internal and external sources. A surprising result is that the academic community is not viewed as a particularly important source of new ideas for innovative firms. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the survey data for future empirical work on the GIS sector.
Growth and Change in U.S. Cities and Suburbs
Authors: Leichenko Robin M.
Published: March 2003

Differential rates of growth and decentralization are processes that characterized U.S. urban areas over the past three decades. This paper examines the determinants of growth in cities and suburbs during the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s. The modeling approach adopted in the study allows for simultaneity between population and employment, and between cities and suburbs, while also taking into account a range of other explanatory factors. Results indicate that population and employment growth in cities tend to be jointly determined, but that growth of employment in the suburbs tends to drive growth of suburban population. Results also suggest that suburban and city growth are interrelated, but that the nature of these interrelationships varies over time: suburban growth promoted city growth during the 1970s and 1980s, while city and suburban growth were jointly determined during the 1990s. Other factors that consistently explain variation in city growth include demographics, population density, crime rates, and income inequality. Factors consistently explaining suburban growth include regional location and climate.
Increasing Returns to Scale in Affluent Knowledge‐Rich Economies
Authors: Ray Gautam , Lakshmanan T. R. , Anderson William P.
Published: March 2003

This paper departs from the existing growth literature in not assuming a priori a specific production technology and offering instead a theory of production technology that captures the effects of changes in the level, composition, and forces of accumulation of capital on the productivity of an economy. The theory of production technology shows that an affluent knowledge‐rich economy violates the Inada second condition because of its high level of knowledge, human, and social capital. Substitution of knowledge capital for physical capital and the self‐reinforcing nature of the process of accumulation of knowledge, human, and social capital are the engines of growth in such economies. Poor economies, on the other hand, may exhibit neoclassical production technology of diminishing returns to capital and get trapped into a low‐level steady state owing to their ever‐growing need for physical capital and also to unfavorable supply conditions for knowledge capital, lower levels of knowledge, human, and social capital in these economies being inadequate to trigger the self‐reinforcing dynamics. The mechanics of endogenous growth are essentially different in rich and poor economies because the production possibility surface is non‐convex in the former, and this difference explains the sustained divergence of their growth rates.
Note: Paid Informal Work in Deprived Urban Neighborhoods: Exploitative Employment or Cooperative Self‐Help?
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Windebank Jan
Published: March 2003

The aim of this paper is to challenge the characterization of paid informal work as a form of employment based on exploitative relations that should be eradicated. Using empirical evidence gathered through structured interviews with 511 households in deprived and affluent neighborhoods in British cities, this paper reveals that paid informal work in deprived areas is mostly conducted for kin, neighbors, and friends for co‐operative reasons and is thus more like unpaid community exchange in the private sphere than exploitative employment. In consequence, the challenge for social and labor market policy is argued to be not to try to eradicate such work but to harness it in these deprived urban neighborhoods.
Cooperative Understanding of Utterances and Gestures in a Dialogue‐Based Problem Solving System
Authors: Endo Tsutomu , Kagawa Tsuneo
Published: March 2003

A dialogue plays an important role in learning how to solve a problem and form a concept. We are developing a problem solving and knowledge acquisition system based on co‐reference between drill texts and dialogue with a teacher, focusing on first‐grade mathematics. This paper presents a method of cooperative understanding of utterances and gestures within dialogue. We first describe our system design principles, which provide the basis for the integration of multimodal information during a dialogue. We define a principle of complementarity, explain its implementation, and describe the architecture of the problem solving system. We then show how to integrate our algorithms for utterance and gesture analysis within that software architecture. A feature‐based approach is used for gesture recognition, derived from a sequence of images arising during the cooperative analysis of utterances. We conclude with an evaluation of the system against the design principles.
Abductive Diagnosis Using Time‐Objects: Criteria for the Evaluation of Solutions
Authors: Keravnou Elpida T. , Washbrook John
Published: March 2003

Diagnostic problem solving aims to account for, or explain, a malfunction of a system (human or other). Any plausible potential diagnostic solution must satisfy some minimum criteria relevant to the application. Often there will be several plausible solutions, and further criteria will be required to select the “best” explanation. Expert diagnosticians may employ different, complex criteria at different stages of their reasoning. These criteria may be combinations of some more primitive criteria, which therefore should be represented separately and explicitly to permit their flexible and transparent combined usage.

In diagnostic reasoning there is a tight coupling between the formation of potential solutions and their evaluation. This is the essence of abductive reasoning. This article presents an abductive framework for diagnostic problem solving. Time‐objects, an association of a property and an existence, are used as the representation formalism and a number of primitive, general evaluation criteria into which time has been integrated are defined. Each criterion provides an intuitive yardstick for evaluating the space of potential solutions. The criteria can be combined as appropriate for particular applications to define plausible and best explanations.

The central principle is that when time is diagnostically significant, it should be modeled explicitly to enable a more accurate formulation and evaluation of diagnostic solutions. The integration of time and primitive evaluation criteria is illustrated through the Skeletal Dysplasias Diagnostician (SDD) system, a diagnostic expert system for a real‐life medical domain. SDD's notions of plausible and best explanation are reviewed so as to show the difficulties in formalizing such notions. Although we illustrate our work by medical problems, it has been motivated by consideration of problems in a number of other domains (fermentation monitoring, air and ground traffic control, power distribution) and is intended to be of wide applicability.
The Reasonableness of Possibility From the Perspective of Cox
Authors: Snow Paul
Published: March 2003

The possibility calculus is shown to be a reasonable belief representation in Cox's sense, even though possibility is formally different from probability. So‐called linear possibility measures satisfy the equations that appear in Cox's theorem. Linear possibilities are known to be related to the full range of possibility measures through a method for representing belief based on sets that is similar to a technique pioneered by Cox in the probabilistic domain. Exploring the relationship between possibility and Cox's belief measures provides an opportunity to discuss some of the ways in which Cox dissented from bayesian orthodoxy, especially his tolerance of partially ordered belief and his rejection of prior probabilities for inference which begins in ignorance.
Distributing Case‐Base Maintenance: The Collaborative Maintenance Approach
Authors: Ferrario Maria Angela , Smyth Barry
Published: March 2003

Case‐base maintenance is an important emerging issue for case‐base reasoners as they scale up to handle real‐world problems in unstable environments. Over time, the contents of a case base may become out of date or inconsistent with the target problem space, and maintenance strategies must be devised to help recognize and repair these problems by deleting, adding, or modifying cases, for example. In this article we describe a maintenance framework called collaborative maintenance (CM), which has been designed to facilitate, monitor, and control the incremental update of live, dynamic case bases. Our approach is novel in that it automatically supports a distributed, interactive maintenance process—users are permitted to recommend case updates, and the collaborative maintenance process ensures that these recommendations are properly reviewed and actioned.
Semantic Forcing in Disjunctive Logic Programs
Authors: De Vos Marina , Vermeir Dirk
Published: March 2003

We propose a semantics for disjunctive logic programs, based on the single notion of forcing. We show that the semantics properly extends, in a natural way, previous approaches. A fixpoint characterization is also provided. We also take a closer look at the relationship between disjunctive logic programs and disjunctive‐free logic programs. We present certain criteria under which a disjunctive program is semantically equivalent with its disjunctive‐free (shifted) version.
On the Hybrid Propositional Encodings of Planning
Authors: Mali Amol Dattatraya
Published: March 2003

Recently, casting planning as propositional satisfiability (SAT) has been shown to be an efficient technique of plan synthesis. This article is a response to the recently proposed challenge of developing novel propositional encodings that are based on a combination of different types of plan refinements and characterizing the tradeoffs. We refer to these encodings as hybrid encodings. An investigation of these encodings is important, because this can give insights into what kinds of planning problems can be solved faster with hybrid encodings.

Encodings based on partial–order planning and state–space planning have been reported in previous research. We propose a new type of encoding called a unifying encoding that subsumes these two encodings. We also report on several other hybrid encodings. Next, we show how the satisfiability framework can be extended to incremental planning. State–space encoding is attractive because of its lower size and causal encoding is attractive because of its highest flexibility in reordering steps. We show that hybrid encodings have a higher size and a lower flexibility in step reordering and, thus, do not combine the best of these encodings. We discuss in detail several specific planning scenarios where hybrid encodings are likely to be superior to nonhybrid encodings.
The Racial Bureaucracy: African Americans and the Federal Government in the Era of Segregated Race Relations
Authors: King Desmond
Published: March 2003

This article employs archival research to examine how the segregationist order was introduced and maintained in the Federal civil service between the 1890s and 1945. In the article a racial bureaucracy is defined by two characteristics. First, one group of employees was placed in a subordinate position to others, both formally and informally, as a consequence of their “race.” Second, physical working conditions and daily routines were constructed around the segregation of one group of employees because of their race and, furthermore, advancement and promotion within the bureaucracy was delimited by race. This framework is used first, critically to assess two common views of the composition of the US federal government (the local race state thesis and the weak state thesis), and second, to illustrate how segregation impinged directly upon African American employees in a range of agencies and positions.
Mandating Social Change: The Business Struggle Over National Health Reform
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo
Published: March 2003

This article explores the conditions under which business managers endorse human resource investment policy drawing from the recent national health reform episode. In order to generate corporate support, a business community must develop corporate policy capacity, or the ability to grasp complicated social issues and to act in support of this social agenda. Corporate support is also influenced by the business–related strategies of government leaders who can encourage businesses to organize around legislative issues. The bid for national health reform met neither condition. Corporate policy capacity was inadequate to sustaining business support for health reform at the point of translating general corporate anxiety into specific legislation. Because U.S. business groups are weak, fragmented, and compete for members, they tend to cater to strong, vocal minorities and are often unable to act on majority positions. In health reform although a majority of business groups’ members wanted reform, minority objections prevailed. In addition, where the Clinton administration’s business mobilization efforts were complicated by its campaign for mass support, the Republicans organized a formidable corporate lobby against the bill.
24th International Congress of Applied Psychology, San Francisco: A Summary Report
Authors: Ayman Roya , Connor Michelle
Published: March 2003

Cet article offre une vue d’ensemble du 24e`me Congre`s International de Psychologie Applique´e qui a eu lieu a` San Francisco en août 1998. Il e´nume`re les sujets traite´s et rend compte des contributions des diverses sections. Ce faisant, il souligne surtout l’originalite´ du congre`s, due aux modalite´s novatrices des prestations, au grand nombre de pays repre´sente´s et a` la pre´sence de chercheurs autochtones.
Changes in Work Motivation During Transition: A Case from Slovenia
Authors: Konrad Edvard
Published: March 2003

A longitudinal study of work motivation based on the VIE model was conducted in a Slovenian iron and steel organisation in five‐year intervals from 1979 to 1994. During this period we can observe some changes in the importance of values and changes in the perceptions of the work environment. Results were interpreted as context‐specific reflections of the macrosocietal changes that have occurred during the transition in Eastern and Central Europe. The results also indicate that meaningful changes in organizational culture and climate occurred long before the actual political and economic change happened. Limitations related to the nature of the research design and to the cross‐level nature of transitional changes are discussed.