bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTAS PRELIMINARES PARA UMA COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE MAIMÔNIDES E ESPINOSA
Authors: Chaui Marilena
Published: January 2017

As críticas feitas a Espinosa no século XVII são as mesmas dirigidas a Maimônides cinco séculos antes. A maior surpresa não está na permanência das mesmas críticas apesar do tempo – a crítica ao racionalismo e naturalismo dos autores ao se referirem a Deus – mas no uso do pensamento de Maimônides para fundamentar as críticas a Espinosa. A “controvérsia maimonideana” e a “polêmica espinosista” possuem origem sócio-política e assumem a forma teológica daí decorrente. Faremos de modo breve uma comparação entre Espinosa e Maimônides sobre alguns aspectos da profecia, considerando que o Tratado Teológico-político polemiza também com o Moreh. Embora muitos elementos da concepção maimonideana estejam presentes no TTP, a diferença entre os dois autores é espantosa.
CORRUPÇÃO HUMANA E JUSTIÇA EM PASCAL
Authors: Oliva Luís César
Published: January 2017

Para Blaise Pascal, a corrupção decorrente do pecado original colocou o home em uma situação de total incapacidade de apreender a lei natural. Por isso, a lei não poderá ser senão convencional, o que, por outro lado, não implica total arbitrariedade por parte dos governantes. A própria estrutura ontológica do real impõe limites à tirania, o que implica uma noção de justiça válida para além das particularidades de cada povo. Por isso, mesmo no interior de uma obra com fortes preocupações apologéticas, Pascal consegue desenvolver reflexões políticas que instituem um campo autônomo em relação à religião.
BOVE, LAURENT (2014). ALBERT CAMUS, DE LA TRANSFIGURATION – POUR UNE EXPÉRIMENTATION VITALE DE L’IMMANENCE
Authors: Bianchi Bernardo
Published: January 2017

Publicado em 2014, "Albert Camus, de la transfiguration", constitui, ao lado de “Vauvenargues ou le séditieux”, de 2010, mais um esforço realizado por Laurent Bove no sentido de valorizar o tema pascaliano da “segunda natureza” através de um ponto de vista espinosista. Por aí se vê que Bove é consequente ao se distanciar tanto do tema da “filosofia do absurdo”, reiteradas vezes associada à obra de Camus pela interpretação hegemônica que dele se faz, quanto da imagem de um moralista, associada a Camus através de Sartre. Ainda que Bove percorra grande parte da obra Camus, podemos afirmar sem grandes embaraços que os personagens merecedores de maior consideração são Meursault e o Cristo das pinturas de Piero della Francesca, tal como descrito nas Noces. Através da identificação do tema de uma filosofia do corpo, Bove sustenta que Camus prepara, nas suas primeiras obras, notadamente em O estrangeiro e nas Noces, a questão da transfiguração, a qual será posteriormente desdobrada nos seus aspectos políticos e históricos, em O homem revoltado, por aí se articulam as duas partes da obra de Bove.
CÉSAR SONHA COM UM MUNDO EM QUE NÃO ATRAVESSOU O RUBICÃO?
Authors: De Azevedo Raquel
Published: January 2017

Em Androides sonham com ovelhas elétricas?, Philip Dick recria a visão divina dos infinitos mundo possíveis (dos quais o Deus leibniziano só levará à existência aquele que contenha a maior quantidade de essência possível) a partir da perspectiva das criaturas, isto é, a partir da visão dos mundos extintos que lhe aparecem no momento de hesitação garantido pelo livre arbítrio. Minha hipótese é que a passagem dos mundos possíveis no intelecto divino à forma que assumem na indiferença da vontade das criaturas tem uma dimensão geométrica. Pensar a curva do mundo atual a partir da série dos mundos menos perfeitos do Deus leibniziano é pensá-la a partir de suas infinitas retas tangentes, a partir, portanto, de suas distopias, que não são uma contradição em relação a esse mundo, mas tocam-no em algum ponto, são seu máximo desvio a partir de uma mínima diferença.
SOBRE CONTINGÊNCIA E LIBERDADE EM LEIBNIZ
Authors: Minkovicius Dani Barki
Published: January 2017

O percurso argumentativo do Discurso de Metafísica encontra um momento de tensão quando se atinge o artigo 13, pois, após abordar Deus e a substância individual com caracterizações que induzem ao fatalismo, Leibniz procura afirmar a contingência e a liberdade tanto divina quanto humana. O exame que se segue tem como objetivo a descrição dessa dificuldade, bem como a apresentação de tentativas de solucioná-la – articulando as noções e respostas dadas no Discurso de Metafísica e outros textos de Leibniz, e buscando sempre manter uma coerência em relação à sua filosofia.
ESPINOSA, MELANCOLIA E O ABSOLUTAMENTE INFINITO NA GEOMETRIA DOS INDIVISÍVEIS DO SÉCULO XVII
Authors: Xavier Henrique Piccinato
Published: January 2017

O artigo procurar refazer o debate seiscentista acerca da cientificidade da matemática e da possibilidade de se conceber a ideia do infinito positivo para abordar as implicações filosóficas da matemática na obra de Espinosa, dando estaque para a ordenação geométrica em sua Ética. Abordaremos o pensamento matemático do filósofo a partir de três perspectivas: a pedagógica, a epistemológica e a ontológica. No sentido pedagógico, a sua geometria sintética procura habitar a evidência como expressão retórica e pedagógica de encadeamentos perfeitos e auto evidentes que conduzem o andamento do leitor por proposições filosóficas. No sentido epistemológico, temos o habitar da própria coisa entendida por meio de uma definição genética que fornece tanto a própria essência atuosa da coisa como a diferença entre defini-la por meio de seus predicados (ou efeitos) ou por meio de sua essência íntima (ou causa eficiente). E no sentido ontológico de habitar o próprio infinito, pois a geometria nos fornece a própria forma para concebermos a ideia positiva de um absolutamente infinito em que necessariamente somos e tomamos parte.
DEMOCRACIA E CULTURA POPULAR NA OBRA DE MARILENA CHAUI
Authors: Ramos Silvana De Souza
Published: January 2017

O artigo analisa os textos de Marilena Chaui dedicados à noção de cultura popular. Nosso objetivo é, por um lado, esclarecer que tais textos são coerentes com as obras da autora dedicadas à história da filosofia, e, por outro lado, mostrar como Chaui estabelece, desde o fim dos anos de 1970, um diálogo crítico com a esquerda brasileira. Diálogo que tem por foco não apenas a compreensão geral da ideia de cultura, mas, principalmente, a compreensão de que a cultura popular é expressão ambígua da dominação sofrida pelas classes populares.
Loucura e escritura em L’armata dei sonnambuli, de Wu Ming
Authors: La Valle Paolo
Published: January 2017

La armata dei sonnambuli (2014) é o último romance do coletivo italiano de escritores Wu Ming. Segundo as palavras dos mesmos autores, trata-se de uma súmula de vinte anos de experiências sobre as formas do romance histórico. Os autores contam a história da Revolução Francêsa através de um ponto de vista oblíquo, colocando parte dos acontecimentos no manicómio de Bicêtre em 1793. Por isso, fazem refêrencia ao livro de Michel Foucault Histoire de la folie a l’age classique e em particular a sua reedição italiana em 2011, onde o curador Mario Galzigna recupera o prefácio original de Foucault (1960). Graças as sugestões de Foucault, os Wu Ming contam uma história diferente da Revolução e vão além disso, tentando traduzir na escrita e na linguagem o  «antagonismo» da loucura.
A rota e o roteiro: fuga para as Índias de Gonçalo M. Tavares e Luís de Camões
Authors: Fernandes Evelyn Blaut
Published: January 2017

Para ler a epopeia de Gonçalo M. Tavares como remake da viagem camoniana é preciso considerar a (der)rota canônica de Vasco da Gama, uma vez que o processo de composição de Uma viagem à Índia demonstra similares estratégias literárias utilizadas na épica camoniana. Ao reinventar referências hiper-textuais, este procedimento reproduz as problemáticas que reescrevem agenciamentos parodísticos com a epopeia quinhentista e com o Ulisses de James Joyce. No entanto, a (contra)epopeia escrita por Gonçalo M. Tavares subverte as versões épicas da viagem através do (anti)heroísmo do seu protagonista que peregrina pelo desencantado século XXI.
A poética apurada de Manucure de Mário de Sá-Carneiro
Authors: Mazniak Maria Mikhailovna
Published: January 2017

Este artigo propõe uma leitura de Manucure de Mário de Sá-Carneiro conforme vários estilos literários representados na obra. São destacadas as “técnicas” do cubismo literário, os princípios do futurismo e os elementos do interseccionismo – fruto do modernismo português.
Translational Relevance and Recent Advances of Animal Models of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Sénémaud Jean , Caligiuri Giuseppina , Etienne Harry , Delbosc Sandrine , Michel Jean-Baptiste , Coscas Raphaël
Published: January 2017

Human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) pathophysiology is not yet completely understood. In conductance arteries, the insoluble extracellular matrix, synthesized by vascular smooth muscle cells, assumes the function of withstanding the intraluminal arterial blood pressure. Progressive loss of this function through extracellular matrix proteolysis is a main feature of AAAs. As most patients are now treated via endovascular approaches, surgical AAA specimens have become rare. Animal models provide valuable complementary insights into AAA pathophysiology. Current experimental AAA models involve induction of intraluminal dilation (nondissecting AAAs) or a contained intramural rupture (dissecting models). Although the ideal model should reproduce the histological characteristics and natural history of the human disease, none of the currently available animal models perfectly do so. Experimental models try to represent the main pathophysiological determinants of AAAs: genetic or acquired defects in extracellular matrix, loss of vascular smooth muscle cells, and innate or adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, most models are characterized by aneurysmal stabilization and healing after a few weeks because of cessation of the initial stimulus. Recent studies have focused on ways to optimize existing models to allow continuous aneurysmal growth. This review aims to discuss the relevance and recent advances of current animal AAA models.

Visual Overview—

An online visual overview is available for this article.
Visual Narratives: A History of Art at CERN
Authors: Røstvik Camilla Mørk
Published: January 2017

This article examines the history of art inspired by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in the twentieth and 21st centuries. The article argues that artists can show us radically different narratives about this space than those that are told by the mainstream media, by scientists and by CERN’s own public relations structure.
Ctenodontina Enderlein, 1914 (Diptera, Asilidae, Asilinae): new combinations, synonyms, new species and new records for Argentina
Authors: VIEIRA RODRIGO , LANDA JOSÉ MANUEL AYALA , RAFAEL JOSÉ ALBERTINO
Published: January 2017

Ctenodontina Enderlein is reported for the first time in Argentina. A new species, C. sagta sp. nov. (Argentina, Salta) is described. New combination is Ctenodontina baleta (Walker), comb. nov. with two synonimies: Pachychoeta caracasae Martin syn. nov. and Pachychoeta inca Martin syn. nov. The male and female terminalia of C. baleta (Walker). comb. nov. is illustrated and described for the first time and a key to species is presented.
Addendum to Kirwan et al. (2016, Zootaxa 4121(1): 89–94)
Authors: DAVID NORMAND , GREGORY STEVEN M. S. , KIRWAN GUY M. , JOBLING JAMES A. , STEINHEIMER FRANK D. , BRITO GUILHERME RENZO ROCHA
Published: January 2017

Following the publication of Kirwan et al. (2016), it has been brought to our attention that the treatment of any possible alternative genus-group name for Parus pipra Linnaeus, 1758, when treated as monotypic, was not as self-evident to others as it was to the authors. As there is no “case law” in Zoological Nomenclature, and whatever conclusions we reached were naturally subject to our interpretation of the Code (ICZN 1999), and may not necessarily accord with the views of others, we have revisited “Pythis Viell.: Pipra leucocilla Gm.” in Boie (1826: 971) which has been viewed as an available alternative name by one correspondent (Murray Bruce in litt. June 2016).
Long-Term Impacts of a Career Development Workshop for Undergraduates
Authors: Sloan Valerie , Haacker Rebecca , Barnes Tim , Brinkworth Carolyn
Published: January 2017

For 15 years, the Undergraduate Leadership Workshop (ULW) has connected undergraduate students with scientists, engineers, educators, and leadership at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado. The week-long program gives students exposure to research areas and to graduate school and career options in the atmospheric sciences. The ULW provides mentoring, training in leadership and professional skills, and a chance to meet peers in this field. An evaluation of the program, including surveys and focus groups of alumni from the past 15 years, has yielded insights into the program’s short- and long-term impacts. The main themes that have emerged are that the ULW provides 1) exposure to a whole new world of careers in the atmospheric sciences; 2) a sense of belonging to a group of students who are also interested in weather and climate; 3) long-term support and a professional network of peers; and 4) an increase in interest in pursuing a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) graduate degree. Results suggest that short but intense programs have significant positive impacts without the investment of effort or cost of a full-fledged internship. The ULW provides a model for a cocurricular learning experience that could be adapted at other research laboratories and universities to serve a larger number of students.
Essaven Gel
Authors: Belcaro G. , Nicolaides A.N. , Geroulakos G. , Cesarone M.R. , Incandela L. , De Sanctis M.T.
Published: January 2017

Essaven gel (EG) has been developed for local treatment of venous and microcirculatory alter ations (varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, associated signs and symptoms). Sport injuries (bruises, swelling secondary to sprains and contusions) respond favorably to EG, which is also indicated for varices in pregnancy. Active ingredients of EG are aescinate, sodium heparin, and essential phospholipids (EPL). The dose in 100 g of EG are: 1 g of aescinate, 10,000 IU of sodium heparin, and 1 g EPL. EG is applied several times daily in a thin film. Clinical reports on the activity of EG include several vascular applications in which the product is effective without contraindications or side effects. On the basis of this review, EG offers important therapeutic benefits to several types of patients and the product should be available for its usefulness and safety.
Changes in Microcirculation in Venous Ulcers with Essaven Gel
Authors: Incandela L. , Belcaro G. , Cesarone M.R. , De Sanctis M.T. , Griffin M.
Published: January 2017

Microcirculatory changes in chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) due to venous hypertension produce venous hypertensive microangiopathy (VHM) and lead to ulceration. VHM is charac terized by enlarged, convoluted capillaries; increase in flux, permeability, and edema; and altered microlymphatics. PO2 is decreased and CO2 increased. Capillary exchanges are altered and nutritional alterations in association with microtrauma may cause venous ulcers. The aim of this pilot, cross-over, randomized, placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the effect of local treatment with Essaven gel (EG) (single acute application) in 10 subjects with VHM and venous ulcers. The study was structured over 3 days: day 1 was used for the control evalua tion for all patients. One group was randomized for the sequence placebo (day 2) and EG the following day; the second group with the sequence EG (day 2) and placebo (day 3). Indepen dently from the sequence, measurements of flux and PO2 in standard conditions showed positive changes (significant decrease of the abnormally increased flux, PO2 increase) in the EG treatment group. Changes in the placebo group were limited and associated with skin manip ulation. In conclusion, EG acutely improves microcirculation in limbs with VHM and ulceration even with a single application.
Imitation of Nonwords by Deaf Children after Cochlear Implantation: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Cleary Miranda , Dillon Caitlin , Pisoni David B.
Published: January 2017

Fourteen prelingually deafened pediatric users of the Nucleus-22 cochlear implant were asked to imitate auditorily presented nonwords. The children's utterances were recorded, digitized, and broadly transcribed. The target patterns and the children's imitations were then played back to normal-hearing adult listeners in order to obtain perceptual judgments of repetition accuracy. The results revealed wide variability in the children's ability to repeat the novel sound sequences. Individual differences in the component processes of encoding, memory, and speech production were strongly reflected in the nonword repetition scores. Duration of deafness before implantation also appeared to be a factor associated with imitation performance. Linguistic analyses of the initial consonants in the nonwords revealed that coronal stops were imitated best, followed by the coronal fricative /s/, and then the labial and velar stops. Labial fricatives were poorly imitated. The theoretical significance of the nonword repetition task as it has been used in past studies of working memory and vocabulary development in normal-hearing children is discussed.
Role of Perilymph in the Early Stage of Serous Otitis
Authors: Arnold Wolfgang J.
Published: January 2017

After injection of an electron-dense tracer into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the particles can be seen within the lymphatic spaces of the middle ear mucosa after a few minutes. They find their way via the well known communication routes from CSF to the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear. From there they enter through open fluid spaces into the fibrocytic network of the round window membrane which stands in open relationship to the extracellular fluid spaces of the middle ear mucosa. They were drained to the regional lymph nodes by lymphatic vessels. When inducing a serous otitis by experimental obstruction of the Eustachian tube it could be demonstrated that the fluid within the middle ear cavity is partly coming from the CSF and perilymph. Later the healing process of the middle ear epithelium was studied after the onset of serous otitis with and without artificial ventilation of the middle ear.
Deviated Nasal Septum Incidence and Etiology
Authors: Gray Lindsay P.
Published: January 2017

Septal deformity is of two kinds, which may occur independently, or together: 1) anterior cartilage deformity of the quadrilateral septal cartilage, caused by direct trauma or pressure at any age; and 2) combined septal deformity, involving all the septal components, caused by compression across the maxilla from pressures occurring during pregnancy or parturition. This is part of a facial deformity. The incidence of septal deformity was investigated in 2,380 Caucasian infants at birth, 2,112 adult skulls of five ethnic groups (European, Indian [Asian], Chinese, African and Australian Aboriginal), 918 mammals (266 higher and lower apes, 457 other placental mammals and 185 marsupials). The method of nasal testing of infants by passage of special testing struts (6 by 2 mm) is described. Forty-two percent of septa of infants were straight, 27% deviated and 31% kinked. A similar pattern was found in adult skulls, namely 21% straight, 37% deviated and 42% kinked. Anterior cartilage deformity occurred in about 4% of births. The maxillary molding theory of transmitted pressures during pregnancy or parturition, causing septal deformity, is described. The findings show that varying degrees of septal deformity occur at a constant rate at birth and in the adult. These may vary slightly for each ethnic type. Birth molding pressures are a major cause of dental malocclusion. The shape and strength of the skull and the erect posture appear to be major factors, for septal deformity did not occur in the lower animals, but occurred in 37% of the higher apes and also in a skull of a hominid 1,750,000 years old. This concept enables easy recognition at birth, and the carrying out of a rational method of treatment by manipulation and rapid maxillary expansion.
Coding Considerations in Design of Cochlear Prostheses
Authors: Merzenich Michael M. , White Mark
Published: January 2017

Some basic considerations in design of multichannel auditory nerve array stimulators and sound processors for an electrical stimulation cochlear prosthesis are briefly reviewed. Considerations specific to the design of strict auditory nerve array simulation-based prostheses are discussed, as are considerations for production of channel vocoder-based and more purely information-based prostheses.
I. Manual Quantitative Assessment of Eye-Tracking Patterns
Authors: Umeda Yoshio
Published: January 2017

Quantitative assessment of the electronystagmogram of the eye-tracking test (eye-tracking pattern) was undertaken in 20 normal subjects and 70 patients with vertigo. The abnormal recordings, contrary to the normal, showed, in varying degrees, remarkable irregularities of eye speed. These irregularities appeared in the form of spikes on the electronystagmogram at the time constant of 0.03 second. We measured the height of the spikes using 40°/sec as a unit and added the units of spikes appearing during a nine-second period to obtain the total index. Total indices ranged from zero (normal) to 40 + (severely abnormal), and their values showed levels of abnormality in the eye-tracking pattern more accurately than the visual analysis in current use.
Third Louis H. Clerf Lecture
Authors: Ono Jo
Published: January 2017

The legacies of Jefferson men to Japanese medicine are portrayed in early and recent contacts: 1) Japanese physicians attended the Gross Clinic in 1860. The significant fact is that this was the very first visit made in over 240 years during which time Japan had been in self-imposed seclusion from foreign countries. 2) Dr. John C. Berry, a Jefferson alumnus, came to Japan in 1872 and served as a doctor, teacher, prison reformer, and founder of a hospital and a training school for nurses. He dedicated himself for 22 years to the service of religious and humanitarian fields in Japan. 3) A group of 104 Jeffersonians visited Japan in 1975, and programs of medical seminars, Visits to hospitals and institutions were featured. 4) The influence of Drs. Chevalier Jackson and Louis H. Clerf contributed greatly toward development and growth of bronchoesophagology in Japan. A gratifying fact is that bronchoesophagology was legally sanctioned as a fullfledged specialty in 1953.
Ipsilateral Acoustic Reflexes in Infants
Authors: McMillan Pamella M. , Marchant Colin D. , Shurin Paul A.
Published: January 2017

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex thresholds were studied in otoscopically normal ears of infants 2 weeks to 12 months old. Probe tones of 220 and 660 Hz and pure tone activators were used. Reflex recordings were free of activator artifact and were measured using quantitative standards. Reflexes were detected in 85% to 95% of infant ears for 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz activators but were present in only 76% of ears at 4,000 Hz. Median thresholds of 80 to 85 dB hearing level were obtained with all activators and both probe tones. There were no differences in proportions of reflexes obtained with the two probe tones. With a 500-Hz activator, thresholds at 220 Hz were lower than those at 660 Hz, while no threshold differences were demonstrated between probe tones at other activators. No relationship was demonstrated between age in the first year of life and presence or threshold of reflexes. Ipsilateral acoustic reflex measures have potential use in the identification of hearing loss and middle ear disease in infancy.
Familial Bell's Palsy: Analysis of 25 Families
Authors: Yanagihara Naoaki , Yumoto Eiji , Shibahara Toyohiro
Published: January 2017

Of 625 patients with Bell's palsy, 26 from 25 families (4.0%) had a positive family history of Bell's palsy. Genealogic analysis of the families indicated the mode of inheritance of familial Bell's palsy possibly to be autosomal dominant inheritance with low penetration. The prognosis of familial Bell's palsy was generally favorable. Age, sex, recurrence, and inherited factors are discussed.
Impact of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Epidemic on the Practice of Laryngology
Authors: Lucente Frank E.
Published: January 2017

In only 10 years, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has already had an enormous impact on many aspects of the practice of medicine. The practice of laryngology typifies the changes that have occurred. Heightened clinical vigilance has been required as the laryngologist encounters new and unusual manifestations of the disease and must take more extensive histories regarding social, behavioral, and sexual practices than were previously necessary. The performance of physical examinations and surgical procedures has also changed as a result of experience with the lethal human immunodeficiency virus. Numerous legal, ethical, and social issues have also been raised by the epidemic and have had a major influence on how medicine is practiced and regulated. In this paper we review the laryngeal and pharyngeal manifestations of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and discuss illustrative patient examples that demonstrate the impact of the disease. We also consider the diverse groups of issues that attend this epidemic and that continue to modify practice patterns.
Meta-Analysis of Pediatric Cochlear Implant Literature
Authors: Grant Ginger D. , Cheng André K. , Niparko John K.
Published: January 2017

We analyzed published reports of the effect of age at implantation and the cause of and age at onset of deafness on speech perception benefit in children with cochlear implants, and compared these results with those of unreported trials of multichannel cochlear implants. Combining data from published and unpublished patient series was constrained by differences in test protocols between studies, but was made feasible by employing a meta-analysis in which data were converted into an ordinal classification scale that represented levels of communicative benefit. Results showed that more rapid gains in speech perception are associated with earlier age at implantation, and that speech perception results are independent of cause of or age at onset of deafness after 1 year of implant use. Moreover, with minor exceptions, there was no statistical difference between published and unpublished data, thereby indicating no publication bias in the literature. A meta-analytic approach is useful because it can clarify the quality of reported data and the direction of future research and, hopefully, foster collaboration in conducting and reporting future research. A standardized approach to reporting results in children is advised in order to produce a balanced interpretation of implant benefit and to facilitate wider understanding and dissemination of study conclusions.
Comparison of Pulmonary Artery, Rectal, and Tympanic Membrane Temperatures in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Milewski Anne , Ferguson Kevin L. , Terndrup Thomas E.
Published: January 2017

Tympanic thermometry using infrared thermography technology offers a noninvasive, rapid temperature measurement tool which may be useful for selected intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Multiple comparisons of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC), rectal (R), and tympanic membrane (TM) temperatures were performed in nine adult ICU patients using PAC temperature as the gold standard. The correlation between R (r=0.93) and PAC was significantly better than TM (r=0.74) temperatures. However, PAC (37.2 ± 0.06°C ; mean ± SEM) and TM (37.1 ± 0.08°C) temperatures were not significantly different, whereas R (37.6 ± 0.07°C) was significantly warmer than both (P <.05). Differences between either R (+0.4°C) or TM (-0.1 °C) and PAC temperatures were consistent over selected ranges between 35°C and 40°C. The performance of TM and R was similar in the ability to predict PAC temperatures.
Semantic control of open hypertext systems by typed objects
Authors: Hammwöhner Rainer , Kuhlen Rainer
Published: January 2017

The C(K)onstance Hypertext system (KHS) is an elaborated example of an open hypertext system. Open hypertext systems combine heterogeneous resources and different hypertext applications such as e-mail, text and image hypertexts with access to online databases or other information resources. These hypertexts, to which heterogeneous users have access, grow steadily in size. This paper takes an object-oriented approach and proposes a rigorous typing of hypertext objects to overcome the problems of open hypertext. The advantage of this typing is shown on an e-mail hypertext as a special application of the KHS system. KHS is written in Smalltalk and is being developed on UNIX-machines.
Holistic School Leadership
Authors: Shaked Haim , Schechter Chen
Published: January 2017

As instructional leadership involves attempts to understand and improve complex systems, this study explored principals’ perceptions regarding possible contributions of systems thinking to instructional leadership. Based on a qualitative analysis, systems thinking was perceived by middle and high school principals to contribute to the following three areas of instructional leadership: (1) improvement of school curriculum, (2) development of professional learning communities, and (3) interpretation of performance data. Systems thinking as a potential enabler of instructional leadership is discussed and implications are suggested.
Clinical Practice Guideline (Update): Earwax (Cerumen Impaction) Executive Summary
Authors: Schwartz Seth R. , Magit Anthony E. , Rosenfeld Richard M. , Ballachanda Bopanna B. , Hackell Jesse M. , Krouse Helene J. , Lawlor Claire M. , Lin Kenneth , Parham Kourosh , Stutz David R. , Walsh Sandy , Woodson Erika A. , Yanagisawa Ken , Cunningham Eugene R.
Published: January 2017

The American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO‐HNSF) has published a supplement to this issue of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery featuring the updated Clinical Practice Guideline: Earwax (Cerumen Impaction). To assist in implementing the guideline recommendations, this article summarizes the rationale, purpose, and key action statements. The 11 recommendations emphasize proper ear hygiene, diagnosis of cerumen impaction, factors that modify management, evaluating the need for intervention, and proper treatment. An updated guideline is needed due to new evidence (3 guidelines, 5 systematic reviews, and 6 randomized controlled trials) and the need to add statements on managing cerumen impaction that focus on primary prevention, contraindicated intervention, and referral and coordination of care.
On the Correlativity between Atmospheric Gravity Waves and Various Weather Phenomena
Authors: Jin-Lai Xie , Xun-Ren Yang , Ying-Bo Li , Qi-Tai Li
Published: January 2017

Acoustic Gravity Waves (AGW) and Internal Gravity Waves (IGW) concerned with various abnormal weather phenomena, such as storms, high wind, hail etc., in some local regions have been detected, recorded and studied. These waves, as a kind of perturbation with infrasonic frequenices, express different wave characteristics. Four to ten hours before the eruption of developing disastrous weathers, obvious perturbated waveforms can be recorded at a nearby infrasonic observatory. The analysis and understanding of these results has considerable practical meaning for the prediction of events.

The spectral analyses for the whole process of hailing has been carried out, and a new classification for studying disastrous weather has been suggested. Furthermore, some possible practical applications of AGW and IGW to disaster forecasting have been discussed.
Quantum Chemical Study of the Interaction of Water Molecules with a Partially Oxidized Graphite Surface
Authors: Aksenenko E.V. , Tarasevich Yu.I.
Published: January 2017

Quantum chemical (MNDO-PM3) and molecular mechanical calculations are presented for some models describing the interaction of water molecules with hydrophilic adsorption centres on the initial and oxidized basal surface of graphitized carbon black particles. The fact that the calculation results are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data indicates the capability of the methods used to describe the properties of such adsorption systems.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in affective disorders -II. Efficacy and quality of life
Authors: Goodnick Paul J. , Goldstein Burton J.
Published: January 2017

Since their introduction, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have become one of the most widely used classes of medication in psychiatry. Their popularity is based on apparent efficacy over a wide range of disorders and a favorable side-effect profile. However, as with any psychotropic medication, considerable data are required to define where a drug works and where it does not. There is now a wealth of evidence demonstrating that SSRIs may differ in their efficacy profiles in certain depressive symptoms, in different subtypes of depression, with respect to their ability to maintain efficacy over time, on broader outcomes such as quality of life, and in the consistency of the usually effective minimum therapeutic dose across the age spectrum and across indications. Although this review includes data on all SSRIs, it focuses on fluoxetine and sertraline, which in addition to being the most widely used SSRIs are also the most widely studied. The relative quantity and quality of data on these two SSRIs means that it is possible to make relatively firm inferences regarding their differential effects on affective symptoms and quality of life.
Expression of Depressive Symptoms in a Nonclinical Brazilian Adolescent Sample
Authors: Gorenstein Clarice , Andrade Laura , Zanolo Elaine , Artes Rinaldo
Published: January 2017

Objective:

This study aimed to detect the prevalence of depressive symptomatology and its expression in a nonclinical Brazilian adolescent student sample.

Method:

A sample of students from private and public schools ( n = 1555, aged 13 to 17 years) answered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). We performed factor analysis of the BDI as an indicator of the expression of depressive symptomatology. The following cut-off scores defined nonclinical subgroups: “nondepressed,” BDI < 15; “dysphoria,” BDI 16 to 20; and “depressed,” BDI > 20. We used discriminant analysis to test whether these subgroups could be separated by the depression-specific and nonspecific items.

Results:

The point prevalence of depression was 7.6%, according to the BDI cut-off of 20. Girls had higher scores than boys in several items. Scores increased with age. Students from public schools had higher scores than did private school students. Factor analysis showed 2 common factors for the total sample and for each sex: the cognitive affective dimension and the somatic nonspecific dimension. In the adolescents showing clinical depression, items related to self-depreciation, sense of failure, guilty feelings, self-dislike, suicidal wishes, and distortion of body image were common components of BDI factors. Discriminant analysis showed that the BDI highly discriminates depressive symptomatology in adolescent students and also measures specific aspects of depression.

Conclusions:

The BDI is useful as a measure of specific aspects of depression in nonclinical adolescent samples; it was able to detect depression in approximately 7% of the surveyed population. The expression of depressive symptoms in a Brazilian adolescent population is compatible with international studies in this age group. Detecting depressive symptoms in a school population is a critical preventive strategy; to avoid damage to the learning process, it should be followed with further referral to treatment when needed.
Mental Health Concerns of Canadian Adolescents: A Consumer's Perspective
Authors: Kutcher Stan , Ward Bridgette , Hayes Denise , Wheeler Kathy , Brown Fran , Kutcher Jan
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To evaluate the mental health of adolescent students in Metropolitan Toronto.

Method:

A survey was developed by adolescents for adolescents to evaluate adolescent mental health. The survey was completed by 486 secondary school students in Metropolitan Toronto.

Results:

The findings of this consumer-directed survey show that the majority of teenagers are not overwhelmed by stress and generally exhibit healthy coping behaviours. Violence is identified as an important concern and help-seeking behaviour for mental health issues, when it occurs, is directed primarily towards the family and teachers rather than physicians.

Conclusion:

A number of important issues regarding mental illness, including its identification and treatment, were not considered by teens to be part of their mental health concerns. The implications of these findings for the development of community-based mental health programs for adolescents are discussed.
The Impact of Canadian Criminal Code Changes on Remands and Assessments of Fitness to Stand Trial and Criminal Responsibility in British Columbia
Authors: Roesch Ronald , Ogloff James RP , Hart Stephen D , Dempster Rebecca J , Zapf Patricia A , Whittemore Karen E
Published: January 2017

Objective:

To evaluate the impact in British Columbia of the 1992 Criminal Code of Canada amendments dealing with remands for fitness to stand trial and not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) assessments.

Method:

Information on 620 remands for evaluation of fitness to stand trial and/or NCRMD were collected from a sample obtained in British Columbia from 1992 to 1994. The data collected included length of remand order, length of evaluation, criminal charges, psychiatric diagnoses, and the decisions about fitness or NCRMD.

Results:

Remands increased by about 20% in a 1993–1994 fiscal year compared with the previous year. The majority of evaluations continue to be conducted in an inpatient facility. The goal of a 5-day evaluation period is rarely met: only 12.5% of inpatients were released within 5 days of admission, and the average length of evaluation was about 3 weeks. The use and success of the NCRMD defence appears to be on the rise. In addition, there were some striking differences in remands from metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in terms of rates of referral and recommendations of unfitness or NCRMD.

Conclusion:

Results indicated that Bill C-30 has not yet had the anticipated impact on remands as inpatient evaluations continue to be the norm and evaluations typically take several weeks. Suggestions for policy reform and future research are presented.
The Transconjunctival Lower Lid Blepharoplasty—A Neglected Technique
Authors: Asken Saul
Published: January 2017

A modified transconjunctival approach to the lower lid blepharoplasty is presented. This method, while not appropriate for all cases, has definite indications and advantages.
Dermatography as a New Treatment for Trichotillomania
Authors: van der Velden Eddy M. , Oostrom Kanne A. M. , Jairath David , Roddi Roberto , de Jong Bert D. , Hovius Steven E. R.
Published: January 2017

The treatment of 38 trichotillomania patients with dermatography—medical tattooing techniques—is discussed. The location was in the eyebrows. After the completion of treatment all patients stopped plucking the eyebrows. In a five-year follow-up none of the patients showed a relapse. With dermatography, no anesthetics are necessary because the pain level is generally bearable. The cosmetic and aesthetic improvement achieved by dermatography was remarkable.
Aesthetic Lip Advancement
Authors: McCollough E. Gaylon , Maloney Brian P.
Published: January 2017

Full lips impart a youthful and healthy appearance to the face. When the lips are thin as a result of congenital hypoplasia or the aging process, vermillion border transfiguration is one technique to create an appearance of larger, fuller lips. Traditionally, this technique is described as excising full-thickness strips of skin adjacent to the vermillion. The results often have been inconsistent and unsatisfactory. Several modifications have been made by the senior author that have led to more reproducible lip results. Sixty-four lip advancements were performed over a period of 1½ years from June 1989 to January 1991. The technique and retrospective evaluation of these cases are presented.
Vertical Dome Division in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Gilbert Scott E.
Published: January 2017

One of the most difficult problems in aesthetic rhinoplasty is in obtaining and maintaining adequate tip projection. Over 40 years ago, Dr. Irving Goldman described his technique of vertically incising the tip cartilages lateral to the domes and then bringing the medial crura together to increase tip projection. Tip grafting has been used more and more as the means of obtaining greater tip projection. However, difficulties with proper placement of these grafts, rotation, and displacement, as well as procuring graft material, have made these procedures somewhat more difficult for the surgeon and patient alike. In a retrospective review, 145 patients who underwent primary rhinoplasty with vertical division of the lower lateral cartilages in order to increase tip projection were compared with 41 patients who underwent tip grafting to achieve the same goal. Similar results were obtained in both groups; however, the vertical dome division patients were found to have fewer complications.
Body Image and Cosmetic Surgery: The Psychology of Physical Appearance
Authors: Cash Thomas F.
Published: January 2017

The sole purpose of cosmetic surgery is the improvement of patients' body images (their attitudes about their physical appearance). This article offers an overview of contemporary theory and research on body image. The nature and prevalence of negative body image experiences are delineated. A cognitive social learning model elucidates dysfunctional body image development, including its predisposing, precipitating, and maintaining causes. The author describes his psychotherapeutic program for body image improvement and its potential adjunctive utility in the treatment of patients who receive cosmetic surgery.
The Breast Implant and Disease: An Observed Association or a Verdict of Causation? Part II
Authors: Discoe Tony A.
Published: January 2017

The issue presented in breast implant litigation, whether breast implants cause harm, graphically displays the fron-tiers of the interface of law and medicine, and the complex method of evaluating causal relationships in medicine. Should the law wait for an answer?

This paper provides a system for evaluating the results of studies in the area of breast implant litigation, in terms of the extent to which those results support or refute a causal relationship.

The concept and characteristics of causation and the re-liability of cases, reports, descriptive studies, and anecdotal cases as evidence of causation are discussed. Because of the current media and medical legal environment, recommen-dations for the care and treatment of patients with breast implants are being made without careful thought. The con-sequences of widespread litigation may be the determining factor in attempting to resolve the question of the potential harm of the silicone-gel breast implant.
Intrathecal Baclofen in Cerebral Palsy Movement Disorders
Authors: Albright A. Leland
Published: January 2017

Intrathecal baclofen reduces spasticity in individuals with cerebral palsy. Intrathecal doses are far lower than oral doses and the effects are considerably greater, and the side effects are fewer. Response to intrathecal baclofen must be confirmed by a screening trial before implantation of a pump for chronic infusion. Intrathecal baclofen reduces spasticity in the upper and lower extremities and is often associated with improved gait and upper extremity function. Quality of life improves for patients and caregivers. The Medtronic pump has been exceedingly reliable and typically functions for 4 or 5 years. The currently available intrathecal catheter is associated with far fewer complications than the initial catheter. Baclofen overdoses are unusual and are usually caused by pump programming errors rather than pump malfunction. Preliminary studies suggest that continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion reduces generalized dystonia in cerebral palsy. Screening to determine response of dystonia to intrathecal baclofen is by continuous infusion. The doses required to reduce dystonia are higher than those for cerebral spasticity. Additional investigations are underway to quantify the effects of continuous intrathecal baclofen infusion on communication, disability, and dystonia. (J Child Neurol 1996;11(Suppl 1): S29-S35).
Medications and Dysphagia: How Do They Impact Each Other?
Authors: Brandt Nicole
Published: January 2017

Medications can improve or worsen the signs of dysphagia. Understanding the pathophysiology of dysphagia as well as the pharmacology of the medications will heighten clinicians' awareness to this often misunderstood syndrome. This article briefly addresses both of these issues.
The National Dysphagia Diet Project: The Science and Practice
Authors: Felt Pat
Published: January 2017

The National Dysphagia Diet project was conceived by the Dietetics in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation dietetic practice group in 1996. Growing frustration regarding lack of standardization for the solid food textures and liquid consistencies as well as nomenclature led to formation of a task force to study the issue and to formulate a new diet based on scientific food properties and clinical swallowing problems. Members of the task force include food scientists, clinical and consulting dietitians, speech‐language pathologists, and food industry representatives, all who have an interest and experience in dysphagia. The result of the project is a multilevel dysphagia diet that will be published by the American Dietetic Association in 1999. It is the goal of the task force to standardize all dysphagia diets on a national basis to enhance communication among professionals, institutional food preparers, and food industry leaders to provide better and more consistent care for dysphagic patients.
Benner’s Framework and Clinical Decision-Making in the Critical Care Environment
Authors: Stinson Kristi J.
Published: January 2017

Completed as part of a larger dissertational study, the purpose of this portion of this descriptive correlational study was to examine the relationships among registered nurses’ clinical experiences and clinical decision-making processes in the critical care environment. The results indicated that there is no strong correlation between clinical experience in general and clinical experience in critical care and clinical decision-making. There were no differences found in any of the Benner stages of clinical experience in relation to the overall clinical decision-making process.
Application of High-Resolution Immunocytochemistry To the Study of the Secretory, Resorptive, and Degradative Functions of Ameloblasts
Authors: Nanci A. , Slavkin H.C. , Smith C.E.
Published: January 2017

The distribution of enamel proteins (EP) within extracellular and subcellular compartments of the enamel organ has been characterized by use of the protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique and an antibody against mouse amelogenins. EP were immunolocalized within the protein synthetic and secretory organelles, and within lysosomal elements of ameloblasts in both the secretion and maturation stages. The results provide direct evidence that ameloblasts maintain active secretory and degradative pathways for EP throughout the secretory and early maturation stages of amelogenesis. The origin of the immunoreactive material within lysosomes is unclear and could derive from the direct shunting of newly formed EP from the synthetic organelles to the lysosomes or from endocytosis of aged proteins. These findings ultimately provide new insights into the multifunctional role which ameloblasts play throughout amelogenesis.