bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing evaluation use among policymakers through performance measurement
Authors: Mohan Rakesh , Tikoo Minakshi , Capela Stanley , Bernstein David J.
Published: February 2007

Performance measurement can benefit evaluation by clarifying policy intent, program goals, and performance expectations and by facilitating systematic data collection. Because policymakers tend to support performance measurement for accountability purposes, linking performance measurement to evaluation has the potential of increasing evaluation use among policymakers.
B‐scan ultrasonography during orbital surgery
Authors: Purnell E. W. , Cappaert W. E. , Sokollu A.
Published: February 2007

B‐scan ultrasonography is being performed with a newly developed hand‐held scanner during retrobulbar tumor surgery. We believe that it is a valuable aid in the localization and the removal of these tumors. The instrument may be directly inserted into the surgical wound, permitting otherwise unobtainable views of the lesion and of the adjacent structures.
Echocardiographic diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma found attached to the free left atrial wall
Authors: Johnson Michael L. , Sieker Herbert O. , Behar Victor S. , Whalen Robert E.
Published: February 2007

The echocardiographic diagnosis of a left atrial myxoma is described. This was later confirmed by cardiac catheterization and the tumor removed at operation. The myxoma was found to arise from the free left atrial wall and no such case diagnosed by echocardiography has previously been reported. The possibility of false negative and false positive echocardiographic findings is discussed. Echocardiography is an accurate, atraumatic, and rapid diagnostic technique which can be used as a simple screening procedure in cardiac evaluations.
Echocardiographic M‐scan technique in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion
Authors: Abbasi A. S. , Ellis Nancy , Flynn John J.
Published: February 2007

M‐scanning was found useful in eight patients in whom the diagnosis of pericardial effusion was negative or equivocal with conventional echocardiography. With the patient in the semi‐recumbent position, the records were obtained while the ultrasound beam was sector scanned base toward the cardiac apex. With this technique, a separation of the posterior pericardium epicardium by a divergent echo‐free space was noted when pericardial effusion was present. The divergent nature of the echo‐free space was due to accumulation of pericardial fluid toward the cardiac apex. The shift of pericardial fluid toward the cardiac apex was further demonstrated by elevation of the patient supine to the semi‐recumbent position. The latter position enhances the sensitivity of M‐scanning in the detection of pericardial effusion.
Diagnostic ultrasound in radiation treatment planning
Authors: Brascho Donn J.
Published: February 2007

Diagnostic ultrasound provides the radiation therapist a very practical method of acquiring anatomical information for developing optimized radiation therapy plans. With ultrasound it is possible to record simultaneously the contour of the patient and the location and depth of tumors and normal structures. This information can easily be incorporated into current methods of computerized treatment planning. Ultrasound examination also assists in the accurate placement of treatment ports on the body surface, and allows adjustment of field size as tumors respond to treatment. It is predicted that diagnostic ultrasound examination will become a standard method of obtaining anatomical information for radiation therapy planning in all modern radiation treatment facilities.
Errors in performance and interpretation of echocardiograms
Authors: Kerber Richard E.
Published: February 2007

Diagnostic ultrasound affords important information about cardiac structure and motion. However, because of the unique manner in which data are acquired and displayed during echocardiography, diagnostic errors and misinterpretations are not uncommon. This paper discusses the characteristic echocardiographic patterns of a variety of important cardiac conditions: mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation, aortic regrugitation, idio‐pathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, left atrial myxoma, pericardial effusion and right ventricular volume overload. Potential pitfalls in achieving the correct diagnosis in each of these conditions are emphasized, with illustrative examples of correct and incorrect interpretations. Good technique and appropriate clinical correlation are important in the performance of accurate ultrasound cardiac examinations.
The sign of the vena cava: Echotomographic illustration of right cardiac insufficiency
Authors: Weill F. , Maurat P.
Published: February 2007

In patients with hepatomegaly, evaluation of the vena cava was diagnostically valuable in differentiating between cardiac failure as a cause of the hepatomegaly and other causes. Studies were done using equipment with a mechanically moving probe to provide constant visualization of the vena cava. In normal patients, the vena cava is animated by a double motion from transmitted systolic pulsations and from the respiratory cycle. In normal patients, the vena cava collapses during expiration and in patients with right heart failure, the respiratory kinetics disappear and the inferior vena cava remains turgescent throughout the respiratory cycle.
Echocardiographic determinations of dimensions of normal newborns at 5,280 feet elevation
Authors: Lortscher Randall H. , Williams Clifford , Wolfe Robert R. , Nora James J. , Spangler Richard D.
Published: February 2007

Twenty healthy term newborn infants born at St. Anthony Hospital in Denver, Colorado were examined by echocardiography during the first 72 hours of life. All infants were without cardiac or pulmonary disease and were appropriate for gestational age within the classification of Battalion and Lubchenco. Measurements of intracardiac dimensions, including right ventricular cavity, left ventricular cavity, left atrium and aortic root, as well as thickness of the intraventricular septum and posterior wall of the left ventricle, were determined by three independent observers. The data correlated with other studies performed at centers located at lower elevations.
Ultrasound and scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice
Authors: Taylor K. J. W. , Carpenter D. A. , McCready V. R.
Published: February 2007

Eight cases of obstructive jaundice are described to illustrate how diagnostic ultrasonography may be used to differentiate between intra‐ and extrahepatic jaundice, especially in patients with malignancy. Ultrasound can also provide accurate anatomical localization of the tumor site and can reveal the cause of the obstruction. The ultrasound results are compared with the isotopic findings. Cold areas in the scintigram caused by dilatation of the biliary tree may be misinterpreted. The ability of ultrasound to differentiate between solid and cystic tumors produces more diagnostic data than can be obtained by isotopic scanning. Because of the limitations of radiological procedures in the deeply jaundiced patient, ultrasound is the method of choice for initial investigation.
Mitotic reduction in rat liver exposed to ultrasound
Authors: Kremkau Frederick W. , Witcofski R. L.
Published: February 2007

Livers in anesthetized rats were exposed to 1.90 mHz, 60 mW/cm2 (spatial average) continuous wave ultrasound for five minutes. Subsequent mitotic activity was stimulated by partial hepatectomy. About thirty hours following stimulation (the time of peak mitotic activity in control animals), exposed animals had mean mitotic indices ranging from 20 to 80% of control values.
Determination of thyroid volume by ultrasonic scanning
Authors: Rasmussen Sten Norby , Hjorth Lone
Published: February 2007

A method for thyroid volume calculation based upon ultrasonic scanning is described. The accuracy of the method was estimated by comparing ultrasonically determined volumes with the volumes of surgically removed thyroid glands. The precision (i.e., reproducibility) was estimated by comparing the ultrasonic volumes determined by two separate investigators in a double blind fashion. The normal range of thyroid volume was evaluated in a group of volunteers. The accuracy was acceptable, but the precision was borderline and appears to be the limiting factor in the procedure. We concluded that at present this method offers no significant improvement over other methods currently in use. However, thyroid volume calculation based upon palpation of the gland cannot be standardized, and isotope scanning is a more comprehensive and expensive procedure. Several possibilities exist for improvement of the ultrasonic technique, and the procedure holds promise for the future.
Current status of toxicity investigations
Authors: Taylor K. J. W.
Published: February 2007

Because diagnostic ultrasound is becoming widely recognized as a valuable diagnostic aid, its potential for producing toxicity must be considered. The current modes of usage are considered with regard to their dosage parameters and to the physical and biological effects of such dosages. The reported bio‐effects involved in future applications are briefly presented and the necessity for a proper epidemiological survey is stressed.
Ultrasonic b‐scanning in Rhesus incompatibility
Authors: Jones Margaret R.
Published: February 2007

Three patients are presented with pregnancies complicated by Rhesus incompatibility. The presence of fetal ascites in hydrops fetalis is demonstrated with ultrasonic B‐scanning and compared with conventional radiographs. The value of localizing the placenta and estimating its volume is discussed.
Enhancement of DNA synthesis in neonatal mouse tibial epiphyses after exposure to therapeutic ultrasound
Authors: Elmer William A. , Fleischer Arthur C.
Published: February 2007

In vitro growth response of tibiae removed from newborn mice was monitored after treatment with ultrasound. Bones, in an acoustically uniform medium, were insonated with continuous‐wave ultrasound at a frequency of 1.0 MHz with an intensity of 1.8 W/cm2. Contralateral isolates were used as controls. Purely thermal effects were held to a minimum. A statistically insignificant increase in elongation was observed after three five‐minute exposures 24 hours apart. A similar response was also found for protein accumulation and radioactive proline incorporation into protein in the cartilaginous epiphyses. However, after three exposures of ultrasound the incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA was significantly stimulated.
Ultrasound in twin gestation
Authors: Scheer Kenneth
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonography is a reliable method for diagnosis of twins. It has advantages over x‐ray in that it avoids ionizing radiation, can make the diagnosis before calcification of fetal bone is evident, and can also give an accurate estimation of maturity. The biparietal diameter of each twin is equal regardless of ultimate weight differentials, except for cases with poor prognosis. The biparietal diameter of each twin is usually the same as in a singleton pregnancy of the same gestational maturity, but when sonographic determination of biparietal diameter is underestimated, possible placental deprivation or intrauterine growth retardation may be indicated.
The validity of structure identification for cross‐sectional echocardiography
Authors: Sahn David J. , Williams David E. , Shackelton Susan , Friedman William F.
Published: February 2007

Intra‐ and extracardiac structure identification by cross‐sectional echocardiography was achieved during hemodynamic study in ten patients by visualizing catheter echoes, or echoes produced after selective chamber injections of indocyanine green dye. Four cross sections were employed: (1) a long‐axis sagittal view of the right and left ventricles, (2) a transverse cross section of the right and left ventricles in the fourth intercostal space; (3) a sagittal view along the right ventricular outflow tract, and (4) a transverse section of great vessel orientation in the second intercostal space. Passage of dye through the left atrium, left ventricle, and aorta was visualized in sagittal and transverse cross sections. Further identification of left‐sided structures was obtained by the detection of catheter‐induced echoes. Passage of the dye through the right ventricular outflow tract and main pulmonary artery, as well as visualization of catheter artifacts, identified right heart landmarks in a precise fashion. In addition, right‐ and left‐sided structures were opacified in patients with left‐to‐right and right‐to‐left shunts after dye injections into a contralateral cardiac chamber. This study confirms the accuracy of real‐time cross‐sectional echo localization of cardiac chambers and valves in the positions used routinely for the assessment of congenital and acquired cardiac disease in pediatric patients.
B‐mode ultrasonic examination of the testes
Authors: Miskin Murray , Bain Jerald
Published: February 2007

This study was carried out to determine the potential value of B‐mode ultrasonography in the identification and diagnosis of intratesticular disorders, information heretofore obtainable only through biopsy. Fifty‐nine cases have been examined to date. Fifty‐three were referred from an infertility clinic and include oligospermic and azoospermic subjects as well as individuals with normal semen analyses. There have been two hydroceles, two neoplasms, one abscess and one Klinefelter's syndrome. Our initial results indicate no difference between individuals with normal or subnormal semen quality with respect to the presence and pattern of internal testicular echoes. A characteristic echo pattern is obtained from the region of the rete testis but otherwise the testis remains echo‐free. The hydrocele, testicular abscess, and tumor had appearances distinctly different from the usual pattern. The technique affords an accurate measurement of testicular thickness and may have the potential for revealing early testicular neoplasms.
Pitfalls in the echographic evaluation of pancreatic disease
Authors: Sokoloff Joel , Gosink Barbara B. , Leopold George R. , Forsythe John R.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasound has gained widespread acceptance in the evaluation of pancreatic disease. Echographic criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatitis, pseudocyst, and pancreatic carcinoma are presented. Additionally, three important areas of difficulty in the echographic evaluation of pancreatic disease are described.
Comparison of pelvic ultrasonography and pneumography for ovarian size
Authors: Zemlyn Seymour
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐two females undergoing pelvic pneumography or gynecography for question of ovarian size, fertility, or pelvic mass also had pelvic ultrasonography. The latter examinations were compared, predominantly retrospectively, with the radiographs in an attempt to establish criteria for locating ovaries and evaluating their size. Almost equal groups of normal, Stein‐Levinthal syndrome, and miscellaneous pelvic lesions were established. The author concludes that pelvic echography can usually visualize normal ovaries, is a reliable diagnostic technique for polycystic ovaries (Stein‐Levinthal syndrome), and is useful for confirming the presence of a pelvic mass. Other investigative techniques such as anemography, culdoscopy, laparoscope's, or exploratory surgery are more uncomfortable, hazardous, and expensive. It is suggested that pelvic ethnography should be the primary diagnostic approach in these cases.
Real‐time imaging with a new ultrasonic camera: Part II, preliminary studies in normal adults
Authors: Zatz Leslie M. , Lipton Martin J. , Marich Kenneth W. , Green Philip S. , Suarez Joe R. , Macovski Albert
Published: February 2007

A new transmission ultrasound camera system has provided focused images in real time through the abdomen of adult volunteers at average incident sound intensity levels of less than 1 mW/cm2. The camera uses a unique acousto‐mechanical lens/deflection system and a linear array of piezoelectric transducers to detect the ultrasound image. Bony structures and costal cartilages were clearly seen. The colon was regularly seen and the kidney could be outlined in several subjects. The stomach and duodenal bulb were demonstrated and peristalsis was observed using a barium contrast material. The camera has the potential of extending the use of ultrasound in clinical medicine providing an ultrasound soft tissue imaging system analogous to an x‐ray fluoroscope. The need for further clinical evaluation and research to improve the images is emphasized.
Interatrial septum in B‐mode and conventional echocardiograms ‐ a clue for the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases
Authors: Matsumoto Masayuki , Nimura Yasuharu , Nagata Seiki , Mochizuki Shigeki , Sakakibara Hiroshi , Matsuo Hirohide , Abe Hiroshi
Published: February 2007

The interatrial septum was studied with B‐mode echocardiography to determine whether there were specific ultrasonic features characteristic of such congenital heart diseases as atrial septal defect and endocardial cushion defect. In transverse tomograms in the third and fourth intercostal space the interatrial septum is detected almost parallel to the anterior chest wall. The septum continues leftward to the echo of the anterior mitral leaflet. When the interatrial septum extends beyond the left sternal border, it can also be recorded near the left sternal border in the sagittal tomogram. The interatrial septum can also be recorded conventional echocardiography. The pattern is wavy and synchronous with the heart beat with an amplitude of about 10 mm. It is seen near the chest wall in patients with left atrial enlargement and far from the chest wall in patients with right atrial enlargement. The defect in the interatrial septum was visualized B‐mode and conventional echocardiogram in patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defect. The defects were no longer observed after surgery.
A method for checking the registration of contact B‐scanners
Authors: Hall A. J. , Fleming J. E. E.
Published: February 2007

The use of an ultrasonic delay line and mechanical arm as a means of checking the registration of contact B‐scanners is described. The principle of operation is applicable to any make of equipment. The amount of misregistration can be assessed, and discontinuities or departures from the normal can be demonstrated in the transducer position sensing system. As an added benefit it is a rapid means of checking both picture size and the accuracy of electronic markers.
Ultrasonic identification and examination of fetal heart structures
Authors: Egeblad H. , Bang J. , Northeved Allan
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonic studies were performed on normal fetuses ranging from 36 to 40 weeks gestational age in an attempt to visualize anatomical details of the fetal heart. We were able to visualize cardiac structures hitherto thought to be unidentifiable. Two‐dimensional B‐scan exposures of sections showed transverse and longitudinal sections of the fetal heart, including the cardiac septa and inlet and outlet sites of the large vessels. To attempt to elucidate the dynamics of the fetal heart, the motility patterns of the cardiac structures were examined by time‐motion mode scanning and the patterns obtained were compared to those observed in the postnatal heart. The reliability of the theories advanced and the further prospects are discussed.
Echocardiography in evaluation of mitral valve prostheses
Authors: Watts Earl , Nomeir Abdel‐Mohsen , Barnes Ralph
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐three patients with mitral valve prostheses were studied with echocardiography in an effort to determine if this technique could be useful in detecting significant abnormalities. Recordings were obtained in the supine position with the transducer directed to record maximum excursion of the prosthesis. Echoes from the struts, poppet and sewing ring were readily recorded. Amplitude of excursion and opening and closing velocities of the poppet were measured. Fifty echocardiographic recordings were obtained from the 33 patients. Of the 33 patients studied, 22 were thought to have “normal” echo tracings while in 11, the tracings were considered “abnormal.” Apparent abnormalities consisted of: 1) abnormal diastolic separation between the poppet and strut, 2) increased echoes near the poppet, strut or sewing ring and 3) a combination of both. There was only one instance of suspected “sticking” of the prosthesis. All patients who had “abnormal” studies except one developed complications associated with their prosthesis (90%) compared to only 36% in patients with “normal” tracings. Five patients in each group died. Autopsy studies are described and correlations with the echocardiographic findings are made. In low profile valves reduction in excursion of the disc may be an indication of malfunction. Echocardiography appears to be of value in the assessment of function of mitral valve prostheses.
The anatomy and pathology of the porta hepatis demonstrated by gray scale ultrasonography
Authors: Taylor K. J. W. , Carpenter D. A.
Published: February 2007

Gray scale ultrasound has proved to be a simple, rapid, and reliable means for the investigation of cholestatic jaundice. The distended biliary tree has a characteristic but sometimes confusing appearance on ultrasonic tomography. Gray scale ultrasound can diagnose portal hypertension by visualizing an enlarged, tortuous portal vein. This can be differentiated from the typical shape of the dilated common bile duct by the condition of the intrahepatic biliary canaliculi and by examination of the spleen.
A method for spectra‐color B‐scan ultrasonography
Authors: Holasek E. , Gans L. A. , Purnell E. W. , Sokollu A.
Published: February 2007

A new technique which records color coded frequency information in B‐scan ultrasonography is described. The frequency spectrum of a wide band transducer (6MHz‐12MHz) is divided into three component bands each recorded as one of the three primary colors of light. The results of tissue model studies are presented.
Gray scale color coding of abdominal B‐scan ultrasonograms
Authors: Flinn George S.
Published: February 2007

The need for increased dynamic range of echoes in ultrasonograms is generally acknowledged. Advantages and disadvantages of color‐coded gray scale ultrasonography as well as methods for their acquisition are discussed. A color encoding method for obtaining color ultrasonograms is described and results are demonstrated.
Clinical spectra‐color ultrasonography
Authors: Purnell E. W. , Sokollu A. , Holasek E. , Cappaert W. E.
Published: February 2007

Results of preliminary clinical trials of spectra‐color ultrasonography are presented. The instrumentation is calibrated so that normal ocular tissues produce a near‐white display. Scans of eyes with various diseases differ from the scans of normal eyes, indicating a variation in frequency responses.
Midline sagittal sonographic evaluation of the midbrain
Authors: Tenner Michael S. , Wodraska Georgina , Montesinos Carmen
Published: February 2007

A technique has been developed for the A‐mode display of the upper brain stem using certain bony landmarks to guide transducer placement. Normal findings were substantiated at the time of penumoencephalography and angiography in order to determine the anatomic origin of the ultrasound reflections. Findings in patients with mass lesions distorting the upper brain stem will also be reported.
A simple and inexpensive water bath adapting a contact scanner for thyroid and testicular imaging
Authors: Skolnick M. Leon , Royal David R.
Published: February 2007

Construction and operation of a simple and inexpensive water bath adapting a contact B‐scanner for thyroid and testicular imaging is described. The device consists of two parts: a water bath with supporting frame, and a bead chain arrangement attached to the scanner arm to maintain the transducer at a constant height above the skin during scanning.
Echocardiographic recognition of ventricular septai, aneurysm ‐ A case report
Authors: Sahn David J. , Kirkpatrick Stanley E. , Friedman William F.
Published: February 2007

The noninvasive detection of an aneurysm of the interventricular septum may be predictive of spontaneous closure of a ventricular septal defect. Moreover, in patients with audible systolic clicks the distinction must be made between septal aneurysm and mitral valve prolapse. The current report describes the echocardiographic visualization and pattern of motion of an aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum. The diagnosis was made by both single crystal and real‐time cross‐sectional, multiple crystal ultrasound techniques prior to catheterization. These findings form the basis of the present study.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis: A case report
Authors: Morgan Carlisle L. , Dempsey Peter J. , Johnsrude Irwin , Johnson Michael L.
Published: February 2007

A case report illustrating ultrasonic findings in xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is presented. The clinical and radiographic findings, differential diagnosis, and potential contribution by ultrasound are discussed. A brief review of the literature is given.
Ultrasonic assessment of the high rate of human multiple pregnancy in the first trimester
Authors: Levi S.
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic examination of 6, 690 pregnant patients showed a greater number of multiple pregnancies than usually observed at delivery: 71 per cent of twin gestations diagnosed before 10 weeks were singletons when delivered.
Aortic root dissection: Echocardiographic demonstration of torn intimal flap
Authors: Krueger Steven K. , Wilson Charles S. , Weaver Walt F. , Reese Herbert E. , Caudill Christopher C. , Rourke Terry
Published: February 2007

An unusual case of aortic root aneurysm with dissection is described. A large intimal tear allowed a flap of aortic tissue to sag into the lumen. The echocardiographic and angiographic findings simulated an aortic supravalvular membrane. Surgical replacement of the aortic valve and aortic root was successfully accomplished.
Prediction of maturity in first trimester of pregnancy by ultrasonic measurement of fetal crown‐rump length
Authors: Kurjak A. , Cecuk S. , Breyer B.
Published: February 2007

Three hundred ninety fetal crown‐rump measurements by ultrasound echography were performed in order to correlate the crown‐rump length with gestational age between the sixth and fourteenth weeks of gestation. A blind trial in 58 patients showed a good correlation of ultrasonically determined age and menstrual age. A graph of normal values was designed and is currently being used in routine work.
Gray scale sonographic appearance of an adrenal mass: A case report
Authors: Ghorashi Bijan , Holmes Joseph H.
Published: February 2007

This is a case report of a 57 year old white male who had had a right upper lobectomy for adenocarcinoma of the lung six months previously. During clinical workup, he was found to have a right adrenal mass. The intravenous pyelogram demonstrated a large mass in the adrenal region which pushed the kidney down and laterally but did not distort the calyces. The longitudinal scan on the right side showed a 7 × 9 cm adrenal mass whose echo border appeared to be distinct from the kidney, which was pushed inferiorly with its upper pole deviated laterally and posteriorly. This right adrenal tumor was confirmed at autopsy. The sonogram offers an easy initial diagnostic approach to a suspected adrenal lesion.
Confirmation of a retrosternal mass by echocardiogram
Authors: Tingelstad Jon B. , McWilliams Nancy B. , Thomas Carolyn E.
Published: February 2007

Case report of a 14 year old girl with Hodgkin's disease whose echocardiographic findings showed an anterior mediastinal mass between the right ventricle and the chest wall. The echocardiogram permitted an accurate measurement of the AP diameter of the mass. This technique, in conjunction with chest x ray, provides a means of determining changes in overall mass size as an indication of response to therapy.
Absence of mitotic reduction in regenerating rat livers exposed to ultrasound
Authors: Miller Morton W. , Kaufman Gary E. , Cataldo Frederick L. , Carstensen Edwin L.
Published: February 2007

The frequency of mitotic cells in surgically stimulated rat livers in vivo was not affected by one and fiveminute exposures to 2.2 MHz ultrasound at intensities ranging from 60 to 16,000 mW/cm2. These results do not confirm Kremkau and Witcofski's report on mitotic reduction in rat liver similarly exposed to ultrasound.
Recognition of the hydropic fetus by gray scale ultrasound
Authors: Ghorashi Bijan , Gottesfeld Kenneth R.
Published: February 2007

The use of gray scale B mode provides more effective visualization for sonographic evaluation of fetal ascities. Two cases of severely Rh isoimmunized fetuses with hydrops and one fetus with hydrops secondary to chylous ascites are presented to show the ultrasonic features of diagnosis of fetal edema and ascites. Thus, ultrasonic evaluation in known cases of Rh isoimmunization or diabetes provides additional information on the status of the fetus in utero and rapid recognition of fetal hydrops. This additional information aids in the management of the pregnancy and in the determination of the time of delivery.
Ultrasonographic demonstration of patency of subarachnoid‐orbital shunt
Authors: Skalka Harold W.
Published: February 2007

Contact B scan photographs of a patent surgically created subarachnoidorbital shunt are presented. Clinical evidence of cessation of shunt function corresponded with disappearance of demonstrable fluid drainage by ultrasonography.
Rapid evaluation of many pulse echo system characteristics by use of a triggered pulse burst generator with exponential decay
Authors: Carson Paul L.
Published: February 2007

A pulse burst generator is utilized in which the pulses are triggered by the transmitter pulse of the ultrasound system being tested. The pulses are spaced the equivalent of every 2 mm in the body, and their amplitude decays with 0, 1.25, or 2.5 dB/cm over greater than a 50 dB dynamic range. By replacing the ultrasound transducer with the pulse generator, one can record quite easily the accuracy of depth gain compensation (DGC) and of distance measurements in A mode and B mode. If the DGC on the ultrasound unit can be turned to zero, the unit's A mode display characteristic and B mode gray scale curve can be determined rapidly and the receiver gain control or attenuator can be calibrated. Measurement of a receiver signal‐to‐noise ratio is possible, and more quantitative imaging should be facilitated as well.
The ultrasonic boom
Authors: Donald Ian
Published: February 2007

This speech was given by Dr. Ian Donald at the opening session of the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology on August 3rd in San Francisco. Dr. Ian Donald, a guest of AIUM and a guest of the conference, who has been an outstanding figure in the development of diagnostic ultrasound in England, was the speaker. Dr. Donald has given particular attention to the applications of diagnostic ultrasound in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Because of its general interest to all in the field of diagnostic ultrasound, Dr. Brown and I decided to publish the paper both in Reflections and in the Journal of Clinical UltraSound.
An animal model for experimental echocardiographic studies
Authors: Kerber Richard E. , Wilson Robert L. , Marcus Melvin L.
Published: February 2007

An open‐chest canine model for acute experimental echocardiographic studies is described. The ultrasound transducer is placed on the exposed anterior epicardial surface, fixed in place to minimize transmitted motion or excessive pressure on the heart, and directed to record various intracardiac structures. Good recordings can be obtained from the interventricular septum, posterior left ventricular wall, and the mitral and pulmonic valves. Structure identification is facilitated by use of an ultrasound contrast technique. Alterations of normal motion in response to physiologic, pathophysiologic, and pharma‐ologic interventions can then be assesed. Potential uses of the model are discussed.
Effects of ultrasound on the prenatal development of the rat. Part 1. 3.2 MHz continuous wave at nine days of gestation
Authors: Sikov Melvin R. , Hildebrand Percy
Published: February 2007

Individual nine‐day rat embryos were exposed for 5 or 15 minutes to graded intensities of well‐characterized focused beams of 3.2 MHz continuous wave ukrasound. Fetuses were examined for effects at 20 days of gestation. Analysis of the exposure‐response relationships indicates an “apparent threshold” for prenatal mortality at 3 W/cmz (95 per cent fiducial limits 0.5‐6 W/cm2). Felal size was unaffected at any exposure level and there were only a few malformations, which occured at 10.5 W/cm2 and above.
Evaluation of malfunctioning ventriculoperitoneal shunts with gray scale echography
Authors: Cunningham Jerome J.
Published: February 2007

Ventriculoperitoneal shunts may fail because of distal obstruction by pseudocyst formation, These pseudocysts are easily detected and evaluated with gray scale echography.
Correlation of ultrasonic and soft tissue xray placentography in 300 cases
Authors: Badria L. , Young G. B.
Published: February 2007

Three hundred cases in which both ultrasonic and soft tissue placentography examinations had been done are correlated with each other and the clinical findings. These are grouped in two series, one in 1972‐1973 and the other 1973‐1974. The accuracy rate for both methods was 95 per cent. Outright errors were 2 per cent, and cases in which correlation was lacking for reasons other than diagnostic errors were 3 per cent. Reasons for this lack of correlation are discussed and illustrated. Seven examples of the ascending (or migrating) placenta were also found and an illustrative case is described.
Biparietal diameter: A comparison of real time and conventional B scan techniques
Authors: Cooperberg P. L. , Chow T. , Kite V. , Austin S.
Published: February 2007

Real time multitransducer B scanners can greatly facilitate obstetrical ultrasound examinations. To assess the accuracy and reproducibility of biparietal diameter (BPD) measurement with the real time scanner, we compared the BPD using the real time scanner with the results obtained by conventional bistable leading edge and gray scale measurements. The results show that 73 to 90 per cent of the results with the real time scanner are within 1 mm of the other measurement and 94 per cent are within 2 mm. The variance of measurements on each case with the real time scanner is not significantly greater than the variance using the other two methods. We feel that the real time scanner can be a useful tool for obstetrical examinations and is accurate in the measurement of the biparietal diameter.
Doppler ultrasound diagnosis of testicular cord torsion
Authors: Milleret R.
Published: February 2007

The author confirmed clinical diagnosis of torsion of the testis with Doppler ultrasound flowmeters in 12 of 15 patients. Doppler examination in addition to clinical examination was more accurate than clinical examination alone. Problems were encountered when examining newborns, but progress in probe technology may yield better results in this area. The Doppler technique is a useful adjunct in the management of torsion of the testis.
Detection of aortic insufficiency by pulse doppler echocardiography
Authors: Ward Jonathan M. , Baker Donald W. , Rubenstein Simeon A. , Johnson Steve L.
Published: February 2007

Sixty‐five patients were studied for the presence of aortic insufficiency by auscultation, conventional M mode echocardiography (echo), range‐gated pulse Doppler flowmeter (Doppler), and supravalvular aortic angiography. Aortic insufficiency was demonstrated angiographically in 49 patients, of which eight (16 per cent) were missed by auscultation. Echo missed 20 (41 per cent), and Doppler missed seven (14 per cent). Only two (4 per cent) were missed by auscultation and Doppler combined. All methods were highly specific, but the combination of auscultation and Doppler was the most sensitive noninvasive method for detecting aortic insufficiency.
Gray scale measurement of biparietal diameter
Authors: Lawson Thomas L. , Albarelli Judith N. , Greenhouse Samuel W. , Greenbaum Leonard D.
Published: February 2007

Fetal biparietal diameter measurements were obtained simultaneously by gray scale and bistable ultrasonography. The bistable presentation was measured from leading edge to leading edge, while the gray scale presentation was measured from leading point to leading point and middle to middle of the band of echoes defining the fetal head. Statistical analysis of 50 patients demonstrated good reproducibility of the biparietal diameter measurement by each method and intraobserver variation fell well within the acceptable range. In all but one patient differences in measurements between observers and measurement methods were trivial and of no clinical significance. In the patients in whom there was a statistically significant difference, the variability was from 1 to 2 mm with the exception of one patient in whom the variability was about 4 mm.
Ultrasound in the evaluation of adrenal metastases
Authors: Forsythe John R. , Gosink Barbara B. , Leopold George R.
Published: February 2007

Metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands is a frequent complication of bronchogenic carcinoma, occuring in up to 33 per cent of these patients. Examination of ten patients with adrenal metastases revealed large adrenal masses, occuring bilaterally in five. Five of these patients were examined using the standard bistable technique. These patients demonstrated largely echofree masses with only occasional scattered internal echoes. The remaining five patients were examined with the gray scale technique. With the added resolution afforded by the use of gray scale, the masses in these patients showed a more uniform distribution of echoes. Presence of a margin between the kidney and the mass, and displacement of the kidney inferiorly, posteriorly, and laterally is used to differentiate between upper pole renal masses and those of adrenal origin. Autopsy confirmation was obtained in six of the patients.
Extra‐amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa on ultrasound scan
Authors: Williams Charles H. , Vanbergen William S. , Prentice Robert L.
Published: February 2007

The ultrasonic appearance of extra‐amniotic blood clot simulating placenta previa is presented. The single case presented is the most illustrative and best documented example of this phenomenon in a series of 10 patients. The ultrasonic characteristics of this phenomenon are discussed.
The volume of the uterus in normal and abnormal pregnancy
Authors: Phillips Joseph F. , Goodwin Donald W. , Thomason Samuel B. , Dempsey Peter J.
Published: February 2007

The relationship of the volume of the uterus to the biparietal diameter in single, twin, triplet and abnormal gestations was determined. The relationships are linear and the populations of single and multiple pregnancies fall into distinct groups. Correlation of the uterine volume and biparietal diameter also establishes an objective basis for diagnosing the presence of polyhydramnios, fetal hydrocephalus, or any abnormality tht produces a distortion of the normal uterine volume relationships.
Ultrasound demonstration of a 1.5 CM intrarenal angiomyolipoma
Authors: Duffy Peter , Ryan James , Aldous Wendy
Published: February 2007

A 1.5 cm intrarenal angiomyolipoma was demonstrated by gray scale echography following urographic suspicion of a lesion.
Pseudocyst of the pancreas with mediastinal extension: An ultrasonographic demonstration
Authors: Gooding Gretchen A. W.
Published: February 2007

A pseudocyst of the pancreas with mediastinal extension was demonstrated by ultrasound as a cystic structure dissecting between the aorta and inferior vena cava.
The gray scale appearance of the normal pregnancy from 4 to 16 weeks of gestation
Authors: Ghorashi Bijan , Gottesfeld Kenneth R.
Published: February 2007

Since the advent of gray scale, more detail is available on sonograms and the products of conception are more readily seen. The gestational sac can be seen at about the fifth week of gestation and the fetal parts can be recognized around the seventh week of gestation. The gestational sac, fetal parts, and the placenta can be foollowed all the way through pregnancy without any “blind periods”. In the first three months of pregnancy, gestational age can be determined by measuring the size of the gestational sac in centimeters and adding 2 to that number. From then on the head and chest measurements can be used for a more accurate determination of gestational age.
Clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography
Authors: Kambe Tadashi , Nishimura Kinya , Hibi Norio , Sakakibara Toshinori , Kato Tadayuki , Fukui Yoichi , Arakawa Takemi , Tatematsu Hiroshi , Miwa Arata , Tada Hisao , Sakamoto Nobuo
Published: February 2007

This study discusses the clinical application of high speed B mode echocardiography to a wide variety of heart diseases. We used a rapid mechanical sector scan at 30 frames per second and 120 scanning lines per frame, resulting in real time observation of cardiac structures. The sector angle was relatively wide (maximum 90°). The tomograms were synchronized with teh electrocardiogram and recorded on ordinary 35 mm or Polaroid film in conjunction with 8 mm cinematography. Heart cross sections could be recorded even in the presence of arrhythmia. We used a flat or focused, 10 mm diameter transducer made of lead zirconate‐titanate with a resonant frequency of 2 or 3 MHz at a repetition rate of 3.6 kHz. High speed B mode echocardiography is a means of observing cross sections of the heart that can contribute to the improvement of accuracy in cardiac diagnosis.
Interobserver variability in echocardiography
Authors: Vignola Paul A. , Bloch Antoine , Kaplan Alan D. , Walker Harriet J. , Chiotellis Philip N. , Myers Gordon S.
Published: February 2007

High‐quality echocardiograms were performed on 146 normal individuals whose ages ranged from 3 to 73 years (mean 27 years). Normal values for mitral diastolic excursion and E‐F slope, the chamber dimensions of the right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle, the aortic root dimension, and thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall were determined. Each tracing was then read independently by two experienced echocardiographers. The extent of interobserver variability was calculated and expressed as a percent of the mean. The 95 per cent confidence limits for these estimates were calculated. Small but significant interobserver variability was found for all nine of these commonly measured echocardiographic parameters. Observer variability is a small but potentially important consideration in investigative echocardiography.
Ultrasonographic assessment of neck masses
Authors: Gooding Gretchen A. W. , Herzog Karen A. , Laing Faye C. , McDonald Eugene J.
Published: February 2007

Fourteen patients are presented to illustrate the usefulness of ultrasonography in assessing masses of the neck. Included are five patients with primary tumors, two with metastasis to a cervical node, three with cervical adenitis, two with simple cysts, and two with hematoma related to endarterectomy for occlusive disease of the carotid artery.
Antepartum diagnosis by ultrasound of placental implantation on a uterine septum
Authors: Sarti Dennis A. , Okada Donald M. , Hobel Calvin J.
Published: February 2007

A routine ultrasound examination in a 23 year old female at 34 weeks' gestation revealed placental implantation on a uterine septum. The clinical significance and potential complications of this unusual placental location are discussed.
Ultrasound diagnosis of the hyperextended head in breech presentation
Authors: Bean William J. , Calonje Mario A. , Aprill Charles N. , Geshner John
Published: February 2007

Hyperextension of the fetal head in the breech presentation can be diagnosed by ultrasound. Straightening of the fetal spine and the widest diameter of the skull posterior to the long axis of the spine is diagnostic. Face presentation should also be diagnosable by these criteria.
Ultrasonic backscatter from human liver tissue: Its dependence on frequency and protein/lipid composition
Authors: Freese M. , Lyons E. A.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonic volume backscatter by postmortem human liver was investigated in the 1 to 5 MHz frequency range. Representative values of the backscatter coefficient, its range, and frequency dependence were determined. The backscatter level correlated significantly with protein content in normal livers and with lipid content in abnormal fatty livers. The latter suggests the possible development of a simple, noninvasive, quantitative test for fatty infiltration of the liver.
Ultrasonic assessment of liver size in the newborn
Authors: Wladimiroff J. W. , Sekeris A.
Published: February 2007

In 141 newborn infants ultrasonic measurement of liver area was performed on the third postnatal day. The liver area was represented by a cross section of the liver at the level where the portal vein entered the organ. There was a linear increase in liver area from 26.8 cm2 at 37 weeks' gestation to 33.0 cm2 at 41 weeks' gestation. Measurement of liver area does not provide more accurate information on fetal size than upper abdominal circumference in the last weeks of pregnancy. Measurement of fetal head circumference is distinctly less accurate in the assessment of fetal size.
Gray scale performance of displays for dynamic ultrasound imaging
Authors: Maginness M. G.
Published: February 2007

Methods used to convert the output of diagnostic ultrasound dynamic imaging systems to television format are reviewed. The gray scale characteristics of a large‐screen direct display are compared with the transfer through a display monitor‐television camera‐television monitor chain. Available direct display devices have distinct performance limitations in this application and the transfer linearity and dynamic range of the television converter described are objectively superior. This confirmed a subjective preference of system users to view the TV display.
Echocardiographic pseudodiopathic hypertrophic subarotic stenosis in a patient with pericardial effusion
Authors: Prakash Ravi , Greenfield Robert S. , Aronow Wilbert S.
Published: February 2007

A 26 year old white male with chronic renal failure presented to our institution with a large pericardial effusion. In addition to the effusion, and echocardiogram demonstrated systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve (SAM), suggesting idiopathic hypertrophic subarotic stenosis (IHSS). Pericardiectomy was performed ot treat the effusion. After surgery and relief of the effusion, the mitral valve motion returned to normal. It is conclded that SAM can be seen with pericardial effusion in the absence of IHSS.
Sonographic demonstration of intrauterine contraceptive devices
Authors: Watt I. , Watt E. , Halliwell M. , Ross F. G. M.
Published: February 2007

Ultrasonic examination of the uterus is the investigation of choice in the initial localization of an IUCD within the uterine cavity. The use of compound B scanning in conjunction with A scans has been completely reliable to date. Radiography should be reserved for those patients in whom an expected device is not shown within the uterine cavity, and for those in whom the determination of the type of device is important and the scan is equivocal.
Abdominoscrotal Hydrocele — a congenital genitourinary tract anomaly diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Miyamoto Alan T.
Published: February 2007

This case report describes the ultrasound findings of a rare congenital genitourinary tract anomaly diagnosed by ultrasound examination (abdominoscrotal hydrocele).
Omental Band: New sign of metastasis
Authors: Stein Mark A.
Published: February 2007

Lymphomatous cellular infiltration of the greater omentum has been visualized by ultrasound as a uniformly thick, hyposonic, band‐shaped structure adjacent to the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen, following the contour of the abdominal convexity, and containing low‐level, nonstructured internal echoes. From this finding, diffuse metastatic disease to the omentum can probably be inferred with a high degree of reliability.