bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alcohol problems and relapse: Can the clinic combat the community?
Authors: Saunders Bill , Allsop Steve
Published: June 2007

Despite over a decade of research and debate into the issue of relapse the majority of people in treatment for alcohol‐related problems still relapse. In this paper the results of an innovative relapse prevention and management programme are reported. It was found that a cognitive‐behavioural package of strategies reduced the likelihood of relapse. On average, clients receiving this experimental package took four times longer to return to any alcohol use and seven times longer to return to ‘heavy drinking’ than did a conventional treatment control group. However, notwithstanding these results, 60 per cent of the experimental group did return to harmful drinking. The authors question whether further refinement of these procedures is possible, and suggest that if relapse rates are to be further reduced then greater attention needs to be given by counsellors to clients' social environment.
Police intervention in riots: The role of accountability and group norms. A field experiment
Authors: Kroon Marceline B. R. , Van Kreveld Dik , Rabbie Jacob M.
Published: June 2007

This study explores the role of perceived accountability in riot police action. The basic hypothesis is that accountability, provided that non‐violent norms are made salient, will lessen the chances of escalation of a conflict between police and demonstrators. Four platoons participated in a field experiment conducted at the Dutch Riot Police Academy, in which they played a riot simulation. In a 2 × 2 design, the effects of accountability and Department on attitudes and norms concerning the action of ‘police’ and ‘demonstrators’ were tested. Measurements were made before and after the simulation. Internal analysis, involving redefined accountability categories, provided support for our hypothesis. That is, perceived accountability proved to be related to a heightened public self‐awareness, a less extremely positive evaluation of fellow group members, and less intergroup differentiation. The limitations of an internal analysis are discussed, as well as the importance of the nature of organizational norms and of the accountability forum in predicting the effect of accountability.
The cognitive interview: Its origins, empirical support, evaluation and practical implications
Authors: Memon Amina , Bull Ray
Published: June 2007

This paper provides a background to current research on the cognitive interview (CI), which is a set of cognitive retrieval techniques designed to facilitate memory search (for example, via reinstatement of contextual cues). One of the principal aims of this research is to identify and develop techniques which police investigators can themselves use. A series of studies were conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, using police officers as interviewers and students, non‐students and children as witnesses to realistic crimes. In all studies the CI elicited significantly more correct information with no apparent increase in errors or confabulations. The CI has been tested in a field study involving police officers in Florida. This paper will critically review this research, as well as more recent unpublished work including CI studies conducted in Germany and the UK. Some important modifications of the original CI procedure are described, and there is a theoretical discussion and explanation of the various components of the CI procedure. Finally, we will consider applications of the CI in clinical and organizational settings.
The observational study of adolescent gambling in UK amusement arcades
Authors: Griffiths Mark
Published: June 2007

In the UK, excessive fruit machine playing is the most documented form of pathological gambling amongst adolescents. Although there have been a few retrospective questionnaire studies in adolescent fruit machine gambling, there has been very little systematic observational fieldwork into the behaviour. The studies reported explore the social world of fruit machine playing using data collected via the monitoring of 33 UK amusement arcades employing participant and non‐participant observation methodologies. The basic aims were to observe the arcade clientele and their behavioural characteristics, and to examine motivations for machine playing. Results suggest that level of adolescent gambling depends upon both time of day and time of year, and regular players conform to rules of etiquette and display stereotypical behaviours when playing fruit machines. The results also suggest that adolescents play fruit machines for a wide range of reasons including fun, to win money, to socialize, to escape and for excitement, and that inland and coastal arcades are frequented by different clienteles, probably as a function of the amusement machine available.
The Minnesota model in the treatment of addictions: A social psychological assessment of changes in beliefs and attributions
Authors: Morojele Neo K. , Stephenson Geoffrey M.
Published: June 2007

Changes in beliefs and attitudes that accompany Minnesota Model (MM) treatment are examined in terms of Brickman et al.'s Compensatory Model of coping, and Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour. Questionnaires were completed both on intake and at discharge, by 61 patients who successfully completed treatment at a residential MM facility. The questionnaires measured the patients' attributions of responsibility for the cause of, and for recovery from, their addictions, and their beliefs about outcomes, normative pressures and personal control with respect to their abstinence. It is shown that between intake and discharge there is a marked reduction in the patients' feelings of personal responsibility for their addiction, whilst their sense of personal control over their recovery increases significantly. In general, the patients' evaluations of recovery were more favourable on discharge than on intake, although little change was observed in the overall level of perceived normative pressure, or in the importance of taking a range of practical steps to facilitate recovery. When viewed in relation to Brickman et al. and Ajzen's models, these findings place the MM in a favourable light. The results of this study are considered in relation to changes that might be expected among patients undergoing other forms of treatment.
On the nature of nature: Experimental studies in the power of rhetoric
Authors: Macnaghten P. , Brown R. , Reicher S.
Published: June 2007

This paper reports two studies which investigate the effects of different definitions of the natural upon human preferences. The first study is designed to show that items are deemed more acceptable when defined as natural than when defined as non‐natural. Subjects rated the acceptability of cannabis use after reading a text which either described it as a natural herb or as a drug. Acceptability ratings were significantly higher in the former condition. The second study examines how the way in which the category ‘nature’ is defined affects the acceptability of changes to the environment. Subjects watched videos which showed pictures of landscapes and then superimposed changes which consisted either of wild, non‐human elements (W), human elements which fitted with the colour, texture and contours of the original (F), or human elements which were unfitting in terms of these criteria (U). It was predicted that, when we defined nature as virgin territory, W changes would be more acceptable than F or U changes. However when we defined nature as visual harmony, it was predicted that W and F changes would be equally acceptable but U changes would be less so. The results largely confirm these predictions. In discussion we argue for the importance of studying how processes of defining nature affect environment action, and for the use of experimental techniques to complement discursive investigations of such processes.
Effects of experienced discrimination and different forms of relative deprivation among Surinamese, a Dutch ethnic minority group
Authors: Koomen Willem , Fränkel Erik G.
Published: June 2007

In a study among 81 Surinamese, members of a Dutch ethnic minority group, we found that experienced discrimination led to both fratenalistic and egoistic relative deprivation (RD). Fraternalistic RD results from a comparison between ingroup and outgroup, and egoistic RD results from a comparison between self and ingroup. In addition, we investigated two specific hypotheses. Fraternalistic RD would be more strongly related to group militancy than egoistic RD, whereas egoistic RD was hypothesized to predict personal satisfaction better than fraternalistic RD. Results, obtained by path analyses, indicated support for the hypotheses.
The role of primary prevention in mental health services: A review and critique
Authors: Blair A.
Published: June 2007

Community psychology in the West has had a growing impact on mental health service provision. One facet of this development has been the advocacy of an increased focus on the primary prevention of mental illness. This paper reviews both theoretical and practical work in this area in order to assess the current role and relevance of primary preventive interventions. There is a discussion of primary prevention's historical and theoretical contexts, of its conceptualisations and definitions, of criticisms of its relevance and efficacy, and of examples of its practice. It is argued that primary prevention is inappropriately marginalised in current service provision and that there is a need to engage in the long‐term planning and evaluation of primary preventive interventions in order to facilitate their fuller incorporation into national and local policies on mental health.
The dilemma of primary prevention in mental health services: Rationalize the status quo or bite the hand that feeds you
Authors: Rappaport Julian
Published: June 2007

That primary prevention has been ‘inappropriately marginalised’ is seen to be an inevitable outcome of reliance on government support. Policy makers and service providers can never be expected to give prevention a higher priority than direct service. Preventionists have developed two strategies for doing their work. One, based on the logical positivist ideal, seeks specific causal models for specific disorders. This sort of prevention research, while it will always remain less well funded than direct services, tends not to challenge the status quo belief in individual responsibility, or the acceptable methods of mainstream science, and thus will tend to be more acceptable than other forms of prevention research and services. An alternative, based on a social constructivist paradigm engages in social action research through collaboration with a variety of grass roots organizations and people outside the mainstream of power. This latter approach, brings to preventionists ideas from feminists, ethnic minority leaders, neighborhood organizers, and self and mutual help group leaders. It is a sensible way to use the resources available to those professionals interested in social change oriented prevention.
Ways of coping with excessive drug use in the family: A provisional typology based on the accounts of 50 close relatives
Authors: Orford Jim , Rigby Kate , Miller Tony , Tod Anne , Bennett Gerald , Velleman Richard
Published: June 2007

This paper outlines an eight‐fold typology of coping actions based upon a qualitative analysis of the accounts provided by 50 close relatives of people with drug problems. In a number of different ways relatives draw attention to the contrasts between these distinguishable ways of coping. Emphasis is placed upon the provisional nature of this typology and upon the compromises between, and combinations of, ways of coping that are often used by relatives in practice. Different ways of coping represent alternative choices for relatives, often explicitly expressed by them as difficult dilemmas. Links are suggested between the ways of coping identified here and those discussed in the literature on coping with other disorders and disabilities in the family, with ways of coping described in the general literature on coping with stress, and with types of social action appearing in general models of interpersonal behaviour. Implications for counselling close relatives of people with drug problems are also outlined.
An empirical study of the decision to use condoms among Norwegian adolescents using the theory of reasoned action
Authors: Rise Jostein
Published: June 2007

The decision whether or not to use condoms was studied among Norwegian adolescents using the theory of reasoned action (TRA). The empirical data stem from a survey of a random sample of 3000 adolescents aged 17–19 (response rate 60.9 per cent). A total of 1172 persons had made their sexual debuts, and thus constituted the material of this paper. TRA is an expectancy‐value model of attitude for understanding and changing a behaviour, and views condom behaviour as a decision based upon consideration of the expected consequences of using or not using condoms. The decision whether or not to use a condom was primarily under normative control, and immediate consequences were more important than long‐term consequences, indicating that persuasive communications should pay more attention to social pressure and psychological costs. Most of the effect of prior behaviour upon intention was not mediated by attitudes and subjective norm, and by far exceeded the effects of attitudes and subjective norm, raising doubts of the generality of the model. The possible inclusion of a measure of perceived behavioural control is discussed.
Interviews with ethnic interviewees: Non‐verbal communication errors in impression formation
Authors: Vrij Aldert , Dragt August , Koppelaar Leendert
Published: June 2007

Two studies are described concerning ethnic interviewees in interviews. The first study (a style of presentation study) revealed several differences in non‐verbal behaviour displayed by Dutch and ethnic interviewees in interviews. The second study showed that interviewees with an ‘ethnic style’ of non‐verbal presentation were assessed more negatively than interviewees with a ‘Dutch style’ of non‐verbal presentation by a Dutch selection board. Finally, some implications of the results are discussed.
Who uses community mental health centres? A study of one health district
Authors: Bennun Ian , Simpson Duncan
Published: June 2007

A caseload analysis was undertaken to investigate those clients seen by five community mental health centre teams within one healthcare district. The 985 clients are described in terms of demographic and clinical features and questions relating to service provision are discussed.
The urban environment and child pedestrian and bicycle injuries: Interaction of ecological and personality characteristics
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: June 2007

It is argued that the study of injuries to child pedestrians and cyclists in urban contexts must involve the study of complex elements interacting within a total environment. This complexity, and the need for further research, is illustrated from a study of 400 child victims in an urban, ecological study, and of 67 individually studied child victims and controls. It is argued that the individual vulnerability of some children puts them at high risk when they live in certain types of urban neighbourhoods.
Parental alcohol consumption and postneonatal mortality
Authors: Borges Guilherme , Garrido Francisco , Cárdenas Víctor , Ibarra Jorge , Bobadilla José Luis
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of maternal and paternal alcohol consumption as independent risk factors in postneonatal mortality. Questions on the frequency and quantity of alcoholic drinks consumed were included in a questionnaire used as part of a case‐control study. Over a period of 11 months the families of 157 cases and 468 controls, matched for age and locality, were interviewed. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained by matched univariate analysis and by multiple conditional logistic regression. Maternal consumption during pregnancy, maternal consumption during breastfeeding and maternal consumption in the past year were not risk factors for postneonatal mortality. A multiple matched analysis did not alter these results. Matched univariate analysis of paternal alcohol consumption gave several positive results, including variables pertaining to the father's consumption in a multiple logistic regression model with traditional risk factors, which revealed that the frequency of paternal consumption in the last year, as estimated by the mother, was found to have a significant effect on postneonatal mortality.
Alcohol‐related knowledge and attitudes in people with a mild learning disability – the effects of a ‘sensible drinking’ group
Authors: McCusker Christopher G. , Clare Isabel C. H. , Cullen Clara , Reep Judith
Published: June 2007

Alcohol‐related knowledge and attitudes in people with a mild learning disability, who were either living, or being prepared to live, in relatively independent conditions in the community, were assessed through a structured interview format. Compared with non‐learning‐disabled teenagers, adults and a hospitalized patient sample, alcohol‐related knowledge in the people with a learning disability was found to be significantly poorer, alcohol was reported as having particularly negative effects and susceptibility to social pressure to drink alcohol was greater. A ‘sensible drinking’ group, taking a social skills and influences approach to alcohol education, was conducted with a subgroup of the individuals with a learning disability. The group format and methods, including in vivo sessions in a public house, are described. Follow‐up evaluations suggested some significant positive changes in knowledge, attitudes and sensible drinking skills. It is concluded that this population, which is increasingly living, or being moved into, independent conditions in the community, is at least as vulnerable to social influences on alcohol use and abuse as are young people. As with young people, the usefulness of making available such alcohol‐education programmes as described in this study, is discussed.
A six‐month follow‐up of adolescents' sexual risk‐taking, HIV/AIDS knowledge, and attitudes to condoms
Authors: Rosenthal Doreen A. , Shepherd Helen
Published: June 2007

A follow‐up study was conducted to investigate change in sexual behaviour, knowledge about HIV/AIDS transmission, and attitudes to condoms over a 6‐month period in a sample of late‐adolescent students. The study also obtained subjective reports of HIV/AIDS‐relevant change. Overall there was a decrease in sexual risk‐taking behaviour with casual partners but no change occurred in sexual behaviour with regular partners, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, attitude towards condoms, or intention to use a condom on next sexual encounter. Examination of individual data revealed that, for some adolescents where behavioural change had occurred, this was in the direction of less safe sex. There were few self‐reports of change in sexual behaviour, intention to take precautions against HIV/AIDS, or concern about HIV/AIDS over the preceding 6 months. Subjective reports of behaviour change did not correspond with reports of actual behaviour. Low rates of behaviour change are attributed to the failure of adolescents to personalize the threat of AIDS and to their trust in the safety of sex with a regular partner as well as to the lack of relevance of HIV/AIDS education campaigns to this group.
Work stressors in health care: Context and outcomes
Authors: Schaefer Jeanne A. , Moos Rudolf H.
Published: June 2007

This overview presents a holistic model of work stressors in health care settings. The model posits that health care system and personal system factors contribute to work stressors, influence staff coping, and affect staff and patient outcomes. We use the model for commenting on issues such as the determinants of health care workers' stressors and the impact of health care system factors, work stressors, and coping on staff's job morale and health. The research in this area suggests that health care system factors play a central role in the work life of health care providers. A positive work milieu can lessen the stressors staff confront and mitigate their negative effects. We discuss key developments that are changing the health care workplace and suggest directions for future research.
Coping and the intensity of nursing stressors
Authors: Dewe Philip
Published: June 2007

Researchers typically use stressors to predict coping. However, if the relationships between the different components of the stress and coping processes are bidirectional, it is equally important to focus on the effect of coping on stressors. Using a sample of 2,500 nurses working in general and obstetric hospitals throughout New Zealand, this research examined the association between the frequency of the nurses' coping, and the intensity of their work stressors. Instruments for measuring stressor frequency, tension and fatigue, and coping strategies were developed specifically for a nursing population. The results indicated that more reliance on coping strategies was associated with more stressors, tension and fatigue. The nurses' somewhat greater reliance on emotion‐focused coping strategies may reflect the lack of resources and control available to nursing staff. using the different stressor scores, high and low stress groups were identified for each stressor. Coping strategies discriminated the high stress from the low stress group, confirming that more frequent coping is associated with more stress intensity. These findings were discussed in terms of methodology, measurement strategies and stress management programmes.
The broken heart phenomenon: An examination of the mortality of bereavement
Authors: Stroebe Margaret S.
Published: June 2007

Bereaved people are at greater risk of losing their lives than the non‐bereaved. This paper explores the evidence on this ‘bereavement—mortality relationship’, to establish who among the bereaved are most vulnerable to such dire consequences of loss. Information is drawn from several sources, including epidemiological research on sociodemographic variables, analyses of causes of death and recent empirical studies that have identified differences between bereaved decedents and survivors. The survey shows that risk factors interact in complex ways to determine level of vulnerability. A simple explanation in terms of ‘broken heart’ cannot account for the pattern of results. Some bereaved subgroups are more vulnerable to death than others, excess risk occurs across a variety of causes of death (suggesting different underlying processes), and personal characteristics in combination with circumstantial factors lead to high vulnerability. It is concluded that two types of process underlie the bereavement–mortality relationship. These are related: (a) to the direct effects of grief (broken heart); and (b) to secondary consequences associated with the stress of bereavement.
Ethnic categorization among children in multi‐ethnic schools in the Netherlands
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Masson Kees
Published: June 2007

In this study the use and importance of ethnic categories is investigated among children in multi‐ethnic schools. It is argued that concentrating on ethnic categories ignores the many alternative forms of social categorization that can be used. It also ignores the possibility that social categories are not used at all. In the present study children were not confronted with material that explicitly stressed ethnicity, nor were they forced to respond to ethnic categories, but the social categories spontaneously used in written essays were analysed. The results show that ethnic categories should not be taken for granted. First, categorical constructs were not the only ones used, as many particular descriptions were given. Second, although most children did use ethnicity in describing differences between schoolmates, many other social categories were used and there were hardly any references to ethnicity when the children described patterns of playing.
Reflexive research and the grounding of analysis: Social psychology and the psy‐complex
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: June 2007

This paper is concerned with reflexivity in research, and the way research is grounded in the operations of the psy‐complex in social psychology. A central argument is that qualitative research in general, and a focus on reflexivity in particular, requires theoretical grounding. Distinctions are drawn between ‘uncomplicated subjectivity’, ‘blank subjectivity’ and ‘complex subjectivity’; and the analytic device of the ‘discursive complex’ is described. It is argued that such theoretical grounding can usefully draw on developments in discourse analytic, deconstructionist, and psychoanalytic social research. The opposition between objectivity and subjectivity is deconstructed, and psychoanalytic conceptual reference points for an understanding of the discursive construction of complex subjectivity in the context of institutions are explored with particular reference to the location of the researcher in the psy‐complex. The paper discusses the reflexive engagement of the researcher with data, and the construction of the identity of the researcher with reference to professional bodies. An analysis of a document produced by the British Psychological Society is presented to illustrate conceptual issues addressed in the first sections. This illustrative analysis is designed to show how the material is structured by a series of six discursive complexes, and that the institutional structure facilitates, and inhibits, certain forms of action and reflection.
Towards reflexive practice: Engaging participants as co‐researchers or co‐analysts in psychological inquiry
Authors: Smith Jonathan A.
Published: June 2007

This paper considers some of the implications of reflexivity for the practice of psychological research. After a brief consideration of the theoretical background to a concern with reflexivity, the paper goes on to examine how various researchers have attempted to incorporate components of reflexivity in their research practice. While a group of sociologists of science have operationalized reflexivity by self‐conscious concern for their own role in the construction of social—scientific knowledge, new paradigm co‐operative inquirers interpret a need for reflexivity by including their participants as fully self‐reflexive co‐researchers. Mulkay's suggestion for a dialogic analytical exchange with one's participants is also considered. The second half of the paper illustrates an attempt at reflexive practice in the authors' own research. This was a project concerned with identity change during the transition to motherhood, and aimed to allow the women a strong hand in helping to shape the project's direction. Preliminary analysis of a woman's data was taken back to her for her comments, and her reflections on the data were incorporated in the final case study. A detailed example of the investigator and participant's discussion of a piece of data is provided.
‘So you did what you wanted then’: Discourse analysis, personal agency, and psychotherapy
Authors: Madill Anna , Doherty Kathy
Published: June 2007

This paper explores issues concerning personal agency in discursive psychology and discourse analysis, with a particular emphasis on agency in terms of motivational accounts of the person. Issues are discussed in relation to the efficacy, acceptability, and accessibility of discourse analytic research for the practising psychotherapist. We suggest that such an approach may raise problems in four areas. First, we argue that without explicit theorization of the subject as language user, discourse analysis may be vulnerable to the charge of determinism. Second, theorization of the subject as language user may be required to account successfully for individual consistency and continuity of identity. Third, although claiming to critique commonsense notions of subjectivity, implicit dualist assumptions facilitate a reading of discursive psychology that is compatible with a motivational model of the person. Finally, we argue that discursive psychology itself implies a particular model of the strategically motivated language user. We conclude that, although these issues require clarification, discursive psychology and discourse analysis have much to offer psychotherapy research.
The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research: Lessons from feminist psychology
Authors: Griffin Christine , Phoenix Ann
Published: June 2007

The dominant methodological approach in psychological research has involved the use of quantitative methods within a positivist framework. In this article we argue that both qualitative and quantitative methods have their strengths and limitations, depending on the research question under investigation. We examine some of the advantages of qualitative methods, paying particular attention to the value of such methods for feminist researchers. We challenge the positivist assumption that all research should be apolitical and value‐free, arguing that the political context in which all research studies take place plays an important role in decisions about the appropriate research methods to use. Despite the value attached to qualitative methods by feminist researchers, there may be projects for which quantitative methods, or a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, are more suitable. We draw on examples from our research on the transition from school to the job market for young people, and a study of 16‐ to 19‐year‐old first time mothers to illustrate these points, examining the practical implications of our arguments for applied social psychology research.
Intergroup contact between professional groups: Two evaluation studies
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Carpenter John , Routh David , Franklyn‐Stokes Arlene
Published: June 2007

We report two studies which evaluate practically‐oriented programmes of interprofessional contact involving doctors and social workers. The evaluation is based on the ‘contact hypothesis’ in intergroup relations, and highlights four sets of dependent measures: background perceptions, ingroup and outgroup ratings, knowledge, and judgements about work with outgroup partners and experienced contact. Consistent with the contact hypothesis, both studies revealed an improvement in outgroup attitudes, evidence of mutual intergroup differentiation (acknowledged superiority of ingroup and outgroup on independent dimensions), and increased outgroup knowledge. Greater change in Study 2 is interpreted in terms of its longer duration, and the opportunity it provided for contact with multiple outgroup members, compared with a single outgroup partner in Study 1. These findings from field studies are consistent with results from published laboratory experiments.
Objective assessments of quality of life: How much do they agree with each other?
Authors: Perry Jonathan , Felce David
Published: June 2007

Information was collected on 14 objective measures of service quality in 15 staffed houses for people with learning disabilities. Measures or dimensions of the measures were grouped under six headings: (1) quality of housing; (2) social and community integration; (3) social interactions; (4) development; (5) activity; and (6) autonomy and choice. Rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the extent to which different quality assessments within each category agreed. Overall, there was a reassuring level of agreement. Some of the lack of agreement found could be attributed to the fact that, even though addressing the same general area, measures were focused on subtly different facets of the phenomenon under study. Other disagreement seemed to stem from the interaction between the nature of the information and the process for obtaining it. Comparisons between measures which required staff to give an opinion about how the setting was organized, and those which either required staff to comment on resident activity or employed independent observation, tended to disagree. The study illustrates that the basis for translating a multidimensional definition of quality into measurable terms is developing. Further research to examine the interrelationship between measurement approaches is warranted.
Age variations in the suicide rates and self‐reported subjective well‐being of married and never married persons
Authors: Mastekaasa Arne
Published: June 2007

Previous research has established that people who never marry have higher suicide rates and lower self‐reported subjective well‐being than the married. The present study examines how the differences between: (1) never married persons who live alone, (2) never married cohabitees; and (3) currently married people, vary between age groups. The relevance of such age variations for status integration theory and theories of marital selection is discussed. Summing up results from previous studies of suicide rates, the relative position of the never married is found to be most unfavourable for people in their 30s and 40s; the differences are smaller among the young and the old. Data on self‐reported well‐being are taken from a large‐scale survey of the population of one of Norway's 19 counties (n = 51 000), and are analysed by means of ordinary multiple regression. With regard to single people who were married or who never married, the results are largely consistent with the suicide findings; the advantage of marriage increases until about 40 years of age, then declines. The survey data also provide information about unmarried cohabitation, which seems to be more or less equivalent to marriage in most age groups. Neither status integration theory nor any other single theory of marriage effects or marital selection seems to be able to account for these findings in a satisfactory way.
Why don't they stay at home? Prejudices against ethnic minorities in Italy
Authors: Kirchler Erich , Zani Bruna
Published: June 2007

This study was conducted in Bologna, Italy, to analyse attitudes concerning ethnic minorities and emotions experienced in intergroup relations. Stereotypes of North African immigrants were investigated as a function of 'geographical' proximity with black people (living in the neighbourhood of black immigrants versus living in districts without immigrants) and origin (natives of Bologna versus residents who moved from Southern Italy to Bologna). It was predicted that the most positive stereotypes would be found among natives of Bologna living in the same neighbourhoods as North Africans, while the most negative prejudices would occur among the South Italians who do not live in the same districts as black people. Results indicate that neighbourhood has a central importance but effects of respondents' origins are more mixed.
‘I wouldn't have married the guy if i'd have to do that’: Heterosexual adults' constructions of condom use and their implications for sexual practice
Authors: Willig C.
Published: June 2007

The study reported in this paper uses discourse analysis to better understand heterosexual adults' accounts of condom use. It is suggested that discursive constructions of what it means to use a condom in a relationship may constrain or facilitate particular behaviours within particular contexts. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed that respondents framed their accounts of condom use almost exclusively within a marital discourse. This discourse constructs marriage as a condition incompatible with condom use and positions married respondents in such a way that they feel unable to request safer sex from their spouse. The concept of ‘trust’ was identified as a key component of the discourse. Respondents' constructions of ‘trust’ are fundamentally different from those found in AIDS education materials. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for AIDS education.
Macrosocial determinants of social integration: Social class and area effect
Authors: Gracia Enrique , García Fernando , Musitu Gonzalo
Published: June 2007

Theory and research on social support have paid little attention to the existence of important macrosocial variables determining level and content of social relationships. This study examines variations in social integration as a function of social class and residential area characteristics. Results for 234 subjects living in high and low risk neighbourhoods indicated that differences between higher and lower social class groups follow different patterns in different residential areas. Also, same social class position appeared to have different significance as a function of residential area characteristics. The levels of three social integration measures—community integration and satisfaction, community association and participation, and contribution in community organizations—were significantly higher for lower class in low risk neighbourhoods than in high risk ones. However, significant differences were found in only one measure for higher social class groups, with higher levels of community association and participation in high risk neighbourhoods than in low risk ones. The discussion examines a ‘social impoverishment’ hypothesis for high risk environments, and proposes possible protective factors for higher status residents. Relations between formal and informal sources of support, and implications for social intervention strategies are also considered.
Basic human values: The ethos for methodology
Authors: Kerruish Alison
Published: June 2007

This paper draws on the personal experiences of part of a research project where the original methodology was flawed and needed to change to properly encompass the lives and experiences of the people who the research was for, namely users of mental health services living in supported housing. The change in methodology involved a recognition that the research could not be termed ‘value‐free’; that researchers are not objective. It is argued that it was important to demonstrate that the information obtained in the research was ‘valid’, and that despite the subjective nature of the research, there are steps that can be taken to convince others that the information received is ‘real’. It is further argued that the traditional approach to research of separating theory (or knowledge) from practice was not only inappropriate in this sort of research, but is a false notion in any sort of action research that aims to promote change. The importance of the influence and power of service providers in action research is recognised, as well as the constraints placed on short‐term funded projects. It was important for the methodology to be non‐oppressive so that researchers adopted an open and honest approach and for researchers to become involved with the research participants. The implications of this ‘involvement’ are discussed. There is a concluding discussion about whether non‐users of mental health services can be considered as allies in research. It is argued that all oppressed groups need their allies and if the research is led by basic human values, then working alongside people who depend on services can lead to emancipatory outcomes.
Police interviewing: The identification of vulnerabilities
Authors: Pearse John
Published: June 2007

Failure to identify potential psychological vulnerabilities of people entering the Criminal Justice System continues to present a serious problem for the police and other agencies. This paper reviews some of the problems involved which include: the nature of the handicap itself, current guidelines and definitions, and somewhat arbitrary legal interpretations by the courts. An experiment is described in which police officers chose not to identify someone as vulnerable or ‘at risk’, despite information in all conditions having been biased towards eliciting a positive judgement.
A longitudinal study of job loss in relation to the grief process
Authors: Archer John , Rhodes Valerie
Published: June 2007

This study extended a previous assessment of the applicability of the grief process to job‐loss, using a longitudinal sample. A sample of 38 unemployed men were interviewed shortly after job loss (t1), and at four times over the following year (t2–t5), using a structured interview, a personal scaling technique [PQRST: Mulhall (1978), Manual for Personal Questionnaire Scaling Technique. NFER], and standard questionnaires of attachment to the former job, anxiety and depression. Of the sample, 24% fulfilled a criterion for a grief‐like response at t1. Factor analysis of the PQRST showed evidence for a general grief factor. A composite grief score from the interview was associated with two measures of job attachment (at t1), and with questionnaire measures of depression and anxiety at t1–t1. There was a gradual decline over time in the grief reaction.
Safer sex: Lessons from the male sex industry
Authors: Joffe Hélène , Dockrell Julie E.
Published: June 2007

Discerning the complex factors influencing male sex work is an important element of understanding HIV transmission. The present study examines a sample of London‐based masseurs and street workers' ideas concerning their sexual encounters, their partners and their role in society. Unsafe sex is associated with (1) a lack of perception of control in the sexual encounter, (2) attractive clients, and (3) loving relationships with non‐clients. The ways in which personal needs and stigma influence sexual practices and the men's sense of identity are considered. For some of the men, unsafe sex demarcates a sphere containing a type of intimacy that is absent from their working life. Since working life is associated with negative social judgements, the importance of this separate sphere is heightened. The findings call into question models of health behaviour that are built on individualist, reason‐based tenets and highlight the importance of social and emotional factors in safer sexual behaviour. The implications of the findings for prevention programmes and future research are discussed.
Power and the origins of unhappiness: Working with individuals
Authors: Smail David
Published: June 2007

Evidence that the ‘ultimate repressed’ in our understanding of emotional distress is power can be gleaned even from Freud's writing. This is a form of repression which community psychology is well placed to lift. Impossible though it is to stand outside the ‘apparatus of power’ (and, therefore to give a complete analysis of it), we cannot achieve an accurate account of the causes of human unhappiness without taking its operations into account as fully as possible. The psychological therapies do have an implicit notion of will power, but this serves only to distract our attention from the external, material nature of power. We have to be careful, moreover, not to ‘psychologize’ power by trying to turn it into an internal attribute to be ‘switched on’ by an essentially mysterious process of ‘empowerment’. We need to specify empirically the types of power that contribute to ‘clinical’ distress and give an account of ‘therapy’ in terms of the powers to which it has access (recognizing also that these are limited).
Dimensions of community identity
Authors: Puddifoot John E.
Published: June 2007

The important research area of community identity has failed to develop a practical means of measurement and comparative analysis. Scrutiny of the research literature suggests that this is in part due to the conceptual difficulties related to community in general, a restrictive emphasis on individual level psychological variables, and a reluctance or inability to proceed beyond exploratory methods of research to fuller field studies. Through a review of the related research in community identity in the UK, and from wider research in the areas of Psychological Sense of Community, Social Cohesion, and Community Satisfaction, a number of underlyin∼ dimensions of community identity are identified.
Hetarine, I. 3.4‐Dehydropyridin aus Pyridin‐diazonium‐(3)‐carboxylat‐(4)bzw. 4‐Chlor‐3‐brom‐pyridin
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas , Boettcher Fritz‐Peter
Published: June 2007

Pyridin‐diazonium‐(3)‐carboxylat‐(4) geht beim Erwärmen in einem Furan/Dioxan‐Gemisch unter Abspaltung von Stickstoff und Kohlendioxyd in 5.8‐Dihydro‐isochinolin‐5.8‐endoxyd über, wobei intermediär 3.4‐Dehydropyridin auftreten dürfte. Das Endoxyd ließ sich durch Lithiumamalgam bei Raumtemperatur in Isochinolin überführen. Aus 4‐Chlor‐3‐brom‐pyridin und Furan entsteht bei der Einwirkung von Lithiumamalgam Isochinolin Über 3.4‐Dehydropyridin und 5.8‐Dihydro‐isochinolin‐5.8‐endoxyd als nicht faßbare Zwischenstufen.
Tetrahydro‐1.3‐thiazin‐Derivate von Monosacchariden
Authors: Mani R. , zu Reckendorf Wolfgang Meyer , Bonner William A.
Published: June 2007

Umsetzung von D‐Glucose, D‐Galaktose, D‐Mannose und L‐Arabinose mit 3‐Mercapto‐propylamin ergab Substituierte Tetrahydro‐1.3‐thiazine. Die konstitution der Verbindung aus D‐Glucose wurde durch Raney‐Nickel‐Desulfurierung zu einem auf unabhängigem Wege erhaltenen D‐Sorbit‐Derivat bewiesen.
Zum Bildungsmechanismus des Piperidino‐hexose‐reduktons
Authors: Simon Helmut
Published: June 2007

Die Bildung des „Piperidino‐hexose‐reduktons”︁ wird mit Hilfe verschiedener 14C‐markierter Zucker‐ bzw. Zuckerderivate untersucht. Auf Grund der 14C‐Verteilung im Redukton wird ein Bildungsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.
Über Komplexe des Vanadin(V)‐oxychlorids
Authors: Krauss Hans‐Ludwig , Gnatz Gerhard
Published: June 2007

Das hellgelbe VOCl3 gibt mit unsubstituierten und substituierten Aromaten lichtempfindliche, tiefrote bis blaue Lösungen mit konzentrationsabhängigen Extinktionskoeffizienten. hνmax ist eine lineare Funktion des Ionisierungspotentials der betreffenden Kohlenwasserstoffe; das IR‐Spektrum zeigt die unveränderte Absorption der Ausgangsstoffe. Dies Verhalten entspricht der Bildung von „charge‐transfer”︁ ‐Komplexen. — Die in Substanz isolierbaren Additions‐verbindungen von VOCI3 mit organischen Donatoren, die ein elektronegatives Schlüsselatom besitzen ‐ eine Reihe dieser Vebindungen konnte erstmals dargestellt werden‐, zeigen ein analoges optisches Verhalten; das IR‐Spektrum entspricht einer schwachen Bindung der Liganden. Für VOCl3·2 Campher wurde kryoskopisch eine Dissoziationskonstante von etwa 2.10−4 (Mol/l)2 ermittelt.
Beitrag zur Reaktionsweise von Carbobenzoxy‐aminosäuren mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid
Authors: Schüssler Helga , Zahn Helmut
Published: June 2007

Symm. Acyl‐aminosäureanhydride wurden als Intermediärprodukte bei der Peptidsynthese mittels Dicyclohexylcarbodiimids isoliert und anschließend mit Aminosäureestern zu Peptiden umgesetzt. Ein schon von Khorana diskutierter Reaktionsmechanismus wird damit wahrscheinlich gemacht.
Actinomycine, XXIV; Antibiotica aus Actinomyceten, XLVIII. Actinomycin X1a und X0α
Authors: Brockmann Hans , Manegold Jost Henrich
Published: June 2007

Aus Actinomycingemischen vom Typ X wurden Actinomycin X1a, X0γ und X0δ abgetrennt. — Actinomycin X1a ist das zweite Actinomycin, das γ‐Oxoprolin enthält. — Durch Reduktion mit Aluminiumisopropylat wurde aus Actinomycin X1a das bisher unbekannte Actinomycin X0α gewonnen. — Vergleichende Teste Zeigten, wieweit die antibiotisch wirksame Grenzkonzentration der X‐Actinomycine von der Struktur ihres Peptidteils abhängt.
Ein neuer Weg zur Herstellung der Androgen‐Hormone, ausgehend vom pregnandiol‐(3α.6α)‐on‐(20)
Authors: Hodoşan Francisc , Jude Ioan , Şerban Nicolae , Balogh Árpád
Published: June 2007

Die Anwendung der Baeyer‐Villiger‐Reaktion auf Pregnandiol‐(3α.6α)‐on‐(20) nach vorheriger Veresterung der Hydroxylgruppen mit Salpetersäure weist einen neuen Weg zum 17α‐Methyl‐testosteron.
Die Darstellung des 4‐Nitro‐pyridins und seine Molekülverbin‐dungen mit Phenolen
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Schäfer Hermann
Published: June 2007

Man kann 4‐Nitro‐pyridin unmittelbar aus Pyridin über dessen N‐Oxyd in einer Ausbeute von 71% d. Th. gewinnen, wenn man den N‐Oxyd‐Sauerstoff mit Stickstoffmonoxyd in Nitriersäure bei 200° entfernt. — 4‐Nitro‐Pyridin und sein N‐Oxyd geben mit Naphtholen, Polyphenolen und aromatischen Aminen tieffarbige Molekülverbindungen des Acceptor‐Donator‐Typus.
Die Umsetzung des 4‐Nitro‐pyridins mit Benzylhalogenid
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Schäfer Hermann
Published: June 2007

4‐Nitro‐pyridine setzen sich mit Benzylhalogeniden zu N‐Benzyl‐γ‐pyridonen um.