bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient Triplet Differential (TTD) Method for Background Free Photoacoustic Imaging
Authors: Tan Joel W. Y. , Lee Chang H. , Kopelman Raoul , Wang Xueding
Published: June 2018

With the capability of presenting endogenous tissue contrast or exogenous contrast agents in deep biological samples at high spatial resolution, photoacoustic (PA) imaging has shown significant potential for many preclinical and clinical applications. However, due to strong background signals from various intrinsic chromophores in biological tissue, such as hemoglobin, achieving highly sensitive PA imaging of targeting probes labeled by contrast agents has remained a challenge. In this study, we introduce a novel technique called transient triplet differential (TTD) imaging which allows for substantial reduction of tissue background signals. TTD imaging detects directly the triplet state absorption, which is a special characteristic of phosphorescence capable dyes not normally present among intrinsic chromophores of biological tissue. Thus, these triplet state absorption PA images can facilitate “true” background free molecular imaging. We prepared a known phosphorescent dye probe, methylene blue conjugated polyacrylamide nanoparticles, with peak absorption at 660 nm and peak lowest triplet state absorption at 840 nm. We find, through studies on phantoms and on an in vivo tumor model, that TTD imaging can generate a superior contrast-to-noise ratio, compared to other image enhancement techniques, through the removal of noise generated by strongly absorbing intrinsic chromophores, regardless of their identity.
Solar thermal-driven capacitance enhancement of supercapacitors
Authors: Yi Fang , Ren Huaying , Dai Keren , Wang Xiaofeng , Han Yingzhou , Wang Kexin , Li Ke , Guan Baolu , Wang Jie , Tang Miao , Shan Jingyuan , Yang Hao , Zheng Mingsheng , You Zheng , Wei Di , Liu Zhongfan
Published: June 2018

The photothermal effect is applied to enhance the capacitance, energy density and power density of supercapacitors.
Removal of Cr(iii)/Cr(vi) from wastewater using defective porous boron nitride: a DFT study
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Liu Yan , Yu Xiaofei , Li Lanlan , Zhang Xinghua , Lu Zunming , Lin Jing , Yang Xiaojing , Huang Yang
Published: June 2018

In this work, by using DFT calculation, we revealed that p-BN with vacancy defects could efficiently remove both Cr(iii) and Cr(vi) ions from an aqueous solution due to large Eads values even in the higher Cr(iii)/Cr(vi) coverage.
Spectropolarimetric NLTE inversion code SNAPI
Authors: Milić I. , van Noort M.
Published: June 2018

Context. Inversion codes are computer programs that fit a model atmosphere to the observed Stokes spectra, thus retrieving the relevant atmospheric parameters. The rising interest in the solar chromosphere, where spectral lines are formed by scattering, requires developing, testing, and comparing new non-local thermal equilibrium (NLTE) inversion codes.

Aims. We present a new NLTE inversion code that is based on the analytical computation of the response functions. We named the code SNAPI, which is short for spectropolarimetic NLTE analytically powered inversion.

Methods. SNAPI inverts full Stokes spectrum in order to obtain a depth-dependent stratification of the temperature, velocity, and the magnetic field vector. It is based on the so-called node approach, where atmospheric parameters are free to vary in several fixed points in the atmosphere, and are assumed to behave as splines in between. We describe the inversion approach in general and the specific choices we have made in the implementation.

Results. We test the performance on one academic problem and on two interesting NLTE examples, the Ca II 8542 and Na I D spectral lines. The code is found to have excellent convergence properties and outperforms a finite-difference based code in this specific implementation by at least a factor of three. We invert synthetic observations of Na lines from a small part of a simulated solar atmosphere and conclude that the Na lines reliably retrieve the magnetic field and velocity in the range −3 <  logτ <  −0.5.
Perceptions on service quality: A study of old age homes in Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Authors: Anil Devika , Hemamala K
Published: June 2018

The proportion of old age citizens (above 60 years) in India constitutes 8.6% of the total population (60 million). 1% of this population currently resides in old age homes across India due to various reasons. The present living conditions of elderly in old age homes are not commendable. It has been found from research that the setting of old age homes and the employees influence the welfare of the residents and their health care. Despite various services provided, researchers have concluded that service gaps exist among staff and residents of old age homes. In the present scenario, it is the need of the hour to understand the living standards of the older generation in old age homes, to study the various services offered by them and how the residents spend their lives there in order to better their conditions of living. The purpose of this paper is (i) to draw insights from an in-depth analysis of old age homes and (ii) to study the perceptions in service quality of old age homes; by studying old age homes in the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Data for the study was collected through a face to face interview with its residents. Analysis of the collected data shows that ‘responsiveness’ and ‘empathy’ are the dimensions that are to be improved in both the states to increase overall satisfaction levels and meet the expectations of residents. The quality of the attributes, ‘Cleaning services for rooms’, ‘freedom to plan own time’ and ‘respect for residents’ privacy’ shall be improved by old age homes in order to improve the perception of service quality by residents.
On the in Vivo Clearance of Thrombin
Authors: Gans H , Stern R , Tan B. H
Published: June 2018

The turnover of labeled bovine thrombin was studied in heparinized dogs. The results of these studies indicate that

1. thrombin is rapidly removed from the blood, clearance takes place predominantly by the liver ;

2. the uptake occurs by the Kupffer cells ;

3. after its uptake the thrombin is rapidly broken down ;

4. in the absence of the liver thrombin is slowly cleared by extrahepatic phagocytes ;

5. the rate of thrombin clearance is so rapid and its critical dose so small that this protein can be used to study hepatic blood flow and Kupffer cell clearance function.
Substitution of Lipids with Bile Salts in the Formation of Thrombin
Authors: Barthels Monika , Seegers W. H
Published: June 2018

The generation of thrombin was studied in an activating system consisting of purified thrombin zymogens, purified autoprothrombin C, purified Ac-globulin, lipid or bile salts, and calcium chloride. With the concentration of calcium ions and pH fixed, the effect of varying the other three procoagulants was studied. Bile salts were effective substitutes for lipids in a concentration where micelles form. The approximate effectiveness from highest to lowest was: conjugated sodium salt of taurocholic acid, sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate. Sodium dehydrocholate was ineffective. Autoprothrombin C is the enzyme for thrombin formation. For accelerating its activity best results were obtained with the simultaneous presence of optimal concentrations of calcium ions, Ac-globulin and lipids or bile salts. Reducing any one of the three to zero concentration decreased the rate and yield of thrombin generation.

The form in which the zymogen is used was found to be important. Prothrombin complex, DE AE-prothrombin and prethrombin were studied. Each substrate has its peculiar requirements for yielding thrombin. Prothrombin complex and DEAE-pro-thrombin activated far more rapidly and required 10 times less autoprothrombin C than prethrombin. The yield of thrombin from these substrates was also higher than from prethrombin. DE AE-prothrombin required the least amount of lipid. For the bile salts the required concentrations were nearly always the same from one substrate to another. To a certain extent Benadryl could also be substituted for lipids. In association with rapid thrombin generation from DE AE-prothrombin the Ac-globulin and autoprothrombin C Avere represented in approximately a 6:1 molar ratio. As compared with the weight of the enzyme large amounts of Ac-globulin and cholate were required.

DE AE-prothrombin was readily made refractory to the two-stage analytical reagents with purified platelet factor 3 and calcium ions. Combinations of sodium cholate and phosphatidyl serine were also effective, but either one alone was ineffective.
Differences in the Effect of Antithrombin on Thrombin Clotting and Thrombin Esterase Activity
Authors: Gans H , Boulton A
Published: June 2018

Following the addition of thrombin to serum, thrombin clotting activity rapidly disappears. During the first half hour thrombin esterase activity also declines. Subsequently, the thrombin esterase activity remains stable for a long time.

Heparin which, under these circumstances profoundly alters the thrombin clotting-activity, affects the thrombin esterase activity only slightly. Hence serum induced inhibition of thrombin esterase activity is not significantly altered by heparin.

The possible relationship of these findings to the spontaneous resolution of thrombo-emboli is discussed.
Note on the Inactivation of Autoprothrombin C with Diisopropylfluorophosphate or Phenylmethanesulfonyl Fluoride
Authors: Seegers W. H , Marciniak Ewa , McCoy L
Published: June 2018

In relatively high concentrations DFP was found to inactivate autoprothrombin C. PMSF also inactivated the enzyme. A useful modification in our assay procedure for autoprothrombin C is described.
Sensitivity of Pregnant Mice to Intravenous Tissue Thromboplastin
Authors: Coccheri S , Ollendorff P , Astrup T
Published: June 2018

Pregnant mice are more susceptible to the intravenous injection of tissue thromboplastin than nonpregnant mice. This was true whether death of the animal, or the appearance of neurological symptoms, was used as indicator of toxicity. Increase of fibrinogen concentration or prior injection of plasmin or of a protease inhibitor (trypsin inhibitor from bovine lung) did not influence the immediate toxic effects. The reason for the increased sensitivity of pregnant mice to tissue thromboplastin remains undisclosed. Inhibition of tissue thromboplastin by serum is a slow process. The reported increase in inhibition of tissue thromboplastin by serum from pregnant individuals could not be confirmed.
The Human Prothrombin-Activating Enzyme
Authors: Deggeller K , Vreeken J
Published: June 2018

The formation and action of human prothrombin-activating enzyme is described. The study of the formation of the enzyme leads to the following conclusions :

1. The enzyme is formed from factor V, factor X and phospholipid in the presence of calcium. If one of the reagents is omitted no activity develops.

2. Factor V and factor X need activation by thrombin and for instance Russell Viper Venom, respectively.

3. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of factor Va concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration.

4. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of factor Xa concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration.

5. A linear relationship exists between the inverse of phospholipid concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration at small phospholipid concentration.

6. A linear relationship exists between the phospholipid concentration and the inverse of enzyme concentration at high phospholipid concentration.

The study of the action of the enzyme leads to the conclusion that human prothrombin is substrate and an inhibitor if present in excess.

The observed phenomena are best explained by the hypothesis that factor Va and factor Xa adsorb onto the phospholipid surface. When both factors are adsorbed close together they are active as an enzyme. This activity depends on two active centers, probably one derived from factor Va and one from factor Xa.
Morphologischer Nachweis von Fibrinmonomeren im histologischen Schnitt
Authors: Bleyl U , Sebening H , Kuhn W
Published: June 2018

Der Alkoholtest nach Godal und Abildgaard gestattet den Nachweis plasmatischer Fibrinmonomere im klinischen Schnelltest. In vergleichenden gerinnungsanalytischen und patho-anatomischen Untersuchungen zum tierexperimentellen Sanarelli-Shwartz-man-Phänomen und seinen Modifikationen wird der Nachweis erbracht, daß niedrige Alkoholkonzentrationen auch im histologischen Schnitt zu einer Aggregation und Polymerisation präexistenter plasmatischer Fibrinmonomere führen. Im Rahmen einer generalisierten intravasalen Gerinnung mit Faktorenverbrauch auftretende Fibrinmonomere werden bei Alkoholfixierung aggregiert und in Gegenwart eines auch in vitro aktiven FSF (Faktor XIII) sekundär stabilisiert. Nach Hemmung dieser Stabilisierungsreaktion durch Benzamidin, p-Chlormercuribenzoat, Glyzin-Methyl-ester und Zystein führt niedrigprozentiger Alkohol dagegen nur zu einer Fibrinaggregation. Formalinfixierung vermag zwar Fibrinaggregate über Ausbildung von Methylenbrücken zu stabilisieren, führt indessen nicht zu einer Aggregation präexistenter Fibrinmonomere. Vergleichende Untersuchungen nach Alkohol- und Formalinfixierung gestatten damit eine Aussage über präexistente Thrombinaktivitäten und präexistente plasmatische Fibrinmonomere. Sie sind geeignet, die Aussagekraft patho-anatomischer Untersuchungen selbst bei unterschwelligen intravasalen Gerinnungs-vorgängen wesentlich zu verbessern. Fibrin- und Fibrinogenspaltprodukte haben auf die Alkohol-induzierte Aggregation präexistenter Fibrinmonomere offenbar keinen Einfluß.
Retikuloendotheliale Clearance intravasaler Fibrinmonomere in der Milz
Authors: Bleyl U , Kuhn W , Graeff H
Published: June 2018

Thrombin induziert in Gegenwart des Fibrinolyseinhibitors Trasylol eine disseminierte intravasale Gerinnung. Das Schicksal der hierbei im Plasma auftretenden Fibrinmonomere wurde mit dem Alkoholtest zum Nachweis plasmatischer Fibrinmonomere und morphologischen Untersuchungen an alkohol- und formalinfixierten Organen verfolgt. Fibrinmonomere werden nach Alkoholfixierung bei nichtblockiertem RES als perizelluläre büschelförmige mizellare Strukturen in der Umgebung der Sinus -endothelien und Retikulumzellen der Milz sichtbar. Die perizelluläre Präzipitation wird als morphologischer Ausdruck der Oberflächenadsorption der Monomere an nicht blockierten Sinusendothelien und Retikulumzellen verständlich. Bei blockiertem RES geht diese perizelluläre Präzipitation verloren, die prolongiert im Blute kreisenden Monomere werden intravasal ohne Beziehung zu RES-Zellen durch Alkohol geliert und als kondensierte Präzipitate sichtbar. Sie lassen sich dann morphologisch nicht mehr von typischen fibrinreichen intravasalen Gerinnseln unterscheiden. In Formalin -schnitten werden dagegen ausschließlich bereits in vivo hochpolymere Fibrinformen erfaßbar. Mit dem lichtmikroskopischen Nachweis artefiziell aggregierter Fibrinmonomere an der Oberfläche der Zellen des retikuloendothelialen Systems der Milz schlagen die vorliegenden Untersuchungen eine Brücke zwischen den laborchemischen Befunden am Plasma bei Verbrauchsreaktionen und elektronenmikroskopischen Ergebnissen.
Evidence for the Existence of Foetal Fibrinogen
Authors: Witt I , Müller H , Künzer W
Published: June 2018

Human fibrinogen was isolated from the blood of adults and from umbilical cord blood. The fibrinogen preparations obtained were clottable with thrombin to between 97 and 98% and homogeneous in acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparative analyses of these highly purified foetal and adult fibrinogen showed that they have the same quantitative amino acid composition and the same mobility in acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.2.

Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose made it likely that foetal and adult fibrinogen have a slightly different electrical charge. The pH-dependency of the thrombin clotting time is strikingly different. The fingerprints of the tryptic peptides showed at least 3 peptides with different mobility in chromatography.

From these data it is assumed that foetal and adult fibrinogen have a different molecular structure. Hitherto it cannot be decided if the two proteins have a different primary structure, which is most probable, or if they are chemical modifications.
The Determination of Serum Fibrinolytic Inhibitors in Normal Practice
Authors: Daver J , Albugues M. J , Pasquier J. P. Du , Ricoeur M
Published: June 2018

It is desirable that every biology laboratory should be able to carry out the determination of serum fibrinolytic inhibitors. Two simple techniques which can be easily performed have been studied.

The first consists in measuring the lysis surface, using an activator, (plasmin) of a fibrin plate, to which the inhibitors are added in the form of a 1/10th concentration of the serum to be studied, using Blix’s method.

The second is the measuring of a standard fibrin clot, activated by streptokinase, in the presence of added inhibitors in the form of a 1/10th concentration of the serum to be studied, using Hawkey’s method.

The measurements taken by double determination with these two techniques on the sera of 569 subjects during epidemiological research on atherosclerosis, have shown that they do not measure the same thing, and it is not possible to give an explanation. However it is possible to make some assumptions.
Semiquantitative Plasminogenbestimmung mit Hilfe des Thrombelastographen
Authors: Martin M
Published: June 2018

1. Es wird eine einfach durchzuführende Plasminogenbestimmung mit Hilfe des Thrombelastographen mitgeteilt. Das Prinzip benutzt die durch hohe Streptokinase-mengen induzierte Aktivatorfunktion des menschlichen Plasminogens. Dieser Aktivator wandelt in einem Standardgerinnsel aus Rinderfibrin und verdünntem Humanplasma das dort adsorbierte bovine Plasminogen in Plasmin um, so daß eine Lyse des Testgerinnsels zustande kommt. Limitierend für die Geschwindigkeit der Lyse ist dabei die Höhe des Aktivatorspiegels. Da ein Bestandteil des Aktivators Human-plasminogen ist, steht die Geschwindigkeit der Lyse in direkter Abhängigkeit zum Gehalt des im Rinderfibrin-Standardgerinnsel inkorporierten menschlichen Plasminogens. Mit Hilfe einer vorher konstruierten Eichkurve, in der Lysezeiten und verschiedene Humanplasma(Plasminogen)-konzentrationen gegeneinander aufgetragen sind, kann zu jeder sich ergebenden Lysezeit des Testgerinnsels der zugehörige Plasminogen-gehalt des beigefügten Humanplasmas in Prozent der Norm abgelesen werden.

2. Die Standardabweichung so erhaltener und im Thrombelastographen geschriebener Lysezeiten bewegt sich zwischen i 10% bei annähernd normalen und ±50% bei extrem niedrigen (um 0.01 %) Plasminogenspiegeln.

3. An Hand einer Serie von 10 Langzeitlysen mit Streptokinase konnte die beschriebene Bestimmungsmethode erprobt werden. Es handelte sich um eine 3 Tage dauernde kombinierte Infusionsbehandlung von Streptokinase und Heparin. Die Therapie wurde durch Gabe der titrierten Initialdosis gestartet und mit stündlicher Gabe von 100000 E Streptokinase fortgesetzt. Hierbei kam es durchschnittlich bereits 4 Std. nach Behandlungsbeginn zu einem Abfall des Plasminogens unter die 1%-Grenze. Von der 16. Behandlungsstunde an lagen die Werte zwischen 1 und 0.05% der Norm. 16 Std. nach Absetzen der Streptokinase hatte sich das Plasminogen weitgehend restituiert und zeigte Plasmaspiegel zwischen 30 und 100%.

4. Für schnell durchzuführende Routinekontrollen während einer Streptokinase-thérapie wurden zwei Modifikationen der hier erprobten Plasminogenbestimmung vorgeschlagen. Die erste Abwandlung beruht auf Glättung der leicht biphasisch geformten Eichkurve, die damit zu einer Eichgeraden wird und von nur zwei Eich werten charakterisiert ist. Eine zweite Modifikation, die weitere Vereinfachungen zur Folge hat, wurde durch die Beobachtung, daß alle untersuchten Eichgeraden konstante, mit nur geringer Abweichung behaftete Neigungswinkel im doppelt-logarithmischen System aufwiesen, möglich. Hierdurch enthält die mathematische Formel, welche die Eichgerade beschreibt, nur noch zwei Variable, nämlich die Lysezeit des Standardgerinnsels mit 100% Humanplasminogen und jene mit unbekanntem Plasminogen-spiegel. Damit kann der gesuchte Plasminogengehalt durch eine einfache Rechenoperation und ohne Konstruktion von Eichgeraden oder -kurven unmittelbar in einer einmalig aufgestellten Tabelle abgelesen werden.
Thrombohemorrhagic Lesions Induced by Temporary Ischemia
Authors: Somogyi A , Mécs I
Published: June 2018

Temporary ischemia of the rat’s hind paw induces severe thrombohemorrhagic lesions following sensitization by the intravenous injections of ferric dextrin and agar I. Other substances such as India ink and saccharated ferric oxide, which exhibit no thrombohemorrhagic sensitizing properties when a tourniquet, epinephrine or 5-HT are used separately as challengers, prove extremely effective upon application of the tourniquet if epinephrine is also injected into the contralateral paw. Scandium chloride, given intravenously, sensitizes the rat for the production of thrombohemorrhagic lesions by temporary ischemia of the dorsal skin but fails to induce similar changes after an equally severe ischemia of the paw. It is concluded that, following sensitization, two in themselves ineffective agents, can become active thrombohemorrhagic challengers upon conjoint application.
Preventive Effect of Pyridinolcarbamate on Thrombohemorrhagic Phenomenon and Hemorrhagic Necrosis
Authors: Yamazaki H , Kurai A , Shimamoto T
Published: June 2018

Forty two rabbits were injected intravenously with 5 ml/kg of 0.5% agar solution or 100 μg/kg of bacterial endotoxin derived from Escherichia coli. After 1 min 0.1 ml of 500 μg/ml of adrenaline was injected intradermally in abdominal skin of each rabbit. After 24 hrs hemorrhage in adrenaline-injected regions was observed in 28 of 38 regions in abdominal skin of rabbits treated with agar and in 11 of 14 regions of rabbits treated with endotoxin. Both the hemorrhages were similarly reduced with the pretreatment of 40 μg of pyridinolcarbamate given locally with statistical significance (P < 0.01 and 0.05).
Platelet Adhesiveness and Euglobulin Lysis Time in Dogs Given Repeated Infusion of Sodium Palmitate
Authors: Cucuianu M , Papilian V. V , Bareliuc N , Crisnic I
Published: June 2018

The effect of infusions with sodium palmitate 3.5 m Mol/1 on platelet adhesiveness and euglobulin lysis time was studied in 16 dogs. A decrease of platelet adhesiveness was noted 15 min after infusion. Decreased platelet adhesiveness persisted 3 and 24 hrs later, although platelet counts that were diminished 15 min after the infusion, returned to the initial level. Fibrinogen levels were not found to decrease during infusions of fatty acids. A progressive increase of plasma fibrinogen was even noted in animals that survived more than 7 days after the first infusion. Following a transient acceleration of euglobulin lysis time, a delayed fibrinolysis was noted, probably as a result of the exhaustion of blood activator.

Fibrin depositions were emphasized in histological sections. In some animals aspects of obliterative thromboangiitis were noted. However bilateral cortical necrosis was found in only 1 dog.

It seems that correlations between increased lipid mobilization and changes of coagulability and fibrinolysis in atherosclerosis are much more complex.
Inactivation of Human Serum Plasminogen Antiactivator by Synthetic Fibrinolysis Inducers
Authors: Aoki N , von Kaulla K. N
Published: June 2018

Human serum plasminogen antiactivator was separated from serum antiplasmin by isoelectric precipitation and ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by Sephadex chromatography. With the use of human vascular activator it was demonstrated that the serum antiactivator is functionally distinct from serum antiplasmin. Both antiplasmin and antiactivator were irreversibly inactivated when incubated with synthetic fibrinolysis inducing compounds, this inactivation being independent from plasminogen activation. Minor structural modifications of the compounds which abolished the fibrinolytic activity also abolished their effects on serum antiactivator. It is suggested that the pathway of the compound-induced fibrinolysis is an unbalancing of the activator-antiactivator system by inactivating antiactivator, thus freeing the activator for plasminogen activation.
4-Aninomethylbicyclo[2.2.2]-Octane-1-Carboxylic Acid a New Potent Antifibrinolytic Agent
Authors: Baumgarten W , Priester L. I , Stiller D. W , Duncan A. E. W , Ciminera J. L , Loeffler L. J
Published: June 2018

In this publication we describe a new antifibrinolytic compound, 4-aminomethyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]-octane-l-carboxylic acid. This compound is the most active antifibrinolytic agent known up to the present.

Its activity has been characterized by two in vitro assay procedures and its relative potency compared to the standard antifibrinolytic agent, ε-aminocaproic acid.

Two assay procedures for the evaluation of antifibrinolytic compounds have been developed with particular emphasis on the capability to yield statistically valid results.
Coagulation Studies of Cord Blood, with Special Reference to “Fetal Fibrinogen”
Authors: von Felten A , Straub P. W
Published: June 2018

The last phase of the clotting mechanisms was investigated in cord blood of 118 mature newborns.

The most prominent finding was a prolonged thrombin time, not due to heparin. It was accompanied in most cases by a low fibrinogen and in some by a gelatinous appearance of the clot and a paracoagulation of the serum. This association was found to be usually due to in vitro fibrinogenolysis with consequent appearance of fibrinogen split products.

In 9 cases the prolonged thrombin time was not obviously due to fibrinogen degradation products. The possibilities of the presence of high molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products or of a special characteristic of cord blood fibrinogen leading to a delayed fibrinogen-fibrin conversion are considered.
The Estimation of Blood Platelet Survival
Authors: Murphy E. A , Francis M. E
Published: June 2018

Since migrating cells cannot be individually identified, inferences about their pattern of survival must be based on the collective behavior of a defined group of such cells. A precise nomenclature for the aspects of such cells and their behavior is necessary. Accurate estimates of mean survival of cells depend on the use of a model, which can only be constructed by considering pertinent factors in the internal and external economy of the cell. But demonstration that a factor is indeed pertinent depends in large part on observing change in mean survival. This circularity may be avoided by studying those properties of such survival curves which are uninfluenced by the form of the distribution of cell survival. Since these properties are logical necessities, there is no need to verify them experimentally.
Some New Observations on Glycogenolysis in Blood Platelets Studied by Cytochemical Scoring Method
Authors: Heřmanský F , Caen J , Matoušová O
Published: June 2018

The breakdown of stainable glycogen in blood platelets was studied by cytochemical scoring technique. Various compounds reacting in different ways with sulfhydryl groups (PCMB, MIA, NEM and ferricyanide) inhibited completely the adrenaline induced glycogenolysis in vitro. The inhibition by PCMB and ferricyanide but not that effected by MIA and NEM could be abolished by addition of reduced glutathione. This substance alone as well as other SH containing compounds (mercaptoethanol and cysteine) produced a marked glycogenolysis at 50 mM concentration. The same glycogenolytic effect was observed with 5 mM cyanide and azide. The degradation of stainable glycogen with all described compounds could be blocked by MIA and fluoride at same concentrations which inhibited the adrenaline induced glycogenolysis. The possible involvement of SH groups in some of these biochemical reactions is discussed.
Platelet Incorporation of Labelled Adenosine and Adenosine Diphosphate
Authors: Salzman E. W , Ashford T. P , Chambers D. A , Neri Lena L.
Published: June 2018

After incubation of platelet-rich plasma with labelled adenosine or ADP, platelet incorporation of radioactivity was assessed. Platelets were rapidly separated for counting by filtration through cellulose acetate Millipore. Inulin-H3 served as a plasma marker, and triple isotope techniques permitted simultaneous assessment of the behavior of the adenine and phosphate moieties of ADP without washing of platelets. In other experiments, electron microscopic radioautography was employed to trace the label after platelet incorporation.

The results were consistent with previous reports that ADP is dephosphorylated in plasma and is incorporated by platelets only as a dephosphorylated residue, probably adenosine. The label crossed the platelet membrane and entered the platelet, where it was distributed in platelet granules and the agranular cell sap. Concentration within granules occurred to a minor degree.

The results support the hypothesis that platelet aggregation by ADP occurs without a persistent bond of ADP to the platelet. Inhibition of aggregation by adenosine probably depends on a metabolic or transport process rather than on competition between adenosine and ADP for platelet binding sites.
Congenital Combined Deficiency of Factor V and Factor VIII
Authors: Saito H , Shioya M , Koie K , Kamiya T , Katsumi O
Published: June 2018

A case of congenital combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII was reported. The patient, a 9 year old boy, gave a history of epistaxis, hematomas, and of hemorrhages following dental extraction since the age of 2 ; plasma levels of factor V and factor VIII were found to be 16% and 8% of normal, respectively. No one in his family had a deficiency of either factor. The effects of transfusion of normal fresh plasma and whole blood from a patient with hemophilia A were studied. While the former were similar to the pattern as seen in classical hemophilia, the latter consisted of an immediate increase of factor V activity and a delayed increase of factor VIII activity, despite the fact that factor VIII activity was almost absent from the donor’s blood.
The Coagulation System during the Passage of Blood through the Body
Authors: Schimpf KL , Barth P , Bartman J , Freienberg J , Hansen B , Meier J
Published: June 2018

In rabbits blood was taken simultaneously from the right heart, aorta, vena cava caudalis, and vena portae. The samples were examined for activities of factors II, VIII, X, contact activation product, antithrombin III, anti-plasma-thromboplastin, for thrombin time, fibrin polymerization time, R+K values in the TEG and platelet count. The parameters were found to change significantly during circulation. The greatest differences were found between right heart on the one hand, and renal vein and portal vein on the other. In 8 of 10 cases the arithmitical means of the tested parameters showed highest or lowest values respectively in the renal vein.
Hämolytische Transfusionszwischenfälle mit »Verbrauchskoagulopathie« durch seltene Blutgruppenantikörper [Anti-Duffy (a)]
Authors: Mueller-Eckhardt Ch , Heene D , Müller-Berghaus G , Lasch H. G
Published: June 2018

Bei 2 Patientinnen – einer 65jährigen Frau mit einem M. Waldenstrom und einer ebenfalls 65jährigen Frau mit einem metastasierenden Mammakarzinom - kam es als Folge einer Isoimmunisierung gegen das Erythrozytenantigen Duffy (a), vermutlich durch inkompatible Blutübertragungen, zu hämolytischen Transfusionszwischenfällen. Bei der Kranken mit der Makroglobulinämie konnte eine manifeste »Verbrauchskoagulopathie« nachgewiesen werden. Die immunhämatologischen und hämostaseolo-gischen Probleme werden besprochen.
Studies with the Chandler Rotating Loop
Authors: Engelberg H
Published: June 2018

Evidence has been presented that thrombin formation and coagulation are the major processes involved in the formation of the clot-thrombus when blood is rotated in the Chandler loop, and that platelet aggregation is secondary to thrombin formation. It is suggested that the test be called the flowing clotting time or the clot-thrombus formation time.
Platelet Reactions and Immune Processes
Authors: Jobin F , Tremblay F
Published: June 2018

We have studied the effect of complement inhibitors of various classes on platelet aggregation induced by collagen or by latex. The majority of the complement inhibitors which we studied inhibited collagen- or latex-induced platelet aggregation.

The possible role of complement as a mediator in the activation of platelet reactions is discussed.

These findings indicate that some chemicals are able to act on some of the immune reactions and also on platelet thrombogenetic reactions. It is suggested that drugs or combination of drugs having such a polyvalence might be of particular benefit in thrombo-immuno-inflammatory conditions.
Effect of Purified Vipera Palestinae Hemorrhagin on Blood Coagulation and Platelet Function
Authors: Grotto L , Jerushalmy Z , de Vries A
Published: June 2018

Purified Vipera palestinae hemorrhagin (VPH) impairs thrombin formation, fibrinogen clottability, FSF activity, platelet clot retracting activity, ADP- and connective tissue-induced platelet aggregation and connective tissue - induced platelet ADP release. The effects of VPH became manifest or increased in intensity on incubation with the respective substrates prior to measurement of their activities. Inactivation of the VPH protease by DFP resulted in complete abolishment of the first four and partial inhibition of the last two of the above VPH activities.

Administration of VPH to guinea pigs caused widespread hemorrhages, associated with moderate hypofibrinogenemia but normal platelet count, clotting time and clot retraction. DFP-treated VPH caused hemorrhage without hypofibrinogenemia.
Accumulation of Macromolecular Particles in the Reticuloendothelial System (RES) Mediated by Platelet Aggregation and Disaggregation
Authors: van Aken W.G , Vreeken J
Published: June 2018

Carbon particles cause platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Prior studies established that substances which modify thrombocyte aggregation also influence the rate at which carbon is cleared from the blood.

This study was performed in order to elucidate the mechanism by which the carbon-platelet aggregates specifically accumulate in the RES.

Activation of fibrinolysis by urokinase or streptokinase reduced the carbon clearance rate, probably due to generated fibrinogen degradation products (FDP). Isolated FDP decreased the carbon clearance and caused disaggregation of platelets and particles in vitro. Inhibition of fibrinolysis by epsilon-amino-caproic acid (EACA), initially accelerated the disappearance of carbon and caused particle accumulation outside the RES, predominantly in the lungs. It is supposed that platelet aggregation and locally activated fibrinolysis act together in the clearance of particles. In the normal situation the RES with its well known low fibrinolytic activity, becomes the receptor of the particles.
Reticuloendothelial Function and Blood Coagulation in Rats
Authors: Pechet L , Pechet Giselle S. , MacDonald R. A
Published: June 2018

Intravascular coagulation and its possible effect on carbon clearance was studied in rats following the injection of commercial india ink containing shellac; a shellac-free carbon preparation; gelatin; heat denatured albumin; colloidal iron; and heparin. No relationship was found between activation of coagulation and RES function as measured by clearance of intravenously injected carbon.
Über die Wirkung von Lipidemulsionen auf Blutplättchen
Authors: Pfleiderer Th , Morgenstern E , Weber E
Published: June 2018

In vorliegenden Untersuchungen konnte gezeigt werden, daß zahlreiche Lipid-Wasser-Emulsionen zu einer ausgeprägten und rasch einsetzenden Steigerung der Thrombozytenaggregation führen. Bei Abwesenheit von Kalziumionen in EDTA-Plasma ließ sich ein Lipideffekt an Thrombozyten nicht mehr nachweisen. Mehrfach gewaschene Plättchen zeigten jedoch auch ohne Kalziumionen eine deutliche Steigerung der Aggregation. Bei 4° C war der Ablauf der Aggregation deutlich verlangsamt. Die Zugabe von Albumin oder EPL verhinderte die aggregationssteigernde Wirkung einer Lipidemulsion. Adenosin führte lediglich zu einer teilweisen Hemmung der lipid -induzierten Klebrigkeitssteigerung. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse wird vermutet, daß der erste Schritt der Wirkung einer Lipidemulsion auf Thrombozyten mit der Oberflächenaktivität der Emulsionsteilchen in ursächlichem Zusammenhang steht. Im weiteren Verlauf kommt es zu einer Phagozytose von Lipidemulsionsteilchen durch Thrombozyten, was mit einer Zunahme einer Aggregationsneigung und erheblichen morphologischen und biochemischen Veränderungen verknüpft ist.
Über die Wirkung von Lipidemulsionen auf Blutplättchen
Authors: Morgenstern E , Pfleiderer Th , Zebisch P , Weber E
Published: June 2018

Der Einfluß emulgierter Lipide (Fettsäuren, Triglyzeride, Lipidgemische) und fettähnlicher Substanzen (Paraffin- und Silikonöl) auf die Struktur der Blutplättchen von Mensch und Schwein wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß die Emulsionsteilchen aller geprüften Substanzen von den Plättchen durch Membraninvagination, wie das bei phagozytierenden Zellen bekannt ist, aufgenommen werden. Daneben beobachteten wir eine vermutlich ADP-induzierte Neigung der Plättchen zu aggregieren, die durch Adenosin gehemmt wurde. Emulsionen mit hohem Anteil unveresterter Fettsäuren oder reine Fettsäureemulsionen führten darüber hinaus zu starken Destruktionen der Plättchen, während nach Behandlung mit Triglyzeriden oder Lipidgemischen ohne freie Fettsäuren diese Erscheinungen erst nach langen Inkubationszeiten auftraten und sich vermindern ließen, wenn die intraplasmatische Lipolyse durch Protaminsulfat gehemmt wurde. Der Zusatz von Emulgatoren (Albumin, Phospholipide) setzte die Fettsäurewirkung und die Aggregationsneigung der Plättchen herab, EDTA verhinderte die Aggregatbildung völlig. Aus den Beobachtungen schließen wir, daß für die Aufnahme von Lipiden die Eigenschaften der Emulsionsteilchen bestimmend sind, während freie Fettsäuren aufgrund ihrer Moleküleigenschaften die Plättchenmembranen passieren und in hohen Konzentrationen zur Zellzerstörung führen.
On the Role of the Stable Plasminogen Activator of the Venous Wall in Occlusion Induced Fibrinolytic State
Authors: Constantini R , Spöttl F , Holzknecht F , Braunsteiner H
Published: June 2018

The fibrinolytic activity respectively the PA activity of normal veins before and after venous occlusion is measured by the histochemical method of Todd. The results show marked decreases of PA of the adventitia and an increase of PA of the endothelial type, after venous occlusion. This suggests a transfer of PA through the venous wall into the intravascular lumen, and may be the cause of increased fibrinolytic activity in venous blood after occlusion. Contrary assumptions are discussed.
Die Beeinflussung der Wirkung des Trypsins auf die Blutgerinnung durch natürliche und synthetische Trypsin- und Thrombininhibitoren
Authors: Landmann H , Markwardt F , Perlewitz J
Published: June 2018

Niedrige Trypsinkonzentrationen bringen Blut und Plasma in Abwesenheit von Kalziumionen zur Gerinnung, höhere Trypsinkonzentrationen verursachen Ungerinnbarkeit. Diese Phänomene, die trotz eines hohen Antitrypsingehaltes des Blutplasmas Zustandekommen, beruhen auf einer Prothrombinaktivierung bzw. einem proteolytischen Fibrinogenabbau. Die Prothrombinaktivierung wird durch natürliche und synthetische Hemmstoffe des Trypsins nicht verhindert, während der Fibrinogenabbau durch natürliche Proteinaseninhibitoren vollständig und durch synthetische Inhibitoren teilweise aufgehoben wird. Kaninchenthrombozyten enthalten im Gegensatz zu menschlichen Thrombozyten ein fest gebundenes Antitrypsin, dessen Aktivität 1-2% der Plasma-Antitrypsin-Aktivität ausmacht. Menschliches Plasma hat einen um 37% höheren Antitrypsingehalt als Kaninchenplasma. Infusionen oder Injektionen von Trypsin bewirken bei Kaninchen einen lebensbedrohlichen Zustand, der durch eine massive in tra vitale Gerinnung hervorgerufen wird. Dieser Zustand kann durch Thrombinhemmstoffe, nicht dagegen durch natürliche oder synthetische Trypsinhemmstoffe verhindert werden.
The Role of the Mast Cell in Thrombolysis Induced by Heparin and a Heparin-Like Substance SP54
Authors: FitzGerald D. E
Published: June 2018

Mast cell uptake of biologically synthesised sodium heparin S35 was shown by Loomis (4). Selye (7) has reviewed the part played by these cells in the storage and production of heparin-like substances. In the studies preceeding these investigations the thrombolytic action of heparin and SP54 was demonstrated (1). In these experiments it has been shown that following degranulation of the mast cell, intravenously injected heparin or SP54 can be taken up by these cells within 24 hrs.

This suggests that the mast cell in the perivascular tissues plays a role in the utilization of injected heparin. It may be that exogenous heparin is altered in some way “in vivo” to produce thrombolysis and that the mast cell plays a part in this mechanism.
Purification of the Antihemophilic Factor by Gel Filtration on Agarose
Authors: Paulssen M.M.P , Wouterlood A.C.M.G.B , Scheffers H.L.M.A
Published: June 2018

Factor VIII can be isolated from plasma proteins, including fibrinogen by chromatography on agarose. The best results were obtained with Sepharose 6B. Large scale preparation is also possible when cryoprecipitate is separated by chromatography. In most fractions containing factor VIII a turbidity is observed which may be due to the presence of chylomicrons.

The purified factor VIII was active in vivo as well as in vitro.
Zur Pathogenese obliterierender Arterienprozesse bei Hypercholesterinämie
Authors: Frost H
Published: June 2018

Bei Kaninchen, die 14 Tage bzw. 3 Wochen mit cholesterinreicher Nahrung gefüttert wurden, konnten ausnahmslos zahlreiche Thrombozyten an der Wand der Bauch aorta und der Aa. carotides mit Hilfe eines Raster-Elektronenmikroskops adhärent gefunden werden. Darüberhinaus zeigten sich vermehrt Endothelabschilferungen und tröpfchenförmige Adhäsionen, die für Fett gehalten werden. Andere Elemente des strömenden Blutes waren nicht festzustellen. Bei Kontrolltieren wurden in den entsprechenden Gefäßen keine Wandadhäsionen gefunden.

Es wird angenommen, daß eine alimentäre Hypercholesterinämie zu Fettphago-zytose und erhöhter Adhäsionsbereitschaft der Thrombozyten führt. Darüberhinaus können bei Hypercholesterinämie anscheinend Fetttröpfchen auch direkt an der Gefäßwand adhärent werden.

Das weitere Schicksal solcher Wandadhäsionen wird diskutiert.
The Disappearance of Fibrin from the Pulmonary Vessels in Experimental Fat Embolism
Authors: Saldeen T
Published: June 2018

The background mechanism for the disappearance of intravascular fibrin from the lungs in connection with pulmonary fat embolism in the rat was studied.

The reticulo-endothelial system did not appear to play an important role in the disappearance of fibrin. Premedication of the animals with trypan blue had only slight influence on this disappearance, and the capacity of RES for phagocytizing 131I-denatured albumin was not diminished.

Treatment of the rats with a plasminogen activation inhibitor (EACA) resulted in a protracted presence of intravascular fibrin deposits, indicating a role of fibrinolysis in the elimination of the fibrin.

In connection with experimental fat embolism induced by fracture, an increase was observed in the plasminogen activator concentration in the blood, but when the fat embolism was induced by intravenous injection of homogenized adipose tissue, this activator decreased. At an early stage following intravascular coagulation in the lungs there was an increased fibrinolytic activity in the lung. These results indicated that the disappearance of fibrin is caused by local fibrinolysis in the lung.

Twenty-four hrs after the induction of the fat embolism an increase in the plasminogen activator inhibitors in the blood and a decrease in the fibrinolytic activity in the lung was observed. The significance of this inhibition of the fibrinolytic system for the understanding of the fat embolism syndrome is discussed.
The Effect of Chronic Administration of Lathyrogen (Beta-Aminopropionitrile) on Blood Clotting and Fibrinolytic System in Rabbits
Authors: Bańkowski E , Worowski K
Published: June 2018

The effect of chronic intoxication of rabbits with beta-aminopropionitrile on blood clotting and fibrinolysis was studied.

The increase of clotting time of whole blood and recalcified plasma accompanied with the decrease of factor IX, XI and XIII level were observed. On the other hand the significant increase of fibrinogen content and soluble complexes of fibrin monomers level was found.

A deep inhibition of fibrinolytic activity of plasma was stated. The decrease of thromboplastic and fibrinolytic activity of saline extracts of some internal organs was also observed. The mechanism of above described changes and their significance in pathology are discussed.
Über die fibrinolytische Aktivität von Rinderprothrombinpräparaten nach Seegers
Authors: Andrassy K , Egbring R , Egli H
Published: June 2018

1. In den Rinderprothrombinpräparaten nach Seegers (eigene Aufbereitung) läßt sich als Thrombin E ein Aktivator des fibrinolytischen Systems wie auch ein proteolytisches Enzym auf Standard- und Hitzefibrinplatten nachweisen. Dieses proteolytische Enzym dürfte mit Plasmin identisch sein.

2. Der Zusatz von AMCHA in hoher Konzentration zu den Rinderprothrombinpräparaten bewirkt eine Blockierung der proteolytischen Komponente, nicht oder nur unvollständig des Plasminogenaktivators.

3. Der Zusatz von Trasylol dagegen hemmt die Lyse sowohl auf den Hitzefibrinwie auf den Standardfibrinplatten.

4. Rinderprothrombin nach Seegers spaltet nicht nur plasminogenhaltiges, sondern auch plasminogenfreies Fibrinogen.

5. Mit Plasmin-Novo läßt sich nach Seegers aufbereitetes Rinderprothrombin zu Thrombin aktivieren.

6. Der Zusatz von AMCHA zu Prothrombin und Plasmin kann weder die Thrombinbildung noch die Aktivierung der Fibrinolyse verhindern.

7. Trasylol dagegen hemmt die Lyse auf Standardfibrin- und auf der Hitzefibrinplatte, jedoch nicht die Thrombinbildung aus Prothrombin durch Einwirkung von Plasmin.

8. Die vorgenannten Befunde sprechen dafür, daß eine „Autokatalyse” des nach Seegers aufbereiteten Rinderprothrombins durch Beimengung von proteolytisch wirksamen Substanzen mit Plasmincharakter hervorgerufen werden kann.
Bleeding Time and Surgical Blood Losses in Nonhemorrhagic People
Authors: Roskam J
Published: June 2018

1. Discussion of various clinical trials upon the hemostatic properties of adrenochrome derivatives suggest a possible correlation between bleeding time and hemostatic plug resistance.

2. It is hoped that this hypothesis will result in new experiments in man and in laboratory animal which might improve general non-specific hemostatic therapy, more especially in order to lessen preventively surgical blood losses.
Discriminant Analysis on Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Data Obtained During Liver Homotransplantation
Authors: Currin D. R , Pechet L
Published: June 2018

Human and canine liver transplants representing two sample populations of living and dead, were studied by means of multivariate discriminant analysis using ten coagulation assays as input parameters. This procedure produced correct sample classifications at the .975 significance level in all cases. It is suggested that such a procedure, or similar procedures, may be used, when integrated within the proper information system, as an early adjunct to prognosis. It is further concluded that coagulation parameters represents, at least in part, the basis set which spans a multivariate discriminant partition space for liver transplantation.