bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential for producing increased levels of isoflavones in transgenic plants.
Authors: Rasmussen S. , Jones C.
Published: November 2013

Isoflavones are a subgroup of isoflavonoids, a group of flavonoids found almost exclusively in Leguminosae. The main isoflavones accumulating in legumes are daidzein and genistein and 4-0-methylated formononetin and biochanin A. Isoflavones and derived isoflavonoids play important roles in plant protection against pathogens, as signalling molecules in nitrogen fixing legume-rhizobia associations and can be beneficial for human health. Considerable research efforts aim to introduce isoflavones into non-leguminous plants through genetic transformation. The biosynthesis of isoflavones requires the activity of isoflavone synthase (IFS) and transformation of non-leguminous plants with IFS demonstrated that it is, in principle, possible to introduce the biosynthesis of genistein into plants not normally synthesizing this compound. However, isoflavone concentrations are typically at least an order of magnitude lower than those found in soybean seeds or red clover leaves. Major limiting factors are insufficient flux through naringenin, the general precursor of (iso)flavonoids and in particular competition between flavonoid specific enzymes and isoflavonoid specific IFS. Attempts to increase isoflavone concentrations beyond the natural variation in soybean seeds through overexpression of IFS have also been met with limited success and recently identified transcriptional regulators of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway might present a more promising option. All reviewed studies focused on the manipulation of genes encoding proteins directly involved in the (iso)flavonoid pathway and we propose that engineering strategies introducing or enhancing the biosynthesis of isoflavones might have to consider wider metabolic network interactions such as the link of (iso)flavonoid precursors with protein, lipid and carotenoid biosynthetic pathways.
The degeneration formula for logarithmic expanded degenerations
Authors: Chen Qile
Published: November 2013

We define a notion of logarithmic stable maps based on Bumsig Kim’s construction. Then we prove Jun Li’s degeneration formula under the log setting by applying the method for transversal maps developed by Dan Abramovich and Barbara Fantechi.
Graded Otx2 activities demonstrate dose-sensitive eye and retina phenotypes
Authors: Bernard Clémence , Kim Hyoung-Tai , Torero Ibad Raoul , Lee Eun Jung , Simonutti Manuel , Picaud Serge , Acampora Dario , Simeone Antonio , Di Nardo Ariel A. , Prochiantz Alain , Moya Kenneth L. , Kim Jin Woo
Published: November 2013

In the human, mutations of OTX2 (Orthodenticle homeobox 2 transcription factor) translate into eye malformations of variable expressivity (even between the two eyes of the same individual) and incomplete penetrance, suggesting the existence of subtle thresholds in OTX2 activity. We have addressed this issue by analyzing retinal structure and function in six mutant mice with graded Otx2 activity: Otx2+/+, Otx2+/AA, Otx2+/GFP, Otx2AA/AA, Otx2AA/GFP and Otx2GFP/GFP. Null mice (Otx2GFP/GFP) fail to develop the head and are embryonic lethal, and compound heterozygous Otx2AA/GFP mice show a truncated head and die at birth. All other genotypes develop until adulthood. We analyzed eye structure and visual physiology in the genotypes that develop until adulthood and report that phenotype severity parallels Otx2 activity. Otx2+/AA are only mildly affected whereas Otx2+/GFP are more affected than Otx2+/AA but less than Otx2AA/AA mice. Otx2AA/AA mice later manifest the most severe defects, with variable expressivity. Electrophysiological and histological analyses of the mouse retina revealed progressive death of bipolar cells and cone photoreceptors that is both Otx2 activity- and age-dependent with the same ranking of phenotypic severity. This study demonstrates the importance of gene dosage in the development of age-dependent pathologies and underscores the fact that small gene dosage differences can cause significant pathological states.
The transgenic expression of LARGE exacerbates the muscle phenotype of dystroglycanopathy mice
Authors: Whitmore Charlotte , Fernandez-Fuente Marta , Booler Helen , Parr Callum , Kavishwar Manoli , Ashraf Attia , Lacey Erica , Kim Jihee , Terry Rebecca , Ackroyd Mark. R. , Wells Kim E. , Muntoni Francesco , Wells Dominic J. , Brown Susan C.
Published: November 2013

Mutations in fukutin-related protein (FKRP) underlie a group of muscular dystrophies associated with the hypoglycosylation of α-dystroglycan (α-DG), a proportion of which show central nervous system involvement. Our original FKRP knock-down mouse (FKRPKD) replicated many of the characteristics seen in patients at the severe end of the dystroglycanopathy spectrum but died perinatally precluding its full phenotyping and use in testing potential therapies. We have now overcome this by crossing FKRPKD mice with those expressing Cre recombinase under the Sox1 promoter. Owing to our original targeting strategy, this has resulted in the restoration of Fkrp levels in the central nervous system but not the muscle, thereby generating a new model (FKRPMD) which develops a progressive muscular dystrophy resembling what is observed in limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (LARGE) is a bifunctional glycosyltransferase previously shown to hyperglycosylate α-DG. To investigate the therapeutic potential of LARGE up-regulation, we have now crossed the FKRPMD line with one overexpressing LARGE and show that, contrary to expectation, this results in a worsening of the muscle pathology implying that any future strategies based upon LARGE up-regulation require careful management.
LRP4 third β-propeller domain mutations cause novel congenital myasthenia by compromising agrin-mediated MuSK signaling in a position-specific manner
Authors: Ohkawara Bisei , Cabrera-Serrano Macarena , Nakata Tomohiko , Milone Margherita , Asai Nobuyuki , Ito Kenyu , Ito Mikako , Masuda Akio , Ito Yasutomo , Engel Andrew G. , Ohno Kinji
Published: November 2013

Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are heterogeneous disorders in which the safety margin of neuromuscular transmission is compromised by one or more specific mechanisms. Using Sanger and exome sequencing in a CMS patient, we identified two heteroallelic mutations, p.Glu1233Lys and p.Arg1277His, in LRP4 coding for the postsynaptic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4. LRP4, expressed on the surface of the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction, is a receptor for neurally secreted agrin, and LRP4 bound by agrin activates MuSK. Activated MuSK in concert with Dok-7 stimulates rapsyn to concentrate and anchor AChR on the postsynaptic membrane and interacts with other proteins implicated in the assembly and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. LRP4 also functions as an inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. The identified mutations in LRP4 are located at the edge of its 3rd beta-propeller domain and decrease binding affinity of LRP4 for both MuSK and agrin. Mutations in the LRP4 3rd beta-propeller domain were previously reported to impair Wnt signaling and cause bone diseases including Cenani–Lenz syndactyly syndrome and sclerosteosis-2. By analyzing naturally occurring and artificially introduced mutations in the LRP4 3rd beta-propeller domain, we show that the edge of the domain regulates the MuSK signaling whereas its central cavity governs Wnt signaling. We conclude that LRP4 is a new CMS disease gene and that the 3rd beta propeller domain of LRP4 mediates the two signaling pathways in a position-specific manner.
The ORC/Cdc6/MCM2-7 complex facilitates MCM2-7 dimerization during prereplicative complex formation
Authors: Evrin Cecile , Fernández-Cid Alejandra , Riera Alberto , Zech Juergen , Clarke Pippa , Herrera M. Carmen , Tognetti Silvia , Lurz Rudi , Speck Christian
Published: November 2013

The replicative mini-chromosome-maintenance 2–7 (MCM2-7) helicase is loaded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotes as a head-to-head double-hexamer around origin DNA. At first, ORC/Cdc6 recruits with the help of Cdt1 a single MCM2-7 hexamer to form an ‘initial’ ORC/Cdc6/Cdt1/MCM2-7 complex. Then, on ATP hydrolysis and Cdt1 release, the ‘initial’ complex is transformed into an ORC/Cdc6/MCM2-7 (OCM) complex. However, it remains unclear how the OCM is subsequently converted into a MCM2-7 double-hexamer. Through analysis of MCM2-7 hexamer-interface mutants we discovered a complex competent for MCM2-7 dimerization. We demonstrate that these MCM2-7 mutants arrest during prereplicative complex (pre-RC) assembly after OCM formation, but before MCM2-7 double-hexamer assembly. Remarkably, only the OCM complex, but not the ‘initial’ ORC/Cdc6/Cdt1/MCM2-7 complex, is competent for MCM2-7 dimerization. The MCM2-7 dimer, in contrast to the MCM2-7 double-hexamer, interacts with ORC/Cdc6 and is salt-sensitive, classifying the arrested complex as a helicase-loading intermediate. Accordingly, we found that overexpression of the mutants cause cell-cycle arrest and dominant lethality. Our work identifies the OCM complex as competent for MCM2-7 dimerization, reveals MCM2-7 dimerization as a limiting step during pre-RC formation and defines critical mechanisms that explain how origins are licensed.
ATR–Chk1–APC/CCdh1-dependent stabilization of Cdc7–ASK (Dbf4) kinase is required for DNA lesion bypass under replication stress
Authors: Yamada Masayuki , Watanabe Kenji , Mistrik Martin , Vesela Eva , Protivankova Iva , Mailand Niels , Lee MyungHee , Masai Hisao , Lukas Jiri , Bartek Jiri
Published: November 2013

Cdc7 kinase regulates DNA replication. However, its role in DNA repair and recombination is poorly understood. Here we describe a pathway that stabilizes the human Cdc7–ASK (activator of S-phase kinase; also called Dbf4), its regulation, and its function in cellular responses to compromised DNA replication. Stalled DNA replication evoked stabilization of the Cdc7–ASK (Dbf4) complex in a manner dependent on ATR–Chk1-mediated checkpoint signaling and its interplay with the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosomeCdh1 (APC/CCdh1) ubiquitin ligase. Mechanistically, Chk1 kinase inactivates APC/CCdh1 through degradation of Cdh1 upon replication block, thereby stabilizing APC/CCdh1 substrates, including Cdc7–ASK (Dbf4). Furthermore, motif C of ASK (Dbf4) interacts with the N-terminal region of RAD18 ubiquitin ligase, and this interaction is required for chromatin binding of RAD18. Impaired interaction of ASK (Dbf4) with RAD18 disables foci formation by RAD18 and hinders chromatin loading of translesion DNA polymerase η. These findings define a novel mechanism that orchestrates replication checkpoint signaling and ubiquitin–proteasome machinery with the DNA damage bypass pathway to guard against replication collapse under conditions of replication stress.
(E)-1-[2-(4-Chloro-2-nitrostyryl)-1-phenylsulfonyl-1H-indol-3-yl]propan-1-one
Authors: Umadevi M. , Saravanan V. , Yamuna R. , Mohanakrishnan A. K. , Chakkaravarthi G.
Published: November 2013

In the title compound, C25H19ClN2O5S, the phenyl ring forms dihedral angles of 79.62 (12) and 80.02 (13)° with the indole ring system and the benzene ring, respectively. The nitro group is twisted at an angle of 22.39 (11)° with respect to the attached benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules assemble into double layers in theabplaneviaC—H...O interactions.
The new world of learning: continuous learning
Authors: Fojt Martin
Published: November 2013

Michael Kami, president of Corporate Planning Inc., recently said that “the success of an organization depends on the individual and collective knowledge of its people”. This is very true, and highlights the importance of staying ahead in your particular field. The difficulties lie in deciding how to stay ahead. What strategies should be used, where it should be done and how much it will cost, are just a few of the issues that need to be addressed before tackling the knowledge debate.
Fitness traits and underlying genetic variation related to host plant specialization in the aphid Sitobion avenae
Authors: Gao Su‐Xia , Liu De‐Guang , Chen Hui , Meng Xiu‐Xiang
Published: November 2013

Sitobion avenae (F.) is an important cereal pest worldwide that can survive on various plants in the Poaceae, but divergent selection on different host plants should promote the evolution of specialized genotypes or host races. In order to evaluate their resource use strategies, clones of S. avenae were collected from oat and barley. Host‐transfer experiments for these clones were conducted in the laboratory to compare their fitness traits. Our results demonstrated that barley clones had significantly lower fecundity and tended to have longer developmental times when transferred from barley to oat. However, oat clones developed faster after they were transferred to barley. Clones from oat and barley had diverged to a certain extent in terms of fecundity and developmental time of the nymphs. The separation of barley clones and oat clones of S. avenae was also evident in a principal component analysis. Barley clones tended to have higher broad‐sense heritabilities for fitness traits than oat clones, indicating the genetic basis of differentiation between them. Barley clones showed significantly higher extent of specialization compared to oat clones from two measures of specialization (i.e., Xsp and Ysp). Therefore, barley clones were specialized to a certain extent, but oat clones appeared to be generalized. The fitness of S. avenae clones tended to increase with higher extent of specialization. The evolution toward ecological specialization in S. avenae clones, as well as the underlying genetic basis, was discussed.
Uncommon presentations of primary systemic necrotizing vasculitides: the Great Masquerades
Authors: Sharma Aman , Gopalakrishan Dharmesh , Nada Ritambhra , Kumar Susheel , Dogra Sunil , Aggarwal Mayank M. , Gupta Rajesh , Minz Ranjana W. , Kakkar Nandita , Vashishtha Rakesh K. , Singh Surjit
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Systemic vasculitides are great masqueraders and at times their presenting manifestations can be very different from the usual recognized patterns. Such uncommon presentations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis), classical polyarteritis nodosa and unclassifiable vasculitides are described here with the relevant review of literature.

Methods

All patients diagnosed as having systemic vasculitides and classified as having granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis), classic polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and unclassifiable vasculitis according to EMEA consensus methodology and followed up prospectively from June 2007 to December, 2011 were included. Details of uncommon presentations of these disorders were identified.

Results

Seventy‐nine patients with systemic vasculitides were seen under our rheumatology services during this period. These included 45 patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis), 18 with classic polyarteritis nodosa, five with microscopic polyangiitis, four with Churg–Strauss syndrome and seven with unclassifiable vasculitis. The uncommon presentations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis were a tumefactive subcutaneous mass in the thigh; prostatomegaly with obstructive uropathy and advanced renal failure; and predominant gastrointestinal (GI) vasculitis with thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy at presentation. The uncommon manifestations of classic polyarteritis nodosa were secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and Budd–Chiari syndrome. One patient with massive lower GI bleeding required surgical resection of the large bowel which showed isolated necrotizing granulomatous GI vasculitis. Single organ vasculitis of the GI tract was diagnosed.

Conclusions

Systemic necrotizing vasculitides may present with uncommon manifestations and a high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and prompt treatment to prevent adverse outcomes.
The Nordic medical birth registers – a potential goldmine for clinical research
Authors: Langhoff‐Roos Jens , Krebs Lone , Klungsøyr Kari , Bjarnadottir Ragnheidur I. , Källén Karin , Tapper Anna‐Maija , Jakobsson Maija , Børdahl Per E. , Lindqvist Pelle G. , Gottvall Karin , Colmorn Lotte Berdiin , Gissler Mika
Published: November 2013

The Nordic medical birth registers have long been used for valuable clinical research. Their collection of data for more than four decades offers unusual possibilities for research across generations. At the same time, serum and blotting paper blood samples have been stored from most neonates. Two large cohorts (approximately 100 000 births) in Denmark and Norway have been described by questionnaires, interviews and collection of biological samples (blood, urine and milk teeth), as well as a systematic prospective follow‐up of the offspring. National patient registers provide information on preceding, underlying and present health problems of the parents and their offspring. Researchers may, with permission from the national authorities, obtain access to individualized or anonymized data from the registers and tissue‐banks. These data allow for multivariate analyses but their usefulness depends on knowledge of the specific registers and biological sample banks and on proper validation of the registers.
Hypothermic Machine Perfusion Versus Cold Storage in the Rescuing of Livers From Non‐Heart‐Beating Donor Rats
Authors: Carnevale Matías E. , Balaban Cecilia L. , Guibert Edgardo E. , Bottai Hebe , Rodriguez Joaquin V.
Published: November 2013

The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of cold storage (CS) and hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) methods of preserving grafts excised from non‐heart‐beating donors that had suffered 45 minutes of warm ischemia. We developed a new solution for HMP to use in liver transplantation, based on BES, gluconate, and polyethylene glycol (BGP‐HMP solution). After 24 h of HMP or CS, livers were reperfused at 37°C with Krebs–Henseleit solution with added dextran. For both procedures, portal pressure and flow were measured and the intrahepatic resistance (IR) was calculated. The pH oscillations and enzyme activities (LDH, AST, and ALT) were evaluated for the perfusion buffer during normothermic reperfusion. O2 consumption of the liver, glycogen production, and bile flow were also measured during the normothermic reperfusion period. Portal flow and IR showed statistical differences (P < 0.05) between the two groups (n = 5). HMP with BGP‐HMP solution resulted in higher values of portal flow and lower IR than CS with HTK solution. Enzyme release after 90 min of reperfusion did not show statistical differences between groups. With regard to bile flow and O2 consumption, livers preserved by both processes were able to produce bile, but livers preserved with HMP were able to take up more O2 than livers preserved by CS.
Late Adverse Events after Enhanced and Unenhanced MRI and CT: A Prospective Study
Authors: Azzouz Manal , Rømsing Janne , Thomsen Henrik S.
Published: November 2013

Prospective evaluation of frequency of late and very late adverse events in patients undergoing enhanced or unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). The imaging procedure was performed according to the protocols of the department. All patients were contacted 3 days after their imaging procedure for the occurrence of late adverse events (LAEs) and a month later for the occurrence of very late adverse events (VLAEs) using a structured questionnaire. A total of 1042 (71%) among 1473 patients completed both the 3‐day and 1‐month questionnaire. The incidence of LAEs was significantly higher in the enhanced MRI (38%) and CT (27%) groups than unenhanced MRI (20%) and CT (16%) groups. The frequency of nausea, dizziness, abdominal pain and diarrhoea was significantly higher in the enhanced MRI group than in the MRI control group, while taste sensation was reported more frequent in the enhanced CT group than in the CT control group. The incidence of VLAEs was significantly higher in the enhanced CT (21%) than unenhanced CT group (13%). The same LAEs and VLAEs were reported in all four groups. LAEs and VLAEs were reported more often in patients with allergy in both the enhanced and unenhanced groups. The incidence of LAEs and VLAEs was higher in the enhanced groups than in the unenhanced groups. The most reported adverse events in the enhanced groups were also reported in the unenhanced groups. Patients with allergy reported LAE and VLAE more often. This suggests that adverse events may not always be caused by the contrast media.
Dlx1 transcription factor regulates dendritic growth and postsynaptic differentiation through inhibition of neuropilin‐2 and PAK3 expression
Authors: Dai Xiaojing , Iwasaki Hirohide , Watanabe Masahiko , Okabe Shigeo
Published: November 2013

Dlx1, a member of the homeobox domain transcriptional factors, is expressed in a subset of interneurons and is involved in their differentiation. To understand the roles of Dlx1 in dendritic and postsynaptic differentiation, we manipulated Dlx1 expression in both excitatory pyramidal neurons and inhibitory interneurons in hippocampal culture. Exogenous expression of Dlx1 in pyramidal neurons, which lack endogenous Dlx1, resulted in reduced complexity of dendritic arborization. This effect was dependent on the DNA‐binding motif of Dlx1. Dlx1 overexpression also induced prominent reduction of spine density, but with mild suppression in the formation of postsynaptic densities. To confirm the roles of endogenous Dlx1, we knocked down Dlx1 in interneurons and found enhanced dendritic growth. By manipulating the expression of possible downstream effectors of Dlx1, neuropilin‐2 and p21‐activated kinase 3, we provided evidence for the involvement of these two signaling molecules in Dlx1‐dependent regulation of dendritic differentiation. Our experimental data support the idea that Dlx1 expression in developing interneurons specifically suppresses two important downstream regulators, leading to the characteristic morphology of Dlx1‐expressing interneurons with less branched dendrites and few dendritic spines.
Time‐series analysis reveals genetic responses to intensive management of razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus)
Authors: Dowling Thomas E. , Turner Thomas F. , Carson Evan W. , Saltzgiver Melody J. , Adams Deborah , Kesner Brian , Marsh Paul C.
Published: November 2013

Time‐series analysis is used widely in ecology to study complex phenomena and may have considerable potential to clarify relationships of genetic and demographic processes in natural and exploited populations. We explored the utility of this approach to evaluate population responses to management in razorback sucker, a long‐lived and fecund, but declining freshwater fish species. A core population in Lake Mohave (Arizona‐Nevada, USA) has experienced no natural recruitment for decades and is maintained by harvesting naturally produced larvae from the lake, rearing them in protective custody, and repatriating them at sizes less vulnerable to predation. Analyses of mtDNA and 15 microsatellites characterized for sequential larval cohorts collected over a 15‐year time series revealed no changes in geographic structuring but indicated significant increase in mtDNA diversity for the entire population over time. Likewise, ratios of annual effective breeders to annual census size (Nb/Na) increased significantly despite sevenfold reduction of Na. These results indicated that conservation actions diminished near‐term extinction risk due to genetic factors and should now focus on increasing numbers of fish in Lake Mohave to ameliorate longer‐term risks. More generally, time‐series analysis permitted robust testing of trends in genetic diversity, despite low precision of some metrics.
Determination of equine fetal sex by Doppler ultrasonography of the gonads
Authors: Resende H. L. , Carmo M. T. , Ramires Neto C. , Alvarenga M. A.
Published: November 2013

Reasons for performing the study

The identification of fetal sex in horses by location of the genital tubercle between 55 and 70 days of pregnancy is hampered by the large amount of allantoic fluid, extensive fetal movements and the extremely long umbilical cord; however, reliable results have been achieved by ultrasonographic evaluation of the fetal gonads at 110–150 days of pregnancy.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to diagnose the sex of equine fetuses using B‐mode and/or colour Doppler transrectal ultrasonography in fetuses of different ages.

Study design

Cross‐sectional study comparing 2 methods of determining fetal sex.

Methods

The evaluations were performed in 86 mares at 90–180 days of pregnancy using transrectal B‐mode and colour Doppler mode ultrasonography. Fetuses that had gonads with a homogeneous texture and a thin central longitudinal echogenic line were considered to be male. Females were identified by the presence of gonads with a central circular echogenic structure surrounded by a hypoechogenic external halo.

Results

Using B‐mode ultrasonography, it was possible to determine the sex of 75% of the males, while determination of sex based on differences between the medullary and cortical layers of the ovary allowed 91.1% of females to be correctly identified. Using Doppler ultrasonography, 100% of males were successfully identified, while characteristic vascularisation of the female gonad could be detected in 98% of the evaluated female fetuses.

Conclusions

Colour Doppler ultrasonography combined with B‐mode ultrasonography allows the determination of fetal sex with greater accuracy than B‐mode ultrasonography alone, particularly for the identification of the male gonad. The use of Doppler ultrasonography enables the identification of sex in older fetuses.
Coexistence of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas with HNF1α‐inactivated adenomas: is there an association?
Authors: Castain Claire , Sempoux Christine , Brunt Elizabeth M , Causse Olivier , Heitzmann Anne , Hernandez‐Prera Juan C , Le Bail Brigitte , Schirmacher Peter , Thung Swan N , Balabaud Charles , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette
Published: November 2013

Aims

To report the coexistence of inflammatory hepatocellular adenoma (IHCA) and HNF1α‐inactivated HCA (H‐HCA) in cases from a multicentre study.

Methods and results

We report nine cases with the coexistence of IHCA and H‐HCA; eight occurred in women, and one in a man. The numbers of nodules and the sizes of the largest and smallest HCAs were variable. In one case, the nodules of the two different subtypes were discovered at different times. In all women, HCAs were histologically typical, regardless of their subtype, whereas H‐HCA in the man differed histologically from classic H‐HCA.

Conclusions

These cases suggest that a predisposition to develop multiple adenomas, hypothetically caused by a ‘benign tumorigenic field effect’, although common to all HCAs, may result in different genotypes and phenotypes. Although this is rare, it is expected that more cases with the coexistence of different genotypes will emerge, owing to progress in the use of specific immunohistochemical approaches.
Influence of clarifying agents on the quality of pasteurised palmyra palm sap (Borassus flabellifer Linn.)
Authors: Naknean Phisut , Juntorn Nathathai , Yimyuan Titada
Published: November 2013

The effects of clarifying agents, including bentonite, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), gelatin and chitosan, on the quality attributes of pasteurised palmyra palm sap were evaluated. After clarification and pasteurisation, the lowest polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and invertase activities were detected in the sample clarified with bentonite. PVPP and gelatine were found to be the most effective for removing polyphenol content. In addition, the sample treated with chitosan had the highest transmittance values. However, the sucrose, glucose and fructose contents were not affected by clarification. During storage, the PPO activity, invertase activity, polyphenol content and sucrose level decreased, while the fructose and glucose levels increased with the storage times. According to the Thai Community Product Standard, all pasteurised samples treated with a clarifying agent were acceptable for up to 25 days, whereas the nonclarified sample was spoiled because of the microbial loads. Thus, the clarification process prior to pasteurisation was able to improve the quality and microbiological shelf life of the pasteurised palmyra palm sap for at least 25 days.
The automation of routine light transmission platelet aggregation
Authors: Lawrie A. S. , Kobayashi K. , Lane P. J. , Mackie I. J. , Machin S. J.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

The investigation of platelet function by aggregometry requires specialist equipment and is labour intensive. We have developed an automated platelet aggregation method on a routine coagulation analyser.

Methods

We used a CS‐2000i (Sysmex) with prototype software to perform aggregation in platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), using the following agonists: ADP (0.5–10 μm), epinephrine (0.5–10 μm), collagen (0.5–10 mg/μL), ristocetin (0.75–1.25 mg/mL) and arachidonic acid (0.12–1.0 mm). Platelet agonists were from Hyphen Biomed, and an AggRAM aggregometer (Helena Biosciences) was used as the reference instrument.

Results

CS‐2000i reaction cuvette stirrer speed was found to influence reaction sensitivity and was optimized to 800 rpm. There were no clinically significant changes in aggregation response when the PRP platelet count was 150–480 x 109/L, but below this there were changes in the maximum amplitude (MA) and slope (rate). Dose response with each of the agonists was comparable between CS‐2000i and an AggRAM aggregometer and normal subjects receiving antiplatelet drugs. Aggregation imprecision was similar on both the CS‐2000i and AggRAM systems, with a cv for 2–5 μm ADP MA and slope varying between 3–12%.

Conclusion

Our preliminary studies indicated that optimal sensitivity using the CS‐2000i was obtained with a reaction cuvette stirrer speed of 800 rpm and a PRP platelet count of 200–300 x 109/L; aggregation with a PRP count <100 x 109/L showed poor sensitivity. Imprecision and detection of antiplatelet drug effects was similar between the CS‐2000i and AggRAM. These data demonstrate that CS‐2000i is comparable to a stand‐alone aggregometer, although CS‐2000i has the advantages of walk‐away technology and also required a smaller sample volume than the AggRAM (44% less).
The work environment of haemodialysis nurses and its impact on patients’ outcomes
Authors: Prezerakos Panagiotis , Galanis Peter , Moisoglou Ioannis
Published: November 2013

The aims of this study were to assess haemodialysis nurses’ work environment and investigate the correlation between work environment and patients’ outcomes. A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the 11 public hospital‐based haemodialysis units of the 5th Regional Health Authority of Greece. The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI) was used to assess work environment. Nurses were asked to report the frequency of a series adverse events and errors. Study population consisted of 133 nurses (response rate 89.3%). The overall PES‐NWI scored just < 2.5 (Mean = 2.48, standard deviation = 0.34) indicating a non‐favourable haemodialysis workplace. Nurse–physician Relations, nurse manager ability and nursing foundations for quality of care were the most favourable aspects of work environment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that hypotension (odds ratio (OR) = 0.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.1–0.9, P = 0.03), venous needle disconnection (OR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.03–0.65, P = 0.012) and patient fall (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.001–0.51, P = 0.018) were associated with a non‐favourable work environment. Findings have important implications for improvement of haemodialysis work environment and enhancement of patients’ safety.
The effects of aromatherapy in relieving symptoms related to job stress among nurses
Authors: Chen Miao‐Chuan , Fang Shu‐Hui , Fang Li
Published: November 2013

Workplace‐related stress has become today's most serious occupational hazard. Aromatherapy is a simple, convenient and non‐invasive method of stress relief. There is little research regarding the efficacy of aromatherapy by means of inhaling essential oil in reducing workplace stress‐related symptoms among nurses. Therefore, this study was to examine the effectiveness of lavender oil inhalation in reducing job stress‐related symptoms among nurses. The 53 nurses in the experimental group pinned small bottles containing 3% lavender oil on the clothes of their right chests, whereas 57 participants in the control group pinned bottles with no lavender oil. Aromatherapy was shown to be effective in the reduction of the number of stress symptoms for 3 or 4 days. The stress symptoms of the experimental group decreased from 6.1 to 2.8 after aromatherapy was carried out (P = 0.126, 0.159, 0.035 and 0.026). This represented a significant decrease in stress, whereas the stress symptoms in the control group increased from 5.6 to 5.8. Hospital staff managers are still encouraged to include aromatherapy concepts and techniques in the continuing education of nursing staff. Concurrently, future research should focus on the possible side effects of aromatherapy to assure safety.
Gemcitabine‐induced thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Richmond J. , Gilbar P. , Abro E.
Published: November 2013

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a microvascular occlusive disorder characterised by platelet aggregation, thrombocytopenia and end‐organ damage. It is commonly idiopathic, although several drug classes, including cytotoxic chemotherapy, have been implicated. Several of cases of gemcitabine‐induced TMA have been documented with incidence likely to increase with the escalating use of gemcitabine. We report the cases of two patients who developed TMA while on gemcitabine chemotherapy.
Teaching Junior Medical Officers safe and effective prescribing
Authors: McCarthy R. M. , Hilmer S. N.
Published: November 2013

Medication errors are an iatrogenic threat to patient safety, and recently graduated Junior Medical Officers (JMOs) are a common source of these errors. A ward‐based, physician‐led, small‐group interactive teaching session was developed to improve JMOs competence in prescribing. The ability of JMOs to detect problems in mock medication charts before and after the teaching session was assessed, with the majority improving after the intervention, a result sustained on re‐testing later in the year. The teaching sessions were well received by JMOs.
Denosumab‐induced hypocalcaemia in high bone turnover states of malignancy and secondary hyperparathyroidism from renal failure
Authors: Farinola N. , Kanjanapan Y.
Published: November 2013

Denosumab, an anti‐resorptive treatment for osteoporosis and skeletal metastases from solid tumours, can cause hypocalcaemia. The incidence may be higher than previously reported due to varying serum calcium cut‐off and timing of measurement. The following cases illustrate patients at risk of hypocalcaemia despite supplementation. These populations, with underlying high bone turnover from metastatic bone disease or secondary hyperparathyroidism due to renal failure, may require closer monitoring of calcium levels post‐denosumab administration.
Use of a modified transfixation pin cast for treatment of comminuted phalangeal fractures in horses
Authors: Rossignol Fabrice , Vitte Amélie , Boening Josef
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To (1) report a modified transfixation pin cast technique, using dorsal recumbency for fracture reduction, distal positioning of the pins in the epiphysis and distal metaphysis, and a hybrid cast, combining plaster of Paris (POP) and fiberglass casting, and (2) report outcome in 11 adult horses.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Adult horses (n = 11) with comminuted phalangeal fractures.

Methods

Horses were anesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. The phalangeal fracture was reduced by limb traction using a cable attached to the hoof. Screw fixation in lag fashion of fracture fragments was performed when possible. Transfixation casting was performed using two 6.3 mm positive profile centrally threaded pins with the 1st pin placed in the epiphysis of the metacarpus/tarsus at the center of, or slightly proximal to, the condylar fossa and the 2nd one 3–4 cm proximal. A hybrid cast was applied.

Results

Forelimbs were involved in 9 horses and the hind limb in 2. Pins were maintained for a minimum of 6 weeks. No pin loosening was observed at the time of removal (6–8 weeks). A pony fractured the distal aspect of the metacarpus at the proximal pin. Nine horses survived (82%); none of the horses developed septic arthritis despite the distal location of the distal pin, close to the fetlock joint.

Conclusion

This modified transfixation pin casting technique was associated with good pin longevity and could reduce the risk of secondary pin hole fractures and pin loosening.
Pathophysiology of macular hole and diagnostic tools
Authors: STAPPLER T
Published: November 2013

Purpose Our understanding of the pathophysiology of macular hole development has evolved as the diagnostic tools at our disposal have become increasingly sophisticated. Methods Critical review of current published literature regarding pathogenesis of macular hole formation and an appraisal of modern imaging tools such as SD‐OCT, SLO‐microperimetry in diagnosis and prognostication. Results Perifoveal PVD with vitreomacular adhesion and vitreoschisis allow cortical vitreous to remain on the retinal surface and act as a scaffold for cell proliferation.The presence of a contiguous photoreceptor inner/outer segment (IS/OS) line indicating well‐restored photoreceptor cells is increasingly becoming a measure of functional success. Combined SD‐OCT and SLO microperimetry studies suspect that ILM peeling may reduce retinal sensitivity. Conclusions Macular hole size seems to be among the best prognostic factors available, however several computerised algorithms as well as the presence or absence of an intact IS/OS layer may correlate with visual outcome. Changes in retinal morphology such as the length of the foveal cone outer segment tips line defect may prognosticate visual acuity after macular hole closure.
20g, 23g, 25g or 27g ‐ The best forceps
Authors: GOTZARIDIS S
Published: November 2013

Abstract not provided
LSCD ‐ What clues does the infant limbus hold?
Authors: YEUNG A
Published: November 2013

Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) is a condition that can cause blindness if left untreated. The current management approach uses a mixture of medical and surgical techniques. We look at the infant limbus for further clues in the management of LSCD.
Update on ocular surface burn in children
Authors: GICQUEL JJ
Published: November 2013

Children can be the victims of ocular surface burns, due to the exposition to chemical agents, extreme temperatures or ultraviolet, infrared or ionising radiations. Alkali burns differ from acid burns by the fact that they deeply penetrate in the anterior segment and so are particularly severe. Initial clinical examination (with the help of classifications) tells us how to adapt the treatment and gives us the prognosis. The 4 Grades Ropper‐Hall’s classification has been replaced by the more precise 6 Grades Dua’s one. Surgical treatment aiming to restoring a proper corneal epithelium has improved the prognosis of severe cases. It can address the acute (Amniotic Membrane Transplantation, Sequential Sectorial Epitheliectomies) or the late stage of the disease (Limbal Stem Cell (LSC) Transplantation / in or ex vivo expansion). In all cases, an optimal control of the ocular surface inflammation is essential to the LSC survival. In this presentation, we will apprehend the specificities, of the management of ocular surface burns in children.
My basic slit‐lamp? Yes I can!
Authors: BRON A
Published: November 2013

Before embarking to the prescription and the interpretation imaging techniquesit is mandatory to carefully study the personal history of the patient and to record the symptoms and signs during the first steps of the clinical examination.Like the stethoscope for general practitioners and cardiologists, the slit‐lamp is a key step of the examination for ocular diseases by ophthalmologists. The details of the medical personal history and the findings collected during the slit‐lamp examination will help a lot for the diagnosis and the treatment of galucoma. In this course, young ophthalmologists will find a check list to help them in retrieving medical history, symptoms and a check list for the slit‐lamp examination from the lids to the anterior segment. Nowadays the evaluation of ocular surface for a glaucoma patient will help in choosing the more appropriate topical treatment.This rapid and systematic approach is designed to help young colleagues to improve their daily clinical practice with glaucoma patients.
Function in glaucoma? Yes I can!
Authors: ZEYEN T
Published: November 2013

Automated perimetry is the most important functional test in glaucoma patients. This course will teach which programs and strategies to use, how to instruct patients and avoid artifacts, and how to use the available software to interpret worsening of visual field defects and calculate rates of change. Finally, consensus statements will be provided on the usefulness of non‐conventional perimetric tests.
Pathophysiology of uveitis
Authors: DICK A
Published: November 2013

This talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification. The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease.Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe. The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
Classification of uveitis
Authors: ANDROUDI S
Published: November 2013

The use of classification criteria, supported by standardisation guidelines, is very important for disorders that have a multitude of associated aetiologies. The most widely used classification of uveitis is the one devised by the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG) in 1987, based on the anatomical location of the inflammation. This classification includes anterior uveitis (iritis, iridocyclitis, and anterior cyclitis), intermediate uveitis (pars planitis, posterior cyclitis, and hyalitis), posterior uveitis (focal, multifocal, or diffuse choroiditis, chorioretinitis, retinitis, and neuroretinitis) or panuveitis (anterior chamber, vitreous, retina, and choroid). Today's uveitis nomenclature has been revised regarding the anatomical location and the grade of inflammation, and supplemented by the inclusion of definitions for onset, duration and course. While helpful for clinical practice and clinical trials, further work still needs to be carried out concentrating on validated clinical assessment tools for activity and damage for common, specific uveitic entities.
Genetically determined causes of eye movement disorders
Authors: LEROY B
Published: November 2013

To describe the phenotypes and genotypes of genetically determined disease leading to nystagmus. A case presentation format will be used to illustrate different genetically determined conditions leading to nystagmus. Both clinical and electrophysiological phenotypes as well as genotypes will be discussed. Phenotypes and genotypes of genetically determined nystagmus are very different. An important distinction to be made is the one between stationary and progressive diseases. Indeed, such distinction is important as the visual outcome varies considerably between those different conditions. Very diverse conditions may give rise to genetically determined nystagmus. Genetics and visual electrophysiology allows an important distinction between progressive and stationary conditions
The role of electrophysiology
Authors: HOLDER G
Published: November 2013

The presentation will utilise a case‐based approach to address management issues in the patient with involuntary eye movements. Accurate prognostic information can only be given when an accurate diagnosis has been established. Electrophysiological examination facilitates diagnosis, and helps distinguish between stationary and progressive disorders, and those disorders which are relatively benign from progressive blinding disorders. Characteristic ERG changes can also enable appropriate genetic screening even in patients with atypical clinical features.
How to recognize and decide if a patient suitable for PF therapy
Authors: GONI F
Published: November 2013

Abstract not provided
PF Monotherapy
Authors: ROSSETTI L
Published: November 2013

Abstract not provided
Omega‐3 fatty acids and prevention of cardiovascular events
Authors: DALLONGEVILLE J
Published: November 2013

Linoleic acid (LA) and alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) are precursors of omega‐6 and omega‐3 fatty acids. The effects of omega‐3 on cardiovascular risk factors – such as lipoprotein levels, blood pressure and glycemia – are very modest at standard low doses, significant only for large intakes. The observation of food habits in population cohorts allowed to define the effects of rich in ALA, EPA, DHA on the risk of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease and sudden death. For ALA the results are inconsistent. Randomised trials have shown that oils enriched in EPA and DHA have an undeniable impact on heart rhythm. Consumers of long‐chain fatty acid have lower heart rates than controls. The meta‐analysis of cohort studies shows that consumption of omega‐3 long‐ chain (EPA‐DHA) reduces total mortality, death from cardiac causes, sudden death and possibly stroke. The data from prevention trials with omega‐3 long‐chain showed a decrease in coronary events, including fatal, in secondary prevention. These results are relatively consistent to believe that EPA and DHA intake reduces the fatal complications of myocardial infarction. In the present talk the most recent results of clinical trials on the prevention of CVD events by omega‐3 fatty acids will be presented.
Amniotic membrane transplantation: Implications for corneal wound healing
Authors: GICQUEL JJ , DUA HS
Published: November 2013

Abstract not provided
Intra and inter donor variations of amniotic membrane
Authors: GICQUEL JJ
Published: November 2013

There is a considerable variation in growth factors content of the Amniotic Membrane, between and within donors. This is further affected by handling of the AM. Such variations could affect the clinical efficacy of tissue constructs. Current use of AM for ex vivo expansion or surgery is not standardized and remains an area of concern. In this course we will apprehend the various aspects influencing these intra and inter‐donor variations.