bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Eye on Movement Disorders
Authors: Wilson Duncan , Hallett Mark , Anderson Tim
Published: July 2021

Eye disorders spanning a range of ocular tissue are common in patients with movement disorders. Highlighting these ocular manifestations will benefit patients and may even aid in diagnosis. In this educational review we outline the anatomy and function of the ocular tissues with a focus on the tissues most affected in movement disorders. We review the movement disorders associated with ocular pathology and where possible explore the underlying cellular basis thought to be driving the pathology and provide a brief overview of ophthalmic investigations available to the neurologist. This review does not cover intracranial primary visual pathways, higher visual function, or the ocular motor system.
Study of flow effects on temperature‐controlled radiofrequency ablation using phantom experiments and forward simulations
Authors: Nolte Teresa , Vaidya Nikhil , Baragona Marco , Elevelt Aaldert , Lavezzo Valentina , Maessen Ralph , Schulz Volkmar , Veroy Karen
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Blood flow is known to add variability to hepatic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment outcomes. However, few studies exist on its impact on temperature‐controlled RFA. Hence, we investigate large‐scale blood flow effects on temperature‐controlled RFA in flow channel experiments and numerical simulations.

Methods

Ablation zones were induced in tissue‐mimicking, thermochromic phantoms with a single flow channel, using an RF generator with temperature‐controlled power delivery and a monopolar needle electrode. Channels were generated by molding the phantom around a removable rod. Channel radius and saline flow rate were varied to study the impact of flow on (i) the ablated cross‐sectional area, (ii) the delivered generator power, and (iii) the occurrence of directional effects on the thermal lesion. Finite volume simulations reproducing the experimental geometry, flow conditions, and generator power input were conducted and compared to the experimental ablation outcomes.

Results

Vessels of different channel radii affected the ablation outcome in different ways. For  mm, the ablated area decreased with increasing flow rate while the energy input was hardly affected. For  mm and  mm, the energy input increased toward larger flow rates; for these radii, the ablated area decreased and increased toward larger flow rates, respectively, while still being reduced overall as compared to the reference experiment without flow. Directional effects, that is, local shrinking of the lesion upstream of the needle and an extension thereof downstream, were observed only for the smallest radius. The simulations qualitatively confirmed these observations. As compared to performing the simulations without flow, including flow effects in the simulations reduced the mean absolute error between experimental and simulated ablated areas from 0.23 to 0.12.

Conclusion

While the temperature control mechanism did not detect the heat sink effect in the case of the smallest channel radius, it counteracted the heat sink effect in the case of the larger channel radii with an increased energy input; this explains the increase in ablated area toward high flow rates (for  mm). The experiments in a simple phantom setup, thus, contribute to a good understanding of the phenomenon and are suitable for model validation.
Palladium‐polymer bilayer on a soft substrate for optical hydrogen sensing
Authors: She Xiaoyi , Yao Qiankun , Yang Guowei , Shen Yang , Jin Chongjun
Published: July 2021

The detection of hydrogen in air is essential because of the flammability of hydrogen gas (H2). Optical hydrogen sensor is safer than electrical hydrogen sensor because it can eliminate the potential risk of sparks by reading out remotely. Palladium‐based optical hydrogen sensors have attracted lots of attentions. However, impurity poisoning of the sensing materials is a severe problem for the utilization of hydrogen sensors. Here, we report that a palladium (Pd) ‐PMMA bilayer on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate can eliminate the adverse effect of the impurity (such as oxygen) in air. With a 16‐nm PMMA layer coating on the Pd surface, the hydrogenation time of a 25‐nm Pd film on PDMS can decrease to 5 seconds exposed to 4% H2 mixed with dry air. Meanwhile, the Pd‐PMMA bilayer on PDMS shows a high reflectance change over 22.7% at the whole visible band with the reflectance contrast more than 370% due to the light scattering on the wrinkling surface induced by the volume expansion of the Pd film on PDMS during hydrogenation. By setting the alarm threshold of the reflectance change of 4% at the 600‐nm wavelength, the response time of the sensor can be reduced to 1 second. This optical hydrogen sensor is low‐cost and easy‐operation with high optical contrast and fast response rate, showing great potential for practical applications.
Robust time‐varying estimator for descriptor system with random one‐step measurement delay
Authors: Shen Hao , Dou Yinfeng , Ran Chenjian
Published: July 2021

For the linear stochastic descriptor system with random one‐step measurement delay and uncertain‐variance correlated noises, the robust estimation problem is addressed. Applying the singular value decomposition method, augmented state approach and fictitious noise approach, the original descriptor system is transformed to new standard system only with uncertain‐variance fictitious noises. Based on Kalman filtering and the minimax robust estimation principle, the actual Kalman estimator for the proposed standard system with actual measurement and the upper bounds of the variances is presented, including the Kalman predictor, filter, smoother and white noise deconvolution estimator. According to the relation of the new standard system and the original system, the actual estimator of original state of descriptor system and actual estimation error variance are presented. Further, the robustness of the actual estimator is proved by the Lyapunov equation approach, that is, the actual estimation error variance is guaranteed to have minimal upper bound for all admissible uncertainties. A simulation example about circuits system verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed results.
Can Precision Policing Reduce Gun Violence? Evidence from “Gang Takedowns” in New York City
Authors: Chalfin Aaron , LaForest Michael , Kaplan Jacob
Published: July 2021

During the last decade, while national homicide rates have remained flat, New York City has experienced a second great crime decline, with gun violence declining by more than 50 percent since 2011. In this paper, we investigate one potential explanation for this dramatic and unexpected improvement in public safety—the New York Police Department's shift to a more surgical form of “precision policing,” in which law enforcement focuses resources on a small number of individuals who are thought to be the primary drivers of violence. We study New York City's campaign of “gang takedowns” in which suspected members of criminal gangs were arrested in highly coordinated raids and prosecuted on conspiracy charges. We show that gun violence in and around public housing communities fell by approximately one third in the first year after a gang takedown. Our estimates imply that gang takedowns explain nearly one quarter of the decline in gun violence in New York City's public housing communities over the last eight years.
A culture of conservation: How an ancient forest plantation turned into an old‐growth forest reserve – The story of the Wamulin forest
Authors: Yang Zhi‐jie , Zheng Qun‐rui , Zhuo Ming‐xiu , Zeng Hong‐da , Hogan James Aaron , Lin Teng‐Chiu
Published: July 2021

The global expansion of forest plantations at the expense of natural forests, especially old‐growth forests, raises concerns about habitat loss and a decline in ecosystem services.

Natural regeneration of second‐growth forests with minimal human assistance has been suggested as a cost‐effective way to restore forests and increase forest ecosystem service potential. However, it is unclear whether natural regeneration will lead to the development of second‐growth forests similar to natural forests because most naturally regenerated second‐growth forests are still young.

We present a case study of a very old second‐growth forest in southeastern China in which a forest plantation established approximately six centuries ago has now developed into an old forest with extraordinary high biodiversity levels, an immense carbon pool, and a rich culture. The forest was established in the 14th century because of a charitable contribution, became protected under the Chinese cultural norm of ‘unity between humans and the nature’, and was conserved because of the belief that the prosperity of people is closely linked to the prosperity of trees. The recent designation of the forest as a nature reserve further protects it from development despite competing land‐use demands related to recent economic growth.

This case illustrates that, although human activity is the main cause for the disappearance and degradation of many forests, when human interests and cultural values align second‐growth restoration and subsequent forest conservation can lead to the successional development of old‐growth forests. Because this development takes multiple centuries, the protection of current second‐growth forests within conservation easements (e.g. nature reserves) and the reformation of culture values for the linkage of forests to human well‐being are key aspects of the continued conservation‐aided succession of second‐growth forests.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Predictive accuracy of prenatal ultrasound findings for lower urinary tract obstruction: A systematic review and Bayesian meta‐analysis
Authors: Keefe Daniel T. , Kim Jin Kyu , Mackay Eric , Chua Michael , Van Mieghem Tim , Yadav Priyank , Lolas Marisol , Santos Joana Dos , Skreta Marta , Erdman Lauren , Weaver John , Fermin Antoine Selman , Tasian Gregory , Lorenzo Armando J. , Rickard Mandy
Published: July 2021

Background

Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is a rare but critical fetal diagnosis. Different ultrasound markers have been reported with varying sensitivity and specificity.

Aims

The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to identify the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound markers for LUTO.

Materials and Methods

We performed a systematic literature review of studies reporting on fetuses with hydronephrosis or a prenatally suspected and/or postnatally confirmed diagnosis of LUTO. Bayesian bivariate random effects meta‐analytic models were fitted, and we calculated posterior means and 95% credible intervals for the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR).

Results

A total of 36,189 studies were identified; 636 studies were available for full text review and a total of 42 studies were included in the Bayesian meta‐analysis. Among the ultrasound signs assessed, megacystis (DOR 49.15, [15.28, 177.44]), bilateral hydroureteronephrosis (DOR 41.33, [13.36,164.83]), bladder thickening (DOR 13.73, [1.23, 115.20]), bilateral hydronephrosis (DOR 8.36 [3.17, 21.91]), male sex (DOR 8.08 [3.05, 22.82]), oligo‐ or anhydramnios (DOR 7.75 [4.23, 14.46]), and urinoma (DOR 7.47 [1.14, 33.18]) were found to be predictive of LUTO (Table 1). The predictive sensitivities and specificities however are low and wide study heterogeneity existed.

Discussion

Classically, LUTO is suspected in the presence of prenatally detected megacystis with a dilated posterior urethra (i.e., the keyhole sign), and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis. However, keyhole sign has been found to have modest diagnostic performance in predicting the presence of LUTO in the literature which we confirmed in our analysis. The surprisingly low specificity may be influenced by several factors, including the degree of obstruction, and the diligence of the sonographer at searching for and documenting it during the scan. As a result, providers should consider this when establishing the differential for a fetus with hydronephrosis as the presence or absence of keyhole sign does not reliably rule in or rule out LUTO.

Conclusions

Megacystis, bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and bladder wall thickening are the most accurate predictors of LUTO. Given the significant consequences of a missed LUTO diagnosis, clinicians providing counselling for prenatal hydronephrosis should maintain a low threshold for considering LUTO as part of the differential diagnosis.
ModVizPop: A shiny interface for empowering teams to perform interactive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulations
Authors: Vaddady Pavan , Kandala Bhargava
Published: July 2021

ModVizPop is an interactive and dynamic visualization tool developed for simulating differential equation–based population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models with variability. It has a built‐in PK/PD ordinary differential equations library of models to choose from alongside the ability to plug in a user‐defined model from a local or project directory. The user interface consists of several key inputs for performing the simulations as well as options to visualize the plots, perform simple noncompartmental analysis, and review inputs and model code. It also provides the ability to download the underlying model, plots, simulated data, or a comprehensive report consisting of all the key inputs and outputs of the simulations. The interface includes advanced features where users can overlay external data on a simulation, set a certain simulation scenario as a reference, or carry out sensitivity analysis–based simulations. This easy‐to‐use interface can serve as a valuable tool to project teams to evaluate potential scenarios facilitating collaborative decision making in the drug discovery and development paradigm.
Investigation of phytochemical composition and metabolite profiling in vivo of Beta vulgaris L.
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Chen Xuezhao , Li Wei , Zhu Wei , Ge Zhiwei , Gong Minghua , Li Shouxin , Tian Jingkui
Published: July 2021

Rationale

Beta vulgaris L. has attracted increasing attention because of its broad application. The root of B. vulgaris L. (beetroot) possesses many excellent biological properties such as antianemic, anti‐inflammatory, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antipyretic, antibacterial, detoxicant, and diuretic. The chemical constituents of beetroot play a major role in the research on beetroot application and development. At present, no systematic identification study that focuses on the chemical constituents of beetroot has been reported.

Methods

This study investigated a three‐step strategy comprising phytochemical profiling, prototype profiling, and metabolism of its correlative metabolites in vivo using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS).

Results

UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS technique proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for monitoring the specific ingredients as well as the whole chemical constituents in beetroot. In sum, 95 phytochemical compounds, 51 prototype compounds, and 37 derived metabolites in vivo were found in beetroot.

Conclusions

The main metabolic pathways were sulfonation, glucuronidation, methylation/sulfonation, and methylation. The present findings provided the phytochemical basis both in vitro and in vivo for future application.
Regional estimates of a range‐extending ecosystem engineer using stereo‐imagery from ROV transects collected with an efficient, spatially balanced design
Authors: Sward Darryn , Monk Jacquomo , Barrett Neville Scott
Published: July 2021

The redistribution of marine ecosystem engineers in response to changing climate is restructuring endemic benthic communities globally. Therefore, developing and implementing efficient monitoring programs across the complete depth range of these marine ecosystem engineers is often an urgent management priority. Traditionally, many monitoring programs have been based on a systematically selected set of survey locations that, while able to track trends at those sites through time, lack inference for the overall region being monitored. This study trialled a probabilistic sampling design to address this need, taking advantage of an important prerequisite for such designs, extensive multibeam echosounder (MBES) mapping, to inform a spatially balanced sample selection. Here, we allocated 170 remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) transects based on a spatially balanced probabilistic sampling design across three locations with extensive mapping. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the density and associated barren cover of the range‐expanding ecosystem engineer, the long spined urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii). Estimates were generated at a reef‐wide scale across three locations on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia, representing the leading edge of the species recent range extension. Model‐based estimates of urchin density and barren cover incorporated seabed structure attributes, such as depth and ruggedness, with differences in these modelled relationships being identified between locations. Estimates ranged from 0.000065 individuals m−2 and 0.018% barren cover in the Tasman Peninsula to 0.167 individuals m−2 and 2.10% barren cover at Governor Island Marine Reserve, reflecting a north to south distributional gradient. This study highlights the value of combining probabilistic sampling designs, ROV transects, stereo video, and MBES mapping to generate reliable and robust estimates of important ecosystem species needed to protect reef‐based fishery and conservation values via adaptive and informed management.
Emerging Cocatalysts on g‐C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhu Qiaohong , Xu Zehong , Qiu Bocheng , Xing Mingyang , Zhang Jinlong
Published: July 2021

Over the past few decades, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has arisen much attention as a promising candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to its low cost and visible light response ability. However, the unsatisfied HER performance originated from the strong charge recombination of g‐C3N4 severely inhibits the further large‐scale application of g‐C3N4. In this case, the utilization of cocatalysts is a novel frontline in the g‐C3N4‐based photocatalytic systems due to the positive effects of cocatalysts on supressing charge carrier recombination, reducing the HER overpotential, and improving photocatalytic activity. This review summarizes some recent advances about the high‐performance cocatalysts based on g‐C3N4 toward HER. Specifically, the functions, design principle, classification, modification strategies of cocatalysts, as well as their intrinsic mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic HER activity are discussed here. Finally, the pivotal challenges and future developments of cocatalysts in the field of HER are further proposed.
Nanotechnology‐Assisted RNA Delivery: From Nucleic Acid Therapeutics to COVID‐19 Vaccines
Authors: Rinoldi Chiara , Zargarian Seyed Shahrooz , Nakielski Pawel , Li Xiaoran , Liguori Anna , Petronella Francesca , Presutti Dario , Wang Qiusheng , Costantini Marco , De Sio Luciano , Gualandi Chiara , Ding Bin , Pierini Filippo
Published: July 2021

In recent years, the main quest of science has been the pioneering of the groundbreaking biomedical strategies needed for achieving a personalized medicine. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are outstanding bioactive macromolecules identified as pivotal actors in regulating a wide range of biochemical pathways. The ability to intimately control the cell fate and tissue activities makes RNA‐based drugs the most fascinating family of bioactive agents. However, achieving a widespread application of RNA therapeutics in humans is still a challenging feat, due to both the instability of naked RNA and the presence of biological barriers aimed at hindering the entrance of RNA into cells. Recently, material scientists’ enormous efforts have led to the development of various classes of nanostructured carriers customized to overcome these limitations. This work systematically reviews the current advances in developing the next generation of drugs based on nanotechnology‐assisted RNA delivery. The features of the most used RNA molecules are presented, together with the development strategies and properties of nanostructured vehicles. Also provided is an in‐depth overview of various therapeutic applications of the presented systems, including coronavirus disease vaccines and the newest trends in the field. Lastly, emerging challenges and future perspectives for nanotechnology‐mediated RNA therapies are discussed.
Saturation effects in SIDIS at very forward rapidities
Authors: Iancu E. , Mueller A. H. , Triantafyllopoulos D. N. , Wei S. Y.
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Using the dipole picture for electron-nucleus deep inelastic scattering at small Bjorken x, we study the effects of gluon saturation in the nuclear target on the cross-section for SIDIS (single inclusive hadron, or jet, production). We argue that the sensitivity of this process to gluon saturation can be enhanced by tagging on a hadron (or jet) which carries a large fraction z ≃ 1 of the longitudinal momentum of the virtual photon. This opens the possibility to study gluon saturation in relatively hard processes, where the virtuality Q2 is (much) larger than the target saturation momentum $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, but such that z(1 − z)Q2 ≲ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

. Working in the limit z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, we predict new phenomena which would signal saturation in the SIDIS cross-section. For sufficiently low transverse momenta k⊥ ≪ Qs of the produced particle, the dominant contribution comes from elastic scattering in the black disk limit, which exposes the unintegrated quark distribution in the virtual photon. For larger momenta k⊥ ≳ Qs, inelastic collisions take the leading role. They explore gluon saturation via multiple scattering, leading to a Gaussian distribution in k⊥ centred around Qs. When z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ Q2, this results in a Cronin peak in the nuclear modification factor (the RpA ratio) at moderate values of x. With decreasing x, this peak is washed out by the high-energy evolution and replaced by nuclear suppression (RpA< 1) up to large momenta k⊥ ≫ Qs. Still for z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, we also compute SIDIS cross-sections integrated over k⊥. We find that both elastic and inelastic scattering are controlled by the black disk limit, so they yield similar contributions, of zeroth order in the QCD coupling.
A single nucleotide polymorphism in an R2R3 MYB transcription factor gene triggers the male sterility in soybean ms6 (Ames1)
Authors: Yu Junping , Zhao Guolong , Li Wei , Zhang Ying , Wang Peng , Fu Aigen , Zhao Limei , Zhang Chunbao , Xu Min
Published: July 2021

Key message

Identification and functional analysis of the male sterile gene MS6 in Glycine max.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop providing vegetable oil and protein. The male sterility-based hybrid breeding is a promising method for improving soybean yield to meet the globally growing demand. In this research, we identified a soybean genic male sterile locus, MS6, by combining the bulked segregant analysis sequencing method and the map-based cloning technology. MS6, highly expressed in anther, encodes an R2R3 MYB transcription factor (GmTDF1-1) that is homologous to Tapetal Development and Function 1, a key factor for anther development in Arabidopsis and rice. In male sterile ms6 (Ames1), the mutant allele contains a missense mutation, leading to the 76th leucine substituted by histidine in the DNA binding domain of GmTDF1-1. The expression of soybean MS6 under the control of the AtTDF1 promoter could rescue the male sterility of attdf1 but ms6 could not. Additionally, ms6 overexpression in wild-type Arabidopsis did not affect anther development. These results evidence that GmTDF1-1 is a functional TDF1 homolog and L76H disrupts its function. Notably, GmTDF1-1 shows 92% sequence identity with another soybean protein termed as GmTDF1-2, whose active expression also restored the fertility of attdf1. However, GmTDF1-2 is constitutively expressed at a very low level in soybean, and therefore, not able to compensate for the MS6 deficiency. Analysis of the TDF1-involved anther development regulatory pathway showed that expressions of the genes downstream of TDF1 are significantly suppressed in ms6, unveiling that GmTDF1-1 is a core transcription factor regulating soybean anther development.
Head and body orientation of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia during incubation: effect of wind, apex predators and power lines
Authors: Zbyryt Adam , Jankowiak Łukasz , Jerzak Leszek , Tryjanowski Piotr
Published: July 2021

Incubation behaviour is essential for understanding the reproductive success in birds. For example, the orientation of the bird is important for reducing incubation costs associated with wind or sun, but on the other hand can be modified by the perceived risk of predation. We studied the body position of incubating White Stork Ciconia ciconia in eastern Poland using a small unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). The head and body orientation of the incubating storks was non-random and modified by natural factors, mainly wind direction and speed, but also by the presence of an apex predator, the White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla. However, head orientation during incubation in nests located on electricity poles was also modified by the presence of the power lines, probably due to disturbance in the magnetic field detected by birds. Surprisingly, although the positioning of incubating birds (mainly females) is very important for the detection of predators and for reducing energy costs, these have not previously been studied. New technologies, such as drones, make it possible to collect new, extensive information on the incubation behaviour of birds.
A New Approach for Optimization of Distributed Quantum Circuits
Authors: Dadkhah Davood , Zomorodi Mariam , Hosseini Seyed Ebrahim
Published: July 2021

In the present work, a novel approach was proposed to optimize the teleportation cost in Distributed Quantum Circuits (DQCs) by applying a new approach. To overcome the difficulty with keeping a large number of qubits next to each other, DQCs, as a well-known solution, have always been employed. In a distributed quantum system, qubits are transferred from a subsystem to another subsystem by a quantum protocol such as teleportation. First, we proposed a heuristic approach through which we could replace the equivalent circuits in the initial quantum circuit. Then, we used a genetic algorithm to partition the placement of qubits so that the number of teleportations could be optimized for the communications of a DQC. Finally, results showed that the proposed approach could impressively work.
Low-temperature flow-synthesis-assisted urethane-grafted zinc oxide-based dental composites: physical, mechanical, and antibacterial responses
Authors: Bukhari Jaffar Hussain , Khan Abdul Samad , Ijaz Kashif , Zahid Shahreen , Chaudhry Aqif Anwar , Kaleem Muhammad
Published: July 2021

A novel way was adopted to graft zinc oxide (ZnO) with urethane-modified dimethacrylate (UDMA) in order to utilize them as reinforcing agents in resin-based dental composites. Experimental novel composites were synthesized having UDMA-grafted and nongrafted ZnO, at a concentration of 0 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%. The same concentrations of ZnO were also incorporated in Filtek Z250 XT (3 M ESPE, USA). The antibacterial behavior was evaluated against Streptococcusmutansby direct-contact test at one, three, and seven days of incubation. The compressive strength and Vickers microhardness were tested as per ISO 9917 and ISO/CD6507-1, respectively. For abrasive wear resistance, mass loss and roughness average after tooth-brushing cycles of 24,000 at custom-made tooth-brushing simulator were evaluated using noncontact profilometer. Data analysis was carried out using post hoc Tucky’s test and nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test. Direct contact test revealed that the antibacterial potential of novel and commercial composites was increased with an increase in the concentration of grafted ZnO as compared with nongrafted, whereby the potential was the highest at day seven. There was a significant decrease in compressive strength and Vickers hardness of commercial composites on addition of grafted ZnO while there was no significant difference in the strength of experimental novel composite. The abrasive wear of commercial and experimental composites was within clinical limits. Low-temperature flow-synthesis method was successfully employed to synthesize grafted and nongrafted ZnO. The UDMA-grafted ZnO can be incorporated into dental composites without decreasing their strength and these composites can be used to combat secondary caries.
Influence of Cold Rotary Swaging on Microstructure and Uniaxial Mechanical Behavior in Alloy 718
Authors: Klumpp Alexander , Kauffmann Alexander , Seils Sascha , Dietrich Stefan , Schulze Volker
Published: July 2021

In this study, the influence of cold rotary swaging on microstructure and mechanical properties of the precipitation-strengthened nickel-based superalloy 718 (Alloy 718) was investigated. The initial stages of work-hardening were characterized by means of microhardness, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Furthermore, attention was devoted to the mechanical behavior at ambient and elevated temperature (550 °C) in uniaxial tension and compression. Rotary swaging to different true strains of maximum$$\varphi = 0.91$$φ=0.91caused a moderate increase of microhardness and enhanced markedly the load-bearing capacity in tension, giving rise to yield strength beyond 2000 MPa. The mechanical strength$$R_{p0.2}$$Rp0.2in tension subsequent to rotary swaging perfectly correlates with increasing dislocation density$$\rho $$ρestimated from XRD in the form of a Taylor-like relationship$$R_{p0.2} \propto \sqrt{\rho }$$Rp0.2∝ρ. In compression, transient stress–strain evolution without the occurrence of a clear elastic range and distinct yield phenomenon was observed. Restoration of the elastic range, accompanied by a pronounced increase of microhardness, was obtained by a post-swaging tempering treatment at 600 °C.
Special Anesthesiologic Considerations in Robot-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Niklas Christoph , Fakundiny Bastian , Popov Anton , Walles Thorsten
Published: July 2021

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes the key issues for preoperative, peri- and intraoperative, and postoperative patient management for robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS). It provides practical guidance for anesthesiologists and thoracic surgeons starting a RATS program.

Recent Findings

RATS is a new technological approach to execute minimal invasive chest operations. In management of RATS patients, the established ERAS principles for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) apply. In addition, RATS imposes additional conditions on anesthesiologists, nurses, and surgeons alike: The spatial constriction in operation theaters caused by the large robotic equipment longs for a reallocation of the anesthetist’s and surgeon’s working environment that may vary additionally depending on the type of surgery performed in the individual patient. Additionally, the implementation of a positive pressure carbon dioxide gas cavity in the pleura has a direct effect on patient cardio-circulatory and respiratory mechanics that have to be balanced by the anesthesiologist.

RATS advances by replacing open surgery approaches and will complement—but most likely not replace—video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). RATS brings new specific intraoperative requirements to the anesthesiological and surgical team members that have to be implemented into clinical routine.
Correction to: Swelling performance of sodium polyacrylate and poly(acrylamide‑co‑acrylic acid) potassium salt
Authors: Mahon Ruissein , Balogun Yakubu , Oluyemi Gbenga , Njuguna James
Published: July 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04654-w
Therapeutic Roles of Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) in Relapsed/Refractory Lymphomas
Authors: Hashmi Hamza , Darwin Alicia , Nishihori Taiga
Published: July 2021

Relapsed or refractory lymphoma is commonly treated with combination chemoimmunotherapy and cellular immunotherapy. Modest response rates and associated toxicities are obstacles to achieving durable remission using traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, especially in frail patients with advanced disease. Antibody drug conjugates represent a new class of novel targeted agents with significant improvement in therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of lymphomas. Several of these agents, which offer improved targeting, greater potency, and better therapeutic index over traditional chemotherapy, are changing the treatment landscape for lymphomas and other hematological malignancies. Despite the therapeutic potential of these agents, the delivery and release of cytotoxic agents to malignant cells through the combination of a monoclonal antibody, payload, and linker represents a complex design challenge. This article reviews the clinical data on currently available antibody drug conjugates and the ongoing development of novel antibody drug conjugates. Antibody drug conjugates constitute an important armamentarium for treatment of lymphomas and their evolving roles in the treatment spectrum are discussed.
Reading between the Lines: The Social Value of Dogoszhi Style in the Chaco World
Authors: Giomi Evan , Mills Barbara J. , Aragon Leslie D. , Bellorado Benjamin A. , Peeples Matthew A.
Published: July 2021

Archaeologists have pointed to certain architectural or decorative designs as representing “elite styles” that mark status distinctions. We look at one such style—Dogoszhi—that was applied to several pottery wares across the Chaco World of the northern Southwest. Using a large database of ceramics, we test whether this style comprised an elite style or whether it signaled participation in a broader Chaco social network. We compare the distribution of Dogoszhi style to measures of settlement importance, including site size and network centrality, and we investigate whether this style occurs differentially at Chacoan great houses as opposed to small houses, or by subregion. We also compare its spatial distribution to an earlier style, called Black Mesa style, similarly applied to a number of different wares. Our results indicate that both styles were consistently distributed within Chaco communities (whether great houses or small houses) but variably distributed across subareas and most measures of settlement importance. We conclude that Dogoszhi style was used to mark membership in social networks that cross-cut great house communities, a pattern more typical of heterarchical rather than hierarchical social structures. Such variation questions the uniform category of “elites” and points to the ways that representational diversity may be used to interpret different regional histories and alliances.
Rhinocerotidae from the early Miocene of the Negev (Israel) and implications for the dispersal of early Neogene rhinoceroses
Authors: Pandolfi Luca , Calvo Ran , Grossman Ari , Rabinovich Rivka
Published: July 2021

A revision of the rhinocerotid material from the Negev (Israel), dating back to the early Miocene (MN3 in the European Mammal Biochronology), highlights the presence ofBrachypotheriumand a taxon close toGaindatheriumin the Levantine corridor. A juvenile mandible, investigated using CT scanning, displays morphologically distinct characters consistent withBrachypotheriumcf.B.snowirather than with other Eurasian representatives of this genus. Some postcranial remains from the Negev, such as a humerus, display features that distinguish it among Miocene taxa. We attribute these postcrania to cf.Gaindatheriumsp., a taxon never recorded outside the Siwaliks until now. This taxon dispersed into the Levantine region during the late early Miocene, following a pattern similar to other South Asian taxa.Brachypotheriumcf.B.snowiprobably occurred in the Levantine region and then in North Africa during the early Miocene because its remains are known from slightly younger localities such as Moghara (Egypt) and Jebel Zelten (Libya). The occurrence cf.Gaindatheriumsp. represents a previously unrecorded range expansion out of Southeast Asia. These new records demonstrate the paleogeographic importance of the Levantine region showcasing the complex role of the Levantine corridor in intercontinental dispersals between Asia and Europe as well as Eurasia and Africa.
Modelling of parallel dynamics of a pellet-produced plasmoid
Authors: Runov A. , Aleynikov P. , Arnold A.M. , Breizman B.N. , Helander P.
Published: July 2021

The parallel expansion of a dense, pellet-produced plasmoid is modelled with parameters relevant to pellet fuelling experiments in the Wendelstein7-X stellarator. Good agreement is found between the analytical theory and more detailed modelling. In particular, much of the energy deposited in the pellet by the ambient plasma is transferred to the pellet ions by the ambipolar electric field during the expansion. The validity of the hydrodynamic treatment of the plasmoid and the ambient plasma is discussed.
The external dimension of the EU's fight against transnational crime: Transferring political rationalities of crime control
Authors: Russo Alessandra , Stambøl Eva Magdalena
Published: July 2021

The article constitutes the first comprehensive review of the EU's export of crime control policies and ‘aid to internal security’ across regions over the last 15 years. Drawing on both International Relations and criminology, it develops an analytical framework to identify the political rationalities and technologies of crime control that the EU attempts to transfer across the Eastern and Southern (extended) neighbourhoods. By scrutinising 216 projects aimed at combating transnational crime beyond Europe's borders, spanning law enforcement, border security, criminal justice, and the penitentiary sector, the empirical analysis is geared towards detecting and systematising the ways of thinking and doing crime control that the EU seeks to promote and export. Moreover, it investigates the ‘action at a distance’ whereby it does so. It is argued that in shaping third countries’ ability to criminalise, police, indict, convict, and punish, the EU is simultaneously defining its own security actorness, specifically consolidating its role as a ‘global crime fighter’.
Soil-litter ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) community response to reforested lands of Gishwati tropical montane forest, northern-western part of Rwanda
Authors: Nsengimana Venuste , Dekoninck Wouter
Published: July 2021

Recently, human activities have impacted biodiversity-rich forest in western Rwanda, creating a need to enhance restoration activities of degraded lands in the region. To evaluate the effects of reforestation activities on the community composition of soil-litter ants, research was conducted in Gishwati tropical montane forest, located in northern-western part of Rwanda. The ant fauna was studied in reforested lands dominated by regenerated native species and exotic tree species. Further, a primary forest made of native trees served as a reference. In each forest type, nine sampling points were used to sample ants. Ant specimens were collected using pitfalls, hand sampling and Winkler extractor. They were identified to subfamilies, genus and species levels using dichotomous keys, and also statistically analysed for species richness, diversity, evenness and community composition. We collected a total of 2,481 individuals from 5 subfamilies, 18 genera and 35 species. Higher abundance, diversity and species richness were found in soil-litter under natural primary and secondary forests dominated by regenerated native plant species compared to exotic tree forest. The ant community composition analysis indicated higher similarities in ant species sampled under primary native forest and secondary forest dominated by regenerated native species. Reforestation by regenerating native species may be given priority in restoration of degraded lands due to their importance in species richness and species diversity.
Visuality, Sonicity and Corporeality in Installation Art: A Conversation with Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba
Authors: PURKAYASTHA PRARTHANA
Published: July 2021

This conversation paper examines the visual, sonic and corporeal entanglements that inform the work of the Vietnamese-American-Japanese artist Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba. It explores the corporeal and aural qualities that are central to an understanding and sensorial experience of the artist's installations and visual practice. In paying attention to breath, sound and motion in visual art production, Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba's works reveal how corporeality and sonicity can dismantle the ocular-centrism of visual art. The discussions between Jun and Prarthana map the varied traumatic histories of racial colonialism, war and forced migration that haunt Vietnam's present, and bring to the surface the artist's aesthetic and political concerns around art, performance and cultural memory.
An Archaeology of Sound: A Slightly Curving Place Introduction
Authors: GHOUSE NIDA
Published: July 2021

The life and work of Umashankar Manthravadi is a history of sound and technology through the second half of the twentieth century. As a self-taught acoustic archaeologist, he began measuring the acoustic properties of a premodern performance space in the mid-1990s, and has been building ambisonic microphones since the early 2000s in order to carry out his project in further locations. Bringing together writers, choreographers, dancers, musicians, field recordists and sound designers, A Slightly Curving Place is an exhibition that responds to Umashankar's practice and proposes possibilities for listening to the past and its absence which remains. Umashankar asserts that we cannot just look for theatres in landscapes of the past; we must listen for them. In this dossier, contributors to the exhibition extend the notion of listening to an archaeological site to include practices of listening to text, textures, technologies, the body and the fields of recording.
Quantum Cognition – Quantum Analogy
Authors: Fortescue Michael
Published: July 2021

Attempts to apply the apparatus of quantum mechanics to cognition and language have met, understandably, with a degree of scepticism within the disciplines concerned, but they nevertheless have the potential for opening exciting new perspectives. In this article, I address the question as to what it is exactly about these attempts that has drawn such attention – both positive and negative – in recent years. I shall argue for distinguishing those aspects of quantum cognition that do warrant serious consideration by cognitive psychologists and linguists irrespective of the exact nature of its relationship to classical quantum mechanics. The key lies in the important role played by analogy in both disciplines.
Atom Probe Tomography of a Cu-Doped TiNiSn Thermoelectric Material: Nanoscale Structure and Optimization of Analysis Conditions
Authors: He Henry , Halpin John E , Popuri Srinivas R , Daly Luke , Bos Jan-Willem G , Moody Michael P , MacLaren Donald A , Bagot Paul AJ
Published: July 2021

Cu-doping and crystallographic site occupations within the half-Heusler (HH) TiNiSn, a promising thermoelectric material, have been examined by atom probe tomography. In particular, this investigation aims to better understand the influence of atom probe analysis conditions on the measured chemical composition. Under a voltage-pulsing mode, atomic planes are clearly resolved and suggest an arrangement of elements in-line with the expected HH (F-43m space group) crystal structure. The Cu dopant is also distributed uniformly throughout the bulk material. For operation under laser-pulsed modes, the returned composition is highly dependent on the selected laser energy, with high energies resulting in the measurement of excessively high absolute Ti counts at the expense of Sn and in particular Ni. High laser energies also appear to be correlated with the detection of a high fraction of partial hits, indicating nonideal evaporation behavior. The possible mechanisms for these trends are discussed, along with suggestions for optimal analysis conditions for these and similar thermoelectric materials.
Extending Estimating Hydrogen Content in Atom Probe Tomography Experiments Where H2 Molecule Formation Occurs
Authors: Meier Martin S , Jones Megan E , Felfer Peter J , Moody Michael P , Haley Daniel
Published: July 2021

We investigated a new method for estimating specimen hydrogen content in atom probe tomography (APT) in experiments where molecular hydrogen ions () originating from the measurement environment can overlap with deuterium (D+) in the mass-to-charge-state spectrum, thus preventing the direct application of isotopic marking for unambiguous hydrogen analysis. First, we applied an existing method for hydrogen content estimation, using ratios obtained from paired deuterated/nondeuterated experiments. These measurements demonstrated sufficient residual uncertainty to motivate exploring an alternative method to accurately estimate hydrogen content. By varying the time between evaporation events, it is then shown that a highly correlated relationship between field evaporation rate and hydrogen content exists and can also be used to predict hydrogen content. This leads to a new method for measuring hydrogen content within the specimen. We combine this extrapolation technique with continuous cycling of the evaporation rate or pulse frequency during an APT experiment. This could enable spatially resolved imaging of hydrogen concentrations despite the presence of a contaminant background hydrogen signal, without the need for deuteration.
Gender Assignment in Six North Scandinavian Languages: Patterns of Variation and Change
Authors: Van Epps Briana , Carling Gerd , Sapir Yair
Published: July 2021

This study addresses gender assignment in six North Scandinavian varieties with a three-gender system: Old Norse, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Old Swedish, Nysvenska, Jamtlandic, and Elfdalian. Focusing on gender variation and change, we investigate the role of various factors in gender change. Using the contemporary Swedish varieties Jamtlandic and Elfdalian as a basis, we compare gender assignment in other North Scandinavian languages, tracing the evolution back to Old Norse. The data consist of 1,300 concepts from all six languages coded for cognacy, gender, and morphological and semantic variation. Our statistical analysis shows that the most important factors in gender change are the Old Norse weak/strong inflection, Old Norse gender, animate/inanimate distinction, word frequency, and loan status. From Old Norse to modern languages, phonological assignment principles tend to weaken, due to the general loss of word-final endings. Feminine words are more susceptible to changing gender, and the tendency to lose the feminine is noticeable even in the varieties in our study upholding the three-gender system. Further, frequency is significantly correlated with unstable gender. In semantics, only the animate/inanimate distinction signifi-cantly predicts gender assignment and stability. In general, our study confirms the decay of the feminine gender in the Scandinavian branch of Germanic.