bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of Footbridge F03B under London Olympic Park Development Scheme
Authors: Mukherjee Debabrata , Babu Allen Dan
Published: July 2015

The London Legacy Development Corporation plans to modify temporary footbridge TF03 built adjacent to permanent bridge F03 across the River Lea within the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London, United Kingdom. Atkins was involved in a tender stage design for the proposed modification works. The temporary to permanent transformation had to match the permanent bridge in terms of aesthetics, elegance and architectural detailing. Tt also had to gel with the overall landscape development visualised by the architect. The paper illustrates how coordinated efforts of engineers and architects have created an elegant structure that fits within the overall development scheme of the park.
Botanical Garden Hothouse in Aarhus
Authors: Kæsesler Ulrik R.
Published: July 2015

In 2008 it was decided by the University of Aarhus to renovate the existing greenhouse and to develop the site by combining the renovation of the existing hothouse complex with a new tropical greenhouse. The competition brief called for a new state-of-the-art tropical hothouse, a visitor centre and a renovation of the existing building, the goal was to make the entire complex sustainable.

In the competition we developed an optimal shape for the new tropical green house, driven by the following design parameters.

The building envelope was optimized, using the following parameters:

maximize solar radiation during winter,

minimize solar radiation during summer,

maximise skylight during the whole year,

maximise internal volume and headroom and

minimise the surface and thus heat loss

ETFE cushions was proposed as fa9ade, to maximize the UV radiation and to get a significant better insulation, than would be obtained if the fa9ade was build, as most greenhouses in Denmark, with single layer glass. Furthermore ETFE enabled us to generate freeform geometry, because ETFE is easily shaped to fit complex shapes.

The project designed during 2009-10 and realized ready for opening for the public in 2014.
Title: Architecture for Archeology - identifying new modular and flexible types of shelter adaptable to the diverse needs of archaeological sites
Authors: Imperadori Marco , Liotta Salvator-John , Vanossi Andrea , Ito Yuta , Croce Davide Della
Published: July 2015

With the construction of coverings in the Valle dei Templi of Agrigento, the management of the Park Agency is carrying out an experimental action which can produce innovation in the context of lightweight and temporary structures. The "Architecture X Acheology" workshop explored the state of the art in terms of works protecting archaeological landmarks, with the goal of identifying new modular and flexible structures which are adaptable to the diverse needs of archaeological sites.

Parametric and computational strategies are the bases used for the design of the shelters.

The Park, which covers 1,300 hectares, preserves an extraordinary monumental and landscape patrimony. Though visited by millions of tourists, the archaeological sites are not appropriately equipped for tourist use. To better use this enormous cultural resource and to make it an active agent of the regional economy, it is of strategic importance to equip it with new facilities which are appropriate for today. For this purpose, the workshop has seen professors and students of Politecnico di Milano, Palermo University, and of Tokyo University involved in the construction of experimental prototypes for the protection of archaeological finds and excavation sites. The shelters produced during the workshop -other than having a functional and aesthetic value- form the first nucleus of a park of modern architecture within an archaeological park. The paper describe the willingness to systematize the great potential value which the interdisciplinary prospect of integration between architecture, structure and archaeology, offer to the disciplines in terms of research and analysis.
Structural Design of a High-rise Building above a Motorway
Authors: Karasaki Hidenori , Hitomi Yasuyoshi , Takahashi Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

TORANOMON HTLLS is the main building of a large-scale re-development project located in the center of Tokyo. This high-rise building has a height of 247m and 52 floors above ground, 5 floors below ground, and 1m x 85m in plan. Tt is used as hotel, residential facilities, offices, shops and conference facilities.

The super structure is mainly a rigid steel frame with response-control devices, using concrete- filled steel tube columns. The underground section is a mixed structure composed of steel, steel- reinforced concrete and reinforced concrete framings. The piled-raft foundation type is used.

The remarkable feature of this high-rise building is that the motorway runs through the basements of the building, which makes it stand just above the motorway.This condition is an important factor of the building design. The plan shape is designed to fit along the curve of the motorway.

Special columns at the corners are required to avoid placing columns in the motorway. This special column is a single inclined column in the lower floors that branches into two columns in the mid- floors to suit the column location in the upper floors. The cast steel joint is used for the branching point of each special column to securely transfer the stress.
Phoenix taking off at Comacchio
Authors: Petrangeli Marco , Andreocci Camillo , Pietrantoni Massimo
Published: July 2015

The Ferrara waterway, connecting this historic town with Comacchio on the Adriatic Sea is being upgraded: section widening and straightening as well as higher clearance has called for the replacement of most of the existing bridges. When approaching Final di Rero the waterway needs to be bifurcated to straighten a sharp bend leaving a dumpling shaped island between the new navigational channel and the existing one to be used as a mooring stretch. The new bridge fall just on the upstream vertex of this island, calling for two spans of 40 and 80 metres circa. The situation was clearly suited for a bow string solution. The proposed design, by inclining the hangers yields an asymmetric funicular of the two arches that while retaining structural efficiency gift the structure with the distinguished look of a wide winged bird at take off. Since the symbol of the Comacchio’s fauna are the beautiful Cenerino herons stretching their slender wings across the water, the design was awarded and construction soon to take off.
Design and Construction of Ginza Kabukiza
Authors: Kawamura Hiroshi , Ishibashi Yoji , Morofushi Tsutomu
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a structural solution for the design of a 29-stories high-rise tower, which has a large office space above the Kabukiza Theatre. In order to support 23 stories of office space above the theatre having a large void in plan, two numbers of 13m-deep mega-truss, spanning 38.4m, are installed at the fifth floor of the building. Steelwork is used as a primary material for the structure above ground and a hybrid response control system using buckling-restrained brace and oil damper is adopted in order to achieve a high seismic performance. This paper also describes the erection process installing hydraulic jacks directly above the mega-truss at column bases of those supported by the truss, in order to keep the structure above the truss level during construction.
Seismic isolated building covered with designed RC structural frame
Authors: Katayama Shinichiro
Published: July 2015

Ikebukuro Daiichi-Life building is a new-generation seismic isolated office building which combines safety and security, attractive facade, user-friendly office space. Design of this building is inspired by Japanese traditional lighting equipment. This is called "ANDON" in Japanese. This is also called "Japanese oriental lamp" in English. It's fire bowl is covered with a shade consist of grid-like bamboo frame and Japanese paper. (fig.4) Like ANDON, this building is covered with grid-like slim RC frame and glass windows. At night, light stream through the RC frame and this building seems like a large ANDON (Fig.3) .This RC frame is an aggregation of small PCa (Precast) RC units and glass windows are directly embedded to them. This frame is major structure and external material at the same time. This design oriented slim structure is realized by high spec seismic isolated system. The following is a description of the structural design.
Toward elegant building shapes and their aerodynamic performance
Authors: Tamura Yukio , Tanaka Hideyuki , Kim Yong Chul , Xu Xiaoda , Yang Qingshan , Yoshida Akihito
Published: July 2015

Recent super-tall building design has been released from the spell of compulsory symmetric shape design, and free-style design is increasing. This is mainly due to architects and structural designers' challenging demands for novel and unconventional expressions. Another important aspect is that rather complicated sectional shapes are basically good with regard to aerodynamic properties for crosswind responses. A series of wind tunnel tests have been carried out to determine aerodynamic performance of many super-tall buildings with various configurations: square plan, rectangular plan, elliptic plan, with corner cut, with corner chamfered, tilted, tapered, inverse tapered, with setbacks, helical, openings and so on. Dynamic wind-induced response analyses of these models have also been conducted. The results of these tests have led to comprehensive discussions on the aerodynamic characteristics of various tall building configurations.
Design of Unique Structural Systems for the Corning Museum of Glass Expansion
Authors: Nordenson Guy , Oswald Erich , Walgenwitz Lucile , Schneider Breit , Richardson James
Published: July 2015

This paper discusses the combination of steel, cast-in-place, and precast concrete structural systems developed and implemented in the design of the 9500 m2 Corning Museum of Glass North Wing Expansion project in Corning, New York, USA. The structural system for the Museum building consists of a series of 6 m tall cast-in-place concrete serpentine cavity walls that act in tandem with a system of wide, shallow concrete band beams within the gallery level slab. Together they span as deep beams between concrete walls and columns below. The gallery building roof structure consists of closely spaced exposed precast concrete joists that are 122 cm deep and 9 cm thick which span up to 17 m between the serpentine concrete walls and a steel perimeter structure. These three unique structural elements were combined to form a structural system that is integral to the architectural form and performance and that is expressed throughout the minimalist interior spaces.
Devised to efficiently implement a variety of space Tianjin library
Authors: Takahashi Hirokazu , Kaneda Katsunori
Published: July 2015

Tianjin library is shaping planar shape 100mx100m, and 30m high. This architecture possessed the internal space with the various size and shape planned according to the various functions as the library, and was planned. This architecture formed from our structure system requested from architect could arrange planned various space efficiently.

In this paper, we introduce the ingenuity and design process that was employed to efficiently achieve a large building having a variety of spatial elements.
Seismic retrofit strengthening of age-old Japanese traditional building “Chusonji-Temple Hondo”
Authors: Enomoto Hiroyuki , Yamanaka Masayuki , Ishikawa Ritsuko
Published: July 2015

Chusonji-Temple Rondo was reconstructed in 1909. The walls of the Rondo were main seismic resisting elements of this age-old Japanese traditional building.

For seismic retrofit strengthening of Chusonji-Temple Rondo, we proposed to adopt "Super Wooden Wall" that had been developed as a seismic resisting element for traditional wooden structures. Though the durability and aesthetics of "Super Wooden Wall" are as same as those of a traditional dropped wooden sliding wall, the seismic resistant performance of "Super Wooden Wall" is superior to that of a conventional structural plywood.

By the adoption of "Super Wooden Wall", the seismic resistant performance of the Rondo was found to have improved sufficiently, with its original appearance of the founding era remaining intact. Also, it was possible to retrofit this building without stirring.
Retrofit solution for timber framed masonry system using aramid fiber reinforced polymers (AFRP)
Authors: Dutu Andreea , Sakata Hiroyasu , Yamazaki Yoshihiro , Shindo Tomoki
Published: July 2015

Although the timber framed masonry structures are considered earthquake resistant, for many of them the construction details are poor. Connections are the weakest parts of the system, especially the bottom ones, at every floor level or at the connection with foundation. Also, in past earthquakes out-of-plane collapse was observed usually for the upper masonry panels, though without causing a general collapse of the building. Since for some countries (Portugal, Italy, Greece, Haiti, etc.) the system can be found in heritage buildings, a retrofitting solution was studied in order to improve the behavior of timber framed masonry structures. Thus, AFRP sheets (uni-directional and bi- directional) were applied on a full scale timber framed masonry wall part and in-plane static cyclic tests were conducted. The retrofit solution, all layouts, proved to be efficient, with a 70% increase in strength for two of the specimens and 26% for the third, respectively. Based on the test results a simplified strength evaluation was calibrated for the contribution of the AFRP sheets.
The dynamic behaviour of the roof interventions in the Basilica San Francesco in Assisi
Authors: Arcidiacono Vincenzo , Piermarini Emidio , Cimellaro Gian Paolo , Oschendorf John
Published: July 2015

During the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake, two of the vaults of the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi collapsed as a result of two earthquakes with 5.6 and 5.8 magnitudes. The structure had endured stronger earthquakes for centuries before these events, and there are likely many reasons for the 1997 collapse, such as damages cumulated from previous earthquakes or the retrofitting made to the structure over its lifetime. A full description and history of the different retrofit interventions of the Basilica are presented. In particular, the Basilica's roof has been subjected to three major restorations in its life. Besides, this study considers the effects of the different roof interventions on the global dynamic behavior of the structure. A simple analytical model is employed to show trends in the structure's seismic response to the 2nd shock of the 1997 earthquake given the changes in stiffness and mass of the roof over the centuries. The results of the analytical model suggest that the roof interventions have had the effect of decreasing the structure's fundamental period, and therefore, attracting more seismic loads to the façade and the transept. These were overloaded, leading to a probable nonlinear behavior that might explain the collapse of the two Gothic vaults.
Evaluation of the Stress Distributions on Gusset Plate Connections in Historic Steel Truss Bridges
Authors: Wang Bo-Shiuan
Published: July 2015

A new evaluation procedure for the gusset plate connection in steel truss bridges is presented in this paper. First, a finite element (FE) model of gusset plate connection subassemblage is built to accurately represent stress distributions on gusset plates. Then, approximate stress distribution models at the critical sections of a gusset plate are developed by observation and compare with the FE results as well as the methods used in current practice. These approximate stress distribution models show good agreement with the FE results. The maximum Von Mises stress on the gusset plate can be quickly calculated by using these approximated stress distribution models. The procedure developed in this paper provides bridge engineers a more accurate method to evaluate the remaining strength of gusset plate connections in historic and aged steel truss bridge.
A Semi-Automatic Member Detection for Metal Bridges
Authors: Truong-Hong Linh , Laefer Debra F.
Published: July 2015

Terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs) are prominent non-contact instruments for acquiring highly detailed geometries of bridge components in only minutes. A TLS can be a strategic instrument for data collection for bridge inspection and documentation, because it can reduce significantly required field time and auxiliary equipment. To deploy a TLS in this field, a semi-automatic method for post-processing a point cloud for documentation of a historic metal bridge is proposed. In this work, generating 3D model of existing structural members and identifying connection characteristics are mainly of interest. The Guinness Bridge built in 1880s in Dublin, Ireland is presented as a case study for the proposed semi-automatic workflow.
Multi-Hazard Risk and Asset Value Assessment of Heritage Buildings (Case Study in Iloilo City, Philippines)
Authors: Kennedy Yu Kirk , Winston Oreta Andres
Published: July 2015

Heritage buildings belong to the most vulnerable class of structures because of the material degradation and the lack of structural design present. With the increasing frequency and magnitude of disasters, the need to preserve heritage buildings is further underlined. The developed risk assessment method innovated the inclusion of the heritage building asset value as a component of the risk index. The risk assessment method considered the risks due to extreme wind, fire and earthquake. Using a rapid visual screening method, this preliminary assessment allows for the prioritization of several heritage buildings for deeper investigations and retrofitting procedures on the basis of the level of risk and ist asset value. In support to the initiatives of the Iloilo City government, the developed method was tested to about 30 heritage buildings in the said city. The study was able to create a shortlist of "prioritized" heritage buildings for preservation.
Seismic Performance Evaluation of a Curved Rigid-frame Bridge Using Three- dimensional Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Takeda Tomoaki , Nagayama Tomonori , Mizutani Tsukasa , Fujino Yozo
Published: July 2015

Curved rigid-frame bridges at interchanges and junctions play important roles in urban highway networks. However due to complexity of their geometrical configuration and nonlinearities, the seismic behaviour of these bridges are complex and not well-known. This study numerically examines the seismic behaviour of the Ohashi Junction connection viaduct, which is a two-layer rigid-frame curved bridge with large curvatures. A three dimensional nonlinear frame model is constructed based on the design and calibrated in terms of its dynamic characteristics. Dynamic analysis of the model is then conducted to clarify the response dependency on the input direction, effect of pounding, and safety of non-structural components.
Uncertainty Quantification and Calibration of Dynamic Models of Existing Bridges Considering Difference of Modeling Strategy
Authors: Nishio Mayuko , Kawaguchi Yuji
Published: July 2015

This study presents one of strategies to deal with the uncertainties in the Model Verification and Validation (V&V) for the modeling of existing structures by applying the Bayesian uncertainty quantification (UQ) and the model calibration. Authors especially verified how the uncertain model parameters could be calibrated in different modeling strategies that must be determined by a person who were making the model based on the purpose of the numerical analysis. The target bridge was an existing seismic isolated bridge, and compared the performances of the UQ and the calibration between two finite element (FE) models; a detail and a frame models, using measured dynamic characteristics. It was then shown that the performance of UQ varied with the difference of the modeling because descriptions of model parameters and their prior uncertainties were different.

Furthermore, the results indicated some requirements in the nominal modeling of the structure for appropriate Model V&V.
Simplified Modeling Method of Hybrid Structure of RC and Wood
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshihiro , Sakata Hiroyasu
Published: July 2015

In Japan, construction of wood structures for public buildings is encouraged for environmental reason. For example, low-rise large wood building sometimes involves core parts which are usually reinforced concrete structures. This kind of structures is described as "horizontal hybrid structure". However, it is difficult to evaluate seismic force distribution and stress between wood parts and RC parts. In this paper, basic vibration properties and simplified modeling method of horizontal hybrid structure were discussed. Based on the model, practical formulae of amplitude and distribution of seismic force acting on wood parts and equivalent length of floor diaphragm to evaluate moment at connection between wood part and RC part were also proposed. The accuracy was demonstrated by comparison with earthquake response analyses, and they gave close agreement with them.
Application of Beam-Column Joints Using Hinge Relocation Technique
Authors: Ishikawa Yuji
Published: July 2015

High strength concrete and high strength steel bars have been used for reinforced concrete structures to resist very high loads and reduce sectional area of RC members, as well as the amount of reinforcement in some congested locations. Such way is very suitable for beam column joints that sustain high stresses due to long term, earthquake and other loadings. These stresses can be reduced by relocating the development of plastic hinges at beam ends away from column faces.

This paper presents a novel application of RC beam-column joints using hinge relocation technique by headed beam longitudinal bars for the second layer of reinforcement. A special case where beams have openings at their ends is also considered in the application. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed application and evaluate its structural performance, three interior beam column joint specimens were tested under simulated seismic loading. This paper describes test results in terms of the story shear force-story drift angle relationships, displacement capacities and equivalent viscous damping factors. Test results exhibited the good performance of the proposed application and confirmed the possibility to design RC interior joints within the story drift angle of ±30 x10-3 (rad) using such hinge relocation technique. The method has already been applied in an actual RC structure in Tokyo.
Brief Research on Arch Hinge of Leaning Concrete Filled Steel Tube Arch by Contact Problem under Local Stress
Authors: Wei He , Yang Liu , Shasha Chen , Liwen Deng
Published: July 2015

Leaning concrete-filled steel tube arch is preferable for city bridge because of its wide bridge decking, elegant appearance and reasonable loads transfer. For such bridge, the arch hinge of main arch with special local structure and complex force situation was a critical configuration, it was necessary to analyze the typical stress distribution of the arch hinge. And the analysis was up to contact problem. In this paper, based on the design of Guiyang Road Twelve Nanming Bridge, the common software ANSYS and Hertz contact theory were used to calculate the regional stress of the special arch hinge. The mechanical properties of cylindrical hinge were compared with spherical hinge under different loading condition. The results showed that the leaning concrete-filled steel tube arch should adopt the economic and reasonable cylindrical hinge, and the Hertz's solution is conservative in the analysis of this arch hinge contact problem.
Fatigue Strength Evaluation Method of Connection between Longitudinal Closed Ribs and Cross-Beam Web Cutouts in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
Authors: Hanji Takeshi , Tateishi Kazuo , Kato Keito
Published: July 2015

This study investigated fatigue strength evaluation methods based on the structural hot spot stress concept, focusing on a crack at a crossing between a longitudinal closed rib and a cross-beam (transverse rib) web cutout in an orthotropic steel bridge deck. The results indicated the possibility that the fatigue strength of the connection can be evaluated with the hot spot stress range. And also, it was revealed that the hot spot stress range hardly decreases with increasing of deck plate thickness and decreasing of transverse rib distance.
Compressive Membrane Action in FRP-strengthened Concrete Beams
Authors: Zeng Yihua , Caspeele Robby , Taerwe Luc
Published: July 2015

A comparison of compressive membrane action (CMA) between standard reinforced concrete (RC) members and RC members strengthened with Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is performed. The comparison is based on an extension of Park and Gamble's model and quantified by defining an enhancement factor. Results indicate that the CMA effect decreases with increasing steel reinforcement for RC beams whereas this conclusion only holds for the effect of top steel reinforcement in case of FRP-strengthened RC beams. Results also show that the CMA effect increases with increasing concrete strength and is not significantly affected by span-to-depth ratio for both beam systems.
The experimental study of the new pore-forming grouting connection joint with welded closure confinement steels
Authors: Dongyue Wu , Shuting Liang , Zhenxing Guo
Published: July 2015

This paper describes a new designed precast shear wall structure connection joint in China, which can effectively reduce the production costs of connectors and significantly improve the construction speed. This connection joint is the new pore-forming grouting connection joint with welded closure confinement steels (NPGCS). This connection joints use the thin metal bellows to form the pores, by which can dramatically cut the construction price compared to the traditional steel sleeves connections, and reinforce more welded closure confinement steels to improve the mechanic properties of concrete and thus to realize the connection of vertical steel bars. The construction of the shear wall structures using NPGCS contains three processes including the pore forming in wall panels' production, the steel insertion and assembly in site, the steel bars grouting. Later, by the experimental test of two precast shear wall specimens using NPGCS and one cast-in-situ shear wall specimen which has the same parameters with the precast specimens, the performance of the connection joints were studied. The experimental results show that even with the existing of the grouting layer which can significantly week the mechanic properties of the vertical connection steel bars, the mechanic properties of the connection joint, including the capacity and ductility, are close or even better than those of the cast-in-situ specimen contributing to the reinforcement of the welded closure confinement steels. So, from the characteristics of the connection and the study results, it is obviously that the NPGCS has a wide application prospect in the building industrialization.
Fire Resistance Performance of Super High Tensile Strength Bolts
Authors: Kimura Kei , Azuma Kiyosaburo , Hanya Koji , Tsujii Masato
Published: July 2015

This study found that 1,400N/mm2-class super high tensile strength bolts (F14T) overcome delayed fracture at room temperature and have high fire resistance performance. Based on the results of the coupon and connection tests, F14T can provide high load bearing capacity and rationally bolted connection design for both structural and fire resistant designs.
Nonlinear Response of a RC Frame Retrofitted by External Confinement and Steel Cross Braces with Super High Tension Bolts
Authors: Li Wencong , Kwon Oh-Sung
Published: July 2015

A novel seismic retrofitting method for RC frame is proposed in this paper. In this method, the strengths of columns are increased by confining top and bottom regions of two adjacent columns through active confinement which is applied using high-strength external hoops and steel plates. The retrofitted column bottom is connected with the retrofitted top of an adjacent column using steel cross braces having friction-type super high tension bolted joints to improve global stability of the RC frame. The results of cyclic lateral load test show that, the retrofitted specimen exhibits excellent seismic performance in term of strength while the non-retrofitted one failed in shear. Numerical studies on the non-retrofitted and retrofitted specimens are carried out using OpenSees. The results from numerical models agree well with the experimental results.
Torsional Resistance of Slab-Column Connections of Flat Plate under Seismic Force
Authors: Totsuka Marina , Takakoshi Soichiro , Takahashi Susumu , Ichinose Toshikatsu
Published: July 2015

In this paper, an experimental investigation was carried out on a total of two specimens representing interior slab-column connections of flat plate in order to verify the effects of torsional resistance of slab-column connections of flat plate under seismic force. The test parameter was the existence of slits in front and back critical sections in order to transfer moment only by torsion. Punching shear failure occurred in the benchmark specimen without slits whereas torsional failure occurred in the specimen with slits. Furthermore, the deformation shapes of the specimens were different. Based on the test results, an equation to calculate punching shear strength is proposed.
Development of Floor Vibration Analysis System using aFinite Element Analysis called "Yurayzer3"
Authors: Nakazawa Takeshi , Masuda Keiji , Kondoh Takahito
Published: July 2015

In this paper we describe a new system floor vibration analysis using a finite element method which makes it easy for users to input data and visualize results. This system is linear elastic vibration analysis software called "Yurayzer3". It comprises a pre-processor unit, a calculation unit and a post-processor unit. The chief innovation of this system is the in-house development of a pre- processor and post-processor that simplifies the numerical inputs of information about nodes and elements. In order to verify the analytical accuracy of this system, the eigenvalue analysis is carried out and compared with measured values. This comparison showed a coefficient of variation about 10%, which is a level of agreement sufficient for the structural design phase.
Elucidation of Torsional Interaction Using Eigenvalue Calculation to Propose the Seismic Design Method for Two-Story Timber Houses with 3D-Eccentricity
Authors: Suzuki Keoto , Sakata Hiroyasu , Yamazaki Yoshihiro
Published: July 2015

It is known that the torsional response of some story influences the torsional response of another story. In this study, the interaction was formulated on the basis of eigenvalue calculation using the component mode method. In addition, approximation formulas were proposed and were checked the accuracy.
Relation of Biaxial Nonlinear Response and Mechanical Properties of Structures
Authors: Hotta Hisato , Takahashi Yoshina
Published: July 2015

The effect of horizontal biaxial seismic input is not considered in the equivalent linearizing method, while the cases of investigation in terms of biaxial response displacement of structures are not sufficient to grasp the characteristics of biaxial elasto-plastic response comprehensively. The objective of this paper is to comprehend the relation between mechanical properties of structures and biaxial response displacement. With an analytical model of single-mass two degrees of freedom system, we conducted examination with parameters of mechanical properties; oblateness of yield surface, biaxial restoring force characteristics, and yield strength to uniaxial input. As a result, it was verified that response to biaxial input was often much greater than the response to uniaxial input, and oblateness of elastic response displacement to biaxial input was concerned with the characteristics of biaxial elasto-plastic response.
Effects of Stability on the Resistance of Composite Concrete-Filled Rectangular Steel Pipes According to World Standards
Authors: Kanishchev Ruslan , Kvočák Vincent
Published: July 2015

The paper presented pertains to the effects of local and global stability on the resistance of concrete- filled hollow steel sections subject to compression, mainly the resistance of rectangular composite columns. The existent valid world standards, such as Eurocode 4, DBN V.2.6 - 160:2010, SUOS2011, ANSI/AISC 360-10, CAN/CSA-S16-01 concerning the design of such structures are presented, which stipulate several methods of taking account of the effects of local and global stability on the resistance of structural members. The paper demonstrates and compares these methods on the example verifying a concrete-filled rectangular hollow steel section subject to axial compression. Based on the comparison, the progress of further research into filled composite sections with the account of local and global stability effects is outlined.
Rotational Stiffness at Ridges of Timber Folded-plate Structures
Authors: Roche Stéphane , Mattoni Geoffroy , Weinand Yves
Published: July 2015

Folded plate structures propose an efficient design employing thin Laminated Veneer Lumber panels. Inspired by the Japanese furniture joining technique, the Multiple Tab-and-Slot Joint was developed as a solution for multi-assembly of timber panels with non-parallel edges, requiring no adhesive or metal joints. As the global analysis of our origami structures reveals that the rotational stiffness at ridges affects the global behaviour, we propose an experimental and numerical study of this linear interlocking connection. Its geometry is governed by three angles that orient the contact faces. Nine combinations of these angles were tested with two different bending set-ups: closing or opening the fold formed by two panels and measuring the rotational slip. The non-linear behaviour has been conjointly reproduced numerically using the finite element method and the continuum damage mechanic.
A Study on Yield Surface and Principal Elastic Axes of RC Structures
Authors: Hotta Hisato , Ishida Kaho
Published: July 2015

Some methods calculating displacement of a building postulate that its elastic axes are orthogonal to its yield surface, however, it is considered there are actually some cases contradicting the postulation and it is necessary to for obtaining a correct response to take multidirectional interaction into account. In order to learn general knowledge of three-directional nonlinear behaviour of reinforced concrete structures, pushover and cyclic loading analyses were conducted on a 6 story RC building with L-shaped floor plan. It was confirmed that the principal elastic axes were not always perpendicular to its yield surface in the case of asymmetry floor plan and displacement did not always appear in the input direction. Furthermore it was found out to be adequate to apply flow rule to a frame composed of columns and beams.
Mechanical Effect of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete on Stud Shear Connector in Composite Bridge
Authors: Xu Chen , Masuya Hiroshi , Fukada Saiji
Published: July 2015

Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) is characterized by its considerable tensile hardening capability. It has been applied in steel concrete composite bridges for improving the mechanical behavior. Shear connector is an important member in composite bridges, whereas the mechanical research of it in SFRC is rare. Therefore, push-out tests on the static and fatigue behavior of the frequently used stud connector in SFRC were executed. The tested stud shank diameter and height were 19 and 150mm. The steel fibers were mixed with concrete to compose SFRC. The aspect ratio of steel fiber was 48. The effect of SFRC on static behaviour of stud was not obvious according to the static push-out tests. However, the cyclic push-out test results showed that steel fibers in concrete could improve the fatigue behavior of stud especially when cyclic load range was small. So far, most of the current specification evaluations of stud behavior have not provide corresponding consideration of SFRC. Engineers should notice that the favourable effect of SFRC on stud connector may be influenced by the cyclic load range.
Aged Changes of Vibration Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Actual Bamboo Building
Authors: Nagai Takuo , Toki Hirokazu
Published: July 2015

Mechanical properties of bamboo have not been precisely explored. To use bamboo as building construction material, it is necessary to study how the mechanical properties depend on seasons of sampling, region, and retention period. In particular, with aging after sampling, bamboo changes its color and water content ratio and becomes easy to crack. It should be kept in mind when using bamboo for structural element, therefore, that it is a material that suffers aged degradation and changes in its strength or stiffness.

We built a building composed of bamboo structure in 2011, and have kept observing its visible changes or damages, and measured microtremor on it at regular intervals. In this article, influence of aging to strength and stiffness is investigated on the basis of the monitoring results.
Development of RC column and Steel Hybrid beam system (FRASH method)
Authors: Singh Ravi , Sasaki Hitoshi , Masuda Kefiji , Sato Yukihiro , Arima Yoshito
Published: July 2015

In this paper, development of a hybrid structure with steel hybrid beam and reinforced concrete column (FRASH method) is carried out. The steel hybrid beam is a steel beam with the beam ends being reinforced concrete. The FRASH method reduces the usage of steel, which enables the reduction of the skeleton cost. And with the hybrid beam ends being reinforced concrete, rigidity of the beam increases resulting in a reduced floor vibration and improved habitability of the building.

The outline of FRASH method, structural performance of hybrid beams in a beam-column sub- assemblage and construction example of FRASH method are discussed in this paper.
Rate Dependent Behavior of High Damping Rubber Bearings in Low Temperature and Rheology Model
Authors: Dang Ji , Dung Nguyen Anh , Okui Yoshiaki , Imai Takashi , Okata Shinya
Published: July 2015

Rubbre bearings made of High Damping Rubber (HDR) is one of most important type of isolation devices in Japan. In this study, the rate dependent behavior of HDR bearings was observed by dynamic loading tests. A modified rheology model is proposed for bridge seismic design. The concepts of equilibrium and instantaneous states and tests are used to measure the basic rate dependent part and rate independent part of proposed model. Parameters in the proposed model describing the rate dependent behavior are identified from dynamic loading test. Experimental verification for the proposed method was also conducted using multiple types of loading tests.
Study on Integral Composite Bridge considering Pile-Soil Effect and
Authors: Zhang Yauyou , Liu Yuqing , Xin Haohui
Published: July 2015

Integral composite bridge with the advantage of expansion joint-less provided a preferred type for short or moderate span bridge. Based on an engineering example of integral composite bridge with span of 30m, finite element model considering pile-soil interaction of the whole integral composite bridge were built. Mechanical performances including deflection, stress distribution of concrete slab, stress distribution of steel main girders under different load conditions were analyzed. Besides, the joint parts which connected the steel girder and pile are the most important components for integral composite bridge. Three innovative girder-abutment joints were proposed in this paper and the performance were experimentally investigated. The test results showed NW has the best mechanical performance, and the bearing capacity of SW joint and CW joint could be improved by strengthening the connectors.
Combining timber and concrete for a sustainable future
Authors: Neve Oliver , Bawcombe Jonathan , White Gavin
Published: July 2015

The Julian Study Centre, also known as Building 57, is a world first. A truly unique combination of sustainable low-carbon ethos with innovative construction methods that has produced a building with an exceptionally low carbon footprint. Tts humble appearance cloaks an ambitious structure which provides creative solutions to some of the challenges faced by the modern construction industry. Modelling a range of possible construction methods allowed the optimum combination for the lifetime embodied and operational carbon implications of the building. The study revealed that cross laminated timber (CLT) walls with precast concrete floors produced fewest carbon dioxide emissions.
Seismic Retrofit of Steel Frames with Minimal-Disturbance
Authors: Kurata Masahiro , Sato Miho , Zhang Lei , Becker Tracy , Lavan Oren , Nakashima Masayoshi
Published: July 2015

A design and construction scheme termed Minimal-Disturbance seismic retrofit pursues “Elegance” with the intention of improving the continuity of business while minimizing obstruction of the visual and physical space of building users. This paper presents the concept and verification tests of a damper device for steel moment-resisting frames, which is designed to meet the requirements of the scheme of Minimal-Disturbance.
Crack Propagation Behaviour of Structural Steel in Extremely Low Cycle Fatigue Region
Authors: Terao Nao , Hanji Takeshi , Tateishi Kazuo
Published: July 2015

Extremely low cycle fatigue, which is caused by large cyclic deformation with small number of loading repetition, is one of the main failure modes in steel structures during earthquake. Tn this study, crack propagation behaviour of structural steel in extremely low cycle fatigue region was evaluated based on a non-linear fracture mechanics parameter calculated by analyses. The results demonstrated that crack propagation rate in extremely low cycle fatigue region can be estimated by using cyclic J-integral.
Investigation for crack on base-isolated rubber bearing subjected to environmental degradation factors and external loads
Authors: Itoh Yoshito , Hirohata Mikihito , Wang Shen
Published: July 2015

For investigating the effect of environmental degradation factors and external loads on the crack occurrence on the surface of rubber bearing and to develop a countermeasure, a series of accelerated exposure experiments was carried out. The accelerated exposure experiment was performed on large size rubber bearing specimens under the condition that the temperature was 40 degrees Celsius and the ozone density was 100 pphm. The crack was observed on the surface of rubber bearing by 384 hours, especially in the large tensile strain region. The crack simulated the actual one observed in the real base-isolated rubber bearing. After the experiments, the load carrying capacity and the stiffness of damaged rubber bearing were examined. However, the performance of damaged rubber bearing was not deteriorated compared with those of virgin state.
Multi-stage Optimization for Flexible Bridge Maintenance and Management Planning against Modification of Deterioration Curve
Authors: Furuta Hitoshi , Fujikawa Hiroshi , Kagawa Yoshiaki , Nakatsu Koichiro , Ishibashi Ken
Published: July 2015

In this study, an attempt is made to propose a method for flexible bridge maintenance plans against the modification of deterioration curve by using the multi-stage optimization. Both the minimization of cost and the maximization of structural soundness are important for the maintenance planning. Numerical experiments with 10 bridges were presented to demonstrate that solutions obtained by the proposed method were effective against the uncertainties involved in the financial circumstances and the deterioration prediction.
Static Loading Test Based Validating Current Gerber Hinge Status of Existing Steel Cantilever Through Truss Bridge
Authors: Duy Khanh Tran , Miyashita Takeshi , Iwasaki Eiji
Published: July 2015

When a structure was in insufficient condition, its material, and geometric properties, encompassing alters of boundaries' status and system connectivity could also be different to as-designed original condition. In this research, a static loading field test was carried-out on a bridge to evaluate its current status of hinges and bearings. The target bridge named Chousei Bridge for 77 in-service years is a steel cantilever through-truss bridge structured by suspended spans and cantilever spans connected via Gerber hinges. A series of sensors of strain and displacement were established to measure the response to the test loads. The bridge is then simulated as 3D finite element model with differentiating the hinges' condition considered as certain stiffness springs. Performing a comparison between the analytical results to the experimental results indicates that each hinge's current status is different to the others instead of the same stiffness parameter as original state.
An Artificially-damaged Real Steel Truss Bridge and Jts Numerical Modelling for Vibration-based Damage Detection
Authors: Kim Chul-Woo , Chang K. C.
Published: July 2015

In this study, a field damage experiment was carried out on an existing steel truss bridge to investigate feasibility of vibration-based damage detection (VBDD) of bridges. Two tension members were cut sequentially to serve as artificial damage. For each damage scenario, the dynamic characteristics, specifically the dominant frequencies and mode shapes, of the bridge were identified from the dynamic responses excited by a passing experiment vehicle. On the other hand, finite-element (FE) models were constructed with commercial FE-analysis software, and then their eigen-frequencies and corresponding mode shapes were compared with field-experiment results. It could be concluded that, firstly, in the field experiment, the modal frequencies and mode shapes of the bridge were identified with high precision and accuracy. Secondly, the eigen-frequencies and corresponding mode shapes calculated with the FE models matched with the experiment results very well, indicating that those FE models could reliably model the real bridges and serve as alternatives for VBDD studies. However it did not apply to the case that the initial conditions between the FE model and real bridge are inconsistent. Thirdly, the change in the identified modal frequencies and mode shapes was observed: modal frequencies decreased as damage causing high stress redistribution was applied, especially obvious as damage was applied asymmetrically; mode shapes were distorted as damage was applied asymmetrically.
Seismic analysis and design of viscously coupled walls or trusses with discrete locations for viscous dampers
Authors: Tokarev Julia , Lavan Oren
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the efficiency of using viscous dampers to connect two walls, in discrete locations along the height, is examined. The non-dimensional parameters controlling the behaviour of such structures are first identified. Those are a non-dimensional damping coefficient and the non- dimensional heights where the dampers are mounted. Then, a parametric study is conducted to gain some insight on the behaviour of the system and to attain graphs for important non-dimensional responses of interest such as displacements, inter-story drifts, absolute accelerations, wall base- shear, total base-shear and total over-turning moments. These reveal the optimal locations of the dampers and allow a simplified analysis and design.