bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CH⋅⋅⋅N Hydrogen‐Bonding Interaction in 7‐Azaindole:CHX3 (X=F, Cl) Complexes
Authors: Shirhatti Pranav R. , Maity Dilip K. , Bhattacharyya Surjendu , Wategaonkar Sanjay
Published: November 2013

The CH⋅⋅⋅Y (Y=hydrogen‐bond acceptor) interactions are somewhat unconventional in the context of hydrogen‐bonding interactions. Typical CH stretching frequency shifts in the hydrogen‐bond donor CH group are not only small, that is, of the order of a few tens of cm−1, but also bidirectional, that is, they can be red or blue shifted depending on the hydrogen‐bond acceptor. In this work we examine the CH⋅⋅⋅N interaction in complexes of 7‐azaindole with CHCl3 and CHF3 that are prepared in the gas phase through supersonic jet expansion using the fluorescence depletion by infra‐red (FDIR) method. Although the hydrogen‐bond acceptor, 7‐azaindole, has multiple sites of interaction, it is found that the CH⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen‐bonding interaction prevails over the others. The electronic excitation spectra suggest that both complexes are more stabilized in the S1 state than in the S0 state. The CH stretching frequency is found to be red shifted by 82 cm−1 in the CHCl3 complex, which is the largest redshift reported so far in gas‐phase investigations of 1:1 haloform complexes with various substrates. In the CHF3 complex the observed CH frequency is blue shifted by 4 cm−1. This is at variance with the frequency shifts that are predicted using several computational methods; these predict at best a redshift of 8.5 cm−1. This discrepancy is analogous to that reported for the pyridine‐CHF3 complex [W. A. Herrebout, S. M. Melikova, S. N. Delanoye, K. S. Rutkowski, D. N. Shchepkin, B. J. van der Veken, J. Phys. Chem. A­ 2005, 109, 3038], in which the blueshift is termed a pseudo blueshift and is shown to be due to the shifting of levels caused by Fermi resonance between the overtones of the CH bending and stretching modes. The dissociation energies, (D0), of the CHCl3 and CHF3 complexes are computed (MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level) as 6.46 and 5.06 kcal mol−1, respectively.
Iron‐mediated peroxidation in marine emulsions and liposomes studied by dissolved oxygen consumption
Authors: Kristinova Vera , Mozuraityte Revilija , Aaneby Jorunn , Storrø Ivar , Rustad Turid
Published: November 2013

Low molecular weight (LMW) iron is present in most food in traces or significant amounts. Upon contact with unsaturated lipids LMW iron acts as a prooxidant. This creates oxidative stability problems for products containing marine polyunsaturated lipids. In this work, LMW iron‐mediated oxidation in fish oil emulsions stabilized with phospholipids and Tween and in liposomes made from phospholipids was studied. Marine and non‐marine sources of phospholipids were used. The aim was to evaluate how physicochemical factors and lipid properties affect the prooxidant activity of LMW iron. The oxidation was followed by measuring the rate of the dissolved oxygen consumption by fatty acids. Red‐ox cycling of iron (Fe3+/Fe2+) aided by decomposition of the pre‐formed lipid hydroperoxides was the major prooxidation mechanism in both emulsions and liposomes. The elimination of the pre‐formed lipid hydroperoxides prevented LMW iron‐mediated oxidation. The oxygen uptake rates were highest for various liposomes/emulsions at pH 4–5 making this an optimum pH for iron activity. The pro‐oxidant effect of iron was reduced by using less unsaturated phospholipids, specific amounts of emulsifiers, a presence of chloride anions, or xanthan gum. This work suggests that the iron ions are tightly associated with the phosphate groups within the phospholipids heads. The measurement of oxygen consumption is a good tool for systematic oxidation studies in emulsions and liposomes, and may be useful for assessment of optimal conditions for reduction of LMW iron‐mediated oxidation in emulsion‐like systems.

Practical applications: For a successful addition of marine polyunsaturated lipids into processed food, it is important to understand the pro‐oxidation mechanisms of ubiquitous LMW iron, as well as how physicochemical conditions affect the pro‐oxidative activity or LMW iron. This work addresses these issues in emulsions and liposomes and the knowledge may help to characterize effective hurdles for pro‐oxidant activity of LMW iron. There is a need for quick and inexpensive oxidation assays in order to be able to screen and model the effects of different factors on the oxidative stability of lipids. The measurement of dissolved oxygen in emulsions and liposomes has been used in this study for evaluating the effect of the different psychochemical and chemical factors on iron‐mediated oxidation. This method has a potential as a tool for assessment of optimal conditions for prevention of LMW iron‐mediated lipid oxidation in emulsion type systems and understanding the possible mechanisms.
Electrochemical derivatization‐capillary electrophoresis‐contactless conductivity detection: A versatile strategy for simultaneous determination of cationic, anionic, and neutral analytes
Authors: Santos Mauro Sérgio Ferreira , Lopes Fernando Silva , Gutz Ivano Gebhardt Rolf
Published: November 2013

The simultaneous determination of cationic, anionic, and neutral analytes in a real sample was demonstrated by coupling electrochemical (EC) derivatization with counter‐EOF CE‐C4D. An EC flow cell was used to oxidize alcohols from an antiseptic mouthwash sample into carboxylic acids at a platinum electrode in acid medium. The carboxylates formed in the derivatization process and other sample ingredients, such as benzoate, saccharinate, and sodium ions, were separated in counter‐flow mode and detected in one run in Tris‐HCl buffer, pH 8.6. Fewer than 5 min were needed to complete each analysis with the automated flow system comprising solenoid pumps for the management of solutions. Insights into the electrochemistry of benzoic acid, present in the sample matrix, were also gained by EC‐CE‐C4D; more specifically, by applying potentials higher than 1.47 V to the platinum electrode, some formiate and minute amounts of salicylate were detected.
Joint relay‐pair selection for buffer‐aided successive opportunistic relaying
Authors: Nomikos N. , Vouyioukas D. , Charalambous T. , Krikidis I. , Makris P. , Skoutas D. N. , Johansson M. , Skianis C.
Published: November 2013

In this work, we present a buffer‐aided successive opportunistic relaying scheme that aims at improving the average capacity of the network when inter‐relay interference arises between relays that are selected for simultaneous transmission and reception. We propose a relay selection policy that, by exploiting the benefits of buffering at the relays, decouples the receiving relay at the previous time slot to be the transmitting relay at the next slot. Furthermore, we impose an interference cancellation threshold allowing the relay that is selected for reception to decode and subtract the inter‐relay interference. The proposed relaying scheme selects the relaying pair that maximises the average capacity of the relay network. Its performance is evaluated through simulations and comparisons with other state‐of‐the‐art half‐duplex and full‐duplex relay selection schemes, in terms of outage probability, average capacity and average delay. The results reveal that a trade‐off has to be made between improving the outage at the cost of reduced capacity and increased delay and vice versa. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future directions are discussed, including the need for a hybrid scheme incorporating both half‐duplex and full‐duplex characteristics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of Sulfur‐Containing Species on LaCrO3 (001) Surface: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Zhou Y.‐J. , Lü Z. , Wei B. , Zhu X.‐B. , Xie Q.‐Y. , Li Y.‐Q. , Su W.‐H.
Published: November 2013

Density functional theory calculations are employed to investigate the adsorption of sulfur‐containing species on the (001) surface of LaCrO3 (LCrO). Molecular adsorption is found to be stable with H2S binding preferentially at O site on the LaO‐terminated surface. The adsorption of H2S molecule leads to the electrons transferring from the substrate to the molecule and the charges rearrangement within the molecule. In addition, the adsorption of the corresponding S‐containing dissociated species (SH and S) is investigated. SH and S are found to be preferentially bind at the Cr site. We further predict the adsorption energies of sulfur‐containing species increase following the sequence H2S<SH<S for all the adsorption sites on LCrO (001) surface. Based on the adsorption energy comparison, LCrO is more sulfur‐tolerant than traditional Ni‐based anode materials, which is qualitatively in line with available experimental results. This study provides a scientific basis for rational design of sulfur‐tolerant anode materials for SOFCs.
Occupational sun exposure and risk of melanoma according to anatomical site
Authors: Vuong Kylie , McGeechan Kevin , Armstrong Bruce K. ,   AMFS Investigators,   GEM Investigators, Cust Anne E.
Published: November 2013

Although sunburn and intermittent sun exposures are associated with increased melanoma risk, most studies have found null or inverse associations between occupational (more continuous pattern) sun exposure and melanoma risk. The association of melanoma with occupational sun exposure may differ according to anatomical site, with some studies finding a positive association with melanoma on the head and neck. We examined the association between occupational sun exposure (self‐reported weekday sun exposure) and melanoma risk according to anatomical site, using data from two multicentre population‐based case‐control studies: the Australian Melanoma Family Study (588 cases, 472 controls) and the Genes, Environment and Melanoma study (GEM; 1079 cases, 2,181 controls). Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for potential confounders. Occupational sun exposure was not positively associated with melanoma risk overall or at different body sites in both studies. The GEM study found inverse associations between occupational sun exposure and melanoma on the head and neck [OR for highest vs. lowest quartile: 0.56, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.36–0.86, ptrend 0.02], and between the proportion of total sun exposure occurring on weekdays and melanoma on the upper limbs (OR for highest vs. lowest quartile: 0.66, 95% CI 0.42–1.02, ptrend 0.03). Our results suggest that occupational sun exposure does not increase risk of melanoma, even of melanomas situated on the head and neck. This finding seemed not to be due to negative confounding of occupational sun exposure by weekend sun.
The Effect of the Isotopic Exchange of the Oxygen Atom on the Absorption Intensity of the Vibration Bands of Benzophenone
Authors: Laulicht I. , Pinchas S.
Published: November 2013

According to theory the sum of the integrated intensities of all absorption bands of a species, divided over the square of their respective frequencies should, under certain conditions, be independent of the isotopic constitution of the vibrating molecule. It was observed that of all the benzophenone bands in the 3500–370 cm−1 region only the CO stretching frequency at 1667 cm−1 and its CO bending vibration at 640 cm−1, shifted significantly as a result of labelling with O18; hence only the absorption intensity of these seems to be affected by this exchange. The planimetrically integrated intensity of the 1637 cm−1 CO18 stretching band, measured under a resolution of 1/10th of its half‐width, was found to be about 25% less than of the corresponding CO16 band. This decrease is not balanced by the tiny increase in the intensity of the 640/637 cm−1 band and disagrees with the theoretically expected value.
Spot Test Detection of 1,2‐ and O‐Dioxo Compounds
Authors: Feigl F. , Ben‐Dor L. , Yariv S.
Published: November 2013

1,2‐ and o‐dioxo compounds condense with phenylhydrazine in mineral acid solution to give yellow phenyl osazones. The non quinoidic 1,2‐dioxo compounds condense with ammonia and formaldehyde to give imidazoles which, as tertiary amines, show the Ohkuma color reaction with citric acid and acetic anhydride. Spot tests for pertinent dioxo compounds were developed on the basis of these facts.
Ion Exchange Isotherms of Montmorillonite and Structural Factors Affecting Them
Authors: Banin A.
Published: November 2013

The exchange isotherms of the ion pairs Ca‐Na, Ca‐K, Na‐K, Ca‐H and Na‐H on the clay mineral montmorillonite were determined.

It was found that the selectivity coefficient is not constant along a given isotherm but changes with the relative fractions of the adsorbed ions. This variation is attributed to the structural properties of the mineral, namely, tactoid formation in the Ca state, and the presence of different exchange sites affecting the energy of exchange.
Observations on Activity and Diffusion Coefficients in Na‐Montmorillonite
Authors: Low P. F.
Published: November 2013

Double‐layer theory was used to obtain the distribution of electrical potential between adjacent clay particles. From this distribution, the activity coefficients of the sodium and chloride ions in the system were calculated. The calculated values were close to the observed ones. The porosity of the clay‐water system was calculated from the density and concentration of clay. The calculated value was used to calculate the geometry factor. Then this factor and the diffusion coefficient of water in bulk water were used to calculate the diffusion that water would have in the clay if the water therein had its normal viscosity. Results indicated that the water in the clay was about twice as viscous as normal water. Having the geometry factor and the viscosity of the water in the system, it was possible to compute the diffusion coefficients that Na+ and Cl− would have in the absence of electrical interaction with the clay. The computed values were close to those observed. To obtain closer agreement, electrical field strengths calculated by double‐layer theory were used in an empirical equation relating viscosity and field strength to obtain the distribution of viscosity relative to the particle surfaces. Also, double‐layer theory was used to obtain ionic distributions with respect to these surfaces. From the resulting distributions it was possible to determine, by means of appropriate equations, the ionic diffusion coefficients that should obtain in the clay system. Diffusion coefficients determined in this manner were somewhat better than those calculated without regard for electrical effects.
Undercooling, Freezing Point Depression, and Ice Nucleation of Soil Water
Authors: Anderson Duwayne M.
Published: November 2013

Certain aspects of the phenomena of undercooling and ice nucleation in soils are discussed with respect to recently established properties of phase boundary water in soils. Nucleation temperature as a function of water content is given for representative clays. In view of the fact that silicate surfaces seem always to be separated from ice by an interfacial layer of unfrozen, liquid like water a new concept of heterogeneous nucleation is outlined. It is proposed that ice nucleation occurs in the undercooled interfacial water layer at some distance removed from the particle surfaces. This concept, in effect, suggests that heterogeneous nucleation (nucleation of ice due to the influence of a substrate) in all its essential aspects may be only a special case of homogeneous nucleation (no substrate present) of water.
Nitration of Pepsin, Thrombin and Carboxypeptidase B with Tetranitromethane
Authors: Sokolovsky M. , Riordan J. F.
Published: November 2013

Tetranitromethane has been employed to examine the role of tyrosyl residues in the mechanism of action of a series of enzymes. Nitration partially inactivates pepsin but loss of peptidase and protease activities occur at different rates. The clotting activity of thrombin is virtually abolished by nitration with only a slight decrease in esterase activity. Both the esterase and peptidase activity of carboxypeptidase B are abolished simultaneously with the modification of one tyrosyl residue, indicating the marked similarity between this enzyme and carboxypeptidase A. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are almost unaffected by tetranitromethane. The role of tyrosyl residues in these enzymes is discussed.
Infrared Study of Chlorophyllins in Alkali‐Halide Disks
Authors: Kaufherr N. , Yariv S.
Published: November 2013

Commercial K chlorophyllin from three different manufacturers was studied by IR spectroscopy. All samples contained some keto form of chlorophyllin. Chemical analysis showed that they also contain impurities of carboxylic acid salt. The hydration and coordination of the keto and the carboxyl groups was investigated by comparing the spectra obtained in disks of different alkali‐halides. The spectra of the insoluble chlorophyllin salts of Mg, Al, Co and Cu were also studied.
Some Aspects of Thermal and Photochemical Autoxidation
Authors: Uri N.
Published: November 2013

Following an outline of the pioneering work of Haber's School, emphasis is placed on a critical review of the most important recent achievements. These embrace, in the area of thermal autoxidation: the concept of critical antioxidant concentration, the multiple effects of heavy metals (including catalyst‐inhibitor conversion), the development of new synergistic antioxidant combinations composed of free radical acceptor and peroxide decomposer and, finally, Denisov's direct experimental evidence for the reaction of heavy metals with molecular oxygen in organic media in support of Uri's trace metal hypothesis of the general mechanism of the initiation of autoxidation. The following recent advances in the field of photochemical autoxidation are described: photosensitized initiation by trace metals and its inhibition, the singlet oxygen hypothesis, the inadequacy of phenolic antioxidants and the reliance on UV absorbers, the importance of energy transfer in photochemical protection leading to new stabilizers. A very recent innovation which is relevant to both thermal and photochemical autoxidation is highlighted, i.e., the development of new α‐dithidiketone chelates, particularly bis (stilbenedithiolate) nickel (= NiS4C4Ph4or, abbreviated, NiSDT) as antioxidants which combine in a unique way the properties of free radical acceptors, peroxide decomposers and UV stabilizers. They were then found to be the most powerful antioxidants for polyethylene and polypropylene.
Synthesis and Polymerization of p‐Vinyl‐β‐Phenylethylamine
Authors: Tahan M. , Lender N. , Zilkha A.
Published: November 2013

p‐Vinyl benzyl chloride was converted to p‐vinyl benzyl cyanide which was reduced to p‐vinyl‐β‐phenyl‐ethylamine with lithium aluminium hydride. The amine gave an insoluble polymer on heating with azo initiator, but soluble polymer was obtained on polymerizing p‐vinyl‐β‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride in aqueous solution by bisulfite/persulfate initiator. Preliminary pharmacological tests carried out on poly‐p‐vinyl‐β‐phenylethylamine hydrochloride and its monomer, showed that the polymer was much more toxic, it showed a tranquilizer/sedative action compared to the monomer which showed excitor symptoms.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF TRADER COGNITIVE ABILITIES ON STOCK MARKET PROPERTIES
Authors: Manahov Viktor , Soufian Mona , Hudson Robert
Published: November 2013

Market structure and individual rationality remain at the centre of a debate as to which is the main driving force in market performance. We examine the role of individual rationality, comparing zero‐intelligence traders with traders with different levels of intelligence using a special adaptive form of strongly typed genetic programming‐based learning algorithm. We use this approach with real data: historical quotes of the S&P 500 and Coca‐Cola stock prices. We find a mixture of positive and negative impacts from intelligence on market performance. Because the concept of market structure as a driving force has been significantly challenged in the literature, we suggest that the inclusion of both intelligence and market structures is important when examining the driving forces of market performance. This inclusion is consistent with the research of Todd and Gigerenzer (Journal of Economic Psychology,24(2003) 143–165), which asserts that both environment (market structure) and agents’ cognition play important roles. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo whole‐brain T1‐rho mapping across adulthood: Normative values and age dependence
Authors: Watts Richard , Andrews Trevor , Hipko Scott , Gonyea Jay V. , Filippi Christopher G.
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To report a systematic investigation of variations in brain T1ρ (T1‐rho) values over adulthood, and present normative values for cortical gray matter, juxtacortical white matter, selected white matter tracts and subcortical structures.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐one healthy control subjects (23 males aged 18–76 years and 18 females aged 21–73 years) were imaged at 3.0 Tesla (T) using a novel whole‐brain T1ρ‐weighted fluid suppressed three‐dimensional turbo spin echo technique. T1ρ maps were calculated and atlas‐based segmentation used to determine regional T1ρ values. Linear regression was used to determine changes in T1ρ with age.

Results

T1ρ values showed significant decreases with age in cortical gray matter (P < 0.001), left and right caudate (P = 0.004/0.006), putamen (P = 0.001, P < 0.001), hippocampus (P = 0.039/0.010), amygdala (P = 0.002/0.001), and nucleus accumbens (P = 0.001/0.002). Significant increases with age (P < 0.05) were observed in all the white matter tracts considered, except the corticospinal tracts and forceps major.

Conclusion

T1ρ demonstrates changes related to the processes of normal aging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:376–382. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo relaxation behavior of liver compounds at 7 tesla, measured by single‐voxel proton MR spectroscopy
Authors: Gajdošík Martin , Chmelík Marek , Just‐Kukurová Ivica , Bogner Wolfgang , Valkovič Ladislav , Trattnig Siegfried , Krššák Martin
Published: November 2013

Purpose

To assess the proton T1 and T2 relaxation of in vivo hepatic water, choline and lipid resonances with possible J‐coupling behavior of lipids in healthy volunteers at 7 Tesla (T).

Materials and Methods

Relaxation measurements were conducted on corn oil phantoms and on the hepatic tissue of 11 healthy volunteers at 7 T using a surface coil and a STEAM sequence. T1's were determined by monoexponential fitting, and T2's by both monoexponential and enhanced‐exponential fitting (empirically designed to consider J‐coupling of lipid resonances).

Results

In vivo T1's at 7 T were estimated as follows: water (4.70 ppm), 1362 ± 83 ms; methyl‐ (0.90 ppm), 1026 ± 162 ms; methylene‐ (1.30 ppm), 514 ± 25 ms; α‐olefinic‐ (2.02 ppm), 488 ± 220 ms; α‐carboxyl‐ (2.24 ppm), 476 ± 89 ms; diacyl‐ (2.77 ppm), 479 ± 260 ms group of lipid chains; and choline compounds (3.22 ppm), 1084 ± 52 ms. The T2's calculated with enhanced fitting were as follows: water, 15 ± 2 ms; methyl‐, 34 ± 10 ms; methylene‐, 41 ± 8 ms; α‐olefinic‐, 44 ± 19 ms; α‐carboxyl‐, 39 ± 15 ms; diacyl‐, 44 ± 5 ms group of lipid chains; and choline compounds, 32 ± 9 ms.

Conclusion

An accurate knowledge of in vivo relaxation and J‐coupling behavior will significantly improve the quantification of an extended number of resolved liver metabolites at 7 T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1365–1374. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolated limb infusion as a model to test new agents to treat metastatic melanoma
Authors: Lidsky Michael E. , Speicher Paul J. , Jiang Betty , Tsutsui Masahito , Tyler Douglas S.
Published: November 2013

The limb model of in‐transit disease can expand our understanding of treating melanoma because of the ease of obtaining tissue biopsies for correlative studies and the availability of preclinical animal models that allow validation of novel therapeutic strategies. This review will focus on regional therapy for in‐transit melanoma as a platform to investigate novel therapeutic approaches to improve regional disease control, and help us develop insights to more rationally design systemic therapy trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:357–365. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age‐related changes of hyoid bone position in healthy older adults with aspiration
Authors: Feng Xin , Todd Tee , Hu Yunping , Lintzenich Catherine R. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Browne James D. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Butler Susan G.
Published: November 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Aspiration, the passage of a bolus below the vocal folds, increases morbidity and mortality in the elderly by increasing the risk of aspiration pneumonia and other conditions. We hypothesized that altered position of the hyoid bone associated with aging may negatively affect airway protection during swallowing (i.e., aspiration) in older adults.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Methods

We re‐reviewed computed tomography (CT) scans of the head from 40 older adults (65–80 years old), comprised of 20 aspirators and 20 nonaspirators, obtained from a previous cohort study. In addition, CT scans of the head from 40 young adults (20–40 years old) were retrieved from a medical records database. Three‐dimensional reconstruction and 2‐dimensional sagittal views were used to measure the distance between the mandible and hyoid bone. Comparisons between age groups, genders, and aspiration status were made.

Results

Older adults had a larger distance between the hyoid and mandible in both latitude and longitudinal positions compared to the young adults. Among older males, there was evidence that the hyoid bone in the aspirators tended to be positioned more posterior compared to the nonaspirators.

Conclusions

The distance between the hyoid and mandible is increased with aging, and a more posterior position of the hyoid bone is correlated with aspiration in older males. These findings suggest that age‐related changes in hyoid bone position may be a component of decreased swallowing safety and aspiration in older adults and warrant further investigation.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 124:E231–E236, 2014
Facile Phase‐Separation Approach to Encapsulate Functionalized Polymers in Core–Shell Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Yi , Döhler Diana , Lv Li‐Ping , Binder Wolfgang H. , Landfester Katharina , Crespy Daniel
Published: November 2013

Core–shell nanoparticles filled with a reactive hydrophobic azide‐terminated polyisobutylene are prepared by a combination of miniemulsion and solvent evaporation techniques. Successful encapsulation is achieved by the rational selection of the polymer pair that displays a large difference in solubility parameters (δ) and interfacial tensions with water (γpolymer/water). By labeling the two polymers with different fluorescent dyes, core–shell structures can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. After extraction of the polymer present in the core, hollow morphologies are observed by transmission electronic microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency of the reactive polymer increases with decreasing surfactant concentration, with values as high as 90%. This study presents a simple and reaction‐free method to encapsulate reactive polymers. Considering the drawbacks of self‐healing agents with low molar mass, such as volatility and higher propensity for leakage from nanocapsules, the encapsulation of reactive polymers in nanocontainers is an interesting and new alternative for self‐healing materials.

image
A numerical approach to some basic theorems in singularity theory
Authors: Le Loi Ta , Phien Phan
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we give the explicit bounds for the data of objects involved in some basic theorems of singularity theory: the inverse, implicit and rank theorems for Lipschitz mappings, the splitting lemma and the Morse lemma, the density and openness of Morse functions. We expect that the results will make singularities more applicable and will be useful for numerical analysis and some fields of computing.
Influence of welding parameters on the fatigue behaviour of high strength steels
Authors: Horn A. , Panzenböck M. , Clemens H. , Posch G.
Published: November 2013

In den verschiedensten Bereichen des Maschinenbaus kommen hochfeste mikrolegierte Baustähle zur Anwendung. Als Verbindungstechnik werden vorwiegend Schmelzschweißverfahren eingesetzt. Solche Konstruktionen werden im Wesentlichen dynamischen Beanspruchungen unterworfen. Durch den Einsatz thermischer Fügeverfahren kommt es zur Beeinflussung der Festigkeits‐ und Zähigkeitseigenschaften. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Streckenenergie auf die Änderung der Mikrostruktur eines hochfesten Baustahls (S690) untersucht. Des Weiteren erfolgt die Charakterisierung des Schwingfestigkeitsverhaltens unter Einbeziehung von Rissinitiierung und Rissfortschritt.
The Avifauna of Southern Istria (Croatia) During the Late Pleistocene: Implications for the Palaeoecology and Biodiversity of the Northern Adriatic Region
Authors: Oros Sršen A. , Brajković D. , Radović S. , Mauch Lenardić J. , Miracle P. T.
Published: November 2013

This paper presents palaeoecological and taphonomic analyses of bird remains from Late Pleistocene sediments from two caves in southern Istria, Šandalja II and Ljubićeva pećina. Most of the identified species are found today in Istria and along the Adriatic coast, although the presence of ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) and willow grouse (L. lagopus) indicates colder conditions than those characteristic of the region today. Taxa from both sites are characteristic of open, forest‐steppe, rocky, forest, and mixed biotopes. These sites differ somewhat in avifaunal composition — aquatic‐adapted taxa are only found at Šandalja II, probably reflecting differences in human activities and in their geographic settings. Likewise, only Šandalja's assemblages show an increase in the representation of forest‐adapted taxa over time. These data from the bird remains complement reconstructions based on mammalian assemblages from these sites. Different taphonomic agents accumulated the bird bones, and bone surface modifications show that birds of prey, small carnivores, and Late Upper Palaeolithic people helped accumulate these remains. The important Late Pleistocene avifaunal assemblages from southern Istria indicate that a mosaic of habitats was present during the Late Pleistocene and a deep time depth to the rich biodiversity of the region today. Furthermore they suggest that the exposed Adriatic Plain supported a diverse and rich biome. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Species‐specific Standardisation of Licorice by Metabolomic Profiling of Flavanones and Chalcones
Authors: Simmler Charlotte , Jones Tristesse , Anderson Jeffrey R. , Nikolić Dejan C. , van Breemen Richard B. , Soejarto Djaja D. , Chen Shao‐Nong , Pauli Guido F.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Major phenolics from licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza sp.) are glycosides of the flavanone liquiritigenin (F) and its 2′‐hydroxychalcone isomer, isoliquiritigenin (C). As the F and C contents fluctuate between batches of licorice, both quality control and standardisation of its preparations become complex tasks.

Objective

To characterise the F and C metabolome in extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. by addressing their composition in major F–C pairs and defining the total F:C proportion.

Material and methods

Three types of extracts from DNA‐authenticated samples were analysed by a validated UHPLC/UV method to quantify major F and C glycosides. Each extract was characterised by the identity of major F–C pairs and the proportion of Fs among all quantified Fs:Cs.

Results

The F and C compositions and proportions were found to be constant for all extracts from a Glycyrrhiza species. All G. uralensis extracts contained up to 2.5 more Fs than G. glabra extracts. Major F–C pairs were B‐ring glycosidated in G. uralensis, and A‐/B‐ring apiosyl‐glucosidated in the G. glabra extracts. The F:C proportion was found to be linked to the glycosidation site: the more B‐ring F‐C glycosides were present, the higher was the final F:C proportion in the extract. These results enable the chemical differentiation of extracts from G. uralensis and G. glabra, which are characterised by total F:C proportions of 8.37:1.63 and 7.18:2.82, respectively.

Conclusion

Extracts from G. glabra and G. uralensis can be differentiated by their respective F and C compositions and proportions, which are both useful for further standardisation of licorice botanicals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of nonsyndromic congenital heart defects
Authors: Ailes Elizabeth C. , Gilboa Suzanne M. , Riehle‐Colarusso Tiffany , Johnson Candice Y. , Hobbs Charlotte A. , Correa Adolfo , Honein Margaret A. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: November 2013

Objectives

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) occur in nearly 1% of live births. We sought to assess factors associated with prenatal CHD diagnosis in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS).

Methods

We analyzed data from mothers with CHD‐affected pregnancies from 1998 to 2005. Prenatal CHD diagnosis was defined as affirmative responses to questions about abnormal prenatal ultrasounds and fetal echocardiography obtained during a structured telephone interview.

Results

Fifteen percent (1097/7299) of women with CHD‐affected pregnancies (excluding recognized syndromes and single‐gene disorders) reported receiving a prenatal CHD diagnosis. Prenatal CHD diagnosis was positively associated with advanced maternal age, family history of CHD, type 1 or type 2 diabetes, twin or higher‐order gestation, CHD complexity, and presence of extracardiac defects. Prenatal CHD diagnosis was inversely associated with maternal Hispanic race/ethnicity, prepregnancy overweight or obesity, and preexisting hypertension. Prenatal CHD diagnosis varied by time to NBDPS interview and NBDPS study site.

Conclusions

Further work is warranted to identify reasons for the observed variability in maternal reports of prenatal CHD diagnosis and the extent to which differences in health literacy or health system factors such as access to specialized prenatal care and fetal echocardiography may account for such variability. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance comparison of wet‐etched and dry‐etched Geiger‐mode avalanche photodiodes using a single diffusion process
Authors: Lee Kiwon , Yang Kyounghoon
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we compare the performances of wet‐etched and dry‐etched Geiger‐mode avalanche photodiodes (GM‐APDs) using a single diffusion process at a wavelength of 1.55‐µm. The single‐diffused GM‐APD based on a wet recess‐etching has demonstrated the good performances of a dark count rate of 0.03 kHz/µm2 and a photon detection efficiency of 17.1% at 240 K. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐Q AlN ladder‐structure photonic crystal nanocavity fabricated by layer transfer
Authors: Sergent Sylvain , Arita Munetaka , Kako Satoshi , Tanabe Katsuaki , Iwamoto Satoshi , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: November 2013

In this report, we show how one‐dimensional ladder‐structure photonic crystal cavity design can be used to reduce extrinsic losses in AlN photonic crystal nanocavities. The design is implemented in an AlN epilayer containing GaN QDs by a layer transfer method. Microphotoluminescence characterization of nanocavities reveals resolution‐limited quality factors as high 6900, the highest reported to date in group‐III nitride photonic crystal nanocavities. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of phosphorus addition to poly‐methyl‐phenyl‐silane based photovoltaic devices
Authors: Oku Takeo , Nakagawa Junya , Suzuki Atsushi , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Yamada Masahiro , Fukunishi Sakiko , Kohno Kazufumi , Sasaki Muneo
Published: November 2013

Effects of phosphorus addition to poly‐methyl‐phenyl‐silane (PMPS) were investigated for spin‐coating thin films. Microstructures of the PMPS thin films were investigated by X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. PMPS thin films doped with phosphorus (P) had an amorphous structure after annealing at 300 °C. Decrease of fluorescence intensity of PMPS was observed by phosphorus doping. Desorption of phenyl and methyl groups in doped PMPS thin films was observed after annealing at 300 °C from Raman scattering measurements and theoretical calculations. Solar cells with PMPS (P)/poly[3‐hexylthiophene] bulk heterojunction and heterojunction structures were fabricated, and provided a photovoltaic behavior. Formation mechanism and carrier transport mechanism of the doped PMPS thin films were proposed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication and characterization of PCBM:P3HT bulk heterojunction solar cells doped with silicon naphthalocyanine
Authors: Oku Takeo , Yoshida Kazumi , Suzuki Atsushi , Akiyama Tsuyoshi , Yamasaki Yasuhiro
Published: November 2013

[6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester: poly(3‐hexylthiophene) bulk heterojunction solar cells doped with silicon naphthalocyanine were fabricated and characterized. Photovoltaic properties of the solar cells with inverted structures were investigated by optical absorption, current density‐voltage characteristic, incident photon to current conversion efficiency, and internal quantum efficiency. The silicon naphthalocyanine blended as the third component absorbed near‐infrared light. Microstructure of the solar cells was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, and energy levels of the solar cells were discussed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability, L2‐gain and asynchronous H ∞  control for continuous‐time switched systems
Authors: Zhang Hongbin , Wang Bo , Xie Dehua , Xu Shengyuan , Dang Chuangyin
Published: November 2013

This paper is concerned with the stability and L2‐gain problems for a class of continuous‐time linear switched systems with the existed asynchronous behaviors, where ‘asynchronous’ means that the switching of the controllers to be designed has a lag to the switching of the system modes. Firstly, a new sufficient condition on the asymptotic stability and weighted L2‐gain analysis is obtained by using multiple Lyapunov functions combined with the average dwell time technique. Moreover, a result that is formulated in form of linear matrix inequalities is derived for the problem of asynchronous H ∞  control. Based on the result, the mode‐dependent controllers can be designed. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is presented to show the effectiveness of the obtained results.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the ‘Social Sin’ of Political Analysis: A Critical Quantitative Approach from a Systemic Perspective
Authors: Parra‐Luna Francisco
Published: November 2013

What is a political system? An organizational ‘instrument’ to satisfy the objective and subjective needs of people. How to operate it? By optimizing the relation T = Y/X where ‘Y’ is the ‘system of values’ produced and ‘X’ the means employed. Why does political science ignore this crucial relationship? Because it admits three historical fallacies: (i)it is not possible to know what values are produced by political systems; (ii) even if these were known, no valid quantitative date are available; and (iii) even if data were available, it is not possible to express ‘T’ as an integrated index. Three fallacies to show that most political analysis could be committing a grave social ‘sin’ because they scorn, systematically, the only thing the voters are looking for. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating the relationship between feed and helminthic burden of captive birds of prey in Hong Kong
Authors: Mata Fernando , Lam Alice
Published: November 2013

The life cycle of most parasitic helminthes is related to their hosts feeding habits. Thus we need to investigate the impact of diet on the host's helminthic parasite burden. Not many studies in captive raptors have been conducted and published regarding parasitic infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate the helminthic burden of raptors kept in captivity and establish a relationship with the feed provided. A total of N = 51 different species of captive birds of prey were fed different diets consisting in different combinations of day old chicks, chicken breast, whole chicken carcass and mice. Their feces were sampled and the parasite burden was determined. A negative binomial model was successfully fitted to the data and the feeds “mice” (P < 0.001) and “whole chicken carcass” (P < 0.001) significantly contributed to an increase in the observed burden. Significant differences were also found between species (P < 0.001). Raptors fed adult animal carcasses and offal may explain the increase in the observed burden as these feeds have a larger probability of being contaminated by a larger variety of helminthic fauna. Zoo Biol. 32:652–654, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stable modules and Wall's D(2)-problem
Authors: Johnson F.E.A.
Published: November 2013

The D(2)-problem is to determine whether for a three-dimensional complex X, the vanishing of 3-dimensional cohomology, in all coefficients, is enough to guarantee that X is homotopically two-dimensional. We show that for finite complexes with finite fundamental group, a positive solution to the D(2)-problem is obtained precisely when all stably free algebraic 2-complexes are geometrically realizable. The proof makes very strong use of techniques which apply to finite fundamental groups but not more generally; in particular, Yoneda's Theorem that, for finite groups, group cohomology is representable by stable modules of finite type, and also the Swan-Jacobinski Cancellation Theorem for such stable modules.
Vanishing and nilpotence of locally trivial symmetric spaces over regular schemes
Authors: Balmer Paul
Published: November 2013

We prove two results about Witt rings

\operatorname{W}(-)

of regular schemes. First, given a semi-local regular ring

R

of Krull dimension

d

, if

U

is the punctured spectrum, obtained from

\mathrm{Spec}(R)

by removing the maximal ideals of height

d

, then the natural map

\operatorname W(R)\to \operatorname W(U)

is injective. Secondly, given a regular integral scheme

X

of finite Krull dimension, consider

Q

its function field and the natural map

\operatorname W(X)\to \operatorname W(Q)

. We prove that there is an integer

N

, depending only on the Krull dimension of

X

, such that the product of any choice of

N

elements in

\mathrm{Ker}\big(\operatorname W(X)\to \operatorname W(Q)\big)

is zero. That is, this kernel is nilpotent. We give upper and lower bounds for the exponent

N

.
Asymptotic behaviour of Betti numbers of real algebraic surfaces
Authors: Bihan F.
Published: November 2013

Let

X_m

be a nonsingular real algebraic surface of degree m in the complex projective space

{\mathbb C}P^3

and

{\mathbb R}X_m

its real point set in

{\mathbb R}P^3

. In the spirit of the sixteenth Hilbert's problem, one can ask for each degree m about the maximal possible value

\beta_{i,m}

of the Betti number

b_i({\mathbb R}X_m)

(i=0 or 1). We show that

\beta_{i,m}

is asymptotically equivalent to

l_i \cdot m^3

for some real number

l_i

and prove inequalities

\frac{13}{36} \leq l_0 \leq \frac{5}{12}

and

\frac{13}{18} \leq l_1 \leq \frac{5}{6}

.
Generalized Whittaker vectors for holomorphic and quaternionic representations
Authors: Wallach N. R.
Published: November 2013

The conjugacy class of parabolic subgroups with Heisenberg unipotent radical in a simple Lie groups over ³ not of type

C_{n}

contains an element defined over Â for each quaternionic real form. In this paper we study the Whittaker models for quaternionic discrete series of these real forms and prove results analogous and by analogous methods to the case of simple Lie groups over Â that are the automorphism groups of tube type Hermitian symmetric domain and (so-called Bessel models) for holomorphic representations. In particular we calculate the decomposition of the space of Whittaker vectors under the action of the stabilizer of the corresponding character in a Levi factor of the Heisenberg parabolic subgroup.
Fundamental groups of algebraic fiber spaces
Authors: Shimada I.
Published: November 2013

Let

f: E\to B

be a dominant morphism, where E and B are smooth irreducible complex quasi-projective varieties. Suppose that the general fiber

F_b

of

f

is connected. We present an algebro-geometric condition under which the boundary homomorphism

\partial : \pi_ 2 (B)\to \pi_1 (F_b)

is well-defined, and makes the sequence

\pi_2 (B) \to \pi_1 (F_b) \to \pi_1 (E)\to \pi_1 (B) \to 1

exact. As an application, we calculate the fundamental group of the complement to the dual hypersurface of a smooth projective curve.
Restriction map in a regular reduction of $\mathbf{SU}(n)^{2g}$
Authors: Racanière S.
Published: November 2013

The quasi-Hamiltonian reduction of

\mathbf{SU}(n)^{2g}

at a regular value, in the centre of SU(n), of the moment map is isomorphic to a moduli-space of semi-stable vector bundles over a Riemann surface. We describe the restriction map from the equivariant cohomology of

\mathbf{SU}(n)^{2g}

to the cohomology of the moduli space in terms of natural multiplicative generators of these cohomologies.
Extrahepatic Metastases of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Spectrum of Imaging Findings
Authors: Becker Annalisa K. , Tso David K. , Harris Alison C. , Malfair David , Chang Silvia D.
Published: November 2013

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary tumour of the liver, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the Western world, it primarily affects patients with cirrhosis, secondary to hepatitis C virus and alcoholism. In the rest of the world, HCC is closely associated with hepatitis B virus infections. Radiologists play a key role in accurately staging HCC, which has important implications for treatment planning. This pictorial review aims to describe the routes of HCC spread and the most frequent sites of metastases, to recognize extrahepatic HCC findings on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, and to understand the implications of HCC staging on treatment planning.
Revue de la littérature internationale : quel bénéfice clinique attendu au plan individuel des salles d’injection à moindre risque ?
Authors: Polomeni P.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

L’intérêt de lieux permettant à des usagers de drogues intraveineuses de s’injecter l’héroïne avec de bonnes conditions d’hygiène et avec une « supervision », pose question, en particulier en termes de stratégie personnalisée de soins. Une analyse des données internationales sur ce sujet peut nous donner des arguments d’aide à une décision.

Methods

Dans la suite de l’expertise collective Inserm qui avait étudié la bibliographie internationale jusqu’en 2010, nous avons fait des recherches sur Medline avec plusieurs mots clés, en axant l’étude sur le bénéfice individuel, et en privilégiant les textes récents.

Résultats

Le nombre d’articles utilisables est peu important. Ils proviennent en grande partie de l’étude de centres pionniers. Une réduction des overdoses est démontrée, ainsi qu’une amélioration de l’accès aux soins.

Discussion

Cette réflexion implique que notre position soit claire sur : la population cible et ses caractéristiques, les méthodes de soins déjà employées en France et leurs résultats, les objectifs réalistes attendus d’une « nouvelle » technique d’approche de ces patients. La bibliographie actuelle apporte quelques éléments de réponse, très marqués cependant par un effet « Région » (une histoire locale). Plusieurs articles interrogent sur l’exportation de cet outil, « préventif et d’accès aux soins ».

Conclusion

Les données scientifiques pour évaluer les bénéfices cliniques des salles d’injection à moindre risque, sont limitées mais donnent des arguments en faveur de l’outil considéré. Il n’est cependant pas possible de s’extraire d’une analyse plus globale du système de santé en cours en France et de ses résultats, et de prendre en compte les aspects locaux.