bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social clustering of unvaccinated children in schools in the Netherlands
Authors: Klinkenberg Don , van Hoek Albert Jan , Veldhuijzen Irene , Hahné Susan , Wallinga Jacco
Published: September 2022

For the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, the World Health Organization-recommended coverage for herd protection is 95% for measles and 80% for rubella and mumps. However, a national vaccine coverage does not reflect social clustering of unvaccinated children, e.g. in schools of Orthodox Protestant or Anthroposophic identity in The Netherlands. To fully characterise this clustering, we estimated one-dose MMR vaccination coverages at all schools in the Netherlands. By combining postcode catchment areas of schools and school feeder data, each child in the Netherlands was characterised by residential postcode, primary and secondary school (referred to as school career). Postcode-level vaccination data were used to estimate vaccination coverages per school career. These were translated to coverages per school, stratified by school identity. Most schools had vaccine coverages over 99%, but major exceptions were Orthodox Protestant schools (63% in primary and 58% in secondary schools) and Anthroposophic schools (67% and 78%). School-level vaccine coverage estimates reveal strong clustering of unvaccinated children. The school feeder data reveal strongly connected Orthodox Protestant and Anthroposophic communities, but separated from one another. This suggests that even at a national one-dose MMR coverage of 97.5%, thousands of children per cohort are not protected by herd immunity.
Pre-Reformation Roman Canon Law in Post-Reformation English Ecclesiastical Law
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: September 2022

Roman canon law did not cease to have an effect within the Church of England after the Reformation. English ecclesiastical lawyers continued to use pre-Reformation foreign papal law and domestic provincial and legatine law. These lawyers used several ideas to explain its status in pre-Reformation England. They usually held that it continued in force after the Reformation on the basis of section 7 of the Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 (if not repugnant to laws of the realm) – and a commission would reform it. However, it is submitted here that this statute enabled the continuance of only domestic provincial law and perhaps legatine law but not foreign papal law. Yet a 1543 statute continued the provincial law and ‘other ecclesiastical laws’ used in England, which may or may not have included legatine and papal law. Another of 1549 has no continuance provision, but the commission was to review ‘ecclesiastical laws used here’ – which, too, may or may not include legatine and papal law. A statute of 1553 repealed these earlier statutes. A statute of 1558 repealed that of 1553 but revived only the 1533 statute, not those of 1543 or 1549. This suggests that only domestic provincial law, and perhaps legatine law, continued on the basis of statute, and not foreign papal laws. The latter might have applied from 1543 to 1553 but not after 1558, as only the 1533 statute perpetuating solely domestic law was revived. Nevertheless, English lawyers continued to invoke foreign Roman canon law. By the nineteenth century they did so on basis of custom not statute – and the 1533 Act section 7 was repealed in 1969.
Bishop Roger Herft: The Determination of the Episcopal Standards Board of the Anglican Church of Australia
Authors: Blake Garth
Published: September 2022

In December 2021, the Episcopal Standards Board of the Anglican Church of Australia (the Board) was satisfied that Bishop Roger Herft, the former Bishop of Newcastle between 1993 and 2005, was unfit to remain in holy orders and determined that he be deposed from the exercise of holy orders (the Board Determination). This decision is significant because it is the first occasion in the Anglican Communion on which a senior church leader has had the most severe sanction of deposition from the exercise of holy orders imposed for their inaction in response to allegations of abuse. The context for this decision has been one of allegations of abuse made against church leaders and the concealment of these allegations by senior church leaders in contravention of the statutory requirement to report the allegations to government authorities. There has also been the public scrutiny through government inquiries of the response of churches and their leaders to child abuse.
A qualitative assessment of facility readiness and barriers to the facility-based management of childhood severe acute malnutrition in the public healthcare settings in Bangladesh
Authors: Fahim Shah Mohammad , Islam Md Ridwan , Rasul Md Golam , Raihan Mohammad Jyoti , Ali Nafi Mohammad , Bulbul Md Mofijul Islam , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: September 2022

Objective:

To assess facility readiness and identify barriers to the facility-based management of childhood severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in public healthcare settings.

Design:

Qualitative methods were applied to assess readiness and identify different perspectives on barriers to the facility-based management of children with SAM. Data collection was done using in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, exit interviews and pre-tested observation tools.

Settings:

Two tertiary care and four district hospitals in Rangpur and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh.

Participants:

Healthcare professionals and caregivers of children with SAM.

Results:

Anthropometric tools, glucometer, medicines, F-75, F-100 and national guidelines for facility-based management of childhood SAM were found unavailable in some of the hospitals. Sitting and sleeping arrangements for the caregivers were absent in all of the chosen facilities. We identified a combination of health system and contextual barriers that inhibited the facility-based management of SAM. The health system barriers include inadequate manpower, rapid turnover of staff, increased workload, lack of training and lack of adherence to management protocol. The major facility barriers were insufficient space and unavailability of required equipment, medicines and foods for hospitalised children with SAM. The reluctance of caregivers to complete the treatment regimen, their insufficient knowledge regarding proper feeding, increased number of attendants and poverty of parents were the principal contextual barriers.

Conclusions:

The study findings provide insights on barriers that are curbing the facility-based management of SAM and emphasise policy efforts to develop feasible interventions to reduce the barriers and ensure the preparedness of the facilities for effective service delivery.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy personnel in primary care
Authors: Weir Natalie , Newham Rosemary , Dunlop Emma , Ferguson Aimee , Bennie Marion
Published: September 2022

Introduction:

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted healthcare worldwide. It has altered service delivery and posed challenges to practitioners in relation to workload, well-being and support. Within primary care, changes in physicians’ activities have been identified and innovative work solutions implemented. However, evidence is lacking regarding the impact of the pandemic on pharmacy personnel who work in primary care.

Aim:

To explore the impact of the pandemic on the working practice (including the type of services provided) and job satisfaction of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians within Scottish general practice. Due to the stressful nature of the pandemic, we hypothesise that job satisfaction will have been negatively affected.

Methods:

An online questionnaire was distributed in May–July 2021, approximately 15 months since initial lockdown measures in the UK. The questionnaire was informed by previous literature and underwent expert review and piloting. Analysis involved descriptive statistics, non-parametric statistical tests and thematic analysis.

Results:

180 participants responded (approximated 16.1% response rate): 134 pharmacists (74.4%) and 46 technicians (25.6%). Responses indicated greater involvement with administrative tasks and a reduction in the provision of clinical services, which was negatively perceived by pharmacists. There was an increase in remote working, although most participants continued to have a physical presence within general practices. Face-to-face interactions with patients reduced, which was negatively perceived by participants, and telephone consults were considered efficient yet less effective. Professional development activities were challenged by increased workloads and reduced support available. Although workplace stress was apparent, there was no indication of widespread job dissatisfaction.

Conclusion:

The pandemic has impacted pharmacists and technicians, but it is unknown if changes will be permanent, and there is a need to understand which changes should continue. Future research should explore the impact of altered service delivery, including remote working, on patient care.
Novel miniaturized arrow linked figure of eight square loop FSS-based multiband linear-circular and linear-cross reflective microwave polarizer
Authors: Shukoor Mohammad Abdul , Dey Sukomal
Published: September 2022

This work demonstrates a novel, reflective-type, dual-polarized multiband polarization transformer for various C to Ku band applications. The design constitutes a top FSS printed on a thin FR-4 grounded dielectric substrate. A y/x-polarized incident wave experiences linear-circular conversion from 4.61 to 4.71 GHz (right-hand circular polarized (RHCP)/left-hand circular polarized (LHCP)), 5.44 to 7.68 GHz (LHCP/RHCP), 10.13 to 14.98 GHz (RHCP/LHCP), and 16.68 to 17.19 GHz (LHCP/RHCP) with 3.41, 34.15, 38.63, and 3.01% FBW, respectively. In addition, it performs linear-cross conversions with a minimum 90% polarization conversion ratio (PCR) from 4.92 to 5.18 GHz, 8.32 to 9.41 GHz, and 15.56 to 16.25 GHz with 5.15, 12.30, and 4.34% FBW. Multiple surface plasmonic resonances are responsible for these polarization conversions in different bands. The device performance is angular stable for both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) incidences. The design novelty lies in compacted periodicity 0.112λL, low-profile thickness 0.037λL with a multi-conversion (switching the orthogonal circular rotation in consecutive bands), and stable angular response, which can potentially be used in real-time applications.
Investigation of a high-gain and broadband circularly polarized monopole antenna for RF energyharvesting application
Authors: Behera Bikash Ranjan , Mishra Sanjeev Kumar
Published: September 2022

In this research article, a metasurface (MTS)-loaded high-gain and broadband circularly polarized (CP) monopole antenna is reported. The proposed antenna configuration consists of a symmetric Y-shaped radiating monopole over a partial ground plane with extended twin parasitic conducting strips (PCS) loaded with a MTS reflector. To achieve left-hand circular polarization characteristics, a metallic copper strip is utilized to short the partial ground plane with one of the twin PCS [PCS(L)]. By using the grid-slotted sub patches on a rectangular MTS a reflector of 2λfa × 1.65λfa × 0.02λfa is placed just below the monopole radiator at a height of 0.33λfa, which provides broadened impedance (IBW) and 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) responses with high gain. The proposed prototype with an volumetric dimension of 1.33λfa × 0.9λfa × 0.02λfa at fa = 5 GHz is designed and characterized. It exhibits a measured IBW of 48.45% (3.57–5.89 GHz), ARBW of 25.25% (4.21–5.42 GHz), and CP gain of > 8.35 dBic with the antenna efficiency of > 75% in the desired operating frequency bands. The obtained performances of the proposed MTS antenna confirm its suitability for RF energy harvesting application.
Normative architecture and applied international humanitarian law
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: September 2022

Military strategists have begun pivoting from a focus on counterterrorism, counter-insurgency and stability operations to potential peer and near-peer conflict. This shift has profound operational and tactical implications for how future wars will be fought, but equally, it will have a significant impact on how international humanitarian law (IHL) is understood and applied. This article considers the process by which the normative evolution of IHL will occur in response to a battlespace that looks different than it has for decades. To do so, the article introduces two concepts: “normative architecture” and “applied IHL”. It argues that only by understanding the difference between these two concepts, and their relationship to each other, can States and others concerned with how IHL is developing in the face of future conflict positively affect that process.
Structural Analysis of the Health Literacy Facet Access to Information on General Health, COVID-19 Infection Prevention, and Early Childhood Allergy Prevention in Pregnant Women and Mothers of Infants
Authors: Wirtz Markus Antonius , Dresch Carolin , Heiberger Andrea , Schulz Anja Alexandra
Published: September 2022

Abstract. The health literacy (HL) facet Access to health information is measured in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU-Q47) by 12 items. To assess Access, we developed adapted item formulations for COVID-19 infection prevention (COVID-19-IP) and early childhood allergy prevention (ECAP) in addition to the original 12 items on General Health (GH). N = 343 (expectant) mothers of infants answered the items in an online assessment. Confirmatory structural analyses for ordinal data were adopted (WLSMV-algorithm). Women’s item ratings varied significantly across domains (η2 = .017 – .552). Bi-factor models exhibited the best data fit (GH / COVID-19-IP / ECAP: CFI = .964 / .968 / .977; SRMR: .062 / .069 / .035): The general factor Access most strongly determined item information. Additionally, three subfactors contributed significantly (but rather weakly) to the item information in each domain. The overall score Access proved to be internally consistent (McDonald’s ωGH/COVID-19-IP/ECAP = .874 / .883 / .897) and was associated with socioeconomic state (McArthur scale; rGH/COVID-19-IP/ECAP = .218 / .210 / .146). Access correlated not or only weakly with the other HL facets Understand, Appraise, and Apply. The health domains GH, COVID-19-IP, and ECAP moderated both the difficulty and the dimensional structure of the 12 Access items. This suggests that in the HLS-EU Access reflects not only the search competence but also the availability of health information.
Ratgeber Prämenstruelles Syndrom
Authors: Weise Cornelia , Kaiser Gudrun
Published: September 2022

„Die kriegt bestimmt gerade ihre Tage“ ist ein Satz, der im Alltag schnell einmal fällt. Was genau bedeutet das jedoch für die Betroffenen? Und ab wann ist es auch auf wissenschaftlicher Basis zutreffend, von einem Prämenstruellen Syndrom (PMS) oder einer Prämenstruellen Dysphorischen Störung (PMDS) zu sprechen?
Der Ratgeber liefert Informationen zum Erscheinungsbild und zur Entstehung von PMS und PMDS. Leserinnen erhalten Einblicke in die verschiedenen Faktoren, die die Symptome beeinflussen können, um damit auch die Entstehung ihrer eigenen prämenstruellen Veränderungen besser verstehen und einordnen zu können. Darauf aufbauend widmet sich der Ratgeber der Frage, wie der Umgang mit ausgeprägten prämenstruellen Beschwerden verbessert werden kann. Die Autorinnen haben mehrere Jahre therapeutisch mit von PMS und PMDS betroffenen Frauen gearbeitet. Die dabei gesammelten Erfahrungen sowie aktuelle wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse bilden die Grundlage für die Behandlungsansätze, die im Ratgeber vorgestellt werden. Sie sollen betroffenen Frauen helfen, mit den Beschwerden besser umgehen zu lernen und die Belastung im Alltag zu verringern. In fünf Modulen sind Informationen, Strategien und praktische Übungen zusammengestellt, die Leserinnen auch mit Hilfe von Arbeitsblättern auf ihre persönliche Situation übertragen können.
PMS und PMDS sind aber nicht nur für die direkt betroffenen Frauen relevant: Fast jeder Mensch, der in Beziehungen lebt – und damit sind nicht nur Liebesbeziehungen, sondern auch Freundschaften oder Arbeitsbeziehungen gemeint –, hat indirekt irgendwann einmal Kontakt zu PMS. Daher können auch Angehörige von Betroffenen von der Lektüre dieses Buches profitieren.
75 Übungen für Brainstorming und Ideenfindung im Team
Authors: Gouwens Josine , Dols Rozemarijn
Published: September 2022

Wenn von „Kreativität“ die Rede ist, denken die meisten Menschen als erstes an die Entwicklung von möglichst vielen und möglichst originellen Ideen. Hierbei handelt es sich aber nur um einen Teil des kreativen Prozesses, in dessen weiterem Verlauf die besten Ideen ausgewählt und bis hin zur Praxistauglichkeit ausgearbeitet werden müssen.
Dieses Buch enthält 75 inspirierende Methoden zur Gestaltung kreativer Team-Workshops. Es richtet sich an Führungskräfte sowie an Personen aus den Bereichen Training, Beratung und Coaching, die Workshops begleiten, in denen die kreativen Fähigkeiten der Teilnehmenden genutzt werden sollen, um Innovation oder Verbesserung hervorzubringen. Dargestellt wird ein breites Spektrum von Methoden für die kreative Gruppenarbeit, das sich von Warm-ups über intuitive Vorgehensweisen, Visualisierungs- und Assoziationstechniken, Imaginationsübungen und Mindmapping-Techniken bis hin zu rationalen und analytischen Methoden der Entscheidungsfindung erstreckt.
Der erste Teil des Bandes beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie Sie als Gruppenleitung die notwendigen Voraussetzungen für einen erfolgreichen Ablauf der Gruppenarbeit schaffen können. Die nachfolgenden sechs Teile beschäftigen sich mit verschiedenen Bausteinen im kreativen Prozess: (1) (Selbst-)Einsicht vergrößern, (2) Ziele formulieren, (3) Hindernisse überwinden, (4) Kreative Fähigkeiten fördern, (5) Originelle Ideen generieren, (6) Kreative Ideen auswählen und weiterentwickeln. Eine tabellarische Übersicht am Ende des Buches hilft dabei, die für den jeweiligen Einsatzzweck passende Übung zu finden, und zeigt auf, welche der dargestellten Methoden auch für das Einzel-Coaching oder individuelle Brainstorming-Sessions geeignet sind. Zahlreiche Kästen mit Erläuterungen zum theoretischen Hintergrund, Materialien, Tipps und Beispielen machen das Buch zu einem wertvollen Begleiter für alle, die mit Gruppen und Teams in kreativen Prozessen zusammenarbeiten.
Statistical Study of Subauroral Arc Detachment at Athabasca, Canada: New Insights on STEVE
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Connors Martin
Published: September 2022

We present the first comparative statistical study of subauroral arc detachment from the main auroral oval at Athabasca (magnetic latitude = 61.5°N), Canada, for three different types of subauroral arcs: pure red arc, red arc with simultaneous emission in green‐line (red + green arc), and STEVE (strong thermal emission velocity enhancement). Based on 15‐years (2006–2020) of all‐sky imaging observations, this study not only uncovers the occurrence characteristics of different arcs but also provides important insights into the specific geomagnetic conditions under which STEVE develops. Red arc was the most common subauroral arc (139 events), followed by red + green arc (42 events), and STEVE (26 events) was a rare phenomenon. The detachment rate of red and red + green arcs exhibits dependence on both the solar flux and geomagnetic activity. The detachment rate of STEVE was higher during premidnight, whereas that of red and red + green arcs was higher around the midnight sector. The geomagnetic activity was relatively higher for STEVE, the decrease in the AL index and local X‐component magnetic variations being ∼2–3 times higher for STEVE as compared to other arcs. STEVE shows a strong association with asymmetric ring current in terms of prominent bay‐like enhancement in ASY‐H index prior to its detachment. Such bay‐like enhancement was ∼4 times higher for STEVE as compared to other arcs. STEVE events were accompanied by dispersionless injection for both electron and proton flux at geosynchronous orbit. These results unambiguously suggest that STEVE develops after substorm associated energy injection and significant intensification of the asymmetric ring current.
Solid Earth Uplift Due To Contemporary Ice Melt Above Low‐Viscosity Regions of the Upper Mantle
Authors: Weerdesteijn Maaike F. M. , Conrad Clinton P. , Naliboff John B.
Published: September 2022

Glacial isostatic adjustment explains topographic change in formerly and currently glaciated regions, but the role of small (∼100s km) regions of unusually low‐viscosity mantle is poorly understood. We developed viscoelastic models with low‐viscosity regions in the upper mantle, and measured the effect of these regions on solid earth uplift resulting from contemporary surface ice melt. We found viscous uplift occurring on decadal timescales above the low‐viscosity region, at rates comparable to or larger than those from elastic uplift or the viscous response to ice age melting. We find that uplift rates are sensitive to the location, dimensions, and viscosity of the low‐viscosity region, and that the largest uncertainty in uplift rates likely comes from the low‐viscosity region's horizontal extent. Rapid viscous ground uplift can impact ice dynamics if the low‐viscosity region is located close to an ice sheet margin, as for Antarctica and Greenland.
Introduction to Special Collection “The Exceptional Arctic Stratospheric Polar Vortex in 2019/2020: Causes and Consequences”
Authors: Manney Gloria L. , Butler Amy H. , Wargan Krzysztof , Grooß Jens‐Uwe
Published: September 2022

This paper introduces the special collection in Geophysical Research Letters and Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres on the exceptional stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020. Papers in this collection show that the 2019/2020 stratospheric polar vortex was the strongest, most persistent, and coldest on record in the Arctic. The unprecedented Arctic chemical processing and ozone loss in spring 2020 have been studied using numerous satellite and ground‐based data sets and chemistry‐transport models. Quantitative estimates of chemical loss are broadly consistent among the studies and show profile loss of about the same magnitude as in the Arctic in 2011, but with most loss at lower altitudes; column loss was comparable to or larger than that in 2011. Several papers show evidence of dynamical coupling from the mesosphere down to the surface. Studies of tropospheric influence and impacts link the exceptionally strong vortex to reflection of upward propagating waves and show coupling to tropospheric anomalies, including extreme heat, precipitation, windstorms, and marine cold air outbreaks. Predictability of the exceptional stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020 and related predictability of surface conditions are explored. The exceptionally strong stratospheric polar vortex in 2019/2020 highlights the extreme interannual variability in the Arctic winter/spring stratosphere and the far‐reaching consequences of such extremes.
Predicting geomagnetic disturbances of power systems
Authors: Boteler David H.
Published: September 2022

In March, 1989, a severe geomagnetic storm affected power systems in North America and Scandinavia. The most serious consequence was that the six million people of Quebec lost power for nine hours. To predict whether such problems will recur, one must draw on knowledge about the origins of the solar wind and its interaction with the magnetosphere, electromagnetic induction in the Earth, power system characteristics, and the statistics of extreme values.
A window on Soviet marine geoscience
Authors: Crook Keith A. W. , Malahoff Alexander
Published: September 2022

The Soviet marine geoscience community has for many years held biennial scientific meetings at Gelendzhik on the Black Sea coast south of Novorossisk, a few kilometers from the campus of the Southern Division of the Institute of Oceanology, Soviet Academy of Sciences. The ninth AU‐Union School of Marine Geology, held October 15–20, 1990, was the first to specifically invite foreign scientists, and the eighteen who participated from nine countries look forward to more meetings of this kind. Total attendance was 203, including scientists from 20 centers in the USSR. Two‐thirds of those present held Ph.D or D.Sc. degrees. The opportunity to meet and communicate with young Soviet scientists was mutually beneficial and much appreciated.
Chemical episodes in streams and lakes
Authors: Robbins Church M.
Published: September 2022

To provide a forum for discussion of recent advances in the studies of chemical episodes in lakes and streams was the purpose of “Episodic Chemical Changes in Streams and Lakes as Related to Acidic Deposition,“ a Hydrology section session at the 1990 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The session was cochaired by M. Robbins Church and Keith Eshleman.

In recent years this topic has been of special concern to federal and state regulatory agencies because of the demonstrated contribution of acidic deposition to chemical episodes (via heavy rainstorms or snow‐melts) with consequent adverse effects on aquatic biota. With heightened public and regulatory agency concern has come increased funding for this topic and consequent advances in scientific understanding. We hosted a similar session at the 1989 AGU Fall Meeting, which drew some 36 oral and poster presentations. Work has continued apace in this field and the 1990 session drew 12 oral presentations and 9 posters.
Sharing data over Internet with the Lamont view‐server system
Authors: Menke William , Friberg Paul , Lerner‐Lam Arthur , Simpson David , Bookbinder Robert , Karner Garry
Published: September 2022

We envision a time when an Earth scientist from any institution will be able to access high‐quality data regardless of where it may actually be archived. The scientist will not have to know the data's actual location nor its format. He or she will only have to specify the type of data, and the workstation software will handle finding it and gaining access. Here we describe a method to achieve this vision that is now in use at Lamont and several other institutions. Institutions make “Views” of their databases publicly available to Internet users, employing database‐serving software that runs on one of their computers. This software completely automates the process of finding out what kind of data are available and retrieving them. Hence a wide variety of different databases become, from the scientist's perspective, parts of an Internet‐wide Earth science database. At the same time, the institution that archives the data is not locked into any particular database management system, so it is free to provide alternative access methods and to exclude some of its data from the system. The self‐teaching nature of this concept is especially useful in large cooperative scientific efforts.
“Earth and Sky” Radio Program debuts
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine
Published: September 2022

“Earth and Sky,” the radio show produced in association with AGU by Deborah Byrd and Joel Block, aired for the first time on September 30. The 2‐minute shows will discuss a topic in Earth and space science and inform listeners of what to look for in the night sky. Many shows will be dedicated to answering listeners' questions about Earth and the universe. The first few topics presented on “Earth and Sky” include the ocean bottom, the nature of water, meteor showers, how Earth came to be, planets orbiting other suns, earthquakes, and Earth's rotation.
GEOID90: A high‐resolution geoid for the United States
Authors: Milbert D. G.
Published: September 2022

Recently, geodesy has witnessed a renaissance in geoid computation. The advances over the past decade have taken place at all wavelengths, and have brought forth major improvements in accuracy. An example of a long‐wavelength global gravitation model is the GEM‐T2 (Goddard Earth Model) solution of Marsh et al. [1989], which is complete to degree and order 36, and incomplete to degree 50. Rapp and Pavlis [1990] have computed a pair of solutions, 0SU89A and 0SU89B (Ohio State University), which are spherical harmonic models of the Earth's geopotential complete to degree and order 360. Although termed high degree global models, these solutions provide the geoid to what we may now consider a medium length scale–about 50‐km resolution. High‐resolution geoid height modeling has shown the greatest advances in accuracy. Forsberg [1990] computed a geoid model for the Nordic area on a 5‐km grid, and obtained 3–7 cm standard deviations when compared to Global Positioning System (GPS) and leveling in local networks of 50–100 km in extent.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Bastiaan J. Collette, 61, died recently. He joined AGU (Ocean Sciences) in 1960.

Bernt N. Maehlum died recently at age 62. He joined AGU (Magnetospheric Physics) in 1961.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Many in the space science community are wondering why NASA administrator Daniel S. Goldin announced a sudden restructuring of the agency on October 15 (Eos, October 27). The shake‐up saw a split in the Office of Space Science and Applications into the office of Mission to Planetary Earth, which will include all the Earth sciences, and the Office of Planetary Science and Astrophysics.

The restructuring, he said, is an attempt to align the agency with the new goals, which he outlined in an address to the Space Science and Applications Advisory Board (SSAAC) on November 5. Claiming that NASA's role has never been stated to the public and that Congress does not understand the agency's role, Goldin sought to clarify future directions for the agency.
Outreach programs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

As AGU members have become increasingly concerned about the role of the geosciences in society, programs have been created to bring those concerns to the attention of policymakers, educators, and the media. The Public Information program seeks to educate the public about geophysical research through accurate reporting in the press. AGU has also initiated several activities through its Education and Human Resources program to enhance the teaching of geophysics at both the precollege and university levels. As part of its Public Affairs program, the Union also regularly adopts positions on policy issues that impact the conduct of the geophysical sciences or that can benefit from a scientific perspective.
Space science strategy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

While much of the future of planetary science may be in the hands of the new Republican Congress, which convened last week, the National Research Council (NRC) has released their own plan for the next 15 years. Called “An Integrated Strategy for the Planetary Sciences: 1005–2010,” the new report says that the “most useful new programs to emphasize” during the next 15 years are detailed investigations of comets, Mars, and Jupiter and an intensive search for, and characterization of, extrasolar planets.
Software expedites singular‐spectrum analysis of noisy time series
Authors: Dettinger Michael D. , Ghil Michael , Strong Christopher M. , Weibel William , Yiou Pascal
Published: September 2022

A Singular‐Spectrum Analysis (SSA) Toolkit is now available for use on computers with X‐windows capabilities. The Toolkit provides free, compact, and easy access to SSA and several powerful spectral analysis techniques not readily available in common statistical packages. The current Toolkit, Version 1.1, provides tools for breaking down univariate, possibly nonstationary time series into trends, periodic oscillations, other statistically significant components, and noise; reconstructing the contributions of selected components to the time series; and estimating power spectra of the time series or any of its components by modern spectral methods.
Outlook for fiscal year 1996: Clinton sends strong science budget to Hill
Authors: Wakefield Julie
Published: September 2022

With an overall request of $72.9 billion—a 0.2% increase in current dollars—for research and development, the message from the White House on science funding was upbeat. Although the president's budget means a 3% decrease in real dollars for research and development, spending for basic research would rise 3.5%. Support for academic research would increase by 7%. Some science programs, however, were among the 131 programs the president terminated and the 86 programs that he reduced in keeping with the theme of a leaner government. Only time will tell how hard the budget ax of the Republican's Contract with America will hit the Earth and space sciences. Here are some geoscience highlights:
Group takes a fresh look at the lithosphere underneath southern Kenya
Authors:   KRISP Working Group
Published: September 2022

Since the turn of the century the well‐developed Kenya rift has been a crucial location for studying the interrelationships between extension, uplift, and magmatism. In 1989–1990, an experiment conducted by the Kenya Rift International Seismic Project (KRISP) focused on the central and northern portions of Kenya (Figure 1) and provided a rich base of information regarding the structure and evolution of the rift, which answered many key questions and raised others. Does the crust thin to the south of the Kenya dome as it does to the north?, and if it does, which crustal layer would be mainly affected? How is the Chyulu Hills Quaternary volcanism related to the rifting process? What is the relationship between the crust and lithospheric mantle during extension?
Oil and gas amass
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Current estimates of future reserve growth of existing U.S. oil and gas fields are significantly larger than previous estimates, according to a new assessment by the U.S. Geological Survey. In fact, they may be twice as big as those estimated in a 1989 assessment. USGS Director Gordon Eaton largely attributes the nearly two‐fold difference to “the use of newly available data from the Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA).” The new study estimates that 110 billion barrels of crude oil are “technically recoverable in the United States.” This includes 20 billion barrels in “proved reserves,” future growth of reserves of 60 billion barrels, undiscovered conventional resources between 23 and 40 barrels, and nearly 2 billion barrels from “unconventional” sources. Meanwhile, the study estimates that about 1,074 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of natural gas are recoverable, compared to about half that estimated in the 1989 assessment. The tally includes about 268 Tcf from undiscovered conventional accumulations, potential reserve growth in existing fields of about 322 Tcf, about 318 Tcf in continuous type accumulations in shales, sandstones, and chalks, and about 50 Tcf in coal beds. “This USGS assessment differs significantly from previous assessments because it includes more categories of oil and gas resources, including tight gas sandstones, coal bed gas and fractured shales,” which required the USGS to develop new methods, Eaton explains.
Lost at sea
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Ocean research entails a certain amount of risk. Even if Moby Dick and Mother Nature don't get you, it is almost inevitable that an oceanographic instrument will be lost at some point. Historically, word of mouth has been the only way to retrieve a long lost instrument. But now there is a new lost‐and‐found for ocean instruments. It's on the Internet, of course, and comprises two lists called the Lost Instrument Network and the List of Lost Instruments. But, according to its creators, the lost‐and‐found won't work unless everyone who is involved with oceanographic instrumentation participates.
Orbital debris
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The hazard to spacecraft posed by artificial debris in orbit, though still low, is growing and requires international attention, according to a new National Research Council (NRC) report. What's more, the problem needs to be addressed while it is still manageable, the report says. First, the NRC report suggests that spacefaring nations work together make better spacecraft hazard assessments by filling in data gaps on the effects of collisions between orbiting objects and on the amount and sources of debris in orbit. Other steps include making spacecraft designers more aware of protection methods. While removal of existing debris from orbit is technically and economically infeasible, according to the report, international efforts should focus on preventive measures.
Congress considers dismantling commerce
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

During the week of July 24, three Congressional subcommittees held hearings on bills to dismantle the Commerce Department, whose agencies include NOAA. Two House subcommittees held a joint hearing on H.R. 1756. The Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs also held a hearing on S. 929, a bill to eliminate the Department and splinter its activities. Sen. William Roth (R‐Del.), Chairman of the Senate Committee, said that dismantling Commerce is "an idea whose time has come." However, Roth does not support S. 929 because it would split the Department's activities.
Science participation
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

Male high school students are more than 3 times as likely as females to choose a career in science and engineering (S&E), according to a new National Science Foundation study. The report on that study, “Women, Minorities and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering: 1994,” documents the different rates at which these groups participate in science and engineering and the factors that influence their choice of study and their success.
Beating missiles into microscopes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

After four years of planning and negotiation, the U.S. federal government has initiated the Civilian Research & Development Foundation for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (CRDF). The public‐private partnership has been established to fund basic and applied research in the states of the former Soviet Union and to promote conversion of defense facilities and equipment into civilian science labs and industries.
Cool‐Water Carbonates, SEPM Special Publication No. 56
Authors: Hallock Pamela
Published: September 2022

Doesn't field work on modern carbonates mean scuba diving on spectacular coral reefs in gin‐clear water teeming with brightly colored fish? Not if you are one of the researchers that Jonathan Clarke of the Western Mining Corporation Ltd., in Preston, Victoria, Australia, assembled at a workshop in Geelong, Victoria, in January 1995. Their field work involves research cruises in high‐latitude oceans, where mal de mer and chilling winds are constant companions. Many braved 10‐m seas in modest‐sized research vessels to sample shelves stripped of fine sediments by storm waves whose effects can reach to depths exceeding 200 m.

Noel James of Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, carefully lays the groundwork for the book in a paper titled, “The Cool‐Water Carbonate Depositional Realm,” which will assuredly become a standard reading assignment in advanced undergraduate‐and graduate‐level courses in carbonate sedimentology. James skillfully shows how cool‐water carbonates are part of the greater carbonate depositional spectrum. By expanding recognition of the possible range of carbonate environments, sedimentologists expand their ability to understand and interpret ancient carbonates, particularly Paleozoic limestones that often show striking similarities to modern cool‐water sediments. James' paper is followed by nine papers on modern cool‐water carbonates, seven on Tertiary environments, and seven examples from Mesozoic and Paleozoic limestones
A year at sea
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

Taking advantage of the United Nations declaration that 1998 is the Year of the Ocean, a number of countries and organizations are holding conferences, publishing books, and even issuing special stamps to educate people about the deep seas. According to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations, “The overall objective is to focus and reinforce the attention of the public, governments, and decision‐makers at large on the importance of the oceans and the marine environment as resources for sustainable development.”
Report from 17th Hydrology Days Conference available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

The 17th annual Hydrology Days Conference was held from April 14–18,1997, at Colorado State University in Fort Collins. Highlights of the meeting included awards for the best student papers, given to Lyn Benjamin and Kevin Williams, both of Utah State University, and to Tom Sale of Colorado State University and Frank Barranco of the Colorado School of Mines.

Proceedings from the meeting are available for $30 from H. J. Morel‐Seytoux (57 Selby Lane, Atherton, CA 94027‐3926 USA; tel. +1‐415‐365‐4080semi; e‐mail morelsey@usgs.gov)
Head for the Hill
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

About 250 scientists made 200 congressional visits during the 2nd annual Science and Technology Congressional Visits Day in Washington, D.C., last year.

This year, organizers are hoping for an even bigger turnout for the Capitol Hill event that marks one time of the year when Congress feels that there is a science constituency, says David Applegate, director of governmental affairs for the American Geological Institute (AGI).
Real‐time El Nino education
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

With El Niño causing widespread weather problems in parts of the United States and other spots around the world, a new Internet site will help school teachers instruct their students about the meteorological anomaly as it is happening.

Through April 5, the “El Nino Workshop Online for Educators,” developed by the University of Southern California Sea Grant program, will provide strategies for teaching kindergarteners through high school students about El Niño.
NOAA institutes science advisory board
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

James Baker, administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), looked at the distinguished scientists seated around the conference table on the sixth floor of the Main Commerce Building in Washington, D.C., in mid‐July, smiled, and called them “PWAKT.” He joked that it was an acronym he had created that means “people who actually know things.”

The PWAKTs, who are experts in many of NOAA's science areas, had arrived from around the country to attend the first meeting of the newly established NOAA Science Advisory Board. Their charge is to advise Baker on long‐ and short‐range strategies for research, education, and application of science to resource management, and to provide input to ensure that NOAA science programs are of the highest quality and provide optimal support to resource management.
Hydrology Committee selects 1998 Horton Research Grant recipients
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2022

This year, for the first time in the history of the AGU Horton Research Grant, the Hydrology Committee has selected three recipients.

Chris G. Campbell is presently working under the supervision of Dr. Masoud Ghodrati at U.C. Berkeley. His Ph.D. dissertation is titled “Quantitative Characterization of NPS Pollution Transport on Rangeland Hillslope.” Chris received his bachelor's degree in conservation and resource studies, and his master's degree in range management from U.C. Berkeley.
Diplomats urge U.S. to ratify desertification treaty
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

While the U.S. Congress is dealing with the current presidential crisis and trying to pass a budget before adjourning in early October, some diplomats are warning that a key piece of legislation that affects nearly one billion people in more than 100 countries is being overlooked.

The Senate must ratify the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) before the next meeting of the convention on November 30 in Senegal, in order for the United States to be a full participant in working out the technical details of the treaty.
U.S. Senate confirms new USGS director
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

Shortly before adjourning in October, the U.S. Senate confirmed Charles Groat as the new director of the U.S. Geological Survey. Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt is expected to swear him in shortly as the agency's 13th director. Groat takes over from Thomas Casadevall, who has served as acting director since Gordon Eaton resigned in September 1997.

Groat, an AGU member, has more than 25 years of experience in the Earth science fields, including energy and minerals resource assessment, groundwater occurrence and protection, geomorphic processes and landform evolution in desert areas, and coastal studies.
NASA helps the Star Spangled Banner
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

A camera developed by NASA to explore Mars is helping to preserve the Star Spangled Banner, the U.S. flag that flew during the War of 1812 and inspired the lyrics to the national anthem.

The Acousto‐Optic Imaging Spectrometer (AImS) can detect deteriorated and soiled areas not visible to the human eye, such as moisture and oils on the wool surface of the flag.
Ancient blue oaks reveal human impact on San Francisco Bay salinity
Authors: Stahle David W. , Therrell Matthew D. , Cleaveland Malcolm K. , Cayan Daniel R. , Dettinger Michael D. , Knowles Noah
Published: September 2022

San Francisco Bay is one of the most important estuaries on the west coast of the Americas. Its water quality is controlled primarily by streamflow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In fact, freshwater inflow from the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta explains 86% of the salinity variability at the mouth of the San Francisco Bay estuary [Peterson et al., 1989]. The massive diversion of streamflow by the California State Water Project and the Central Valley Project, part of the largest manmade water control system on Earth [Reisner, 1988], has raised salinity in the estuary on daily, seasonal, and annual timescales [Nichols et al., 1986; Peterson et al., 1989].
Mesopotamian fertile crescent nearly gone, new study indicates
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2022

Something is terribly amiss in the marshlands of the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow, and where Gilgamesh, the hero of an epic that dates at least as far back as the third millennium B.C., ruled.

The marshlands, which are located primarily in Iraq and once extended between 15,000 and 20,000 square kilometers, now have been reduced to less than 1,500 to 2,000 square kilometers, according to a new study issued May 18 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The marshlands could disappear in the near future if no immediate corrective actions are taken, according to Hassan Partow, the principal author of the UNEP study and a scientist within the agency's division of early warning and assessment.
Support for a tropical lidar in Latin America
Authors: Robock Alan , Antuña Juan Carlos
Published: September 2022

The vertical profile of stratospheric aerosols is a crucial parameter to monitor the effects of volcanic eruptions on climate. These effects include climate change and ozone depletion. Satellites provide the best instruments for producing global coverage for these profiles, but existing and planned satellite missions all have limitations. Ground‐based lidar observations are needed for calibration and validation of satellite observations, as well as for filling the gaps when satellite observations are not available.