bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro cell quality of buffy coat platelets in additive solution treated with pathogen reduction technology
Authors: Ostrowski Sisse R. , Bochsen Louise , Salado‐Jimena José A. , Ullum Henrik , Reynaerts Inge , Goodrich Raymond P. , Johansson Pär I.
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: Pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) may induce storage lesion in platelet (PLT) concentrates. To investigate this, buffy coat PLTs (BCPs) in PLT additive solution (AS; SSP+) with or without Mirasol PRT (CaridianBCT Biotechnologies) were assessed by quality control tests and four‐color flow cytometry.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In vitro comparison of PRT and control pooled‐and‐split BCPs after 2, 3, 6, 7, and 8 days of storage was made. PLT concentration, count per unit, swirl, metabolism, activation (CD62P, PAC1, CD42b/GPIb, CD63, CD40L/CD154, CD40, annexin V), and microparticle, sCD40L, and sCD62P release were evaluated.

RESULTS: PRT induced a minor initial PLT loss (Day 2 [mean ± SD], 302 × 109 ± 44 × 109 PLTs/unit vs. 325 × 109 ± 46 × 109 PLTs/unit; p < 0.001) but the decline was comparable to control BCP. Swirling was comparable and declined with similar rates in PRT‐treated and control BCPs during storage. PRT enhanced PLT metabolism and activation, evidenced by lower pH22; increased glucose consumption and lactate production rates (p < 0.01); early increases in CD62P‐, PAC1‐, CD63‐, CD40L‐, CD40‐, and annexin V–positive PLTs; reduced GPIb expression; and enhanced release of PLT‐derived MPs and sCD40L (all p < 0.05). CD62P and PAC1 expression changed with different kinetics during storage and varying GPIb expression was displayed within the CD62P/PAC1‐positive PLT subsets.

CONCLUSION: PRT treatment of BCP in AS induced a minor initial PLT loss and enhanced metabolism and PLT activation. The clinical relevance for PLT function in vivo of these findings will be investigated in a clinical trial.
Does Credit Competition Affect Small‐Firm Finance?
Authors: RICE TARA , STRAHAN PHILIP E.
Published: May 2010

While relaxation of geographical restrictions on bank expansion permitted banking organizations to expand across state lines, it allowed states to erect barriers to branch expansion. These differences in states' branching restrictions affect credit supply. In states more open to branching, small firms borrow at interest rates 80 to 100 basis points lower than firms operating in less open states. Firms in open states also are more likely to borrow from banks. Despite this evidence that interstate branch openness expands credit supply, we find no effect of variation in state restrictions on branching on the amount that small firms borrow.
The Effect of SOX Section 404: Costs, Earnings Quality, and Stock Prices
Authors: ILIEV PETER
Published: May 2010

This paper exploits a natural quasi‐experiment to isolate the effects that were uniquely due to the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX): U.S. firms with a public float under $75 million could delay Section 404 compliance, and foreign firms under $700 million could delay the auditor's attestation requirement. As designed, Section 404 led to conservative reported earnings, but also imposed real costs. On net, SOX compliance reduced the market value of small firms.
Autonomic Dysfunction and New‐Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction After Acute Myocardial Infarction: A CARISMA Substudy
Authors: JONS CHRISTIAN , RAATIKAINEN PEKKA , GANG UFFE J. , HUIKURI HEIKKI V. , JOERGENSEN RIKKE MOERCH , JOHANNESEN ARNE , DIXEN ULRIK , MESSIER MARC , McNITT SCOTT , THOMSEN POUL ERIK BLOCH ,   for the Cardiac Arrhythmias and Risk Stratification after Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARISMA) Study Group
Published: May 2010

Predicting New‐Onset AF. Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases morbidity and mortality in patients with previous myocardial infarction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to identify patients with a high risk for new‐onset AF in this population using invasive and noninvasive electrophysiological tests.

Methods: The study included 271 patients from the Cardiac Arrhythmias and RIsk Stratification after Myocardial InfArction (CARISMA) study with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% without previous AF at enrollment. Within 21 days after the AMI, an implantable loop recorder was inserted and used to diagnose AF over the 2‐year study duration. The following tests were performed: heart rate variability (HRV) and turbulence (HRT) analyses from repeated 24‐hour Holter recordings, 2‐dimensional (2D)‐echocardiograms, exercise test, and programmed electrophysiologic stimulation.

Results: A total of 101 patients (37%) developed AF during the study. Predictive measures included several indexes of HRV including reduced low‐frequency (LF) power from spectral HRV analysis (adjusted HR = 1.6, P = 0.034), HRT slope ≤2.5 (HR = 1.6, P = 0.032) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA1) from HRV analysis (HR = 1.8, P = 0.011); all are measures of cardiac autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Combined with age >60 years, low values for LF, HRT slope, and DFA1 provided a powerful risk score for prediction of new‐onset AF (1–2 points: HR = 4.3, P = 0.001, 3–4 points: HR = 7.0, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Abnormal HRV and HRT parameters, which are associated with disturbances in the cardiac autonomic regulation, are associated with increased risk of new‐onset AF independently of conventional clinical risk variables. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 983‐990, September 2010)
Where Mourning Takes Them: Migrants, Borders, and an Alternative Reality
Authors: Sandell David P.
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article addresses mourning for a Mexican migrant who died in the Arizona desert in March or April 2005. Mourning, family members and acquaintances indicate, is an indefinite process revealed through figurative representations: metaphor and metonym. Mourning as metaphor associates an actual death with instances of loss that occur in other semantic domains—the household, motherhood, and gender constructions. As a metonym, mourning stands for these instances, which, collectively, account for a substratum of social life that is not amenable to logical criticism but persists in the formation of perception and judgment. This dialectic highlights epistemological and ontological borders that provide insight into people's dispositions within the conditions of poverty and wage labor. The borders also provide a vantage point for novel identification, ethical orientation, and behavior that come to shape an alternative reality. [mourning, migration, identity, poetics, Mexico]
Metamorphosed Characters in Dreams: Constraints of Conceptual Structure and Amount of Theory of Mind
Authors: Schweickert Richard , Xi Zhuangzhuang
Published: May 2010

Dream reports from 21 dreamers in which a metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal occurred were coded for characters and animals and for inner states attributed to them (Theory of Mind). In myths and fairy tales,Kelly and Keil (1985)found that conscious beings (people, gods) tend to be transformed into entities nearby in the conceptual structure ofKeil (1979). This also occurred in dream reports, but perceptual nearness seemed more important than conceptual nearness. In dream reports, most inanimate objects involved in metamorphoses with person‐like entities were objects such as statues that ordinarily resemble people physically, and moreover represent people. A metamorphosis of a person‐like entity or animal did not lead to an increase in the amount of Theory of Mind attribution. We propose that a character‐line starts when a character enters a dream; properties and Theory of Mind attributions tend to be preserved along the line, regardless of whether, metamorphoses occur on it.
Multilevel Exemplar Theory
Authors: Walsh Michael , Möbius Bernd , Wade Travis , Schütze Hinrich
Published: May 2010

This paper presents recent research that provides an overarching model of exemplar theory capable of explaining phenomena across the phonetic and syntactic strata. The model represents a unique exemplar‐based account of constituency interactions encompassing both linguistic domains. It yields simulation and experimental results in keeping with experimental findings in the literature on syllable duration variability and offers an exemplar‐theoretic account of local grammaticality. In addition, it provides some insights into the nature of exemplar cloud formation and demonstrates experimentally the potential gains that can be enjoyed via the use of rich exemplar representations.
Network Structure Influences Speech Production
Authors: Chan Kit Ying , Vitevitch Michael S.
Published: May 2010

Network science provides a new way to look at old questions in cognitive science by examining the structure of a complex system, and how that structure might influence processing. In the context of psycholinguistics, clustering coefficient—a common measure in network science—refers to the extent to which phonological neighbors of a target word are also neighbors of each other. The influence of the clustering coefficient on spoken word production was examined in a corpus of speech errors and a picture‐naming task. Speech errors tended to occur in words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., higher clustering coefficient). Also, pictures representing words with many interconnected neighbors (i.e., high clustering coefficient) were named more slowly than pictures representing words with few interconnected neighbors (i.e., low clustering coefficient). These findings suggest that the structure of the lexicon influences the process of lexical access during spoken word production.
Do We Really Gesture More When It Is More Difficult?
Authors: Sassenberg Uta , Van Der Meer Elke
Published: May 2010

Representational co‐speech gestures are generally assumed to be increasingly produced in more difficult compared with easier verbal tasks, as maintained by theories suggesting that gestures arise from processing difficulties during speech production. However, the gestures‐as‐simulated‐action framework proposes that more representational gestures are produced with stronger rather than weaker mental representations that are activated in terms of mental simulation in the embodied cognition framework. We tested these two conflicting assumptions by examining verbal route descriptions that were accompanied by spontaneous directional gestures. Easy descriptions with strong activation were accompanied more often by gestures than difficult descriptions with weak activation. Furthermore, only gesture–speech matches—but not gesture–picture matches—were increasingly produced with difficult lateral directions compared with easy nonlateral directions. We argue that lateral gesture–speech matches underlie stronger activated mental representations in mental imagery. Thus, all results are in line with the gestures‐as‐simulated‐action framework and provide evidence against the view that gestures result from processing difficulties.
Native Medical Practitioners, Temporality, and Nascent Biomedical Citizenship in the New Hebrides
Authors: Widmer Alexandra
Published: May 2010

While governing the New Hebrides from 1906 to1980, a British‐French Condominium hired Pacific Islanders who had been trained in Fiji as Native Medical Practitioners (NMPs), to deliver primary health care and to offer public health education to the declining indigenous population. The NMPs’ medical work was also expected to expand colonial governance in a culturally diverse archipelago with no prior centralized state. Focusing on the 1920s through the1940s, I suggest that the NMPs’ attempts to inculcate a sense of responsibility for individual health and civic involvement in their patients, as well as demands made by the NMPs themselves for civic entitlements, were forms of nascent biomedical citizenship. I propose that the practices of nascent biomedical citizenship, significant as they were, also had the potential to be exclusionary because they presumed the creation of a civic subject oriented toward a particular kind of future and a selective recuperation of the past.
Security and the Culture Expert: Dilemmas of an Engaged Anthropology
Authors: Goldstein Daniel M.
Published: May 2010

What does it mean for anthropology to be relevant in the context of an ongoing global war on terror? This article examines the meanings of “security,” concentrating on the discipline's engagement with the military and the ways in which the anthropological concept of culture has been deployed in post‐9/11 security campaigns. It argues that while there are many potential pitfalls awaiting the so‐called culture expert in military collaborations, security nevertheless remains an important field to which anthropologists can bring critical scholarly attention and ethical engagement.
Evidence for a familial correlation between increased reactivity to stress and positive psychotic symptoms
Authors: Lataster T. , Collip D. , Lardinois M. , Van Os J. , Myin‐Germeys I.
Published: May 2010

Lataster T, Collip D, Lardinois M, van Os J, Myin‐Germeys I. Evidence for a familial correlation between increased reactivity to stress and positive psychotic symptoms.

Objective:  This study tested the hypothesis that stress‐reactivity may represent an intermediary phenotype underlying positive psychotic symptoms. It was examined whether: (i) stress‐reactivity clusters within families of psychotic patients and (ii) stress‐reactivity in relatives cosegregates with positive symptoms in patients.

Method:  The sample consisted of 40 patients and 47 siblings of these patients. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM – a structured diary technique) was used to measure stress‐reactivity. Positive symptoms in patients were measured with the Comprehensive Assessment of Symptoms and History.

Results:  Within‐trait, cross‐sib associations showed a significant association between stress‐reactivity in the patient and stress‐reactivity in their siblings. Significant cross‐trait, cross‐sib associations were established showing a significant association between positive psychotic symptoms in the patient and stress‐reactivity in the sibling.

Conclusion:  The findings show familial clustering of increased stress‐reactivity, suggesting common aetiological influences, probably both genetic and environmental, underlying stress‐reactivity in the siblings and patients. In addition, the results underscore the hypothesis that increased stress‐reactivity is an unconfounded mechanism of risk underlying the positive symptoms of psychotic disorders.
A randomized study of iterative hypothesis testing in undergraduate psychiatric education
Authors: Kahl K. G. , Alte C. , Sipos V. , Kordon A. , Hohagen F. , Schweiger U.
Published: May 2010

Kahl KG, Alte C, Sipos V, Kordon A, Hohagen F, Schweiger U. A randomized study of iterative hypothesis testing in undergraduate psychiatric education.

Objective:  Iterative hypothesis testing (IHT) or related strategies of diagnostic decision making have been taught in many curricula for medical students but not in psychiatry. We therefore asked whether the addition of training in IHT may add to the quality of the psychiatry course.

Method:  Seventy‐two medical students were randomized to four weeks problem‐based learning or to IHT. Knowledge and skills of the students were tested using a multiple choice exam and simulated patients.

Results:  Iterative hypothesis testing‐trained students recognized more diagnostic items and more often identified comorbid psychiatric disorders and acute suicidal tendencies. Acquisition of general psychiatric knowledge and global satisfaction with the course were similar in both groups.

Conclusion:  We conclude that teaching IHT to medical students may enhance their clinical ability to recognize complex disease patterns. Further studies are required concerning the enhancement of clinical skills in the psychiatric specialty.
Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare
Authors: Chou Tzung‐Han , Ding Hsiou‐Yu , Hung Wei Jing , Liang Chia‐Hua
Published: May 2010

Please cite this paper as: Antioxidative characteristics and inhibition of α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated melanogenesis of vanillin and vanillic acid from Origanum vulgare. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 742–750.

Abstract:  The antioxidant activities of vanillin and vanillic acid isolated from Origanum vulgare are investigated. These compounds may serve as agents for antimelanogenesis. Vanillic acid is a stronger antioxidant than vanillin, in terms of free radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in H2O2‐treated BNLCL2 cells by vanillic acid exceeds that of ascorbic acid (AA) or trolox. In B16F0 cells stimulated with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), vanillic acid reduced cellular tyrosinase activity, DOPA oxidase and melanin contents, as well as down‐regulated expressions of melanocortin‐1 receptor (MC1R), microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related proteins 2 (TRP‐2) and TRP‐1. Vanillin did not express inhibition of tyrosinase activity. These results supported that vanillic acid is a significantly stronger antioxidant than vanillin and exhibited stronger antimelanogenesis performance because of the structural presence of the carboxyl group.
Accuracy and Complications Using Computer‐Designed Stereolithographic Surgical Guides for Oral Rehabilitation by Means of Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature
Authors: D'haese Jan , Van De Velde Tommie , Komiyama Ai , Hultin Margaretha , De Bruyn Hugo
Published: May 2010

Background: In the last decade several stereolithographic guided surgery systems were introduced to the market. In this context, scientific information regarding accuracy of implant placement and surgical and prosthodontical complications is highly relevant as it provides evidence to implement this surgical technique in a clinical setting.

Purpose: To review data on accuracy and surgical and prosthodontical complications using stereolithographical surgical guides for implant rehabilitation.

Material and Methods: PubMed database was searched using the following keywords: “three dimensional imaging,”“image based surgery,”“flapless guided surgery,”“customized drill guides,”“computer assisted surgery,”“surgical template,” and “stereolithography.” Only papers in English were selected. Additional references found through reading of selected papers completed the list.

Results: In total 31 papers were selected. Ten reported deviations between the preoperative implant planning and the postoperative implant locations. One in vitro study reported a mean apical deviation of 1.0 mm, three ex vivo studies a mean apical deviation ranging between 0.6 and 1.2 mm. In six in vivo studies an apical deviation between 0.95 and 4.5 mm was found. Six papers reported on complications mounting to 42% of the cases when stereolithographic guided surgery was combined with immediate loading.

Conclusion: Substantial deviations in three‐dimensional directions are found between virtual planning and actually obtained implant position. This finding and additionally reported postsurgical complications leads to the conclusion that care should be taken whenever applying this technique on a routine basis.
Suppression of southern corn leaf blight by a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus C1L
Authors: Huang Chien‐Jui , Yang Ken‐Haow , Liu Yi‐Hung , Lin Yu‐Ju , Chen Chao‐Ying
Published: May 2010

Southern corn leaf blight (SCLB) is an important foliar disease of maize. In this study, an induced systemic resistance (ISR)‐eliciting rhizobacterium Bacillus cereus C1L was used to protect maize against SCLB. Application of B. cereus C1L in maize rhizosphere effectively protected maize from SCLB under greenhouse and field conditions. The protection effect of B. cereus C1L was similar to that of Maneb (2 kg active ingredient per hectare), a recommended fungicide. Furthermore, possible factors of B. cereus C1L to elicit ISR and to promote plant growth were investigated. The results indicate that secreted factors and rhizosphere colonisation ability of B. cereus C1L are involved in ISR elicitation. In addition to biocontrol activity, B. cereus C1L was able to promote growth of maize in field. Compared with a non‐treated control, leaf length, leaf width, plant height and fresh and dry weights of B. cereus C1L‐treated corn plants significantly increased. Therefore, B. cereus C1L acts as a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium of maize.
Photochemical reflectance index as a mean of monitoring early water stress
Authors: Sarlikioti V. , Driever S.M. , Marcelis L.F.M.
Published: May 2010

Water stress in plants affects a number of physiological processes such as photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance as well as the operating efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ). Photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is reported to be sensitive to changes in xanthophyll cycle which occur during stress and could possibly be used to monitor changes in the parameters mentioned before. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of PRI as an early water stress indicator. Water stress treatment was imposed in a greenhouse tomato crop. CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, light‐adapted and dark‐adapted fluorescence as well as PRI and relative water content (RWCs%) of the rooting medium were repeatedly measured. The same measurements were also performed on well‐irrigated plants that acted as a reference. The experiment was repeated in four consecutive weeks. Results showed a strong correlation between RWCs% and photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, NPQ and operating efficiency of PSII but not with PRI when the whole dataset was considered. Nevertheless, more detailed analysis revealed that PRI gave a good correlation when light levels were above 700 µmol m−2 s−1. Therefore, the use of PRI as a water stress indicator cannot be independent of the ambient light conditions.
High‐dose unfractionated heparin therapy in a pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report
Authors: OGISHIMA Hiroshi , ITO Satoshi , TSUTSUMI Akito , SUGIHARA Makoto , GOTO Daisuke , MATSUMOTO Isao , OBATA‐YASUOKA Mana , HAMADA Hiromi , YOSHIKAWA Hiroyuki , TAKAHASHI Hideto , MURASHIMA Atsuko , SUMIDA Takayuki
Published: May 2010

A case of a 37‐year‐old pregnant patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), who has a medical history of both thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss, is presented. She was treated with predonisolone and fixed‐dose unfractionated heparin (UFH) infusion, followed by plasmaphereses and fixed‐dose low‐molecular‐weight heparin infusion during her fourth pregnancy. Unfortunately, this treatment did not have beneficial effects, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction and finally neonatal death. Continuous intravenous UFH infusion and low‐dose aspirin were administrated under the monitoring of the activated partial thromboplastin time to achieve a target level of 120 s during her fifth pregnancy. A healthy baby weighing 1818 g at birth was delivered by Cesarean section at the 34th week of pregnancy. High‐dose UFH infusion may be considered to be one of the preferable options to manage pregnant patients with refractory APS.
Measurement of hand bone mineral density in early rheumatoid arthritis using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry
Authors: HILL Catherine L. , SCHULTZ Christopher G. , WU Rodney , CHATTERTON Barry E. , CLELAND Leslie G.
Published: May 2010

Aims:  The earliest radiological change in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is periarticular osteopenia, which occurs prior to the appearance of erosions and clinically apparent deformities. The aim of the study was to measure periarticular bone mineral density (BMD) in the hands of patients with early RA, using dual energy X‐ray absorptiomentry (DEXA) and to correlate this with markers of disease activity and radiological progression.

Methods:  The study population (n = 50) of patients with RA of < 3 years duration underwent measurement of BMD of the non‐dominant hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine and clinical assessment at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Hand radiographs were performed at baseline and 12 months. Thirty age‐ and sex‐matched controls also underwent measurement of BMD of the non‐dominant hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine.

Results:  Hand BMD correlated strongly with sex, height, weight and lumbar and femoral neck BMD in both RA subjects and controls. Baseline hand BMD in RA subjects correlated with baseline serum C‐reactive protein (r = −0.36, P = 0.01) and 12‐month radiographic score (r = 0.36, P = 0.02). There were small non‐significant decreases in hand, femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD over the 12‐month period.

Conclusion:  Hand BMD measurement using DEXA is a reproducible, well‐tolerated procedure that warrants further investigation as a component of routine assessment in early RA.
The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban
Authors: Bolton Matthew , Nash Thomas
Published: May 2010

Medium‐sized wealthy states – middle powers – and global civil society networks are increasingly joining forces to influence the global policy agenda on issues of international law, justice, humanitarianism and development. These middle power–NGO coalitions use the comparative advantages of both state and nonstate actors in synergistic partnerships. States represent the coalitions’ interests in international negotiations and conferences, provide donor funding and offer diplomatic support. For their part, NGOs gather on‐the‐ground research, provide technical expertise, lobby governments, mobilise public opinion and generate media publicity. This article uses the case of the campaign to ban cluster munitions, culminating in the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, to examine the organisation, efforts and impact of such middle power–NGO coalitions.

Policy Implications

In a globalised and privatised world, global policy making requires a mastery of ‘network diplomacy’– the negotiation of a wide range of relationships with state, NGO and commercial actors.

Within this context, coalitions between middle power states and international NGOs are becoming increasingly influential in the creation of international law and humanitarian norms.

These coalitions are most effective when they create strong linkages and partnerships between these states and civil society actors at all levels (officials, parliamentarians, politicians, etc.) based on their comparative advantages.

Since these coalitions lack significant coercive hard – military and economic – power they are more likely to succeed in their global policy goals when they reframe the debate, gather and publicise credible data, shift the burden of proof and use both backroom and public media persuasion.

NGOs contribute most to such coalitions when they are able to present a unified front across a diverse range of civil society actors, when they are inclusive of and driven by those directly affected by the problem they are seeking to address and when they maintain some independence from their government and other donors.
Global Financial Regulation after the Credit Crisis
Authors: Davies Howard
Published: May 2010

Recent events have once again highlighted weaknesses in the global regulatory system. The highly complex network of bodies overseeing different parts of the financial markets failed to identify or respond to the macro trends that led to the crisis. There was too little capital in the banking system. There is also a serious accountability gap, with regulatory bodies free to work to their own timetables. And the links between macroeconomic policy makers in finance ministries and central banks, on the one hand, and regulators on the other, have been too weak. The changes made so far by the G20 summits are very modest and are unlikely to correct these flaws. There remains a particular problem in the European Union, where the crisis has shown that the single financial market requires more central coordination of regulation than the politicians have so far accepted. There remains, therefore, much unfinished business in financial regulatory reform.

Policy Implications

The Financial Stability Board needs more authority to coordinate the activities of the sectoral regulators.

Financial regulation must in future be more sensitive to changing macroeconomic conditions.

There is a need for an absolutely higher level of capital in the banking system.

Europe needs a central regulatory authority, if the single financial market is to survive in its present form.
Global and Regional Financial Regulation: The Viewpoint of a European Securities Regulator
Authors: Wymeersch Eddy
Published: May 2010

This article gives an overview of the efforts, worldwide and on a regional, that is, European, basis for introducing more effective and better harmonised financial regulation. Recent initiatives, especially the work of the G20 and the creation of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), indicate greater interest in worldwide coordination of financial regulatory intervention. The financial crisis has however dealt a serious blow to the previously existing international dialogue, and a fear exists that the main regulators may withdraw to their national battlefields. Major changes in the supervisory architecture are planned in the European Union: a more detailed coordinated app‐roach to regulation and to monitoring the application of existing regulations is proposed by creating a European System of Financial Supervisors. A European Systemic Risk Board will also be introduced. These and comparable changes in the US may contribute to reactivating the regulatory dialogue. The core challenge remains that of effective application of the agreements, both at the regional and the international level, and there is no ready answer to this.

Policy Implications

International and local regulation should be coordinated.

Regulators should coordinate better, as markets are international, and regulatory arbitrage may undermine effectiveness.

Macro and micro supervision have to be integrated without losing their specificity.

The present cooperation mechanisms have been conceived for fair weather.

Adequate instruments have to be developed to deal with a financial crisis, at both regional and international levels.
After the Crisis: Industrial Policy and the Developmental State in Low‐Income Countries
Authors: Wade Robert
Published: May 2010

The current global economic crisis has been disastrous for many millions of people. But it has also had the desirable effect of prompting a little more skepticism towards the economic beliefs that have constituted the mainstream view about public economic strategy for the past three decades, both in the major western states and in international lending organizations like the World Bank and the IMF. They have at their core the proposition that ‘government failure is generally worse than market failure’, which supports the default policy setting of ‘more free market’ in most countries most of the time. The new crisis‐induced skepticism is good news because the previous confidence rested more on what J. S. Mill called ‘the deep slumber of a settled opinion’ than on a solid empirical base. The present article begins by summarizing some powerful pieces of evidence that challenge core mainstream propositions in the context of developing countries, which have received less attention than they deserve. Having shown why the mainstream prescription for the role of government in development is questionable, the article describes some key points about the nature of industrial policy in East Asia and about the general rationale for a certain kind of industrial policy even where state capacity is relatively weak. The rationale is all the stronger in the world economy after the crisis, when a major surge of innovation around energy, water, nanotechnology and genetics is likely, rendering many existing specializations unviable. The article then presents an argument about the institutional arrangements of a ‘developmental state’ through which national strategies can be formed and implemented. It ends by describing small signs of new flexibility in World Bank and IMF thinking.

Policy Implications

Liberalizing markets, attracting FDI and promoting good governance are not necessary conditions of long‐term economic growth and development in low‐income countries.

In the wake of the global financial crisis and the impending surge of new technologies, the role of industrial policy – promoting some sectors or products ahead of others – should be expanded.

Import replacement as well as export orientation are crucial components of a successful industrial policy.

Four organizational features are important in a developmental state: (1) an even balance between the state and business groups; (2) a public service mindset among state officials; (3) delivery of patronage resources separately from the economic bureaucracy; and (4) an industrial extension service, with tight limits on its officials’ discretionary control of resources.

Developing country governments and firms should be prepared to push back against the shrinking latitude for industrial policy instruments allowed in international trade and investment agreements.
Noble gases in enstatite chondrites released by stepped crushing and heating
Authors: OKAZAKI Ryuji , TAKAOKA Nobuo , NAGAO Keisuke , NAKAMURA Tomoki
Published: May 2010

Abstract–Enstatite chondrites (ECs) were subjected to noble gas analyses using stepped crushing and pyrolysis extraction methods. ECs can be classified into subsolar gas‐carrying and subsolar gas‐free ECs based on the36Ar/84Kr/132Xe ratios. For subsolar gas‐free ECs, elemental ratios, and Xe isotopic compositions indicate that Q gas is the dominant trapped component, the Q gas concentration can be correlated with the petrologic type, reasonably explained by gas release from a common EC parental material during subsequent heating. Atmospheric Xe with sub‐Q elemental ratios is found in Antarctic E3s at 600–800 °C and through crushing. The132Xe released in these fractions accounts for 30–60% of the bulk concentrations. Hence, the sub‐Q signature is generally due to contamination of elementally fractionated atmosphere. Subsolar gas is mainly released (up to 78% of the bulk36Ar) at 1300–1600 °C and through crushing, suggesting that enstatite and friable phases are the host phases. Subsolar gas is isotopically identical to solar gas, but elementally fractionated. These observations are consistent with a previous study, which suggested that subsolar gas could be fractionated solar wind having been implanted into chondrule precursors (Okazaki et al. 2001). Unlike subsolar gas‐free ECs, the primordial gas concentrations of subsolar gas‐carrying ECs are not simply correlated with the petrologic type. It is inferred that subsolar gas‐rich chondrules were heterogeneously distributed in the solar nebula and accreted to form subsolar gas‐carrying ECs. Subsequent metamorphic and impact‐shock heating events have affected noble gas compositions to various degrees.
A Novel Turbomachinery Air-Brake Concept for Quiet Aircraft
Authors: Shah P. N. , Mobed D. D. , Spakovszky Z. S.
Published: May 2010

A novel air-brake concept for next-generation, low-noise civil aircraft is introduced. Deployment of such devices in clean airframe configuration can potentially reduce aircraft source noise and noise propagation to the ground. The generation of swirling outflow from a duct, such as an aircraft engine, is demonstrated to have high drag and low noise. The simplest configuration is a ram pressure-driven duct with stationary swirl vanes, a so-called swirl tube. A detailed aerodynamic design is performed using first principles based modeling and high-fidelity numerical simulations. The swirl-drag-noise relationship is quantified through scale-model aerodynamic and aeroacoustic wind tunnel tests. The maximum measured stable flow drag coefficient is 0.83 at exit swirl angles close to 50 deg. The acoustic signature, extrapolated to full-scale, is found to be well below the background noise of a well-populated area. Vortex breakdown is found to be the aerodynamically and acoustically limiting phenomenon, generating a white-noise signature that is about 15 dB louder than a stable swirling flow.
Volume Dynamics Propulsion System Modeling for Supersonics Vehicle Research
Authors: Kopasakis George , Connolly Joseph W. , Paxson Daniel E. , Ma Peter
Published: May 2010

Under the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics Program, the Supersonics Project is working to overcome the obstacles to supersonic commercial flight. The proposed vehicles are long, slim body aircrafts with pronounced aeroservoelastic modes. These modes can potentially couple with propulsion system dynamics, leading to performance challenges such as aircraft ride quality and stability. Other disturbances upstream of the engine generated from atmospheric wind gusts, angle of attack, and yaw can have similar effects. In addition, for optimal propulsion system performance, normal inlet-engine operations are required to be closer to compressor stall and inlet unstart. To study these phenomena, an integrated model is needed that includes both airframe structural dynamics and the propulsion system dynamics. This paper covers the propulsion system component volume dynamics modeling of a turbojet engine that will be used for an integrated vehicle aeropropulsoservoelastic model and for propulsion efficiency studies.
Unsteady Analysis of Blade and Tip Heat Transfer as Influenced by the Upstream Momentum and Thermal Wakes
Authors: Ameri Ali A. , Rigby David L. , Steinthorsson Erlendur , Heidmann James , Fabian John C.
Published: May 2010

The effect of the upstream wake on the time averaged rotor blade heat transfer was numerically investigated. The geometry and flow conditions of the first stage turbine blade of GE’s E3 engine with a tip clearance equal to 2% of the span were utilized. The upstream wake had both a total pressure and temperature deficit. The rotor inlet conditions were determined from a steady analysis of the cooled upstream vane. Comparisons between the time average of the unsteady rotor blade heat transfer and the steady analysis, which used the average inlet conditions of unsteady cases, are made to illuminate the differences between the steady and unsteady calculations. To help in the understanding of the differences between steady and unsteady results on one hand and to evaluate the effect of the total temperature wake on the other, separate calculations were performed to obtain the rotor heat transfer and adiabatic wall temperatures. It was found that the Nusselt number distribution for the time average of unsteady heat transfer is invariant if normalized by the difference in the adiabatic and wall temperatures. It appeared though that near the endwalls the Nusselt number distribution did depend on the thermal wake strength. Differences between steady and time averaged unsteady heat transfer results of up to 20% were seen on the blade surface. Differences were less on the blade tip surface.
An Axisymmetric Boundary Element Model for Determination of Articular Cartilage Pericellular Matrix Properties In Situ via Inverse Analysis of Chondron Deformation
Authors: Kim Eunjung , Guilak Farshid , Haider Mansoor A.
Published: May 2010

The pericellular matrix (PCM) is the narrow tissue region surrounding all chondrocytes in articular cartilage and, together, the chondrocyte(s) and surrounding PCM have been termed the chondron. Previous theoretical and experimental studies suggest that the structure and properties of the PCM significantly influence the biomechanical environment at the microscopic scale of the chondrocytes within cartilage. In the present study, an axisymmetric boundary element method (BEM) was developed for linear elastic domains with internal interfaces. The new BEM was employed in a multiscale continuum model to determine linear elastic properties of the PCM in situ, via inverse analysis of previously reported experimental data for the three-dimensional morphological changes of chondrons within a cartilage explant in equilibrium unconfined compression (Choi, et al., 2007, “Zonal Changes in the Three-Dimensional Morphology of the Chondron Under Compression: The Relationship Among Cellular, Pericellular, and Extracellular Deformation in Articular Cartilage,” J. Biomech., 40, pp. 2596–2603). The microscale geometry of the chondron (cell and PCM) within the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) was represented as a three-zone equilibrated biphasic region comprised of an ellipsoidal chondrocyte with encapsulating PCM that was embedded within a spherical ECM subjected to boundary conditions for unconfined compression at its outer boundary. Accuracy of the three-zone BEM model was evaluated and compared with analytical finite element solutions. The model was then integrated with a nonlinear optimization technique (Nelder–Mead) to determine PCM elastic properties within the cartilage explant by solving an inverse problem associated with the in situ experimental data for chondron deformation. Depending on the assumed material properties of the ECM and the choice of cost function in the optimization, estimates of the PCM Young's modulus ranged from ∼24 kPa to 59 kPa, consistent with previous measurements of PCM properties on extracted chondrons using micropipette aspiration. Taken together with previous experimental and theoretical studies of cell-matrix interactions in cartilage, these findings suggest an important role for the PCM in modulating the mechanical environment of the chondrocyte.
Effect of copper barrier dielectric deposition process on characterization of copper interconnect
Authors: Cheng Yi-Lung , Chiu Tai-Jung , Wei Bor-Jou , Wang Huan-Jung , Wu Jiung , Wang Ying-Lang
Published: May 2010

The effect of copper (Cu) barrier film deposition process on the Cu interconnects was investigated, including the waiting time between Cu chemical mechanical polishing and the barrier dielectric deposition, the preheating time, ammonia (NH3) plasma treatment prior to the barrier dielectric deposition, and various types of barrier dielectric. Effective treatment on the Cu surface ensures superior conductivity of the Cu interconnects and enhances the adhesion between Cu and the barrier film, causing a longer electromigration failure time. However, excessive thermal time (preheating, treatment, and deposition time) induces the Cu hillock defect. Furthermore, silicon nitride (SiN) film with a lower hydrogen content has better physical and reliability performances. Therefore, optimization of the Cu barrier deposition process is important to improve the performance of Cu interconnects.
FCHo Proteins Are Nucleators of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis
Authors: Henne William Mike , Boucrot Emmanuel , Meinecke Michael , Evergren Emma , Vallis Yvonne , Mittal Rohit , McMahon Harvey T.
Published: May 2010

Initiator for Coated Pit Assembly

During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, it has been thought that the sensing and binding of the clathrin adaptor protein AP2 to cargo and lipids leads to the recruitment of clathrin, nucleating the formation of a clathrin-coated pit.

Henne
et al.

(p.
1281
, published online 6 May) have now found that this process of AP2 binding may not in fact represent either the first or the nucleation event of endocytosis. Instead, ubiquitous proteins called FCHo1/2 (F-BAR proteins) bind to the plasma membrane and define the sites of endocytosis independently of AP2. The F-BAR protein can generate very low curvature and, at higher concentration, generates higher curvature like those required at the neck of budding vesicles. The C terminus of the protein has a mu-homology domain (with homology to the mu domain of the AP2 complex) that interacts with Eps15 and intersectin, and via these proteins recruits AP2, which further recruits clathrin. Thus, a curvature-inducing protein can act to nucleate clathrin-coated pit assembly during endocytosis.
The Fusogen EFF-1 Controls Sculpting of Mechanosensory Dendrites
Authors: Oren-Suissa Meital , Hall David H. , Treinin Millet , Shemer Gidi , Podbilewicz Benjamin
Published: May 2010

Making Menorahs

Highly branched neuronal processes are typical of numerous neurons. The mechanisms controlling the formation, maintenance and regeneration of neuronal trees are poorly understood.

Oren-Suissa
et al.

(p.
1285
, published online 6 May) observed the development of extensively arborized neurite trees—menorahs—in two highly branched mechanosensory neurons in
Caenorhabditis elegans
. EFF-1, a fusion protein known to be important for cell fusion, played a key role in arborization.
T Cell Activation at the Immunological Synapse: Vesicles Emerge for LATer Signaling
Authors: Billadeau Daniel D.
Published: May 2010

Subsynaptic vesicles that contain the adaptor protein linker of activated T cells regulate T cell signaling.
Metabolic Engineering of
Gluconobacter oxydans
for Improved Growth Rate and Growth Yield on Glucose by Elimination of Gluconate Formation
Authors: Krajewski Vera , Simić Petra , Mouncey Nigel J. , Bringer Stephanie , Sahm Hermann , Bott Michael
Published: May 2010

Gluconobacter oxydans
N44-1, an obligatory aerobic acetic acid bacterium, oxidizes glucose primarily in the periplasm to the end products 2-ketogluconate and 2,5-diketogluconate, with intermediate formation of gluconate. Only a minor part of the glucose (less than 10%) is metabolized in the cytoplasm after conversion to gluconate or after phosphorylation to glucose-6-phosphate via the only functional catabolic routes, the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. This unusual method of glucose metabolism results in a low growth yield. In order to improve it, we constructed mutants of strain N44-1 in which the gene encoding the membrane-bound glucose dehydrogenase was inactivated either alone or together with the gene encoding the cytoplasmic glucose dehydrogenase. The growth and product formation from glucose of the resulting strains, N44-1
mgdH
::
kan
and N44-1 Δ
mgdH sgdH
::
kan
, were analyzed. Both mutant strains completely consumed the glucose but produced neither gluconate nor the secondary products 2-ketogluconate and 2,5-diketogluconate. Instead, carbon dioxide formation of the mutants increased by a factor of 4 (N44-1
mgdH
::
kan
) or 5.5 (N44-1 Δ
mgdH sgdH
::
kan
), and significant amounts of acetate were produced, presumably by the activities of pyruvate decarboxylase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Most importantly, the growth yields of the two mutants increased by 110% (N44-1
mgdH
::
kan
) and 271% (N44-1 Δ
mgdH sgdH
::
kan
). In addition, the growth rates improved by 39% (N44-1
mgdH
::
kan
) and 78% (N44-1 Δ
mgdH sgdH
::
kan
), respectively, compared to the parental strain. These results show that the conversion of glucose to gluconate and ketogluconates has a strong negative impact on the growth of
G. oxydans
.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci for high level of self-incompatibility inBrassica rapaL.
Authors: Hatakeyama Katsunori , Horisaki Atsushi , Niikura Satoshi , Narusaka Yoshihiro , Abe Hiroshi , Yoshiaki Hitoshi , Ishida Masahiko , Fukuoka Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Satoru
Published: May 2010

The level of self-incompatibility (SI) is important to the purity of F1seeds produced using the SI system of Brassica vegetables. To analyze the genetic basis of the level of SI, we generated an F2population derived from a cross between a turnip inbred line showing a high level of SI and a Chinese cabbage inbred line showing a low level, and evaluated the level of SI under insect pollination in two years. We constructed a detailed linkage map of Brassica rapa from the F2progeny, consisting of SSR, SNP, indel, and CAPS loci segregating into 10 linkage groups covering approximately 700 cM. Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) for high-level SI were identified. The phenotypic variation explained by the QTL ranged between 7.2% and 23.8%. Two QTL were detected in both years. Mapping of SI-related genes revealed that these QTL were co-localized with SLG on R07 and MLPK on R03. This is the first report of QTL for high-level SI evaluated under insect pollination in a Brassica vegetable. Our results could be useful for the marker-assisted selection of parental lines with a stable SI.