bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
mTORC1‐PGC1 axis regulates mitochondrial remodeling during reprogramming
Authors: Wang Lulu , Xu Xueting , Jiang Che , Ma Gang , Huang Yinghua , Zhang Hui , Lai Yiwei , Wang Ming , Ahmed Tanveer , Lin Runxia , Guo Wenjing , Luo Zhiwei , Li Wenjuan , Zhang Meng , Ward Carl , Qian Minxian , Liu Baohua , Esteban Miguel A. , Qin Baoming
Published: July 2019

Metabolic reprogramming, hallmarked by enhanced glycolysis and reduced mitochondrial activity, is a key event in the early phase of somatic cell reprogramming. Although extensive work has been conducted to identify the mechanisms of mitochondrial remodeling in reprogramming, many questions remain. In this regard, different laboratories have proposed a role in this process for either canonical (ATG5‐dependent) autophagy‐mediated mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy), noncanonical (ULK1‐dependent, ATG5‐independent) mitophagy, mitochondrial fission or reduced biogenesis due to mTORC1 suppression. Clarifying these discrepancies is important for providing a comprehensive picture of metabolic changes in reprogramming. Yet, the comparison among these studies is difficult because they use different reprogramming conditions and mitophagy detection/quantification methods. Here, we have systematically explored mitochondrial remodeling in reprogramming using different culture media and reprogramming factor cocktails, together with appropriate quantification methods and thorough statistical analysis. Our experiments show lack of evidence for mitophagy in mitochondrial remodeling in reprogramming, and further confirm that the suppression of the mTORC1‐PGC1 pathway drives this process. Our work helps to clarify the complex interplay between metabolic changes and nutrient sensing pathways in reprogramming, which may also shed light on other contexts such as development, aging and cancer.
The fracture process in quasi‐brittle materials simulated using a lattice dynamical model
Authors: Birck Gabriel , Rinaldi Antoniox , Iturrioz Ignacio
Published: July 2019

The damage process in quasi‐brittle materials is characterized by the evolution of a micro‐crack field, followed by the joining of micro‐cracks, stress localization and crack instability. In network models, masses are lumped at nodal points which are interconnected by one‐dimensional elements with a bilinear constitutive relation, considering the energy consistency during the simulated process. In order to replicate the material imperfections, to render a realistic behaviour in damage localization, the model has not only random elastic and rupture properties, but also a geometric perturbation. In the present paper 2D plates with different levels of brittleness are simulated. The numerical results are presented in terms of global stress vs strain diagram, final network configuration, energy balance during the process and as geometric damage evolution. Therefore, the predictive potential of the lattice discrete element model to capture fracture processes in quasi‐brittle materials is demonstrated.
Carbon isotopic composition of lipid biomarkers from an endoevaporitic gypsum crust microbial mat reveals cycling of mineralized organic carbon
Authors: Jahnke Linda L. , Des Marais David J.
Published: July 2019

Microbial mats that inhabit gypsum deposits in ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico, developed distinct pigmented horizons that provided an opportunity to examine the fixation and flow of carbon through a trophic structure and, in conjunction with previous phylogenetic analyses, to assess the diagenetic fates of molecular δ13C biosignatures. The δ13C values of individual biomarker lipids, total carbon, and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined for each of the following horizons: tan‐orange (TO) at the surface, green (G), purple (P), and olive‐black (OB) at the bottom. δ13C of individual fatty acids from intact polar lipids (IPFA) in TO were similar to δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the overlying water column, indicating limited discrimination by cyanobacteria during CO2 fixation. δ13CTOC of the underlying G was 3‰ greater than that of TO. The most δ13C‐depleted acetogenic lipids in the upper horizons were the cyanobacterial biomarkers C17 n‐alkanes and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bishomohopanol was 4 to 7‰ enriched, relative to alkanes and intact polar fatty acids (IPFA), respectively. Acyclic C20 isoprenoids were depleted by 14‰ relative to bishomohopanol. Significantly, ∆[δ13CTOC − δ13C∑IPFA] increased from 6.9‰ in TO to 14.7‰ in OB. This major trend might indicate that 13C‐enriched residual organic matter accumulated at depth. The permanently anoxic P horizon was dominated by anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate‐reducing bacteria. P hosted an active sulfur‐dependent microbial community. IPFA and bishomohopanol were 13C‐depleted relative to upper crust by 7 and 4‰, respectively, and C20 isoprenoids were somewhat 13C‐enriched. Synthesis of alkanes in P was evidenced only by 13C‐depleted n‐octadecane and 8‐methylhexadecane. In OB, the marked increase of total inorganic carbon δ13C (δ13CTIC) of >6‰ perhaps indicated terminal mineralization. This δ13CTIC increase is consistent with degradation of the osmolyte glycine betaine by methylotrophic methanogens and loss of 13C‐depleted methane from the mat.
Exploratory research on outcomes for individuals missing through dementia wandering in Japan
Authors: Kikuchi Kazunori , Ijuin Mutsuo , Awata Shuichi , Suzuki Takao
Published: July 2019

Aim

To clarify the factors related to outcomes of individuals missing through dementia wandering.

Methods

We carried out binary logistic regression analysis with 160 family members of missing persons (88 survivors, 72 decedents).

Results

Living alone at the point of going missing (OR 13.45, 95% CI 1.12–161.56), being found within the local area (OR 6.36, 95% CI 2.26–17.88), and a long period between going missing and being found (OR 6.14, 95% CI 3.14–12.00) were significantly related with death.

Conclusions

Early detection of missing persons is essential in preventing dementia wandering‐related deaths. The time taken to locate missing dementia patients who lived alone was longer, relative to that of those who lived with others, and this increased the risk of death. Furthermore, the locations where the deceased were located tended to be local, rather than distant areas. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 902–906.
Factors predicting vancomycin therapy outcomes in hemodialysis outpatients and the role of the nephrology stewardship pharmacist
Authors: El Nekidy Wasim S. , El‐Masri Maher M. , Ghazi Islam M. , Soong Derrick
Published: July 2019

Background

Vancomycin is the default antibiotic to treat methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hemodialysis (HD) units. Current guidelines recommend a vancomycin trough range of 15 to 20 mg/L for serious infections. Data regarding the clinical success of these recommendations are scarce in HD patients.

Purpose

The purpose of this studies is to evaluate the treatment outcomes of vancomycin in HD patients.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of HD outpatients who received parenteral vancomycin for suspected or documented MRSA infections in a community hospital in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the independent predictors of the treatment outcomes.

Results

Of 77 HD patients, 113 vancomycin treatment courses were identified. The unadjusted bivariate comparisons suggested that there was no difference between treatment success and failure groups in terms of: mean loading dose (1663.6 ± 451.9 mg vs. 1614.3 ± 471 mg, P = 0.621), mean pre‐HD concentration after loading dose (12.78 ± 4.4 mg/L vs. 13.34 ± 4.5 mg/L, P = 0.601), and mean maintenance dose (1012.1 ± 108 mg vs. 1069.7 ± 227 mg, P = 0.093). The groups were, however, different on their mean pre‐HD drug concentration after maintenance dose (15.99 ± 4.6 mg/L vs. 19.9 ± 5.8 mg/L, P = 0.002). The adjusted logistic regression results, however, suggested that the type of infection was the only independent predictor of vancomycin success (OR = 11.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.2–38.48). Specifically, patients treated for bacteremia were 11 times more likely to experience cure as compared with diabetic foot infection and/or osteomyelitis. Similarly, those with skin and soft tissue infections were 10.7 times more likely to experience cure than those with diabetic foot infection and/or osteomyelitis (OR = 10.7; 95% CI = 3.63–31.58).

Conclusion

The suggested vancomycin pre‐HD concentration in the guidelines did not predict the treatment outcomes. Patients with bacteremia and/or skin or soft tissue infections were more likely to achieve clinical cure than patients with diabetic foot/osteomyelitis infections.
Extraoral plasmablastic lymphomas in a high human immunodeficiency virus endemic area
Authors: Meer Shabnum , Perner Yvonne , McAlpine Ewen D , Willem Pascale
Published: July 2019

Aims

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) occurs mainly in immunocompromised individuals, usually secondary to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It classically occurs intraorally, but has been described in extraoral locations. The aim of this study was to define the immunophenotype and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status in a large single‐centre cohort of extraoral PBL (EPBL) in South Africa, a high‐prevalence HIV setting.

Methods and results

This retrospective study of 45 EPBLs included patients' age, gender, race, HIV status, and site. Cases were reviewed histologically, and classified morphologically as pure plasmablastic or plasmablastic with plasmacytic differentiation, and assessed immunohistochemically with antibodies against CD45, CD20, CD79a, PAX5, CD138, MUM1/IRF4, BLIMP1, VS38c, Ki67, bcl‐6, CD10, cyclin D1, and human herpesvirus‐8, by the use of standard automated procedures. EBV was assessed by the use of chromogenic in‐situ hybridisation. Tumours were assessed with a fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation (FISH) MYC break‐apart probe. Twenty‐seven PBLs showed pure plasmablastic morphology, and 18 showed plasmacytic differentiation. The male/female ratio was 1.5:1. The anus was the favoured extraoral site (31.1%), followed by lymph nodes (15.6%). All 29 patients with known HIV status were HIV‐positive. The immunohistochemical profile recapitulated that reported for oral PBLs and EPBLs in HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients. EBV was positive in 92.5% of PBLs. FISH analysis showed MYC rearrangement in 48% of cases.

Conclusion

This study showed a strong association of EPBLs with HIV and EBV infection, similarly to the previously described oral PBL. The strong EBV association together with other clinicopathological parameters and an immunohistochemical profile that includes CD45, CD20, MUM1/IRF4, CD138 and Ki67 may be used in distinguishing PBL from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and plasma cell myeloma.
On the Vicarious Humanity of Christ
Authors: Crisp Oliver D.
Published: July 2019

In the recent literature there has been a spate of essays, articles and books discussing the question of whether Christ had a ‘fallen’ human nature. This article offers a new argument for the conclusion that Christ had a fallen but not sinful human nature that was ‘healed’ of its fallenness at the moment of assumption by the Word – what we shall call, the vicarious humanity of Christ view. This account concedes to the defender of Christ's ‘fallen’ humanity that his human nature is generated in a fallen state (and immediately cleansed of fallenness in the act of assumption). And it concedes to the defender of Christ's sinlessness the claim that Christ is without sin from the first moment of incarnation. This represents an important via media in the contemporary debate about this vexed christological topic.
Managing multiple forms of strategic training fit through the Balanced Scorecard
Authors: Cifalinò Antonella , Lisi Irene Eleonora
Published: July 2019

Although the literature recognizes training as an essential driver of organizational effectiveness, little is still known about how to explicitly focus and align training to organizational strategic priorities. This note proposes a model that bridges the strategic human resource management (SHRM) literature and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) literature – which is one of the most widely recognized strategic performance evaluation approaches intended to foster organizational alignment by translating the firm's strategy into a multidimensional set of financial and non‐financial measures. After having briefly discussed the main differences between the return on investment (ROI) model, which represents one of the major attempt to make training strategic within the existing evaluation research, and the BSC model applied to training management, this note highlights multiple forms of strategic training fit and suggests how to manage training through various scenarios of BSC development. Specifically, the note illustrates four forms of strategic fit – the vertical fit, the horizontal inter‐functional fit, the horizontal intra‐functional fit and the human capital readiness – and discusses their pursuit in terms of six scenarios of training management through the BSC. The note expands some exploratory empirical evidence on the feasibility and usefulness of training scorecards (i.e. the application of the BSC to training) in order to develop some theoretical insights and practical guidance on how they can be leveraged to foster the strategic alignment of training.
Over‐expression of p190RhoGEF enhances B‐cell activation and germinal center formation in T‐cell‐dependent humoral immune responses
Authors: Jeong Ji Hye , Ha Yun Jung , Choi So‐Yeon , Kim Jee‐Hae , Yun Yungdae , Lee Jong Ran
Published: July 2019

Previously, we reported induced expression of the p190 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (p190RhoGEF, ARHGEF28) following CD40 stimulation of B cells isolated from mouse spleen. We also reported that p190RhoGEF and a downstream effector molecule RhoA are required for B‐cell differentiation, especially for the induction of the plasma cell (PC) differentiation. This study investigates the role of p190RhoGEF in B‐cell biology in vivo, using p190RhoGEF transgenic (TG) mice that overexpress a wild‐type full gene in B cells. Immunization of these mice with T‐cell‐dependent antigen showed that populations of germinal center B cells and PCs were significantly increased in TG mice. Furthermore, similar results were shown in recombination activating 1 (Rag1) knockout mice that were reconstituted with B cells isolated from TG mice in combination with T cells isolated from littermate control mice. Analyses of isotype class switching and transcription factors involved in a germinal center reaction and PC differentiation also supported the findings from the cellular responses. These results suggest that p190RhoGEF may play a role in the stage of PC differentiation during T‐cell‐dependent humoral immune responses.
Union suppression and union substitution strategies of multinational enterprises in Ghana
Authors: Ayentimi Desmond Tutu , Burgess John , Dayaram Kantha
Published: July 2019

This article complements the literature by furthering the understanding of an ‘African dimension’ of multinational enterprise (MNE) union avoidance. The evidence suggests that MNEs engaged in both union suppression and union substitution strategies by (i) exploiting young employees' apathy to promote opposition and indifference for union organisation (evil stuff), (ii) implementing union member‐centred employee retrenchment (fear stuff), (iii) using enterprise‐level collective bargaining arrangement to suppress union bargaining power (fear and fatal stuff), (iv) exploiting the fragmented labour union environment to suppress union organisation (fatal and evil stuff) and (v) promoting individual employee voice and involvement mechanisms (sweet stuff). Although MNEs in Ghana engaged in both union suppression and union substitution strategies, they appear to particularly favour the adoption of ‘union suppression’ strategies and what might be termed as ‘corridor tactics’. Our article highlights four transitional issues underpinning the emerging success of ‘corridor tactics’ in union suppression in a less developed host country.
Union organising and Full‐time Officers: acquiescence and resistance
Authors: Looker Gerry
Published: July 2019

In the mid‐1990s, the TUC relaunched itself with a strategy for renewal labelled ‘new unionism’. The strategy had two strands: partnership with employers and the promotion among affiliate unions of grassroots union organising. The latter, heavily influenced by US and Australian experience, saw possibilities for a more radical trade unionism in the UK. This article draws on a case study of Unison to analyse the organising strand of new unionism. It identifies how top‐down approaches to organising are distorted by union bureaucracy for the priority of recruitment, not only limiting the possibility of emerging union radicalisation but also restricting the ability of trade unions to represent their members. The article also identifies that the position of union Full‐time Officers is complex and not necessarily within a uniform union bureaucracy juxtaposed to and restraining a more radical union rank and file.
Understanding context: A concept analysis
Authors: Squires Janet E. , Graham Ian , Bashir Kainat , Nadalin‐Penno Letitia , Lavis John , Francis Jill , Curran Janet , Grimshaw Jeremy M. , Brehaut Jamie , Ivers Noah , Michie Susan , Hillmer Michael , Noseworthy Thomas , Vine Jocelyn , Demery Varin Melissa , Aloisio Laura D. , Coughlin Mary , Hutchinson Alison M.
Published: July 2019

Aims

To conduct a concept analysis of clinical practice contexts (work environments) in health care.

Background

Context is increasingly recognized as important to the development, delivery, and understanding of implementation strategies; however, conceptual clarity about what comprises context is lacking.

Design

Modified Walker and Avant concept analysis comprised of five steps: (1) concept selection; (2) determination of aims; (3) identification of uses of context; (4) determination of its defining attributes; and (5) definition of its empirical referents.

Methods

A wide range of databases were systematically searched from inception to August 2014. Empirical articles were included if a definition and/or attributes of context were reported. Theoretical articles were included if they reported a model, theory, or framework of context or where context was a component. Double independent screening and data extraction were conducted. Analysis was iterative, involving organizing and reorganizing until a framework of domains, attributes. and features of context emerged.

Result

We identified 15,972 references, of which 70 satisfied our inclusion criteria. In total, 201 unique features of context were identified, of these 89 were shared (reported in two or more studies). The 89 shared features were grouped into 21 attributes of context which were further categorized into six domains of context.

Conclusion

This study resulted in a framework of domains, attributes and features of context. These attributes and features, if assessed and used to tailor implementation activities, hold promise for improved research implementation in clinical practice.
Psychological interventions in reducing stress, depression and anxiety among parents of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sohmaran Chithrra , Shorey Shefaly
Published: July 2019

Aims

To evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing stress, depression and anxiety among parents of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.

Design

A systematic review and a meta‐analysis.

Data sources

Seven electronic databases (CINAHL, CENTRAL, EMBASE, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus) were searched from each database's point of inception to December 2018.

Review methods

Quality appraisal was conducted using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Data were analysed using Review Manager 5.3. The overall quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Results

A total of 18 studies were included in this review. Eleven studies were involved in a meta‐analysis and the remaining seven studies were summarized narratively. The meta‐analysis found that psychological interventions significantly reduced parental stress at postintervention but not at 3–6 months’ postintervention. Inconclusive evidence was found for the effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing parental depression and anxiety.

Conclusion

Psychological interventions appeared to reduce parental stress temporarily. Healthcare professionals can offer varied psychological interventions for parents to choose from. Policymakers can ease accessibility and affordability for parents to attend interventions.

Impact

Psychological interventions were found to have short‐term effects in reducing parental stress. Inconclusive evidence was found for the effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing parental depression and anxiety. Healthcare professionals should ensure that knowledge is transmitted to parents when delivering their interventions. Policymakers worldwide should ensure that parents of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities can attend interventions by making them accessible and affordable.
Effect of ablation at high‐dominant frequency sites overlapping with low‐voltage areas after pulmonary vein isolation of nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Kumagai Koji , Minami Kentaro , Sugai Yoshinao , Sumiyoshi Takenori , Komaru Tatsuya
Published: July 2019

Background

The relationship between high‐dominant frequency (DF) sites and low‐voltage areas (LVAs) in nonparoxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) patients still remains unknown.

Objective

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ablation at high‐DF sites overlapping with LVAs after pulmonary vein ablation (PVI) of nonparoxysmal AF.

Methods

A total of 128 consecutive nonparoxysmal patients with atrial fibrillation (53 persistent AF) were retrospectively investigated. The patients with AF were divided into two groups: patients with circumferential PVI alone (PVI group, n = 57) and those with PVI followed by a DF‐based ablation (DF group, n = 71).

Results

The patient characteristics did not significantly differ between the two groups. However, the LVA ( < 0.5 mV)/left atrial (LA) surface was significantly greater in the DF than the PVI group (22% vs 16%, P = .02). The total max‐DF sites overlapping with LVAs in the LA were significantly greater in the DF than the PVI group (91% vs 10%, P = .001). The atrial arrhythmia freedom on antiarrhythmic drugs in the DF group was significantly greater than that in the PVI group during 10.0 ± 3.2 months of follow‐up (83.1% vs 64.9%, log‐rank test P = .021). The event‐free survival in the PVI group decreased according to the LVA extent while it was > 80% in the DF group. The event‐free survival in patients with AF especially with extensive LVAs ( ≥ 30%) in the DF group was significantly greater than that in the PVI group (81.0% vs 45.5%, log‐rank test P = .035).

Conclusions

High‐DF sites overlapping with LVAs after the PVI may be potential selective targets for modification of atrial substrates in nonparoxysmal AF patients.
‘There Are Voices in Every Direction’: Organizational Decoupling in Frontex*
Authors: Perkowski Nina
Published: July 2019

This article analyses Frontex through the lens of organizational sociology, challenging conventional accounts of the agency as a coherent, rational actor. Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork, it argues that Frontex can more appropriately be understood as a fragmented and only loosely coupled organization, with discrepancies existing between different units, languages and structures, and between those implementing Frontex operations on the ground, staff in the headquarters, and the management board. The article shows that, faced with contradictory demands, Frontex seeks to maintain support from its environment and to preserve legitimacy among its key stakeholders; in particular the European Parliament, the Commission and different member states. The loose coupling of the agency allows for the coexistence of different rationalities across different aspects of Frontex's work, catering to diverse stakeholders while also minimizing open conflict within the organization.
Moving beyond randomized controlled trials in the evaluation of compulsory community treatment
Authors: Duncan Craig , Weich Scott , Moon Graham , Twigg Liz , Fenton Sarah‐Jane , Bhui Kamaldeep , Canaway Alastair , Crepaz‐Keay David , Keown Patrick , Madan Jason , McBride Orla , Parsons Helen , Singh Swaran
Published: July 2019

Compulsory community treatment for people with severe mental illness remains controversial due to conflicting research evidence. Recently, there have been challenges to the conventional view that trial‐based evidence should take precedence. This paper adds to these challenges in three ways. First, it emphasizes the need for critiques of trials to engage with conceptual and not just technical issues. Second, it develops a critique of trials centred on both how we can have knowledge and what it is we can have knowledge of. Third, it uses this critique to develop a research strategy that capitalizes on the information in large‐scale datasets.
Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase polymorphisms are predictors of anemia in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C during therapy with ribavirin and interferon
Authors: Chi Xiumei , Wang Moli , Pan Yu , Jiang Jing , Jiang Tao , Yan Hongqing , Wu Ruihong , Wang Xiaomei , Gao Xiuzhu , Niu Junqi
Published: July 2019

Background and Aim

Polymorphisms of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (rs1127354 and rs6051702) and interferon lambda 4 (IFLN4) (rs12979860) are indicators of anemia and/or sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C on ribavirin/interferon. The study aims to investigate the associations of rs1127354, rs6051702, and rs12979860 with hemoglobin levels and SVR in patients on ribavirin/interferon.

Methods

Polymorphisms were detected by pyrosequencing. Levels of hemoglobin and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA were measured at weeks 2, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 of treatment.

Results

A total of 351 patients (median age, 50 years; male, 71.2%) were recruited and had HCV genotypes 1b (55.8%) or 2a (37.0%). Vedian baseline hemoglobin and HCV RNA were 155 g/dL and 6.07 log10 IU/mL. Major allele homozygosity was observed in 76.3% for rs1127354 (CC), 70.9% for rs6051702 (AA), and 89.7% for rs12979860 (CC). At 4 weeks of ribavirin/interferon treatment, a more significant reduction in hemoglobin was observed with rs112754 CC than with AC/AA (P < 0.05). A decline ≥3 g/dL was more common in patients with the rs112754 CC than with the other two polymorphisms. No significant change was observed regarding rs6051702 and rs12979860 variants. In the multivariable analysis, rs1127354 AA/AC (vs CC) were independently associated with lower odds of hemoglobin decline of > 3 g/dL at 4 weeks (odds ratio, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.09–0.46; P < 0.0001). In 258 patients with 72‐week outcome data available, rs1127354, rs6051702, and rs12979860 were not associated with SVR (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion

rs1127354 polymorphisms are associated with hemoglobin levels in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with ribavirin/interferon.
The impact of empathy on work engagement in hemodialysis nurses: The mediating role of resilience
Authors: Cao Xiaoyi , Chen Lin
Published: July 2019

Aim

To examine the reciprocal associations between empathy, resilience and work engagement, and to explore the mediating effect of resilience on the empathy and work engagement relationship among hemodialysis nurses in China.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional quantitative study. A convenience sampling was used to investigate 582 hemodialysis nurses in Chengdu, China. Structural equation modeling technique was conducted to analyze the mediating effect of resilience on the association between empathy and work engagement.

Results

Empathy and resilience were direct, positive and significant predictors for work engagement. Empathy also had a direct, positive and significant predictive effect on resilience. Empathy indirectly and significantly affected work engagement via the partial mediating effect of resilience.

Conclusion

Higher empathic ability may lead to greater work engagement by enhancing resilience. Attention should be paid to the development of empathic capacity and resilience to foster work engagement in hemodialysis nurses.
Activation of GSK3β induced by recall of cocaine reward memories is dependent on GluN2A/B NMDA receptor signaling
Authors: Shi Xiangdang , von Weltin Eva , Barr Jeffrey L. , Unterwald Ellen M.
Published: July 2019

Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK3β) is a critical regulator of the balance between long‐term depression and long‐term potentiation which is essential for learning and memory. Our previous study demonstrated that GSK3β activity is highly induced during cocaine memory reactivation, and that reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory is attenuated by inhibition of GSK3β. NMDA receptors and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) are activators of GSK3β. Thus, this study investigated the roles of NMDA receptor subtypes and PP1in the reconsolidation of cocaine contextual reward memory. Cocaine contextual memories were established and evaluated using cocaine conditioned place preference methods. The regulation of GSK3β activity in specific brain areas was assessed by measuring its phosphorylation state using immunoblot assays. Mice underwent cocaine place conditioning for 8 days and were tested for place preference on day 9. Twenty‐four hours later, mice were briefly confined to the compartment previous paired with cocaine to reactivate cocaine‐associated memories. Administration of the GluN2A‐ and GluN2B‐NMDA receptor antagonists, NVP‐AAM077 and ifenprodil, respectively, immediately following recall abrogated an established cocaine place preference, while preventing the activation of GSK3β in the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus during cocaine memory reactivation. PP1 inhibition with okadaic acid also blocked the activation of GSK3β and attenuated a previously established cocaine place preference. These findings suggest that the dephosphorylation of GSK3β that occurred upon activation of cocaine‐associated reward memories may be initiated by the activation of PP1 during the induction of NMDA receptor‐dependent reconsolidation of cocaine mnemonic traces. Moreover, the importance of NMDA receptors and PP1 in reconsolidation of cocaine memory makes them potential therapeutic targets in treatment of cocaine use disorder and prevention of relapse.

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External Financing Constraints and Firm Innovation
Authors: Giebel Marek , Kraft Kornelius
Published: July 2019

We investigate the effect of individual banks affected by the recent financial crisis of 2008/2009 on the innovation activities of their business customers. Firms associated with a bank that relies strongly on the interbank market are more likely to be exposed to a credit supply shock during the financial crisis and therefore face external financing constraints. Exploiting both the extensive and the intensive margin, our difference‐in‐differences results imply that those firms which have a business relation to a bank with higher interbank market reliance reduce their innovation activities during the financial crisis to a higher degree than other firms. Tests for additional expenditures reveal that marketing expenditures show a lower or even no sensitivity to bank financing during the financial crisis.
Students Seeking Mental Health Services at School‐Based Health Centers: Characteristics and Utilization Patterns
Authors: Stempel Hilary , Cox‐Martin Matthew G. , O'Leary Sonja , Stein Rachel , Allison Mandy A
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

School‐based health centers (SBHC) can address unmet mental health needs. Little is known about how students seek care from different providers at SBHCs. We describe and compare how students' SBHC visits differ for students seen by mental health providers (MH group) relative to students seen only by primary care providers (PC group).

METHODS

Using administrative data with ICD‐9 codes from 9 SBHCs in Denver, Colorado serving youth 10‐19 years old during the 2014‐2015 school year, we analyzed predictors of SBHC clinic visits via negative binomial regression and ICD‐9 codes for first visit to MH providers.

RESULTS

Mental health users (N = 516) had an average of 14.2 ± 12.9 SBHC visits and PC users (N = 4026) had an average of 2.6 ± 2.4 SBHC visits annually. Students in the MH group, those with public insurance, and females had a higher incidence rate ratio for SBHC clinic visits than PC group students, those with private insurance, and males respectively. Depression was the most common primary diagnosis for the first MH visit.

CONCLUSIONS

Students accessing MH services at SBHC return for follow up visits at higher rates than students only seeing PC providers. SBHCs represent a valuable opportunity to enhance integrated mental health services.
Effects of light and temperature on the growth of Takayama helix (Dinophyceae): mixotrophy as a survival strategy against photoinhibition
Authors: Ok Jin Hee , Jeong Hae Jin , Lim An Suk , You Ji Hyun , Kang Hee Chang , Kim So Jin , Lee Sung Yeon
Published: July 2019

Takayama helix is a mixotrophic dinoflagellate that can feed on diverse algal prey. We explored the effects of light intensity and water temperature, two important physical factors, on its autotrophic and mixotrophic growth rates when fed on Alexandrium minutum CCMP1888. Both the autotrophic and mixotrophic growth rates and ingestion rates of T. helix on A. minutum were significantly affected by photon flux density. Positive growth rates of T. helix at 6–58 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 were observed in both the autotrophic (maximum rate = 0.2 · d−1) and mixotrophic modes (0.4 · d−1). Of course, it did not grow both autotrophically and mixotrophically in complete darkness. At ≥247 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1, the autotrophic growth rates were negative (i.e., photoinhibition), but mixotrophy turned these negative rates to positive. Both autotrophic and mixotrophic growth and ingestion rates were significantly affected by water temperature. Under both autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions, it grew at 15–28°C, but not at ≤10 or 30°C. Therefore, both light intensity and temperature are critical factors affecting the survival and growth of T. helix.
Community violence concerns and adolescent sleep: Physiological regulation and race as moderators
Authors: Philbrook Lauren E. , Buckhalt Joseph A. , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: July 2019

Prior work has demonstrated that greater community violence concerns are associated with poor sleep quality among adolescents. However, these effects may not be uniform across all youth. The present study examined the role of individual difference variables, physiological regulation and race, as moderators of risk in the relation between adolescents’ community violence concerns and their sleep. Adolescents (N = 219; 55.3% female; 69.9% White/European American, 30.1% Black/African American) participated in the study when they were 18 years old (M = 17.7 years, SD = 1.0). Physiological regulation was assessed via respiratory sinus arrhythmia, a measure of parasympathetic regulation, at rest and in response to a stressor. Adolescents wore actigraphs for 7 nights to assess their sleep duration and quality, and reported on their community violence concerns via a well‐validated questionnaire. Results demonstrated a consistent pattern of interactions, such that African American adolescents who showed less adaptive patterns of regulating physiological arousal experienced shorter sleep duration and poorer sleep quality in the context of greater community violence concerns. Community violence concerns were not associated with sleep for White adolescents. The findings may suggest that race‐related stressors exacerbate risk for poor sleep among African American adolescents who experience more community violence concerns and have more difficulty regulating physiological arousal. Coping strategies for managing stress and arousal may be helpful for improving sleep for some youth.
The Butterfly Schema in the Classical Instrumental Style: A Product of the Tendency for Congruence
Authors: RAWBONE TREVOR , JAN STEVEN
Published: July 2019

This article integrates theories that explain musical schemata as psychological and statistical associations of features with those that define schemata as collections of cognitively generated archetypes. It is proposed that styles contain a spectrum of features but tend towards congruence. This propensity is thought to originate in cognition and becomes manifest in and between the features of styles. A localised structure, termed thebutterfly schema, is argued to be in part a product of the tendency for congruence which is incorporated into the Classical instrumental style. An analysis of the styles and schemata of the Baroque, Classical and Romantic periods explicates their distinct forms of congruent structuring. A survey of European instrumental music of circa 1750–1850 compares the quantity and type of butterfly schemata in samples from the first half of this time period with those from the second. It is found that butterfly schemata with highly congruent features are more common in the earlier, Classical‐period samples, suggesting that they are a product of the tendency for congruence in the particular form defined.
The challenge of invasive mosquito vectors in the U.K. during 2016–2018: a summary of the surveillance and control of Aedes albopictus
Authors: Vaux A. G. C. , Dallimore T. , CULL B. , Schaffner F. , Strode C. , Pflüger V. , Murchie A. K. , Rea I. , Newham Z. , Mcginley L. , Catton M. , Gillingham E. L. , Medlock J. M.
Published: July 2019

Mosquito‐borne diseases resulting from the expansion of two key vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), continue to challenge whole regions and continents around the globe. In recent years there have been human cases of disease associated with Chikungunya, dengue and Zika viruses. In Europe, the expansion of Ae. albopictus has resulted in local transmission of Chikungunya and dengue viruses. This paper considers the risk that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus represent for the U.K. and details the results of mosquito surveillance activities. Surveillance was conducted at 34 points of entry, 12 sites serving vehicular traffic and two sites of used tyre importers. The most common native mosquito recorded was Culex pipiens s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae). The invasive mosquito Ae. albopictus was detected on three occasions in southern England (September 2016, July 2017 and July 2018) and subsequent control strategies were conducted. These latest surveillance results demonstrate ongoing incursions of Ae. albopictus into the U.K. via ground vehicular traffic, which can be expected to continue and increase as populations in nearby countries expand, particularly in France, which is the main source of ex‐continental traffic.
Evolutionary potential for genomic islands of sexual divergence on recombining sex chromosomes
Authors: Otto Sarah P.
Published: July 2019

Differentiated sex chromosomes are thought to develop through the accumulation of polymorphisms at loci subject to opposing selection between males and females, and/or between haploids and diploids. As sex chromosomes differentiate, reduced recombination becomes favored between selected loci and the sex‐determining region, strengthening genetic associations between alleles favored in a sex and the corresponding sex chromosome.

Here a model is analyzed to explore whether polymorphism at one sexually or ploidally antagonistic locus facilitates the spread of rare alleles at other loci experiencing antagonistic selection, promoting further differentiation of the sex chromosomes.

It is found that antagonistic polymorphisms can spread and capture other such loci, building ‘genomic islands’ of differentiation on sex chromosomes, but the conditions are very restrictive, requiring the loci to be strongly selected, tightly linked and distant from the sex‐determining region. Epistatic interactions can facilitate the promotion of polymorphism among selected loci, but only if preferentially favoring heterozygotes.

Although these results apply to any taxa, plants provide a fertile ground for testing these and related theories given the recurrent evolutionary transitions to dioecy, which provide multiple opportunities to track the early evolution of sex chromosomes.
M1 macrophages regulate TLR4/AP1 via paracrine to promote alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis
Authors: Zhu Li‐Fang , Li Lu , Wang Xiao‐Qian , Pan Lu , Mei You‐Min , Fu Yong‐Wei , Xu Yan
Published: July 2019

Objective

Macrophages could be fully polarized and acquire specific phenotype like M1, which considered to be essential for the alveolar bone destruction during the development of periodontitis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of M1 macrophages on the alveolar bone destruction are still not clear yet.

Methods

Mouse periodontitis model was established to determine the involvement of M1 macrophages in the pathogenic process. Condition medium of the M1 macrophages (M1‐CM) was incubated with pre‐osteoblasts to evaluate its effects on the osteoblastogenesis. Cells after treatment with CM were used for RNA‐sequencing, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining to figure out pathways involved in the inhibition of osteoblastogenesis.

Results

Increased infiltration of M1 macrophages was associated with alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. M1‐CM markedly suppressed the generation of osteoblasts as evidenced by decreased expressions of Runx2 and Ocn, as well as reduced activity of ALP. Interestingly, RNA‐sequencing indicated the activation of TLR4/AP1 signaling pathway in pre‐osteoblasts treated with CM. Inhibition of TLR4 reduced the translocation of AP1 and rescued the osteoblastogenesis reduced by M1‐CM.

Conclusion

M1 macrophages induce TLR4/AP1 signaling of pre‐osteoblasts to inhibit the osteoblastogenesis via paracrine, at least partially contributing to alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis.
Patterned cutaneous hypopigmentation phenotype characterization: A retrospective study in 106 children
Authors: Belzile Eugénie , McCuaig Catherine , Le Meur Jean‐Baptiste , Coulombe Jérôme , Hatami Afshin , Powell Julie , Rivière Jean‐Baptiste , Marcoux Danielle
Published: July 2019

Background

Cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation's phenotype is highly variable and may be associated with extracutaneous anomalies.

Objective

We evaluated the phenotypic and clinical characteristics of patients with cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation to determine whether certain patterns were more likely to be associated with underlying anomalies.

Methods

The charts of 106 children with cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were reviewed retrospectively (2007‐2018) at Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Centre, in Montreal, Canada. Retrieved information included sex, age at diagnosis, phototype, pattern, and distribution of the cutaneous lesions and the presence of extracutaneous findings. Data were recorded on a software tool which collects and analyzes phenotypic information.

Results

The predominant types of cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were along Blaschko's lines in narrow (38.7%) and broad bands (53.8%). Mixed patterns were observed in 22.5% of children. The anterior trunk and posterior trunk were most frequently affected (69% and 56%, respectively). Extracutaneous involvement, especially neurological and developmental, was present in 28.3% of patients and was significantly associated with ≥ 4 involved body sites.

Conclusion

Distribution and types of cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were not predictive of extracutaneous findings, with the exception of multiple sites involvement and possibly centrofacial location and blocklike lesions. Follow‐up until school entry should help identify subtler associated extracutaneous anomalies.
The metaphysics of emergent spacetime theories
Authors: Martens Niels C.M.
Published: July 2019

The debate concerning the ontological status of spacetime is standardly construed as a dilemma between substantivalism and relationalism. I argue that a trilemma is more appropriate, emergent spacetime theories being the third category. Traditional philosophical arguments do not distinguish between emergent spacetime and substantivalism. It is arguments from physics that suggest giving up substantivalism in favour of emergent spacetime theories. The remaining new dilemma is between emergent spacetime and relationalism. I provide a list of questions, which one should consider when discussing emergent spacetime theories, and apply them to a quantum superfluid toy model of emergent spacetime.
Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis
Authors: Zhang Gary D. , Black Lucinda J. , Cooper Matthew N. , Lucas Robyn M. , Gorman Shelley
Published: July 2019

Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide. Exposure to low‐dose ultraviolet radiation (like that in sunlight) suppresses the development of obesity in mice; however, the nature of the associations between sun exposure and adiposity is not well understood in humans. The present study characterized cross‐sectional relationships between sun exposure and adiposity in a convenience cohort of breast (n = 269; mean age = 58 years) and prostate (n = 78; mean age = 69 years) cancer patients. Participants were enrolled in a 3‐month exercise program in Perth, Australia. Self‐reported questionnaires measured time spent outdoors (previous week, winter and summer), sex, age, treatment received and physical activity levels. Adiposity measures included body mass index, waist‐hip ratio and body fat percentage (measured via DXA). In unadjusted models, greater time spent outdoors across all times was significantly associated with lower waist‐hip ratio, while greater time spent outdoors in the last winter was associated with lower body fat percentage, but not when stratified by sex. There were no statistically significant associations between time spent outdoors and adiposity after adjusting for sex, age, treatments received and physical activity. Longitudinal studies in larger populations may elucidate significant associations not found in our study due to the cross‐sectional design and power limitations.
The Contemporary Presidency: How Presidents Utilize Their Emergency Powers
Authors: Ouyang Yu , Morgan Michael A.
Published: July 2019

What explains how presidents utilize their emergency powers? In the recent political battle with Congress over the U.S.–Mexico border, President Donald Trump announced his willingness to invoke his emergency powers to construct the controversial wall if Congress continued to oppose his decisions. While his action was met with strong, mostly partisan responses, the declaration of national emergencies to fulfill policy objectives is not unique to the Trump administration. Building on the unilateral presidency literature, we report the results of a pilot project on how the political environment impacts the use of national emergencies in U.S. foreign policy. Results add to our understanding of a current political debate and to a broader comprehension of presidential emergency powers.