bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Athletes with Stronger Athletic Identity Perceptions Have Weaker Fear Avoidance Perceptions During Musculoskeletal Injury Rehabilitation Return to Sports Preparation
Authors: Ferman Basha , Nyland John , Richards Jarod , Krupp Ryan
Published: May 2024

Background:

Adolescent athletes who sustain a musculoskeletal sports injury are at high re-injury risk. This prospective study evaluated athletic identity perception and fear avoidance perception relationships during the return to sport preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation.

Methods:

From 140 consecutive physical therapy outpatients, 50 (26 females, 24 males) adolescent athletes (mean age 16.8, range 14 to 22 y) completed the 7-item Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the 10-item Athletic Fear Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ), and the AFAQ with 2 additional movement-related fear and pain questions (AFAQ+). Correlational analysis was performed of overall AIMS and AIMS subscale scores (social identity, exclusivity, negative affectivity), with AFAQ and AFAQ+ scores (P≤0.05).

Results:

Adolescent athletes were receiving treatment for musculoskeletal injuries sustained during soccer (n=10), lacrosse (n=7), baseball (n=6), basketball (n=5), volleyball (n=5), track or cross country (n=4), American football (n=4), field hockey or ice hockey (n=3), softball (n=2), tennis (n=2), and gymnastics (n=2). Lower extremity conditions included anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (n=23) or other lower extremity conditions (n=17). Upper extremity conditions included shoulder dislocation or labral repair (n=6), elbow sprain or fracture (n=3), and clavicle fracture (n=1). The AIMS score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ (r=−0.40, P=0.008) and AFAQ+ (r=−0.41, P<0.004) scores. The “social identity” AIMS subscale score displayed a moderate inverse relationship with AFAQ (r=− 0.48, P<0.001) and AFAQ+ (r=−0.46, P=0.001) scores. The “exclusivity” AIMS subscale score displayed moderate inverse relationships with AFAQ (r=−0.40, P=0.005) and AFAQ+ (r=−0.46, P=0.001) scores. The “negative affectivity” subscale did not display significant relationships with AFAQ or AFAQ+ scores. Subject age displayed moderate inverse relationships with the AIMS “social identity” (r=−0.56, P<0.001) and “exclusivity” (r=−0.42, P=0.004) subscale scores and weak direct relationships with AFAQ (r=0.30, P=0.04) and AFAQ+ (r=0.32, P=0.02) scores.

Conclusion:

Adolescent athletes with stronger athletic identity perceptions during the return to the sports preparation phase of musculoskeletal injury rehabilitation had weaker fear avoidance perceptions. As age increased from early to late adolescence, athletic identity perceptions became weaker, and fear avoidance perceptions became stronger. To decrease re-injury rates, early identification and surveillance of injured adolescent athletes with stronger, more exclusive athletic identity perceptions and weaker fear avoidance perceptions may influence rehabilitation progression and return to play decisions.

Level of Evidence:

Level—II, prospective cohort, correlational study.
Minimally Invasive Fusion of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint: A Technical Report
Authors: Ghandour Samir , Knebel Ashley , Eftekhari Mani , Miller Christopher P.
Published: May 2024

Hallux rigidus, a common arthritic condition of the forefoot, affects a significant portion of the population, with ~8% of the population developing it at some point in their lives. Failure of first-line nonoperative treatment options may necessitate surgical treatment in symptomatic patients. Traditional surgical approaches include cheilectomy for milder cases and open arthrodesis for severe cases. The minimally invasive surgery approach to first metatarsophalangeal joint fusion is a novel technique that utilizes small incisions and arthroscopy for joint fusion. Fusion rates of 93% to 97% and low complication rates were reported by several studies on this technique. The technique involves percutaneous portal development, joint preparation and debridement, joint reduction, and fixation using k-wires and compression screws. The proper positioning of the toe is crucial to ensure optimal functional outcomes. Indications for this technique include advanced arthritis, significant scar tissue, and patient concern for cosmetic outcomes. Contraindications include poor bone quality, revision fusion, significant bone loss, active infection, or vascular compromise. Preoperative planning involves a comprehensive physical examination and imaging to assess the extent of the arthritis and any associated deformities. Complications of the procedure may include nonunion, malunion, iatrogenic thermal burns, and asymmetrical joint preparation. Postoperative management includes weight-bearing restrictions, regular follow-up visits, and gradual progression to normal activities. Preliminary results demonstrate promising outcomes for minimally invasive surgery first metatarsophalangeal fusions.
False-positive Findings of Large Vessel Vasculitis on FDG-PET in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Johnson Dylan , Jamal Shahin , Hung Ryan W. , Ye Carrie
Published: May 2024

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxygluocose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) is increasingly used in the evaluation of response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. Incidental findings of increased vessel wall uptake may prompt the concern for ICI-induced large vessel vasculitis (LVV). Precise radiographic and clinical evaluation is required to determine if this represents true vasculitis, as use of immune suppression and ICI discontinuation can have significant impacts on patient outcomes. We performed a retrospective case analysis of 4 consecutive patients referred to 2 rheumatology clinics treated with ICI with incidental findings of LVV on FDG-PET, reviewing their clinical course and radiographic findings. All 4 cases had FDG-PET scans for routine oncology indications and had no associated clinical features of LVV. One patient was treated with corticosteroids and no patients developed any clinical evidence of vasculitis during a mean follow-up period of 17 months (range: 7–33 mo). All FDG-PET images reporting LVV underwent a standardized analysis to identify any technical issues or concerns with interpretation. In review of imaging, 3 of the cases may have been due to delayed tracer to scan interval leading to misinterpretation of vascular uptake as suspected LVV. Recognition of technical pitfalls in FDG-PET interpretation is crucial to inform the need for immunosuppression and the safety of continued ICI therapy.
Administration of intratumoral GD2-directed interleukin-2 immunocytokine and local radiation therapy to activate immune rejection of spontaneous canine melanoma
Authors: Albertini Mark R. , Zuleger Cindy L. , Ranheim Erik A. , Shiyanbola Oyewale , Sondel Paul M. , Morris Zachary S. , Eickhoff Jens , Newton Michael A. , Ong Irene M. , Schwartz Rene Welch , Hayim Rubi , Kurzman Ilene D. , Turek Michelle , Vail David M.
Published: May 2024

Canine malignant melanoma provides a clinically relevant, large animal parallel patient population to study the GD2-reactive hu14.18-IL-2 immunocytokine as it is similar to human melanoma and expresses GD2. The objectives of this study were to evaluate safety, radiation fractionation, and identify informative biomarkers of an in-situ tumor vaccine involving local radiation therapy plus intratumoral–immunocytokine in melanoma tumor-bearing dogs. Twelve dogs (six dogs/arm) with locally advanced or metastatic melanoma were randomized to receive a single 8 Gy fraction (arm A) or three 8 Gy fractions over 1 week (arm B) to the primary site and regional lymph nodes (when clinically involved) with the single or last fraction 5 days before intratumoral–immunocytokine at 12 mg/m2 on 3 consecutive days. Serial tumor biopsies were obtained. All 12 dogs completed protocol treatment, and none experienced significant or unexpected adverse events. Evidence of antitumor activity includes one dog with a complete response at day 60, one dog with a partial response at day 60, and four dogs with mixed responses. Histology of serial biopsies shows a variably timed increase in intratumoral lymphocytic inflammation in some dogs. Canine NanoString analyses of serial biopsies identified changes in gene signatures of innate and adaptive cell types versus baseline. There were no significant differences in NanoString results between arm A and arm B. We conclude that intratumoral–immunocytokine in combination with local radiation therapy in canine melanoma is well tolerated and has antitumor activity with the potential to inform clinical development in melanoma patients.
The Effectiveness of Collaborative Advanced Practice Nursing in Primary Hypertension Management
Authors: Duller Sarla F. , Tejero Lourdes Marie S. , Tating Dan Louie Renz P.
Published: May 2024

Background

Hypertension is a global health concern that is best managed at the primary care level. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) facing resource constraints, collaboration between well-prepared entry-level advanced practice nurses (APNs) and physicians (medical doctors [MDs]) can enhance the care of patients with primary hypertension.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of collaborative entry-level APNs in primary hypertension management, including patient knowledge, physiological and behavioral outcomes, consultation length, and patient satisfaction.

Methods

Sixty-three eligible patients were randomly assigned to either an entry-level APN intervention group or a control group with MDs. Three master's-prepared nurses, trained in hypertension management, acted as entry-level APNs, following the Joint National Committee guidelines in collaboration with a physician. The control group underwent standard clinic consultations. After 1 month, a mixed analysis of variance was used to assess intervention effectiveness, examining both between-groups and within-groups outcomes.

Results

Both groups shared similar sociodemographic and baseline characteristics. Significant improvements in blood pressure, body mass index, knowledge, self-management, and medication adherence were found at the 1-month follow-up, with no significant differences in outcomes or patient satisfaction between the entry-level APN and MD groups. However, clinical consultation time was significantly longer for entry-level APNs than for MDs.

Conclusions

Collaborative entry-level APNs managing primary hypertension are comparable with MD care; however, larger, longer trials are essential for a thorough assessment. Strengthening the development of entry-level advanced practice nursing roles in low- and middle-income countries is crucial for addressing service gaps in primary hypertension and other chronic diseases.
Incidental Detection of Second Primary Thyroid Malignancy in Patients of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinoma
Authors: Nazar Aamir , Kalshetty Ashwini , Basu Sandip
Published: May 2024

Second primary tumors are being increasingly detected owing to and in proportion to the use of advanced imaging modalities including PET/CT. Patients suffering from prostate cancer have been reported to have increased second primary cancers of gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, and thyroid. We herein describe incidental detection of thyroid carcinoma, in 2 patients of mCRPC (metastatic castration-resistant prostate carcinoma) undergoing preradioligand therapy workup, on 68Ga–prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT initially, subsequently also observed on multitracer PET/CT (64CuCl2 and 18F-FDG). Thus, the potential of PET/CT for early in vivo second primary detection in mCRPC setting is illustrated in the aforementioned 2 patients.
Alternatives to the Gold Standard: A Systematic Review of Profunda Artery Perforator and Lumbar Artery Perforator Flaps for Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Minkhorst Kathryn , Castanov Valera , Li Erica Ai , Farrokhi Kaveh , Jaszkul Katrina M. , AlGhanim Khalifa , DeLyzer Tanya , Simpson Andrew M.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is the current gold-standard autologous option. The profunda artery perforator (PAP) and lumbar artery perforator (LAP) flaps have more recently been described as alternatives for patients who are not candidates for a DIEP flap. The aim of this study was to review the survival and complication rates of PAP and LAP flaps, using the DIEP flap as a benchmark.

Methods

A literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, BIOSIS, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Papers were screened by title and abstract, and full texts reviewed by three independent blinded reviewers. Quality was assessed using MINORS criteria.

Results

Sixty-three studies were included, for a total of 745 PAP, 62 stacked PAP, 187 LAP, and 23,748 DIEP flap breast reconstructions. The PAP (98.3%) had comparable success rate to DIEP (98.4%), and the stacked PAP (88.7%) and LAP (92.5%) success rate was significantly lower (P < 0.0001). The PAP and LAP groups both had a low incidence of fat necrosis. However, the revision rate for the LAP group was 16.1% whereas the PAP group was 3.3%. Donor site wound dehiscence rate was 2.9 in the LAP group and 9.1% in the PAP group.

Conclusions

Profunda artery perforator and DIEP flaps demonstrate very high rates of overall survival. The LAP flap has a lower survival rate. This review highlights the survival and complication rates of these alternative flaps, which may help clinicians in guiding autologous reconstruction technique when a DIEP flap is unavailable.
Utility of a Neuromuscular Activation Exercise Protocol on Surgeon Posture
Authors: Yessaillian Andrea L. , Clark Robert C. , Segal Rachel M. , Angers Kori , Gosman Amanda A. , Reid Chris M.
Published: May 2024

Background

Surgeons are at risk for musculoskeletal disorders from ergonomic strain in the operating room. These deficits may stem from neuromuscular control deficits. Neuromuscular activation exercises (NMEs) may strengthen the brain-muscle connection. This study aimed to assess the utility of a surgeon-oriented NME protocol on posture.

Methods

Surgeons, operating room staff, and medical students completed a professionally established NME routine. An electronic application, PostureScreen®, assessed participants' posture. A long-term cohort was assessed before and after a 2 to 6-week routine. A short-term cohort was assessed immediately before and after completion. All participants additionally completed a postintervention survey.

Results

After intervention, the short-term cohort (n = 47) had significantly reduced frontal and sagittal postural deviation (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in effective head weight was additionally demonstrated with decreased neck flexion and increased cerebral-cervical symmetry (P < 0.05).

The long-term cohort (n = 6) showed a significant postintervention decrease in lateral and anterior shoulder translation (P < 0.05). Total anterior translational deviations demonstrated trend-level decrease (P = 0.078). This demonstrates that after intervention, participants' shoulders were more centered with the spine as opposed to shifted right or left. Survey results showed participants favored exercises that immediately brought relief of tension.

Conclusions

A decrease in postural deviations associated with NME in both cohorts demonstrates NME as a potential mechanism to protect surgeon musculoskeletal health and improve well-being. Survey results demonstrate areas of refinement for NME protocol design.
Type-specific whole blood still has a role in the era of low-titer O universal donor transfusion for severe trauma hemorrhage
Authors: Milford Elissa M. , Gurney Jennifer M. , Beckett Andrew , Strandenes Geir , Reade Michael C.
Published: May 2024

Whole blood can be ABO-type specific (type-specific whole blood (TSWB)) or low-titer O universal donor (low-titer O whole blood (LTOWB)). Having previously used LTOWB, the US Armed Forces Blood Program began using TSWB in 1965 as a method of increasing the donor pool. In contrast to military practice, the Association for the Advancement of Blood and Biotherapies formerly the American association of blood banks (AABB), from its first guidelines in 1958 until 2018, permitted only TSWB. Attempting to reduce time to transfusion, the US military reintroduced LTOWB in the deployed environment in 2015; this practice was endorsed by the AABB in 2018 and is progressively being implemented by military and civilian providers worldwide. Low-titer O whole blood is the only practical solution prehospital. However, there are several reasons to retain the option of TSWB in hospitals with a laboratory. These include (1) as-yet ill-defined risks of immunological complications from ABO-incompatible plasma (even when this has low titers of anti-A and -B), (2) risks of high volumes of LTOWB including published historical advice (based on clinical experience) not to transfuse type-specific blood for 2 to 3 weeks following a substantial LTOWB transfusion, (3) uncertainty as to the optimal definition of “low titer,” and (4) expanding the potential donor pool by allowing type-specific transfusion. Several large randomized controlled trials currently underway are comparing LTOWB with component therapy, but none address the question of LTOWB versus TSWB. There are sufficient data to suggest that the additional risks of transfusing LTOWB to non–group O recipients should be avoided by using TSWB as soon as possible. Combined with the advantage of maintaining an adequate supply of blood products in times of high demand, this suggests that retaining TSWB within the civilian and military blood supply system is desirable. TSWB should be preferred when patient blood group is confirmed in facilities with a hematology laboratory, with LTOWB reserved for patients whose blood group is unknown.
Endothelial dysfunction is dampened by early administration of fresh frozen plasma in a rodent burn shock model
Authors: Kelly Edward J. , Ziedins Eriks E. , Carney Bonnie C. , Moffatt Lauren T. , Shupp Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2024

BACKGROUND

Endothelial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of burn shock affecting patients with large thermal injury. In response to injury, glycocalyx components like Syndecan-1 (SDC-1) are shed into circulation and have been used as markers of endothelial damage. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that plasma inclusive resuscitation (PIR) with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) ameliorates endothelial damage. However, there remains a paucity of information regarding optimal timing and dosing of PIR as well as organ-specific endothelial responses to shock. We aimed to examine the impact of PIR on endothelial dysfunction using clinically translatable timing and dosing.

METHODS

Sprague-Dawley rats were used to create thermal burns. Rats were subjected to 40% total body surface area scald burns and were resuscitated with lactated Ringer's (LR) only, LR plus albumin, and LR plus early 1 mL boluses of FFP at 0, 2, 4, and 8 hours postinjury. A late group also received LR plus FFP starting at hour 10 postinjury. Syndecan-1 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis characterized transcription of glycocalyx components and inflammatory cytokines in the lung and spleen. Evan's blue dye was used to quantify amount of vascular leakage.

RESULTS

Lactated Ringer's plus early FFP reduced Evan's blue dye extravasation when compared with LR only groups, while late FFP did not. When comparing LR only versus LR plus early FFP, SDC-1 levels were reduced in the LR plus early FFP group at hours 8, 12, and 24 (5.23 vs. 2.07, p < 0.001; 4.49 vs. 2.05, p < 0.01; and 3.82 vs. 2.08, p < 0.05, respectively). Lactated Ringer's only groups had upregulation of Exostosin-1 and SDC-1 in the lung compared with LR plus early FFP groups (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) and upregulation of cytokines interluekin-10 and interferon γ (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Early administration of LR plus FFP reduces the magnitude of SDC-1 shedding and dampens the cytokine response to injury. The upregulation of glycocalyx components as a response to endothelial injury is also decreased in the lung and spleen by LR plus early FFP administration.
Exploring the role of vocalizations in regulating group dynamics
Authors: Xie Bing , Brask Josefine B. , Dabelsteen Torben , Briefer Elodie F.
Published: May 2024

Because of the diverging needs of individuals, group life can lead to disputes and competition, but it also has many advantages, such as reduced predation risk, information sharing and increased hunting success. Social animals have to maintain group cohesion and need to synchronize activities, such as foraging, resting, social interactions and movements, in order to thrive in groups. Acoustic signals are highly relevant for social dynamics, some because they are long-ranging and others because they are short-ranging, which may serve important within-group functions. However, although there has been an increase in studies concentrating on acoustic communication within groups in the past decade, many aspects of how vocalizations relate to group dynamics are still poorly understood. The aim of this review is to present an overview of our current knowledge on the role of vocalizations in regulating social group dynamics, identify knowledge gaps and recommend potential future research directions. We review the role that vocalizations play in (i) collective movement, (ii) separation risk and cohesion maintenance, (iii) fission–fusion dynamics, and (iv) social networks. We recommend that future studies aim to increase the diversity of studied species and strengthen the integration of state-of-the-art tools to study social dynamics and acoustic signals.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics’.
Collective signalling is shaped by feedbacks between signaller variation, receiver perception and acoustic environment in a simulated communication network
Authors: Reichert Michael S. , Luttbeg Barney , Hobson Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2024

Communication takes place within a network of multiple signallers and receivers. Social network analysis provides tools to quantify how an individual’s social positioning affects group dynamics and the subsequent biological consequences. However, network analysis is rarely applied to animal communication, likely due to the logistical difficulties of monitoring natural communication networks. We generated a simulated communication network to investigate how variation in individual communication behaviours generates network effects, and how this communication network’s structure feeds back to affect future signalling interactions. We simulated competitive acoustic signalling interactions among chorusing individuals and varied several parameters related to communication and chorus size to examine their effects on calling output and social connections. Larger choruses had higher noise levels, and this reduced network density and altered the relationships between individual traits and communication network position. Hearing sensitivity interacted with chorus size to affect both individuals’ positions in the network and the acoustic output of the chorus. Physical proximity to competitors influenced signalling, but a distinctive communication network structure emerged when signal active space was limited. Our model raises novel predictions about communication networks that could be tested experimentally and identifies aspects of information processing in complex environments that remain to be investigated.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics’.
Hidden social complexity behind vocal and acoustic communication in non-avian reptiles
Authors: Lin Feng-Chun , Lin Si-Min , Godfrey Stephanie S.
Published: May 2024

Social interactions are inevitable in the lives of most animals, since most essential behaviours require interaction with conspecifics, such as mating and competing for resources. Non-avian reptiles are typically viewed as solitary animals that predominantly use their vision and olfaction to communicate with conspecifics. Nevertheless, in recent years, evidence is mounting that some reptiles can produce sounds and have the potential for acoustic communication. Reptiles that can produce sound have an additional communicative channel (in addition to visual/olfactory channels), which could suggest they have a higher communicative complexity, the evolution of which is assumed to be driven by the need of social interactions. Thus, acoustic reptiles may provide an opportunity to unveil the true social complexity of reptiles that are usually thought of as solitary. This review aims to reveal the hidden social interactions behind the use of sounds in non-avian reptiles. Our review suggests that the potential of vocal and acoustic communication and the complexity of social interactions may be underestimated in non-avian reptiles, and that acoustic reptiles may provide a great opportunity to uncover the coevolution between sociality and communication in non-avian reptiles.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘The power of sound: unravelling how acoustic communication shapes group dynamics’.
Evaluation of enzyme activity predictions for variants of unknown significance in Arylsulfatase A
Authors: Jain Shantanu , Trinidad Marena , Nguyen Thanh Binh , Jones Kaiya , Neto Santiago Diaz , Ge Fang , Glagovsky Ailin , Jones Cameron , Moran Giankaleb , Wang Boqi , Rahimi Kobra , Çalıcı Sümeyra Zeynep , Cedillo Luis R. , Berardelli Silvia , Özden Buse , Chen Ken , Katsonis Panagiotis , Williams Amanda , Lichtarge Olivier , Rana Sadhna , Pradhan Swatantra , Srinivasan Rajgopal , Sajeed Rakshanda , Joshi Dinesh , Faraggi Eshel , Jernigan Robert , Kloczkowski Andrzej , Xu Jierui , Song Zigang , Özkan Selen , Padilla Natàlia , de la Cruz Xavier , Acuna-Hidalgo Rocio , Grafmüller Andrea , Jiménez Barrón Laura T. , Manfredi Matteo , Savojardo Castrense , Babbi Giulia , Martelli Pier Luigi , Casadio Rita , Sun Yuanfei , Zhu Shaowen , Shen Yang , Pucci Fabrizio , Rooman Marianne , Cia Gabriel , Raimondi Daniele , Hermans Pauline , Kwee Sofia , Chen Ella , Astore Courtney , Kamandula Akash , Pejaver Vikas , Ramola Rashika , Velyunskiy Michelle , Zeiberg Daniel , Mishra Reet , Sterling Teague , Goldstein Jennifer L. , Lugo-Martinez Jose , Kazi Sufyan , Li Sindy , Long Kinsey , Brenner Steven E. , Bakolitsa Constantina , Radivojac Predrag , Suhr Dean , Suhr Teryn , Clark Wyatt T.
Published: May 2024

Continued advances in variant effect prediction are necessary to demonstrate the ability of machine learning methods to accurately determine the clinical impact of variants of unknown significance (VUS). Towards this goal, the ARSA Critical Assessment of Genome Interpretation (CAGI) challenge was designed to characterize progress by utilizing 219 experimentally assayed missense VUS in theArylsulfa-tase A(ARSA) gene to assess the performance of community-submitted predictions of variant functional effects. The challenge involved 15 teams, and evaluated additional predictions from established and recently released models. Notably, a model developed by participants of a genetics and coding bootcamp, trained with standard machine-learning tools in Python, demonstrated superior performance among sub-missions. Furthermore, the study observed that state-of-the-art deep learning methods provided small but statistically significant improvement in predictive performance compared to less elaborate techniques. These findings underscore the utility of variant effect prediction, and the potential for models trained with modest resources to accurately classify VUS in genetic and clinical research.
Prefrontal tDCS for improving mental health and cognitive deficits in patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study
Authors: Zakibakhsh Nasim , Basharpoor Sajjad , Ghalyanchi Langroodi Hamidreza , Narimani Mohammad , Nitsche Michael A , Salehinejad Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2024

Background

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with physical disability, psychological impairment, and cognitive dysfunctions. Consequently, the disease burden is substantial, and treatment choices are limited. In this randomized, double-blind study, we used repeated prefrontal electrical stimulation and assessed mental health-related variables (including quality of life, sleep, psychological distress) and cognitive dysfunctions (psychomotor speed, working memory, attention/vigilance) in 40 patients with MS.

Methods

The patients were randomly assigned (block randomization method) to two groups of sham (n=20), or 1.5-mA (n=20) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F3) and right frontopolar cortex (Fp2) with anodal and cathodal stimulation respectively (electrode size: 25 cm2). The treatment included 10 sessions of 20 minutes stimulation delivered every other day. Outcome measures were quality of life, sleep quality, psychological distress, and performance on a neuropsychological test battery dedicated to cognitive dysfunctions in MS (psychomotor speed, working memory, and attention). All outcome measures were examined pre-intervention and post-intervention. Both patients and technicians delivering the stimulation were unaware of the study hypotheses and the type of stimulation being used.

Results

The active protocol significantly improved quality of life and reduced sleep difficulties and psychological distress compared to the sham group. The active protocol, furthermore, improved psychomotor speed, attention and vigilance, and some aspects of working memory performance compared to the sham protocol. Improvement in mental health outcome measures was significantly associated with better cognitive performance.

Conclusions

Modulation of prefrontal regions with tDCS ameliorates secondary clinical symptoms and results in beneficial cognitive effects in patients with MS. These results support applying prefrontal tDCS in larger trials for improving mental health and cognitive dysfunctions in MS.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT06401928
Phagocytosis-driven neurodegeneration through opposing roles of an ABC transporter in neurons and phagocytes
Authors: Chen Xinchen , Wang Bei , Sarkar Ankita , Huang Zixian , Ruiz Nicolas Vergara , Yeung Ann T. , Chen Rachael , Han Chun
Published: May 2024

Lipid homeostasis is critical to the survival of neurons. Lipid transporters from the ATP-binding cassette A (ABCA) subfamily are important regulators of lipid trafficking and are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases. How ABCA transporters regulate specific aspects of lipid homeostasis to impact neurodegeneration is an outstanding question. Here we report that theDrosophilaABCA protein Engulfment ABC Transporter in the ovary (Eato) contributes to phagocytosis-dependent neurodegeneration by playing two opposing roles in neurons and nearby phagocytes: In neurons, Eato prevents dendrites and axons from being attacked and engulfed by neighboring phagocytes; in phagocytes, however, Eato enhances the ability of these cells to detect neurons as engulfment targets. Thus,Eatodeficiency in neurons alone results in severe phagocytosis-dependent dendrite and axon degeneration, whereas removingEatofrom both neurons and phagocytes completely rescues the neurite degeneration. Surprisingly, Eato exerts its functions in both neurons and phagocytes by suppressing the effects of the eat-me signal phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed on the cell surface. Interestingly, multiple human andC. elegansABCA homologs can compensate for the loss ofEatoin phagocytes but not in neurons, suggesting both conserved and cell type-specific activities of these ABCA proteins. These results reveal how ABCA proteins participate in neurodegeneration by regulating PS homeostasis and imply possible mechanisms of neuron-phagocyte interactions in neurodegenerative diseases.
Evolution of Fentanyl Prescription Patterns and Administration Routes in Salamanca, Spain: A Comprehensive Analysis from 2011 to 2022
Authors: Torres-Bueno Cristina , Sánchez-Barba Mercedes , Miron-Canelo Jose-Antonio , Gonzalez-Nunez Veronica
Published: May 2024

Introduction

The escalating use of opioids poses a multifaceted challenge, contributing to social, health, and economic crises. In Spain, a notable surge in the medical prescription of opioids in recent years has been observed. In response to this growing concern, the Spanish Agency for the Regulation of Medicines and Healthcare Products issued an alert in 2018 regarding the misuse of opioids.

Objective

The aim of this research work was to assess the consumption rate of fentanyl, categorized by the different administration routes, in the province of Salamanca (Spain) spanning the years 2011 to 2022, and also to compare this local trend with the national scenario and with data published in the United States.

Material and Methods

Data on fentanyl consumption in the province of Salamanca, measured in defined daily doses (DDD), were sourced from the Regional Health System Registry in Castilla y León for each administration route from 2011 to 2022. Doses per inhabitant per day (DHD) were calculated, and interannual variations, as well as consumption rates, were subject to thorough analysis.

Results and discussion

The prevalence of fentanyl use in Salamanca has surged from 1.2 DHD in 2011 to 2.56 DHD in 2022, with the transdermal system (TD) as the predominant administration route. This upward trajectory shows a positive correlation, mirroring the national trend, yet the rise in fentanyl usage is markedly lower than the reported data in the US. This finding may be attributed to an ageing population, and potentially inappropriate fentanyl prescriptions, i.e. for the management of chronic non-cancer pain and other off-label prescriptions.

Conclusion

The use of fentanyl in Salamanca, particularly through transdermal systems, has doubled from 2011 to 2022, aligning with the national trend. Urgent preventive measures are imperative to prevent fentanyl misuse and moderate the observed escalation in consumption rates.
Gauge invariance, gauge field quantization, and renormalization in autoregularization
Authors: Prabhu Nagabhushana
Published: May 2024

Autoregularization, a new divergence-free framework for calculating scattering amplitudes, uses a Lorentz-invariant scale harvested from the kinematics of a scattering process to regularize the amplitude of the process [N. Prabhu, .]. Preliminary validation studies show that autoregularization’s predictions are in good agreement with experimental data—across several scattering processes and a wide range of energy scales. Further, tree-level calculation of the vacuum energy density of the free fields in the Standard Model, using autoregularization, is shown to yield a value that is smaller than the current estimate of the cosmic critical density. In this paper, we prove that the scattering amplitudes in QED, calculated using autoregularization, are gauge invariant. Our proof, which is valid both for autoregularization and current theory, is stronger in that it shows the amplitude of every Feynman diagram is gauge invariant in contrast to previous proofs, which establish gauge invariance only for sum of amplitudes of Feynman diagrams of a process. Next, we show that—unlike in the standard quantization framework, which requires modification of both the quantization framework itself as well as the Lagrangian in order to quantize gauge fields in covariant gauge—in autoregularization the gauge field in QED can be quantized, in covariant gauge, without modifying the standard quantization procedure or the Lagrangian and without introducing the ghost field. Finally, we illustrate renormalization based on autoregularization up to 1-loop in φ4 theory. Since perturbative corrections are finite in autoregularization, the counterterms are not designed to remove divergences but to implement renormalization prescriptions at every order of perturbation. We also derive the renormalization group equation (RGE). Unlike in some regularization schemes (such as dimensional regularization), in which the physical meaning of the fictitious scale introduced by regularization is unclear, in autoregularization the scale in RGE has a transparent physical meaning—it is the Lorentz-invariant kinematic scale of the scattering process of interest. The increasing simplifications resulting within autoregularization and the agreement between its predictions and experimental data, together with the underlying thermodynamic argument, which shows that the framework is essential for a complete description of quantum fields, all converge to suggest that autoregularization provides the proper framework for the description of quantum fields.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Closer look at postdecay
tt¯
entanglement
Authors: Aguilar-Saavedra J. A.
Published: May 2024

Top pair production is ideally suited to observe postdecay entanglement, thus providing a novel test of quantum mechanics. We provide top polarized decay amplitudes that can be used to compute semianalytical predictions and, in particular, to better understand the postdecay entanglement arises. We obtain predictions for the LHC, identifying general phase space regions where experimental measurements of tW entanglement are feasible. We also give predictions for polarized e+e− collisions, focusing on the possibility that the postdecay tW entanglement is larger than the tt¯ one.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Causal self-dual electrodynamics
Authors: Russo Jorge G. , Townsend Paul K.
Published: May 2024

Many theories of nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED) that have been proposed in physical contexts involving strong fields are causal for weak fields but acausal for strong fields. We show that for any such theory there is a unique causal and self-dual (electromagnetic duality invariant) theory with the same Lagrangian at zero magnetic field. This follows from a construction of the general causal self-dual NLED, which shows that strong-field causality is implied by weak-field causality for self-dual theories. We illustrate our results with explicit examples.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Conformal correlators on the Lorentzian torus
Authors: Melton Walker , Sharma Atul , Strominger Andrew
Published: May 2024

The general form of a 2D conformal field theory (CFT) correlator on a Euclidean Riemann surface, Lorentzian plane or Lorentzian cylinder is well known. This paper describes the general form of 2- and 3-point CFT correlators on the Lorentzian torus LT2 which arises as the conformal boundary of the group manifold SL(2,R)≃AdS3/Z. We consider only generic points, thereby omitting an analysis of contact terms, which already exhibits a surprisingly rich structure. The results are relevant to celestial holography, for which the LT2 at the boundary of Klein space is the home of the putative celestial CFT.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Improving collaborative innovation performance in megaprojects: a system dynamic approach
Authors: Chen Xiaoyan , Zhu Weina , Chen Yajiao , He Qinghua
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The development and evolution of stakeholder collaborative innovation in megaprojects is impacted by various influencing factors. The effect of influencing factors on collaborative innovation performance (CIP) in megaprojects is not a simplistic linear relationship but an iterative and non-linear relationship that requires a dynamic perspective to analyze. Therefore, this paper adopts the system dynamic (SD) approach to investigate the dynamic and interactive relationships between the CIP and the influencing factors.

Design/methodology/approach

The study first develops a research framework with the system boundary of “CIP system – organizational collaboration subsystem – knowledge collaboration subsystem – strategic collaboration subsystem”. Then, the causal relationship model, the stock-flow model, and the mathematical equations were determined based on the literature review and the expert interviews. Finally, five performance improvement scenarios were designed according to the practice context of CIP in megaprojects, and simulations were performed using the Vensim PLE software to investigate the CIP from a dynamic perspective.

Findings

The findings reveal that the effect of different influencing factors on CIP grows non-linearly, with the cumulative effect becoming more pronounced as time advances. The incentive mechanism has the most significant effect, and the combined effect of multiple influencing factors has a highly significant facilitating effect on improving CIP. Strategic collaboration, organizational collaboration and knowledge collaboration are mutually conditional and reinforcing with each other, which ultimately promotes the improvement of CIP.

Originality/value

This study uncovers the inherent pattern and the interactive dynamic mechanism of factors for improving CIP in the context of megaprojects. It enriches the theoretical research in the area of collaborative innovation in megaprojects and provides practical management strategies for improving CIP.
Towards inclusive mechanization? Two-wheel tractor-based service markets in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe
Authors: Yahaya Rabe , Daum Thomas , Tadesse Ephrem , Mupangwa Walter , Barro Albert , Matangi Dorcas , Misiko Michael , Baudron Frédéric , Awoke Bisrat Getnet , Odjo Sylvanus , Sanogo Daouda , Assefa Rahel , Kassa Abrham
Published: May 2024

Purpose

African agricultural mechanization could lead to a mechanization divide, where only large farms have access to machines. Technological solutions such as scale-appropriate machines and institutional solutions like service markets offer hope for more inclusive mechanization. Two-wheel tractor-based service markets combine both technological and institutional elements, but there is limited research on their economic viability and challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

We analyze the economic viability of two-wheel tractor-based service provision based on data from service providers in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe. We also examine the institutional framework conditions for such service providers based on qualitative interviews with these service providers and stakeholders such as machinery dealers, spare parts providers, and banks.

Findings

Two-wheel tractor-based service provision is economically highly viable, largely due to multifunctionality. Post-production services such as threshing and transportation are particularly lucrative. However, the emergence and economic sustainability of service providers can be undermined by bottlenecks such as access to finance, knowledge and skills development, access to fuel and spare parts, and infrastructure problems.

Originality/value

This is the first study on the economics of two-wheel tractor-based service provider models. Past studies have focused on large four-wheel tractors, but two-wheel tractors are different in many aspects, including regarding investment costs, repair and maintenance costs, capacity, and multifunctionality.
Investigating EWOM and halal product knowledge on gen Z’s halal cosmetics purchase intentions in Pakistan
Authors: Bhutto Muhammad Yaseen , Rūtelionė Aušra , Vienažindienė Milita
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to improve the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model by incorporating electronic word of mouth (E-WOM) as a factor influencing attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The main goal is to study Generation Z’s intention to purchase halal cosmetics. In addition, the research examines how halal product knowledge (HPK) influences the relationships between ATT, SN, PBC and the purchase intention of halal cosmetics.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires from two superstores in Karachi, Pakistan, with 265 valid responses. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses were performed to ensure validity and reliability, and variable relationships were assessed using structural equation modeling.

Findings

The results revealed that EWOM significantly influences ATT, SN and PBC. ATT and PBC both significantly affect purchase intention (PI), while SN has a nonsignificant influence on PI. In addition, the study found HPK only moderates the association between ATT and PI, while moderating influence HPK does not exist in the relationship between (SN and PI) and (PBC and PI).

Research limitations/implications

This study focuses on the Halal cosmetics industry in Pakistan and explicitly targets Generation Z individuals in a particular cultural environment. The aim is to examine how applying the same research design in different sectors and countries can lead to different results. In addition, the study primarily includes Gen Z consumers of halal cosmetics. Collecting data from other generational groups for future studies, such as generations X and Y, would be interesting.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the existing literature on halal consumption by introducing the concept of E-WOM as a factor within the TPB model. This study is particularly groundbreaking as it examines how Gen Z Pakistani Muslim consumers’ behavioral intentions toward halal cosmetic products are influenced by their HPK using the TPB model. Additionally, the paper presents an extended TPB modeling framework that could be valuable to researchers, marketers and halal experts.
Success of the tender stage of Ghanaian public labor-based construction projects
Authors: Barajei Chelteau , Bamfo-Agyei Emmanuel , Antwi-Agyei Prince , Doumbia Musah Osumanu , Nyameche Mac
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The procurement reforms carried out by the Government of Ghana have led to the creation of the Public Procurement Authority and the passage of the Public Procurement (Amended) Act 2016. Nevertheless, many obstacles could prevent an open and fair competition during the procurement of works. This significantly affects the success of Ghanaian construction projects. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the factors to enhance the success of the contractor selection phase of the Ghanaian public labor-based construction project.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative research approach was adopted by this study. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire to 377 respondents across Ghana. The data was then analyzed using structural equation modeling.

Findings

This study revealed that external, project procedures and project management factors impact the Ghanaian labor-based contractor selection phase success.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to the contractor selection phase of Ghanaian public labor-based projects and developing nations with similar socioeconomic characteristics.

Social implications

Strict adherence to this study’s findings will enable the government to undertake more infrastructure projects to raise the standard of living for its populace.

Originality/value

Although several studies have been conducted to improve the success of construction projects in developing nations, very little focus has been placed on the success factors of the contractor selection phase of public construction projects. These findings are vital in discovering for the first-time factors influencing the success of the tender stage of public labor-based projects in Ghana and developing nations with similar socioeconomic characteristics.