bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Powerful, soft combustion actuators for insect-scale robots
Authors: Aubin Cameron A. , Heisser Ronald H. , Peretz Ofek , Timko Julia , Lo Jacqueline , Helbling E. Farrell , Sobhani Sadaf , Gat Amir D. , Shepherd Robert F.
Published: September 2023

Insects perform feats of strength and endurance that belie their small stature. Insect-scale robots—although subject to the same scaling laws—demonstrate reduced performance because existing microactuator technologies are driven by low–energy density power sources and produce small forces and/or displacements. The use of high–energy density chemical fuels to power small, soft actuators represents a possible solution. We demonstrate a 325-milligram soft combustion microactuator that can achieve displacements of 140%, operate at frequencies >100 hertz, and generate forces >9.5 newtons. With these actuators, we powered an insect-scale quadrupedal robot, which demonstrated a variety of gait patterns, directional control, and a payload capacity 22 times its body weight. These features enabled locomotion through uneven terrain and over obstacles.
Seeing is believing: Climate change graph design and user judgments of credibility, usability, and risk
Authors: Courtney Steph L. , McNeal Karen S.
Published: September 2023

Psychological science can be used to inform climate science graph design, resulting in more meaningful and useful graphs for communication, especially with non-scientists. In this study, we redesigned graphs from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and compared participant attention and perceptions between original and novel designs with pre-/post-surveys, eye-tracking, graph usability and ranking activities, and interviews. Participants were selected for lower content knowledge and risk perception of climate from a sample of undergraduate students in the southeastern U.S. Here, we demonstrate our robust graph redesign process and the associated impacts on participants’ perceptions of graph usability, graph and scientist credibility, and risk associated with climate change. These findings indicate that interacting with climate change graphs may impact perceptions that are relevant to individuals’ motivation to take action to address climate change across political audiences, and possibly even more so among self-identified Conservatives. Additionally, participants who viewed graphs designed to align with research-informed best practices had greater increases in perceptions of climate scientist credibility and climate change risk, though these contrasts were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Participants rated redesigned graphs as being more trustworthy, which is critical to successful climate change communication, and our qualitative results provide a possible explanation and initial points of exploration for future research.
High Efficiency of Removal of Pathogenic Microorganisms at Wastewater Treatment Plants in the City of Moscow
Authors: Begmatov Sh. A. , Dorofeev A. G. , Pimenov N. V. , Mardanov A. V. , Ravin N. V.
Published: September 2023

Abstract—

While most pathogenic bacteria are efficiently removed from wastewater during biological treatment, some pathogens, notably Arcobacter, may be abundant in the purified water. Using 16S rRNA gene profiling, the composition of microbial communities of municipal wastewater in the city of Moscow was studied before and after biological purification at the Lyubertsy wastewater treatment plant. Fecal contaminants of the genera Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Arcobacter, Bacteroides, Streptococcus, and Veillonella, which include human pathogens, predominated in the influent wastewater. After treatment, the relative abundance of these bacteria decreased by 50‒100 times. Predominant organisms in the microbiome of the effluent water were bacteria characteristic of activated sludge, including the nitrifiers of the genera Nitrospira and Nitrosomonas, as well as phosphate- and glycogen-accumulating microorganisms. Thus, pathogenic bacteria, including Arcobacter, are effectively removed at the Moscow wastewater treatment plant.
Educational achievement to age 11 years in children born at late preterm and early term gestations
Authors: Copper Clare , Waterman Amanda , Nicoletti Cheti , Pettinger Katherine , Sanders Lee , Hill Liam J B
Published: September 2023

Objective

To investigate the effects of being born late preterm (LPT, 34–36 weeks’ gestation) or early term (37–38 weeks) on children’s educational achievement between ages 5 and 11 years.

Design

A series of observational studies of longitudinal linked health and education data.

Setting

The Born-in-Bradford (BiB) birth cohort study, which recruited mothers during pregnancy between 2007 and 2011.

Participants

The participants are children born between 2007 and 2011. Children with missing data, looked-after-children, multiple births and births post-term were excluded. The sample size varies by age according to amount of missing data, from 7860 children at age 5 years to 2386 at age 11 years (8031 at age 6 years and 5560 at age 7 years).

Main outcome measures

Binary variables of whether a child reached the ‘expected’ level of overall educational achievement across subjects at the ages of 5, 6, 7 and 11 years. The achievement levels are measured using standardised teacher assessments and national tests.

Results

Compared with full-term births (39–41 weeks), there were significantly increased adjusted odds of children born LPT, but not early term, of failing to achieve expected levels of overall educational achievement at ages 5 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.72,95% CI 1.34 to 2.21) and 7 years (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.97) but not at age 11 years (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.30). Being born LPT still had statistically significant effects on writing and mathematics at age 11 years.

Conclusions

There is a strong association between LPT and education at age 5 years, which remains strong and statistically significant through age 11 years for mathematics but not for other key subjects.
Efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy monitored by fluorescein angiography in patients with retinal artery occlusion
Authors: Chiabo Jeremy , Kauert Andreas , Casolla Barbara , Contenti Julie , Nahon-Esteve Sacha , Baillif Stephanie , Arnaud Martel
Published: September 2023

Aims

To assess the efficacy and safety of a standardised hyperbaric oxygen therapy protocol (HBOT) monitored by fluorescein angiography (FA) in patients with retinal artery occlusion (RAO).

Methods

It is a prospective, non-comparative, monocentric study conducted between July 2016 and March 2022. All consecutive patients diagnosed with RAO within 7 days underwent visual acuity measurement, FA, macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography. They received two daily HBOT sessions (2.5 atmosphere absolute, 90 min) until revascularisation assessed by FA. Complete ophthalmic follow-up was scheduled at day 14, day 21 and at 1 month. The main outcome measure was a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement defined as a decrease ≥0.3 logMAR at 1 month.

Results

Thirty-one patients were included and received a mean number of 33.9 (13–56) HBOT sessions. Retinal revascularisation was observed in 48.4% and 87.1% of patients at days 14 and 21, respectively. The mean BCVA on referral and at 1 month was 1.51 logMAR and 1.10 logMAR, respectively. Fifteen (48.4%) patients achieved the main outcome measure. Six (19.4%) patients experienced minor barotrauma that did not require HBOT discontinuation. The univariate analysis showed that antiplatelet-treated patients (p=0.044) and patients with a poor initial BCVA (p=0.008) were more likely to achieve a BCVA improvement. OCT-angiography was not sensitive enough to diagnose RAO or assess revascularisation.

Conclusion

In RAO patients monitored by FA until spontaneous revascularisation of the central retinal artery, HBOT was effective and safe.
What makes a medical intervention invasive?
Authors: De Marco Gabriel , Simons Jannieke , Forsberg Lisa , Douglas Thomas
Published: September 2023

The classification of medical interventions as either invasive or non-invasive is commonly regarded to be morally important. On the most commonly endorsed account of invasiveness, a medical intervention is invasive if and only if it involves either breaking the skin (‘incision’) or inserting an object into the body (‘insertion’). Building on recent discussions of the concept of invasiveness, we show that this standard account fails to capture three aspects of existing usage of the concept of invasiveness in relation to medical interventions—namely, (1) usage implying that invasiveness comes in degrees, (2) that the invasiveness of an intervention can depend on the characteristics of the salient alternative interventions, and (3) that medical interventions can be invasive in non-physical ways. We then offer the beginnings of a revised account that, we argue, is able to capture a wider range of existing usage. Central to our account is a distinction between two properties:basic invasivenessandthreshold invasiveness. We end by assessing what the standard account gets right, and what more needs to be done to complete our schematic account.
Comparative neural correlates of DBS and MRgFUS lesioning for tremor control in essential tremor
Authors: Germann Jurgen , Santyr Brendan , Boutet Alexandre , Sarica Can , Chow Clement T , Elias Gavin J B , Vetkas Artur , Yang Andrew , Hodaie Mojgan , Fasano Alfonso , Kalia Suneil K , Schwartz Michael L , Lozano Andres M
Published: September 2023

Background

Given high rates of early complications and non-reversibility, refined targeting is necessitated for magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) thalamotomy for essential tremor (ET). Selection of lesion location can be informed by considering optimal stimulation area from deep brain stimulation (DBS).

Methods

118 patients with ET who received DBS (39) or MRgFUS (79) of the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) underwent stimulation/lesion mapping, probabilistic mapping of clinical efficacy and normative structural connectivity analysis. The efficacy maps were compared, which depict the relationship between stimulation/lesion location and clinical outcome.

Results

Efficacy maps overlap around the VIM ventral border and encompass the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract. While the MRgFUS map extends inferiorly into the posterior subthalamic area, the DBS map spreads inside the VIM antero-superiorly.

Conclusion

Comparing the efficacy maps of DBS and MRgFUS suggests a potential alternative location for lesioning, more antero-superiorly. This may reduce complications, without sacrificing efficacy, and individualise targeting.

Trial registration number

NCT02252380.
Effect of the non-commutativity of space on the improved Mobius square plus generalized Yukawa potentials of the Klein–Gordon and Schrödinger equations in 3D-RNCQS and 3D-NRNCQS symmetries
Authors: Maireche Abdelmadjid
Published: September 2023

Under the influence of the deformation space-space symmetries, the improved Mobius square plus generalized Yukawa potentials (IMSGYPs) have been employed to solve the deformed Klien–Gordon equation in three-dimensional noncommutative relativistic quantum space (3D-RNCQS) symmetries. Combined with the approximation approach suggested by Greene and Aldrich, we also employ the parametric Bopp’s shift approach and standard perturbation theory to derive novel relativistic energy eigenvalues. The new relativistic energy eigenvalues of (N2, K2, NI, ScI, and RbH) diatomic molecules under the IMSGYPs were shown to be sensitive to the atomic quantum numbers ([Formula: see text]), the mixed potential depths ([Formula: see text]), the screening parameter’s inverse [Formula: see text] and non-commutativity parameters ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]). In addition, we analyzed the new non-relativistic energy values in three-dimensional noncommutative non-relativistic quantum space (3D-NRNCQS) symmetries, by applying the well-known mapping in the literature. Furthermore, we studied many special cases useful to researchers in the framework of the new extended symmetries, such as the newly generalized Mobius square potential, the newly generalized Yukawa potential, and the newly generalized Deng-Fan potential. The study is further extended to calculate the mass spectra of mesons of the heavy quarkonium system, such as [Formula: see text], bottomonium [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and light mesons [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], that have the quark and antiquark flavors within the framework of the IMSGYPs model in 3D-NRNCQS symmetries.
Four–Four Maxwell equations
Authors: Doria R. , Mendes L. S.
Published: September 2023

Electromagnetism is the energy originating from an electric charge. Our purpose is to enlarge Maxwell and include the charge transfer phenomenology. A four-boson electromagnetism is derived. An electromagnetic (EM) completeness is achieved. The charge’s set [Formula: see text] is intermediated by a quadruplet [Formula: see text]. They are the usual photon [Formula: see text], massive photon [Formula: see text] and charged photons [Formula: see text].

A new electric charge symmetry arises. It is ruled by an extended abelian symmetry [Formula: see text]. It generates a Lagrangian and three distinct Noether equations. An electromagnetism that goes beyond charge-based interactions emerges. Similarly, as mass is related to Newton laws, electric charge corresponds to the symmetry equation. Its associativity is more than being a coupling constant. It holds a field’s flux.

Maxwell is expanded. Ampère, Faraday, and Gauss laws are improved. An abelian nonlinear model is proposed. Nonlinear granular and collective fields strengths were introduced. Potential fields are explicit. Polarization and magnetization vectors are from first principles with new induced Faraday laws. Monopoles depend on fields. Spin-1 and spin-0 sectors are separated covariantly. Uncharged and charged gauge vector fields are unified.

The quadruplet completeness encodes a new EM energy. A journey from Maxwell to photonics is expressed. Seven EM integrated regimes are coursed — Maxwell, systemic, nonlinear, neutral, spintronics, electroweak, and photonics. A new relationship for colliding light–light and light–matter appears. Self-interacting photons are introduced.
Surrogate model of particle accelerators using encoder–decoder neural networks with physical regularization
Authors: Sun Kunxiang , Chen Xiaolong , Zhao Xiaoying , Qi Xin , Wang Zhijun , He Yuan
Published: September 2023

Accelerator engineering could benefit from faster and higher-quality physics simulations. Machine learning has emerged as a promising tool for developing accelerator simulation programs that are both fast and accurate. In this study, we propose a surrogate model based on encoder–decoder neural networks. We incorporate physical regularization into the loss function, which allows us to integrate prior physical knowledge into the deep learning network. The advantage of this regularization is that it ensures the results are more consistent with the underlying physical laws. The method was applied to beam dynamics modeling of the medium energy beam transport (MEBT) section in the China Accelerator Facility for Superheavy Elements (CAFe II). The final results indicate that after training, the network maintains a mismatch, emittance difference, and transmission efficiency of approximately 0.01. Our scheme has been demonstrated to be effective in the simulation of the accelerator’s beam dynamics.
On effective thermal conductivity of heterogeneous material: From periodic unit inclusion cell to large representative volume element
Authors: Zhan Y. L. , Kaddouri W. , Kanit T. , Jiang Q. , Liu L. R. , Imad A.
Published: September 2023

The custom design of a composite material requires the knowledge of its effective behavior which depends on several parameters such as the properties of the constituents, their distributions, shapes and sizes. In thermal conductivity, all these parameters have a direct and significant influence on the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of composites. These parameters act differently on the behavior of the composite according to its use as much as a good conductor by improving its ETC or by reducing it by considering it as an insulator. The main goal of this work is an extensive study of all possible situations of ETC by a numerical homogenization technique based on the Finite Elements Method. For this purpose, the two main categories of composites, namely the periodic composites represented by the unit cell and the random RVE, are considered. For each category of composite, different contrasts, different particles’ volume fractions, aspect ratios, positions, and orientations are studied. In order to ensure the simulation results are effective and representative, two boundary conditions, namely Uniform Temperature Gradient Boundary Conditions (UGT) and Periodic Thermal Boundary Conditions (PBC), were imposed on all considered microstructures. The results of this study constitute a synthesis of the effective thermal conductivities of all the possible situations which can be summarized as follows: On the one hand, the reinforcements shape effect is very important irrespective of the nature of the periodic and random composites and on the other hand, the two types of composites do not have the same behavior as that for the reinforcements with a circular or almost circular shape. This study also emphasizes the situations where the ETC can be estimated analytically and when homogenization is necessary. From a practical point of view, and on the basis of the obtained results, this study made it possible to show clearly in which situation the composite becomes more conducting and in the opposite case when it becomes more insulating.
The impact of the heat source/sink on triple component magneto-convection in superposed porous and fluid system
Authors: Manjunatha N. , Yellamma  , Sumithra R. , Verma Amit , Gowda R. J. Punith , Madhu J.
Published: September 2023

Effective thermal management is necessary for electronic devices to prevent overheating and guarantee optimal performance. The development of cutting-edge cooling methods may be aided by research into Triple Component Magneto-Convection (TCMC) in a superposed porous and fluid system with heat source/sink effects. It is feasible to improve the thermal management of electronic parts and systems by managing convective heat transfer via the optimization of heat source/sink spot and design. An investigation into the issue of TCMC in a horizontally infinite composite layer is presented in this work. The investigation takes into account of a consistent heat source or sinks in both layers as well as a uniform vertical magnetic field. The upper enclosure of the fluid layer is either free and adiabatic or isothermal, while the bottom enclosure of the porous layer is rigid and adiabatic. By employing normal mode analysis, the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is solved in closed form to obtain the eigenvalue, specifically the thermal Marangoni number (tMn). The investigation focuses on two different combinations of thermal boundaries: (i) adiabatic–adiabatic and (ii) adiabatic–isothermal. During the inquiry, the influence of major elements on TCMC in connection to the depth ratio is fully investigated. This work aims at understanding the stability of the superposed porous-fluid system using adiabatic and isothermal boundaries in the presence of a heat source or sink.
A COMPARISON OF COHERENCE FACTOR AND SIGN COHERENCE FACTOR APPLIED TO A NONLINEAR BEAMFORMER
Authors: SONG KE , CHEN DUO
Published: September 2023

A new nonlinear beamformer named Double-Stage Delay Multiply and Sum (DS-DMAS) has recently been proposed as a variant of the Delay Multiply and Sum (DMAS) algorithm. DS-DMAS expands DMAS into a summation of multiple terms and considers this summation as Delay and Sum (DAS). In order to address the shortage of DAS, DS-DMAS replaced the DAS with DMAS. However, the construction of the new signal in the DS-DMAS algorithm still employs the DAS method. While DAS is a well-established and reliable method, its output is solely dependent on the signal amplitude. Therefore, signal similarity-based methods such as the Coherence Factor (CF) and the Sign Coherence Factor (SCF) have been proposed to weigh the DAS output and optimize its performance. Taking this into consideration, we incorporated the CF and SCF to weigh each newly generated signal in DS-DMAS, resulting in the Coherence Factor-based Double-Stage Delay Multiply and Sum (DS-DMAS-CF) and the Sign Coherence Factor-based Double-Stage Delay Multiply and Sum (DS-DMAS-SCF) approaches. Our focus is primarily on comparing the performance of DS-DMAS-CF and DS-DMAS-SCF. The results indicate that DS-DMAS-SCF exhibits better noise suppression capabilities compared to DS-DMAS-CF.
A NOVEL CARDIAC IMAGE SEGMENTATION METHOD USING AN OPTIMIZED 3D U-NET MODEL
Authors: DONG XUAN , MAO XUETAO , YAO JIAN
Published: September 2023

Medical image segmentation holds significant importance for doctors, patients, and the entire health care industry. For doctors, it provides more accurate information about cardiac structures, aiding in improving diagnoses and treatment decisions. For patients, segmentation techniques enable personalized medical care, enhancing treatment outcomes and satisfaction. The entire health care sector benefits from the advancement of this technology, driving the development of medical science and contributing to better health care quality and patient well-being. Additionally, segmentation plays a crucial role in research and education, facilitating the accumulation and dissemination of medical knowledge. In summary, the application of medical image segmentation has profound implications for progress in the medical field and patient welfare. In recent years, with technological advancements and innovative algorithms, medical image quality has greatly improved, with higher resolution and reduced noise and artifacts. Simultaneously, the application of deep learning techniques has made the automatic analysis and diagnosis of medical images more precise and efficient. However, due to the complex structures and diversity often present in medical images, models tend to have limited generalization across different datasets, leading to unstable segmentation performance. Considering the excellent image segmentation performance of the three-dimensional (3D) U-Net model, this study introduces an improved spatial attention mechanism on the basis of the 3D U-Net model to enhance its segmentation performance. The spatial attention mechanism enhances the model’s feature extraction capabilities. The enhanced network can capture dependencies among features across both channel and spatial dimensions in the entire global scope. Additionally, it can strengthen any two correlated features within the input feature vector, thereby enhancing the model’s representational capacity. Through detailed experimental validation, the effectiveness of the proposed model is thoroughly demonstrated. Its superiority in performance and computational efficiency positions it as a significant breakthrough in the medical image segmentation field, providing a strong foundation for future research and clinical practice in medical image processing.
Low-Cost Applications by Simple Chemical Method: Solar Cell and Photodetector
Authors: Saeed Sahar Issa , Ali Maryam Azher , Abad Wedian K. , Abd Ahmed N.
Published: September 2023

Copper oxide was prepared by simple chemical method and deposited on quartz glass and single crystal PSi for solar cell and Photodetector applications by drop casting method. XRD measurements reveal that the film was polycrystalline in nature. The average crystalline size of film was (17.46) nm. In order to investigate the optical characteristics of CuO, researchers took a recording of the transmittance against wavelength. It was determined that the optical energy gap of CuO is equal to 3.5 electron volts. The efficiency of solar cell was (0.27)% and the maximum value of spectral detectivity was 5*10[Formula: see text] (cm Hz[Formula: see text] W[Formula: see text].
Automated superconducting qubit characterization platform based on a modified 3D printer
Authors: Li Haochen , Thant Soe Gon Yee , Dumke Rainer
Published: September 2023

Josephson Junctions are important components in superconducting qubits. It introduces anharmonicity to the energy level spacings of the qubit which allow us to identify two unique quantum energy states for computing. It is difficult to fabricate multiple junctions within the same desired parameter range. Characterisation of the junctions is, therefore, a necessary step after fabrication. In particular, the critical current of the junctions is determined by measuring their normal state resistance. This is done via two-point or four-point resistance measurement at a manual probe station which is a time-consuming process, especially for wafer-scale fabrication. This bottleneck can be circumvented by automation with object detection. The base of the automated probe station is a 3D printer modified with multiple Arduino Uno microcontrollers and motorized linear stages. The automation process is achieved via auto-alignment of the probes and an automatic measurement procedure. As a result, the fully automated process will take about 27–29[Formula: see text]s to measure the resistance of one junction which saves 28%–51% of the time compared to the manual probe station and can be unsupervised. Due to the reuse of a commercial 3D printer, the cost of this system is 800 SGD which is much less than comparable commercial solutions.
On the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Porous Absorber Characterization and Simulations
Authors: Bronzova Mariia , Bocquillet Arnaud , Schanz Martin
Published: September 2023

With the increasing importance of vehicle acoustic comfort, the topics of precise absorber simulation and characterization approaches are coming into forefront. The behavior of widely used porous mass-spring systems, consisting of foams coupled with heavy layers, can be strongly influenced by numerous factors. Among them are boundary conditions between trim materials and exciting structures. This paper focuses on investigating trim-structure interface phenomena with the help of modern measurement techniques. Using acquired experimental results, numerical studies have been conducted to account for observed phenomena. In particular, parameter optimization algorithms have been implemented for intrinsic material parameter characterization purposes. Moreover, sensitivity analysis investigations have been performed to substantiate the developed approaches.
Multiple carbon isotope excursions during the Carnian (Late Triassic) pluvial event: implications for global and regional perturbation
Authors: Ke Puyang , Fu Xiugen , Peng Qinghua , Wei Hengye , Zeng Yuhong , Zhang Qian , Deng Jinxian
Published: September 2023

The Late Triassic Carnian pluvial event (CPE) was an interval marked by global climatic and environmental changes that occurred simultaneously with enhancement of the hydrological cycle. This event is characterized by multiple negative carbon isotope excursions (NCIEs). However, the driving mechanism behind these multiple NCIEs remains elusive because each of the NCIEs had different magnitudes in different geological settings. In this study, we present a high-resolution record of carbonate carbon isotope (

δ

13
C
carb
) and major and trace element data from Well QZ-8 in the Qiangtang Basin, eastern Tethys. The carbon isotope profile from this well displays a similar trend to those for contemporaneous strata in the NW Tethys and South China. This trend is characterized by a distinct negative excursion during the CPE, supporting a global event. Interestingly, our results reveal five NCIEs for the first time in the marine sedimentary succession. Furthermore, each of these NCIEs corresponds well to changes in Ti/Al, Sr/Al and Sr/Ba, suggesting a regional effect of the hydrological cycle on carbon isotope excursions. This study emphasizes that each of the NCIEs was influenced by regional hydrological cycles although the long carbon isotope excursion during the CPE was driven by the global carbon cycle.

Supplementary material:
Tables showing major element, isotope and trace element data and element ratios, and a supplementary figure are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6805266
The Charnwood Terrane revisited: an integrated petrogenetic and petrophysical model for crustal structure in southern Britain
Authors: Pharaoh T. C. , Beamish D. , Williams J. D. O. , Carney J. N. , Wilby P. R.
Published: September 2023

We based an integrated petrological and petrophysical model for the Ediacaran crust of southern Britain on a review of the
c.
570–550 Ma Charnian volcano-sedimentary complex. The latter was emplaced in a magmatic rift wedge within the juvenile continental crust of the
c.
720–600 Ma Marches Terrane, a subduction magmatic domain formed at the margin of the Gondwana palaeocontinent. The Charnian magmatic arc is characterized by primitive island arc tholeiite to more evolved calc-alkaline compositions. The inversion of aeromagnetic potential field data and petrophysical modelling reveals details of the internal structure of the Charnian Domain, including a median rift, superimposed annular structures and partitioning lineaments. The modelling suggests that the arc foundation could incorporate magnetite-rich cumulates, which may explain the anomalous geophysical properties, including crustal thickness, rigidity and buoyancy. There is no evidence for significant tectonic displacement between the Charnian Domain and its Marches Terrane host. Instead, the domain likely occupies a wedge-shaped arc/marginal rift basin complex, propagated from a neighbouring ocean into the Gondwana margin. Contemporaneous volcanic rift successions in the Welsh Borderland and Wales of the 570–550 Ma Charnian magmatic phase developed in coeval ensialic rifts within less strongly extended Marches Terrane lithosphere. A comparable diversity of subduction-related magmatism is found in the Neogene–recent Hikurangi destructive margin of New Zealand, providing a plausible analogue for Charnian magmatism.

Supplementary material:
Supplementary Publication 1 (borehole geophysical log correlation; petrophysical data table; unannotated geophysical maps and sections) and Supplementary Publication 2 (geochemistry analytical conditions and data table) are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6805248
Seismotectonic role of transversal structures in the Plio-Quaternary evolution of the external Marche Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Costa M. , Invernizzi C. , Penza G. , Teloni S. , Pierantoni P. P.
Published: September 2023

We defined the seismotectonic setting of the external Marche Apennines (central Italy) by integrating geomorphological, structural and seismological data. The area is characterized by strong historical earthquakes, but the geometries and kinematics of the seismogenic sources have not previously been well defined. Plio-Quaternary Apennine compressional NW–SE structures are segmented by NE–SW-oriented transversal faults, the origin and role of which are still debated. We characterized the geometry, kinematics and activity of the four main transversal faults to better define their seismogenic potential. These high-angle, deeply rooted transversal fault systems have been mapped and separate the external Apennine sector into blocks and sub-blocks with different structural and evolutionary features. The integrated dataset showed that some inherited fault segments have recently been reactivated, displacing Quaternary deposits. The spatial distribution of seismicity indicates that some clusters of hypocentres are located within the basement. Stress field analysis using available focal mechanism solutions confirms the prevalence of left-lateral kinematics on roughly SW–NE-oriented structures. The transversal structures thus contribute to the longitudinal segmentation of the Apennine structures and, more generally, are involved in the northern part of the Adria plate kinematics towards the north and NNW. The assessment of seismic hazards and planning to mitigate risks in populated areas close to the Adriatic coast should consider these potentially active faults evidenced by instrumental seismicity and important historical earthquakes.
SpinQ: Compilation Strategies for Scalable Spin-Qubit Architectures
Authors: Paraskevopoulos Nikiforos , Sebastiano Fabio , Almudever Carmen G. , Feld Sebastian
Published: September 2023

Despite Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum devices being severely constrained, hardware- and algorithm-aware quantum circuit mapping techniques have been developed to enable successful algorithm executions. Not so much attention has been paid to mapping and compilation implementations for spin-qubit quantum processors due to the scarce availability of experimental devices and their small sizes. However, based on their high scalability potential and their rapid progress it is timely to start exploring solutions on such devices. In this work, we discuss the unique mapping challenges of a scalable crossbar architecture with shared control and introduce
SpinQ
, the first native compilation framework for scalable spin-qubit architectures. At the core of
SpinQ
is the
Integrated Strategy
that addresses the unique operational constraints of the crossbar while considering compilation scalability and obtaining a
O(n)
computational complexity. To evaluate the performance of
SpinQ
on this novel architecture, we compiled a broad set of well-defined quantum circuits and performed an in-depth analysis based on multiple metrics such as gate overhead, depth overhead, and estimated success probability, which in turn allowed us to create unique mapping and architectural insights. Finally, we propose novel mapping techniques that could increase algorithm success rates on this architecture and potentially inspire further research on quantum circuit mapping for other scalable spin-qubit architectures.
LoGenText-Plus
: Improving Neural Machine Translation Based Logging Texts Generation with Syntactic Templates
Authors: Ding Zishuo , Tang Yiming , Cheng Xiaoyu , Li Heng , Shang Weiyi
Published: September 2023

Developers insert logging statements in the source code to collect important runtime information about software systems. The textual descriptions in logging statements (i.e., logging texts) are printed during system executions and exposed to multiple stakeholders including developers, operators, users, and regulatory authorities. Writing proper logging texts is an important but often challenging task for developers. Prior studies find that developers spend significant efforts modifying their logging texts. However, despite extensive research on automated logging suggestions, research on suggesting logging texts rarely exists. To fill this knowledge gap, we first propose
LoGenText
(initially reported in our conference paper), an automated approach that uses neural machine translation (NMT) models to generate logging texts by translating the related source code into short textual descriptions.
LoGenText
takes the preceding source code of a logging text as the input and considers other context information, such as the location of the logging statement, to automatically generate the logging text.
LoGenText
’s evaluation on 10 open source projects indicates that the approach is promising for automatic logging text generation and significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approach. Furthermore, we extend
LoGenText
to
LoGenText-Plus
by incorporating the syntactic templates of the logging texts. Different from
LoGenText
,
LoGenText-Plus
decomposes the logging text generation process into two stages.
LoGenText-Plus
first adopts an NMT model to generate the syntactic template of the target logging text. Then
LoGenText-Plus
feeds the source code and the generated template as the input to another NMT model for logging text generation. We also evaluate
LoGenText-Plus
on the same 10 projects and observe that it outperforms
LoGenText
on 9 of them. According to a human evaluation from developers’ perspectives, the logging texts generated by
LoGenText-Plus
have a higher quality than those generated by
LoGenText
and the prior baseline approach. By manually examining the generated logging texts, we then identify five aspects that can serve as guidance for writing or generating good logging texts. Our work is an important step toward the automated generation of logging statements, which can potentially save developers’ efforts and improve the quality of software logging. Our findings shed light on research opportunities that leverage advances in NMT techniques for automated generation and suggestion of logging statements.
Learning to Detect Memory-related Vulnerabilities
Authors: Cao Sicong , Sun Xiaobing , Bo Lili , Wu Rongxin , Li Bin , Wu Xiaoxue , Tao Chuanqi , Zhang Tao , Liu Wei
Published: September 2023

Memory-related vulnerabilities can result in performance degradation or even program crashes, constituting severe threats to the security of modern software. Despite the promising results of deep learning (DL)-based vulnerability detectors, there exist three main limitations: (1) rich contextual program semantics related to vulnerabilities have not yet been fully modeled; (2) multi-granularity vulnerability features in hierarchical code structure are still hard to be captured; and (3) heterogeneous flow information is not well utilized. To address these limitations, in this article, we propose a novel DL-based approach, called
MVD+
, to detect memory-related vulnerabilities at the statement-level. Specifically, it conducts both intraprocedural and interprocedural analysis to model vulnerability features, and adopts a hierarchical representation learning strategy, which performs syntax-aware neural embedding within statements and captures structured context information across statements based on a novel Flow-Sensitive Graph Neural Networks, to learn both syntactic and semantic features of vulnerable code. To demonstrate the performance, we conducted extensive experiments against eight state-of-the-art DL-based approaches as well as five well-known static analyzers on our constructed dataset with 6,879 vulnerabilities in 12 popular C/C++ applications. The experimental results confirmed that
MVD+
can significantly outperform current state-of-the-art baselines and make a great trade-off between effectiveness and efficiency.
Parental Legal Culpability in Youth Offending
Authors: Sbeglia Colleen , Randolph Imani , Cavanagh Caitlin , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: September 2023

When youth commit crimes, their parents may be held legally responsible for their actions. Parental legal culpability laws were developed to ensure justice for victims of crime but also deter juvenile delinquency. However, it is unclear if parental culpability has these desired effects or if it instead contributes to disparities that already exist in the justice system. This review provides a psychological perspective on parental legal culpability, highlighting the different types of offenses that parents may be held responsible for, including vicarious tort liability, status offenses, and criminal responsibility. Given the significant public discourse around certain types of crime, we also include focused discussions about parental culpability for youth violence and cybercrimes. We then consider the unintended consequences that may arise as a result of parental sanctions, from exacerbating racial and ethnic inequalities to imposing financial burdens that may put families at risk for further justice involvement. Finally, we discuss challenges to the efficacy of parental culpability laws, with recommendations for areas of continued research.
Navigating an Unforeseen Pathway
Authors: Spencer Margaret Beale
Published: September 2023

This article describes a career path from a non-traditional STEM field to an impactful career in developmental science. It acknowledges the unique experiences of an African American woman growing up in a northeastern urban center at the end of World War II, during which the experiences of Blacks were still heavily impacted by policies and practices representing highly significant racial inequities requiring individual, family, and collective coping. My human development theory, phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST), provides a framing device for describing both high vulnerability situations and resilience expressions linked to particular contextual experiences including significant challenges and, as well, unexpected sources of support. Experiences had within my family of origin, civil rights activities, and diverse learning environments afforded supports, inferred mortal attacks, and unexpected opportunities. Ongoing are challenges and stress inferred to be associated with my committed positionality that acknowledges all children's humanity and particularly the persistent situations of youth and communities of color.
Interleukin-6 and epidermal growth factor as noninvasive biomarkers of progression in chronic glomerulonephritis
Authors: Idasiak-Piechocka Ilona , Miedziaszczyk Miłosz , Woźniak Aldona , Pawliczak Elżbieta , Kaczmarek Elżbieta , Oko Andrzej
Published: September 2023

Baseline high urinary interleukin-6 (IL-6) excretion and low urinary epidermal growth factor (EGF) excretion and particularly high IL-6/EGF ratio were stronger predictive factors of the progression of the deterioration of the kidney function than initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or proteinuria. In patients with newly diagnosed chronic glomerulonephritis, UIL-6 and UEGF can serve as prognostic biomarkers for the progression of the disease.
Signaling circuits and the apical extracellular matrix in aging: connections identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Reich Hannah , Savage-Dunn Cathy
Published: September 2023

Numerous conserved signaling pathways play critical roles in aging, including insulin/IGF-1, TGF-β, and Wnt pathways. Some of these pathways also play prominent roles in the formation and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been an enduringly productive system for the identification of conserved mechanisms of biological aging. Recent studies in C. elegans highlight the regulatory circuits between conserved signaling pathways and the extracellular matrix, revealing a bidirectional relationship between these factors and providing a platform to address how regulation of and by the extracellular matrix can impact lifespan and organismal health during aging. These discoveries provide new opportunities for clinical advances and novel therapeutic strategies.
Regulation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression and calcium-dependent cell signaling by lncRNA Tug1 in cardiomyocytes
Authors: Trewin Adam J. , Weeks Kate L. , Wadley Glenn D. , Lamon Séverine
Published: September 2023

Calcium is essential for signaling, excitation contraction, and energy homeostasis in the heart. Despite this, molecular regulators of these processes are not completely understood. We report that knockdown of lncRNA Tug1 alters the calcium handling transcriptome and increases mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression via a mechanism involving CaMKII. As overexpression of MCU is known to be protective against pathological cardiac remodeling, targeting Tug1 may be a potential strategy for treating cardiovascular disease.
Transcriptomic profiling of the bovine endosalpinx and endometrium to identify putative embryokines
Authors: Hoorn Quinn A. , Rabaglino Maria Belen , Maia Tatiane S. , Sagheer Masroor , Fuego Dailin , Jiang Zongliang , Hansen Peter J.
Published: September 2023

Examination of the transcriptome of the endosalpinx and endometrium revealed the degree to which gene expression in the reproductive tract varies spatially. The expression of genes encoding cell signaling molecules that could potentially regulate embryonic development was also identified.
Neo-Darwinian Principles Exemplified in Cancer Genomics
Authors: Krueger Karl E.
Published: September 2023

Within the last two decades, the advent of next-generation sequencing accompanied by single-cell technologies has enabled cancer researchers to study in detail mutations and other genetic aberrations that transpire during transformation of cells to a neoplastic state. This article covers the insights gained through these extensive studies where neo-Darwinian principles can be inferred to play roles throughout neoplastic transformation. The cells promoted during cancer development exhibit cancer hallmarks combined with the related enabling characteristics as outlined by Hanahan and Weinberg, analogous to natural selection and survival of the fittest. Selection of driver mutations that inactivate proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes differs in profound ways from mutations that activate tumor promoter proteins. In most cases, the later stages of cancer development are characterized by sudden, extensive damage to chromosomes in a process that is not Darwinian in nature. Nevertheless, cells that survive these cataclysmic events remain subject to Darwinian selection promoting clones exhibiting the greatest rates of progression. Duplications of chromosomal segments containing oncogenes, deletions of segments harboring tumor suppressor genes, or distinctive chromosomal rearrangements are often found in cells progressing into later stages of cancer. In summary, the technological developments in genome sequencing since the start of the century have given us clear insights into genomic alterations promoting tumor progression where neo-Darwinian mechanisms of clonal selection can be inferred to play a primary role.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Accelerating Cancer Histopathology Workflows with Chemical Imaging and Machine Learning
Authors: Falahkheirkhah Kianoush , Mukherjee Sudipta S. , Gupta Sounak , Herrera-Hernandez Loren , McCarthy Michael R. , Jimenez Rafael E. , Cheville John C. , Bhargava Rohit
Published: September 2023

Representative examples of failure cases