bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Methods for Diagnosing the Operating Conditions of Water Supply Networks over the Last Two Decades
Authors: Stańczyk Justyna , Burszta-Adamiak Ewa
Published: March 2022

The need for water supply companies to exercise control over the operating conditions of water supply networks has contributed to the development of a number of methods for their diagnosis. The diagnostics of technical infrastructure is a constantly developing field, and therefore, over the years, we have observed the development of various methods of diagnosing network operating conditions and their classification. The article presents, in a synthetic way, the division and review of the previously used methods of diagnosing the operating conditions of water supply networks. The authors also classified and assessed the usefulness of the methods of diagnosis in specific operating conditions. The review carried out by the authors shows that there is a need for research on the detection of operating conditions of water supply networks under the operating conditions of real systems. The results of our deep analysis allow for the understanding of the most important areas of research, as well as the existing worldwide trends in the development of methods for leak diagnosis and detection in water distribution networks. This review is a compendium of knowledge on the detection and diagnosis of water supply networks.
Habitat Changes along Ipoly River Valley (Hungary) in Extreme Wet and Dry Years
Authors: T.-Járdi Ildikó , Saláta Dénes , S.-Falusi Eszter , Kovács Gergő Péter , Láposi Réka , Zachar Zalán , Penksza Károly
Published: March 2022

The Ipoly Valley is a natural habitat along the Ipoly River, only slightly affected by water management; therefore, this is an especially sensitive area and reflects well the vegetation changes in the driest (2020) and wettest (2010) years. The study’s aim is to identify natural changes within habitats and the evaluation of habitat types’ boundaries. For the study, a hand-held GPS device was applied on-site. The habitat identification is based on the General National Habitat Classification System (Á-NÉR). In addition to on-site data, Sentinel-2A satellite data were used to compare different extreme years 2020 and 2021—changes in different habitat patches using different vegetation indices. A change in precipitation causes shifts in the vegetation, this is shown on a map. As we predicted, decreasing the precipitation results in a decrease of the area of wet habitat patches. The satellite image shows a more accurate picture of the real location of the associations, which is important for long-term research. In addition, we can get accurate data on the situation of areas (roads and paths) affected by anthropogenic factors.
The Cradle of Life will Become the “Pasture„ of “Unicorns„
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University., Tishchenko Elena B. , Slavyantsev Maksim V. ,   Alpha Reem Consulting., Korostyleva Irina I. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Published: March 2022

The era of digital reorganisation will engender transformation of the world economy, largely determining the vector of civilizational development. Despite the losses of the 20th century, Russia, having the potential of fundamental science and resource self-sufficiency, is still among the few countries capable of leadership in changing conditions. Post-COVID economy has only accelerated the transformation process, generating thrust for the rapid growth of “unicorns”, mainly in the markets of platform and ecosystem solutions. Russia may become the “homeland” of such “unicorns”, and their scaling will provide the growing consumer market of Africa, which is a favourable territory for development and localization of scaling of science-intensive exports that can ensure the well-being of national economies.
On the Formation of Common Markets for Oil and Petroleum Products of the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors:   Eurasian Economic Commission, Zakrevskiy Vadim А.
Published: March 2022

This article is devoted to the activities on the formation of common markets for oil and petroleum products of the Eurasian Economic Union. At the same time, these common markets are considered by the author as a factor in ensuring the interests of the national economies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, contributing to increasing the level of economic integration of the member states. It is noted that relations currently in the oil sector within the Union are carried out on a bilateral basis within the framework of intergovernmental agreements. Certain issues of ensuring energy security are considered, it is noted that the key goal of ensuring the energy security of the Union should be, first of all, maintaining the energy resource base of each Member State and the Union as a whole.
Enzymes of domestic production as part of PVMC for young pigs
Authors:   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Chuvash State Agrarian University”, Russia, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, Mikhaylova L. R. , Lavrentiev A. Yu. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Chuvash State Agrarian University”, Russia, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, Kostomakhin N. M. ,   Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K. A. Timiryazev”, Russia, Moscow, Sherne V. S. ,   V. S. Sherne OOO “Natural products of the Volga region”, Russia, Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary
Published: March 2022

Feed and balancing complexes, biologically active substances are included in the composition of feed to balance them according to detailed feeding standards, improve digestibility and increase the productive effect of feed. One of these additives are enzymes. The purpose of the research was to carry out the influence of enzyme drugs of domestic production as part of compound feed for young pigs on rearing and fattening to increase the dynamics of live weight gain and increase pork productivity. In order to achieve this purpose and solve the tasks, we conducted a scientific and economic experiment on purebred young pigs of Large White breed. Three groups of young pigs have been formed from the group on rearing period by the method of pairs-analogues. In experiments the effect of enzyme drugs of domestic production in the composition of protein-vitamin-mineral complexes (PVMC) for young pigs on rearing and fattening was studied to increase the dynamics of live weight gain and increase pork productivity. The use of enzyme drugs of domestic production as part of PVMC improves the efficiency of the use of feed nutrients, which makes it possible to fully realize the biological resources of animals, to increase the quantitative and qualitative indicators of pork productivity. The average daily gain in the live weight of experimental animals in the control group was 636 g, in the 1st experimental 685 g, in the 2nd experimental 708 g. 3,74 EFU was spent on 1 kg of gain in the control group, by 7,49 % less in the 1st experimental group than in the control group and 10,16 % less in the 2nd experimental group than in the control group and 2,9 % less than in the 1st experimental group.
Qualitative characteristics of young horse meat of different breeds of horses in Yakutia
Authors:   Yakut Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture named after M. G. Safronov – a separate subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of the Federal Research Center “Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk, Mironov S. M. , Ivanov R. V. ,   Yakut Scientific and Research Institute of Agriculture named after M. G. Safronov – a separate subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science of the Federal Research Center “Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Yakutsk
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the work was to study the biochemical composition and nutritional value of the meat of foals of Prilenskaya and Megezhekskaya breeds in comparison with the original Yakut breed. Based on special analyses, the indicators of nutritional value and biochemical composition of the meat of foals of the studied breeds have been studied. As a result of the conducted research, the expediency of using stationary pre-slaughter maintenance of foals of above-average fatness for 4 days in order to improve the quality indicators of horse meat has been objectively proved. In a comparative study of different cut of meat of 6-month-old foals of the three above-mentioned breeds, it has been found that the meat of horses of the indigenous type of Yakut breed and Prilenskaya breed was the most caloric, because it contained more fat. From the point of view of consumer characteristics, the optimal ratio of protein and fat was noted in the dorsal-rib and sacral part of the cut in the meat of foals of Megezhekskaya and Yakut breeds, and in the Prilenskaya in the brisket. As a result of the conducted studies on the growth and development of horses of different breeds, as well as on the qualitative assessment of young horse meat obtained from foals of different breeds in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), it has been found that from foals of Prilenskaya and Megezhekskaya breeds, in comparison with the original Yakut breed, higher quality horse meat was obtained. With the average selling price of 1 kg of live weight of 22,8 thousand rubles, additional cash income is provided for breeding horses of Prilenskaya breed in the amount of 79,4 million rubles, and Megezhekskaya breed 56,0 million rubles compared to the original Yakut breed.
Impact of a case-management intervention for reducing emergency attendance on primary care: randomised control trial
Authors: Cohen Jonathan N , Nguyen An , Rafiq Meena , Taylor Paul
Published: March 2022

Background

The impact on primary care workload of case-management interventions to reduce emergency department (ED) attendances is unknown.

Aim

To examine the impact of a telephone-based case-management intervention targeting people with high ED attendance on primary care use.

Design and setting

A single-site data extract from a larger randomised control trial, using the patient-level data from primary care electronic health records (2015–2020), was undertaken.

Method

A total of 363 patients at high risk of ED usage were randomised to receive a 6-month case-management intervention (253 patients) or standard care (110 patients). Poisson regression models were used to calculate monthly rates of primary care use over time for the 2 years post-randomisation, comparing both arms. Usage was subclassified into face-to-face, telephone, letter, and community and secondary care referrals, stratified by patient demographics.

Results

No significant difference was found in the mean annual rate of primary care events between the intervention and control arms (P = 0.70). Secondary care referrals saw a 26% reduction in the mean annual referral rate (incident rate ratio [IRR] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64 to 0.86, P<0.001) and letters sent increased by 6% in the intervention arm compared with the control arm (IRR 1.06, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.11, P = 0.01). In the case-managed arm, in patients aged ≥80 years there was a 33% increase in primary care usage (IRR 1.33, 95% CI = 1.28 to 1.40, P<0.001); with a corresponding 10% decrease in patients aged <80 years when compared with controls (IRR 0.90, 95% CI = 0.87 to 0.92, P<0.001).

Conclusion

A targeted case-management intervention to reduce ED attendances did not increase overall primary care use. Redistribution of usage is seen among some patient groups, particularly older people, which may have important implications for primary healthcare planning.
La réussite d'une politique. Interrogations sur les effets sociaux des incitations publiques
Authors: Maresca Sylvain
Published: March 2022

La politique d'aide à l'installation des jeunes agriculteurs est un exemple d'incitation publique dont l'efficacité est douteuse (il n'y a pas plus d'exploitants qui s'installent et rien ne prouve qu'ils le fassent dans de meilleures conditions), mais dont la réussite politique est certaine. Son analyse détaillée permet de mettre en évidence l'impact faible et plutôt indirect, essentiellement symbolique, de ce type d'interventions publiques dans les évolutions socio-économiques en cours qu'elles ne font, au mieux, qu'accompagner. Plus généralement, se trouve ainsi posé le problème complexe des multiples façons dont le politique retraduit les phénomènes sociaux du moment, depuis leur ignorance et l'absence d'intervention, jusqu'à l'action volontariste, politiquement

réussie ou non.
Crise laitière et quotas : l'évolution de la politique laitière en France et dans la Communauté
Authors: Hairy Denis , Perraud Daniel
Published: March 2022

Quotas and milk crisis : the évolution of dairy policy in France and in the EEC.

This article aims at giving an analytic interpretation of the policy change induced

by dairy quotas. They explain why the dairy crisis in the EEC could resuit on quotas as a compromise solution although the majority of the member States had originally rejected this solution. For everybody, it tuas the lesser of two evils.

In four years of quota policy, the régulations have been made more and more complex by the EEC which has allowed national specifie Systems to develop, leading to two main consequences : the basic principle of quotas has been rather welland quickly accepted ; but it implied a partial renationalisation of dairy policies.

Two aspects of the French situation are pointed out. In the beginning, the management of the quota System heavily relied upon the processing industry, and has increasingly tended to be ruled by regional committees, which means a comeback of the farmers unions ; an efficient public policy aiming at the "restructuration" of the French dairy industry was run through subsidies to farmers giving up their deliveries. After an immédiate success of these programs, the farmers tend to respond less and less. Further structural changes in the production of milk ask for a new regulation : the question of a quota market becomes the center of the French discussions about dairy policy.
La gestion forestière : rationnelle ou raisonnable ?
Authors: Poupardin Denis , Larrère Raphaël
Published: March 2022

Le calcul économique peut-il contribuer utilement à améliorer la gestion des massifs boisés ? Ou est-il, en ce domaine, de faible utilité ? Les auteurs examinent les arguments qui sont échangés de part et d'autre. Il leur apparaît que la formalisation économique de toutes les "utilités sociales" reconnues aux forêts (fonctions productive, environnementale et sociale) relève d'un exercice abstrait qui ne permet d'appréhender ni la logique et le comportement des acteurs concernés ou impliqués, ni d'opérer concrètement des choix rationnels dans les investissements à long terme, ni d'arbitrer entre ces utilités différentes qui ne peuvent jamais êtres comparées entre elles. L'aménagement forestier reste, de ce fait, à leurs yeux, un domaine où subsiste encore une large part d'indécidable.
Taux de change et performances à l'exportation des Etats-Unis dans le commerce mondial des produits agricoles
Authors: Boussemart Jean Philippe , Milléquant F.
Published: March 2022

L'article présente les résultats d'une recherche sur le commerce mondial des produits agricoles et les parts de marché des principaux exportateurs de l'OCDE. Il étudie notamment le cas de l'impact des fluctuations du dollar sur les performances à l'exportation des Etats-Unis face à leurs principaux concurrents, sur la période 1970-1985.

La mise en évidence des performances des exportateurs repose sur une méthodologie particulière permettant d'isoler, dans les évolutions du commerce d'un pays, pour un produit donné, les éléments imputables à la demande mondiale, ceux qui résultent de la structure de ses débouchés et, enfin, les facteurs spécifiques de ces évolutions se traduisant par des gains ou des pertes de marché.

Nous avons ensuite utilisé un modèle économétrique simple pour analyser l'influence du taux de change du dollar sur les évolutions des parts de marché des Etats-Unis mises en évidence précédemment. Dans douze ou treize cas sur 18, un dollar fort exerce un effet défavorable sur les parts de marché américaines. Les modèles suggèrent aussi que les Etats-Unis sont d'autant plus vulnérables au changement de la valeur de leur monnaie qu'ils occupent une importance forte sur le marché.
Substitution dans l'alimentation animale : l'apport des modèles de séries temporelles
Authors: Dronne Yves , Tavéra Christophe
Published: March 2022

Plusieurs auteurs ont cherché à représenter le comportement de demande de matières premières du secteur français de l'aliment composé. Ils utilisent un modèle économétrique identifié à partir de la théorie néoclassique du producteur et de la théorie de la dualité.

Cet article propose une méthode alternative d'analyse des relations de substituabilité/ complémentarité de court-terme entre les matières premières de l'alimentation animale fondée sur l'estimation d'un modèle VAR des prix de ces produits. Cette procédure possède deux avantages. D'une part, elle ne repose que sur les régularions observées entre les séries de prix et aucune contrainte théorique (si ce n'est le choix du vecteur de prix te- tenu) n'est donc imposée aux données. D'autre part, il n'est plus nécessaire de regrouper les produits par famille et le comportement de chacune des matières peut être examiné individuellement.
Les jeunes ruraux entre ville et campagne
Authors: Lambert Yves
Published: March 2022

Young country people between town and country.

According to a survey conducted on 2 400 young country people aged between 19 and 25 years, in six different regions, 54% wish to remain in a rural environment, only 36% of these being still second or third level students as against 62%) who have finished their education, the latter group being generally older, already filtered by emigration. However, this exodus is counter-balanced by an important inverse flux, since a quarter of the young people surveyed had grown up in the town. The attraction toward owner-ship of one's own house is another factor which will undoubtedly slow down this emigration.

All in all, what is taking place is a movement towards concentration of the population in fairly large communes situated fairly close to urban centres, these being perceived as the most "attractive", whilst the country area, on the other hand, is perceived rather as being "dead" and "lost".

It would appear that the slogan of the young people surveyed is not "live and work in the country" but rather "in the region" : 61% would see their own region as the geographical area in which they would like to live. And even if it means going far away, the tendency now is to think of Europe in preference to the Parisian region. The strenght of regional identity plays a much more important part than one might have expected in influencing where the subjects would wish to live and work. Certain areas like the Languedoc, Molsheim or Redon are clearly more attractive than others, the Limousin area suffering because of employment problems and the Dreux area being the least attractive notably because of its dispersion into small widely scattered communes.

The tendencies to leave the rural environment, to move closer to the town or to depart to another region all follow the same logic which the link with the regional language synthesies very well : these tendencies are greater the less one has lived in a rural environment (or in the region), the weaker one's local family roots, or the higher one's academic or social standing, the three factors frequently going hand in hand by without being narrowly determined.

Several conclusions can be drawn from this survey as far as the politics of development are concerned. First of all, it must be pointed out that the country youth do not define themselves in terms of rural-urban opposition : the label is of little importance to them. What counts is the realisation of their desired lifestyle. Equally, their attachment to the locality or to the region is far from unconditional. Indépendant of the employment problem, their desire to live in their region and in the rural environment is all the greater where regional identity is strongest and where the rural communes are larger and less isolated. This means most notably that, as France has the smallest communes in Europe, the formation of communities of communes, especially in the most fragile zones should be speeded up.
Modèles et apprentissage organisationnel
Authors: Hatchuel Armand , Moisdon Jean-Claude
Published: March 2022

Models and organizational learning.

In this paper, the authors attempt to specify under which conditions a decision-aiding model can contribute to the process of organizational learning. Considering that an organization can be viewed as the resuit of delegation, coordination and evaluation Systems, the authors hold that organization modelling always conveys an implicit representation of the organization to which it is applied. A decision-aiding model is indeed always bound to make some assumptions as to the basic mechanisms which define the organization.

However, the knowledge available on the inner mechanisms of an organization is necessarily limited, as is the knowledge of the model designer. Consequently, the implicit organization of the model always reveals a more or less significant discrepancy with respect to the actual organisation.

Either this discrepancy cannot be managed, and the chances are the model will be ineffective, or it can be managed, that is interpreted, and then the model can actually describe the determining factors in the organization will allow the organizational learning process, by introducing either a better understanding of the situation or a convergence towards new management policies.

Two real examples of this process are mentioned in the paper. In thefirst example, the authors attempt to apply the theory of decision to the prospects and production choices of an oil company. They show that the model implies a great deal of communication between experts from diverse areas within the company, whereas, in reality, the study of investment projects is organized so as to limit this communication as much as possible.

The second example involves a car manufacturer and the design process of a new vehicle. The desired change consists in improving the information flows between the various designers. The tools implemented in this study shows that intense communication is already the rule, and that the problems, concerning quality in particular, resuit from other causes.

These two contrasting examples, which are almost antithetical, demonstrate that the model indicates an existing organization of which the people involved have only a fuzzy perception.
Pilotage de la production et aide à la décision stratégique : le cas des exploitations en grande culture
Authors: Chatelin Marie-Hélène , Aubry Christine , Leroy Pascal , Papy François , Poussin Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2022

L'objet de cet article est de présenter une démarche de modélisation de la production agricole dans une perspective d'aide à la décision stratégique. Cette démarche vise à privilégier une problématique de conseil basée sur la prise en compte des modalités pratiques de gestion des agriculteurs. L'objet de la première partie est de montrer à partir d'exemples les logiques qui structurent l'activité de gestion de production. Dans une deuxième partie, nous abordons la nature des interconnexions qui s'opèrent entre gestion courante et décisions stratégiques. Une troisième partie présente une démarche de conseil basée sur des systèmes d'aide à la décision qui permettent d'expérimenter par simulation des modèles de gestion et de construire des projets d'évolution d'exploitation, argumentes sous l'angle de leur intérêt économique et de leur cohérence vis-à-vis des contraintes de l'action.
Estimating the demand for farm operating and term credit
Authors: Weersink Alfons , Vanden Dungen Marcel J. , Turvey Calum G.
Published: March 2022

Relationships between the demand for credit (both operating and long term ) and other inputs in agriculture were evaluated for the US cornbelt states using a system of difference equations in a partial adjustment fratnework. Excess demand for long term debt was found to decrease demand for variable inputs including operating credit. Increases in the cost of operating credit were found to decrease demand for variable inputs and increase demand for quasi-fixed inputs. The opposite effects were generally found for changes in the cost of long term credit lending support to the hypothesis that subsidized interest rates become capitalized into asset prices.
Problèmes de planification, systèmes de gestion et organisation interne de la firme
Authors: Soler Louis-Georges , Tanguy Hervé , Valceschini Egizio
Published: March 2022

La simple identification du problème de planification en avenir radicalement incertain qu'affrontent les responsables opérationnels d'une firme est déjà un facteur clé d'amélioration de la performance. C'est ce qu'ont montré de nombreuses recherches en gestion préoccupées par la conception des systèmes de pilotage permettant de faciliter la prise en charge collective de ce problème. Quand la rénovation des systèmes paraît insuffisante ou trop coûteuse, le changement de structure organisationnelle permet de poser différemment ce problème en redistribuant les zones d'autonomie et les interfaces critiques. Cet article fournit un cadre explicatif des changements successifs d'organisation observés dans une firme agro-alimentaire dans un contexte de dérégulation de ses marchés. Il met en évidence ce problème structurant de la planification partagée des flux et le type de réponse organisationnelle finalement trouvé.
Farm household production under CAP reform : the impact of borrowing restrictions
Authors: Phimister Euan
Published: March 2022

This paper examines the potential impact of borrowing constraints on the production responses of farm households to certain aspects of the MacSharry reforms. A life cycle model of the farm household is calibrated for specialized cereal producers in France and used to simulate the output effects of cereal price reductions, set-aside and compensation payments.

The responses of this model are contrasted with a recursive model where production is independent of consumption. The results show that the output effects resulting from the policy changes are always less negative in the farm household model than in the recursive model and may, in many cases, be positive.
Regional input-output analysis and agriculture
Authors: Midmore Peter , Medcalf Rebecca , Harrisson-Mayfield Lucy
Published: March 2022

Analyse input-output régionale et agriculture.

L'intérêt du modèle input-output pour analyser les performances d'une agriculture régionale est désormais reconnu. En effet, cette technique permet de prendre en compte la spécialisation du secteur et son intégration croissante dans l'économie globale grâce au calcul des multiplicateurs économiques régionaux, d'une part, et de ceux qui relient l'économie d'une région donnée à l'économie nationale, de l'autre. Dans cet article, les auteurs examinent les apports et les limites du modèle input-output régional et de ses prolongements récents que sont la matrice de comptabilité sociale et le modèle d'équilibre général calculable. L'estimation des coefficients régionaux fait l'objet d'une analyse détaillée ; en effet, le coût — en temps et en ressources diverses — des enquêtes sur lesquels ils sont basés limite sérieusement l'obtention de coefficients permettant une évaluation fiable des effets multiplicateurs régionaux. Le reste de l'article est consacré à la construction d'un modèle input-output de l'économie du Pays de Galles, centré sur l'agriculture et les secteurs qui lui sont liés. Il est utilisé pour analyser la diversification des sources de revenu des ménages agricoles, selon deux modalités susceptibles d'améliorer le caractère durable de l'agriculture galloise d'un point de vue social et environnemental. Dans un premier exemple, on compare l'intérêt de la restauration de forêts anciennes non entretenues dépendant d'exploitations agricoles et de nouvelles plantations. C'est la reprise progressive de la gestion et de l'entretien des forêts caduques actuellement abandonnées qui procure l'amélioration la plus sensible du revenu rural au Pays de Galles, alors que l'accent mis aujourd'hui sur les nouvelles plantations est moins justifié du point de vue du revenu et des emplois qu'elle génère. Le deuxième thème concerne l'agriculture biologique. On compare la réduction de la demande d'intrants à l'accroissement de l'utilisation locale des produits qu'elle génère et on évalue l'effet probable de son développement graduel sur l'économie des régions rurales galloises. Des simulations prenant en compte des degrés croissants de conversion de systèmes conventionnels à l'agriculture biologique montrent que cette évolution conduirait à de faibles baisses du revenu et de l'emploi, même si elle concernait des zones assez étendues. De plus, les aménités fournies par l'agrobiologie en ce qui concerne la qualité de l'environnement et la baisse de la production justifient tout à fait de lui apporter un soutien. Ces exemples montrent l'intérêt des techniques input-output pour l'analyse de nombre de questions concernant la politique agricole et le développement rural, et en particulier lorsque des problèmes économiques, sociaux et d'environnement sont en cause.
Partage du risque dans un contrat entre agriculteurs et industriel
Authors: Monier-Dilhan Sylvette , Ossard Hervé
Published: March 2022

Risk sharing within a contract between farmers and firm.

Beside spot markets, processors often contract with growers to buy agricultural raw materials. In this paper, we focus on the determination of payment scheme between the processor and the growers. The only way for the processor to purchase an input is to contract. The processor determines the contract. The farmer has complete control over the production process. This paper uses principal-agent framework. The processor is imperfectly informed about the effort decision of the grower. We deal with a moral hazard problem.

A framework for empirical analysis of the contractual relationship between the processor and the farmer(s) is presented. We analyse the impact of the terms of the contract on the risk share between farmers and the processor. To explore this question, we collect data on seeds processor contract located in a small geographically area. The methodology consists in calibrating the optimal-incentive contract to a benchmark solution. This first step solves the problem of unknown variables, as the risk aversion coefficients. We compare the optimal linear-incentive contract with its first best alternative. Moreover, this comparison indicates a small asymmetry informational gap in the studied case. We analyse the impact of the processor's attitude toward risk on contractual characteristics. It turns out that the processor is risk adverse. Finally, based on this result, some interesting relationships between the characteristics of the contract and exogeneous factors are shown. For example, in that case, a marginal change in the price of output has a particular importance in determining the contractual characteristics.
Valeur de préservation de la qualité de l'eau souterraine : une comparaison entre usagers et non-usagers
Authors: Rozan Anne , Stenger Anne , Willinger Marc
Published: March 2022

Preservation value for groundwater quality : a comparison between users and non-users.

We report the results of a contingent valuation study on the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for preserving groundwater quality in the Alsace region (France). The resource is a large aquifer which supplies 80 % of the households of the region. The purpose of our paper is to compare the results of two separate studies, one concerning households that are supplied by ivater from the aquifer (users) and households which are currently supplied by a different source than the aquifer (non-users). Non-users are households which are located in an area close enough from the aquifer to become eventually supplied by groundwater in the future. We expected that non-users would be likely to pay an insurance premium in order to secure access to a substitute and preserved water source in the future, for the event where their current water source would be polluted. A contingent valuation questionnaire was submitted to respondents in 12 different locations spread over the aquifer region during a face-to-face interview. In 2 of the locations there were only non-users. One of the main results of the study is that non-users are willing to pay a substantial amount of money to preserve the quality of the water in the aquifer, even if they believe that it is unlikely that they will use it in the future. Moreover, their WTP relies apparently much more on bequest and existence motives than on an insurance motive. The results also show that the households' dependence on groundwater has a positive influence on their WTP. The non-users' mean WTP is about 60 % of the users' WTP, which is an interesting indication about the importance of non-users for contingent valuation studies. But both WTP have different explanatory variables. Only the bid value and the respondent's income appear as common explanatory variables in our study.
La spécialisation des exploitations agricoles : changements techniques et prix des facteurs
Authors: Dupraz Pierre
Published: March 2022

The process of specialisation of French farms : technical changes and input price trend.

For decades, the French agricultural sector has been characterised by farm specialisation and concentration. The competitive equilibrium with a finite number of farms is the framework to analyse the changes in scale and scope economies and their consequences on the respective competitiveness of specialised and diversified farms. This theoretical approach shows how the input price trend may explain the farm specialisation process through these technical changes. Accordingly, the empirical analysis deals with the dissociation of the animal and vegetal production lines, observed in the French farms. According to our theoretical framework, the specialisation process was mainly linked to the relative increase of the labour price compared to the other input prices. Up to 1987, the specialisation permitted the substitution of labour by other inputs at the sector level. In the same time, this input substitution at the farm level was higher in surviving diversified farms than in specialised farms. As a consequence, specialisation would not have induced more labour savings at the sector level after 1987, and the specialisation process has been stopped since.
Forêt paysanne et Politique agricole commune : une évaluation des impacts d'une incitation au reboisement
Authors: Jayet Pierre-Alain , Birfet Alain , Hofstetter Annie
Published: March 2022

Si le problème de l'utilisation des terres libérées par la Politique agricole commune au titre des jachères fixes est fréquemment évoqué, les incitations au reboisement n'en sont pas moins d'actualité, elles pourraient même se développer au titre du soutien public au secteur du bois et sous l'impulsion de la politique de l'environnement. Nous nous proposons, pour la France, de mesurer les effets de la combinaison de ces deux politiques, par le biais d'une autorisation du reboisement des jachères fixes primées par la PAC et que l'on supposera maintenues sur le long terme. Pour cela, nous utilisons, d'une part, un modèle d'offre agricole conçu pour mesurer les effets des changements de la PAC sur le secteur de l'agriculture et l'élevage, et, d'autre part, des éléments de calcul de rente pour l'investissement forestier. A partir de ces éléments de calcul économique, nous présentons un essai de mesure régionale du reboisement potentiel en quelques essences présélectionnées.
Decomposition of olive oil production growth into productivity and size effects : a frontier production function approach
Authors: Tzouvelekas Vangelis , Giannakas Konstantinos , Midmore Peter , Mattas Konstantinos
Published: March 2022

This paper investigates the relative contribution of technical efficiency, technological change and increased input use to the output growth of the Greek olive- oil sector using a stochastic frontier production function approach applied to panel data. A flexible translog functional form is used to represent the underlying production technology and maximum likelihood procedure is implemented to estimate a single time trend model. Empirical results show that the overall efficiency of olive-growing farms in Greece remained stable during the period 1987-1993, while an inquiry into the sources of production growth shows that the contribution of conventional inputs was the main source of that growth, since total factor productivity increased in a slow rate during the study period.
Les entreprises peu intensives en R&D peuvent-elles bénéficier des externalités de la recherche publique ? Implications pour les politiques de soutien à l'innovation
Authors: Mangematin Vincent , Mandran N.
Published: March 2022

Les politiques publiques de soutien à l'innovation encouragent le plus souvent l'activité de recherche-développement, grâce à des outils tels que le crédit d'impôt recherche ou les grands programmes technologiques. De tels outils semblent bien adaptés dans des secteurs où l'innovation est fondée sur la science. En revanche, dans un secteur comme l'agro-alimentaire, la R&D est distribuée entre plusieurs acteurs publics et privés. Le nombre de firmes qui ont une structure formelle et permanente de R&D est faible. Les PME de l'agro-alimentaire bénéficient-elles des externalités de la recherche publique pour innover ? L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer dans quelle mesure les PME qui ne font pas de recherche bénéficient des externalités de la R&D publique. Mieux comprendre les mécanismes de l'innovation dans les secteurs faiblement intensifs en recherche permet de concevoir des politiques de soutien à l'innovation adaptées. Il montre que les externalités en provenance de la recherche publique existent même si les firmes ont une capacité d'absorption réduite.
Family and non-family succession in the Upper-Austrian farm sector
Authors: Stiglbauer Alfred M. , Weiss Christoph R.
Published: March 2022

Successions familiales et non familiales dans les exploitations agricoles de la Haute-Autriche.

Comprendre la transmission des exploitations agricoles est essentiel pour analyser les changements structurels du secteur agricole. Grâce à des données de recensements apariées de 1980, 1985 et 1990, les décisions de succession des ménages ruraux de Haute-Autriche sont examinées empiriquement en utilisant un logit multinomial. Contrairement aux enquêtes auprès des exploitations qui examinent les projets de succession, le recensement des exploitations permet d'identifier des successions ayant réellement eu lieu. Deux types de successions sont distingués sur la base de la comparaison de l'âge de l'exploitant et de celui des autres membres du ménages de chaque exploitation dans deux recensements consécutifs : les «successions familiales», définies par la transmission de l'exploitation à un enfant de l'exploitant et les «successions non familiales» (dans lesquelles l'exploitation est vendue hors de la famille). Les fermetures d'exploitation sont considérées comme une catégorie supplémentaire dans le modèle. Un impact significativement négatif (positif) de la taille de la ferme et de la diversification des activités agricoles sur la probabilité de fermeture d'exploitation (de transmission) est mis en évidence. La probabilité d'une succession familiale commence par augmenter puis diminue avec l'âge de l'exploitant alors que les probabilités d'une transmission hors de la famille et d'une fermeture d'exploitation augmentent de façon monotone avec l'âge, indiquant que les exploitants qui ne prennent pas leur retraite à temps courent le risque de ne pas trouver de successeur au sein de la famille. La taille de la ferme ainsi que l'éducation et le sexe de l'exploitant semblent également avoir une influence sur les transmissions et les fermetures d'exploitations. Enfin, les exploitants pluriactifs ont une probabilité significativement plus faible de transmettre leur ferme au sein de la famille mais ont une probabilité significativement plus élevée de fermer leur exploitation. Cela suggère qu'un emploi non agricole peut être le premier pas d'une exploitation familiale vers la sortie du secteur agricole. Le choix du modèle, les questions de spécifications et les directions de recherches futures sont également discutés.
L'agriculture française entre logiques sectorielles et territoriales (1960-1985)
Authors: Nieddu Martino , Gaignette Antonin
Published: March 2022

French agriculture between territorial and sector-based rationales (1960-1985).

The present article has two objectives. The first one is to give an update of the literature concerning sector-based and territorial regulation after the publication of the book "Théorie de la régulation, l'état des savoirs" (1995). These new contributions are organised around the notions of 'productive configuration' and 'governance structure', the former bringing up the problems regarding the boundaries of the regulation sphere and the plurality of productive configurations, and the latter introducing the dynamics of collective action. Consequently there two notions call for a re-reading of the regulationist approach which not only involves structural analysis but also which is both systemic and strategic. Our second objective is to examine these notions by studying the dynamics of French agriculture during the period of the 'trente glorieuses' in order to find the system appropriate for describing a plurality of configurations. In contrast to the representation of a fordist agriculture as a unique productivist configuration regulated by sector-based institutions, our interpretative hypothesis is based on two coexisting productivist agricultural systems, a first one made up of medium-sized farms supported by the development of industrial capital and a second one consisting of large-sized farms seeking to protect themselves from industrial capital.
Le terroir, le cépage et la marque : stratégies de valorisation des vins dans un contexte de mondialisation
Authors: Garcia-Parpet Marie-France
Published: March 2022

«Terroir», brands and vine variety : globalisation and wine's valorisation strategies.

Today, the wine industry is experiencing deep changes : the reputation of "terroirs" tends to evolve, the social hierarchies settled between "appellations" are shaken by more modest ones, and in particular by those of the "new world" countries. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of these transformations on the French wine industry, and more especially on the principles of classifications of first-rate wines, taking into account the fact that history, differences of reputation and institutional structures have an orderly role on the economic behaviour of (wine) producers, especially with regard to international markets. We study two cases - Chinon's "appellation" and Languedoc-Roussillon - that have a different position in the French wine industry. Both of them did not incorporate at the same time and in the same way the AOC label. These two instances clearly show the importance of social perception of wine quality in establishing their values and in explaining all the changes that occured about their classifications. Although Chinon's "appellation" adopted the traditional approach, Languedoc-Roussillon' s strategy consisted of turning the rules of the game in its favour by introducing a new category of wine in France, thus anticipating the changes of the international wine market.

This article does not pretend to provide definite answers on the respective merits of classifications but clarifies the economic and symbolic strategies of agents concerned by the cultural transformations of world wine markets.
La production d'identités territoriales à usage commercial dans l'entre-deux-guerres en Bourgogne
Authors: Laferté Gilles
Published: March 2022

The production of territorial identities with commercial usage during the inter-war years in Burgundy

The development of tourism leads to changes in the models and representations of territorial identities. In the XIXth century, political leaders and members of learned societies developed a set of practices to produce cultural and political territories and identities such as the development of regional and local languages, folklore, heroes, and ethnographic museums. Using the regionalist creed at the beginning of the XXth century, national tourist associations drew upon these models of identity but transformed them by placing the emphasis on their more spectacular and entertaining dimensions. In addition, these models of territorial identity donned a more commercial character (gastronomy as a territorial marker, carnivals, folksongs, literary prizes. ..) as the link was established between the development of a cultural specificity attributed to a region and economic development. Regionalism in Burgundy adopted these regionalist and gastronomic dimensions linked to tourism as shown by the gastronomic fair of Dijon in 1921 which was in all intents and purposes a shop window for regional products designed to promote the region.

While the town of Beaune, through its political and intellectual representatives, used the model of territorial identity inherited from the XIXth century to create a regional folklore centered on wine for a wide but essentially local audience, the town of Meursault innovated with its "Paulée" in 1924, which was less a celebration of regional identity for local consumption than a gathering of regional and national elites seeking to project the regional identity to a wider audience. This "Paulée" was conceived as a means to defend wine producers supporting the Law on labels of origin implemented in 1919 against the wine merchants. A decade later, in the context of economic recession, the largest wine producers, allied this time with the merchants of Nuits-Saint-Georges, founded the "Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin" as an instrument for the commercial promotion of quality vintage wines. This collective action, relayed by the national and international press, sought to conquer new markets with the end of Prohi¬ bition in the United States and accompanied the development of French marketing based on luxury goods.

The use of regional identity and flolkore as an instrument for marketing wire ran parallel to the institutionalization of French ethnography, which discounted these forms of commercialized folklore. After World War II, the political forms of folklore instrumentalized by the Vichy regime lost all semblance of legitimacy, while the commercialized form of folklore continued to flourish and develop but was largely ignored by professional ethnographers.