bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration Through Inclusion? Probing the Effect of Government Presence on Voting Behavior in the Swiss Cantons, 1848–2022
Authors: Mueller Sean
Published: October 2022

Switzerland is widely known for its successful integration of linguistic and religious minorities. At the same time, a prolonged absence from the collegial, seven-member central government can give rise to feelings of political exclusion. This begs the question whether inclusion really has the desired, let any alone any effect on political behavior. This paper makes use of the frequent use of referendums in Switzerland to assess the extent to which citizens vote differently when somebody from their canton of residence sits in the central government. Studied are all the 670 nationwide referendums held between 1848 and February 2022. Analyzed are cantonal turnout, approval rates, likelihood to vote as the federal government recommends, and chances of being overruled by the state-wide majority. The three main findings are that 1) government inclusion is indeed significantly associated with some of the positive effects theorized, 2) on average, these effects are very small, but also that 3) there are some stark cross-cantonal differences, which are due mostly to national minority languages. In short, including minorities matters more than including majorities.
Explaining support for redistribution: social insurance systems and fairness
Authors: Fetscher Verena
Published: October 2022

Why do high-income earners support higher levels of income redistribution in some countries than in others? I argue that differences in the social insurance design have consequences for fairness considerations and that this matters for preference formation. Flat-rate systems provide social benefits in equal amounts to everyone in need, while earnings-related systems provide benefits in relation to previous earnings. In the case of income loss, earnings-related systems maintain unfair income differences, while flat-rate systems equalize unfair income differences between the rich and the poor. Cross-national patterns reveal that support for redistribution among the rich is higher in income-maintaining welfare states. For a strict test of my fairness argument, I conduct a laboratory experiment and show that participants reduce inequality more if given endowment differences are maintained in the case of loss.
Role of small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico in reducing rural poverty
Authors: Ruiz-Torres Mónica Elizama , García-Martínez Anastacio , Arriaga-Jordán Carlos Manuel , Dorward Peter , Rayas-Amor Adolfo Armando , Martínez-García Carlos Galdino
Published: October 2022

The aim of the study was to analyze the role of small-scale dairy farms in central Mexico in combating rural poverty from a gender perspective. Specifically, it was determined whether these production systems generated sufficient income for alleviating poverty and purchasing the basic food basket. Two hundred and twelve farmers were selected through snowball sampling. To maintain a gender perspective, female-headed farms were considered as an independent group, and male-headed farms were grouped according to multivariate statistics. Two official indicators of poverty were considered in the economic analysis: income and the extreme poverty line. Factor analysis identified four factors that explained 66.10% of accumulated variance. The cluster analysis identified five groups of farms headed by males. Then, a comparative analysis was carried out for the six groups, including the female-headed group (FG). The economic analysis revealed that, if 52% of income are production costs, groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 generated sufficient gross income to purchase the basic food basket to the household of the area. However, the FG and group 5 did not generate sufficient gross income to purchase the food basket. In contrast, if 70% of income are productions costs, only groups 1 and 4 generated sufficient gross income. It can be concluded that small-scale dairy farms generate sufficient daily income under certain conditions for the purchase of the basic food basket and, therefore, help to fight poverty in rural families, especially in groups 1 and 4. In the case of the FG and groups 2, 3, and 5, dairy production along with the diversification of productive activities and backyard activities supports the livelihoods of rural families. It is recommended that existing gender norms be further explored because these could directly influence the motivation of farmers, particularly female producers, to adopt or reject agricultural and livestock technologies.
Plebiscites, Referendums, and Ballot Initiatives as Institutions of Popular Sovereignty: Rousseau's Influence on Competing Theories of Popular-Vote Processes
Authors: McKay Spencer
Published: October 2022

Popular-vote processes — such as plebiscites, referendums, and initiatives — are frequently understood as Rousseauian instruments of popular sovereignty. Yet, Rousseau did not theorize these devices himself. As a result, he has been claimed by proponents of competing theories of popular-vote processes. Theorists of sleeping sovereignty have claimed Rousseau's distinction between sovereignty and government in support of rare, constitutional referendums. Theorists of direct democracy invoke Rousseau's criticism of representation to demand frequent referendums. Plebiscitarianism casts Rousseau's general will as demanding the unification of the nation in one popularly legitimated leader through top-down plebiscites. Lastly, Condorcet's proposal for the “censure of the people” outlines how the sovereign could initiate popular votes itself in order to check the power of the government. I contend that Condorcet's account provides the most compelling link between Rousseau's account of popular sovereignty and the institutional design of popular-vote processes.
Individual and Contextual Sources of (Mis)Perceptions About the Impact of Immigration on the Welfare State
Authors: NEGASH SAMIR MUSTAFA
Published: October 2022

There is a large discrepancy in European countries between the measured impact of immigration on the welfare state and how this impact is perceived by citizens. This study examines the determinants of individuals’ perception of the impact of immigration on the welfare state. A number of hypotheses at both the individual and contextual level are tested using a multilevel model with data from the European Social Survey. I find that the institutional features of welfare states are associated with different views on the impact of immigration on welfare states: generous contributory social welfare benefits are associated with more favourable attitudes about immigrants, while generous non-contributory benefits, by contrast, are associated with more pessimistic assessments about the fiscal impact of immigration. I argue that this can be because the latter potentially signals to natives that migrants could access generous benefits without any requisite work history. At the individual-level, the results indicate that subjective risk and general opposition to immigration are powerful individual-level predictors: people who feel more economically insecure or who are generally opposed to immigration are more likely to think that it constitutes a burden for the welfare state.
Grasp compliance achieved with a planar hand composed of multiple 3-joint fingers
Authors: Huang Shuguang , Schimmels Joseph M.
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the realization of any specified planar Cartesian compliance for an object grasped by a compliant hand is addressed. The hands considered have 2 or more fingers for which each has 3 modulated elastic joints and predetermined link lengths. Geometric construction-based compliance synthesis procedures are developed. Using these procedures, a large set of compliant behaviors can be realized by a single hand simply by adjusting the configuration of each finger and by adjusting the joint stiffness (using variable stiffness actuation) of each finger joint.
Friedlander-Keller ray expansions in electromagnetism: Monochromatic radiation from arbitrary surfaces in three dimensions
Authors: RADJEN A. M. R. , TEW R. H. , GRADONI G.
Published: October 2022

The standard approach to applying ray theory to solving Maxwell’s equations in the large wave-number limit involves seeking solutions that have (i) an oscillatory exponential with a phase term that is linear in the wave-number and (ii) has an amplitude profile expressed in terms of inverse powers of that wave-number. The Friedlander–Keller modification includes an additional power of this wave-number in the phase of the wave structure, and this additional term is crucial when analysing certain wave phenomena such as creeping and whispering gallery wave propagation. However, other wave phenomena necessitate a generalisation of this theory. The purposes of this paper are to provide a ‘generalised’ Friedlander–Keller ray ansatz for Maxwell’s equations to obtain a new set of field equations for the various phase terms and amplitude of the wave structure; these are then solved subject to boundary data conforming to wave-fronts that are either specified or general. These examples specifically require this generalisation as they are not amenable to classic ray theory.
Tailored and Seamless: Individualised Budgets and the Dual Forces of Personalisation and Collaboration
Authors: Needham Catherine , Foster Michele , Fisher Karen R. , Hummell Eloise
Published: October 2022

This article reviews the design and delivery features of individualised budgets for disabled and older adults to understand the mechanisms for disaggregation and collaboration in the way support is organised and delivered. Individualised funding is often assumed to be a fragmenting force, breaking down mass provision into personalised and tailored support and stimulating diverse provider markets. However, disability campaigners and policy makers are keen that it also be an integrative force, to stimulate collaboration such that a person receives a ‘seamless’ service. The article brings out these tensions within the individualisation of funding and support for older and disabled people in the United Kingdom and Australia, and considers whether there is scope for reconciling these dual forces.
“The Great White Mother”: Harriet Maxwell Converse, the Indian Colony of New York City, and the Media, 1885–1903
Authors: Winters John C.
Published: October 2022

This article reveals the history of the unstudied “Indian Colony” of Gilded Age New York City through the life of its founder and governor, Harriet Maxwell Converse. Converse was a white woman adopted by the Senecas and a salvage ethnographer, a potent combination of Indigenous “authenticity” and scholarly authority that made her an object of fascination to white New Yorkers who read about her in extensive newspaper coverage. The Colony itself was composed of boarding houses, Converse’s own townhouse-turned-museum, and was connected to the New York Police Department. It provided housing and support to resident and visiting Native Americans who found work in the city’s “Indian trade” and booming entertainment industry.

By highlighting the extensive newspaper coverage of Converse and her Colony, this article reveals a hidden history of the Indigenous people who lived and worked in the city. It also pushes the periodization of the earliest urban Indian communities backward in time by more than a decade and shows how the media fused the daily life of Converse and the Colonists with popular stereotypes of “savage” and “vanished” Indians, immigrant stereotypes, assimilation, gendered expectations, and the predatory academic desires of museums and salvage ethnographers.
Do coalition and formateur expectations affect vote switching?
Authors: Harsgor Liran , Itzkovitch-Malka Reut , Tuttnauer Or
Published: October 2022

The existing literature on vote switching – a major cause of electoral change – rarely discusses strategic incentives as motivating voters to switch parties between elections. We study how coalition-directed voting, a common type of strategic voting in parliamentary democracies, affects vote switching. Utilizing an original three-wave online panel survey conducted in Israel in 2019–2020, we show that voters engage in formateur optimization and policy balancing: they switch their vote in order to affect the identity of the next formateur and desert a party they previously voted for if they believe it will not enter the next coalition. We also show that the perceived level of competition between potential formateurs moderates the effect of coalition expectations on vote switching. The paper highlights the importance of coalition and formateur considerations in electoral change and contributes to a better understanding of both coalition-directed voting and individual-level vote switching.
Seasonal Oscillations of Thermosphere Neutral Density at Dusk/Dawn as Measured by Three Satellite Missions
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Wang Yegui , Cai Qifa , Chen Guangming
Published: October 2022

Based on the neutral mass density measurements from the on‐board accelerometer of Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite, the space‐borne atmospheric density detectors on the Atmospheric density detection and Precise Orbit Determination (APOD) satellite and another Chinese satellite (CHN‐sat) over almost a solar cycle, this paper presents the annual and semiannual variations of the dawn/dusk thermosphere mass density at 260 km, 460 km, and 630 km altitudes. Density maxima at dawn appear in the local summer at the southern high latitudes, and near equinoxes in the northern poles with the density maximum in March higher than that in October at solar minimum. Neutral density maxima near 630 km at dusk occur at high latitudes under low solar flux condition, and at low latitudes near the equator at medium solar activity. The latitude‐seasonal density structure obtained from both the CHN‐sat and APOD observations shows a distinct hemisphere asymmetry with a larger magnitude at high latitudes in the summer hemisphere at solar minimum. The semiannual variation dominates from low‐middle latitudes at 260 km altitude and decreases with the increase of solar activity, while the annual variations dominate at 460 and 630 km altitudes in solar minimum. The growth of mass densities with increasing solar radiation gradually saturates in June. The amplitude of annual variation in mass densities at middle‐high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) decreases with increasing solar radiation.
Hydration of a Clay‐Rich Unit on Mars, Comparison of Orbital Data to Rover Data
Authors: Czarnecki S. , Hardgrove C. , Arvidson R. E. , Hughes M. N. , Schmidt M. E. , Henley T. , Martinez Sierra L. M. , Jun I. , Litvak M. , Mitrofanov I. , Lightholder J.
Published: October 2022

Glen Torridon (GT) is a geomorphic feature of Aeolis Mons (informally Mt. Sharp) in Gale crater, Mars, variably covered by local regolith and wind‐blown basaltic sands. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Compact Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) detected clay minerals in GT, making GT a target of investigation by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, which confirmed a large abundance of clays. The MSL Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument observed enrichments in bulk subsurface (<50 cm) hydration along the rover traverse compared to lower stratigraphic sections of Mt. Sharp. Here, we investigate the relationship between the CRISM 3 µm hydration index and DAN results, taking into consideration the different spatial scales and effective depths of these two instruments. We show that the elevated hydration observed by CRISM in one area of GT corresponds to elevated DAN‐derived hydration, while the lower CRISM hydration in another area of GT does not correspond to a significantly lower DAN‐derived hydration. We find that CRISM measured lower hydration in areas with good bedrock exposure or sand cover, while DAN bulk hydration is relatively insensitive to these characteristics. DAN active neutron results also show that the stratigraphically higher section of GT has significantly higher neutron absorption, which could be due to Fe‐ and Mn‐rich diagenetic features. Additionally, DAN results show that GT is enriched in hydrogen with respect to other, less clay‐rich units observed throughout the traverse, suggesting that subsurface clay minerals could be a significant reservoir for the hydration measured by DAN in GT.
Zircon Dates Long‐Lived Plume Dynamics in Oceanic Islands
Authors: Rojas‐Agramonte Yamirka , Kaus Boris J. P. , Piccolo Andrea , Williams Ian S. , Gerdes Axel , Wong Jean , Xie HangXian , Buhre Stephan , Toulkeridis Theofilos , Montero Pilar , Garcia‐Casco Antonio
Published: October 2022

In this contribution we report the first systematic study of zircon U‐Pb geochronology and δ18O‐εHf(t) isotope geochemistry from 10 islands of the hot‐spot related Galapagos Archipelago. The data extracted from the zircons allow them to be grouped into three types: (a) young zircons (0–∼4 Ma) with εHf(t) (∼5–13) and δ18O (∼4–7) isotopic mantle signature with crystallization ages dating the islands, (b) zircons with εHf(t) (∼5–13) and δ18O (∼5–7) isotopic mantle signature (∼4–164 Ma) which are interpreted to date the time of plume activity below the islands (∼164 Ma is the minimum time of impingement of the plume below the lithosphere), and (c) very old zircons (∼213–3,000 Ma) with mostly continental (but also juvenile) εHf(t) (∼−28–8) and δ18O (∼5–11) isotopic values documenting potential contamination from a number of sources. The first two types with similar isotopic mantle signature define what we call the Galápagos Plume Array (GPA). Given lithospheric plate motion, this result implies that GPA zircon predating the Galápagos lithosphere (i.e., >14–164 Ma) formed and were stored at sublithospheric depths for extended periods of time. In order to explain these observations, we performed 2D and 3D thermo‐mechanical numerical experiments of plume‐lithosphere interaction which show that dynamic plume activity gives rise to complex asthenospheric flow patterns and results in distinct long‐lasting mantle domains beneath a moving lithosphere. This demonstrates that it is physically plausible that old plume‐derived zircons survive at asthenospheric depths below ocean islands.
The 2001 Taupō Fault Belt Seismicity as Evidence of Magma‐Tectonic Interaction at Taupō Volcano
Authors: McGregor R. F. D. , Illsley‐Kemp F. , Townend J.
Published: October 2022

The Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) is the southern extent of the Tonga‐Kermadec volcanic arc and encompasses the Taupō Rift, with the two structures accommodating extension through the central North Island of New Zealand via magmatic and tectonic processes, respectively. Interplay between components of the TVZ and Taupō Rift are evident at Taupō volcano, which exhibits periods of increased seismicity on a decadal scale. One period of increased seismicity occurred in 2001 outside the caldera in the adjacent Taupō Fault Belt. We use seismological analysis to detect and characterize the Taupō Fault Belt seismicity, which aligns in clusters close to active faults, and was preceded by a large cluster of earthquakes beneath Lake Taupō's Western Bay. This cluster and a temporal change in the local stress field imply that a magmatic intrusion beneath the Western Bay initiated the unrest in the fault belt. Our analysis suggests this intrusion may have occurred outside the silicic reservoir at Taupō and that it represents an example of interaction between the regional tectonic and deep mafic magmatic systems at Taupō.
Solar Cycle, Seasonal, and Dawn‐To‐Dusk Variations of the Hydrogen in the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Wan Changan , Qin Jianqi , Paxton Larry J.
Published: October 2022

Atomic hydrogen is one of the least‐understood atmospheric constituents whose distribution is important for the studies of aeronomy and magnetospheric physics. Using 6 years of space‐based daytime Lyman‐α observations from 2002 to 2007, we quantify the solar cycle, seasonal, and dawn‐to‐dusk variations of the H density in the upper thermosphere. Our results show evident dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the exobase H density that decreases nearly linearly from dawn to dusk. The observed asymmetry in terms of the dawn‐dusk density ratio decreases with declining solar activity and is larger in summer than in other seasons. Such variations are not predicted by the NRLMSISE‐00 model and the NRLMSIS 2.0 model. Those models predict the opposite solar cycle trend and little seasonal variation of the degree of asymmetry. Moreover, although both models and observations indicate higher densities during lower solar activity and during winter than summer, the climatological models underestimate the H density by ∼50% when compared to the observations. Our results provide systematic data constraints that have long been needed for improving the geocoronal hydrogen theories.
Projections of Future Air Quality Are Uncertain. But Which Source of Uncertainty Is Most Important?
Authors: Doherty R. M. , O'Connor F. M. , Turnock S. T.
Published: October 2022

Understanding how air pollution events may change in the future is of key importance to decision makers. Multi‐model intercomparison projects focusing on atmospheric chemistry and air quality have been performed to inform the latest IPCC assessments. Future anthropogenic emission changes have generally been the foci of such model experiments, envisaged as the dominant driver of future atmospheric composition. The latest model assessments such as AerChemMIP utilize multi‐model ensembles but also have limited individual model ensembles which permit different sources of uncertainty to be characterized. The recent study by Fiore et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035985) specifically considers a multi‐model and multi‐member ensemble approach. It adds to the quantification of uncertainty in future projections through delineating uncertainty due to model diversity and due to internal or natural climate variability within the climate system, for mean and high PM2.5 air pollution events over the Eastern USA in the 21st century. Exploring the separate roles of internal climate variability and model diversity adds further value to the important research issue of quantifying how future anthropogenic climate change impacts air quality. Future multi‐model intercomparisons need to balance the additional knowledge gained from research into understanding multiple sources of uncertainty that can inform decision making vs. the resource costs of performing these experiments using Earth System Models with interactive chemistry.
A broadly protective vaccine against cutaneous human papillomaviruses
Authors: Mariz Filipe Colaco , Balz Kathrin , Dittrich Manuela , Zhang Yueru , Yang Fan , Zhao Xueer , Bolchi Angelo , Ottonello Simone , Müller Martin
Published: October 2022

Skin colonization by human papillomavirus (HPV) is typically related to inconspicuous cutaneous infections without major disease or complications in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunosuppressed patients, especially organ transplanted recipients, cutaneous HPV infections may cause massive, highly spreading and recurrent skin lesions upon synergism with UV-exposure. Current HPV prophylactic vaccines are not effective against cutaneous HPV types (cHPV). By applying a modular polytope-based approach, in this work, we explored different vaccine candidates based on selected, tandemly arranged cHPV-L2 epitopes fused to thioredoxin (Trx) as a scaffold protein. Upon conversion to heptameric nanoparticles with the use of a genetically fused oligomerization domain, our candidate Trx-L2 vaccines induce broadly neutralizing immune responses against 19 cHPV in guinea pigs. Similar findings were obtained in mice, where protection against virus challenge was also achieved via passive transfer of immune sera. Remarkably, immunization with the candidate cHPV vaccines also induced immune responses against several mucosal low- and high-risk HPV types, including HPV16 and 18. Based on cumulative immunogenicity data but also on ease and yield of production, we identified a lead vaccine candidate bearing 12 different cHPV-L2 epitopes that holds great promise as a scalable and GMP production-compatible lead molecule for the prevention of post-transplantation skin lesions caused by cHPV infection.
Plankton response to global warming is characterized by non-uniform shifts in assemblage composition since the last ice age
Authors: Strack Tonke , Jonkers Lukas , C. Rillo Marina , Hillebrand Helmut , Kucera Michal
Published: October 2022

Biodiversity is expected to change in response to future global warming. However, it is difficult to predict how species will track the ongoing climate change. Here we use the fossil record of planktonic foraminifera to assess how biodiversity responded to climate change with a magnitude comparable to future anthropogenic warming. We compiled time series of planktonic foraminifera assemblages, covering the time from the last ice age across the deglaciation to the current warm period. Planktonic foraminifera assemblages shifted immediately when temperature began to rise at the end of the last ice age and continued to change until approximately 5,000 years ago, even though global temperature remained relatively stable during the last 11,000 years. The biotic response was largest in the mid latitudes and dominated by range expansion, which resulted in the emergence of new assemblages without analogues in the glacial ocean. Our results indicate that the plankton response to global warming was spatially heterogeneous and did not track temperature change uniformly over the past 24,000 years. Climate change led to the establishment of new assemblages and possibly new ecological interactions, which suggests that current anthropogenic warming may lead to new, different plankton community composition.
Pneumococcal within-host diversity during colonization, transmission and treatment
Authors: Tonkin-Hill Gerry , Ling Clare , Chaguza Chrispin , Salter Susannah J. , Hinfonthong Pattaraporn , Nikolaou Elissavet , Tate Natalie , Pastusiak Andrzej , Turner Claudia , Chewapreecha Claire , Frost Simon D. W. , Corander Jukka , Croucher Nicholas J. , Turner Paul , Bentley Stephen D.
Published: October 2022

Characterizing the genetic diversity of pathogens within the host promises to greatly improve surveillance and reconstruction of transmission chains. For bacteria, it also informs our understanding of inter-strain competition and how this shapes the distribution of resistant and sensitive bacteria. Here we study the genetic diversity ofStreptococcus pneumoniaewithin 468 infants and 145 of their mothers by deep sequencing whole pneumococcal populations from 3,761 longitudinal nasopharyngeal samples. We demonstrate that deep sequencing has unsurpassed sensitivity for detecting multiple colonization, doubling the rate at which highly invasive serotype 1 bacteria were detected in carriage compared with gold-standard methods. The greater resolution identified an elevated rate of transmission from mothers to their children in the first year of the child’s life. Comprehensive treatment data demonstrated that infants were at an elevated risk of both the acquisition and persistent colonization of a multidrug-resistant bacterium following antimicrobial treatment. Some alleles were enriched after antimicrobial treatment, suggesting that they aided persistence, but generally purifying selection dominated within-host evolution. Rates of co-colonization imply that in the absence of treatment, susceptible lineages outcompeted resistant lineages within the host. These results demonstrate the many benefits of deep sequencing for the genomic surveillance of bacterial pathogens.
The Burden of Proof studies: assessing the evidence of risk
Authors: Zheng Peng , Afshin Ashkan , Biryukov Stan , Bisignano Catherine , Brauer Michael , Bryazka Dana , Burkart Katrin , Cercy Kelly M. , Cornaby Leslie , Dai Xiaochen , Dirac M. Ashworth , Estep Kara , Fay Kairsten A. , Feldman Rachel , Ferrari Alize J. , Gakidou Emmanuela , Gil Gabriela Fernanda , Griswold Max , Hay Simon I. , He Jiawei , Irvine Caleb M. S. , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , LeGrand Kate E. , Lescinsky Haley , Lim Stephen S. , Lo Justin , Mullany Erin C. , Ong Kanyin Liane , Rao Puja C. , Razo Christian , Reitsma Marissa B. , Roth Gregory A. , Santomauro Damian F. , Sorensen Reed J. D. , Srinivasan Vinay , Stanaway Jeffrey D. , Vollset Stein Emil , Vos Theo , Wang Nelson , Welgan Catherine A. , Wozniak Sarah S. , Aravkin Aleksandr Y. , Murray Christopher J. L.
Published: October 2022

Exposure to risks throughout life results in a wide variety of outcomes. Objectively judging the relative impact of these risks on personal and population health is fundamental to individual survival and societal prosperity. Existing mechanisms to quantify and rank the magnitude of these myriad effects and the uncertainty in their estimation are largely subjective, leaving room for interpretation that can fuel academic controversy and add to confusion when communicating risk. We present a new suite of meta-analyses—termed the Burden of Proof studies—designed specifically to help evaluate these methodological issues objectively and quantitatively. Through this data-driven approach that complements existing systems, including GRADE and Cochrane Reviews, we aim to aggregate evidence across multiple studies and enable a quantitative comparison of risk–outcome pairs. We introduce the burden of proof risk function (BPRF), which estimates the level of risk closest to the null hypothesis that is consistent with available data. Here we illustrate the BPRF methodology for the evaluation of four exemplar risk–outcome pairs: smoking and lung cancer, systolic blood pressure and ischemic heart disease, vegetable consumption and ischemic heart disease, and unprocessed red meat consumption and ischemic heart disease. The strength of evidence for each relationship is assessed by computing and summarizing the BPRF, and then translating the summary to a simple star rating. The Burden of Proof methodology provides a consistent way to understand, evaluate and summarize evidence of risk across different risk–outcome pairs, and informs risk analysis conducted as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
Association of step counts over time with the risk of chronic disease in the All of Us Research Program
Authors: Master Hiral , Annis Jeffrey , Huang Shi , Beckman Joshua A. , Ratsimbazafy Francis , Marginean Kayla , Carroll Robert , Natarajan Karthik , Harrell Frank E. , Roden Dan M. , Harris Paul , Brittain Evan L.
Published: October 2022

The association between physical activity and human disease has not been examined using commercial devices linked to electronic health records. Using the electronic health records data from theAll of UsResearch Program, we show that step count volumes as captured by participants’ own Fitbit devices were associated with risk of chronic disease across the entire human phenome. Of the 6,042 participants included in the study, 73% were female, 84% were white and 71% had a college degree, and participants had a median age of 56.7 (interquartile range 41.5–67.6) years and body mass index of 28.1 (24.3–32.9) kg m–2. Participants walked a median of 7,731.3 (5,866.8–9,826.8) steps per day over the median activity monitoring period of 4.0 (2.2–5.6) years with a total of 5.9 million person-days of monitoring. The relationship between steps per day and incident disease was inverse and linear for obesity (n = 368), sleep apnea (n = 348), gastroesophageal reflux disease (n = 432) and major depressive disorder (n = 467), with values above 8,200 daily steps associated with protection from incident disease. The relationships with incident diabetes (n = 156) and hypertension (n = 482) were nonlinear with no further risk reduction above 8,000–9,000 steps. Although validation in a more diverse sample is needed, these findings provide a real-world evidence-base for clinical guidance regarding activity levels that are necessary to reduce disease risk.
Race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psychedelic use (MDMA and psilocybin) and psychological distress and suicidality
Authors: Jones Grant M. , Nock Matthew K.
Published: October 2022

Psychedelic compounds have been linked to salutary mental health outcomes in both naturalistic and clinical settings; however, current research on psychedelics suffers from a lack of inclusion and focus on racial and ethnic minorities. Thus, the goal of our study was to assess whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations that naturalistic lifetime MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) use and psilocybin use share with past month psychological distress and past year suicidality (ideation and planning). Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2008–2019) (N = 484,732), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to conduct interaction tests and to assess the associations that MDMA use and psilocybin use share with the aforementioned outcomes for each racial and ethnic group. Race and ethnicity significantly moderated the associations between MDMA and psilocybin use and psychological distress and suicidality. For White participants, MDMA and psilocybin use conferred lowered odds of all distress and suicidality outcomes. For racial and ethnic minority participants, the associations between psychedelic use and suicidality were far fewer. These findings invite further research into the impact of race, ethnicity, and other identity factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, sexual/gender minority status) on the effects of psychedelic substances.
Effect of osteopathic techniques on human resting muscle tone in healthy subjects using myotonometry: a factorial randomized trial
Authors: Bohlen Lucas , Schwarze Jonah , Richter Jannik , Gietl Bernadette , Lazarov Christian , Kopyakova Anna , Brandl Andreas , Schmidt Tobias
Published: October 2022

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are highly prevalent, burdensome, and putatively associated with an altered human resting muscle tone (HRMT). Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is commonly and effectively applied to treat MSDs and reputedly influences the HRMT. Arguably, OMT may modulate alterations in HRMT underlying MSDs. However, there is sparse evidence even for the effect of OMT on HRMT in healthy subjects. A 3 × 3 factorial randomised trial was performed to investigate the effect of myofascial release (MRT), muscle energy (MET), and soft tissue techniques (STT) on the HRMT of the corrugator supercilii (CS), superficial masseter (SM), and upper trapezius muscles (UT) in healthy subjects in Hamburg, Germany. Participants were randomised into three groups (1:1:1 allocation ratio) receiving treatment, according to different muscle-technique pairings, over the course of three sessions with one-week washout periods. We assessed the effect of osteopathic techniques on muscle tone (F), biomechanical (S, D), and viscoelastic properties (R, C) from baseline to follow-up (primary objective) and tested if specific muscle-technique pairs modulate the effect pre- to post-intervention (secondary objective) using the MyotonPRO (at rest). Ancillary, we investigate if these putative effects may differ between the sexes. Data were analysed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, and quantiles) and inductive statistics (Bayesian ANOVA). 59 healthy participants were randomised into three groups and two subjects dropped out from one group (n = 20; n = 20; n = 19–2). The CS produced frequent measurement errors and was excluded from analysis. OMT significantly changed F (−0.163 [0.060]; p = 0.008), S (−3.060 [1.563]; p = 0.048), R (0.594 [0.141]; p < 0.001), and C (0.038 [0.017]; p = 0.028) but not D (0.011 [0.017]; p = 0.527). The effect was not significantly modulated by muscle-technique pairings (p > 0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant sex-specific difference for F from baseline to follow-up. No adverse events were reported. OMT modified the HRMT in healthy subjects which may inform future research on MSDs. In detail, MRT, MET, and STT reduced the muscle tone (F), decreased biomechanical (S not D), and increased viscoelastic properties (R and C) of the SM and UT (CS was not measurable). However, the effect on HRMT was not modulated by muscle–technique interaction and showed sex-specific differences only for F.

Trial registration German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS00020393).
One-click device for rapid visualization and extraction of latent evidence through multi-moding light source integration and light-guiding technology
Authors: Zhao Xuejun , Cai Nengbin , Huang Xiaochun , Liu Wenbin , Gao Fei , Wang Changliang
Published: October 2022

Visualizing latent evidence at a crime scene has gained popularity in the field of forensic science during the past few years. Thus, this study designs and develops a one-click device for the rapid visualization and extraction of latent evidence through multimodal light source integration and light-guiding technology. Our device exhibits multispectral and angle timing functions for storing the captured evidence images. Furthermore, the geometric registration, feature extraction, feature optimization, and feature integration of the evidence images are processed by a backend system, and the images are then presented. Overall, this study enhances the standard and the technical content of evidence extraction and simplifies the evidence extraction process. In addition to the rapid handling of the scenes captured at a crime scene, the one-click device has other notable advantages, such as fast imaging, portability, being independent of the environmental conditions and the operator’s technical capabilities, and zero pollution to ensure the repeatability of material evidence extraction. Compared with the original optical forensics equipment, the spectrum and angle of our system are more extensive.
A novel intelligent displacement prediction model of karst tunnels
Authors: Fu Hai-ying , Zhao Yan-yan , Ding Hao-jiang , Rao Yun-kang , Yang Tao , Zhou Ming-zhe
Published: October 2022

Karst is a common engineering environment in the process of tunnel construction, which poses a serious threat to the construction and operation, and the theory on calculating the settlement without the assumption of semi-infinite half-space is lack. Meanwhile, due to the limitation of test conditions or field measurement, the settlement of high-speed railway tunnel in Karst region is difficult to control and predict effectively. In this study, a novel intelligent displacement prediction model, following the machine learning (ML) incorporated with the finite difference method, is developed to evaluate the settlement of the tunnel floor. A back propagation neural network (BPNN) algorithm and a random forest (RF) algorithm are used herein, while the Bayesian regularization is applied to improve the BPNN and the Bayesian optimization is adopted for tuning the hyperparameters of RF. The newly proposed model is employed to predict the settlement of Changqingpo tunnel floor, located in the southeast of Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, China. Numerical simulations have been performed on the Changqingpo tunnel in terms of variety of karst size, and locations. Validations of the numerical simulations have been validated by the field data. A data set of 456 samples based on the numerical results is constructed to evaluate the accuracy of models’ predictions. The correlation coefficients of the optimum BPNN and BR model in testing set are 0.987 and 0.925, respectively, indicating that the proposed BPNN model has more great potential to predict the settlement of tunnels located in karst areas. The case study of Changqingpo tunnel in karst region has demonstrated capability of the intelligent displacement prediction model to well predict the settlement of tunnel floor in Karst region.
Condition- and context-dependent variation of sexual dimorphism across lizard populations at different spatial scales
Authors: Muraro Martina , Sherpa Stéphanie , Barzaghi Benedetta , Bombi Pierluigi , Borgatti Danilo , Di Canio Viola , Dalpasso Andrea , Falaschi Mattia , Gambioli Benedetta , Manenti Raoul , Marta Silvio , Momigliano Paolo , Nanni Veronica , Pardo Claudio , Parrino Elia Lo , Scali Stefano , Storniolo Federico , Vignoli Leonardo , Zuffi Marco A. L. , Sacchi Roberto , Salvi Daniele , Ficetola Gentile Francesco
Published: October 2022

The evolution of sexual dimorphism (SD) is driven by intricate interplays between sexual and natural selection. When it comes to SD variation within populations, however, environmental factors play a major role. Sexually selected traits are expected to be strongly dependent on individual body condition, which is influenced by the local environment that individuals experience. As a consequence, the degree of SD may also depend on resource availability. Here, we investigated the potential drivers of SD expression at two sexually dimorphic morphometric traits, body size (snout vent length) and head shape (head geometric morphometrics), in the Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus). We assessed the existence of condition- and context-dependent SD across ten islands of the Aeolian archipelago (southern Italy), at within- and among-population scales. We observed strong geographical variation of SD among islands, and tested three potential SD predictors related to resource availability (individual body condition, ecosystem productivity, temperature). Body condition and ecosystem productivity were the main drivers of body size SD variation, and body condition was also the main driver for head shape SD. Our results highlight that the expression of SD in the Italian wall lizard is both condition- and context-dependent. These results are congruent at within- and among-populations scales highlighting that spatial multi-scale analysis represents a useful approach to understand patterns of SD expression.
One-step direct conversion of methane to methanol with water in non-thermal plasma
Authors: Bi Wenfei , Tang Yu , Li Xuemei , Dai Chengyi , Song Chunshan , Guo Xinwen , Ma Xiaoxun
Published: October 2022

Achieving methane-to-methanol is challenging under mild conditions. In this study, methanol is synthesized by one-step direction conversion of CH4 with H2O at room temperature under atmospheric pressure in non-thermal plasma (NTP). This route is characterized by the use of methane and liquid water as the reactants, which enables the transfer of the methanol product to the liquid phase in time to inhibit its further decomposition and conversion. Therefore, the obtained product is free of carbon dioxide. The reaction products include gas and liquid-phase hydrocarbons, CO, CH3OH, and C2H5OH. The combination of plasma and semiconductor materials increases the production rate of methanol. In addition, the addition of Ar or He considerably increases the production rate and selectivity of methanol. The highest production rate of methanol and selectivity in liquid phase can reach 56.7 mmol gcat−1 h−1 and 93%, respectively. Compared with the absence of a catalyst and added gas, a more than 5-fold increase in the methanol production rate is achieved.
Spatial regionalization based on optimal information compression
Authors: Kirkley Alec
Published: October 2022

Regionalization, spatially contiguous clustering, provides a means to reduce the effect of noise in sampled data and identify homogeneous areas for policy development among many other applications. Existing regionalization methods require user input such as the number of regions or a similarity measure between regions, which does not allow for the extraction of the natural regions defined solely by the data itself. Here we view the problem of regionalization as one of data compression and develop an efficient, parameter-free regionalization algorithm based on the minimum description length principle. We demonstrate that our method is capable of recovering planted spatial clusters in noisy synthetic data, and that it can meaningfully coarse-grain real demographic data. Using our description length formulation, we find that spatial ethnoracial data in U.S. metropolitan areas has become less compressible over the period from 1980 to 2010, reflecting the rising complexity of urban segregation patterns in these metros.
Correction: In situ synthesis of chiral AuNCs with aggregation-induced emission using glutathione and ceria precursor nanosheets for glutathione biosensing
Authors: Halawa Mohamed Ibrahim , Wu Guoxing , Salem Alaa Eldin A. , Su Lei , Li Bing Shi , Zhang Xueji
Published: October 2022

Correction for ‘In situ synthesis of chiral AuNCs with aggregation-induced emission using glutathione and ceria precursor nanosheets for glutathione biosensing’ by Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa et al., Analyst, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2an00939k.
Self-assembly of a novel multicomponent polyoxometalate-based tetrahedral supercluster with high catalytic activity for thioether oxidation
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Xu Na , Liu Xiaohui , Guo Yanyan , Wang Xiuli
Published: October 2022

A novel tetrahedral supercluster [(P2Co2MoV4O8)2(P2MoV2O8)4(Pb⊂P6Co2MoV2MoVI14O73)4]12− with multiple components has been successfully synthesized, which exhibits high catalytic activity for the oxidation of thioether.
Functional characterization of a C-glycosyltransferase from Pueraria lobata with dual-substrate selectivity
Authors: Bao Yang-Oujie , Zhang Meng , Qiao Xue , Ye Min
Published: October 2022

We reported a C-glycosyltransferase PlCGT with dual-substrate selectivity. An Asn16–Asp124 dyad may mediate the SN2-like mechanism in the C-glycosylation.
Synthesis of highly crystalline imine-linked covalent organic frameworksviacontrolling monomer feeding rates in an open system
Authors: Wang Xueqing , Liu Manying , Wang Xiaoyan , Tan Bien
Published: October 2022

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have enormous potential in various applications because of their high crystallinity and superior surface area.
Engineering of Mn3O4@Ag microspheres assembled from nanosheets for superior O3 decomposition
Authors: Xie Yu , Wang Jiandian , Zhou Zihao , Wu Ying , Cheng Gao , Li Yongfeng , Sun Changyong , Sun Ming , Yu Lin
Published: October 2022

A topochemical transformation route was designed for synthesis of Mn3O4 nanospheres using β-MnOOH as the precursor. Ag nanoparticles were doped via an in situ redox reaction to obtain Mn3O4@Ag-NF, which displayed an enhanced performance for O3 elimination.
The role of atmospheric conditions in the nonradiative recombination in individual CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite crystals
Authors: Chen Ruiyun , Guan Wenling , Zhou Wenjin , Wang Zixin , Zhang Guofeng , Qin Chengbing , Hu Jianyong , Xiao Liantuan , Jia Suotang
Published: October 2022

The photoluminescence of individual MAPbI3 perovskite crystals diminished due to lattice distortion induced by evacuation, and recovered under light illumination with the stepwise increase of the air pressure.
Cytotoxic sub-nanometer aqueous platinum clusters as potential antitumoral agents
Authors: Greco Rossella , García-Lainez Guillermo , Oliver-Meseguer Judit , Marini Carlo , Domínguez Irene , López-Haro Miguel , Hernández-Garrido Juan Carlos , Cerón-Carrasco José Pedro , Andreu Inmaculada , Leyva-Pérez Antonio
Published: October 2022

Ligand-free sub-nanometer metal clusters (MCs) in neat water show extremely high antitumoral activity, including for cisplatin-resistant cells.
A copper-catalyzed three-component reaction of dithioacetals with diazo ketones and ketimines
Authors: Sha Hongkai , Qian Yu , Yang Xiangji , Dong Kuiyong , Xu Xinfang , Hu Wenhao
Published: October 2022

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of various acyclic thioacetal derivatives and medium-size sulfur-containing heterocycles via copper-catalyzed three-component reaction of dithioacetals with diazo-ketones and ketimines was reported.
A green adaptation of the critical resource of platinum group metals (PGMs) from spent autocatalysts to electrocatalysts for renewable power conversion
Authors: Sharma Raghunandan , Larsen Mikkel Juul , Larsen Lars Christian , Bogø Annette , Grahl-Madsen Laila , Andersen Shuang Ma
Published: October 2022

Green transition through recycling: autocatalysts are huge 2ndsources of platinum group metals essential for renewable power conversions. We demonstrate a green & efficient recycling approach from autocatalysts to electrocatalysts for H2fuel cells.