bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of CD3 antigen expression in T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: WOOD K. M. , PALLESEN G. , RALFKIAER E. , WARNKE R. , GATTER K. C. , MASON D. Y.
Published: April 2007

CD 3 antigen expression was studied in a series of 98 T‐cell lymphomas, using polyclonal antibodies which recognize this molecule in routinely processed, paraffin‐embedded, tissue. We identified 40 cases in which CD3 was present on only a proportion of the neoplastic cells. This phenomenon of heterogeneous CD3 expression was commonest in pleomorphic T‐cell lymphomas (22/42 cases) and in CD30 (Ki‐1)‐positive lymphomas (5/11 cases), and was less frequently observed in mycosis fungoides (4/18 cases) and not seen in T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (0/9 cases). CD3 expression was often related to cell morphology, with CD3 antigen being present on the smaller neoplastic cells but absent from the larger ones. The diagnostic significance of these observations is that, on occasion, it may be possible to diagnose a lymphoma as being of T‐cell origin in paraffin sections by demonstrating a minor subpopulation of CD3‐positive neoplastic cells.
An unusual case of retroperitoneal seminoma and fatal peliosis of the liver
Authors: ENGEL P. , JACOBSEN G. K.
Published: April 2007

We report an unusual case of fatal peliosis of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes in a 37‐year‐old man who had previously been treated for retroperitoneal seminoma with surgery and radiotherapy. The current hypotheses for the pathogenesis of peliosis are reviewed and discussed.
The frequency of p53 immunostaining in asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas and non‐asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas
Authors: MAYALL F. G. , GODDARD H. , GIBBS A. R.
Published: April 2007

It has been suggested that asbestos might have an important role in the development of p53 mutations in mesotheliomas. The objective of this study was to examine asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas and non‐asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas to establish whether the frequency of p53 immunostaining and, by implication, p53 gene mutation is related to asbestos exposure. Immunopositivity for p53 was found in seven (44%) of the 16 mesotheliomas examined. The frequency was approximately the same in both the asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas and the non‐asbestos‐associated mesotheliomas. It is concluded that the frequency of p53 immunostaining in mesotheliomas and, by implication, the frequency of p53 gene mutation is probably not related to asbestos exposure.
Mast cell density and PGP 9.5‐immunostained nerves in angioleiomyoma: their relationship to painful symptoms
Authors: GEDDY P. M. , GRAY S. , REID W. A.
Published: April 2007

Angioleiomyoma is frequently painful and the cause of the pain is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the mast cell population and innervation of painful and painless angioleiomyomas. Twenty‐four cases of angioleiomyoma were examined; 16 painful and 8 painless cases. Pinacyanol erythrosinate and antibodies to protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 were used to demonstrate mast cells and nerves respectively. PGP 9.5‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were found in most of the painful (13/16 cases) and painless lesions (5/8). Mast cells were not seen in half of the painful lesions but were seen in most of the painless lesions (7/8). The median mast cell density was 1.1 cells/mm2 for the painful lesions and 21.9 cells/mm2 for the painless lesions (P= 0.048, Mann‐Whitney test). The lower mast cell density in the painful lesions may reflect increased mast cell degranulation. It is proposed that neural and vascular events, similar to those occurring in the triple response to mild cutaneous injury, may produce pain in angioleiomyoma and other painful skin tumours.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression by erythroid precursors in normal bone marrow, in reactive lesions and in polycythaemia rubra vera
Authors: THIELE J. , MEUTER R.B. , TITIUS R.B. , ZANKOVICH R. , FISCHER R.
Published: April 2007

Using a sequential double‐imunostaining technique, a morphometric analysis was performed on routinely processed bone marrow trephines from 20 patients with secondary (reactive) polycythaemia and 28 patients with polycythaemia rubra vera to determine the proliferation capacity of erythropoiesis. Monoclonal antibodies PC10—anti‐proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)—and Ret40f—anti‐glycophorin C—were employed. For comparison with the PCNA‐labelling index, in a pilot study, Ki‐67 was additionally used on frozen‐section material. In comparison with normal bone marrow (15 patients) morphometric and statistical evaluation revealed a numerical increase in erythroid precursors (pro‐, erythro‐ and normoblasts) in secondary polycythaemia and to a pronounced degree in polycythaemia rubra vera. In comparison with secondary polycythaemia and the control group, in polycythaemia rubra vera there was a significant enhancement of proliferation according to PCNA‐staining reactivity in all haematopoietic cell elements and particularly in the erythroid series. Evaluation of PCNA v. Ki‐67 immunostaining disclosed only a slight difference, which could be mainly attributed to various modalities of antigen expression during the cell cycle. Our findings are in keeping with in vitro studies on cultured erythroid progenitor cells and, in problematic cases, may present a valuable aid in differentiation between reactive lesions and polycythaemia rubra vera.
Granulation tissue polyposis associated with carcinoid tumours of the small intestine
Authors: ALLIBONE R.O. , HOFFMAN J. , GOSNEY J.R. , HELLIWELL T.R.
Published: April 2007

We report two patients with ileal carcinoid tumours which were associated with polyps due to mucosal granulation tissue proliferation. In both cases the tumours had extensively infiltrated the small bowel wall and mesentery, and one had hepatic metastases. The mucosal surface of each specimen showed numerous, pale brown, sessile polyps which were restricted to the intestinal segment involved by carcinoid tumour, although not always closely related to neoplastic cells. The polyps were formed by the proliferation of capillaries, smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy.
Nodular breast lesions during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: SLAVIN J. L. , BILLSON V. R. , OSTOR A. G.
Published: April 2007

A review of the clinical and pathological features of 30 lactating nodules which were retrieved over the period 1975–1991 was undertaken. Clinically, the nodules occurred during any pregnancy and in subsequent pregnancies no further nodules developed. There were no favoured sites or lateralization of nodules, nor was there any correlation between nodule occurrence and ethnic background. Morphologically, a pre‐existing underlying lesion was readily recognized in 18 cases. Seven fibroadenomas, five tubular adenomas, two of which were infarcted, and six breast hamartomas were identified. The other 12 cases were well circumscribed nodules with a variable degree of inflammation and lobular hyperplasia. It is best to recognize these lesions as a heterogeneous group and designate them as lactating nodules, noting any underlying pathological process rather than using the older term lactating adenoma which implies a single neoplastic entity.
Art and artifice in the science of histology
Authors: RIO‐HORTEGA PIO DEL
Published: April 2007

Introduction to the original article. Dr Pio del Rio‐Hortega has been working ‘temporarily’ in a little laboratory in La Residencia for the past 15 years. With exemplary perseverance and goodwill, he has carried out, in this little corner, a labour that has been greatly appreciated by researchers throughout the world, but is perhaps not sufficiently recognized among ourselves. Through the use of original methods he has been able to make visible the most delicate details of the structure of cells. His research on the histology of the nervous system led him to discover a new species of cells, which the scientific world has baptized, in his honour, with the name of ‘Hortega cells’. His uninterrupted line of investigation continues with research on tumours of the nervous system, on which he was confirmed as the leading authority at the last International Conference on Cancer. Dr Rio‐Hortega is a devotee of the visual arts, and a fruit of the marriage between his enthusiasm for art and his scientific activities is the article that follows.
A comparison of the ultrastructure of pigment granules in melanosis ilei and pulmonary lymph nodes
Authors: GHADIALLY F.N. , BOONE S.A. , WALLEY V.M.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of melanosis ilei were studied, in which grossly visible blackish pigmentation of the ileal mucosa was incidentally discovered at autopsy. Light microscopy showed that the pigment granules lay within macrophages in atrophic Peyer's patches. Ultrastructural studies showed that the pigment granules were heterolysosomes containing crystalline material, particles, granules and, occasionally, lipid droplets. The morphological similarity between these pigment granules and granules in pulmonary macrophages was established through ultrastructural studies of pulmonary lymph nodes obtained during routine autopsies. These data, plus results of past electron‐probe X‐ray analytic studies by us and others, leads us to conclude that the pigment granules in melanosis ilei contain exogenous material derived from inspired and ingested materials.
Soft tissue tumours in childhood
Authors: MALONE M.
Published: April 2007

The spectrum of soft tissue tumours in youg adults is very similar to that in more mature individuals, while those in childhood form a distinct group rarely seen outside the first decade. The majority of these are benign vascular or fibroblastic proliferations; in young children they may be highly cellular and mitotically active, but malignancy should be diagnosed with caution. Congenital soft tissue tumours constitute a special group in which the clinical outcome may be particularly difficult to predict from the histological appearances. This review focuses on those malignant soft tumours which are either peculiar to childhood or which manifest special features in childhood. Some recently recognized benign soft tissue tumours which occur mainly in childhood are also described. The fibromatoses are not discussed. As a guide to the appropriate treatment regime, the main histological distinctions to be drawn are between: 1 tumours of neuroectodermal origin (Ewing's sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumour); 2 other sarcomas; and 3 the fibromatoses and other benign and potentially locally aggressive lesions requiring local excision. Immunohistochemical staining may be of considerable help in achieving the correct diagnosis, but it is vital that a panel of antibodies be applied and the results critically assessed. Cytogenetic analysis is also of growing importance, characteristic karyotypic abnormalities having been demonstrated in Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and synovial sarcoma.
Carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia in radial scars and complex sclerosing lesions: importance of lesion size and patient age
Authors: SLOANE J.P. , MAYERS M.M.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and twenty‐six radial scars and complex sclerosing lesions from 91 women were examined to determine the incidence of and the clinical and pathological factors associated with the development of carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia within them. There was a clear relationship between the presence of carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia and the size of the lesion. This was not, however, a progressive relationship, there being a cut‐off point about 6‐7 mm. below which carcinoma was very uncommon and above which it was relatively frequent. A similar relationship was seen with patient age. Carcinoma was not seen in lesions removed from women under 40, was rare in the decade 41‐50 and was relatively common above this age but with no further increase in the over 60s. A significantly higher incidence of carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia was encountered in scars detected by mammographic screening and could be explained by lesion size and the ages of the patients from which they were removed. No relationship was found between the presence of carcinoma within radial scars and complex sclerosing lesions and the existence of carcinoma in the residual breast tissue when direct extension was excluded. The carcinomas identified in the scars were of variable type and included small and large cell ductal carcinoma in situ, lobular carcinoma in situ and invasive carcinoma of tubular and ductal types. In situ carcinoma and atypical hyperplasia involved a very variable percentage of the epithelium of the lesions with mean values for ductal carcinoma in situ of 32%, lobular carcinoma in situ 25% and atypical hyperplasia 25%. It is concluded that all screen‐detected radial scars and complex sclerosing lesions should be excised and subjected to thorough histological examination. Further studies on larger numbers of screened women are indicated to determine more precisely the incidence of carcinoma in these lesions and the risk of developing cancer in women in whom uncomplicated scars are detected.
Immunohistochemistry of pS2 in normal human breast and in various histological forms of breast tumours
Authors: PALLUD C. , DOUSSAL V. LE , PICHON M.‐F. , PRUD'HOMME J.‐F. , HACENE K. , MILGROM E.
Published: April 2007

Expression of pS2 was studied by immunocytochemistry in normal breast tissue (n= 20), benign tumours (n= 9) and 145 breast cancers representative of the different histological types. pS2 immunostaining was scored as negative (D1 = 0‐5% stained cells), positive (D2 = 5‐75% stained cells) or highly positive (D3 > 75% stained cells). pS2 protein was evident in all normal breast samples examined. Six of nine benign lesions showed pS2 staining. In both cases, immunostaining was weaker than in breast cancers. Of breast cancers, 77/145 (53.1%) were pS2 positive, including 33.1% with intense staining. The presence of pS2 was not correlated with the age of patients, the size of the primary tumour, or lymph node status, but was correlated with histological grading and nuclear grading. pS2 expression was also correlated with menopausal status and oestrogen receptor status (59% of receptor‐positive tumours were pS2 positive), but not to progesterone receptor status. pS2 expression in breast carcinomas is not a characteristic of specific histological types. Although this protein is predominantly expressed in oestrogen receptor‐positive and differentiated tumours, it shows oestrogen‐independent expression in about 30% of cases.
Immunohistochemically demonstrated metallothionein expression in malignant melanoma
Authors: ZELGER B. , HITTMAIR A. , SCHIR M. , ÖFNER C. , ÖFNER D. , FRITSCH P.O. , BÖCKER W. , JASANI B. , SCHMID K.W.
Published: April 2007

Metallothioneins are ubiquitous proteins with a high affinity for heavy metal ions, e.g. zinc, copper and cadmium. Experimentally, metallothionein over‐expression in cell lines derived from a variety of cancers has been associated with resistance to anticancer drugs and irradiation therapy. Using a monoclonal antibody (E9) to metallothionein we investigated immunoreactive expression in routinely fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue from 63 cases of malignant melanoma and 13 secondary deposits. Whereas a variety of cells in normal skin showed metallothionein expression, all forms of benign naevi studied were uniformly negative. In contrast 13/30 ‘thin’ (≤1.5 mm; 0.7 ± 0.4). 25 29 ‘thick’ malignant melanoma (> 1.5 mm; 5.5 ± 3.9) and 12/13 metastases were positive. Six patients with thin and 19 with thick melanoma with metallothionein expression died during a mean observation period of 6.4 ± 1.8 and 3.6 ± 2.5 years, respectively, their survival distribution function analyses giving statistically significant results for both the vertical tumour thickness (P < 0.0001) and metallothionein expression (P < 0.0001). These immunohistochemical results, based on routinely processed paraffin‐embedded tissue, suggest that metallothionein expression in malignant melanoma is significantly associated with progressive disease and might therefore be a useful prognostic indicator.
Expression of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV activity in human lung carcinoma
Authors: ASADA Y. , ARATAKE Y. , KOTANI T. , MARUTSUKA K. , ARAKI Y. , OHTAKI S. , SUMIYOSHI A.
Published: April 2007

Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DAP IV) staining was examined in various histological types of lung carcinomas to evaluate this enzyme activity. A total of 45 lung carcinomas were examined for their enzyme activity. Almost all (93.1%) cases of adenocarcinoma were positive for DAP IV activity, whereas all cases of squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and carcinoid were negative. DAP IV activity of microsomes in lung carcinomas was significantly higher in papillary adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell carcinomas. These data suggest that DAP IV may be a good marker to distinguish adenocarcinoma from other histological types of lung carcinoma.
The importance of a substantial elastic lamina subjacent to the endothelium in limiting the progression of atherosclerotic changes
Authors: SIMS F.H. , CHEN X. , GAVIN J.B.
Published: April 2007

This study examines the hypothesis that progressive intimal thickening and atherosclerosis in the larger pulsatile arteries arise from failure to maintain, subjacent to the endothelial cells, a substantial elastin membrane, a component which has been shown to be of special structural significance. The internal thoracic arteries of 293 subjects of all ages up to 60 years were compared histologically with the anterior descending coronary arteries of the same individuals by light‐ and electronmicroscopy and immunoperoxidase staining for macromolecules. The internal thoracic arteries usually developed a new robust reduplicated internal elastic lamina at an early age, no further intimal thickening, and no significant entry of lipid or cells to the intima. The coronary arteries showed areas of rapid intimal thickening with poor and incomplete reduplicated internal elastic laminae, entry of lipid, macrophages, and other cells to the intima. The reduplicated internal elastic laminae appeared to be formed primarily by the endothelial cells themselves. An elastin membrane subjacent to the endothelial cells appears to be essential. It provides a secure attachment for the cells and a barrier to the entry of macromolecules and cells to the intima. Its absence is associated with progressive intimal thickening and atherosclerosis.
Immunohistochemical detection of granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor in Langerhans' cell histiocytosis
Authors: EMILE J.F. , PEUCHMAUR M. , FRAITAG S. , BODEMER C. , BROUSSE N.
Published: April 2007

Granulocyte/macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) induces in vitro activation of Langerhans' cells. The association of GM‐CSF and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) induces the differentiation of Langerhans' cells from CD34 positive haematopoietic progenitors. Intradermal administration of recombinant GM‐CSF is associated with local accumulation of Langerhans' cells. We investigated the presence of GM‐CSF in tissue samples of 10 patients with Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Four patients had skin involvement, three had bone and three had diffuse disease. Eight normal skin samples were analysed as controls. Immunohistochemistry was performed on frozen tissue samples with two specific monoclonal antibodies directed against two different epitopes of GM‐CSF. We detected GM‐CSF in all the histiocytosis tissue samples. The GM‐CSF was detected within the cytoplasm of all the tumoral Langerhans' cells. We did not find GM‐CSF in any other cell type. These results suggest that GM‐CSF may be implicated in the pathogenesis of Langerhans' cell histiocytosis.
Myxoma of the maxillary antrum in children
Authors: ANG H.K. , RAMANI P. , MICHAELS L.
Published: April 2007

Myxomas of the maxillary antrum are rare tumours, particularly in childhood. Although circumscribed, they are often more extensive than apparent and so tend to recur despite their benign nature. Myxomas are gelatinous and are composed of stellate and spindle cells embedded in an abundant alcian blue‐positive, mucoid stroma in which blood vessels are often scattered throughout the tumour. Three patients with maxillary myxomas, all presenting in infancy or early childhood, are described.
Patterns of immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p53 in benign and neoplastic human endometrium
Authors: YU C.C.‐W. , WILKINSON N. , BRITO M.J. , BUCKLEY C.H. , FOX H. , LEVISON D.A.
Published: April 2007

Immunohistochemical staining was carried out on a spectrum of normal, hyperplastic and malignant endometrial curettings, for proliferating cell nuclear antigen—PCNA (using the monoclonal antibody PC10) and for abnormally stabilized p53 (using the polyclonal antibody CM‐1). The mean proportion of glandular epithelial cells showing PCNA immunoreactivity was significantly lower in atypical hyperplasia/intra‐endometrial adenocarcinoma than in invasive adenocarcinoma, but the degree of overlap between the cases was such that this was not considered to be of diagnostic value. p53 immunoreactivity was detected in 47% of invasive adenocarcinomas and in a much smaller proportion of endometria showing simple hyperplasia and atypical hyperplasia, but staining was only focal in the last two conditions. The majority of p53‐positive invasive adenocarcinomas had a large proportion of glandular epithelial cells expressing PCNA, but a significant number ofp53‐negative cases also had a high PC10 index. This suggests that, in endometrial neoplasia, there is not a simple relationship between abnormally stabilized p53 and PCNA expression.
Intestinal metaplasia in stilboestrol‐induced vaginal adenosis
Authors: MERCHANT W.J. , GALE J.
Published: April 2007

We present an unusual case of vaginal adenosis with progressive intestinal metaplasia, previously undescribed, in a female patient exposed to stilboestrol in utero. Argentaffin cells were present within these areas, a feature not previously reported in benign vaginal adenosis. The development of the intestinal metaplasia coincided with the onset of a vaginal discharge so severe that, after 7 years, a vaginal resection was performed. Intestinal‐type glands have been described in the cervix and ovary, almost invariably associated with malignancy. The possible role of intestinal metaplasia in the development of enteric‐type neoplasms of the vagina is discussed.
Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide expression in primary and metastatic liver tumours
Authors: ROSKAMS T. , WILLEMS M. , CAMPOS R.V. , DRUCKER D.J. , YAP S.H. , DESMET V.J.
Published: April 2007

Parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor in the pathophysiology of hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Recent evidence suggests that PTHrP may play an important role in the growth and differentiation of neoplastic as well as non‐neoplastic cells. PTHrP was originally detected in normal fetal, but not adult, liver. We have used immunocytochemistry to show that reactive human bile ductules expressing a neuroendocrine phenotype contain immunoreactive PTHrP. These observations raised the possibility that PTHrP immunoreactivity may be useful in the differential diagnosis of primary liver tumours and metastases of adenocarcinoma. A total of 24 primary liver tumours and 22 metastases of adenocarcinoma were studied. All cholangiocarcinomas showed immunopositivity for PTHrP and chromogranin A, while all hepatocellular carcinomas were negative for PTHrP and showed only focal and weak positivity for chromogranin A. Mixed types of primary liver tumour contained PTHrP immunoreactivity only in the areas of cholangiocellular differentiation. Moreover, all metastatic adenocarcinomas were negative for PTHrP and chromogranin A except for two out of five metastatic breast adenocarcinomas. These two patients had bone metastases and hypercalcaemia and thus did not yield differential diagnostic problems with cholangiocarcinoma. None of the patients with cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma had hypercalcaemia. We conclude that PTHrP is a useful marker for primary cholangiocarcinoma. especially in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma.
Intervertebral disc amyloidosis: histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural observations
Authors: MIHARA S. , KAWAI S. , GONDO T. , ISHIHARA T.
Published: April 2007

Intervertebral discs selected at random from autopsies and surgical operations on herniated discs were examined for evidence of amyloid deposition. Amyloid deposits were detected in 53 (81.5%) of 65 autopsy cases. Discs from subjects over 50 years of age revealed a significantly high incidence of amyloid deposition. Among herniated discs, amyloid deposits were documented in 49 (75.4%) of 65 surgical specimens. The incidence of amyloid deposition in intervertebral discs increased with advancing age. Intervertebral disc amyloidosis consisted of amyloid deposits of three morphological types: linear amyloid deposits around the degenerating chondrocytes (perichondrocyte type), and nodular or band‐like deposits in the annulus fibrosus (annulus fibrosus type) and nucleus pulposus (nucleus pulposus type). We suspect that the precursor protein of perichondrocyte type amyloid is derived from chondrocytes, and those of annulus fibrosus type and nucleus pulposus types are derived from the blood. The amyloid deposits were resistant to treatment with potassium permanganate. Immunohistochemically, the amyloid deposits reacted with antibody against amyloid P‐component, but not with antibodies against AA, Ak, Aλ, transthyretin or β2‐microglobulin. Ultrastructurally, the amyloid deposits were composed of 10 nm‐wide nonbranching fibrils. The amyloid in herniated discs had the same biochemical and immunohistochemical properties as those found in autopsy cases. The immunohistochemical characteristics of the amyloid deposits suggest that it derives from an, as yet, unknown precursor protein.
Tetranectin expression in human colonic neoplasia
Authors: VERSPAGET H.W. , CLEMMENSEN I. , GANESH S. , CHRISTENSEN L. , SIER C.F.M. , GRIFFIOEN G. , LAMERS C.B.H.W.
Published: April 2007

The expression of tetranectin in colonic neoplasia was evaluated by determining the tissue distribution by immunohistological analysis of tissue sections and the antigen levels in tissue homogenates and plasma. In normal colonic mucosa tetranectin staining was predominantly found in the goblet cells whereas in adenocarcinomas this staining was confined to the tumour stroma. Colonic adenomas, benign precursors of adenocarcinomas, showed fewer tetranectin positive goblet cells and in some cases showed tetranectin expression in the stroma. Within the tissue homogenates no differences were found in the tetranectin levels between normal mucosa, adenomas and carcinomas. Patients with colonic cancer were found to have significantly decreased plasma tetranectin levels compared to healthy controls. Thus, colonic neoplasia is associated with a change in the tissue distribution of tetranectin, without an obvious change in the tissue level, and a low plasma tetranectin level.
Basement membrane and extracellular interstitial matrix components in bladder neoplasia—evidence of angiogenesis
Authors: DEEN S. , BALL R.Y.
Published: April 2007

Immunohistochemical studies to localise collagen IV, laminin, fibronectin and tenascin were undertaken in 59 bladder biopsies. These were non‐neoplastic or contained foci of flat dysplasia or of transitional cell neoplasia. Collagen IV and laminin were reliably demonstrated in basement membranes but focal loss of reactivity for collagen IV was found in the urothelial basement membrane in some cases of inflammation, dysplasia, and non‐invasive papillary transitional cell tumour. Basement membranes were rarely demonstrated around invasive transitional cell carcinomas. Fibronectin and tenascin were found in the sub‐urothelial lamina propria and in some urothelial basement membranes. The stroma of invasive tumours reacted strongly for both. Increased numbers of sub‐urothelial capillaries were present in association with some cases of cystitis, flat dysplasia or non‐invasive transitional cell neoplasia suggesting an angiogenic stimulus in these circumstances. Immunohistochemical staining of basement membrane components is unlikely to be of value in the routine histopathological assessment of transitional cell neoplasms of the bladder.
Ameloblastoma with stromal multinucleated giant cells
Authors: RICHARD B.M. , THYVEETIL M. , SHARIF H. , ATHANASOU N.A.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of ameloblastoma which uniquely showed heavy‐osteoclast‐like giant cell accumulation and woven bone formation in the surrounding fibrous stroma. Immunohistochemistry showed that the giant cells were non‐epithelial in origin and suggested that stromal factors (i.e. the presence or absence of mineralized bone) determines whether these cells express an osteoclastic antigenic phenotype.
Lymphatic amyloidosis, a previously unrecognized form of amyloid deposition in generalized amyloidosis
Authors: KAISERLING E. , KRÖBER S.
Published: April 2007

Although amyloid deposition in relation to blood vessels is a well‐recognized feature of generalized amyloidosis, lymphatic vessel amyloidosis is not mentioned in the literature. Systematic investigation of tissue removed at autopsy from patients with generalized amyloidosis and biopsy specimens from cases of localized amyloidosis and familial Mediterranean fever showed that amyloid deposition around lymphatics is by no means uncommon. The material investigated was mainly large and small bowel, lung, heart and kidney. Amyloid was identified by green birefringence with the Congo red stain on cross‐polarization and lymphatics by their lack of immunostaining for CD34. Involvement of lymphatics was noted in 20 of the 42 organs from which specimens were examined, and was always accompanied by involvement of blood vessels and/or the interstitium. In the intestine, lymphatic amyloidosis was found mainly in the submucosa and subserosa, and was also demonstrated by electronmicroscopy in one case. Although lymphatic amyloidosis was equally common in the heart, lung and kidney, it was usually less prominent here than in the intestine. No lymphatic involvement was seen in localized amyloidosis. As the lymphatics play a central role in the resorption of interstitial proteins, they are probably also involved in the resorption of amyloid proteins. Amyloid deposition in the vicinity of lymphatics is probably the result of decompensation of this process.
Extramedullary haemopoiesis in fetal and adult human spleen: a quantitative immunohistological study
Authors: WILKINS B.S. , GREEN A. , WILD A.E. , JONES D.B.
Published: April 2007

Haemopoietic cells were assessed in spleens from normal adults, adults with splenic extramedullary haemopoiesis due to chronic myeloproliferative disorders and fetuses of 17–21 weeks' gestation. A variety of antigens expressed by developing granulocytes and erythrocytes were demonstrated immunohistochemically. The relative proportions of early and late precursor cells of these two lineages were quantified. There was no significant haemopoiesis in normal adult spleen, while there was abundant (predominantly granulocytic) haemopoiesis in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Fetal spleens contained numerous late erythroid precursors but few early erythroid or granulocytic cells. The relative numbers of early and late haemopoietic cells in adult chronic myeloproliferative disorders and fetal spleens showed statistically significant differences. Our findings indicate that haemopoiesis in the spleens of adult patients with these disorders differs fundamentally from that occurring in fetal life. They support the view that the human spleen does not have a significant role in fetal haemopoiesis, but that it filters circulating nucleated erythroid precursors and is permissive of their terminal differentiation only. Our results also favour the view that adult splenic haemopoiesis originates by displacement of precursor cells from the bone marrow rather than by activation of stem cells which have lain dormant in the spleen since fetal life.
Clonality analysis of defined B‐cell populations in archival tissue sections using microdissection and the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: PAN L.X. , DISS T.C. , PENG H.Z. , ISAACSON P.G.
Published: April 2007

A simple microdissection technique involving the use of a drawn‐out glass pipette was developed for isolation of defined cell subsets from tissue sections. Using this technique and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), clonally rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain genes were reliably amplified in single neoplastic follicles or few hundreds of tumour cells isolated from archival haematoxylin and eosin or immunostained sections of B‐cell lymphomas. A polyclonal nature was consistently demonstrated in reactive lymphoid follicles or interfollicular reactive B‐cells within the same lymphoma sections. Microdissection of lymphoma cells from within foci of chronic inflammation improved the resolution of tumour‐specific PCR products by reducing amplification of background polyclonal B‐cell sequences. The combination of microdissection and PCR techniques, therefore, provides an important tool for the investigation of B‐cell lymphomas and also allows simple and specific access for other molecular genetic analyses of different cell subsets on tissue sections.
Primary B‐cell mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma presenting as a solitary colorectal polyp
Authors: SCHMID C. , VAZQUEZ J.J. , DISS T.C. , ISAACSON P.G.
Published: April 2007

We describe two patients with low‐grade and one patient with mixed low‐ and high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type arising in the large intestine. In each patient the lesion occurred as a single polyp. Two patients presented with rectal bleeding and in one the lesion was discovered incidentally. The bone marrow was uninvolved in all three cases but in the patient with mixed low‐ and high‐grade lymphoma involvement of mesenteric lymph nodes and liver was found. CT scan revealed no lymphadenopathy or splenomegaly in any of the patients. Two patients remain well 9 and 24 months respectively after polypectomy whereas the patient with mixed low‐ and high‐grade lymphoma died 7 days after hemicolectomy due to cardiac failure. These previously undescribed solitary polypoid MALT lymphomas can closely resemble both benign lymphoid polyposis of the colon and lymphomatous polyposis (mantle cell lymphoma). Because of their different behaviour accurate diagnosis of polypoid MALT lymphoma is important.
AA glomerular amyloid. An ultrastructural immunogold study of the colocalization of heparan sulphate proteoglycan and P component with amyloid fibrils together with changes in distribution of type IV collagen and fibronectin
Authors: MOSS J. , SHORE I. , WOODROW D.
Published: April 2007

An ultrastructural investigation was undertaken on paraformaldehyde‐fixed Lowicryl resin‐embedded human kidneys of three patients with AA amyloidosis to investigate the association of various basement membrane components with amyloid fibrils. An immunogold technique was used and antibodies to serum amyloid A, heparan sulphate proteoglycan, type IV collagen, P component, and fibronectin were applied to human normal and amyloid glomeruli. The amyloid was identified as AA, and P component was shown to be intimately associated with the fibrils. In addition, heparan sulphate proteoglycan was associated with amyloid in all subendothelial, subepithelial and intramembranous glomerular basement membrane deposits, and those throughout the mesangial matrix. This contrasted with the distribution of the proteoglycan in the normal glomerulus where it was found predominantly on the epithelial aspect of the basement membrane and only in the more peripheral regions of the mesangium. The accumulation of heparan sulphate proteoglycan with amyloid resulted in a marked increase in its amount in the glomeruli. The amyloid deposits contained little or no type IV collagen or fibronectin. These findings demonstrate a strong association of heparan sulphate proteoglycan with amyloid and suggest different roles for the various glomerular basement membrane components in amyloidogenesis.
Balloon cell metastatic melanoma: an important differential in the diagnosis of clear cell tumours
Authors: MOWAT A. , REID R. , MACKIE R.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of metastatic balloon cell melanoma are reported. Each tumour was composed of large clear cells which did not contain melanin, glycogen or fat, but showed positive staining for S‐100 protein, NK/1‐C3 and HMB‐45. In each case the primary lesion was a cutaneous melanoma of typical morphology. It is essential to consider balloon cell melanoma in the differential diagnosis of clear cell tumours. These cases emphasize the need for an accurate clinical history.
Obstructive enterocolitis: a clinico‐pathological discussion
Authors: LEVINE T.S. , PRICE A.B.
Published: April 2007

Obstructive colitis is a condition that is not widely appreciated by pathologists. It is defined as an ulceroinflammatory lesion(s) proximal to a colonic obstruction from which it is separated by a variable length of normal mucosa. Five cases are described which illustrate the clinico‐pathological spectrum of the condition. All presented surgically as acute intestinal obstruction, secondary to adenocarcinoma in four cases and a diverticular stricture in one case. Pathologically, the severity of colitis ranged from a single discrete ulcer to an extensive area of fulminant colitis indistinguishable from colitis indeterminate. Furthermore, two cases represented ‘obstructive enteritis’, a variant of obstructive disease not previously reported. Microscopically, all cases were characterized by distinctive areas of localized ulceration and active inflammation, the features of which were quite unlike those of Crohn's disease or ischaemia, separated by islands of normal mucosa. The role of mural hypoperfusion and secondary localized ischaemia in the pathogenesis of this disorder is discussed. It is suggested that colitis indeterminate represents the final common pathological pathway of the intestine to a wide range of initial insults, be they obstructive or inflammatory.
Pathology of shigellosis and its complications
Authors: ISLAM M.M. , AZAD A.K. , BARDHAN P.K. , RAQIB R. , ISLAM D.
Published: April 2007

One hundred and thirty‐three colonic biopsies of proven cases of Shigella colitis were examined and post‐mortem examinations were carried out on 29 fatal cases at the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) hospital between 1988 and 1992. The distribution of pathological lesions and the spectrum of histopathological changes in the intestinal tract of these patients, and the features of intestinal and extra‐intestinal complications of shigellosis are presented. Septicaemia, hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and hypoglycaemia were present in a high percentage of these cases. All but two patients were malnourished at the time of autopsy. Shigellosis patients rapidly became hypoproteinaemic and were susceptible to other infections including opportunistic infections. Mortality amongst shigellosis patients admitted to our hospital continues to be high in spite of adequate antibiotic and supportive therapy.
Epithelioid benign fibrous histiocytoma of skin: clinico‐pathological analysis of 20 cases of a poorly known variant
Authors: GOMEZ C. SINGH , CALONJE E. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: April 2007

Twenty new cases of epithelioid fibrous histiocytoma, a distinctive but poorly recognized variant of cutaneous benign fibrous histiocytoma are described. Twelve patients were male and eight were female. The age of the patients ranged from 7 to 80 years (median 40 years). Six lesions arose on the lower limb, five on the upper limb, three around the shoulder, two on the abdomen and one each on the eyelid, inner canthus and anal margin. In one case the age and site were not stated. All lesions presented as a solitary, polypoid or slightly raised cutaneous nodule, ranging in size from 0.5 cm to 2 cm in greatest diameter. Follow‐up in 14 cases (mean 22.7 months) revealed local recurrence after 42 months in one case. Histologically, the more polypoid tumours were characterized by an epidermal collarette. In all lesions prominent polygonal or rounded epithelioid cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, a vesicular nucleus and small eosinophilic nucleoli accounted for at least 50% of the tumour cell population. Individual cells were separated by somewhat hyalinized collagen, containing prominent blood vessels and a sparse mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrate. The edge of the lesions, especially those that were non‐polypoid, often showed more typical features of ordinary fibrous histiocytoma. The main differential diagnosis is with other cutaneous epithelioid neoplasms, especially Spitz naevus.
Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor‐β1 in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis, cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and other lung disorders
Authors: CORRIN B. , BUTCHER D. , McANULTY B.J. , DUBOIS R.M. , BLACK C.M. , LAURENT G.J. , HARRISON N.K.
Published: April 2007

To study the role of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis we have examined lung biopsies from nine patients with systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung disease, eight with ‘lone’ cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, two with cystic fibrosis, two with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, two with Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, one with lymphangioleiomyomatosis, one with giant cell interstitial pneumonia, and one adenocarcinoma of the lung. In cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, both ‘lone’ and associated with systemic sclerosis, alveolar macrophages, bronchial epithelium and hyperplastic type II pneumonocytes expressed intracellular TGF‐β1. Extracellular TGF‐β1 was found in the fibrous tissue immediately beneath the bronchial and hyperplastic alveolar epithelium. In normal lung, however, the alveolar epithelium and alveolar interstitium were negative for both forms of TGF‐β1. There was strong expression of TGF‐β1 in hyperplastic mesothelium and its underlying connective tissue and in Langerhans' cells in the two cases of histiocytosis. In the organizing pneumonia in cystic fibrosis, the intraalveolar buds of granulation tissue reacted strongly for the extracellular form of TGF‐β1 and the overlying hyperplastic epithelium expressed the intracellular form. In lymphangioleiomyomatosis, the aberrant smooth muscle cells strongly expressed intracellular TGF‐β1 and the extracellular form was expressed in the adjacent connective tissue. In giant cell interstitial pneumonia, the numerous alveolar macrophages, including the multinucleate forms, expressed intracellular TGF‐β1, as did the hyperplastic alveolar epithelium. Adenocarcinoma cells expressed the intracellular form of TGF‐β1 strongly and the extracellular form was evident in the tumour stroma. The strong expression of TGF‐β1 in hyperplastic type II pneumonocytes and the fibrosis underlying these cells suggests that TGF‐β1 produced during alveolar epithelial regeneration may play a part in several forms of pulmonary fibrosis.
Hamartoma of an ectopic breast arising in the inguinal region
Authors: DWORAK O. , RECK T. , GRESKÖTTER K.R. , KÖCKERLING F.
Published: April 2007

Ectopic mammary tissue in the inguinal region giving rise to a hamartoma is reported. This localization of ectopic breast is infrequent and hamartomas of the breast at this site have not been described previously. The unusual size of the lesion caused pre‐operative diagnostic difficulties.
Drug‐related pathological lesions of the intestinal tract
Authors: LEE F.D.
Published: April 2007

Pathologists need to be more aware of the capacity of drugs, in particular non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, to produce a wide spectrum of lesions in the intestinal tract. Whilst the histological changes brought about by drugs are generally non‐specific in character, certain features such as tissue eosinophilia, the presence of apoptotic bodies in the crypts of Leiberkhun or an increase in intra‐epithelial lymphocytes in the colon should always raise the suspicion of drug effects.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen but not p53 or human papillomavirus DNA correlates with advanced clinical stage in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: KAMEL D. , TURPEENNIEMI‐HUJANEN T. , VÄHÄKANGAS K. , PÄÄKKÖ P. , SOINI Y.
Published: April 2007

In this study we investigated 56 renal cell carcinomas immunohistochemically for the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and tumour suppressor protein p53. We also analyzed for the presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA subtypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33 by in situ hybridization. In carcinomas which showed more than 10% of PCNA positive nuclei there were significantly more cases with invasion (P= 0.032) or metastatic disease (P= 0.047). Nine out of 22 grade III‐IV tumours (40.9%) but only six out of 30 grade I‐II tumours (20%) showed more than 10% of PCNA positive cells (P= 0.097). Patients with 10% or more PCNA positive cells in kidney tumours had more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis than those showing less PCNA positive cells (P= 0.05).

Six p53 positive cases were found among 56 tumours (11%), but only one case had more than 10% positive cell nuclei. The presence of HPV DNA was found in 29 out of 56 cases (52%). Multiple subtypes were found in 19 cases (34%). The most commonly occurring subtypes were 18 and 33. There was no association between PCNA, p53 and the presence of HPV DNA subtypes. Because of the association of PCNA with invasion and metastatic disease, it would be worth while to study PCNA further as a possible marker for aggressiveness of renal carcinomas. Both this study and those concentrated on mutational analysis suggest that p53 is generally not important for the development of renal cell carcinoma. On the other hand, the presence of HPV DNA in these tumours implicates HPV viral infection in the aetiology of renal cancer.
Prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in gliomas
Authors: KORKOLOPOULOU P. , CHRISTODOULOU P. , LEKKA‐KATSOULI I. , KOUZELIS K. , PAPANIKOLAOU A. , PANAYOTIDES I. , MARIATOS P. , THOMAS‐TSAGLI E. , CROCKER J.
Published: April 2007

The relationship between proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression and various clinicopathological indices (age, sex, tumour location, histological type and grade and treatment) and post‐operative survival were studied in patients with central nervous system gliomas using univariate and multivariate analysis. The expression of PCNA (PC10 score) was examined immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody PC10 on paraffin sections from 45 cases. Univariate analysis showed that a high PC10 score as well as older age, high histological grade and the histological type (astrocytoma) were associated with reduced survival. However, multivariate analysis revealed that only PC10 score and histological type had independent prognostic significance. The most important feature influencing PC10 score was the tumour grade. Regarding the patients who relapsed, the survival from the time of original diagnosis was related to the relapse‐free period, while the PC10 score of the primary tumour emerged as the only independent predictor of survival following the first recurrence. These results indicate that PCNA expression is an independent prognostic indicator in CNS gliomas.