bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological niche modelling and coalescent simulations to explore the recent geographical range history of five widespread bumblebee species in Europe
Authors: Dellicour Simon , Kastally Chedly , Varela Sara , Michez Denis , Rasmont Pierre , Mardulyn Patrick , Lecocq Thomas
Published: June 2016

Aim

Studying the changes in species ranges during the last glaciation event is an important step towards the understanding of the observed patterns of intra‐specific genetic variability. We focused on bumblebees, an interesting biological model to address these questions because cold‐adapted species are likely to have experienced different geographical range histories during the last glacial period compared to more commonly studied, strictly temperate, species. We investigated and compared historical hypotheses regarding the geographical range of five common and co‐distributed West Palaearctic bumblebee species.

Location

Europe, West Palaearctic.

Methods

For each species, we inferred present and past (Last Glacial Maximum) distributions from species occurrence records, and present and past climatic data, using the ecological niche modelling (ENM) approach implemented inMaxent. Based on genetic data previously obtained from the sequencing of three gene fragments (mitochondrial locusCOIand two nuclear lociEF‐1αandPEPCK), we then compared global and local patterns of genetic variation using several summary statistics as well as a visual mapping of genetic variation. Finally, we used a spatially explicit model ofDNAsequence coalescence to test and compare four evolutionary scenarios derived from ENM results and patterns of genetic diversity.

Results

Ecological niche modelling results based on climatic data clearly suggested a range continuum in Europe during the last glaciation. Yet, the related evolutionary scenario involving such continuum was less supported than alternative scenarios involving a more fragmented distribution. Indeed, for the three out of five species for which genetic data allowed discriminating among tested scenarios, the scenario that included a fragmented range during the last glaciation was identified as the most likely.

Main conclusions

Although ENM suggested that bumblebees would have maintained a range continuum across Europe during the last glaciation, coalescent simulations tended to refute the persistence of a large range continuum for these species during this period. This suggests that even for cold‐adapted species, the cooling periods have significantly shrunk and fragmented their respective ranges.
The combined influence of riverine barriers and flooding gradients on biogeographical patterns for amphibians and squamates in south‐eastern Amazonia
Authors: Moraes Leandro J. C. L. , Pavan Dante , Barros Maria C. , Ribas Camila C.
Published: June 2016

Aim

Our aim was to investigate how the distance to water (flooding gradients) and riverine barriers (Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers) influence the distributional patterns of amphibian and squamate assemblages in the middle Tapajós River region, south‐eastern Amazonia. We also considered the planned hydroelectric dams on both rivers in reviewing the possible impacts of these factors on the amphibian and squamate assemblages.

Location

Middle Tapajós River system, south‐eastern Amazonia.

Methods

We conducted diurnal and nocturnal surveys combining pitfall traps and active searches along both banks of the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers. We identified specimens using an integrative morphological, acoustic, ecological and molecular approach and evaluated the influence of riverine barriers and distance to water using uni‐ and multivariate ordinations, regressions and ANOVA.

Results

We found changes in species composition for both groups along the flooding gradient and differential riverine barrier effects. The rivers restricted the distribution of 33% of the amphibian species and 8% of the squamates. For amphibians, the main distributional barrier was the Tapajós River, while for squamates both rivers were of similar importance. The assemblages most affected by riverine barriers were non‐riparian amphibians and squamates, as well as riparian amphibians associated with small streams. The functional groups most affected were small, diurnal terrestrial amphibians and small–medium, diurnal partly tree‐dwelling squamates.

Main conclusions

The Tapajós River is a distributional boundary for lineages centred in western and eastern Amazonia. The fact that many taxa occur on both banks suggests that the Tapajós is a recent or semi‐permeable barrier, while the Jamanxim is an even more recent or weaker barrier. Anthropogenic activities that affect water level, flooding cycles and river flow may influence these natural patterns and cause changes to the equilibrium of the riverine barrier effect. Studies seeking to identify these influences should focus on the most affected functional groups.
Habitat diversity predicts orchid diversity in the tropical south‐west Pacific
Authors: Keppel Gunnar , Gillespie Thomas W. , Ormerod Paul , Fricker Geoffrey A.
Published: June 2016

Aim

To determine if habitat diversity, as estimated by climatic and topographic variables, can predict patterns of orchid diversity on different islands and archipelagos with similar explanatory power to biogeographical variables, such as area, isolation and age of an island.

Location

Sixty‐three islands on eight archipelagos (Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue and the Cook Islands) in the south‐west Pacific.

Methods

For each island, we determined the orchid species present, age, area, isolation, and indicators of topographic heterogeneity and climatic variability. We then determined the power of various biogeographical, climatic and topographic variables to predict the number of indigenous and endemic species on archipelagos, and on islands within archipelagos, using generalized linear models (GLMs) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) respectively.

Results

We identified a total of 552 species in 110 genera. Area was the only significant biogeographical variable for predicting patterns of orchid species diversity on archipelagos and islands. However, climatic and topographic predictors of habitat diversity performed similarly well. The range in curvature was the best indicator of species richness from the topographic variables, while the range of temperature was the best climatic predictor. These key variables were often strongly correlated with area.

Main conclusions

Climatic and topographic variables are useful indicators of habitat diversity. The high explanatory power of area and climatic and topographic predictors, and the strong correlation among these variables, suggests that increasing habitat diversity with increasing area may be the major driver of the species–area relationship. Using climatic and topographic variables as predictors of species richness therefore allows determining the key environmental factors and processes driving species diversity.
Abrupt late Pleistocene ecological and climate change on Tahiti (French Polynesia)
Authors: Prebble Matthew , Whitau Rose , Meyer Jean‐Yves , Sibley‐Punnett Llewellyn , Fallon Stewart , Porch Nick
Published: June 2016

Aim

To reconstruct ecological changes from the fossil record of a unique wetland on the tropical oceanic island of Tahiti, between 44.5 and 38 cal. kyr bp.

Location

Vaifanaura'amo'ora, Tamanu Plateau, Punaru'u Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia (17°38′S, 149°32′50″E).

Methods

Fossil pollen, spores, seeds, diatoms and invertebrates were examined from a 3.7 m core consisting of Pleistocene‐aged algal sediment overlain by late Holocene peat.

Results

Between 44.5 and 41.5 cal. kyr bp, Ficus trees, sub‐shrubs including Sigesbeckia orientalis L., the C4 grass species Paspalum vaginatum Sw., and extinct Pritchardia palms dominated the Vaifanaura'amo'ora wetland. This vegetation association is no longer present in the tropical oceanic Pacific islands. After 41.5 cal. kyr bp, the climate rapidly became drier and cooler with grasses, sedges and ferns dominating the vegetation. Algal sediment accumulation ceased after 38 cal. kyr bp due to prolonged dry climate conditions recorded across the Pacific Ocean. Sediment accumulation recommenced in the late Holocene.

Main conclusions

The ecological responses identified from Tahiti provide evidence counter to the prevailing view that the tropical oceans buffered the ecological effects of abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period.
Ecological divergence of two closely related Roscoea species associated with late Quaternary climate change
Authors: Zhao Jian‐Li , Gugger Paul F. , Xia Yong‐Mei , Li Qing‐Jun
Published: June 2016

Aim

Ecological differentiation of closely related species has attracted wide attention to explore its evolutionary significance in speciation. In particular, the prevalence of ecological speciation of sister species driven by Quaternary climate changes is debated. Here, we used two parapatric sister species, Roscoea humeana and R. cautleoides, to test whether ecological speciation was associated with Quaternary climate changes in these taxa.

Location

Hengduan‐Mountain Region (HMR), south‐west of China.

Methods

Nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA: psbA–trnH and trnL–trnF) were sequenced from 200 individuals. Gene genealogies were reconstructed using network, Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Interspecific divergence times were estimated with an isolation with migration model. Suitable habitats for each species were estimated with ecological niche modelling using Maxent and BIOCLIM. Niche overlap and niche divergence were tested using Schoener's D and Warren's I. Principal components analysis (PCA), multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were also used to test ecological differentiation.

Results

Gene genealogies indicated that the low‐elevational species R. cautleoides was derived from the high‐elevational species R. humeana. Divergence among species occurred during the middle to late Quaternary (0.01–1.48 Ma). The species distribution and phylogeographical pattern were inconsistent with a geographical barrier. Niche models and statistical analyses showed significant ecological differentiation.

Main conclusions

Divergence between R. humeana and R. cautleoides was recent and coincident with Quaternary climate cycles. Ecological niche differentiation within Quaternary refugia may have promoted speciation.
Frequent daytime naps predict vocabulary growth in early childhood
Authors: Horváth Klára , Plunkett Kim
Published: June 2016

Background

The facilitating role of sleep for language learning is well‐attested in adults and to a lesser extent in infants and toddlers. However, the longitudinal relationship between sleep patterns and early vocabulary development is not well understood.

Methods

This study investigates how measures of sleep are related to the development of vocabulary size in infants and toddlers. Day and night‐time sleeping patterns of infants and toddlers were compared with their concurrent and subsequent vocabulary development. Sleep assessments were conducted using a sleep diary specifically designed to facilitate accurate parental report. Sleep measures were used as predictors in a multilevel growth curve analysis of vocabulary development.

Results

The number of daytime naps was positively associated with both predicted expressive (p = .062) and receptive vocabulary growth (p = .006), whereas the length of night‐time sleep was negatively associated with rate of predicted expressive vocabulary growth (p = .045). Sleep efficiency was also positively associated with both predicted receptive (p = .001) and expressive vocabulary growth (p = .068).

Conclusions

These results point to a longitudinal relationship between sleep and language development, with a particular emphasis on the importance of napping at this age.
Editorial: Reducing adolescent suicide
Authors: Bloch Michael H.
Published: June 2016

Suicide is currently the second leading cause of death in young people ages 10–19 (CDC, 2015). Current statistics suggest that in the US one in every seven youths has seriously considered or made a plan to commit suicide and one in every 13 youths has attempted suicide in the previous year (CDC, 2015). Suicide represents a – if not the – major public health problem in adolescents.
A randomized, embedded trial of pre‐notification of trial participation did not increase recruitment rates to a falls prevention trial
Authors: Arundel Catherine , Jefferson Laura , Bailey Matthew , Cockayne Sarah , Hicks Kate , Loughrey Lorraine , Rodgers Sara , Torgerson David J ,   on behalf of the REFORM study team
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To design and evaluate the effectiveness of a pre‐notification leaflet about research to increase recruitment to a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Methods

A methodological, two‐arm, RCT was conducted, embedded within an existing cohort RCT (REFORM). Participants were randomized for the embedded trial, using a 1:2 ratio (intervention : control) before being randomized for REFORM. Controls received a trial recruitment pack. The intervention group received an additional pre‐notification leaflet 2–3 weeks before the recruitment pack. Primary and secondary analyses were conducted using relative risk, the Cox proportional hazards model and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.

Results

Of the 1436 intervention group participants, 73 (5.1%) were randomized into the REFORM trial compared with 126 (4.4%) of the 2878 control group participants. The associated relative risk (1.16) was not statistically significant [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88–1.56]. Return rate was not significantly increased (relative risk 1.10, 95% CI 0.92–1.28) nor time to return decreased (hazard ratio: 1.11, 95% CI 0.93–1.33). Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios indicated the intervention may be cost‐effective if the true estimate of effect was close to the upper bound of the associated 95% CI.

Conclusion

Pre‐notification for potential trial participants demonstrated a small difference to randomization (0.7% difference) and return rates (1.1% difference) in favour of the intervention. Results should however be interpreted with caution as CIs for these estimates cross the point of no effect. Nevertheless, this research enhances existing evidence for pre‐notification to increase recruitment rates, with further development and assessment of this potentially cost‐effective intervention being recommended.
Frailty Index and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease: Data from the Impact of Cholinergic Treatment USe Study
Authors: Kelaiditi Eirini , Canevelli Marco , Andrieu Sandrine , Del Campo Natalia , Soto Maria E. , Vellas Bruno , Cesari Matteo ,   the Impact of Cholinergic Treatment Use Study/DSA Group
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To determine whether the Frailty Index (FI) was associated with short‐term cognitive decline (according to changes in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog) scores at 1‐year follow‐up) in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Impact of Cholinergic Treatment USe study.

Participants

Individuals with mild‐to‐moderate AD (N = 973).

Measurements

Severity of dementia was assessed using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). FI was calculated as the ratio of actual to potential deficits (deficits present divided by 30). Linear regression analyses were performed and stratified according to severity of dementia.

Results

A 1‐unit (0.033 points) increase in FI corresponded to significant and clinically relevant cognitive decline, after adjustments for age, sex, and years of education (0.63–4.63 points on the MMSE, P = .01; 2.87–11.1 points on the ADAS‐Cog, P = .001) after 1 year of follow‐up. Differences in changes in MMSE and ADAS‐Cog scores between nonfrail and frail individuals were 0.67 and 1.6 points, respectively. Although statistically significant, the clinical relevance of this finding remains to be further investigated.

Conclusion

The FI may be a promising instrument for the assessment of the vulnerability of individuals with AD. Its implementation in clinical practice may support clinical decisions by identifying individuals at high risk of negative outcomes, specifically, short‐term cognitive decline.
Ten‐Year Prevalence and Incidence of Urinary Incontinence in Older Women: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Erekson Elisabeth A. , Cong Xiangyu , Townsend Mary K. , Ciarleglio Maria M.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To measure the incidence of urinary incontinence (UI) over 10 years in older women who did not report UI at baseline in 1998, to estimate the prevalence of female UI according to severity and type, and to explore potential risk factors for development of UI.

Design

Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort.

Setting

Health and Retirement Study.

Participants

Women participating in the Health and Retirement Study between 1998 and 2008 who did not have UI at baseline (1998).

Measurements

UI was defined as an answer of “yes” to the question, “During the last 12 months, have you lost any amount of urine beyond your control?” UI was characterized according to severity (according to the Sandvik Severity Index) and type (according to International Continence Society definitions) at each biennial follow‐up between 1998 and 2008.

Results

In 1998, 5,552 women aged 51 to 74 reported no UI. The cumulative incidence of UI in older women was 37.2% (95% confidence interval (CI)=36.0–38.5%). The most common incontinence type at the first report of leakage was mixed UI (49.1%, 95% CI=46.5–51.7%), and women commonly reported their symptoms at first leakage as moderate to severe (46.4%, 95% CI=43.8–49.0%).

Conclusion

Development of UI in older women was common and tended to result in mixed type and moderate to severe symptoms.
Abnormal Thyroid‐Stimulating Hormone and Chronic Kidney Disease in Elderly Adults in Taipei City
Authors: Chuang Mei‐hsing , Liao Kuo‐Meng , Hung Yao‐Min , Wang Paul Yung‐Pou , Chou Yi‐Chang , Chou Pesus
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To examine whether older people with abnormal thyroid function are more likely to develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) over a 5‐year follow‐up period.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Health examination data from the Taipei Databank for Public Health Analysis.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older (N = 41,454).

Measurements

Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were repeatedly measured, and subjects were categorized into four thyroid function groups (hyperthyroid, euthyroid, subclinical hypothyroid, overt hypothyroid). The risk of incident CKD was evaluated using a stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for sex, baseline age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, anemia, obesity, liver function, smoking, and alcohol.

Results

Higher TSH levels were associated with greater risk of subsequent CKD. Individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–1.26) and those with overt hypothyroidism (HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04–1.55) were more likely than those who were euthyroid to have CKD. Women were more likely to have CKD than men (HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06–1.16). When stratified by gender, subclinical hypothyroidism in women was associated with an increased risk of developing CKD (HR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.08–1.39). When stratified by DM, subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism were associated with an increased risk of developing CKD in nondiabetics (HR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.07–1.31; and HR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.08–1.65, respectively).

Conclusion

This cohort study of elderly persons in Taipei City found a significant association between hypothyroidism and development of CKD in women and individuals without DM.
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Cognitive Decline: The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study
Authors: Sharma Monisha , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , Arnold Alice M. , Chi Gloria , Lopez Oscar L. , Jenny Nancy S. , DeKosky Steven T.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To examine the association between inflammatory biomarkers and global cognitive function.

Design

Case‐cohort.

Setting

Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study.

Participants

Individuals aged 75 and older free of neurological or neurodegenerative conditions recruited from 2000 to 2002 (N = 1,315).

Measurements

Outcome was cognitive function assessed using the modified Mini‐Mental State Examination (3MSE) every 6 months for up to 7 years. Exposures were 10 biomarkers measured at baseline: interleukin‐2, ‐6, and ‐10 (general systemic inflammation); pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and serum amyloid P (SAP) (vascular inflammation); plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1, adiponectin, and resistin (metabolic function); receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (oxidative stress); and endothelin‐1 (endothelial function). Associations between biomarkers and 3MSE scores (stratified according to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline) were analyzed using Cox regression (outcome: 3MSE decline of ≥5 points) and mixed‐model regression. Bonferroni correction was used to determine significance threshold (P < .0025).

Results

In individuals with baseline MCI, PTX3 was associated with a 20% greater hazard of cognitive decline (95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.35), although this association was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for apolipoprotein (APO)E ε4 allele. Adiponectin was associated with faster rate of 3MSE decline in individuals without baseline MCI in mixed‐model regression, but the association was similarly attenuated after adjustment for APOE‐ε4.

Conclusion

This study did not find strong evidence of the utility of the biomarkers evaluated for identifying individuals at risk of cognitive decline. Future studies investigating the association between PTX3, SAP, and adiponectin and 3MSE scores may be useful.
Effects of Different Levels of Caregiver Training on Oral Hygiene After Stroke
Authors: Yu Pulin , Fu Qiya , Shi Jing , Tao Wei , Pang Hongxia , Chen Xiangqiong , Liu Xiang
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To investigate the effects of caregiver training on poststroke oral hygiene and to identify appropriate structures for training programs.

Design

Single‐blind prospective cohort study.

Setting

Haikou, China.

Participants

Individuals in home care who have had a stroke (N = 150) and their caregivers (N = 150). Eligibility criteria were stable condition, no recent use of antibiotics or periodontal therapy, presence of Ramfjord teeth or neighboring substitutes, and satisfactory Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Burke Water Swallow Test scores.

Intervention

Limited (LOHI) or comprehensive (COHI) oral hygiene instructions.

Measurements

Plaque Index (PI) and Gingival Index (GI) scores (ranging from 0 to 3 for both).

Results

Twenty care recipients and their caregivers dropped out during the study. In the care recipient groups, PI and GI scores in the COHI group were lower than in the control and LOHI groups at the end of the second and third month (P < .001). Decline in PI and GI scores in the COHI group started from the first month (P < .001). In the caregiver groups, GI and PI scores in the COHI group were lower than in the control and LOHI groups after baseline (P < .001). Decline in PI and GI scores in the COHI group started from the second month (P < .001), although no group achieved clinically satisfactory levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that care recipients' PI was correlated with caregivers' PI, number of sessions, and group allocation, as was care recipients' GI with caregivers' GI, number of sessions, and group allocation.

Conclusion

Additional assessment of program components is necessary to produce clinically significant outcomes. Caregiver PI and GI scores may serve as objective measures of their oral hygiene skills, which can be improved with comprehensive instructions.
What Constitutes Normal Hemoglobin Concentrations in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults?
Authors: Wu Chen‐Yi , Hu Hsiao‐Yun , Chou Yiing‐Jenq , Huang Nicole , Chou Yi‐Chang , Li Chung‐Pin
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To assess the relationship between hemoglobin concentration and cause‐specific mortality.

Design

Cohort study.

Setting

Data from the government‐sponsored Annual Geriatric Health Examination Program.

Participants

Community‐dwelling Taipei citizens aged 65 and older followed up between 2006 and 2010 (N = 77,532).

Measurements

Mortality was determined by matching participants’ medical records with national death files. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between hemoglobin concentration (World Health Organization (WHO)‐defined anemia and 7 hemoglobin concentrations) and cause‐specific mortality.

Results

The mortality risk of WHO‐defined anemia increased substantially in both sexes for all‐cause and cancer mortalities (men, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.71–2.02 for all‐cause mortality; HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.69–2.22 for cancer mortality; for women, HR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.43–1.86 for all‐cause mortality; HR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.38–2.19 for cancer mortality). Men with hemoglobin concentrations of 15.0 to 15.9 g/dL and women with hemoglobin concentrations of 13.0 to 13.9 g/dL had the lowest risks of all‐cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. Risks of all‐cause and cancer mortality increased significantly when hemoglobin concentrations were less than 14 g/dL in men and less than 12 g/dL in women. Even mild anemia (11.0–11.9 g/dL) was associated with greater mortality risk. Stratification according to age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and presence of comorbidities did not lead to any substantial changes.

Conclusion

Hemoglobin concentrations associated with optimal survival in older adults were identified and additional data provided regarding the relationship between hemoglobin concentrations and cause‐specific mortality risks in older adults.
Overexpression of INCREASED CAMBIAL ACTIVITY, a putative methyltransferase, increases cambial activity and plant growth
Authors: Kim Hyunsook , Kojima Mikiko , Choi Daeseok , Park Soyoung , Matsui Minami , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Hwang Ildoo
Published: June 2016

Cambial activity is a prerequisite for secondary growth in plants; however, regulatory factors controlling the activity of the secondary meristem in radial growth remain elusive. Here, we identified INCREASED CAMBIAL ACTIVITY (ICA), a gene encoding a putative pectin methyltransferase, which could function as a modulator for the meristematic activity of fascicular and interfascicular cambium in Arabidopsis. An overexpressing transgenic line, 35S::ICA, showed accelerated stem elongation and radial thickening, resulting in increased accumulation of biomass, and increased levels of cytokinins (CKs) and gibberellins (GAs). Expression of genes encoding pectin methylesterases involved in pectin modification together with pectin methyltransferases was highly induced in 35S::ICA, which might contribute to an increase of methanol emission as a byproduct in 35S::ICA. Methanol treatment induced the expression of GA‐ or CK‐responsive genes and stimulated plant growth. Overall, we propose that ectopic expression of ICA increases cambial activity by regulating CK and GA homeostasis, and methanol emission, eventually leading to stem elongation and radial growth in the inflorescence stem.
LAP proteins are localized at the post‐synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions and appear to modulate synaptic morphology and transmission
Authors: Kravic Bojana , Huraskin Danyil , Frick Alexander D. , Jung Jasmin , Redai Veronika , Palmisano Ralf , Marchetto Sylvie , Borg Jean‐Paul , Mei Lin , Hashemolhosseini Said
Published: June 2016

Erbin, Lano, Scribble, and Densin‐180 belong to LAP (leucine‐rich repeats and PDZ domain) adaptor proteins involved in cell signaling pathways. Previously, we identified Erbin, Lano, and Scribble, but not Densin‐180, in muscle cells, where they are involved in regulating the aggregation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in vitro. Here, we analyzed their cellular localization at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in skeletal muscles of mice. Erbin, Lano, and Scribble were significantly accumulated at NMJs and localized in different synaptic cells. Moreover, we used mouse mutants to analyze the role of Erbin at the NMJ. We used two Erbin mutant mouse strains that either completely lack Erbin protein (Erbinnull/null) or express a truncated Erbin mutant where the carboxy‐terminal PDZ domain is replaced by β‐galactosidase (ErbinΔC/ΔC) thereby abolishing its interaction with ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases. Neither the lack of the PDZ domain of Erbin, nor its complete absence interfered with the general localization of LAP proteins at NMJs, but Lano and Scribble transcript levels were up‐regulated in homozygous Erbin‐null muscles. Furthermore, grip strength was reduced and neural transmission impaired in homozygous aged Erbin‐null but not Erbin‐ΔC mice. Erbin‐null skeletal muscles did not reveal any conspicuous impairment of the muscle fiber. Localization of other NMJ marker proteins was not affected either. Quantitative 3D morphometry showed that NMJs of Erbin‐null muscles were significantly smaller and fragmented in the soleus. We speculate that Erbin, Lano, and Scribble act at the post‐synaptic membrane of NMJs in a concerted fashion to regulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors cluster morphology and neural transmission.

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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13340.
Molecular mode of action of CGS 9895 at α1β2γ2GABAA receptors
Authors: Maldifassi Maria C. , Baur Roland , Sigel Erwin
Published: June 2016

γ‐aminobutyric type A (GABAA) receptors are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and are targets for numerous clinically important drugs such as benzodiazepines, anxiolytics, and anesthetics. Previously, pyrazoloquinoline 2‐p‐methoxyphenylpyrazolo [4,3‐c] quinolin‐3(5H)‐one (CGS 9895) was described as a positive allosteric modulator acting through the α+/β− interface in the extracellular domain of GABAA receptors. The localization of the binding site was based on a steric hindrance approach, rather than on direct effects of point mutations. In this study we further characterized modulation by this compound which seems to have multiple sites of action. We investigated GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes using voltage‐clamp electrophysiology. We have identified the α1Y209 residue at the α+/β− interface as a key residue for CGS 9895 modulation. In addition, the interaction between this residue and various structural analogs was characterized, allowing tentative positioning of CGS 9895 versus α1Y209 (rat sequence). Not all compounds were found to be sensitive to mutations at the α1Y209 residue. In addition, the interaction of CGS 9895 with flurazepam was characterized. Flurazepam is hypothesized to act at the same subunit interface in the extracellular domain. We also provide evidence that the GABAA receptor harbors additional modulatory sites for CGS 9895 at each of the subunit interfaces in the transmembrane domain.

image

GABAA receptors are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain and are targets for numerous clinically important drugs such as benzodiazepines, anxiolytics and anesthetics. We have identified the α1 Y209 residue present at the extracellular α+/β− subunit interface as a key residue for the positive allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptor by CGS 9895. This receptor harbors additional modulatory sites for this compound at subunit interfaces in the transmembrane domain.
The role of antimullerian hormone in the hormonal workup of women with persistent acne
Authors: Sardana Kabir , Singh Chanchal , Narang Isha , Bansal Shivani , Garg Vijay K
Published: June 2016

Background

In persistent female acne, PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a common finding. To diagnose PCOM (polycystic ovarian morphology), transvaginal – USG is required, which is not possible in virginal women. Also, hyperandrogenemia is not consistently reported.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to compare the hormonal profile of persistent acne patients with or without PCOS and to assess the role of AMH (antimullerian hormone) in persistent acne patients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional retrospective study of persistent acne patients was undertaken and detailed hormonal assessment and USG was undertaken and patients were divided into two group, those with and without PCOS. The various clinical parameters, AMH and other hormonal levels were compared between the two groups of patients. The predictive value of serum AMH level was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Of the 112 patients of persistent acne, 40 (34.7%) were described as PCOS. Mean menstrual cycle length, hirsutism, and PCOM (polycystic ovarian morphology) were significantly more in the PCOS group (P < .0001). AMH was significantly higher in the PCOS group of acne patients as compared to the group without PCOS (6.79 ± 2.79 vs. 2.69 ± 1.23, P < 0.001), and an AMH value of 3.6 ng/mL was predictive of PCOM. Apart from the SHBG levels which were low in both groups (normal range 34.3–147 nmol/L), no other hormonal level was deranged. The total testosterone levels were in the high‐normal range.

Conclusions

AMH is a good tool to diagnose PCOM in persistent acne patients and can be used as a replacement for TV‐USG, although it does not correlate with hyperandrogenemia. Low SHBG levels were the most common finding in persistent acne patients and could explain the hyperandrogenism seen in patients.
Do dermatologists have cosmetic procedures?
Authors: Yildiz Hamza , Abuaf Ozlem Karabudak , Goker Kursat , Bulur Isil
Published: June 2016

Background

Current approach and ideas of dermatologists about undergoing MICPs themselves are unknown.

Objective

The aim of this study was to reveal current situation and thought of dermatologists about undergoing minimally invasive cosmetic procedures (MICPs) themselves.

Methods

This study was planned as a cross‐sectional, descriptive study and performed between December 2014 and July 2015. A questionnaire comprising 11 questions was sent to dermatologists via electronic mail.

Results

Of the 318 dermatologists, 233 (73.3%) were female and 85 (26.7%) were male. It was established that 56 percent (n = 178) of the dermatologists underwent MICPs. There was a statistical difference between the gender and having MICPs (female = 66.1% vs. male = 28.2%; P < 0.001). They selected dermatologists (91%) as a performer and private settings (67.2%). To be young and beautiful (77%), they had MICPs after medical residency (75.3%). Physicians' experience (66.9%) was the most important criterion. Of the dermatologists who did not have MICPs were planning to have MICPs (76.4%). The most frequent reason that stopped them from having MICPs was “not need yet” (62.1%).

Conclusion

There are some tendencies among the dermatologists while selecting a physician for the procedures. They usually have MICPs after dermatology residency to seem younger and more beautiful by an experienced dermatologist in private setting. Male Turkish dermatologists have MICPs more frequently than the general population. Their satisfaction level with MICPs is very high. Most of dermatologists who do not have MICPs are planning to have MICPs.
Implementation of the Veder contact method in daily nursing home care for people with dementia: a process analysis according to the RE‐AIM framework
Authors: Boersma Petra , van Weert Julia C M , van Meijel Berno , Dröes Rose‐Marie
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To perform a process analysis of the implementation of the Veder contact method for gaining insight into factors that influence successful implementation.

Background

Research showed that the original Veder method, which is a ‘living‐room theatre performance’ provided by actors, positively influenced mood and quality of life of people with dementia. Training caregivers to execute such ‘performances’ and accomplish the same effects as actors proved difficult. However, key elements of the method were considered suitable for application in daily care, resulting in the development of a modified version of the method, named the Veder contact method. The Veder contact method combines elements from existing psychosocial interventions, e.g. reminiscence, validation and neuro‐linguistic‐programming with theatrical, poetic and musical communication, and applies this into daily care.

Design

For this process analysis a multiple case study design was used with the nursing home ward (n = 6) as the unit of analysis.

Methods

Eight focus groups with caregivers (n = 42) and 12 interviews with stakeholders were held. Using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance framework, a thematic analysis was conducted.

Results

The reach of the intervention (43–86%) and aspects of implementation‐effectiveness (e.g. increased experienced reciprocity in contact with residents) facilitated implementation. For adoption and implementation, both facilitators (e.g. development of competences, feasibility of the Veder contact method without requiring extra time investment) and barriers (e.g. insufficient support of management, resistance of caregivers against the Veder contact method, organisational problems) were identified. Little effort was put into maintenance: only one nursing home developed a long‐term implementation strategy.

Conclusions

The Veder contact method can be applied in daily care without additional time investments. Although adopted by many caregivers, some were reluctant using the Veder contact method. Organisational factors (e.g. staffing and management changes, budget cuts) impeded long‐term implementation.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings from this study can be used for the development of successful implementation strategies for the Veder contact method and other person‐centred care methods.
Stressors and coping resources of Australian kidney transplant recipients related to medication taking: a qualitative study
Authors: Low Jac Kee , Crawford Kimberley , Manias Elizabeth , Williams Allison
Published: June 2016

Aim and objective

To understand the stressors related to life post kidney transplantation, with a focus on medication adherence, and the coping resources people use to deal with these stressors.

Background

Although kidney transplantation offers enhanced quality and years of life for patients, the management of a kidney transplant post surgery is a complex process.

Design

A descriptive exploratory study.

Method

Participants were recruited from five kidney transplant units in Victoria, Australia. From March–May 2014, patients who had either maintained their kidney transplant for ≥8 months or had experienced a kidney graft loss due to medication nonadherence were interviewed. All audio‐recordings of interviews were transcribed verbatim and underwent Ritchie and Spencer's framework analysis.

Results

Participants consisted of 15 men and 10 women aged 26–72 years old. All identified themes were categorised into: (1) Causes of distress and (2) Coping resources. Post kidney transplantation, causes of distress included the regimented routine necessary for graft maintenance, and the everlasting fear of potential graft rejection, contracting infections and developing cancer. Coping resources used to manage the stressors were first, a shift in perspective about how easy it was to manage a kidney transplant than to be dialysis‐dependent and second, receiving external help from fellow patients, family members and health care professionals in addition to using electronic reminders.

Conclusion

An individual well‐equipped with coping resources is able to deal with stressors better. It is recommended that changes, such as providing regular reminders about the lifestyle benefits of kidney transplantation, creating opportunities for patients to share their experiences and promoting the usage of a reminder alarm to take medications, will reduce the stress of managing a kidney transplant.

Relevance to clinical practice

Using these findings to make informed changes to the usual care of a kidney transplant recipient is likely to result in better patient outcomes.
Self‐acceptance and associated factors among Chinese women with breast cancer
Authors: Chen Shuang‐Qin , Liu Jun‐E , Zhang Zhi‐Xia , Li Zhi
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To identify self‐acceptance and associated socio‐demographic and disease factors among Chinese women with breast cancer.

Background

Although it is recognised that breast cancer can affect a woman's feelings of self‐acceptance, there are few studies concerning the level of self‐acceptance among women with breast cancer and factors associated with self‐acceptance in this population.

Design

Cross‐sectional research design.

Methods

Data were collected using the convenience sampling method. A total of 308 women with breast cancer were investigated using the Self‐Acceptance Questionnaire.

Results

The mean score on the Self‐Acceptance Questionnaire was 39·79 ± 5·14, indicating that the women in this study had low levels of self‐acceptance. Multiple regression analysis indicated that self‐acceptance was positively associated with the time since diagnosis, household income and the presence of medical insurance/government‐funded medical treatment, while Tumour, Lymph Node, Metastasis stage was negatively associated with self‐acceptance. With respect to work status, retired patients had the highest levels of self‐acceptance, those who had returned to work had moderate levels of self‐acceptance and those who had not yet returned to work had the lowest levels of self‐acceptance.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the level of self‐acceptance among women with breast cancer in China is low, and suggests that there is room to improve. Several factors are significantly associated with the self‐acceptance of women with breast cancer.

Relevance to clinical practice

Medical staff should realise that the level of self‐acceptance among women with breast cancer in China is low and has room to improve. It is important to conduct appropriate interventions to improve self‐acceptance among these women, based on an understanding of the factors associated with self‐acceptance.
Supplementing the Braden scale for pressure ulcer risk among medical inpatients: the contribution of self‐reported symptoms and standard laboratory tests
Authors: Skogestad Ingrid Johansen , Martinsen Liv , Børsting Tove Elisabet , Granheim Tove Irene , Ludvigsen Eirin Sigurdssøn , Gay Caryl L , Lerdal Anners
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To evaluate medical inpatients’ symptom experience and selected laboratory blood results as indicators of their pressure ulcer risk as measured by the Braden scale.

Background

Pressure ulcers reduce quality of life and increase treatment costs. The prevalence of pressure ulcers is 6–23% in hospital populations, but literature suggests that most pressure ulcers are avoidable.

Design

Prospective, cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

Three hundred and twenty‐eight patients admitted to medical wards in an acute hospital in Oslo, Norway consented to participate. Data were collected on 10 days between 2012–2014 by registered nurses and nursing students. Pressure ulcer risk was assessed using the Braden scale, and scores <19 indicated pressure ulcer risk. Skin examinations were categorised as normal or stages I–IV using established definitions. Comorbidities were collected by self‐report. Self‐reported symptom occurrence and distress were measured with 15 items from the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, and pain was assessed using two numeric rating scales. Admission laboratory data were collected from medical records.

Results

Prevalence of pressure ulcers was 11·9, and 20·4% of patients were identified as being at risk for developing pressure ulcers. Multivariable analysis showed that pressure ulcer risk was positively associated with age ≥80 years, vomiting, severe pain at rest, urination problems, shortness of breath and low albumin and was negatively associated with nervousness.

Conclusion

Our study indicates that using patient‐reported symptoms and standard laboratory results as supplemental indicators of pressure ulcer risk may improve identification of vulnerable patients, but replication of these findings in other study samples is needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses play a key role in preventing pressure ulcers during hospitalisation. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may improve the quality of care.

Knowledge about symptoms associated with pressure ulcer risk may contribute to a faster clinical judgment of patients at risk.
New ways to subclassify patients with myositis
Authors: Lundberg I. E.
Published: June 2016

Content List – Read more articles from the symposium: The First International Conference on Myositis.
When children with profound multiple disabilities are hospitalized: A cross‐sectional survey of parental burden of care, quality of life of parents and their hospitalized children, and satisfaction with family‐centered care
Authors: Seliner Brigitte , Latal Bea , Spirig Rebecca
Published: June 2016

Purpose

We aimed to assess parental burden of care, satisfaction with family‐centered care, and quality of life (HRQoL) of parents and their hospitalized children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD), and determine the relationship among these factors.

Design

A cross‐sectional study using printed questionnaires and qualitative questions was undertaken at a Swiss University Children's Hospital.

Results

The 117 parents (98 mothers, 19 fathers) studied indicated a substantial impact on burden of care and parental health‐related quality of life. Significant correlations with the hospitalized children's well‐being were rs = .408 for burden of care and rs –.368 for quality of life. Qualitative results showed parents struggling to safeguard their children and worrying most about the children's well‐being.

Practice Implications

Health professionals need to be aware of parental burden and that the perception of the children's well‐being and the parents' efforts determine their support needs. Easing parents’ burden and fostering confidence in the hospitalized children's well‐being requires coordination of care provided by advanced nurse specialists, with an institutional framework that clarifies parental collaboration.