bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXECUTION COSTS AND EFFICIENT EXECUTION FRONTIERS
Authors: MADAN DILIP B.
Published: April 2012

Single period risks acceptable to the market at zero cost are modeled by a convex set of random variables leading to bid and ask prices that are trade size dependent. The theory of nonlinear expectations is employed to construct dynamically consistent sequences of bid and ask unit size prices that are size and trade date contingent. We then study the optimal design of spot and forward trading to minimize execution costs. Finally, we illustrate the construction of a two period execution cost frontier trading a decrease in execution costs for additional exposure to price risk. Most structured products already have prices that depend on the direction of the trade. Additionally markets already exist for large block trades with their own price structure that takes account of the time allowed for its execution. This paper outlines arbitrage free mechanisms for generating such price structures that could lead to automating quotation systems for such markets. Additionally, we describe the tradeoffs implicit in seeking to commit to trades now as opposed to assuming the price risk implicit in delaying commitments. Such an explicit analysis could lead to the development of optimal execution algorithms that economize on the level of price risk absorbed into the execution strategies.
STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE AND BEHAVIOR TOWARDS RISK: THE MARKET FOR ISHARES
Authors: GASBARRO DOMINIC , WONG WING-KEUNG , ZUMWALT J. KENTON
Published: April 2012

Prospect theory suggests that risk seeking can occur when investors face losses and thus an S-shaped utility function can be useful in explaining investor behavior. Using stochastic dominance procedures, Post and Levy (2015) find evidence of reverse S-shaped utility functions. This is consistent with investors exhibiting risk-seeking tendencies in bull markets and risk aversion in bear markets. We use both ascending and descending stochastic dominance procedures to test for risk-averse and risk-seeking behavior. By partitioning iShares' return distributions into negative and positive return regions, we find evidence of all four utility functions: concave, convex, S-shaped and reverse S-shaped.
Experimental Studies of Neural Network Control for One-Wheel Mobile Robot
Authors: Kim P. K. , Jung S.
Published: April 2012

This paper presents development and control of a disc-typed one-wheel mobile robot, called GYROBO. Several models of the one-wheel mobile robot are designed, developed, and controlled. The current version of GYROBO is successfully balanced and controlled to follow the straight line. GYROBO has three actuators to balance and move. Two actuators are used for balancing control by virtue of gyro effect and one actuator for driving movements. Since the space is limited and weight balance is an important factor for the successful balancing control, careful mechanical design is considered. To compensate for uncertainties in robot dynamics, a neural network is added to the nonmodel-based PD-controlled system. The reference compensation technique (RCT) is used for the neural network controller to help GYROBO to improve balancing and tracking performances. Experimental studies of a self-balancing task and a line tracking task are conducted to demonstrate the control performances of GYROBO.
Bootstrapping Weighted Inequalities for Hankel Transform
Authors: Dziri M.
Published: April 2012

A method of producing new inequalities for Hankel transform from known ones is given using the theory of positive integral operators. The new inequalities produced depend on six parameters, two real indices, two complex-valued measures, and two positive functions. The method may be iterated using the last inequality generated as input to the next stage.
Clinicopathological Features and Management of Cancers in Lynch Syndrome
Authors: Aarnio Markku
Published: April 2012

Lynch syndrome (LS) is characterized by an autosomal dominant inheritance of the early onset of colorectal cancer (CRC) and endometrial cancer, as well as increased risk for several other cancers including gastric, urinary tract, ovarian, small bowel, biliary tract, and brain tumors. The syndrome is due to a mutation in one of the four DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genesMLH1,MSH2,MSH6, orPMS2. The majority of LS patients and families can now be identified, and the underlying mutation detected using genetic diagnostics. Regular surveillance for CRC and endometrial cancer has proved beneficial for mutation carriers. However, screening for other tumors is also recommended even though experiences in the screening of these tumors is limited. Prophylactic colectomy, prophylactic hysterectomy, and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may be reasonable options for selected patients with LS. This paper describes the features and management of LS.
A Partial Backlogging Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Fluctuating Selling Price and Purchasing Cost
Authors: Yang Hui-Ling
Published: April 2012

In today’s competitive markets, selling price and purchasing cost are usually fluctuating with economic conditions. Both selling price and purchasing cost are vital to the profitability of a firm. Therefore, in this paper, I extend the inventory model introduced by Teng and Yang (2004) to allow for not only the selling price but also the purchasing cost to change from one replenishment cycle to another during a finite time horizon. The objective is to find the optimal replenishment schedule and pricing policy to obtain the profit as maximum as possible. The conditions that lead to a maximizing solution guarantee that the existence, uniqueness, and global optimality are proposed. An efficient solution procedure and some theoretical results are presented. Finally, numerical examples for illustration and sensitivity analysis for managerial decision making are also performed.
Cucurbitacin L 2-O-β-Glucoside Demonstrates Apoptogenesis in Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells (HT-29): Involvement of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Regulation
Authors: Abdelwahab Siddig Ibrahim , Hassan Loiy Elsir Ahmed , Abdul Majid Amin M. S. , Yagi Sakina M. Ahmed , Mohan Syam , Elhassan Taha Manal Mohamed , Ahmad Syahida , Chuen Cheah Shiau , Narrima Putri , Rais Mohd Mustafa , Syam Suvitha , Moharam Bushra Abdulkarim , Hadi A. Hamid A.
Published: April 2012

Emerging evidence suggests that reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species can contribute to diverse signalling pathways of inflammatory and tumour cells. Cucurbitacins are a group of highly oxygenated triterpenes. Many plants used in folk medicine to treat cancer have been found to contain cucurbitacins displaying potentially important anti-inflammatory actions. The current study was designed to investigate the anti-ROS and -RNS effects of cucurbitacin L 2-O-β-glucoside (CLG) and the role of these signaling factors in the apoptogenic effects of CLG on human colon cancer cells (HT-29). This natural cucurbitacin was isolated purely fromCitrullus lanatusvar.citroides(Cucurbitaceae). The results revealed that CLG was cytotoxic to HT-29. CLG increased significantly (P<0.05) RNA and protein levels of caspase-3 in HT-29 cells when verified using a colorimetric assay and realtime qPCR, respectively. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/INF-γ) increased nitrous oxide (NO) production inR AW264.7macrophages, whereas N(G)-nitro-L-argininemethyl ester (L-NAME) and CLG curtailed it. This compound did not reveal any cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 macrophages and human normal liver cells (WRL-68) when tested using the MTT assay. Findings of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) assays demonstrate the antioxidant properties of CLG. The apoptogenic property of CLG on HT-29 cells is thus related to inhibition of reactive nitrogen and oxygen reactive species and the triggering of caspase-3-regulated apoptosis.
Quantitative Mechanical Properties of the Relaxed Biceps and Triceps Brachii Muscles in Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Reliability Study of the Myoton-3 Myometer
Authors: Chuang Li-ling , Wu Ching-yi , Lin Keh-chung , Lur Shih-yu
Published: April 2012

Objective. Test-retest reliability of the myotonometer was investigated in patients with subacute stroke.Methods. Twelve patients with substroke (3 to 9 months poststroke) were examined in standardized testing position twice, 60 minutes apart, with the Myoton-3 myometer to measure tone, elasticity, and stiffness of relaxed bilateral biceps and triceps brachii muscles. Intrarater reliability of muscle properties was determined using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and the minimal detectable change (MDC).Results. Intrarater reliability of muscle properties of bilateral biceps and triceps brachii muscles were good (ICCs=0.79–0.96) except for unaffected biceps tone (ICC=0.72). The SEM and MDC of bilateral biceps and triceps brachii muscles indicated small measurement error (SEM%<10%, MDC%<25%).Conclusion. The Myoton-3 myometer is a reliable tool for quantifying muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness of the biceps and triceps brachii in patients with subacute stroke.
Finite Element Analysis of Schwarz P Surface Pore Geometries for Tissue‐Engineered Scaffolds
Authors: Shin Jaemin , Kim Sungki , Jeong Darae , Lee Hyun Geun , Lee Dongsun , Lim Joong Yeon , Kim Junseok
Published: April 2012

Tissue engineering scaffolds provide temporary mechanical support for tissue regeneration. To regenerate tissues more efficiently, an ideal structure of scaffolds should have appropriate porosity and pore structure. In this paper, we generate the Schwarz primitive (P) surface with various volume fractions using a phase‐field model. The phase‐field model enables us to design various surface‐to‐volume ratio structures with high porosity and mechanical properties. Comparing the Schwarz P surface′s von Mises stress with that of triply periodic cylinders and cubes, we draw conclusions about the mechanical properties of the Schwarz P surface.
Transoesophageal Echocardiography for Monitoring Liver Surgery: Data from a Pilot Study
Authors: Pissarra Filipe , Oliveira Antonio , Marcelino Paulo
Published: April 2012

A pilot study aimed to introduce intraoperative monitoring of liver surgery using transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is described. A set of TEE measurements was established as a protocol, consisting of left atrial (LA) dimension at the aortic valve plane; mitral velocity flow integral, calculation of stroke volume and cardiac output (CO); mitral annular plane systolic excursion; finally, right atrial area. A total of 165 measurements (on 21 patients) were performed, 31 occurring during hypotension. The conclusions reached were during acute blood loss LA dimension changed earlier than CVP, and, in one patient, a dynamic left ventricular (LV) obstruction was observed; in 3 patients a transient LV systolic dysfunction was documented. The comparison between 39 CO paired measurements obtained by TEE and PiCCO2 revealed a statistically significant correlation (P<0.001,r=0.83). In this pilot study TEE successfully answered the questions raised by the anesthesiologists. Larger cohort studies are needed to address this issue.
Assessment of Single-Word Production for Children under Three Years of Age: Comparison of Children with and without Cleft Palate
Authors: Scherer Nancy J. , Williams Lynn , Stoel-Gammon Carol , Kaiser Ann
Published: April 2012

Background. This study reports comparative phonological assessment results for children with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) to typically developing peers using an evaluation tool for early phonological skills.Methods. Children without clefts (NC = noncleft) and 24 children with CLP, ages of 18–36 months, were evaluated using theProfile of Early Expressive PhonologicalSkills (PEEPSs) [1]. Children interacted with toy manipulatives to elicit a representative sample of target English consonants and syllable structures that are typically acquired by children between 18 and 27 months of age.Results. Results revealed significant differences between the two groups with regard to measures of consonant inventory, place of articulation, manner of production, accuracy, and error patterns. Syllable structure did not indicate differences, with the exception of initial consonant clusters.Conclusions. findings provide support for PEEPS as a viable option for single-word assessment of children with CLP prior to 3 years of age.
The Technique of MIEELDLD in Computational Aeroacoustics
Authors: Appadu A. R.
Published: April 2012

The numerical simulation of aeroacoustic phenomena requires high‐order accurate numerical schemes with low dispersion and low dissipation errors. A technique has recently been devised in a Computational Fluid Dynamics framework which enables optimal parameters to be chosen so as to better control the grade and balance of dispersion and dissipation in numerical schemes (Appadu and Dauhoo, 2011; Appadu, 2012a; Appadu, 2012b; Appadu, 2012c). This technique has been baptised as the Minimized Integrated Exponential Error for Low Dispersion and Low Dissipation (MIEELDLD) and has successfully been applied to numerical schemes discretising the 1‐D, 2‐D, and 3‐D advection equations. In this paper, we extend the technique of MIEELDLD to the field of computational aeroacoustics and have been able to construct high‐order methods with Low Dispersion and Low Dissipation properties which approximate the 1‐D linear advection equation. Modifications to the spatial discretization schemes designed by Tam and Webb (1993), Lockard et al. (1995), Zingg et al. (1996), Zhuang and Chen (2002), and Bogey and Bailly (2004) have been obtained, and also a modification to the temporal scheme developed by Tam et al. (1993) has been obtained. These novel methods obtained using MIEELDLD have in general better dispersive properties as compared to the existing optimised methods.
What Sequences on High-Field MR Best Depict Temporal Resolution of Experimental ICH and Edema Formation in Mice?
Authors: Li Mingchang , Akhavan-Sharif Reza M. , Friedlander Robert M. , Du Rose , Thiex Ruth
Published: April 2012

Background and Purpose. Pilot study to examine the use of T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images for evaluating hematoma size and extent of edema in mouse brain at high field.Methods. Following collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage, nine mice were imaged at 4.7 T using T1-, T2-, and T2*-weighted images for hematoma and edema quantitation on days 1, 3, 10, and 21 after surgery. Values were compared with morphometric analysis of cryosections at the time of final MR imaging.Results. For hematoma quantitation, the Spearman correlation coefficient (r) between T1 signal change and histology was 0.70 (P<0.04) compared withr=0.61(P<0.09) for T2*. The extent of perihematomal edema formation on cryosections was well reflected on T2 withr=0.73(P<0.03).Conclusions. Within the limits of our pilot study, MR imaging on 4.7 T appears to approximate the temporal changes in hematoma and edema sizes in murine ICH well, thus laying the groundwork for longitudinal studies on hematoma resorption and edema formation.
Contesting Horses: Borders and Shifting Social Meanings in Veterinary Medical Education
Authors: Vermilya Jenny R.
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Within veterinary medical education, tracking systems exist that differentiate between “large” and “small” animal medicine. In a tracking system, students can focus primarily on their choice of animal medicine once they have completed the core curriculum. This article argues that these socially created categories are ever shifting; therefore, some species do not always “fit.” This generates new discourses surrounding emerging “border tracks”; these “tracks” focus on species whose social definitions change so that their placement in the tracking system of veterinary medical education is a site of contestation. Thus, animal medicine operates not solely on the basis of biology, but on the basis of social meaning as well. This analysis will use the equine concentration to demonstrate the ambiguity of borders, as well as their potential to serve as communicative sites for social change.
An Inquiry into Remittances and Income Smoothing
Authors: Amuedo-Dorantes Catalina , Pozo Susan
Published: April 2012

Abstract

While we uncover evidence that remittances smooth household income, for a substantial fraction of household we find that remittance instead increase income volatility. We also explore the determinants of income volatility for all households. We find that in some cases, the determinants of household income volatility are the same for remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households, as for example with respect to the number of young children in the household, the educational attainment of household members and the location of the household. In other cases, determinants like the gender of the household head, the number of elderly household members and household size impact remittance-receiving and non-remittance receiving households differently.
Knowledge is Made for Cutting: Foucault, Cognitive Science, and Intellectual Taste
Authors: Burlein Ann
Published: April 2012

Abstract

This paper attempts to situate the contemporary prominence of cognitive science accounts of religion by viewing cognitive science through a Foucaultian lens. The paper focuses on two trajectories in cognitive science: the modular approach of Pascal Boyer and the metaphorical approach of Lakoff and Johnson. Beginning with a brief discussion of Foucault’sBirth of a Clinic, I identify three methodological moves central to empiricism. I then show how these three moves structure the modular and the metaphorical approach, both of which conjoin a particular way of seeing with a particular way of saying. In each case, religion is used to close, rather than open, the biological body. I contend that both approaches are part of a larger cultural incitement to (at least discourse about) religiosity. I conclude by reflecting on disciplinary differences as matters of intellectual taste.
The Worship Scenes in the Apocalypse, Effective History, and Early Pentecostal Periodical Literature
Authors: Archer Melissa L.
Published: April 2012

History of effect is a recent methodology being used as a means to discover the ways in which readers are influenced by biblical texts. This essay seeks to discover how the early Pentecostals were influenced in their worship by their reading of the Apocalypse. Early Pentecostal literature is filled with references to the worship practices and experiences of the early Pentecostal communities. The literature, which is largely testimonial in nature, indicates that the early Pentecostals were deeply influenced in their worship by the Apocalypse. This essay provides a survey of both Wesleyan-Pentecostal and Finished Work periodical literature from 1906-1916.
Worship in the Spirit: Pentecostal Perspectives on Liturgical Theology and Praxis
Authors: Alvarado Johnathan E.
Published: April 2012

A Pentecostal theology of worship is still in the making. Its distinctiveness and common practices are yet to be fully determined or developed. Because of the Pentecostal movement’s roots in the Wesleyan tradition, much of the theological emphasis has been upon holiness and not orthodox, liturgical praxis. However, because of its pneumatological emphases, the Pentecostal movement has much to offer to the church at large as it pertains to liturgy and ritual. This essay suggests some insights for crafting intentionally blended worship that honors orthodoxy and yet remains faithful to the Pentecostal practice and tradition. This essay also reflects upon several scholars’ work from various traditions in convergence with Pentecostal scholarship in order to postulate some innovative ways of envisioning Pentecostal worship and liturgics.
Evaluación de un programa de revisión de vida positivo en dos muestras de personas mayores
Authors: Avia María-Dolores , Martínez-Martí María-Luisa , Rey-Abad Mar , Ruiz María-Ángeles , Carrasco Inés
Published: April 2012

Este trabajo presenta dos intervenciones piloto para mejorar el bienestar de personas mayores. Participaron 19 residentes en instituciones (estudio 1) y 45 personas que acuden a centros de mayores (estudio 2). Se realizaron revisiones de vida centradas en sucesos positivos, de forma individual (estudio 1) o en grupo (estudio 2). Se añadió a la revisión de vida la escritura de un relato positivo sobre la vida del anciano (estudio 1) y la realización de un póster con imágenes personales positivas (estudio 2). Se tomaron medidas de estado de ánimo, satisfacción vital, desesperanza y memoria autobiográfica. Antes de la intervención los participantes mostraron alto bienestar. En el estudio 2, el grupo experimental aumentó significativamente el recuerdo de sucesos específicos positivos y redujo su desesperanza en comparación con el grupo control después de la intervención. Los resultados sugieren la utilidad de las intervenciones positivas incluso con personas muy mayores.
Children's Perceived Restoration: Adaptation of the PRCS for Children to a Spanish sample
Authors: Corraliza José A. , Collado Silvia , Bethelmy Lisbeth
Published: April 2012

Several studies have shown that when children's attention capacity is diminished, they cannot focus, they find it hard to cope with stressful situations and they become more likely to take unnecessary risks. A large number of studies have demonstrated that natural environments boost the restoration of attention capacity more than urban or semi urban environments. Hence, several instruments have been used to measure perceived restoration in adults in different environments; however, little attention has been paid to designing tools to measure children's perceived restoration. In this study, the Perceived Restorative Components Scale for Children (Bagot, Kuo & Allen, 2007) has been adapted to a Spanish sample. It has been used with 832 children aged between 6 and 13 years old. The results show that it is important to include nature in school playgrounds, since playgrounds with a greater amount of nature in them (trees, ground vegetation, etc.) have a higher positive effect on children's perceived restoration.
Attitudes towards diverse urban transportation policy actions
Authors: Lois David , López-Sáez Mercedes
Published: April 2012

The goal of this work is to analyze a battery of measures to alleviate the problems derived from urban transportation and to study the diverse responses to such measures as a function of participants' attitudinal profile. Two hundred and eighty-six drivers completed a questionnaire. Our results show that people prefer incentive actions and they oppose measures that may restrict automobile circulation. The preference for incentive policies is associated with a higher rating of the practical advantages of the private car and a stronger affective association with it. Opposition to restrictive measures is higher when drivers feel positive emotions when using their cars, whereas valuing the instrumental advantages of public transportation is related to advocating actions to restrict car use.
Actitudes hacia distintas actuaciones en política de transporte urbano
Authors: Lois David , López-Sáez Mercedes
Published: April 2012

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar una batería de medidas destinadas a aliviar los problemas derivados del transporte urbano, y estudiar las distintas respuestas a estas medidas en función de los perfiles actitudinales de los participantes. Doscientos ochenta y seis conductores rellenaron un cuestionario. Nuestros resultados muestran que las personas prefieren actuaciones de carácter incentivador y se oponen a medidas que puedan restringir la circulación de automóviles. La preferencia por las políticas de incentivo se asocia con una mejor valoración de las ventajas prácticas del vehículo privado y con una fuerte vinculación afectiva con el mismo. La oposición a medidas restrictivas es mayor cuando los conductores experimentan emociones positivas al conducir sus vehículos, mientras que valorar las ventajas instrumentales del transporte público se relaciona con la defensa de acciones que restrinjan el uso del automóvil.
Radiative Flux Estimation from a Broadband Radiometer Using Synthetic Angular Models in the EarthCARE Mission Framework. Part II: Evaluation
Authors: Domenech Carlos , Lopez-Baeza Ernesto , Donovan David P. , Wehr Tobias
Published: April 2012

The instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance-to-flux conversion for the broadband radiometer (BBR) on board the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) was assessed in Part I of this paper, by developing theoretical angular distribution models (ADMs) specifically designed for the instrument viewing configuration. This paper validates the BBR ADMs by comparing derived flux estimates with flux retrievals obtained from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Terra models. A CERES BBR-like database is employed in the assessment, which is an optimum dataset to validate the BBR algorithms and to determine the benefits of the multiangular conversion procedures in the BBR instrument. The validation of theoretical results with empirical data is essential to prepare the conversion algorithms prior to the launch of EarthCARE. This paper demonstrates that the application of a linear combination method is not recommended when outgoing radiances do not follow the response modeled in the radiative transfer calculations. An effective radiance averaged model outperforms all other developed models, in terms of the coefficient of variation of the root-mean-square error, in the validation study of the shortwave (SW) regime (clear sky 1.9%; cloudy 7.1%) while an effective radiance along-track model obtains the best comparisons for the longwave (LW) regime (clear sky 1.4%; cloudy 1.5%). The evaluation of the multiangular models with scenes with high anisotropy shows that multiview flux conversion algorithms can statistically improve CERES ADM results when CERES flux discrepancies of a target are higher than 4 W m−2 in the LW domain and SW clear-sky scenes and higher than 20 W m−2 in scenes with cloudy conditions.
Episodic Dust Events of Utah’s Wasatch Front and Adjoining Region
Authors: Steenburgh W. James , Massey Jeffrey D. , Painter Thomas H.
Published: April 2012

Episodic dust events cause hazardous air quality along Utah’s Wasatch Front and dust loading of the snowpack in the adjacent Wasatch Mountains. This paper presents a climatology of episodic dust events of the Wasatch Front and adjoining region that is based on surface weather observations from the Salt Lake City International Airport (KSLC), Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagery, and additional meteorological datasets. Dust events at KSLC—defined as any day [mountain standard time (MST)] with at least one report of a dust storm, blowing dust, and/or dust in suspension with a visibility of 10 km or less—average 4.3 per water year (WY: October–September), with considerable interannual variability and a general decline in frequency during the 1930–2010 observational record. The distributions of monthly dust-event frequency and total dust flux are bimodal, with primary and secondary maxima in April and September, respectively. Dust reports are most common in the late afternoon and evening. An analysis of the 33 most recent (2001–10 WY) events at KSLC indicates that 11 were associated with airmass convection, 16 were associated with a cold front or baroclinic trough entering Utah from the west or northwest, 4 were associated with a stationary or slowly moving front or baroclinic trough west of Utah, and 2 were associated with other synoptic patterns. GOES imagery from these 33 events, as well as 61 additional events from the surrounding region, illustrates that emission sources are located primarily in low-elevation Late Pleistocene–Holocene alluvial environments in southern and western Utah and southern and western Nevada.
Vertical Wavenumber Spectra of Gravity Waves in the Martian Atmosphere Obtained from Mars Global Surveyor Radio Occultation Data
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Imamura Takeshi , Tsuda Toshitaka
Published: April 2012

Vertical wavenumber spectra of Martian gravity waves were obtained for the altitude range 3–32 km from temperature profiles acquired by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) radio occultation experiments. The spectra, which cover vertical wavelengths from 2.5 to 15 km, generally show a decline of the spectral density with wavenumber similar to those obtained in the terrestrial stratosphere and mesosphere. The power-law spectral index is typically around −3 except near the low-wavenumber end, and the spectra frequently lie along the theoretical spectrum for saturated gravity waves developed for Earth’s atmosphere. The results suggest that gravity wave saturation occurs in the atmosphere of Mars as well as that of Earth.
Sensitivity of 0–12-h Warm-Season Precipitation Forecasts over the Central United States to Model Initialization
Authors: Sun Juanzhen , Trier Stanley B. , Xiao Qingnong , Weisman Morris L. , Wang Hongli , Ying Zhuming , Xu Mei , Zhang Ying
Published: April 2012

Sensitivity of 0–12-h warm-season precipitation forecasts to atmospheric initial conditions, including those from different large-scale model analyses and from rapid cycled (RC) three-dimensional variational data assimilations (3DVAR) with and without radar data, is investigated for a 6-day period during the International H2O Project. Neighborhood-based precipitation verification is used to compare forecasts made with the Advanced Research core of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF). Three significant convective episodes are examined by comparing the precipitation patterns and locations from different forecast experiments. From two of these three case studies, causes for the success and failure of the RC data assimilation in improving forecast skill are shown. Results indicate that the use of higher-resolution analysis in the initialization, rapid update cycling via WRF 3DVAR data assimilation, and the additional assimilation of radar observations each play a role in shortening the period of the initial precipitation spinup as well as in placing storms closer to observations, thus improving precipitation forecast skill by up to 8–9 h. Impacts of data assimilation differ for forecasts initialized at 0000 and 1200 UTC. The case studies show that the pattern and location of the forecasted precipitation were noticeably improved with radar data assimilation for the two late afternoon cases that featured lines of convection driven by surface-based cold pools. In contrast, the RC 3DVAR, both with and without radar data, had negative impacts on convective forecasts for a case of morning elevated convection associated with a midlatitude short-wave trough.
The Effect of Correctional Education on Postrelease Employment and Recidivism
Authors: Lockwood Susan , Nally John M. , Ho Taiping , Knutson Katie
Published: April 2012

Research has consistently revealed that released offenders, if unemployed and uneducated, would likely become recidivist offenders. This study was a 5-year follow-up study (2005-2009) of 6,561 offenders who were released from the Indiana Department of Correction (IDOC) to five metropolitan counties during the calendar year 2005. It examined the effect of education and postrelease employment on recidivism among those released offenders. Results of this study revealed that an offender’s education and employment were the most important predictors of postrelease recidivism. In other words, offenders would likely return to the IDOC custody if they were unemployed. This study’s results provided evidence that offenders who had not completed high school were likely to become recidivist offenders. This study also revealed that younger offenders were likely to become recidivist offenders after their release from the IDOC custody. In addition, African American offenders, rather than Caucasian offenders, were likely to become recidivist offenders. The recidivism rate among the offenders who had a college education was 31.0%, but the recidivism rate increased to 55.9% among the offenders who had an education below high school.
Prevalence of Women’s Violent and Nonviolent Offending Behavior
Authors: Thornton Abigail J. V. , Graham-Kevan Nicola , Archer John
Published: April 2012

This study assessed women’s violent and nonviolent offending, using data from two online student samples (men and women: n = 344), reporting on either being a perpetrator and witness (women) or being a victim and witness (men). A comprehensive measure of general violence, intimate partner violence (IPV), and nonviolent offending was collected. From women’s self-reports, 59.9% reported perpetrating general violent offenses, 58.1% reported perpetrating IPV offenses and 85.6% reported perpetrating nonviolent offenses. Correlations showed that women were involved in a variety of offenses and demonstrated the interrelatedness of general violence and IPV, and of violent and nonviolent offenses. Regression analysis confirmed the close association between partner and general violence, and found that drug offenses were also related to the former and criminal damage to the latter. Overall, the prevalence data demonstrated women’s involvement in all types of offending, and a similar pattern of offending was supported across data sources. Limitations of the sampling method and measures are discussed.
A Qualitative Examination of Ethical and Legal Considerations Regarding Dating Violence
Authors: Sikes April , Walley Cynthia , Hays Danica G.
Published: April 2012

Despite the increased attention to dating violence among adolescents and young adults, limited information is available on ethical and legal considerations specific to this population. Therefore, this qualitative study explores 21 trainees’ and practitioners’ conceptualization of ethical and legal issues pertaining to adolescent dating violence. Data are collected through focus groups included as part of an ethics and legal issues seminar. Six themes are identified to illustrate ethical and legal issues concerning dating violence: knowledge, client welfare, counseling interventions, informed consent and disclosure, barriers, and counselor reactions.
Here to work: the socioeconomic characteristics of informal dwellers in post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Hunter Mark , Posel Dorrit
Published: April 2012

Government policy towards informal settlements in south africa reflects a tension between two approaches: recognizing the legitimacy of informal settlements and aggressively removing these so-called “slums”.( 1 ) drawing on nationally representative household survey data and interviews with 25 individuals relocated from an informal settlement to a “transit camp”, this paper argues that more detailed attention should be paid to the changing connection between housing, household formation and work. Whereas cities in the apartheid era were marked by relatively stable industrial labour and racially segregated family housing, today the location and nature of informal dwellings are consistent with two important trends: demographic shifts, including towards smaller more numerous households, and employment shifts, including a move from permanent to casual and from formal to informal work. This study is therefore able to substantiate in more detail a longstanding insistence by informal settlement residents that they live where they do for reasons vital to their everyday survival. The paper also highlights the limitations of relocations not only to urban peripheries but also to other parts of cities, and it underscores the importance of upgrading informal settlements through in situ development.
How community-based enumerations started and developed in India
Authors: Arputham Jockin
Published: April 2012

This paper explains how community-driven enumerations were first undertaken in Janata Colony in Mumbai, India in the early 1970s as a way of fighting the threat of eviction. Jockin Arputham was a resident of Janata and was drawn into community organizing to fight this eviction. The enumerations provided evidence of the importance of Janata’s economy and of the many legal facilities there, including electricity and telephone poles and licensed shops. This supported the residents’ case in court that Janata was a legal settlement. Undertaking the enumerations helped mobilize the population and provided them with information about their settlement that helped them consider their priorities. The paper also describes how enumerations of pavement dwellers helped them get a legal address, and through this ration cards, and a dialogue with municipal authorities. The author suggests that surveys of informal settlements are needed before any physical development is planned; also that they should be undertaken by the residents and their community organizations, to learn, to mobilize and to plan their own development so that they are not dependent on outsiders doing so.
“If in doubt, count”: the role of community-driven enumerations in blocking eviction in Old Fadama, Accra
Authors: Farouk Braimah R , Owusu Mensah
Published: April 2012

This paper describes the community-driven enumerations undertaken in Old Fadama, the largest informal settlement in Accra, which has long been threatened with eviction. After meeting with members of shack dweller federations from other nations, residents formed the Ghana Homeless People’s Federation in 2003 (now known as the Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor (GHAFUP). Together with the NGO People’s Dialogue on Human Settlements, they supported the first community-driven enumeration in Old Fadama in 2004 to counter the threat of eviction, by showing the large scale of economic activities in the community and the gap in accurate population data. This was followed by further enumerations, in 2006–2007 and in 2009, to counter new eviction threats from new city governments. These enumerations increased the residents’ confidence, empowering them in terms of engagement with city government. They also changed government’s perspective on informal settlements and helped shape policy away from forced evictions towards participatory relocations or rehabilitation.
Motivations for slum dweller social movement participation in urban Africa: a study of mobilization in Kurasini, Dar es Salaam
Authors: Hooper Michael , Ortolano Leonard
Published: April 2012

This paper examines what motivates the participation of African slum( 1 ) dwellers in urban social movement activities. This issue is analyzed through a case study of grassroots mobilization around evictions in Kurasini ward, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The paper uses an analytic narrative approach to account for patterns in participatory behaviour, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data gathered through interviews with 81 slum dwellers. The study shows that, contrary to the expectations of movement leaders, property owners were significantly more likely than renters to participate in a risky and time-consuming mobilization effort. The study identifies three factors that favoured owner participation: the nature of expected payoffs from participation; greater belief in their efficacy of action; and greater connection to place.
Participatory enumerations at the national level in Namibia: the Community Land Information Programme (CLIP)
Authors: Muller Anna , Mbanga Edith
Published: April 2012

This paper describes how the Shack Dwellers Federation of Namibia developed the capacity to undertake enumerations and mapping of informal settlements and, with support from the national government and a local NGO, developed the Community Land Information Programme. Through this initiative, the federation has profiled and mapped all of the informal settlements in Namibia, covering more than 500,000 people without secure land tenure and setting a significant precedent in terms of the ability of the federation to work at scale. For each settlement, a profile was developed by the residents that stimulated discussions of their priorities and also discussions with government. In the second phase, the residents of informal settlements were supported to undertake more detailed enumerations and mapping to identify development priorities and provide the information needed for development initiatives. The paper describes how this was done in a case study of an informal settlement in Swakopmund municipality and ends with a discussion of what has been learned, especially with regard to keeping the process rooted in the concerns and priorities of the residents of each settlement.
Developing an informal settlement upgrading protocol in Zimbabwe – the Epworth story
Authors: Chitekwe-Biti Beth , Mudimu Patience , Nyama George Masimba , Jera Takudzwa
Published: April 2012

This paper describes how a settlement profile, mapping and enumeration of Magada, an informal settlement in the town of Epworth just outside Harare, provided the basis for an upgrading programme. This was both in terms of the needed information and in terms of agreement between the residents and their community organizations and local and national government. The local government’s agreement to support in situ upgrading was the first of its kind in Zimbabwe and it is the first settlement plan to include meaningful participation by residents in articulating their own development priorities and in influencing the design. The work to map and number each plot was undertaken by teams that included residents, supported by members of the Zimbabwe Homeless People’s Federation and its support NGO Dialogue on Shelter Trust, along with planning students. This was supported by high resolution satellite images and a GIS process was developed drawing in data from enumerations covering each household. A concept plan was developed and presented to residents and the local government to allow feedback. A survey of buildings showed where there were clusters of commercial activities and allowed mixed land uses to be accommodated in the upgrading plan. Guidelines were developed to show where the proposals contravened existing official standards and to justify what was proposed. The paper ends with a consideration of what still needs to be accomplished – including agreement on the re-alignment of plots, the means for transferring tenure and how to finance proposals. It is hoped that this initiative will lead to a protocol for in situ upgrading that can be used to inform the upgrading process in other cities in Zimbabwe.
Knowledge is power – informal communities assert their right to the city through SDI and community-led enumerations
Authors: Patel Sheela , Baptist Carrie , D’Cruz Celine
Published: April 2012

This paper provides an introduction to the practice of community-led enumerations as conducted by Shack/Slum Dwellers International (SDI). It sets out the historical context for enumerations, which came out of a need in India in 1975 to find a more long-term solution to evictions, and charts its subsequent evolution and spread throughout other countries. Enumerations can help to build a community, define a collective identity, facilitate development priority setting and provide a basis for engagement between communities and government on planning and development. This process allows communities of the urban poor to assert their rights to the city, to secure tenure, livelihoods and adequate infrastructure. The paper discusses some of the specific methodological issues, including the challenges of legitimizing community data, and the use of technology by slum( 1 ) or shack dweller federations when appropriate.
An Instrument for Assessing Scientists’ Written Skills in Public Communication of Science
Authors: Baram-Tsabari Ayelet , Lewenstein Bruce V.
Published: April 2012

This article describes the development of the first tool for measuring scientists’ written skills in public communication of science. It includes the rationale for establishing learning goals in seven areas: clarity and language, content, knowledge organization, style, analogy, narrative, and dialogue, as well as the questions designed to assess these goals. The skills testing is primarily designed for assessing written communication skills and can be used in many science communication training contexts. It can serve as a baseline survey, as a formative assessment, or in summative pretest/posttest evaluations. The article provides detailed criteria for analyzing the results of the instrument as well as findings from baseline data collected from science graduate and undergraduate students.
Quantitative Ultrasound in Spanish Children and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Lopez-Rodriguez Maria J. , Lavado-Garcia Jesus M. , Canal-Macias Maria L. , Calderon-Garcia Julian F. , Moran Jose M. , Pedrera-Zamorano Juan D.
Published: April 2012

We studied the relationship between bone density and cystic fibrosis in Spanish children and young adults. We measured the phalangeal bone amplitude-dependent speed of sound (Ad-SoS) in 35 patients with cystic fibrosis and in 30 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). Participants were subjects with normal levels of 25(OH) Vitamin D. We found no difference in Ad-SoS between patients and controls. The only difference between the groups was that the patients had a significantly higher daily caloric intake than the controls ( p < .05) as a result of the patient group's greater intake of fats ( p < .05). There was a positive correlation between Ad-SoS and weight ( p < .0001), but after adjusting for potential confounding factors such as age, the correlation was lost. The percentage of ideal weight did not differ between the two groups. We conclude that well-nourished CF patients had similar Ad-SoS to controls.
‘I’m not X, I just want Y’: Formulating ‘wants’ in interaction
Authors: Childs Carrie
Published: April 2012

This article provides a conversation analytic description of a two-part structure, ‘ I don’t want X, I want/just want Y’. Drawing on a corpus of recordings of family mealtimes and television documentary data, I show how speakers use the structure in two recurrent environments. First, speakers may use the structure to reject a proposal regarding their actions made by an interlocutor. Second, speakers may deliver the structure following a co-interactant’s formulation of their actions or motivations. Both uses decrease the likelihood of challenge in third-turn position. When responding to multi-unit turns speakers routinely deal with the last item first. The value of ‘ I want Y’ is to formulate an alternative sense of agency which undermines the preceding turn and shifts the trajectory of the ongoing sequence. The article contributes to work in discursive psychology as I show how speakers may formulate their ‘wants’ in the service of sequentially unfolding social interaction.
Poor people in rich countries: the roles of global governance
Authors: Scholte Jan Aart
Published: April 2012

Connections between global governance and poverty are usually made in relation to what are loosely called ‘poor countries’ of the ‘global south’. However, global governance also significantly shapes dynamics of impoverishment in ‘rich countries’ of the ‘global north’. These impacts become all the more apparent when global governance is understood to involve not only well-known intergovernmental agencies such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organisation, but also additional institutional forms such as transgovernmental networks and private regulatory mechanisms. This broad complex of global governance has often exacerbated poverty in the global north, for example through neglect of the issue, through marginalisation of the people affected, and through the promotion of neoliberal policy frames. At the same time, global governance has in other ways also promoted poverty alleviation in ‘high-income countries’, for example with rules that work in their structural favour, with policy learning, with rights discourses, and with some promotion of global-scale social democracy. Thus, the challenge for efforts to reduce poverty in the global north is, on the one hand, to counter the negative implications of global governance and, on the other hand, to nurture the positive forces. Global coalitions of anti-poverty campaigners – in particular across north–south lines – could especially serve these politics.