bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Light on Growth of Oysters, Mussels, and Quahaugs
Authors: Medcof J. C. , Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

Rearing experiments with small shellfish were carried out in Bideford River, Prince Edward Island (salinity 28‰) and in Bras d'Or Lake, Nova Scotia (salinity 20‰). Paired lots were grown in light-exposed and shaded compartments of floating trays and in an exposed and a shaded area on an intertidal beach. Shading increased linear shell growth of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and mussels (Mytilus edulis) approximately [Formula: see text] times but reduced the thickness:length ratio. Quahaug (Mercenaria mercenaria) shell growth and shell proportions were unaffected by treatment differences. Light exposure increased plumpness of meats of all species, and in oysters it increased specific gravity, fluting, and pigmentation of shells.
Adjustment of Buoyancy in Young Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout by Changes in Swimbladder Volume
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: April 2011

The adjustment of swimbladder volume and the consequent effects on buoyancy in young Atlantic salmon and brook trout at various stages of development were measured in relation to current velocity. This was done by measuring pressure of neutral buoyancy — the pressure at which an anesthetized fish just reached neutral buoyancy as the total (atmospheric plus hydrostatic) pressure was gradually reduced — or by measuring flotation pressure — the ratio of volume of gas in the swimbladder to weight of the gas-free fish in water. Whether in static or flowing water, salmon parr were less buoyant than brook trout. Individuals of both species were more buoyant when held in still water than when held in rapidly flowing water. Adjustment in buoyancy took place when these fishes were subjected to a change in water current. Buoyancy was reduced if they were moved from still water to rapidly flowing water and was increased if they were moved from flowing to still water. Salmon smolts were more buoyant than salmon parr. This greater buoyancy of smolts is not owing to their being larger than parr. Initial filling of the swimbladder in salmon alevins can be delayed by subjecting them to strong water currents.
Effect of Photoperiods on the Behavior of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.) in Vertical and Horizontal Light Gradients
Authors: Pinhorn A. T. , Andrews C. W.
Published: April 2011

The behavior of juvenile Atlantic salmon in vertical and horizontal light gradients was studied. Comparisons were made between the behavior of fish exposed to 16-hr photoperiods (long-photoperiod fish) and fish that had not been so conditioned (control fish). In vertical light gradients the long-photoperiod fish were very active and moved rapidly up and down the water-column. At low light intensities they tended to rise into the surface layers. Peak activity and the greatest numbers in the upper reaches of the water-column occurred at 0.04 ft-c (lowest intensity studied). The control fish, however, were relatively quiescent at all light intensities and settled to the bottom at low light intensities. Peak activity and the greatest numbers in the upper reaches of the water-column occurred at 1.0 ft-c. In horizontal light gradients the control and long-photoperiod fish remained in areas of lowest light intensities. When allowed to remain in the light gradients for a short period of time, both groups showed a stronger avoidance of light sources of higher intensity but moved into the brighter areas with low intensity light sources. With prolonged stay in the light gradients, these trends were essentially reversed due to nipping and defence of territory. The long-photoperiod fish showed a stronger avoidance reaction than the control fish with the 100-watt light source, whereas the reactions of both groups were similar with the [Formula: see text]-watt and 300-watt light sources, when these fish were allowed to remain in the gradients for a short period of time. However, with prolonged stay in the gradients, nipping and defence of territory resulted in a stronger avoidance reaction by long-photoperiod fish to all light gradients. The differences in the behavior of control and long-photoperiod fish in vertical and horizontal light gradients is believed to be a result of exposure of the latter to controlled photoperiods.
Effect of DDT on Temperature Selection by Young Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Ogilvie D. M. , Anderson J. M.
Published: April 2011

Exposure of Atlantic salmon underyearlings for 24 hr to sublethal doses of DDT, ranging from 5 to 50 ppb, resulted in changes in the selected temperature. Low doses produced a downwards shift in the selected temperature whereas higher doses produced an upwards shift. The DDT effect appeared to be more marked for warm-acclimated fish (17 °C) than for cold-acclimated ones (8 °C). In addition exposure of warm-acclimated fish to 10 ppb DDT or more appeared to make them extremely sensitive to cold water and there was some evidence to suggest that the lower lethal limit may have been raised. It is suggested that DDT may interfere with the normal thermal acclimation mechanism.
Retinomotor Changes in Flatfishes
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: April 2011

This histological study is concerned with demonstrating the existence of retinomotor changes in flatfishes. In three species, selected as representatives (sole, Solea solea; plaice, Pleuronectes platessa; and merry sole, Microstomus kitt), it is shown that normal radial displacements of rods, cones, and retinal pigment take place in expected directions in light and darkness, with exceptions which may be important but whose implications have still to be revealed. In the plaice the cones of the dorsal retina are permanently retracted against the basement membrane, and mobile elsewhere. The eyes of flatfishes, therefore, conform to those of other teleosts in photomechan-ical responses to illumination.
Bay of Islands and Humber River Atlantic Salmon Investigations
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

Humber River is one of the important Atlantic salmon rivers of Newfoundland both from the standpoint of the angling in the river and the commercial fishery at the mouth of the river in Bay of Islands. The fishery was investigated in 1942 and a general survey was made of the main river and its tributaries in 1943 to determine conditions for spawning.The sea-age classes of Bay of Islands salmon and their percentage composition were: 1, 57.2; 2, 32.8; 3, 0.5; and previously spawned, 9.5. The 1 sea-year or grilse class was less numerous in June than 2 sea-year class, but was more numerous during the rest of the season. The 3 sea-year class was not represented at all until August, whereas the previously-spawned class had a higher representation in the first half of June than it did later in the season. According to fishermen's reports, the time of the run of the older salmon is usually from the last week of May to the first week of August with the peak around June 15, whereas grilse are caught from June 15 to the last week in August with the peak during the first half of July.The river-age classes of Bay of Islands salmon and their percentage representation were: 2, 2.1; 3, 42.1; 4, 51.6; 5, 4.0; and 6, 0.1.The average river age was 3.6 years.The average size of grilse was 52.8 cm and 3.4 lb (1.54 kg), and that of the sea-age class 2 was 75.3 cm and 10.6 lb (4.81 kg). Four per cent of the grilse and 28% of older salmon from Bay of Islands contained food; after July 22 no fish containing food was found. Capelin formed the predominant food item, and, almost always, the remainder was fish of other species.A survey of the main Humber River and its tributaries revealed a number of natural obstructions to the passage of salmon. A brief description of these is given, together with some suggestions for improvement. Access of anadromous salmon to Grand Lake and tributaries has been cut off by a dam. The lake now contains lake salmon, brook trout, and Arctic char.
Lesions on the Abdominal Membrane of Lobsters
Authors: McLeese D. W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Factors Affecting Stream Location, and Timing and Intensity of Entry by Spawning Kokanee (Oncorhynchus nerka) into an Inlet of Nicola Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Lorz H.W. , Northcote T.G.
Published: April 2011

Diel fluctuations in onshore–offshore movement of mature kokanee occurring at the northeast end of Nicola Lake adjacent to a spawning stream were related to differences in wind action, which thereby affected daily numbers of kokanee entering this stream. Nasal occlusion experiments indicated that olfaction was used in location of the stream by kokanee. Entry into the stream occurred largely from dusk to midnight and appeared to be related to changes in light intensity rather than temperature. Average length of spawning kokanee (sexes combined) ranged between 225.9 and 289.9 mm from 1958 to 1963 with marked annual differences. Most kokanee spawned in their third year (2 +) although some were in their second and fourth years (1 + and 3 +). About equal numbers of both sexes occurred in the spawning population; males were more abundant at the onset of the migration while females were predominant towards the end.
Oral Immunization of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Against an Etiologic Agent of "Redmouth Disease"
Authors: Ross A. J. , Klontz G. W.
Published: April 2011

Rainbow trout were fed a pelleted diet containing killed cells of the etiologic agent of a bacterial disease, redmouth. These fish in addition to appropriate controls were subsequently challenged with virulent homologous organisms. Ninety per cent of the redmouth immunized fish survived the basic challenge using virulent organisms in contrast to 20% survival for the controls. Multiple challenge doses at increased levels also are discussed.
Biomicroscopic, Gross, and Microscopic Observations of Corneal Lesions in the Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush
Authors: Hoffert J. Russell , Fromm Paul O.
Published: April 2011

A description has been given of a corneal lesion which occurs in hatchery-reared lake trout. The lesion is characterized by a general cloudiness of the cornea leading to marked epithelial erosion. A secondary inflammatory response with pigment migration and uveitis is observed. The condition terminates in endophthalmitis and complete loss of the functional eye and destruction of choroid, retina, lens, and iris. Although many factors may be involved, the osmotic gradients to which the freshwater teleost eye is exposed are believed to play a vital role in the development of this corneal pathology.
Zone Electrophoretic Comparison of Muscle Myogens and Blood Proteins of Artificial Hybrids of Salmonidae with Their Parental Species
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts Eve
Published: April 2011

Starch-gel zone electropherograms of the muscle myogen and blood hemoglobins and disc electropherograms of the serum proteins of a number of artificial hybrids involving the Salmo, Salvelinus, and Cristivomer genera are compared to their respective parental species. The pattern variations observed in the serum proteins and muscle myogens in many of the parental species are discussed in relation to the frequent variations obtained in F1-hybrid patterns. The necessity is pointed out for defining biochemical as well as morphological uniformity of parent species used for artificial hybridization studies, particularly as freshwater species of fishes, in contrast to marine species, frequently hybridize in nature or have hybridized in recent history, judging from the variations in their protein patterns. The extent of known hybridizations in nature, which are indistinguishable morphologically but are frequently manifested at the molecular level as variations in protein patterns, and the usefulness of biochemical techniques in spotting these breakdowns of species lines, are discussed.
Studies on the Quality of Newfoundland Cod.: 11. Thaw-Drip in Polyphosphate-Treated and Untreated Fillets
Authors: Chalker Dorothy A. , MacCallum W. A. , Idler D. R.
Published: April 2011

Two laboratory methods used to determine thaw-drip were compared: a still-air defrost method in which samples are thawed at 3–5 °C so as to permit no contact between the drip and the fish, and a water-immersion method in which samples are thawed in a plastic bag at 20–21 °C. Using pre-rigor frozen, paired fillets of Newfoundland trap-caught cod (Gadus morhua), it was shown that it is feasible to use the air-defrost method to compare the amount of thaw-drip from polyphosphate-treated and untreated fillets.The still-air defrost method using weight determinations gave a truer absolute value of thaw-drip. Both methods showed that polyphosphate treatment reduced thaw-drip but the water-immersion method showed a greater percentage reduction in thaw-drip as a result of treatment.The work clarifies a point concerning the variability of uptake of polyphosphate and the difficulty in getting reproducible results even using paired fillets. This points up a serious limitation to its commercial application and throws serious doubt on the use of large numbers of fish as a statistical approach to the assessment of the effect of polyphosphate.
Hematological Study of the Hake (Merluccius merluccius) from the Southwest Atlantic
Authors: Cokkoy D. A. , Rodriguez J. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Fatty Acids Derived from Lipids of Marine Origin
Authors: Williams P. M.
Published: April 2011

Fatty Acids in sea water were found in concentrations of 1–9 μg/litre and 1–30 μg/litre for the dissolved and particulate fractions, respectively. Little variations were observed with depth or along a profile from coastal waters out into the open ocean. The total dissolved fatty acid concentrations were 10 to 100 times lower than had been previously reported. The fatty acid content of surface sediments varied from 13 to 67 μg/g dry weight of sediment.Six species of marine phytoplanktonic algae, two zooplankton samples, and liver extracts from hake and whiting were analyzed for their fatty acid content. The algae showed individual patterns in the spectrum of fatty acids present. The zooplankton samples were similar to the hake and whiting liver extracts with respect to the ratios of palmitic to palmitoleic and stearic to oleic acids.
Description, Distribution, and Taxonomic Status of Two Species of Alepocephalidae from the Northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Grinols Richard B. , Heyamoto Hiromu
Published: April 2011

Recent occurrences of Talismania bifurcata (Parr, 1951) and Alepocephalus tenebrosus Gilbert 1891 are described, accompanied by distributional records. Taxonomic affinities are discussed.
First Record of the Dusky Sculpin (Icelinus burchami) in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Barraclough W. E. , Butler T. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Unusual Contamination of Groundfish Caught in Northern Hecate Strait
Authors: Lippa E. J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Comparaison du climat marin de Grande-Rivière (baie des Chaleurs) avec celui d'autres stations de la côte atlantique
Authors: Lauzier Par L. M. , Marcotte A.
Published: April 2011

Temperature variations of surface waters at Grande-Rivière have been studied in order to describe the marine climate of the region and to show anomalies between 1938 and 1962. Monthly averages of surface temperatures at Grande-Rivière vary between −1.5 and 14.0 C from February to August, respectively, yielding an annual mean of 5.0 C. Temperatures of surface waters are lower than 4.0 C during approximately 6 months of the year. Monthly averages are always higher at Entry Island than at Grande-Rivière and higher at Borden than at Entry Island. Summertime difference in temperature reaches 3.0 C between Entry Island and Grande-Rivière and 5.0 C between Borden and Grande-Rivière. Warm or cold years at Borden and at Entry Island are not necessarily warm or cold at Grande-Rivière.Heat exchanges at the surface and between layers and advection of heat are taken into consideration to explain the local variations of the marine climate at various parts of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Long-term variations of surface water temperature at Grande-Rivière are compared with those observed at other points along Canada's east coast. Such variations at Grande-Rivière are similar to those of the waters off Nova Scotia. However, they seem to be different from those of other areas of the Magdalen Shallows where warming continues over a longer period than at Grande-Rivière.
Natural Infections of Cyclopid Copepods with Procercoids of Triaenophorus spp.
Authors: Watson N. H. F. , Lawler G. H.
Published: April 2011

Sampling of the littoral and open water plankton from the spring of 1953 to 1959 established Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi Forbes as the first intermediate host of Triaenophorus spp. in Heming Lake, Manitoba. Infection was apparently confined to a brood of Cyclops hatched in early May and maturing in mid July. The most heavily infected Cyclops were collected in the inshore areas. Inspection of a series of standard tows showed evidence of nonrandom distribution of infection, probably representing a clumping of the cyclopids. Implications of the uneven distribution for establishing infection rates, adequate sampling programs, and survival of the parasite are discussed.
Bathymetric Distribution of Brittlestars (Ophiuroidea) Collected off the Northern Oregon Coast
Authors: Astrahantseff Sergei , Alton Miles S.
Published: April 2011

A cooperative study by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission was undertaken to evaluate the composition of benthic fauna indigenous to waters adjacent to the Columbia River mouth. Standard stations were established by 25-fath intervals between 50 and 500 fath, and by 50-fath intervals from 500 to 1050 fath. Fifty- to 500-fath stations were monitored seasonally while sampling of deeper stations was generally restricted to spring and summer cruises.Twenty-four species of ophiuroids representing eight families and 14 genera were collected during this study. Species number varied by station ranging from one at 650 fath to a maximum of nine species at 300 fath.The number of species of ophiuroids by benthic zone showed a general increase with increasing depth. The total number of species collected by benthic zone was 4 from the sublittoral, 8 from the upper bathyal, 13 from the lower bathyal, and 15 from the abyssal. One, three, and eight species were confined to the outer sublittoral, lower bathyal, and abyssal, respectively.The highest availability of ophiuroids occurred between 150 and 250 fath and between 800 and 1050 fath. Lowest availability occurred at 125, 325, and 350 fath where few or no ophiuroids were observed. Larger catches of ophiuroids were estimated to contain from 500 to 2000 individuals. A single species, Ophiura sarsii, consistently dominated catches from 150 to 250 fath; while four species, Ophiocten pacificum, Ophiolimna bairdi, Ophiomusium lymani, and Ophiophthalmus normani, dominated catches between 800 and 1050 fath.The families Ophiuridae and Ophiacanthidae predominate in the study area. Together, they account for the majority of species collected which include the five most abundant species.The bathymetric distribution of ophiuroids from the Columbia River trackline illustrates a changing species composition with increasing depth, with the existence of both stenobathic and eurybathic species.
Alexander's Method of Determining Swimbladder Volumes Modified for Living Physoclist Fish
Authors: Brawn Vivien M.
Published: April 2011

A method to determine the swimbladder volume of living physoclists from its change in volume with change in applied pressure once the gas has been compressed sufficiently to remove the constraint of the swimbladder walls is given. The density of the fish at test depth was calculated from its mass, the seawater density, and the increase in volume of the fish with decrease in pressure from test depth to that causing neutral buoyancy.
Decomposition of Cod Livers and the Formation of Free Fatty Acids in Cod Oil
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

The seasonal variation in the oil content of cod livers is shown to affect the liberation of free fatty acids (FFA) when the "sun-rotted" method for producing cod-oil is used under laboratory conditions. Since lean livers produce an oil with a high FFA content, oil of this type would most likely be produced in April–June after the fish have spawned. An antibiotic, chlortetracycline, was found to have little effect on the liberation of FFA and cannot be used as a liver preservative without an enzyme inhibitor added. Isopropanol at suitable concentrations inhibits both the liberation of oil from the livers and the formation of FFA in the oil.
A Hematological Study on the Mountain Whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni
Authors: McKnight Ida M.
Published: April 2011

A hematological study was made on 119 mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) from the Yellowstone and Madison River drainages in Montana, 1961–62. Hemoglobin determinations had a range of 7.0–13.7 g/100 ml (mean 10.6 g) while hematocrits had a range of 28.5–62.2% (mean 43.5%). Erythrocyte counts ranged from 1.01 to 2.34 million/mm3 (mean 1.57 million) and leucocyte numbers ranged from 360 to 25,500/mm3 (mean 5400). Thrombocyte counts ranged from 870 to 47,200/mm3 of blood (mean 17,600). Leucocyte differential counts had a mean of 33.9% lymphocytes and 66.1% neutrophilic granulocytes with the predominant granulocyte being the lobed mature form. Granulocyte means were higher in leucocyte counts over 8100/mm3. Few immature cells were seen in blood smears. Some polychromatic erythrocytes were found and myelocytes were the most immature granulocytes seen. Differences were observed in the various values between small and large fish, males and females, and for fish taken in summer and winter. The kidney was the active hemopoietic tissue, forming granulocytes, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes. The spleen produced most of the erythrocytes and occasionally other cell types. The liver was hemopoietic in some anemic fish.
Stomach Contents of Salmon and Steelhead Trout in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: LeBrasseur R. J.
Published: April 2011

Stomachs of pink, chum, sockeye, and coho salmon and steelhead trout caught during the summer of 1958 in gillnets fished overnight in the northeastern Pacific Ocean contained mainly zooplankton (Limacina, amphipods, copepods, and euphausiids), squid, and fish. Except for sockeye, there were no differences in contents related to fish size or state of maturity. Differences were found between species in the kinds of stomach contents present. The predominant organisms were amphipods and fish in pink salmon, crustaceans in immature sockeye, euphausiids and squid in maturing sockeye, euphausiids, fish, and squid in coho, and fish and squid in steelhead stomachs. The stomach contents of chum salmon were notable in that most of their contents were too well digested to identify. Comparison with the findings of workers in the northwestern Pacific showed no significant differences in the kinds of stomach contents, however, a greater amount of material was present in the stomachs they examined. The contents of stomachs from fish taken in various ocean domains were compared. Greater differences were noted in the stomach contents of fish from different domains than from different species. It is suggested that feeding is associated more with availability rather than with preferences for specific organisms.
Vertical Migration by Demersal Fish in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Beamish F. W. H.
Published: April 2011

Observations on vertical patterns of migration were made on the Nova Scotian and Gulf of St. Lawrence fishing banks. The commercially important demersal species, cod, haddock, and redfish, were usually closely associated with bottom by day and moved off after dark. While this is the general pattern, variations occurred. Thus, on cloudy or dull days, redfish may remain in mid water. Cod did not always return to the seabed by day. Haddock, usually more closely associated with bottom than the other species, sometimes moved considerable distances from the seabed. Generally, concentrations of fish on bottom by day dispersed in mid water.In accord with vertical patterns of migration, bottom trawl catches were generally the lower by night. There was some suggestion of seasonal changes in the relation between day and night catches of cod and haddock. A suggestion of diurnal variation in size composition was found for haddock and yellowtail. More small haddock were taken by day than by night. Catches of large haddock tended to be the larger at night. Small yellowtail were the more abundant in night tows. No significant diurnal difference was found for large fish.
Downstream Movements of Trout Fry (Salmo trutta) in a Dartmoor Stream
Authors: Elliott J. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Embryonic Development of the Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus)
Authors: Forrester C.R. , Alderdice D.F.
Published: April 2011

Eggs of the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius) were held from fertilization to completion of hatching in various combinations of constant salinity (19–31‰) and temperature (2–10 C). Hatching occurred in all salinities and temperatures, and survival was highest at the lower levels of both factors. A direct and approximately linear relationship was found between rate of development and temperature within the temperature range employed. At each temperature the length of the incubation period was increased at lower salinities. It is suspected that eggs were subjected to hypoxial conditions in the experiments, a circumstance considered to have depressed survival rate over all experimental combinations. There was, in general, an inverse relationship between salinity and temperature with respect to both size of larvae produced and the duration of the hatching period. Calculated response isopleths suggest that eggs of Gadus macrocephalus are euryhaline, and that maximum hatching success may be found in the vicinity of 19‰ S and 5 C. Changes of 1 C were calculated to be equivalent in effect on hatching success to a change of about 12‰ S.
Variability in Life History Characteristics of Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Along the Pacific Coast of North America
Authors: Withler I. L.
Published: April 2011

Steelhead enter spawning streams in the lower mainland of British Columbia throughout all months. Those ascending streams between November 1 and April 30 are termed "winter steelhead," while "summer steelhead" enter streams between May 1 and September 30. Cheakamus River is exceptional in that initial stream entry of winter steelhead is delayed until April 1, with most fish entering during April and May. Late entry is related to delayed freshet conditions within this stream. Almost twice as many female as male steelhead were angled. Comparison with trapping results suggests that sport fisheries select for females of anadromous rainbow trout populations. Repeat spawning of winter steelhead was found to range from 5.0% for fish from the Seymour River to 31.3% for Cheakamus River. Repeat spawning among summer steelhead ranged from 4.4% (Seymour River) to 6.3% (Coquihalla River). Mean fork lengths of populations of winter and summer steelhead showed little variation (range 26.3–31.0 inches). Winter steelhead from the Cheakamus River were larger than fish from all other populations while summer steelhead from the Coquihalla River had the least mean length. In general, mean fork lengths of winter and summer steelhead were not greatly different, despite the 5–8-month shorter term of saltwater residence of the latter. However, variations in mean lengths of steelhead between different river systems may result from differences in duration of saltwater residence since mean lengths of these populations did increase with longer saltwater residence. Steelhead spent from 1 to 4 years in fresh water and from 1 to 4 years in salt water.Along the Pacific coast from central California to southern British Columbia, timing of initial stream entry showed little variation. Sex ratios were nearly 1:1. Incidence of repeat spawning decreased from south to north. Mean fork lengths of steelhead populations were greater in northern areas where fish spent more years in fresh and more years in salt water.
Some Scale Characters of the Ozernaya Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Mathisen Ole A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Deposition of Dimethyl-β-Propiothetin in Atlantic Cod During Feeding Experiments
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Dale J. , Hingley J.
Published: April 2011

Dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT), associated with dimethyl sulphide (DMS) in the "blackberry" problem in cod from Labrador, was absorbed from the digestive system when fed to laboratory-held cod. Uptake of DMPT by blood and deposition in tissues were readily detected when the intake level exceeded 10 mg DMPT/day. No obvious amount of DMS was formed from the DMPT. The deposits of DMPT were rapidly removed from flesh when intake ceased. Open cooking (baking) at high temperatures of cod flesh containing DMPT completely destroyed DMPT with no deleterious effects. Cooking at lower temperatures (boiling) probably only partly destroyed DMPT as objectionable taste and odour effects were generally observed. During freeze-drying DMPT was partly destroyed.
Appropriate Size Limits for Lemon Sole (Parophrys vetulus) in the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Allen K. Radway , Forrester C. R.
Published: April 2011

Estimates of the appropriate size limit for four separate stocks of lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus) in the Strait of Georgia are obtained using the method of Allen (1953). The calculated sizes for optimum yield agree in general with those calculated for the same stocks by Forrester and Ketchen (1963) using methods of Ricker (1958). A preliminary estimate of the additional yield which would be achieved by increasing the minimum size utilized in the only stock in which a further increase is required suggests that it would be about 4%.
Preservation of the Sardine Sardinella melanura by Low-Dose Gamma Radiation
Authors: Hashish S. , Roushdy H. M. , Hussein M. F. , Abdel-Baki M. M. , Hassan Y. M.
Published: April 2011

Irradiating the sardine Sardinella melanura (Cuvier) with 15,000 or 23,000 rad from a cobalt source increased the storage life at 1 C in thermoregulated cabinets. During storage the rates of increase in pH, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), tyrosine value (TV), and bacteriological count (BC) were diminished by raising the radiation dose and those for TVN, TV, and BC a so by treatment with chlortetracycline (CTC). The edibility periods, as judged organoleptically, were 4 days for untreated samples, 8 and 11 days for samples irradiated at 13,000 and 23,000 rad, and 12 days for samples treated with CTC. After 8 days' storage the TVN and TV values for samples treated with CTC were lower in relation to the values just after treatment than were those for samples irradiated at either dose. At 8 days, the BC values for samples treated with CTC were 136 times those just after treatment, in comparison with 11 times for the irradiated samples; however, the counts at 8 days were less than half as high for samples treated with CTC as for those irradiated at 23,000 rad.
Description of Groundfish Trawl Developed for the Side-Trawl Research Vessel G. B. Reed
Authors: Harling W. R. , Westrheim S. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Free Drip, Flesh pH, and Chalkiness in Halibut
Authors: Tomlinson N. , Geiger S. E. , Dollinger E.
Published: April 2011

The relation between free drip, flesh pH, and chalkiness in halibut was investigated. Free drip was found to increase continuously with decreasing pH in the range pH 6.8–5.7. Flesh pH varied somewhat with location in the body, tending to be higher nearer the head. The minimum flesh pH was reached within 24–43 hr of death and increased very slowly thereafter.All fish with a flesh pH below 6.0 were chalky, those with a pH above 6.2 nonchalky, while in the pH range between 6.0 and 6.2 intermingling of chalky, borderline chalky, and nonchalky fish occurred. The use of flesh pH measurement as a means of classifying fish with respect to chalkiness appears to be worth consideration.
Partial Freezing as a Means of Preserving Various Species of Groundfish
Authors: Roach S. W. , Tomlinson N. , Geiger S. E. , Dollinger E.
Published: April 2011

An exploratory investigation has been made of the possibility of utilizing partial freezing as a means of preserving several species of groundfish. From the point of view of suppression of development of spoilage odours and belly burn, the procedure used was found to be superior to storage in either ice or refrigerated sea water (RSW), and the cooked texture of partially frozen fish, at least after reasonable periods of storage, was equal to that of fish stored by the other procedures. However, free drip was greater from the partially frozen fish, and fillets from such fish were softer and more fragile than those from RSW- or ice-stored fish.
Bioassay Method for the Determination of Toxaphene in Lake Water
Authors: Royer L. M.
Published: April 2011

A method based on static bioassays was developed to measure the concentration of toxaphene before restocking of lakes treated with this toxicant. A double distillation technique was used to extract the toxaphene and concentrate it in a small volume of distillate. Bioassays were then carried out in 200-ml samples of distillate reconstituted with electrolytes to match a standard water. Guppies, Lebistes reticulatus (Peters), less than 7 days old were used as test organisms.The method developed was used to follow the detoxification of Midway Lake which was rehabilitated with toxaphene. Data on the rate of detoxification are presented.
Cause and Control of Spurious Thiobarbituric Acid Values from Fish Muscle in the Presence of Inorganic Iron Salts
Authors: Castell C. H. , Moore Barbara , Neal Wanda
Published: April 2011

The distillation method for determining the thiobarbituric acid value gave spurious results when applied to cod muscle containing trace amounts of Fe+++ or Fe++. This was the result of metal-catalyzed oxidation that took place in the acidified tissue during distillation. It was prevented by replacing the oxygen in the distillation flask with nitrogen or by immobilizing the iron catalyst by addition of the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or propyl gallate.Complex organic iron compounds, copper salts, cysteine, or sodium chloride did not interfere with the TBA test.
Number of Circuli and Time of Annulus Formation on Scales of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Pearson Roger E.
Published: April 2011

Mean numbers of circuli on scales of juvenile pink salmon collected along the coast of North America in 1964 increased from 1.7 on June 23 to 17.4 on September 10. On scales of adults collected from the eastern North Pacific Ocean from 1962 to 1965, mean numbers of circuli ranged from 24.1 on January 23 (1964) to 46.9 on September 2 (1962). The fork length at time of scale formation was approximately 60 mm. Mean fork length increased with the total number of circuli. The relationship of fork length to number of scale circuli showed some variation between stocks. The winter ring was present or was being formed on the majority of scales taken in late January. The development of the annulus varied considerably among individual fish.
Some Equilibrium Moisture Values of Fresh and Salt Cod
Authors: Cooper D. L. , Noel T. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
A New Species of Bradyidius (Copepoda: Calanoida) from the Pacific Coast of North America
Authors: Park Tai Soo
Published: April 2011

A new species Bradyidius saanichi from Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, is described and illustrated in detail. This species is closely related to B. pacificus (Brodsky, 1950) among the six previously known species in the genus, but can be readily distinguished from the latter by the strongly divergent rostral rami in addition to some other differences.
Evidence for the Binding of Oil in Salmon Canned After Storage in Ice or in a Partially Frozen Condition
Authors: Bilinski E. , Lang G. , Tomlinson N.
Published: April 2011

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Juvenile Salmon in the Estuary and Lower Nabisipi River and Some Results of Tagging
Authors: Power Geoffrey , Shooner Gilles
Published: April 2011

Morphometric and hydrographic conditions indicated Nabisipi River, Quebec, has a fjord-type estuary with warm surface water of low salinity flowing out over cold saline water from the Gulf of St. Lawrence at all phases of the tidal cycle. The age, weight, and condition factors of 231 juvenile salmon from the estuary and 200 from the lower reaches of the river are given. Ages ranged from 1+ to 4+, condition factors (100 × weight in grams divided by the length in centimeters cubed) were slightly below 1.0 in the river and slightly higher in the estuary. Amphipods and capelin eggs were important constituents in the diet in the estuary, Corixidae in the river. Tagging indicated a growth rate of about 0.8 mm/day in the estuary. Both tagging and the handling of marked fish retarded growth. Tagging retarded growth for approximately 20 days. Tagging returns indicated a population of between 700 and 2500 fish near the mouth of the estuary in June and July 1961. These were thought to be remnants of the spring smolt run. In addition there was a small resident population of salmon parr living in the estuary. Numbers of fish in the estuary changed considerably from year to year.
Lipids of Cod Muscle and the Effect of Frozen Storage
Authors: Bligh E. G. , Scott Margaret A.
Published: April 2011

The lipid composition of fresh and frozen cod (Gadus morhua) muscle was studied using silicic acid chromatography. Dark cod muscle contained about three times as much total lipid as white muscle but the composition was quite similar. The most significant difference was that the dark tissue lipid contained more esterified cholesterol and less phosphatidyl choline. Frozen storage for up to 9 months at −12 C showed that the free fatty acid content increased from 5 to 326 mg/100 g tissue due to the hydrolysis of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline. Other phospholipids were not hydrolyzed. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine hydrolysis ceased after storage for 4 months, whereas hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline continued thereafter at a slower rate. After 9 months, the phospholipid content of the total lipid had dropped from 84 to 32% and only 13% of the original phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline remained unhydrolyzed.
A Portable Aquarium for Use at Sea to Photograph Fish and Aquatic Life
Authors: Pletcher T. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
Thermal Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from a Heat Processed Fish Product
Authors: Boyd J. W. , Southcott B. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Changes in Chemical Composition of Central British Columbia Pink Salmon During Early Sea Life
Authors: Parker Robert R. , Vanstone W. E.
Published: April 2011

Changes taking place in body composition of juvenile pink salmon during early sea life were studied. Under the natural conditions obtained in 1963 and 1964 the fish became relatively more obese as they grew to a length of 7.5 cm. Further growth in weight was isometric with growth in length. Water progressively became a lesser proportion of total weight until 7.5 cm length, thereafter it remained an approximately constant proportion. A diurnal fluctuation in body moisture was noted, and was correlated with a diurnal feeding cycle. Protein, in respect to length, showed positive allometry throughout the size range studied but an inflection in the allometric line was noted at about 5.5 cm. Relative lipid weight is postulated to be basically correlated with protein but reflected the longer-term changes in amount of food ingested. A shift from high to low lipid content occurred at the end of May. This shift was independent of food ingested, independent of size per se, and occurred at the beginning of a migratory stage. Experimentally, the first reaction to severely restricted food supply was loss of lipid and moisture. Protein was catabolically consumed under more prolonged periods of starvation. At less severe conditions, lipid was lost but the body weight, was maintained by uptake of water.
Comparative Electropherograms of Coregonus clupeaformis, Salvelinus namaycush, S. alpinus, S. malma, and S. fontinalis from the Family Salmonidae
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Uthe J. F. , Roberts E. , Clarke L. W.
Published: April 2011

Zone electropherograms of muscle myogens and blood proteins of members of the family Salmonidae revealed in addition to species specificity, marked similarities at the genus and family levels. In genera investigated, other than the Oncorhynchus, intraspecies polymorphisms were found. Two general hemoglobin patterns were uncovered from specimens of Coregonus clupeaformis from Great Slave Lake while their muscle myogen patterns were specifically uniform. Salvelinus namaycush from Lake Superior and Cayuga Lake were readily distinguishable by differences in their multiple hemoglobin patterns as well as by plasma proteins as revealed by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. Muscle myogen electropherograms of S. namaycush, S. alpinus, and S. malma showed striking similarities, the latter two being almost superimposable while the patterns of Salvelinus fontinalis were more closely allied to that of the genus Salmo. The value of muscle myogens in phylogenetic studies and in intraspecies protein variations as diagnostic characters in stock analyses is discussed.
Composition of Phytoplankton in Surface Waters of Lake Ontario
Authors: Nalewajko C.
Published: April 2011

Stephanodiscus tenuis Hust., Melosira islandica O. Müll., and Diatoma elongatum (Lyngb.) Ag., on a cell volume basis, were the three most important species from January 1964 to July 1965 in the surface water of Lake Ontario near Gibraltar Point.Stephanodiscus tenuis was by far the most abundant species. It was present during most of the year and accounted for about 87% of the total number of algae present during the spring outbursts.In more central areas of the lake Melosira islandica and Asterionella formosa Hass. replaced Stephanodiscus tenuis as the most important species.On the basis of the major phytoplankton species present the central area of Lake Ontario appears to be oligotrophic. High numbers of Stephanodiscus tenuis in inshore waters may be indicative of a more eutrophic environment.
Unusual Fatty Acid Composition of Lipids from a Cod, Gadus morhua
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
The Ultrastructure of the Epithelial Border of the Ileum, Pyloric Caeca, and Rectum of the Cod, Gadus morhua
Authors: Odense P. H. , Bishop C. M.
Published: April 2011

Electronmicrographs showed that the free border of the epithelial cells of the pyloric caeca, ileum, and rectum of the cod, Gadus morhua, is made up of microvilli. Elongated microorganisms aligned parallel to the microvilli and with one end fitting into the bases of the inter-microvillus spaces were frequently found in the rectum. Such organisms corresponded in position to peripheral interlacing filaments visible with the light microscope.
Serum Proteins and Antibody Production in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Post George
Published: April 2011

Rainbow trout serum was shown to be made up of three major protein components. These three major components did not coincide by electrophoretic mobility or by relative salt solubility with the classic albumin, α-, β-, and γ-globulin separation of the sera of higher animals. A component equivalent to γ-globulin of higher animals was found to be completely lacking in the sera of both immunized and non-immunized rainbow trout.Specific humoral antibodies in rainbow trout immune sera were found to be contained in the electrophoretically least mobile proteins. These proteins coincided most nearly to the β-globulins and possibly the least electrophoretically mobile α-globulins of higher animals. Salt solubility of the serum proteins containing the specific antibody assisted in this conclusion. The electrophoretically least mobile major serum protein components were found to contain all of the antibody activity. These proteins could be removed from immune serum by 20% sodium sulfate. The assumption was made that Aeromonas hydrophila antibodies in immunized rainbow trout blood serum may be made up of a complex of serum proteins with a broad range of salt solubility and electrophoretic mobilities.Serum proteins of rainbow trout could also be classified as euglobulins or pseudoglobulins. The serum proteins which contained the A. hydrophila antibodies were found to be euglobulins.
Records of Cryptobia salmositica from Sockeye Salmon from the Fraser River Drainage and from the State of Washington
Authors: Katz Max , Woodey James C. , Becker Clarence D. , Woo P. T. K. , Adams J. R.
Published: April 2011

not available
Some Factors Influencing the Distributions of Brook Trout and Young Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Gibson R. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Seasonal Pattern of Return of Atlantic Salmon in the Northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick
Authors: Saunders Richard L.
Published: April 2011

Rates of recapture as grilse of salmon tagged as smolts at two counting fences located 7 and 40 miles above tidehead on the Northwest Miramichi River, New Brunswick, were from 2.5–3.8%. The Northwest Miramichi has early (June–July) and late (September–October) runs of grilse and larger salmon. In this study, returns by and after August 16 are described as early and late respectively. Grilse returns from smolts produced in the headwaters (and tagged at the upper counting fence) were mainly in the early run. Smolts marked at the lower counting fence (but produced in all parts of the river above lower fence) were well represented in both the early and late runs of grilse. Of grilse ascending past the lower counting fence by August 16, a higher percentage of those tagged as smolts at the upper fence than at the lower fence reached the upper part of the river. Of the tagged grilse which ascended past the lower counting fence after August 16, none were recaptured in the upper part of the river. Times of smolt migration to sea and return of grilse appeared to be related to smolt age. Older smolts (age 3 and 4) tended to migrate earlier than younger ones (age 2). Grilse from older smolts were nearly twice as numerous in the early as in the late run; those from younger smolts were nearly equally represented in the early and late runs.
Size at Maturity, Spawning Season, and Food of Atlantic Halibut
Authors: Kohler A. C.
Published: April 2011

In otter-trawl catches of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) by research vessels from 1959 to 1964, mature males less than 66 to 70 cm long were not regularly encountered. Males were 96 to 100 cm long before the majority were mature, and females slightly longer. The research catches and commercial samples taken by longline from 1961 to 1963 indicated that spawning occurred at various times during the first half of the year. Halibut up to 30 cm long ate invertebrates; from 30 to 80 cm, invertebrates and fish; and over 80 cm, fish almost exclusively.
A Bacterial-Toxin Type of Phospholipase (Lecithinase C) in a Marine Phytoplanktonic Chrysomonad
Authors: Antia N. J. , Bilinski E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Two New Species of Calanoid Copepods from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Park Tai Soo
Published: April 2011

Two new species, Gaidius columbiae and Tharybis fultoni, from the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada, are described and illustrated in detail. The former can be distinguished from all previously known species of its genus by the shape of the postero-lateral process of the metasome, and the latter by the shape of the 5th pair of legs.
Scale Regeneration in the Bluespot Goby, Coryphopterus nicholsi
Authors: McCart P.
Published: April 2011

not available