bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluasi Performa Algoritma Decision Tree C4.5 Pada Dataset Bank Marketing Dengan Telepon Langsung
Authors: Hidayatullah Dikot Syarif , Widhakdo Rahman Bayu , Arivianto Ahmad , Taqwim Muhammad Lutfi , Yusa Mochammad
Published: June 2021

Marketing merupakan kegiatan untuk mempromosikan, menjual dan sebagai ujung tombak suatu perusahaan dalam menjalankan bisnis untuk memperoleh kesuksesan. Dalam hal ini marketing mencakup kegiatan sosialisasi dan juga pengiklanan dari suatu produk ke konsumen, terutama pada kasus bank yang memasarkan produk deposito berjangka ke nasabah dengan cara menelpon langsung nasabah. Begitu banyak cara bisa dikembangkan untuk menghasilkan sebuah hasil marketing yang efektif. Karena itu, diperlukannya evaluasi dari kegiatan marketing melalui telepon langsung untuk menentukan performa, knowledge dan rule berupa pohon keputusan dari proses marketing tersebut. Untuk memperoleh hasil evaluasi, maka diperlukan pengujian data mining klasifikasi dengan menggunakan Algoritma Decision Tree C4.5. Algoritma Decision Tree C4.5 dapat mengubah fakta yang sangat besar menjadi pohon keputusan yang merepresentasikan aturan dan memprediksi kelas target secara akurat dengan menggunakan variabel-variabel yang saling terkait. Sehingga hasil evaluasi dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pertimbangan pihak bank dalam mengevaluasi tingkat keberhasilan teknik marketing dengan menelpon langsung pelanggan.

Kata kunci: Marketing, Klasifikasi, Algoritma Decision Tree C4.5, Bank
A PERCEPÇÃO DOS SERVIDORES MUNICIPAIS NA DIVULGAÇÃO DAS INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE A LEI COMPLEMENTAR 101/2000 (LEI DE RESPONSABILIDADE FISCAL) E DA LEI COMPLEMENTAR 131/2009.
Authors: Cherobini Orth Arlete , Lúcia Koyama Pereira Vera , Alves Rocha Dutra Caique , Blum da Silva Presline , Rodrigues Leonel Correa Jusceliany  
Published: June 2021

A transparência é considerada um instrumento de contribuição para reduzir a corrupção no espaço público e aumentar a democracia entre o Estado e a sociedade. O objetivo principal do artigo é identificar a percepção dos colaboradores responsáveis por gerar e divulgar as informações dos atos dos gestores a respeito da Lei Complementar (LC) 101/2000 e LC 131/2009 que tratam da transparência na gestão pública. Caracteriza-se por uma pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa, com a realização de análise documental, e o período temporal é de 2012 a 2015. Foi realizado questionário com vinte e duas perguntas com trinta servidores dos setores de contabilidade, contabilidade da secretaria de saúde, licitação, tributação, recursos humanos e o controlador interno. Após ter sido realizada a coleta dos dados, estes foram representados graficamente com o percentual das respostas e realizou-se análise qualitativa das informações obtidas. De acordo com os dados coletados foi possível identificar a percepção dos entrevistados a respeito da Lei 101/2000 e sobre a LC. Ficou evidenciado que a grande maioria dos entrevistados tem um conhecimento mais aprofundado sobre a Lei 101/2000 e que sobre a Lei Complementar 131/2009 a maioria não tem conhecimento. A pesquisa contribuiu no sentido do aprofundamento das leis expostas e pelo real entendimento da percepção dos colaboradores frente as Leis 101/2000 e 131/2009 e com isso a sugestão de capacitação aos colaboradores.
A CASA SCHINKE COMO LEGADO DO PATRIMÔNIO MATERIAL
Authors: Mello Cláudio Renato de , Portz Solange da Silva , Gregory Valdir
Published: June 2021

Considerado o primeiro fotógrafo de Foz do Iguaçu, Harry Schinke (1902-1976) retratou os aspectos cotidianos da cidade e do seu povo; seus fatos históricos e monumentos. Neste percurso, o presente artigo pretende discutir algumas questões sobre como alguns símbolos e elementos pertencentes à cultura de Foz do Iguaçu, retratados por Schinke, contribuíram para a construção e manutenção de identidade local. A casa onde o personagem viveu está em vias de patrimonialização, nesse sentido é pertinente refletirmos sobre a importância do bem para a construção da memória. A metodologia de investigação é a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, trazendo os fundamentos da interdisciplinaridade, tendo como diretrizes as principais ideias de Nora (1993), em seu artigo “Entre Memória e História: A problemática dos lugares”; de Ginzburg (2008), ao direcionarmos nosso olhar investigativo à procura de “sinais”, “pistas” ou “indícios” – reveladores acerca dos fenômenos da realidade. Consideram-se ainda as reflexões de Argan (1998), sobre a arquitetura como disciplina independente e suas relações com a cultura e a memória. Para a análise documental, trazemos como orientação, algumas fotografias de Schinke, bem como o espaço de sua casa e seu entorno imediato, pensando sobre como se deu a apropriação deste exemplar arquitetônico, transformado em “lugar de memória” e constituído como patrimônio cultural. Como principais resultados, considera-se que as reflexões sobre as relações entre história, memória e identidade sejam uma grande contribuição à forma de se opor ao acelerado efeito devastador da contemporaneidade, que ocorre pela cristalização de traços e vestígios de um tempo que se foi.
水利工程中混凝土裂缝的成因与防治分析
Authors: 曹 建伟
Published: June 2021

近年来，我国综合国力得到了显著的提升，从而为各个领域的发展壮大带来了诸多的机遇，为了满足社会发展和民众生活的需要，我国在各个地区建造了大量的水利工程项目。就水利工程项目施工建造工作来说，需要运用到大量的混凝土材料，但是在施工过程中因为受到多方面因素的影响，所以极易出现混凝土裂缝的问题。在整个水利工程项目结构中，下层结构的主要作用就是承担一定的结构载荷以及外界多方面作用力，而混凝土属于一种复合型脆性材料，通常都是由砂石骨料、水泥、附加材料混合而成，因为混凝土结构需要担负上层结构施加的重力，再加上自身存在形变的问题所以极易出现结构裂缝的问题，通常的微裂缝可以说是无害裂缝，对于整个结构的载重不会造成严重的影响。但是部分载荷温差往往会对混凝土结构产生巨大的影响，微裂缝如果不能加以合理的把控，那么就会逐渐的延伸成为宏观裂缝，并且会对内部钢筋材料造成一定的腐蚀，不利于整个工程的施工质量和施工安全的保证。
水电工程材料试验检测与材料成本研究
Authors: 姚 帆
Published: June 2021

在经济建设过程中，水电工程有着不可忽视的地位，属于一项关键的民生工程，对于水电工程的建设质量来讲，很大程度上与人们的生命财产有关。基于这一项工程，无论是材料试验检测还是成本，都能够直接决定工程的整体质量，故而文章进行了如下的探究，以期为相关人员提供参考。
变态混凝土自动化搅拌加浆设备的研发及应用
Authors: 左 鹏杰
Published: June 2021

碾压混凝土坝施工中，传统方面注浆技术具有局限性，而融合自动化系统实施变态混凝土自动化搅拌加浆，注浆更加均匀、精准，有利于提高变态混凝土的密实性， 从而提升碾压混凝土坝施工效率和质量。文章对具体的设备研发和应用进行分析，以供借鉴。
医疗设备电气控制线路的各种隔离与技术措施分析
Authors: 曹 丁文
Published: June 2021

目前，医疗设备的自动化、信息化、统一化发展趋势不断加强，使得医疗电气设备的种类和应用场景不断丰富，为切实推进智慧医疗进程奠定了基础。基于此，文中以保障医疗电气设备平稳运行为目标，研究了医疗设备电气控制线路的隔离技术，分析了电气隔离技术在医疗设备控制中的应用优势，阐述了常见的电气控制线路隔离技术类型，然后对该技术的应用要点进行了论述。
与高速路桥立体交叉的水库溢洪道设计研究
Authors: 帅 世杰
Published: June 2021

某高速在规划过程中未能有效识别某水库淹没区及工程建设区范围，导致某高速桥的部分桥墩与某水库溢洪道相互交叉干扰。在水库溢洪道设计方案调整过程中，充分考虑高速路桥的布置现实，经过冲突主体两家设计单位充分研究沟通，在满足溢洪道规划设计功能的前提下，充分利用空间地形条件，对溢洪道布置进行优化调整，实现洪水不冲、过水不漫、基础不垮的必要条件，为两个脱贫攻坚民生项目的同步开展创造条件。
水利水电工程建设对生态环境的影响分析
Authors: 马木提 再那甫 •
Published: June 2021

在社会快速发展的影响下，人们的思想意识也发生了巨大的变化，人们对于环境保护工作越发的重视。水利水电工程不但与社会发展存在密切的关联，并且也与民众的生活息息相关，所以需要我们对水利水电工程的建造加以重点关注。在实施水工程施工建造工作的时候，往往会对周边环境造成巨大的影响，甚至会损害到生物结构，所以加大力度围绕水利水电工程建设与生态环境之间存在的关联进行综合分析是具有较强的现实意义的。
小型农田水利节水滴灌工程设计及施工
Authors: 李 志勤
Published: June 2021

近年来，我国综合国力在多方面利好因素的影响下得到了显著的提升，从而带动了各个领域的发展壮大。就现如今实际情况来看，在实施小型农田节水滴灌工程施工建造工作的时候，往往需要建设单位对设计与施工的环节加以重点关注，这主要是因为这些工作的效果与小型农田水利节水灌溉工程建设情况存在密切的关联，并且也会对整个工程的使用效果造成一定的影响。只有切实的不断提升小型农田水利节水滴灌设计和施工管理工作的水平，才可以保证高效的实现小型农田水利工程的建设目标，从而提升水资源的利用效率。这篇文章主要针对小型农田水利节水灌溉工程设计和施工工作展开细致的分析研究，希望能够对我国农村地区经济发展有所帮助。
灌区水利工程项目建设的管理分析
Authors: 屈 瑾
Published: June 2021

在社会快速发展的推动下，我国各个领域都得到了良好的发展，在这种发展形势下不管是民众的生活还是各个行业的发展对于水资源的需求量都在不断的增加，这样就对水利工程建设工作提出了更高的要求。在实际组织实施水利工程项目建设工作的时候，我们需要充分结合各方面实际情况来选择适合的管理方法，针对工程建设各项工作加以切实的把控，从而促进水利工程项目建设工作整体水平的不断提升。在实际组织实施水利工程项目建设工作的时候，施工单位应当从多个角度来不断提升管理工作的效率和效果，从而对罐区水利工程项目中所存在的问题加以切实的规避，将水利工程项目的作用充分的发挥出来。在社会快速发展的推动下，水利工程项目规模在不断的扩展，灌溉水利工程项目建设管理工作中所存在的问题越发的凸现出来，这样就会损害到水利工程项目的整体效果，针对上述问题我们应当对水利工程项目建设管理工作加以综合分析，并且确定导致各项问题的主要根源，利用有效的方式方法来加以解决。
水利水电工程中水闸施工技术与管理的探究
Authors: 托乎提 努热古丽 •
Published: June 2021

近年来，我国加大了经济对外开放的力度，从而有效的推动了我国社会经济水平的显著提升，为各个领域的发展壮大带来了诸多的机遇，与此同时也使得人们的思想意识发生了巨大的变化，人们对于生态环境保护工作给予了更多的关注。为了切实的提升水资源的利用效率，为社会发展提供充足的电力能源，我国各个地区都建造了大量的水利工程，这些水利工程在民众生活水平提升以及社会经济发展方面起到了重要的影响。在水利工程结构中水闸结构是其中较为重要的一个部分，水闸结构的建造质量与整个水利水电工程施工质量密切相关。但是在社会经济飞速发展的形势下，人们往往将更多的关注力都放在了经济效益的提升上，而对于水闸结构的建造缺少良好的重视，这样不但会损害到水利水电工程的防洪发电效率，并且还会对社会经济和民众生命安全造成一定的威胁。
水利水电工程边坡开挖支护施工技术研究
Authors: 李 超
Published: June 2021

随着水利水电工程建设的快速发展，边坡开挖技术占据重要的地位，发挥着极其重要的作用，为水利水电工程的发展提供了技术保障。在边坡开挖技术的应用过程中，还需要根据具体实际情况，解决技术方面的难题，充分发挥出边坡开挖技术的优势，进而提高水利水电工程的质量。文章主要对边坡开挖支护施工技术重要性进行了阐述，重点对边坡开挖支护施工技术要点展开深入研究。
水利信息化之水利自动化发展趋势探讨
Authors: 徐 立君
Published: June 2021

近年来，在多方面利好因素的影响下，我国水利工程行业得到了显著的发展，从而为我国社会经济水平和民众生活质量的提升起到了积极的推动作用。在水利信息化之中最为重要的就是水利自动化，其是水利信息化系统稳步发展的重要基础，所以水利自动化发展应当与水利信息化发展保持良好的统一性。但是在进行水利信息计划工作的时候，与其他水利项目计划存在明显的差别，水利信息最为核心地作用就是合理的规划水利信息。当前，我国国内水利信息较为巨大，但是因为不具备专业的信息收集的方法，所以对水力信息化和自动化的发展造成了一定的限制。
水利工程管理中存在的问题及对策
Authors: 王 书平
Published: June 2021

近年来，我国综合国力得到了显著的提升，从而为各个领域的发展壮大带来了诸多的机遇，在这种发展形势下，有效的推动了我国水利工程行业的发展。就我国水利工程实际情况来说，行业起步相对于其他发达国家较晚，在发展过程中也遇到了诸多的问题，尽管水利工程质量取得了良好的发展，但是因为受到多方面因素的影响，导致水利工程质量事故时有发生，这样对于整个社会的和谐发展造成了诸多的阻碍。要想切实的对水利工程施工质量加以根本保障，那么最为重要的就是需要积极的落实水利工程管理工作，保证水利工程各项施工工作质量都能够达到规定的标准要求。这篇文章主要围绕水利工程管理工作展开全面深入的研究分析，并针对其中存在的问题提出了解决的建议，希望能够对我国社会经济稳步发展有所帮助。
水利工程土石方施工技术探索
Authors: 高 怀欣 , 丁 炳强
Published: June 2021

作为我国重要的民生工程，水利施工项目建设对于提升社会经济效益和生态效益方面作用显著。因此大兴水利是一项利国利民的工程。土石方施工技术是水利工程建设的基础，施工技术的应用和管理非常关键。文章围绕土石方施工技术的主要特点，论述了水利工程建设过程中土石方施工技术的应用要点和具体的施工步骤，着重分析了土石方施工过程中需要采取的管理措施，希望能够保障水利工程项目的整体效益和施工质量，帮助企业获得更高的社会和经济效益。
GENDING DALAM PERSPEKTIF EKOLOGI STUDI KASUS GENDING-GENDING KARYA TJOKROWARSITO
Authors: Siswati Siswati
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini mengkaji gending-gending Tjokrowarsito yang bertema tentang lingkungan secara khusus dan secara umum. Gending yang dikaji merupakan karya yang berkaitan tentang program-program pemerintahan di masanya. Lancaran Penghijauan merupakan salah satu karya yang digunakan sebagai objek analisis gending dengan tema lingkungan hidup. Dengan menganalisis teks gending yang terdiri dari lirik/ cakepan dan melodi pada gending karya ki Tjokrowarsito, dapat ditemukan bahwasanya Lancaran penghijauan sebagai media untuk mempromosikan program pemerintah dalam merespon kondisi lingkungan alam yang terjadi saat itu. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan mampu menelaah kajian garap gending karya Tjokrowarsito beserta faktor-faktor apa saja yang menjadi pembentuk ide-ide karya Tjokrowarsito.
GARAP GEMBYANG DAN KEMPYUNG DALAM GENDÈRAN GENDHING GAYA SURAKARTA
Authors: Mustika Ema Mega , Purwanto Djoko
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini mengungkap tentang garap gembyang kempyung dalam gendèran gendhing gaya Surakarta.  Permasalahan yang dibahas terkait dengan pengertian gembyang kempyung, ricikan yang memiliki gembyang kempyung, hal-hal yang menjadi pertimbangan garap gembyang kempyung  dalam gendèran, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya perbedaan tafsir oleh penggendèr  akademis maupun alam. Data diperoleh melalui pengamatan pertunjukan, wawancara, dan studi pustaka.  Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif yang menekankan pada deskriptif analitik.  Permasalahan garap gembyang kempyung  dalam gendèran gending gaya Surakarta dikupas dengan menggunakan pendekatan pemikiran Supanggah mengenai unsur garap dan hal-hal yang berpengaruh dalam pembentukanan seorang pengrawit, dan teori lingkaran kempyung oleh Martopangrawit mengenai pathet.  Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan, bahwa dalam garap gembyang dan kempyung diperlukan beberapa pertimbangan antara lain; alur balungan gending, cengkok mati, pathet, dan arah nada.  Pada praktiknya terdapat perbedaan hasil tafsir gembyang kempyung oleh para penggendèr alam maupun akademik.  Terjadinya perbedaan tafsir tersebut dikarenakan beberapa hal yakni, modal penggendèr, pertimbangan garap, kontinuitas garap, kemantapan rasa masing-masing penggendèr, dan adanya kebebasan tafsir dalam karawitan.
SUBAKASTAWA DALAM PERSPEKTIF RAGAM GARAP PENYAJIANNYA
Authors: Setiawan Sigit
Published: June 2021

Subakastawa dalam Perspektif Ragam Garap Penyajiannya This study intends to describe the variety of Subakastawa's musical works. The method used is descriptive-analytic using Kuntowijoyo's developmental approach and Rahayu Supanggah's approach to work. The development of Kuntowijoyo helps to see the variety and interpretation of musical works from one period to another which is identical to the usefulness of the music itself, while the working approach is used as a tool to dissect the musical situation in the intended musical. The result of this research is that there are five types of work on Subakastawa, namely; Working on the public, Subakastawa Cara Balen, Subakastawa Winangun, Subakastawa Rinengga and Subakastawa in the context of shadow puppet shows.
Young Businesspeople’s Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions to Contribute to Local Communities: A Case Study of the Cultured Pearl Industry in Mie, Japan
Authors: Weeks Max , Hiroko Oe  , Yasuyuki Yamaoka  , Takuya Hirata
Published: June 2021

A number of theoretical frameworks attempt to help those in disadvantaged areas by encouraging growth in local industries created in those areas. However, as far as the authors are aware, not all of these attempts have been successful. The case discussed here is that of the cultured pearl industry, a traditional Japanese industry. In particular, the research focuses on the cultured pearl industry in Mie Prefecture, located in the western part of Mainland Japan, and the attitudes of young entrepreneurs who aim to support its sustainable development. A quantitative approach was applied to survey data collected from 170 respondents living in and originating from Mie Prefecture, through which this research attempts to identify the factors motivating young entrepreneurs to contribute to the industrial revitalisation of their local communities. Four potential motivating factors for young entrepreneurs to contribute to their local communities were initially hypothesised (sense of community involvement, attachment to community, economic value, and non-economic value, such as that related to community ties). These were then analysed and examined based on a factor analysis and regression model. The analytical results indicated that three of the four factors were significant in estimating the willingness of young entrepreneurs to contribute to the community, with the exception being the third factor, ‘economic value’. This finding may not be immediately generalisable due to the small amount of data available for the study and the need to compare individual respondent demographics and response trends. For example, it may be that the participants in this survey were already successful entrepreneurs with no financial concerns and a desire to contribute to the local pearl businesses and community development in addition to their primary businesses. Thus, a future research goal is to evaluate the results of this study through a detailed survey that considers the respondents' individual attributes. However, as a pilot test, this study indicates that the young generation, with its entrepreneurial spirit, does not necessarily have economic value as their primary goal. Instead, they may be more attentive to sociocultural factors; in particular, they may be prepared to take a stand for the sustainable development of their local communities.
Experimental substantiation for 2-hydroxypropanoic (lactic) acid temporary occupational exposure standard
Authors: Turkina VA , Pryzyhlei HV , Grushka OI
Published: June 2021

Lactic (2-hydroxypropanoic) acid is an important metabolic component of living organisms. It is also widely used in various industries. Such a wide application of the acid in manufacturing necessitates the regulation of its content in the workplace air. Toxic effects of lactic acid are described in the literature. It was found that 2-hydroxypropanoic acid belongs to hazard level IV by the criterion of acute oral and inhalation toxicity, it causes skin irritation, severe eye damage, has no skin-resorptive or sensitizing effect, does not cause reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity.

Aim of the Research. Substantiation for 2-hydroxypropanoic (lactic) acid indicative safe exposure level (ISEL) in the workplace air.

Methods and Materials. Analytical, toxicological, statistical.

Results. In the process of conducting toxicology study, it was found that in the conditions of inhalation experiment (intranasal modelling) 2-hydroxypropanoic acid causes changes in the state of the nervous system and affects the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage of experimental animals. Therefore, after a single-dose intranasal instillation Limir = Limac, it can be classified as a substance with non-specific irritant effect. It was found that the threshold of a single-dose inhalation exposure is 20 mg/m3.

Conclusions. According to the data obtained in the process of the experiment and data on toxicity parameters and health-based exposure standards of the chemical analogues, the value of ISEL for 2-hydroxypropanoic (lactic) acid in the workplace air was calculated, it is 1.0 mg/m3, aerosol.

Key Words: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, lactic acid, ISEL, workplace air.
Evaluation of Pre-Operative Risk Factors for Post-Surgical Wound Infection in Elective Operation
Authors: Islam Md Shahidul , Islam Mitheel Ibna , Uddin Md Jamal Saleh , Md Faruq Abul Kalam , Saha Samar Chandra , Islam Shitil Ibna
Published: June 2021

Background & Objective: Postoperative surgical site infections (SSIs) are still among the most common serious complications of surgery in terms of cost and consequences. Different risk factors like age, sex, nutrition, immunity, operation type, duration of stay in hospital and presence of hair on the skin may involve with SSIs. This study was intended to determine the risk factors for surgical site infections in a tertiary level hospital.

Methods: This Cross Sectional observational study was carried out in the Department of Surgery, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Rajshahi, over a period of 12 months from May 2009 to April 2010. A total of 232 patients (aged 18 years onwards) of either sex scheduled for elective operation were included in the study. Common indications for operation were chronic calculus cholecystitis, stoma in situ, inguinal hernia, renal/urinary stones and benign prostatic hyperplasia and so on. As two patients were discharged on request on 2nd postoperative day, 230 patients were left for final analysis. The patients were followed till discharge.

Results: Of the total 230 patients, 21(9.1%) developed post-operative wound infection. The incidence of wound infection was significantly higher in older patients (p = 0.014). However sex did not have any influence on wound infection. The malnourished patients (underweight in terms of BMI) developed SSIs more frequently than their normal or overweight counterparts (p < 0.001). Diabetic patients developed post-operative wound infection more often than the non-diabetics(p = 0.072). The incidence of post-operative wound infection was not found to be associated with shaving of hair on the skin over the operative site (p = 0.378). Contaminated wounds encountered SSI significantly more than the clean wounds did (p = 0.001).

Conclusion: The study concluded that one in every ten patients undergoing abdominal surgery may develop postoperative wound infection and factors commonly associated with wound infection are older age, underweight, diabetes, contaminated wound, longer preoperative and postoperative hospital stay. The study suggests that reducing the factors of SSI (as far as practicable) will reduce the incidence of SSI.

Ibrahim Card Med J 2015; 5 (1&2): 15-20
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Begum Zinat , Banu Dewan Shahida , Shanta Shaila Sharmeen , Islam Shitil Ibna
Published: June 2021

Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine the risk factors for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) presented at Bangladesh Institute of Research in Diabetes, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM).

Materials & methods: The present case-control study was conducted at BIRDEM Hospital, Dhaka over a period of 6 months from July to December 2011. A total of 100 pregnant women (20 cases and 80 controls) were consecutively enrolled in the study. Pregnant women who developed diabetes at their 3rd trimester were cases (n = 20), while pregnant women free from diabetes at their 3rd trimester were controls (n = 80). The diagnosis of GDM was made using a two-step approach. Pregnant women were initially screened by measuring the plasma glucose concentrations 1 hour after a 50 gram of oral glucose challenge. A diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test was performed on the subset of women whose plasma glucose concentrations exceded the threshold value for glucose (> 140 mg/dl).

Result: The study showed that older patients (≥ 25 years) were predominant in both case and control groups. The groups were almost comparable in terms of socioeconomic status and occupation. The distribution of gestational age was also similar between groups (33.1 ± 6.3 vs. 34.2 ± 3.9 years, p = 0.476). Majority (85%) of the cases had family history of diabetes (p < 0.001). Thirty five percent of cases were nulipara and 65% multipara compared to 51.3% and 48.7% respectively of the control (p = 0.076). No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of preterm labour and PROM (p = 0.690 and 0.220 respectively). Forty percent of cases had past history of GDM compared to 3.8% of controls (p < 0.001). The fasting plasma glucose and plasma glucose 2 hrs after 75 g of glucose ingestion were significantly higher in pregnant women having GDM than those in normal pregnant women (8.3 ± 3.1 vs. 4.1 ± 0.5 mmol/L, p < 0.001;12.9 ± 4.8 vs. 5.9 ± 1.2 mmol/L, p < 0.001 respectively).

Conclusion: The study concluded that none of the sociodemographic characteristics like age, socioeconomic status and occupation was found to be associated with GDM. However, pregnant women with family history of diabetes are at risk of developing GDM significantly more than those without GDM. Multipara tend to develop GDM more frequently than the primipara does. Past incidence of GDM increases the risk of GDM in the subsequent pregnancy.

Ibrahim Card Med J 2015; 5 (1&2): 49-53
Iatrogenic Dissection of Left Main-Stem during Primary PCI for Inferior STEMI: A Catastrophic Complication
Authors: Kabir CM Shaheen , Ali M Liaquat , Khan Saidur Rahman , Chowdhury Mashhud Zia , Haq M Maksumul
Published: June 2021

Coronary artery dissection is a rare but well-recognized complication of coronary angiography with high morbidity and mortality rate. We present the case of a 54-year-old male who experienced iatrogenic left main-stem (LMS) dissection during transradial coronary angiography for inferior STEMI. The patient was successfully treated by prompt bail-out stenting. Intracoronary stenting is of value in stabilising the patients before emergency bypass surgery and can save lives in LMS complications.

Ibrahim Card Med J 2015; 5 (1&2): 67-71
Evaluation of attitudes of health care professionals towards the use of corticosteroids in the Republic of Kosovo
Authors: Behluli Emir , Nikoloski Marija , Spahiu Lidvana , Glavas Dodov Marija
Published: June 2021

Irrational use of drugs/medicinal productsremains a major issue facing most health systems across the world, especially the developing countries with weak health systems, where mechanisms for routine monitoring of drug productuse are often not well developed or are at times non-existent. In order to collect preliminary data on real-life attitudes, beliefs and perceptions about the treatment with corticosteroid drugs (CSs), a representative sample of 30caregivers (medical doctors from different specialty) from Republic of Kosovo, was assessed during the period of March to April in 2017, where most of the surveyed (93.30%) were of Albanian nationality.
More than 86% of all surveyed respondents confirmed that they prescribed CSs in the last year. According to the answers of the questionnaire, 33.33% of respondents prescribed 1 to 5 CSs in the last month, 23.33% of respondents prescribed5 to 10 CSs and 26.67% more than 15 CSs, while 16.67% not even once. The question concerning the attitudes on CSs treatment was answered as follows: 16.67% of all respondents had negative attitude on CSs treatment, 60% of the respondents expressed the opposite opinion, and the other 23.33% of respondents could not give a definite answer. Data from the separate analyses performed to determine the most common indication showed that allergy was the indication the CSs were mostly prescribed for (70%). Of the total CSs prescribed, obtained results revealed that low potency CSs (methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone) were often prescribed (70%), while the most commonly prescribed dosage forms were topical steroids, followed by the inhalation formulations and oral dosage forms (33.33%).

Keywords: corticosteroids, irrational use, prescription, survey, corticophobia
Riscos do investidor-anjo e limites de sua responsabilidade em startups
Authors: Maia Torben Fernandes , Silva Junior Paulo Antônio Maia e , Nóbrega José Cândido da Silva , Bezerra Neto Francisco das Chagas
Published: June 2021

O presente estudo vislumbra analisar alguns apontamentos acerca dos riscos do investidor-anjo e limites de sua responsabilidade em startups. Nessa perspectiva, este artigo, através da pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, método dedutivo, coleta de dados documental e bibliográfica, procedeu-se de modo a realizar uma análise minuciosa do arcabouço normativo e jurisprudencial que trata acerca das startups. Não obstante, foi pontuado a extrema relevância que as startups possuem para o cenário econômico e social, e o papel que o investidor-anjo desempenha dentro desse cenário. Dessa maneira, diante da problemática exposta, buscou-se, tendo como base a axiologia constitucional, e partindo para uma hermenêutica sistêmica com a legislação civil e normas esparsas, analisar e ponderar a distribuição de responsabilidades entre investidor e investido dentro do que a legislação orienta sobre como deve ser. Ademais, foi destacado as questões particulares das startups, principalmente no tocante a possibilidade de falência desta empresa ser ainda maior, dada a ausência de precedentes e de um modelo de negócios já consolidado, em que os fundadores irão atuar sobre terreno completamente desconhecido e sem parâmetros de sucesso a ser seguido.
Revisão bibliográfica e análises de visualizações sobre Kingsleya attenboroughi Pinheiro & Santana, 2016 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudothelphusidae)
Authors: Sampaio Raimundo Samuel Leite , Lima Junior Fernandes de , Fernandes Júnior Francisco Ilosmar , Oliveira Maraiza Gregorio de , Teixeira Pedro Hudson Rodrigues , Correia Dennis Bezerra , Oliveira João Paulo Camilo de , Costa Maria Haiele Nogueira da , Rocha Maria Ivaneide , Muniz José Iago , Pereira Ginna Gonçalves , Sampaio Nayane Kely Silva
Published: June 2021

Kingsleya attenboroughi, conhecido popularmente como “Guajá”, é uma espécie de caranguejo de água doce, endêmica da Chapada do Araripe- Ceará, Brasil (predominância situada no distrito de Arajara- Município de Barbalha), região caracterizada com inúmeras fontes de água doce, e assim favorecendo condições ideais para a sobrevivência de K. attenboroughi na localidade. Esta pesquisa consiste em um levantamento de dados sobre a espécie, e diferentes bases científicas foram analisadas: Google acadêmico®, ScienceDirect®, Web of sciences®, e Pubmed® para obter as informações. K.  attenboroughi difere principalmente de suas congêneres por apresentar características próprias, como uma placa apical curta no primeiro gonópode. Poucos trabalhos foram relatados até o presente momento. Sua ecologia preocupa estudiosos uma vez que esta sobre constante ameaça de extinção. Desta forma, incentivos e pesquisas vem crescendo nesta região para evitar o colapso da biodiversidade.
Stable isotopes track the ontogenetic movement of three commercially important fishes along a coastal Tanzanian seascape
Authors: Hernandez MF , Midway SR , West L , Tillya H , Polito MJ
Published: June 2021

Coastal habitats serve a variety of functions for fisheries species including the provision of foraging areas. Numerous studies have demonstrated that fish species shift their habitat preferences as they age, and this paradigm is also common in commercially important species. In this study, the timing and magnitude of ontogenetic movements in 3 coastal fishes (thumbprint emperor Lethrinus harak, crescent perch Terapon jarbua, and dory snapper Lutjanus fulviflamma) was examined in Tanzania. A combination of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, Bayesian mixing models, and niche metric analysis was used to quantify the ontogenetic timing and magnitude of shifts in each species’ habitat niche. Results from this work identified an ontogenetic shift in the relative importance of mangrove and seagrass habitat use between smaller, younger individuals and larger, older individuals across all 3 species. However, the ontogenetic timing of this shift varied between species, with thumbprint emperor exhibiting the most abrupt shift in habitat use with increasing body size, followed by dory snapper and crescent perch. Management approaches that emphasize the conservation of seascapes are suggested to support sustainable fisheries in coastal Tanzania.
William Gilpin's Atmospheric Sympathy
Authors: Lafford Erin
Published: June 2021

The picturesque, especially as imagined by William Gilpin, has long been critiqued as lacking in social conscience. The picturesque tourist is more often considered as detached from both the views and the people he encounters than as being sympathetically involved in either the local environment or its communities. This essay argues that paying closer attention to the importance and prevalence of atmosphere in Gilpin's picturesque provides an opportunity to reconsider such disinterest, as well as to acknowledge anxieties surrounding an embodied environmental sympathy in his writings that bears the influence of eighteenth-century medical thought. As both the aerial and meteorological conditions of a particular place and as a surrounding emotional or moral element, atmosphere is a medium through which Gilpin negotiates physical and emotional distance and proximity, revealing the picturesque tourist as a subject who feels their way into relationship with places and people, but who also negotiates the limits of that feeling.
A Forgotten ‘Romantic’ Excursion: Joseph Blanco White's A Journey to the Trosacks in 1816
Authors: Coletes-Blanco Agustín
Published: June 2021

In 1816 Joseph Blanco White visited the Trossachs, having travelled to Edinburgh as a member of the household of Lord and Lady Holland. Soon afterwards he wrote A Journey to the Trosacks in 1816, a short but fascinating account of his trip which has remained unpublished until now. Lucidly penned, this autograph text shows admiration for the Scottish wilderness and interest in technological feats such as the steamboat that he takes on the Firth of Forth, an absolute novelty at the time. Observations on Highlands customs and language, and literary allusions to Sterne, Scott, Johnson and Boswell add to the interest of this forgotten piece, as do remarks about John Murray the publisher and Dugald Stewart the philosopher. The aim of this article is to present for the first time this work as a document of literary and cultural importance, given the renewed interest of Romantic era scholarship in travel writing and in Blanco White, the most important Spanish cultural mediator in Britain during the first decades of the 19th century.
Development, Preparation, and Biomedical Applications of DNA-Based Hydrogels
Authors: Jian Xueting , Feng Xiaoyi , Luo Yuning , Li Fangjie , Tan Junyan , Yin Yuli , Liu Yang
Published: June 2021

Hydrogels have outstanding research and application prospects in the biomedical field. Among them, the design and preparation of biomedical hydrogels with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as building blocks have attracted increasing research interest. DNA-based hydrogel not only has the skeleton function of hydrogel, but also retains its biological functions, including its excellent selection specificity, structural designability, precise molecular recognition ability, outstanding biocompatibility, and so on. It has shown important application prospects in the biomedical field, such as drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. In recent years, researchers have made full use of the characteristics of DNA molecules and constructed various pure DNA-based hydrogels with excellent properties through various crosslinking methods. Moreover, via introducing functional molecules or elements, or combining with other functional materials, a variety of multifunctional DNA-based hybrid hydrogels have also been constructed, which expand the breadth and depth of their applications. Here, we described the recent development trend in the area of DNA-based hydrogels and highlighted various preparation methods of DNA-based hydrogels. Representative biomedical applications are also exemplified to show the high performance of DNA-based hydrogels. Meanwhile, the existing problems and prospects are also summarized. This review provided references for the further development of DNA-based hydrogels.
Immune-Inflammatory Responses of an Acellular Cartilage Matrix Biomimetic Scaffold in a Xenotransplantation Goat Model for Cartilage Tissue Engineering
Authors: Jia Litao , Zhang Peiling , Ci Zheng , Zhang Wei , Liu Yu , Jiang Haiyue , Zhou Guangdong
Published: June 2021

The rapid development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has introduced a new strategy for ear reconstruction, successfully regenerating human-ear-shaped cartilage and achieving the first clinical breakthrough using a polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid (PGA/PLA) scaffold. However, its clinical repair varies greatly among individuals, and the quality of regenerated cartilage is unstable, which seriously limits further clinical application. Acellular cartilage matrix (ACM), with a cartilage-specific microenvironment, good biocompatibility, and potential to promote cell proliferation, has been used to regenerate homogeneous ear-shaped cartilage in immunocompromised nude mice. However, there is no evidence on whether ACM will regenerate homogeneous cartilage tissue in large animals or has the potential for clinical transformation. In this study, xenogeneic ACM assisted with gelatin (GT) with or without autologous chondrocytes was implanted subcutaneously into goats to establish a xenotransplantation model and compared with a PGA/PLA scaffold to evaluate the immune-inflammatory response and quality of regenerated cartilage. The results confirmed the superiority of the ACM/GT, which has the potential capacity to promote cell proliferation and cartilage formation. Although there is a slight immune-inflammatory response in large animals, it does not affect the quality of the regenerated cartilage and forms homogeneous and mature cartilage. The current study provides detailed insights into the immune-inflammatory response of the xenogeneic ACM/GT and also provides scientific evidence for future clinical application of ACM/GT in cartilage tissue engineering.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-D Activates Complement System to Propagate Macrophage Polarization and Neovascularization
Authors: Xiong Zhen , Wang Qianqian , Li Wanhong , Huang Lijuan , Zhang Jianing , Zhu Juanhua , Xie Bingbing , Wang Shasha , Kuang Haiqing , Lin Xianchai , Lee Chunsik , Kumar Anil , Li Xuri
Published: June 2021

Platelet-derived growth factor-D (PDGF-D) is highly expressed in immune cells. However, the potential role of PDGF-D in immune system remains thus far unclear. Here, we reveal a novel function of PDGF-D in activating both classical and alternative complement pathways that markedly increase chemokine and cytokine responses to promote macrophage polarization. Pharmacological targeting of the complement C3a receptor using SB290157 alleviated PDGF-D-induced neuroinflammation by blocking macrophage polarization and inhibited pathological choroidal neovascularization. Our study thus suggests that therapeutic strategies targeting both PDGF-D and the complement system may open up new possibilities for the treatment of neovascular diseases.
One-Step Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots With Anodic Electrochemiluminescence for Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose
Authors: Yanyan Zheng , Lin Jing , Xie Liuhong , Tang Hongliang , Wang Kailong , Liu Jiyang
Published: June 2021

Simple and efficient synthesis of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) with anodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) remains a great challenge. Herein, we present an anodic ECL-sensing platform based on nitrogen-doped GQDs (N-GQDs), which enables sensitive detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose. N-GQDs are easily prepared using one-step molecular fusion between carbon precursor and a dopant in an alkaline hydrothermal process. The synthesis is simple, green, and has high production yield. The as-prepared N-GQDs exhibit a single graphene-layered structure, uniform size, and good crystalline. In the presence of H2O2, N-GQDs possess high anodic ECL activity owing to the functional hydrazide groups. With N-GQDs being ECL probes, sensitive detection of H2O2 in the range of 0.3–100.0 μM with a limit of detection or LOD of 63 nM is achieved. As the oxidation of glucose catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx) produces H2O2, sensitive detection of glucose is also realized in the range of 0.7–90.0 μM (LOD of 96 nM).
Big COVID, Red State: The Value of Over-Communication in a Public Health Crisis
Authors: Schneider Jen
Published: June 2021

This Community Case Study examines the challenges of communicating about the COVID-19 crisis in a politically conservative American state, Idaho. The study presents an analysis of one local expert’s communication strategies in the face of significant partisanship, threats of violence, and widespread refusal to comply with recommended public health behaviors. Findings suggest that consistent, cross-platform communication that emphasizes personalized recommendations and advice, transparency, and humility, are key strategies in a fractured information environment. However, while micro-level communication strategies are important, more must be done to help Americans regain trust in institutions, expertise, and information at a macro-level.
Understanding the Impact of Industrial Stress Conditions on Replicative Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Eigenfeld Marco , Kerpes Roland , Becker Thomas
Published: June 2021

In yeast, aging is widely understood as the decline of physiological function and the decreasing ability to adapt to environmental changes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become an important model organism for the investigation of these processes. Yeast is used in industrial processes (beer and wine production), and several stress conditions can influence its intracellular aging processes. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on applied stress conditions, such as osmotic pressure, primary metabolites (e.g., ethanol), low pH, oxidative stress, heat on aging indicators, age-related physiological changes, and yeast longevity. There is clear evidence that yeast cells are exposed to many stressors influencing viability and vitality, leading to an age-related shift in age distribution. Currently, there is a lack of rapid, non-invasive methods allowing the investigation of aspects of yeast aging in real time on a single-cell basis using the high-throughput approach. Methods such as micromanipulation, centrifugal elutriator, or biotinylation do not provide real-time information on age distributions in industrial processes. In contrast, innovative approaches, such as non-invasive fluorescence coupled flow cytometry intended for high-throughput measurements, could be promising for determining the replicative age of yeast cells in fermentation and its impact on industrial stress conditions.
MicroRNA-mRNA Regulatory Networking Fine-Tunes Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthesis and Metabolism in the Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goat
Authors: Xie Yuchun , Liu Zhihong , Guo Juntao , Su Xin , Zhao Cun , Zhang Chongyan , Qin Qing , Dai Dongliang , Zhao Yanhong , Wang Zhiying , Wang Ruijun , Zhang Yanjun , Su Rui , Wang Zhixin , Li Jinquan
Published: June 2021

Fatty acid composition is an important aspect of meat quality in ruminants. Improving the beneficial fatty acid level in cashmere goat meat is important to its economic value. To investigate microRNAs (miRNAs) and mRNAs that regulate or coregulate polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis and metabolism in the Inner Mongolia cashmere goat, we used longissimus dorsi muscle (WLM) and biceps femoris muscle (WBM) for transcript-level sequencing. RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the expression of mRNAs and miRNAs associated with PUFA synthesis and metabolism. The total PUFA content in the WBM was significantly higher than that in the WLM (P < 0.05). Our study is the first to systematically report miRNAs in cashmere goat meat. At the mRNA level, 20,375 genes were identified. ACSL1, CD36 and TECRL were at the center of a gene regulatory network and contributed significantly to the accumulation and metabolic regulation of fatty acids. At the miRNA level, 426 known miRNAs and 30 novel miRNAs were identified. KEGG analysis revealed that the miRNA target genes were involved mainly in the PPAR signaling pathway. The mRNA-miRNA coregulation analysis showed that ACSL1 was negatively targeted by nine miRNAs: chi-miR-10a-5p, chi-miR-10b-5p, chi-miR-130b-5p, chi-miR-15a-5p_R-1, chi-miR-15b-5p, chi-miR-16a-5p, chi-miR-16b-5p, chi-miR-181c-5p_R+1, and chi-miR-26b-5p. Finally, we speculated that the simultaneous silencing of ACSL1 by one or more of these nine miRNAs through PPAR signaling led to low ACSL1 expression in the WLM and, ultimately to high PUFA content in the WBM. Our study helps elucidate the metabolic regulation of fatty acids in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats.
Effect of the Expression of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 Genes on the Metastatic Potential of Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Nikulin Sergey , Zakharova Galina , Poloznikov Andrey , Raigorodskaya Maria , Wicklein Daniel , Schumacher Udo , Nersisyan Stepan , Bergquist Jonas , Bakalkin Georgy , Astakhova Lidiia , Tonevitsky Alexander
Published: June 2021

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms among women worldwide, and metastatic BC presents the biggest problems for treatment. Previously, it was shown that lower expression of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes is associated with a higher risk of the formation of distant metastases in BC. In this work, we studied the change in phenotypical traits, as well as in the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of BC cells as a result of the stable knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes. The knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes was found to lead to a strong increase in the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) MMP1. These results were in good agreement with the correlation analysis of gene expression in tumor samples from patients and were additionally confirmed by zymography. The knockdown of ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes was also discovered to change the expression of a group of genes involved in the formation of intercellular contacts. In particular, the expression of the CDH11 gene was markedly reduced, which also complies with the correlation analysis. The spheroid formation assay showed that intercellular adhesion decreased as a result of the knockdown of the ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes. Thus, the obtained data indicate that malignant breast tumors with reduced expression of the ELOVL5 and IGFBP6 genes can metastasize with a higher probability due to a more efficient invasion of tumor cells.
Oligogenic Inheritance of Monoallelic TRIP11, FKBP10, NEK1, TBX5, and NBAS Variants Leading to a Phenotype Similar to Odontochondrodysplasia
Authors: Costantini Alice , Valta Helena , Suomi Anne-Maarit , Mäkitie Outi , Taylan Fulya
Published: June 2021

Skeletal dysplasias are often well characterized, and only a minority of the cases remain unsolved after a thorough analysis of pathogenic variants in over 400 genes that are presently known to cause monogenic skeletal diseases. Here, we describe an 11-year-old Finnish girl, born to unrelated healthy parents, who had severe short stature and a phenotype similar to odontochondrodysplasia (ODCD), a monogenic skeletal dysplasia caused by biallelic TRIP11 variants. The family had previously lost a fetus due to severe skeletal dysplasia. Exome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis revealed an oligogenic inheritance of a heterozygous nonsense mutation in TRIP11 and four likely pathogenic missense variants in FKBP10, TBX5, NEK1, and NBAS in the index patient. Interestingly, all these genes except TBX5 are known to cause skeletal dysplasia in an autosomal recessive manner. In contrast, the fetus was found homozygous for the TRIP11 mutation, and achondrogenesis type IA diagnosis was, thus, molecularly confirmed, indicating two different skeletal dysplasia forms in the family. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an oligogenic inheritance model of a skeletal dysplasia in a Finnish family. Our findings may have implications for genetic counseling and for understanding the yet unsolved cases of rare skeletal dysplasias.
Frog Skin Derived Peptides With Potential Protective Effects on Ultraviolet B–Induced Cutaneous Photodamage
Authors: Liu Han , Guo Xiaopu , Yi Tangwei , Zhu Yihan , Ren Xinyi , Guo Renxian , Dai Yi , Liang Shaohui
Published: June 2021

Hyla annectans is a tree frog living in the southwestern plateau area of China where there is strong ultraviolet radiation and long duration of sunshine. So their naked skin may possess chemical defense components that protect it from acute photo-damage. However, no such peptide or components has been identified till to date. In the current work, two novel peptides (FW-1, FWPLI-NH2 and FW-2, FWPMI-NH2) were identified from the skin of the tree frog. Five copies of FW-1 and four copies of FW-2 are encoded by an identical gene and released from the same protein precursor, which possess 167 amino acid residues. FW-1 and -2 can exert significant anti-inflammatory functions by directly inhibiting Ultraviolet B irradiation (UVB)-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). They may achieve this function by modulating the UV-induced stress signaling pathways such as Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB). Besides, FW-1 and -2 showed potential antioxidant effects on epidermis by attenuating the UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through an unknown mechanism. Considering small peptides’ easy production, storage, and potential photo-protective activity, FW-1/2 might be exciting leading compounds or templates for the development of novel pharmacological agents for the suppression of UVB-induced skin inflammation. Moreover, this study might expand our knowledge on skin defensive mechanism of tree frog upon UVB irradiation.
The Oxidative Response of Human Monocytes to Surface Modified Commercially Pure Titanium
Authors: De Poi Robert P. , Kowolik Michael , Oshida Yoshiki , El Kholy Karim
Published: June 2021

Cellular responses to implanted biomaterials are key to understanding osseointegration. The aim of this investigation was to determine the in vitro priming and activation of the respiratory burst activity of monocytes in response to surface-modified titanium. Human peripheral blood monocytes of healthy blood donors were separated, then incubated with surface-modified grade 2 commercially pure titanium (CPT) disks with a range of known surface energies and surface roughness for 30- or 60-min. Secondary stimulation by phorbol 12-myrisate 13-acetate (PMA) following the priming phase, and luminol-enhanced-chemiluminescence (LCL) was used to monitor oxygen-dependent activity. Comparison among groups was made by incubation time using one-way ANOVA. One sample from each group for each phase of the experiment was viewed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and qualitative comparisons made. The results indicate that titanium is capable of priming peripheral blood monocytes following 60-min incubation. In contrast, 30 min incubation time lead to reduced LCL on secondary stimulation as compared to cells alone. At both time intervals, the disk with the lowest surface energy produced significantly less LCL compared to other samples. SEM examination revealed differences in surface morphology at different time points but not between differently surface-modified disks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the titanium surface characteristics influenced the monocyte activity, which may be important in regulating the healing response to these materials.