bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geoinformation Modeling of Flooded Areas in Settlements in the Example of Lutsk
Authors: Shostak Anna , Voloshyn Volodymyr , Melnyk Oleksandr , Manko Pavlo
Published: February 2018

 Floods in Ukraine is a common natural phenomenon that repeats periodically and in some cases it becomes disastrous signs. In an average year in the rivers of Volyn passes from one to three floods with going beyond the limits of the floodplain. Floodplain of Styr river is located in the historical center of Lutsk city, that`s why issues of research and forecasting of floods are very important for a given city. Using modern technologies of geodesy and remote sensing allows to quickly determine and predict the floodplain area of settlements. The research results of water level changes on the Styr River and flood zones within the limits of Lutsk is proposed. The mathematical model of short-term forecasting of water level in flood period on the river Styr with implementation of geoinformation modeling of flooded areas using remote sensing data is proposed.
Analysis Of The Temperature Changes In The AburrÁ Valley Between 1995 And 2015 And Modeling Based On Urban, Meteorological And Energetic Parameters
Authors: Posada Enrique , Cadavid Andrea
Published: February 2018

There is a perception among the inhabitants of the Aburrá Valley Region, that this heavily populated region, situated in the Andean mountains of Colombia, has been suffering large temperature elevations in the last years, especially in the last decade. To give perspective about this issue, the authors have gone through the available information about temperature changes in three meteorological stations in the region and have correlated it with a set of variables of urban, climatic and energetic nature, with the intention of developing an approximate model to understand the temperature changes. Changes in the mean temperature, based on the linear correlation of the data were estimated on 0.47oC for the 20 years between 1995 and 2015; the study showed that 60% of change was found to be related to local human activities and 40% was attributed to the impact of global warming. For the local influences some practical mitigation actions are proposed, related to improve the energy management and paying more attention to the temperature changes trough improvements in the number and capability of sampling stations in the urban air and in the river, which serve as clear indicators of the changes and the effect of any mitigation measures.
Applications of Metals for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Glenske Kristina , Donkiewicz Phil , Köwitsch Alexander , Milosevic-Oljaca Nada , Rofall Sven , Franke Jörg , Jung Ole , Schnettler Reinhard , Wenisch Sabine , Barbeck Mike
Published: February 2018

The regeneration of bone tissue is a main purpose of most therapies in dental medicine. For bone regeneration, calcium phosphate (CaP)-based substitute materials based on natural (allo- and xenografts) and synthetic origins (alloplastic materials) are applied for guiding the regeneration processes. The optimal bone substitute has to act as a substrate for bone ingrowth into a defect, while it should be resorbed even in the time frame needed for complete regeneration up to the condition of restitution ad integrum. In this context, the modes of action of CaP-based substitute materials have been frequently investigated and it has been shown that such materials strongly influence regenerative processes such as osteoblast growth or differentiation and also on osteoclastic resorption due to different physicochemical properties of the materials. However, the material characteristics needed for the required ratio between the formation of new bone tissue and material degradation has not been found until now. The addition of different substances such as collagen or growth factors and also of different cell types have already been tested but did not allow for sufficient or prompt application. Moreover, metals or metal ions are differently used as basis or as supplement for different materials in the field of bone regeneration. Moreover, it has already been shown that different metal ions are integral components of bone tissue playing functional roles in the physiological cellular environment as well as in the course of bone healing. The present review focuses on frequently used metals as integral parts of materials designated for bone regeneration with the aim to give an overview of currently existing knowledge about the effects of metals in the field of bone regeneration.
Kinematics of a Fluid Ellipse in a Linear Flow
Authors: Lilly Jonathan M.
Published: February 2018

A four-parameter kinematic model for the position of a fluid parcel in a time-varying ellipse is introduced. For any ellipse advected by an arbitrary linear two-dimensional flow, the rates of change of the ellipse parameters are uniquely determined by the four parameters of the velocity gradient matrix, and vice-versa. This result, termed ellipse/flow equivalence, provides a stronger version of the well-known result that a linear velocity field maps an ellipse into another ellipse. Moreover, ellipse/flow equivalence is shown to be a manifestation of Stokes' theorem. This is done by deriving a matrix-valued relationship, called the geometric Stokes' theorem, that involves a spatial integral over the velocity gradient tensor, thus accounting for the two strain terms in addition to the divergence and vorticity. General expressions for various physical properties of an elliptical ring of fluid are also derived. The ellipse kinetic energy is found to be composed of three portions, associated respectively with the circulation, the rate of change of the moment of inertia, and the variance of parcel angular velocity around the ellipse. A particular innovation is the use of four matrices, termed the IJKL basis, that greatly facilitate the required calculations.
OMANI SCHOOL SUPERVISOR PERSPECTIVES OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS IMPACTING UPON STUDENTS’ LIMITED ENGLISH PROFICIENCY: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: AL-MAHROOQI RAHMA , DENMAN CHRISTOPHER , AL-MAAMARI FAISAL
Published: February 2018

Since the beginning of Oman’s “modern era” in 1970, English has assumed a central role in the country’s education system and has acted as a lingua franca across a variety of domains. However, despite this, graduates of Omani public schools are often reported as lacking the English-language linguistic and communicative abilities demanded by higher education institutions and the world of work. Consequently, most high school graduates entering tertiary education are required to enrol in foundation programs to improve their English language skills, while the employability of graduates seeking jobs straight from high school has also been reported as being negatively affected. Within this context, the current research explored the ways in which contextual factors relate to Omani school graduates’ development of English language skills. To achieve this, eight high school English language teaching supervisors responded to an on-line, open-ended question about the contextual factors they believed caused Omani school students to graduate with low English language proficiency. Results indicate that participants believed families, parents, and “Englishness” are the most important contextual factors contributing to this issue. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
REPRODUCING THE INSTITUTIONAL DISCOURSES: A CRITICAL LANGUAGE AWARENESS APPROACH
Authors: ZARRINJOOEI NAHID
Published: February 2018

Since “consciousness is the first step towards emancipation” (Fairclough, 1989, p. 233), and since reproducing the ideological power-bearing discourses and hierarchical relations needs foregrounding the taken-for-granted relations in academic settings, the present study focuses on the different discourses and interactions of supervisors, advisors, external and internal examiners, and the audience with the M.A. defending students while urging on various orders of discourse with change. The present paper is a qualitative ethnography-based approach and sees into various commonsensical power-bearing verbal and nonverbal discourses. The specific methods of this work are a long-term observation accompanied by a detailed contextual analysis of five recorded viva sessions in two universities in the west of Iran. The findings of this study, power in discourse and power above discourse, helped in answering how orders of discourse are naturally produced in academic settings generally, and in viva voce settings specifically. Finally, this study concedes that both students and members of the elite groups _professors_ comprehend and produce power-bearing discourses without even a minor change, so that the traditionally held and commonsensical ideologies leading to powerful discourses appeared quite legitimate. Compliances resulted in reinforcing commonsensical assumptions in the academic settings. Resistance or social struggle, as the alternative reaction, is suggested at the end of this work which could lead to reforms in academic and educational systems in favor of emancipation. Similar studies can be done in classrooms and the same contexts where there seems to be unequal hierarchical relations for the purpose of bringing about social struggle. This study has implications for higher education specifically, and for education in general.
VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE LEARNING AND READING COMPREHENSION PERFORMANCE: WHICH ONE IS SUPERIOR - BREADTH OR DEPTH?
Authors: MOHAMMADI SEYED M. , BAYAT AFSHAR NASROLLAH
Published: February 2018

La lectura ha sido y es una tarea demandada para los aprendices de segundas lenguas. Igualmente, el aprendizaje de vocabulario juega un papel vital en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera y numerosos investigadores han establecido la correlación entre conocimiento del vocabulario y la comprensión lectora. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre la amplitud y la profundidad en el conocimiento del vocabulario de aprendices de inglés como lengua extranjera (EFL – English as a Foreign Language) y sus interacciones mutuas es inadecuada. De manera similar, este artículo intenta revisar las relaciones entre el conocimiento del vocabulario de alumnado EFL y su comprensión lectora, así como analizar si la amplitud y la profundidad de dicho conocimiento de vocabulario están correlacionadas. Habiendo revisado numerosos estudios al respecto, encontramos que al tiempo que la profundidad y la amplitud en el conocimiento del vocabulario tienen papeles esenciales en la comprensión lectora de los aprendices EFL, la profundidad juega un papel más esencial, si cabe. También encontramos que la profundidad y la amplitud en el conocimiento del vocabulario están correlacionadas de manera positiva, es decir, aquel alumnado que mostraba un amplio conocimiento en el número de palabras, también mostraba un conocimiento más profundo de esas palabras.
PLE & PLN FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING: A CASE STUDY
Authors: CINGANOTTO LETIZIA , CUCCURULLO DANIELA
Published: February 2018

Los recientes desarrollos de las tecnologías de aprendizaje están facilitando un cambio significativo en la experiencia formativa. El objetivo de este trabajo es explorar el potencial de los PLE (Personal Learning Environments) y de los PLN (Personal Learning Networks) a través de la descripción de un caso de estudio sobre una iniciativa de formación online: una respuesta innovadora a la gestión integrada de la "formación permanente" para la enseñanza de idiomas. El caso de estudio se refiere a una iniciativa online desarrollada a nivel internacional en 2012 y dirigida a profesores, formadores y educadores de todo el mundo, apasionados del aprendizaje de idiomas, utilizando tecnologías. Los autores planearon y moderaron una prueba de cinco semanas durante el "EVO 2012" (Electronic Village Online), ofreciendo una oportunidad libre para discutir y compartir ideas, prácticas y experiencias gracias a encuentros sincronizados en la plataforma Moodle, a través de videoconferencias con expertos internacionales y herramientas de trabajo asíncronos. El objetivo principal fue promover la conciencia de este tema, acompañando a profesorado y formadores en la explotación de las potencialidades de los PLE y de los PLN en clases de inglés para fines específicos (EFL en sus siglas en inglés).
OFFICIAL PEDAGOGY, FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LITERACY: A FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE
Authors: NEDDAR BEL A.
Published: February 2018

The theoretical framework that informs this paper is systemic functional linguistics (Halliday, 1994, Mathiessen, 1995 and Halliday and Mathiessen, 2004). This paper is not meant to be a guide for foreign language teachers on how to teach with a list of prescriptive tips to be adequately followed, but meant to highlight the importance of language teaching as a social functional activity. It stresses the need for a particular type of literacy that helps learners reflect on the ideational content of the educational input, questions beliefs and settled practices of their societies, and dwells on the educational requirement for any country to join the socio-economic revolutionary processes of Globalisation.
RUSSIAN HIGHER EDUCATION MEETING CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY LABOUR MARKET
Authors: LIFEROV ANATOLII , KOSTIKOVA LYDIA
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article is to review and compare ideas about the changes taking place in the process of Russian higher education modernization. The methods used are theoretical and empirical (an analysis and synthesis of literature, interviewing, observation and analysis of the educational process at a University). As a result of the research it is shown that the modernization is complicated by such factors as insufficient financing, poor infrastructure, psychological inability of the professorial staff to comply with the demands of a modernizing society, bureaucracy, and lack of university-business cooperation. The development of Russian corporate education may bring about considerable changes in the sphere of professional training and retraining. It may trigger off a change in the role of traditional institutes of professional development. Classical universities are no longer the only suppliers of the labour force. In the contemporary labour market, they compete with corporate educational institutions. It is concluded that traditional educational institutions and corporate educational institutions will be able to collaborate effectively in postindustrial Russia. Traditional universities should record, systematize and transmit universal cultural norms and values. They should preserve cultural heritage preventing it from disappearing. The improvement of university-business cooperation promotes government-business partnership, which is well illustrated by the Skolkovo Innovation Center.
INTERVENCIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA POR RAZÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD TURÍSTICA: DE LOS CENTROS Y ZONAS DE INTERÉS TURÍSTICO AL MODELO DEL“MUNICIPIO TURÍSTICO”
Authors: LLAGAS GELO FERNANDO
Published: February 2018

La Ley de Centros y Zonas de Interés Turístico Nacional de 1963 supuso la puesta en marcha de un modelo de intervención administrativa extraordinariamente lesivo para la ordenación territorial en favor de un desarrollo turístico a ultranza que produjo importantes desequilibrios en las políticas presupuestarias y urbanísticas de muchos municipios. Posteriormente no ha habido una actuación administrativa que pueda equipararse a la propiciada por aquella Ley de 1963. El “municipio turístico” como instrumento de planificación de la actividad turística no puede equipararse a aquel modelo, pero en buena medida, sí supone, como instrumento de intervención administrativa, la anteposición de intereses económicos coyunturales a la defensa y preservación de bienes y valores de capital importancia para el desenvolvimiento, en términos sostenibles, de pueblos, ciudades y regiones.
Precision soil sampling harnessing deeper data for nutrient management
Authors: Ehmke Tanner
Published: February 2018

In many areas, CCAs are moving from traditional composite, whole‐field soil sampling to zone and grid sampling to gain more detailed soil nutrient information and deeper insight for better nutrient management. Earn 0.5 CEUs in Nutrient Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at www.certifiedcropadviser.org/education/classroom/classes/548.
Metals in Soil and Runoff from a Piedmont Hay Field Amended with Broiler Litter and Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum
Authors: Schomberg Harry H. , Endale Dinku M. , Jenkins Michael B. , Chaney Rufus L. , Franklin Dorcas H.
Published: February 2018

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) from coal‐fired power plants is readily available for agricultural use in many US regions. Broiler litter (BL) provides plant available N, P, and K but can be a source of unwanted As, Cu, and Zn. As a source of Ca and S, FGDG can reduce losses of P and other elements in runoff from BL‐amended areas. Rainfall simulation plots (2.0 m2) were established on a Piedmont Cecil soil growing ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) for hay. Accumulation and transport of As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Zn were evaluated after annual BL applications (13.5 Mg ha−1) with four FGDG rates (0, 2.2, 4.5, 9.0 Mg ha−1) and two FGDG treatments (0 and 9 Mg ha−1) without BL. Runoff As concentrations were sixfold greater with BL than without (P ≤ 0.01) and were similar to BL with FGDG at 2.2, 4.5 or 9.0 Mg ha−1 (P ≤ 0.10). Runoff concentrations of target elements did not increase where FGDG was applied alone. After three annual applications of FGDG and BL, soil concentrations of As, Cr, Pb, Hg, and Cu were well below levels of environmental concern. Our findings indicate that runoff losses of As from BL application are not reduced with FGDG but support other research indicating no identifiable environmental risks from FGDG beneficial use in agricultural systems.

Core Ideas

After 3 yr, FGDG alone did not influence runoff concentrations or loads of As, Cu, and Zn.

With BL, the first 10 min runoff concentration and load of As, Cu, and Zn increased linearly with FGDG rate.

A similar response was not observed for composite samples collected over the full 1 h.

FGDG beneficial use does not present an environmental risk due to heavy metals or other constituents.
Rainwater Deficit and Irrigation Demand for Row Crops in Mississippi Blackland Prairie
Authors: Feng Gary , Ouyang Ying , Adeli Ardeshir , Read John , Jenkins Johnie
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas

We investigated the characteristics of rainwater deficit using 122 years' weather data.

We determined irrigation demand for soybean, corn, and cotton in the previous 122 years.

We estimated the water requirements of soybean, corn, and cotton in east‐central Mississippi.

We developed a soil water and irrigation management model with STELLA software for soybean, corn, and cotton in a subhumid climate.

Irrigation research in the mid‐south United States has not kept pace with a steady increase in irrigated area in recent years. This study used rainfall records from 1895 to 2016 to determine rainwater deficit and irrigation demand for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], corn (Zea mays L.), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Blackland Prairie region of Mississippi with a soil water balance model developed in Structural Thinking and Experiential Learning Laboratory with Animation (STELLA) software. The longterm analysis showed annual rainfall exceeded 1125 mm in 3 out of 4 yr. Median growing season rainfall for soybean, corn, and cotton ranged from 226 to 412, 283 to 505, and 220 to 472 mm and was 30, 39, and 33% of annual rainfall in either normal or dry years, respectively. Total effective rainwater deficit (rainfall minus runoff, percolation, and evapotranspiration) during soybean, corn, and cotton growing seasons was 200, 217, and 184 mm, respectively. During the driest 25% years, the maximum effective rainwater deficit was 340, 324, and 327 mm for soybean, corn, and cotton, respectively. Across the 122‐yr period, soybean, corn, and cotton did not appear to need irrigation for only 12, 17, and 14 yr; their average irrigation demand was 180, 167, and 175 mm yr–1, respectively. Soybean required irrigation from 29 June to 7 September, particularly in reproductive Growth Stage 3 (0.5‐cm‐long pods in the upper four nodes) to Stage 7 (pods mature in color anywhere), when the crop appeared to require at least five irrigations.
Influence of Source and Particle Size on Agricultural Limestone Efficiency at Increasing Soil pH
Authors: Jones John D. , Mallarino Antonio P.
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas

Liming materials' fineness affected the effectiveness and economics of lime use.

There is little information about pelleted lime's efficiency at increasing soil pH.

This study assessed the effectiveness of calcitic and dolomitic agricultural limestone (aglime) particle sizes.

Calcitic aglime was more efficient than dolomitic aglime at similar particle sizes.

Pelleted lime was more effective than calcitic and dolomitic aglime.

The chemico‐physical characteristics of liming materials determine their capacity to neutralize soil acidity. This study evaluated how calcitic and dolomitic agricultural limestone (aglime), pelleted calcitic lime, and different particle sizes of both aglime sources increased soil pH. Both aglime sources were fractionated to pass different Tyler mesh sizes (4–8, 8–20, 20–60, 60–100, or 100+). The equivalent of 8.97 Mg CaCO3 ha–1 of each material or powdered CaCO3 was mixed with three acidic soils and incubated for 7, 21, 35, 70, 105, 140, 175, and 210 d. All sources increased soil pH. Differences among soils were minor compared with source differences. The efficiency of lime sources at raising pH relative to CaCO3 increased with incubation time and fineness, and was lower for dolomitic than for calcitic aglime. Pelleted lime, calcitic aglime, and dolomitic aglime efficiencies across all incubation periods were 60 to 90, 47 to 65, and 12 to 47% respectively. Calcitic aglime's efficiency across the incubation periods was –1 to 29, 17 to 39, 24 to 61, 47 to 81, and 70 to 97% for material passing mesh sizes 4 to 8, 8 to 20, 20 to 60, 60 to 100, and 100+, respectively; whereas dolomitic aglime's efficiency was 2 to 12, 4 to 21, 12 to 43, 50 to 66, and 60 to 86%, respectively. The study demonstrated the value of distinguishing between particle sizes passing mesh sizes 60 to 100 and finer, and between calcitic and dolomitic aglime in aglime assessments and agricultural recommendations.
Interactions of Stover and Nitrogen Management on Soil Microbial Community and Labile Carbon under Irrigated No‐Till Corn
Authors: Stewart Catherine E. , Roosendaal Damaris L. , Manter Daniel K. , Delgado Jorge A. , Del Grosso Stephen
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas

No‐tillage and nitrogen fertilizer may mitigate residue removal impacts on soil microbial biomass.

Stover removal decreased soil microbial biomass by 40 to 42%, but did not affect community structure.

Residue removal effects on soil microbial biomass were mediated by nutrient limitations.

Residue retention and no‐tillage are critical to maintaining microbial populations.

Corn stover removal can reduce soil C and N stocks, reduce soil microbial biomass (SMB), and alter soil biogeochemistry. No‐tillage (NT) management may reduce the negative impacts of long‐term stover removal, but how the microbial community mediates N fertilizer and stover removal effects on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools is less clear. We measured the effects of partial stover retention or full stover retention on particulate organic matter carbon (POM‐C), SMB, and community composition under three N fertilization treatments (0, 60, and 202 kg N ha–1) after 7 yr. Residue removal effects on SMB were mediated by nutrient limitations. Stover removal decreased SMB by 40% at low N fertilizer rates, however, at the highest N rate, SMB did not differ between residue treatments, presumably due to the additional C input and bulk SOC content. Interestingly, at deeper depths (>7.5 cm), partial residue retention increased POM‐C by 11% compared with full stover retention, suggesting greater structural root inputs and slower decomposition. Microbial community composition was not influenced by residue removal, but was significantly influenced by N fertilizer. A principal coordinate analysis showed that microbial communities under no or low N were enriched for gram‐negative bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and saprotrophic fungal biomarkers reflecting fresh plant‐derived C input, while higher N rates were enriched for actinomycetes and gram‐positive biomarkers. High stover N content promoted rapid decomposition by SMB and incorporation into mineral‐associated C pools rather than POM‐C. Even under NT, residue removal will reduce soil C and SMB, but N fertilizer may mediate this effect by enhancing C input and rhizodeposition.
Evaluation of Soil Processing Conditions on Mineralizable C and N across a Textural Gradient
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Haney Richard L.
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas

Sieve size did not affect estimation of mineralizable carbon.

Capillary wetting of coarse‐textured soils inhibited mineralizable carbon.

Predicting nitrogen mineralization is possible with short‐term carbon mineralization.

Nitrogen mineralization was more closely associated with mineralizable carbon in 3 days.

Soil biological activity is an important component of a well‐functioning soil. Methodologies for estimating this process vary due to a variety of theoretical, functional, and expediency considerations. We tested the effects of soil processing (sieve size), water delivery method (from top and from capillary), and soil organic matter content (two levels based on depth of sampling) on mineralizable C and N during 0 to 1, 0 to 3, and 0 to 24 d of incubation from soils ranging in texture. Mineralizable C was not affected by sieve size, suggesting that fine grinding should not affect results. Water delivery method did affect mineralizable C estimates at 0 to 1 and 0 to 3 d of incubation, as water delivered by capillary allowed soil to absorb to 70 ± 5% water‐filled pore space compared with controlled delivery to 50% water‐filled pore space from the top. The extra water only hindered mineralizable C in soils with coarse texture (i.e., sandy loam), whereas mineralizable C in other soil textures was not affected. Net N mineralization during 24 d of incubation was negatively impacted by the higher water content, independent of soil texture, but more so when soils high in organic matter were sieved coarsely than when sieved finely. Despite these variations, close association occurred between mineralizable C (0 to 1 and 0 to 3 d) and net N mineralization (0 to 24 d at 50% water‐filled pore space), suggesting that length of incubation and method of water delivery should not restrict the choice of methodological variation from those used here to assess soil biological activity. However, a standard methodology has become increasingly necessary to compare absolute values across management systems, farm types, and regions.
Modular optimized data assimilation and support vector machine for hydrologic modeling
Authors: Mehrparvar M. , Asghari K.
Published: February 2018

Accurate and reliable simulation models are crucial for the operation and management of systems. Developing a simulation model to forecast future states of a system is generally followed by errors in prediction. Frequently, data-based models such as support vector machines (SVM) are used as forecasting techniques. This paper introduces a modular method which couples the machine learning technique of support vector regression (SVR) as a prediction model and a modified data assimilation (MDA) technique to partially correct the predicted values based on the observation data. To improve the performance and accuracy of the system output, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as a data assimilation procedure is implemented with an optimization procedure. As a case study, inflow quantities to Zayandehroud reservoir is considered as the state vector in the assimilation process to enhance the system output. Evaluation criteria such as root mean square error (RMSE) and R-squared criteria are implemented to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. The adjusted values of a hybrid model compared to the SVR model and standard DA indicate improved performance of the proposed model.
Achieving cost-efficient diversification of water infrastructure system against uncertainty using modern portfolio theory
Authors: Shin Sangmin , Park Heekyung
Published: February 2018

Recent water-related disasters have shown that not all disrupted events are prevented with water infrastructure systems and current water systems are becoming more vulnerable to disruptions due to the high uncertainty of disrupted events. Many scholars in various fields suggest diversification in the system as a way to respond to the uncertainty. In the real world, however, it is difficult to maximize its use, especially with water infrastructure, due to high costs and incomplete assessment methods. Thus this study attempts to develop a method to quantify cost-effectiveness of diversification using a drought case study in Korea. Modern Portfolio Theory is used to find optimal combinations of water resources infrastructures in terms of diversification. First, expected return and risk of individual water resources for water supply are estimated. Then, expected return and risk of individual portfolios of the water resources are evaluated by varying their shares of 0 to 100%. Finally, non-inferior portfolios are identified and an optimal portfolio for an acceptable return or risk is selected as a solution. Consequently, a portfolio is selected as a desirable one to practically enhance diversification in water infrastructure systems against real world uncertainty in consideration of cost and budget.
Domestic use of rainwater in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: exploring the barriers from the citizens’ perspective
Authors: Hang Le Thi Thuy , Huong Le Thi Thu
Published: February 2018

Literature review shows that rainwater is a good source of water for domestic use and has been used significantly in many countries. However, the case of Ho Chi Minh City shows that using rainwater is limited even though this city has a high volume of rainfall. By conducting a questionnaire survey with the city's inhabitants and studying related documents, this paper tries to find out the reasons that hinder the use of rainwater from the inhabitants’ perspective. Based on the paper's findings, the actions and solutions towards increasing the use of rainwater for domestic purposes are recommended, mainly for the city's inhabitants.
Learning from water treatment and hygiene interventions in response to a hepatitis E outbreak in an open setting in Chad
Authors: Spina Alexander , Beversluis David , Irwin Andrea , Chen Alexandra , Nassariman Jean Noel , Ahamat Abdelkhadir , Noh Idriss , Oosterloo Jan , Alfani Prince , Sang Sibylle , Lenglet Annick , Taylor Dawn Louise
Published: February 2018

In September 2016, Médecins Sans Frontières responded to a hepatitis E (HEV) outbreak in Chad by implementing water treatment and hygiene interventions. To evaluate the coverage and use of these interventions, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the community. Our results showed that 99% of households interviewed had received a hygiene kit from us, aimed at improving water handling practice and personal hygiene and almost all respondents had heard messages about preventing jaundice and handwashing. Acceptance of chlorination of drinking water was also very high, although at the time of interview, we were only able to measure a safe free residual chlorine level (free chlorine residual (FRC) ≥0.2 mg/L) in 43% of households. Households which had refilled water containers within the last 18 hours, had sourced water from private wells or had poured water into a previously empty container, were all more likely to have a safe FRC level. In this open setting, we were able to achieve high coverage for chlorination, hygiene messaging and hygiene kit ownership; however, a review of our technical practice is needed in order to maintain safe FRC levels in drinking water in households, particularly when water is collected from multiple sources, stored and mixed with older water.
An unexpected decrease in urban water demand: making discoveries possible by taking a long-term view
Authors: Ebbs David , Dahlhaus Peter , Barton Andrew , Kandra Harpreet
Published: February 2018

Forecasting supply and demand is fundamental to the sustainability of the water system. Demand for urban water seems on an ever-upward trajectory, with use increasing twice as quickly as population throughout the 20th century. However, data from Ballarat, a city in south-eastern Australia, show that despite this conventionally held wisdom, total water usage actually peaked over 30 years ago. While the 1997–2009 ‘Millennium Drought’ had some effect, the decline commenced many years before. Initially, this was due to a reduction in external domestic water use, which correlates well with an increase in water price. However, the effect was found to not be purely economic as the price was not volumetric-based. Internal water use seems more affected by technological advances and regulatory controls. Interestingly, there was no relationship found between rainfall and water demand. The role of price, water-reduction education programmes, water-efficient technology and regulation supports previous research that a multifaceted approach is required when developing demand-reduction policies and strategies. This finding emphasises the importance of understanding the component of consumptive behaviour being targeted, and ensuring that policies being implemented are appropriate for the desired behavioural change.
The occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river system in Kaiyang, Southwest China
Authors: Zou Shengzhang , Huang Fuyang , Chen Liang , Liu Fei
Published: February 2018

To our knowledge, this was the first study to investigate the occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river system in Kaiyang, Southwest China. Ten water samples were collected from the Karst river in Kaiyang, Southwest China. Thirty-five antibiotics, including nine sulfonamides, four tetracyclines, five macrolides, sixteen quinolones and chloramphenicol, were analyzed. The results suggest that antibiotics are widely prevalent in the Karst river, with macrolides and quinolones being the most dominant and occupying 47% and 43% of total antibiotic concentration, respectively. The maximum total concentrations of sulfonamides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and quinolones were 30.4, 421, 884, and 1,807 ng/L, respectively. Lincomycin, roxithromycin, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin were detected in all samples with a detection frequency of 100%. The main sources of antibiotics were wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and rural dumps that did not contain sanitary treatment, which accounted for 33% and 40% of the total antibiotics present in the Karst river. Due to an increase in river flow quantity, the presence of WWTPs and rural dumps did not affect the concentration and distribution of antibiotics in the Karst river; however, the mass flux of antibiotics were significantly affected by the contamination source and the poor natural attenuation.
Predictive model of pollutant loads discharged by combined sewer overflows
Authors: Brzezińska Agnieszka , Sakson Grażyna , Zawilski Marek
Published: February 2018

Effective protection of receiving waters on urbanized areas requires knowledge about the amount of pollutants contained in discharged wastewater, inter alia by combined sewer overflows (CSOs). This involves the need to conduct long-lasting, costly and technically complex studies on the quantity and quality of discharged sewage. Loads of pollutants emitted by CSOs depend on many factors, inter alia on very variable characteristics of precipitations. This paper attempts to develop a simplified predictive model of pollutant loads for two basic parameters: total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Studies were conducted in Lodz (Poland) between 2012 and 2015 on an urban catchment. Obtained data were analysed using the Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis method which enabled selection of the key parameters forming the model (depth and maximum intensity of rainfall and CSO volume). A good fit for the developed model was obtained (R2 = 0.79 for TSS and R2 = 0.80 for COD). The model was verified for two other catchments in the same city. Results indicate that the load of TSS and COD can be sufficiently precisely determined by using the proposed model for the studied city without the need to perform long-term continuous quality research of wastewater.
Comparison of 3D Scanning Versus 2D Photography for the Identification of Facial Soft-Tissue Landmarks
Authors: Zogheib T. , Jacobs R. , Bornstein M. M. , Agbaje J. O. , Anumendem D. , Klazen Y. , Politis C.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Three dimensional facial scanning is an innovation that provides opportunity for digital data acquisition, smile analysis and communication of treatment plan and outcome with patients.

Objectives:

To assess the applicability of 3D facial scanning as compared to 2D clinical photography.

Materials & Methods:

Sample consisted of thirty Caucasians aged between 25 and 50 years old, without any dentofacial deformities. Fifteen soft-tissue facial landmarks were identified twice by 3 observers on 2D and 3D images of the 30 subjects. Five linear proportions and nine angular measurements were established in the orbital, nasal and oral regions. These data were compared to anthropometric norms of young Caucasians. Furthermore, a questionnaire was completed by 14 other observers, according to their personal judgment of the 2D and 3D images.

Results:

Quantitatively, proportions linking the three facial regions in 3D were closer to the clinical standard (for 2D 3.3% and for 3D 1.8% error rate). Qualitatively, in 67% of the cases, observers were as confident about 3D as they were about 2D. Intra-observer Correlation Coefficient (ICC) revealed a better agreement between observers in 3D for the questions related to facial form, lip step and chin posture.

Conclusion:

The laser facial scanning could be a useful and reliable tool to analyze the circumoral region for orthodontic and orthognathic treatments as well as for plastic surgery planning and outcome.
Impact of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Dose in Pre-Surgical Implant Analysis
Authors: EL Sahili Nabil , Nasseh Ibrahim , Berberi Antoine , David-Tchouda Sandra , Thoret Sophie , Fortin Thomas
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) produces vital information required for the accurate and prudent placement of dental implants. Lack of standardization between CBCT machines may result in unsafe patient exposure to harmful radiation; higher doses are not necessarily associated with improved image quality.

Aim:

The study aimed to assess the influence of low- and high-dose milliamperage settings on CBCT images for objective and subjective implant planning.

Methods:

Two dry skulls (4 hemi-maxillary segments of the maxilla and 4 hemi-maxillary segments of the mandible) were scanned under low (2 mA) and high (6.3 mA) dosage settings using a CBCT (Carestream CS 9300). Cross-sectional slices of both image qualities were evaluated by five expert clinicians, for image quality for implant planning and objective bone measurements.

Results:

There were no significant differences in bone measurements taken on high or low dose images (p > 0.05). In qualitative image assessments, assessment and image quality for almost all observers were independent of each other. For planning posterior mandibular implant placement, increased dosage improved concordance and kappa values between low and high dose images.

Conclusion:

Reduction in milliamperage did not affect diagnostic image quality for objective bone measurements and produced sufficient intra-rater reliability for qualitative assessment; therefore dose reduction can be achieved without compromising diagnostic decision- making.
Digital Dynamic 3D Monitoring of Lower Incisors Intrusion in Lingual Orthodontics
Authors: Chardey Elia Kodjo , Fastuca Rosamaria , Beretta Matteo , Di Blasio Alberto , Vercellini Nicolò , Caprioglio Alberto , Zecca Piero Antonio , Macchi Aldo
Published: February 2018

Objective:

The aim of the present study is to propose a 3-dimensional evaluation of lower intrusion obtained with lingual orthodontics considering not only the crowns but also dental roots.

Methods:

9 adult patients underwent fixed lingual orthodontic treatment with i-TTя lingual brackets system for the correction of crowding in the lower arch associated with a deep overbite. Initial records, consisting of photos, CBCTs and intraoral scans were collected. Threshold segmentation of the CBCT was performed to generate a three-dimensional virtual model of each the teeth of the lower arch, superimposed with the crown of the same teeth obtained by intraoral scan models to generate a complete set of digital composite lower arch The same procedure was performed to monitor one key step of the i-TTЯtechnique consisting in lower incisors intrusion (T2). T1-T2 three-dimensional superimposition and color displacement maps were generated to measure and evaluate the movements obtained at the lower arch.

Results:

The root displacement of the incisors during their intrusion in the early stage was totally “bone-safe” in the 88.9% (8 of 9) of the cases observed. No significant extrusion of the premolars used as anchorage unit was measured.

Conclusion:

This method has proved to be an accurate and reliable approach to dynamically visualize the 3-dimensional positions of the teeth, including their roots, with no additional radiation for in-progress treatment monitoring. The 3-dimensional evaluation showed that the employed lingual appliance allowed to obtain significant lower incisors intrusion with negligible undesired extrusion of premolars employed as anchorage teeth.
Evidence for a Relationship Between the Movements of the Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea) and the American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis)
Authors: Dougherty Paul J. , Wilson, Jr. W. Herbert
Published: February 2018

Background:

Many bird species that breed at high latitudes exhibit irregular southward incursions in response to spatial and temporal variation in winter food availability.

Methods:

We analyzed Christmas Bird Count records to compare the migratory behavior of the Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea), an Arctic breeder known to invade southern latitudes every other winter, with that of the American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis), a closely related finch species that breeds broadly in temperate latitudes in North America.

Results and Discussion:

Historic data indicate that east of the Rocky Mountains, both species overwinter in relatively even numbers across latitudes. In contrast, we found few significant positive correlations between the winter records of each species in different areas along the same longitude. We attribute these patterns to the fact that resource levels and environmental conditions tend to be similar across latitudes. While previous studies of historic data have identified a biennial pattern in the migration of the Common Redpoll, we found evidence that populations of American Goldfinches breeding in the northern parts of the species’ range similarly display significant southward movements every other year. Because these two species breed at different latitudes and show large-scale southward movements during the same years, areas across southern Canada and the northern United States alternate between having high winter abundances of Common Redpolls and American Goldfinches. We propose that these alternations are caused by a shared response to cyclical seed crop failure across the northern regions of North America.
THE LEGAL FORCE OF AN AUDIT BY THE BOARD OF INDONESIA FOR THE PROOF OF CORRUPTIONS(Critical Case over the Purchase of Sumber Waras Hospital)
Authors: Amdani Yusi
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe audit results of the Audit Board of Indonesia (BPK) stated that the purchase of Sumber Waras Hospitalby the Government of DKI Jakarta caused state losses. It’s submitted by BPK to the Corruption EradicationCommission (KPK). However, it’s not used as the basis of proof since KPK didn’t find any state loss. Thisstudy examines position and consequences the audit of BPK that not used as basis of investigation, whileit’s actually possible to be used as evidence in corruption cases. KPK shouldn’t ignore it, moreover to testthe results that have been in accordance with the standards.  IntisariHasil audit BPK menerangkan bahwa pembelian Rumah Sakit Sumber Waras oleh Pemprov DKI Jakartamenyebabkan kerugian negara sebesar Rp. 191 miliar. Hasil audit tersebut diserahkan BPK kepada KPK.Namun, tidak dijadikan sebagai dasar pembuktian oleh KPK, dimana dalam proses penyelidikan KPKmenilai tidak adanya unsur kerugian negara. Tujuan kajian ini menelaah kedudukan Audit BPK dalammenghitung kerugian negara dan akibat hukum audit Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan yang tidak dijadikansebagai dasar penyelidikan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa hasil audit BPK dapat dijadikan sebagaipembuktian perkara korupsi. KPK seharusnya tidak mengabaikan hasil audit BPK apalagi menguji hasilaudit yang telah sesuai standar.
Gerakan Anti-Globalisasi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Perkembangan Demokratisasi di Indonesia
Authors: Prakoso Havidz Ageng , Juhairi Ahmad
Published: February 2018

AbstrakGlobalisasi, dalam klaim para globalis, akan membawa kehidupan demokratis ke seluruh dunia sebagai wujud kehidupan yang paling baik. Namun kenyataannya justru sangat kontradiktif, globalisasi telah menciptakan kekuasaan-kekuasaan global yang bersifat  otoriter-oligarkis melalui Lembaga-Lembaga Keuangan Internasional dan Perusahaan-Perusahaan Multinasional yang bekerja sama dengan negara-negara kaya. Karena itu, yang berdaulat dalam era globalisasi bukanlah rakyat sebagaimana dikehendaki demokratisasi, tetapi korporasi-korporasi internasional dan lembaga-lembaga keuangan internasional. Ada dua perspektif yang dapat menjelaskan hubungan demokratisasi dan gerakan anti-globalisasi, yaitu: perspektif anti- globalisasi dan perspektif demokratisasi. Anti-globalisasi adalah sebuah ideologi perlawanan untuk mengakhiri kekuatan korporasi multinasional, IMF, Bank Dunia, dan WTO sebagai instrumen kesepakatan global untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan demokratisasi adalah realitas faktual perluasan demokrasi sebagai solusi bagi penciptaan kehidupan manusia yang lebih adil dan sejahtera. Gerakan Anti-Globalisasi lahir sebagai koreksi besar terhadap klaim para globalis. Gerakan ini menghendaki terwujudnya demokratisasi yang seutuhnya, yaitu, terwujudnya kedaulatan rakyat yang telah hilang akibat globalisasi dan terpenuhinya kesejahteraan sosial-ekonomi rakyat dan terjaminnya hak-hak sipil mereka.Kata Kunci: Anti-Globalisasi, Demokratisasi, Gerakan AbstractGlobalization in Globalist claim will make the better life in the world. But, in fact the reality is difference because globalization was made the dominance actors in the world which authoritarian-oligarchy like international financial organizations and multinational corporations in cooperation with developed countries. Therefore, in globalization era the sovereignty is always in international financial organizations and Multinational corporation hand, not in the society like what in democratization perspective. There are two prespectives explain about the relation between democratization and anti-globalization movement that is democratization perspective and anti-globalization perspective. Anti-globalization is the ideology which describe the opponent movement to finished the hegemony of Multinational Corporations, IMF, World Bank and WTO in economy consensus. Democratization in the other hand is the reality which explain that the enlargement of democracy is the solution to make the good life for peoples in the world. Anti-globalization movement is born as the correction to globalist claim. This movement has the purposes to make the sovereignty over the peoples which lost because of the globalization and in the other hand to fulfill their social welfare and civil right.Key Words: Anti-Globalization, Democratization, Movement