bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Pumiliotoxin A Alkaloids: An Approach to Preparing the Indolizidinic Core by Intramolecular Diastereoselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Benzoin Reaction.
Authors: Correia Jose Tiago M. , Acconcia Lais V. , Coelho Fernando
Published: August 2016

The optimized conditions allow the approach to the separable diastereomers (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Polyketides from the Mangrove‐Derived Fungal Endophyte Pestalotiopsis clavispora.
Authors: Perez Hemphill Catalina Francis , Daletos Georgios , Liu Zhen , Lin Wenhan , Proksch Peter
Published: August 2016

Pestalpolyol I (I), pestapyrones A (IIa) and B (IIb), (R)‐periplanetin D (III), pestaxanthone (IV), and norpestaphthalide A (V) are isolated from Pestalotiopsis clavispora.
ChemInform Abstract: IUPAC‐NIST Solubility Data Series. 100. Rare Earth Metal Fluorides in Water and Aqueous Systems. Part 1. Scandium Group (Sc, Y, La)
Authors: Mioduski Tomasz , Guminski Cezary , Zeng Dewen
Published: August 2016

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Higher‐Coordinated Molecular Silicon Compounds
Authors: Wagler Joerg , Boehme Uwe , Kroke Edwin
Published: August 2016

Review: inorganic and organometallic hypercoordinated silicon compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Carbohydrate CuAAC Click Chemistry for Therapy and Diagnosis
Authors: He Xiao‐Peng , Zeng Ya‐Li , Zang Yi , Li Jia , Field Robert A. , Chen Guo‐Rong
Published: August 2016

Review: 280 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Heteroarenes with Multiple Heteroatoms
Authors: Chen Zhang‐Pei , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: August 2016

Review: [39 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diaryliodonium Salts in Organic Syntheses: A Useful Compound Class for Novel Arylation Strategies
Authors: Aradi Klara , Toth Balazs L. , Tolnai Gergely L. , Novak Zoltan
Published: August 2016

Review: [120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Applications in Natural Product Synthesis of Dihydrofuran and ‐pyran Formation by Ring‐Closing Alkene Metathesis
Authors: Jacques Reece , Pal Ritashree , Parker Nicholas A. , Sear Claire E. , Smith Peter W. , Ribaucourt Aubert , Hodgson David M.
Published: August 2016

Review: [71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Approaches to Elucidate Enzymatic Profiles of UDP‐Glucose: Glycoprotein Glucosyltransferase
Authors: Hachisu Masakazu , Ito Yukishige
Published: August 2016

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Genus Myrtus L. in Algeria: Composition and Biological Aspects of Essential Oils from M. communis and M. nivellei: A Review
Authors: Bouzabata Amel , Casanova Joseph , Bighelli Ange , Cavaleiro Carlos , Salgueiro Ligia , Tomi Felix
Published: August 2016

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines from α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes (Microreview)
Authors: Keiko Natalia A. , Vchislo Nadezhda V.
Published: August 2016

Review: [20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chirality and Catalysis with Aromatic N‐Fused Heterobicyclic Carbenes
Authors: Iglesias‐Siguenza Javier , Izquierdo Cristina , Diez Elena , Fernandez Rosario , Lassaletta Jose M.
Published: August 2016

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deuterium NMR Investigations of Field‐Induced Director Alignment in Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Sugimura Akihiko , Luckhurst Geoffrey R.
Published: August 2016

Review: 89 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: Walking the Talk
Authors: Bolla Geetha , Nangia Ashwini
Published: August 2016

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Delocalized Lipophilic Cations as New Candidates for Antimalarial, Antitrypanosomal and Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis, Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Potency, and Insight into Their Action Mechanisms
Authors: Takasu Kiyosei
Published: August 2016

Review: 68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Therapeutic Voyage of Pyrazole and Its Analogues: A Review
Authors: Khan Mohemmed Faraz , Alam Mohammad Mumtaz , Verma Garima , Akhtar Wasim , Akhter Mymoona , Shaquiquzzaman Mohammad
Published: August 2016

Review: 326 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Anisotropic Gold‐Based Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Niidome Yasuro , Haine Aung Thu , Niidome Takuro
Published: August 2016

Review: 119 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Low‐Energy Near Infrared Light and Upconverting Nanoparticles to Trigger Photoreactions within Supramolecular Assemblies
Authors: Wu Tuoqi , Branda Neil R.
Published: August 2016

Review: [67 refs.
Extraction and phase behaviour of Moringa oleifera seed oil using compressed propane
Authors: Silva Mariana Oliveira , Camacho Franciele Pereira , Ferreira‐Pinto Leandro , Giufrida Willyan Machado , Vieira Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo , Visentaine Jesuí Vergílio , Vedoy Diógenes R. L. , Cardozo‐Filho Lúcio
Published: August 2016

This study reports the oil extraction efficiency using Moringa oleifera seed and pressurized propane, new experimental data for phase transition of the binary system {n‐propane + Moringa oleifera oil}, and the profile of fatty acid compositions of the extracted Moringa oil. During the present study, the knowledge of the phase behaviour proved to be of great importance to optimize supercritical extraction using pressurized fluid. This project also compares the classical Soxhlet method including mathematical modelling of kinetic curves of extraction. The extraction experiments were performed in the temperature and pressure ranges of 303–333 K and 2.5–12 MPa, respectively, at a constant flow rate of 1.0 cm3/min of n‐propane. All the conditions applied during the n‐propane extraction process provided similar or higher yields (32.8 to 42.1 %) compared to extractions using n‐hexane (42.6 %) and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) (37.8 %). In addition, phase transition study for the {Propane (1) + Moringa oleífera oil (2)} system was performed using a variable volume cell and the static synthetic method in a temperature range of 303–343 K, pressures up to 3.23 MPa, and n‐propane mass fraction between 0.2 and 0.8. Vapour‐liquid (VLE), liquid‐liquid (LLE), and vapour‐liquid‐liquid (VLLE) phase transitions were observed at relatively low pressures. The fatty acid profiles of the extracted Moringa oils were evaluated using gas chromatography. They all have very close composition regardless of the solvent used and oleic acid as the major component (≈76 %). The Sovová mathematical model indicated a good fit for all the conditions investigated.
Growth and dichroic properties of LiBa12(BO3)7F4 crystal
Authors: Kokh A. , Simonova E. , Maillard A. , Maillard R. , Svetlichnyi V. , Andreev Yu. , Kragzhda A. , Kuznetsov A. , Kokh K.
Published: August 2016

The bulk crystals of LiBa12(BO3)7F4 were obtained from two flux compositions by the top seeded solution growth method. Crystals grown from BaCO3:BaF2:H3BO3:Li2CO3 = 3:3:3:1 charge were found to have a distinct linear dichroism effect at 0.35–0.65 and around 0.73 μm. This suggests application of the material in the production of polarizing filters and attenuators for visible range lasers.
Thermodynamic Stability and Defect Chemistry of Bismuth‐Based Lead‐Free Double Perovskites
Authors: Xiao Zewen , Meng Weiwei , Wang Jianbo , Yan Yanfa
Published: August 2016

Bismuth‐ or antimony‐based lead‐free double perovskites represented by Cs2AgBiBr6 have recently been considered promising alternatives to the emerging lead‐based perovskites for solar cell applications. These new perovskites belong to the Fm
m space group and consist of two types of octahedra alternating in a rock‐salt face‐centered cubic structure. We show, by density functional theory calculations, that the stable chemical potential region for pure Cs2AgBiBr6 is narrow. Ag vacancies are a shallow accepters and can easily form, leading to intrinsic p‐type conductivity. Bi vacancies and AgBi antisites are deep acceptors and should be the dominant defects under the Br‐rich growth conditions. Our results suggest that the growth of Cs2AgBiBr6 under Br‐poor/Bi‐rich conditions is preferred for suppressing the formation of the deep defects, which is beneficial for maximizing the photovoltaic performance.
Apocynin Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Inflammatory Responses Through the Inhibition of MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway in RAW264.7 Cells
Authors: Hwang Young‐Jae , Lee Sung Joon , Park Jin‐Young , Chun Wanjoo , Nam Seung‐Joo , Park Jin Myung , Park Sung Chul , Choi Dae Hee , Kang Chang Don
Published: August 2016

Apocynin, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, exhibits anti‐inflammatory properties in ulcerative colitis. However, the underlying mechanism by which apocynin exerts this effect has not been clearly demonstrated. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of apocynin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Apocynin inhibited LPS‐induced extracellular secretion of the pro‐inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2. Apocynin also suppressed LPS‐induced secretion of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor‐α and LPS‐induced degradation of IκB, which retains NF‐κB in the cytoplasm, consequently inhibiting the transcription of pro‐inflammatory genes by NF‐κB in the nucleus. To elucidate the underlying anti‐inflammatory mechanism of apocynin, the involvement of the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases, c‐jun N‐terminal kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinases, and p38 was examined. Apocynin attenuated LPS‐induced activation of all three MAP kinases in a concentration‐dependent manner. The present study demonstrates apocynin exerts anti‐inflammatory activity via the suppression of MAP kinase signaling pathways in LPS‐challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Drug Dev Res, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental controls on canopy foliar nitrogen distributions in a Neotropical lowland forest
Authors: Balzotti Christopher S. , Asner Gregory P. , Taylor Philip G. , Cleveland Cory C. , Cole Rebecca , Martin Roberta E. , Nasto Megan , Osborne Brooke B. , Porder Stephen , Townsend Alan R.
Published: August 2016

Distributions of foliar nutrients across forest canopies can give insight into their plant functional diversity and improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling. We used airborne remote sensing and partial least squares regression to quantify canopy foliar nitrogen (foliar N) across ~164 km2 of wet lowland tropical forest in the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. We determined the relative influence of climate and topography on the observed patterns of foliar N using a gradient boosting model technique. At a local scale, where climate and substrate were constant, we explored the influence of slope position on foliar N by quantifying foliar N on remnant terraces, their adjacent slopes, and knife‐edged ridges. In addition, we climbed and sampled 540 trees and analyzed foliar N in order to quantify the role of species identity (phylogeny) and environmental factors in predicting foliar N. Observed foliar N heterogeneity reflected environmental factors working at multiple spatial scales. Across the larger landscape, elevation and precipitation had the highest relative influence on predicting foliar N (30% and 24%), followed by soils (15%), site exposure (9%), compound topographic index (8%), substrate (6%), and landscape dissection (6%). Phylogeny explained ~75% of the variation in the field collected foliar N data, suggesting that phylogeny largely underpins the response to the environmental factors. Taken together, these data suggest that a large fraction of the variance in foliar N across the landscape is proximately driven by species composition, though ultimately this is likely a response to abiotic factors such as climate and topography. Future work should focus on the mechanisms and feedbacks involved, and how shifts in climate may translate to changes in forest function.
When does seed limitation matter for scaling up reforestation from patches to landscapes?
Authors: Caughlin T. Trevor , Elliott Stephen , Lichstein Jeremy W.
Published: August 2016

Restoring forest to hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded land has become a centerpiece of international plans to sequester carbon and conserve biodiversity. Forest landscape restoration will require scaling up ecological knowledge of secondary succession from small‐scale field studies to predict forest recovery rates in heterogeneous landscapes. However, ecological field studies reveal widely divergent times to forest recovery, in part due to landscape features that are difficult to replicate in empirical studies. Seed rain can determine reforestation rate and depends on landscape features that are beyond the scale of most field studies. We develop mathematical models to quantify how landscape configuration affects seed rain and forest regrowth in degraded patches. The models show how landscape features can alter the successional trajectories of otherwise identical patches, thus providing insight into why some empirical studies reveal a strong effect of seed rain on secondary succession, while others do not. We show that seed rain will strongly limit reforestation rate when patches are near a threshold for arrested succession, when positive feedbacks between tree canopy cover and seed rain occur during early succession, and when directed dispersal leads to between‐patch interactions. In contrast, seed rain has weak effects on reforestation rate over a wide range of conditions, including when landscape‐scale seed availability is either very high or very low. Our modeling framework incorporates growth and survival parameters that are commonly estimated in field studies of reforestation. We demonstrate how mathematical models can inform forest landscape restoration by allowing land managers to predict where natural regeneration will be sufficient to restore tree cover. Translating quantitative forecasts into spatially targeted interventions for forest landscape restoration could support target goals of restoring millions of hectares of degraded land and help mitigate global climate change.
Setting spatial conservation priorities despite incomplete data for characterizing metapopulations
Authors: Fullerton A. H. , Anzalone S. , Moran P. , Van Doornik D. M. , Copeland T. , Zabel R. W.
Published: August 2016

Management of spatially structured species poses unique challenges. Despite a strong theoretical foundation, practitioners rarely have sufficient empirical data to evaluate how populations interact. Rather, assumptions about connectivity and source–sink dynamics are often based on incomplete, extrapolated, or modeled data, if such interactions are even considered at all. Therefore, it has been difficult to evaluate whether spatially structured species are meeting conservation goals. We evaluated how estimated metapopulation structure responded to estimates of population sizes and dispersal probabilities and to the set of populations included. We then compared outcomes of alternative management strategies that target conservation of metapopulation processes. We illustrated these concepts for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Snake River, USA. Our description of spatial structure for this metapopulation was consistent with previous characterizations. We found substantial differences in estimated metapopulation structure when we had incomplete information about all populations and when we used different sources of data (three empirical, two modeled) to estimate dispersal, whereas responses to population size estimates were more consistent. Together, these findings suggest that monitoring efforts should target all populations occasionally and populations that play key roles frequently and that multiple types of data should be collected when feasible. When empirical data are incomplete or of uneven quality, analyses using estimates produced from an ensemble of available datasets can help conservation planners and managers weigh near‐term options. Doing so, we found trade‐offs in connectivity and source dominance in metapopulation‐level responses to alternative management strategies that suggest which types of approaches may be inherently less risky.
Landscape variation in tree regeneration and snag fall drive fuel loads in 24‐year old post‐fire lodgepole pine forests
Authors: Nelson Kellen N. , Turner Monica G. , Romme William H. , Tinker Daniel B.
Published: August 2016

Escalating wildfire in subalpine forests with stand‐replacing fire regimes is increasing the extent of early‐seral forests throughout the western USA. Post‐fire succession generates the fuel for future fires, but little is known about fuel loads and their variability in young post‐fire stands. We sampled fuel profiles in 24‐year‐old post‐fire lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands (n = 82) that regenerated from the 1988 Yellowstone Fires to answer three questions. (1) How do canopy and surface fuel loads vary within and among young lodgepole pine stands? (2) How do canopy and surface fuels vary with pre‐ and post‐fire lodgepole pine stand structure and environmental conditions? (3) How have surface fuels changed between eight and 24 years post‐fire? Fuel complexes varied tremendously across the landscape despite having regenerated from the same fires. Available canopy fuel loads and canopy bulk density averaged 8.5 Mg/ha (range 0.0–46.6) and 0.24 kg/m3 (range: 0.0–2.3), respectively, meeting or exceeding levels in mature lodgepole pine forests. Total surface‐fuel loads averaged 123 Mg/ha (range: 43–207), and 88% was in the 1,000‐h fuel class. Litter, 1‐h, and 10‐h surface fuel loads were lower than reported for mature lodgepole pine forests, and 1,000‐h fuel loads were similar or greater. Among‐plot variation was greater in canopy fuels than surface fuels, and within‐plot variation was greater than among‐plot variation for nearly all fuels. Post‐fire lodgepole pine density was the strongest positive predictor of canopy and fine surface fuel loads. Pre‐fire successional stage was the best predictor of 100‐h and 1,000‐h fuel loads in the post‐fire stands and strongly influenced the size and proportion of sound logs (greater when late successional stands had burned) and rotten logs (greater when early successional stands had burned). Our data suggest that 76% of the young post‐fire lodgepole pine forests have 1,000‐h fuel loads that exceed levels associated with high‐severity surface fire potential, and 63% exceed levels associated with active crown fire potential. Fire rotations in Yellowstone National Park are predicted to shorten to a few decades and this prediction cannot be ruled out by a lack of fuels to carry repeated fires.
Maximum Power Point Tracking to Increase the Power Production and Treatment Efficiency of a Continuously Operated Flat‐Plate Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Song Young Eun , Boghani Hitesh C. , Kim Hong Suck , Kim Byung Goon , Lee Taeho , Jeon Byong‐Hun , Premier Giuliano C. , Kim Jung Rae
Published: August 2016

A logic‐based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and LabVIEW interface for digitally controlled variable resistive load were developed and applied to a continuously operating flat‐plate microbial fuel cell (FPM). The interaction between the designed MPPT algorithm and electrochemically active microbial performance on the electrode was demonstrated to track the maximal performance of FPM system. MPPT could dynamically derive the optimal performance from varied operating conditions of FPMs such as organic concentration, flow rate, and sampling interval, and produce a maximum power density of 88.0 W m−3. The results provide essential information to build an automatic control strategy to achieve the maximum performance from field scale microbial fuel cells for applications to sustainable bioenergy recovery from various biomass feedstocks.
Examining Fluvial Stratigraphic Architecture Using Ground‐Penetrating Radar at the Fanta Stream Fossil and Archaeological Site, Central Ethiopia
Authors: Lanzarone Peter , Garrison Ervan , Bobe René , Getahun Assiged
Published: August 2016

The Fanta Stream site is an archaeological and paleontological locality in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The site contains a rich assemblage of fossil mammals and Acheulean artifacts of approximately 600 ka located in a rare high‐altitude context. A ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted in order to provide three‐dimensional imaging of the subsurface, which the authors use to interpret the geometry and distribution of fossil‐containing stratigraphic units. Utilizing the stream's natural cut bank exposure, we calibrate GPR data to known geologic units through radar facies analysis. Shallow, high‐amplitude coherent reflection geometries are attributed to volcanic tuff deposits, as these units exhibit subparallel continuous reflections consistent with planar stratified sedimentary deposition. Deeper, discontinuous reflection packages are interpreted as conglomeritic, fossil‐containing deposits. The results of the GPR survey outline the location of the Fanta Stream's paleodepositional features as well as suggest the extent of fossiliferous stratigraphic units for use in future excavations.
A proactive task set influences how response inhibition is implemented in the basal ganglia
Authors: Leunissen Inge , Coxon James P. , Swinnen Stephan P.
Published: August 2016

Increasing a participant's ability to prepare for response inhibition is known to result in longer Go response times and is thought to engage a “top‐down fronto‐striatal inhibitory task set.” This premise is supported by the observation of anterior striatum activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analyses that focus on uncertain versus certain Go trials. It is assumed that setting up a proactive inhibitory task set also influences how participants subsequently implement stopping. To assess this assumption, we aimed to manipulate the degree of proactive inhibition in a modified stop‐signal task to see how this manipulation influences activation when reacting to the Stop cue. Specifically, we tested whether there is differential activity of basal ganglia nuclei, namely the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and anterior striatum, on Stop trials when stop‐signal probability was relatively low (20%) or high (40%). Successful stopping was associated with increased STN activity when Stop trials were infrequent and increased caudate head activation when Stop trials were more likely, suggesting a different implementation of reactive response inhibition by the basal ganglia for differing degrees of proactive response control. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4706–4717, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Muscle fibre capillarization is a critical factor in muscle fibre hypertrophy during resistance exercise training in older men
Authors: Snijders Tim , Nederveen Joshua P. , Joanisse Sophie , Leenders Marika , Verdijk Lex B. , van Loon Luc J.C. , Parise Gianni
Published: August 2016

Background

Adequate muscle fibre perfusion is critical for the maintenance of muscle mass; it is essential in the rapid delivery of oxygen, nutrients and growth factors to the muscle, stimulating muscle fibre growth. Muscle fibre capillarization is known to decrease substantially with advancing age. However, whether (relative) low muscle fibre capillarization negatively impacts the muscle hypertrophic response following resistance exercise training in older adults is unknown.

Methods

Twenty‐two healthy older men (71 ± 1 years) performed 24 weeks of progressive resistance type exercise training. To assess the change in muscle fibre characteristics, percutaneous biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were taken before and following 12 and 24 weeks of the intervention programme. A comparison was made between participants who had a relatively low type II muscle fibre capillary‐to‐fibre perimeter exchange index (CFPE; LOW group) and high type II muscle fibre CFPE (HIGH group) at baseline. Type I and type II muscle fibre size, satellite cell, capillary content and distance between satellite cells to the nearest capillary were determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results

Overall, type II muscle fibre size (from 5150 ± 234 to 6719 ± 446 µm2, P < 0.05) and satellite cell content (from 0.058 ± 0.006 to 0.090 ± 0.010 satellite cells per muscle fibre, P < 0.05) had increased significantly in response to 24 weeks of resistance exercise training. However, these improvements where mainly driven by differences in baseline type II muscle fibre capillarization, whereas muscle fibre size (from 5170 ± 390 to 7133 ± 314 µm2, P < 0.05) and satellite cell content (from 0.059 ± 0.009 to 0.102 ± 0.017 satellite cells per muscle fibre, P < 0.05) increased significantly in the HIGH group, no significant changes were observed in LOW group following exercise training. No significant changes in type I and type II muscle fibre capillarization were observed in response to 12 and 24 weeks of resistance exercise training in both the LOW and HIGH group.

Conclusions

Type II muscle fibre capillarization at baseline may be a critical factor for allowing muscle fibre hypertrophy to occur during prolonged resistance exercise training in older men.
Plant uptake of metals, transfer factors and prediction model for two contaminated regions of Kosovo
Authors: Zogaj Muhamet , Düring Rolf‐Alexander
Published: August 2016

The bioavailability and plant uptake of heavy metals (HM), as well as finding the most reliable methods for the prediction of availability, continues to be one of the most crucial problems in agricultural and environmental studies. In agricultural soils from two regions in Kosovo, known for its metal pollution, we collected 60 soil and plant samples (wheat, corn, potatoes, and grass). Heavy metals were extracted from soil with aqua regia (pseudototal concentration), NH4OAc‐EDTA (potential bioavailable), and NH4NO3 (mobile fraction), plant samples were digested with HNO3/H2O2 (microwave assisted extraction). The pseudo total content of Cd, Pb, and Zn showed high value in Mitrovice (mean: Cd–2.92, Pb–570.15, and Zn–522.86 mg kg−1), whereas in Drenas region Ni and Cr showed high value with a mean 258.54 and 203.22 mg kg−1. Also, the potential bioavailability and mobile form of these metals were increased in Mitrovice (mean: Cd–1.59, Pb–217.05, Zn–522.86 mg kg−1, respectively Cd–0.17, Pb–0.64, and Zn–15.45 mg kg−1), compared to Drenas. Cd and Pb were elevated in potato tubers (mean Cd–0.48 and Pb–0.85 mg kg−1). The TF was higher for micronutrients (Zn and Cu) than for non‐essential metals (Cd and Pb). Multiple regression analysis showed a good model for prediction of Cd, Pb and Zn content in plant with significance 99.9%, whereas this model was not significant for Cu, Cr, and Ni. Soil pH played a significant role in the content of Cd and Zn in wheat and potato plants. Clay content also showed significance in Cd concentration in wheat and potato plants, while carbon content was significant for Cd in grass plants, as well as for Zn in wheat and grass plants.
Power‐ and polarization dependence of two photon luminescence of single CdSe nanowires with tightly focused cylindrical vector beams of ultrashort laser pulses
Authors: Wang Xiao , Zhuang Xiujuan , Wackenhut Frank , Li Yunyun , Pan Anlian , Meixner Alfred J.
Published: August 2016

We investigate two‐photon luminescence (TPL) of single CdSe nanowires (NWs) excited by tightly focused cylindrical vector beams of 150 fs pulses, achieving an optical resolution better than λ/4. Comparing the TPL images recorded by scanning the nanowires through the focal fields created either by a radially or an azimuthally polarized vector beam we observe a distinct anisotropic excitation efficiency which depends on the orientation of the electric field component with respect to the nanowire. The excitation anisotropy of the linear photoluminescence (PL) and TPL can directly be derived from the respective image patterns. Our results show that the highest TPL signal from a single NW is detected when the electric excitation field is parallel to the long axis of the NW, i.e. about one order of magnitude stronger than that excited along the short axis. We attribute the TPL to an emission mechanism based on the recombination of free carriers, which exhibits a fourth order excitation power dependence in low power regime and a second order power dependence in high power regime.

image
Simulation of through‐hardening of SAE 52100 steel bearings – Part II: Validation at industrial scale
Authors: Evcil G. E. , Mustak O. , Simsir C.
Published: August 2016

In this study, the material dataset presented in part I of this article is validated at industrial scale in batch through‐hardening of bearing races. The material dataset acquired is implemented in a commercial heat treatment simulation software. Heat transfer coefficients for the oil and salt bath are determined by using a commercial standard quench probe. Zone temperatures and transfer times of the roller‐belt furnace are measured directly from the system.Through‐hardening of inner ring (IR) of 6813 bearing in oil and salt bath is simulated considering most of the industrial details. Finally, predicted dimensional changes are compared with the coordinate measurement results and a good agreement is achieved. It is concluded that determined material and process data, idealizations and simulation procedure can be considered “validated” for further improvement of the industrial process.
A 24‐channel shim array for the human spinal cord: Design, evaluation, and application
Authors: Topfer Ryan , Starewicz Piotr , Lo Kai‐Ming , Metzemaekers Karl , Jette Donald , Hetherington Hoby P. , Stikov Nikola , Cohen‐Adad Julien
Published: August 2016

Purpose

A novel multichannel shim array is introduced to improve MRI and spectroscopic studies of the human spinal cord.

Methods

Twenty‐four–channel shim and 8‐channel transceiver arrays were designed to insert into the patient bed table to lie in close proximity to the subject's spine. The reference field patterns of each of the shim channels (Hz/A) were determined empirically via gradient echo field mapping and subsequently used to demonstrate shim performance at 3 Tesla using an ex vivo phantom, which incorporated a fixed human spine. The shim was further demonstrated on five healthy volunteers.

Results

Application of the shim to the ex vivo phantom reduced the standard deviation of the field over the spinal volume of interest (123.4 cm3) from an original 51.3 Hz down to 32.5 Hz, amounting to an improvement in field homogeneity of 36.6%. In vivo, the spine shim resulted in an average improvement in field homogeneity of 63.8 ± 15.4%.

Conclusion

The localized spine shim offers a promising new means of correcting magnetic field distortion in the spinal cord. Magn Reson Med 76:1604–1611, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Effects of a stocking on plantar sensation in individuals with and without ankle instability
Authors: Burcal Christopher J. , Hoch Matthew C. , Wikstrom Erik A.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

It is unknown whether footwear has a beneficial or deleterious effect on cutaneous sensitivity. We aimed to test a preliminary model of footwear and its effect on tactile perception among groups of controls, copers, and chronic ankle instability participants. Methods: Light‐touch thresholds were obtained for 45 participants (age: 20.2 ± 2.8 years; height: 167.6 ± 9.8 cm; mass: 66.3 ± 14.7 kg) using Semmes‐Weinstein monofilaments at the head of the first metatarsal (1MT), base of the fifth metatarsal (5MT), and calcaneus (CAL). Baseline measurements were compared with those taken after wearing a nylon stocking for 5 min. Results: Thresholds were increased at all 3 sites when the stocking was worn (P < 0.05). Controls had an increase at 1MT, copers had an increase at 5MT and CAL, and chronic ankle instability had an increase at CAL. Conclusions: Cutaneous thresholds increase when subjects wear a nylon stocking, a model for the sensory effects of footwear. A history of ankle injury appears to influence which sites have altered sensibility. Muscle Nerve, 2016. Muscle Nerve 55: 513–519, 2017
Functional and structural changes of the urinary bladder following spinal cord injury; treatment with alpha lipoic acid
Authors: Ekiz Arif , Özdemir‐Kumral Zarife Nigâr , Erşahin Mehmet , Tuğtepe Halil , Öğünç Ayliz Velioğlu , Akakın Dilek , Kıran Demir , Özsavcı Derya , Biber Necat , Hakan Tayfun , Yeğen Berrak Ç. , Şener Göksel , Toklu Hale Z.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND & AIM

Alpha lipoic acid (LA) was shown to exert neuroprotection in trauma‐induced spinal cord injury (SCI), which is frequently associated with urinary bladder complaints in patients with SCI. Accordingly, the protective effects of LA on biochemical and histological changes in bladder as well as functional studies were assessed.

METHODS

Wistar albino rats were divided as control, SCI, and LA (50 mg/kg/day, ip) treated SCI groups (SCI+LA). The standard weight‐drop (100 g/cm force at T10) method was used to induce a moderately severe SCI. One week after the injury, neurological examination was performed and the rats were decapitated. Bladder samples were taken for histological examination, functional (isolated tissue bath) studies, and for the measurement of biochemical parameters (malondialdehyde, MDA; gluthathione, GSH; nerve growth factor, NGF; caspase‐3, luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescences).

RESULTS

SCI caused a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the detrusor muscle thickness. It increased the contractility responses to carbachol and relaxation responses to papaverine (P < 0.05–0.001). There were also significant alterations in MDA, caspase‐3, luminol, and lucigenin chemiluminescences with concomitant decreases in NGF and GSH (P < 0.05). LA treatment reversed histological and functional (contraction and relaxation responses) changes induced by SCI (P < 0.05–0.001), but no significant recovery was observed in the impaired neurological functions.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that LA have a beneficial effect in improving the bladder tonus via its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory actions following SCI.
Characterization of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Krzastek Sarah C. , Bruch William M. , Robinson Samuel P. , Young Harold F. , Klausner Adam P.
Published: August 2016

AIMS

The purpose of this study was to evaluate lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).

METHODS

Patients with new‐onset iNPH were prospectively evaluated for LUTS via detailed history and physical, and administration of questionnaires from the International Consultation on Incontinence to assess incontinence (ICIq‐UI), overactive bladder (ICIq‐OAB), and quality of life (ICIq‐LUTqol), as well as the American Urological Association Symptom Score bother scale. All patients with moderate‐to‐severe LUTS were offered urodynamic testing. Sub‐analysis was performed based on gender, medical comorbidities, and age.

RESULTS

Fifty‐five consecutive patients with iNPH completed the initial evaluation and surveys. Total urinary incontinence score was mild to moderate (8.71 ± 0.64: 0–21 scale) with 90.9% experiencing leakage and 74.5% reporting urge incontinence. The most common OAB symptom was nocturia (2.2 ± 0.14: 0–4 scale) with urge incontinence the most bothersome (3.71 ± 0.44: 0–10 scale). Quality‐of‐life impact was moderate (4.47 ± 0.4: 0–10 scale) and American Urological Association Symptom Score bother scale was 2.89 ± 0.22 (0–6 scale). Urodynamics testing revealed 100% detrusor overactivity and mean bladder capacity of 200 mL. Several differences were identified based on gender, medical comorbidities, and age.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with iNPH present with mild‐moderate incontinence of which nocturia is the most common symptom, urge incontinence the most bothersome, with 100% of patients having detrusor overactivity. Younger patients experienced greater bother related to LUTS. To our knowledge, this is the only prospective evaluation of urinary symptoms in patients with new‐onset iNPH.
Weight loss among women and men in the ASPIRE‐VA behavioral weight loss intervention trial
Authors: Vimalananda Varsha , Damschroder Laura , Janney Carol A. , Goodrich David , Kim H. Myra , Holleman Robert , Gillon Leah , Lutes Lesley
Published: August 2016

Objective

Weight loss was examined among women and men veterans in a clinical trial comparing Aspiring for Lifelong Health (ASPIRE), a “small changes” weight loss program using either mixed‐sex group‐visit or telephone‐based coaching, to MOVE!®, the usual mixed‐sex group‐based program.

Methods

Linear mixed‐effects models were used to calculate adjusted percent weight change at 12 months by sex and compare outcomes across arms within sex.

Results

Analyses included 72 women (ASPIRE‐Phone = 26; ASPIRE‐Group = 26; MOVE! = 20) and 409 men (ASPIRE‐Phone = 136; ASPIRE‐Group = 134; MOVE! = 139). At 12 months, women displayed significant weight loss from baseline in ASPIRE‐Group (−2.6%) and MOVE! (−2.7%), but not ASPIRE‐Phone (+0.2%). Between‐arm differences in weight change among women were: ASPIRE‐Group versus ASPIRE‐Phone, −2.8% (P = 0.15); MOVE! versus ASPIRE‐Phone, −2.8% (P = 0.20); and ASPIRE‐Group versus MOVE!, 0.0% (P = 1.0). At 12 months, men lost significant weight from baseline across arms (ASPIRE‐Phone, −1.5%; ASPIRE‐Group, −2.5%; MOVE!, −1.0%). Between‐arm differences in weight change among men were: ASPIRE‐Group versus ASPIRE‐Phone, −0.9% (P = 0.23); MOVE! versus ASPIRE‐Phone, +0.5% (P = 0.76); ASPIRE‐Group versus MOVE!, −1.5% (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Mixed‐sex, group‐based programs can result in weight loss for both women and men veterans.
1H‐MRS measured ectopic fat in liver and muscle is associated with the metabolic syndrome in Danish girls but not in boys with overweight and obesity
Authors: Nissen A. , Fonvig C. E. , Chabanova E. , Bøjsøe C. , Trier C. , Pedersen O. , Hansen T. , Thomsen H. S. , Holm J. ‐C.
Published: August 2016

Background

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complication to overweight and obesity, which can be observed already in childhood. Ectopic lipid accumulation in muscle and liver has been shown to associate with the development of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Thus, the interaction between MetS and ectopic fat may offer clinical relevance.

Objectives

To investigate the prevalence of MetS, or components hereof, and ectopic fat accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle tissue in children, as well as interactions between these.

Methods

Two‐hundred‐and‐sixteen children and adolescents (95 boys) with overweight/obesity were investigated, as well as 47 controls (22 boys) with normal weight. The assessments included anthropometry, fasting blood biochemistry and blood pressure measurements. Liver and muscle lipid contents were assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results

We observed an odds ratio in girls with overweight/obesity of 12.2 (95% confidence interval: [3.8; 49.0]) for exhibiting MetS when hepatic steatosis was present, whereas no association was observed in boys with overweight/obesity (odds ratio 0.7 [0.2; 2.7]). The odds ratio of exhibiting MetS in the presence of muscular steatosis was 3.5 [1.4; 9.5] in girls with overweight/obesity and 1.0 [0.2; 5.6] in boys with overweight/obesity. Similar results were seen for girls with overweight/obesity exhibiting concurrent hepatic and muscular steatoses.

Conclusion

Hepatic and muscular steatoses were associated with MetS among girls, but not among boys with overweight/obesity.
Numerical simulation of mega steel reinforced concrete columns with different steel sections
Authors: Jiang Huanjun , Li Yinghui , Zhu Jianmei
Published: August 2016

In recent years, the mega steel reinforced concrete (SRC) columns have been applied in super‐tall buildings. The previous research on SRC columns mainly focuses on the components with simple arrangement of encased steel, such as H‐shaped steel and cross‐shaped steel, with little attention paid to mega SRC columns that always have complicated encased steel and large steel ratio. The cyclic loading tests were carried out on scaled mega SRC column specimens with different cross‐section type of encased steel and steel ratio. The nonlinear three‐dimensional finite element and fiber element models were established respectively to simulate the inelastic behavior of mega SRC columns. The equivalent plastic strain of concrete, steel and rebar as well as the confinement effect on the concrete caused by the rebar and the steel plate were analyzed subsequently. By using the verified numerical model, the seismic behavior of specimens with different axial compression ratio was also studied. The test and analysis results indicate that the steel ratio and axial compression ratio have significant effects on the seismic performance of mega SRC columns, while the effect of cross‐section type of encased steel is not significant. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Looking for the Word “Angiogenesis” in the History of Health Sciences: From Ancient Times to the First Decades of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Natale Gianfranco , Bocci Guido , Lenzi Paola
Published: August 2016

This review deals with the origin of the term “angiogenesis”, with an attention to John Hunter who is credited with this neologism. A part of the literature refers to a Hunter’s work dating 1787, and the other part claims the first use of the term “angiogenesis” in the Hunter’s masterpiece published in 1794. Since we were unable to find the term “angiogenesis” in Hunter’s works, this review attempts to bring a new contribution to the historical research of this important concept, moving from ancient times to the first decades of the twentieth century, when “angiogenesis” begun to appear on titles of scientific articles. The development of the knowledge on the cardiocirculatory system and the principal steps of this fascinating subject were examined, with particular regard to microvascular bed and vessel sprouting, and to the intriguing observations on blood vessel neoformation that have been also made in the premicroscopic era. In Hunter’s works, the concept of angiogenesis indeed emerges, but not the term “angiogenesis”. The scientific language occurring during Hunter’s time was still old‐fashioned, and the term “angiogenesis” was not one of those he used, rather a much later neologism that sounds too modern to appear in that context. Would the first appearance of the term “angiogenesis” occur in late nineteenth century in studies dealing with embryogenesis and organ vascularization? The present study aims to explore the scientific literature and to open a debate to better define this matter.
Experimental study and isolation mechanism analysis on emulsion wax curing agent used on cement-stabilized granular base
Authors: Yuan Jianbo , Zhang Taoyu , Yao Jialiang
Published: August 2016

Based on the analysis in the mechanism of emulsion wax curing agent (EWCA) which was regarded as bond-breaking layer of concrete pavement, tests for shear stress, penetration test, pendulum friction coefficient test and sliding friction coefficient test are operated. Indexes for tests are measured after the spraying of EWCA on cement-stabilized granular base (CSGB). Compared with base do not have bond-breaking layer, test results indicated that bond stress, friction coefficients and permeability coefficients had been separately reduced by 64, 62 and 9 % with the help of EWCA. As a result it will improve the impermeability of CSGB. Pendulum friction coefficient test and sliding friction coefficient test are conducted, on cement-stabilized base’s surface with different texture depth 3 days after the spraying of EWCA. According to variation of sliding friction coefficient and British Pendulum Number (BPN), it can be concluded that they will decrease as increasing of spraying dosage and tend to stable finally. Field interlayer tangential bond force test with EWCA being sprayed on lean concrete base (texture depth <0.3) is performed. The results indicates: spraying time has significant effect on jacking force; wearing after form the film and rainfall have less effect on jacking force. The experimental results indicate that longer the time interval (from spraying the EWCA to pouring the pavement), the worse the effect of isolation. As a conclusion of engineering, the construction of isolation layer should be finished a few days before the construction of pavement.
A systematic review of community‐based parenting interventions for adolescents with challenging behaviours
Authors: Medlow Sharon , Klineberg Emily , Jarrett Carmen , Steinbeck Katharine
Published: August 2016

Parenting skills training is an established means of treating challenging behaviours among young children, but there has been limited research on its efficacy when used to treat challenging adolescent behaviour. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of community‐based parenting interventions designed for families with adolescents, as judged in terms of increased knowledge and skills among parents, improvements in adolescent behaviour, and program feasibility within community settings. Results indicated that intervention group parents typically made greater gains than did control group parents on measures of good parenting, with positive flow‐on effects to some aspects of challenging adolescent behaviours. Limited evidence suggests that group and individual intervention formats may be equally effective and that there is no advantage to the participation of the target adolescent in the intervention.
Isotope Lu–Hf composition of detrital zircon from paragneisses of the Sharyzhalgai uplift: evidence for the Paleoproterozoic crustal growth
Authors: Turkina O.M. , Berezhnaya N.G. , Sukhorukov V.P.
Published: August 2016

We present results of study of the trace-element and Lu–Hf isotope compositions of zircons from Paleoproterozoic high-grade metasedimentary rocks (paragneisses) of the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton (Irkut terrane of the Sharyzhalgai uplift). Metamorphic zircons are represented by rims and multifaceted crystals dated at ~1.85 Ga. They are depleted in either LREE or HREE as a result of subsolidus recrystallization and/or synchronous formation with REE-concentrating garnet or monazite. In contrast to the metamorphic zircons, the detrital cores are enriched in HREE and have high (Lu/Gd)n ratios, which is typical of igneous zircon. The weak positive correlation between 176Lu/177Hf and 176Hf/177Hf in the zircon cores evidences that their Hf isotope composition evolved through radioactive decay in the closed system. Therefore, the isotope parameters of these zircons can give an insight into the provenance of metasedimentary rocks. The Paleoproterozoic detrital zircon cores from paragneisses, dated at ~2.3–2.4 and 2.0–1.95 Ga, are characterized by a wide range of εHf values (from +9.8 to –3.3) and model age THfC = 2.8–2.0 Ga. The provenance of these detrital zircons included both rocks with juvenile isotope parameters and rocks resulted from the recycling of the Archean crust with a varying contribution of juvenile material. Zircons with high positive εHf values were derived from the juvenile Paleoproterozoic crustal sources, whereas the lower εHf and higher THfC values for zircons suggest the contribution of the Archean crustal source to the formation of their magmatic precursors. Thus, at the Paleoproterozoic stage of evolution of the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton, both crustal recycling and crustal growth through the contribution of juvenile material took place. On the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton, detrital zircons with ages of ~2.3–2.4 and 1.95–2.0 Ga are widespread in Paleoproterozoic paragneisses of the Irkut and Angara–Kan terranes and in terrigenous rocks of the Urik–Iya graben, which argues for their common and, most likely, proximal provenances. In the time of metamorphism (1.88–1.85 Ga), the age of Paleoproterozoic detrital zircons (2.4–2.0 Ga), and their Lu–Hf isotope composition (εHf values ranging from positive to negative values) the paragneisses of the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton are similar to the metasedimentary rocks of the Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts of the North China Craton. In the above two regions, the sources of detrital zircons formed by both the reworking of the Archean crust and the contribution of juvenile material, which is evidence for the crustal growth in the period 2.4–2.0 Ga.