bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Potential of Kite-Based Wind Power Generation: An Emulation-Based Approach
Authors: Castelino Roystan Vijay , Kumar Pankaj , Kashyap Yashwant , Karthikeyan Anabalagan , Sharma K. Manjunatha , Karmakar Debabrata , Kosmopoulos Panagiotis
Published: July 2023

A Kite-based Airborne Wind Energy Conversion System (KAWECS) works by harnessing the kinetic energy from the wind and converting it into electric power. The study of the dynamics of KAWECS is fundamental in researching and developing a commercial-scale KAWECS. Testing an actual KAWECS in a location with suitable wind conditions is only sometimes a trusted method for conducting research. A KAWECS emulator was developed based on a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drive coupled with a generator to mimic the kite’s behaviour in wind conditions. Using MATLAB-SIMULINK, three different power ratings of 1 kW, 10 kW, and 100 kW systems were designed with a kite surface area of 2.5 m2, 14 m2, and 60 m2, respectively. The reel-out speed of the tether, tether force, traction power, drum speed, and drum torque were analysed for a wind speed range of 2 m/s to 12.25 m/s. The satellite wind speed data at 10 m and 50 m above ground with field data of the kite’s figure-of-eight trajectories were used to emulate the kite’s characteristics. The results of this study will promote the use of KAWECS, which can provide reliable and seamless energy flow, enriching wind energy exploitation under various installation environments.
Integrated Energy Station Optimal Dispatching Using a Novel Many-Objective Optimization Algorithm Based on Multiple Update Strategies
Authors: Liao Xiang , Qian Beibei , Jiang Zhiqiang , Fu Bo , He Hui
Published: July 2023

Regarding the need to decrease carbon emissions, the electric vehicle (EV) industry is growing rapidly in China; the charging needs of EVs require the number of EV charging stations to grow significantly. Therefore, many refueling stations have been modified to integrated energy stations, which contain photovoltaic systems. The key issue in current times is to figure out how to operate these integrated energy stations in an efficient way. Therefore, an effective scheduling model is needed to operate an integrated energy station. Photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems are integrated into EV charging stations to transform them into integrated energy stations (PE-IES). Considering the demand for EV charging during different time periods, the PV output, the loss rate of energy storage systems, the load status of regional grids, and the dynamic electricity prices, a multi-objective optimization scheduling model was established for operating integrated energy stations that are connected to a regional grid. The model aims to simultaneously maximize the daily profits of the PE-IES, minimize the daily loss rate of the energy storage system, and minimize the peak-to-valley difference of the load in the regional grid. To validate the effectiveness of the model, simulation experiments under three different scenarios for the PE-IES were conducted in this research. Each object weight was determined using the entropy weight method, and the optimal solution was selected from the Pareto solution set using an order-preference technique according to the similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS). The results demonstrate that, compared to traditional charging stations, the daily revenue of the PE-IES stations increases by 26.61%, and the peak-to-valley difference of the power load in the regional grid decreases by 30.54%, respectively. The effectiveness of PE-IES is therefore demonstrated. Furthermore, to solve the complex optimization problem for PE-IES, a novel multi-objective optimization algorithm based on multiple update strategies (MOMUS) was proposed in this paper. To evaluate the performance of the MOMUS, a detailed comparison with seven other algorithms was demonstrated. These results indicate that our algorithm exhibits an outstanding performance in solving this optimization problem, and that it is capable of generating high-quality optimal solutions.
Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneity on CO2 Dissolution Efficiency in Randomly Multilayered Formations
Authors: Fang Xiaoyu , Lv Yanxin , Yuan Chao , Zhu Xiaohua , Guo Junyang , Liu Weiji , Li Haibo
Published: July 2023

Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolution is the secondary trapping mechanism enhancing the long-term security of CO2 in confined geological formations. CO2 injected into a randomly multilayered formation will preferentially migrate along high permeability layers, increasing CO2 dissolution efficiency. In this study, sequential Gaussian simulation is adopted to construct the stratified saline formations, and two-phase flow based on MRST is established to illustrate the spatial mobility and distribution of CO2 migration. The results show that gravity index G and permeability heterogeneity σY2 are the two predominant factors controlling the spatial mobility and distribution of CO2 transports. The CO2 migration shows a totally different spatial mobility under different gravity index and heterogeneity. When the permeability discrepancy is relatively larger, CO2 preferentially migrates along the horizontal layer without accompanying the vertical migration. For the formation controlled by gravity index, CO2 migration is governed by supercritical gaseous characteristics. For the medium gravity index, the upward and lateral flow characteristics of the CO2 plume is determined by gravity index and heterogeneity. When the gravity index is smaller, permeability heterogeneity is the key factor influencing CO2 plume characteristics. Permeability heterogeneity is the decisive factor in determining final CO2 dissolution efficiency. This investigation of CO2 mobility in randomly multilayered reservoirs provides an effective reference for CO2 storage.
High-Dimensional Contact Network Epidemiology
Authors: Ackerman Andrew , Martin Briquelle , Tanisha Martin , Edoh Kossi , Ward John Paul
Published: July 2023

Contact network models are recent alternatives to equation-based models in epidemiology. In this paper, the spread of disease is modeled on contact networks using bond percolation. The weight of the edges in the contact graphs is determined as a function of several variables in which case the weight is the product of the probabilities of independent events involving each of the variables. In the first experiment, the weight of the edges is computed from a single variable involving the number of passengers on flights between two cities within the United States, and in the second experiment, the weight of the edges is computed as a function of several variables using data from 2012 Kenyan household contact networks. In addition, the paper explored the dynamics and adaptive nature of contact networks. The results from the contact network model outperform the equation-based model in estimating the spread of the 1918 Influenza virus.
Effects of Snow Cover on Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Their δ13C Values of Temperate Forest Soils with and without Litter
Authors: Xu Xingkai , Wu Haohao , Yue Jin , Tang Shuirong , Cheng Weiguo
Published: July 2023

The presence of litter and winter snow cover can affect the decomposition of organic matter in forest soils and changes in δ13C values of soil-respired carbon dioxide (CO2). However, limited information is available on the responses of CO2 emissions from forest soils and their δ13C values to snow cover and litter addition over the year. We experimentally manipulated snow cover to study the impacts of light and heavy artificial snow cover on soil heterotrophic respiration and its δ13C values, using undisturbed large soil columns collected from two typical temperate forests in Northeastern China. Based on the average temperatures of surface forest soils in four seasons of the year in this study region, the simulations of autumn freeze–thaw, winter freeze, spring freeze–thaw, and the growing season were sequentially carried out under laboratory conditions. A set of novel analysis systems, including automated chamber equipment and laser spectroscopy analysis with high-frequency measurements for CO2 concentrations and the 13C/12C isotopic ratios in CO2, was used to study the effects of artificial snow cover and the presence of litter on soil heterotrophic respiration and its δ13C values. During the autumn freeze–thaw simulation, there were larger CO2 emissions and less negative δ13C values of soil-respired CO2 upon heavy snow cover than upon light snow cover, indicating that the presence of increased snow cover prior to winter freeze can increase the decomposition of organic C in subsurface soils under temperate forests. The δ13C values of soil-respired CO2 in all treatments were, on average, less negative as the simulated spring freeze–thaw proceeded, which was contrary to the variations of the δ13C during the autumn freeze–thaw simulation. Soil heterotrophic respiration and its δ13C values during the spring freeze–thaw simulation were, on average smaller upon heavy snow cover than upon light snow cover, which differed from those during the autumn freeze–thaw and growing season simulations, respectively. Taken together, the results highlight that the effects of snow cover on soil heterotrophic respiration and its δ13C values under temperate forests may vary with different seasons of the year and the presence of litter.
The Rationale for Restoration of Abandoned Quarries in Forests of the Ślęża Massif (Poland) in the Context of Sustainable Tourism and Forest Environment Protection
Authors: Kurowska Ewa , Czerniak Andrzej , Bańkowski Janusz
Published: July 2023

The manuscript presents the current state and proposals for the management of the old granite, quartz, and serpentinite quarries located in the Ślęża Massif (SW Poland, 50°51′51.22″ N; 16°42′26.80″ E), an area entirely covered by forests and protected by various legal protection measures. The quarries are abandoned and subjected to intense natural plant succession, so they are disappearing from the landscape. Nine quarries were analyzed regarding their natural and landscape characteristics. Due to the variety of their sizes, specific locations, geological–topographical traits, and forest and site conditions, the quarries may be turned into tourist attractions enhancing the social function of forests while, at the same time, ensuring their protective functions. If properly managed, they may contribute to the multifaceted development of tourism, performing scientific-cognitive, educational, sports, or cultural functions, and, as a result, to a partial reduction in the tourist pressure on biotic and abiotic natural resources along the presently most frequently used routes. This paper attempts to present arguments indicating that a former mining working site may be a positive and attractive landscape element in harmony with the vegetation cover, beneficial for both nature and humans.
Genetic Investigation of Consanguineous Pakistani Families Segregating Rare Spinocerebellar Disorders
Authors: Saadi Saadia Maryam , Cali Elisa , Khalid Lubaba Bintee , Yousaf Hammad , Zafar Ghazala , Khan Haq Nawaz , Sher Muhammad , Vona Barbara , Abdullah Uzma , Malik Naveed Altaf , Klar Joakim , Efthymiou Stephanie , Dahl Niklas , Houlden Henry , Toft Mathias , Baig Shahid Mahmood , Fatima Ambrin , Iqbal Zafar
Published: July 2023

Spinocerebellar disorders are a vast group of rare neurogenetic conditions, generally characterized by overlapping clinical symptoms including progressive cerebellar ataxia, spastic paraparesis, cognitive deficiencies, skeletal/muscular and ocular abnormalities. The objective of the present study is to identify the underlying genetic causes of the rare spinocerebellar disorders in the Pakistani population. Herein, nine consanguineous families presenting different spinocerebellar phenotypes have been investigated using whole exome sequencing. Sanger sequencing was performed for segregation analysis in all the available individuals of each family. The molecular analysis of these families identified six novel pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants; ZFYVE26: c.1093del, SACS: c.1201C>T, BICD2: c.2156A>T, ALS2: c.2171-3T>G, ALS2: c.3145T>A, and B4GALNT1: c.334_335dup, and three already reported pathogenic variants; FA2H: c.159_176del, APTX: c.689T>G, and SETX: c.5308_5311del. The clinical features of all patients in each family are concurrent with the already reported cases. Hence, the current study expands the mutation spectrum of rare spinocerebellar disorders and implies the usefulness of next-generation sequencing in combination with clinical investigation for better diagnosis of these overlapping phenotypes.
High Expression of CDCA7 in the Prognosis of Glioma and Its Relationship with Ferroptosis and Immunity
Authors: Wang Yunhan , Zhao Yu , Zhang Zongying , Zhang Jie , Xu Qiuyun , Zhou Xiaorong , Mao Liming
Published: July 2023

CDCA7 is a copy number amplification gene that promotes tumorigenesis. However, the clinical relevance and potential mechanisms of CDCA7 in glioma are unclear. CDCA7 expression level data were obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases, and the enriched genes and related signaling pathways were explored. Data on genes in CDCA7-related signaling pathways and nine marker genes of ferroptosis were retrieved and a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was performed. The correlation of CDCA7 to ferroptosis and tumor infiltration of 22 kinds of human immune cells and the association between CDCA7 and immune checkpoint molecules were analyzed. CDCA7 was significantly increased in gliomas in comparison to healthy tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed the impact of CDCA7 expression on multiple biological processes and signaling pathways. CDCA7 may affect ferroptosis by interacting with genes in the cell cycle pathway and P53 pathway. The increase in CDCA7 was positively correlated with multiple ferroptosis suppressor genes and genes involved in tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immune checkpoint molecules in glioma. CDCA7 can be a new prognostic factor for glioma, which is closely related to ferroptosis, tumor immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint.
Comparative Analyses of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Gene Family and Expression Profiling under Multiple Abiotic Stresses in Water Lilies
Authors: Khan Wasi Ullah , Khan Latif Ullah , Chen Dan , Chen Fei
Published: July 2023

Plants in their natural habitat frequently face different biotic and abiotic stresses, which lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cell membranes, cause peroxidation and deterioration of macromolecules, and ultimately result in cell death. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a class of metalloenzymes, is primarily found in living organisms and serves as the principal line of defense against ROS. The SOD gene family has not yet been characterized in any species of water lily from the genus Nymphaea. The present study aims to conduct a genome-wide study to discover SOD genes in four representative water lily species. In our present comparative study, we discovered 43 SOD genes in the genomes of four water lily species. The phylogenetic investigation results revealed that SOD genes from water lily and closely related plant species formed two distinct groups, as determined by their binding domains with high bootstrap values. Enzymatic ion-binding classified the SOD gene family into three groups, FeSOD, Cu/ZnSOD, and MnSOD. The analysis of gene structure indicated that the SOD gene family exhibited a relatively conserved organization of exons and introns, as well as motif configuration. Moreover, we discovered that the promoters of water lily SODs contained five phytohormones, four stress-responsive elements, and numerous light-responsive cis-elements. The predicted 3D protein structures revealed water lily SODs form conserved protein dimer signatures that were comparable to each other. Finally, the RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of nine NcSOD genes revealed their responsiveness to heat, saline, cold, cadmium chloride, and copper sulphate stress. These findings establish a basis for further investigation into the role of the SOD gene family in Nymphaea colorata and offer potential avenues for genetic enhancement of water lily aquaculture.
Gastric Cancer Epidemiology: Current Trend and Future Direction
Authors: Iwu Chidozie Declan , Iwu-Jaja Chinwe Juliana
Published: July 2023

Gastric cancer (GC) is a significant global public health problem. It is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality despite its decline in incidence since the past five decades. The incidence of GC varies between regions, and this heterogeneity is attributed to multi-factors, including infectious, environmental, and genetic traits. Most of the GC cases are linked to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Understanding the etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of GC is necessary for the prevention and targeted treatment of the disease. In this study, we synthesized published studies, including data from the “International Agency for Research on Cancer GLOBOCAN” to narratively provide an updated overview of the recent global trends, etiology, known risk factors, pathogenesis, hallmarks, treatment, and prevention of GC. One area that significantly advanced GC research was understanding the mechanisms by which H. pylori colonizes humans and mediates physiological, microbiological, immune, and histologic features of the gut. However, there are still gaps present in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of GC.
Lifestyle Related Cancer Risk and Protective Behaviors Vary among a Convenient Sample of Physically Active, Young-to-Middle-Aged Adults 18–49
Authors: Ewing Aldenise P. , Chang Gregory C. , Henry Abhishek V. , Brown Jordyn A. , Alalwan Mahmood A. , Boyd Donte T. , Marshall Daniel , McElwain Skylar , Best Alicia L. , Parvanta Claudia F. , Levin Bruce L. , Meade Cathy D. , Gwede Clement K.
Published: July 2023

It is an assumption that physically active adults lead an overall healthy lifestyle. To examine this assumption, we administered a cross-sectional, web-based survey to a sample of young-to-middle-aged US adults between 18 and 49 who self-reported participation in at least one recreational sporting event in the past month. Logistic regressions were conducted to examine demographic characteristics associated with cancer risk and protective behaviors. Gender was represented equally (N = 938), and the average age was 32 years (SD: 8.4). Most participants reported >three days of moderate- to high-intensity physical activity (79%), but not meeting fruit and vegetable consumption guidelines (78%). Many reported current tobacco use (32%), binge drinking at least once in the past 30 days (62%), and suboptimal sun protection use (67%). Participation in lifestyle-related cancer risk and protective behaviors varied based on age, sex, education, routine doctor visits, perceived overall health, health-information-seeking behavior (how participants obtained health information), or team-based sport participation in regression models. Future interventions should be tailored to address varied cancer risk profiles among even physically active adults to encourage multiple healthy behavior changes.
Knowledge about Asymptomatic Malaria and Acceptability of Using Artemisia afra Tea among Health Care Workers (HCWs) in Yaoundé, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Suh Nchang Abenwie , Shinyuy Lahngong , Noukimi Sandra , Njong Sylvia , Bambara Sylvie , Kalimba Edgar , Kamga Joseph , Ghogomu Stephen , Frederich Michel , Talom Jean , Souopgui Jacob , Robert Annie
Published: July 2023

Malaria is the most widespread endemic disease in Cameroon, and asymptomatic Plasmodium (gametocyte) carriers (APCs) constitute more than 95% of infectious human reservoirs in malaria endemic settings. This study assesses the knowledge of asymptomatic malaria (ASM) among health care workers (HCWs) in health facilities (HFs) in the Centre Region of Cameroon and the acceptability of using Artemisia afra tea to treat APCs. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 100 HCWs, in four randomly selected HFs in the Centre Region, in the period of 1–20 April 2022, using semi-structured self-administered questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with knowledge. More than seven in eight (88%) respondents were aware of the existence of ASM, 83% defined ASM correctly, 75% knew how it was diagnosed, 70% prescribe ACTs for APCs, and 51.1% were informed about ASM transmission. The professional category of HCWs was significantly associated with their knowledge of the existence and transmission of ASM, and longevity of service was associated with knowledge of transmission (p < 0.05). Two-thirds (67%) of respondents knew about Artemisia afra tea, 53.7% believed that it was effective in treating ASM, and 79% were willing to prescribe it if authorized. There was a fair level of knowledge of ASM among HCWs in the study settings.
The Relationship between Sense of Belonging and Well-Being Outcomes in Emerging Adults with Care Experience
Authors: Howard Amanda Hiles , Dadirai Gwenzi Getrude , Newsom Lindsey , Gebru Belay T. , Gilbertson Wilke Nicole
Published: July 2023

Robust social resources that lead to a healthy sense of belonging are imperative during emerging adulthood. However, young adults with alternative care experience, such as residential or foster care, often lack the social resources necessary to transition to adulthood successfully. Though some research has examined the importance of social resources in this population, less is known about a sense of belonging, which is associated with these social resources. The current study examined the association between care experience, belonging, and well-being outcomes among emerging adults (n = 703) who were separated from their biological parents during care and received alternative care in 16 nations. The presence of belonging was associated with type of alternative care, age at separation, and reason for separation. There was also an association between belonging and well-being outcomes, including homelessness and suicidal ideation. Adults lacking a sense of belonging reported higher rates of homelessness and suicidal ideation, lower life satisfaction, and lower resilience. The study has global implications for enhancing social support for emerging adults with care experience in order to facilitate a sense of belonging as a social resource.
Molecular Mapping to Discover Reliable Salinity-Resilient QTLs from the Novel Landrace Akundi in Two Bi-Parental Populations Using SNP-Based Genome-Wide Analysis in Rice
Authors: Maniruzzaman Sheikh , Rahman M. Akhlasur , Hasan Mehfuz , Rasul Mohammad Golam , Molla Abul Hossain , Khatun Hasina , Iftekharuddaula K. M. , Kabir Md. Shahjahan , Akter Salma
Published: July 2023

Achieving high-yield potential is always the ultimate objective of any breeding program. However, various abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, cold, flood, and heat hampered rice productivity tremendously. Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that adversely affect rice grain yield. The present investigation was undertaken to dissect new genetic loci, which are responsible for salt tolerance at the early seedling stage in rice. A bi-parental mapping population (F2:3) was developed from the cross between BRRI dhan28/Akundi, where BRRI dhan28 (BR28) is a salt-sensitive irrigated (boro) rice mega variety and Akundi is a highly salinity-tolerant Bangladeshi origin indica rice landrace that is utilized as a donor parent. We report reliable and stable QTLs for salt tolerance from a common donor (Akundi) irrespective of two different genetic backgrounds (BRRI dhan49/Akundi and BRRI dhan28/Akundi). A robust 1k-Rice Custom Amplicon (1k-RiCA) SNP marker genotyping platform was used for genome-wide analysis of this bi-parental population. After eliminating markers with high segregation distortion, 886 polymorphic SNPs built a genetic linkage map covering 1526.5 cM of whole rice genome with an average SNP density of 1.72 cM for the 12 genetic linkage groups. A total of 12 QTLs for nine different salt tolerance-related traits were identified using QGene and inclusive composite interval mapping of additive and dominant QTL (ICIM-ADD) under salt stress on seven different chromosomes. All of these 12 new QTLs were found to be unique, as no other map from the previous study has reported these QTLs in the similar chromosomal location and found them different from extensively studied Saltol, SKC1, OsSalT, and salT locus. Twenty-eight significant digenic/epistatic interactions were identified between chromosomal regions linked to or unlinked to QTLs. Akundi acts like a new alternate donor source of salt tolerance except for other usually known donors such as Nona Bokra, Pokkali, Capsule, and Hasawi used in salt tolerance genetic analysis and breeding programs worldwide, including Bangladesh. Integration of the seven novel, reliable, stable, and background independent salinity-resilient QTLs (qSES1, qSL1, qRL1, qSUR1, qSL8, qK8, qK1) reported in this investigation will expedite the cultivar development that is highly tolerant to salt stress.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Is a Key Driver of Aggressiveness in Thyroid Tumor Cells
Authors: Revilla Giovanna , Ruiz-Auladell Lara , Vallverdú Núria Fucui , Santamaría Paula , Moral Antonio , Pérez José Ignacio , Li Changda , Fuste Victoria , Lerma Enrique , Corcoy Rosa , Pitoia Fabián , Escolà-Gil Joan Carles , Mato Eugènia
Published: July 2023

We previously described the role of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in aggressiveness in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Moreover, the MAPK signaling pathway in the presence of BRAF V600E mutation is associated with more aggressive PTC. Although the link between MAPK cascade and LDL receptor (LDLR) expression has been previously described, it is unknown whether LDL can potentiate the adverse effects of PTC through it. We aimed to investigate whether the presence of LDL might accelerate the oncogenic processes through MAPK pathway in presence or absence of BRAF V600E in two thyroid cell lines: TPC1 and BCPAP (wild-type and BRAF V600E, respectively). LDLR, PI3K-AKT and RAS/RAF/MAPK (MEK)/ERK were analyzed via Western blot; cell proliferation was measured via MTT assay, cell migration was studied through wound-healing assay and LDL uptake was analyzed by fluorometric and confocal analysis. TPC1 demonstrated a time-specific downregulation of the LDLR, while BCPAP resulted in a receptor deregulation after LDL exposition. LDL uptake was increased in BCPAP over-time, as well as cell proliferation (20% higher) in comparison to TPC1. Both cell lines differed in migration pattern with a wound closure of 83.5 ± 9.7% after LDL coculture in TPC1, while a loss in the adhesion capacity was detected in BCPAP. The siRNA knockdown of LDLR in LDL-treated BCPAP cells resulted in a p-ERK expression downregulation and cell proliferation modulation, demonstrating a link between LDLR and MAPK pathway. The modulation of BRAF-V600E using vemurafenib-impaired LDLR expression decreased cellular proliferation. Our results suggest that LDLR regulation is cell line-specific, regulating the RAS/RAF/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway in the LDL-signaling cascade and where BRAF V600E can play a critical role. In conclusion, targeting LDLR and this downstream signaling cascade, could be a new therapeutic strategy for PTC with more aggressive behavior, especially in those harboring BRAF V600E.
Pyrolysis Temperature vs. Application Rate of Biochar Amendments: Impacts on Soil Microbiota and Metribuzin Degradation
Authors: Mielke Kamila Cabral , Brochado Maura Gabriela da Silva , Laube Ana Flávia Souza , Guimarães Tiago , Medeiros Bruna Aparecida de Paula , Mendes Kassio Ferreira
Published: July 2023

Biochar-amended soils influence the degradation of herbicides depending on the pyrolysis temperature, application rate, and feedstock used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of sugarcane straw biochar (BC) produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (350 °C, 550 °C, and 750 °C) and application rates in soil (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, and 10% w/w) on metribuzin degradation and soil microbiota. Detection analysis of metribuzin in the soil to find time for 50% and 90% metribuzin degradation (DT50 and DT90) was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Soil microbiota was analyzed by respiration rate (C-CO2), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). BC350 °C-amended soil at 10% increased the DT50 of metribuzin from 7.35 days to 17.32 days compared to the unamended soil. Lower application rates (0.1% to 1.5%) of BC550 °C and BC750 °C decreased the DT50 of metribuzin to ~4.05 and ~5.41 days, respectively. BC350 °C-amended soil at high application rates (5% and 10%) provided high C-CO2, low MBC fixation, and high qCO2. The addition of low application rates (0.1% to 1.5%) of sugarcane straw biochar produced at high temperatures (BC550 °C and BC750 °C) resulted in increased metribuzin degradation and may influence the residual effect of the herbicide and weed control efficiency.
Neuroprotective and Disease-Modifying Effects of the Triazinetrione ACD856, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Trk-Receptors for the Treatment of Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Parrado Fernandez Cristina , Juric Sanja , Backlund Maria , Dahlström Märta , Madjid Nather , Lidell Veronica , Rasti Azita , Sandin Johan , Nordvall Gunnar , Forsell Pontus
Published: July 2023

The introduction of anti-amyloid monoclonal antibodies against Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of high importance. However, even though treated patients show very little amyloid pathology, there is only a modest effect on the rate of cognitive decline. Although this effect can possibly increase over time, there is still a need for alternative treatments that will improve cognitive function in patients with AD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the triazinetrione ACD856, a novel pan-Trk positive allosteric modulator, in multiple models to address its neuroprotective and potential disease-modifying effects. The pharmacological effect of ACD856 was tested in recombinant cell lines, primary cortical neurons, or animals. We demonstrate that ACD856 enhanced NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, increased the levels of the pre-synaptic protein SNAP25 in PC12 cells, and increased the degree of phosphorylated TrkB in SH-SY5Y cells. In primary cortical neurons, ACD856 led to increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2, showed a neuroprotective effect against amyloid-beta or energy-deprivation-induced neurotoxicity, and increased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Consequently, administration of ACD856 resulted in a significant increase in BDNF in the brains of 21 months old mice. Furthermore, repeated administration of ACD856 resulted in a sustained anti-depressant effect, which lasted up to seven days, suggesting effects that go beyond merely symptomatic effects. In conclusion, the results confirm ACD856 as a cognitive enhancer, but more importantly, they provide substantial in vitro and in vivo evidence of neuroprotective and long-term effects that contribute to neurotrophic support and increased neuroplasticity. Presumably, the described effects of ACD856 may improve cognition, increase resilience, and promote neurorestorative processes, thereby leading to a healthier brain in patients with AD.
Newly Established Genetic System for Functional Analysis of MetSV
Authors: Gehlert Finn O. , Weidenbach Katrin , Barüske Brian , Hallack Daniela , Repnik Urska , Schmitz Ruth A.
Published: July 2023

The linear chromosome of the Methanosarcina spherical virus with 10,567 bp exhibits 22 ORFs with mostly unknown functions. Annotation using common tools and databases predicted functions for a few genes like the type B DNA polymerase (MetSVORF07) or the small (MetSVORF15) and major (MetSVORF16) capsid proteins. For verification of assigned functions of additional ORFs, biochemical or genetic approaches were found to be essential. Consequently, we established a genetic system for MetSV by cloning its genome into the E. coli plasmid pCR-XL-2. Comparisons of candidate plasmids with the MetSV reference based on Nanopore sequencing revealed several mutations of yet unknown provenance with an impact on protein-coding sequences. Linear MetSV inserts were generated by BamHI restriction, purified and transformed in Methanosarcina mazei by an optimized liposome-mediated transformation protocol. Analysis of resulting MetSV virions by TEM imaging and infection experiments demonstrated no significant differences between plasmid-born viruses and native MetSV particles regarding their morphology or lytic behavior. The functionality of the genetic system was tested by the generation of a ΔMetSVORF09 mutant that was still infectious. Our genetic system of MetSV, the first functional system for a virus of methanoarchaea, now allows us to obtain deeper insights into MetSV protein functions and virus-host interactions.
Lamin A/C Ablation Restricted to Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, Cardiomyocytes, and Cardiac Fibroblasts Causes Cardiac and Vascular Dysfunction
Authors: Del Monte-Monge Alberto , Ruiz-Polo de Lara Íñigo , Gonzalo Pilar , Espinós-Estévez Carla , González-Amor María , de la Fuente-Pérez Miguel , Andrés-Manzano María J. , Fanjul Víctor , Gimeno Juan R. , Barriales-Villa Roberto , Dorado Beatriz , Andrés Vicente
Published: July 2023

Mutations in the LMNA gene (encoding lamin A/C proteins) cause several human cardiac diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathies (LMNA-DCM). The main clinical risks in LMNA-DCM patients are sudden cardiac death and progressive left ventricular ejection fraction deterioration, and therefore most human and animal studies have sought to define the mechanisms through which LMNA mutations provoke cardiac alterations, with a particular focus on cardiomyocytes. To investigate if LMNA mutations also cause vascular alterations that might contribute to the etiopathogenesis of LMNA-DCM, we generated and characterized Lmnaflox/floxSM22αCre mice, which constitutively lack lamin A/C in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiomyocytes. Like mice with whole body or cardiomyocyte-specific lamin A/C ablation, Lmnaflox/floxSM22αCre mice recapitulated the main hallmarks of human LMNA-DCM, including ventricular systolic dysfunction, cardiac conduction defects, cardiac fibrosis, and premature death. These alterations were associated with elevated expression of total and phosphorylated (active) Smad3 and cleaved (active) caspase 3 in the heart. Lmnaflox/floxSM22αCre mice also exhibited perivascular fibrosis in the coronary arteries and a switch of aortic VSMCs from the ‘contractile’ to the ‘synthetic’ phenotype. Ex vivo wire myography in isolated aortic rings revealed impaired maximum contraction capacity and an altered response to vasoconstrictor and vasodilator agents in Lmnaflox/floxSM22αCre mice. To our knowledge, our results provide the first evidence of phenotypic alterations in VSMCs that might contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of some forms of LMNA-DCM. Future work addressing the mechanisms underlying vascular defects in LMNA-DCM may open new therapeutic avenues for these diseases.
Dispersant and Protective Roles of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene phosphate) Block Copolymers in Polyester/Bone Mineral Composites
Authors: Nifant’ev Ilya , Tavtorkin Alexander , Komarov Pavel , Kretov Egor , Korchagina Sofia , Chinova Maria , Gavrilov Dmitry , Ivchenko Pavel
Published: July 2023

Composites of synthetic bone mineral substitutes (BMS) and biodegradable polyesters are of particular interest for bone surgery and orthopedics. Manufacturing of composite scaffolds commonly uses mixing of the BMS with polymer melts. Melt processing requires a high homogeneity of the mixing, and is complicated by BMS-promoted thermal degradation of polymers. In our work, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites reinforced by commercial β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) or synthesized carbonated hydroxyapatite with hexagonal and plate-like crystallite shapes (hCAp and pCAp, respectively) were fabricated using injection molding. pCAp-based composites showed advanced mechanical and thermal characteristics, and the best set of mechanical characteristics was observed for the PLLA-based composite containing 25 wt% of pCAp. To achieve compatibility of polyesters and pCAp, reactive block copolymers of PLLA or PCL with poly(tert-butyl ethylene phosphate) (C1 and C2, respectively) were introduced to the composite. The formation of a polyester-b-poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (PEPA) compatibilizer during composite preparation, followed by chemical binding of PEPA with pCAp, have been proved experimentally. The presence of 5 wt% of the compatibilizer provided deeper homogenization of the composite, resulting in a marked increase in strength and moduli as well as a more pronounced nucleation effect during isothermal crystallization. The use of C1 increased the thermal stability of the PLLA-based composite, containing 25 wt% of pCAp. In view of positive impacts of polyester-b-PEPA on composite homogeneity, mechanical characteristics, and thermal stability, polyester-b-PEPA will find application in the further development of composite materials for bone surgery and orthopedics.
Outline of Salivary Gland Pathogenesis of Sjögren’s Syndrome and Current Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Yura Yoshiaki , Hamada Masakazu
Published: July 2023

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the involvement of exocrine glands such as the salivary and lacrimal glands. The minor salivary glands, from which tissue samples may be obtained, are important for the diagnosis, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, and genetic analyses of SS. In the onset of SS, autoantigens derived from the salivary glands are recognized by antigen-presenting dendritic cells, leading to the activation of T and B cells, cytokine production, autoantibody production by plasma cells, the formation of ectopic germinal centers, and the destruction of salivary gland epithelial cells. A recent therapeutic approach with immune checkpoint inhibitors for malignant tumors enhances the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic effector T cells, but also induces SS-like autoimmune disease as an adverse event. In the treatment of xerostomia, muscarinic agonists and salivary gland duct cleansing procedure, as well as sialendoscopy, are expected to ameliorate symptoms. Clinical trials on biological therapy to attenuate the hyperresponsiveness of B cells in SS patients with systemic organ involvement have progressed. The efficacy of treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and chimeric antigen receptor T cells for SS has also been investigated. In this review, we will provide an overview of the pathogenesis of salivary gland lesions and recent trends in therapeutic approaches for SS.
Nitric Oxide Function and Nitric Oxide Synthase Evolution in Aquatic Chordates
Authors: Locascio Annamaria , Annona Giovanni , Caccavale Filomena , D’Aniello Salvatore , Agnisola Claudio , Palumbo Anna
Published: July 2023

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signaling molecule in almost all organisms and is active in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Our understanding of the peculiarities and functions of this simple gas has increased considerably by extending studies to non-mammal vertebrates and invertebrates. In this review, we report the nitric oxide synthase (Nos) genes so far characterized in chordates and provide an extensive, detailed, and comparative analysis of the function of NO in the aquatic chordates tunicates, cephalochordates, teleost fishes, and amphibians. This comprehensive set of data adds new elements to our understanding of Nos evolution, from the single gene commonly found in invertebrates to the three genes present in vertebrates.
KLF13 Regulates the Activity of the GH-Induced JAK/STAT Signaling by Targeting Genes Involved in the Pathway
Authors: Ávila-Mendoza José , Delgado-Rueda Karen , Urban-Sosa Valeria A. , Carranza Martha , Luna Maricela , Martínez-Moreno Carlos G. , Arámburo Carlos
Published: July 2023

The Krüppel-like factor 13 (KLF13) has emerged as an important transcription factor involved in essential processes of the central nervous system (CNS). It predominantly functions as a transcriptional repressor, impacting the activity of several signaling pathways with essential roles in the CNS, including the JAK/STAT pathway, which is the canonical mediator of growth hormone (GH) signaling. It is now recognized that GH has important actions as a neurotrophic factor. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of KLF13 on the activity of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in the hippocampus-derived cell line HT22. Results showed that KLF13 directly regulates the expression of several genes involved in the JAK-STAT pathway, including Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, and Socs1, by associating with their proximal gene promoters. In addition, it was found that in KLF13-deficient HT22 neurons, the expression of Jak1, Stat3, Socs1, Socs3, and Igf1 was dysregulated, exhibiting mRNA levels that went up to 7-fold higher than the control cell line. KLF13 displayed a differential effect on the GH-induced JAK/STAT pathway activity, decreasing the STAT3 branch while enhancing the STAT5 branch. In KLF13-deficient HT22 cells, the activity of the STAT3 branch was enhanced, mediating the GH-dependent augmented expression of the JAK/STAT output genes Socs1, Socs3, Igf1, and Bdnf. Furthermore, GH treatment increased both the nuclear content of KLF13 and Klf13 mRNA levels, suggesting that KLF13 could be part of the mechanisms that maintain the homeostatic state of this pathway. These findings support the notion that KLF13 is a regulator of JAK/STAT activity.
Implication of Central Nervous System Barrier Impairment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Gender-Related Difference in Patients
Authors: Alarcan Hugo , Vourc’h Patrick , Berton Lise , Benz-De Bretagne Isabelle , Piver Eric , Andres Christian R. , Corcia Philippe , Veyrat-Durebex Charlotte , Blasco Hélène
Published: July 2023

Central nervous system (CNS) barrier impairment has been reported in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), highlighting its potential significance in the disease. In this context, we aim to shed light on its involvement in the disease, by determining albumin quotient (QAlb) at the time of diagnosis of ALS in a large cohort of patients. Patients from the university hospital of Tours (n = 307) were included in this monocentric, retrospective study. In total, 92 patients (30%) had elevated QAlb levels. This percentage was higher in males (43%) than in females (15%). Interestingly, QAlb was not associated with age of onset, age at sampling or diagnostic delay. However, we found an association with ALS functional rating scale-revised (ALSFRS-r) at diagnosis but this was significant only in males. The QAlb levels were not linked to the presence of a pathogenic mutation. Finally, we performed a multivariate survival analysis and found that QAlb was significantly associated with survival in male patients (HR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.2–4.3, p = 0.009). A longitudinal evaluation of markers of barrier impairment, in combination with inflammatory biomarkers, could give insight into the involvement of CNS barrier impairment in the pathogenesis of the disease. The gender difference might guide the development of new drugs and help personalise the treatment of ALS.
Study on Bearing Capacity of Honeycomb Sandwich Structure Embedded Parts
Authors: Sun Wei , Xiao Junyi , Hu Xuanwei , Hao Baoxin , Zhang Huan , Zhang Peng , Gao Tianhe , Tian Kuo
Published: July 2023

In the composite structure of spacecraft, the honeycomb sandwich structure is the basic bearing component used to bear and transmit loads. To explore the influencing factors on the bearing capacity of honeycomb sandwich structures, this study combines local tests and speckle measurement systems to conduct tensile tests on 10 test specimens with different parameters. Firstly, a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the accuracy of the loading and measurement system, the rationality of the testing method, and the mechanical properties of the test piece. It was found that the maximum measurement error of the speckle measurement system did not exceed 0.01 mm, and the differences between the yield load and failure load measured using different inner diameters of the compression ring were 0.15% and 3.84%, respectively. This indicates that the measurement system is accurate and that the influence of the inner diameter of the compression ring can be ignored. Moreover, it was found that considering the accuracy retention ability of the structure under load, the allowable load of the embedded parts is about 90% of the yield load. Finally, the data of specimens with different parameters were compared and it was found that the strength of the honeycomb sandwich structure is directly proportional to the thickness of the skin, the density of the honeycomb core cells, and the size of the embedded parts.
Order Space-Based Morphology for Color Image Processing
Authors: Sun Shanqian , Huang Yunjia , Inoue Kohei , Hara Kenji
Published: July 2023

Mathematical morphology is a fundamental tool based on order statistics for image processing, such as noise reduction, image enhancement and feature extraction, and is well-established for binary and grayscale images, whose pixels can be sorted by their pixel values, i.e., each pixel has a single number. On the other hand, each pixel in a color image has three numbers corresponding to three color channels, e.g., red (R), green (G) and blue (B) channels in an RGB color image. Therefore, it is difficult to sort color pixels uniquely. In this paper, we propose a method for unifying the orders of pixels sorted in each color channel separately, where we consider that a pixel exists in a three-dimensional space called order space, and derive a single order by a monotonically nondecreasing function defined on the order space. We also fuzzify the proposed order space-based morphological operations, and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method by comparing with a state-of-the-art method based on hypergraph theory. The proposed method treats three orders of pixels sorted in respective color channels equally. Therefore, the proposed method is consistent with the conventional morphological operations for binary and grayscale images.
Sarcopenia and Tuberculosis: Is There Any Connection?
Authors: Karakousis Nikolaos D. , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos I. , Kotsiou Ourania S.
Published: July 2023

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) infection is a life-threatening infection caused by certain bacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. More than 10 million subjects are newly sick from this infection every year globally. At the same time, TB is quite prevalent among subjects who come from lower socioeconomic layers of general population, and marginalized sections and areas. Sarcopenia is a muscle disease that derives from adverse muscle alterations and is related to the loss of muscle strength and mass. It is a major medical issue due to its increased adverse outcomes including falls, functional decline, frailty, hospitalizations, increased mortality, and healthcare costs. Methods: This study examined the potential interplay between the TB infection and sarcopenia through conducting a non-systematic review of the current literature. Results: It has been recorded that the prevalence of sarcopenia among TB survivors is high, whilst the danger of TB among the elderly increases with sarcopenia and physical inactivity. Nevertheless, sufficient protein and total energy intake are associated with a low risk of sarcopenia in TB survivors. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to validate these findings and shed more light on the upcoming different aspects of this intriguing association.