bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caesar’S New Senators
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

When a party seizes control of the Commonwealth it cannot take from the vanquished the bitter and barren consolation of defaming the members of the new government. The most intemperate allegations thrown about by malignant contemporaries are repeated by credulous posterity and consecrated among the uncontested memorials of history. Sulla, they said, put common soldiers into the Senate: but the formidable company of the Sullan centurions shrinks upon scrutiny to a single example.
The Consul Antonius
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

CAESAR lay dead, stricken by twenty-three wounds. The Senate broke up in fear and confusion, the assassins made their way to the Capitol to render thanks to the gods of the Roman State. They had no further plans-the tyrant was slain, therefore liberty was restored. A lull followed and bewilderment. Sympathizers came to the Capitol but did not stay long, among them the senior statesman Cicero and the young P. Cornelius Dolabella arrayed in the insignia of a consul; for Caesar had intended that Dolabella should have the vacant place when he resigned and departed to the Balkans. The other consul, the redoubtable M. Antonius, took cover. Repulsing the invitations of the Liberators, he secured from Calpumia the Dictator’s papers and then consulted in secret with the chief men of the Caesarian faction, such as Balbus, the Dictator’s secretary and confidant, Hirtius, designated consul for the next year, and Lepidus the Master of the Horse, now left in an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at once apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with armed men. Lepidus and Balbus were eager for vengeance;1 Antonius, however, sided with the moderate and prudent Hirtius.
Caesar’S Heir
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

By the terms of his will Caesar appointed as heir to his name and fortune a certain C. Octavius, the grandson of one of his sisters. On the paternal side the youth came of a respectable family that lacked nobility: his grandfather, a rich banker established at the small town of Velitrae, had shunned the burdens and the dangers of Roman politics.1 Ambition broke out in the son, a model of all the virtues. He married Atia, the daughter of M. Atius Balbus, a senator from the neighbouring town of Aricia, and of Julia, Caesar’s sister. Hence rapid advancement and honours, the praetorship, the governorship of Macedonia, and the sure prospect of a consulate. Death frustrated his intended candidature, but the Caesarian alliance maintained the fortunes of the family. The widow Atia was at once transferred in matrimony to L. Marcius Phi1ippus, a safe candidate for the consulate of 56 e.c. Octavius left three children, an Octavia by his first wife, by Atia another Octavia and a son, C. Octavius. Of the two children of Atia, the daughter was subsequently married to C. Marcellus (cos. 50 e.c.); theson, in any event assured of a brilliant career through these influential connexions, was taken up by Caesar.5
Political Catchwords
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

N Rome of the Republic, not constrained by any law of libel, the literature of politics was seldom dreary, hypocritical or edifying. Persons, not programmes, came before the People for their judgement and approbation. The candidate seldom made promises. Instead, he claimed office as a reward, boasting loudly of ancestors or, failing that prerogative, of his own merits. Again, the law-courts were an avenue for political advancement through prosecution, a battle-ground for private enmities and political feuds, a theatre for oratory. The best of arguments was personal abuse. In the allegation of disgusting immorality, degrading pursuits and ignoble origin the Roman politician knew no compunction or limit. Hence the alarming picture of contemporary society revealed by oratory, invective and lampoon.
The Senate Against Antonius
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE Senate met on December 20th, convened by tribunes on the specious pretext of taking precautions in advance for the personal safety of the new consuls on the first day of the year, when momentous transactions were announced-as though any individual or party wished to strike down that worthy and innocuous pair, Hirtius and Pansa. The true cause was robably an urgent dispatch from the governor of Cisalpine Gau. Though nothing could be done while Antonius was still consul, Cicero seized the chance to develop a programme for future action. Octavianus had no standing at all before the law, and Brutus was insecure. Antonius was patently in the right when summoning him to surrender the province. That point Cicero could not dispute. He therefore had resort to the most impudent sophistries, delivering a solemn and patriotic panegyric upon treason.1 He demonstrated that if a private army was raised against Antonius, if his troops were mutinous and seditious, Antonius could be no true consul of the Roman People. On the other hand, the adversaries of Antonius deserved full recognition, the soldiery recompense in land and money.
The Second March On Rome
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE public enemy was on the run. All that remained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined armies of the Republic in northern Italy would have an easy task. So it might seem. Antonius broke away, moving along the Aemilia, on April 22nd. He secured a start of two days, for D. Brutus went to consult Pansa at Bononia, only to find that the consul had succumbed to his wounds; Antonius soon increased his lead, for his army was strong in cavalry. Brutus had none ; and the exhilaration of a victory in which his legions had so small a share could not compensate the ravages of a long siege.
Philippi And Perusia
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

N the first day of the new year Senate and magistrates took a solemn oath to maintain the acts of Caesar the Dictator. More than this, Caesar was enrolled among the gods of the Roman State,1 In the Forum a temple was to be built to the new deity, Divus Julius; and another law made provision for the cult in the towns of ltaly.2 The young Caesar could now designate himself ‘Divi filius’. Under the sign of the avenging of Caesar, the Caesarian armies made ready for war. The leaders decided to employ twenty-eight legions. Eight of these they dispatched in advance across the Adriatic under C. Norbanus Flaccus and L. Decidius Saxa, who marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi, and took up a favourable position, Antonius and Octavianus proposed to follow. Their colleague Lepidus was left behind in nominal charge of Rome and Italy.
The Rise Of Octavianus
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

At rundisium Caesar’s heir had again been saved from rum by the name, the fortune and the veterans of Caesar, the diplomacy of his friends and his own cool resolution. Not to mention chance and the incompetence of his enemies, the accidental death of Fufius Calenus and the fatal error of Salvidienus. The compact with Antonius gave standing, security and the possession of the western provinces. He at once dispatched to Gaul and Spain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and Elebeian Agrippa, now of praetorian standing, and the aristocrat Domitius Calvmus, fresh from his second consulate, with long experience of warfare and little success as a general.
Tota Italia
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE year 33 e.c. opened with Octavianus as consul for the second time : with its close, the triumviral powers were to expire. The rivals manoeuvred for position: of compromise, no act or thought. Octavianus moved first. Early in the year he delivered a speech before the Senate, criticizing the acts of Antonius in the East.1 Antonius replied with a manifesto. He took his stand upon legality and upon the plighted word of covenants, which was a mistake. Antonius complained that he had been excluded from raising recruits in Italy; that his own men had been passed over in the allotment of lands; that Octavianus had deposed in arbitrary fashion a colleague in the Triumvirate.z Antonms had already professed readiness to lay down office and join in restoring the Republic.
The Party Of Augustus
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

HE modest origins of the faction of Octavianus stand revealed in the names of the foundation-members; and subsequent accessions have been indicated from time to time, It grew steadily in numbers and in dignity as Caesar’s heir recruited followers and friends from the camps of his adversaries until in the end, by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed up the old Caesarian party but secured the adhesion of a large number of Republicans and could masquerade as a national party. Over seven hundred senators accompanied Italy’s leader in the War of Actium, most of them with scorn and hate in their hearts-yet from the salutary compulsion to derive honour and advancement. Of this imposing total, so Augustus proudly affirmed, no fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with that supreme distinction.
The National Programme
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

O far the manner in which power was seized and held, the working of patronage, the creation of an oligarchy and system of government. Security of possession, promotion for loyalty or merit and firm rule in Rome, Italy and the provinces,that was not enough.
Genealogical Tables
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

Hen a party has triumphed in violence and seized control of the State, it would be plain folly to regard the new government as a collection of amiable and virtuous characters. Revolution demands and produces sterner qualities. About the chief persons in the government of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia, history and scandal have preserved a sufficient testimony to unmask the realities of their rule. The halo of their resplendent fortune may dazzle, but it cannot blind, the critical eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name, but only adulation and a pragmatic justification of success.
Environments
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

When considering environments, additional layers of complexity come into play. In common with objects and communications, form, colour, pattern, and texture are basic compositional elements, but the articulation of space and light is a specific characteristic of the design of environments. Moreover, in this context, objects and communications become closely interlocked with spatial elements, giving added emphasis to their functionality and significance.
The French War
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

‘I unsystematically record the often aching doubts of a shedding of the skin,’ the northern Vietnamese poet Nguyen Dinh Thi wrote in December 1947 just as the first year of the French war came to a close; ‘the old body falling without fully separating, the newly grown young skin not yet strengthened, bleeding at the slightest touch.’1 Nguyen Dinh Thi sought to articulate the soul-searching dilemmas of many Vietnamese intellectuals who supported the Ho Chi Minh government in its war against the French. Deeply sympathetic to the state’s calls to use their talents to represent the struggles of peasants, workers, and soldiers in the French war, Thi and other patriotic intellectuals found it difficult to know how to place their art in the service of state politics and at the same time maintain a sense of themselves as creative artists.
Anaesthesia In Action
Authors: Snow Stephanie J
Published: October 2023

Patrick Bronte, father of Charlotte, Anne, Branwell, and Emily, wrote to the Leeds Mercury in 1847: Every friend to humanity ought to cry ‘ all hail’ to such a messenger of good tidings ... Having read both sides of the question, and judging from the opinions of some of the most learned, able, and humane of the faculty, it appears to me to be evident, that as it regards the inhalation of the vapour of ether, a great, a useful, and important discovery has been made, and one that ought to be patronized by every friend to humanity.
After the Ice Age
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

I Once Spent a Few Hours in the Ice Age. It was a brilliant July day, the sun’s heat comfortably tempered by a cool wind sweeping down from the frozen ocean beyond the ranges to the north. We were sitting in the sunny mouth of a small cave, at the base of a limestone outcrop that protruded like an eroded molar from the hills of the northern Yukon. My friend Jacques CinqMars had discovered Bluefish Cave, and had spent several summers here carefully excavating the bones of ancient animals and the preserved traces of early human activities. Listening to him talk about the place, I idly surveyed the view to the valley below us, and the distant Old Crow Flats sprinkled with shining lakes and veined with channels of running water.
Introduction
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

This is a book about the writing of empire, and about writing in opposition to empire. It looks at a historical series of imaginative acts involved with colonization and its aftermath. The subject is peculiarly large. And the project of critical overview is itself, ironically, almost imperialistic in scope. Indeed what could be more global, or more vast, than the writing of and against empire, unless it is the attempt to generalize about that writing? Our subject, ‘colonial and postcolonial literature’, would on a superficial reading seem to embrace the majority of the world’s modern literatures.
Imperialism and Textuality
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

At its height the British Empire was a vast communications network, a global sprawl of hubris, the world map flushed pink. It was pictured as a machine and yet also as a muddle; it was the Royal Navy and Queen Victoria, and the One Race and One Flag. But it was also represented by texts.
The Two Irelands 1912–1939
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

The partition of Ireland created two states embodying rival ideologies and representing two hostile peoples. This book concerns the revolution which prompted partition, and the legacies of that revolution for the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. Though less bloody than the nationalist uprising after 1916, Unionist defiance against Home Rule proved equally effective in wresting concessions from a hostile British government. Despite their mutual antagonism, the two revolutionary movements were strikingly similar in their reliance on fraternal solidarity and intolerance of dissent. Both new states were immediately engulfed by civil war, resulting in the ruthless suppression of dissident southern repulicans and northern Catholics. The power of each revolutionary elite was consolidated at the expense of alienating substantial minorities, although republican opponents of the Free State (unlike northern Catholics) eventually joined the democratic process. This is the first sustained attempt to integrate the political history of the two Irelands in the era of revolution and partition. It provides an unexpected and provocative slant on each individual history.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

Between 1912 and 1922, Ireland experienced revolution in several senses. Its constitutional status, as defined in British statutes, was transformed by the dual ‘settlement’ of 1921–2. All but six of Ireland’s thirty-two counties were withdrawn from the United Kingdom as constituted in 1801, becoming a dominion- like ‘Irish Free State’ within the British empire. Six of the nine counties of Ulster became a ‘province’ within the United Kingdom, unique in possessing an autonomous parliament and a form of ‘Home Rule’.
The Earlier Forms of Industry
Authors: Ashton T S
Published: October 2023

IN the eighteenth century most of the people of Britain earned their living by work on the land. Conditions of life and labour varied with each small difference of configuration, sub-soil, and climate. But, apart from such diversities, there was one broad contrast that could hardly fail to impress itself on every traveller who rode through the English shires: that between the areas where the fields lay open, stretching unbroken to the horizon, and the areas where they were divided by quickset hedges, stone walls, fences, or rows of trees. The open-field village, with its gradation of lord or squire, freeholders, copyholders, leaseholders, and cottagers, was well suited to the needs of a community producing grain and a small amount of livestock for its own subsistence. But, though it was more adaptable than has sometimes been supposed, it tended to hold by the methods of cultivation and economic relations of the past. Before a system of drainage or a new rotation of crops could be introduced it was necessary to win the assent of a body of men most of whom were satisfied with customary practice and suspicious of change.
The Course of Economic Change
Authors: Ashton T S
Published: October 2023

THE industrial revolution is to be thought of as a movement, not as a period of time. Whether it presents itself in England after 1760, in the United States and Germany after 1870, or in Canada, Japan, and Russia in our own day, its character and effects are fundamentally the same. Everywhere it is associated with a growth of population, with the application of science to industry, and with a more intensive and extensive use of capital. Everywhere there is a conversion of rural into urban communities and a rise of new social classes. But in each case the course of the movement has been affected by circumstances of time and place. Many of the social discomforts that have been attributed to the industrial revolution in Britain were, in fact, the result of forces which (for all we know) would still have operated if manufacture had remained undeveloped and there had been no change of economic form.
Storing and Sifting
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

The recording has been completed: but how then should the tapes be kept? And how can they be used to make history? We need first to consider the problems of storage and indexing, and then the stages in writing and presenting history with oral evidence.’
Black Responses and Black Resistance
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Solomon Plaatje, destined to be the first secretary of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912, arrived in Kimberley in 1894. His Tswana-speaking forebears, some of whom had been Christians since the 1830s, acquired their Dutch surname when living with Griqua people. Plaatje was brought up on Lutheran missions near Kimberley and the town was an obvious place of employment for a promising product of their school. He joined the Kimberley Post Office, which in a late Victorian liberal gesture had staffed its telegraph department with graduates of Lovedale, the most prestigious black school in the colony. In 1898 Plaatje moved to Mafikeng as the court interpreter. He played an important role in the South African War, supplying the British forces with intelligence about Boer combatants and African communities.
Insurrection, Fragmentation, and Negotiations, 1984-1994
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

If the renaissance of black opposition in the 1970s paved the way for political change, the insurrection of 1984-6 made the process very difficult to reverse. Although white authority partially collapsed during the 1980s and early 1990s, Afrikaners were reluctant to sacrifice power and whites in general protective of their wealth. The Nationalists actively pursued a settlement that might secure the position of whites and satisfy their conception of black aspirations but that would fall short of democratic government in a unitary state. While Botha intensified repression, the state also pursued reformist initiatives that laid the ground for some post-apartheid developments.
War Economy and Inflation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

The great underlying issue of German politics after 1918 concerned the distribution of the costs of the lost war and, insofar as the domestic, non-reparations costs of the war are concerned, the redistribution of the burdens of the war as they had been determined in preliminary form by the organization and operation of the German war economy. It is necessary, therefore, to penetrate what economist Franz Eulenburg called the “veil of money”1 and get to the more fundamental determinants of the character and consequences of the wartime inflation. Inflation, of course, is a monetary phenomenon, “a decline in the purchasing power of the monetary unit of account,”2 but that does not mean it is self-explanatory. Havenstein was not printing money for the sheer pleasure of it, and he was not free to simply stop the presses. The money supply was increased to make possible the deficit financing of the budget, and the fact that this was done, the manner in which it was done, and the extent to which it was done were all the result of political and socioeconomic decisions taken by the government or of constraints felt by the government as a consequence of real or feared actions and reactions on the part of the groups and classes of which German society was composed. From the very outset, the significant determinants of the German inflation were structural ones.
What Kind of Reconstruction? The German Business Community Faces the Future
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

Mankind’s ability to survive sustained periods of chaos and even disaster seems to rest upon remarkable capacities of adaptation and an uncanny ability to make use of desperate conditions to serve not only short-run but sometimes even long-run purposes. Obviously, these capacities are not possessed by or made available to all, and periods like those through which Germany was passing between 1918 and 1923 are Darwinian episodes in which not only survival but also the redistribution of economic and social rewards were determined by access to goods and especially to credit as well as a substantial measure of speculative luck. Such periods are neither morally edifying nor economically and political healthy, and one of the major impulses behind the cries for organization and planning at such times is the wish to reduce the role of the fortuitous and give both control and direction to forces that would otherwise run amok in the service of special and immediate interests to the detriment of the “general good.” The problem with these organizational and planning efforts is that they tend to be outrun by events and are resented as inhibitions and barriers to the next set of seemingly appropriate adaptations.
The Presentation of the Bill
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

Reparations is the Pandora’s box that must be opened if the breakdown of the relative stabilization of 1920–1921 and the subsequent galloping inflation and hyperinflation are to be understood. The London Ultimatum of May 1921, which set the reparations bill at 132 billion gold marks and set up a payments plan under which the Germans were to pay two billion gold marks in annuities and approximately another billion yearly in the form of 26 percent of the value of their exports, reached Berlin on May 6 and brought down the Fehrenbach government. It was accepted on May IO, 1921, by a new government under Joseph Wirth. This marked a real turning point. The fulfillment of the London Ultimatum became the central issue of German domestic and foreign policy, was intimately linked to the issue of stabilization, and dominated public discussion of taxation, social policy, and economic policy. The origins of the London Ultimatum and German efforts to cope with it, therefore, are central to the history of the German inflation.
The Domestic Politics of Fulfillment, May 1921–January 1922
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

A rather misleading case can be made that the Germans had not acted in good faith in the negotiations and discussions that took place between July 1920 and May 1921. In its extreme version, this charge neglects both the very real efforts that the German government had made to reform its taxation system, increase production, and reduce expenditure as well as the powerful domestic constraints preventing postRevolutionary German governments from being as forthcoming in their negotiations with the Allies and as effective in their fiscal policies as the situation demanded. Nevertheless, the criticisms of German behavior are not without basis and cannot be dismissed. One need turn neither to critical historians nor to Allied polemics for such an argument. The Germans provided enough testimony of their own. Bonn, Melchior, and Rathenau had questioned the credibility of the German negotiating tactics and had pointed out that German proposals and counterproposals were constantly based on an underestimation of Germany’s economic potential. This irritated the Allies and made a Diktat almost inevitable.
The Year of Dr. Mabuse: The Hyperinflation and German Society in 1922
Authors: Feldman Gerald D
Published: October 2023

1922 was a banner year for the German film. In London, the long-planned first postwar presentation of a German movie finally took place with the showing of Ernst Lubitsch’s Madame du Barry. Appearing under the title of Passion and starring Pola-Negri, the film sold out nightly to audiences entranced by its star, admiring of its technical achievements, and undoubtedly greatly entertained by Lubitsch’s skill in presenting great historical events as the outcome of the all-too-human behavior of the well known historical characters populating his film.1
The Crisis of 1819
Authors: Sellers Charles
Published: October 2023

Monroe’s first Congress was elected by a premonitory tremor of crisis and adjourned on March 4, 1 81 9, to its full eruption. Voter anger at the Fourteenth Congress had sent so many new members bent on “retrenchment and reform” that “a new party” was rumored “about to be organized, within the very bosom of the republican party.” The President found them “very querulous” about taxes, and Secretary Adams grew querulous about “a great mass of desire to be in opposition.” Congress ignored the presidential recommendation for higher tariff protection, while the big New York delegation deserted federal internal improvements when their state had to go it alone on the Erie Canal.
Domestic Judaism: Religion and German-Jewish Ethnicity
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

“The modern Jewish woman is everything but a Jewess.”1 Throughout the Imperial era, religious leaders and popular myth alike reproached women for the decline of Judaism in terms of population as well as religiosity. Editorials, serial stories, and selective news items in Jewish newspapers depicted women as pushing their fam ilies to move to the cities, where they could enjoy a more luxurious life; showed women marrying out of the faith and converting for frivolous reasons; and described them as interested in all sorts of secular activities, but not in their own Jewish community. All implied that Judaism depended, to a large extent, on the role of women, because Jewish home life itself had a religious character: “The … Hausfrau emerges as a “priestess [Priesterin] of the home. Women are giants who carry the world on their shoulders by caring for the home If the religious home falls, so does the world of religion.” Since women were supposed to imbue the home with its piety, the demise of religion was seen as their fault.
Double Barriers, Double Burdens: Women’s Employment
Authors: Kaplan Marion A
Published: October 2023

The stereotype of the bourgeois “lady” and the idle hohere Tochter notwithstanding, Jewish women worked in a variety of ways, and often without remuneration. A significant minority of them-about 18 percent in 1907-worked outside the home and appeared in the censuses. Others who ran the family shop, delivered g ods, kept records, peddled wares, managed a small business, or “helped out” in the household-”family helpers,” as they were called in the 1907 statistics-remain invisible, but for our purposes have to be uncovered. Not surprisingly, when we do find women doing unacknowledged labor, they appear in positions similar to other officially employed women.
Women’s Rights and ideology: The ERA
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

If The Suffrage Movement lacked a clear sense of how to proceed after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, it was in large part because no ideological consensus existed on the meaning of equality between the sexes. Suffragists themselves were tom between a natural-rights faith in in dividualism that would have abolished all distinctions based on sex and a belief that women should pursue a separate agenda, based on their sexual difference from men, that would create a more humane and nunurant social system. But that conflict simply reflected a larger ambivalence within the women’s movement over what it meant to be a woman and what it meant to be equal. The suffrage, as an overarching symbol, had united women with disparate concerns and multiple objectives. Evangelical Protestants, free thinkers, Prohibitionists, intellectuals, immigrants, and union organizers could all find some common ground on the issue of securing the right to vote. Now, any prospect for moving forward on issues of sex equality required. an ideological vision--shared. by women leaders--0n the goal eventually to be achieved.
From Feminists to Flappers: College and Career Women
Authors: Chafe William H
Published: October 2023

Although The Experience of women in industry was pivotal to long-range prospe<:ts for equality, many feminists placed their immediate hopes for prog ress on the young college women who came of age during the early twentieth century. For reasons of economic necessity, the daughters of the poor had always worked outside the home; but most middle- and upper-class women had refrained from taking jobs, conforming instead to the convention that a woman’s proper place was to be a housewife and mother.
La Défense Viticole and the Politics of Deindustrialization, 1880-1920
Authors: Johnson Christopher H
Published: October 2023

During the Third Republic, Languedoc completed its transformation into an agrarian region sustained by a single cash corp. The vine proved to be an unreliable friend even for those who lived from it, as the phylloxera, then overproduction took disastrous tolls. But for the people of the piedmont the vine was almost a vexatious intrusion. Having offered some hope (though hardly stemming the tide of emigration), it then betrayed them cruelly.
A World Apart
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

At the middle of the nineteenth century, the Yazoo Delta was already known as the domain of an exceptionally prosperous, powerful, and socially and politically conservative planter elite. War, emancipation, and Reconstruction temporarily loosened the planter’s grip on the region, but by the end of the century, the dynamic plantation kingdom of the Delta once again presented a stark contrast to the economically stunted piney woods and red dirt counties of Mississippi that Robert L. Brandfon described as “less than an underdeveloped area.” The Delta’s vibrant plantation economy with its unrelenting appetite for labor encouraged its white leaders to adopt a less militantly negrophobic public posture on the race question and nurtured as well an enduring and distinctive social structure, moral code, political philosophy, and policy agenda which fostered a sense of uniqueness that Delta whites were as quick to assert as their hill-county antagonists were to assail.
“Somebody Done Nailed Us on the Cross”
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: October 2023

Those who explained the failure of blacks in the Delta and else where in the southern plantation belt to make more progress during the civil rights era often cited the enduring influence of paternalism, referring to the historic dependence of black tenants on their white landlords. In fact, however, it was a new form of paternalism, one introduced by the federal government, that played a major role in shaping events in the Mississippi Delta throughout the post-New Deal decades. Since the 1930s the Delta had moved increasingly into the federal orbit as Washington subsidized the reduction of cotton acreage and succeeded the planter as the primary source of support for the region’s seasonally employed black laborers. It was Delta planters, however, who actually became the prime beneficiaries of these new government initiatives, which not only boosted their incomes through acreage-control payments and price supports but reduced their labor needs and relieved them of their responsibilities as providers as well. Meanwhile, the definite coercive advantage enjoyed by Delta whites derived not from the emotional legacy of the plantation but from the fact that continued white control of employment and public assistance made Delta blacks, in the words of one observer, “more vulnerable to reprisal and intimidation than at any time in their history.”
To the Brink and Back
Authors: Schoenbaum David
Published: October 2023

Within weeks of Eisenhower’s inauguration, Stalin died. The confused circumspection of his successors and the near-collapse of the Soviet client regime in East Berlin could only enhance the self-assurance of an administration already committed to “negotiation from strength.” Unlike its predecessors, it was also almost proudly unbeholden to Jews. An estimated 75 percent of Jews had voted in 1952 for Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic loser, and even more were to vote for him again in 1956. It was true that Cleveland’s Rabbi Silver, still one of the nation’s most aggressive Zionists, remained a Taft Republican, but given the hard feelings left over from a bitter campaign for the nomination, that was unlikely to win any points with the new administration either.
Flirting with Danger—Dartmouth, 1938-1939
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

Robbins Barstow was almost eighteen when he came to Dartmouth in September 1937. A senior remembered him “as the darnedest freshman I’d ever seen. A real Joe Intellectual. He used to wander around the campus with a little notebook, listening in on discussions that students were having. He’d tell us to go right on talking-that he just wanted to take notes on what he called Food for Reflection.” One of Barstow’s friends was a German exchange student and an admirer of the Nazis-his views found a home in Barstow’s notebook. So did Bill Remington’s thoughts on Communism, which Bill was happy to share with the freshman even though he was working so hard to convince the administration that he was no longer committed to that cause. During the winter and spring of 1938, Barstow often visited Remington in his room in Crosby Hall. “I was deeply impressed by the brilliance of his mind,” he later said, “and by the quiet, earnest sincerity of his expression of the Communist beliefs which he then held.... My impression was ... that he looked down on me a little for not readily accepting them myself, as if the rightness of Communism was pretty obvious.”
Renegades
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

Their Mexican honeymoon was as unorthodox as their wedding, combining the two different worlds in which Remington loved to travel-the radical and the conventional. For months prior to the wedding, he had worked on perfecting his Spanish, had poured over guidebooks noting the cleanest (and cheapest) hotels, and had even obtained from the American Automobile Association a list of the most reliable automobile mechanics in Mexico City. Stuart Chase, a veteran explorer of the Yucatan Jungle, assured him that there “simply weren’t any more bandits in Mexico----with the exception of Generals in the Army ... ,” and that “the health problem isn’t too terribly bad. With iron caution, one seldom gets sick.”1 From George Biddle and Joseph North, editor of the New Masses, and now Elizabeth Moos’s closest friend, Remington received letters of introduction to Mexican artists, intellectuals, and Communists. The couple’s first destination was Chicago, where they spent a few days with Ann’s grandparents, Joseph and Katherine Moos, who gave the newlyweds a check for four thousand dollars. On Sunday, July 9, 1939, they arrived in Mexico City, taking a room in a three-story fortress-like Spanish house. For the sake of both economy and safety, Remington put their car away; parking meters, he noted, cost ten centavos, while Mexican drivers raced through the city’s streets ignoring red lights and pedestrians. Such iron caution must have pleased Fred Remington immensely.
Obliging a Lady
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

When the Remingtons first saw the area in the summer of 1940, it was just acres of lush, green trees, out in Fairfax County, Virginia. A cooperative corporation was formed, consisting of a Board of Directors and a manager who would supervise the construction of the first twenty homes. Tauxemont was the name given to the development, and the Remingtons arranged to build their first home there-for sixty-five hundred dollars they could have a house located on a halfacre lot. Construction began early in 1941, and by December, Ann and Bill were able to move in. It seemed ideal; close enough to the city so that Bill could easily commute, yet located in the country where they could experience the pleasures of rural life. Their neighbors were friendly; most were civil servants like Bill and some were leftists-members of the Washington Book Shop, the American League for Peace and Democracy, and other Communist Party front groups. They entertained one another, formed a riding club for those who drove to Washington, and during the Christmas holidays, went caroling through the neighborhood.
Scene of the Crime
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

The grand jury was running behind schedule on Monday, May 22, 1950, when Remington was supposed to appear. He waited in the witness room with Joe Rauh and Bethuel Webster, who were permitted to accompany him this far but no farther; he would go into the jury room alone. They did not talk. Remington nervously thumbed through a newspaper or just stared at the wall. He did not look at the third man sitting in the room-Pat Todd. Next door, they could hear a witness talking loudly, a white-haired elderly man, who had been the first to be called that day. His name, Remington later learned, was Josephus Remine. The 78-year-old former sheriff told the grand jury that recently he had been ill and complained of fatigue, shortness of breath, impaired hearing, and poor vision. “But l am willing to testify and tell you what l know ... ,” he said. Despite the passage of time, he was still convinced that Remington had been a Communist. “l have stronger evidence than any card of Remington’s You can stand up and hide a man near a hot doorway, with the doors open and the windows up and him under a bright light and see his lips working and saying ...that we have to convince CIO members that the Communist Party is the coming party in this country ... that’s what he said.... Hdeidn’t do me any harm ... [but] this Communist business is un-American “ ls there anyone else who can corroborate your testimony that Remington was a Communist?
A Lot to Explain
Authors: May Gary
Published: October 2023

It had been bothering Eileen Collins for more than six months. Something about the whole affair had been wrong, but what could she do about it now? She talked to her family and friends, who tried to reassure her, and she also told her story to Robert Brown, a student at the Yale University Law School. He thought it might be important, but he was only in his first year, not yet a real lawyer. He decided to contact the American Civil Liberties Union, which recommended that he talk to the judge. So, on Friday, December 29, 1950, Brown called Judge Gregory F. Noonan. Judge Noonan is unavailable, his secretary said; could I take a message? I have some information about Elizabeth Bentley and the Remington case, Brown said. The secretary took his name and number and promised to telephone him, after she found the judge. A few minutes later she called. Judge Noonan said to contact the U.S. attorney or William Chanler, counsel for the defense. Brown tried Saypol’s office first, but no one in authority was there; so he called William Chanler, who invited Eileen Collins to come to his office.
An Overview of the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The securities industry is only a small part of the financial sector. Currently, only a small percentage of the almost 5,500 firms in the industry are publicly owned. But through its maintenance of the markets for stocks and bonds, this industry provides one of the most important mechanisms for allocating this nation’s capital among competing uses. The efficiency of the industry in performing this allocative function determines in large part the overall growth and efficiency of the economy itself. The first securities firms in this country were almost exclusively brokers operating out of a single office and dealing in the limited list of bonds and shares then available to the public. Today’s firms vary greatly in size and character, ranging in size from giant organizations with elaborate worldwide networks of branch offices to oneperson neighborhood offices. In 1990, there were 8,437 broker-dealers who filed regulatory reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or with self-regulatory organizations. Of these firms, 5,424 dealt directly with the investing public (U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 1992). Of those firms that dealt directly with the public, 947 operated as clearing or carrying firms.
The Safety and Soundness of Broker-Dealers: The Net Capital Rule
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (SEC) primary regulatory tool for ensuring the safety and soundness of securities firms (or broker-dealers) is the net capital rule, intended to protect customers of securities firms who leave large quantities of cash and securities with their brokers. The rule requires that the firms have enough liquid assets to meet their customers’ withdrawal demands. It also defines certain securities (e.g., government bonds, stocks) that are owned by securities firms as liquid but automatically reduces (or “haircuts”) the value of these securities for the liquidity computation based on the variability of these securities’ market prices. Broker-dealers may choose one of two methods to calculate their required net capital. The traditional basic capital method (BCM) defines net capital as a percentage of the firm’s aggregate indebtedness. The other, newer method, referred to as the alternative capital method (ACM), computes net capital based on customerrelated receivables. These rules, coupled with rigorous monitoring of broker-dealers’ capital by the self-regulatory organizations, have resulted in relatively few Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) proceedings among broker-dealers over the past two decades.
Principal-Agent Problems in the Securities Industry
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

Multiproduct securities firms face potential principal-agent problems or conflicts of interest in almost all their activities. They may represent both the buyer and the seller in a simple brokerage transaction, or a securities firm’s research department may recommend the purchase of a stock in which the firm has a large inventory as a market maker. As an investment banker, a securities firm works with a corporate issuer to set the price of a new offering and then uses its brokerage system to sell the stock to its retail customers. Conflicts are common because valuable efficiencies result from having one firm perform a variety of functions. Higher transaction costs would clearly result if we eliminated the broker-dealer conflict, by separating various lines of business, but neither Congress nor the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has found these conflicts to be so severe as to require dismantling multiproduct securities firms. However, legislation does define the fiduciary obligations of the securities firm as broker, dealer, investment banker, investment manager, and so forth. Although the legislation does not guarantee a result, it does reflect the expectation of special conduct by the fiduciary.
Securities Brokerage Pricing
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

As predicted by West and Tinic (1971) and Friend and Blume (1973), commission rates declined for institutions and individuals following the introduction of negotiated commissions. Figures 10-1 and 10-2 show commission rate trends monitored by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for institutions and individuals from April 1975 (the last month under the New York Stock Exchange[NYSE] schedule) to the end of 1981 when the survey was discontinued. These figures show that commissions fell for institutions and individuals both on a cents per share basis and as a percentage of principle value for each share group. This chapter argues that the pricing system that emerged with competitive rates for individuals closely resembles barometric pricing, whereas between 1978 and 1984 institutional pricing was characterized by stability or kink in the demand curve. The kink in the demand curve for institutions is related to a regulatory approved practice known as soft dollars, which allows broker-dealers to bundle research and other services along with the execution of transactions for the commission dollar. In the late 1980s, institutional pricing was characterized by more price flexibility. This chapter also offers an economic rationale for the industry’s preference for bundling securities services rather than individually pricing research, execution, and other services.
Investment Banking
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The dynamic competition among broker-dealers is most apparent in investment banking. In the 1980s, market areas of enormous profitability were developed by the large full-line and investment-banking firms. In the areas of mergers and acquisitions, mortgage- and asset-backed securities, and junk or high-yield bonds, these dominant firms quickly captured and fortified large market share positions. In addition, Rule 415 changed the nature of the traditional underwriting syndicate, giving advantages to the large, better-capitalized investment banks. This chapter examines investment banking using a somewhat self-contained structure-conduct-performance analysis of this industry group within the larger brokerdealer industry. The investment bankers have been the subject of more industry analysis than has the overall broker-dealer industry. Pugel and White (1984) studied the investment-banking industry using the structure-conduct-performance paradigm in a consideration of allowing commercial bank affiliates to underwrite corporate securities. Rogowski and Sorensen (1985) considered the impact of shelf registration on the structure and performance of the investment-banking industry. Hayes, Spence, and Marks (1983) analyzed the industry in depth and used logit analysis to look at the characteristics that attract specific clients and investment bankers to one another.
Competition Through Innovation
Authors: Matthews John O
Published: October 2023

The previous chapters in this book show that concentration has increased in the securities industry over the last twenty years. Mergers can explain some, but not all, of this increase. Economies of scale do not provide an answer. What, then, is the cause? This chapter suggests that competition through innovation is at least partially responsible. We will develop a general model of innovation rivalry in this chapter in which firms assume one of three roles: (1) innovation leader, (2) fast second, or (3) slow follower. Some firms prefer (or must accept) being fast seconds; that is, they rapidly follow an innovation with an imitative product or service. Others are slow to follow any innovation and therefore tend to lose market share to the innovators and fast seconds. If the same firms continue to act as slow followers and if there are a number of innovations in an industry, the industry will become more concentrated.