bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TikTok Broadway
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

TikTok Broadway: Musical Theatre Fandom in the Digital Age explores the phenomenon of musical theatre fandom as it materializes on TikTok. Given the critical mass of TikTok and the app’s cultural influence across nearly every industry, this book unpacks different TikTok subcultures such as its thriving musical theatre community. The book argues that TikTok democratizes musical theatre fan cultures and spaces, creating a new canon of musical theatre thanks to the way virality works on the app. TikTok has energized fan practices, leading to innovative digital fandom aesthetics and a democratized approach to fan community formation. In this democratized mode of creation, fans and audiences dictate trending content and, subsequently, canon formation. On TikTok, fans can make shows popular (Six, Heathers: The Musical), make them commercially successful (Beetlejuice), and develop new shows (Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical, Bridgerton: The Musical). The power lies in the fans, who have a far greater reach than on Tumblr, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. From Beetlejuice and Six to Wicked and Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical, this book tells the story of TikTok Broadway, the Great Digital Way that has transformed musical theatre fandom in the digital age. TikTok Broadway intervenes into our collective understanding of how social media reimagines musical theatre fan practices.
Anyone Can Cook, Anyone Can Create
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

This chapter unpacks how TikTok enables fans to crowdsource new musicals. By means of the algorithm, TikTok allows anyone to create. Aspiring musical theatre artists from composers and designers to actors and dancers joined the #RatatouilleMusical community by creating TikTok videos, using the appropriate hashtags, dueting with each other, commenting on one another’s videos, and the like. The typical process of building a musical was flipped on its head. Ratatouille was something new, something different, and throughout the leadup to the benefit concert, the musical theatre community took notice. What was this recipe that was changing musical theatre creation at a time when musical theatre development had all but ceased? Ultimately, as Ratatouille: The TikTok Musical illustrates, the question is not can a TikTok meme-musical become a fully fledged Broadway musical, but, how does TikTok make this form of fandom a reality?
Orbis Romanus
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

How were Franks related to the Roman world and its heritage? This monograph reassesses the role of the Franks in the early medieval world, their ties to the remaining empire and the imperial heritage by examining the connectivity between the two worlds, the visions of Antiquity, the conceptions of imperium, mutual perceptions and identities, the use and significance attributed to Greek and Latin, the role of the Church and religious controversies, and Roman culture. It argues that the Carolingian world was still conceived to belong to the multiethnic orbis Romanus. However, this Frankish participation was not based on intense connectivity, but on the significance attributed to Roman identities and their imperial heritage. The Byzantines shared this opinion, considering the Franks as a connatural people, and acknowledging that both had emerged from the same Roman world. The Frankish kingdoms had originated from inside the empire, with a large Roman population and continuity on virtually every level of society, including governance, law, the Church, language, and culture. They smoothly transitioned from “Roman” to “Frankish” society by retaining some notable Roman elements as part of a gradually transforming world. Frankish Romanness, defined by the imperial past, the Byzantine present, and genuinely western Roman features belonging to the Carolingian kingdoms, had evolved over the centuries. Still, when Charlemagne rose to the status of emperor, he meant to resurrect the tradition of western emperorship. The idea that the Franks governed the same imperium as the emperor of the east was only abandoned at the time of his successors. Although the Franks never designated themselves as Romans, Romanness had remained a constitutive feature of their Frankish identity and world.
Identity and Distinction
Authors: Sarti Laury
Published: May 2024

This chapter studies the mutual perceptions of Romanness related to the Byzantines and the Franks as reflected by relevant designations used to define the self and the other. These identities underwent fundamental processes of change: although the Byzantines considered themselves “Romans,” this identity had become detached from the eponymous capital of Rome. In the eighth century, the west increasingly claimed Roman identity, which was redefined as a reference to ancient and Christian Rome. Western authors distinguished this new notion from the east by labeling the latter Graeci—a designation identifying core features separating both worlds. In addition, the chapter argues that the Byzantine sources are less hostile toward the Franks than vice versa. It begins with a study of Byzantine identities and perceptions of the west, followed by an analysis of the western visions of the Byzantines, and the western notions of Romanness.
Vascular Dementia
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8 turns the readers’ attention to the second most common form of dementia—vascular dementia—and its possible causes: stroke (both ischemic and hemorrhagic), swelling of brain arteries (vasculitis), and mini-strokes (transient ischemic attacks). The root causes of vascular dementia—cardiovascular and metabolic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes—are described. The fact that it is very rare for someone to have only vascular dementia, and not also some Alzheimer’s or Lewy body pathology, is also highlighted. The next section describes the genetics of vascular dementia, including two inherited forms, and other genetic markers that are associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia. Next, the cognitive and behavior changes associated with vascular dementia are described, including differences in how it progresses depending on whether the cause was a stroke or other brain vascular events. Finally, treatment of acute stroke and prevention of vascular dementia are discussed.
Arguments and Reason-Giving
Authors: McKeon Matthew W.
Published: May 2024

This book has two parts. The first part develops a conception of reason-giving uses of arguments that aims to deepen our understanding of the argument-centric dimension of our practices of reason-giving in everyday contexts. Inference claims play a central role in reason-giving uses of arguments. You use an argument to advance its premises as reasons for believing the conclusion only if you claim that they are such reasons. Taking such reason-giving to be rationally intentional, you believe what you claim. This inference-claim belief is the linking belief associated with your inference that is expressed by your argument. The second part of the book appeals to this conception of reason-giving uses of arguments to shed light on the nature of their persuasive force, the nature of the inferential reasoning that is expressed, argumentative rationality, and intellectual honesty and intellectual integrity.
Conceptions of Fairness
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that Ostrom’s framework cannot accommodate the empirically observed perception of fairness. It shows how this dominant framework borrows a conception of fairness from Buchanan’s contractarian tradition of Social Contract Theory, which can in turn be traced to Hobbes. Next, it illustrates that this tradition draws too sharp a distinction between the procedural and outcome aspects of fairness. It shows how Ostrom’s framework of variables and their relationships is built on the idea that a fair allocation of burdens and benefits per the rules consists of what the cooperators actually agree to, not in their adherence to an external standard. It then argues that in relation to sustained cooperation, which includes the idea of time, this contractarian idea of fairness must be extended in significant ways, such as from measured inequality alone to perceived outcomes more generally, and based on a different conception of human motivations. It ends by identifying the properties that a usable concept of fairness must have for thinking about fairness over time and proposes a Contractualist philosophical foundation for a new framework.
The Thinkers
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

Increasingly, political parties have adopted not only different policies but different sets of facts. The Thinkers examines the role of partisan think tanks in creating these alternate realities. Partisan think tanks such as the Heritage Foundation and Center for American Progress have become de facto formal party organizations, serving as close advisors and staff for the Republican and Democratic parties. The book examines their impact on the policy process, polarization, and democracy. It also traces their development during American history, finding a close link between their activities and the growth of polarization in Congress. The book mixes historical analysis, qualitative case studies, and large-N quantitative analysis to examine the causes and consequences of the growth of partisan think tanks and their impact on American party politics.
Introduction
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter introduces the book’s main themes by telling the story of how partisan think tanks helped to create and pass the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The Heritage Foundation, Center for American Progress and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities all played a role in its creation and enactment. In this and many other cases, partisan think tanks have become integral to American party politics, serving as the closest policy advisors to American elected officials. However, they are interest groups and not formal party organizations. As they have become more integrated into the policymaking decisions of the Democratic and Republican parties, they have contributed to the polarization of American politics.
The Development of Partisan Knowledge Regimes
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the history of think tanks in the United States. In the middle of the 20th century, both Republicans and Democrats worked with nonpartisan experts in the government and academic and nonpartisan think tanks to build the modern federal government. This relationship frustrated conservatives, who saw neutral experts push conservative politicians to support a bigger and broader government. In 1973, when two Republican congressional staffers and the heir to a brewing company fortune decided to form the Heritage Foundation, ideological conservatives could finally see their vision for American public policy realized. Progressive Democratic insiders eventually followed in their footsteps to form a think tank modeled on Heritage during the George W. Bush Administration called the Center for American Progress.
Partisan Think Tanks and Polarization across Issues
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

While American politics has growth increasingly polarized, not all issues have polarized at the same rate. This chapter uses variation to further test the relationship between think tanks and polarization. It uses data on think tank reports, lobbying, testimony, and citations by members of Congress to examine think tank activity. The chapter then compares think tank activity to polarization across 20 Comparative Agendas Project policy topics. It finds that in all cases, partisan think tank activity over the long term is closely associated with polarization in Congress.
Polarized Policy Analysis
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter asks if partisan think tanks produce biased policy analysis. It compares predictions made in impact analyses by partisan think tanks to those made by neutral sources, such as academic centers or the Congressional Budget Office. It explores three cases: analysis of the cost of the Affordable Care Act, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and Biden-Harris Tax Plans on economic growth and the deficit. It finds that partisan think tanks reports tend to produce rosier estimates for their side than nonpartisans, although some think tanks are more rigorous than others. The Heritage Foundation and the Center for American Progress tended to publish estimates farther away from the non-partisan consensus than the American Enterprise Institute and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
Green Jobs and Climate Change Denial
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter uses the polarization of the climate change issue as a case study to explore how partisan think tanks impact a party’s positions. Historically, the parties tended to agree more than not on environmental issues. The Republican Party rapidly shifted in the late 2000s from being the leader on regulating air pollution to denying the science of climate change. At the same time, Democrats pushed climate issues to the top of their agenda, proposing to address the Great Recession by creating new industries around renewable energy. Partisan think tanks were key to both shifts, resulting in a deeply polarized party system on the climate issue.
Hybrid Actors
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores how the collapse of the Iraqi Army, the weakness of the Iraqi state, and the incentives of sectarian and ethnic political actors came together to form a new type of security actor—a “hybrid” actor. Hybrid actors become part of the state apparatus and gain from the state’s resources and legitimacy. They also maintain their own autonomy from the state and pursue their own agenda, often even acting as an agent of a foreign entity. The chapter explains how Iraq’s master cleavage politics work to sustain these hybrid forces and in doing so work to sustain a weak and fragmented state. The emergence of hybrid actors suggests ways in which practitioners must reconceptualize the state in future conflicts and interventions.
Frameworks for Maritime Security Analysis
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 introduces four frameworks for analyzing maritime security. The authors demonstrate that each of these frameworks provides certain analytical value, but also has strengths and weakness, oversights, and gaps. For the maritime security analyst and professional, the authors suggest that it is important to be familiar with the entire repertoire of frameworks to make informed choices, and to understand which problems might benefit the most from a particular approach. The chapter first considers legal frameworks and the key provisions of the law of the sea. This is followed by a discussion of state-centric perspectives that focus on the role of the state and dynamics of competition and cooperation. Interpretive forms of analysis broaden the focus and center on meanings and practices. Finally the root causes of maritime insecurity are addressed.
New Challenges and a Look to the Future
Authors: Bueger Christian , Edmunds Timothy
Published: May 2024

The maritime security agenda is in constant flux. Emerging technologies, novel threats, and the global political context shape the agenda. Chapter 8 explores emerging challenges in maritime security. The authors start with a discussion of automation and cyber security, and the increasingly close link between critical infrastructure protection and maritime security. The chapter then investigates the impact that climate change and biodiversity loss will have on maritime security leading to an expanding spectrum of tasks and more challenging geophysical environments. The chapter concludes with an outlook toward the future. The authors discuss how the rise of planetary thinking and the return of geopolitics shape the maritime security and pull it in divergent directions.
Democracy’s Epistemic Problems
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 considers the threats posed by the new democratic scepticism and why it requires a robust response. It argues democrats should not dismiss the new sceptics by retreating to the intrinsic or procedural values of democracy but should instead confront their epistemic objections directly and recognize that democracies need to make good decisions. A problem for this view, however, is that people reasonably and persistently disagree about what counts as a good decision in politics. While epistemic democrats struggle with this problem, this chapter offers an alternative view. Just as the handyman requires a set of tools to complete the different tasks they may be set, political institutions require epistemic tools which can achieve the many reasonable conceptions of justice and the common good they may be asked to promote. The chapter then sets out a corresponding approach for understanding and defending the intelligence of democracy.
The Limits of Elections and Markets
Authors: Benson Jonathan
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 introduces pro-market critics of democracy and compares the epistemic abilities of democratic elections and free markets. While epistemic democrats have advocated for the benefits of elections, and Hayekian economists for the benefits of markets, the chapter claims that both institutions face a common set of problems. When it comes to decisions which must account for justice and the common good, elections and markets are argued to face significant incentive and information problems. The reason for this is that both institutions aim to decentralize decision-making to a large number of individuals, as either voters or consumers, and while this has advantages when it comes to self-interested decisions, it creates problems when individuals must consider their impacts on others. Individuals are therefore unlikely to make intelligent decisions about the common good, and the chapter ends by suggesting that this sets up a preliminary case for more collective forms of politics.
The Changing Senate’s Unchanging Rules
Authors: Ritchie Donald A.
Published: May 2024

The United States Senate underwent dramatic changes over the past half century. The only part of the Senate that has not changed is its standing rules. Cloture, the mechanism for ending debate and permitting a vote, has caused the most anguish and generated the most calls for reform concerns cloture. Majority parties have revised Senate procedures by setting new precedents, most notably the nuclear option, which eliminated filibusters against nominations. While the Senate experienced legislative gridlock during the Trump administration, the nuclear option gave the president notable success in winning confirmation of his judicial nominations. Both parties altered the rules by setting new precedents when they were in the majority and protested them while in the minority. The nuclear option was a culmination rather than a disruption: a begrudging compromise to keep the Senate functioning despite its polarized politics. Similar pressures may eventually limit or abolish filibusters on legislation.
High Stakes Negotiation
Authors: Lee Frances , Poirier Bettina , Bertram Christopher
Published: May 2024

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States faced one of the worst global economic crises in history. It had to do so amid a divided government, a House and Senate controlled by different parties, and a presidential election year. Despite these challenges, Congress enacted a set of sweeping COVID-aid measures on a wholly bipartisan basis. Contrary to its reputation for gridlock and inaction, Congress put in place the most robust economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic of any advanced democracy. This chapter draws on concepts from scholarship on negotiation to analyze how the Senate, House, and president reached agreement on these massive legislative packages. These expenditures had dramatic policy effects: they prevented a rise in poverty, boosted personal incomes and savings, saved many enterprises from bankruptcy, shored up the health care system, sustained the transportation sector, and rolled out COVID tests and vaccines to the population.
Trump’s Disregard for Senate Norms and Prerogatives
Authors: Lesniewski Niels
Published: May 2024

The Senate had no shortage of opportunities to provide a check on President Trump’s use of executive power, but either because of unwillingness or disinterest, often failed to do so. And the ultimate remedy for a president showing disregard for congressional intent, removal from office in a trial of impeachment, was an option made available to the Senate—but in the case of both trials, the result seemed predetermined. The Trump administration’s expansive use of executive actions were not entirely new, but more the latest case of an executive pushing the envelope. The Senate did not totally acquiesce to the president, however. He repeatedly called for Republican senators to eliminate the legislative filibuster, and that effort to curtail the checks and balances between the two chambers went nowhere.
The Role of Human Rights Mechanisms in Shaping International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Spadaro Alessandra
Published: May 2024

The influence of international human rights law (IHRL) on the law of armed conflict is well recognized. At the same time, the direct contribution of human rights mechanisms to the development of international humanitarian law (IHL) is less so. This chapter shows that human rights mechanisms have played a role in shaping IHL, most notably as a consequence of the co-application of IHL and IHRL in armed conflict. The chapter goes on to explore new potential avenues for the shaping of IHL by human rights mechanisms, focusing on the role of the mechanisms of the Human Rights Council in shaping the obligations of armed groups parties to non-international armed conflicts.
The Role of Regionalism in the Making and Shaping of the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Waschefort Gus
Published: May 2024

The dominant narrative casts the law of armed conflict (LOAC) as a legal regime of super universality and homogeneity. Analysis of the development of modern LOAC reveals that this narrative is a more recent account, constructed to subvert the undesirable impact of recently decolonized States in the development of LOAC. The success of developing states in expanding the material scope of international armed conflict during the 1970s was the apex of such impact. This affair was perceived as a significant defeat by Western European States. The super-universality narrative has insulated LOAC from more radical developments but has done so by sacrificing a measure of legitimacy and inhibiting broader buy-in to the regime. Increased accommodation of regional approaches in the development of LOAC can only be achieved by enhancing LOAC expertise globally; mainstreaming LOAC in regions where it is marginalized; ensuring inclusive participation; and being receptive to different approaches and perspectives.
Hayes v. Tilden
Authors: Foley Edward B.
Published: May 2024

The 1876 presidential election almost caused a second Civil War. President Grant had plans for martial law. The dispute was not resolved until within 48 hours of Inauguration Day. Pistols were drawn on the floor of the House of Representatives the previous day, and the Sergeant-at-Arms was needed to restore order. The Speaker of the House, Samuel Randall, deserves credit for preventing the House from taking the crisis to the point where Congress failed to settle the dispute before Inauguration Day. The “compromise” that caused Republicans to abandon Reconstruction, and with it civil rights for Blacks in the South, also contributed to the settlement. The dispute involved two fundamentally divergent claims of electoral fairness: Republicans felt righteous in opposing the unconstitutional disenfranchisement of southern Blacks, while Democrats cried foul over the vote-counting fraud perpetrated by Republicans. Congress created an Electoral Commission to adjudicate the conflict, but it was poorly structured.
General Introduction
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

The General Introduction outlines the structure, argument, terminology, and methodology employed in this book. The starting point is the recurrent failure of six decades of effort to rescue the supposedly ‘standard’ conception of knowledge as justified true belief. Part I challenges the crude history of philosophy underlying this entire Gettier paradigm. A survey of ancient, medieval, early modern, and modern epistemology reveals that this allegedly ‘standard’ conception is anything but. For over two millennia, the standard view was rather that knowing and believing are distinct, mutually exclusive mental states, involving different mental faculties, and playing distinct and complementary roles in our cognitive lives. Part II then reframes elements of this age-old consensus in contemporary terms which push ‘knowledge first’ epistemology in a fresh direction. Knowledge is presented as phenomenologically and ontologically prior to belief, and, crucially, is not a kind of belief. In turn, ‘mere believing’ is not ‘a kind of botched knowing’ but a mental state fundamentally different from knowing, with its own crucial and distinctive role in our cognitive life. Contrary to the claim that belief aims at knowledge, the specific contribution of belief to our cognition is that of aiming at truth where and when knowledge is beyond our cognitive reach. Part III then applies this renewed paradigm to a range of controversial issues, including the taxonomy of belief, the role of the will in belief, testimony, collective knowledge, and religious epistemology. This Introduction concludes by clarifying the terminologies and methodologies to be employed in this book.
Phenomenology
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

As the first step towards a positive model of cognition based on some of the traditional insights surveyed in Part I, this chapter offers a phenomenological account of how we arrive at the distinction between ‘subject’ and ‘object’ (6.1). According to this account, the first phenomenological datum is the presence of something (whatever that is) which manifests itself in two phenomenologically distinct ways: some aspects are experienced as ‘mine’, others are experienced as ‘other’ than me. At this point, we are still on the cis-side of idealism and realism, intended as further metaphysical claims regarding the nature of what manifests itself as aliud or ‘other’. A first result is that there are beings capable of awareness of the presence, not only of something but also of something other than themselves: call them ‘perceiving’ (as opposed to merely ‘sentient’) beings. Knowledge, it is then claimed (6.2), is the result of a natural relationship between an ‘I’ (a perceiving being, the subject) and a ‘not-I’ (the object). On this account, the conditions sine qua non of a cognitive relation are a subject capable of this type of awareness and an object. In other words, a cognitive relation requires an awareness (consciousness) directed toward an aliud (intentionality). In this framework, knowledge is the intentional presence of an object to a subject—a presence characterized by a sui generis unification between knower and known in the act of knowing. This account supports the view of individual knowledge as essentially and paradigmatically first-person that has already emerged in Part I (6.3).
Taxonomy of Belief and Doxastic Faith
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa
Published: May 2024

Chapter 13 explores two historical proposals (by Kant and Aquinas) which offer illuminating accounts of particularly significant members of the ‘doxastic family’, that is, the family of mental states that have an element of belief in combination with other (typically conative/appetitive/affective) factors (for example, trust, hope, love) which play an important role in determining assent. The first historical proposal (13.1) is Kant’s distinction between three main types of belief (pragmatic belief, theoretical belief, and moral belief), all subsumed under his broader category of ‘assenting’ (Fürwahrhalten). Kant’s fine-grained taxonomy has the merit of bringing to light the distinctive and irreplaceable contribution of belief (as distinguished from knowledge) to human cognition. The second proposal (13.2), Aquinas’s discussion of faith as a doxastic state, has the merit (among others) of offering a unified account of faith in both its secular and its religious expressions. On the one hand, a unified account shows that, as a general phenomenon of human life which involves cognitive and conative aspects, faith may constitute a valuable (and even indispensable) element in the full range of human flourishing (think of faith that justice will prevail, or of faith in your friend, in humanity, and so on). On the other hand, a unified account of faith provides grounds for rejecting epistemic double-standards when it comes to the specific case of religious faith.
Aspects of Tax Law
Authors: Kahlert Günter
Published: May 2024

This chapter aims to simplify the potential tax issues arising in relation to insolvency proceedings. It takes the legal situation in Germany as its starting point. By comparing Germany with other States, it will show, from a tax perspective, where the tension within a State’s dual responsibility (to protect the rights of the debtor and the rights of the creditors, on the one hand, and to enforce the taxes against the debtor, on the other hand) becomes apparent in insolvency proceedings and how this tension can be conceptually resolved.
The Notion of Press Freedom Now and Then
Authors: Katsirea Irini
Published: May 2024

The relationship between freedom of expression and press freedom is often hard to discern from international and national constitutional documents. The semantic distinction between the two rights might seem inconsequential at first sight, but has gained in importance as a result of the ambiguous position of citizen journalists. The rights these actors are entitled to depend on the adoption of an institutional or functional understanding of the ‘press’. They are contingent on the fair allocation of costs and benefits to these new media actors. This chapter examines, first, the protection of freedom of expression and of press freedom at international and national level. Special attention is paid to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, and to relevant developments in England, Germany, and the US. The aim of the analysis is to trace the ways in which the two rights are delineated. An equally salient distinction is that between press and broadcasting freedom. This chapter proceeds by examining the fault lines between press and broadcasting, and the ways in which they are increasingly superimposed by an overarching notion of ‘media freedom’. Finally, the question is raised whether press freedom, as both constitutional right and cultural assumption, is put to risk by intentional regulation or by regulatory creep.
Regulating Public Service Broadcasting’s Press-like Content
Authors: Katsirea Irini
Published: May 2024

Public service broadcasting (PSB) has faced searching questions about its raison d’être ever since its inception a century ago. In the UK, the stance of the press towards PSB has been ambivalent at best, hostile at worst. In Germany, a powerful press lobby has historically also been PSB’s most vociferous critic. In recent times, the amount of BBC funding, its governance, and increasingly the extent of its online remit have come under close scrutiny. This chapter will first discuss the EU parameters for the funding of PSB’s online services in comparison to the Council of Europe’s position. It will then consider the German PSB ex ante assessment and the exclusion of non-programme related press-like services from German PSBs’ public service mandate. The emphasis will be on the Tagesschau-App case, a protracted dispute about the legality of the popular news app offered by the German Association of Public Service Broadcasters (Abeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), which was deemed anticompetitive by newspaper publishers. The last section will discuss attempts to limit the BBC’s online remit before considering the olive branch of peace the BBC proffered to the press by way of the Local Democracy Reporting Service. Ultimately, the question will be posed whether formalistic technical criteria for delineating PSB’s online remit from that of the press are conducive to creating a democratic media environment.
Integral Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn
Published: May 2024

This chapter deals with the crucial years 1945–8 and examines how Catholics, in collaboration and in contrast with the other parties, became the dominant party of Italian politics. The focus is on Christian Democracy’s effort to face the social and economic emergence of the immediate post-war years and on its commitment toward the institutional and political re-construction of the country in the transition to democracy. In this process, many of the ideas developed during the war (as in the Camaldoli Code) were turned into realpolitik. The chapter also follows De Gasperi’s efforts to keep together the party and bring Italy back to the international system in the context of the incipient Cold War. While to some extent the Holy See looked with favor toward a Catholic political party, defending Italy from the threat of Communism, the chapter will discuss how there was at the same time continued tension between the outlook of the Vatican and the Christian Democratic party and its policies.
An International Law Phenomenon
Authors: Morgera Elisa
Published: May 2024

The Introduction provides an overview of how fair and equitable benefit-sharing has emerged across different areas of international law in terms of history, conceptual distinctions, and normative areas of convergence. It introduces three lenses that will enrich the doctrinal analysis in this book. First, treaties and other international frameworks will be understood as ‘incompletely theorized agreements’, because the (re)elaboration of fair and equitable benefit-sharing approaches under various areas of international law is ongoing. Second, treaties and other international frameworks will be understood as integral components of global law; part of complex interactions with other levels and sources of law. Third, equity in international law will be connected with ongoing scholarly debate on environmental justice, aiming to connect current theoretical discussions about different concepts of justice and possible trade-offs among them to interpretations that support coherence in international law.
Conclusions
Authors: Morgera Elisa
Published: May 2024

This chapter reflects on the key findings of the book and the importance of the proposed mutually supportive interpretation of fair and equitable benefit-sharing with international human rights law. The chapter also brings together various reflections on the status of fair and equitable benefit-sharing in international law, considering limited and qualified treaty bases, the debated relevance of authoritative interpretations, as well as arguments already put forward in specialist literature. An argument about fair and equitable benefit-sharing as a general principle of international law will be developed and its implications for the exercise of States’ discretionary powers and for international organizations will be considered. This chapter concludes by identifying outstanding research questions in order to further clarify the content of the duty to cooperate in international law, not only among States, but also with human rights holders, civil society, and private companies.
Applying the Rule of Treaty Interpretation to the 1951 Convention
Authors: Dunlop Emma
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 analyses the general rule of treaty interpretation, before turning to the evidentiary weight that can be attributed to three sets of materials: (i) domestic and regional court decisions; (ii) the UNHCR Handbook, Guidelines, and other interpretative materials; and (iii) ExCom Conclusions. It notes that the key sources of international refugee law fit uncomfortably within the parameters of the general rule in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention). A ‘grey zone’ exists in which instruments that do not constitute interpretative tools under the Vienna Convention rule are nonetheless relied on as ‘persuasive’ in its interpretation. The chapter then assesses whether a human rights approach to interpreting the 1951 Convention is justified. It argues that the 1951 Convention warrants a dynamic or evolutionary approach to interpretation that allows the development of human rights law more broadly to be considered in the interpretative process.
Which Atrocities? On Effectiveness
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the principle of effectiveness and, in particular, the claim that states should prioritize whatever course of action is expected to save the most lives—the ‘basic maximization principle’. It applies this principle to the case of multiple instances of mass atrocities. The chapter argues that, unlike some recent practice, states should focus on saving the most lives when considering which mass atrocities to prioritize. In presenting this argument, the chapter notes that it is not enough to simply aim to save some lives somewhere; instead, there is a duty to prioritize justly. It goes on to highlight the limitations of the basic maximization principle, claiming that there are other relevant considerations for prioritization, such as the deontological (although not absolute) importance of refraining from action that is likely to do harm.
Verse Takes Breath
Authors: Sawyer Daniel
Published: May 2024

More so than today, poetry in this period was a matter of the voice spoken and heard. This fact aids in the close reading of various types of verse, such as debate poems, conversation pieces, flytings, songs, and prayers. Audiences hearing early poetry read aloud or recited had less local mobility within the text than the present-day readers do when reading by eye, so early poetry often rewards an approach sensitive to accumulated effects. Understanding a context of reading aloudhelps us see the function of asides, speaker indicators, and restatements of topic in poetry. Religious drama and secular interludes are explored for their crafty uses of dialogue and sound.
Introduction
Authors: Cochrane Alasdair , Cojocaru Mara-Daria
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, we introduce the book in three steps. First, we explain the motivation behind the book. We sketch an account of the ‘political turn’ in animal ethics, which sees sentient animals not just as creatures with moral status, but as members of our political communities. Given that solidaristic relations between members are a feature of political communities, we ask whether solidarity can extend beyond humans. Second, we offer a conceptual survey of solidarity and how different conceptions might apply to animals. We draw on Sally Scholz’s tripartite account of solidarity, which differentiates between social, civic, and political solidarity. Finally, we summarize the chapters to follow, and how they have been organized around three overlapping themes: (I) political visions of multispecies solidaristic inclusion; (II) political practices in which solidarity with and on behalf of animals are enacted; (III) alternative sources of solidarity with and among animals.
Solidarity and Co-creation with Animals in the Nordic Welfare State
Authors: Harfeld Jes Lynning
Published: May 2024

Human–animal studies in the humanities and social sciences has expanded tremendously throughout the last twenty years, including a recent ‘political turn’ in animal ethics. Following these developments, a great number of political concepts have been revisited with the aim of trying to answer the question of how to best and most meaningfully understand animals as members of our political communities. Questions here arise about citizenship, its limits, and what type of citizen rights animals could or should have in our political societies. To adequately include animals as true members of society they must be treated as co-creators of society, including but also exceeding voting and classic political representation. Co-creation as a political philosophy and practice rests on a type of solidarity, exemplified by the Nordic welfare state. Although the Nordic welfare state, in any of its current incarnations, is not species inclusive, it is the most promising framework for taking the concepts and practices of solidarity and co-creation beyond the species barrier.
Storying Solidarity for Effective Animal Rights Practice on the Ground
Authors: Lockwood Alex
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyses the concept of solidarity as it is practised by animal rights organizers by looking at a case study from the UK group Animal Rebellion (now Animal Rising) as they prepared their campaign and specific actions during the 2019 International Rebellion as organized by Extinction Rebellion. Specifically, this chapter looks at the ways in which solidarity is understood during real-world organizing strategies, and uses a theoretical approach grounded in the analysis of solidarity as a metaphor and its role in the linguistic and narrative strategy of the organizing practices. The chapter argues that this close attention to the understood meaning of the concept of solidarity as a metaphor, which can be understood differently by different individuals and groups, opens up the possibilities of new metaphors of solidarity that would be more supportive of effective animal rights organization and practice on the ground.
Solidarity and Animals in Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Steck, SJ Christopher
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that solidarity, especially as the term is used in Catholic Social Teaching, is a virtue that is distinctively ‘sin-inflected’. Solidarity requires of the moral agent not only that they embrace a particular good but that they also comport themselves in a particular way to the evil threatening that good. This stance includes: (1) an attentiveness that gives an epistemic privilege to the cries of those suffering injustice, (2) a choice to name the injustice that causes this suffering and stand in union both with its victims and those working to overcome it, and (3) a commitment to labour, in one’s own personal life, against the underlying social practices and structures that lead to unjust suffering. The essay further argues that the same elements that make the virtue of solidarity necessary for adequately confronting injustice in human society also apply to our treatment of animals (e.g. a tendency to ignore or obscure their suffering and resist social change). Therefore, it is appropriate, in a Catholic framework, to describe the human relationship with animals as one of solidarity.
Mutual Trust and the Future of Fundamental Rights Protection in the EU’s Compound Legal Order
Authors: Eckes Christina
Published: May 2024

Protecting fundamental rights within the EU’s compound legal order should be understood in the context of the power relations between EU institutions and Member States. On the one hand, respect for fundamental rights is the necessary basis for a legal order based on mutual trust. National courts accept and apply EU law only if it does not infringe national fundamental rights. EU constitutional principles of quasi-federal cooperation, such as mutual trust and sincere cooperation, only work if protection of rights is guaranteed. On the other hand, Member States do not want the EU to determine cultural and identity related questions under the banner of protecting EU fundamental rights, particularly outside of the scope of EU law. Fundamental rights requirements imposed by the EU have a harmonizing effect that is unwanted by Member States. This chapter highlights particular difficulties the EU faces in offering effective protection of fundamental rights. This becomes particularly apparent in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), which is based on judicial cooperation. The CJEU has developed a new constitutional principle of mutual trust as the central rule of cooperation in the AFSJ. This chapter discusses the organization of rights protection within the EU against the conceptual considerations of universal human rights and relative fundamental rights. It engages with the meaning of ‘trust’ and identifies a problematic ripple effect of rights violation when cooperation is based on mutual trust. Cooperation within the AFSJ requires some supranational elements of common rules, standards, monitoring, and consequences of non-compliance.
Clement of Alexandria and the Judgement of Taste
Authors: Heath J. M. F.
Published: May 2024

This book gives an account of Clement of Alexandria’s Paedagogus as a programme in the formation of the judgement of taste, and puts this in critical dialogue with some modern approaches to the judgement of taste and aesthetics. Its questions are framed in light of Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction, which was a landmark in 20th century scholarship on the theory of taste. However, I seek answers based on a study of Clement’s rhetoric and theology in the context of the Christian Second Sophistic, when Christians were experimenting with new ways of inhabiting the rhetorical and philosophical culture in the Greco-Roman world. The Paedagogus manifests Clement’s pedagogical method and rhetorical strategy at the early stages of Christian formation, when his audience are not yet ready for abstract philosophical argument. This was a time for forming their habits of judgement and preferences of ‘taste’, so as to ground preferences in daily life in deeper desires and aversions that are structured through relationship with God. This was an immensely important stage of formation: many people never got beyond this to the philosophical curriculum, and yet through engaging the ‘tastes’ of a wide audience, Christian leaders sought to spread the gospel, and indeed succeeded in doing so. Even for the intellectual elites, personal formation through preferences of taste was part of how they embodied their desire for God in this life, and the way they inhabited it through the sacramental and ascetic life of the church. Bourdieu’s sociological and anthropological approach proves fruitful for understanding aspects of Clement’s rhetorical method and purpose, but the study of Clement’s theological rhetoric in its cultural context points the way to a theological response to Bourdieu’s theory of taste.
Introduction
Authors: Heath J. M. F.
Published: May 2024

Several scholars have highlighted the significance of the judgement of ‘taste’ in Christian formation (both ancient and modern), but this remains a relatively new area of study. Moral formation has been more extensively studied than aesthetic, and the interconnection between the two has been under-recognized. This book frames its questions in light of Bourdieu’s theory of taste, which he developed in Distinction, but the answers come from interpreting Clement of Alexandria’s work in the context of the Christian Second Sophistic. This contributes to understanding Clement both in his historical cultural context and in his significance for Christian tradition. ‘Taste’ is a slippery word, so this chapter disaggregates discursive contexts in which it is important in interdisciplinary dialogue. It compares the term ‘taste’ with Clement’s expression philokalos proairesis to indicate some initial lines of resonance and deviation between ancient and modern, and it responds to the potential criticism that ‘taste’ is an anachronistic category.