bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Similarity of Perceptions of Bereavement Experiences between Widows and Professionals
Authors: Conway Shoshanna E. Williams , Hayslip Bert , Tandy Ruth E.
Published: May 2005

Widows and four groups of professionals (clergy, physicians, counselors, and funeral directors) were compared in regards to their perceptions of conjugal bereavement. Results suggested consistent differences between widows' self-perceptions and professionals' views regarding the impact of bereavement and the necessity for adaptative coping mechanisms to deal with loss. Professionals saw bereavement as having a more negative impact and requiring the use of coping skills to a greater extent than did widows. Such differences remained when age at bereavement or length of widowhood were taken into account. Professionals' perceptions of conjugal bereavement were similar to one another. Help-seeking behaviors, age at bereavement, and length of bereavement differentiated widows, while experience in counseling widows failed to separate professionals. Both age-related experiential differences with loss and gender differences in coping with loss may explain these findings. These data underscore the importance of efforts to bring widows and professionals into direct contact with one another in order to lessen misperceptions of conjugal bereavement.
Health Priorities in Developing Countries: The Economist's Contribution
Authors: Abel-Smith B.
Published: May 2005

Though many new techniques have been developed to assist countries in allocating their resources, there are special difficulties in using these techniques in health services. The key problem is to find an acceptable measure of health output. The author argues that health should not be measured in crude economic terms and points out why no alternative measure has yet been evolved. In view of this, systems such as PPBS (planning–programming–budgeting system) cannot be applied to health; complex health methodologies are of limited value; and the teaching of health planning should not center around the study of models. Progress can best be made by studying the total effects of particular programs where practicable in an experimental situation. The author argues that the greatest contribution which the economist can make to health planning is not in the development of models, but in cost–effectiveness studies. The value of such studies is illustrated by an example—the study of the expansion of medical education in developing countries, which could be contributing substantially less to health than if the resources were used in alternative ways.
Are We Making Progress? Not in Haematology!
Authors: McGrath Pam
Published: May 2005

It will be shown, through the presentation of recent research findings, that haematology is a neglected area in terms of sensitive care of the dying. The Australian evidence indicates that scant progress has been made in relation to even the most basic palliative care practices such as sensitive, honest information giving or appropriate referral to the palliative system. Rather, the data show that during the terminal trajectory, patients from these diagnostic groups and their families remain trapped in processes within the high-tech, curative system that are not responsive to the needs of the dying.
Increasing One-Year Retention Rates by Focusing on Academic Competence: An Empirical Odyssey
Authors: Ryan Michael P. , Glenn Patricia A.
Published: May 2005

This article chronicles the 5-year effort of a comprehensive student development and advising center to identify the most effective support programs for increasing one-year retention rates for first-time freshmen at an urban metropolitan university. An initial analysis of student satisfaction data suggested that the institution had neglected the potential role of learning skills in promoting the academic integration that leads to institutional conmitment and persistence in Tinto's (1993) student departure model. Focusing on students admitted in good academic standing, successive program development and evaluation efforts made it clear that the route to improving retention rates lay in increasing student learning skills and academic efficacy. The progression from intrusive advising programs to integrated and systematic learning skills instruction resulted in substantial gains in first-year retention rates for program participants. Such gains depended upon the development of a system of highly focused interventions and a commitment to the objective assessment of the retention impact of each intervention. In keeping with the injunctions of the Student Learning Imperative (Kuh et al., 1996), student affairs offices are urged to play a fundamental role in student retention by helping students acquire the active learning skills that facilitate academic integration and institutional commitment.
Development of a Japanese Quality of Life Instrument for Older Adults Experiencing Dementia (QLDJ)
Authors: Yamamoto-Mitani Noriko , Abe Toshiko , Okita Yuko , Hayashi Kunihiko , Sugishita Chieko , Kamata Keiko
Published: May 2005

This study develops a quality of life instrument for older Japanese people experiencing dementia (QLDJ). Quality of life (QL) for these older adults is defined as a three dimensional construct including 1) interacting with surroundings, 2) expressing self, and 3) experiencing minimum negative behaviors. From 53 items in the initial item pool, 24 were selected based on item reliability and validity using data from 3 studies that involve ten dementia-care experts (Study A) and 36 and 623 older persons and their formal caregivers in various care settings (Study B & C). Factor analysis of these items identified three domains that correspond to the conceptual definition of QL for older adults with dementia. The domain and total QL scores were calculated considering the relative weights of each item. Resultant domain and total scores of the QLDJ showed satisfactory reliability and evidence of validity.
The Naming of Parts: An Examination of the Origins of Technical and Scientific Vocabulary
Authors: Harris John S.
Published: May 2005

Technical and scientific terms originate from many different sources. Among the most common are foreign language root words, names of originators, inventors and discoverers, names of common shapes, names of functions, acronyms, arbitrary labels, anonymous folk coinages and labels given by advertisers and public relations people. Numerous examples can be found of each of these. The usefulness and viability of technical and scientific terms is dependent upon the amount and kind of information contained within the term itself and the suitability of that information for the situation in which the term is used. The usefulness and viability of such terms is also dependent upon the terms' mnemonic qualities and upon their having the right ring or onomatopoeia. Although such effects are not entirely predictable or controllable, attention to them can nonetheless lead to more effective naming in science and technology.
Differences in the Epidemiology of Suicide in Asian Americans by Nation of Origin
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2005

Epidemiological patterns of suicide for Chinese, Japanese and Filipino Americans in 1980 were compared to those for whites, African Americans and Native Americans. The suicide rates of Asian Americans were quite low and in the same rank order as the suicide rates in their home nations. The suicide rates for female Asian Americans were much closer to those of male Asian Americans than was the case for other ethnic groups. Asian Americans used firearms less often for suicide as compared to other ethnic groups. However, epidemiological differences were observed between suicide in Chinese, Filipino, and Japanese Americans. In general, the epidemiology of suicide for Asian Americans showed similarities to the results of epidemiological studies of Asians in their home nations. This suggests that the epidemiological findings have validity, and also that cultural factors have an important influence on the circumstances of suicide.
Portfolio Assessment of Instructional Technology
Authors: Carlson Randal D.
Published: May 2005

This article addresses one specific method of authentic assessment, portfolio assessment, by applying this method in two case studies assessing learning of instructional technology. Suggestions for practitioners who wish to use this method are provided at the conclusion of the article.
Black Elders: Viability during a Time of Cutbacks
Authors: Pilisuk Marc , Mitchell Jacquelyn
Published: May 2005

Black elders in the United States have fewer resources than their white cohorts. They have less income, poorer housing, shorter life expectancy, and more barriers to service. Recent federal cutbacks have been differentially damaging to black elders who were more dependent upon the programs being cut and who have fewer alternative resources. This is a matter of fiscal policy that has relevance to the physical and mental well-being of the largest segment of minority elderly in the United States.
Research in Health Economics: A Survey
Authors: Weisbrod Burton A.
Published: May 2005

This paper surveys the types of issues with which health economists have been concerned. It is intended to introduce noneconomists to the kinds of questions that economists have regarded as important. Economists' work in the health economics area may be usefully divided into “positive” and “normative” studies. Positive studies are those designed to describe, or make predictions about, how the health care system, or parts of it, actually operate. Conversely, normative studies are intended to provide statements as to how the health care system should operate. The major areas surveyed include the concept and estimation of the “production function” for health, the distinction between private and social costs, determinants of prices of medical inputs, and benefit-cost analysis.
Yankeetown, Duffy, or Duffytown?: An Examination of Ceramic Variability in the Lower Ohio Valley
Authors: Redmond Brian G.
Published: May 2005

A recent stylistic analysis of ceramic material from the Yankeetown site (12-W-1) of southwestern Indiana has revealed a greater diversity of decorative elements than that indicated by previous descriptions of Yankeetown Phase pottery. The analysis revealed a particularly high frequency of bar stamped rim sherds that were similar to Duffy Complex ceramics from southeastern Illinois. The results of the analysis were compared with Winters's (1967) typological description of “Duffy Decorated” ceramics and revealed a number of close affinities between Yankeetown and Duffy material culture. Furthermore, the presence of diagnostic Yankeetown Incised and Fillet ceramics on sites within the Duffy “core” area as well as apparent similarities in settlement configurations suggest that these two complexes are in fact one in the same cultural-historical unit.
The Common Diseases of Technical Writing
Authors: Douglas George H.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses some of the main reasons for the weakness of much technical writing. It suggests that in teaching college-level students in science and engineering curricula the writing teacher should focus mainly on those weak areas, many of which are neglected in high school English courses or in traditional freshman English.

If scientific and technical writers can be taught to make a rigorous intellectual analysis of their writing and can be steered away from simplistic and simple-minded formulas they will come to have enough respect for writing as an intellectual discipline that they can be motivated to bring about actual improvement in their written work.
Writing and Compiling Computer user Documentation in a Text Processing Environment
Authors: Toms Roger K.
Published: May 2005

This article emphasizes the growing need for good technical communication in application program development, and relates the usability of program documentation to the productivity of computer systems. It describes in detail the process involved and the human thinking that must accompany the generation of high quality computer user documentation. The methodology described in this paper has been exercised by the author on two major interactive IBM application programs. However, the methodology should not be interpreted as an IBM discipline, and views expressed in this paper are those of the author.
Evidence for a Prehistoric Petroglyph Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada. II. Two Additional “Glyph Maps”
Authors: Gortner Willis A.
Published: May 2005

A previous study has provided evidence that a unique glyph at CA-PLA-571 in the Sierra Nevada was probably a trail map. This article suggests two more wavy glyphs on this petroglyph panel as being different trail maps. The evidence that a tracing of each of these carvings can be superimposed on a map showing all petroglyph sites in the area, and that several dozens of the outcroppings with glyphs fall within 50 m of the presumed trails, supports the hypothesis that these glyphs represent prehistoric hunting trails. The presence of several “trail maps” on this one petroglyph panel suggests that the site was used in ceremonies relating to hunting game.
Prototypicality as an Explanatory Concept in Aesthetics: A Reply to Boselie (1991)
Authors: Hekkert Paul , Snelders H. M. J. J. (Dirk)
Published: May 2005

After more than a decade of research into the effect of prototypicality on aesthetic preference, Boselie strongly questioned the validity of this concept [1]. It is argued, however, that his arguments against prototypicality as an explanatory concept in aesthetics are not convincing. The observed effects of prototypicality on preference together with theoretical notions on the importance of classification for perception and appraisal make a strong case for examining the relations between aesthetic preference and (proto)typicality.
Process versus Product: A Perspective on Tools for Communal and Informal Electronic Learning
Authors: Brown John Seely
Published: May 2005

This article explores new paradigms for the use of computers in learning. Two concepts crucial to the development of qualitatively new kinds of computer-based learning environments are identified: the importance of focusing on the underlying process rather than just the product of a creative effort; and the importance of the computer's ability to record, represent and communicate that underlying process. We discuss the cognitive, pedagogical, and sociological issues relevant to the creation of learning environments in five domains, along with examples of specific possibilities in each: 1) Empowering environments. How can we design computer-based tools that both promote creativity and aid the development of artistic discipline? 2) Games. How can the motivational aspects of arcade-style games be transferred to more fertile learning environments? 3) Communication. How can we break away from the fundamentally linear structuring of ideas necessary in print-based communication and create tools to aid the representation and comprehension of nonlinear ideas and arguments? 4) Writing. How can we create tools to help authors move from the chaos of pre-articulate ideas to the order of a polished document? 5) Education. How can we create a computer-based system that “mirrors” students' thought processes, helping them to reflect on those processes and thereby to improve their metacognitive skills?
Age and Typicality Judgments of Stereotypes of the Elderly: Perceptions of Elderly vs. Young Adults
Authors: Hummert Mary Lee
Published: May 2005

Healthy community-dwelling elderly individuals assessed the typicality and approximate age of individuals representing ten stereotypes of elderly people identified in prior research with young adults. Results showed that, as predicted, the elderly adults saw the stereotypes as less typical of elderly individuals than did the young adults, although both groups agreed on which stereotypes were most typical of the general elderly population. Analysis of age judgments revealed that the elderly respondents, in comparison to the young adults, were more likely to use the old-old age ranges to describe the stereotypes, and much less likely to associate the positive stereotypes with the young-old age ranges. Both elderly and young adults tended to associate negative stereotypes with the older elderly age ranges.
The Effect of Education on Fertility in Bangladesh
Authors: Kabir Ahmad , Jahan Rukhshana , Alam S. M. Khurshid
Published: May 2005

Using data from the 1989 Bangladesh Fertility Survey and the 1993–94 and 1996–97 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys, this article investigates the effect of education on fertility. It also examines the effect of education on age at marriage at different time periods. Well-educated women were observed to have fewer children than uneducated women. The data also show that the average age at marriage is more than two years higher for women having secondary or higher level of education compared to those who have no education. Educational attainment of woman is generally considered to be a useful index of socioeconomic status as well as of the level of overall social sophistication and, therefore, it is inversely related to the desire for additional children.
Preventive Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Family Practice
Authors: Luban-Plozza B.
Published: May 2005

A patient's symptoms may arise from difficulties in his family life. Relationships between brothers and sisters play a special part in this respect, as do other factors related to personality development. It is one of the special tasks of the general practitioner to be alert to the first signs of emotional disturbance, for he is in an ideal position to intervene before more serious symptoms of illness appear.

It is also important to help resolve poor marital relationships, since the constant pressure of daily problems eventually may lead to a neurosis affecting an entire family. Through early psycho-hygienic care (Mental Health Education) a family can be helped to avoid these dangers.
Report of the Commission on Health Research for Development and the Countries of the South
Authors: Banerji Debabar
Published: May 2005

Of late, governments of affluent countries have become more brazen in using United Nations organizations and other global commissions as tools to serve their political and economic interests. WHO and UNICEF have been used by these governments to impose technocentric and dependence-promoting programs on countries of the South. The report of the Commission on Health Research for Development is yet another effort in that direction. It advocates international cooperation in health research. It merely adds to the bulk of documents on international health research. It is ahistorical. It does not analyze why WHO and UNICEF and the governments of affluent countries imposed global programs on immunization and diarrheal and respiratory diseases without bothering to gather even the most elementary data about them. There is a method in the brashness. Worse still, it ignores the rich heritage of health research of the past half a century in countries such as India, Indonesia, and Thailand. It is yet another effort to obscure the message of self-reliance contained in the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care.
Video-Taped Technical Communication
Authors: Colby J. B.
Published: May 2005

Esso Production Research Company has found that video tape is an effective means of conducting technical training and transferring technology. Use of video tape reduces the cost of conducting technical schools. Engineers and scientists using video tape information seem to retain it about as well as they do when they get it by other means (live schools, technical reports). Limited results indicate that video-taped technical reports convey information about as well as do written technical reports. Some users prefer audio-tape cassettes and recorders for automatic audio synchronization with 35 mm slides. The general conclusion is that video tape is one more communications medium, but a good one, at the disposal of people concerned with technical training or technology transfer.
Leveraging Learning through Mentoring Relationships
Authors: Heuer Bronwen , Duffrin Nancy , Faskowitz Andrew
Published: May 2005

Integration of technology into the learning environment has been the long-term mission of the Office of Instructional Computing at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. For many years this has been a Sisyphean struggle due to budget constraints and professional staff reduction. Nonetheless we have maintained the motto that, “The student comes first.” Therefore we attempt to provide students with an environment where they feel comfortable seeking help and where they are encouraged to expand their knowledge and skills beyond classroom requirements. Having discovered the richness of peer relationships, the Office of Instructional Computing has sought to engage students in two very special roles: as peer mentors and as technology mentors to faculty. This article will discuss these two mentoring relationships, examining the design of the programs, the successes, and the unavoidable investments that such endeavors entail.
Family Therapy in Cases of Interminable Grief for the Loss of a Child
Authors: Rosen Elliott J.
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a treatment method in cases where grieving for the death of a child extends beyond normal parameters. The symptoms of interminable grief are likely to continue unless there is direct, and often dramatic intervention. Guidelines for clinical assessment are presented, with particular emphasis upon the investigation of family history in which an early, unresolved death may have occurred. This approach integrates grief work with the individual into a family therapy framework and reflects the notion that grieving, even if identified in one person, is a family affair. Criteria for the inclusion of family members in treatment are considered, the stresses upon the therapist are addressed, a course of treatment is outlined, and two representative cases are presented.
Policy Options: Early Intervention Services for Substance-Exposed Infants
Authors: Miller Suzanne M.
Published: May 2005

Substance-exposed infants, or babies that have been victims of their mothers' drug use during pregnancy, have reached substantial proportions. Currently, no comprehensive public policy exists to deal with these infants as they enter a society unprepared to respond to an issue increasingly fraught with substantial adverse economic, social, and political ramifications.

In order to address the needs of this emerging sub-population, California's governor and state legislature must develop and adopt a concerted interagency policy which outlines: a) uniform criteria for local health care workers, social service agencies, and educators; b) consistent guidelines governing the exchange of information among a range of agencies, including hospitals, schools, and other public and private agencies; and c) increased prevention and early intervention services for these babies and their families. Addressing the needs of these infants requires a bold, comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach from the creators of public policy.
A Conceptual Background for Research and Development in Medicine
Authors: McKeown T.
Published: May 2005

This paper attempts to establish a background against which the balance between basic and applied research and the mechanisms needed for effective research and development can be considered. It examines the nature of the medical task in the light of the requirements for health and of the contribution of medical science and technology to past improvements. The author concludes that conceptualization of the medical task has hitherto been inadequate and has led to deficiencies in the approach to both medical science and medical services. The needs of research and development are therefore unlikely to be met fully by strengthening the traditional research framework, or by investigation of problems thrown up by the day–to–day experience of the executive government department. Against this background the paper considers briefly the mechanism of research and development. It suggests that at the highest level, all problems of medical research and development should be examined together.
On the Concept of a Socialist Health System: A Question of Marxist Epistemology
Authors: Segall Malcolm
Published: May 2005

This paper concerns the best approach to the concept of a socialist health system. It first criticizes a narrow empiricism, which reduces the subject to a phenomenalistic study of existing health systems in socialist countries, paying insufficient attention to historical contexts and developments and to the worldwide evolution of socialist ideas. Such a rightist empiricism, separating practice from theory, is then contrasted with a leftist idealism, which separates theory from practice. The latter approach entails abstract models of an ideal socialist health system with many characteristics, without specifying which are the necessary and sufficient ones for applying the global designation “socialist.” This leads to epistemological confusion and a deterministic view of the relation of the social formation to the health system, which is in fact complex. A socialist health system is best seen as an aspect of socialist theory rather than as an actual social entity. Viewed this way, it can act as a continuing guide to social practice and be enriched by that practice. Taking an appropriate class standpoint, socialist health theory should relate to social factors in the causation of disease and in the capacity of peoples to undertake health-related activities and to the social control of health care services and related industries.
Interest and Pleasure as Dimensions of Aesthetic Response
Authors: Cupchik Gerald C. , Gebotys Robert J.
Published: May 2005

A study was conducted comparing cognitive and affective responses to a set of twelve paintings. Forty subjects, including an equal number of naive and trained males and females, rated the paintings individually on a series of scales including: simple-complex, warm-cold, unemotional-emotional, not at all meaningful-meaningful, and familiar-unfamiliar. They also made comparative judgments of relative “interest” and “pleasure” between all possible pairs (66) of the paintings. “Interest” judgments were made under an objective and analytical task set, while “pleasing” judgments were made from a subjective and personal set. A multidimensional scaling analysis revealed two dimensions underlying the “pleasing” and “interest” judgments. These were identified by regressing the individual scale ratings against the dimensions. The “interest” dimensions, complexity/meaningfulness and familiarity, are comparable to motivational dimensions predicted by Berlyne: curiosity and variation. The “pleasing” dimensions, emotional arousal and aesthetic effectance, have been anticipated in the literature. Thematic content and date of the painting (modern versus pre-1850) could also be related to the dimensions. Individual differences in sensitivity to the “pleasing” dimensions were found primarily for naive and trained females.
A Critical Theory of Medical Discourse: How Patients and Health Professionals Deal with Social Problems
Authors: Waitzkin Howard , Britt Theron
Published: May 2005

Criticism of social context does not generally appear in medical encounters. When contextual issues arise in medical discourse, messages of ideology and social control may become apparent, usually without the conscious awareness of the participants. By easing the physical or psychological impact of contextual difficulties, or by encouraging patients' conformity to mainstream expectations of desirable behavior, encounters with doctors can help win patients' consent to troubling social conditions. Seen in this light, doctor-patient encounters become micropolitical situations that do not typically encourage explicit statements or actions by health professionals to change contextual sources of their patients' difficulties. A critical theory influenced by structuralism suggests that the surface meanings of signs in medical discourse prove less important than their structural relationships. In addition, a theoretical approach adopting elements of post-structuralism and Marxist literary criticism emphasizes the marginal, absent, or excluded elements of medical discourse. Contextual features that shape a text include social class, sex, age, and race. Through the underlying structure of medical discourse, contextual problems are expressed, marginalized, and managed.
Implications of Home Technology for School Decision-Making
Authors: Eastman Susan Tyler , Hollingsworth Helen L.
Published: May 2005

Surveys at a midwestern middle school showed that most students have much greater access to computer technology than previously predicted, including such sophisticated accessories as graphics packages, scanners, fax, and modems for e-mail. Both students and teachers reported the need for learning and using computer technology the way adults use it in the workplace. While students want the hardware and software to produce original, professional-looking documents, teachers want both traditional television hookups and cutting-edge instructional tools. The ongoing controversy about computer placement in labs versus classrooms appears to be a function of shortage within a technology vision balancing equity and efficiency. Teachers are virtually unanimous in wanting all teachers to have at least one computer in their classrooms while concurring in the need for grouped computers for instruction in some classrooms. Reliable, empirical information about students' and teachers' exposure to and application of computer technology outside of schools is essential when school personnel struggle with the decision-making that accompanies the spread of technology in education.
Sites on the Margins are not Marginal Archaeology: Small, Upland Sites in the Vicinity of Meyersdale, Pennsylvania
Authors: Means Bernard K.
Published: May 2005

When faced with a wide range of site types within an area under study, the attention of the archaeologist is often drawn toward larger settlements, such as base camps or villages, where one can reasonably expect a large quantity and diversity of cultural remains. While the role of smaller, limited resource procurement sites in subsistence-settlement systems is usually acknowledged, the sites themselves are seen as uninteresting or insignificant. This article focuses on the use of small, upland sites to create a more fully integrated view of the prehistoric cultural landscape in the vicinity of Meyersdale, Pennsylvania. A number of small and large sites in upland and lowland settings were excavated here as part of archaeological investigations for a highway bypass around Meyersdale.
The Dismissal of Injured Workers and Workers' Compensation Arrangements in Australia
Authors: Purse Kevin
Published: May 2005

In Australia, as in Canada and to a lesser extent the United States, the vocational rehabilitation of injured workers is an integral part of workers' compensation arrangements. An essential feature of the return-to-work process is the provision of suitable employment by employers for workers able to resume work following a work-related injury. This article highlights the importance of employment security measures within workers' compensation legislation for injured workers and of scheme management. The author examines the major approaches adopted by the various Australian jurisdictions, critically reviews the issue of compliance with employment security legislation, and suggests a number of proposals for reform. Given the number of similarities between Australian and North American workers' compensation schemes, policy lessons drawn from the Australian experiences may be relevant to the labor movement and legislators in Canada and the United States.
The Hemlock Society Membership: Comparisons between 1983 and 1995 Surveys and the General Population
Authors: Cossman Jeralynn , Lewers Gary A. , Wilson Janet K. , Fox Elaine , Kamakahi Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2005

While most Right to Die studies have examined the ethical and moral implications of assisted suicide, few have investigated the active membership of Right to Die organizations. Two studies, one in 1983 and one in 1995, have surveyed The Hemlock Society USA membership in an effort to identify those who are actively involved in the Right to Die social movement. This study compares the social demographic descriptors of members of the Hemlock Society at these two different points in time: from the 1983 survey to the California portion of the 1995 survey and between all three Hemlock samples and the General Social Survey. The most significant findings of this study demonstrate that the population of the Hemlock Society is increasing in religiosity and continues to be defined as a well-educated and healthy membership. The Hemlock Society membership over-represents the female population, those over 55 years of age, divorcees and widows/widowers, atheists, and those who are well-educated compared to the general population. Additionally, Hemlock Society members appear to be healthy adults who are still living on their own as opposed to depending on their families for assistance. In other words, the Hemlock Society members constitute a unique and dynamic group of individuals.
Enhancing the Concept of Disenfranchised Grief
Authors: Corr Charles A.
Published: May 2005

Doka (1989a, p. 4) defined disenfranchised grief as “the grief that persons experience when they incur a loss that is not or cannot be openly acknowledged, publicly mourned, or socially supported.” He suggested that disenfranchisement can apply to unrecognized relationships, losses, or grievers, as well as to certain types of deaths.

This article contends that disenfranchisement in bereavement may have a potentially broader scope than has been hitherto recognized. That claim is defended by exploring further the implications of disenfranchisement and by suggesting ways in which certain understandings or misunderstandings of the dynamic qualities of grief, mourning, and their outcomes may be open to disenfranchisement or may participate in disenfranchisement.

The aims of this argument are to enhance the concept of disenfranchised grief in itself and to deepen appreciation of the full range of all that is or can be experienced in bereavement.
The Illness Behavior Assessment Schedule: Reliability and Validity
Authors: Pilowsky Issy , Bassett Darryl , Barrett Robert , Petrovic Leposava , Minniti Rinaldo
Published: May 2005

A patient's illness behavior represents an important component of any clinical presentation, and may in itself be pathological. Illness behavior and abnormal illness behavior are not easily evaluated, and considerable disagreement exists as to the criteria for making diagnoses such as “conversion reaction,” “hypochondriacal reaction,” etc. This paper describes the background, reliability and validity of the Illness Behavior Assessment Schedule (IBAS) which has been developed as a basis for a systematic and standardized approach to illness behavior.
Commentary: What Technical Writers Must Learn from the History of Programming
Authors: Weiss Edmond H.
Published: May 2005

Complicated documents often affect readers the way computer programs affect computers; technical writers are prone to many of the same serious errors that plague programmers. Among the many principles that writers can learn from programming are: 1) Models save money: it is far more economical to develop detailed outlines and mockups than to improvise from a vague outline. 2) Quality demands maintainability: every complicated document will need frequent revision, and only documents designed for ease of change will be kept current. 3) The trouble is in the interfaces: the procedures and tasks in a manual are not as error-prone as the rules for moving from part to part of the book itself. 4) Readers are subject to the laws of physics: many publication economies produce documents that defy the physical powers of the reader. 5) Communication is control: readers must be prevented from getting lost.
Early Woodland Occupation of the Northern Bluegrass: The West Runway Site (15BE391), Boone County, Kentucky
Authors: Bergman Christopher A. , Miller Donald A. , Doershuk John F. , Duerksen Ken , Tune Teresa W.
Published: May 2005

The West Runway site (15BE391) is located in an upland setting in Boone County, Kentucky. Excavations at this locality revealed intact Early Woodland deposits including pit features containing Fayette Thick ceramics and straight stemmed Kramer projectile points. Until these investigations, Fayette Thick ceramics had not previously been recovered from non-mound locations or in isolation within undisturbed feature contexts. Several radiocarbon determinations bracket the primary occupation of the West Runway site between 770 B.C. and 390 B.C. These dates indicate that the site predates the well-known Adena culture and suggest a need for continuing refinement of the Early Woodland cultural sequence.
Insight into the Psychosocial Aspects of Huntington's Disease in Chinese Society
Authors: Leung Tak Yu , Leung Chi Ming
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To review the psychosocial aspects of Chinese families with Huntington's disease (HD) in Hong Kong.

Method:

The psychosocial aspects of five Chinese families in Hong Kong were studied with in-depth interviews and detailed analysis of case records.

Results:

Patients with HD are found to suffer from certain specific psychosocial adversities, including marital disharmony, social stigma and increased suicidal risk in those with relatively well-preserved cognitive function. A low request rate for presymptomatic testing for HD is also observed among these cases.

Conclusions:

Though the genetic defect in HD is universal and cuts across cultures, the problems faced by these patients and their families are never the same. Despite limited local experience due to a much lower prevalence, Chinese HD patients in Hong Kong are found to have specific needs that emerge from their ethno-historical background.
Determining the Cultural Affiliation of Terminal Late Woodland-Mississippian Hunting Stations: A Lower Ohio Valley Example
Authors: Seeman Mark F. , Munson Cheryl A.
Published: May 2005

Discriminant analysis, a multivariate statistical technique is used to clarify terminal Late Woodland-Mississippian settlement patterns in the lower Ohio Valley. Initially, the ability of this technique to recognize variation among stylistically similar populations of Yankeetown, Angel, and Caborn-Welborn triangular arrow points is tested with favorable results. These results are then used to determine the cultural affiliation of small hunting stations in the area. The data indicate that hunting station distributions are largely independent of patterns previously documented for local habitation sites and can be used to clarify settlement-subsistence relationships.
A Review of Influences on Sexual Fantasy: Attitudes, Experience, Guilt, and Gender
Authors: Chick David , Gold Steven R.
Published: May 2005

The important role of sexual fantasy in human sexuality has received wide support in the past decade and a half. The initial interest in establishing fantasy's normality has shifted to examining the functional aspects of fantasy and the variables that influence it. The following article reviews variables that affect sexual fantasies including the role of an individual's personality/sexual attitude, sexual experience, sex guilt, and gender. Also, a hypothesized link between parental sexual attitudes and their children's fantasy production is explored. A variety of methods have been implemented to investigate fantasy and a number of these methods are critiqued and some possible methodological improvements are suggested. Finally, the similarity of findings across studies and methods seem to warrant expanding fantasy investigation to other areas and some future directions are suggested.
Reading, Hearing, and Seeing Poetry Performed
Authors: Hilscher Michelle C. , Cupchik Gerald C.
Published: May 2005

The study investigated the differences between reading a poem, listening to a poem, and watching a live poetic performance. Stimulus materials included three poems with positive and three with negative themes written by Michelle Hilscher. The 32 participants, including an equal number of males and females in psychology and literature, completed a General Poetry Questionnaire (GPQ) to indicate their experiences and impressions of poetry coming into the study. Following the presentation of each poem, participants answered 14 5-point scale questions in a Poetry Reception Questionnaire (PRQ) which captured cognitive and emotional nuances of poetry reception, and one open-ended question where the participants wrote freely about the poem's meaning. A factor analysis of the GPQ distinguished primarily between participants' responsiveness to the stylistic features and subject matter of poetry. A factor analysis of the PRQ identified global absorption, interpretive engagement, and narrative representation as the primary activities involved in responses to the six poems. A factor analysis of qualitatively derived meaning categories (MC) contrasted an elaboration of style and metaphor as opposed to subject matter and story line. Analyses of variance showed that respondents preferred to read poetry as compared to hearing, or seeing it performed live. By reading poetry themselves, participants were able to explore and interpret the literary devices in poetry in an independent and creative manner, whereas participants who experienced a live performance seemed constrained in their ability to be actively involved in their experience of poetry and therefore found the poetry less engaging.
Colombia: In vivo Test of Health Sector Privatization in the Developing World
Authors: De Groote Tony , De Paepe Pierre , Unger Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2005

The reform of the Colombian health sector in 1993 was founded on the internationally advocated paradigm of privatization of health care delivery. Taking into account the lack of empirical evidence for the applicability of this concept to developing countries and the documented experience of failures in other countries, Colombia tried to overcome these problems by a theoretically sound, although complicated, model. Some ten years after the implementation of “Law 100,” a review of the literature shows that the proposed goals of universal coverage and equitable access to high-quality care have not been reached. Despite an explosion in costs and a considerable increase in public and private health expenditure, more than 40 percent of the population is still not covered by health insurance, and access to health care proves uncreasingly difficult. Furthermore, key health indicators and disease control programs have deteriorated. These findings confirm the results in other middle- and low-income countries. The authors suggest the explanation lies in the inefficiency of contracting-out, the weak economic, technical, and political capacity of the Colombian government for regulation and control, and the absence of real participation of the poor in decision-making on (health) policies.
Fishbein's Model of Behavioral Intentions: A Framework for Health Education Research and Curriculum Development
Authors: Page Randy M. , Cole Galen E.
Published: May 2005

A review of Fishbein's model of Behavioral Intentions is used as a framework for health education research and curriculum development. Particular emphasis is given to Jaccard's analysis of the model's practical application in health education programs: as a guide to assessing the relative importance of attitudinal and normative components in determining intentions for intended audiences.
Recognition of Suicide Lethality and Attitudes toward Suicide in Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Domino George , Swain Barbara J.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between knowledge about suicide lethality and attitudes toward suicide was explored in a sample of 280 mental health professionals representing eight groups: physicians, psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric nurses, social workers, crisis interventionists, counselors, and clergy. The results indicated significant group differences, with psychiatrists, psychologists, and crisis interventionists showing a significantly greater degree of knowledge; clergy scored lowest of all groups. Knowledge was related to attitudes such that those who recognize a greater number of signs of suicide tend to view suicide as acceptable and as a reaction to external environmental aspects rather than as a reflection of manipulation or a self-destructive drive; they believe the elderly and those who are “different” have a greater suicide risk and see suicide as a cry for help.
Life after the Death of a Child: Initial and Long Term Support from Others
Authors: Brabant Sarah , Forsyth Craig , McFarlain Glenda
Published: May 2005

This article presents research on both the source and continuity of support received by bereaved parent(s) within four different social contexts: family, friends, co-workers, and clergy. The data were obtained from a study conducted in 1990–91 on the social impact of the death of a child, and are drawn from fourteen interviews with bereaved parents representing nine families and ten child deaths. The responses to three questions are considered. First, how were you treated by family members and close friends? What were their expectations? Second, how were you treated by your boss and co-workers when you returned to work? What were their expectations? And, finally, how did your clergy treat you? Using the work of Therese Rando and William Worden as point of departure, social support or lack thereof for the bereaved parent is reexamined from a symbolic interactionist perspective. Implications for grief counseling are discussed.
A Systems Approach to Controls of Technical Writing Costs
Authors: Eckhardt E. W.
Published: May 2005

This approach to the control of writing costs is a systematized method to leaven and identify important cost factors to the management level. It periodically provides in-depth visibility into pertinent scope and productivity variations which have a significant impact on the success of writing programs. Elemental cost factors in consistent terms enhance the visibility as production quantities give measurements unusual objectivity in a relatively subjective environment. Because of the subjectiveness, data values at the program level must be management-tempered. Here they are used principally to flag problem areas where their meaning is paramount. Long term cumulative values (over many writing programs) become more meaningful as true absolute values. Because of this quality, they are used to set work standards, define writer productivity, and determine other departmental factors.
Aging and Categorization: Could Relevant Pieces of Information Reduce Older Persons' Inhibitory Deficit?
Authors: Pennequin Valérie , Plaie Thierry , Fontaine Roger , Cassan Sabrina , Duchemin Laurent
Published: May 2005

The goal of this study was to reduce the inhibitory deficit on the elderly by creating “optimizing conditions” in a categorization task. It was hypothesized that increasing the number of relevant pieces of information would reduce the difficulty associated with processing irrelevant information on a categorization task, since the number of relevant solutions to solve the problem would increase, while the total number of pieces of information to be processed would remain the same. This hypothesis was tested on 27 young adults and 30 elderly people using a task requiring the matching of a stimulus figure to one of the two response figures having one or more attributes in common with the stimulus. In line with previous findings, the results indicated an age-related inhibitory decline. However, consistent with the hypothesis, as the number of relevant attributes increased, the performance of elderly people improved and response times decreased, supporting the notion of latent cognitive resources.