bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Neurotoxic and Immunotoxic Effects of the Chinar (Platanus orientalis L.) Tree Leaf Infusion Against Ethanol Toxicity in Rats
Authors: DOĞAN Abdulahad , DONMEZ Fatih , BATTAL Abdulhamit , ASLAN Ali , ANUK Ozgur Ozan
Published: May 2020

In this study, immunotoxic and neurotoxic effects of leaf infusion of Platanus orientalis L. (PO) were investigated in rats ethanol-induced toxicity. Neurotoxic effects of ethanol were evaluated by measuring acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in rat brain tissue. Immunotoxic effects were evaluated by adenosine deaminase (ADA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) biomarkers in rat liver, lung, erythrocyte and spleen tissues. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups after toxicity study. The groups are explained as follow: Control, Ethanol 20 %, Ethanol 20 % + Silymarin (10 mg kg-1), Ethanol 20 % + PO-20 mg mL-1 infusion and Ethanol 20 % + PO-60 mg mL-1 infusion. The results showed that AChE and BChE activities statistically decreased in the groups treated with PO leaf infusion. While there was a statistically significant decrease in ADA and MPO activities in liver tissue of groups treated with PO leaf infusion. Also, MPO activity of erythrocyte in ethanol group was significantlly increased according to silymarin and PO-60 groups. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant finding was found in lung and spleen tissues. It was concluded that the infusion prepared from P. orientalis leaves suppressed to ethanol-induced neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity.
Tereftalat ile [N-(2-Hidroksietil)-Etilendiamin] İçeren Karışık ligantlı Bakır(II) Kompleksinin Sentezi, Spektral, Termal ve Yapısal Karakterizasyonu
Authors: AYCAN Tuğba , PAŞAOĞLU Hümeyra
Published: May 2020

[Cu(Hydet-en)2].(Tpht) (Tpht=Tereftalik asit dianyonu, Hydet-en=N-(2-hidroksietil)etilendiamin) kompleksi sentezlenmiştir. Kompleks tek kristal X-ışını tayini, FT-IR spektroskopisi, UV-Vis spektroskopisi, termogravimetrik analiz ve elementel analiz ile karakterize edilir. Her bir hydet-en ligandı bakır metaline iki dişli olarak koordine olurken, tpht2- anyonu ise birim hücrede serbest olarak bulunmaktadır. Bakır merkezi düzgün bir kare düzlem geometriye sahiptir. Kare düzlem geometriye sahip kompleksin ekvatoral düzlemini hydet-en ligantlarının birincil ve ikincil amin grupları oluşturmaktadır. Monomerler O-H∙∙∙O ve N-H∙∙∙O hidrojen bağlarıyla bağlanarak supramoleküler yapıyı oluşturur. Kompleksin FT-IR araştırması, orta IR bölgesi içinde gerçekleştirildi. Esas olarak tereftalik asit ve N-(2-hidroksietil)etilendiamin) ligantlarının karakteristik titreşimleri göz önünde bulundurarak kompleksin titreşimlerine odaklanıldı. TG, DTA ve DTG teknikleri kullanılarak kompleksin termal davranışları izlenmiştir.
Peyniraltı Suyu Proteinlerinin Gıda Ambalajlamada Film Ve Kaplama Materyali Olarak Kullanımı
Authors: YÜKSEL Nergiz , MUTİ İSTEK Merve , BULCA Selda
Published: May 2020

Peyniraltı suyu (PAS), süt endüstrisinin en önemli yan ürünlerinden biridir. Değerlendirilmeden ve herhangi bir işlem görmeden çevreye atılan PAS, çevre kirliliğine yol açmakla birlikte aynı zamanda doğaya verilmesiyle bileşimindeki değerli organik bileşikler de kayba uğramaktadır. Günümüzde PAS, çeşitli amaçlara yönelik kullanılmaktadır. Son zamanlarda, PAS'ın özellikle gıdalar üzerinde yenilebilir film ve kaplamalarda kullanımı konusunda yapılan araştırmalar yoğunlaşmıştır. Gıdalarda kullanılan plastik ambalajlar yerine PAS proteinlerinden elde edilen film ve kaplamaların kullanılması ile plastik ambalaj ve değerlendirilmeden atılan PAS’tan dolayı oluşan çevredeki atık miktarı azaltılabilmektedir. Gıda ambalajlamada PAS proteinlerinden elde edilen film ve kaplamaların kullanılmasının diğer bir avantajı da, kullanılan gıdanın fonksiyonel özelliklerinin geliştirmesidir. Bu filmler, lipit oksidasyonu gibi kimyasal reaksiyonları yavaşlatırlar ve antimikrobiyal ajanın taşıyıcısı olarak kullanıldıklarında gıdaların kalitelerini artırmak için uygun bir araç olarak görülmektedirler. Ayrıca gıdalarda nem ve gaz transferi için seçici bariyer olarak hareket eden bu filmler, gıdaların raf ömrünü arttırmada koruyucu olarak kullanılmaktadırlar. Çalışmamızda, PAS’ın bileşimi, PAS proteinlerinden elde edilen filmlerin formülasyonu ve özellikleri, gıda ambalajlama uygulamalarında yapılan çalışmalar derlenmiştir.
Cambio Tecnológico en Corporaciones Multinacionales del Noroeste de México (2005-2017)
Authors: Alarcón Osuna Moisés Alejandro , Ruiz Porras Antonio
Published: May 2020

Introducción: La presente investigación contribuye a la corriente de estudios sobre el cambio tecnológico sesgado (Acemoglu, 2002, 2007, 2009), es decir, el desarrollo tecnológico y su efecto en el mercado de trabajo, donde las mayores productividades de los empleados se deben al uso de innovaciones tecnológicas y/o tecnologías existentes que son incorporadas en la empresa, específicamente en corporaciones multinacionales (CMN). La hipótesis es que, en las CMN existe una ineficiencia en la asignación de tareas y esto conduce a asignar empleo a personas con habilidades no aptas para sus tareas, lo que obstruye el progreso tecnológico. El objetivo es demostrar que en las CMN del noroeste de México el cambio tecnológico se ve condicionado, donde las CMN contratan personal con calificaciones medias y bajas para realizar tareas abstractas.Método: Las CMN asignan tareas (de diferente nivel tecnológico), a personas que ofrecen distintas calificaciones (años de escolaridad), donde la asignación por parte de las CMN representa un cambio tecnológico endógeno, y la oferta de mano de obra un cambio exógeno. Se emplean datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo, con una explicación descriptiva para el noroeste de México, y un análisis de regresión Logit Condicional, donde se muestran ambos efectos, exógeno y endógeno, en la asignación de tareas en CMN tanto para el año 2005 como para el año 2017.Resultados: Los hallazgos, muestran que no existe correspondencia entre habilidades y tareas en las CMN, lo que condiciona el cambio tecnológico al demandar una mayor cantidad de trabajos de bajo contenido tecnológico.Discusión o Conclusión: Se muestra que los trabajadores con mayores calificaciones son igualmente asignados a tareas manuales o abstractas, lo que evidencia un problema de información asimétrica, pues los CMN al no tener información clara sobre las calificaciones de los trabajadores los asignan de manera ineficiente a tareas con distintos niveles tecnológicos.
A Simple Laptop-based Phonocardiography System: A Novel and Inexpensive Instrument for Research and Clinical Use
Authors: Doyle D John
Published: May 2020

Background:

Cardiac auscultation is a frequent first step in diagnosing heart disorders. However, the lack of dependability of ordinary auscultation in the hands
of inexperienced clinicians remains a problem.

Objective:

We sought to develop an inexpensive system for digital cardiac auscultation (digital phonocardiography) using a Windows laptop computer, freely
downloadable software and an inexpensive USB microphone.

Description:

The system, based on the free open-source Audacity software package, offers advanced features such as phonocardiogram storage and retrieval,
low-pass and high-pass waveform filtering and variable-speed signal playback with pitch preservation.

Results:

Sample results for both raw and digitally filtered phonocardiograms are provided.

Conclusion:

An innovative laptop-based phonocardiogram system offering advanced features can be easily produced at minimal cost.
Synthesis, Chemical Reactivities, and Biological Properties of Pyrazolone/ Pyrazolinone as a Blocking Unit for Building Various Heterobicyclic Systems: A Review
Authors: Alharbi Abdulrahman S. , Abdel-Rahman Reda M. , Alshammari Nawaa A. , El-Avia Khaled M.
Published: May 2020

:

This review reports various synthetic routes of pyrazolone/ pyrazolinone derivatives via
the addition of cycloaddition, condensation, cyclocondensation, modification, alkylation, as well as
formylation, regioselective, and ring-opening reactions under reflux, microwave irradiation, and/ or
ultrasonication conditions. It also presents critical chemical behaviors towards nucleophilic and electrophilic
reagents. The chemical reactivities of pyrazolone/ pyrazolinone derivatives involve alkylation,
acylation, condensation, catalyzed diazo coupling, oxidation, heteroarylation, phosphorylation,
stereoselective alkenylation, enantioselective alkylation, addition, and complexation reactions. The
review also summarizes the significant biological activity of pyrazolone/ pyrazolinone derivatives as
antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, as well as
antioxidant, anthelmintic, antibiofilm, and anti-HIV. Moreover, some pyrazolone/ pyrazolinone derivatives
used to remove various metal or soft metal ions from the wastewater. Besides, they exhibited
stable complexes with some metals, for example, Ag (I), Cu (I), Cu (II), Hg (II), Pb (II), Sn (II),
and Sb (V) as new materials, catalysis, and precursors for CVD in the microelectronic industry and
as potential antitumoral.
Potential Antimicrobial Peptides Elucidation from the Marine Bacteria
Authors: Barik Adyasa , Rajesh Pandiyan , Malathi Manthiram , Balasubramanian Vellaisamy
Published: May 2020

In recent years, excessive use of antibiotics has been raising its head to a serious problem
all around the world, as pathogens become drug-resistant and create challenges to the medical field.
This failure of the most potent antibiotics that kill pathogens increases the thirst for researchers to
look for another way of killing pathogens. It has led to the findings of antimicrobial peptide, which
are the most potent peptides to destroy pathogens. This review gives special emphasis to the usage of
marine bacteria and other microorganisms for antimicrobial peptide (AMP), which are eco-friendly
as well as a developing class of natural and synthetic peptides with a wide spectrum of targets to
pathogenic microbes. Consequently, a significant attention has been paid mainly to (i) the structure
and types of antimicrobial peptides and (ii) mode of action and mechanism of antimicrobial peptide
resistance to pathogens. In addition to this, the designing of AMPs has been analyzed thoroughly for
reducing toxicity and developing better potent AMP. It has been done by the modified unnatural
amino acids by amidation to target the control of biofilm and persister cells.
Computer Optimization of Stealth Biodegradable Polymeric Dual-loaded Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy Using Central Composite Face-centered Design
Authors: Berko Yvonne A. , Akala Emmanuel O.
Published: May 2020

Background:

Combination chemotherapy capable of overcoming cancer drug
resistance can be facilitated by nanotechnology.

Objective:

Synthesis, characterization, statistical experimental design, analysis and optimization
of stealth pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles suitable as a platform for simultaneous
delivery of paclitaxel and 17-AAG in breast cancer therapy were investigated.

Methods:

An acetal crosslinker and a poly(ɛ)caprolactone macromonomer were synthesized
and characterized. The statistical experimental design used was the response surface
method (RSM). We used the central composite face-centered design (CCF) in three independent
factors and seventeen runs. Nanoparticles were fabricated by dispersion polymerization
techniques. Response variables evaluated were: particle size, drug loading, encapsulation
efficiency, and in vitro availability.

Results:

Scanning electron micrographs showed the formation of spherical nanoparticles.
Computer software was used for the analysis of variance with a 95% confidence level and
Q2 (goodness of prediction) to select an appropriate model for each of the response
variables. Each term in each of the models was tested for the significance of the regression
coefficients. The computer software optimizer was used for optimization to select factor
combination to minimize particle size, time (h) for maximum release of paclitaxel and
17-AAG, to maximize paclitaxel and 17-AAG loading efficiency and to maximize
paclitaxel and 17-AAG encapsulation efficiency.

Conclusion:

The optimization was successful, as shown by the validation data which lie
within the confidence intervals of predicted values of the response variables. The selected
factor combination is suitable for the in vivo evaluation of the nanoparticles loaded with
paclitaxel and 17-AAG.
Forming the historical consciousness of the student through teaching fiction
Authors: Abdigapbarova Zhanar
Published: May 2020

Teaching fiction is closely related to science because any sphere of science involves theoretical and applied practical meaning. While forming a fiction-reading student by teaching literature we should take into account both theoretical and applied systems of the literature and pay attention to its artistic nature. When the meaning of the word, a concept, or an idea influence the student, he/she starts to think deeply and attentively. Moreover, reading fiction affects consciousness differently. On one hand, it may encourage an individual to act, on the other hand, it may invoke his interest in the subject (literature) and encourage him/her to read fiction. Teaching is a bilateral process, hence, its quality is directly related to the attitudes of the student and the level of cognitive activity and didactic improvement of the teacher’s work. Improving critical thinking improves students’ cognitive activity. The literature of any nation develops in a close relationship with its history. Any scientific sphere is also closely related to history. There is no life beyond history as well as literature. Therefore, teaching fiction is an extremely effective way of forming historical consciousness. The public opinion in Kazakhstan is formed through the history and literature of the Kazakh nation.
Люминесценция пространственно упорядоченных одиночных и групп самоформирующихся Ge(Si) наноостровков, встроенных в фотонные кристаллы
Authors: Смагина Ж.В. , Новиков А.В. , Степихова М.В. , Зиновьев В.А. , Родякина Е.Е. , Ненашев А.В. , Сергеев С.М. , Перетокин А.В. , Кучинская П.А. , Шалеев М.В. , Гусев С.А. , Двуреченский А.В.
Published: May 2020

Photoluminescence (PL) properties of arrays of spatially ordered single Ge(Si) self-assembled islands, including embedded in two-dimensional photonic crystals (PhC), was studied. Incorporation of an array of ordered single islands and their groups into PhC significantly increases the intensity of their PL signal. The most pronounced increase in intensity (up to 30 times at nitrogen temperatures) is observed for an ordered array of single islands. The increase in PL intensity is associated with interaction of island emission with the radiation modes of the PhC, which is more efficient for an array of spatially ordered single islands. As result PL from single ordered Ge(Si) islands embedded in PhC was observed up to room temperature.
Имплантация ионов кремния в сапфир: малые дозы
Authors: Белова Н.Е. , Шемардов С.Г. , Фанченко С.С. , Головкова Е.А. , Кондратьев О.А.
Published: May 2020

As a result of ion implantation of silicon ions in sapphire and subsequent high-temperature annealing the precipitates of silicon and alumosilicates are observed in the subsurface sapphire region. X-ray reciprocal space mapping measurements showed the existence of compression stress with deformation
-0.12% in the normal direction and tensile stress with deformation 0.2% in R-plane in that region, which reduces the mismatch with the silicon (100) lattice and can lead to an improvement in the structural perfection of epitaxial silicon films grown on such modified sapphire substrates.
Нерезонансное обращение волнового фронта света в оптически возбужденных пленках ZnO
Authors: Грузинцев А.Н.
Published: May 2020

The opportunity of the nonresonant phase conjugation of light (NPC) in the excited semiconductor was shown theoretical and experimental. The induced NPC of light in the visibal and infrared spectral region was detected on the ZnO epitaxial films at room temperature by nitrogen laser pumping. The dependences of the NPC signal intensity on its photon energy and on the intensity of laser pumping were investigated. This effect explanation was given: change of absorption and refraction of the light on the laser induced free carriers in the semiconductor.
Phyllophaga Harris (Lachnosterna Hope): A Revision of the Synonymy, and One New Name
Authors: Glasgow Robert
Published: May 2020

This preliminary paper is designed to indicate the progress of the work, and to present at once the changes in synonymy that a thorough study of the types has shown to be necessary.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Gas Waste Upon Fishes, with Especial Reference to Stream Pollution
Authors: Shelford Victor
Published: May 2020

It is the purpose of this paper to show that essentially all the products of the distillation of coal are very toxic to fishes, some of the most toxic being those which are commonly regarded as "insoluble" in water.
Equipment for Maintaining a Flow of Oxygen-free Water, and for Controlling Gas Content
Authors: Shelford Victor
Published: May 2020

In Article VI of this volume a piece of apparatus for controlling gas content and adding gases and fluids to water is described by the present writer. His earlier work, as well as that reported by Dr. Wells in Article VIII, was done with that apparatus on a water table of temporary construction, but the table and the apparatus have both been replaced by the permanent structures herein described.
A Study of the Malarial Mosquitoes of Southern Illinois
Authors: Chandler Stewart
Published: May 2020

The object of the work, as fully explained in a former article of the Natural History SurveyDivision, is to locate the places which breed mosquitoes, to point out what types of location are especially favorable to the production of the malaria mosquitoes, and to increase our knowledge of the seasonal occurrence of all mosquito species to be found in southern Illinois. It is hoped that these articles will provide data of use to citizens of communities interested in a reduction of malarial disease through a control of the mosquitoes transmitting it. It is planned to continue the survey, each year in a different locality typical of some considerable area, so that eventuallyall types will be covered.
A Preliminary Report on the Occurrence and Distribution of the Common Bacterial and Fungous Diseases of Crop Plants in Illinois
Authors: Tehon L. R.
Published: May 2020

The next important step in the study of plant diseases is concerned with epidemiology—the fluctuation in severity and abundance from year to year exhibited by all diseases. An explanation of the causes underlying these fluctuations promises things of the greatest importance to the growers of our crops in the improvement of control measures and the regulation of times and methods of their application.
An Epidemic of Leeches on Fishes in Rock River
Authors: Thompson David
Published: May 2020

In the course of field work in aquatic biology on Rock River it was noticed in the winter of 1925-1926 that almost every red-mouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinella Cuv. & Val.) was heavily infested withthe leech, Piscicola punctata Verrill.
The Biological Survey of a River System--- Its Objects, Methods and Results
Authors: Forbes Stephen
Published: May 2020

The attention of biologists especially interested in the aquatic biota was naturally drawn, first, to the wonderful assemblage of animals and plants and the system of life in the great seas and, next, to those of the fresh-water lakes, concerning both of which there are ample stores of knowledge from various sources to draw upon ; but the rivers of the country have received so little comprehensive attention from our biologists that I do not know of a single attempt anywhere in America to develop and disclose the complete biology of a river system except that which has been made by us in Illinois, and it is for this reason that I am forced to make our own operations rather unpleasantly conspicuous.
The Hessian Fly and the Illinois Wheat Crop
Authors: Flint W. P. , Larrimer W. H.
Published: May 2020

In order to fight the fly successfully, we had to learn just how it lives through the year, and justwhere it is to be found during each season. A vast amount of detailed information on these questions has been accumulated as a basis for practical recommendations, but a brief outline of the main facts in the life history of the insect will serve our present purpose and show why certain methods are here recommended.
The Plant Lice, or Aphiidae, of Illinois
Authors: Hottes Frederick , Frison Theodore
Published: May 2020

This paper is purely a faunistic or synoptic study of the plant lice of Illinois and is not to be considered as revisional or monographic in scope.
An Experimental and Observational Study of the Chinch Bug in Relation to Climate and Weather
Authors: Shelford V. E.
Published: May 2020

The investigation reported in this paper is classifiable under threeheads: (1 ) the study of length of instars and of the life history in relation to different conditions of temperature, humidity, light, etc.; (2) the study of the success of cultures under conditions similar to those under which the instars were studied; and (3) the study of the records of abundance, migration, rise, and decline of the pest in the State of Illinois since 1840.
A List of the Species of the Tribe Aphidini, family Aphidae, found in the United States, which have been heretofore named, with descriptions of some New Species
Authors: Thomas Cyrus
Published: May 2020

Covers 6 genera in the tribe Aphidini (Siiphonophora, Phorodon, Myzus, Chaitophorus, Aphis, and Rhopalosiphum) including species accounts and some descriptions of new species, plus descriptions of new species belonging to other tribes, with notes on a few previously described species.
A New Species of Aphis, of the Genus Colopha
Authors: Middleton Nettie
Published: May 2020

Description of Colopha eragrostidis, new sp.
The Food of Fishes
Authors: Forbes Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

In a paper on the food of Illinois fishes published in the second bulletin of this Laboratory, the subject vvas treated in a general and cursory manner, the amount of material upon which that paper was based being insufficient for exact or detailed description. The favor with which that preliminary notice was received, has made it possible to undertake a more serious investigation; and this paper contains an account of the food of the Acanthopteri of the State which I believe to be nearly or quite sufficient for the student of science and for  the practical fish culturist.   lt is still necessary only to study the food of specimens under a half-inch length and to test the value of the general conclusions reached by occasional examinations of fishes taken from other waters at other seasons of the year.
The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Illinois
Authors: Hebard Morgan
Published: May 2020

This paper discusses the biology and habits of the orders, ecological factors affecting orthoptera, and the species within Dermaptera and Orthoptera.
The Stoneflies, or Plecoptera, of Illinois
Authors: Frison Theodore
Published: May 2020

The present paper, then, is a summary of our stonefly studies which have been more or less continuous since 1926. For completeness this report has not been limited to the spring and summer forms but includes an entire survey of the plecopteran fauna of Illinois, which makes it possible to present a classification unrestricted by the seasonal idiosyncrasies of species, genera orfamilies. It offers, too, an opportunity to add further data concerning some of the fall and winter species not available at the time of the 1929 paper, and perhaps most important, it enables the presentation of a balanced and comparative picture of the stoneflies of this state.
The Effects of Petroleum-oil Sprays on Insects and Plants
Authors: Farrar M. D.
Published: May 2020

This paper brings together data from the eight years of investigation 1925-33, and includes the data that appear to illustrate progress in the knowledge of oil sprays.
Management of Small Artificial Lakes
Authors: Bennett George W.
Published: May 2020

The material in this paper includes information from several sources. That gathered by Dr. David H. Thompson, Illinois Natural History Survey Zoologist, and the author, from censusing the fish of 22 small artificial lakes in Illinois has beenof great value in determining the kinds of fish suited to this type of habitat. It has also revealed some of the causes for poor fish yields, as well as information on the compatibility of various species. Angling records supplemented by hoopnet samples from several lakes provide a means of measuring the effects of underfishing and overfishing on fish populations. The case histories of many experimental lakes in which various combinations of fishes have been stocked suggest the degree of usefulness of the different combinations in fish management.
Duck Populations and Kill: an Evaluation of Some Waterfowl Regulations in Illinois
Authors: Bellrose Frank C.
Published: May 2020

This paper was conceived and written in an attempt to evaluate the effect of various hunting regulations on the kill of ducks in Illinois, and to ascertain the optimum dates for Illinois hunting seasons of various lengths.  Recent open seasons in Illinois' (1938-1942) have protected blue-winged teals more than any other species.  These open seasons have protected other species in the following descending order: shovelers, green-winged teals, pintails, widgeons, mallards and black ducks, ring-necked ducks, canvasbacks, lesser scaups, ruddy ducks and gadwalls. The dates for the waterfowl hunting season in Illinois should depend upon what species of ducks need the greatest protection, and whether the hunter or the waterfowl population should be favored. Open dates suggested by this study are as follows: For a 30-day season, November 1-30; for a 45-day season, October 22-December 5; for a 60-day season, October 10-December 8; for a 70-day season, October 1-December 9; for an 80-day season, September 26-December 14; for a 100-day season, September 20-December 28.
Sex Ratios and Age Ratios in North American Ducks
Authors: Bellrose Frank C. , Scott Thomas G. , Hawkins Arthur S. , Low Jessop B.
Published: May 2020

The sex classes and age classes of various species of ducks constitute measurable elements of the populations. The present study deals primarily with sex ratios and age ratios and the ways in which they relate to population productivity. The present study is an evaluation of sex and age ratios in North American duck populations and the ways in which, in waterfowl management, these ratios can be used to measure productivity. Drakes occurred in relatively greater numbers among diving ducks than among dabblers; however, examination of the available knowledge on the reproductive biology characterizing these two subfamilies revealed nothing which suggests that extra drakes may be more important to the maintenance of populations of diving ducks than of dabblers. Juveniles were found to be more vulnerable to hunting than adults; the vulnerability differential varied with place, time of hunting season, vear, and species. Age ratios obtained from bagged ducks and corrected for the greater vulnerability of juveniles offered the best means of determining the adult-juvenile composition of duck populations.
The Amphibians and Reptiles of Illinois
Authors: Smith Philip Wayne
Published: May 2020

The objectives of this report on the amphibians and reptiles of Illinois are threefold. The first is to provide a critical review of the species and subspecies known to inhabit Illinois. The second is to present detailed distributional information for these animals in the hope that the data may contribute to the knowledge of the ecology and biogeography of Illinois. The third is to call attention to variation trends that I have discerned within Illinois and that will enable future investigators to utilize character analyses for populations occurring in limited parts of the state.
A Comparative Study of Bird Populations in Illinois, 1906-1909 and 1956-1958
Authors: Graber Richard R. , Graber Jean W.
Published: May 2020

On August 29, 1906, Alfred O. Gross and Howard A. Ray, working for the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (a parent organization of the Illinois Natural History Survey) under the direction of Stephen A. Forbes, began a series of statewide, cross-country censuses of birds in Illinois. These censuses were continued at intervals until September, 1909, and the data collected were published in a series of papers (Forbes 1907, 1908, 1913; Forbes & Gross 1921, 1922, 1923) that provided a quantitative record of the Illinois bird populations of that period and a potential basis for evaluating the adjustment of bird populations to a changing environment. In 1956—1958, we conducted statewide censuses similar to those of the 1906-1909 survey. In this paper we present an analysis of our field data and compare these data with those from the first survey.
A Biological Investigation of the Fishes of Lake Chautauqua, Illinois
Authors: Starrett William C. , Fritz Arnold W.
Published: May 2020

A biological investigation was conducted on the fishes of this lake over a 10-year period, 1950-1959. The present paper is concerned principally with the various fishes and their relative abundance in Lake Chautauqua, their biology, the dynamics of their populations, and the eflFects of commercial fishing on them.  Sedimentation, turbidity, chemical, and bottom fauna studies were made in conjunction with the fishery investigation. Field data were obtained on the fishery by creel censusing, commercial wing-net fishing, commercial seining, test-net fishing ( 1-inch-square-mesh wing nets), minnow seining, use of rotenone, and electrofishing. During the investigation, 52,214 fish were weighed and measured. In addition, 12,814 small fish were measured; 23,812 fish were aged. Sixty-four species of fish were collected from the lake. At least 30 of these species were either rare or rare-occasional, 21 species ranged from occasional to common, and only  13 species occurred abundantly. The abundant species were bigmouth buffalo, gizzard shad, carp, freshwater drum, bluegill, white crappie, black crappie, yellow bass, channel catfish, shortnose gar, emerald shiner, spottail shiner, and brook silverside.  The growth rates of 14 species of fish at Lake Chautauqua were determined.  Growth rates of most of the species studied compared favorably with growth rates of these species in other waters. A few species had excellent growth rates. Lack of stunted fish indicated that the fish populations in the lake were not overcrowded. In some species, the population was dominated for several years by one or two year-classes.
A Partial Bibliography of the Phalangiinae of North America
Authors: Weed Clarence M.
Published: May 2020

It is believed that there are included below most of the references to this group in our American literature. I have placed an interrogation point after the genus of several species of Phalangium of which I have seen no specimens, but which probably do not belong to that genus as now restricted.
The Bantam Sunfish, Lepomis Symmetricus
Authors: Burr Brooks M.
Published: May 2020

The bantam sunfish, described as Bohlke; Garrett S. Glodek; Tomio Lepomis symmetricus by Stephen A. Forbes in 1883, is one of the least known species in the genus, probably because of its small size, rarity over parts of its range, occurrence in rather inaccessible swamp habitats, and drab and nondescript appearance. This effort to remedy the gaps in our knowledge of the species reviews all published references to L. symmetricus. To supplement the meager information available, this report includes an analysis of morphological variation based on the study of museum specimens, an assessment of the species' distribution, and a life-history study based on periodic collections made at a study site in southern Illinois.
The Lake Sangchris Study
Authors: Larimore R. Weldon , Tranquilli John A.
Published: May 2020

Under contract with Commonwealth Edison Company, the Illinois Natural History Survey studied this cooling lake ecosystem intensively from August 1973 through August 1977 to determine the effect of the thermal discharge and combustion byproducts on the local environment. Investigations included detailed studies of water quality, plankton, aquatic macrophytes, clams, benthos, fish, fish harvest or creel, waterfowl, trace metals, and pesticides. Some studies (water quality, benthos, clams, and aquatic macrophytes) were terminated in 1976, and others were initiated to consider the distribution of larval fishes in the cooling loop and the effect of the impingement and entrainment of fish by the power plant.

In June 1975 , the Illinois Natural History Survey received additional support from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) of Palo Alto, California, to expand investigations at Lake Sangchris. The expanded work consisted of three parts: (1) a study of the relationship between the fisheries and the physicochemical conditions associated with power production, including fish temperature preferences, potential dangers to the biological system, benefits to plant and animal communities, and causes of environmental degradation associated with power production; (2) construction of a fish production model from the large accumulation of physical-chemical-biological data; and (3) a comparison of fish production in Lake Sangchris with that of Lake Shelbyville, a nearby flood control reservoir. This work has been completed, and a four-volume final report: Evaluation of a Cooling Lake Fishery, has been published by EPRI (1979-1980). However, those investigations cannot be completely separated from the work supported by Commonwealth Edison and reported here.

The investigative work was carried out by an interdisciplinary team of specialists. Administration and overall coordination of the project were handled at the Illinois Natural History Survey headquarters in Urbana, while field activities were coordinated through a field station at Kincaid, a few miles from the lake. Most of the fishery biologists were based at the field station; other team members were based in Urbana where more extensive laboratory and analytical facilities were available.
Monograph of the Neotropical Fern Genus Polybotrya (Dryopteridaceae)
Authors: Moran Robbin C.
Published: May 2020

The genus Polybotrya (Dryopteridaceae) includes 35 species of neotropical ferns. It is distinguished by 1) strongly dimorphic leaves with fertile leaves that resemble skeletons of the sterile, photosynthetic ones; 2) usually high-climbing stems that are covered with scales; and 3) a unique stem anatomy with 5 to 12 circularly arranged meristeles, each surrounded by a black sclerenchymatous sheath, with numerous tiny leaf traces arching between adjacent meristeles. The center of diversity of the genus is the Andes, where 23 species occur, 12 of which are endemic. The coastal mountains of southeastern Brazil are notable because they contain 5 species, all endemic. The range of Polybotrya is from Chiapas, Mexico, southward through Central America; the West Indies; northern South America southward along the Andes to Bolivia and Paraguay and eastward to the Guiana Highlands; the Amazon River basin and the Matto Grosso; and southeastern Brazil. Species of the genus typically inhabit wet, shaded, primary tropical forests from sea level to 2500 m, most often occurring at middle altitudes between 500 and 2000 m. Polybotrya is divided into three subgenera: 1) Soromanes, leaves simply pinnate and veins anastomosing; 2) Sorhifolia, leaves simply or twice pinnate and veins free, close, and parallel; and 3) Polybotrya, leaves decompound and veins free. Polybotrya cervina, a species usually included in Polybotrya, is removed to the monotypic genus Olfersia (Moran 1986). Polybotrya is related to dryopteroid genera such as Arachniodes, Cyclodium, Maxonia. Olfersia, and Polystichopsis. Carl Christensen, the father of modem fern taxonomy, observed (1916) that Polybotrya may have arisen from Maxonia because both have high-climbing stems and strongly dimorphic leaves. The morphological and anatomical evidence presented here suggests that Polybotrya may have evolved instead from a Cyclodium-like ancestor.

I chose Polybotrya for study because two aspects of the genus immediately intrigued me: its strongly differentiated sterile and fertile leaves and its long, creeping hemiepiphytic stem (Fig. 1). Since these features evolved separately in unrelated fern genera, studying Polybotrya might well provide insight into broader questions of fern evolution. Polybotrya was suited to monographic study because the number of species (35), all of which are neotropical, was manageable. Finally, no previous monographic work had been done on Polybotrya and many problems of nomenclature and identification remained to be solved.
A Nomenclator of Leptosphaeria V. Cesati & G. de Notaris
Authors: Crane J. L. , Shearer C. A.
Published: May 2020

This nomenclator ot Leptosphaeria is an index to names published in the genus through 1989 and includes the source of publication, nomenclatural history, substrate and/or host, and geographical location for each species name.
Annotated Catalog of Type Specimens in the Illinois Natural History Survey Fish Collection
Authors: Sabaj Mark H. , Cummings Kevin S. , Page Lawrence M.
Published: May 2020

The Fish Collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) dates back to the late 1800s and the extensive surveys of Illinois fishes led by Dr. Stephen A. Forbes, director of the Survey's predecessor, the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History (ISLNH). From 1876 to 1903 Forbes, assisted by his esteemed colleague Robert E. Richardson and numerous field and laboratory personnel, collected and preserved over 200,000 specimens from more than 450 localities distributed in 93 of the 102 counties of Illinois. During this time, the ISLNH Collection served as the basis for several catalogs of Illinois fishes (Nelson 1876; Jordan 1878a; Forbes 1884; Large 1903), and provided material for the description of at least 25 species. This work culminated in the classic Fishes of Illinois written by Forbes and Richardson, published by the Survey in 1909 and reprinted in 1920 (although no publication date is given for the original volume, H.C. Oesterling, former INHS editor, lists the date as 1909 in Howard 1932:46). Accompanied by a separate atlas of distribution maps of 98 species, this comprehensive treatment of the state's ichthyofauna still is recognized as one of the finest publications on fishes. The INHS Fish Collection was expanded by Dr. Philip W. Smith, who worked as a systematic biologist at the Survey from 1942 until his retirement in 1979 (Burr and Page 1987). Over a period of 1 1 years from 1962 to 1972, Smith assembled a large collection of fishes from Illinois and neighboring states. The ichthyological surveys conducted by Smith, his students, and INHS staff led to the publication of a second Fishes of Illinois (Smith 1979). Smith's monograph provided identification keys, information on the ecology and taxonomy of Illinois fishes, and detailed distribution maps that documented changes in the state's fish fauna that had occurred since the survey of Forbes and Richardson. The size and geographic scope of the INHS collection have been considerably expanded in the past three decades; the collection now contains about 7 1 1 ,000 cataloged specimens (over 7 1 ,000 lots) of more than 1,800 species. A recent literature survey identified over 250 publications citing the use of INHS specimens over the past 40 years. Included are two publications that have greatly advanced both the professional and popular understanding of North American fishes: the Handbook of Darters (Page 1983) and A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico (Page and Burr 1991).
Vascular Flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve
Authors: Larimore Richard L. , Phillippe Loy R. , Ebinger John E.
Published: May 2020

The vascular flora of Middle Fork Woods Nature Preserve, Vermilion County, Illinois, was studied during the growing seasons of 1999–2002. A total of 376 species were found: 12 ferns, fern-allies, and gymnosperms; 99 monocots; and 265 dicots. The three families with the largest number of species were the Poaceae (44), Asteraceae (39), and Cyperaceae (34, 29 of which were members of the genus Carex). The overstory and woody understory of six forest communities were surveyed: a mature second growth dry-mesic upland forest dominated by Quercus alba (white oak) and Q. velutina (black oak); an old growth, dry-mesic savanna dominated by Q. alba with a dense understory of Acer saccharum (sugar maple); SW-facing and NE-facing forested slopes of a mesic ravine, both dominated by A. saccharum and Q. alba; a southern flatwood forest/ ephemeral pond community dominated by Q. bicolor (swamp white oak); and an immature second growth dry-mesic upland forest dominated by Q. alba and Carya ovata (shagbark hickory). Ground layer plants were surveyed in spring and fall in the dry-mesic upland forest communities, and for each species the relative cover, relative frequency, and importance values were determined. The preserve, comprised mostly of oak-hickory forest communities, was found to be in relatively good ecological condition. Mature and maturing second-growth oaks were present throughout much of the preserve. Sugar maples dominated the understory and, along with the dense overstory, were apparently limiting oak regeneration. The non-natives Lonicera spp. (bush honeysuckles), Elaeagnus umbellata (autumn olive), Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard), and the native sugar maple, will continue to need to be controlled. Prescribed fire is recommended to limit populations of these species.
Descriptions of two New Deltoid Moths
Authors: French G. H.
Published: May 2020

Describes two new species of moth.
The Life History and Distribution of the Prothonotary Warbler in Illinois
Authors: Loucks W. E.
Published: May 2020

Though at first the response was very light, it has since proved highly gratifying, far exceeding expectations. The object in view was to obtainby means of cooperative labor the present rangeof certain species of birds in Illinois, and to issue monthly reports, based on the contributors' notes and such information as could be obtained from lists and catalogues, both state and local.
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genera of fruit doves and allies using dense taxonomic sampling
Authors: Nowak Jennifer , Sweet Andrew , Weckstein Jason , Johnson Kevin
Published: May 2020

Fruit doves and their allies are a diverse group within the pigeon and dove family (Aves: Columbidae). Progress towards subfamilial classification of Columbidae relies on identifying major groups and the phylogenetic relationships within these groups. One such recently proposed group is the Raphinae based on previous evidence that the extinct dodo is potentially within what was formerly recognized as the Treroninae (fruit doves and allies). Although several studies have explored the phylogenetic relationships within Columbidae, most have focused either on broad-scale, familial level relationships or finer scale, species level relationships. Here we use mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences from a diverse taxonomic sample to identify relationships among the genera and species of fruit doves and their allies. In particular our goal is to identify which of these genera should be included within Raphinae (the name which has taxonomic priority over Treroninae), focusing on an inclusive, well-supported monophyletic group. We also use dense taxon sampling to explore relationships among genera and species in this group, expanding on previous studies. In addition, we use resulting phylogenetic hypotheses to reconstruct the ancestral evolutionary history of foraging mode and biogeographic patterns of dispersal within the group. We used two data sets for our phylogenetic analysis: the first consisting of novel sequences generated for this project and the second with additional, previously published sequences from the fruit dove genus (Ptilinopus). Our analyses found support for the monophyly of a clade that contains a large fraction of the genera currently classified within Raphinae and also found several well-supported clades within this group of pigeons and doves. Character reconstruction methods based on the resulting phylogeny recover multiple transitions from a terrestrial to an arboreal foraging mode and evidence for multiple dispersal events from Asia to Africa throughout the history of the clade.
The Dragonflies (Odomata) of Illinois, with Descriptions of the Immature Stages
Authors: Needham James , Hart Charles
Published: May 2020

The present paper is the combined product of studies made by the authors upon the collections of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, including those of the Biological Station at Havana, and by Professor Needham on his private collection.
Studies of the Life History, Habits, and Taxonomic Relations of a New Species of Oberea (Oberea Ulmicola Chittenden)
Authors: Webster F. M.
Published: May 2020

As Mr. F. H. Chittenden, of the Division ofEntomology of the Department of Agriculture, had already collected considerable material for a study of the genus Oherea, he was invited to describe the species, and his description of the adult follows, together with a table prepared by him showing the relations of the species in the genus.
On the Biology of the Sand Areas of Illinois
Authors: Hart Charles , Gleason Henry
Published: May 2020

In addition to the faunal studies, I have given particular attention to the topography and remarkable glacial history — especially with regard to the origin of the sand areas and their fauna — of the Illinois River valley, nearly the entire length of which I have traversed at one time or another.
The Plankton of the Illinois River, 1894-1899, with Introductory Notes Upon the Hydrography of the Illinois River and its Basin
Authors: Kofoid C. A.
Published: May 2020

This paper gives the results of a statistical study of a series of quantitative plankton collections made in the channel of the Illinois River near Havana, Ill., at the Illinois Biological Station, in 1894-1899. The environmental conditions and the volumetric results of this investigation have been given in Part I. (Kofoid, '03), publishedin Volume VI. of this Bulletin.
The Vegetation of the Inland Sand Deposits of Illinois
Authors: Gleason Henry
Published: May 2020

In the rapid development of ecological and phytogeographical knowledge during the past few decades, the vegetation of sand deposits has been the subject of especially frequent and detailed study. At least three reasons may be mentioned why this type of vegetation has received particular attention. First, sand deposits are usually well developed and form dune complexes of greater or less extent along the shores of the ocean or the larger inland lakes, and in many cases are convenient places for vacation trips. Secondly, the vegetation on sand is usually open and easily studied, and the dynamic nature of the environment is emphasized. For this reason the interrelationsof plant and environment are more easily observed and offer attractive fields for study. Thirdly, sand areas are usually infertile incomparison with their surroundings. They are accordingly frequently left uncultivated and constitute temporary natural preserves,in which the original types of vegetation persist and are available for study.