bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction and superconducting transition in alkali‐doped C60
Authors: Yan Ji‐Min , Zhu Chuan‐Bao
Published: September 2010

The intermolecular interactions in alkali‐doped C60 solids, A3‐x‐y A′xA″yC60 (A, A′, A″ = alkali; x + y ⩽ 3), have been calculated, and their correlations with the structures and the superconducting transition temperatures Tc have also been investigated. It is found that the variations of the lattice constants a0 of A3‐x‐ y A′x A″y C60 solids and the superconducting transition temperatures Tc can be satisfactorily explained from the viewpoint of interaction. It is shown that the relationship of Tc with interaction is much closer than that of Tc with lattice constant a0, Therefore, we can say it is the physical factors such as interaction, other than the geometrical structure factors such as a0, that should be reasonably taken as the primitive cause of the sudden change of superconductivity from pristine C60 to its alkali‐doped compounds and of the variation of Tc among superconductors of A3‐x‐yA′x A″ y C60
Synthesis and crystal structure of [Co(mpt)2{P(OCH3)3}2]BF4 (Hmpt = 2‐mercaptothiazoline)
Authors: Tong Ye‐Xiang , Kang Bei‐Sheng , Su Cheng‐Yong , Yu Xiao‐Lan , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: September 2010

The monomeric cobalt‐phosphite‐thiolato complex [ Co (mpt)2 {P (OCH3 )3 }2 ] BF4 (Hmpt = 2‐mercaptothiazoline) has been prepared and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 0.8078(5), b = 2.6020(18), c= 1.2191(7) nm, β= 99.38 (1)°, V = 2.528(3) nm3, and Z = 4. The structure comprises discrete cations [Co (mpt)2(P(OCH3)3}2] + and anions BF4 −, in which the cobalt (III) atom is coordinated to two chelate mpt− and two cis‐oriented monodentate P(OCH3)3 ligands in a highly distorted octahedral geometry. The most distorted angles are S(2)‐Co(1)‐S(2a) of 162.23(10)° and N (l)‐Co(1)‐S(2) of 71.47 (13)°, the latter is caused by the geometric constraint of the bidentate ligand mpt−. Cyclic voltammetry has been used to study the electrochemical behavior of the title complex on the Pt electrode in MeCN solution with 0.1 mol · L−1 of Bu4n NBF4 89 electrolyte, The dts indicate that the title complex is unstable in MeCN.
Study on the second‐order non‐linear optical properties of 10‐hydrocarbylacridones
Authors: Song Hua‐Can , Zou Yong‐De
Published: September 2010

Twenty 10‐hydrocarbylacridones and 2‐methylacridone, 1‐hydroxyacridone were synthesized from acridone and characterized by mp, IR, UV, 1H NMR and MS. Using Nd:YAG as a laser source, the second‐order harmonic generation (SHG) values of the acridone derivatives were measured in powder state as compared with urea powder. The results showed that the SHG values of some of 10‐hydrocarbylacridones were higher than that of urea, while others were lower. Although the hydrocarbyl substituents (R) attached to nitrogen atom of acridone were different in size and electronegativity, they had a little effect on the SHG values of 10‐hydrocarbylacridones. Substituents, such as methyl or hydroxy group connected to the phenyl ring, caused a little effect on the SHG values, too, compared with acrid one. The ability of R to push electron toward the nitrogen atom or to pull electron from the nitrogen atom play an important role on the maximum wavelengths of UV‐visible absorption of acridone derivatives.
Synthesis of substituted 1,2‐benzoquinones and substituted 3‐hydroxy‐4 (1H)‐pyridinones: Application of oxidation—Michael addition in organic synthesis
Authors: Li Miao‐Sheng , Ma Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Chun , Huang Zhi‐Shu , Xiao Shao‐Hua , Gu Lian‐Quan
Published: September 2010

Catechol (1) and 2‐ethoxy‐2‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridinone (4) derivatives can be oxidized to give ortho‐quinone of 1,2‐benzoquinone (2) and 2‐ethoxy‐2‐ethyl‐1,2(2H)‐pyridine 3,4‐dione (5) that subsequently dew Michael addition with nucleophiles. This reaction served a convenient route to synthesize 4,5‐disubstituted 1,2‐benzoquinones (3a‐c) and 6‐substituted‐3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridinones (6a‐f).
Synthesis and magnetism of μ‐isophthalato dinuclear lanthanide(III) complexes
Authors: Xiang‐He Kong, , Cui‐Wei Yan, , Yan‐Tuan Li, , Dai‐Zheng Liao,
Published: September 2010

Seven new μ‐isophthalato dinuclear lanthanide(III) complexes, namely [Ln2(IPHTA)(Me2‐phen)4‐(ClO4)2](ClO4)2 (Ln=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Ho, Er), where Me2‐phen denotes 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (Me2‐phen), IPHTA represents isophthalate dianion, have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, molar conductance measurements, IR, ESR and electronic spectra. The variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibilities of [ Gd2 (IPHTA) (Me2‐phen)4 ( ClO4 )2 ] ((ClO4 )2 complex were measured in the temperature range of 4–300 K and the observed data were successfully simulated by the equation based on the spin Hamiltonian operator, H = ‐2JS1. J2. giving the exchange parameter J = ‐0.19 cm−1. This result is commensurate with a weak antiferromagnetic spin‐exchange interaction between Gd(III)‐Gd(III) im within the complex.
Synthesis of nanosize europium oxide particles by using W/O microemulsion
Authors: Wen‐Hua Hou, , Jun Ma, , Jing Chen, , Qi‐Jie Yan,
Published: September 2010

Europium hydroxide particles with an average diameter of 10 nm and a BET surface area of 127 m2/g have been prepared by controlled precipitation in the polyoxyethylene octylphenol (Triton X‐100) (hexanol)/cyclohexane/water microemulsion system. After calcination in air at 750°C, the obtained europium hydroxide particles were readily converted to the nanosize Eu2O3 particles with an average size of 30 nm and a high BET surface area of 36.5 m2/g.
Novel method for synthesis of titanium silicalite‐1 (TS‐1)
Authors: Ji‐Cheng Zhou , Xiang‐Sheng Wang
Published: September 2010

Titanium silicalite‐1 (TS‐1) was easily synthesized using inorganic silicon and titanium source, tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) or TPAOH as templating molecule, NH3H2O, HDA or TEAOH etc. as base sources. In this system, TPA+ cations (come from TPABr or TPAOH) served as templating agents to direct the MFI structure. NH3H2O, TEAOH or HDA etc. provides the alkalinity necessary for crystallization. X‐ray diffraction, UV‐Vis, IR spectroscopies, SEM, 29Si MAS NMR showed that the zeolites obtained possessed all the structural characteristics of TS‐1, and titanium atoms were introduced into the framework in TS‐1. This material was proved to have high crystallinity and high catalytic activity to allyl chloride epoxidation and propylene epoxidation. All the samples synthesized had similar catalytic properties with a standard TS‐1 through compared inorganic reactant system with organic synthesis system using propylene epoxidation. The effects of silicon source and TPABr/SiO2 ratio were discussed.
Stereoselective synthesis of 2′‐ purine and pyrimidine derivatives of 1′, 4′‐anhydro‐2′‐deoxy D‐arabitol and D‐altritol
Authors: Bing‐Hui Yang , Xue‐Jun Wu
Published: September 2010

A series of 2′‐purine and pyrimidine derivatives of 1′ 4′‐anhydro‐2′‐deoxy‐D‐arabitol (1) and l',4′‐anhydro‐2′‐deoxy‐D‐altritol (2) were synthesized regio‐ and stereo‐selectively from D‐sorbitol through same conversion in high yields.
Inclusion property and Diels‐Alder reaction of bis (diphenylphosphine oxide) butadiyne
Authors: Ming‐Xia Li , Jin‐Liang Li , Yong‐Mei Wang , Ji‐Ben Meng
Published: September 2010

The host molecule, bis (diphenylphosphine oxide) butadiyne (2), includes a variety of guests to form five complexes (2a—2e). In addition, the Diels‐Alder reaction between 2 and anthracene gives 9, 9′, 10, 10′‐tetrahedron‐9, 9′, 10, 10′‐bi‐ethenoantracene‐11, 11′‐bis (diphenylphosphine oxide) (3) which is a potential di‐π‐methane reactant and can undergo photorearrangement.
A molecularly imprinted polymer receptor for the enantiomeric recognition of amino acid hydantoins mimicking cooperative hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases
Authors: Jie Zhou , Xi‐Wen He , Hong‐Sheng Guo
Published: September 2010

Using acrylamide as hydrogen bonding functional monomer and (5R)‐5‐benzylhydantoin as template, a molecularly imprinted polymer was prepared in a polar solvent, which exhibited good enantiomeric recognition properties. The binding characteristics and selectivity of the polymer were evaluated by batch methods. Scatchard analysis showed that two classes of binding sites were produced in the polymer matrix and their dissociation constants were calculated to be 3.5 × 10−5mol/L and 4.3 × 10−4 mol/L, respectively, by utilizing the model of multiple independent classes of binding sites. These results were more reasonable than those obtained by Scatchard analysis, which was in agreement with the prediction of the binding characteristics of the polymer by exploring the effect of acrylamide on UV spectra of (5R)‐5‐benzylhydantoin. The substrate and enantio‐selectivity of the polymer was investigated. Finally, the study of effect of water on the chiral separation factor of the polymer further proved that the hydrogen bonding interactions played an important role in the recognition of the acrylamide‐based molecularly imprinted polymers.
Quantitative prediction of substituted products based on quantum‐chemical parameters and neural network method
Authors: Xue‐Ye Wang , Huang Song
Published: September 2010

The criterion of orientating group of electrophilic aromatic nitration was discussed by means of pattern recognition method with quantum‐chemical parameters as features, and the product ratios of the reactions were quantitatively calculated using artificial neural network (ANN) method with the same parameters as inputs, based on the ab initio calculation of quantum chemistry, The quantum‐chemical parameters involved orbital energy, orbital electron population, atomic total electron density and atomic net charge. The predicted values are in agreement with experimental results and the predicted error of the ANN with quantum‐chemical parameters for the reaction is the smallest among the all methods.
A novel pentaazadentate bismacrocycle cadmium complex
Authors: Feng‐Qi Guo , Shi‐Ming Dong , Duo‐Yuan Wang
Published: September 2010

A novel pentaazadentate bismacrocycle was synthesized through an improved procedure of 1:1 Schiff base condensation of diformyltripyrrane with 3,4,3′,4′‐tetraamino‐biphenyl hydrochloride using Pb2+ as template ion, in which the condensed byproduct water was removed efficiently to make the yield over 90%. Then the bismacrocycle legend reacted with cadmium chloride to yield the title metal complex with molecular weight being 1200.4 by TOF MS and the λmax being 766 nm.
Synthesis and crystal structure of ethyl benzimidazole‐2‐yl phosphonate
Authors: Hu Fang‐Zhong , Zou Xiao‐Mao , Yang Hua‐Zheng , Weng Lin‐Hong
Published: September 2010

When N‐cyanoimido‐(O,O‐diethyl)phosphonyl/S‐methyl thiocarbonate (1) was treated with o‐phenylenediamine in the presence of Et3N in ethanol, diethyl benzimidazole‐2‐yl phosphonate (2) was obtained and hydrolyzed during the recrystallization in MeOH/H2O, generating ethyl benzimidazole‐2‐yl phosphonate (3). The crystal structure of compound 3 was determined by X‐ray diffraction method. The crystals belong to monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 1.78406(18), b = 0. 83725(9), c= 1.67401(18) nm, β= 118.997(2)°, V = 2. 1870(4) nm3 Z = 8, Dc = 1.374 g/cm3, F(000) = 944. The final R and wR are 0.0499 and 0.1436, respectively. The mechanism of the above reaction is also discussed.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of 3‐Methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylic Ester Derivatives
Authors: Zhao Wei‐Guang , Li Zheng‐Ming , Yuan Ping‐Wei , Wang Wen‐Yan
Published: September 2010

In search of novel pyrazole derivatives with bioactivity, a series of 3‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐caboxylic: ester derivatives were synthesized via α‐oxoketene dithioacetals as starting material. The structures of all compounds prepared were confirmed by lH NMR, IR, MS and elemental analyses. Preliminary bioassays indicated that some compounds showed fungicidal activity against wheat rust, phoma asparagi and antiviral activity against TMV.
Microcalorimetric Studies on Thermochemical Characteristics of Escherichia coli NCTC 10418 Aerobic Growth Metabolism in Basic Media
Authors: Liu Yi , Gao Zhen‐Ting , Wang Hong , Qu Song‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

By using an LKB‐2277 bioactivity monitor, cycle‐flow mode, the thermogenic curve of metabolism of Escherichia coü NCTC 10418 growth at 37°C in basic media was determined. The experimental results indicate that the relationship between cell concentration and power output can be characterized by the equations C = k'P + adC/dP0 = KC, n = 1 where P is the power output (μW), C is cell concentration (mg/mL), P0 is the power output produced by the metabolism of one unit of cell (P0 = P/0.6C), the order of metabolism n is 1, and k', a and K are constants which depend on the culture condition and phylogenic state of the cells. These equations are different from those of the non‐growth metabolism of resting cells and endogenous metabolism of cells. For different kinds of metabolism of cells, the order of metabolism, n, is different. For endogenous metabolism, n = 0, for growth metabolism, n = 1, and for non‐growth metabolism of resting cells, n = 2. The equations are general thermochemical equations for the various different kinds of metabolism of cells.
Facile Preparation of Chiral 1, 3‐Diols via Stereoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of 1, 3‐Diones
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chun , Deng Jin‐Gen , Wu Tong‐Fei , Cui Xta , Jiang Yao‐Zhong , Choi Michael C. K. , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: September 2010

Asymmetric reduction of 1, 3‐diones catalyzed by (S, S)‐TsD‐PEN‐Ru(II) complex in a mixture of formic add‐triethylamine proceeded with a substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 100 to give (S, S)‐l,3‐diols with excellent diastereomeric (98.6% de) and enantiomeric purities ( > 99% ee). Other C2‐symmetric diols were also obtained in almost quantitative yields with high diastereomeric (80.0%‐84.2% de) and enantiomeric purities ( > 99% ee).
A Simple Way for Synthesis of Alkyne‐Telechelic Poly(methyl methacrylate) via Single Electron Transfer Radical Coupling Reaction
Authors: Zhang Zhongning , Fu Qiang , Huang Junlian
Published: September 2010

The telechelic α,ω‐alkyne‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (alkyne‐PMMA‐alkyne) was synthesized by single electron transfer radical coupling (SETRC) reaction of α‐alkyne, ω‐bromine‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (alkyne‐ PMMA‐Br). The propargyl 2‐bomoisobutyrate (PgBiB) was first prepared to initiate atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl methacrylate at 45°C using CuCl/1,1,4,7,10,10‐hexamethyl triethylenetetramine (HMTETA) as homogeneous catalytic system. Then the SETRC reaction was conducted at room temperature in the presence of nascent Cu(0) and N,N,N′,N′ ′,N′ ′‐pentamethyldiethyllenetriamine (PMDETA). The precursor alkyne‐PMMA‐Br and coupled product alkyne‐PMMA‐alkyne were characterized by GPC and 1H NMR in detail.
Electrochemiluminescence Studies of Phosphorescent Dopant and Host Molecules of Polymer Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Wu Chaoxin , Hou Xun
Published: September 2010

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from tris(2‐phenylpyridine)irdium [Ir(ppy)3] was investigated following cross reaction of its anion with oxidized poly(N‐vinyl‐carbazole) (PVK) and its cation with reduced 2‐(4‐biphenylyl)‐5‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (PBD). Both cross reactions show Ir(ppy)3 emission and the cross reaction of PVK+·/Ir(ppy)−3 showed the highest ECL intensity. The comparisons of the reaction enthalpy and the energy of Ir(ppy)3 light emitting shows that reaction between PVK+· and Ir(ppy)−3 is energy sufficient to populate metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited singlet (3.04 eV) of Ir(ppy)3, while the reaction between Ir(ppy)+3 and PBD− · is energy efficient to populate MLCT excited triplet (2.4 eV). The ECL result in solution reveals that the energy released from charge transfer between the Ir(ppy)3 and PVK or PBD is sufficient to produce the excited state of Ir(ppy)3 in solid polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) based on PVK:PBD hosts doped by Ir(ppy)3. These results obtained will provide further insight into charge‐transfer excitation in PLEDs.
A Practical Approach to Synthesize the C(9) –C(24) Fragment of (+)‐Discodermolide
Authors: Yin Zengsheng , Yue Xuyi , Deng Xiangjun , Qing Fengling
Published: September 2010

A practical and stereoselective synthesis of the C(9)–C(24) subunit of (+)‐discodermolide has been achieved. The strategy featured the construction of the key intermediate Z‐trisubstituted vinyl iodide 12 from the dibromo‐olefin 6 via an efficient modified Tanino‐Miyashita's approach. The union of the two fragments was carried out through a Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction.
Novel Conformational Transitions of Human Cytochrome P450 2C8 during Thermal and Acid‐induced Unfolding
Authors: Sun Lu , Wang Zhonghua , Jiang Hualin , Tan Xiangshi , Huang Zhongxian
Published: September 2010

Transitions among various heme coordination/spin states, heme environments and protein conformations of human cytochrome P450 2C8 were investigated under different denaturing conditions by means of electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopies. It is the first report of it's kind. Our results indicated that the thermal and acid‐induced denaturation could convert P450 2C8 to various P420 forms. In the thermal unfolding process, the ferric P420 thermal form emerged with weakened Fe‐S (thiolate) bond. An absorption band atca. 425 nm of the ferrous P420 2C8 thermal form was observed, suggesting that the axial Cys435 was protonated or displaced by other ligand. Moreover, the new coordination bond was stabilized when the temperature was cooled down. When binding with CO, the ferrous P420 2C8 thermal form had the protonated thiol of Cys435 as the axial ligand. X‐ray structure of P450 2C8 suggested that the specific structure of theβ‐bulge where the axial cysteine ligand located might be the reason of the formation of these P420 2C8 thermal forms. In the acid‐induced unfolding studies, we found that at pH 3.0 the heme could be irreversibly released from the heme pocket of ferric and ferrous P450 2C8. Interestingly, the released heme could form a new coordination bond with an unidentified ligand at the surface of partially unfolded protein when binding with CO at reduced state.
The p66shc Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Monocytes Is Increased in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Noda Yoshihiro , Yamagishi Sho‐ichi , Matsui Takanori , Ueda So , Ueda Shin‐ichiro , Jinnouchi Yuko , Hirai Yuji , Imaizumi Tsutomu
Published: September 2010

Background

The p66shc protein has been shown to control cellular responses to oxidative stress, being involved in atherosclerosis in animal models. However, the relationship between the p66shc gene expression levels and coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans remains unknown. In this study, we examined whether the p66shc gene expression in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) was increased in patients with CAD, compared with age‐ and sex‐matched subjects without CAD.

Hypothesis

We hypothesize that the p66shc gene expression level in PBMs is increased in patients with CAD.

Methods

Forty consecutive Japanese subjects who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD were enrolled in this study. The p66shc gene expression levels in PBMs were quantitatively measured by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reactions. Uni‐ and multivariate analyses were applied for the correlates of CAD. CAD was diagnosed if there was > 75% obstruction of at least 1 major coronary artery or a history of percutaneous coronary intervention.

Results

There were no significant differences of blood chemistries and clinical characteristics between the patients with and without CAD, except the number of subjects who were on hypertension medication. The p66shc gene expression levels in PBMs were significantly higher in CAD patients compared with non‐CAD subjects. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that the p66shc gene expression levels and hypertension medication were independently related to CAD (R2=0.287). Further, the p66shc gene expres‐ sion levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in proportion to the number of diseased vessels.

Conclusions

The present study is the first demonstration that increased the p66shc gene expression in PBMs is independently associated with CAD in Japanese subjects. The p66shc gene expression level in PBMs may be a novel biomarker of CAD in humans. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This work was supported in part by Grants of Collaboration with Venture Companies Project from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (S. Yamagishi). The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
The Effect of Aldosterone Antagonists for Ventricular Arrhythmia: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wei Jiafu , Ni Juan , Huang Dejia , Chen Mao , Yan Shaodi , Peng Yong
Published: September 2010

Background

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) from cardiac arrest, one of the most common types of cardiac‐related death, is most often triggered by ventricular arrhythmia (VA). It has been reported that aldosterone antagonists (AAs) have the benefit of reducing SCD in patients with heart failure (HF). It also has been indicated in animal experiments and clinical trials that AAs may have an antiarrhythmic effect.

Hypothesis

AAs have an effect on VA in patients with HF or coronary artery disease.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Current Controlled Trials, and the National Research Register, and identified randomized controlled trials on the effect of AAs on VA.

Results

All together, 7 trials with a total of 8635 patients were identified and extracted. AAs reduced the risk of SCD in patients with HF by 21% (relative risk [RR]: 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.93). AAs significantly reduced the episodes of ventricular premature complexes (mean difference 705 ± 646 episodes per 24 hours). Risk of ventricular tachycardia was reduced by 72% (RR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.10–0.77).

Conclusions

The additional administration of AAs in patients with HF or coronary artery disease shows a benefit in reducing the risk of SCD and may also be effective for reducing episodes of ventricular premature complexes and ventricular tachycardia. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The work was supported by grants from the Chinese National Nature Science Foundation (grant numbers 30600607 and 30770877, Beijing, China), and the National High‐tech Research and Development Program of China (2006AA02A406, Beijing, China).
The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is widely activated without PTEN deletion in renal cell carcinoma metastases
Authors: Youssif Tamer Abou , Fahmy Mona Alam , Koumakpayi Ismael Herve , Ayala Fernanda , Al Marzooqi Saeeda , Chen Guangyong , Tamboli Pheroze , Squire Jeremy , Tanguay Simon , Sircar Kanishka
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:

Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are emerging as promising therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Because rational treatment strategies require understanding the activation status of the underlying signaling pathway being targeted at the desired stage of disease, the authors examined the activation status of different components of the mTOR pathway in RCC metastases and matched primary tumors.

METHODS:

The authors immunostained metastatic RCC samples from 132 patients and a subset of 25 matched primary RCCs with antibodies against phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase, PTEN, phospho‐Akt, phospho‐mTOR, and p70S6. PTEN genomic status was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Marker expression was correlated to clinicopathologic variables and to survival.

RESULTS:

The mTOR pathway showed widespread activation in RCC metastases of various sites with strong correlation between different components of this signaling cascade (P<.0001), but without significant PTEN genomic deletion. Only cytoplasmic phospho‐mTOR showed independent prognostic significance (P = .029) and fidelity between primary RCCs and their matched metastases (P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS:

Activation of various components of the mTOR signaling pathway in metastatic RCC lesions across various tumor histologies, nuclear grades, and metastatic sites suggests the potential for vertical blockade of multiple steps of this pathway. Patient selection may be improved by mTOR immunostaining of primary RCC. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
GABAergic complex basket formations in the human neocortex
Authors: Blazquez‐Llorca Lidia , García‐Marín Virginia , DeFelipe Javier
Published: September 2010

Certain GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, basket cells, establish multiple connections with cell bodies that typically outline the somata and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells. During studies into the distribution of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) in the human cerebral cortex, we were struck by the presence of a very dense, pericellular arrangement of multiple VGAT‐immunoreactive (‐ir) terminals in certain cortical areas. We called these terminals “Complex basket formations” (Cbk‐formations) to distinguish them from the simpler and more typical pericellular GABAergic innervations of most cortical neurons. Here we examined the distribution of these VGAT‐ir Cbk‐formations in various cortical areas, including the somatosensory (area 3b), visual (areas 17 and 18), motor (area 4), associative frontal (dorsolateral areas 9, 10, 45, 46, and orbital areas 11, 12, 13, 14, 47), associative temporal (areas 20, 21, 22, and 38), and limbic cingulate areas (areas 24, 32). Furthermore, we used dual or triple staining techniques to study the chemical nature of the innervated cells. We found that VGAT‐ir Cbk‐formations were most frequently found in area 4 followed by areas 3b, 13, and 18. In addition, they were mostly observed in layer III, except in area 17, where they were most dense in layer IV. We also found that 70% of the innervated neurons were pyramidal cells, while the remaining 30% were multipolar cells. Most of these multipolar cells expressed the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin and the lectin Vicia villosa agglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4917–4937, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila caspases involved in developmentally regulated programmed cell death of peptidergic neurons during early metamorphosis
Authors: Lee Gyunghee , Wang Zixing , Sehgal Ritika , Chen Chun‐Hong , Kikuno Keiko , Hay Bruce , Park Jae H.
Published: September 2010

A great number of obsolete larval neurons in the Drosophila central nervous system are eliminated by developmentally programmed cell death (PCD) during early metamorphosis. To elucidate the mechanisms of neuronal PCD occurring during this period, we undertook genetic dissection of seven currently known Drosophila caspases in the PCD of a group of interneurons (vCrz) that produce corazonin (Crz) neuropeptide in the ventral nerve cord. The molecular death program in the vCrz neurons initiates within 1 hour after pupariation, as demonstrated by the cytological signs of cell death and caspase activation. PCD was significantly suppressed in dronc‐null mutants, but not in null mutants of either dredd or strica. A double mutation lacking both dronc and strica impaired PCD phenotype more severely than did a dronc mutation alone, but comparably to a triple dredd/strica/dronc mutation, indicating that dronc is a main initiator caspase, while strica plays a minor role that overlaps with dronc's. As for effector caspases, vCrz PCD requires both ice and dcp‐1 functions, as they work cooperatively for a timely removal of the vCrz neurons. Interestingly, the activation of the Ice and Dcp‐1 is not solely dependent on Dronc and Strica, implying an alternative pathway to activate the effectors. Two remaining effector caspase genes, decay and damm, found no apparent functions in the neuronal PCD, at least during early metamorphosis. Overall, our work revealed that vCrz PCD utilizes dronc, strica, dcp‐1, and ice wherein the activation of Ice and Dcp‐1 requires a novel pathway in addition to the initiator caspases. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:34‐48, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parametrices for a class of schrodinger equations
Authors: Treves François
Published: September 2010

The article describes the construction of a parametrix, global in space, in the initial value problem for the Schrödinger equation i∂u/∂t = δu ‐ Q(x)u ‐ V(x)u, with Q a real quadratic form and V a real magnified image potential in magnified image. The hypothesis on V is that ∣V(x)∣ ≤ const. ∣x∣, and ∣V(α)(x)∣ ≤ const. ∣x∣1‐∣α∣(as ∣x∣ → + ∞). By conjugating the equation with the unitary group exp(itH)(H = ‐δ + Q(x)) the problem is reduced to a hyperbolic pseudodifferential operator to which a global version of the geometric optics method applies. The symbolic calculus used by the construction is based on weights that reflect the role of the propagation set.
Morse indices of critical manifolds generated by min‐max methods with compact lie group actions and applications
Authors: Fang G.
Published: September 2010

We derive some upper and lower bounds for Morse indices of critical manifolds generated by min‐max principles for functionals invariant under a general compact Lie group or a finite group action. The results generalize the similar results in the nonequivariant (no group action) case. In doing so, we also generalize the extension theorem of Dugundji type in the nonequivariant case to the equivariant (group action) case. As an application, we obtain a precise growth estimate for the whole sequence of critical values given by the min‐max procedure for some superquadratic second‐order differential equations. It is well‐known that this growth estimate is crucial in showing the existence of multiple solutions of some superquadratic perturbed Hamiltonian systems and equations.
A rapid screening LC‐MS/MS method based on conventional HPLC pumps for the analysis of low molecular weight xenobiotics: application to doping control analysis
Authors: Mazzarino Monica , de la Torre Xavier , Botrè Francesco , Gray Nicola , Cowan David
Published: September 2010

This study presents a fast multi‐analyte screening method specifically developed for the detection of xenobiotics in urine. The proposed method allows the screening of several classes of substance in a single chromatographic method with a run‐time of 11 min, inclusive of post‐run and reconditioning times. Chromatographic separation is achieved in 7.2 min using a reversed‐phase 2.7 µm fused‐core particle column, generating a back‐pressure not exceeding 400 bar and therefore enabling the use of traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated, by liquid‐chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization, using 20 blank urine samples spiked with 45 compounds prohibited in sport: 11 diuretics, 16 glucocorticoids, 9 stimulants, 5 anti‐oestrogens, as well as formoterol, carboxy‐finasteride (previously prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) in 2008), gestrinone and tetrahydrogestrinone. Qualitative validation shows the proposed method to be specific with no significant interference. All of the analytes considered in this study were clearly distinguishable in urine, with limits of detection ranging from 5 ng/mL to 350 ng/mL, significantly below the Minimum Required Performance Levels (MRPL) set by WADA for the accredited sports anti‐doping laboratories. All compounds of interest were separated, including synthetic and endogenous glucocorticoids with similar retention times and fragmentation patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the closed suture in apert syndrome mouse models: Evidence of primary effects of FGFR2 signaling on facial shape at birth
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Percival Christopher , Aldridge Kristina , Hill Cheryl A. , Ryan Timothy , Sirivunnabood Satama , Wang Yingli , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Richtsmeier Joan T.
Published: September 2010

Apert syndrome is a congenital disorder caused mainly by two neighboring mutations on fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Premature closure of the coronal suture is commonly considered the identifying and primary defect triggering or preceding the additional cranial malformations of Apert phenotype. Here we use two transgenic mouse models of Apert syndrome, Fgfr2+/S252W and Fgfr2+/P253R, to explore variation in cranial phenotypes in newborn (P0) mice. Results show that the facial skeleton is the most affected region of the cranium. Coronal suture patency shows marked variation that is not strongly correlated with skull dysmorphology. The craniofacial effects of the FGFR2 mutations are similar, but Fgfr2+/S252W mutant mice display significantly more severe dysmorphology localized to the posterior palate. Our results demonstrate that coronal suture closure is neither the primary nor the sole locus of skull dysmorphology in these mouse models for Apert syndrome, but that the face is also primarily affected. Developmental Dynamics 239:3058–3071, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse Rad9b is essential for embryonic development and promotes resistance to DNA damage
Authors: Leloup Corinne , Hopkins Kevin M. , Wang Xiangyuan , Zhu Aiping , Wolgemuth Debra J. , Lieberman Howard B.
Published: September 2010

RAD9 participates in promoting resistance to DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair, apoptosis, embryogenesis, and regulation of transcription. A paralogue of RAD9 (named RAD9B) has been identified. To define the function of mouse Rad9b (Mrad9b), embryonic stem (ES) cells with a targeted gene deletion were constructed and used to generate Mrad9b mutant mice. Mrad9b−/− embryos are resorbed after E7.5 while some of the heterozygotes die between E12.5 and a few days after birth. Mrad9b is expressed in embryonic brain and Mrad9b+/− embryos exhibit abnormal neural tube closure. Mrad9b−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts are not viable. Mrad9b−/− ES cells are more sensitive to gamma rays and mitomycin C than Mrad9b+/+ controls, but show normal gamma‐ray‐induced G2/M checkpoint control. There is no evidence of spontaneous genomic instability in Mrad9b−/− cells. Our findings thus indicate that Mrad9b is essential for embryonic development and mediates resistance to certain DNA damaging agents. Developmental Dynamics 239:2837–2850, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A General Approach to (Trifluoromethoxy)pyridines: First X‐ray Structure Determinations and Quantum Chemistry Studies
Authors: Manteau Baptiste , Genix Pierre , Brelot Lydia , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Pazenok Sergiy , Giornal Florence , Leuenberger Charlotte , Leroux Frédéric R.
Published: September 2010

The previously unknown 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐(trifluoromethoxy)pyridines have now become readily accessible by means of an efficient and straightforward large‐scale synthesis. Their regioselective functionalization by organometallic methods has been studied and has afforded new and highly important building blocks for life‐sciences‐oriented research. In addition, the first X‐ray crystallographic structure determinations of (trifluoromethoxy)pyridines have been performed. Lowest‐energy conformations of (trifluoromethoxy)pyridines and (trifluoromethoxy)pyridinium cations were determined by in silico studies.
Outage probability in mobile packet radio networks with interferers distributed along a straight line
Authors: Zorzi Michele , Pupolin Silvano
Published: September 2010

The performance evaluation of a packet radio mobile communications system, in terms of outage probability, is considered. The mobiles are assumed to be located along an indefinitely long straight line, according to a Poisson point process. The analysis applies to different cellular structures, and allows comparisons among them, in which bandwidth constraints are also taken into account. The choice of intensively reusing the whole frequency band turns out to be more efficient than providing a large separation between cochannel cells. A real‐world example shows that cellular systems of this sort can achieve satisfactory performance as well as considerable capacity.
Home network requirements. The ESPRIT HS Proposal
Authors: Babich Fulvio
Published: September 2010

The concept of Integrated Home is basic for the whole telecommunication network, because it can contribute to the proper diffusion of the new communication services within the residential area. A Home Network is a straightforward way to provide the residential users with the services that are made available by telecommunications and information technology. Furthermore it is commonly recognized that only an open standard can represent a suitable solution for the integration of the communication services within the home. Unfortunately, it is difficult to provide a definition for a standard Home Network, because the home devices belong to the fragmented consumer electronic area [1]. Moreover, a Home Network should comply with severe technical requirements in order to address the problem of the distribution of the new services within a non professional category of users properly. This paper consists of two parts. The first part illustrates the author's viewpoint about the requirements that have to be satisfied to specify a Home Communication Network properly. In the second part a description is given of a significant example, namely the current European proposal for a standard: the ESPRIT Home System (EHS). The paper includes a comparison between the specification and the identified requirements, giving some guidelines for the possible evolution and improvement of the HS specification.
Statistical multiplexing, bandwidth allocation strategies and connection admission control in ATM networks
Authors: Mitrou Nikolas M. , Kontovasilis Kimon P. , Kröner Hans , Iversen Villy Back
Published: September 2010

This paper gives a brief description and the main results of work done within the RACE 1022 project on bandwidth allocation and Connection Admission Control in ATM‐based networks. Additionally, and before presenting these two main issues, some important facets of statistical multiplexing are highlighted. The key question which is answered by a bandwidth allocation algorithm is “how much bandwidth is required by a group of connections (e.g., within a VP), with certain traffic characteristics, in a certain multiplexing environment”. Answers to this question are given for specific traffic classes and mixing conditions. The advantages and the limitations of the proposed strategies are indicated. In cases where the proposed bandwidth allocation strategies fail to fulfil the specified objectives (e.g., in highly heterogeneous traffic mixes), sophisticated CAC algorithms are required. In particular, the hierarchically organised CAC strategy implemented within the RACE 1022 ATD Technology Testbed will be described in detail. This CAC scheme is based on a simple real‐time processing algorithm which provides a quick acceptance decision. This decision will be refined by a precise but numerically complex background algorithm. Simulation studies confirm the potential of this concept.
Switching block studies, network performance evaluation and traffic engineering for ATM
Authors: Domingo Jordi , Michiel Herman , Haberman Reinhard , Sommer Matthias , Mitrou Nikolas , Du Yonggang , Götz Martina , Lehnert Ralf , Sun Zhili , Cosmas John P. , Renger Thomas , Theimer Thomas
Published: September 2010

This paper summarizes the work done in RACE project 1022 “Technology for ATD” on performance studies of ATM switching block architectures and the studies on network performance within a small ATM network, the so called RACE ATD Technology Testbed (RATT). The aim of the studies was to investigate the behaviour of a typical ATM network under nominal load. By using the tromboning links in the RATT we were also able to study long distance connections even in the limited size of the RATT network. Special attention has been given to define a traffic scenario which can also be set up for the planned experiments. The goal of the planned experiments is to validate the performance results predicted in our studies.
Summary of some traffic engineering studies carried out within RACE project R1044
Authors: Bonatti Mario , Gaivoronski Alexei , Lemonche Paloma , Polese Pietro
Published: September 2010

The paper summarizes some results obtained within RACE Project R10044 in the period 1988–1992. Traffic Engineering Studies have been carried out by R1044 with the objective and within the scope of supporting identification, selection and evaluation of network evolution strategies towards IBC; in particular, to establish which kind of traffic assumptions should be considered within Reference Demand Scenarios and how these traffic assumptions can be obtained. In its first part, the paper summarizes discussions on the main challenges to be faced by Traffic Engineering to contribute to the definition of evolution strategies towards IBC (to which requirements should Traffic Engineering respond?; which traffic considerations are required?; which “weight” they “should” have?; which problems should Traffic Engineering experts solve to allow strategic planning considerations?; more details, and discussion on other strategic planning challenges, can be found in the so called R1044 book, published by North Holland [1, 2, 3]). In particular the first part summarizes discussions on: the need of simple conservative engineering rules based upon ergodic approximations; their use to conceive a network architecture which can accommodate decoupling among Service and Network Evolutions; their role in establishing Reference Demand Scenarios, namely real differences in the “nature” of the demand requiring different strategical decisions. In the second part the paper provides information on the results obtained in order to solve some problems introduced in the first part; in particular this part introduces the conservative ergodic approximations developed to support an engineering of the first statistical multiplexer stage over time, robust against unexpected traffic evolutions. Finally, in the third part, the paper describes a simple computer tool developed (intentionally no more than an “electronic sheet”) and applied in RACE Project R1044 to produce simple reference demand scenarios.
Letter: On the reduction of multidimensional DFT to separabile DFT by smith normal form theorem
Authors: Bernardini Riccardo , Manduchi Roberto
Published: September 2010

The growing applications of image and image‐sequence processing call for the computation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of multidimensional signals defined on lattices of general type. The multidimensional DFT formula, introduced by Mersereau, allows one to choose the frequency domain sampling lattice, which is not univocally determinated by the signal definition lattice. On the other hand, the consistency of the inverse multidimensional DFT formula has been taken for granted in the general case. This work presents a proof based on the Smith normal form theorem.
Some applications of source coding in cryptography
Authors: Massey James L.
Published: September 2010

It is shown that the techniques of source coding (or “data compression”) can be usefully applied in cryptography. Five source coding schemes (Shannon‐Fano coding, Huffman coding, Lynch‐Davisson coding, Elias‐Willems coding, and Lempel‐Ziv coding) are reviewed and their characteristics delineated. It is then shown how the last three of these schemes, which are of the universal source coding type, can be advantageously used to create strongly‐ideal ciphers, to perform “universal” homophonic substitution, to test random bit generators, and to strengthen running‐key generators for stream ciphers.
Frequency conversion in semiconductor lasers and amplifiers
Authors: Spano Paolo , Castelli Fabrizio , Debernardi Pierluigi , Cavaciuti Alessandro
Published: September 2010

Different methods to obtain frequency conversion in optical systems using nonlinear effects in semiconductor devices are analyzed and discussed. In particular, some recent results obtained on the frequency conversion by gain saturation and four wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor lasers and amplifiers are reported.
A palynological study of the family Dipsacaceae in Egypt and its taxonomic significance
Authors: Khalik Kadry Abdel
Published: September 2010

Pollen morphology of nine species belonging to four genera: Cephalaria, Pterocephalus, Scabiosa, and Lomelosia of Dipsacaceae in Egypt has been investigated by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollen shape, size, exine ornamentation, number and characters of apertures present powerful characters for distinguishing between species. The pollen grains were tricolpate and triporate. Their shapes vary from spheroidal to oblate‐spheroidal. Regarding the position of apertures, three types can be recognized viz., circumaperturate, angulaperturate, and planaperturate. Concerning sculpturing of the exine in proximal face, two different pollen types can be distinguished viz., spinulate and gemmate types. The exine ornamentation was found useful to distinguish between closely related genera such as Scabiosa and Lomelosia. A diagnostic key is given for all studied taxa based on palynomorphological characters (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
De Liliifloris Notulae 8. Two new Massonia species (Hyacinthaceae) from South Africa
Authors: Müller‐Doblies Ute , Müller‐Doblies Dietrich
Published: September 2010

A re‐investigation of the Stockholm paratype of Massonia tenella Soland. ex Baker 1871, Drège 3509 (K, S!) from Witbergen (–3027CA, Lady Grey) in the Eastern Cape in combination with the study of a living seedling leaf from a second locality confirmed our cautious earlier suggestion (U. & D. Müller‐Doblies 1997) that it is a new species. Massonia wittebergensis U.Müll.‐Doblies & D.Müll.‐Doblies has a unique leaf indument in Massonieae of laterally compressed curved emergences in Drège's herbarium specimen. Living emergences of a seedling leaf are less laterally compressed. Living and herbarium emergences share a further unique detail: the rounded tip is uneven with projecting cells. As to the distribution, M. tenella is only known from the Bokkeveld escarpment (Western Cape, Baker 1897), whereas M. wittebergensis occurs in the Drakensberge eight degrees longitude further east in the Eastern Cape.

As to the second species treated here, a closer investigation of a leaf and a withered fresh inflorescence showed that it is a new species too: Masso‐ nia sempervirens U.Müll.‐Doblies, G.Milkuhn & D.Müll.‐Doblies. The retired horticulturist, Gottfried Milkuhn (Dresden), had received this enigmatic remarkable evergreen Massonia species in 2007 from a Dutch succulent grower as “Whiteheadia jasminiflora ” from Prince Albert (Western Cape) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bioelectrocatalytic Carbon Ceramic Gas Electrode for Reduction of Dioxygen and Its Application in a Zinc–Dioxygen Cell
Authors: Nogala W. , Celebanska A. , Wittstock G. , Opallo M.
Published: September 2010

An enzyme‐modified carbon ceramic electrode was constructed and studied that is capable to reduce dioxygen supplied from the gas phase. The permeation of the electrode material and its hydrophobic silicate component was studied by scanning electrochemical microscopy. The mass‐transfer coefficient of dioxygen in methyltrimethoxysilane‐based silicate was estimated to be 6.44 × 10–5 cm2 s–1. After modification of the electrode with bilirubin oxidase and immersion in deareated aqueous electrolyte, the dioxygen bioelectrocatalytic reduction is observed with onset potential at 0.45 V. The constructed electrode was successfully applied as cathode in a zinc–dioxygen cell.