bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tick technique: A method to simplify and quantify treatment of the tear trough region
Authors: Hussain Syed N. , Mangal Sonia , Goodman Greg J.
Published: September 2019

Background

The hollowing of the infraorbital area (tear trough) is anatomically complex, and complications are frequent with its treatment. A simplified, quantifiable, and reproducible technique should encourage more novice injectors to confidently address this region.

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a simplified method of treating the tear trough by using BD insulin syringes with fixed 6 mm 31G needles.

Patients/Method

A total of 150 sequential patients were divided into Hirman's three grades of tear trough deformity and were injected with up to three small boluses of hyaluronic acid at three defined anatomical regions. The amount injected varied with the grade of volume loss but all injections were deep on periosteum and under the orbicularis oculi muscle. Patients photographs before and after were reviewed to assess the outcome.

Results

All patients at all time points (immediate, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months) were improved by patient and physician assessment. Approximately 90% at all time points rated their results as “very” or “exceptionally” improved. Adverse events were short term and included swelling, redness, pain, and bruising. No adverse events seen after the 1‐week visit. No Tyndall effect was noted throughout the study and no filler required removal.

Conclusion

This interventional‐observational study illustrates the value of a simplified and quantifiable injection technique with predictable and satisfactory outcome and a low complication rate. We propose a possible way forward for aspiring aesthetic physicians to treat tear trough with confidence to minimize complications and maximize the outcome.
Serum levels of lead and selenium in patients with premature graying of the hair
Authors: Kiafar Bita , Taheri Ahmadreza , Isaac Hashemy Seyed , Saki Azadeh , Mahdeianfar Bahareh , Taghavi Faezeh , Vahabi‐Amlashi Sadegh
Published: September 2019

Background

The exact etiology of premature hair graying (PHG) remains unknown; however, oxidative stress is shown to be involved. Selenium, as an antioxidant, is widely known for its antiaging potentials. Moreover, PGH is more prevalent among addicts and because Lead is a common impurity found in illegal drug.

Aims

We evaluated the serum levels of lead and selenium in patients with PHG and compared it with a control group.

Patients/Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, 60 patients referred to Dermatology Clinic of Imam‐Reza Hospital of Mashhad, Iran in 2015 were evaluated in two groups with and without PHG. Demographic information and disease characteristics, skin phenotype, and family history of PHG were recorded. Furthermore, 5 mL of brachial blood was drawn for measuring selenium and lead levels.

Results

The mean patients' age was 28.1 ± 4.8 years. Age, sex, occupation, and skin phenotype in individuals with and without PHG were not significantly different (P > .05) but family history of PHG was significantly higher in the patients with PHG (P = .001). Similarly, the number of white hairs was significantly higher (P < .001), and the age of onset of hair graying was significantly lower in patients with PHG (P < .001). Serum levels of selenium and lead were not significantly different between two groups (P < .05). However, the serum levels of lead in the patients with PHG were slightly higher.

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in lead and selenium serum levels in patients with and without PHG.
MicroRNA‐21 promotes bone reconstruction in maxillary bone defects
Authors: Wang Hong , Wang Hong , Li Xiaoyu , Zhang Zijie , Zhao Xiaolu , Wang Chunling , Wei Fulan
Published: September 2019

Background

Bone reconstruction of the maxillary bone defects is an urgent issue due to its functional and aesthetic influence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non‐coding RNAs that function in diverse biological and pathological processes. Recently, microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) was reported to play significant roles in bone formation, suggesting that miR‐21 can be novel biomarker and therapeutic target for bone remodelling and skeletal diseases. However, the role of miR‐21 in maxillary bone defects remains unclear.

Objective and Methods

This study aimed to investigate the effect of miR‐21 on the bone reconstruction by inducing maxillary bone defects in wild‐type (WT) and miR‐21 knockout (miR‐21‐KO) mice and explore these mice as maxillary bone defect models.

Results

Micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and histochemistry showed that the miR‐21‐KO mice had reduced bone reformation ability compared with the WT mice. The expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OCN) were dramatically decreased in the miR‐21‐KO mice. In addition, injection of miR‐21 agomir intra‐peritoneally into miR‐21‐KO mice (miR‐21‐KO+ agomir) following the maxillary bone defects surgery displayed a significantly enhanced bone formation ‐promoting ability, which indicated that miR‐21 agomir could ameliorate maxillary bone defects in miR‐21‐KO mice in vivo. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry suggested that ALP and OCN expressions were prominently increased in miR‐21‐KO+ agomir mice.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrated that miR‐21 deficiency impaired bone reformation and miR‐21 contributed to the bone reconstruction of the maxillary bone defects. The evidence also supported the use of WT and miR‐21‐KO mice as maxillary bone defect models for further research.
Age‐related intestinal monosaccharides transporters expression and villus surface area increase in broiler and layer chickens
Authors: Li Huifeng , Cheng Jin , Yuan Yitong , Luo Rong , Zhu Zhiwei
Published: September 2019

In the chicken small intestine, glucose is mainly transported by the apically located sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and the basolaterally located glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2). Fructose is transported by the apically located glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) and similarly by GLUT2. During the early post‐hatching period, the intestinal villus surface area (VSA) should be considered as an important factor related to the monosaccharide absorption capacity. Our objective here was to study intestinal monosaccharide absorption by analyzing the effects of age, diet, and breed on monosaccharide transporters and the VSA. The mRNA expression patterns of SGLT1, GLUT2 and GLUT5 genes in broiler and layer chickens were measured from the day of hatching to day 28 using the absolute quantitative real‐time PCR. Both the intestinal mRNA expression levels of these genes and the VSA were affected by age. The mRNA expression levels of SGLT1 and GLUT2 were significantly increased from day 1 to day 3 and then decreased from day 3 to day 28. The expression levels of GLUT5 decreased from day 1 to day 7. The broiler chickens VSAs were significantly larger than those of the layer chickens from days 7 to 28. The effect of diet on the gene expression patterns of these monosaccharide transporters and the VSA were not significant. Our results suggest that the expression levels of these monosaccharide transporters are increased rapidly at the beginning of intestinal growth to meet the demands for monosaccharides to support the fast growth of the chick before day 7. As intestinal maturation and VSA increased, the expression levels of these monosaccharide genes decreased to a certain expression level to maintain the intestinal transport capacity and the absorption balance of all other nutrients.
The flagellotropic bacteriophage YSD1 targets Salmonella Typhi with a Chi‐like protein tail fibre
Authors: Dunstan Rhys A. , Pickard Derek , Dougan Sam , Goulding David , Cormie Claire , Hardy Joshua , Li Fuyi , Grinter Rhys , Harcourt Katherine , Yu Lu , Song Jiangning , Schreiber Fernanda , Choudhary Jyoti , Clare Simon , Coulibaly Fasseli , Strugnell Richard A. , Dougan Gordon , Lithgow Trevor
Published: September 2019

The discovery of a Salmonella‐targeting phage from the waterways of the United Kingdom provided an opportunity to address the mechanism by which Chi‐like bacteriophage (phage) engages with bacterial flagellae. The long tail fibre seen on Chi‐like phages has been proposed to assist the phage particle in docking to a host cell flagellum, but the identity of the protein that generates this fibre was unknown. We present the results from genome sequencing of this phage, YSD1, confirming its close relationship to the original Chi phage and suggesting candidate proteins to form the tail structure. Immunogold labelling in electron micrographs revealed that YSD1_22 forms the main shaft of the tail tube, while YSD1_25 forms the distal part contributing to the tail spike complex. The long curling tail fibre is formed by the protein YSD1_29, and treatment of phage with the antibodies that bind YSD1_29 inhibits phage infection of Salmonella. The host range for YSD1 across Salmonella serovars is broad, but not comprehensive, being limited by antigenic features of the flagellin subunits that make up the Salmonella flagellum, with which YSD1_29 engages to initiate infection.
Monoderm bacteria: the new frontier for type IV pilus biology
Authors: Pelicic Vladimir
Published: September 2019

In the diverse world of bacterial pili, type IV pili (Tfp) are unique for two reasons: their multifunctionality and ubiquity. This latter feature offers an extraordinary possibility, that is, to perform comparative studies in evolutionarily distant species in order to improve our fragmentary understanding of Tfp biology. Regrettably, such potential has remained largely untapped, because, for 20 years, Tfp have only been characterised in diderm bacteria. However, recent studies of Tfp in monoderms have started closing the gap, revealing many interesting commonalities and a few significant differences, extending the frontiers of knowledge of Tfp biology. Here, I review the current state of the art of the Tfp field in monoderm bacteria and discuss resulting implications for our general understanding of the assembly and function of these widespread filamentous nanomachines.
Malassezia colonisation on a reconstructed human epidermis: Imaging studies
Authors: Pedrosa Ana Filipa , Lisboa Carmen , Branco Joana , Almeida Ana C. , Mendes Claudia , Pellevoisin Christian , Leite‐Moreira Adelino , Miranda Isabel M. , Rodrigues Acacio G.
Published: September 2019

Background

Biofilm formation represents a major microbial virulence attribute especially at epithelial surfaces such as the skin. Malassezia biofilm formation at the skin surface has not yet been addressed.

Objective

The present study aimed to evaluate Malassezia colonisation pattern on a reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) by imaging techniques.

Methods

Malassezia clinical isolates were previously isolated from volunteers with pityriasis versicolor and seborrhoeic dermatitis. Yeast of two strains of M furfur and M sympodialis were inoculated onto the SkinEthic™ RHE. The tissues were processed for light microscopy, wide‐field fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

Results

Colonisation of the RhE surface with aggregates of Malassezia yeast entrapped in a multilayer sheet with variable amount of extracellular matrix was unveiled by imaging techniques following 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. Whenever yeast were suspended in RPMI medium supplemented with lipids, the biofilm substantially increased with a dense extracellular matrix in which the yeast cells were embedded. Slight differences were found in the biofilm architectural structure between the two tested species with an apparently higher entrapment and viscosity in M furfur biofilm.

Conclusion

Skin isolates of M furfur and M sympodialis were capable of forming biofilm in vitro at the epidermal surface simulating in vivo conditions. Following 24 hours of incubation, without added lipids, rudimental matrix was barely visible, conversely to the reported at plastic surfaces. The amount of biofilm apparently increased progressively from 48 to 96 hours. A structural heterogeneity of biofilm between species was found.
Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics
Authors: Saad Fawzy Ali
Published: September 2019

Osteoporosis is a prevalent osteodegenerative disease and silent killer linked to a decrease in bone mass and decline of bone microarchitecture, due to impaired bone matrix mineralization, raising the risk of fracture. Nevertheless, the process of bone matrix mineralization is still an unsolved mystery. Osteoporosis is a polygenic disorder associated with genetic and environmental risk factors; however, the majority of genes associated with osteoporosis remain largely unknown. Several signaling pathways regulate bone mass; therefore, dysregulation of a single signaling pathway leads to metabolic bone disease owing to high or low bone mass. Parathyroid hormone, core‐binding factor α‐1 (Cbfa1), Wnt/β‐catenin, the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL), myostatin, and osteogenic exercise signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of bone mass. The myostatin signaling pathway increases bone resorption by activating the RANKL signaling pathway, whereas osteogenic exercise inhibits myostatin and sclerostin while inducing irisin that consequentially activates the Cbfa1 and Wnt/β‐catenin bone formation pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize what is known about osteoporosis‐related signaling pathways; define the role of these pathways in osteoporosis drug discovery; focus light on the link between bone, muscle, pancreas, and adipose integrative physiology and osteoporosis; and underline the emerging role of osteogenic exercise in the prevention of, and care for, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes.
MYD88 L265P mutation analysis is a useful diagnostic adjunct for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with pleural effusion
Authors: Pan Shien‐Tung , Wang Ren Ching , Kuo Chun‐Chi , Hsieh Yen‐Chuan , Su Ying‐Zhen , Chuang Shih‐Sung
Published: September 2019

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is a marrow‐based lymphoma, rarely involving extramedullary sites, particularly the pleural cavities. The distinction of lymphomatous pleural effusion (PE) in LPL patients from benign effusion is challenging. We conducted this study to examine whether MYD88 L265P mutation analysis is useful in distinguishing benign from lymphomatous PE in four patients with LPL, in which the initial marrow specimens were all positive for MYD88 mutation. In one case each with plasma cell‐ or lymphocyte‐predominant PE, MYD88 mutation was positive, confirming lymphomatous effusion. The other lymphocyte‐predominant PE was negative for MYD88 mutation, but was clonally related to a previous nodal biopsy and this PE was also considered to have LPL involvement. The fourth case developed large B‐cell lymphoma in the PE 30 months later. The PE specimen was negative for MYD88 mutation but was clonally related to the diagnostic marrow tissue, indicating large cell transformation. Four cases of small lymphocyte‐predominant benign PE from patients without history of lymphoma were examined and were all negative for MYD88 L265P mutation. In conclusion, in this small case series we showed that MYD88 L265P mutation analysis could serve as a useful adjunct in distinguishing benign from lymphomatous PE in patients with LPL.
Depositional facies and the sequence stratigraphic control of a mixed‐process influenced clastic wedge in the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway: The Gallup System, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Lin Wen , Bhattacharya Janok P.
Published: September 2019

Depositional facies have been hypothesized to be linked to sequence stratigraphic positions. Also, shoreline systems are built by mixed processes, including rivers, storms, fair‐weather waves and tides. Resolving the complexity of shoreline deposition requires detailed quantitative facies analysis with particular attention to heterolithic successions. In this study, 71 sections in a 130 km long outcrop belt of the Cretaceous Gallup Formation in the north‐west of the San Juan Basin were measured. Five major facies associations were identified using sedimentological and iconological interpretations, including offshore shelf, non‐deltaic shoreline sandstones, deltas, coastal bayline and fluvial. Each facies association also comprises subordinate facies. Depositional facies interpretations are placed in a high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic framework that allows for reconstructions of the palaeogeography of individual parasequence sets that demonstrate temporal and spatial evolution of facies associations and depositional processes. The results show that the Gallup is a mixed‐process‐controlled depositional system with fair‐weather and storm‐wave dominance, river influence and tide‐effect, contrasting with previous interpretations of a solely fair‐weather wave‐dominated environment. Depositional processes and the resultant facies change with sequence stratigraphic positions in response to relative sea‐level changes – particular facies are only deposited in certain systems tracts. Distinction and transition between non‐deltaic shorefaces and wave‐dominated deltas have also been documented in this study. Non‐deltaic shorefaces are characterized by homogeneous sandstones with a wide‐range bioturbation index and the absence of mudstones. Wave‐dominated deltas are subject to river influence and contain prodelta facies. This study shows the importance of detailed facies analysis with high‐resolution sequence stratigraphic control using outcrops for documenting sedimentary processes of shallow marine shoreline systems.
Dermoscopy and confocal microscopy for different chemotherapy‐induced alopecia (CIA) phases characterization: Preliminary study
Authors: Franceschini Chiara , Garelli Valentina , Persechino Flavia , Sperduti Isabella , Caro Gemma , Rossi Alfredo , Ardigò Marco
Published: September 2019

Background

Chemotherapy‐induced alopecia (CIA) affects 65% of patients receiving chemotherapy regimens and is often identified with the massive hair loss stage. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a noninvasive technique used in alopecia assessment for disease characterization and state of activity.

Objective

To describe RCM features of CIA in different timing and identify specific phases of alopecia development.

Methods

A total of 16 patients treated with chemotherapy underwent dermoscopy and RCM evaluations four times during the observation: 2 and 4‐6 weeks after starting and 3 and 6 months after the end of chemotherapy. Ten examinations for each stage were performed.

Results

Four phases of CIA have been identified. Initial hair loss showed specific dots not previously described, named CIA dots. massive hair loss phase was characterized by black dots (10/10 pt), CIA dots (8/10 pt) and hair shaft abnormalities. Three months after the end of chemotherapy, during the partial regrowth phase, 10/10 patients showed thin hair in regrowth and 8/10 presented black and yellow dots. At 6 months, normal hair in regrowth appears in all patients (total regrowth phase).

Conclusions

Chemotherapy‐induced alopecia has to be considered as a dynamic process with specific phases characterized by distinctive dermoscopic and confocal features.
Cryptic species and co‐diversification in sand scorpions from the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts of Central Asia
Authors: Graham Matthew R. , Myers Edward A. , Kaiser Ronald C. , Fet Victor
Published: September 2019

Little is known about species diversification within the deserts of Central Asia. For example, the degree of lineage divergence and timing of population differentiation, as well as potential biogeographic barriers driving diversification, are nearly unknown. Here, we analysed a multi‐locus data set for a widespread sand scorpion (Mesobuthus gorelovi) to evaluate cryptic species diversity and phylogeographic patterns across the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts. We also combined these data with previously published sequence data to test for a signal of co‐diversification. A consensus species delimitation approach indicated that the widespread M. gorelovi is likely composed of up to five distinct species that began to diversify at the Miocene–Pliocene boundary. We observed shared patterns of lineage divergence across the Amu Darya River region in three scorpion taxa and found support for a shared history of assemblage diversification across this biogeographic barrier. Thus, major river systems appear to facilitate diversification among desert scorpions.
Determinacy and Taylor’s Rule with Different Degrees of Trade Openness in a Semi-New Keynesian Model
Authors: Karagiannides Gabriel , Liambas Christos
Published: September 2019

The determinacy question, concerning whether or not there is convergence to a unique equilibrium path, in an explicitly dynamic setting, has been addressed in closed economies but only scantily in an open one. We undertake this task, using a model that leads to a 4th -degree characteristic equation which cannot be handled analytically; therefore, we develop a particular algorithm to solve it. We show that the determinacy-consistent specification of Taylor’s rule depends, critically, on the greater or lower openness in the trade sector. Greater openness supports a novel specification of Taylor’s rule with stronger emphasis on output gaps and weaker emphasis on the price stability than in earlier studies. Under this rule, determinate equilibrium dynamics is shown to be possible. When trade openness decreases significantly, determinacy is still possible, but it is compatible with a far more conventional formulation Taylor’s rule where price stability has absolute priority.
Axons Embedded in a Tissue May Withstand Larger Deformations Than Isolated Axons Before Mechanoporation Occurs
Authors: Montanino Annaclaudia , Saeedimasine Marzieh , Villa Alessandra , Kleiven Svein
Published: September 2019

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the pathological consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that most of all requires a multiscale approach in order to be, first, understood and then possibly prevented. While in fact the mechanical insult usually happens at the head (or macro) level, the consequences affect structures at the cellular (or microlevel). The quest for axonal injury tolerances has so far been addressed both with experimental and computational approaches. On one hand, the experimental approach presents challenges connected to both temporal and spatial resolution in the identification of a clear axonal injury trigger after the application of a mechanical load. On the other hand, computational approaches usually consider axons as homogeneous entities and therefore are unable to make inferences about their viability, which is thought to depend on subcellular damages. Here, we propose a computational multiscale approach to investigate the onset of axonal injury in two typical experimental scenarios. We simulated single-cell and tissue stretch injury using a composite finite element axonal model in isolation and embedded in a matrix, respectively. Inferences on axonal damage are based on the comparison between axolemma strains and previously established mechanoporation thresholds. Our results show that, axons embedded in a tissue could withstand higher deformations than isolated axons before mechanoporation occurred and this is exacerbated by the increase in strain rate from 1/s to 10/s.
Evaluation of Bending Strength of Window Glass Substrate With Considerations of Uni- and Bi-Axial Loading and Free Edge Stresses
Authors: Tsai M. Y. , Chen H. J. , Yeh J. H.
Published: September 2019

The window glass substrates are commonly used in optical semiconductor and micro-electrical-mechanical system packages. The determination of bending strength of such glass substrates is important for guaranteeing good yield rate and reliability of those packages. To evaluate the dicing effect on the bending strength of window glass substrate, a three-point bending (3PB) test with a uni-axial loading is adopted in this study. Since the failure initiation of the glass substrate specimen in the most of cases starts at its free edges caused by the dicing, the calculation of the free edge stress of the glass substrate specimen becomes essential and needs to be performed using a finite element analysis during the 3PB test. Furthermore, a point-load on elastic foundation (PoEF) test, which features bi-axial stresses and can avoid the edge chipping effect caused by the dicing, is also applied to evaluate the surface roughness effect on the bending strength of the glass substrate. The test results are presented in terms of both bending strengths for frontside and backside surface control cases, along with the corresponding failure modes. And precise edge-stress calculations for the 3PB test are discussed in detail through the finite element analyses with various models, including noncontact and contact models associated with both displacement and force boundary conditions.
Effect of the substrate on structure and properties of titanium nitride films grown by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition
Authors: Krylov Igor , Xu Xianbin , Qi Yuanshen , Weinfeld Kamira , Korchnoy Valentina , Eizenberg Moshe , Ritter Dan
Published: September 2019

The authors deposited titanium nitride (TiN) films by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition on various types of amorphous, polycrystalline, and single crystalline substrates and found that the crystallinity of the substrate strongly affects the morphology, orientation, and resistivity of the films. An appropriate substrate choice yields TiN films with bulk resistivity values of about ∼20 μΩ cm. The preferred crystallographic orientation of the films, either (111) or (001), does not affect film resistivity.
Adjoint-based optimization of sound reinforcement including non-uniform flow
Authors: Stein Lewin , Straube Florian , Sesterhenn Jörn , Weinzierl Stefan , Lemke Mathias
Published: September 2019

The determination of optimal geometric arrangements and electronic drives of loudspeaker arrays in sound reinforcement applications is an ill-posed inverse problem. This paper introduces an innovative method to determine complex driving functions, also considering complex environmental conditions. As an alternative to common frequency domain methods, the authors present an adjoint-based approach in the time domain: Acoustic sources are optimized in order to generate a given target sound field. Instead of the Helmholtz equation, the full non-linear Euler equations are considered. This enables an easier treatment of non-uniform flow and boundary conditions. As proof of concept, a circular and a linear monopole array are examined. For the latter, the environmental conditions include wind and thermal stratification. For all examples, the method is able to provide appropriate driving functions.
Making High School Sport Impactful
Authors: Turgeon Stéphanie , Kendellen Kelsey , Kramers Sara , Rathwell Scott , Camiré Martin
Published: September 2019

The practice of high school sport is, in large part, justified based on the premise that participation exposes student-athletes to an array of situations that, when experienced positively, allow them to learn and refine the life skills necessary to become active, thriving, and contributing members of society. The purpose of this paper is to examine how we can maximize the developmental potential of high school sport and make it impactful. Extant literature suggests that high school sport participation exposes student-athletes to a variety of experiences that can positively and negatively influence their personal development, with coaches playing a particularly influential role in this developmental process. However, within this body of evidence, issues of research quality have been raised, limiting the inferences that can be drawn. Future research directions are presented that address methodological limitations. Furthermore, in efforts to (re)consider the desired impact of high school sport, a critical discussion with policy and practical implications is offered.
Concussion in Youth Sport: Developmental Aspects
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Petit Kyle M. , Anderson Morgan
Published: September 2019

Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a growing health concern, particularly in younger, at-risk athletic populations. These injuries commonly present with a wide range of clinical signs (i.e., poor coordination, behavioral, mood changes) and symptoms (i.e., headache, dizziness, difficulty concentrating), along with neurocognitive and vestibular/ocular impairments. This review of SRCs in youth athletes focuses on individuals 5–18 years of age and includes an overview of concussion (i.e., definition, signs/symptoms, epidemiology), as well as concussion education and awareness. This is followed by a review of SRC assessment and management strategies, along with common recovery, return-to-play, and treatment approaches. Finally, suggestions are made for future research and recommendations pertaining to SRC in youth athletes.
Revealing Findings in Youth Sport Parenting Research
Authors: Knight Camilla J.
Published: September 2019

It is widely accepted that parents are a pivotal part of young people’s sporting journey, and over the last 4 decades there has been a substantial growth in research pertaining to youth sport parenting. The aim of this paper is to review the status of the literature pertaining to parenting in youth sport and suggest areas for future work. Specifically, the author provides a very brief history of sport parenting research before turning attention to the 3 areas of study that are currently attracting the majority of researchers’ attention: the influence of parental involvement in youth sport, factors affecting parental involvement in youth sport, and strategies to promote high-quality parental involvement. Future research directions pertaining to the sport parenting questions that are asked, the populations that are sampled, and the interventions that are developed and evaluated are subsequently provided. Finally, the paper concludes with some considerations for best practice in sport clubs and organizations that seek to foster more adaptive youth sport parenting.
Physical Growth and Development in Young Athletes: Factors of Influence and Consequence
Authors: Baxter-Jones Adam D.G.
Published: September 2019

In the early 1900s it was thought that exercise directly stimulated growth; however, by the end of the century it was suggested that young athletes were selected based on inherited physical attributes that enhanced performance success. In this paper, the physical attributes and normal patterns of growth of young athletes, both competitive and recreational, are discussed. Specifically, the paper addresses the question, Are young athletes born with physical attributes suited to a sport or does sport training produce these physical attributes? Variability in the tempo and timing of normal growth and development is addressed, and its relevance and influence on youth talent identification is discussed. This is pertinent in today’s context of sport specialization at relatively young ages. Regular physical training is only one of many factors that could affect child growth; however, distinguishing influences of training programs on growth from those associated with normal growth and development is problematic.
Mental Health and Organized Youth Sport
Authors: Vella Stewart A.
Published: September 2019

Mental health is one of the most prominent global burdens of disease among young people, while organized youth sport is one of the most popular activities for children and adolescents worldwide. Organized sport can be an engaging vehicle for the promotion of mental health, but participation also brings several meaningful risks and detriments for young people’s mental health. This paper contains a review of the evidence underpinning the relationships between sport participation and mental health during childhood and adolescence and also outlines the key areas of risk for mental health problems. Relevant theoretical frameworks are discussed, as are the key concepts underpinning 2 exemplar sport-based interventions to promote mental health and reduce the risk of mental health problems. Recommendations for best practice in organized youth sport are not available. However, relevant frameworks are outlined, from which administrators, coaches, and athletes can base the design and delivery of sport programs to be consistent with relevant theoretical and philosophical approaches such as the athlete-centered approach to youth sports.
Performance Enhancement and the Young Athlete: Mapping the Landscape and Navigating Future Directions
Authors: Harwood Chris G. , Thrower Sam N.
Published: September 2019

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive narrative review of extant scientific knowledge on the effectiveness of performance-enhancement-based interventions in youth sport settings. Specifically, the authors explore the effects of psychological interventions on the sport performance of young athletes (18 yr of age or under). Drawing on over 80 published studies that have attempted to enhance young athletes’ performances using a range of methodological and strategic approaches, four main clusters of research are presented. These clusters include single-strategy psychological-skills-training (PST) interventions, multimodal PST interventions, alternative single-strategy interventions, and alternative multimodal interventions. In each of these clusters, the landscape of work is overviewed and papers of particular methodological interest are highlighted before the authors draw out critical reflections, future research directions, and recommendations for supporting further scholarship and practice with young athletes.
Promoting Physical Activity Through Youth Sport
Authors: Pfeiffer Karin A. , Wierenga Michael J.
Published: September 2019

Participation in a sport is widely considered a valuable form of physical activity, especially for children and adolescents. In addition, many think that sport participation translates to future physical activity. However, limited research has examined the ability of youth sport to significantly contribute to meeting daily physical activity guidelines (60 min/day of moderate to vigorous physical activity) and whether the physical activity behaviors of youth sport participants will translate into future, habitual activity in both the short and the long term. In this paper, available research on the role of youth sport in the promotion of physical activity is evaluated. Two major questions are used to frame the discussion: How much physical activity do youth sport participants attain during games and practices, and does sport participation during childhood and adolescence translate into habitual physical activity in adulthood? This is followed by ideas for future research and preliminary recommendations for best practices or policies.
The Current Youth Sport Landscape: Identifying Critical Research Issues
Authors: Gould Daniel
Published: September 2019

Youth sport participation has been found to have many beneficial physical, psychological, and social consequences, as well as risks for those involved. If the benefits are to outweigh the detriments, youth sport must be thoughtfully constructed. Research can play a major role in understanding how to positively structure youth sport. This paper describes how the youth sport landscape has changed over the past 4 decades and how these changes may influence the outcomes of involvement. Critical issues of contemporary concern in youth sport that urgently need scientific attention include physically based issues (e.g., role of youth sport in combating physical inactivity, youth sport injuries), psychological issues (e.g., reducing stress and burnout, enhancing young athletes’ mental health), access and structural issues (e.g., lack of opportunities for poor and less-skilled youth), sport culture issues (e.g., the professionalization of youth sport, child safety, maltreatment and bullying), issues associated with significant others (e.g., coach, sport parent, and peer influences and needs), economic issues (e.g., youth sport as business), governmental and legislative issues (e.g., the need to become more politically active in the setting of policy, legislation, and funding), and translational science and program-evaluation issues (e.g., the need for research dissemination and evaluation research).
Superconductivity in the doped Hubbard model and its interplay with next-nearest hopping
t
′
Authors: Jiang Hong-Chen , Devereaux Thomas P.
Published: September 2019

Tweaking the Hubbard model

Modeling high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) remains extremely challenging. Many researchers believe that the simplest model that captures HTS is the Hubbard model, which accounts for interactions and allows for electrons to hop from one site of a lattice to another. However, even just determining whether the ground state of this model supports superconductivity is tricky. Jiang and Devereaux undertook an extensive computational study based on a method known as density matrix renormalization group. They found that for a particular concentration of empty lattice sites, superconductivity indeed appears as a long-range state, but only if electrons are allowed to hop to sites that are next to their immediate neighbors on the lattice.

Science
, this issue p.
1424
A polarization-induced 2D hole gas in undoped gallium nitride quantum wells
Authors: Chaudhuri Reet , Bader Samuel James , Chen Zhen , Muller David A. , Xing Huili Grace , Jena Debdeep
Published: September 2019

A hole flatland

When two distinct materials are placed on top of each other, the difference in polarization between the two layers can induce charge carriers at the interface. Many such two-dimensional (2D) electron gases have been observed, but engineering a 2D hole gas without the help of doping has been much trickier. Chaudhuri
et al.
used molecular beam epitaxy to grow a layer of gallium nitride on top of aluminum nitride without introducing dopants. This approach resulted in a high-density 2D hole gas at the interface in this technologically relevant system.

Science
, this issue p.
1454
The intestinal microbiota programs diurnal rhythms in host metabolism through histone deacetylase 3
Authors: Kuang Zheng , Wang Yuhao , Li Yun , Ye Cunqi , Ruhn Kelly A. , Behrendt Cassie L. , Olson Eric N. , Hooper Lora V.
Published: September 2019

Microbial entrainment of metabolism

The metabolism of mammals is synchronized to daily cycles relating to sleep and mealtimes. It is not surprising that the gut microbiota, which aids in digestion, should also display daily cycling. Kuang
et al.
found that the gut microbiota can mediate daily cycles epigenetically (see the Perspective by Bishehsari and Keshavarzian). The microbiota induces rhythmic expression of histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) in epithelial cells of the small intestine, but not those of the colon. HDAC3 expression drives oscillations in intestinal metabolic gene expression, especially for nutrient transport and lipid metabolism. HDAC3 also directly activates estrogen-related receptor α, which promotes lipid absorption. Consequently, mice that lack a gut microbiota lack daily regulation of their metabolism and become obese on high-fat chow. Disruption of HDAC3 cycling could be an explanation for human obesity associated with antibiotic damage to the microbiota and with sleep disruption caused by jet lag and nighttime working.

Science
, this issue p.
1428
; see also p.
1379
Deconstructing the sources of genotype-phenotype associations in humans
Authors: Young Alexander I. , Benonisdottir Stefania , Przeworski Molly , Kong Augustine
Published: September 2019

Efforts to link variation in the human genome to phenotypes have progressed at a tremendous pace in recent decades. Most human traits have been shown to be affected by a large number of genetic variants across the genome. To interpret these associations and to use them reliably—in particular for phenotypic prediction—a better understanding of the many sources of genotype-phenotype associations is necessary. We summarize the progress that has been made in this direction in humans, notably in decomposing direct and indirect genetic effects as well as population structure confounding. We discuss the natural next steps in data collection and methodology development, with a focus on what can be gained by analyzing genotype and phenotype data from close relatives.
Translational genomics and precision medicine: Moving from the lab to the clinic
Authors: Zeggini Eleftheria , Gloyn Anna L. , Barton Anne C. , Wain Louise V.
Published: September 2019

Translational genomics aims to improve human health by building on discoveries made through genetics research and applying them in the clinical setting. This progress has been made possible by technological advances in genomics and analytics and by the digital revolution. Such advances should enable the development of prognostic markers, tailored interventions, and the design of prophylactic preventive approaches. We are at the cusp of predicting disease risk for some disorders by means of polygenic risk scores integrated with classical epidemiological risk factors. This should lead to better risk stratification and clinical decision-making. A deeper understanding of the link between genome-wide sequence and association with well-characterized phenotypes will empower the development of biomarkers to aid diagnosis, inform disease progression trajectories, and allow better targeting of treatments to those patients most likely to respond.
Origin of chiroptical activity in nanorod assemblies
Authors: Kim Ji-Young , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: September 2019

Spectroscopy disentangles changes in light polarization from nanoparticles and proteins
Knot your regular crystal of atoms
Authors: Alexander Gareth P.
Published: September 2019

Analogs of Kelvin's “vortex atoms” are realized at microscopic scale in chiral liquid crystals
Idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia
Authors: Pizzuto Matthew , Seychell Matthew , Caruana Montaldo Brendan , Mizzi Adrian
Published: September 2019

A 44-year-old asthmatic male patient presented to the health centre with a 3-week history of coryzal symptoms, persistent productive sputum and shortness of breath. The chest X-ray (CXR) revealed symmetrical, perihilar airspace shadowed with peribronchial cuffing and bilateral reticular markings. The patient did not improve despite treatment, and hence a high resolution CT (HRCT) scan of the thorax was recommended. The HRCT showed smooth interlobular septal thickening, central perihilar soft tissue thickening and patches of ground glass changes. Both the CXR and HRCT findings, along with the symptoms and eosinophilia counts, were suggestive of idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia (IAEP) which was confirmed on bronchoalveolar lavage. The patient was successfully treated with steroids. This case highlights the symptoms, diagnosis, management and treatment of IAEP. A rapid diagnosis of this rare disease is essential since it can be completely cured with correct management but can be fatal if left untreated. Once properly treated, this disease does not recur.
Novel model for predicting inpatient mortality after emergency admission to hospital in Singapore: retrospective observational study
Authors: Xie Feng , Liu Nan , Wu Stella Xinzi , Ang Yukai , Low Lian Leng , Ho Andrew Fu Wah , Lam Sean Shao Wei , Matchar David Bruce , Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Chakraborty Bibhas
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To identify risk factors for inpatient mortality after patients’ emergency admission and to create a novel model predicting inpatient mortality risk.

Design

This was a retrospective observational study using data extracted from electronic health records (EHRs). The data were randomly split into a derivation set and a validation set. The stepwise model selection was employed. We compared our model with one of the current clinical scores, Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage (CART) score.

Setting

A single tertiary hospital in Singapore.

Participants

All adult hospitalised patients, admitted via emergency department (ED) from 1 January 2008 to 31 October 2017 (n=433 187 by admission episodes).

Main outcome measure

The primary outcome of interest was inpatient mortality following this admission episode. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve of the predictive model with sensitivity and specificity for optimised cut-offs.

Results

15 758 (3.64%) of the episodes were observed inpatient mortality. 19 variables were observed as significant predictors and were included in our final regression model. Our predictive model outperformed the CART score in terms of predictive power. The AUC of CART score and our final model was 0.705 (95% CI 0.697 to 0.714) and 0.817 (95% CI 0.810 to 0.824), respectively.

Conclusion

We developed and validated a model for inpatient mortality using EHR data collected in the ED. The performance of our model was more accurate than the CART score. Implementation of our model in the hospital can potentially predict imminent adverse events and institute appropriate clinical management.
Bacillus subtilis – Arabidopsis thaliana: a model interaction system for studying the role of volatile organic compounds in the interchange between plants and bacteria
Authors: Li Fei , Tang Min , Tang Xiaoxin , Sun Wei , Gong Jiyi , Yi Yin
Published: September 2019

Plant–bacteria interactions are known to play important physiological roles in plant growth. Determining the mechanisms behind these interactions has paramount agricultural and ecological importance. Therefore, it is essential to study Plant–bacteria interactions and determine the relevant molecular mechanisms by using model systems. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding plant–bacteria interactions based on the Arabidopsis thaliana – Bacillus subtilis model system, and highlights future areas for research.
AAC Magnet Canada Western Red Spring wheat
Authors: Kumar S. , Fox S.L. , Mitchell Fetch J. , Green D. , Fetch T. , McCallum B. , Aboukhaddour R. , Henriquez M.A.
Published: September 2019

AAC Magnet (BW1045) is an awned, hollow-stemmed, high-yielding Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat adapted to growing conditions in the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet was 5% higher yielding than Glenn and yielded 2% more than Carberry, a popular CWRS wheat variety across the Canadian Prairies. AAC Magnet matured 2 d earlier than Carberry and a day later than Unity, the earliest maturing check. AAC Magnet had the same height as Glenn and was shorter with better stem strength compared with Unity. AAC Magnet had better lodging scores compared with Unity. Over the 3 yr of testing (2015–2017), the test weight of AAC Magnet was slightly lower than the lowest checks, whereas the 1000-kernel weight of AAC Magnet was higher than all of the checks. The grain protein content of AAC Magnet was 0.3% lower than Carberry. AAC Magnet was rated moderately resistant to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe), resistant to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Erikss.) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Erikss. & E. Henn). AAC Magnet was moderately susceptible/susceptible to resistant to the Ug99 family of stem rusts, resistant to loose smut [Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr.], intermediately resistant to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.), susceptible to common bunt [Tilletia caries (DC.) Tul. & C. Tul.], and moderately susceptible to leaf spot complex. AAC Magnet was susceptible to orange wheat blossom midge (Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin). Based on the milling and baking performance over 3 yr (2015–2017) evaluated by the Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, AAC Magnet was classified as CWRS wheat.