bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
281 CONSERVATION OF PHASEOLUS GERMPLASM FOR THE USDA, ARS, NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
Authors: Hannan Richard M.
Published: February 2019

The Phaseolus collection is the largest collection maintained at WRPIS. It numbers 11,501 accessions with 1585 accessions pending PI assignment. Over 20% of the Phaseolus accessions must be handled in special ways because of unique pollination or day length requirements. In accordance with the stated mission of the project, evolution of the bean germplasm maintenance program has included the following innovations: 1. Expanded interaction with the international germplasm centers (i.e. CIAT) and national programs. 2. As a result of interactions with the Phaseolus CAC, the increase of this genus was moved to greenhouse production exclusively. 3. A program to clean up seedborne viruses in the Phaseolus collection was established. 4. For some of the wild species, it was necessary to establish suitable and reliable alternate regeneration sites. 5. In collaboration with the Bean Improvement Cooperative (BIC) Bean Genetics Committee, WRPIS assumed responsibility for the Genetic Stocks Collection. 6. Develop a core subset of the P. vulgaris collection based on passport data, plant characters and molecular markers.
285 CONTROL OF SOILBORNE ONION DISEASES WITH SOIL SOLARIZATION, FUMIGATION AND RESISTANT VARIETIES
Authors: Thornton Michael K. , Mohan S. Krishna
Published: February 2019

Pathogen populations, disease development and onion yield were compared in solarized, fumigated and non-treated plots during 1992 and 1993. Soil solarization was accomplished by covering plots with clear plastic for six weeks beginning in mid-August, prior to the year of onion production. Solarization was also combined with metham sodium, a plied prior to covering with plastic. Soil temperatures reached a maximum of 48°C at the 10 cm depth in solarized plots, and were consistently 10 to 15°C higher than in non-solarized plots. Disease resistant (Bravo) and susceptible (Valdez) onion cultivars were planted the following spring. Only the solarization + metham sodium treatment significantly controlled pink root and plate rot in 1992. In 1993, all solarization and fumigation treatments controlled pink root. Solarization and fumigation did not significantly increase yield in comparison to the check, except for the solarization + metham sodium treatment in 1992. Bravo exhibited lower disease incidence than Valdez in both years of the study. Bravo produced 32.7 t/ha and 6.2 t/ha higher yield than Valdez in 1992 and 1993, respectively.
295 EFFECTS OF SEED NUMBER, TIME OF DEFRUITING, AND BOURSE SHOOT LENGTH ON FLOWERING IN APPLE
Authors: Neilsen John C. , Dennis Frank G.
Published: February 2019

Chan and Cain (Proc. ASHS 91:63-68, 1967) demonstrated that seeded apple fruits inhibited flowering, whereas seedless ones did not. `Spencer Seedless' spurs bearing seeded or seedless fruits were defruited at various times after anthesis in 1989-1991 and fruit weight, seed number and bourse shoot length recorded, as well as repeat bloom. Similar defruiting treatments were also applied to entire `Paulared (all seeded fruits) trees in 1991 and 1992. In all years spurs bearing seedless fruits flowered the following year, regardless of defruiting time, shoot length or fruit weight per spur. Flowering of spurs bearing seeded fruits decreased as defruiting was delayed. In all years over 90% of spurs bearing fruits containing a total of 5 seeds or less flowered, whereas 90% of those with more than 5 seeds remained vegetative. Flowering was not correlated with shoot length or fruit weight. Bearing spurs of `Paulared' flowered when whole trees were defruited within 60 days after anthesis, but flowering was greatly inhibited when fruits were left on for 97 and 74 days in 1991 and 1992, respectively.
299 ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE FROM INDIVIDUAL MAIZE AND WHEAT SEEDS TO PREDICT GERMINATION PERCENTAGE AND RADICLE LENGTH
Authors: Davidson K.G.V. , Moore F.D. , Roos E.E.
Published: February 2019

Multiple electroconductivity readings (μAmps) of leachates from individual seeds during the first 6 hr of imbibition was examined as a possible predictor of seed quality. Readings from each sample of 100 seeds were formed into frequency distributions and the mean, median. and internal slope were calculated using an automated computer retrieval system. Internal slope is a non-central tendency measure based on the slope of a line tangent to the inflection point of the S-shaped cumulative frequency distribution (CFD) of μAmps. Radicle lengths (3 days) and germination (7 days) percentages were regressed on each of the two measures of central tendency and also the CFD shape indicator, internal slope. None of the three predictors were satisfactory for estimating seed vigor (root lengths) of maize (Zea mays L.) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or germination of wheat seed lots. Internal slope was useful in estimating viability of artificially aged maize seeds (r2= 0.91), which compared favorably with our previous results using naturally aged red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed lots. Overall the seed quality of the unaged wheat lots was fairly high and the electrolyte leakage test was not sensitive enough to detect differences within these lots.
323 REDUCING POLLEN LOAD MINIMIZES PISTILLATE FLOWER ABSCISSION AND IMPROVES COMMERCIAL ENGLISH WALNUT YIELDS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Sibbett G. S. , Polito V. , Catlin P. , McGranahan G. , Grant J. , Kelley K. , Olson B. , Ramos D.
Published: February 2019

In both laboratory and field experiments, excessive pollen has been found to be a major cause of pistillate flower abscission (PFA) and reduced yields of sensitive English Walnut cultivars (CVs) (especially “Serr”). In the field, PFA and reduced yields develop when substantial overlap of male and female walnut bloom occurs. PFA and poor yields can be further aggravated when pollenizing CV's have been included into an orchard to maximize pollen availability for the commercial CV Field experiments, conducted in 1992 and 1993, demonstrated that mechanically shaking trees to remove male flowers pre-bloom from either pollenizer CV's or the main CV reduced pollen load, PFA, and substantially improved yields.
330 VACCINIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM POPULATION VARIATION IN LOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE AND FLOWERING CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Cappiello Paul E. , Dunham Scott
Published: February 2019

Commercial lowbush blueberry production involves management of what have long been considered highly diverse populations of naturally occurring clones. Wide phenotypic variation evident in fields has often been anecdotally equated with variation in yield, cultural requirements, etc., however this has not been tested rigorously. Interest in selection of clones with superior low-temperature tolerance prompted this study to estimate population-wide variation within the species. Thirty six clones of Vacciniun angustifolium exhibiting most of the typical phenotypic classes were selected from two commercial production fields in Maine. Plants were evaluated for low-temperature tolerance of reproductive and vascular tissues on a monthly basis from November through April. In addition, variation in relative time of anthesis, flower structure, and floral low-temperature tolerance were determined. Results are discussed with respect to potential for selection of superior clones for both fruit production and ornamental use.
340 DETERMINATION OF WATER ACTIVITY AND MOISTURE CONTENT PROM PELLETED SEED
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Paine D. H. , Grabe D. F.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop a procedure to determine seed moisture content from intact pelleted seeds. Samples of `Sentinel' onion and `Salinas' lettuce were pelleted by the following companies; Asgrow, Germains (Seed Systems), Harris Moran, Incotec, Peto and Seed Dynamics. Physical characteristics of the various pellets were quantified including weight, volume and density. Measurements were made on intact pellets and densities ranged from 0.84 to 1.67 g/cc. Seed drying curves were obtained on the different pellets under controlled environmental conditions. Pellets were first equilibrated at 85% RH, and then dried at 25C and 18% RH. In general drying rates were similar among pellet types within crops. With regards to seed moisture content determination, neither the electronic moisture meter, based on measuring capacitance, nor oven methods were able to accurately measure seed moisture from intact pellets. Measurement of the head space RH from pre-equilibrated intact pellets (water activity) resulted in an accurate method to assess seed water status for all samples. The actual seed moisture content could be determined by using the moisture isotherms for each seed lot at a given temperature.
346 PRECURSORS OF SYSTEM II ETHYLENE SYNTHESIS IN SENESCING CARNATION PETALS
Authors: Gonzalez Pablo , Gladon Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Methionine (MET) is considered the first committed precursor of ethylene (C2H4), and the pathway has been established as MET → S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) → 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) → C2H4. It has been suggested that another pathway to C2H4 may exist, and this pathway has been labeled System II. Our objective was to evaluate several compounds as possible precursors of System II C2H4 production. `White Sim' carnations were placed continuously in 20 mM solutions of MET, ACC, δ-aminolevulinic acid, glutamic acid, α-ketoglutarate, or homocysteine. Deionized water was the control. C2H4 production from the entire flower was measured, and ACC in the basal portion of the petals was quantified. Flowers treated with ACC exhibited the greatest C2H4 production and accumulation of ACC. Homocysteine caused greater production of C2H4 and accumulated more ACC than MET and the other possible precursors. These results suggest that homocysteine may be involved in System II C2H4 production in senescing carnation petals.
352 POSTPRODUCTION OF NON-ROOTING ROOM BULBS
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Leonard Ria T. , De Hertogh A.A. , Gallitano Lena , Barret James E.
Published: February 2019

Postproduction evaluations of two cultivars each of Amaryllis (Hippeastrum), calla lily, Freesia, lily, and paperwhite Narcissus were conducted under postproduction temperatures of 18, 21 and 24C and irradiance levels of 7 or 14 μmol·m-2·s-1. Amaryllis longevity ranged from 10 to 24 days, with an increase of 7 to 10 days at 18C. Excessive stem elongation occurred and was greatest at 24C. Calla lily longevity ranged from 33 to 68 days, with up to a 25-day increase at 18C and 14 μmol·m-2·s-1. Freesia lasted 24 to 33 days with an increase of 6 to 9 days at 18C. Leaf yellowing and stalk elongation was a common problem of Freesia, especially at 24C. Lilies lasted 17 to 31 days, with an increase of 9 to 11 days at 18C. Asiatic lilies were superior to Oriental lilies. Paperwhite Narcissus lasted 13 to 27 days, increasing up to 10 days at 18C. Cultivar differences in longevity and quality were observed. Optimum postproduction conditions ranged from 18 to 21C at an irradiance of 14 μmol·m-2·s-1 for best quality and longevity.
353 CONTAINER SHAPE, SIZE, AND CUPRIC HYDROXIDE COATING AFFECT ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH OF FICUS AND PEPPER TREES
Authors: Schuch Ursula K. , Pittenger Dennis R.
Published: February 2019

This study was designed to determine whether trees growing in tall, narrow containers versus regular containers of equal volume, or trees growing in containers coated with cupric hydroxide versus no coating would have a better quality root system, less circling roots, and more biomass production. Ficus (Ficur retusa L. `nitida') and pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi.) liners were grown for 6 months in the greenhouse in one-gal. containers. Cupric hydroxide coating prevented matting of roots on the side of the root ball in both species and root circling at the bottom of containers in ficus. Pepper trees growing in regular-shaped containers had a higher biomass production versus trees growing in tall containers. Subsequently, trees were transplanted to 3 or 5 gal. containers with shape or coating as described above. For pepper, cupric hydroxide coating versus no coating reduced circling and matting of roots, trees in regular versus tall containers had increased above ground biomass, and trees in 5-gal. versus 3-gal. containers grew more medium and small-sized roots and produced more total biomass.
355 REDUCING MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE OF ROOTS IN COMPACTED SOILS INCREASES ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH
Authors: Day Susan D. , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: February 2019

Four techniques for compaction amelioration were studied: 1) Vertical drainage panels; 2) vertical gravel-filled sump drains; 3) soil trenches filled with sandy loam; and 4) peat amended back fill. The control was backfilled with existing soil on the site. Vertical drainage mats and vertical gravel-filled sump drains were shown to increase O2% in surrounding soil; however, all O2 levels regardless of treatment were above what is considered limiting. Shoot and root growth of Pyrus calleryana `Redspire' was greatest for treatments that alleviated mechanical impedance (soil trenches and amended back fill) and least for treatments that did not (controls and vertical drains). Vertical drainage mats which alleviated mechanical impedance to a lesser degree showed intermediate growth.
364 FIELD TEST OF VIRUS RESISTANCE IN TRANSGENIC PAPAYAS
Authors: Lius S. , Manshardt R. , Gonsalves D. , Fitch M. , Slightom J. , Sanford J.
Published: February 2019

Twenty transgenic Carica papaya plants ('Sunset', Roclone 55-l) carrying the coat protein gene (cp) of papaya ringspot virus (PRV) strain HA 5-l have remained symptomless and ELISA-negative for 18 mo. after inoculation with Hawaiian PRV under field conditions. Control plants showed disease symptoms within 1 mo. after manual inoculation or within 4 mo. when aphid populations were the inoculum vectors. Trunk diameter was significantly greater in cp + plants (14.3 cm) than in PRV-infected controls (9.3 cm). Fruit brix, plant morphology, and fertility of cp + plants were all norm al. Segregation analysis in R1 seedlings indicated that 55-1 contains a single transgenic insertion site. PRV resistance in R1 plants was linked with the cp gene, although in some progenies, up to 50% of cp + plants developed mild PRV symptoms more than 3 mo. after inoculation. Preliminary tests suggest that this is not due to genesis of virulent mutant strains of PRV.
370 GRAPEFRUIT QUALITY IMPORTED INTO THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: Risse Lawrence A. , Bongers Anton J.
Published: February 2019

Size 56 grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) were sampled biweekly from importers Rotterdam, the Netherlands from October 1992 through September 1993. For each sample, fruit size, weight, diameter, peel thickness, internal color, juice volume, total soluble solids (TSS), and total acid (TA) were measured for three cultivars `Marsh White', `Ruby Red' and `Star Ruby' from 12 countries of origin. Florida fruit followed by Cuban fruit weighed more, had the thinnest peel, the most juice, the lowest TA, and the highest TSS/TA ratio for all three cultivars compared to most other origins. Spanish `Ruby Red' and `Star Ruby' fruit weighed the least and had the least amount of juice compared to other origins. Turkish fruit had the highest TA and the lowest TSS/TA ratio for all three cultivars. Israelian `Marsh White' and `Star Ruby' had the highest TSS.
375 SECOND-CHANCE TESTING IN HORTICULTURAL EDUCATION: A SECOND CHANCE TO LEARN
Authors: Svenson Sven E.
Published: February 2019

Students enrolled in three different horticulture courses were given traditional, in-class exams. After the in-class exams were completed, students were given another copy of the same exam to complete as a take-home test. Their final overall score was weighted as 65% for the in-class exam, and 35% for the take-home. During the process of completing the take-home portion, students identified incorrect responses written on the in-class exam. The self-identified errors helped the students remember correct information on subsequent final exams. Students participating in the second-chance procedure scored over 5% higher on comprehensive final exams. The procedure has many variations, including written- defenses of selected responses, but it requires the allocation of additional time by the instructor.
396 CALLA LILY VEGETATIVE & REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
Authors: Reiser Ramona A. , Langhans Robert W.
Published: February 2019

The release of latent buds (adaptive reiteration) and aerial shoot architecture of the rhizomatous calla lily plant has been researched for pot production. Rhizome mapping has explicitly shown vegetative and floral bud positioning in relation to tissue growth and expansion. Floral initiation normally occurred only on the mother portion of rhizomes. Gibberellic acid (GA3) application enhanced this phenomenon and caused initiation on daughter ramets. Bud excision performed at planting through Day 16 microscopically revealed lack of floral initiation in dissected meristems prior to planting, transition by Day 4, elongation beginning at Day 8 and `small to medium sized spadixes present by Day 12 and 16. Floral development was similar in treated and untreated primary buds, but delayed in secondary and tertiary buds with elongation occurring by Day 16. Pretreatment of GA3 prior to planting revealed spadix presence at Day 0. Floral development correlated with ramet size showed most flowers on largest ramets but formation on all sizes with GA3 treatment. GA3 also caused increased vegetative bud formation on rhizomes.
400 PB 001. SOFTWARE USAGE PATTERNS AND STUDY PREFERENCES IN THE EVALUTION OF A COMPUTER-BASED INTERACTIVE PROGRAM FOR WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANT INSTRUCTION
Authors: Lindsey Christopher , Kline Gate , Zampardo Mark
Published: February 2019

An interactive computer-based system was designed to improve student plant identification skills and knowledge of ornamental, cultural, and usage information in a woody landscape plant materials course. The program is written for use under ToolBook, a Microsoft Windows based program, and incorporates 256-color high-resolution images and text into a single interactive computer program. Features include: a slideshow that allows students to select which genera and plant characteristics are to be viewed and in what order with the option of an interactive quiz, seeing the names immediately, or after a delay; side by side comparison of any image or text selection; and encyclopedic entries, all with a user-defined path and pace of study.

The system is being used to study how students learn the information presented to them via computer technology and which program features are most useful for improving identification skills and knowledge of other plant features. The computer tracks and logs all activity by students on the system for analysis.
403 PB 010 REGIONAL COMPARISONS OF NURSERY CONSUMER PREFERENCES ON PLANT VALUE CRITERIA AND STORE SERVICES
Authors: Stevens Alan , Khatamian Houchang
Published: February 2019

Correctly anticipating consumer preferences for goods and services can have a large impact on profitability. A survey to measure the influence of plant value and consumer preferences for store services was conducted at flower, lawn and garden shows in Los Angles, Portland, Kansas City, Atlanta and Philadelphia. All five regional markets placed a greater importance on plant quality than on price or plant size. A trained professional sales staff and the availability of a large quantity and good selection of plant material were the highest rated store services in all of the markets. Offering free delivery had the lowest rating in every market. Having the store open on Sunday was more important in the markets on the west coast than in the Kansas City or east coast markets.
424 PB 133 EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZERS ON TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT GROWN IN CONTAINERS
Authors: Triki Saâdia , Duchesne Isabelle , Rioux Jacques-André
Published: February 2019

Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) are greatly used in container production in addition to an hebdomadal fertigation regime. For economic and environmental motives, growers wish to restrict fertigations. The objectives of this paper are to characterize the release patterns of several SRF and to determine the benefits of these fertilizers on the growth of selected woody ornamental plants. The SRF used in this study were: Osmocote®, Nutricote®, Polyon®, Nutralene® and Woodace®. The two first parts of the study were conducted in a greenhouse in Marsh 1993, with Weigela florida `Rumba' in the first part and without plant in the second one. Fertilizers were top dressed according to a medium suggested concentration. The third part of this study was done in the field in June 1993, with the same fertilizers applied in three concentrations as follow: low suggested concentration (SC), 1.5× SC and 2× SC. Two species were tested in this part, Weigela florida `Rumba' and Spiraea bumalda `Goldflame'. Growth was measured by the height of the plant, the width of canopy and the dry mass of leaves, stems and roots. Samples leachate were collected weekly or monthly for greenhouse and field studies respectively. Leachates were analysed for their mineral content per dry mass of plant tissue and the results will be presented on the poster. In the third study, plants gave a comparable growth with the first and the third fertilizer concentrations.
434 PB 203 INFLUENCE OF XYLEM FLUID CHEMISTRY OF PRUNUS SPP. ON THE ABUNDANCE AND PERFORMANCE OF ADULT HOMALODISCA COAGULATA.
Authors: Andersen Peter C. , Brodbeck Brent V. , Mizell Russell F.
Published: February 2019

The xylophagous leafhopper Homalodisca coagulata Say is an important vector of diseases caused by the bacterium, Xylella fastidiosa (e.g., Pierce's disease, phony peach disease, plum leaf scald, etc.). Neither leafhoppers or X. fastidiosa can be controlled by chemical sprays. For many plant species there is no resistant germplasm. H. coagulata is highly polyphagous, and within Prunus spp. host preference ranges from moderate (plum) to low (peach). The abundance, feeding and performance of H. coagulata on many unrelated plant species have been previously correlated with the amino acid profile, and particularly the amides in xylem fluid. We tested Prunus scion/rootstock combinations, which provided for a range of xylem fluid chemistry, on the behavior (abundance, feeding) and performance (survivorship, fecundity, body weight and body composition) of H. coagulata. Leafhopper abundance on various rootstock/scion combinations was determined seasonally. During the period of peak abundance (June 14 to 30) feeding rates and performance indices were determined. Leafhopper abundance and feeding increased with an increased concentration of amino acids. Abundance and feeding rate were most highly correlated with the amides in xylem fluid; performance indices were influenced by the amides and certain essential amino acids. Lower consumption rates decreased survivorship, reduced body dry weight and the carbon concentration of surviving insects.
443 PB 250 PUNGENCY EVALUATION OF FIFTEEN SHORTDAY ONION CULTIVARS
Authors: Alcalá-Sáinz J. , Yoo K.S. , Pike L.M. , Jones R.W.
Published: February 2019

Fifteen shortday onion cultivars grown at two production locations (GB and ST) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas were evaluated for pungency levels using gas chromatography (GC) and pyruvic acid tests.

Significant differences (P=0.05) were observed between cultivars in the pyruvic acid and GC tests within each location. Pyruvic acid content ranged from 3.0 to 5.1 μmol·g-1 fresh wt. The amount of total sulfur volatiles measured by the GC method ranged from 28 × 103 to 58 × 103EU. The correlation coefficients between GC and pyruvic acid were 0.10*** and 0.18*** at the GB and ST location, respectively.

When the two locations were combined, no significant differences (P=0.05) were observed between cultivars or locations using the GC test. However, the pyruvic acid test showed significant differences between locations. This result indicated that each cultivar had a different response in pungency as influenced by production location or environment.
446 PB 259 GAIN FROM RECURRENT SELECTION IN FOUR FRESH-MARKET CUCUMBER POPULATIONS
Authors: Wehner Todd C.
Published: February 2019

Several major traits (yield, earliness, quality) of interest to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) breeders are quantitatively inherited. The objective of this study was to determine the progress made on such traits using recurrent selection in 4 fresh-market cucumber populations (NCWBS, NCMBS, NCES1, NCBA1). During population improvement, 1 to 2 replications of 200 to 335 half-sib families were evaluated for 5 traits: total, early and marketable fruits per plot, a quality rating, and a simple weighted index (=.2Total/2 + .3Early + .2%Marketable/10 + .3Quality). Families from each population were intercrossed in an isolation block during each summer using remnant seeds of the best 10% selected using the index. Progress was evaluated using a split-plot treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block design with 32 replications in each of 2 seasons (spring and summer). Whole plots were the 4 populations, and subplots were the 11 cycles (cycles 0-9 plus checks). Greatest gains were made for the NCBA1 population, with an average of 45% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over the 5 traits, and for early yield, with an average of 58% gain from cycle 0 to 9 over the 4 populations. Populations were improved for performance in a selected (spring season) as well as a non-selected environment (summer season).
447 PB 282 INHERITANCE OF FRUIT FIRMNESS IN GENETICALLY PARTHENOCARPIC PICKLING CUCUMBERS
Authors: Cook Kevin L. , Gabert August C. , Baggett James R.
Published: February 2019

The firmness of parthenocarpic (P) pickling cucumber cultivars is generally considered unacceptable for processing by the US pickling cucumber industry. Genetic improvement in firmness of P pickling cucumbers may increase their acceptability. Inheritance of fruit firmness (FF) in nonparthenocarpic (NP) cucumbers has been reported as quantitative but highly heritable with additive gene effects accounting for most of the genetic variation and no maternal effects. Genetic investigations were conducted at Brooks, Oregon, in 1992 and 1993 to determine the inheritance of FF in P cucumbers. High heritability for FF was found with most genetic variance attributed to additive gene effects when F1's from four P gynoecious inbreds as females and five NP monecious inbreds as males were used in 1992. Experiments in 1993, with inbred derived populations, revealed that dominant variance and maternal effects for FF may be substantial in certain populations with parthenocarpic germplasm.
463 PB 298 IDENTIFICATION OF RAPD MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH CANNING QUALITY IN NAVY BEANS
Authors: Walters Kimberly J , Hosfield George L. , Kelly James D.
Published: February 2019

Ninety-eight percent of the navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in the US are processed. Thus, new cultivars considered for release must meet industry standards. Canning quality behaves as a classical QTL which precludes its selection and evaluation in early generations. Such delays add a measure of inefficiency to a breeding program. Indirect selection for canning quality using molecular markers could increase efficiency. RAPD markers are more useful than RFLP's, in Phaseolus, due to a simpler protocol and a higher level of polymorphism within genetically related cultivars. Three populations of RIL's, derived from crosses between cultivars with standard and sub-standard canning quality, were screened to identify markers associated with canning quality. Material for evaluation was grown at two locations, in three replications and processed, in the Food Science Processing Lab, following industry standards. Quality traits measured were: processed texture, color and appearance. Associations of putative markers with canning quality were identified using ANOVA and Mapmaker programs
466 PB 327 IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO LOW TEMPERATURE RESPONSES
Authors: Teutonico R.A. , Osborn T.C. , Palta J.P.
Published: February 2019

Identification of the genes involved in low temperature responses in oilseed Brassica could lead to genetic improvement of this crop and other species. We developed a genetic linkage map for B. rapa using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and identified molecular markers which are linked to genes controlling vernalization requirement and freezing tolerance. We mapped the location of a group of cold-regulated (`cor') genes from Arabidopsis thaliana in this population and determined their association with these cold responses. We developed genetically fixed, recombinant inbred lines of B. rapa to assay the physiological processes involved in these cold responses. Specifically, we measured the differences in lipid composition of the plasma membranes of acclimated and nonacclimated plants of a subset of this population. We will determine if the genes involved in the physiological responses to low temperature are also associated with the acquisition of freezing tolerance.
484 PB 420 VARIANCE COMPONENTS FOR LEAF AREA AND DRY WEIGHT ACCUMULATION IN GREENHOUSE TOMATOES GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT LIGHT AND NIGHT TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Authors: Erb W. Alan , Flickinger N. Jean
Published: February 2019

Two tomato inbreds (one advanced greenhouse line, P1=Ohio ICR.9 and one frost resistant line, P2=Ohio 4013-3) and F1, BC1, BC2 and F2 progeny were examined for growth and development during December and January to determine inheritance of biomass characters. Two-week-old seedlings from each generation (8 from the P1, P2 and F1; 32 from the BC1 and BC2; and 64 from the F2) developed over a 9-week period at 2 different night temperatures (17 and 12 C) and light levels (natural light and 30% shade, 5 days/week). The F1 generation had the highest leaf area and total dry weight means followed by the BC1 and P1 generations. The variance components for leaf area and total dry weight accumulation were: Ve = 120,300 and 2.63; Vp = 553,618 and 12.46; Va = 127,475 and 3.65; and Vd = 305,843 and 6.18, respectively. Both traits are highly heritable, having a broad sense heritability of 0.78 and 0.79 for leaf area and total dry weight, respectively. However, because narrow sense heritability is low, 0.23 and 0.30, respectively, improvement in biomass accumulation will be more difficult.
487 PB 131 PROCESSED FIBER AS A SUBSTITUTE OF PEAT MOSS AND BARR FOR PRODUCTION OF ROSES
Authors: Gu Sanliang , Fuchigami Leslie H.
Published: February 2019

“Legend' roses were grown in various potting mixtures of processed fiber (PF, a by-product of anaerobically digested dairy waste), peat moss, pumice, or bark to test the applicability of PF as a substitute of peat moss and bark. A commercial mix (peat moss and bark, 1 to 1 by volume) was used as the control. Plant appearance, growth of leaves, shoots, and flowers were the same in straight PF, commercial mix, and PF mixtures of 50% or less pumice. Plants grown in mixtures of peat moss, pumice, and bark were inferior to those in PF. This study demonstrated that PF media was better than peat moss and bark for rose production.
491 PB 163 A METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING PLANT AVAILABLE WATER-HOLDING CAPACITY AND WATER ABSORPTION POTENTIAL IN CONTAINER MEDIA UNDER PRODUCTION CONDITIONS
Authors: Argo William R. , Biernbaum John A.
Published: February 2019

Hybrid impatiens were grown in 15 cm pots containing one of six root medium. After seven weeks, plant available water holding capacity (AWHC) was measured as the difference between the drained weight of the plant and pot after a one hour saturation and the weight of the pot when the plant wilted. Water absorption potential (WAP) was calculated as the capacity of each root medium to absorb applied irrigation water up to the AWHC and was measured at two moisture levels with top watering (two leaching fractions), drip irrigation (two leaching fractions) and flood subirrigation. Top watering moist media (initial AWHC = 35%) with leaching fractions of 30+ % was me most efficient method of rewetting media and was the only irrigation method tested to obtain WAP's of 100%. In comparison, flood subirrigation was the least efficient method of rewetting media with WAP of 27% for dry media (initial AWHC = 0%), and obtained a total WAP of 55% for moist media (initial AWHC = 23%). In media comparisons, the incorporation of a wetting agent into a 70% peat/30% bark mix at planting increased the WAP compared to the same media without a wetting agent with nine of the ten irrigation treatments.
500 PB 210 MODELING LEACHATE VOLUME PRODUCED BY TRADITIONAL CUT ROSE PRODUCTION IN GREENHOUSES: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Alleman Dawn M. , Langhans Robert W. , Wells Ellen
Published: February 2019

Ability to predict daily leachate volumes in greenhouse production enables strategic planning for the remediation of waste water. A case study greenhouse site (1620ft2) on Cornell campus was chosen because of the tile drainage system installed beneath. Roses `Sonya', `Royalty', and `Mary DeVor' were grown in 1170ft2 of bench and fertigated at bench level with automated spray nozzles. Data collection occurred over a 1.5 year period. Factors considered in modeling included: leaf area, irrigation and leachate volumes, and atmospheric / greenhouse environmental conditions (solar radiation, precipitation, temperature). Separate day and night models resulted, the night model included a condensation factor. Correlation existed between environmental factors, irrigation volume and leachate volume in the day model. In the night model a relationship between environmental factors and condensation was evident.
510 PB 260 COMPARISON OF FIELD AND SHADEHOUSE MICROCLIMATE FACTORS RELATED TO EVAPORATION AND CROP TRANSPIRATION
Authors: Stamps Robert H.
Published: February 2019

Microenvironmental conditions in a shadehouse covered with shade fabric designed to exclude 70% of incoming light were monitored and compared to those in an adjacent field to quantify differences related to plant water use. Radiant flux density and photosynthetic, photon flux inside the shadehouse varied seasonally between about 18% to 28% of outside values. During the day, leaf and air temperatures around the crop canopy were generally lower and relative humidities higher inside the shadehouse than outside. Leaf-to-air vapor pressure gradients inside the shadehouse averaged about half those outside. Wind run inside was <10% of wind run outside. Differences between reference ET (ETo) values, calculated using Penman's equation), inside and outside the shadehouse were greatest during summer months. Outside evaporatory pan (Epan) water losses ranged from 205 mm in July to 95 mm in Nov. For the same months, Epan losses inside were about 80% lower. Monthly ETactual, as determined for Rumohra adiantiformis growing in lysimeters in the shadehouse, ranged from around 40% to 80% of inside Eo.
523 PB 489 INCORPORATION OF USEFUL TRAITS FROM NATIVE ALMOND SPECIES INTO CULTIVATED ALMOND VARIETIES. II. GENE INTROGRESSION
Authors: Gradziel Thomas M. , Kester Dale E.
Published: February 2019

Breeding lines have been developed incorporating introgressed genes from three native almond species Prunus fenzliana, Prunus webbii and Prunus argentea. Selected traits include self-fertility and autogamy, late bloom, smaller tree size, early nut maturity, improved cropping potential, and a well-sealed shell (endocarp) with high kernel/shell crack-out percentages. Fertility barriers, while present were easily overcome though linkage to introgressed genes with undesirable phenotypes remains an important obstacle to commercial use. Current breeding results, however, support a general conclusion that the wide diversity present within the range of species related to the cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis) provides an valuable gene pool for variety improvement.
526 PB 516 RUBUS SEED SENSITIVITY TO SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Authors: Peacock Derek N. , Hummer Kim E.
Published: February 2019

During research to develop a new germination protocol for Rubus being conducted at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository in Corvallis, we observed mixed responses to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as a seed scarifying agent. For R. parviforus Nutt., scarification with NaOCl resulted in 34% germination. Fewer than 1% of the seedlings showed any negative effects after exposure to 2.6% NaOCl for 24 hours. But in R. ursinus Cham. & Schldl., R. multibracteatus A. Leveille & Vaniot, R. swinhoei Hance, and R. setchuenensis Bureau & Franchet, the percentage of injury observed ranged from 40% to 100%. In these cases, although embryonic tissue did not appear necrotic, the radicle and plumule failed to elongate after emergence. The epicotyl or primary leaves did not develop, and the radicle failed to form root hair. The cotyledons, apparently unaffected, opened and were a healthy green. NaOCl did not kill the embryo, but deterred development of the embryonic axis. As a result of the NaOCl scarification the cotyledons expanded yet the seedlings eventually died.
527 PB 519 TOBACCO STREAK VIRUS PRESENCE IN RUBUS URSINUS COLLECTED FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Finn Chad , Martin Robert
Published: February 2019

Cuttings from Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht, the trailing blackberry, were collected in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia from 21 sites. The cuttings were rooted and placed in pots in the greenhouse. After the plants began to grow, leaves were harvested for ELISA testing using standard procedures. Each sample represented three clones from a site. Plants from 18 sites were represented by five samples and two sites were represented by three samples. None of the samples tested positive for the presence of raspberry bushy dwarf virus or tomato ringspot virus. Forty-four percent of the samples tested positive for tobacco streak virus. Only 33% of the sites on the Pacific coast tested positive for tobacco streak, whereas, 100% of the Cascade Mountain sites and 88% of the sites in the coastal range type environment tested positive. The only site in the Willamette Valley had no positive tests. With one exception, all of the sites that tested negative for the virus were also low elevation sites 0-90 m.
534 PB 014 QUANTIFICATION OF THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE MULCHES WHICH INFLUENCE SOIL TEMPERATURE AND BELL PEPPER PRODUCTION
Authors: Graham Heather Hatt , McMahon Margaret J. , Decoteau Dennis R. , Linvill Dale E.
Published: February 2019

Commercially available polyethylene mulches were evaluated for their influence on spectral properties (absorption, reflection, and transmission) and soil temperature during the growing season. Vegetative growth and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum cv. Keystone Resistant Giant No. 3) plants were evaluated for each mulch. Black plastic had the greatest absorption (95%) of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF; 400-700 nm). White plastic had the greatest reflection (6575%) of PPF and blue (400-500 nm) light. The Alor selective mulch had the greatest reflective far-red/red ratio (730-740/640-650 nm) of light. Clear plastic had the greatest transmission (90%) of PPF and blue light. Soil temperature was coolest under the white mulch (32 C) and warmest under the clear mulch (52 C) when measured at maximum soil temperature in the early afternoon (1400 to 1800 hrs). Vegetative growth and yield were greatest for plants grown on the white mulch treatment and lowest for plants grown on the clear mulch treatment.
535 PB 017 POTENTIAL OF FISH CULTURE WASTE WATER AS AN IRRIGATION AND NUTRIENT SOURCE FOR BELL PEPPERS IN THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
Authors: Palada M.C. , Cole W. , Crossman S.M.A. , Rakocy J.E. , Kowalski J.A.
Published: February 2019

Using fish culture waste water may benefit vegetable production by reducing the need for high quality irrigation water. Fish waste water also contains nutrients, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. A study was conducted to integrate fish (tilapia) culture with field production of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Waste water from low and high fish stocking densities and variable water exchange rates were applied to bell peppers 2 to 3 times weekly. These treatments were compared with fish sludge. cow manure and commercial N fertilizer. Fish waste water and sludge were applied by hand in the first year. A modified irrigation system was used in the second year. All other treatments were drip irrigated. In 1992 marketable yield was highest (9.0 t/ha) in plots with N fertilizer (drip fertigation) followed by plots applied with sludge (5.0 c/ha). Lowest yield (2.0 t/ha) was obtained from plots applied with fish waste water. In 1993 plots applied with fish waste water had a slightly higher yield (7.0 t/ha) than N-fertigated plots. Marketable yield was highest (10.4 t/ha) in plots treated with sludge.
538 PB 046 SOIL BEDDING TREATMENTS INFLUENCE PEPPER PLANT ANCHORAGE
Authors: Motes J.E. , McCullough M.D. , Kahn B.A.
Published: February 2019

A problem associated with machine harvesting of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with a stripper-type harvesting mechanism is plant uprooting. Four soil bedding treatments were compared for effects on uprooting force of Chile and paprika direct field seeded at Bixby, Okla. in 1992 and 1993. Bedding treatments were: 1) no-bed; 2) no-bed with 5 cm of soil hilled to the bases of plants; 3) bedded preplant but bed not maintained throughout the growing season; and 4) bedded preplant and bed maintained throughout the growing season. At harvest plants were cut off 10 cm above the soil surface and uprooting force determined using a wire cable puller, spring scale, and a lever based on a fulcrum. Chile uprooting force was significantly influenced by bedding treatments only in 1993. Paprika uprooting force was influenced in both years. In three of the four studies, bedding treatments 2 and 4 produced plants more strongly anchored than treatments 1 and 3.
554 PB 365 PHOTORESPIRATION OF LEMON TREES IN RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE AND ATMOSPHERIC CO, CONCENTRATION
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Garcia Richard L.
Published: February 2019

Eureka lemon (Cirrus limon L. `Eureka') trees were grown in factorial combinations of low (L) or high (H) temperature [day/night temperature regimens of 29.4C/21.1C or 40.5C/32.2C] and ambient (C380) or enriched (C680) atmospheric CO2 concentrations [380 umol mol-1 or 680 umol mol-1, respectively]. After growth under these conditions for 5 months, morning and afternoon leaf carbon assimilation measurements were made with a temperature-controlled cuvette attached to a portable photosynthesis system. Net (P3) and gross (Pg) photosynthesis were measured at 30 umol mol-1 intervals as leaves were exposed to cuvette CO2 drawndowns from 700 to 300 umol mol-1 at 21% and 1% O2, respectively. Photorespiration (Rp) was estimated as the difference between Pg and Pn. Generally, Rp increased as cuvette CO2 decreased. Morning and afternoon Rp of leaves adapted to LC380 conditions were similar. Morning Rp was higher than afternoon Rp for leaves adapted to LC680 conditions. Morning Rp was higher for leaves adapted to HC380 conditions as compared to HC680-adapted leaves. In contrast, afternoon Rp was higher for leaves adapted to HC680 conditions than for H&,-adapted leaves.
563 PB 412 RICHARDS FUNCTION IN FREEZING TOLERANCE DETERMINATION WITH ELECTROLYTE AND PHENOLIC LEAKAGE TECHNIQUES
Authors: Anisko Tomasz , Haynes Cynthia L. , Lindstrom Orville M.
Published: February 2019

Freeze tests were performed on stem sections of Fraxinus americana, Lagerstroemia indica Magnolia gradiflora, Rhododendron `Red Ruffle', Zelkova serrata, and leaves of Magnolia grandiflora and Rhododendron `Red Ruffle' in the tinter and summer of 1993. Freeze injury was quantified using electrolyte and phenolic leakage techniques and compared to the lethal temperature range determined by visual method assisted by differential thermal analysis. Richards function was fitted to the electrolyte and phenolic leakage data by the modified Gauss-Newton method. The inflection point of the Richards function coincided with the lethal injury range for non-acclimated leaves, but overestimated the freeze tolerance for acclimated leaves and for both acclimated and non-acclimated stems. A proposed interception point of the lower asymptote and a line tangential to the curve inflection point provided an improved estimate of the lethal injury range in most of the species.
565 POST-TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON HEAT OF METABOLISM AFTER “NEAR- LETHAL” HEAT STRESS IN STEM TISSUES OF RED-OSIER DOGWOOD
Authors: Shirazi A.M. , Moreno Y.M. , Fuchigami L.H , Daley L.S.
Published: February 2019

Previously, we reported recovery of plants from “Near-Lethal” (NL) (Sub-Lethal) stresses was dependent on stage of development and post-stress environment Dormant plants exposed to NL-heat, freezing, and hydrogen cyanamide either died or were severely injured when stored at 0°C or recovered at 23°C and natural condition. This study reports on the changes in the evolution of metabolic heat in dormant red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) stem tissues after beat stress. Heat stress (51°C for half an hour) was followed by one of two post-stress environment (PSE) (0° or 23°C dark condition). Isothermal measurements of the heat of metabolism of the tissues were taken after 0, 1, 2, 5, 7 and 11 days of PSE. A significant reduction of metabolic heat generation occured in heat stressed plants at 0°C PSE from one to 11 days of incubation as compared to the non-stressed tissues. At 23°C PSE, no significant differences of heat generation between stressed and non stressed tissues were found within 7 days of incubation. The rate of metabolic. heat measured by decreasing temperature scanning microcalorimetry (21° to 1°C) were lower in beat stressed tissues. Arrhenius plots of metabolic heat rate gave a linear slope for non-stressed tissues and a complex slop for NL-stressed tissues at lower temperatures. Energy of activation (Ea) between 1°-8°C were 15.45 and 83.882 KJ mol-1 for NL-heat and non-stressed tissues, respectively.
569 PB 012 A MODIFIED FORCING SOLUTION SYSTEM PROMOTES PROPAGATION OF WOODY SPECIES
Authors: Yang Guochen , Read Paul E.
Published: February 2019

A forcing solution containing 200 mg 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate per liter and 2% sucrose has enhanced availability of cutting materials by forcing dormant woody stems in the off-season. Anxins, such as IBA, included in the forcing solution promoted subsequent rooting by increasing root number per cutting and root length for privet. Inclusion of IBA in the forcing solution following the initial use of GA3 in the forcing solution counteracted the undesirable effects of GA3 on rooting and stimulated rooting after taking advantage of the favorable effects of GA3 on bud break and shoot elongation. However, the ability of IBA to counteract the negative effects of GA3 on rooting was dependent on the length of GA3 treatment. The modification of forcing solution system by sequentially including GA3 and then replacing GA3 with IBA expedited propagation of privet. Production of candidate cuttings or explants was stimulated by including GA3 in the forcing solution, and rooting of the cuttings was promoted by subsequent auxin or cytokinin inclusions in the forcing solution to replace GA3 This modified forcing solution system also proved to be a successful and efficient model for propagation of other difficult to propagate woody species.