bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtual and Reciprocal Ethnography on the Internet: The East Mims Oral History Project Website
Authors: Underberg Natalie M
Published: January 2007

This article examines a problem in the design of folklore websites: in what ways can technology be used to build into the documentation process itself an ethnographic guide to the materials that incorporates the folkgroup's own understanding of those materials, and how they can be best presented to the public? In examining this problem, the article focuses on the potential of digital media for addressing two concerns of contemporary folkloristics—reflexivity and ethnographic storytelling.
Public Policies for Countering Deindustrialization in Postwar Massachusetts
Authors: Koistinen David
Published: January 2007

The decline of traditional industries, or “deindustrialization,” has been a topic of growing interest among American historians. Most of the existing literature illuminates the experiences of individuals, communities, and companies directly affected by plant closures. Historians have recently begun to explore public policy responses to industrial decline, although policymaking on this issue at the state level has received almost no attention. State government has nevertheless been an important locus of activity for dealing with deindustrialization. This is not surprising, considering the importance of the states in the American federal system and the fact that industrial decline often concentrates in particular areas of the country at a given time.
Pharmacies, Pharmacists, and Conscientious Objection
Authors: Wicclair Mark R
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the obligations of pharmacy licensees and pharmacists in the context of conscience-based objections to filling lawful prescriptions for certain types of medications—e.g., standard and emergency contraceptives. Claims of conscience are analyzed as means to preserve or maintain an individual's moral integrity. It is argued that pharmacy licensees have an obligation to dispense prescription medications that satisfy the health needs of the populations they serve, and this obligation can override claims of conscience. Although efforts should be made to respect the moral integrity of pharmacists and accommodate their claims of conscience, it is argued that the health needs of patients and the professional obligations of pharmacists limit the extent to which pharmacists may refuse to assist patients who have lawful prescriptions for medically indicated drugs.
Cultural Record Keepers
Authors: Overmier Judith A.
Published: January 2007

Editor's Note: The artwork created to facilitate and celebrate the keeping of the cultural record is a field of interest unto itself. For twenty-nine years Libraries & Culture and the Journal of Library History before it encouraged enjoyment and exploration of the field by featuring a bookplate on the cover. With the new cover design of Libraries & the Cultural Record, presentation of this artwork has moved to inside pages. And, in keeping with the expanded focus of the journal, the artwork to be featured will come from libraries, archives, museums, and other keepers of the cultural record. We invite suggestions for these pages of bookplates, posters, and graphics of all sorts generated in the work of providing for the cultural record.
Pure Black: Class, Color, and Intraracial Politics in Toni Morrison's Paradise
Authors: Jenkins Candice Marie
Published: January 2007

This essay explores black class privilege and associated questions of skin color and racial authenticity in Toni Morrison's 1997 novel, Paradise, written during a period fraught with intraracial ambivalence and confusion about what it means to be "black" in the post-Civil Rights era. In their obsession with biological racial purity, Morrison's "8-rock" characters corporealize racial authenticity, a concept that usually exists for African Americans as a cultural ideal. Paradise ultimately critiques the black nationalist desire for a "pure," and purely "authentic," form of African American identity, in the process highlighting the frequent suppression of the multiracial in authenticity discourse.
Putting the Systems Back into Systems Biology
Authors: Cornish-Bowden Athel
Published: January 2007

In recent years the term "systems biology" has become widespread in the biological literature, but most of the papers in which these words appear have surprisingly little to do with older notions of biological systems: they often seem to imply little more than reductionist biology applied on a large scale, with a little attention to interactions between some of the components, but with minimal attention to the kinetic properties of enzymes, which supplied much of the reductionist foundation of biochemistry. A systemic approach to biology ought to put the emphasis on the entire system; insofar as it is concerned with components at all, it is to explain their roles in meeting the needs of the system as a whole. Genuinely systemic thinking allows us to understand how biochemical systems are regulated, and why clumsy attempts to manipulate them for biotechnological purposes may fail. At a more abstract level, it is necessary for understanding the nature of life, because as long as an organism is treated as no more than a collection of components, one cannot ask the right questions, and certainly cannot answer them.
“Reelizing” Arab and Jewish Ethnicity in Mexican Film
Authors: Alfaro-Velcamp Theresa
Published: January 2007

As a historian of Mexican history who studies Middle Eastern immigrants to Mexico in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, I have approached the topic of ethnic film with both trepidation and great interest. Attuned to the historiography of what and who is Mexican, I view the films El baisano Jalil and Novia que te vea for their representations of ethnic difference and suggestions of a multicultural Mexico. Here, I wish to explore how these films not only show the presence of immigrant groups in the cultural fabric of Mexico, but also how the films demonstrate that public discourses (via film) can enhance scholarly understanding of multiculturalism. My purpose is to make a discrete intervention in Mexican historiography by underscoring the importance of film in conceptualizing the dimensions of ethnic identity. I suggest that these films are rooted in a particular Mexican social context in which both Arab and Jewish immigrants have been able to manipulate the ambiguities of what it means to be Mexican.
Caught between Rivals: The Spanish-African Maroon Competition for Captive Indian Labor in the Region of Esmeraldas during the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Medina Charles Beatty
Published: January 2007

In 1586, the royal audiencia of Quito received a letter from a fugitive African slave written with the aid of an itinerant Spanish missionary. The judges were dismayed by what they read. The African, Alonso de Illescas, head of one of the maroon communities that had been flourishing on the coast of Esmeraldas since 1553, petitioned the court with a proposition and a veiled threat. The proposal implored the judges to honor an earlier promise giving Illescas political authority over Esmeraldas, the coastal province comprising the maroons’ homeland, and to desist in their plans to establish Spanish settlers in the region.
Exorcising Ghosts in the Age of Automation: United Nations Experts and Atoms for Peace
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin
Published: January 2007

This paper evaluates the outlooks and goals of those who helped to put Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" into action at the international level, as experts working with the United Nations, particularly through the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It highlights of the failure of UNESCO to play a leading role in the scientific assessments of Atoms for Peace, and focuses upon the role of social scientists in the formation of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The social scientists believed that the major challenges to society would come from industrial automation, of which atomic technology was only one part. They downplayed negative effects of atomic technology, embraced the Eisenhower administration's drive to export the peaceful atom, and tried to prepare the lay public for it by reducing its fear. The paper discusses the concepts of public irrationality and technological accommodation.
Power Resources and Employer-Centered Approaches in Explanations of Welfare States and Varieties of Capitalism: Protagonists, Consenters, and Antagonists
Authors: Korpi Walter
Published: January 2007

The power resources approach, underlining the relevance of socioeconomic class and partisan politics in distributive conflict within capitalist economies, is challenged by employer-centered approaches claiming employers and cross-class alliances to have been crucial in advancing the development of welfare states and varieties of capitalism. Theoretically and empirically these claims are problematic. In welfare state expansion, employers have often been antagonists, under specific conditions consenters, but very rarely protagonists. Well-developed welfare states and coordinated market economies have emerged in countries with strong left parties in long-term cabinet participation or in countries with state corporatist institutional traditions and confessional parties in intensive competition with left parties.
Meeting report: Inaugural coastal lecture of the UK Centre for Coastal Processes, Engineering and Management
Authors: Nicholls R. J.
Published: January 2007

The Centre for Coastal Processes, Engineering and Management ( http://www.ccpem.soton.ac.uk/ ) has been established to develop coastal research at the University of Southampton, including education, research and consultancy. Wider engagement with users has been started with a new coastal lecture series. The inaugural lecture was introduced by Professor Robert Nicholls (co-director of CCPEM) and given by Professor William Allsop (HR Wallingford) who holds a visiting chair in the School of Civil Engineering and the Environment.
Cash and Counseling: A Promising Option for Consumer Direction of Home- and CommunityBased Services and Supports
Authors: Mahoney Kevin J. , Simon-Rusinowitz Lori , Simone Kristin , Zgoda Karen
Published: January 2007

The Cash and Counseling Demonstration began as a 3-state social experiment to test the claims of members of the disability community that, if they had more control over their services, their lives would improve and costs would be no higher. The 2004 expansion to 12 states brings us closer to the tipping point when this option will be broadly available. The original demonstration was a controlled experiment with randomized assignment, supplemented by an ethnographic study and a process evaluation. Consumers managing flexible, individualized budgets were much more satisfied, had fewer unmet needs, and had comparable health outcomes. Access to service and supports was greatly improved. Consumer direction is increasingly accepted as a desirable option in home and community services.
Power, Family, and Filial Responsibility Related to Elder Care in Rural Japan
Authors: Traphagan John W.
Published: January 2007

This article explores the discourse on filial responsibility as it intersects with familial roles and power relationships as represented by women living in rural Japan. Using case studies, I consider some of the intergenerational and intragenerational issues that arise as Japanese women contemplate or attempt to cope with care of elder parents and consider the manner in which the concept of filial piety, or filial responsibility, is expressed and conceptualized in relation to these issues. I argue that many continue to think about elder care in ways that emphasize the responsibility of children to care for their parents, but that the discourse on filial piety is continually constructed and reconstructed as people provide and contest roles associated with elder care, both from the perspective of the child and from that of the parents. To explore these issues, I consider the cases of two women who were facing issues related to provision of care to elder parents and who structured these in terms of notions about filial responsibility. The cases were obtained during extended fieldwork in an agricultural community in northern Japan.
Urinary Incontinence Evaluation and the Utility of Pessaries in Older Women
Authors: Roehl Barbara , Buchanan Edward M.
Published: January 2007

Urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse are common conditions affecting the elderly. A careful evaluation of urinary incontinence, including history and physical examination, will often determine the etiology of this condition. Vaginal pessaries are a safe and effective treatment for both urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. They should be considered a viable alternative to surgery especially in the elderly with complicated medical histories. This article reviews the etiology of urinary incontinence, offers a guide in the evaluation of the incontinent woman, and reviews the use of pessaries for the treatment of incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse.
Comparison of Three Modes of Measuring Stress, Coping, and Humor in School-Age Children
Authors: Fouladi Rachel T. , Rew Lynn , Horner Sharon D.
Published: January 2007

Computer-assisted administration of surveys is gaining popularity among many researchers, but the equivalence of this method to more traditional approaches such as using paper and pencil has not been determined for many commonly used questionnaires, particularly among school-age children. This study examined systematic differences in the responses of 4th, 5th, and 6th graders to measures of stress, coping, and humor among three modes of assessment: paper-and-pencil questionnaires, computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI), or a combination of paper-and-pencil and CASI. Participants were 1,245 ethnically diverse children enrolled in public schools in the central region of the United States. Psychometric and score distribution characteristics were examined using item analyses and analyses of mean and covariance structure as a function of mode of assessment. Differences in response patterns, primarily at the scale score level, were documented on some of the key measures. In general, CASI medians and means were higher and correlations among CASI measures tended to be lower than those obtained with paper-and-pencil and mixed mode assessment, and CASI variances were lower. This study suggests the importance of the continued examination of the impact of mode of questionnaire administration when assessing these and other domains of well-being in school-age children.
The ‘Europeanisation’ of Vocational Education between Formal Policies and Deliberative Communication
Authors: Grollmann Philipp , Ruth Klaus
Published: January 2007

This article deals with current European policies of vocational education and training, namely the Copenhagen Process, the Open Method of Coordination and the framework of the Lisbon Agenda. The analysis shows that there is no standard European path of achieving the Lisbon Goals, but rather that there are considerable variations depending on the prevailing VET systems and the respective VET policy. Two antagonistic scenarios on the possible effects of the current activities to implement a European Credit Transfer System for Vocational Education and Training (ECVET), and the European Qualification Framework (EQF) are sketched. The best and worse case scenarios can be used to assess the current national activities to improve the quality of European VET systems and stimulate processes of discursive communication. The concluding section outlines some prospects of a European VET policy by utilising the presented findings and proposes some cornerstones of a European VET policy aiming at improving the teaching and learning processes. It is argued that the coherence of policies formulated through the so-called Lisbon Goal is not mirrored in concurrent European policies of VET and that more ‘deliberative’ processes of communication between different actors in VET spanning from the level of practice to the level of European policies are needed in order to truly ‘Europeanise’ VET in Europe.
Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes based on Sublimable Charged Iridium Phosphorescent Emitters
Authors: Wong W.‐Y. , Zhou G.‐J. , Yu X.‐M. , Kwok H.‐S. , Lin Z.
Published: January 2007

The synthesis and characterization of two new phosphorescent cationic iridium(III) cyclometalated diimine complexes with formula [Ir(L)2(N‐N)]+(PF6–) (HL = (9,9‐diethyl‐7‐pyridinylfluoren‐2‐yl)diphenylamine); N‐N = 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (1), 4,7‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (2)) are reported. Both complexes are coordinated by cyclometalated ligands consisting of hole‐transporting diphenylamino (DPA)‐ and fluorene‐based 2‐phenylpyridine moieties. Structural information on these heteroleptic complexes has been obtained by using an X‐ray diffraction study of complex 2. Complexes 1 and 2 are morphologically and thermally stable ionic solids and are good yellow phosphors at room temperature with relatively short lifetimes in both solution and solid phases. These robust iridium complexes can be thermally vacuum‐sublimed and used as phosphorescent dyes for the fabrication of high‐efficiency organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). These devices doped with 5 wt % 1 can produce efficient electrophosphorescence with a maximum brightness of up to 15 610 cd m–2 and a peak external quantum efficiency of ca. 7 % photons per electron that corresponds to a luminance efficiency of ca. 20 cd A–1 and a power efficiency of ca. 19 lm W–1. These results show that charged iridium(III) materials are useful alternative electrophosphors for use in evaporated devices in order to realize highly efficient doped OLEDs.
An investigation of the neurotrophic factor genes GDNF, NGF, and NT3 in susceptibility to ADHD
Authors: Syed Zahoor , Dudbridge Frank , Kent Lindsey
Published: December 2006

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable, neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in early childhood. Genes involved in neuronal development and growth are, thus, important etiological candidates and neurotrophic factors have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of ADHD. Glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF (beta subunit)), and neurotrophic factor 3 (NT3) are members of the neurotrophin family and are involved in the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of neuronal cells. We have examined 10 coding and intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across GDNF, NGF, and NT3 in a family‐based association sample of 120 DSM‐IV ADHD probands and their biological parents, as well as a case‐control analysis with 120 sex‐matched controls. Borderline significant overtransmission of the C allele of a non‐synonymous C/T SNP (rs6330) in NGF which codes an alanine/valine change was found in the family‐based sample (Chi‐square = 3.69, odds ratio (OR) = 1.65, P = 0.05). Although this SNP is located in the 5′ pro‐NGF sequence and not the mature NGF protein, it may affect intracellular processing and secretion of NGF. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New humanized HLA–DR4–transgenic mice that mimic the sex bias of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Taneja Veena , Behrens Marshall , Mangalam Ashutosh , Griffiths Marie M. , Luthra Harvinder S. , David Chella S.
Published: December 2006

Objective

To generate a mouse model that can mimic human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A major difference between RA in humans and collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is the lack of sex bias and autoantibodies in the animal model. We used DRB1*0401‐transgenic mice to understand the role of DR4 in susceptibility and sex bias in RA.

Methods

A transgenic mouse was generated that lacked all endogenous mouse class II genes (AEo) and expressed the RA susceptibility allele HLA–DRB1*0401. These transgenic mice were tested for incidence, severity, and sex distribution of CIA.

Results

DRB1*0401.AEo mice developed CIA predominantly in females and produced rheumatoid factors, similar to the features of human RA. Another feature similar to human RA is the expression of class II molecules on antigen‐presenting cells as well as T cells. Activated and sorted CD4+ T cells can present DR4‐restricted type II collagen (CII)–derived peptide in vitro, but cannot process the antigen. This suggests a role for these cells in epitope presentation locally in joints, which affects disease severity. After challenge with CII, female mice had higher cellularity and increased T cell proliferation and produced higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines than did the male mice.

Conclusion

DR4.AEo mice expressed HLA similar to humans and displayed increased arthritis susceptibility in females, thus mimicking RA in humans. This model may be valuable for studying sex differences observed in humans and for understanding why autoimmunity is increased in women. These mice may also be useful for developing future therapeutic strategies.
Genetic association between the PRKCH gene encoding protein kinase Cη isozyme and rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population
Authors: Takata Yoichiro , Hamada Daisuke , Miyatake Katsutoshi , Nakano Shunji , Shinomiya Fumio , Scafe Charles R. , Reeve Vincent M. , Osabe Dai , Moritani Maki , Kunika Kiyoshi , Kamatani Naoyuki , Inoue Hiroshi , Yasui Natsuo , Itakura Mitsuo
Published: December 2006

Objective

Analyses of families with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have suggested the presence of a putative susceptibility locus on chromosome 14q21–23. This large population‐based genetic association study was undertaken to examine this region.

Methods

A 2‐stage case–control association study of 950 unrelated Japanese patients with RA and 950 healthy controls was performed using >400 gene‐based common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Results

Multiple SNPs in the PRKCH gene encoding the η isozyme of protein kinase C (PKCη) showed significant single‐locus disease associations, the most significant being SNP c.427+8134C>T (odds ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.62–0.83, P = 5.9 × 10−5). Each RA‐associated SNP was consistently mapped to 3 distinct regions of strong linkage disequilibrium (i.e., linkage disequilibrium or haplotype blocks) in the PRKCH gene locus, suggesting that multiple causal variants influence disease susceptibility. Significant SNPs included a novel common missense polymorphism of the PRKCH gene, V374I (rs2230500), which lies within the ATP‐binding site that is highly conserved among PKC superfamily members. In circulating lymphocytes, PRKCH messenger RNA was expressed at higher levels in resting T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) than in B cells (CD19+) or monocytes (CD14+) and was significantly down‐regulated through immune responses.

Conclusion

Our results provide evidence of the involvement of PRKCH as a susceptibility gene for RA in the Japanese population. Dysregulation of PKCη signal transduction pathway(s) may confer increased risk of RA through aberrant T cell–mediated autoimmune responses.
Dissecting the heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis through linkage analysis of quantitative traits
Authors: Criswell Lindsey A. , Chen Wei V. , Jawaheer Damini , Lum Raymond F. , Wener Mark H. , Gu Xiangjun , Gregersen Peter K. , Amos Christopher I.
Published: December 2006

Objective

To dissect the heterogeneity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) through linkage analysis of quantitative traits, specifically, IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM‐RF) and anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti‐CCP) autoantibody titers.

Methods

Subjects, 1,002 RA patients from 491 multiplex families recruited by the North American RA Consortium, were typed for 379 microsatellite markers. Anti‐CCP titers were determined based on a second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and IgM‐RF levels were quantified by immunonephelometry. We used the Merlin statistical package to perform nonparametric quantitative trait linkage analysis.

Results

For each of the quantitative traits, evidence of linkage, with logarithm of odds (LOD) scores of >1.0, was found in 9 regions. For both traits, the strongest evidence of linkage was for marker D6S1629 on chromosome 6p (LOD 14.02 for anti‐CCP and LOD 12.09 for RF). Six other regions with LOD scores of >1.0 overlapped between the 2 traits, on chromosomes 1p21.1, 5q15, 8p23.1, 16p12.1, 16q23.1, and 18q21.31. Evidence of linkage to anti‐CCP titer but not to RF titer was found in 2 regions (chromosomes 9p21.3 and 10q21.1), and evidence of linkage to RF titer but not to anti‐CCP titer was found in 2 regions (chromosomes 5p15.2 and 1q42.3). Several covariates were significantly associated with 1 or both traits, and linkage analysis exploring the covariate effects revealed striking effects of sex in modulating linkage signals for several chromosomal regions. For example, sex had a striking impact on the linkage results for both quantitative traits on chromosome 6p (P = 0.0007 for anti‐CCP titer and P = 0.0012 for RF titer), suggesting a sex–HLA region interaction.

Conclusion

Analysis of quantitative components of RA is a promising approach for dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of this complex disorder. These results highlight the potential importance of sex or other covariates that may modulate some of the genetic effects that influence the risk of specific disease manifestations.
Überwachung und Analyse der Lebensdauer von Tunnelbauwerken
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad , Santa Ulrich , Strauss Alfred
Published: December 2006

Im Tunnelbau bildet die Überwachung der signifikanten Einwirkungs‐ und Strukturparameter während der Bauphase und des Betriebs die Basis für die Bewertung des Zustands und der Sicherheit des Bauwerks. Die erfassten Daten stellen des Weiteren die Grundlage zur nummerischen und mechanischen Modellbildung dar, um eine effiziente Entscheidungsfindung und Maßnahmenplanung zu gewährleisten. Die Überwachung beinhaltet die Erfassung und Bewertung der geologischen Gegebenheiten, der induzierten Auswirkungen während des Vortriebs und die kontinuierliche Kontrolle für den weiteren Betrieb und Unterhalt des Bauwerks. Methoden der Bauwerksüberwachung und Diagnose stellen aufgrund der quantitativ erfassten Systemparameter ein wesentliches Element für die Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse dar. Die geeignete Wahl von Kontroll‐ und Messinstrumenten ist jedoch nur einen Teilaspekt der Bauwerksüberwachung. Die Auswertung und Interpretation der erhobenen Daten, die Gegenüberstellung mit den normativen Anforderungen und Grenzwerten, die Anpassung der analytischen Modellannahmen aufgrund des Vergleichs von gemessenen und berechneten Daten zeigen die Komplexität dieses Aufgabengebietes.
Inferior infarction following alcohol septal ablation: A consequence of “collateral damage”?
Authors: Chowdhary Saqib , Galiwango Paul , Woo Anna , Schwartz Leonard
Published: December 2006

Alcohol septal ablation is fast becoming the most common method to reduce left ventricular outflow tract gradient in patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is routinely used as an adjunct to avoid the spread of alcohol to non‐target areas of myocardium. We report two cases where despite the careful use of MCE, remote inferior wall myocardial infarctions occurred. The likely mechanism and possible preventive measures are discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The organization of frontoparietal cortex in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri): II. Connectional evidence for a frontal‐posterior parietal network
Authors: Remple Michael S. , Reed Jamie L. , Stepniewska Iwona , Lyon David C. , Kaas Jon H.
Published: January 2007

Tree shrews are small squirrel‐like mammals that are the closest living relative to primates available for detailed neurobiological study. In a recent study (Remple et al. [2006] J. Comp. Neurol. 497:133–154), we provided anatomical and electrophysiological evidence that the frontoparietal cortex of tree shrews has two motor fields (M1 and M2) and five somatosensory fields (3a, 3b, S2, somatosensory caudal area [SC], and parietal ventral area [PV]). In the present study, we injected anatomical tracers into M1, M2, 3a, 3b, SC, and posterior parietal cortex to establish the ipsilateral cortical connections of these areas. The results provide evidence for a number of new cortical areas including medial motor and somatosensory areas (MMA and MSA), three posterior parietal areas (PPd, PPv, and PPc), and an area ventral to temporal inferior cortex (TIV). M1 receives topographic projections from M2, MMA, 3a, and PPv, and nontopographic connections from the temporal anterior and dorsal areas (TA and TD), PPc, TIV, and MSA. The connections of M2 are similar to those of M1, except that M2 receives denser projections from TIV, PPc, and dorsal frontal cortex and sparser input from M1. Areas 3a, 3b, and SC receive dense topographic projections from each other, S2, and PV and sparser connections from PPd and PPv. Area 3a receives additional input from posterior parietal and temporal regions and from M1 and MMA. Overall, the frontoparietal connections of tree shrew cortex are most similar to those of prosimian primates and quite different from those of more distant relatives such as rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 501:121–149, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large deviations for a catalytic Fleming‐Viot branching system
Authors: Grigorescu Ilie
Published: December 2006

We consider a jump‐diffusion process describing a system of diffusing particles that upon contact with an obstacle (catalyst) die and are replaced by an independent offspring with position chosen according to a weighted average of the remaining particles. The obstacle is a bounded nonnegative function V(x) and the birth/death mechanism is similar to the Fleming‐Viot critical branching. Since the mass is conserved, we prove a hydrodynamic limit for the empirical measure, identified as the solution to a generalized semilinear (reaction‐diffusion) equation, with nonlinearity given by a quadratic operator. A large‐deviation principle from the deterministic hydrodynamic limit is provided. The upper bound is given in any dimension, and the lower bound is proven for d = 1 and V bounded away from 0. An explicit formula for the rate function is provided via an Orlicz‐type space. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antisymmetric Hamiltonians: Variational resolutions for Navier‐Stokes and other nonlinear evolutions
Authors: Ghoussoub Nassif
Published: December 2006

The theory of anti‐self‐dual (ASD) Lagrangians, introduced in [6], is developed further to allow for a variational resolution of nonlinear PDEs of the form Λu + Au + ∂φ(u) + f = 0 where φ is a convex lower‐semicontinuous function on a reflexive Banach space X, f ∈ X*, A : D(A) ⊂ X → X* is a positive linear operator, and where Λ : D(λ) ⊂ X → X* is a nonlinear operator that satisfies suitable continuity and antisymmetry properties. ASD Lagrangians on path spaces also yield variational resolutions for nonlinear evolution equations of the form u̇(t) + Λu(t) + Au(t) + ∂φ(u(t)) + f = 0 starting at u(0) = u0. In both stationary and dynamic cases, the equations associated to the proposed variational principles are not derived from the fact that they are critical points of the action functional, but because they are also zeroes of the Lagrangian itself. For that we establish a general nonlinear variational principle that has many applications, in particular to Navier‐Stokes‐type equations, to generalized Choquard‐Pekar Schrödinger equations with nonlocal terms, as well as to complex Ginsburg‐Landau‐type initial‐value problems. The case of Navier‐Stokes evolutions is more involved and will be dealt with in [9]. The general theory of antisymmetric Hamiltonians and its applications is developed in detail in an upcoming monograph (7). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The arcsine law as a universal aging scheme for trap models
Authors: Arous Gérard Ben , Černý Jiří
Published: December 2006

We give a general proof of aging for trap models using the arcsine law for stable subordinators. This proof is based on abstract conditions on the potential theory of the underlying graph and on the randomness of the trapping landscape. We apply this proof to aging for trap models on large, two‐dimensional tori and for trap dynamics of the random energy model on a broad range of time scales. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global growth deficiencies in mice lacking the ribosomal protein HIP/RPL29
Authors: Kirn‐Safran Catherine B. , Oristian Daniel S. , Focht Richard J. , Parker Shaila G. , Vivian Jay L. , Carson Daniel D.
Published: December 2006

Because of their deleterious effects on developing organisms, ribosomal protein (RP) mutations have been poorly described in mammals, and only a few heterozygous mutations have been shown to be viable. This observation is believed to be due to the fact that each RP is an essential component in the assembly of a functional stable ribosome. Here, we created gene targeted mutant mice lacking HIP/RPL29, an RP associated with translationally active ribosomes in eukaryotes. In contrast to other RP mutants, HIP/RPL29 null mice are viable but are up to 50% smaller than their control littermates at weaning age. In null embryos, delayed global growth is first observed around mid‐gestation, and postnatal lethality due to low birth weight results in distortion of the Mendelian ratio. Prenatal growth defects are not fully compensated for during adulthood, and null animals display proportionately smaller organs and stature, and reach sexual maturity considerably later when compared with their control siblings. Additionally, HIP/RPL29 null embryonic fibroblasts have decreased rates of proliferation and protein synthesis and exhibit reduced steady state levels of core RPs. Altogether, our findings provide conclusive genetic evidence that HIP/RPL29 functions as an important regulator of global growth by modulating the rate of protein synthesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:447–460, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the expression patterns of newly identified zebrafish retinoic acid and retinoid X receptors
Authors: Waxman Joshua S. , Yelon Deborah
Published: December 2006

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling is important for multiple aspects of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Heterodimers of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) transduce RA signaling. It is not yet clear how the diversity of receptor combinations relates to the diversity of functions for RA. The expression patterns of three zebrafish RARs and four RXRs were reported recently. Here, we identify an additional RAR, a zebrafish RARgamma paralog, and two additional RXRs, duplicates of the previously identified RXRalpha and RXRgamma. Thus, the zebrafish genome contains duplicates of each RAR and RXR gene. All zebrafish RAR and RXR paralogs have overlapping and distinct areas of expression, as might be expected for duplicate genes in the process of diverging in function. By representing what is potentially the complete set of zebrafish RARs and RXRs, this study provides a valuable reference for future functional studies of the individual zebrafish RARs and RXRs. Developmental Dynamics 236:587–595, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SOST expression is restricted to the great arteries during embryonic and neonatal cardiovascular development
Authors: van Bezooijen Rutger L. , DeRuiter Marco C. , Vilain Nathalie , Monteiro Rui M. , Visser Annemieke , van der Wee‐Pals Lianne , van Munsteren Conny J. , Hogendoorn Pancras C.W. , Aguet Michel , Mummery Christine L. , Papapoulos Socrates E. , Ten Dijke Peter , Löwik Clemens W.G.M.
Published: December 2006

Spatial–temporal regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt activity is essential for normal cardiovascular development, and altered activity of these growth factors causes maldevelopment of the cardiac outflow tract and great arteries. In the present study, we show that SOST, a Dan family member reported to antagonize BMP and Wnt activity, is expressed within the medial vessel wall of the great arteries containing smooth muscle cells. The ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, common carotids, and pulmonary trunk were all associated with SOST expressing smooth muscle cells, while the heart itself, including the valves, and more distal arteries, that is, pulmonary arteries, subclavian arteries, and descending aorta, were negative. SOST was expressed from embryonic day 15.5 up to the neonatal period. SOST expression, however, did not correspond with inhibition of Smad‐dependent BMP activity or β‐catenin–dependent Wnt activity in the great arteries. Activity of both signaling pathways was already down‐regulated before induction of SOST expression. Developmental Dynamics 236:606–612, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and behavioural disturbances and the use of psychotropic drugs in Norwegian nursing homes
Authors: Selbæk Geir , Kirkevold Øyvind , Engedal Knut
Published: December 2006

Background

Psychiatric and behavioural symptoms in dementia are associated with a range of negative outcomes, including institutional placement and the widespread use of psychotropic drugs in spite of limited evidence for their efficacy.

Aims

To determine the prevalence of psychiatric and behavioural symptoms and the pattern of psychotropic drug prescription in patients with various degrees of dementia.

Methods

A sample of 1,163 non‐selected nursing home patients were assessed by means of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, the Clinical Dementia Rating scale and Lawton's activities of daily living scale. In addition, information was collected from the patients' records.

Results

Dementia was found in 81% of the patients and 72% of them had clinically significant psychiatric and behavioural symptoms. The frequencies of symptoms increased with the severity of the dementia. Psychotropic medication was being prescribed to 75% of patients with dementia. There was a significant relationship between the type of drug and the symptom for which it had been dispensed.

Conclusion

Psychiatric and behavioural symptoms are frequent in nursing homes and the rate increases with the progression of the dementia. Systematic programmes are needed for disseminating skills and providing guidance regarding the evaluation and treatment of these symptoms in nursing homes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First‐year sea ice spring melt transitions in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from time‐series synthetic aperture radar data, 1992–2002
Authors: Yackel J. J. , Barber D. G. , Papakyriakou T. N. , Breneman C.
Published: December 2006

This paper synthesizes 10‐years' worth of interannual time‐series space‐borne ERS‐1 and RADARSAT‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data collected coincident with daily measurement of snow‐covered, land‐fast first‐year sea ice (FYI) geophysical and surface radiation data collected from the Seasonal Sea Ice Monitoring and Modeling Site, Collaborative‐Interdisciplinary Cryospheric Experiment and 1998 North Water Polynya study over the period 1992 to 2002. The objectives are to investigate the seasonal co‐relationship of the SAR time‐series dataset with selected surface mass (bulk snow thickness) and climate state variables (surface temperature and albedo) measured in situ for the purpose of measuring the interannual variability of sea ice spring melt transitions and validating a time‐series SAR methodology for sea ice surface mass and climate state parameter estimation. We begin with a review of the salient processes required for our interpretation of time‐series microwave backscatter from land‐fast FYI. Our results suggest that time‐series SAR data can reliably measure the timing and duration of surface albedo transitions at daily to weekly time‐scales and at a spatial scales that are on the order of hundreds of metres. Snow thickness on FYI immediately prior to melt onset explains a statistically significant portion of the variability in timing of SAR‐detected melt onset to pond onset for SAR time‐series that are made up of more than 25 images. Our results also show that the funicular regime of snowmelt, resolved in time‐series SAR data at a temporal resolution of approximately 2·5 images per week, is not detectable for snow covers less than 25 cm in thickness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water resources in mountain regions: a methodological approach to assess the water balance in a highland‐lowland‐system
Authors: Weingartner Rolf , Viviroli Daniel , Schädler Bruno
Published: December 2006

Mountains and highlands are typically areas that provide considerable quantities of water, the latter being an important resource for the lowlands. These run‐off quantities remain discernible in the superior‐scale river systems and significantly contribute to the global water resources. Therefore, mountain regions ought to be given specific consideration with regard to management endeavours. Although well known in principle, details of water resources originating from mountains remain under discussion. A new approach has been introduced, which depicts the water balance of Switzerland in a spatially distributed manner, based on catchments of about 150 km2. The main feature of this approach is the areal precipitation, which is calculated using run‐off, evaporation and storage change of glaciers, instead of being derived from gauged precipitation values. This methodology was selected because measurement and regionalization of precipitation remain subject to large uncertainties in mountainous areas. Subsequently, the view is widened to the European Alps, which, as compared with the surrounding lowlands, contribute considerably higher annual discharge, especially in the summer months. Finally, the focus is put on the hydrological significance of mountains in general. In dry regions, mountains, in particular, are indispensable contributors to the water resources downstream. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On robustness of large quantile estimates to largest elements of the observation series
Authors: Strupczewski W. G. , Kochanek K. , Weglarczyk S. , Singh V. P.
Published: December 2006

The robustness of large quantile estimates of largest elements in a small sample by the methods of moments (MOM),L‐moments (LMM) and maximum likelihood (MLM) was evaluated and compared. Bias (B) and mean square error (MSE) were used to measure the estimation methods performance. Quantiles were estimated by eight two‐parameter probability distributions with the variation coefficient being the shape parameter. The effect of dropping largest elements of the series on large quantile values was assessed for various variation coefficient (CV)/sample size (n) ‘combinations’ withn= 30 as the basic value. To that end, both the Monte Carlo sampling experiments and an asymptotic approach consisting in distribution truncation were applied.

In general, both sampling and asymptotic approaches point to MLM as the most robust method of the three considered, with respect to bias of large quantiles. Comparing the performance of two other methods, the MOM estimates were found to be more robust for small and moderate hydrological samples drawn from distributions with zero lower‐bound than were the LMM estimates. Extending the evaluation to outliers, it was shown that all the above findings remain valid. However, using the MSE variation as a measure of performance, the LMM was found to be the best for most distribution/variation coefficient combinations, whereas MOM was found to be the worst. Moreover, removal of the largest sample element need not result in a loss of estimation efficiency. The gain in accuracy is observed for the heavy‐tailed and log‐normal distributions, being particularly distinctive for LMM. In practice, while dealing with a single sample deprived of its largest element, one should choose the estimation method giving the lowest MSE of large quantiles. Forn= 30 and several distribution/variation coefficient combinations, the MLM outperformed the two other methods in this respect and its supremacy grew with sample size, while MOM was usually the worst. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulating the response of a closed‐basin lake to recent climate changes in tropical West Africa (Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana)
Authors: Shanahan Timothy M. , Overpeck Jonathan T. , Sharp W. E. , Scholz Christopher A. , Arko Justice A.
Published: December 2006

Historical changes in the level of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana, have been simulated using a catchment‐scale hydrological model in order to assess the importance of changes in climate and land use on lake water balance on a monthly basis for the period 1939–2004. Several commonly used models for computing evaporation in data‐sparse regions are compared, including the Penman, the energy budget, and the Priestley–Taylor methods. Based on a comparison with recorded lake level variations, the model with the energy‐budget evaporation model subcomponent is most effective at reproducing observed lake level variations using regional climate records. A sensitivity analysis using this model indicates that Lake Bosumtwi is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation, cloudiness and temperature. However, the model is also sensitive to changes in runoff related to vegetation, and this factor needs to be considered in simulating lake level variations. Both interannual and longer‐term changes in lake level over the last 65 years appear to have been caused primarily by changes in precipitation, though the model also suggests that the drop in lake level over the last few decades has been moderated by changes in cloudiness and temperature over that time. Based on its effectiveness at simulating the magnitude and rate of lake level response to changing climate over the historical record, this model offers a potential future opportunity to examine the palaeoclimatic factors causing past lake level fluctuations preserved in the geological record at Lake Bosumtwi. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying drainage components and salt and water balance in YinNan Irrigation District, China, based on a controlled drainage experiment
Authors: Jia Zhonghua , Luo Wan , Fang Shuxing , Wang Liang , Tian ShiYing
Published: December 2006

YinNan Irrigation District (YNID) is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in NingXia, China. Its irrigated area is about 80 000 ha, with one‐third of it for rice production. The major part of its drainage system was constructed between the 1950s and 1970s to maintain the salt and water balances of the district. The system, however, has been reported as draining the agricultural lands excessively by several studies. In addition to field, lateral and main drainage ditches, agricultural fields of YNID are also under the influence of the Yellow River channel and some low‐lying depressions, thus forming a dual drainage system. Owing to difficulties in irrigation inflow measurement, evaluation of the existing drainage system often appears to be elusive. Based on a dual drainage assumption and an on‐site controlled drainage experiment, we present a detailed analysis on drainage components and the salt and water balance of YNID. Results show that, by implementing controlled drainage, shallow drainage from field ditches can be reduced by 60%. Deep drainage from main ditches, the Yellow River channel and low‐lying depressions is relatively stable year around, and it neutralized the potential effect of controlled drainage on salinity increase. Drainage water salinity calculated from the dual subsurface drainage model was consistent with field observations, proving that the dual drainage assumption is valid for the study area. Based on this study, field water management practices of the irrigation district can be better targeted and fairly evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.