bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Series resonant ZCS‐PFM DC‐DC power converter with high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer link for high‐power magnetron drive
Authors: Ishitobi Manabu , Myoi Takeshi , Soshin Koji , Hiraki Eiji , Nakaoka Mutsuo
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a single lossless inductive snubber‐assisted ZCS‐PFM series resonant DC‐DC power converter with a high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer link for industrial‐use high‐power magnetron drive. The current flowing through the active power switches rises gradually at a turned‐on transient state with the aid of a single lossless snubber inductor, and ZCS turn‐on commutation based on overlapping current can be achieved via the wide range pulse frequency modulation control scheme. The high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer primary side resonant current always becomes continuous operation mode, by electromagnetic loose coupling design of the high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer and the magnetizing inductance of the high‐frequency high‐voltage transformer. As a result, this high‐voltage power converter circuit for the magnetron can achieve a complete zero current soft switching under the condition of broad width gate voltage signals. Furthermore, this high‐voltage DC‐DC power converter circuit can regulate the output power from zero to full over audible frequency range via the two resonant frequency circuit design. Its operating performances are evaluated and discussed on the basis of the power loss analysis simulation and the experimental results from a practical point of view. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 79–87, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20126
Control for four‐wheel individual steering and four‐wheel driven electronic vehicle
Authors: Oshima Hiroyasu , Tani Masashi , Kobayashi Nobuaki , Ishii Akira , Imai Katsuya
Published: August 2005

An indoor four‐wheel individual steering and driving vehicle with full electronics was built for evaluation of the system's ability and the performance in practical use. Mechanical parts such as the connecting rod and the differential gear are not provided for this vehicle. Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

From trial operation, the characteristics fully performed as in design, but some problems originating from the design concept were disclosed.
Rotating radius (R) of the vehicle was taken for the steering command parameter, but it was found to not be an appropriate parameter for driving operation. The reasons are as follows:

1) R has a much different sense of driving conformability for the driver, because it does not refer to the running direction, but to the rotating radius of crosswise direction.

2) Sensitivity of each wheel steering angle versus R differs over double figures in the full range of R.

3) R changed from plus to minus and also vice versa in most practical situations around straight‐go operation.

For these reasons, the steering command parameter was changed from R to α, where α is the angle between the vehicle lengthwise direction and the moving direction. The steering control algorithm using α has been proven to solve the three above‐mentioned problems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 153(3): 71–78, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20160
Langerhans cells are more efficiently transduced than dermal dendritic cells by adenovirus vectors expressing either group C or group B fibre protein: Implications for mucosal vaccines
Authors: Rozis George , de Silva Shamika , Benlahrech Adel , Papagatsias Timos , Harris Julian , Gotch Frances , Dickson George , Patterson Steven
Published: August 2005

Vaccines against viruses need to target dendritic cells (DC) and stimulate mucosal immunity. Most vaccine studies have focussed on monocyte‐derived or dermal DC (dDC) but recent evidence suggests that Langerhans cells (LC) may stimulate mucosal immunity more effectively. New chimeric adenovirus vectors expressing fibre protein from group B adenoviruses (rAd5/11), which utilise CD46 rather than the Coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR), have been developed as vaccines to improve transduction and overcome problems of pre‐existing vector immunity. Transduction of LC and dDC by rAd5/11 and standard rAd5 expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) showed that both DC types were more efficiently transduced by rAd5/11 than by rAd5. Although expression of CD46 and the integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5, which recognise the adenovirus penton base and mediate virus internalisation, was similar in LC and dDC, LC expressed higher levels of GFP. Transduction by electroporation of plasmid also resulted in higher GFP expression in LC, suggesting differences between the two DC populations at a post‐entry stage. Transduction with either vector did not induce maturation of LC or dDC and did not affect their ability to stimulate T cells. These findings suggest that vaccine strategies that target LC with adenovirus vectors may be worthy of exploration.
Mitogen‐activated protein kinase and activator protein‐1 dependent signals are essential for Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin‐induced enteritis
Authors: Kim Jung Mogg , Jung Hwoon Yong , Lee Jin Young , Youn Jeehee , Lee Chul‐Hoon , Kim Kyoung‐Ho
Published: August 2005

The approximately 20‐kDa heat‐labile toxin produced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis is known to be associated with the development of enteritis. However, the molecular mechanism involved is not yet fully understood. In this study, we assessed whether B. fragilis enterotoxin (BFT)‐induced enteritis is related to mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. In human colon epithelial cells, BFT activated three major MAPK cascades. The activation of p38 was sustained for a relatively long period, while the stimulation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) was transient. BFT stimulation also activated AP‐1 signals composed of c‐Jun/c‐Fos heterodimers. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 and the ERK inhibitor U0126 reduced not only AP‐1 activity, but also decreased IL‐8 and MCP‐1 expression. In addition, the overexpression of superrepressors for c‐Jun and Ras induced by BFT stimulation decreased the levels of IL‐8 and MCP‐1 production. Furthermore, SB203580 prevented BFT‐induced colitis in the mouse ileum, as evidenced by significant decreases in villous destruction, neutrophil infiltration, and mucosal congestion. These results suggest that a pathway, including Ras, MAPK, and subsequent AP‐1 activation, is required for IL‐8 and MCP‐1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to BFT, and can be involved in the development of enteritis.
Bio‐Inspired Multistate Networks Responsive to Light, pH and Thermal Inputs – An Example of a Multistate System Operating Through Different Algorithms
Authors: Giestas Letícia , Folgosa Filipe , Lima João C. , Parola A. Jorge , Pina Fernando
Published: August 2005

Two multistate networks based on 4′‐acetamidoflavylium and 4′‐aminoflavylium, possessing six‐ and sevenfold multistates, respectively, and that can be reversibly interchanged by inputs of light, pH jumps and heat, are characterized. The two networks are connected irreversibly, the 4′‐acetamidoflavylium being transformable into the 4′‐aminoflavylium by means of a heat input in extremely acidic solutions. The possibility of performing several different write‐read‐erase cycles, as models for optical memories operating by different algorithms, is discussed. An upper level of operation of these photochromic devices in which the algorithms are used as inputs to switch between the several memory cycles is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Prevalence, risk factors and aging vulnerability for psychopathology following a natural disaster in a developing country
Authors: Kohn Robert , Levav Itzhak , Garcia Irma Donaire , Machuca Miguel E. , Tamashiro Rita
Published: August 2005

Objectives

This study explored the psychopathological reactions to a natural disaster and their respective risk factors among the elderly in Honduras and their vulnerability as compared to other adults.

Study subjects and sample

Eight hundred respondents of both genders aged 15 years and above, of which 103 were 60 and over, were selected from high, middle and low residential status areas in Tegucigalpa that had suffered high and low exposure to the devastating effects of Hurricane Mitch.

Research instruments

CIDI was used to diagnose PTSD and the Impact of Events Scale was administered as a measure of severity of post‐traumatic reaction. Depression and alcohol misuse were examined using screening instruments. The SRQ was used as both a measure of emotional distress and dichotomized to screen for probable psychiatric disorder.

Results

PTSD, depression and SRQ‐case were found, respectively in 13.6%, 18.8%, and 21.4% of the elderly. Their reactions did not differ in frequency than of those of younger adults. Among the elderly, pre‐hurricane psychological problems and the intensity of exposure were associated with increased risk for all outcomes measured except for alcohol misuse.

Conclusion

No evidence was found for a differential vulnerability on the part of the elderly as compared with younger adults. Among the elderly increasing age was not a factor. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What constitutes health‐related quality of life in dementia? Development of a conceptual framework for people with dementia and their carers
Authors: Smith Sarah C. , Murray Joanna , Banerjee Sube , Foley Beth , Cook Joanna C. , Lamping Donna L. , Prince Martin , Harwood Rowan H. , Levin Enid , Mann Anthony
Published: August 2005

Background

The evaluation of multi‐dimensional outcomes such as health‐related quality of life (HRQL) is particularly relevant in dementia where the disease can compromise all areas of functioning. The nature of dementia can make self‐report difficult, yet the subjective nature of HRQL makes the value of proxy reports limited. Previous work suggests that there are domains of HRQL that are unique to dementia. We aimed to develop a conceptual framework of HRQL in dementia from the perspective of people with dementia and their carers and to examine differences in the reports of the HRQL of these two groups.

Methods

We combined existing literature and new qualitative data to develop the conceptual framework and analysed qualitative data using content analysis.

Results

We identified five domains: daily activities and looking after yourself, health and well‐being, cognitive functioning, social relationships and self‐concept, and each was defined by specific descriptive components. There were differences between people with dementia and carers in the way they described these domains.

Conclusions

We have developed a conceptual framework of HRQL in dementia that incorporates the views of people with dementia and their carers. This provides the basis for the development of a new measure of HRQL in dementia (DEMQOL). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroleptics are associated with more severe tangle pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Ballard C. G. , Perry R. H. , McKeith I. G. , Perry E. K.
Published: August 2005

Background

Neuroleptics are only modestly effective in dementia and asociated with a range of adverse effects including cognitive decline. Effects of the drugs on molecular pathology in brain tissue from people with dementia have not been investigated.

Objectives

To compare the severity of Alzheimer type pathology in matched groups of people with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), treated and not treated with neuroleptics.

Methods

The relationship between neuroleptics and Alzheimer‐type pathology was determined in 40 (17 neuroleptic treated, 23 neuroleptic free, matched for age, disease duration and psychosis) clinically prospectively studied, autopsy diagnosed DLB patients.

Results

In regression analyses, taking neuroleptics was significantly associated with increased neurofibrillary tangles but not amyloid plaques in cortical areas examined. The patient characteristics and the frequencies of key psychiatric symptoms were similar in the patients taking and not taking neuroleptics.

Conclusion

Although patients were not randomized and the results which are observed need to be interpreted cautiously, if substantiated, this is an important finding with major implications for the pharmacological management of DLB patients and highlights the need to determine the impact of neuroleptics upon tangle pathology in AD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIP/PAP Accelerates Liver Regeneration and Protects Against Acetaminophen Injury in Mice *
Authors: Lieu Hanh-Tu , Batteux Frédéric , Simon Marie-Thérèse , Cortes Alexandre , Nicco Carole , Zavala Flora , Pauloin Alain , Tralhao José Guilherme , Soubrane Olivier , Weill Bernard , Bréchot Christian , Christa Laurence
Published: August 2005

Human hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatic-associated protein HIP/PAP is a secreted C-type lectin belonging to group VII, according to Drickamer's classification. HIP/PAP is overexpressed in liver carcinoma; however, its functional role remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that HIP/PAP is a paracrine hepatic growth factor promoting both proliferation and viability of liver cells

in vivo

. First, a low number of implanted hepatocytes deriving from HIP/PAP-transgenic mice (<1:1,000) was sufficient to stimulate overall recipient severe combined immunodeficiency liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. After a single injection of HIP/PAP protein, the percentages of bromodeoxyuridine-positive nuclei and mitosis were statistically higher than after saline injection, indicating that HIP/PAP acts as a paracrine mitogenic growth factor for the liver. Comparison of the early events posthepatectomy in control and transgenic mice indicated that HIP/PAP accelerates the accumulation/degradation of nuclear phospho–signal transducer activator transcription factor 3 and tumor necrosis factor α level, thus reflecting that HIP/PAP accelerates liver regeneration. Second, we showed that 80% of the HIP/PAP-transgenic mice versus 25% of the control mice were protected against lethal acetaminophen-induced fulminate hepatitis. A single injection of recombinant HIP/PAP induced a similar cytoprotective effect, demonstrating the antiapoptotic effect of HIP/PAP. Comparison of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione reductase-like effects in control and transgenic liver mice indicated that HIP/PAP exerts an antioxidant activity and prevents reactive oxygen species-induced mitochondrial damage by acetaminophen overdose.
In conclusion
, the present data offer new insights into the biological functions of C-type lectins. In addition, HIP/PAP is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of liver failure. (Hepatology 2005;42:618–626.)
Combined effect of BMP‐2 gene transfer and bioactive glass microspheres on enhancement of new bone formation
Authors: Välimäki V.‐V. , Yrjans J. J. , Vuorio E. , Aro H. T.
Published: August 2005

Adenovirus‐mediated recombinant human BMP‐2 (RAdBMP‐2) gene transfer has been found to have significant osteoinductive properties. The hypothesis of the current study was that bioactive glass surface could provide favorable osteoconductive conditions for cellular action of osteoinductive RAdBMP‐2 gene transfer. In the rat proximal tibia, a portion of the medullary cavity was evacuated and filled with bioactive glass microspheres and injected with adenovirus carrying the human BMP‐2 gene (BG/RAdBMP‐2). Control defects filled with BG microspheres were injected with adenovirus carrying the LacZ reporter gene (BG/RAdLacZ) or saline (BG). Empty control defects were also used. Bone healing response was analyzed at 4 days, and at 2 and 8 weeks by radiography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), histomorphometry, and backscattered electron imaging of scanning electron microscopy (BEI‐SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA). In empty controls, the amount of intramedullary new bone peaked at 2 weeks, whereas defects filled with bioactive glass with and without RAdBMP‐2 gene transfer showed a constant time‐related increase of intramedullary new bone. At 8 weeks, there was significantly more new bone in defects treated with BG and RAdBMP‐2 than in defects left to heal without filling (p < 0.001). Compared with the other controls (BG only or BG/RAdLacZ), the difference was not significant. In the current model, the osteopromotive effect of bioactive glass microspheres appears synergistic with the osteoinductive action of BMP‐2 gene transfer, or one overshadows the other, as no additive effect was observed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Macroporous condensed poly(tetrafluoroethylene). I. In vivo inflammatory response and healing characteristics
Authors: Voskerician Gabriela , Gingras Peter H. , Anderson James M.
Published: August 2005

This study was designed to determine whether the novel spatial geometry of macroporous condensed poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (cPTFE) favorably affects the in vivo repair process. Specifically, the macroporous surface geometry and the reduced material thickness contribute to better healing characteristics. For this purpose, three other materials used for abdominal wall repair were selected, expanded poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (ePTFE), low‐weight poly(propylene) (lwPP), and high‐weight poly(propylene) (hwPP). Samples of each material (1 × 2 cm, n = 4) were implanted subcutaneously in rats for 7, 28, or 56 days. After sacrificing the animals, at each time point, the tissue implant sites were subjected to morphometric analysis and evaluation of inflammatory and wound‐healing tissue characteristics. Although the fibrous capsule thickness did not significantly vary among the four materials (p > 0.05), cPTFE consistently led to the most mature fibrous capsule. However, ePTFE showed the greatest tissue–material integration. Both PP materials presented various levels of tissue integration, but they were characterized by significant early inflammation and increased foreign body reaction around the mesh openings, especially for hwPP. In contrast, cPTFE did not induce extensive inflammation or elevated foreign body reaction around its mesh openings. We conclude that cPTFE combines the inherent PTFE biocompatibility with low polymer surface area (large mesh openings, reduced material thickness) leading to a better inflammatory and wound healing response compared to available materials used in abdominal wall reconstruction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
The corpus callosum as an evolutionary innovation
Authors: Mihrshahi Robin
Published: August 2005

The corpus callosum (CC) is the major interhemispheric fibre bundle in the eutherian brain and has been described as a true evolutionary innovation. This paper reviews the current literature with regard to functional, developmental and genetic concepts that may help elucidate the evolutionary origin of this structure.

It has been suggested that the CC arose in the eutherian brain as a more direct and, therefore, more effective system for the interhemispheric integration of topographically organized sensory cortices than the anterior commissure (AC) and hippocampal commissure (HC) already present in nonplacental mammals. It can also be argued, however, that the ability of the CC to integrate the newly evolving motor cortices of placental mammals may have played a role in the evolutionary fixation of this structure

Investigations into the developmental mechanism involved in the formation of the CC and their underlying patterns of gene expression make it possible to formulate a tentative hypothesis about the evolutionary origin of this commissure. This paper suggests that changes in the developmental patterns of the expression of certain regulatory genes may have allowed a first group of callosal pioneering axons to cross the cortical midline. These pioneering fibres may have used the axons of the HC to find their way across the midline. Additional callosal fibres may then have fasciculated with these pioneers. Once the CC had formed in this way, more complex systems of axonal guidance may have evolved over time, thus enabling a gradual increase in the size and complexity of the CC. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual gene order and organization of the sea urchin hox cluster
Authors: Cameron R. Andrew , Rowen Lee , Nesbitt Ryan , Bloom Scott , Rast Jonathan P. , Berney Kevin , Arenas‐Mena Cesar , Martinez Pedro , Lucas Susan , Richardson Paul M. , Davidson Eric H. , Peterson Kevin J. , Hood Leroy
Published: August 2005

While the highly consistent gene order and axial colinear patterns of expression seem to be a feature of vertebrate hox gene clusters, this pattern may be less well conserved across the rest of the bilaterians. We report the first deuterostome instance of an intact hox cluster with a unique gene order where the paralog groups are not expressed in a sequential manner. The finished sequence from BAC clones from the genome of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, reveals a gene order wherein the anterior genes (Hox1, Hox2 and Hox3) lie nearest the posterior genes in the cluster such that the most 3′ gene is Hox5. (The gene order is 5′‐Hox1, 2, 3, 11/13c, 11/13b, 11/13a, 9/10, 8, 7, 6, 5‐3′.) The finished sequence result is corroborated by restriction mapping evidence and BAC‐end scaffold analyses. Comparisons with a putative ancestral deuterostome Hox gene cluster suggest that the rearrangements leading to the sea urchin gene order were many and complex. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibition reduces oxidative stress and protects dopaminergic neurons in a 6‐hydroxydopamine rat model of Parkinsonism
Authors: Lopez‐Real A. , Rey P. , Soto‐Otero R. , Mendez‐Alvarez E. , Labandeira‐Garcia J.L.
Published: August 2005

It is now established that the brain possesses a local renin‐angiotensin system and that angiotensin II exerts multiple actions in the nervous system, including regulation of striatal dopamine release. Furthermore, angiotensin activates NADPH‐dependent oxidases, which are a major source of superoxide, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, commonly used in the treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure, have shown antioxidant properties in several tissues. Oxidative stress is a key contributor to the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we treated rats with intraventricular injections of the dopaminergic neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine and subcutaneous injections of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor Captopril to study the possible neuroprotective effect of the latter on the dopaminergic system and on 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced oxidative stress. Rats treated with Captopril and 6‐hydroxydopamine showed significantly less reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons (i.e., immunoreactive to tyrosine hydroxylase) in the substantia nigra and in the density of striatal dopaminergic terminals than 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats not treated with Captopril. In addition, Captopril reduced the levels of major oxidative stress indicators (i.e., lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation) in the ventral midbrain and the striatum of 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats. Our results suggest that angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors may be useful for treatment of Parkinson's disease and that further investigation should focus on the neuroprotective capacity of these compounds. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enthalpy of formation and bond energies on unsaturated oxygenated hydrocarbons using G3MP2B3 calculation methods
Authors: Sebbar Nadia , Bozzelli Joseph W. , Bockhorn Henning
Published: August 2005

Enthalpies of unsaturated oxygenated hydrocarbons and radicals corresponding to the loss of hydrogen atoms from the parent molecules are intermediates and decomposition products in the oxidation and combustion of aromatic and polyaromatic species. Enthalpies (ΔfH0298) are calculated for a set of 27 oxygenated and nonoxygenated, unsaturated hydrocarbons and 12 radicals at the G3MP2B3 level of theory and with the commonly used B3LYP/6‐311g(d,p) density functional theory (DFT) method. Standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH0298) are determined from the calculated enthalpy of reaction (ΔH0rxn,298) using isodesmic work reactions with reference species that have accurately known ΔfH0298 values. The deviation between G3MP2B3 and B3LYP methods is under ±0.5 kcal mol−1 for 9 species, 18 other species differs by less than ±1 kcal mol−1 , and 11 species differ by about 1.5 kcal mol−1. Under them are 11 radicals derived from the above‐oxygenated hydrocarbons that show good agreement between G3MP2B3 and B3LYP methods. G3 calculations have been performed to further validate enthalpy values, where a discrepancy of more than 2.5 kcal mol−1 exists between the G3MP3B3 and density functional results. Surprisingly the G3 calculations support the density functional calculations in these several nonagreement cases. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 633–648, 2005
Evaluating data for atmospheric models, an example: CH3O2 + NO2 = CH3O2NO2
Authors: Golden David M.
Published: August 2005

Data in both directions for the title reaction have been statistically fit (weighted nonlinear least squares) to the different formalisms used by the NASA and IUPAC data evaluation panels. The data are well represented by either formalism. Master equation/RRKM methods were then employed in an attempt to reconcile the statistical formulae with theory. This was possible within reasonable bounds using the NASA formulation but more difficult using the IUPAC results. There are sufficient assumptions and unknowns in this attempt, such that the real “bottom line” is that while assuring reasonable agreement with theory is satisfying, spending much time and energy on details needed to represent pressure‐dependent rate coefficients for use in atmospheric or other models of “engineering” problems is not terribly worthwhile. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 625–632, 2005
The Effect of Chain Architecture of In Situ Formed Copolymers on Interfacial Morphology of Reactive Polymer Blends
Authors: Kim Hwang Yong , Ryu Du Yeol , Jeong Unyong , Kho Dong Han , Kim Jin Kon
Published: August 2005

Summary: The effect of chain architecture of in situ formed copolymers on the interfacial morphology of reactive polymer blends was investigated. We found that the chain architectures of copolymers at the interface significantly affected the reaction and interface roughness. Although the amount of in situ formed Y‐shaped graft copolymers was smaller than that for diblock copolymers, the interface area generated by the former was larger than that generated by the latter.

Cross‐sectional TEM images for the mid‐sample reacted at 180 °C for different reaction times.

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Cross‐sectional TEM images for the mid‐sample reacted at 180 °C for different reaction times.
Glass Transition Dynamics of Poly(L‐lactic acid) during Isothermal Crystallisation Monitored by Real‐Time Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopy Measurements
Authors: Dionísio Madalena , Viciosa María Teresa , Wang Yaming , Mano João F.
Published: August 2005

Summary: Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy was used to monitor the development of crystallinity in poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) at 80 °C. The continuous shifting of the main loss peak towards lower frequencies was modelled considering the evolution of three relaxation processes: the α‐process of the bulk‐like (non‐restricted) amorphous phase, the α‐process of the amorphous fraction influenced by the crystalline structure and the β‐relaxation. It was found that the shape parameters and the position of the loss peaks are essentially constants during crystallisation, just with their dielectric strengths varying. This indicates that (i) the two segmental dynamics process develops independently and (ii) the dynamics features of the (slower) confined amorphous phase do not change during crystallisation. Optical microscopy results showed that a correlation exists between the evolution of the spherulitic morphology and the dielectric strength of the α‐processes.

Dielectric loss in the frequency domain for PLLA during crystallisation at 80 °C and polarised optical micrographs showing the spherulitic morphology in PLLA after 45 min during isothermal crystallisation.

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Dielectric loss in the frequency domain for PLLA during crystallisation at 80 °C and polarised optical micrographs showing the spherulitic morphology in PLLA after 45 min during isothermal crystallisation.
Novel Biomembrane‐Mimicking Polymer Surface with Environmental Responsiveness
Authors: Tan Hong , Sun Taolei , Li Jiehua , Guo Min , Xie Xingyi , Zhong Yinping , Fu Qiang , Jiang Lei
Published: August 2005

Summary: In this article, we designed and synthesized novel segmented poly(carbonate urethane)s containing both hydrophobic fluorinated alkyl group and hydrophilic phosphatidylcholine polar head groups on the side chain. The contact angle measurement, XPS, together with ATR‐IR investigation indicated a reversible overturn of the phosphatidylcholine groups with the movement of the hydrophobic fluorinated alkyl groups when the samples were treated in dry air or water. The change in environment from air to water induced a reorganization of the surface in order to minimize the interfacial free energy, resulting in a macroscopic change of surface wettability. The good environmental responsiveness of such biomembrane‐mimicking films may find successful applications as biomaterials.

Environmentally responsive surface using FPCPCU50 as an example; FPCPCU50 coated on aligned carbon nanotube film and dried in vacuum at 50 °C for 7 h and sample c treated in hot water at 80 °C for 1 h.

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Environmentally responsive surface using FPCPCU50 as an example; FPCPCU50 coated on aligned carbon nanotube film and dried in vacuum at 50 °C for 7 h and sample c treated in hot water at 80 °C for 1 h.
Synthesis of a Novel Polyfunctional Anionic Macroinitiator from a Polyfunctional 1,1‐Diphenylethylene Agent
Authors: Cheng Chong , Yang Nan‐Loh
Published: August 2005

Summary: A polyfunctional 1,1‐diphenylethylene (DPE) agent was prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of a DPE‐functionalized norbornene monomer. Its reaction with sec‐butyllithium gave a novel polyfunctional anionic macroinitiator with one 1,1‐diarylalkyllithium initiation functionality per repeating unit. The significant applicability of this polyfunctional anionic macroinitiator was demonstrated by its excellent initiation efficiencies in anionic polymerization and a preparation of a graft copolymer with well‐controlled long and dense diblock grafts.

Preparation of a polyfunctional anionic macroinitiator based on ROMP and DPE chemistry.

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Preparation of a polyfunctional anionic macroinitiator based on ROMP and DPE chemistry.
Enzymatic Degradation of Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Rapid Hydrolyse using a Hydrolase from T. fusca
Authors: Müller Rolf‐Joachim , Schrader Hedwig , Profe Jörn , Dresler Karolin , Deckwer Wolf‐Dieter
Published: August 2005

Summary: It is demonstrated that PET, which is usually regarded as ‘non‐biodegradable’, can effectively be depolymerized by a hydrolase from the actinomycete Thermobifida fusca. Erosion rates of 8 to 17 µm per week were obtained upon incubation at 55 °C. Lipases from Pseudomonas sp. and Candida antarctica did not degrade PET under comparable conditions. The influences of crystallinity, melting point, and glass transition temperature on the enzymatic attack on PET, PBT, and PHB are discussed.

Outline of the degradation of PET.

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Outline of the degradation of PET.
Side Chain Influence on Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Yne‐Containing Poly(phenylene vinylene)s
Authors: Egbe Daniel Ayuk Mbi , Nguyen Le Huong , Hoppe Harald , Mühlbacher David , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: August 2005

Summary: The electrochemical behaviour of four types of (phenylene ethynylene)‐alt‐(phenylene vinylene) hybrid polymers, 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been investigated with respect to the influence of the grafted alkoxy side chains. In the case of the fully substituted polymers 2, 3, and 4, the strong insulating nature of longer linear octadecyl or bulky branched 2‐ethylhexyl side chains lowers the HOMO levels of the polymers thereby increasing the discrepancy, ΔEg, between the electrochemical, E, and the optical, E, bandgap energies. Thus it is not possible to establish a direct correlation between the open circuit voltage, VOC, of bulk heterojunction solar cell devices of the configuration glass substrate/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer 3:PCBM(1:3, w/w)/LiF/Al and the HOMO energy levels of polymer 3 solely, as postulated in the literature. The photovoltaic (PV) parameters greatly depend on the grafted side chains.

Linear I–V curves of solar cell devices from polymers 3a–d, measured in the dark and under 100 mW · cm−2 solar simulator illumination.

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Linear I–V curves of solar cell devices from polymers 3a–d, measured in the dark and under 100 mW · cm−2 solar simulator illumination.
Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale motor examination: Are ratings of nurses, residents in neurology, and movement disorders specialists interchangeable?
Authors: Post Bart , Merkus Maruschka P. , de Bie Rob M.A. , de Haan Rob J. , Speelman Johannes D.
Published: August 2005

The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is widely used for the clinical evaluation of Parkinson's disease (PD). We assessed the rater variability of the UPDRS Motor examination (UPDRS‐ME) of nurse practitioners, residents in neurology, and a movement disorders specialist (MDS) compared to a senior MDS. We assessed the videotaped UPDRS‐ME of 50 PD patients. Inter‐rater and intra‐rater variability were estimated using weighted kappa (κw) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Additionally, inter‐rater agreement was quantified by calculation of the mean difference between 2 raters and its 95% limits of agreement. Intra‐rater agreement was also estimated by calculation of a 95% repeatability limits. The κw and ICC statistics indicated good to very good inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability for the majority of individual UPDRS items and the sum score of the UPDRS‐ME in all raters. However, for inter‐rater agreement, it appeared that both nurses, residents, and the MDS consistently assigned higher scores than the senior MDS. Mean differences ranged between 1.7 and 5.4 (all differences P < 0.05), with rather wide 95% limits of agreement. The intra‐rater 95% repeatability limits were rather wide. We found considerable rater difference for the whole range of UPDRS‐ME scores between a senior MDS and nurse practitioners, residents in neurology, and the MDS. This finding suggests that the amount by which raters may disagree should be quantified before starting longitudinal studies of disease progression or clinical trials. Finally, evaluation of rater agreement should always include the assessment of the extent of bias between different raters. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
ESR spin‐label study of poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid)/poly(ε‐caprolactone) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks with controlled hydrogen‐bond interactions
Authors: Qiu Furong , Chen Shiming , Ping Zhenghua , Yin Gongming
Published: August 2005

The morphology and miscibility of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPN) prepared with poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) [P(S‐co‐MAA)] of different carboxylic acid contents and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) have been studied by ESR spin‐label method. The ESR spectra of spin‐labeled PCL showed one motional component at any specific temperature. It indicated that the spin‐labeled molecules were located in one type of environment. The coexistence of two motional components in the ESR spectra of all semi‐IPN samples was observed over a certain temperature range. This phenomenon suggested that the semi‐IPNs were not compatible systems; they contained two microphases, a PCL‐rich microdomain and a P(S‐co‐MAA)‐rich microdomain. The miscibility could be improved by increasing the carboxylic acid content, which could enhance the hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the ester groups of PCL and carboxylic acid groups in P(S‐co‐MAA). It was also found that the intracomponent cross‐linking of the semi‐IPNs was not in favor of the miscibility. The microphase separation occurred in all semi‐IPNs, even in the samples having strong hydrogen‐bonding interactions. With increasing cross‐linking density, the microphase separation became more remarkable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sural/radial nerve amplitude ratio: Reference values in healthy subjects
Authors: Overbeek Berno U. H. , van Alfen Nens , Bor Jose A. , Zwarts Machiel J.
Published: August 2005

The sural/radial nerve amplitude ratio (SRAR) has been proposed as a sensitive indicator of early‐stage axonal polyneuropathy. However, previous studies did not take into account the effect of sex differences or different calculating methods. To obtain reference values and information on the variability of the SRAR in daily practice, we measured amplitudes of sural and superficial radial sensory nerve action potentials in 106 healthy adults, correlated them with epidemiological variables, and calculated the SRAR in several ways. Our results show that the SRAR is a robust measure, independent of age, weight, sex, or method of calculation. The use of bilateral measurements is recommended. The cut‐off value (5th percentile) of 0.2 in these healthy subjects is much lower than found previously, especially compared to defining cut‐off values by comparing patients with matched controls. Further study is needed to establish the clinical value of this SRAR in the early detection of axonal polyneuropathies. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Sural sensory action potential identifies diabetic peripheral neuropathy responders to therapy
Authors: Vinik Aaron I. , Bril Vera , Litchy William J. , Price Karen L. , Bastyr Edward J. ,   MBBQ STUDY GROUP
Published: August 2005

Identifying patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) amenable to therapy is a challenge. To determine whether the amplitude of the sural sensory nerve action potential (sural SNAP) reflects the severity of DPN, an analysis was performed on 205 patients with DPN, identified by an abnormal vibration detection threshold (VDT), who were enrolled in a multinational clinical trial investigating ruboxistaurin (RBX) mesylate. Nerve conduction velocity and response amplitude and latency were measured and compared. VDT was significantly lower in those with preserved sural SNAPs (n = 128) than in those in whom they were absent (n = 77; 21.5 vs. 22.7 JND units, P = 0.002). Thus, preserved sural SNAP denoted less severe DPN. Logistic regression analyses evaluating baseline characteristics, HbA1c, and baseline symptom scores identified only DPN duration as a factor that might contribute to the presence of sural SNAP (P = 0.004; OR = 0.896). For patients with abnormal VDT, preserved sural SNAP identifies a patient population with less severe DPN who may respond to therapeutic intervention in clinical trials. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Optimal joint preventive maintenance and production policies
Authors: Yao Xiaodong , Xie Xiaolan , Fu Michael C. , Marcus Steven I.
Published: August 2005

We study joint preventive maintenance (PM) and production policies for an unreliable production‐inventory system in which maintenance/repair times are non‐negligible and stochastic. A joint policy decides (a) whether or not to perform PM and (b) if PM is not performed, then how much to produce. We consider a discrete‐time system, formulating the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) model. The focus of the work is on the structural properties of optimal joint policies, given the system state comprised of the system's age and the inventory level. Although our analysis indicates that the structure of optimal joint policies is very complex in general, we are able to characterize several properties regarding PM and production, including optimal production/maintenance actions under backlogging and high inventory levels, and conditions under which the PM portion of the joint policy has a control‐limit structure. In further special cases, such as when PM set‐up costs are negligible compared to PM times, we are able to establish some additional structural properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Density Measurement of Helium Metastable States by Absorption Spectroscopy in an Inductively Coupled Plasma
Authors: Li Ying , Chen Zhuo , Pu Yi‐Kang
Published: August 2005

Summary: The densities of He metastable states 23S1 and 21S0 are measured by absorption spectroscopy. The emission lines 388.9 nm and 501.6 nm from inductively coupled He plasmas doped with 5% of nitrogen are used in order to determine the gas temperature. The operating conditions are the following: gas pressures between 0.4 Pa and 2 Pa; and r.f. powers between 100 and 700 W. The measured values for the metastables densities were found to range from 3.9 × 1015 m−3 to 2.3 × 1016 m−3 for the 23S1 state, and from 9.5 × 1014 m−3 to 6.9 × 1015 m−3 for the 21S0 state, respectively. For a constant r.f. power level, the density first increases and then decreases with rising the pressure. For a fixed value of the pressure, it increases monotonically with increasing the r.f. power. The densities of the metastable states are lower than that of the ground state by four orders of magnitude.

Evolution of the metastables density with the pressure for 21S0 → 31P1 transition (501.6 nm).

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Evolution of the metastables density with the pressure for 21S0 → 31P1 transition (501.6 nm).
Back Cover: Plasma Process. Polym. 7/2005
Authors: Lippert Thomas
Published: August 2005

Back Cover: The image on the back cover represents a shadowgraphy image of poly‐(vinyl nitrate) doped with carbon nanoparticles upon irradiation with 1 064 nm. The image was recorded 2 µs after the laser pulse. A clear almost hemispherical shockwave is visible. Also solid particles that are ejected in a narrow angle from the surface can be observed. The particle front travels at a constant speed and has overtaken the shockwave, which is slowed down during the expansion. Further details can be found in the Review by T. Lippert on page 525.
Antimicrobial activities of Barringtonia acutangula
Authors: Rahman M. Mukhlesur , Polfreman David , MacGeachan Jodie , Gray Alexander I.
Published: August 2005

Crude extracts and VLC fractions from the stem bark of Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn (Fam. Lecythidaceae) were screened for their antimicrobial activities against two Gram‐positive bacteria, two Gram‐negative bacteria and two fungi using a microdilution titre assay. Among the crude extracts, petroleum ether extract showed good activity against all test organisms. The VLC fraction PE 16 was found to be very effective against Bacillus subtilis (MIC = 25 µg/ml) and Aspergillus niger (MIC = 12.5 µg/ml). The activities were compared to standard antibiotics‐kanamycin and fluconazole. The major compound from PE16 was identified as 12, 20(29)‐lupadien‐3‐ol by NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba on haemostatic factors and inflammation in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Kim Su Hee , Lee Eun Kyoung , Chang Jai Won , Min Won Ki , Chi Hyun Sook , Kim Soon Bae
Published: August 2005

Ginkgo biloba extract decreased plasma D‐dimer concentration, a marker of intravascular coagulation, in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients. Blood levels of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, hs‐CRP, albumin and liver enzyme levels were not significantly changed. No bleeding episode was reported. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba extract was effective in partially reversing the thrombogenic coagulation profile without increasing the risk of bleeding. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Botanical therapies in sexual dysfunction
Authors: Tharakan Binu , Manyam Bala V.
Published: August 2005

Sexual dysfunction is a serious medical and social symptom that occurs in 10%–52% in men and 25%–63% in women. Numerous central and peripheral neural circuits control sexual activity. Impairment of one or more of these functional circuits may have a significant impact on personal, social and biological relationships. Although several aspects of sexual motivation and performance are known, a complete picture of the various factors that control human sexual activity is still unknown. The available drugs and treatments have limited efficacy, unpleasant side effects and contraindications in certain disease conditions. A variety of botanicals are known to have a potential effect on the sexual functions, supporting older claims and offering newer hopes. This review, while evaluating various factors that control sexual function, identifies a variety of botanicals that may be potentially useful in treating sexual dysfunction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hange‐koboku‐to, a Kampo medicine, modulates cerebral levels of 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine), NA (noradrenaline) and DA (dopamine) in mice
Authors: Kaneko Akiyo , Cho Shigefumi , Hirai Koichi , Okabe Tetsuro , Iwasaki Koh , Nanba Yoshio , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Cyong Jong‐Chol
Published: August 2005

Cerebral monoamine systems play important pathogenic roles in various psychiatric and neurologic diseases, such as depression, anxiety and swallowing disturbance. Hange‐koboku‐to, a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine, has been successfully used for the treatment of these disorders. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying its clinical efficacy for these disorders, the effects of Hange‐koboku‐to (500 mg/kg, p.o.) on the cerebral monoamine systems were examined. Regional levels of 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine), NA (noradrenaline), DA (dopamine) and their metabolites in mouse brain were measured using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system. Hange‐koboku‐to increased the 5‐HT and NA levels and decreased 5‐HIAA (5‐hydroxyindole‐3‐acetic acid), thus decreasing 5‐HT and NA turnover (metabolites/monoamine ratio) in the hypothalamus. The levels of DA, DOPAC (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) and HVA (4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐phenylacetic acid) were all increased, resulting in a decreased DA turnover in the striatum. Since decreased 5‐HT turnover has been observed after administration of various antidepressants, Hange‐koboku‐to‐mediated reduction of 5‐HT turnover may be related to the clinical efficacy of this Kampo medicine on certain psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the beneficial therapeutic effects of Hange‐koboku‐to on swallowing disturbance may be related to the increased cerebral DA level brought about by this Kampo medicine. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Callophyllis japonica
Authors: Kang Kyoung Ah , Bu Hyung Deuk , Park Dal Soo , Go Gyung Min , Jee Youngheun , Shin Taekyun , Hyun Jin Won
Published: August 2005

The antioxidant properties of the red seaweed Callophyllis japonica were investigated. An ethanol extract isolated from C. japonica exhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The radical scavenging activity of the extract protected the viability of Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79‐4) cells exposed to H2O2. Furthermore, the extract reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells induced by H2O2, as demonstrated by decreased sub‐G1 hypo‐diploid cells and decreased apoptotic body formation. The extract also increased the activities of the cellular antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Together, these findings suggest that C. japonica exhibits antioxidant properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.