bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arius Reconsidered (Part 2)
Authors: Löhr Winrich
Published: February 2007

Der Artikel unternimmt eine umfassende Neuinterpretation der Karriere und Lehre des alexandrinischen Presbyters Arius. Der erste Abschnitt behandelt ausgewählte Aspekte der Biographie des Arius: Im Hinblick auf seine angebliche Verbindung zu den Melitianern werden zusätzliche Argumente für die Position Annick Martins angeführt, die eine solche Verbindung bestreitet. Freilich halte ich es für möglich, daß Arius – wie u.a. Eusebius von Nikomedien – ein Schüler des christlichen Lehrers und Märtyrers Lukian von Antiochien war. Dann wird im zweiten Abschnitt die relative Chronologie des arianischen Streites vor dem Konzil von Nicaea behandelt; einige der Argumente von Rowan Williams für eine revidierte Chronologie werden einer Kritik unterzogen. Der dritte Abschnitt versucht eine Neuprofilierung der Theologie des Arius; die wenigen erhaltenen Quellen werden analysiert. Ein knapper Vergleich mit anderen (sowohl christlichen als auch heidnischen) Theologien der Antike indiziert einen bestimmten intellektuellen Kontext als auch eine besondere Positionierung innerhalb dieses Kontextes. Arius formuliert eine anspruchsvolle Version der negativen Theologie, welche die intellektualistische Agenda spätantiker Philosophie zugleich bestätigt und negiert. Gott wird als absolut transzendent ausgesagt, aber die philosophische Idee totaler Transparenz im Wissen um Gott und das eigene Selbst wird explizit aufgegeben. Das neue Programm des Theologen/Philosophen besteht nunmehr darin, den transzendenten Gott in seiner Sprache zu preisen und anzubeten, die dessen Geheimnis umschreibt ohne es preiszugeben. Wie andere spätantike christliche Intellektuelle (z.B. Augustin oder Pelagius) setzt Arius innerhalb des breiten Rahmens antiker Religionsphilosophie an, nur um dessen Grenzen in einem kontrollierten Versuch auszutesten.
Die Schuld der Fremden
Authors: Jakobs Günther
Published: February 2007

I. Der Umfang des Problems

1. Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs

a) Politische Kriminalität

Dem auf Grund einer beiläufigen Jugendverfehlung in die Fänge des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes geratenen Stachinskij (St.) wurden die (hinter den Kulissen geltenden) Regeln des „Klassenkampfes“ indoktriniert, bis er sich – mit den eher literarisch glatten als strafrechtlich präzisen Formulierungen im bekannten Urteil des BGH (von 1962) – in der „sittlich verwirrenden“ Lage befand, „vom eigenen Staat, der vielen Menschen bei geschickter Massenpropaganda nun einmal als unangezweifelte Autorität zu erscheinen pflegt, mit der Begehung … verwerflichster Verbrechen beauftragt zu werden“. Den Aufträgen entsprechend tötete St. heimtückisch zwei Menschen in Deutschland, ermordete sie also, stellte sich dann aber den Behörden. Er gehörte, wie der BGH ausführt, zu den Personen, „die solche Verbrechensbefehle missbilligen und ihnen widerstreben, sie aber gleichwohl aus menschlicher Schwäche ausführen, weil sie der Übermacht der Staatsautorität nicht gewachsen sind und ihr nachgeben, weil sie den Mut zum Widerstand oder die Intelligenz zur wirksamen Ausflucht nicht aufbringen, sei es auch, dass sie ihr Gewissen vorübergehend durch politische Parolen beschwichtigen und sich vor sich selber zu rechtfertigen suchen“, ohne dass sich aber St.s „Denken und Handeln“ mit demjenigen „der eigentlichen Taturheber“ gedeckt hätte.
Zur Strafbarkeit von „Phishing“
Authors: Stuckenberg Carl-Friedrich
Published: February 2007

I. Einleitung

Zu den zahlreichen neuen Handlungsformen, die das Internet ermöglicht, gehören nicht nur legale Aktivitäten, sondern in drastisch zunehmender Weise auch rechtlich dubiose bis klar kriminelle Verhaltensweisen. Internetkriminalität ist eine Branche mit rasantem Wachstum und hat binnen weniger Jahre eine ganze Reihe rechtlicher Reaktionen hervorgerufen wie die Budapester Convention on Cybercrime des Europarats von 2001 sowie zahlreiche Rechtsakte der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Inzwischen sind auch die ersten deutschen Lehr- und Handbüchlein zum Internetstrafrecht erschienen.
Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Kriminalpolitik – aber welcher?
Authors: Elbert Carlos Alberto
Published: February 2007

I. Einleitung

Die heutige soziale Zersplitterung, die technologischen Wandlungen und die Produktionssysteme haben uns in eine kapitalistische globale Gesellschaft mit nie zuvor gesehenen Eigenschaften verwandelt, die sich mit unheimlicher Geschwindigkeit ausweitet. Die direkten zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen nehmen ab und werden gleichzeitig durch virtuelle Kontakte ersetzt, die sowohl intellektuelle als auch sexuelle Aspekte enthalten und entmenschlichende Konsequenzen mit sich bringen.
Bahnregelung servopneumatischer Antriebe – ein Vergleich von linearen und nichtlinearen Reglern (Continuous Path Control of Servo Pneumatic Drives – a Comparison of Linear and Non Linear Controllers)
Authors: Göttert Manfred , Neumann Rüdiger
Published: February 2007

Für den Entwurf einer Bahnregelung für servopneumatische Antriebe werden zwei Verfahren untersucht: Nichtlineare Regler, die nach der Methode der exakten Linearisierung ausgelegt werden sowie der Reglerentwurf durch Linearisierung um eine Referenztrajektorie. Mit dem nichtlinearen Regler werden bei geringerem Realisierungsaufwand die besseren Ergebnisse erzielt.
Bahnplanung und Dimensionierung servopneumatischer SISO-Antriebe (Trajectory Generation and Sizing of Servopneumatic SISO-Drives)
Authors: Hildebrandt Alexander , Sawodny Oliver
Published: February 2007

Der Einsatz eines nichtlinearen Reglers, der auf der Methode der exakten Ein-/Ausgangslinearisierung basiert, garantiert für den betrachteten servopneumatischen Antrieb ein gutes Folgeverhalten. Voraussetzung hierfür ist unter anderem die Einhaltung von Druck- und Stellgrößenbeschränkungen, die bei der Dimensionierung des Antriebs und bei der Generierung des Bewegungsablaufs Berücksichtigung finden sollten. In diesem Beitrag werden hierfür Methoden erläutert und anhand von Beispielen verdeutlicht.
Fehlerdiagnose für hydraulische Servo-Achsen (Fault Diagnosis for Hydraulic Servo Axes)
Authors: Münchhof Marco
Published: February 2007

Der Beitrag beschreibt ein modell-basiertes Fehlerdiagnosesystem für lineare hydraulische Servo-Achsen. Zur Fehlererkennung kommen Paritätsgleichungen und Parameterschätzverfahren zum Einsatz, die auf einem genauen physikalischen Modell der hydraulischen Strecke basieren. Ein Fuzzy-Logik basiertes Diagnosesystem erlaubt die Diagnose von zehn Prozessfehlern am Steuerventil und am Zylinder sowie von Sensorfehlern bei allen verwendeten Sensoren.
Novel Insight into the Protonation–Deprotonation Equilibria of Tetracycline and Several Derivatives in Aqueous Solution. II. Analysis of the pH-Dependent Fluorescence Spectra by the SVD Technique
Authors: Schmitt Matthias O. , Schneider Siegfried , Nelson Mark L.
Published: February 2007

In a recent publication (M. O. Schmitt and S. Schneider [1], Z. Phys. Chem. 220 (2006) 441), we have shown that the principal component analysis of the sets of absorption spectra recorded during a titration cycle (pH2 ↔ pH11) generally yields more than four significant eigenvectors and thus provides evidence for conformational changes at various pH-levels. In this contribution we report the results of the corresponding fluorescence titration experiments in Stenhagen buffer. Again we find that in most cases the principal component analysis yields more than four significant eigenvectors as expected if tetracyclines behave like a 3-protic acid with fixed conformation or if the equilibrium between the various tautomers/isomers present at each state of protonation is established fast. The consideration of 5 linear independent species proved necessary and sufficient for a good fit of the recorded fluorescence spectra. These contain up to 3 clearly distinguishable components with different intensity ratios and thus provide a first evidence for the presence of different ground-state species rather than parallel photochemical decay pathways of a single excited state. The pK
a-values derived from the fluorescence data agree very well with those obtained from the absorption data, and thus confirm that the prerequisites for applying the principal component analysis to fluorescence data are sufficiently good fulfilled if the excitation wavelength is chosen properly. Some changes of conformation, which give rise to only small changes of the absorption spectra, result in larger changes of the emission spectra. This allows conclusions on the mechanisms of excited state intra-molecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the protonated and neutral species. The fluorescence of the mono- and di-anions, on the other hand, is shown to originate from a geometrically relaxed form without proton transfer. The results reported can explain why titration experiments in unbuffered solution do not produce reproducible results. Furthermore, they show that the spectra recorded at a certain pH are weighted ensemble averages and can not be related to the results of quantum-chemical calculations performed for a specific molecular structure.

The reactivity of tetracyclines in alkaline solution varies strongly with the geometry/conformation adopted by the di-anions and therefore depends on “titration history”.
Solvent Effects on Hydrogen Bonding Between Ethanol and Acrylic Esters
Authors: Sivagurunathan P. , Khan F. Liakath Ali , Ramachandran K.
Published: February 2007

The association between ethanol and acrylic esters (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate and butyl methacrylate) in non-polar solvents, viz. n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and benzene has been investigated by means of FTIR spectroscopy. The formation constants of 1:1 complexes have been calculated using Nash’s method. The values of the formation constant and the Gibbs energy vary with ester chain length, which suggests that the strengths of the intermolecular O–H···O=C bonds are dependent on alkyl group of the acrylic ester and the results show that the proton accepting ability of acrylic esters is in the order methyl methacrylate < ethyl methacrylate < butyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate < ethyl acrylate < butyl acrylate. The results also show a significant dependence of the association constant upon the solvents used. The solvent effect on the hydrogen bond equilibria is discussed in terms of specific interaction between the solute and solvent.
Estimated Sea Louse Egg Production from Marine Harvest Canada Farmed Atlantic Salmon in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, 2003–2004
Authors: Orr Craig
Published: February 2007

Recent infestations of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on wild juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and subsequent declines in the number of returning adult pink salmon have raised concern for the health of wild fish relative to salmon farming activities in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. I used available (but limited) industry data to estimate sea louse egg production from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farmed by Stolt Sea Farm (now Marine Harvest Canada, Inc., Campbell River, British Columbia) in 2003 and 2004. The 12 active farms contained between 1 and 5 million Atlantic salmon during the 2 years and about 800,000 fewer mature salmon at the start of 2003 than in 2004. Sea louse egg production peaked during winter–spring in both years prior to the seaward migration period of the area's small and vulnerable juvenile pink salmon and chum salmon O. keta. Marine Harvest Canada salmon hosted over 6 million gravid sea lice that produced 1.6 × 109 eggs during 2 weeks in the winter of 2003–2004. Only half as many eggs were produced from the fewer hosts present during this period in 2003. Sea lice on farmed fish were further reduced to near zero each year through multiple uses of emamectin benzoate (Slice). Fewer farmed Atlantic salmon and sea lice in 2003 coincided with lower abundance and prevalence of L. salmonis on juvenile pink salmon and chum salmon near farms. A recent agreement between industry and conservationists may help improve data quality, our understanding of the dynamics sea louse–salmon interactions, and our chances of conserving wild salmon.
Using Multiple Gears to Assess Acoustic Detectability and Biomass of Fish Species in Lake Superior
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Adams Jean V. , Stockwell Jason D. , Gorman Owen T.
Published: February 2007

Recent predator demand and prey supply studies suggest that an annual daytime bottom trawl survey of Lake Superior underestimates prey fish biomass. A multiple-gear (acoustics, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl) nighttime survey has been recommended, but before abandoning a long-term daytime survey the effectiveness of night sampling of important prey species must be verified. We sampled three bottom depths (30, 60, and 120 m) at a Lake Superior site where the fish community included all commercially and ecologically important species. Day and night samples were collected within 48 h at all depths during eight different periods (one new and one full moon period during both early summer and late summer to early fall over 2 years). Biomass of demersal and benthic species was higher in night bottom trawl samples than in day bottom trawl samples. Night acoustic collections showed that pelagic fish typically occupied water cooler than 15°C and light levels less than 0.001 lx. Using biomass in night bottom trawls and acoustic biomass above the bottom trawl path, we calculated an index of acoustic detectability for each species. Ciscoes Coregonus artedi, kiyis C. kiyi, and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax left the bottom at night, whereas bloaters C. hoyi stayed nearer the bottom. We compared the biomass of important prey species estimated with two survey types: day bottom trawls and night estimates of the entire water column (bottom trawl biomass plus acoustic biomass). The biomass of large ciscoes (>200 mm) was significantly greater when measured at night than when measured during daylight, but the differences for other sizes of important species did not vary significantly by survey type. Nighttime of late summer is a period when conditions for biomass estimation are largely invariant, and all important prey species can be sampled using a multiple-gear approach.
Health and safety—matching legislation and enforcement
Authors: Anderson J.
Published: February 2007

From a global perspective, the author argues that the question of effective enforcement of the legislation on construction health and safety issues is just as important as the law itself. The paper offers a personal viewpoint of what constitutes good health and safety law and sets out a number of factors that might be taken into consideration in setting up an effective national enforcement agency specifically to address the particular health and safety problems of the construction industry. The author also offers his views on present international trends that seem to be happening on this subject.
How infrastructure procurement can enhance social development
Authors: Hawkins J. , Wells J.
Published: February 2007

This paper reports the findings of a study by Engineers Against Poverty and the Institution of Civil Engineers into the factors in infrastructure procurement that are currently inhibiting the achievement of social development objectives. The paper explores the impact/performance of the asset and the service it delivers (the product), and the opportunities during the project's construction and operation (the process). The study adopted a very broad definition of ‘procurement’ to embrace all stages from project identification to the final monitoring, enforcement and evaluation. Methods included reviews of procurement documentation and practice in four case-study countries (India, Indonesia, Kenya and Nigeria), round-table discussions and in-depth interviews with stakeholders. This yielded a long list of inhibiting factors but also some encouraging efforts at reform. The paper concludes that procurement procedures and contract agreement have the potential to promote social objectives. However, the objectives should be clearly identified in the project design; the budget and procurement strategy have to be appropriate; and implementation must be monitored and enforced.
Briefing: How to achieve true quality in construction
Authors: Fryer S.
Published: February 2007

This paper represents the author's personal view on achieving construction quality. Reference is made to the Sackler Crossing in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, as a recent example of a structural design that demanded high standards of workmanship. An emphasis is placed on engaging all members of the design and construction teams and making the best use of their combined skills. The importance of effective communication by all available means, including the use of full-scale mock-ups, is highlighted.
Briefing: NEC contracts—delivering 21st century construction
Authors: Gerrard R.
Published: February 2007

The New Engineering Contract (NEC) was a revolutionary contract in the early 1990s, but has matured into being the contract of choice for many organisations worldwide. NEC3 is the third-generation launch of an integrated set of contracts, guidance notes and flow charts and comes with a unique endorsement from the UK Office of Government Commerce for use throughout the UK's public sector construction market. The emphasis of NEC is collaborative, co-operative working, and the tools it provides prompt users to move towards a fore sight-based, real-time project-managed environment to get the best out of supply chains. A matrix of contracts is available for works or services for use in high-risk, complex to low-risk, straightforward projects. This will be complemented in 2007 by the NEC3 Supply Contract for the supply of goods when the procurement needs to be managed by the purchaser.
Developing a Tool for 3D Reservoir Simulation of Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Authors: Shaoul J. R. , Behr A. , Mtchedlishvili G.
Published: February 2007

This paper describes the development and capabilities of a novel and unique tool that interfaces a hydraulic fracture model and a reservoir simulator. This new tool is another step in improving both the efficiency and consistency of connecting hydraulic fracture engineering and reservoir engineering.

The typical way to model hydraulically fractured wells in 3D reservoir simulators is to approximate the fracture behavior with a modified skin or productivity index (PI). Neither method captures all the important physics of flow into and through the fracture. This becomes even more critical in cases of multiphase flow and multilayered reservoirs. Modeling the cleanup phase following hydraulic fracture treatments can be very important in tight gas reservoirs, and this also requires a more detailed simulation of the fracture. Realistic modeling of horizontal wells with multiple hydraulic fractures is another capability that is needed in the industry. This capability requires more than an approximate description of the fracture(s) in the reservoir-simulation model.

To achieve all the capabilities mentioned above, a new tool was developed within a commercial lumped 3D fracture-simulation model. This new tool enables significantly more accurate prediction of post-fracture performance with a commercial reservoir simulator. The automatically generated reservoir simulator input files represent the geometry and hydraulic properties of the reservoir, the fracture, the damaged zone around the fracture, and the initial pressure and filtrate fluid distribution in the reservoir. Consistency with the fracture-simulation inputs and outputs is assured because the software automatically transfers the information.

High-permeability gridblocks that capture the 2D variation of the fracture conductivity within the reservoir simulator input files represent the fracture. If the fracture width used in the reservoir model is larger than the actual fracture width, the permeability and porosity of the fracture blocks are reduced to maintain the transmissibility and porous volume of the actual fracture. Both proppant and acid fracturing are handled with this approach. To capture the changes in fracture conductivity over time as the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP) changes, the pressure-dependent behavior of the fracture is passed to the reservoir simulator.

Local grid refinement (LGR) is used in the region of the wellbore and the fracture tip, as well as in the blocks adjacent to the fracture plane. Using small gridblocks adjacent to the fracture plane is needed for an adequate representation of the filtrate-invaded zone using the leakoff depth distribution provided by the fracture simulator.

The reservoir simulator input can be created for multiphase fluid systems with multiple layers and different permeabilities. In addition, different capillary pressure and relative permeability saturation functions for each layer are allowed.
Pressure-Transient Responses of Horizontal and Curved Wells in Anticlines and Domes
Authors: Al-Mohannadi N. , Ozkan E. , Kazemi H.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents a discussion of the pressure-transient responses of horizontal wells in anticlinal structures and curved and undulating wells in slab reservoirs. It confirms that, in the absence of a gas cap, conventional horizontal-well models may be used to approximate the flow characteristics of the systems in which the trajectory of the well does not conform to the curvature of the producing structure. If a gas cap is present, however, the unconformity of the well trajectory and producing layer manifests itself, especially on derivative characteristics when the gas saturation increases around the well. In general, the most significant deviations from the conventional horizontal-well behavior are observed during the buildup periods following long drawdowns. In these cases, the pressure-transient analysis is complicated and requires detailed numerical modeling of the well trajectory and reservoir geometry in the vertical plane.
New Method of Incorporating Immobile and Nonvaporizing Residual Oil Saturation into Compositional Reservoir Simulation of Gasflooding
Authors: Hiraiwa T. , Suzuki K.
Published: February 2007

In compositional simulation of gas-injection processes, it is often observed that gridblock oil saturations decrease far beyond the user-defined residual oil saturation, even under immiscible conditions. This numerical phenomenon occurs because oil components are allowed to vaporize into the gas phase as much as the phase equilibrium obtained with an equation of state (EOS) permits. Especially in the vicinity of gas injectors, an oil saturation of zero is sometimes predicted. On the other hand, such significant low oil saturation is rarely seen in laboratory data such as coreflood experiments and slimtube tests.

The reason for the discrepancy between the simulation results and the laboratory results described above is that bypassed oil located in dead-end pores or caused by subgrid-scale heterogeneities is not considered in the current compositional-simulation practice. To overcome this, we developed an innovative method of incorporating laboratory-based residual oil saturations. The proposed method can restrict the excessive vaporization and maintain the prescribed residual oil by accommodating a novel application of the transport coefficient (Barker and Fayers 1994).
A Volcanic Reservoir: Integrated Facies Distribution Modeling and History Matching of a Complex Pressure System
Authors: Yamada Tomomi , Okano Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2007

A Tcf-class gas field has been producing over several decades in Japan. The reservoir body comprises stacked rhyolite lava domes erupted in a submarine environment. A porous network developed in each dome and rapid chilling on contact with seawater caused hyaloclastite to be deposited over it. Although hyaloclastite is also porous in this field, its permeability has been reduced dramatically by the presence of clay minerals. Impermeable basaltic sheets and mudstone seams are also present. Each facies plays a specific role in the pressure system.

Stratigraphic correlation originally identified multiple reservoirs. Gas has been produced almost exclusively from the largest one. However, following 10 to 20 years of production, the pressures within unexploited reservoirs were noticed to have declined at a variety of rates. Unusual localized behavior has also been observed. Because seismic data were not proved particularly informative, we decided to remodel the entire system by specifically using pressure data.

We employed a combination of multipoint geostatistics and probability perturbation theories. This approach successfully captured the curved facies boundaries within stacked lava domes while accounting for pressure data by means of history matching to address nonstationarity in the real field. Building a suitable training image is commonly a difficult aspect of multipoint methods and poses particular problems for volcanic reservoirs. It was accomplished here by iteratively adjusting the prototype until satisfactory history matching was achieved with a reasonable number of perturbations. Ambiguous reservoir boundaries were represented stochastically by populating a predetermined model space with pay and nonpay pixels.

The modeling results closely simulate measured pressure histories and appear realistic in terms of both facies distributions and reservoir boundaries. They suggest that uneven pressure declines between different units are caused by the tortuous flow channels that connect them. The results also account for the unusual smaller-scale pressure performances observed. The final training image obtained here indicates more intensive spatial variations in facies than previously appreciated. Original gas in place (OGIP) estimates made with 20 equiprobable realizations are scattered within ±15% of the mean value. Estimates of incremental recovery made by drilling a step-out well reveal greater variation than those made by installing a booster compressor, which quantifies a higher associated geological risk.
Steam-Injection Strategy and Energetics of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Gates Ian D. , Kenny Joseph , Hernandez-Hdez Ivan L. , Bunio Gary L.
Published: February 2007

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is being operated by several operators in Athabasca and Cold Lake reservoirs in Central and Northern Alberta, Canada. In this process, steam, injected into a horizontal well, flows outward, then contacts and loses its latent heat to bitumen at the edge of a depletion chamber. As a consequence, the viscosity of bitumen falls, its mobility rises, and it flows under gravity toward a horizontal production well located several meters below and parallel to the injection well. Despite many pilots and commercial operations, it remains unclear how to optimally operate SAGD. This is especially the case in reservoirs with a top-gas zone in which pilot data are nearly nonexistent. In this study, a steam-chamber operating strategy is determined that leads to optimum oil recovery for a minimum cumulative steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) in a top-gas reservoir. These findings were established from extensive reservoir-simulation runs that were based on a detailed geostatistically generated static reservoir model. The strategy devised uses a high initial chamber injection rate and pressure prior to chamber contact with the top gas. Subsequent to breakthrough of the chamber into the gas-cap zone, the chamber injection rates are lowered to balance pressures with the top gas and avoid (or at least minimize) convective heat losses of steam to the top-gas zone. The results are also analyzed by examining the energetics of SAGD.
New Method Combines Simulation and Novel Spreadsheet Tools to Enable Direct Optimization of Expansion Decisions in a Giant Heavy-Oil Field
Authors: Osterloh W. Terry , Menard Wendell P.
Published: February 2007

Giant, geologically complex heavy-oil fields can take decades to develop, so development decisions made early in the life of the field can have long-range implications. Decision and risk analysis (D&RA) is often needed to make decisions that will maximize the risk-adjusted economic benefit. Unfortunately, in large fields, D&RA can be very challenging because of the large number of variables and the endless number of development and expansion scenarios to analyze. The time needed to complete a D&RA can become prohibitive when full-field reservoir simulation is the main tool for forecasting primary production and well count, with one simulation taking many hours or days to complete.

This paper describes two new methods developed to overcome these challenges for a specific depletion-drive heavy-oil reservoir: a method for optimally populating a model with hundreds of horizontal wells, and a method to optimize expansion decisions quickly and directly. The utility of these tools has not been determined for other reservoirs and/or recovery mechanisms.

A semiautomated spreadsheet-and-simulation method was developed to quickly place and select hundreds to thousands of hypothetical/future horizontal wells in a multimillion-gridblock model. Because the method automatically accounted for all model static properties and their effects on dynamic production response, the hypothetical wells had productivity characteristics very similar to the actual drilled wells placed in the model.

A multivariate nonlinear interpolation method was developed that enabled full-field forecasts—for any combination of acreage allocation, well count, drilling order, and field rate constraint—to be calculated in less than 5 seconds, compared to approximately 20 hours for traditional simulation. Extensive validation work showed that well count and production curves from the spreadsheet virtually overlaid those obtained using traditional simulation of the particular expansion scenario. Such close agreement was possible because the basis of the spreadsheet forecast was utilization of traditional simulation forecasts from a handful of relevant cases.

A key breakthrough beyond just fast forecasting was the coupling of the following three components inside the same spreadsheet: the fast forecasting method, calculation of an economic indicator/objective function (NPV), and commercial optimization tools. This linkage made possible, perhaps for the first time (at least at this scale), realization of direct optimization of any development scenario in a matter of minutes to a few hours, depending on the number of variables being optimized.
The assessment of diffuse pollution from acid-mine drainage using an updated and revised diatom assessment procedure as an added-value bio-monitoring tool
Authors: Archibald C.G.M. , Taylor J.C.
Published: February 2007

Three data sources (physico-chemistry, bio-monitoring and eco-toxicology) are currently used in South Africa to establish environmental water quality conditions. Environmental water quality in turn is key information required for the “ecological reserve determination” of river reaches. Bio-monitoring in South Africa has been limited in recent times mostly to the use of the SASS procedure which relies on invertebrates only. This paper describes the re-introduction of a diatom-based water quality assessment as an added-value bio-monitoring tool. A specific example is discussed citing the response of diatom assemblages to diffuse pollution from acid mine drainage and how effective diatoms are as indicators of ecological integrity and river recovery measured downstream of the area of impact. The advantages of applying this bio-monitoring technique over other biological measures are presented in the context of technological advances in rapid image processing, species identification and software applications of diatom-based water quality indices. The valuable records of the diatom assemblages of the past, held in the South African Diatom Collection at the CSIR (KwaZulu-Natal), can now be accessed and interpreted as historical environmental water quality reference points for several rivers in South Africa.
Long-term monitoring and proposed diffuse pollution control of a tropical reservoir
Authors: von Sperling E. , Souza A.D.
Published: February 2007

This paper presents the results of 30 years of water quality monitoring in a tropical water supply reservoir (Vargem das Flores, Brazil). This water body is subjected to eutrophication problems caused by point sources (discharge of untreated sewage) and diffuse pollution (agricultural use in the drainage basin). Emphasis is given here on the estimation of nutrient loads and on the study of the N/P ratio in the water body. In spite of the prevalence of high N/P values, there is a clear trend in the dominance of cyanobacteria in the phytoplankton, which contradicts results from research in temperate aquatic environments. Some restoration measures for Vargem das Flores Reservoir are currently being implemented: construction of wastewater treatment plants, control of recreational activities, erosion control by hydroseeding and use of natural wetlands. Finally some management strategies in order to prevent algae input in the water abstraction system are discussed. Examples of these techniques are the installation of plastic barriers and the construction of an air curtain device.
The application of bioremediation: reduction of metal concentrations in river water and COD in distillery effluent
Authors: Jackson V.A. , Paulse A.N. , Bester A.A. , Neethling J.H. , Du Plessis K.R. , Khan W.
Published: February 2007

The major aim of this study was to evaluate and develop artificial bioremediation systems to reduce or remove metal pollutants from contaminated river water and to decrease the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in distillery effluent. Metals were extracted using the nitric acid digestion method, and the concentrations determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. A decrease in metal concentrations was observed for most of the metals analysed in the river water after being pumped through the bioreactor system for approximately two weeks, e.g. Al concentration decreased from 0.75 mg.l−1 to 0.18 mg.l−1 and for Ni, from 0.19 mg.l−1 to 0 mg.l−1. In addition, the COD counts decreased from 2255 mg.l−1 to a final value of < 150 mg.l−1 in the distillery effluent. It could thus be concluded that the bioreactor system decreased the COD and metal concentrations in the distillery effluent as well as the river water, respectively. A bioreactor is being evaluated on-site at a wine cellar to reduce COD and will be constructed at a site along the Plankenbrug River.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and biological investigations of di-and triorganotin(IV) derivatives containing germanium: X-ray study of [Ph3GeCH(n-C3H7)CH2CO2]Sn[CH3]3
Authors: Khosa-Kaleem Muhammad , Mazhar Muhammad , Ali Saqib , Dastgir Sarim , Parvez Masood , Malik Abdul
Published: February 2007

Bimetallic di- and triorganotin(IV) germanium carboxylates were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, as well as IR, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) spectroscopy and tested for bioactivity. The structure of the representative compound, [Ph3GeCH(n-C3H7)CH2CO2]Sn[CH3]3, was determined by X-ray analysis and found to have a distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry around the tin atom. Some selected compounds were also screened against different microbes and showed promising antibacterial and antifungal activity. .
Structure of LaSrMO4(M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) and their catalytic properties in the total oxidation of hexane
Authors: Zhong H. , Zeng R.
Published: February 2007

Perovskite-type LaSrMO4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) mixed oxides were prepared by the decomposition of amorphous citric and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid complexes and investigated by the XRD, FTIR, BET, TPR, TPD and XPSmethods. Their catalytic behavior in the total oxidation of hexane was examined. The following activity order was found LaSrCoO4 > LaSrNiO4 > LaSrCuO4 > LaSrFeO4 > LaSrMnO4. This is explained in terms of oxygen vacancies and mobile lattice oxygen, particle size and BET surface area. .
A kinetic spectrophotometric method for the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Rahman Nafisur , Bano Zehra , Azmi Hejaz , Kashif Mohammad
Published: February 2007

Asimple kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of lansoprazole in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the oxidation of the drug with alkaline potassium permanganate at room temperature. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in the absorbance owing to the formation of MnO 42? at 610 nm (Method A) and the decrease in the absorbance at 530 nm due to the disapperance of MnO4? (Method B). Calibration procedures were adopted for the assay of the drug. The calibration curves were linear over the concentration ranges of 5-150 and 5-70?g ml-1, with the corresponding calibration Equations: rate = -3.915x10-6 + 5.271x10-5 c and ?A = 1.04x 10-3 + 1.78x10-3 c for methods A, and B, respectively. A statistical comparison of the results of the proposed procedures with those of the reference spectrophotometric method show excellent agreement and indicated no significant difference between the compared methods in terms of accuracy and precision. Interval hypothesis tests were also performed, which indicated that the true bias of all samples was less than ? 2 %. .
Influence of N-1 substituent properties on binding affinities of arylpiperazines to the binding site of 5-HT1A receptor
Authors: Zlatovic Mario , Sukalovic Vladimir , Kostic-Rajacic Sladjana , Andric Deana , Roglic Goran
Published: February 2007

Serotonin receptors (5-HTRs), especially the 5-HT1A subtype, have been the subject of intensive research for the past decade, due to their function in human physiology. Several structurally different classes of ligands are known to bind to the 5-HT1A receptor, but arylpiperazine derivatives are among the most important ligands. In the work, docking analyses were used to explain the binding affinities of a series of ligands with different N-1 substituent. All ligands had in common the arylpiperazine structure, while the N-1 subsistent was modified to investigate the influence of ligand structure on its binding affinity. The shape and size, as well as the rigidity of the subsistents were altered to investigate the possible effects on the formation of the receptor - ligand complex.
Stability of the barium-benzo-15-crown-5 complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water
Authors: Makrlík E. , Vaňura P.
Published: February 2007

From extraction experiments and ?-activity measurements, the exchange extraction constant corresponding to the equilibrium Ba2+(aq) + SrL2 2+(nb) _ BaL 2 2+(nb) + Sr2+(aq) occurring in the two-phase water-nitrobenzene system (L = benzo-15-crown-5; aq = aqueous phase, nb = nitrobenzene phase) was evaluated as log K ex (Ba2+, SrL22+) = 0.3 ? 0.1. Furthermore, the stability constant of the benzo-15-crown-5-barium complex in nitrobenzene saturated with water was calculated for the temperature of 25 ?C: log ?nb (BaL2 2+) = 13.3?0.1.
Activity and stability of RuO2-coated titanium anodes prepared via the alkoxide route
Authors: Panic Vladimir , Dekanski Aleksandar , Milonjic Slobodan , Miskovic-Stankovic Vesna , Nikolic Branislav
Published: February 2007

Titanium anodes with an active RuO2 coating of two different thicknesses were prepared from the oxide suspended in ethanol ("ink" method), while the oxide itself was synthesized by the hydrolysis of ruthenium ethoxide in an ethanolic solution (alkoxide route). The morphology of prepared oxide was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the prepared Ti/RuO2 anodes, involving their cyclic voltammetric behavior in H2SO4 and NaCl solutions, activity in the chlorine and oxygen evolution reaction, impedance behavior in H2SO4, and stability during electrolysis in dilute chloride solutions, were investigated. The performances of the anodes are compared to those of a Ti/RuO2 anode prepared by the sol-gel procedure from an oxide sol obtained by the forced hydrolysis of ruthenium chloride in acid solution. The anodes prepared via the alkoxide route showed a higher capacitance and activity for the chlorine evolution reaction than the anode prepared by the inorganic sol-gel procedure. The results of the stability test showed that the utilization of the coating active material is better when the anodes were prepared via the alkoxide route than via the inorganic sol-gel procedure, particularly for anodes with a smaller mass of coating. The different rates of loss of activity indicate a degradation mechanism for the anodes prepared via the alkoxide route in which electrochemical dissolution of RuO2 from the coating surface prevails over the growth of an insulating TiO2 layer in the coating/Ti substrate interphase. The effect of RuO2 dissolution from the coating surface increases with increasing coating mass.
Validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of eletriptan and UK 120.413
Authors: Zecevic Mira , Jocic Biljana , Agatonovic-Kustrin Snezana , Zivanovic Ljiljana
Published: February 2007

Arapid and sensitive RPHPLCmethod was developed for the routine control analysis of eletriptan hydrobromide and its organic impurity UK 120.413 in Relpax? tablets. The chromatography was performed at 20?C using a C18 XTerra ? (5 ?m, 150 x 4,6 mm) column at a flow rate 1.0 ml/min. The drug and its impurity were detected at 225 nm. The mobile phase consisted of TEA (1 %) - methanol (67.2:32.8 v/v), the pH of which was adjusted to 6.8 with 85 % orthophosphoric acid. Quantification was accomplished by the internal standard method. The developed RP HPLC method was validated by testing: accuracy, precision, repeatability, specificity, detection limit, quantification limit, linearity, robustness and sensitivity. High linearity of the analytical procedure was confirmed over the concentration range of 0.05 - 1.00 mg/ml for eletriptan hydrobromide and from 0.10 - 1.50 ?g/ml for UK 120.413, with correlation coefficients greater than r = 0.995. The low value of the RSD expressed the good repeatability and precision of the method. Experimental design and a response surface method were used to test robustness of the analytical procedure and to evaluate the effect of variation of the method parameters, namely the mobile phase composition, pH and temperature. They showed small deviations from the method setting. The good recovery and low RSD confirm the suitability of the proposed RP HPLC method for the routine determination of eletriptan hydrobromide and its impurity UK 120.413 in Relpax? tables.
The sorption and crystallographic characteristics of alumina activated in a reactor for pneumatic transport
Authors: Rozic Ljiljana , Novakovic Tatjana , Petrovic Srdjan , Cupic Zeljko , Grbavcic Zeljko , Rosic Aleksandar
Published: February 2007

Active transition alumina powders were obtained by flash calcination of gibbsite in a reactor for pneumatic transport in the dilute, two-phase flow regime in the temperature interval from 883 to 943 K with a residence time between 0.4 and 0.9 s. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the activated alumina samples were either microcrystalline or amorphous. From nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, the specific surface areas of all samples were calculated by the BET method. Using the sorption data, the fractal dimension of the surface of the alumina samples was calculated according to a modified FHH method. By application of fractal geometry, using the values of the fractal dimension of the surface and of the specific surface area, the effective surface areas of the active aluminas were calculated for the adsorption of molecules having a cross-section area greater than that of the nitrogen molecule.
Microwave-assisted preparation of naphthenic acid esters
Authors: Cirin-Novta Vera , Kuhajda Ksenija , Kevresan Slavko , Kandrac Julijan , Grbovic Ljubica , Vujic Djura
Published: February 2007

The synthesis of esters of natural petroleum acids of the naphthenic type assisted with microwave irradiation under the conditions of acid catalysis was carried out with various alcohols: methanol, ethanol, n-butanol and tert-butyl alcohol. Microwave dielectric heating of the reaction mixture in an unmodified microwave oven with activation of the naphthenic acids with sulfuric and p-toluenesulfonic acid afforded the esters of the naphthenic acids. Depending on the catalyst and the steric and nucleophilic properties of the alcohols, the yield of naphthenic esters ranged from 31.25% to 88.90%. As a consequence of microwave dielectric heating, the esterification time was reduced from 6-10 h to 5 min. .
Kinetics of the reduction of 4-amino and 4-cyanopyridinechlorocobaloximes by iron(II)
Authors: Dayalan A. , Revathi C.
Published: February 2007

Cobaloximes such as trans[Co(dmgH) 2(Py-NH2)Cl] and trans- [Co(dmgH) 2(Py-CN)Cl], where, dmgH = dimethylglyoximato anion, Py-NH 2 = 4-aminopyiridne and Py-CN = 4-cyanopyridine, were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, UV-VIS, IR and NMR spectroscopy. The kinetics of iron(II) reduction of the complexes were studied spectrophotometrically at 300 nm in 2% (v/v) DMSO-H2O medium at 27?0.1?C and I = 0.25 M (LiClO4) at various hydrogen ion concentrations in the range 2.5 x 10-4 to 5.0x10-2 M under pseudo-first-order conditions using an excess of the reductant. The inverse dependence of rate on [H+] suggests an equilibrium between the protonated and unportonated forms of the complexes, the protonated form reacting slower than the unprotonated form. Computation of the data enabled the evaluation of the rate constants for the protonated and unprotonated from of the complexes, leading to an evaluation of the protonation constant for the complexes. .
Analogy as a means of theoretical adoption of pedagogical disciplines
Authors: Solovcova Irina
Published: February 2007

The paper considers an application of analogy in the initial-teacher training as a tool of approaching pedagogical disciplines. The author proposes a classification of pedagogical analogies which provides choices of the most efficient model for a specific didactic situation. The article clarifies the model of the theoretical approach to pedagogical disciplines through active use of analogy, which contributes to a higher efficiency in a teacher and student interaction. The model consists of three stages: training (the stage of acquiring analogy model), the analytical stage (acquisition of pedagogical concepts, phenomena and systems through the application of analogy), and the stage of self-realization (the application of analogy method in students? scientific-research activities) considering external and internal didactic conditions which transform analogy from a teaching method into a tool for the acquisition of pedagogical disciplines. The author demonstrates that the application of analogy has a positive effect not only on the acquisition of pedagogical knowledge (especially methodic) and the development of heuristic skills in students, but also on motivation for the study of pedagogical disciplines (cognitive aspect) and professional pedagogical activity (formation of an individual-pedagogical attitude). .