bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The import and export of organic nitrogen species at a Scottish ombrotrophic peatland
Authors: McKenzie R. M. , Özel M. Z. , Cape J. N. , Drewer J. , Dinsmore K. J. , Nemitz E. , Hamilton J. F. , Sutton M. A. , Gallagher M. W. , Skiba U.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) can contribute significantly to the overall nitrogen budget, but is not routinely measured in precipitation or stream water. In order to investigate the contribution of DON to deposition and export of N, precipitation, stream and soil water samples were collected from an ombrotrophic peatland and analysed for DON Over a two year period. In wet only deposition DON contributed up to 10% of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), 99% in soil water, and 75% in stream water. No correlations were observed between DIN and DON in precipitation stream water or soil water. DIN is an important source of nutrients and in ombrotrophic peatlands, is only deposited via precipitation. Too much nitrogen to a sensitive ecosystem can result in problems with the way in which it is processed, such as an increase in the export of N via nearby water bodies. It is therefore important to monitor N deposition and export. Precipitation DIN showed a loose seasonal pattern, with peak concentrations occurring between January and June, while DON concentrations tended to be lower in the winter months. Stream water DON and NH4+ showed no obvious seasonal pattern but NO3- showed larger concentrations in cooler months and the smallest during warmer months, with the exception of June and July 2010, when concentrations were high. Precipitation and stream DON was qualitatively analysed using GC × GC-NCD. Ten unique compounds were detected, of which only five could be identified: pyrrole, benzonitrile, dodecylamine, N-nitrosodipropylamine and decylamine. Five compounds were present in both precipitation and stream samples: pyrrole, benzonitrile and three unidentified compounds. A more detailed DON speciation may be used to identify sources and pathways of DON.
Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to assess phosphorus fractions of different plant availability in forest soils
Authors: Todt B. , Niederberger J. , Boča A. , Nitschke R. , Kohler M. , Kühn P. , Bauhus J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The fractionation of soil P into fractions of different plant availability is a common approach to characterize the P status of forest soils. However, quantification of organic and inorganic P fractions in different extracts is labour-intensive and therefore rarely applied for large sample numbers. Therefore, we examined whether different P fractions can be predicted using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We used the Hedley method with increasingly strong extractants to determine P in fractions of different plant availability and measured NIR spectra for soil samples from sites of the German forest soil inventory and from a nature reserve in south-eastern China. The R2 of NIRS calibrations to predict P in individual Hedley fractions ranged between 0.08 and 0.85. When these were pooled into labile, moderately labile and stable fractions, R2 of calibration models was between 0.38 and 0.88. Model prediction quality was higher for organic than for inorganic P fractions and increased with the homogeneity of soil sample sets. Useful models were obtained for samples originating from one soil type in subtropical China, whereas prediction models for sample sets from a range of soil types in Germany were only moderately useful or not useful. Our results indicate that prediction of Hedley P fractions with NIRS is a promising approach to replace conventional analysis, if models are developed for sets of soil samples with similar physical and chemical properties.
Hydrologic calibration of paired watersheds using a MOSUM approach
Authors: Ssegane H. , Amatya D. M. , Muwamba A. , Chescheir G. M. , Appelboom T. , Tollner E. W. , Nettles J. E. , Youssef M. A. , Birgand F. , Skaggs R. W.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Paired watershed studies have historically been used to quantify hydrologic effects of land use and management practices by concurrently monitoring two neighboring watersheds (a control and a treatment) during the calibration (pre-treatment) and post-treatment periods. This study characterizes seasonal water table and flow response to rainfall during the calibration period and tests a change detection technique of moving sums of recursive residuals (MOSUM) to select calibration periods for each control-treatment watershed pair when the regression coefficients for daily water table elevation (WTE) were most stable to reduce regression model uncertainty. The control and treatment watersheds included 1–3 year intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with natural understory, same age loblolly pine intercropped with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), 14–15 year thinned loblolly pine with natural understory (control), and switchgrass only. Although monitoring during the calibration period spanned 2009 to 2012, silvicultural operational practices that occurred during this period such as harvesting of existing stand and site preparation for pine and switchgrass establishment may have acted as external factors, potentially shifting hydrologic calibration relationships between control and treatment watersheds. Results indicated that MOSUM was able to detect significant changes in regression parameters for WTE due to silvicultural operations. This approach also minimized uncertainty of calibration relationships which could otherwise mask marginal treatment effects. All calibration relationships developed using this MOSUM method were quantifiable, strong, and consistent with Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) greater than 0.97 for WTE and NSE greater than 0.92 for daily flow, indicating its applicability for choosing calibration periods of paired watershed studies.
Evaluation of precipitation extremes and floods and comparison between their temporal distributions
Authors: Müller M. , Kašpar M. , Valeriánová A. , Crhová L. , Holtanová E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. We proposed three analogous extremity indices based on the estimated return periods at individual sites and spatial averaging of the values; we optimized both the areal extent and the duration of individual events. The weather extremity index (WEI), the weather abnormality index (WAI), and the flood extremity index (FEI) were applied to the original precipitation data, the seasonally transformed precipitation data, and the runoff data to identify extreme precipitation events (EPEs), abnormal precipitation events (APEs), and extreme flood events (EFEs), respectively. We present 50 events of each type from the period of 1961–2010 in the Czech Republic and compare their inter-annual and seasonal distributions. Most of EFEs were produced by an EPE in warmer half-years, whereas fewer than half of the EFEs were produced by an APE in the remainders of the years because thawing can substantially enhance the discharge at those times. Most significant EPEs occurred in July and the first half of August, although their hydrological responses were also significantly influenced by the antecedent saturation and other factors. As a result, the accumulation of precipitation extremes during the 1977–1986 period produced less significant flooding than another accumulation after 1996. In general, the primary discrepancies between the magnitudes of EPEs and EFEs occurred in May and September, when consequent floods were usually much larger and smaller in relation to the WEI, respectively. The hydrological response to APEs was usually strong in December, whereas another accumulation of EFEs in March was usually not due to APEs. Neither precipitation nor flood extremes occurred from early April through early May. This study confirms that variations in the frequency and/or magnitude of floods can be due not only to variations in the magnitude of precipitation events but also to variations in their seasonal distribution and other factors, primarily the antecedent saturation. The differences could be further studied with respect to circulation conditions.
Brief Communication: Is there a wind connection to freaque wave occurrences?
Authors: Liu P. C. , Bouchard R. , Rogers W. E. , Babanin A. V. , Wang D. W.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. There was a recent freaque wave encounter near Scituate, Massachusetts by a local transport ferry en route from Provincetown to Boston. The encounter resulted in minimal damages, fortunately, and provided us a chance to examine a possible connection between the freaque wave occurrence and the ambient wind field, since the place of encounter was in the vicinity of a NOAA NDBC buoy where wind and wave data were recorded. Here we present a brief analysis. In particular, we found it is plausible that the freaque wave was the result of a wind speed reduction in the wind field that preceded its occurrence.
Thermohaline properties in the Eastern Mediterranean in the last three decades: is the basin returning to the pre-EMT situation?
Authors: Cardin V. , Civitarese G. , Hainbucher D. , Bensi M. , Rubino A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Temperature, salinity and oxygen data collected during April and June 2011 (M84/3 and P414 cruises respectively) are analysed to derive the oceanographic characteristics of the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) basin. These observed characteristics are compared with those from previous cruises over the period 1987–2011. As a result, the interannual and decadal variability of the EM thermohaline properties are discussed in the context of the evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) and of the general circulation of the basin. We found that the state of the EM is still far from the pre-EMT conditions, though the 2011 results possibly indicate a slow return to this status. In particular, a comparison between thermohaline property evolution deriving from interannual variability of the preconditioning and air–sea interaction (heat fluxes) in the South Adriatic and the Cretan Seas reveals aspects of the alternation of the two dense water sources (Adriatic and Aegean) during the last three decades, which have strong implications for the hydrographic characteristics of the intermediate and deep layers of the Ionian and Levantine basins.
Modelling the impact of submarine frontal melting and ice mélange on glacier dynamics
Authors: Krug J. , Durand G. , Gagliardini O. , Weiss J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Two mechanisms are generally proposed to explain seasonal variations in the calving front of tidewater glaciers: submarine melting of the calving face and the mechanical back-force applied by the ice mélange. However, the way these processes affect the calving rate and the glacier dynamics remains uncertain. In this study, we used the finite element model Elmer/Ice to simulate the impact of these forcings on more than 200 two dimensional theoretical flowline glacier configurations. The model, which includes calving processes, suggests that frontal melting affects the position of the terminus only slightly (< a few hundred meters) and does not affect the pluriannual glacier mass balance at all. However, the ice mélange has a greater impact on the advance and retreat cycles of the glacier front (more than several 1000 m) and its consequences for the mass balance are not completely negligible, stressing the need for better characterization of forcing properties. We also show that ice mélange forcing against the calving face can mechanically prevent crevasse propagation at sea level and hence prevent calving. Results also revealed different behaviors in grounded and floating glaciers: in the case of a floating extension, the heaviest forcings can disrupt the glacier equilibrium by modifying its buttressing and ice flux at the grounding line.
Drought resistance of native pioneer species indicates potential suitability for restoration of post-mining areas
Authors: Winkler N. , Weymann W. , Auge H. , Klotz S. , Finkenbein P. , Heilmeier H.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. In order to test whether invasive exotic species, predominantly used for restoring post-mining areas in north-eastern Vietnam, may be replaced by ecologically superior native pioneer species, we conducted a drought stress experiment in a greenhouse. We hypothesized that juvenile individuals of four native pioneer tree and two native pioneer grass species have a drought resistance comparable to two exotic reference species. Our results confirm this hypothesis: even under drought, native trees had a higher biomass and root : shoot ratio than exotic trees, although their maximum relative elongation rate and biomass were reduced more strongly than for exotic trees with respect to well-watered conditions. Native grasses had a higher root length density and a similar drought-induced reduction of stomatal conductance compared to exotic trees. In spite of a higher biomass reduction, native grasses produced more biomass under drought in absolute terms. Notwithstanding that further investigations of other adverse environmental factors need to be performed, our results indicate with respect to drought resistance that native pioneer species are a potential alternative to exotic species for the ecological restoration of subtropical post-mining areas, which may accelerate secondary succession.
RELAÇÃO ETNOBOTÂNICA DOS PROPRIETÁRIOS RURAIS DO MUNICÍPIO DE URUPEMA, SC, COM RECURSOS FLORESTAIS
Authors: Menegatti Renata Diane , Higuchi Pedro , Da Silva Ana Carolina , Fert-Neto João , Correia Jean , Munaretti Alisson Mello , Berri Paulo Victor
Published: January 2015

O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a relação etnobotânica de proprietários rurais do município de Urupema, SC, com recursos florestais. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas, em cada uma das 35 propriedades amostradas, sobre as principais fontes de renda e sobre as principais espécies florestais utilizadas. O uso das espécies foi analisado por meio do Nível de Fidelidade (NF) e da Porcentagem de Concordância quanto aos Usos Principais (CUP). As fontes de renda relatadas com maior frequência foram a pecuária, a fruticultura e a aposentadoria. Os recursos florestais são utilizados, principalmente, para fins de alimentação e energético. Todas as espécies citadas apresentaram elevado NF (≥ 97%) e a Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze é a espécie de maior valor de CUP (97,06%), por ser utilizada por quase a totalidade dos entrevistados (34), sempre para os mesmos fins. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria dos entrevistados (83%) não obtém renda das florestas naturais, mesmo com quase metade (47%) tendo citado que seria possível sustentar a família por meio da exploração dos recursos florestais nativos. Dentre os recursos florestais explorados, destacou-se a extração de pinhão como fonte de renda.Palavras-chave: Floresta com Araucária; Planalto Catarinense; etnobotânica; produtores rurais. AbstractEthnobotanical connections of rural landowners in the municipality of Urupema, SC, with forest resources. The present research aimed to characterize the ethnobotanical connections of rural landowners in the municipality of Urupema, SC, with their use of forest resource. In order to do that, we conducted interviews, in each of the 35 surveyed properties, focusing the main source of income as well as the main used tree species. The species usages were analyzed by the Fidelity Level (NF) and Percentage of Main Use Concordance (CUP). The most frequent sources of income were livestock, fruit culture and retirement. The forest resources are mainly used as food and energy. All cited species revealed elevated values of NF (≥97%), and the more elevated value of CUP was observed for Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze (97,06%), as such species had been reported by almost the totality of farmers, always for the same purpose. The results revealed that most of the interviewees (83%) do not get income from natural forests, even with almost half (47%) of them considering that it would be possible to sustain their family by native forest resources exploitation. Among the exploited forest resources, the extraction of pine nuts stood out as income source.Keywords: Araucaria Forest; Planalto Catarinense; forest resource usages; ethnobotany, farmers.
SPACIAL VARIABILITY AND SAMPLING DENSITY OF CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH AND NATIVE FOREST SOIL IN MANICORÉ, AM
Authors: Oliveira Ivanildo Amorim de , Marques Júnior José , Campos Milton César Costa , Aquino Renato Eleotério de , Siqueira Diego Silva , Freitas Ludmila De
Published: January 2015

AbstractConsidering the lack of information about spatial behavior of the soil attributes in areas of archaeological black earth and native forest, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of chemical attributes and determine the sampling density in soil with archaeological black earth and native forest in the region of Manicoré, AM. The study was conducted in a rural property located in the community of Santo Antônio do Matupi, at the margins of BR 230, Trans-amazon highway, in the region of Manicoré, AM. In these areas were established grids of 70 m x 70 m, with regular spacing of 10 x 10 m, totaling 64 points, then soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.20 m and 0 , 40 - 0,60 m. Chemical attributes were determined (pH, OM, P, K, Ca, Mg, SB, CTC, V% and H + Al). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and geostatistics. Sampling density was determined basing on CV and on the range of the semivariograms. It was verified that the studied attributes showed spatial variability and the area of archaeological black earth presented greater spatial variability than the native forest. Its greater sampling density was determined basing on the range of the adjusted semivariograms.Keywords: Indian black earth; attributes of soil; geostatistics.
DESENVOLVIMENTO INICIAL DE PLÂNTULAS DE Peltophorum dubium E Leucaena leucocephala INOCULADAS COM BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS
Authors: Rampim Leandro , Klein Jeferson , Tsutsumi Claudio Yuji , Marchiotti Bruno Guilherme , Guimarães Vandeir Francisco
Published: January 2015

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de bactérias diazotróficas no desenvolvimento inicial de Peltophorum dubium e Leucaena leucocephala em casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetições, sendo que o primeiro fator foi formado pelas duas espécies florestais P. dubium e L. leucocephala, enquanto que o segundo fator está relacionado à microbiolização das sementes por estirpes das bactérias diazotróficas promotoras de crescimento Azospirillum brasilense, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, associação entre as duas bactérias e testemunha sem microbiolização. A microbiolização das sementes das espécies florestais com A. brasilense, B. elkanii e associação entre as bactérias A. brasilense e B. elkanii incrementaram a emergência de plântulas. Na canafístula, a A. brasilense, B. elkanii, isoladas ou em associação, elevaram a massa seca de parte aérea, comprimento de parte aérea e comprimento de sistema radicular, e reduziram diâmetro de coleto. Na leucena, a B. elkanii aumentou massa seca de raiz e reduziu diâmetro de coleto, e a A. brasilense incrementou massa seca de parte aérea e comprimento do sistema radicular, atingindo massa seca de parte aérea maior que a associação de A. brasilense e B. elkanii.Palavras-chave:  Canafístula; leucena; fixação biológica de nitrogênio; promoção de crescimento; rizobactérias. AbstractInitial development of plants of Peltophorum dubium and Leucaena leucocephala inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of diazotrophic bacteria on initial development of Peltophorum dubium and Leucaena leucocephala in greenhouse. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 2 x 4 with four replications, with the first factor formed by the two forest species P. dubium and L. leucocephala, while the second factor was related to microbiolization seeds by strains of diazotrophic growth promoting bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, Bradyrhizobium elkanii, association between the two bacteria and non-microbiolization control. The microbiolization seeds of forest species with A. brasilense, B. elkanii and association between the bacteria A. brasilense and B. elkanii improved seedling emergence of canafistula and leucaena. In canafístula, the A. brasilense, B. elkanii alone or in combination increased the dry weight of shoot, length of shoot and root length, and reduced diameter collect. In leucaena, B. elkanii increased the root dry weight and reduced diameter collect, and A. brasilense increased the dry weight of shoot and root system length, with higher dry shoot than association of A. brasilense and B. elkanii.Keywords: Canafistula; leucena; biological nitrogen fixation; growth promotion; rhizobacteria.
INFLUÊNCIA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E TEMPERATURA DO AR NA PRODUÇÃO DE SERAPILHEIRA EM TRECHO DE FLORESTA ESTACIONAL EM SOROCABA, SP
Authors: Scoriza Rafael Nogueira , Piña-Rodrigues Fatima Conceição Márquez
Published: January 2015

A fragmentação e destruição da Mata Atlântica tornam a sua conservação fundamental. A serapilheira é um importante componente desse sistema e apresenta diferenças na deposição nos diferentes ecossistemas brasileiros. Com isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da precipitação e da temperatura do ar no aporte de serapilheira em fragmentos florestais localizados em Sorocaba, SP. A quantidade média de serapilheira aportada foi de 6,9 ± 0,4 mg.ha-1.ano-1, formada por 65% de folhas. Houve diferenças entre as deposições nas estações do ano, sendo que a menor quantidade foi depositada no período seco. A correlação da serapilheira e suas frações não foram significativas quando analisada para o mesmo mês da avaliação da temperatura do ar e precipitação. Porém, quando se relacionam meses anteriores, a correlação é mais expressiva, demonstrando que a resposta da vegetação a variações ambientais não é imediata.Palavras-chave: Clima; sazonalidade; Mata Atlântica. AbstractInfluence of precipitation and air temperature in production of litterfall in stretch of seasonal forest. Fragmentation and destruction of the Atlantic Rainforest make its conservation essential. The litter is an important component of this system, and reveals differences in deposition in the different Brazilian ecosystems. This research aims to evaluate the effect of rainfall and air temperature on litterfall input in a forest fragment at the municipality of Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The average contribution of litterfall was 6.9±0.4Mg ha-1 yr-1, comprising 65% of leaves. There were differences between the seasons, with the less amount in the dry season. The correlation of litter and its fractions was not relevant for the same month of air temperature and rainfall measurement. However, the correlation is significant when related to the previous month, demonstrating that the response of vegetation to environmental changes is not immediate.Keywords: Climate; seasonality; Atlantic forest.
Music Participation and Nonparticipation of Nonmajors on College Campuses
Authors: Mantie Roger , Dorfman Jay
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this study was to survey students on college (university) campuses to generate knowledge about music participation and nonparticipation by nonmajors in order to better inform school music practices. Volunteer research assistants (N = 24), located at multiple sites across the United States and beyond, assisted with the data-gathering process, which involved a short on-the-street survey of passersby. In addition to ascertaining participation and nonparticipation in music and possible relationships with selected variables (academic year, academic major, race/ethnicity, gender, musical instrument), the survey sought responses aimed at discerning reasons for participation and nonparticipation, and the likelihood of future participation. Results revealed a reported rate of participation in music ensembles of 14.6%, with an attrition rate of 75-80% for those citing high school music involvement. There were few significant relationships with selected variables, suggesting that college music participation is likely a phenomenon not reducible to isolated variables. The most frequently cited reason for nonparticipation among those with precollege experience was "I don’t have the time." The highest-rated item among college music participants was "I love my instrument and/or I love singing." Reported likelihood of future participation was significantly higher for current participants than for nonparticipants with precollege experience, but was not especially strong overall, raising the question of whether college music participation is viewed as a transition activity or as an indicator of lifelong participation in music.
The Work-Life Balance of Competitive Marching Band Teachers: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Shaw Ryan D.
Published: January 2015

This multiple instrumental case study examined how competitive marching band teachers strive for their ideal work-life balance. Four teachers with highly competitive marching bands were selected as participants. In particular, this study was guided by the following research questions: (1) How do competitive marching band teachers describe their work-life balance? (2) What factors do competitive marching band teachers cite as facilitative of desired work-life balance? (3) What factors do competitive marching band teachers cite as inhibitive of desired work-life balance? Data were collected over a period of 6 months, and data sources included in-person interviews and email correspondence. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that the participants cited inhibitive aspects as pressure from parents, students, and staff; general pressure to uphold the reputation of their band program; and extreme time commitment/workload. Participants cited how balance was pursued proactively. Pursuit of balance was facilitated by setting personal rules and boundaries, by making time for self and others, and through help from supportive people. Finally, participants cited a blended identity and blending of work and home domains as simultaneously facilitative and inhibitive. Recommendations for future research are made.
O Integralismo, de Hélgio Trindade, quarenta anos depois: uma crítica à sua recepção
Authors: Ramos Alexandre Pinheiro
Published: January 2015

O artigo buscar prestar uma homenagem pelos quarenta anos da publicação do livro Integralismo: o fascismo brasileiro na década de 30 (1974), de Hélgio Trindade, obra clássica para o estudo da Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB), por meio de uma reflexão crítica sobre a recepção de sua tese central por parte dos pesquisadores do Integralismo. Argumenta-se, assim, que a hipótese de Trindade – de que a AIB seria um fascismo brasileiro – foi vulgarizada ao ponto de naturalizar-se, constituindo-se em algo dado. A partir daí, busca-se mostrar que uma das principais consequências da recepção passiva e acrítica da “tese fascista” não apenas impediu uma análise mais matizada, capaz de dar conta da complexidade do movimento integralista em seus múltiplos aspectos, como também o transformou em um estrangeiro em sua própria terra, descurando das profundas relações da AIB com o contexto intelectual brasileiro que forneceu os elementos imprescindíveis para a formulação das ideias integralistas e para a orientação de suas práticas e ações. Em última análise, o artigo pretende fornecer uma crítica ao modo como os estudos e pesquisas sobre o Integralismo têm se organizado a partir de uma visão cristalizada e naturalizada do mesmo.
Trabalhadores rurais e senhores de terra: nos campos da agroindustrialização no Oeste do Paraná – Segunda metade do século XX e início do século XXI
Authors: Freitas Sheille Soares de , Santos Carlos Meneses de Sousa
Published: January 2015

Este texto trata da presença de trabalhadores vinculados às atividades agroindustriais, no universo da produção rural no Oeste do Paraná. A discussão evidencia o modo como suas ações, tanto quanto as pretensões do patronato rural, compõem e instituem um espaço de tensão social na segunda metade do século XX e início do século XXI. A reflexão aponta para relações de poder desiguais, porém marcadas pelo protagonismo de trabalhadores. Algo que sugere um campo de forças indefinido, pois repleto de interesses e valores que se embatem. Essa análise problematiza uma agenda de mudanças para as relações no campo e evidencia a atuação de trabalhadores nesse processo.
UMA SÓ ORDEM RELIGIOSA, DUAS COROAS: OS COLÉGIOS DA COMPANHIA DE JESUS DO RIO DE JANEIRO E DE CÓRDOBA (SÉCULOS XVI-XVIII)
Authors: Fleck Eliane Cristina Deckmann , Amantino Marcia Sueli
Published: January 2015

Neste artigo, reconstituímos, inicialmente, as origens e as funções desempenhadas por dois colégios da Companhia de Jesus na América: o do Rio de Janeiro e o de Córdoba –, destacando, especialmente, sua importância enquanto centros de formação e de dispersão do projeto missionário por meio dos inventários produzidos nos momentos de expulsão da ordem em 1759 (América portuguesa) e em 1767 (América hispânica). Os acervos de suas bibliotecas e boticas constatam que eram centros de difusão e produção de conhecimentos, assim como, suas fazendas e haciendas demonstram a importância econômica para a sustentação do projeto missionário. A despeito de estes colégios terem sido instalados em regiões sob a administração de soberanos rivais e em conjunturas bastante distintas – separadas por mais de cinquenta anos –, as motivações para sua criação foram as mesmas, assim como as funções que lhes foram atribuídas e que vieram a desempenhar
O campo do patrimônio cultural e a história: itinerários conceituais e práticas de preservação
Authors: Nogueira Antonio Gilberto Ramos
Published: January 2015

A complexidade que envolve a nova configuração do campo do patrimônio cultural na atualidade tem desafiado os pesquisadores a compreender os usos sociais do passado, consubstanciados pelo imperativo da patrimonialização, em perspectiva com o movimento de expansão da memória e as dinâmicas identitárias. A despeito das especificidades dos instrumentos que fundamentam a institucionalização do patrimônio cultural no Brasil, ainda que olhares apressados tendam a caracteriza-los de ordem conceitual e/ou metodológica, em estreita articulação com a dimensão material e imaterial do bem, procuramos evidenciar é que tombamento e registro se inserem na lógica das escolhas e atribuição de valores, segundo as contingências sociais e temporais sob as quais eles se constroem e se localizam. Enquanto uma modalidade de escrita do passado, as reflexões sobre o patrimônio cultural devem considera-lo parte do esforço dos agentes envolvidos (poder público e sujeitos sociais) de tornar a experiência do transcurso do tempo em experiência partilhável social e coletivamente (GUIMARÃES, 2012). Diante da profusão de leituras, apropriações e construções de significados em torno do patrimônio cultural, o artigo trata essa escrita a partir duma perspectiva histórica, buscando contribuir com as reflexões sobre as singularidades dos processos de patrimonialização em sua historicidade.
A cidade de Londres nas canções da experiência de William Blake: uma interpretação das transformações ocorridas na sociedade industrial inglesa nas últimas décadas do século XVIII
Authors: Duarte Flavia Maris Gil
Published: January 2015

Este artigo pretende analisar algumas das transformações sociais ocorridas na Inglaterra nas últimas décadas do século XVIII a partir do poema London presente na obra Songs of Innocence and of Experience do poeta e gravador William Blake, autor inserido no movimento romântico inglês. Sua obra foi marcada, como um todo, pelo pensamento místico culminando na criação de uma cosmogonia capaz de explicar, segundo o autor, a condição humana. Podemos perceber nos poemas de William Blake sua visão sobre a época em que viveu, sua interpretação da realidade pode elucidar algumas das experiências da sociedade inglesa na transição entre os séculos XVIII e XIX: que integrava o processo de industrialização, o crescente deslocamento da razão como centro do pensamento e ouvia os ecos da revolução francesa. Songs of Innocence and of Experience contém os fundamentos do pensamento desenvolvido ao longo das obras posteriores de William Blake, expressa as transformações sociais por ele vivenciadas num universo onde política, religião e arte se entrelaçam na construção de uma interpretação peculiar da formação da sociedade industrial moderna.
Narrar e reinventar a história por meio das imagens: Glauber Rocha e o seu discurso fílmico dos anos de 1960
Authors: Bueno Rodrigo Poreli Moura
Published: January 2015

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer algumas considerações acerca das conexões entre História e Cinema, percebendo que esta arte fílmica passou a ser vista como um artefato cultural que possui sua própria história e um contexto social que o envolve. Analisaremos, brevemente, o movimento cinematográfico brasileiro, dos anos de 1960, conhecido como “Cinema Novo”, no qual trabalharemos os seus principais aspectos sociais e culturais, apontando para o artista principal do movimento que é o cineasta Glauber Rocha. A respeito deste autor, enfatizaremos algumas de suas influências estéticas e políticas que contribuíram tanto para a sua peculiar visão de história e sociedade, como para o seu fazer artístico.
Levantes religiosos e o combate ao diabo: concepções e práticas sociais no Norte da África entre os séculos IV e V
Authors: Morais Juliana Marques
Published: January 2015

O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender como os cristãos do Norte da África se utilizaram da metáfora de “combate ao diabo” no contexto das disputas pelo poder nas cidades norte-africanas entre o final do século IV e início do século V. Procuramos compreender como os cristãos, que vivenciaram as perseguições empreendidas pelo governo romano, conceberam o martírio como um combate contra as forças demoníacas. Mas, também, como essas concepções foram reelaboradas em um processo de construção de uma memória cristã da violência, após a paz de Constantino. A partir da análise das Atas dos Mártires e dos escritos de Agostinho de Hipona buscamos identificar como o discurso em torno da memória cristã é construído, e em quais momentos específicos as memórias da violência são ativadas. Por fim, buscamos a partir de estudos específicos das ações violentas cometidas pelos grupos religiosos rivais, entender como grupos distintos se utilizaram da metáfora de combate ao diabo para justificar as práticas coletivas no contexto dos conflitos religiosos que se estenderam pelas cidades norte-africanas entre os séculos IV e V.
Implantação do estado de Israel e a gênese dos conflitos israelo/árabes
Authors: Zucchi Luciano Kneip
Published: January 2015

Objetivamos demonstrar principalmente, através da análise histórica e da política internacional, que a gênese dos conflitos no Oriente Médio, entre judeus e árabes, está inserida dentro de um contexto global e tem seu cerne em interesses imperialistas e também no bipolarismo surgido após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, e não em rivalidades ou ódios seculares entre povos, muito embora o discurso étnico/religioso tenha muitas vezes conseguido mascarar a realidade desse antagonismo, originário do século XX, que adentrou o XXI sem perspectivas de resolução. A História demonstra que se, por um lado, judeus e árabes tiveram alguns “ínterins conflituosos’’, principalmente na aurora do Islã, por outro lado, conviveram pacificamente e produtivamente durante séculos, como no Califado Omíada da Espanha e em outras regiões. A proclamação do Estado de Israel em 1948, muito embora tenha se configurado numa solução de compromisso para o problema anti/semita no continente europeu, redundara, entretanto, e paradoxalmente, num novo estranhamento e em novos conflitos, agora entre judeus e árabes habitantes da Palestina e de todo o Oriente Médio. As potências europeias, nesse contexto, desaguam uma contradição que é sua no mesmo movimento em que reiteram seus preconceitos, transportando-os para o Médio Oriente e agravando o quadro sensivelmente com a Guerra Fria e o confronto entre Estados Unidos e União Soviética, que farão da região – rica em recursos energéticos imprescindíveis ao Ocidente – palco de seu enfrentamento, tornando pior uma situação que já era desesperada ao extremo.
A guerra do Iraque: história oficial e oficiosa
Authors: Bonfin Marcelo Garcia
Published: January 2015

Este trabalho visa analisar as motivações da guerra e a visão dos soldados contrários a guerra deflagrada no Iraque em março de 2003. Os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001 transformaram a política externa dos Estados Unidos com o fim dos anos de relativa paz conquistada com ao final da Guerra Fria. Logo após os atentados, a administração Bush (2001-2009) tentou relacionar os combatentes islâmicos membros da Al-Qaeda com o regime de Saddam Hussein, numa clara tentativa de justificar internamente a invasão no Iraque. No plano externo, o seu governo, junto com o britânico, alegavam que a presença de armas de destruição em massa contra as resoluções da ONU impostas ao governo iraquiano durante os anos 1990. Contudo, nem as inspeções e, posteriormente, nem a invasão militar dos EUA seus aliados, encontraram tais armas mas, o que se notou após o conflito era o enorme lucro obtido por empresas militares privadas e pelas companhias de petróleo. Para tanto, analisou-se primeiro como se formou o Oriente Médio e o domínio do Império Americano em escala global. Então, o relato de Hans Blix, inspetor chefe da UNMOVIC, agência da ONU responsável pelas inspeções de armamentos no Iraque, e algumas cartas de soldados enviadas a M. Moore durante o conflito. Tanto na historiografia, quanto nas fontes constata-se que havia três interesses em na Guerra do Iraque. Primeiro, de ordem econômica em função do lucro obtido por empresas militares privadas assim como pela extração direta de petróleo; segundo, relacionado à política externa de Washington, interessado em reorganizar geopolítica da região; em termos doméstico, fomentar a popularidade do Governo Bush em sua missão de Guerra ao Terror.
La exhibición del otro: tradición, memoria y colonialidad en museos de México
Authors: Ruffer Mario
Published: January 2015

Este artigo parte da noção de “complexo expositivo” sobre a função pedagógica clássica do museu ocidental (histórico e etnográfico), e a revisa em contextos latino-americanos contemporâneos, especificamente mexicanos. O texto contrasta o trabalho etnográfico em museus comunitários com certos aspectos das salas de etnografia do Museu Nacional de Antropologia do México. A tese central que procura demonstrar é que a atual retórica do património em ambientes pós-coloniais e de “diversidade cultural” continua a utilizar a lógica do complexo expositivo, mas com um mecanismo e finalidade diferente da noção clássica do início do século XX. século. Não se trataria mais de expor os feitos da ordem moderna e da construção nacional, mas de uma poética do retorno. A tradição não mais se fixaria para sempre no museu nacional da capital, mas se instalaria na distância espacial da cidade ou vila: aqueles que foram objeto do museu e da exposição tornam-se sujeitos da produção de um olhar e de uma ordem . Por fim, pergunta: os mecanismos que definiam e mantinham a autoridade cultural sobre o patrimônio realmente foram deslocados?
Epileptogenic malformations of cortical development: when evolution goes awry
Authors: Tumienė Birutė , Utkus Algirdas
Published: January 2015

Background. Since the time of its origin in a mammalian ancestor, perhaps 250 million years ago, the neocortex has undergone expansion in both relative and absolute size. The complexity of the brain in vertebrates is proportional to the elaboration of the mechanisms controlling cortical development. Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are classified into three major groups that recapitulate the main developmental steps: cell proliferation, neuronal migration, or postmigrational cortical organization and connectivity. The main clinical manifestations of MCDs are epilepsy and / or intellectual disability. Seizures are the most common clinical feature, at least 75% of patients with MCDs will have epilepsy. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques and revolutionary achievements in molecular biology led to an explosive increase in our knowledge of cerebral cortex development and malformations of cortical development (MCD). So far, more than 100 genes were associated with one or more types of MCD. However, the genetic cause still remains unidentified in the majority of cases.
Conclusions. Investigations of human malformations of cortical development as of a model of impaired neurodevelopment gave a lot of important insights into normal and abnormal brain development processes and practical benefits to MCD patients and their families. Recent achievements in genetic technologies led to a real explosion in such knowledge and are expected to yield even more additional information in the near future.
Trends and pattern of the utilization of cardiovascular medicines in Lithuania in 2003–2012
Authors: Lisauskienė Ingrida , Garuolienė Kristina , Gulbinovič Jolanta
Published: January 2015

Background. Despite the wide use of cardiovascular (CV) drugs, CV diseases are still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Analysis of drug utilization gives a possibility to evaluate effectiveness of interventions.
Materials and methods. The aim of the study was to evaluate CV medicines consumption in Lithuania in 2003–2012. Data was retrieved from the SVEIDRA database of the National Health Insurance Fund. Utilization of the following groups of CVM (ATC group C) was analyzed: C02 – antihypertensive drugs, C03 – diuretics, C07 – beta blocking agents (BBs), C08 – calcium channel blockers (CCBs), C09 – agents acting on the renin–angiotensin system, C10 – lipid modifying agents. ATC/DDD methodology was used. Data was expressed as a number of DDD per 1  000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID).
Results. Consumption of CVM went from 134.5 DDD/TID in 2003 to 352.2 in 2012. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) were the most consumed ones (66–114.8 DDD/TID), followed by CCBs (19.4–38.8 DDD/TID) and BBs (12.5–52.6 DDD/TID).There was high consumption of antihypertensives (4.7–23.9 DDD) and low consumption of diuretics (9.4–16.9 DDD/TID) and lipid modyfing agents (0.4–7.4 DDD/TID). Increasing utilization was noticed in the angiotensin II antagonist (ARBs) group (42 DDD/TID), ACEI combinations (38.6 DDD/TID) and ARBs combinations (12.9 DDD/TID) in 2012.
Conclusions. Utilization of CV medicines increased in Lithuania in 2003–2012. ACEI held the first position. An extremely low utilization of lipid modifying agents, diuretics and high consumption of alpha-receptor blockers showed the need of actions on changing the prescribing pattern of CV drugs.
Proinflammatory S100 proteins as clinical markers of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Rusonienė Skirmantė , Panavienė Violeta , Eidukaitė Audronė , Jakutovič Marija
Published: January 2015

Objectives. Proteins of the S100 family (S100A8/9, or calprotectin) are known to be useful diasease activity biomarkers of JIA. We hypothesize that titres calprotectin in serum and synovial fluid of children with acute and unconfirmed inflammatory joint symptoms will identify patients who will progress to JIA and our aim is to examine its prognostic value.
Methods. A standardized diagnostic evaluation and analysis of serum S100A8/A9 was performed in 115 children with acute (symptoms up to 6 weeks) arthritis as well as in 59 healthy individuals. 47 arthritis patients underwent joint fluid aspiration and samples were collected at the time of presentation. Proteins in serum and synovial fluid were measured by ELISA and compared by the unpaired t test. Arthritis outcome (chronic or transient arthritis) was recorded at 1- and 2-year follow-up periods. JIA diagnosis, disease activity and remission were established according to ILAR and ACR recommendations.
Results. The levels of serum and synovial fluid S100A8/A9 were significantly higher in patients with arthritis compared to the levels in healthy individuals (p
Bioengineered human myobundles mimic clinical responses of skeletal muscle to drugs
Authors: Madden Lauran , Juhas Mark , Kraus William E , Truskey George A , Bursac Nenad
Published: January 2015

Existing in vitro models of human skeletal muscle cannot recapitulate the organization and function of native muscle, limiting their use in physiological and pharmacological studies. Here, we demonstrate engineering of electrically and chemically responsive, contractile human muscle tissues (‘myobundles’) using primary myogenic cells. These biomimetic constructs exhibit aligned architecture, multinucleated and striated myofibers, and a Pax7+ cell pool. They contract spontaneously and respond to electrical stimuli with twitch and tetanic contractions. Positive correlation between contractile force and GCaMP6-reported calcium responses enables non-invasive tracking of myobundle function and drug response. During culture, myobundles maintain functional acetylcholine receptors and structurally and functionally mature, evidenced by increased myofiber diameter and improved calcium handling and contractile strength. In response to diversely acting drugs, myobundles undergo dose-dependent hypertrophy or toxic myopathy similar to clinical outcomes. Human myobundles provide an enabling platform for predictive drug and toxicology screening and development of novel therapeutics for muscle-related disorders.
Really exasperating viral protein from HIV
Authors: Williamson James R
Published: January 2015

Two new structures shed additional light on the nuclear transport of viral transcripts.
Effects of sinking velocities and microbial respiration rates on the attenuation of particulate carbon fluxes through the mesopelagic zone
Authors: McDonnell A. M. P. , Boyd P. W. , Buesseler K. O.
Published: January 2015

The attenuation of sinking particle fluxes through the mesopelagic zone is an important process that controls the sequestration of carbon and the distribution of other elements throughout the oceans. Case studies at two contrasting sites, the oligotrophic regime of the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study (BATS) and the mesotrophic waters of the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) sector of the Southern Ocean, revealed large differences in the rates of particle‐attached microbial respiration and the average sinking velocities of marine particles, two parameters that affect the transfer efficiency of particulate matter from the base of the euphotic zone into the deep ocean. Rapid average sinking velocities of 270 ± 150 m d−1 were observed along the WAP, whereas the average velocity was 49 ± 25 m d−1 at the BATS site. Respiration rates of particle‐attached microbes were measured using novel RESPIRE (REspiration of Sinking Particles In the subsuRface ocEan) sediment traps that first intercepts sinking particles then incubates them in situ. RESPIRE experiments yielded flux‐normalized respiration rates of 0.4 ± 0.1 day−1 at BATS when excluding an outlier of 1.52 day−1, while these rates were undetectable along the WAP (0.01 ± 0.02 day−1). At BATS, flux‐normalized respiration rates decreased exponentially with respect to depth below the euphotic zone with a 75% reduction between the 150 and 500 m depths. These findings provide quantitative and mechanistic insights into the processes that control the transfer efficiency of particle flux through the mesopelagic and its variability throughout the global oceans.