bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El Taller de Práctica: una oficina de arquitectura en el interior de la escuela
Authors: Jara Venegas Ana Eugenia , Pérez de la Cruz Elisa , Caralt David
Published: December 2019

En el contexto de la colaboración universidad-sociedad, la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad San Sebastián en Chile establece una asignatura planteada como oficina de arquitectura que elabora todas las etapas de un proyecto profesional, potencialmente construible y con vocación social. Esta asignatura se llama Taller de Práctica y se realiza en el quinto año de la carrera como única asignatura del semestre y requisito indispensable antes de empezar el ciclo de Titulación. El taller emplea la metodología Aprendizaje-Servicio, y contribuye al desarrollo de habilidades necesarias en el ejercicio profesional (comunicación, capacidad para resolver problemas complejos o trabajo en equipo). Este artículo presenta la metodología de trabajo de la asignatura, su relación con iniciativas similares nacionales e internacionales, y la explicación de dos proyectos concretos (el diseño y construcción del taller rehabilitado como espacio tipo oficina y el diseño de una vivienda rural), para discutir los beneficios pedagógicos de este modelo, sus proyecciones y oportunidades.

In the university – society collaboration context, the Universidad San Sebastian’s Architecture School establishes a course, concieved as an architecture office that develops every stage of a professional project, eventually buildable and focused on social needs. This course, called Practice Studio, is held  in the fifth year of study as the only course of the semester and as an essential requirement for the degree cycle. The Studio employs Service Learning methodology and helps in the development of necessary professional skills (communication, capacity to solve complex problems or team work). This article presents the course’s working methodology, its relation with similar national and international initiatives and the explanation of two specifc projects (the design and refurbishment of the studio as an Architectural Office and the design of a rural house), to discuss the pedagogical benefits of this model, its projections and opportunities.
Arquitectura y paisaje: un entorno para el aprendizaje transversal, creativo y estratégico
Authors: Latasa Zaballos Itxaro , Gainza Barrencua Joseba
Published: December 2019

La comunicación presenta los resultados de una experiencia docente que surgió de la colaboración interdisciplinar de un grupo de especialistas en paisaje. La aplicación de metodologías activas de enseñanza-aprendizaje (aprendizaje-servicio y aprendizaje basado en problemas) y la participación en el curso de agentes institucionales y sociales y de la población del área estudiada (urbanismo participativo) generaron un entorno docente próximo a la práctica real del oficio y produjeron resultados satisfactorios para todas las partes implicadas. Se combinaron herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas ya clásicas (la sostenibilidad o el aprendizaje por proyectos) con otras de más reciente aplicación en las aulas ( colaboración con otros agentes, participación ciudadana, aprendizaje-servicio). Esta combinación permitió conformar un universo didáctico transversal, creativo y estratégico. Los resultados, evaluados en base a los trabajos del alumnado y a encuestas de satisfacción, permiten hablar de una experiencia exitosa, a la vez que sugieren aspectos susceptibles de reflexión y mejora.

The paper sets out the results of a teaching experience that arose from the interdisciplinary collaboration of a group of landscape experts. The implementation of active teaching-learning methodologies (service-learning and problem-based learning) and the participation in the course of institutional and social agents adn the citizens of the studied area (participatory urbanism) generated a teaching environment close to the actual practice of the profession and produced satisfactory results for all parties involved. Conceptual and methodological tools already classic (sustainability or project learning) were combined with more recent tools in the classroom (collaboration with other agents, public participation, service-learning). This combination made it possible to form a transversal, creative and strategic didactic universe. The results, evaluated based on student work and satisfaction surveys, allow us to talk about a successful experience, while suggesting aspects that can be further thought and improved.
Re-antropizar el paisaje abandonado
Authors: Alonso Rohner Evelyn , Sosa Díaz Saavedra José Antonio
Published: December 2019

La metodología docente que aquí se expone, persigue incrementar en el alumno de proyectos, la fase reflexiva previa al inicio del diseño. Se se analiza el enfoque docente propuesto basándose en un ejercicio concreto realizado sobre unos antiguos terrenos agrícolas ya abandonados. Y dónde se buscaba un arranque del trabajo alejado de lo que es el diseño directo de un paisaje y de los diferentes elementos construidos, a través del entendimiento previo de la actitud “paisajera” (en términos de Berque). Para lograrlo se plantearon preguntas del tipo: ¿Cómo volver a lograr paisajes productivos que sean una alternativa global y sostenible a través innovación tecnológica? Y ¿cómo hacerlo sin perder la óptica y visión crítica del arquitecto, hoy en día, en que esta relación se hace más compleja, al considerar sobre el paisaje el factor de la sostenibilidad, el cambio climático, y de la potenciación de economía circular?

The teaching methodology proposed, aims to increment a reflexive phase prior to the start of the design projects. The proposed teaching approach is analysed based on a specific exercise carried out on a former agricultural land already abandoned. Trying to avoid a approach straight from design analysis of a landscape and the different elements to be built, instead approaching the project from a deep understanding of a “landscape” attitude (in terms of Berque). To achieve this, questions were raised like: How to return to productive landscapes through technological innovation that are can be a global and sustainable alternative? And how to do it without losing the perspective and critical vision associated to architects, when nowadays, this relationship has become more complex, and needs to consider sustainability, climate change, and the empowerment of circular economies as landscape design parameters?
Aprender construcción analizando fotografías de edificios
Authors: Fontàs Serrat Joan , Estebanell Minguell Meritxell
Published: December 2019

Seguramente coincidiremos en lo interesante que podría ser aprender construcción visitando y analizando obras reconocidas de arquitectura. No obstante, resulta complejo localizar edificios cercanos visitables dentro del periodo académico y cuyo interés dé respuesta a los contenidos de la asignatura. Ahí es cuando nos planteamos el posible aprendizaje a través del uso de fotografías del edifico aportadas por los mismos estudiantes a través de un foro virtual. En el contexto del desarrollo de la tesis "El aprendizaje de la construcción a través de las imágenes" la hipótesis es que, con este método participativo, el conocimiento se va consolidando progresivamente a través de la observación y análisis de las fotografías. Las encuestas realizadas entre los estudiantes pretenden determinar su percepción sobre el aprendizaje obtenido. El análisis de los resultados confirma que ha aumentado la motivación de los estudiantes para saber cómo están construidos los edificios y el aprendizaje es bastante significativo.

Surely, one could agree on how interesting it could be to learn construction by visiting and analyzing recognized works of architecture. However, it is complex to locate nearby buildings that can be visited within the academic period and whose interest responds to the contents of the subject. That is when we consider possible learning with photographs of the building, which are provided by the students themselves through a virtual forum. In the context of the development of the thesis "Learning from Construction through Images", the hypothesis is that, with this participatory method, knowledge is gradually consolidated through the observation and analysis of photographs. Surveys conducted among students aim to determine their perception of the learning obtained. The analysis of the results confirms that have increased the students’ motivation to know how the buildings are constructed and their learning is quite significant.
Incorporación del blended learning al taller de proyectos arquitectónicos
Authors: Nicolau-Corbacho Alberto , Verdú Vázquez Amparo , Gil López Tomás
Published: December 2019

El blended learning (BL) puede resultar muy útil para mejorar la enseñanza en los tradicionales talleres de Proyectos Arquitectónicos que se imparten en las escuelas públicas españolas. El taller constituye el núcleo educativo de todas las disciplinas vinculadas al diseño en general y a la arquitectura en particular. En la Escuela de Arquitectura de Madrid se utiliza este sistema en todas las unidades docentes del Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos. Sin embargo, que un modelo funcione no implica que no pueda mejorarse. De hecho, tanto los resultados de desempeño académico como las opiniones mostradas por alumnos y docentes indican que algunos aspectos deberían mejorarse. Por otra parte, la irrupción masiva de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) ofrece verdaderas oportunidades de mejora. Este estudio analiza las ventajas y dificultades que plantea una aplicación concreta de blended learning, utilizando Facebook para ampliar las capacidades docentes del tradicional taller de proyectos.

Blended learning (BL) can be very useful to improve teaching in standard Architectural design-studios currently taught in Spanish public universities. Studios are the teaching core of all disciplines related to design in general and architecture in particular. At the School of Architecture of Madrid this system is used by all units in the Department of Architectural Projects. However, the fact that a model Works well does not mean there is no room for improvement left. In fact, both the academic performance results and the opinions shown by students and teachers indicate that some aspects should be improved. On the other hand, the massive emergence of information and communication technologies (ICT) offers new opportunities for improvement. This study analyzes the advantages and difficulties posed by a specific format of blended learning, using Facebook to expand the teaching capacities of the traditional design-studio.
El taller de arquitectura más allá del enfoque tradicional de Donald Schön
Authors: Arentsen Morales Eric
Published: December 2019

La enseñanza de la arquitectura no estuvo teorizada hasta los aportes hechos por Donald Schön en los años ’80, desde entonces sus ideas  pedagógicas sobre  teoría y práctica del aprendizaje han sido dominante en la formación de profesionales. Sin embargo, el modelo ha tenido durante  la última década severas críticas especialmente por presentar al estudiante como un observador pasivo, más que un aprendiz activo. La presente propuesta indaga en los estilos de aprendizaje, como una forma de comprender  los rasgos individuales que influyen en el aprendizaje de nuestros  estudiantes y presenta una investigación acción conducente a una didáctica donde los estudiantes transitan en forma autónoma por el proceso proyectual. Estas didácticas que incorporan al cuerpo (kinestésicas)  dirigidas  a estudiantes con preferencias de estilo de aprendizaje activo y sensitivo, han sido una buena puerta de entrada a los conceptos y lenguaje que forman a un arquitecto. También,  se ha revertido la tendencia que demostraba la dificultad del grupo activo en el desempeño de taller.

The architectural education was not theorized until the contributions made by Donald Schön in the 1980s, since then his pedagogical ideas on learning theory and practice have been dominant in the training of professionals. However, the model has suffered severe criticism over the last decade, especially for presenting the student as a passive observer, rather than an active learner. The present proposal investigates learning styles, as a way of understanding the individual characteristics that influence the learning of our students and presents an action research that leads to a didactic where students autonomously travel  through the project process. These didactics that incorporate the body (kinesthetic) aimed at students with active and sensing learning style preferences, have been a good gateway to the concepts on the architect training. Also, the tendency that demonstrates the difficulty of the active group on the architecture studio performance has been reversed.
La construcción del Centro social de Cañada Real como medio de formación e integración
Authors: Núñez-Martí Paz , Goycoolea-Prado Roberto
Published: December 2019

La comunicación resume el uso innovador del proceso de construcción de un equipamiento social público como instrumento de formación en temas relacionados con la producción social del hábitat. El equipamiento es el Centro socio-comunitario de Cañada, construido por Recetas Urbanas y promovido por el Comisionado para Cañada Real Galiana del Ayuntamiento de Madrid. Durante el proceso de construcción (octubre 2018 – junio 2019) se programaron diversas actividades académicas con alumnos de arquitectura de la Universidad de Alcalá siguiendo los objetivos del Aprendizaje-Servicio (ApS). La experiencia nos parece reseñable por tres aspectos: (1) la vinculación positiva entre la universidad pública con actores sociales, técnicos y políticos; (2) el desarrollo de una iniciativa ApS con fines formativos y sociales y (3) la dinamización y formación social generada en el ámbito de la arquitectura en colectivos sin relación aparente con la disciplina.

The paper outlines the innovative use of the construction process of a public social equipment as a training tool on issues related to the social production of habitat. The equipment is the center for social and community of Cañada, built by Recipes Urban Areas and promoted by the Commissioner for the Cañada Real Galiana of Madrid City Council. During the construction process (October 2018 – June 2019) various academic activities were scheduled with architectural students of the University of Alcalá following the objectives of Learning-Service (ApS). An experience that we find noteworthy three aspects: Positive linkage between a public university with social, technical and political actors; Development of an ApS initiative with formative and social ends; Dynamization and social education generated in the field of architecture in collectives unrelated to discipline.
Konkrete udspil for ukonkrete udslip: politisk kommunikation om klima i 2009 og 2019
Authors: Almlund Pernille
Published: December 2019

This article contents a comparison of political communication about climate, as it was among politicians at Christiansborg (the Danish Parliament) in 2009/10 and as it is now in 2019. The comparison is based on interviews with politicians in 2009/10 and the written proposals about climate from the Danish political parties in 2018/19. This is a less traditional methodological comparison, but the article argues that this is exactly a comparison of the most comprehensive information about the parties’ climate politics from these two periods. The analysis, based on a system theoretical approach, shows how the Danish politicians communication about climate has changed from being relatively abstract in 2009 to be relatively concrete in 2019. Moreover, the analysis shows how the contemporary more concrete communication about climate is based on numbers and calculations and shows that numbers and calculations has become the dominating communication form among politicians, when they communicate about climate.
Den kommunale klimaindsats 1990-2018: en komparativ analyse af fem danske kommuners klimaindsats i et historisk perspektiv
Authors: Stidsen Mette
Published: December 2019

Global organizations like the UN and the EU have been working towards mitigating climate change since the end of the 1980s. The media, the politicians and the scholars in Denmark often overlook the potential of local governments. This raises questions regarding the development in climate adaption and mitigation in Danish municipalities. What kind of initiatives does the municipalities implement? Are there conformity in the measures and if so, why? Are there variations in the local climate policy and if so, why? The analysis shows that the national and supranational legislation and agreements provide the framework for the climate action in the municipalities. The reasons for the variation of the implementation times are many: geographic and demographic factors, general trends, paradiplomacy and the desire for a green image.
Diseño de un sistema interactivo
Authors: González Mosquera Alberto
Published: December 2019

El sistema interactivo diseñado consiste en un videojuego cuyas mecánicas jugables combinan las del Pinball con las del Arkanoid: una pelota se mueve por el escenario rebotando en las paredes mientras el jugador controla una barra con la que evitar que la bola salga del escenario. ¿La peculiaridad? Los escenarios se crean a partir de una imagen capturada mediante una webcam.
Guía de aprendizaje Dreamweaver CS4
Authors: Casado Martínez Carlos , Córcoles César
Published: December 2019

Adobe Dreamweaver es una potente aplicación de creación y edición de páginas web. Su interfaz permite trabajar tanto con una visión WYSIWYG (vista de diseño) como editar directamente el código HTML (vista de código) y facilita su uso tanto a personas que no tienen conocimientos de HTML como a expertos diseñadores web.
Mi grano de arena en Viquipèdia
Authors: Ribas Paquita
Published: December 2019

Paquita Ribas ha podido iniciarse en el mundo de Wikipedia gracias a la asignatura de Imagen y lenguaje visual de la UOC. Para realizar la práctica eligió cambiar el rojo por el azul en la palabra Frutiger, un estilo de tipografía creada por Adrian Frutiger. Aquí está el relato de su experiencia.
Neural ensemble dynamics in dorsal motor cortex during speech in people with paralysis
Authors: Stavisky Sergey D , Willett Francis R , Wilson Guy H , Murphy Brian A , Rezaii Paymon , Avansino Donald T , Memberg William D , Miller Jonathan P , Kirsch Robert F , Hochberg Leigh R , Ajiboye A Bolu , Druckmann Shaul , Shenoy Krishna V , Henderson Jaimie M
Published: December 2019

Speaking is a sensorimotor behavior whose neural basis is difficult to study with single neuron resolution due to the scarcity of human intracortical measurements. We used electrode arrays to record from the motor cortex ‘hand knob’ in two people with tetraplegia, an area not previously implicated in speech. Neurons modulated during speaking and during non-speaking movements of the tongue, lips, and jaw. This challenges whether the conventional model of a ‘motor homunculus’ division by major body regions extends to the single-neuron scale. Spoken words and syllables could be decoded from single trials, demonstrating the potential of intracortical recordings for brain-computer interfaces to restore speech. Two neural population dynamics features previously reported for arm movements were also present during speaking: a component that was mostly invariant across initiating different words, followed by rotatory dynamics during speaking. This suggests that common neural dynamical motifs may underlie movement of arm and speech articulators.
mTORC1 in the orbitofrontal cortex promotes habitual alcohol seeking
Authors: Morisot Nadege , Phamluong Khanhky , Ehinger Yann , Berger Anthony L , Moffat Jeffrey J , Ron Dorit
Published: December 2019

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays an important role in dendritic translation and in learning and memory. We previously showed that heavy alcohol use activates mTORC1 in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of rodents (Laguesse et al., 2017a). Here, we set out to determine the consequences of alcohol-dependent mTORC1 activation in the OFC. We found that inhibition of mTORC1 activity in the OFC attenuates alcohol seeking and restores sensitivity to outcome devaluation in rats that habitually seek alcohol. In contrast, habitual responding for sucrose was unaltered by mTORC1 inhibition, suggesting that mTORC1’s role in habitual behavior is specific to alcohol. We further show that inhibition of GluN2B in the OFC attenuates alcohol-dependent mTORC1 activation, alcohol seeking and habitual responding for alcohol. Together, these data suggest that the GluN2B/mTORC1 axis in the OFC drives alcohol seeking and habit.
Developmentally regulated Tcf7l2 splice variants mediate transcriptional repressor functions during eye formation
Authors: Young Rodrigo M , Ewan Kenneth B , Ferrer Veronica P , Allende Miguel L , Godovac-Zimmermann Jasminka , Dale Trevor C , Wilson Stephen W
Published: December 2019

Tcf7l2 mediates Wnt/β-Catenin signalling during development and is implicated in cancer and type-2 diabetes. The mechanisms by which Tcf7l2 and Wnt/β-Catenin signalling elicit such a diversity of biological outcomes are poorly understood. Here, we study the function of zebrafish tcf7l2 alternative splice variants and show that only variants that include exon five or an analogous human tcf7l2 variant can effectively provide compensatory repressor function to restore eye formation in embryos lacking tcf7l1a/tcf7l1b function. Knockdown of exon five specific tcf7l2 variants in tcf7l1a mutants also compromises eye formation, and these variants can effectively repress Wnt pathway activity in reporter assays using Wnt target gene promoters. We show that the repressive activities of exon5-coded variants are likely explained by their interaction with Tle co-repressors. Furthermore, phosphorylated residues in Tcf7l2 coded exon5 facilitate repressor activity. Our studies suggest that developmentally regulated splicing of tcf7l2 can influence the transcriptional output of the Wnt pathway.
Broadly neutralizing human antibodies against dengue virus identified by single B cell transcriptomics
Authors: Durham Natasha D , Agrawal Aditi , Waltari Eric , Croote Derek , Zanini Fabio , Fouch Mallorie , Davidson Edgar , Smith Olivia , Carabajal Esteban , Pak John E , Doranz Benjamin J , Robinson Makeda , Sanz Ana M , Albornoz Ludwig L , Rosso Fernando , Einav Shirit , Quake Stephen R , McCutcheon Krista M , Goo Leslie
Published: December 2019

Eliciting broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4) that are spreading into new territories is an important goal of vaccine design. To define bNAb targets, we characterized 28 antibodies belonging to expanded and hypermutated clonal families identified by transcriptomic analysis of single plasmablasts from DENV-infected individuals. Among these, we identified J9 and J8, two somatically related bNAbs that potently neutralized DENV1-4. Mutagenesis studies showed that the major recognition determinants of these bNAbs are in E protein domain I, distinct from the only known class of human bNAbs against DENV with a well-defined epitope. B cell repertoire analysis from acute-phase peripheral blood suggested that J9 and J8 followed divergent somatic hypermutation pathways, and that a limited number of mutations was sufficient for neutralizing activity. Our study suggests multiple B cell evolutionary pathways leading to DENV bNAbs targeting a new epitope that can be exploited for vaccine design.
Striking a Regulatory Bargain. The Legal Profession, Associations and the State in South Africa
Authors: Bonnin Debby
Published: December 2019

This article examines the regulation of the legal profession in South Africa from colonial times, through apartheid and into the post-apartheid period. It narrates the changing relationship between professional associations and the state, locating these events within the debates on professional self-regulation.  Taking the view that professional self-regulation is as a result of ‘an arrangement’ between professions and the state it explores the regulatory bargain struck between associations and the state.  The paper demonstrates that during the apartheid period the profession utilised apartheid legislation to exclude black legal professionals.  However, in the post-apartheid period, when the state proposed legislative interventions in order to enable access to both the profession and justice, a new regulatory bargain had to be negotiated.
Leptolegnia chapmanii como alternativa biológica para el control de Aedes aegypti
Authors: Rueda Manuel E. , Tavares Isabella , López Claudia C. , García Juan
Published: December 2019

Leptolegnia chapmanii es un microorganismo patógeno facultativo de diversas especies de mosquito, entre las que se destacan, por su importancia médica y sanitaria, especies de los géneros Aedes, Culex y Anopheles. El potencial de L. chapmanii como alternativa de control radica en la virulencia, capacidad patógena y grado de especificidad que presenta hacia los estadios larvales de las diferentes especies de mosquito, y por su inocuidad frente a organismos acuáticos no blanco como, por ejemplo, peces y anfibios. Su presencia natural ha sido reportada en Argentina, Brasil, y Estados Unidos, pensándose como posible en otros países dentro del continente americano. La eficacia de L. chapmanii como controlador se ve influenciada por factores externos, como la temperatura, la radiación y el pH, entre otros.Uno de los objetivos de trabajo del Grupo de Hongos Entomopatógenos del Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata, corresponde al desarrollo de protocolos para la producción, formulación, almacenamiento y aplicación de productos basados en este microorganismo. Con este referente, estamos desarrollando un proyecto con L. chapmanii que se encuentra en la fase inicial, en la que se está trabajando la prueba de concepto a escala de laboratorio. Se espera continuar en el futuro con estudios de eficacia, eficiencia, estabilidad y seguridad ecotoxicológica, a diferentes escalas.
Infección por Trypanosoma cruzi en mujeres puérperas y sus neonatos en Barcelona, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela
Authors: Zabala Norielis del Carmen , Berrizbeitia Mariolga , Jorquera Alicia , Rodríguez Jessicca , Romero Leomery
Published: December 2019

Introducción. Trypanosoma cruzi se transmite principalmente por vía vectorial, sin embargo, las rutas oral y congénita han tomado relevancia.Objetivo. Evaluar la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas y sus neonatos en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Luis Razetti de Barcelona, estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio prospectivo de corte transversal, de mayo de 2015 a agosto de 2016, en el que se evaluaron 1.200 mujeres para determinar la infección mediante las pruebas ELISA, MABA e IFI. Los neonatos de las madres seropositivas se evaluaron con la prueba de PCR y por serología a los nueve meses de edad. Se estimó la prevalencia de la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas y sus neonatos. Para establecer los factores de riesgo asociados a la infección, se usó la prueba de ji al cuadrado (c2) y la razón de probabilidad (OR).Resultados. En total, 78 (6,50 %) mujeres resultaron positivas (IC95% 5,10-7,89 %). En seis (9,09 %) recién nacidos de madres seropositivas, se detectó ADN parasitario. Tras nueve meses de nacidos, once lactantes evaluados resultaron serológicamente negativos. La infección estuvo asociada con la duración del embarazo (OR=0,36; IC95% 0,15-0,84), origen del domicilio actual (OR=0,34; IC95% 0,24-0,62) o previo (OR=2,50; IC95% 1,38-4,52) y el tener familiares con la enfermedad de Chagas (OR=1,75; IC95% 1,02-3,01). Conclusiones. La seroprevalencia para la infección por T. cruzi en mujeres puérperas del medio rural, fue elevada. La detección de ADN parasitario al momento del nacimiento no es indicativa de enfermedad de Chagas congénita.
Ecuaciones para estimar la talla de ancianos colombianos mediante la altura de la rodilla
Authors: Benjumea María Victoria , Estrada Alejandro , Curcio Carmen Lucía
Published: December 2019

Introducción. La estatura en el anciano no refleja su talla real de adulto joven debido al envejecimiento de su columna vertebral, entre otros aspectos.Objetivo. Proponer ecuaciones para estimar la talla de los ancianos colombianos mediante la altura de la rodilla, según el grupo étnico y el sexo.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis secundario del estudio transversal SABE 2015, utilizando un diseño muestral probabilístico y multietápico en personas colombianas de 60 o más años. Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente dos grupos de la base de datos del estudio SABE: el grupo para el desarrollo de las ecuaciones y el grupo para su validación. Se hizo un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para estimar la estatura mediante la altura de la rodilla en los grupos étnicos (indígenas, afrodescendientes y blancos-mestizos) por edad y sexo; los resultados se validaron en cada subgrupo de estudio. Resultados. Se diseñaron seis ecuaciones por sexo (hombres=3.665, mujeres=3.019) y etnia; los coeficientes de determinación ajustados (R2) de las ecuaciones en hombres de los tres grupos étnicos oscilaron entre 64 y 75 % y, los errores estándar, entre 3,09 y 3,93 cm. En las mujeres, los R2 de las tres ecuaciones fluctuaron entre 53 y 73 % y los EE, entre 2,96 y 3,90 cm.Conclusión. La ecuación con mejor capacidad para estimar la talla del anciano colombiano fue la obtenida para los afrodescendientes de ambos sexos, en tanto que en la población indígena se presentaron los menores coeficientes de determinación.
Accidente ofídico en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia: análisis retrospectivo, 2008-2017
Authors: Sevilla-Sánchez María José , Mora-Obando Diana , Calderón Jhon Jairo , Guerrero-Vargas Jimmy Alexander , Ayerbe-González Santiago
Published: December 2019

Introducción. El ofidismo es un relevante problema de salud pública y, en Colombia, se incluyó como un evento de notificación obligatoria desde el año 2004. Por ser un país tropical con gran diversidad ecosistémica, ocupa el tercer puesto en Latinoamérica, después de México y Brasil, en presentar el mayor número de accidentes ofídicos.Objetivo. Realizar un análisis retrospectivo del accidente ofídico en el departamento de Nariño, con base en los eventos notificados entre los años 2008 y 2017 al Instituto Departamental de Salud de Nariño y al Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un análisis de tipo descriptivo y retrospectivo a partir de la recopilación e interpretación de la información consignada en las fichas de notificación para accidente ofídico del Instituto Departamental de Salud de Nariño, entre los años 2008 y 2017. Se representó la frecuencia del accidente ofídico a nivel municipal mediante la elaboración de un mapa y se identificaron los géneros responsables del mismo. Resultados. Se reporta un total de 1.110 casos. El 78,13 % de los municipios hizo alguna notificación. Se observa un patrón de aumento constante en el número de casos durante los 10 años, a excepción de 2017. Las características sociodemográficas se mantuvieron durante el periodo de estudio.Conclusiones. El municipio de San Andrés de Tumaco, el sexo masculino y las áreas rurales son los principales afectados por el ofidismo causado, en mayor medida, por el género Bothrops. La mayor incidencia se presentó en el mes de julio.
Cellular components in tumor microenvironment of neuroblastoma and the prognostic value
Authors: Zhong Xiaodan , Zhang Yutong , Wang Linyu , Zhang Hao , Liu Haiming , Liu Yuanning
Published: December 2019

Background

Tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to tumor development, progression, and treatment response. In this study, we detailed the cell composition of the TME in neuroblastoma (NB) and constructed a cell risk score model to predict the prognosis of NB.

Methods

xCell score was calculated through transcriptomic data from the datasets GSE49711 and GSE45480 based on the xCell algorithm. The random forest method was employed to select important features and the coefficient was obtained via multivariate cox regression analysis to construct a prognostic model, and the performance was validated in another two independent datasets, GSE16476 and TARGET-NBL.

Results

We found that both immune and non-immune cells varies significantly in different prognostic groups, and were correlated with survival time. The proposed prognostic cell risk score (pCRS) model we constructed can be an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) (training: OS, HR 1.579, EFS, HR 1.563; validation: OS, HR 1.665, 3.848, EFS, HR 2.203, all p-values < 0.01) and only independent prognostic factor in International Neuroblastoma Risk Group high risk patients (HR 1.339, 3.631; p-value 1.76e–2, 3.71e–5), rather than MYCN amplification. Besides, pCRS model showed good performance in grouping, in discriminating MYCN status, the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.889, 0.933, and 0.861 in GSE49711, GSE45480, and GSE16476, respectively. In separating high risk groups, the AUC was 0.904 in GSE49711.

Conclusion

This study details the cellular components in the TME of NB through gene expression data, the proposed pCRS model might provide a basis for treatment selection of high risk patients or targeting cellular components of TME in NB.
Cell transformation by the adenovirus oncogenes E1 and E4
Authors: Ip Wing Hang , Dobner Thomas
Published: December 2019

Extensive studies on viral‐mediated oncogenic transformation by human adenoviruses have revealed much of our current understanding on the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the process. To date, these studies have shown that cell transformation is a multistep process regulated by the cooperation of several adenoviral gene products encoded in the early regions 1 (E1) and 4 (E4). Early region 1A immortalizes primary rodent cells, whereas co‐expression of early region protein 1B induces full manifestation of the transformed phenotype. Beside E1 proteins, also some E4 proteins have partial transforming activities through regulating many cellular pathways. Here, we summarize recent data of how adenoviral oncoproteins may contribute to viral transformation and discuss the challenge of pinpointing the underlying mechanisms.
Extremely Ice‐Detached Array of Pine Needle‐Inspired Concave‐Cone Pillars
Authors: Guo Zhenyu , Peng Bo , Liu Yufang , Li Jinghui , Pei Wenle , Li Qunyang , Zheng Yongmei
Published: December 2019

Inspired by the features of natural pine needle, a superhydrophobic concave‐cone pillar surface (CCPS) is designed by using polymer via soft lithography and printing methods. CCPS has the characterizes of unique flexible performance and concave conical geometry to lower adhesion between liquid/ice–solid interfaces, thus as‐frozen ice droplet can be easily detached by tilting or a slight shear flow. Comparing to normal cone pillar surface, CCPS achieves excellent deicing ability, attributed to unique antipinning effect between ice and concave‐cone pillars, which is demonstrated by force characterization. This finding offers an insight into design of novel icephobic/anti‐icing surfaces and materials that can be extended into some applied realms for solving icing problems, e.g., transmission line, traffic road, aircraft wing, etc.
Cp*Co(III)‐Catalyzed o‐Amidation of Benzaldehydes with Dioxazolones Using Transient Directing Group Strategy
Authors: Khan Bhuttu , Dwivedi Vikas , Sundararaju Basker
Published: December 2019

Transition metal‐catalyzed ortho‐selective C(sp2)−H amidation of weakly coordinating aldehydes remains limited to precious metals such as Ir, Rh, Ru, etc. Herein, we put forward a novel report on ortho‐amidation of benzaldehydes employing user‐friendly dioxazolones under cost‐effective and air‐stable Cp*Co(III) catalysis. This catalytic transformation involves transient directing group strategy to enhance the ligating capability of weakly chelating aldehydes.

magnified image
Three‐Component Reaction of p‐Quinone Monoacetals, Amines and Diarylphosphine Oxides to Afford m‐(Phosphinyl)anilides
Authors: Shen Ruwei , Wang Xin , Zhang Shunlin , Dong Chao , Zhu Dunru , Han Li‐Biao
Published: December 2019

The three‐component reaction of p‐quinone monoacetals, amines and diarylphosphine oxides is developed to afford m‐(diarylphosphinyl)anilides in moderate to high yields. The reaction may proceed via a process involving phospha‐nucleophilic addition to an iminoquinone acetal intermediate and/or carbonyl‐amine condensation with a phosphinyl enone intermediate.

magnified image
Unraveling the Intra and Intercycle Interfacial Evolution of Li6PS5Cl‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zheng Chao , Li Lujie , Xia Yang , Huang Hui , Gan Yongping , Liang Chu , He Xinping , Tao Xinyong , Zhang Wenkui
Published: December 2019

High‐performance rechargeable all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries with high energy density and enhanced safety are attractive for applications like portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. Among the various solid electrolytes, argyrodite Li6PS5Cl with high ionic conductivity and easy processability is of great interest. However, the low interface compatibility between sulfide solid electrolytes and high capacity cathodes like nickel‐rich layered oxides requires many thorny issues to be resolved, such as the space charge layer (SCL) and interfacial reactions. In this work, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ Raman spectroscopy measurements are performed to monitor the detailed interface evolutions in a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM)/Li6PS5Cl/Li cell. Combining with ex situ characterizations including scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the evolution of the SCL and the chemical bond vibration at NCM/Li6PS5Cl interface during the early cycles is elaborated. It is found that the Li+ ion migration, which varies with the potential change, is a very significant cause of these interface behaviors. For the long‐term cycling, the SCL, interfacial reactions, lithium dendrites, and chemo‐mechanical failure have an integrated effect on interfaces, further deteriorating the interfacial structure and electrochemical performance. This research provides a new insight on intra and intercycle interfacial evolution of solid‐state batteries.
Effects of specific nutrients on immune modulation in patients with gastrectomy
Authors: Wu Jin‐Ming , Lin Ming‐Tsan
Published: December 2019

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent and lethal malignant neoplasms worldwide. The main treatment for GC is gastrectomy, which generally causes considerable metabolic stress to patients. To modulate cell function, maintain homeostasis of the immune response, reduce postoperative complications, and obtain favorable outcomes, physicians prescribe specific nutrients with immunomodulatory properties as supplementation to enteral or parenteral formulas, indicating immunonutrition. In the formulas, among the immunonutrients, glutamine, arginine, and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are the most commonly used either alone or in combination. The present review summarizes and focuses on the evidence obtained from clinical trials and animal studies supporting the role of immunonutrients supplemented enterally or parenterally in total or subtotal gastrectomy. In addition, this review describes the possible molecular mechanisms underlying the protective action of these immunonutrients, which may contribute to therapeutic approaches to improve postoperative outcomes of gastrectomy. Combination of conventional therapy with immunonutrition seems to be a useful strategy to achieve synergistic effects in the treatment of GC patients.
Microplastic Identification via Holographic Imaging and Machine Learning
Authors: Bianco Vittorio , Memmolo Pasquale , Carcagnì Pierluigi , Merola Francesco , Paturzo Melania , Distante Cosimo , Ferraro Pietro
Published: December 2019

Microplastics (MPs) are a major environmental concern due to their possible impact on water pollution, wildlife, and the food chain. Reliable, rapid, and high‐throughput screening of MPs from other components of a water sample after sieving and/or digestion is still a highly desirable goal to avoid cumbersome visual analysis by expert users under the optical microscope. Here, a new approach is presented that combines 3D coherent imaging with machine learning (ML) to achieve accurate and automatic detection of MPs in filtered water samples in a wide range at microscale. The water pretreatment process eliminates sediments and aggregates that fall out of the analyzed range. However, it is still necessary to clearly distinguish MPs from marine microalgae. Here, it is shown that, by defining a novel set of distinctive “holographic features,” it is possible to accurately identify MPs within the defined analysis range. The process is specifically tailored for characterizing the MPs' “holographic signatures,” thus boosting the classification performance and reaching accuracy higher than 99% in classifying thousands of items. The ML approach in conjunction with holographic coherent imaging is able to identify MPs independently from their morphology, size, and different types of plastic materials.
A prenatally diagnosed case of Donnai‐Barrow syndrome: Highlighting the importance of whole exome sequencing in cases of consanguinity
Authors: Ozdemir Halis , Plamondon Jenna , Gaskin Peter , Asoglu Mehmet R. , Turan Sifa
Published: December 2019

Donnai‐Barrow syndrome (DBS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by typical craniofacial features, vision and hearing loss, intellectual disability, agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), and omphalocele. This condition is associated with loss‐of‐function mutations in the LRP2 gene. Few cases have been described in the literature. In our case, CDH and ACC were prenatally diagnosed by ultrasound, and the fetus was the product of a first‐degree union. Single‐nucleotide polymorphism‐microarray showed large regions of homozygosity. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed and revealed a homozygous frameshift pathogenic variant in LRP2 (c.6978dupG). Here, we present a case of DBS, which diagnosed prenatally via WES in a fetus with CDH and ACC.
Primrose syndrome associated with unclassified immunodeficiency and a novel ZBTB20 mutation
Authors: Yamamoto‐Shimojima Keiko , Imaizumi Taichi , Akagawa Hiroyuki , Kanno Hitoshi , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: December 2019

Primrose syndrome is a congenital malformation syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, progressive muscle wasting, and ear lobe calcification. Mutations in the ZBTB20 gene have been established as being accountable for this syndrome. In this study, a novel de novo ZBTB20 mutation, NM_001164342.2:c.1945C>T (p.Leu649Phe), has been identified through whole exome sequencing (WES) in a female patient presenting a typical Primrose phenotype. Because the present patient exhibited recurrent otitis media, detailed immunological examinations were performed in this study and subnormal immunoglobulin levels were firstly identified in a Primrose patient. Anatomical anomaly of the inner ear has never been reported in this patient and WES data did not include any relevant variants causally linked with the immunologic defect. Thus, there is a possibility of a relation between an unclassified immunodeficiency with selective IgG2 deficiency and Primrose syndrome and this may be the reason of recurrent otitis media frequently observed in Primrose patients. Because subnormal levels of IgG2 in this patient might be caused by an unrelated and still uncharacterized genetic cause, further studies are required to prove the causal link between aberrant ZBTB20 function and immunodeficiency.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of N‐Substituted Phenanthridinones and Spiro‐isoindolinones: C(sp2)−N and C(sp2)−O Coupling through Radical Pathway
Authors: Verma Ajay , Singh Banjara Lal , Meena Rahul , Kumar Sangit
Published: December 2019

Iodine‐mediated intramolecular coupling of C−H and N−H bonds through radical pathways has been achieved for the synthesis of substituted phenanthridinones from 2‐phenylbenzamides using iodine, succininmide and di‐tert‐butylperoxide (DTBP) oxidant in dichloroethane at 130 °C. The developed protocol provides substituted phenanthridinones, particularly N‐alkyl substituted, which are difficult to access either by base‐mediated or transition‐metal‐catalyzed methodologies due to acidic nature of the C−H bond adjacent to nitrogen atom in the amides. Serendipitously, switching the oxidant from DTBP to phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) afforded spiro‐isoindolinones, involving intramolecular C−N, intermolecular C−O coupling and dearomatization of the phenyl ring in one pot.
Enriching and Quantifying Porous Single Layer 2D Polymers by Exfoliation of Chemically Modified van der Waals Crystals
Authors: Lange Ralph Z. , Synnatschke Kevin , Qi Haoyuan , Huber Niklas , Hofer Gregor , Liang Baokun , Huck Christian , Pucci Annemarie , Kaiser Ute , Backes Claudia , Schlüter A. Dieter
Published: December 2019

2D polymer sheets with six positively charged pyrylium groups at each pore edge in a stacked single crystal can be transformed into a 2D polymer with six pyridines per pore by exposure to gaseous ammonia. This reaction furnishes still a crystalline material with tunable protonation degree at regular nano‐sized pores promising as separation membrane. The exfoliation is compared for both 2D polymers with the latter being superior. Its liquid phase exfoliation yields nanosheet dispersions, which can be size‐selected using centrifugation cascades. Monolayer contents of ≈30 % are achieved with ≈130 nm sized sheets in mg quantities, corresponding to tens of trillions of monolayers. Quantification of nanosheet sizes, layer number and mass shows that this exfoliation is comparable to graphite. Thus, we expect that recent advances in exfoliation of graphite or inorganic crystals (e.g. scale‐up, printing etc.) can be directly applied to this 2D polymer as well as to covalent organic frameworks.
Sequential Chemistry Toward Core–Shell Structured Metal Sulfides as Stable and Highly Efficient Visible‐Light Photocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Xingmiao , Liang Haichen , Li Haoze , Xia Yuan , Zhu Xiaohang , Peng Liang , Zhang Wei , Liu Liangliang , Zhao Tiancong , Wang Changyao , Zhao Zaiwang , Hung Chin‐Te , Zagho Moustafa M. , Elzatahry Ahmed A. , Li Wei , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: December 2019

A universal sequential synthesis strategy in aqueous solution is presented for highly uniform core–shell structured photocatalysts, which consist of a metal sulfide light absorber core and a metal sulfide co‐catalyst shell. We show that the sequential chemistry can drive the formation of unique core–shell structures controlled by the constant of solubility product of metal sulfides. A variety of metal sulfide core–shell structures have been demonstrated, including CdS@CoSx, CdS@MnSx, CdS@NiSx, CdS@ZnSx, CuS@CdS, and more complexed CdS@ZnSx@CoSx. The obtained strawberry‐like CdS@CoSx core–shell structures exhibit a high photocatalytic H2 production activity of 3.92 mmol h−1 and an impressive apparent quantum efficiency of 67.3 % at 420 nm, which is much better than that of pure CdS nanoballs (0.28 mmol h−1), CdS/CoSx composites (0.57 mmol h−1), and 5 %wt Pt‐loaded CdS photocatalysts (1.84 mmol h−1).
Crystalline Boragermenes
Authors: Rao Bin , Kinjo Rei
Published: December 2019

Boragermene 3 featuring a double bond between the Ge and dicoordinate B atoms has been synthesized for the first time by reacting the cyclic (alkyl)(boryl)germylene–PMe3 adduct 1 with Cl2BN(SiMe3)2 followed by reductive dehalogenation with KC8. Addition of a Lewis base (MeNHC) to 3 leads to the formation of the corresponding adduct 4, which shows double bond character between the Ge and tricoordinate B atoms. Compound 3 undergoes hydrogenation with H2 concomitant with a complete scission of the Ge=B bond.