bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction of post‐surgical scarring with the use of ablative fractional CO2 lasers: A pilot study using a porcine model
Authors: Baca Marissa E. , Neaman Keith C. , Rapp Derek A. , Burton Michael E. , Mann Robert J. , Renucci John D.
Published: April 2016

Background and Objective

Wound healing inevitably leads to scarring, which leads to functional and cosmetic defects. It is the goal of this study to investigate the immediate use of ablative fractional CO2 lasers to reduce post‐operative scarring secondary to surgical wounds.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

In this prospective controlled study, 20 surgical incisions were created on each of three pigs. Fifteen of the incisions were treated with an ablative fractional CO2 laser at one of three laser settings. The remaining five incisions served as a control. Punch biopsies were taken post‐operatively over time. Digital photographs were taken of each incisional scar at each time period. Blinded evaluators used a previously verified scoring system to score photographs of the incisional scars taken at the 6 month time period.

Results

With regards to the comparison between the three individual laser treatment groups and the control, there were no statistically significant effects for treatment (P = 0.40), time (P = 0.48), or for the interaction of time and treatment (P = 0.57). With regards to the visual assessment tool, there were no statistically significant differences between treatments for Overall Appearance (P = 0.21) or for Total Score (P = 0.24).

Conclusions

In the limited setting of this pilot study, treatment of surgical incisions with ablative fractional CO2 lasers does not significantly lessen scar formation. In addition, photographic analysis was not able to demonstrate a significant difference. Future studies on this topic will need a larger sample size to better answer whether a statistically significant difference may exist. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:122–128, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chondrocyte Generation of Cartilage‐Like Tissue Following Photoencapsulation in Methacrylated Polysaccharide Solution Blends
Authors: Hayami James W. S. , Waldman Stephen D. , Amsden Brian G.
Published: April 2016

Chondrocyte‐seeded, photo‐cross‐linked hydrogels prepared from solutions containing 50% mass fractions of methacrylated glycol chitosan or methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MHA) with methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS) are cultured in vitro under static conditions over 35 d to assess their suitability for load‐bearing soft tissue repair. The photo‐cross‐linked hydrogels have initial equilibrium moduli between 100 and 300 kPa, but only the MHAMCS hydrogels retain an approximately constant modulus (264 ± 5 kPa) throughout the culture period. Visually, the seeded chondrocytes in the MHAMCS hydrogels are well distributed with an apparent constant viability in culture. Multicellular aggregates are surrounded by cartilaginous matrix, which contain aggrecan and collagen II. Thus, co‐cross‐linked MCS and MHA hydrogels may be suited for use in an articular cartilage or nucleus pulposus repair applications.

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Elastic Light Tunable Tissue Adhesive Dendrimers
Authors: Feng Gao , Djordjevic Ivan , Mogal Vishal , O'Rorke Richard , Pokholenko Oleksandr , Steele Terry W. J.
Published: April 2016

Development of bioadhesive formulations for tissue fixation remains a challenge. The major drawbacks of available bioadhesives are low adhesion strength, toxic byproducts, and complexity of application onto affected tissues. In order to address these problems, this study has developed a hydrogel bioadhesive system based on poly amido amine (PAMAM) dendrimer, grafted (conjugated) with UV‐sensitive, 4‐[3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐3H‐diazirin‐3‐yl] benzyl bromide (PAMAM‐g‐diazirine). This particular diazirine molecule can be grafted to the surface amine groups of PAMAM in a one‐pot synthesis. Diazirine functionalities are carbene precursors that form covalent crosslinks with hydrated tissues after low‐power UV activation without necessity of free‐radical initiators. The rheological properties and adhesion strength to ex vivo tissues are highly controllable depending on diazirine grafting, hydrogel concentration, and UV dose intensity fitting variety types of tissues. Covalent bonds at the tissue/bioadhesive interface provide robust adhesive and mechanical strength in a highly hydrated environment. The free flowing hydrogel conversion to elastic adhesive after UV activation allows intimate contact with the ex vivo swine tissue surfaces with low in vitro cytotoxicity observed, making it a promising bioadhesive formulation toward clinical applications.

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Cationic Photoinitiators for Near UV and Visible LEDs: A Particular Insight into One‐Component Systems
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Pu , Dietlin Celine , Campolo Damien , Dumur Frederic , Gigmes Didier , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Lalevée Jacques
Published: April 2016

The observed development of one‐component photoinitiators of cationic polymerization reactions in the last forty years is briefly described. Cationic photoinitiators can usually be activated by short wavelengths (<300 nm) and relatively hard conditions (high intensity). The search for cheaper and safer light sources has led to the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). In this review, a special emphasis is provided on the most recent and promising cationic initiators operating under near UV and visible LEDs. Ferrocenium salts exhibit the broadest visible light absorption and are probably, from this point of view, the most versatile near UV and visible light cationic initiators. Excellent photoinitiation performance has been found with the ferrocenium salts as one‐component initiators, and the effect of ferrocenium salts based multi‐component photoinitiating systems on the relevant photoinitiation performance has also been investigated.

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Cross‐Cultural Differences of the Non‐Motor Symptoms Studied by the Traditional Chinese Version of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
Authors: Yu Rwei‐Ling , Wu Ruey‐Meei , Chan Anne Y.Y. , Mok Vincent , Wu Yih‐Ru , Tilley Barbara C. , Luo Sheng , Wang Lu , LaPelle Nancy R. , Stebbins Glenn T. , Goetz Christopher G.
Published: April 2016

Background

Given the importance of ethnic differences in the evaluation of various aspects of symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), we present the formal procedure for completing the traditional Chinese translation of the International and Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society/UPDRS (MDS‐UPDRS) and highlight the discrepancy in nonmotor symptoms (NMS) between patients in Eastern and Western countries.

Methods

A total of 350 native Chinese‐speaking PD patients were recruited from multiple hospitals in Eastern countries; they completed the MDS‐UPDRS. The translation process was executed and factor analysis was performed to determine the structure of the scale. Chi‐squared and t tests were used to compare frequency and severity of PD symptoms between the Chinese‐speaking and English‐speaking groups (n = 876).

Results

NMS and motor symptoms were more severe in the Western population (Part I: t(1205) = 5.36, P < 0.0001; and Part III: t(1205) = 7.64, P < 0.0001); however, the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and impairments in activities of daily living were more frequent in the Eastern patients. The comparative fit index was 0.93 or greater, and the exploratory factor analysis revealed compatible results between the translated scale and the original version.

Conclusion

The traditional Chinese version of the MDS‐UPDRS can be designated as an official translation of the original scale, and it is now available for use. Moreover, NMS in PD constitute a major issue worldwide, and the pattern of NMS among the Chinese population is more marked in terms of cognition‐based symptoms and activities of daily living.
The free inverted omega‐shaped flap for circumferential hypopharyngeal reconstruction with simultaneous neck skin defect
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Lin Tsan‐Shiun , Chen Yen‐Chou , Tsai Yun‐Ta , Yang Ching‐Hsiang , Wu Cheng‐Chung , Kuo Pao‐Jen , Hsieh Ching‐Hua , Yang Johnson Chia‐Shen
Published: April 2016

Background

Circumferential hypopharyngeal defect with simultaneous skin defect can pose complicated reconstructive challenge for reconstructive microsurgeons. Our experience with the versatile inverted‐omega flap tubing design is proposed to accommodate such problem.

Methods

From 2012 to 2015, 13 anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps and one anteromedial thigh (AMT) flap were harvested for reconstruction of circumferential hypopharyngeal defects with skin defects in 14 patients. All patients were males except one. Patient age ranged from 42 to 67 years (average, 53.1 years). Fifty‐seven percent were recurrent cases. All but one patient received preoperative chemoradiotherapy.

Results

The average flap size was 29 × 8 cm (range: 25–31 × 6–10 cm2). An average of 2.6 perforators was included in each flap (2–4 perforators/flap). All flaps survived. One venous thrombosis was noted and salvaged after thrombolectomy and vein graft. The mean follow‐up period was 25 months. The fistula rate was 21.4% (three patients). One fistula never healed because of early recurrence; one fistula healed after surgical intervention; and one fistula need a loco‐regional flap for secondary reconstruction. Three postoperative strictures were noted (21.4%).

Conclusion

For the circumferential hypopharyngeal defect with simultaneous neck skin defect, this inverted‐omega ALT tubing design offers an alternative choice for such complicated reconstruction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 38:51–59, 2018.
Remote ischemic perconditioning attenuates acute inflammation of experimental musculocutaneous flaps following ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Krag Andreas E. , Eschen Gete T. , Damsgaard Tine E. , SVÆRDBORG Mille , Steiniche Torben , Kiil Birgitte J.
Published: April 2016

Background

In free flap reconstruction and replantation surgery, prolonged ischemia time may lead to flap or replantation failure. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of hypothermic flap ischemia or remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPER) during normothermic ischemia on acute inflammation of musculocutaneous flaps subjected to ischemia‐reperfusion injury. Materials and methods: In 24 pigs, a musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap was dissected and subjected to 4 hours of arterial ischemia and 7 hours of reperfusion. The animals were allocated into two experimental groups: hypothermic flap ischemia at 4°C (n = 8) or normothermic flap ischemia with RIPER (n = 8), and one control group with normothermic flap ischemia (n = 8). The hypothermic ischemic flaps were cooled in a basin with fresh water and ice. RIPER was initiated 1 hour before reperfusion, by inducing three 10 min cycles of hind limb ischemia with a tourniquet, each separated by 10 min of reperfusion. Acute inflammation was described by inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12p40, and TNF‐α) from the flap during reperfusion, and by quantitative determination of macrophages in flap biopsies of dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and skeletal muscle following reperfusion. Results: No significant differences were found between normothermic and hypothermic flap ischemia in inflammatory cytokine secretion. However, the IL‐6 secretion was significantly reduced in the RIPER group compared with the control group at 5 hours of reperfusion (P = 0.036), and in the RIPER group compared with the hypothermic ischemia group at 3 (P = 0 0.0063), 5 (P = 0.0026), and 7 hours of reperfusion (P = 0.028). The IL‐12p40 secretion was significantly reduced in the RIPER group compared with the control group (P = 0.0054) as well as the hypothermic ischemia group (P = 0.028) at 5 hours of reperfusion. No significant difference was found among groups in macrophage infiltration. Conclusion: RIPER reduced IL‐6 and IL‐12p40 secretion during reperfusion of porcine musculocutaneous flaps, when compared with hypothermic ischemic flaps and normothermic ischemic flaps without RIPER. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:148–155, 2017.
Solvability and optimal controls for semilinear fractional evolution hemivariational inequalities
Authors: Lu Liang , Liu Zhenhai , Jiang Wei , Luo Jinlian
Published: April 2016

This paper is concerned with the control systems of semilinear fractional evolution hemivariational inequalities and their optimal controls in Banach space. Firstly, the existence of mild solutions is obtained and proved mainly by using a well‐known fixed point theorem of multivalued maps and the properties of generalized Clarke subdifferential. Then, by applying generally mild conditions of cost functionals, we investigate the existence results of the optimal controls for fractional differential evolution hemivariational inequalities. Finally, an example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the main results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urolithin A attenuates ox‐LDL‐induced endothelial dysfunction partly by modulating microRNA‐27 and ERK/PPAR‐γ pathway
Authors: Han Qi‐an , Yan Chunhong , Wang Lingfang , Li Guanghui , Xu Yunfeng , Xia Xiaodong
Published: April 2016

Scope

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are both common events occurring during the development of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that urolithins, the intestinal microflora metabolites of ellagitannin, exhibit anti‐inflammation and antioxidative properties. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of urolithin A (UA) on ox‐LDL‐induced (where ox‐LDL is oxidized low‐density lipoprotein) endothelial dysfunction and possible modes of action.

Methods and results

Human artery endothelial cells were incubated with 50 μg/mL ox‐LDL and various concentrations of UA for 24 h. UA improved the productions of nitric oxide and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a dose‐dependent manner. UA markedly reduced the expressions of ICAM‐1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) and MCP‐1 (monocyte chemotactic protein 1) and further attenuated THP‐1 (human acute monocytic leukemia cell line) cell adhesion. In addition, UA suppressed expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 6, and endothelin 1, and increased PPAR‐γ (peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma) mRNA expression. Moreover, UA decreased miR‐27 expression, and overexpression of miR‐27 by adding pre‐miR‐27 abolished the ability of UA to improve ox‐LDL‐induced PPAR‐γ decrease. Furthermore, UA significantly downregulated phosphorylated ERK1/2 (where ERK is extracellular signal‐regulated kinase) while decreasing interleukin 6 level and elevating PPAR‐γ.

Conclusions

UA could alleviate endothelial dysfunction induced by ox‐LDL partially through modulating miR‐27 expression and ERK/PPAR‐γ pathway.
A general chemical shift decomposition method for hyperpolarized 13C metabolite magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wang Jian‐xiong , Merritt Matthew E. , Sherry Dean , Malloy Craig R.
Published: April 2016

Metabolic imaging with hyperpolarized carbon‐13 allows sequential steps of metabolism to be detected in vivo. Potential applications in cancer, brain, muscular, myocardial, and hepatic metabolism suggest that clinical applications could be readily developed. A primary concern in imaging hyperpolarized nuclei is the irreversible decay of the enhanced magnetization back to thermal equilibrium. Multiple methods for rapid imaging of hyperpolarized substrates and their products have been proposed with a multi‐point Dixon method distinguishing itself as a robust protocol for imaging [1‐13C]pyruvate. We describe here a generalized chemical shift decomposition method that incorporates a single‐shot spiral imaging sequence plus a spectroscopic sequence to retain as much spin polarization as possible while allowing detection of metabolites that have a wide range of chemical shift values. The new method is demonstrated for hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate, [1‐13C]acetoacetate, and [2‐13C]dihydroxyacetone. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of genes associated with luteolysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during early pregnancy in cattle
Authors: Yang Ling , Yao Xiaolei , Li Shujing , Chen Kai , Wang Yongxiang , Chen Long , Zhang Leying
Published: April 2016

The conceptus‐derived signals that initiate maternal recognition of pregnancy act primarily on the endometrium to inhibit the development of luteolysis, thus modifying the expression of genes in the corpus luteum. The involvement of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the formation of this anti‐luteolytic mechanism during early pregnancy is uncertain. In this study, PBMCs from non‐pregnant and early‐pregnant cows were sampled to explore the expression of genes associated with luteolysis, including AKR1B1 (aldo‐keto reductase family 1, member B1; a bovine prostaglandin F synthase), PTGFR (PGF2α receptor), OXT (oxytocin), PTGES (PGE synthase), PTGER1 (PGE2 receptor 1), and PGR (progesterone receptor). OXT and PTGFR transcript abundance was low in PBMCs at Day 18 in pregnant individuals. PGR and PTGER1 mRNA abundance was significantly higher at Day 30 in pregnant individuals. AKR1B1 and PTGES transcript abundance was significantly higher at Day 18 in PBMCs from non‐pregnant individuals, yet AKR1B1 and PTGES protein abundance was elevated at Day 30 in pregnant individuals—although AKR1B1 dimer may be significantly higher at Day 18 in non‐pregnant PBMCs. In conclusion, changes in bovine PBMC gene expression are associated with luteolysis during early pregnancy, which implicate the influence of circulating blood components in controlling luteolysis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 509–515, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Operation of Flexible Multiproduct Modular Continuous Polymerization Plants
Authors: Schoppmeyer Christian , Vermue Henry , Subbiah Subanatarajan , Kohlmann Daniel , Ferlin Patrick , Engell Sebastian
Published: April 2016

In this work, the operation of modular flexible continuous polymerization plants is investigated. For a benchmark problem (six products with an overall yearly demand of 20,000 t, two continuous production lines with modules that can be moved between the lines) that is defined by industrial speciality polymer producers, the optimal campaign planning problem is solved, minimizing the cost of cleaning and waste production. The results are compared to the production of the same portfolio of products in a batch plant. The results show that the changeovers between different products and production parameters lead to a loss of production capacity and additional costs. For long production campaigns (demand satisfaction on a monthly basis), these costs and losses are comparatively small, whereas for short demand satisfaction periods (one week) they are significant. On the other hand, longer demand satisfaction periods require a significant amount of product inventory and hence storage facilities.

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Magnetic barcode imaging for contrast agents
Authors: Hung Andy H. , Lilley Laura M. , Hu Fengqin , Harrison Victoria S.R. , Meade Thomas J.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To demonstrate a new MR imaging approach that unambiguously identifies and quantitates contrast agents based on intrinsic agent properties such as r1, r2,
, and magnetic susceptibility. The approach is referred to as magnetic barcode imaging (MBI).

Methods

Targeted and bioresponsive contrast agents were imaged in agarose phantoms to generate T1, T2,
, and quantitative susceptibility maps. The parameter maps were processed by a machine learning algorithm that is trained to recognize the contrast agents based on these parameters. The output is a quantitative map of contrast agent concentration, identity, and functional state.

Results

MBI allowed the quantitative interpretation of intensities, removed confounding backgrounds, enabled contrast agent multiplexing, and unambiguously detected the activation and binding states of bioresponsive and targeted contrast agents.

Conclusion

MBI has the potential to overcome significant limitations in the interpretation, quantitation, and multiplexing of contrast enhancement by MR imaging probes. Magn Reson Med 77:970–978, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Illness Experiences in Women with Oral Dryness as a Result of Sjögren's Syndrome: The Patient Point of View
Authors: Rojas‐Alcayaga Gonzalo , Herrera Ronda Andrea , Espinoza Santander Iris , Bustos Reydet Claudia , Ríos Erazo Matías , Wurmann Pamela , Sabugo Francisca , Geenen Rinie
Published: April 2016

Background

Sjögren's syndrome and the associated dryness can have multiple consequences. The aim of the present qualitative study was to give an in‐depth account of the life experiences of women with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and health‐related behaviours, and to summarize these experiences in an integrated model.

Methods

Twelve women diagnosed with pSS who regularly attended the Hospital of the University of Chile participated in detailed interviews. The data were analysed using qualitative methods based on the principles of grounded theory.

Results

Selective coding identified three categories: illness experience, social interaction and psychological response. An integrated model was developed connecting these dynamic aspects and suggesting how they could lead to a life cycle crisis in cases of maladjustment. We found that problem‐solving strategies, reconstruction of identity, acceptance and a social support may prevent this life cycle crisis.

Discussion

Xerostomia and other consequences of pSS can have a profound influence on daily life. However, the severity of the consequences depends on individual experiences with the illness, social influences and the psychological responses of the patient. Physicians, dentists and other healthcare professionals can help the patient by listening to their problems and exploring solutions based on a psychological approach.
Does episiotomy influence vaginal resting pressure, pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance, and prevalence of urinary incontinence 6 weeks postpartum?
Authors: Bø Kari , Hilde Gunvor , Tennfjord Merete Kolberg , Engh Marie Ellstrøm
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of the present study was to compare vaginal resting pressure (VRP), pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and endurance, and prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) at 6 weeks postpartum, in women with and without lateral or mediolateral episiotomy.

Methods

Two hundred and thirty‐eight nulliparous pregnant women, mean age 28.5 years (SD 4.2) and pre‐pregnancy BMI 23.8 (SD 4.0) participated in the study. Lateral or mediolateral episiotomy was only performed for indications such as fetal distress or imminent risk of severe perineal tear. At 6 weeks postpartum, a vaginal balloon connected to a high precision pressure transducer was used to measure VRP (cm H2O), PFM strength (cm H2O), and endurance (cm H2O sec). All women completed the International Classification of Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ‐UI‐SF) by means of an electronic questionnaire.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found in VRP (mean difference 0.0 cm H2O, 95%CI: −2.1 to 2.1), PFM strength (mean difference 1.3 cm H2O, 95%CI: −1.9 to 4.6), or PFM endurance (mean difference 12.1 cm H2O sec, 95%CI: −11.0 to 35.1) between women with or without episiotomy. No significant differences were found in prevalence of UI (37.5% vs. 46.6%) or SUI (23.6% vs. 35.6%), between women with or without episiotomy, respectively.

Conclusions

PFM function and/or prevalence of post‐partum UI were not affected by a lateral or mediolateral episiotomy. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:683–686, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of sacral neuromodulation treatment success in men with impaired bladder emptying—time for a new diagnostic approach
Authors: Rademakers Kevin L. , Drossaerts Jamie M. , van Kerrebroeck Philip E. , Oelke Matthias , van Koeveringe Gommert A.
Published: April 2016

Introduction

Detrusor underactivity (DU) is currently a topic that receives major attention within functional urology. Urologists are often confronted with men who present with voiding dysfunction without bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) or after desobstructive or neuromodulation treatment. Their impaired bladder emptying is suspected to be related to failure of detrusor contractile function. Earlier research indicated that patients with non‐obstructive urinary retention (NOR), for example, detrusor underactivity (DU), have a lower success rate after sacral neuromodulation (SNM) compared to patients treated with SNM for storage dysfunction. However, predicting factors for treatment success in the NOR group have not yet been defined.

Methods and Evidence

The aim of this study was to assess whether the use of the new BOO‐contractility (Maastricht‐Hannover) nomogram can identify and predict SNM non‐responders. Our results in 18 men showed that only 20% of patients below the 10th percentile, but 86% of men between the 10 and 25th percentiles of the nomogram can be treated successfully with SNM. All successfully treated patients voided without needing self‐ catheterisation.

Conclusions

This pilot study showed for the first time that SNM treatment response in male patients with impaired bladder emptying can be predicted with the BOO‐contractility (Maastricht‐Hannover) nomogram. Men below the 10th percentile are likely to be treatment non‐responders, whereas the majority of men above the 10th percentile are responders. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:808–810, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of silodosin, a selective alpha‐1A adrenoceptor antagonist, on erectile function in a rat model of partial bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Bastaskın Tugce , Kaya Ecem , Ozakca Isıl , Yilmaz Didem , Bayatlı Nur , Akdemir Alp Ozgur , Gur Serap
Published: April 2016

Aim

We investigated the effects of silodosin (selective α1A‐adrenoceptor antagonist) on erectile dysfunction (ED) in a rat model of bladder outlet obstruction.

Methods

Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (n = 32) were divided into four groups: (i) sham‐operated control; (ii) silodosin‐treated (sham) control (0.1 mg/kg/day); (iii) partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO); and (iv) silodosin‐treated with PBOO. PBOO was induced by ligation of the urethra for 6 weeks. In vivo, erectile responses were monitored by evaluating ratios of intracavernosal pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP). Organ‐bath studies were performed on corpus cavernosum (CC) strips. Penises were assessed at baseline for protein expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and Rho‐associated protein kinase (ROCK2) by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry and Masson trichrome staining were performed for analysis of nNOS protein levels and tissue alterations.

Results

The ratio of ICP/MAP was significantly decreased in obstructed rats (0.26 ± 0.043, P < 0.01) compared to sham‐control rats (0.64 ± 0.10), which was restored by the treatment (0.59 ± 0.14, P < 0.01) compared with obstructed rats. Relaxation responses were significantly reduced in strips from the obstructed group. Silodosin restored nitrergic relaxant responses. nNOS expression in the obstructed group decreased, which was improved by treatment. The decreased smooth muscle/collagen ratio in the bladder obstructed group was reversed by the treatment.

Conclusions

Silodosin improves erectile function in obstructed rats. Further clinical trials are needed to explore fully the potential benefits of silodosin in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)/lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in association with ED. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:597–603, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Construction of high‐order complete scaled boundary shape functions over arbitrary polygons with bubble functions
Authors: Ooi Ean Tat , Song Chongmin , Natarajan Sundararajan
Published: April 2016

This manuscript presents the development of novel high‐order complete shape functions over star‐convex polygons based on the scaled boundary finite element method. The boundary of a polygon is discretised using one‐dimensional high order shape functions. Within the domain, the shape functions are analytically formulated from the equilibrium conditions of a polygon. These standard scaled boundary shape functions are augmented by introducing additional bubble functions, which renders them high‐order complete up to the order of the line elements on the polygon boundary. The bubble functions are also semi‐analytical and preserve the displacement compatibility between adjacent polygons. They are derived from the scaled boundary formulation by incorporating body force modes. Higher‐order interpolations can be conveniently formulated by simultaneously increasing the order of the shape functions on the polygon boundary and the order of the body force mode. The resulting stiffness‐matrices and mass‐matrices are integrated numerically along the boundary using standard integration rules and analytically along the radial coordinate within the domain. The bubble functions improve the convergence rate of the scaled boundary finite element method in modal analyses and for problems with non‐zero body forces. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the developed approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometrically nonlinear analysis of shells by quadrilateral flat shell element with drill, shear, and warping
Authors: Tang Yi Qun , Zhou Zhi Hua , Chan Siu Lai
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a four‐node quadrilateral flat shell element is proposed for geometrically nonlinear analysis based on updated Lagrangian formulation with the co‐rotational kinematics concept. The flat shell element combines the membrane element with drilling degrees of freedom and the plate element with shear deformation. By means of these linearized elements, a simplified nonlinear analysis procedure allowing for warping of the flat shell element and large rotation is proposed. The tangent stiffness matrix and the internal force recovery are formulated in this paper. Several classic benchmark examples are presented to validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed new and more proficient element for practical engineering analysis of shell structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An n‐material thresholding method for improving integerness of solutions in topology optimization
Authors: Watts Seth , Tortorelli Daniel A.
Published: April 2016

It is common in solving topology optimization problems to replace an integer‐valued characteristic function design field with the material volume fraction field, a real‐valued approximation of the design field that permits ‘fictitious’ mixtures of materials during intermediate iterations in the optimization process. This is reasonable so long as one can interpolate properties for such materials and so long as the final design is integer valued. For this purpose, we present a method for smoothly thresholding the volume fractions of an arbitrary number of material phases which specify the design. This method is trivial for two‐material design problems, for example, the canonical topology design problem of specifying the presence or absence of a single material within a domain, but it becomes more complex when three or more materials are used, as often occurs in material design problems. We take advantage of the similarity in properties between the volume fractions and the barycentric coordinates on a simplex to derive a thresholding, method which is applicable to an arbitrary number of materials. As we show in a sensitivity analysis, this method has smooth derivatives, allowing it to be used in gradient‐based optimization algorithms. We present results, which show synergistic effects when used with Solid Isotropic Material with Penalty and Rational Approximation of Material Properties material interpolation functions, popular methods of ensuring integerness of solutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On edge: the impact of race‐related vigilance on obesity status in African–Americans
Authors: Powell L. R. , Jesdale W. M. , Lemon S. C.
Published: April 2016

Objective

Nearly half of African–Americans are classified as obese. Perceived racism has been associated with obesity, yet the internal experiences of racism have received little attention. African–Americans who face racism may ‘ready themselves’ to cope through survival strategies, including race‐related vigilance. This study explores the association between race‐related vigilance and obesity in African–Americans.

Design and methods

The Reactions to Race module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (years 2002–2010) was used. Our sample size consisted of 12,214 African–Americans. Race‐related vigilance was assessed as ‘How often do you think about your race?’ and classified as never, daily. Obesity was dichotomized as body mass index ≥ 30 kg m−2 vs. <30 kg m−2 using self‐reported weight and height. Multivariable logistic models assessed the association between race‐related vigilance and obesity.

Results

Seventeen percent of respondents reported thinking about their race >daily; 14% daily; 31% <daily and 39% reported never thinking about their race. Compared with those who reported never thinking about their race, the adjusted odds of obesity were 0.91, 95% CI: 0.72–1.15 among those thinking about their race daily.

Conclusions

Frequently thinking about one's race was a risk factor for obesity in African–Americans in this study. Internalized impacts of racism captured through race‐related vigilance may be particularly detrimental to African–Americans, driving their risk for obesity.
Preparation of polyethylene/lignin nanocomposites from hollow spherical lignin‐supported vanadium‐based Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Authors: Wang Shuwei , Feng Na , Zheng Jiulai , Yoon Keun‐Byoung , Lee Dongho , Qu Minjie , Zhang Xuequan , Zhang Hexin
Published: April 2016

In the present article, a novel hollow spherical lignin‐supported vanadium‐based Ziegler–Natta catalyst was synthesized. The active centers of the obtained catalyst well dispersed in the lignin through the SEM‐EDX analysis. The resultant catalyst was investigated in ethylene polymerization and found to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity upon activation with ethylaluminium sesquichloride cocatalyst and ethyl trichloroacetate activator. During the polymerization, the lignin was gradually exfoliated by the polymerization force arising from the propagation of ethylene chain. The resultant PE/lignin nanocomposites preformed higher thermal stability compared to virgin PE. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐responsive “tadpole‐shaped” protein–polymer hybrids and their self‐assembly behavior
Authors: He Naipu , Wang Yue , Lu Zhenwu
Published: April 2016

The temperature‐responsive poly (N, N‐diethylacrylamide) (pDEAAm) with narrower molecular weight distribution was prepared by the atom transfer radical polymerization and characterized by 1HNMR and gel permeation chromatography. The temperature‐responsive “tadpole‐shaped” BSA–pDEAAm hybrids were fabricated via a free Cys‐34 residue of bovine serum albumin (BSA) site specifically binding to the end group disulfide bonds of pDEAAm and characterized by native‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native‐PAGE) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Their temperature‐responsive behaviors were measured by ultraviolet‐visible spectra (UV‐Vis). The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the pDEAAm was identified as 28°C, and the LCST of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids was identified as 31°C. The morphologies of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids self‐assembled in the aqueous solutions with two different temperatures at 25 °C and 40°C were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Below the LCST of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids, the separate spherical nanoparticles were observed. In contrast, bundles and clusters were observed above the LCST of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids. The results suggested that the self‐assembly morphology of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids depended upon the pDEAAm block in BSA–pDEAAm hybrids, and the morphology transitions were effected by the LCST of BSA–pDEAAm hybrids. It would be expected to be used in biomedicine and materials science. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose Levels Before the Onset of Asparaginase Predicts Transient Hyperglycemia in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Gatzioura Irene , Papakonstantinou Eugene , Dimitriadou Meropi , Kourti Maria , Sidi Vassiliki , Triantafyllou Panagiota , Koliouskas Dimitrios , Christoforidis Athanasios
Published: April 2016

Background

Transient hyperglycemia (TH) represents an acknowledged adverse event that occurs during treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and has recently been associated with an increased risk for developing metabolic disturbances in future life. Our aim was to estimate the incidence of TH and to identify risk factors, thus serving as markers for identifying candidates for prevention interventions.

Procedure

All patients treated with induction treatment for ALL in our department from January 2004 to April 2015 had their data retrieved from medical files and retrospectively analyzed.

Results

One hundred and two children with ALL treated at our department were identified (49 females and 53 males) with a mean age of 6.03 ± 3.78 years at the time of diagnosis. Sixteen patients developed TH (15.68%). Age at diagnosis >10 years is associated with an 11‐fold increase in the risk of developing TH. Additionally, fasting glucose on the eighth day of treatment is an important prognostic factor as fasting glucose >100 mg/dl at that time point is associated with a threefold increase in developing TH during residual treatment period.

Conclusions

Fasting glucose levels >110 mg/dl on the eighth day of treatment could serve as a trigger for intervention strategies that will prevent the development of TH in pediatric patients treated for ALL. Additional studies are needed to confirm and further extend this preliminary observation.
Investigating the effects of resin crosslinking ratio on mechanical properties of epoxy‐based nanocomposites using molecular dynamics
Authors: Aghadavoudi Farshid , Golestanian Hossein , Tadi Beni Yaghoub
Published: April 2016

Finite‐element method and micromechanical formulations have been used to predict mechanical properties of epoxy‐based nanocomposites in recent years. The results of these investigations, however, show large scatters and do not agree well with experimental measurements. The differences in the results may be due to the fact that these approaches do not take some important material parameters into account, such as resin crosslinking ratio, nanotube/matrix interface, and nanotube agglomeration. The main objective of this article is to investigate the effects of resin crosslinking ratio on mechanical properties of epoxy‐based nanocomposites using molecular dynamics (MD). First, models of partially cured epoxy resin were created in Materials Studio software to determine resin properties at different crosslinking ratios. Next, one sample of neat epoxy and four samples of nanocomposite with different resin crosslinking ratios were modeled using MD. These models were analyzed using constant strain method to determine mechanical properties of the five samples. Also, the effects of crosslinking ratio on nanocomposite density were investigated. The simulation results show that nanocomposite Young's modulus increases with resin crosslinking ratio. Resin crosslinking ratio, however, did not have a significant effect on nanocomposite density. Further, molecular simulation results were compared with rule of mixtures and Mori–Tanaka predictions. In addition, the results were compared with those found in the literature and good agreement was observed between the results. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E433–E442, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and photoluminescence study of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether ketone) nanocomposites containing cadmium sulfide nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Xiyu , Du Jiahui , Mu Yongfeng , Hu Chuhui , Jiang Dong
Published: April 2016

In the present research, it reported the synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched poly(arylene ether ketone) (HPAEK)‐cadmium sulfide nanocomposites prepared using carboxylic‐functionalized HPAEK (ACA‐HPAEK) as the ligand in N,N‐dimethylformamide solution from Cd(Ac)2 and thiourea. The optical characterization of the CdS/ACA‐HPAEK nanocomposites had been carried out by UV‐vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy while the morphological properties had been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The results of PL measurement showed that the nanocomposite exhibited distinct luminescence properties. Furthermore, the thermal properties had been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The analyses had shown that CdS quantum dots with diameter about 4 nm could be synthesized by such route and the nanocomposites exhibited not only good light emission in the UV range but also excellent heat resistance. In general, a new CdS/ACA‐HPAEK nanohybrid was synthesized without ligand exchange, and had good optical properties and excellent heat resistance. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E508–E514, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of super‐hydrophobic polymer nanocomposites as a smart self‐cleaning coating films
Authors: Ibrahim Saber , Labeeb Ahmad , Mabied Ahmed F. , Soliman Omar , Ward Azza , Abd‐El‐Messieh Salwa L. , Abdelhakim Abouelfotouh A.
Published: April 2016

Super‐hydrophobic (SH) surfaces have garnered significant attention due to their potentially diverse range of applications (e.g., self‐cleaning surfaces, waterproof fabrics, non‐stick containers, and microfluidics). The manufacturing methods of SH surfaces are generally expensive and often require specialized tools. In this study, we employed simplified production methods, and we focused on cheap chemical modification of common polymers using nanocomposites to create SH surfaces. Polymer nanocomposites have many advantages as a coating by increasing volume/area of nanoparticles. Coating clarity, surface hydrophobicity, roughness, electrical properties, and crystallinity are some unique behaviors of nanocomposites. We studied the physical properties of these chemically modified polymers to explore the acquired SH property. We investigated SH films using many techniques such as size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Our goal was to verify that these materials could be used as SH films that acted as cleaned, solid surfaces in direct contact with packaging surfaces. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E147–E156, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotube fibers from impregnation with poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(acrylic acid) and subsequent thermal condensation
Authors: Kim Hwa Jung , Lee Jae Kwan , You Nam‐Ho , Kim Seung Min , Hwang Jun Yeon , Goh Munju , Jeong Youngjin , Ku Bon‐Cheol
Published: April 2016

Sequential impregnation of a composite of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) (PVA–PAA) into carbon‐nanotube fibers (CNTFs) and thermal condensation were investigated as a simple and efficient continuous textile engineering technique to prepare mechanically and electrically reinforced CNTFs. The CNTFs that were physically impregnated with PVA–PAA (PI‐CNTF–(PVA/PAA)) and the chemically crosslinked CNTF (CL‐CNTF–(PVA/PAA)) exhibited tensile strengths that were ∼1.6 and ∼2.1 times higher, respectively, and Young's moduli that were ∼1.3 and ∼2.3 times higher, respectively, than those of direct‐spun CNTFs. The electrical conductivity of PI‐CNTF–(PVA/PAA) and CL‐CNTF–(PVA/PAA) had values that were ∼1.5 and ∼1.7 times higher, respectively, than that of raw CNTFs. Moreover, the chemically crosslinked networks of CL‐CNTF–(PVA/PAA) resulting from the heat treatment enhanced the water resistance of the composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:971–977, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermomechanical improvement of glycerol plasticized maize starch with high loading of cellulose, flax and talc fillers
Authors: Battegazzore Daniele , Bocchini Sergio , Frache Alberto
Published: April 2016

For the purpose of extending the applicability fields of thermoplastic starch (TPS), a study on their properties with high filler loadings was performed. Two different organic natural reinforcements (cellulose and flax) and a typical mineral filler (talc) were incorporated in TPS using melt blending. The resulting composites were observed on fragile fracture surfaces by scanning electron microscopy to study the filler/matrix adhesion. Magnifications revealed good TPS−fibre interfacial interaction with limited debonding. The thermomechanical properties by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and the correlation with the filler amount (from 10 to 50 wt%) were thoroughly investigated at 50% relative humidity and 23 °C. The tests evidenced a huge increase in composite storage moduli (E′) of more than 200% with respect to the neat matrix. Moreover, the resulting DMTA experimental data were interpolated with the Cox − Krenchel micromechanical model. To this aim, the necessary measures of the filler dimensions were calculated after the extrusion process on water‐dissolved residues using an optical microscope. This model was able to correctly follow the experimental results also at high filler loadings. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of the microstructure of gums on the mechanical properties of silicone high consistency rubbers
Authors: Stricher Arthur , Picard Loïc , Gabrielle Brice , Delebecq Etienne , Ganachaud François
Published: April 2016

This paper is devoted to the characterization and processing of high molar mass vinyl‐bearing polysiloxanes in high consistency silicone rubber (HCR) formulations. The molar masses of five different polydimethylsiloxane gums, bearing vinyl groups at the ends and along their chains, were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography and rheometry. 29Si and 1H NMR spectroscopy allowed the precise determination of the vinyl content and of the distribution in the different polymers. Typical HCRs formulated from these gums were heat‐cured to process silicone rubber materials that were then tested mechanically. The macromolecular properties were correlated to the final material network structure. The amount of reactive vinyl moieties, rather than their distribution along or at the end of chains, is a key parameter to tailor the material mechanical properties. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Next‐generation technologies for spatial proteomics: Integrating ultra‐high speed MALDI‐TOF and high mass resolution MALDI FTICR imaging mass spectrometry for protein analysis
Authors: Spraggins Jeffrey M. , Rizzo David G. , Moore Jessica L. , Noto Michael J. , Skaar Eric P. , Caprioli Richard M.
Published: April 2016

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool enabling the visualization of biomolecules in tissue. However, there are unique challenges associated with protein imaging experiments including the need for higher spatial resolution capabilities, improved image acquisition rates, and better molecular specificity. Here we demonstrate the capabilities of ultra‐high speed MALDI‐TOF and high mass resolution MALDI FTICR IMS platforms as they relate to these challenges. High spatial resolution MALDI‐TOF protein images of rat brain tissue and cystic fibrosis lung tissue were acquired at image acquisition rates >25 pixels/s. Structures as small as 50 μm were spatially resolved and proteins associated with host immune response were observed in cystic fibrosis lung tissue. Ultra‐high speed MALDI‐TOF enables unique applications including megapixel molecular imaging as demonstrated for lipid analysis of cystic fibrosis lung tissue. Additionally, imaging experiments using MALDI FTICR IMS were shown to produce data with high mass accuracy (<5 ppm) and resolving power (∼75 000 at m/z 5000) for proteins up to ∼20 kDa. Analysis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma using MALDI FTICR IMS identified specific proteins localized to healthy tissue regions, within the tumor, and also in areas of increased vascularization around the tumor.