bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An automated method for determination of chloride and sulfate in freshwater using cation exchange and measurement of electrical conductance
Authors: Stainton M. P.
Published: March 2010

A simple automated adaptation of Mackereth’s manual method for determining chloride and sulfate in freshwater is described, using hydrogen ion exchange to convert salts of chloride and sulfate to their free acids with detection by electrical conductance. The use of silver‐saturated exchange resin to precipitate chloride permits distinction between chloride and sulfate. Detection limit is good at 2 µeq liter−1 with excellent precision (± I.5% at 200 µeq liter−1) . High levels of nitrate, orthophosphate, and fluoride give positive interference for sulfate; bromide and iodide similarly interfere with chloride estimates.
Thermometric titration analysis of seawater for chlorinity, sulfate, and alkalinity1
Authors: Millero Frank J. , Schrager Sheldon R. , Hansen Lee D.
Published: March 2010

Total sulfate, chlorinity, and total alkalinity in seawater solutions have been determined by thermometric titration. The precision of the analyses was 0.3% for sulfate, 0.04% for chlorinity, and 0.1% for total alkalinity. Because of their simplicity, speed, and high precision, thermometric titrations are ideally suited for a wide range of applications in the marine environment (e.g. pore water analysis).
Adaptive change in plankton morphology in response to size‐selective predation: A new hypothesis of cyclomorphosis
Authors: Dodson Stanley I.
Published: March 2010

The literature of cyclomorphosis, the seasonal change in morphology within populations, is reviewed and a general theory concerning its adaptive significance is proposed. Several recent studies of cyclomorphic populations suggest that cyclomorphosis may be a means of reducing mortality due to size‐selective predation. Various appurtenances (helmets, horns, or spines) are grown by some prey species as an antilock and key mechanism to foil invertebrate predators. The larger prey species reduce the visible parts of their body to reduce vertebrate predation and elaborate hyaline appurtenances to foil invertebrates. Temporally, maximum development of appurtenances is best correlated with the presence of predator species. The appurtenances are not generally maintained in the absence of predators, presumably because of energy requirements for swimming and reproduction.
An outline of the physical limnology of Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)
Authors: Eccles David H.
Published: March 2010

Lake Malawi, in tropical central Africa, is 560 by 75 km and consists of a single basin, maximum depth 695 m. Below 250 m the lake is homothermal at about 22.5°C and is anoxic. Above this level there is a seasonal cycle with the development of a marked thcrmocline. By May the upper 60 m is homothermal at about 27°C. During the dry, windy cool season the epilimnion cools but only in exceptional years approaches a homothermal condition. Complete mixing has never been observed. In the shallower southeast arm the surface temperature may fall to 21.0°C as the result of inshore chilling; this cool water flows northward as a profile‐bound density current and appears to maintain the stability of the stratification. Large‐scale oscillations of the level of the thermocline, apparently the result of internal waves and of wind‐induced upwelling, cause advections of water from the metalimnion into the southeast arm, site of the major fishery in the lake.
Photosynthetic rates of phytoplankton in East African alkaline, saline lakes1
Authors: Melack John M. , Kilham Peter
Published: March 2010

Photosynthetic rates were calculated in six myxophycean‐dominated alkaline, saline lakes in Kenya and Tanzania from changes in dissolved O2 in light and dark bottles and from diurnal variations in dissolved O2. Rates of gross photosynthesis are exceptionally high for Lake Nakuru, Kenya, by the diurnal free‐water technique (e.g. 36 g O2 m−2 day−1). Gross photosynthesis in Lake Nakuru was compared for two consecutive days: on the first day pronounced thermal stratification developed and the dissolved O2 reached 340% saturation in the upper half meter; on the second day wind‐driven turbulence circulated the algae to depths often greater than 2 m in water with Secchi disk visibility of only 15 cm.

Because of analytical difficulties in measuring dissolved O2 in soda lakes, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the reliability of the titrimetric (Winkler, Miller), gasometric (Scholander), and polarographic (oxygen probe) methods. The polarographic technique was the most suitable for determinations of dissolved O2 in the field.
A kinetic approach to the effect of temperature on algal growth1
Authors: Goldman Joel C. , Carpenter Edward J.
Published: March 2010

A simple model incorporates the combined effects of temperature and nutrient limitation on the growth rate of algae. The temperature function is described by the Arrhenius equation and the nutrient relationship with the Monod model. The Arrhenius equation is inserted into the Monod model for the maximum growth rate µ̂, so that the growth rate is described by the product of temperature and nutrient expressions.

The utility of the Arrhenius equation in describing the effect of temperature on µ̂ for phytoplankton is tested with data from the literature on continuous culture experiments with freshwater and marine algae; the Arrhenius model describes the relationship between µ̂ and temperature extremely well. Several restrictions to widespread use of the model limit its application to laboratory studies, but its general concepts may apply to natural water situations.
Turnover and uptake of dissolved phosphate in freshwater. A study in Lake Kinneret1
Authors: Halmann M. , Stiller M.
Published: March 2010

The residence times and turnover rates of dissolved phosphate in the surface water of Lake Kinneret and in the Jordan River above and below the lake were measured by adding 32P‐HPO42− tracer to the unfiltered water and determining its disappearance from solution. Residence times varied from 9.1 to 0.2 hr in winter and summer at water temperatures of 14.5 to 30°C: the turnover rates (V) ranged from 0.02 to 0.20 µM hr−1.

The rate of uptake by plankton (Vi) of dissolved phosphate could be fitted to a Monod equation, Vi = VmS/(Ks + S), in which Vm and K8 are the maximal rate and the half‐saturation constant. Values of Vm were in the range of 0.04–1.1 µM hr−1 for winter and summer; Ks values ranged from 0.2–0.8 µM, higher than the usual observed natural concentration of dissolved phosphate in Lake Kinneret. This supports the conclusion that in its water, phosphate is the primary limiting nutrient. In the Jordan River, upstream of Lake Kinneret, the dissolved phosphate concentration (0.44 µM) was higher than the Ks value (0.27 µM) and therefore in its water, phosphate may not be the primary limiting nutrient.
A test of the hypothesis that abiotic phosphate complexing influences phosphorus kinetics in epilimnetic lake water
Authors: Lean D. R. S. , Rigler F. H.
Published: March 2010

The uptake kinetics of 32P‐PO4 added to water from a eutrophic lake are frequently biphasic; consequently the system cannot be described by a two‐compartment exchange model. Experiments in which uptake kinetics and the effectiveness with which hydrous zirconium oxide removes 32P‐PO4 from filtered lake water were measured concurrently showed that the biphasic kinetics cannot be explained by postulating an abiotic complexing of 32P‐PO4 with some other component of membrane filtered lake water.
Excretion of different forms of zinc by the prawn Palaemon serratus (Pennant)1
Authors: Small Lawrence F. , KečkeŠ Stjepan , Fowler Scott W.
Published: March 2010

Freshly collected specimens of Palaemon serratus from the upper Adriatic Sea were used to determine excretion rates of zinc in “zinc‐free” water by anodic stripping polarographic techniques. Weight‐specific excretion of total zinc varied reciprocally with body weight, apparently in a log‐log relationship. Weight‐specific excretion of ionic‐particulate zinc appeared greatest in short term (1–3 hr) experiments, while weight‐specific excretion of complexed zinc appeared greatest in longer term (4–5 hr) experiments; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that ionic‐particulate zinc and dissolved organic compounds were excreted separately and subsequently combined in the water to yield zinc complex.
Sediment production and population biology of the benthic foraminifer Amphistegina madagascariensis1,2
Authors: Muller Pamela Hallock
Published: March 2010

A tidepool population of Amphistegina madagascariensis d’Orbigny from Makapuu Point, Oahu, Hawaii, was sampled biweekly from October 1970 through October 1971. Size frequency distribution and standing crop analysis indicated a 6‐month reproductive period beginning in mid‐February and continuing through mid‐August. In culture Amphistegina grew about 7 µ per day. Fecundity varied directly with parent size, with a mean of 1.1 × 103 young produced per adult. The estimated minimum size for reproduction was 700 µ. From standing crop and mortality data, sediment production by A. madagascariensis was estimated as 5 × 102 g CaCO3 m−2 yr−1.
Wax in coral mucus: Energy transfer from corals to reef fishes1
Authors: Benson A. A. , Muscatine L.
Published: March 2010

Mucus from a variety of reef corals has been found to contain wax ester (cetyl palmitate) and triglycerides. Observation revealed extensive mucus feeding by many species of reef fishes. When coral mucus is artificially dispersed fish assemble and avidly ingest it. Coral mucus could be an energy source linking the coral producer and small fish consumers in reef communities.
Ingestion of detritus by the lagoon pelagic community at Eniwetok Atoll
Authors: Gerber Ray P. , Marshall Nelson
Published: March 2010

The gut contents of Undinula vulgaris (a calanoid copepod) collected from Eniwetok lagoon consisted of about 95% detritus with only 2% of the gut material fluorescing as chlorophyll. That of Oikopleura longicaudata (a larvaccan) consisted of about 89% detritus with only 6% fluorescing as chlorophyll. By contrast, the gut contents of the calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa, from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, consisted of about 34% detritus with 36% of the gut material fluorescing as chlorophyll. The remaining material in the gut of all these organisms included various microorganisms and diatom frustules.

Plankton‐feeding fishes from behind a reef and island were found to have consumed both zooplankton and detrital algal fragments.

The higher levels of particulate carbon and nitrogen in the lagoon, which had a lower C : N ratio than found in the incoming oceanic water, indicated that reef detritus enriches the lagoon environment.
Decomposition of salt marsh grass, Spartina alterniflora Loisel.1
Authors: Gosselink James G. , Kirby Conrad J.
Published: March 2010

Spartina alterniflora stems and leaves were ground, dried, separated into four size fractions from 67‐ to 213‐µ average diameter, and incubated in the dark at 30°C in inoculated artificial seawater: particulate nitrogen, oxidizable carbon, dry weight, and metabolic rate were followed for 30 days. Conversion efficiency of substrate to microbial biomass ranged from 28% to over 60%, decreasing as substrate particle size increased.
Selective stimulation of marine bacteria by algal extracellular products1
Authors: Bell Wayne H. , Lang Jeanne M. , Mitchell Ralph
Published: March 2010

Two marine bacterial isolates differ considerably in their uptake rates of extracellular products produced by the alga Skeletonema costatum: 0.4 × 10−8 µg C cell−1 hr−1 for spirillum 7697; 16 × 10−8 µg C cell−1 hr−1 for pseudomonad HNY. These disparate uptake rates are used to interpret the growth patterns of the bacteria in the presence of the alga on a seawater inorganic enrichment medium. Pseudomonad HNY grows well with the alga in both batch and continuous culture, in the latter attaining a steady state population two orders of magnitude greater than achieved in the absence of the alga. Spirillum 7697, however, grows poorly in the presence of growing algal cells and appears to be inhibited to some extent under such conditions. Such observations suggest that dominant bacterial populations associated with algal blooms are a result of both stimulation and inhibition mediated by the release of extracellular products.
Production of iron‐binding compounds by marine microorganisms1
Authors: Gonye Edward R. , Carpenter Edward J.
Published: March 2010

Iron‐binding compounds or siderochrome‐producing bacteria are shown to exist in the sea. Siderochromes are iron‐specific chelators important in the iron metabolism of soil microbes. Of 182 Sargasso Sea isolates from the upper 200 m, 43% excrete iron‐binding compounds. Sixteen of these were tested with a relatively insensitive but siderochrome‐specific colorimetric procedure; three showed positive siderochrome production.
Carbon‐13 enriched carbonate in interstitial waters of Lake Kinneret sediments
Authors: Stiller Mariana , Magaritz Mordechai
Published: March 2010

Dissolved carbonates in interstitial waters of Lake Kinneret sediments (Galilee, Israel) are enriched in 13C by 10– 20‰ over the dissolved carbonate in the lake water. The increase of alkalinity which accompanies this enrichment indicates in situ formation of dissolved carbonate. The interstitial waters are slightly undersaturated in respect to calcite, but dissolution of CaCO3 cannot explain the enriched 13C values. The enrichment of 13C in the pore water carbonate is probably related to the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments.
Flooding, as the result of Hurricane Agnes, and its effect on a macrobenthic community in an infertile headwater stream in central Pennsylvania
Authors: Hoopes Rickalon L.
Published: March 2010

Hurricane Agnes in June 1972 resulted in a 150‐fold increase in the discharge of Burns Run, Pennsylvania. A 22.7 m3 sec−1 peak discharge severely depressed the benthic community, which had however recovered by October 1972.
Current observations from the western Mediterranean during COBLAMED 691
Authors: Shouting David H.
Published: March 2010

Current in the upper 60 m in the western Mediterranean displayed dominant inertial character strongly modulated by wind changes, which also altered the mean flow. Kinetic energy variations associated with the current at 60 m corresponded with gross changes in wind and sea state and were equivalent to observed kinetic energy changes associated with coastal tides. Current records from a slowly drifting buoy were similar to fixed buoy records. Kinetic energy spectra indicated a −5/3 power frequency dependence. Spectral coherence was high for both vertical and horizontal separation, with the vertical motions strongly out of phase and the horizontal strongly in phase.
Bioassay of the growth potential of the surface water of lower Narragansett Bay over an annual cycle using the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (oceanic clone, 13‐1 )1
Authors: Smayda Theodore J.
Published: March 2010

The surface waters of unpolluted lower Narragansett Bay were bioassayed over an annual cycle (n = 36) with Thalassiosira pseudonana (13‐1) at 16 different nutrient enrichments replicated three times. Omission of nitrogen usually markedly inhibited growth. This effect was followed in importance by adverse “water quality” properties associated with phytoplankton growth, which could be overcome by addition of the chelator EDTA in the presence of nitrogen and other elements. Silicon omission also limited growth. Limitation by omission of other nutrients was less pronounced. The following findings challenge the traditional view that phytoplankton growth is regulated by a specific limiting nutrient: seasonal variations in growth or yield limitation by a given nutrient occurred; the intensity of limitation by nutrients varied seasonally; several nutrients were usually limiting simultaneously, and with a different intensity; the combinations of limiting nutrients varied seasonally; a seasonal succession in type of nutrient limitation occurred. The results suggest that chemical changes in situ important to the occurrence, growth, and succession of phytoplankton species would not be detected by the routinely used nutrient and biological analyses.
Carbon dioxide partial pressures in arctic surface waters1
Authors: Coyne Patrick I. , Kelley John J.
Published: March 2010

Seasonal changes in the CO2 partial pressure (PCO2) regime for an arctic freshwater pond and lake near Barrow, Alaska, were measured by infrared gas analysis by determining the CO2 concentration of air in equilibrium with the water. These waters were generally supersaturated in CO2 with respect to air throughout the period of open water and constitute a CO2 source to the arctic atmosphere. Meltwater standing on the bottomfast ice of the lake in spring and water beneath the newly formed ice in fall also had CO2 partial pressures greater than ambient air. The seasonal mean CO2 partial pressure gradient between the water and the ambient air was 397±185 ppm for the pond and 115±83 ppm for the lake. PCO2 was inversely related to wind speed and water temperature but directly related to sediment temperature. Evasion rate coefficients calculated for the lake, based on in situ rate experiments, indicated an average transfer of 0.34±0.17 mg CO2 cm−2 atm−1 min−1 to the atmosphere.
Oxygen demands of San Diego Trough sediments: an in situ study1
Authors: Smith K. L.
Published: March 2010

In situ total oxygen demand of San Diego Trough sediments measured at a depth of 1,230 m was 2.40 ± 0.10 ml O2 m−2 hr−1. Community respiration and chemical demand were 1.31 and 1.09 ml O2 m−2 hr−1 and constituted 54.6 and 45.4% of the total demand. Compartmentalization of community respiration with antibiotic treatment yielded a “bacterial respiration” measurement of 0.21 ml O2 m−2 hr−1. Surface water enrichment due to seasonal upwelling over the San Diego Trough is manifested in the sediment carbon demands, which are significantly higher (3.5% of the estimated annual primary production) than demands at comparable depths in more oligotrophic areas.
Sediment turnover by a deposit‐feeding polychaete1
Authors: Nichols Frederic H.
Published: March 2010

Monthly determinations of the size frequency distribution of specimens in a population of Pectinaria californiensis, a deposit‐feeding polychaete from Puget Sound, Washington, and laboratory measurements of sediment turnover by the same species reveal seasonal patterns in the rate at which the population processes the sediment during feeding. The relation between numbers of specimens and mean specimen size results in the most intense sediment turnover in late autumn or early winter (1 kg dry sediment m−2 month−1), when recently settled animals dominate the biomass. Annual turnover was 8.6 kg dry sediment m−2. This intense activity is potentially important in the transfer of dissolved materials from sediment to the water column.
The relation of drift to benthos density and food level in an artificial stream1
Authors: Hildebrand Stephen G.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between drift rates, benthos density, and food level for select taxa of stream invertebrates was studied in an artificial stream system to determine if drift is independent of or dependent on population density, and if food level affects drift rates. Two taxa were introduced in a range of densities at a single level of periphyton food, and the drift from each density was measured. Four taxa were introduced in a range of densities at low and high food levels, and the drift from each density at each food level was measured. The drift of all taxa, examined by simple linear regression analysis, at each food level was judged a density independent response to increasing population density. The drift of three taxa at a given density was significantly greater at the lower food level: it is suggested that increased activity in searching for food at the lower food level resulted in increased drift.
A comparative study of the lipids of water‐striders from marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments: Halobates, Rheumatobates, Gerris (Heteroptera: Gerridae)1
Authors: Lee Richard F. , Cheng Lanna
Published: March 2010

The lipids of water‐striders from three different aquatic environments (marine‐Halobates germanus and Halobates sericeus; estuarine‐Rheumatobates aestuarius; and freshwater‐ Gerris remigis) differ considerably in their fatty acid composition. The polyunsaturated 22 : 6 fatty acid, present only in Halobates, is presumably derived from its marine plankton food. The 20 : 5 acid is a major component of the lipids of Gerris and Rheumatobates, which feed on terrestrial insects known generally to lack long‐chain (> C‐18) polyunsaturated acids; it is presumably synthesized by chain elongation from C‐18 precursors. Differences in food and habitat may account for some of the observed differences in fatty acid composition.

Neutral triglyceride lipids are stored in all three genera: in Halobates this fraction represents 74−92% of the total lipid, while in Rheumatobates and Gerris it is only 46–72%. The triglycerides are rapidly utilized during starvation by Halobates and Rheumatobates. Pristane, the major hydrocarbon of many marine zooplankton, is apparently absent from the lipids of Halobates.
Bacterial uptake of dissolved organic matter in relation to detrital aggregation in marine and freshwater systems1
Authors: Paeri Hans W.
Published: March 2010

Microbial uptake of 3H‐labeled glucose and acetate was studied in water samples from various depths in the Pacific Ocean and Lake Tahoe, California. Microzones of incorporation were identified by comparison of autoradiographic detection of the uptake of 3H‐labeled organic substrates with scanning electron micrographs of detritus (nonliving particulate matter and associated microflora). In both freshwater and marine systems, immediate (within 4 hr) accumulation of dissolved organic compounds was detected mainly in bacterial cells and filaments. With continued incubation, the label was dispersed throughout detrital particles, with localization greatest in bacteria. Uptake of both substrates by attached microorganisms was significantly higher in the cuphotic than in the aphotic zone as was the extent of detrital aggregation. Autoradiographs show that dissolved organic substrates assimilated by bacteria are linked to the formation of capsular materials, which are important in building detrital aggregates.
Evidence of Kelvin‐Helmholtz billows in Loch Ness
Authors: Thorpe S. A. , Hall A. J.
Published: March 2010

Evidence of billows caused by shear instability in Loch Ness is described. The billows are associated with a region of small Richardson number and have a wavelength of about 3.4 m.
Urea in the waters of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee)
Authors: Berman T.
Published: March 2010

Urea concentrations measured in the pelagic waters of Lake Kinneret over a 12‐month period varied from undetectable to maximum values of 80 and 150 µg N liter−1, with a seasonal pattern of fluctuation. Although urea is not a major constituent of the dissolved organic nitrogen, it may provide a significant source of available nitrogen for lake phytoplankton.
Particulate organic carbon: Sampling variability
Authors: Wangersky Peter J.
Published: March 2010

Replicate sampling for particulate organic carbon (POC) in the open ocean indicates that at any given position and depth the POC distribution consists of a homogeneous background concentration on which are superimposed occasional small patches containing two to five times as much organic carbon as is present in the background. The 95% confidence limits for a single 5‐liter sample taken solely from the background are ±2.5 µg C liter−1. The size and frequency of the patches may determine the distribution and productivity of the smaller zooplankton.
Filtration of seawater using silver filters for particulate nitrogen and carbon analysis1
Authors: Gordon Donald D. , Sutcliffe William H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of water volume filtered and number of filters used on the observed concentrations of particulate nitrogen and carbon in marine waters were examined using 47‐mm, 0.8‐µ silver filters. The best procedure is to filter through single filters using gravity when possible. The optimum volume for filtering depends on the concentration of particulate matter in the sample and generally is between 1 and 10 liters. Adsorption of carbon to silver filters appears negligible.
A method for determining food selection by zooplankton1,2
Authors: Lampert Winfried
Published: March 2010

A method of testing the preference of filter feeders for food organisms in a mixture is described. Daphnia pulex (De Geer) was offered a mixture 3H‐labeled bacteria and 11C‐labeled algae and the radioactivity of double‐labeled samples was measured in a liquid scintillation counter. Only the smallest Daphnia (< 1.5 mm) filtered bacteria preferentially from a mixture of Micrococcus (1.5 µm) and the pennate diatom Nitzschia actinastroides (length 28 µm). The larger animals ingest bacteria and algae without differentiation.
Deposition of zinc and cadmium by marine bacteria in estuarine sediments
Authors: McLerran C. J. , Holmes Charles W.
Published: March 2010

Mixed cultures of marine bacteria isolated from the sediments of Corpus Christi Harbor were examined for their ability to assimilate or precipitate radioactive zinc and cadmium from solution. Test data indicate that during summer, when bacterial activity is at a maximum, the bacteria and their metabolic byproducts play a significant role in the removal of zinc and cadmium from seawater and their subsequent deposition in marine sediments.
A large‐volume interstitial water sediment squeezer for lake sediments1
Authors: Sasseville D. R. , Takacs A. P. , Norton S. A. , Davis R. B.
Published: March 2010

An 800‐cc interstitial water sediment squeezer has been designed with all‐Teflon surfaces. It is compact, light, highly portable, and made from readily available stock material. The cost is nominal.
An apparatus for sampling gravel substrate in streams1,2
Authors: O'Connor J. F.
Published: March 2010

A sampler consisting of five rods 76 cm long attached to a nonporous neoprene‐coated nylon bag 63 cm long was inserted into a hole 60 cm deep dug with the aid of a culvert. Experiments with it were conducted in parallel with subsurface colonization cans and the Surber sampler. The cans contained 142.7% greater biomass, the Surber 72.2% less biomass than the bag; 28.7% of the fauna lived below 17.5 cm of gravel.
A device for determining substratum selection under flowing‐water conditions1
Authors: Rees Colin P.
Published: March 2010

Preliminary experiments using the device with Leptocheirus plumulosus reveal that the amphipod has a marked preference for fine size particles.
Seasonal nitrate cycling as evidence for complete vertical mixing in Lake Tahoe, California‐Nevada1
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Richards Robert C. , Leonard Robert L. , Goldman Charles R.
Published: March 2010

A study of annual nitrate cycling in Lake Tahoe has provided the first convincing evidence that this deep, oligotrophic lake is holomictic. Beginning with the spring phytoplankton bloom, a sequence of biological nitrogen transformations is responsible for formation of a nitrate gradient, characterized by a distinct “nitracline.” The main processes responsible are nitrate depletion by phytoplankton uptake throughout the 125‐m euphotic zone, and deep water nitrification by bacteria. Sinking detritus appears to be the main source of reduced nitrogen available for nitrification. As cooling proceeded during fall and winter 1972, depression of the nitracline revealed the process of vertical mixing and eventual turnover of the entire water mass, for which temperature and oxygen profiles had failed to provide conclusive evidence.
Nitrate uptake and growth of Chaetoceros sp. in large outdoor continuous cultures1
Authors: Malone T. C. , Garside C. , Haines K. C. , Roels O. A.
Published: March 2010

Diel variations in the growth and nutrient uptake rates of Chaetoceros sp. were observed in 2,000‐liter outdoor continuous cultures. Nitrate uptake was continuous and independent of the light‐dark cycle at dilution rates of 1.5 day−1 and less. At a dilution rate of 2.0 day1, nitrate uptake and net cellular organic nitrogen production varied in synchrony, peaking early in the photoperiod and decreasing to a did minimum during the dark period. Growth appeared to be limited by nitrate uptake at the slower dilution rates and by the rate at which nitrogen could be incorporated into new protoplasm at the highest dilution rate. The latter was probably light limited.
Primary amines in California coastal waters: Utilization by phytoplankton1
Authors: North Barbara B.
Published: March 2010

A new reagent, fluorescamine, provides a simple, rapid fluorometric measurement of primary amino compounds in seawater. The reagent detects as little as 0.2 µM (glycine equivalents) directly in 2 ml of seawater. Fluorescamine‐positive primary amines in the region of Newport Bay, California, range from about 0.3 µM in nearshore waters to 14 µM in bay sediments. About half the fluorescamine‐positive material in Newport Bay water can be taken up rapidly by phytoplankton, and thus, may be an important nitrogen source. The half not taken up probably occurs as peptides. Fluorescamine should be invaluable for studies on microbial nutrition and cycling of organic matter in aquatic ecosystems.
The phosphorus budget of Cameron Lake, Ontario: The importance of flushing rate to the degree of eutrophy of lakes1
Authors: Dillon P. J.
Published: March 2010

The total phosphorus budget of Cameron Lake is described for two 12‐month periods. Although the phosphorus loadings were high (1.70 and 2.21 g m−2 yr−1), the lake is not cutrophic because a high flushing rate counteracts the high loading. A plot of L(1–R)/ρ, where L is phosphorus loading, R is the retention coefficient of phosphorus in the lake, and ρ is the hydraulic flushing rate, vs. (z), the mean depth, is suggested as a means of relating lake trophic state to phosphorus loading. This formulation accurately predicted that nearby Four Mile Lake would be almost identical to Cameron Lake in terms of degree of cutrophy despite the fact that Four Mile Lake’s phosphorus load is 20 times less than that of Cameron Lake.
Resistance and susceptibility of algae to decomposition by natural microbial communities
Authors: Gunnison Douglas , Alexander Martin
Published: March 2010

The susceptibility to microbial decomposition of species of 14 algae was assessed in pond water and with inocula from several environments. Some of the algae were destroyed in short periods, but others withstood microbial digestion for more than 4 weeks. The production of toxins did not account for the resistance of those algae not readily destroyed microbiologically. The suitability of the cell walls as a substrate for microorganisms was correlated with the longevity of three susceptible (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Cylindrospermum sp., and Ulothrix fimbrata) and three resistant (Fischerella muscicola, Pediastrum duplex, and Staurastrum sp.) algae. Microorganisms able to digest walls of the susceptible but not of the resistant algae were also isolated. The differing susceptibilities to decomposition may be related to the relative biodegradabilities of specific components of the algal walls.
Seasonal variation of the alongshore velocity field ovei the continental shelf off Oregon1
Authors: Huyer A. , Pillsbury R. D. , Smith R. L.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal variation in the alongshore velocity field is inferred from direct current observations made over the Oregon continental shelf at various locations and irregular intervals since 1965. Monthly mean currents are computed and compared with earlier studies to give a description of the seasonal variation in the alongshore currents. In winter, the alongshore flow is generally northward and independent of depth. In spring, flow is southward at all depths but stronger near the surface. In summer, surface flow is southward and deep flow is northward; the southward surface flow forms a coastal jet and the deep northward velocity increases with distance offshore.
Complexation side reactions involving trace metals in natural water systems1
Authors: Elder John F.
Published: March 2010

Descriptions of trace metal speciation in natural freshwater systems arc facilitated by the use of side reaction coefficients and conditional stability constants which permit simultaneous consideration of competing complexation reactions. Some specific descriptons are presented which illustrate the extreme dependence of speciation on pH and anionic concentrations. At low pH, hydroxide complexation is likely to be overshadowed by complexation by other anions. At high pH, polynuclear complexation becomes important.
The effect of increases in the atmospheric carbon dioxide content on the carbonate ion concentration of surface ocean water at 25°C
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: March 2010

Equilibrium thermodynamics is used to assess the influence of predicted fossil carbon dioxide injections on the carbonate ion concentration in the oceanic mixed layer at 25°C. The calculations indicate that a tenfold increase is required in the atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide to reduce the carbonate ion concentration to a level where calcite would begin to dissolve. This is at least three times the highest predicted partial pressure for atmospheric carbon dioxide. This result contradicts a number of recent claims that the calcite saturation level would be attained within the next 30 years. Such rapid removal of carbonate ions is only possible if the mixed layer is grossly out of equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Another explanation of the observed cyclonic circulation of large lakes
Authors: Bennett John R.
Published: March 2010

The observed counterclockwise surface drift of large northern hemisphere lakes is explained by the variation of lake static stability caused by wind induced upwelling.
Wind stress on nearshore and lagoonal waters of a tropical island1
Authors: Hsu S. A.
Published: March 2010

Wind profiles were measured over a windward lagoon and a quasi‐leeward area in Barbados, West Indies, under the prevailing trade winds. Relationships between shear and wind velocities for these environments were determined. Under average wind conditions the shear stress on these coastal waters is about 72% of that of an oceanic region.
The significance of the surface film in salt marsh plankton metabolism1
Authors: Gallagher John L.
Published: March 2010

Plankton communities associated with surface films and the remainder of the water column in a Georgia salt marsh were compared. The fluorescence of acetone extracts indicated that a film several orders of magnitude richer in plant pigments than the underlying water developed as the tide rose over the marsh surface. As the tide ebbed, the concentration of pigment in the film dropped to levels similar to those in the water below. About 37% of plankton net photosynthesis was concentrated in the surface film. Respiration of the film averaged 21% of the gross photosynthesis while PS : R ratios ranged from 10.9 to 2.5.
Amino acids in salt marsh detritus1
Authors: de la Cruz Armando A. , Poe William E.
Published: March 2010

Amino acids declined by more than 50% on death of marsh plants, but increased again almost to the level of the living plant during in situ decomposition. A decline in the ratio of total amino acid to crude protein in spite of increases in both AA and CP implies nitrogen sources in the marsh other than the amino acids and ammonia in the plants.
The determination of ammonia in seawater
Authors: Liddicoat M. I. , Tibhitts Susan , Butler E. I.
Published: March 2010

A simple phenolhypochlorite method for the estimation of ammonia in seawater obeys Beer’s Law over the concentration range 0–20 µg‐atoms NH3‐N liter−1; the standard deviation on a set of samples containing 4 µg‐atoms NH3‐N liter−1 is 0.04.
Suspended marine clay mineral identification by scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis
Authors: Bassin N. Jay
Published: March 2010

A. technique enabling qualitative identification of clay mineral species commonly found in marine environments, on a particle‐by‐particle basis, permits electron microscopic and X‐ray analysis examination of specific clay particles, without affecting either their morphology or association, on membrane ultrafilters containing as little as 0.2 mg of particulate matter.
A continuous turbidity monitoring system for coastal surface waters1
Authors: Berg Walter W. , Fleischer Peter , Freitag Gary R. , Bryant Emmett L.
Published: March 2010

A continuous, time‐referenced turbidity monitoring system utilizes a keel mounted optical transmissometer with a modified strip chart recorder; it allows detailed study of the distribution of suspended particles in surface waters.
A comparison of vertical drift‐envelopes to conventional drift‐bottles1,2,3
Authors: Monahan Edward C. , Higgins Bruce J. , Kaye G. Thomas
Published: March 2010

A comparison of the recovery sites of vertical drift‐envelopes and of ballasted drift‐bottles released simultaneously at common locations in Nantucket Sound off Cape Cod substantiates a preliminary conclusion, based on small tank experiments and simple calculations, that vertical envelopes move more rapidly through the water due to direct wind influence than do ballasted bottles. The bottles therefore provide a truer indication of surface currents than do the envelopes.
Movement of spilled oil as predicted by estuarine nontidal drift
Authors: Conomos T. J.
Published: March 2010

Information on water movement obtained from bimonthly releases of surface and seabed drifters in the San Francisco Bay and adjacent Pacific Ocean is used to understand major processes controlling dispersal of oil after a spill of 3,200 m3 of Bunker C in the bay in January 1971. River‐induced nontidal estuarine circulation was the dominant factor controlling net movement of the oil spilled at the entrance of the bay system, reinforcing ebbing tidal currents and causing the seaward movement of floating oil, which followed paths taken by surface drifters released 3 weeks before the spill. In contrast, some oil formed globules which sank to the near‐bottom waters, had the same relative buoyancy as seabed drifters, and moved similarly, beaching in eastern San Pablo Bay after being transported landward in the near‐bottom waters. No oil or surface drifters floated into the south bay because surface waters were drifting seaward, away from the south bay.

Notable seasonally modulated phenomena which must be considered in predicting surface and near‐bottom oil drifts of future spills include a summer (low‐river discharge period) diminution of the estuarine circulation mechanism in the north and central bay‐adjacent ocean region and a seasonal reversal in two‐layer drift in the south bay.
Sulfate uptake by microplankton communities in western Lake St. Clair1
Authors: Monheimer Richard H.
Published: March 2010

The uptake of sulfate by microplankton communities in western Lake St. Clair was studied during 1972 and 1973 using 35S‐SO4. Sulfate uptake rates were generally highest at the juncture where the lake and Clinton River cutoff channel meet and gradually decreased in nearshore water south of the cutoff channel and in the offshore waters. Phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon showed these same patterns, indicating that the Clinton River effluent is probably the major contributing polluter of western Lake St. Clair. Examination of the uptake of organic sulfur indicated that sulfate is probably the only significant source of sulfur for biomass production in natural aerobic microplankton communities. Measurements of sulfate uptake may provide a good estimate of total microbial production.
Bacterial growth rates and temperature optima in a stream with a fluctuating thermal regime1
Authors: Bott Thomas L.
Published: March 2010

Direct measurement of bacterial growth rates in a natural stream showed that the unicellular and filamentous populations had doubling times of 42–51 hr when the water temperature was 0–5°C, 8.4–10.8 hr when water temperature was predominantly 11–16°C, and 2.8–6.0 hr when the water temperature was 16.5–21.0°C. The populations were not optimally adapted to the prevailing stream water temperature, but rather to temperatures 5–20°C higher.
Enewetak (Eniwetok) Atoll: Aspects of the nitrogen cycle on a coral reef1
Authors: Webb K. L. , DuPaul W. D. , Wiebe W. , Sottile W. , Johannes R. E.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the concentrations of dissolved and particulate nitrogen in seawater crossing two interisland reef transects on Enewetak Atoll were measured. The upstream half of transect II consisted largely of algal pavement; the downstream half was visually dominated by corals. The other community, transect III, consisted of benthic algal covered pavement in its entirety, with only scattered small corals downstream. Both transects showed a significant net export of combined nitrogen, implying a large input of nitrogen into the reef system from a source other than the combined nitrogen in overlying waters. High rates of gaseous nitrogen fixation were found.

There was a net uptake of nitrate by the community dominated by algae and a net export of nitrate from the transect dominated jointly by algae and corals. Although nitrification is of central importance in the marine nitrogen cycle, this coral‐algal community at Enewetak appears to have been the first marine site at which this process has been measured directly.
Kinetics of carbon dioxide uptake by phytoplankton at high pH1
Authors: Gavis Jerome , Ferguson John F.
Published: March 2010

When phytoplankton assimilate CO2 at the low concentrations existing at high pH their uptake rates may be limited by diffusion transport. Dehydroxylation of HCO3− to CO2 will, however, reduce the effect of transport limitation. In this paper the equation for diffusion with chemical reaction that produces the diffusing substance is solved for a spherical cell with a surface absorption rate given by an equation of the Monod form to yield uptake rate as a function of CO2 concentration when transport limited. The influence of cell motility is included. A criterion is derived by which the importance of transport limitation can be ascertained for a cell whose half‐saturation constant and maximum uptake rate are known.
Buffer intensity of seawater1
Authors: Pytkowicz R. M. , Atlas E.
Published: March 2010

The buffer intensities of a NaCI solution and of seawater were measured to determine the effect of ion‐pairing on the dissociation reactions of carbonic acid and, through these reactions, on the buffering of oceanic waters.
The habitat of Salpa fusiformis in the California Current as defined by indicator assemblages1
Authors: Silver Mary Wilcox
Published: March 2010

Indicator assemblages can define the habitat of a planktonic species. Diatom assemblages that co‐occur with Salpa fusiformis, a common planktonic herbivore, suggest a constancy in the environment of this tunicate: S. fusiformis is found with a suite of diatoms whose relative abundances are predictable to a degree. Preliminary results indicate that swarm formation by S. fusiformis occurs in waters different from that of other salp species commonly found in the California Current.
Feeding characteristics and predation impact of Chaoborus (Diptera, Chaoboridae) larvae in a small lake1
Authors: Fedorenko Alice Y.
Published: March 2010

Feeding rates of Chaoborus americanus and Chaoborus trivittatus larvae generally increased with temperature, prey density, and larval size and varied with prey type. Temperature had no effect on feeding rates of old fourth instar C. trivittatus larvae. There was a significant though unexplained variability in the day‐to‐day feeding rates among individual chaoborids.

Estimated mean percentage of standing crop of prey eaten by Chaoborus was: 2% for copepod nauplii, 3% for Diaptomus tyrelli, 9% for Diaptomus kenai, and 4% for Diaphanosoma. Chaoborus predation on Eunice Lake zooplankton appears to be reduced by seasonal and spatial segregation of predator and prey and by size incompatibility.
Ingestion by planktonic grazers as a function of concentration of food1
Authors: Mullin Michael M. , Stewart Elizabeth Fuglister , Fuglister Frederick J.
Published: March 2010

Data on ingestion by copepods as a function of concentration of food were re‐examined with regard to possible mathematical models for this process. A rectilinear model was found preferable, but the hyperbolic models could not be statistically rejected. The choice of a model was particularly crucial at very low concentrations of food.
An examination of the relationship between drainage basin morphology and the export of phosphorus1
Authors: Kirchner W. B.
Published: March 2010

The relationship between phosphorus export and several morphologic parameters was examined for 18 forested drainage basins underlain by igneous bedrock. A regression model (r = 0.94) relating phosphorus export to the length of stream per unit area (drainage density) is presented:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19752020267:lno19752020267-math-0001

A hypothesis based on terrestrial retention of phosphorus and baseflow is proposed to explain the relationship.
Preliminary observations on the carbon isotopic composition of some reef coral tissues and symbiotic zooxanthellae1
Authors: Land Lynton S. , Lang Judith C. , Smith Bruce N.
Published: March 2010

The stable carbon isotopic composition of total coral tissue resembles that of isolates of its endosymbiotic zooxanthellae and varies with depth for several common Jamaican hermatypic scleractinian corals. In shallower water, both algae and total coral tissue are enriched in the heavier 13C isotope, suggesting that the shallow water zooxanthellae may photosynthesize at faster rates than the algae in the deeper water corals sampled, and that most of the organic carbon in the tissues of these shallow water corals has passed through their zooxanthellae.
An apparatus for studying syntrophic interactions between microorganisms
Authors: Scott T. G. , Ball A. J. S.
Published: March 2010

An apparatus has been designed to grow pure axenic cultures of different microorganisms in the same liquid phase; the organisms are separated by Millipore membranes which prevent cross contamination but permit cross feeding. It is possible with this mixed pure culture apparatus (MPCA) to duplicate the syntrophic effects observed in mixed cultures of algae and bacteria and at the same time to measure physiological changes in homogeneous axenic cultures.
Fidelity of thermophilic blue‐green algae to hot spring habitats1
Authors: Jackson John E. , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: March 2010

Inocula of river water and sediment from the Yellowstone Plateau (Wyoming) and the Willamette Valley (Oregon) were incubated in photoautotrophic medium at 14, 35, and 45°C. Many blue‐green algal species developed at 35°C with inocula from numerous habitats. The 45°C temperature promoted the growth of blue‐green algae in samples taken downstream from a source of hot spring or possibly heated industrial waters, but not in samples from pristine waters above hot spring discharges. Most of the 45° enrichments also grew when the culture temperature was raised to 50 and 55°C.

The hot spring origins of certain species were determined by their known occurrence in nearby hot springs and by the decrease in cell density with distance downstream from hot spring influents. The dilution with time and distance was partially a result of death, since tests indicated the lethal effect of light on these cells in cold river water. Nevertheless, hot spring cells were still recoverable from 2‐liter water samples 20–30 km from the point of input and occasionally at distances of over 100 km.

Samples from waters of Everglades National Park (which reach 35–40°C) also contained several species of blue‐greens capable of growth at 45 and 50°C.

Thus thermophilic blue‐green algae that have a growth temperature optimum of over 45°C have a high fidelity to hot spring habitats (or artificially heated waters) in temperate or colder climates, but maintenance populations of some species may become established elsewhere in warmer areas.