bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Deficient Porphyrins III. Facile Syntheses of Perfluoroalkylporphyrins Including Water Soluble Porphyrin
Authors: Aoyagi Katsuhiro , Haga Toshihiko , Toi Hiroo , Aoyama Yasuhiro , Mizutani Tadashi , Ogoshi Hisanobu
Published: June 2006

A variety of 3-perfluoroalkyl pyrroles were prepared by reaction of β-perfluoroalkyl α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with p-tolylsulfonylmethyl isocyanide in moderate yields. Tetrakis(perfluoroalkyl)porphyrins were readily obtained by oxidative cyclization of 3-alkyl-2-hydroxymethyl-4-perfluoroalkylpyrroles in acidic media, including water-soluble 3,8,13,18-tetrakis(p-carboxybenzyl)-2,7,12,17-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphyrin. The pKa value for the monoprotonation of its inner nitrogen is less than 1, while that of Copro-I is 7.2. Diprotonation at the inner nitrogen occurs only in concd HCl, while the pKa value of the corresponding non-fluoro porphyrin is 4. The reduction potential of 3,8,13,18-tetrakis(p-methoxycarboxybenzyl)-2,7,12,17-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)porphyrin was shifted by 580 mV to a less negative value.
Preparations and Reactions of Functionalized Silyllithiums
Authors: Kawachi Atsushi , Tamao Kohei
Published: June 2006

Several types of α-alkoxy and α-amino substituted silyllithiums have been prepared as the first members of stable and/or well-characterizable functionalized silyllithiums. Described herein are new aspects of (1) three methodologies for preparation of functionalized silyllithiums, (2) high stability of (aminosilyl)lithiums, (3) low stability of (monoalkoxysilyl)lithiums, behaving as silylenoid species, (4) high stability of (dialkoxysilyl)lithiums, (5) high stability of (2-alkoxydisilanyl)lithium, (6) first examples of [2,3]-sila-Wittig rearrangement, and (7) synthetic utilization of (aminosilyl)lithiums.
Interfacial Mechanism in the Extraction Kinetics of Ni(II) with 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interfacial Reactivity of the Ligand
Authors: Watarai Hitoshi , Gotoh Masashi , Gotoh Narushi
Published: June 2006

Extraction kinetic mechanism of Ni(II) with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol (5-Br-PADAP) was studied by a high-speed stirring spectrophotometry in heptane/water and toluene/water systems. The experimental results revealed that a rate-determining step was the 1 : 1 chelate formation of Ni2+ with 5-Br-PADAP adsorbed at the interface. In situ spectrophotometry of the heptane/water interface proved the formation of Ni(II) complex at the interface. The preferential adsorption of 5-Br-PADAP and its Ni(II) complex in heptane/water interface was correlated with the lower distribution constant in heptane/water than that in toluene/water. Molecular dynamics simulation could reproduce the preferential adsorptivity in heptane/water interface and then the higher reactivity with Ni2+ in the interface. The observed formation rate constants of the Ni(II) complex in bulk aqueous phase and the interfaces were smaller than those expected from the Eigen mechanism. Molecular mechanics calculation supported the ring-closure mechanism, previously postulated as the rate-determining step.
Transformation of Oximes of Phenethyl Ketone Derivatives to Quinolines and Azaspirotrienones Catalyzed by Tetrabutylammonium Perrhenate and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid
Authors: Kusama Hiroyuki , Yamashita Yuko , Uchiyama Katsuya , Narasaka Koichi
Published: June 2006

Phenethyl ketone oximes are converted to quinolines by the treatment with tetrabutylammonium perrhenate, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and chloranil in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane. Azaspirotrienones can be synthesized from p-hydroxyphenethyl or 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propyl ketone oximes by applying the above method. Thus prepared azaspirotrienones are converted to quinolines by acid treatment.
ERP Investments and the Market Value of Firms: Toward an Understanding of Influential ERP Project Variables
Authors: Ranganathan C. , Brown Carol V.
Published: June 2006

This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the value of enterprise resource planning (ERP) investments at the firm level. Using an organization integration lens that takes into account investments in complementary resources as well as an options thinking logic about the value of an ERP platform, we argue that not all ERP purchases have the same potential impact at the firm level due to ERP project decisions made at the time of purchase. Based on a sample of 116 investment announcements in United States–based firms between 1997 and 2001, we find support for our hypotheses that ERP projects with greater functional scope (two or more value-chain modules) or greater physical scope (multiple sites) result in positive, higher shareholder returns. Furthermore, the highest increases in returns (3.29%) are found for ERP purchases with greater functional scope and greater physical scope; negative returns are found for projects with lesser functional scope and lesser physical scope. These findings provide empirical support for prior theory about the organizational integration benefits of ERP systems, the contribution of complementary resource investments to the business value of IT investments, and the growth options associated with IT platform investments. The article concludes with implications of our firm-level findings for this first wave of enterprise systems.
Understanding the Adoption of Multipurpose Information Appliances: The Case of Mobile Data Services
Authors: Hong Se-Joon , Tam Kar Yan
Published: June 2006

We have come to a stage when information technology (IT) innovations have permeated every walk of life. Many new technologies can be used for many different purposes and in different contexts other than the workplace. The current study attempts to understand individual adoption of IT innovations that are used beyond work settings. We define a new class of IT innovations called multipurpose information appliances, which are personal, universally accessible, and multipurpose. The ubiquitous nature of these appliances has led to a constant permeability between the separate contexts of social life. An adoption model that reflects the unique characteristics and usage contexts of multipurpose information appliances was developed. The model consists of five sets of adoption factors and was tested using data collected on mobile data services adoption. Our findings show that the determinants of multipurpose information appliance adoption decisions are not only different from those in the workplace, but are also dependent on the nature of the target technology and its usage context. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Editorial Notes
Authors: Sambamurthy Vallabh
Published: June 2006

We introduce a new type of article, “Issues and Opinions,” in this issue. The first article presents an analysis of the publishing opportunities for information systems research in the premier outlets and compares it with the opportunities in other business disciplines. An expansion of the editorial board is announced with the names of 14 new associate editors. Finally, the synergy between the journal and the Information Systems Society is once again reiterated.
Disparities in Rates of Unintended Pregnancy In the United States, 1994 and 2001
Authors: Finer Lawrence B. , Henshaw Stanley K.
Published: June 2006

CONTEXT: Many pregnancies are unintended, particularly in certain population groups. Determining whether unintended pregnancy rates and disparities in rates between subgroups are changing may help policymakers target reproductive health services to those women most in need.

METHODS: To calculate rates of unintended pregnancy and related outcomes, data on pregnancy intendedness from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth were combined with birth, abortion and population data from federal, state and nongovernmental sources.

RESULTS: In 2001, 49% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended. The unintended pregnancy rate was 51 per 1,000 women aged 15–44, meaning that 5% of this group had an unintended pregnancy. This level was unchanged from 1994. The rate of unintended pregnancy in 2001 was substantially above average among women aged 18–24, unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women, low‐income women, women who had not completed high school and minority women. Between 1994 and 2001, the rate of unintended pregnancy declined among adolescents, college graduates and the wealthiest women, but increased among poor and less educated women. The abortion rate and the proportion of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion among all women declined, while the unintended birth rate increased. Forty‐eight percent of unintended conceptions in 2001 occurred during a month when contraceptives were used, compared with 51% in 1994.

CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed to determine the factors underlying the disparities in unintended pregnancy rates by income and other characteristics. The findings may reflect a need for increased and more effective contraceptive use, particularly among high‐risk groups.
Human Brands: Investigating Antecedents to Consumers’ Strong Attachments to Celebrities
Authors: Thomson Matthew
Published: June 2006

This article explores recent advances in self-determination research to address why consumers develop strong attachments to “human brands,” a term that refers to any well-known persona who is the subject of marketing communications efforts. Study 1 uses a survey that is analyzed with structural equation modeling. Study 2 is qualitative and offers corroborating evidence for the proposed theoretical model. Study 3 extends the model with a more naturalistic sample and tests several alternative hypotheses using hierarchical regression. The results suggest that when a human brand enhances a person's feelings of autonomy and relatedness and does not suppress feelings of competence, the person is likely to become more strongly attached to it. This article documents that strong attachments are predictive of satisfied, trusting, and committed relationships and proposes that attachment strength may be a parsimonious proxy for consumer–brand relationship strength. The results imply that benefits would accrue to organizations such as entertainment firms and political parties that establish direct and routine interaction between human brands and consumers, that human brands to which consumers are attached offer significant potential as endorsers, and that organizations should address how to make the human brands they manage more authentic.
How Country Characteristics Affect the Perceived Value of Web Sites
Authors: Steenkamp Jan-Benedict E.M. , Geyskens Inge
Published: June 2006

The authors examine how country characteristics systematically moderate the effects of individual-level drivers of the perceived value that consumers derive from visiting a brand manufacturer's Web site. They test hypotheses on data collected from 8886 consumers from 23 countries on three continents, involving 30 Web sites of the world's largest consumer packaged goods companies. They find that the effect of privacy/security protection on perceived value is stronger for people from countries with a weak rule of law, whereas people from countries that are high on national identity give more weight to whether there is cultural congruity between the site and themselves. People who live in more individualistic countries give more weight to pleasure, to privacy/security protection, and to customization in their perceived value judgments than people from collectivistic countries. The authors discuss implications for Web site design strategies.
The United States Database Debate – Proteins as virtual property
Authors: Rosellini Will , McEachern Frank
Published: June 2006

A database is defined as “any organized collection of information” and can include any number of different categories, from clients list, to phonebooks to nucleotide sequence data for E. Coli. As the speed and storage capacity of next generation computers continue to Moore's law, doubling every 12–18 months, databases are becoming vital tools to extract information that to date has gone unnoticed. Nowhere is this more applicable or more evident than in the burgeoning field of bioinformatics, the science of applying computers to biological problems. Bioinformaticians are a loose consort of biologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians who also understand principles of computer science. These Bioinformaticians invest substantial resources in the form of money, time, and personnel in gathering information, verifying the accuracy of that information, and bringing it together in one location. Until very recently, scientists who fit this definition have largely been academic researchers, but with the mapping of the Human Genome completed, these scientists have now begun to become more and more prevalent in commercial settings. To date, these academic scientists have participated in open source data sharing to speed scientific progress, but as the cost of development increases and commercial entities continue to exploit bioinformatics tools for the production of new drug candidates this compiled information has become the topic of hot debate. The difficulty associated with a discussion of such a highly technical subject both intellectual property and genomics, coupled with a paradigm shift in the science makes for a very difficult and perhaps insurmountable barrier. In spite of these difficulties, one should not be discouraged, as the innovation at this level is the beginning of the end of death and disease in human beings.
The Use of Human Bodily Substances and Personal Data for Research: The German National Ethics Council's Opinion
Authors: Taupitz Jochen
Published: June 2006

Human bodily substances are an important resource for establishing the causes and mechanisms of a large number of disorders, in particular those widely disseminated among the population. The more thoroughly the human genome is understood, the more it is becoming possible to identify the role not only of external factors such as environmental agencies or lifestyle but also of hereditary predispositions (genes) in their causation. Scientific interest here as a rule centres not on individuals but mostly on very large population groups. For this reason, collections of human bodily substances and the associated medical data have taken on enormous significance in modern medicine. Lately these collections have even acquired a specific name: “biobanks”.
Extraction of actinides using N, N, N′, N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA): a thermodynamic study
Authors: Ansari S. A. , Pathak P. N. , Husain M. , Prasad A. K. , Parmar V. S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: June 2006

The effect of temperature on the extraction behaviour of Am(III), Pu(IV) and U(VI) from nitric acid medium was studied employing N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) in n-dodecane. The two-phase equilibrium constants (log K′ex) were calculated and compared with those of other extractants proposed for actinide partitioning, viz. octyl-(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO) and N,N,N′,N′-dimethyl dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide (DMDBTDMA). Thermodynamic parameters, viz. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS for the extraction of actinides by TODGA were also compared with those of CMPO and DMDBTDMA. These studies indicate that the extraction processes of Am(III) and U(VI) are enthalpy driven whereas entropy factor counteracts the extraction. However, in the case of Pu(IV), the extraction process is enthalpy as well as entropy favoured. Role of diluent on the loading of Nd(III) in 0.1 M TODGA has also been investigated.
Extraction of neptunium(IV) by a mixture of 3-phenyl-4-acetyl-5-isoxazolone and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide
Authors: Banerjee S. , Mohapatra P. K. , Bhattacharyya A. , Basu S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: June 2006

The extraction behaviour of Np(IV) by 3-phenyl-4-acetyl-5-isoxazolone (HPAI) was investigated from nitric acid medium in the presence of tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO). Speciation studies, carried out by the slope analysis method, yielded binary species of the type Np(PAI)4 when only HPAI was used as the extractant and ternary and quaternary species of the type Np(PAI)4·TOPO and Np(PAI)3·(NO3)·TOPO, respectively when both HPAI and TOPO were used together as the extractants. The two-phase extraction constant for the binary species (log k
ex) was calculated to be 8.44±0.05 while those for the ternary and quaternary species were found to be 12.84±0.22 and 11.26±0.07, respectively.
Third phase formation in the extraction of Th(NO3)4 by tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate from nitric acid media
Authors: Suresh A. , Deivanayaki R. , Srinivasan T. G. , Rao P. R. Vasudeva
Published: June 2006

Third phase formation in the extraction of Th(IV) by tri-2-methyl butyl phosphate (T2MBP) in various diluents such as n-dodecane, n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane from nitric acid media has been investigated for the first time. The limiting organic concentration (LOC) and maximum organic concentration (MOC) as well as critical aqueous concentration (CAC) and saturated aqueous concentration (SAC) were measured as a function of equilibrium aqueous acidity. Data on LOC and MOC values have been generated with various concentrations of T2MBP (1.1 M, 1.38 M and 1.65 M) in n-dodecane at 303 K. LOC and CAC values have been measured for the extraction of Th(IV) by 1.1 M T2MBP/n-hexadecane at various temperatures (298 K, 303 K and 313 K) as a function of equilibrium aqueous acidity. Effect of temperature on third phase formation has been studied in the extraction of Th(IV) from its solution with near zero free acidity by 1.1 M T2MBP in n-tetradecane and n-hexadecane as diluents. Data on extraction of nitric acid in the absence and presence of Th(IV) by T2MBP/n-dodecane is also reported in this paper.
Studies on diffusional mobility and selectivity of I− ion in plasticized anion-exchange membrane using radiotracer
Authors: Sodaye Suparna , Suresh G. , Pandey A. K. , Goswami A.
Published: June 2006

Plasticized anion-exchange polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) were prepared by physical immobilization of a liquid anion-exchanger trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat-336) into the polymer matrix of cellulose triacetate (CTA) plasticized with 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE). The self-diffusion coefficients (D
m) of I− ion in these PIMs were obtained by analysing the experimental 131I radiotracer exchange rates with an analytical solution of Fick's second law. The D
m was found to increase exponentially as a function of volume fraction of liquid (plasticizer) in the membrane, which can be attributed to reduction of physical obstruction in diffusion path of the ions in CTA polymer matrix. The selectivity of PIMs towards different anions, with respect to I− ion, was obtained from a determination of mole fraction of I− ion (ratio of moles of I− ion to total ion-exchange sites) in the membrane as a function of mole fraction of I− ion in the equilibrating aqueous solution containing a competing X− ion (X− = F−/Cl−/Br−/NO3
−/ClO4
−). This study indicated that the PIM has preference for I− ion in the presence of Cl−, Br− and NO3
− ions in equilibrating solution, while ClO4
− ion are preferred over I− ion. The selectivity trend (ClO4
−>I−>NO3
−>Br−>Cl−>F−) in PIM was found to correspond with Hofmeister series.
Effect of humic acid on cesium sorption on silica colloids
Authors: Kumar Sumit , Tomar B. S. , Ramanathan S. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: June 2006

Effect of humic acid (HA) on the sorption behaviour of137Cs on silica colloids has been studied by batch procedure over a pH range of 3-10 and at ionic strength of 0.05 M (NaClO4). The sorption of137Cs on bare silica colloids was found to be negligible up to pH 7 above which it was found to increase sharply with pH. In the presence of HA significant enhancement in the sorption of137Cs on silica colloids was observed at lower pH values with no effect at pH > 7. Zeta potential of the colloidal suspension of HA, silica and their binary mixture were also measured. Binary interaction between137Cs and HA, and that between HA and silica were investigated in order to explain the observations in terms of linear additive model. The data obtained in the present work confirmed the role of non-additive factors in the ternary sorption system.
“The Trouble with Wilderness” Education in the National Park Service: The Case of the Lost Cattle Mounts of Congaree
Authors: LOCKHART MATTHEW A.
Published: June 2006

Due to recent policy changes, the amount of land that the National Park Service (NPS) manages as wilderness stands to rise considerably in coming decades. As it does, the number of cultural resources located in wilderness areas of the NPS will grow in kind. According to environmental historian William Cronon, our modern concept of wilderness is problematic: “it leaves no place for human beings” and ”represents a flight from history.” Taking Congaree National Park as its case study, this essay considers how, because of Cronon's “trouble with wilderness,” new wilderness designations and increasing emphasis on wilderness education in the NPS in the twenty-first century could adversely affect historical interpretation of some of the country's most valuable cultural resources.
Editor's Introduction
Authors: JACOBSON LISA
Published: June 2006

In this review roundtable, the essayists offer complementary and divergent assessments of the National Museum of the American Indian's presentation strategies and its efforts to revise and shape popular understandings of Native American history and culture. They also consider the risks and benefits of strong stakeholder participation in the NMAI's curatorial decisions, raising profound questions about who holds, and should hold, the power to reconstruct the past.
Successful Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in a Child Who Had Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia With Immunodeficiency
Authors: Dupuis-Girod Sophie , Cancrini Caterina , Le Deist Françoise , Palma Paolo , Bodemer Christine , Puel Anne , Livadiotti Susanna , Picard Capucine , Bossuyt Xavier , Rossi Paolo , Fischer Alain , Casanova Jean-Laurent
Published: June 2006

Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is associated with multiple infections and a poor clinical outcome. Hypomorphic mutations in nuclear factor κB essential modulator (NEMO)/IκB kinase complex and a hypermorphic mutation in inhibitor α of nuclear factor κB (IκBα) both result in impaired nuclear factor κB activation and are associated with X-recessive and autosomal-dominant forms of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency, respectively. Autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is also associated with a severe T-cell phenotype. It is not known whether hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure immune deficiency in children with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. A boy with autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency and a severe T-cell immunodeficiency underwent transplantation at 1 year of age with haploidentical T-cell–depleted bone marrow after myeloablative conditioning. Engraftment occurred, with full hematopoietic chimerism. Seven years after transplantation, clinical outcome is favorable, with normal T-cell development. As expected, the developmental features of the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome have appeared and persisted. This is the first report of successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a child with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is well tolerated and efficiently cures the profound immunodeficiency associated with autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency.
Highly diverse type of equine arteritis virus (EAV) from the semen of a South African donkey: Short communication
Authors: Stadejek T. , Mittelholzer Ch. , Oleksiewicz M. B. , Paweska J. , Belák S.
Published: June 2006

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) was detected by RT-nested PCR in semen samples from a naturally infected South African donkey. Sequence analysis of the amplified ORF5 fragment revealed only 60 to 70% nucleotide identity to a panel of EAV reference sequences. The unique donkey EAV sequence was also found to be stable during passage in horses. The sequence data reported in this study indicate that the South African donkey variant might represent a new genotype of EAV. The distinct genetic properties of the South African asinine strain of EAV suggest a divergent evolution of this arterivirus in various host species or, alternatively, a possible role for African donkeys in the emergence of EAV in horses.
Polychromatic Light Similar to the Terrestrial Solar Spectrum Without its UV Component Stimulates DNA Synthesis in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zhevago Natalya A. , Samoilova Kira A. , Calderhead R. Glen
Published: June 2006

Immunosuppressive effects of the minor component of the terrestrial solar spectrum, UV radiation, have been substantiated over the past several years. This raises the question of what influence the dominant part of the solar spectrum—visible and IR light—would have on the human immune system. In the present randomized, placebo‐controlled double‐blind study a small area of the body surface of volunteers was irradiated with polychromatic light (480–3400 nm), simulating the significant part of the terrestial sunlight irradiance spectrum and its power density. An average 2.5‐fold to three‐fold increase in spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin‐induced DNA synthesis in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Lym) was revealed at 0.5–24 h after irradiation at a therapeutic dose (12 J/cm2) in subjects with low preirradiation levels of both processes. The in vivo findings were echoed in parallel in vitro experiments, when blood drawn from the same subjects was directly irradiated (2.4 J/cm2), or when the irradiated blood was mixed 1:10 with nonirradiated autolo‐gous blood to model events in the circulation following transcutaneous blood photomodification. Our data suggest that exposure of the human body to polychromatic visible + IR light may photomodify blood in the dermal vasculature of the irradiated area to lead to an immediate transfer of the light‐induced effects to Lym of the entire circulating blood, which can result in modulation of Lym functional state at the systemic level.
Protoporphyrin IX Level Correlates with Number of Mitochondria, But Increase in Production Correlates with Tumor Cell Size
Authors: Gibbs Summer L. , Chen Bin , O'Hara Julia A. , Hoopes P. Jack , Hasan Tayyaba , Pogue Brian W.
Published: June 2006

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is produced in cells via the heme synthesis pathway, from the substrate aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and can be used for tumor detection, monitoring or photodynamic therapy. PpIX production varies considerably between tumor cell types, and determining the cell types and methods to optimize production is a central issue in properly utilizing this drug. A panel of eight cancer cell types was examined for PpIX production capacity, including breast, prostate, and brain cancer tumors, and the production varied up to 10‐fold among cell types. A positive correlation was seen between mitochondrial content and naturally occurring PpIX prior to ALA administration, but mitochondrial content did not correlate to the yield of PpIX resulting from the addition of ALA. Interestingly, total cell size was positively correlated to the yield of PpIX from ALA administration. Addition of an iron chelator, 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐pyridone (L1) in combination with ALA allows the final step in the heme synthesis pathway, conversion of PpIX to heme, to be delayed, thereby further increasing the yield of PpIX. Those cell types that had the lowest ALA to PpIX production without L1 showed the largest percentage increase in production with L1. The study indicates that use of L1 in tumors with a lower innate production of PpIX with ALA alone may be the most productive approach to this combined delivery.
Temperature-Dependent Formaldehyde Degradation in Trickling Filters
Authors: Pedersen Lars-Flemming , Pedersen Per Bovbjerg
Published: June 2006

We investigated formaldehyde (HCHO) degradation in a trickling filter at three different temperatures. Formalin, equivalent to an initial concentration of 40 mg of formaldehyde per liter of water, was applied to a closed experimental setup that included an active trickling filter. Water samples were taken regularly over a 96-h period and analyzed for formaldehyde. Decomposition of HCHO was significantly related to water temperature; estimated half-lives were 5.0, 9.5, and 16.5 h at 14.5, 10.0, and 5.5°C, respectively. Evidence of microbial decomposition indicated that formaldehyde reduction was correlated to the available trickling-filter surface area at a removal rate of 8.3–21.3 mg formaldehyde·m−2·h−1. These findings permit the calculation of formaldehyde decomposition rates during treatments in recirculating systems and make it possible to design trickling filters with a specific decomposition capacity.
The Effect of Temperature Changes and Transport on Cutthroat Trout Eggs Soon after Fertilization
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E , Roubidoux Ron
Published: June 2006

This study was conducted to determine the effects of temperature changes during the first few hours after fertilization (AF) on egg survival of cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii and to determine the relationship between water hardening, egg transport, and temperature effects. Eggs from cutthroat trout of the Bear Lake-Bonneville strain O. clarkii utah were subjected to changes in temperature from the ambient hatchery water temperature (8.5°C) at either 5 or 60 min AF and were then transported for 6 h. There were seven test treatments: (1) 4.5°C at 5 min AF, (2) 4.5°C at 60 min AF, (3) 0.5°C at 5 min AF, (4) 0.5°C at 60 min AF, (5) 13°C at 60 min AF, (6) hatchery control (no transport, no temperature change), and (7) transport control (no temperature change). After transport, eggs were all returned to 8.5°C until the end of the study. Survival to eye-up ranged from 63.7% in the 13°C-60-min treatment to 80.1% in the 4.5°C-60-min treatment. Warm temperatures (13°C) resulted in significantly higher egg mortality than that of controls. There was no significant difference between transported controls and untransported eggs in eye-up, hatch, or deformity rates, indicating that transport, at least on paved roads, did not affect survival. Comparison of temperature shocks occurring immediately AF (5 min) and after water hardening (60 min) indicated that thermal shocks administered before water hardening were more detrimental than those occurring afterward. Declines in temperature to 4.5°C or 0.5°C did not significantly affect survival relative to at least one of the controls. The results indicated that (1) temperature increases were detrimental but decreases were not and (2) it is preferable to transport eggs after water hardening rather than before.
Assessment of Morphology for Anaerobic‐Granular Particles
Authors: Baloch M. I. , Akunna J. C. , Collier P. J.
Published: June 2006

This study shows that a proper assessment of granule morphology is fundamental before applying any mathematical derivation or empirical formula based on the shape factor of anaerobic‐granular particles to determine granular characteristics. The granular images and size distribution of samples observed in this study revealed two different dimensions along two axes, which characterize these particles as ellipsoids. In the literature, theoretical‐settling velocities and particle‐size distribution of anaerobic granules have been calculated by assuming granules as spherical‐shaped and using the numerical correlation between the size and settling velocity. This resulted in large deviations in results reported for settling velocities and size distribution calculated by using empirical equations when compared with experimentally measured values. It is believed that, because of the nonspherical nature of these particles, errors have been made in the earlier studies (which considered these particles as spherical), while evaluating granular‐physical properties.
Degradation of 2,4‐Dichlorophenol by Combining Photo‐Assisted Fenton Reaction and Biological Treatment
Authors: Momani F. Al , Sans C. , Contreras S. , Esplugas S.
Published: June 2006

The photo‐Fenton reaction effect on the biodegradability improvement of 100 mg/L solution of 2,4‐dichlorophenol (DCP) has been investigated. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at 5 and 21 days, BODn/chemical oxygen demand (COD) and BODn/total organic carbon (TOC) ratios, average oxidation state, and inhibition on activated sludge were monitored. For 50 mg/L hydrogen peroxide and 10 mg/L iron(II) initial concentrations and 40 minutes of reaction time in the photo‐Fenton process, the biodegradability of the pretreated solution, measured as BOD5/COD ratio, was improved from 0 for the original DCP solution up to 0.18 (BOD21/COD = 0.24). At that point, all DCP was eliminated from the solution. To study the effect of the pretreatment step, the biological oxidation of pretreated solutions was tested in two semicontinuous stirred tank reactors, one operated with activated sludge and one with biomass acclimated to phenol. Results showed that more than 80% TOC removal could be obtained by codigestion of the pretreated solution with municipal wastewater. Total organic carbon removals of approximately 60% were also obtained when the sole carbon source for the aerobic reactors was the pretreated solution. The hydraulic retention times used in the bioreactors were of the same order of magnitude as those used at domestic wastewater treatment plants (i.e., between 12 and 24 hours). Kinetic studies based on pseudo‐first‐order kinetics have also been carried out. Constants were found to be in range 0.67 to 1.7 L·g total volatiles suspended solids−1·h−1.
Crafting Marine Shell Prestige Goods at Cahokia
Authors: Trubitt Mary Beth
Published: June 2006

Acquired from coasts and exchanged inland across North America, marine shell was an important raw material for making prestige goods, valued objects that “materialized” relationships between individuals or groups. Of interest here is how marine shell prestige goods production and exchange was organized, including the social identities of crafters and consumers. At Cahokia, shell working was associated with higher-status households, especially in the later phases of the Mississippian sequence. Shell ornaments crafted by elite households may have been used locally, but since prestige goods often passed through many hands, some shell objects may have ultimately been deposited far from Cahokia.
What about Behavior?: Methodological Implications for Rockshelter Excavation and Spatial Analysis
Authors: Burns Jonathan A.
Published: June 2006

Traditionally, archaeologists have used excavation data from Pennsylvania rockshelters to establish local and regional chronologies; however, these data sets do not lend themselves to behavioral or formational interpretations due to the scale of recovery resolution used. Behaviorally indicative evidence is apparent in contiguous block excavations using analytic units measuring 50 cm × 50 cm × 5 cm for lot collection. At least three specific behaviors—hunting gear maintenance, bone processing, and activity area maintenance—can be recovered from analytic units that result in structured spatial patterning that goes undetected at 1 m collection resolution. Behaviors universal to hunter-gatherers are indicated by the distributions of small artifacts (< 1 cm) of various classes. A current challenge in the discipline of archaeology is relating behavioral theory to the interpretation of structured remains of prehistoric hunter-gatherer occupations. This research highlights these behaviors and the relevant literature pertaining to their archaeological spatial signatures.
Understanding Dating Applications: Reply to Espenshade
Authors: Feathers James K. , Dykeman Douglas D. , Towner Ronald H.
Published: June 2006

A recent critique (Espenshade, 2004) of an application of luminescence dating in New Mexico represents a misreading of the original work and a misunderstanding of how dates should be interpreted in archaeology. It is well known that the dating event (what is actually being dated) and the target event (what one wants to date) can differ. This difference accounts for the discrepancies noted in the New Mexico study and also makes problematic Espenshade's proposed solution.
Experimental Characterization of Mechanical Behavior of Cord-Rubber Composites
Authors: Kumar M. , Bert C. W.
Published: June 2006

Unidirectional cord-rubber specimens in the form of tensile coupons and sandwich beams were used. Using specimens with the cords oriented at 0°, 45°, and 90° to the loading direction and appropriate data reduction, we were able to obtain complete characterization for the in-plane stress-strain response of single-ply, unidirectional cord-rubber composites. All strains were measured by means of liquid mercury strain gages, for which the nonlinear strain response characteristic was obtained by calibration. Stress-strain data were obtained for the cases of both cord tension and cord compression. Materials investigated were aramid-rubber, polyester-rubber, and steel-rubber.
Anisotropy in Green Strength Induced During Elastomer Processing
Authors: Hamed G. R. , Song J. H.
Published: June 2006

The tensile anisotropy induced while milling both gum and filled natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, and natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blends is investigated. The effects of annealing and the extent of milling on this phenomenon are presented. Molecular level explanations for this phenomenon are offered.
Ply and Rubber Stresses and Contact Forces for a Loaded Radial Tire
Authors: Trinko M. J.
Published: June 2006

A P215/75R15, steel-belted radial tire subjected to inflation pressure and footprint loading is modeled using laminated, geometrically nonlinear finite elements. The resulting stresses in both the rubber and the plies are presented. Assumptions made include fixed boundary conditions at the bead-flange interface, linear material property representation, and symmetry with respect to the meridional and tread centerline planes. The footprint loading is simulated by enforcing vertical displacements at selected nodes of the model to yield a contact patch force distribution. In-plane patch forces are not included. Experimental results are given showing comparisons with analytical predictions. Advantages of this approach over models presented earlier are the capability to extract information from each layer and to apply displacements directly to the contact patch rather than using a Fourier approach. The model is exercised using the MSC/NASTRAN program. The straightforward restart capability along with the ability to include or exclude nodal points in the contact patch set during the iteration process make the MSC/NASTRAN program convenient to use for this class of problems.
Simulation Model of Tire Vibration
Authors: Takayama M. , Yamagishi K.
Published: June 2006

A mass-spring tire model having five degrees of freedom is used to analyze the tangential and radial axial forces that result from a tire hitting a cleat. The belt and tread region is modeled by a rigid ring. Deflections from the cleat are absorbed by a line spring and those from the smooth portion of the test wheel (the ground) are absorbed by a plane spring; both are attached to the rigid ring. Calculated results agreed well with experimental results.
Buckling Behavior of Tire Breaker Structure
Authors: Akasaka T. , Yamazaki S. , Asano K.
Published: June 2006

The buckled wave length and the critical in-plane bending moment of laminated long composite strips of cord-reinforced rubber sheets on an elastic foundation is analyzed by Galerkin's method, with consideration of interlaminar shear deformation. An approximate formula for the wave length is given in terms of cord angle, elastic moduli of the constituent rubber and steel cord, and several structural dimensions. The calculated wave length for a 165SR13 automobile tire with steel breakers (belts) was very close to experimental results. An additional study was then conducted on the post-buckling behavior of a laminated biased composite beam on an elastic foundation. This beam is subjected to axial compression. The calculated relationship between the buckled wave rise and the compressive membrane force also agreed well with experimental results.
A Finite Element Tire Model
Authors: Tielking J. T.
Published: June 2006

A finite element tire model, based on nonlinear shell of revolution elements, has been developed to investigate tire-pavement interaction. The basic characteristics of this relatively comprehensive model are reviewed here, with attention focused on its ability to calculate the effect of tire design variables on tire performance data. A four-ply bias tire is used to show the ability of the model to predict the different effects that nylon and polyester cords have on tire deformation, contact pressure distribution, and traction.
An Experimental-Analytical Method to Determine Interaction Forces on Tire Rims
Authors: Koeller R. C.
Published: June 2006

A method is developed for approximating the three components of the net surface traction vector acting between a tire and its rim. The vector is determined as a function of angular position relative to the footprint, using measured strains in the rim and the analytical solution of the membrane theory of circular cylindrical shells applicable to the rim. Non-dimensional interaction forces are determined for the case of static loading for both radial and bias ply tires used on large earth-moving equipment. Load transfer from radial tires is primarily by large shearing tractions occurring 15 to 60 degrees from the footprint. Bias ply tires, however, transfer load primarily by normal forces occurring 0 to 30 degrees from the footprint and tangential forces occurring 40 to 90 degrees from the footprint.
Formation of Standing Waves in Radial Tires
Authors: Kwon Y. D. , Prevorsek D. C.
Published: June 2006

Radial tires for automobiles were subjected to high speed rolling under load on a testing wheel to determine the critical speeds at which standing waves started to form. Tires of different makes had significantly different critical speeds.

The damping coefficient and mass per unit length of the tire wall were measured and a correlation between these properties and the observed critical speed of standing wave formation was sought through use of a circular membrane model. As expected from the model, desirably high critical speed calls for a high damping coefficient and a low mass per unit length of the tire wall. The damping coefficient is particularly important.

Surprisingly, those tire walls that were reinforced with steel cord had higher damping coefficients than did those reinforced with polymeric cord. Although the individual steel filaments are elastic, the interfilament friction is higher in the steel cords than in the polymeric cords. A steel-reinforced tire wall also has a higher density per unit length.

The damping coefficient is directly related to the mechanical loss in cyclic deformation and, hence, to the rolling resistance of a tire. The study shows that, in principle, it is more difficult to design a tire that is both fuel-efficient and free from standing waves when steel cord is used than when polymeric cords are used.
Pressure Loss Mechanisms in Pneumatic Tires
Authors: Dodge R. N. , Clark S. K. , Loo M.
Published: June 2006

An experimental method was developed for the measurement of air permeation leakage through tubeless automobile tires and wheels. A differential pressure measurement system was used with temperature as an independent parameter. The diffusion rates generally far exceeded the loss rates observed through either the valve core or the valve rim seal on several typical tires observed under normal static conditions.

While permeation loss rates vary from tire to tire, typical losses are of the order of 0.5 to 1.0 psi (3.4 to 6.9 kPa) per month at 70° F (21° C) ambient temperature. Losses increase rapidly with increase in temperature to about 1.5 psi (10.3 kPa) per month at 90°F (32°C).

An analytical model was developed which can predict pressure loss rates due to permeation under a variety of climatic conditions.
Study of Causes of Variability in Tire Wear Rates
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Galloway E.
Published: June 2006

Estimates of wear rate ratios for the two tire brands tested vary in replicated experiments run concurrently or after intervals of weeks or months. This study reports tests made on different car models, and repeated several weeks later. Rim width and shock absorber stiffness were also studied for their contribution to wear rate variability. Alignment settings for all cars were fixed at the midpoint of the manufacturer's specification range, and were frequently checked and adjusted if necessary. Hitherto unreported data from former experiments that were run under various controlled alignment procedures are reported here. No evidence was found in the present experiments that differences in car models, rim width, or shock absorber stiffness contribute to wear rate variability. The average wear rates in the several experiments varied by 30%, but the ratios of the tire brands varied by only ± 2.23% around the mid-range. The variations among cars when alignment settings were frequently checked and adjusted were characterized by a standard deviation of less than 0.20 mils/1000 miles (0.008 mm/1000 km).
On the Contact Problem of Tires, Including Friction
Authors: Rothert H. , Idelberger H. , Jacobi W. , Laging G.
Published: June 2006

The mathematical description of tires does not usually consider frictional interaction between the tire and the surface over which it moves. An approach for doing so is presented in the present paper for a homogeneous tire without grooves and which is loaded axially. The tire footprint area is divided into smaller areas that either stick or slide at the interface between the tire and its supporting structure when frictional forces are applied. Discretization of the contact problem into finite elements leads to a nonlinear system of equations for the nodal displacements. The algorithm applied to compute the normal and tangential forces in the contact zone is described. The Newton-Raphson method and the modern quasi-Newton methods BFGS (Broyden, Fletcher, Goldfarb, Shanno) and DFP (Davidon, Fletcher, Powell) proved to be the most effective. Normal and tangential forces in the footprint area were computed by the Lagrange multiplier method or directly by calculation of the stress tensor in the contact zone.
A Model Analysis of Tire Behavior Under Vertical Loading and Straight-Line Free Rolling
Authors: Loo M.
Published: June 2006

A structural analog, consisting of a flexible circular ring under tension with a nest of radially arranged linear springs and dampers, is developed as a pneumatic tire model. The model is concerned with the prediction of the tire's vertical load-deflection characteristics and its free rolling resistance.

The mathematical formulation of the boundary of the model's region of contact with a smooth hard surface is based on approximations made using the theory of a tensioned string supported by an elastic foundation. Forces developed within the contact region are computed from geometrical considerations.

The model's ring tension and radial foundation stiffnesses, as related to the tire's inflation pressure, are obtained experimentally by performing contact patch length measurements and static point-load tests on the specific tire modeled. Further, by prescribing a loss factor in the radial dampers, the model's free rolling resistance characteristics may be computed.

Experimental verification conducted on a radial tire shows general agreement between the predicted and experimental vertical load-deflection characteristics for the normal working range of inflation pressure, deflection, and interacting surface curvature. The predicted rolling resistance characteristics are also found to be in good accord with experimental measurements.