bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simplified parameter adaptive control
Authors: Warwick K. , Karam K. Z. , Tham M. T.
Published: July 2010

A simple parameter adaptive controller design methodology is introduced in which steady‐state servo tracking properties provide the major control objective. This is achieved without cancellation of process zeros and hence the underlying design can be applied to non‐minimum phase systems. As with other self‐tuning algorithms, the design (user specified) polynomials of the proposed algorithm define the performance capabilities of the resulting controller. However, with the appropriate definition of these polynomials, the synthesis technique can be shown to admit different adaptive control strategies, e.g. self‐tuning PID and self‐tuning pole‐placement controllers. The algorithm can therefore be thought of as an embodiment of other self‐tuning design techniques. The performances of some of the resulting controllers are illustrated using simulation examples and the on‐line application to an experimental apparatus.
A Computational method for time‐lag control problems with control and terminal inequality constraints
Authors: Teo K. L. , Wong K. H.
Published: July 2010

A computational algorithm for a class of time‐lag optimal control problems involving control and terminal inequality constraints is presented. The convergence properties of the algorithm are also investigated. To test the algorithm, several examples are solved.
A Comparison of optimal control algorithms for complex bioengineering studies
Authors: Audu M. L. , Davy D. T.
Published: July 2010

Two optimal control problems typically encountered in bioengineering studies are solved using five dynamic optimization algorithms carefully selected from among the most widely recognized gradient‐based algorithms. All the problems are solved using a medium‐sized mainframe computer. The convergence characteristics of each algorithm are tested by using them to solve each of the two problems. It is recognized that a number of difficulties arise with these larger problems. Some of these problems include prohibitive storage requirements and large computational times. The consequences of the choice of any specific algorithm for solving typical dynamic optimization problems in biomedicine are pointed out.
Optimal development plan for new products: A Control theoretic approach
Authors: Murthy D. N. P. , Nguyen D. G.
Published: July 2010

Product quality affects a manufacturer's profitability since better quality results in a bigger market share and greater revenue. Product quality can be improved by product development which costs money. Hence to maximize total profit the development plan must be selected optimally. This paper develops a dynamic model to optimally select the development rate and timing of release to maximize discounted expected profit.
Power system network parameter estimation
Authors: Quintana V. H. , Van Cutsem TH.
Published: July 2010

Methods for power network parameter estimation and correction are discussed in this paper. A sequential‐type method for real‐time processing of network parameters is proposed. The method exploits the information contained in the measurement residuals to estimate a better network parameter; it uses a linearized sensitivity model to relate the measurement residuals to the parameter error. The proposed method has been coded in FORTRAN using several short‐cuts and has been thoroughly tested in the estimation of transformer ratios in the Belgian HV system.
Prediction of elongation viscosity of polymer melts
Authors: Liang Jizhao , Zhong Lei
Published: July 2010

Melt extension flow is a common flow pattern during polymer processing, such as entrance converging flow in die extrusion or runner injection of polymer melts from an extruder barrel, blow molding, blowing film and melt spinning. Extensional viscosity is one of the important characterizations of the flow characteristics for polymer fluids. A new extension viscosity equation was established based on White‐Metzner model, Vinogradov‐Malkin viscosity equation and a new relaxation time equation in the present paper. The melt elongation viscosities of metallocene linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins at 130°C were estimated applying this viscosity equation, and the predictions were compared with the measured data of mLLDPE and PVB resins at 130°C reported from reference. The results showed that calculations were close to the experimental data. The parameters in this equation were easy to be determined and the equation was convenient to use for estimating the extension viscosity of polymer melts. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Role of monocyte‐lineage cells in prostate cancer cell invasion and tissue factor expression
Authors: Lindholm Paul F. , Lu Yi , Adley Brian P. , Vladislav Tudor , Jovanovic Borko , Sivapurapu Neela , Yang Ximing J. , Kajdacsy‐Balla André
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

Tissue factor (TF) is a cell surface glycoprotein intricately related to blood coagulation and inflammation. This study was performed to investigate the role of monocyte‐lineage cells in prostate cancer cell TF expression and cell invasion.

METHODS

Prostate cancer cell invasion was tested with and without added peripheral blood monocytes or human monocyte‐lineage cell lines. TF neutralizing antibodies were used to determine the TF requirement for prostate cancer cell invasion activity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prostate tissue CD68 positive monocyte‐derived cells and prostate epithelial TF expression.

RESULTS

Co‐culture of PC‐3, DU145, and LNCaP cells with isolated human monocytes significantly stimulated prostate cancer cell invasion activity. TF expression was greater in highly invasive prostate cancer cells and was induced in PC‐3, DU145, and LNCaP cells by co‐culture with U‐937 cells, but not with THP‐1 cells. TF neutralizing antibodies inhibited PC‐3 cell invasion in co‐cultures with monocyte‐lineage U‐937 or THP‐1 cells. Prostate cancer tissues contained more CD68 positive cells in the stroma and epithelium (145 ± 53/mm2) than benign prostate (108 ± 31/mm2). Samples from advanced stage prostate cancer tended to contain more CD68 positive cells when compared with lower stage lesions. Prostatic adenocarcinoma demonstrated significantly increased TF expression compared with benign prostatic epithelium.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that co‐culture with monocyte‐lineage cells induced prostate cancer cell invasion activity. PC‐3 invasion and TF expression was induced in co‐culture with U‐937 cells and partially inhibited with TF neutralizing antibodies. Prostate 70: 1672–1682, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐proliferative effect of a triazole derivative (ST1959) on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells through down‐regulation of cyclin and androgen receptor expression
Authors: Loiarro Maria , Campo Silvia , Arseni Brunilde , Rossi Stefania , D'Alessio Valeria , De Santis Rita , Sette Claudio , Ruggiero Vito
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

Previous studies demonstrated that ST1959, a triazole derivative endowed with immunomodulatory activities, also exerts inhibitory effects on proliferation and survival of a panel of tumor cells. In this study, we sought to ascertain the effects of ST1959 on the growth of androgen‐dependent and androgen‐independent prostate cancer (PCa) cells.

METHODS

The growth of androgen‐dependent (LNCaP) and androgen‐independent (PC3, DU‐145) cells was analyzed in vitro both in the presence and absence of ST1959. Modulation of cyclin and androgen receptor (AR) expression following treatment with ST1959 was analyzed by Western blot and cytofluorimetric analysis.

RESULTS

We observed that ST1959 causes a significant growth inhibition of LNCaP cells without affecting proliferation of androgen‐insensitive DU‐145 and PC3 cell lines. These effects were associated with G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and down‐regulation of cyclin D1, A and B and AR expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our present findings indicate that the anti‐proliferative activity of ST1959 on cell growth of androgen‐dependent LNCaP PCa cells may be brought about by decreasing expression of functional AR and selected cyclins, ultimately leading to cell growth inhibition. Prostate 71: 32–41, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strengths and weaknesses of data‐driven docking in critical assessment of prediction of interactions
Authors: de Vries Sjoerd J. , Melquiond Adrien S. J. , Kastritis Panagiotis L. , Karaca Ezgi , Bordogna Annalisa , van Dijk Marc , Rodrigues João P. G. L. M. , Bonvin Alexandre M. J. J.
Published: July 2010

The recent CAPRI rounds have introduced new docking challenges in the form of protein‐RNA complexes, multiple alternative interfaces, and an unprecedented number of targets for which homology modeling was required. We present here the performance of HADDOCK and its web server in the CAPRI experiment and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of data‐driven docking. HADDOCK was successful for 6 out of 9 complexes (6 out of 11 targets) and accurately predicted the individual interfaces for two more complexes. The HADDOCK server, which is the first allowing the simultaneous docking of generic multi‐body complexes, was successful in 4 out of 7 complexes for which it participated. In the scoring experiment, we predicted the highest number of targets of any group. The main weakness of data‐driven docking revealed from these last CAPRI results is its vulnerability for incorrect experimental data related to the interface or the stoichiometry of the complex. At the same time, the use of experimental and/or predicted information is also the strength of our approach as evidenced for those targets for which accurate experimental information was available (e.g., the 10 three‐stars predictions for T40!). Even when the models show a wrong orientation, the individual interfaces are generally well predicted with an average coverage of 60% ± 26% over all targets. This makes data‐driven docking particularly valuable in a biological context to guide experimental studies like, for example, targeted mutagenesis. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On localized surface plasmons of metallic tin nanoparticles in silicon
Authors: Jung Jesper , Pedersen Thomas Garm , Søndergaard Thomas , Pedersen Kjeld , Larsen Arne Nylandsted , Nielsen Brian Bech
Published: July 2010

With plasmonic photovoltaics in mind, electrostatic localized surface plasmon eigenresonances of metallic tin (β‐Sn) nanoparticles buried in crystalline silicon (c‐Si) are analyzed using a Green's function surface integral eigenvalue equation method. We show that by shaping the particles, plasmon resonances can be achieved at wavelengths where c‐Si is a poor light absorber. This might be important for plasmon assisted Si solar cells. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Regulation leads to increases in riparian vegetation, but not direct allochthonous inputs, along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Kennedy Theodore A. , Ralston Barbara E.
Published: July 2010

Dams and associated river regulation have led to the expansion of riparian vegetation, especially nonnative species, along downstream ecosystems. Nonnative saltcedar is one of the dominant riparian plants along virtually every major river system in the arid western United States, but allochthonous inputs have never been quantified along a segment of a large river that is dominated by saltcedar. We developed a novel method for estimating direct allochthonous inputs along the 387 km‐long reach of the Colorado River downstream of Glen Canyon Dam that utilized a GIS vegetation map developed from aerial photographs, empirical and literature‐derived litter production data for the dominant vegetation types, and virtual shorelines of annual peak discharge (566 m3 s−1 stage elevation). Using this method, we estimate that direct allochthonous inputs from riparian vegetation for the entire reach studied total 186 metric tons year−1, which represents mean inputs of 470 gAFDM m−1 year−1 of shoreline or 5.17 gAFDM m−2 year−1 of river surface. These values are comparable to allochthonous inputs for other large rivers and systems that also have sparse riparian vegetation. Nonnative saltcedar represents a significant component of annual allochthonous inputs (36% of total direct inputs) in the Colorado River. We also estimated direct allochthonous inputs for 46.8 km of the Colorado River prior to closure of Glen Canyon Dam using a vegetation map that was developed from historical photographs. Regulation has led to significant increases in riparian vegetation (270–319% increase in cover, depending on stage elevation), but annual allochthonous inputs appear unaffected by regulation because of the lower flood peaks on the post‐dam river. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychobiological modulation in anxious and depressed patients after a mindfulness meditation programme: a pilot study
Authors: Manzaneque Juan M. , Vera Francisca M. , Ramos Natalia S. , Godoy Yelba A. , Rodriguez Francisco M. , Blanca Maria J. , Fernandez Ana , Enguix Alfredo
Published: July 2010

Mindfulness meditation is an ancient and simple form of meditation that has been said to induce several important physical and psychological benefits. The present study was designed with the aim of investigating the psychobiological effects of mindfulness meditation practice in a clinical population. Sixteen patients with depression and anxiety symptoms were submitted to a mindfulness meditation programme for the period of 2 months. Psychological well‐being [5‐item Mental Health (MH‐5)] and several endocrine parameters [adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulphate (DHEAS), thyroid‐stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] were assessed before and after the meditation programme. At post‐test, the MH‐5 score improved, while the levels of DHEAS and ACTH were raised, and those of PTH decreased. Our results suggest that mindfulness meditation can exert a significant psychobiological modulation by enhancing psychological well‐being, as well as by regulating the levels of several hormonal parameters on different axes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making the soft sciences hard: The Newton model
Authors: Simms James R.
Published: July 2010

Work has been ongoing, at least since Newton's Principia, to develop a science of life and social phenomena equivalent to the natural sciences such as physics and chemistry. Currently, such a science does not exist. This paper provides the foundation for a science of life and society. The hypothesis of this paper is that the methodologies used to develop the extant natural sciences can be used as a model for developing a natural (hard) life and social science. The natural sciences are typified by identification of fundamental phenomena, measurement of and measurement units for these phenomena and formal equations for the relations among these phenomena. Information is identified as a fundamental phenomenon of life. The natural science methodology is used to develop units of measure for information, and formal equations are developed among behaviours, structural characteristics, available energy and information. This paper shows that information is a measurable universal phenomenon that causes the behaviours of living systems. These developments validate the hypothesis and provide the foundation for natural living systems science. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed in‐network path planning for sensor network navigation in dynamic hazardous environments
Authors: Chen Dazhi , Mohan Chilukuri K. , Mehrotra Kishan G. , Varshney Pramod K.
Published: July 2010

Wireless sensor networks can be employed to provide distributed real‐time navigation instructions to users attempting to travel in hazardous environments. In this work, we propose a distributed path planning algorithm for sensor network navigation in dynamic hazardous environments. Using geographic or virtual coordinates of sensors and based on a partial reversal method for directed acyclic graphs (DAG), our algorithm constructs a distributed in‐network directed navigation graph, where each source sensor is guaranteed to have at least one desired directed path to one destination sensor. When the hazardous environment changes due to its dynamic nature, path replanning does not need to reconfigure most of the directed links in the graph unaffected by the changes. Correctness of our algorithm is proved and extensive simulation results demonstrate that the constructed navigation graph provides near‐optimal navigation paths for users, successfully adapts to dynamic hazardous environments, and requires very low communication overhead for maintenance, when compared to other navigation graphs constructed by existing algorithms that use frequent or periodic flooding. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Decomposition Method for Interval Linear Fractional Programming
Authors: Lata Manju , Mittal B. S.
Published: July 2010

The aim of the paper is to obtain a decomposition principle for maximizing a ratio of two linear functions subject to constraints in the ‘interval programming’ form. At each step of the method, two or more linear interval programming problems are to be solved, the optimal solutions of which are written explicitely with the help of Ben‐Israel ‘s and Charnes’ technique. From these solutions, the solution of the original problem is derived according to certain rules. Finally a simple numerical example is solved for illustration.
Strong Shock Wave Propagation in a Mixture of a Gas and Dusty Particles with Gravitational Force
Authors: Pai S. I. , Menon S. , Fan Z. Q.
Published: July 2010

When a dusty comet collides with a planet, strong shock waves are produced in the dusty gas of the coma. In this case, the gravitational force plays an important role. With gravitational force, similarity solutions [1] of the strong shock wave propagation does not exist. In this paper, we study the effect of the gravitational force in a dusty gas by perturbation theory for the case of large Froude number. Numerical solutions are presented on the velocity, density and pressure distributions behind the shock as well as the shock speeds and its location with time under various conditions. The gravitational force does have predominant influence on the flow fields of the strong shock propagation in a dusty gas.
A (α)‐Stable Cyclic Composite Multistep Methods of Orders 6 and 7 for Numerical Integration of Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Mihelcié M. , Wingerath K.
Published: July 2010

We describe two new A(α)‐stable methods, a 4‐cyclic 4‐step and a 5‐cyclic 5‐step method with P = 6 and P = 7, respectively. This is in contrast to the originally developed methods [5] which have greater order of accuracy (P = 2k) but a small stability region Moreover, the new methods show better stability than the backward differentiation formulas (BDF) in [6] and th cyclic composite methods in [14] of the same order.
Incompatible deformations – plastic intermediate configuration
Authors: Grammenoudis P. , Tsakmakis Ch.
Published: July 2010

There are many approaches in continuum mechanics involving incompatible deformations, one well‐known example being the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient tensor. Such deformations have in the past been regarded rather in the context of local configurations. In the present paper, we discuss incompatible deformations among others, also from the point of view of material lines. Related covariant derivatives and spatial differential operators are introduced and investigated. In particular, it is shown that components of curvature tensors, present in many gradient constitutive theories, may be expressed in terms of the difference between different connections for the same manifold. These issues are illustrated with reference to multiplicative decompositions of deformation gradient tensors into elastic and plastic parts. Two classes of model materials are addressed, non‐polar and micropolar ones.
Functional splicing assay supporting that c.70 + 5G > A mutation in the MPV17 gene is disease causing
Authors: Navarro‐Sastre Aleix , García‐Silva Maria Teresa , Martín‐Hernández Elena , Lluch Montserrat , Briones Paz , Ribes Antonia
Published: July 2010

Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) is a group of disorders characterized by a quantitative reduction of the mitochondrial DNA copy number and inherited as autosomal recessive traits. Patients affected by this group of diseases present with a wide variety of symptoms depending on the altered gene. MPV17 is one of the genes causing combined encephalopathy and liver failure and at present there is no treatment for this devastating disease. The gene codes for an inner mitochondrial membrane protein, but its function is still unknown, and therefore, the only way to offer prenatal diagnosis relies on DNA studies. Consequently, mutations have to be well characterized. We previously described a patient homozygous for a novel intronic mutation in the MPV17 gene (c.70 + 5G > A). Here we report the use of a functional splicing assay based on the use of minigenes to support that c.70 + 5G > A mutation is disease causing. We carried out three prenatal diagnoses on three consecutive pregnancies of the previously described family. After two affected fetuses, a healthy baby was born homozygous for the wild‐type allele.
Micellization Behavior of the 14‐2‐14 Gemini Surfactant with Some Conventional Surfactants at Different Temperatures
Authors: Banipal Tarlok Singh , Sood Ashwani Kumar , Singh Kultar
Published: July 2010

Mixed micellization behavior of the dimeric cationic surfactant ethanediyl‐1,2‐bis(dimethyl tetradecyl ammonium bromide) with monomeric cationic surfactants cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), tetradecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14BCl) and cetyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C16BCl) was studied in aqueous and aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions at various temperatures (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K) using conductometric and viscometric methods. The behavior of these mixed systems was analyzed in light of Rubingh's regular solution theory. The conductivity study indicates that the above systems behave nonideally with mutual synergism at 298.15 and 308.15 K, whereas antagonistic behavior is exhibited at 318.15 K. In the presence of PEG solution, various thermodynamic parameters associated with transfer of surfactant monomers from the medium consisting of polymer‐free mixed micelles to polymer‐bound mixed micelles like ∆Gto, ∆Hto and ∆Sto at various temperatures were evaluated and discussed. The viscosity study shows that in aqueous solutions all these combinations exhibit significant negative departure in the relative viscosity (ηr) from the additivity rule at 298.15 and 308.15 K, whereas at 318.15 K these combinations (except in the case of C14BCl) follow the additivity rule. In presence of 5% PEG solution, all the combinations show positive departure from the additivity rule except the combination with C14BCl which shows negative departure at all the studied temperatures.
Has Research in Marketing Lost Its Way?
Authors: Roberts John H.
Published: July 2010

Academic research in marketing has made significant strides in improving the methods by which it seeks to understand consumers’ behaviour and their response to management actions. Yet, at the same time there is some evidence that these advances may be occurring at a cost of accessibility of its approaches and findings to practising managers. This paper considers how research in marketing might be focused to better meet to needs of practitioners without losing the benefits that come from a rigorous and careful grounding.
Effect of cross‐fostering on seizures in adult male offspring of methamphetamine‐treated rat mothers
Authors: Šlamberová R. , Hrubá L. , Bernášková K. , Matějovská I. , Rokyta R.
Published: July 2010

Stimulant drugs are often associated with increased seizure susceptibility. Inhibitory γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and excitatory N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) systems play a role in the effect of stimulants in the genesis of epileptic seizures. Our previous studies showed that prenatal methamphetamine (MA) exposure induced long‐term changes in seizure susceptibility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cross‐fostering on the prenatal and postnatal MA‐exposed rats, respectively, on their seizures in adulthood. Bicuculline (GABAAreceptor antagonist), NMDA (NMDA receptor agonist) and flurothyl (a convulsant gas) were used to induce seizures in adult male offsprings. Female dams were injected with MA (5 mg/kg daily) or physiological saline (S) for approx. 9 week [about 3 week prior to impregnation, for the entire gestation period (22 days) and in preweaning period (21 days)]. Absolute controls (C) did not receive any injections. On postnatal day 1, pups were cross‐fostered so that each mother received pups from all three treatments. Thus, nine groups (based on the prenatal and postnatal drug exposure) of adult male rats were tested in each seizure test: C/C; C/S; C/MA; S/C; S/S; S/MA; MA/C; MA/S; MA/MA. The present study demonstrates that the effect of prenatal and/or postnatal MA exposure is seizure model specific. In addition, our data show that there is an effect of cross‐fostering on seizures; particularly, the effect of prenatal MA exposure shown in animals fostered by control mothers is no longer apparent in animals fostered postnatally by MA‐treated mothers. Such effect of postnatal treatment is not manifested in prenatal controls. In summary, it seems that: (1) prenatal MA exposure alters seizure susceptibility more than postnatal MA exposure; (2) especially in seizures induced by chemicals that affect GABAergic system (bicuculline, flurothyl) notable effect of adoption (cross‐fostering) is apparent; (3) in seizure models that are associated with NMDA system (NMDA, flurothyl), effect of prenatal stress seems to play a role.
Zur theorie- und evidenzbasierten Fundierung massenmedialer Gesundheitskampagnen
Authors: Rossmann Constanze
Published: July 2010

Einleitung

Massenmediale Gesundheitskampagnen gibt es seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ihr Problem ist, dass sie häufig in ihrer Effektivität begrenzt sind, während interpersonale Maßnahmen der Gesundheitsförderung effektiv, aber nicht kosteneffizient einsetzbar sind. Ein Weg zur Verbesserung der Effektivität liegt in einer stärkeren theoretischen Fundierung durch Integration gesundheits- und kognitionspsychologischer sowie kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse.
Towards an Understanding of Frugal Consumers
Authors: Todd Sarah , Lawson Rob
Published: July 2010

Consumer frugality has recently started to attract attention, with suggestions that it needs to be understood as a lifestyle. Alternative discussions of frugality posit it as either a personality trait or as a value. This research aims to further our understanding of frugality in some of these respects by examining its association with values as measured using the modified version of Schwartz’ value survey. Results of an analysis of frugal and non-frugal New Zealand consumers’ values indicate that, although logical significant differences in values do exist, the pattern is too unclear to indicate that frugality exists as a single value. Rather, findings appear consistent with the contention that frugality may be best viewed as a lifestyle choice.
An Asian Perspective on Airline Industry Emarkets
Authors: Neill Mark , Purchase Sharon
Published: July 2010

eMarkets allow buyers and sellers to conduct their business relationships within an electronic environment, yet companies are not participating in them as expected. This research investigates the buyer's perception of key success factors for eMarkets. The results indicated that both basic enablers and differentiators were perceived as a given. The implication for marketing strategy is that new differentiators need to be developed to position eMarkets relative to their competition. eMarket-makers also need to consider the impact of external environmental factors on the marketing strategies they develop.
Dove Vs. Dior: Extending the Brand Extension Decision-Making Process from Mass to Luxury
Authors: Riley Francesca Dall'Olmo , Lomax Wendy , Blunden Angela
Published: July 2010

This paper furthers the understanding of the decision process used by managers when extending their brands. In particular, we investigate the extent to which the model of extension decision process outlined by Ambler and Styles (1997) for fast moving consumer goods is relevant to the luxury sector. We find that the broad structure and components of the A & S model extend to the luxury sector. However, some modifications are required to reflect the differences between luxury and fast moving consumer goods. In contrast with fast moving consumer goods, growth, rather than defence, is the main driver for extending luxury brands. The marketing function, rather than R&D, has the strongest influence on brand extension decisions in the luxury sector. Tradition and brand heritage are identified by luxury goods experts both as the first driver and an important decision criterion for brand extensions.
The Taiwanese are Just like Australians in Their Loyalty to Fast Food Outlets
Authors: Bennett Dag
Published: July 2010

Despite big differences in culture, types of food, retail environments and the brands on offer, the loyalty of Australian and Taiwanese consumers to fast food outlets is nearly identical. In both countries, a third of buyers purchase from the same branded outlet twice in a row, while two thirds buy from a different outlet, usually of a bigger brand. This was true for all brands, regardless of the type of food on offer or whether the brand was local or global. The analysis also confirmed that partitioning is limited, although there is some partitioning of the Australian market based on functional differences. The management implications are that marketers would be best served by aiming to attract customers rather than aiming to encourage loyalty, and that small sets of survey data can be usefully employed to reveal underlying market structure and brand performance measures. This is especially helpful in data-poor markets and categories.
Marketing Research Traditions: Toward Theoretical Unification or Pluralism?
Authors: Möller Kristian
Published: July 2010

Theories of marketing and their future directions are increasingly discussed topics. A significant theme is whether we can construct a unifying logic for the marketing discipline (Vargo and Lusch 2004), or whether marketing should be seen as a theoretically pluralistic field (Möller and Halinen 2000). This issue is first addressed by examining the characteristics of marketing as a scientific domain. Next, a selected set of research traditions or schools of marketing (marketing management, services marketing, marketing channels, interaction and network approach in business marketing, relationship marketing) are described in terms of their intellectual goals and metatheoretical assumptions. This evaluation suggests that the fundamental aspects in assessing the explanatory value, limitations, and relative closeness of research traditions are the assumptions they make about: (i) marketing exchange relationships, (ii) the context of this exchange, and (iii) the actors carrying out the exchanges, in addition to their epistemological and methodological bases. Lastly, the results are used to argue for the adoption of theoretical pluralism in the marketing discipline.
Macroeconomics for MBAs and Masters of Finance
Authors: Davis Morris A.
Published: July 2010

Using a rigorous and concise framework, this book teaches the foundations of modern macroeconomic theory and its methods. It is ideally suited for students taking a first graduate course in macroeconomics as part of an MBA, finance, or economics degree. The book explains recent advances of modern macroeconomic theory with respect to growth, business cycles, and asset pricing by focusing on aspects of firm and household behavior that are embedded in modern macroeconomic studies. Throughout the book data issues are discussed in detail: where to find the data, how to download it, and the correspondence of data with model predictions. The mathematical level assumes that students have taken a course in calculus. With its emphasis on dynamic inter-temporal macroeconomics and the use of data, the book provides students with a core toolkit that will equip them both for more advanced study and for professional careers as economists.
Antioxidant enzymes in sea cucumberApostichopus japonicus(Selenka) during aestivation
Authors: Fangyu Wang , Yang Yang Hongsheng , Xiaoyu Wang , Kun Xing , Fei Gao
Published: July 2010

To evaluate the effect of antioxidant defence in coelomic fluid of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicusin aestivation was studied in the field from July to November 2006 in Qingdao. During the sampling period, activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased significantly in August and November. Activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione decreased significantly in August and increased significantly in November and activities of Se-glutathione peroxidase increased significantly in August. There were no significant differences in total glutathione peroxidase. In relation to the water temperature in the field, it is known that the oxygen consumption rate dropped and antioxidant defence was enhanced in August. The structure and function of respiratory trees ofA. japonicuswere completely vivified as normal in November, and it is suggested that antioxidant defence was enhanced because of the sharp change of oxygen consumption. Data indicate that both enzymatic and metabolite antioxidant defences in sea cucumber are adaptable systems that are modulated during pre-aestivating stage and arousing stage.
Lipidomic analysis of bloodstream and procyclic formTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: RICHMOND GREGORY S. , GIBELLINI FEDERICA , YOUNG SIMON A. , MAJOR LOUISE , DENTON HELEN , LILLEY ALISON , SMITH TERRY K.
Published: July 2010

The biological membranes ofTrypanosoma bruceicontain a complex array of phospholipids that are synthesizedde novofrom precursors obtained either directly from the host, or as catabolised endocytosed lipids. This paper describes the use of nanoflow electrospray tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry in both positive and negative ion modes, allowing the identification of ~500 individual molecular phospholipids species from total lipid extracts of cultured bloodstream and procyclic formT. brucei. Various molecular species of all of the major subclasses of glycerophospholipids were identified including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol as well as phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylglycerol and cardolipin, and the sphingolipids sphingomyelin, inositol phosphoceramide and ethanolamine phosphoceramide. The lipidomic data obtained in this study will aid future biochemical phenotyping of either genetically or chemically manipulated commonly used bloodstream and procyclic strains ofTrypanosoma brucei. Hopefully this will allow a greater understanding of the bizarre world of lipids in this important human pathogen.
Health Care Politics in the Age of Retrenchment
Authors: JORDAN JASON
Published: July 2010

This article examines the debate between the power resources and ‘new politics’ scholars concerning the politics of welfare state retrenchment in advanced industrial democracies. Both approaches make competing claims concerning the relevance of partisan differences in the current age of welfare reform. This article tests the new politics hypothesis that partisanship has had a declining impact on welfare politics over time through an analysis of the growth in the public share of health care spending in 18 countries from 1960 to 2000. Consistent with the new politics approach, the results reveal that the partisan character of government no longer plays a significant role in determining changes in public responsibility for health care during the new politics period. This suggests that the current period is characterised by general agreement across party lines on the broad parameters of the health care system, reducing the intense partisan conflicts of the past to debates over reform at the margins of the health care system.
Continuity and Religious Practices in Roman Britain: The Case of the Rural Religious Complex at Marcham/Frilford, Oxfordshire
Authors: Kamash Zena , Gosden Chris , Lock Gary
Published: July 2010

This paper presents the interim results of Oxford University's on-going excavations at the Roman religious complex at Marcham/Frilford, Oxfordshire. This site has been the focus of debates about continuity from the Iron Age into the Roman period since the original excavations at the temple by Bradford and Goodchild in the 1930s. New findings from the current excavations are brought to bear on this question, in particular how the Iron Age activity influenced the design and layout of the Roman complex. In addition, the paper uses preliminary analysis of the finds from the excavations to discuss the nature of religious practices and activities at the site.
Who Built Carpow? A Review of Events in Britain in the Reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus
Authors: Casey John
Published: July 2010

A review of epigraphic, numismatic and historical sources examines the episode of the war of Commodus in Britain. The relationship of this event to the present interpretation of the later campaign of Severus is discussed. Current views of the occupation of Hadrian’s Wall are examined in the light of Commodus’ policy in Britain.
The Women of Akmoneia
Authors: Thonemann P.
Published: July 2010

This article is the first publication of a Greek inscription from Akmoneia in Phrygia, dated toa.d.6/7. The monument is an honorific stele for a priestess by the name of Tatia, and was voted by a body of ‘Greek and Roman women’. As a document of collective political activity by a female corporate group, the inscription has no real parallels in either the Greek or Roman world. The monument is set in the context of the Roman mercantile presence in central Phrygia in the late Republican and early Imperial periods, and some proposals are offered concerning the identity and significance of the honouring body.
Effect of cryopreservation and in vitro culture of bovine fibroblasts on histone acetylation levels and in vitro development of hand-made cloned embryos
Authors: Chacón Liliana , Gómez Martha C. , Jenkins Jill A. , Leibo Staley P. , Wirtu Gemechu , Dresser Betsy L. , Pope C. Earle
Published: July 2010

In this study, the relative acetylation levels of histone 3 in lysine 9 (H3K9ac) in cultured and cryopreserved bovine fibroblasts was measured and we determined the influence of the epigenetic status of three cultured (C1, C2 and C3) donor cell lines on the in vitro development of reconstructed bovine embryos. Results showed that cryopreservation did not alter the overall acetylation levels of H3K9 in bovine fibroblasts analysed immediately after thawing (frozen/thawed) compared with fibroblasts cultured for a period of time after thawing. However, reduced cleavage rates were noted in embryos reconstructed with fibroblasts used immediately after thawing. Cell passage affects the levels of H3K9ac in bovine fibroblasts, decreasing after P1 and donor cells with lower H3K9ac produced a greater frequency of embryo development to the blastocyst stage. Cryopreservation did not influence the total cell and ICM numbers, or the ICM/TPD ratios of reconstructed embryos. However, the genetic source of donor cells did influence the total number of cells and the trophectoderm cell numbers, and the cell passage influenced the total ICM cell numbers.
Asymmetrical Effects of Adaptation to Left- and Right-Shifting Prisms Depends on Pre-existing Attentional Biases
Authors: GOEDERT KELLY M. , LEBLANC ANDREW , TSAI SEN-WEI , BARRETT ANNA M.
Published: July 2010

Proposals that adaptation with left-shifting prisms induces neglect-like symptoms in normal individuals rely on a dissociation between the postadaptation performance of individuals trained with left-versusright-shifting prisms (e.g., Colent, Pisella, & Rossetti, 2000). A potential problem with this evidence is that normal young adults have ana priorileftward bias (e.g., Jewell & McCourt, 2000). In Experiment 1, we compared the line bisection performance of young adults to that of aged adults, who as a group may lack a leftward bias in line bisection. Participants trained with both left- and right-shifting prisms. Consistent with our hypothesis, while young adults demonstrated aftereffects for left, but not right prisms, aged adults demonstrated reliable aftereffects for both prisms. In Experiment 2, we recruited a larger sample of young adults, some of whom were right-biased at baseline. We observed an interaction between baseline bias and prism-shift, consistent with the results of Experiment 1: Left-biased individuals showed a reduced aftereffect when training with right-shifting prisms and right-biased individuals showed a reduced aftereffect when training with left-shifting prisms. These results suggest that previous failures to find generalizable aftereffects with right-shifting prisms may be driven by participants’ baseline biases rather than specific effects of the prism itself. (JINS, 2010,16, 795–804.)
Consciousness: Don't Give Up on the Brain
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth
Published: July 2010

In the extended mind literature, one sometimes finds the claim that there is no neural correlate of consciousness. Instead, there is a biological or ecological correlate of consciousness. Consciousness, it is claimed, supervenes on an entire organism in action. Alva Noë is one of the leading proponents of such a view. This paper resists Noë's view. First, it challenges the evidence he offers from neuroplasticity. Second, it presses a problem with paralysis. Third, it draws attention to a challenge from the existence of metamers and visual illusions.
How to Become Unconscious
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L.
Published: July 2010

Consistent materialists are almost bound to suggest that ‘conscious experience’, if it exists at all, is no more than epiphenomenal. A correct understanding of the real requires that everything we do and say is no more than a product of whatever processes are best described by physics, without any privileged place, person, time or scale of action. Consciousness is a myth, or at least a figment. Plotinus was no materialist: for him, it is Soul and Intellect that are more real than the phenomena we misdescribe as material. Nor does he suppose that consciousness depends on language (as Stoics and modern materialists have sometimes said): wordless experience is actually superior. And much of what counts towards our present consciousness is to be discarded. It is betternotto remember most of what now seems more significant to us; better to discard images; better that the intellect be ‘drunk’ than ‘sober’, losing any sense of separation between subject and object. The goal of the Plotinian intellectual is to join ‘the dance of immortal love’, but it is a mark of the good dancer that she is not conscious of what she does. There is therefore a strange confluence between Plotinus and modern materialists:ourexperience at least is transitory, deceitful, epiphenomenal, and ‘reality’ is to be encountered when we have shed our illusions.
The Representational vs. the Relational View of Visual Experience
Authors: McLaughlin Brian P.
Published: July 2010

InReference and Consciousness,1John Campbell attempts to a make a case that what he calls ‘the Relational View’ of visual experience, a view that he champions, is superior to what he calls ‘the Representational View’.2I argue that his attempt fails. In section 1, I spell out the two views. In section 2, I outline Campbell's case that the Relational View is superior to the Representational View and offer a diagnosis of where Campbell goes wrong. In section 3, I examine the case in detail and argue that it fails. Finally, in section 4, I mention two very well-known problems for the Relational View that are unresolved in the book.
The Road to Substance Dualism
Authors: Madell Geoffrey
Published: July 2010

The common materialist view that a functional account of intentionality will eventually be produced is rejected, as is the notion that intentional states are multiply realisable. It is argued also that, contrary to what many materialists have held, the causation of behaviour by intentional states rules out the possibility of a complete explanation of human behaviour in physical terms, and that this points to substance dualism. Kant's criticism of the Cartesian self as a substance, endorsed by P. F. Strawson, rests on a misinterpretation of Descartes. The so-called ‘causal pairing problem’, which Kim sees to be the crucial objection to substance dualism, is examined, and Kim's arguments are rejected.
Management of extensive squamous cell carcinoma on the site of radiation-induced dermatitis with severe fibrosis: a case report
Authors: Patel Chirag B. , Rashid Rashid M. , Nguyen Tri H.
Published: July 2010

Dermatitis is a common side effect of radiation therapy (RT) whereas squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is not. Management must include treatment options outside of RT, especially when cases are limited by extreme fibrosis. Here, we present a case in which a patient developed multiple SCC, severe radiation fibrosis, and limited neck mobility. This situation of increased risk for intubation required interdisciplinary coordination for proper therapeutic intervention, namely Mohs micrographic surgery to manage cutaneous lesions.
Hippocampus avoidance with fan beam and volumetric arc radiotherapy for base of skull tumours
Authors: Wiebe Ericka , Cozzi Luca , Yartsev Slav , Fogliata Antonella , Clivio Alessandro , Vanetti Eugenio , Nicolini Giorgia , Chen Jeff , Leung Andrew , Bauman Glenn
Published: July 2010

Radiosensitive neurogenic stem cells reside in the hippocampi, suggesting that avoidance of the hippocampi may be an important strategy to reduce potential radiation-related cognitive effects. Six patients treated for base of skull tumours were re-planned using co-planar helical fan beam arc therapy (tomotherapy) and co-planar and non-coplanar volumetric arc techniques (RapidArc). The hippocampi were contoured as avoidance structures with the specific goal of minimising the dose. Two gross target volume (GTV) to planning target volume (PTV) expansions (10 and 2 mm) were considered to evaluate the impact of margin selection on organ at risk (OAR) sparing. The dose prescription was 50 Gy to >95% of the PTV. Comparison of the hippocampus avoidance plans demonstrated the importance of non-coplanar delivery when the 10 mm margin was used. With the 2 mm margin, both co-planar and non-coplanar delivery provided similar degrees of sparing. A mean dose of 3–4 Gy and a V6Gy <5% to the hippocampi was realised with the hippocampus sparing techniques. Our comparisons suggest interventions to minimise GTV to PTV margins will have a more profound influence on multiple OAR sparing than the choice of intensity modulated arc delivery technique.
WHEEL: A Competition Report
Authors: Eades Alwyn
Published: July 2010

In the March issue of Microscopy Today, I perpetrated a trick on the reader. I proposed a new way to operate a transmission electron microscope, claiming that it would achieve an order of magnitude improvement in resolution—knowing that the idea would not work. A prize was offered (in a “Note Added in Proof,” separate from the main article) for the best explanation as to why it would not work. Only one entry for the competition was submitted, and that was not—as far as I can tell—a serious attempt to show why the proposal would not work.