bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Vascular Ulcers: Prevention Strategies and Clinical Implications
Authors: Mancin Stefano , Zarrella Alfonso , Petrelli Fabio , Cosmai Simone , Cattani Daniela , Lopane Diego , Scollo Sarah , Morales Palomares Sara , Sguanci Marco , Amendola Antonella , Cangelosi Giovanni , Mazzoleni Beatrice
Published: February 2025

Background/Aim: Chronic kidney disease (CKD), primarily caused by diabetes, predisposes patients to a high risk of systemic complications, including vascular ulcers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of arterial vascular ulcers in patients with CKD, with particular attention to predisposing factors including diabetes and prevention strategies. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted, adopting the Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), using databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Cochrane Library, along with grey literature sources. Results: The literature review revealed a significant association between peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and CKD, highlighting the prevalence (41.5%) and associated risk factors, such as type 1 diabetes (OR, 2.993; 95% CI: 1.477–6.065, p = 0.002), type 2 diabetes (OR, 2.498; 95% CI: 1.466–4.256, p = 0.001), and hypertension (OR, 1.781; 95% CI: 1.293–2.450, p < 0.001) in hemodialysis patients. Preventive strategies were discussed, emphasizing the automation of ankle–brachial index (ABI) measurement. Conclusions: This review identifies risk factors and preventive strategies for PAD in CKD patients, emphasizing diabetes as a key contributor. Evidence supports current diagnostic approaches and guidelines but highlights the need for larger studies. Standardized protocols and targeted training are crucial for improved management.
Computed Tomography Assessment of Os Trigonum in the Omani Population and Its Clinical Relevance
Authors: Al Thuhli Zahran , Al Farsi Mohammed , Mahfouz Yasser , Al Mamari Ghassan , Al-Mufargi Younis , Bouchareb Yassine , Sirasanagandla Srinivasa Rao
Published: February 2025

Background: Os trigonum (OT) is an accessory ossicle that develops from the failure of the secondary ossification center of the posterior talar process fusion. It is clinically significant due to its association with posterior ankle pain and impingement syndromes. Despite its tremendous clinical relevance, limited data exist on the frequency of OT in Middle Eastern populations. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the frequency, morphological variations, and dimensions of OT in Omani subjects using computed tomography (CT) imaging and to evaluate the sex and laterality differences in its occurrence. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 352 foot and ankle CT scans were conducted to assess the OT at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital. OT presence, dimensions, and classification along with patient demographics, including age and sex, were recorded. Descriptive statistical analysis and the chi-square test were employed to present the data. Results: The overall prevalence of OT was 10.2%, with a frequency of 11.2% on the left side and 8.9% on the right side. Type IIA was the most prevalent subtype in both feet (41.2% right, 44.4% left). The average minor-axis and macro-axis dimensions were 7.88 ± 2.998 mm and 10.76 ± 4.280 mm on the right side, while they were 8.06 ± 2.600 mm and 11.50 ± 4.997 mm on the left side. No statistically significant sex or laterality differences were observed with regard to the OT frequency (p > 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides the first detailed evaluation of OT in the Omani population, highlighting its frequency and morphological variability. These findings emphasize the importance of CT imaging in identifying OT and guiding clinical management. Future studies should explore OT’s clinical correlations to enhance its diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Multi-Classification of Skin Lesion Images Including Mpox Disease Using Transformer-Based Deep Learning Architectures
Authors: Vuran Seyfettin , Ucan Murat , Akin Mehmet , Kaya Mehmet
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: As reported by the World Health Organization, Mpox (monkeypox) is an important disease present in 110 countries, mostly in South Asia and Africa. The number of Mpox cases has increased rapidly, and the medical world is worried about the emergence of a new pandemic. Detection of Mpox by traditional methods (using test kits) is a costly and slow process. For this reason, there is a need for methods that have high success rates and can diagnose Mpox disease from skin images with a deep-learning-based autonomous method. Methods: In this work, we propose a multi-class, fast, and reliable autonomous disease diagnosis model using transformer-based deep learning architectures and skin lesion images, including for Mpox disease. Our other aim is to investigate the effects of self-supervised learning, self-distillation, and shifted window techniques on classification success when multi-class skin lesion images are trained with transformer-based deep learning architectures. The Mpox Skin Lesion Dataset, Version 2.0, which was publicly released in 2024, was used in the training, validation, and testing processes of the study. Results: The SwinTransformer architecture we proposed in our study achieved about 8% higher accuracy evaluation metric classification success compared to its closest competitor in the literature. ViT, MAE, DINO, and SwinTransformer architectures achieved 93.10%, 84.60%, 90.40%, and 93.71% accuracy classification success, respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained in the study showed that Mpox disease and other skin lesion images can be diagnosed with high success and can support doctors in decision-making. In addition, the study provides important results that can be used in other medical fields where the number of images is low in terms of transformer-based architecture and technique to use.
Can Galectin-3 Be Used as a Predictor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity: Insights from High-Volume Patient Single Center
Authors: Brajkovic Milica , Nikolic Sofija , Popadic Viseslav , Milic Natasa , Rajovic Nina , Nikolic Novica , Sekulic Ana , Brankovic Marija , Stjepanovic Mihailo , Popevic Spasoje , Milovanovic Branko , Zdravkovic Marija
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by intermittent airway obstructions, leading to reduced oxygen levels and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. OSA can cause a range of health problems, including an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Galectin-3, a member of the galectin family, plays a significant role in inflammation and fibrosis, and studies show that it is elevated in various conditions, including heart and lung diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether galectin-3 levels are related to the severity of sleep apnea. Methods: A total of 191 participants from the University Clinical Hospital Center Bezanijska Kosa, Belgrade, Serbia, between January 2023 and May 2024, were included in the analyses. All patients were hospitalized under suspicion of OSA, and they all underwent a polysomnography test. Various demographic, respiratory, laboratory, and clinical parameters were obtained. Correlations between numerical variables and galectin-3 were assessed by the Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the predictors of galectin-3 values. In all analyses, the significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 56.2 years, mostly male (68.9%). Of the comorbidities, two-thirds of patients had hypertension (66.1%), 46.8% had hyperlipoproteinemia, and 21.1% had diabetes mellitus. Patients who had an AHI of more than fifteen events per hour more often had higher values of galectin-3. OSA severity had a significant positive correlation with galectin-3 (p = 0.014). In multivariate linear regression analysis, significant independent predictors of higher galectin-3 values were older age, presence of coronary disease, hypoventilation syndrome, higher BMI, NTproBNP, lactate, creatinine, lower LDL, and lower FEV1 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that galectin-3 is linked to the severity of OSA and plays a crucial role in inflammation induced by intermittent hypoxia in OSA. Further screening and interventions targeting galectin-3 could aid in preventing inflammatory diseases related to sleep disturbances.
Balancing the Load: How Optimal Forces Shape the Longevity and Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Implants
Authors: Panaite Tinela , Savin Carmen , Olteanu Nicolae Daniel , Romanec Cristian Liviu , Vieriu Raluca-Maria , Balcos Carina , Chehab Alice , Zetu Irina Nicoleta
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study aims to investigate the mechanical behavior of titanium (Ti6Al4V) mini-implants (MIs) under varying orthodontic forces using finite element analysis (FEA) and to evaluate their performance and durability under realistic clinical conditions. Optimal orthodontic forces significantly influence the structural integrity and functional longevity of MIs while minimizing adverse effects on surrounding bone tissues. Materials and Methods: A commercially available MI (diameter: 2.0 mm, length: 12 mm) was modeled using FEA. The mandible geometry was obtained using computed tomography (CT) scanning, reconstructed in 3D using SpaceClaim software 2023.1, and discretized into 10-node tetrahedral elements in ANSYS Workbench. Material properties were assigned based on the existing literature, and the implant–bone interaction was simulated using a nonlinear frictional contact model. Orthodontic forces of 2 N and 10 N, inclined at 30°, were applied to simulate clinical loading conditions. Total displacement, von Mises stresses, equivalent strains, fatigue life, and safety factors were analyzed to assess the implant’s mechanical performance. Results: At 2 N, the MI demonstrated minimal displacement (0.0328 mm) and sustained approximately 445,000 cycles under safe fatigue loading conditions, with a safety factor of 4.8369. At 10 N, the implant’s lifespan was drastically reduced to 1546 cycles, with significantly elevated stress (6.468 × 105 MPa) and strain concentrations, indicating heightened risks of mechanical failure and bone damage. The findings revealed the critical threshold beyond which orthodontic forces compromise implant stability and peri-implant bone health. Conclusions: This study confirms that maintaining orthodontic forces within an optimal range, approximately 2 N, is essential to prolong MI lifespan and preserve bone integrity. Excessive forces, such as 10 N, lead to a rapid decline in durability and increased risks of failure, emphasizing the need for calibrated force application in clinical practice. These insights provide valuable guidance for enhancing MI performance and optimizing orthodontic treatment outcomes.
Fixed/Mobile Collaborative Traffic Flow Detection Study Based on Wireless Charging of UAVs
Authors: Wu Hao , Niu Mingbo , Wang Biao , Yan Kai , Li Yuxuan , Pang Hanyu
Published: February 2025

Accurate traffic flow detection plays a critical role in intelligent traffic control systems. However, conventional fixed video detection devices often face challenges such as occlusion and overlap in high-density traffic scenarios, which leads to distortions in vehicle detection. To address this issue, it is essential to obtain precise vehicle data as a reliable reference for managing traffic flow during peak periods. In this paper, we propose an intelligent detection scheme using an improved YOLOv8n target recognition algorithm combined with a ByteTrack multi-target tracking algorithm. A collaborative unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) collaborative detection framework is also established, integrating UAVs and fixed detection devices to work in tandem. Such a multi-UAV collaborative data acquiring system is designed for efficient, continuous, and uninterrupted operation, employing a three-drone rotational detection strategy. UAVs offer additional flexibility and coverage in obtaining vehicle data. However, limited power could be an essential challenge to the system’s wireless physical link stability and safety. To overcome power limitations during UAV collaboration, a wireless charging (WC) system is introduced, enabling automatic constant current–constant voltage (CC-CV) switching and preventing damage from accidental data link disabling. This collaborative traffic data acquiring and transmission system ensures a stable power supply for UAVs during high-density traffic periods, supporting their reliable UAV collaborative wireless data link. Experimental results show that the collaborative detection architecture combined with wireless charging can achieve high detection accuracy, with the recognition accuracy remaining between 0.95 and 0.99.
Predictors of Psychological Burnout Among Jordanian University Students: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Alfuqaha Othman A. , Barakat Randah O. , Al-masarwah Uday M. , Aladwan Dua’a A. , Baniamer Ayman O.
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: Psychological burnout (BO) is one of the most significant challenges faced by university students. This study aimed to explore the perceived levels of BO, psychological resilience (PR), and psychological hardiness among university students in Jordan. It also investigated the factors that may contribute to psychological BO. (2) Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 1219 university students (female = 933 (76.5%), male = 286 (23.5%)) were conveniently selected from four universities (two public and two private) to represent the study sample. (3) Results: Results found that 40.39% of university students had severe psychological BO levels, although most of them had acceptable PR (92.74%) and hardiness (83.7%) levels. Unmarried students at public universities, medical schools, and fourth-year students or beyond showed higher levels of psychological BO than any other category. A negative correlation (p < 0.05) was observed among psychological BO and both perceived PR and hardiness variables. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between perceived PR and psychological hardiness. Significant contributions of hardiness, university type, and academic year to BO were detected, with a variance of 29.7%. (4) Conclusions: Academic teachers and policymakers should tackle this problem among university students to help alleviate the different sources of stressors in university life.
Rectifier Fault Diagnosis Based on Euclidean Norm Fusion Multi-Frequency Bands and Multi-Scale Permutation Entropy
Authors: Liang Jinping , Mao Xiangde
Published: February 2025

With the emphasis on energy conversion and energy-saving technologies, the single-phase pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifier method is widely used in urban rail transit because of its advantages of bidirectional electric energy conversion and higher power factor. However, due to the complex control and harsh environment, it can easily fail. Faults can cause current and voltage distortion, harmonic increases and other problems, which can threaten the safety of the power system and the train. In order to ensure the stable operation of the rectifier, incidences of faults should be reduced. A fault diagnosis technique based on Euclidean norm fusion multi-frequency bands and multi-scale permutation entropy is proposed. Firstly, by the optimal wavelet function, information on the optimal multi-frequency bands of the fault signal is selected after wavelet packet decomposition. Secondly, the multi-scale permutation entropy of each frequency band is calculated, and multiple fault feature vectors are obtained for each frequency band. To reduce the classifier’s computational cost, the Euclidean norm is used to fuse the multi-scale permutation entropy into an entropy value, so that each frequency band uses an entropy value to characterize the fault information features. Finally, the optimal multi-frequency bands and multi-scale permutation entropy after fusion are used as the fault feature vector. In the simulation system, it is shown that the method’s average accuracy is 78.46%, 97.07%, and 99.45% when the SNR is 5 dB, 10 dB, and 15 dB, respectively. And the fusion of multi-scale permutation entropy can improve the accuracy, recall rate, precision, and F1 score and reduce the False Alarm Rate (FAR) and the Missing Alarm Rate (MAR). The results show that the fault diagnosis method has high diagnosis accuracy, is a simple feature fusion method, and has good robustness to working conditions and noise.
Development of a Common API for Multiple Ethernet Fieldbus Protocols in Embedded Slave Devices
Authors: Kim Donghyuk , Choi Joon-Young
Published: February 2025

Slave devices in Ethernet-based fieldbus networks often require extensive reprogramming of applications and replacement of protocol stacks and Ethernet drivers whenever the fieldbus protocol needs to be changed. To address this challenge, we develop a common application programming interface (API) and stack interfaces that enable seamless protocol switching among EtherCAT, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP without requiring protocol-specific code modifications. The real-time data exchange between the API and each protocol stack is realized in the stack interface by using the synchronization mechanism provided by FreeRTOS. The developed common API and stack interfaces facilitate the development of slave device applications that are universally compatible with multiple protocols, EtherCAT, PROFINET, and EtherNet/IP. Moreover, once a required protocol is selected in the integrated development environment (IDE) software before building the slave device firmware, the corresponding protocol stack and Ethernet drivers are automatically specified and the need to replace protocol stacks or Ethernet drivers is even eliminated when switching protocols. To validate the developed common API and stack interfaces, they were implemented on a slave device using TI’s TMDS243EVM board, and a fieldbus network was built by connecting the slave device to a master device executed by Beckhoff’s TwinCAT on a Windows PC. Experimental results confirmed the API’s functionality, reliability, and practical applicability in streamlining protocol management for Ethernet-based fieldbus networks.
Identification and Localization Study of Grounding System Defects in Cross-Bonded Cables
Authors: Zhang Qiying , Li Kunsheng , Chen Lian , Luo Jian , Zhao Zhongyong
Published: February 2025

Cross-bonded cables improve transmission efficiency by optimizing the grounding method. However, due to the complexity of their grounding system, they are prone to multiple types of defects, making defect state identification more challenging. Additionally, accurately locating sheath damage defects becomes more difficult in cases of high transition resistance. To address these issues, this paper constructs a distributed parameter circuit model for cross-bonded cables and proposes a particle swarm optimization support vector machine (PSO-SVM) defect classification model based on the sheath voltage and current phase angle and amplitude characteristics. This model effectively classifies 25 types of grounding system states. Furthermore, for two types of defects—open joints and sheath damage short circuits—this paper proposes an accurate segment-based location method based on fault impedance characteristics, using zero-crossing problems to achieve efficient localization. The results show that the distributed parameter circuit model for cross-bonded cables is feasible for simulating electrical quantities, as confirmed by both simulation and real-world applications. The defect classification model achieves an accuracy of over 97%. Under low transition resistance, the defect localization accuracy exceeds 95.4%, and the localization performance is significantly improved under high transition resistance. Additionally, the defect localization method is more sensitive to variations in cable segment length and grounding resistance impedance but less affected by fluctuations in core voltage and current.
Advances in Power and Energy Management for Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Distributed Energy Resources
Authors: Strezoski Luka
Published: February 2025

This Special Issue is dedicated to exploring cutting-edge methodologies and innovative solutions pertaining to the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into modern distribution systems, as well as the active control and management of these evolving electrical networks [...]
Energy Efficiency in Greenhouses and Comparison of Energy Sources Used for Heating
Authors: Boyacı Sedat , Kocięcka Joanna , Jagosz Barbara , Atılgan Atılgan
Published: February 2025

Sustainability in greenhouse farming, one of the areas where the most energy is needed in the agricultural sector, can be achieved by increasing energy efficiency. Due to increasing energy costs in Türkiye and worldwide, increasing energy efficiency in greenhouses is seen as possible using renewable energy sources that do not produce waste instead of fossil energy sources. This study determined the heat-energy demand in the provinces of Türkiye with continental (Kırşehir and Kütahya) and Mediterranean (Antalya and Mersin) climates. For this purpose, the heat-energy requirement was calculated for greenhouse types with three different insulation properties (S-1: roof and side walls polyethylene, S-2: roof polyethylene, side walls polycarbonate, and S-3: roof polyethylene, side walls polycarbonate, and thermal curtain). Then, the amount and cost of fossil (coal, fuel oil, and natural gas) and renewable energy sources (geothermal and biogas) to be used in obtaining this energy, the heating cost for unit tomato yield, and the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) released into the atmosphere were compared. According to the results obtained, the highest heat-energy requirement was 356.5 kWh m−2 year−1 in the S-1 greenhouse in the Kütahya province, and the lowest was 46.3 kWh m−2 year−1 in the S-3 greenhouse in the Mersin province. Depending on energy conservation, 6% of energy savings can be achieved in S-2 and 29% in S-3 compared to S-1. The highest heating cost for producing one kilogram of tomatoes was 0.70 USD kg−1 in fuel oil and Kütahya province (S-1). The lowest was calculated as 0.06 USD kg−1 in geothermally heated greenhouses in Kırşehir and Kütahya provinces (S-3). The highest CO2 to be released into the atmosphere with fuels was equal to 253.1 kg m−2 year−1 in coal fuel in Kütahya province (S-1). The lowest was calculated as 1.1 kg m−2 year−1 in geothermally heated greenhouses in Kırşehir and Kütahya provinces (S-3). The results of this research can be used to develop feasibility studies for greenhouse companies, greenhouse sector policies, policymakers, environmental protection, and taking precautions against the climate crisis.
Decarbonisation of Natural Gas Grid: A Review of GIS-Based Approaches on Spatial Biomass Assessment, Plant Siting and Biomethane Grid Injection
Authors: Mesthrige Thanuja Gelanigama , Kaparaju Prasad
Published: February 2025

Most nations are shifting towards renewable energy sources to reduce energy-related emissions and achieve their net zero emissions targets by mid-century. Consequently, many attempts have been made to invest in clean, accessible, inexpensive, sustainable and reliable renewable energy sources while reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Recently, the production of biogas and upgrading it to produce biomethane is considered a sustainable way to reduce emissions from natural gas consumption. However, uncertainties in the biomass supply chain and less attention to decarbonising the natural gas grid have led to fewer investors in biomethane injection projects. Thus, researchers have applied Geographic Information System (GIS) as the best decision-making tool with spatial analytical and optimisation capabilities to address this issue. This study aims to review GIS-based applications on planning and optimising the biomass supply chain. Accordingly, this review covers different GIS-based biomass assessment methods with the evaluation of feedstock types, GIS-based approaches on selecting and optimising bioenergy plant locations and GIS-based applications on facilitating biomethane injection projects. This review identified four major biomass assessment approaches: Administrative division-based, location-based, cluster-based and grid-based. Sustainability criteria involved in site selection were also discussed, along with suitability and optimality techniques. Most of the optimising studies investigated cost optimisation based on a single objective. However, optimising the whole supply chain, including all operational components of the biomass supply chain, is still seldom investigated. Furthermore, it was found that most studies focus on site selection and logistics, neglecting biomethane process optimisation.
Urban Planning for the Contemporary Age: Navigating Complexities and Shaping Urban Futures
Authors: Cheshmehzangi Ali
Published: February 2025

The term “urban planning for the contemporary age” describes the process of creating and overseeing urban areas to meet the many complex issues of the current times, such as social justice, climate change, growing urbanisation, and technological advancement. It places a strong emphasis on flexible, inclusive, and progressive approaches that strike a balance between sustainable development and the changing demands of various urban populations. Urban planning, particularly in the contemporary age, is a multidisciplinary discipline that tackles the complexity of contemporary cities that is influenced by social injustices, fast urbanisation, climate change, and technology breakthroughs. This entry paper examines how planners deal with these issues by using flexible, inclusive, and sustainable approaches that strike a balance between community well-being, environmental conservation, and growth. It looks at important topics including incorporating smart technology, building climate impact resilience, and creating inclusive, accessible, and egalitarian urban environments. The conflict between tradition and modernisation is also highlighted in the chapter, underscoring the necessity of creative solutions that protect cultural legacy while meeting contemporary needs. By examining global trends, this study offers insights into how urban planning is changing to satisfy the demands of a dynamic and connected society. The study used a literature review to identify the main areas that are influencing innovation in urban planning. It then delves into discussions on contemporary issues and complexities in shaping urban futures. The main research methods were a literature review and empirical analysis. In the end, it makes the case for rethinking urban futures with an emphasis on resilience, sustainability, and the welfare and well-being of urban residents.
Forest Disturbance and Restoration in China's North-South Transition Zone: A Case from the Funiu Mountains
Authors: Wu Qifan , Hou Jiacheng , Wu Shiwen , Su Fuyuan , Hao Shilong , Yin Tailai , Chen Haoyuan , Xu Yunpeng , He Hailong
Published: February 2025

Accurate monitoring and assessment of forest disturbance and recovery dynamics are essential for sustainable forest management, particularly in ecological transition zones. This study analyzed forest disturbance and recovery patterns in China’s Funiu Mountains from 1991 to 2020 by integrating the LandTrendr algorithm with space-time cube analysis. Using Landsat time series data and the Geodetector method, we examined both the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving factors of forest change across three periods. The results showed that (1) between 1991 and 2020, the study area experienced 131.19 km2 of forest disturbance and 495.88 km2 of recovery, with both processes most active during the 1990s; (2) spatiotemporal analysis revealed that both disturbance and recovery patterns were predominantly characterized by cold spots, suggesting relatively stable forest conditions despite localized changes; (3) human activities were the primary drivers of forest disturbance in the early period, while forest recovery was consistently influenced by the combined effects of topographic conditions and precipitation. Additionally, forest fires emerged as an important factor affecting both disturbance and recovery patterns after 2010. These findings enhance our understanding of forest dynamics in transition zones and provide empirical support for regional forest management strategies. The results also highlight the importance of considering both spatial and temporal dimensions when monitoring long-term forest changes.
A Weighted Composite Metric for Evaluating User Experience in Educational Chatbots: Balancing Usability, Engagement, and Effectiveness
Authors: Alabbas Abeer , Alomar Khalid
Published: February 2025

Evaluating user experience (UX) is essential for optimizing educational chatbots to enhance learning outcomes and student productivity. This study introduces a novel weighted composite metric integrating interface usability assessment (via the Chatbot Usability Questionnaire, CUQ), engagement measurements (via the User Engagement Scale—Short Form, UES-SF), and objective performance indicators (through error rates and response times), addressing gaps in existing evaluation methods across interaction modes (text-based, menu-based, and hybrid) and question complexities. A 3 × 3 within-subject experimental design (n = 30) was conducted, measuring these distinct UX dimensions through standardized instruments and performance metrics, supplemented by qualitative feedback. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to derive weights for the composite UX metric based on empirical patterns in user interactions. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed that the hybrid interaction mode outperformed the others, achieving significantly higher usability (F(2,58) = 89.32, p < 0.001) and engagement (F(2,58) = 8.67, p < 0.001), with fewer errors and faster response times under complex query conditions. These findings demonstrate the hybrid mode’s adaptability across question complexities. The proposed framework establishes a standardized method for evaluating educational chatbots, providing actionable insights for interface optimization and sustainable learning tools.
Insights into the Metabolite Differentiation Mechanism Between Chinese Dry-Cured Fatty Ham and Lean Ham Through UPLC-MS/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics
Authors: Xie Ruoyu , Wu Xiaoli , Hu Jun , Chen Wenxuan , Zhao Ke , Li Huanhuan , Chen Lihong , Du Hongying , Liu Yaqiong , Zhang Jin
Published: February 2025

To understand the impact and mechanism of removing fat and skin tissue on the nutritional metabolism of Chinese dry cured ham, the differential metabolites (DMs) profile between lean ham (LH) and fatty ham (FH) was explored though untargeted metabolomics based on UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed significant differences of the metabolite profiles between FH and LH. A total of 450 defined metabolites were detected, and 266 metabolites among them had significantly different abundances between the two hams, mainly including organic acids and derivatives, and lipids and lipid-like molecules, as well as organoheterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, 131 metabolites were identified as DMs, among which 101 and 30 DMs showed remarkably higher contents in FH and LH, respectively. The further Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that DMs can be mostly enriched in the pathways of ABC transporters, amino acid biosynthesis, protein digestion and absorption, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and 2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism. Moreover, the metabolic network of DMs revealed that the prominent DMs in FH, such as 9(S)-HODE, 9,10-EpOME, 13-Oxo-ODE, L-palmitoyl carnitine, and D-fructose, were primarily involved in the endogenous oxidation and degradation of fat and glycogen. Nevertheless, the dominant DMs in LH, such as 2-isopropylmalic acid, indolelactic acid, and hydroxyisocaproic acid, were mainly the microbial metabolites of amino acids and derivates. These findings could help us understand how fat-deficiency affects the nutritional metabolism of Chinese dry-cured hams from a metabolic perspective.
Effects of Extraction Temperature of Protein from Date Palm Pollen on the Astringency Taste of Tea
Authors: Mohamed Rania , Xie Jizhou , Wei Fang , Luo Liyong , Luo Wei , Zeng Liang
Published: February 2025

The astringency of tea, predominantly attributed to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), plays a crucial role in shaping its overall quality, and plant-based proteins are gaining popularity as a preferred alternative to milk-based proteins for enhancing the flavor profile of tea. This study investigated the impact of extraction temperature on date palm pollen (DPP) protein quality and tea astringency, comparing temperatures of 30 °C and 80 °C. Results indicated that higher extraction temperatures yield more protein and improve the thermal and surface properties of DPP. The molecular interaction between DPP and EGCG was investigated in an aqueous solution, and spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, UV, and CD) revealed that EGCG interactions at a 1:1 molar ratio induced structural changes in α-helix and β-sheet content in secondary structures in DPP, particularly at 80 °C, which strengthened and enhanced the hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds between DPP molecules as EGCG concentration increased. A sensory evaluation using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) confirmed a significant reduction in astringency in DPP–tea polyphenol solutions extracted at 80 °C. This research highlights the potential of DPP as a functional ingredient in the food industry, creating a protein-polyphenol complex that reduces tea’s astringency while maintaining its unique flavor profile, thus offering a novel approach to enhance tea beverages.
Functional Properties and Potential Applications of Wheat Bran Extracts in Food and Cosmetics: A Review of Antioxidant, Enzyme-Inhibitory, and Anti-Aging Benefits
Authors: Kobayashi Kaori , Suzauddula Md , Bender Ryan , Li Cheng , Li Yonghui , Sun Xiuzhi Susan , Wang Weiqun
Published: February 2025

This review examines existing studies on wheat bran extracts (WBEs) to provide an overview of their functional properties, including antioxidant and enzyme-inhibitory activities, highlighting their potential as natural alternatives for applications in both the food and cosmetic industries. Despite variations in extraction techniques, WBEs consistently demonstrated a significant presence of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. In the food industry, WBEs are valued for their nutritional richness, including dietary fiber, proteins, and bioactive compounds such as arabinoxylans. These compounds improve food texture, stability, and baking properties. Additionally, WBEs have demonstrated antimicrobial potential, enhanced product quality, and serve as natural preservatives. Furthermore, WBEs exhibit significant inhibitory effects against collagenase and elastase, suggesting promising anti-aging potential. In the cosmetics sector, WBEs have gained attention due to their emulsion stability, skin-whitening properties, antimicrobial effects, and antioxidant capacities. They have the potential to enhance the stability of cosmetic emulsions, improve skin hydration, and inhibit enzymes linked to skin aging, positioning WBEs as potentially natural alternatives to synthetic ingredients in skincare and anti-aging products. Our recent pilot study also supports that WBEs enhance antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in rats, highlighting their potential role in anti-aging interventions. To further elucidate the efficacy and bioavailability of the beneficial bioactive compounds in WBEs for both food and cosmetic applications, more comprehensive in vivo studies are required in the future.
Direct Synthesis of Fractional-Order Controllers Using Only Two Design Equations with Robustness to Parametric Uncertainties
Authors: Muñiz-Montero Carlos , Munoz-Pacheco Jesus M. , Sánchez-Gaspariano Luis A. , Sánchez-López Carlos , Molinar-Solís Jesús E. , Chavez-Portillo Melissa
Published: February 2025

This paper employs the Direct Synthesis approach to present an analytical methodology for designing fractional-order controllers, aiming to balance simplicity and robustness for practical industrial implementation. Although significant progress has been made in developing fractional-order PID controllers, the advancement of Direct Synthesis controllers has been comparatively slower. This study underscores the importance of further research on these controllers and the need for innovative approaches to enhance parameter adjustment. The proposed methodology is based on the fractional “second-order” transfer function and the solution of two equations derived from four key specifications: overshoot, settling time, and the frequency and magnitude of disturbance rejection. Additionally, the fractional order should be chosen as close as possible to 1, ensuring practical implementation and minimizing the system’s sensitivity to parameter variations. The resulting controller demonstrates strong robustness against plant parameter variations, input noise, and disturbances while achieving shorter settling times and lower overshoot. It outperforms fractional-order PID and ID controllers optimized numerically and surpasses integer-order phase lead-lag compensators designed analytically. The validation process involved Monte Carlo simulations and Kruskal–Wallis statistical analysis on a complex system characterized by closely spaced poles and significant parametric variations. Furthermore, the proposed controller effectively reduces the integral of the control signal (control effort), enhancing energy efficiency.
Chiral Supramolecular Hydrogels Regulating Both Osteoblastogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Wu Beibei , Dou Xiaoqiu , Baddi Sravan , Gao Fengli , Zhao Changli , Feng Chuanliang
Published: February 2025

Osteoporosis, a chronic bone disorder, poses a global threat to the health of millions of individuals. The disruption of bone homeostasis is the fundamental cause of osteoporosis. Currently, clinical drugs are employed to promote bone formation via enhancing osteogenesis and/or reduce bone loss via inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. However, it is difficult for the current drugs to simultaneously address the osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis issues associated with osteoporosis. Hence, L/D-phenylalanine derivatives (L/DPF), combined with Mg2+ ions, are employed to assemble into chiral supramolecular hydrogels which facilitate osteocyte activity and inhibit osteoclast function. LPF_Mg hydrogels and DPF_Mg hydrogels demonstrate the opposite supramolecular chirality. Specifically, LPF_Mg hydrogels and DPF_Mg hydrogels are composed of left-handed (M-type) helical nanofibers and right-handed (P-type) helical nanofibers, respectively. The hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interactions are crucial in the process of hydrogel formation. The chiral left-handed nanofibrous DPF_Mg hydrogels significantly promote osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3 cells and inhibit osteoclast differentiation of RAW267.4 cells, thereby demonstrating substantial potential for applications in improving skeletal health. These findings provide a promising novel perspective on the application of chiral functional materials for osteoporosis therapy.
Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Polymers as Efficient Emulsion Stabilizers: The Effect of Molecular Weight and Overlap Concentration
Authors: Cholakova Diana , Tsvetkova Krastina , Yordanova Viara , Rusanova Kristina , Denkov Nikolai , Tcholakova Slavka
Published: February 2025

Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a non-digestible water-soluble polysaccharide used in various food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. In the current study, the aqueous solutions of six HPC grades, with molecular mass ranging from 40 to 870 kDa, were characterized with respect to their precipitation temperatures, interfacial tensions (IFTs), rheological properties and emulsifying and stabilization ability in palm (PO) and sunflower (SFO) oil emulsions. The main conclusions from the obtained results are as follows: (1) Emulsion drop size follows a master curve as a function of HPC concentration for all studied polymers, indicating that polymer molecular mass and solution viscosity have a secondary effect, while the primary effect is the fraction of surface-active molecules, estimated to be around 1–2% for all polymers. (2) Stable emulsions were obtained only with HPC polymers with Mw ≥ 400 kDa at concentrations approximately 3.5 times higher than the critical overlap concentration, c*. At PO concentrations beyond 40 wt. % or when the temperature was 25 °C, these emulsions appeared as highly viscous liquids or non-flowing gels. (3) HPC polymers with Mw < 90 kDa were unable to form stable emulsions, as the surface-active molecules cannot provide steric stabilization even at c ≳ 4–5 c*, resulting in drop creaming and coalescence during storage.
White Appalachians: Not a “People of the Mountains” [A Rhetorical Analysis of Recent Journal of Appalachian Studies Issues]
Authors: Hockaday Jason
Published: February 2025

Previous research has shown that Appalachian Studies as a field, by drawing upon Appalachian Studies scholars and activists such as Harry Caudill, Helen Lewis, and Chris Irwin, misapplied the colonialism model to whites in the region, which resulted in clear remnants of self-Indigenization in the field. I show through a rhetorical analysis of recent (2020–2023) editions of the Journal of Appalachian Studies that these critiques have been left largely unaddressed in the field. In reviewing these issues, a tenet of Appalachian Studies is to employ “Appalachian” as an identity (rather than as solely a regional analytic) that is claimable by whites as distinct from other white settler colonizer identities. Applying the peoplehood matrix, which is a theory of that which imbues Indigenous peoples with Indigeneity and sovereignty, I reveal that white Appalachia often rhetorically presents itself as a colonized Indigenous people—though not necessarily as American Indians.
Effects of Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Training on Athletic Performance of 2-Year-Old Trot-Type Yili Horses
Authors: Yang Liping , Li Pengcheng , Huang Xinxin , Wang Chuankun , Zeng Yaqi , Wang Jianwen , Yao Xinkui , Meng Jun
Published: February 2025

Objectives: Training is essential for enhancing equine athletic performance, but the genetic mechanisms that regulate athletic performance are unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to identify candidate genes and metabolic pathways for the effects of training on equine athletic performance through multi-omics analyses. Methods: The experiment selected 12 untrained trot-type Yili horses, which underwent a 12-week professional training program. Blood samples were collected at rest before training (BT) and after training (AT). Based on their race performance, whole blood and serum samples from 4 horses were chosen for transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Results: The race performance of the horses is dramatically improved in the AT period compared to the BT (p < 0.01) period. The transcriptome analysis identified a total of 57 differentially expressed genes, which were significantly enriched in pathways related to circadian entrainment, steroid hormone biosynthesis, chemokine signaling, and cholinergic synapses (p < 0.05). Additionally, metabolomic analysis revealed 121 differentially identified metabolites, primarily enriched in metabolic pathways such as histidine metabolism, purine metabolism, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses uncovered five shared pathways, and further combined pathway analyses identified eight differentially expressed genes that correlate with 19 differentially identified metabolites. Conclusions: The current findings will contribute to establishing a theoretical framework for investigating the molecular mechanisms of genes associated with the impact of training on equine athletic performance. Additionally, these results will serve as a foundation for enhancing the athletic capabilities of trot-type Yili horses.
Factors Associated with the Usage of Psychological Support Services for Employees in the Romanian Technology Industry
Authors: Bran Mihai , Alexandru Dragoş Ovidiu , Chesini Rebeca Sara , Duică Lavinia Corina , Drăcea Sanda Amelia , Pintilie Elena Daciana , Pîrlog Mihail Cristian
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Mental health challenges significantly impact employee productivity, especially in high-stress industries like technology. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing the intention to use psychological support services among Romanian tech employees, focusing on barriers and motivators related to availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 372 Romanian tech employees using a structured online questionnaire. The survey assessed socio-demographic data, prior experience with mental health services, perceived distress levels, and barriers categorized into four dimensions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential analysis to identify key predictors of the intention to use these services. Results: Key factors influencing the use of psychological support services included prior experience with mental health services, the need to take time off work, and the absence of a companion. Barriers such as cost, transportation, awareness of services, and stigma were not significant. The regression model explained 8.4% of the variance in the likelihood of using these services, suggesting that additional factors may need further exploration. Conclusions: Addressing practical barriers, such as time constraints and the absence of support during access, is essential to improving accessibility of these services. Leveraging positive past experiences with mental health services can enhance engagement. These findings can guide the development of targeted interventions to promote the uptake of psychological support services in the tech sector, contributing to a healthier and more productive workforce.
Solid Tumors, Liquid Challenges: The Impact of Coagulation Disorders
Authors: Shapoo Nidha , Boma Noella , Chaudhari Shobhana , Gotlieb Vladimir
Published: February 2025

Coagulation disorders are increasingly recognized as significant complications in patients with solid tumors, affecting morbidity and mortality outcomes. Solid tumors can provoke a hypercoagulable state through the release of pro-coagulant factors, endothelial activation, and inflammation, leading to a heightened risk of coagulation disorders. These coagulation disorders may manifest as venous thromboembolism, arterial thromboembolism, thrombotic microangiopathy, or disseminated intravascular coagulation. These disorders can complicate surgical interventions and impact treatments, including chemotherapy and immunotherapy efficacy, leading to poor outcomes. Understanding the implications of coagulation disorders in solid tumors is essential for optimizing patient management, including identifying high-risk patients, implementing prophylactic measures, elucidating biomarkers for clinical outcomes, and exploring novel therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide insights into the current knowledge surrounding coagulation disorders in solid tumors and their clinical implications.