bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trilobite associations from the Chouteau Formation (Kinderhookian) of central Missouri
Authors: Brezinski David K.
Published: August 2016

Three distinct trilobite associations can be recognized in the Chouteau Formation (Tournaisian, Early Carboniferous) of central Missouri. These associations appear to be lithologically and environmentally sensitive. Association A, the stratigraphically lowest association, contains six genera and is among the most diverse Carboniferous trilobite associations known in North America. This association is dominated numerically byProetides colemaniand exhibits a restricted geographic and stratigraphic distribution. The association is found only in the basal 20 cm of the Chouteau Formation at one locality, in strata representing transgressive subtidal deposits. Association B is found within subtidal and open shelf lithologies and is dominated by two trilobite species,Breviphillipsia sampsoniandBreviphillipsia?swallowi. Breviphillipsia sampsoni,an apparently eurytopic species, is found in both shaly and carbonate strata but is predominately recovered from the shaly partings and interbeds.Breviphillipsia?swallowi,a more stenotopic species, occurs primarily in the more carbonate-rich intervals. In addition, five trilobite species, subordinate in numbers, are only locally common in Association B. The sparse trilobite fauna of Association C is dominated numerically byNamuropyge?armata,and is contained within open shelf sediments that interfinger with mud biostrome lithologies.

Early Carboniferous adaptive radiation of trilobites resulted from the creation of new ecospace by transgression. This allowed initially eurytopic trilobites to move into and occupy certain niches that may have been unavailable to them prior to the Frasnian extinctions. With continued deepening, niche-specialized associations developed in more offshore settings.
Intra- and interspecific variation in the early internal shell features of some Cretaceous ammonoids
Authors: Tanabe Kazushige , Landman Neil H. , Yoshioka Yuki
Published: August 2016

Intra- and interspecific variation in the early internal shell features of ammonoids has been examined in 14 Late Cretaceous species representing four suborders on the basis of large samples from Hokkaido (Japan) and the U.S. Western Interior Province. Our observations indicate that quantitative characters such as the size of the initial chamber and ammonitella, the length of the prosiphon, and the ammonitella angle exhibit moderate variation within species. The ranges of variation partly overlap among species, indicating that these characters are not suitable for studies of the higher-level systematics of ammonoids, but may sometimes help diagnose species. In contrast, there is much less variation within species with respect to qualitative characters such as the shape of the prosiphon, the presence or absence of accessory threads of the prosiphon, the shape of the caecum, and the initial position of the siphuncle. Examination of these characters shows that they appear to be stable at the superfamily level for the Ammonitina, but variable among species in the Lytoceratina. Thus, these characters are potentially more useful for higher-level phylogenetic analysis.
Description of Neoliodes dominicus n. sp. (Acari, Oribatida) from dominican amber, aided by synchrotron x-ray microtomography
Authors: Heethoff Michael , Helfen Lukas , Norton Roy A.
Published: August 2016

The Nearly ubiquitous mite suborder Oribatida, which comprises mostly mycophages and saprophages in organic soil horizons, has a long geological history. Early derivative taxa are known from middle and late Devonian deposits (Norton et al., 1988; Subías and Arillo, 2002) and members of the highly derived cohort Brachypylina have existed since the Jurassic (Krivolutsky and Krasilov, 1977, Selden et al., 2008). The group is commonly represented as inclusion-fossils in amber, with about 100 species known worldwide. Except for four Cretaceous fossils from Siberia (Bulanova-Zachvatkina, 1974; Krivolutsky and Ryabinin, 1976) and Spain (Arillo and Subías, 2000, 2002), the named amber species are of Tertiary age. The majority of these have been discovered in the Priabonian (middle Eocene) Baltic amber deposits of northern Europe (Labandeira et al., 1997; Norton, 2006).
Art. XX.—Register of Temperature of the Air from the 6th of June to the 6th of July 1833, in a Choppered Tent, cooled by Tatties, at Kurrim Khan, thirty-six miles above Kalpí, on the river Jumna
Authors: Burt T. S.
Published: August 2016

In order to know the hourly alternations of heat, during the hottest part of the year, in a tent in the Mufassil, or Upper Country, of the Bengal Presidency, I kept a register in the months of June and July; and the accompanying is the result, shewing the hourly differences; likewise the average heat during the month, which was less than 88°, or not a higher temperature than that of a bungalow, or brick habitation, at Cawnpore at that season. However, the changes are more sudden and oppressive in a tent than they are in a house, on account of the thinness of its walls.
Art. XIII.—Remarks on the Origin of the Popular Belief in the Upas, or Poison Tree of Java
Authors: Sykes W. H.
Published: August 2016

There are very few popular beliefs of any duration, however extravagant or incredible, that cannot be traced to some foundation in truth, however much distorted by ignorance, superstition or folly; and we have a remarkable instance of this in the celebrated Upas, or Poison Tree of Java, whose shade was believed to extinguish life in the unhappy beings who sought refuge under it. It was stated to be in a valley in the interior of Java, but it was surrounded with so many terrors, that its exact locality was not likely to be well defined or understood; and in this uncertainty originated the fables which have so long been before the public. I am indebted to Sir Charles Forbes, for a copy of a letter addressed to the late W. Taylor Money, Esq., Consul-General at Venice, from a gentleman who visited the Guwo-Upas, or Poisoned Valley, near Batur, in Java, on the 4th of July, 1830. I understand that the letter has appeared in print, but I have not seen it; and I deem it necessary to incorporate it in the present paper, to facilitate the comparisons and deductions I purpose making. A perusal of it will, I presume, afford satisfactory reasons to conclude, that in this deadly spot originated the belief in the Poison Tree, the mistake of the mephitic vapour escaping from vegetation, rather than from the soil, being natural and probable. The writer of the letter is a gentleman of the name of Loudon, an Englishman, but a landholder in Java, well known to Doctor Horsfield, and full reliance may be placed on the accuracy of his descriptions. He is disposed to question the resemblance between this Valley of Death and the Grotto del Cane, near to Naples; but I will endeavour to show that the difference is only in the physical features of the localities, and that the probability is, that the effects described originate in precisely similar causes. Dr. Horsfield informs me that he was at Batur in 1815 and 1816, and aware of the vicinity of the poisonous valley, but the natives refused to conduct him to it.
Art. XXI.—Translation of the General Sirozé of the Pársis
Authors: Wilson John
Published: August 2016

In the third volume of Anquetil du Perron's translation of the Zand-Avastá, there are versions of two small liturgical works of the Pársís, entitled by him the “Lesser Si-rozé,” and the “Greater Sirozé.” There is another Sirozé, however, possessed by the Pársís, which he does not translate. It treats of the qualities of the thirty days of the month, as auspicious or inauspicious. Though its intimations are absurd in the highest degree, it exercises great influence over the whole body of Zoroastrians. It is so much regarded by them, that there is scarcely a family without a copy, and there are few individuals who have not its precepts written on the tablet of their hearts. On this account, as well as because of the brief information which it gives respecting the Amsháspands and Izads, to whom the days of the month are sacred, it is not unworthy of the attention of Europeans. It exists in the Persian language; but there are several Gujaráthí versions, which are generally used. The translation which I give is very literal, and is formed from a collation of these versions, and a careful comparison with the original. I have added a few explanatory notes. The only general remark which I would make on the Precepts of Fate which this Sirozé contains, is that its framers seem to have made such a distribution of good and evil throughout the month, and its different days, as is calculated to render those who credit it, neither much elated, nor much cast down, on account of any of its portions. Blessings and curses are made to go hand in hand during the whole journey of the moon.
Art. XXII.—History of Tennasserim
Authors: Low James
Published: August 2016

It has been uniformly acknowledged by those travellers who have visited Siam, that scarcely any correct knowledge can be gained of its institutions and resources, beyond what may be gathered within a very confined range of personal observation.

It is the aim of the court, and the duty, if not the inclination, of the people, consequent on their state of political degradation and slavery, to involve a stranger in a constant delusion regarding all that concerns them and their country. And while they distort or magnify such pieces of intelligence as their interest prompts them to communicate, they carefully block up every avenue to truth, which they wish to keep concealed.
The Origin of Banking in Mediaeval Islam: A contribution to the economic history of the Jews of Baghdad in the tenth century
Authors: Fischel Walter
Published: August 2016

The last few decades have seen the publication of several hitherto unedited Arab sources relative to the history of the 'Abbāsid empire in the tenth century—such asKitāb ta'rīkh al-wuzarā'by Hilāl aṣ-Ṣābi, the volumes of Miskawaihi'sKitāb tajārib al-umam, and at-Tanūkhī'sNishwār al-muḥāḍarā—that are a veritable storehouse of information on the social, economic, and political situation of that period. These works have revealed a completely new world to us: they show us, so to speak, the back stage of tenth century 'Abbāsid administration and we see the governmental machinery with all its ramifications in action.
Maimonides on Listening to Music
Authors: Farmer Henry George
Published: August 2016

In all ages there have been puritans who have looked upon “wine, woman, and song” as things to be avoided. In the East especially, and it was in the East that the phrase was born, the proscription of this trinity of joys was a question of serious moment. It was the cry of the old Hebrew prophets, and it was echoed by the early Christian fathers, as well as by the purists of Islām. To some extent, one can appreciate why wine and woman came to be proscribed, but that song was included is not so easily understood. Yet, when one sees how music is capable of affecting the peoples of the East, coupled with the fact that music with them has invariably been found as a concomitant with wine and woman, it will be more readily appreciated how listening to music came to be looked upon, as Burton said, as being unworthy of, if not unlawful for, those who trod the path of righteousness.
Note on the Neutrality of Delos
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: August 2016

My article has at least had the merit of evoking a most interesting paper from Professor Kolbe. His classification of the inscriptions differs from mine; but I cannot myself see that requests by a citizen to his own city for a particular site, or requests by one city to another for a site in some hieron (‘Please put it in your record office’), bear on my theory, which was that one independent city never asked another for a particular site as I defined it; on this, and on the reasons adduced for Delos not being a member of the League, I can only refer to what I have already said.
‘An Alleged Archaic Group.’
Authors: Lippold Georg , Ashmole Bernard
Published: August 2016

This is the title of the attempt made by Ashmole, in the last part of the Journal, to establish the spuriousness of the group of a man carrying off a woman which had been published by Studniczka. His attack is mainly directed against the opinions of ‘a certain professor’; obviously a German, as his quotations show. Ashmole does not name the professor out of consideration for his scientific standing; but that no other of my German colleagues may be suspected, I willingly admit that I am the offender. I would, however, observe that my discussion, in addition to the quoted ‘panegyrics,’ which isolated from their context leave an exaggerated impression, contains solid arguments for the authenticity of the group; and that it was drawn up over three years ago, before the long verbal and written, private and public discussions of the group. At that time I should have been perfectly willing to publish my statement—in its entirety, of course.
Predictors of Health Care Utilisation in Community Dwelling New Zealand Māori
Authors: Flett Ross , Hirini Paul , Long Nigel , Millar Michelle
Published: August 2016

Using Andersen's behavioural model of health care use we examined the predictors of health care utilisation (visits to general practitioners/family physicians, and hospital/outpatient and emergency services) via a cross sectional survey of 502 community dwelling New Zealand Māori (the indigenous population of New Zealand). We found that the model was of limited utility in accounting for variation in health care use in this group. In line with other research findings health need and worries about health emerged as the most salient predictors. We argue that this model may be limited in its applicability to this cultural group and that some re-evaluation of the ways in which health professionals have traditionally dealt with members of the Māori population, may be necessary.
Peace, love, and Magnum 44s: Partnerships and community development
Authors: van den Eynde Julie , Hart Alison , Veno Arthur
Published: August 2016

“Partnership” is a frequently used term in community development practice. Partnerships conjure images of citizen participation, empowerment and the possibility of enhancing grass-roots democracy. An Australian crime prevention project (Waratah Crime Prevention Project), based on the concept of partnerships was developed with senior police, educators, local government representatives, court networks, and nine community groups. A myriad of community based crime prevention initiatives were designed and developed by the community groups, and implemented across the region. Valuable lessons are reported, concerning the application of partnership theory in this community development project. Lessons learnt include the ramifications of inequitable power relations between senior partners and community groups, and the effect of critical organisational cultural differences between the partners that impeded the progress of the project. It was found that “a willingness to partner” is a necessary precondition for partnerships to succeed. Attention is drawn to the need to teach partnership skills before similar projects are commenced.
The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1999: Northern Territory drug patterns and trends
Authors: O'Reilly Bridie , Rysavy Paul , Moon Chris
Published: August 2016

The national Illicit Drug Reporting System acts as an early warning system to detect and track amphetamine, heroin, cannabis, and cocaine use patterns and emerging trends. In the Northern Territory, structured interviews of 28 key informants and analysis of other drug indicator data, demonstrated that there was were diverse groups of amphetamine, opiate, and cannabis users in Darwin. There were reports of increasing use by Aborigines and youth. Amphetamines and morphine were usually injected and there had been a 338% increase in needle and syringe distribution in the 4 years to 1998/99. MS Contin 100mg was the usual opiate used, and the consumption of this Schedule 8 morphine narcotic had increased 1,100% from 1996 to 1998. Opiate overdoses were rare. The purity of amphetamines was low, but cannabis potency was high. All three drugs were considered to be easy to obtain. The policy and research implications of the results are discussed.
Linguistic prehistory of Papuan-Austronesian contact: An Abu' Arapesh case study
Authors: Nekitel Otto
Published: August 2016

New Guinea was settled by ancestors of present day Papuan-speaking communities 40,000 years ago. Between 3 and 5 millennia BP, waves of Austronesians (AN) followed and settled mostly on the offshore islands and along some coastal areas of the New Guinea mainland. According to a well-received view, AN Diaspora originated from Taiwan and dispersed from there to inhabit much of island Southeast Asia, Malagasy and islands of the South Pacific. Austronesian colonisation was augmented by their superior cultural traits including horticulture and marine technology. In their conquest they assimilated weaker, nomadic pre-AN aboriginal communities as was the case with the Negritos of northern Philippines; settled beside or with earlier sedentary communities as was the case in Western Melanesia; or settled on uninhabited islands in Eastern Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia (Pawley & Ross, 1995). Beside demographic movements, other forces were at work. Trade-induced contact between Asia and New Guinea was in place before European contact. A trade link promoted by the Sultan of Tidor was extended to involve some communities of West New Guinea (now Irian Jaya) and the West Sepik Province some 5,000 years ago. As a result, trade items such as plumes of the kumul (bird of paradise), spices, sandalwood, aromatic barks and sea slugs from “islands of the coast of Western New Guinea “found their way into the Middle East markets about 4,000 years ago (Swadling, 1996). Other internal or external forces such as intermarriages and so on were at work also (see Bellwood, 1978). This fairly brief prehistory of what went on in the northern region of New Guinea raises questions about possible cross-cultural or cross-linguistic influences. Indeed, it does pose a challenge to those who endeavour to piece together a pre-linguistic history of lexical “ruins” found to suggest cognate relationships among languages of the northern region of New Guinea. This essay attempts to adumbrate a linguistic etymology of “loan cognates” that Abu', a Papuan language of the Torricelli Phylum of the central Sepik region, shares with AN languages. It commences with a list of lexical items and statements about their etymologies. This approach inescapably leads to a delineation of the kinds of attitudes the Abu' have towards foreign linguistic elements. The paper concludes with a typological statement about grammatical typology as an additional explanation to both the Papuan-Austronesian contact, and the trade-link theory as bases for the diffusion of areal or regional linguistic features among languages of the East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) provinces.
Recent Efforts to maintain the Maori language by Ngati Kahungunu
Authors: Rito Joseph Selwyn Te
Published: August 2016

A survey of the Maori Language in the 1970's indicated that only 18% of the Maori population of New Zealand were fluent speakers of the language. A survey in 1995 indicated that this had dropped to only 8%! The Ngati Kahungunu, like other tribes have long realized the impact of the onslaught of the English language. As with other indigenous and minority cultures throughout the world, they realize the urgency of the problem of potential death of their language. With the knowledge that the language has such a pivotal part to play in the total culture of any people, Ngati Kahungunu have adopted a “just do it” approach to language revitalisation strategies. This paper looks at some of the initiatives recently and presently carried out by Ngati Kahungunu to save its language from extinction. The paper also particularly highlights the methodology of “rumaki” or total immersion teaching of all subjects in the Maori language.
The relationship between Chinese character frequency of occurrence and response latency: A direct prediction of the Forster's Search Model
Authors: Hong Ee-Li
Published: August 2016

This paper describes an experiment concerned with the relationship between word frequency and the speed of word recognition for Chinese. The aim is to determine whether the nature of the frequency-response time relationship that has been found to exist for English can be expected to be observed for Chinese as well. Word frequency effect is discussed in relation to the network models and the Search model of lexical access. The outcome of the experiment provides evidence in support of the Search model of lexical access.
Application of the orthographic depth hypothesis to Chinese-English bilingual word recognition
Authors: Sim Thomas W.T. , Martin Frances , Ball Peter
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the nature of bilingual word recognition in English monolinguals and Chinese-English bilinguals. It has been argued that bilinguals have two interdependent language systems and that ability in one language can affect performance in the other according to orthographic depth (Frost & Katz, 1992) of the respective scripts. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded while participants (n=40) completed a continuous recognition task in which the orthographic depth of stimuli were varied. Results indicated that English monolinguals were more accurate than Chinese-English bilinguals at the phonological task, but less accurate at logographic (orthographic) tasks, while both groups performed at the same level with the English real word task. These results suggest that the orthographic depth of a bilingual's original language affects performance in the second language.
Perceptions of inter- and intra-generational communication in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China: Implications for Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. , Giles Howard , Cai Deborah , Turay Lisa
Published: August 2016

The present investigation examined older people's views on communication with younger and older adults to determine if older people's perceptions parallel research findings that suggest that young adults view intra-generational communication more positively than inter-generational communication. Additionally, drawing upon the Communication Predicament of Aging model (Ryan, Giles, Bartolucci, & Henwood, 1986), it considers how these perceptions relate to psychological health. In a first study, older and younger adults from the United States of America responded to a questionnaire survey about their experiences of talking to older and younger adults. The results of analyses of variance suggested that younger adults have less positive perceptions of inter-generational communication than older adults. Regression analyses examined the link between communication climate and psychological health indices, and suggested that psychological health is related to inter-generational and intra-generational communication variables for older participants. In a second study, variations in older adults' intra- and intergroup perceptions were compared across the United States and the People's Republic of China. Unlike their American peers, intergenerational communication was not a significant correlate of adjustment in the Chinese sample, although intragenerational variables were again implicated.
Identity and Cultural Change
Authors: Maier Christian
Published: August 2016

In psychology, the study of tradition-directed societies (Riesman, 1950) has usually served to “confirm” existing theories as being of universal validity. The same holds true of psychoanalysis: in 1929, Geza Roheim travelled to Normanby Island in Melanesia to prove the universality of the Oedipus complex. He did so in reaction to Bronislaw Malinowski, whose research with the Trobriand Islanders had led him to question that idea. Similarly, C. G. Jung thought he recognized specific archetypal manifestations of the collective unconscious in the tribal traditions of primitive populations.

The primary concern of the psychoanalysts was to identify and understand certain regularities in the aliens and to draw parallels between alien and western psychological processes. They were aware of the different psychological structure of members of tradition-directed societies, but their evaluation was biased by their feeling of mental and moral superiority. This bias often resulted in an overly obvious reproduction of the earlier colonialist power structures. Ultimately, the alienness of those populations was as frightening as their similarity; they reminded us of the alien within ourselves, of our own unconscious which Freud called the foreign, or alien, interior.
Learned Helplessness and Aboriginal Intra-cultural Crime and Violence
Authors: Miller Barbara
Published: August 2016

The prevalence of violence in Australian Aboriginal communities continues to be a matter of great concern (Atkinson, 1990a; Bolger, 1990; Hunter, 1990; Miller, 1990a, 1990b; O'Shane, 1990; Payne, 1990; Tatz, 1989). In this article, I document the extent of violence in a sample of Aboriginal communities, and briefly review some psychological research that may help us to understand the pattern of violence.
Racially Inclusive Reading for Children
Authors: Lawie Marion J.
Published: August 2016

If we recognise the truth in this statement, we acknowledge the importance of providing all children with access to literature which broadens their knowledge and perceptions of society.
Aboriginal Students Perceptions of the ‘World of Work’ and Implications for the Teaching of Work/Career Education
Authors: Russell Di
Published: August 2016

As part of my work this year I was required to undertake an evaluation project. I decided to combine some of my concerns about the appropriateness for Aboriginal students of some of the ways in which state education curriculum priorities are implemented with one of my focus curriculum areas, namely Work Education.

In South Australia the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy ( AEP ) is seen as the overarching Aboriginal Education Policy. However, most Aboriginal students in South Australia and all state schools are required to address mandatory curriculum are as set out in the “Educating for the 21st Century” (1990), the curriculum policy document.
Why the Aboriginal Child Succeeds at the Computer
Authors: O'Donoghue R.R.
Published: August 2016

Recently, I asked a young teacher who made much use of the computer in her classroom, “Why do Aboriginal children succeed at the computer?”.

She gave these reasons:

1.

Racial differences go out the window.

2.

Ability groups do not matter - all are happily involved.

3.

Concepts, e.g. direction, come early.

4.

Hastens sight-word recognition.

5.

Adult helpers are well employed.
Getting Going with Genres a National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Education Policy Curriculum Initiative
Authors: Norman Pam
Published: August 2016

The Northern Territory Department of Education was given a unique opportunity to implement an Aboriginal Schools Curriculum Materials Project (ASCMP) with funding from the Department of Employment, Education and Training (DEET) and the implementation of the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education Policy (NAEP). One package of resources that has resulted from this initiative is known as Getting Going with Genres. A feature of the development of these resources was the involvement of large numbers of Aboriginal people in writing workshops in Northern Territory Aboriginal communities.
Dhangu Djorra'wuy Dhäwu: A Brief History of Writing in Aboriginal Language
Authors: Gale Mary-Anne
Published: August 2016

Since leaving ‘the bush’ I have been continually surprised at the ignorance that still exists about Aboriginal people and their languages. When people chat to me, and it is revealed that I used to work in Aboriginal schools in the Northern Territory, they say things like “Do you speak Aboriginal then?… Maybe you could make a sign for us saying ‘Welcome to our Kindergarten’ in Aboriginal?” I then have to explain that there are many, many different Aboriginal languages, not just one, and to say or write such things in any one of these languages requires a lot more than a mere literal translation. When I began doing research on the topic of writing in Aboriginal languages. I was again surprised at the sorts of comments people made to me. Comments like “How can you do research on writing in Aboriginal languages; I thought the Aborigines didn't even have an alphabet!”
Race Bias in Social Studies
Authors: Spalding Ian
Published: August 2016

This is the second article in the series by Mr. Spalding. After reading it, most teachers will feel the need to scrutinize carefully the books currently in use in their classrooms. In the next issue, Mr. Spalding will write about the transmission and reinforcement of prejudice.
‘E Says it as if ‘E’s God - (How do Teachers Transmit their Attitudes and Expectations)
Authors: Dwyer L.J.
Published: August 2016

As teachers, most of us would agree that our attitudes and expectations do somehow influence the academic goals of our pupils and of ourselves. Research findings indicate that the self-fulfiling prophecy operates in all realms of education and that it results in the kind of behaviour that is expected. The significance of this, especially for teachers in cross-cultural classes, is now well established and generally accepted. However, the ways in which we actually transmit our attitudes and expectations to our pupils are still not clear.
The Place of the Community in the Educational Process: Two Aboriginal Settlements in Cape Yore
Authors: Sturmer John von
Published: August 2016

This paper treats two analytically separable but interwoven themes: Firstly, the role of the community in the educational process, and secondly, the effects of the community situation on the classroom situation, and vice versa. A major point of departure in the argument is the view that Aboriginal communities, defined here as Aboriginal settlements under special government administration, can be seen as educational agencies or institutions in a process of Westernization. At least this is how statements relating to policy and community planning can usefully be interpreted.
Alienation in Aboriginal Education in the Northern Territory
Authors: Barry N.
Published: August 2016

In many areas of government policy there is a big gap between theory and practice, that is, there is a difference between what ought to occur and what actually eventuates. This is unfortunately true for education as well. That education actually alienates the young from the old and from their traditional life-style may in some way be substantiated. In theory this should not happen. Before any discussion on the pros and cons of such a state of affairs, however, there is a need to define what education is, to define some of the approaches officially accepted in Aboriginal education and to differentiate between the needs of some of the more recognizable Aboriginal groups and their life-styles.
Case Studies of Aboriginal Students - a Measure of Success for Tertiary Students
Authors: Taylor P.C. , Malone J.A. , Treagust D.F.
Published: August 2016

The issue of selecting potentially successful students for a course of study is of central concern to course organisers. Nowhere is this issue of more concern than in the area of bridging courses designed to promote access to tertiary courses and professions in which Aboriginal people are grossly under-represented. Organisers of bridging courses are faced with the problem of identifying potentially successful candidates and designing courses to meet their individual learning needs. The problem exists because of the unprecedented nature of innovative courses catering for newly defined clientele such as mature-aged, urban and academically aspiring Aboriginal students.
Aboriginal Education and Training at the Crossroads: Reproducing the Present or Choosing the Future?
Authors: Folds Ralph , Marika Djuwalpi
Published: August 2016

Over the years comparisons have been drawn between the impoverished people of Asia, Africa and South America, the socalled Third World, and Aboriginal communities, and it has been claimed by some that Aboriginies live in Third World conditions and share Third World health problems. Those claims have been strongly rebutted by others, who point out that Aborigines are not nearly so badly off - they get welfare and various benefits unheard of in the Third World. These people usually add that some Aborigines even have land rights.
Some Linguistic Differences between Kunwinjku and English
Authors: Calwell Michael
Published: August 2016

Kunwinjku is the main Aboriginal language spoken in Oenpelli, Northern Territory. It is estimated that Kunwinjku is spoken by over 1,000 people; it is the lingua franca of Western Arnhem Land.

The purpose of this paper is to outline the linguistic difficulties that Kunwinkju speakers face in learning English as a second language, and to suggest some teaching strategies that a teacher can adopt to help children overcome these.
Cultural Understanding: Teaching about Race Relations in the Primary School
Authors: McDougall Michael , Hastie Peter
Published: August 2016

Racism certainly exists amongst primary school children in Australia. Through both experience in school and teaching, the authors have noted marked prejudice amongst students. This prejudice takes the forms of slurs, name calling, recitation of myths and stereotypes, and occasionally violence, and is directed at all minority groups, but notably Aborigines and Asians.

Students in minority groups have most likely been on the receiving end of this prejudice during their school lives and, because of this, may have felt alienated and humiliated. In this paper it is proposed that the teaching of race relations and cultural understanding is one method teachers may use to decrease the racial attitudes of the white non-minority students.
Aborigines and Their Central Schools: Part I
Authors: Hill Bob
Published: August 2016

Central Schools in New South Wales administratively combine primary and secondary schools on a single site. They are normally located in small, relatively isolated, rural communities. In the Western Region of the NSW Department of Education there are 19
Central Schools varying in size from 88 to 557 students. At the time of this study eight of the Central Schools catered for students from kindergarten to Year 12, the remaining eleven catered for kindergarten to Year 10.

In 1987/88 Mitchell CAE, in collaboration with the Department of Education in the Western Region, undertook a major research study into the perceptions of Central Schools held by those most closely involved (Sinclair 1988). Prior to the study much of the knowledge of how Central Schools were perceived was anecdotal and impressionistic. This study aimed at gathering comparative data from all Western Region Central Schools about how those who taught, studied, or sent their children there perceived the quality of education provided by Central Schools.
Education Levels
Authors: Carroll Heather
Published: August 2016

In our society education is a key factor in determining social and economic status (work opportunities derived from recognised training and accredited qualifications). The educational system appears to alienate many Aborigines. This is attributed to the interplay of poverty, communication or cultural differences, low expectations of school children, attitudes of teachers and parents (and the community in general), large unemployment and the limited scope of school curricula covering Aboriginal history or culture. This had led to an upsurge of pride (in recent years) in Aboriginal traditions and a promotion of the cultural inheritance stemming from the past. The notion of ‘cultural pride’, clearly influences the black community and the wider society wherein non-Aborigines are increasingly being exposed to ‘Aboriginality’ in a social and educational environment.
Traditional Aboriginal Learning How I Learned as a Pitjantjatjara Child
Authors: Ilyatjari Nganyintja
Published: August 2016

As a child I lived at a place called Angatja. My father, mother, grandmother, older brothers, aunts, and uncles taught me there and I learned from them. My mother taught me about her bush foods. She collected the plant foods and prepared them and I learned by watching her. I learned also from my father. He taught about meat foods, cooking the meat, making spears, joining parts of the spears tightly with sinew and going out hunting for meat. My mother would take me out with her. We two went out together to collect small animals and plant foods, hitting sand goannas, and sometimes collecting bush honey. I watched her and gathered some foods and when we all came together in camp we ate the meat and plant foods. My mother gathered various plant foods, native millet seeds, pigweed, roots which grew in the rocks and other seeds. These foods were available in autumn. Other foods were found on trees in spring. These fruits included mistletoe berries, mulga apples, native plums and quandongs. Also the native fig trees grew on small rocky hills.
Some Computer Strategies for Achieving Literacy in Australian Languages: The Yintarri Project
Authors: Dench Paul
Published: August 2016

Yintarri is a West Australian government community school situated at Coonana: 180Km due east of Kalgoorlie.
It has about sixty children who enter school speaking Wangkatja, a Western Desert language. There is no formal bi-lingual program; the language of instruction being English. The Yintarri Project is an International Literacy Year (ILY) funded program which uses touch-sensitive boards with microcomputers to assist in the development of literacy in both Wangkatja and English. This is accomplished, at Yintarri, with Concept Keyboards and Acorn BBC microcomputers though the same facilities could be provided with all other major types of computer. The project won a major ILY Literacy Achievement Award for its ‘Outstanding Contribution to Literacy‘.
What Motivates Human Behaviour?
Authors: Pumpa Malcolm
Published: August 2016

The broad outcomes of 25 years of state education for A.T.S.I. people are not encouraging. Whilst it would be premature to say that the system has failed these people, it is obvious that the outcome has not met the expectations of many educators and many A.T.S.I. people.
Ethnobotany in the School
Authors: Szabo S. , Smith D.
Published: August 2016

A new and highly successful initiative in education this year has been to introduce ethnobotany into the school’s Culture Program. We feel certain that this approach will be successful through all school grades and will promote oral and written discourse for Aboriginal children.
Pre-Employment at Yirara
Authors: Nixon R.
Published: August 2016

Yirara College, for the past five years, has given students in their final two years (Years 10 and 11) the opportunity to prepare themselves for entry into employment or further education. This is called our Pre-Employment Course.
Aboriginal Children and Education – The Developing Partnership
Authors: Rose W.D.
Published: August 2016

My early years as a teacher were concerned with children labelled as slow learners. In the light of what many of them have achieved over the years – ranging from skilled trades to self-employment – I sometimes wonder whether we limit our educational horizons on occasion to expectations based on faulty or imprecise data, or to a process of conditioning; what to expect in given localities or among certain groups of children.

Fortunately, my professional reading at that time led me to Kirk and Johnson: “Educating the Retarded Child”, and to their concept of “belongingness”. They argued that the teacher accepts the child as he is, with all his imperfections and educational blemishes, his deprivations, disadvantages and differences. It is all too easy for us to hang the child’s lack of motivation and interest on the peg of social, housing or health services deficiency, and to avoid the personal and professional involvement that is a prerequisite of the committed teacher.

Unfortunately, our educational practice is such that we continue to identify minority-group children on western-oriented tests of general ability. No allowance is made for the fact that the child is unfamiliar with the language of the test administrator or indeed, of the items of the test; and yet it is well known in psychological circles that test results are only valid if the children being tested are as familiar with the test items as was the group on whom the test was normed.
Schooling and Identity Levels
Authors: Willmot E.
Published: August 2016

Western-style schooling for Aboriginal children in New South Wales began formally in 1940. Nineteen-forty was the year in which the New South Wales Department of Education abandoned its long-standing policy of exclusion relating to Aboriginal children. Prior to this, Aboriginal children were excluded from State schools on the complaint of a white parent. From 1940 on, it could be said that Aboriginal people had achieved the right to State schooling. This is, of course, a political statement as much as an educational one. I would argue that 1940, in fact, saw the beginning of modern Aboriginal politics.

Modern Aboriginal politics, as such, began in the early 1960s when Vincent Lingiari and the Gurindji people walked off Wave Hill; that was the beginning of the land rights movement. The 1940s and the 1950s, however, saw Aboriginal people struggle for the human right of education for their children.

During the late 1960s and 1970s, many Aboriginal people spent a great deal of time criticising the very education systems which they fought so hard to become part of. Yet Aboriginal people have voted for this form of education with their feet. In 1975, according to Commonwealth Government statistics, there were 223 Aboriginal people in tertiary institutions in Australia. In 1980, there were 881, that is a 295% increase. In 1970, however, there were only 20 Aboriginal people found to be in tertiary institutions in Australia and that, believe it or not, registers by 1980 as being a 4,310% increase. Unfortunately, this does not reflect an equivalent 4,310% improvement in outcomes of schooling; this extraordinary phenomenon associated with the tertiary education is very much an Aboriginal adventure.
Aboriginal Teachers and Bicultural Schooling
Authors: Harris S. , Graham B. , Odling-Smee D.
Published: August 2016

‘Aboriginal teacher training’, ‘Aboriginalisation of staffing in Aboriginal schools’, ‘Aboriginal self-determination in schooling’, ‘bicultural education’, ‘Aboriginal control of schools’, ‘Aboriginal excellence in the 3Rs’ are all phrases used by people with some commitment to seeing Aboriginal interests achieved through schooling. These statements in relation to traditionally oriented Aboriginal schools are often used as if they all contained mutually supporting ideals. The reality is not, however, without dilemmas and it is the purpose of this paper to point out some of those dilemmas and to demonstrate that quite often the choice is not a simple one but between the lesser and the greater good, or between individual Aboriginal teacher preferences and recognition of the better good of the language group as a whole.
Recognising the Gifted Child
Authors: Wright Barry
Published: August 2016

Amongst all populations there is a normal distribution of physical and mental characteristics. It follows then that in the Aboriginal population there will be the same proportion of children who vary from the intellectual norm as in any other surveyed group. For educators one such cohort which is often ignored is that which we might like to call the intellectually gifted or, individually, the gifted child.
The Stressed Child
Authors: Rickarby G.
Published: August 2016

This article is addressed to issues that cause stress in children, but are not outward and obvious such as illness or lack of food and shelter.

From the point of view of a child psychiatrist, separation from important members of the family (or threat of separation) is one of the major stresses of childhood, particularly in the child under three years of age. Unfortunately, cultural influences from Anglo-Saxon sources have been one of the main sources of untoward
separation of young children through hospitalisation or assessment at distant places. This was in ignorance of the harmful effects of separating young children from the person they are attached to most.
Substance Abuse : Causal Factors and Treatment
Authors: White K.
Published: August 2016

This paper utilizes observations and statistics from the case histories from Banyan House, a residential drug treatment program, in an attempt to expose the differences between the myths held as facts by the public and the real parameters and causes of the development of substance abuse by the individual. It includes a description of the treatment approach as it arises out of the perceived development of a substance abusing young adult. It brings to focus the family and parenting situations which appear to be precursors of substance abuse and suggests the possibility of identifying “high risk” individuals prior to the onset of substance abuse. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of the community accepting responsibility to find ways of providing help to parents and their children.
Kava : A Challenge to Alcohol?
Authors: Cawte J.E.
Published: August 2016

Kava has been introduced into Aboriginal communities in Northern Australia. Persons from Yirrkala in North East Arnhem Land visiting the South Pacific region on study tours have been impressed by their welcome in Kava bowl ceremonies, and some of them hoped that the Aborigines might use Kava instead of alcohol.

In 1983 many Aboriginal people in Arnhem Land used Kava, and much more was used in 1984. By 1985 it became a social epidemic or ‘craze’ in many communities. Rings of people of both sexes and of all ages often sit together under trees around Kava bowls for many hours. They may drink up to a hundred times the amount normally drunk in the Pacific Islands by the same number of people in the same time.
I Was Born on the Finke
Authors: Fitzpatrick Joyce
Published: August 2016

Sometimes, when I am ironing, or driving, or just sitting in the sun, I think of Edie, and I cry. I cry inside, because those of us who are now elderly have been brought up not to show emotion publicly. I cry with frustration and sorrow, because I know that I have let Edie down, and I feel heavy and helpless because it is now too late to say: “Tell us more about that, Edie.”
Pedagogical Principles for Aboriginal Teacher Education
Authors: McTaggart R.
Published: August 2016

Aboriginal teacher education is a distinctive educational activity. How distinctive Aboriginal teacher education needs to be and the forms it might take are a matter for action research (McTaggart and Garbutcheon-Singh, 1986) by Aboriginal teachers, their communities, and teacher educators working in Aboriginal schools, and from teacher education instititions. But there is experience available from which it is reasonable to propose some general principles which should guide immediate efforts in Aboriginal teacher education.

The pedagogical principles outlined below come from an action research project in Aboriginal teacher education conducted in the Northern Territory over the last two years. The project is known as D-Bate, the Deakin-Batchelor Aboriginal Teacher Education Program, a joint project of Batchelor College in the Northern Territory and the School of Education of Deakin University in Geelong, Victoria.