bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postthyroplasty Implant Extrusion
Authors: Al-Yousuf A. , Jain A. , Parker A.J.
Published: February 2006

The case of a 57-year-old gentleman with a left-sided vocal cord palsy following a surgical procedure done elsewhere is being reported. His main problem was dysphonia, and speech therapy did not improve his voice much. A thyroplasty type 1 was done to improve his voice. A Silastic implant was inserted for medialization of vocal cords with a good postoperative result. The patient was followed up in the clinic and presented again 7 months after surgery with extrusion of the Silastic implant. Quite remarkably, his voice did not deteriorate even after the extrusion of the Silastic implant. This could be due to formation of fibrous tissue holding the cords in the medial position. The patient retained an excellent voice, and no further procedure was necessary.
Chromosome polymorphism in Astyanax fasciatus (Teleostei, Characidae). 1. Karyotype analysis, Ag-NORs and mapping of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes in sympatric karyotypes and their possible hybrid forms
Authors: Pazza R. , Kavalco K.F. , Bertollo L.A.C.
Published: February 2006

Astyanax fasciatus may be characterized as a chromosomally diversified ‘species’ presenting distinct cytotypes, each with its specific variants. The sympatric and syntopic occurrence of different cytotypes reinforces the hypothesis in which A. fasciatus may represent a group of species currently placed under a single common designation. Specimens from three collection points spread along the Mogi-Guaçu River in southeast Brazil were examined in the present work: (1) near its headwaters (Ouro Fino – MG), (2) in the middle region of the river (Cachoeira de Emas, Pirassunun ga – SP) and (3) close to its confluence with the Pardo River (Barrinha – SP). The 2n = 48 chromosomes cytotype was found in all sampling points, while cytotype 2n = 46 was only encountered in Barrinha and Cachoeira de Emas. In the latter locality, cytotype 2n = 46 predominated; nevertheless, other karyotype forms with 2n = 45 and 47 chromosomes also occurred, besides a structural variant of cytotype 2n = 46. One specimen with 2n = 47 chromosomes was also found in Ouro Fino. The Ag-NOR analysis, as well as the location of the 18S and 5S ribosomal genes, were conserved in all cytotypes. The data indicate that the variant karyotypes are a consequence of interbreeding between the standard cytotypes (2n = 46 and 48) and/or its descendants. This suggests a karyotype plasticity for this species, where at least a few variant karyotypes would not have deleterious effects on their bearers.
Lateral Cephalometric Norms for Adolescent Kuwaitis: Hard Tissue Measurements
Authors: Al-Jame Badreia , Årtun Jon , Al-Azemi Rashed , Behbehani Faraj , BuHamra Sana
Published: February 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish lateral cephalometric hard tissue norms for adolescent Kuwaitis and to compare them with published norms. Subjects and Methods: Digital lateral cephalograms were made of 162 Kuwaitis (82 boys and 80 girls of mean age 13.27 ± 0.42 years and 13.21 ± 0.43 years, respectively), with almost ideal occlusion. Anatomic landmarks were identified directly on the digital images. Linear and angular measurements were calculated electronically using the Dolphin version 9 software package. Results: The average subject in the sample had a steeper mandibular plane, a more convex profile with a tendency for reduced chin protrusion, and a more protrusive dentition than the norms of the common analysis systems. In addition, the ranges of the skeletal and dentoalveolar parameters were larger than those reported in the above-mentioned norms. Gender differences were limited to maxillary and mandibular length and lower anterior facial height. Conclusion: The present findings indicate that Kuwaiti norms for incisor inclination and protrusion should be used as a reference when making the extraction decision in Kuwaiti orthodontic patients, and that the variation in skeletal relationships among subjects with satisfactory occlusal compensations is larger than previously documented, suggesting a need for establishing different norms for different skeletal patterns.
Role of Prophylactic Antibiotic Administration in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xiong Guang-Su , Wu Shu-Ming , Wang Zheng-Hua
Published: February 2006

Objective: To carry out a meta-analysis of published studies in order to evaluate the clinical efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Material and Methods: MEDLINE, China Biological Medicine, Embase and Cochrane Data Base for Systematic Reviews were searched for randomized controlled trials on the efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with SAP from 1966 to 2004. Six studies met our inclusion criteria. Two authors (G.S.X. and Z.H.W.) independently extracted the following data from these studies: trial design, characteristics of participants and outcomes. Data were analyzed by Revman 4.2 software. Results: In patients with SAP, prophylactic antibiotics, including broad-spectrum antibiotics that usually achieve therapeutic pancreatic tissue levels, did not reduce pancreatic infection (relative risk, RR, 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.48–1.24, p = 0.28), surgical intervention (RR 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.40–1.74, p = 0.64) and mortality rate (RR 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.28–1.04, p = 0.07). Conclusions: Prophylactic antibiotic administration is not an appropriate treatment strategy in patients with SAP, it should be limited in patients with pancreatic necrosis, as demonstrated by computerized tomography.
Pulmonary Complications following Major Lung Resection for Benign and Malignant Lung Diseases
Authors: Ayed Adel K. , Bazerbashi Samer , Chandrasekaran Chezhian , Sukumar Murugan , Jamaleddin Hassan
Published: February 2006

Objective: To assess the incidence and to identify the possible associated risk factors for postoperative pulmonary complications after major lung resection. Subjects and Methods:One hundred and sixty-eight consecutive patients undergoing major lung resection for benign and malignant lung disease over a 3-year period were included in the study. Preoperative assessment clinical parameters, intraoperative and postoperative events were recorded. Pulmonary complications were noted according to a precise definition. The risk of complications associated with age, comorbidity, forced vital capacity (FVC), blood transfusion and extended operation was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.1 years (range 16–80 years), 137 (77%) patients underwent lobectomy, 23 (14%) pneumonectomy, and 15 (9%) bilobectomy. Forty-six (27%) patients developed postoperative pulmonary complications and 2 (1.1%) died within 30 days following the operation. Age ≧65 years (OR 3.7, 95% CI: 1.5–8.6, p = 0.002), the presence of comorbid cardiopulmonary disease (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5, p = 0.001), FVC <50% (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.8, p = 0.02), blood transfusion (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.4, p = 0.0001), and extended operation (OR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.07–0.6, p = 0.005) were the identified factors associated with the development of postoperative pulmonary complications, which necessitated an increased length of hospital stay. Conclusion: Postoperative pulmonary complications are more likely to develop in patients with age ≧65 years with comorbid cardiopulmonary disease, FVC <50%, blood transfusion, and extended operation.
Plasmid-Mediated High-Level Ceftriaxone Resistance in a Salmonella enterica Serotype typhimurium Isolate
Authors: Dimitrov T.S. , Udo E.E. , Verghese T. , Emara M. , Al-Saleh Alla
Published: February 2006

Objective: To present the first documented case of acute infectious gastroenteritis caused by high-level ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium in Kuwait. Subject and Methods: Isolation from stool specimen and species identification of current enteric pathogen was carried out according to standard methods. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were measured with E-test strips. The production of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) was studied by the double disc synergy method and E-test ESBL strips. Plasmid DNA isolation was performed by the rapid alkaline lysis method. Plasmid DNA was transferred by conjugation to a recipient strain of Escherichia coli. Results: The isolate of S. enterica serotype typhimurium was resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC >256 mg/l), cefotaxime and ceftazidime, and produced ESBL. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime resistance were co-transferred on a 3.2-kb plasmid to the E. coli recipient strain. Loss of the 3.2-kb plasmid from the transconjugant resulted in the co-loss of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime resistance confirming the carriage of ceftriazone resistance on the 3.2-kb plasmid. Conclusion: Plasmid-mediated high-level resistance to ceftriaxone and ESBL production in Salmonella serotype typhimurium is an emerging problem among Salmonella that requires closer monitoring of antimicrobial resistance among these bacterial species.
Plasma Homocysteine Measurement with Ion Exchange Chromatography (Jeol Aminotac 500): A Comparison with the Abbott IMx Assay
Authors: Pernet Pascal , Cuzon Gaëlle , Lim Soo-Kyung , Labau Nicole , Laghzal Aïcha , Vaubourdolle Michel
Published: February 2006

Objective: We evaluated ion exchange chromatography (IEC) on the Jeol Aminotac 500 analyzer for total homocysteine (tHcy) determination and compared it with an immunoassay method using fluorescence polarization on an Abbott IMx analyzer. Methods: IEC method validation (linearity, limit of detection, precision, interference) was made according to the French Biology Society guidelines (Société Française de Biologie Clinique). Moreover, during a 2-month period, 55 plasma samples from patients scheduled for routine tHCy measurement were assayed by both methods for determining correlation. Results: The IEC method was found linear up to at least 190 µmol/l, and the limit of detection was 1.6 µmol/l. Precision was studied with 3 controls at 6, 15 and 30 µmol/l. Intra-assay coefficients of variation (n = 14) were 8.3, 3.1 and 2.3%, respectively, and inter-assay coefficients of variation (n = 15) were 9.6, 5.1 and 4.9%, respectively. No interference was found with other sulfur-containing amino acids (methionine, cysteine). An excellent agreement was found between IEC and fluorescence polarization (Deming regression; y = 0.99x – 1.23; r = 0.97; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The IEC method for tHcy measurement shows adequate precision and correlates highly with the IMx assay. The IEC method is more time-consuming but less expensive in reagent cost and allows simultaneous determination of plasma methionine concentration which may help to explain the underlying mechanism responsible for hyperhomocysteinemia.
Look Twice before You Clamp: Decapitation of an Omphaloenteric Duct
Authors: van Tuil Cornelia , Saxena Amulya K. , Willital Günter H.
Published: February 2006

Objective: To report a case of accidental decapitation of a persistent omphaloenteric duct (POD) in congenital hernia of the umbilical cord in a newborn male. Case Presentation and Intervention: The newborn was transferred to an intensive care unit, where under closer inspection the diagnosis of an omphalocele was presumed. Surgical exploration at our Pediatric Surgical University Clinic revealed a clamped and decapitated POD in the umbilical cord. The decapitation had gone unnoticed due to severe asphyxia resulting from meconium aspiration encountered at the time of delivery. Using general anesthesia, the clamp was removed under sterile conditions. The decapitation of the POD in the herniated umbilical cord was confirmed at this time. The severed intestine was sutured and closed using 5-0 Vicryl sutures. The further course was uneventful. Conclusion:Herniation of the umbilical cord at the time of birth by intestinal loops or POD is rare, but caution should be taken by midwives before clamping in order to avoid the type of injury seen in this case.
Effect of Tirofiban Therapy on ST Segment Resolution and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with ST Segment Elevated Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Angioplasty
Authors: Uyarel Huseyin , Uzunlar Bulent , Unal Dayi Sennur , Tartan Zeynep , Samur Hasan , Kasıkcıoglu Hulya , Akgul Ozgur , Simsek Dilek , Erdem Ismail , Okmen Ertan , Cam Nese
Published: February 2006

Background: In our study, we assessed the effect of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition on microvascular flow after acute coronary occlusion using the early sum of ST segment resolution in electrocardiography. Platelets may play a major role in the dissociation of epicardial artery recanalization and tissue level reperfusion, referred to as the ‘no-reflow phenomenon’. Therefore, GP IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition might improve myocardial reperfusion, distinct from its effects on epicardial patency. Methods and Results: One hundred and fifteen patients (mean age 57.7 ± 12.2 years, 96 males, 19 females) with ≤12-hour acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction who underwent successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention were retrospectively enrolled into the study. Patients were grouped according to whether they received tirofiban therapy or not. Clinical and electrocardiographic parameters were evaluated. The first sum of ST segment elevation amounts in millimeters was obtained immediately before angioplasty and the second 60 min after restoration of thrombolysis in myocardial infarction III flow. The difference between the two measurements was accepted as resolution of the sum of ST segment elevation and expressed as ΣSTR. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, and laboratory parameters, duration from angina onset to the emergency unit, and from door to angioplasty. ΣSTR was higher in patients who received tirofiban than in those who did not (7.2 ± 2.8 and 4.2 ± 2.6 mm, respectively; p < 0.001). There was a significant and positive correlation between GP IIb/IIIa inhibition and ΣSTR (r = 0.336, p < 0.001), as well as between ejection fraction and ΣSTR (r = 0.310, p < 0.001). GP IIb/IIIa inhibition was the only independent determinant of ΣSTR in a multivariate linear regression model which contains 10 variables (p < 0.001). The incidence of in-hospital post-myocardial infarction refractory angina, reinfarction, and heart failure was significantly lower in the tirofiban group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively). Additionally, after 30 days, reinfarction and heart failure were lower in the tirofiban group (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: It is well known that ΣSTR determines microvascular perfusion. This study shows that GP IIb/IIIa inhibition with tirofiban is of value in preserving microvascular perfusion after restoring coronary thrombolysis in myocardial infarction III flow.
First Findings Concerning Airflow in Noses with Septal Deviation and Compensatory Turbinate Hypertrophy – A Model Study
Authors: Grützenmacher S. , Robinson D.M. , Gräfe K. , Lang C. , Mlynski G.
Published: February 2006

Background: The nasal septal deviation is a common cause of nasal obstruction. On the other hand, many septal deviations are asymptomatic. It seems a physiological adaptation occurs on both sides. Septal deviation leads to internal nasal asymmetry, which in turn causes compensatory change in turbinate morphology (e.g. turbinate hypertrophy respectively hypotrophy). This mechanism is investigated with the help of fluid dynamic experiments and functional rhinologic diagnostics. Methods: Functional models of the nose (modified Mink’s boxes) were used and assessment was made by acoustic rhinometry and rhinoresistometry, followed by flow dynamic investigations. Septal deviations of varying position, together with turbinates of differing grades of hypertrophy, were simulated and assessed. Results and Conclusions: We observed in models of septal deviation an increase in flow resistance on the ipsilateral side as a result of friction of flow particles in the narrowing. Furthermore, on the opposite side of the deviation, the enlargement of the stream channel did not generally lead to a reduction in flow resistance, but rather to a ‘dead space’, where only a slow-circling eddy was observed. This eddy causes an increase in turbulence. In vivo turbinate hypertrophy occurs to fill this dead space, thereby reducing turbulent flow without a significant increase in resistance. In cases of moderate septal deviation, compensatory mechanisms of the turbinates can lead to a normalization of nasal airflow and surgical therapy would not be indicated. Deviations in the anterior part of the septum seem to be more symptomatic, because the mechanism is missing and due to the physiological narrowing of the nasal isthmus. To differ between physiologic and pathologic deviation, functional diagnostics are needed.
Reversible Cholestasis and Cholangitis Induced by Biliary Drainage and Infusion in the Rat
Authors: Hsien C.-S. , Huang C.-C. , Huang L.-T. , Chung J.-C. , Chou M.-H.
Published: February 2006

To develop a rat model of ascending cholangitis, we constructed a controllable and accessible biliary drainage and infusion system. We first modified a reversible cholestasis model of the rat and then induced ascending cholangitis by administration of Escherichia coli into the proximal choledochostomy tube. After biliary infusion of E. coli, the liver, choledochostomy tube and bile were all positive for E. coli, but no bacteria grew in rats receiving biliary infusion of normal saline. Retrograde cholangiography of the initial choledochostomy ensured that the tube end was in the right position in the proximal common bile duct. The patency of the tube-tube choledochocholedochostomy was confirmed by a cholangiogram on day 90. Thirty days after the tube-tube choledochocholedochostomy, the livers of the experimental animals did not differ from the control livers. The tube-tube choledochocholedochostomy model not only provides reproducible, reliable, reversible cholestasis, but creates a sustainable and accessible biliary infusion system. This can be used for long-term investigations of repeated cholangitis and recurrent cholestasis.
Local Application of Hyperthermia in the Esophagus with a Heatable Malleable Thermoplastic Stent
Authors: Freudenberg S. , Rewerk S. , Bay Fatma , Al Khouri Christiane , Wagner A. , Isaac M. , Gebhard Martha Maria , Kähler G.
Published: February 2006

Objective: This study measures the effect of hyperthermia applied through a heatable stent in the esophagus in order to investigate whether this procedure offers a therapeutic option for tumor treatment. Material and Methods: Thermoplastic malleable stents, with the capacity to be heated after implantation, were placed endoscopically in the middle third of the esophagi of 30 pigs. After placement the stents were heated in vivo for 60 min at temperatures ranging from 43 to 52°C. Temperature was measured in the surrounding tissue at various distances from the stent, determining heat penetration. The esophagi were histologically examined after 7 days. Results: The maximal heating temperature tolerated in the esophagi without transmural necrosis was 46.5°C, when applied twice for 60 min with a pause of 48 h. With this procedure a tumor damaging temperature of 42.5°C was achieved at a maximum distance of 12 mm surrounding the stent. Conclusion: Application of hyperthermia through a heatable stent in the esophagus is feasible. The maximal depth of therapeutic temperature achieved by this procedure (12 mm) is not sufficient to heal esophageal cancer, but may be of palliative value.
Quantitative Assessment of Recovery from Motor Hemineglect in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Siekierka-Kleiser E.M. , Kleiser R. , Wohlschläger A.M. , Freund H.-J. , Seitz R.J.
Published: February 2006

Background and Purpose: Motor hemineglect is characterized by an underutilization of one side of the body. It is a higher-order motor disorder that resembles hemiplegia although being substantially different from it due to a preserved motor output system. Its role for poststroke recovery is still unclear. Methods: We studied 52 patients presenting with acute hemiparetic stroke over the first 7 days after symptom onset. Nineteen patients had unilateral motor hemineglect. Impairment was clinically assessed with the European Stroke Scale and a multifactorial motor score. It was further assessed quantitatively, as overall arm activity was measured continuously by Actiwatches. Lesion volumes were measured morphometrically within 24 h on perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images and on average on day 9 by T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Patients with motor hemineglect were characterized by significantly reduced initial arm activity in comparison to patients without motor hemineglect. This was paralleled by larger brain lesions in the patients with motor hemineglect. Patients with motor neglect either recovered virtually completely (5 cases; 2/5 left hemisphere; 3/5 treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rt-PA) within 7 days or did not improve at all (14 cases; 3/14 left hemisphere; 3/14 rt-PA treated). Conclusion: Our data reveal a high incidence of motor hemineglect in patients with acute stroke. They further show that these patients are more severely compromised than those without motor hemineglect. A rapid and near complete recovery was observed in about one fourth of the motor hemineglect patients and may be related to involvement of the left hemisphere or to therapy with thrombolysis.
Age, Hypertension, and Lacunar Stroke Are the Major Determinants of the Severity of Age-Related White Matter Changes
Authors: Basile Anna Maria , Pantoni Leonardo , Pracucci Giovanni , Asplund Kjell , Chabriat Hugues , Erkinjuntti Timo , Fazekas Franz , Ferro José M. , Hennerici Michael , O’Brien John , Scheltens Philip , Visser Marieke C. , Wahlund Lars-Olof , Waldemar Gunhild , Wallin Anders , Inzitari Domenico
Published: February 2006

Background: Age-related white matter changes (ARWMC), seen on neuroimaging with high frequency in older people, are thought to be consequent to the effect of vascular risk factors and vascular diseases including hypertension and stroke. Among the proofs conventionally required for a factor to be considered a risk factor for a definite pathology, there is the demonstration of a trend in risk exposure related to disease severity. We sought whether such a trend existed in the association of vascular risk factors or comorbidities with the severity of ARWMC aiming particularly at further elucidating the relative roles of hypertension and stroke in this regard. Methods: The LADIS (Leukoaraiosis and Disability) Study is evaluating the role of ARWMC as an independent determinant of the transition to disability in the elderly. Six hundred and thirty-nine nondisabled subjects (mean age 74.1 ± 5.0, M/F: 288/351) with ARWMC of different severity grades on MRI (mild, moderate, or severe according to the Fazekas scale) were assessed at baseline for demographics, vascular risk factors, and comorbidities, and are being followed up for 3 years. Results: Age, frequency of hypertension and history of stroke increased along with increasing ARWMC severity independently of other factors. For hypertension, however, this occurred only in subjects without a stroke history, while for stroke history, it mainly depended on lacunar stroke. The amount of cigarettes smoked and the interaction between hypercholesterolemia and smoking predicted only the most severe ARWMC grade. Conclusions: The LADIS Study confirms that age, hypertension and lacunar strokes are the major determinants of ARWMC. Smoking and hypercholesterolemia provide additional risk.
Medical Management in Patients following Stroke and Transitory Ischemic Attack: A Comparison between Men and Women
Authors: Müller-Nordhorn Jacqueline , Nolte Christian H. , Rossnagel Karin , Jungehülsing Gerhard J. , Reich Andreas , Roll Stephanie , Villringer Arno , Willich Stefan N.
Published: February 2006

Study Objective: Differences between men and women in management and outcome following cerebrovascular events have been described. However, most of the differences observed have only been partially adjusted for baseline differences, or not at all. The objective of the present study was to compare acute and follow-up management between men and women after stroke and transitory ischemic attacks, adjusting for potential confounders. Design: Patients with symptoms of stroke were included at admission to one of four participating hospitals in the inner city of Berlin, Germany. Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and acute management were assessed from medical records. Patients were asked about socioeconomic factors and follow-up management in a baseline interview and by postal questionnaire, respectively. The follow-up was 12 months. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess odds ratios for management variables. Results: A total of 558 patients were included (55% men, mean age 65 ± 13 years; 45% women, 69 ± 14 years). Indications for admission were stroke (74%) and transitory ischemic attacks (26%). In multivariable analyses, there were no differences in diagnostic procedures performed at baseline and in follow-up management between men and women. However, women were significantly more likely to receive hypoglycemic drugs (odds ratio 2.49; 95% confidence interval 1.33–4.63) in the acute management period. Regarding the need for nursing support/a nursing home after 12 months, there were no significant differences between men and women. Conclusions: After adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics, we only found few differences in acute and long-term management between men and women following hospital admission after suffering a cerebrovascular event.
Early Ischemic Edema on Cerebral Computed Tomography: Its Relation to Diffusion Changes and Hypoperfusion within 6 h after Human Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Sobesky Jan , von Kummer Rüdiger , Frackowiak Monika , Weber Olivier Zaro , Lehnhardt Fritz G. , Dohmen Christian , Neveling Michael , Möller-Hartmann Walter , Jacobs Andreas H. , Heiss Wolf-Dieter
Published: February 2006

Background: Brain tissue hypoattenuation on early computed tomography is frequently included in decision making in acute stroke management. However, its pathophysiological counterpart needs further evaluation. Methods: By comparative imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging and 15O-water positron emission tomography we aimed to interpret early (<6 h) hypoattenuation. Results: In 11 patients, the hypoattenuation corresponded to a decreased proton diffusion (median 115.9% relative DWI value) measured by magnetic resonance imaging and to a severe hypoperfusion (below 12 ml/100 g/ min) assessed by positron emission tomography. The volume of parenchymal hypoattenuation correlated to the tissue with disturbed diffusion (Spearman’s rho = 0.73), but largely underestimated the hypoperfusion below 20 ml/100 g/min. Conclusions: Early hypoattenuation reflects the coupling of the severity of ischemia and resulting diffusion changes. It allows an estimate of the infarct core but underestimates the penumbral hypoperfusion.
Japanese Contribution to Malaysian Economic Development: Lessons for Africa
Authors: Masaki Toyomu
Published: February 2006

This paper does not deal directly with the relations between Japan and Africa; instead it looks at Malaysia and Côte d'Ivoire with the objective of portraying Japanese contribution to Malaysian economic development and identifying some lessons that can be learnt by Africa from it. Both countries had a comparable macroeconomic outlook until 1980, with economies based on similar primary goods such as cocoa, coffee, palm oil, timber etc., which are typical of tropical climates. However, following the sharp decline in international prices since 1980, Malaysia registered a high economic growth and became successfully industrialized, Côte d'Ivoire suffered an economic crisis and a balance of payment deficit. Moreover, the latter is not a special case among African countries. The paper also seeks to advance some hypotheses in order to explain the phenomena.
Japan and Africa after the Cold War
Authors: Morikawa Jun
Published: February 2006

The purposes of this article are twofold. The first is to discuss the factors that make inquiry into Japan's African diplomacy difficult, in connection with the elaborate publicity campaign run by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), focusing on the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD). The second is to examine the current status of, issues in and future of Japan's African diplomacy in the post-Cold War, post-apartheid era and the meaningful participation of Japanese citizens in formulating and implementing foreign policy in reference to the regional power of South Africa. The article concludes that there is a significant gap between words and action in Japan's African diplomacy that has led to a loss of credibility and that attempts by MOFA to recoup the loss using aid or rhetoric are likely to rather result in heightened distrust on the African side and that securing trust will require structural reform and building foreign policy that is based on the wishes and interests of the people and subject it to democratic control.
No effects of l-dopa and bromocriptine on psychophysiological parameters of human selective attention
Authors: Oranje B. , Gispen-de Wied C. C. , Westenberg H. G. M. , Kemner C. , Verbaten M. N. , Kahn R. S.
Published: February 2006

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit diverse cognitive deficits, one of which is a loss of the ability to focus attention. According to the revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia both an increased mesolimbic and a decreased prefrontal dopaminergic activity is suggested to be involved in schizophrenia. The current study was designed to explore the relationship between dopamine and two psychophysiological parameters of selective attention, i.e. P300 amplitude and processing negativity (PN) in healthy volunteers.

In two separate experiments, with a double-blind, balanced and placebo-controlled crossover design, 18 healthy male volunteers were orally administered either 300mg l-dopa (precursor of dopamine) or placebo (experiment I), or 1.25mg bromocriptine (D2 agonist) or placebo (experiment II). Following this treatment they were tested in an auditory, dichotic selective attention paradigm.

An increase in P300 amplitude was found following deviant stimuli when compared to standard stimuli and following attended stimuli when compared to unattended stimuli, regardless of treatment. Similarly, PN was found regardless of treatment. Neither l-dopa nor bromocriptine affected task performance or the amplitudes of PN or P300.

In the present study neither l-dopa nor bromocriptine affected PN, P300 amplitude or task performance in healthy controls, phenomena which are usually found to be disrupted in schizophrenia. This indicates that P300 amplitude and PN are neither affected by a global (l-dopa) increased dopaminergic activity, nor by a more selectively towards striatal areas targeted (bromocriptine) increase in dopaminergic activity.
The Politics of the Royal Harem and the Case of Bat-Sheba
Authors: Cushman Beverly W.
Published: February 2006

The title gebîrâ in the Hebrew Bible has been discussed in terms of a cultic role, a political role, and as a title accorded to royal women who influenced the politics of Israel and Judah through their strong personalities. This article reviews the ancient Near Eastern documents that refer to the political influence of the queen or queen mother in the royal court. It then reviews documentation from the households of the royal family of the Ottoman Empire as a means of further supporting the argument that the title gebîrâ in the Hebrew Bible refers to a woman who is fulfilling a particular role in the polygynous royal harem. With the role of the gebîrâ defined, it is then argued that in 1 Kings 1-2, Bat-Sheba fulfills the role of the ancient Near Eastern gebîrâ.
Micro/nanoscopic Characterizations of Epoxy-Silica Nanocomposites
Authors: Yao Xue Feng , Zhao Hong Ping , Yeh Hsien Yang
Published: February 2006

Micro/nanoscopic properties of epoxy-silica nanocomposites are studied experimentally. The basic syntheses of epoxy-silica nanocomposites are introduced. Some micro/nanoscopic structure and characterizations of epoxy resin/silica nanocomposites, including the chemical elements, microstructure, the scattered state of the inorganic particles, and properties like elastic modulus and its hardness, are quantitatively analyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectral analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and nanoindentation technique. These results will be useful for improving the synthesization technology and for optimizing the properties of epoxy resin-silica nanocomposites.
Application of Synergism and Variation in Ionic Compatibilities within a Hydrophilic Polymeric Sodium Starch Glycolate-Kappa-Carrageenan Combination: Textural Profiling of the Suspension Behavior
Authors: Toit Lisa Claire Du , Pillay Viness , Danckwerts Michael Paul
Published: February 2006

The advantages of starch-carrageenan gel systems have been demonstrated in numerous applications. The exploitation of this functional synergism could provide improvements in the textural properties of a pharmaceutical suspension when prepared employing a combination of the two polymers rather than use of either one alone. This study characterized the influence of kappa-carrageenan (C) on the textural properties of sodium starch glycolate (SSG) through analysis of the textural profiles following force-displacement testing. The effect of gel-inducing or gel-strengthening cations on the textural behavior of SSG-C gel systems was also elucidated. The determination of the rate of gelation, as well as the final viscosity of the SSG-C systems was conducted and correlated with the textural properties of the systems. The presence of C in the gel systems significantly increased several textural properties, such as, compressibility (p 0.002), adhesivity (p 0.001) and the final viscosity (p 0.021) of the gels. These properties can be exploited through C’s function as a suspending and gelling agent to improve the textural and gel-forming properties of soluble starches, such as, SSG through the establishment of a three-dimensional gel network. Because of the availability of sodium ions in SSG, its combination with C may confer the additional advantage of promoting helix formation and gelation. Neither the presence of gel-inducing nor gel-strengthening cations significantly improved the textural properties of the gel systems (p 0.050). The resultant systems, particularly those incorporating the gel-inducing potassium cation, had a heterogenous consistency; they were dense, turbid gels exhibiting water expulsion or syneresis.
Perspectives on: PEO-PPO-PEO Triblock Copolymers and their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Fusco S. , Borzacchiello A. , Netti P. A.
Published: February 2006

Thermo-reversible polymeric gels represent an interesting class of materials that can be tailored for a wide range of applications. The triblock poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) based systems, PEO-PPO-PEO, show thermoreversible gelation around body temperature and, therefore, are particularly suitable for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, gene therapy and tissue engineering. The PEO-PPO-PEO tri-block copolymers have amphiphilic characteristics and self-assemble into micelles to form a variety of close packed structures. By varying the block composition (PEO/PPO ratio) and the molecular weight, it is possible to tailor the final properties of these systems to meet the specific application needs. In this report the thermodynamic basis of micellization of PEO-PPO-PEO systems is described. The factors influencing the micelles formation are discussed along with the methods used to investigate the micellization process and morphology as well as with the main applications of these systems in biomedical fields.
The Limits of Metrological Performativity: Valuing Equities in the London Stock Exchange
Authors: Davis Aeron
Published: February 2006

This article critically engages with metrological performativity as an approach to conceptualising and investigating the social aspects of markets. In its simplest form, it conceives economics (and related professions) as a set of practices that go beyond the measurement of economies and economic agents to also shape, format and discipline them. The approach has a number of implications for the way actors and social relations in markets are researched. It has found many advocates especially from within the emerging field of cultural economy. This piece finds that such an approach has a number of limitations that hinder and restrict empirical investigation. Objections are illustrated by case study material focusing on the way company shares are promoted and valued in the London Stock Exchange (LSE). Here, the evidence suggests that metrological performativity can only be applied in a limited way.
Wegener autoantigen induces maturation of dendritic cells and licenses them for Th1 priming via the protease-activated receptor-2 pathway
Authors: Csernok Elena , Ai MaiXing , Gross Wolfgang L. , Wicklein Daniel , Petersen Arnd , Lindner Buko , Lamprecht Peter , Holle Julia U. , Hellmich Bernhard
Published: February 2006

Autoantibodies to proteinase 3 (PR3) are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune-mediated vasculitis in Wegener granulomatosis (WG). To address the question how the autoantigen PR3 becomes a target of adaptive immunity, we investigated the effect of PR3 on immature dendritic cells (iDCs) in patients with WG, healthy blood donors, and patients with Crohn disease (CD), another granulomatous disease. PR3 induces phenotypic and functional maturation of a fraction of blood monocyte-derived iDCs. PR3-treated DCs express high levels of CD83, a DC-restricted marker of maturation, CD80 and CD86, and HLA-DR. Furthermore, the DCs become fully competent antigen-presenting cells and can induce stimulation of PR3-specific CD4+ T cells, which produce IFN-γ. PR3-maturated DCs derived from WG patients induce a higher IFN-γ response of PR3-specific CD4+ T cells compared with patients with CD and healthy controls. The maturation of DCs mediated through PR3 was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, by antibodies directed against the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), and by inhibition of phospholipase C, suggesting that the interactions of PR3 with PAR-2 are involved in the induction of DC maturation. Wegener autoantigen interacts with a “gateway” receptor (PAR-2) on iDCs in vitro triggering their maturation and licenses them for a T helper 1 (Th1)–type response potentially favoring granuloma formation in WG.
Material worlds? Resource geographies and the `matter of nature'
Authors: Bakker Karen , Bridge Gavin
Published: February 2006

Concepts of `materiality' are increasingly invoked in human geography. This paper discusses several recent and influential workings of materiality, and examines their implications for resource geographies. First, we identify a set of analytical questions at the heart of resource geography and characterize the dominant approaches to these questions - the `production of nature' and the `social construction of nature' - as yielding diminishing returns. Second, we survey recent work on materiality relating to commodities, corporeality and hybridity and advance the claim that this work provides a number of fresh perspectives with which to revive resource geography. Third, we highlight three specific themes within this research: a radical redistribution and decentering of agency; a revitalization of the concept of `construction'; and an acknowledgement of the political-economic implications that flow from a world that is biophysically heterogeneous. Finally, we draw on this analysis to explore how progress might be made in the conceptualization and empirical study of resources.
Democracy, bureaucracy and difference in US community development politics since 1968
Authors: Newman Kathe , Lake Robert W.
Published: February 2006

Manuel Castells' (1983) groundbreaking investigation of urban social movements traced `the decisive input of purposive social action' through case studies over five centuries, culminating in the 1960s social revolts in US cities. This paper continues the narrative forward by examining the changing dynamics of community development politics in US cities since 1968. Structural transformations under neoliberalism marked the end of the democratic/redistributive phase of community development, radically altered the material, strategic and institutional terrain of community development politics, and opened a space for new forms of purposive social action aimed at enduring goals of social justice.
Long-Term Nursing Care of Elderly People: Identifying ethically problematic experiences among patients, relatives and nurses in Finland
Authors: Teeri Sari , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Välimäki Maritta
Published: February 2006

The aim of this study was to explore ethically problematic situations in the long-term nursing care of elderly people. It was assumed that greater awareness of ethical problems in caring for elderly people helps to ensure ethically high standards of nursing care. To obtain a broad perspective on the current situation, the data for this study were collected among elderly patients, their relatives and nurses in one long-term care institution in Finland. The patients (n=10) were interviewed, while the relatives (n=17) and nurses (n=9) wrote an essay. Interpretation of the data was based on qualitative content analysis. Problematic experiences were divided into three categories concerning patients’ psychological, physical and social integrity. In the case of psychological integrity, the problems were seen as being related to treatment, self-determination and obtaining information; for physical integrity, they were related to physical abuse and lack of individualized care; and for social integrity, to loneliness and social isolation. This study provided no information on the prevalence of ethical problems. However, it is clear from the results that patient integrity warrants more attention in the nursing care of elderly patients.
Ethical Considerations for Nurses in Clinical Trials
Authors: Oberle Kathleen , Allen Marion
Published: February 2006

Ethical issues arise for nurses involved in all phases of clinical trials regardless of whether they are caregivers, research nurses, trial co-ordinators or principal investigators. Potential problem areas centre on nurses’ moral obligation related to methodological issues as well as the notions of beneficence/non-maleficence and autonomy. These ethical concerns can be highly upsetting to nurses if they are not addressed, so it is imperative that they are discussed fully prior to the initiation of a trial. Failure to resolve these issues can place both the conduct and the results of research in jeopardy.
The Importance of Being Trustworthy
Authors: Sellman Derek
Published: February 2006

The idea that nurses should be trustworthy seems to be accepted as generally unproblematic. However, being trustworthy as a nurse is complicated because of the diverse range of expectations from patients, relatives, colleagues, managers, peers, professional bodies and the institutions within which nursing takes place. Nurses are often faced with competing demands and an action perceived by some as trustworthy can be seen by others as untrustworthy. In this article some of the reasons for the importance of being trustworthy are offered together with a preliminary discussion about how being a trustworthy nurse is far from straightforward.
Fur‐Regulated Genes inCoxiella burnetii
Authors: BRIGGS HEATHER L. , WILSON MARY J. , SESHADRI REKHA , SAMUEL JAMES E.
Published: February 2006

Abstract:In this paper, we describe the identification of an iron‐acquisition gene homologue, ferrous iron transporter (feoB) inC. burnetii. The results of a genomic screen for putative Fur‐regulated genes and Fur boxes and the development of a two‐plasmid system to analyze these Fur boxes will also be illustrated.
Identification, Cloning, and Expression of Potential Diagnostic Markers for Q Fever
Authors: CHAO C C , CHEN H W , LI X , XU W B , HANSON B , CHING W M
Published: February 2006

Abstract: The clinical diagnosis of Q fever is difficult. Whole cell antigens are currently used in several serological methods, but antigens are limited due to the hazardous nature of Coxiella burnetii cultivation. In this report, we described the method of detecting immunodominant antigens of C. burnetii by using proteomic techniques with patient sera, and cloning and expressing the selected antigens using a novel vector known for its ease of expression, purification, and downstream application.
Immunization Experiments with Recombinant Coxiella burnetii Proteins in a Murine Infection Model
Authors: TYCZKA JUDITH , EBERLING SANDRA , BALJER GEORG
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Previous attempts to develop Q fever vaccines were less successful in that the vaccines caused unacceptable side effects or failed to be protective. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a mixture of eight recombinant Coxiella burnetii (C. b.) proteins in sublethal challenge infections with mice. Eight potential C. b. virulence genes (Omp, Pmm, HspB, Fbp, Orf410, Crc, CbMip, and MucZ) were overexpressed in E. coli as his‐tagged fusion proteins and partially purified. All recombinant proteins but rPmm proved to be antigenic in BALB/c mice when administered as protein mixtures. For efficacy testing, mice were immunized with an adjuvanted mixture of the eight recombinant proteins and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with the C. b. isolate Nine Mile RSA493 (1.8 × 108C. b.). Only animals vaccinated with the licensed Q fever vaccine Q‐Vax™ (vaccination control) exhibited milder symptoms and minor gain of spleen and liver weights. In summary, clinical examinations and dissection of mice immunized with the eight recombinant C. b. proteins did not indicate a protective immune response after test infection.
Comparative Virulence of Phase I and II Coxiella burnetii in Immunodeficient Mice
Authors: ANDOH MASAKO , RUSSELL‐LODRIGUE KASI E. , ZHANG GUOQUAN , SAMUEL JAMES E.
Published: February 2006

Abstract: Coxiella burnetii has two phase variants: highly virulent phase I and avirulent phase II. To examine the differences between the two phase variants in interaction with host response to infection, we performed experimental infection in immunodeficient mice. Experimental C. burnetii phase I infection in SCID mice suggested that innate immunity cannot control replication of the bacteria and that acquired immunity is essential for mice to survive infection. In this study, we used SCID and SCIDbg mice to determine whether phase II bacterial infection can be controlled in vivo.