bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“I’m an Expert on Public Space”
Authors: Douglas Gordon C.C.
Published: January 2018

Chapter 4 focuses on the personal and professional background of many do-it-yourselfers who employ sophisticated knowledge of professional planning and scholarly urbanism in their interventions. In doing so, it begins to challenge binary notions of formality and informality in urbanism. The chapter includes discussion of the history of informality in cities and the development of professionalized urban planning and placemaking practices. It then discusses how many do-it-yourself urban designers have professional design training that they to use in their projects. Where others lack such a background, they often seek information from official sources in order to strengthen and legitimate their interventions, from tools, techniques, and guidelines to justifications grounded in social science research. Although this may lead to better-designed and more effective improvements, it also gives the individuals a certain confidence in the quality of their actions and their right to make them.
Conclusions
Authors: Douglas Gordon C.C.
Published: January 2018

The conclusion unites the study’s implications for the contemporary city and the book’s conceptual and theoretical contributions to urban studies. First, it confronts the theme of a formality-informality binary in urbanism, which the findings significantly complicate, positing social legitimacy as the better term for understanding the success or acceptability of an urban space intervention. The chapter describes how some of the problems with DIY urbanism—and many forms of urban placemaking—can be addressed through the operationalizing of legitimacy as a democratic, community-based metric of value and validity. But it also considers what additional and perhaps more intangible value DIY urban design still has in its very informality; along with the critical theory of Lefebvre, Harvey, and others and with sociological research on participatory citizenship and its limitations, it posits an inherent promise of unauthorized creative actions as sparks of popular participation and transformative potential.
The Many Fields of (German) International Law
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2018

In recent years, interest in comparative approaches in the study of international law has grown. This chapter contributes to this endeavor with a focus on the particularities of academic international law in Germany, but also with an interest in methodology and a broader argument for attention to a particular set of factors behind differences in the interpretation and application of international law. Using sociological insights, it focuses on the professional contexts in which the different interpreters are embedded—the social and professional ‘fields’ in which they operate—and suggests connections between the shape of those contexts and the methodological and substantive commitments with which these interpreters approach international law. In Germany, the relative dependence of international law on the broader field of public law stands out as a differentiating characteristic.
Comparative Views on the Right to Vote in International Law
Authors: Dothan Shai
Published: January 2018

There is a consensus about the existence of an international right to vote in democratic elections. Yet states disagree about the limits of this right when it comes to the case of prisoners’ disenfranchisement. Some states allow all prisoners to vote, some disenfranchise all prisoners, and others allow only some prisoners to vote. This chapter argues that national courts view the international right to vote in three fundamentally different ways: some view it as an inalienable right that cannot be taken away, some view it merely as a privilege that doesn’t belong to the citizens, and others view it as a revocable right that can be taken away under certain conditions. The differences in the way states conceive the right to vote imply that attempts by the European Court of Human Rights to follow the policies of the majority of European states by using the Emerging Consensus doctrine are problematic.
An Asymmetric Comparative International Law Approach to Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Knight Alec
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates an asymmetric comparative international law approach to treaty interpretation through the example of the CEDAW Committee’s greater willingness to go beyond a margin of appreciation to tolerate progressive deviations rather than regressive deviations in the interpretation of CEDAW’s provisions. Section I examines the interactions between the CEDAW Committee and states parties. Section II discusses how the Committee’s asymmetric approach to treaty interpretation fits within a comparative international law project. Section III provides an introduction to the CEDAW Committee. Section IV illustrates the CEDAW Committee’s inflexible treatment of Muslim states parties’ reservations to the Convention, which constitute regressive deviations. Section V analyzes the Committee’s permissive treatment of the Scandinavian approach to CEDAW. Section VI explores how the asymmetric approach allows states to develop interpretations of treaties. Section VII concludes and describes potential future avenues of research into the asymmetric comparative international law approach to treaty interpretation.
Africa and the Rethinking of International Investment Law
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse , Schacherer Stefanie
Published: January 2018

This chapter seeks to present and to contextualize the Pan-African Investment Code (PAIC) by taking a comparative international law approach. Such approach allows us to assess whether the PAIC is an Africa-specific instrument and whether it is unique today in how it incorporates sustainable development concerns. This is particularly interesting for the ongoing global reform process of international investment law. The chapter is divided into five main sections. Section II provides an overview of international investment agreements concluded by African States. Section III presents the origins of the PAIC. Section IV addresses the important question as to what extent the PAIC incorporates traditional investment standards or breaks with them. Section V explores the most innovative aspects of the PAIC. Section VI examines the PAIC and dispute settlement.
Islam and the World
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas B. , Liddle R. William , Mujani Saiful
Published: January 2018

Recent scholarship on Islam and world politics asks how Muslims relate with the United States, but has conceived of foreign policy preferences in simplistic, pro- or anti-US terms. This chapter examines how Islamic revivalism shapes foreign policy attitudes in Indonesia, introducing a flexible methodology for capturing both the multidimensionality and nonexclusivity of Indonesian Muslims’ views of the West, the Muslim World, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. It shows that pious Muslims in Indonesia are not more likely to be anti-US; they are, rather, more likely to hold cosmopolitan worldviews. These findings are inconsistent with a “clash of civilizations” view of Islamic revivalism in Indonesia. Instead, they support an alternative perspective of Islamic revivalism as marked by modernity and cosmopolitanism rather than fundamentalism or particularism.
“That’s Not Something to Show in a Concert”
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: January 2018

Between 1962 and 1971, a total of fifty-four composers from all across Latin America went to Buenos Aires to study classical music composition at the Centro Latinoamericano de Altos Estudios Musicales, part of the Di Tella Institute. This chapter demonstrates that the practices, sounds, ideas, and attitudes that this community of creators and connoisseurs were calling “experimental” were a sign of not one thing but a cluster of things that included at least four different associations: electroacoustic music, unfamiliar instrumental compositions, live improvisations, and most importantly, a lived, embodied experience of being avant-garde in a way felt as authentic, valid, and truthful. Participation in the musical avant-garde meant not only composing within certain aesthetic ideals but also extending these ideals to everyday practices that directly affected the body. The four snapshots presented create a picture of the complex indexical cluster that was known as “experimental” at the time.
“I Go Against the Grain of Your Memory”
Authors: Sharp Daniel B.
Published: January 2018

This chapter charts the artistic trajectory of northeastern Brazilian poet, singer, writer, playwright and actor José Paes de Lira, known as Lirinha, situating his experiments as a long-standing attempt to reject and revise the regional folklorism within which audiences and critics often received his performances. The chapter examines Lirinha’s work, both as the visionary behind the nationally acclaimed group Cordel do Fogo Encantado (1998–2010) and in his subsequent musical and theatrical efforts. It also traces Lirinha’s turn away from folklorism as a reaction against narratives of “cultural rescue” that pressured him to uphold static notions of cultural roots. Reinforcing an overarching argument within this volume, Sharp argues that Lirinha’s work is culturally transformative within its particular field of cultural production, even if it is not always audible as experimental.
Experimentalism as Estrangement
Authors: Madrid Alejandro L. , Rojo Pepe
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyzes Café Tacvba’s fourth album, Revés/Yosoy, which fans and critics alike consider the band’s most experimental recording. By exploring the process of production and circulation of the record along with an analysis of some of the songs’ lyrics in relation to Viktor Shklovsky’s notion of estrangement, the chapter explores how members of the band struggled to handle issues of self-identification in the face of the pressures of a globalized music industry. The chapter explores this moment in tandem with the continuous introduction of neoliberal policies in Mexico since the mid-1980s, in an attempt to show how experimentalism and talk about experimentalism may have worked as spaces for the negotiation of the anxieties that neoliberal access to cosmopolitan networks generated among 1990s Mexican youngsters.
Noise, Sonic Experimentation, and Interior Coloniality in Costa Rica
Authors: Fonseca Susan Campos , Graper Julianne
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how conceptual disputes over genre boundaries, noise, and music open a window into a society that debates and constructs its own contemporaneity, in dialogue with conceptions about what is meant by indigeneity, music, musical composition, musicality, and experimentalism in the twenty-first century. The chapter inquires into how discourses about experimentation and innovation coming from the realm of Noise are constructed under specific technological assumptions; it also explores how these discourses might play out within the Costa Rican artistic scene. On an aesthetic level, this chapter problematizes how the “noise community” (formed by sound artists) imagines itself in the face of a “community of musicians,” separated by the principles of “academic training,” and how Noise, without the noise community, conceives itself as an anomalous zone in Costa Rican society, evidencing processes of “interior coloniality” that function on a micropolitical level.
Afterword
Authors: Piekut Benjamin
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how a US-focused mainstream concept of American experimental music within the art music tradition was cemented in the 1950s through the work of John Cage at a moment when he established professional connections with the European avant-garde. The chapter recognizes that before this moment, composers such as Henry Cowell had thought of American experimentalism in a more hemispheric way and included the activities of composers like Carlos Chávez, Alejandro García Caturla, and Amadeo Roldán in their genealogies. Rather than arguing for a revisionist type of history to include Latin Americans in these narratives about American experimental music, the chapter’s goal is to show that taking into account historical and contemporary Latin@ and Latin American understandings of experimentalisms not only may help us in redefining the social and political meaning of what has been constructed as mainstream musical experimentalism but also may play a central role in critically rethinking post–World War II narratives about music.
Ajax Redeemed
Authors: Thomason Krista K.
Published: January 2018

This chapter argues that shame is a morally valuable emotion, but not in the traditional sense. It argues for a constitutive view of the moral value of shame. Determining an emotion’s moral value involves examining the role it plays in moral psychology rather than the circumstances under which it is permissible to feel. A liability to shame is constitutive of our recognition of other moral points of view and of a wider sense of self. This chapter shows that a liability to shame is morally valuable because it shows that we do not take our self-conception as the final authority on the kinds of people we are. We can see this by examining what is wrong with shamelessness. The shameless person takes her own self-conception to be the final and only authority in her self-estimation.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Michael
Published: January 2018

Definitions for and tests designed to demonstrate female virginity have as much to do with cultural ideals of masculinity as they do with concerns about sexual practices or women’s bodies. A wealth of scholarship in recent years on masculinity in late antiquity generally and Rabbinic Judaism specifically is thus helpful in framing this study. Unlike earlier studies, however, attention to chronological and geographical variety within late antique Judaism helps sharpen our understanding of masculinity in this work. The introduction concludes with brief discussions about the problem with the terms “virgin” and “hymen,” and about methodological issues concerning working with edited Rabbinic texts. An outline of the book’s contents follows.
Body Images
Authors: Finseth Ian
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows that the visual archive of the Civil War—photography, painting, lithography, and illustration—was engaged in a complex undertaking of both directing viewers’ attention to the dead and displacing that attention. The argument is threefold. First, it challenges the conventional wisdom that photographs of the dead made the war more “real” for Americans and served to disrupt their communal grief; rather, these images have the potential to nurture an abstract and open-ended condition of national mourning, evoking a feeling of mutual belonging and of citizenship itself. Second, lithographic prints of battle scenes aestheticize mortality in a way that suppreᶊes the political meanings of the war while creating an allegory of national progreᶊ. Third, some Civil War painting thematized the power of silence, reflection, and contemplation, thereby encouraging a different form of viewing and the exercise of independent critical thought in relation to the waste of war.
Introduction
Authors: Schaflechner Jürgen
Published: January 2018

The introduction gives an overview of the field of Pakistani Hinduism. Bringing together historical research with an analysis of the current situation in Pakistan will show how a Pakistani-Hindu identity exists in a kind of purgatory, caught betwixt and between nation-state and religious loyalty. The author argues that this predicament is one reason for the rapid rise to fame of the Hinglaj shrine in Balochistan. Being sufficiently distant from urban settlements in Pakistan makes a free and unfettered Hindu religious practice possible. Recent changes in infrastructure have made this trip affordable, thus resulting in a steep increase in the number of visitors. The latter part of the introduction gives a description of the book’s chapters.
Change and Perseverance
Authors: Schaflechner Jürgen
Published: January 2018

Chapter 5 elaborates on the evolution of the pilgrimage and maps the process in recent decades that has gradually claimed the Hinglaj valley and the shrine as Hindu religious space. It offers a detailed analysis of the various resting places, ritual activities, and mytho-historic narratives found on the pilgrimage to Hinglaj in order to show how such paṛāv (Hin. halting/resting places) have transformed in recent years. Using colonial sources, travelogues, and the author’s own ethnographical material from Sindh and Balochistan, the chapter offers a comprehensive study of the sanctum sanctorum and how it has been physically manipulated by Hindu renovators in order to minimize visual impressions suggestive of the (Zikri-) Muslim tradition, a manifestation of the general “Hinduization” in recent decades at the shrine. The chapter also demonstrates how both man-made and natural material alterations in the past, such as renovations or landslides, led to new narratives and ritual practices at the shrine.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Tim
Published: January 2018

The introduction summarizes the process of decolonization in the British and French Empires and the role of the United States. Anthropology became a more professionalized discipline, raising the barriers to interdisciplinary conversations between anthropologists and other intellectuals and making it less desirable for colonial intellectuals to choose anthropology, as a significant number had done earlier in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, exchanges continued between literature and anthropology. I argue that the literary-anthropological dynamics of the 1950s and 1960s were prefigured by three examples in the 1930s and 1940s: Zora Neale Hurston’s fieldwork among African Americans in the US South, Michel Leiris’s account of Marcel Griaule’s 1930s anthropological expedition from Dakar to Djibouti, and the establishment of the Mass-Observation program to document British everyday life. The introduction analyzes Claude Lévi-Strauss’s Tristes tropiques as a key text in the flourishing of a new literary anthropology in the 1950s.
Close the Health Gap
Authors: Spencer Michael S. , Walters Karina L. , Allen Heidi L. , Andrews Christina M. , Begun Audrey , Browne Teri , Clapp John D. , DiNitto Diana , Maramaldi Peter , Wheeler Darrell P. , Zebrack Bradley J. , Uehara Edwina
Published: January 2018

More than 60 million Americans experience devastating one-two punches to their health -- they have inadequate access to basic health care while also enduring the effects of discrimination, poverty, and dangerous environments that accelerate higher rates of illness. Innovative and evidence-based social strategies can improve health care and lead to broad gains in the health of our entire society.
Impurity and Purification
Authors: Aktor Mikael
Published: January 2018

Ritual purity was the self-proclaimed foundation of the authority of the Brahmin authors of Dharmaśāstra and the priestly class in general. Observance of purity rules was at the same time a social display of Brahmin exclusivity, a guarantee of meritorious priestly services for the clients, and an internal social-control mechanism. The chapter discusses the historical origins of this theme in the Dharmaśāstra literature and it gives an overview and examples of the fine-tuned vocabulary and systematic typology of these rules. To observe them demanded all-round control of the mental, verbal, bodily, domestic, and social life of a Brahmin but would also serve as a boundary marker protecting the social status and values of the priestly class. Finally, the chapter discusses some of the rich scholarly literature that emerged from the cross-disciplinary interest in this material during the structuralist turn in the humanities from the 1960s and onward.
Law during Emergencies
Authors: Bowles Adam
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces concepts underpinning āpaddharma (“law during emergencies”) from their earliest articulations in the Dharmaśāstras. It argues that “law during emergencies” first appears as a way to ameliorate problems arising when circumstances render normative occupations unviable. Therefore, the core principle of āpaddharma permits a conditional occupational mobility, typically in a socially downward direction. Later texts—particularly the Mānavadharmaśāstra and the Mahābhārata, in which the compound āpaddharma is first coined—develop and extend this concept into other areas, especially with regard to leviratic union and political violence. It is argued that the concept of āpaddharma serves to protect an individual from the social and transcendent consequences of being unable to follow normative standards of behavior.
Images and Temples
Authors: Davis Richard H.
Published: January 2018

During the first millennium CE, Hindus in India developed a complex and conspicuous set of religious practices and institutions centered on the worship of physical images or icons. These images were treated as theophanies, that is, as material embodiments or supports for the tangible presence of the Hindu gods. Considering the importance of these religious practices in classical and medieval India, it is surprising that discussion of them in the Dharmaśāstra literature is quite sparse. This chapter traces the discourse pertaining to Hindu images and temples within the Dharmaśāstra and related genres. It examines both the iconophobic orientation, as found in texts such as the Dharmaśāstra of Manu, and those orthodox iconodules within the Dharmaśāstra ambit who did engage with and articulate programs of image-related ritual practice.
Material Culture and Society
Authors: McHugh James
Published: January 2018

Dharmaśāstric texts contain many references to material objects, and these things often play an important role in activities, prohibitions, penances, and punishments. Legal sources are often our best evidence for aspects of material culture. Studied alongside non-legal materials, we can learn more about the significance of these material objects, and enrich our picture of society more generally. Focusing on the case of the liquor-shop banner, the chapter explains how this sign was probably the only retail sign in ancient India. The sign advertised either the availability of fresh liquor or simply a place where liquor was sold. Communities who drank liquor and those who strictly avoided drink would have viewed it quite differently. Thus, the banner-carrying penitent was transformed into a walking liquor store—a noticeable mobile place to be conspicuously avoided by certain communities.
Pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics)
Authors: Escudier Marcel
Published: January 2018

The three fundamental principles for the variation of static pressure p throughout a body of fluid at rest are (a) the pressure at a point is the same in all directions (Pascal’s law), (b) the pressure is the same at all points on the same horizontal level, and (c) the pressure increases with depth z according to the hydrostatic equation. dp/dz= ρg For a fluid with constant density ρ, the increase in pressure over a depth increase h is ρgh, a result which can be used to analyse the response of simple barometers and manometers to applied pressure changes and differences. In situations where very large changes in pressure occur an equation of state may be required to relate pressure and density together with an assumption about the fluid temperature. The hydrostatic equation is still valid but more difficult to integrate, as illustrated by consideration of the earth’s atmosphere.
The First Woman Question
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: January 2018

In this chapter I examine the ways in which female writers and protesters have appropriated the Bible’s first woman in their challenges to female subordination in patriarchal culture, and in their own articulation of what it is to be ‘Woman’. In particular I focus on the significance of the figure of Eve in the history of feminism to demonstrate the importance of women’s voices in the Bible’s reception, as well as to explore the impact Genesis 2–3 has had on the women’s movement. Thus I reflect on the symbiotic relationship between women’s writing and women’s material culture and the biblical text, considering some of the interpretative strategies used within them to demonstrate that not only have women’s readings frequently worked to reject negative, derogatory images of the woman in Genesis 2–3 but that they have also actively appropriated and rewritten Eve as their champion rather than their curse.
Another Esther
Authors: Rappaport Pamela Kirk
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates the appropriation of the figure of Esther in autobiographical texts by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1648–95), Mexican nun, poet, dramatist, and theologian of Spain’s Golden Age (siglo de oro) to allude to her secret Jewish/converso heritage. Like Esther she advocates for her people, albeit in subtexts, evoking their nobility as well as their plight. Catholic tradition saw Esther anticipating Mary, but Sor Juana suggests the link in reverse: Mary is of the lineage of Esther. Using the language of the Doctrine of Mary’s Immaculate Conception, she promotes the purity of blood of the Jewish people. In her autobiographical Respuesta a Sor Filotea de la Cruz, she sets herself explicitly as Esther trembling before her friend/critic, the powerful Bishop of Puebla, but also as Christ—beautiful, wise, and marked (señalado) for suffering—and as Peter who denies being ex illis, one of them.
Toni Morrison’s Shulamites
Authors: Pardes Ilana
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Toni Morrison’s renditions of new Shulamites in Song of Solomon (1977) and Beloved (1987). The female characters of both novels highlight the power and bold eroticism of the Shulamite’s voice, calling for a different perception of gender relations and feminine sexuality. While offering new representations of femininity, Morrison is no less eager to fashion a new grand Song as a base for a redefinition of the African-American community. In Song of Solomon, the ancient biblical love poem merges with African folk songs and legends and in Beloved, the ghostly Beloved is both a tormented and tormenting Shulamite as well as the spirit of the many slaves whose sufferings she embodies. Special attention is given to Morrison’s response to African-American commentaries on the verse ‘I am black, but comely’ and to points of affinity between her exegesis and feminist biblical criticism in the 1970s and 1980s.
Feminist Remappings in Times of Neoliberalism
Authors: Fiorenza Elisabeth Schüssler
Published: January 2018

Whatever stories we tell about the feminist past will shape our visions for its future. Hence, my explorations attempt to caution us not to situate a feminist remapping of the field of biblical studies within the context of neoliberalism. It is important to note that gender studies arrived on the scene at the same time as neoliberal economic globalization and its academic discourses gained ground around the world. Thus, the history of gender studies is not just a story important for feminism in the West, but rather a story of global dimensions. Today, kyriarchal neoliberal publishing structures not only rob wo/men of our intellectual traditions through misrepresentation, silencing, and exclusion, but much more through the reifying and stealing of our intellectual power. They do so through the control of print and other media. Hence, any remapping of the field must pay attention to this neoliberal capitalist cooptation of feminist work.
‘But I Still Read The Bible!’
Authors: Llewellyn Dawn
Published: January 2018

While it might be assumed that post-Christian women have rejected the sacred texts of Christianity, this chapter highlights their continued use of the Bible to resource their spiritual lives, and in doing so raises two questions for gendered religious reading practices. First, post-Christian women’s biblicalism crosses the distinction between sacred and secular literatures, and reading processes sometimes made in religious feminisms. Second, despite the emphasis on ‘women’s experience’, feminist theology has focused on the text to the extent that actual readers and their spiritual reading practices are often overlooked. Yet, qualitatively interviewing post-Christian women reveals the biblical reading and the ‘filtering’ strategies they employ to monitor their use of the Bile. This questions the assumption that women who use literature as a spiritual resource are doing so because they have found the Christian testaments lacking in opportunities to access the divine and have therefore excluded them from their personal collections of spiritual texts. While post-Christian women readers in this study are critical of scripture and question its relevancy, they are still reading the Bible.
Courtesy food sharing characterized by begging for social bonds in wild bonobos
Authors: Yamamoto Shinya , Furuichi Takeshi
Published: January 2018

Food sharing has played an important role in the evolution of cooperation, especially in hominization. Evolutionary theories regarding food sharing have been based mainly on chimpanzee meat sharing. However, in bonobos, our other closest evolutionary relatives, food sharing occurs in considerably different ways than it does in chimpanzees. Bonobos often share plant food, which can often be obtained without any cooperation or specialized skills, sometimes even when the same food items are abundant and easily available at the sites. The characteristics of bonobo food sharing appear to be at odds with previous hypotheses, such as reciprocity and sharing under pressure, and urge us to shift our viewpoint from the food owner to the recipient. This chapter proposes that recipients beg to strengthen social bonding as well as to gain access to the food itself. Frequent fruit sharing among bonobos may shed light on the evolution of courtesy food sharing to enhance social bonds in a resource-rich environment. Le partage de la nourriture a joué un rôle très important dans l’évolution de coopération, spécialement dans la hominisation. Les théories évolutionnaires sur le partage de la nourriture sont basées, pour la plupart, sur le partage de la viande par les chimpanzés. Cependant, chez les bonobos, nos autres parents évolutionnaires, le partage de la nourriture est fait d’une manière très différente que chez les chimpanzés. Les bonobos partagent fréquemment les aliments végétaux, qui sont obtenus sans coopération et sans compétences spécialisées, et parfois le font même quand cette même nourriture est facilement accessible aux sites. Les caractéristiques du partage de nourriture chez les bonobos contredisent des hypothèses précédentes, comme celle de la réciprocité et du partage-sous-pression, et nous poussent à changer la perspective du propriétaire de la nourriture à celle du bénéficiaire. Nous proposons que les bénéficiaires supplient pour commencer à se lier socialement, et pour accéder à la nourriture. Le partage fréquent des fruits chez les bonobos peut nous informer sur l’évolution du partage de nourriture par politesse pour augmenter les liens sociaux dans un environnement plein de ressources.
Cognitive comparisons of genusPansupport bonobo self-domestication
Authors: Hare Brian , Woods Vanessa
Published: January 2018

The self-domestication hypothesis (SDH) suggests bonobo psychology evolved due to selection against aggression and in favour of prosociality. This hypothesis was formulated based on similarities between bonobos and domesticated animals. This chapter reviews the first generation of quantitative research that supports the predictions of the SDH. Similar to domestic animals, bonobos are prosocial towards strangers, more flexible with cooperative problems, more responsive to social cues and show expanded windows of development relative to their closest relatives, chimpanzees. A preliminary comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee infants is presented that suggests that when hearing a stranger, bonobos have a xenophilic response while chimpanzees have a xenophobic response. The chapter explores why the work with bonobos has implications for theories of both human and animal cognitive evolution, and why bonobos will be central in studying evolutionary processes leading to cognitive change. L’hypothèse d’auto-domestication (SDH) suggère que la psychologie bonobo a évolué grâce à la sélection contre l’agression et en faveur de la prosocialité. Cette hypothèse fut formulée à partir de similarités entres les bonobos et les animaux domestiqués. Nous révisons la première génération de recherche quantitative qui soutient les prédictions du SDH. Comme les animaux domestiques, les bonobos sont prosociaux envers les étrangers, plus flexibles avec les problèmes de coopération, plus sensibles aux signaux sociaux, et montrent des fenêtres étendues de développement relativement à leur plus proche parent, le chimpanzé. Nous présentons une comparaison préliminaire des bébés bonobos et chimpanzés. Quand ils entendent un étranger, les bonobos ont une réaction xénophilique alors que les chimpanzés ont une réaction xénophobique. Nous expliquons pourquoi le travail des bonobos est impliqué dans les théories d’évolution cognitive humaine et animale, et pourquoi les bonobos seront au centre des études évolutionnaires des procès menants aux changements cognitives.
The Triple Concordance system and Liu Xin’s ‘Grand Unified Theory’
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: January 2018

In 9 CE, the powerful courtier Wang Mang deposed the infant prince of Han and took power as first emperor of his own dynasty. To help him sustain this claim, Liu Xin created what amounted to a Grand Unified Theory, in which all the important regularities of nature were explained with reference to numbers. We shall look in detail at the Triple Concordance system that resulted from this initiative, and follow through some examples of calculation based on it. Here we shall meet for the first time certain common features of all such systems. Liu Xin also undertook an ambitious project to use his new system to reconstruct the records of astronomical phenomena in a number of historical texts. Liu Xin’s work gives us an in-depth view of how one of the central figures in the early development of Chinese mathematical sciences saw the world.
James Thomson and ‘Rule, Britannia’
Authors: McLean Ralph
Published: January 2018

The image of Britannia long pre-dated the eighteenth century, but throughout its history she was often viewed as the victim of outside aggression rather than as the defender of the realm. This chapter demonstrates how Thomson’s refashioning of Britannia, most notably in the masque Alfred, which he and David Mallet wrote for the young Prince Frederick, created an imperial icon that was subsequently used to export a brand of maritime patriotism across Britain’s expanding Empire. Thomson’s Britannia, representing both the Scottish and the English contribution to the British state, celebrates the Anglo-Scottish Union and the impact that this Union had on liberty and commerce. Such was the popularity of Thomson’s vision of Britannia that it inspired repeated imitations, emulations, and parodies, and continues to be a part of the British cultural memory in the twenty-first century.
Jacobite Unionism
Authors: Carruthers Gerard
Published: January 2018

The matter of Jacobitism and the cause of the Stuarts are at the heart of the modern Scottish literary canon, from the songs of Burns via the novels of Scott to the era of Aytoun and Stevenson. Political Jacobitism between 1707 and 1745–6 was the primary vehicle for Scottish independence and anti-unionist sentiment. However, after the collapse of the Jacobite movement at Culloden, later generations of sentimental Jacobite writers, while continuing to be entranced by the romance of Stuart dynasticism, stood for a more pragmatic strain of political acceptance. Sentimental Jacobite writers did not challenge the Union per se, though they tended to subscribe to the view that it was—and should be—a partnership of equals. Scotland, they argued, was not a province of England, no mere Scotland-shire. Nevertheless, much of Scotland’s Jacobite, or more properly neo-Jacobite, literary canon embodied a sotto voice acceptance of the Union.
Charles Lamb … Seriously
Authors: Bevis Matthew
Published: January 2018

One of the perplexing pleasures of reading Lamb is related to the difficulty of trying to get a read on him, to know what his jokes and ironies are meant to be countenancing or disavowing. This chapter explores how forms of unseriousness and semi-seriousness enabled the essayist to do some of his most imaginative and provocative thinking. A guiding thought that informs the enquiry is a comment by Stanley Cavell on a particular kind of literary style: ‘a natural effect of reading such writing is to be unsure whether the writer is perfectly serious. I dare say that the writer may himself or herself be unsure, and that this may be a good sign that the writing is doing its work, taking its course.’ The chapter shows how Lamb’s enduring commitment to this idea of the work—and play—allows us to think through style in new ways.
Keeping to William Hazlitt
Authors: Johnston Freya
Published: January 2018

Style, as this chapter shows, mattered to Hazlitt. A test of character, as of sensations and ideas, it bodied forth the relationships between human beings and the objects of their love, hatred, and indifference. As a stylistic principle, Hazlitt’s ideal of ‘keeping’ in prose descends from eighteenth-century conceptions of decorum in painting, the art in which he was initially trained; indeed, one of his distinctions as a prose stylist is his pictorial approach to the world. Among his other distinctive authorial qualities are combativeness, mobility, range, passionate self-division, and a tendency to overload his work with quotations from and allusions to other writers. His writing is both driven and absorptive.
‘The greatest irregular’
Authors: Scurr Ruth
Published: January 2018

Thomas Carlyle claimed that his history of the French Revolution was ‘a wild savage book, itself a kind of French Revolution …’. This chapter considers his stylistic approaches to creating the illusion of immediacy: his presentation of seemingly unmediated fact through the transformation of memoir and other kinds of historical record into a compelling dramatic narrative. Closely examining the ways in which he worked biographical anecdote into the fabric of his text raises questions about Carlyle’s wider historical purposes. Pressing the question of what it means to think through style, or to distinguish expressive emotive writing from abstract understanding, is an opportunity to reconsider Carlyle’s relation to his predecessors and contemporaries writing on the Revolution in English.
The Idea of Matthew Arnold
Authors: Russell David
Published: January 2018

Matthew Arnold’s critical style is famous for its slogans, what he once wryly summarized as ‘sweetness and light, and all that’. We might add, seeing ‘the object as it really is’, ‘the best that is known and said’, and more. The slogans, in their vagueness and repetition, can make Arnold seem a harbinger of hollow advertising idiom or the soundbites of political discourse and management-speak. This chapter argues, however, that the repetitiousness and vagueness of Arnold’s style are not faults, but a basis of his critical practice. It considers his essays of the 1860s, when Arnold established himself as a public critic, to show how their apparently empty style insists, not on logical propositions, but possible relational modes. These modes produce a space for the evocation of the unthinkable in British society: what Arnold called ‘the idea’, in an experience that would link the reader’s individual self-cultivation to communal social aims.
Cashing in on William James
Authors: Davis Philip
Published: January 2018

William James, philosopher and psychologist, offers a style of thinking in which the forming of an idea is experienced as live event, a hot spot in the brain of writer and reader. It requires what is argued to be a literary language offered within an apparently non-literary medium, involving not a stylish vocabulary so much as a dynamic syntax. The first section describes the new grammar of philosophy central to James’s style: Process Philosophy where reality is best registered through verbs and conjunctions rather than nouns. The second section concerns the psychology of such a style, liberated through the mental pathways made by creative sentence-making. Such sentences reach forward in making an immediate mental future, pursuing ‘the more’ beyond the already known. It is concluded that this model of thinking is intrinsically useful to the mental well-being of humans, as art put to profitable work outside the realm of aesthetics.
Developing Social Functions of Autobiographical Memory within Family Storytelling
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Zaman Widaad , Merrill Natalie
Published: January 2018

We examine the developing social functions of autobiographical memory across childhood from a sociocultural perspective. We focus on family storytelling, and argue that reminiscing facilitates social and emotional bonds among family members. We delineate both the process of reminiscing, sharing our past with others in conversation, and the content of reminiscing, reminiscing about people, and reflecting on the value of those relationships. Elaborated family reminiscing, both about shared experiences and intergenerational narratives told by the older generation to the younger generation, emerges from more secure early parent–child attachment relationships, and facilitates the maintenance of family bonds through adolescence. Intriguingly, females may use autobiographical narratives to create and maintain socioemotional bonds with others to a greater extent than do males.
Collaborative Inhibition in Group Recall: Cognitive Principles and Implications
Authors: Rajaram Suparna
Published: January 2018

Collaborative inhibition in recall is a counterintuitive yet widely replicated phenomenon observed in experimental research on memory. Collaborative inhibition refers to the finding where the joint recall of an interacting group is significantly lower than the sum of the nonredundant items that a “nominal group,” or an equal number of individuals working alone, recall. This chapter provides a selective review of the published findings on this phenomenon from laboratory research. The goal is to familiarize the reader with evidence from our work and those of other groups to characterize the nature of the collaborative inhibition effect, to identify the conditions where this effect reduces, disappears, or even reverses, to explore its occurrence across different group structures, and to describe its post-collaborative consequences on memory.
Group-level Cognizing, Collaborative Remembering, and Individuals
Authors: Wilson Robert A.
Published: January 2018

This chapter steps back from the important psychological work on collaborative remembering at the heart of the present volume to take up some broader questions about the place of memory in Western cultural thought, both historically and in contemporary society, offering the kind of integrative and reflective perspective for which philosophy is often known. In particular, the text aims to shed some light on the relationship between collaborative memory and the other two topics in this title—group-level cognizing and individuals—beginning with the relationship between collective intentionality and collaborative remembering, and concluding with some brief comments on the politics of collaborative remembering by drawing on recent work that has been undertaken with eugenics survivors in Canada.
Parent–Child Construction of Personal Memories in Reminiscing Conversations: Implications for the Development and Treatment of Childhood Psychopathology
Authors: Salmon Karen
Published: January 2018

Strong theory and research implicates parent–child conversations about the past in the child’s development of critical skills, including autobiographical memory and understanding of emotion and minds. Yet very little research has focused on associations between reminiscing and the development of childhood psychopathology. This chapter considers what is known about reminiscing between parents and children where there is anxiety or conduct problems. These findings provide clues as to how children come to manifest difficulties in autobiographical memory and emotion competence. Thereafter, the text reviews studies that have attempted to alter the style and content of parent–child reminiscing in clinical populations. The full implications of parent–child reminiscing, as a rich context for children’s development, have yet to be realized in clinically relevant research.
Bayesianism and IBE
Authors: Henderson Leah
Published: January 2018

Different views have been proposed about how Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE) and Bayesianism might be compatible with one another. One is a hybrid view, according to which explanatory considerations play a role in driving the Bayesian machinery. Another is an ‘emergent compatibilist’ view, in which an independently motivated Bayesian model of IBE is provided, so that explanatory considerations emerge from the Bayesian machinery rather than driving it. Specific scientific arguments can serve as test cases for these general views. The chapter argues that the case of Williams’ argument against group selection, discussed by Elliott Sober, is better understood with the emergent compatibilist picture, than with the hybrid view. This analysis of the case challenges Elliott Sober’s claim that the epistemic significance of appeals to the explanatory virtue of parsimony is highly case-specific. Instead, a more unified picture of IBE and its connection to Bayesianism is suggested.
Explanation, Idealism, and Design
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: January 2018

The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it shows how versions of physicalism, dualism, and idealism can be formulated as theses about grounding, or metaphysical explanation, rather than as more straightforwardly ontological theses concerning what exists. Second, it argues that this reformulation provides a helpful lens through which to look at arguments in the philosophy of religion. In particular, traditional versions of theism are naturally understood as versions of idealism, once idealism is understood as a thesis about grounding. The chapter goes on to argue that once theism is seen as a version of idealism, theistic arguments from design—in particular, fine-tuning arguments—can be seen to have a limitation that is otherwise easy to overlook. Such arguments can be understood as aiming to convince, not just the atheist, but the physicalist and/or dualist. And this turns out to be harder than one might have thought.
Idealism and Incommensurability
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: January 2018

Kuhn famously talks about the scientists after a scientific revolution living in a different ‘world’ from the scientists prior to the revolution. This talk could be understood in lots of different ways, but one way is certainly that the notion of truth is relative to a paradigm—a form of idealism. This chapter lays this out and argues against it by arguing against the strong form of incommensurability on which it relies. In particular, the chapter (i) argues that even in the course of a Kuhnian ‘crisis,’ arguments from neutral ground for or against some candidate paradigms can be mounted, and (ii) argues against Feyerabend’s contention that because the rivals in a ‘crisis’ disagree on the gold standards for reliable observations, there is no non-question-begging way to confirm or to disconfirm those rivals. The chapter draws upon Galilean examples to argue for each of these points.
Canonical Maps
Authors: Marquis Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2018

Canonical maps play a central role in contemporary mathematics. However, their exact definition eludes present-day mathematics. We claim in this chapter that category theory allows us to identify some of them in a systematic manner. This simple fact leads to important philosophical implications and to a new form of dualism in mathematics.