bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin: Reconsiderations on a 'neo-Narodnik litterateur'
Authors: Kozlov Nicholas N.
Published: March 2007

The work of Nikolai I. Bukharin is often similarly misrepresented by scholars of otherwise very different political inclinations. Many mainstream scholars sympathize with Bukhar-in's alleged "right deviation"; on the other hand, Trotskyists blame Bukharin for Stalinism. Both groups, each for different reasons, then seek to portray Bukharin as a social democrat rather than a Bolshevik. Common to both left and mainstream analyses is the avowal of a supposed theoretical and political "break" in Bukharin's thinking around 1921, during the introduction of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in Soviet Russia, a view which will be challenged here.

This paper additionally seeks to provide some examples of fairly serious distortions of Bukharin's thinking, and to rectify matters by recourse to the original texts. Hopefully, this will make Bukharin into something less of a strawperson, and will enable his own arguments to be realistically criticized as well as allowing the potentially flawed perspectives of his opponents to be brought to light. And finally, this paper will focus on some of the similarities in theoretical outlook between Bukharin and his adversaries among the Left Opposition. This approach will help to transcend the irresoluble "Left Opposition" vs "Socialism in One Country" polemic, and provide further support for the opinion that neither position could have offered an adequate solution to the industrialization debate because both were confined by the presuppositions of the NEP.
The Corporate Person and Social Control: Responding to Deregulation
Authors: Meyer Peter B.
Published: March 2007

The need for a coherent left position on the issue of public control of business activities has been heightened by the experience of massive deregulation. This paper offers such a position, proposing a policy as a nonreformist reform in Gorz' sense. The patterns of regulatory law development and lack of effective enforcement in the United States and current right-wing attacks on regulation are outlined. Next, the corporation's component "persons": shareholders, directors, managers and workers are examined, to see which sanctions fall on which people, and what might constitute more appropriate "incidence" of sanctions, given the current United States political climate. Third, a proposal for extension of the personal liability logics applied to pension fund managers to the directors of businesses which violate laws, combined with utilization of available and more stringent sanctions on corporations themselves is developed. The rationale and precedent for such actions are presented, and I conclude with an argument over the extent to which debate on such a proposal, let alone its implementation, would move in the direction of Gorzian non-reformist reforms.
The Sexual Division of Labor and Social Control: An Interpretation
Authors: Humphries Jane
Published: March 2007

The paper provides an account of the sexual division of labor across modes of production. Attention is given to the historically specific demands that human reproduction makes on mothers. Analysis of feudalism and early capitalism identifies the need in poor economies to control marriage and childbearing if population is not to run ahead of resources. The sexual division of labor organized work in a way that minimized disruption of traditional controls over family formation.
Surplus Creation and Extraction Under Structural Adjustment: Turkey, 1980-1992
Authors: Yeldan A. Erinç
Published: March 2007

Based on the classical notion that resolution of the distributional conflict preceded accumulation and production, the paper addresses the changing patterns of surplus creation and extraction under Turkish structural adjustment of the 1980s. Four overlapping mechanisms of surplus extraction that span the adjustment period are identified, and the position of capital toward wage-labor, peasantry, the foreign economy and the state is discussed.
The Rate of Profit and the Future of Capitalism
Authors: Moseley Fred
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the future of capitalism depends mainly on the rate of profit. Updates of previous estimates of the rate of profit are presented which show that the rate of profit has recovered only about 40 percent of the prior decline in the rate of profit during the 1960s and 1970s, thus suggesting that the current stagnation in the U.S. economy is likely to continue in the foreseeable future. It is argued that the main reason for the lack of a more significant increase in the rate of profit is a continued increase in the relative proportion of unproductive labor.
Political Economy of Classism: Towards a More Integrated Multilevel View
Authors: Barone Chuck
Published: March 2007

Operating within the Marxist tradition, radical economists have utilized a macro-social level structural analysis focusing on modes of production, social relations of production, and class exploitation. But what of classism, the class bigotry and oppression experienced in the everyday lives of working people and their families, at work, in their communities, and in other social spaces? This paper seeks to expand our understanding of the political economy of class by sketching out a multilevel analysis of class oppression as a social system that encompasses macro, meso, and micro levels, and includes both structures and human agency. It will examine how people come to occupy their class roles; how they learn their particular class outlook, mannerisms, behavior, and culture; and how the personal and social dynamics of class oppression are related to the larger macrostructures of class oppression and exploitation.
Endogenous Determination of Parenting Preferences by Interaction of an Internal and an External Game
Authors: Basu Bharati , Bechtold Brigitte
Published: March 2007

Marriage partners' parenting preferences are shown to be determined by an internal (within the household) game, the outcome of which is influenced by "extra-environmental parameters" in the form of an external game between outside gender-based interest groups and the government.
Are U.S. Corporations Top-Heavy? Managerial Ratios in Advanced Capitalist Countries
Authors: Reich Michael
Published: March 2007

I assess here the evidence for Gordon's thesis in Fat and Mean that a bureaucratic burden of managers and supervisors has grown in response to the breakdown of the postwar labor-capital accord. My results suggest that increases in managerial ratios are explained only partly by the switch to a more conflictual regime. Much of the postwar increase in managerial intensity coincided with the increased power of labor during the accord period. Management aggressiveness in the subsequent period weakened labor, but did not necessarily involve increased managerial ratios. Increases in firm size and in the importance of professional and other specialized knowledge workers in Taylorist workplace systems explain much of the increase in managerial ratios.
Group in Foulkes
Authors: Ormay Tom
Published: March 2007

The need for a drive theory in group analysis and psychoanalysis is argued for; especially against the background of recent advances in genetics. The old drive theories were not adequate and created confusion on several levels. With the application of the social drive a direct understanding of our social nature becomes possible. A discrete social function of the personality is proposed. It supports the Foulkesian view of people.
Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorders in Cases of Incest
Authors: Ganzarain Ramon
Published: March 2007

The complexity of this topic necessitates focusing on prototypical situations which highlight the relationship between incest and severe personality disorders. Hence many aspects of the subject will not be examined here. I deal mainly with the `narcissistic contract' between the incestuous partners and with the traumatic consequences for the victim, after experiencing the breakdown of basic boundaries during incest. I quote from our group psychotherapy work with Dr Bonnie Buchele, both with victims and offenders, in separate groups (Ganzarain and Buchele, 1988, 1990).
The `Yugoslav Crisis' Reflected in the Large Group in the Diploma Course in Zagreb
Authors: Trampuž Dubravka
Published: March 2007

A block training course in group analysis had been going on in Zagreb for three years, with the author, a trainee, a participant member. The course included a large group that in the author's opinion reflected well many aspects of the so-called `Yugoslav crisis', and its tragic consequences. The author reflects upon some possible reasons why this particular large group was unable to create a `persistent pressure of dialogue' (de Mare, 1975).
Group Analysis and Anthropology: I Using Anthropology in Group Analysis and Psychotherapy; II Using Group Analysis in Social and Cultural Anthropology and Related Sciences; Im Mutual Influences
Authors: Bosse Hans
Published: March 2007

Enza, a young woman of twenty-one years of age, is receiving psychotherapy from Maria Antonia Ferrante. Enza's ailment is that she fasts for several days, then overeats and vomits, under the ever watchful eye of her grandmother, father and mother. In the three years of her work with this anorexic young woman, Ferrante learns a lot about Enza's family and village. An idea develops in her mind that Enza `s ailment might be connected with ritual adaption or maladaption to social change; she decides to visit her village. Before doing so, she goes to a library in Rome to read up about the socioeconomic situation and the folklore and beliefs of the people in Enza's region. When she arrives at Ispani, she finds other girls and young women with similar ailments, whose cases are similarly enlightening and informative. She also talks to the emaciated ninety-three-year-old priest who hides the beautiful Madonna of the parish church in a cupboard to make room for the statue of the male St Rocco.... Then the puzzle of rural anorexia in Southern Italy is solved.
Measuring the Effects of Group Interpretations with the Severely Mentally Ill
Authors: Kapur Raman
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the difficulties in working interpretatively with severely mentally ill patients in groups. Often patients ignore or defeat the interpretative interventions of the group therapist. This research explores the relationship between group interpretations and the responsiveness of groups of severely mentally ill patients to these interpretations. Seven elements or dimensions of interpretation are identified. A coding manual measures these aspects of interpretation and provides a measure of patient responsiveness. The results of the study give some support to clinical experience in working with these patients where efforts to help them can be defeated or `attacked' by the more ill part of the patient. The methodological difficulties in this research are discussed. A Bionian theoretical framework is forwarded to formulate the hypotheses for the research and to explore the implications.
Forensic Psychotherapy and Group Analysis
Authors: Welldon Estela V.
Published: March 2007

Forensic Psychotherapy is a new discipline, the offspring of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy. Its aim is the psychodynamic understanding of offenders and their consequent treatment, regardless of the seriousness of the offence. It involves the understanding of the unconscious as well as the conscious motivations of the criminal mind, and of particular offence behaviour. It does not seek to condone the crime or to excuse the criminal. On the contrary, the object is to help offenders to acknowledge their responsibility for acts and thereby to save both offenders and society from further crimes. The more we understand about the criminal mind the more possible it becomes to take positive preventive action. This, in turn, should lead to better management and the implementation of more cost-effective treatment of patients. This paper deals with the basic facts of forensic psychotherapy as practised in a National Health Service outpatient clinic, the Portman Clinic, where I have worked for over 20 years. Other settings such as special hospitals, medium secure units and therapeutic communities are of great importance, but not directly addressed here, although the same principles obtain in these institutions.
Dreams in an Analytic Cotherapy Group
Authors: Issroff Judith , Van Adelsberg Elma Stibbe
Published: March 2007

This article deals with dreams as a major mode of communication and of therapeutic change in a group. We suggest the main factors in enabling a positive therapeutic outcome were the use of the group `cultural container' as an external world transitional `play space' in which group participants' inner dream space/container experiences and personal symbolism were expressed and `toyed' with in the telling of dreams. We speculate as to whether and to what extent tensions between cotherapists might have promoted dream work in the group. Issues between the cotherapists affected the group process and we recommend outside supervision in cotherapy groups.
A Case of Combined Therapy: Some Developmental and Object-Relations Phenomena
Authors: Praper Peter
Published: March 2007

This article presents a careful study of the developmental process from dyadic relationships, individuation and separation through triadic towards group relations, bringing into focus both a severe schizoid person on her way towards interdependency and the group phenomena involved. At the same time the rediscovered modality of combined therapy has been taken into consideration.
The `Mafia Feeling': A Transcultural Theme of Sicily
Authors: Maria Franco Di
Published: March 2007

In this article, the Mafia feeling is analysed as an anthropological and cultural theme which through the family establishes personal and individual identity (in the sense of identicalness) which needs set certainties. The presence of a code of certainties suggests the hypothesis that the Mafia feeling is structured on a specific cultural transpersonal level which guarantees the survival, the cohesion and the sense of belonging to the members of a subculture.

It is argued that, from the Group-analytic standpoint the Mafia feeling can be considered as a pre-thoughtful and dogmatic thinking which, beginning from a normal degree of dogmatism (adaptive dogmatism), flows through a matrix entirely saturated with meaning into a pathological dogmatism.
Michael Balint — England's Unsung Group Psychology Pioneer
Authors: Scheidlinger Saul
Published: March 2007

This article reviews Michael Balint's pioneering contributions to the psychoanalytically based training of human services professionals in a group context. The puzzling failure on the part of his compatriots to acknowledge his work, in the face of its wide international medical recognition, is considered.
The beginning of an alternative view of the neurobiology of emotion
Authors: Mendoza Sally P. , Ruys John D.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to provide a sketch of the neurobiology of emotion that includes essential aspects of emotion as identified by personality and social psychologists. We offer a model of emotion that includes a negative valence system with the amygdala at its core and a positive evaluation system with the nucleus accumbens at its core. The apparent specificity of emotion is conferred by the additional contribution of two monoaminergic systems - serotonin produced by the raphe nucleus and norepinephrine produced by the locus coeruleus. This view of emotion stands in sharp contrast to the usual approach to the understanding of the neurobiology of emotion, which seeks to find a specific pathway for each emotion.
Politics and the Law of Babel
Authors: Laponce Jean
Published: March 2007

The world language system is profoundly affected by the increase in the frequency and density of communication on a world scale. Most of the languages spoken today are not expected to survive the century and most of those surviving will lose or fail to get control of some higher functions of communication, notably in the fields of commerce and science. The minority languages best able to resist the pressure of more powerful competitors are those having a government as their champion, and their best overall protective strategy remains territorialization, either within the boundaries of a unilingual state or, in the case of multilingual societies, on the territorial model of Switzerland and Belgium that juxtaposes rather than mixes languages at the regional level.
The Biosemiotics and Phylogenesis of Culture
Authors: Lestel Dominique
Published: March 2007

The question of animal cultures has once again become a subject of debate in ethology, and is now one of its most active and problematic areas. One surprising feature of this research, however, is the lack of attention paid to the communications that go on in these complex animal societies, with the exception of mechanisms of social learning. This neglect of communications is all the more troubling because many ethologists are unwilling to acknowledge that animals have cultures precisely because they do not possess language, a refusal therefore on semiotic grounds. In the present article, I show that the biosemiotic approach to animal cultures is, on the contrary, essential to their understanding, even if the complexity of animal communications is far from being well enough understood. I consider that some of the consequences of this approach are very important, in particular the question of whether we can talk about subjects in the case of animals. Alternatively, I suggest that the semiotic approach to animal cultures leads to a discussion of some of the most serious limitations of biosemiotics, particularly when it comes to investigating the status of the interlocutors in a social community, or to taking into account interspecific communications and the social dimension of any biosemiotic interaction - which biosemiotics has for the moment failed to do. Finally I call attention to the importance of animals living in human communities and suggest that this be studied so as to better apprehend the capacities for culture in non-human living organisms.
The ecology of mating systems in hypergynous dowry societies
Authors: Dickemann Mildred
Published: March 2007

When the famine in Shansi was over, and I began to consider the reasons of it, I felt I must study the causes of human suffering, not only in China but in all the world. In pondering Western civilization I felt that its advantage over Chinese civilization was due to the fact that it sought to discover the workings of God in Nature, and to apply the laws of Nature for the service of mankind. This was in obedience to God's command to Adam to have dominion over all things. In ap plying the laws of science to the needs of man, Western nations had made marvellous inventions that were little less wonderful than miracles.
Partial non-response and “don't know” responses in surveys on sexual behaviour
Authors: Giami Alain
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a secondary analysis of non-responses (NR) and “don't know” (DK)-responses in two French surveys on sexual behaviour. The analysis is situated within a problem framework focusing on dissociating the respondent's ignorance concerning an experience or knowledge of a behaviour and the way they are measured by means of DKs and NRs. First, the specificity and diversity of the information collected in these surveys is described. Then the plurality of signification of non-responses (ignorance, embarrassment, selective amnesia) and of DKs is compared and the role of each type of response in the exploitation of survey data discussed. The article ends with a plea in favour of a qualitative approach to such responses in quantitative surveys.
Gnosis, science, and mysticism: a history of self-referential theory designs
Authors: Rossbach Stefan
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we understand the advent of a “scientific spirit” as a revival of Gnosticism, which proclaims the superiority of man over his creator and considers knowledge (gnosis) to be the key to salvation. Salvation is here understood as a form of “emancipation”. Empirically, we see our interpretation confirmed in the tremendous influence of the Corpus Hermeticum and the Lurianic Cabala on all the Renaissance scientists. In the second part of this essay, we continue a line of research inaugurated by Ferdinand Christian Baur in the 19th century, and look for Gnostic outlooks in contemporary philosophy and social science. By reading Niklas Luhmann's systems theory as a modern version of Gnostic mysticism, we do not intend to dismiss the relevance of his work. For if Gnosticism defines “modernity”, we should not be surprised to find a speculative, Gnostic system among society's self-descriptions.
Narratives of Modernization: The Student Movement and Social and Cultural Change in West Germany
Authors: Roberts David
Published: March 2007

A comparison of the analyses of West German society in the 1960s in Dahrendorf's Society and Democracy in Germany and in the 1980s in Beck's Risk Society provides the historical frame for a reconsideration of the student movement of the late 1960s in terms not of its own self-understanding but of its place and role in the larger processes of social and cultural change in the Federal Republic. The idea of cultural revolution - one of the central, defining themes of the student movement - and its outcome are examined with reference to Schulze's cultural sociology of postwar German society.
Modernity, Capitalism and Critique
Authors: Wagner Peter
Published: March 2007

The twin theories of late 20th-century societal constellations, functionalist modernization theory and neo-Marxist theories of late capitalism, fell into crisis and disrepute during the 1970s and 1980s. Social theory responded to such double crisis of the theorizing of `capitalism' and of `modernization' by embracing the term `modernity', a term that, almost unknown in social thought before the end of the 1970s, appeared to provide a new common ground in terms of representing the present societal constellation. At the same time, however, the move towards such a common reference term appeared to entail the loss of all possibility of critique. Traditionally, critique used to embrace modernity (even without using the term) and to denounce capitalism because of its inability to complete the project of modernity - or rather: because of the obstacles it posed to such completion. To use the term `modernity' for a contemporary reality that was without doubt capitalist as well, made such a conceptual strategy impossible. Instead of returning to standard theories of capitalism, however, it is argued here that both capitalism and critique need to be reconceptualized in the light of their relation to modernity if the both intellectual and sociopolitical transformations since the 1970s are to be taken seriously.
`Utopia' and Desire
Authors: Passerini Luisa
Published: March 2007

This article explores the change in meaning of the term `utopia' between 1968 and today. It proposes an interpretation of 1968 based on the connection between utopia and desire; the emergence of subjectivity in history meant a new way of becoming subjects of one's own history, and a new understanding of socio-political change, as including daily life and personal emotions.
Thinking the (Ecstatic) Essential: Heidegger after Bataille
Authors: Lechte John
Published: March 2007

The thought of Heidegger and Bataille has rarely been placed in proximity. However, the notion of the `ecstatic' unconsciously draws them together. Its fundamental ramifications in each thinker's oeuvre should prompt serious reflection, particularly in the age of calculation and cybernetics. The non-utilitarian aspects of the gift, exchange, sacrifice and the sacred also bring the two thinkers closer to each other in a challenge to the dominance of what Bataille calls the `restricted economy' of balanced accounts and equilibrium at all costs. To allow the thought of Heidegger and Bataille to communicate is to demarcate a point of resistance to an uncritical acceptance of the postmodern age. However, this must be tempered by the recognition that the situation is immensely complex, and that there is always a risk of political regression in every essentialist orientation - as the example of Heidegger shows.
The Social Basis of Self-Respect: A Normative Discussion of Politics Against Unemployment
Authors: Kildal Nanna
Published: March 2007

Unemployment in Europe is currently a major challenge. Two models for solving the problem are frequently proposed: a work model, which in its radical version institutes a legally binding right to employment, and a basic income model, which in its radical form establishes a universal, unconditional right to income security. In practice, western democracies have experimented with mixed forms of both models, with a greater emphasis on guaranteeing work. This article examines the justifications of these two models in their radical versions, with a special focus on the experience of self-respect. The conclusion is that the benefits that traditionally are associated with paid work function better in justifying a right to basic income than a right to work.
Occupational Value Socialization in Business and Professional Families
Authors: Mortimer Jeylan T.
Published: March 2007

Different patterns of association between family relationships and male college seniors' vocational values were found in business and professional origin groups when four socioeconomic indicators were controlled. Familial closeness and communication were positively related to businessmen's sons' evaluation of extrinsic rewards; in the professional families, these variables tended to be positively related to sons' intrinsic concerns. Similarly, relationships between family variables and sons' values in the business origin group depended on the functional focus of the father's work.
Earnings Prospects of Black and White Working-Class Women
Authors: Baker Sally Hillsman , Levenson Bernard
Published: March 2007

Earnings of white, Puerto Rican, and black female graduates of a New York City vocational school are analyzed for a period of five years after graduation. Puerto Rican and black graduates who complete the same curriculum as whites earn considerably less upon entry into the labor market and thereafter for the next five years. Factors affecting these differences are analyzed. The findings cast doubt on the theory that equalizing training and education of whites and blacks will automatically result in equal job opportunities.
The Waitress-Diner Relationship
Authors: Butler Suellen R. , Snizek William E.
Published: March 2007

Literature in the area of work and occupations suggests that a variety of manipulative ploys are practiced by service workers. Although these maneuvers may be aimed at controlling diverse facets of the work situation, they generally are performed in an effort to master the work's reward structure. Manipulative accounts have contamed sketches of the procedures practiced; yet few accounts acknowledge a test of such procedures. This investigation was structured to disclose and test the manipulative procedures enlisted by the waitress in her attempts to control rewards. Data reported are based on a six-week period of participant observation in conjunction with an experimental treatment procedure. The findings suggest that the waitress employing a manipulative treatment style gains a measure of control over the occupation's reward structure.
Organizational Influences on the Work Orientations of Elementary Teachers
Authors: Bishop James M.
Published: March 2007

Existing literature on the work of the elementary school teacher tends to be based on the assumption that the organizational work context is the self-contained class room and that this situation leads to certain types of orientations with respect to the occupational task. Underlying this literature is the implicit hypothesis that other work contexts would produce different work orientations. This paper presents a means of testing this implicit hypothesis and applies it to a sample of 24 elementary schools and their teaching staffs The results do not bear out the implied assumptions and hypotheses of existing literature, suggesting that further inquiry should be carried out on more adequate samples. Toward the latter end, some of the possible sources of variation in the present data are explored as a guide to future research.
Social Control of Voluntary Work Activity
Authors: Oldham Jack
Published: March 2007

Work activities which are highly valued are often reserved for performance by "pro fessional" workers. The presumption is that such workers perform at higher levels, are more highly motivated, and are subject to strong mternal social control. A notable exception to this pattern is found in the prevalence of voluntary first aid squads. The examination of such squads allows numerous theoretical and pragmatic questions to be raised concerning the exercise of social control over important, but voluntarily performed, work. At the theoretical level, the issues ofprofessionalism, motivations, and social control are examined. On a more practical plane, various costs and benefits associated with voluntary provisions of emergency medical services are discussed. Finally, conclusions are offered concerning the theoretical nature of the so-called "gift horse syndrome," and other applications are identified.
Sex Segregation and Salary Structure in Academia
Authors: Fox Mary Frank
Published: March 2007

This article reports a study of aggregate unit salary levels, within a major research university. We analyze these salary levels, as they are influenced by unit sex composition, and modified by unit attainment levels—where unit refers to the departments, colleges and schools, and other academic divisions of the university. We investigate three central issues of sex and salary, previously overlooked in salary studies of academic employees: Do high proportions of women depress men's unit salary levels ("competition" hypothesis)? Are women's salary levels higher in male-dominated, and lower in female-dominated, units ("concentration" hypothesis)? Are men salary-compensated for working with women ("compensation" hypothesis)? The findings support none of these hypotheses. Rather, the relationship between unit sex composition and salary rests upon the connection between units' composition and attainment levels.
A Job is a Job is a Job... or is it?
Authors: GREENBERGER ELLEN , STEINBERG LAURENCE D. , RUGGIERO MARY
Published: March 2007

Researchers and policy makers have treated adolescent work experience as a unidimensional phenomenon and have ignored possible differences among jobs along the very dimensions of working posited as developmentally significant: opportunities for learning, initiative and autonomy, and interaction with others. Behavioral observations support the hypothesis that different work settings expose adolescent workers to substantially different experiences. The six job types differ on all indices of opportunity for initiative and autonomy and half the indices of opportunity for social interaction. But, work settings differ little in opportunities for learining and provide few such opportunities. The implications of the place of work experience in the socialization and education of youth are discussed.
Education, Occupational Status, and Illness
Authors: LEIGH J. PAUL
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of education on an individual's self-reported work hours lost due to illness with data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics. It is argued that education can influence health directly through greater knowledge of health problems, and indirectly by allowing access to a high-status job. Although the measure of ill-health used in the study may not be entirely accurate, and the model only allows for causation running from education, earnings, and occupational status to illness rather than vice-versa, the results suggest that education has only significant indirect effects and no direct effects on ill-health. If education affects health only through allowing the individual access to a higher status job and if the proportion of higher status jobs is relatively constant, then increased education will not enhance public health.
Economic Segmentation and the Course of the Occupational Career
Authors: WANNER RICHARD A. , LEWIS LIONEL S.
Published: March 2007

Although most empirical assessments of the dual economy perspective have been limited to studies of sectoral differences in the earnings attainment process, the theory itself has many implications for status movements during the occupational career. In this article we develop some of these implications and attempt to determine if meaningful differences exist in the careers of workers in core and periphery sectors of the U.S. economy. Using data for a cohort of older U.S. men, we find that significant differences exist in the patterns of occupational mobility in the core and periphery sectors, both between first jobs and midcareer jobs, and between midcareer jobs and late-career jobs. In addition, educational and training factors have a greater impact on status movement at both career stages among workers in core industries.
Job Attainment in Planning
Authors: MAYO JAMES M.
Published: March 2007

This study demonstrates that women in public planning agencies have not been fully integrated into professional practice. Criteria for gaining access to higher job positions for women and men are similar. However, men tend to have more qualifications than women, and they have higher job positions. For women, centralization of management is particularly important for obtaining higher job positions. The criteria for obtaining more income are essentially the same for women and men despite the fact that women make less income. Because women have not been fully integrated into the planning profession, they do not fulfill job criteria as well as men.
Attitudes Toward Unionization in an Employee-Owned Firm in the Southwest
Authors: ROSENSTEIN JOSEPH , FRENCH J. LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

Attitudes toward unionization in an employee-owned firm with over 500 employees, located in the Southwest, are analyzed in relation to several hypotheses. Previous research has emphasized the primacy of dissatisfaction with economic versus noneconomic factors; on that point, the findings of this study are somewhat equivocal. Based on multiple regression analyses of a broader group of variables related to five hypotheses, the variables found to be most significant are (1) dissatisfaction with wages, (2) dissatisfaction with supervision, (3) low organizational identification, and (4) low participation in the stock ownership plan.
Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism
Authors: MARTIN JACK K. , MILLER GEORGE A.
Published: March 2007

This research estimates the extent to which job satisfaction and several of its correlates influence levels of reported absenteeism in a sample of American workers. The regression of absences on overall satisfaction with work and three classes of its correlates (e.g., job related, organizational, and individual-level) suggests that in the model evaluated, the only significant association with absenteeism is the anticipated negative relationship of satisfaction. Further, in this model we find no evidence that the organizational, individual, or job-related correlates of satisfaction generalize their effects to reported absenteeism. Rather, the associations of these variables are found to be mediated by levels of satisfaction with work.
Ownership and Alienation in Kibbutz Factories
Authors: ROSNER MENACHEM , TANNENBAUM ARNOLD
Published: March 2007

As well as hiring workers who are members of the kibbutz and who, therefore, are owners of the means of production, some kibbutz factories have hired workers who are not kibbutz members. Our hypotheses, drawn from the writings of Marx and others, suggest both “individual” and “contextual effects” of ownership on alienation. At the individual level, hired workers will feel more alienated than kibbutz workers. Similarly, at the contextual level, persons in factories where some workers are hired will feel more alienated than will persons in factories that do not include hired workers whether or not the persons are themselves hired workers. These hypotheses imply intervening variables such as influence by workers that are examined through a path analysis. The analysis indicates only individual effects of ownership on feeling of alienation although ownership does have a contextual effect on aspects of the participativeness of the factor.
Participation by Representation
Authors: STERN ROBERT N.
Published: March 2007

Indirect worker participation in corporate policy decisions is occurring through worker and union representation on boards of directors and supervisory boards in Europe, Australia, and the United States. Evidence suggests that this form of representation is problematic because of the structure of corporate boards, selection and training of worker directors, dual loyalty-role conflict problems, confidentiality constraints, and communication with constituents. In the United States, worker directorships arise at the corporate level because of concession bargaining and employee ownership. However, U.S. corporate and labor laws raise questions over the legal status of union board memberships. Several U.S. cases are compared with foreign experiences. The assessment of the effectiveness of worker directorships as a form of participation varies dramatically based on the orientations of researchers as unitarist, pluralist, or conflict theorists.
Measuring Occupational Change Over Four Decennial Censuses, 1950-1980
Authors: SZAFRAN ROBERT F.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the detailed occupational structure of the U.S. civilian employed labor force in 1950, 1960, 1970, and 1980. Direct comparisons are possible because all four labor forces are described using the detailed occupational classification developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the 1980 census. All four occupational structures had a majority of the labor force employed in a small minority of occupations. The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s each witnessed significant changes in the detailed occupational structure involving a shift of 10% to 15% of the labor force into different occupational categories. Over the 30-year period from 1950 to 1980, most detailed occupations experienced decades of growth as well as decline with their 1980 share of the labor force substantially different from their 1950 share.
Occupational Sex Segregation and Women's Early Career Job Shifts
Authors: ROSENFELD RACHEL A. , SPENNER KENNETH I.
Published: March 2007

Previous research has found considerable mobility between “male” and “female” occupations across the work life. This article uses employment histories from the Washington State Career Development Study to examine the frequency and determinants of jobs shifts that take women across gender-type boundaries. It was found that many women go between sex-typical and sex-atypical occupations with a change of jobs. Higher work commitment tends to slow moves from male to female occupations, and higher job rewards slow moves across occupational gender types. But family variables do not constrain moves to male occupations nor speed moves to female ones. Thus the results do not always fit with stereotypes about characteristics of predominately male and female jobs. The article suggests that further research is needed to identify career lines and career-line segments by gender type, rather than relying on the sex composition of a particular occupation or even job.
Low Velocity Transverse Impact Behavior of 8-ply, Graphite-Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Lal K.M.
Published: March 2007

This work discusses the behavior of 8-ply, quasi-isotropic, graphite epoxy laminates subjected to low velocity transverse impact loading. Large deflection theory of plates was used to predict the load-deflection characteristics during the impact event. The im pact model considered that the indentation, flexural and shear stiffnesses could be represented by 3-equivalent springs in series.

The analysis of static and dynamic impact loading test-data concluded that the mem brane parameter, β, used in flexural stiffness relation was proportional to the square of the coefficient of restitution, e, of the impactor. Use of β = 0.443 e2 was made in load- deflection relations to consider the drop in plate stiffness due to delamination.

The results of impact tests up to impact velocity 5.3 m/sec. were found in close agreement of the predictions.
Apparatus for Preparing Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Downs Roland J. , Berglund Lars A.
Published: March 2007

The properties of high performance composites with semi-crystalline thermoplastic matrices are dependent upon the processing conditions during manufacturing. To study the relationship between processing and material properties, a low cost molding apparatus was developed and evaluated. This apparatus is capable of processing both thermoplastic composite and pure thermoplastic polymer test specimens at controlled combinations of cooling rate, molding temperature and consolidation pressure. It consists of a water cooled aluminum mold, a high flow rate water pump and a hydraulic molding press with heated platens. A description of the molding apparatus is presented along with a detailed descrip tion of the molding procedures used to fabricate and anneal both composite and pure polymer specimens. Using this apparatus specimens of carbon fiber/PEEK and PEEK polymer composites were molded at cooling rates ranging from 0.01 °F/min up to as high as 21,000°F/min. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) testing showed specimen crystallinities ranging from 0 to 45 percent crystallinity are readily obtainable.
On the Effect of Matrix Cracks on Laminate Strength
Authors: Sun C.T. , Jen K.C.
Published: March 2007

Matrix cracks and their effect on ultimate laminate strength in [0/90]s type graphite/epoxy laminates were investigated. Crack saturation density was found ex perimentally and compared with that predicted using a finite element analysis. Good agreement was found. To estimate the effect of the 90°-ply cracks on the load capacity of adjacent 0°-plies, a soft but tough adhesive film was placed along the interfaces in some laminates to isolate the effect of the matrix cracks. The use of adhesive layers in [0/908/0] and [904/02/904] laminates raised the laminate strengths by about 30%.
Mica as a Reinforcement for Polyurethane RIM
Authors: Naik Saurabh , Fisa BO
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane RIM systems are reinforced with inorganic materials to improve stiffness and structural integrity at elevated temperatures and to reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. This work describes the reinforcement obtained with an experimental grade of mica designed to achieve low viscosity in polyol mica suspensions. The effect of mica on properties is essentially identical to that of glass flake. Compared to hammer milled glass, mica and glass flakes yield more isotropic, albeit weaker, materials.
Matrix Contribution to Fatigue Behavior of Glass Reinforced Polyester Composites
Authors: Joneja Surendra K.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of polyester toughness on lon gitudinal fatigue behavior of glass-fiber reinforced composites. The toughness of the polyester was varied by adding a flexible isophthalic polyester resin as a modifier to a standard polyester resin. Such blends with different toughness properties were used to fab ricate the composite laminates. The laminates were tested at four different tensile stress levels under a load controlled mode. The results show that at a high fatigue stress, the rate of increase in fatigue life with respect to decrease in fatigue stress is nearly equal for the composites studied. However, in a stress range between 35 to 45 percent of the ultimate strength, the rate of increase in fatigue life with decrease in fatigue stress improves with use of the ductile polyester resin in the composite. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the composite with tough polyester does not develop microcracking until 80 percent of fatigue life is reached. On the other hand, extensive microcracking was observed in the specimens with a polyester having high ductility and very low strength. In general, the final failure of the laminate was a combination of debonding and fiber breaks. The study shows that the toughness of the polyester helps in delaying the initiation of microdamage and offers a reliable index for measuring contribution of the matrix in FRP under fatigue loading.
Failure of Quasi-Isotropic Composite Laminates with Free Edges
Authors: Sun C.T. , Zhou S.G.
Published: March 2007

Failure in quasi-isotropic (π/4 and π/3) laminates with free edges under on-axis and off-axis loads has been studied experimentally and analytically. Although these laminates are isotropic in stiffness, they are highly amsotropic in strength with respect to loading direction. For these laminates, classical failure criteria are not adequate for laminate strength prediction. A new failure criterion has been developed based on free edge in terlaminar stresses. This new criterion was verified experimentally to be quite accurate in predicting failure loads for these quasi-isotropic laminates under off-axis loading.
The Influence of Layer Waviness on the Stress State in Hydrostatically Loaded Cylinders
Authors: Hyer Michael W. , Maas Linda C. , Fuchs Hannes P.
Published: March 2007

The influence of wavy circumferential layers on the stress state in hydrostatically loaded laminated thick cross-ply composite cylinders is examined by combining analytical and finite-element analyses. The study assumes the existence of an isolated cosinusoidal wave in an otherwise perfect cylinder. The influence of just the geometry of the wavy layers is first studied. This is followed by a study of the added effect of material property variations that most likely accompany any geometric anomaly. The investigation concludes that: (1) significant levels of interlaminar shear stress exist for what is felt to be a mild level of waviness; (2) the added effect of material property variation is quite important in determin ing the actual level of shear stress produced.
Effect of Axial Impact on the Static Flexure of Graphite/Epoxy Beams
Authors: Sensmeier M.D. , Griffin O.H. , Johnson E.R.
Published: March 2007

Graphite-epoxy beams were subjected to an eccentric axial impact load in a drop tower test fixture in order to study their large displacement flexural behavior. The time history of the transient axial load exhibited a large magnitude occurring just after impact, which was many times greater than the static failure load. The damage caused by this peak dynamic load was measured by the reduction in energy absorption of the impacted beam relative to a virgin beam in static tests. For the thirty-ply specimens, the amount of damage increased with increasing axial stiffness.
Temperature Development in Pure Drag Flow, Exact Analytical Solution
Authors: Rauwendaal C. , Housz J. Ingen
Published: March 2007

Analytical solutions are presented for the developing temperature profile of a power law fluid in pure drag flow. Three sets of boundary conditions are considered: