bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology of Sahelian convection observed in Niamey during the early monsoon
Authors: Dione C. , Lothon M. , Badiane D. , Campistron B. , Couvreux F. , Guichard F. , Sall S. M.
Published: March 2014

This study aims to achieve a better understanding of the initiation of deep convection in the Sahel by using the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) dataset. Based on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) radar, wind proﬁler, satellite data, surface ﬂux and meteorological stations, we have characterised the atmospheric convection which occurred over Niamey during the onset period of the monsoon. From 6 to 31 July, radar reﬂectivity ﬁelds combined with brightness temperatures were used to classify the type of convection observed each day within a 50 km radius of the MIT radar location. Four types of convection have been identiﬁed: fair weather (FW) with a clear sky throughout the entire day, shallow convection (SH), afternoon locally initiated deep convection (LC), and propagating deep convection (PC). Subsequently, the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of local deep convection were investigated.

Neither early morning convective available potential energy nor the convective triggering potential allowed the onset of local deep convection to be predicted correctly. In eﬀect, they were both favourable to deep convection most of the time, while convective inhibition was typically quite large. Our results show that the daytime growth of the atmospheric boundary layer needed to be suﬃcient for local deep convection to occur during that period. Convergence lines, which grew within the morning clear‐air roll organisation, were found to be precursors of local deep convection. Classes FW, SH and LC ultimately behaved quite similarly, with notable convergence in the lower troposphere, but FW showed smaller boundary‐layer growth, and FW and SH classes revealed a signiﬁcant divergence above the boundary layer. Most cases of LC generated a circular gust front. These density currents almost always generated new convective cells.
Using Shannon's entropy to sample heterogeneous and high‐dimensional atmospheric datasets
Authors: Paul M. , Aires F.
Published: March 2014

The construction of diverse and synthetic datasets of atmospheric situations, used as first guesses or training bases for remote‐sensing algorithms, is still a challenge. Numerical constraints require the use of datasets with a limited number of representative situations, but keeping, as much as possible, the full diversity observed in nature. This study presents an innovative sampling method that allows extraction of a new, more limited, dataset from a large database of atmospheric situations. One major issue of such sampling concerns the heterogeneity of the input space variables: different units and ranges of temperatures and specific humidities, for instance, or locations from the lower troposphere to the higher stratosphere, can hardly be compared. We illustrate the fact that sampling using only one variable type is not optimal, since erroneous features can be observed in the other variables not used for the sampling. The use of Shannon's entropy can help to develop a sampling technique able to deal with very heterogeneous variables. A dataset of 10 000 situations is built fromEUMETSATsatellite atmospheric retrievals: it includes temperature and water‐vapour profiles, four integrated ozone layers and surface temperature. The sampling increases the entropy of the original dataset from 22 to 28 (about 20% increase).
Tracing the movement of adiponectin in a parabiosis model of wild‐type and adiponectin‐knockout mice
Authors: Nakatsuji Hideaki , Kishida Ken , Sekimoto Ryohei , Funahashi Tohru , Shimomura Iichiro
Published: March 2014

Adiponectin is exclusively synthesized by adipocytes and exhibits anti‐diabetic, anti‐atherosclerotic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated in obese individuals with insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms responsible for hypoadiponectinemia remain unclear. Here, we investigated adiponectin movement using hetero parabiosis model of wild type (WT) and adiponectin‐deficient (KO) mice. WT mice were parabiosed with WT mice (WT–WT) or KO mice (WT–KO) and adiponectin levels were measured serially up to 63 days after surgery. In the WT–KO parabiosis model, circulating adiponectin levels of the WT partners decreased rapidly, on the other hand, those of KO partners increased, and then these reached comparable levels each other at day 7. Circulating adiponectin levels decreased further to the detection limit of assay, and remained low up to day 63. However, adiponectin protein was detected in the adipose tissues of not only the WT partner but also WT–KO mice. In the diet‐induced obesity model, high adiponectin protein levels were detected in adipose stromal vascular fraction of diet‐induced obese KO partner, without changes in its binding proteins. The use of parabiosis experiments shed light on movement of native adiponectin among different tissues such as the state of hypoadiponectinemia in obesity.
Point transitivity, -transitivity and multi-minimality
Authors: CHEN ZHIJING , LI JIAN , LÜ JIE
Published: March 2014

Let $(X,f)$ be a topological dynamical system and ${\mathcal{F}}$ be a Furstenberg family (a collection of subsets of $\mathbb{N}$ with hereditary upward property). A point $x\in X$ is called an ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitive point if for every non-empty open subset $U$ of $X$ the entering time set of $x$ into $U$, $\{n\in \mathbb{N}:f^{n}(x)\in U\}$, is in ${\mathcal{F}}$; the system $(X,f)$ is called ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitive if there exists some ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitive point. In this paper, we first discuss the connection between ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity and ${\mathcal{F}}$-transitivity, and show that weakly mixing and strongly mixing systems can be characterized by ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity, completing results in [Transitive points via Furstenberg family. Topology Appl. 158 (2011), 2221–2231]. We also show that multi-transitivity, ${\rm\Delta}$-transitivity and multi-minimality can be characterized by ${\mathcal{F}}$-point transitivity, answering two questions proposed by Kwietniak and Oprocha [On weak mixing, minimality and weak disjointness of all iterates. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 32 (2012), 1661–1672].
Reaction characterization by flow NMR: quantitation and monitoring of dissolved H2via flow NMR at high pressure
Authors: Buser Jonas Y. , McFarland Adam D.
Published: March 2014

This communication describes anin situmethod for direct observation and quantitation of dissolved H2at high pressure with concurrent monitoring and characterization of organic reactions.
A platinum(ii) complex bearing deprotonated 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid for superior phosphorescence of monomers
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Lina , Liu Chunmei , Zhu Yanyan , Tang Mingsheng , Du Chenxia , Song Maoping
Published: March 2014

The (ppy)-based Pt(ii) complex (Pt-1) with 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid as an ancillary ligand displays monomeric phosphorescence with a remarkably high performance.
Electronic and phonon transport in Sb-doped Ti0.1Zr0.9Ni1+xSn0.975Sb0.025 nanocomposites
Authors: Liu Yuanfeng , Page Alexander , Sahoo Pranati , Chi Hang , Uher Ctirad , Poudeu Pierre F. P.
Published: March 2014

Coherent full-Heusler nanoinclusions embedded in a heavily-doped half-Heusler matrix induced a large reduction in the thermal conductivity with constant power factor.
An unprecedented cyclometallated platinum(ii) complex incorporating a phosphinine co-ligand: synthesis and photoluminescence behaviour
Authors: Moussa Jamal , Cheminel Thomas , Freeman Gemma R. , Chamoreau Lise-Marie , Williams J. A. Gareth , Amouri Hani
Published: March 2014

The first luminescent platinum(ii) complex bearing phosphinine co-ligands with a long-lived emission from a phosphinine-localised triplet excited state is reported.
Speaking Fundamental Frequency and Individual Variability in Caucasian and African American School-Age Children
Authors: Gelfer Marylou Pausewang , Denor Sara L.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine the speaking fundamental frequency (SFF) and pitch sigma (individual SFF variability) of African American and Caucasian children ages 6 through 8 years.

Method

Participants in this study included 63 Caucasian and African American children recruited from 6 urban schools and 1 day care center. All participants passed hearing and speech–language screenings. Spontaneous speech samples for SFF measurement were elicited from each child in a quiet room in the school he or she attended.

Results

Results of this study found that there were no significant differences in SFF or pitch sigma as a function of the races or ages studied. It appeared that a single value for each variable could reasonably characterize African American and Caucasian children at ages 6, 7, or 8: 244.8 Hz for SFF (
SD
= 30.0 Hz) and 2.06 semitones (STs) for pitch sigma (
SD
= 0.82 ST).

Conclusions

This study is the most comprehensive to date on SFF and pitch sigma for African American and Caucasian children ages 6 to 8 years. Results supported previous observations that SFF is stable throughout the prepubescent years. Furthermore, findings also suggest that pitch sigma is stable across the ages of 6 to 8 years, regardless of race.
Observation of the slow, Debye-like relaxation in hydrogen-bonded liquids by dynamic light scattering
Authors: Wang Yangyang , Griffin Philip J. , Holt Adam , Fan Fei , Sokolov Alexei P.
Published: March 2014

The slow, Debye-like relaxation in hydrogen-bonded liquids has largely remained a dielectric phenomenon and has thus far eluded observation by other experimental techniques. Here we report the first observation of a slow, Debye-like relaxation by both depolarized dynamic light scattering (DLS) and dielectric spectroscopy in a model hydrogen-bonded liquid, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (2E4MIm). The relaxation times obtained by these two techniques are in good agreement and can be well explained by the Debye model of rotational diffusion. On the one hand, 2E4MIm is analogous to the widely studied monohydroxy alcohols in which transient chain-like supramolecular structure can be formed by hydrogen bonding. On the other hand, the hydrogen-bonded backbone of 2E4MIm is much more optically polarizable, making it possible to apply light scattering to study the dynamics of the supramolecular structure. These findings provide the missing evidence of the slow, Debye-like relaxation in DLS and open the venue for the application of dynamic light scattering to the study of supramolecular structures in hydrogen-bonded liquids.
Ordered phase formation in Co50Pt50-alloy single-layer and Co/Pt multilayer films epitaxially grown on MgO(111) substrates
Authors: Suzuki Daisuke , Ohtake Mitsuru , Kirino Fumiyoshi , Futamoto Masaaki
Published: March 2014

Co50Pt50 (at. %) alloy single-layer films and multilayer films consisting of alternative Co and Pt monatomic layers are prepared on MgO(111) substrates at temperatures between room temperature and 600 °C by using a magnetron sputtering system. The influences of preparation method and substrate temperature on the structural properties are investigated. CoPt alloy formation is observed for films prepared by the monatomic layer deposition method. A metastable L11 ordered phase is formed both in the Co50Pt50 alloy single-layer films and the Co/Pt multilayer films. The metastable phase is stabilized at 300 °C. The long-range order degrees are almost similar for these films and are estimated to be 0.3 for both types of films prepared at 300 °C. The film involving ordered phase possesses a flat surface and shows a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy reflecting the magnetocrystalline anisotropy of L11 crystal.
Compact 180-kV Marx generator triggered in atmospheric air by femtosecond laser filaments
Authors: Arantchouk L. , Point G. , Brelet Y. , Larour J. , Carbonnel J. , André Y.-B. , Mysyrowicz A. , Houard A.
Published: March 2014

We developed a compact Marx generator triggered in atmospheric air by a single femtosecond laser beam undergoing filamentation. Voltage pulses of 180 kV could be generated with a subnanosecond jitter. The same laser beam was also used to initiate simultaneously guided discharges up to 21 cm long at the output of the generator.
9 T high magnetic field annealing effects on FeN bulk sample
Authors: Jiang Yanfeng , Dabade Vivekanand , Brady Michael P. , Rios Orlando , James Richard D. , Wang Jian-Ping
Published: March 2014

α″-Fe16N2 has been suggested as a promising candidate for future rare-earth-free magnets. In this paper, we report to use high magnetic field (9 T) assisted post-annealing process to enhance the Fe16N2 phase formation in FeN bulk rod samples during the α′ → α″ phase transformation and thus improve its magnetic properties. It was found by X-ray Diffraction measurement that the volume ratio of Fe16N2 phase was increased up to 22%, which corresponds to an increase in the amount of transformation from α′ → α″ up to 78%. Also, the saturation magnetization (Ms) of the prepared FeN rod sample was increased to 227 emu/g with its coercivity up to 376 Oe at room temperature. A working mechanism for the high field assisted post-annealing process was presented.
Descriptive Epidemiology and Attributable Morbidity of Ventilator-Associated Events
Authors: Klompas Michael , Kleinman Ken , Murphy Michael V. ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: March 2014

Objective.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented new surveillance definitions for ventilator-associated events (VAEs) in January 2013. We describe the epidemiology, attributable morbidity, and attributable mortality of VAEs.

Design.

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting.

Academic tertiary care center.

Patients.

All patients initiated on mechanical ventilation between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2011.

Methods.

We calculated and compared VAE hazard ratios, antibiotic exposures, microbiology, attributable morbidity, and attributable mortality for all VAE tiers.

Results.

Among 20,356 episodes of mechanical ventilation, there were 1,141 (5.6%) ventilator-associated condition (VAC) events, 431 (2.1%) infection-related ventilator-associated complications (IVACs), 139 (0.7%) possible pneumonias, and 127 (0.6%) probable pneumonias. VAC hazard rates were highest in medical, surgical, and thoracic units and lowest in cardiac and neuroscience units. The median number of days to VAC onset was 6 (interquartile range, 4–11). The proportion of IVACs to VACs ranged from 29% in medical units to 42% in surgical units. Patients with probable pneumonia were more likely to be prescribed nafcillin, ceftazidime, and fluroquinolones compared with patients with possible pneumonia or IVAC-alone. The most frequendy isolated organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14%), and Enterobacter species (7.9%). Compared with matched controls, VAEs were associated with more days to extubation (relative rate, 3.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.96–3.29]), more days to hospital discharge (relative rate, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.37–1.55]), and higher hospital mortality risk (odds ratio, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.60–2.44]).

Conclusions.

VAEs are common and morbid. Prevention strategies targeting VAEs are needed.
Global climate change and crop resistance to aphids: contrasting responses of lucerne genotypes to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Johnson S.N. , Ryalls J.M.W. , Karley A.J.
Published: March 2014

Predicted increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations could modify crop resistance to insect herbivores by altering plant quality. The short generation times of aphids may allow them to exploit such changes and colonise previously resistant plant genotypes. Lucerne (Medicago sativa) has undergone global selective breeding against aphids, including the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The purpose of this study was to characterise how ambient CO2 (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2) (400 and 600 µmol mol−1, respectively) affected plant physiological traits potentially linked to aphid resistance, focussing on foliar amino acid concentrations, across five M. sativa genotypes with varying resistance to A. pisum. These included susceptible (Hunter River), low (Trifecta), moderate (Aurora and Genesis) and high resistance (Sequel). Under eCO2, root nodulation doubled and essential amino acid concentrations increased by 86% in resistant Sequel, whereas essential amino acid concentrations decreased by 53% in Genesis. Moreover, concentrations of lysine, an amino acid whose deficiency has been linked previously to A. pisum resistance in M. sativa, increased by 127% in Sequel at eCO2. Compared with aCO2, aphid colonisation of Sequel plants rose from 22% to 78% and reproduction rates increased from 1.1 to 4.3 nymphs week−1 under eCO2 conditions. In contrast, Genesis became more resistant at eCO2 compared with plants at aCO2; aphid colonisation rates fell from 78% to 44% of plants and reproductive rates decreased from 4.9 to 1.7 nymphs week−1. In conclusion, predicted changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations could either reduce (Sequel) or enhance (Genesis) resistance to aphids, which might be linked to quantitative and qualitative changes in foliar amino acids.
Maternal and Fetal Factors that Contribute to the Localization of T Regulatory Cells During Pregnancy
Authors: Wambach Carrie M. , Patel Sonal N. , Kahn Daniel A.
Published: March 2014

Problem

To determine the interplay between fetal antigenicity and local maternal factors in determining reproductive tract T regulatory (Treg) cell accumulation during pregnancy.

Method of study

Examination of maternal Treg composition in the uterus, cervix, and uteroplacental interface (UPI) of murine syngeneic and allogeneic pregnancies and non‐pregnant controls by flow cytometry. The impact of fetal antigenicity was defined by either fetal gender in syngeneic pregnancies or by allogeneic paternity. Impact of IL‐6 on local Treg composition was determined using syngeneic pregnancies in IL‐6−/− females.

Results

An increased fraction of CD4+ T cells in the pregnant uterine lymphocytic infiltrate and draining pelvic lymph nodes are Tregs. Maternal IL‐6 decreases Treg accumulation within the uterus and to a greater extent in the cervix in syngeneic pregnancy. Fetal antigenicity is matched by accumulation of Tregs to the UPI. Treg accumulation at the UPI of non‐antigenic female fetuses is determined by the intrauterine position relative to male siblings.

Conclusion

Reproductive tract tissue Treg composition during pregnancy is influenced by maternal IL‐6 and fetal antigenicity.
Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: Prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Santos Glenn‐Milo , Rapues Jenna , Wilson Erin C. , Macias Oscar , Packer Tracey , Colfax Grant , Raymond Henry Fisher
Published: March 2014

Introduction and Aims

Alcohol and substance use can have negative health consequences among both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive and ‐negative individuals, and are associated with behaviors that facilitate HIV transmission and acquisition. The relationship of substance use and HIV is well documented among key populations at risk for HIV. However, although transwomen (male‐to‐female transgender) are disproportionately impacted by HIV, this overlap remains understudied in this population. We sought to evaluate the association between HIV, alcohol and substance use among transwomen.

Design and Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis of Respondent Driven Sampling study which collected information on self‐reported alcohol and substance use among 314 transwomen. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess relationship between HIV infection and classes and patterns of alcohol and substance use.

Results

We found that 58% of transwomen used alcohol, and 43.3% used substances. The most common substances used were: marijuana (29%), methamphetamine (20.1%), crack cocaine (13.4%), and ‘club drugs’ (13.1%). Transwomen who reported any methamphetamine use [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.02 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–6.02)], methamphetamine use before or during anal intercourse [AOR 3.27 (95% CI = 1.58–6.77)], and at least weekly methamphetamine use [AOR 3.89 (95% CI = 1.64–9.23)] had significantly greater odds of testing positive for HIV.

Discussion and Conclusions

Transfemales have high prevalence of alcohol and substance use; those tested positive for HIV used significantly more methamphetamine in general, and in conjunction with sex. Given the disproportionate prevalence of HIV and substance use in this population, interventions aimed at addressing both substance use and HIV risk among transwomen are urgently needed. [Santos G‐M, Rapues J, Wilson EC, Macias O, Packer T, Colfax G, Raymond HF. Alcohol and substance use among transgender women in San Francisco: Prevalence and association with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:287–295]
Migraine and erythrocyte biology: a review
Authors: Lippi G. , Cervellin G. , Mattiuzzi C.
Published: March 2014

Migraine is a common disabling headache disorder that is conventionally classified according to the presence or absence of aura. The pathogenesis of this disorder entails a complex interplay of neurovascular factors, that trigger reduction of cerebral blood flow followed by reactive vasodilatation. Despite major emphasis has been placed on the investigation of putative biomarkers that could predict response to specific treatments and prophylaxis, less focus has been directed at the association between migraine and erythrocytosis. Erythrocytosis is typically accompanied by hyperviscosity, that is now considered a crucial determinant in the pathogenesis of migraine. The results of some epidemiological investigations are in substantial agreement to confirm the existence of a significant relationship between increased haemoglobin levels and migraine, whereas some case reports have also reported an effective improvement of symptoms after reduction of erythrocyte count by therapeutic venesection. Interesting evidence has recently emerged from the assessment of red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a simple and inexpensive measure of anysocytosis that has been also associated with a variety of ischaemic and thrombotic disorders other than migraine. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the current clinical and epidemiological evidence linking migraine and erythrocyte biology.
Response to cold acclimation in diapause pupae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae): candidate biomarker identification using proteomics
Authors: Stuckas H. , Mende M. B. , Hundsdoerfer A. K.
Published: March 2014

The distribution range of Hyles euphorbiae covers distinct climates across the Palaearctic. Previous investigations showed a correlation between mitochondrial DNA identity of populations and climatic conditions related to winter; however, the lack of biomarkers hampers investigations to test whether geographically distinct populations do show specific molecular responses to low temperatures or whether they possess specific genetic identity at loci functionally related to cold response. The present study was designed to identify candidate protein biomarkers and biological processes that are associated with cold acclimation of overwintering H. euphorbiae diapause pupae. Specimens taken from a single central European population were gradually cooled from 20 °C to −2 °C over 36 days and 12 differentially abundant proteins were identified. In addition, DeepSuperSAGE sequencing technology was applied to study differentially regulated genes. There was incongruence between differentially abundant proteins and differentially expressed genes, but functional characteristics of regulated proteins and analyses of gene ontology term enrichment among differentially regulated genes pointed to activation of the same biological processes, e.g. oxidative stress response. As proteins represent biologically active molecules, candidate biomarkers derived from proteomics are considered well suited to explore intraspecific patterns of local adaptation to different climates.
Split Return: Transnational Household Strategies in Afghan Repatriation
Authors: Harpviken Kristian Berg
Published: March 2014

Split return is a common strategy of repatriation among refugees and migrants. Facing great uncertainty, both economically and security‐wise, households disperse in two or more locations in order to minimize risk. The phenomenon is well‐known in migration studies and in studies of return from the distant diaspora, but is studied less among the overwhelming majority residing in countries neighbouring their own. This article draws on experiences from Afghanistan, comparing split return to similar strategies in migration generally and in refugee situations specifically. It suggests that while splits are conceived as a temporary measure, they often become a lasting form of life. Opportunities for split return are often crucial for the willingness to start repatriation, as well as for the sustainability of the household's economy upon return. The article develops the concept of split return in relation to contextual factors, intensity of networks (at origin and in exile) and household composition.
High‐Involvement Work Practices and the Opportunities for Promotion in the Organization
Authors: Bonet Rocio
Published: March 2014

Using the linked employer–employee component from the National Employer Survey, I examine the effect of employees’ participation in high‐involvement work practices (HIWP) on their opportunities for promotion within the organization. I find participation in HIWP to be positively related to promotion opportunities for individuals, especially for those in lower hierarchical levels and for the supervisors of these levels. In part, these findings can be explained by the new skills acquired while participating in these practices through formal training and informal on‐the‐job learning, and by the use of promotions as an incentive mechanism to motivate workers to engage in HIWP.
Cutaneous manifestations of the subtypes of polycystic ovary syndrome in Korean patients
Authors: Hong J.S. , Kwon H.H. , Park S.Y. , Jung J.Y. , Yoon J.Y. , Min S. , Choi Y.M. , Suh D.H.
Published: March 2014

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of childbearing‐age. Although PCOS has common dermatological manifestations, including hirsutism, acne and androgenetic alopecia, little is known about the dermatological characteristics of PCOS patients in Asia.

Objective

The goal of this study is to elucidate the dermatological characteristics and metabolic and hormonal parameters of Korean PCOS patients classified by the three ASRM/ESHERE criteria.

Methods

We investigated 40 untreated PCOS patients who were newly diagnosed in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology of Seoul National University Hospital. Patients were classified according to the presence of irregular menstruation (IM), polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM) and hyperandrogenism (HA). Acne specific questionnaire, physical examination, and blood sampling were thoroughly conducted.

Results

Twenty four patients (60.0%) met the criteria for the IM/HA/PCOM group and sixteen (40.0%) belonged to the IM/PCOM group. Acne was the most commonly observed dermatological manifestation (95.0%) followed by hirsutism (60.0%), seoborrhea (47.5%), acanthosis nigricans (20.0%) and androgenetic alopecia (12.5%). Hirsutism was more frequently observed in the IM/HA/PCOM group; the prevalence of other cutaneous manifestations did not differ significantly. Acne was most often observed on the face and most acne lesions were distributed on the forehead and cheek. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate level was higher in IM/HA/PCOM group, while serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein concentrations were higher in the IM/PCOM group.

Conclusion

We described several dermatological manifestations and serum hormonal and metabolic parameters in Korean PCOS patients. Cutaneous manifestations might be the first signs of PCOS; therefore, dermatologists should be more aware of cutaneous manifestations of various ethnicities.
Neonatal diagnosis of Down syndrome in the Netherlands: suspicion and communication with parents
Authors: de Groot‐van der Mooren M. D. , Gemke R. J. B. J. , Cornel M. C. , Weijerman M. E.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To analyse which dysmorphic features are most recognised in newborns with Down syndrome (DS). Furthermore to evaluate the communication techniques used by clinicians to inform parents about the postnatal diagnosis and compare these to current best practice guidelines.

Study design

Prospective study of a birth cohort of newborns with DS born between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2006 registered by the Dutch Paediatric Surveillance Unit (DPSU).

Results

A total of 586 children with trisomy 21 were analysed. Most recognised dysmorphic features in DS newborns were ‘upslanted palpebral fissures’ (74.1%; n = 426), ‘hypotonia’ (73.7%; n = 424) and ‘epicanthic folds’ (68.5%; n = 394). The majority of parents were informed about the suspected diagnosis on the day of birth (76.5%; n = 390). Hospital deliveries had a significantly earlier suspected diagnosis (mean age 3–4 days) compared with home deliveries (mean age 7 days) (P < 0.05). In 10% (n = 44), paediatricians described dissatisfaction with the first conversation with parents. In 88.9% (n = 499) parents were both present when the diagnosis was told, however the child was not present during the conversation in 51.3% (n = 288). In 10.8% (n = 61) parents were not informed about local parent support groups or community resources.

Conclusion

DS is still often diagnosed after birth, usually on the first day of postnatal life. Most identified clinical features were upslanted palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds and hypotonia. Special attention for recognition of all present clinical features is needed for early diagnosis. Appropriate communication with the parents of the message that their child has DS can be difficult. Guidelines can help to make counselling easier and more effective, which in turn may increase parental satisfaction. Not all recommendations for the first conversation with parents were fully implemented in Dutch clinical practice.
Traditional measures of normal anal sphincter function using high‐resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) in 115 healthy volunteers
Authors: Carrington E. V. , Brokjær A. , Craven H. , Zarate N. , Horrocks E. J. , Palit S. , Jackson W. , Duthie G. S. , Knowles C. H. , Lunniss P. J. , Scott S. M.
Published: March 2014

Background

High‐resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) is a relatively new method for collection and interpretation of data relevant to sphincteric function, and for the first time allows a global appreciation of the anorectum as a functional unit. Historically, traditional anal manometry has been plagued by lack of standardization and healthy volunteer data of variable quality. The aims of this study were: (i) to obtain normative data sets for traditional measures of anorectal function using HRAM in healthy subjects and; (ii) to qualitatively describe novel physiological phenomena, which may be of future relevance when this method is applied to patients.

Methods

115 healthy subjects (96 female) underwent HRAM using a 10 channel, 12F solid‐state catheter. Measurements were performed during rest, squeeze, cough, and simulated defecation (push). Data were displayed as color contour plots and analysed using a commercially available manometric system (Solar GI HRM v9.1, Medical Measurement Systems). Associations between age, gender and parity were subsequently explored.

Key Results

HRAM color contour plots provided clear delineation of the high‐pressure zone within the anal canal and showed recruitment during maneuvers that altered intra‐anal pressures. Automated analysis produced quantitative data, which have been presented on the basis of gender and parity due to the effect of these covariates on some sphincter functions. In line with traditional manometry, some age and gender differences were seen. Males had a greater functional anal canal length and anal pressures during the cough maneuver. Parity in females was associated with reduced squeeze increments.

Conclusions & Inferences

The study provides a large healthy volunteer dataset and parameters of traditional measures of anorectal function. A number of novel phenomena are appreciated, the significance of which will require further analysis and comparisons with patient populations.
Interactions between sleep, circadian function, and glucose metabolism: implications for risk and severity of diabetes
Authors: Reutrakul Sirimon , Van Cauter Eve
Published: March 2014

Sleep disturbances, including sleep insufficiency and sleep fragmentation, have been linked to abnormal glucose metabolism and increased diabetes risk. Well‐controlled laboratory studies have provided insights regarding the underlying mechanisms. Several large prospective studies suggest that these sleep disturbances are associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes. Obstructive sleep apnea, which combines sleep fragmentation and hypoxemia, is a major risk factor for insulin resistance and possibly diabetes. Whether glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients can be improved by treating sleep apnea remains controversial. Recently, sleep disturbances during pregnancy and their relationship to gestational diabetes and hyperglycemia have received considerable attention owing to potential adverse effects on maternal and fetal health. Additionally, evidence from animal models has identified disruption of the circadian system as a putative risk factor for adverse metabolic outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the current state of knowledge linking sleep disturbances, circadian dysfunction, and glucose metabolism. Experimental, prospective, and interventional studies are discussed.
Positron emission tomography for measurement of copper fluxes in live organisms
Authors: Peng Fangyu
Published: March 2014

Copper is an essential nutrient for the physiology of live organisms, but excessive copper can be harmful. Copper radioisotopes are used for measurement of copper fluxes in live organisms using a radioactivity assay of body fluids or whole‐body positron emission tomography (PET). Hybrid positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) is a versatile tool for real‐time measurement of copper fluxes combining the high sensitivity and quantification capability of PET and the superior spatial resolution of CT for anatomic localization of radioactive tracer activity. Kinetic analysis of copper metabolism in the liver and extrahepatic tissues of Atp7b−/− knockout mice, a mouse model of Wilson's disease, demonstrated the feasibility of measuring copper fluxes in live organisms with PET/CT using copper‐64 chloride (64CuCl2) as a radioactive tracer (64CuCl2‐PET/CT). 64CuCl2‐PET/CT holds potential as a useful tool for the diagnosis of inherited and acquired human copper metabolism disorders and for monitoring the effects of copper‐modulating therapy.
The development and validation of a rapid genetic method for species identification and genotyping of medically important fungal pathogens using high‐resolution melting curve analysis
Authors: Alnuaimi A.D. , Wiesenfeld D. , O'Brien‐Simpson N.M. , Reynolds E.C. , Peng B. , McCullough M.J.
Published: March 2014

Accurate, rapid and economical fungal species identification has been a major aim in mycology. In this study, our goal was to examine the feasibility of a high‐resolution melting curve analysis (HRMA) of internal transcribed regions ITS1 and ITS2 in ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for a rapid, simple and inexpensive differentiation of eight clinically relevant Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Candida guilliermondii, Candida dubliniensis and Candida lusitaniae). In addition, for the first time, we tested the applicability of HRMA to classify C. albicans strains into four previously described genotypes (A, B, C and D) using a primer set that spans the transposable intron region of 25S of rDNA. Type and unknown clinical oral isolates were used in this study and the melting curve analysis was compared with both amplicons' sequencing and agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. Real‐time PCR and subsequent HRMA of the two described rDNA regions generated distinct melting curve profiles that were in accord with sequencing and gel electrophoresis analysis, highly reproducible, and characteristic of each of the eight Candida species and C. albicans genotypes. Moreover, results were obtained in 4 h and without the need for any post‐amplification handling, so reducing time and cost. Owing to its simplicity and speed, this technique is a good fit for genotypic analysis of hundreds of clinical strains in large epidemiological settings.
Variable Importance in Matched Case–Control Studies in Settings of High Dimensional Data
Authors: Balasubramanian Raji , Andres Houseman E. , Coull Brent A. , Lev Michael H. , Schwamm Lee H. , Betensky Rebecca A.
Published: March 2014

We propose a method for assessing variable importance in matched case–control investigations and other highly stratified studies characterized by high dimensional data (p>>n). In simulated and real data sets, we show that the algorithm proposed performs better than a conventional univariate method (conditional logistic regression) and a popular multivariable algorithm (random forests) that does not take the matching into account. The methods are applicable to wide ranging, high impact clinical studies including metabolomic, proteomic studies and neuroimaging analyses, such as those assessing stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The methods proposed have been implemented in a freely available R library (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/RPCLR/index.html).
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a rare cause of acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Junpaparp Parichart , Romero-Corral Abel , Lee Seung Yoon Celine , Witzke Christian
Published: March 2014

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction, which should always be included in differential diagnoses of acute coronary syndrome among young patients without known atherosclerotic risk. Although, it is commonly observed in young women during postpartum period, there were cases reported in connective tissue disorders, eosinophilic arteritis, contraception use, cocaine abuse and repetitive chest trauma. We report a case of SCAD, presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, which was successfully treated conservatively.
THE ROLE OF BILINGUALS IN LANGUAGE COMPETITION
Authors: HEINSALU E. , PATRIARCA M. , LÉONARD J. L.
Published: March 2014

We study the role played by bilinguals in the competition between two languages and in the formation of a bilingual community. To this aim we introduce a simple three-state model that combines the Minett–Wang model, in which the bilinguals do not affect directly the probability of transition of an individual from monolingualism to bilingualism, and the Baggs–Freedman model, in which such a transition probability only depends on bilinguals. The model predicts the possibility for the existence of a stable bilingual community though no particular conditions are assumed for the two competing languages: the asymptotic stability of the bilinguals community is only due to the type of dynamics regulating the transitions between different linguistic groups. The proposed model and the obtained results give some suggestions for the conditions necessary for the formation of a stable bilingual community. First of all, it is important that the bilinguals are valid representatives of the two languages, in the sense that they are regarded by monolinguals also as speakers of the other language. Besides that, the transition from bilinguals to monolinguals must be smaller than the opposite transition. Unless both these conditions are fulfilled, the stable equilibrium solution of the language competition is a monolingual society.
Enrofloxacin Enhances the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Bovine Granulocytes
Authors: Jerjomiceva Natalja , Seri Hisham , Völlger Lena , Wang Yanming , Zeitouni Nathalie , Naim Hassan Y. , von Köckritz-Blickwede Maren
Published: March 2014

Several antibiotics are known for their ability to accumulate in neutrophils and thereby modulate the antimicrobial functions of those cells. This study demonstrates for the first time that an antibiotic, namely the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin, enhances the formation of bovine neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Pharmacologically inactivated NADPH oxidase or peptidyl-arginine deiminase-4 distinctly reduced enrofloxacin-induced NET formation. Additionally, when cells were treated with cytochalasin D or nocodazole, the enrofloxacin-mediated NET induction was abolished, indicating that besides oxidative burst and histone citrullination also actin and microtubule polymerization are involved in this process.
Vitreous Amyloidosis as the Presenting Symptom of Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy TTR Val30Met in a Portuguese Patient
Authors: Seca Mariana , Ferreira Natália , Coelho Teresa
Published: March 2014

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) is a group of disorders characterized by the extracellular deposition of amyloid substance in various tissues. The peripheral nervous system and the heart are the main target organs, but the eye may also be involved. We report a case of vitreous amyloidosis as the first manifestation of FAP in a 66-year-old Portuguese man without a family history.
Dual Modulation of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore and Redox Signaling Synergistically Promotes Cardiomyocyte Differentiation From Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Cho Sung Woo , Park Jin‐Sung , Heo Hye Jin , Park Sang‐Wook , Song Sukhyun , Kim Injune , Han Yong‐Mahn , Yamashita Jun K. , Youm Jae Boum , Han Jin , Koh Gou Young
Published: March 2014

Background

Cardiomyocytes that differentiate from pluripotent stem cells (
PSC
s) provide a crucial cellular resource for cardiac regeneration. The mechanisms of mitochondrial metabolic and redox regulation for efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation are, however, still poorly understood. Here, we show that inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (m
PTP
) by Cyclosporin A (CsA) promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation from
PSC
s.

Methods and Results

We induced cardiomyocyte differentiation from mouse and human
PSC
s and examined the effect of CsA on the differentiation process. The cardiomyogenic effect of CsA mainly resulted from m
PTP
inhibition rather than from calcineurin inhibition. The m
PTP
inhibitor
NIM
811, which does not have an inhibitory effect on calcineurin, promoted cardiomyocyte differentiation as much as CsA did, but calcineurin inhibitor
FK
506 only slightly increased cardiomyocyte differentiation. CsA‐treated cells showed an increase in mitochondrial calcium, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxygen consumption rate,
ATP
level, and expression of genes related to mitochondrial function. Furthermore, inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism reduced the cardiomyogenic effect of CsA while antioxidant treatment augmented the cardiomyogenic effect of CsA.

Conclusions

Our data show that m
PTP
inhibition by CsA alters mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and redox signaling, which leads to differentiation of functional cardiomyocytes from
PSC
s.
Comparison of sensors and methodologies for effective prognostics on railway turnout systems
Authors: Camci Fatih , Eker Omer Faruk , Başkan Saim , Konur Savas
Published: March 2014

Railway turnout systems are one of the most important components of a railway’s infrastructure. Their geographically distributed nature makes failure detection, forecasting and maintenance planning extremely important. Prognostics, forecasting the time to failure in order to achieve effective maintenance planning, has attracted increasing attention from industry and researchers in recent years. The prognostic approach has great potential to achieve reduced costs and increased availability. However, the applicability of any engineering model requires economic and practical justifications. This paper presents an analysis of different prognostic methods for railway turnout systems. Five different sensors, installed in a real turnout system used on Turkish State Railways, are individually analysed by applying various prognostic methods. This paper aims to guide practitioners on the application of prognostics and health management technologies to railway turnout systems by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using different sensors and prognostic methods.
On the Move against Tuberculosis
Authors: Muniyandi M. , Singh Neeru
Published: March 2014

Tuberculosis (TB) poses formidable challenges to global health at the public health, scientific and political level. The current tools to combat TB are out of the date and not accurate enough to identify many TB infections. Though recent and ongoing advancements in drug therapies offer great promise for saving lives, the unfortunate fact is that they are drug resistant to both first and second line anti-TB medicines. The key challenge in the fight against TB is to innovate and adapt promising innovations to achieve protection and eradication. Making faster and more accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment and widespread use in the developing world where they are needed most, will vastly reduce TB cases worldwide and save millions of lives. New international efforts have now started to address move against TB which is the theme for World TB Day 2011–12. This article attempts to examine the steps on the move against tuberculosis in terms of safe and reliable prevention, development of new tools for diagnosis and drugs for treatment, access of quality care and community outreach activities.
Trend, Differential and Determinants of Deprivation of Reproductive and Child Health in the Districts of West Bengal, India
Authors: Bhattacharya Gargi , Haldar Sushil K.
Published: March 2014

Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) is assumed to play a pivotal role in effective human capital formation as well as in determination of future demographic dividend of an economy. West Bengal exhibits a large scale inter-district disparity of health vulnerability measured by RCH Deprivation Index using Senian Power Mean Formula and Principal Component Analysis. Keeping in mind the variability of the RCH parameters, unitary weights and multicollinearity among the different RCH parameters, we suggest a measure of weighted RCH Deprivation Index. It is observed that the regional inequality of RCH Deprivation Index is increasing over time although parameter specific inequality studies give different results. The present study explores the inequality of three-tier rural health care infrastructure across the districts of West Bengal over three points of time and finds that there exists a wide range of gap between actual and required three-tier health care system in all the districts. Moreover, the inequality of this gap is found to be widening over time in respect of sub-centres, whereas it remains the same in terms of CHCs (namely, Rural Hospitals) and has been falling in respect of PHCs. The inequality of the medical bed availability is also found increasing. Cluster Analysis gives us that some districts like Uttar Dinajpur, Malda, Murshidabad and Purulia have been remaining backward over time in respect of selected RCH deprivation parameters. In order to find out the factors explaining the variations of RCH deprivation index, the panel data regression is carried out and the results confirm that it is not the per capita income, rather female literacy and the gap of the primary health centres are responsible in causing district wise variations for the backwardness of reproductive and child health status of West Bengal.