bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Moscow Hostage Crisis in the Light of the Armed Conflict in Chechnya
Authors: Quénivet Noëlle
Published: February 2009

On 23 October 2002, a group of about 50 Chechens seized a Moscow theatre and held hundreds of people hostage, threatening to shoot their captives and blow up the building if Russian security amassed outside the theatre attacked. Their demand, that the operations mounted by the Russian army in Chechnya cease, was not taken into account by the authorities who, from the outset, declared that they would not negotiate. The crisis was brought to an end when special troops stormed the theatre, using gas in order to incapacitate the hostage-takers, and averted the detonation of a massive explosion that might have killed all the hostages. Up to 40 Chechens were killed as well as 129 theatregoers.
The ICJ's Judgment in the Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000: Some Critical Observations
Authors: Wouters Jan , De Smet Leen
Published: February 2009

On 14 February 2002, the International Court of Justice (the Court) delivered its judgment in the case concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000. In this case, the Court had the opportunity to take an authoritative stance on, and to contribute to the development of, two major questions in the field of immunities and jurisdiction of contemporary international law: do Ministers for Foreign Affairs enjoy immunity against prosecution by national courts of another state for crimes under international law, and how far can a state go in granting universal jurisdiction to its domestic courts?
Disentangling legal quagmires: the legal characterisation of the armed conflicts in Afghanistan since 6/7 October 2001 and the question of prisoner of war status
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka
Published: February 2009

The September 11 attacks and the ensuing military operations in Afghanistan have raised a multitude of complex and disturbing problems for the existing humanitarian normative order. Much of the legal scholarship on recent events concerning Afghanistan has focused on the issues of the legal status of captured Taliban and Al Qaeda soldiers under humanitarian law, their detention conditions at Guantánamo Bay in Cuba and the inadequacy of procedural safeguards for judicial proceedings of the proposed Military Commissions under the US Presidential Order and the Department of Defence Order. This paper takes a somewhat different approach, looking first at the legal characterisation of the armed conflicts in Afghanistan since 6/7 October 2001 and particularly the internecine hostilities that have continued since the apparent end of the war, before examining the status of combatants and that of prisoners of war. Clarification of the nature of the armed conflicts and of the scope of application of the rules on prisoners of war is essential for disentangling the legal quagmire surrounding the controversy over the legal status of both Taliban and Al Qaeda soldiers under thejus in bello.
International criminal procedure and its participants: an examination of the interaction of judges, prosecutor and defence at the Yugoslav Tribunal
Authors: Safferling Christoph J. M.
Published: February 2009

More than ten years have passed since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) on 25 May 1993. What was perceived then as being quite a scandalous step has come to seem somewhat normal both for international and criminal lawyers. The creation of the International Tribunal was a surprising move mainly for three reasons. First, from a public international law point of view, the UN Charter does not explicitly authorise anything like a ‘judicial intervention’ as a possible means to react to an international conflict and establish peace and security. Second, given that international criminal law at that time was hardly codified, the legality of prosecutions was questioned in view of the principlenullum crimen sine lege. Third, the procedural system of an international criminal prosecution was unclear.

The shock concerning the first problem was reduced by the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) shortly thereafter, and was later overcome by institutionalising ‘judicial intervention’ by Article 13(b) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The second problem was solved by the first judgment of the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY itself.
The year in review
Authors: McDonald Avril
Published: February 2009

With the attacks of 11 September 2001 very much casting their shadow, 2002 was a year in which issues concerning both thejus in belloand thejus ad bellumoccupied centre stage in international law and relations and dominated the news agenda, but often in a way that promoted confusion and misinformation rather than greater understanding of the law, and, as the year progressed, frustration and despair rather than optimism.

Transnational terrorism was cemented as the declared pre-eminent security concern of many states, and, as a consequence, full speed into the ‘global war on terror’ (hereinafter GWOT), the integrity of international humanitarian law, human rights law and international law in general, including the role of international organisations such as the United Nations, came under increasing challenge. Focal points of rancorous, polarised debate were the fact and the conditions of detention of persons, including minors, at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba; the applicability and relevance of international humanitarian law in the context of the terrorist threat and the counter-terrorist response; the perceived conflict between human rights and national security; the coming into being of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the US's almost obsessive opposition to it; and, as the year drew to a close, the spectre of the use of force against Iraq without Security Council authorisation by an increasingly belligerent United States and a handful of its allies.
The complementary and conflicting relationship between the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Tejan-Cole Abdul
Published: February 2009

Societies emerging from political turmoil and civil unrest associated with gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law face the crucial question of how to deal with these atrocities and put the past in its place. Since the 1980s, this problem has been a major preoccupation of international law and scholarship. The traditional responses include outside intervention in such states pursuant to Chapter VII powers under the United Nations Charter, grants of conditional amnesty to perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity, grants of some form of unconditional amnesty, and prosecution of perpetrators.

Nowhere is this question more pressing than in Sierra Leone, which recently emerged from a ten-year civil war characterized by systematic, serious and widespread violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The Government of Sierra Leone had to make a choice between these four traditional strategies for dealing with these pervasive human rights violations.
Transitional justice: the prosecution of war crimes in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the ‘Rules of the Road’
Authors: Manuell Janet , Kontić Aleksandar
Published: February 2009

In May 1993, at the height of the wars in the former Yugoslavia, the United Nations' Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). It did so in response to international outrage at evidence of war crimes being committed with impunity and on a scale unprecedented in Europe since World War II. The Statute empowered the ICTY to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1 January 1991, in accordance with its provisions.

The ICTY was established by the Security Council rather than the General Assembly because it was thought that the situation in the former Yugoslavia was too serious to wait for a lengthy ratification process. By characterising the war as a breach of the peace, the Security Council could act immediately under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Part of the international community's motivation in establishing the Tribunal was to prevent further war crimes being committed in the region, particularly against the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia.
Regulating explosive remnants of war
Authors: Maresca Louis
Published: February 2009

There have been significant developments in recent years in the efforts to reduce the death, injury and suffering caused by anti-personnel landmines. These weapons are regarded as one of the major threats to civilians once an armed conflict has ended. Anti-personnel mines have killed and injured large numbers of men, women and children and slowed the rebuilding of war-affected countries. The longterm and indiscriminate effects of these weapons led to the adoption in 1997 of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction.

Anti-personnel mines, however, are one part of a broader problem. Modern armed conflict leaves behind a wide array of explosive ordnance which, like antipersonnel mines, causes large numbers of civilian casualties and has severe socioeconomic consequences for years, and sometimes for decades, after the hostilities end. Until recently, international humanitarian law contained very few requirements to lessen the impact of these ‘explosive remnants of war’ (ERW).
Teaching international humanitarian law in universities: the contribution of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Bouvier Antoine A. , Sams Katie E.
Published: February 2009

Although the promotion of international humanitarian law (IHL) in academic circles is a relatively new activity for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), it has made rapid progress since the mid 1990s. Today, the organisation is following up on university-related activities in some 130 countries around the world. Overseen and harmonised by the ICRC headquarters in Geneva but implemented primarily by operational and regional delegations in the field, the ICRC's programmes targeting university professors and students are notable for their variety and diversity. Nevertheless, the organisation has made a concerted effort to ensure that all such programmes further the same broad objective and operate according to the same principles of action. In the second section of this paper, we examine the issues related to including IHL courses in the regular curricula of the universities and faculties concerned and present themodus operandiadopted by the ICRC on the basis of ‘lessons learned’. In the third section, we highlight the ICRC's experience of promoting IHL in academic circles in the Russian Federation. Section 4 draws some conclusions.
Universal jurisdiction: lessons from the Belgian experience
Authors: Walleyn Luc
Published: February 2009

Belgium was variously praised, criticized and ridiculed for its 1993 law (as amended in 1999) giving it universal jurisdiction over war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. The invocation of this law against Israeli and US defendants provoked an unprecedented conflict with Israel and serious tension with the United States of America in 2003. After months of diplomatic incidents, economic threats, provocative complaints and political debate, Belgium's controversial anti-atrocity law was repealed on 5 August 2003, ten years after entering into force. Even in the international legal community, real understanding of what happened in this legal laboratory is not common. This article is not a neutral study, but a contribution from an actor and a privileged witness.
International humanitarian law after September 11: challenges and the need to respond
Authors: Fleck Dieter
Published: February 2009

The need to enforce and further develop international legal protection after 11 September 2001 has been discussed in prominentforabefore. A wide range of issues (self-defence, humanitarian law, human rights, national laws and regulations, criminal sanctions) must be considered in this context. Different phases of application of the law (international and non-international armed conflict, peace enforcement, post-conflict peace building, etc.) are affected. Misconceptions have been propagated at the highest government levels and have created new problems rather than solving existing ones.

Among expert observers, such developments may cause feelings ofdéjà vu. In the years after the adoption of the 1977 Additional Protocols, when one might have expected that all efforts would be taken to accelerate the ratification of these new instruments and ensure respect for their provisions, Protocol I was criticised as being in the service of terror, an allegation that won certain influence although it was promptly and convincingly refuted. Concerns expressed more recently that the application of certain rules of humanitarian law might impede the fight against terrorism may stem from similar ways of thinking. They have made it necessary to explicate in detail that terrorist acts when committed during armed conflict are serious violations of humanitarian law, prohibited without any exception in the Geneva Conventions, their Additional Protocols and other international treaties and customary law, and that only scrupulous respect for international humanitarian law in military campaigns helps to strengthen the determination of all members of the international community to abide by the law in all circumstances.
The conduct of hostilities during Operation Iraqi Freedom: an international humanitarian law assessment
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: February 2009

The war in Iraq thrust international law into the global spotlight as has no conflict since Vietnam.Jus ad bellumdebates grew increasingly heated as the launch of hostilities in March 2003 approached. Did Security Council resolution 1441 authorise Operation Iraqi Freedom (hereafter, OIF)? Perhaps the attack was an exercise of self-defence against state-support to terrorism. Did the purported doctrine of ‘preemptive self-defence’, enunciated in the 2002 US National Security Strategy, offer a legal justification? What of humanitarian intervention, democratisation or regime change? Or was the sole normative basis the one formally asserted by the United States and United Kingdom — breach of a ceasefire set forth in a Security Council resolution adopted a dozen years earlier? Thejus ad bellumbrouhaha resurfaced in April 2005 with the revelation that British Attorney General Lord Goldsmith had issued a classified memorandum on the legality of hostilities that differed from the public justification he proffered, with OIF days away, just over a week later.
Iraq and the law of occupation: new tests for an old law
Authors: Kelly Michael J.
Published: February 2009

When deciding to go to war against Iraq in 2003 it had been intended by the Coalition states from the outset that the regime of Saddam Hussein would be deposed. It was believed, however, that there would be close engagement with a surviving Iraqi administrative capacity and perhaps a successor government. Consequently, it was expected that there would not be a need for much ‘post conflict’ administrative effort beyond the provision of support to a largely intact infrastructure, remaining functionaries and perhaps some humanitarian relief. Instead, Coalition forces faced the greatest post-conflict administrative challenge since World War II and the greatest public security challenge any force has ever had to manage.
The protection of refugees in international law post September 11 2001
Authors: Gilbert Geoff
Published: February 2009

The protection of refugees in international law is always a complex mix of legal obligations and policy considerations. Unfortunately, the reaction against refugees post September 11 has ignored both the facts and the pre-existing law.

This paper addresses how refugees have fared in international and domestic law post September 11 2001. Given that a refugee, by definition, has lost the protection of her/his state, there is no body, other than the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), which is able to respond in the face of unjustified restrictions on the rights accorded to this most vulnerable group.

The first thing to note is that none of the people involved in the events of September 11 was a refugee. Equally, immediately after the events of September 11, approximately 100,000 Afghans fled Kabul fearing revenge attacks by the United States. At the same time, under pressure from Pakistan and Iran, the United Nations High Commission for Refugees facilitated the repatriation of 215,000 Afghan refugees.
The proposed trials by the US Military Commissions
Authors: Finnin Sarah
Published: February 2009

On 11 September 2001 three hijacked commercial airliners were crashed into the World Trade Centre in New York, the Pentagon in Virginia, and a field in Western Pennsylvania, killing approximately 3,000 people. The unprecedented magnitude of these terrorist attacks led the United States government to assert that the acts were not just criminal acts but ‘acts of war’. This characterisation is more than just a question of semantics. Labeling the September 11 attacks as ‘acts of war’ gives the US government the basis to respond militarily — a response that is significantly different to traditional law enforcement, both legally and practically. Another significant difference is that prosecution of alleged perpetrators can occur under the laws of war (or international humanitarian law), as opposed to domestic or international criminal law.
The work of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
Authors: Aldrich George H.
Published: February 2009

The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC) is one of a pair of commissions established by the Peace Agreement of 12 December 2000 that ended a costly war between Ethiopia and Eritrea that had begun in May 1998. That war, which was sparked by disputes over the countries' common border, caused much damage and many thousands of casualties on each side. It also proved terribly expensive, as each party spent large amounts of money and incurred large debts to acquire modern weapons of war and the related munitions. Given the causes and the consequences of the war, it was, perhaps, not surprising that the Peace Agreement created a boundary commission to determine for the parties a common boundary that they would be obliged to accept, and a claims commission to resolve the claims of each party against the other for any acts arising out of the war that injured that party, including injury to its nationals, and that were in violation of international law.

However understandable in the context of the war, the creation of an international commission charged with determining which actions of the parties to a war violated the applicable international law is a rare event. While we have seen very recently the establishment of international criminal tribunals for the punishment of war crimes by individuals, we have not seen the creation of any other international tribunal that has the task of deciding the legal responsibility of a state for violations of the laws of war.
The algebraic structure of relativistic wave equations
Authors: Cant A. , Hurst C. A.
Published: February 2009

The algebraic structure of relativistic wave equations of the form

is considered. This leads to the problem of finding all Lie algebrasLwhich contain the Lorentz Lie algebraso(3, 1) and also contain a “four-vector” αμa such anLgives rise to a family of wave equations. The simplest possibility is the Bhabha equations whereL≅so(5). Some authors have claimed that this is theonlyone, but it is shown that there are many other possibilities still in accord with physical requirements. Known facts about representations, along with Dynkin's theory of the embeddings of Lie algebras, are used to obtain a partial classification of wave equations. The discrete transformationsC, P, Tare also discussed, along with reality properties. Finally, a simple example of a family of wave equations based onL=sp(12) is considered in detail. Theso(3, 1) content and mass spectra are given for the low order members of the family, and the problem of causality is briefly discussed.
On finding a point in the relative interior of a polyhedral set and degeneracy in geometric programming
Authors: Jefferson T. R. , Scott C. H.
Published: February 2009

Geometric programming is now a well-established branch of optimization theory which has its origin in the analysis of posynomial programs. Geometric programming transforms a mathematical program with nonlinear objective function and nonlinear inequality constraints into a dual problem with nonlinear objective function and linear constraints. Although the dual problem is potentially simpler to solve, there are certain computational difficulties to be overcome. The gradient of the dual objective function is not defined for components whose values are zero. Moreover, certain dual variables may be constrained to be zero (geometric programming degeneracy).

To resolve these problems, a means to find a solution in the relative interior of a set of linear equalities and inequalities is developed. It is then applied to the analysis of dual geometric programs.
The diffraction of elastic waves by small cylindrical cavities
Authors: Buchwald V. T.
Published: February 2009

In order to use the method of asymptotic matching for low frequencies, the equations of plane elastostatics are reformulated in terms of the two scalar potentials commonly used in plane elastodynamics. It is shown that the resulting equations of plane elastostatics can be reduced to those first obtained by Muskhelishvili. The use of the formulation is illustrated by considering the case of the plane diffraction of a P wave by a circular, cylindrical cavity of small radius. The results agree with those obtained from the exact solution of the problem.
Inverse power law potentials about polygonal prisms and in polygonal cavities
Authors: Philip J. R.
Published: February 2009

Page 242, bottom line.

Page 243, right side of equation (6).

Page 243, right side of equations (8) and (9).

Page 250, line 4 of Section 7.
Drainage after total knee replacement
Authors: Sterling G. , McBain G. D. , Harris J. A. , Boland M.
Published: February 2009

A simple lumped hydraulic model of knee drainage following arthroplasty is developed incorporating a pressure-volume equation of state for the knee capsule and a wound healing rate dynamically retarded by the blood flow-induced shear stress. The resulting second-order nonlinear ordinary differential system is examined numerically and qualitatively to map the parameter space. In the model, moderate suction or a slight back-pressure promotes gradual drainage and healing whereas excessive suction can lead to a bifurcation in which healing is retarded or even prevented. Guided, then, by the model, the literature, and experience, continuous drainage with a small constant back-pressure appeared beneficial so we prospectively evaluated a series of ten patients. The results are consistent with the model and promising.
A characterisation of Newton maps
Authors: Berger A. , Hill T. P.
Published: February 2009

Conditions are given for a Ck map T to be a Newton map, that is, the map associated with a differentiable real-valued function via Newton's method. For finitely differentiable maps and functions, these conditions are only necessary, but in the smooth case, that is, for k = ∞, they are also sufficient. The characterisation rests upon the structure of the fixed point set of T and the value of the derivative T′ there, and it is best possible as is demonstrated through examples.
A note on solitary waves with variable surface tension in water of infinite depth
Authors: Özuğurlu E. , Vanden-Broeck J.-M.
Published: February 2009

Two-dimensional gravity-capillary solitary waves propagating at the surface of a fluid of infinite depth are considered. The effects of gravity and of variable surface tension are included in the free-surface boundary condition. The numerical results extend the constant surface tension results of Vanden-Broeck and Dias to situations where the surface tension varies along the free surface.
Solvability of discontinuous functional differential systems in l∞(M)
Authors: Cabada A. , Cid J. Ángel , Heikkilä S.
Published: February 2009

We study the existence of extremal solutions for an infinite system of first-order discontinuous functional differential equations in the Banach space of the bounded functions I∞(M).
Euclidean null controllability of infinite neutral differential systems
Authors: Iyai Davies
Published: February 2009

This paper is aimed at establishing sufficient computable criteria for the Euclidean null controllability of an infinite neutral differential system, when the controls are essentially bounded measurable functions on finite intervals, with values in a compact subset U of an m-dimensional Euclidean space with zero in its interior. Our results are obtained by exploiting the stability of the free system and the rank criterion for properness of the controlled system. An example is also given.
Initial deformation about convex surfaces formed from identical, rough elastic-plastic bodies which approach along their normal at first contact
Authors: Weir Graham
Published: February 2009

The low-velocity impact of two convex surfaces comprised of identical material, which approach each other along the direction of the normal at first contact, and obey a J2 = k2 plastic yield condition, is shown for very early times to satisfy the following conditions: the interior surface which separates the two bodies is equivalent to either the locus of points formed by the intersecting curves resulting from moving the two bodies towards each other along their normal; or to the locus of points formed from the level surfaces (suitably parametrized) drawn about each body at the time of first contact. This separating surface lies midway between the geometrical overlap of the two approaching surfaces for times sufficiently short for inertial effects not to significantly affect the approaching velocities.
Generalizations of a weighted trapezoidal inequality for monotonic functions and applications
Authors: Tseng Kuei-Lin , Yang Gou-Sheng , Dragomir Sever S.
Published: February 2009

In this paper we establish some generalizations of a weighted trapezoidal inequality for monotonic functions and give several applications for ther-moments, the expectation of a continuous random variable and the Beta and Gamma functions.
Freely forming groups: Trying to be rare
Authors: Baake Michael , Grimm Uwe , Jockusch Harald
Published: February 2009

A simple weakly frequency dependent model for the dynamics of a population with a finite number of types is proposed, based upon an advantage of being rare. In the infinite population limit, this model gives rise to a non-smooth dynamical system that reaches its globally stable equilibrium in finite time. This dynamical system is sufficiently simple to permit an explicit solution, built piecewise from solutions of the logistic equation in continuous time. It displays an interesting tree-like structure of coalescing components.
Wavelet and discrete cosine transforms for inserting information into BMP images
Authors: Orea-Flores I. , Acevedo M. A. , López-Bonilla J.
Published: February 2009

In this work we use the Discrete Wavelet Transform in watermarking applications for digital BMP images with the objective is to guarantee some level of security for the copyright. We also compare the results with the Discrete Cosine Transform for the same application. Results are obtained from a number of tests, primarily in order to validate the security level and the robustness of the watermark, but also to prove that the original image suffers only very small variations after the watermark is embedded. We also show how to embed the watermark, where to insert it and the capacity supported for inserting an image.
Blowup properties for several diffusion systems with localised sources
Authors: Xiang Zhaoyin , Chen Qiong , Mu Chunlai
Published: February 2009

This paper investigates the Cauchy problem for two classes of parabolic systems with localised sources. We first give the blowup criterion, and then deal with the possibilities of simultaneous blowup or non-simultaneous blowup under some suitable assumptions. Moreover, when simultaneous blowup occurs, we also establish precise blowup rate estimates. Finally, using similar ideas and methods, we shall consider several nonlocal problems with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions.
Explicit eigenvalues and inverses of several Toeplitz matrices
Authors: Yueh Wen-Chyuan , Cheng Sui Sun
Published: February 2009

Based on the theory of difference equations, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of eigenvalues and inverses of Toeplitz matrices with five different diagonals. In the course of derivations, we are also able to derive computational formulas for the eigenvalues, eigenvectors and inverses of these matrices. A number of explicit formulas are computed for illustration and verification.
Water wave scattering by two submerged nearly vertical barriers
Authors: Mandal B. N. , De Soumen
Published: February 2009

The problem of surface water wave scattering by two thin nearly vertical barriers submerged in deep water from the same depth below the mean free surface and extending infinitely downwards is investigated here assuming linear theory, where configurations of the two barriers are described by the same shape function. By employing a simplified perturbational analysis together with appropriate applications of Green's integral theorem, first-order corrections to the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained. As in the case of a single nearly vertical barrier, the first-order correction to the transmission coefficient is found to vanish identically, while the correction for the reflection coefficient is obtained in terms of a number of definite integrals involving the shape function describing the two barriers. The result for a single barrier is recovered when two barriers are merged into a single barrier.
SEIR epidemic model with delay
Authors: Yan Ping , Liu Shengqiang
Published: February 2009

A disease transmission model of SEIR type with exponential demographic structure is formulated, with a natural death rate constant and an excess death rate constant for infective individuals. The latent period is assumed to be constant, and the force of the infection is assumed to be of the standard form, namely, proportional toI(t)/N(t)whereN(t)is the total (variable) population size andI(t)is the size of the infective population. The infected individuals are assumed not to be able to give birth and when an individual is removed fromtheI-class, it recovers, acquiring permanent immunity with probabilityf(0 ≤f≤ 1) and dies from the disease with probability 1 −f. The global attractiveness of the disease-free equilibrium, existence of the endemic equilibrium as well as the permanence criteria are investigated. Further, it is shown that for the special case of the model with zero latent period,R0> 1 leads to the global stability of the endemic equilibrium, which completely answers the conjecture proposed by Diekmann and Heesterbeek.
On the discrete asymptotic stability conditions of perturbed linear discrete systems with periodic coefficients
Authors: Uslu Kemal
Published: February 2009

We study the discrete asymptotic stability conditions of the perturbed system of first-order linear difference equations with periodic coefficients under the assumption that the related unperturbed system is discrete asymptotically stable. These conditions are dependent on the perturbation matrix B(n) itself and a different parameter is given for obtaining some estimates for the solutions of the unperturbed system.
Multiserver queueing systems with retrials and losses
Authors: Abramov Vyacheslav M.
Published: February 2009

The interest in retrial queueing systems mainly lies in their application to telephone systems. This paper studies multiserver retrial queueing systems withnservers. The arrival process is a quite general point process. An arriving customer occupies one of the free servers. If upon arrival all servers are busy, then the customer waits for his service in orbit, and after a random time retries in order to occupy a server. The orbit has one waiting space only, and an arriving customer, who finds all servers busy and the waiting space occupied, is lost from the system. Time intervals between possible retrials are assumed to have arbitrary distribution (the retrial scheme is explained more precisely in the paper). The paper provides analysis of this system. Specifically the paper studies the optimal number of servers to decrease the loss proportion to a given value. The representation obtained for the loss proportion enables us to solve the problem numerically. The algorithm for numerical solution includes effective simulation, which meets the challenge of a rare events problem in simulation.
Efficient spectral-Galerkin algorithms for direct solution of the integrated forms of second-order equations using ultraspherical polynomials
Authors: Doha E. H. , Bhrawy A. H.
Published: February 2009

It is well known that spectral methods (tau, Galerkin, collocation) have a condition number of O(N4) where N is the number of retained modes of polynomial approximations. This paper presents some efficient spectral algorithms, which have a condition number of O(N2), based on the ultraspherical-Galerkin methods for the integrated forms of second-order elliptic equations in one and two space variables. The key to the efficiency of these algorithms is to construct appropriate base functions, which lead to systems with specially structured matrices that can be efficiently inverted. The complexities of the algorithms are a small multiple of Nd+1 operations for a d-dimensional domain with (N – 1)d unknowns, while the convergence rates of the algorithms are exponentials with smooth solutions.
Generalized Hadamard's inequalities based on general Euler 4-point formulae
Authors: Bakula M. Klaričić , Pečarić J.
Published: February 2009

We present a general closed 4-point quadrature rule based on Euler-type identities. We use this rule to prove a generalization of Hadamard's inequalities for (2r)-convex functions (r ≥ 1).
On a distribution of Leipnik and Pearce
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel
Published: February 2009

A recent paper by Leipnik and Pearce introduced the gamma Weibull distribution. One of the main properties given is its characteristic function, which is expressed as an infinite sum. In this note, we provide a simpler representation in terms of the well-known hypergeometric functions in some special cases. We also derive expressions for moments of the distribution.
A note on three stochastic processes with immigration
Authors: Gani J. , Stals L.
Published: February 2009

Three stochastic processes, the birth, death and birth-death processes, subject to immigration can be decomposed into the sum of each process in the absence of immigration and anindependent process. We examine these independent processes through their probability generating functions (pgfs) and derive their expectations.
A Hilbert inequality and an Euler-Maclaurin summation formula
Authors: Krnić Mario , Pečarić Josip
Published: February 2009

We obtain a generalized discrete Hilbert and Hardy-Hilbert inequality with non-conjugate parameters by means of an Euler-Maclaurin summation formula. We derive some general results for homogeneous functions and compare our findings with existing results. We improve some earlier results and apply the results to some special homogeneous functions.
Reflection coefficients and energy ratios in a micropolar thermoelastic medium without energy dissipation
Authors: Singh Baljeet
Published: February 2009

The linear governing equations of a micropolar thermoelastic medium without energy dissipation are solved to show the existence of four plane waves in a two-dimensional model. The expressions for velocities of these plane waves are obtained. The boundary conditions at the free surface are used to obtain a system of four nonhomogeneous equations. These equations are solved numerically for a particular model to obtain reflection coefficients for the incidence of coupled longitudinal displacement and coupled transverse microrotational waves. These reflection coefficients as well as the energy ratios are computed and are shown graphically with the angle of incidence in the presence and absence of thermal effects.
Huxley and Fisher equations for gene propagation: An exact solution
Authors: Broadbridge P. , Bradshaw B. H. , Fulford G. R. , Aldis G. K.
Published: February 2009

The derivation of gene-transport equations is re-examined. Fisher's assumptions for a sexually reproducing species lead to a Huxley reaction-diffusion equation, with cubic logistic source term for the gene frequency of a mutant advantageous recessive gene. Fisher's equation more accurately represents the spread of an advantaged mutant strain within an asexual species. When the total population density is not uniform, these reaction-diffusion equations take on an additional non-uniform convection term. Cubic source terms of the Huxley or Fitzhugh-Nagumo type allow special nonclassical symmetries. A new exact solution, not of the travelling wave type, and with zero gradient boundary condition, is constructed.
Asymptotology—a cautionary tale
Authors: Dewar R. L.
Published: February 2009

The art of asymptotology is a powerful tool in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, but can lead to erroneous conclusions if misapplied. A seemingly paradoxical case is presented in which a local analysis of an exactly solvable problem appears to find solutions to an eigenvalue problem over a continuous range of the eigenvalue, whereas the spectrum is known to be discrete. The resolution of the paradox involves the Stokes phenomenon. The example illustrates two of Kruskal's Principles of Asymptotology.
An integrable system of partial differential equations on the special linear group
Authors: Vassiliou Peter J.
Published: February 2009

We give an intrinsic construction of a coupled nonlinear system consisting of two first-order partial differential equations in two dependent and two independent variables which is determined by a hyperbolic structure on the complex special linear group regarded as a real Lie groupG. Despite the fact that the system is not Darboux semi-integrable at first order, the construction of a family of solutions depending.upon two arbitrary functions, each of one variable, is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations on the 1-jets. The ordinary differential equations in question are of Lie type and associated withG.
A Bäcklund transformation and nonlinear superposition formula for the Lotka-Volterra hierarchy
Authors: Hu Xing-Biao , Springael Johan
Published: February 2009

A hierarchy of bilinear Lotka-Volterra equations with a unified structure is proposed. The bilinear Bäcklund transformation for this hierarchy and the corresponding canonical Lax pair are obtained. Furthermore, the nonlinear superposition formula is proved rigorously.
Discrete equations corresponding to fourth-order differential equations of the P2 and K2 hierarchies
Authors: Kudryashov N. A. , Soukharev M. B.
Published: February 2009

Using the Bäcklund transformations for the solutions of fourth-order differential equations of the P2 and K2 hierarchies, corresponding discrete equations are found.
Diffeomorphisms on S1, projective structures and integrable systems
Authors: Guha Partha
Published: February 2009

In this paper we consider a projective connection as defined by the nth-order Adler-Gelfand-Dikii (AGD) operator on the circle. It is well-known that the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation is the archetypal example of a scalar Lax equation defined by a Lax pair of scalar nth-order differential (AGD) operators. In this paper we derive (formally) the KdV equation as an evolution equation of the AGD operator (at least for n ≤ 4) under the action of Vect(S1). The solutions of the AGD operator define an immersion R → RPn−1 in homogeneous coordinates. In this paper we derive the Schwarzian KdV equation as an evolution of the solution curve associated with Δ(n), for n ≤ 4.
Additive selections and the stability of the Cauchy functional equation
Authors: Badora Roman , Ger Roman , Páles Zsolt
Published: February 2009

The main result of this paper offers a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an additive selection of a weakly compact convex set-valued map defined on an amenable semigroup. As an application, we obtain characterisations of the solutions of several functional inequalities, including that of quasi-additive functions.
Minimax fractional programming involving generalised invex functions
Authors: Lai H. C. , Liu J. C.
Published: February 2009

The convexity assumptions for a minimax fractional programming problem of variational type are relaxed to those of a generalised invexity situation. Sufficient optimality conditions are established under some specific assumptions. Employing the existence of a solution for the minimax variational fractional problem, three dual models, the Wolfe type dual, the Mond-Weir type dual and a one parameter dual type, are constructed. Several duality theorems concerning weak, strong and strict converse duality under the framework of invexity are proved.
n-Dimensional first integral and similarity solutions for two-phase flow
Authors: Weeks S. W. , Sander G. C. , Parlange J.-Y.
Published: February 2009

This paper considers similarity solutions of the multi-dimensional transport equation for the unsteady flow of two viscous incompressible fluids. We show that in plane, cylindrical and spherical geometries, the flow equation can be reduced to a weakly-coupled system of two first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations. This occurs when the two phase diffusivity D(θ) satisfies (D/D′)′ = 1/α and the fractional flow function f (θ) satisfies df/dθ = kDn/2, where n is a geometry index (1, 2 or 3), α and k are constants and primes denote differentiation with respect to the water content θ. Solutions are obtained for time dependent flux boundary conditions. Unlike single-phase flow, for two-phase flow with n = 2 or 3, a saturated zone around the injection point will only occur provided the two conditions and f′(1) ≠ 0 are satisfied. The latter condition is important due to the prevalence of functional forms of f (θ) in oil/water flow literature having the property f′(1) = 0.
Reflection/refraction of SH-waves at a corrugated interface between two different anisotropic and vertically heterogeneous elastic solid half-spaces
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Tomar Sushil K. , Chopra Asha
Published: February 2009

We investigate the reflection and transmission of SH-waves at a corrugated interface between two different anisotropic, heterogeneous elastic solid half-spaces. Both the media are assumed to be transversely isotropic and vertically heterogeneous. Rayleigh's method is followed and expressions for the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained in closed form for the first-order approximation of the corrugation. It is found that these coefficients depend on corrugation and are affected by the anisotropy and heterogeneity of the media. Numerical computations for a particular model have been performed.
The time fractional diffusion equation and the advection-dispersion equation
Authors: Huang F. , Liu F.
Published: February 2009

The time fractional diffusion equation with appropriate initial and boundary conditions in an n-dimensional whole-space and half-space is considered. Its solution has been obtained in terms of Green functions by Schneider and Wyss. For the problem in whole-space, an explicit representation of the Green functions can also be obtained. However, an explicit representation of the Green functions for the problem in half-space is difficult to determine, except in the special cases α = 1 with arbitrary n, or n = 1 with arbitrary α. In this paper, we solve these problems. By investigating the explicit relationship between the Green functions of the problem with initial conditions in whole-space and that of the same problem with initial and boundary conditions in half-space, an explicit expression for the Green functions corresponding to the latter can be derived in terms of Fox functions. We also extend some results of Liu, Anh, Turner and Zhuang concerning the advection-dispersion equation and obtain its solution in half-space and in a bounded space domain.
Stochastic stability of linear systems with semi-Markovian jump parameters
Authors: Hou Zhenting , Luo Jiaowan , Shi Peng
Published: February 2009

Over the past two decades considerable effort has been devoted to problems of stochastic stability, stabilisation, filtering and control for linear and nonlinear systems with Markovian jump parameters, and a number of results have been achieved. However, due to the exponential distribution of the Markovian chain, there are many restrictions on existing results for practical applications. In the present paper, we study systems whose jump parameters are semi-Markovian rather than fully Markovian. We consider only linear systems with semi-Markovian jump parameters, and also study systems with phase-type semi-Markovian jump parameters, because the family of phase-type distributions is dense in the families of all probability distributions on [0, +∞). Some stochastic stability results are obtained. An example is given to show the potential of the proposed techniques.
A convolution back projection algorithm for local tomography
Authors: Sastry Challa S. , Das P. C.
Published: February 2009

The present work deals with the problem of recovering a local image from localised projections using the concept of approximation identity. It is based on the observation that the Hilbert transform of an approximation identity taken from a certain class of compactly supported functions with sufficiently many zero moments has no significant spread of support. The associated algorithm uses data pertaining to the local region along with a small amount of data from its vicinity. The main features of the algorithm are simplicity and similarity with standard filtered back projection (FBP) along with the economic use of data.
Queueing systems for multiple FBM-based traffic models
Authors: Matache Mihaela T. , Matache Valentin
Published: February 2009

A multiple fractional Brownian motion (FBM)-based traffic model is considered. Various lower bounds for the overflow probability of the associated queueing system are obtained. Based on a probabilistic bound for the busy period of an ATM queueing system associated with a multiple FBM-based input traffic, a minimal dynamic buffer allocation function (DBAF) is obtained and a DBAF-allocation algorithm is designed. The purpose is to create an upper bound for the queueing system associated with the traffic. This upper bound, called a DBAF, is a function of time, dynamically bouncing with the traffic. An envelope process associated with the multiple FBM-based traffic model is introduced and used to estimate the queue size of the queueing system associated with that traffic model.