bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The polarization of commercial and journalistic values in the newspaper industry: An exploratory study in Greece
Authors: Dekoulou Paraskevi , Tsourvakas George
Published: November 2012

The intense commercialization that underpins contemporary society has dynamically permeated into the global newspaper industry and converted journalism into a marketable commodity. Nevertheless, the demands of the marketplace, which have their origin in news commodification, may clash
with traditional journalistic principles. With the aid of the face-to-face interview method and a sample of 30 press people employed by Greek newspaper companies, the present study aspires to explore the possible conflict between commercial and journalistic values, investigate its sources,
and identify management problems that stem from this polarization. The results confirmed an unavoidable conflict, which ends up being an indispensable compromise between a newspaper’s informative role and the vital need to secure financial resources. Self-censorship imposed on journalists
by profit-hunting media moguls creates tensions in the internal infrastructure of press firms and deprives newspaper content of veracity and objectivity.
Ireland’s Press Ombudsman, John Horgan, on accountability, regulation and redress: Where do press councils stand?
Authors: Horgan John
Published: November 2012

In recent years, the creation of a number of press councils in Europe and elsewhere, as well as the concurrent appointment of internal ombudsmen or readers’ representatives in many significant newspapers, particularly in the United States, is a clear response to a growing public
perception that there is a need for an appropriate level of accountability for the print media. It is fair to assume that this is related, in part, to a public perception that there is a need for remedies for abuses of media power – as there is a need for remedies for abuses of institutional
power in any society.
To check or not to check: An exploratory study on source checking by Dutch journalists
Authors: Diekerhof Els , Bakker Piet
Published: November 2012

Verifying information is one of the core activities of journalism, however recent research shows many stories derive from unchecked information from news agencies and PR material. That being said, reporters who do not use this pre-packaged material, but who instead produce original
stories based on independent research, might be journalists who stay devoted to the verification of information. Therefore, this study focuses on in-depth stories that originated inside the newsroom. We expected that these kinds of stories would be checked and double-checked, because time
constraints are less important and these stories are characteristic of independent, quality journalism. Contrary to this expectation, the results show that even these kinds of stories are not always vetted. The lack of time was seldom mentioned as an excuse. Our research points to avoidance
mechanisms which inhibit journalists from verifying their information.
REVIEW
Authors: Mutsvairo Bruce
Published: November 2012

Elections and the Media in Post-Conflict Africa: Votes and Voices for Peace, Marie-Soleil Frere, 1st Edition (2011) London: Zed Books, 352 pp.,ISBN: 9781780320182, £21.99 | $39.95
When Buffalo Bill crossed the ocean: Native American scenes in early twentieth century European culture
Authors: Lottini Irene
Published: November 2012

Between 1886 and 1906 Buffalo Bill’s ‘Wild West’ show travelled across Europe presenting its performances in England, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria–Hungary, Holland and Belgium. Encountering the ‘Indian motif’ which had already been introduced
into popular culture through different forms of adventure literature, Buffalo Bill’s late nineteenth century European performances popularized a series of images that his 1905–06 tour confirmed and the culture industry began to reproduce.From German ethnographic shows to Italian
opera, from popular literature to silent cinema, the response to Buffalo Bill’s tours was a proliferation of western scenes through different media. In the same years in which European countries were consolidating their colonial empires or starting their new expansionistic adventures,
Buffalo Bill’s ‘spectacularization’ of Native Americans merged with the dominant imperialistic point of view and stimulated the creation of an imagery that reasserted the idea of the White Men’s superiority and civilizing mission.
Fantasies of Native Americans: Karl May’s continuing impact on the German imagination
Authors: Michaels Jennifer
Published: November 2012

More than any other German writer, Karl May (1842–1912) shaped, and continues to shape, German views of Native Americans. He wrote more than 30 adventure books about the American West; his works were translated into over 20 languages, and sold some 200 million copies worldwide.
Generations of Germans read his books, and his impact continues today. In the 1960s popular films based on his works were made in the Federal Republic; films inspired by May appeared in the German Democratic Republic (GDR); the well-attended May festivals feature theatrical performances of
his works; and a mini-series appeared on television in the Federal Republic in the 1980s and in 1998 and reached large audiences. Such famous Germans as Albert Einstein and Hermann Hesse were May fans. Unfortunately, Hitler also liked May’s stories, which temporarily damaged the strongly
pacifist May’s reputation in the immediate post-Hitler years. This essay turns to May’s continued popularity in Germany, analysing films that were directly or (in the GDR) indirectly inspired by May’s image of the Native American, before discussing reasons for his popularity
today, as demonstrated by the Karl May festivals and television series, all of which in different ways continue to perpetuate colonial stereotypes.
The last of the Black Snakes and The Last of the Mohicans
Authors: Paryz Marek
Published: November 2012

The article explores the influence of James Fenimore Cooper on Polish writers who published books and stories featuring American Indians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first part of the article offers an analysis of two texts by Henryk Sienkiewicz. In his
Letters from the American Journey, Sienkiewicz speaks very appreciatively of Cooper’s novels, but even though he occasionally repeats the stereotypes shared by the author of Leatherstocking Tales, at other times he makes departures from such stereotyped views. Sienkiewicz’s readiness
to develop his own ideas of American Indians is confirmed by his short story ‘Sachem’, in which he employs the Cooperian trope of the last surviving member of the tribe in a way that evidently transcends the limits of prejudiced representations.The second part of the article is
devoted to the Polish adaptations of Leatherstocking Tales by Maria Julia Zaleska and P. Laskowski, with a particular focus on the two authors’ strategies of familiarizing the Polish reader with an alien subject matter.
Native Americans in the films of the GDR and Czechoslovakia
Authors: Briel Holger
Published: November 2012

This article concerns itself with the role Native Americans are assigned in the films of the German Democratic Republic and, to a somewhat lesser degree, in Czechoslovakian films. It traces the creation and ideology of East German ‘Cowboy and Indian’ films in the 1960s and
1970s and analyses the role their Native American characters are assigned. It becomes clear that while these films had specifically been created to counterbalance the depiction of Native Americans in West German films, in many respects this undertaking fails because of their flawed premises.
This situation is then compared to the lack of their depiction in the Czechoslovakian film Lemonade Joe (1964),which is then interpreted as an intentional political statement of resistance.
REVIEWS
Authors: Gottlieb Dylan , Plank Geoffrey
Published: November 2012

WARREN J. BELASCO, APPETITE FOR CHANGE: HOW THE COUNTERCULTURE TOOK ON THE FOOD INDUSTRY, 2ND ED. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 366 pp.,ISBN-13: 978-0801473296 (pbk), $21.95

CHRISTOPHER TOMLINS, FREEDOM BOUND: LAW, LABOR, AND CIVIC IDENTITY IN COLONIZING ENGLISH AMERICA,
1580–1865 (2010) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 636 pp.,ISBN: 9780521137775 (pbk), £25
Interrogations: Art, art education and environmental sustainability
Authors: Illeris Helene
Published: November 2012

How can art educators begin to inhabit questions of environmental sustainability, accepting to be ethically normative but avoiding becoming dogmatic? This article investigates three interconnected approaches to sustainable art education with the aim of building a platform from where
to explore ‘environmental sustainability’ without losing the epistemological and ideological complexities that have been developed within the contemporary research field. The first section, Art, presents two contemporary art projects and discusses their possible contributions to
environmental sustainability. The second section, Art Education, introduces four currents in contemporary art education: critical art education, post-structuralist strategies, visual culture pedagogy and community-oriented visual interventions, and ‘interrogates’them about environmental
sustainability. Keywords from the interrogations are used as ‘cornerstones’ to create an epistemological ‘platform’. In the third section, Environmental Sustainability, the insights and keywords from the previous sections are used to exemplify how moments of environmental
sustainability could be introduced in art education.
Floats, friendship and fun: Exploring motivations for community art engagement
Authors: Hoefferle Mary M
Published: November 2012

This article addresses parade floats as a form of community art and explores float builders’ artistic motivations and their interactions within the context of collaborative float building. Distilled from the author’s ethnographic study of three groups of folk artists who
build Labor Day parade floats in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula in the United States, and a material culture analysis of their parade entries, the research indicates that the float builders engaged in art making primarily to meet their social needs, which include motives regarding group
solidarity and civic obligations. This examination expands our understanding of community art by elucidating how the presence of a public audience, maintaining local traditions and opportunities for friendly competition, play and social bonding motivate community art engagement.
Academy and community: The experience of a college programme in socially- engaged practice
Authors: Hunt Nuala , Granville Gary , Maguire Chris , Whelan Fiona
Published: November 2012

A review of Irish art indicates that socially-engaged and collaborative art is firmly rooted within certain communities. Whilst there is an array of terms used to describe the range of practices emerging within the field of relational arts, making for some confusion, the establishment
of socially-engaged art within particular communities in Dublin can be traced to the 1990s. In this article the role of the National College of Art and Design (NCAD) in supporting the development of socially-engaged art is examined through the lens of a post-graduate programme entitled Community/Arts/Education.
The concepts and practices underpinning the programme are considered in the context of on-going change within teacher education at the NCAD. The relationship between the academy and community is examined critically in the context of local developments in socially-engaged practice. Key features
of socially-engaged art are analysed in two case studies by artists whose practice is located in Dublin.
Berry wars: A science centre as a forum for a dialogical activist, interdisciplinary art project
Authors: Huhmarniemi Maria
Published: November 2012

The Berry Tours project was a collaboration between artists, activists, researchers (politics and social sciences) and science communicators. Its focus was the berry industry, which has seen a rising number of seasonal foreign berry pickers arrive in Finnish forests and has resulted
in conflicts between foreign and local berry pickers. The aim of the project was to create dialogue between foreign berry pickers and locals, increase understanding of the richness of berry picking culture in Finnish Lapland, gain knowledge about interdisciplinary collaboration, and promote
the use of art at science centres. One result was a joint exhibition, titled Berry Tours, which was presented at the Arctic Centre in Rovaniemi (Finland). In this article, the author describes the Berry Tours project and discusses similar collaborative projects in the field of activist art,
dialogical art, and art and science collaborations.She describes the experience of showing art in a science centre and considers some of the possibilities of interdisciplinary collaboration in art education. The educational potential of dialogical art, community art and interdisciplinary exhibitions
is the core of the article.
The positive influence of art activities on poor communities
Authors: Ritók Nóra L. , Bodoczky Istvan
Published: November 2012

For the author, art education in very poor areas means extended pedagogical work that focuses not only on the children and the goals of art education, but also the social-educational background of the children’s families, the communities they live in. The article gives two distinct
examples (from Hungary) of how the teachers got the families of the children involved in visual art activities in order to promote cohesion in the village communities and the families, to provide positive models for the children, and – in some cases – also ensure some income for
the family.
The Billboard Poetry Project
Authors: Barney Daniel T. , Christensen Hoiland Ashley Mae
Published: November 2012

The Billboard Poetry Project is an artistic investigation that asks, What if billboards encouraged creative discourse and interaction within a community rather than solely functioning as invasive advertisements for commercial purposes? An artist/researcher/educator and an artist/poet
sought to challenge the commercial imagery found on the streets of their local community by repurposing three consecutive billboards to share the work of a local poet who uses fragments constructed by other poets. The project also invited local artists and writers to hold free workshops throughout
the area, after which the entire population was welcomed to join in a public event where anyone could exhibit artwork, eat food and listen to original poetry read by their neighbours in a community park.
REVIEWS
Authors: Alexandre Rui , Baldauf Anette , Cutcher Alexandra
Published: November 2012

DESENHO INFANTIL E SEU ENSINO A CRIANÇAS CEGAS: RAZÕES E MÉTODO, MARIA LÚCIA BATEZAT DUARTE (2011)Curitiba, Brazil: Insight Editora, 203 pp., ISBN: 978-85-62241-03-1, p/bk, DVD, price on request

INTELLECTUAL BIRDHOUSE: ARTISTIC PRACTICE AS RESEARCH, FLORIAN
DOMBOIS, UTE META BAUER, CLAUDIA MAREIS AND MICHAEL SCHWAB (EDS) (2011) Cologne and London: Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König,295 pp.,ISBN: 978-3-86335-118-2, p/bk,€19.80

TRANSFORMING THE CURRICULUM THROUGH THE ARTS, ROBYN GIBSON AND ROBYN EWING(2011) South Yarra, Victoria,
Australia: Palgrave Macmillan, 244 pp., ISBN: 97814202 5643 7, p/bk, AUS$59.95
‘Cinema is an abattoir’: Horror film and explanation
Authors: Grant Michael
Published: November 2012

This article is an attempt to move the study of the horror film from the kinds of explanation that typically derive from a certain mode of psychoanalytic interpretation into an area suggested by Wittgenstein’s discussion of seeing aspects. To this end, the article examines various
forms of explanation in the literature on horror cinema, and in the case of Psycho (Hitchcock, 1960), for example, argues for the position that it is the film itself that is constitutive of the myth that gives rise to it, and not an externally given system or a set of explanatory paradigms.
The argument is taken up with reference to the work of J-L Schefer on cinema, and the thought of Maurice Blanchot on literature.
Beyond psychoanalysis: Post-millennial horror film and affect theory
Authors: Reyes Xavier Aldana
Published: November 2012

This article suggests the possibility that psychoanalytic frameworks may prove insufficient to apprehend the workings of post-millennial horror. Through a sustained exploration of how affect theory may be applied to horror, and, more specifically, how it may exceed cognitivism in favour
of an understanding of the genre founded on Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of the ‘body without organs’, I consider the implications of a new theoretical approach that accounts for the popularity of films such as Saw (Wan, 2004) and Hostel (Roth, 2005). The article proceeds
by considering how psychoanalysis offers limited help in the study of a form of horror that appeals directly to the somatic body. It then considers the potential benefits of a theory that acknowledges its viscerality and its recent three-dimensional investments.
Unskewered: The anti-Oedipal gothic of Patrick McGrath
Authors: Powell Anna
Published: November 2012

In Patrick McGrath’s gothic fiction there are ‘psychoanalysts everywhere’, and therapy itself generates horror. From early gleeful parodies of Freudianism such as ‘The Skewer’ (1988), McGrath’s fiction would develop a sustained attack on psychotherapy
and psychiatry, as well as the broader field of psychoanalytic theory and practice. Horror is revealed not only behind the walls of the asylum, but also, and especially, in a mistaken diagnosis and perspective on mental anomaly. McGrath’s attacks on psychoanalysis can be aligned with
the anti-Oedipal project of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. In this article I contend that novels such as Asylum and Spider have affinities with the concept of schizoanalysis, and that this offers a creative method of thinking through horror after Freud. Via McGrath’s fascinatingly
‘mad’ characters and his richly textured style, the act of reading itself induces virtual derangement.
More things: Horror, materialism and speculative weirdism
Authors: Botting Fred
Published: November 2012

Exploring links between speculative materialist philosophy and the writings of H. P. Lovecraft, this article tracks how theories of horror have been defined, developed and transformed in relation to literary and philosophical notions of the ‘Thing’. Moving from Kantian ideas
of ‘noumenon’ to Gothic Things and from post-structuralist engagements with subjective and cultural limits, the argument plots the interrelationship between speculative realism and Lovecraft in terms of changing ideas of matter, science and the human.
Qualitative media diaries: An instrument for doing research from a mobile media ethnographic perspective
Authors: Berg Matthias , Düvel Caroline
Published: November 2012

This article outlines the benefits of qualitative media diaries as a methodological tool for empirical research on mediatization and mobility. If applied within the wider field of mobile media ethnography, diaries can contribute to the analysis of mediated interaction even in transit.
The idea of this methodological approach is to receive detailed information about an individual’s communicative relationships and practices articulated via various (mobile) media technologies on an everyday basis. Providing a theoretical frame for mediatization and mobility, the authors
summarize the development of mobile media ethnography and present an overview of the application of diaries in media and communication research. Drawing on empirical studies in two fields of inquiry – diasporic communities and job-related mobility – the central aspect of this article
is to reflect on the workings of and experiences with the application of qualitative media diaries.
Mobile telephony and older people: Exploring use and rejection
Authors: Fernández-Ardèvol Mireia , Prieto Lidia Arroyo
Published: November 2012

Age is a factor that has a bearing on the adoption and use of mobile telephony. Most of the available evidence in the field focuses on teenagers and young adults. To make up for the lack of research on older people, we explore the distinctive characteristics of mobile phone use among
senior citizens. Our research is set in Barcelona and its metropolitan area (Catalonia, Spain). We analyse the role played by mobile telephony in the personal system of communication channels for a sample of seniors in this area. The sample includes non-users of mobile phones to give a better
understanding of the motivations behind adoption and rejection. We analyse the logic regarding the adoption, or not, of mobile phones together with some of the particular features and how older people appropriate them. A more comprehensive analysis takes account of the available communication
channels and individuals’ combined use of different communication channels. We also suggest classifying older users of mobile phone.
An open-source approach to music education through jam2jam XO
Authors: Dillon Steve C.
Published: November 2012

This article examines the philosophy and practice of open-source technology in the development of the jam2jam XO software for the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) computer. It explores how open-source software principles, pragmatist philosophy, improvisation and constructionist epistemologies
are operationalized in the design and development of music software, and how such reflection reveals both the strengths and weaknesses of the open-source software development paradigm. An overview of the jam2jam XO platform, its development processes and music educational uses is provided
and resulting reflections on the strengths and weaknesses of open-source development for music education are discussed. From an educational and software development perspective, the act of creating open-source software is shown to be a valuable enterprise, however, just because the source
code, creative content and experience design are accessible and ‘open’ to be changed, does not guarantee that educational practices in the use of that software will change. Research around the development and use of jam2jam XO suggests that open-source software development principles
can have an impact beyond software development and on to aspects of experience design and learning relationships.
Separation of oxidized americium from lanthanides by use of pillared metal(IV) phosphate-phosphonate hybrid materials
Authors: Burns J. D. , Borkowski Marian , Clearfield A. , Reed Donald T.
Published: November 2012

Closing the nuclear fuel cycle in the US poses many challenges, one of which is found in the waste streams, which contain both trivalent lanthanides and actinides. The separation of americium from the raffinate will dramatically reduce the long-term radiotoxicity of the waste. The sorption of americium in both the tri- and pentavalent oxidation states was observed for four M(IV) phosphate-phosphonate ion exchange materials in nitric acid at pH 2. High selectivity was observed for reduced Am(III) with K
d values ca. 6×105 mL/g, while the K
d values for Am(V) were much lower. A new method of synthesizing and stabilizing AmO2
+ to yield a lifetime of at least 24 h in acidic media using a combination of sodium persulfate and calcium hypochlorite will be described.
Modified synthesis scheme for N,N´-dimethyl-N,N´-dioctyl-2,(2´-hexyloxyethyl) malonamide (DMDOHEMA) and its comparison with proposed solvents for actinide partitioning
Authors: Patil Ajay B. , Shinde Vaishali S. , Pathak P. N. , Mohapatra P. K. , Manchanda V. K.
Published: November 2012

N,N´-dimethyl-N,N´-dioctyl-2,(2´-hexyloxyethyl) malonamide (DMDOHEMA) has been synthesized by a relatively simpler route with a better yield than the conventional procedures for the synthesis of pentaalkyl substituted diamides. The proposed route replaces the use of acid chlorides and brominating agents (corrosive in nature) by acid diester and p-toluene sulphonyl (tosyl) chloride, respectively. The later easily replaces hydrogen from primary OH group of the 3-oxanonyl side chain and relatively less corrosive. The synthesized product has been tested for the extraction behavior of 241Am, Np, Pu as pure tracers as well as under Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) Simulated High-Level Waste (SHLW) conditions. The stoichiometries of extracted species of Np(IV), Pu(IV), and Am(III) from 3 M HNO3 using varying concentrations of DMDOHEMA in n-dodecane has been determined. The effect of the nature of mineral acid (viz. HCl, HNO3, and HClO4) on the extraction of Am(III) has also been investigated employing DMDOHEMA and N,N´-dimethyl-N,N´-dibutyl-tetradecyl malonamide (DMDBTDMA) as extractants and explained in terms of the aggregation behavior of diamides. The performance of DMDOHEMA has been evaluated vis-à-vis other proposed extractants for actinide partitioning under PHWR-SHLW conditions.
Asymptotic expansions for conditional moments of Bernoulli trials
Authors: Strasser Helmut
Published: November 2012

In this paper we study conditional distributions of independent, but not identically distributed Bernoulli random variables. The conditioning variable is the sum of the Bernoulli variables. We obtain Edgeworth expansions for the conditional expectations and the conditional variances and covariances. The results are of basic interest for several applications, e.g. for the study of conditional maximum likelihood estimation in Rasch models with many item parameters.
Sensoreinsatz und Datenanalyse in der Landwirtschaft
Authors: Link-Dolezal Johanna , Zecha Christoph , Claupein Wilhelm
Published: November 2012

Der Einsatz von Sensoren und die Analyse von Daten spielt in der heutigen Landwirtschaft eine bedeutende Rolle. Marktreife Sensortechniken erlauben eine teilflächenspezifische Anpassung der Applikationsmengen an den aktuellen Bedarf der Pflanze. In der Forschung wird am Thema Sensorfusion und der Datenauswertung gearbeitet, um die teilflächenspezifische Bewirtschaftung des Schlages weiter zu optimieren.
Blutgruppenbestimmung mit synthetischen Rezeptoren — Entwicklung eines Fließsystems zur kontinuierlichen Messung
Authors: Dickert Franz L. , Aigner Stephan , Jungbauer Christof
Published: November 2012

Eine innovative Alternative zur heute verwendeten Blutgruppenbestimmung besteht in der Anwendung von synthetischen Antikörpern, die durch Templatsynthese über das Prägen von Polymeren mit nativen Erythrozyten zugänglich sind. Bei dieser Strategie können einfache und preisgünstige Monomerbausteine verwendet werden, die zu robusten Materialien führen. Als Polymere können beispielsweise Polyvinylpyrrolidon, Polyacrylat oder Polyurethan herangezogen werden. Die Transducer werden mit diesen strukturierten Polymeren beschichtet und mit einem Fließ-System verbunden. So können mit einem reversiblen Sensorsystem Erythrozyten im Blut bezüglich des AB0 Systems, aber auch der Subgruppen typisiert werden.
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Presenting With Persistent Parvovirus B19 Infection
Authors: Adams Sarah T.M. , Schmidt Kara M. , Cost Karen M. , Marshall Gary S.
Published: November 2012

Parvovirus B19 infection in healthy hosts is self-limited, but persistent infection has been described in patients with cellular immune defects. A 6-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of weight loss and malaise and a 1-month history of fever and polyarticular arthritis. Parvovirus DNA was detected in plasma at 10 300 copies/mL. Levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, IgM, IgG-1, and IgG-2 were low, and antibody responses to vaccine antigens were impaired. HIV antibody and DNA polymerase chain reaction were negative, and the patient had normal immunophenotype, mitogen stimulation response, CD40 ligand and inducible costimulator expression, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor sequencing, genomic analysis, and fluorescent in situ hybridization for deletions at 22q11.2. Common variable immunodeficiency was diagnosed and replacement therapy with immune globulin intravenous was initiated. The parvovirus DNA level declined by half over 3 months and was undetectable at 15 months. Constitutional symptoms improved but arthritis persisted and eosinophilic fasciitis eventually developed. This case demonstrates that persistent parvovirus infection may be a presenting feature of humoral immune deficiency and can mimic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The infection may respond to immune globulin intravenous therapy.
The Globalization of Pediatric Clinical Trials
Authors: Dunne Julia , Murphy M. Dianne , Rodriguez William J.
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the characteristics of pediatric trials conducted under US legislation and to compare results with data from 2002 to 2007.

METHODS:

We reviewed all pediatric trials provided to the US Food and Drug Administration in submissions that were approved between September 28, 2007 and December 21, 2010. We extracted data for each trial including age range, therapeutic indication, design, duration, and patient and center enrollment by location.

RESULTS:

Overall 346 studies on 113 drugs and biologicals enrolled 55 819 pediatric patients. The United States participated in 86% of the studies, providing 71% of the centers and 74% of the patients. Corresponding percentages for non-US countries were 43%, 29%, and 26% respectively. Developing or transition countries participated in 22% of the studies, providing 12% of the centers and 10% of the patients; our earlier analysis found corresponding percentages of 38%, 12%, and 23%. The most common therapeutic areas studied in the latter countries were infectious, neurologic, and pulmonary diseases. Seventy-eight vaccine studies enrolled 147 692 patients. The United States participated in 40% of the studies, providing 39% of the centers and 22% of the patients. Corresponding percentages for non-US countries were 74%, 61%, and 78% respectively. Developing or transition countries participated in 27% of the studies, providing 15% of the centers and 52% of the patients.

CONCLUSIONS:

The United States remains an important location for pediatric trials. Developing country involvement in pediatric drug development is not increasing, although these countries participate significantly in vaccine trials.
Long-term Benefits of Home-based Preventive Care for Preterm Infants: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Spencer-Smith Megan M. , Spittle Alicia J. , Doyle Lex W. , Lee Katherine J. , Lorefice Lucy , Suetin Anastasiya , Pascoe Leona , Anderson Peter J.
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND:

We have previously reported improved caregiver mental health and infant behavior at 2 years following a home-based preventive care program for very preterm infants and their caregivers. This study aimed to determine the longer-term effectiveness of the program by reviewing caregivers and children at preschool age.

METHODS:

One hundred twenty very preterm infants (<30 weeks’ gestation) were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 61) or control (n = 59) groups. The intervention included 9 home visits over the first year of life targeting infant development, parent mental health, and the parent-infant relationship. The control group received standard care. At 4 years’ corrected age, child cognitive, behavioral, and motor functioning and caregiver mental health were assessed.

RESULTS:

At age 4 years, 105 (89%) children were reviewed. There was little evidence of differences in cognitive or motor functioning between groups. The intervention group had lower scores for child internalizing behaviors than the control group (mean difference −5.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] −9.6 to −0.9, P = .02). Caregivers in the intervention group had fewer anxiety symptoms (mean difference −1.8, 95% CI −3.3 to −0.4, P = .01) and were less likely to exhibit "at-risk" anxiety (odds ratio 0.3, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, P = .01) than those in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS:

This home-based preventive care program for very preterm infants has selective long-term benefits, including less caregiver anxiety and reduced preschooler internalizing behaviors.
Clinical Tracking of Severely Obese Children: A New Growth Chart
Authors: Gulati Alka K. , Kaplan David W. , Daniels Stephen R.
Published: November 2012

The 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts are unable to accurately define and display BMI percentiles beyond the 97th percentile. At Children’s Hospital Colorado, we created new growth charts that allow clinicians to track and visualize BMI values in severely obese children. This growth chart defines a child’s BMI as a “percentage of the 95th percentile.” It has the potential to allow clinicians to define subgroups of severe obesity, monitor trends in obese children, and measure treatment success or failure.
Predictors of Delayed or Forgone Needed Health Care for Families With Children
Authors: Wisk Lauren E. , Witt Whitney P.
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND:

We sought to determine how health care–related financial burden, childhood activity limitations, health insurance, and other access-related factors predict delayed or forgone care for families with children, using a nationally representative, population-based sample.

METHODS:

Our sample included families with children aged 0 to 17 years whose family was interviewed about their health care expenditures in 1 of 7 panels of the 2001 to 2008 Medial Expenditure Panel Survey (N = 14 138). Financial burden was defined as (1) the sum of out-of-pocket health service expenditures during the first survey year and (2) that sum divided by adjusted family income. Delayed or forgone care was defined as self-report of delayed or forgone medical care or prescription medications for the reference parent or child during the second survey year.

RESULTS:

Financial burden, discordant insurance, and having a child with an activity limitation were some of the strongest predictors of delayed or forgone care. Additionally, significant health insurance and income-related disparities exist in the experience of delayed or forgone care.

CONCLUSIONS:

Children and their families are delaying or forgoing needed care due to health care–related financial burden. Policies are needed to effectively reduce financial burden and improve the concordance of insurance between parents and children because this may reduce the frequency of unmet need among families. Moreover, reducing the occurrence of delayed or forgone care may improve health outcomes by increasing the opportunity to receive timely and preventive care.
A problemática da economia solidária: um novo modo de gestão pública?
Authors: França Filho Genauto Carvalho de
Published: November 2012

Este artigo discute a economia solidária numa perspectiva internacional, situando o contexto de surgimento desse fenômeno e o tipo de problemática que ele suscita. Apresenta uma abordagem original para sua interpretação, baseado em argumentos da sociologia e da antropologia econômica, indicando o que tal fenômeno tem como elementos para a reflexão e a prática de um modo renovado de gestão pública.
O rei está nu?: pensando fenomenologicamente A roupa nova do imperador
Authors: Ventura Elvira Cruvinel Ferreira
Published: November 2012

Foram dois os objetivos da autora neste ensaio: apreender a essência da fenomenologia, ou seja, compreendê-la fenomenologicamente, e reorganizar sua "rede" de pensamento, buscando chegar mais próximo do objeto de estudo de sua tese. O propósito não foi o de entender e apresentar "tudo" sobre fenomenologia, mas aquilo que para a autora ficou de essencial no conceito. A partir dessa experiência é que pôde lançar um olhar fenomenológico sobre seu objeto de estudo. O conto infantil A roupa nova do imperador, de Hans Christian Andersen, foi um gerador de idéias, utilizado para ilustrar questões relevantes.
A política regulatória do uso da água: estudo de caso para o Estado do Paraná
Authors: Pizaia Marcia Gonçalves , Alves Rozane , Câmara Marcia Regina Gabardo da , Jungles Antônio Edésio , Gomes Rita de Cássia de Oliveira , Godoy Marcia Regina
Published: November 2012

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as principais formas de políticas de regulação para o uso da água bruta. Para tanto, apresenta os aspectos da teoria da regulação econômica e da experiência nacional e internacional do uso da água. Nesse sentido, foram respondidas as seguintes perguntas: o que vem a ser regulação? Quais os objetivos da regulação? Que formas a regulação poderá estar tomando? Os resultados aqui obtidos permitiram inferir que apenas uma legislação abrangente e bem definida não é garantia de uma regulação eficiente. A regulação será melhor executada se o poder público dispuser de recursos materiais suficientes e de pessoal qualificado. Embora seja difícil avaliar como a relação entre política e regulação funcionará na prática, é evidente que essas novas leis federais e estaduais dotaram os órgãos reguladores de enorme poder, seja pela atribuição de funções de extrema relevância, seja pelo fato de poder interferir na própria definição das políticas estratégicas para os seus respectivos setores.
Estándares para la medición de la gestión del desarrollo local
Authors: Andrade Álvaro Sáenz
Published: November 2012

Este documento trata de dar un paso para contar con instrumentos que permitan la evaluación periódica de la gestión de los procesos de desarrollo en toda su dimensión, cuando las iniciativas del desarrollo local no cuentan aun con sistemas e indicadores que faciliten analizar y comparar el nivel alcanzado, constatar falencias y retroalimentar la gestión.
Centrifuge observations on combined loading of a strip footing on dense sand
Authors: COCJIN M. , KUSAKABE O.
Published: November 2012

Experimental observations on the behaviour of a small-scale model strip footing on dense sand subjected to combined loading under an enhanced gravitational field are presented. These observations are interpreted within the framework of plasticity-based force-resultant models, established earlier under 1g conditions, with the aim of describing changes of behaviour between small-scale 1g and centrifuge models. The comparison reflects the tendency of 1g-based observations to overestimate, on the unsafe side, the normalised deviatoric load capacity for low levels of V0/Vpeak. On the other hand, the 1g-based response is found to be conservative compared to centrifuge-obtained responses for high levels of V0/Vpeak.
Heave of a railway bridge induced by gypsum crystal growth: field observations
Authors: ALONSO E.E. , RAMON A.
Published: November 2012

The central pillars of a bridge belonging to a recently built high-speed railway line experienced an unexpected and continuous heave after the end of construction. Pillars were founded on 3 × 3 pile groups capped by a rigid slab. The tips of piles supporting the central pillars reached a hard Tertiary anhydritic claystone. Deep extensometers allowed the identification of an active layer, 12–15 m thick, located below the pile tips. Observations in recovered cores suggest that the heave is induced by the growth of gypsum crystals in discontinuities of the anhydritic claystone. No heave was observed in gypsum-rich claystones located above the anhydritic layer. Gypsum crystal growth is associated with dissolution of anhydrite and subsequent precipitation from a super-saturated aqueous solution. Boreholes and pile construction allowed a hydraulic connection of upper aquifers and the lower anhydritic formation. This hypothesis explains the role of the bridge construction in the triggering of a dormant heave phenomenon. The heave rate has been reduced to a small value by the weight added by an embankment 33 m high, which partially fills the original valley.
Uplift force, seepage, and exit gradient under diversion dams
Authors: Tokaldany E. Amiri , Shayan H. Khalili
Published: November 2012

Correct estimation of uplift force, seepage discharge and exit gradient is very important in stability analysis of hydraulic structures. In this research, by carrying out a set of experiments on a laboratory model, the application of various methods for estimating uplift pressure and seepage discharge under hydraulic structures, and the exit gradient have been investigated. The results show that for the soil type used in the experiments, the method of Khosla et al. gives a better estimation of seepage effects than creep theories. Moreover, compared with Lane's method, it is found that Bligh's theory has better agreement with the observed data of uplift pressure, seepage discharge and piping. By using the finite-element method, the magnitude of pressure head upon a dam foundation in different conditions is calculated, and a relationship between the anisotropic conductivity ratio and the ratio of coefficients in Lane's creep theory is introduced. It is found that while the accuracy of Lane's theory is reduced by increasing the anisotropic conductivity ratio, the new relation estimates the amount of uplift force very well. Based on the finite-element method, a set of graphs is presented to estimate the exit gradient in different conditions with the presence of a cutoff wall at the downstream end or without any cutoff wall.
Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals in the world's grasslands
Authors: Davidson Ana D , Detling James K , Brown James H
Published: November 2012

The world's grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. However, these burrowing mammals are facing myriad threats, which have caused marked decreases in populations of the best‐studied species, as well as cascading declines in dependent species and in grassland habitat. To prevent or mitigate such losses, we recommend that grasslands be managed to promote the compatibility of burrowing mammals with human activities. Here, we highlight the important and often overlooked ecological roles of these burrowing mammals, the threats they face, and future management efforts needed to enhance their populations and grassland ecosystems.
Native invaders – challenges for science, management, policy, and society
Authors: Carey Michael P , Sanderson Beth L , Barnas Katie A , Olden Julian D
Published: November 2012

The term “invader” is typically paired with adjectives such as “non‐native” and “alien”, yet native species can also cause ecological and economic impacts that rival those of well‐known invasive species. By spreading within their historical range, attaining extreme abundances, and exerting severe per‐capita effects as a result of predation or competition, native invaders can create an unusual set of challenges for science, management, policy, and society. Identifying when, where, and why species become invaders in their native ranges requires additional scientific inquiry, outside the current focus of invasion biology. Management strategies often mitigate the symptoms rather than address the causes of problematic native species invasions. Convincing stakeholders to comply with management actions aimed at controlling native invaders creates societal challenges and policy makers must prioritize goals from varied and often conflicting human interests. We illustrate these challenges by highlighting native species that adversely affect threatened and endangered Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp).
Future landscapes: managing within complexity
Authors: Parrott Lael , Meyer Wayne S
Published: November 2012

A regional landscape is a complex social–ecological system comprising a dynamic mosaic of land uses. Management at this scale requires an understanding of the myriad interacting human and natural processes operating on the landscape over a continuum of spatial and temporal scales. Complexity science, which is not part of traditional management approaches, provides a valuable conceptual framework and quantitative tools for dealing with cross‐scale interactions and non‐linear dynamics in social–ecological systems. Here, we identify concepts and actions arising from complexity science that can be learned and applied by ecosystem managers and discuss how they might be implemented to achieve sustainable future landscapes.
Cascading impacts of bark beetle‐caused tree mortality on coupled biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes
Authors: Edburg Steven L , Hicke Jeffrey A , Brooks Paul D , Pendall Elise G , Ewers Brent E , Norton Urszula , Gochis David , Gutmann Ethan D , Meddens Arjan JH
Published: November 2012

Recent, large‐scale outbreaks of bark beetle infestations have affected millions of hectares of forest in western North America, covering an area similar in size to that impacted by fire. Bark beetles kill host trees in affected areas, thereby altering water supply, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling in forests; for example, the timing and amount of snow melt may be substantially modified following bark beetle infestation, which impacts water resources for many western US states. The quality of water from infested forests may also be diminished as a result of increased nutrient export. Understanding the impacts of bark beetle outbreaks on forest ecosystems is therefore important for resource management. Here, we develop a conceptual framework of the impacts on coupled biogeophysical and biogeochemical processes following a mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak in lodgepole pine (Pinus contortaDouglas varlatifolia) forests in the weeks to decades after an infestation, and highlight future research needs and management implications of this widespread disturbance event.
What is wrong with current translocations? A review and a decision‐making proposal
Authors: Pérez Irene , Anadón José D , Díaz Mario , Nicola Graciela G , Tella José L , Giménez Andrés
Published: November 2012

Should a species be translocated? Uncertainty regarding the necessity and feasibility of many translocations complicates answering this question. Here, we review translocation projects, both published and unpublished. Our results indicate that most projects (1) addressed fewer than half of the basic criteria established for translocations and (2) were either unjustifiable from a conservation perspective or inadequately designed to guarantee success or preclude negative consequences. We propose a hierarchical decision‐making system – an explicit method that integrates existing guidelines, thereby covering a key gap in conservation science – to reduce ambiguity when deciding whether to implement a given translocation project. This method will improve the likelihood of success in translocation projects and contribute to the efficient use of the limited resources available for these conservation efforts.
Global extinctions of freshwater fishes follow peatland conversion in Sundaland
Authors: Giam Xingli , Koh Lian Pin , Tan Heok Hui , Miettinen Jukka , Tan Hugh TW , Ng Peter KL
Published: November 2012

The peat swamp forests (PSFs) of Sundaland, in Southeast Asia, support many endemic freshwater fish species. However, the future of these species is in doubt, owing to ongoing PSF deforestation. Here, we show that, if current rates of PSF conversion to a predominantly agricultural mosaic landscape continue through 2050, 16 fish species may become globally extinct. In the worst‐case scenario, where the rate of conversion across the region matches that of the most rapidly deforested river basin, 77% (79 of 102 species) of the narrowly adapted (stenotopic) fish species are likely to become extinct, a figure that would more than double known extinctions of the world's freshwater fishes. As indicated by our analysis, the PSFs of Indonesia's Central Kalimantan region would be most severely impacted.