bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Disappearance of a Gender Gap: Tolerance and Liberalism in Denmark from 1971 to 1990
Authors: Togeby Lise
Published: October 2007

Bad on data from Denmark, the paper examines the development of gender differences in political tolerance during the 1970s and 1980s. There was a large gender gap in tolerance at the beginning of the 1970s. which had totally disappeared by the end of the 1980s. The analysis shows that at the beginning of the 1970s. the gender gap is partly explained by differences in political involvement. Interpreted as a result of the different political socialization of men and women. However. part of the difference is unchanged by any control. and this “unexplained” difference is interpreted as the result of a specific female culture. Against this background, it is surprising that the gender difference in political tolerance has vanished only twenty years later. The paper argues that, during these twenty years. a cultural shift has taken place in Denmark. merging the female and male cultures. and eliminating the hitherto ‘unexplained’ gender difference.
Termination of Danish Government Coalitions: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects
Authors: Damgaard Erik
Published: October 2007

“Termination of government coalitions” is an ambiguous notion. While the concepts of “termination” and “coalition” do not present insurmountable problems. the concept of “governments” is indeed very tricky. Empirical findings on termination of governments are highly dependent upon the definition of government, as shown by a Danish case study of 1945‐93. A government is defined on the basis of party composition. It is found that Danish majority coalitions terminate because they lose the first upcoming election. whereas minority coalitions terminate for party strategic reasons. notably decisions made by the pivotal Radical Liberal Party.
The Difficult Art of Classifying Regimes: The Case of Paraguay
Authors: Boström Mikael
Published: October 2007

This article deals with the difficult art of classifying political regimes. Such classifications are important since they lay the ground for a central field of research in political science, namely the causes and consequences of regime changes. The article focuses on Paraguay. which has experienced a process of transition from authoritarian to democratic rule over the past five years. Four criteria of democracy are used to evaluate the state of democracy in this country in early 1994: competitive elections and universal suffrage. broad and autonomous political participation. political freedoms and accountability of elected organs. The investigation of the Paraguayan case highlights the problems involved in using a dichotomous regime variable in empirical research. Paraguay is a democracy when it comes to freedom of speech, but hardly in term of the political situation in the countryside. It also demonstrates that the widely used Schumpeterian definition of democracy is risky in the sense that it may conceal more than it reveals about the regime under study. Finally, the article sheds light on the need for in‐depth case studies for the classification of political regimes.
Swedish Reaction to the Assassination of the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme
Authors: Johansson Olof
Published: October 2007

Sweden's Prime Minister Olof Palme was shot dead, on a street in central Stockholm, on his way home from the cinema late in the evening of 28 February 1986. The Swedish public reacted with grief and horror. The emotional reactions to Prime Minister Palme's assassination were greater than expected. However, placed in an international context they are, nevertheless, relatively weak. In the analysis, the situation six and four years after the assassination will be compared with the situation three weeks after the event. The focus is on: what role, if any, the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme has played in the way in which Swedes and immigrants express their views on a number of important issues related to the murder and what effect, if any, it might have on the Swedish political culture and on the trust of the Swedes in the political and judicial system. The final argument that can be presented from this study of the connection between exposure to a dramatic event, such as the murder of a prime minister, and children's and adults' political values, is that the emotional effect of the assassination fades away fairly quickly and is replaced by a much more vague and unclear structural effect related to the total impact of the assassination seen as a dramatic event of national importance. This kind of structural effect on the political culture in a country can never be clearly described and analysed for the simple reason that an effect of this magnitude is almost impossible to control and isolate from other experiences.
European Union Institutions and French Political Careers
Authors: Kauppi Niilo
Published: October 2007

This article examines one aspect of the relationship between European Union institutions and the French political field: politicians' careers. What is the value of positions in the Commission and the European Parliament for French politicians in terms of career mobility? This study shows that the value of the Commission as a source of domestic political capital has risen since the 1950s, whereas the value of the European Parliament has remained relatively low. The position of Commissioner is now comparable to a ministerial‐level position. Membership in the European Parliament has remained secondary to a national political career. Yet, as a result of the European Parliament's peripheral position in the French political field, new social groups, linking the regions to the European institutions or forming cross‐partisan interest groups, have been created. Evidence shows that if the European Union institutions present an alternative type of political capital to national political capital, political careers and ambitions are still formed in national terms. National mechanisms for the formation of groups having a vested interest in the relative autonomy of supranational political institutions have not developed sufficiently. This inadequacy might be the single most important reason for the democratic deficit in the European Union.

We are not in business at all; we are in politics. (Former President of the EC Commission Walter Hallstein, quoted in Swann 1990, vii)
Reflections on a Half Century of Political Science: Lecture Given by the Winner of the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, Uppsala, 30 September 1995
Authors: Dahl Robert A.
Published: October 2007

Since I am to have the honour this evening of being presented with the Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science, it seemed to me that it might be appropriate to say something about the development of political science. Do not fear, however, that I am about to begin my reflections with the study of government in 1622, a task that would greatly exceed my time, my competence and, I imagine, your patience. On a much more modest scale, let me mention a few of the conspicuous changes in political science since I first began teaching and writing in the field about a half century ago. Let me add at once that I do not mean to suggest that my brief account is at all comprehensive or systematic. It is merely a rather subjective survey of a few changes that I find interesting and important.
States and Common Pool Resources
Authors: Lane Jan‐Erik , Jensen Svein Thore
Published: October 2007

The neo‐institutionalist theory on the management of common pool resources by states in terms of international regimes is based on dubious assumptions about states as players. If one starts from alternative assumptions about interaction between asymmetrical players and the advantages of opportunistic behaviour, then it is easier to account for the collective action difficulties in a regime such as the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), which handles the environmental problems in the Baltic Sea region.
On the Critique of Negotiated Economy
Authors: Andersen Niels Å. , Kjær Peter , Pedersen Ove K.
Published: October 2007

A critical debate on the concept of negotiated economy has to start from a mutual recognition of fundamental methodological and epistemological differences between the various research positions in the field. In reply to a recent critical comment by P. M. Christiansen on our use of the concept of negotiated economy, we argue that Christiansen not only mispresents our theoretical, empirical, and critical ambitions; most importantly, he also fails to grasp the basic methodological differences between our constructivist strategy of institutional analysis, and the more conventional non‐constructivist approach that he propagates.
The Negotiated Economy: Is There a Theory?
Authors: Christiansen Peter Munk
Published: October 2007

The original concept of the negotiated economy from the late 1970s provided some heuristic insights into significant developments of political, economic, and administrative processes. The later development of the concept has not brought the theory of the negotiated economy any further. This is a reply to an article published in SPS (Andersen et al. 1996) which responded to criticisms brought by me in an earlier article (1W.4). The defence of the theory of the negotiated economy is not consistent. The theory is both non‐positive and positive, and normally accepted criteria for empirical confrontation are not adhered to.
Avoiding ‘Data Snooping’ in Multilevel and Mixed Effects Models
Authors: Afshartous David , Wolf Michael
Published: September 2007

Multilevel or mixed effects models are commonly applied to hierarchical data. The level 2 residuals, which are otherwise known as random effects, are often of both substantive and diagnostic interest. Substantively, they are frequently used for institutional comparisons or rankings. Diagnostically, they are used to assess the model assumptions at the group level. Inference on the level 2 residuals, however, typically does not account for ‘data snooping’, i.e. for the harmful effects of carrying out a multitude of hypothesis tests at the same time. We provide a very general framework that encompasses both of the following inference problems: inference on the ‘absolute’ level 2 residuals to determine which are significantly different from 0, and inference on any prespecified number of pairwise comparisons. Thus, the user has the choice of testing the comparisons of interest. As our methods are flexible with respect to the estimation method that is invoked, the user may choose the desired estimation method accordingly. We demonstrate the methods with the London education authority data, the wafer data and the National Educational Longitudinal Study data.
Clustering Work and Family Trajectories by Using a Divisive Algorithm
Authors: Piccarreta Raffaella , Billari Francesco C.
Published: September 2007

We present an approach to the construction of clusters of life course trajectories and use it to obtain ideal types of trajectories that can be interpreted and analysed meaningfully. We represent life courses as sequences on a monthly timescale and apply optimal matching analysis to compute dissimilarities between individuals. We introduce a new divisive clustering algorithm which has features that are in common with both Ward's agglomerative algorithm and classification and regression trees. We analyse British Household Panel Survey data on the employment and family trajectories of women. Our method produces clusters of sequences for which it is straightforward to determine who belongs to each cluster, making it easier to interpret the relative importance of life course factors in distinguishing subgroups of the population. Moreover our method gives guidance on selecting the number of clusters.
Reading exposure: a (largely) environmental risk factor with environmentally‐mediated effects on reading performance in the primary school years
Authors: Harlaar Nicole , Dale Philip S. , Plomin Robert
Published: September 2007

Background:  It is widely believed that there are reciprocal links between reading achievement and reading exposure: children who read more do better at reading, and reading achievement itself promotes reading. We tested the hypotheses that these links arise because children's genetically influenced reading performance is correlated with their leisure‐time reading exposure, and reading exposure, in turn, may have an environmentally mediated effect on later reading performance.

Method:  The sample consisted of 3039 twin pairs from the UK Twins Early Development Study (TEDS). Reading exposure was assessed at age 10 using the Author Recognition Test (ART). Reading performance was assessed at ages 7 and 12 using the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE).

Results:  ART scores were moderately correlated with TOWRE scores at ages 7 and 12. Shared environmental variance in 7‐year TOWRE performance accounted for most of the contribution made by 7‐year TOWRE scores to the prediction of 10‐year ART scores. Genetic influences on ART scores were modest, but this genetic variance almost completely reflected genetic variance in 7‐year TOWRE scores. After controlling for genetic and environmental influences that overlapped between 7‐year TOWRE and 10‐year ART scores, there was evidence for a separate link between 10‐year ART and 12‐year TOWRE that was due to shared environmental influences.

Conclusions:  Genetic influences on early reading achievement contribute to later propensities to seek out reading experiences that might, in turn, reciprocally influence reading achievement through shared environmental paths.
Differential Impacts of Adiponectin on Low‐Grade Albuminuria Between Obese and Nonobese Persons Without Diabetes
Authors: Yano Yuichiro , Hoshide Satoshi , Ishikawa Joji , Hashimoto Toru , Eguchi Kazuo , Shimada Kazuyuki , Kario Kazuomi
Published: October 2007

The goal of this study was to examine the association between adiponectin and low‐grade albuminuria in nondiabetic persons and whether it differed between obese and nonobese individuals. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) was assessed by overnight collection in 157 participants. Overall, as anticipated, 24‐hour systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose levels were independent determinants of UAE (β=0.254 and 0.176, respectively, P<.05). In obese persons (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2; n=63), adiponectin value was a significant negative determinant of UAE (β=−0.256, P<.05) independent of blood pressure and glucose levels, whereas in nonobese participants (n=94) it was not. In an analysis of BMI and the median value of adiponectin (9.9 µg/mL), UAE was found to be significantly higher in obese persons with low adiponectin levels than in obese persons with high adiponectin levels (9.20 vs 5.11 µg/min; P<.05), even after adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure level, and glucose level. There was an inverse association between adiponectin and low‐grade albuminuria in obese nondiabetic persons.
CAPD Peritonitis: Therapy and Risk of Adhesions
Authors: Vas Stephen I.
Published: October 2007

It has been recommended that temporary discon‐ tinuation of CAPD may be of value in clearing a resistant peritonitis. I have been reluctant to “rest” the peritoneum in this setting, however, because I am concerned that inflammatory debris will cause peritoneal adhesions and ultimate failure for this dialysis modality. Is there evidence that this is or isn't an important consideration?
Therapy for Diabetic Gastroparesis
Authors: Moss Alvin H.
Published: October 2007

Maintaining adequate nutrition in the diabetic CAPD patient is difficult enough even without the common complication of vomiting due to gastroparesis. While oral metoclopramide is helpful, I often wonder whether those patients “resistant” to the drug are simply not absorbing it due to vomiting or for other reasons. Are there any data on administering the drug intraperitoneally via the dialysis fluid?
IV Calcium for Hypocalcemia and Hypotension in ARF
Authors: Zaloga Gary P.
Published: October 2007

A common laboratory finding in the intensive care unit patient with acute renal failure is hypocalcemia. When this is present in association with hypotension the question of the potential therapeutic value of intravenous calcium arises. I have heard conflicting views as to the value of giving calcium in this setting. Is it likely to be beneficial, harmful or of undetermined value?
Erythropoietin and Clearances in Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Mactier Robert A.
Published: October 2007

The effect of changing hematocrit levels on clearances has been discussed for hemodialysis but I have seen nothing about the effect in peritoneal dialysis. How does an increase in hematocrit affect solute and water clearance in CAPD?
INSOMNIA: I
Authors: Foulks Charles J.
Published: October 2007

The patient was a 63‐year‐old male on maintenance hemodialysis secondary to polycystic kidney disease. He smoked one package of cigarettes daily and consumed three to four cups of coffee daily, the last at 3:00 pm. He complained of feeling tired all of the time and that he could not sleep well: he tossed and turned all night and often got up for awhile. He would retire at 11:00 pm, following the completion of a sports show on cable television. He denied the use of alcohol or other recreational drugs. He used an albuterol inhaler four times daily and also took anhydrous theophylline for mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His other medications were calcium carbonate, a multivitamin, and a stool softener. A brief exam while the patient was on dialysis showed only chest hyperresonance to percussion and an increased expiratory phase without wheezing.

He was counseled to stop smoking (using transdermal nicotine patches and group therapy), to not watch television for the hour prior to going to bed, to take a warm bath before retiring for the night, and to discontinue his theophylline. He tried these measures for two weeks (though he did not stop smoking) and saw no relief. He was scheduled for an office visit the next day, and an examination revealed no other abnormalities except his easily palpated polycystic kidneys. He was encouraged to exercise daily and to continue the previously mentioned remedies. The social worker was asked to contact his wife to further explore the home situation. His wife revealed that the patient had recently begun to have problems with impotence and that he was very upset by this, although he refused to discuss the problem with her and had begun to withdraw and exhibit depressive behavior. He was seen in the office two weeks later, and an in‐depth history brought out the impotence and a closer examination showed signs of primary hypogonadism. His prolactin and TSH levels were normal, FSH and LH were elevated, and the free testosterone was low. He was treated with a depot form of parenteral testosterone, the impotence resolved and he no longer complained of insomnia.
Dry Mouth in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Zoccali Carmine
Published: October 2007

I have several chronic hemodialysis patients with complaints of “dry mouth.” They are not diabetic and are on no medications associated with this side effect. The symptom does not appear to be related to their volume status or to the dialytic treatment. Is this an autonomic or uremic symptom? Can anything be done therapeutically?
Interactions Between Phosphate Binders and H2 Blockers
Authors: Rodger R. S. C.
Published: October 2007

Do H2 blockers (cimetidine, ranitidine) interact with calcium and aluminum phosphate binders in end‐stage renal disease patients?
“Dry Days” in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis: Impact on Dialysis Delivery
Authors: Diaz‐Buxo Jose A.
Published: October 2007

In our peritoneal dialysis program, it is common practice in continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) patients to omit the daytime dwell without a medical reason for doing so (e.g., ultrafiltration problems). This practice eliminates more than half of the patient's daily dialysate‐membrane contact. Since the value of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)/ICCPD is based to a significant extent on the enhanced middle molecule clearance that depends on continuous dialysate‐membrane contact, I am concerned about the risks that “dry days” entail. Mightn't outcomes be different (worse) in these patients even if Kt/IV urea (or even creatinine clearance) is maintained?
Effect of Dislodgement of Venous Needle on Venous Pressure
Authors: Besarab Anatole , Frinak Stan
Published: October 2007

Recent work has shown that intra‐access pressures are far below that read out on the venous pressure monitor—<20 torr for most native vein fistulas. If so, isn't it inappropriate to count on the venous pressure alarm to tell us if the venous needle has come out (perhaps invisibly, e.g., beneath a blanket)? It seems to me that the venous pressure can't drop more than 20 torr under those circumstances.
Total Cell Volume Versus Urea Clearance in Reprocessed Dialyzers
Authors: Ward Richard A. , KY Louisville
Published: October 2007

Dialyzer reprocessing systems “accept” dialyzers for reuse if their total cell volume (TCV) is well maintained. What nephrologists mainly care about, however, is the dialyzer's urea clearance. How well documented is the TCV‐urea clearance relationship for dialyzers in current use?
Hepatitis C and the Renal Transplant Patient
Authors: Rosen Hugo R. , Friedman Lawrence S. , Martin Paul
Published: October 2007

Our understanding of HCV is evolving rapidly. The question of the risk of transmission within HD units is still unsettled, and definitive recommendations about isolating HCV‐infected patients are not possible. Although RT does not appear to be deleterious in many HCV‐infected patients, histologic and clinical evidence of severe liver disease should be a contraindication to RT (Fig. 2). To assess the ultimate effect of RT in patients with HCV, longer‐term studies are required. The role of different viral genotypes in the outcome of HCV infection in RT recipients requires further investigation. Pending more conclusive results, use of organs from anti‐HCV‐positive donors, even when transplanted into anti‐HCV‐positive recipients, is best avoided. The role of antiviral agents in RT recipients also remains to be defined, but preliminary results with alpha‐interferon have been disappointing, showing limited efficacy and possibly inducing allograft dysfunction. Clearly, the distinction between viral and host factors in the evolution and severity of HCV infection remains the most fundamental issue in understanding the pathobiology of this disease and developing appropriate guidelines for management in the renal transplant patient.
Calcium Carbonate as a Source of Alkali
Authors: Bushinsky David A.
Published: October 2007

Do the high doses of calcium carbonate used for phosphate binding in dialysis patients serve as a significant source of alkali? If so, can the effect be quantified or is it unpredictable?
Unexplained Hypercalcemia in a Hemodialysis Patient
Authors: Fournier A. , Morinière Ph. , Yverneau P. Hardy , Sechet A. , Mariè A. , Esper N. El
Published: October 2007

A woman on long‐term chronic hemodialysis has developed persistent mild hypercalcemia. Her calcium supplement (phosphate binder) has been discontinued and aluminum binders started; calcitriol is not being given. Serum aluminum levels are very low as is intact PTH. Thyroid function is normal and phosphate levels slightly elevated. Dialysate calcium level was reduced several months ago to 1.25 mmollL. Physical exam, bone survey, bone scan, chest x‐ray and mammography are negative. Is there anything related to dialysis that might explain this picture?
Causes of High Recirculation in Tesio Catheters
Authors: Kapoian Toros
Published: October 2007

I've started using dual, tunneled central vein catheters (Tesio catheters) in some of my patients. They seem to work well though a fair percentage have recirculation values that are much higher than I ever saw with the dual‐lumen catheters. Is there anything special about these catheters that I should be aware of that might account for this problem?
Implications of High Recirculation with Line Reversal
Authors: Sherman Richard A.
Published: October 2007

I was told of the following case and didn't understand the reasoning behind the recommendation: A patient has an arteriovenous access with a recirculation rate of 43% at a dialyzer blood flow rate of 400 mL/min. It is then discovered that the lines were mistakenly reversed. When this error was corrected and recirculation was again measured, the new value was 0%. Nevertheless a fistulagram was recommended. Why?
Short, Long, or No Dwells for PD‐Associated Peritonitis?
Authors: Burkart John M.
Published: October 2007

In treating PD‐associated peritonitis, there are arguments both for increasing the frequency of exchanges as well as for decreasing (or stopping) PD. Can you clarify this issue?
Use of Oral Biphosphonates in Advanced Renal Failure
Authors: Moe Sharon M.
Published: October 2007

Where do the new oral biphosphonates (like alendronate) fit in to the management of renal osteodystropy? I realize the official recommendation is not to use alendronate in advanced renal failure. However, I believe that this is based solely on a lack of data and that some level of dosage reduction for this unmetabolized renally excreted drug should be all that's needed.
Influence of B site Substituents on Lanthanum Calcium Chromite Nanocrystalline Materials for a Solid‐Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Ghosh Saswati , Sharma Abhijit Das , Basu Rajendra Nath , Maiti Himadri Sekhar
Published: September 2007

Highly reactive and nanocrystalline powders of LaCrO3based compositions, having the general formula La0.9Ca0.1Cr1−xMxO3−δ (0≤x≤0.1, and M=Al, Co, or Mg), suitable for solid‐oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications, have been synthesized using an auto‐combustion technique with ammonium dichromate as the chromium source. Owing to very fine crystallite size (ranging from 10 to 50 nm) and the high reactivity of the powders (surface area as high as 25 m2/g), the sintering temperature reduces drastically and a highly dense, uniform, and fine‐grained microstructure is obtained. A dramatic improvement in densification (nearly theoretical density) is observed for aluminum substitution, when sintered at as low a temperature as 1300°C. The microstructure shows a uniform distribution of grains having an average grain size of ∼0.5 μm. Depending on the substituent, the electrical conductivities of the sintered samples in air, at 1000°C, were found to be in the range of 10–45 S/cm, and are more than that of the values required for SOFC application. The thermal expansion coefficients, as obtained, are also comparable with the other SOFC cell components.
Toughening of Nontransformable t′‐YSZ by Addition of Titania
Authors: Schaedler Tobias A. , Leckie Rafael M. , Krämer Stephan , Evans Anthony G. , Levi Carlos G.
Published: September 2007

Substitution of TiO2 for ZrO2 into single‐phase tetragonal (t′) 7YSZ has been shown to induce a twofold increase in toughness. This enhancement has been achieved by increasing the tetragonality of the unit cell, upon substituting Ti4+ for the larger Zr4+ cation. The observed behavior is consistent with ferroelastic toughening, but direct evidence of the mechanism is lacking. Adding TiO2 to 7YSZ has the additional benefit that it diminishes the transformability of the depleted tetragonal form: specifically, no monoclinic phase was observed even after equilibration at 1600°C, followed by low‐temperature annealing. The combination of properties bodes well for potential application as a thermal barrier coating in gas turbine engines.
A clinical and epidemiologic study morsicatio buccarum/labiorum
Authors: SEWERIN IB
Published: October 2007

abstract – A study of habitual self mutilation of the buccal and/or labial mucosa by biting was conducted on 8,589 persons attending the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen. Forty‐two cases were found. The youngest patient was 5 years old and the oldest was 47. The condition occurred most frequently (1.77%) among persons aged 15–19 years. There was no difference in prevalence between males and females. Combined mutilation of cheek(s) and lip(s) was more frequent (62%) than isolated mutilation of the cheek(s) (24%) or isolated mutilation of the lip(s) (14%). Bilateral biting of the cheeks was more frequent than unilateral biting, and biting of the lower lip was more frequent than biting of the upper lip. Ninety‐three per cent of the patients were aware of their habit, and most of them stated that they had been biting for years. Twenty patients were re‐examined; in all but one patients the biting persisted but in 7 patients the location of the lesions had changed. In several cases a link could be traced to personal problems and mental stress. It was further noticed that many patients were students and white‐collar workers, suggesting that “intellectual” work may predispose for the habit.
Lack of influence of female sex hormones on alveolar bone loss in hamsters
Authors: LUNDGREN DAN , LINDHE JAN
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present study was performed in order to analyze the influence of increased blood levels of progesterone and estrogen on the progression of periodontal disease. The experiments were performed on 100 female golden hamsters (20 pairs of twins and 20 pairs of triplets). The animals were given periodontitis‐inducing diets. The hamsters of the experimental groups were oophorectomized when they were 7 weeks old and, on the same occasion, sham operations were performed on the animals of the control groups. Hormone administration was started two weeks after surgery and was continued for 12 weeks. The hamsters received daily intramuscular injections of estrogen and/or progesterone. After sacrifice the loss of marginal alveolar bone was scored. The main observation was that administration of female sex hormones had no significant effect on the degree of alveolar bone resorption.
The fine structure of the odontoblast/predentin area in the root
Authors: FURSETH RANDI
Published: October 2007

abstract – The fine structure of the odontoblast/predentin area in the apical region of human teeth has been studied. The odontoblasts were characterized by a rich rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and numerous dense bodies. Between the odontoblasts small bundles of collagen fibers believed to represent the so‐called von Korff's fibers could be observed. The individual fibers had a diameter of about 500 A. Junctional complexes were observed between the odontoblasts. In some areas a zone which stained deeper than the cytoplasm generally could be seen within that part of the odontoblast which bordered the predentin. This zone might represent a type of attachment apparatus between the odontoblast and the predentin. The surface of the odontoblastic processes were undulating, and lateral branches from the main odontoblastic processes were often seen. The chief content of the processes was a fine fibrillar material, but microtubules, vesicles, and dense bodies were also observed. The diameter of the collagen fibers in the predentin adjacent to the pulp appeared smaller than the diameter of the fibers further into the predentin. There was an abrupt transition between the mineralized and unmineralized matrix. In some specimens where phosphate‐buffered fixatives were used, a zone of atypical crystals were observed at the mineralization front.
Histochemical observations on human dentin exposed by attrition
Authors: TRONSTAD LEIF , LANGELAND KAARE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Demineralized sections of human anterior teeth with dentin exposed by attrition were studied after staining with PAS, alcian blue at pH 2.2, and the combined alcian blue‐PAS method. The intertubular matrix of the primary dentin was evenly and lightly stained with PAS, with exception of the most pulpal zone which showed an intense PAS‐positive reaction. No changes seemed to have occurred in the intertubular matrix of the exposed dentin. The exposed dentin, however, showed a stronger alcian blue‐positive reaction than the intact dentin because of a more intense staining of the peripheries and the content of the tubules. In the innermost part of the primary dentin a zonated pattern similar to that of intact teeth was observed. In the irritation dentin the intertubular matrix as well as the periphery of many tubules reacted strongly with PAS. With alcian blue the peripheries of the tubules were either unstained or showed varying degrees of positive reaction. In some tubules this reaction was comparable with that of the primary dentin. Variation in the state of aggregation of the ground substance was considered the main reason for the differences in PAS reaction of the primary dentin and the irritation dentin.
The effect of different demineralizing agents on oral mucous membrane
Authors: FEJERSKOV O.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The effect of different demineralizing media (nitric acid, formic acid‐sodium citrate, citric acid‐sodium citrate and EDTA) on oral mucous membrane was studied with special reference to the oral epithelium. All demineralization was carried out at 20°C, except in the case of EDTA, where the effect of treatment at 4°C and 37°C was also studied. The tissue was either single‐embedded in paraffin wax or double‐embedded in celloidin and paraffin wax. Serial sections were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin, van Gieson, and PAS. Nitric acid demineralization resulted in pronounced eosinophilia which obscured cytologic detail and was therefore an unsuitable medium for cytomorphologic investigations. Formic acid‐sodium citrate gave moderate eosinophilia with acceptable cytologic detail. After demineralization in citric acid‐citrate, there was only slight eosinophilia with good staining differentiation between the individual tissue and cell components, which could therefore be clearly distinguished. Tissue demineralized in EDTA at 4°C, 20°C, and 37°C had perfectly preserved cytologic detail, but at 20°C and 37°C there was dissociation of the epithelial cells except in the basal cell layer. EDTA demineralization at 4°C was thus the best procedure when it was desired to preserve the epithelium in situ.
Molecular weight and amino acid composition of Macaca irus parotid alpha‐amylase
Authors: JACOBSEN N. , SÖNJU T.
Published: October 2007

abstract – Parotid alpha‐amylase from Macaca irus monkey was obtained by cultivation of glandular tissue in vitro. Gel filtration of the unpurified amylase on Sephadex® and Bio‐Gel® columns, using reference proteins, showed a molecular weight of the amylase below 18,000, whereas ultracentrifugation of the crystalline enzyme indicated about 54,000. These values were consistent with the corresponding human amylase, the discrepancy in molecular weight being explained by charge phenomena between the gel matrix and the amylase molecules, causing retardation on the gel filtration columns. The minimum molecular weight according to the amino acid composition was determined to 28,000. Amino acid analysis of the crystalline Macaca irus parotid alpha‐amylase showed characteristics very similar to the human parotid amylase, with high amounts of aspartic acid and glycine, and small amounts of the sulfur‐containing amino acids. No hexosamines were found. Purification of the parotid amylase from Cercopithecus aethiops monkey indicated different molecular parameters. These findings support the belief that the Macaca irus monkey is well suited as an experimental animal in dental research.
The effect of traumatic injuries to primary teeth on their permanent successors
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O. , SUNDSTRÖM B. , RAVN J. J.
Published: October 2007

abstract – A material of 207 permanent teeth (including 90 cases collected from the literature), traumatized during’development by injuries to primary teeth, has been analyzed in a clinical, radiographic, histologic, microradiographic, and electron microscopic study. It appears from this examination that such developmental disturbances may be classified into distinct clinico‐pathologic entities, i.e. — (1) white or yellow‐brown discoloration of enamel, (2) white or yellow‐brown discoloration of enamel and horizontal enamel hypoplasia, (3) crown dilaceration, (4) odontome‐like malformation, (5) root duplication, (6) vestibular root angulation, (7) lateral root angulation or dilaceration, (8) partial or complete arrest of root formation, (9) sequestration of entire tooth germ, and (10) ectopic, premature, or delayed eruption or impaction.
Preparation of human premolar roots for scanning electron microscopy
Authors: VAM EINAR K.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The influence of various technical procedures on the morphologic details of human premolar root surfaces was investigated. Sixteen formaldehyde‐fixed specimens, in some cases post‐fixed with OsO4, were air‐dried at room temperature or freeze‐dried. Four of eight air‐dried specimens were fixed in formaldehyde only; another four were also post‐fixed with OsO4. Four freeze‐dried specimens were dried from distilled water and four from amylacetate. There was no noticeable difference between the specimens with regard to the gross and fine structure of fibrous collagen tissue. The interfibrillar substance was influenced in all cases. Fiber bundles subjected to post‐fixation in OsO4 were particularly denuded of interfibrillar substance. Erythrocytes, also studied for comparison, revealed in all groups a general reduction in size and a certain variability in shape, indicating that they are subject to reversible alterations during the treatment procedures. The drying methods investigated were all acceptable for studies of fibrous, collagenous elements, although the size and morphology of some of the erythrocytes were generally influenced by the procedures.
Discoloration of human teeth by a combination of chlorhexidine and aldehydes or ketones in vitro
Authors: NORDBÖ H.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The ability of chlorhexidine to form colored reaction products with various aldehydes and ketones and the capacity of these products to discolor human teeth in vitro were studied. A number of the substances examined are intermediates normally occurring in oral microbial metabolism. Many of the substances proved to react with chlorhexidine to produce colored products. Acetaldehyde, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphoric acid, glyceraldehyde, and α‐ketoglutaric acid were the most marked chromogens. Pure hydroxyapatite as well as extracted human teeth were discolored by the reactions. In this respect, acetaldehyde exhibited by far the greatest capacity.
Electron microprobe analysis of deep layers of rat incisor enamel
Authors: HALSE AGNAR
Published: October 2007

abstract – Images formed in the electron microprobe by the current induced in the sample by absorbed electrons illustrated the prism structure and mineral distribution in the enamel of rat incisors. Close to the dentino‐enamel junction a 2 micron wide zone of high electron density was found, bordered on the peripheral side by a 2–3 micron wide zone of low density. Chemical concentration profiles indicated that the content of calcium and phosphorus in this zone was lower than in the underlying dentin.
Electron microscopic demonstration of bacterial lipopolysaccharides in dental plaque matrix
Authors: SELVIG KNUT A. , HOFSTAD TOR , KRISTOFFERSEN TORE
Published: October 2007

abstract – Bacterial lipopolysaccharide endotoxins (LPS) obtained by phenol‐water extraction from oral strains of Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Fusobacterium were studied in the electron microscope. The LPS particles had a characteristic morphology comparable to that of LPS from other Gram‐negative microorganisms. The LPS appeared as circular structures or discs delimited by single or trilaminar membranes, or as short rods composed of two electron‐dense membranes separated by a fine, less‐dense layer. Teeth with adhering soft and calcified bacterial plaque, which were extracted because of advanced periodontal disease, were obtained and processed for electron microscopy. Close examination of thin sections revealed an abundance of particles in the dental plaque which closely resembled those found in LPS preparations of Gram‐negative oral microorganisms. Circular as well as rod‐like particles were, identified. These particles, which were most frequent in regions containing Gram‐negative bacteria, were distinctly different from the granular, filamentous, and other structures previously reported in the intercellular matrix of the dental plaque. It was concluded that the circular and rod‐like structures described represent free bacterial lipopolysaccharide. LPS particles were found superficially in the plaque as well as in deeper layers and in regions undergoing calcification. In regions containing Gram‐negative bacteria, intercellular mineral deposition often occurred in close association with the LPS particles.
Long‐term pulp reaction to silicate cement with an intradental control
Authors: HANSEN HARRY P. , BRUUN CARSTEN
Published: October 2007

abstract – In each of 42 clinically sound premolars scheduled for extraction for orthodontic reasons one vestibular and one lingual cavity were prepared. Four teeth were extracted immediately after cutting of the cavities for control of the effect of the cutting procedure upon the pulp. In the remaining 38 teeth one cavity was selected at random and filled with Silican® without isolation of the cavity walls and the other cavity with Pharmatec® After one hour, one week, one month, and six months the teeth were extracted and examined histologically. In this way intra‐dental control of pulp reactions was possible. After an observation time of one month or less, only slight pulp damage was found under both filling materials. Following the observation period of six months obvious pulp reactions were demonstrated under both filling materials. The pulp damage following insertion of silicate cement therefore does not seem to be the result of the initial acidity of the filling material. Microorganisms were in some cases found on the cavity wall under tre silicate cement fillings. The method used was found to be preferable in comparative studies concerning the harmful effect of filling materials upon the pulp. The findings are discussed.
Effect of differences in habitual use of complete dentures on underlying tissues
Authors: BERGMAN BO , CARLSSON GUNNAR E. , ERICSON SUNE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present longitudinal clinical and radiographic investigation was undertaken to find out whether the. frequency of denture stomatitis and/or the rate of resorption of the alveolar processes varied with the type of habitual use (day only versus day and night) of complete dentures. The clinical series consisted of 60 wearers of complete dentures who were randomly divided into two equally large groups, one in which the dentures were worn also during the night and one in which they were worn only in the daytime. Fifty‐four of the patients were re‐examined, one year later. Clinical examination revealed no significant differences in the frequency of denture stomatitis between the two groups. Neither did the two groups differ from one another in respect of changes in the morphologic or postural face height or in the anterior part of the mandible.
A methodological study of oral vestibular sulcus reproduction
Authors: ÖWALL BENGT , GLANTZ PER‐OLOF
Published: October 2007

abstract – A fixation device was designed for studying the reproducibility of the depth of vestibular sulcus impressions of edentulous jaws. The device was tested on five edentulous persons, in each of which five frontal impressions were taken with a single brand of zinc oxide‐eugenol paste. The results of the measurements indicate that with tiie described equipment it was possible, with a probability of 95 %, to retake a frontal vestibular sulcus impression with an accuracy of ± 1.2 mm.
Response from a disadvantaged, rural population to a subsidized dental program
Authors: HELÖE LEIF ARNE
Published: October 2007

abstract – The present report deals with the first part of an investigation concerning the dental treatment in a disadvantaged, rural population in Norway. A state‐supported dental program was introduced, and the response of the recipients was recorded. In a community of 5,214 inhabitants (Nord‐Odal) all persons (280) between 20–60 years of age receiving economic support under different welfare programs were sent a short questionnaire and an accompanying letter offering subsidized dental services. After a follow‐up letter, remaining non‐respondents were visited in their homes for collection of the questionnaires. Finally, completely or partially answered questionnaires totalled 265, representing 97 % of all recipients excluding 7 with residence outside the community. Of the respondents, 78 % agreed to participate in the program, 12 % refused, and 10 % were uncertain. In general, those who refused were most likely to be found in the oldest age group and among people with a minimum income. Persons wearing dentures in both jaws refused the program more frequently than did persons with 15 or more teeth. The most common reason for refusing participation was satisfaction with their present dental condition.
Deliberate relaxation of the temporal and masseter muscles in subjects with functional disorders of the chewing apparatus
Authors: MØLLER E. , SHEIK‐OL‐ESLAM A. , LOUS I.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The ability to relax the temporal and masseter muscles was tested in 24 patients with functional disorders of the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joints and in 45 dental students without such disorders. In spite of all efforts taken to induce relaxation in the patients, postural activity remained unchanged as long as they sat up, but a change to supine position caused significant reduction of the activity in the temporal muscle. On the return to an upright position these muscles attained their previous level of activity. In the students, deliberate relaxation was limited to the supine position and caused a reduction of the activity in the temporal muscle. Partients with hyperactivity in masseter muscles with the mandible at rets were too few to demonstrate any effect of relaxation, and the absence of effect in the control sample showed that these muscles do not contribute to mandibular posture. Our findings suggest that hyperactivity in the temporal muscles reflects abnormal posture of the mandible and that the supine position is suitable for inducing relaxation during clincal examination and treatment.
Swallowing in upright, inclined, and supine positions: action of the temporal, lateral pterygoid, and digastric muscles
Authors: MØLLER E. , LUND P. , NISHIYAMA T.
Published: October 2007

abstract – During swallowing, the electrical activity in the anterior temporal, lateral pterygoid, and digastric muscles was recorded in subjects (A) sitting upright with the head unsupported, (B) inclining backwards with the back‐rest at 45°, and (C) supine. The degree of activity (maximal mean voltage) was not influenced by posture and the time course was the same with the subjects inclined 45° and supine. In the anterior temporal muscle, swallowing in the inclined and supine positions lasted 100 msec less than during sitting upright. Because of the change from upright to inclined or supine positions the action of the lateral pterygoid and digastric muscles was advanced 30–100 msec in relation to the temporal muscle. It is suggested that the time pattern of the activity varied with posture because of a shortening of the oral phase when swallowing was performed in inclined and supine positions. The variation induced by altering posture was confined to changes of 5–10 % in the time course of the activity.
The plaque‐inhibiting capacity of glycerophosphate and phytic acid
Authors: NORDBÖ H. , RÖLLA G.
Published: October 2007

abstract – The plaque‐inhibiting capacity of glycerophosphate and phytic acid was studied in vivo in a group of 16 students. Both agents appeared to reduce plaque formation to a certain extent, phytic acid being the more efficient of the two. The results may support the view that phytic acid competes with organic plaque material on the tooth surface.