bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individuation, Individuality, and Experimental Practice in Developmental Biology
Authors: Love Alan C.
Published: October 2018

Philosophical analyses of individuals in biology have focused on theories of individuality that derive from evolutionary theory, understood as a fundamental framework that governs all of biology. Less attention has been given to how individuals are determined in experimental practice. The author uses the problem agenda of growth in developmental biology to argue that individuation practices are guided by structured problems, which leads to variable and divergent conceptualizations of what qualifies as an individual. The result is a pluralist perspective on biological individuality in which different kinds of individuals are counted, compared, detected, or tracked in practice. The problem-relative nature of individuation dissolves the so-called problem of biological individuality and captures more accurately how biologists engage in successful practices that contribute to the manipulation, prediction, and explanation of biological individuals.
Retail Realism, the Individuation of Theoretical Entities, and the Case of the Muriatic Radical
Authors: Hricko Jonathon
Published: October 2018

Retail realists advocate abandoning wholesale arguments, which concern the reality of theoretical entities in general, and embracing retail arguments, which concern the reality of particular kinds of theoretical entities. They can thus be realists about some and anti-realists about others. But realism about a kind of entity can take different forms depending on how retail realists individuate kinds of entities. This chapter introduces the notion of the inclusiveness of individuation: the more inclusively we individuate a kind of entity, the more theories there are in which it appears. The form of realism that retail realists accept regarding a particular kind of entity can be more selective or more encompassing depending on how inclusively they individuate that kind of entity. This chapter illustrates these ideas in terms of a case from the history of chemistry involving the hypothetical component of hydrochloric acid known as the muriatic radical.
Is Aldo Leopold’s “Land Community” an Individual?
Authors: Millstein Roberta L.
Published: October 2018

The concept of “land community” (or “biotic community”) that features centrally in Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic has typically been equated with the concept of “ecosystem.” The author argues that we need to rethink Leopold’s concept of land community. First, Leopold’s views are not identical to those of his contemporaries, although they resemble those of some subsequent ecologists. Second, the land community concept does not map cleanly onto the concept of “ecosystem”; it also incorporates elements of the “community” concept in community ecology. Third, the question of whether land communities have boundaries can be addressed by an analysis of land communities as individuals. There are challenges to be worked out, but the author argues that these challenges can be resolved. The result is a defensible land community concept that is ontologically robust enough to be a locus of moral obligation while being consistent with contemporary ecological theory and practice.
Complex Research Teams on the Rise
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

The first part of this chapter examines the research literature in two important areas: the reasons behind the rise in complex teams in qualitative research, and concurrently, the significant discussions emerging about writing among qualitative researchers. As the reader will discover, these two issues are linked in significant ways. The second part of the chapter provides a foundational discussion on qualitative research (definitions, principles, and forms of data) that will anchor the novice reader and provide important background for the expert reader. This text takes a problem-based approach to qualitative research, which is carefully described in this section. This chapter is supported with extensive bibliographic resources that will prove useful for readers who want to do further exploration of their own.
Research Design in Team-Based Qualitative Research
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

In the introduction to this chapter and interwoven throughout the text is the message that qualitative research begins and ends in writing, which in this case means that research design is a beginning point for that writing. This chapter is composed of three major sections that illustrate how team start-up is critical to how the writing will proceed down the line. The first section—Team Formation—provides detailed information on issues to consider in establishing the team in a manner that will be most beneficial to the conduct of qualitative research. The second section—Research Design and Project Organization—discusses early writing tasks, establishing a project management system, and the importance of linking all of this to a data archiving plan. Digital tools are discussed in some depth. The third section—Caring: Internalized and Externalized—suggests a novel approach to the issue of ethics and team management.
Trends, Issues, and Considerations
Authors: Davidson Judith
Published: October 2018

Trends, issues, and considerations are the topic of Chapter 5. Trends include the continuing increase of complex team research in qualitative research, which will be interdisciplinary and global. This research will take place in a world where “big data” reigns, while social science writing forms will continue to evolve. Three issues are taken up: the continued evolution of IRBs, governmental calls to archive qualitative research data, and issues related to the evaluation of faculty productivity. In the third section—considerations—the chapter looks toward the future, addressing, in particular, the qualitative/quantitative divide, as well as social justice considerations that are changing methodological approaches, and, finally, the important need to train rising researchers to be able to work productively on complex research teams.
A Gang
Authors: Batson C. Daniel
Published: October 2018

The first new possibility was that empathic concern simultaneously produces all five egoistic motives we have considered. This possibility raised three distinct but related concerns: (a) The search for altruism has focused on testing egoistic alternatives, not on testing the altruism hypothesis directly. (b) The egoistic alternatives have been tested one at a time. (c) The egoistic alternatives should be examined simultaneously, as a gang. Concerning the first concern, the reason for focusing on the egoistic alternatives was examined and found justified. Second, testing the egoistic motives one at a time wasn’t a problem because when examining each new egoistic motive, care was taken to make sure that previously dismissed motives couldn’t account for the new results predicted by the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Regarding simultaneous testing, several later experiments had addressed all five egoistic motives and failed to support the all-at-once alternative. The gang idea was dismissed.
Introduction
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

IN THE IRAQI TOWN of Haditha in 2005, US Marines killed 24 Iraqi civilians, including women and children. Charges against six Marines were dropped and a seventh was acquitted. How should we assess this and similar incidents? On the one hand, punishing the Marines might be unreasonable since they were subject to extreme situational pressures leading up to the massacre, including combat stress, exposure to constant attacks, and the loss of one of their own. On the other hand, perhaps they ...
Situationism and War Crimes
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

Chapter 2 applies the situationist view to war crimes. A number of the experiments discussed in Chapter 1 focus on situations that seem directly relevant to the circumstances in which war crimes occur. For this reason, several social psychologists and philosophers argue that situationism offers the most plausible explanation of how and why war crimes occur. According to the situationist view, war crimes can occur as a result of both immediate battlefield conditions, and the ongoing situational pressures of military training and culture. Advocates of this view argue that this combination of situational forces undermines the ability of military personnel to recognize and act on relevant moral considerations, leading them to believe that certain acts, such as torture, are permissible. Thus military personnel may be unable to recognize illegal and immoral orders, even in situations arising far from the heat of battle.
A Dispositional Account of War Crimes
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

Chapter 3 challenges the situationist account of war crimes and offers an alternative dispositional account of the causes of war crimes. After criticizing the situationist accounts of war crimes described in Chapter 2, we propose a dispositional account of war crimes that emphasizes the ways in which war crimes can be conceived of as expressions of combatants’ character traits and moral agency. This account draws on a social cognitivist theory of personality according to which personality is best construed as a Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS). We argue that military training and culture leads to the development of CAPS traits in military personnel by interacting with and shaping their goals, actions, beliefs, and emotions related to their military service.
Blaming Perpetrators
Authors: Talbert Matthew , Wolfendale Jessica
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 explains why the arguments in the preceding chapter fail. On our view, an agent is blameworthy if her behavior manifests an inappropriate degree of moral regard for others. Typically, this involves treating others with unjustified contempt, ill will, or certain forms of indifference. We argue that a perpetrator’s actions may manifest these objectionable qualities regardless of whether he believes that he is acting permissibly, and regardless of whether he is at fault for possessing this belief. This claim is developed in the context of the dispositional account of war crimes presented in Chapter 3, which is particularly well suited to our account of moral responsibility since it stresses the role that agents’ beliefs, goals, and values play in their actions.
Tyranny in Athens
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

This chapter offers a thorough analysis of both the literary tropes surrounding tyranny and the tyrant in fifth-century Greek literature—with some reference to fourth-century and later texts—and the function they played in democratic self-understanding. The chapter addresses the ongoing debate about the existence of a democratic theory of democracy in fifth- and fourth-century Athens, arguing that a proper democratic theory did not exist. Within the context of this debate, the chapter draws on theses of Diego Lanza, Giovanni Giorgini, and James F. McGlew that the depictions of tyranny in anti-tyrannical literature served the purpose of offering to the democratic citizen an inverted mirror with which he could contemplate the key features of democratic practice, by way of opposition. In other words, hatred for a highly stylized discursive representation of tyranny played a key role in democratic self-understanding.
Plato’s Tyrant and the Crisis of Athenian Democracy
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

This chapter addresses the question of the identity of the historical figure depicted by Plato’s tyrant, and rules out that Plato’s main inspiration and referent was an actual tyrant. Contra such suppositions, the chapter emphasizes the conventional elements of Plato’s description and shows its appropriation of preexisting characterizations of tyrannies and tyrants in Greek literature. Plato’s adoption of these literary tropes reflects an argumentative strategy best understood by referring to their function in democratic self-understanding. Plato adopts these tropes to subvert democratic discourse, arguing that tyranny is democracy’s natural derivation rather than its polar opposite. Thus, Plato’s diagnosis of tyranny can be better understood as an intervention in a debate concerning the transformation of the relation between political leaders and the demos in Athenian democracy and the crisis of democracy in the last years of the fifth century, foreshadowed by the dramatic setting of the dialogue.
The Tyranny of Eros and the Tyrannical Man’s Appetites
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part explains Plato’s rationale for characterizing the tyrant as an appetitive and erotic kind of man from a historical viewpoint. In this respect, it addresses conceptualizations of the problem of greed and the adoption of eros as a political category in Greek literature. The second part of the chapter addresses Plato’s analysis of the tyrannical man’s appetites and eros, situating it within the scholarly debate on the soul’s tripartition and the nature of the appetitive part of the soul, in order to explain the latter’s attachment to lawless objects of desire in the tyrant. It answers the controversial question concerning the object of the tyrant’s eros, by arguing that this eros should be considered as sexual, but should not be considered as one of the tyrant’s appetites. It further answers the question about the connection between this sexual eros and the tyrannical man’s relation to political power.
Conclusion
Authors: Arruzza Cinzia
Published: October 2018

The Conclusion both summarizes the main findings of the books and expands on their implications for interpreting the relation between philosophy and politics in the dialogue and for addressing the reasons why philosophers must go back to the cave and rule the city.
Kant’s Deduction of Freedom
Authors: Nisenbaum Karin
Published: October 2018

The aim in this chapter and in chapter 4 is to explain how the post-Kantian German Idealists radicalized Kant’s prioritizing of the practical. This chapter brings into focus the performative and first-personal aspect of transcendental arguments. I present a Fichtean interpretation of Kant’s Deduction of Freedom in the Critique of Practical Reason. This interpretation shows that a transcendental argument always involves at least one step that cannot be established by logical means alone, but requires that the reader freely adopt a philosophical system or standpoint. By offering this Fichtean interpretation of Kant’s Deduction of Freedom, I also clarify the view that a form of self-relation that Fichte calls self-positing is the ground of moral obligation.
Why Is There a Realm of Experience at All?
Authors: Nisenbaum Karin
Published: October 2018

This chapter shows that both Schelling’s Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom and his Ages of the World fragments are motivated by an attempt to explain the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Fichte’s notion of the self-positing subject issues in the view that there is a single fundamental entity (the “absolute I”), which is constituted by two forms of activity, real and ideal activity; and, on Fichte’s view, the relation between real and ideal activity is the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. Yet, in the Jena period, Fichte does not provide an adequate explanation for the basic relational structure of human consciousness. Schelling hopes to explain the structure of human consciousness by developing the view that human experience is grounded in three irreducible elements—God, the natural world, and human beings—which relate to one another in three temporal dimensions: creation, revelation, and redemption.
The Star of Redemption as a System of Philosophy
Authors: Nisenbaum Karin
Published: October 2018

This chapter explains why Schelling and Rosenzweig hold that the representation of God by finite human beings is a topic of practical philosophy. Like Schelling’s Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom and his Ages of the World fragments, Rosenzweig’s Star of Redemption is motivated by an attempt to provide an explanation for the existence of the finite world, for the condition that brings about the relation between subject and object that characterizes all states of human consciousness. The system that Rosenzweig develops in the Star invites us to consider our commitments, the values that we ascribe to ourselves when we form maxims for action, as the means through which abstract concepts of the good are cognized. On Rosenzweig’s view, our commitments are the site of reason’s revelation; for this reason, God is both cognized and realized through human action in the world.
Conclusion
Authors: Nisenbaum Karin
Published: October 2018

The concluding chapter draws on the story of Rosenzweig’s near conversion to Christianity and return to Judaism to explain why, for Kant and his heirs, what is at issue in reason’s conflict with itself is our ability to affirm both the value of the world and of human action in the world. The chapter explains why Rosenzweig came to view the conflict of reason as the manifestation of a more fundamental tension between one’s selfhood and one’s worldliness, which could only be dissolved by understanding human action in the world as the means by which God is both cognized and partly realized. To make Rosenzweig’s ideas more accessible, the chapter compares them with contemporary interpretations of Kant’s views on the nature of practical knowledge and (intentional) action. It also shows how the book’s take on the issues that shaped the contours of post-Kantian German Idealism can help us see that the conflict of reason can be regarded as the underlying concern that recent competing interpretations of this period share.
Love and Friendship
Authors: Badhwar Neera K. , Dadlez E. M.
Published: October 2018

Emma is a novel about the centrality of love and friendship to its heroine’s happiness. Emma’s friendship with Mr. Knightley illustrates Aristotle’s conception of the highest kind of friendship: a friendship of virtuous people who share their lives through conversation and joint activities. Critics who disagree with this claim misunderstand either Emma’s character or Aristotle’s conception of virtue. Some critics reject the Aristotelian-Austenian conception of a good friendship on the grounds that a good friendship is often in conflict with moral and epistemic virtue. Good friends are, and ought to be, epistemically biased, and willing to do immoral things for their friends’ sake. But while there may be moral dilemmas in which whatever one does is wrong, it is only in the friendships of bad or “morally casual” people that there is frequent conflict between friendship and moral and epistemic virtue. Such conflict is not inherent in the nature of friendship.
“A Danger at Present Unperceived”
Authors: Eldridge Richard
Published: October 2018

Philosophers concerned with self-understanding have often conceived of it as either a matter of immediate, unchallengeable introspective awareness or as a matter of gathering evidence about oneself scientifically and impersonally. In contrast, Gilbert Ryle rightly understood self-understanding as knowledge of one’s own commitments, desires, beliefs, wishes, and fears––all things that one has some share in forming and can to some extent alter. What Ryle misses or underplays, however, is the extent to which the forming and revising of commitments, desires, beliefs, wishes, and fears are also social processes, as agents-in-formation are subject to the gazes, expectations, and evaluations of others. Jane Austen grasped all this very well, and in Emma she gives us a picture of Emma’s partial, emotion-laden, and socially inflected—but also genuine—achievement of self-understanding from which we might do well to learn.
The Reconstrual of Imagination and Romance
Authors: Knox-Shaw Peter
Published: October 2018

Emma has often convincingly been assigned to the “quixotic” novel, a genre much favored by the long eighteenth century and admired on occasion by Jane Austen herself. But whereas novels of this type invariably end with a joint renunciation of imagination and romance in deference to a greater realism, Emma shows imagination to be integral to an apprehension of the real world, and to require, for its fidelity, a principle long enshrined by romance. Austen’s understanding of imagination as both necessary and all-pervasive—held in common with a number of contemporary philosophers who built on David Hume’s analysis of the “productive” and “magical” faculty that underlay all perception—in no way lessened her sense of its ambivalence, and Emma shows how its work of construction is constantly undermined by received stereotypes as well as by insidious subterfuges of the self. The novel celebrates an empirical habit of mind, fortified by the virtue of benevolence.
Religion and Cultural Crisis
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter describes the cultural and political crisis that liberationists encountered while participating in multiple protest movements of the 1960s. It examines the hemispheric cultural upheaval and the religious disillusionment expressed in the rise of Black Power, women’s liberation, and Latin American movements incited by the Cuban Revolution. It introduces the background and key complaints of liberation theologians expressed by James Cone, Gustavo Gutiérrez, Rosemary Radford Ruether and Mary Daly and how as the first generation of liberation theologians emerged as an intellectual movement with an overlapping set of immediate concerns.
The Political Is the Total
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter illuminates how theology came to view itself and the unresolved political questions generated by modernity that liberation theologians challenged. The theo-political negotiation that began in sixteenth-century Europe, the reverberations of the Enlightenment and Romantic heart religion, remained as a residue within post-war theology. Both Catholics and Protestant liberationists voiced the attitude of the radical wing of the Reformation, an influential minority appealed to by many subsequent dissenters. The chapter surveys a set of key theo-political negotiations resulting in the Great Separation between religion and politics contributing to the mid-century irrelevancy of theology. The thought of Martin Luther, Thomas Müntzer, and Friedrick Schleiermacher are examined as offering key ideas. In response, liberationists argued for a critical theology against an inherited privatized religion and the assumed autonomy of theology that denied its political character. Refusing to bypass politics, they instigated a call for a critical world-shaping theology.
The Vitalism of Religion
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores how liberationists responded to the modern critique of religion as ideology by building a critical theology asserting the world-shaping role of religious faith. Rousseau, Feuerbach, and Marx set the course for subsequent social theorists to consider the possibilities and limits of religion as a revolutionary force. Diverse thinkers had brought a charge against religion as detrimental to social progress, and yet by the mid-twentieth century the criticism seemed less essential to modernity. Other social thinkers drew on religious ideas useful for multiple, and often radical, political and social projects. The ambivalent secular/religious opposition of modernity served as an opportunity for liberationists to assume a critical stance toward religion as ideology while retaining a positive utopian function for faith. Furthermore, recognizing the many ways individuals were inescapably embedded in society rendered the struggle for freedom as confronting a total system of domination, of which religion was only a part.
A Salvific Social Order
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter explores how social Christianity took hold in a progressive-era response to the perils of modern life. Catholic Action and Jacques Maritain’s new Christendom in Latin America proposed Christianizing society through institutional reform. By the mid-twentieth century, a languishing new Christendom and the weakening of Catholic cultural hegemony faced an inability to deal with the revolutionary currents running through the continent. Catholic and Protestant thinkers were again coping with explaining how faith-based values made any difference in the workings of society. Richard Shaull introduced the ideas of Dietrich Bonhoeffer to Latin American Protestants in responding to unrest, revolutionary movements, and the pressure for inclusion by marginalized groups. New post-war political theologies coming from Europe offered key ideas in dealing with a suffering world. Drawing on these earlier theologies, both Catholic and Protestant liberationists proposed the ultimate secularization of religion.
A Culture of Solidarity
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines the politics of difference and solidarity among Latin American and Black Power radicals that challenged the exclusion of marginalized groups from the universal. Dependency theory provided an explanation for neo-colonialism and the long search for Latin America identity and solidarity. A black cultural nationalism and black history provided the motifs for establishing a sense of peoplehood and asserting God is black. A narrative in which God was partial to the oppressed offered a way for liberationists to conceptualize a new inclusive universal humanity.
A New Orthodoxy
Authors: Barger Lilian Calles
Published: October 2018

This chapter turns to the critical 1975 Detroit Theology in the Americas conference, where liberationists encountered difficulties in establishing a coalition across race, class, and sex, and between North American black, feminist, and Latin American theologians. The relationship with the U.S. empire showed itself to be a critical point of difference. Nevertheless, reverberation from the conference changed the theological discourse, producing liberal resistance and marshaling conservatives against liberation theology.
The Leadership Long Cycle Framework
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, we lay out the leadership long cycle theory as our framework for assessing systemic leadership and then modify it. This revised framework is then applied to the political–economic evolution of the past one thousand years to identify the factors underlying the rise and fall of a sequence of system leaders and to examine the fairly strong evidence for the linkage of energy transitions and technological leadership. We find that it is difficult to imagine the ascent of the last three system leaders (the Netherlands, Britain, and the United States) in a situation with significantly different energy foundations. In other words, had there been no peat, coal, or petroleum/electricity, respectively, these episodes of systemic leadership would have been far less likely to have occurred.
The Netherlands: Not Quite the First Modern Economy
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, we look at four cases: Genoa, Venice, Portugal, and the Netherlands. Genoa, Venice, and Portugal acted as transitional agents over a five- to six-hundred-year period, creating sea power and trading regimes to move Asian commodities and innovations to and from European markets. While Genoa and Venice were primarily Mediterranean-centric, Portugal led the breakthrough from the constraints of the inland sea and inaugurated Europe’s Atlantic focus. None of these actors possessed the power of China nor subsequent global actors, but for their age, they were critical technological leaders, providing a technological bridge from the eastern zone of Eurasia to the western zone. The Netherlands fits into this narrative by combining Baltic and Atlantic activities to construct a European trade regime that greatly overshadowed the earlier transitional efforts. Buttressed by the development of agrarian and industrial technology and a heavy reliance on peat and wind as energy sources, the Dutch case seems idiosyncratic. Most critically, its energy transition was only partial. Although the Netherlands made clear advances in some power-driven machinery and technological innovation , the heat and energy that were expended remained constrained by the inherent limitations of the energy sources.
Britain: The First Modern Industrial Economy
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

The British Industrial Revolution is one of the most famous economic growth stories. Once a peripheral economy, Britain later became the center of the world economy, occupying a position of global technological centrality. When the British moved into a mineral-based economy via their embrace of coal, they were able to move beyond the traditional constraints of organic economies. This was truly revolutionary and produced the sustainability that had eluded the Dutch. What propelled Britain beyond the Smithian trajectory was the combination of ample, inexpensive coal and steam engines. Growth becomes more sustainable only when new types of energy sources are utilized and suitable technology that makes use of the new fuels is innovated. Britain was able to do both because of the very distinctive package of facilitative factors that were brought together at the right time in a particular place.
The United States: Emulating and Surpassing Britain
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, we focus on the rise of the United States as a two-stage process. In the first stage the United States acquired dominance in mass-production industries that were contingent on not only technological innovation but also an unusually rich resource endowment and an equally distinctive domestic market. U.S. economic growth emulated Britain’s coal-centric trajectory and outdid it by the end of the nineteenth century. As electricity and petroleum began to be utilized in the latter part of the nineteenth century, they reshaped the nature of American industry, heating, and transportation, pushing the nation ahead of the rest of the world. Technological innovation and power-driven machinery increasingly provided the intermittent stimuli needed for the United States to fully embrace carbon-based energy sources that initially were relatively inexpensive. At the same time the large domestic market made increases in the scale of production possible, and the nature of United States’ resource endowment ensured that raw materials were inexpensive. The combination of innovation, cheap raw materials (including energy), and a very large domestic market pushed the United States into an economic leadership position by World War I. But the second stage of the process, the rise to world technological leadership, did not begin until after World War II because it was based on science, and it took longer for the United States to acquire the lead in scientific research. Centrality in technology innovation, science, and world economic growth followed.
Energy, Technology, and (Possibly) the Nature of the Next World Economy Upswing
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

In the last several upswings of the world economy, core innovations paired new engines with new fuels: steam engines with coal, internal combustion engines with petroleum, and numerous electricity-driven applications with fossil fuels. In each instance, the new fuels initially were inexpensive, abundant, and incredibly powerful but also damaging to the climate and environment. Now we need to develop engines that can run using decarbonized fuels to minimize CO2 emissions. In this chapter we shift our focus to the implications of carbon-based energy sources, system leadership, and climate change. We first review the evidence for a strong relationship between global warming and fossil fuels and then consider what might be done to forestall the consequences of such a relationship.We then relate macro-level fluctuations in world economic growth to policy responses focusing largely on electricity and transportation.
Racing to a Renewable Transition?
Authors: Thompson William R. , Zakhirova Leila
Published: October 2018

In this chapter, we turn specifically to the question of renewables development and examine who is leading that race. While it is clear which state is in the lead at present, we consider whether it matters all that much if the transition appears to be so far in the future. A full-scale transition to renewables does not appear to be an immediate possibility. What is more probable is a partial transition focusing on transportation and electricity generation. At what pace this transition will take place and whether it will be sufficient to address global warming concerns remains to be seen. Whether a partial shift to cleaner energy can create the foundation for systemic leadership is also less clear, because the innovations involved with such a shift are likely to be readily emulated by rivals. Systemic leadership has been predicated on one state gaining an economic edge on the competition. If that edge is no longer achievable, world politics will either need to move to new political leadership patterns or make do with the eroding older ones.
Concepts and Parameters
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2018

This chapter begins with a critical examination of previous scholarship on glamour, including works by John Berger, Richard Dyer, Linda Mizejewski, and Sarah Berry. It then argues for a widening of scope from visual and material culture to make room for a conception of sonic glamour. The connotations clustered in existing definitions of glamour are brought into precise focus with the concepts of artifice, allure, and magic. Moving to an analytical method, glamour is shown to blend four distinct aesthetic parameters: sensuousness, restraint, elevation, and sophistication. Although these parameters are illustrated in both visual and sonic media, the chapter concludes by suggesting their true innovation lies in the recognition of glamour as a sonic phenomenon.
Viewing Patterns
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2018

The chapter focuses on musical macrostructure, taking the chorus of the featured popular song as the basic unit of form and exploring the kinds of large-scale aesthetic patterns that develop as songs are expanded into routines. It argues that sonic patterning, or “euphony,” provides its own pleasures independent of narrative logic. It surveys a broad sample of formal types, from a single chorus to twelve choruses in length, to investigate how formal design itself contributes to glamour. Examples are arranged in order of increasing complexity, introducing a basic vocabulary regarding formal subdivision, performance type, and audience address, and considering how formal patterns shape time, space, and affect.
Tropes of Desire
Authors: Whitesell Lloyd
Published: October 2018

This chapter investigates how sound and image can be styled to create allure, encouraging particular frames of mind in the viewer. Three such frames are important to glamour’s effect: first, fetishism or captive attention, which involves a fascination with display, senses captivated by a material surface that offers itself up to extended enjoyment; second, the transfiguration of the everyday, through presenting images of impossible beauty and desirability but also through weaving fantasies of escape and transformation; and third, the preservation of distance between spectators and the object of their fascination, using devices such as restraint and remoteness. Finally, anticonsumerist critiques of glamour are evaluated alongside counterarguments upholding glamour’s transformative and sustaining potential.
Introduction
Authors: Auyoung Elaine
Published: October 2018

This introduction argues that psychological research on reading and cognition can help literary critics understand the relationship between narrative technique and the phenomenology of reading fiction. It presents cognitive perspectives on fictionality and the comprehension process to show how nineteenth-century novelists render characters and scenes intimately knowable in spite of their fictional status. To explore the realist writer’s pursuit of verisimilar effects, we need to adopt a new form of critical attention, approaching the words of a novel not as bearers of interpretive meaning but as cues that prompt readers to retrieve their existing embodied knowledge, to rely on their social intelligence, and to exercise their capacities for learning.
Organizing Things in Dickens
Authors: Auyoung Elaine
Published: October 2018

This chapter demonstrates how the organization of narrative information can shape a reader’s impression of what is represented. It focuses on two ways in which concrete objects are arranged in Charles Dickens’s Bleak House: as specific members of general categories and as part of causally connected narrative structures. Dickens relies on these representational strategies to capture a scale of reality no longer suited to the individual human body. In doing so, he also reveals that the realist novel’s conventional commitment to individual experience at the scale of concrete particulars reflects constraints on the comprehension process.
George Eliot’s Promise of More
Authors: Auyoung Elaine
Published: October 2018

This chapter recovers the aesthetic significance of a reader’s mediated relation to the objects and experiences represented in realist fiction. When George Eliot’s intrusive narrators in Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, and Middlemarch cue readers to form impressions that are as distinct as possible, they expose the indeterminacy that persists in the most concrete passages of literary description, alerting us to the limits of how much we can ever know about a fictional world. By drawing on the aesthetics of indeterminacy advanced by Edmund Burke, this chapter reveals that Eliot’s commitment to narratives of disillusionment exists in tension with a surprisingly Romantic aversion to finitude, and that literary realism enchants ordinary things by freeing them from the solidity and determinacy they possess in everyday life.
Conclusion
Authors: Auyoung Elaine
Published: October 2018

The conclusion of this book calls attention to the relationship between comprehending realist fiction and Aristotle’s claim that mimetic representation provides a form of aesthetic pleasure distinct from our response to what is represented. It also argues that, by demonstrating how much nineteenth-century novelists depend on the knowledge and abilities that readers bring to a text, cognitive research on reading helps us revisit long-standing theoretical assumptions in literary studies. Because the felt experience of reading is so distinct from the mental acts underlying it, knowing more about the basic architecture of reading can help literary critics refine their claims about what novels can and cannot do to their readers.
Introduction
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

The introduction considers how the permanent iconography of the andron interacts with the performances and prescribed movements of the symposium, and it sets up the book’s theoretical foundation, which incorporates discourses in the anthropology and sociology of space and the cultural role of metaphor. It also briefly describes the andron as the setting for the symposium, as well as the significance that the symposium held as a departure from quotidian existence. Further, the introduction lays out the central thesis of the book, which argues that these various interactions between space, imagery, and experience facilitate the imagining of the symposium as a metaphor for other kinds of movement, including travel over the world, rhythmic circularity, and travel through time.
The Journey Out
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

This chapter takes as its subject exotic mosaic imagery that is not easily identified as “sympotic” through an association with Dionysos. It argues that exotic imagery, particularly when paired with nautical or watery themes (as in examples at Eretria and Sikyon), refers to distant parts of the world that are accessed by a journey over the Ocean. During the symposium, this imagery, in combination with the prescribed movement of the wine cup as it “sails” in circles around the perimeter of the room, prompts the metaphorical experience, amply attested in literary sources, of the symposium as a journey at sea.
The Journey In
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

Dionysos, the god of wine, often shown on vases alongside his retinue of revelers, is a natural subject for the decoration of the room in which the symposium is held. Greek pebble mosaics, however, place particular emphasis on the god’s identity as a traveler. Although Dionysos is Greek, he was raised on distant Mt. Nysa, from which he returned in a triumphal procession that crossed the known world. In andron mosaics, he is shown in the process of this return, mounted in a chariot drawn by panthers (Olynthos), or riding an exotic large cat (Pella, Eretria). This chapter posits that such mosaics present Dionysos as a theoros—a traveler whose exposure to the unfamiliar brings the new knowledge of viniculture to his homeland. In this way, Dionysos provides a model for the metaphorical journey of intellectual transformation that wine-drinking and conversation ideally produce in the event’s participants.
The Journey Around
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

The four-spoked wheel that is the subject of this chapter has a number of associations: it is a children’s toy, a torture device, a love charm, and an emblem of the circle of fate. In each of these contexts, it is the wheel’s spinning that gives it resonance. In the andron, mosaic wheels draw attention to the living revolutions of wine and conversation that unfold in the andron and align sympotic circling with cyclic patterns of movement that carry a deep cultural association with universal rhythms and harmonies. The result of rhythmic turning elsewhere—in dancing or in the movements of the stars—is balance, unity, constancy, and order. These are also the values of the ideal symposium, and in highlighting the pattern of circular movement as a stable cycle, the wheel points drinkers to the promise of these results.
The Journey Back
Authors: Franks Hallie M.
Published: October 2018

Chapter 5 deals with mosaics that depict centaurs and floral patterns, imagery that is often considered purely decorative. This chapter suggests that the mosaics under consideration here refer to Classical notions of early (as opposed to contemporary) symposia: while the lush abundance of the floral mosaics resituate symposiasts in an idyllic golden era, centaurs recall a brutish, precivilized past, during which the civility of the ideal symposium was impossible. Unlike the figural mosaics discussed in the previous chapters, which facilitate the removal of the symposiast from the quotidian to a foreign or exotic landscape, these mosaics resituate the symposiasts temporally.
Introduction
Authors: Stich Stephen , Mizumoto Masaharu , McCready Eric
Published: October 2018

In the contemporary world, the use of English is becoming more and more dominant. Naturally, the same is true in philosophy. Thus, even philosophers in the “rest of the world” use English to discuss philosophy, and they even write papers in English. There is, however, nothing inherent in philosophy that requires the use of English. The use of English in philosophy is utterly a contingent consequence of political and economic history. Exactly the same philosophy could have been done using any language other than English. Or so we are supposed to think. But is this true? How about epistemology, in which the use of “know” (and other epistemic terms) plays a crucial role?...
“Know” and Its Japanese Counterparts, Shitte-iru and Wakatte-iru
Authors: Mizumoto Masaharu
Published: October 2018

This chapter examines two Japanese (purported) knowledge verbs, shitte-iru and wakatte-iru, first through the data of felicity judgment and then data from questionnaire surveys with standard epistemological vignettes. Even though they are mostly intersubstitutable, such data show significant differences in usage, where shitte-iru seems independent of practical concerns while wakatte-iru looks sensitive to practical abilities. The comparison with the English “know” shows that it is consistently closer to wakatte-iru, contrary to what almost all Japanese speakers think. But the differences between shitte-iru and wakatte-iru correspond to the many debates in anglophone epistemology, which raises a serious question about the nature of the debates therein, or even the nature of epistemology in general.
Knowledge, Certainty, and Skepticism
Authors: Waterman John , Gonnerman Chad , Yan Karen , Alexander Joshua
Published: October 2018

Epistemic universalism, the view that epistemic intuitions are culturally universal, plays an important role in underwriting ordinary practice in contemporary epistemology. But is it true? Here the authors present several studies that examine epistemic universalism by looking at the relationships between cultural background, folk knowledge attribution, and salience effects, whereby mention of an unrealized possibility of error undermines our willingness to attribute knowledge. These studies suggest that there may be structural universals, universal epistemic parameters that influence epistemic intuitions, but that these parameters can vary in such a way that certain epistemic intuitions, in either their strength or propositional content, display patterns of genuine cross-cultural diversity.
Hollywood by Hollywood
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: October 2018

The backstudio picture, or movie about filmmaking, is a genre as old and as recent as commercial filmmaking itself. This genre’s longevity is due to its function in branding filmmaking with the mystique of Hollywood. As the backstudio picture depicts it, Hollywood is simultaneously (1) an actual locale in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, (2) a business dedicated to the standardized production of motion pictures, and (3) an enduring cultural fantasy about fame, leisure, consuming, sexuality, artistry, and modernity. This overlapping of the literal (the locale) onto the material (the business) and the symbolic (the fantasy) has registered the impact of the film industry’s transformations as an institution even when the genre mystifies these changes in story terms. It is also the means by which the genre authenticates while glamorizing the industry’s representation of labor. Although Hollywood by Hollywood roughly follows the four major cycles of the genre’s development from the 1920s through the present day, it also loops back and forth in this chronology. Individual chapters discuss the genre’s self-reflexivity, its representations of Hollywood as a geographically specific yet imaginary place, narratives about movie-struck girls, narratives about has-been female stars, the masculinization of Hollywood through the focus on white male filmmakers, the genre’s recounting of the industry’s history in stories set in 1929, 1951, and 1962, and, finally, how Hollywood’s filmmaking practices have been moved offscreen, whether to break the fourth wall of the virtual world of film or to supply a cover for covert governmental actions.
Introduction
Authors: Cohan Steven
Published: October 2018

The introduction provides the theoretical argument of the book. It explains why the backstudio picture is not a cycle but a genre in its own right, and how the genre depicts Hollywood as a geographic place in Los Angeles, as an industry, and as a symbol. It goes on to show how the backstudio picture has historically served to brand the motion picture industry as “Hollywood,” working in much the same way as consumer brands do today. Additionally, the introduction provides a historical overview of the genre, focusing on its four major cycles of production, from the silent era to the present day. Finally, it briefly describes the content of the seven chapters.