bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of local perfusion of DAMGO on extracellular GABA and glutamate concentrations in the rostral ventromedial medulla
Authors: Schepers Raf Jan‐Filip , Mahoney Janet Lynn , Zapata Agustin , Chefer Vladimir , Shippenberg Toni Shaun
Published: October 2007

Electrophysiological data suggest an involvement of rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) GABA and glutamate (GLU) neurons in morphine analgesia. Direct evidence that extracellular concentrations of GABA or GLU are altered in response to mu opioid receptor (MOP‐R) activation is, however, lacking. We usedin vivomicrodialysis to investigate this issue. Basal GABA overflow increased in response to intra‐RVM perfusion of KCl (60 mmol/L). Reverse microdialysis of the MOP‐R agonistd‐Ala(2),NMePhe(4),Gly‐ol(5)]enkephalin (DAMGO) (20–500 μmol/L) produced a concentration‐dependent decrease of RVM GABA overflow. Behavioral testing revealed that concentrations that decreased GABA levels increased thermal withdrawal thresholds. A lower agonist concentration that did not increase GABA failed to alter thermal thresholds. DAMGO did not alter GLU concentrations. However, KCl also failed to modify GLU release. Since rapid, transporter‐mediated uptake may mask the detection of changes in GLU release, the selective excitatory amino acid transporter inhibitor pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylic acid (tPDC, 0.6 mmol/L) was added to the perfusion medium for subsequent studies. tPDC increased GLU concentrations, confirming transport inhibition. KCl increased GLU dialysate levels in the presence of tPDC, demonstrating that transport inhibition permits detection of depolarization‐evoked GLU overflow. In the presence of tPDC, DAMGO increased GLU overflow in a concentration‐dependent manner. These data demonstrate that MOP‐R activation decreases GABA and increases GLU release in the RVM. We hypothesize that the opposing effects of MOP‐R on GLU and GABA transmission contribute to opiate antinociception.
Ten di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite loci in the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, for studies of regional population connectivity
Authors: TRINGALI MICHAEL D. , SEYOUM SEIFU , SCHMITT SAMANTHA L.
Published: October 2007

We describe 10 microsatellite loci for Panulirus argus (Caribbean spiny lobster). The number of alleles at each locus ranged from four to 39 (mean = 21.8) in 89 juvenile specimens collected at two different times at a recruitment site in south Florida. Levels of expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.48 to 0.96 (mean = 0.83) and from 0.32 to 0.98 (mean = 0.71), respectively. Significant departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were observed at two loci. There was no evidence of genotypic disequilibrium for any pair of loci. Overall, the loci were well resolved, highly polymorphic and independently segregating, confirming their utility for population genetic studies.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for Thoropa taophora (Anura, Cycloramphidae), a frog endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rain Forest
Authors: DURYEA M. C. , ZAMUDIO K. R. , BRASILEIRO C. A.
Published: October 2007

Here we characterize nine microsatellite loci for Thoropa taophora collected from a coastal and an island population in southeastern Brazil. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 11 for the coastal population and from two to eight for the island population. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.308 to 0.778 for the coastal population and from zero to 0.737 for the island population. One locus did not conform to Hardy–Weinberg expectations on the coast, while two were in disequilibrium on the island. These markers are currently being used to examine genetic differentiation and patterns of dispersal in T. taophora.
ISSUES RELATED TO DETERMINING BURIAL CHRONOLOGY BY FLUORIDE ANALYSIS OF BONE FROM THE MAYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF CHAU HIIX, BELIZE*
Authors: WROBEL G.
Published: October 2007

Fluoride percentage of bone is often used to determine relative dates of burials in archaeological contexts. An analysis of prehistoric Maya burials at Chau Hiix, Belize, identifies taphonomic factors, including soil composition, grave depth, soil disturbance, age at death and cortical bone thickness, that cause variations in the rate of fluoride absorption by altering the access of water to bone. This example demonstrates that fluoride dating is unlikely to be useful at most prehistoric Maya sites because of the inconsistent taphonomy due to typically diverse mortuary practices, and it also serves as a cautionary tale for applications of this methodology in other contexts.
ANALYSING ARCHAEOLOGICAL BASALT USING NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ENERGY‐DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE (EDXRF): EFFECTS OF POST‐DEPOSITIONAL CHEMICAL WEATHERING AND SAMPLE SIZE ON ANALYTICAL PRECISION*
Authors: LUNDBLAD S. P. , MILLS P. R. , HON K.
Published: October 2007

Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) has been commonly used to determine geological sources of volcanic glass artefacts, but its ability to discriminate between basaltic sources is less developed. We examine the precision and accuracy of non‐destructive EDXRF for basalt artefacts by analysing varying size and weathering characteristics. The experiments identified no appreciable effect in reproducibility or measured composition due to thickness (down to 1 mm) or natural weathering of pre‐contact flake scars for the 17 elements measured in this study. Samples with surface area less than 100 mm2, however, show significant variability in measured composition and reproducibility.
CHARACTERIZATION AND PROVENANCE OF LATE ANTIQUE WINDOW GLASS FROM THE PETRA CHURCH IN JORDAN*
Authors: SCHIBILLE N. , MARII F. , REHREN Th.
Published: October 2007

Fifth‐ to seventh‐century window glass fragments from the Petra Church in Jordan were analysed by EPMA and spectrophotometry to characterize their optical properties and chemical composition. The objective of this study was to determine the provenance of the raw glass and the secondary production procedures of the window‐panes. Judging from the material evidence, both the crown window‐panes and possibly the rectangular samples were produced through glass‐blowing techniques. The chemical data show that the assemblage forms a homogeneous group of soda–lime–silica glass of the Levantine I type. The green glass, however, has higher silica and lower soda contents than the aqua‐blue fragments. The composition of one sample suggested the recycling of Roman glass. Our results confirm the trade of glass between the Levantine coast and Petra during Late Antiquity. No colouring agents other than iron were detected. Spectrophotometry confirmed the presence of iron and showed that the window fragments absorbed light relatively equally across the visible part of the spectrum. The windows thus seem to have provided an almost colourless illumination for the sacred interior.
FROM SUSA TO ANURADHAPURA: RECONSTRUCTING ASPECTS OF TRADE AND EXCHANGE IN BITUMEN‐COATED CERAMIC VESSELS BETWEEN IRAN AND SRI LANKA FROM THE THIRD TO THE NINTH CENTURIES AD*
Authors: STERN B. , CONNAN J. , BLAKELOCK E. , JACKMAN R. , CONINGHAM R. A. E. , HERON C.
Published: October 2007

In contrast with artefactual studies of long‐distance trade and exchange in South Asia during the Prehistoric and Early Historic periods (

Ardika et al. 1993
;

Gogte 1997

;

Krishnan and Coningham 1997

;

Tomber 2000

;

Gupta et al. 2001
;

Ford et al. 2005
), few scientifically orientated analyses have focused on artefacts from the region's Historic period. During excavations at the ancient city of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, a number of buff ware ceramics with a putative organic coating on the interior were recovered (

Coningham 2006

). Dated stylistically to between the third and ninth centuries ad, analysis of the coatings using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and stable isotope analysis (carbon and deuterium) confirmed that the coatings are bitumen—an organic product associated with petroleum deposits. There are no known bitumen sources in Sri Lanka, and biomarker distributions and isotopic signatures suggest that the majority of the samples appear to have come from a single bitumen source near Susa in Iran. The relationship between the bitumen coatings and the vessels is discussed, and it is suggested that the coatings were used to seal permeable ceramic containers to allow them to transport liquid commodities. This study enhances our knowledge of networks of trade and exchange between Sri Lanka and western Asia during Historic times.
A Study on Technical and Cultural Differences in Survey Methodology Between Japan and the United States
Authors: Matsumoto Wataru
Published: October 2007

Abstract: At present, Japanese researchers conducting social surveys encounter several difficulties such as restricted access to official registers and a decrease in current response rates. These researchers may expect these difficulties to be solved by the survey techniques or methods developed outside Japan, such as computer‐assisted interviews (CAI) and Internet surveys. It is unclear whether the numerous technical differences between survey methodologies developed in Japan and elsewhere imply the backward‐ness of Japan or cultural differences. This paper discusses the potential of various recent survey methods, focusing on the culture and paradigms in Japan and the UnitedStates. First, this paper presents an overview of survey techniques, such as computer‐assisted personal interviewing, Internet surveys, and mixed modes. Second, it points out the fact that the existence of the registers and different survey concepts might have created the different survey paradigms. In addition, reference is made to the linguisticdifferences between the US and Japan. The results indicate that survey research is more dispersed in Japan than in the US and that survey research adapted to the uniqueness of Japanese culture is not accumulated sufficiently, although such an accumulation is required. Finally, it is stated that not only surveys, but also the concept of methodology, is not very popular in Japan. Furthermore, the development of survey research in the US is likely to be related to pragmatism.
The Present Situation of Research in Japan and the Japanese Certification Board for Social Researchers
Authors: Naoi Atsushi
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The purpose of this paper is present the issues facing social research in Japan and how the Certification Board for Social Researcher is trying to address these issues.
Intergenerational Mobility in East Asian Countries: A Comparative Study of Japan, Korea and China
Authors: Takenoshita Hirohisa
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  There have been fewer cross‐national comparative works on social mobility in East Asian countries than in Western countries. The present study aims to explore the similarities and differences of intergenerational social mobility in three East Asian countries and to examine whether the Featherman–Jones–Hauser (FJH) hypothesis would fit well into the mobility tables for Japan, Korea, and China. Log‐linear and log‐multiplicative models are applied to the mobility tables of respondents’ occupations according to the father's occupation in the three countries. The analysis of relative rates of mobility did not completely support the FJH hypothesis in a strict sense, even though it reasonably accounts for the total association of origin and destination in the three countries. My analysis demonstrates that a level of social fluidity has been higher in Korea and China than in Japan. Focusing on how relative mobility patterns differ between the three countries, intergenerational mobility in Korea is characterized by lower rates of class inheritance compared to Japan, while there seems to be a similarity between the patterns of social fluidity in Japan and Korea, even though they are to a certain extent deviant from Erikson and Goldthorpe's core model. In contrast to Korea, class inheritance rates in China are almost as large as in Japan. However, the mobility pattern between classes appears to differ substantially between the post‐socialist and two capitalist countries. In particular, both downward and upward mobility between the white collar bloc and the unskilled manual position are more pervasive in China than in Japan and Korea. These results imply that sociologists interested in cross‐national comparison of the social mobility between the East Asian countries should pay attention to both political institutions and the local labor market situatuion which can substantially affect social mobility.
Perceived Freedom and its Sociological Effects: An Inquiry into the Relationship Between Liberalism and Inequality
Authors: Naito Jun
Published: October 2007

Abstract: Individual freedom has been regarded as one of the most important criteria for a desirable society and life. Recently, the theories of liberalism and distributive justice have received increasing attention as a theoretical basis for tackling problems pertaining to socioeconomic inequality and poverty. However, few quantitative analyses focus on the meaning of freedom in the context of socioeconomic inequality and political order in an existing liberal‐democratic society. In this paper, I construct a self‐rated measure of freedom—the overall perceived freedom scale—and examine (1) whether socioeconomic inequality is related to inequality of freedom, (2) whether freedom is related to subjective well‐being, and (3) whether freedom affects people's political attitude toward inequalities. Analyses using data from a 2005 Japanese national survey (N = 1320) reveal the following results: (1) people with higher personal income (not household income), higher education, and better health tend to perceive greater freedom, (2) people with higher perceived freedom are more likely to be satisfied with their life, and (3) individuals with higher perceived freedom are more likely to oppose the government's egalitarian policy, and their opposition is based on the liberal principle of freedom and self‐responsibility. On the basis of these findings, the double‐edged possibility of individual freedom and liberalism as an “enhancer” and “moderator” of socioeconomic inequalities and political conflicts is suggested.
Managing the Dyad Between Independence and Dependence: Case Studies of the American Elderly and Their Lives With Pets
Authors: Hara Shoko
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  In this article, I research the dyad between independence and dependence in pet companionship for the American elderly, and how elderly pet owners treat pets as a tool to enable them to balance the adherent norms between independence and dependence in order to navigate a successful later life. First, I explore individual life with pets: independent lifestyle with pets, emotional dependence on pets, management of pet loss, and limitation in pet responsibilities. Second, I discuss family and social life with pets: relationships with children, grandchildren and pets; husband–wife interactions and pets; and neighbors and pets. I examine these subjects through in‐depth interviews with five middle‐class Caucasian and Asian elderly pet owners who live in Los Angeles and San Diego, California, conducted in July 2005. Pets greatly help the elderly pet owners to maintain a balance between independence and dependence. Both an independent lifestyle and emotional dependence on their pets are formed through pet responsibilities. Some of the informants treated their pets as if they were their children. The others appeared emotionally dependent on memories of former pets, which provided the elderly pet owners with a sense of security and calm. The informants managed pet loss effectively by treating their pet as a tool upon which they conferred replaceable meanings or roles depending on their situation. The elderly pet owners also used their pets to facilitate family and social interactions. Having a pet is one important way that American elderly people can achieve subjective manipulation of later life.
Undifferentiated Sebaceous Carcinoma: an Unusual Childhood Cancer
Authors: Mebazaa Amel , Boussofara Lobna , Trabelsi Amel , Denguezli Mohamed , Sriha Badreddine , Belajouza Colandane , Nouira Rafia
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Sebaceous carcinoma is an aggressive, adnexal, rare malignant tumor that may arise in ocular or extra‐ocular sites. Extraorbital sebaceous carcinoma is exceptional in childhood. We report a 12‐year‐old boy with an ocular sebaceous carcinoma who was first seen with an asymptomatic firm, cutaneous nodule on the right eyebrow. The tumor developed slowly within 1 year. Histologically, it was an undifferentiated sebaceous carcinoma. The patient had surgery with wide surgical margins. He was alive and free from disease at a follow‐up of 34 months. Close follow‐up of this tumor is recommended because of the risk of aggressive behavior.
Chondroid Syringoma in a Child
Authors: Turhan‐Haktanir Nurten , Sahin Onder , Bukulmez Aysegul , Demir Yavuz
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Chondroid syringoma is a myxoid tumor of the skin, which has a reported incidence of <0.01% among primary skin tumors. The majority of these tumors occur in the head and neck regions of adult males. The correct diagnosis is made by histopathologic examination. We present the first instance of chondroid syringoma in a child, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported previously in the English language literature.
Propionic Acidemia Manifesting with Low Isoleucine Generalized Exfoliative Dermatosis
Authors: Lane Tanda N. , Spraker Mary K. , Parker Sareeta S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  We describe an infant with propionic acidemia who developed a generalized exfoliative eruption. Preceding the eruption, he was on an amino acid restricted formula. Within days of liberalizing his restricted diet, the eruption resolved completely. A similar dermatitis has been reported in infants with inborn errors of metabolism who were on amino acid modified formulas. However, in most instances, the eruption was predominantly limited to the periorificial regions. Most critical in the etiology of cutaneous eruptions in these patients is low serum isoleucine. Amino acid malnutrition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of generalized exfoliative dermatosis in an infant. Supplementation with isoleucine‐containing dietary proteins results in rapid clinical resolution.
Epidermal Nevus Syndrome and Didymosis Aplasticosebacea
Authors: Demerdjieva Zdravka , Kavaklieva Svetlana , Tsankov Nikolay
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The epidermal nevus syndrome is a disease complex consisting of the association of an epidermal nevus with various developmental abnormalities of the skin, eyes, nervous, skeletal, cardiovascular, and urogenital systems. The epidermal nevi are classified according to their predominant component; nevus sebaceus (sebaceous glands), nevus comedonicus (hair follicles), and nevus verrucosus (keratinocytes). We report a neonate who presented with a nevus sebaceus on the scalp and face as well as a coloboma and dermoid on his left eye. Within the sebaceous nevus on the scalp, circumscribed lesions of aplasia cutis congenita were detected, which is consistent with the recently proposed term in the literature didymosis aplasticosebacea.
Interstitial Granulomatous Lesions as Part of the Spectrum of Presenting Cutaneous Signs in Pediatric Sarcoidosis
Authors: Kwon Eun J. , Hivnor Chad M. , Yan Albert C. , Forbes Brian , Elenitsas Rosalie , Albert Dan , Pawel Bruce , Honig Paul , Pessler Frank
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Skin findings in childhood sarcoidosis vary greatly, but only a few occurrences have been published in which the histopathology has been characterized well. We describe a child with sarcoidosis in whom the cutaneous findings were atypical, resembling granuloma annulare. Histologic examination of these cutaneous lesions, however, revealed areas of sarcoid‐like epithelioid cell granulomas, a palisading granulomatous process with features of granuloma annulare, as well as palisading neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis and interstitial granulomatous dermatitis. This underscores the variability of skin findings in childhood sarcoidosis—even within the same patient—and suggests that sarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children initially diagnosed with granulomatous skin lesions, such as granuloma annulare, palisading neutrophilic, and granulomatous dermatitis or interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, who demonstrate associated signs of systemic disease.
The Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy‐Candidiasis‐Ectodermal Dystrophy Syndrome
Authors: LeBoeuf Nicole , Garg Amit , Worobec Sophie
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The autoimmune polyendocrinopathy‐candidiasis‐ectodermal dystrophy syndrome is characterized by the presence of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, adrenal insufficiency, and hypoparathyroidism. Almost all patients have skin or nail findings early in the course of the disease. Therefore, the dermatologist is in the unique position of being able to identify patients with this syndrome early in its course and to facilitate careful monitoring of potentially lethal complications.
Glandular Congenital Lymphadenoma
Authors: Reck Samuel J. , Xia Ling , Dehner Louis P. , Reising Christopher A.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Cutaneous lymphadenoma is known to occur over a broad age range, from 14 to 72 years of age. We report the unique clinical and histologic presentation of a cutaneous lymphadenoma from the suprapubic abdomen of a neonate which may represent a novel subtype, glandular congenital lymphadenoma. Cutaneous lymphadenoma is a rare tumor with a distinct histologic triad of epithelial nodules, dense fibrous stroma, and intense intranodular lymphocytic infiltrate. Typically, it is a slow growing, skin colored papule, nodule, or plaque, clinically resembling a basal cell carcinoma and often occurring in the head and neck region or lower extremities.
A Neutropenic Child with a Purple Lesion on the Thigh
Authors: HANSEN JASON P. , KRISTJANSSON ARNI K. , STONE MARY S.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Zygomycosis is an aggressive infection by an angioinvasive fungus seen in patients with defects in phagocytosis. We describe a neutropenic child with primary cutaneous Rhizopus infection presenting with a bull’s‐eye appearance. The patient was treated with aggressive surgical debridement along with amphotericin B followed by skin grafting, with full recovery.
Childhood Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: Successful Treatment with Isotretinoin
Authors: AL‐SHOBAILI HANI , AL‐KHENAIZAN SULTAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Generalized pustular psoriasis is a rare form of psoriasis that is characterized by the eruption of sterile pustules. Because of the concern of the long term teratogenetic effect of acitretin in females of childbearing age, we treated a 16‐year‐old girl with pustular psoriasis with isotretinoin with excellent outcome.
Dermatopathia Pigmentosa Reticularis
Authors: BRAR BALVINDER K. , MEHTA VIVEK , KUBBA ASHA
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis is a rare inherited pigmentary disorder of the skin characterized by generalized reticulate hyperpigmentation, nonscarring alopecia and onychodystrophy. The reticulate pigmentation occurs at birth or during early childhood. We hereby report a 12‐year‐old Indian patient with this disorder.
Vascular Neoplasm in a Newborn Male
Authors: BURK CYNTHIA J. , BANGERT JERRY , SCOTT KATHERINE , HANSEN RONALD
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma was initially described in 1979 and is a rare pediatric vascular tumor that may be associated with Kasabach‐Merrit phenomenon. We present a newborn boy who had a large vascular lesion over his left iliac crest without evidence of retroperitoneal involvement or inguinal lymphadenopathy. We briefly review the neoplasm’s unique characteristics, histopathology, prognosis, and treatments.
Hypomelanosis of Ito‐Whorled Hyperpigmentation Combination: A Mirror Image Presentation
Authors: THAPA RAJOO , DHAR SANDIPAN , MALAKAR RAJIB , CHAKRABARTTY SUBROTO
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  We hereby report a 2‐year‐old boy who presented with a peculiar combination of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented skin lesions along the lines of Blaschko, sharply demarcated at the midline, both on the anterior and posterior trunk. Although combinations of hyperpigmented and hypopigmented skin lesions distributed along the lines of Blaschko have been described, the combination of skin lesion comprised hypomelanosis of Ito and whorled hypermelanosis distributed in the extremely unusual manner described in this patient has not been reported previously.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa (Acne inversa): Management of a Recalcitrant Disease
Authors: Lam Joseph , Krakowski Andrew C. , Friedlander Sheila F.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic relapsing disorder of follicular occlusion that is often recalcitrant to therapy. Topical and systemic antibiotics, hormonal therapies, oral retinoids, immunosuppressant agents, and surgical treatment are some of the therapeutic alternatives used for this often recalcitrant and frequently troublesome disorder. This article reviews the pathophysiology of hidradenitis suppurativa, an evidence‐based analysis of standard treatments, and recent advances in the therapy of this disorder.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Sleep Deprivation as Experimental Tools: When Sleep Deprivation is Too Exciting
Authors: Fountain Nathan B.
Published: October 2007

Sleep Deprivation Increases Cortical Excitability in Epilepsy: Syndrome-Specific Effects. Badawy RA, Curatolo JM, Newton M, Berkovic SF, Macdonell RA. Neurology 2006;67(6):1018–1022. OBJECTIVE: To use transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the hypothesis that sleep deprivation increases cortical excitability in people with epilepsy. METHODS: We performed paired pulse TMS stimulation, using a number of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) on each hemisphere of 30 patients with untreated newly diagnosed epilepsy (15 idiopathic generalized epilepsy [IGE] and 15 focal epilepsy) and on the dominant hemisphere of 13 healthy control subjects, before and after sleep deprivation. RESULTS: Both hemispheres in patients with IGE and the hemisphere ipsilateral to the EEG seizure focus in those with focal epilepsy showed an increase in cortical excitability following sleep deprivation at a number of ISIs. This change in excitability was most prominent in the patients with IGE. Although there were minor changes after sleep deprivation in control subjects and the contralateral hemisphere in the focal epilepsy group seen at the 250-millisecond ISI, it was less than that in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep deprivation increases cortical excitability in epilepsy; the pattern of change is syndrome dependent.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cortical Excitability in Patients Affected by Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and EEG Study. Manganotti P, Bongiovanni LG, Fuggetta G, Zanette G, Fiaschi A. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006;77(1):56–60. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on corticospinal excitability in patients affected by juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) using different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters. METHODS: Ten patients with JME and 10 normal subjects underwent partial sleep deprivation. Motor threshold (MT), motor evoked potential amplitude (MEP), and silent period (SP) were recorded from the thenar eminence (TE) muscles. Short latency intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short latency intracortical facilitation (SICF) were studied using paired magnetic stimulation. TMS was performed before and after sleep deprivation; EEG and TMS were performed simultaneously. RESULTS: In patients with JME, sleep deprivation induced a significant decrease in SICI and an increase in SICF, which was associated with increased paroxysmal activity. A significant decrease in the MT was observed. No significant changes in any TMS parameters were noted in normal subjects after sleep deprivation. The F wave was unchanged by sleep deprivation in both control subjects and in patients with JME. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with JME, sleep deprivation produces increases in corticospinal excitability in motor areas as measured by different TMS parameters.
Hippocampal Cell Loss in Posttraumatic Human Epilepsy
Authors: Blume Warren T.
Published: October 2007

Hippocampal Cell Loss in Posttraumatic Human Epilepsy. Swartz BE, Houser CR, Tomiyasu U, Walsh GO, DeSalles A, Rich JR, Delgado-Escueta A. Epilepsia 2006;47(8): 1373–1382. Purpose: We performed this study to determine whether significant head trauma in human adults can result in hippocampal cell loss, particularly in hilar (polymorph) and CA3 neurons, similar to that observed in animal models of traumatic brain injury. We examined the incidence of hippocampal pathology and its relation to temporal neocortical pathology, neuronal reorganization, and other variables. Methods: Twenty-one of 200 sequential temporal lobectomies had only trauma as a risk factor for epilepsy. Tissue specimens from temporal neocortex and hippocampus were stained with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Eleven hippocampal specimens had additional analysis of neuronal distributions by using cresyl violet and immunolabeling of a neuron-specific nuclear protein. Results: The median age at onset of trauma was 19 years, the median time between trauma and onset of seizures was 2 years, and the median epilepsy duration was 16 years. The length of the latent period was inversely related to the age at the time of trauma ( r = 0.75; Spearman). The neocortex showed gliosis in all specimens, with hemosiderosis ( n = 8) or heterotopias ( n = 6) in some, a distribution differing from chance ( p = 0.02; Fisher). Hippocampal neuronal loss was found in 94% of specimens, and all of these had cell loss in the polymorph (hilar) region of the dentate gyrus. Hilar cell loss ranged from mild, when cell loss was confined to the hilus, to severe, when cell loss extended into CA3 and CA1. Some degree of mossy fiber sprouting was found in the dentate gyrus of all 10 specimens in which it was evaluated. Granule cell dispersion ( n = 4) was seen only in specimens with moderate to severe neuronal loss. Conclusions: Neocortical pathology was universally present after trauma. Neuronal loss in the hilar region was the most consistent finding in the hippocampal formation, similar to that found in the fluid-percussion model of traumatic head injury. These findings support the idea that head trauma can induce hippocampal epilepsy in humans in the absence of other known risk factors.
Epilepsy: Being Ill in More Ways than One
Authors: Wiebe Samuel , Hesdorffer Dale C.
Published: October 2007

The majority of patients with epilepsy suffer from one or more psychiatric or somatic comorbid conditions, whose nature and prevalence vary with age and sociodemographic factors. In these patients, comorbid conditions have a major adverse effect on overall health and quality of life and substantially increase health care costs. Although there is an understanding of epidemiological aspects of the comorbidity of epilepsy, little is known about causal relationships, clinical interventions to prevent comorbidities, or the management of patients with multiple coexisting conditions. Both the effects of epilepsy therapies on comorbidities and the effects of comorbidities on the efficacy of epilepsy treatments warrant further study.
ApoE, MemorE, and EpilepsE
Authors: Hirsch Lawrence J.
Published: October 2007

ApoE- ∊4 Is Associated with Reduced Memory in Long-Standing Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Busch RM, Lineweaver TT, Naugle RI, Kim KH, Gong Y, Tilelli CQ, Prayson RA, Bingaman W, Najm IM, Diaz-Arrastia R. Neurology 2007;68(6):409–414. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the apolipoprotein (ApoE) 4 allele and memory performance (verbal and nonverbal) in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent temporal lobectomy. METHODS: Presurgical and postsurgical memory performance was examined in 87 adult patients with TLE (4 = 22; non-4 = 65) to determine whether the expression of ApoE-4 may be associated with memory performance in this population and to examine how this relationship may be affected by duration of epilepsy. RESULTS: There was a significant interaction between ApoE-4 status and duration of epilepsy such that 4 carriers with a long duration of epilepsy demonstrated the poorest memory performance on both verbal and nonverbal measures. This relationship was observed both before and after temporal lobectomy, with little change in test performance over time. CONCLUSIONS: The ApoE-4 allele interacts with longstanding seizures to affect memory performance, both verbal and nonverbal, in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy.
To Treat or Not to Treat…Is it Still the Question?
Authors: Kanner Andres M.
Published: October 2007

Treatment of the First Tonic–Clonic Seizure Does Not Affect Long-Term Remission of Epilepsy. Leone MA, Solari A, Beghi E; FIRST Group. Neurology 2006;67(12):2227–2229. We followed 419 patients with a first, unprovoked, primarily or secondarily generalized tonic–clonic seizure, randomized to immediate antiepileptic treatment or to treatment only in the event of seizure recurrence. The probability of achieving a 2-year remission was 72 versus 57% at 3 months, 84 to 79% at 3 years, and 85 to 86% at 10 years ( p = NS). The probability of entering 5-year remission was 47 to 40%, 58 to 58%, and 64 to 64% ( p = NS). Early treatment does not affect the long-term prognosis of epilepsy.
Does One Neonatal Seizure Alter Synaptic Plasticity and Cause Lifelong Cognitive Impairment?
Authors: Stafstrom Carl E.
Published: October 2007

A Single Episode of Neonatal Seizures Permanently Alters Glutamatergic Synapses. Cornejo BJ, Mesches MH, Coultrap S, Browning MD, Benke TA. Ann Neurol 2007;61(5):411–426. OBJECTIVE: The contribution of seizures to cognitive changes remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that a single episode of neonatal seizures (sNS) on rat postnatal day (P) 7 permanently impairs hippocampal-dependent function in mature (P60) rats because of long-lasting changes at the synaptic level. METHODS: sNS was induced with subcutaneously injected kainate on P7. Learning, memory, mossy fiber sprouting, spine density, hippocampal synaptic plasticity, and glutamate receptor expression and subcellular distribution were measured at P60. RESULTS: sNS selectively impaired working memory in a hippocampal-dependent radial arm water-maze task without inducing mossy fiber sprouting or altering spine density. sNS impaired CA1 hippocampal long-term potentiation and enhanced long-term depression. Subcellular fractionation and cross-linking, used to determine whether glutamate receptor trafficking underlies the alterations of memory and synaptic plasticity, demonstrated that sNS induced a selective reduction in the membrane pool of glutamate receptor 1 subunits. sNS induced a decrease in the total amount of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2A and an increase in the primary subsynaptic scaffold, PSD-95. INTERPRETATION: These molecular consequences are consistent with the alterations in plasticity and memory caused by sNS at the synaptic level. Our data demonstrate the cognitive impact of sNS and associate memory deficits with specific alterations in glutamatergic synaptic function.
Assessing Interventions to Reduce the Risk of Campylobacter Prevalence in Broilers
Authors: Katsma Wendelke E. A. , De Koeijer Aline A. , Jacobs‐Reitsma Wilma F. , Mangen Marie‐Josée J. , Wagenaar Jaap A.
Published: October 2007

As part of a comprehensive risk assessment on the Campylobacter prevalence in the chicken production chain (from young born chicken till chicken fillet) in the Netherlands, we formulated a quantitative model on the transmission dynamics of Campylobacter at Dutch broiler farms. This model is used to quantify the risk of Campylobacter prevalence in broilers at the time that flocks leave the farm for processing. To this end, we assumed that the Campylobacter prevalence is primarily determined by two parameters, that is, the within‐ and between‐flock transmission. The within‐flock transmission was assessed fitting experimental data to a logistic growth model and the between‐flock transmission was assessed fitting field data to a generalized linear model (GLM), which included three possible infection routes: (1) via an infected flock in the previous cycle, (2) via other infected flocks present on the farm, and (3) from other sources. This model was applied to assess the efficacy of three control scenarios; (1) a ban on other livestock on broiler farms, (2) a ban on thinning, and (3) a reduction of the between‐flock transmission. In contrast to the other scenarios, the third one was shown to be most effective. Theoretically, this is accomplished by improved biosecurity. However, the impact of improved biosecurity cannot be specified into specific control measures, and therefore it is not clear what investments are needed. Finally, we also assessed the efficacy of scheduled treatment, that is, fresh meat production solely from test‐negative flocks. We found that the reliability of negative test results, which is crucial, strongly depends on the length of time between testing and slaughter. The sensitivity and specificity of the test appeared to be of minor importance.
Siting Bio‐Samplers in Buildings
Authors: Sohn Michael D. , Lorenzetti David M.
Published: October 2007

We describe a probabilistic approach to siting samplers for detecting accidental or intentional releases of biological material. In the face of uncertainty and variability in the release conditions, we place samplers in order to maximize the probability of detecting a release from among a suite of realistic scenarios. The scenarios may differ in any unknown, for example, the release size or location, weather, mode of building operation, etc. In an illustrative example, we apply the algorithm to a hypothetical 24‐room commercial building, finding optimal networks for a variety of assumed sampler types. The results show how sampler characteristics, most importantly the detection limit, affect the network performance. This suggests using the probabilistic approach to guide the priorities of sampler designers, as well as to site samplers in specific buildings.
Belief in Public Efficacy, Trust, and Attitudes Toward Modern Genetic Science
Authors: Barnett J. , Cooper H. , Senior V.
Published: October 2007

Government and policymakers want to engage the public in a dialogue about the conduct and consequences of science and increasingly seek to actively involve citizens in decision‐making processes. Implicit in this thinking is that greater transparency and public inclusion will help dispel fears associated with new scientific advancements, foster greater public trust in those accountable, and ultimately increase the acceptability of new technologies. Less understood, however, are public perceptions about such high‐level involvement in science and how these map onto public trust and attitudes within a diverse population. This article uses the concept of public efficacy—the extent to which people believe that the public might be able to affect the course of decision making—to explore differences in trust, attentiveness, and attitudes toward modern genetic science. Using nationally representative data from the 2003 British Social Attitudes Survey, we begin by examining the characteristics of those who have a positive belief about public involvement in this area of scientific inquiry. We then focus on how this belief maps on to indicators of public trust in key stakeholder groups, including the government and genetic scientists. Finally, we consider the relationship between public efficacy and trust and attitudes toward different applications of genetic technology. Our findings run contrary to assumptions that public involvement in science will foster greater trust and lead to a climate of greater acceptance for genetic technology. A belief in public efficacy does not uniformly equate with more trusting attitudes toward stakeholders but is associated with less trust in government rules. Whereas trust is positively correlated with more permissive attitudes about technologies such as cloning and gene therapy, people who believe in high‐level public involvement are less likely to think that these technologies should be allowed than those who do not.
Use of Markov Chain Monte Carlo Analysis with a Physiologically‐Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Methylmercury to Estimate Exposures in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age
Authors: Allen Bruce C. , Eric Hack C. , Clewell Harvey J.
Published: October 2007

A Bayesian approach, implemented using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis, was applied with a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of methylmercury (MeHg) to evaluate the variability of MeHg exposure in women of childbearing age in the U.S. population. The analysis made use of the newly available National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) blood and hair mercury concentration data for women of age 16–49 years (sample size, 1,582). Bayesian analysis was performed to estimate the population variability in MeHg exposure (daily ingestion rate) implied by the variation in blood and hair concentrations of mercury in the NHANES database. The measured variability in the NHANES blood and hair data represents the result of a process that includes interindividual variation in exposure to MeHg and interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics (distribution, clearance) of MeHg. The PBPK model includes a number of pharmacokinetic parameters (e.g., tissue volumes, partition coefficients, rate constants for metabolism and elimination) that can vary from individual to individual within the subpopulation of interest. Using MCMC analysis, it was possible to combine prior distributions of the PBPK model parameters with the NHANES blood and hair data, as well as with kinetic data from controlled human exposures to MeHg, to derive posterior distributions that refine the estimates of both the population exposure distribution and the pharmacokinetic parameters. In general, based on the populations surveyed by NHANES, the results of the MCMC analysis indicate that a small fraction, less than 1%, of the U.S. population of women of childbearing age may have mercury exposures greater than the EPA RfD for MeHg of 0.1 μg/kgg/day, and that there are few, if any, exposures greater than the ATSDR MRL of 0.3 μgg/kgg/day. The analysis also indicates that typical exposures may be greater than previously estimated from food consumption surveys, but that the variability in exposure within the population of U.S. women of childbearing age may be less than previously assumed.
Modeling External Risks in Project Management
Authors: Palomo Jesus , Rios Insua David , Ruggeri Fabrizio
Published: October 2007

To ascertain the viability of a project, undertake resource allocation, take part in bidding processes, and other related decisions, modern project management requires forecasting techniques for cost, duration, and performance of a project, not only under normal circumstances, but also under external events that might abruptly change the status quo. We provide a Bayesian framework that provides a global forecast of a project's performance. We aim at predicting the probabilities and impacts of a set of potential scenarios caused by combinations of disruptive events, and using this information to deal with project management issues. To introduce the methodology, we focus on a project's cost, but the ideas equally apply to project duration or performance forecasting. We illustrate our approach with an example based on a real case study involving estimation of the uncertainty in project cost while bidding for a contract.
Chemical Leasing Business Models—A Contribution to the Effective Risk Management of Chemical Substances
Authors: Ohl Cornelia , Moser Frank
Published: October 2007

Chemicals indisputably contribute greatly to the well‐being of modern societies. Apart from such benefits, however, chemicals often pose serious threats to human health and the environment when improperly handled. Therefore, the European Commission has proposed a regulatory framework for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals (REACH) that requires companies using chemicals to gather pertinent information on the properties of these substances. In this article, we argue that the crucial aspect of this information management may be the honesty and accuracy of the transfer of relevant knowledge from the producer of a chemical to its user. This may be particularly true if the application of potentially hazardous chemicals is not part of the user's core competency. Against this background, we maintain that the traditional sales concept provides no incentives for transferring this knowledge. The reason is that increased user knowledge of a chemical's properties may raise the efficiency of its application. That is, excessive and unnecessary usage will be eliminated. This, in turn, would lower the amount of chemicals sold and in competitive markets directly decrease profits of the producer. Through the introduction of chemical leasing business models, we attempt to present a strategy to overcome the incentive structure of classical sales models, which is counterproductive for the transfer of knowledge. By introducing two models (a Model A that differs least and a Model B that differs most from traditional sales concepts), we demonstrate that chemical leasing business models are capable of accomplishing the goal of Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals: to effectively manage the risk of chemicals by reducing the total quantity of chemicals used, either by a transfer of applicable knowledge from the lessor to the lessee (Model A) or by efficient application of the chemical by the lessor him/herself (Model B).
Fostering Innovation in Contaminated Sediments Management Through Multicriteria Technology Assessment and Public Participation
Authors: Seager T. P. , Lambert J. H. , Gardner K. H.
Published: October 2007

Management of contaminated sediments is problematic and costly. Several new technologies are under development that may in some cases reduce costs and environmental or ecological impacts. However, there are significant barriers to implementing new technologies, including the increased management complexity, the potential for introducing antagonistic or incommensurate objectives that are unfamiliar to stakeholders or regulators, and the difficulty of capturing private, commercial benefits from environmental improvements that may primarily benefit the public. This article identifies several innovative contaminated sediments technologies, discusses the difficulty of proving or quantifying the benefits of new technologies, and presents an agenda for research that would foster partnerships between scientific, government, and public communities of interest for the purpose of improving innovative technology assessment and environmental decision making.