bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Posterior approach for accessory-suprascapular nerve transfer: an electrophysiological outcomes study
Authors: Rui J. , Zhao X. , Zhu Y. , Gu Y. , Lao J.
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the electrophysiological results obtained after employing the posterior approach for spinal accessory nerve-suprascapular nerve (SAN-SSN) transfer, and to compare this with the traditional anterior approach. SAN-SSN transfer was performed in 74 patients with brachial plexus injury. The posterior approach was used in 35 patients and the anterior approach was used in 39 patients. Electrophysiological examination was conducted and analyzed postoperatively. There was no significant difference between approaches in the time it took for the infraspinatus to show low-incidence motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) and an incomplete interference pattern. In addition, the final ratio of patients that showed regeneration potential of the infraspinatus was not significantly different between the approaches. Furthermore, latency and wave amplitude showed a linear regression with post-operative time in the posterior approach group. In the posterior approach group, the final abduction of the shoulder was positively correlated with the amplitude. The posterior approach for SAN-SSN is an effective potential alternative technique that may be appropriate for some clinical situations.
The mammalian secreted RNases: Mechanisms of action in host defence
Authors: Gupta Sandeep K , Haigh Brendan J , Griffin Frank J , Wheeler Thomas T
Published: May 2012

The mammalian ribonucleaseA family comprises a large group of structurally similar proteins which are secreted by a range of tissues and immune cells. Their physiological role is unclear. It has been suggested that some of these RNases contribute to host defence, notably eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, eosinophil cationic protein, eosinophil-associated RNases, RNase4, angiogenin (RNase5), RNase7, RNase8 and bovine seminal RNase. This review summarises data supporting the involvement of these proteins in host defence, focusing on their antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activities. The extent to which the data support possible mechanisms of action for these proteins is discussed. This compilation of findings and current hypotheses on the physiological role of these RNases will provide a stimulus for further research and development of ideas on the contribution of the RNases to host defence.
Eri1 regulates microRNA homeostasis and mouse lymphocyte development and antiviral function
Authors: Thomas Molly F. , Abdul-Wajid Sarah , Panduro Marisella , Babiarz Joshua E. , Rajaram Misha , Woodruff Prescott , Lanier Lewis L. , Heissmeyer Vigo , Ansel K. Mark
Published: May 2012

Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in early host defense to infected and transformed cells. Here, we show that mice deficient in Eri1, a conserved 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease that represses RNA interference, have a cell-intrinsic defect in NK-cell development and maturation. Eri1−/− NK cells displayed delayed acquisition of Ly49 receptors in the bone marrow (BM) and a selective reduction in Ly49D and Ly49H activating receptors in the periphery. Eri1 was required for immune-mediated control of mouse CMV (MCMV) infection. Ly49H+ NK cells deficient in Eri1 failed to expand efficiently during MCMV infection, and virus-specific responses were also diminished among Eri1−/− T cells. We identified miRNAs as the major endogenous small RNA target of Eri1 in mouse lymphocytes. Both NK and T cells deficient in Eri1 displayed a global, sequence-independent increase in miRNA abundance. Ectopic Eri1 expression rescued defective miRNA expression in mature Eri1−/− T cells. Thus, mouse Eri1 regulates miRNA homeostasis in lymphocytes and is required for normal NK-cell development and antiviral immunity.
The origin and function of platelet glycosyltransferases
Authors: Wandall Hans H. , Rumjantseva Viktoria , Sørensen Anne Louise Tølbøll , Patel-Hett Sunita , Josefsson Emma C. , Bennett Eric P. , Italiano Joseph E. , Clausen Henrik , Hartwig John H. , Hoffmeister Karin M.
Published: May 2012

Platelets are megakaryocyte subfragments that participate in hemostatic and host defense reactions and deliver pro- and antiangiogenic factors throughout the vascular system. Although they are anucleated cells that lack a complex secretory apparatus with distinct Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum compartments, past studies have shown that platelets have glycosyltransferase activities. In the present study, we show that members of 3 distinct glycosyltransferase families are found within and on the surface of platelets. Immunocytology and flow cytometry results indicated that megakaryocytes package these Golgi-derived glycosyltransferases into vesicles that are sent via proplatelets to nascent platelets, where they accumulate. These glycosyltransferases are active, and intact platelets glycosylate large exogenous substrates. Furthermore, we show that activation of platelets results in the release of soluble glycosyltransferase activities and that platelets contain sufficient levels of sugar nucleotides for detection of glycosylation of exogenously added substrates. Therefore, the results of the present study show that blood platelets are a rich source of both glycosyltransferases and donor sugar substrates that can be released to function in the extracellular space. This platelet-glycosylation machinery offers a pathway to a simple glycoengineering strategy improving storage of platelets and may serve hitherto unknown biologic functions.
Thrombopoietin/MPL participates in initiating and maintaining RUNX1-ETO acute myeloid leukemia via PI3K/AKT signaling
Authors: Pulikkan John Anto , Madera Dmitri , Xue Liting , Bradley Paul , Landrette Sean Francis , Kuo Ya-Huei , Abbas Saman , Zhu Lihua Julie , Valk Peter , Castilla Lucio Hernán
Published: May 2012

Oncogenic mutations in components of cytokine signaling pathways elicit ligand-independent activation of downstream signaling, enhancing proliferation and survival in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene, MPL, a homodimeric receptor activated by thrombopoietin (THPO), is mutated in myeloproliferative disorders but rarely in AML. Here we show that wild-type MPL expression is increased in a fraction of human AML samples expressing RUNX1-ETO, a fusion protein created by chromosome translocation t(8;21), and that up-regulation of Mpl expression in mice induces AML when coexpressed with RUNX1-ETO. The leukemic cells are sensitive to THPO, activating survival and proliferative responses. Mpl expression is not regulated by RUNX1-ETO in mouse hematopoietic progenitors or leukemic cells. Moreover, we find that activation of PI3K/AKT but not ERK/MEK pathway is a critical mediator of the MPL-directed antiapoptotic function in leukemic cells. Hence, this study provides evidence that up-regulation of wild-type MPL levels promotes leukemia development and maintenance through activation of the PI3K/AKT axis, and suggests that inhibitors of this axis could be effective for treatment of MPL-positive AML.
MicroRNA-34a and microRNA-21 play roles in the chemopreventive effects of 3,6-dihydroxyflavone on 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea-induced breast carcinogenesis
Authors: Hui Chang , Yujie Fu , Lijia Yuan , Long Yi , Hongxia Xu , Yong Zhou , Jundong Zhu , Qianyong Zhang , Mantian Mi
Published: May 2012

Introduction

miRNAs are very important regulators in biological processes such as development, cellular differentiation, and carcinogenesis. Given the important role of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and development, it is worth investigating whether some miRNAs play roles in the anticancer mechanism of flavonoids. However, such a role has not yet been reported. We previously selected the promising anticancer agent 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (3,6-DHF) in pharmacodynamic experiments, which may serve as a leading compound for developing more potent anticancer drugs or chemopreventive supplements. The present study aims to investigate the chemopreventive activities of 3,6-DHF against mammary carcinogenesis.

Methods

The experimental model of breast carcinogenesis was developed by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU). The bioavailability of 3,6-DHF in rats was detected by HPLC. The expression of microRNA-34a (miR-34a) and microRNA-21 (miR-21) was evaluated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential was assayed using 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide dye by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The level of cytochrome C in cytosol was evaluated by western blotting.

Results

Our study showed that oral administration of 3,6-DHF effectively suppressed MNU-induced breast carcinogenesis in rats, decreasing the cancer incidence by 35.7%. The detection of bioavailability indicated that the concentration of 3,6-DHF was 2.5 ± 0.4 μg/ml in plasma of rats within 2 hours after administration, and was 21.7 ± 3.8 μg/ml in urine within 24 hours. Oral administration of 3,6-DHF to BALB/c nude mice bearing breast cancer cell xenografts also significantly suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, our study revealed that the global upregulation of miR-21 and downregulation of miR-34a in breast carcinogenesis could be reversed by 3,6-DHF, which significantly upregulated miR-34a expression and decreased miR-21 expression - inducing apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of miR-34a induced by plasmid transfection or inhibition of miR-21 by oligonucleotides markedly promoted the pro-apoptotic effect of 3,6-DHF. Inactivation of miR-34a or overproduction of miR-21 compromised the anticancer effects of 3,6-DHF.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that 3,6-DHF is a potent natural chemopreventive agent, and that miR-34a and miR-21 play roles in MNU-induced breast carcinogenesis and the anticancer mechanism of flavonoids.
Minimal Residual Disease–Guided Treatment Deintensification for Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From the Malaysia-Singapore Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 2003 Study
Authors: Yeoh Allen Eng Juh , Ariffin Hany , Chai Elaine Li Leng , Kwok Cecilia Sze Nga , Chan Yiong Huak , Ponnudurai Kuperan , Campana Dario , Tan Poh Lin , Chan Mei Yoke , Kham Shirley Kow Yin , Chong Lee Ai , Tan Ah Moy , Lin Hai Peng , Quah Thuan Chong
Published: May 2012

Purpose

To improve treatment outcome for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we designed the Malaysia-Singapore ALL 2003 study with treatment stratification based on presenting clinical and genetic features and minimal residual disease (MRD) levels measured by polymerase chain reaction targeting a single antigen-receptor gene rearrangement.

Patients and Methods

Five hundred fifty-six patients received risk-adapted therapy with a modified Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster–ALL treatment. High-risk ALL was defined by MRD ≥ 1 × 10−3 at week 12 and/or poor prednisolone response, BCR-ABL1, MLL gene rearrangements, hypodiploid less than 45 chromosomes, or induction failure; standard-risk ALL was defined by MRD ≤ 1 × 10−4 at weeks 5 and 12 and no extramedullary involvement or high-risk features. Intermediate-risk ALL included all remaining patients.

Results

Patients who lacked high-risk presenting features (85.7%) received remission induction therapy with dexamethasone, vincristine, and asparaginase, without anthracyclines. Six-year event-free survival (EFS) was 80.6% ± 3.5%; overall survival was 88.4% ± 3.1%. Standard-risk patients (n = 172; 31%) received significantly deintensified subsequent therapy without compromising EFS (93.2% ± 4.1%). High-risk patients (n = 101; 18%) had the worst EFS (51.8% ± 10%); EFS was 83.6% ± 4.9% in intermediate-risk patients (n = 283; 51%).

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate significant progress over previous trials in the region. Three-drug remission-induction therapy combined with MRD-based risk stratification to identify poor responders is an effective strategy for childhood ALL.
Dauer larva quiescence alters the circuitry of microRNA pathways regulating cell fate progression inC. elegans
Authors: Karp Xantha , Ambros Victor
Published: May 2012

In C. elegans larvae, the execution of stage-specific developmental events is controlled by heterochronic genes, which include those encoding a set of transcription factors and the microRNAs that regulate the timing of their expression. Under adverse environmental conditions, developing larvae enter a stress-resistant, quiescent stage called ‘dauer’. Dauer larvae are characterized by the arrest of all progenitor cell lineages at a stage equivalent to the end of the second larval stage (L2). If dauer larvae encounter conditions favorable for resumption of reproductive growth, they recover and complete development normally, indicating that post-dauer larvae possess mechanisms to accommodate an indefinite period of interrupted development. For cells to progress to L3 cell fate, the transcription factor Hunchback-like-1 (HBL-1) must be downregulated. Here, we describe a quiescence-induced shift in the repertoire of microRNAs that regulate HBL-1. During continuous development, HBL-1 downregulation (and consequent cell fate progression) relies chiefly on three let-7 family microRNAs, whereas after quiescence, HBL-1 is downregulated primarily by the lin-4 microRNA in combination with an altered set of let-7 family microRNAs. We propose that this shift in microRNA regulation of HBL-1 expression involves an enhancement of the activity of lin-4 and let-7 microRNAs by miRISC modulatory proteins, including NHL-2 and LIN-46. These results illustrate how the employment of alternative genetic regulatory pathways can provide for the robust progression of progenitor cell fates in the face of temporary developmental quiescence.
Imitation and modification of bioactive lead structures via integration of boron clusters
Authors: Stadlbauer Sven , Frank René , Scholz Matthias , Boehnke Solveig , Ahrens Verena M. , Beck-Sickinger Annette G. , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie
Published: May 2012

In medicinal chemistry, carbaboranes can be employed either as boron carriers for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) or as scaffolds for radiodiagnostic or therapeutic agents. We have developed a suitable synthesis employing the phosphoramidite method to connect meta-carbaboranyl bis-phosphonites with the 6'-OH group of isopropylidene-protected galactose, followed by oxidation or sulfurization to give the corresponding bis-phosphonates. Deprotection yielded water-soluble compounds. The corresponding disodium salts exhibit especially low cytotoxicity. Preliminary results on the in vivo toxicity and biodistribution of two compounds in mice indicated a lack of selectivity for the cotton rat lung (CRL) tumor chosen for the experiment. For the incorporation of carbaboranes into breast tumor-selective modified neuropeptide Y, [F7, P34]-NPY, a synthesis of a carbaborane-modified lysine derivative was developed. Linkage of the lysine to the boron cluster was achieved by using a propionic acid spacer. Incorporation of the amino acid derivatives into NPY and [F7, P34]-NPY by solid-phase peptide synthesis was successful. Preliminary studies showed that the receptor binding affinity and signal transduction of the boron-modified peptides were very well retained. Asborin, the carbaborane analogue of aspirin, is a rather weak inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2, but a highly potent aldo/keto reductase 1A1 (AKR1A1) inhibitor. Modification either at the carboxyl group or at the chlorophenyl ring in indomethacin with ortho- and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives gave active derivatives only for the ortho-carbaborane directly attached to the carboxyl group, while the corresponding adamantyl and meta-carbaboranyl derivatives were inactive.
Structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches for neglected tropical diseases
Authors: Guido Rafael V. C. , Oliva Glaucius , Andricopulo Adriano D.
Published: May 2012

Drug discovery has moved toward more rational strategies based on our increasing understanding of the fundamental principles of protein–ligand interactions. Structure- (SBDD) and ligand-based drug design (LBDD) approaches bring together the most powerful concepts in modern chemistry and biology, linking medicinal chemistry with structural biology. The definition and assessment of both chemical and biological space have revitalized the importance of exploring the intrinsic complementary nature of experimental and computational methods in drug design. Major challenges in this field include the identification of promising hits and the development of high-quality leads for further development into clinical candidates. It becomes particularly important in the case of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that affect disproportionately poor people living in rural and remote regions worldwide, and for which there is an insufficient number of new chemical entities being evaluated owing to the lack of innovation and R&D investment by the pharmaceutical industry. This perspective paper outlines the utility and applications of SBDD and LBDD approaches for the identification and design of new small-molecule agents for NTDs.
Prädiktive Blickregelung für einen redundanten humanoiden Roboterkopf
Authors: Milighetti Giulio , De Luca Alessandro
Published: May 2012

Ein allgemeines Konzept für die Blickregelung eines redundanten Roboterkopfes wird präsentiert. Es basiert auf einem adaptiven Kalman-Filter, das den Zustand eines bewegten Zieles aufgrund der Positionsdaten schätzt, die von der im Kopf integrierten Stereokamera geliefert werden. Der Regler kombiniert eine Feedback- und eine Feedforward-Komponente, beide mit adaptiven Parametern, um eine optimale dynamische Antwort für beliebige unbekannte Zieltrajektorien zu gewährleisten. Für die Lösung der vorhandenen kinematischen Redundanz wird eine gewichtete Pseudoinverse eingesetzt. Die für die Berechnung der Gewichtungen realisierten Optimierungskriterien werden so ausgewählt, dass menschenähnliche Bewegungen des Kopfes erreicht werden können. Experimentelle Ergebnisse auf dem Kopf des humanoiden Roboters ARMAR-III werden präsentiert.
Einsatz geführter Wellen für die Ultraschallprüfung
Authors: Prager Jens , Gravenkamp Hauke , Rahman Mehbub-Ur , Köppe Enrico
Published: May 2012

Der Einsatz geführter Wellen für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung mit Ultraschall eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten, räumlich ausgedehnte Bauteile mit begrenzter Zugänglichkeit auf ihre Integrität zu prüfen und gewinnt daher zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dieser Artikel behandelt die physikalischen Grundlagen der Schallausbreitung. Deren Verständnis bildet die Grundlage für die Entwicklung geeigneter Prüfsysteme. An Beispielen werden verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Simulation der Schallausbereitung vorgestellt. Aktuelle Lösungsansätze zur Prüfung von plattenförmigen Strukturen und von Rohrleitungen werden beschrieben, wobei besonders auf die Sensortechnik und die speziellen Anforderungen an die Prüfhardware eingegangen wird.
Vergleichsmessungen zwischen Durchfluss-Normalmessanlagen
Authors: Büker Oliver , Lederer Thomas , Adunka Franz
Published: May 2012

Im Oktober 1999 wurde durch das “International Committee of Weights and Measures” (CIPM) im Rahmen der Meterkonvention die Vereinbarung zur gegenseitigen Anerkennung (“Mutual Recognition Arrangement”, MRA) der nationalen Normale und der zugehörigen Messmöglichkeiten der Nationalen Metrologieinstitute (NMI) getroffen. Ziele dieser Übereinkunft sind die Bestimmung des Grades der Äquivalenz (“Degree of Equivalence”, DoE) zwischen den einzelnen nationalen Normalen, die gegenseitige Anerkennung von Zertifikaten der NMI und eine Erhöhung der Transparenz von Messergebnissen. Zu den vertrauensbildenden Maßnahmen bei der Umsetzung des MRA spielen internationale Ringvergleiche (CIPM “Key Comparisons”, KC) zwischen den metrologischen Staatsinstituten eine elementare Rolle. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Vergleichsmessungen der kohärenten SI-Einheit Volumen, respektive ‘Volumen von Wasser} mithilfe von konventionellen Durchflusssensoren (DFS) zwischen den weltweit renommierten Durchfluss-Normalmessanlagen der PTB — Institut Berlin (“Wärmezählerprüfstrecke”, WZP), der PTB Braunschweig (“Hydrodynamisches Prüffeld”, HDP) und dem Durchflusslabor des qutBundesamts für Eich- und Vermessungswesen’ (BEV) in Wien dargelegt. Ferner werden grundsätzliche Vorgehensweisen bei diesen Vergleichsmessungen vorgestellt und exemplarisch Ergebnisse bei 20°C präsentiert.
Measles among Healthcare Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Central Italy
Authors: Barbadoro Pamela , Marigliano Anna , Tondo Elena Di , De Paolis Maria , Martini Enrica , Prospero Emilia , D’errico Marcello Mario
Published: May 2012

Measles among Healthcare Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Central Italy: Barbadoro PAMELA, et al. Department of Biomedical Science and Public Health, Section of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy—

Objectives

The aim of this report is to describe a measles cluster involving health‐care workers (HWCs) that occurred in a teaching hospital in central Italy during winter 2011 and the efforts made to promptly identify all the susceptible contacts in order to stop, as soon as possible, transmission of the infection within the hospital.

Methods

An epidemiological investigation took place. The immunization status of all the exposed individuals was assessed by personal interviews (history of measles or measles vaccine). Serologic screening for personnel not immune to measles was performed.

Results

Four cases of measles infection in HCWs were identified; of the 72 HCWs tested for measles immunity, 50 reported a past history of measles, while 22 underwent serological screening, which showed that all were IgG positive except for one case, which was excluded from duty as recommended. Strict adherence to use of alcohol based hand rub and rapid implementation of appropriate isolation precautions are essential but insufficient to prevent measles outbreaks in hospital settings. Vaccination is the only reliable protection against nosocomial spread of measles. Therefore, assessing the immunization status of HCW and implementing vaccination strategies are needed in order to virtually set to zero the risk of acquiring and spreading measles in healthcare settings.
Neurocognitive Phenotype of Isolated Methylmalonic Acidemia
Authors: O’Shea Colin J. , Sloan Jennifer L. , Wiggs Edythe A. , Pao Maryland , Gropman Andrea , Baker Eva H. , Manoli Irini , Venditti Charles P. , Snow Joseph
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a metabolic disorder with a poorly defined long-term neurocognitive phenotype. We studied the neuropsychological outcomes of patients and examined clinical covariates that influenced cognition.

METHODS:

A diverse cohort with mut, cblA, or cblB subtypes of isolated MMA (N = 43), ages 2 to 32 years, were evaluated at a single center over a 6-year period. The influence of clinical, laboratory, and metabolic parameters on neuropsychological testing results was determined.

RESULTS:

Early-onset mut patients (n = 21) manifested the most severe neurocognitive impairments, with a mean ± SD full-scale IQ (FSIQ) of 71.1 ± 14.75. Late-onset mut patients (n = 6) had a mean FSIQ of 88.5 ± 27.62. cblA (n = 7), cblB (n = 6), and mut patients diagnosed prenatally or by newborn screening (n = 3) obtained mean FSIQs in the average range (100.7 ± 10.95, 96.6 ± 10.92, and 106.7 ± 6.66, respectively). Hyperammonemia at diagnosis and the presence of a seizure disorder were associated with a lower FSIQ (P = .001 and P = .041, respectively), but other clinical variables, including basal ganglia injury and mutation status, did not. FSIQ remained stable over longitudinal testing (n = 10). Decreased scores on processing speed, compared with all other intellectual domains, emerged as a specific neurocognitive manifestation.

CONCLUSIONS:

The neurocognitive outcomes seen in isolated MMA are highly variable. An earlier age of disease onset, the presence of hyperammonemia at diagnosis, and a history of seizures were associated with more severe impairment. In all patient subtypes, selective deficits in processing speed were present.
Prevalence of Retinal Hemorrhages in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Agrawal Shruti , Peters Mark J. , Adams Gillian G.W. , Pierce Christine M.
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:

Retinal hemorrhages (RHs) with encephalopathy and subdural bleeding are considered suggestive of abusive head trauma (AHT). Existing studies describing RH focus on AHT and have potential selection bias. We undertook a prospective observational study to define the prevalence, distribution, and extent of RH in critically ill children.

METHODS:

From February 2008 to December 2009, emergency intensive care admissions ≥6 weeks of age underwent dilated retinal examination by either a pediatric ophthalmologist or RetCam (retinal photograph) imaging after written informed consent. Patients with suspected or proven AHT, penetrating eye trauma, and elective admissions were excluded.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of RH was 15.1% (24/159; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.5%–21%); 16/24 (66%) mild, and 2/24 (8%) moderate. Severe multilayered RH were seen in only 6 patients (3.7%), 3 with myeloid leukemia and sepsis, 2 with severe accidental head injury, and 1 with severe coagulopathy secondary to late onset hemorrhagic disease of newborn. There was no detectable impact of age, gender, seizures, coagulopathy or cardiopulmonary resuscitation on prevalence of severe multilayered RH; however, sepsis (odds ratio: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.3–8.0, P = .018) and coagulopathy (odds ratio: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.2–7.0, P = .025) were significantly associated with any RH. Only admission diagnosis was independently associated with severe multilayered RH on logistic regression.

CONCLUSIONS:

RHs were seen in critically ill children with a prevalence of 15.1% (24/159); however, most were mild. Severe multilayered RH resembling those described in AHT were rare (6/24) and were only seen in patients with fatal accidental trauma, severe coagulopathy, sepsis with myeloid leukemia, or a combination of these factors.
Mortality and Neonatal Morbidity Among Infants 501 to 1500 Grams From 2000 to 2009
Authors: Horbar Jeffrey D. , Carpenter Joseph H. , Badger Gary J. , Kenny Michael J. , Soll Roger F. , Morrow Kate A. , Buzas Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To identify changes in mortality and neonatal morbidities for infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g born from 2000 to 2009.

METHODS:

There were 355 806 infants weighing 501 to 1500 g who were born in 2000–2009. Mortality during initial hospitalization and major neonatal morbidity in survivors (early and late infection, chronic lung disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, severe retinopathy of prematurity, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia) were assessed by using data from 669 North American hospitals in the Vermont Oxford Network.

RESULTS:

From 2000 to 2009, mortality for infants weighing 501 to 1500 g decreased from 14.3% to 12.4% (difference, −1.9%; 95% confidence interval, −2.3% to −1.5%). Major morbidity in survivors decreased from 46.4% to 41.4% (difference, −4.9%; 95% confidence interval, −5.6% to −4.2%). In 2009, mortality ranged from 36.6% for infants 501 to 750 g to 3.5% for infants 1251 to 1500 g, whereas major morbidity in survivors ranged from 82.7% to 18.7%. In 2009, 49.2% of all very low birth weight infants and 89.2% of infants 501 to 750 g either died or survived with a major neonatal morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS:

Mortality and major neonatal morbidity in survivors decreased for infants with birth weight 501 to 1500 g between 2000 and 2009. However, at the end of the decade, a high proportion of these infants still either died or survived after experiencing ≥1 major neonatal morbidity known to be associated with both short- and long-term adverse consequences.
Predictors of Survival in Children Born With Down Syndrome: A Registry-Based Study
Authors: Rankin Judith , Tennant Peter W.G. , Bythell Mary , Pearce Mark S.
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To examine the influence of fetal and maternal characteristics on the survival of children born with Down syndrome.

METHODS:

We used prospectively collected population-based data on Down syndrome extracted from the UK Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey (NorCAS), January 1, 1985–December 31, 2003, matched to hospital and national mortality records to January 29, 2008, to determine survival status of liveborn children. Survival to 20 years was estimated by using Kaplan-Meier methods. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine factors that predict survival.

RESULTS:

A total of 1115 Down syndrome pregnancies were notified to NorCAS during the 19 years, a total prevalence of 16.8 (95% CI, 15.8–17.8) per 10 000 live births and stillbirths. Of these, 5.4% resulted in a spontaneous fetal loss (late miscarriage ≥20 weeks and stillbirth), 31.7% in a termination of pregnancy, and 63.0% in a live birth. Survival status was known for 95.3% of live births; 16.6% resulted in a death. Year of birth (P < .001), gestational age at delivery (P < .001), standardized birth weight (P < .001), karyotype (P < .01), and presence of additional structural anomalies (P < .001) were significant predictors of survival. Infant gender, plurality, maternal age, and maternal deprivation were not significant predictors of survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

These robust estimates of predictors of survival are important for the prenatal counseling of parents whose pregnancy is affected by Down syndrome and for health care planning for the future care needs of these children.
Synthesis and Characterization of BaTiO3Nanopowders and BaTiO3/CoFe2O4Nanocomposites
Authors: Gao Yanling , Lupascu Doru C.
Published: May 2012

Highly stable, organic-based barium titanate (BaTiO3) sols were developed by the low cost and straightforward “organosol”-precipitation and auto-combustion process of amorphous organic precursors. BaTiO3/CoFe2O4nanocomposites with core/shell structures embedded in a BaTiO3matrix were also obtained using this process. The particles are systematically characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA/DTA), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and by laser granulometry for particle size distribution determination.
Nanostructured Silicon Oxide Dual-Function Layer in Amorphous Silicon Based Solar Cells
Authors: Su Tining , Yan Baojie , Sivec Laura , Yue Guozhen , Owens-Mawson Jessica , Yang Jeffrey , Guha Subhendu
Published: May 2012

We report the results of using n-type hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon oxide alloy (nc-SiOx:H) in hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) and amorphous silicon germanium alloy (a-SiGe:H) single-junction solar cells. We used VHF glow discharge to deposit nc-SiOx:H layers on various substrates for material characterizations. We also used VHF glow discharge to deposit the intrinsic layer in nc-Si:H solar cells. RF glow discharge was used for the deposition of the doped layers and the intrinsic layer in a-SiGe:H solar cells. Various substrates such as stainless steel (SS), Ag coated SS, and ZnO/Ag coated SS were used for different cell structures. We found that by using nc-SiOx:H to replace the ZnO and the a-Si:H n-layer in nc-Si:H solar cells, the cell structure is greatly simplified, while the cell performances remain nearly identical to those made using the conventional n-i-p structure on standard ZnO/Ag BR’s. Solar cells with nc-SiOx:H as the n layer directly deposited on textured Ag show similar quantum efficiency (QE) as the n-i-p cells on ZnO/Ag BRs. In both cases, QE is higher than that in the n-i-p cells made directly on Ag coated SS. This effect is probably caused by the shift of surface plasmon-polariton resonance frequency due to the difference in index of refraction of ZnO, nc-SiOx:H, and Si.
Investigation on Nanorod TCO Light-trapping for a-Si:H Solar Cells in Superstrate Configuration
Authors: Vehse Martin , Geißendörfer Stefan , Voss Tobias , Richters Jan-Peter , Schumacher Benedikt , von Maydell Karsten , Agert Carsten
Published: May 2012

Light trapping due to rough transparent conductive oxide (TCO) surfaces is a common and industrially applied technique in thin film silicon solar cells. In this study, we demonstrate a novel light trapping solution using electrochemically deposited, highly doped zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod arrays which goes beyond standard light management concepts. The n-doped ZnO rods enable the application as front electrode in superstrate configuration. We explain our experimental results by multidimensional solar cell simulations and show how the nanorod array geometry influences the cell performance. The requirement is demonstrated to choose an appropriate average nanorod distance which strongly influences the electrical cell characteristics. The results clearly outline the potential of TCO nanorod technology for enhanced light trapping.
Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprinting Metamaterials
Authors: Greenwald Anton , Ryu Jae , Liu Yisi , Biswas Rana , Ok Jong , Youn Hongseok , Kwak Moonkyu , Kang Myung-Gyu , Guo L. Jay
Published: May 2012

We investigated continuous fabrication of a large area 2-D metamaterial comprising a metal dot array on a dielectric coated substrate. We demonstrated patterning of metal dots arrays of varying patterns and shapes with diameter of about 2.5 μm and metal-to-metal spacing from 0.3 to 2.5 μm using a nano-imprinting stamp on a roller. The pattern was first fabricated on a standard photolithography mask, reproduced onto a silicon wafer master mold, and then transferred to a flexible polymer mold that was wrapped around a metal roller. The method was used to pattern a thin Al layer on top of SiO2 on a flexible polymer substrate. The aluminum was coated with a resist and the roller moved over the substrate with adjustable speed and pressure to imprint the fine pattern into the resist. The resist was cured, and a very thin layer of residual resist was removed by RIE, followed by a standard etching treatment for patterning the aluminum layer.

The as-etched pattern had very few defects and the optical properties of the metamaterial were excellent and correlated well with simulations. This work has shown that low cost, rapid roll-to-roll processing of 2-D metamaterial structures is possible.
A capital federal nos altiplanos de Goiás - medicina, geografia e política nas comissões de estudos e localização das décadas de 1940 e 1950
Authors: Rangel Tamara , Lima Nísia Trindade
Published: May 2012

O tema da localização da sede do governo federal no Brasil tem motivado estudos que analisam os diferentes marcos temporais da história da transferência da capital para o Planalto Central. Neste artigo, discutimos a importância que argumentos oriundos da medicina e da geopolítica, aliados a interesses regionais, tiveram nas comissões organizadas nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 pelo governo federal, as quais tinham como objetivo escolher o lugar mais adequado para fixação do novo centro político-administrativo do país.
A hysteretic soil-water retention model accounting for cyclic variations of suction and void ratio
Authors: GALLIPOLI D.
Published: May 2012

The paper presents a water retention model capable of predicting the hysteretic response of soils during both wetting–drying cycles at constant void ratio and compression–swelling cycles at constant suction. In the proposed model two main surfaces – the main wetting and main drying surfaces – enclose the domain of attainable soil states in the degree of saturation–suction–void ratio space. Inside this domain, the variation of degree of saturation is governed by a reversible scanning law, which describes the transition from one main surface to the other. A simplified calibration procedure is presented to select the values of the four parameters defining the two main surfaces by using a minimum of two compression tests at constant suction and one drying test at constant mean net stress. Model computations are validated against results from an experimental campaign on a compacted mixture of bentonite and kaolin. The proposed formulation is capable of capturing important soil features, such as the influence of hydraulic hysteresis and deformation on the variation of degree of saturation, and the dependence of water retention behaviour during compression on previous wetting–drying history. Moreover, during main wetting or main drying at high suction (i.e. at low saturation), the model correctly predicts a ‘virgin' retention line that uniquely relates water ratio and suction regardless of the current value of void ratio.
Reinforced magnetic cellulose fiber from ionic liquid solution
Authors: Maxim Mirela L. , Sun Ning , Wang Hui , Sterner Joseph R. , Haque Anwarul , Rogers Robin D.
Published: May 2012

Composite fibers were prepared by homogeneous dispersion of nanomagnetite (NM) in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2mim]OAc) using ultrasonication followed by dissolution of microcrystalline cellulose at 90°C and dry-jet wet spinning into a water coagulation bath. The processing method with specific successive steps regarding the addition of the components has a large influence on the quality of dispersion and thus the mechanical properties of the fibers. A nanomagnetite load of up to 0.75% (mass ratio expressed in percent of nanomagnetite to cellulose) in the cellulose matrix results in significantly improved mechanical properties of the fibers, while at loads higher than 1% NM, the ultimate stress and modulus of the fibers are lower because of the formation of large agglomerates that create defects within the fibers. Fibers with uniform diameter and better reproducibility of mechanical properties can be produced utilizing high-performance equipment for fiber processing.
Analysis of adhesion characteristics of liner dental materials
Authors: Djordjevic Maja , Karadjic Branislav , Jovanic Predrag
Published: May 2012

Adhesive characteristics of materials used in dental practice are determined
by indirect methods, by measuring mechanical properties of liner materials.
In that procedure, the adhesion is defined by using measured mechanical
properties of the bond material-test sample, which has several shortages. In
the presented research the focus was based on the multi-component, composite,
materials, which have, both organic and inorganic components in their
structures. The direct measure of material-dentine bond was used in order to
quantify the adhesion properties of investigated liner materials. Artificial
saliva was the media for inducing the liner-dentine bond destruction.
Destruction measurements were made by applying the quantification of visual
information methodology. Obtained results were used to calculate the adhesion
coefficient of the liner materials. The results were correlated with the
mechanical test. There are no references on comparative testing of adhesion
mechanical properties of dental material in the literature with presented
methodology. The presented methodology proved to be useful for the functional
quality ranking of dental materials.
Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Polymorphism Pro12Ala Is Associated With Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Hui , Zhu Shimiao , Chen Jing , Tang Yang , Hu Hailong , Mohan Viswanathan , Venkatesan Radha , Wang Jianmin , Chen Haiping
Published: May 2012

OBJECTIVE

Insulin resistance plays a part in diabetic nephropathy (DN). The association between the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ Pro to Ala alteration at codon 12 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism and the risk of insulin resistance has been confirmed. The association between the polymorphism and DN risk has also been widely studied recently, but no consensus was available up to now.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) and reference lists of relevant articles was carried out, and then 18 case-control studies involving 3,361 DN cases and 5,825 control subjects were identified.

RESULTS

In the overall analysis, the Ala12 variant was observed to be significantly associated with decreased DN risk (odds ratio 0.76 [95% CI 0.61–0.93]). Some evidence of heterogeneity among the included studies was detected, which could be explained by the difference of ethnicity and stage of DN. Subgroup analyses stratified by ethnicity and stage of DN were performed, and results indicated the Pro12Ala polymorphism was associated with the risk of DN in Caucasians but no similar association was observed in Asians. Additionally, we observed that Ala12 was associated with decreased risk of albuminuria. With only a few of subjects were available, we failed to detect statistically significant association between the polymorphism and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that the Ala12 variant is a significantly protective factor for DN. Future research should focus on the effect of Pro12Ala polymorphism on ESRD and gathering data of Africans.
Numerical analyses of optical couplers for planar waveguides
Authors: Pustelny T. , Struk P.
Published: May 2012

The paper presents the results of numerical analyses of optical structures realized in the form of planar waveguides made of materials with high values of the refractive index n ≈1.85. The analysed structures consist of a waveguide and input-output systems. Input-output couplers are realized in the form of prisms as well as Bragg’s grating couplers. Numerical investigations were carried out by applying the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.
A Team-based Approach to Qualitative Inquiry: The Collaborative Retreat
Authors: Lordly Daphne , MacLellan Debbie , Gingras Jacqui , Brady Jennifer
Published: May 2012

A team of researchers undertook a collaborative qualitative study to explore beginning dietitians’ life experiences and the meaning ascribed to those experiences in the context of dietetic practice. Data were collected using Seidman's three-step in-depth phenomenological interviewing method with 12 beginning dietitians who were graduates of the three participating dietetic programs. We outline the collaborative research process and highlight a writing and data analysis technique described as the collaborative retreat, a face-to-face, two-day gathering that facilitated the researchers’ collective decision-making and organization, discussion, and analysis of this complex qualitative data set. Use of a listening guide aided researchers’ understanding and interpretation of participant voices. Researchers concluded that the overall collaborative qualitative research process was positive and self-fulfilling, and that it resulted in multiple benefits for them individually and the research project collectively. Researchers were able to work through methodological and theoretical issues as these arose, with the assistance of technology, writing, listening, and dialogue. Relationship building and relationship maintenance emerged as factors critical to the success of the research process. Collaborative research teams that are committed to listening, writing, and dialogue will find that the collaborative retreat can be a productive site of knowledge generation and mentorship.
Unsuccessful Dietetic Internship Applicants: A Descriptive Survey
Authors: Brady Jennifer , Hoang Annie , Tzianetas Roula , Buccino Jennifer , Glynn Kayla , Gingras Jacqui
Published: May 2012

Purpose: We examined the demographic characteristics of applicants who applied and were unsuccessful in securing an internship position, what these applicants did afterward in their efforts to obtain an internship position, and which career paths they pursued. We also searched for any differences in eligibility between applicants who had not obtained an internship position and those who eventually were successful.

Methods: A 68-item online survey was administered.

Results: The study sample (n=84) was relatively homogeneous: female (99%), heterosexual (98%), Caucasian (70%), Canadian-born (75%), having English as a first language (73%), multilingual (40%), and having completed a previous degree (29%). Mean self-reported cumulative grade point average (3.35) exceeded the minimum (3.0) required by most Ontario internship programs. Over 25% eventually secured an internship position. Applicants who rated their packages strong in community nutrition were less successful in attaining an internship. Little difference in qualification was found between those who were eventually successful and not-yet-successful applicants.

Conclusions: Unsuccessful applicants met academic and other requirements for admission to dietetic internship programs in Ontario. Insufficient training opportunities, costs associated with internship, and competition may be contributing to a loss of human potential in dietetics.
DeSUMOylation Controls Insulin Exocytosis in Response to Metabolic Signals
Authors: Vergari Elisa , Plummer Gregory , Dai Xiaoqing , MacDonald Patrick E.
Published: May 2012

The secretion of insulin by pancreatic islet β-cells plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis and diabetes. Recent work suggests an important role for SUMOylation in the control of insulin secretion from β-cells. In this paper we discuss mechanisms whereby (de)SUMOylation may control insulin release by modulating β-cell function at one or more key points; and particularly through the acute and reversible regulation of the exocytotic machinery. Furthermore, we postulate that the SUMO-specific protease SENP1 is an important mediator of insulin exocytosis in response to NADPH, a metabolic secretory signal and major determinant of β-cell redox state. Dialysis of mouse β-cells with NADPH efficiently amplifies β-cell exocytosis even when extracellular glucose is low; an effect that is lost upon knockdown of SENP1. Conversely, over-expression of SENP1 itself augments β-cell exocytosis in a redox-dependent manner. Taken together, we suggest that (de)SUMOylation represents an important mechanism that acutely regulates insulin secretion and that SENP1 can act as an amplifier of insulin exocytosis.
Study on the Development of an Optimal Heat Supply Control Algorithm for Group Energy Apartment Buildings According to the Variation of Outdoor Air Temperature
Authors: Byun Jae-Ki , Choi Young-Don , Shin Jong-Keun , Park Myung-Ho , Kwak Dong-Kurl
Published: May 2012

In the present study, we have developed an optimal heat supply algorithm which minimizes the heat loss through the distribution pipe line in a group energy apartment. Heating load variation of a group energy apartment building according to the outdoor air temperature was predicted by a correlation obtained from calorimetry measurements of all households in the apartment building. Supply water temperature and mass flow rate were simultaneously controlled to minimize the heat loss rate through the distribution pipe line. A group heating apartment building located in Hwaseong city, Korea, which has 1473 households, was selected as the object building to test the present heat supply algorithm. Compared to the original heat supply system, the present system adopting the proposed control algorithm reduced the heat loss rate by 10.4%.