bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Migration and One World
Authors: Marinari Maddalena
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 chronicles how Italian and Jewish immigration reform advocates appealed to internationalism, humanitarianism, and civil rights rhetoric to fight for refugee legislation first and comprehensive immigration reform later. Unlike World War I, World War II represented an opportunity for reform for many groups who had long fought for less discriminatory immigration laws because of the new geopolitical position of the United States. The Cold War also provided an opening for a broad coalition of ethnic, religious, and civic organizations to come together during the debate over the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952. Although the most diverse interethnic alliance fighting for immigration reform to date fell apart over ideological disagreements and under pressure from entrenched restrictionist politicians, the experience of the early 1950s left a mark for the rest of the decade and shaped their approach to immigration reform until the early 1960s.
A Taste of What It Takes
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

In the late 1960s, at the peak of the Puerto Rican- and Black-led community control movement, United Bronx Parents, an organization of mostly immigrant mothers, launched the city’s first sustained grassroots campaign to improve school lunch. This chapter explores the tenets of community control and the related movement of welfare rights to show how both informed the approach of parent organizers who staged the campaign and challenged New York City’s Board of Education to improve services to school-aged children. The chapter also shows how food became a tool of empowerment: the campaign helped parents move from blaming themselves to having a systemic understanding of their children’s disenfranchisement within a racist public school system. The campaign gave parent organizers the knowledge that they could solve problems more effectively than could school administrators.
If You Know Somebody, Call Them Up
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

The Community Food Resource Center, founded in 1980 by Kathy Goldman, was a nonprofit anti-hunger agency that, unusually, combined direct service with advocacy. This chapter examines the nonprofit within a longer tradition of successful grassroots food activism, including, most significantly, the Black Panthers’ Free Breakfast Program for Children. The chapter shows how, building on a set of connections forged over decades, Goldman, her staff, and grassroots allies built productive partnerships with city officials to improve New Yorkers’ access to food by harnessing the economic power of federal food programs to bring money into the city through job creation. This chapter also illustrates the web of activist relationships upon which the organization was founded. Examining food advocates’ policy and legislative work around school breakfast in particular sheds light on the entrepreneurial side of social politics: the fact that much of what gets codified publicly depends upon the personalities and leadership of key individuals working behind the scenes.
Perhaps Our Brightness Blinds
Authors: Povitz Lana Dee
Published: September 2020

As the impact of federal budget cuts initiated by President Ronald Reagan converged with New York City’s post-1975 austerity politics, social crises such as homelessness and unemployment dramatically compounded the scale of hunger. The Community Food Resource Center found itself increasingly drawn into direct service work relating to emergency food provision, eviction prevention, and even tax preparation services. This chapter shows that even as such programs absorbed the organization’s time and money, staff managed to weld direct service and advocacy work together so that each reinforced the other. This chapter catches the shift from Executive Director Kathy Goldman’s expansive vision of eradicating hunger to a defensive practice of damage control, as budget cuts and welfare reform ushered in a new common sense that increasingly sought to punish poor people out of poverty. The chapter also highlights the role of the office as a progressive space and a site of mentorship amidst dawning austerity.
Activists in Their Forties
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

The seven women in this section were born between 1966 and 1976, at the height of the burgeoning feminist movement. They discuss not only the impact of feminism on their own lives, but on their mothers as well. Some reflect on whether or not the world is a better place for their daughters than when they were growing up. Coming of age in the 1980s and 90s, these interviewees reached maturity during the rise of Reagan Republicanism and what Susan Faludi termed the “backlash” against feminism. None of these women set out at the beginning of their careers to be professional feminists; it never crossed their minds as a possibility. About half of the women in this chapter have been involved in one way or another with the intersecting worlds of journalism, academia, social media, and business, and half—all of them women of color—have worked in direct-service and non-profit organizations. With long careers and experience in a variety of contexts, these women help us understand how feminism has changed over the past twenty years, where the movement is headed, and some of the reasons why even those who undertake its work do not always embrace it wholeheartedly.
Activists in Their Twenties
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

The six women and one trans man in this chapter were between the ages of 20 and 30 years old. Like the other activists in this book, they search for ways to balance their passion and commitment to making a difference in the world with the need to earn a living, maintain their health, and craft lives that include time for friends and families. Several have been activists since they were teenagers. They discuss how the events of September 11, 2001 and the Great Recession of 2008 shaped their lives and their ideas about activism. They reveal how “intersectionality” inherently defines the way most of them think about feminism and see interconnections between issues --- whether reproductive justice, sexual assault, police brutality, Black Lives Matter, transgender experiences, housing and economic development. Several discuss the role of philanthropy in the feminist movement. These young activists’ ingenuity and their ability to tap into local and international networks, and to bring theory to practice, reflects a wealth of experience and knowledge that promises feminism remains a vital, evolving, and exciting movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

Seidman reflects on what has changed since 2012, when Who Needs Feminism launched, and argues that the year can be seen as a turning point in feminist activism, particularly around the use of the internet and social media. She discusses the changing political context since she finished interviewing in the summer of 2016, with the election of Donald Trump. She argues that the interviews help explain the success of the Women’s March on Washington and of the #MeToo movement, by highlighting the long years of organizing and the connections that had been made across organizations and causes, in part inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement. The oral history interviews collected here allow us to look back on a particular moment in time and to reflect on how individual women’s personal decisions and political actions intertwine with the contexts in which they happen—familial, social, political, global. They show how individuals contribute to shaping the world around them. They also help us see in detail how a movement grows; it does not simply emerge whole cloth from a particular event but builds on the connections, successes, and challenges of those who were active before.
Introduction
Authors: Seidman Rachel F.
Published: September 2020

Seidman describes the origins of the social media called Who Needs Feminism and how that led her to undertake oral history interviews with feminist activists around the United States. She explains that her focus is on people who came of age during and after the anti-feminist backlash of the 1980s. Her interviews are all people who earn their living or center their major activist commitments and actions in feminist work, and include non-profit leaders, writers, journalists, philanthropists, labor unionists¬¬, budding politicians, media professionals, and students. They share a fundamental belief that women still face barriers and challenges based on their gender, and that laws, policies, attitudes and behaviors need to change in order to reach the goal of gender equity. She discusses narrators general rejection of the construct different “waves” of feminism; how the rise of social media as has reshaped feminist activism in both positive and negative ways, with special attention to Twitter and tensions within the movement that arise there; feminists’ goals and strategies; and how these interviews reveal the different ways that feminism has unfolded across the life arc of her interviewees. Seidman argues these interviews help explain the rise of the Women’s March on Washington and the #MeToo movement.
Perilous Passages
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the journeys women undertake through Central America, Mexico and the United States as they seek to escape violence, and the new forms of violence they are made vulnerable to. Exploring youth gang, cartel, police, military, and immigration officials’ violence, the chapter argues that there is a fundamentally new type of state that is analytically inseparable from the illegality and violence, a “Neoliberal multicriminal” state. It considers the relation of this state to structures of settler capitalism.
Beyond Detention
Authors: Speed Shannon
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores women’s experience after and beyond detention, considering the multiple ways they continue to be rendered vulnerable to violence.
Childbearing and Childrearing
Authors: Theobald Brianna
Published: September 2020

This chapter lays the groundwork for the book’s use of the Crow Reservation in Montana as an extended case study. After providing an overview of Crow history to the late nineteenth century, the chapter sketches the parameters of a Crow birthing culture that prevailed in the decades surrounding the turn of the twentieth century. Crow women navigated pregnancy and childbirth within female generational networks; viewed childbirth as a sex-segregated social process; and placed their trust in the midwifery services of older women. The chapter further explores government employees’ attitudes toward and interventions in Indigenous pregnancy, childbirth, and especially family life in these years, as these ostensibly private domains emerged as touchstones in the federal government’s ongoing assimilation efforts.
Nurse, Mother, Midwife
Authors: Theobald Brianna
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Native women’s childbearing experiences during the 1930s through the life story of a single woman: Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail. Yellowtail, born on the Crow Reservation, became one of the first Native American registered nurses and worked briefly at the government hospital on her reservation. Through her experiences as an employee and a patient, Yellowtail became aware of inadequate obstetrics practices at the hospital. Specifically, she alleged that she and other Crow women underwent involuntary sterilization procedures within hospital walls. The chapter places Yellowtail’s experiences within the context of the contemporary eugenics movement. It also documents Yellowtail’s multifaceted response to these injustices, which included a decades-long midwifery practice.
Our Crow Indian Hospital
Authors: Theobald Brianna
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how members of the Crow Nation—especially women—navigated the various terminationist pressures of the post-World War II period. In these years, an influential group of policy makers pursued the dissolution of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the termination of tribal members’ political status as “American Indian.” In practice, one of the most immediate threats was the reduction or elimination of reservation health services. The chapter reveals that the female members of a new Crow Health Committee emerged as leaders in the community’s effort to protect the reservation hospital and to reform the colonial institution to meet the evolving needs of Crow people. In regular meetings with medical officers in the newly created Indian Health Service, these women presented comprehensive health services, and particularly maternal and infant welfare, as a federal obligation and a matter of Indian treaty rights.
The King of Kings
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

Born in 1926 outside of San Antonio, Texas, to a migrant farmworker family, Reies López Tijerina’s earliest years were defined by severe poverty and intense religiosity. Nevertheless, starting as a boy, Tijerina saw himself as destined by God for greatness. After attending a Pentecostal Bible college, he spent five years as an Assembly of God minister before becoming an itinerant preacher. As a preacher, he crisscrossed the United States, including several trips through northern New Mexico, which introduced him to the sordid history of land dispossession in the region. His marriage to a fellow Bible school student, Mary Escobar, produced an ever-growing family that joined him in his constant travels and life of precarity. In 1954, a collection of his sermons condemned the United States and its citizens for licentiousness and greed.
The Mexican
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

A fugitive from the law, Tijerina lived undercover in New Mexico for the next five years while his wife supported him and their six children. This time period amounted to a five-year sabbatical that gave him the time to understand American expansion as a bitter conquest that had robbed the region’s Spanish-speakers of their lands after the U.S.-Mexico War of 1846-1848 by violating the peace treaty that ended the war, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. He reached this conclusion after conducting additional research in Mexico and learning from nuevomexicanos, Spanish-speaking New Mexicans, whose families had experienced widespread land dispossession. In 1963, as the statute of limitations for his arrest drew near, Tijerina publicly founded the Alianza Federal de Mercedes (Federal Alliance of Land Grants,) whose purpose was to resurrect the 1848 treaty.
The Indo-Hispano
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

In 1966, Tijerina and members of the Alianza Federal de Mercedes took over the Echo Amphitheater picnic ground within Kit Carson National Forest, apprehended two U.S. Forest Service rangers and, in a mock trial, accused them of trespassing. Land-grant activists claimed the acreage because it had originally been granted to their ancestors by Spain, prompting the question that confronted Reies López Tijerina constantly: “Didn’t Spaniards steal the land in the first place from Native Americans?” In partial answer to this question, he sought alliances with Native Americans and promoted a new identity, the Indo-Hispano, the compound name recognizing centuries of cultural interchange and racial-mixing even as Tijerina minimized an equally long history of conflict.
The Gunslinger
Authors: Oropeza Lorena
Published: September 2020

On June 5, 1967, Reies López Tijerina led what became known as the Tierra Amarilla Courthouse Raid. That day, he and a few armed companions sought to conduct a citizen’s arrest of the local district attorney, Alfonso Sánchez, who they thought was in his office in the county courthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico. Members of the Alianza Federal de Mercedes hoped to call attention to the long history of land dispossession in the region by arresting Sánchez. But Sánchez was not even in the building. Raiders shot one man, physically assaulted two, and kidnapped two more, a succession of events that, along with the raid itself, resulted in costly legal battles. Tijerina, however, emerged as the singular hero, an inspiration to young Chicano movement participants.
Prologue
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

The prologue introduces the history, historiography, and myths of light. It begins by exploring two “pre-industrial” modes of producing light, first telling the story of how Martha Ballard, in the late eighteenth century, butchered a cow, rendered its fat, and dipped her own candles. Second, the prologue explores the making and use of tallow candles in Potosí. The prologue contrasts these accounts of tallow candles with end-of-the-nineteenth-century accounts of how electricity had transcended labor and history. It shows how this familiar before-and-after narrative is flawed, and we need to reexamine what came between, paying special attention to work, energy, and power struggles.
Dungeons and Dragons and Gaslights
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

Antebellum ruling classes debated the role and relationships of states, commerce, industry, and slavery surrounding gaslight. For boosters in New Orleans and other Southern cities industrial slavery was the sine qua non of their gaslit modernity. For Northern industrial heralds, it was the automation and absence (or invisibility) of labor that made gaslight systems at once so attractive and so contentious. But it was in the spaces of production that slavery, freedom, and industry were most violently configured. Frontiers of bituminous (gas) coal accumulation multiplied deep underground, and in the eastern seaboard, that meant Richmond mines. There, planters and industrial slaveholders used slave life insurance policies and safety lamps to recruit and compel mixed armies of slaves and wage laborers to work ever-more dangerous coal mines, while all struggled to assert some control over this antebellum empire of light and energy. When it came to light, the arrow of change in the antebellum United States seemed to point towards an increasing role for slavery within processes of industrial capitalism rather than its displacement by free labor regimes. Looking at the production and consumption of gas coals changes how we must think of the making of the “modern” or “liberal” city.
Lard Lights and the Pigpen Archipelago
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

In the Ohio Valley, a pork industry emerged in the geographic and ecological interstices of slavery and free labor to propel millions of hogs from farms and cornfields into a constellation of seasonal deathscapes centered in Cincinnati. This geography of life and death unmade hogs so successfully that, in combination with the new industrial chemistry of sulfuric acid, wage-worked by-product industries in stearine candles, lard oil, and soap became not only possible but enormously profitable. One of the most important formations to emerge in this geography was what this chapter calls “the pigpen archipelago.” Hogs in the antebellum Ohio Valley were born, raised, and marched toward death through spaces their captors increasingly circumscribed by constructing chains of wood-enclosed islands. From breeding pens to field pens to fattening pens to the pens on the ferries and railroads, at the “hog hotels” where droves rested and refueled, and in the massive pens surrounding slaughterhouses, the always contested movements of the hogs within and between the pigpens transformed the region. This chapter looks at how both human and nonhuman actors were responsible for making Cincinnati and its hinterlands into the epicenter of a new dialectic of mass-produced animal life and death and light.
Lucifer Matches and the Global Violence of Phosphorus
Authors: Zallen Jeremy
Published: September 2020

Sulfuric acid also made possible the other revolutionary lighting technology of the nineteenth century: lucifer friction matches. Those phosphorus matches, incredibly cheap, found their way into the hands of the highest and the lowest, everyone now a strike or a jostle away from producing instant, useful, but also potentially devastating flames. Using thousands of tons of coal and sulfuric acid, European chemical manufacturers extracted hundreds of tons of elemental phosphorus from the mountains of bones left in the wake of the slaughter of Pampas cattle in the South American port cities of the Río de La Plata and, later, from phosphates mined on West Indian guano islands. In American cities, thousands of child workers used that European phosphorus to mass-produce incredibly cheap lucifer matches, a process that starkly illustrated the hidden politics and slow violence of producing the means of light. Struggling to work and, even more pressingly, to live in the inescapable ecology of toxic phosphorus, lucifer-making children attempted to change work environments and win powerful allies, all while trying to survive and mitigate an agonizing, degenerative, disfiguring illness from phosphorus poisoning they called “the compo” and officials called “the jaw disease.”
Testing the Limits of Postwar Reform
Authors: Hong Jane H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter charts the formal repeal of Asian exclusion from the vantage point of the Japanese American Citizens League and of other Americans involved in the postwar campaigns that culminated in the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act. Generally known as a Cold War measure, the law’s lesser known provisions formally ended Asian exclusion as a feature of U.S. immigration and naturalization policy. But a “colonial quota” amendment spurred protest by African and Afro-Caribbean American activists, who denounced it as an underhanded attempt by racist lawmakers to end black immigration from the Caribbean. This little-known episode of black-Japanese conflict problematizes an easy analogy between postwar legislative gains for Asian Americans and those for black Americans as wholly complementary developments; to the contrary, it identifies the postwar immigration debates as a site of greater intergroup competition than collaboration.
Introduction
Authors: Hong Jane H.
Published: September 2020

The introduction argues that the repeal of the U.S. Asian exclusion laws was part of the larger transformation and expansion of U.S. empire during the era of Asian decolonization. A transpacific movement of Asians, Asian Americans, white American elites, and others lobbied U.S. Congress for legislative change between 1943 and 1965. The introduction overviews the book’s five chapters, which cover the laws that together formally repealed Asian exclusion: the 1943 Magnuson Act; the 1946 Luce-Celler Act; the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act; and the 1965 Hart-Celler Act.
How Are Businesses and Universities Different? How Are They Similar?
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the most important similarities and differences between business and higher education and explores ways in which businesspeople can effectively bring their knowledge and expertise to bear in improving academic institutions.
Universities are fundamentally different organizations than businesses. Not only is there a vast divergence in mission (profit vs. reputation), there are also inherent differences in perspectives, particularly in terms of time and urgency. Business is known for its focus on immediacy. And although many aspects of a university’s operations may be time sensitive (such as turning in grades), measures of its reputation, such as the quality of students in the incoming class or the level of research funding received, are often only calculated and reported annually. In the book we provide a lens through which to consider this gap in perspective: the rates of organizational failure in the two sectors. Business failure is routine, while university failure is fairly unusual. The book cites research (Hendrickson et al., 2004) that points out, “None of the original 30 industries listed on the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1928 are on the list today, and many no longer exist at all, yet all 30 of the top universities in the country in 1928 still exist, and most of them would still be considered among the best.” One may argue that this is an apples to oranges comparison, but that’s exactly the point.
American Colleges and Universities
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the differences among different types of colleges and universities, including large and small, public and private, and different missions (e.g., research versus doctoral versus baccalaureate institutions). Also discussed are the different market segments that academic institutions target.
Inside the Black Box Schools, Centers, Degrees, and Curricula
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter goes inside academic institutions and describes schools, centers, institutes, degree programs, and administrative units that comprise a university. We also discuss how curriculum is created and updated, as well as innovations in teaching and pedagogy.
Organization, Affiliation, and Influence inside the University
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the organizational structure of academic institutions, including professional affiliations of leaders at different levels and how they exert influence. The chapter also examines shared governance and the intersection of administrative and faculty authority in colleges and universities.
Where Does College and University Funding Come From? Where Does It Go?
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

It’s important to understand the finances of colleges and universities, budgeting, and sources and uses of funding. Costs at colleges and universities are increasing for a variety of reasons. Some costs involve facilities intended to attract talent, both in terms of faculty and students. Many costs involve people who do not teach, such as administrators. These individuals are doing work that is either required (government compliance) or expected (student mental health or career counseling). So, it is a stretch to sustain the argument that rising costs in higher education are singularly a function of unnecessary layers of administration. Many universities are using innovative approaches to cut costs and improve revenue streams to their institutions.
Recommendations for Business and University Collaboration
Authors: Dean James W. , Clarke Deborah Y.
Published: September 2020

Business people have much to offer colleges and universities, because of the many similarities between the two kinds of organizations. They are used to managing budgets, devising strategies, responding to changing environments, and many other activities that are crucial to universities. It is the synergy between business perspectives and academic perspectives that has the potential to dramatically change universities for the better. This chapter provides specific recommendations for how businesspeople can more effectively help academic institutions though board service or other academic or administrative leadership roles. Also provided is a real-world example of public/private partnerships, the transition of UNC Student Stores to Barnes and Noble College, and leveraging these collaborations to implement change in higher education.
A South You Never Ate
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Nestled between the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and stretching from Hampton Roads to Assateague Island, Virginia's Eastern Shore is a distinctly southern place with an exceptionally southern taste. Four centuries of encounter, imagination, and invention continue to shape the foodways of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, melding influences from Indigenous peoples, European migrants, enslaved and free West Africans, and more recent newcomers. Herman reveals how local ingredients and the cooks who have prepared them for the table have developed a distinctly American terroir--the flavors of a place experienced through its culinary and storytelling traditions. This terroir flourishes even as it confronts challenges from climate change, declining fish populations, and farming monoculture. Herman reveals this resilience through the recipes and celebrations that hold meaning, not just for those who live there but for all those folks who sit at their tables--and other tables near and far. Blending personal observation, history, memories of harvests and feasts, and recipes, Herman tells of life along the Eastern Shore through the eyes of its growers, watermen, oyster and clam farmers, foragers, church cooks, restaurant owners, and everyday residents.
A Taste for Dumplings
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Taste is one of those words that covers a lot of territory—and partitions it, too. We think of taste in its physical sense as flavor—the play of sweet, salt, bitter, sour, and savory unique to every ingredient and every dish. Taste in this sense is about bodily sensations. Taste also entails social knowledge. A connoisseur uses specific knowledge about food, wine, art, literature, and just about everything else to render acts of judgment. Taste in this iteration is about discernment and sensibility, and it is very much about creating and policing the borders of community and distinction. We could think of taste as the acts of knowing that lie at the crossroads of consumption and conversation, a posturing about what we eat and why we like it for high intellectual purpose, for example black duck and dumplings.
Figs
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Enormous fig trees reaching the eaves of a two-story house flourished in home gardens the length of the Eastern Shore from the early colonial period onward. Fig culture in the American South offers a conflicted narrative, one that blurs lines between the exotic and the everyday, the fragile and the hardy, slavery and freedom. The chapter explores the history, cultivation, preservation, and culinary uses of the fig through historical narratives, recipes, and oral histories.
On Strawberries
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

The modern strawberry is a made thing, an artifact that traces its genealogy to a plantsman's experiments in northern France in the early 1700s. Striving to domesticate the strawberry for the garden and finding the wild woodland strawberry of Europe uncooperative, attention shifted to the berries of the Americas. This chapter looks at the rise of strawberry culture on the Eastern Shore of Virginia with particular attention to the terroir of field labor, storytelling, marketing, and cuisine revealed through historical narratives, recipes, and oral histories.
Mr. Hayman
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the idea of terroir through the sweet potato, in particular the heirloom cultivar of the Hayman sweet potato. Terroir is about much more than the taste of place as an expression of soil, climate, varietal, and process. Terroir, as an idea, encapsulates particular forms of memory and knowledge. It's a connoisseur's word that speaks to the passion and possession of knowledge as a means of understanding the essence of a place and its people through historical narratives, recipes, and oral histories.
A Taste for Toads
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

The is chapter explores the natural and culinary history of toads (the fish, not the amphibian) as well as a specialized fishery and invention around a seasonal catch. The toads rise from a “trash” by-catch to a delicacy speaks to evolving sensibilities around cuisine and terroir. A toad is a complicated creature. It tests the boundaries of Leviticus and chart the dangers of gastronomy. The chapter makes extensive use of oral history, natural history, and local foodways.
Barbacoa de Cordero de Hog Island
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at the contemporary rise of Latin American foodways on the Eastern Shore of Virginia through the lens of an evolving terroir and cuisine. The chapter begins with an Eastern Shore Guatemalan mutton barbacoa, pursues the narrative of Hog Island rare breed sheep associated with the natural and cultural history of Virginia's barrier islands, and concludes with how one family finds its own traditions, terroir, and cuisine in a new home.
Drum Head Soup
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines drum head soup, a variation on fish chowder prepared from the bones and head – and favoured in many African American households. Cuisine is experience and emotion, embodiment and immediacy, custom and invention, destiny and storytelling. It manifests itself in a constantly evolving style and synthesis of ingredients, recipes, preparations, and eating, from fancy holiday meals to workday lunches. When people speak about cuisine, they speak about themselves and the pleasures of the table and the company they keep. Cuisine not only entails the distinct flavors of place (terroir) but also evokes how place “flavors” people, speech, foodways, and the multitude of objects and actions that constitute the local.
Missing Ingredients
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how an African American woman born in 1899 to a black mother and white father, taken by the father's family from her mother, and brought up in a white household, negotiated her place in the racially complex society of the Eastern Shore of Virginia. The chapter begins with her recipe collection and moves to her most remembered speciality – yeast rolls. The chapter then explores the place of this bread in contexts of identity, reputation, remembrance, and race.
Theodore Peed’s Turtle Party
Authors: Herman Bernard L.
Published: September 2020

Two events mark the fall social season on the lower Eastern Shore of Virginia—H. M. Arnold's Bayford Oyster House Bash and Theodore Peed's Turtle Party. Theodore Peed's garage where the party takes place serves as kitchen, staging center, and workingmen's community gathering spot. Peed's snapping turtle party is also about the complex social networks that have evolved on the Eastern Shore of Virginia over the past four centuries. When Peed describes his cooking pots, he calls them African kettles and links them to deep histories of foraging, work, and race. This chapter examines community, food, race, friendship, and celebration around the dynamics of terroir and storytelling.
Such a Safe City
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This introduction recounts the day’s events of the car bomb assassination of Orlando Letelier in Washington, DC on September 21, 1976. It focuses on the experiences of the surviving family members, especially Michael Moffitt, who was in the car with his wife Ronni Moffitt but lived, and Orlando’s wife Isabel, who rushed to the hospital to find out that Orlando had already died. The story exposes the immediate suspicion that the families had that the Pinochet government was responsible. It also posits the book’s major question: will the families ever enjoy a full measure of justice?
Stand Up with Me
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes another couple as its subject, Michael Moffitt and Ronni Karpen Moffitt, who will both be in Orlando Letelier’s car when it is bombed. Through their biography, the chapter explains the coming-of-age of a new generation of young activists focused on human rights. In the mid-1970s, the Moffitts fall in love, marry, and begin to work with Letelier under the aegis of a Washington think tank, the Institute for Policy Studies.
Prisoners, Survivors, and Judgment Creditors
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter narrates the fallout from the Townley trial and ends Part Two. Townley and his wife separate after he goes into witness protection. Isabel Letelier continues to seek justice while Michael Moffitt, experiencing post-traumatic stress, largely retreats from the case. In civil courts, the families sue the Chilean government for monetary damages. They win at first and become “judgment creditors,” but their case is then reversed on appeal. Nevertheless, a precedent of compensation is set.
The Ghost Who Haunts Our Chile Policy
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter returns to how the diplomacy of US-Chilean relations is hostage to the Letelier case throughout the 1980s. The Ronald Reagan government is far less interested in pushing for justice, but the Democratic-controlled Congress forces the executive to “certify” that Chile is making progress on the Letelier-Moffitt murders before the United States can normalize relations. US diplomats therefore turn against the Pinochet regime. Isabel Letelier and her four sons continue dealing with the fallout of the assassination.
Fight until the End
Authors: McPherson Alan
Published: September 2020

This chapter once again focuses on Isabel Letelier and her activism in the case of her husband, taking the case through the end of the 1980s. With the repression in Chile easing, son Juan Pablo moves there, and so does Isabel years later. As Chileans choose a new democratic government in 1989, the Leteliers and Moffitts see their case for compensation “espoused” by the US government and win a reparations decision worth millions.
Your Men Can Smash Through
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

By the mid-twentieth century, the unusually large amount of protective gear involved in tackle football became inextricably tied to the sport’s collision nature. Pads and helmets symbolized the sport’s dangers and, it was believed, conferred the protection necessary to render such an aggressive game feasible. Football equipment advertisements aimed at children promoted ideals associated with particular forms of twentieth century American masculinity. Banishing fears, and inspiring confidence and toughness, would enable boys to “smash through” their opponents. The embrace of manufacturers’ contributions to enhancing safety equipment was far more widespread than cynicism about the influence of financial motives. Most sports administrators contended that investment in top quality equipment clearly signified a program’s commitment to safety. Yet some doctors and engineers continued to question how much protection even the best equipment might afford the players who collided with one another on the gridiron.
Controlling Hazards
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

Since the Great Depression, schools and sports administrators had chosen to manage football’s financial risks by focusing primarily on improving insurance schemes. Large athletic insurance programs offered families and schools a greater degree of financial protection against the risk of football injuries. The development of these programs also influenced football injury epidemiology. Mid-century research using large scale insurance data pointed to the limitations of protective equipment in preventing injuries. Doctors and researchers’ efforts to “save football” in the face of this evidence represented a broad cultural investment in preserving the sport among the experts responsible for protecting youth health. By the early 1960s, the most influential sports and research organizations had zeroed in on setting standards for football helmets as the most important technological strategy needed to control the sport’s hazards.
This Is Your Brain on Football
Authors: Bachynski Kathleen
Published: September 2020

A decline in severe football injuries and fatalities after the 1970s helped make it possible for another concern to come into focus: that trauma to players’ brains, even if it did not result in death or catastrophic injury, might still constitute a serious medical problem. In the early 1990s, the National Football League (NFL) found itself under scrutiny after a spate of high-profile head injuries among its prominent athletes. In response, the league formed a committee on mild traumatic brain injury that not only minimized the severity of concussions among NFL players, but also influenced perceptions of risk at the youth football level. Yet in the late 2000s, several factors contributed to making football-related brain injuries at all levels of the sport a topic of national debate. These included autopsy findings in deceased NFL players, retired athletes speaking out about their medical problems, extensive media coverage, and an emerging framing of football-related brain damage as a public health concern that had been covered up by the NFL.
Geochemical zones and environmental gradients for soils from the Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica
Authors: Diaz Melisa A. , Gardner Christopher B. , Welch Susan A. , Jackson W. Andrew , Adams Byron J. , Wall Diana H. , Hogg Ian D. , Fierer Noah , Lyons W. Berry
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Previous studies have established links between biodiversity and soil geochemistry in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, where environmental gradients are important determinants of soil biodiversity. However, these gradients are not well established in the Central Transantarctic Mountains, which are thought to represent some of the least hospitable Antarctic soils. We analyzed 220 samples from 11 ice-free areas along the Shackleton Glacier (~ 85 °S), a major outlet glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. We established three zones of distinct geochemical gradients near the head of the glacier (upper), central (middle), and at the mouth (lower). The upper zone had the highest water-soluble salt concentrations with total salt concentrations exceeding 80,000 µg g-1, while the lower zone had the lowest water-soluble N : P ratios, suggesting that, in addition to other parameters (such as proximity to water/ice), the lower zone likely represents the most favorable ecological habitats. Given the strong dependence of geochemistry with geographic parameters, we established multiple linear regression and random forest models to predict soil geochemical trends given latitude, longitude, elevation, distance from the coast, distance from the glacier, and soil moisture (variables which can be inferred from remote measurements). Confidence in our model predictions was moderately high, with R2 values for total water-soluble salts, water-soluble N : P, ClO4-, and ClO3- of 0.51, 0.42, 0.40, and 0.28, respectively. These modeling results can be used to predict geochemical gradients and estimate salt concentrations for other Transantarctic Mountain soils, information that can ultimately be used to better predict distributions of soil biota in this remote region.
Histogram via entropy reduction (HER): an information-theoretic alternative for geostatistics
Authors: Thiesen Stephanie , Vieira Diego M. , Mälicke Mirko , Loritz Ralf , Wellmann J. Florian , Ehret Uwe
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Interpolation of spatial data has been regarded in many different forms, varying from deterministic to stochastic, parametric to nonparametric, and purely data-driven to geostatistical methods. In this study, we propose a nonparametric interpolator, which combines information theory with probability aggregation methods in a geostatistical framework for the stochastic estimation of unsampled points. Histogram via entropy reduction (HER) predicts conditional distributions based on empirical
probabilities, relaxing parameterizations and, therefore, avoiding the risk of adding information not present in data. By construction, it provides a proper framework for uncertainty estimation since it accounts for both
spatial configuration and data values, while allowing one to introduce or infer properties of the field through the aggregation method. We investigate the framework using synthetically generated data sets and demonstrate its efficacy in ascertaining the underlying field with varying sample densities and data properties. HER shows a comparable performance to popular benchmark models, with the additional advantage of higher generality. The novel method brings a new perspective of spatial interpolation and uncertainty analysis to geostatistics and statistical learning, using the lens of information theory.
Applications of matrix factorization methods to climate data
Authors: Harries Dylan , O'Kane Terence J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. An initial dimension reduction forms an integral part of many analyses in
climate science. Different methods yield low-dimensional representations
that are based on differing aspects of the data. Depending on the features of
the data that are relevant for a given study, certain methods may be more
suitable than others, for instance yielding bases that can be more easily
identified with physically meaningful modes.
To illustrate the distinction between particular methods and identify
circumstances in which a given method might be preferred, in this paper we
present a set of case studies comparing the results obtained using the
traditional approaches of empirical orthogonal function analysis and k-means
clustering with the more recently introduced methods such as archetypal analysis
and convex coding.
For data such as global sea surface temperature anomalies, in which there is
a clear, dominant mode of variability, all of the methods considered
yield rather similar bases with which to represent the data while differing in reconstruction accuracy for a given basis size. However, in the absence of such
a clear scale separation, as in the case of daily geopotential height anomalies,
the extracted bases differ much more significantly between the methods.
We highlight the importance in such cases of carefully considering the
relevant features of interest and of choosing the method that best targets precisely those features so as to obtain more easily interpretable results.
Impact of naval traffic on the sediment transport of the Port of Genoa – a modelling study
Authors: Guarnieri Antonio , Saremi Sina , Pedroncini Andrea , Jensen Jacob H. , Torretta Silvia , Vaccari Marco , Vincenzi Caterina
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The action of propellers induced jets on the seabed of ports can be responsible of erosion and deposition of sediment around the port basin, potentially inducing important variations of the bottom topography in the medium to long time scales. Such dynamics constantly repeated for long periods can result in drastic reduction of ships' clearance – in the case of accretion – or might be a threat for the stability and duration of the structures – in the case of erosion. These sediment related processes are sources of problems for the port managing authorities, both for the safety of navigation and for the optimization of the management and maintenance activities of the ports' bottom and infrastructures. In the present work we study the erosion and sediment transport induced by the action of the vessel propellers of naval traffic in the passenger Port of Genoa (Italy) by means of integrated numerical modeling and we propose a novel methodology and state of the art modeling science-based tools useful to optimize and efficiently plan the ports managing activities and the of maintenance of ports seabed.