bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La gestion de la différence culturelle par les éducateurs sociaux dans leur travail au quotidien
Authors: Gulfi Alida
Published: June 2016

L’intervention en contexte multiculturel constitue un défi pour les éducateurs sociaux qui doivent composer avec la diversité culturelle. Cet article s’intéresse à la gestion de la différence culturelle par les éducateurs sociaux dans leur travail au quotidien. Quelle est la place qu’ils donnent à la différence culturelle dans l’intervention? Quels sont les défis qu’ils rencontrent dans l’accompagnement des usagers aux références culturelles diverses? Pour ce faire, une enquête qualitative a été conduite auprès de 24 éducateurs sociaux travaillant dans diverses institutions socio-éducatives de Suisse romande. Les résultats mettent en évidence trois types d’attitude qui caractérisent la gestion de la différence culturelle par les éducateurs sociaux : une même intervention pour tous les usagers quelle que soit leur origine, une intervention spécifique et individualisée pour chaque usager et une adaptation de l’intervention aux spécificités culturelles des usagers. De même, les résultats montrent que les éducateurs sociaux sont confrontés à plusieurs défis d’ordre personnel, relationnel et contextuel dans le travail avec la différence culturelle, notamment les relations de genre, la conception du handicap et de la maladie mentale, les modes d’éducation des enfants, les croyances et pratiques religieuses, les contraintes administratives, institutionnelles et politiques liées à l’intervention ainsi que les trajectoires migratoires des usagers et leurs familles.
Les mobilités quotidiennes comme objet sociologique
Authors: Vincent-Geslin Stéphanie , Authier Jean-Yves
Published: June 2016

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les mobilités spatiales se sont imposées comme une
dimension centrale des sociétés contemporaines. La sociologie a longtemps laissé de côté les
mobilités spatiales en général et les mobilités quotidiennes en particulier. Cette
contribution montrera comment cet objet, les mobilités spatiales, ont été traitées dans
l’histoire de la sociologie, passant de l’oubli à une prédominance excessive. Puis, au
travers de l’analyse de travaux récents menés par des sociologues francophones, nous
montrerons dans un second temps que les mobilités quotidiennes constituent un analyseur
puissant de la société et amènent à renouveler les questionnements de trois champs
classiques de la sociologie que sont le travail, la socialisation et la stratification
sociale.
La capitalisation du temps de travail
Authors: Giotto Timo , Thoemmes Jens
Published: June 2016

L’épargne-temps concerne, depuis son émergence aumilieu des années 1990, une part grandissante dessalariés dans différents pays industrialisés. Deuxformes majeures de capitalisation du temps existent. Lespremières sont les banques de temps qui permettentd’accumuler et d’échanger du temps au seind’une communauté. Les secondes sont les comptesépargne temps d’entreprise, qui offrent lapossibilité pour les salariés d’accumuler et degérer, par des comptes, leur temps de travail. Notre articletraite de cette dernière forme d’épargne temps parune recherche empirique de la négociation d’entreprise etdes usages individuels. Nous proposons d’interroger lacapitalisation du temps de travail comme une diversification des normeset des temps sociaux hérités del’industrialisation. D’abord nous décrirons leprocessus de l’individualisation des temporalités quiconfère désormais au salarié la capacité,la responsabilité et le risque de la conciliation des tempssociaux. Ensuite nous avancerons que ce processus ne produit pas uneatomisation, mais bien de nouvelles catégories desalariés qui se distinguent par leur usage des temps. Enfin,nous proposons une réflexion sur le rôle que joue lacapitalisation dans le processus de la sécularisation des normestemporelles par la réversibilité de la relation entretemps et argent.
L’analyse dramaturgique autochtone comme nouvel objet de la sociologie
Authors: Tirel Astrid
Published: June 2016

Si la sociologie peut faire son objet de tout phénomène social, elle ne peut faire abstraction des changements d’appréhension, de perception et de représentation qui interviennent entre les acteurs concernés. Or la dramaturgie autochtone nécessite un décentrement du regard pour apprécier un modèle esthétique qui, s’il s’inscrit fort bien dans les schèmes occidentaux du genre, propose une esthétique ancrée dans des savoirs culturels dont les principes et valeurs lui échappent. À ce titre, l’étude de cette dramaturgie se situe au confluent de diverses disciplines telles que les études sociologiques, anthropologiques, politiques, théâtrales, post-culturelles ou théologiques qu’elle mobilise. En bousculant la légitimité du savoir, elle exige de nouveaux outils méthodologiques susceptibles de rendre compte des réalités contemporaines de la diversité et de leur impact sur la vie en société.
Le « mouvement » des sociétés : un défi pour la sociologie ? Détour par la sociologie de la société française depuis l’après-guerre
Authors: Hirschhorn Monique
Published: June 2016

Afin de répondre à la question de savoir si la sociologie doit changer pour relever le défi que constituent les sociétés en mouvement, l’auteure propose un détour méthodologique par la sociologie des transformations qu’a connues la société française depuis l’après-guerre. Après en avoir refait l’histoire, elle en analyse les caractéristiques et les conditions de production. Ce qui lui permet de mettre à jour les obstacles que les sociologues doivent surmonter pour être capable de saisir le mouvement des sociétés.
Echocardiographic Findings of an Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wang Shu-shui , Chen Xin-xin , Chen Ji-mei , Zhang Zhi-wei , Ma Ying , Huang Mei-ping , Zhuang Jian
Published: June 2016

An anomalous origin of the left coronary artery (LCA) is a relatively uncommon congenital heart defect that can lead to myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac death. An LCA arising from the pulmonary artery and an LCA arising from the opposite sinus of Valsalva are the common types of anomalous origins of the LCA. Echocardiographic assessment of the coronary arteries is an important component of the routine cardiovascular evaluation, but echocardiographic “pseudo images” of LCA origination can be present in some patients. Detection of an anomalous origin of the LCA remains a challenge to sonographers.
The Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending–Revised
Authors: Ward Tony , Beech Anthony R.
Published: June 2016

In this chapter, the aim is to link together conceptually factors implicated in the occurrence of sexual abuse into a theoretical framework, what was originally called the Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (ITSO). The ITSO is a broad aetiological framework that has the capacity to inform the construction of more specific theories of particular types of sexual offending (e.g., rape, child sexual abuse) and to unify single factor and descriptive theories within a coverall conceptual framework. According to the ITSO, sexual abuse occurs as a consequence of a number of interacting causal factors, operating at different levels and occurring in distinct domains of human functioning: biological (evolution, genetic variations, and neurobiology), ecological (social and cultural environment, personal circumstances, physical environment), core neuropsychological systems, and personal agency.
Organizing Principles for an Integrated Model of Change for the Treatment of Sexual Offending
Authors: Carter Adam J. , Mann Ruth E.
Published: June 2016

Examination of the contents of contemporary treatment programmes for sexual offending suggests that many could benefit from greater focus upon established risk factors. After consideration of possible reasons for gaps between evidence and practice, this chapter sets out a model of change and some organizing principles. It is hoped that the overall framework proposed – model of change and associated organizing principles – will encourage debate and permit the development of a new generation of treatment programmes that adhere better to the Risk, Need, and Responsivity principles of correctional rehabilitation and the biological, psychological, and social factors that underpin sexual offending than is currently the case.
Assessment of Sexual Sadism
Authors: Marshall William L. , Hucker Stephen J. , Nitschke Joachim , Mokros Andreas
Published: June 2016

A brief description of the key developments of the concept of sexual sadism is followed by an introduction to the four main approaches to assessment: psychiatric diagnoses, phallometric evaluations of the offender's sexual interests, utilization of crime scene data, and a measure based on a variety of data. We point to serious problems with psychiatric diagnoses and conclude that the lack of reliability, among other problems, renders this approach problematic. To date, no fully satisfactory phallometric assessment procedure has been developed that includes the critical features of sexual violence and the humiliation and degradation of the victim. Although crime scene data can provide valuable information, these data have not yet been organized into a satisfactory coding system. However, relying on these data and other sources, we have developed a rating scale that reliably and satisfactorily discriminates sadists from other sex offenders. This measure has the additional value that it can be used categorically to provide a diagnosis and also dimensionally to identify the degree of sadism.
At Our Best
Authors: Prescott David S.
Published: June 2016

This chapter reviews the style, spirit, and processes of motivational interviewing, with a specific focus on working with people who have sexually abused. It defines key elements and provides case examples of them in action. Central to motivational interviewing with people who have sexually abused is the elicitation of even the smallest verbal indicators of a desire, ability, reason, or need to change. Individual micro‐skills for eliciting internal motivation to change are also explored with examples.
General Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxide Ultrafine Nanoparticles Embedded in Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanofibers as Advanced Electrodes for Lithium Storage
Authors: Xia Guanglin , Zhang Lijun , Fang Fang , Sun Dalin , Guo Zaiping , Liu Huakun , Yu Xuebin
Published: June 2016

A unique general, large‐scale, simple, and cost‐effective strategy, i.e., foaming‐assisted electrospinning, for fabricating various transition metal oxides into ultrafine nanoparticles (TMOs UNPs) that are uniformly embedded in hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (HPCNFs) has been developed. Taking advantage of the strong repulsive forces of metal azides as the pore generator during carbonization, the formation of uniform TMOs UNPs with homogeneous distribution and HPCNFs is simultaneously implemented. The combination of uniform ultrasmall TMOs UNPs with homogeneous distribution and hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers with interconnected nanostructure can effectively avoid the aggregation, dissolution, and pulverization of TMOs, promote the rapid 3D transport of both Li ions and electrons throughout the whole electrode, and enhance the electrical conductivity and structural integrity of the electrode. As a result, when evaluated as binder‐free anode materials in Li‐ion batteries, they displayed extraordinary electrochemical properties with outstanding reversible capacity, excellent capacity retention, high Coulombic efficiency, good rate capability, and superior cycling performance at high rates. More importantly, the present work opens up a wide horizon for the fabrication of a wide range of ultrasmall metal/metal oxides distributed in 1D porous carbon structures, leading to advanced performance and enabling their great potential for promising large‐scale applications.
Large‐Area Compliant, Low‐Cost, and Versatile Pressure‐Sensing Platform Based on Microcrack‐Designed Carbon Black@Polyurethane Sponge for Human–Machine Interfacing
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Han Yangyang , Zhang Xinxing , Zhou Zehang , Lu Canhui
Published: June 2016

It is a challenge to manufacture pressure‐sensing materials that possess flexibility, high sensitivity, large‐area compliance, and capability to detect both tiny and large motions for the development of artificial intelligence products. Herein, a very simple and low‐cost approach is proposed to fabricate versatile pressure sensors based on microcrack‐designed carbon black (CB)@polyurethane (PU) sponges via natural polymer‐mediated water‐based layer‐by‐layer assembly. These sensors are capable of satisfying the requirements of ultrasmall as well as large motion monitoring. The versatility of these sensors benefits from two aspects: microcrack junction sensing mechanism for tiny motion detecting (91 Pa pressure, 0.2% strain) inspired by the spider sensory system and compressive contact of CB@PU conductive backbones for large motion monitoring (16.4 kPa pressure, 60% strain). Furthermore, these sensors exhibit excellent flexibility, fast response times (<20 ms), as well as good reproducibility over 50 000 cycles. This study also demonstrates the versatility of these sensors for various applications, ranging from speech recognition, health monitoring, bodily motion detection to artificial electronic skin. The desirable comprehensive performance of our sensors, which is comparable to the recently reported pressure‐sensing devices, together with their significant advantages of low‐cost, easy fabrication, especially versatility, makes them attractive in the future of artificial intelligence.
Recycled Superwetting Nanostructured Copper Mesh Film: Toward Bidirectional Separation of Emulsified Oil/Water Mixtures
Authors: Cheng Zhongjun , Li Chong , Lai Hua , Du Ying , Liu Hongwei , Liu Min , Sun Kening , Jin Liguo , Zhang Naiqing , Jiang Lei
Published: June 2016

Recently, superwetting films for separating oil/water emulsions have gained much interest due to their remarkable advantages such as high efficiency and high flux. Until now, although a lot of superhydrophobic/superoleophilic and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic films have been prepared for separation of water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions, respectively, smart films that can separate both the types of emulsions are still rare, especially a general rule in designing such a smart bidirectional separating film is still a challenge. Herein, a new design strategy is advanced and a novel smart nanostructured copper mesh film is reported, on which both the water‐in‐oil and oil‐in‐water emulsions can be separated with high efficiency and high flux. The special separating ability can be ascribed to the combined effect of nanoscale pores on the film and the tunable wettabilities, which can switch reversibly between the superhydrophobic/superoleophilic and superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic states. This paper reports a smart recycled separating film for oil/water emulsions and displays particular bidirectional separating performances. The reported design concept is so simple that can easily be extended to many other smart materials and can open up some new perspectives for the fabrication of novel oil/water separating materials.
Plasmonic Enhancement of Biosolar Cells Employing Light Harvesting Complex II Incorporated with Core–Shell Metal@TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Yiqun , Gobeze Habtom B. , D'Souza Francis , Jankowiak Ryszard , Li Jun
Published: June 2016

Here the study of effects of plasmonic nanoparticles (PNPs) conjugated with natural extract light‐harvesting complex II (LHCII) is reported. Three types of core–shell metal@TiO2 PNPs with distinct surface plasmonic resonance are prepared. The plasmonic adsorption of the metal core provides strong photon capture and enhances the LHCII excitation through plasmon‐induced resonance energy transfer (PIRET). More efficient charge separation is facilitated at LHCII/TiO2 interface as revealed by quenching of the fluorescence and reduction of the fluorescence lifetime of LHCII after adsorbing on PNPs. Femtosecond transient absorption provides further conclusive proof for charge injection from excited LHCII into the TiO2 conduction band. The plasmonic effects are further demonstrated in the enhanced photovoltaic properties after incorporating the PNPs in LHCII‐sensitized solar cells built on a 3D TiO2 nanotree photoanode. The photocurrent is enhanced by all PNPs under illumination of the full solar spectrum and the selected wavelength windows around Soret and Q bands of LHCII trimer, and the “dark region” between them. This study reveals that the core–shell PNPs can enhance the LHCII‐sensitized solar cells based on multiple mechanisms, including enhancing light harvesting, promoting PIRET from PNP to LHCII, and facilitating charge injection from excited LHCII into TiO2.
Neurophysiology versus clinical genetics in Rett syndrome: A multicenter study
Authors: Halbach Nicky , Smeets Eric E. , Julu Peter , Witt‐Engerström Ingegerd , Pini Giorgio , Bigoni Stefania , Hansen Stig , Apartopoulos Flora , Delamont Robert , van Roozendaal Kees , Scusa Maria F. , Borelli Paolo , Candel Math , Curfs Leopold
Published: June 2016

Many studies have attempted to establish the genotype–phenotype correlation in Rett syndrome (RTT). Cardiorespiratory measurements provide robust objective data, to correlate with each of the different clinical phenotypes. It has important implications for the management and treatment of this syndrome. The aim of this study was to correlate the genotype with the quantitative cardiorespiratory data obtained by neurophysiological measurement combined with a clinical severity score. This international multicenter study was conducted in four European countries from 1999 to 2012. The study cohort consisted of a group of 132 well‐defined RTT females aged between 2 and 43 years with extended clinical, molecular, and neurophysiological assessments. Diagnosis of RTT was based on the consensus criteria for RTT and molecular confirmation. Genotype–phenotype analyses of clinical features and cardiorespiratory data were performed after grouping mutations by the same type and localization or having the same putative biological effect on the MeCP2 protein, and subsequently on eight single recurrent mutations. A less severe phenotype was seen in females with CTS, p.R133C, and p.R294X mutations. Autonomic disturbances were present in all females, and not restricted to nor influenced by one specific group or any single recurrent mutation. The objective information from non‐invasive neurophysiological evaluation of the disturbed central autonomic control is of great importance in helping to organize the lifelong care for females with RTT. Further research is needed to provide insights into the pathogenesis of autonomic dysfunction, and to develop evidence‐based management in RTT. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 Inhibitor (PF‐04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging
Authors: Liang Steven H. , Chen Jinshan Michael , Normandin Marc D. , Chang Jeanne S. , Chang George C. , Taylor Christine K. , Trapa Patrick , Plummer Mark S. , Para Kimberly S. , Conn Edward L. , Lopresti‐Morrow Lori , Lanyon Lorraine F. , Cook James M. , Richter Karl E. G. , Nolan Charlie E. , Schachter Joel B. , Janat Fouad , Che Ye , Shanmugasundaram Veerabahu , Lefker Bruce A. , Enerson Bradley E. , Livni Elijahu , Wang Lu , Guehl Nicolas J. , Patnaik Debasis , Wagner Florence F. , Perlis Roy , Holson Edward B. , Haggarty Stephen J. , El Fakhri Georges , Kurumbail Ravi G. , Vasdev Neil
Published: June 2016

Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) regulates multiple cellular processes in diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N‐(3‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)propyl)‐5‐(3‐chloro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)oxazole‐4‐carboxamide (PF‐04802367 or PF‐367) has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective antagonists of GSK‐3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF‐367 binding in brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the pharmacokinetic profile of PF‐367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals for GSK‐3 in the central nervous system. A 11C‐isotopologue of PF‐367 was synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non‐human primates confirmed that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK‐3, namely, reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.
Cy‐SaBOX/Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of Bicyclic N,O Acetals
Authors: Liu Qiong‐Jie , Wang Lijia , Kang Qi‐Kai , Zhang X. Peter , Tang Yong
Published: June 2016

Facile and effective access for the asymmetric construction of the useful and important skeleton of the bicyclic N,O‐acetals is described. CuII/SaBOX could catalyze the reaction of β,γ‐unsaturated α‐ketoesters with cyclic enamines efficiently, thus affording the desired products in excellent yields with excellent stereoselectivities (21 examples; up to 99 % yields; up to >95:5 d.r.; and 95–99 % ee). This reaction can be well performed on gram scale, even with only 1 mol % catalyst loading. The single‐crystal structures of the copper complexes lead to a good understanding of the stereo‐synergistic effects of the sidearm.
Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierte Addition von Enamiden an ortho‐Chinonmethidimine – ein effizienter und hoch enantioselektiver Zugang zu chiralen Tetrahydroacridinen
Authors: Kretzschmar Martin , Hodík Tomáš , Schneider Christoph
Published: June 2016

Eine direkte, hoch enantioselektive Synthese von Tetrahydroacridinen gelang durch Phosphorsäure‐katalysierte Addition von Enamiden an in situ erzeugte ortho‐Chinonmethidimine mit nachfolgender Eliminierung. Diese neue, einstufige Methode eröffnet einen sehr effizienten, eleganten und selektiven Zugang zu wertvollen N‐Heterocyclen mit einem 1,4‐Dihydrochinolin‐Motiv. Die Reaktionsprodukte lassen sich anschließend direkt durch diastereoselektive Hydrierung und N‐Entschützung in freie Hexahydroacridine mit insgesamt drei neuen stereogenen Zentren überführen.
Clean Donor Oxidation Enhances the H2 Evolution Activity of a Carbon Quantum Dot–Molecular Catalyst Photosystem
Authors: Martindale Benjamin C. M. , Joliat Evelyne , Bachmann Cyril , Alberto Roger , Reisner Erwin
Published: June 2016

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are new‐generation light absorbers for photocatalytic H2 evolution in aqueous solution, but the performance of CQD‐molecular catalyst systems is currently limited by the decomposition of the molecular component. Clean oxidation of the electron donor by donor recycling prevents the formation of destructive radical species and non‐innocent oxidation products. This approach allowed a CQD‐molecular nickel bis(diphosphine) photocatalyst system to reach a benchmark lifetime of more than 5 days and a record turnover number of 1094±61 molH2 (molNi)−1 for a defined synthetic molecular nickel catalyst in purely aqueous solution under AM1.5G solar irradiation.
Controlling Ethylene Hydrogenation Reactivity on Pt13 Clusters by Varying the Stoichiometry of the Amorphous Silica Support
Authors: Crampton Andrew S. , Rötzer Marian D. , Schweinberger Florian F. , Yoon Bokwon , Landman Uzi , Heiz Ueli
Published: June 2016

Ethylene hydrogenation was investigated on size‐selected Pt13 clusters supported on three amorphous silica (a‐SiO2) thin films with different stoichiometries. Activity measurements of the reaction at 300 K revealed that on a silicon‐rich and a stoichiometric film, Pt13 exhibits a similar activity to that of Pt(111), in line with the known structure insensitivity of the reaction. On an oxygen‐rich film, a threefold increased rate was measured. Pulsing ethylene at 400 K, then measuring the activity at 300 K, resulted in complete loss of activity on the silicon‐rich surface compared to only marginal losses on the other surfaces. The measured reactivity trends correlate with charging characteristics of a Pt13 cluster on the SiO2 films, predicted through first‐principle calculations. The results reveal that the stoichiometry‐dependent charging by the support can be used to tune the selectivity of reaction pathways during a catalytic hydrogenation reaction.
Sensing Enzymatic Activity by Exposure and Selection of DNA‐Encoded Probes
Authors: Jetson Rachael R. , Krusemark Casey J.
Published: June 2016

A sensing approach is applied to encode quantitative enzymatic activity information into DNA sequence populations. The method utilizes DNA‐linked peptide substrates as activity probes. Signal detection involves chemical manipulation of a probe population downstream of sample exposure and application of purifying, selective pressure for enzyme products. Selection‐induced changes in DNA abundance indicate sample activity. The detection of protein kinase, protease, and farnesyltransferase activities is demonstrated. The assays were employed to measure enzyme inhibition by small molecules and activity in cell lysates using parallel DNA sequencing or quantitative PCR. This strategy will allow the extensive infrastructure for genetic analysis to be applied to proteomic assays, which has a number of advantages in throughput, sensitivity, and sample multiplexing.
Pure Cubic‐Phase Hybrid Iodobismuthates AgBi2I7 for Thin‐Film Photovoltaics
Authors: Kim Younghoon , Yang Zhenyu , Jain Ankit , Voznyy Oleksandr , Kim Gi‐Hwan , Liu Min , Quan Li Na , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Comin Riccardo , Fan James Z. , Sargent Edward H.
Published: June 2016

Bismuth‐based hybrid perovskites are candidates for lead‐free and air‐stable photovoltaics, but poor surface morphologies and a high band‐gap energy have previously limited these hybrid perovskites. A new materials processing strategy to produce enhanced bismuth‐based thin‐film photovoltaic absorbers by incorporation of monovalent silver cations into iodobismuthates is presented. Solution‐processed AgBi2I7 thin films are prepared by spin‐coating silver and bismuth precursors dissolved in n‐butylamine and annealing under an N2 atmosphere. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals the pure cubic structure (Fd3m) with lattice parameters of a=b=c=12.223 Å. The resultant AgBi2I7 thin films exhibit dense and pinhole‐free surface morphologies with grains ranging in size from 200–800 nm and a low band gap of 1.87 eV suitable for photovoltaic applications. Initial studies produce solar power conversion efficiencies of 1.22 % and excellent stability over at least 10 days under ambient conditions.
Statistical analysis of the effects of carbonization parameters on the structure of carbonized electrospun organosolv lignin fibers
Authors: Poursorkhabi Vida , Mohanty Amar K. , Misra Manjusri
Published: June 2016

Organosolv process is among the top choices for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass in cellulosic ethanol production. The lignin obtained as coproduct of this process is a low molecular weight biopolymer. Development of high‐value application for this material enhances the economic viability of the bioethanol production process. In this study, aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of organosolv lignin/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend with 95/5 wt % ratio was electrospun. The fiber morphology and thermal properties were compared with organosolv lignin/PEO fibers electrospun from N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Although organosolv lignin powder and fibers spun from DMF had a low Tg (∼100 °C), the fibers from alkaline aqueous solutions did not exhibit a glass transition point and could be carbonized without thermostabilization. The effects of carbonization heating rate, temperature, and time on the average fiber diameter, Raman peaks, and X‐ray diffraction results of the carbonized electrospun fibers were statistically analyzed by using a two‐level factorial design of experiments. Carbonization temperature, time, and interaction of these two parameters have the most significant effects. Formation of graphitized structures in the carbonized fibers was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The alkaline aqueous electrospinning of organosolv lignin has the advantages of using a green solvent, ability to increase the lignin content of fibers to more than 95 wt %, and removing the time and energy intensive step of thermostabilization before carbonization. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44005.
Synthesis and ferroelectric investigations of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)‐Mg(NO3)2 films
Authors: Divya S. , Shakthi T. , Hemalatha J.
Published: June 2016

The free‐standing, flexible, and ferroelectric films of poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF‐HFP)] were prepared by spin coating method. The ferroelectric phase of the films was enhanced by adding magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2 in different wt % as the additive during the film fabrication. The effects on the structural, compositional, morphological, ferroelectric, dielectric, and leakage current behaviors of the films due to the addition of salt were analyzed. Based on the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, it is confirmed that the addition of Mg(NO3)2 promotes the electroactive β phase that induces the ferroelectric property. The fiber‐like topography of the films exhibits a nodule‐like structure, and the roughness of the films increases by the addition of Mg(NO3)2. The ferroelectric studies show the higher polarization values for the composite films than that of the plain P(VDF‐HFP) film. The Piezo‐response force microscope images also confirm the domain switching behavior of the samples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44008.
Diverse cyclic seed peptides in the Mexican zinnia (Zinnia haageana)
Authors: Franke Bastian , Jayasena Achala S. , Fisher Mark F. , Swedberg Joakim E. , Taylor Nicolas L. , Mylne Joshua S. , Rosengren K. Johan
Published: June 2016

A new family of small plant peptides was recently described and found to be widespread throughout the Millereae and Heliantheae tribes of the sunflower family Asteraceae. These peptides originate from the post‐translational processing of unusual seed‐storage albumin genes, and have been termed PawS‐derived peptides (PDPs). The prototypic family member is a 14‐residue cyclic peptide with potent trypsin inhibitory activity named SunFlower Trypsin Inhibitor (SFTI‐1). In this study we present the features of three new PDPs discovered in the seeds of the sunflower species Zinnia haageana by a combination of de novo transcriptomics and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Two‐dimensional solution NMR spectroscopy was used to elucidate their structural characteristics. All three Z. haageana peptides have well‐defined folds with a head‐to‐tail cyclized peptide backbone and a single disulfide bond. Although two possess an anti‐parallel β‐sheet structure, like SFTI‐1, the Z. haageana peptide PDP‐21 has a more irregular backbone structure. Despite structural similarities with SFTI‐1, PDP‐20 was not able to inhibit trypsin, thus the functional roles of these peptides is yet to be discovered. Defining the structural features of the small cyclic peptides found in the sunflower family will be useful for guiding the exploitation of these peptides as scaffolds for grafting and protein engineering applications.
Fusion and fission of molecular assemblies of amphiphilic polypeptides generating small vesicles from nanotubes
Authors: Watabe Naoki , Joo Kim Cheol , Kimura Shunsaku
Published: June 2016

Three amphiphilic block polypeptides, (sarcosine)m‐b‐(l‐ or d‐Leu‐Aib)n (L16, D16, D14), having different helical chain lengths or helicity are synthesized. A mixture of L16, D16, and D14 generates vesicles of diameters more than ca. 130 nm by injecting the ethanol solution into water and heating at 90°C for 1 h. On the other hand, when nanotubes composed of L16 and D14 having ca. 50 nm diameter are mixed with nanosheets composed of D16, smaller and homogeneous vesicles of ca. 60 nm diameter are obtained with the heat treatment. The time lapse TEM image analysis of the mixtures revealed some transient structures of nanotubes sticking a nanosheet or a vesicle at the open end of nanotubes. The precise size control of vesicles is therefore attainable by using nanotubes as a structural template regulating the size of vesicles near to the nanotube diameter upon the membrane fission processes.
Reduced specialized processing in psychotic disorder: a graph theoretical analysis of cerebral functional connectivity
Authors: Peeters Sanne C. T. , Gronenschild Ed H. B. M. , van Amelsvoort Therese , van Os Jim , Marcelis Machteld ,   Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (G.R.O.U.P.)
Published: June 2016

Background

Previous research has shown that the human brain can be represented as a complex functional network that is characterized by specific topological properties, such as clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and global/local efficiency. Patients with psychotic disorder may have alterations in these properties with respect to controls, indicating altered efficiency of network organization. This study examined graph theoretical changes in relation to differential genetic risk for the disorder and aimed to identify clinical correlates.

Methods

Anatomical and resting‐state MRI brain scans were obtained from 73 patients with psychotic disorder, 83 unaffected siblings, and 72 controls. Topological measures (i.e., clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and small‐worldness) were used as dependent variables in a multilevel random regression analysis to investigate group differences. In addition, associations with (subclinical) psychotic/cognitive symptoms were examined.

Results

Patients had a significantly lower clustering coefficient compared to siblings and controls, with no difference between the latter groups. No group differences were observed for characteristic path length and small‐worldness. None of the topological properties were associated with (sub)clinical psychotic and cognitive symptoms.

Conclusions

The reduced ability for specialized processing (reflected by a lower clustering coefficient) within highly interconnected brain regions observed in the patient group may indicate state‐related network alterations. There was no evidence for an intermediate phenotype and no evidence for psychopathology‐related alterations.
Pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase is an independent prognostic factor for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: Li Jing , Wu Miao‐Fang , Lu Huai‐Wu , Chen Qing , Lin Zhong‐Qiu , Wang Li‐Juan
Published: June 2016

For locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), hypoxia is a characteristic property. This study aimed to investigate whether baseline lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level, which is a marker of hypoxia, had clinical value in determining neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) response and prognosis for LACC patients. The study cohort included 418 patients with a median follow‐up of 37.5 months. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the prognostic value of baseline LDH levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of complete response after NACT. Backward stepwise selection with the Akaike information criterion was used to identify factors that could be entered into the multivariate regression model. Compared with patients with LDH levels <252.0 μ/L, patients with LDH levels ≥252.0 μ/L were more likely to have an elevated level of squamous cell carcinoma antigen, lymphatic vascular space involvement, lymph node metastasis, and positive parametrium and achieved lower complete remission rates. Baseline LDH levels ≥252.0 μ/L was an independent prognosticator for recurrence‐free survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.22–5.69; P < 0.0001) and cancer‐specific survival (adjusted HR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.89–5.01; P < 0.0001). The predictive value of baseline LDH value remained significant in the subgroup analysis. LDH level ≥252.0 μ/L was identified as an independent predictor of complete remission after NACT (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15–0.58; P < 0.0001). Baseline LDH ≥252.0 μ/L is an independent prognostic predictor for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for LACC. It helps distinguish patients with different prognosis and select patients who are more likely to benefit from NACT.
Ionic‐Liquid Tag with Multiple Functions in Electrochemical Glycosylation
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Sasaki Norihiko , Isoda Yuta , Itoh Toshiyuki
Published: June 2016

A benzyl‐ether‐type ionic‐liquid tag (IL tag) was developed and applied for electrochemical glycosylation. The IL tag was shown to display multifunctional roles in the glycosylation: the tag in thioglycosides worked as both an intramolecular electrolyte for the anodic oxidation and a stereo‐controlling group; it also enabled easy extraction of the products after the reaction.
Fine‐Tuning of Lewis Acidity: The Case of Borenium Hydride Complexes Derived from Bis(phosphinimino)amide Boron Precursors
Authors: Jaiswal Kuldeep , Prashanth Billa , Singh Sanjay
Published: June 2016

Reactions of bis(phosphinimino)amines LH and L′H with Me2S⋅BH2Cl afforded chloroborane complexes LBHCl (1) and L′BHCl (2), and the reaction of L′H with BH3⋅Me2S gave a dihydridoborane complex L′BH2 (3) (LH=[{(2,4,6‐Me3C6H2N)P(Ph2)}2N]H and L′H=[{(2,6‐iPr2C6H3N)P(Ph2)}2N]H). Furthermore, abstraction of a hydride ion from L′BH2 (3) and LBH2 (4) mediated by Lewis acid B(C6F5)3 or the weakly coordinating ion pair [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] smoothly yielded a series of borenium hydride cations: [L′BH]+[HB(C6F5)3]− (5), [L′BH]+[B(C6F5)4]− (6), [LBH]+[HB(C6F5)3]− (7), and [LBH]+[B(C6F5)4]− (8). Synthesis of a chloroborenium species [LBCl]+[BCl4]− (9) without involvement of a weakly coordinating anion was also demonstrated from a reaction of LBH2 (4) with three equivalents of BCl3. It is clear from this study that the sterically bulky strong donor bis(phosphinimino)amide ligand plays a crucial role in facilitating the synthesis and stabilization of these three‐coordinated cationic species of boron. Therefore, the present synthetic approach is not dependent on the requirement of weakly coordinating anions; even simple BCl4− can act as a counteranion with borenium cations. The high Lewis acidity of the boron atom in complex 8 enables the formation of an adduct with 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), [LBH⋅(DMAP)]+[B(C6F5)4]− (10). The solid‐state structures of complexes 1, 5, and 9 were investigated by means of single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.
A Mixed‐Valent Uranium Phosphonate Framework Containing UIV, UV, and UVI
Authors: Chen Lanhua , Zheng Tao , Bao Songsong , Zhang Linjuan , Liu Hsin‐Kuan , Zheng Limin , Wang Jianqiang , Wang Yaxing , Diwu Juan , Chai Zhifang , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E. , Wang Shuao
Published: June 2016

It is shown that UVO2+ ions can reside at UVIO22+ lattice sites during mild reduction and crystallization process under solvothermal conditions, yielding a complicated and rare mixed‐valent uranium phosphonate compound that simultaneously contains UIV, UV, and UVI. The presence of uranium with three oxidation states was confirmed by various characterization techniques, including X‐ray crystallography, X‐ray photoelectron, electron paramagnetic resonance, FTIR, UV/Vis‐NIR absorption, and synchrotron radiation X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and magnetism measurements.
Cooperative Catalysis for Selective Alcohol Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Slot Thierry K. , Eisenberg David , van Noordenne Dylan , Jungbacker Peter , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: June 2016

The activation of dioxygen for selective oxidation of organic molecules is a major catalytic challenge. Inspired by the activity of nitrogen‐doped carbons in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction, we combined such a carbon with metal‐oxide catalysts to yield cooperative catalysts. These simple materials boost the catalytic oxidation of several alcohols, using molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure and low temperature (80 °C). Cobalt and copper oxide demonstrate the highest activities. The high activity and selectivity of these catalysts arises from the cooperative action of their components, as proven by various control experiments and spectroscopic techniques. We propose that the reaction should not be viewed as occurring at an ‘active site’, but rather at an ‘active doughnut’–the volume surrounding the base of a carbon‐supported metal‐oxide particle.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Pyrimidines: A Review
Authors: Merugu Ramchander , Garimella Swetha , Balla Deepthi , Sambaru Kalyani
Published: June 2016

Review: 50 refs.
Pyrolysis of ground pine chip and ground pellet particles
Authors: Rezaei Hamid , Yazdanpanah Fahimeh , Lim C. Jim , Lau Anthony , Sokhansanj Shahab
Published: June 2016

In addition to particle size, biomass density influences heat and mass transfer rates during the thermal treatment processes. In this research, thermal behaviour of ground pine chip particles and ground pine pellet particles in the range of 0.25–5 mm was investigated. A single particle from ground pellets was almost 3 to 4 times denser than a single particle from ground chips at a similar size and volume of particle. Temperature was ramped up from room temperature (∼25 °C) to 600 °C with heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 50 °C/min. Pellet particles took 25–88 % longer time to dry than the chip particles. Microscopic examination of 3 mm and larger chip particles showed cracks during drying. No cracks were observed for pellet particles. The mass loss due to treatment at temperatures higher than 200 °C was about 80 % both for chip and pellet particles. It took 4 min for chip and pellet particles to lose roughly 63 % of their dry mass at a heating rate of 50 °C/min. The SEM structural analysis showed enlarged pores and cracks in cell walls of the pyrolyzed wood chips. These pores were not observed in pyrolyzed pellet particles.
Effective thermal conductivity of unary particulate bed
Authors: Mandal Debapriya , Gupta Shuplay
Published: June 2016

Effective thermal conductivity of a unary (mono‐sized) pebble bed depends on the physical properties of solid pebbles, physical properties and flow rate of fluid, temperature, coordination number of pebbles, and void fraction. The pebble size also plays an important role on the effective thermal conductivity of a unary pebble bed. To date, no theoretical justification for the same has been reported. In this present study an attempt was made to justify theoretically the dependence of the effective thermal conductivity on pebble size of a unary pebble bed filled with a stagnant fluid. A mathematical model has been developed to determine the effective thermal conductivity of a unary pebble bed with stagnant fluid. Different particle sizes (10 μm to 10 mm) were considered and modes of heat transfer were assumed to be conduction and convention only. Radiation mode of heat transfer was not considered. It was found that the effective thermal conductivity depends on the pebble size and the estimated values of the same were in close agreement with the reported experimental results.
Validation of Three Platelet Function Tests for Bleeding Risk Stratification During Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Following Coronary Interventions
Authors: Kim Moo Hyun , Choi Sun Young , An Soo Yeon , Serebruany Victor
Published: June 2016

Background

Although low platelet reactivity (LPR) is commonly detected during bleeding, a validated threshold for reliable DAPT bleeding risk stratification is lacking. We tested the diagnostic utility of 3 conventional platelet‐activity assays to define the predictive value (if any) of LPR for bleeding.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized whether one of these tests be better than any others for predicting bleeding events.

Methods

Patients (n = 800) following drug‐eluting stent implantation received DAPT. Bleeding was assessed by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) classification and events were collected for 1 year after stenting. Platelet reactivity was measured by light transmittance aggregometry (LTA), VerifyNow, and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA). The LPR values for bleeding event stratification were defined as ≤15% for LTA, ≤139 PRU for VerifyNow, and ≤25 U for MEA.

Results

Bleeding events occurred in 18 patients (2.3%). All tests distinguished LPR as an independent predictor for bleeding by univariate analysis ([HR]: 5.00, 95% [CI]: 1.8‐14.0, P = 0.002 for LTA; HR: 21.3, 95% CI: 6.2‐73.0, P < 0.0001 for VerifyNow; and HR: 7.4, 95% CI: 2.2‐25.5, P = 0.002 for MEA). Multivariate analysis revealed that only VerifyNow (HR: 11.5, 95% CI: 2.9‐45.7, P < 0.0004) remained an independent predictor for bleeding. However, the specificity (81.5%, 60.2%, and 81.7%, respectively) and sensitivity (61.1%, 83.3%, and 83.2%, respectively) of all 3 tests were quite low.

Conclusions

Among 3 conventional platelet‐activity assays, VerifyNow was better than LTA or MEA for triaging future bleeding risks. However, all 3 tests failed to reliably predict future bleeding.
Short‐Term Impact of Organic Fertilization and Seasonal Variations on Enzymes and Microbial Indices Under Rice–Wheat Rotation
Authors: Gaind Sunita , Singh Yudh V.
Published: June 2016

The impact of organic fertilization (OF) and seasonal variation on microbial indices was compared with chemical fertilization (CF) and integrated nutrient management (INM) practices under rice–wheat sequence. The field experiments conducted from 2011 to 2013, adopting a split‐plot design, showed that CF practices decreased the soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, and CO2 metabolic quotient but increased the percentage of microbial biomass C to soil organic carbon. Organic fertilization though enhanced the soil organic carbon but resulted in variable microbial responses. Under paddy soil, OF practices registered an increase in dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase (ALK), and fluorescein diacetate activity by 35, 169, and 22% in the first, second, and third crop cycle, respectively, compared with CF. However, the ratios of ALK and aryl sulfatase to microbial biomass carbon were higher (0.378 and 0.498, respectively) in INM‐practiced paddy soil compared to 0.364 and 0.447 in OF. Relatively higher soil enzymatic activity titers, basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon in winter wheat compared to summer paddy, indicated a more pronounced effect of season on soil microbial attributes than soil management practices. Though, organic manure could improve the soil quality in tropical agro‐ecosystems, compared to CF but their biannual application was not microbiologically beneficial beyond three rice–wheat crop cycles.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N2‐Substituted 2,4‐Diamino‐6‐cyclohexylmethoxy‐5‐nitrosopyrimidines and Related 5‐Cyano‐NNO‐azoxy Derivatives as Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase 2 (CDK2) Inhibitors
Authors: Cortese Daniela , Chegaev Konstantin , Guglielmo Stefano , Wang Lan Z. , Golding Bernard T. , Cano Céline , Fruttero Roberta
Published: June 2016

The potent and selective cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitor NU6027 (6‐cyclohexylmethoxy‐5‐nitroso‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidine) was used as the lead for the synthesis of a series of analogues in order to provide further insight into the structure–activity relationships for 2,4‐diaminopyrimidine CDK2 inhibitors. Aliphatic amino substituents were introduced at position 2. The use of linear or less sterically hindered amines gave rise to compounds endowed with slightly better activity than the lead; on the other hand, the compounds were less active if a bulkier amino substituent was used. Substitution of the 5‐nitroso group with a 5‐cyano‐NNO‐azoxy moiety afforded a new class of inhibitors, the activity of which against CDK2 was found to be similar to that of the nitroso series. The most active nitroso compound was 8 b ((2S)‐2‐[(4‐amino‐6‐cyclohexylmethoxy‐5‐nitrosopyrimidin‐2‐yl)amino]propan‐1‐ol; IC50=0.16 μm), while in the 5‐cyano‐NNO‐azoxy series the most active compound was 9 b (4‐amino‐5‐[(Z)‐cyano‐NNO‐azoxy]‐2‐{[(2S)‐1‐hydroxypropan‐2‐yl]amino}‐6‐cyclohexylmethoxypyrimidine; IC50=0.30 μm). Taken together, these new analogues of NU6027 enhance our understanding of the structure–activity relationships for 2,4‐diaminopyrimidine CDK2 inhibitors.