bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Coronary Artery Disease in Young Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Rehman Mujeeb ur , Ahmed Iftikhar , Alam Faiza , Sadiq Muhammad Wajid , Mustafa Attiya , Hussain Zahid , Mukhtar Muhammad Saad , Jafar Muhammad Ali
Published: January 2024

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD), historically considered a malady of the elderly, has increasingly emerged as a significant health concern among young adults, including individuals in their third or fourth decade of life.
Objective: The primary aim of the study is to identify the pattern of coronary artery disease in young patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary cardiac care center in Rawalpindi from July 2023 to November 2023. The study included a cohort of 180 young patients aged less than 45 years who were diagnosed with ACS. These patients were identified from medical records and databases over a defined time period. Detailed demographic data, including age, gender, and pertinent medical history, were extracted from the medical records of each patient. This information facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the patient population under investigation.
Results: Data were collected from 180 patients. The analysis of clinical profiles and demographics revealed a diverse patient population. The study cohort comprised individuals with a mean age of 39 years. Male patients predominated, constituting approximately 65% of the cohort. Among the study participants, 40% had a documented history of smoking, while 20% reported a family history of CAD. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor, affecting nearly 50% of the patients, followed by hyperlipidemia (30%) and diabetes (20%).
Conclusion: It is concluded that coronary artery disease (CAD) is not confined to older age groups but can significantly impact young individuals aged less than 45 years presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The prevalence of traditional risk factors and genetic predisposition among these patients underscores the multifactorial nature of CAD in this demographic.
Methodology of the Professional-Business Game for the Development of a Cadet Leader in Professional Training Courses (L-1B) of the Tactical Level of Military Education
Authors: Igor Kozubtsov
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for a professional-business game for the development of a cadet leader in professional training courses (L-1B) of the tactical level of military education on the example of teaching the discipline “Combat use of military communication systems and complexes”. After all, the most important prerequisite for the combat potential of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is a comprehensively trained officer-leader, his consciousness, knowledge, skills, military-technical qualifications, creative and innovative activity, developed emotional and volitional sphere of the psyche, beliefs, motivation, and ideals. The article summarizes the research on the state of development of a cadet leader in Ukraine. In the context of a full-scale war, there is a need to strengthen the development of the personality of a cadet leader (a future officer of the tactical level of military education). Today’s cadet-leader is tomorrow’s officer-leader, capable of integrating knowledge and solving complex problems in new or unfamiliar environments with incomplete or limited information, being a leader and authority for the personnel. Therefore, the scientific and practical task arises to consider aspects of the development of the personality of a cadet leader and to modernize the process of his development, for example, in the courses of professional military education L-1B (tactical level of military education) in terms of the disciplines of the Department of Combat Use of Communication Units. The periodization of cadets’ adaptation to the new educational space and service activities is considered, the optimal period of leader growth is determined, and the mechanism itself is proposed. The article separately identifies the key tasks for the selection of academic staff and admission to the educational process. The methodology of the professional and business game for the development of a cadet leader in professional training courses (L-1B) of the tactical level of military education is developed on the example of teaching the discipline “Combat use of military communication systems and complexes”. The scientific novelty of the work is the improved educational process of training and development of a cadet leader in professional training courses (L-1B) of the tactical level of military education by reformatting group classes in the traditional format into a professional business game for the positions of officers with the introduction of typical and atypical (force majeure) training tasks for cadets in everyday activities in new or unfamiliar environments in the presence of incomplete or limited information.
The Rights of Common-Law Partners in Canada
Authors: Breton Laurence , Hilbrecht Margo
Published: January 2024

This report provides an in-depth look at the legal landscape surrounding common-law partnerships in Canada. The recognition and rights afforded to people in common-law relationships depend primarily upon the provincial or territorial jurisdiction. An array of scenarios such as health care decisions, property division upon separation, spousal support claims, inheritance rights, and special considerations for couples living on reserve contribute to the intricate tapestry of legal rights in these relationships. A closer look at the provincial and territorial processes of establishing health care decision-making authority emphasizes that certain jurisdictions do not automatically recognize common-law partners to the same extent as married ones. Moreover, property division rights are absent in several jurisdictions following separation, amounting to different treatment of common-law and married couples. Interestingly, the availability of spousal support post-separation, as well as the guidelines followed by the judges allocating them, are shared by most jurisdictions, with the exception of Quebec. Intestate (without a will) inheritance rights vary considerably, with some regions excluding common-law partners from automatic inheritance. A notable exception arises for couples living under the jurisdiction of the Family Homes on Reserves and Matrimonial Interests or Rights Act (FHRMIRA), highlighting the interactions of federal and regional laws. After highlighting how the rights of common-law partners differ across Canada, this report concludes by raising some of the important dimensions of the current debates on safeguarding the rights of common-law couples.
The Relationship Impacting Coping Strategies, Anxiety, and Learning Stress in Eleventh-Grade English Students
Authors: Herman Marliah Ananda , Budiyanto Darmawan , Setiawan Heru , Ridho M.Rasyid
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this research to coping method and anxiety has any kind of meaningful relationship, there was a connection between them that was meaningful coping strategy and anxiety of English is being taught to students in the eleventh grade at SMA Negeri 2 Palembang., there was any significant correlation between coping strategy and learning stress of the eleventh graders is in learning English at SMA Negeri 2 Palembang, how much did coping strategy contribute toward anxiety of the eleventh graders is in learning English, how much did coping strategy contribute towards anxiety and learning stress in students eleventh graders of learning English. This researched used experimental study with correlational approach, In order to collect data for this research, the writer used cluster sampling to select 420 students from the population of the study in the eleventh grade at SMA Negeri 2 Palembang. Questionnaire and analyzing the data used correlation study and spearman correlation. The result of this study was to found out the regression analysis and got score of  0,562. It can be concluded that there was correlation between students' coping strategy and anxiety. The result that the correlation using Shapiro-Wilk test for Anxiety 0,000, and the significance coefficient (Sig -2tailed) of Shapiro-Wilk for learning stress 0,000 and it’s lower than 0,05.It means that the normality of data was rejected because the data used Spearman correlation.
Interactive Vocabulary Technique in Vocabulary Mastery Teaching: A Quasi-Experimental Approach
Authors: Yuliani Sri , Hartati Sri , Sulaiman Masagus , Saptika  , Saputri Kurnia
Published: January 2024

Vocabulary is crucial in language learning. Vocabulary is also an important ability to learn to read, speak, write, and listen properly. This research aimed at figuring out whether or not the interactive vocabulary technique was effective in teaching vocabulary mastery to the Seventh-Grade Students of MTs Negeri 3 Muara Enim. Quasi experimental approach was applied in this research. This research involved 81 students of VII.1, VII.2, and VII 3 classes as the population and 54 of them as the sample regarding as control and experimental classes. Pretest and posttest were used to collect the data in line with 35 items of 17 fill-in-the- blank, 10 unscramble letters, 8 multiple choices. The data were analyzed by using Paired t-test and Independent sample t-test. The results showed that the t-obtained was 6.101 at the significant level 0.05 (5%) and t-table was 2.020 which indicated that alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted and null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected. It means that interactive vocabulary technique was effective in teaching vocabulary mastery to the Seventh-Grade Students of MTs Negeri 3 Muara Enim.
EFFECTIVENESS OF LISTENING TO MUROTTAL IN REDUCING LEARNING ANXIETY OF STUDENT
Authors: Dinda Raihana  , Indri Srimulya  , Reka Andika  , Khoirunnisa  , Julia Ayu Anggraini  , Sulaiman Indrawan  , Febhilah Tri Syarina  , Jasmine Annisa Alnilam Cahyani  , Anggi Mela Utami
Published: January 2024

The students in 5th-semester often experience this learning anxiety because of the amount of work that builds up with a short deadline and is unable to manage time properly. One attempt to lower a student's anxiety level was by listening to murottal. Hence, the study aims to test the effectiveness of listening to murottal in reducing learning anxiety levels and to know how murottal listening affects the level of anxiety on 5th-semester students at the UIN Raden Fatah Palembange . This kind of research is pre-experiment design the one group precursor posttest design. Samples of as many as 30 students from the faculty of prodi islamic psychology who were in the fifth semester, with sample takings using propotional random sampling. Research instruments in this study use the learning anxiety scale from nilawati, u (2020). Data analysis uses Paired Sample T-Test with the help of version 22.0 of the IBM SPSS application. Studies show that the t test results shown in this study are "0,000 <.05," hence the significant decline between the pre-test and its post-test. The results prove that the action given or experimentation on the Koran's multirottal Koran has a significant or effective impact on reducing the level of learning anxiety on 5th - semester psychology student in raden fatah palembang.
CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE HADITH OF SAYING SALAM AGAINST NON MUSLIMS (APPLICATION OF FAZLUR RAHMAN'S DOUBLE MOVEMENT THEORY)
Authors: Vanesa  , Hasanah Uswatun , Nadhiran Hedhri
Published: January 2024

Abstract

 

The research entitled “Contextualiazation of  Hadith Saying Greeting to No Muslims (Aplication of Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement Theory)” is motivated by the existence of modern associations that trigger social phenomena, namely phenomena and responding to greetings from non-Muslims. This phenomena occurs because of doubts and habit or tradition of the community in greeting norms, giving rise to various perspectives. While in religion it has been clearly explained that there is a barrier in the context between Muslims and Non Muslims. The existence of these problems raises the questions of how the understanding of the hadith regarding how to greet non Muslims? And how is the contextualization of the hadith in the present?. This seeks to determine how perceptions of hadiths greets non Muslim and I contextualized through Fazlur Rahman’s Double Movement theory, using Library Research method. In addition to collecting data obtained from documentation or literature and interview as supporting data in this study.
WASH YOUR HANDS AFTER WAKE UP (Study of Ma'anil Hadith)
Authors: Deo Saputra  , Muhajirin Muhajirin , Almunadi Almunadi
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT

This study describes the existence of waking up from sleep taught by Rosulullah to wash hands first, this is done to avoid impurity and prudence in worship. The problem in this study is: How to understand the hadith of washing hands when waking up? This study generally aims to find out the understanding of the hadith of washing hands when waking up. The theory used in completing this research is ma'anil hadith. This research is literature research, which is all research based on searching for data in the literature, a type of qualitative research. This research is based on data collected from literature and then analyzed. The data analysis technique used in this study is qualitative descriptive, which is a data analysis that includes a general, systematic, and comprehensive description. So that the data is analyzed and a conclusion is drawn. This study resulted in findings that the understanding of hadith washes hands after waking up, to practice the sunnah of the Prophet and be careful in worship. Because when sleeping, of course, there is no known presence of feces on one's hands, the Prophet SAW recommended washing hands 3 times even though the feces are not necessarily there.
HUBUNGAN WAKTU RETURN TO SPORT DAN KEKUATAN OTOT DENGAN FUNGSI LUTUT DAN DAYA TAHAN OTOT PASCA ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: I Dewa Ayu Agung Friska Putri Indraswari  , Kurniawati Ida , I Putu Yudi Pramana Putra
Published: January 2024

Latar Belakang: Anterior cruciate ligament renconstruction (ACLR) adalah tindakan operasi yang dilakukan guna mengganti ligament dengan mencangkok jaringan yang bertujuan untuk mengembalikan stabilitas sendi lutut. Fungsi lutut terganggu karena ligament yang seharusnya menjaga ke stabilan lutut mengalami kerobekan. Fungsi lutut yang baik juga menjadi alasan untuk kembali berolahraga. Penurunan kekuatan otot dapat terjadi pada pasien ACL khususnya yang sudah menjalani tindakan operasi ACLR. Pasca ACLR juga memberikan efek pada penurunan daya tahan otot. Waktu return to sport masih ditentukan berdasarkan fungsi lutut yang sudah membaik.

Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan waktu return to sport dan kekuatan otot dengan fungsi lutut dan daya tahan otot pasca operasi ACL.

Metode: Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah literature review yang disusun menggunakan data sekunder dari jurnal yang relevan. Pencarian jurnal literatur dilakukan dengan cara online melalui PubMed dan google scholar dengan menggunakan kata kunci “ACL”, “Return to Sport”, “Function”, “Strength”, “Endurance”.

Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil telaah jurnal didapatkan bahwa kekuatan dan daya tahan otot akan mengalami penurunan yang akan mempengaruhi fungsi lutut. Fungsi lutut secara umum masih menjadi salah satu faktor menentukan waktu return to sport.

Simpulan: Berdasarkan review yang sudah dilakukan, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada kemungkinan permasalahan yang muncul akibat rekonstruksi ACL seperti penurunan kekuatan otot dan dan daya tahan otot yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi lutut dan waktu return to sport.

Kata Kunci:  ACL, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, return to sport, muscle strength, knee function.
Përsëri për profilin e Cipos si gjuhëtar dhe gramatikan
Authors: Buxheli Ludmila
Published: January 2024

Për profilin e Kostaq Cipos si gramatikan mund të flitet gjerë e gjatë, sepse vepra e tij, ashtu siç janë shprehur më herët edhe S. Riza1 e M. Domi2, ka lënë gjurmë të pashlyeshme në historikun e zhvillimit të gjuhësisë shqiptare, duke bërë që ky autor të zërë një vend të nderuar krahas bashkëkohësve të tij. Parë në këtë këndvështrim do të ndalemi në disa nga ndihmesat e Cipos për studimin e gjuhës në përgjithësi dhe për gramatikën në veçanti, të cilat, për problematikën e gjerë e të larmishme dhe për rëndësinë e tyre, jo vetëm kanë tërhequr vëmendjen e studiuesve, por vijojnë të jenë aktuale edhe sot.
Ndihmesa e Kostaq Cipos në studimin e teksteve të vjetra shqipe
Authors: Omari Anila
Published: January 2024

Duke hulumtuar veprën shkencore të Kostaq Cipos, vëmë re se ai kishte njohuri të thella për gjuhën shqipe, jo vetëm në rrafshin sinkronik bashkëkohor, por edhe për fazat më të vjetra të saj. Një aspekt me rëndësi i punës së tij studimore është edhe studimi i teksteve të vjetra shqipe. Si një gjuhëtar i plotësuar ai e kishte të qartë se studimi i thelluar i gjuhës shqipe në planin bashkëkohor kërkonte njohjen e mirë të gjuhës së shekujve të kaluar si dhe të dialektologjisë të saj të sotme dhe historike. Hapi i parë drejt njohjes ishte mbledhja dhe botimi i teksteve të shqipes së shkruar që nga fillimet e saj dhe të materialeve dialektore e folklorike. Kërkesën lidhur me plotësimin e kësaj nevoje e shohim të artikuluar qartë nga Eqrem Çabej në sesionin II shkencor të Seksionit të Gjuhës e të Letërsisë të Institutit të Shkencave të vitit 1952. Të njëjtën gjë kërkon edhe Selman Riza në vitin 1952, asokohe në Prishtinë. Pra, në ato vite nuk kishte ende asnjë ribotim filologjik shkencor të veprave të autorëve të vjetër të shqipes që të ishte i arritshëm për masën e studiuesve dhe për publikun e gjerë. Por gjuhëtarët më të shquar të kohës ia kishin vënë qëllim vetes dhe kishin filluar punën për transkriptimin në alfabetin e sotëm të veprave kryesore të autorëve tanë të vjetër. Çabej kishte ndërmarrë studimin për gjuhën e Gjon Buzukut që do të botohej në fillim të viteve ‘50 në numrat e Buletinit për Shkencat Shoqërore dhe do të fillonte më pas kryeveprën e tij, botimin kritik të ‘Mesharit”. Kostaq Cipo në ato vite gjithashtu i ishte përveshur punës për transkriptimin në alfabetin e sotëm të veprës së Pjetër Budit, “Doktrina e Kërshtenë”, ndërsa Osman Myderrizi transkriptoi veprën tjetër të Budit, “Speculum Confessionis”. Të dyja këto punë të gjuhëtarëve janë të ruajtura si dorëshkrime në Arkivin e Institutit të Gjuhësisë e të Letërsisë, dhe kanë shërbyer për nevojat e studiuesve të gjuhës.
Teksti biblik në veprën e Migjenit
Authors: Sinani Shaban
Published: January 2024

Në studimet tradicionale, me fare pak përjashtime, letërsia e Migjenit është trajtuar si letërsi ateiste. Por në një vështrim tekstocentrist, provohet se kjo letërsi është e kushtëzuar thuajse në të gjitha nivelet prej tekstit biblik-ungjillor. Kushtëzimi është në shkallën strukturore, në atë mitologjike dhe kultologjike, në prozodi e metrikë, në tipologjinë e figurës, në nivelin e shembëlltyrës, motivit, tematologjisë, në leksik e idiomatikë, në të gjitha shkallët e ndërtekstorësisë, duke përfshirë atë të citimit me protokoll, si në shkrimin akademik. Duke u nisur nga çka ofron teksti, mund të vërtetohet se prania e tekstit biblik në veprën e Migjenit nuk është thjesht një çështje kulture dhe formimi. Ai që është quajtur “ateizëm i Migjenit” në të vërtetë është i njëjti qëndrim iluminist që shprehej në ideologjinë klasike gjermane (F. Nietzsche, A. Schopenhauer) për “vdekjen e Zotit klasik”. Kjo nuk do të thotë se Migjeni, ashtu si dhe filozofët gjermanë, duke qenë kundër një Zoti të ngulitur në trurin e njerëzisë dymijë vjet më parë, ishte kundër besimit, kundër çdo besimi. Poezia dhe proza e Migjenit jo vetëm që nuk kanë refuzim të fjalës, termit, idiomës, figurës, shembëlltyrës, strukturës, frymës, tipologjisë së mendimit, që vijnë nga Shkrimet, por janë tërësisht të sunduara prej tyre. Dhe kjo parapëlqesë formale e poetit shprehet në figurshmërinë e letërsisë së tij.
Disa shkrime të panjohura të prof. E. Çabejt
Authors: Dhima Thoma
Published: January 2024

Në parathënien e librit Eqrem Çabej, Tiranë, 1990, të prof. Sh. Demirajt, shkrimtari ynë i shquar I. Kadare thotë: “Vepra e Çabejt bën pjesë në ato vepra, që për shkak të veçanësisë së tyre, janë të paarritshme lehtë për publikun e gjerë. Ndonëse ka të bëjë me gjërat themelore të kombit shqiptar, ajo ka nevojë për një medium për të arritur tërësisht tek lexuesi”1. Pavarësisht se vepra e dijetarit tonë të madh është studiuar dhe për të janë botuar shumë shkrime në revista shkencore brenda dhe jashtë vendit, përsëri tek ajo gjen çështje dhe anë të pandriçuara mirë deri në fund që kanë nevojë të hulumtohen e të studiohen më tej. Gjithashtu, ndonjë pjesë, edhe pse e vogël, e veprës së tij ka mbetur e panjohur ende.
Plotësi dhe objektivitet në analizën e një autori rilindas
Authors: Kodra Klara
Published: January 2024

Në hapësirën e një shekulli nga Shpallja e Pavarësisë, pas një morie studimesh rreth figurave të rëndësishme që kontribuan në këtë arritje dhe për këtë qëllim jo rrallë kanë përdorur si penën ashtu edhe pushkën, ekzistojnë ende figura të tilla që s’janë ndriçuar plotësisht në tërë përmasat e tyre. Këtij qëllimi mund t’i shërbejnë monografitë e llojit integral që shkrijnë historizmin dhe metodën biografike me analizën e plotë dhe të hollësishme të veprës. Monografia “Mihal Grameno - jeta dhe vepra 1871-1931” (505 f.) e studiuesit Thanas L. Gjika është një prej tyre. Ky punim monografik është botuar prej shtëpisë botuese DDS, shtypshkronja MILENIUMI I RI, Durrës, me redaktor gjuhësor Halim Malokun. Në fund vepra pasurohet nga një aparat shkencor, një përmbledhje në anglisht, një album fotografik të larmë dhe

vlerësimet e studiuesve prof. Jorgo Bulo dhe prof. Agim Vinca. Mihal Grameno, Heroi i Popullit, është shembulli më i spikatur i poetit

luftëtar shqiptar që shkëlqen midis grupit të rilindësve tanë si L. Gurakuqi, H. Mosi, R. Siliqi, të cilët ndoqën shembullin e poetëve ballkanas Kristo Botev i bullgarëve, Shandor Petëfi i hungarezëve që luftuan me pushkë e penë për çlirimin e atdheut të vet nga zgjedha osmane.
Seminar për arumanishten në Bushten (Buşteni) të Rumanisë
Authors: Arapi Ina , Qirjazi Dhori
Published: January 2024

Nga data 29 qershor deri më 10 korrik 2012 u zhvillua në Bushten të Rumanisë kursi “Dialogul dialectelor limbii române” (Dialogu i dialekteve të gjuhës rumune) organizuar nga Instituti Rumun i Kulturës dhe Shoqata Kulturore Maqedono-rumune. Në qendër të kursit ishte edhe kësaj radhe për të dytën herë arumanishtja. Programi përfshinte kurse të gjuhës arumune dhe ligjërata. Kurset u drejtuan nga dialektologu i njohur prof. dr. Nicolae Saramandu dhe bashkëpunëtorja shkencore dr. Manuela Nevaci, të dy kuadro të Universitetit dhe të Institutit të Gjuhësisë në Bukuresht. Krahas kurseve u mbajtën dhe dy ligjërata.
Analysis of Contemporary College Students' Attitudes towards "Double Eleven" from the Perspective of Marketing
Authors: Rong Ziting , Pan Jia
Published: January 2024

Double Eleven is a popular Shopping festival in China. College students have become one of the main forces in online shopping on "Double Eleven." This paper mainly explores the attitudes of college students towards "Double Eleven" and its changing trends from the perspective of marketing, using a questionnaire survey. The results indicate that the current college student group has begun to shift from "blind shopping" to rational shopping on "Double Eleven." However, impulsive and herd behaviour, as well as certain consumption risks, still exist in their online shopping behaviour. Studying college students' attitudes towards "Double Eleven" is not only conducive to guiding them to establish correct shopping concepts but also provides a reference basis for e-commerce to innovate marketing methods.
Reform and Practice of Audit Standards and Case Teaching Model: On the Flexible Application of BOPPPS Mode
Authors: Fang Ying , Li Chang'an
Published: January 2024

With the continuous deepening of education and teaching reform, how to improve the effectiveness of curriculum teaching has become an important issue of concern for educators. The BOPPPS model, which combines six teaching stages: Bridge in, Objective/Outcome, Pre-assessment, Participatory Learning, Post assessment, and Summary, has been widely applied in the field of education and teaching as a new and efficient curriculum teaching model. This article focuses on the course of auditing standards and case studies, exploring the application methods and effectiveness evaluation methods of the BOPPPS model in course teaching, in order to provide useful references for relevant teaching practitioners.
Implementation of Propemperda Policy in the Bukittinggi City DPRD Environment
Authors: Edward Aurelia Valentin , Frinaldi Aldri
Published: January 2024

Propemperda as a planning document that can be used to measure the achievement of the performance of the establishment of Local Regulations. Propemperda is implemented by the DPRD and Local Government based on the regional policy. Propemperda Bukittinggi city 2019 realized 8 out of 22 draft regional regulations. At least Propemperda Bukittinggi city realized, it is necessary to look at the implementation of Propemperda policy in the DPRD bukittinggi city. The theory of implementation according to Van Meter and Van Horn there are 6 (six) variables that affect: Standards and Purposed of Policy, Resources, Characteristics of Implementing Organizations, Interorganization Communication, Disposition, and Social, Economic, and Political Factors. This research uses a descriptive qualitative research method with the inductive approach. The data collection techniques are obtained from observations, interviews, and documentation. The collected data is analyzed with data reduction techniques, data display, and concluding. The results of the data analysis that Propemperda is not realized because proposals outside Propemperda are more important. In addition, human resources are also limited due to different educational backgrounds, as well as a lack of experts. The DPRD Bukittinggi city also lacks socialization of Propemperda to related parties. Finally, it was suggested to the DPRD Bukittinggi to be equipped comprehensively about Propemperda through technical guidance, and more actively conduct Propemperda socialization.
Annual cycles of primary production and of zooplankton at Southwest Greenland
Authors: Smidt Erik L. B.
Published: January 2024

Annual hydrographic observations, measurements of primary production, and sam­pling of zooplankton were undertaken in Southwest Greenland waters in the 1950s and -60s. In the coastal area and at the entrance to Godthåbsfjord winter cooling normally extends to the bottom, resulting in a vertical mixing of the water and an effective replenishment of nutrients at the surface. The subsequent production rate is, therefore, high with an average annual gross production calculated to about 160 g C m-2. In the inner fjord regions the stratification is normally much more stable with persisting warm bottom water, and the production is, therefore, lower here than in the coastal area. The seasonal variation in the relations between daylight, primary production, phosphate, and quantity of zooplankton is, presumably, representative of the coastal waters at SW Greenland. A maximum in primary production in spring is normally followed by another maximum in late summer. The number of animals in the microplankton samples from the upper 30 m (the productive layer) is at its maximum simultaneously with the second maximum of the primary production, while the maximum of the macroplankton biomass (taken by stramin net) extends until late autumn in the coastal and outer fjord regions.

A maximum of the macroplankton biomass during winter in the deep water layers in the inner Godthåbsfjord, caused by inflow of warm bottom water, stable stratifica­tion and cooled outflowing surface water acting as a barrier to the ascent of the animals, is assumed to be normal to the open, non-threshold, W Greenland fjords.

Seasonal vertical migration of the zooplankton is indicated by Hensen net hauls from different depths. There is a concentration of zooplankton in the upper water layers in April-September and a deeper concentration from autumn to spring.

Annual cycles of various animal groups are described for holoplankton and meroplankton, separately. Holoplankters are normally dominant, copepods being the most numerous group. Meroplankters, especially bottom invertebrate larvae, are relatively numerous in the microplankton in spring and summer with Ba/anus nauplii dominant in spring and lamellibranch larvae in the following months. In a special section on fish eggs and larvae it is shown i.a. that cod eggs and larvae are normally concentrated in the upper 50 m, where they are much exposed to temperature varia­tions, while eggs and larvae of American plaice occur also in deeper water. This may partly explain why the cod stock is more vulnerable to low temperatures.

It is shown that the epipelagic plankton fauna in the survey area in terms of growth and mode of development is more similar to the arctic than to the boreal fauna. It could therefore be termed subarctic, which also corresponds to the environmental conditions in the area.
A phytogeographical study of South Greenland. Vascular plants
Authors: Feilberg Jon
Published: January 2024

South Greenland, extending from 59° 45' to 62° 20' N., is considered a botanical province ranking with those of West, North and East Greenland. The province is divided into six vegetational zones, based on the distribution of selected taxa.

A phytogeographical analysis grouped the 346 taxa into eleven distribution types, each with two to seven subtypes. Each taxon is characterized further by a map of its distribution in South Greenland, by its holarctic distribution type (HOT) and climatic distribution type (CDT), and by a chorological index value (CI).

The flora of South Greenland is compared with that of adjacent areas in Greenland, and its affinities to the floras of Europe and North America shows a slight predominance of the American elements.

The following new combinations are proposed: Elymus violaceus (Hornem.) J. Feilberg, Lychnis alpina L. ssp. americana (Fern.) J. Feilberg and Vaccinium oxycoccos L. ssp. microphyllum (Lange) J. Feilberg.
Heavy metals in Greenland seabirds
Authors: Nielsen Christian Overgaard , Dietz Rune
Published: January 2024

From six Greenland districts we report the concentration of Zn, Cd, Hg and Se in muscle (pectoral), liver and kidney for 320 seabirds of the following species: Cepphus grylle, Uria lomvia, Clangula hyemalis, Mergus serrator, Larus glaucoides, L. hyperboreus, Rissa tridactyla, Pagophila eburnea, Fulmarus glacialis, Phalacrocorax carbo and Stercorarius pomarinus.

Concentrations vary widely within species. Yearlings are low in Cd and Hg. Concentrations tend to increase with age. No significant differences between sexes were found.

On a wet weight basis, the Zn concentration in liver and kidney is c. three times that of muscle. Gulls and the fulmar possess significantly more Zn in muscle than do other seabirds. The Cd concentration in liver and kidney is c. 20 and 80 times higher than in muscle, whereas the Hg concentration in liver and kidney is three to five times higher than that of muscle. The Se concentration in liver and kidney is c. five times the muscle concentration. Muscle, liver and kidney concentrations tend to correlate positively for Cd, Hg and Se. For Zn only liver and kidney concentrations correlate mutually.

On a molar basis, the three organs of all species have a large excess of Se over Hg. The intra-organ association of elements is strongest for Zn and Cd in liver and kidney, and for Hg and Se generally. All four elements show consistently higher concentrations in birds from NW and

NE Greenland than in those from S Greenland. For C. grylle from Avanersuaq, NW Greenland, the Cd concentration is twice that of birds from S Greenland, the difference being highly significant. Hg concentrations are not significantly different.
The lichenicolous fungi of Greenland
Authors: Alstrup Vagn , Hawksworth David L.
Published: January 2024

124 lichenicolous (lichen-inhabiting) fungi are reported from Greenland, 72 for the first time, based on a study of 350 mainly hitherto undetermined collections made in the period 1946-83. This number is substantially more than that known from the whole of North America. A key to the species is provided, as are illustrations of new and rare species, extensive references to the literature, and lists of species by the host lichens.

New taxa introduced comprise three new generic names: Deichmannia (Hyphomycetes, Dematiaceae), Geltingia (?Ostropales, Odontotremataceae) and Kalaallia (Dothideales, Dacampiaceae). In addition, 24 species are described as new to science: Ascochyta santessonii, Dactylospora allantoidea, D. aspiciliicola, D. rinodi­nicola, Deichmannia verrucispora, Echinothecium glabrum, Geltingia groenlandiae, G. stereocaulorum, Graphium aphthosae, Kalaallia reactiva, Karschia alpicolae, Kar­steniomyces tuberculosus, Lasiosphaeriopsis christiansenii, »Lecidea« diexcipula, L. hymeneliicola, Lecidel/a lecanoricola, Opegrapha stereocaulicola, Phaeosporobolus alpinus, Pyrenidium hyalosporum, Rhizocarpon destructans, R. narssaqensis, Scutula cladoniicola, Taeniolella christiansenii and T. pertusariicola. Eight new combinations are also made: Geltingia associata (Lecidea associata Th.Fr.), Rinodina egedeana (Lecidea egedeana Lindsay), Sagediopsis campsteriana (Verrucaria campsteriana Lindsay), Stigmidium frigidum (Epicymatica frigida Sacc.), Unguiculariopsis cribriformis (Lecanora cribriformis Norman), Weddellomyces geographicola (Phaeospora geographicola Arnold), W. peripherica (Verrucaria peripherica Taylor) and W. tartaricola (V. tartaricola Lindsay). Phoma epiphyscia Vouaux and Epicymatica frigida Sacc. have been neotypified, and lectotypes have been selected for Lecanora cribriformis Norman and Verrucaria campsteriarra Lindsay.

The genus Nesolechia Massal. is retained as distinct from Phacopsis Tul., the concept of Weddellomyces D. Hawksw. is extended to include species lacking distinctly cephalothecoid peridia, the citation and typification of Sagediopsis (Sacc.) Vainio is revised, and Xerrosphaeria Trevisan is shown to be a synonym of Dacampia Massal.
The Greenland Mountain birch zone, an introduction
Authors: Fredskild Bent , Ødum Søren
Published: January 2024

The immigration and present distribution of the Greenland "trees": Abus crispa (Ait.) Pursh, Betula pubescens Ehrh. s.l. and Sorbus groenlandica (Schneid.) Love & Love is summarized. As a consequence of a very limited knowledge of the ecological conditions in this zone, the Nordic Subarctic Birch Project (SBP) organized a field trip to S Greenland in 1984 followed by a symposium in Copenhagen in 1988. The present volume of Meddr Grønland brings the results of these two events.
A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of northern Greenland - north of 74° northern latitude
Authors: Bay Christian
Published: January 2024

The phytogeography, flora, and vegetation of northern Greenland, north of 74°N have been investigated. The study area comprises the northern part of high arctic Greenland. The distribution of the 218 taxa of vascular plants has been mapped and classified into 14 distribution types with 16 subtypes. Based on the larger plant material obtained during the intensive botanical exploration of the area in the last decade the delimitation of the phytogeographical units as defined by Seidenfaden and Sørensen (1937) and Bacher et al. (1959) has been tested.

The delimitation of the floristic province North Greenland, north of 79°30'N, has been confirmed, now divided, however, into a coastal and an inland district based on the distribution of selected species which in North Greenland are restricted to the interior. The coastal district is considered the polar desert zone in high arctic Greenland.

The delimitation of the districts in the floristic province Northwest Greenland has been accepted, whereas the delimitation of the originally proposed districts in the floristic province Northeast Greenland has been altered. Here the border between the continental and the oceanic floristic province has been moved in an eastward direction. Further, the northern district in the continental province is divided into two districts based .m a marked floristic limit by Bessel Fjord (76°N), where several low arctic species have their northern limit, thus giving a total of four districts in continental Northeast Greenland. No evidence for maintaining the subdivision of the oceanic floristic province in Northeast Greenland at Wollaston Farland has been found. This limit is expected to be found south of the study area.

Four taxa new to the flora of Greenland have been recognized or found: Puccinellia bruggemanni Th. Sør., Phippsia algida (Sol.) R. Br. ssp. algidiformis (H. Sm.) L. & L., Geum rossii (R. Br.) Ser., and Pedicularis sudetica Willd. ssp. albolabiata Hult. giving a total of 121 taxa known from North Greenland north of 79°30'N. The total number of taxa in Northwest and Northeast Greenland north of 74°N is 161 and 194, respectively. Five different types of high arctic distribution are recognized in Greenland.

A classification of the vegetation based on detailed description of the vegetation and few analyses in Northwest, North, and Northeast Greenland is given. Two vegetation maps (scale c. 1:2.380.000) based on NOAA-satellite images showing the degree of plant cover in eastern North Greenland and Northeast Greenland, north of 75°N lat., are presented.
Occurrence of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphiapterus leucas) in East Greenland
Authors: Dietz Rune , Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Born Erik W. , Glahder Christian M.
Published: January 2024

Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) have been observed along the east coast of Greenland from Umiiviip Kangertiva (64°10'N, 41 °W) to Kilen (81°N, 13°W). The fjord complexes of Sermilik, Kangerlussuaq and Scoresby Sund are important inshore summering areas. Narwhals occur in these fjords from ice breakup in May-July until new ice forms in September-November. Narwhals also occur at the entrances to these fjords during winter.

Historical information from whalers indicates that narwhals are present in the pack ice of the Greenland Sea between May and September. Narwhals are believed to be widely scattered in the pack ice between eastern Greenland and Svalbard during winter, and the narwhals in this area may comprise a single population.
Distribution and catch of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) at Svalbard
Authors: Gjertz Ian , Wiig Øystein
Published: January 2024

The distribution and catch of white whales at Svalbard are discussed based on literature, interviews with local residents, trappers and pilots, opportunistic observations recorded in the Norwegian Polar Institute fauna-data-base, and personal observations by the authors. The total number of white whales killed in Svalbard from the 18th century to the early 1960s was considerably higher than 15 000 animals. Today white whales are protected in Norwegian waters. Most white whales seem to appear at Svalbard in the spring and to leave again when the western fjords freeze in the autumn. However it is not known whether they come from and return to the eastern Greenland Sea or the Barents Sea. The number of white whales using the Svalbard area is not known, but since they have been protected for the last 30 years the population is assumed to be secure.
Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen Mads P.
Published: January 2024

Historic and present distribution of narwhals (Monodon monoceros) and white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in West Greenland is reviewed. The distribution of white whales changed early in this century. They initially disappeared from Nuuk District and later, during the 1920s, from Maniitsoq District. Southwest Greenland (south of 65°N) is no longer a part of the winter or spring distribution of Baffin Bay white whales. Possible reasons for this change are discussed. No large-scale changes in distribution of narwhals have been detected. The major products from narwhals and white whales traded in Greenland are mattak (= whale skin) and narwhal tusks. The mean yield of mattak per whale is estimated to be about 67 and 133 kg per white whale in the municipalities of Upernavik and Qeqertarsuaq, respectively, and 89 kg per narwhal in the municipality of Avanersuaq. Annual reported catches were approximately 900 white whales and 300 narwhals in West Greenland during 1970-1980.

After 1980 the catch reporting system became less reliable and it had virtually collapsed by 1991. However, some statistics of catches during the 1980s are reliable, some are available from other sources and others can be calculated from purchases of mattak. The estimated catches of white whales during the 1980s indicate one of two scenarios: either I) the population estimates from 1981 seriously underestimated the actual population size, or 2) the population has been declining during the 1980s. For narwhals the catches are smaller and the population estimates higher, albeit subject to large variability.
Age estimation of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Greenland
Authors: Heide-Jørgensen Mads P. , Jensen Jette , Larsen Anja H. , Teilmann Jonas , Neurohr Bernhard
Published: January 2024

Various techniques of displaying growth layer groups (GLGs) in teeth from white whales, Delphinapterus leucas, from Greenland were tested. The dentine and cementum in unprepared longitudinal thick sections (150-200μm) displayed under transmitted polarized light microscope generally provided the simplest and clearest display of GLGs. Teeth taken from the lower jaw of white whales in West Greenland show significant wear at a much earlier age than teeth of white whales from northern Quebec, the White Sea and the Kara Sea. The least worn teeth are usually positioned towards the rear of the lower jaw (tooth numbers 7-9). They give the highest number of GLGs and thus most accurately reflect the age of the whale. Teeth from one white whale that was captured when approximately three years old and maintained in captivity for 15 years showed 30-36 GLGs. This finding adds to the evidence that two GLGs are deposited annually in the teeth of white whales.
A phytogeographical study of the vascular plants of West Greenland (62°20' - 74°00'N)
Authors: Fredskild Bent
Published: January 2024

Phytogeographically and climatically West Greenland includes parts of the low arctic and high arctic areas. The present vegetation and a summary of its history since the last glaciation based on pollen- and macrofossil analyses are briefly described. The determination of more than 55,000 herbarium sheets of native pha­nerogams has been checked. Before preparing the dot maps it was necessary to decide at which level taxonomically difficult genera, e.g. Antennaria, Draba, Poa, Puccinellia, and Stellaria would be treated. For all of these the criteria used are given. Dot maps have been prepared for 379 taxa. These maps have been grouped into 11 West Greenland distribution types, which clearly correlate with T. W. Böcher's biological distribution types (Böcher 1963).

The collecting intensity in the large area is rather uneven. This is illustrated by a map giving the number of collections at the 305 localities from which 50 or more collections are at hand. Another map giving the number of taxa at 29 well-investigated localities illustrates the species diversity in the region. Most low arctic local­ities have more than 130 taxa, with 215 at the richest locality (Godhavn/Qeqertarsuaq on Disko), while the number at no high arctic locality exceeds 150. Reference to the corresponding numbers in other parts of Greenland is given.

Based on the dot maps a new delimitation of West Greenland in floristic prov­inces and districts is presented. It differs somewhat from that in Grønlands Flora/The Flora of Greenland (Böcher & al. 1957, and later editions). The major al­teration is that the boundary between the low and high arctic phytogeographic provinces is now placed through north Disko - Nuussuaq. As a consequence of this the southernmost district in the high arctic is divided into an outer (NWso) and an inner province (NWsi). Minor alterations are suggested in the southern part of West Greenland.
The distribution and habitats in the North Atlantic of two gnathiid species (Crustacea, Isopoda) and their reproductive biology in the Denmark Strait and north of Iceland
Authors: Klitgaard Anne B.
Published: January 2024

Caecognathia robusta and C. abyssorum (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae) were found associated with several species of demosponges collected in the Denmark Strait and around Iceland. Comparison of the distribution of the two gnathiid species shows C. robusta to be mainly a cold water species occurring north of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge, while C. abyssorum is principally an Atlantic species occurring south of this ridge system; the distribution of the two species, however, overlaps in the Denmark Strait. Both gnathiid species demonstrate a well-developed adaptability to utilize the naturally occurring cavities. C.

robusta inhabits such different cavities as the massive, well-defined preoscular cavities of the spherical Geodia mesotriaena and the lacunae of the soft, elastic, encrusting Hexadella dedritifera. C. abyssorum shelters in the lacunae in the encrusting H. dedritifera. The female: male ratio for both gnathiid species seems to be determined by the volume of the chosen cavity. Both species are primarily monogamous and each adult male, instead of having a "harem", appears to survive long enough to complete two or more consecutive female reproductive sequences.

There is indication of continuous reproduction in C. robusta and perhaps also in C. abyssorum. The females of the two gnathiid species produce bigger and, in C. abyssorum, fewer pranizae than reported for "harem" forming gnathiid species.
Physical oceanography of the Greenland Sea
Authors: Buch Erik
Published: January 2024

Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the North Atlantic are responsible for heat transports that keep the Nordic region and North Western Europe 5–10°C warmer than the average of the corresponding latitude belt. This is to a large extent due to the ocean’s thermohaline circulation (THC). This circulation is driven by differences in water density, which is a function of temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) and particularly by convection processes in the northern North Atlantic, especially the Labrador Sea and the Greenland Sea.

Therefore, the Greenland Sea has attracted much attention in the marine research community over the past decades. Scientific research in the Greenland Sea has been important to understand:

The physical processes generating deep convection

The role of sea ice in the deep convection process and biological production

Uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and further transport into the ocean interior

Variability in deep convection, especially the decrease in the Greenland Sea convection observed over the recent decades

The main incentive behind all these activities has been to understand the role of the Greenland Sea – and the rest of the Nordic Seas (Greenland, Norwegian and Iceland Seas) – in the climate system of the world.