bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poliovirus Cell Entry: Common Structural Themes in Viral Cell Entry Pathways
Authors: Hogle James M.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Structural studies of polio- and closely related viruses have provided a series of snapshots along their cell entry pathways. Based on the structures and related kinetic, biochemical, and genetic studies, we have proposed a model for the cell entry pathway for polio- and closely related viruses. In this model a maturation cleavage of a capsid protein precursor locks the virus in a metastable state, and the receptor acts like a transition-state catalyst to overcome an energy barrier and release the mature virion from the metastable state. This initiates a series of conformational changes that allow the virus to attach to membranes, form a pore, and finally release its RNA genome into the cytoplasm. This model has striking parallels with emerging models for the maturation and cell entry of more complex enveloped viruses such as influenza virus and HIV.
The Prevalence and Mechanisms of Vancomycin Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Walsh Timothy R. , Howe Robin A.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  The emergence of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin has caused considerable concern. Such strains are currently rare, although they have been isolated from many areas of the world. Considerable controversy surrounds strains of S. aureus displaying heterogeneous resistance to vancomycin regarding their definition and methods for detection. This has led to considerable variance in estimates of prevalence (0–1.3%–20% in Japan) and has hindered efforts to define the clinical relevance of these strains. The mechanism of resistance involves a complex reorganization of cell wall metabolism, leading to a grossly thickened cell wall with reduced peptidoglycan cross-linking. There may be many different ways in which strains achieve this endpoint. Current knowledge and theories are summarized.
Growing Old: Metabolic Control and Yeast Aging
Authors: Jazwinski S. Michal
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  The metabolic characteristics of a yeast cell determine its life span. Depending on conditions, stress resistance can have either a salutary or a deleterious effect on longevity. Gene dysregulation increases with age, and countering it increases life span. These three determinants of yeast longevity may be interrelated, and they are joined by a potential fourth, genetic stability. These factors can also operate in phylogenetically diverse species. Adult longevity seems to borrow features from the genetic programs of dormancy to provide the metabolic and stress resistance resources necessary for extended survival. Both compensatory and preventive mechanisms determine life span, while epigenetic factors and the element of chance contribute to the role that genes and environment play in aging.
Transition Metal Transport in Yeast
Authors: Van Ho Anthony , Ward Diane McVey , Kaplan Jerry
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  All eukaryotes and most prokaryotes require transition metals. In recent years there has been an enormous advance in our understanding of how these metals are transported across the plasma membrane. Much of this understanding has resulted from studies on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A variety of genetic and biochemical approaches have led to a detailed understanding of how transition metals such as iron, copper, manganese, and zinc are acquired by cells. The regulation of metal transport has been defined at both the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Results from studies on S. cerevisiae have been used to understand metal transport in other species of yeast as well as in higher eukaryotes.
Microsporidia: Biology and Evolution of Highly Reduced Intracellular Parasites
Authors: Keeling Patrick J. , Fast Naomi M.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Microsporidia are a large group of microbial eukaryotes composed exclusively of obligate intracellular parasites of other eukaryotes. Almost 150 years of microsporidian research has led to a basic understanding of many aspects of microsporidian biology, especially their unique and highly specialized mode of infection, where the parasite enters its host through a projectile tube that is expelled at high velocity. Molecular biology and genomic studies on microsporidia have also drawn attention to many other unusual features, including a unique core carbon metabolism and genomes in the size range of bacteria. These seemingly simple parasites were once thought to be the most primitive eukaryotes; however, we now know from molecular phylogeny that they are highly specialized fungi. The fungal nature of microsporidia indicates that microsporidia have undergone severe selective reduction permeating every level of their biology: From cell structures to metabolism, and from genomics to gene structure, microsporidia are reduced.
Impact of Genomic Technologies on Studies of Bacterial Gene Expression
Authors: Rhodius Virgil , Van Dyk Tina K. , Gross Carol , LaRossa Robert A.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  The ability to simultaneously monitor expression of all genes in any bacterium whose genome has been sequenced has only recently become available. This requires not only careful experimentation but also that voluminous data be organized and interpreted. Here we review the emerging technologies that are impacting the study of bacterial global regulatory mechanisms with a view toward discussing both perceived best practices and the current state of the art. To do this, we concentrate upon examples using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis because prior work in these organisms provides a sound basis for comparison.
Mechanisms of Solvent Tolerance in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Ramos Juan L. , Duque Estrella , Gallegos María-Trinidad , Godoy Patricia , Ramos-González María Isabel , Rojas Antonia , Terán Wilson , Segura Ana
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Organic solvents can be toxic to microorganisms, depending on the inherent toxicity of the solvent and the intrinsic tolerance of the bacterial species and strains. The toxicity of a given solvent correlates with the logarithm of its partition coefficient in n-octanol and water (log Pow). Organic solvents with a log Pow between 1.5 and 4.0 are extremely toxic for microorganisms and other living cells because they partition preferentially in the cytoplasmic membrane, disorganizing its structure and impairing vital functions. Several possible mechanisms leading to solvent-tolerance in gram-negative bacteria have been proposed: (a) adaptive alterations of the membrane fatty acids and phospholipid headgroup composition, (b) formation of vesicles loaded with toxic compounds, and (c) energy-dependent active efflux pumps belonging to the resistance-nodulation–cell division (RND) family, which export toxic organic solvents to the external medium. In these mechanisms, changes in the phospholipid profile and extrusion of the solvents seem to be shared by different strains. The most significant changes in phospholipids are an increase in the melting temperature of the membranes by rapid cis-to-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids and modifications in the phospholipid headgroups. Toluene efflux pumps are involved in solvent tolerance in several gram-negative strains, e.g., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The AcrAB-TolC and AcrEF-TolC efflux pumps are important for n-hexane tolerance in E. coli. A number of P. putida strains have been isolated that tolerate toxic hydrocarbons such as toluene, styrene, and p-xylene. At least three efflux pumps (TtgABC, TtgDEF, and TtgGHI) are present in the most extensively characterized solvent-tolerant strain, P. putida DOT-T1E, and the number of efflux pumps has been found to correlate with the degree of solvent tolerance in different P. putida strains. The operation of these efflux pumps seems to be coupled to the proton motive force via the TonB system, although the intimate mechanism of energy transfer remains elusive. Specific and global regulators control the expression of the efflux pump operons of E. coli and P. putida at the transcriptional level.
Chances and Choices: Cold Spring Harbor 1944–1955
Authors: M. Witkin Evelyn
Published: September 2002

The author describes the circumstances and events that led her to begin graduate work in genetics at Columbia University in 1941 and to spend the summer of 1944 and the years 1945–1955 at the Department of Genetics of the Carnegie Institution of Washington at Cold Spring Harbor. She then recalls incidents and recounts anecdotes meant to convey something of the atmosphere of that place during those memorable years.
Inhibition of creatine kinase by creatinine phosphate
Authors: Gercken G. , Döring V.
Published: August 2002

Creatinine phosphate was shown to be no substrate of purified creatine kinase from skeletal muscle or of creatine kinase in heart muscle homogenate. It was found to be a competitive inhibitor with respect to creatine phosphate and a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to ADP.
Chromatin structure and specificity revealed by immunological techniques
Authors: Bustin Michael
Published: August 2002

As the techniques for preparing ‘clean’, well‐defined nuclei, soluble chromatin, well‐defined nucleosomes or polynucleosomes, and unfixed chromosomes improve the information obtainable by immunological techniques will be more exact and defined. Table 1 lists some uses of aerological techniques in the study of chromatin, chromosomes and their components.
Does 3′‐cytidine monophosphate bound to ribonuclease a acquire syn‐conformation?
Authors: Karpeisky M.Ya. , Yakovlev G.I.
Published: August 2002

NOE nuclear Overhauser effect, RNAase A bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, PMR proton magnetic resonance
An antiserum specific for human sex steroid‐binding plasma protein (SBP)
Authors: Renoir Jack-Michel , Fox Linda L. , Baulieu Etienne-Emile , Mercier-Bodard Christine
Published: August 2002

SBP Sex steroid‐binding plasma protein, PBS 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline, 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.3, IgG γG immunoglobulin, PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS—PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, R‐TeBG Rabbit testosterone‐binding globulin
Mise en evidence de l'oxydation par le rat d'un hydrocarbure naphtenique, le dodecylcyclohexane
Authors: Tulliez J. , Peleran J.C.
Published: August 2002

Naphthenic hydrocarbons, mainly of fossil origin, are widespread in our environment, and contaminate the food chains; they are also used as food additives. Their fate in mammals is unknown, except for the fact that they are absorbed and accumulate in tissues. Only a few microorganisms have been shown capable of oxidising n‐alkyl substituted cycloparaffins. In this study, dodecylcyclohexane has been chosen as a typical monocycloparaffin, and has been administered orally to rats. The GLC and GLC—MS analysis of the methylesters of body and hepatic fatty acids led to the identification of cyclohexyldodecanoïc and its decanoïc and octanoïc homologs. The alkyl chain undergoes a terminal oxidation followed by the classical β‐oxidation process. After administration of one 200 mg dose, or incorporation of 0.1% of the cycloparaffin in the diet for 2 months, these acids were found at low levels in neutral lipids and phospholipids. Their subsequent metabolic pathway and their possible interaction with the biochemical mechanisms involving phospholipids are under investigation.
Masthead Vol 4 No 1
Authors: Mandell Lewis
Published: August 2002

NA
A Simplified Approach to Measuring Bond Duration
Authors: Heck Jean L. , Zivney Terry L. , Modani Naval K.
Published: August 2002

Because interest rates vary over time, the realized return on a fixed-income investment will depend on the price at which the instrument is ultimately liquidated and the rate at which interim cash flows are reinvested. This variation in realized return, known as interest-rate risk, should be addressed by both individual and institutional investors. Tools for measuring the impact and adjusting for the effects of interest rate changes on fixed-income instrument performance have long been available with duration and its companion adjustment factor, convexity. In this article, a simplified alternative to the traditional complex duration calculation is developed and demonstrated. Thus, anyone who can calculate a bond price can quickly estimate the interest rate risk associated with a bond as well as calculate the expected bond price change for a given change in market yield-to-maturity.
Analysis of U.S. Savings Bonds
Authors: Potts Tom L. , Reichenstein William
Published: August 2002

U.S. savings bonds are complex contracts. Financial pianners have traditionally paid littie attention to savings bonds, in part because they often offer below-market interest rates. However, they sometimes offer above-market interest rates, especially when one learns how to view and value their option features. All savings bonds contain put options that protect the investor against a rise in interest rates. Thus, they can be viewed as short-term, intermediate-term, or long-term bonds. The EE bonds also offer several tax options. We show how savings bonds can be used to beat the kiddie tax. to finance postsecondary education, and in retirement planning.
On the Stationarity of Savings in the United States
Authors: Brodsky Noel
Published: August 2002

The question of stationarity of saving as a percent of disposable personal income is examined in detail. National Income and Product Accounts data is taken annually from 1929-1988, and quarterly from 1970-1988. The initial approach uses Dickey-Fuller (1987) tests. Their results indicate that, depending on the time period chosen, one is led to believe that both stationarity and non-stationarity exist in the data. ARIMA models are then fitted to both annual and quarterly data. Relatively large non-difference models are necessary to fit the long-range annual data (1929-1988), while relatively small differentiated models fit quarterly and short-range annual (1946-I 988) models. It is concluded that at least for saving as a percent of disposable income in the US, it is reasonable to believe that saving is not a stationary process. Quarterly Review of Economics & Finance, Summer 1994, 34(2):

183-I 93. (Reprinted with permission of ABIfInform, Copyright UMI.)
How Do Taxes Affect Investors’ Stock Market Realizations?
Authors: Seyhun H. Nejat , Skinner Douglas J.
Published: August 2002

This article provides direct evidence on the empirical importance of tax-reduction strategies. Our results indicate that relatively few investors trade securities to reduce their taxes and that tax-induced trading has little effect on stock prices. Our findings suggest that, holding all else constant, stock prices are likely to be insensitive to the difference between short- and long-term capital gains tax rates. The Journal of Business, April 1994, 67(2): 231-262. (Reprinted with permission of The Journal of Business.)
Analysis of investment choices for retirement
Authors: Krishnan V. Sivarama , Lawrence Shari
Published: August 2002

This paper evaluates deductible individual retirement accounts (IRAs), Roth IRAs, non-deductible IRAs, and open taxable investments using equal initial after-tax investments for the different choices. The concept of a break-even tax rate at the time of withdrawal of funds is used to analyze optimal choice between the deductible IRA and the Roth IRA. The break-even tax rate is seen to be a decreasing function of rate of return on the investment and the investment horizon. Regarding non-deductible IRAs, and open taxable investments, the findings indicate that the non-deductible IRA is the optimal choice for individuals with long investment horizons. Copyright 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Book-to-market and size as determinants of returns in small illiquid markets
Authors: Pinfold John F. , Wilson William R. , Li Qiuli
Published: August 2002

The paper highlights the difficulties in adopting investment strategies designed to exploit book-to- market and size effects on the New Zealand share market, which is small and illiquid by world standards. The small number of suitable companies listed on the market, and the high return volatility of individual equities make it difficult to reliably achieve superior returns. Excess returns due to size and book-to-market are highly volatile on a period-by-period basis due to the high volatility of individual shares combined with small portfolio size, which limits diversi®cation. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Identity theft
Authors: Matejkovic John E. , Lahey Karen Eilers
Published: August 2002

Identity theft is a growing problem in the American economy. While there have been attempts to address and minimize the problem, those attempts have focused on making identity theft a crime. This paper discusses the inadequacy of this approach from the perspective of individual victims of identity theft, and the fact that the law currently provides those victims little recourse or remedy for the harms they suffer. It also offers a proposal for legislation that would provide some remedy as well as an incentive to protect consumer identity information. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Intertemporal risk-return relationship in the Asian markets around the Asian crisis
Authors: Girard Eric , Rahman Hamid , Zaher Tarek
Published: August 2002

This study investigates the risk±return relationship in nine Asian capital markets and the U.S. before, during, and after the Asian ®nancial crisis. Using a state-dependent approach in a TGARCH(1,1)-M framework, we investigate a contemporaneous version of the CAPM by accounting for negative and positive market price of variance risk. We find a significant positive relationship between risk premium and variance in all markets in upstate, as well as a signi®cant negative relationship in downstate. Also, we validate our findings by showing that implied state-dependent market prices of variance risk explain risk premia across markets. Finally, we investigate how the model can be used to uncover overreaction and improve the number of correct directional calls in a tactical asset allocation strategy. Our results provide support for a contrarian strategy that individual investors can follow. Copyright 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Book, Software, and Web Site Reviews
Authors: Kahl Douglas
Published: August 2002

NA
The floating potential of spherical
probes and dust grains.
Part 1. Radial motion theory
Authors: KENNEDY R. V. , ALLEN J. E.
Published: August 2002

A theoretical analysis of spherical probes in plasmas is presented. It is
assumed that the probe is at floating potential, that ion motion with respect to the
probe is radial and that the electrons are Maxwellian. The analysis shows that as
probe radius divided by Debye length tends to zero, the ratio of floating potential
to electron temperature also goes to zero.
An ontology model to facilitate knowledge-sharing in multi-agent systems
Authors: TAMMA VALENTINA , BENCH-CAPON TREVOR
Published: August 2002

This article presents and motivates an extended ontology knowledge model which represents explicitly semantic information about concepts. This knowledge model results from enriching the standard conceptual model with semantic information which precisely characterises the concept's properties and expected ambiguities, including which properties are prototypical of a concept and which are exceptional, the behaviour
of properties over time and the degree of applicability of properties to subconcepts. This enriched conceptual model permits a precise characterisation of what is represented by class membership mechanisms and helps knowledge engineers to determine, in a straightforward manner, the meta-properties holding for a concept. Meta-properties are recognised to be
the main tool for a formal ontological analysis that allows us to build ontologies with a clean and untangled taxonomic structure.

This enriched semantics can prove useful to describe what is known by agents in a multi-agent system, and might facilitate the use of reasoning mechanisms on the knowledge that instantiates an ontology. These mechanisms can be used to solve ambiguities that can arise when agents with heterogeneous ontologies have to interoperate in order to perform a task.
Full parsing approximation for information
extraction via finite-state cascades
Authors: CIRAVEGNA FABIO , LAVELLI ALBERTO
Published: August 2002

This paper proposes a robust approach to parsing suitable for Information Extraction (IE)
from texts using finite-state cascades. The approach is characterized by the construction of
an approximation of the full parse tree that captures all the information relevant for IE
purposes, leaving the other relations underspecified. Sequences of cascades of finite-state rules
deterministically analyze the text, building unambiguous structures. Initially basic chunks are
analyzed; then clauses are recognized and nested; finally modifier attachment is performed
and the global parse tree is built. The parsing approach allows robust, effective and efficient
analysis of real world texts. The grammar organization simplifies changes, insertion of new
rules and integration of domain-oriented rules. The approach has been tested for Italian,
English, and Russian. A parser based on such an approach has been implemented as part of
Pinocchio, an environment for developing and running IE applications.
‘French is the Language of Love and Stuff’: Student perceptions of issues related to motivation in learning a foreign language
Authors: Williams Marion , Burden Robert , Lanvers Ursula
Published: August 2002

This article reports on an investigation into the motivation of secondary school students in the South‐west of England to learn foreign languages. A questionnaire was constructed based on a model derived from the motivation literature to examine students' responses on 16 constructs related to motivation. This was administered to 228 students in years 7, 8 and 9. The analysis revealed a decrease in motivation with age, and higher level of motivation among girls than boys. It also revealed a strikingly higher motivation to learn German than French, which was even more marked when the boys only were considered. These findings were further investigated using interviews. Both girls and boys were able to provide clear explanations for differences between the genders, as well as for the language differences. These included such aspects as French being considered feminine, it not being ‘cool’ for boys to be seen to make an effort at French, and the tendency for boys not to try at anything that appears to be tedious.
An Investigation of Mathematics Textbooks and their Use in English, French and German Classrooms: Who gets an opportunity to learn what?
Authors: Haggarty Linda , Pepin Birgit
Published: August 2002

The article examines mathematics textbooks and their use in lower secondary classrooms in England, France and Germany. In particular, it looks at popular selling textbooks in each country and their treatment of ‘angle’, and examines teachers' mediation of those books based on observation and interview of a small sample of teachers in those countries. An analysis of the data suggests that learners in the different countries are offered different mathematics and given different opportunities to learn that mathematics, both of which are influenced by textbook and teacher. In addition, it identifies pupil access to textbooks in England as a cause for concern. It is argued that mathematics classroom cultures need to be understood in terms of a wider cultural and systemic context, in order for shared understandings, principles and meanings to be established.
The Learning Society? Researching the Rhetoric
Authors: Bowl Marion
Published: August 2002

Book Reviewed in this article:

Motivating Students for Lifelong Learning Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2000

Adult Guidance Services and the Learning Society Will Bartlett, Teresa Rees & A. G. Watts, 2000

Innovating in Higher Education Andrew Hannan & Harold Silver, 2000

Skills Development in Higher Education and Employment Neville Bennett, Elizabeth Dunne & Clive Carre, 2000

Realizing the University Ronald Barnett, 2000
Conditionally Amplifiable BACs: Switching From Single-Copy to High-Copy Vectors and Genomic Clones
Authors: Wild Jadwiga , Hradecna Zdenka , Szybalski Waclaw
Published: September 2002

The widely used, very-low-copy BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) vectors are the mainstay of present genomic research. The principal advantage of BACs is the high stability of inserted clones, but an important disadvantage is the low yield of DNA, both for vectors alone and when carrying genomic inserts. We describe here a novel class of single-copy/high-copy (SC/HC) pBAC/oriV vectors that retain all the advantages of low-copy BAC vectors, but are endowed with a conditional and tightly controlled oriV/TrfA amplification system that allows: (1) a yield of ∼100 copies of the vector per host cell when conditionally induced with l-arabinose, and (2) analogous DNA amplification (only upon induction and with copy number depending on the insert size) of pBAC/oriV clones carrying >100-kb inserts. Amplifiable clones and libraries facilitate high-throughput DNA sequencing and other applications requiring HC plasmid DNA. To turn on DNA amplification, which is driven by the oriV origin of replication, we used copy-up mutations in the gene trfA whose expression was very tightly controlled by thearaC–ParaBAD promoter/regulator system. This system is inducible by l-arabinose, and could be further regulated by glucose and fucose. Amplification of DNA upon induction with l-arabinose and its modulation by glucose are robust and reliable. Furthermore, we discovered that addition of 0.2%d-glucose to the growth medium helped toward the objective of obtaining a real SC state for all BAC systems, thus enhancing the stability of their maintenance, which became equivalent to cloning into the host chromosome.

[The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: F.R. Blattner D. Helinski, S. Valla, F. Schomburg, C. Small, R. Bogden, C. Gaskins, M.P. Mayer, D.C. Schwartz, and O. Azzam.]
iFRET: An Improved Fluorescence System for DNA-Melting Analysis
Authors: Howell W. Mathias , Jobs Magnus , Brookes Anthony J.
Published: September 2002

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful tool for detecting spatial relationships between macromolecules, one use of which is the tracking of DNA hybridization status. The process involves measuring changes in fluorescence as FRET donor and acceptor moieties are brought closer together or moved farther apart as a result of DNA hybridization/denaturation. In the present study, we introduce a new version of FRET, which we term induced FRET (iFRET), that is ideally suited for melting curve analysis. The innovation entails using a double-strand, DNA-specific intercalating dye (e.g., SYBR Green I) as the FRET donor, with a conventional FRET acceptor affixed to one of the DNA molecules. The SNP genotyping technique dynamic allele specific hybridization (DASH) was used as a platform to compare iFRET to two alternative fluorescence strategies, namely, the use of the intercalating dye alone and the use of a standard FRET pair (fluorescein as donor, 6-rhodamine as acceptor). The iFRET configuration combines the advantages of intercalating dyes, such as high signal strengths and low cost, with maintaining the specificity and multiplex potential afforded by traditional FRET detection systems. Consequently, iFRET represents a fresh and attractive schema for monitoring interactions between DNA molecules.
Dr Jekyll and Dr Hyde: author‐reader asymmetries in scholarly publishing
Authors: Mabe Michael A. , Amin Mayur
Published: August 2002

The fundamental asymmetries of the journal system are reviewed and an examination is made of the differences between author and reader behaviour at both a quantitative and a qualitative level. Author productivity and so‐called “salami‐style” publishing practices are examined. An estimate of global author numbers is made. Reader and readership studies combined with bibliometric analysis allow the proposal of a means of estimating reading rates of journals.
The benefits and obstacles of implementing ICTs strategies for development from a bottom‐up approach
Authors: Fors Martina , Moreno Alfredo
Published: August 2002

The compatibility between the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) strategies and the bottom‐up approach in the developmental process is assessed. In order to put the theoretical arguments into practice, the existing benefits and obstacles of implementing such strategies in reality are presented. Deriving from the analysis of the bottom‐up approach is the identification of three key areas: basic needs, empowerment, and rural‐based development. These are later discussed in the context of ICTs strategies. The theoretical discussion is exemplified in short explanatory cases.
Making enterprises Internet ready: e‐business for process industries
Authors: Subba Rao Siriginidi
Published: August 2002

Discusses the efforts of manufacturing enterprises to make themselves Internet‐ready, to cope with future e‐ business. Changes brought by the Internet will force enterprises to become more agile and responsive. However, the same changes force a need to deploy integrated information systems, and to have business processes in place to facilitate rapid decision‐making, and optimize the extended supply chain by integrating internal business processes with those of business partners. Concludes that e‐business has not yet caused the revolutionary changes in asset‐intensive process industries that it has in information‐based industries.
“One country, two systems” – insolvency administration in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Ng Christina Y.M.
Published: August 2002

The Asian financial turmoil has resulted in widespread corporate difficulties and collapses in the Asia‐Pacific region. There is an urgent need of corporate recovery and insolvency administration in the area. This paper aims at reviewing and analysing the insolvency law and practices in the Chinese mainland and Hong Kong of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Foreign investors should possess the above knowledge in order to better protect themselves with their investments in the PRC. It is also envisaged that with improvement in corporate recovery procedures and reforms in insolvency administration, the PRC can pursue its economic performance further in the twenty‐first century with its accession to the World Trade Organisation.
Business excellence versus ISO 9000 in an Irish context – which delivers?
Authors: Dwyer Graham
Published: August 2002

Many Irish organisations have embraced business excellence and ISO 9000 as concepts to deliver sustainable quality systems. The aim of this paper is to offer perspectives on both concepts in an Irish context and see which offers the best hope of delivering and sustaining a quality system. In order to explore the dynamics of business excellence and ISO 9000, two cases of prominent Irish organisations are presented. The first is a case of business excellence, the second one of ISO 9000.
Learning through quality and innovation
Authors: Wang Catherine L. , Ahmed Pervaiz K.
Published: August 2002

This conceptual paper examines the role of knowledge and learning in the quality and innovation process, and proposes a holistic, cross‐disciplinary model of the learning approach to quality and innovation. It stresses the importance of creativity in the learning process and postulates a higher platform of quality and innovation: creative quality and value innovation. This will be necessary for sustaining competitive advantage in the hyper‐competitive world. The features and essentials in connection to the attainment of such a platform are tentatively constructed through the 5‐S model of creative quality and value innovation.
The yin and yang of quality systems evaluation
Authors: Curry Adrienne , Kadasah Nasser
Published: August 2002

This paper highlights the need for an integrated, more innovative approach to the evaluation of quality management systems to focus organisations on future business improvement. A questionnaire instrument is identified, which seeks to combine the key elements of ISO 9000 and total quality management and hence both the hard and soft issues relative to quality. This instrument has been applied in Saudi Arabia, a somewhat restrictive environment in which to conduct research and collect company data, and some useful pointers for the future have been identified.
Young adults and virtual libraries: a case study
Authors: Delgado‐Gómez Alejandro J.
Published: August 2002

The Cartagena Public Libraries Network has seen how young adults have been leaving the library, seeking more attractive services. In this paper, we analyse the reasons for the past success and the current decline of the service to young adults. We also review the situation of public libraries in Spain with regard to young adults, and the features of this market. We explain the answers that we are developing in order to restore the rate of use of the library by young adults. These answers are agreements with school libraries, and, particularly, the development of a virtual library, heavily controlled, classified and indexed, in order to satisfy the young adults’ needs and desires, outside the physical space of the library,
Profiling later aged female teens: mall shopping behavior and clothing choice
Authors: Lee Taylor Susan , Cosenza Robert M.
Published: August 2002

Retailers agree that segmenting and developing an understanding of target segments are important inputs to differentiating products and enhancing shopping propensity. Most shopping behavior and choice profiling tends to generalize rather than develop useful segment information. Thus, most results are not useful for targeting and positioning. A survey was conducted to examine shopping choice behavior of a very important and economically viable segment of this teen market called the “later aged female teen”. It was found that a typical later aged female teen was born to shop. Making the right choice, especially for her clothing, is important both from a social affiliation and a social influence position. This group felt brand (fit, look, and style) to be the most important attribute to consider in apparel choice and later aged female teens wanted excitement in their shopping venue. Shopping was important and there were risks associated with an incorrect choice of their clothing. Finally, the desire to stay and shop at the local mall seemed to be a function of the mall composition and excitement.
Web vs campus store? Why students buy textbooks online
Authors: Foucault Brooke E. , Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: August 2002

This study proposes and tests several social and perceptual motivations for shopping online. Using online textbook purchasing as a model, we outline predictors of online purchasing based on motivation theories drawn from traditional online consumer motivation research, social motivation theory, social influence theory and uses and gratifications theory. Our research adds a social and perceptual dimension to much of the typical online motivation research that deals with availability and cost issues. Data were collected using a pencil‐and‐paper survey of 156 students from a large Northeastern university. Findings of this study indicated that previous online purchase, positive social environment, professor support, knowledge of online retailers, and perception that needs will be met online are all predictors of online textbook purchasing. Implications for advertisers, online textbook retailers, and e‐commerce, more generally, are discussed.
Systematic variation in purchase orientations across social classes
Authors: Henry Paul
Published: August 2002

It is well established that consumers employ purchase criteria that can be characterized as either more functionally oriented or more expressively oriented, depending on the category and situation. However, the literature review revealed a lack of clarity as to how (and if) social class characteristics influence the weighting of consideration toward either of these criteria types. Two studies were conducted to examine the influence of social class on the relative salience of functional and expressive considerations. Expressive orientation was found to increase with each successive class group moving from lower to higher, while functional orientation was found to decline. Age and gender distinctions were also identified. These findings provide guidance for marketing communicators in developing tailored advertising messaging for distinctive target groups. A particularly functional focus is more appropriate for older working class males, while an expressive emphasis will more often be appropriate for young professionals, both male and females.
Do librarians dream of electronic serials? A beginner’s guide to format selection
Authors: Lee Leslie A. , Wu Michelle M.
Published: August 2002

In this beginner’s guide, the authors review considerations for format selection decisions. There is no one‐size‐fits‐all solution when it comes to how libraries make format choices. Ultimately, these decisions will vary depending on a library’s specific needs as outlined by its mission statement and collection development policy. Factors such as content, functionality, longevity, users, and cost play important roles in determining the most suitable option.
Natural convection in vertical channels with an auxiliary plate
Authors: Andreozzi Assunta , Manca Oronzio , Naso Vincenzo
Published: August 2002

Research on natural convection in open channels is very extensive due to its role in many engineering applications such as thermal control of electronic systems. In this paper, a parametric analysis is carried out in order to add knowledge of heat transfer in air natural convection for a symmetrically heated vertical parallel plate channel with a central auxiliary heated or adiabatic plate. The two‐dimensional steady‐state problem is solved by means of the stream function–vorticity approach and the numerical solution is carried out by means of the control volume method. Results are obtained for both a heated and unheated auxiliary plate, for a Rayleigh number in the range 103–106, for a ratio of the auxiliary plate height to the channel plate height equal to 0, 0.5 and 1 and for a ratio of the channel length to the channel gap in the range 5–15. Correlations for maximum wall temperatures and average channel Nusselt numbers are proposed.
Convective heat and mass transfer in wavy finned‐tube exchangers
Authors: Comini G. , Nonino C. , Savino S.
Published: August 2002

The paper adopts a simplified two‐dimensional approach to deal with convective heat and mass transfer in laminar flows of humid air through wavy finned‐tube exchangers. The computational domain is spatially periodic, with fully developed conditions prevailing at a certain distance from the inlet section. Both the entrance and the fully developed flow region are investigated. In the fully developed region, periodicities in the flow, temperature and mass concentration fields are taken into account. The approach is completely general, even if the finite element method is used for the discretizations. In the application section, velocity, temperature, and mass concentration fields are computed first. Then apparent friction factors, Nusselt numbers, Colburn factors for heat and mass transfer, and goodness factors are evaluated both in the entrance and in the fully developed region.
Environmental initiatives: towards triple‐bottom line reporting
Authors: Raar Jean
Published: August 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the quantity and quality of voluntary environmental disclosures in the annual reports of firms listed by market capitalisation on the Australian Stock Exchange. The periods examined were those immediately prior and subsequent to the release of the Exposure Draft Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economics (CERES) Global Reporting Initiatives (GRI) issued in March 1999. Using content analysis to focus on the environmental aspects, the study compared 425 annual reports over a two‐year period and 60 environmental reports, in order to explore reporting practices in the periods surrounding this intervention. The results suggest a trend to triple‐bottom reporting, and a significant change in the quality and quantity of environmental information, albeit in specific categories.
LibQUAL+™ and the small academic library
Authors: Dole Wanda
Published: August 2002

Washburn is a Carnegie Master’s University I with an enrollment of only 6,200 students. Unlike most of the 43 participating libraries in LibQUAL+™ 2001, Washburn University’s Mabee Library is not a large, academic research library. The paper describes Washburn’s experience with the 2001 LibQUAL+™ pilot project. The application of the survey at a small institution and the global nature of trends shown by the responses will be discussed. LibQUAL+™’s place within the strategic planning and assessment program at Washburn’s Mabee Library is also reviewed.
LibQUAL+™ at Miami University: a look from outside ARL
Authors: Sessions Judith A. , Schenck Alex , Shrimplin Aaron K.
Published: August 2002

This case study presents data generated from Miami University Libraries’ participation in LibQUAL+™ 2000‐2001, a national service quality survey for libraries. Miami’s data are analyzed through a series of questions to identify client service needs, evaluate current service levels, and place local results within the broader context of aggregate scores and score norms from all participating institutions. Finally, questions are raised about the extent of LibQUAL+™’s relevance both for libraries that are not members of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) and for organizational planning beyond traditional library services.
GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS IN COLON CANCER
Authors: Grady William M. , Markowitz Sanford D.
Published: August 2002

Colorectal cancer affected approximately 135,000 people in the United States in 2001, resulting in 57,000 deaths. Colorectal cancer develops as the result of the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that lead to the transformation of normal colonic epithelium to colon adenocarcinoma. The loss of genomic stability is a key molecular and pathophysiologic step in this process and serves to create a permissive environment for the occurrence of alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. Alterations in these genes, which include APC, CTNNB1, K-RAS, MADH4/SMAD4, and TGFBR2, appear to promote colon tumorigenesis by perturbing the function of signaling pathways, such as the TGF-ß signaling pathway, or by affecting genes that regulate genomic stability, such as the mutation mismatch repair genes.
BALANCEDPOLYMORPHISMSELECTED BYGENETICVERSUSINFECTIOUSHUMANDISEASE
Authors: Dean Michael , Carrington Mary , O'Brien Stephen J.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  The polymorphisms within the human genome include several functional variants that cause debilitating inherited diseases. An elevated frequency of some of these deleterious mutations can be explained by a beneficial effect that confers a selective advantage owing to disease resistance in carriers of such mutations during an infectious disease outbreak. We here review plausible examples of balanced functional polymorphisms and their roles in the defense against pathogens. The genome organization of the chemokine receptor and HLA gene clusters and their influence on the HIV/AIDS epidemic provides compelling evidence for the interaction of infectious and genetic diseases in recent human history.
GENETICS OF MYELOID LEUKEMIAS
Authors: Kelly Louise M. , Gilliland D. Gary
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Human leukemias are typified by acquired recurring chromosomal translocations. Cloning of these translocation breakpoints has provided important insights into pathogenesis of disease as well as novel therapeutic approaches. Chronic myelogenous leukemias (CML) are caused by constitutively activated tyrosine kinases, such as BCR/ABL, that confer a proliferative and survival advantage to hematopoietic progenitors but do not affect differentiation. These activated kinases are validated targets for therapy with selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a paradigm that may have broad applications in treatment of hematologic malignancies as well as solid tumors. Chromosomal translocations in acute myeloid leukemias (AML) most often result in loss-of-function mutations in transcription factors that are required for normal hematopoietic development. These latter mutations, however, are not sufficient to cause AML. The available evidence indicates that activating mutations in the hematopoietic tyrosine kinases FLT3 and c-KIT, and in N-RAS and K-RAS, confer proliferative advantage to hematopoietic progenitors and cooperate with loss-of-function mutations in hematopoietic transcription factors to cause an acute leukemia phenotype characterized by proliferation and impaired differentiation. The data supporting this hypothesis and the clinical and therapeutic implications of these observations are reviewed.
Common Principles in Viral Entry
Authors: Poranen Minna M. , Daugelavičius Rimantas , Bamford Dennis H.
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  Viruses occur throughout the biosphere. Cells of Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea are infected by a variety of viruses that considerably outnumber the host cells. Although viruses have adapted to different host systems during evolution and many different viral strategies have developed, certain similarities can be found. Viruses encounter common problems during their entry process into the host cells, and similar strategies seem to ensure, for example, that the movement toward the site of replication and the translocation through the host membrane occur. The penetration of the host cell's external envelope involves, across the viral world, either fusion between two membranes, channel formation through the host envelope, disruption of the membrane vesicle, or a combination of these events. Endocytic-type events may occur during the entry of a bacterial virus as well as during the entry of an animal virus; the same applies for membrane fusion.
Metabolic Diversity in Aromatic Compound Utilization by Anaerobic Microbes
Authors: Gibson Jane , S. Harwood Caroline
Published: September 2002

▪ Abstract  A vast array of structurally diverse aromatic compounds is continually released into the environment due to the decomposition of green plants and as a consequence of human industrial activities. Increasing numbers of bacteria that utilize aromatic compounds in the absence of oxygen have been brought into pure culture in recent years. These include most major metabolic types of anaerobic heterotrophs and acetogenic bacteria. Diverse microbes utilize aromatic compounds for diverse purposes. Chlorinated aromatic compounds can serve as electron acceptors in dehalorespiration. Humic substances serve as electron shuttles to enable the use of inorganic electron acceptors, such as insoluble iron oxides, that are not always easily reduced by microbes. Substituents that are attached to aromatic rings may serve as carbon or energy sources for microbes. Examples include acyl side chains and methyl groups. Finally, aromatic compounds can be completely degraded to serve as carbon and energy sources. Routes by which various types of aromatic compounds, including toluene, ethylbenzene, phenol, benzoate, and dihydroxylated compounds, are degraded have been elucidated in recent years. Biochemical strategies employed by microbes to destabilize the aromatic ring in preparation for degradation have become apparent from this work.