bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illustrating Quo vadis in Italy (1900–1925)
Authors: De Berti Raffaele , Gagetti Elisabetta
Published: January 2021

In Italy, from the beginning of the twentieth century, illustrated editions of Quo vadis multiply, starting from that of Treves with drawings by Minardi (1901), down to the popular edition by ‘Gloriosa’ (1921). Related paratexts from the novel and its two cinematic adaptations by Guazzoni (1913) and D’Annunzio–Jacoby (1924) flank these numerous illustrated editions, such as a series of photosculptures by Mastroianni and postcards displaying scenes from the films. Sienkiewicz’s novel itself works on several levels, each one involving a large audience: from a popular one to educated readers. The illustrated editions and postcard series will be dealt with as paratexts, analysed not in terms of their aesthetics or fidelity to the plot but as elements widening the interpretation of Quo vadis in the context of Italian society and culture of that time, and taking into consideration the expectations of an Italian audience. Placed in editions of the novel, the iconographic choices displayed in the illustrations play the role of glosses, or even act as the voices of readers/viewers. Thanks to these paratexts, the novel gains new meanings. Our inquiry has been limited to the period 1900 to 1930, to coincide with the end of the silent-film era and the fading of the echo caused by D’Annunzio and Jacoby’s film. The two films will be the constant iconographic reference point because of their accumulation of all the preceding illustration strategies for Quo vadis and their influence on the subsequent typology of illustrations in a continuous circulation of media.
Horror amid Sweetness
Authors: Górecka Ewa
Published: January 2021

Postcards, once an important form of communication which has now been driven out of contemporary culture by emails and other instant messages, are the least known among the metatexts of Sienkiewicz’s novel. The time of the novel’s creation and the fact that it was quickly recognized as a bestseller contributed to the production of numerous postcards that presented scenes and characters from Quo vadis . They deserve attention not only for their artistic variety (style, technique, format, and so on), but also for their coexistence with kitsch. The presence of this aesthetic category in intersemiotic interpretations of Sienkiewicz’s work implies the need for determining which parts of the novel particularly encourage kitsch. Postcards referring directly to Quo vadis reveal the presence of different types of kitsch. Due to the novel’s subject matter, religious, erotic, and patriotic kitsch are observed most often, followed by the kitsch of death and suffering. In order to understand the connection between Sienkiewicz’s Quo vadis and kitsch, it is not enough to determine its types. Kitsch on postcards tends to be integrated into an intertextual and periphrastic strategy. Whether through the vehicle of a photograph, watercolour painting, oil painting, engraving, or sculpturography, the purpose of creators of illustrations was usually to put across the idea of the novel and its aesthetic value. Importance was also attached to the expectations of potential purchasers of postcards, both those who had and those who had not read Quo vadis. Thus, the postcards are valuable evidence not only of the artistic interpretation of the novel in different semiotic systems but also of the perception of ancient Rome in twentieth-century European culture.
MGM’s Quo vadis
Authors: Winkler Martin M.
Published: January 2021

The 1951 epic Quo Vadis, directed by Mervyn LeRoy, is the most famous adaptation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel and eclipsed all earlier and later versions made between 1912 and 2001. This chapter is intended to illustrate the complexity of the Quo vadis (novel)/Quo Vadis (film) phenomenon by examining a few representative strands. To a large extent, credit for the impact of Quo Vadis belongs to actor Peter Ustinov, who made Rome’s most notorious emperor more familiar to viewers than any other actor has managed to do, especially through his portrayal of Nero as poet and musician. Ancient sources commenting on Nero as performer differ from what cinemagoers saw and heard in 1951. The spectacular climax of novel and film is set in the arena. Quo Vadis radically changed Sienkiewicz’s conception, which had been preserved, albeit in abbreviated form, in earlier films and would be presented at length only in 2001. By contrast, the Italian television adaptation of 1985 is a variation on the MGM version. The parallels to Sienkiewicz’s strongman Ursus in and beyond all these films are particularly illuminating. The title of Sienkiewicz’s novel, which quotes the Apostle Peter’s question to an apparition of his Lord, became a household phrase and has been applied in countless contexts since; a few telling instances are considered here. The chapter concludes with brief comments on the recent parody-plus-homage to Quo Vadis in the Coen brothers’ Hail, Caesar! (2016).
‘O omnivorous powers, hail!’
Authors: Woźniak Monika
Published: January 2021

Dialogue in historical films is often the weakest component of the presumed ‘authenticity’ of the vision of the past to which they aspire. Its artificiality is especially evident in productions about ancient worlds, because the historical characters typically speak in a language which has nothing to do with the reality presented on the screen, yet somehow needs to convey the idea of diachronic distance and diversity. This chapter will examine the stylistic strategies used by the screenwriters of Quo Vadis in order to create a dialogue functional to the film’s ideological message, but at the same time sufficiently credible and ‘authentic’. Special attention will be paid to the way the scripts deal with forms of address and with military or honorific titles, as these are usually the most important and evident signals of ‘historicity’ in film dialogues. From this point of view, the verbal strategies of Mervyn LeRoy’s Quo Vadis (1951) are rather complex and multilayered, and they will be the focal point of the analysis. Produced in the aftermath of the Second World War, the film relied heavily on the strategy of presentism, clearly audible in large chunks of the dialogue. On the other hand, as part of a ‘trustworthy’ reconstruction of classical antiquity, its cinematographic speech had to be at least superficially compatible with the image of imperial Rome. Finally, Quo Vadis also drew generously on its literary source and adapted for the screen some of the novel’s elegant, literary dialogues. The chapter will also examine the relation between the cinematographic and literary dialogue in two later adaptations to screen: Franco Rossi’s 1985 TV miniseries and Jerzy Kawalerowicz’s Polish heritage production (2001).
The ECOWAS Court as a (Promising) Resource for Pro-Poor Activist Forces
Authors: Okafor Obiora C. , Effoduh Okechukwu J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the extent to which the human rights case-law of the Community Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States is either pro-elite or pro-poor. Without assuming that “pro-human rights” necessarily translates to “pro-poor,” the chapter discusses how the Court functions more as a resource for local pro-poor activists than as a tool in the hands of anti-poor elements. The chapter conceptualizes expressions such as “the poor,” “sovereign hurdles,” “brainy relays,” and “flipped strategic social constructivism” to undergird its analysis. For example, the authors analyze the extent to which activists’ forces, acting as brainy relays, co-created and enhanced normative resources in a process styled in the chapter as “flipped strategic social constructivism.” The chapter also demonstrates the ways in which the court has been a valuable resource to the domestic activist forces who together with the Court have worked to advance the social conditions of the West African poor. Finally, the chapter examines the gaps that militate against such pro-poor activism.
The African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights as an Opportunity Structure
Authors: Gathii James Thuo , Mwangi Jacquelene Wangui
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the manner in which the African Court of Human & Peoples’ Rights (African Court) has created a political opening for litigants with grievances against their governments. Using the inaugural fair trial violation cases decided by the African Court, the chapter examines how the Court developed robust jurisprudence on fair trial rights that created a favorable legal opportunity structure. By permissively interpreting its rules in these foundational cases, the African Court made itself very accessible to civil society groups, high profile opposition politicians, and opposition parties closed off from pursuing their goals of political reform under national law and through national institutions. In addition to the fair trial cases, three additional cases form the subject of this chapter. The first is a case filed against Rwanda by an opposition politician, Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza against the government of Rwanda. The second is a case filed by a Tanzanian politician, the late Christopher Mtikila regarding rights to political participation of independent candidates in national elections. The third is a case filed by a human rights non-governmental organization, Actions Pour La Protection Des Droits De L’Homme (APDH) against the government of Ivory Coast (Côte d’Ivoire) relating to exclusion of certain individuals and parties from participation in national elections. In so doing, the chapter uses the legal opportunity structures literature to explain why some groups resort to courts to advance their causes, while others do not.
Breaking Symmetry
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

The postwar Red Scare and McCarthyism solidified Anderson’s left-of-center politics. He solidified his position at Bell Labs by using the concept of superexchange to explain neutron scattering data from transition metal oxides. He disengaged from Shockley and studied magnetism under the tutelage of Charles Kittel, Conyers Herring, and Gregory Wannier. The Heisenberg model is used to explain ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism and Anderson’s discovery of spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum antiferromagnets is described. He spends six months in Japan at the invitation of Ryogo Kubo, teaches magnetism, attends and, at an international conference, learns that he is a bone fide solid-state theoretician.
The Love of His Life
Authors: Zangwill Andrew
Published: January 2021

The solid state physics community is electrified when Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) announce their discovery of a microscopic model capable of explaining the phenomenon of superconductivity,which is observed in some metals at very low temperature. To understand Anderson’s contributions to this subject, this chapter begins with the phenomenology of superconductivity and then sketches a few key aspects of many-electron theory, including the concepts of collective excitations and quasiparticles. Anderson explains the apparent lack of gauge invariance of the BCS approach and then uses a sophisticated approximation to study the excited states of a superconductor. He travels to Russia where his theory gains the approval of Lev Landau and he demonstrates how to analyze so-called dirty superconductors. He collaborates indirectly with Robert Schrieffer to generalize the BCS model into a full-blown theory capable of describing any material where the electron-phonon interaction drives superconductivity.
Modal Structure
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

This chapter develops an account of modal structure. Modal structure is the way in which various basic elements of reality, say properties and particularities, involve modality, which is to say possibility and necessity, in their essence. The specific form of modal structure involved in the cases this book considers is that of “the superworld.” It involves a local entwining in being of the merely possible and the actual. For instance, a specific shade of scarlet is entwined in being with the real possibility of other specific hues to which it bears essential relations of similarity. This view of the truth grounds of certain modal claims is motivated by a critical examination of extant views. For instance, there is a revealing analogy between time and modality, which undercuts standing views of mere possibilia. Presentism, the view that facts about the past are constituted by various facts now, can be legitimately accused of changing the subject, of not really providing an account of what is truly past, but rather talking about something else. So too standing views of possibilia. Possibilism, which identifies possibilities with existing things spatially disconnected to us, and actualism, which identifies possible concrete objects with various existing abstracta, also improperly change the subject, and so fail as accounts of what is truly merely possible. Rather, a genuinely different type of being is possessed by certain possibilia, which I call mere “subsistence.” This is a variation of some classical metaphysical views, for instance Aristotle’s notion of focal being.
Space, Time, and Location
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

This chapter is an account of the particularity of spatial and temporal regions as they appear within our experience. It argues that the spatial and temporal relations of these regions are sufficient to individuate them, despite standard objections. This involves a kind of moderate substantivalism about space. The chapter also explores some of the complex modal structure of the spatial relations in question, relevant for instance to geometric truth and the way in which things seem to reverse in mirrors. The eternalist view of time presumed by this account is defended against alternative conceptions of time such as presentism and the moving spotlight theory.
Nominalism
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

This chapter is a critical discussion of nominalist accounts of the ontology of the basic properties and relations present in our experience. Predicate nominalism, concept nominalism, class nominalism, resemblance nominalism, and trope theory are discussed. Several novel objections to forms of nominalism and trope theory, in other words to accounts of properties that deny they are universals, are developed. These include a series of objections that such accounts are not able to plausibly account for the essential features of specific basic properties that appear in our experience, such as colors, in other words that they misrepresent the modal structure of those properties.
Universals
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

Immanent realism is the view that some fundamental properties are immanent universals, entities that can exist wholly in different places at the same time that yet only exist when instanced. This chapter develops the proper immanent realist account of the basic properties and relations that appear in our experience. It includes a new understanding of the relation between determinate and determinable universals. Another novelty involves determinable structural universals constituting one fundamental substantial form of ordinary concrete particulars. Various other complexities of modal structure are developed. Cases discussed include phenomenal color, other sensory properties, spatial and temporal relations, causal powers, and substantial forms. Some affinities but also differences with transcendental realism are considered.
Modal Structuralism and Color
Authors: Mendola Joseph
Published: January 2021

It is like something to have sensory experiences, and differences in this what-it’s-like, in this phenomenal consciousness, are called differences in “qualia.” Exploration of the modal structure of the superworld in earlier chapters is necessary groundwork for a plausible and novel account of how our neurophysiology is sufficient to account for the kinds of nonveridical qualia involved in our sensory experience, a physicalist account of at least the basic features of the naïve experience explored in this book. That is the focus of this chapter. Its core idea is that the apparent modal structure of such qualia as those involved in our experience is due to the actual modal structure of the neurophysiology that constitutes that experience. This chapter develops an initial sketch of this idea by treating the case of color. The robustly metaphysical modal structure apparently present in our experience of color is in fact a reflection of the much more mundane difference between activated and merely potentiated features of our neurophysiology.
Judicial Resistance to Merchant Demands: Factors and Paternalism in the King’s Bench
Authors: Televantos Andreas
Published: January 2021

This chapter turns to judicial resistance to merchant demands. In the 1820s, what counted as an agent's ordinary course of business became a major Parliamentary issue. The dispute was rooted in a profound disagreement between the government, merchants, and the Court of King's Bench — the most important common law court in the Regency period — as to what should properly be considered the course of business of a factor: a commercial agent given possession of his principal's goods to sell in his own name. The controversy arose over whether a factor had authority to pledge his principal's property. On the one hand, merchants contended that factors would typically appear as owners of the property, and so pledges made by a factor should bind principal's business assets under the doctrine of ostensible authority. The government took the same view — hoping to encourage foreign merchants to store and sell their wares in Britain through agents. However, the King's Bench rejected the argument, fearing that allowing factors to validly pledge their principal's property in respect of their own debts would facilitate widespread fraud and breach of fiduciary duty by factors. In turn, this would encourage the type of immoral trading which caused financial instability.
Conclusion
Authors: Televantos Andreas
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter reiterates the points made in the previous chapters to tell a story of how a commercial law was created by giving voice in law to broader political economic concerns. Although, as with the Factors Acts, there were instances of conflict between judges and merchants, the overall picture here is not one of judges pushing back against merchants riding the tide of economic progress. Unlike many modern courts, judges did not see their role as simply encouraging commercial activity. This was rooted in the wider belief that commercial activity was not per se desirable, as too much trade was causing economic instability. This was not a mindset specific to judges or lawyers. This analysis itself raises a broader question. Given that large joint stock companies were perceived of us inefficient and even immoral, why did England introduce general incorporation in 1844, and limited liability in 1855? The chapter draws from the foregoing analysis to make some observations.
Events and the Becoming of Organizational Temporality
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the becoming of events as complex, emerging, and relationally connected phenomena that come into being through their immanent interplay. In this view, events emerge and change as actors move through time. For example, events that turned out to be consequential at a later stage were not seen as such while they were taking place. Yet, there is arguably a potential for “eventness” in every happening. I will draw upon examples furnished by “Time” by Pink Floyd and President Lincoln’s speech at Gettysburg to discuss how, drawing on Whitehead’s epochal theory of time, we may expand our understanding of events. A deeper process ontological understanding of events enables a richer understanding of the mutually constitutive dynamics between organizational continuity and discontinuity.
The Sociology of Time
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: January 2021

Focusing on the very notion of a “sociology of time,” this chapter examines the fundamental components of what constitutes a distinctly non-physical, sociocultural perspective on temporality. It begins by introducing the notion of a pronouncedly artificial “sociotemporal order” consisting of social norms and traditions of measuring, reckoning, and organizing time. It then proceeds to discuss major ways of collectively experiencing time, such as the utilitarian view of time, the mathematical conception of time, and both the linear and circular views of temporality. The chapter concludes by examining both the semiotic and the political dimensions of the social organization of time.
Generating Incentives to Appoint Women to the International Bench
Authors: Fife Rolf Einar
Published: January 2021

Against the background of the diversity of international judicial institutions and of the criteria for the selection of judges, this chapter sketches recurrent common considerations in the practice of States as regards elections to the international bench. The observations are drawn from the perspective of a government representative who has been engaged in the international settlement of disputes. The exacting requirements of campaigning by States, in addition to the personal experience-based qualifications required of candidates, speak in favour of scrutiny of any early obstacles for the qualification of women to qualifying positions with international exposure. Gender-sensitiveness and mainstreaming are considered in relevant decision-making at domestic levels. The question is raised as to the importance of the practical choice of language in actual situations of national decision-making. In this regard, incentives for more appointments of women on the international bench may include not only arguments of fairness, but also of utility. Recalling basic premises expressed in agreed language at the international level as regards peace and security as well as sustainable development, may also promote dialogue to bridge cultural differences.
Justifications for the Promotion of Religious Diversity on the International Bench
Authors: Bigge David M
Published: January 2021

This chapter starts by identifying whether there is a religious diversity gap on the international bench. No firm data exist in this regard, but conclusions may be drawn from the lack of regional diversity. The chapter focuses on the rationale used to promote other forms of diversity, including the ending of systematic discrimination, the enhancement of normative legitimacy among stakeholders, and most prominently the ‘value-added justification,’ that is, the argument that diverse judges add value based on their experience to the adjudication process. The chapter discusses the difficulty with applying these justifications to the promotion of religious diversity. If we assume that religiously diverse judges add value to the adjudication process, we must also assume that the experience brought to the adjudication process includes religious doctrine. That religious doctrine could be inherently legal in nature, for example Halakha, Canon Law, or Shari’a. Thus, if advocates rely on the value-added justification to promote religious diversity on the international bench, judges or stakeholders may understand that the judges are supposed to bring such legal theories to bear in adjudication even if the substantive law applicable to the dispute is not religious. This understanding, in turn, may lead to decreased perceived legitimacy among stakeholders, increased challenges, and even judges applying the wrong substantive law.
African Women’s Paths to the International Bench
Authors: Badejogbin Rebecca Emiene
Published: January 2021

The lack of female judicial appointments in the history of international courts has led to the introduction of obligations and targets for nominating/appointing authorities to select and elect women candidates. Compliance with these obligations remains a challenge and the women who aspire to these offices must not only have the requisite qualifications, but also pass through the nomination and election processes, which can involve a high level of political manoeuvring. Mentoring, deliberate mobilization, and gatekeeping may also play a role. Other important elements that may affect a woman’s international judicial career include socio-economic factors, geo-cultural politics, the political will to nominate women, and a blend of contextual experiences, institutional opportunities, and personal agency. This chapter probes these dynamics, offering insights into the challenges and opportunities for women who seek careers on the international bench, focusing specifically on the unique experiences of female African judges in international and regional courts.
Analysing Appointments in International Arbitration
Authors: Prusinowska Monika
Published: January 2021

This chapter first argues that the current pool of international arbitrators is relatively homogenous in terms of adjudicators’ nationality, race/ethnicity, and place of legal training (common or civil law systems). It goes on to discuss why diversity matters in international arbitration and why it is important to promote diversity. Further, the chapter examines the factors that parties and arbitration institutions take into account in the selection process in order to better understand what is expected of a potential appointee. This analysis is informed by the findings of the author’s Survey of Arbitrators concerning appointment incentives. This Survey focused on non-Western arbitrators, and Chinese arbitrators in particular, to explore why they are seldom appointed, despite the substantial involvement of Chinese parties in international arbitral cases. The final section draws on these findings to discuss possible strategies to promote diversity.
A Question of Impartiality
Authors: Gáspár-Szilágyi Szilárd , Létourneau-Tremblay Laura
Published: January 2021

As part of the larger debate on the legitimacy of the international investment regime, our study of 117 dissents and 87 dissenting arbitrators finds no significant correlation between the nationality of the dissenters, their gender, or appointment by the investor or the State, and the number of dissents written. In the absence of data on the educational and professional backgrounds of all appointed arbitrators, our findings concerning education and the professional background are more tentative. Where we do see significant correlation, is between dissents and appointments by the losing party. Arbitrators appointed by the losing party dissented roughly three times more often than the other arbitrators did. The fact that most dissents are written by arbitrators appointed by the losing party creates the perception that some arbitrators act more like the advocates of their appointers instead of impartial adjudicators. We propose that a standing, two-tier investment court that provides for non-renewable, long-term appointments and fixed salaries could remedy the perceived partiality of party-appointed arbitrators and ensure the survival of dissents.
The Contribution of Women Judges and Prosecutors to the Development of International Criminal Law
Authors: Doherty Teresa
Published: January 2021

Few female judges were appointed to the benches of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and Special Court for Sierra Leone. Nevertheless, those appointments resulted in an active contribution of these women judges to the development of international criminal law, as is shown in the jurisprudence. Judges give judgement on the evidence, facts, and law before them, but women judges have been noted for advancing the existing law through broad interpretation. With the appointment of women investigators and prosecutors, more prosecutions for crimes of sexual violence followed. This is important as it progressively developed a field of law that had until then not, or only in a more limited manner, been adjudicated upon before international courts.
The Contribution of Female Judges to the Victim Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court
Authors: Pérez-León-Acevedo Juan-Pablo
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that female judges at the International Criminal Court (ICC) have made significant meaningful contributions to the ICC jurisprudence on victim matters. They have interpreted and applied the ICC legal framework on victims, have fleshed out the contours and scope of normative provisions, and have faced substantive and procedural issues on victim-witness protection, victim participation and reparations at the ICC. This chapter uses international human rights as a standard to assess the legitimacy of ICC jurisprudence. The jurisprudence on defence rights has largely sought to strike a balance between defence and victim rights. However, some jurisprudence on victims (partially) construed by female judges prompts questions on whether respect for defence rights or other ICC goals may have been compromised. It is argued that all ICC judges, including female judges, should take distance from excessive pro-victim judicial activism to fully respect defence rights, and avoid victim frustration.
Appearing Before and Sitting With Female Adjudicators
Authors: Crawford James
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers a reflection on the author’s experience on both sides of the bench with respect to female adjudicators. Personally, he never detected any notable differences in legal reasoning between male and female adjudicators, although research suggests that female adjudicators may make unique contributions in specific fields of international law, especially in international criminal law. Based on this experience, the chapter draws some conclusions with respect to the effect of female representation on the legitimacy of the international adjudicatory process. Despite the relative gender parity overall in the legal profession and the uniformity in legal thinking between the genders, women remain heavily underrepresented at the most senior levels of the profession, including the judicial bench. This, in turn, perpetuates the male perception of the judge. The increasing trend in the appointment of female adjudicators should therefore continue at an accelerated rate.
Peru’s ‘Intercultural Law’ Proposal
Authors: Rodríguez Clara María López
Published: January 2021

This chapter critically analyses the role of indigenous peoples in international decision-making focusing on two areas of international law: human rights law as adjudicated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Inter-American Court) and investment law as applied by investment arbitration tribunals. The chapter shows that indigenous peoples’ participation in the international legal system can be better facilitated through the recognition of indigenous peoples’ jurisdiction. Focusing on Peru as a case study, this chapter provides a better understanding of the concept of indigenous peoples’ jurisdiction, analysing its nuances and difficulties, but also the importance of regulating such jurisdiction at the domestic level.
Epilogue
Authors: Nosworthy Janet M
Published: January 2021

Starting from the author’s own experience, this chapter discusses identity and legitimacy with reference to international judges from minority groups, asking whether the composition of international benches adequately reflects the essential components of diversity. Could international courts be said to engender feelings of inclusion in specific minority individuals, groups, or States? Does the make-up of the international bench ultimately reinforce or undermine the legitimacy of the courts themselves? The chapter views identity issues specifically through the lens of gender, ethnicity (including race), geography, and judicial culture as tools to validate and strengthen the judicial process, as well as a way of verifying the legitimacy of international courts as institutions capable of providing world class justice with optimal global reach. Diversity and meritocracy are not mutually exclusive: more diverse international benches need not result in any dilution of the quality of the judgments rendered. Concerted and intensified efforts have to be made to ensure that more members of minority groups are appointed as international judges, including steps to ensure that they are not marginalized or excluded from the selection process.
Introduction
Authors: Kilpatrick Claire , Scott Joanne
Published: January 2021

This volume has its origins in the 2017 Academy of European Law summer course on the Law of the European Union which focused on new legal approaches to studying the Court of Justice. The chapters explore a number of innovative legal approaches to studying the Court. Each of these approaches differs from the classic, and still dominant, doctrinal work of understanding and systematizing the Court’s jurisprudence. Developing critical, large data, historical, sociological, and reflective institutional approaches to the Court of Justice, the contributors aim to enrich our understanding of the Court of Justice and to expand our understanding of the range of methods, approaches, and sources available to study it. The contributions exemplify the inter-disciplinarity which increasingly characterizes the study of the CJEU.
Tribals and Dalits in Orissa
Authors: Pati Biswamoy
Published: January 2021

This book examines diverse aspects of the social history of the marginalized sections of society in Orissa, focusing on the problems of colonialism and the way it impacted the lives of tribals, outcastes and dalits. It delineates how these socially excluded sections were terrorized and further impoverished by both the colonial government and the chiefs of the despotic princely states who worked in tandem with them. In course of six tightly argued chapters, Biswamoy Pati studies several key issues including ‘colonial knowledge’ systems which had a long afterlife, such as the stereotyping of tribals as violent and brutal and colonial constructions of the ‘criminal tribe’. In addition, he closely examines colonial agrarian settlements, adivasi strategies of resistance (including uprisings); indigenous systems of health and medicine, the colonial ‘medical gaze’; conversion (to Hinduism), fluidities of caste formations in the nineteenth century, the Hinduization and appropriation by princely rulers of adivasi deities and healing methods, rituals of legitimacy adopted by these rulers as well as the development of colonial capitalism and urbanization. Alongside, he explores the connections between the marginal social groups and the national movement, besides touching upon the manner in which the ruling classes after Independence have allowed a host of inherited problems to remain unresolved. Adopting an inter-disciplinary method and drawing upon archival and rare, untapped sources, this fascinating study would be of interest to students of history, social anthropology, political sociology, cultural studies, dalit studies and social exclusion. It would also attract non-governmental organisations and planners of public policy.
The Rhythms of Change and Devastation
Authors: Pati Biswamoy
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the process of the introduction of ‘colonial capitalism’ in Orissa, with a specific focus on three areas: the coastal, pilgrimage centre of Puri and the two princely states of Kalahandi and Mayurbhanj. The discussion underlines the contradictory processes whereby the colonial state supported urbanization and industrialization,at the cost of tribal forest rights—leading to their acute distress and impoverishment. This entire process was couched in the language of the ‘civilizing mission’, which acted as a powerful justification for tapping into forest resources. In highlighting all this, the chapter traces the legacies of this lopsided ‘development’ which are clearly visible even today. In highlighting all this, the chapters also traces the long and tortuous history of urbanization in colonial Orissa.
Health Matters
Authors: Pati Biswamoy
Published: January 2021

This chapter delineates indigenous systems of medicine. Using a range of folk beliefs, proverbs, and tales, it shows that tribal medical beliefs were often based on a very complex and close understanding of recurring epidemics and other diseases. It highlights the fact that many ideas/beliefs that are often seen as ‘irrational’ reveal, on closer examination, hidden fears and anxieties on the part of the tribal population. Simultaneously, the chapter also highlights the way in which certain herbs or medical practices were used by the princely/priestly classes to establish their legitimacy. It closes with a discussion of the colonial medical gaze that was trained often in a dehumanized manner upon the colonized population, seen especially in medical policies dealing with issues such as leprosy or lunacy.
Prologue
Authors: Hotson Howard
Published: January 2021

The oldest curriculum drafted for Leiden university in 1575 closely followed that outlined by Ramus himself 20 years earlier. But from 1582 onward, after the arrival in Leiden of the great humanist scholar, Justus Lipsius, modern textbooks were swept aside in favour of unmediated study of classical authors (section 2.ii). The extermination of Leiden’s Ramist tradition is personified in the figure of Rudolph Snellius. In Marburg before 1575, his teaching aroused such enthusiasm that his former students and colleagues spent years assembling his draft material into a nine-volume, 3,000-page encyclopaedia published in Frankfurt in 1596. In Leiden after 1582, however, his preferred teaching methods were proscribed and he languished for twenty years as an extraordinary professor of mathematics, belittled by his humanist colleagues, and publishing nothing under his own name (section 2.iv). As a consequence, Leiden and the other Dutch universities became net importers of philosophy textbooks for five decades, producing very few of their own and relying instead on the key figure of the central European post-Ramist tradition: Bartholomaeus Keckermann (section 2.ii). Throughout this entire period, Leiden—contrary to widely accepted myth—grew slowly, remained relatively small, and was marginal to international Reformed student travel, until the Twelve Years Truce in 1609 began a growth spurt accelerated by the Thirty Years War after 1618 (section 2.i).
Emendation
Authors: Hotson Howard
Published: January 2021

After Alsted and Bisterfeld fled Herborn for Transylvania in 1629, their work on perfecting the Encyclopaedia published in Herborn the following year continued uninterrupted for a quarter century. Alsted overhauled his topical encyclopaedia in a manuscript which was returned to Herborn in 1648 and destined for printing around 1650 but which has subsequently disappeared. He devoted additional work to recasting the post-Ramist Encyclopaedia in quasi-Lullist combinatorial form, leaving a set of extremely compact and provocative works in manuscript which were further developed by Bisterfeld and published by Heereboord and others after his death in 1655 (section 10.i). In 1674 a more modest proposal to overhaul the Encyclopaedia was published by Georg Hieronymus Welsch, a leading member of the Academia Naturae Curiosorum. The process in which this project was overwhelmed by a huge range of polyhistorical interests illustrates some of the ways in which encyclopaedism had been side-lined by other intellectual priorities in the course of the seventeenth century (section 10.ii). For Leibniz, the project of replacing Alsted’s Encyclopaedia with a more intellectually coherent and philosophically up-to-date work of the same kind became a lifelong aspiration; but with the end of the great educational boom of the long sixteenth century, the conditions which had nurtured Alsted’s life-long project had disappeared (section 10.iii).
A gene regulatory network for antenna size control in carbon dioxide-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells
Authors: Blifernez-Klassen Olga , Berger Hanna , Mittmann Birgit Gerlinde Katharina , Klassen Viktor , Schelletter Louise , Buchholz Tatjana , Baier Thomas , Soleimani Maryna , Wobbe Lutz , Kruse Olaf
Published: January 2021

In green microalgae, prolonged exposure to inorganic carbon depletion requires long-term acclimation responses, involving modulated gene expression and the adjustment of photosynthetic activity to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide. Here, we describe a microalgal regulatory cycle that adjusts the light-harvesting capacity at photosystem II (PSII) to the prevailing supply of carbon dioxide in Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii). It engages low carbon dioxide response factor (LCRF), a member of the squamosa promoter-binding protein (SBP) family of transcription factors, and the previously characterized cytosolic translation repressor nucleic acid-binding protein 1 (NAB1). LCRF combines a DNA-binding SBP domain with a conserved domain for protein–protein interaction. LCRF transcription is rapidly induced by carbon dioxide depletion. LCRF activates NAB1 transcription by specifically binding to tetranucleotide motifs present in its promoter. Accumulation of the NAB1 protein enhances translational repression of its prime target mRNA, encoding the PSII-associated major light-harvesting protein LHCBM6. The resulting truncation of the PSII antenna size helps maintaining a low excitation during carbon dioxide limitation. Analyses of low carbon dioxide acclimation in nuclear insertion mutants devoid of a functional LCRF gene confirm the essentiality of this novel transcription factor for the regulatory circuit.
Genome-wide signatures of plastid-nuclear coevolution point to repeated perturbations of plastid proteostasis systems across angiosperms
Authors: Forsythe Evan S , Williams Alissa M , Sloan Daniel B
Published: January 2021

Nuclear and plastid (chloroplast) genomes experience different mutation rates, levels of selection, and transmission modes, yet key cellular functions depend on their coordinated interactions. Functionally related proteins often show correlated changes in rates of sequence evolution across a phylogeny [evolutionary rate covariation (ERC)], offering a means to detect previously unidentified suites of coevolving and cofunctional genes. We performed phylogenomic analyses across angiosperm diversity, scanning the nuclear genome for genes that exhibit ERC with plastid genes. As expected, the strongest hits were highly enriched for genes encoding plastid-targeted proteins, providing evidence that cytonuclear interactions affect rates of molecular evolution at genome-wide scales. Many identified nuclear genes functioned in post-transcriptional regulation and the maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis), including protein translation (in both the plastid and cytosol), import, quality control, and turnover. We also identified nuclear genes that exhibit strong signatures of coevolution with the plastid genome, but their encoded proteins lack organellar-targeting annotations, making them candidates for having previously undescribed roles in plastids. In sum, our genome-wide analyses reveal that plastid–nuclear coevolution extends beyond the intimate molecular interactions within chloroplast enzyme complexes and may be driven by frequent rewiring of the machinery responsible for maintenance of plastid proteostasis in angiosperms.
Venous thromboembolism in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Liapi Matina , Jayne David , Merkel Peter A , Segelmark Mårten , Mohammad Aladdin J
Published: January 2021

Objective

To determine incidence rate and predictors of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in a population-based cohort with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods

The study comprised 325 patients diagnosed with AAV from 1997 to 2016. All cases of VTE from prior to vasculitis diagnosis to the end of the study period were identified. The BVAS was used to assess disease activity at diagnosis. Venous thromboembolisms occurring in a period beginning 3 months prior to AAV diagnosis were considered to be AAV-related. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and 95% CI of VTE were calculated using the incidence rate in the general population.

Results

Fifty-nine patients (18%) suffered 64 VTE events. Of these, 48 (81%) suffered AAV-related VTE [deep vein thrombosis (n = 23), pulmonary embolism (n = 18) and other (n = 9)]. The incidence rate of AAV-related VTE was 2.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI 1.7, 3.0) during 2039 person-years of follow-up. The incidence during the first 3 months post-AAV diagnosis was 20.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI 11.5, 29.4), decreasing to 8.9 (95% CI 0.2, 17.6) and 1.5 (95% CI 0.0, 3.5) in months 4–6 and months 7–12 post-AAV diagnosis, respectively. The SIR was 34.2 (95% CI 20.2, 48.1) for deep vein thrombosis and 10.4 (95% CI 5.6, 15.1) for pulmonary embolism. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, only age and BVAS were predictive of VTE.

Conclusions

The incidence rate and SIR of AAV-related VTE is high, and higher early in the course of the disease. Vasculitis activity and age are positively associated with VTE.
Utilizing an electronic feeder to measure individual mineral intake, feeding behavior, and growth performance of cow–calf pairs grazing native range1
Authors: McCarthy Kacie L , Undi Michael , Becker Stephanie , Dahlen Carl R
Published: January 2021

Crossbred Angus cow–calf pairs (n = 28 pairs) at the Central Grasslands Research Extension Center (Streeter, ND) were used to evaluate an electronic feeder to monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior and their relationship with growth performance and liver mineral concentrations. Cows and calves were fitted with radio frequency identification ear tags that allowed access to an electronic feeder (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and were provided ad libitum minerals (Purina Wind and Rain Storm, Land O’Lakes, Inc., Arden Hills, MN). Mineral intake, number of visits, and duration at the feeder were recorded over a 95-d monitoring period while pairs were grazing native range. Liver biopsies were collected from a subset of cows on the final day of monitoring and analyzed for mineral concentrations. Data were analyzed with the GLM procedure in SAS for mineral intake and feeding behavior with age class (cows vs. calves), intake category (high vs. low), and the interaction between class and category in the model. Correlations were calculated among cow feeding behavior and calf intake and growth performance with the CORR procedure, and a comparison of liver mineral concentrations among cows of high (>90 g/d; average 125.4 g/d) and low (<90 g/d; average 33.5 g/d) mineral intake was performed using the GLM procedure. High-intake calves (>50 g/d; average 72.2 g/d) consumed greater (P < 0.001) amounts of minerals than low-intake calves (<50 g/d; average 22.2 g/d) intake calves. Cows and calves attended the mineral feeder a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of the days during the experiment (overall mean of 20%, or once every 5 d). On days calves visited the feeder, they consumed less (P < 0.01) minerals than cows (222 ± 27 vs. 356 ± 26 g/d, respectively). Over the grazing period, calves gained 1.17 ± 0.02 kg/d, whereas cows lost 0.35 ± 0.02 kg/d. Calf mineral intake was correlated with cow duration at the mineral feeder (r = 0.403, P = 0.05). Cows with high mineral intake had greater (P < 0.01) concentrations of Se (2.92 vs. 2.41 ug/g), Cu (247 vs. 116 ug/g), and Co (0.51 vs. 0.27 ug/g) compared with low mineral intake cows, but liver concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mo, and Mn did not differ (P ≥ 0.22). We were able to successfully monitor individual mineral intake and feeding behavior with the electronic feeder evaluated, and the divergence in mineral intake observed with the feeder was corroborated by concentrations of minerals in the liver.