bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences in execution and perception of training sessions as experienced by (semi‐) professional cyclists and their coach
Authors: Voet Jens G. , Lamberts Robert P. , de Koning Jos J. , de Jong Jelle , Foster Carl , van Erp Teun
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to investigate whether (semi‐)professional cyclists’ execution of a training programme differs from the coach's designed training programme. Also, the study sought to ascertain, in instances where the training sessions were indeed executed as designed by the coach, whether the perception of the cyclists differed from the intention of the coach. This study highlights the differences between the coach and the individual cyclist. In total, 747 training sessions were collected from 11 (semi‐)professional cyclists. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and session Rating of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) were compared with intended RPE (iRPE) and intended sRPE (isRPE), planned by the coach. Pearson's correlation, regression coefficients and Typical Error of Estimate (TEE) were used to identify differences between the executed and planned training sessions. Moderate to large TEEs were noted between executed and intended sRPE, which indicates that cyclists do not always execute the training programme planned by the coach. Furthermore, when the training was executed as planned by the coach, very large correlations but moderate to very large TEEs were noted between cyclists’ (s)RPE and the coach's i(s)RPE, with unique individual regression coefficients. This indicates that the relationship between RPE and iRPE is unique to each cyclist. Both the different execution and perception of the training programme by the individual cyclists could cause an impaired training adaptation. Therefore, the coach must pay attention to the perception of training sessions by the individual cyclist. Improved individual management of training load could result in the optimisation of the proposed training programme.
Preventing aneuploidy: The groom must wait until the bride is ready
Authors: Verlhac Marie-Hélène
Published: September 2021

Fertilization often triggers the final step of haploidization of the female gamete genome. In this issue, Mori et al. (2021. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202012001) identify two successive actin-dependent mechanisms that delay fusion of maternal and paternal chromosomes, preventing inadvertent elimination of paternal chromosomes together with maternal ones.
Investigation of infinitely rapidly oscillating distributions
Authors: Kim U-Rae , Cho Sungwoong , Han Wooyong , Lee Jungil
Published: September 2021

We rigorously investigate the rapidly oscillating contributions in the sinc-function representation of the Dirac delta function and the Fourier transform of the Coulomb potential. Beginning with a derivation of the standard integral representation of the Heaviside step function, we examine the representation of the Dirac delta function that contains a rapidly oscillating sinc function. By contour integration, we prove that the representation satisfies the properties of the Dirac delta function, although it is a function divergent at nonzero points. This is a good pedagogical example demonstrating the difference between a function and a distribution. In most textbooks, the rapidly oscillating contribution in the Fourier transform of the Coulomb potential into the momentum space has been ignored by regulating the oscillatory divergence with the screened potential of Wentzel. By performing the inverse Fourier transform of the contribution rigorously, we demonstrate that the contribution is a well-defined distribution that is indeed zero, even if it is an ill-defined function. Proofs are extended to exhibit that the Riemann–Lebesgue lemma can hold for a sinc function, which is not absolutely integrable.
Elastic and magnetoelastic properties of TbMnO3 single crystal by nanosecond time resolved acoustics and first-principles calculations
Authors: Hemme P , Li C-H , Djemia P , Rovillain P , Houver S , Gallais Y , Sacuto A , Sakata H , Nowak S , Baptiste B , Charron E , Perrin B , Belliard L , Cazayous M
Published: September 2021

Time resolved pump and probe acoustics and first-principles calculations were employed to assess elastic properties of the TbMnO3 perovskite manganite having orthorhombic symmetry. Measuring sound velocities of bulk longitudinal and shear acoustic waves propagating along at least two different directions in the high symmetry planes (100), (010) and (001), provided a powerful mean to selectively determine the six diagonal elastic constants C
11 = 227 GPa, C
22 = 349 GPa, C
33 = 274 GPa, C
44 = 71 GPa, C
55 = 57 GPa, C
66 = 62 GPa. Among the three remaining off-diagonal ones, C
23 = 103 GPa was determined with a bissectrice direction. Density functional theory calculations with colinear spin-polarized provided complementary insights on their optical, elastic and magnetoelastic properties.
Quasilinear turbulent particle and heat transport modelling with a neural-network-based approach founded on gyrokinetic calculations and experimental data
Authors: Narita E. , Honda M. , Nakata M. , Yoshida M. , Hayashi N.
Published: September 2021

A novel quasilinear turbulent transport model DeKANIS has been constructed founded on the gyrokinetic analysis of JT-60U plasmas. DeKANIS predicts particle and heat fluxes fast with a neural network (NN) based approach and distinguishes diffusive and non-diffusive transport processes. The original model only considered particle transport, but its capability has been extended to cover multi-channel turbulent transport. To solve a set of particle and heat transport equations stably in integrated codes with DeKANIS, the NN model embedded in DeKANIS has been modified. DeKANIS originally determined turbulent saturation levels semi-empirically based on JT-60U experimental data, but now it can also estimate them using a theory-based saturation rule. The new saturation model is still partly connected to experimental data, but it offers the potential for applying DeKANIS independently of the device.
A study on the enhancement of the tribological properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber reinforced by nano-ZnO particles from an atomic view
Authors: He Enqiu , Wang Shijie , Tang Liming , Chen Jichi
Published: September 2021

In this study, three-layer molecular models of frictional pair containing nitrile-butadiene rubber matrix reinforced by nano-ZnO particle as the core and Fe layers as the counterparts are first developed. Molecular dynamics simulations are then conducted to explore the enhanced effects of nano-ZnO particle on tribological behaviors of NBR matrix. The simulation results show that the frictional coefficient of NBR matrix can be efficiently reduced of approximately 30% by incorporation of nano-ZnO particle. In order to reveal the atomic inherent mechanisms on the enhanced effects, the radius of gyration, concentration profiles, velocities distributions and temperature profiles of NBR chains are calculated and discussed in detail. Through quantitative validations of experimental works, it can be finally concluded that by incorporation of nano-ZnO particle, due to the strong vdW adsorption forces, NBR chains can be efficiently restricted around the surface of nano-ZnO particle, leading to the whole NBR matrix to perform better ability to avoid adhesive wear phenomenon, better deformation resistance, lower friction coefficients and wear loss, et al In addition, it is also proved that the proposed molecular modeling and dynamics simulation methods can be an efficient way to provide inherent mechanisms for studying tribological properties of nano-ZnO/NBR matrix in addition to experimental works.
The water droplet erosion resistance of Ni-based composite coating through laser cladding
Authors: Gong Yuling , Cui Chen , Wu Meiping , Miao Xiaojin
Published: September 2021

Water droplet erosion (WDE) usually occurs in TC4 turbine blades under actual working conditions, which seriously endangers the safe and stable operation of the turbine. To solve the problem of WDE in TC4 turbine blades under high-speed solid-liquid impact, CeO2/Ni60A composite coatings with different laser powers were successfully developed on the surface of TC4 by using laser cladding technology. The working environment of the turbine blade under high- speed solid-liquid impact was simulated by water jet technique, and the effect of laser power on the coating resistance to water droplet erosion was analyzed. It can be seen from the results that the coating was composed of α-Ti, Ti2Ni, TiB2 and TiC, and laser power had a significant influence on the growth of grain structure. At 6000 W laser power, the average microhardness of the coating reached 1105 HV0.3, i.e., 3.25 times of TC4 substrate. However, too high laser power made the hard phases of TiC and TiB2 brittle. In the water droplet erosion experiment, the high power resulted in the cracks in the coating. At the laser power of 5000 W, the grain refinement effect was the best. The width and depth of water erosion were 0.908 mm and 0.148 mm, respectively, which were lower than TC4 substrate by 27.5% and 41.5% times. The preparation of CeO2/Ni60A coatings on the surface of TC4 alloy was effective to solve the problem of WDE in TC4 turbine blades and prolong the service life of TC4 blades. Moreover, the finer the grain structure in the coating, the better the WDE resistance.
Aggregation and thermally induced photo-physics and structural ordering of thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer
Authors: Tegegne Newayemedhin A
Published: September 2021

Aggregation and thermally induced photo-physics of a low band gap thiophene-quinoxaline copolymer (TQ1) was investigated. The S0 ⟶ S1 transition of TQ1 in solution is found to be due to an intra-molecular charge transfer state while the excited state in aggregated TQ1 chains was due to intra and inter-chain excitons. On the other hand, the emission of TQ-1 recorded at 85 °C for more than 300 h confirmed that thermal stress hampers the inter-chain interaction as confirmed by the disappearance of the vibronic shoulder ascribed to it in the PL. In addition, it was observed that the PL intensity has drastically decreased while its absorption showed smaller change due to annealing for less than 40 h which confirmed either the introduction of new non-radiative channels or coiling of the copolymer due to thermal stress. The evolution XRD traces of TQ1 with thermal stress confirmed that it takes higher energy to break the long-range order than the molecular bonds in the copolymer.
DIMPL: a bioinformatics pipeline for the discovery of structured noncoding RNA motifs in bacteria
Authors: Brewer Kenneth I , Gaffield Glenn J , Puri Malavika , Breaker Ronald R
Published: September 2021

Recent efforts to identify novel bacterial structured noncoding RNA (ncRNA) motifs through searching long, GC-rich intergenic regions (IGRs) have revealed several new classes, including the recently validated HMP-PP riboswitch. The DIMPL (Discovery of Intergenic Motifs PipeLine) discovery pipeline described herein enables rapid extraction and selection of bacterial IGRs that are enriched for structured ncRNAs. Moreover, DIMPL automates the subsequent computational steps necessary for their functional identification.

Availability and implementation

The DIMPL pipeline is freely available as a Docker image with an accompanying set of Jupyter notebooks. Full instructions for download and use are available at https://github.com/breakerlab/dimpl.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
SWIMmeR: an R-based software to unveiling crucial nodes in complex biological networks
Authors: Paci Paola , Fiscon Giulia
Published: September 2021

We present SWIMmeR, an open-source version of its predecessor SWIM (SWitchMiner) that is a network-based tool for mining key (switch) genes that are associated with intriguing patterns of molecular co-abundance and may play a crucial role in phenotypic transitions in various biological settings. SWIM was originally written in MATLAB®, a proprietary programming language that requires the purchase of a license to install, manipulate, operate and run the software. Over the last years, SWIM has sparked a widespread interest within the scientific community thanks to the promising results obtained through its application in a broad range of phenotype-specific scenarios, spanning from complex diseases to grapevine berry maturation. This success has created the call for it to be distributed in a freely accessible, open-source, runtime environment, such as R, aimed at a general audience of non-expert users that cannot afford the leading proprietary solution. SWIMmeR is provided as a comprehensive collection of R functions and it also includes several additional features that make it less intensive in terms of computer time and more efficient in terms of usability and further implementation and extension.

Availability and implementation

The SWIMmeR source code is freely available at https://github.com/sportingCode/SWIMmeR.git, along with a practical user guide, including a usage example of its application on breast cancer dataset.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Increased expression of SLC25A1/CIC causes an autistic-like phenotype with altered neuron morphology
Authors: Rigby Michael J , Orefice Nicola Salvatore , Lawton Alexis J , Ma Min , Shapiro Samantha L , Yi Sue Y , Dieterich Inca A , Frelka Alyssa , Miles Hannah N , Pearce Robert A , Yu John Paul J , Li Lingjun , Denu John M , Puglielli Luigi
Published: September 2021

N ε-lysine acetylation within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is a recently characterized protein quality control system that positively selects properly folded glycoproteins in the early secretory pathway. Overexpression of the endoplasmic reticulum acetyl-CoA transporter AT-1 in mouse forebrain neurons results in increased dendritic branching, spine formation and an autistic-like phenotype that is attributed to altered glycoprotein flux through the secretory pathway. AT-1 overexpressing neurons maintain the cytosolic pool of acetyl-CoA by upregulation of SLC25A1, the mitochondrial citrate/malate antiporter and ATP citrate lyase, which converts cytosolic citrate into acetyl-CoA. All three genes have been associated with autism spectrum disorder, suggesting that aberrant cytosolic-to-endoplasmic reticulum flux of acetyl-CoA can be a mechanistic driver for the development of autism spectrum disorder.

We therefore generated a SLC25A1 neuron transgenic mouse with overexpression specifically in the forebrain neurons.

The mice displayed autistic-like behaviours with a jumping stereotypy. They exhibited increased steady-state levels of citrate and acetyl-CoA, disrupted white matter integrity with activated microglia and altered synaptic plasticity and morphology. Finally, quantitative proteomic and acetyl-proteomic analyses revealed differential adaptations in the hippocampus and cortex.

Overall, our study reinforces the connection between aberrant cytosolic-to-endoplasmic reticulum acetyl-CoA flux and the development of an autistic-like phenotype.
Cognitive ocular motor deficits and white matter damage chronically after sports-related concussion
Authors: Symons Georgia F , Clough Meaghan , Mutimer Steven , Major Brendan P , O’Brien William T , Costello Daniel , McDonald Stuart J , Chen Zhibin , White Owen , Mychasiuk Richelle , Law Meng , Wright David K , O’Brien Terence J , Fielding Joanne , Kolbe Scott C , Shultz Sandy R
Published: September 2021

A history of concussion has been linked to long-term cognitive deficits; however, the neural underpinnings of these abnormalities are poorly understood. This study recruited 26 asymptomatic male Australian footballers with a remote history of concussion (i.e. at least six months since last concussion), and 23 non-collision sport athlete controls with no history of concussion. Participants completed three ocular motor tasks (prosaccade, antisaccade and a cognitively complex switch task) to assess processing speed, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Diffusion tensor imaging data were acquired using a 3 T MRI scanner, and analysed using tract-based spatial statistics, to investigate white matter abnormalities and how they relate to ocular motor performance. Australian footballers had significantly slower adjusted antisaccade latencies compared to controls (P = 0.035). A significant switch cost (i.e. switch trial error > repeat trial error) was also found on the switch task, with Australian footballers performing increased magnitude of errors on prosaccade switch trials relative to prosaccade repeat trials (P = 0.023). Diffusion tensor imaging analysis found decreased fractional anisotropy, a marker of white matter damage, in major white matter tracts (i.e. corpus callosum, corticospinal tract) in Australian footballers relative to controls. Notably, a larger prosaccade switch cost was significantly related to reduced fractional anisotropy in anterior white matter regions found to connect to the prefrontal cortex (i.e. a key cortical ocular motor centre involved in executive functioning and task switching). Taken together, Australian footballers with a history of concussion have ocular motor deficits indicative of poorer cognitive processing speed and cognitive flexibility, which are related to reduce white matter integrity in regions projecting to important cognitive ocular motor structures. These findings provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms that may underly chronic cognitive impairments in individuals with a history of concussion.
Defining cardiovascular toxicities of cancer therapies: an International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS) consensus statement
Authors: Herrmann Joerg , Lenihan Daniel , Armenian Saro , Barac Ana , Blaes Anne , Cardinale Daniela , Carver Joseph , Dent Susan , Ky Bonnie , Lyon Alexander R , López-Fernández Teresa , Fradley Michael G , Ganatra Sarju , Curigliano Giuseppe , Mitchell Joshua D , Minotti Giorgio , Lang Ninian N , Liu Jennifer E , Neilan Tomas G , Nohria Anju , O'Quinn Rupal , Pusic Iskra , Porter Charles , Reynolds Kerry L , Ruddy Kathryn J , Thavendiranathan Paaladinesh , Valent Peter
Published: September 2021

The discipline of Cardio-Oncology has seen tremendous growth over the past decade. It is devoted to the cardiovascular (CV) care of the cancer patient, especially to the mitigation and management of CV complications or toxicities of cancer therapies, which can have profound implications on prognosis. To that effect, many studies have assessed CV toxicities in patients undergoing various types of cancer therapies; however, direct comparisons have proven difficult due to lack of uniformity in CV toxicity endpoints. Similarly, in clinical practice, there can be substantial differences in the understanding of what constitutes CV toxicity, which can lead to significant variation in patient management and outcomes. This document addresses these issues and provides consensus definitions for the most commonly reported CV toxicities, including cardiomyopathy/heart failure and myocarditis, vascular toxicity, and hypertension, as well as arrhythmias and QTc prolongation. The current document reflects a harmonizing review of the current landscape in CV toxicities and the definitions used to define these. This consensus effort aims to provide a structure for definitions of CV toxicity in the clinic and for future research. It will be important to link the definitions outlined herein to outcomes in clinical practice and CV endpoints in clinical trials. It should facilitate communication across various disciplines to improve clinical outcomes for cancer patients with CV diseases.
Quantifying the impact of regional variations in COVID-19 infections and hospitalizations across Ireland
Authors: Roe M , Wall P , Mallon P , Sundaram D , Kumawat J , Horgan M
Published: September 2021

Background

As most COVID-19 transmission occurs locally, targeted measures where the likelihood of infection and hospitalization is highest may be a prudent risk management strategy. To date, in the Republic of Ireland, a regional comparison of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations has not been completed. Here, we investigate (i) the variation in rates of confirmed infection and hospital admissions within geographical units of the Republic of Ireland and (ii) frequency of deviations in risk of infection or risk of hospitalization.

Methods

We analyzed routinely collected, publicly available data available from the National Health Protection and Surveillance Centre and Health Service Executive from nine geographical units, known as Community Health Organization areas. The observational period included 206 14-day periods (1 September 2020–15 April 2021).

Results

A total of 206 844 laboratory-confirmed cases and 7721 hospitalizations were reported. The national incidence of confirmed infections was 4508 [95% confidence interval (CI) 4489–4528] per 100 000 people. The risk of hospital admission among confirmed cases was 3.7% (95% CI 3.5–3.9). Across geographical units, the likelihood that rolling 14-day risk of infection or hospitalization exceeded national levels was 9–86% and 0–88%, respectively. In the most affected regions, we estimate this resulted in an excess of 15 180 infections and 1920 hospitalizations.

Conclusions

Responses to future COVID-19 outbreaks should consider the risk and harm of infection posed to people living in specific regions. Given the recent surges of COVID-19 cases in Europe, every effort should be made to strengthen local surveillance and to tailor community-centred measures to control transmission.
Epidemiology and Clinical Impact of Respiratory Coinfections at Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia
Authors: Lécuyer Romain , Issa Nahema , Tessoulin Benoit , Lavergne Rose-Anne , Morio Florent , Gabriel Frederic , Canet Emmanuel , Bressollette-Bodin Céline , Guillouzouic Aurélie , Boutoille David , Raffi François , Lecomte Raphael , Le Turnier Paul , Deschanvres Colin , Camou Fabrice , Gaborit Benjamin Jean ,   PRONOCYSTIS Study Group, Raffi Francois , Boutoille David , Biron Charlotte , Lefebvre Maeva , Jean Gaborit Benjamin , Le Turnier Paul , Deschanvres Colin , Lecomte Raphael , Chauveau Marie , Lécuyer Romain , Asquier-Khati Antoine , Le Pape Patrice , Morio Florent , Lavergne Rose-Anne , Jeddi Fakhri , Corvec Stéphane , Bemer Pascale , Caillon Jocelyne , Guillouzouic Aurélie , Leroy Anne-Gaëlle , Lakhal Karim , Cinotti Raphaël , Roquilly Antoine , Asehnoune Karim , Reignier Jean , Canet Emmanuel , Zambon Olivier , Seguin Amélie , Miailhe Arnaud-Félix , Xavier Blanc François , Bretonniere Cédric , Morin Paul , Camou Fabrice , Issa Nahéma , Guisset Olivier , Mourissoux Gaelle , Delhaes Laurence , Accoceberry Isabelle , Gabriel Frederic
Published: September 2021

Background

The role of respiratory coinfections at diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PcP) on clinical impact has been underestimated.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted January 2011 to April 2019 to evaluate respiratory coinfections at diagnosis of PcP patients in 2 tertiary care hospitals. Coinfection was defined by identification of pathogens from P. jirovecii-positive samples.

Results

Of 7882 respiratory samples tested for P. jirovecii during the 8-year study, 328 patients with diagnosis of PcP were included. Mean age was 56.7 (SD 14.9) years, 193 (58.8%) were male, 74 (22.6%) had positive HIV serology, 125 (38.1%) had viral coinfection, 76 (23.2%) bacterial coinfection, and 90-day mortality was 25.3%. In the overall population, 90-day mortality was independently associated with solid tumor underlying disease (odds ratio [OR], 11.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90–78.0; P = .008), sepsis-related organ failure assessment score (SOFA) at admission (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34–2.05; P< .001), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) respiratory coinfection (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.24–2.90; P = .02). Among HIV-negative patients, respiratory CMV coinfection was associated with worse prognosis, especially when treated with adjunctive corticosteroid therapy.

Conclusions

Respiratory CMV coinfection at PcP diagnosis was independently associated with increased 90-day mortality, specifically in HIV-negative patients.
Trace mineral source impacts rumen trace mineral metabolism and fiber digestion in steers fed a medium-quality grass hay diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Jalali Sam , Wagner John J , Spears Jerry W , Engle Terry Eugene
Published: September 2021

Twelve Angus steers (BW 452.8 ± 6.1 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulae were used to determine the impact of trace mineral (TM) source on digestibility, ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, ruminal soluble concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn, and relative binding strength of trace minerals located in the rumen insoluble digesta fraction. Steers were fed a medium-quality grass hay diet (DM basis: 10.8% CP, 63.1% neutral detergent fiber [NDF], 6.9 mg Cu/kg, 65.5 mg Mn/kg, and 39.4 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with protein for 21 d. Treatments consisted of either sulfate (STM) or hydroxy (HTM) sources (n = 6 steers/treatment) to provide 20, 40, and 60 mg supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn/kg DM, respectively. Following a 21-d adaptation period, total fecal output was collected for 5 d. Dry matter (P < 0.07) and CP (P < 0.06) digestibility tended to be reduced, and NDF (P < 0.04) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (P < 0.05) digestibility were reduced in STM- vs. HTM-supplemented steers. On day 6, ruminal fluid was collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-feeding and analyzed for VFA. There were no treatment x time interactions for VFA. Steers receiving HTM had less (P < 0.02) molar proportions of butyric acid and greater (P < 0.05) total VFA concentrations than STM-supplemented steers. Steers were then fed the same diet without supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn for 14 d. On day 15 steers received a pulse dose of 20 mg Cu, 40 mg Mn, and 60 mg Zn/kg DM from either STM or HTM (n = 6 steers/treatment). Ruminal samples were obtained at 2-h intervals starting at −4 and ending at 24 h relative to dosing. There was a treatment x time interaction (P < 0.03) for ruminal soluble Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 h; for Mn at 4 and 6 h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8 h post-dosing in STM compared with HTM-supplemented steers. Copper concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) at 12 and 24 h and Zn concentrations in ruminal solid digesta were greater at 24 h in HTM-supplemented steers. Upon dialysis against Tris-EDTA, the percent Zn released from digesta was greater (P < 0.05) at 12 h (P < 0.03) and 24 h (P < 0.05), and the percent Cu released was greater (P < 0.02) at 24 h post-dosing in HTM steers when compared with STM-supplemented steers. Results indicate that Cu and Zn from HTM have low solubility in the rumen and appear to be less tightly bound to ruminal solid digesta than Cu and Zn from STM. The lower ruminal soluble concentrations of Cu and Zn in steers given HTM were associated with greater fiber digestibility.
Granger Causality Testing in High-Dimensional VARs: A Post-Double-Selection Procedure
Authors: Hecq Alain , Margaritella Luca , Smeekes Stephan
Published: September 2021

We develop an LM test for Granger causality in high-dimensional (HD) vector autoregressive (VAR) models based on penalized least squares estimations. To obtain a test retaining the appropriate size after the variable selection done by the lasso, we propose a post-double-selection procedure to partial out effects of nuisance variables and establish its uniform asymptotic validity. We conduct an extensive set of Monte-Carlo simulations that show our tests perform well under different data generating processes, even without sparsity. We apply our testing procedure to find networks of volatility spillovers and we find evidence that causal relationships become clearer in HD compared to standard low-dimensional VARs.
Decreasing Incidence of Estrogen Receptor–Negative Breast Cancer in the United States: Trends by Race and Region
Authors: Davis Lynn Brittny C , Chernyavskiy Pavel , Gierach Gretchen L , Rosenberg Philip S
Published: September 2021

Background

Incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, an aggressive subtype, is highest in US African American women and in Southern residents but has decreased overall since 1992. We assessed whether ER-negative breast cancer is decreasing in all age groups and cancer registries among non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Hispanic White (HW) women.

Methods

We analyzed 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) Program registries (12 for 1992-2016; 5 for 2000-2016) to assess NHW, NHB, and HW trends by ER status and age group (30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-69 years, 70-84 years). We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models that account for sparse data, which improve estimates to quantify between-registry heterogeneity in mean incidence rates and age-adjusted trends vs SEER overall.

Results

Overall, ER-negative incidence was highest in NHB, then NHW and HW women, and decreased from 1992-2016 in each age group and racial or ethnic group. The greatest decrease was for HW women aged 40-49 years, with an annual percent change of –3.5%/y (95% credible interval = −4.4%, −2.7%) averaged over registries. The trend heterogeneity was statistically significant in every race or ethnic and age group. Furthermore, the incidence relative risks by race or ethnicity compared with the race-specific SEER average were also statistically significantly heterogeneous across the majority of registries and age groups (62 of 68 strata). The greatest heterogeneity was seen in HW women, followed by NHB women, and the least in NHW women.

Conclusions

Decreasing ER-negative breast cancer incidence differs meaningfully by US region and age among NHB and HW women. Analytical studies including minority women from higher and lower incidence areas may provide insights into breast cancer racial disparities.
Shoring up economic refugees: Venezuelan migrants in the Ecuadoran labor market
Authors: Olivieri Sergio , Ortega Francesc , Rivadeneira Ana , Carranza Eliana
Published: September 2021

Ecuador became the third largest receiver of the 4.3 million Venezuelans who left their country in the last five years, hosting around 10 per cent of them. Little is known about the characteristics of these migrants and their labor market outcomes. This article fills this gap by analyzing a new large survey (EPEC). On average, Venezuelan workers are highly skilled and have high rates of employment, compared with Ecuadorans. However, their employment is of much lower quality, characterized by low wages, and high rates of informality and temporality. Venezuelans have experienced significant occupational downgrading, relative to their employment prior to emigration. As a result, despite their high educational attainment, Venezuelans primarily compete for jobs with the least skilled and more economically vulnerable Ecuadoran workers. Our simulations suggest that measures that allow Venezuelans to obtain employment that matches their skills, such as facilitating the conversion of education credentials, would increase Ecuador’s GDP between 1.6 and 1.9 per cent and alleviate the pressure on disadvantaged native workers. We also show that providing work permits to Venezuelan workers would substantially reduce their rates of informality and increase their average earnings.
When outliers are different
Authors: Katz J I
Published: September 2021

When does the presence of an outlier in some measured property indicate that the outlying object differs qualitatively, rather than quantitatively, from other members of its apparent class? Historical astronomical examples include the many types of supernovae and short versus long gamma-ray bursts. A qualitative difference implies that some parameter has a characteristic scale, and hence its distribution cannot be a power law (that can have no such scale). If the distribution is a power law, the objects differ only quantitatively. The applicability of a power law to an empirical distribution may be tested by comparing the most extreme member to its next-most extreme. The probability distribution of their ratio is calculated, and compared to data for stars, radio and X-ray sources, and the fluxes, fluences, and rotation measures of fast radio bursts (FRBs). It is found with high statistical significance that the giant outburst of soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20 differed qualitatively from its lesser outbursts and FRB 200428 differed qualitatively from other FRBs (by location in the Galaxy), but that in some supernova remnant models of rotation measure FRB 121102 is not, statistically significantly, an outlier.
Meteor shower radiant dispersions in Global Meteor Network data
Authors: Moorhead Althea V , Clements Tiffany , Vida Denis
Published: September 2021

Meteor showers occur when streams of meteoroids originating from a common source intersect the Earth. There will be small dissimilarities between the direction of motion of different meteoroids within a stream, and these small differences will act to broaden the radiant, or apparent point of origin, of the shower. This dispersion in meteor radiant can be particularly important when considering the effect of the Earth’s gravity on the stream, as it limits the degree of enhancement of the stream’s flux due to gravitational focusing. In this paper, we present measurements of the radiant dispersion of 12 showers using observations from the Global Meteor Network. We find that the median offset of individual meteors from the shower radiant ranges from 0.32○ for the eta Aquariids to 1.41○ for the Southern Taurids. We also find that there is a small but statistically significant drift in Sun-centred ecliptic radiant and/or geocentric speed over time for most showers. Finally, we compare radiant dispersion with shower duration and find that, in contrast with previous results, the two quantities are not correlated in our data.
The GOGREEN survey: transition galaxies and the evolution of environmental quenching
Authors: McNab Karen , Balogh Michael L , van der Burg Remco F J , Forestell Anya , Webb Kristi , Vulcani Benedetta , Rudnick Gregory , Muzzin Adam , Cooper M C , McGee Sean , Biviano Andrea , Cerulo Pierluigi , Chan Jeffrey C C , De Lucia Gabriella , Demarco Ricardo , Finoguenov Alexis , Forrest Ben , Golledge Caelan , Jablonka Pascale , Lidman Chris , Nantais Julie , Old Lyndsay , Pintos-Castro Irene , Poggianti Bianca , Reeves Andrew M M , Wilson Gillian , Yee Howard K C , Zaritsky Dennis
Published: September 2021

We measure the rate of environmentally driven star formation quenching in galaxies at z ∼ 1, using eleven massive ($M\approx 2\times 10^{14}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$) galaxy clusters spanning a redshift range 1.0 < z < 1.4 from the GOGREEN sample. We identify three different types of transition galaxies: ‘green valley’ (GV) galaxies identified from their rest-frame (NUV − V) and (V − J) colours; ‘blue quiescent’ (BQ) galaxies, found at the blue end of the quiescent sequence in (U − V) and (V − J) colour; and spectroscopic post-starburst (PSB) galaxies. We measure the abundance of these galaxies as a function of stellar mass and environment. For high-stellar mass galaxies (log M/M⊙ > 10.5) we do not find any significant excess of transition galaxies in clusters, relative to a comparison field sample at the same redshift. It is likely that such galaxies were quenched prior to their accretion in the cluster, in group, filament, or protocluster environments. For lower stellar mass galaxies (9.5 < log M/M⊙ < 10.5) there is a small but significant excess of transition galaxies in clusters, accounting for an additional ∼5–10 per cent of the population compared with the field. We show that our data are consistent with a scenario in which 20–30 per cent of low-mass, star-forming galaxies in clusters are environmentally quenched every Gyr, and that this rate slowly declines from z = 1 to z = 0. While environmental quenching of these galaxies may include a long delay time during which star formation declines slowly, in most cases this must end with a rapid (τ < 1 Gyr) decline in star formation rate.
Progenitor-mass-dependent yields amplify intrinsic scatter in dwarf-galaxy elemental abundance ratios
Authors: Muley Dhruv A , Wheeler Coral R , Hopkins Philip F , Wetzel Andrew , Emerick Andrew , Kereš Dušan
Published: September 2021

We explore the effect of including progenitor mass- and metallicity-dependent yields, supernova rates and energetics on variations in elemental abundance ratios (particularly [α/Fe]) in dwarf galaxies. To understand how the scatter and overall trends in [α/Fe] are affected by including variable metal yields from a discretely sampled initial mass function, we run FIRE simulations of a dwarf galaxy (M⋆(z = 0$) \sim 10^6\rm \, M_{\odot })$ using nucleosynthetic yields from the NuGrid data base that depend on the stellar progenitor mass and metallicity. While NuGrid exhibits lower aggregate α-element production than default FIRE yields, we find that its explicit mass dependence, even when including turbulent metal diffusion, substantially widens the intrinsic scatter in the simulated [Fe/H]-[α/Fe] – a phenomenon visible in some observations of dwarf galaxies.
Dynamical stability of giant planets: the critical adiabatic index in the presence of a solid core
Authors: Kundu Suman Kumar , Coughlin Eric R , Youdin Andrew N , Armitage Philip J
Published: September 2021

The dissociation and ionization of hydrogen, during the formation of giant planets via core accretion, reduce the effective adiabatic index γ of the gas and could trigger dynamical instability. We generalize the analysis of Chandrasekhar, who determined that the threshold for instability of a self-gravitating hydrostatic body lies at γ = 4/3, to account for the presence of a planetary core, which we model as an incompressible fluid. We show that the dominant effect of the core is to stabilize the envelope to radial perturbations, in some cases completely (i.e. for all γ > 1). When instability is possible, unstable planetary configurations occupy a strip of γ values whose upper boundary falls below γ = 4/3. Fiducial evolutionary tracks of giant planets forming through core accretion appear unlikely to cross the dynamical instability strip that we define.
Nitrogen evolution in the halo, thick disc, thin disc, and bulge of the Galaxy
Authors: Grisoni V , Matteucci F , Romano D
Published: September 2021

We study the evolution of nitrogen (N) in the Galactic halo, thick disc, thin disc, and bulge by comparing detailed chemical evolution models with recent observations. The models used in this work have already been constrained to explain the abundance patterns of α-elements and the metallicity distribution functions of halo, disc, and bulge stars; here, we adopt them to investigate the origin and evolution of N in the different Galactic components. First, we consider different sets of yields and study the importance of the various channels proposed for N production. Secondly, we apply the reference models to study the evolution of both the Galactic discs and bulge. We conclude that: i) primary N produced by rotating massive stars is required to reproduce the plateau in log(N/O) and [N/Fe] ratios at low metallicity, as well as the secondary and primary production from low- and intermediate-mass stars to reproduce the data of the thin disc; ii) the parallel model can provide a good explanation of the evolution of N abundance in the thick and thin discs, and we confirm that the thick disc has evolved much faster than the thin disc, in agreement with the results from the abundance patterns of other chemical elements; and iii) finally, we present new model predictions for N evolution in the Galactic bulge, and we show that the observations in bulge stars can be explained if massive stars rotate fast during the earliest phases of Galactic evolution, in agreement with findings from the abundance pattern of carbon.
Resolving local and global kinematic signatures of satellite mergers with billion particle simulations
Authors: Hunt Jason A S , Stelea Ioana A , Johnston Kathryn V , Gandhi Suroor S , Laporte Chervin F P , Bédorf Jeroen
Published: September 2021

In this work, we present two new ∼109 particle self-consistent simulations of the merger of a Sagittarius-like dwarf galaxy with a Milky Way (MW)-like disc galaxy. One model is a violent merger creating a thick disc, and a Gaia–Enceladus/Sausage-like remnant. The other is a highly stable disc which we use to illustrate how the improved phase space resolution allows us to better examine the formation and evolution of structures that have been observed in small, local volumes in the MW, such as the z−vz phase spiral and clustering in the vR−vϕ plane when compared to previous works. The local z−vz phase spirals are clearly linked to the global asymmetry across the disc: we find both 2-armed and 1-armed phase spirals, which are related to breathing and bending behaviours, respectively. Hercules-like moving groups are common, clustered in vR−vϕ in local data samples in the simulation. These groups migrate outwards from the inner galaxy, matching observed metallicity trends even in the absence of a galactic bar. We currently release the best-fitting ‘present-day’ merger snapshots along with the unperturbed galaxies for comparison.
Halo cluster shapes: insights from simulated galaxies and ICL with prospects for weak lensing applications
Authors: Gonzalez Elizabeth J , Ragone-Figueroa Cinthia , Donzelli Carlos J , Makler Martín , García Lambas Diego , Granato Gian Luigi
Published: September 2021

We present a detailed study of the shapes and alignments of different galaxy cluster components using hydrodynamical simulations. We compute shape parameters from the dark matter (DM) distribution, the galaxy members and the intracluster light (ICL). We assess how well the DM cluster shape can be constrained by means of the identified galaxy member positions and the ICL. Further, we address the dilution factor introduced when estimating the cluster elongation using weak-lensing stacking techniques, which arises due to the misalignment between the total surface mass distribution and the distribution of luminous tracers. The dilution is computed considering the alignment between the DM and the brightest cluster galaxy, the galaxy members and the ICL. Our study shows that distributions of galaxy members and ICL are less spherical than the DM component, although both are well aligned with the semimajor axis of the latter. We find that the distribution of galaxy members hosted in more concentrated subhaloes is more elongated than the distribution of the DM. Moreover, these galaxies are better aligned with the DM component compared to the distribution of galaxies hosted in less concentrated subhaloes. We conclude that the positions of galaxy members can be used as suitable tracers to estimate the cluster surface density orientation, even when a low number of members is considered. Our results provide useful information for interpreting the constraints on the shapes of galaxy clusters in observational studies.
Assessing the sources of reionization: a spectroscopic case study of a 30× lensed galaxy at z ∼ 5 with Lyα, C iv, Mg ii, and [Ne iii]
Authors: Witstok Joris , Smit Renske , Maiolino Roberto , Curti Mirko , Laporte Nicolas , Massey Richard , Richard Johan , Swinbank Mark
Published: September 2021

We present a detailed spectroscopic analysis of a galaxy at z ≃ 4.88 that is, by chance, magnified ∼30× by gravitational lensing. Only three sources at z ≳ 5 are known with such high magnification. This particular source has been shown to exhibit widespread, high equivalent width ${{\rm C\, \small {IV}}}\ \lambda 1549\, \mathring{\rm A}$ emission, implying it is a unique example of a metal-poor galaxy with a hard radiation field, likely representing the galaxy population responsible for cosmic reionization. Using ultraviolet (UV) nebular line ratio diagnostics, Very Large Telescope (VLT)/X-shooter observations rule out strong active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity, indicating a stellar origin of the hard radiation field instead. We present a new detection of ${[{\rm Ne\, \small {III}}]}\ \lambda 3870\, \mathring{\rm A}$ and use the [${\rm Ne\, \small {III}}$]/[${\rm O\, \small {II}}$] line ratio to constrain the ionization parameter and gas-phase metallicity. Closely related to the commonly used [${\rm O\, \small {III}}$]/[${\rm O\, \small {II}}$] ratio, our [${\rm Ne\, \small {III}}$]/[${\rm O\, \small {II}}$] measurement shows this source is similar to local ‘Green Pea’ galaxies and Lyman-continuum leakers. It furthermore suggests this galaxy is more metal poor than expected from the fundamental metallicity relation, possibly as a consequence of excess gas accretion diluting the metallicity. Finally, we present the highest redshift detection of ${{\rm Mg\, \small {II}}}\ \lambda 2796\, \mathring{\rm A}$, observed at high equivalent width in emission, in contrast to more evolved systems predominantly exhibiting ${\rm Mg\, \small {II}}$ absorption. Strong ${\rm Mg\, \small {II}}$ emission has been observed in most z ∼ 0 Lyman-continuum leakers known and has recently been proposed as an indirect tracer of escaping ionizing radiation. In conclusion, this strongly lensed galaxy, observed just $300\, \mathrm{Myr}$ after reionization ends, enables testing of observational diagnostics proposed to constrain the physical properties of distant galaxies in the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) era.
Effects of dust particles charged by inelastic collisions and by photoionization on Alfvén waves in a stellar wind
Authors: De Toni L B , Gaelzer R
Published: September 2021

Using a kinetic description of a homogeneous magnetized dusty plasma with Maxwellian distribution of electrons and protons and dust particles charged by inelastic collisions and by photoionization, we analyse the dispersion relation considering the case where waves and radiation propagate exactly parallel to the ambient magnetic field. The investigation emphasizes the changes that the photoionization process brings to the propagation and damping of the waves in a stellar wind environment, since Alfvén waves are believed to play a significant role in the heating and acceleration processes that take place in the wind. The results show that, in the presence of dust with negative equilibrium electrical charge, the Alfvén mode decouples into the whistler and ion cyclotron modes for all values of wavenumber, but when dust particles acquire neutral or positive values of electrical charge, these modes may couple for certain values of wavenumber. It is also seen that the whistler and ion cyclotron modes present null group velocity in an interval of small wavenumber, and that the maximum value of wavenumber for which the waves are non-propagating is reduced in the presence of the photoionization process. For very small values of wavenumber, the damping rates of the modes could change significantly from very small to very high values if the sign of the dust electrical charge is changed.
The search for failed supernovae with the Large Binocular Telescope: a new candidate and the failed SN fraction with 11 yr of data
Authors: Neustadt J M M , Kochanek C S , Stanek K Z , Basinger C , Jayasinghe T , Garling C T , Adams S M , Gerke J
Published: September 2021

We present updated results of the Large Binocular Telescope Search for Failed Supernovae. This search monitors luminous stars in 27 nearby galaxies with a current baseline of 11 yr of data. We re-discover the failed supernova (SN) candidate N6946-BH1 as well as a new candidate, M101-OC1. M101-OC1 is a blue supergiant that rapidly disappears in optical wavelengths with no evidence for significant obscuration by warm dust. While we consider other options, a good explanation for the fading of M101-OC1 is a failed SN, but follow-up observations are needed to confirm this. Assuming only one clearly detected failed SN, we find a failed SN fraction $f = 0.16^{+0.23}_{-0.12}$ at 90 per cent confidence. We also report on a collection of stars that show slow (∼decade), large amplitude (ΔL/L > 3) luminosity changes.