bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Electrocautery on Transvenous Lead Insulation Materials
Authors: LIM KIAM‐KHIANG , REDDY SHANTANU , DESAI SHROJAL , SMELLEY MATTHEW , KIM SUSAN S. , BESHAI JOHN F. , LIN ALBERT C. , BURKE MARTIN C. , KNIGHT BRADLEY P.
Published: November 2008

Introduction:
Insulation defects are a leading cause of transvenous lead failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of electrocautery on transvenous lead insulation materials.

Methods:
A preparation was done to simulate dissection of a transvenous lead from tissues. Radiofrequency energy was delivered using a standard cautery blade at outputs of 10, 20, and 30 W, for 3 and 6 seconds, using parallel and perpendicular blade orientations on leads with outermost insulations of silicone rubber, polyurethane, and silicone–polyurethane copolymer. Damage to each lead segment was classified after visual and microscopic analysis.

Results:
Significant insulation damage occurred to almost all polyurethane leads. Full insulation breaches were observed with 30 W regardless of application duration with a parallel direction and with all power outputs with a perpendicular direction. Thermal insulation damage to copolymer insulation was similar to that of the polyurethane leads. In contrast, there was no thermal damage to silicone leads, regardless of the power output and duration of power delivery. However, mechanical insulation damage was observed to all silicone leads when at least 20 W was applied in a direction perpendicular to the lead.

Conclusions:
Polyurethane (PU55D) and copolymer materials have low thermal stability and are highly susceptible to thermal damage during cautery. Implanting physicians should be aware of the lead insulation materials being used during implant procedures and their properties. The use of direct contact cautery on transvenous leads should be minimized to avoid damage to the lead, especially on leads with polyurethane or copolymer outer insulations.
Smart growth strategies, transportation and urban sprawl: simulated futures for Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: BEHAN KEVIN , MAOH HANNA , KANAROGLOU PAVLOS
Published: November 2008

North American cities have undergone dramatic changes over the last century. Locations that were once inconvenient have become accessible through extensive road networks leading to population decentralization from the traditional urban centre to suburbia, creating polycentric sprawls from once monocentric communities. Hamilton, Ontario is one such city. The decentralization and urban decline of the city is widely attributed to sprawling development. This change in the sociospatial structure creates challenges for transportation planners as we see greater automobile dependency, greater commuting distances and increased congestion. Smart growth policies such as urban residential intensification (URI) aim to increase population densities in the urban core. This exploratory study estimates the benefits of such policies from a transportation aspect. It is predicted that the City of Hamilton will experience household growth of approximately 80,000 households over the period 2005–2031. Using IMULATE, an integrated urban transportation and land‐use model, a variety of development scenarios model this anticipated growth. Changes in vehicular emissions, traffic congestion and energy consumption as a result of URI are examined. Models of the land‐use/transportation relationship demonstrate how increasing population densities within a city's urban centre drastically reduce congestion, emissions and gasoline consumption.
Religious transnationalism among Ghanaian immigrants in Toronto: a binary logistic regression analysis
Authors: MENSAH JOSEPH
Published: November 2008

Thanks to pioneering work within anthropology, students of international migration acknowledge that most immigrants do not sever their ties with the homeland, but rather maintain them through a variety of cross‐border relationships. While scholarly work has proliferated, since the early 1990s, over the transnational economic and political activities of immigrants, to date, only few analysts have examined the religious practices with which immigrants sustain memberships in multiple locations. In addition, most available studies on transnational migration has dwelled on qualitative methods, such as participant observation, focus groups discussions and in‐depth interviews with a handful of informants, with little or no inclination towards the quantitative measurement of key variables implicated in the process. The prevalence of ethnographic methods in this area of research has, quite understandably, engendered charges of exaggeration, given the tendency of such techniques ‘to sample on the dependent variable’, to borrow the phrase of Alejandro Portes. Using data collected from a survey among Ghanaian immigrant congregations in Toronto, this study seeks to statistically predict the propensity to engage in transnational religious practices by way of a binary logistic regression analysis. In addition, the study examines how the transnational religious activities of the sampled immigrants relate to, overlap with, and differ from other kinds of transnational practices they pursue.
Maastritchian Limestones of Feriana Mountain used in White Cement Production (Central West Tunisia)
Authors: Aloui Tahar , Ounis Anouar , Chaabani Fredj
Published: November 2008

The Campanian to early Maastrichtian period is marked by important deposits of limestones in most parts of Tunisia and Algeria. These limestones form the so‐called “Abiod formation”. The present paper focuses on the ability of limestones of Feriana Mountain (Jebel Feriana), Central West part of Tunisia, to produce high‐quality white cement clinker. From detailed experimental and analytical techniques' data, the limestones of Abiod formation are particularly characterized by a high purity degree and whiteness index. They have a bright white color with a slight visible tendency toward yellow‐red. Based on Bogue calculation, X‐ray diffraction, and microscopical point‐count methods, these particular limestones can conveniently form a white Portland cement when mixed with ∼12.5% of Neogene sands of Maamoura syncline and 7–10% by weight of common Mediterranean kaolins.
Preoxidation and Crack‐Healing Behavior of ZrB2–SiC Ceramic Composite
Authors: Zhang Xinghong , Xu Lin , Du Shanyi , Han Wenbo , Han Jiecai
Published: November 2008

Structural ceramics, including ultrahigh‐temperature ceramics such as zirconium diboride (ZrB2) and hafnium diboride (HfB2), are brittle and sensitive to flaws. As a result, the structural integrity of this ceramic component may be affected seriously. In this paper, a novelty technique namely preoxidation was proposed to overcome this problem. A ZrB2‐based composite containing 20 vol% SiC whisker was produced by hot pressing. The composite was preoxidized at temperatures of 800° and 1200°C for various times ranging from 10 to 180 min in air. The flexural strength and microstructure of specimens were investigated systematically under each preoxidation condition. The strength was improved after preoxidation, with a maximum increase of strength (15%) for samples after preoxidizing at 800°C for 180 min. Microstructure analysis suggested that the increase in strength was due to the self‐crack‐healing behavior of the composite by surface oxide glass, such as B2O3‐, SiO2‐rich liquids, and borosilicate glass. However, oxide evaporation and formation of gas (i.e., B2O3 and CO) were found to be detrimental to for the crack‐healing ability. Oxidation behavior during the preoxidation process followed parabolic‐law kinetics.
Rate of Bonelike Apatite Formation Accelerated on Polarized Porous Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Iwasaki Takeshi , Tanaka Yumi , Nakamura Miho , Nagai Akiko , Hashimoto Kazuaki , Toda Yoshitomo , Katayama Keiichi , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: November 2008

To estimate the polarization effect in porous hydroxyapatite (HA), bonelike apatite formations on the unpolarized and polarized pore walls in simulated body fluid (SBF) were compared by emphasizing the relationship between the deposition rate and the depth position of the pores. Two kinds of HA ceramics, which were commercial porous HA for a bone substitute with a porosity of 75% (∅ 11 mm × 2 mm; D11/2) and a dense HA block with one drilled through‐hole (5 mm × 5 mm × 20 mm, hole diameter of 2.5 mm; Th20), were used for the investigation. During the immersion in SBF for 1–9 d, the weight of unpolarized and polarized D11/2 increased almost linearly with time. The rates of increment were calculated to be 0.3 and 0.5 mass% d−1 for unpolarized and polarized D11/2, showing that the bonelike apatite formation on the polarized D11/2 was accelerated. The linear increase in polarized D11/2 revealed that the polarization effect was active at least for 9 d, even after the new deposits covered the original surfaces. According to SEM observations, the thickness of the bonelike apatite layer on the pore walls located at the negatively charged side of polarized D11/2 was thicker than that on the unpolarized one. In contrast, the layer located at the positively charged side was thinner than that on the unpolarized one when the pore position was shallow from the topmost surface. The thinner layer near the positively charged surface, however, turned into a thicker layer with increasing depth, and finally coincided with the thickness on the negatively charged surface at a position deeper than 0.6 mm from the surface. This indicated the formation of complex mixing of the negatively and positively charged surfaces on the internal pore walls. In the case of Th20, the crystal growth of the bonelike apatite was promoted on the hole walls of polarized Th20 compared with that on the unpolarized hole wall regardless of the wall position. It also shows that the bonelike apatite formation can be enhanced on the polarized walls, where the negatively and positively charged surfaces are mixed in the same plane.
Ties that Bind: Cultural Interpretations of Delayed Adulthood in Western Europe and Japan1
Authors: Newman Katherine S.
Published: November 2008

Throughout the developed world, young adults hit hard by declining labor market opportunities and rising housing costs have been staying in the natal home. Particularly hard hit are the weak welfare states of southern Europe and Japan, while the social democracies have continued to support the residential independence of young people at very early ages. This article considers the divergent cultural interpretations of this pattern of “delayed departure” in order to show that the same demographic configurations may be coded quite differently.
Are They Really Mama’s Boys/Daddy’s Girls? The Negotiation of Adulthood upon Returning to the Parental Home
Authors: Sassler Sharon , Ciambrone Desiree , Benway Gaelan
Published: November 2008

This article explores how living with parents affects the ways emerging adults construct their self‐identity. Data are from in‐depth interviews with 30 young adults who returned to live with their origin family after a period of residential autonomy. Respondents perceive adulthood as a psychological state, attained through a process of assuming responsibility for one’s actions and learning how to interact with other adults (particularly parents) from a position of equality. Nonetheless, an economic component remains important, mentioned by respondents who contributed to the family economy and those who sought to avoid doing so. Successfully viewing oneself as an adult is gendered, with daughters less likely to perceive themselves as equals in interactions with parents.
Global Human Rights and State Sovereignty: State Ratification of International Human Rights Treaties, 1965–20011
Authors: Wotipka Christine Min , Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: November 2008

This research seeks to understand the factors that lead nation‐states to ratify international human rights treaties in the contemporary world, despite their potential cost for state sovereignty. We argue that normative pressure from international society, along with historical contingencies during the Cold War, encouraged many states to ratify these treaties. We present an event‐history analysis of ratification of seven key international human rights treaties in 164 countries in the period between 1965 and 2001. The results lend support to the world society argument as well as to our historical argument and also specify that normative pressure and imitation have been important factors shaping states’ decisions to ratify international human rights treaties.
Sociologist Austin Turk and Policing: Structural Reinforcers and Reversals of the Positional Authority of Police
Authors: Kowalski Brian R. , Lundman Richard J.
Published: November 2008

AustinTurk (1969)offers a distinctly sociological explanation of policing by theorizing that structural reinforcers (e.g., older police officer, younger citizen) and reversals (e.g., younger police officer, older citizen) of the situationally absolute positional authority of police officers affect the relationship between police officers and citizens. To this point, however, there have been only three direct tests of Turk’s theory (Greenleaf and Lanza‐Kaduce, 1995;Lanza‐Kaduce and Greenleaf, 2000;Weidner and Terrill, 2005). All have examined overt conflict and the results are mixed. The present research therefore adds a fourth test ofTurk’s (1969)theory to the sociological literature by examining the effects of structural reinforcers and reversals on citizens’ perceptions of the legitimacy and propriety of police actions during routine traffic stop encounters. Net of control measures, including the legal reason for the traffic stop, and extra‐legal measures, such as driver gender, the data provide modest to strong support for parts ofTurk’s (1969)theory and absolutely no support for others. The conclusion of the present study is that more research is needed to determine whetherTurk (1969)is correct in theorizing that there is a sociology, and not just a social psychology, to police‐citizen encounters.
Effect of the dental adhesive, 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin, on adhesion and keratinization of regenerating oral epithelium
Authors: Tsuchiya Y. , Muramatsu T. , Masaoka T. , Hashimoto S. , Shimono M.
Published: November 2008

Background and Objective:  The 4‐META/MMA‐TBB [4‐(2‐methacryloxyethyl)trimellitic anhydride/methyl methacrylate‐tributylborane] resin is widely used as a dental adhesive. It has also been applied in the dressing of gingival wound surfaces following periodontal surgery. However, its effect on the regeneration and/or cell attachment of the oral epithelium remains to be clarified. To evaluate the effect of the resin applied as a wound dressing, we investigated expression of laminin 5, integrin β4 and cytokeratin 14 in regenerating oral epithelium treated with this resin following gingivectomy from the viewpoint of cell attachment and differentiation.

Material and Methods:  The resin was applied to the entire wound surface in rats after gingival surgery, and regenerating epithelium was examined immediately and at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days later. The resin was removed 2 weeks after application in some animals and tissue further examined at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days later.

Results:  Regenerating epithelium under the resin was not keratinized, but became keratinized immediately after removal of the resin. Laminin 5 and integrin β4 were immunolocalized in the basal lamina, the internal basal lamina, in marginal cells of the regenerating epithelium and at the resin–regenerating epithelium interface. Cytokeratin 14 localized in the regenerating epithelium underneath the resin, as well as in healthy and regenerated junctional epithelial cells.

Conclusion:  These results suggest that this resin covers the wound surface and that the regenerating epithelium biologically adheres to the resin during the initial process of its regeneration.
Novel Use of the Gigli Saw for Management of Penile Entrapment
Authors: Eaton Samuel H. , Dickstein Rian J. , Wiygul Jeremy B.
Published: November 2008

Introduction

Penile entrapment is a rare clinical entity requiring urgent and efficient management. If left untreated, it may result in vascular compromise to penile soft tissue structures. Management poses unique challenges to the treating physician through variable presentation as well as the lack of specifically designed treatment options.

Aim

This article describes the use of the Gigli saw for management of penile entrapment.

Main Outcome Measures and Methods

We employed the Gigli saw to remove an entrapped metallic peno-scrotal constriction ring.

Results

We successfully removed the entrapped ring with no noted immediate complications.

Conclusions

The Gigli saw can be safely used, and represents an easily available and potentially effective option in the management of penile entrapment.
The Study on Carbon Nanofiber (CNF)‐Dispersed B4C Composites
Authors: Hirota Ken , Nakayama Yoshihiro , Kato Masaki , Nakane Shingo , Nishimura Toshiyuki
Published: November 2008

Carbon nanofiber (CNF)‐dispersed B4C composites have been synthesized and consolidated directly from mixtures of elemental raw powders by pulsed electric current pressure sintering (1800°C/10 min/30 MPa). A 15 vol% CNF/B4C composite with ∼99% of dense homogeneous microstructures (∼0.40 μm grains) revealed excellent mechanical properties at room temperature and high temperatures: a high bending strength (σb) of ∼710 MPa, a Vickers hardness (Hv) of ∼36 GPa, a fracture toughness (KIC) of ∼7.9 MPa m1/2, and high‐temperature σb of 590 MPa at 1600°C in N2. Interfaces between the CNF and the B4C matrix were investigated using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, EDS, and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy.
Canadian Agricultural Programs and Policy in Transition
Authors: Schmitz Andrew
Published: November 2008

Canada does not have an agricultural policy, rather it has agricultural programs. The history of price and income stabilization programs is discussed along with supply management. Programs for the grains and oilseeds sectors have witnessed major changes while supply management has not. Canadian agricultural policy falls under the responsibility of both federal and provincial governments. As a result, farmers in Alberta, for example, receive far greater assistance than farmers in Saskatchewan. Under the new Canadian farm program (CAIS) large payments have been made to Canadian farmers even though many of the farmers who applied for CAIS payments received none.

Le Canada ne possède pas de politique agricole, mais plutôt des programmes agricoles. Le présent article porte sur l'histoire du programme de stabilisation du revenu, du programme de stabilisation des prix et de la gestion de l'offre. Contrairement à la gestion de l'offre, les programmes destinés aux secteurs des céréales et des oléagineux ont subi des modifications importantes. La politique agricole canadienne relève des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux. Par conséquent, les agriculteurs de l'Alberta, par exemple, reçoivent une aide supérieure à celle accordée aux agriculteurs de la Saskatchewan. Dans le cadre du nouveau Programme canadien de stabilisation du revenu agricole (PCSRA), certains producteurs ont reçu des paiements importants alors que de nombreux autres producteurs ayant fait une demande n'ont rien reçu.
WTO Disciplines on Domestic Support and Market Access in Agri‐Food Supply Chains
Authors: Gervais Jean‐Philippe , Larue Bruno , Lapan Harvey E.
Published: November 2008

Multilateral negotiations on agriculture in the WTO are making very little progress as developed economies are reluctant to bind trade‐distorting domestic support and import tariffs at levels acceptable to developing countries. This paper presents the basic Bagwell–Staiger framework as it relates to agricultural trade negotiations. In its basic version, market access commitments are sufficient to achieve efficient trade agreements. We show that vertical linkages between agricultural goods and processed food commodities may prevent countries to reach an efficient trade agreement. We argue that the features of agricultural supply chains hinder the argument that total discretion over domestic policies is appropriate.

Les négociations multilatérales de l'OMC sur l'agriculture progressent très lentement étant donné que les pays développés hésitent à maintenir un soutien interne qui fausse les échanges et des barrières tarifaires à des niveaux acceptables pour les pays en développement. Le présent article traite du modèle Bagwell–Staiger dans le contexte des négociations sur le commerce des produits agricoles. Dans sa version de base, les engagements quant à l'accès au marché sont suffisants pour permettre des échanges commerciaux efficaces. Nous montrons que les liens verticaux entre les produits agricoles et les produits alimentaires transformés peuvent empêcher les pays d'atteindre un accord commercial efficace. Nous soutenons que les caractéristiques des chaînes d'approvisionnement agricole entravent l'argument voulant que l'entière discrétion quant aux politiques intérieures soit appropriée.
High Commodity Prices and the EU's Single Payment Scheme: Some Consequences of Double‐Dipping
Authors: Schmitz Andrew , Schmitz Troy G. , Schure Paul
Published: November 2008

When negotiating agricultural policies, decisions are generally based on historical net farm income figures, which are derived from the then current price and production data. In 2003, when the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) was introduced in the EU, agricultural commodity prices were “low.” As a result the SPS is very generous when viewed in light of today's “high” agricultural commodities prices: farmers are double‐dipping. We provide an empirical assessment of the implications for compensatory payments under the SPS in combination with high commodity prices for two major EU crops: wheat and barley. Yearly compensatory payments for these two crops alone exceed $10 billion. The lesson of this result for agricultural policy reform is that the payments under the SPS should have been made more flexible and tied to future (farm gate) prices, i.e., so payouts would usually vary with changing market conditions, while still being decoupled from production decisions.

Au moment de négocier des politiques agricoles, les décisions sont généralement fondées sur les données historiques sur le revenu agricole net, lesquelles sont dérivées des prix et des données de production d'alors. En 2003, année où l'UE a mis en place le régime de paiement unique (RPU), les prix des produits agricoles étaient ≪faibles≫. Actuellement, le RPU est très généreux en raison des prix ≪élevés≫ des produits agricoles: les producteurs cumulent les avantages. Nous présentons une estimation empirique des répercussions sur les paiements compensatoires du RPU combinées aux prix élevés des produits de base pour deux grandes cultures de l'UE, à savoir le blé et l'orge. Pour ces deux cultures seulement, les paiements compensatoires annuels dépassent les dix milliards de dollars. La leçon est que les paiements versés dans le cadre du RPU auraient dûêtre plus souples et liés aux prix (à la ferme) futurs, de sorte que les versements varieraient généralement en fonction des conditions changeantes du marché tout en demeurant indépendants de la production.
European Sugar Policy Reform and Agricultural Innovation
Authors: Dillen Koen , Demont Matty , Tollens Eric
Published: November 2008

In July 2006, the European Union's (EU) Common Market Organization (CMO) for sugar underwent the first radical reform since its establishment in 1968. In this article, we study the incentives for adoption of new technologies before and after the policy reform. We build a stochastic partial equilibrium model and use it to analyze the effect of the policy reform on the adoption incentives of genetically modified herbicide tolerant sugar beet. Our findings show that the adoption incentives of high‐cost sugar beet farmers are significantly reduced under the new CMO. Medium‐cost producers, in contrast, have greater incentives to adopt new technologies, while low‐cost producers are largely left unaffected. The reduced adoption incentives of high‐cost farmers lead to lower flexibility and competitiveness of these farmers and therefore coincides with the goals of the reform to crowd out high‐cost producers and increase competitiveness of the European sugar market.

En juillet 2006, l'Organisation commune du marché (OCM) du sucre a subi sa première réforme radicale depuis sa mise en place par l'UE en 1968. Dans la présente étude, nous avons examiné les incitatifs offerts pour l'adoption de nouvelles technologies, avant et après la réforme. Nous avons élaboré un modèle stochastique d'équilibre partiel et l'avons utilisé pour analyser les répercussions de la réforme sur les incitatifs offerts pour l'adoption de variétés de betteraves sucrières génétiquement modifiées résistantes aux herbicides. Selon nos résultats, les incitatifs offerts aux producteurs de betterave sucrière ayant des coûts marginaux élevés ont significativement diminué depuis la réforme de l'OCM du sucre. Par contre, les incitatifs offerts aux producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux moyens se sont accrus, tandis que ceux offerts aux producteurs ayant de faibles coûts marginaux n'ont pas changé. La diminution des incitatifs offerts aux producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux élevés entraîne une diminution de la souplesse et de la capacité concurrentielle de ces producteurs et, par conséquent, coïncide avec les objectifs de la réforme qui visent àévincer les producteurs ayant des coûts marginaux élevés et à accroître la capacité concurrentielle du marché européen du sucre.
Geographical reflections on Sir Edmund Hillary (1919–2008)
Authors: Andrews Gavin J. , Kingsbury Paul
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  During the past year, the media, public and officialdom have focused on Sir Edmund Hillary, his achievements, and what they mean to New Zealand. In this commentary, we reflect on how they relate to human geography. Although we acknowledge the obvious tensions that exist between adventuring and the contemporary concerns of the discipline, we also illustrate how Hillary's life and actions resonate with many of the discipline's current hopes, aims and challenges. Specifically, we discuss thematic overlaps in the fields of geopolitics and national identities, colonial histories and resistances, as well as the emerging public geography. We posit that ‘Hillary's geography’ is closer to human geography than is realized or at least acknowledged by geographers.
Degradation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in Honey
Authors: Fallico B. , Arena E. , Zappala M.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is the most important intermediate product of the acid‐catalyzed dehydration reaction of hexoses and/or Maillard reaction; furthermore, it is the most used index to evaluate thermal damages or ageing in food products. Usually its degradation reactions, being very slow, are neglected. This study reports the findings concerning the degradation kinetics of HMF, in honeys of different floral origin at a temperature between 25 and 50 °C. The results highlighted higher degradation rates (kHMFdegradation) compared to the corresponding formation rates (kHMFformation) in chestnut and citrus samples. Similar k‐values were found in multifloral honey. Moreover, the reaction of HMF degradation was characterized by lower activation energy (Ea) values compared to Ea formation values. The final concentration of HMF in honey, during storage at room temperature, should be ascribed to high sugar concentration. The fluctuation of HMF in honeys could depend on the equilibrium between the accumulation and the degradation processes. This can affect the validity of HMF as storage index in some honeys, above all during the analysis of those honeys whose legislation is too restrictive (citrus) or in chestnut honey analysis where it does not accumulate.
Effect of Sucrose on Physical Properties of Spray‐Dried Whole Milk Powder
Authors: Lay Ma U.V. , Ziegler G.R. , Floros J.D.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  Spray‐dried whole milk powders were prepared from whole condensed milk with various sucrose concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w), and their glass transition temperature and some physical properties of importance in chocolate manufacture were evaluated. In milk powder samples, the glass transition temperature and free‐fat content decreased in a nonlinear manner with sucrose addition. Moreover, increasing sucrose concentration reduced the formation of dents on the particle surface. Addition of sucrose in whole condensed milk increased linearly the apparent particle density and in a nonlinear manner the particle size of spray‐dried milk powders. The particle size volume distribution of milk powders with the highest sucrose concentration differed from the log‐normal distribution of the other samples due to the formation of large agglomerates. Neither vacuole volume, nor the amorphous state of milk powders was affected by sucrose addition.
Ultraviolet and Pulsed Electric Field Treatments Have Additive Effect on Inactivation of E. coli in Apple Juice
Authors: Gachovska T.K. , Kumar S. , Thippareddi H. , Subbiah J. , Williams F.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  Apple juice inoculated with Escherichia coli ATCC 23472 was processed continuously using either ultraviolet (UV), high‐voltage pulsed electric field (PEF), or a combination of the PEF and UV treatment systems. Apple juice was pumped through either of the systems at 3 flow rates (8, 14, and 20 mL/min). E. coli was reduced by 3.46 log CFU/mL when exposed in a 50 cm length of UV treatment chamber at 8 mL/min (2.94 s treatment time with a product temperature increase of 13 °C). E. coli inactivation of 4.87 log CFU/mL was achieved with a peak electric field strength of 60 kV/cm and 11.3 pulses (average pulse width of 3.5 μs, product temperature increased to 52 °C). E. coli reductions resulting from a combination treatment of UV and PEF applied sequentially were evaluated. A maximum E. coli reduction of 5.35 log CFU/mL was achieved using PEF (electrical field strength of 60 kV/cm, specific energy of 162 J/mL, and 11.3 pulses) and UV treatments (length of 50 cm, treatment time of 2.94 s, and flow rate of 8 mL/min). An additive effect was observed for the combination treatments (PEF and UV), regardless of the order of treatment (P > 0.05). E. coli reductions of 5.35 and 5.30 log CFU/mL with PEF treatment (electrical field strength of 60 kV/cm, specific energy of 162 J/mL, and 11.3 pulses) followed by UV (length of 30 cm, treatment time of 1.8 s, and flow rate of 8 mL/min) and UV treatment followed by PEF (same treatment conditions), respectively. No synergistic effect was observed.
Consumer Preferences for Mild Cheddar Cheese Flavors
Authors: Drake S.L. , Gerard P.D. , Drake M.A.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  Flavor is an important factor in consumer selection of cheeses. Mild Cheddar cheese is the classification used to describe Cheddar cheese that is not aged extensively and has a “mild” flavor. However, there is no legal definition or age limit for Cheddar cheese to be labeled mild, medium, or sharp, nor are the flavor profiles or flavor expectations of these cheeses specifically defined. The objectives of this study were to document the distinct flavor profiles among commercially labeled mild Cheddar cheeses, and to characterize if consumer preferences existed for specific mild Cheddar cheese flavors or flavor profiles. Flavor descriptive sensory profiles of a representative array of commercial Cheddar cheeses labeled as mild (n= 22) were determined using a trained sensory panel and an established cheese flavor sensory language. Nine representative Cheddar cheeses were selected for consumer testing. Consumers (n= 215) assessed the cheeses for overall liking and other consumer liking attributes. Internal preference mapping, cluster analysis, and discriminant analysis were conducted. Mild Cheddar cheeses were diverse in flavor with many displaying flavors typically associated with more age. Four distinct consumer clusters were identified. The key drivers of liking for mild Cheddar cheese were: color, cooked/milky, whey and brothy flavors, and sour taste. Consumers have distinct flavor and color preferences for mild Cheddar cheese. These results can help manufacturers understand consumer preferences for mild Cheddar cheese.
Calcium Bioavailability of Nanonized Pearl Powder for Adults
Authors: Chen H.S. , Chang J.H. , Wu J.S.B.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  The present study was aimed to evaluate the calcium bioavailability of pearl powder for humans. Both the nanonized pearl powder (NPP) and the micronized pearl powder (MPP) prepared by a dry grinder were tested. A group of healthy adults free from hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia were recruited as the subjects for oral administration with the pearl powder. The bioavailability was evaluated by the serum total calcium increment, the serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) reduction, and the urine calcium/creatinine ratio increment in 6 h after administration. The results show better absorption and retention of calcium from NPP, as reflected with the shorter time elapsed before the maximum concentration of calcium appeared in the serum, higher iPTH reduction, more calcium absorption, and higher maximum calcium concentration (Cmax) in serum after ingestion, than that from MPP. We conclude that pearl powder is a beneficial source of calcium for adults and that nanonization improves its calcium bioavailability.
Quantifying Nonhomogeneous Colors in Agricultural Materials. Part II: Comparison of Machine Vision and Sensory Panel Evaluations
Authors: Balaban M.O. , Aparicio J. , Zotarelli M. , Sims C.
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT:  The average colors of mangos and apples were measured using machine vision. A method to quantify the perception of nonhomogeneous colors by sensory panelists was developed. Three colors out of several reference colors and their perceived percentage of the total sample area were selected by untrained panelists. Differences between the average colors perceived by panelists and those from the machine vision were reported as ΔE values (color difference error). Effects of nonhomogeneity of color, and using real samples or their images in the sensory panels on ΔE were evaluated. In general, samples with more nonuniform colors had higher ΔE values, suggesting that panelists had more difficulty in evaluating more nonhomogeneous colors. There was no significant difference in ΔE values between the real fruits and their screen image, therefore images can be used to evaluate color instead of the real samples.
Photo‐oxidative Stress Impacts the Expression of Genes Encoding Iron Metabolism Components in Chlamydomonas†
Authors: Long Joanne C. , Merchant Sabeeha S.
Published: November 2008

Chlamydomonas, like other organisms, regulates iron assimilation very tightly through differential expression of iron assimilation components. Nevertheless, in the presence of excess iron, cells do overaccumulate iron but without an evident phenotype. As iron toxicity is attributed to reactive oxygen species, we tested the impact of photon flux density (PFD) on cells with increased iron content. We noted that growth at >500 μmol m−2 s−1 is inhibited as iron content of the medium is increased, suggesting that high light exacerbates the systems of iron toxicity and vice versa. Cells grown in high light selectively down‐regulate the abundance of iron assimilation components, ferroxidase and FEA1, and storage protein ferritin1. At the RNA level, the abundance of ferroxidase (FOX1), iron reductase (FRE1), iron assimilatory protein (FEA1) and ferritin (FER1) mRNAs is also decreased. The time course of the response to high light compared to the response to Rose Bengal and H2O2 treatments suggests that both singlet oxygen and H2O2 may be implicated in the high light response. This hypothesis is supported by the recapitulation of some but not all of the high light responses in the carotenoid‐deficient, high light–sensitive npq1lor1 strain. We conclude that responses to iron nutrition and PFD are connected, and the determination of an optimum for photosynthetic growth for each is dependent on the other. This work defines a fourth stage of iron nutrition in Chlamydomonas, the iron excess situation, which can be molecularly and physiologically distinguished from the iron‐limited, iron‐deficient and iron‐replete stages, described previously.
Geophysical Expression of Low Sulphidation Epithermal Au‐Ag Deposits and Exploration Implications –Examples from the Hokusatsu Region of SW Kyushu, Japan–
Authors: FEEBREY Craig A. , HISHIDA Hajime , YOSHIOKA Ken , NAKAYAMA Ken
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Low sulphidation epithermal Au‐Ag deposits constitute a major exploration target for many mining companies worldwide. These deposits are commonly characterized by quartz vein systems which formed at temperatures often in the range 150–250°C giving rise to major alteration halos. Accompanying mineralization and associated alteration is the destruction and redistribution of magnetite in the host rocks and the formation of various K‐bearing minerals such as adularia, illite and alunite. These alteration halos can often cover an area of at least several square kilometres and as such have the potential to be detected during reconnaissance geological surveys utilizing high resolution airborne aeromagnetic and radiometric sensors.

Analysis of airborne magnetic and radiometric data recently acquired over the Hokusatsu Region of SW Kyushu indicates that major low sulphidation epithermal Au‐Ag deposits are characterized by several distinct geophysical features varying with the degree of post‐mineralization cover and level of erosion. Several deposits coincide with extensive magnetic “flat” and high radiometric K–counts. In addition, several workers have shown that a very close association exists between Bouguer gravity highs and epithermal Au mineralization in the Hokusatsu Region. The combined use of areomagnetics, radiometrics and gravity data therefore provides an exceptionally effective approach to exploration for low sulphidation epithermal Au–Ag deposits in the Hokusatsu Region of Japan.
Comparison of Internal Structures of Marine Manganese Deposits of Hydrogenetic, Diagenetic and Hydrothermal Origins
Authors: TA Yumi HAT , WATANABE Makoto , HOSHINO Kenichi , USUI Akira
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Detailed microscopic observation, combined with X‐ray diffraction and EPMA analyses of samples from marine manganese deposits of three different origins, suggests that characteristic internal structures are inherent in each manganse mineral; vernadite (δ–MnO2), buserite (10Å–manganate) and todorokite (10Å–manganate).
Geology and Genesis of Barite Deposits of Lasbela and Khuzdar Districts, Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: AHSAN Syed Nayyer , MALLICK Khalil Ahmed
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Geology and genesis of the sediment‐hosted barite deposits in the Lasbela and Khuzdar districts of Balochistan, Pakistan have been studied and described. Hot solutions generated in rifting environments during the initial stage of separation of the continental crustal block related to the Gondwanaland fragmentation subsequently reposed in Jurassic rocks, most probably played an important role on barite formation.

Paragenetic relationships indicate that the period of barite mineralization was distinctly later than that of zinc‐lead sulphide mineralization in the Lasbela and Khuzdar districts. The barite deposits occur on top and in peripheral to the zinc‐lead sulphides. The earliest barite mineralization took place in the clastic rock sequence of the lower Spingwar Formation as cross cutting veins. Younger mineralization as stratabound‐replacement type occurred within the platform limestones of Loralai Formation, just above the Spingwar Formation. The youngest mineralization as stratiform is hosted within black shales, mudstones and argillaceous limestones of Anjira Formation at the top of Loralai Formation. In the light of the evidences gathered from field and laboratory investigations a genetic model has been deduced.
Rare Earth Elements as an Indicator to Origins of Skarn Deposits: Examples of the Kamioka Zn‐Pb and Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(–Fe) Deposits in Japan
Authors: Kato Yasuhiro
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Systematic data of rare earth elements (REEs) are presented in order to put some constraints on the origin of hydrothermal fluids responsible for two contrastive skarn deposits in Japan; the Kamioka Zn‐Pb and Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits. Carbon and oxygen isotopic studies have demonstrated that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits are of meteoric water origin whereas those for the Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits are of magmatic water origin. The REE abundances of epidote skarn derived from aluminous rocks, garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn derived from limestone, and interstitial calcite associated with sulfide minerals were determined for these contrastive skarn deposits by inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).

A significant difference in the REE concentrations is not found between epidote skarn and aluminous original rock (plagioclase‐clinopyroxene rock, called Inishi rock) from the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits, indicating that the REEs are generally immobile during the formation of epidote skarn, and that the REE concentrations of the hydrothermal fluid are considerably low relative to the aluminous original rock. In contrast, the epidote skarn exhibits enrichment of Eu with increasing total REE concentrations relative to the aluminous original rock (quartz diorite) in the Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits, implying a contribution of magmatic fluid derived from granitoids during the skarn formation.

Limestone generally has much lower REE concentrations related to surrounding aluminous rocks, and thus the REE concentrations of garnet and clinopyroxene in calcic exoskarn, originated from limestone, are variable due to the interaction with the hydrothermal fluids. The chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of garnet, clinopyroxene, and interstitial calcite exactly provide useful information on origins of hydrothermal fluids. The REE patterns of these minerals from the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits show lower (Pr/Yb)cn ratios, and negative Ce and Eu anomalies inherited from limestone with the decrease of This suggests that the hydrothermal fluids responsible for the Kamioka Zn‐Pb deposits were depleted in REEs, and were not magmatic water in origin, but presumably meteoric one. In striking contrast, the REE patterns of exoskarn minerals and calcite from the Yoshiwara‐Sannotake Cu(‐Fe) deposits exhibit a positive Eu anomaly, and high (Pr/Yb)cn ratios with the considerable increase of σREE and the disappearance of negative Ce anomaly, implying that the fluids were dominantly of magmatic origin. The REE indices are very likely to be an excellent indicator to origins of the skarn deposits.
Stable Isotope Study of the Langshan Polymetallic Mineral District, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: DING Ti–Ping , JIANG Shao–Yong
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A comprehensive stable isotope investigation was carried out to clarify the geneses of the ore deposits in the Langshan Pb‐Zn mineral district. The lead isotope study shows that these deposits were probably formed from 2. 0 to 1. 5 Ga, and were deformed and metamorphosed 1. 45 Ga. Ore lead could be a mixture of mantle lead and crustal lead. The C and S isotope results indicate that these deposits were precipitated in closed or semi‐closed rift basins, and the source of sulfur might be Proterozoic ocean sulfate. The H and O isotope results indicate that the δD and δ18O values of rocks were changed by water‐rock interaction during metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. The scale of δD and δ18O shift of rocks reflects the grade of metamorphism and alteration as well as the water‐rock ratios. However, the water‐rock ratios in the metamorphic processes of Langshan mineral district were relatively low, and the source of water during metamorphism is suggested to be ancient meteoric water. Based on isotopic results and the geological background, it is concluded that these deposits may belong to Proterozoic sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) type.
Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration of the Milyang Pyrophyllite Deposit, Southeast Korea
Authors: TAKAGI Tetsuichi , KOH Sang–Mo , KIM Moon–Young , NAITO Kazuki , SUDO Sadahisa
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit, which is embedded in the Late Cretaceous Yuchon Group of the Kyongsang Supergroup, is one of the largest hydrothermal clay deposits in the Kyongsang basin, southeast Korea. Host rocks of the deposit are porphyritic andesite lava and minor andesitic lapilli tuff. In the Milyang district, a hydrothermally altered zone is about 2 × 3 km in extent; we can recognize the concentric arrangement of advanced argillic, propylitic, and sericitic alteration zones from the central to peripheral parts of the zone. The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit forms a part of the advanced argillic alteration zone.

The Milyang pyrophyllite deposit is subdivided into the following four zones based on mineral assemblages: the pyrophyllite zones 1, 2, 3, and the silicified zone. The pyrophyllite zone 1, which occupies the central part of the deposit, comprises mainly pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and diaspore without quartz. Diaspore nodules often concentrate in beds 40–50 cm thick. Andalusite, dumortierite, and tourmaline locally occur as network veins, crack‐filler, or small spherulitic spots. The Al2O3 content of the ore ranges from 27 to 36 wt%. The pyrophyllite zone 2, which constitutes a major part of the deposit, comprises mainly pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and quartz. The Al2O3 content of the ore ranges from 15 to 24 wt%. The pyro‐phyllite zone 3 is the hematite‐rich marginal facies of the deposit. The silicified zone, which occurs as beds and septa, is mostly composed of quartz with minor pyrophyllite and kaolinite; the SiO2 contents range from 79 to 90 wt%. Comparing chemical compositions of the high‐Al ores with those of unaltered host andesite, the Fe, Ca, alkalis, HFSE, and HREE contents are significantly depleted, whereas S, B, As, Sr, and LREE are enriched.

The hydrothermal alteration of the Milyang pyrophyllite deposit can be classified into the following four stages: 1) extensive sericitic and propylitic alteration, 2) medium‐temperature (200–250°C) advanced argillic alteration, 3) high‐temperature (250–350°C or more) advanced argillic alteration, and 4) retrograde low‐temperature alteration. The heat and some volatile components such as B and S would be derived from the Pulguksa Granite intruded underneath the deposit.