bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Putting It All Together
Authors: Houchens Nathan , Harrod Molly , Saint Sanjay
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, the authors summarize the main strategies and approaches the attendings used to create safe, productive learning environments. First, the attendings created supportive team environments by developing personal relationships, keeping their interactions positive, tailoring their teaching to the level of the learner, and being a learner themselves. Second, attendings created team-based learning by focusing on their team’s thought processes, sharing their own thought processes, and expanding the team to include all health professionals. And third, they delivered not only patient-centered care but also patient-centered teaching by knowing their patients, developing rapport with them, and planning for their patients’ future outside the hospital.
The Manuals
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter is intended to help composers write idiomatically for the manuals. Composers commonly assume writing for the manuals is identical to writing for the piano; the ‘Overview’ attempts to dispel that myth, examining the differences between organ and piano writing as well as common organist techniques such as finger substitution and hand redistribution. ‘Idiomatic Writing’ looks at specific keyboard techniques in more detail, separating chordal and non-chordal techniques and providing a basis from which composers can innovate idiomatically. Finally, the ‘Multiple Manuals’ section explains effective ways for using more than one manual simultaneously. All of these sections feature extensive music examples showing these techniques in practice.
The Pedals
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the organ pedals, one of the most misunderstood aspects of organ writing by non–organist composers. The ‘Overview’ explains the basics of how to write for the pedals, including how to indicate the pedals in the score and the basic ergonomics of pedalling. ‘Idiomatic Writing’ looks at more specific pedalling techniques, such as alternating toes, by using marked-up musical examples to demonstrate how organists would approach pedalling in practice. The ‘Double/Multi-Pedalling’ section discusses double pedalling and multi-pedalling (playing multiple notes in the pedals simultaneously). The final section, ‘The Pedals in Context’, examines how to combine the pedals both with the manuals and with other instruments in orchestral situations.
The Pyramids of Giza
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The Pyramids of Giza have a special place on the list of the Ancient Wonders as they are the oldest and only ones to survive largely intact. They were the first buildings at a new site chosen for easy access to the Nile and for the quality of the bedrock. Not all rock was obtained on-site: the casing of higher-quality limestone was quarried east of the valley and granite was obtained from quarries near Aswan, far to the south. The Pyramids have now lost most of their exterior casing, the looting of which may have been initiated by damage from a huge earthquake near Crete in 1303 ce, one that also affected the Pharos and Mausoleum far to the north. Although the Pyramids have been empty for a long time, the pharaoh’s body must have been preserved by mummification using natural materials like natrun and enclosed in an inner sarcophagus decorated with gold and precious stones.
The Colossus of Rhodes
Authors: Higgins Michael Denis
Published: June 2023

The Colossus was a huge bronze statue of Helios that stood near the harbour of Rhodes. The most important ingredient of bronze was copper, which came from deposits on Cyprus originally formed on the seafloor by “black smoker” hot springs. Tin was also needed, but we still do not know where it came from, maybe along extensive trade routes from the Far East. The statue was made of bronze panels cast using the lost-wax process and affixed to an iron framework. Its location beside the sea made it susceptible to corrosion, which may have made it vulnerable to an earthquake that felled it some sixty years after it was completed. Although we have no contemporary description of the seismic event, we can reconstruct the movement from the topography of the modern coastline and the archaeology of the harbour.
John Locke on the Necessity of Miracles for Divine Revelation
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 6 looks at ROC in the context of the late seventeenth-century debate on the use of miracles as an evidentiary basis for the divinity of Scripture. It argues that Locke is one of many Christian theologians in the era with a strong emphasis on the evidentiary utility of the historical testimonies of miracles for proving the divinity of Scripture. But, for those who reject miracles as such an evidentiary basis and the need for special revelation, such as the deists, Locke asks them to consider: (1) the reasonableness of revealing Scripture as Locke thinks God did, especially as it concerns the legitimate assent of the poor and uneducated; and (2) the extraordinary advancement in right morality between Christ and the best thinkers preceding Him.
John Locke and the Above Reason Controversy
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

Chapter 8 sets Locke within the debate over the categorization of propositions and disputes the perceived opposition of Locke and John Toland. The chapter argues that, for Locke, propositions “above reason” simply refer to that which Scripture tells the individual that is beyond the discovery of the application of his or her faculty of reason; but he is unclear to what extent this encompasses incomprehensible doctrines. This position is closer than traditionally thought to that of John Toland, who does not deny biblical revelation that surpasses our natural abilities of discovery, but only incomprehensible doctrines of a particular sort derived from revelation. In short, John Locke’s orthodoxy is more open to question than it is often claimed, and John Toland’s heterodoxy is less drastic than it is consistently presented.
Epilogue
Authors: Marko Jonathan S.
Published: June 2023

This epilogue accomplishes several objectives. For one, it restates the overall argument of the book. It also briefly discusses how the non-metaphysical rendering of ecclesiastical and civil freedom is an important recurrent theme in his works. The chapter also comments on the distinction we ought to make between Locke’s personal doctrine and programmatic doctrine and the commonalities that they share. The chapter indexes issues for which Locke fails to give pastoral guidance where one might expect or desire it. The chapter concludes commenting upon the difficulty of identifying Locke within the bounds of particular sects or whether or not he is “orthodox.”
Camp TV, The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–71), and Flip Wilson’s (1970–74) Geraldine Jones
Authors: Feil Ken
Published: June 2023

This chapter addresses the correspondence between camp and the comedy of manners—an enduring paradigm for camp narratives—as well as the deficiencies in camp theories for addressing race and, more subtly, gender nonconformity. Recent work by Racquel Gates unearths the proximity between camp and “negative” Black texts that challenge racialized norms of tastefulness. Quinlan Miller consequently illuminates the cisgendered and white assumptions of camp theory, as well as the racialized, “trans gender queer” dimensions of gender performance that underpin 1950s and 1960s Camp TV. The sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–71, CBS) in addition to Flip Wilson’s drag performances as Geraldine Jones on Rowan and Martin’s Laugh-In (1968–73, NBC) and The Flip Wilson Show (1970–74, NBC) both derive humor from a camp comedy of manners in which flamboyant vulgarity interrupts conventionally “tasteful” performances of race, gender, and sexuality. The chapter also explores Wilson’s “secondary circulation” in Black queer and trans culture.
Old Landscapes, New Maps
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M.
Published: June 2023

This chapter approaches the ontology of language from a new light. It divides options between those committed to individual objects or entities versus those committed to a state or network views of language. Ultimately it eschews older ontological positions, such as Platonism, mentalism, and nominalism in favour of state or network accounts understood broadly.
The Many and the None
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M.
Published: June 2023

In this chapter, anti-realist and eliminative accounts of the ontology of language are compared and contrasted with prominent pluralist views. Anti-realism is further divided into local and global theories which deny the existence of linguistic entities and language itself respectively. Pluralism is extolled in terms of its methodological virtues while serious questions are raised about the hybrid ontologies it invites.
Linguistic Patterns and Biological Systems
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M.
Published: June 2023

This chapter follows on from the last by specifying the ontological backdrop for a real pattern analysis of language. It argues that linguistic patterns are emergent phenomena within complex biological systems. This systems biology understanding of the linguistic community goes beyond other accounts in linking human and nonhuman components to introduce a broader notion of the linguistic environment. The chapter ends with a note on how language acquisition studies might be influenced by this new view.
A Case Study
Authors: Nefdt Ryan M.
Published: June 2023

This chapter enters into the debate concerning the nature of words and other standard linguistic entities (SLEs). It applies the structuralist thinking of previous chapters and aspects of cognitive linguistics to argue for a direct ontological relationship between morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. It draws from construction grammar, model-theoretic syntax, and representational accounts in the philosophy of words to mount a special case for a view of words as positions in complex patterns.
The Minimalist Impulse
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: June 2023

This chapter argues that a minimalist impulse lies at the heart of African creativity. Large tracts of musical thought are routinely spun from a minimum of resources—two or three pitches, a pair of contrasting timbres, or nuggets of distinctly shaped rhythms subjected to extensive repetition. The chapter first defines minimalism, distinguishes between an “African minimalism” and a “Western minimalism,” samples a range of minimalist compositions from across the African continent, and finishes with a detailed analysis of a balafon performance by Ivorian virtuoso Aly Keita. Appropriating the term minimalism from European music historiography to describe the varieties of repetition-based African music is designed to facilitate analysis, encourage cross-cultural exploration, and ultimately engender admiration for the achievements of African musicians working in predominantly oral traditions who have developed extraordinary abilities to make much out of little.
African Pianism and the Challenge of Art Music
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the challenge of on-paper composing by born-in-the-tradition composers of African art music. While the best-known African repertories fall roughly into two broad categories, traditional music (which emanates from pre-colonial practices and is often associated with rural populations) and popular music (which is a largely urban, commercial and modern activity), there exists a third repertory, art music, that came into being in the nineteenth century in the wake of European Christian missionization and subsequent colonial presence. Although not as prominent as the other two, the practice of art music is far from insignificant; its identity and creative possibilities are topics of growing interest to contemporary composers and critics. This chapter focuses on African pianism, a movement within African art music, and the brainchild of Nigerian composer, scholar, and performer, Akin Euba (1935–2020). African pianism was given further visibility by Ghanaian-American scholar and pianist, William Chapman Nyaho (b.1958). What specific technical challenges does the composition of art music bring to African composers, and how might the steps taken by currently active composers encourage the development of this domain of African creativity? The Oxford anthology prompts reflection on these and related questions and suggests that the choices made by individual composers in regard to key, meter, tonal organization, texture and form affirm the enormous potential of African art music. A detailed analysis of Kwabena Nketia’s Volta Fantasy (1967) allows readers to dig deeper into the compositional process.
Rethinking Music Theory, with African Aid
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: June 2023

While research into music theory and analysis in the Western academy has traditionally focused on Western “Classical” music, recent globalizing and post-globalizing trends have engendered a broadening of repertories to include non-canonical music (including popular music), non-Western music (from Southeast Asia, India, China, and Africa), and miscellaneous sound sources (including ringtones, protest songs, and urban soundscapes). Welcoming these new developments, this chapter suggests that the quotidian practices of music theory stand to be enriched by greater contact with Black African music as well. At the core of the chapter are eight platforms upon which such engagement might proceed. They include aspects of harmony, melody, form, rhythm, music and language, music and social structure, musical instruments, and the appropriation of African music. In rehearsing music theory’s previous encounters with non-Western music, it emerges that the non-West has played variable roles at different points in history, fostering a range of attitudes from downright dismissal of the music of others through exoticization to acknowledgment and genuine appreciation. To “rethink music theory with African aid,” therefore, is to retrieve from the margins of theory’s own history the sorts of engagement that have become ethical imperatives in our time. The chapter ends on a pedagogical note by advocating two practices: transcription (of African musics into various standard notations to facilitate analysis) and contrapuntal reading (after Edward Said), with its potential to unveil unsuspected parallels between compositions and performances of diverse, perhaps even far-flung origins, and in the process, expose deep-lying convergences in the ways in which human beings imagine and make music.
African Rhythm Studies
Authors: Agawu Kofi
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a guide to the scholarship on African rhythm produced in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It builds on the widely circulated view that rhythm is the single most distinctive quality of African music—a view reflected not only in the popular imagination but also in the musicological literature. Setting aside the question why there is such intense interest in African rhythm, the chapter addresses “who” and “what” questions: who has written technically about African rhythm in the last one hundred years or so, and what have they claimed in the way of explanatory theory? Brisk summaries of the writings of some two dozen authors are provided, and the chapter goes on to observe some of the routines of theory-making. Rhythm remains salient in scholarship because it appears to be more fully elaborated in African music than in other world musical idioms. Yet the assumptions made by scholars, the analytical tools deployed, and the institutional contexts in which theories are produced all differ widely. Then also, the body of scholarship is strangely non-cumulative insofar as subsequent writers do not always build on their predecessors’ findings. Reflecting on these and other features of the discourse sheds light on the archive as currently constituted.
A Theory of Back-Channel Policymaking
Authors: Ritchie Melinda N.
Published: June 2023

This chapter presents the theory of back-channel policymaking in detail. It describes how constraints in the legislative process drive lawmakers to seek alternative ways to advance policies and to represent their constituencies. The bureaucracy offers members of Congress several advantages over the legislative process. Agencies have an incentive to be responsive to lawmakersâ€™ requests in order to build support in Congress for their budgets and priorities and to avoid angering legislators. This chapter describes the role of the presidency and the judiciary and the limits of agency policymaking. It presents a series of hypotheses that are tested in subsequent chapters.
Congressional Access and Influence in the Bureaucracy
Authors: Ritchie Melinda N.
Published: June 2023

This chapter uses quantitative analyses to consider how agencies respond to policy appeals from members of Congress. The chapter describes the various ways legislators can retaliate against unresponsive agencies. This chapter tests the retaliation hypothesis: Agencies prioritize contacts from lawmakers who have the greatest capacity and motivation to retaliate against the agency if it is unresponsive. The analyses compare agency responsiveness using two measures: Agency response time and a novel measure of agency prioritization constructed from agency records. The novel measure of agency prioritization indicates how the agency prioritizes a legislatorâ€™s contact and what level of access the legislator achieves (e.g., cabinet member, program officer). The results suggest that agencies prioritize—but take longer to respond to—lawmakers with the greatest capacity to retaliate against the agencies. The results also show that agencies prioritize—and respond faster to—lawmakers who have the most motivation to retaliate against an unresponsive agency.
Conclusion
Authors: Ritchie Melinda N.
Published: June 2023

This chapter discusses the implications of the bookâ€™s findings for representation and democratic governance. The book assesses the normative tradeoffs posed by the arguments and findings presented in the previous chapters. The bookâ€™s findings suggest that individual members of Congress are exploiting the separation of powers by using agency policymaking to make policy changes that would not pass the collective body of Congress. However, given the growth of administrative policymaking and the challenges of gridlock in Congress, inter-branch communication may serve as a remaining means for preserving democratic norms. Yet, the bookâ€™s discussions of issues of transparency and democratic equality (or lack thereof) suggest that the current state of inter-branch policymaking and representation is far from ideal.
Introduction
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter offers insights into why it is so important to study Israel in order to better understand the threats and opportunities presented by the global cyber realm as a whole. It further explores the threats facing the world in the cyber realm. The chapter then proceeds to lay out the analytical framework that comprises the core of the book. The framework looks at the combination of strategic and economic necessity that shapes Israel’s decisions and the cultural components, termed “chutzpa gone viral,” that help Israel to achieve its goals. International relations theory is used to frame these arguments, particularly realism and constructivism.
Primary Cyber Attacks around the World
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

In this chapter readers will find a discussion of the major and most significant cyber attacks known to have taken place around the world to date. It focuses on four of the main global cyber actors: Russia, China, North Korea, and the United States. The chapter looks at the range of types of attacks these countries employ and what types of networks they have targeted. Further, it notes that even allies can pose a danger in cyber-space. The central goal of the chapter is to illustrate to readers the potential real world impact of cyber attacks and help place the threat to Israel in a broader perspective, thus allowing readers greater insight into what can be learned from Israel’s experience and actions in the cyber realm.
Strategic Culture and National Security Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines Israel’s strategic culture and its national security making processes and strategy. To understand Israel’s culture and identity, it looks at Israel’s history, values, and security situation. The chapter argues that both Israel’s hostile neighbors and its economic opportunity have led it to view innovation as a key to survival. Technology has been central to this view since before Israel’s founding, with the ideal of promoting the rapid economic growth needed to ensure Israel’s strategic and socioeconomic success. Israel has thus made large-scale investments in education, science, and technology. The chapter then proceeds to examine Israel’s security posture and how Israel makes national security decisions. Three primary factors shape such decisions: the external environment, electoral system, and primacy of the defense establishment. The chapter concludes by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of this process. The chapter’s central goal is to frame Israel’s cyber actions in this broader perspective.
International Cyber Cooperation
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

Israel engages in cyber cooperation with even more states than it has embassies, which shows that international relations play an increasingly critical part in national cyber security. There is also a growing concern over the applicability of international law to the cyber realm and the creation of new norms. This chapter begins by discussing how Israel has used cyber to boost its soft power and foreign policy, including cyber’s role in helping to establish relations with formerly hostile nations. It then dives into the debates over international law and norms. It notes that the world is still working on developing such laws and norms and discusses Israel’s role in helping to shape those negotiations and understandings. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what Israel could do to better utilize its cyber capabilities to improve relations with other nations and its international standing overall.
Conclusions—and Some Answers to the Cyber Quandaries
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

Chapter 11 is divided into two parts. The first provides answers to the theoretical and policy quandaries presented in Chapter 3. It argues that the realist and constructivist arguments laid out in the book’s theory held true, but that bureaucratic and domestic politics played a greater role than anticipated. The chapter then addresses issues relating to military strategy and realist thought, and finds that that existing understandings do apply, with some modification. It then offers insights into how countries can innovate and succeed. The second half provides conclusions specific to the Israeli experience, including that Israel’s response has been effective, but threats are growing; the need to adopt a comprehensive strategy; how cyber has upended the regional balance of power; and that Israel is not maximizing its potential. This chapter offers important lessons for Israel and points to ways in which Israel can serve as a model for other states.
A Comprehensive National Cyber Strategy
Authors: Freilich Charles D. , Cohen Matthew S. , Siboni Gabi
Published: June 2023

Israel does not appear to have yet formulated a comprehensive cyber strategy, public or classified, meaning cyber has not been fully integrated into Israel’s overall national security strategy. This chapter presents the first proposal ever for a comprehensive civil and military Israeli national cyber strategy. These recommendations can also serve as useful blueprints for other nations to learn from. The chapter begins by discussing Israel’s overall vital national security objectives to use as the basis for formulating the recommendations. The recommendations are divided into six overall conceptual pillars: strategy, doctrine, and resources; governance and command and control; national capacity building; the 4Ds: Detect, Deter, Defend, Defeat (Superiority); aggregate robustness and systemic resilience; international cyber cooperation, influence, and diplomacy. Within each of these six pillars are specific recommendations on how Israel can achieve greater security and utilize its power in the cyber realm.
Society and Islamist Ideas in Uzbekistan
Authors: Collins Kathleen
Published: June 2023

Chapter 10 turns again to society, drawing on dozens of focus groups and interviews with communal leaders in Uzbekistan. The chapter finds that the typical views and norms of those identifying as Uzbek Muslims on a spectrum of issues, including religious education, women’s roles, politics, law, and courts, could not be described as liberal or secular, but only a minority were puritanical. Radical Islamist ideas—whether the nonviolent, pro-caliphate ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir or the IMU’s militant jihadism—did not resonate with ordinary Uzbek citizens. This severely limited the societal support that such groups might obtain. However, in focus groups across regions, genders, ages, and socioeconomic categories, most Uzbeks expressed grievances about religious repression, injustice, and corruption. Some expected that Islamic courts would better address such problems than secular ones.
Introduction
Authors: Cohen Edward E.
Published: June 2023

The Introduction considers some significant methodological issues. Because the Roman Empire encompassed innumerable local groupings—municipalities, kingdoms, provinces, villages—distributed over a vast area and tenaciously preserving separate societal values, institutions, and languages, the sense of the very word “Roman” must be examined, a term that “paradoxically is rarely defined or given meaning” (Revell). Despite the dearth of quantitative evidence in and for classical antiquity, this Introduction seeks to show how methodologies other than statistical—Behavioral Economics, some aspects of Neoclassical Economics, and (most importantly) New Institutional Economics—can be utilized, in lieu of mathematical approaches, to elucidate Roman Inequality. Because this book makes significant use of evidence from Roman Law, a number of juridical issues must be confronted: the extent to which Roman law reflects actual life; whether surviving “cases” reflect true disputes or fictitious generalizing hypotheses of academic origin; the influence of anachronism and interpolation in Roman law materials; the interplay between Roman law and indigenous law.
Inequality
Authors: Cohen Edward E.
Published: June 2023

At Rome, a stark economic gap separated the very few wealthy individuals from all others. A free elite—minuscule in number—lived palatially; the mass of unenslaved people survived at a level of bare subsistence. Slaves, in their masses, of course were impoverished denizens of the lowest rung of society. Yet, a disparity similar to that afflicting free persons also was found among the unfree population: a few slaves possessed significant wealth and power, sometimes even owning their own subordinate slaves. This financial inequality—wealthy slaves, impoverished free persons—was exasperated by a legal inequality: the counterintuitive juridical privileging of servile over free enterprise. The legal structure of Roman business was originally highly inhospitable to profit-seeking enterprises of scale and complexity. In adaptive response, Roman law came to develop elaborate mechanisms to facilitate such businesses, and to mitigate investors’ economic exposure—modalities that in practice favored servile enterprise, and discriminated against free businesspeople.
Businesswomen
Authors: Cohen Edward E.
Published: June 2023

This chapter explores the involvement of women in Roman business, and the legal and economic significance, implications, and complications thereof. According to Papinian, “[i]n many aspects of Roman Law the situation of women (was) inferior to that of men.” Conservative social values and juridical precepts tenaciously upheld the concept of male control over property. And yet, in practice, juridical reality accommodated the needs of women working in commerce. Roman commercial law even purported to be gender-blind: any right available to a male was in general automatically extended to a female, and in matters of “commercial law,” women seem largely to have enjoyed juridical equality. In fact, both free and enslaved women engaged in an enormous variety of elevated mercantile undertakings, including widespread participation as principals in financial transactions, as buyers and sellers of substantial real estate, and in the ownership and operation of maritime vessels. At Rome, uniquely in the ancient world, according to Gaius, adult women handled their business matters for themselves. Of some 2,500 imperial rescripts on private legal matters dating from 117 to 305 ce and preserved in the Codex, approximately a quarter (about 650) are addressed to female petitioners, and similar gender ratios are attested in other significant business categories.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the German Constitution
Authors: Baer Susanne
Published: June 2023

The chapter is devoted to the history of German constitutionalism. It contextualizes sources and concepts that informed the creation of the Basic Law, and discusses the evolution of German constitutional law including the role of the German Federal Constitutional Court (GFCC). Historically, the Basic Law is a reaction to German fascism and the Second World War, as an expression of the promise of ‘never again’, yet there are additional factors and ideas shaping its content, including a particular notion of the role of religion and churches, the ‘goal of the state’ to implement a welfare state, no social rights but an objective dimension of fundamental rights that informs social justice and extends to the reach of the constitution to private actors. German constitutionalism is also informed by the commitment to be a nation-state embedded in European and global law, with prominent references to international human rights, by now integrated into national standards of review. The chapter presents seminal decisions of the GFCC, taking the changing social and political conditions into account, including the notion of a ‘constitutional identity’ not as legalis nationalism and ideology, but anchored in, and defined by, constitutional law.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Hungarian Constitution
Authors: Halmai Gábor
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the origins, evolution, and the basic structures of Hungary’s current constitution, the Fundamental Law, enacted in 2011 exclusively with the votes of the governing FIDESZ Party. This new constitution and its ten amendments not only replaced the 1989 Constitution, the consensual result of the Round Table discussions during the democratic transition, but has also transformed the liberal democratic constitutional system. The chapter discusses the main characteristics of this transformation: dismantling the government’s checks; introducing a nationalistic identity of the political community; intervening into the privacy of the citizens; weakening the institutional guarantees of fundamental rights protection; and entrenching political preferences of the governing party into the constitutional text. With all these changes Hungary’s constitutional system has become a populist, illiberal one, which instrumentalizes the role of religion and the nation by abusing the concept of constitutional identity.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Romanian Constitution
Authors: Iancu Bogdan
Published: June 2023

This chapter relies on constitutional sociology and history to illuminate resilient patterns of legal instrumentalism in Romania. The evolution of Romanian constitutionalism is presented as an ideal-typical example of peripheral modernity. In so doing, this study challenges mainstream accounts that routinely attribute recurrent crises (e.g. in 2012 and 2017–2019) to unidimensional causes, such as the legacy of communism and/or, more recently, political corruption. Functionalist-positivistic explanations, focusing exclusively on normative and institutional policy and design choices to explain various shortcomings, are also called into question and relativized. Fragmentation and polarization resulting from long timespan continuities and discontinuities, and entrenched patterns of social and economic inequality, are considered here to be the crucial contextual backdrop for understanding current agendas (including the local deflection or weaponization of EU-driven judiciary and anticorruption reform packages).
Manuscripts
Authors: Horobin Simon
Published: June 2023

This chapter investigates the material circulation of Middle English poetry and the manuscripts in which it was copied and circulated. It begins by highlighting the importance of the anthology, focusing on British Library MS Harley 2253, a collection of secular and religious lyrics, the Auchinleck manuscript, a substantial collection of romances, and the Vernon manuscript, a vast assembly of religious prose and verse. Discussion of their contents and organisation raises questions about access to exemplars, organisational principles, places of production, and intended readership. The chapter also considers the lack of physical evidence for the pre-1400 circulation of the works of Gower, Chaucer, and Langland, and contrasts this with the abundance of copies of the northern instructional poems Speculum Vitae and Prick of Conscience.
Narrative on the Margins
Authors: Cannon Christopher
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a short history of the medieval fable in English poetry. It explores the deep roots of the form’s denigration as both culpably untrue and irredeemably childish, but it also explores the many uses to which the form was put, as meaningful exemplum, and by means of the rhetorical force it gave to plot. It describes the unique achievements of each of the four free-standing fables that survive in Middle English (The Fox and the Wolf, Dame Sirith, the Land of Cockaygne, and A Pennyworth of Wit), as well as the three ways in which the fable became central to the most ambitious Middle English poems at the end of the fourteenth century. It concludes by showing how Chaucer made the fable central to the form and meanings of the Canterbury Tales as a whole.
Romances of the Ancient World
Authors: Keller Wolfram R.
Published: June 2023

This chapter surveys the extant Middle English Troy and Alexander romances. With a view to the different ways of understanding and constructing antiquity in the late-classical and medieval Continental transmission of the history of the Trojan War and the life and deeds of Alexander, it is argued that the Middle English Troy and Alexander romances develop a repository of poetic strategies suitable for the rewriting of antiquity. More specifically, the chapter examines the poetic choices made by the authors of the Destruction of Troy and Kyng Alisaunder, demonstrating that in their respective engagements with antecedent traditions, these texts advance new poetics and concomitantly gesture towards new conceptualisations of literary authorship.
Crusade Romances and the Matter of France
Authors: Elias Marcel
Published: June 2023

This chapter examines the Middle English crusade romance, a subgenre that arose out of the French epic and that reflects obliquely on the history of the crusades. It focuses on seven of the Charlemagne romances (Otuel, Otuel and Roland, Duke Roland and Sir Otuel of Spain, Sir Ferumbras, Firumbras, The Siege of Milan, and The Sultan of Babylon), Richard Coeur de Lion, and the alliterative Siege of Jerusalem. The chapter argues that poets of Middle English crusade romance sought to carve out a territory distinct from the French epic by creatively reconfiguring, or deliberately moving away from, its conventions. These romances evince an interest in unsettling religious and racial binaries; exploring tensions between ideology and experience; experimenting with how different verse forms shape expression; and incorporating courtly, amorous, and supernatural elements. These features are crucial to our understanding of the formative phases of Middle English romance.
H and α
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 5 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
The β Family
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 7 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
The Transmission in Outline
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 10 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 11 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
End-Note: Some Manuscripts of Faventinus
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 12 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Ω: The Archetype
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 16 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 19 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Editing the Abbreviated Commentary: The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 22 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
The Diffusion of the Text in the Renaissance
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 27 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
The δ Family
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: June 2023

In chapter 33 scholarship on the textual tradition of the Periegesis is reviewed. Most known manuscripts of the poem are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined (for those not discussed readers are referred to an earlier work of the author). Several manuscripts written in England are discussed. A stemma is provided to illustrate these affiliations. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Conclusion: Life after Loss
Authors: Willis Roxana
Published: June 2023

The Conclusion returns to the homicide case that opened the book. An examination of the criminal event through the framework of mutuality, which has been revealed over the course of the book, provides a better account of what occurred on the estate. By moving beyond the limits of the contemporary criminal law, a fuller picture of wrongdoing is reached. This leads to a series of reflections on how the criminal law, rooted in the framework of autonomy, could be reformed to accommodate these findings. The potential for all to be included in the framework of autonomy is considered, but whether a moral discourse rooted in liberalism, and hence founded on exclusion, could ever be fully inclusive is thought dubious. A second, preferred, option is then proposed, which is for the criminal law to better accommodate the framework of mutuality. Preliminary suggestions are offered as to how the criminal law could do this. Substantive law reform is argued to be much needed for the criminal law to become more inclusive, representative, and fairer.
TIME MEASUREMENT IN ANTIQUITY
Authors: Bonnin Jérôme
Published: June 2023

Societies in the Ancient world developed methods and instruments for finding and measuring time by the sun and by water. This chapter establishes the difference between clepsydras and water clocks so as to elucidate the description of these as used in the Ancient world, including in Assyria, Greece, Babylon, Egypt, and Rome. It also describes the several different kinds of sundials and explains the fifteen individual types established by archaeological evidence. Furthermore, it covers how sundials were used in Antiquity, and goes on to describe some major monuments, such as the Meridian of Augustus and the Tower of the Winds in Athens.
INDIA AND THE FAR EAST
Authors: Sarma S. R.
Published: June 2023

This chapter describes the time-systems of different regions of the Far East, including India, China, and Japan. It elaborates on the instruments that these regions used to measure the passing and recording of time—sundials, water clocks, geared weight-driven clocks, fire clocks, incense clocks—and for each, it explains how these instruments were used. It also discusses Christian missionaries and how they introduced the use of European clocks into China and Japan. Finally, it explains in detail the origins of modern manufacturing in the different regions, and describes a few iconic companies, including Sea-Gull, as well as the increasing demand for quartz watches.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUNDIALS
Authors: Savoie Denis
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides a description of the technical development of the drawing of Sundials between the fourteenth and the twentieth centuries. It covers the various types of dials, including horizontal, vertical, declining/inclining, table dials, and portable (pocket) dials It discusses the change from geometric to trigonometric methods. It tracks this change through a close analysis of the main textbooks written by mathematicians during these centuries, and it then provides examples of surviving dials. Next it examines the social and pedagogic uses of dials. Lastly it explores the wide variety of ingenious solutions found for the construction of these dials.
CLOCKS AS ASTRONOMICAL MODELS
Authors: Gaulke Karsten , Korey Michael , Gessner Samuel
Published: June 2023

In two sections, this chapter offers a survey through selected examples of clocks that model a theory of the cosmos. It describes planetary clocks ranging from the mid-fourteenth century and Giovanni de’ Dondi to the eighteenth century. It includes information on the technical makeup of the few surviving planetary clocks and stresses the intrinsic nature of mathematics in their conception. It covers the importance of astronomic displays, discusses the main old public astronomical clocks that have undergone major or complete changes in recent times, and underlines the influence of the Strasburg clock on later productions. Finally, it reveals the astonishingly complex products of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
CLOCK- AND WATCHMAKING FROM THE NINETEENTH TO TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES
Authors: Nye James
Published: June 2023

This chapter charts the rise of horological industrialization in Britain, the United States, Switzerland, Germany, and France. France moved to standardized production techniques in the mid-nineteenth century, particularly with the development of the blanc roulant. German and American clockmaking also benefited from large-scale industrialized production methods. In Germany, Black Forest factories supplanted the independent workshops that had produced cheap wooden clocks. In the United States, particularly in Connecticut, pioneers succeeded in creating a volume production industry, at first in wooden clocks, and later in brass. Differentials in labour costs and currencies allowed for sizeable flows from the United States and Germany to Britain, undermining the British trade, which failed to adapt and modernize. A revival in British horology occurred briefly after the Second World War. The Swiss reorganized their industry in the late nineteenth century, mechanizing établissage and emphasizing interchangeability of parts.