bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐ones by Hydriodic Acid Mediated Cyclization of t‐Butyl 2‐Vinylphenylcarbamates.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Fukamachi Shuhei , Konishi Hisatoshi
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic C—H Amination for the Preparation of Substituted 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Olson David E. , Du Bois J.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclothiomethylation of Aliphatic Polyamines with Formaldehyde and Hydrogen Sulfide.
Authors: Akhmetova V. R. , Rakhimova E. B. , Vagapov R. A. , Kunakova R. V. , Dzhemilev U. M.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Activity Relationship Study on a Novel Series of Cyclopentane‐Containing Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4H Protease Leading to the Discovery of TMC435350.
Authors: Raboisson Pierre , et al. et al.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dibenzo Derivatives of (4‐Oxotetrahydropyrano)oxa‐14‐crown‐4 (III) and 1,4,7‐Trioxacyclohexadeca‐8,10,13,15‐tetraen‐12‐one (V). Transformation of the Latter into (4‐Oxopiperidino)aza‐14‐crown‐4 (VII).
Authors: An' Le Tuan , Levonv A. N. , Soldatenkov A. T. , Gruzdev R. D. , Khieu Chyong Khong
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bispyrrolidines by Radical Cyclization of Diallylamines Using Phosphorus Hydrides.
Authors: Parsons Andrew F. , Wright Anthony
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Green Method for the Synthesis of N‐Phosphoramino o‐Hydroxylphenyl α‐Aminophosphonic Monoesters.
Authors: Zhang Jianfeng , Wang Yadan , Cui Zhanwei , Wang Fei , Miao Zhiwei , Chen Ruyu
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Nitroxides. Part 7. Synthesis of Novel Nitroxide Selenoureas.
Authors: Zakrzewski Jerzy , Krawczyk Maria
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Transformations of Higher Terpenoids. Part 16. Synthesis of Decahydronaphtho[1,2‐g]indoles from Lambertianic Acid.
Authors: Chernov S. V. , Shul'ts E. E. , Shakirov M. M. , Tolstikov G. A.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aryl‐Containing Terpenoids Based on 1,4‐Dihydronaphthalene.
Authors: Kukovinets O. S. , Kislitsyn M. I. , Zainullin R. A. , Mukhamedzyanova A. A. , Galin F. Z. , Abdullin M. I.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel 3′‐N‐tert‐Butylsulfonyl Analogues of Docetaxel.
Authors: Ke Bowen , Qin Yong , Zhao Fengyan , Qu Yi
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some A,D‐Ring Modified 16,17‐Secoandrostane Derivatives.
Authors: Djurendic Evgenija A. , Zavis Marina P. , Sakac Marija N. , Kojic Vesna V. , Bogdanovic Gordana M. , Penov Gasi Katarina M.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Quantum Nanomagnets and Nuclear Spins: An Overview
Authors: Morello Andrea
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bridging and Terminal (Phosphanido)platinum Complexes
Authors: Mastrorilli Piero
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gilded Organometallics
Authors: Gray Thomas G.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Coordination Chemistry of Group 15 Element Ligand Complexes — A Developing Area
Authors: Scheer Manfred
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Short Story of Proteinkinase Inhibitors
Authors: Kunick Conrad , Egert‐Schmidt Anne‐Marie
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Aryl—Metal Species
Authors: Gutnov Andrey
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Broader, Greener, and More Efficient: Recent Advances in Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Wang Chao , Wu Xiaofeng , Xiao Jianliang
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur Monochloride in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Rakitin O. A. , Konstantinova L. S.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Helical Supramolecular Architectures of Self‐Assembled Linear π‐Systems
Authors: Praveen Vakayil K. , Babu Sukumaran S. , Vijayakumar Chakkooth , Varghese Reji , Ajayaghosh Ayyappanpillai
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biomedical Potentials of Crown Ethers: Prospective Antitumor Agents
Authors: Kralj Marijeta , Tusek‐Bozic Ljerka , Frkanec Leo
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Acyloxy‐N‐alkoxyamides — Structure, Properties, Reactivity and Biological Activity
Authors: Glover Stephen A.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyenals
Authors: Escher I. , Glorius F.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Arenecarbaldehydes: Synthesis by Formylation of Arylmetal Reagents
Authors: Schall A. , Reiser O.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Remediation Techniques
Authors: Bradl H. , Xenidis A.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Scaffold Diversity of Natural Products: Inspiration for Combinatorial Library Design
Authors: Grabowski Kristina , Baringhaus Karl‐Heinz , Schneider Gisbert
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Role of Aromatic‐Sugar Interactions in the Molecular Recognition of Carbohydrates: A 3D View by Using NMR
Authors: Diaz M. Dolores , Fernandez‐Alonso Maria del Carmen , Cuevas Gabriel , Canada F. Javier , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Biosynthetic Studies
Authors: Schneider Bernd
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 13C NMR Studies of Columnar Liquid Crystals
Authors: Dvinskikh Sergey V. , Sandstroem Dick , Zimmermann Herbert , Maliniak Arnold
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Shift Anisotropy Amplification
Authors: Shao Limin , Titman Jeremy J.
Published: December 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Femtosecond Study of Solvation Dynamics and Anisotropy Decay in a Catanionic Vesicle: Excitation‐Wavelength Dependence
Authors: Dey Shantanu , Sasmal Dibyendu Kumar , Das Dibyendu Kumar , Bhattacharyya Kankan
Published: December 2008

The structure and dynamics of a catanionic vesicle are studied by means of femtosecond up‐conversion and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The catanionic vesicle is composed of dodecyl‐trimethyl‐ammonium bromide (DTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The DLS data suggest that 90 % of the vesicles have a diameter of about 400 nm, whereas the diameter of the other 10 % is about 50 nm. The dynamics in the catanionic vesicle are compared with those in pure SDS and DTAB micelles. We also study the dynamics in different regions of the micelle/vesicle by varying the excitation wavelength (λex) from 375 to 435 nm. The catanionic vesicle is found to be more heterogeneous than the SDS or DTAB micelles, and hence, the λex‐dependent variation of the solvation dynamics is more prominent in the first case. The solvation dynamics in the vesicle and the micelles display an ultraslow component (2 and 300 ps, respectively), which arises from the quasibound, confined water inside the micelle, and an ultrafast component (<0.3 ps), which is due to quasifree water at the surface/exposed region. With an increase in λex, the solvation dynamics become faster. This is manifested in a decrease in the total dynamic solvent shift and an increase in the contribution of the ultrafast component (<0.3 ps). At a long λex (435 nm), the surface (exposed region) of a micelle/vesicle is probed, where the solvation dynamics of the water molecules are faster than those in a buried location of the vesicle and the micelles. The time constant of anisotropy decay becomes longer with increasing λex, in both the catanionic vesicle and the ordinary micelles (SDS and DTAB). The slow rotational dynamics (anisotropy decay) in the polar region (at long λex) may be due to the presence of ionic head groups and counter ions.
Depth‐integrated, non‐hydrostatic model for wave breaking and run‐up
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshiki , Kowalik Zygmunt , Cheung Kwok Fai
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the formulation, verification, and validation of a depth‐integrated, non‐hydrostatic model with a semi‐implicit, finite difference scheme. The formulation builds on the nonlinear shallow‐water equations and utilizes a non‐hydrostatic pressure term to describe weakly dispersive waves. A momentum‐conserved advection scheme enables modeling of breaking waves without the aid of analytical solutions for bore approximation or empirical equations for energy dissipation. An upwind scheme extrapolates the free‐surface elevation instead of the flow depth to provide the flux in the momentum and continuity equations. This greatly improves the model stability, which is essential for computation of energetic breaking waves and run‐up. The computed results show very good agreement with laboratory data for wave propagation, transformation, breaking, and run‐up. Since the numerical scheme to the momentum and continuity equations remains explicit, the implicit non‐hydrostatic solution is directly applicable to existing nonlinear shallow‐water models. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting the vegetation photosynthetic activity over the Sahel: a Model Output Statistics approach
Authors: Philippon N. , Martiny N. , Camberlin P.
Published: December 2008

The predictability of the mean August–September photosynthetic activity of vegetation over the Sahel for the period 1982–2002 is explored through a Model Output Statistics approach using ECHAM4.5 retrospective forecasts. Given the poor ability of Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs) to correctly simulate rainfall over the Sahel, the stress is put on using atmospheric dynamics alone. The mean July–September predicted fields of zonal wind at 600 hPa, and humidity flux at 850 hPa, are selected because of their key role in the West African Monsoon system and their consistency in AGCMs. Coupled modes of NDVI/atmospheric dynamics are extracted using Canonical Correlation Analyses performed in leave‐one‐out cross‐validation. The most relevant modes (using NCEP/DOE 2 or ECHAM4.5 atmospheric dynamics) associate enhanced greenness to a weakened African Easterly Jet displaced northward, and strengthened moisture fluxes from the Guinean Gulf. They are linked with increased rainfall over the Sahel and positive (negative) SST anomalies over the Mediterranean (the eastern equatorial Pacific).

Used as predictors in a Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model, the third cross‐validated canonical coefficient (CC) derived from ECHAM4.5 simulations added to the August–September NDVI value of the previous year enable to explain 30% of the variance of a Sahelian regional index with a 2‐month lead time. Applied at an 8‐km spatial resolution, the statistical model possesses a usable skill (>.5) for 24% of the pixels analysed. The NDVI of pixels covered by open grassland appears as the most predictable. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A tree‐ring‐based drought index reconstruction for far‐western Mongolia: 1565–2004
Authors: Davi N. K. , Jacoby G. C. , D'Arrigo R. D. , Baatarbileg N. , Jinbao Li , Curtis A. E.
Published: December 2008

Tree‐ring records can provide longer, high‐resolution records of climate variability in remote regions such as western Mongolia, where recorded data are extremely limited. Here, we use three absolutely dated tree‐ring‐width chronologies to reconstruct the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) for a grid point in western Mongolia (48.75°N, 88.75°W). A reconstruction of the June–September PDSI for this region extends from 1565 to 2003 and explains 41% of the total variance in the instrumental PDSI. The 439‐year reconstruction shows that starting in the 20th Century and continuing into the 21st Century there is a large‐scale regional increase in growing‐season moisture conditions compared to the prior centuries, a trend not seen in central or eastern Mongolian tree‐ring reconstructions. This increasing trend in western Mongolia is consistent with station observations and other nearby proxy records. The wettest 5‐year period of the reconstruction is 1741–1745 followed by 1993–1997, and the driest period is 1755–1759, followed by 1882–1886. Spectral analysis shows significant periodicities at approximately 22, 11, 7 and 5 years. The reconstruction shows similar trends to a PDSI reconstruction from NW China during the 20th Century and also correlates with lake‐level data from nearby Khar‐Us Nuur, Mongolia. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Tendon structural and mechanical properties do not differ between genders in a healthy community‐dwelling elderly population
Authors: Burgess K.E. , Pearson S.J. , Breen L. , Onambélé G.N.L.
Published: December 2008

Elderly women are reportedly at higher risk of falling than their male counterparts. Postural balance is highly associated with fall risk and is also correlated with tendon structural and mechanical properties. Gender differences in tendon properties could partly explain the discrepancy in fall risk. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible gender difference in tendon properties in the elderly. The properties of the patellar tendon of 55 elderly (men n = 27, aged 72 ± 1 years, women n = 28, aged 70 ± 1 years) participants were tested. Tendon stiffness (K), length (L), and cross‐sectional area (CSA) were measured using B‐mode ultrasonography, dynamometry, and electromyography during ramped isometric knee extensions. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between men and women in tendon stiffness (elderly men 550.9 ± 29.2 vs. women 502.9 ± 44.9 Nmm−1) or in Young's modulus (elderly men 0.32 ± 0.02 vs. women 0.36 ± 0.04 GPa). This elderly group had similar tendon structural and mechanical properties. The comparable characteristics in gender‐specific tendon properties in an elderly population exhibiting similar lifestyle characteristics to the current sample may not explain the reports in the literature regarding increased fall risk in elderly women relative to that seen in men of a similar age. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 820–825, 2009
Collagen I membranes for tendon repair: Effect of collagen fiber orientation on cell behavior
Authors: Gigante Antonio , Cesari Eugenio , Busilacchi Alberto , Manzotti Sandra , Kyriakidou Kyriaki , Greco Francesco , Primio Roberto Di , Mattioli‐Belmonte Monica
Published: December 2008

Tendons have poor spontaneous regenerative capabilities, and complete regeneration is never achieved despite intensive remodeling. In this in vitro study, we characterized two multilamellar collagen I membranes differing in the arrangement of collagen fiber deposition (oriented vs. nonoriented) and compared their mechanical properties. Human dermal fibroblasts and tenocytes were seeded on the two membranes to evaluate the effect of fiber orientation on cell viability and cytoskeletal organization. Results demonstrate that the multilamellar collagen I membrane with oriented fibers has the better mechanical properties and affords optimum cell proliferation and adhesion. Its fiber arrangement provides an instructive pattern for cell growth and may serve to guide the alignment of cells migrating from the ends of a crushed or frayed tendon to obtain a strong, correctly structured tendon, thus providing a viable clinical option for tendon repair. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 826–832, 2009
Reactivity of ethyl acetate and its derivatives toward ammonolysis: ramifications for ammonolysis‐based microencapsulation process
Authors: Chung Younglim , Kim Jayoung , Sah Hongkee
Published: December 2008

The reactivity of three ester organic solvents toward ammonolysis was examined in relation to the development of an ammonolysis‐based microencapsulation process. Ethyl acetate, ethyl chloroacetate, and ethyl fluoroacetate were chosen as ester organic solvents. Progesterone was considered as a model drug to be encapsulated into poly‐D, L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide microspheres. A polymeric dispersed phase was emulsified in an aqueous phase, to which ammonia was added to initiate ammonolysis. The polarization status of a carbonyl group in the backbone of the ester was found to decide the magnitude of the ester reactivity. In fact, the simple ester ethyl acetate hardly reacted with ammonia, while ethyl chloroacetate and ethyl fluoroacetate showed greater reactivity toward ammonolysis. The rapid completion of ammonolysis led to the conversion of the water‐immiscible solvents into water‐soluble solvents, thereby providing an efficient tool for microsphere solidification. Among microencapsulation parameters, the type of dispersed solvent, the molar ratio of ammonia to a dispersed solvent, and the percentage of the progesterone payload decisively influenced the characteristics of the microspheres. Subsequently, variations in such parameters accompanied considerable influence on microsphere morphology, incorporation efficiency, thermal behavior, the degree of residual solvents, and the physical status of progesterone. Optimization of the process parameters would not only contribute to improving the ammonolysis‐based microencapsulation process, but would also permit the tailoring of microsphere properties to specific demands. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complete response to tacrolimus in a child with severe aplastic anemia resistant to cyclosporin A
Authors: Macartney Christine , Freilich Marshall , Odame Isaac , Charpentier Karen , Dror Yigal
Published: December 2008

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a rare disorder in children, usually treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IST) including antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporin A. There are no current widely used alternative therapies with comparable efficacy. We describe a child with severe aplastic anemia (SAA), who developed severe gingival hyperplasia secondary to cyclosporin A, unresponsive to intensive dental intervention. When IST was changed to tacrolimus there was a significant improvement in the gingival hyperplasia, but equally important, he achieved complete response of his AA within several months. The use of tacrolimus in children with AA may be a potential modality of treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:525–527. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Invasive fungal infections in pediatric leukemia patients receiving fluconazole prophylaxis
Authors: Kaya Zuhre , Gursel Turkız , Kocak Ulker , Aral Yusuf Ziya , Kalkanci Ayse , Albayrak Meryem
Published: December 2008

Background

Children with acute leukemia have increased risk for invasive fungal infections (IFI) but the role of long term antifungal prophylaxis (AFP) in morbidity and mortality of IFI is not well‐known.

Procedure

Medical records of 154 children with acute leukemia who received AFP with fluconazole during intensive chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed to determine risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcome of IFI.

Results

The overall incidence of IFI was 13.6%. Frequencies of proven, probable and possible infections were 7.2%, 2.6%, and 3.8%, respectively. The causative agent was Candida in 12 (57.2%) and Aspergillus in 9 (42.8%) children. There were 10 children with candidemia (47.6%), 7 with pulmonary aspergillosis (33.4%), 2 with hepatosplenic candidiasis (10.0%), one with sinopulmonary aspergillosis (4.5%) and one with sinus aspergillosis (4.5%). IFI was twice as common in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (20.7%) than in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (10.2%). Duration of profound neutropenia (P = 0.01) and steroid medications (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with IFI in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. Liposomal amphotericin B (L‐AMB) was successful in 15 of 21 children as a single agent. Voriconazole produced complete response in four children with invasive aspergillosis and two with hepatosplenic candidiasis, who were unresponsive to L‐AMB. The rate of IFI attributable death was 5%.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that AFP with fluconazole and early empirical antifungal therapy may be effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of IFI in children with acute leukemia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:470–475. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological features of hepatitis B virus isolates from patients based on full‐length genomic analysis
Authors: Wen Yu‐Mei , Wang Yong‐Xiang
Published: December 2008

The mechanisms for HBV persistence and the pathogenesis of chronic HB have been shown mainly due to defects in host immune responses. However, HBV isolates with different biological features may also contribute to different clinical outcomes and epidemiological implications in viral hepatitis B (HB). This review presents interesting biological features of HBV isolates based on the structural and functional analysis of full‐length HBV isolates from various patients. Among isolates from children after failure of HB vaccination, 129L mutant at the ‘a’ determinant was found with normal binding efficiency to anti‐HBs, but with reduced immunogenicity, which could initiate persistent HBV infections. Isolates from fulminant hepatitis (FH) B patients were not all highly replicative, but differences in capacities of anti‐HBs induction could be involved in the pathogenesis of FH. The high replicative competency of isolates from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients could result in enhanced immune‐mediated cytopathic effects against HBV viral proteins, and increased transactivating activity by the X protein. The mechanism of a double‐spliced variant in enhancing replication of the wild‐type virus is presented. The importance of integrating structural and functional analysis to reveal biological features of HBV isolates in viral pathogenesis is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling the Loading and Unloading of Drugs into Nanotubes
Authors: Hilder Tamsyn A. , Hill James M.
Published: December 2008

One of the most promising applications of nanotechnology is that of drug delivery, and in particular the targeted delivery of drugs using nanotubes. Functionalized nanotubes might be able to target specific cells, become ingested, and then release their contents in response to a chemical trigger. This will have significant implications for the future treatment of patients, particularly those suffering from cancer, for whom presently the nonspecific nature of chemotherapy often kills healthy normal cells. Research to date has largely been through experiments investigating toxicity, biocompatibility, solubility, functionalization, and cellular uptake. More recently, the loading and unloading of molecular cargo has gained momentum from both experimental and theoretical investigations. This Review focuses on the loading and unloading of molecular cargo and highlights recent theoretical investigations, which to date have received very little attention in the review literature. The development of nanotube drug‐delivery capsules is of vital concern for the improvement of medical treatment, and mathematical modeling tends to facilitate such development and provides a quicker route to applications of the technology. This Review highlights the latest progress in terms of theoretical investigations and provides a focus for the development of the next generation of medical therapeutics.

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What do patients do before it starts? Coping with mental health problems on a CBT waiting list
Authors: Helbig Sylvia , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: December 2008

Data from a patient survey on self-help and coping strategies during waiting time for CBT are reported. Individuals on an outpatient treatment centre waiting list received a short questionnaire assessing problem-related activities carried out in the interval before therapy (mean waiting time 69 days). A total of 306 patients with a wide range of reliably diagnosed mental disorders were assessed. Results showed that the vast majority of patients (~95%) instigated at least one form of coping or self-help activity related to their mental problem. Resource-orientated strategies were most often reported (88%), but ‘seeking information about the problem’ was also highly prevalent. About one third of persons reported additional health-care utilization. Higher rates of symptom distress and depression were associated with additional health-care utilization and with more passive coping strategies such as distraction. Active self-help strategies contributed to poorer depression outcome and were, thus, no indicator of good prognosis. Other coping strategies were not linked to outcome variables. It can be concluded that problem-related processes do start before treatment. A more systematic integration of self-help activities into the case-formulation and more systematic research on the related (motivational) processes are recommended.
Science teaching certificate
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2008

More than 200 educators will receive fellowships over the next 5 years to participate in NASA's Endeavor Science Teaching Certificate Project, the agency announced on 14 November. Through workshops, online and on‐site graduate courses, and NASA educational materials, the project will expose educators to NASA science and engineering and support them in translating the information for use in classrooms. “Through the program, educators will learn to deliver cutting‐edge science into the classroom, promoting science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education,” according to Joyce Winterton, assistant administrator for education at NASA Headquarters, in Washington, D.C. Project fellows will earn a certificate from Teachers College Innovations at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and graduate credit from other institutional partners. For more information, visit http://education.nasa.gov/home/index.html.
Advancing the Emerging Field of Hydropedology First International Conference on Hydropedology; University Park, Pennsylvania, 28–31 July 2008
Authors: Lin Henry , Singha Kamini , Chittleborough David , Vogel Hans‐Joerg , Mooney Sacha
Published: December 2008

Both soil science and hydrology are at a critical threshold of exploring breakthroughs. Synergies are expected by bridging classical pedology with soil physics, hydrology, geomorphology, and other related bio‐ and geo‐sciences to address complex soil and water interactions across spatiotemporal scales. Holistic study of the Earth's critical zone (i.e., the critical interface between the surficial solid Earth and its fluid envelopes, which ranges from the top of vegetation to the bottom of aquifers) demands interdisciplinary systems approaches to tackle a wide array of environmental, ecological, agricultural, geological, and natural resource issues of societal importance.

In this spirit, and aiming to advance the emerging field of hydropedology, the first international conference on hydropedology was held at Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) with the theme “Water and Soil: Key to Sustaining the Earth's Critical Zone.” The International Union of Soil Sciences' Working Group on Hydropedology organized this meeting, with main sponsorships from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Research Initiative and Penn State.
Crude Documentary to Screen at Fall Meeting
Authors: Viñas Maria‐José
Published: December 2008

A documentary on oil might be a bit difficult to pitch, even to your own family and friends. Marine biologist and filmmaker Richard Smith learned that lesson when in late 2005, he started working on Crude: The Incredible Journey of Oil. When Smith told acquaintances about the project, their responses were “muted, at best,” joked the Australian filmmaker when he received AGU's 2008 Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism.

Fortunately for the audience, Smith's bosses at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation were more supportive and he was able to develop his documentary, which follows the fascinating 160‐million‐year journey of a carbon atom beginning at the moment a volcano spewed it to the Earth's surface, back when dinosaurs dominated the planet. The film includes vivid animations of ancient creatures and interviews with many international experts, such as one of the members of the American team that in the late 1940s discovered Saudi Arabia's largest oil field.
European Earth science network for postdocs
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2008

The European Space Agency (ESA) has launched a new initiative called the Changing Earth Science Network, to support young scientists under taking leading‐edge research activities aimed at advancing the understanding of the Earth system. The initiative will enable up to 10 young postdoctoral researchers from the agency's member states to address major scientifi c challenges by using Earth observation (EO) satellite data from ESA and its third‐party missions. The initiative aims to foster the development of a network of young scientists in Europe with a good knowledge of the agency and its EO programs. Selected candidates will have the option to carry out part of their research in an ESA center as a visiting scientist.
Revitalizing Earth science education
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2008

A 5‐year, $3.9‐million U.S. National Science Foundation Math Science Partnership grant to Michigan Technological University (MTU), in Houghton, aims to improve instruction in middle‐school Earth and space science courses. The program will enable geoscience and education researchers to work with middle‐school science teachers to test strategies designed to reform science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education. Project lead researcher Bill Rose said the project could be a template for improvement in STEM throughout the United States. Rose, one of seven MTU faculty members involved with the Michigan Institute for Teaching Excellence Program (MITEP), said the project is “trying to do something constructive to attract more talented young people to advanced science, math, and technology.”
Monitoring ozone in Qatar
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2008

Qatar is establishing an ozone and pollution monitoring ground station in West Asia, following discussions between the government, the Qatar Foundation, and the United Nations Environment Programme, according to a 19 November announcement. The station will assist in understanding whether the ozone layer is actually recovering after being damaged by ozone‐depleting chemicals.
Moonbuggy competition
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: December 2008

Registration is open for NASA's 16th annual Great Moonbuggy Race, taking place 3–4 April 2009 in Huntsville, Ala. Each year since 1994, NASA has challenged high schools and colleges across the country and the world to design and build innovative, lightweight, human‐powered moonbuggies that are a spin‐off of the lunar rovers from the Apollo era.
Discoveries on the lithology of lunar crater central peaks by SELENE Spectral Profiler
Authors: Matsunaga Tsuneo , Ohtake Makiko , Haruyama Junichi , Ogawa Yoshiko , Nakamura Ryosuke , Yokota Yasuhiro , Morota Tomokatsu , Honda Chikatoshi , Torii Masaya , Abe Masanao , Nimura Tokuhiro , Hiroi Takahiro , Arai Tomoko , Saiki Kazuto , Takeda Hiroshi , Hirata Naru , Kodama Shinsuke , Sugihara Takamitsu , Demura Hirohide , Asada Noriaki , Terazono Junya , Otake Hisashi
Published: December 2008

The Spectral Profiler (SP) onboard the Japanese SELENE (KAGUYA) spacecraft is now providing global high spectral resolution visible‐near infrared continuous reflectance spectra of the Moon. The reflectance spectra of impact craters on the farside of the Moon reveal lithologies that were not previously identified. The achievements of SP so far include: the most definite detection of crystalline iron‐bearing plagioclase with its characteristic 1.3 μm absorption band on the Moon; a new interpretation of the lithology of Tsiolkovsky crater central peaks, previously classified as “olivine‐rich,” as mixtures of plagioclase and pyroxene; and the lower limit of Mg number of low‐Ca pyroxene found at Antoniadi crater central peak and peak ring which were estimated through direct comparison with laboratory spectra of natural and synthetic pyroxene samples.
Timing analysis of the relationship between solar wind parameters and geosynchronous Pc5 amplitude
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Ukhorskiy Aleksandr Y.
Published: December 2008

Solar wind‐driven magnetospheric ULF waves in the Pc5 band (1.7–6.7 mHz) have been suggested to mediate the radial transport of electrons in the outer radiation belt. To identify the wave generation mechanism and the impact of the waves on the electrons, we performed correlation and superposed epoch analyses of the solar wind control parameters measured by the ACE spacecraft and the amplitude of Pc5 waves and the flux of radiation belt electrons measured at the GOES 12 geosynchronous satellite. The analyses were carried out for solar minimum year 2006, when the solar wind exhibited recurrent co‐rotating interaction regions. We used hourly averages of solar wind velocity Vsw, the root‐mean‐square amplitudes of the solar wind dynamic pressure variations in the Pc5 band σPsw, the azimuthal (σBy) and compressional (σBz) magnetic field components of geosynchronous Pc5 waves, as well as relativistic (>2 MeV) electron flux Je at geosynchronous orbit. We found that σPsw has a higher correlation with σBy and σBz than Vsw and that the correlation between σPsw and the wave amplitudes peaks at or very near zero time shift. We conclude that the major driver of geosynchronous Pc5 waves is solar wind pressure variations rather than the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on the magnetopause. Solar wind pressure pulses propagate into the inner magnetosphere at the MHD wave speed and it takes less than 1 hour for the signal to reach GEOS 12 from the bow shock nose. The pressure pulses also excite standing Alfvén waves that contribute to the σPsw–σBy correlation. There is a positive correlation between Vsw and Pc5 amplitude, but the correlation peaks at a time shift of about −1 day (the Pc5 peak occurs earlier than the Vsw peak). We attribute this shift to an intrinsic time shift between σPsw and Vsw. Je exhibits a minimum at the Dst minimum, coincident with the maximum of σPsw, σBy, and σBz, and increases by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over a period of about one day during which σBy and σBz decrease by one order of magnitude and Vsw reaches a peak value. However there are storms that do not exhibit electron flux enhancement despite the presence of strong Pc5 activity. Therefore the correlation between Pc5 amplitude and electron flux at geosynchronous orbit is not unique. The difference in electron response implies either the existence of other competing acceleration/loss mechanisms or that electron response to the Pc5 driver is nonlinear: similar driving conditions produce different response.
Predictability of carbon emissions from biomass burning in Indonesia from 1997 to 2006
Authors: Field Robert D. , Shen Samuel S. P.
Published: December 2008

Drought and sea surface temperature were examined as the causes of severe biomass burning C emissions in Indonesia for 1997–2006, obtained from the Global Fire Emissions Database. Eighteen predictor variables were considered under log linear and piecewise regression models. The predictor variables considered were precipitation totals of up to 6 months, output from two soil moisture models, and sea surface temperature (SST) indicators reflecting El Niño and Indian Ocean Dipole strength. Nonparametric bootstrap techniques were used to estimate confidence intervals for predictability and thresholds below which severe C emissions are likely. Across equatorial Southeast Asia, the best predictor was 3‐month total precipitation, which explained 79% of variance in C emissions. When considered individually, and with the incorporation of satellite precipitation estimates, predictability for southern Sumatra and southern Kalimantan improved to 97% and 92%, respectively, using 4‐month total precipitation. There is a high risk of severe burning when 4‐month precipitation falls below thresholds of 350 mm in southern Sumatra and 650 mm in southern Kalimantan and when 6‐month precipitation falls below 900 mm in Papua. In general, simple precipitation totals outperformed more complicated soil moisture models and SST‐based indices. Physically, seasonal precipitation controls fire emissions through its regulation of groundwater level and, hence, the amount of peat available for drying. Seasonal precipitation, in turn, is strongly influenced by SST patterns in the tropical Pacific and Indian oceans. The most severe drought and fire events appear equally influenced by Indian Ocean Dipole events and El Niño events.
Statistical optimization of tannase production from Penicillium variable using fruits (chebulic myrobalan) of Terminalia chebula
Authors: Saxena Shashi , Saxena Rajendra K.
Published: December 2008

Statistically based experimental designs were applied to the optimization of cultural conditions for tannase production, an enzyme of great importance, from Penicillium variable. First, D‐optimal design was used to evaluate the effects of variables, including concentrations of substrate (chebulic myrobalan, fruits of the tree Terminalia chebula), pH, inoculum density, agitation and incubation period, on tannase production. The optimum value of pH and inoculum density thus obtained was 5.0 and 5×107 spores/50 ml respectively. Among these variables, substrate concentration, agitation and incubation period were identified to have the significant effects. Subsequently, the concentrations of substrate, agitation and incubation period were optimized using central composite design. The optimum values of the parameters thus obtained from the response surface methodology were 5.8 g of the substrate/50 ml of the medium, pH 5.0, 5×107 spores/50 ml of inoculum density, 150 rev./min agitation rate and 72 h of incubation period. The subsequent verification experiments confirmed the validity of the models. This optimization strategy led to a 2.4‐fold increase in the enzyme production from 13.6 units/ml obtained in D‐optimal design to 33 units/ml in central composite design.