bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTE ABOUT THE TERM EFFENDIYYA IN THE HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Eppel Michael
Published: July 2009

The term effendiyya (singular: effendi) appears in many articles and books on the social and political history of the Middle East between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Many authors have made use of this term, but very few have paused to discuss its meaning. At least one important scholar, however, raised doubts about its usefulness.
THE FIRST TRANSLATIONS OF THE QURʾAN IN MODERN TURKEY (1924–38)
Authors: Wilson M. Brett
Published: July 2009

In 1925, the Turkish parliament commissioned a translation of the Qurʾan from Arabic to Turkish as well as a Turkish-language Qurʾanic commentary. This project is commonly misunderstood as an initiative engineered by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and linked to the radical institutional reforms of 1924: abolition of the Islamic caliphate, prohibition of the Sufi orders, and closure of the medreses. In fact, parliament's support of a Qurʾan translation was not a radical nationalist reform but an initiative supported and executed by devout intellectuals who opposed other facets of Islamic reform in the early years of the Turkish republic.
16th-century musica ficta: the importance of the scribe
Authors: Bray Roger
Published: July 2009

It is idle to pretend that a complete picture of 16th-century English musica ficta practice can be built up wholly by quoting unusual examples and wondering what they mean. This article, though delayed, complements my article (Bray, 1970) in which I did this. Since we rely on manuscripts for most of our information (though, as we shall see, not even printed sources are necessarily entirely reliable), we have to consider the scribes of these manuscripts, their circumstances, sympathies, and motives. If we can discover anything about scribal practice, or even see that a source has been tampered with later, then we can begin to understand more deeply the problems involved, and eventually we may wonder a little less.
Vocal colour in English sixteenth~century polyphony
Authors: Wulstan David
Published: July 2009

Genetical factors cannot be excluded from the forces which determine vocal colour. There is no reason to suppose, therefore, that English singing should resemble that of any other nation in all respects. The facility for falsetto singing (by adult male, boys' and women's voices), the paucity of ‘true’ tenor voices and the ‘duller’ tone production all may be cited as characteristic of English singing, and might have a genetical basis. Vocal quality would also be affected by the time at which boys' voices changed, and if Latin were superseded by the somewhat duller English language.
The Magnificat antiphons for the Ferial Office
Authors: Udovich JoAnn
Published: July 2009

The research for this article was conducted at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. The microfilms of chant manuscripts consulted in its preparation are from the collection assembled by Dr.Ruth Steiner with funding provided by the Dom Mocquereau Foundation.
The Sarum antiphoner – its sources and influence
Authors: Hesbert Dom René–Jean
Published: July 2009

It is well known how, at the time of the Conquest, Osmund, son of Henry, Count of Sées, and Isabella, sister of William the Conqueror, accompanied the new king to England; how he there became first William's chaplain, then Chancellor (1072), and finally Bishop of Salisbury (1078).
Introduction
Authors: Hiley David
Published: July 2009

This joint article on aspects of the manuscript Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Helmstedt 628 (Heinemann catalogue 677), known to musicologists as “W1”, is designed to supplement the recent lengthy essay by Edward Roesner, ‘The origins of W1’, with discussions of topics where an advance on Professor Roesner's authoritative account was felt to be possible.
Trinitas, unitas, deitas – a trope for the Sanctus of mass
Authors: Schlager Karlheinz
Published: July 2009

The melody for the verses beginning “Trinitas, Unitas, Deitas” has so far been published only from three French sources of the 13th century. Amedee Gastoue gave the melody in the course of his essay ‘Les anciens chants liturgiques des Églises d'Apt et du Comtat’; his transcription was based on the manuscript Apt 6 (No. du fonds 1), a mass-antiphoner of the 12th century used at the church of St.Pierre in Apt, with additions in various hands on the unfoliated leaves after folio CXII at the end of the manuscript, which is where we find Trinitas, Unitas, Deitas, between a troped Kyrie and a Christmas song. Henri Villetard (1907) and Wulf Arlt (1970) published the melody as part of their respective editions and commentaries for the New Year's offices of Sens and Beauvais, from the manuscripts Sens 46 and London, B.L., Egerton 2615, that is, from two sources of the early 13th century whose contents are related, and which may be seen as recensions of a 12th-century exemplar no longer extant.
Antiphons for the Benedicite at Lauds
Authors: Steiner Ruth
Published: July 2009

The Canticle of the Three Children is the hymn sung by Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego when they were cast into the fiery furnace by order of Nebuchadnezzar. The episode is described in Daniel 3; but the canticle itself is not present in either Hebrew or Aramaic in the canonical form of the Jewish Scriptures. It was, however, present in the form of the Jewish scriptures from which the Septuagint and later the Vulgate were translated.
The ‘lost’ palimpsest Kyries in the Vatican manuscript Urbinas latinus 602
Authors: Boe John
Published: July 2009

Codex MS Urbinas latinus 602 – henceforth ‘Urb 602’ – was brought to the Vatican Library in 1657 with the rest of the library of the Dukes of Urbino. How this carefully written troper-processional was acquired for the Urbino collection is not known. The manuscript is a very small handbook for a soloist, about 15.9 × 9.4 cm., with a writing area about 10 × 5.5 cm. The classical original Beneventana is almost entirely free of mis-spellings and other errors. The abbreviations ĩ (for in), ẽ (for est), nõ (for non), petores (for peccatores), and no (for noster) are found regularly and suggest a date after 1060. The original neumatic notation is precisely diastematic but without added lines or clefs. Liquescents are extensively used, but the quilisma has almost entirely disappeared. Initial letters are coloured simply but handsomely in red, blue, and yellow; and rubrics are tinged with blue. No illuminations de luxe appear: the manuscript was meant for use and shows signs of wear.
A fourteenth-century Welsh Sarum antiphonal: National Library of Wales ms. 20541
Authors: Edwards Owain Tudor
Published: July 2009

Surprisingly few antiphonals were to survive “the King's order for bringing in popish rituals”, the Statute of 3 and 4 Edward VI, c. 10., following an Order in Council, 25 December 1549.[1] This was put into effect with great assiduity by the Church, under the auspices of its bishops, each bishop having been made personally responsible for seeing that the law was obeyed in his diocese. The destruction of books was deplored by some of the Protestants themselves, for instance by Bishop John Bale, who was a fierce enemy of the papacy,[2] but they were not permitted to do anything about it. The text of the statute acquires an ominous inevitability as every kind of liturgical book in turn is condemned to annihilation. Since divers unquiet and evilly-disposed people wanted to have their Latin services back (begins the statute), their “conjured bread” and water and suchlike vain and superstitious ceremonies, the king had decided to put an end to such expectations by instructing each bishop immediately to command every clergyman in his diocese to deliver to him or to a deputy “all antiphoners, missales, grayles, processionalles, manuelles, legendes, pies, portasies, jornalles, and ordinalles after the use of Sarum, Lincoln, Yorke, or any other private use, and all other bokes of service …” Bishops were explicitly instructed to “take the same bokes … and then so deface and abolyshe that they never after may serve eyther to anie soche use, as they were provided for …”
Processional chants in English monastic sources
Authors: Floyd Malcolm
Published: July 2009

Although the loss of manuscript liturgical sources from medieval English monastic houses has no doubt been very great, a relatively large number of processionals has survived, more than monastic antiphoners, for example. The purpose of this inventory is to help make the contents of these important sources better known. Their secular counterparts, especially the processionals of Sarum, or Salisbury use, have so far been more familiar, through the work of Terence Bailey, various text editions, and the recently published facsimile of the printed Sarum processional of 1502. By contrast, it is not very easy even to draw up a reliably complete list of monastic processionals.
Plainchant in medieval Hungary
Authors: Dobszay László
Published: July 2009

The Hungarian tribes came into the Carpathian Basin at the end of the 9th century with the last wave of the great migration. There they founded a new state in a sparsely populated, politically unorganized land. After a hundred years of incursions into Western Europe they accepted Christianity under the rule of Prince Vajk, the later King Stephen, and while they preserved their political independence they integrated themselves into the social and cultural unity of the Latin world. Christmas Day in the year 1000, that is the day of St Stephen's coronation, can be taken as the symbolic date of the introduction of plainchant into Hungary. Some years later the famous monk Arnoldus of Regensburg came to Esztergom (Latin ‘Strigonium’, German ‘Gran’) to consult with the archbishop about the new office composed by Arnold in honour of the patron St Emmeram and to have the ecclesiastical choir of Esztergom sing it for the first time.
The Lexicon Musicum Latinum of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
Authors: Bernhard Michael
Published: July 2009

The Lexicon musicum Latinum (LmL), begun in 1961, aims to comprehend and investigate the language special to a particular discipline: medieval Latin writing on music. The undertaking should culminate in the publication of a dictionary which makes accessible Latin musical terminology on a scholarly basis. Set down in numerous medieval texts, theoretical discussions of music are of quite special significance for modern study, for they are an important means of understanding music which is completely foreign to us. Only when such a lexicon is available will it be possible to put on a scientifically established basis our pursuit of the tradition of medieval music, which occupies a crucially important position at the beginning of western music.
Reference materials on Byzantine and Old Slavic music and hymnography
Authors: Hannick Christian
Published: July 2009

One of the reasons for the neglect of Byzantine music, liturgy and hymnography within medieval studies undoubtedly lies in the difficulty of comprehending the special terminology. The indices in general accounts such as A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography by Egon Wellesz (Oxford 1/1949, 2/1961), a work still not surpassed, help only those who are already acquainted with the liturgical practice of the Orthodox Church to find a way into the subject. The booklet by Dimitri Conomos, Byzantine Hymnography and Byzantine Chant (Brookline 1984), which is much more modest in scope, constitutes a suitable introduction. We may therefore applaud the initiative of the Greek scholar Georgios Bergotes, professor at the Ecclesiastical Academy in Thessalonika and author of several works in the area of liturgy and church music, who has compiled a Λεξικò λειτουργικν κα τελετουργικν ὅρων (Lexicon of liturgical and teleturgical terms, Thessalonika 1988). In this introduction to teleturgy Bergotes offers a definition of the two terms liturgy and teleturgy as conceived by the Orthodox Church, which help understand the aims and methods of compilation of the lexicon: ‘In the discipline of liturgy the services and festivals of the orthodox rite are investigated from a historical, archeological and theological standpoint, while the discipline of teleturgy engages the same services or festivals from the practical point of view and in their technical aspects.’
RANDOM INTERSECTION GRAPHS WITH TUNABLE DEGREE DISTRIBUTION AND CLUSTERING
Authors: Deijfen Maria , Kets Willemien
Published: July 2009

A random intersection graph is constructed by assigning independently to each vertex a subset of a given set and drawing an edge between two vertices if and only if their respective subsets intersect. In this article a model is developed in which each vertex is given a random weight and vertices with larger weights are more likely to be assigned large subsets. The distribution of the degree of a given vertex is characterized and is shown to depend on the weight of the vertex. In particular, if the weight distribution is a power law, the degree distribution will be as well. Furthermore, an asymptotic expression for the clustering in the graph is derived. By tuning the parameters of the model, it is possible to generate a graph with arbitrary clustering, expected degree, and—in the power-law case—tail exponent.
Functional localization of the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway in the salamander retina
Authors: BLOM JAN J. , BLUTE TODD A. , ELDRED WILLIAM D.
Published: July 2009

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neuromodulator that has physiological functions in every cell type in the retina. Evidence indicates that NO often plays a role in the processing of visual information in the retina through the second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Despite numerous structural and functional studies of this signaling pathway in the retina, none have examined many of the elements of this pathway within a single study in a single species. In this study, the NO/cGMP pathway was localized to specific regions and cell types within the inner and outer retina. We have immunocytochemically localized nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme that produces NO, in photoreceptor ellipsoids, four distinct classes of amacrine cells, Müller and bipolar cells, somata in the ganglion cell layer, as well as in processes within both plexiform layers. Additionally, we localized NO production in specific cell types using the NO-sensitive dye diaminofluorescein. cGMP immunocytochemistry was used to functionally localize soluble guanylate cyclase that was activated by an NO donor in select amacrine and bipolar cell classes. Analysis of cGMP and its downstream target, cGMP-dependent protein kinase II (PKGII), showed colocalization within processes in the outer retina as well as in somata in the inner retina. The results of this study showed that the NO/cGMP signaling pathway was functional and its components were widely distributed throughout specific cell types in the outer and inner salamander retina.
Receptive field properties of ON- and OFF-ganglion cells in the mouse retina
Authors: VAN WYK MICHIEL , WÄSSLE HEINZ , TAYLOR W. ROWLAND
Published: July 2009

There are two subclasses of alpha cell in the mammalian retina, which are morphologically identical in plain view but have opposite responses to a luminance change: one is ON center and the other is OFF center. Recent studies have shown that the neural circuitries, which underlie light responses in such ON- and OFF-ganglion cell pairs, are not mirror symmetric with respect to the ON and OFF pathways (Pang et al., 2003; Zaghloul et al., 2003; Murphy & Rieke, 2006). This study examines alpha-cell homologues in the mouse retina and elucidates the synaptic mechanisms that generate their light responses. Morphological analysis of recorded cells revealed three subclasses that were essentially identical in plan view but had distinct vertical stratification levels. We refer to these cells as the sustained ON (ON-S), sustained OFF (OFF-S), and transient OFF (OFF-T) cells (Murphy & Rieke, 2006; Margolis & Detwiler, 2007). Both ON-S and OFF-S cells were largely driven through the ON pathwayviachanges in excitatory and inhibitory inputs, respectively. Light responses of OFF-T cells were driven by transient changes in excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Light responses of OFF-S cells were also measured in connexin 36 knockout mice in order to dissect glycinergic input arising from AII amacrine cells. At photopic/mesopic intensities, peak glycinergic input to OFF-S cells in the connexin 36 knockout mouse was reduced by ~85% compared to OFF-S cells in the wild-type retina. This is consistent with the idea that AII cells receive their input from ON-cone bipolar cells through gap junctions and in turn provide glycinergic inhibition to OFF-S cells.
Challenges of Globalization for Science and Research
Authors: Markl Hubert
Published: July 2009

Globalization challenges all social systems in all nations – how then could it spare the sciences? A question however is: what is new about this? Has not this happened throughout history? And a further question is: what is special for the sciences in all this? Although globalization may not be a new thing, with a population of over 6 billion people its impact becomes all-pervasive and its consequences are severe. It is not only that science enters into all cultures, whether advanced or less developed. Humans also come to depend on it more and more, and this for better or for worse. Science is literally vital to human beings in that they have come to rely upon it for food, potable water, energy, and security in their environment, or in old age. All people, in ever-increasing numbers, therefore have to be instructed in science so that they become aware of how dependent they are from the continuing progress in science, and to what extent innovation and advantages in economic competition depend upon their abilities to make the best use of science. In fact, science has become so powerful an influence on all ways of life that it can no longer be left to the scientists alone. Their power has to be constrained by morals and by laws, and it becomes inevitable that economists and lawyers, and above all politicians intrude upon what the scientists often regard as their exclusive turf. This may in time be the biggest challenge of the globalization of science.
TOPO-EUROPE: Coupled Deep Earth – Surface Processes in Europe
Authors: Cloetingh S. A. P. L. , Ziegler P. A.
Published: July 2009

TOPO-EUROPE is a multidisciplinary international research program that addresses the interaction of processes inherent to the deep Earth (lithosphere, mantle) with surface processes (erosion, climate, sea level), which together shaped the topography of Europe. The objective of the TOPO-EUROPE project is to assess neotectonic deformation rates and to quantify related geo-risks, such as earthquakes, flooding, landslides, rock falls and volcanism. Research, incorporating iterative data interactive modelling, focuses on the lithosphere memory and neotectonics, with special attention on the thermo-mechanical structure of the lithosphere, mechanisms controlling large-scale plate boundary and intraplate deformations, anomalous subsidence and uplift, and links with surface processes and topography evolution. The TOPO-EUROPE natural laboratories, in which these processes are analysed, cover a wide range of geodynamic settings. These include the post-collisional Alpine/Carpathian/Pannonian-Basin system, the very active Aegean-Anatolian and Apennines-Tyrrhenian orogens and back-arc basins, the Caucasus-Levant area in the Arabia-Europe collision zone, the Iberian Peninsula caught up between Alpine orogens, the meta-stable West and Central European Platform, the stable East-European Platform and the seismically active and elevated Scandinavian continental margin. The TOPO-EUROPE project is a component of the International Lithosphere Program and was initiated with the support of Academia Europaea. A European Science Foundation EUROCORES project provides funding for part of the TOPO-EUROPE research. Other parts of TOPO-EUROPE require support by participating organizations.
Leading Successful Negotiations on Behalf of Europe: An Analysis of the European Commission High-Ranking Officials’ Practices
Authors: Lempereur Alain Pekar
Published: July 2009

Permanent dialogue, steered by continual negotiation, was the driving force behind the construction of Post-War Europe. In this context, the countries of the European Union have extended the mandate of the European Commission (EC) to negotiate an increasing number of topics, giving the EC’s high-ranking officials a pre-eminent role of agents in the process. It is, then, urgent and useful to investigate these negotiators’ practices, to list a number of recurrent features, and to compare them with current negotiation theories. In 2004, at the request of the EC, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with high-ranking EC officials, from different directorates, in charge of top-level negotiations. An interview guide was drawn up to address the five following points:

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the success factors in negotiation,

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the reasons for failure,

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the management of people, relationships, cultural aspects, the mandate, and the stakeholders’ map,

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the management of substantive issues and their solutions, including the use of justification criteria,

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the management of the process, agenda, multilateral mechanisms, and communication.

Following the interviews, a report was submitted to the EC’s General Administration Directorate. The report highlights a number of features that may favour the success of European negotiators. In what follows, some keys to success are linked to three dimensions of negotiation: process, people, and problem.
Public Memories of the Atlantic Slave Trade and Slavery in Contemporary Europe
Authors: Oostindie Gert
Published: July 2009

For centuries, major European states were involved in the Atlantic slave trade and in slavery in their colonies in the Americas. In the last decade, this subject has attracted serious but uneven attention in Europe beyond the realms of descendants and academia. The British, French and Dutch governments have engaged with the subject, expressing remorse and stimulating public commemorations. Portugal and Spain on the other hand have hardly addressed the subject. The reason for this remarkable divergence, the author suggests, lies with divergent commemorative traditions and the fact that the two Iberian countries have no substantial Caribbean communities as visible reminders of this past. The last part of the article discusses some problems associated with the politicized rediscovery of these embarrassing chapters in European history.
The evidence for and against astronomical impacts on climate change and mass extinctions: a review
Authors: Bailer-Jones C.A.L.
Published: July 2009

Numerous studies over the past 30 years have suggested there is a causal connection between the motion of the Sun through the Galaxy and terrestrial mass extinctions or climate change. Proposed mechanisms include comet impacts (via perturbation of the Oort cloud), cosmic rays and supernovae, the effects of which are modulated by the passage of the Sun through the Galactic midplane or spiral arms. Supposed periodicities in the fossil record, impact cratering dates or climate proxies over the Phanerozoic (past 545 Myr) are frequently cited as evidence in support of these hypotheses. This remains a controversial subject, with many refutations and replies having been published. Here I review both the mechanisms and the evidence for and against the relevance of astronomical phenomena to climate change and evolution. This necessarily includes a critical assessment of time series analysis techniques and hypothesis testing. Some of the studies have suffered from flaws in methodology, in particular drawing incorrect conclusions based on ruling out a null hypothesis. I conclude that there is little evidence for intrinsic periodicities in biodiversity, impact cratering or climate on timescales of tens to hundreds of Myr. Although this does not rule out the mechanisms, the numerous assumptions and uncertainties involved in the interpretation of the geological data and in particular in the astronomical mechanisms suggest that Galactic midplane and spiral arm crossings have little impact on biological or climate variation above background level. Non-periodic impacts and terrestrial mechanisms (volcanism, plate tectonics, sea level changes), possibly occurring simultaneously, remain likely causes of many environmental catastrophes. Internal dynamics of the biosphere may also play a role. In contrast, there is little evidence supporting the idea that cosmic rays have a significant influence on climate through cloud formation. It seems likely that more than one mechanism has contributed to biodiversity variations over the past half Gyr.
Market design for the provision of social insurance: the case of disability and survivors insurance in Chile
Authors: REYES GONZALO
Published: July 2009

As part of the pension reform recently approved in Chile, the government introduced a centralized auction mechanism to provide the Disability and Survivors (D&S) Insurance that covers recent contributors among the more than eight million participants in the mandatory private pension system. This paper is intended as a case study presenting the main distortions found in the decentralized operation of the system that led to this reform and the challenges faced when designing a competitive auction mechanism to be implemented jointly by the Pension Fund Managers (AFP). When each AFP independently hired this insurance with an insurance company, the process was not competitive: colligated companies ended up providing the service and distortions affected competition in the market through incentives to cream-skim members, efforts to block disability claims, lack of price transparency, and the insurance contract acting as a barrier to entry. Cross-subsidies, inefficient risk pooling, and regulatory arbitrage were also present. The Chilean experience is relevant since other privatized systems with decentralized provision of this insurance may show similar problems as they mature. A centralized auction mechanism solves these market failures, but also gives raise to new challenges, such as how to design a competitive auction that attracts participation and deters collusion. Design features that were incorporated into the regulation to tackle these issues are presented here.
Re-producingKlinghoffer:Opera and Arab Identity before and after 9/11
Authors: LONGOBARDI RUTH SARA
Published: July 2009

John Adams's operaThe Death of Klinghofferstages the 1985 hijacking of the cruise shipAchille Lauro. This essay proposes that the representations of Palestinian hijackers in three different productions show the opera reinventing itself before and after 9/11, when Arab identity hovers ambiguously in the U.S. Imaginary. Analyses focus in particular on distinct forms of collaboration among artists and media. In 1991 thorny associations among media produce an ambiguous Arab subject that reflects, and encourages, a capability for dialogue around the topic of terrorism. By contrast, two productions in 2003 rely on film and photograph to situate rigidly delineated Palestinian characters—demonstrating a dependency on visual media and a consequent highlighting of race that may be emblematic of a post-9/11 era. The essay concludes that different forms of collaboration inThe Death of Klinghoffercan be approached as a microcosm of social and political interactions taking place far beyond the opera proper.
Bernstein'sThe Joy of Musicas Aesthetic Credo
Authors: GIGER ANDREAS
Published: July 2009

The bulk of Leonard Bernstein's first book,The Joy of Music(1959), consists of three imaginary conversations and seven scripts ofOmnibuslectures intended for the education of lay audiences. These texts have long been admired for their pedagogy but have largely been ignored as reflections of Bernstein's aesthetic views. This article proposes thatThe Joy of Musicfunctions not only as a pedagogical document but also as an aesthetic manifesto preparing Bernstein's audiences for some of his best compositions—especially the Third Symphony (Kaddish; 1963, rev. 1977) andWest Side Story(1957). In the context ofThe Joy of Music,Kaddishappears as the fulfillment of “the real American symphonic form” andWest Side Storyas the ultimate American musical stage work, that is, a work that is as sophisticated as opera but rooted in the American musical.
Eminem's “My Name Is”: Signifying Whiteness, Rearticulating Race
Authors: KAJIKAWA LOREN
Published: July 2009

Eminem's emergence as one of the most popular rap stars of 2000 raised numerous questions about the evolving meaning of whiteness in U.S. society. ComparingThe Slim Shady LP(1999) with his relatively unknown and commercially unsuccessful first album,Infinite(1996), reveals that instead of transcending racial boundaries as some critics have suggested, Eminem negotiated them in ways that made sense to his target audiences. In particular, Eminem's influential single “My Name Is,” which helped launch his mainstream career, parodied various representations of whiteness to help counter charges that the white rapper lacked authenticity or was simply stealing black culture. This “rearticulation” of whiteness in hip hop paralleled a number of other ideological realignments in the 1990s, many of which pit questions of class against those of race in the service of constructing new political and cultural authenticities. Eminem's performances provide us with a mirror in which numerous questions surrounding whiteness's significance come into focus.
Gesundheitskompetenz – ein vielschichtiger Begriff
Authors: Soellner Renate , Huber Stefan , Lenartz Norbert , Rudinger Georg
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. Ein zunehmend komplexes Gesundheitssystem geht mit erhöhten Anforderungen an die Fähigkeit, sich darin zurechtzufinden, einher. So sehen sich Leistungsempfänger mit einer Fülle an zum Teil widersprüchlichen gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen konfrontiert, die es adäquat zu nutzen gilt. Hierfür müssen sie über eine Reihe von Fähigkeiten und Fertigkeiten verfügen, die in der Literatur seit einigen Jahren unter dem Begriff der health literacy bzw. Gesundheitskompetenz subsumiert werden. Allerdings besteht bislang kein Konsens darüber, was genau unter dem Begriff Gesundheitskompetenz zu verstehen ist. Der vorliegende Artikel versucht einen Beitrag zur begrifflichen Klärung zu leisten, indem er einen Überblick über den Stand der Forschung zu health literacy und Gesundheitskompetenz gibt. Kernelemente der verschiedenen Definitions- und Modellansätze werden diskutiert.
Effective properties of a poroelastic medium containing a distribution of aligned cracks
Authors: Galvin R. J. , Gurevich B.
Published: July 2009

We simulate the effect of fractures by considering them to be thin circular cracks in a poroelastic background. Using the solution of the scattering problem for a single‐crack and multiple‐scattering theory, we estimate the attenuation and dispersion of elastic waves in a porous medium containing a sparse distribution of cracks. When comparing with a similar model, in which multiple‐scattering effects are neglected, we find that there is agreement at high frequencies and discrepancies at low frequencies. We conclude that the interaction between cracks should not be neglected at low frequencies, even in the limit of weak crack density. Since the models only agree with each other at high frequencies, when the time available for fluid diffusion is small, we conclude that the interaction between cracks, which is a result of fluid diffusion, is negligible at high frequencies. We also compare our results with a model for spherical inclusions and find that the attenuation for spherical inclusions has exactly the same dependence upon frequency but a difference in magnitude, which depends upon frequency. Since the attenuation curves are very close at low frequencies, we conclude that the effective medium properties are not sensitive to the shape of an inclusion at wavelengths that are large compared with the inclusion size. However, at frequencies such that the wavelength is comparable to or smaller than the inclusion size, the effective properties are sensitive to the greater compliance of the flat cracks, and more attenuation occurs at a given frequency as a result.
The mARM spatially distributed soil evolution model: A computationally efficient modeling framework and analysis of hillslope soil surface organization
Authors: Cohen Sagy , Willgoose Garry , Hancock Greg
Published: July 2009

Hillslope surface armouring and weathering processes have received little attention in geomorphologic and hydrologic models due to their complexity and the uncertainty associated with them. Their importance, however, in a wide range of spatial processes is well recognized. A physically based armouring and weathering computer model (ARMOUR) has previously been used to successfully simulate the effect of these processes on erosion and soil grading at a hillslope scale. This model is, however, computationally complex and cannot realistically be applied over large areas or over long periods of time. A simplified process conceptualization approach is presented (named mARM) which uses a novel approach of modeling physical processes using transition matrices, which is orders of magnitude faster. We describe in detail the modeling framework. We calibrate and evaluate the model against ARMOUR simulations and show it matches ARMOUR for a range of conditions. The computational efficiency of mARM allowed us to easily examine time‐ and space‐varying relationships between erosion and physical weathering rates at the hillslope scale. For erosion‐dominated slopes the surface coarsens over time, while for weathering domination the surface fines over time. When erosion and weathering are comparable in scale a slope can be weathering‐dominated upslope (where runoff and therefore erosion is low) and armouring‐dominated downslope. In all cases, for a constant gradient slope the surface armour coarsens downslope as a result of a balance between erosion and weathering. Thus even for weathering‐dominated slopes the surface grading catena is dependent on armouring through the balance between weathering and armouring. We also observed that for many slopes the surface initially armours but, after some period of time (space‐ and rate‐dependent), weathering begins to dominate and the surface subsequently fines. Depending on the relative magnitude of armouring and weathering the final equilibrium grading of the slope may be finer or coarser than the initial conditions. The results demonstrate the complexity of the evolution of surface grading and the balance between the armouring and weathering processes. They also point toward inherent organization of surface grading on the hillslope driven by erosion even for extremely high weathering rates. The implications for natural landforms are discussed. We also plot and quantify, for the first time, a log‐log relationship between surface grading, contributing area and slope for a range of weathering rates. The results show that this log‐log relationship is robust, the log‐log scaling is constant in space, and true even for extreme weathering rates. This has potentially important implications for soil geomorphology. It suggests that an analytical solution can be found for soil grading catena. This might allow us to more easily map soil distribution as a function of topographic characteristics.
New in situ estimates of carbon biological production rates in the Southern Ocean from CARIOCA drifter measurements
Authors: Boutin J. , Merlivat L.
Published: July 2009

A CARbon Interface OCean Atmosphere (CARIOCA) surface buoy drifted from 2006 to 2007 in the polar regions of the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Derived values of the surface dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) displayed conspicuous daily variations with a close to sunrise maximum and a close to sunset minimum. This decrease of carbon is a measurement of the Net Community Production (NCP) during daytime at 2 meters depth. NCP integrated over the mixed layer is computed from the daily change of the maxima of DIC. When combined with mixed layer depths estimated from Argo floats, we find that north of South Georgia Island, NCP ranges from 82 to 118 mmol m−2 d−1 in the fall and from 30 to 51 mmol m−2 d−1 close to 17°W in late spring. This study highlights the possibility of estimating biological carbon production rates by an in situ non‐intrusive method from unattended platforms.
CCN and cloud droplet concentrations at a remote ocean site
Authors: Hudson James G. , Noble Stephen
Published: July 2009

Extensive aircraft measurements over the mid Pacific displayed unexpectedly high overall average concentrations of condensation nuclei (CN) of 379 cm−3, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at 1% supersaturation (NCCN) of 301 cm−3, and total cloud droplets (Nc) of 139 cm−3. Factor of two variations in average NCCN and Nc among 11 flights produced a positive correlation coefficient (R) of 0.81. Updraft velocity (W) was also positively correlated with Nc but with lower R. Comparisons with a more traditionally maritime project (RICO), which had higher average W clearly demonstrated the role of W in determining Nc. Correlations of NCCN with concentrations of larger droplets were negative but the R switched back to positive for concentrations of largest cloud droplets with NCCN. The explanation offered for this double reversal of R for NCCN with droplet concentrations greater than various sizes suggests yet another influence of the aerosol on cloud microphysics.
Solar eclipse‐induced E‐region plasma irregularities observed by the Gadanki radar
Authors: Patra A. K. , Choudhary R. K. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P.
Published: July 2009

We investigate the generation of low latitude E‐region plasma density irregularities that were triggered during a solar eclipse on 11 August 1999. The observations were made using the Gadanki radar. The present study shows that a solar eclipse can provide night‐like ionospheric conditions which allow the excitation of plasma instabilities and the generation of irregularities in the E‐region at multiple height regions, as happens routinely during post‐sunset hours. We surmise that the echo layers were associated with long‐lived metallic ion layers that were made manifest when the more abundant ordinary molecular ions disappeared through recombination in the absence of photoionization. We propose that the layers turned unstable via the gradient‐drift instability mechanism. This is the first time that a solar eclipse has been conclusively shown to generate E‐region plasma irregularities.
Influence of wintertime large‐scale circulation on the explosively developing cyclones over the western North Pacific and their downstream effects
Authors: Yoshiike Satoki , Kawamura Ryuichi
Published: July 2009

The relationships between large‐scale wintertime circulation and extratropical cyclones that develop explosively (the so‐called bomb cyclones) over the western North Pacific are investigated using Japanese long‐term reanalysis project data. On a monthly basis, the East Asian winter monsoon variability strongly modulates the bomb cyclone activity in terms of its geographical distribution. When the monsoon is strong, the bomb cyclone activity tends to concentrate in the vicinity of the Kuroshio Current and the Kuroshio Extension near Japan, while when the monsoon is weak, it disperses over the broader areas. The enhancement of the monsoon increases the heat and moisture supply from warm currents, facilitating unstable conditions within the atmospheric boundary layer and intensifying baroclinicity in the lower troposphere. These factors are believed to play a role in inducing bomb cyclones, particularly along the warm currents. On submonthly timescales, the stationary Rossby wave propagation along the South Asian waveguide serves as a prominent trigger for the rapid reinforcement of synoptic‐scale disturbances around Japan. When a pronounced bomb cyclone comes to its mature stage northeast of Japan, it is capable of exciting stationary Rossby waves downstream from the Asian jet exit region as vorticity forcing. The stationary wave packets developing southeastward across the North Pacific Ocean basin induce surface cyclogenesis in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands by leading to the equatorward advection of higher potential vorticity from the midlatitudes, bringing about the occurrence of kona storms, which cause weather hazards in Hawaii.
NO2 column amounts from ground‐based Pandora and MFDOAS spectrometers using the direct‐sun DOAS technique: Intercomparisons and application to OMI validation
Authors: Herman Jay , Cede Alexander , Spinei Elena , Mount George , Tzortziou Maria , Abuhassan Nader
Published: July 2009

Vertical column amounts of nitrogen dioxide, C(NO2), are derived from ground‐based direct solar irradiance measurements using two new and independently developed spectrometer systems, Pandora (Goddard Space Flight Center) and MFDOAS (Washington State University). We discuss the advantages of C(NO2) retrievals based on Direct Sun ‐ Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DS‐DOAS). The C(NO2) data are presented from field campaigns using Pandora at Aristotle University (AUTH), Thessaloniki, Greece; a second field campaign involving both new instruments at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland; a Pandora time series from December 2006 to October 2008 at GSFC; and a MFDOAS time series for spring 2008 at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington. Pandora and MFDOAS were compared at GFSC and found to closely agree, with both instruments having a clear‐sky precision of 0.01 DU (1 DU = 2.67 × 1016 molecules/cm2) and a nominal accuracy of 0.1 DU. The high precision is obtained from careful laboratory characterization of the spectrometers (temperature sensitivity, slit function, pixel to pixel radiometric calibration, and wavelength calibration), and from sufficient measurement averaging to reduce instrument noise. The accuracy achieved depends on laboratory‐measured absorption cross sections and on spectrometer laboratory and field calibration techniques used at each measurement site. The 0.01 DU precision is sufficient to track minute‐by‐minute changes in C(NO2) throughout each day with typical daytime values ranging from 0.2 to 2 DU. The MFDOAS instrument has better noise characteristics for a single measurement, which permits MFDOAS to operate at higher time resolution than Pandora for the same precision. Because Pandora and MFDOAS direct‐sun measurements can be made in the presence of light to moderate clouds, but with reduced precision (∼0.2 DU for moderate cloud cover), a nearly continuous record can be obtained, which is important when matching OMI overpass times for satellite data validation. Comparisons between Pandora and MFDOAS with OMI are discussed for the moderately polluted GSFC site, between Pandora and OMI at the AUTH site, and between MFDOAS and OMI at the PNNL site. Validation of OMI measured C(NO2) is essential for the scientific use of the satellite data for air quality, for atmospheric photolysis and chemistry, and for retrieval of other quantities (e.g., accurate atmospheric correction for satellite estimates of ocean reflectance and bio‐optical properties). Changes in the diurnal variability of C(NO2) with season and day of the week are presented based on the 2‐year time series at GSFC measured by the Pandora instrument.
Trapping of trace gases by growing ice surfaces including surface‐saturated adsorption
Authors: Kärcher B. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Cox R. A. , Popp P. J. , Voigt C.
Published: July 2009

Key steps leading to the uptake of trace gases into atmospheric cloud ice particles include gas phase diffusion of trace gas molecules toward growing ice crystals and the kinetics of molecular interactions at the ice surfaces. In the case of nitric acid, laboratory studies and airborne field observations indicate uptake in growing ice films and cirrus ice particles above the thermodynamic solubility limit. This implies that uptake of nitric acid molecules on growing ice surfaces (trapping) controls the nitric acid content in ice particles residing in supersaturated air. A previous trapping model is updated to include effects of surface‐saturated adsorption. Exact analytical solutions to the problem are derived to enable the calculation of the amount of vapor trapped for a given ice growth rate, assuming Langmuir‐type adsorption isotherms. Those solutions are provided in terms of trapping efficiencies and equivalent uptake coefficients, net vapor fluxes toward ice crystals or ice films, steady state molar ratios of trapped molecules in the ice phase, and gas‐ice partitioning factors. The trapping model includes the underlying adsorption equilibrium model asymptotically for nongrowing ice particles. Comparisons to laboratory and field measurements of nitric acid uptake are carried out. Observed dependences of uptake as a function of nitric acid partial pressure, ice growth rate, and temperature are reproduced fairly well. Nitric acid molar ratios in cirrus ice are neither controlled purely by adsorption nor purely by gas phase diffusion, underscoring the importance of using the trapping concept to interpret these observations. These results also suggest further mechanisms that enhance the nitric acid content in cirrus ice at the tropical tropopause at very low temperatures. A discussion of potential model improvements outlines the physical conditions in which the updated model describes trapping well and leads to further insight into the physical nature of the trapping process.
Differential soil respiration responses to changing hydrologic regimes
Authors: Pacific Vincent J. , McGlynn Brian L. , Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. , Epstein Howard E. , Welsch Daniel L.
Published: July 2009

Soil respiration is tightly coupled to the hydrologic cycle (i.e., snowmelt and precipitation timing and magnitude). We examined riparian and hillslope soil respiration across a wet (2005) and a dry (2006) growing season in a subalpine catchment. When comparing the riparian zones, cumulative CO2 efflux was 33% higher, and peak efflux occurred 17 days earlier during the dry growing season. In contrast, cumulative efflux in the hillslopes was 8% lower, and peak efflux occurred 10 days earlier during the drier growing season. Our results demonstrate that soil respiration was more sensitive to drier growing season conditions in wet (riparian) landscape positions.
All‐trans retinoic acid potentiates the antibody response in mice to a lipopeptide antigen adjuvanted with liposomal lipid A
Authors: Watson Douglas S , Huang Zhaohua , Szoka Francis C
Published: July 2009

Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive metabolite of retinol, is essential for robust humoral immunity in animals and humans. Recent interest in RA as a vaccine adjuvant has been encouraged by reports showing cooperative enhancement of antibody responses to tetanus toxin in rodents by all‐trans RA (ATRA) and a Toll‐like receptor‐3 agonist. We hypothesized that RA would augment the antibody response to a co‐delivered lipopeptide immunogen derived from the membrane proximal region (MPR) of HIV‐1 gp41. The MPR is weakly immunogenic and could benefit from potent new humoral adjuvants. When co‐formulated in liposomes and administered to BALB/C mice, ATRA alone did not elicit serum anti‐peptide antibodies to an MPR‐derived lipopeptide. However, addition of ATRA, but not 13‐cis RA, to a liposomal formulation containing the Toll‐like receptor‐4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A resulted in a fourfold enhancement of serum anti‐peptide IgG titers as compared with a formulation containing lipid A alone (P=0.00039). The difference did not arise from biophysical changes in the liposome formulation, including vesicle size, vesicle charge and liposome association of antigen. Thus, ATRA warrants further study as a vaccine adjuvant.