bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization of Bacterial Cell Suspensions
Authors: Parsley Larissa C. , Newman Molli M. , Liles Mark R.
Published: September 2010

INTRODUCTION

The use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify and enumerate specific bacteria within a mixed culture or environmental sample has become a powerful tool in combining microscopy with molecular phylogenetic discrimination. However, processing a large number of samples in parallel can be difficult because the bacterial cells are typically fixed and hybridized on microscope slides rather than processed in solution. In addition, Gram-positive cells and certain environmental samples present a unique challenge to achievement of adequate cell fixation and uniform hybridization for optimal FISH analysis. Here, we describe a protocol for FISH in solution that can be performed entirely in suspension, in a microcentrifuge tube format, prior to microscopy. This protocol can be applied to both Gram-positive and -negative cells, as well as complex microbial assemblages. The method employs a rapid technique for performing multiple hybridizations simultaneously, which may be used to qualitatively assess the presence of specific phylogenetic groups in bacterial cultures or environmental samples, and/or directly quantify fluorescence by fluorometry or flow cytometry.
The Autophagic Degradation of Chloroplasts via Rubisco-Containing Bodies Is Specifically Linked to Leaf Carbon Status But Not Nitrogen Status in Arabidopsis
Authors: Izumi Masanori , Wada Shinya , Makino Amane , Ishida Hiroyuki
Published: September 2010

Autophagy is an intracellular process facilitating the vacuolar degradation of cytoplasmic components and is important for nutrient recycling during starvation. We previously demonstrated that chloroplasts can be partially mobilized to the vacuole by autophagy via spherical bodies named Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). Although chloroplasts contain approximately 80% of total leaf nitrogen and represent a major carbon and nitrogen source for new growth, the relationship between leaf nutrient status and RCB production remains unclear. We examined the effects of nutrient factors on the appearance of RCBs in leaves of transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) expressing stroma-targeted fluorescent proteins. In excised leaves, the appearance of RCBs was suppressed by the presence of metabolic sugars, which were added externally or were produced during photosynthesis in the light. The light-mediated suppression was relieved by the inhibition of photosynthesis. During a diurnal cycle, RCB production was suppressed in leaves excised at the end of the day with high starch content. Starchless mutants phosphoglucomutase and ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase1 produced a large number of RCBs, while starch-excess mutants starch-excess1 and maltose-excess1 produced fewer RCBs. In nitrogen-limited plants, as leaf carbohydrates were accumulated, RCB production was suppressed. We propose that there exists a close relationship between the degradation of chloroplast proteins via RCBs and leaf carbon but not nitrogen status in autophagy. We also found that the appearance of non-RCB-type autophagic bodies was not suppressed in the light and somewhat responded to nitrogen in excised leaves, unlike RCBs. These results imply that the degradation of chloroplast proteins via RCBs is specifically controlled in autophagy.
MYB75 Functions in Regulation of Secondary Cell Wall Formation in the Arabidopsis Inflorescence Stem
Authors: Bhargava Apurva , Mansfield Shawn D. , Hall Hardy C. , Douglas Carl J. , Ellis Brian E.
Published: September 2010

Deposition of lignified secondary cell walls in plants involves a major commitment of carbon skeletons in both the form of polysaccharides and phenylpropanoid constituents. This process is spatially and temporally regulated by transcription factors, including a number of MYB family transcription factors. MYB75, also called PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1, is a known regulator of the anthocyanin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but how this regulation might impact other aspects of carbon metabolism is unclear. We established that a loss-of-function mutation in MYB75 (myb75-1) results in increased cell wall thickness in xylary and interfascicular fibers within the inflorescence stem. The total lignin content and S/G ratio of the lignin monomers were also affected. Transcript profiles from the myb75-1 inflorescence stem revealed marked up-regulation in the expression of a suite of genes associated with lignin biosynthesis and cellulose deposition, as well as cell wall modifying proteins and genes involved in photosynthesis and carbon assimilation. These patterns suggest that MYB75 acts as a repressor of the lignin branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Since MYB75 physically interacts with another secondary cell wall regulator, the KNOX transcription factor KNAT7, these regulatory proteins may form functional complexes that contribute to the regulation of secondary cell wall deposition in the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem and that integrate the metabolic flux through the lignin, flavonoid, and polysaccharide pathways.
An International Bioinformatics Infrastructure to Underpin the Arabidopsis Community
Authors:   International Arabidopsis Informatics Consortium
Published: September 2010

The future bioinformatics needs of the Arabidopsis community as well as those of other scientific communities that depend on Arabidopsis resources were discussed at a pair of recent meetings held by the Multinational Arabidopsis Steering Committee and the North American Arabidopsis Steering Committee. There are extensive tools and resources for information storage, curation, and retrieval of Arabidopsis data that have been developed over recent years primarily through the activities of The Arabidopsis Information Resource, the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, and the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, among others. However, the rapid expansion in many data types, the international basis of the Arabidopsis community, and changing priorities of the funding agencies all suggest the need for changes in the way informatics infrastructure is developed and maintained. We propose that there is a need for a single core resource that is integrated into a larger international consortium of investigators. We envision this to consist of a distributed system of data, tools, and resources, accessed via a single information portal and funded by a variety of sources, under shared international management of an International Arabidopsis Informatics Consortium (IAIC). This article outlines the proposal for the development, management, operations, and continued funding for the IAIC.
The sheep genome reference sequence: a work in progress
Authors:   The International Sheep Genomics Consortium, Archibald A. L. , Cockett N. E. , Dalrymple B. P. , Faraut T. , Kijas J. W. , Maddox J. F , McEwan J. C. , Hutton Oddy V. , Raadsma H. W. , Wade C. , Wang J. , Wang W. , Xun X.
Published: September 2010

Until recently, the construction of a reference genome was performed using Sanger sequencing alone. The emergence of next‐generation sequencing platforms now means reference genomes may incorporate sequence data generated from a range of sequencing platforms, each of which have different read length, systematic biases and mate‐pair characteristics. The objective of this review is to inform the mammalian genomics community about the experimental strategy being pursued by the International Sheep Genomics Consortium (ISGC) to construct the draft reference genome of sheep (Ovis aries). Component activities such as data generation, sequence assembly and annotation are described, along with information concerning the key researchers performing the work. This aims to foster future participation from across the research community through the coordinated activities of the consortium. The review also serves as a ‘marker paper’ by providing information concerning the pre‐publication release of the reference genome. This ensures the ISGC adheres to the framework for data sharing established at the recent Toronto International Data Release Workshop and provides guidelines for data users.
Platanus pollen allergen, Pla a 1: quantification in the atmosphere and influence on a sensitizing population
Authors: Fernández‐González D. , González‐Parrado Z. , Vega‐Maray A. M. , Valencia‐Barrera R. M. , Camazón‐Izquierdo B. , De Nuntiis P. , Mandrioli P.
Published: September 2010

Background
The allergic response in susceptible patients does not always coincide with the presence and magnitude of airborne pollen counts. The prevalence of allergy to Platanus is currently moderate, although the percentage of monosensitized patients is low. This hinders accurate interpretation of the relationship between the amount of pollen inhaled and the patient's symptoms.

Objective
This study aims to investigate the relationship between the atmospheric concentration pattern of Pla a 1 aeroallergen and the Platanus pollen.

Methods
The pollen sampling was carried out using a Hirst‐type volumetric trap (Burkard©) for pollen grains and a Burkard Cyclone sampler (Burkard©) for Pla a 1 allergen. Serum‐specific IgE levels to Acer sp., Artemisia vulgaris, Betula alba, Chenopodium album, Cupressus arizonica, Cynodon dactylon, Fraxinus excelsior, Lolium perenne, Pinus sp., Plantago lanceolata, Platanus acerifolia, Populus sp., Quercus ilex and Taraxacum officinale allergens were determined using the EAST System (Hytec specific IgE EIA kit; Hycor Biomedical, Kassel, Germany).

Results
The aerobiological dynamics of Platanus pollen grains and Pla a 1 differed considerably, particularly during the Platanus pollination period. Of the 118 subjects tested, sera from 34 contained specific IgE to Platanus pollen and all of them had specific IgE to other pollen types.

Conclusions
The presence of the aeroallergen Pla a 1 in the atmosphere appears to be independent of Platanus pollen counts over the same period, which may be contributing to allergic symptoms and sensitization. The number of polysensitized patients displaying allergy to Platanus suggested that allergic symptoms were caused by co‐sensitization or cross‐reactivity involving a number of allergenic particles.

Cite this as: D. Fernández‐González, Z. González‐Parrado, A. M. Vega‐Maray, R. M. Valencia‐Barrera, B. Camazón‐Izquierdo, P. De Nuntiis and P. Mandrioli, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1701–1708.
CCL20 is overexpressed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected monocytes and inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Authors: Rivero-Lezcano O M , González-Cortés C , Reyes-Ruvalcaba D , Diez-Tascón C
Published: September 2010

CCL20 is a chemokine that attracts immature dendritic cells. We show that monocytes, cells characteristic of the innate immune response, infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis express the CCL20 gene at a much higher level than the same cells infected with non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Interferon (IFN)-γ, a fundamental cytokine in the immune response to tuberculosis, strongly inhibits both the transcription and the translation of CCL20. We have also confirmed that dendritic cells are a suitable host for mycobacteria proliferation, although CCL20 does not seem to influence their intracellular multiplication rate. The chemokine, however, down-regulates the characteristic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by M. tuberculosis in monocytes, which may affect the activity of the cells. Apoptosis mediated by the mycobacteria, possibly ROS-dependent, was also inhibited by CCL20.
The dendritic cell mannose receptor mediates allergen internalization and maturation involving notch 1 signalling
Authors: Li J , Jiang H , Wen W , Zheng J , Xu G
Published: September 2010

Dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown recently to play a key role in inducing and mediating T helper type 2 (Th2) responses associated with atopic disease. These responses are mediated in part by ligation to different Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and C-type lectins, e.g. the mannose receptor (MR), depending upon the DC subset involved and the respective microenvironments. Because ovalbumin (OVA) (which is structurally related to various allergens) can engage the MR, we can use OVA stimulation as a model for understanding the roles of both TLRs and the MR in allergic inflammatory responses. We examined TLR- and MR-mediated responses from mouse bone marrow-derived DCs in the context of antigen recognition and presentation in addition to examining the relationship between notch 1, TLRs and MR signalling pathways. This work demonstrated that OVA-mediated signalling up-regulated both TLR-2 and MR and that MR RNA interference (RNAi) but not TLR2 RNAi inhibited DC internalization of fluorescein isothiocyanate–OVA. Furthermore, MR RNAi inhibited OVA- and house dust mite allergen extract-induced DC maturation and MR RNAi and TLR2 RNAi influenced DC interleukin-12 production independently. Finally, we demonstrated that blocking notch 1 signalling inhibited both notch 1 and TLR-2 expression but not MR expression levels. However, MR RNAi inhibited the expression of MR, TLR-2 and notch 1. These results indicate that MR is the primary receptor mediating the internalization of environmental allergen glycoproteins. In addition, TLR-2 and notch 1 play important roles in DC maturation and antigen presentation and signals originating from the MR and TLR-2 receptors converge with the notch 1 signalling pathway.
Predictors of phyllodes tumours on core biopsy specimens of fibroepithelial neoplasms
Authors: Jara‐Lazaro Ana Richelia , Akhilesh Meenakshi , Thike Aye Aye , Lui Philip Chi‐Wai , Tse Gary Man‐Kit , Tan Puay Hoon
Published: September 2010

Jara‐Lazaro A R, Akhilesh M, Thike A A, Lui P C‐W, Tse G M‐K & Tan P H (2010) Histopathology 57, 220–232

Predictors of phyllodes tumours on core biopsy specimens of fibroepithelial neoplasms

Aims:  To establish histological and biological parameters that can predict phyllodes tumours on core biopsy specimens of indeterminate fibroepithelial neoplasms.

Methods and results:  Core biopsy specimens of fibroepithelial lesions diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital from 2002 to 2007 were reviewed. Cases in which phyllodes tumour was favoured, or could not be ruled out, were evaluated for stromal cellularity/distribution, nuclear atypia and mitoses, stromal overgrowth, epithelial fronding, epithelial hyperplasia, configuration of lesional edge, presence of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia and of adipose tissue. Antibodies to Ki67, topoisomerase IIα, CD34, CD117 and Bcl‐2 were applied to sections subjected to immunohistochemistry using the streptavidin–biotin method. Findings were correlated with subsequent excisions. Of 261 core biopsy specimens of fibroepithelial lesions, 98 (37%) comprised cases in which phyllodes tumour could not be excluded and 57 (58%) had subsequent open surgical excisions. Marked stromal hypercellularity (5/5; 100%) and nuclear atypia (1/1; 100%), stromal overgrowth (17/17; 100%), mitoses ≥2/10 high‐power fields (18/18; 100%) and ill‐defined lesional borders (16/16 phyllodes tumours; 100%) were features in core biopsy specimens that exclusively predicted phyllodes tumour on excision. Moderate stromal hypercellularity (20/27 phyllodes tumours; 74%), stromal overgrowth, moderate nuclear atypia (14/16 phyllodes tumours; 87%), pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (19/23 phyllodes tumours; 83%) significantly correlated with their subsequent excisions. Immunohistochemical markers Ki67 ≥5% and topoisomerase IIα≥5%, and reduced or patchy CD34 on core biopsy specimens correlated significantly with a diagnosis of phyllodes.

Conclusions:  Stromal hypercellularity, combined with key histological features and immunohistochemical markers Ki67, topoisomerase IIα and CD34, reinforced by clinical findings, can predict phyllodes tumours on core biopsy specimens.
Drought increases freezing tolerance of both leaves and xylem of Larrea tridentata
Authors: MEDEIROS JULIANA S. , POCKMAN WILLIAM T.
Published: September 2010

Drought and freezing are both known to limit desert plant distributions, but the interaction of these stressors is poorly understood. Drought may increase freezing tolerance in leaves while decreasing it in the xylem, potentially creating a mismatch between water supply and demand. To test this hypothesis, we subjected Larrea tridentata juveniles grown in a greenhouse under well‐watered or drought conditions to minimum temperatures ranging from −8 to −24 °C. We measured survival, leaf retention, gas exchange, cell death, freezing point depression and leaf‐specific xylem hydraulic conductance (kl). Drought‐exposed plants exhibited smaller decreases in gas exchange after exposure to −8 °C compared to well‐watered plants. Drought also conferred a significant positive effect on leaf, xylem and whole‐plant function following exposure to −15 °C; drought‐exposed plants exhibited less cell death, greater leaf retention, higher kl and higher rates of gas exchange than well‐watered plants. Both drought‐exposed and well‐watered plants experienced 100% mortality following exposure to −24 °C. By documenting the combined effects of drought and freezing stress, our data provide insight into the mechanisms determining plant survival and performance following freezing and the potential for shifts in L. tridentata abundance and range in the face of changing temperature and precipitation regimes.
Living related liver transplant following bone marrow transplantation from same donor: Long‐term survival without immunosuppression
Authors: Granot E. , Loewenthal R. , Jakobovich E. , Gazit E. , Sokal E. , Reding R.
Published: September 2010

Granot E, Loewenthal R, Jakobovich E, Gazit E, Sokal E, Reding R. Living related liver transplant following bone marrow transplantation from same donor: Long‐term survival without immunosuppression.  Pediatr Transplantation 2012: 16: E1–E4. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We report long‐term (seven yr) immunological tolerance in a 16‐yr‐old boy, to a liver allograft donated by his father following a bone marrow transplant at age 2.5 yr from the same donor. The bone marrow transplant was complicated by severe GVHD leading to liver failure and the ensuing need for a liver transplant, performed under planned avoidance of immunosuppression. At one wk post‐transplant, although a liver biopsy was histologically compatible with acute rejection, favorable clinical and biochemical evolution precluded initiating immunosuppressive therapy, thus highlighting the need for caution when interpreting early histological changes so that administration of unnecessary immunosuppression can be avoided. Induction of tolerance in transplant recipients remains an elusive goal. In those patients who had received conventional bone marrow transplants and had endured the consequences of GVHD, development of macrochimerism may allow immunosuppression‐free solid organ transplantation from the same donor.
Impact of high‐consistency area evaluated under hand‐operated transrectal compression using a sonographic probe on prostate cancer detection: Clinicopathological analysis
Authors: Minagawa Tomonori , Murata Yasushi , Uehara Takeshi , Imamura Tetsuya , Ishizuka Osamu
Published: September 2010

Aim of this investigation was to determine whether the evaluation of a new dynamic finding on conventional greyscale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), which we named as high‐consistency area (HCA), is useful in detection of prostate cancer (PCa). Fifty‐one consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled in this study. When TRUS‐guided prostate biopsy was performed, HCA that was difficult to transform, due to transrectal compression using sonographic probe, was evaluated. HCA‐targeting biopsy, digital rectal examination (DRE)‐targeting biopsy and systematic 12‐core biopsy were performed. All biopsy cores were diagnosed histopathologically. As the results, twenty‐three PCas were detected in 51 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of HCA‐targeting biopsy for correct diagnosis were 60.9% and 78.6%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for DRE‐targeting biopsy were 47.8% and 78.6%, respectively. In conclusion, HCA‐targeting biopsy of this study was superior to DRE‐targeting biopsy with regard to detection of PCa. Before prostate biopsy, patients should be evaluated for DRE and HCA, and DRE and HCA‐targeting biopsy should be performed.
Twenty‐nine Leydig cell tumors: Histological features, outcomes and implications for management
Authors: Heer Rakesh , Jackson Matthew J , El‐Sherif Amira , Thomas David J
Published: September 2010

Leydig cell tumors are the most common interstitial neoplasm of the testes. Metastatic progression is historically quoted at over 10%, fuelling uncertainty as to the safety of testis sparing surgery. Between June 1998 and March 2009, 29 patients underwent surgery for Leydig cell tumor of the testis in our cancer network. We reviewed their histological features and clinical outcomes. Four patients with sub‐5 millimetre lesions underwent testis sparing surgery and 25 were treated with radical orchidectomy. Histopathological characteristics that have been linked with risk of malignant progression were seen infrequently in our cohort: diameter greater than 50 mm, 0%; nuclear atypia, 14%; >3 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields, 3%; infiltrative borders, 10%; necrosis, 3%; and vascular invasion 0%. No patient developed local or distant recurrent disease over a median follow up of 49 months, including seven and four patients disease‐free at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The rate of metastatic progression is likely to be significantly less than 10%. Our data suggest that, in the absence of high‐risk histopathological features, this tumor can be safely regarded as benign, pending a longer‐term follow‐up evaluation.
Suppression of Plasma Glutathione Peroxidase Activity by Ifosfamide*
Authors: Saito Goichi , Yoshimura Shinichi , Iwasaki Katsuhiko , Kuroshima Yoshio , Moriuchi Tetsuya
Published: September 2010

Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is synthesized predominantly in the kidneys. Plasma‐GPx activities were measured in 12 patients with gynecological malignancies before and after chemotherapy. The patients were treated with cisplatin alone (P); with VP16 and cisplatin (EP); with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP); or with ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (IAP). The protein levels of the enzyme were semi‐quantitatively determined by immuno‐blot analysis. Plasma GPx activity was decreased by an average of 61% (p < 0.01) in patients treated with IAP, while no significant decreases were observed in patients treated with any drug combinations without ifosfamide. Immuno‐blot analysis of plasma samples from a patient treated with IAP revealed no differences in the protein levels of plasma GPx either before or after IAP administration, although the plasma GPx activity decreased 83%, from 0.173 to 0.029 units/m/. The results indicate that the decrease in plasma GPx activity was not due to impaired production of the enzyme in the kidneys, and that ifosfamide is responsible for inhibition of the enzyme activity. Since GPx is an enzyme of major importance in detoxification of lipid peroxides in the brain, CNS toxicity induced by ifosfamide might be related to severe suppression of plasma GPx activity.
Dynamic changes in anger, externalizing and internalizing problems: attention and regulation
Authors: Kim Jungmeen , Deater‐Deckard Kirby
Published: September 2010

Background:  Low levels of dispositional anger and a good attention span are critical to healthy social emotional development, with attention control reflecting effective cognitive self‐regulation of negative emotions such as anger. Using a longitudinal design, we examined attention span as a moderator of reciprocal links between changes in anger and changes in externalizing and internalizing problems from 4.5 to 11 years of age.

Method:  Participants were children from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), assessed four times between 4.5 and 11 years. Composite scores for anger and attention were computed using indicators from multiple informants. Externalizing and internalizing problems were reported by mothers.

Results:  Latent difference score analysis showed reciprocal lagged effects between increased anger and elevated levels of externalizing or internalizing problems. Significant moderating effects of attention indicated more persistent effects of anger on externalizing problems in the poor attention group. Although the poor and the good attention groups did not differ regarding the effects of anger on internalizing problems, significant moderating effects of attention indicated stronger and more persistent reciprocal effects of internalizing problems on anger in the poor attention group.

Conclusions:  Attention control mechanisms are involved in self‐regulation of anger and its connections with changes in behavioral and emotional problems. Strong attention regulation may serve to protect children with higher levels of dispositional anger from developing behavioral and emotional problems in middle childhood.
Chemical composition and mineral content of goat milk from four indigenous Portuguese breeds in relation to one foreign breed
Authors: TRANCOSO INÊS M , TRANCOSO MARIA A , MARTINS ANTÓNIO P L , ROSEIRO LUÍSA B
Published: September 2010

Raw goat milk samples from Saanen and indigenous Portuguese breeds were analysed for gross composition, minerals and trace elements. Mean results revealed that some distinction could be seen for the Serrana breed. A significant geographical difference (P < 0.05) between Serrana herds was also observed. Generally, milk from Saanen did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of the indigenous Portuguese breeds. Multivariate analysis showed that goat breeds could be divided into two groups, the ones reared mainly inland and those reared towards the coast. Potentially toxic elements were not detected.
Thickness of the middle trapezius muscle measured by rehabilitative ultrasound imaging: description of the technique and reliability study
Authors: Bentman Susanna , O’Sullivan Cliona , Stokes Maria
Published: September 2010

A technique is described for measuring the thickness of the middle trapezius muscle using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI). A test–retest study was employed to investigate the reliability of the technique in a convenience sample of 16 asymptomatic participants aged 20–41  (12 women). The middle trapezius muscle was imaged using RUSI with participants in a standardized sitting position. The principal investigator took measurements on two consecutive days to examine intra‐rater reliability, and two additional investigators took measurements on the second day to investigate inter‐rater reliability of the measurement technique. Reliability was examined using intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and Bland and Altman plots. The results demonstrated that inter‐rater reliability was good between raters (ICC2,3 = 0·81, SEM = 0·94 mm) and was moderate for the same rater between days (ICC3,2 = 0·67, SEM = 1·0 mm). This study demonstrates that RUSI can be used reliably to measure muscle thickness of the middle trapezius muscle following the procedure described.
The Trade‐Off between Costs and Outcomes: The Case of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Schreyögg Jonas , Stargardt Tom
Published: September 2010

Objective. To investigate and to quantify the relationship between hospital costs and health outcomes for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals using individual‐level data for costs and outcomes.

Data Sources. VHA administrative files for the fiscal years 2000–2006.

Study Design. Costs were defined as costs incurred during the index hospitalization for treatment of AMI. Mortality and readmission, assessed 1 year after the index hospitalization, were used as measures of clinical outcome. We examined health outcomes as a function of costs and other patient‐level and hospital‐level characteristics using a two‐stage Cox proportional hazard model that accounted for competing risks within a multilevel framework. To control for patient comorbidities, we compiled a comprehensive list of comorbidities that have been found in other studies to affect mortality and readmissions.

Principal Findings. We found that costs were negatively associated with mortality and readmissions. Every U.S.$100 less spent is associated with a 0.63 percent increase in the hazard of dying and a 1.24 percent increase in the hazard to be readmitted conditional on not dying. This main finding remained unchanged after a number of sensitivity checks.

Conclusions. Our results suggest that there is a trade‐off between costs and outcomes. The negative association between costs and mortality suggests that outcomes should be monitored closely when introducing cost‐containment programs. Additional studies are needed to examine the cost–outcome relationship for conditions other than AMI to see whether our results are consistent.
Primary Cutaneous Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma of the Nasal Tip in a Child
Authors: Santiago‐et‐Sánchez‐Mateos Diana , Hernández‐Martín Angela , Colmenero Isabel , Mediero Imelda G. , León Alvaro , Torrelo Antonio
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  A 4‐year‐old boy with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma located on the nasal tip is presented. The lesion healed spontaneously in 4 months without any evidence of residual disease. Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, though rare in children, may occur, and should be considered when a rapidly growing ulcerating skin lesion appears.
Nevus Trichilemmocysticus: Report of a New Case of a Recently Recognized Entity
Authors: Larralde Margarita , Boggio Paula , Abad María Eugenia , Corbella Cristina , Happle Rudolf
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  A new type of organoid epidermal nevus, characterized by the presence of multiple trichilemmal cysts disposed in a linear arrangement, was recently recognized and named nevus trichilemmocysticus. We report a 10‐year‐old girl with a congenital linear dermatosis affecting the head, neck, trunk, limbs, palms, and soles. Initially, the lesions that followed the lines of Blaschko consisted of yellowish plaques covered by verrucous papules and filiform hyperkeratoses. Additionally, since the age of 6 years, numerous cyst‐like structures developed on the linear lesions involving the limbs. On histopathological examination, all of the excised cystic lesions were found to be trichilemmal cysts. Hence, we herein describe a new case of nevus trichilemmocysticus.
No‐Reflow Phenomenon Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Incidence, Outcome, and Effect of Pharmacologic Therapy
Authors: REZKALLA SHEREIF H. , DHARMASHANKAR KODLIPET C. , ABDALRAHMAN IHAB B. , KLONER ROBERT A.
Published: September 2010

Background: No‐reflow (NR) phenomenon is a well‐known problem, often accompanying percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). There are little data on effects of pharmacologic therapy on the resolution, outcome, and long‐term natural history of NR.

Objective: Retrospectively assess incidence, management, and prognosis of NR in a tertiary referral hospital.

Methods: Study included patients with STEMI, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Effect of pharmacologic therapy and long‐term outcome were assessed. NR was defined by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) < 3 or myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 3.

Results: Of 347 identified subjects, NR occurred in 110 (32%) by TIMI and 198 (57%) by MBG. Higher incidence was identified in men versus women (34% vs. 25% by TIMI, P = 0.08; and 60% vs. 48% by MBG, P = 0.04). Pharmacologic therapy was equally effective in restoring normal flow, increasing TIMI score from 1.62 ± 0.07 to 2.78 ± 0.06 (P < 0.0001) and MBG score from 0.43 ± 0.08 to 2.09 ± 0.11 (P < 0.0001). Twenty‐three percent who did not receive pharmacologic therapy developed clinical composite of congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and/or death; only 9% of patients who received pharmacologic therapy developed this composite. Patients with severe NR despite treatment had poorer prognosis. Sixty‐five percent of patients who survived and had repeat angiogram about 1.5 years later had spontaneous improvement in coronary flow by MBG.

Conclusion: NR is common in STEMI. Treatment with nicardipine, nitroprusside, and verapamil are equally effective in improving flow. If not treated, prognosis is poor. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:429–436)
The Structural, Thermal, and Optical Analyses of Multicomponent Germanium Oxide Glasses for Engineering Mid‐Infrared Fiber Chemical Sensing
Authors: Jiang Xin , Lousteau Joris , Jha Animesh
Published: September 2010

We demonstrate the suitability of multicomponent germanium oxide (GeO2)‐based glasses for engineering on‐line chemical sensors operating in the 2–5 μm spectral region. Bulk glass samples based on the oxide and oxy‐fluoride multicomponent compositions GeO2–PbO–Na2O, GeO2–PbO–Na2O–Ga2O3, and GeO2–PbO–Na2O–Ga2O3–PbF2, respectively were analyzed for comparing thermal, structural, and optical properties. These glasses were melted using in an oxygen‐rich atmosphere above 1200°C, and annealed after casting before undertaking detailed thermal analysis. Glass compositions with especially high fluoride and lead concentrations are reported to have the glass transition temperature above 350°C, which makes them suitable for operation in the 150°–200°C temperature range for chemical sensing and process metrology. The effects of composition on the thermal, structural, and optical properties of these glasses are studied using differential thermal analysis, Raman and infrared reflection spectroscopy, and prism coupling techniques. The compositional and wavelength dependence of refractive indices are also analyzed from which the value of the zero dispersion wavelength was determined.
Volatile induction of three cereals: influence of mechanical injury and insect herbivory on injured plants and neighbouring uninjured plants
Authors: Piesik D. , Łyszczarz A. , Tabaka P. , Lamparski R. , Bocianowski J. , Delaney K.J.
Published: September 2010

Herbivore damage and mechanical injury to leaves can stimulate the emission of volatile compounds. It is well known that emission of these volatile organic compounds (VOC) from plants can influence interactions with pests and their natural enemies. In our experiment, we studied the VOC responses of Triticum aestivum cv. ‘Bombona’, Avena sativa cv. ‘Deresz’ and Hordeum vulgare cv. ‘Rastik’ under mechanical injury and/or adult cereal leaf beetle herbivory, Oelema melanopus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In the first part of our experiment, we confirmed that increased amounts of several green leaf volatiles (GLVs) and terpene VOC were released by tested cereal plants after leaf injury. The quantities of multiple induced VOC varied significantly between our tested cereals. When undamaged wheat, barley and oat plants were positioned near to mechanically injured or insect‐damaged wheat plants, these neighbouring uninjured plants of all three test cereals also emitted significantly more VOC than control plants. The degree of VOC induction was significantly greater when an uninjured plant was closer to an injured wheat plant. This phenomenon may be useful for crop protection, as VOC manipulation may result in improved pest management and help reduce the use of harmful pesticides.
Evaluation of three commercial ELISA kits for anticardiolipin and anti‐beta2‐glycoprotein I antibodies in the laboratory diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: DECAVELE A. S. , SCHOUWERS S. , DEVREESE K. M. J.
Published: September 2010

Introduction:  The laboratory criteria of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) include lupus anticoagulant (LAC), anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL) and anti‐β2glycoprotein I antibodies (aβ2GPI) IgG or IgM.

Methods:  We evaluated three commercial ELISAs for aCL and aβ2GPI IgG and IgM: Asserachrom® (‘Stago’), Bio‐Rad (‘BR’) and the Bindazyme™ (the Binding Site, ‘BS’).

Results:  Results of all assays and of LAC were correlated with the clinical background (n = 228). Sensitivity for Stago/BS/BR aCL IgG was 14%/15%/18%, for aCL IgM 1%/5%/4%, for aβ2GPI IgG 9%/10%/17% and for aβ2GPI IgM 4%/4%/3%. The specificity for Stago/BS/BR for all assays ranged from 86% to 98%. The positive predictive value (PPV) for Stago/BS/BR aCL IgG was 46%/52%/40%, for aCL IgM 8%/36%/19%, for aβ2GPI IgG 70%/67%/45% and for aβ2GPI IgM 23%/23%/20%. Combining LAC with aCL and aβ2GPI antibodies increased the sensitivity (Stago/BS/BR IgG: 26%/27%/31%, IgM: 22%/21%/26%) and PPV (Stago/BS/BR IgG: 41%/46%/36%, IgM: 34%/40%/36%). Comparing the diagnostic power of the tests, only Stago/BS aβ2GPI IgG had a Chi‐square P‐value lower than 0.05. The combination of LAC and IgG ELISAs of BS resulted in the lowest P‐value (0.098) compared to the other combinations.

Conclusion:  All evaluated ELISAs are a practical tool in the laboratory diagnosis of APS. The diagnostic performance shows slight differences between the ELISAs from the different manufacturers.
Genetic Variations in Shiga Toxin‐Producing Abilities of Bovine and Human Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Taylor E. V. , Shi X. , Alam M. J. , Peterson G. , Narayanan S. K. , Renter D. G. , Nagaraja T. G.
Published: September 2010

Cattle are a primary reservoir of Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major foodborne pathogen. The organism causes haemorrhagic colitis which can lead to serious complications, including haemolytic–uraemic syndrome. Although E. coli O157:H7 is widely prevalent in cattle and cattle environments, the number of human cases remain relatively low, suggesting possible strain diversity and differences in virulence between human and bovine strains. Shiga toxins, Stx1 and Stx2, are the major virulence factors. Differences in Stx2 production between human and bovine strains have been demonstrated previously, and isolates possessing the stx2 gene, but not producing Stx2 [toxin non‐producing (TNP) strains] have been identified. In this study, 150 isolates (56 human, 94 bovine) were tested by PCR for stx2 upstream regions associated with TNP and the Q933 gene, which has been previously associated with toxin production. A reverse passive latex agglutination test was used to evaluate 107 isolates (50 human, 57 bovine) for Stx1 and Stx2 production. The percentages of human and bovine isolates positive for presence of the TNP regions were similar (57.1% and 53.1% respectively), while a higher percentage of human isolates was positive for Q933 gene (89.3% versus 54.3%). Stx2 production of ≥1 : 8 was found in 86.0% of human isolates compared with 26.3% of bovine isolates. Bovine isolates with the presence of the TNP regions were associated with significantly lower Stx2 production (P < 0.05), while the Q933 gene was associated with higher Stx2 production (P < 0.05). However, the presence of the TNP region was not associated (P > 0.05) with low Stx2 production in human isolates. Therefore, Q933 was a better indicator of high Stx2 production by human and bovine isolates and may be a useful screening method to assess their potential to cause human disease.
The Design Proposal in a Changing World …Ensuring its Success and Value
Authors: Prone Michael
Published: September 2010

THE DESIGN BRIEF is fundamental. A firm may have the latest technology. Its organization may exploit the most up‐to‐date management strategies. But, as Michael Prone reiterates, it still needs this basic tool, a living document that becomes the starting point for a broad range of decision‐making—summarizing the objectives of many constituencies, mapping the boundaries of a project, and outlining a process for measuring and achieving the goals essential to product success.
The Dynamic Strength of a Representative Double Layer Prismatic Core: A Combined Experimental, Numerical, and Analytical Assessment
Authors: Ferri Enrico , Deshpande V. S. , Evans A. G.
Published: September 2010

Dynamic out-of-plane compressive testing was used to characterize the dynamic strength of stainless steel prismatic cores with representative double layer topology to be employed in sandwich panels for blast protection. Laboratory-scaled samples of the representative core unit cell were manufactured (relative density of 5.4%) and tested at constant axial impact velocities (ranging from quasi-static to 140 ms−1). The dynamic strength was evaluated by measuring the stresses transmitted to a direct impact Hopkinson bar. Two-dimensional, plane strain, finite element calculations (with a stationary back face) were used to replicate the experimental results upon incorporating imperfections calibrated using the observed dynamic buckling modes. To infer the response of cores when included in a sandwich plate subject to blast loading, the finite element model was modified to an unsupported (free-standing) back face boundary condition. The transmitted stress is found to be modulated by the momentum acquired by the back face mass and, as the mass becomes larger, the core strength approaches that measured and simulated for stationary conditions. This finding justifies the use of a simple dynamic compression test for calibration of the dynamic strength of the core. An analytical model that accounts for the shock effects in a homogenized core and embodies a simple dual-level dynamic strength is presented and shown to capture the experimental observations and simulated results with acceptable fidelity. This model provides the basis for a constitutive model that can be used to understand the response of sandwich plates subject to impulsive loads.
Prediction of Performance From PRB Coal Fired in Utility Boilers With Various Furnace and Firing System Arrangements
Authors: Chudnovsky B. , Talanker A. , Berman Y. , Saveliev R. , Perelman M. , Korytnyi E. , Davidson B. , Bar-Ziv E.
Published: September 2010

The present regulatory requirements enforce the modification of the firing modes of existing coal-fired utility boilers and the use of coals different from those originally designed for these boilers. The reduction in SO2 and NOx emissions was the primary motivation for these changes. Powder river basin (PRB) coals, classified as subbituminous ranked coals, can lower NOx and SOx emissions from power plants due to their high volatile content and low sulfur content, respectively. On the other hand, PRB coals have also high moisture content, low heating value, and low fusion temperature. Therefore when a power plant switches from the designed coal to a PRB coal, operational challenges were encountered. A major problem that can occur when using these coals is the severe slagging and excess fouling on the heat exchanger surfaces. Not only is there an insulating effect from deposit, but there is also a change in reflectivity of the surface. Excess furnace fouling and high reflectivity ash may cause reduction in heat transfer in the furnace, which results in higher furnace exit gas temperatures (FEGTs), especially with opposite wall burners and with a single backpass. Higher FEGTs usually result in higher stack gas temperature, increasing the reheater spray flow and therefore decreasing the boiler efficiency with a higher heat rate of the unit. A successful modification of an existing unit for firing of PRB coals requires the evaluation of the following parameters: (1) capacities or limitations of the furnace size, (2) the type and arrangement of the firing system, (3) heat transfer surface, (4) pulverizers, (5) sootblowers, (6) fans, and (7) airheaters. In the present study we used a comprehensive methodology to make this evaluation for three PRB coals to be potentially fired in a 575 MW tangential-fired boiler.
Effects of Acoustic Excitation on a Swirling Diffusion Flame
Authors: Loretero Michael E. , Huang Rong F.
Published: September 2010

A swirling double concentric jet is commonly used for nonpremixed gas burner application for safety reasons and to improve the combustion performance. Fuel is generally spurted at the central jet while the annular coflowing air is swirled. They are normally separated by a blockage disk where the bluff-body effects further enhance the recirculation of hot gas at the reaction zone. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the behavior of flame and flow in a double concentric jet combustor when the fuel supply is acoustically driven. Laser-light sheet assisted Mie scattering method has been used to visualize the flow, while the flame lengths were measured by a conventional photography technique. The fluctuating velocity at the jet exit was measured by a two-component laser Doppler velocimeter. Flammability and stability at first fuel tube resonant frequency are reported and discussed. The evolution of flame profile with excitation level is presented and discussed, together with the reduction in flame length. The flame in the unforced reacting axisymmetric wake is classified into three characteristic modes, which are weak swirling flame, lifted flame, and transitional reattached flame. These terms reflect their primary features of flame appearances, and when the acoustic excitation is applied, the flame behaviors change with the excitation frequency and amplitude. Four additional characteristic modes are identified; e.g., at low excitation amplitudes, wrinkling flame with a blue annular film is observed because the excitation induces vortices in the central fuel jet and hence gives rise to the wrinkling of flame. The central jet vortices become larger with the increase in excitation amplitude and thus lead to a wider and shorter flame. If the excitation amplitude is increased above a certain value, the central jet vortices change the rotation direction and pacing with the annular jet vortices. These changes in the flow field induce large turbulent intensity and mixing and therefore make the flame looks blue and short. Further increase in the excitation amplitude would lift the flame because the flow field would be dramatically modified.
Time Averaged Net Heat Flux Reduction for Unsteady Film Cooling
Authors: Rutledge James L. , King Paul I. , Rivir Richard
Published: September 2010

Film cooling flow for reduction in heat flux to a gas turbine engine hot gas path component is generally assumed to be steady. However, unsteady film cooling may occur due to naturally occurring flow unsteadiness or may be induced intentionally. Analysis of pulsed or otherwise unsteady film coolant flow necessitates a reformulation of the existing steady-state technique for net heat flux reduction (NHFR). We show that addition of a cross-coupled term to the traditional steady form of the NHFR equation with time averaged quantities accounts for the unsteady effects. In the experimental technique to determine the time averaged NHFR, we present a new parameter γ to capture the combined influence of the average adiabatic effectiveness and the coupling between η′ and h′. Measurement of γ is shown to be straightforward but requiring careful considerations beyond those required to measure η with steady film cooling.