bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic studies on Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) in China VI: Z. leucochilum, a new species with running rhizome from Sichuan
Authors: Bai Lin , Leong‐Škorničková Jana , Xia Nian‐He , Li De‐Zhu
Published: September 2018

Zingiber leucochilum L.Bai, Škorničk. & N.H.Xia (Zingibereae, Zingiberaceae), a new species from southeastern Sichuan, China, is described and illustrated with a colour plate. Notes on ecology, distribution and a preliminary IUCN conservation assessment are also provided. The new species is assigned to Z. sect. Cryptanthium Horan. and compared to five morphologically similar species from China which share the characteristic well‐elongated and running rhizome, namely, Z. emeiense Z.Y.Zhu, Z. leptorrhizum D.Fang, Z. pauciflorum L.Bai, Škorničk., D.Z.Li & N.H.Xia, Z. smilesianum Craib and Z. yunnanense S.Q.Tong & X.Z.Liu. A key to the above six species is provided and their distributions are mapped.
Typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae)
Authors: Ferrer‐Gallego P. Pablo , Sáez Llorenç , Laguna Emilio , Rosselló Josep A.
Published: September 2018

The typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae) is discussed. Original material for O. crispa was traced at LINN, but found to be heterogeneous. In addition, the illustration by Magnol cited in the protologue represents O. aragonensis. The name is lectotypified using a specimen at LINN to preserve the current usage of the name and to avoid any ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype, an epitype is selected. Since no original material is extant for the name O. zschackei, a neotype is designated from a specimen preserved at P and collected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain).
Neurotrophic factors in enteric physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Liu Sumei
Published: September 2018

Neurotrophic factors are traditionally recognized for their roles in differentiation, growth, and survival of specific neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Some neurotrophic factors are essential for the development and migration of the enteric nervous system along the fetal and post‐natal gut. Over the last two decades, several non‐developmental functions of neurotrophic factors have been characterized. In the adult gastrointestinal tract, neurotrophic factors regulate gut sensation, motility, epithelial barrier function, and protect enteric neurons and glial cells from damaging insults in the microenvironment of the gut. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Fu et al demonstrate that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of distention‐induced abdominal pain in bowel obstruction. In light of this interesting finding, this mini‐review highlights some of the recent advances in understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of neurotrophic factors in the adult gut.
Revisiting the evolutionary origins of obesity: lazy versus peppy‐thrifty genotype hypothesis
Authors: Reddon H. , Patel Y. , Turcotte M. , Pigeyre M. , Meyre D.
Published: September 2018

The recent global obesity epidemic is attributed to major societal and environmental changes, such as excessive energy intake and sedentary lifestyle. However, exposure to ‘obesogenic’ environments does not necessarily result in obesity at the individual level, as 40–75% of body mass index variation in population is attributed to genetic differences. The thrifty genotype theory posits that genetic variants promoting efficient food sequestering and optimal deposition of fat during periods of food abundance were evolutionarily advantageous for the early hunter–gatherer and were positively selected. However, the thrifty genotype is likely too simplistic and fails to provide a justification for the complex distribution of obesity predisposing gene variants and for the broad range of body mass index observed in diverse ethnic groups. This review proposes that gene pleiotropy may better account for the variability in the distribution of obesity susceptibility alleles across modern populations. We outline the lazy‐thrifty versus peppy‐thrifty genotype hypothesis and detail the body of evidence in the literature in support of this novel concept. Future population genetics and mathematical modelling studies that account for pleiotropy may further improve our understanding of the evolutionary origins of the current obesity epidemic.
The ipRGC‐driven pupil response with light exposure and refractive error in children
Authors: Ostrin Lisa A
Published: September 2018

Purpose

The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) signal environmental light, control pupil size and entrain circadian rhythm. There is speculation that ipRGCs may be involved in the protective effects of light exposure in myopia. Here, the ipRGC‐driven pupil response was evaluated in children and examined with light exposure and refractive error.

Methods

Children ages 5–15 years participated. Subjects wore an actigraph device prior to the lab visit for objective measures of light exposure and sleep. For pupillometry, the left eye was dilated and presented with stimuli, and the consensual pupil response was measured in the right eye. Pupil measurements were preceded by 5 min dark adaptation. In Experiment 1 (n = 14), 1 s long wavelength light (‘red,’ 651 nm, 167 cd m−2) and 10 increasing intensities of 1 s short wavelength light (‘blue,’ 456 nm, 0.167–167 cd m−2) were presented with a 60 s interstimulus interval. A piecewise two‐segment regression was fit to the stimulus response function to determine the functional melanopsin threshold. Pupil responses were analysed with light exposure over the previous 24 h. For Experiment 2 (n = 42), three 1 s red and three 1 s blue alternating stimuli were presented with a 60 s interstimulus interval. Following an additional 5‐min dark adaption, the experiment was repeated. Pupil metrics included peak constriction, the 6 s and 30 s post‐illumination response (PIPR), early and late area under the curve (AUC). Following pupil measurements, cycloplegic refractive error and axial length were measured.

Results

For Experiment 1, PIPR metrics demonstrated a graded response to increasing intensity blue stimuli, with a mean functional melanopsin threshold of 6.2 ± 4.5 cd m−2 (range: 0.84–16.7 cd m−2). The 6 s PIPR and early AUC were associated with 24‐h light exposure for high intensity stimuli (33.3 and 83.3 cd m−2, p < 0.005 for both). For Experiment 2, there were no associations between pupil metrics and refractive error. The 6 s PIPR and early AUC to blue stimuli were significantly increased for Trial 2 compared to Trial 1.

Conclusions

The ipRGC‐driven pupil responses in children were robust and similar to responses previously measured in an adult population. The 6 s PIPR and early AUC to high intensity blue stimuli were associated with previous light exposure. There were no associations between the ipRGC‐driven pupil response and refractive status in this cohort.
Detrimental effects of sediment on attachment, survival and growth of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii in early life stages
Authors: Gao Xu , Lee Jung Rok , Park Seo Kyoung , Kim Nam Gil , Choi Han Gil
Published: September 2018

Sediment loading by human activities has increased in recent years and sedimentation in coastal areas is problematic because it removes seaweed forests. In this study, we examined the effects of different sediment quantities (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg cm−2) and particles sizes (<100, 100–250, and 250–600 μm) on zygote attachment, and germling survival and growth of Sargassum thunbergii, an economically and ecologically important species. Zygote attachment was negatively correlated with increased sediment quantities. However, it was not significantly different among sediment particle sizes. In addition, survival and growth of germlings were significantly inhibited by increased sediment quantity. Smaller particle size (< 100 μm) had greater negative impact on the survival and growth than bigger ones. Results of the present study suggest that early development of S. thunbergii is significantly inhibited by sediment. This might be a vital factor that results in forest depletion in Korea.
Neurocognitive mechanisms of emotion‐related impulsivity: The role of arousal
Authors: Pearlstein Jennifer G. , Johnson Sheri L. , Modavi Kiana , Peckham Andrew D. , Carver Charles S.
Published: September 2018

Prior research suggests that a traitlike tendency to experience impulsivity during states of high emotion is robustly associated with many forms of psychopathology. Several studies tie emotion‐related impulsivity to response inhibition deficits, but these studies have not focused on the role of emotion or arousal within subjects. The present study tested whether arousal, measured by pupil dilation, amplifies deficits in response inhibition for those high in emotion‐related impulsivity. Participants (N = 85) completed a measure of emotion‐related impulsivity, underwent a positive mood induction procedure that reduced heterogeneity in mood states, and completed a response inhibition task. Pupil dilation was used to index arousal during the response inhibition task. Generalized linear mixed effect modeling yielded the hypothesized interaction between arousal (pupil dilation) and emotion‐related impulsivity in predicting response inhibition performance at the trial level. Emotion‐related impulsivity relates to more difficulties with response inhibition during moments of high arousal.
Judaism was a civilization: Toward a reconstruction of ancient Jewish peoplehood
Authors: Klawans Jonathan
Published: September 2018

Contemporary scholars of ancient Judaism struggle to describe Jewishness, recognizing that ancient Jewish concepts of social collectivity do not fully correspond with modern understandings of ethnicity, nationality, race, or even religion. But despite current efforts, categorical anachronism may be inherently inescapable. Scholars should therefore evaluate modern descriptive terms based on their analytic utility. By this standard, scholars would do well to consider embracing an obviously anachronistic—but nevertheless utilitarian—term to understand ancient Jewishness: “peoplehood.” Mordecai Kaplan's conceptions of “civilization” and “peoplehood” were developed as conscious rejections of more limited (and Protestant) understandings of religion. Kaplan proposed a more nuanced understanding of Jewishness, straddling the same divides (between ethnicity, nationality, and religion) that confound scholars of ancient Judaism today. Kaplan's understanding of the Jewish civilization—land, language, folkways, sanctions, institutions, and arts—presents a striking (if inexact) articulation of the way scholars of ancient Judaism discern Jewishness in our ancient evidence. This in turn justifies utilizing “peoplehood” as an analytic category for the understanding of ancient Jewishness.
Combining Quantitative Risk Assessment of Human Health, Food Waste, and Energy Consumption: The Next Step in the Development of the Food Cold Chain?
Authors: Duret Steven , Hoang Hong‐Minh , Derens‐Bertheau Evelyne , Delahaye Anthony , Laguerre Onrawee , Guillier Laurent
Published: September 2018

The preservation of perishable food via refrigeration in the supply chain is essential to extend shelf life and provide consumers with safe food. However, electricity consumed in refrigeration processes has an economical and an environmental impact. This study focuses on the cold chain of cooked ham, including transport, cold room in supermarket, display cabinet, transport by consumer, and domestic refrigerator, and aims to predict the risk for human health associated with Listeria monocytogenes, the amount of food wasted due to the growth of spoilage bacteria, and the electrical consumption to maintain product temperature through the cold chain. A set of eight intervention actions were tested to evaluate their impact on the three criteria. Results show that the modification of the thermostat of the domestic refrigerator has a high impact on food safety and food waste and a limited impact on the electrical consumption. Inversely, the modification of the airflow rate in the display cabinet has a high impact on electrical consumption and a limited impact on food safety and food waste. A cost–benefit analysis approach and two multicriteria decision analysis methods were used to rank the intervention actions. These three methodologies show that setting the thermostat of the domestic refrigerator to 4 °C presents the best compromise between the three criteria. The impact of decisionmaker preferences (criteria weight) and limitations of these three approaches are discussed. The approaches proposed by this study may be useful in decision making to evaluate global impact of intervention actions in issues involving conflicting outputs.
Addressing Challenges to Building Resilience Through Interdisciplinary Research and Engagement
Authors: Berke Philip R. , Quiring Steven M. , Olivera Francisco , Horney Jennifer A.
Published: September 2018

Resilient communities are less affected by, and recover faster from, natural disasters. To be resilient in rapidly changing contemporary environments subject to the effects of complex factors such as climate change and urbanization, communities must effectively and efficiently adapt to new conditions to minimize future risks. To develop resilience, the hazards to which the community is exposed and vulnerable (i.e., future hurricanes, subsidence, salt water intrusion) must be accurately assessed, the systems (i.e., natural, built, and social) must be well understood, and the community must be engaged in the proactive planning and priority setting process. An approach to building resilience that utilizes the adaptive capacity of planning highlights opportunities to work collaboratively across disciplines to incorporate models and data from different disciplines to reduce uncertainty. We present one interdisciplinary group's approach to addressing challenges to building resilience through proactive planning, including: (1) characterizing hazards more accurately; (2) improving understanding of the vulnerability of natural (e.g., climate and infrastructure) systems subject to hazards; and (3) capturing potential synergies from interactions between planning and policies that govern decisions about the design of human settlements in hazardous areas.
Growth in fragile states in Africa: Conflict and post‐conflict capital accumulation
Authors: Nkurunziza Janvier D.
Published: September 2018

This article analyses the pattern of capital accumulation in Africa and its interaction with political fragility. Political fragility, defined as armed conflict or civil war, retards or reverses gains with respect to capital accumulation, slowing long‐term economic growth. Many countries experience negative rates of capital accumulation, particularly during periods of acute political instability. In post‐war periods, countries generally continue to experience capital destruction, lending support to the “war ruin hypothesis.” This has implications for long‐term economic growth in view of the strong association between capital accumulation and economic performance. The main policy implication of the analysis is that African countries and their international partners should pay more attention to capital accumulation, including capital reconstruction after periods of political instability, to lay the foundations for sustainable economic growth.
Geoexpression: A Petri network framework for representing geographic process concurrency
Authors: Davis Austin V. , Wang Shaowen
Published: September 2018

We present a novel framework called geoexpression for representing geographic process concurrency and discuss its implications for geographic dynamic modeling. Unapt representations of geographic process concurrency can lead to non‐deterministic geographic dynamic modeling outcomes, excessive cognitive burdens when reasoning about how concurrent processes interact, and even inconsistent results. After demonstrating the importance of geographic process concurrency, we examine how the characteristics of geographic process concurrency are missing from other state‐of‐the‐art geographic process representations. The geoexpression framework adopts Petri networks to allow researchers to understand how to relate geographic process concurrency to observed modeling patterns. Of interest are the real‐world geographic patterns formed by concurrent geographic processes.
Two‐year follow‐up of donors in a large national study of ferritin testing
Authors: Goldman Mindy , Uzicanin Samra , Osmond Lori , Yi Qi‐Long , Scalia Vito , O'Brien Sheila F.
Published: September 2018

BACKGROUND

We assessed donor return rates, donation frequency, and factors related to the evolution of ferritin levels 2 years after entering donors into a large operational study of ferritin testing.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Ferritin testing was done on donors from representative clinics (n = 12,595). Low‐ferritin donors (<25 μg/L) were informed and not called for 6 months to book a donation. Approximately 37% of donors had ferritin retested on a return donation. Return rate and donation frequency were monitored, and a logistic regression model was constructed.

RESULTS

The return rate was lower in low‐ferritin donors (67% vs. 78%), particularly in women who were first‐time donors (36% vs. 61%). Returning low‐ferritin donors made fewer donations in the 2 years after notification compared to the 2 years prenotification (4.5 vs. 7.5 for men, 3.0 vs. 5.0 for women), while donation frequency was lower and increased slightly for normal‐ferritin donors (4.7 vs. 4.4 for men, 3.6 vs. 3.1 for women). An increased number of donations, shorter interdonation intervals, female sex, and younger age are associated with low ferritin levels on initial and repeat testing. Some recovery of ferritin occurred, but most low‐ferritin donors continued to have low or borderline levels on retesting.

CONCLUSION

Informing donors of low ferritin results had a long‐lasting impact on return rates and donation frequency, requiring recruitment efforts to maintain adequacy of supply. Increasing the interdonation interval leads to some improvement in ferritin levels; more sustained efforts to encourage donors to improve iron intake are needed to achieve long‐term benefit.
Cumulative effects of Brexit and other UK and EU‐27 bilateral free‐trade agreements on the world’s wine markets
Authors: Anderson Kym , Wittwer Glyn
Published: September 2018

Since Britain accounts for a major share of the world’s wine imports, and EU member countries include the world’s major wine exporters, Brexit and subsequent UK and EU‐27 bilateral free‐trade agreements (FTAs) have the potential to disrupt wine markets globally. We use a model of the world’s national wine markets, projected to 2025, to examine potential impacts of Brexit and a series of follow‐on bilateral FTAs. The scenarios assume a UK‐EU‐27 FTA is followed by EU‐27 bilateral FTAs with Australia and New Zealand and then UK bilateral FTAs with those two plus South Africa and Chile (with whom the EU already has FTAs). The new EU‐Japan FTA is also assessed. Brexit’s impact comes more from assumed changes to the UK’s income growth and the pound’s exchange rate than to its tariffs. The bilateral trade consequences of the trade‐diverting and trade‐creating effects of each additional FTA are highlighted. They are then compared with the effects of a multilateral agreement to remove all wine import tariffs globally. Unrealistic though this is, it exposes the far bigger benefits to wine producers and consumers that could emerge from a single multilateral undertaking than from several bilateral or regional FTAs.
A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is present in dogs and exhibits characteristic clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Spoor Erich , Stainback Laura , Plummer Scott , Knowles Kim
Published: September 2018

The neurological examination findings, clinical pathology (includingCoccidioides immitisIgG/IgM serology) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 13 dogs with a novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis are described in a retrospective case series, with long‐term clinical resolution documented in 11/13 dogs (84.6% of cases) with oral fluconazole therapy. The medical records of the Veterinary Neurological Center in Phoenix, Arizona from the years 2000 to 2017 were utilized to search for dogs with appropriate inclusion criteria. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were highly consistent across all cases and characteristically demonstrated bilaterally symmetric T2 hyperintensity throughout the frontal lobes, caudate nuclei, and rostral internal capsule, ±faint, wispy contrast enhancement on T1‐postcontrast images. These findings were in stark contrast to previously reported MRI findings in dogs with intracranial coccidioidomycosis, which were typically characterized by a focal, strongly contrast enhancing granuloma and extensive vasogenic edema, typically unilateral. Schnauzer breeds represented eight of 13 (61.5%) cases, possibly suggesting a breed predilection. Three cases underwent repeat MRI after resolution of neurological signs and documentation of a decreasedCoccidioidestiter in response to fluconazole therapy. All demonstrated complete resolution of previously identified lesions, but with marked, severe atrophy of the caudate nuclei and frontal lobes bilaterally. Findings from this study document a variant appearance for intracranial coccidioidomycosis that, to the author's knowledge, has not been previously described in dogs. Authors propose that, although this variant demonstrates extensive pathological changes within the forebrain, the clinical outcome and response to treatment is favorable in a majority of cases.
Goffman’s Backstage Revisited: Conceptual Relevance in Contemporary Social Interactions
Authors: Serpa Sandro , Ferreira Carlos Miguel
Published: September 2018

Goffman’s analytical proposal for the interpretation of situations of interaction was, according to the author himself, expressly formulated for face-to-face situations with the actors physically present. This conceptual paper aims to analyse some highlights specifically about backstage – its conceptual meaning and its potential heuristic relevance for the interpretation of social interactions in the contemporary world. For this purpose, a documentary selection geared by the concept of backstage was carried out, which allows considering that the sociological understanding of the interactions that take place in an online context could be deepened with an enhancement of Goffman’s theory considering that there is a tendency to a greater plasticity in the presentation of the self in this type of interactions with a greater identity flow.
Perspectives on antibacterial performance of silver nanoparticle-loaded three-dimensional polymeric constructs
Authors: Mann Michelle N. , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: September 2018

Silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-loaded polymeric constructs are widely investigated for potential applications as drug delivery systems, wound dressings, and antibiofouling biomaterials. Herein, the authors present several methods for fabricating such materials and evaluate their efficacy against Escherichia coli. H2O(v) plasma surface modification is employed to enhance material surface wettability (explored by water contact angle goniometry) and nanoparticle incorporation. Compositional analyses reveal that incorporation of AgNPs on the surface and bulk of the materials strongly depends on the fabrication methodology. More importantly, the nature of AgNP incorporation into the polymer has direct implications on the biocidal performance resulting from the release of Ag+. The materials fabricated herein fell significantly short of healthcare standards with respect to antimicrobial behavior, and, in comparing their results to numerous literature studies, the authors identified a glaring disparity in the way such results are often described. Thus, this work also contains a critical evaluation of the literature, highlighting select poor-performing materials to demonstrate several shortcomings in the quantitative analysis and reporting of the antibacterial efficacy of AgNP-loaded materials. Ultimately, recommendations for best practices for better evaluation of these constructs toward improved antibacterial efficacy in medical settings are provided.
Time-domain spline interpolation in a simulation of N-wave propagation through turbulence
Authors: Stout Trevor A. , Sparrow Victor W.
Published: September 2018

A fully time-domain solution of the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetzov propagation equation is illustrated using cubic spline interpolation of an exact implicit solution for nonlinearity, temperature fluctuations, and advection in the propagation direction. The spline interpolation method is benchmarked against a frequency-domain solution and found to have similar accuracy while offering about a 50% or higher speedup. The methods are evaluated by propagating Taylor shocks through turbulence in one dimension and by propagating N-waves through turbulence in two dimensions including relaxation and diffraction. The performance is superior to implicit finite differences.
The relationship between acoustical and perceptual measures of vocal effort
Authors: McKenna Victoria S. , Stepp Cara E.
Published: September 2018

Excessive vocal effort is a common clinical voice symptom, yet the acoustical manifestation of vocal effort and how that is perceived by speakers and listeners has not been fully elucidated. Here, 26 vocally healthy adults increased vocal effort during the production of the utterance /ifi/, followed by self-ratings of effort on a 100 mm visual analog scale. Twenty inexperienced listeners assessed the speakers' vocal effort using the visual sort-and-rate method. Previously proposed acoustical correlates of vocal effort were calculated, including: mean sound pressure level (SPL), mean fundamental frequency (fo), relative fundamental frequency (RFF) offset cycle 10 and onset cycle 1, harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), cepstral peak prominence and its standard deviation (SD), and low-to-high (L/H) spectral ratio and its SD. Two separate mixed-effects regression models yielded mean SPL, L/H ratio, and HNR as significant predictors of both speaker and listener ratings of vocal effort. RFF offset cycle 10 and mean fo were significant predictors of listener ratings only. Therefore, speakers and listeners attended to similar acoustical cues when making judgments of vocal effort, but listeners also used additional time-based information. Further work is needed to determine how vocal effort manifests in the speech signal in speakers with voice disorders.
Loudness of an auditory scene composed of multiple talkers
Authors: Yost William A. , Pastore M. Torben , Pulling Kathryn R.
Published: September 2018

Normal hearing listeners judged loudness differences between two complex speech sounds, one consisting of “n” consonant-vowel (CV) pairs each spoken by a different talker and one consisting of “2n” CV pairs. When n was less than four, listeners' judgments of loudness differences between the two sounds was based on the level of the individual CVs within each sound, not the overall level of the sounds. When n was four or more, listeners' judgments of loudness differences between the two sounds was based on the overall level of the two sounds consisting of n or 2n CVs.
Broadband transmission losses and time dispersion maps from time-domain numerical simulations in ocean acoustics
Authors: Bottero Alexis , Cristini Paul , Komatitsch Dimitri , Brissaud Quentin
Published: September 2018

In this letter, a procedure for the calculation of transmission loss maps from numerical simulations in the time domain is presented. It can be generalized to arbitrary time sequences and to elastic media and provides an insight into how energy spreads into a complex configuration. In addition, time dispersion maps can be generated. These maps provide additional information on how energy is distributed over time. Transmission loss and time dispersion maps are generated at a negligible additional computational cost. To illustrate the type of transmission loss maps that can be produced by the time-domain method, the problem of the classical two-dimensional upslope wedge with a fluid bottom is addressed. The results obtained are compared to those obtained previously based on a parabolic equation. Then, for the same configuration, maps for an elastic bottom and maps for non-monochromatic signals are computed.
Name Changes for Fungi of Medical Importance, 2016–2017
Authors: Warnock David W.
Published: September 2018

This article lists proposed new or revised species names and classification changes associated with fungi of medical importance that were published in the years 2016 and 2017. While many of the revised names listed have been widely adopted without further discussion, some may take longer to achieve more general usage.
Academic trajectories of very preterm born children at school age
Authors: Twilhaar E Sabrina , de Kieviet Jorrit F , van Elburg Ruurd M , Oosterlaan Jaap
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To characterise the developmental trajectories of arithmetic, reading comprehension and spelling abilities of very preterm and full-term born children during primary school.

Design

A longitudinal analysis of academic performance data of very preterm and full-term born children was performed. Academic performance was assessed in grade 1–6 of primary school using a pupil monitoring system, with 11 measurements of arithmetic and spelling performance and 7 measurements of reading comprehension. Data were analysed using mixed-effects models.

Patients

A Dutch cohort of 52 very preterm children born between 2001–2003 and 58 full-term controls participated.

Results

No group-by-time interactions were found for any of the academic domains, indicating no differences in progress between groups. Through the course of primary school, very preterm born children scored on average 0.53 SD lower on arithmetic (95% CI −0.71 to –0.35, p<0.001), 0.31 SD on reading comprehension (95% CI −0.48 to –0.14, p<0.001) and 0.21 SD on spelling (95% CI −0.37 to –0.05, p=0.01) compared with full-term peers.

Conclusions

This is the first longitudinal study to show that the academic difficulties of very preterm born children persisted during primary school. Their progression was similar to full-term born peers, suggesting intact learning abilities. This provides opportunities for interventions to improve the academic outcomes of very preterm born children.
Heart rate assessment using NeoTapAdvancedSupport: a simulation study
Authors: Binotti Marco , Cavallin Francesco , Ingrassia Pier Luigi , Pejovic Nicolas J , Monzani Alice , Genoni Giulia , Trevisanuto Daniele
Published: September 2018

Background

NeoTapAdvancedSupport (NeoTapAS) is a mobile application, based on a screen tapping method that calculates the heart rate (HR). We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of NeoTapAS in reliably determining HR from auscultation in a high-fidelity simulated newborn resuscitation scenario.

Methods

Paediatric residents assessed HR by auscultation plus NeoTapAS in an asphyxiated term infant scenario and orally communicated the estimated HR. An external observer simultaneously documented the actual HR set in the manikin and the communicated HR.

Results

One hundred and sixty HR measurements were recorded. The agreement between communicated and set HR was good (Cohen’s kappa 0.80, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.87; Bangdiwala’s weighted agreement strength statistic 0.93). Bland-Altman plot showed a mean difference between communicated and set HR values of 1 beats per minute (bpm) (95% agreement limits −9 to 11 bpm).

Conclusion

NeoTapAS showed a good accuracy in estimating HR and it could be an important resource in settings with limited availability of ECG monitor.
Hypertrophic pachymeningoencephalitis associated with temporal giant cell arteritis
Authors: Boisch Gesine , Duda Sven , Hartmann Christian , Weßling Heinrich
Published: September 2018

We report the rare case of an 80-year-old male patient with hypertrophic pachymeningoencephalitis that may be associated with temporal arteritis. The patient presented to our neurological department with a 2-week history of latent paresis and ataxia affecting his right hand. He had been diagnosed with temporal arteritis 12 years earlier. Brain MRI showed an enhancement of the left-sided frontoparietal meninges with oedema of the adjacent tissue of the precentral and postcentral cortex. A leptomeningeal biopsy was performed. An autoimmune-mediated immunoglobulin G4-associated hypertrophic pachymeningoencephalitis was diagnosed. The patient received a high-dose corticosteroid therapy and his symptoms gradually improved. Our results suggest that hypertrophic pachymeningoencephalitis may occur as a complication of giant cell arteritis and may cause central neurological deficits by cerebral perifocal oedema.
Diagnosis of a tick-borne coinfection in a patient with persistent symptoms following treatment for Lyme disease
Authors: Hoversten Katherine , Bartlett Matthew Asher
Published: September 2018

A 67-year-old woman presented with 5 days of myalgias and fevers on completion of a 21-day course of amoxicillin for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi infection). She was found to have profound thrombocytopenia, as well as new anaemia and leucopenia. Workup revealed Babesia microti as the causative agent of her symptoms. The patient quickly improved after appropriate antimicrobial therapy directed against babesiosis was started. This case illustrates the importance of basic microbiology, including epidemiology and common vectors, when creating a differential diagnosis. Because the Ixodes scapularis tick can harbour and transmit multiple parasites simultaneously, the possibility of coinfection should be considered in any patient not responding to appropriate initial medical therapy.
Knotted electric wire in urinary bladder: Can such complex foreign body be retrieved endoscopically!
Authors: Agarwal Manav , Aggarwal Ajay , Pandey Siddharth , Kumar Manoj
Published: September 2018

Various types of foreign bodies have been recovered from the urinary bladder and urethra including telephone cables, pocket battery, little fish, pen tips and so on. Management of such cases include either endoscopic removal or open surgery. We report the case of an 18-year-old boy who inserted an electric wire in the urethra for eroticism and was managed by endoscopic removal following fragmentation of wire under local anaesthesia using holmium laser.
Lupus causing small bowel obstruction
Authors: Yang Yunfei , Bartsch Anne-Marie , Fryer Eve , Hancu Daniel
Published: September 2018

A 20-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital in 2015 with 1 year history of recurrent abdominal pain, distension, borborygmi and nausea. The patient had a background of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) diagnosed 4 years before, with skin, joint and renal involvement. The initial investigations have shown a long segment of ileal inflammation with upstream obstruction. Differential diagnoses were mainly SLE enteritis or concomitant Crohn’s. Patient failed the initial conservative management and had a laparotomy with small bowel (SB) resection and ileostomy. The histology was suggestive of autoimmune enteritis. Although bowel involvement is a frequent feature of SLE, surgery for obstruction is extremely rare. Postoperatively, she had an emergency admission and was diagnosed with SB volvulus with perforation. She underwent further resection and stoma refashioning in 2016. As a consequence, she developed short gut syndrome. Eventually, the stoma was reversed and parenteral nutrition was stopped and weight became stable.
Gossypiboma masquerading as nephrocutaneous fistula
Authors: Pandey Siddharth , Aggarwal Ajay , Singh Vishwajeet , Sinha Rahul Janak
Published: September 2018

Nephrocutaneous fistula is a rare complication of surgical procedures involving the kidney. Fistula formation is also a complication seen in gossypiboma. We present the case of a patient who was initially suspected to have nephrocutaneous fistula after open pyelolithotomy. Later while undergoing open resection of fistula, he was found to have a retained surgical sponge (gossypiboma) near the lower pole of kidney. Gossypiboma is a term used for mass formed around a surgical sponge accidentally left in the body. It is most of the times not diagnosed by radiological imaging and thus results in unnecessary investigations to rule out other causes for the patient’s symptoms. Having a high index of suspicion may lead to an earlier diagnosis. But the prevention of gossypiboma is of the utmost importance. A meticulous approach while operating by the surgeon and operating rooms staff is very important in doing so.
Cilioretinal artery hypoperfusion and its association with paracentral acute middle maculopathy
Authors: Pichi Francesco , Fragiotta Serena , Freund K Bailey , Au Adrian , Lembo Andrea , Nucci Paolo , Sebastiani Stefano , Gutierrez Hernandez Juan Carlos , Interlandi Emanuela , Pellegrini Francesco , Dolz-Marco Rosa , Gallego-Pinazo Roberto , Orellana-Rios Jorge , Adatia Feisal A , Munro Monique , Abboud Emad B , Ghazi Nicola , Cunha Souza Eduardo , Amer Radgonde , Neri Piergiorgio , Sarraf David
Published: September 2018

Background/aims

To study the multimodal imaging findings of a large series of eyes with cilioretinal artery obstruction (CILRAO) and describe the systemic associations.

Methods

Multicentre, retrospective chart review from 12 different retina clinics worldwide of eyes with CILRAO, defined as acute retinal whitening in the distribution of the cilioretinal artery, were identified. The clinical, systemic information and multimodal retinal imaging findings were collected and analysed.

Results

A total of 53 eyes of 53 patients with CILRAO were included in the study. In 100% of eyes, fundus photography illustrated deep retinal whitening corresponding to the course of the cilioretinal artery. Twenty-eight patients (52.8%) presented with isolated CILRAO (baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 20/50, final BCVA 20/25) associated with nocturnal hypotension, 23 patients (43.4%) with CILRAO secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) (baseline BCVA 20/40, final BCVA 20/20) and two patients with CILRAO due to biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) (baseline BCVA 20/175, final BCVA 20/75). With spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), a hyper-reflective band involving the inner nuclear layer (ie, paracentral acute middle maculopathy or PAMM) was noted in 51 eyes (28/28 eyes with isolated CILRAO and 23/23 eyes with CILRAO+CRVO) corresponding to the retinal whitening. In the two eyes with CILRAO+GCA, SD-OCT illustrated hyper-reflective ischaemia of both the middle and inner retina.

Conclusions

Isolated CILRAO and CILRAO secondary to CRVO are the result of hypoperfusion or insufficiency, rather than occlusion, of the cilioretinal artery and are associated with PAMM or selective infarction of the the inner nuclear layer. With GCA, there is complete occlusion of the cilioretinal artery producing ischaemia involving both the middle and inner retina associated with worse visual outcomes.
Exercise recommendations in patients with valvular heart disease
Authors: Gati Sabiha , Malhotra Aneil , Sharma Sanjay
Published: September 2018

Valvular heart disease affects 1%–2% of young individuals, many of whom aspire to partake in competitive sport or high intensity recreational exercise. There are limited reports on the impact of intensive physical activity on the progression of valvular heart disease; therefore, current recommendations are based on consensus opinion. The management of exercising individuals with valvular heart disease requires a structured approach that incorporates several key factors including symptomatic status, functional capacity, type and nature of the valvular lesion, impact on ventricular structure and function and effect on pulmonary artery pressure. Asymptomatic individuals with minor valvular abnormalities may engage in all forms of competitive sport, whereas those with lesions of moderate severity may exercise intensively if an exercise stress test tailored to the relevant physical activity reveals good functional capacity without myocardial ischaemia, haemodynamic disturbances or arrhythmia. Symptomatic athletes and those with severe valvular heart disease, impaired ventricular function, pulmonary hypertension and arrhythmias should refrain from most competitive sports. Athletes with a bicuspid aortic valve and aortic root diameter >40 mm should avoid sport with a strong isometric component even with minimal valvular dysfunction. There is an association between mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death in the general population; however, there is limited evidence of increased risk with competitive sport. Athletes undergoing corrective surgery may return to exercise after 3 months if ventricular function and exercise capacity are preserved. Individuals anticoagulated for mechanical bioprosthetic valves should avoid contact or collision sport to minimise the risk of bleeding.
Immune infiltrates and PD-L1 expression in treatment-naïve acinar prostatic adenocarcinoma: an exploratory analysis
Authors: Hahn Elan , Liu Stanley K , Vesprini Danny , Xu Bin , Downes Michelle R
Published: September 2018

Tumour-induced immunosuppression plays a role in the development and progression of cancer. Of interest is the interaction between programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) which can be targeted through immune checkpoint blockade; however, there are limited data surrounding the composition of the immune milieu in prostate cancer. We preliminarily assessed 21 radical prostatectomies in therapy-naïve patients for immune markers and PD-L1 expression. The immune infiltrates were higher in adenocarcinoma than benign prostate (lymphocytes p<0.001, macrophages p=0.010) with 5% of cases being PD-L1 high (≥5% expression). Increased peritumoural CD68 and CD163 expression correlated with lower grade group (GG) (p=0.024 and p=0.014, respectively) with a trend towards increased CD68 expression in lower stage cases (p=0.086). There was also increased CD45 expression in lower GGs (p=0.063). We found the immune infiltrate in acinar prostate cancer to be extremely heterogeneous with an overall immunophenotype unlikely to respond to immune checkpoint blockade.
Story of the ALS-FTD continuum retold: rather two distinct entities
Authors: Lulé Dorothée E , Aho-Özhan Helena E A , Vázquez Cynthia , Weiland Ulrike , Weishaupt Jochen H , Otto Markus , Anderl-Straub Sarah , Semler Elisa , Uttner Ingo , Ludolph Albert C
Published: September 2018

Objective

To determine the evolution and profile of cognitive and behavioural deficits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) to disentangle the development of FTD in ALS and vice versa.

Methods

In a prospective design, cognitive and behavioural profiles of 762 patients with motor predominant ALS (flail arm/leg syndrome, primary lateral sclerosis, pseudobulbar palsy, ALS) and behavioural predominant FTD (bvFTD, ALS-FTD) were determined and caregivers of patients with ALS were asked on the evolution of behavioural symptoms. Data were compared with 49 healthy controls. Cognition was measured with the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioral ALS Screen.

Results

Evolution and features of cognitive profile of patients with motor predominant ALS were distinctly different from patients with behavioural FTD with regard to number and degree of affected cognitive domains. Also, in ALS mostly minus symptoms evolved after physical symptom onset whereas in ALS-FTD plus and minus symptoms were reported with an onset before physical degradation.

Conclusion

Evolution of cognitive and behavioural profile in patients with motor predominant ALS is distinctly different from those psychocognitive findings in patients with behavioural variant dementia. This may support the hypothesis that (possibly genetic) triggers decide in the preclinical phase on either motor or psychocognitive phenotypes.
Petrology, mineral chemistry, and geochemistry of Late Triassic Ni–Cu ore-bearing mafic–ultramafic intrusions, Hongqiling, northeastern China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications
Authors: Li Ai , Wang Jian , Song Yue
Published: September 2018

The Hongqiling magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide deposit, situated on the southern margin of the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is composed of over 30 mafic–ultramafic intrusions. These ore-bearing intrusions are composed mainly of harzburgite, lherzolite, websterite, orthopyroxenite, and norite (gabbro). The constituent minerals are olivine, diopside, bronzite, calcic-hornblende, plagioclase, and spinel with orthopyroxene as a dominant mineral in these intrusions. These ore-bearing intrusions are not Alaskan-type complexes. Spinel and clinopyroxene both exhibit different chemical compositions from those in the Alaskan-type complexes. The rocks that make up the intrusions have high contents of MgO (average value = 25.20 wt.%) and low TiO2 (average value = 0.58 wt.%). The high MgO contents of the minerals and the high Mg# (71) of the calculated melt in equilibrium with olivine demonstrate that the parental magma of the Hongqiling mafic–ultramafic intrusions was a high-Mg tholeiitic magma. The Hongqiling ore-bearing mafic–ultramafic intrusions and the calculated “trapped liquids” for the olivine-orthopyroxene cumulate rocks are all enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and depleted in high field strength elements. The Ce/Pb, Ta/La, Th/Yb, and (La/Sm)PM values and the depletion of Nb and Ta suggest that the magma experienced crustal contamination. The Hongqiling ore-bearing intrusions display many similarities with mafic–ultramafic intrusions that formed in a post-collisional extensional environment in the western CAOB (e.g., Huangshanxi). Common features include their whole-rock compositions and mineral chemistry. Combined with the evolutionary history of the eastern segment of the CAOB, we believe that the Late Triassic Hongqiling mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed in a post-collisional extensional environment.
Demand for nonprovisioning ecosystem services as a driver of change in the Canadian boreal zone1
Authors: Lamothe Karl A. , Dong Haibin , Senar Oscar E. , Teichert Sonja , Creed Irena F. , Kreutzweiser David P. , Schmiegelow Fiona K. A. , Venier Lisa
Published: September 2018

The Canadian boreal zone provides ecosystem services from local to global scales. Either directly or indirectly, demands for these services have and will continue to serve as drivers of change in the region. Here we present evidence for past, present, and potential future demand for maintaining nonprovisioning ecosystem services (NPrES), defined as indirect and nonmarketable services obtained from ecosystems as a driver of change in the boreal zone. Our evidence of demand stems from federal and provincial policies, actions by Indigenous peoples, and nongovernmental initiatives that aim to maintain the sustainability of natural resource extraction and ecosystem condition of the boreal. Presently, the demand for NPrES influences decisions related to natural resource development (e.g., forestry) that in turn impacts the condition of the boreal zone. Informed by the present conditions and past trends, three future scenarios to the year 2050 are presented that contrast in their trajectory—status quo, increased demand for NPrES, and decreased demand for NPrES. We also summarize the interactions among other drivers of change in the boreal and the synergies and trade-offs among the different types of demand for NPrES. Ultimately, sustainability of the boreal zone and the ecosystem services it provides will result from a complex suite of interacting drivers of change, where the balance of demands for provisioning and NPrES will continue to influence regional conditions.