bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II. Some queries concerning the nature of light, and diaphanous bodies. Proposed to the Royal Society by E. Halley
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

The late Curious Book of Mr.
Hugen
's having revived the Disquisitions that have formerly been made about the Nature and Phænomena of Light, I thought it not amiss to propose some Difficulties that have occurr'd to my Thoughts upon this Subject, by way of Query: Which may perhaps not seem unworthy of the Consideration of this Honourable Assembly,
viz
.
II. A discourse concerning a method of discovering the true moment of the Sun's ingress into the tropical signs
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

It may perhaps pass for a Paradox, if not seem extravagant, if should assert that it is an easier matter to be assured of the moments of the Tropicks, or of the times of the
Sun's
entrance into
Cancer
and
Ca­pricorn
, than it is to observe the true times of the Equinoctials or lngress into
Aries and Libra.
An account of a book. I. The anatomy of the brain, containig its mechanism and physiology, together with some new discoveries and corrections of ancient and modern author upon that subject: To which is annext, a particular account of animal function and muscular motion
Authors: Ridly Hen.
Published: December 2006

The Reason why, after two such great Men as
Willis
and
Vieussenius
, our Author had engaged himself upon this subject, being given in the Preface, and an account of the different ways of Generation amongst the Moderns; as also that there is an absolute necessity of Autopsie, for any well-grounded No­tion being touched upon in the Introduction, to the end those many and strange Effect of Nature in either a regular or irregular course of acting observed in the Oeconomy of Humane Bodies may be accounted for, he enters upon and prosecutes the whole it self upon the aforementioned Foundation.
V. A proposition of general use in the Art of Gunnery, shewing the rule of laying a mortar to pass, in order to strike any object above or below the Horizon
Authors: Halley Edmond
Published: December 2006

It was formerly the Opinion of those concerned in Artillery, that there was a certain requisite of Powder for each Gun, and that in Mortars, where the Distance was to be varied, it must be done by giving a greater or lesser Elevation to the Piece.
VI. A letter from Mr. Charles Bernard, giving an account of two large stones, were for twenty years past lodg'd in the meatus urinarius, and thence cut out by him the 28th of September last.
Authors: Bernard Charles
Published: December 2006

I am neither to deny nor defer giving you the History of those Stones which I lately cut out of the Urethra of a Gentleman, who had born them there many years, without knowing what his Distemper was.
IV. A letter from Mr. Stephen Gray, giving a further account of his water microscope.
Authors: Gray Stephen
Published: December 2006

Sir, My Experiments and Observations Microscopical, having been thought worthy to be incerted in your Philosophical Transactions, I presume the Additions and Improvement I have now made to the Water Microscope may be no less acceptable, I therefore herein send you its Description and Use according to my last Contrivance whereby it not only renders Objects more distinct, but is much more Commodious for Observation.
IV. A relation of a strange symptom attended an hydrops pectoris, and the reason of it, as it appeared on dissection of the body
Authors: Doudy Samuel
Published: December 2006

Mr.
Cowper
in his Letter Printed in the late Transaction, of an extraordinary large Kidney, occasionally mentioning, that Sighing and difficulty of Respiration are always remarkable Symptoms in an
Hydrops Pectoris
, put me in mind of the Case of a Noble Peer.
VI. An account of a book. - Musei Petiveriani Centuria Prima. - Rariora nature continens: viz animalia, fossilia, plantas, ex variis mundi plagis advecta, ordine digesta, nominibus propriis signata & iconibus ænies eleganter illustrata. Lond. Ex Offic. S. Smith & B. Walford Reg. Societ. Typograpb. ad insignia Principis in Cæmet. D. Pauli. 1696. 8°
Authors: Smith S. , Walford Benj.
Published: December 2006

This
first century
consisting of such
Animals
,
Vegetables
,
Fossils
, &c. as hath been either observed by my self, or Communicated to me, not only from many very
Wortby
and
Learned Assistants
at home, but also brought me by my
Kind Friends
from divers parts of the World, or Transmitted from such
Curious Persons
, as do me the Honour to Correspond with me from several parts abroad, I presume it may not be amiss to give you some particulars of them.
VII. An account of a book. An account of a new voyage round the World by William Dampier. printed at London for James knapton, at the Crown in St Paul's Church-yard. 1697. containing 558 pages in Octavo, and five plates of Maps. II. Almagestum Botanicums. Phytographiæ Plucnetianæ, Onomasticon, &c. Fol. Londin. Edit. 1696
Authors: Knapton James
Published: December 2006

The Author dedicates it to the Right honourable
Charles Mountague
, Esq; President of the Royal Society, Chancellor of the Exchequer, &c.
I. An account of the map of France, according to the observations of M. M. Picard, and de la Hire ; taken from the Recueil d' Observations faites en plusieurs voyages, &c. Paris, 1693. in Fol.
Authors: Picard M. M. , Hire Philippe De La
Published: December 2006

We thought it convenient in this place to present you in the following Map, with the Result of the Observations that have been made for the correcting of it to the end, that in one Figure alone, may appear whatsoever they contain, and wherein they differ from what is laid down in the Map, which Monsieur Sanson, one of the most Illustrious Geographers of this Age, presented to the Damphin, An. 1679.
III. An account of a child born alive without a brain, and the observables in it on dissection, by Dr. Charles Preston
Authors: Preston Charles
Published: December 2006

Sir, In obedience to your Commands, and judging it will not be unacceptable, I have Collected the best Account (in so far as I can remember) of that extraordinary Birth, mentioned in the fourth Journal of the Progress de la Medicine, for the Month of April 1695, of which I had the fortune to be a Witness, and also the opportunity of examining more particularly: But in the first place, I think it not amiss to relate the Story on of Paru, famous for his Practice in Midwifery; and I hereafter shall proceed to give a farther History of the thing, with all the Circumstances about it, and show wherein they are in a Mistake.
IV. Extract of a letter from Jean Marie Lancisi, Prof. Anat. Rom. To Mr. Bourdelot, giving an account of Mr. Malpighi, the circumstances of his death, and what was found remarkable at the opening of his Body. Being art I. Of the 3d. Journal of brunets progres de la medecine
Authors: Lancisi Jean Marie
Published: December 2006

The Incomparble
Malpighi
, who naturally applied himself only to serious Studies, which he seldom interrupted, and that against his will to take some Recreation; had employed all his time to discover New Worlds by Anatomies, and to resute (in imitation of great Men) by his Vertue and great Learning, the Calumnies of the Envious.
III. A letter of Dr. Wallis to Dr. Sloane, concerning the generation of hail, and of thunder and lightning, and effects thereof
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, I Thank you for the Transactions of
June
, which you sent me; wherein I am well pleased with Mr
Hally's
Remarks on the Torricellian Experiment at the Top of Snowdon Hill in Wales, at the Height of 1240 Yards Perpendicular.
VII. Of the manner of the generation of eels
Authors: Allen Benjamin
Published: December 2006

The Manner of the Generation of Eels, as familiar a Subject as it is, has been a Question unresolv'd ever since
Aristotle
, and reputed Spontaneous: And the Reason of the Difficulty of discovering it, is the different way of Generation, and that they breed in
February
, a time when few are taken but what are preserved in Trunks or Ponds, Where they breed not.
I. Part of a letter dated June 7. 1697. giving an account of a moving bog in Ireland
Authors: Honohane John
Published: December 2006

On the 7th Day of June, 1697. near
Charleville
, in the Country of
Limerick
, in
Ireland
, great Rumbling or saint Noise was heard in the Earth, much like unto the Sound of Thunder near spent; For a little Space the Air was somewhat troubled with little Whisking Winds, seeming to meet contrary Ways.
I. Several experiments concerning the preserving of flowers, fruits, &c. Communicated by the Right Honourable Sir Robert Southwell, F. R. S
Authors: Southwell Robert
Published: December 2006

To Preserve Flowers in a book that may retain their Colours. You must prepare Two Plates of Iron, large as an half or whole Sheet of Paper, or much larger, as you desire to Preserve Flowers of a great Size.
I. Part of a letter from Mr. Ralph Thoresby, F. R. S. to Dr. Martin Lister, Fellow of the Colledge of Physicians and R. S. concerning a Roman Sheild
Authors: Thoresby Ralph , Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Since my former, having procured an old
Roman Shield
, of a different form from that I had before, and observing them both to be of different Materials from the usual Descriptions of them (which I also apprehend to be in other paris defective) I resolved to make a more particular Inspection into their Texture, and whereas they are generally said to be
è lig. no, corio superinducto
, upon a strict Survey, there is nothing of Wood, but the Handle, in either of them.
IV. Account of a book. La Meridiana del Tempio de S. Petronio, &c. i. e. The Meridian Line of the Church of St. Petronio drawn and fitted for astronomical observations in the Year 1655. revised and restored in the Year 1695. by Signor John Dominico Cassini, Primary Astronomer of the School of Bononia, Pontificial Mathematican, of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and R. S. Printed at Bononia 1695. in twenty two sheets in fol
Authors: Cassini Jean Dominique
Published: December 2006

In this book (written in part by Signior
Cassini
, whilst in
Italy
, but augmented and published by Signor
Dominico Guglielmini
after his departure thence) there is an Account given of the Occasion of the making of the Meridian Line by S.
Cassini
, in the Year 1655. of the Method of doing it, and of the Exactness with which it was performed at that time by him:
III. A letter from Dr. William Musgrave, fellow of the Coll. of Phys. and R. S. to Dr. Sloane, concerning a periodical palsy
Authors: Musgrave William
Published: December 2006

A
Periodical Palsy
, you will allow, is a very unusual Distemper, I do not remember either from Books or Men, to have met with more than Two Instances of it.
VI. Part of a letter from Sir Robert Sibbald, to Dr. Sloane, concerning several stones voided by a Boy, &c
Authors: Sibbald Robert
Published: December 2006

This same Month of
June
, a rare Case occur’d to me in the Person of a Boy, going in the Thirteenth Year of his Age, Son to a Friend; this Boy had the Misfortune Four Weeks ago to fall backwards upon a Stone, against which the hinder Part of his Head was struck with such Force, that (as they who were thereby informed me) he lay the Fourth part of an Hour without Sense, and the next Day vomited some Blood, he felt as Pain and Weight in the hinder part of his Head and Nick, and lost Appetite.
XI. To give iron the colour and tincture of copper
Authors: Southwell Robert
Published: December 2006

Take of small thin Copper Pieces clean'd in the Fire
z
3
j. of
Aqua Fortis
z
3
iij. which being together in a Glass the Copper in Three or Four Hours will be dislov'd when 'tis cold you may use it, by washing with a Feather upon your Iron, that is presently made clean and smooth and it will presently take the Colour of Copper, when it cometh out with much rubbing you may renew it again, but if you do it twice together, the Iron will look black.
II. An account of some Indian plants, &c. With their names, descriptions and vertues; communicated in a letter from Mr. James Petiver, Apothecary and Fellow of the Royal Society; to Mr. Samuel Brown, Surgeon at Fort St. George
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

Sir, My Opinion of the Plants you collected at
Unanercoonda
, about Twelve Miles from
Fort St. George
, as you desired, are as follows; in the same Order, and under those
Malabar Names and Numbers
you sent them to me:
viz
.
VII. Quadratura logarithmicœ. Autore Jo. Craig
Authors: Craig John
Published: December 2006

ESTO ONF Curva Logarithmica, cujus Asymptotos AR, in qua tale sumatur punctum A, ut ejus prima ordinata AO sie subtangenti seu unticati æqualis: Quæritur spatiutn curvilineum AONM a duabus ordinatis AO, MN; absesa AM, & Curva Logarithmica ON comprehensum.
I. An account of a China cabinet, filled with several instruments, fruits, &c. used in China: sent to the Royal Society by Mr. Buckly, chief Surgeon at Fort St. George
Authors: Buckly  , Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

Mr.
Buckly
, chief Surgeon at
Fort St. George
in the
East-Indies
, having lately presented the Royal Society with a
China
Cabinet, full of the Instruments and Simples used by their Surgeons, &c. amongst which, several are new and of different Shapes from the same used in
Europe
, they have commanded me some Account should be given of them.
IV. An account of a stone bred at the root of the tongue, and causing a quinsie.
Authors: Bonavert
Published: December 2006

The Stone Fig. 3. came from Tho. Wood of Nepecare-street in Wrotham, he was troubled with a Quinsie, he neglected Advice till he could hardly swallow any Liquid; and when I went to see him, I found the Tumour tend to Suppuration inwardly about the Root of his Tongue oh the Right Side, though it was almost as big as an Egg outwardly, but without any Sign of Suppuration there:
VI. An account of several curiosities relating to amber, lately sent to the Royal Society from Philippus Jacobus Hartmannus (author of the account of it published last transaction) and which are now in their repository at Gresham College
Authors: Hartmann Philip Jacob
Published: December 2006

1. Fruslum quod variam concretionem succini corticatim cum armatura auri exhibet.
VIII. An account of a young man slain with thunder and lighting, Dec 22, 1698
Authors: Thoresby Ralph , Lister Martin
Published: December 2006

Jeremiah Skelton, who lived with his father Daniel Skelton, at Warley in the vicarage of Halifax in Yorkshire, observing a storm coming, said, I think it will be rain, I will go gather in some of the corn ( a late harvest, which has been very unkindly in some parts of the North) which was out at a farm they had out in the cold hedge, about a quarter of a mile from their own dwelling; while at his work,
III. An extract of a relation printed at Paris, containing a remarkable history of a fætus without the womb, made by Dr. Fern
Authors: Fern
Published: December 2006

In the
Journal des Savans
, of
Monday
the the 26th of
November
, there was an Account published of this Fact from a Letter of M.
Saviard
, which was Printed in the
Transactions
: But our Author finding that deficient in many Particulars, and not agreeable to Truth in divers others, thought himself able to oblige all Lovers of Natural History, by a more exact Relation of so remarkable an Accident.
II. An account of stitching the great tendon, between the calf of the leg and heel, with its union and cure, after an entire division of it, with remarks: Read at a meeting of the Royal Society.
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

On the first day of February last I was called to Thomas Wheatly, a Carpenter, Aged Thirty Years, who had totally divided the Great Tendon of the Musculi Gasterocnemii of the Left Leg, about Three Fingers Breadth above the Os Calcis.
IV. Of the nature of silk as it is made in Piedmont
Authors: Aglionby William
Published: December 2006

Silk, which is the Spittle of a Worm, hath its good or bad Quality from the Nourishment the Worm receives either from a good or bad Leaf; Therefore the chief Dependance is on a happy Spring, proving both sweet and pleasant; exempt from too much Rain, which com­monly rot the Leaves; from Southerly Winds, which burst the Worms; and from strong Northerly Winds, whose piercing cold spoils the Leaf, giving it an ill Qua­lity.
I. Part of two letters of May the 22th and June the 12th 1699. from Sir Charles Holt to Dr. Shadwell, concerning a disease caused by swallowing stones; with remarks on the same, by Hans Sloane, M. D
Authors: Sloane Hans
Published: December 2006

Tis now about Two Months or more since one
Tho
.
Gobsill
, of
Shelden
near
Coleshill
in
Warwickshire
, (a Lean, Spare Man aged about 26 or 27.) came to me and gave me the following Account himself:
viz
.
II. Some thoughts and experiments concerning vegetation
Authors: Woodward John
Published: December 2006

The
Ancients
generally intituled the
Earth
to the Production of the
Animals
,
Vegetables
, and
other Bodies
upon and about it: and for that reason 'twas that they gave it so frequently the Epithets of
Parent
and
Mother
.
VII. Some attempts made to prove that herbs of the same make or class for the generallity, have the like Vertus and tendency to work the same effects. In a discourse made before the Royal Society
Authors: Petiver James
Published: December 2006

Having by some
Persons
been asked what Method might be best proposed towards the
discovering
of the
Vertues
of
plants
amongst others I thought this might not prove an altogether unsuccessful conjecture,
Viz
.
VIII. A catalogue of shells, &c. gathered at the Island of Ascension, by Mr. James Cuninghame Chirurgeon, with what plants he there observed; communicated to Mr. James Petiver Apothecary, and Fellow of the Royal Society
Authors: Cunningham James
Published: December 2006

I Intend to range the following
Shells
, according to the accurate
Method
of that most
Sagacious Naturalist
and
Expert Physician
Dr.
Martyn Lister
, in his Elaborate and curious
Historia
five
Methodus Conchyliorum
, and shall therefore begin with, I.
Buccinum
parvum breve asperum.
Part of a letter from Mr. Leuvenhook, dated June 9th. 1699. concerning the animalcula in semine humano, &c
Authors: Leeuwenhoek Antoni van
Published: December 2006

It did happen so that a certain Dr. of
Physick
did Accommodate me with a Book called
Novelles de la Republique des Lettres
, and shewing me on the 55
2
pag
. an Extract in
Latin
, of a Letter Written by Mr.
Dalen patius
to the Writer of the
Novelles
, wherein the Author of the Letter amongst the rest says thus, At length it has happened beyond expectation,
viz
.
III. A letter from Dr. William Musgrave to Dr. Sloane, being an argument for the more frequent use of laryngotomy, urg'd from a remarkable cure in chirurgery; perform'd by Mr. John Keen of Roch in Cornwal
Authors: Musgrave William , Keen John
Published: December 2006

It cannot pass your Observation, that the erroneous Opinions, and unhappy Prejudices; entertained by Mankind, in matters of Physic; have occasioned great Calamities, and been of Pernicious Consequence to them.
III. Part of a letter from Mr. Lewenhoek, concerning the circulation and globules of the blood in butts
Authors: Lewenhoek Antony Van
Published: December 2006

During this Winter, I have often observed the Boys looking for small living Butts in the Smelts that are sold just by my House. in order to throw 'em into water, and entertain themselves with beholding the uncommon motion of that little Fish when it Swims, as being different from that of all other Fishes.
IV. A relation of the had condition of the mountains about the Tungarouse and Batavian Rivers, having their source from thence, occasioned by the earthquake between the 4th and 5th of January, 1699. Drawn up from the account given by the Tommagon Porbo Nata, (who hath been there) and sent to the Burgermaster Witsem, who communicated it to the R. Society of which he is a member.
Authors: Nata Tommagon Porbo
Published: December 2006

That the great Batavia River from above Tangala Warna, being a place from whence the said River receiveth the greatest part of its water, is stopt up, or covered with Earth from the faln Hills, till beyond the Hill Tsyouspokitfiil;
I. A letter from Mr Christopher Hunter, to Dr Martin Lister, fellow of the Coll. of Phys. and R. S. concerning some Roman inscriptions found near Durham
Authors: Hunter Christopher
Published: December 2006

Sir, The kind acceptance, Matters relating to our Nation's Antiquity, meet with among the Members of your Learned Society, encourages me to present these following Inscriptions, which I copy'd from the Stones, without any manner of addition;
II. A letter from the East Indies, of Mr John Marshal to Dr Coga, giving an account of the religion, rites, notions. customs, manners of the heathen priests commonly called Bramines, Communicated by the Reverend Mr Abraham da la Pryme
Authors: Marshal John
Published: December 2006

Worthy Sir
, The last time that I had the happiness to to be in your good Company, and to partake of those favours and blessings that your Goodness was pleased liberally to bestow upon me and our Companions, at our departure, and as it were exile from our native Land, does so loudly call out for some recompence or other at our hands, that I cannot without the greatest Ingratitude imaginable, let slip this (tho sudden) opportunity of writing unto you, and presenting of you at this time with what I understand you more value than all the Riches of the East; to wit, a few Specimens of the Knowledge of those people whom we stile Barbarians, Heathens and Idolaters, which I have read Ira their own Books, and gather'd from the mouths of those that have been the greatest Speakers and Preachers amongst them.
I. An account of a
Polypus
taken out of the
Vnena pulmoalis
and of the structure of that vessel.
Authors: Cowper William
Published: December 2006

I send you herewith the account and figure of a Polypus, which I took out of a child of about a year old.
IV. Observations upon the dissolutions and fermentation which we may call they are accompanied with a coolness of the liquors into which they pass. And of a new thermometer. Extracted out of a discourse which Mr Geoffroy, F. R. S. Which made in the public meeting of the Royal Academy Sciences, the 21st of Aprils 1700
Authors: Geoffroy Etienne Francois
Published: December 2006

The different searches which I have made about the nature and propriety of salts (in order to acquit my felt of the promise I had made of taking some pains in this matter, when I had the Honour to be admitted in to this society) and the different experiments which I have tryed, in examining their Dissolutions or mixtures in certain liquors, have given me occasion to observe, that the mixture of the greatest part of the salts in many liquors is accompained with a sensible coldness of the liquors, no with standing the prompt and violent Fermentations which follow many of these Mixtures.
I. Part of a letter to the publisher from Dr Davies concerning an unusual colic
Authors: Davies Dr
Published: December 2006

Sir, Last may, my Ingenious Friend Dr
shaw
of
Tamworth
, was pleased to desire my assistance in the following case.
II. A letter of Dr John Wallis, D. D. Professor of Geometry in the University of Oxford, and Fellow of the Royal Society in London; to Dr Hans Sloane, Secretary to the said Royal Society; relating to that isthmus, or neck of land, which is supposed to have joyned England and France in former times, where now is the passage between Dover and Calais.
Authors: Wallis John
Published: December 2006

Sir, In your late Transactions, No. 271. (for the Month of of July, 1701.)
Books imported and sold by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford, printers to the Royal Society, at the princes arms in St Paul’s Churchyard
Authors: Smith Sam. , Walford Benj.
Published: December 2006

Bern Ramazzini in Patav. Archi Lycæo Prof. Publ. de Morbis Artificum Diatriba, accedunt Lucæ Ant.
IV. Part of a letter from Mr James Yonge to Mr John Haughton, F. R. S. concerning the internal use of cantharides
Authors: Yonge James
Published: December 2006

SIR
, A Gentlewoman of 54 years old, who for a long time had been tormented with frequent . Fits of the Stone, and usually brought off many, with the Gravel, &c. about an year since grew Dropsical, of which being lately cured, she fell into a total suppression of Urine, which many days baffled all Remedies.
I. Part of a letter to the Publisher from the Reverend Mr Abr. de la Pryme, giving an account of some observations he made concerning vegetation
Authors: Pryme Abraham De La
Published: December 2006

Some have made experiments of the Meliorating, Ferilizing and Multiplying of Grain, by steeping them in divers Liquours.
V. An account of books. I. Physicæ & Geometricæ Elementa. Auctore Davide Gregorio, M. D. Astronomiæ Professore Saviliano & R. S. S. Oxoniæ, 1702. fol. II. An abstract of Dr Mead's mechanical account of Poysons sent to the publisher, by Sam. Morland
Authors: Morland Joseph
Published: December 2006

What the World has hi herto wanted, the Learned Dr
Gregory
, has Supplied it with a compleat System of true and Physical Astronomy; and as the last Ages have been Sufficiently furnished by the Ancients, with the Elements of Geometry, so without question the future will have recourse to this Book, for those of Physical and Geometrical Astronomy.
III. Georgij Josephi Cameli observationes de Avibus Philippensibus, Communicate a Jacobo Petiver. S. R. S
Authors: Cameli Georgij Josephi
Published: December 2006

Accipitcr
ordinarius
. Banog
Luzonensibus
Gavilan
Hispanis
Luteolus
Dorso
alis
candidus in
Ventre
.
I. An extract of a letter to Dr Edward Tyson from the Reverend Mr. Charles Ellis, giving an account of a young lady, born deaf and dumb, taught to speak. That costerus first invented printing, anno 1430. Of the physick garden at Amsterdam, and the chamber of rarities at boln of a monstrons birth. Of the qnarry at Maestricht. Fr. linus's dyals at Leige. The cachot or rooms cut in the rock of the castle in Namur. Sir Jo. Mandevil's tomb at Leige. The fricsland boy with letters in his eye
Authors: Ellis Charles
Published: December 2006

Most Honoured Doctor
, At
Haerlem
I visited
Van Dalen
, the Author
de Oraonlis
; he is setting forth another piece
de Sacerdotio Veterum
, a most Learned, Laborious, and very instructive Work.
II. A description of some Coralls, and other curious submarints lately sent to James Petiver, Apothecary and Fellow of the Royal Society, from the Philippine Isles by the Reverend George Joseph Camel, as also an account of some Plants from Chusan an Island on the coast of China, collected by Mr James Cunninghame, Chyrurgeon & F. R. S
Authors: George Joseph Camel , Cunningham James
Published: December 2006

1. Hippurals
Indica
albida, geniculis nigils. Hippuris faxea
Clus
. Exotic. 124. I. 6. c. 8. Fig.
Chabr
. 576. Fig. 4. I. B. V. 3. I. 39. c. 47. Fig.
IV. A letter from the Reverend Mr. William Derham, F. R. S. to Mr. John Haughton, F. R. S. containing his observation on the weather, &c. for some years last past
Authors: Derham William
Published: December 2006

I Lately sent my Weather and Tables of Last year to Dr
Sloane
, and Promis'd when I Should hear from Mr
Towneley
in
Lancashire
, an Account of what be wrote that was curious:
II. Part of two letter from Mr. Stephen Gray, concerning the spots of the Sun, observ'd by him in June last.
Authors: Gray Stephen
Published: December 2006

Sir, Spots in the Sun being so rarely seen, I presume it may not be unacceptable to you or Someothers of the Royal Society to hear of one that has been observed by me this Present June
Differential Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Cocaine and Amphetamine on Growth Parameters and Morphometry of the Prefrontal Cortex in the Rata
Authors: TAVARES M. A. , SILVA M. C.
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential effects of prenatal exposure to psychostimulants, e.g., cocaine or amphetamine, on basic growth parameters and morphometry of the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. A group of pregnant Wistar rats was given 60 mg/kg body weight/day of cocaine hydrochloride and another group 10 mg/kg body weight/day of d‐amphetamine sulfate, subcutaneously, from gestational days 8 to 22. Control groups of pregnant rats were pair‐fed; litters were culled to eight pups (4 males and 4 females) weighed every other day until postnatal day 30 and every week until day 90. The body weight growth patterns modelled by a Gompertz curve were different in rats prenatally exposed to the two psychostimulants. Rats exposed to amphetamine had on average a slower growth than those exposed to cocaine, reaching an identical estimated adult weight. Allometric relationships between forebrain and body weight and cerebellum and body weight were described by two distinct postnatal growth phases that are different among the experimental groups. In the comparison of the two psychostimulants the relative cerebellum/body growth is lower in the offspring of the cocaine group than in the amphetamine group between PND14‐PND30; between PND30‐PND90 the relative growth rate is considerably higher in the offspring of the cocaine dams compared to that of the amphetamine dams. Groups of perfused animals were selected at postnatal days 14 and 30 to analyze the morphometric organization of the medial prefrontal cortex. In serial celloidin sections the volumes of the prefrontal cortex were determined; the number of neurons per unit volume of reference area was calculated using the stereological technique of the disector. The changes found in the morphometric parameters show a catch‐up at postnatal day 30 of the “increased” density of neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex found at postnatal day 14. These data show differential growth patterns of offspring from cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐exposed rats; a delayed development in the achievement of normal morphometric parameters of neurons in the prelimbic subarea of the medial prefrontal cortex occurs in the prenatally amphetamine‐exposed offspring at early ages, and a catch‐up is found after the first month of life. Complementary studies are needed to assess whether these changes have functional implications in the rats exposed prenatally to psychostimulants.
A Theory of Metric Labelled Transition Systems
Authors: VAN BREUGEL FRANCK
Published: December 2006

Labelled transition systems are useful for giving semantics to programming languages. Kok and Rutten have developed some theory to prove semantic models defined by means of labelled transition systems equal to other semantic models. Metric labelled transition systems are labelled transition systems with the configurations and actions endowed with metrics. The additional metric structure allows us to generalize the theory developed by Kok and Rutten.
An Effective Construction of a Free z‐ultrafilter
Authors: HERRLICH HORST
Published: December 2006

It is known that free ultrafilters cannot be constructed effectively (i.e., in ZF set theory without any additional choice principle). In this paper a nonconvergent, thus free, z‐ultrafilter is constructed effectively in a suitable zero‐dimensional topological space X. Thus the implication

C‐compact ?B‐compact

(which under AC is an equivalence for completely regular spaces) fails to be an equivalence in ZF even for zero‐dimensional spaces, where B‐compact (respectively, C‐compact) means that every ultrafilter (respectively, z‐ultrafilter) converges.
Topological Symmetry and the Theory of Metrization
Authors: HUNG H.H.
Published: December 2006

We reaffirm the importance of the role of topological symmetry in the Theory of Metrization and obtain, as a consequence, a number of elegant and interesting metamorphoses of the Double Sequence Theorem of Nagata, all of which improve significantly upon some classical theorems in ways very obvious.
Completeness of the Quasi‐uniformity of Quasi‐uniform Convergence
Authors: KÜNZI HANS‐PETER A. , ROMAGUERA SALVADOR
Published: December 2006

We discuss the completeness of the quasi‐uniformity of quasi‐uniform convergence on function spaces. In particular we observe that the notions of quasi‐uniform completeness based on the convergence of several types of stable filters provide satisfactory results in this context.
Connectedness and Disconnectedness in Bitopology
Authors: LORD HARRIET
Published: December 2006

In this paper we begin the systematic classification of connectednesses and disconnectednesses in BiTop, the category of bitopological spaces and bicontinuous functions. We then investigate the relationship between 𝒦‐regular morphisms and disconnectednesses in BiTop.
Net Spaces in Categorical Topologya
Authors: ŠLAPAL JOSEF
Published: December 2006

In the paper we introduce the notion of S‐nets, S a nonempty construct, as a generalization of the usual nets. S‐net spaces and continuous maps between them are then defined in a natural way. For S‐net spaces we introduce a number of axioms and study the categories obtained. We find some topological and Cartesian closed categories of S‐net spaces and describe their relations to certain known topological categories.
The Krull Dimension of Alexandroff T0‐spaces
Authors: WIEDERHOLD PETRA , WILSON RICHARD G.
Published: December 2006

Alexandroff T0‐spaces have been studied as topological models of the supports of digital images and as discrete models of continuous spaces in theoretical physics. In [17] we have defined (topologically) the Alexandroff dimension for arbitrary Alexandroff spaces. In this paper we will prove that the Alexandroff dimension of a T0‐space is equal to its Krull dimension, which is defined in terms of the lattice of closed sets of the space and which was first studied in [16]. Since the category of Alexandroff T0‐spaces is known to be isomorphic to the category of posets (see [3, Theorem 3.5]), the results could be formulated in this latter category as well.
EZE MMIRI DI EGWU, THE WATER MONARCH IS AWESOME
Authors: JELL‐BAHLSEN SABINE
Published: December 2006

About 20 million Igbo (Ibo) live in southeastern Nigeria, a country of approximately 100 million people. Their language belongs to the Kwa‐Niger group and has several sub‐dialects. The group on which my study is based is mostly limited to the Oru‐Igbo. The Oru live in a group of hierarchically related towns along the Oguta (Ugwuta) Lake and the Njaba, Urash and other tributaries of the Niger River. They refer to themselves as riverine Igbo. Oguta is their administrative center, today, the biggest and most well‐known town. Orsu‐Obodo is their most senior town.

The precolonial economy of the Oru was based primarily on farming, fishing and trading. The staples are still yam and cassava and the diet is supplemented by plantains, rice, a variety of beans, vegetables, palm oil, fish, small game, goats, sheep, poultry and cow meat. Waterways are an important means of local transportation for people, materials, produce, and trade.

Oru society, like other subgroups of Igbo is patrilineal, but in precolonial times, there were parallel male and female institutions. The patri‐lineages own the land and run the towns' external and internal affairs. Today there are a number of other groups, secret societies, trade associations, Mammy Water societies, and traditional age‐grades.

The Oru trace their origin to Benin, having migrated over 10 generations ago. The Obi bears the title of Eze Igwe, sometimes translated as “divine king.” However, his office is quite different from that of the Oba of Benin, the Oru being an essentially egalitarian society (Jell‐Bahlsen 1980).
MARKET QUEENS
Authors: CLARK GRACIA
Published: December 2006

The Asante are a major political and cultural unit of a larger language grouping, the Akan, a matrilineal people who spread across southern Ghana and into the neighboring Cote d'Ivoire. In 1960, the last census to include questions of ethnicity, the Akans made up more than half of the Ghanaian population, presently estimated at sixteen million. The Asante nation successfully conquered or collected tribute from many other neighboring Akan and non‐Akan peoples during the 18th and 19th centuries. Kumasi was their historic capital and remains the seat of a royal bureaucracy with dual chieftainship of the Asantehemma and Asantehene who retain great local influence. The Asantehene has a constitutional role in political life through the national House of Chiefs, under Ghana's current elected government. Kumasi is also the capital of Ashanti Region, corresponding roughly to the precolonial Asante territory. It includes many urban and rural residents with non‐Asante origins, the majority of whom, both men and women, are farmers. Community and family‐based land rights still predominate over individual title. They grow the staple foods (yams, plantain, cassava and cocoyams) and a variety of vegetables and fruits for home consumption and for sale nationally. Cocoa, an export tree crop, is grown principally by men, and is the major source of rural wealth and of foreign exchange for the nation. Gold and timber are other important exports from the region. Kumasi is Ghana's second largest city, with a population estimated at 385,000 in 1988. There are several large sawmills and other factories in Kumasi, but many more people are employed in small workshops and commerce. The Kumasi Central Market is the largest single marketplace in Ghana; fifty thousand traders do business there daily, according to a 1989 World Bank study.
Overview of Orbits
Authors: MARSDEN BRIAN G.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: After a brief summary of the distribution of both large and small bodies in the solar system, there follows a categorization of the various hazards from comets and asteroids, the concept of PHA, or “potentially hazardous asteroid,” being introduced to include one that is large enough and can pass close enough to the Earth's orbit that it might conceivably yield a globally‐damaging impact in the forseeable furture. Future search stragtegies are discussed, as they involve increasing both sky coverage and faintness limit, arguments being given for ensuring much fainter detections in the general opposition region than at much smaller elongations. It is concluded that a proposed “impact hazard scale” is generally less useful than recognition of the PHA status. The current situation with regard to follow‐up astrometric activity, particularly by amateur astronomers, is viewed favorably, but professional search activity is at a depressingly low level.
Comets as Porous Aggregates of Interstellar Dust
Authors: GREENBERG J. MAYO , REMO JOHN L.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: A comet model is derived based on the interstellar dust chemical composition in dense molecular and diffuse clouds resulting from their subsequent chemical interactions and UV photoprocessing. The collapsing presolar nebula leads to a porous aggregate model for comet nuclei, from which is derived certain physical properties that include thermal conductivity and tensile strength. The porous morphological structure is also shown to imply anomalous (expansion rather than contraction) behavior when subjected to strong shock waves, which is supported by recent shock experiments on (porous) carbonaceous chondrite material.
Radar Reconnaissance of Near‐Earth Objects at the Dawn of the Next Millenniuma
Authors: OSTRO STEVEN J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Radar, the most powerful ground‐based technique for postdiscovery investigation of NEOs (near‐Earth objects), can contribute a great deal to their exploration as well as to identification and mitigation of hazardous objects. My intentions in this article are to review the current state of NEO radar reconnaissance, examine the imminent prospects for this work as upgraded instrumentation becomes available, and propose construction of a next‐generation radar telescope that, unlike any existing radar instrument, would be optimized for, and dedicated to, NEO radar.
NEO Mission Dynamics and Advanced Space Propulsion
Authors: SFORZA P. M. , REMO J. L.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: An analysis identifying opportunities for extending space propulsion capabilities to ranges around 1 AU from the Earth is presented to suggest an effective and practical response to critical interaction missions to Near Earth Objects (NEOs). Consideration is focused on timely interception of NEOs approaching Earth well beyond cislunar range during a time period out to about 2020. It is shown such missions might be best accomplished by means of nuclear thermal or nuclear electric propulsion. Considering the development effort expended thus far on such systems it is recommended that completing this effort is of paramount importance for ensuring future deep‐space performance capability.
Optimal Detection of Near‐Earth Object Threats
Authors: CANAVAN GREGORY H.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Detection of near‐Earth Objects (NEOs) has concentrated on search at long range. Improved technology and search strategies could significantly increase search rates and decrease survey times.
A Near‐Earth Object Hazard Index
Authors: BINZEL RICHARD P.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: With the advent of expanded near‐Earth object (NEO) surveys, the number of known close approaches to Earth will increase dramatically. For many of these objects, uncertainties in their preliminary orbits will result in calculations yielding nonzero probabilities of collision over the next century. An index system is proposed which places the hazard posed by any given close approach into an easily understandable context that allows simple and efficient communication between astronomers and the public.
Momentum Coupling to NEOs
Authors: SHAFER B. P. , GARCIA M. D. , MANAGAN R. A. , REMO J. L. , ROSENKILDE C. E. , SCAMMON R. J. , SNELL C. M. , STELLINGWERF R. F.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: We considered the coupling of momentum to near‐Earth objects (NEOs) for the purposes of collision avoidance or collision damage mitigation through trajectory modification. The momentum sources considered were pulsed lasers, kinetic energy impactors, and nuclear (or conventional) explosives, detonated above or below the surface of the NEO by the nonnuclear and nuclear momentum sources listed above. We did not address the system tradeoffs or the environmental implications of momentum source delivery.
Hemodynamic Consequences of Deformed Microvessels in the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: de la TORRE J. C.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: The cause of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a mystery. Mounting clinical and experimental data, however, suggest that a cerebral hemodynamic role may affect neuronoglial metabolism. Light and electron microscopy have consistently revealed that the microvasculature in AD brains contains structurally deformed capillaries which create a distorted intraluminal conduit for blood flow. The cerebral capillary distortions can create “disturbed” rather than “laminar” blood flow. Chronically disturbed capillary blood flow will impair normal delivery of essential nutrients to brain neurons as well as impede catabolic outflow of CNS waste products. This condition will negatively affect cerebral metabolism, primarily because of impaired glucose delivery to neurons. Impaired glucose delivery to AD brain results in a patho‐chemical cascade that will impair the Na+, K+‐ATPase ion pump and affect the syntheses of ATP, acetylcholine, and other neurotransmitters. The outcome of this metabolic dysfunction can promote neurofibrillary tangle and senile plaque formation in AD brain.
Brain Energy Metabolizing Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease: α‐Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex and Cytochrome Oxidasea
Authors: KISH STEPHEN J.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: PET observations of reduced cerebral glucose metabolism in AD could be explained by a defect in key energy metabolizing enzymes. In particular, levels of two enzymes, cytochrome oxidase (CO) and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (αKGDHC) are generally assumed to be reliably reduced in postmortem brain of patients with AD. How strong is the evidence that brain CO and αKGDHC are reduced in AD? In our study CO activity and αKGDHC activity and protein subunit levels were measured in cerebral cortex of 19–29 AD patients and 29 control subjects. We found that mean CO activity in cerebral cortex was reduced by 16–26% in the AD group but with almost complete overlap between control and patient ranges. Since our publication in 1992, mean brain CO activity in AD was modestly reduced in 9 independent studies (p < 0.05 in 5). Activity of αKGDHC varied widely in control/AD subjects and is not useful as an enzyme marker. Cerebral cortical protein levels of E1–3 subunits, which showed much less variance, were reduced by 23–41% but with large overlap between control/patient groups. We concluded that decreased (i.e., below normal) brain CO and αKGDHC is a feature of some, but not all patients with AD. The possible causes and significance of the enzyme changes are discussed.
Neuroimaging of Vessel Amyloid in Alzheimer's Diseasea,b
Authors: FRIEDLAND ROBERT P. , KALARIA RAJESH , BERRIDGE MARC , MIRALDI FLORO , HEDERA PETER , RENO JOHN , LYLE LEON , MAROTTA CHARLES A.
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Despite extensive recent advances in understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) we are unable to noninvasively establish a definite diagnosis during life and cannot monitor the cerebral deposition of amyloid β protein (A/β) in living patients. We evaluated the use of 10H3, a monoclonal antibody Fab targeting Aβ protein 1‐28 labeled with Tc‐99m. Six subjects with probable AD were studied using single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) at times from 0–24 hours following injection. Curves of radioactivity in blood demonstrate a half‐life of the injected Fab of 2–3 hours. Images show uptake around the head in the scalp or bone marrow in all subjects. There is no evidence of cerebral uptake of the antibody. Scalp biopsies in all six patients demonstrate diffuse staining with 10H3 of the scalp, a pattern indistinguishable from that found in controls. Evidence of amyloid deposition in the scalp in AD is not seen with other anti‐Aβ antibodies, suggesting that 10H3 is cross‐reacting with another protein. Further studies with anti‐Aβ antibodies will require longer‐lived radionuclides to detect cerebral uptake at later tunes after injection to allow for complete clearance from the blood. Afternately, imaging using labeled Aβ itself may provide a means for noninvasive targeting of cerebral amyloid.
Support of Homeostatic Glial Cell Signaling: A Novel Therapeutic Approach by Propentofyllinea
Authors: SCHUBERT PETER , OGATA TADANORI , RUDOLPHI KARL , MARCHINI CRISTINA , McRAE AMANDA , FERRONI STEFANO
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: A pathological glial cell activation, which forces microglia to transform into immunocompetent cells with cytotoxic properties and astrocytes to “dedifferentiate,” presumably adds to neurodegenerative diseases. We examined the modulatory effect of adenosine on the Ca2+ and cAMP‐dependent regulation of such reactive glial cell properties in culture and tested possibilities of pharmacologic reinforcement. A strengthening of the cAMP‐signaling, as could be achieved by adenosine agonists via a Ca2+‐dependent action, favored the differentiation of proliferating astrocytes and associated neuroprotective properties (ion homeostasis, formation of trophic factors). But potentially neurotoxic properties of microglial cells were inhibited. Adenosine depressed their proliferation rate and transformation into macrophages, their particularly high formation of reactive oxygen intermediates and the release of the cytokine TNF‐α. Similar effects were obtained with propentofylline, which acts as selective cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor and also increases the effective concentration of adenosine by blocking its cellular reuptake. The recently observed induction of microglial apoptosis by elevated extracellular adenosine levels may further contribute to limit secondary nerve cell damage related to a pathological glial cell activation.