bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Güralp Data Centre Software for Easy Mass Data Acquisition and Station Metadata Monitoring
Authors: Watkiss Neil , Hill Philip , Price Ella , Foster Connor , Clark Aaron , Restelli Federica , Lindsey James
Published: March 2024

Güralp Data Centre (GDC) interface offers ‘one click’ tools to configure instruments to stream data to a central (typically cloud based) server where it is saved in miniSEED in configurable folder structures. This application is particularly important for operators dealing with large volumes of seismic waveform data from regional/national networks.Additionally, the data can be transmitted to downstream processors such as Earthworm or SeisComP for more advanced seismic monitoring and data analysis. GDC has a simple interface to set up and monitor the operation of the network and is easy to implement into existing systems and networks with minimal configuration as industry standard protocols are employed throughout.An integrated VPN/Tunnel circumvents Network Address Translations (NATs) present in internet modems and ADSL connections, providing the facility to remotely update digitizer firmware and upload configuration files to multiple units simultaneously.Long term latency monitoring, network outages and bandwidth usage are captured and displayed in a number of applets that further simplify maintenance of large networks. The GDC dashboard allows network managers to view data integrity over time so that latency performance can be monitored.Trigger events from instruments can be recorded and displayed on a map as part of a range of features dedicated to EEW implementations. This information is conveyed using the open Common Alert Protocol (CAP). The CAP messages are created by individual station or sub-network triggers and contain important parameters such the on-site recorded PGA, PGV and PGD, providing the lowest possible latency for network early warning.
Analog Astronauts Missions Highlights from ILEWG LUNEX EuroMoonMars and EuroSpaceHub Academy
Authors: Foing Bernard ,   ILEWG LUNEX EuroMoonMars, EuroSpaceHub Academy Team and partners
Published: March 2024

We describe analog astronauts Missions Highlights  from ILEWG LUNEX EuroMoonMars, EuroSpaceHub Academy and partners.EuroMoonMars is an ILEWG programme [1-229] in collaboration with space agencies, academia, universities and research institutions and industries. The programme includes research activities for data analysis, instruments tests and development, field tests in MoonMars analogue, pilot projects, training and hands-on workshops, technical visits and outreach activities. Extreme environments on Earth often provide similar terrain conditions to sites on the Moon and Mars.In order to maximize scientific return it becomes more important to rehearse mission operations in the field and through simulations. EuroMoonMars field campaigns have then been organised in specific locations of technical, scientific and exploration interest. Lunex EuroMoonMars, has been organizing in collaboration with ESA, NASA, European and US universities a programme of data analysis, instrumentation tests, field work and analog missions for students and researchers in different locations worldwide since 2009, including Hawaii HI-SEAs, Utah MDRS, Iceland, Etna/ Vulcano Italy, Atacama, AATC Poland, ESTEC Netherlands, Eifel Germany, etc…Analogue missions provide a practical ground in which students can test the notions learnt at the university in a realistic simulation context. Over the course of these missions, students have access to special Space instrumentation, laboratories, Facilities, Science Operations, Human Robotic partnerships. In 2023, EuroMoonMars and EuroSpaceHub Academy co-sponsored a series of EMMPOL Moonbase isolation simulation campaigns in Poland, EMMIHS EuroMoonMars IntlMoonBase alliance Simulations in HI-SEAS Hawaii, supported other field campaigns (including CHILL-ICE, Amadeus, MDRS).We also developed in 2023 ExoSpaceHab Xpress (ESH-X), an innovative portable lunar base simulator designed for education, analog missions and public outreach.  This habitat has been funded by European consortium EuroSpaceHub and its partner LUNEX EuroMoonMars. After being exhibited at Padova Botanical Garden in Italy, ExoSpaceHab-X was used from Sep 20th  to  Oct at  ENS Paris Saclay, and was then installed from 15 Oct 2023 at Noordwijk SBIC Space Business Incubation Centre  and in Leiden for further developments and simulations with  the new cohort of EuroMoonMars EurospaceHub Academy 2024 and their collaborators.References: [1-229]: EuroMoonMars ILEWG  https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/search/q=euromoonmars%20or%20eurogeomars%20or%20ilewg
The Hera Radio Science Experiment at Didymos
Authors: Lasagni Manghi Riccardo , Gramigna Edoardo , Zannoni Marco , Tortora Paolo , Park Ryan S. , Tommei Giacomo , Le Maistre Sebastien , Kueppers Michael , Michel Patrick
Published: March 2024

With a targeted launch in October 2024, the European Space Agency’s Hera mission is set to rendezvous with the Didymos binary asteroid system in early 2027 and aims to conduct a detailed post-impact survey of the system following NASA’s DART impact on the smaller asteroid Dimorphos.This work describes the Hera Radio Science Experiment (RSE), which aims to precisely estimate the values of some key physical parameters of Didymos and Dimorphos, including their mass, extended gravity field, rotational state, and absolute and relative orbits. The expected accuracies in the parameters of interest are evaluated through a multi-arc covariance analysis performed using Caltech-JPL’s MONTE code.The analysis will show the information content provided by various observation types collected during the mission, including Earth-based radiometric measurements, optical images, altimetry measurements, and satellite-to-satellite tracking of the Juventas and Milani CubeSats. Furthermore, the influence of the dynamical model implemented within the orbit determination filter will be addressed regarding achievable accuracies of the estimated parameters and operational considerations.
It could have come worse –  an analysis of spatial counterfactual scenarios for the July 2021 flood in the Ahr Valley, Germany
Authors: Vorogushyn Sergiy , Han Li , Apel Heiko , Nguyen Viet Dung , Guse Björn , Guan Xiaoxiang , Rakovec Oldrich , Najafi Husain , Samaniego Luis , Merz Bruno
Published: March 2024

After a flood disaster, the question often arises: “What if the event had gone differently?” For example, what would be the effects of a flood if the path of a pressure system and thus the precipitation field had occurred taken a different trajectory? The analysis of such alternative scenarios of precipitation footprints (“counterfactuals”) is a valuable approach for flood risk management in addition to classical extreme value statistical analyses. It helps to think about and prepare for extremes that have not occurred in this way, but which appear quite plausible.Here, we analyze the spatial alternative scenarios of the deadly July 2021 flood in the Ahr Valley, Germany. The hydrological model mHM is driven with precipitation fields systematically shifted in space. The resulting runoff is transformed into inundation and flood impact indicators using the high-resolution hydrodynamic model RIM2D.The results show that even a slight shift of the precipitation field by 15-20 km, which does not seem implausible due to orographic conditions, causes an increase in peak flows at the Altenahr gauge of over 30% and at individual tributaries of up to 160%. Also, significantly larger flood volumes can be expected due to precipitation shifts. This results in markable differences in inundation depths in a number of areas along the Ahr river valley. The presented results should encourage critical thinking about precautionary measures and risk management plans for extreme and unprecedented events.
Characteristics of hail cloud in southwestern China based on X-band phased array radars
Authors: Wang Hui
Published: March 2024

In order to study characteristics of hail cloud in southwestern China, the national hail observation experiment is jointly organized by the Weather Modification Center of the China Meteorological Administration and the Guizhou Meteorological Bureau from July to September in 2021-2023. The experiment region is located in Weining county, Bijie City, Guizhou province, which is belong to Wumeng mountains of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwestern China and with frequent hailstorms in summer, causing considerable damage to crops such as flue-cured tobacco. Three X-band dual polarization phased array radars with time resolution of 1 minute, distributed as all with no more than 20 km distances, are used to obtain rapid evolution and structure characteristics of hail clouds. Some preliminary results on hail cloud characteristics have been achieved as follows. (1) According to statistics of more than 80 hail clouds by phased array radars and manual observation of ground hail, it can be found that The hail cloud characteristics include that the initial birth time of Weining hail cloud is at most 16-17 Being Standard Time, the time from birth to hail fall down is 10-20 min, the life history is 20-90 min, the hail duration is more than 2-5 min, the hail particle size range is mainly 5-10 mm, and the hail density is mostly 10-50 /m2. (2) The hail cloud in Weining county has the characteristics of pulse storm. The hail cloud is initially triggered and developed rapidly by echo from the middle layer, and convection trigger height is more concentrated at 4-6 km above sea level, which can be used as an operational indicator of hail suppression. The convection initiation height of hail cloud is related with convective available potential energy (CAPE) and relative humidity (RH), which higher CAPE and lower RH can lead to higher convection initiation height.
Bringing the gap among citizens and ICT tools through storytelling to testify the local impacts of climate change during time
Authors: Salvati Paola , Esposito Giuseppe , Facchinetti Simone , Marchesini Ivan , Mezzacapo Umberto , Sterlacchini Simone , Voltolina Debora , Galizia Antonella
Published: March 2024

Citizen science is increasingly used to engage the public in scientific processes to raise awareness and promote actions towards climate change and sustainability. In addition, citizen science initiatives allow the creation of multidisciplinary contexts engaging citizens, and also stakeholders, to foster scientific awareness and active participation to the definition of adaptation actions. With this vision in mind, this abstract describes the citizen science activities set in the municipality of Chiavari (Genoa metropolitan area), where different agreements have been signed with the municipal administration, municipal Civil Protection and two high schools to launch training programs started in May 2023. The training activities consider the use of a webapp for landslides and flood reporting to describe past geo-hydrological events. The webapp provides a form aimed at describing the characteristics (speed of the run, height of the water, etc.) a specific phenomenon occurred in a specific date; the output result is a map of the reports. The webapp is based on KoboToolbox, an open source software to create reports and geolocating entities, and students exploit it through their mobiles, and/or the device they prefer. A first field campaign was organized to collect local data and experiences via interviews (and storytelling) with local persons; the campaign was highly impacting for the students since there were also able to reconstruct a local historical memory. In a following meeting, students accessed (via QRcode) videos and/or images of the event with the aim of locate the site observed in the images/videos and compared their map with ARPAL official observation of the event. The presentation will outline the entire initiative, from the engagement to the webapp while reporting how the historical local interviews emphasized the actual impact of climate change in our own urban environments. The work is developed within the H2020 projects I-CHANGE (Individual Change of HAbits Needed for Green European transition).
The response of planktic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides to changing environmental parameters through extensive culturing experiments
Authors: Sykes Freya E. , Meilland Julie , Westgård Adele , Chalk Thomas B. , Chierici Melissa , Foster Gavin L. , Ezat Mohamed M.
Published: March 2024

Planktic foraminifera are calcifying marine protists living in the upper water column of the world’s oceans. As they grow, the composition of their calcite shells is influenced by their local environment. Thus, by analysing the geochemical signature of their fossil shells, a record of past changes in temperature, pH and salinity of the seawater can be reconstructed. Globigerina bulloides is a spinose planktonic foraminifera species that tolerates sub-tropical to sub-polar conditions and is present in high concentrations in the southern Norwegian Sea. It is of ecological interest as it encroaches into previously ‘cold water’ territories due to climate warming and Nordic Seas “Atlantification”. The relative abundance and shell geochemistry of fossil specimens of G. bulloides are also widely used for palaeoceanographic reconstructions in the region. Despite the widespread use of G. bulloides for these reconstructions, biological, metabolic, and behavioural observations are scarce, leaving large knowledge gaps regarding the impacts of these ‘vital effects’ on its calcification and preserved geochemical signature. One way to fill this gap is via the study of the species in controlled culture conditions, however to date, all reported culturing studies have been carried out in a temperate to warm water setting (>14oC), and using sub-tropical specimens. This reduces the applicability of these studies to G. bulloides inhabiting the high latitudes.We cultivated over 250 individual specimens of G. bulloides from the Norwegian Sea across a range of temperatures (6 - 13o C), salinities (30.4 – 37.8), pHs (7.7 - 8.3) and carbonate ion concentrations (70 – 230 µmol/kg). Experimental conditions were chosen relative to ambient seawater at the collection site(s) and were intended to reflect a plausible range of past and future scenarios.After several weeks in culture, we observed that G. bulloides was tolerant of environmental conditions well outside their natural range, with no significant difference in mortality or final size. This was corroborated by a high percentage of spine regrowth and/or maintenance (~65% for most treatments) after the first week. Many individuals thrived in culture, with some surviving up to three months. Two alternative strategies appeared to be employed; specimens opted either for rapid growth shortly followed by death, or for a prolonged lifespan with minimal size increase. Longer living specimens developed ectoplasmic structures on multiple occasions. Our observations suggest G. bulloides can exhibit considerable adaptability to shifting environmental conditions with implications to its tolerance to ongoing ocean changes.
Relative methods of localization and their differences in results on the REYKJANET seismic network in Iceland
Authors: Konrádová Diana , Doubravová Jana , Růžek Bohuslav , Horálek Josef
Published: March 2024

Accurate earthquake localization is essential for advancing seismic processing and understanding geological structures. In this study, we explore the application of relative relocation methods—HypoDD (HD), GrowClust (GC), and Master Event (ME)—to refine event locations and analyze their implications beyond specific fault structure determination. While the primary focus is not exclusively on geological structures, the outcomes also serve broader purposes, contributing to critical aspects of seismic processing.Our investigation employs a dataset from the REYKJANET seismic network located on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. The comparative assessment of these methods reveals significantly focused clusters in contrast to absolute event locations. Notably, individual event locations exhibit variations dependent on the chosen relocation method.Furthermore, it is essential to note that Master Event (ME) is a program developed for event localization, offering the unique capability of sequential use. This feature proves valuable, especially in dynamic geological settings, such as the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, where volcanic eruptions occur.Additionally, we delve into the influence of control parameters for HD, GC, and ME on final location results, aiming to optimize these parameters while considering computational and memory demands. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of relative localization methods, emphasizing their broader applications and significance in seismic event analysis within the REYKJANET network.
Constraining erosion in debris flow models: A correlation analysis in contrasting erosional settings
Authors: Boie Katharina , Stammberger Verena , Krautblatter Michael
Published: March 2024

Erosion and entrainment can significantly increase the volume and hazard potential of a debris flow. Therefore, understanding those processes is crucial for creating numerical models that can accurately predict the extend of depositions and impact forces. The quantitative controls of erosion and entrainment are however still not fully understood nor implemented in predictive models. In this work, the erosivity along eight different debris flows is analysed. Data on the eroded volumes was acquired using geomorphic change detection on aerial and terrestrial laser scans from before and after the debris flow events. Flow width, flow velocity, momentum, basal shear stress, flow pressure and flow height were determined using back-calculated RAMMS Debris Flow models. Erosion was implemented in those models by successively increasing the flow volume in 20 m intervals along the debris flow channel based on the geomorphic change detection results. Additionally, channel characteristics like the average slope for each interval as well as the geologic conditions were considered. For all analysed parameters correlations with erosivity were found. However, among the observed debris flows, the parameters that correlate best differ and they have varying degrees of significance. The geological setting has a notable effect on erosivity as well as the correlations. Peaks in erosivity can be observed at transitions from a bed with lower erodibility, like bedrock, to a more easily erodible bed. Using the parameters that correlate best with erosivity for each individual debris flow, linear and multiple regression models were created, that relate erosivity to the respective parameters for each site.
Extending (Garnet) Diffusion Modelling into Multidimensional Domains
Authors: Knight Ben , Clark Chris
Published: March 2024

The variation in element concentrations within a mineral play a critical role in understanding the evolution of geological margins over time. Diffusion is a process that alters element concentrations during crystal growth and subsequent cooling, with modelling of this process primarily conducted in one-dimension (1D), significantly contributing to understanding the thermal and tectonic evolution of various igneous and metamorphic regions. However, the complexity of geological systems requires a more detailed approach encapsulating the multidimensional nature of mineral evolution. We present the initial developments of diffusion modelling, extending from 1D models to two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) modelling of garnet diffusion using the Underworld code. These models are designed to better constrain geological settings where garnet diffusion occurs, concentrating on the growth and extraction of the mineral from various bulk rock compositions. 2D and 3D models are compared to previously published work to validate the development of the models. Furthermore, the implications of these models for geochronological and petrological interpretations are explored, highlighting their potential to provide further insights into metamorphic processes when compared to 1D models. Future work will focus on the anisotropic properties of the garnet, including fast diffusion pathways within the mineral, as well as anisotropic properties of the rock itself, due to varying diffusion coefficients across minerals. This research paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of diffusion in rocks, offering a robust tool for the community to unravel the complex history recorded in metamorphic rocks and enhance the accuracy of thermobarometric estimations. Through these new tools, we aim to provide better insights into the evolution of geological margins over time.
Factors influencing the subsurface urban heat island in the city of Wrocław (Poland)
Authors: Hajnrych Monika , Worsa-Kozak Magdalena
Published: March 2024

The growing average air temperature and rapid urbanization deepen the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, which mainly affects large cities. Urban areas contribute to changes in the local atmospheric environment but also groundwater. The impact of these changes on the thermal regime of groundwater is documented all over the world by the increased temperature of groundwater in city centers compared to the surrounding rural areas. However, this relationship as well as the impact of other factors on the subsurface urban heat island (SUHI) are not yet well understood. In the case of the city of Wrocław, characterized by an increase in average temperatures in recent decades and the identified UHI phenomenon, present-day the phenomenon of SUHI is unknown.This work focuses on the analysis of maps of the spatial distribution of groundwater temperature in the city of Wroclaw (Poland), obtained using spatial interpolation. For this purpose, measurement data from 2004-2005 and 2022-2023 were used. In addition, an attempt has been made to compare the distribution of groundwater temperature with the Land Surface Temperature (LST) for each of the periods. In the next part of the work, the relationships between groundwater temperature and other factors such as: distance from the city center, distance from rivers, LST and UHI were determined. Generalized linear regression was used to indicate which factors influence the subsurface urban heat island (SUHI). The highest rate was given to the distance from the city center (R2=0.49).
Evaluating temporal patterns in wood δ15N in Swedish forests as an indicator of changing N limitation
Authors: Gundale Michael , Bassett Kelley , Östlund Lars , Fridman Jonas , Perakis Steven , Jämtgård Sandra
Published: March 2024

Boreal forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, and their productivity is strongly limited by nitrogen availability.  Thus, understanding whether nitrogen availability in boreal forests is changing has important implications for understanding past, present, and future trends of forest growth. We utilized a unique archive of tree cores collected by the Swedish National Forest Inventory, to evaluate temporal patterns (1950-2017) of wood δ15N, which is commonly used as an indicator of N limitation. First, we focused on an area of ca. 55,000 sq. km in central Sweden to evaluate how sensitive the wood δ15N approach is to tree age and two alternative sampling methodologies: a) analysis of single trees sampled in the present, versus b) tree chronologies constructed from multiple trees of the same age sampled during different decades.  By analysing 1038 woods samples, and covering two key boreal tree species (Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris), we found strong trends of declining δ15N through time, suggestive of progressive N limitation.  We further found that temporal patterns were highly sensitive to method choice, where the multiple tree approach supported by the tree core archive showed much stronger temporal patterns than reliance on more conventional contemporary sampling approaches, where N mobility appeared to obscure temporal patterns.  We further found that temporal trends were relatively insensitive to tree age class. Using the more powerful Multiple Tree Approach, we further evaluated δ15N values from an additional 1000 P. abies and P. sylvestris wood samples covering the entire forested area of Sweden and spanning the same time period, to investigate how temporal patterns in wood δ15N varied in areas with historically high N deposition (Southern Sweden) versus low N deposition (Northern Sweden).  These data help address current debates regarding whether temporal patterns in δ15N are indicative of oligitrophication (i.e. progressive N limitation), or are instead the result of changing δ15N signatures from nitrogen deposition inputs.  
Combination of altimetry crossover and Doppler observables for Precise Orbit Determination of a Callisto Orbiter and Geodetic Parameter Recovery
Authors: Desprats William , Arnold Daniel , Bertone Stefano , Jäggi Adrian , Blanc Michel
Published: March 2024

Callisto is identified as a key body to answer present questions about the origin and the formation of the Jovian system. The outermost of the four Galilean satellites appears to be the least differentiated and the least geologically evolved of the Galilean satellites, and therefore the one best reflecting the early ages of the Jovian system. While the ESA JUICE mission will perform 21 flybys of Callisto, an orbiter would allow to measure geodetic parameters to much higher resolution, as it was suggested by several recent mission proposals, e.g., the Tianwen-4 (China National Space Administration) and MAGIC (Magnetics, Altimetry, Gravity, and Imaging of Callisto) proposals. Recovering parameters such as those describing Callisto’s gravity field, its tidal Love numbers, and its orientation in space would help to significantly constrain Callisto’s interior structure models, including the characterization of a potential subsurface ocean.We perform a closed-loop simulation of spacecraft tracking, altimetry, and accelerometer data of a high inclination, low altitude orbiter, which we then use for the recovery of its precise orbit and of Callisto’s geodetic parameters. By analyzing a combination of altimetry crossovers and radio tracking (2-way Doppler) observations, we estimate Callisto’s gravity field and orientation parameters, as well as its tidal Love numbers k2 and h2. We use Variance Component Estimation to derive optimal weights for the different observation types, and for parameter constraints.We compare our results for different orbital configurations to Doppler-based solutions to investigate the added value of laser altimetry measurements and we discuss our findings, e.g., that altimetry helps reducing correlations between orbit parameters and improving the estimation of orientation parameters. For our closed-loop analyses, we use both a development version of the Bernese GNSS Software and the open-source pyXover software.
Internal wave–eddy interactions, turbulence and mixing during the 2023 BioSWOT-MED cruise
Authors: Rolland Robin , Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale , Cuypers Yannis , Pulido Elvira , Bosse Anthony , Petrenko Anne , Nunige Sandra , Rousselet Louise , Barrillon Stéphanie , Berta Maristella , Arnaud Maxime , Menna Milena , Pacciaroni Massimo , Tzortzis Roxane , Barceló-Llull Bàrbara , d'Ovidio Francesco , Grégori Gérald , Doglioli Andrea
Published: March 2024

The BioSWOT-MED cruise (https://doi.org/10.17600/18002392) was designed to study the bio-physical coupling in the region of the North Balearic Front in the Western Mediterranean Sea, an area of moderate fine scale energy level. The cruise took place during the SWOT fast-sampling phase in April-May 2023 thus providing a unique opportunity to study the daily evolution of mesoscale eddies and fine scale structures as inferred from SWOT in combination with high frequency in-situ measurements.In-situ measurements were focused on a fine scale front identified from SWOT altimetry data and Chl-a gradient from remote sensing (Sentinel-3). The front was located at the northern margin of a small mesoscale anticyclonic eddy (~30 km of diameter, too small to be detected by conventional altimetry maps), from a cyclonic area. Preliminary results revealed strong wave-eddy interactions. Two triplets of 24-h Lagrangian stations (the boat is passively advected by the current to follow the water mass sampled) were performed during the cruise with one station at the front and two on both sides. At the end of the cruise, a third 24-h station was conducted in the anticyclonic eddy.Two consecutive wind events (~25–30 kn) before the second and third sets of stations allowed us to observe and characterise the generation of near-inertial waves (NIWs) and their propagation at depth. Whereas NIWs amplitude was uniformly small during the first triplet of stations, contrasted NIWs amplitudes were observed after the wind events. A remarkable intensification of NIWs in the anticyclonic eddy was observed at the last station with amplitudes reaching up to ~0.4 m/s down to ~300 m, in strong contrast with weak NIW amplitudes in the frontal and the cyclonic area. An inertial chimney trapping NIWs can be evidenced within the anticyclonic eddy. Vertical Microstructure Profiler measurements showed that those trapped NIWs significantly enhanced turbulence and mixing activity in the anticyclonic eddy through intense shear generation. Contrasts in vertical nutrients fluxes between the inertial chimney in the anticyclonic eddy, the front and the cyclonic area are finally discussed.
The importance of interlinking Research Data Infrastructures and Research Data Management initiatives
Authors: Protopopova-Kakar Valentina , Ott Florian , Elger Kirsten , Lorenz Melanie , zu Castell Wolfgang
Published: March 2024

A core element of the National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative in Germany is the ambition to harmonize the research data landscape not only on a national level, but to connect to and intertwine with international initiatives in Research Data Management (RDM).  In the context to increase the interoperability between different research data domains, metadata standardization, controlled vocabularies, application programming and the setup of different service interfaces are key areas of interest. As such, the NFDI is the German contributor to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), and strives to become a central contact point between German and international stakeholders. To achieve such a harmonized, interoperable and international data landscape, the NFDI Consortium for Earth System Sciences (NFDI4Earth) is open to promote common standards to the national Earth System Science (ESS) community and to support the development of new RDM pathways by connecting and actively participating in international initiatives. NFDI4Earth also strives to foster a cultural change towards increased awareness of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) and Open Science principles in Germany. Having a user-friendly technical infrastructure, meaningful services, as well as up-to-date educational resources are all important elements in NFDI4Earth to advance the cultural shift in the ESS research community towards FAIR and open research data management.  Another important part of the cultural change is to acknowledge data and software publications as scientific merit and to recognize those as part of scientific achievements.  
The role of oxalate-extractable aluminum in regulating soil organic carbon decomposition in agricultural topsoil in humid continental climates: Insights from a long-term incubation field-scale study.
Authors: Chilipamushi Miyanda , von Brömssen Claudia , Colombi Tino , Kätterer Thomas , Larsbo Mats
Published: March 2024

Examining soil carbon losses across various time scales is essential for understanding the potential of soil carbon stabilization. It allows for considering these losses in estimating the net changes in carbon stocks. The soil's intrinsic physical and chemical properties, particularly those associated with the mineral phase, have been suggested to regulate soil organic carbon (SOC) losses. However, the relationship between these properties and SOC losses remains to be determined in long-term experiments. A 600-day incubation experiment was conducted on sieved soil samples (
An overview of tremor and icequake types during the 2015 Eastern Skaftá jökulhlaup, Iceland
Authors: Dietrich Thoralf , Eibl Eva P.S. , Vogfjörd Kristin S. , Heimann Sebastian , Jones Morgan T. , Ófeigsson Benedikt G. , Roberts Matthew J. , Bean Christopher J.
Published: March 2024

Ice-covered volcanoes regularly cause subglacial floods called jökulhlaups. These may be caused by volcanic eruptions but more often they are associated with geothermal activity beneath the ice. Within this presentation we will study the largest jökulhlaup on record in Iceland using GPS sensors above the flood path, hydrological sensors and geochemical measurements in the affected river and a seismic array in combination with the local seismic network.We detected four different tremor types: (1) Migrating tremor and high-frequency transient events follow the propagation of the flood front. (2) Minute-long tremor bursts occur in the cauldron area once the water has drained from the subglacial lake and (3) each one is followed by hour-long harmonic tremor. (4) Tremor due to more energetic flow in the rapids near Sveinstindur in the Skaftá river.Interestingly, families of icequakes were generated in the area around the cauldron, during the onset of the flood. This grouping into families - and their consecutive activation with time - suggests that we see the gradual collapse of the ice shelf above the subglacial lake seismically.The flood generated five different seismic signal types that can be associated with five different geophysical processes, including the wide spectrum from brittle failure and explosions to boiling and turbulent flow. We will discuss these sources in detail in the presentation.
Towards improved Water Quality Modelling using Neural ODE models
Authors: Höge Marvin , Wenk Florian , Scheidegger Andreas , Albert Carlo , Frömelt Andreas
Published: March 2024

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) fuse neural networks with a mechanistic equation framework. This hybrid structure offers both traceability of model states and processes, as it is typical for physics-based models, and the ability of machine learning to encode new functional relations. Neural ODE models have demonstrated high potential in hydrologic predictions and scientific investigation of the related process in the hydrologic cycle, i.e. tasks of water quantity estimation (Höge et al., 2022).This explicit representation of state variables is key to water quality modelling. There, we typically have several interrelated state variables like nitrate, nitrite, phosphorous, organic matter,…  Traditionally, these states are modelled based on mechanistic kinetic rate expressions that are often only rough approximations of the underlying dynamics. At the same time, this domain of water research suffers from data scarcity and therefore solely data-driven methods struggle to provide accurate predictions reliably. We show how to improve predictions of state dynamics and to foster knowledge gain about the processes in such interrelated systems with multiple states using Neural ODEs. Höge, M., Scheidegger, A., Baity-Jesi, M., Albert, C., & Fenicia, F.: Improving hydrologic models for predictions and process understanding using Neural ODEs. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 5085-5102, https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/26/5085/2022/
Cloud droplet formation characteristics at eleven locations throughout Greece during summer 2020 and 202
Authors: Kawana Kaori , Foskinis Romanos , Holopainen Eemeli , Papayannis Alexandros , Aktypis Andreas , Kaltsonoudis Christos , Patoulias David , Matrali Angeliki , Vasilakopoulou Christina , Kostenidou Evangelia , Florou Kalliopi , Kalivitis Nikos , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Samara Constantini , Lazaridis Mihalis , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Pandis Spyros , Nenes Athanasios ,   Observation Team
Published: March 2024

    Aerosol particles affect the climate system by directly absorbing and scattering solar radiation or by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and modulating cloud radiative properties. Cloud particle activation is at the heart of these aerosol-cloud interactions, but it is important to quantify the degree to which aerosol (size distribution and composition) or dynamical aspects (vertical velocity) contribute to cloud droplet number concentration, as they determine in the end the cloud sensitivity to aerosol variations.    In this study, we use a comprehensive dataset of number-size distributions and meteorological data observed at 11 sites throughout the E. Mediterranean (Greece) during the summers of 2020 and 2021 and use them as input into a state-of-the-art cloud activation parameterization to determine the potential activated cloud droplet number and maximum supersaturation. Remote sensing retrievals of droplet number complement the analysis and are used to evaluate the droplet number calculations carried out with the parameterization. We then examine the droplet formation characteristics of each region (urban, rural, remote, and mountain), determine when clouds are velocity- and aerosol-limited, link them to airmass origin, and discuss the implications for cloud formation in the region.
Determining snow material properties from near-infrared photography
Authors: Mewes Lars , Walter Benjamin , Buchli Jon , Büchel Valeria , Suter Markus , Schneebeli Martin , Löwe Henning
Published: March 2024

It is well understood that snow is a complex, porous material, whose microstructural changes directly affect its physical properties. Therefore, – to gauge the snow's role within the climate system – it is of interest to accurately measure and characterize the spatio-temporal variability of snow surfaces and snowpacks.On a local scale, for example inside a snowpit during a field campaign, snow measurements are often taken in a manual, point-like fashion resulting in single, one-dimensional profiles with a sampling resolution of a few centimeters. At this resolution thin layers are difficult to observe and spatial inhomogeneities of the snowpack are missed. State-of-the-art X-ray microtomography (μ‑CT) scans of snow provide excellent spatial resolution,1 however, the added experimental constraints prevent sampling extended spatio-temporal domains.To address some of these limitations, we propose to use near-infrared (NIR) photography2 with 940 nm illumination to determine the snow's specific surface area (SSA) and density. Our device – called SnowImager – achieves millimeter resolution and covers a spatial extent of a few square meters, such as the surface area of a snowpit wall. While the SSA is determined directly from the measured NIR image using the well-established asymptotic radiation transfer theory,3–6 the density dependence is introduced by physically truncating the illuminating and back-scattered light. It results non-trivially from the lateral component of the sub-surface scattering process and enables us to recover density profiles that compare well to reference data from density cutter and μ‑CT measurements. As a demonstration, we present the spatial variability of an Antarctic snowpack at an unprecedented level of detail, revealing an extremely high spatial variability of the snow microstructure.Using near-infrared photography enables accurate and fast determination of snow material properties, whenever millimeter spatial resolution and a spatial extent of several square meters are required. It is thus ideally suited to simultaneously capture thin layers within the snowpack and spatial inhomogeneities over a centimeter to meter scale, which is relevant as ground truth measurement for climate research, remote sensing and avalanche forecasting among others. 1. Kerbrat, M. et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 1261–1275 (2008).2. Matzl, M. & Schneebeli, M., J. Glaciol. 52, 558–564 (2006).3. Bohren, C. F. & Barkstrom, B. R., J. Geophys. Res. 79, 4527–4535 (1974).4. Warren, S. G., Rev. Geophys. 20, 67–89 (1982).5. Kokhanovsky, A. A. & Zege, E. P., Appl. Opt. 43, 1589–1602 (2004).6. Libois, Q. et al., The Cryosphere 7, 1803–1818 (2013).
Spatial patterns and determinants of severe geomorphological changes due to the extreme flood event in the Ahr valley, western Germany in July 202
Authors: Weidt Fabian , Bell Rainer , Schrott Lothar , Brenning Alexander , Dietze Michael , Burghardt Lisa , Groeßer Joshua
Published: March 2024

The extreme flood event of July 14/15, 2021 caused massive geomorphological changes along the Ahr river in western Germany. The processes include mass movement and bank erosion, channel displacement and widening and deposition of material at the floodplains, all of which contributed to extreme damage. With the aim of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the factors controlling these processes, spatial patterns of geomorphological changes on a regional scale are analyzed. A differential terrain model (DoD), calculated from digital terrain models (DTM) collected before and after the event using airborne laser scanning (ALS), serves as the data basis. The course of the river is divided into 120 m wide and 100 m long segments. Analyzing the cumulated volumetric loss per segment, which represents the explained variable proxying spatial variability in flood power, is conducted by using a multiple linear regression model. The independent variables considered in this investigation include peak discharge, valley floor width and river curvature. Additionally, a time series model, incorporating ARIMA and GARCH components, is applied to unravel patterns and anomalies along the course of the river while accounting for the autocorrelative and heteroscedastic structure of data. Both the native data and the residuals of all model types are used to examine effects of bridge failure and subsequent outburst waves on volumetric loss. The analysis shows that the strongest geomorphological changes are associated with high peak discharge and a small valley floor width. River segments containing destroyed arch bridges show significantly higher volumetric loss values than segments with destroyed slab bridges, intact bridges or no bridge at all. Spatially limited amplification of volumetric loss to 200 m downstream of destroyed slab bridges suggests a more rapid decrease in outburst wave power for those type of bridges in contrast to arch bridges. These findings provide evidence that there are construction types more appropriate than traditional arch bridges to prevent local augmentation of flood power caused by outburst waves resulting from bridge clogging and failure.
Spatiotemporal Modelling of Landslide Susceptibility Using Satellite Rainfall and Soil Moisture Products through Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Peiro Yaser , Ciabatta Luca , Volpe Evelina , Cattoni Elisabetta
Published: March 2024

To mitigate the risk of landslides, building a model that can provide information on the spatial and temporal probabilities of landslides is essential yet challenging. Landslides are influenced by environmental factors, such as topography, geology, and mechanical properties of the soil, as well as triggering events like rainfall and earthquakes. This research leverages Random Forest algorithm for classification by creating multiple decision trees. Each tree is trained on a distinct, randomly selected subset of the dataset. The dataset includes specific static variables for each location, such as lithology, slope angle, aspect, curvature, and land use. Additionally, the study considers two dynamic variables for each location: high-resolution soil moisture data obtained from satellites to examine the impact of soil water content, and rainfall data.By utilizing a unique rainfall-induced landslide database, which includes the location and time of landslide occurrences in the study area. The algorithm extracts the corresponding rainfall and soil moisture values preceding each landslide event and trains the model by adjusting both static and dynamic variables. The rainfall data is analyzed on two different time scales: short-term cumulative rainfall (1-72 hours before a landslide event) and medium-term cumulative rainfall (5-15 days before a landslide event). The outcomes are individual trees that determine the final class (landslide or non-landslide location) for each pixel based on the majority vote. The model's outputs, out-of-bag errors, and partial dependence plots provide insights into how each parameter influences the model's landslides predictions, and help to evaluate the impact of rainfall and soil saturation conditions on landslides occurrence both in space and in time.
Planetary-scale wave study in Venus cloud layer, simulated by the Venus PCM
Authors: Lai Dexin , Lebonnois Sebastien , Li Tao
Published: March 2024

High-resolution runs of the Venus PCM (1.25° in longitude and latitude) successfully simulated Venus atmospheric superrotation. The results show a clear spectrum and structure of atmospheric waves, primarily with periods of 5.65 days and 8.5 days. The simulation successfully reproduces long-term quasi-periodic oscillation of the zonal wind and primary planetary-scale wave seen in observations. These oscillations are obtained with a period of about 163-222 days close to the observations. The Rossby waves show robustness in wave characteristics and angular momentum transport due to Rossby-Kelvin instability by comparing the 5.65-day wave with the 5.8-day wave simulated by another Venus GCM, AFES-Venus. Similarities are also evident between the 8.5-day wave in our simulation and the 7-day wave obtained in AFES-Venus. Furthermore, the long-term variations in angular momentum transport indicate that the 5.65-day wave is the dominant factor of the oscillation on the superrotation, and the 8.5-day wave is the secondary. When the 5.65-day wave grows, its angular momentum transport is enhanced and accelerates (decelerates) the lower-cloud equatorial jet (cloud-top mid-latitude jets). Meanwhile, the 8.5-day wave weakens, reducing its deceleration effect on the lower-cloud equator region. Consequently, this flattens the background wind and weakens instability, leading to the decay of the 5.65-day wave. And vice versa when the 5.65-day wave is weak.
A Round Robin Exercise for an intercomparison of Snow Cover Area maps retrieved from Earth Observation
Authors: Di Paolo Federico , Dall'Amico Matteo , Stradiotti Pietro , Samaniego Luis
Published: March 2024

In Europe, the majority of the precipitation during winter falls as snow over 1.000 m altitude, and remains stored in the snowpack until the melting season, when it returns in the hydrological cycle and is partly used for irrigation and power generation. Snow cover estimation is then one of the main indicators necessary to evaluate water budget and plan water management, predict possible drought conditions, and drive operational flood prediction. The use of Earth Observation (EO) for Snow Cover Area (SCA) estimation has been improved during the last decade thanks to high resolution satellites such as the ESA Sentinels, having a pixel resolution of 10 m. Furthermore, diverse processing techniques, nowadays mature, are used by the different data providers to retrieve SCA and Fractional Snow Cover (FSC) maps from EO data.The scope of our work is an intercomparison of different medium- to high-resolution EO-retrieved SCA/FSC maps over Europe; we use as a benchmark a vast dataset of in situ data coming from different sources and harmonized by Matiu et al. (2021). Regarding the dataset, SCA or FSC maps retrieved from multispectral Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 images are considered, together with gap-filled maps evaluated integrating Sentinel-1 (Synthetic Aperture Radar) and/or Sentinel-3 (multispectral). A unique dataset of Sentinel-1-retrieved snow depth maps is also used in the exercise. Finally, for a continuity with a previous project on EO snow products, medium-resolution MODIS-retrieved SCA images have been added to our dataset.The results can be used to correctly interpret the accuracy of the EO datasets as well as the processing methodologies. From the comparison it can be evaluated the possibility of merging the different dataset in order to enhance the temporal resolution to a sub-weekly effective revisit time.