bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Fabrication of Durable Superhydrophobic Aluminum Alloy Surfaces by HS-WEDM and Chemical Modification
Authors: Sun Ruoyu , Li Zhen , Zhao Jing , Mo Jiliang , Pan Yajia , Luo Dabin
Published: October 2021

Durable superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces were prepared through a facile method: combining high-speed wire electrical discharge machining and chemical modification. Three types of pulse width were selected to machine the aluminum alloy surfaces with different levels of surface roughness. The effect of immersion time in perfluorooctanoic acid on the wettability of the aluminum alloy surfaces was examined. The contact angle of the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surfaces was [Formula: see text], and the sliding angle was [Formula: see text]. After sanding with coarse sandpaper, the aluminum alloy surfaces still exhibited superhydrophobicity with a stroke of 450[Formula: see text]cm, indicating good mechanical durability. The prepared superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface heated for 2[Formula: see text]h within the 190–240∘C temperature range showed favorable thermal stability. In addition, the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface exhibited self-cleaning property. Therefore, the superhydrophobic aluminum alloy surface prepared by using the simple mass production method showed good mechanical stability, thermal stability, and self-cleaning property, as well as broad application potential.
A modeling method of algorithm-hardware based on SysML
Authors: Yue Liu , Chun Zhao , Lin Zhang
Published: October 2021

In the process of complex product design, modeling in different fields and different disciplines is often involved. Designers often face many different development kits, platforms, and theories, among which significant differences exist. Especially in the process of algorithm-hardware implementation, it is necessary to have mastery of the knowledge including algorithm, hardware, circuit, and system engineering. In this paper, a modeling method of algorithm-hardware based on SysML is proposed to reduce the difficulty of algorithm-hardware modeling. By using the method, the designers who do not know the knowledge of hardware can also easily build the algorithm-hardware model. In this method, a method of graphical system modeling based on SysML is used, where the elements of the algorithm-hardware model are described by SysML graphical models. Then, the SysML graphical models are converted to Very-High-Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language. At last, a detecting algorithm of random number is complemented by the modeling method in this paper and the simulation results are presented at the conclusion.
Topological Similarity-Based Multi-Target Correlation Localization for Aerial-Ground Systems
Authors: Li Xudong , Wu Lizhen , Niu Yifeng , Jia Shengde , Lin Bosen
Published: October 2021

In this paper, an algorithm for solving the multi-target correlation and co-location problem of aerial-ground heterogeneous system is investigated. Aiming at the multi-target correlation problem, the fusion algorithm of visual axis correlation method and improved topological similarity correlation method are adopted in view of large parallax and inconsistent scale between the aerial and ground perspectives. First, the visual axis was preprocessed by the threshold method, so that the sparse targets were initially associated. Then, the improved topological similarity method was used to further associate dense targets with the relative position characteristics between targets. The shortcoming of dense target similarity with small difference was optimized by the improved topological similarity method. For the problem of co-location, combined with the multi-target correlation algorithm in this paper, the triangulation positioning model was used to complete the co-location of multiple targets. In the experimental part, simulation experiments and flight experiments were designed to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively achieve multi-target correlation positioning, and that the positioning accuracy is obviously better than other positioning methods.
Summary of the 1st ICSSP-ICGSE Joint Event
Authors: Tell Paolo , Raffo David , Huang Liguo , Steinmacher Igor , Britto Ricardo , Tüzün Eray , Clarke Paul
Published: October 2021

Having the common objective of bringing together researchers and industry practitioners to share their research findings, experiences, and new ideas as well as sharing topics of interest, the organizing committees of the 14th International Conference on Software and System Processes (ICSSP) and the 15th International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE) ceased the opportunity to explore the idea of bringing together the two communities once it was clear that the International Conference on Software Engineering and all its co-located events had to be redesigned as online events.
Identifying Non-Technical Skill Gaps in Software Engineering Education: What Experts Expect But Students Don’t Learn
Authors: Groeneveld Wouter , Vennekens Joost , Aerts Kris
Published: October 2021

As the importance of non-technical skills in the software engineering industry increases, the skill sets of graduates match less and less with industry expectations. A growing body of research exists that attempts to identify this skill gap. However, only few so far explicitly compare opinions of the industry with what is currently being taught in academia. By aggregating data from three previous works, we identify the three biggest non-technical skill gaps between industry and academia for the field of software engineering:
devoting oneself to continuous learning
,
being creative by approaching a problem from different angles
, and
thinking in a solution-oriented way by favoring outcome over ego
. Eight follow-up interviews were conducted to further explore how the industry perceives these skill gaps, yielding 26 sub-themes grouped into six bigger themes:
stimulating continuous learning
,
stimulating creativity
,
creative techniques
,
addressing the gap in education
,
skill requirements in industry
, and the
industry selection process
. With this work, we hope to inspire educators to give the necessary attention to the uncovered skills, further mitigating the gap between the industry and the academic world.
Machine Learning and Survey-based Predictors of InfoSec Non-Compliance
Authors: Marshall Byron , Curry Michael , Crossler Robert E. , Correia John
Published: October 2021

Survey items developed in behavioral
Information Security (InfoSec)
research should be practically useful in identifying individuals who are likely to create risk by failing to comply with InfoSec guidance. The literature shows that attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions drive compliance behavior and has influenced the creation of a multitude of training programs focused on improving ones’ InfoSec behaviors. While automated controls and directly observable technical indicators are generally preferred by InfoSec practitioners, difficult-to-monitor user actions can still compromise the effectiveness of automatic controls. For example, despite prohibition, doubtful or skeptical employees often increase organizational risk by using the same password to authenticate corporate and external services. Analysis of network traffic or device configurations is unlikely to provide evidence of these vulnerabilities but responses to well-designed surveys might. Guided by the relatively new IPAM model, this study administered 96 survey items from the Behavioral InfoSec literature, across three separate points in time, to 217 respondents. Using systematic feature selection techniques, manageable subsets of 29, 20, and 15 items were identified and tested as predictors of non-compliance with security policy. The feature selection process validates IPAM's innovation in using nuanced self-efficacy and planning items across multiple time frames. Prediction models were trained using several ML algorithms. Practically useful levels of prediction accuracy were achieved with, for example, ensemble tree models identifying 69% of the riskiest individuals within the top 25% of the sample. The findings indicate the usefulness of psychometric items from the behavioral InfoSec in guiding training programs and other cybersecurity control activities and demonstrate that they are promising as additional inputs to AI models that monitor networks for security events.
Quantifying the Invisible Labor in Crowd Work
Authors: Toxtli Carlos , Suri Siddharth , Savage Saiph
Published: October 2021

Crowdsourcing markets provide workers with a centralized place to find paid work. What may not be obvious at first glance is that, in addition to the work they do for pay, crowd workers also have to shoulder a variety of unpaid invisible labor in these markets, which ultimately reduces workers' hourly wages. Invisible labor includes finding good tasks, messaging requesters, or managing payments. However, we currently know little about how much time crowd workers actually spend on invisible labor or how much it costs them economically. To ensure a fair and equitable future for crowd work, we need to be certain that workers are being paid fairly for all of the work they do. In this paper, we conduct a field study to quantify the invisible labor in crowd work. We build a plugin to record the amount of time that 100 workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk dedicate to invisible labor while completing 40,903 tasks. If we ignore the time workers spent on invisible labor, workers' median hourly wage was $3.76. But, we estimated that crowd workers in our study spent 33% of their time daily on invisible labor, dropping their median hourly wage to $2.83. We found that the invisible labor differentially impacts workers depending on their skill level and workers' demographics. The invisible labor category that took the most time and that was also the most common revolved around workers having to manage their payments. The second most time-consuming invisible labor category involved hyper-vigilance, where workers vigilantly watched over requesters' profiles for newly posted work or vigilantly searched for labor. We hope that through our paper, the invisible labor in crowdsourcing becomes more visible, and our results help to reveal the larger implications of the continuing invisibility of labor in crowdsourcing.
Using Worker Avatars to Improve Microtask Crowdsourcing
Authors: Qiu Sihang , Bozzon Alessandro , Birk Max V. , Gadiraju Ujwal
Published: October 2021

The future of crowd work has been identified to depend on worker satisfaction, but we lack a thorough understanding of how worker satisfaction can be increased in microtask crowdsourcing. Prior work has shown that one solution is to build tasks that are engaging. To facilitate engagement, two methods that have received attention in recent HCI literature are the use of video games and conversational interfaces. While these are largely different techniques, they aim for the same goal of reducing worker burden and increasing engagement in a task. On one hand, video games have huge motivation potential and translating game design elements for motivational purposes has shown positive effects. Recent work in games research has shown that the use of player avatars is effective in fostering interest, enjoyment, and other aspects pertaining to intrinsic motivation. On the other hand, conversational interfaces have been argued to have advantages over traditional GUIs due to facilitating a more human-like interaction. Conversational microtasking has recently been proposed to improve worker engagement in microtask marketplaces. The contexts of games and crowd work are underlined by the need to motivate and engage participants, yet the potential of using worker avatars to promote self-identification and improve worker satisfaction in microtask crowdsourcing has remained unexplored. Addressing this knowledge gap, we carried out a between-subject study involving 360 crowd workers. We investigated how worker avatars influence quality related outcomes of workers and their perceived experience, in conventional web and novel conversational interfaces. We equipped workers with the functionality of customizing their avatars, and selecting characterizations for their avatars, to understand whether identifying with an avatar can increase the motivation of workers. We found that using worker avatars with conversational interfaces can effectively reduce cognitive workload and increase worker retention. Our results indicate the occurrence of similarity and wishful avatar identification in crowdsourcing. Our findings have important implications in alleviating workers' perceived workload and on the design of crowdsourcing microtasks.
Growing Together, Remaining Apart: The Role of Digital Technology in Former Guerrilla Fighters' Social Capital
Authors: Leal Debora de Castro , Krüger Max , Reynolds-Cuéllar Pedro , Caicedo Amparo , Gómez Carlos , Randall Dave , Wulf Volker
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we present an account of how FARC-EP ex-combatants are using digital technology in the process of reincorporating into Colombian society. We report findings showing how this technology mediates the difficult task of transitioning from a culture of opposition to civilian members and active political actors. Using the concept of social capital as a framework, we investigate the intersection between the use of digital tools and developing cultural and economic practices among these groups during this transitional period. Reflecting on the bonding and bridging aspects of social capital, we describe how ex-combatants draw on substantial social capital from their former lives as a guerrilla army in order to strengthen their position in these new circumstances, and their cautious and difficult creation of new social ties with wider Colombian society. We contribute to the CSCW discourse by discussing the crucial role digital tools, previously not available to these groups, play in sustaining, re-growing and building social capital of communities in post-conflict periods.
Exploring the Utility Versus Intrusiveness of Dynamic Audience Selection on Facebook
Authors: Ernala Sindhu Kiranmai , Yang Stephanie S. , Wu Yuxi , Chen Rachel , Wells Kristen , Das Sauvik
Published: October 2021

In contrast to existing, static audience controls that map poorly onto users' ideal audiences on social networking sites, dynamic audience selection (DAS) controls can make intelligent inferences to help users select their ideal audience given context and content. But does this potential utility outweigh its potential intrusiveness? We surveyed 250 participants to model users' ideal versus their chosen audiences with static controls and found a significant misalignment, suggesting that DAS might provide utility. We then designed a sensitizing prototype that allowed users to select audiences based on personal attributes, content, or context constraints. We evaluated DAS vis-a-vis Facebook's existing audience selection controls through a counterbalanced summative evaluation. We found that DAS's expressiveness, customizability, and scalability made participants feel more confident about the content they shared on Facebook. However, low transparency, distrust in algorithmic inferences, and the emergence of privacy-violating side channels made participants find the prototype unreliable or intrusive. We discuss factors that affected this trade-off between DAS's utility and intrusiveness and synthesize design implications for future audience selection tools.
This Website Uses Nudging: MTurk Workers' Behaviour on Cookie Consent Notices
Authors: Bermejo Fernandez Carlos , Chatzopoulos Dimitris , Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Hui Pan
Published: October 2021

Data protection regulatory policies, such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), force website operators to request users' consent before collecting any personal information revealed through their web browsing. Website operators, motivated by the potential value of the collected personal data, employ various methods when designing consent notices (e.g., dark patterns) in order to convince users to allow the collection of as much of their personal data as possible. In this paper, we design and conduct a user study where 1100 MTurk workers interact with eight different designs of cookie consent notices. We show that the nudging designs used in the different cookie consent notices have a large effect on the choices user make. Our results show that color-based nudging bars can significantly impact the participants' decisions to change the default cookie settings, despite using dark patterns. Also, in contrast to previous works, we report that users who do not use ad-blocking software are less likely to modify default cookie settings. Our findings demonstrate the importance of nudged interfaces and the effects orthogonal nudging techniques can have on users' choices.
Data Work and Decision Making in Emergency Medical Services: A Distributed Cognition Perspective
Authors: Zhang Zhan , Joy Karen , Upadhyayula Pradeepti , Ozkaynak Mustafa , Harris Richard , Adelgais Kathleen
Published: October 2021

Emergency medical services (EMS) teams are first responders providing urgent medical care to severely ill or injured patients in the field. Despite their criticality, EMS work is one of the very few medical domains with limited technical support. This paper describes a study conducted to examine technology opportunities for supporting EMS data work and decision-making. We transcribed and analyzed 25 simulation videos. Using the distributed cognition framework, we examined EMS teams' work practices that support information acquisition and sharing. Our results showed that EMS teams leveraged various mechanisms (e.g., verbal communication and external cognitive aids) to distribute cognitive labor in managing, collecting, and using patient data. However, we observed a set of prominent challenges in EMS data work, including lack of detailed documentation in real time, situation recall issues, situation awareness problems, and challenges in decision making and communication. Based on the results, we discuss implications for technology opportunities to support rapid information acquisition, integration, and sharing in time-critical, high-risk medical settings.
A Method to Analyze Multiple Social Identities in Twitter Bios
Authors: Pathak Arjunil , Madani Navid , Joseph Kenneth
Published: October 2021

Twitter users signal social identity in their profile descriptions, or bios, in a number of important but complex ways that are not well-captured by existing characterizations of how identity is expressed in language. Better ways of defining and measuring these expressions may therefore be useful both in understanding how social identity is expressed in text, and how the self is presented on Twitter. To this end, the present work makes three contributions. First, using qualitative methods, we identify and define the concept of a personal identifier, which is more representative of the ways in which identity is signaled in Twitter bios. Second, we propose a method to extract all personal identifiers expressed in a given bio. Finally, we present a series of validation analyses that explore the strengths and limitations of our proposed method. Our work opens up exciting new opportunities at the intersection between the social psychological study of social identity and the study of how we compose the self through markers of identity on Twitter and in social media more generally.
Scaffolding the Online Peer-support Experience: Novice Supporters' Strategies and Challenges
Authors: Chen Tianying , Zhang Kristy , Kraut Robert E. , Dabbish Laura
Published: October 2021

People with mental distress are increasingly turning to one-to-one synchronous communication websites to receive peer support from other members. Though some research has identified benefits and challenges of online peer-support, there is a limited understanding of how to best prepare and scaffold for untrained peer supporters as they attempt to become skillful in an online setting. We recruited 30 (15 pairs) participants to engage in an online support conversation about procrastination problems, gave one member of each pair minimal training in the principles and strategies of motivational interviewing, and used interviews and conversation transcripts to examine challenges novice helpers faced when providing support and learning new conversational skills. We presented the helpers with two conversation goals to achieve with the conversation: building understanding, and promoting readiness for change. The research identified the common strategies the helpers used to achieve these goals and the challenges they faced. We also discuss theoretical and design implications for platform designers to better scaffold this experience.
On the Congruence Between Online Social Content and Future IT Skill Demand
Authors: Mahdavimoghaddam Jalehsadat , Krishnaswamy Niranjan , Bagheri Ebrahim
Published: October 2021

The speed of digital transformation has resulted in new challenges for job seekers to become lifelong learners and to develop new skills faster than before. In this paper, our main objective is to examine how online content can serve as indicators for changes to the Information Technology (IT) industry and its in-demand skills. To study this relationship, we collect Reddit posts to represent social media content and job postings to reflect the IT industry based on which we explore possible correlations between them. Further, we propose a methodology to quantitatively estimate the predictive power of social media content for future in-demand skills. Our results show that the frequency of skill-related conversations on Reddit correlates with the popularity of skills in job posting data. Additionally, our findings indicate that the number of social posts dedicated to a specific skill can be a strong indicator for future job requirements. This is an important finding because identifying what skills the labor force should acquire will assist job seekers to plan their lifelong learning objectives to (a) maximize their employability, (b) continuously update their skills to remain in demand, and (c) be informed and actively engaged in defining knowledge trends, rather than reactively becoming informed of the latest information.
"Be Gay, Do Crimes": The Co-Production and Activist Potential of Contemporary Fanzines
Authors: Allred Alyse Marie , Gray Colin M.
Published: October 2021

Online creative communities are increasingly a space for marginalized groups to build solidarity and engage in activist work, encouraging the exploration and articulation of intersectionally-marginalized identities through processes of creative production. One such context for creative production includes community-driven sites such as Archive of Our Own, which by their design are intended to leverage and effectively support voices that are marginalized on other social platforms. In this paper, we build upon work on creative production and fan communities to further describe the work of fanart and fanzine collectives. We share the results of 1) an interview study with fanzine producers and 2) a two month remote co-design study where we further explored fanzine culture and the potential of future archival support. We used a range of qualitative methods to investigate themes of activism co-production in relation to the fanzine work of these producers, seeking to identify characteristic barriers and opportunities for community support as these artists seek to promote their work, encourage the co-production of work with other artists, and navigate the constantly shifting legal landscape associated with fanart. We conclude with implications for creative community support that amplify marginalized voices and facilitate archival work at the intersection of visual art, folksonomy, and legality.
"@alex, this fixes #9": Analysis of Referencing Patterns in Pull Request Discussions
Authors: Chopra Ashish , Mo Morgan , Dodson Samuel , Beschastnikh Ivan , Fels Sidney S. , Yoon Dongwook
Published: October 2021

Pull Requests (PRs) are a frequently used method for proposing changes to source code repositories. When discussing proposed changes in a PR discussion, stakeholders often reference a wide variety of information objects for establishing shared awareness and common ground. Previous work has not considered how the referential behavior impacts collaborative software development via PRs. This knowledge gap is the major barrier in evaluating the current support for referencing in PRs and improving them. We conducted an explorative analysis of \textasciitilde7K references, collected from 450 public PRs on GitHub, and constructed taxonomies of referent types and expressions. Using our annotated dataset, we identified several patterns in the use of references. Referencing source code elements was prevalent but the authoring interface lacks support for it. Three classes of contextual factors influence referencing behaviors: referent type, discussion thread, and project attributes. Referencing patterns may indicate PR outcomes (e.g., merged PRs frequently reference issues, users, and tests). We conclude with design implications to support more effective referencing in PR discussion interfaces.
The Narrative Tapestry Design Process: Weaving Online Social Support from Stories of Stigma
Authors: Introne Joshua , Munoz Isabel , Semaan Bryan
Published: October 2021

While many technology-based approaches to support people living with HIV target specific clinical goals, recent work has begun to consider how to design support in the context of HIV stigma. Here, we consider two challenges; the first, and central challenge is how to work with a small group of stakeholders to design for the much larger, but hard to access, population of HIV-positive individuals. Addressing the first challenge, we introduce the Narrative Tapestry design process, which is our main contribution, and helps create a generative third space wherein stakeholders draw on their cultural knowledge to reflect on common experiences of living with HIV. The second challenge is how to design a platform that is less likely to disintegrate as people transition through phases of living with a stigmatized identity. Applying the Narrative Tapestry process led us to insights that both demonstrate the value of the design process and partially address this second challenge. We find that social support can be a critical lifeline following an HIV diagnosis, but that when people have normalized their identity, this need can give way to a desire to address stigma directly. We propose combining social support tools with a set of features that enable people to work as change-agents to address stigma in their local communities. We argue that this type of platform would help to retain senior members who can serve both as community caretakers as well as role models for newcomers.
Teacher-Guardian Collaboration for Emergency Remote Learning in the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Gui Xinning , Li Yao , Wu Yanlai
Published: October 2021

2020's COVID-19 crisis has given rise to ubiquitous emergency remote learning (ERL). Guardians, mostly parents, have had to help their children transition and adapt to this difficult learning context. Previous work on remote learning has explored guardian involvement in pre-planned and well-developed remote learning programs, such as established virtual schools. However, ERL lacks pre-planned procedures, policies, and resources. In this paper, we look at how teachers and guardians collaborated to manage the situation. We present an interview study of guardians and teachers of K-12 students in China and look at their collaboration during the COVID-19 ERL. We report how teachers and guardians collaborated to carry out techno-procedural, surveillance, and material work to make ERL possible for K-12 students. Lastly, we reflect on the challenges our participants faced and discuss design implications not only for remote learning during COVID-19 but also future emergency remote learning situations.
Reflections on Assets-Based Design: A Journey Towards A Collective of Assets-Based Thinkers
Authors: Wong-Villacres Marisol , Gautam Aakash , Tatar Deborah , DiSalvo Betsy
Published: October 2021

The field of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has long recognized a socio-technical gap complicating the design of technologies that can sustainably meet social needs. In response, a growing body of research advocates for assets-based design, an approach that seeks to build upon what the individuals and community already have. The emphasis on positioning assets rather than needs at the center of the process can complicate designers' decisions on what activities to foster, how to conduct them, and what outcomes to expect. In this paper, we reflect on two different assets-based design endeavors with vulnerable populations. Our reflections present assets-based design as an ongoing process that prioritizes the formation and evolution of a collective of assets-based thinkers who continually learn about their assets and ways to use them to attain desirable change. From that reflection, we contribute three methodological commitments for assets-based design to the growing CSCW scholarship on supporting vulnerable communities to attain emancipatory transformations: (1) embedding trust-building elements throughout the journey; (2) facilitating the formation of an interdependent collective; and (3) making moves towards incremental transformations. Further, we contribute a discussion on the change of perspective that entails for researchers and designers interested in undertaking assets-based design. In particular, we underscore the need to recognize the value of work before the work, to see technology as an intermediary rather than an inevitable end, and embrace impact in the shape of slow incremental transformation.
Towards Understanding and Supporting Journalistic Practices Using Semi-Automated News Discovery Tools
Authors: Diakopoulos Nicholas , Trielli Daniel , Lee Grace
Published: October 2021

Journalists are routinely challenged with monitoring vast information environments in order to identify what is newsworthy and of interest to report to a wider audience. In a process referred to as computational news discovery, alerts and leads based on data-driven algorithmic analysis can orient journalists' attention to events, documents, or anomalous patterns in data that are more likely to be newsworthy. In this paper we prototype one such news discovery tool, Algorithm Tips, which we designed to help journalists find newsworthy leads about algorithmic decision-making systems used across all levels of U.S. government. The tool incorporates algorithmic, crowdsourced, and expert evaluations into an integrated interface designed to support users in making editorial decisions about which news leads to pursue. We then present an evaluation of our prototype based on an extended deployment with eight professional journalists. Our findings offer insights into journalistic practices that are enabled and transformed by such news discovery tools, and suggest opportunities for improving computational news discovery tool designs to better support those practices.
Understanding Tensions and Resilient Practices that Emerge from Technology Use in Asian India Families in the U.S.: The Case of COVID-19
Authors: Garg Radhika
Published: October 2021

Families with teenagers are known to experience various challenges, as parents and teens often have conflicting opinions in regard to technology use. To understand how the disruption caused by SARS-CoV2-2 impacted dynamics around technology use within Asian Indian families with teens in the U.S., we conducted a mixed-methods study with 22 Asian Indian parent-teen dyads of different socioeconomic status (SES). Based on our empirical data, we present the complex picture of technology use in Asian Indian families during a period of disruption. We discuss the differences and similarities in (a) tensions that emerged in regard to technology use and mediation as participants from different SESs adjusted their daily life routines and (b) the ways technology helped them to develop practices that contributed to family resilience. Finally, we offer recommendations for the designers of technologies that can support parents and teens not only in times of crisis, but also under normal circumstances.
What's in a Network? Infrastructures of Mutual Aid for Digital Platform Workers during COVID-19
Authors: Qadri Rida
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the role played by informal mutual aid networks in mediating precarity for gig workers in Jakarta during COVID-19. Using an original survey of 350 mobility platform drivers conducted in May 2020 and a pre-pandemic set of semi-structured interviews with driver communities, I find that mutual aid dispersed through associative, informal labor networks became an essential infrastructure of support for drivers during the pandemic. Most drivers in Jakarta were able to mobilize pre-existing labor networks for extensive material and emotional support. However, results indicate this support was not universally accessible: the pre-pandemic structures of a driver's community and the driver's own participation within the community correlated with the magnitude of community support a driver reported receiving. By putting CSCW literature in conversation with broader literature on informal urbanism, this paper shows how informal labor networks and mutual aid can be a transformative, even outside of formal union structures. By analyzing the forms and limits of these networks this paper also carries lessons in how to build solidarity amongst distributed workforces. At the same time, this study highlights the role of local socio-economic context in shaping gig worker experiences of the pandemic. Thus, it points to the need for more contextually driven analysis of both gig worker precarity and what are deemed effective forms of labor solidarity
Constructing Authenticity on TikTok: Social Norms and Social Support on the "Fun" Platform
Authors: Barta Kristen , Andalibi Nazanin
Published: October 2021

Authenticity, generally regarded as coherence between one's inner self and outward behavior, is associated with myriad social values (e.g., integrity) and beneficial outcomes, such as psychological well-being. Scholarship suggests, however, that behaving authentically online is complicated by self-presentation norms that make it difficult to present a complex self as well as encourage sharing positive emotions and facets of self and discourage sharing difficult emotions. In this paper, we position authenticity as a self-presentation norm and identify the sociomaterial factors that contribute to the learning, enactment, and enforcement of authenticity on the short-video sharing platform TikTok. We draw on interviews with 15 U.S. TikTok users to argue that normative authenticity and understanding of TikTok as a "fun" platform are mutually constitutive in supporting a "just be you" attitude on TikTok that in turn normalizes expressions of both positive and difficult emotions and experiences. We consider the social context of TikTok and use an affordance lens to identify anonymity, of oneself and one's audience; association between content and the "For You" landing page; and video modality of TikTok as factors informing authenticity as a self-presentation norm. We argue that these factors similarly contribute to TikTok's viability as a space for social support exchange and address the utility of the comments section as a site for both supportive communication and norm judgment and enforcement. We conclude by considering the limitations of authenticity as social norm and present implications for designing online spaces for social support and connection.
Moving with the Times: Investigating the Alt-Right Network Gab with Temporal Interaction Graphs
Authors: Arnold Naomi A. , Steer Benjamin , Hafnaoui Imane , Parada G. Hugo A. , Mondragón Raul J. , Cuadrado Félix , Clegg Richard G.
Published: October 2021

Gab is an online social network often associated with the alt-right political movement and users barred from other networks. It presents an interesting opportunity for research because near-complete data is available from day one of the network's creation. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the user interaction graph, that is the graph where a link represents a user interacting with another user at a given time. We view this graph both at different times and at different timescales. The latter is achieved by using sliding windows on the graph which gives a novel perspective on social network data. The Gab network is relatively slowly growing over the period of months but subject to large bursts of arrivals over hours and days. We identify plausible events that are of interest to the Gab community associated with the most obvious such bursts. The network is characterised by interactions between 'strangers' rather than by reinforcing links between 'friends'. Gab usage follows the diurnal cycle of the predominantly US and Europe based users. At off-peak hours the Gab interaction network fragments into sub-networks with absolutely no interaction between them. A small group of users are highly influential across larger timescales, but a substantial number of users gain influence for short periods of time. Temporal analysis at different timescales gives new insights above and beyond what could be found on static graphs.
Approaches for Designing Handheld Augmented Reality Learning Experiences for Mathematics Classrooms
Authors: Sarkar Pratiti , Pillai Jayesh S.
Published: October 2021

Augmented Reality Learning Experiences (ARLEs) for classrooms provide student-centered learning. In recent years, there has been an increase in HCI research on various handheld AR learning applications and the authoring tools to design them. However, there is a lack of studies exploring the design decisions required to create ARLEs, specific to the classroom context. To analyze the same, we conducted a design workshop with 32 participants forming 8 groups to investigate approaches for designing classroom-based ARLEs. Each group consisted of an AR developer, an interaction designer, an education researcher, and a middle-grade Math teacher. The groups designed ARLEs based on a given Mathematics topic for a classroom scenario. Though the groups used varied approaches for generating design prototypes, we observed similarities between their techniques. We report the key design approaches and decisions that were adopted by these groups. The findings are articulated through the lenses of content, context and design. Based on the analysis, we discuss the design approaches relevant for the novice designers while conceptualizing the design of a handheld ARLE for classrooms.
Hugging with a Shower Curtain: Older Adults' Social Support Realities During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nurain Novia , Chung Chia-Fang , Caldeira Clara , Connelly Kay
Published: October 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic led to dire consequences globally, and it has been particularly challenging for older adults. They are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes of the disease \citecdc_covid. Older adults also use less technology than other age groups \citetech_old, so they mostly rely on in-person interactions and services for social support. However, disease mitigation efforts such as social distancing and self-quarantining severely limited in-person interactions, hindering older adults' social support during the COVID-19 crisis. In this paper, we present findings on social support realities from semi-structured interviews with older adults (N=15) living alone in community dwellings. We found that older adults' support roles, support sources, and support concerns evolve as they passed through this time of sweeping change. They are enthusiastic about providing support to people who are older and more vulnerable than themselves. At the same time, their needs for safety, autonomy, and independence create tensions around social support. We propose a framework to illustrate the evolving ecology of social support that can facilitate the holistic design of socio-technical support systems for older adults. We argue against the societal portrayal of older adults as vulnerable individuals. Rather, there is an opportunity to design support systems considering them as anchors in society. Towards that goal, we present design implications for future socio-technical support systems to empower older adults to age in place during a crisis.
Child Safety in the Smart Home: Parents' Perceptions, Needs, and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Sun Kaiwen , Zou Yixin , Radesky Jenny , Brooks Christopher , Schaub Florian
Published: October 2021

Concerns about child physical and digital safety are emerging with families' adoption of smart home technologies such as robot vacuums and smart speakers. To better understand parents' definitions and perceptions of child safety regarding smart home technologies, we interviewed 23 parents who are smart home adopters. We contribute insights into parents' perceptions of the physical and digital safety risks smart home technologies pose to children, and how such perceptions formed and changed across three phases. In acquiring smart home devices, parents already considered whether the device could cause physical harm to their children or pose privacy and security risks. Once children become active users of smart home technologies, parents however reported encountering unanticipated physical safety risks and digital safety issues (e.g., exposure to unsuitable content) that required their mitigation strategies. As their children grow up, parents further expressed the need to shift attention from physical safety to digital safety. Parents' safety perceptions influence how they involve children in smart home interactions and implement mitigation strategies, such as restricting access to certain devices and using parental controls. We identify six factors that shape parents' perception and evaluation of smart home safety risks to children, including parenting style, parents' tech-savviness, parents' trust in tech companies, children's age and developmental differences, news media, and device characteristics. We provide design and policy recommendations to better protect children's safety in the smart home environment.
The Impact of Organizational Structure and Technology Use on Collaborative Practices in Computer Emergency Response Teams: An Empirical Study
Authors: Riebe Thea , Kaufhold Marc-André , Reuter Christian
Published: October 2021

Besides the merits of increasing digitization and interconnectedness in private and professional spaces, critical infrastructures and societies are more and more exposed to cyberattacks. In order to enhance the preventative and reactive capabilities against cyberattacks, Computer Emergency Response Teams (CERTs) are deployed in many countries and organizations. In Germany, CERTs in the public sector operate on federal and state level to provide information security services for authorities, citizens, and enterprises. Their tasks of monitoring, analyzing, and communicating threats and incidents is getting more complex due to the increasing amount of information disseminated into public channels. By adopting the perspectives of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) and Crisis Informatics, we contribute to the study of organizational structures, technology use, and the impact on collaborative practices in and between state CERTs with empirical research based on expert interviews with representatives of German state CERTs (N=15) and supplementary document analyses (N=25). We derive design and policy implications from our findings, including the need for interoperable and modular architecture, a shift towards service level agreements, cross-platform monitoring and analysis of incident data, use of deduplication techniques and standardized threat exchange formats, a reduction of resource costs through process automation, and transparent reporting and tool structures for information exchange.
Deciding If and How to Use a COVID-19 Contact Tracing App: Influences of Social Factors on Individual Use in Japan
Authors: Jamieson Jack , Yamashita Naomi , Epstein Daniel A. , Chen Yunan
Published: October 2021

Contact tracing apps have been suggested as a promising approach towards containing viral spread during pandemics, yet their actual use in the COVID-19 pandemic has been low. While researchers have examined reasons for or against installing contact tracing apps, we have less understanding of their ongoing use and how they interact with everyday pressures related to work, communities, and mental well-being. Through a survey of 153 working people in Japan and 15 follow-up interviews, we investigated attitudes toward installing and using Japan's national contact tracing app, COCOA, and how these related to respondents' daily lives, work structures, and general attitudes about the pandemic. We found that motivations about installing the app differed from those related to ongoing usage. Specifically, we identified ways that people navigate uncertain norms of behaviour during the pandemic, and how people consider individual risks such as COVID-related stigmas, anxiety, and financial precarity when deciding if and how to use COCOA. In light of these, we discuss the tension between COCOA's design and desires to protect oneself by selective controlling disclosures. We note that perceived risks are closely tied to respondents' local contexts, and based on our analysis, we identify ways to address these challenges and tensions through design interventions at multiple scales.
Design and Control of Drones
Authors: Mueller Mark W. , Lee Seung Jae , D'Andrea Raffaello
Published: October 2021

The design and control of drones remain areas of active research, and here we review recent progress in this field. In this article, we discuss the design objectives and related physical scaling laws, focusing on energy consumption, agility and speed, and survivability and robustness. We divide the control of such vehicles into low-level stabilization and higher-level planning such as motion planning, and we argue that a highly relevant problem is the integration of sensing with control and planning. Lastly, we describe some vehicle morphologies and the trade-offs that they represent. We specifically compare multicopters with winged designs and consider the effects of multivehicle teams.
Changes in Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells during Their Lifetime
Authors: Dvořák Tomáš , Novák V
Published: October 2021

This paper deals with the problematics of changes in electrical properties of perovskite solar cells, which can be the next generation of photovoltaic solar cells. For measurements of these changes were used various methods such as I-V characteristic or dependence of photocurrent on light intensity. Measurements indicate considerable changes of performance, which resulted from aging of perovskite solar cells.
Clinical Study on Different Methods of Internal Fixation for Treatment of Lisfranc Joint Injury
Authors: Jin Songtao , Wang Lei , Zhou Shiwei
Published: October 2021

The Lisfranc joints are mainly used to connect the forefoot and midfoot and maintain the stability of the arch of the foot. It is an important part of the arch of the foot. If the Lisfranc joints injury is not treated in time, it will cause poor walking, pain in the back of the foot, and even deformity or disability of the forefoot. The common treatment method is to select the Kirschner wires, screws, or steel plates for incisional repositioning internal fixation surgery. In our study, we used different materials to perform fixation surgery on Lisfranc joint injury patients. We measured the joint recovery, pain condition, complications, and biomechanical indexes of different groups of patients after the operation. The results of the study showed that compared with Kirschner wire and screw internal fixation, the use of shaped arch bridge-type microsteel plate internal fixation for the treatment of metatarsotarsal joint injury patients has better foot function recovery, fewer complications, and more reliable biomechanical strength.