bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rastrilladas de icnitas terópodas gigantes del Jurásico Superior (sinclinal de Iouaridène, Marruecos)
Authors: Boutakiout Mohamed , Hadri Majid , Nouri Jaouad , Díaz-Martínez Ignacio , Pérez-Lorente Félix
Published: February 2021

La investigación sobre huellas de dinosaurio en rocas de origen lacustre del Jurásico Superior del sinclinal de Iouaridène está proporcionando datos de gran interés. Uno de ellos es el hallazgo de icnitas digitígradas terópodas gigantes, de un tamaño no descrito hasta el momento. Las capas donde están registradas las icnitas son contínuas y perfectamente identificables en el campo. Todos los yacimientos estudiados se pueden correlacionar directamente, excepto uno muy alejado, separado de los demás por recubrimiento de sedimentos de un glacis cuaternario. Dentro de toda la zona prospectada que abarca la mitad del sinclinal, las icnitas gigantes ocupan un sector delimitado y alargado cuya dirección coincide con la orientación de las huellas. Esta disposición espacial permite proponer la hipótesis de que las icnitas gigantes de una de las capas corresponderían a una rastrillada que sería de una longitud máxima de 2.000 m; por otro lado, las estructuras directas e indirectas son diferentes de una rastrillada a otra, lo que permite diferenciarlas. Además de las icnitas gigantes, en las capas también se han registrado numerosas icnitas terópodas más pequeñas, así como algunas ornitópodas y saurópodas. Se interpreta que pudo haber al menos tres dinosaurios terópodos gigantes en un paraje en el que predominaban terópodos más pequeños. Después del estudio comparativo se propone que dos de las tres rastrilladas de huellas gigantes, deben ser las más grandes descubiertas que existen actualmente en el mundo.
Turtle and pterosaur tracks from the Los Cayos Dinosaur Tracksite, Cameros Basin (Cornago, La Rioja, Spain): tracking the Lower Cretaceous bio-diversity
Authors: Moratalla José J , Hernán Javier
Published: February 2021

New fossil turtle and pterosaurian tracks have been found at the Los Cayos locality (Cornago township, La Rioja province, Spain). The Los Cayos tracksite is situated in the Cameros Basin, ant it is included in the Enciso Group, which is late Barremian-Early Aptian in age (Lower Cretaceous).
The turtle tracks are formed by parallel isolated digit impressions. Digits show acuminate distal ends and relatively blunt proximal margins. Most of the tracks show three digits, and only two of them are pentadactyl. No trackways can be observed but only different track alignments suggesting some kind of direction of movement.
Two track-bearing layers have yielded 5 pterosaur manus prints. No pes footprints or trackways have been discovered at these outcrops yet. These prints are tridactyl, with digit I, the shortest, and III, the longest. The angles between the digits are variable: angle I-II is significantly bigger than between II-III. These tracks from Los Cayos were the first discovery of pterosaur tracks in the Enciso Group.
Revisión histórica y sistemática de las primeras citas de quelonios del cretácico español
Authors: Pérez-García Adán
Published: February 2021

Las citas de quelonios del Cretácico Inferior ibérico realizadas antes de la década de 1940 contienen frecuentes referencias a taxones que no han vuelto a ser identificados en el registro fósil de la Península. Es también frecuente que estas citas no puedan ser confirmadas en la actualidad, ya sea por desconocerse el paradero de los ejemplares estudiados o por la naturaleza de los caracteres en los que se basó su asignación. En este trabajo, se revisan las referencias de José Royo y Gómez a las especies “Tretosternum” punctatum en Morella (Castellón), Hylaeochelys aff. latiscutata en Los Caños (Soria) y Pleurosternon portlandicum? en Benagéber (Valencia), reinterpretándose, respectivamente, como Helochelydra sp., Chelonii indet. y Pleurosternon sp. Esta reinterpretación es posible gracias a la localización de parte del material analizado por Royo y Gómez en las colecciones del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid y al análisis de la documentación inédita sobre estos ejemplares que se conserva en el Archivo de dicha institución. En este sentido, se ha podido identificar el material originalmente atribuido a “Tretosternum” punctatum y analizar directamente los caracteres que presenta. El archivo fotográfico del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales ha permitido también reconocer la presencia de representantes de la familia Solemydidae en Los Caños. También se revisa el material atribuido por Sánchez Lozano (1894) a Helochelys sp. en la Sierra de Alcarama (La Rioja), reasignándose a ?Helochelydra sp.
Homenaje a Pascual Rivas Carrera
Authors: Braga Juan C , Aguirre Julio , Rodríguez-Tovar Francisco J
Published: February 2021

Este volumen de la SJP está dedicado a nuestro compañero, amigo y maestro Pascual Rivas Carrera, con motivo de su jubilación en septiembre de 2015. Pascual Rivas nació en Santander en 1945 y llegó a Granada en los años 60 para estudiar Ciencias Geológicas. Continuó en la Universidad de Granada haciendo su Tesis Doctoral bajo la dirección de la Dra. Asunción Linares. Su tesis se centraba en el estudio de los ammonites del Jurásico Inferior de la Zona Subbética. Pascual fue coautor de trabajos que plantearon modelos de evolución sedimentaria de las Zonas Externas de la Cordillera Bética que en gran medida siguen vigentes en la actualidad. Ya como profesor, obtuvo una plaza de adjunto y, posteriormente, una de agregado en el Departamento de Paleontología de la Universidad de Granada. Es catedrático de esta universidad desde 1983.
Pascual Rivas fue socio fundador de la Sociedad Española de Paleontología y, posteriormente, fue su presidente, probablemente el que ostenta el mandato de mayor duración, y siempre ha sido un socio activo.
Pascual ha sido, y es, lo que hoy se llama un líder de opinión en los distintos niveles en los que ha desarrollado su vida profesional. Ha influido en la manera de ver y de abordar los problemas desde nuestro departamento a toda la Universidad de Granada; y desde ésta a los departamentos de cultura, universidades e investigación que, con distintos nombres, han regido la enseñanza superior y la investigación, no solo paleontológica, en Andalucía.
From local resynchronization to global pattern recovery in the zebrafish segmentation clock
Authors: Uriu Koichiro , Liao Bo-Kai , Oates Andrew C , Morelli Luis G
Published: February 2021

Integrity of rhythmic spatial gene expression patterns in the vertebrate segmentation clock requires local synchronization between neighboring cells by Delta-Notch signaling and its inhibition causes defective segment boundaries. Whether deformation of the oscillating tissue complements local synchronization during patterning and segment formation is not understood. We combine theory and experiment to investigate this question in the zebrafish segmentation clock. We remove a Notch inhibitor, allowing resynchronization, and analyze embryonic segment recovery. We observe unexpected intermingling of normal and defective segments, and capture this with a new model combining coupled oscillators and tissue mechanics. Intermingled segments are explained in the theory by advection of persistent phase vortices of oscillators. Experimentally observed changes in recovery patterns are predicted in the theory by temporal changes in tissue length and cell advection pattern. Thus, segmental pattern recovery occurs at two length and time scales: rapid local synchronization between neighboring cells, and the slower transport of the resulting patterns across the tissue through morphogenesis.
Anatomy and activity patterns in a multifunctional motor neuron and its surrounding circuits
Authors: Ashaber Mária , Tomina Yusuke , Kassraian Pegah , Bushong Eric A , Kristan William B , Ellisman Mark H , Wagenaar Daniel A
Published: February 2021

Dorsal Excitor motor neuron DE-3 in the medicinal leech plays three very different dynamical roles in three different behaviors. Without rewiring its anatomical connectivity, how can a motor neuron dynamically switch roles to play appropriate roles in various behaviors? We previously used voltage-sensitive dye imaging to record from DE-3 and most other neurons in the leech segmental ganglion during (fictive) swimming, crawling, and local-bend escape (Tomina and Wagenaar, 2017). Here, we repeated that experiment, then re-imaged the same ganglion using serial blockface electron microscopy and traced DE-3’s processes. Further, we traced back the processes of DE-3’s presynaptic partners to their respective somata. This allowed us to analyze the relationship between circuit anatomy and the activity patterns it sustains. We found that input synapses important for all the behaviors were widely distributed over DE-3’s branches, yet that functional clusters were different during (fictive) swimming vs. crawling.
Phasic oxygen dynamics confounds fast choline-sensitive biosensor signals in the brain of behaving rodents
Authors: Santos Ricardo M , Sirota Anton
Published: February 2021

Cholinergic fast time-scale modulation of cortical physiology is critical for cognition, but direct local measurement of neuromodulators in vivo is challenging. Choline oxidase (ChOx)-based electrochemical biosensors have been used to capture fast cholinergic signals in behaving animals. However, these transients might be biased by local field potential and O2-evoked enzymatic responses. Using a novel Tetrode-based Amperometric ChOx (TACO) sensor, we performed highly sensitive and selective simultaneous measurement of ChOx activity (COA) and O2. In vitro and in vivo experiments, supported by mathematical modeling, revealed that non-steady-state enzyme responses to O2 give rise to phasic COA dynamics. This mechanism accounts for most of COA transients in the hippocampus, including those following locomotion bouts and sharp-wave/ripples. Our results suggest that it is unfeasible to probe phasic cholinergic signals under most behavioral paradigms with current ChOx biosensors. This confound is generalizable to any oxidase-based biosensor, entailing rigorous controls and new biosensor designs.
Marburg Denture System: Aiming to Preserve the Proprioception-A Case Report
Authors: Purohit Hetal Satish , Pisulkar Sweta Kale , Godbole Surekha Dubey , Kambala Seema Sathe , Mistry Rohit Ashok
Published: February 2021

All efforts to save the natural teeth should be made during restoration to achieve optimum functionality and aesthetics. Tooth loss is associated with appetite loss and loss of nutritional values. Thus, rehabilitating complete or partial edentulous conditions contributes to improvement in the functioning of the masticatory system. In the latter case of partially dentate condition, the natural teeth present preserve the residual ridges. Extraction of teeth causes alveolar ridge resorption. Poor foundation or ridge form donot provide support for the denture bases which is the factor of utmost consideration for stabilisation of the denture bases. In these instances, use of the telescopic dentures may be indicated. A telescopic denture retains and preserves the natural teeth beneath it. Every dentist aims at preserving the natural and restoring the lost. Preservation of the remaining teeth in turn preserves the natural proprioception mechanism, was thus followed and applied in this case report in which a 25-year-old female patient with diabetic history and on medication since past four years, presented with multiple missing teeth in December 2019. After thorough evaluation, the patient was treated by Marburg double crown system or synonymously termed as telescopic denture opposing the tooth supported overdenture. Follow-up and recall schedule was then explained and operator noted a satisfactory response from the patient. Consecutive follow-ups were maintained.
Faculties Perception on Anatomy Teaching and Assessment in Lockdown and Post-lockdown New Normal Phase
Authors: Roy Hironmoy , Ray Kuntala , Bhakta Abhijit
Published: February 2021

Introduction: For last five-six months in the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) lockdown period the Phase 1 MBBS students were being taught Anatomy theory as well as demonstration topics in online mode. Faculties were new to the mode initially, but gradually they coped up for online teaching. Now, in coming near future, institutes will resume with physical class activities and examinations will be held in departments; in the ‘new normal period’ even when the COVID cases are increasing day-by-day. Aim: This study was an endeavour to explore faculties’ perception in Anatomy teaching and assessment in online teaching and side by side their opinion for planning to resume class and assessment in new normal phase. Materials and Methods: For this amongst the faculties of Anatomy of West Bengal, posted in 17 different medical teaching institutes; included in the Whatsapp group of Anatomical Society of India West Bengal (WB) Chapter; this cross-sectional study was carried on by an online survey using a pre-tested pre-designed structured questionnaire upon 14 questions regarding their perception of online class-cum-assessments as practiced as well as their perception for future post-unlock class sessions and assessment methods; assuring anonymity; with encouragement and support from Anatomical Society of India WB chapter. Out of total 199 faculties 163 responded in time and their responses was tabulated. Results: From the response of 163 faculties, it came out that all faculties taught ‘abdomen’, ‘head and neck’, ‘neuroanatomy’ parts as well as some parts of histology and embryology. Google classroom was most favoured teaching platform followed by Zoom meeting application. Majority (84.6%) of the faculties used to take lecture classes by sharing Power Point Presentation (PPT) during class hours; and 46% used to share the pre-recorded demonstration video of the parts. Only 5% of them felt that by this mode full competency could be achieved for the students. Questions sharing followed by answers writing-scan-mail was the most favoured (88.9%) mode of theory assessments; although 57% faculties used Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) for assessment. In the ‘new-normal phase’ when the college and classes will resume, faculties like to have demonstration classes with ‘mini-group’ and lecture topics to be covered solely in online mode. For theory assessment, MCQs was mostly opted (63.8%) supplemented by camera-observed Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE) in the practical portion (50.3%). Conclusion: This study not only provides the experience shared by faculties in conducting the online teaching of Anatomy in the lockdown phases, but also provides insight in planning of the classes and examinations in the post-lockdown COVID-19 times which can be presented as recommendation to the university, which is yet to plan out the examination in ‘new normal’ era.
Chiropractic program changes facilitated by the European Council on Chiropractic Education Accreditation reports:
Authors: Peterson Cynthia K. , Miller Joyce , Humphreys B. Kim , Vall Ken
Published: February 2021

Objective

The European Council on Chiropractic Education (ECCE) currently accredits 10 programs throughout Europe and South Africa. It is assumed that ECCE evaluation activities lead to changes to the chiropractic programs but no systematic evaluation as to whether this is true, and the extent of changes has previously been done. The purpose of this study was to obtain feedback from program heads as to whether ECCE evaluation reports facilitated changes/improvements to their programs and to identify their reported changes.

Methods

This was a mixed methods audit study using questionnaires with 2 sections. Closed statements requesting the degree of change to each section of the “Standards” based on ECCE evaluation reports (substantial, some, none) were analyzed using frequencies. Written responses identifying the specific changes made based on previous evaluation reports were evaluated independently by 3 researchers using a modified “thematic analysis” approach.

Results

All 10 accredited programs responded. Seven of the 10 programs (70%) reported “some” or “substantial” changes to ≥ 6 sections of the ECCE Standards. The most common section with reported changes was “Educational Program” (8 of 10). “Educational Resources” had the largest number of programs reporting “substantial changes” (4) and was the second most common section to have reported changes. The main themes identified emphasized changes in “infrastructure, equipment and faculty,” “increasing evidence-based practice,” and “instilling a research culture in faculty and students.”

Conclusion

ECCE accreditation processes facilitate changes to the chiropractic programs, particularly in the areas of improved infrastructure and faculty, research, and evidence-based practice.
A Study on Economics of Marketing of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in Nadia District of West Bengal
Authors: Mondal Mridul , Ali Hasrat , Bera Bimal Kumar
Published: February 2021

The study on marketing of brinjal conducted in Nadia District of West Bengal discerns that the marketing of brinjal in the study area is completely dominated by the intermediaries depriving farmers to get the remunerative prices for their products and consumers are also paying higher prices. Three dominant marketing channels through which more than 70% of the total production are disposed of have been selected for the present study. Price spread of the three marketing channels taken for the study are estimated to be Rs.675.5/q, Rs.1780.00/q and Rs. 2472.10/q for channel-I, II and III respectively in which the share of net marketing margin retained by the producers /intermediaries for their services 83.65, 67.07 and 62.32 per cent of the price spread in the same sequence., i.e. the amount of price spread increases with the increase in the length of the channel. The producer’s share in the consumer’s rupee are estimated to be 81.77, 62.37 and 54.41 per cent in the same sequence indicating that the channel-I is the most efficient compared to the remaining two channels and channel-II is more efficient than channel-III. Marketing efficiency measured by applying three available methods, namely, conventional, Shepherd’s and Acharya’s are recorded to be 6.12, 3.18, 2.65; 5.49, 1.66, 1.19 and 4.49, 1.74,1.20 for the corresponding three methods for all the three channel which reaffirm the previous observation based on producer’s share in consumer’s rupee. As an efficient marketing system is supposed to safeguard the interest of all involved, a combination of traditional and modern marketing networks equipped with forward and backward linkages may be helpful in protecting the interests of all the competing stakeholders in marketing process.
Variations of the Time to Failure (TTF) for Specific Components in Aeronautical Navigation Systems
Authors: Alturki Alaa Mohammad , Rushdi Ali Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Aeronautical navigation systems installed at specific locations within Saudi Arabia report the actual observed data of the times to failure (TTFs) for many types of engineering elements made by some typical international highly-acclaimed manufacturers. There is a need to compare these observed data to the estimated data provided by the manufacturers themselves. The paper gathers a lot of data on the actual failure instances of many components produced by a variety of manufacturers and installed at different locations within the extensive area of Saudi Arabia. These data are used to calculate the mean times between failures for these components. The paper points to an inadvertent discrepancy between these data and the corresponding mean times between failures (MTBFs) suggested by some prominent manufacturers. Such suggested MTBFs are typically optimistic and unrealistically high irrespective of the elements, the location, and the manufactures. The work reported herein is a preliminary assessment of this phenomenon that might lead to its theoretical modeling and subsequent understanding.
Double‐skin house
Authors: Sato Makoto
Published: February 2021

In this study, a project, which challenges the possibility of renovating wooden houses that are considered as valueless, is conducted. A 30‐year‐old used wooden house was cut in the middle and relocated by rotating the ridge on one side by 90° to secure two parking lots in parallel direction. A new façade with a depth of 45 cm, (termed as, "DOUBLE‐SKIN") was attached to control the line of sight from the exterior while incorporating the external environmental elements such as light and wind. This bold renovation increased the economic value of the used house and simultaneously reconstructed the relationship between the existing house and external environment.
Homoselective synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles and one‐pot synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstuted imidazole compounds using BNPs@SiO2‐TPPTSA as a stable and new reusable nanocatalyst
Authors: Khodamorady Minoo , Ghobadi Nazanin , Bahrami Kiumars
Published: February 2021

Considering the importance of tetrazole and imidazole derivatives in pharmacy, industry, and explosives, BNPs@SiO2‐TPPTSA was easily prepared and used as an effective, stable, and renewable nanocatalyst for the homoselective synthesis of different 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles and atom economic synthesis of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted‐1H‐imidazoles in solventless conditions. BNPs@SiO2‐TPPTSA was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), thermal gravimetric‐differential thermal analysis (TGA‐DTA), mapping, pH analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) techniques. Furthermore, the catalyst recycled for at least sequential five loads without a remarkable drop‐in catalytic activity.
Synthesis of water‐soluble phthalocyanines containing 1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐2‐thiol: Investigation of DNA nuclease, α‐glucosidase inhibitory, and photo‐physicochemical properties
Authors: Günsel Armağan , Kalkan Fatma , Atmaca Göknur Yaşa , Barut Burak , Bilgiçli Ahmet T. , Pişkin Hasan , Özel Arzu , Erdoğmuş Ali , Yarasir M. Nilüfer
Published: February 2021

In this work, we have presented on the synthesis and characterization of novel 3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐2‐thiol)phthalonitrile (1) as a ligand and its nonperipherally (M = 2H (2), Zn(II) (3), and GaCl(III) (4)) phthalocyanines and their highly water‐soluble hydrochloride derivatives (2a–4a), containing 1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole‐2‐thiol substituents. All compounds were supported by FT‐IR, UV–Vis, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and MALDI‐TOF mass spectra. The molecular structure of the novel compound (1) and its intermolecular interactions have been elucidated by analyzing the results of X‐ray diffraction measurements. In order to determine the supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA nuclease properties of compounds (2a–4a), agarose gel electrophoresis was used. The plasmid DNA nuclease did not observe without light irradiation on increasing concentrations (2a–4a). When irradiated at 10 and 20 J/cm2, the band intensities changed on agarose gel, displaying photonuclease activity on supercoiled pBR322 plasmid DNA of compounds (2a–4a); 4a had the highest photonuclease activities in a concentration‐dependent manner at 10 and 20 J/cm2. The in vitro α‐glucosidase inhibitory effects of compounds (2a–4a) were investigated to determine whether they can be used in potential agents for diabetes mellitus. Compounds (2a–4a) showed higher inhibitory effects than acarbose (63.03 ± 2.14 μM) against α‐glucosidase enzyme. Lineweaver–Burk analysis showed that Km increased and Vmax remained the same on increasing concentrations of compounds (2a–4a). The finding results claimed that the compounds inhibited α‐glucosidase enzyme via competitive manner. Dixon plots showed that Ki values of compounds (2a–4a) were 14.70 ± 0.70, 11.20 ± 0.50, and 12.60 ± 0.20 μM, respectively. Besides, the effect of including metal ion on photochemical and photophysical features of the compounds was studied in DMSO and water, comparatively. The compounds gave high singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ = 0.86 for (4a), 0.77 for (3a), and 0.59 for (2a)) in DMSO. The results showed that the compounds are also very suitable for photodynamic therapy applications.
Early life malnutrition and fluctuating asymmetry in the rat bony labyrinth
Authors: Ward Devin L. , Schroeder Lauren , Pomeroy Emma , Roy Jocelyn E. , Buck Laura T. , Stock Jay T. , Martin‐Gronert Malgorzata , Ozanne Susan E. , Silcox Mary T. , Viola T. Bence
Published: February 2021

Maternal malnutrition during gestation and lactation is known to have adverse effects on offspring. We evaluate the impact of maternal diet on offspring bony labyrinth morphology. The bony labyrinth develops early and is thought to be stable to protect vital sensory organs within. For these reasons, bony labyrinth morphology has been used extensively to assess locomotion, hearing function, and phylogeny in primates and numerous other taxa. While variation related to these parameters has been documented, there is still a component of intraspecific variation that is unexplained. Although the labyrinthine developmental window is small, it may provide the opportunity for developmental instability to produce corresponding shape differences, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA). We hypothesized that (a) offspring with poor maternal diet would exhibit increased FA, but (b) no unilateral shape difference. To test these hypotheses, we used two groups of rats (Rattus norvegicus; Crl:WI[Han] strain), one control group and one group exposed to a isocaloric, protein‐restricted maternal diet during gestation and suckling. Individuals were sampled at weaning, sexual maturity, and old age. A Procrustes analysis of variance identified statistically significant FA in all diet‐age subgroups. No differences in level of FA were identified among the subgroups, rejecting our first hypothesis. A principal components analysis identified no unilateral shape differences, supporting our second hypothesis. These results indicate that bony labyrinth morphology is remarkably stable and likely protected from a poor maternal diet during development. In light of this result, other factors must be explored to explain intraspecific variation in labyrinthine shape.
Biomechanics of juvenile tyrannosaurid mandibles and their implications for bite force: Evolutionary biology
Authors: Rowe Andre J. , Snively Eric
Published: February 2021

The tyrannosaurids are among the most well‐studied dinosaurs described by science, and analysis of their feeding biomechanics allows for comparison between established tyrannosaurid genera and across ontogeny. 3D finite element analysis (FEA) was used to model and quantify the mechanical properties of the mandibles (lower jaws) of three tyrannosaurine tyrannosaurids of different sizes. To increase evolutionary scope and context for 3D tyrannosaurine results, a broader sample of validated 2D mandible FEA enabled comparisons between ontogenetic stages of Tyrannosaurus rex and other large theropods. It was found that mandibles of small juvenile and large subadult tyrannosaurs experienced lower stress overall because muscle forces were relatively lower, but experienced greater simulated stresses at decreasing sizes when specimen muscle force is normalized. The strain on post‐dentary ligaments decreases stress and strain in the posterior region of the dentary and where teeth impacted food. Tension from the lateral insertion of the looping m. ventral pterygoid muscle increases compressive stress on the angular but may decrease anterior bending stress on the mandible. Low mid‐mandible bending stresses are congruent with ultra‐robust teeth and high anterior bite force in adult T. rex. Mandible strength increases with size through ontogeny in T. rex and phylogenetically among other tyrannosaurids, in addition to that tyrannosaurid mandibles exceed the mandible strength of other theropods at equivalent ramus length. These results may indicate separate predatory strategies used by juvenile and mature tyrannosaurids; juvenile tyrannosaurids lacked the bone‐crunching bite of adult specimens and hunted smaller prey, while adult tyrannosaurids fed on larger prey.
Improved Cycling Performance of High‐Nickel NMC by Dry Powder Coating with Nanostructured Fumed Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2: A Comparison
Authors: Herzog Marcel J. , Esken Daniel , Janek Jürgen
Published: February 2021

Surface coating is an effective concept to protect layered cathode active materials (CAMs) in lithium ion batteries from detrimental side reactions. Dry powder coating is a fast and cost‐effective coating process, and here we transfer this coating approach from Al2O3 to nanostructured fumed TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings on the same NMC (Li[Ni,Mn,Co]O2) material. Using similar processing, this allows a direct comparison of the characteristics of the achieved coating layers and their influence on the cycling performance of high‐nickel NMC. The nanostructured small oxide aggregates result in a quite homogeneous coating layer with a certain porosity around each CAM particle. Significantly enhanced long‐term cycling stability is observed, with a trend of increasing stability in the series ZrO2<TiO2<Al2O3. Fumed Al2O3 and TiO2 coating layers prevent cathode particle cracking and disintegration successfully, while fumed ZrO2 only shows a moderate protection effect. Each coating material enhances the rate performance compared to uncoated NMC in the row TiO2<ZrO2<Al2O3. XPS measurements of cycled electrodes indicate a partial incorporation of lithium ions in the crystalline TiO2 and ZrO2 coating layers, contributing to the enhanced lithium‐ion transport across the CAM surface layer, as observed before for fumed γ‐Al2O3 coatings. Summarizing the results, the best overall cycling performance was achieved by coating high‐nickel NMC with fumed Al2O3, providing the highest rate capability and the best long‐term cycling stability.
Response to Salinity in Legume Species: An Insight on the Effects of Salt Stress during Seed Germination and Seedling Growth
Authors: Tlahig Samir , Bellani Lorenza , Karmous Inès , Barbieri Francesco , Loumerem Mohamed , Muccifora Simonetta
Published: February 2021

The process of soil salinization and the preponderance of saline water sources all over the world represent one of the most harmful abiotic stress to plant growth. This pointed to the importance of obtaining plants which are tolerant or resistant to salt, considering that projection of climate change for the coming years indicate an increase in temperature and rain scarcity. In the current study, the effect of NaCl was investigated on germinating seeds of Lathyrus sativus L., Vicia sativa L., Vigna radiata L. R.Wilczek and Vigna unguiculata L. Walp., by combining physiological, biochemical, biostatistical and ultrastructural analyses. Our results revealed that germination was not influenced by high NaCl concentrations, while seedling growth was affected even at low NaCl concentrations, probably due to an alteration in water uptake and in organic matter biosynthesis. Nevertheless, the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, phenolic acids and flavonoids was registered in all species, which tended to cope with the increasing salt stress, allowing a response mechanism such as cytoplasm detoxification and cellular turgor maintenance. Besides, the ultrastructural analysis evidenced plasmolyzed cells close to cells with a normal ultrastructure with no appreciable differences among the species. This research deeply investigates the mechanism of salt‐stress response focusing on species never tested before for their possible tolerance to salinity.
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and early maladaptive schemas
Authors: Kiraz Seda , Sertçelik Sencan
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the current study is to present the early maladaptive schemas in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study sample comprised 107 participants, including 55 adult ADHD and 52 healthy volunteers. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 32 years. Structured Clinical Interview Form for DSM‐IV Axis I (SCID‐I) and Structured Clinical Interview Form for DSM‐III‐R Disorders (SCID‐II) were applied to all participants and Diagnostic Interview for ADHD (DIVA) for ADHD group based on DSM‐5 criteria. The participants filled the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ‐S3), Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS), Wender Utah RatingScale‐25 (WURS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). All maladaptive schemas were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group. As compatible with ADHD core symptoms, “Failure,” “Emotional Inhibition,” “Insufficient Self‐Control” and “Social Isolation” were the most seen maladaptive schemas in the ADHD group. “Approval Seeking,” “Entitlement/Grandiosity” and “Punitiveness” were found the weakest schemas in the ADHD group. This study besides supporting the theory of early maladaptive schemas suggests that identifying and modifying maladaptive schemas interventions based on specific schemas can be an important and useful method for psychotherapy in treatment of ADHD.
Lung injury in axolotl salamanders induces an organ‐wide proliferation response
Authors: Jensen Tyler B , Giunta Peter , Schultz Natalie Grace , Griffiths Jackson M , Duerr Timothy J , Kyeremateng Yaa , Wong Hilary , Adesina Adeleso , Monaghan James R
Published: February 2021

Background

Ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl salamander, is a classic model organism used to study vertebrate regeneration. It is assumed that axolotls regenerate most tissues, but the exploration of lung regeneration has not been performed until now.

Results

Unlike the blastema‐based response used during appendage regeneration, lung amputation led to organ‐wide proliferation. Pneumocytes and mesenchymal cells responded to injury by increased proliferation throughout the injured lung, which led to a recovery in lung mass and morphology by 56 days post‐amputation. Receptors associated with the Neuregulin signaling pathway were upregulated at one and 3 weeks post lung amputation. We show expression of the ligand, neuregulin, in the I/X cranial nerve that innervates the lung and cells within the lung. Supplemental administration of Neuregulin peptide induced widespread proliferation in the lung similar to an injury response, suggesting that neuregulin signaling may play a significant role during lung regeneration.

Conclusion

Our study characterizes axolotl lung regeneration. We show that the lung responds to injury by an organ‐wide proliferative response of multiple cell types, including pneumocytes, to recover lung mass.
Enabled/VASP is required to mediate proper sealing of opposing cardioblasts during Drosophila dorsal vessel formation
Authors: King Tiffany R. , Kramer Joseph , Cheng Yi‐Shan , Swope David , Kramer Sunita G.
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV) is comprised of two opposing rows of cardioblasts (CBs) that migrate toward the dorsal midline during development. While approaching the midline, CBs change shape, enabling dorsal and ventral attachments with their contralateral partners to create a linear tube with a central lumen. We previously demonstrated DV closure occurs via a “buttoning” mechanism where specific CBs advance ahead of their lateral neighbors, and attach creating transient holes, which eventually seal.

Results

Here, we investigate the role of the actin‐regulatory protein enabled (Ena) in DV closure. Loss of Ena results in DV cell shape and alignment defects. Live analysis of DV formation in ena mutants shows a reduction in CB leading edge protrusion length and gaps in the DV between contralateral CB pairs. These gaps occur primarily between a specific genetic subtype of CBs, which express the transcription factor seven‐up (Svp) and form the ostia inflow tracts of the heart. In WT embryos these gaps between Svp+ CBs are observed transiently during the final stages of DV closure.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that Ena modulates the actin cytoskeleton in order to facilitate the complete sealing of the DV during the final stages of cardiac tube formation.
Association of liver fibrosis risk scores with clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from TOPCAT
Authors: Peters Anthony E. , Pandey Ambarish , Ayers Colby , Wegermann Kara , McGarrah Robert W. , Grodin Justin L. , Abdelmalek Manal F. , Bekfani Tarek , Blumer Vanessa , Diehl Anna Mae , Moylan Cynthia A. , Fudim Marat
Published: February 2021

Aims

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease leads to progressive liver fibrosis and appears to be a frequent co‐morbid disease in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). It is well known that liver fibrosis severity predicts future liver‐related morbidity and mortality, but its impact on outcomes in patients with HFpEF remains unknown. This analysis aimed to describe the prevalence of liver fibrosis, as assessed using surrogate biomarkers, in patients with HFpEF and the association of such biomarkers in predicting clinical outcomes in these patients.

Methods and results

Patients with HFpEF from TOPCAT Americas were included in the analysis. The non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) and fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) scores were calculated using a combination of clinical characteristics and laboratory parameters. Risk of advanced fibrosis was classified as low, intermediate, and high. For the 1423 with sufficient data, we used Cox regression analysis to test the association between the risk of fibrosis severity and the combined primary endpoint of all cardiovascular death, aborted cardiac arrest, and hospitalization for heart failure. Advanced fibrosis, as determined by high fibrosis scores, was present in 37.57% by the NFS and 8.02% by the FIB‐4. Higher risk of advanced hepatic fibrosis was associated with older age. In unadjusted models, the risk of advanced fibrosis was associated with the primary cardiovascular outcome [NFS high vs. low, hazard ratio (HR) 1.709 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.238–2.358, P = 0.0011) and FIB‐4 high vs. low, HR 1.561 (95% CI 1.139–2.140, P = 0.0056)]. After multivariable adjustment, this association was diminished [NFS high vs. low, HR 1.349 (95% CI 0.938–1.939, P = 0.1064) and FIB‐4 high vs. low, HR 1.415 (95% CI 0.995–2.010, P = 0.0531)].

Conclusions

Our study suggests that advanced liver fibrosis, as estimated by fibrosis risk scores, may not be uncommon in patients with HFpEF, and there appears to be a limited independent association between liver fibrosis risk scores and clinical outcomes related to heart failure events.
Quantification of Lipidomics Profiling using UPLC‐QE‐HESI‐ Lipid Analysis on the Salted Duck Egg Incorporated with Clove Extract
Authors: Harlina Putri Widyanti , Ma Meihu , Shahzad Raheel
Published: February 2021

The salted egg yolks supplemented with clove extract are compared with the non‐supplemented group, and subsequently the lipidomics profiles are characterized and identified by UPLC‐QE‐MS/MS in positive and negative ion modes respectively. A total of 315 lipids are detected in the control group and the clove extract treated group. In the positive ion mode, the 10 subclasses of glycerolipids in the treated samples are significantly different (p < 0.05). The lipid types with most varied compositions are triglyceride and ceramides, followed by CerG1 (glucosylceramide), LPE (lyso‐phosphatidylethanolamine), diglyceride, and monosialodihexosyl ganglioside. In the negative ion mode, the authors identified 35 subclasses which are significantly different (p < 0.05), that include glycerolphospholipids, glycosphingolipids, and neutralglycosphingolipid. The lipid types with most varied compositions in negative mode are PE (phosphatidylethanolamine), followed by PC (phosphatidylcholine), LPC (lyso‐phosphatidylcholine), and GM3 (monosialo‐dihexosyl ganglioside). The contents of phosphatidylcholine, lyso‐phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and monosialo‐dihexosyl ganglioside in egg yolks treated with 0.5% (w/v) clove are significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05), in which phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine are the main components of glycerolphospholipid.

Practical Application : The lipidomics analyses of the salted egg yolk added with and without clove extract are compared to reveal the beneficial effect of clove extracts on the lipid profiles, and further exploring the types and relative content of the lipid components. A total of 315 lipids are detected in all samples. In the positive ion mode, the 10 subclasses of glycerolipids are found to be significantly different in the treated samples. In the negative ion mode, the lipid content of 35 subclasses are significantly different. From the nutrition fact value, salted duck egg enriched with clove extract can serve as one of the alternative egg products rich in essential lipids.
Three‐Component Castagnoli‐Cushman Reaction of 3‐Arylglutaconic Acid Anhydrides, Carbonyl Compounds, and Ammonium Acetate: a Quick and Flexible Way to Assemble Polysubstituted NH‐δ‐lactams
Authors: Peshkov Anatoly A. , Bakulina Olga , Dar'in Dmitry , Kantin Grigory , Bannykh Anton , Peshkov Vsevolod A. , Krasavin Mikhail
Published: February 2021

A practical straightforward synthesis of medicinally important NH‐δ‐lactams through the three‐component Castagnoli‐Cushman reaction of 3‐arylglutaconic anhydrides with carbonyl compound and ammonium acetate has been developed. The scope of the protocol has been thoroughly explored paying particular attention to the carbonyl component using wide array of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes as well as rarely involved cyclic and acyclic ketones. Synthetic potential of prepared compounds was demonstrated by a series of post‐modifications, including unexpected isomerization.
Synthesis of Long‐Chain n‐Alkylphosphonic Acids by Phosphonylation of Alkyl Bromides with Red Phosphorus and Superbase under Micellar/Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Kuimov Vladimir A. , Malysheva Svetlana F. , Belogorlova Natalia A. , Albanov Alexander I. , Gusarova Nina K. , Trofimov Boris A.
Published: February 2021

Long‐chain n‐Alkylphosphonic acids, AlkP(O)(OH)2, are synthesized in up to 91 % yield (mostly 40–60 %) by straightforward phosphonylation of alkyl bromides (AlkBr, Alk=C4–C18) with red phosphorus (Pn) in the multiphase KOH/H2O/toluene system in the presence of 2–10 mol % of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), acting as a micellar/phase transfer catalyst and as a generator/transporter of superbasic hydroxide anions, the intermediate potassium phosphinates being in situ oxidized/neutralized by nitric acid. The key steps of the phosphonylation mechanism are the P−P bond cleavage of Pn polymeric molecules by superbasic −OH anions, dissolved in the CTAB micelles, and phase transfer of polyphosphide anions to the organic phase and their alkylation with AlkBr.
A novel prognostic nomogram utilizing the 2018 FIGO staging system for cervical cancer: A large multicenter study
Authors: Tang Xiaoyan , Guo Chenyan , Liu Songping , Guo Jingjing , Hua Keqin , Qiu Junjun
Published: February 2021

Objective

To evaluate the prognostic performance of the revised 2018 FIGO staging system for cervical cancer.

Methods

This retrospective multicenter study enrolled cervical cancer patients with 2009 FIGO Stage IA1–IIA2 who underwent surgeries between January 2006 and December 2017 in four tertiary hospitals. Patients were restaged according to the 2018 FIGO staging system by reviewing their medical data.

Results

Of 3238 cervical cancer patients included, 1841 (56.9%) patients were restaged: 641 (34.9%) due to tumor size, 544 (29.5%) due to lymph node metastasis, 614 (33.4%) due to the inconsistency between pre‐ and postoperative assessments, and 42 due to the cancellation of invasion width in Stage IA. After restaging, a clear tendency of decreased recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) with increasing stage was observed. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that 2018 FIGO stage, parametrial involvement, and histology were independent prognostic factors for both OS and RFS (P < 0.05). Based on these factors, we established predictive nomograms with c‐indexes of 0.735 and 0.721, showing good predictive ability for cervical cancer.

Conclusion

The revised 2018 FIGO staging system can better reflect the survival of cervical cancer patients. Based on it, we established a nomogram that can predict the prognosis of cervical cancer patients more precisely.
Selfless First Movers and Self‐Interested Followers: Order of Entry Signals Purity of Motive in Pursuit of the Greater Good
Authors: Silver Ike , Kelly Brooke A. , Small Deborah A.
Published: February 2021

When do brands get credit for contributing to the greater good? Prior research has shown that consumers reward brands for prosocial initiatives (e.g., corporate philanthropy, social responsibility, cause marketing) in line with the perceived purity of their motives. We report four experiments demonstrating that consumers interpret the order in which brands launch prosocial initiatives as a signal of their underlying motivations for doing good. Whereas prosocial first movers appear to care genuinely about the causes they support, prosocial followers (i.e., those that imitate the prosocial actions of other brands) typically seem to have more selfish intentions, even if their initiatives have an equal or greater social impact. This discrepancy in perceived motives, in turn, serves as an additional source of first mover preference, above and beyond previously studied first mover effects and unique to greater good marketing contexts. It also leads consumers to reward followers for launching more original prosocial initiatives, even if these seem less impactful for society. These findings bridge literatures on prosocial behavior and entry order, and they offer practical insight for brands looking to combine profits and purpose.
Early 21st Century cyclone climatology: a 3D perspective.Basic Characterization
Authors: Lakkis Susan G. , Canziani Pablo O. , Rodriguez Joaquín O. , Yuchechen Adrián E. , O'Neill Alan , Albers Kim H. , Hodges Kevin
Published: February 2021

Extra‐tropical cyclones are a relevant feature in the climate at middle and high latitudes. Despite their importance, most studies typically focus only on cyclones identified at a single atmospheric level and on events close to the surface. This paper provides a new perspective on the Southern Hemisphere (SH) cyclone events based on the multilevel cyclone tracking algorithm STACKER. The algorithm, using relative vorticity, detects the raw tracks at single levels and objectively combines them to provide the 3D events and their evolutionary timeline. As a result, a 3D cyclone climatology, based on ECMWF Reanalysis ERA‐I data from 12 pressure levels in the troposphere and lowermost stratosphere is presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analysis carried out throughout the troposphere and the lowermost extratropical/subpolar stratosphere in order to give a comprehensive picture of the cyclone events as physical entities throughout their lifetime. Cyclone properties analysed are track densities, translational velocity, vorticity and lifetimes. For the subtropical and extra‐tropical SH, results support many previous ideas about cyclone characteristics, but new insights are also obtained. A total of 58,231 multilevel cyclone events lasting at least 2 days were detected, with vertical structures spanning two or more levels. This means an average of 303 cyclone events of all types per month, between 2001 and 2017, disregarding seasonality. Results show that cyclones are most frequently detected at the lowest levels of 925 and 700 hPa. By considering that cyclonic systems can be grouped into families according to their vertical extent, results per month on average show that shallow systems are the most frequent events with approximately 248 systems detected, followed by 43 intermediary and 11 deep events. Shallow and deep systems have a large percentage of events with genesis at 925 and 700 hPa. Density statistics show that shallow events are present at all latitude ranges mostly poleward of 30°S with high‐ and medium‐intensities, while intermediate ones are mostly restricted to mid‐latitudes and deep events are mostly confined to sub‐polar and polar latitudes. Cyclones over Antarctica seem to be mostly intermediary and deep cyclones, with longer lifetimes and lower velocities.