bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motherhood and Work–Life Balance in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Setting: Mentors and the Female Athletic Trainer
Authors: Eason Christianne M. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Goodman Ashley
Published: June 2014

Context:

One of the greatest catalysts for turnover among female athletic trainers (ATs) is motherhood, especially if employed at the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I level. The medical education literature regularly identifies the importance of role models in professional character formation. However, few researchers have examined the responsibility of mentorship and professional role models as it relates to female ATs' perceptions of motherhood and retention.

Objective:

To evaluate perceptions of motherhood and retention in relation to mentorship and role models among female ATs currently employed in the collegiate setting.

Design:

Qualitative study.

Setting:

Female athletic trainers working in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-seven female ATs employed in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I setting volunteered. Average age of the participants was 35 ± 9 years. All were full-time ATs with an average of 11 ± 8 years of clinical experience.

Data Collection and Analysis:

Participants responded to questions by journaling their thoughts and experiences. Multiple-analyst triangulation and peer review were included as steps to establish data credibility.

Results:

Male and female role models and mentors can positively or negatively influence the career and work–life balance perceptions of female ATs working in the Division I setting. Female ATs have a desire to see more women in the profession handle the demands of motherhood and the demands of their clinical setting. Women who have had female mentors are more positive about the prospect of balancing the rigors of motherhood and job demands.

Conclusions:

Role models and mentors are valuable resources for promoting perseverance in the profession in the highly demanding clinical settings. As more female ATs remain in the profession who are able to maintain work–life balance and are available to serve as role models, the attitudes of other women may start to change.
The presentation of Jesus in the missionary speeches of Acts and the mission of the church
Authors: Stenschke Christoph W.
Published: June 2014

This article first discusses the methodological issues involved in examining the portrayal of Jesus in the missionary speeches of the book of Acts and the nature of these speeches. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the presentation of Jesus, following a chronological line: Jesus� origin, his ministry, suffering, death and burial, his resurrection, exaltation, present ministry and parousia. The analysis is supplemented by the various portrayals of Jesus in the narrative of Acts. Afterwards, a detailed interpretation of this portrayal is offered, that is, its emphases (namely the saving significance of all of Jesus� life, the pervasive motif of the fulfilment of Scripture, Jesus as the agent of God, and the Jewishness of his life and ministry, focussing on Israel), the consequences that are drawn from this portrayal, the impact of the audiences on the presentation of Jesus, and the use of Christological titles. A final section reflects on the implications of the portrayal of Jesus in the missionary speeches of Acts for the witness and proclamation of the church. This comprehensive approach accounts for the length of the article.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Some research has criticised Luke-Acts for its alleged lack of Pauline theology and the �depth� of Paul�s interpretation of the life, death and resurrection of Jesus. This article shows that Acts in its own way offers a significant summary and Christological and soteriological interpretation of the life of Jesus and its enduring significance. The article also reflects on the significance of this interpretation for the present day presentation of Jesus and provides some necessary corrections.
Anatomic variation of the facial artery and its implications for facial surgery: a case report
Authors: Cardinot T. , Vasconcellos H. , Vasconcellos P. , Oliveira J. , Siqueira P. , Aragão A.
Published: June 2014

Introduction: Vascular variations are congenital morphological differences that arise in the human body. Although, for the most part, do not cause injury to the individual, may be important in cases where it is necessary a specific access to the vascular system. The anatomic understanding of the facial artery and its branches are especially important in the practice of medical and dental care, in the surgeries of neck and face; and also for the radiologist to understand and interpret facial artery imaging when undertaking head angiography. The variations found in the formation and trajectories of the facial artery are described, however in the case studied, we described a morphological aspect until then not documented. In this sense, the objective of this study was to report a variation of the facial artery and to analyze it in relation to the literature state of the art. Case Report: During a head dissection of an adult male human cadaver fixed in 10% formaldehyde we identified a variation of the facial artery branches. We reported, in the right hemiface, a supernumerary branch of the facial artery emerged between the origins of submentual and inferior lip arteries, close to the bottom edge of the mandible body, going towards the infra-orbital region. Discussion: The report of a considerable caliber atypical branching of the facial artery deserves attention because of the large number of interventions in this region, not only in cases of trauma, but also in cases of elective surgeries of face pathologies.
Coexistence of anomalies in the termination of facial artery and the origin of transverse facial artery. A case report
Authors: Chauhan P. , Kalra S.
Published: June 2014

Several studies in the past have shown variations in the vessels of facial region. Facial artery may show variations in its origin, course, termination and branching pattern. Undocumented termination of facial artery as inferior labial artery and transverse facial artery emerging as a branch of maxillary artery was observed in the present study. Also, associated with it two distinct facial veins were also observed. To our knowledge, coexistence of this anomalous branching pattern has not been reported in the literature. A thorough knowledge about normal as well as variant vascular anatomy is crucial for interpretation of various interventional vascular procedures and performing surgical explorative procedures in this region including plastic surgery.
Growth of sulphuric acid nanoparticles under wet and dry conditions
Authors: Skrabalova L. , Brus D. , Anttila T. , Zdimal V. , Lihavainen H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. New particle formation, which greatly influences the number concentrations and size distributions of an atmospheric aerosol, is often followed by a rapid growth of freshly formed particles. The initial growth of newly formed aerosol is the crucial process determining the fraction of nucleated particles growing to cloud condensation nuclei sizes, which have a significant influence on climate. In this study, we report the laboratory observations of the growth of nanoparticles produced by nucleation of H2SO4 and water in a laminar flow tube at temperatures of 283, 293 and 303 K, under dry (a relative humidity of 1%) and wet conditions (relative humidity of 30%) and residence times of 30, 45, 60 and 90 s. The initial H2SO4 concentration spans the range from 2 × 108 to 1.4 × 1010 molecule cm−3 and the calculated wall losses of H2SO4 were assumed to be diffusion limited. The detected particle number concentrations, measured by the Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (UCPC) and Differential Mobility Particle Sizer (DMPS), were found to depend strongly on the residence time. Hygroscopic particle growth, presented by growth factors, was found to be in good agreement with the previously reported studies. The experimental growth rates ranged from 20 nm h−1 to 890 nm h−1 at relative humidity (RH) 1% and from 7 nm h−1 to 980 nm h−1 at RH 30% and were found to increase significantly with the increasing concentration of H2SO4. Increases in the nucleation temperature had a slight enhancing effect on the growth rates under dry conditions. The influence of relative humidity on growth was not consistent – at lower H2SO4 concentrations, the growth rates were higher under dry conditions while at H2SO4 concentrations greater than 1 × 1010 molecule cm−3, the growth rates were higher under wet conditions. The growth rates show only a weak dependence on the residence time. The experimental observations were compared with predictions made using a numerical model, which investigates the growth of particles with three different extents of neutralization by ammonia, NH3: (1) pure H2SO4 – H2O particles; (2) particles formed by ammonium bisulphate, (NH4)HSO4; (3) particles formed by ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4. The highest growth rates were found for ammonium sulphate particles. Since the model accounting for the initial H2SO4 concentration predicted the experimental growth rates correctly, our results suggest that the commonly presumed diffusional wall losses of H2SO4 in case of long-lasting experiments are not so significant. We therefore assume that there are not only losses of H2SO4 on the wall, but also a flux of H2SO4 molecules from the wall into the flow tube, the effect being more profound under dry conditions and at higher temperatures of the tube wall. Based on a comparison with the atmospheric observations, our results indicate that sulphuric acid alone cannot explain the growth rates of particles formed in the atmosphere.
Variability of BVOC emissions from a Mediterranean mixed forest in southern France with a focus on Quercus pubescens
Authors: Genard-Zielinski A.-C. , Boissard C. , Fernandez C. , Kalogridis C. , Lathière J. , Gros V. , Bonnaire N. , Ormeño E.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We aimed at quantifying Biogenic Volatiles Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions in June from three Mediterranean species located at the O3HP site (Southern France): Quercus pubescens, Acer monspessulanum and C. coggygria (for isoprene only). As Q. pubescens was shown to be the main BVOC emitter with isoprene representing ≈ 99% of the carbon emitted as BVOC, we mainly focused on this species. C. coggygria was found to be a non-isoprene emitter (no other BVOC were investigated). To fully understand both the canopy effect on Q. pubescens isoprene emission and the inter-individual variability (tree to tree and within canopy), diurnal variations of isoprene were investigated from nine branches (seven branches located to the top of canopy at ≈ 4 m Above Ground Level, and two inside the canopy at ≈ 2 m a.g.l.). Q. pubescens daily mean isoprene emission rates (ERd) fluctuated between 23.1 and 97.7 μg C gDM−1 h−1 and were exponentially correlated with net assimilation (Pn). Q. pubescens daily mean Pn ranged between 5.4 and 13.8, and 2.8 and 6.4 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 for sunlit and shaded branches respectively. Both ERd and isoprene emission factors (Is) assessed according to Guenther et al. (1993) algorithm, varied by a factor of 4 among the sunlit branches. While sunlit branches ERm was clearly higher than for shaded branches, there was an non-significant variability on Is (58.5 to 76.5 μg C gDM−1 h−1). Diurnal variations of isoprene emission rates (ER) for sunlit branches were also investigated. ER were detected at dawn 2 h after Pn became positive and, exponentially dependent on Pn. Diurnal variations of ER were not equally well described along the day by temperature (CT) and light (CL) parameters according to G93 algorithm. Temperature had more impact than PAR in the morning emission increase. ER was no more correlated to CL × CT between solar noon (maximum ER) and mid-afternoon, possibly due to thermal stress of the plant. A comparison between measured and calculated emissions using two isoprene algorithms (G93 and MEGAN) highlighted the difficulty in assessing isoprene emissions under Mediterranean environmental conditions with current isoprene models.
Injection of mineral dust into the free troposphere during fire events observed with polarization lidar at Limassol, Cyprus
Authors: Nisantzi A. , Mamouri R. E. , Ansmann A. , Hadjimitsis D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Four-year observations (2010–2014) with EARLINET polarization lidar and AERONET sun/sky photometer at Limassol (34.7° N, 33° E), Cyprus, were used to study the soil dust content in lofted fire smoke plumes advected from Turkey. This first systematic attempt to characterize less than 3 days old smoke plumes in terms of particle depolarization contributes to the more general effort to properly describe the life cycle of free-tropospheric smoke–dust mixtures from the emission event to phases of long-range transport (>4 days after emission). We found significant differences in the particle depolarization ratio (PDR) with values from 9–18% in lofted aerosol layers when Turkish fires contributed to the aerosol burden and of 3–13% when Turkish fires were absent. High Ångström exponents of 1.4–2.2 during all these events with lofted smoke layers, occuring between 1 and 3 km height, suggest the absence of a pronounced particle coarse mode. When plotted vs. the travel time (spatial distance between Limassol and last fire area), PDR decreased strongly from initial values around 16–18% (one day travel) to 4–8% after 4 days of travel caused by deposition processes. This behavior was found to be in close agreement with the literature. Computation of particle extinction coefficient and mass concentrations, separately for fine-mode dust, coarse-mode dust, and non-dust aerosol components show extinction-related dust fractions of the order of 10% (for PDR = 4%, travel times >4 days) and 50% (PDR = 15%, one day travel time) and mass-related dust fractions of 25% (PDR = 4%) to 80% (PDR = 15%). Biomass burning should be considered as another source of free tropospheric soil dust.
Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)
Authors: Dagsson-Waldhauserova P. , Arnalds O. , Olafsson H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part of Iceland and merged with results obtained from the Northeast Iceland (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust. Including codes 04–06 into the criteria for dust observations, the frequency was 135 dust days annually. The Sea Level Pressure (SLP) oscillation controlled whether dust events occurred in NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in southern part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The most dust-frequent decade in S Iceland was the 1960s while the most frequent decade in NE Iceland was the 2000s. A total of 32 severe dust storms (visibility < 500 m) was observed in Iceland with the highest frequency during the 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm and during summer/autumn (May–September) while the Sub-Arctic dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold and during winter/spring (March–May). About half of dust events in S Iceland occurred in winter or at sub-zero temperatures. A good correlation was found between PM10 concentrations and visibility during dust observations at the stations Vik and Storhofdi. This study shows that Iceland is among the dustiest areas of the world and dust is emitted the year-round.
Integrating laboratory and field data to quantify the immersion freezing ice nucleation activity of mineral dust particles
Authors: DeMott P. J. , Prenni A. J. , McMeeking G. R. , Sullivan R. C. , Petters M. D. , Tobo Y. , Niemand M. , Möhler O. , Snider J. R. , Wang Z. , Kreidenweis S. M.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Data from both laboratory studies and atmospheric measurements are used to develop a simple parametric description for the immersion freezing activity of natural mineral dust particles. Measurements made with the Colorado State University (CSU) continuous flow diffusion chamber (CFDC) when processing mineral dust aerosols at a nominal 105% relative humidity with respect to water (RHw) are taken to approximate the immersion freezing nucleation activity of particles. Ice active frozen fractions vs. temperature for dusts representative of Saharan and Asian desert sources were consistent with similar measurements in atmospheric dust plumes for a limited set of comparisons available. The parameterization developed follows the form of one suggested previously for atmospheric particles of non-specific composition in quantifying ice nucleating particle concentrations as functions of temperature and the total number concentration of particles larger than 0.5 μm diameter. Such an approach does not explicitly account for surface area and time dependencies for ice nucleation, but sufficiently encapsulates the activation properties for potential use in regional and global modeling simulations, and possible application in developing remote sensing retrievals for ice nucleating particles. A correction factor is introduced to account for the apparent underestimate (by approximately 3, on average) of the immersion freezing fraction of mineral dust particles for CSU CFDC data processed at an RHw of 105% vs. maximum fractions active at higher RHw. Instrumental factors that affect activation behavior vs. RHw in CFDC instruments remain to be fully explored in future studies. Nevertheless, the use of this correction factor is supported by comparison to ice activation data obtained for the same aerosols from Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics of the Atmosphere (AIDA) expansion chamber cloud parcel experiments. Further comparison of the new parameterization to the immersion freezing surface active site density parameterization for mineral dust particles, developed separately from AIDA experimental data alone, shows excellent agreement for data collected in a descent through a Saharan aerosol layer. These studies support the utility of laboratory measurements to obtain atmospherically-relevant data on the ice nucleation properties of dust and other particle types, and suggest the suitability of considering all mineral dust as a single type of ice nucleating particle as a useful first order approximation in numerical modeling investigations.
Neutrinos from colliding wind binaries: future prospects for PINGU and ORCA
Authors: Becker Tjus J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Massive stars play an important role in explaining the cosmic ray spectrum below the knee, possibly even up to the ankle, i.e. up to energies of 1015 or 1018.5 eV, respectively. In particular, Supernova Remnants are discussed as one of the main candidates to explain the cosmic ray spectrum. Even before their violent deaths, during the stars' regular life times, cosmic rays can be accelerated in wind environments. High-energy gamma-ray measurements indicate hadronic acceleration binary systems, leading to both periodic gamma-ray emission from binaries like LSI + 60 303 and continuous emission from colliding wind environments like η-Carinae. The detection of neutrinos and photons from hadronic interactions are one of the most promising methods to identify particle acceleration sites. In this paper, future prospects to detect neutrinos from colliding wind environments in massive stars are investigated. In particular, the seven most promising candidates for emission from colliding wind binaries are investigated to provide an estimate of the signal strength. The expected signal of a single source is about a factor of 5–10 below the current IceCube sensitivity and it is therefore not accessible at the moment. What is discussed in addition is future the possibility to measure low-energy neutrino sources with detectors like PINGU and ORCA: the minimum of the atmospheric neutrino flux at around 25 GeV from neutrino oscillations provides an opportunity to reduce the background and increase the significance to searches for GeV–TeV neutrino sources. This paper presents the first idea, detailed studies including the detector's effective areas will be necessary in the future to test the feasibility of such an approach.
How important is diversity for capturing environmental-change responses in ecosystem models?
Authors: Prowe A. E. F. , Pahlow M. , Dutkiewicz S. , Oschlies A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Marine ecosystem models used to investigate how global change affects ocean ecosystems and their functioning typically omit pelagic plankton diversity. Diversity, however, may affect functions such as primary production and their sensitivity to environmental changes. Here we use a global ocean ecosystem model that explicitly resolves phytoplankton diversity by defining subtypes within four phytoplankton functional types (PFTs). We investigate the model's ability to capture diversity effects on primary production under environmental change. An idealized scenario with a sudden reduction in vertical mixing causes diversity and primary-production changes that turn out to be largely independent of the number of coexisting phytoplankton subtypes. The way diversity is represented in the model provides a small number of niches with respect to nutrient use in accordance with the PFTs defined in the model. Increasing the number of phytoplankton subtypes increases the resolution within the niches. Diversity effects such as niche complementarity operate between, but not within PFTs, and are constrained by the variety of traits and trade-offs resolved in the model. The number and nature of the niches formulated in the model, for example via trade-offs or different PFTs, thus determines the diversity effects on ecosystem functioning captured in ocean ecosystem models.
Structural analysis of three global land models on carbon cycle simulations using a traceability framework
Authors: Rafique R. , Xia J. , Hararuk O. , Luo Y.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Modeled carbon (C) storage capacity is largely determined by the C residence time and net primary productivity (NPP). Extensive research has been done on NPP dynamics but the residence time and their relationships with C storage are much less studied. In this study, we implemented a traceability analysis to understand the modeled C storage and residence time in three land surface models: CSIRO's Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) with 9 C pools, Community Land Model (version 3.5) combined with Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CLM3.5-CASA) with 12 C pools and Community Land Model (version 4) (CLM4) with 26 C pools. The globally averaged C storage and residence time was computed at both individual pool and total ecosystem levels. The spatial distribution of total ecosystem C storage and residence time differ greatly among the three models. The CABLE model showed a closer agreement with measured C storage and residence time in plant and soil pools than CLM3.5-CASA and CLM4. However, CLM3.5-CASA and CLM4 were close to each other in modeled C storage but not with measured data. CABLE stores more C in root whereas CLM3.5-CASA and CLM4 store more C in woody pools, partly due to differential NPP allocation in respective pools. The C residence time in individual C pools is greatly different among models, largely because of different transfer coefficient values among pools. CABLE had higher bulk residence time for soil C pools than the other two models. Overall, the traceability analysis used in this study can help fully characterizes the behavior of complex land models.
Temporal variations in atmospheric CO2 on Rishiri Island in 2006–2013: responses of the interannual variation in amplitude to climate and the terrestrial sink in East Asia
Authors: Zhu C. , Yoshikawa-Inoue H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Surface observation of the atmospheric CO2 mixing ratio implies the combined influences of both natural fluctuations and anthropogenic activities on the carbon cycle. Atmospheric CO2 has been measured on Rishiri Island in the outflow region of Eurasia since May 2006. We report the first 7 year temporal atmospheric CO2 variations from diurnal to interannual scales. In the diurnal scale, an obvious cycle appeared as a minimum in the afternoon and maximum at midnight in the summer months. Seasonally, the maximum CO2 concentration appeared around the beginning of April, while the minimum appeared around the middle of August. A mean growing season length of ~126 days was estimated. In the period from 2007 to 2012, the peak-to-peak amplitude increased until 2009 and decreased thereafter, with a mean value of 19.7 ppm. In the long term, atmospheric CO2 is increasing by a mean growth rate of 2.1 ppm year−1. Investigations on the driving climatic factors on the interannual variation in amplitude indicated that temperature in East Asia (40–60° N, 90–150° E) affected the CO2 amplitude by affecting the seasonal maximum, with a time lag of 1–2 years. On the contrary, precipitation did not likely affect CO2 amplitudes. The amplitude also responded to a natural carbon source/sink variation in East Asia. We suggest that temperature in the first year would affect carbon sinks in the second year in the fetch regions, which further affect CO2 amplitude mainly through ecosystem respiration. Circulation changes also likely contributed to the decreasing amplitude since 2009, as indicated by the simultaneous decrease in the 222Rn concentration in spring and summer.
Forchheimer flow to a well-considering time-dependent critical radius
Authors: Wang Q. , Zhan H. , Tang Z.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Previous studies on the non-Darcian flow into a pumping well assumed that critical radius (RCD) was a constant or infinity, where RCD represents the location of the interface between the non-Darcian flow region and Darcian flow region. In this study, a two-region model considering time-dependent RCD was established, where the non-Darcian flow was described by the Forchheimer equation. A new iteration method was proposed to estimate RCD based on the finite-difference method. The results showed that RCD increased with time until reaching the quasi steady-state flow, and the asymptotic value of RCD only depended on the critical specific discharge beyond which flow became non-Darcian. A larger inertial force would reduce the change rate of RCD with time, and resulted in a smaller RCD at a specific time during the transient flow. The difference between the new solution and previous solutions were obvious in the early pumping stage. The new solution agreed very well with the solution of the previous two-region model with a constant RCD under quasi steady flow. It agreed with the solution of the fully Darcian flow model in the Darcian flow region.
Analytical approach for predicting fresh water discharge in an estuary based on tidal water level observations
Authors: Cai H. , Savenije H. H. G. , Jiang C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. As the tidal wave propagates into an estuary, the tidally averaged water level tends to rise in landward direction due to the density difference between saline and fresh water and the asymmetry of the friction. The effect of friction on the residual slope is even more remarkable when accounting for fresh water discharge. In this study, we investigate the influence of river discharge on tidal wave propagation in the Yangtze estuary with specific attention to residual water level slope. This is done by using a one-dimensional analytical model for tidal hydrodynamics accounting for the residual water level. We demonstrate the importance of the residual slope on tidal dynamics and use it to improve the prediction of the tidal propagation in estuaries (i.e., tidal damping, velocity amplitude, wave celerity and phase lag), especially when the influence of river discharge is significant. Finally, we develop a new inverse analytical approach for estimating fresh water discharge on the basis of tidal water level observations along the estuary, which can be used as a tool to obtain information on the river discharge that is otherwise difficult to measure in the tidal region.
Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump
Authors: Jiang X. , Lu W. X. , Zhao H. Q. , Yang Q. C. , Yang Z. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the potential ecological risk and trend of soil heavy-metal pollution around a coal gangue dump in Jilin Province (Northeast China). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn were monitored by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The potential ecological risk index method developed by Hakanson (1980) was employed to assess the potential risk of heavy-metal pollution. The potential ecological risk in the order of ER(Cd) > ER(Pb) > ER(Cu) > ER(Cr) > ER(Zn) have been obtained, which showed that Cd was the most important factor leading to risk. Based on the Cd pollution history, the cumulative acceleration and cumulative rate of Cd were estimated, then the fixed number of years exceeding the standard prediction model was established, which was used to predict the pollution trend of Cd under the accelerated accumulation mode and the uniform mode. Pearson correlation analysis and correspondence analysis are employed to identify the sources of heavy metals and the relationship between sampling points and variables. These findings provided some useful insights for making appropriate management strategies to prevent or decrease heavy-metal pollution around a coal gangue dump in the Yangcaogou coal mine and other similar areas elsewhere.
Risk estimation for future glacier lake outburst floods based on local land-use changes
Authors: Nussbaumer S. , Schaub Y. , Huggel C. , Walz A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Effects of climate change are particularly strong in high-mountain regions. Most visibly, glaciers are shrinking at a rapid pace, and as a consequence, glacier lakes are forming or growing. At the same time the stability of mountain slopes is reduced by glacier retreat, permafrost thaw and other factors, resulting in an increasing landslide hazard which can potentially impact lakes and therewith trigger far-reaching and devastating outburst floods. To manage risks from existing or future lakes, strategies need to be developed to plan in time for adequate risk reduction measures at a local level. However, methods to assess risks from future lake outbursts are not available and need to be developed to evaluate both future hazard and future damage potential. Here a method is presented to estimate future risks related to glacier lake outbursts for a local site in southern Switzerland (Naters, Valais). To generate two hazard scenarios, glacier shrinkage and lake formation modelling was applied, combined with simple flood modelling and field work. Furthermore, a land-use model was developed to quantify and allocate land-use changes based on local-to-regional storylines and three scenarios of land-use driving forces. Results are conceptualized in a matrix of three land-use and two hazard scenarios for the year 2045, and show the distribution of risk in the community of Naters, including high and very high risk areas. The study underlines the importance of combined risk management strategies focusing on land-use planning, on vulnerability reduction, as well as on structural measures (where necessary) to effectively reduce future risks related to lake outburst floods.
Seasonal changes in surface albedo of Himalayan glaciers from MODIS data and links with the annual mass balance
Authors: Brun F. , Dumont M. , Wagnon P. , Berthier E. , Azam M. F. , Shea J. M. , Sirguey P. , Rabatel A. , Ramanathan Al.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Few glaciological field data are available on glaciers in the Hindu Kush – Karakoram – Himalaya (HKH) region, and remote sensing data are thus critical for glacier studies in this region. The main objectives of this study are to document, using satellite images, the seasonal changes of surface albedo for two Himalayan glaciers, Chhota Shigri Glacier (Himachal Pradesh, India) and Mera Glacier (Everest region, Nepal), and to reconstruct the annual mass balance of these glaciers based on the albedo data. Albedo is retrieved from MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images, and evaluated using ground based measurements. At both sites, we find high coefficients of determination between annual minimum albedo averaged over the glacier (AMAAG) and glacier-wide annual mass balance (Ba) measured with the glaciological method (R2 = 0.75). At Chhota Shigri Glacier, the relation between AMAAG found at the end of the ablation season and Ba suggests that AMAAG can be used as a proxy for the maximum snowline altitude or equilibrium line altitude (ELA) on winter accumulation-type glaciers in the Himalayas. However, for the summer-accumulation type Mera Glacier our approach relied on the hypothesis that ELA information, mostly not accessible from space during the monsoon, was still preserved later thanks to strong winter winds blowing away snow and in turn exposing again the late monsoon surface. AMAAG was subsequently revealed in the post-monsoon period. Reconstructed Ba at Chhota Shigri Glacier agrees with mass balances previously reconstructed using a positive degree-day method. Reconstructed Ba at Mera Glacier is affected by heavy cloud cover during the monsoon, which systematically limited our ability to observe AMAAG at the end of the melting period. In addition, the relation between AMAAG and Ba is constrained over a shorter time period for Mera Glacier (6 years) than for Chhota Shigri Glacier (11 years). Thus the mass balance reconstruction is less robust for Mera Glacier than for Chhota Shigri Glacier. However our method shows promising results and may be used to reconstruct the annual mass balance of glaciers with contrasted seasonal cycles in the western part of the HKH mountain range since the early 2000s when MODIS images became available.
The Proportion of Perioperative Mortalites Attributed to Cemented Implantation in Hip Fracture Patients Treated by Hemiarthroplasty
Authors: Pripp Are Hugo , Talsnes Ove , Reikerås Olav , Engesæter Lars B. , Dahl Ola E.
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Bone cement for fixation of prostheses, comorbidity and age have been previously shown to be associated with increased relative risk of mortality within the first day of surgery. However, the proportion of mortalities associated to each of these exposures is not adequately expressed by relative risk estimates.

Materials and methods

The attributable fraction (AF), i.e. the fraction of diseased individuals attributed to a given risk factor, was estimated for cemented fixation of hip prostheses in the elderly (>65 years) with a hip fracture. Dementia, symptomatic comorbidity (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)≥ 3), old age (≥85 years), male gender, and a delay of 24 hours or more from fracture to operation were considered as additional risk factors for a fatal outcome in close proximity to surgery.

Results

In the entire study population (n = 11210), the unadjusted and adjusted population AFs of cemented fixation on mortalities within the first day after surgery were 0.58 (95% CI 0.28-0.76) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.29-0.76), respectively. Symptomatic comorbidity and old age as risk factors had population AFs of 0.71 (95% CI 0.51-0.83) and 0.55 (95% CI 0.39-0.67), respectively. Male gender, dementia and time from fracture to operation all had considerably lower population AFs.

Conclusions

The estimated AFs on perioperative mortality in hip fracture patients treated by hemiarthroplasty showed that about half of the mortalities within the first day of surgery could be associated with the use of bone cement.
Clinical and Radiological Outcome after Periacetabular Osteotomy: A Cross-Sectional Study of 127 Hips Operated on from 1999-2008
Authors: Dahl Line B. , Dengsø Kristine , Bang-Christiansen Karl , Petersen Michael M. , Stürup Jens
Published: June 2014

Purpose

Few papers have described results after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) and risk factors for conversion to total hip arthroplasty (THA). The aim of the present paper was to analyse clinical and radiographic outcome, survival of the hip joint and risk factors of early conversion to THA in patients with PAO.

Basic procedures

In the period 1999-2008, 93 patients (127 hips, median patient age 31, range 13-49 years) were operated on with PAO. Median follow-up was 7 (SD 2.1) years. Analyses of clinical and radiographic examinations, including WOMAC, were performed. Osteoarthritis was measured using Tönnis grade. Survival was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and predictors of conversion to THA were calculated using Cox regression analysis with THA as defined endpoint.

Main findings

Centre-edge angle improved significantly with a mean of 8.7 (95% CI: 7.1; 10.3) preoperatively to a mean of 24.6 (95% CI: 22.6; 26.6) at follow-up. Likewise the acetabular roof obliquity angle improved significantly with a mean of 21.2 (95% CI: 19.7; 22.6) preoperatively to 8.7 (95% CI: 7.1; 10.4) at follow-up. Eleven out of 127 hips had conversion to THA. The 11.7 years cumulated hip joint survival rate was 85% (95% CI: 0.753; 0.945). Significant predictors of converting to THA were preoperative high grade of OA and postoperative high degree of acetabular roof obliquity angle. An improvement was found in Harris Hip Score pain score after receiving a PAO (p = 0.01).

Conclusions

Our results, with almost 12 years survival data, are comparable with the literature. PAO is considered as an effective treatment for young adults with painful hip dysplasia, especially when preoperative criteria for conversion to THA are highlighted.
Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) in Patients with Incomplete Hip Abductor Tears: Does Hip Abductor Repair Improve Outcome?
Authors: Betz Michael , Zingg Patrick O. , Hirschmann Anna , Alireza Amin , Dora Claudio
Published: June 2014

Introduction

Incomplete tears of the hip abductor insertion can coexist with primary hip osteoarthritis. The aim of this investigation was to test the hypotheses that: 1) the outcome of patients undergoing primary THA using a direct anterior approach would be inferior when hip abductor pathology was present; and 2) in the presence of incomplete tears, the transgluteal approach with hip abductor repair delivers a superior outcome compared to the direct anterior approach.

Patients and Methods

Forty patients underwent MR imaging of the hip abductor insertion prior to THA. The grade of abductor tears was assessed, the approach used for THA was recorded, and pre- and postoperative one-year outcome scores (WOMAC, HHS) were recorded.

Results

Twenty patients showed a normal appearance of the hip abductor insertion and THA was performed using the direct anterior approach (group 1). In 20 patients partial tears of the hip abductor insertion were recognized. Eight of them had THA through a direct anterior approach (group 2) and twelve through a transgluteal approach with repair (group 3). All patients improved after surgery. Overall the WOMAC improved from 6.1 to 2.1 points and the HHS from 46 to 87 points. A significantly higher benefit in terms of the HHS was achieved in patients of group 1 (p = 0.045). No significant differences were recorded between group 2 and group 3.

Conclusions

Improvement in outcome scores after THA using the direct anterior approach was inferior in the presence of partial hip abductor tears. The repair of partial hip abductor tears was not associated with superior clinical results.
The case for ceramic-on-polyethylene as the preferred bearing for a young adult hip replacement
Authors: Cash David J.W. , Khanduja Vikas
Published: June 2014

The optimum choice of bearing surfaces in total hip arthroplasty, particularly in the younger and more active patient, remains controversial. Despite several studies demonstrating good long-term results for the metal-on-polyethylene articulation, there has been a recent vogue towards the utilisation of hard-on-hard bearings for younger patients due, in part, to concerns regarding polyethylene induced osteolysis. However, well-documented complications concerning metal-on-metal bearings and the risk of fracture in ceramic-on-ceramic bearings have raised concerns regarding the principle of the hard-on-hard bearing in the active patient. With recent technological advancements in the manufacture of both polyethylene and alumina ceramics, the in vitro properties of each material with regards to strength and toughness have been significantly improved. In addition, ceramic femoral heads have consistently been shown to produce less in vivo polyethylene wear than similar sized metal heads. This paper aims to critically review the biomechanical, in vivo and clinical studies related to the use of the ceramic on polyethylene bearing, and highlights its potential use as the preferred bearing for a young adult hip replacement.
Effects of powdery mildew severity (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) on breeding lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum) yield in Western Andalusia [Spain]
Authors: Cátedra Cerón M.M. , Solís Martel I.
Published: June 2014

Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most important diseases affecting to durumwheat (Triticum durum L. ssp. durum) production in mediterranean conditions over the last few years. Effects ofhigh levels of this pathogenic agent during tillering, stem elongation and booting phases and their relation with yieldvariations between years 1998 and 2002 in western Andalusia, where this agent shows a high incidence and severityhave been studied. Severity data and AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) during the vegetative crop cycleshow a high correlation between the resistance of each variety and its productivity. The need for the inclusion of powderymildew resistance genes in the new durum wheat varieties is emphasized.
Effects of a fungicide treatment on yield and quality parameters of new varieties of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Western Andalusia [Spain]
Authors: Cátedra Cerón M.M. , Solís Martel I.
Published: June 2014

Five durum wheat varieties (Triticum turgidum L. spp. durum) and five bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivumL.) have been tested in yield trials located in Jerez de la Frontera (Cádiz) in 2000-2001 and 2001-2002. The statisticaldesign consisted of random blocks. Effects of fungicide treatment with epoxiconazol on yield, kernel weight, hectolitricweight, proteins and vitrosity percentage, falling number, baker strength and extensibility were studied. A highincidence of the foliar pathogenic agents Septoria tritici and Puccinia triticina was detected. A high correlation wasobtained between the severity level of both diseases of durum wheats and their productivity. The quality factors kernelweight and hectolitric weight of durum wheats were altered by fungicidal effects. No statistical correlation wasobserved among the parameters studied in bread wheat.
Genetic relationships among seven specialized forms of Fusarium oxysporum determined by DNA sequencing of the ITS region and AFLPs
Authors: Arroyo-García R. , Cenis J. L. , Tello J. , Martínez-Zapater J. M. , Cifuentes D.
Published: June 2014

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum Sch.:Fr. presents a high biological and genetic variability, manifested by the existenceof many specialized forms and races. With the goal of evaluating the genetic relationship among different specializedforms, an experiment was carried out involving the application of two types of molecular markers. One consistedof sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA of 17 isolates belonging toseven forms: F.o. melonis (4 isolates), F.o. dianthi (2), F.o. niveum (4), F.o. lycopersici (2), F.o. radicis-lycopersici (3),F.o. lagenaria (1) and F.o. luffae (1). Analysis of these sequences revealed that isolates from different forms presentan identical sequence while isolates of the same form appear distributed in different groups of the dendrogram. Thisobservation was confirmed by an AFLP analysis. In addition to the previously cited forms, ten more were studied inthis experiment, belonging to F.o. ciceris, F.o. cucumerinum, F. proliferatum and F.o. asparagi, as well as two non-pathogenicisolates. The dendrogram calculated with the AFLP markers did not reveal any genetic structuration of the10 specialized forms. These data, in line with those obtained by other authors, seem to suggest that in general, the specializedforms of F. oxysporum do not constitute monophyletic lineages because they evolve in a divergent way. It ratherseems that widely different genotypes could share similar genetic factors conferring pathogenic specificity.
Coefficients of repair and maintenance costs for axial and transverse combine harvesters in Argentina
Authors: Frank L.
Published: June 2014

Maintenance and repair cost (M&RC) coefficients were estimated for grain harvesters in Argentina. Two representativemachines were selected, the Deutz-Fahr Optima 550 and CASE Axial Flow 2188, both equipped with wheatand maize platforms. Estimated coefficients were 6.685 and 7.143 [10-5 h-1] respectively for the Deutz and CASEcombines using wheat platforms; and 7.082 and 8.294 [10-5 h-1] using maize platforms. The confidence intervals forthese values were estimated through regression analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, in an evaluation of severalharvesters (including grain, sugar cane and cotton harvesters), M&RC coefficients were observed to show a meandecreasing tendency of around 1.5% per year.
Pressão inspiratória nasal e hiperinsuflação pulmonar estática em indivíduos com DPOC
Authors: Donária Leila , Carvalho Mônica Yosino Leão , Mesquita Rafael , Martinez Larissa , Da Silva Mayara Manzoni Marques , Ribeiro Laís Regina Garcia , Felcar Josiane Marques , Hernandes Nidia Aparecida , Pitta Fabio , Probst Vanessa Suziane
Published: June 2014

Introdução: A pressão inspiratória nasal – Sniff Nasal Inspiratory Pressure (SNIP) – e a hiperinsuflação pulmonar estática são preditores independentes de mortalidade da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC). Contudo, a relação entre essas variáveis é desconhecida. Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre pressão inspiratória nasal e hiperinsuflação pulmonar estática em indivíduos com DPOC. Métodos: Dezenove indivíduos com DPOC (11 homens, 68±7 anos, Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) 37±14% previsto) tiveram suas medidas de Capacidade Inspiratória (CI) e SNIP quantificadas por meio de espirometria e da medida da pressão inspiratória nasal, respectivamente. Resultados: Observou-se correlação significante entre a CI (litros) e a SNIP (% previsto) (r=0,53; P=0,02). Entretanto, não houve diferença na comparação da SNIP entre sujeitos com CI < e ≥ 80% previsto (P>0,05). Conclusão: Correlação moderada foi verificada entre a pressão inspiratória nasal e a hiperinsuflação pulmonar estática na DPOC. Estudos com maiores amostras são desejáveis para confirmar esses resultados.
Avaliação da acuidade goniométrica do movimento inversão de tornozelo: interavaliadores e intra-avaliadores
Authors: Silva Danilo Oliveira , Ferreira Álvaro Mayer , Carvalho Alberito Rodrigo , Meireles Anamaria , Tomadon Aniele , Bertolini Gladson Ricardo Flor , Marcioli Marieli Araujo Rossoni
Published: June 2014

Introdução: O goniômetro universal é um instrumento para mensurar a amplitude de movimento da inversão de tornozelo; porém, sua reprodutibilidade é limitada quando a mensuração é realizada por diferentes avaliadores ou por um mesmo avaliador em momentos distintos. Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade intra- e interavaliadores da medição por goniômetro universal da inversão ativa e passiva de tornozelo. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 57 participantes assintomáticos, foi realizada a mensuração passiva e ativa do movimento de inversão do tornozelo, com um goniômetro universal, por três avaliadores em dois momentos distintos. Resultados: Todos os índices de correlação intraclasse apresentaram força de correlação de moderada (0,64) a alta (0,91) (p