bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bill Kane Passionate Practitioner
Authors: Quackenbush Marcia , Bird Michael E. , Klein Susan J.
Published: September 2008

[Figure: see text]William “Bill” M. Kane, PhD, CHES, was a man with public health credentials that could impress just about anyone. He served as executive director of both the American College of Preventive Medicine and the Association for the Advancement of Health Education. He was a professor of health education at the University of New Mexico, and taught at several other colleges and universities over the course of his career. He spent time as director of school health programs at ETR Associates, and served on the boards of several nonprofit organizations devoted to public health and health education. He received many honors, and wrote or coauthored over 50 books and curricula focused on health. Bill Kane was undoubtedly a man who got a lot done. But, even more important for those of us who work in public health, he remains a consummate model of how to do this work with passion.
Childhood Predictors of Adult Criminality: A Meta-Analysis Drawn from the Prospective Longitudinal Literature
Authors: Leschied Alan , Chiodo Debbie , Nowicki Elizabeth , Rodger Susan
Published: September 2008

Sufficient research now exists in the psychology of criminal conduct literature to address the long-term impact of early childhood and adolescent experiences on later adult outcomes. In the present meta-analysis, selected studies were prospective and longitudinal, tracking a variety of early childhood and family factors that could potentially predict later involvement in the adult criminal justice system. Thirty-eight studies met the selection criteria. Major findings indicate that dynamic versus static predictors are related to later adult criminal justice involvement. The older the child was at the time the predictor was measured, the stronger was the relationship to adult offending. Within the set of dynamic predictors, childhood and adolescent factors that rate most highly include a variety of behavioural concerns including early identification of aggression, attentional problems, motor restlessness, and attention seeking. Emotional concerns consistent with depression including withdrawal, anxiety, self-deprecation, and social alienation are also represented. Predictors also included family descriptors such as a variety of negative parenting strategies including coerciveness, authoritarian behaviours, lack of child supervision, and family structure variables such as witnessing violence, inter-parental conflict, family stressors, and poor communication. Results are discussed in relation to prevention strategies for targeted services that influence the probability of antisocial outcomes for children into adulthood.
TeachingJoe Turner's Come and Gone
Authors: Elam Harry J.
Published: September 2008

This article examines how to approach the teaching of Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright August Wilson's Joe Turner's Come and Gone. With its powerful and haunting evocations of the Middle Passage from Africa to America, his remembrance of oppressive racial servitude, his invocation of spiritual passion in the face of overwhelming circumstances, Joe Turner is perhaps the most spiritual and non-linear piece within Wilson's twentieth-century cycle of plays. Consequently, it offers certain pedagogical challenges. This article argues that, at its core, the play functions ritualistically, as the central figure in the action, Herald Loomis, moves from self-destruction and stagnation to liberation by taking the self-defining, racially significant, spiritual act of bleeding for himself. Wilson sets this play in 1911, a time not that far removed from slavery, in which he feels that African retentions and rituals were palpable in African American experiences. In working with this play with an undergraduate class or graduate course, the article argues, it is critical to examine with the students how ritual operates in the play, to determine the ritual action of the play, and to analyse how Africa is ritualized and how such symbolic enactments inform Wilson's re-working of African American history during this period of the Great Migration.
Bombing (on) the Border: Ali and Ali and the aXes of Evil as Transnational Agitprop
Authors: Wasserman Jerry
Published: September 2008

A radically satirical response to the American invasion of Iraq post-9/11, The Adventures of Ali and Ali and the aXes of Evil combines traditional agitprop with the transnational impulses of postcolonial performance to imagine some kind of new world emerging from exile, diaspora, and the ashes of the old. Dramatizing the plight of stateless refugees from a fictional Middle Eastern country, its three Canadian playwrights deploy Canadian theatre's historically ambivalent position along the margins of American cultural and military power to attack American foreign policy as well as to critique Canadian complicity and hypocrisy. This essay examines the ideological origins of the play and the metatheatrical comic strategies that allow it to transcend what Noam Chomsky calls “the bounds of the expressible” and to speak the politically unspeakable.
“Who's Selling Here?” Sounds LikeThe Music ManIs Selling and We’re Buying
Authors: Canton Kimberly Fairbrother
Published: September 2008

With The Music Man, Meredith Willson deliberately positions himself (and his sympathies) in the middle of the “brows” controversy. The result is an extended panegyric on the superiority both of the middlebrow aesthetic – as epitomized especially by the boys’ band, the barbershop quartet, and the genre of the musical itself – and of the fundamentally American values it supposedly generates.
Thinking Ecographically: Places, Ecographers, and Environmentalism
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon Alex , Young-Leslie Heather E.
Published: September 2008

The literature on environment-animal-human relations, place, and space, tends to emphasize cultural differences between global interests and local environmental practices. While this literature contributes substantially to our understanding of resource management, traditional ecological knowledge, and environmental protection, the work of key persons imbricated in both global and local positions has been elided. In this article, we propose a theory of “ecographers” as individuals particularly positioned to relate an indigenous epistemology of the local environment with reference to traditional and introduced forms of knowledge, practice, and uses of places, spaces, and inter-species relationships. We ground our analysis in ethnographic research among two Pacific communities, but draw parallels with individuals from varied ethnographic and environmental settings. This new concept offers a powerful cross-cultural approach to ecological strategizing relationships; one grounded by local yet globally and historically inflected agents of the present.
Dynamics and GPR stratigraphy of a polar rock glacier on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Fukui Kotaro , Sone Toshio , Strelin Jorge A. , Torielli Cesar A. , Mori Junko , Fujii Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2008

We describe field measurements (ground-penetrating radar (GPR), geodetic survey and ice-core drilling) to provide new information on the movement mechanism and internal structure of a polar rock glacier on James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula. We collected GPR data along longitudinal and transverse profiles. The longitudinal GPR profiles identify inter-bedded debris-rich layers that dip up-glacier, similar to the thrust structures in the compression zone of a valley glacier. The transverse GPR profiles indicate a syncline structure inclined towards the central part of the rock glacier, resembling the transverse foliation of a valley glacier. The stratigraphy of two boreholes shows that the rock glacier consists primarily of bubbly ice with thin debris-rich layers, an internal structure similar to the ‘nested spoons’ structure common in the interior of valley glaciers. These results indicate that the glacier motion is controlled by shear movement, common in valley glaciers. The geodetic survey confirms that flow velocities decrease towards the lower part of the rock glacier. Such heterogeneous movement causes longitudinal compression and forms thrusts which then create the debris-rich layer by uplifting basal ice and debris. Pushing of the upstream ice against the downstream ice bends the surface layers, forming transverse ridges on the rock glacier surface.
The effect of particles on creep rate and microstructures of granular ice
Authors: Song Min , Baker Ian , Cole David M.
Published: September 2008

The microstructures of particle-free granular freshwater ice and ice containing 1 wt.% of 50 ± 10 mm uniformly distributed particles were investigated before and after compressive creep to ∼10% strain with stresses of 1.45 MPa at −10°C and 0.4 MPa at −5°C. Creep rates of particle-containing ice were always higher than those of particle-free ice. For an initial stress of 1.45 MPa at −10°C, dynamic recrystallization occurred with new grains nucleating and growing along grain boundaries for both sets of specimens, and the ice with particles showed a higher nucleation rate. Under creep with an initial stress of 0.4 MPa at −5°C, dynamic recrystallization also occurred by the nucleation and growth of new grains along the grain boundaries for ice containing particles, but recrystallization in the particle-free ice occurred through grain boundary migration.
Seasonal fluctuations in the advance of a tidewater glacier and potential causes: Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, USA
Authors: Ritchie J. Brent , Lingle Craig S. , Motyka Roman J. , Truffer Martin
Published: September 2008

Satellite imagery has been used to acquire seasonal terminus positions of tidewater Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, USA, from 1992 to 2006. During this 15 year time period, the width-averaged advance of the entire terminus has been ∼620 m at a mean rate of 35 m a−1. Seasonal fluctuation of the terminus ranges from 150 to 200 m on average and varies spatially. A section of the terminus, near a narrow gap where the glacier has now twice closed off 40 km long Russell Fiord, exhibited little to no mean advance during this time period but displayed seasonal fluctuations of 300–500 m. Seasonal variability in surface ice speeds and surface sea-water temperatures was also observed; both are potential forcing mechanisms for terminus fluctuations. Seasonal changes in sea-water temperature of 10–12°C, as well as seasonal changes in subglacial freshwater discharge, are inferred to influence calving and submarine melting at the terminus, driving seasonal variations. Displacements of the medial moraine separating Hubbard and Valerie Glaciers at the terminus suggest surge-like pulses of the latter, with a periodicity of several years. The timing of these pulses suggests they may influence the Hubbard terminus near Gilbert Point and have implications for future closures of Russell Fiord.
The evolution of surface flow stripes and stratigraphic folds within Kamb Ice Stream: why don’t they match?
Authors: Campbell Ian , Jacobel Robert , Welch Brian , Pettersson Rickard
Published: September 2008

Flow stripes seen in satellite imagery of ice streams and ice shelves are caused by surface undulations with kilometer-scale spacing and meter-scale relief and generally indicate current or recent fast ice flow. On a similar scale, folding of internal ice stratigraphy depicted in cross-flow ice-penetrating radar profiles is also a common occurrence in ice streams, suggesting a possible relationship between the two sets of features. We have traced surface flow stripes in RADARSAT and MODIS imagery on Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica, from the onset of streaming flow into the near-stagnant trunk. We compare the morphology and evolution of the surface flow stripes to the folds seen in the internal stratigraphy in cross-ice-stream radar profiles. We find essentially no correspondence in the observed locations or spacings between the radar internal layer folds at depths greater than 100 m and the flow stripes on the surface. The gap in the radar data and the surface mappings in the top 100 m of firn prevents a precise depiction of how the flow stripes and fold patterns at depth diverge. We explore hypotheses about how flow stripes and internal stratigraphic folds can originate and evolve differently as ice flows downstream. We suggest that flow stripes are subject to surface processes that can modify their morphology independently of the internal stratigraphy, leading to changes in the pattern of flow stripes relative to the internal layers below.
Basal icequakes during changing subglacial water pressures beneath Gornergletscher, Switzerland
Authors: Walter Fabian , Deichmann Nicholas , Funk Martin
Published: September 2008

Using dense networks of three-component seismometers installed in direct contact with the ice, the seismic activity of Gornergletscher, Switzerland, was investigated during the summers of 2004 and 2006, as subglacial water pressures varied drastically. These pressure variations are due to the diurnal cycle of meltwater input as well as the subglacial drainage of Gornersee, a nearby marginal ice-dammed lake. Up to several thousand seismic signals per day were recorded. Whereas most icequakes are due to surface crevasse openings, about 200 events have been reliably located close to the glacier bed. These basal events tend to occur in clusters and have signals with impulsive first arrivals. At the same time, basal water pressures and ice-surface velocities were measured to capture the impact of the lake drainage on the subglacial hydrological system and the ice-flow dynamics. Contrary to our expectations, we did not observe an increase of basal icequake activity as the lake emptied, thereby raising the subglacial water pressures close to the flotation level for several days. In fact, the basal icequakes were usually recorded during the morning hours, when the basal water pressure was either low or decreasing. During the high-pressure period caused by the drainage of the lake, no basal icequakes were observed. Furthermore, GPS measurements showed that the glacier surface was lowering during the basal seismic activity. These observations lead us to conclude that such icequakes are connected to the diurnal variation in glacier sliding across the glacier bed.
Initial experience with 10 cases of Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion
Authors: Alam S.M. Mahbub , Hoq Md. Muzharul , Hoque Monwarul , Rahman Mizanur
Published: September 2008

Indiana pouch continent urinary diversion provides patient control over elimination of urine with periods of dryness. This allows emptying of urine from the pouch by catheter at convenient intervals avoiding major metabolic abnormalities with satisfactory renal function. Detubularization of the ascending colon and caecum with tapering of the terminal ileum and tunneled tenial implants of the ureters have resulted continent cutaneous urinary reservoir. In total 10 patients were included and follow-up period was for a period of 6 months to 5 years. One year after surgery overall day and night continence rate was in 70% patients, some leakage at day and night in 30% cases and no patient developed day or night incontinence. The mean capacity of the pouch was 530 ml at 12-18 months. Pouch pressure at full capacity was 16 cm H20 at 18 months.Â  Indiana pouch provides better attention for urinary diversion in developing countries as it is well accepted, economically more suitable and relatively easy to construct, with good results in terms of continence and reduced complications with satisfactory renal function.Keywords: Indiana pouch; urinary diversionDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i1.1166Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 21-25
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and its relationship with hormonal contraceptive methods
Authors: Ashrafunnessa - , Kamal Mohammad
Published: September 2008

DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i1.1169Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 33-35
Regulation of serum total protein and cholesterol level in cold-exposed rat
Authors: Haque Md. Shahidul , Seema Fahmida Zerin
Published: September 2008

DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i1.1172Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 36-38
Magnetic Resonance Imaging features of breasts in patients
Authors: Choudhury Shahnaz , Isomoto Ichiro , Hyashi Kuniaki
Published: September 2008

A retrospective study was conducted to demonstrate the potential role of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCEMRI) in the detection of breast lesions in 15 patients with nipple discharge. The DCEMRI findings were compared and correlated with the findings of ultrasonography and mammography. The results revealed that the character of the nipple discharge was mostly bloody and in few cases were serous. The imaging findings revealed that DCEMRI is highly sensitive and specific in the detection of breast canner and the histopathological correlation in such detection was highly significant (p<0.001) as compared to ultrasonography and mammography finding.Keywords: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; BreastDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1174Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 44-47
Clinicopathological correlation of blistering diseases of skin
Authors: Kabir A.K.M. Nurul , Kamal Mohammed , Choudhury Aga Masood
Published: September 2008

Blistering diseases are alarming skin conditions where blister formation occurs in various ways and cannot be differentiated clinically. For confirmation of diagnosis, along with routine histological examination, immunofluorescence study is essential. Tzanck smear may be used as a rapid diagnostic tool. We included here 34 cases of different blistering lesions. Other than routine Hematoxylin & Eosin stain, direct immunofluorescence test was done in 31 cases, indirect immunofluorescence in 28 cases and Tzanck smear in 33 cases. Direct immunofluorescence stain was also applied on Tzanck smears. The most frequent diagnoses were pemphigus (n=16), bullous pemphigoid (n=11) and linear IgA dermatosis (n=3).Â  Clinical findings and histological examination were sufficient for the diagnosis of most cases. Direct immunofluorescence study is essential in many cases, and indirect immunofluorescence study is a useful method for diagnosis of some of the blistering diseases, especially in pemphigus. Direct immunofluorescence staining on Tzanck smear is a novel technique for the diagnosis of pemphigus.Keywords: Blistering disease; SkinDOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1175Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 48-53
Phase contrast microscopic examination of hematuria to localize the source of bleeding
Authors: Sultana Tuhin , Islam Muhammad Nazrul
Published: September 2008

DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1177Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 62-64
Use of anthropometric indicators for predicting risk of delivering low birth weight babies
Authors: Dhar Bishnupada , Bhadra Subrata K.
Published: September 2008

DOI: 10.3329/bmrcb.v34i2.1178Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2008; 34: 64-66
Association between Catechol O‐methyltransferase (COMT) haplotypes and severity of hyperactivity symptoms in Adults
Authors: Halleland H. , Lundervold A.J. , Halmøy A. , Haavik J. , Johansson S.
Published: September 2008

It has been suggested that symptoms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is related to low dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex. The enzyme catechol O‐methyltransferase (COMT), which degrades dopamine and other catecholamines, is important for monoamine signaling in this brain‐region, but genetic studies of the functional Val158Met (rs4680) polymorphism in ADHD have been inconsistent. However, recently it was shown that also common synonymous COMT variants modulate total COMT enzymatic activity by affecting the expression of the gene [Nackley et al. (2006); Science 314(5807):1930–1933]. We therefore hypothesized that analysis of haplotypes could reveal more about the association between COMT and ADHD symptoms than the Val158Met polymorphism alone. SNPs rs6269, rs4633, rs4818, and rs4680, tagging the common putative functional COMT haplotypes, were genotyped in 435 adult subjects with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD and 383 controls and analyzed for association with ADHD and the hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention dimensions from the Adult ADHD Self‐Report Scale (ASRS). All markers showed a trend for association with the hyperactivity/impulsivity scale, peaking at marker rs6269 (P = 0.007). Haplotype analysis revealed that the rs6269 risk allele tags the suggested high COMT‐activity haplotype, which is associated with the highest hyperactivity/impulsivity score in our sample (P = 0.01). Our results also suggest that there is a stepwise decreased hyperactivity/impulsivity score associated with the proposed mid and low activity haplotypes described previously. In conclusion, we suggest that COMT haplotype variation is associated primarily with the hyperactivity/impulsivity dimension of ADHD and point to the importance of testing this hypothesis in future studies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9–6 haplotype with adult ADHD
Authors: Franke B. , Hoogman M. , Arias Vasquez A. , Heister J.G.A.M. , Savelkoul P.J. , Naber M. , Scheffer H. , Kiemeney L.A. , Kan C.C. , Kooij J.J.S. , Buitelaar J.K.
Published: September 2008

ADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, which affects about 5% of school‐age children. ADHD persists into adulthood in at least 15% of cases. It is highly heritable and familial influences seem strongest for ADHD persisting into adulthood. However, most of the genetic research in ADHD has been carried out in children with the disorder. The gene that has received most attention in ADHD genetics is SLC6A3/DAT1 encoding the dopamine transporter. In the current study we attempted to replicate in adults with ADHD the reported association of a 10–6 SLC6A3‐haplotype, formed by the 10‐repeat allele of the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3′ untranslated region of the gene and the 6‐repeat allele of the VNTR in intron 8 of the gene, with childhood ADHD. In addition, we wished to explore the role of a recently described VNTR in intron 3 of the gene. Two hundred sixteen patients and 528 controls were included in the study. We found a 9–6 SLC6A3‐haplotype, rather than the 10–6 haplotype, to be associated with ADHD in adults. The intron 3 VNTR showed no association with adult ADHD. Our findings converge with earlier reports and suggest that age is an important factor to be taken into account when assessing the association of SLC6A3 with ADHD. If confirmed in other studies, the differential association of the gene with ADHD in children and in adults might imply that SLC6A3 plays a role in modulating the ADHD phenotype, rather than causing it. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A common haplotype at the dopamine transporter gene 5′ region is associated with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Genro Júlia P. , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Zeni Cristian , Oliveira Angélica S. , Roman Tatiana , Rohde Luis A. , Hutz Mara H.
Published: September 2008

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the major site of methylphenidate action, which is one of the main drugs used to treat attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Most association studies with ADHD focused in a VNTR at the 3′‐untranslated region of the gene (3′UTR) presenting conflicting results. However, the most common explanation to inconsistent results is variable linkage disequilibrium with an adjacent functional variant, just a few number of DAT1 studies have reported LD structure across the gene. In this study, we screened 16 polymorphisms across theDAT1gene to understand LD structure in a Brazilian sample of families with ADHD probands and to verify if there were evidence for a biased transmission of alleles and haplotypes from parents to their 243 children with ADHD. In the DSM‐IV combined subtype, we observed a preferential transmission of the haplotype A/C/C/C/A derived from five SNPs (rs2550948, rs11564750, rs261759, rs2652511, rs2975223) in 5′ region (Pcorrected = 0.018) and no association with any allele/haplotype at the 3′ region of the gene, including the 3′ VNTR and the VNTR of intron 8. These results suggest a role for the promoter region in ADHD susceptibility and that allele heterogeneity should be highly considered in DAT1 gene association studies highlighting the importance of this gene in the genetics of the disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and properties of a second‐order, nonlinear‐optical, addition‐type polyimide with high thermal and temporal stability
Authors: Li Shaojun , Kang Hu , Wu Wei , Ye Cheng
Published: September 2008

A highly thermally and temporally stable, second‐order, nonlinear‐optical polyimide with an X‐type chromophore (2‐{4‐[4,5‐di(4‐nitrophenyl)imidazolyl]phenyl}‐4,5‐di(4‐aminophenyl)imidazole) was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction. The structure of the prepolymer was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Its thermal stability and curing behavior were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and FTIR. After the curing, the glass‐transition temperature of the polyimide greatly increased. The FTIR results suggested that addition and/or crosslinking reactions were carried out during the thermal curing of the prepolymer. A poling polyimide film was achieved, and the thermal and temporal stability of the poling‐induced orientation were evaluated with a multistep corona‐poling technique at an elevated temperature and with in situ second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The temporal orientation of the poled polyimide film was over 1000 h at 150°C; it retained 85% of the initial second‐order, nonlinear‐optical coefficient. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Deformation and fracture behavior of polyamide nanocomposites: The effect of clay dispersion
Authors: Kotek Jiří , Kelnar Ivan , Baldrian Josef , Šlouf Miroslav
Published: September 2008

This study describes the effect of the clay content and its dispersion on deformation and fracture behavior of polyamide nanocomposites. Two nanocomposite systems, intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites containing layered silicate, were compared. They were prepared by melt‐compounding of polyamide with sodium montmorillonite or organophilized montmorillonite. It has been shown that while the exfoliated structure imparts to the nanocomposite higher stiffness and strength, the toughness is inferior to the intercalated nanocomposite. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and properties of MDI/H12MDI‐based water‐borne poly(urethane‐urea)s—Effects of MDI content and radiant exposure
Authors: Huh Jae Ho , Kim Hea In , Rahman Mohammad Mizanur , Kim Han Do
Published: September 2008

Water‐borne poly(urethane‐urea)s (WBPUs) were prepared by a prepolymer mixing process using aromatic diisocyanate (MDI, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate)/aliphatic diisocyanate (H12MDI, 4,4′‐methylenebis cyclohexyl isocyanate), polypropylene glycol (PPG, Mn = 1000), dimethylol propionic acid, and ethylene diamine as a chain extender, and triethylamine as a neutralizing agent. The effect of MDI on the molecular weight, chemical structure, dynamic thermo, and tensile properties of WBPUs was investigated. The yellowness index (YI, photo‐oxidation behavior) change of WBPUs under accelerated weathering exposure was also investigated. The WBPUs containing higher MDI content showed lower molecular weight, which verified the participation of some high reactive isocyanate groups of MDI into side reaction instead of chain growing reaction. As the MDI content increased, the storage modulus and tensile modulus/strength of WBPUs film increased, and their glass transitions of soft segments (Tgs) and hard segments (Tgh) were shifted to higher temperature. The intensity of tan δ peak of all three samples increased with increasing radiant exposure. The YI of H12MDI‐based WBPU sample (WBPU‐0) was not occurred. The YI of WBPUs containing MDI increased with increasing MDI content and radiant exposure. However, the YI of sample WBPU‐25 containing 25 mol % of MDI at 11.3 MJ/m2 (radiant exposure) was 6.6 which is a permissible level for exterior applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polymer‐modified halloysite composite nanotubes
Authors: Li Cuiping , Liu Jiguang , Qu Xiaozhong , Guo Baochun , Yang Zhenzhong
Published: September 2008

A natural clay halloysite, which is a kind of aluminosilicate with a predominantly nanosized hollow tubular structure, was modified by polymers achieving polymer‐halloysite composite nanotubes. Polymer chains can grow from both interior and exterior surfaces of the halloysite nanotubes by atom transfer radial polymerization (ATRP). Eventually, the composite nanotubes were evolved to a core‐shell coaxial structure after the interior cavity was fully covered by the polymer. After dissolution of the halloysite template, polymeric nanotubes and nanowires were derived. The composition could be controlled from polymer to carbon after being treated at high temperature. The idea can be extended to a cast halloysite fabric resulting nonwoven composites, which had some interesting wettability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structural and ordering behavior of lamellar polystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymer containing layered silicates
Authors: Vazquez A. , López M. , Serrano E. , Valea A. , Zafeiropoulos N. E. , Mondragon I.
Published: September 2008

Nanocomposites based on organically modified montmorillonites (OMMTs) and sodium montmorillonite (CLO‐Na+) with poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) diblock copolymer have been investigated. Solution blending of OMMT suspension in toluene with SBS and subsequent static casting and annealing resulted in transparent films. Final samples were processed by compression molding. The intercalation spacing in the nanocomposites, microphase separation of the SBS, and the degree of dispersion of nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (Wide and small‐angle X‐ray scattering), transmission optical microscopy (TOM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The increase of basal spacing of OMMT in the nanocomposites suggested the intercalation of SBS. The lamellar structure perfection was extensively affected by both OMMT. AFM images and TOM micrographs only showed well dispersed but not exfoliated nanocomposites. On the other hand, TEM showed inserted tactoids into both blocks depending on the surfactant used (stained samples) and the dispersion of those tactoids (unstained samples). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated only the presence of the OMMT into the SBS. Deviations of the decomposition pathway of pristine SBS with addition of the OMMT were found by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Properties of polymer light‐emitting diodes coated on surface‐treated ITO/glass substrates
Authors: Shin Sang‐Baie , Gong Su‐Cheol , Jang Ji‐Keun , Gong Myoung‐Seon , Chang Young‐Chul , Sun Yong‐Bin , Chang Ho‐Jung
Published: September 2008

We fabricated blue polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) with indium tin oxide (ITO)/PEDOT : PSS/PVK/PFO‐poss/LiF/Al structures. All of the organic film layers were prepared by the spin‐coating method on plasma and heat‐treated ITO/glass substrates. The dependences of the optical and electrical properties of the PLEDs on the plasma and heat treatment of the ITO film and the introduction of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) layer were investigated. The AFM measurements indicated that the surface roughness of the ITO transparent film was improved by the plasma and heat treatment. In the emission spectra, the intensity of the excimer peaks of the PFO‐poss [polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane‐terminated poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)] emission layer were decreased for the PLED device with the PVK film layer compared with the one without the PVK layer. The maximum current density, luminance and current efficiency of the PLEDs were found to be about 470 mA/cm2, 486 cd/m2 at an input voltage of 12 V and 0.55 cd/A at 100 cd/m2 in luminance, respectively. The color coordinates (CIE chart) of the blue PLEDs were in the range of x = 0.17 ∼ 0.20, y = 0.13 ∼ 0.16, and the peak emission spectrum was about 430 nm, showing a good blue color. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Amine functional chloroaniline acetaldehyde condensate‐modified epoxy networks
Authors: Maity T. , Samanta B. C. , Banthia A. K.
Published: September 2008

An investigation was carried out to modify the fracture toughness of cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) resin networks with amine functional chloroaniline acetaldehyde condensate (AFCAC) as toughening agent. The resulting networks displayed significantly improved fracture toughness. The AFCAC was synthesized by the condensation reaction of chloroaniline and acetaldehyde in the acid medium (pH‐4) and characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, and mole of primary and secondary amine analysis. The DGEBA and AFCAC were molecularly miscible but developed a two‐phase microstructure upon network formation. Epoxy/AFCAC compositions were systematically varied to study the effect of concentration on the impact, adhesive, tensile, and flexural properties of modified networks. The dynamic mechanical analysis and scanning electron microscopy studies showed two‐phase morphology in the cured networks where AFCAC particles were dispersed. The AFCAC‐modified epoxy network was thermally stable up to around 338°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Performance in a prematriculation gross anatomy course as a predictor of performance in medical school
Authors: Tucker Richard P.
Published: September 2008

The University of California at Davis School of Medicine offers a prematriculation program to nontraditional students. As part of the program, students take a 7‐day course on the gross anatomy of the upper limb that concludes with a written examination and a practical examination based on prosections. Here, the performance of students who took the course from 2002 to 2004 (n = 48) is compared with their performance in the medical gross anatomy course as well as their performance on Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Both rank in the prematriculation program's anatomy course and the score on the examination were correlated (significant at the 0.01 level) with performance on the medical gross anatomy midterm and final examinations, the overall final grade, and class rank. Performance in the prematriculation anatomy course was also correlated with the score on Step 1 of the USMLE (rank significant at the 0.02 level; examination score, significant at the 0.05 level). Students who took the prematriculation course who eventually withdrew, were dismissed for academic reasons, or who failed the first attempt at the Step 1 of the licensing exam (n = 5) had a significantly lower score (77.6 ± 11.1; P < 0.05) on the prematriculation examination than did successful prematriculation students (86.2 ± 7.9). Thus, a gross anatomy examination following a short prematriculation course can be a predictor not only of medical student performance in anatomy, but also of performance on a standardized licensing examination. Anat Sci Ed 1:224–227, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
The controversial 30 nm chromatin fibre
Authors: Staynov Dontcho Z.
Published: September 2008

DNA is packed as chromatin on several levels in the eukaryotic nucleus. Dissection of chromatin with nucleases produces three stable substructures: the nucleosome core particle, the chromatosome and the 30 nm fibre. Whilst the first two allow transcription, the 30 nm fibre is taken to be the first level of transcriptionally dormant chromatin and it has an important functional role in cell differentiation and epigenetic regulation. Its structure has been a subject of continuing discussion since native fibres cannot readily be crystallized. This problem has recently been addressed by reconstitution of fibres on repeats of DNA sequences having nucleosome‐positioning properties and two different structures were reported.1,2

The reconstitution results and their interpretations are compared in this review with experimental data from native chromatin and it is shown that the results of Robinson et al.2 conform well with the known structural features of native fibres and are a good first step towards understanding the structure of the fibre. BioEssays 30:1003–1009, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The art of community detection
Authors: Gulbahce Natali , Lehmann Sune
Published: September 2008

Networks in nature possess a remarkable amount of structure. Via a series of data‐driven discoveries, the cutting edge of network science has recently progressed from positing that the random graphs of mathematical graph theory might accurately describe real networks to the current viewpoint that networks in nature are highly complex and structured entities. The identification of high order structures in networks unveils insights into their functional organization. Recently, Clauset, Moore, and Newman,1 introduced a new algorithm that identifies such heterogeneities in complex networks by utilizing the hierarchy that necessarily organizes the many levels of structure. Here, we anchor their algorithm in a general community detection framework and discuss the future of community detection. BioEssays 30:934–938, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Of tacit knowledge, texts and thing‐based learning (TBL)
Authors: Rangachari P. K.
Published: September 2008

Practical knowledge has two dimensions‐ a visible, codified component that resembles the tip of an iceberg. The larger but crucial tacit component which lies submerged consists of values, procedures and tricks of the trade and cannot be easily documented or codified. Undergraduate science students were given an opportunity to explore this component through an inquiry‐based course.
A portable bioinformatics course for upper‐division undergraduate curriculum in sciences
Authors: Floriano Wely B.
Published: September 2008

This article discusses the challenges that bioinformatics education is facing and describes a bioinformatics course that is successfully taught at the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, to the fourth year undergraduate students in biological sciences, chemistry, and computer science. Information on lecture and computer practice topics, free for academic use software and web links required for the laboratory exercises and student surveys for two instances of the course, is presented. This course emphasizes hands‐on experience and focuses on developing practical skills while providing a solid knowledge base for critically applying these skills. It is designed in blocks of 1‐hour lecture followed by 2 hours of computer laboratory exercises, both covering the same general topic, for a total of 30 hours of lecture and 60 hours of computer practice. The heavy computational aspect of this course was designed to use a single multiprocessor computer server running Linux, accessible from laptops through Virtual Network Computing sessions. The laptops can be either provided by the institution or owned by the individual students. This configuration avoids the need to install and maintain bioinformatics software on each laptop. Only a single installation is required for most bioinformatics software on the Linux server. The content of this course and its software/hardware configuration are well suited for institutions with no dedicated computer laboratory. This author believes that the same model can be successfully implemented in other institutions, especially those who do not have a strong instructional computer technology support such as community colleges and small universities.
Biochemistry and molecular biology techniques for person characterization
Authors: Herrero Salvador , Ivorra Jose Luis , García‐Sogo Magdalena , Martínez‐Cortina Carmen
Published: September 2008

Using the traditional serological tests and the most novel techniques for DNA fingerprinting, forensic scientists scan different traits that vary from person to person and use the data to include or exclude suspects based on matching with the evidence obtained in a criminal case. Although the forensic application of these methods is well known, the procedures and techniques used to obtain these results are not so well studied. Here, we report a laboratory exercise aimed to familiarize the students in several of the methods and markers employed for people individualization. With this exercise, students have to characterize themselves and an unknown sample according to the following characteristics: ABO blood group, presence or absence of Y chromosome, and their polymorphism for a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). This exercise has been originally developed for students of the course “Techniques in Criminology” within the Bachelor of Criminology. Although the schedule and procedures have been addressed to students who are faced for their first time with a laboratory of molecular biology, the exercise can also be adapted to students in more specialized courses and studies.
Theoretical Study of the Human Bradykinin–Bradykinin B2 Receptor Complex
Authors: Gieldon Artur , Lopez Jakob J. , Glaubitz Clemens , Schwalbe Harald
Published: September 2008

The interaction of bradykinin (BK) with the bradykinin B2 receptor (B2R) was analyzed by using molecular modeling (MM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A homology model for B2R has been generated and the recently determined receptor‐bound solid‐state NMR spectroscopic structure of BK (Lopez et al.,Angew. Chem.2008,120, 1692–1695;Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47, 1668–1671) has been modeled into the binding pocket of the receptor to probe the putative ligand–receptor interface. The experimental hormone structure fitted well into the binding pocket of the receptor model and remained stable during the MD simulation. We propose a parallel orientation of the side chains for Arg1 and Arg9 in BK that is bound to B2R. The MD simulation study also allows the conformational changes that lead to the activated form of B2R to be analyzed. The hydrogen bond between N140 (3.35) and W283 (6.48) is the key interaction that keeps the receptor in its inactive form. This hydrogen bond is broken during the MD simulation due to rotation of transmembrane helix 3 (TM3) and is replaced by a new hydrogen bond between W283 (6.48) and N324 (7.45). We propose that this interaction is specific for the activated form of the bradykinin B2 receptor. Additionally, we compared and discussed our putative model in the context of the structural model of the partially activated rhodopsin (Rh*) and with the known biochemical and structural data.
Understanding the Two‐Step Spin‐Transition Phenomenon in Iron(II) 1D Chain Materials
Authors: Neville Suzanne M. , Leita Benjamin A. , Halder Gregory J. , Kepert Cameron J. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Létard Jean‐François , Murray Keith S.
Published: September 2008

Three analogous one dimensional (1D) polymeric iron(II) spin crossover (SCO) materials containing the new ligand 4,6‐bis(2′,2′′‐pyridyl)pyrazine (bdpp) have been comprehensively characterised magnetically (thermal and light‐induced) and structurally. Within this series are two polymorphs of the formula [Fe(NCS)2(bdpp)], 1 and 2 a, which differ magnetically in that phase 1 undergoes a full two‐step SCO (T1/2(1)=135 K and T1/2(2)=90 K) whereas phase 2 a remains high spin (HS) over all temperatures. The central distinction between these two materials lies in the presence of intermolecular π–π interactions generated by the crystal packing in 1, which are absent in 2 a. The isostructural selenocyanate analogue of 2 a, [Fe(NCSe)2(bdpp)], 2 b, undergoes a full two‐step SCO (T1/2(1)=200 K and T1/2(2)=125 K). Structural analyses of 1 and 2 b at a range of temperatures provide deep insight into their two‐step SCO nature. Structural analysis of 1 at 25 K (1LS–LS), 123 K (1LS–HS) and 250 K (1HS–HS) reveals two distinct iron(II) centres at each temperature, with ordered, alternating HS and LS (low spin) sites at the intermediate plateau (IP) temperatures. In contrast, structural analysis of 2 b at 90 K (2 bLS), 150 K (2 bLS/HS) and 250 K (2 bHS) reveals one unique iron(II) centre at each temperature with an “averaged” LS/HS character at the IP temperature. Weak planes of diffuse scattering in the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction patterns were observed for this phase at 90 and 150 K, indicating that 1D long range ordering of alternating HS/LS iron(II) centres occurs along the 1D coordination chains, but that there is no correlation between chains. The lack of observable diffuse scattering at 250 K suggests that the onset of the 1D structural ordering in the chain direction corresponds to the first step of the SCO and that this structural transition is electronically driven. The photomagnetic properties of both 1 and 2 b have been investigated and show ≈62 and 53 % photo‐excitation of a HS metastable state at low temperatures and T(LIESST) values of 55 and 49 K, respectively. Relaxation studies on the HS fraction in 2 b fitted well to a stretched exponential model with kinetic parameters indicative of weak cooperativity.
Phosphorescent Thymidine Triphosphate Sensor Based on a Donor–Acceptor Ensemble System using Intermolecular Energy Transfer
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Hyuk , Kim Hee Jin , Hong Jong‐In
Published: September 2008

An ensemble sensor system that exhibited selective luminescence enhancement upon binding to thymidine 5′‐triphosphate (TTP) in HEPES buffer over other nucleotides was developed. The ensemble system consisted of an energy acceptor (FIrpic–bis(Zn2+–dipicolylamine conjugate, FIrpic=bis[(4,6‐difluorophenyl)‐pyridinato‐N,C2+]picolinate) derivative) and an energy donor (mCP–Zn2+–cyclen, mCP=N,N′‐dicarbazolyl‐3,5‐benzene). Among the nucleotides, the selective recognition and luminescence enhancement for TTP was achieved by the strong binding of the thymine unit to Zn2+–cyclen (cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane) and intermolecular energy transfer between the mCP and FIrpic moieties.
Cooperativity between the β‐tubulin carboxy tail and the body of the molecule is required for microtubule function
Authors: Popodi Ellen M. , Hoyle Henry D. , Turner F. Rudolf , Raff Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2008

Using Drosophila spermatogenesis as a model, we show that function of the β‐tubulin C‐terminal tail (CTT) is not independent of the body of the molecule. For optimal microtubule function, the β‐tubulin CTT and body must match. β2 is the only β‐tubulin used in meiosis and spermatid differentiation. β1‐tubulin is used in basal bodies, but β1 cannot replace β2. However, when β1 is co‐expressed with β2, both β‐tubulins are equally incorporated into all microtubules, and males exhibit near wild type fertility. In contrast, co‐expression of β2β1C and β1β2C, two reciprocal chimeric molecules with bodies and tails swapped, results in defects in meiosis, cytoskeletal microtubules, and axonemes; males produce few functional sperm and few or no progeny. In these experiments, all the same β‐tubulin parts are present, but unlike the co‐assembled native β‐tubulins, the “trans” configuration of the co‐assembled chimeras is poorly functional. Our data thus reveal essential intra‐molecular interactions between the CTT and other parts of the β‐tubulin molecule, even though the CTT is a flexible surface feature of tubulin heterodimers and microtubules. In addition, we show that Drosophila sperm tail length depends on the total tubulin pool available for axoneme assembly and spermatid elongation. D. melanogaster and other Drosophila species have extraordinarily long sperm tails, the length of which is remarkably constant in wild type flies. We show that in males of experimental genotypes that express wild type tubulins but have half the amount of the normal tubulin pool size, sperm tails are substantially shorter than wild type. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The process of negotiations
Authors: Haynes John M.
Published: September 2008

What steps are common to all negotiations?
Practice notes: There is more to it than training
Authors: Zeigler Ruth Ann
Published: September 2008

This chapter describes how a training program for mediation was organized.