bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimum Tower Crane Selection and Supporting Design Management
Authors: Sohn Hyo Won , Hong Won Kee , Lee Donghoon , Lim Chae-Yeon , Wang Xiangyu , Kim Sunkuk
Published: August 2014

To optimize tower crane selection and supporting design, lifting requirements (as well as stability) should be examined, followed by a review of economic feasibility. However, construction engineers establish plans based on data provided by equipment suppliers since there are no tools with which to thoroughly examine a support design's suitability for various crane types, and such plans lack the necessary supporting data. In such cases it is impossible to optimize a tower crane selection to satisfy lifting requirements in terms of cost, and to perform lateral support and foundation design. Thus, this study is intended to develop an optimum tower crane selection and supporting design management method based on stability. All cases that are capable of generating an optimization of approximately 3,000 ˜ 15,000 times are calculated to identify the candidate cranes with minimized cost, which are examined. The optimization method developed in the study is expected to support engineers in determining the optimum lifting equipment management.
Securing a Wireless Site Network to Create a BIM-Allied Work-Front
Authors: Zekavat Payam R. , Moon Sungkon , Bernold Leonhard E.
Published: August 2014

The Building Information Model (BIM) serves as a framework to align all the project-related data, providing interoperability to store and retrieve information interactively. Unfortunately, the construction site itself is excluded from this interaction as the large amount of data requires high data transfer rates and ruggedized hardware. However, advanced wireless communication technologies open radically new avenues to relay large amounts of data automatically and in near real-time. Construction could be a key beneficiary of these advancements. Wireless communication integrated with BIM, GPS and the Internet is able to provide the backbone necessary for creating intelligent systems, supporting the designer in his or her office as well as workers on the work-front. This paper presents a study that documents the development and testing of prototypes designed to facilitate information sharing at the field-level during construction. The main system constitutes an information hub, called the eCKiosk, connecting “senders and receivers” both on-site as well as off-site. The system design is discussed and some of the main modules are demonstrated. Since the electronic Kiosk depends on robust connections to the wireless devices distributed across the site, reliable connectivity is essential. For this reason, the discussion includes a study of the electronic signals behaviour in an ever-changing construction site. Measurements of the signal strengths during excavation and concrete work are presented and compared with theoretical calculations used to predict wave propagation. The results show how present models overestimate signal attenuation patterns on the construction site. This is important for designing a reliable and secure wireless site networks to link BIM to the work-front.
A Framework for BIM-Enabled Life-Cycle Information Management of Construction Project
Authors: Xu Xun , Ma Ling , Ding Lieyun
Published: August 2014

BIM has been widely used in project management, but on the whole the applications have been scattered and the BIM models have not been deployed throughout the whole project life-cycle. Each participant builds their own BIM, so there is a major problem in how to integrate these dynamic and fragmented data together. In order to solve this problem, this paper focuses on BIM-based life-cycle information management and builds a framework for BIM-enabled life-cycle information management. To organize the life-cycle information well, the information components and information flow during the project life-cycle are defined. Then, the application of BIM in life-cycle information management is analysed. This framework will provide a unified platform for information management and ensure data integrity.
A 6D CAD Model for the Automatic Assessment of Building Sustainability
Authors: Yung Ping , Wang Xiangyu
Published: August 2014

Current building assessment methods limit themselves in their environmental impact by failing to consider the other two aspects of sustainability: the economic and the social. They tend to be complex and costly to run, and therefore are of limited value in comparing design options. This paper proposes and develops a model for the automatic assessment of a building's sustainability life cycle with the building information modelling (BIM) approach and its enabling technologies. A 6D CAD model is developed which could be used as a design aid instead of as a post-construction evaluation tool. 6D CAD includes 3D design as well as a fourth dimension (schedule), a fifth dimension (cost) and a sixth dimension (sustainability). The model can automatically derive quantities (5D), calculate economic (5D and 6D), environmental and social impacts (6D), and evaluate the sustainability performance of alternative design options. The sustainability assessment covers the life cycle stages of a building, namely material production, construction, operation, maintenance, demolition and disposal.
Benefits of Building Information Modelling in the Project Lifecycle: Construction Projects in Asia
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Ying , Wang Xiangyu , Luo Hanbin , Kang Shih-Chung , Wang Jun , Guo Jun , Jiao Yi
Published: August 2014

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process involving the creation and management of objective data with property, unique identity and relationship. In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, BIM is adopted a lot in the lifecycle of buildings because of the high integration of information that it enables. Four-dimensional (4D) computer-aided design (CAD) has been adopted for many years to improve the construction planning process. BIM is adopted throughout buildings' lifecycles, in design, construction and operation. This paper presents five large-scale public and financial projects that adopt BIM in the design, construction and operational phases. Different uses of BIM are compared and contrasted in the context of the separate backgrounds. It is concluded that productivity is improved where BIM is used to enable easy sharing and integration of information and convenient collaboration.
A Project-Based Quantification of BIM Benefits
Authors: Li Jian , Hou Lei , Wang Xiangyu , Wang Jun , Guo Jun , Zhang Shaohua , Jiao Yi
Published: August 2014

In the construction industry, research is being carried out to look for feasible methods and technologies to cut down project costs and waste. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is certainly currently a promising technology/method that can achieve this. The output of the construction industry has a considerable scale; however, the concentration of the industry and the level of informatization are still not high. There is still a large gap in terms of productivity between the construction industry and other industries. Due to the lack of first-hand data regarding how much of an effect can be genuinely had by BIM in real cases, it is unrealistic for construction stakeholders to take the risk of widely adopting BIM. This paper focuses on the methodological quantification (through a case study approach) of BIM's benefits in building construction resource management and real-time costs control, in contrast to traditional non-BIM technologies. Through the use of BIM technology for the dynamic querying and statistical analysis of construction schedules, engineering, resources and costs, the three implementations considered demonstrate how BIM can facilitate the comprehensive grasp of a project's implementation and progress, identify and solve the contradictions and conflicts between construction resources and costs controls, reduce project over-spends and protect the supply of resources.
A Reconfiguration Control Scheme for a Quadrotor Helicopter via Combined Multiple Models
Authors: Chen Fuyang , Wu Qingbo , Tao Gang , Jiang Bin
Published: August 2014

In this paper, an optimal reconfiguration control scheme is proposed for a quadrotor helicopter with actuator faults via adaptive control and combined multiple models. The combined models set contains several fixed models, an adaptive model and a reinitialized adaptive model. The fixed models and the adaptive model can describe the failure system under different fault conditions. Moreover, the proposed reinitialized adaptive model refers to the closest model of the current system and can improve the speed of convergence effectively. In addition, the reference model is designed in consideration of an optimal control performance index and the principle of the minimum cost to achieve perfect tracking performance. Finally, some simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration control scheme for faulty cases.
Recherche de compromis entre efficience, équité et protection des sols : un cas d’étude tunisien
Authors: El Amami Hacib , Bachta Mohamed Salah
Published: August 2014

Dans l’objectif de réduire l’érosion et d’améliorer le revenu de la population locale, un programme d'aménagement intégré comportant des ouvrages anti-érosifs et de collecte des eaux de ruissellement est actuellement mis en oeuvre à l’amont du bassin versant de Merguellil, situé au centre de la Tunisie et fermé par le barrage d’El Houareb. À l’aval du bassin se développe un large périmètre irrigué à partir d’une nappe d’eau souterraine alimentée par les écoulements provenant de l’amont et stockés par le barrage. Ce programme a entraîné une nouvelle distribution spatiale de la ressource en eau à l'échelle du bassin, en augmentant sa disponibilité à l'amont et en la réduisant à l'aval. Il en résulte que le revenu économique tiré de l’agriculture irriguée a été fortement affecté, ce qui conduit à la nécessité de cibler le niveau de réduction de l’érosion des sols. En utilisant le modèle Target MOTAD, ce travail a simulé l’impact de différents scénarios de réduction de l’érosion à l’amont sur l'amélioration du revenu social de la population locale et l’évolution du revenu économique des agriculteurs dans la plaine. Les scénarios simulés consistent à réduire l’érosion de 25 %, 50 % et 75 %.Les résultats obtenus montrent que tous les scénarios entraînent des gains de revenu pour la population de l’amont. Par contre, ils se traduisent par une perte du revenu des agriculteurs à la plaine qui devient particulièrement considérable au-delà du scénario de 50 %. Le revenu global dégagé à l’échelle du bassin (amont et aval) décroît lui aussi avec le niveau de la protection des sols, ce qui signifie que les gains obtenus à l’amont n’ont compensé que partiellement les pertes subies à l’aval.
Le paradoxe de la catégorisation discursive. Le cas de la co-construction des discours publicitaires et antipub
Authors: Kunert Stéphanie
Published: August 2014

L’analyse de discours suppose un geste préliminaire de catégorisation donnant lieu à des typologies discursives variées, permettant d’extraire du bruit du monde des corpus à analyser. Les phénomènes de circulation discursive et l’interdiscursivité impliquent cependant, qu’au-delà du geste initial de compartimentation nécessaire pour l’analyse, les discours sociaux participent les uns des autres, remettant parfois en cause les types ou genres de discours servant à l’analyse. Partant de ce paradoxe, on propose une réflexion sur la circulation discursive et les processus de re-signification interdiscursifs, qu’on illustrera en trois exemples concrets de croisement, friction, et co-construction de deux sphères de discours antagonistes que sont les discours publicitaires et les discours militants « antipub » en France, à l’époque contemporaine. Cela nous mènera à considérer l’analyse de discours non plus de façon architecturale et typologique mais comme une vaste trame de fils en interaction.
Critique de la raison rhétorique. Pour une analyse heuristique du discours
Authors: Akue Adotevi Mawusse Kpakpo
Published: August 2014

Ce texte répond à l’interrogation principale suivante : si l’on considère la nouvelle rhétorique comme champ paradigmatique de l’analyse du discours, alors sur quoi repose-t-elle comme principe qui l’oriente et qui en justifie la pertinence heuristique ? L’on commence d’abord par montrer que la nouvelle rhétorique est le paradigme qui convient à l’analyse du discours. Ensuite, l’on évalue la pertinence heuristique de la nouvelle rhétorique en révélant l’insuffisance du principe de raison élargie qui la sous-tend. Ce qui permet d’envisager un concept autre de raison qui permette une analyse véritablement descriptive des pratiques discursives.
De la consistance du Discours
Authors: Ramognino Nicole
Published: August 2014

Ce texte a pour objectif de montrer l’intérêt, sinon la nécessité, pour les sciences sociales, d’appréhender le discours en tant qu’un objet parmi d’autres et par conséquent susceptible d’être découpé, déconstruit et analysé de manière positive. En effet, la « matérialité linguistique » du discours est tout à la fois consistante et opaque, et l’analyste a besoin d’outils techniques (linguistiques, narratologiques, stylistiques, informatiques, etc.) pour en rendre compte. Nous avons présenté un rapide aperçu des traditions divergentes, anglo-saxonnes et linguistiques d’analyse du discours, puis leur intérêt commun pour sa « matérialité ». Nous avons ensuite présenté quelques outils d’analyse, pour enfin dans une troisième partie, réintroduire le choix de ces outils en fonction des disciplines et des objectifs du chercheur.
Pertinence du tutorat comme dispositif d’accompagnement du repreneur individuel après la reprise. Une étude empirique à l’échelle européenne
Authors: Thevenard-Puthod Catherine , Picard Christian , Chollet Barthélemy
Published: August 2014

Si l’accompagnement entrepreneurial est un champ de recherche en croissance, il existe encore peu de travaux sur l’accompagnement « repreneurial ». Cet article s’intéresse donc à la spécificité des besoins des repreneurs en matière d’accompagnement post-reprise et aux formes que cet accompagnement peut prendre. S’appuyant sur un projet test réalisé à l’échelle européenne sur un échantillon de 889 reprises, les auteurs confirment empiriquement la pertinence du tutorat comme forme particulière d’accompagnement dans cette phase délicate. Ils montrent ensuite dans quels types de situation et pour quels types de repreneur un tutorat s’avère le plus bénéfique.
L’influence du statut social et de la réputation à l’international sur la capacité à exporter : le cas des propriétés viticoles bordelaises
Authors: Barthélemy Jérôme
Published: August 2014

La littérature sur l’exportation a souvent utilisé la théorie des ressources. Toutefois, elle a négligé deux ressources susceptibles d’influencer la capacité à exporter : le statut social et la réputation à l’international. Les résultats d’une étude menée dans le vignoble bordelais montrent qu’un statut social élevé et une bonne réputation à l’international améliorent la capacité à exporter. Ils indiquent également que moins le statut social est élevé, plus l’intensité de la relation entre la réputation à l’international et la capacité à exporter est forte.
Family Firms and the Choice of Payment Method in Domestic and International Acquisitions
Authors: Bouzgarrou Houssam , Navatte Patrick
Published: August 2014

This paper investigates the impact of family control on domestic and international acquisition’s payment. This effect is important to understand since it will underpin all the future financial flexibility of the merged firms in a context of accelerating international market integration. We find that the percentage of cash payment in acquisitions is positively associated with family voting rights, but we highlight that family wedge is negatively associated with cash payment, which indicates the important role of control-enhancing mechanisms. Dilution risk is crucial at an intermediate level of control, since this relationship is nonlinear. Moreover, we show that both unused debt capacity and the increase in debt capacity are used by family firms to finance the relevant deals, but that these firms become overleveraged after merging, losing some financial flexibility in exchange for equity control purposes.
Formation et difficultés de fonctionnement des équipes successorales : une analyse fondée sur deux études de cas exploratoires et longitudinales
Authors: Thevenard-Puthod Catherine
Published: August 2014

La transmission d’une entreprise à une équipe de successeurs est un sujet peu étudié en entrepreneuriat, que ce soit dans la littérature sur la transmission d’entreprise ou dans celle consacrée aux équipes d’entrepreneurs. En se basant sur l’étude longitudinale de deux cas de successions, cet article apporte des connaissances sur le lien entre le mode de constitution de ces équipes et les difficultés qu’elles rencontrent ensuite. Il met en relief l’influence forte du cédant sur le déroulement de ce type particulier de succession et recense ainsi trois facteurs qui s’avèrent être des sources de dysfonctionnements importants pour ces équipes.
Capital social de l’entreprise familiale et succession entrepreneuriale : une approche théorique
Authors: Coeurderoy Régis , Lwango Albert B.R.
Published: August 2014

L’approche classique de la théorie de l’agence assimile l’entreprise familiale à la figure simple du propriétaire-manager pour qui n’existent pas les conflits d’intérêt. Des travaux récents ont montré qu’il s’agit en réalité d’une forme organisationnelle plus complexe, construite autour du réseau que constitue la famille et qui repose sur la figure de l’entrepreneur fondateur. Nous expliquons d’un point de vue théorique comment une phase de succession peut introduire des variations dans les équilibres familiaux qui sont susceptibles d’éroder ce capital familial et d’estomper les avantages initialement associés. Nous en déduisons des implications managériales et des perspectives pour les recherches futures.
La veuve : une partie prenante méconnue dans la transmission des entreprises familiales
Authors: Robic Paulette , Antheaume Nicolas
Published: August 2014

Cet article cherche à comprendre pourquoi certaines épouses reprennent la direction de l’entreprise familiale suite au décès de leur mari. Il aborde d’abord cette question à partir de l’histoire d’une veuve-entrepreneure du XXesiècle. Une deuxième partie sort de la singularité du cas à travers une étude historique sur trois siècles et souligne l’importance du phénomène étudié. Une dernière partie identifie, dans ce qui précède, quatre facteurs explicatifs : le droit, la nécessité économique, les conflits familiaux, les compétences acquises à l’ombre du mari. La conclusion présente les implications managériales de cette recherche.
Methylation of histone H3K23 blocks DNA damage in pericentric heterochromatin during meiosis
Authors: Papazyan Romeo , Voronina Ekaterina , Chapman Jessica R , Luperchio Teresa R , Gilbert Tonya M , Meier Elizabeth , Mackintosh Samuel G , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Tackett Alan J , Reddy Karen L , Coyne Robert S , Hunt Donald F , Liu Yifan , Taverna Sean D
Published: August 2014

Despite the well-established role of heterochromatin in protecting chromosomal integrity during meiosis and mitosis, the contribution and extent of heterochromatic histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs) remain poorly defined. Here, we gained novel functional insight about heterochromatic PTMs by analyzing histone H3 purified from the heterochromatic germline micronucleus of the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Mass spectrometric sequencing of micronuclear H3 identified H3K23 trimethylation (H3K23me3), a previously uncharacterized PTM. H3K23me3 became particularly enriched during meiotic leptotene and zygotene in germline chromatin of Tetrahymena and C. elegans. Loss of H3K23me3 in Tetrahymena through deletion of the methyltransferase Ezl3p caused mislocalization of meiosis-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to heterochromatin, and a decrease in progeny viability. These results show that an evolutionarily conserved developmental pathway regulates H3K23me3 during meiosis, and our studies in Tetrahymena suggest this pathway may function to protect heterochromatin from DSBs.
How lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) activates Torsin
Authors: Sosa Brian A , Demircioglu F Esra , Chen James Z , Ingram Jessica , Ploegh Hidde L , Schwartz Thomas U
Published: August 2014

Lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1) resides at the nuclear envelope and interacts with Torsins, poorly understood endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized AAA+ ATPases, through a conserved, perinuclear domain. We determined the crystal structure of the perinuclear domain of human LAP1. LAP1 possesses an atypical AAA+ fold. While LAP1 lacks canonical nucleotide binding motifs, its strictly conserved arginine 563 is positioned exactly where the arginine finger of canonical AAA+ ATPases is found. Based on modeling and electron microscopic analysis, we propose that LAP1 targets Torsin to the nuclear envelope by forming an alternating, heterohexameric (LAP1-Torsin)3 ring, in which LAP1 acts as the Torsin activator. The experimental data show that mutation of arginine 563 in LAP1 reduces its ability to stimulate TorsinA ATPase hydrolysis. This knowledge may help scientists understand the etiology of DYT1 primary dystonia, a movement disorder caused by a single glutamate deletion in TorsinA.
A molecular mechanism of mitotic centrosome assembly in Drosophila
Authors: Conduit Paul T , Richens Jennifer H , Wainman Alan , Holder James , Vicente Catarina C , Pratt Metta B , Dix Carly I , Novak Zsofia A , Dobbie Ian M , Schermelleh Lothar , Raff Jordan W
Published: August 2014

Centrosomes comprise a pair of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM). The PCM expands dramatically as cells enter mitosis, but it is unclear how this occurs. In this study, we show that the centriole protein Asl initiates the recruitment of DSpd-2 and Cnn to mother centrioles; both proteins then assemble into co-dependent scaffold-like structures that spread outwards from the mother centriole and recruit most, if not all, other PCM components. In the absence of either DSpd-2 or Cnn, mitotic PCM assembly is diminished; in the absence of both proteins, it appears to be abolished. We show that DSpd-2 helps incorporate Cnn into the PCM and that Cnn then helps maintain DSpd-2 within the PCM, creating a positive feedback loop that promotes robust PCM expansion around the mother centriole during mitosis. These observations suggest a surprisingly simple mechanism of mitotic PCM assembly in flies.
Recognition of tumor cells by Dectin-1 orchestrates innate immune cells for anti-tumor responses
Authors: Chiba Shiho , Ikushima Hiroaki , Ueki Hiroshi , Yanai Hideyuki , Kimura Yoshitaka , Hangai Sho , Nishio Junko , Negishi Hideo , Tamura Tomohiko , Saijo Shinobu , Iwakura Yoichiro , Taniguchi Tadatsugu
Published: August 2014

The eradication of tumor cells requires communication to and signaling by cells of the immune system. Natural killer (NK) cells are essential tumor-killing effector cells of the innate immune system; however, little is known about whether or how other immune cells recognize tumor cells to assist NK cells. Here, we show that the innate immune receptor Dectin-1 expressed on dendritic cells and macrophages is critical to NK-mediated killing of tumor cells that express N-glycan structures at high levels. Receptor recognition of these tumor cells causes the activation of the IRF5 transcription factor and downstream gene induction for the full-blown tumoricidal activity of NK cells. Consistent with this, we show exacerbated in vivo tumor growth in mice genetically deficient in either Dectin-1 or IRF5. The critical contribution of Dectin-1 in the recognition of and signaling by tumor cells may offer new insight into the anti-tumor immune system with therapeutic implications.
Intelligentized Interception type Separation And Recycle equipment for oil spillage
Authors: Gan Xian
Published: August 2014

This text introduce interception oil-remove new technology developed by Nanjing bidun environmental protection technology Co., Ltd and the equipment “International No.1” used for offshore spilled oil treatment. This equipment adopt interception oil-removal technology, can separate and purify oil-water on site, recycle spilled oil with high quality and speed, meanwhile let the sewage discharge reaching the required standard. This treatment technology is pure physical process without any chemical, so will not cause secondary pollution. Offshore spilled oil treatment equipment”International No.1” can recycle spilled oil as original quality, application range is wide, from crude oil to light oil, and all mineral oil. It applies to oil content from trace to 100 percent; oil gathering concentration ≥95%, oil content of effluent ≤5mg/L. This equipment also has characteristics of small volume and low energy consumption. This equipment was highly evaluated by PCT, and get invention patent license of America, Russia and South Korea, also obtained the "Certificate of Type Approval " issued by IMO and China Classification Society.
Visualizing Hydrodynamic Uncertainty in Operational Oil Spill Modeling
Authors: Hou Xianlong , Hodges Ben R.
Published: August 2014

A new method is presented to provide automatic sequencing of multiple hydrodynamic models and automated analysis of model forecast uncertainty on a Linux based multi-processor workstation. A Hydrodynamic and oil spill model Python (HyosPy) wrapper was developed to run a sequence of hydrodynamic models, link with an oil spill model, and visualize results. HyosPy completes the following steps automatically: (1) downloads wind and tide data (nowcast, forecast and historical); (2) converts data to hydrodynamic model input; (3) initializes a sequence of hydrodynamic models starting at predefined intervals on a multi-processor workstation. Each model starts from the latest observed data, so that the multiple models provide a range of forecast hydrodynamics with different initial and boundary conditions reflecting different forecast horizons. The GNOME oil spill model and a Runge-Kutta 4th order (RK4) particle transport tracer routine are applied for oil spill transport simulation. As an advanced visualization strategy, the Google Maps/Earth GIS API is employed. The HyosPy integrated system with wind and tide force is demonstrated by introducing an imaginary oil spill in Corpus Christi Bay. The model forecast uncertainty is estimated by the difference between forecasts in the sequenced model runs and quantified by using simple statistical processing. This research show that challenges in operational oil spill modeling can be met by leveraging existing models and web-visualization methods to provide tools for emergency managers.
Dispersive Performance of Underwater Injection of Dispersant to Heavy Fuel Oil
Authors: Hara Shoichi , Miyata Osamu , Majima Takahiro , Ono Masao , Shirota Hideyuki , Kagemoto Hiroshi
Published: August 2014

The National Maritime Research Institute started 5 year research project on the establishment of synthetic countermeasures against the discharge of oil and hazardous fluid substance from 2011 to 2015. The main purpose of this project is to produce the tool for the environmental risk assessment of the oil discharge from vessels which sank due to the marine accident. The element technologies as the counter-measure against the discharged oil will also be developed in the project.

The element technology as sub-surface application of dispersant for counter-measures will be introduced at the poster session. The first large-scale application has been carried out during the Deepwater Horizon incident in gulf of Mexico in 2010. The experimental set-up consists of rectangular water tank (0.8m×0.8m×3.0m) connected to the oil tank and dispersant tank. The heavy fuel oil was used. Both oil and mixed sample of oil and dispersant have been discharged from the nozzle into the water tank. The video for the behavior of oil and mixed sample has been analyzed by defining the concentration of black and white color. The video has been taken by the high resolution camera. The concentration of 8 different steps between black and white was set in the analysis. The dispersed oil has particular color when dispersed in water and too much dispersant becomes clouded because the dispersant reacts to water. The concentration change has been related with the dispersive performance. The rising-up velocity was also analyzed by PIV (Particle Image Velocity) method so as to ensure the effect of the dispersive performance. The distribution of oil droplets has also been measured and analyzed.

The various percentage of dispersant has been compounded into mixed heavy fuel oil. 1%, 5% and 10% dispersant oil ratio (DOR) has been tried in the experiment. The dispersive area and rising-up velocity after injection of both oil and mixed sample have been compared among them. The dispersive area and rising-up velocity due to difference of DOR has been discriminated. Those parameters can be an index of evaluating the dispersive performance.
OSRI Research on Arctic Oil Spill Topics
Authors: Pegau W. Scott
Published: August 2014

The Oil Spill Recovery Institute funds research, education, and demonstration projects designed to respond to, and understand the effects of, oil spills in the Arctic and sub-Arctic marine environment. Funding is guided by a research plan that includes goals of Understanding, Responding, Informing, and Partnering. Several projects have been supported over the past few years related to oil spills in the Arctic.

These efforts include development of remote sensing technologies, mechanical clean up methods, understanding of the biodegradation potential, and support of workshops and guidelines. This poster provides a brief description of work supported in the past.

We also want to examine priorities for funding in the future. The primary areas of interest are detection technologies and improving spill response in the ice environment. We are seeking input on topics of importance for OSRI funding and potential partners for supporting projects of mutual interest.
When Oil is the Lesser of Two Evils: Comparative Risk of the Shipwreck EMPIRE KNIGHT
Authors: Rosiu Cornell , Lehmann Stephen , Sherry David , Briggs Wyman , Blanchard Peter
Published: August 2014

When Oil is the Lesser of Two Evils: Comparative Risk of the Shipwreck EMPIRE KNIGHT Cornell J. Rosiu, First Coast Guard District - Incident Management, 408 Atlantic Ave, Boston MA 02110Stephen M. Lehmann, NOAA - Office of Response and Restoration, 10 George St, #220, Lowell, MA 01852David M. Sherry, Center for Law and Military Operations, Charlottesville, VA 22903Wyman W. Briggs, USCG - Sector Northern New England, 259 High St, South Portland, ME 04106Peter J. Blanchard, Maine DEP – Div. of Response Services, #17 State House Station, Augusta, ME 04333At the height of WWII in February of 1944, the 428-ft British ship EMPIRE KNIGHT ran aground on Boon Island Ledge off York, Maine during a storm. It broke in two and sank with the stern section in 243-ft of water where it remains today. Her hull contained 10,000-bbls of diesel fuel oil, military tank and locomotive parts, 5-in cannon shells and 16,000-lbs of elemental mercury stored in 221 glass and steel carboys. This poster summarizes the wreck disposition and its environmental assessment and ongoing monitoring. In 1993, the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) oversaw an emergency removal of 1,200-lbs elemental mercury through a hole cut in stern cargo hold #5 representing <10% of the cargo of elemental mercury. Much of the mercury is assumed to have migrated to the lower portion of the shipwreck beneath a cargo of military hardware and live ammunition. Since much of the mercury is believed to remain on-site, a permanent safety zone was established in 1995 within a 1000-yd radius prohibiting activities such as commercial salvage that could spread contamination. Mercury is a priority pollutant that accumulates in marine life and can bio-magnify in the environment. Results of bio-monitoring in 1998, 2004 and 2012 using blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) supported previous findings and indicated mercury does not pose unacceptable risk to human health or the environment. Moreover, average concentrations of mercury across the three years are less than averages in mussels sampled from 2007 to 2009 in areas of the Gulf of Maine coast that have no known point source of mercury contamination. NOAA ranked EMPIRE KNIGHT 12th among 13 RULET shipwrecks in USCG District 1 with “medium” risk of oil discharge. Disturbing the wreck to recover oil onboard has the potential to spread contamination and make the mercury more bioavailable.
Risk Assessment and Emergency Response of Oil Spill for Offshore Oil Activity
Authors: Lyu Yan , Yang Yong , Wei Wenpu , An Wei
Published: August 2014

With the greatly development in offshore gas and oil activity in China, the potential risk of oil spill attract more public attentions. In order to effectively limit the spilling incidence and bring it under control, it is necessary to establish a risk assessment model for offshore petroleum activity and prepare the oil spill response resource in an effective way. In this paper, a quantified risk assessment model, including the spill probability and consequence assessment, was developed using fuzzy comprehensive method. The spill probability assessment was established with view of the operative manual and statistic leakage/damage data of different kinds of offshore petroleum facilities and operation; the consequence assessment was proposed to several factors including the spilling volume, property of spilled oil, spilling location and the elements of spilling detection and controlling capability of operator. Based on the result from risk assessment, we can identify the comprehensive spill risk level (low, ALARP, high) and make a decision whether the response resource allocated to the site could be enough. The multiply oil spill response devices and facilities, especially the oil recovery vessel, were largely used in China and will be expand in future.
Shell Deep Water Exploration Drilling, the Sail and Drill Concept
Authors: Southworth Justina , Fjogstad Jostein
Published: August 2014

The Shell Sail and Drill project is a 5 year exploration campaign, capable of operating in all ice-free waters. This multi-region project initiated in 2012, will commence first drilling operations in September 2013. The unique challenges of developing robust preparedness over multiple geographic locations, multiple business units and multiple operators are examined further in this paper. The Sail and Drill project has proactively challenged the conventional approach to oil spill contingency planning. It provides a multi-region integrated suite of emergency response documents. The OSCP delivers the core contingency planning for the drillship and accompanying support vessels These core global documents allow for full buy-in and understanding from the Shell business units involved. This is then supplemented by a wider location-specific plan which addresses oil spill response from strategic management through to operational work activities. Through a series of exercises and workshops, the Sail and Drill OSCP has expanded in remit. This has been achieved by working closely with multiple business units encouraging buy-in to the preparedness planning process across the project. The risks of operating in multiple locations are recognized in the OSCP. Mitigation measures include a comprehensive equipment package, which retains full redundancy and maximum flexibility. This is achieved by providing a robust offshore response capability supplemented by targeted shoreline response packages. Flexibility is achieved by having an equipment selection which covers a wide range of oil types and response site terrains. The structure of the packages provides a roaming offshore package in addition to a pair of enhanced shoreline response packages, capable of leap frogging from location to location. Redundancy is achieved by having sufficient equipment located in-country and in areas of future operations simultaneously. This allows personnel in the new operating locations to become fully competent with the equipment prior to drilling activities commencing. This is supported by a full equipment training and maintenance programme over the duration of the campaign. Over the years, OSRL as an industry operated body has been involved in a wide range of preparedness and response activities, from a large number of operators across the globe. The new approach adopted by the Sail and Drill campaign is unique and offers a new benchmark for all future preparedness and planning.
MODELING OIL SPILL CONTAINMENT IN COASTAL AREAS
Authors: Campbell Rose , Muttin Frédéric , Fernandes Rodrigo , Pinto Ligia , Franz Guilherme
Published: August 2014

Floating oil containment booms represent an important part of contingency plans developed to protect sensitive shorelines and/or coastal infrastructure. These booms can however fail to effectively contain oil if improperly deployed or used during unfavorable conditions. Modeling the use of booms using different realistic scenarios can help both improve the understanding and reduce the occurrence of boom failure due to oil leakage or boom submersion. Our project is focused on improvements of shoreline defenses against marine pollution (ISDAMP) and is funded by the Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (European Commission). In order to guide planners or responders to select effective boom positions, a numerical model was developed. A high resolution integrated numerical modeling approach was implemented including a 3D hydrodynamic model, an oil dispersion model (MOHID) and a wave model (WW3). Additionally, a 3D finite-element model of the booms typically used in coastal areas (BAR3D) was developed. The originality of this approach lies in the use of a small scale (100m) resolution hydrodynamic model to apply force on a 3D boom in realistic conditions.
Characterizing the Deep Sea Benthic Foraminifera Impact and Response to the Deepwater Horizon Blowout in the Northeastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Schwing P.T. , Romero I.C. , Brooks G.R. , Hastings D.W. , Larson R.A. , Hollander D.J.
Published: August 2014

Sediment cores were collected from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico to assess changes in deep-sea benthic foraminifera related to the Deepwater Horizon blowout, which occurred from April to July of 2010. Short-lived radioisotope geochronology (210Pb and 234Th) and organic geochemical toxicity assessments were also made to relate changes in sediment accumulation rate and sediment toxicity levels with benthic foraminifera. Cores collected in December 2010 indicate a community-wide event characterized by a decrease in concentration and benthic foraminifera mass accumulation rate (BFMAR) in the surface 10 mm relative to the down-core mean in all benthic foraminifera. Cores collected in February 2011 document a site-specific response and possible community recovery. In the site closer to the wellhead (45 NM, NE) there is evidence of a recovery in the benthic foraminifera community in both the concentrations and BFMAR. However, the site farther afield (60 NM, NE) records a continued depletion event characterized by a further decrease in benthic foraminifera concentrations and BFMAR down to zero values. Among the many questions to address, [(1) the mechanism for the decline (anoxia, hydrocarbon toxicity, etc.), (2) the trophic implications and (3) the spatial extent of the decline] perhaps the most important is the determination of recovery time for the system. Further analysis of benthic foraminifera abundance from cores collected after February 2011 (September 2011 and August 2012) will address the pressing issue of how long it will take for the benthic communities to recover from an event such as the Deepwater Horizon blowout. The records of benthic foraminifera abundance coupled with short-lived radionuclide geochronology and organic geochemical toxicity has shown to be effective in documenting and quantifying the benthic community response and will continue to be a valuable tool in determining the long-term effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil blowout on a larger spatial scale.
Understanding Chemical Pollution at Sea
Authors: Laflamme André , Lamoureux Josée , Quintin Karen , Le Floch Stéphane
Published: August 2014

Today, the internet has become a key method of communication. Young generations, as well as the wider public, now use smartphones and tablets on a daily basis to find information and gain understanding in different fields. With this as a backdrop, the Center of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution (Cedre) and Transport Canada naturally decided to pursue their collaboration by developing a website devoted to the issue of chemical pollution at sea. In 2011, a learning guide was released on chemical pollution at sea composed of 2 posters and a booklet. This learning package is intended for 12 to 18-year-olds and their teachers, but also for journalists, those potentially involved in spill response and the general public. This website (www.chemical-pollution.com) is divided into six major sections: an introduction to chemistry and a few examples of its uses; different aspects of shipping, such as the types of ships used and regulations; the main sources of chemical pollution at sea; spill prevention and preparedness; the different response techniques, systematically illustrated with examples of past incidents; the impact on human health, the environment and the economy. This interactive website features a series of original animations. Users can, for instance, discover the organization of a port terminal, view the behavior of different chemicals, and understand techniques used to respond to a spill of bulk cargo. A quiz, with different levels of difficulty, offers users the chance to test their knowledge on this theme. A character named Phosphacola accompanies younger users on a journey to follow a chemical from its extraction to its end use, presenting its transport across the world's oceans and the spill risks to which it may be exposed.
POSOW, Preparedness for Oil-polluted Shoreline cleanup and Oiled Wildlife Interventions
Authors: Le Roux Anne
Published: August 2014

In case of a major oil spill, many countries will have to rely on volunteers, or, at, least, to cope with a significant flood of citizens willing to help. While some States will use these volunteers only for logistical tasks such as preparing and serving meals or secretarial tasks, others will orientate them towards NGOs in charge of wildlife rehabilitation, and others involve them directly in shoreline cleanup operations. Hence the necessity to train potential volunteers in advance, register them in a database, and create a network that can be activated in case of an accident. The project for Preparedness for Oil-polluted Shoreline cleanup and Oiled Wildlife interventions (POSOW) was a two year project co-financed by the European Commission to improve preparedness and response in marine pollution in Mediterranean regions. The project aimed at establishing a regional cooperation synergy through the enhancement of knowledge and capacities of operators, professionals and volunteers in the field of marine pollution, in European Mediterranean coastal countries, namely Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Slovenia and Spain. It was implemented by REMPEC (The Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea) as coordinator, and its partners:- Cedre (Centre of Documentation, Research and Experimentation on Accidental Water Pollution)- ISPRA (Italy's Institute for Environmental Protection and Research)- Sea Alarm Foundation-The CPMR (Conference of Peripheral Maritime Regions)A training package including a manual, several posters, Power-Point presentations and an instructor manual was produced on each of the following topics:-Oil spill volunteer management-Oiled shoreline assessment (SCAT)- Oiled shoreline cleanup-Oiled wildlife response. Once the training package ready, around 35 trainees (local authorities, civil protection and NGOs) from the regions involved attended train-the-trainer courses at Cedre, including 2 days of theoretical training on the 4 topics, delivered by the partners of the project, a pedagogical session and exercises (SCAT and cleanup) with real oil. These trainees will in turn become trainers in their regions, and organize national pilot training courses in autumn 2013, under supervision of the project partners, and hopefully other training sessions afterwards, with the aim of training as many people as possible. All volunteers thus trained will be invited to register into an international database. A video and a brochure presenting the project were also produced, and a dedicated website set up, from which the training documents can be downloaded: www.posow.org.
Characterization of the BP petroleum residuals in the sediment of the Salt Marshes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Huan , Bhattacharyya Nabanita , Zhang Rui , Hou Aixin , Rodgers Ryan , McKenna Amy M.
Published: August 2014

Of the estimated 5 million barrels of crude oil released into the Gulf of Mexico from the BP Deepwater Horizon event, a fraction heavily oiled Louisiana's coastal salt marshes. Oil inputs may significantly alter the abundance, structure and diversity of the microbial communities inhabited in the sediments, and subsequently affect essential microbial services. In this study, detailed analysis was conducted to investigate the possible impact of petroleum residuals on soil microbial communities of salt marsh in northern Barataria Bay of the Gulf of Mexico after the oil spill. Sediment samples from heavily, moderately, non-oiled sites were collected after 7 months, 16 months and 29 months of the spill and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) were measured. Since traditional gas chromatography (GC) analysis cannot identify heavy fractions of the oil containments, we incorporated ultrahigh resolving power Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) to address the compositional complexity of high molecular weight, nonvolatile petroleum fractions of the oil containments that are not readily degraded by the indigenous microbial community. The petrogentic material was extracted with methylene chloride followed by positive and negative electrospray (ESI) FT-ICR-MS characterization. These data can be correlated with the analysis of the diversity and structure of the microbial community to elucidate how the oil contamination perturbed the microbial community and how the microbes responded to the perturbation. Mass spectrometry analysis of these samples display a 1.5 to 2.5 fold increase in the molecular complexity, particularly oxygen compounds relative to the original Macondo well oil and ketone species were abundantly present in the oiled sediment extracts. The comprehensive analysis on the petroleum residues will help us better understand the fate of oil released into the environment and the long-term impact of BP oil spill.