bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the dust optical depth across spatiotemporal scales with the MIDAS global dataset (2003–2017)
Authors: Gkikas Antonis , Proestakis Emmanouil , Amiridis Vassilis , Kazadzis Stelios , Di Tomaso Enza , Marinou Eleni , Hatzianastassiou Nikos , Kok Jasper F. , García-Pando Carlos Pérez
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Quantifying the dust optical depth (DOD) and its uncertainty across
spatiotemporal scales is key to understanding and constraining the dust
cycle and its interactions with the Earth System. This study quantifies the
DOD along with its monthly and year-to-year variability between 2003 and
2017 at global and regional levels based on the MIDAS (ModIs Dust AeroSol)
dataset, which combines Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Aqua retrievals and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and
Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2), reanalysis
products. We also describe the annual and seasonal geographical
distributions of DOD across the main dust source regions and transport
pathways. MIDAS provides columnar mid-visible (550 nm) DOD at fine spatial
resolution (0.1∘×0.1∘), expanding the current
observational capabilities for monitoring the highly variable spatiotemporal
features of the dust burden. We obtain a global DOD of 0.032±0.003 – approximately a quarter (23.4 %±2.4 %) of the global aerosol
optical depth (AOD) – with about 1 order of magnitude more DOD in the
Northern Hemisphere (0.056±0.004; 31.8 %±2.7 %) than in
the Southern Hemisphere (0.008±0.001; 8.2 %±1.1 %) and
about 3.5 times more DOD over land (0.070±0.005) than over ocean
(0.019±0.002). The Northern Hemisphere monthly DOD is highly
correlated with the corresponding monthly AOD (R2=0.94) and
contributes 20 % to 48 % of it, both indicating a dominant dust
contribution. In contrast, the contribution of dust to the monthly AOD does
not exceed 17 % in the Southern Hemisphere, although the uncertainty in
this region is larger. Among the major dust sources of the planet, the
maximum DODs (∼1.2) are recorded in the Bodélé Depression
of the northern Lake Chad Basin, whereas moderate-to-high intensities are
encountered in the Western Sahara (boreal summer), along the eastern parts
of the Middle East (boreal summer) and in the Taklamakan Desert (spring).
Over oceans, major long-range dust transport is observed primarily along the
tropical Atlantic (intensified during boreal summer) and secondarily in the
North Pacific (intensified during boreal spring). Our calculated global and
regional averages and associated uncertainties are consistent with some but
not all recent observation-based studies. Our work provides a simple
yet flexible method to estimate consistent uncertainties across
spatiotemporal scales, which will enhance the use of the MIDAS dataset in a
variety of future studies.
Meteorology impact on PM2.5 change over a receptor region in the regional transport of air pollutants: observational study of recent emission reductions in central China
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Zhao Tianliang , Bai Yongqing , Kong Shaofei , Zheng Huang , Hu Weiyang , Ma Xiaodan , Xiong Jie
Published: March 2022

Abstract. As an important issue in atmospheric environment, the
contributions of anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions to
air pollution have been little assessed over receptor regions in regional
transport of air pollutants. In the present study of 5-year observations and
modeling, we targeted the Twain-Hu Basin (THB), a large region of heavy PM2.5 pollution in central China, to assess the
effects of meteorology on PM2.5 change over a receptor region in the regional transport of
air pollutants. Based on observations of environment and meteorology over
2015–2019, the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko (KZ) filter was performed to decompose
the PM2.5 variations into multiple timescale components over the THB,
where the short-term, seasonal and long-term components accounted for,
respectively, 47.5 %, 41.4 % and 3.7 % of daily PM2.5 changes.
The short-term and seasonal components dominated the day-to-day PM2.5
variations with long-term component determining the change trend of PM2.5 concentrations over recent years. As the emission- and
meteorology-related long-term PM2.5 components over the THB were
identified, the meteorological contribution to the declining PM2.5 trend
presented a distinct spatial pattern over the THB with northern positive
rates up to 61.92 % and southern negative rates down to −24.93 %. The
opposite effects of meteorology on PM2.5 pollution could accelerate and
offset the effects of emission reductions in the northern and southern THB,
which is attributed to the upwind diffusion and downward accumulation of air
pollutants over receptor regions in regional PM2.5 transport. It is
noteworthy that the increasing conversion efficiencies of SO2 and
NO2 to sulfate and nitrate for secondary PM2.5 could have offset the
effect of PM2.5 emission reduction on air pollution in the THB during
recent years, revealing the enhancing contribution of gaseous precursor
emissions to PM2.5 concentrations under control of anthropogenic
emissions of PM2.5 and the gaseous precursors over
receptor regions in the regional transport of air pollutants. Our results
highlight the effects of emission mitigation and meteorological changes on
the source–receptor relationship of the regional transport of air pollutants with the
implication of long-range transport of air pollutants for regional and
global environment changes.
Remote sensing of solar surface radiation – a reflection of concepts, applications and input data based on experience with the effective cloud albedo
Authors: Müller Richard , Pfeifroth Uwe
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Accurate solar surface irradiance (SSI) data are a prerequisite for efficient planning and operation of solar energy systems. Respective data are also essential for climate monitoring and analysis. Satellite-based SSI has grown in importance over the last few decades. However, a retrieval method is needed to relate the measured radiances at the satellite to the solar surface irradiance. In a widespread classical approach, these radiances are used directly to derive the effective cloud albedo (CAL) as basis for the estimation of the solar surface irradiance. This approach was already introduced and discussed in the early 1980s.
Various approaches are briefly discussed and analysed, including an overview of open questions and opportunities for improvement.
Special emphasis is placed on the reflection of fundamental physical laws and atmospheric measurement techniques. In addition, atmospheric input data and key applications are briefly discussed.
It is concluded that the well-established observation-based CAL approach is still an excellent choice for the retrieval of the cloud transmission. The coupling with lookup-table-based clear-sky models enables the estimation of solar surface irradiance with high accuracy and homogeneity.
This could explain why, despite its age, the direct CAL approach is still used by key players in energy meteorology and the climate community. For the clear-sky input data, it is recommended to use ECMWF forecast and reanalysis data.
Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soil incubation experiments using CoupModel
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Wenxin , Jansson Per-Erik , Petersen Søren O.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Efforts to develop effective climate mitigation strategies for agriculture require methods to estimate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. Process-based biogeochemical models have been used for such estimations but were mainly tested with field-scale measurements. In this study, results from a short-term (43-day) factorial incubation experiment were used to investigate the ability of a process-oriented model (CoupModel) to estimate N2O and carbon fluxes, and soil mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics. This study identified the sensitivities of model parameters when estimating three output variables using a global sensitivity analysis approach. Our results suggested that important parameters regarding N2O flux estimates were linked to the decomposability of soil organic matter (e.g. organic C pool sizes) and the denitrification process (e.g. Michaelis constant and denitrifier respiratory rates). The model was able to simulate low-magnitude daily and cumulative N2O fluxes with model errors (MEs) close to zero, but tended to underestimate N2O fluxes as observed daily values increased over 0.1 g N m-2 day-1. Besides, the response of N2O emissions to soil moisture was not well reflected in the model, probably related to the indirect involvement of soil moisture response function in the denitrification process. We also evaluated ancillary variables regarding N cycling, which indicates that more frequent measurements and additional types of observed data such as soil oxygen content and the microbial sources of emitted N2O are required to further evaluate model performance and biases. The current description of the N cycling process in the model may not consistently represent the temporal scale of nitrification and denitrification processes behind N2O emissions. The major challenges for calibration are associated with high sensitivities of denitrification parameters to initial soil moisture abiotic conditions and residue amendment. For the development of process-based models, we suggest there is a need to address soil heterogeneity, and to revisit current subroutines of moisture response functions.
Characteristics and beach safety knowledge of beachgoers on unpatrolled surf beaches in Australia
Authors: Uebelhoer Lea , Koon William , Harley Mitchell D. , Lawes Jasmin C. , Brander Robert W.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The majority of drowning deaths on Australian beaches occur significant distances away from lifeguard services. This study uses results of 459 surveys of beachgoers at five beaches unpatrolled by lifeguards in New South Wales, Australia, to improve understanding of who visits these beaches and why, and to identify risk factors associated with their beach safety knowledge and behaviour. Many unpatrolled beach users were infrequent beachgoers (64.9 %) with poor rip current hazard identification skills, who did not observe safety signage that was present, and yet intended to enter the water to swim (85.6 %) despite being aware that no lifeguards were present. The survey found that the main reasons why beachgoers visited unpatrolled beaches were because they were conveniently close to their holiday accommodation, or they represented a quieter location away from crowds. Future beach safety interventions in Australia need to extend beyond the standard “swim between the flags” message in recognition that many Australian beaches will remain unpatrolled, yet still frequented, for the foreseeable future. Future beach safety interventions for unpatrolled beaches should be tailored towards the varied demographic groups of beach users.
Inclusion of biochar in a C dynamics model based on observations from an 8-year field experiment
Authors: Pulcher Roberta , Balugani Enrico , Ventura Maurizio , Greggio Nicolas , Marazza Diego
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Biochar production and application as soil amendment is a
promising carbon (C)-negative technology to increase soil C sequestration
and mitigate climate change. However, there is a lack of knowledge about
biochar degradation rate in soil and its effects on native soil organic
carbon (SOC), mainly due to the absence of long-term experiments performed
in field conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate the long-term
degradation rate of biochar in an 8-year field experiment in a poplar
short-rotation coppice plantation in Piedmont (Italy), and to modify the
RothC model to assess and predict how biochar influences soil C dynamics.
The RothC model was modified by including two biochar pools, labile (4 %
of the total biochar mass) and recalcitrant (96 %), and the priming effect
of biochar on SOC. The model was calibrated and validated using data from
the field experiment. The results confirm that biochar degradation can be
faster in field conditions in comparison to laboratory experiments;
nevertheless, it can contribute to a substantial increase in the soil C stock
in the long term. Moreover, this study shows that the modified RothC model
was able to simulate the dynamics of biochar and SOC degradation in soils in
field conditions in the long term, at least in the specific conditions
examined.
Homogeneity assessment of Swiss snow depth series: Comparison of break detection capabilities of (semi-) automatic homogenisation methods
Authors: Buchmann Moritz , Coll John , Aschauer Johannes , Begert Michael , Brönnimann Stefan , Chimani Barbara , Resch Gernot , Schöner Wolfgang , Marty Christoph
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Knowledge concerning possible inhomogeneities in a data set is of key importance for any subsequent climatological analyses. Well-established relative homogenization methods developed for temperature and precipitation exist, but with only little experience for snow. We undertook a homogeneity assessment of Swiss snow depth series by running and comparing the results from three well-established semi-automatic break point detection methods (ACMANT, Climatol, and HOMER). Break points identified by each method allowed us to compare the results of the different methods, and by only treating break points as valid if detected in reasonably close proximity by at least two methods, we increased the robustness of the results. We investigated 184 series, of various length between 1930 and 2021 and ranging from 200 to 2500 m a.s.l. and found 45 valid break points. Of those 45, 71 % could be attributed to relocations or observer changes. Metadata are helpful, but not sufficient for break point verification as more than 90 % of recorded events did not lead to valid break points. Using such a combined approach (2 out of 3 methods) is highly beneficial, as it increases the confidence in identified break points in contrast to any single method, with or without metadata.
Opportunities and Challenges: An Examination of Educational Landscape for People with Visual Impairment in China
Authors: Hu Luanjiao
Published: March 2022

In the last decade, the Chinese government issued several policy documents to guarantee the provision of reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities sitting in the national College Entrance Exam. This study explores how the new policies impact students with visual impairment. It begins by highlighting the recent policy changes in China that provide optimism about attention being paid to equal education opportunities for students with visual impairment. By gathering the statistics on number of students with visual impairment sitting on the college entrance exam in recent years, the paper assesses the reasons why virtually no students with visual impairments are taking the exam compared with their peers without disabilities. In light of significant barriers emerged from the analysis, the paper concludes with opportunities for improvement and directions for future research.
Re/diss/assembling “Educational Imaginaries” through Regionalism – The Construction of the Caribbean Education Policy Space
Authors: Jules Tavis, d. , Arnold Richard , Donnelley-Power Caitlin , Jacobs Holly , Rainey Madeline
Published: March 2022

This paper uses a Cultural Political Economy (CPE) approach to examine the rise of what we call "educational imaginaries" within the  Caribbean Community’s (CARICOM) educational policy space by looking at how this has occurred through the four modes of selectivity –  structural selectivity, agential selectivity, discursive selectivity, and technological selectivity.
Hospitalitas sebagai Virtue Kepemimpinan Gereja
Authors: Siahaan Harls Evan R. , Runtunuwu Alfinny Jelie
Published: March 2022

Teologi hospitalitas mengajarkan bagaimana orang Kristen dapat mengasihi sesama dalam perbedaan. Kepemimpinan Kristiani sejatinya dapat mengakomodir keberagaman, tidak malah memelihara sikap diskriminatif. Kajian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang berbasis pada penggunaan literatur dengan metode deskriptif dan analisis tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan sikap hospitalitas mereduksi sikap-sikap diskriminatif. Kesimpulannya, kepemimpinan gereja harus memiliki virtue hospitalitas.
Do Stock Market Returns Affect Consumer Sentiment? An Irish Study
Authors: Allis Peter , McCallig John
Published: March 2022

This paper studies the relationship between changes in consumer sentiment and stock market returns in Ireland from January 1996 to June 2006. We argue that Irish consumers were highly influenced by movements in the stock market during this period because of their concerns for their stock-based compensation, their job security and their earnings. We find that the change in consumer sentiment and stock returns were related during this time, and that movements in the stock market impacted on consumer sentiment.
Effectiveness of Retro Walking in Women with Osteoarthritis of Knee
Authors: Baby Elseba , Thachil Arun
Published: March 2022

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a major cause of mobility impairment, particularly among females. The incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases after menopause, and may be related to hormonal changes in women. Estrogen deficiency is known to affect the development of OA.
Methodology: Eighteen post-menopausal women with knee Osteoarthritis of age 45-75 were assessed and selected for the study who satisfies the inclusion criteria and were assigned into two groups of 9 subjects each. In Group A the experimental group underwent a protocol with retro-walking along with conventional exercises and Group B conventional group was treated with Static Quadriceps, Terminal Knee Extension, IFT exercises and performed it for 3 months and the study period was 3 weeks. The outcome measures were the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) scale, Modified Sphygmomanometer Test (MST), Timed Up to Go Test (TUGT). Using these outcome measures pre-test and post-test value were obtained.
Result: The results were analyzed using paired and independent t- test. The significance level was kept as p < 0.05. In case of pain, there were significant difference between the pre- test and post-test WOMAC (pain) scores in both experimental and conventional groups, p< 0.001, p < 0.001 respectively. In the group comparison of WOMAC, the obtained p value was 0.015 (p < 0.05), hence there was a significant difference in post-test scores between the two groups. The mean difference 10 shows that the improvement is more significant in Experimental group.
In case of functional mobility, there were significant difference between pre-test and post-test TUG scores in both experimental and conventional groups, p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively. In the group comparison, the obtained p value was 0.04 (p < 0.05), hence there was significant difference in post -test scores between the experimental and conventional groups. The mean difference 3.6 portrayed that the, Experimental group showed more significant improvement.
In case of muscle strength, there were significant difference existing between the pre-test and post-test scores in both experimental and conventional groups, p < 0.001, p < 0.05. When the two groups were compared, the obtained p value was 0.02(p < 0.05) and hence there was significant difference in post -test scores between both the groups. The mean difference 7.2 shows more significant improvement in the Experimental group. Although both groups showed improvement, the scores in the experimental group are significantly higher than that of the conventional group.
Conclusion: The study concluded that experimental group shows better in pain reduction, quadriceps muscle strength and functional mobility in experimental than control group.

Key words: Osteoarthritis, Knee joint, Post-menopausal, Retro-walking, Pain, Muscle Strength, functional mobility, Quadriceps muscle.
Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Post-COVID-19 Patients - A Systematic Review
Authors: Tharani Seema Anilkumar , Borkar Pradeep
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose: SARS-COV-2 has become a pandemic disease causing the acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical presentation varies in every individual and had shown a majority of respiratory symptoms followed by musculoskeletal complications arising from the inflammatory and Immune responses. Understanding the epidemiology of musculoskeletal complications in post-COVID-19 is imperative for improvement of better rehabilitation strategies and quality of life. AIM was to assess the current evidence on prevalence of Musculoskeletal disorders in post-COVID-19 patients.
Methodology: The Systematic review was conducted using the data published from November 2019 onwards, articles (n=45) meeting the eligibility criteria were assessed from sources: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, EMBASE. Studies having a score of ≥ 15 on STROBE checklist, cross-sections studies, Observational/Survey were selected. Cases diagnosed COVID-19 for 6 weeks or more were included.
Results: We found that major musculoskeletal symptoms included are muscle fatigue(n=49.12%), arthralgia(n=33%), and myalgia(n=34.75%) followed by joint swelling (as reactive arthritis) and conditions such as joint limitations, tendon shortening, and muscle weakness due to prolonged bed rest.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that focus on musculoskeletal rehabilitation of patients with post-COVID-19 is essential along with cardiorespiratory rehabilitation. Review suggests that it would be effective in reducing physical complications, improving functional independence and quality of life in patients.

Key words: Musculoskeletal pain, Musculoskeletal disorders, Musculoskeletal consequences, Covid-19.
Awareness of the Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease among Secondary School Students in Nigeria: Evidence from Ogun State
Authors: P.E. Omeonu , A.T. Olayemi , I. Asekun-Olarinmoye
Published: March 2022

There is an increasing burden of chronic kidney disease among youths in most developing countries like Nigeria where healthcare financing is poor. Therefore, there is a need to assess the level of awareness of the risk factors for chronic kidney disease. The study employed the cross-sectional study design. Random selection of 271 respondents was done and data was collected from them using questionnaire. The analysis of the data was done using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to generate descriptive statistics in form of frequency tables and charts. The result showed that 49.8% of the respondents were between the ages of 13 and 15 years, with a mean age of 13.51±1.385. Most of the respondents (56.8%) were females and of the Christians denomination (64.9%). Nearly all the respondents (90.4%) were from the Yoruba ethnic group. Some 60.9% of the respondents claimed to be aware of chronic kidney disease while only 44.6% had heard about the risk factors of chronic kidney disease. The mean value for the computed construct for level of awareness of risk factors of chronic kidney disease was 14.40±2.59 which is approximately 60% (not very strong) of the maximum point (using a 24-point scale). There is therefore a need for more awareness on risk factors for chronic kidney disease among adolescents in Nigeria and this can be done through the different mediums for passing health messages to the general public.
Earliness/tardiness minimization in a no-wait flow shop with sequence-dependent setup times
Authors: Guevara-Guevara Andrés Felipe , Gómez-Fuentes Valentina , Posos-Rodríguez Leidy Johana , Remolina-Gómez Nicolás , González-Neira Eliana María
Published: March 2022

The no-wait flow shop scheduling problem (NWFSP) plays a crucial role in the allocation of resources in multitudinous industries, including the steel, pharmaceutical, chemical, plastic, electronic, and food processing industries. The NWFSP consists of n jobs that must be processed in m machines in series, and no job is allowed to wait between consecutive operations. This project deals with NWFSP with sequence-dependent setup times for minimizing earliness and tardiness. From the literature review of the last five years in NWFSP, it is noticeable that only around 1.92% of the researchers have studied that multi-objective function, which could help to improve the productivity of industries where methods such as just in time are considered. Besides, there is no information about previous researchers that have solved this problem with sequence-dependent setup times. Firstly, a MILP model is proposed to solve small instances, and secondly, a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed as a solution method for medium and large instances. Compared with the mathematical model for small instances, the GA obtained the optimal solution in 100% of the cases. For medium and large instances, the GA improves in an average of 31.54%, 38.09%, 44.58%, 47.72%, and 37.33% the MDD, EDDP, ATC, SPT, and LPT dispatching rules, respectively.
Nanoparticles: As a Nano based Drug Delivery System
Authors: Omkar S. Sangar , Aishwarya C. Patil , Santosh A. Payghan
Published: March 2022

Nanoparticles can offer important advantages over the administration of conventional drugs in terms of high stability, high specificity, high drug transport capacity, controlled release capacity, possibility of use in different routes of administration and the ability to administer drugs both hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules. Nanoparticles are being used for various purposes, from medical treatments, use in various branches of the production industry such as solar and for energy storage, to a wide incorporation obsessed with various everyday materials such as cosmetics or dress, optical devices, catalytic, bactericidal, electronics, sensor technology, biological labelling and treatment of some cancers. Nanoparticles can be chemically or biologically synthesized. This review focuses on the need to develop nanoparticles, advantages, disadvantages, synthesis, properties, applications of nanoparticles exist in different forms. Nanoparticles are very capable in selective tumour contact cancer therapy due to their small size and modifiability. These particles consist of pure active pharmaceutical ingredients and are stabilized regularly with surfactant. Nanoparticles are tiny materials that have particle sizes in the range of 1 to 1000 nm.
Nephroprotective Properties of Natural Herbs: A Systemic Review
Authors: K L Naveen , Veigas Grinton Josvi , Bhattacharjee Ananya , Hegde Karunakar
Published: March 2022

Nephrotoxicity is the most prevalent toxicity which is related to the organ called Kidney. Nephrotoxicity occurs when body get exposed to a drugs or toxic metabolites. A number of synthetic, therapeutically active medicinal agents such as aminoglycosides antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agents and NSAIDS may affects urinary system resulting in acute renal failure, nephritis and other kidney related disease. Medicinal plants potentially possess most prominent role in the treatment of kidney related disorders and helpful in the development of effective therapy for kidney problems. Medicinal herbs are rich source of phytoconstituents, so the presence of some bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols, alkaloids shows potent Nephroprotective properties towards to nephrotoxicity. In this current review aimed to illustrate a list of recent medicinal herbs act as Nephroprotective agents.
Solubilty Enhancement of Naproxen Sodium Using Different Carriers by Solid Dispersion
Authors: Prasad S. Mogal , Rajendra K. Surawase
Published: March 2022

In the existing study an attempt has been made to increase the in vitro dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drug naproxen, by utilizing novel solid dispersion methods are one of the most auspicious methods to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drug. naproxen sodium formulations were planned out by using melting method or fusion method, and using carrier like PVP-K30 and PEG4000. the formulation were planned out with the above-mentioned carriers in three different drug-carrier (w/w) ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. the prepared solid dispersion was subjected for percentage practical yield, drug content, and FTIR studies. absence of significant drug-carrier interaction was confirmed by FTIR data. in-vitro release profiles of all solid dispersions (SD1 to SD6) were analogously evaluated and also studied against pure naproxen sodium. solid dispersion of formulation (SD6) naproxen sodium and PVP-K30 combination planned out in (1:3) ratio showed excellent solubility and the dissolution rate was found to be 98.97% drug release at 24 min was chosen as the absolute best formulation in this study. solubility of naproxen sodium was increased as the concentration of carriers increased.
Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Sesbania grandiflora
Authors: Dange Shamali , Jadhav Ravindra , Vikhe Sunayana
Published: March 2022

There are around 60 global species including genus Sesbania, which are commonly available. The leaves of Sesbania grandiflora is used as local traditional medicine. Most of all parts of plant of S. grandiflora are used in traditional medicine as well as phytochemical investigations, seeds and roots of Sesbania grandiflora to provide scientific validation of its properties. The family of Sesbania grandiflora is fabaceae and is widely used as a traditional Indian medicine. The common name of plant Sesbania grandiflora is Agate, as well as crook wood. Various chemical constituents present in plant contain tannins, coumarone, steroids, tri-terpenes, iosflavanoids, isovestitol, and sativan and betulinic acid, flavanoid and medicarpin. The plant mainly use for colic disorder, jaundice, small pox, catarrh, headache, epilepsy. Flower juice is mainly used for eye disease.
Overview of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera
Authors: Mali Sneha , Bendre Sonam , Patil Shital
Published: March 2022

Moringa oleifera (family Moringaceae) is one of the widely cultivated plant in India. Moringa oleifera is widely known as drumstick tree. This plant contains various nutritional properties such as it is a rich source of Vitamins (A and C) as well as it contains lots of minerals (Ca, P, K, Fe, Cu, S, Mg) etc. Every single part of Moringa oleifera plant comprises a valuable medicinal feature. From Past two decades, several reports have been published which describes nutritional and medicinal properties of this plant. Moringa oleifera are well-known for their valuable pharmacological action such as anti-fertility, anti-microbial, anti-asthmatic, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-hyperglycemic activity and many more. Most of biological of activities of Moringa oleifera is caused by their presence of huge amount of flavonoids, glycosides, as well as glucosinolates. The purpose of this review is to provide all the essential Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical as well as Pharmacological information of Moringa oleifera.
Infancia y subjetividad
Authors: Mozuca Ruiz Edward , Jiménez Moreno Dolores
Published: March 2022

Este artículo tiene como propósito asumir diferentes documentos que declaran desde diversas perspectivas los sentidos de infancia y subjetividades en diferentes situaciones. Bajo el enfoque cualitativo y técnica revisión documental se selecciona, analiza y registra información relevante que conlleva a la construcción de conceptos de interés, seleccionando documentos entre 2010 a 2020. Como resultados se evidencia que la familia y escuela juegan un papel importante para que niñas/niños construyan su diversidad de mundos y sentires; asimismo, se hace necesario escucharlos ya que tienen sus propias posturas sobre la vida y el mundo.
Desarrollo de microeconomías regionales en la producción de aceites esenciales cosechados en suelos del botadero zona norte, Mina Caypa, Barrancas y La Guajira
Authors: Durán Barón Ricardo , Forero-Ospino Oscar
Published: March 2022

La actividad minera desarrollada en el departamento de la Guajira y Cesar coinciden en la imposibilidad de la utilización de suelos para usos agrícolas. Esto impide la producción de alimentos para consumo en fresco en las zonas de botaderos, debido al riesgo potencial de fitoextracción de presencia de metales pesados. Por consiguiente, las microeconomías regionales consideran escaso el acceso a nuevas posibilidades de mercado, con especial atención en los recientes y que se encuentran en expansión como es el caso de la producción de agroinsumos con base en productos naturales de origen orgánico y todos sus derivados. Como parte de este proyecto, se plantea una investigación experimental a partir de una alternativa biotecnológica de rizorestauración de las áreas de botaderos sin cobertura vegetal para mitigar el impacto sobre la productividad agrícola de las comunidades adyacentes a las zonas mineras, en un tejido de agricultura familiar. Para realizarlo es indispensable identificar las condiciones (geológico–geotécnicas) actuales del botadero, estableciendo parámetros de estabilidad, condiciones y factores medioambientales que se encuentran modificando de forma directa el área de interés y procesos activos considerados amenazas dentro del depósito de materiales; permitiendo el manejo adecuado durante la implementación (siembra y seguimiento) de la alternativa biotecnológica dentro del área piloto.
Post-Racialism: Reality or Illusion?
Authors: Tamali Anastasia
Published: March 2022

Post-racialism has gained considerable attention in the last decade. The historic election of Barack Obama in November of 2008 as the first Black president of the United States initiated conversations about the beginning of a “post-racial” era. Post-racialism mimics colorblindness which was first articulated by racial progressives, and later conservatives co-opted this language. Both claim that race should no longer be considered a factor in awarding rights and resources due to racial progress. By examining the existing literature, I stress that the notion of living in a post-racial America does not respond to reality.
IMPORTÂNCIA DO PLANEJAMENTO REGIONAL PARA A MANUTENÇÃO DOS USOS MÚLTIPLOS DA ÁGUA EM BACIAS HIDROGRÁFICAS
Authors: Oliveira‑Andreoli Erica Zanardo , Silva Fabio Leandro da , López Flor Magali Aguilar , Machado Raphael , Teodoro Catia Cristina , Bianchini Júnior Irineu , Cunha‑Santino Marcela Bianchessi , Fushita Angela Terumi , Crestana Silvio
Published: March 2022

A água é indispensável para a vida humana, mas a degradação desse recursovem acontecendo desenfreadamente, sendo imprescindível a formulaçãode políticas públicas ambientais que proporcionem um planejamento douso das bacias hidrográficas nas escalas regionais. Somente por meio dagovernança regional será possível a integração de políticas públicas quepriorizem o desenvolvimento econômico de uma sociedade e a proteçãoambiental. O presente trabalho avaliou as lacunas associadas aos planosde bacia hidrográfica e planos diretores dos municípios pertencentes àBacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão do Feijão, a partir do levantamento do usoe cobertura da terra de 1998, 2008 e 2018. Verificou-se a expansão deáreas antropizadas, que ocasionam uma deterioração das áreas naturais e,consequentemente, dos serviços ecossistêmicos. Dessa forma, a efetuaçãode um planejamento ambiental estratégico em nível regional auxiliará odesenvolvimento sustentável dos municípios inseridos na bacia hidrográfica.
CONTEMPORARY GEOPOLITICS OF EURASIA AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE
Authors:   Independent Researcher, Zreik Mohamad ,   e-mail: mohamadzreik1@gmail.com,   ORCID: 0000-0002-6812-6529
Published: March 2022

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative. This modern initiative aims to revive the ancient Silk Road and connect China with many neighboring and distant countries and economic blocs. China invests mainly in infrastructure by developing a network of land and maritime roads, facilitating communication, trade and transportation. The various projects under this initiative will make China a leader in international trade and an attractive region for giant partners. This paper analyzes the Chinese presence in Eurasia after the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative and the contemporary geopolitics of Eurasia in light of the great Chinese expansion. This study contributes to clarifying the China-Central Asia relationship and represents this relationship within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. This study is based on data issued by governmental institutions and international research centers, which makes it an important reference in Central Asian studies. This paper concluded that the Belt and Road Initiative will have a significant impact on the economy of Central Asia and its geopolitical position through the great Chinese openness and dependence on Central Asia in China’s regional and international trade. The paper also discusses the Sino-Russian contrast that may arise with the Chinese penetration into Central Asia.
The Romanian Sentiment of Being
Authors: Noica Constantin
Published: March 2022

The link between language and thought formed a major new exploration of twentieth-century philosophy. Languages nuance our ideas and perceptions. Though from various angles, Heidegger, Derrida, Wittgenstein forged new ways of understanding the relationship between our views of the external world and our culturally and linguistically pre-determined modes of expression.

Another giant in this field of exploration is the Romanian philosopher Constantin Noica (1909–1987), who has so far remained generally unknown to the Western World because of the Iron Curtain. The Romanian Sentiment of Being (Sentimentul românesc al ființei), first published in Romanian in 1978, is a philosophical work at the intersection of metaphysics and philosophy of language. The title of this book may be deceptive. “Romanian” does not mean ethnically circumscribed; it does not limit ontology to nationality but rather reflects on how language can carry ontological thought.

The Romanian Sentiment of Being invites the readers to meditate on the fundamental theme of being and how it is expressed in a culture in time. This being in time marks the tension between moment and eternity, captured in the fairytale "Ageless Youth and Deathless Life" ("Tinerețe fără batrânețe și viață fără de moarte"), which Noica interprets in detail. The translation of the story will be found in the appendix. Noica also analyzes one of the most famous poems in Romanian, Mihai Eminescu’s "The Evening Star" ("Luceafărul"), and readers will find its translation in the appendix.

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APLICAÇÃO DA PROGRAMAÇÃO LINEAR INTEIRA PARA LOCALIZAÇÃO DE EXTINTORES DE INCÊNDIO
Authors: Hermes Josiane Martina , Volkweis Vilson , Linn Ruppenthal Ivete
Published: March 2022

O problema de cobertura busca determinar a localização de facilidades, visando atender a maior parcela da população envolvida, buscando a otimização. Assim, o objetivo é determinar o número mínimo de extintores de incêndio em uma edificação por meio de um modelo matemático de programação linear inteira. Os métodos do estudo foram, quanto à natureza, pesquisa aplicada da modelagem matemática a uma situação prática. A abordagem caracteriza-se em dedutiva por partir de um conhecimento geral e resultar em específico, quantitativa por utilizar-se de cálculos e qualitativa, uma vez que fez uso de técnicas de interpretação teórica. A pesquisa, com relação aos objetivos é exploratória de uma situação problema, e descritiva das características de um contexto real. Quanto aos procedimentos é bibliográfica, fazendo uso de literatura, documental embasando-se em dados do plano de prevenção de incêndio, estudo de caso de uma situação contemporânea e pesquisa comparativa entre os resultados e a normatização vigente. Os dados foram coletados observando-se o local e por entrevista informal, para a coleta de informações. Para análise dos cálculos procedeu-se com a utilização do software Excel e Solver e os resultados, sendo analisados embasados no referencial teórico. Elaboraram-se os passos para utilização do modelo matemático adequado, com distanciamentos pertinentes, o quantitativo de extintores, suas localizações e aplicação do Solver apresentando uma solução ótima que foi confrontada com a legislação. O resultado obtido foi relevante, pois apresentou a possibilidade de redução de dez extintores para quatro, atendendo a legislação vigente, demonstrando assim o impacto da programação linear na economicidade.
Problems and Prospects in Development of Emergency Medical Help Center in OSH, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Ismailova Fatima , Karataev Madaminzhan , Omukeeva Gulina , Omorova Nurgul , Abbas Rahat Syed Ali , Satarov Ulanbek , Satybaldieva Aizirek , Abdullaeva Zhypargul
Published: March 2022

This article is presenting an analysis of emergency medical center work in Osh city, Kyrgyzstan for a five-year period. Ambulance crew visits indicators from 2016 to 2020 were studied in the Kyrgyz Republic, and in Bishkek and Osh cities, visit numbers monitoring in Emergency Medical Help Center in Osh carried out with a delay of more than 20 minutes, was carried out using statistical test forms from 2016 to 2020 years and proposed measures to improve emergency quality in medical help providing to a population in Osh city. Statistical and analytical methods were used including dynamic analysis of time series, correlation and regression analysis, data processing carried out using application programs. Comparison of average Republican indicator of load on ambulance crews revealed teams load in Osh city 46443 calls, with 68100 calls exceeding the average Republican indicator by 35%, and shows the overload of EMH service mobile teams in Osh. Keywords: emergency medicine, paramedic, mobile teams, trips, optimization, lateness.
Influenza epidemiology and burden of disease in Mongolia, 2013–2014 to 2017–2018
Authors: Darmaa Oyungerel , Burmaa Alexanderyn , Gantsooj Baataryn , Darmaa Badarchiin , Nymadawa Pagbajabyn , Sullivan Shee , Fielding James
Published: March 2022

Background: Mongolia is a vast, sparsely populated country in central Asia. Its harsh climate and nomadic lifestyle make the population vulnerable to acute respiratory infections, particularly influenza. Evidence on the morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic impact of influenza in Mongolia is scarce; however, routine surveillance for influenza-like illness (ILI), severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and laboratory-detected influenza is conducted. This paper describes the epidemiology of influenza and the estimated burden of influenza-associated illness in Mongolia in the five influenza seasons between 2013–2014 and 2017–2018. Methods: Demographic and laboratory data from 152 sentinel surveillance sites on all patients who met the case definitions of ILI and SARI between October 2013 and May 2018 were extracted and analysed as described in A Manual for Estimating Disease Burden Associated with Seasonal Influenza. Results: The estimated annual influenza-associated ILI and SARI rates, presented as ranges, were 1279–2798 and 81–666 cases per 100 000 population, respectively. Children aged <5 years accounted for 67% of all ILI cases and 79% of all SARI cases. The annual specimen positivity for influenza was highest (11–30% for ILI and 8–31% for SARI) for children aged 5–<15 years and children <2 years old, respectively. The annual mortality rate due to pneumonia and SARI was highest among children aged <2 years (15.8–54.0 per 100 000 population). Although the incidence of influenza-associated ILI and SARI was lowest for people aged >65 years, the mortality rate due to pneumonia and SARI (1.2–5.1 per 100 000) was higher than that for those aged 15–64 years. Conclusion: The estimated influenza-associated ILI and SARI incidence rates are high in Mongolia, and children, especially those aged <5 years, have the highest influenza-associated burden in Mongolia. These findings provide evidence for decision-makers in Mongolia to consider targeted influenza vaccination, particularly for children.
The Compound and Complex Sentence: A Comparative Study of Albanian and English Syntax
Authors: Millaku Shkelqim , Dreshaj – Baliu Myrvete , Topanica – Millaku Xhevahire
Published: March 2022

In the emerging geopolitics of the modern world, English has assumed the undisputed status of the preferred international language of communication. Thus, though cultures across the world are keen on self-preservation, allowing English to make inroads into the everyday lives of the people is a bygone conclusion. Albanian and English belong to the same language family (Indo-European) and hence share many commonalities. At the same time, they also exhibit many features of departure from the shared characteristics, and research into these is greatly significant from the language learners’ vantage. This paper has to analyse the compound and the complex sentence between English and Albanian language. Both these languages have the compound sentences. However, between the two languages, the sentences show certain similarities as well as dissimilarities. We have the contrast structure.
Injectivity of harmonic mappings with a specified injective holomorphic part
Authors: Partyka Dariusz , Sakan Ken-ichi
Published: March 2022

Let \(F=H+\overline{G}\) be a locally injective and sense-preserving harmonic mapping of the unit disk \(\mathbb{D}\) in the complex plane \(\mathbb{C}\), where \(H\) and \(G\) are holomorphic in \(\mathbb{D}\) and \(G(0)=0\). The aim of this paper is studying interplay between properties of \(F_\varepsilon:=H+\varepsilon\overline G\), \(\varepsilon\in\mathbb{C}\), and its holomorphic part \(H\). In particular, several results dealing with the injectivity of \(F_\varepsilon\) are obtained.
Social protection in the cultural and creative sector
Authors: Galián Carlos , Licata Margherita , Stern-Plaza Maya ,   International Labour Organization. Sectoral Policies Department.
Published: March 2022

This Working Paper is based on the ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work, 2019, which calls on the ILO to direct its efforts to “developing and enhancing social protection systems, which are adequate, sustainable and adapted to developments in the world of work.” In particular, the paper reviews policy and legal frameworks in selected countries that have pursued specific solutions to extend social security to workers in the creative and culture sector, in order to identify entry points and mechanisms for expanding coverage. Policy options ensuring the adequacy and the sustainability of such systems are discussed, taking into account particular employment circumstances in the sector, such as fluctuating employment status, irregular incomes, intermittent nature of work, and geographic mobility. The paper also situates the discussion within the COVID-19 pandemic, offering an overview of social protection measures put in place by governments in the culture and creative sector.
La protección social en el sector de la cultura y la creación
Authors: Galián Carlos , Licata Margherita , Stern-Plaza Maya ,   International Labour Organization. Sectoral Policies Department.
Published: March 2022

Este documento de trabajo se basa en la Declaración del Centenario de la OIT para el Futuro del Trabajo, 2019, que pide a la OIT que dirija sus esfuerzos a "desarrollar y mejorar sistemas de protección social, que sean adecuados, sostenibles y adaptados a la evolución del mundo del trabajo." En particular, el documento examina los marcos políticos y jurídicos de determinados países que han aplicado soluciones específicas para ampliar la seguridad social en el sector de la creación y la cultura, con el fin de identificar los puntos de entrada y los mecanismos para ampliar la cobertura. Se discuten las opciones políticas que garantizan la adecuación y la sostenibilidad de dichos sistemas, teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias particulares del empleo en el sector, como la fluctuación de la situación laboral, los ingresos irregulares, la naturaleza intermitente del trabajo y la movilidad geográfica. El documento también sitúa el debate dentro de la pandemia de COVID-19, ofreciendo una visión general de las medidas de protección social puestas en marcha por los gobiernos en el sector cultural y creativo.