bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Emergencies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgical Practice
Authors: Sekhar Reddy Nallamilli V. S.
Published: February 2021

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery has evolved over the last few decades. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons also deal with medical emergencies in an office or hospital setting on a regular basis. Emergency team response in most countries is prompt. However, in some parts of the world, the response time of the emergency team is expected to be comparatively longer, due to various policy issues. The chapter considers these special circumstances, to suggest some additional measures toward the management of the emergency, while waiting for the arrival of the emergency team. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons are expected to be well versed with this life-saving simple clinical skill and the protocols discussed here take this into consideration.
Surgery-First Orthognathic Approach
Authors: Reddy N. Viveka Vardhan , Potturi Abhinand
Published: February 2021

Traditionally, for correction of dentofacial deformities “orthodontics first” protocol has been universally adopted wherein the surgery is performed after the goals of the presurgical orthodontics have been achieved. The advantages of orthodontics first approach like preoperative leveling of arches and establishing overjet and overbite relationship by decompensation will help in accurate spatial positioning of maxillomandibular complex during surgery. However, prolonged treatment time and initial worsening of the deformity during decompensation has always been its shortcoming.

The concept of “Surgery First Orthognathic Approach (SFOA)” challenges the traditional protocol by overcoming its principal disadvantages. In SFOA, the Orthognathic surgery is performed before any orthodontics is initiated and this will help in shortening the overall treatment time, thereby increasing the patient’s compliance and acceptance towards the treatment in a better way. This chapter is intended to apprise on the details of planning, indications, contraindications, advantages and technical considerations of SFOA and also throws light on the recent advances pertaining to SFOA.
Hemifacial Microsomia (HFM) and Treacher Collins Syndrome
Authors: Ramanathan Manikandhan
Published: February 2021

Hemifacial microsomia and Treacher Collins syndrome are two entities which arise as a consequence of abnormal development of first and second branchial arches in utero. As a result, these dentofacial deformities present with abnormal facies especially the maxilla and mandible. They may also occur as part of other syndromes and may involve other structures of the body. In this chapter, we have discussed the etiology, clinical features, radiological assessment and treatment planning of such cases. Special emphasis should be made on early diagnosis, challenges of airway management and feeding and parental counselling. Since the two deformities are largely considered to be non-progressive, early distraction plays an important role in correction of the dentofacial deformity in these patients.
Distraction Osteogenesis of the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Neelakandan R. S.
Published: February 2021

Maxillomandibular reconstruction requires bone graft, heavy rigid fixation armamentarium and long hospitalization periods. Even with all this the final outcomes are still unpredictable. Patients treated with transport distraction osteogenesis present a better clinical condition, in terms of osteogenesis & histogenesis - identical to adjoining structures. It also has the benefit of producing a good quality and quantity of bone & mucosa, ideal for placement of osseointegrated implants. Thus, bone transport for maxillomandibular reconstruction has now become a gold standard for functional as well as esthetic reconstruction, offering a long term stability.
Language Teacher Educator Identity
Authors: Barkhuizen Gary
Published: February 2021

The author examines who language teacher educators are in the field of language teaching and learning. This includes a description of the different types of language teacher educators working in a range of professional and institutional contexts, an analysis of the reflections of a group of experienced English teacher educators working in Colombia and enrolled in a doctoral program to continue their professional development, and an exposition of the work that language teacher educators do, particularly in the domains of pedagogy, research, and service and leadership (institutional and community). All of this is done with the aim of understanding the identities that language teacher educators negotiate and are ascribed in their working contexts. The author emphasizes the need for research to pay attention to the lives and work of language teacher educators, and offers forty research questions as an indication of possible future research directions.
Outlawry Liminality and Sanctity in the Early Medieval North Atlantic
Authors: DeAngelo Jeremy
Published: February 2021

In reality, medieval outlaws were dangerous, desperate individuals. In the fiction of the Middle Ages, however, the possibilities afforded by their position on societies' margins granted them the ability to fill a number of transitory, transgressive roles: young adventurer, freedom fighter, and even saint. Outlawry, Liminality, and Sanctity in the Literature of the Early Medieval North Atlantic examines the development of the literary outlaw in the early Middle Ages, when traditions drawn from Anglo-Saxon England, early Christian Ireland, and Viking Age Iceland informed a generous view of itinerant criminality and facilitated the application of outlaw tropes to moral questions of conduct in both secular and religious life. Taken together, the traditions of the North Atlantic archipelago reveal a world of interconnected cultures with an expansive view of movement across boundaries both literal and conceptual, capable of finding value in unlikely places and countenancing the challenges presented by such discoveries.
Serotonin depletion reduces both acquisition and expression of context-conditioned fear
Authors: Hagsäter S. Melker , Pettersson Robert , Holmäng Axel , Eriksson Elias
Published: February 2021

Objective:

Whereas numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest a complex involvement of serotonin in the regulation of anxiety, it remains to be clarified if the dominating impact of this transmitter is best described as anxiety-reducing or anxiety-promoting. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of serotonin depletion on acquisition, consolidation, and expression of conditioned fear.

Methods:

Male Sprague–Dawley rats were exposed to foot shocks as unconditioned stimulus and assessed with respect to freezing behaviour when re-subjected to context. Serotonin depletion was achieved by administration of a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (300 mg/kg daily × 3), (i) throughout the period from (and including) acquisition to (and including) expression, (ii) during acquisition but not expression, (iii) after acquisition only, and (iv) during expression only.

Results:

The time spent freezing was significantly reduced in animals that were serotonin-depleted during the entire period from (and including) acquisition to (and including) expression, as well as in those being serotonin-depleted during either acquisition only or expression only. In contrast, PCPA administrated immediately after acquisition, that is during memory consolidation, did not impact the expression of conditioned fear.

Conclusion:

Intact serotonergic neurotransmission is important for both acquisition and expression of context-conditioned fear.
Existence of solution for elliptic equations with supercritical Trudinger–Moser growth
Authors: Faria Luiz F. O. , Montenegro Marcelo
Published: February 2021

This paper is concerned with the existence of solutions for a class of elliptic equations on the unit ball with zero Dirichlet boundary condition. The nonlinearity is supercritical in the sense of Trudinger–Moser. Using a suitable approximating scheme we obtain the existence of at least one positive solution.
The Jewish–Christian Dialogue Jason and Papiscus in Light of the Sinaiticus Fragment
Authors: Tolley Harry
Published: February 2021

For centuries, the lost Jewish-Christian dialogue Jason and Papiscus was known only through various quotations and summaries from Patristic sources. This changed in 2011 with the publication of a newly discovered, large fragment of Jason and Papiscus known as the Sinaiticus fragment. The current article examines the Sinaiticus fragment, compares it to the previously known remnants of Jason and Papiscus and examines the information from the fragment in relation to other texts. Several important new observations are obtained as a result. This article—for the first time—unites the Sinaiticus fragment with all of the Patristic material related to Jason and Papiscus in one appendix, with all entries newly translated by the author with updated notes. This article also contains new digital images of the Sinaiticus fragment.
Labor Migration from Kruševo: Mobility, Ottoman Transformation, and the Balkan Highlands in the 19th Century
Authors: Sefer Akın , Yıldız Aysel , Kabadayı Mustafa Erdem
Published: February 2021

Although mountainous regions remained relatively isolated and almost untouched by the Ottoman rule, labor migration connected the inhabitants of these regions to the socioeconomic and political processes in the Ottoman Empire and beyond. Kruševo, a highland village located in present-day North Macedonia, provides an excellent case for understanding these connections. This paper presents systematic evidence from the Ottoman archives to document and analyze the social, economic, and demographic impacts of labor migration during this period. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Ottoman population and tax records of Kruševo in the 1840s, demonstrating the occupational profiles, migration patterns, and family and neighborhood networks of village residents during this period. Based on this analysis, it argues that labor migration was key to the transformation of social, economic, and demographic relations in rural communities and to the integration of even the most remote highland villages with the modernization processes that characterized the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.
Social and individual factors associated with condom use among single youths: an analysis of the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Rwenge Jean-Robert Mburano , Djourdebbe Franklin Bouba , Ekambi Emmanuel Ekambi
Published: February 2021

In Cameroon, two-fifths of the population is between the age of 15 and 24. Adolescents and youths are an important social group for the development of the country and the realization of the demographic dividend. The promotion of sexual and reproductive health will enable youth to transform their potential into development. This study aimed to identify the determinants of condom use at last sexual intercourse among single youths, highlight gender differences in the factors associated with condom use and identify the characteristics of youths who were less likely to use condoms. Data were taken from the 2018 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey. The study sample comprised 1464 single females and 989 single males age 15–24. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test the study hypotheses. Overall, 51% of the female and 66% of the male youths reported using condoms at last sexual intercourse. For both sexes, the protective factor was not having children. Among the females, belonging to the Bamileke or Mbo ethnic groups and delaying first sexual intercourse were also protective, while working in the modern or service sectors was the main risk factor. Among male youths, residing in households whose heads had a higher educational level was protective and household poverty was the main risk factor. These findings support Cameroon’s multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS prevention among youths, and emphasize the importance of involving parents, teachers and youths in prevention strategies.
Somatic cell count in buffalo milk using fuzzy clustering and image processing techniques
Authors: Silva Ramos Aline , Hora Fontes Cristiano , Magdiel Ferreira Adonias , Costa Baccili Camila , da Silva Karen Nascimento , Gomes Viviani , de Melo Gabriel Jesus Alves
Published: February 2021

This research communication presents an automatic method for the counting of somatic cells in buffalo milk, which includes the application of a fuzzy clustering method and image processing techniques (somatic cell count with fuzzy clustering and image processing|, SCCFCI). Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is the main biomarker for assessing milk quality and it is traditionally performed by exhaustive methods consisting of the visual observation of cells in milk smears through a microscope, which generates uncertainties associated with human interpretation. Unlike other similar works, the proposed method applies the Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) method as a preprocessing step in order to separate the images (objects) of the cells into clusters according to the color intensity. This contributes signficantly to the performance of the subsequent processing steps (thresholding, segmentation and recognition/identification). Two methods of thresholding were evaluated and the Watershed Transform was used for the identification and separation of nearby cells. A detailed statistical analysis of the results showed that the SCCFCI method is able to provide results which are consistent with those obtained by conventional counting. This method therefore represents a viable alternative for quality control in buffalo milk production.
The effect of cereal type and α-tocopherol supplementation on selective quality and processability parameters of milk from late lactation grazing dairy cows
Authors: McKay Zoe C. , O'Sullivan Michael , Lynch Mary B. , Mulligan Finbar J. , Ma Lu , Rajauria Gaurav , Pierce Karina M.
Published: February 2021

This research communication addressed the hypothesis that late lactation cows offered an oat-grain-based supplement or a high level of α-TOC supplementation at pasture would have improved milk composition and processability. Over a grazing period of 49 d, 48 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were: control, pasture only (CTRL), pasture + 2.65 kg DM barley-based concentrate + 350 IU α-TOC/kg (BARLO), pasture + 2.65 kg DM oat-based concentrate + 350 IU α-TOC/kg (OATLO) and pasture + 2.65 kg DM oat-based concentrate + 1050 IU α-TOC/kg (OATHI). Within this randomised complete block design experiment cows were blocked on days in milk (DIM) and balanced for parity, milk yield and composition. Rennet coagulation time (RCT) was reduced in milk from cows offered OATHI compared to CTRL cows and OATLO. Concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased by OATHI compared to OATLO and in OATLO compared to CTRL. Supplementation with OATHI reduced individual saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in milk compared to OATLO. In conclusion, supplementing grazing dairy cows with an oat-based supplement improved total milk CLA concentration compared to pasture only. Offering a high level of α-TOC (2931 IU/d) to dairy cows reduced RCT, individual SFA and increased total CLA concentration of milk compared to a lower α-TOC level (738 IU α-TOC/d).
Arytenoid asymmetry: Is it the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction in unilateral vocal fold paralysis?
Authors: Menon J R , Mathew A S , Nath S
Published: February 2021

Objective

The aim of this study was to establish arytenoid asymmetry as a pre-operative predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction surgery in unilateral vocal fold paralysis and thereafter identify the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction among the established parameters.

Methods

A retrospective comparative study was undertaken. The ‘arytenoid asymmetry angle’ formed between skewed ‘glottic’ and ‘interarytenoid’ axes (traced along the plane of closure of the membranous and cartilaginous glottis, respectively) was quantified in pre-operative laryngoscopic images of 85 adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis who underwent either type 1 thyroplasty (group 1) or type 1 thyroplasty with arytenoid adduction (group 2). The need for arytenoid adduction was determined intra-operatively based on subjective voice improvement and laryngoscopic results.

Results

Arytenoid asymmetry (p < 0.0001), posterior phonatory gap (p = 0.001) and vertical level difference (p = 0.004) were significantly greater in group 2 (descending order of parameters). Arytenoid asymmetry angle showed a significant positive correlation with the latter two parameters.

Conclusion

Arytenoid asymmetry is the most predictive parameter for arytenoid adduction. An arytenoid asymmetry angle of more than or equal to 33.9⁰ is an indication for arytenoid adduction. This aids in pre-operative planning of arytenoid adduction.
Acceleration in a time of war: Technology, nation, and ecology in the South China Sea, 1956–66
Authors: Sasges Gerard
Published: February 2021

On the eve of its foundation in 1954, the Republic of Vietnam had five motorised fishing boats; 20 years later, that figure had swelled to over sixty thousand. This conversion to fossil fuels, along with associated developments like the intensified exploitation of marine ecologies and the use of new synthetic materials, form part of what has come to be called the ‘Great Acceleration’. This article follows a Japanese fisheries expert who spent six years in Vietnam in the early 1960s to explore the physical and conceptual work this process entailed, its entanglement with projects of war-making and nation-building, and the way it was both a product of and producer of the collapse of local ecologies.
The edible tide: How estuaries and migrants transformed the Straits of Melaka, 1870–1940
Authors: Medrano Anthony D.
Published: February 2021

The Straits of Melaka have long played a central role in the history of Southeast Asia, from facilitating the movement of people, ideas, and commodities to marking the salty edge of states, empires, and sultanates. Networks, circulations, and mobilities have shaped our vision and understanding of this waterway. This article charts a different kind of story, one that explores the Straits not as a space of passage but rather as a place of production. It shows how and why these waters became an industrial fishing zone — an industrial estuary, as it were — in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the case of Bagan Si Api Api, a Hokkien-built town at the mouth of Sumatra's Rokan River, it explains why estuaries and migrants were central to Southeast Asia's urban rise from 1870 to 1940. By looking at the Straits during this pivotal moment, the article reveals the ways in which ecologies, beliefs, technologies, and cultures all combined to shape not only the economic life of Southeast Asia's estuaries, but also, and more importantly, the place of these estuaries in the region's economic life.
The mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults: results of two nationally representative English household probability samples
Authors: Pitman Alexandra , Marston Louise , Lewis Gemma , Semlyen Joanna , McManus Sally , King Michael
Published: February 2021

Background

Evidence on inequalities in mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people arises primarily from non-random samples.

Aims

To use a probability sample to study change in mental health inequalities between two survey points, 7 years apart; the contribution of minority stress; and whether associations vary by age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, and religious identification.

Methods

We analysed data from 10 443 people, in two English population-based surveys (2007 and 2014), on common mental disorder (CMD), hazardous alcohol use, and illicit drug use. Multivariable models were adjusted for age, gender, and economic factors, adding interaction terms for survey year, age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, and religious identification. We explored bullying and discrimination as mediators.

Results

Inequalities in risks of CMD or substance misuse were unchanged between 2007 and 2014. Compared to heterosexuals, bisexual, and lesbian/gay people were more likely to have CMD, particularly bisexual people [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.86; 95% CI 1.83–4.46], and to report alcohol misuse and illicit drug use. When adjusted for bullying, odds of CMD remained elevated only for bisexual people (AOR = 3.21; 95% CI 1.64–6.30), whilst odds of alcohol and drug misuse were unchanged. When adjusted for discrimination, odds of CMD and alcohol misuse remained elevated only for bisexual people (AOR = 2.91; 95% CI 1.80–4.72; and AOR = 1.63; 95% CI 1.03–2.57 respectively), whilst odds of illicit drug use remained unchanged. There were no interactions with age, gender, childhood sexual abuse, or religious identification.

Conclusions

Mental health inequalities in non-heterosexuals have not narrowed, despite increasing societal acceptance. Bullying and discrimination may help explain the elevated rate of CMD in lesbian women and gay men but not in bisexual people.
Body and Gesture in Derek Walcott’s Theatre
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason
Published: February 2021

Reflecting on Derek Walcott’s early relationship with movement, dance and ritual, this article sheds light on the centrality of embodied memory in Walcott’s work for the stage and reflects on the relationship between memory and materiality in his epistemology of performance. Walcott’s ideas shaped his approach to dramaturgy in the late 1950s and position his work in relation to global debates around materialism (Brecht) and ritualism (Grotowski) in the theatre. A discussion of two plays, Dream on Monkey Mountain and Pantomime, examines the use of gestural language in specific performances of each. Such an approach demonstrates that the importance of embodied memory, as reflected in the staging of these plays, relates to certain Afro-Caribbean belief systems, which have exerted much influence on Walcott’s work. The article also emphasizes how Walcott’s theatre functions as a decolonial praxis that fosters the emergence of empowered subjectivities and Africanist modes of humanness that challenge the cultural order of colonialism. Jason Allen-Paisant is a lecturer in Caribbean Poetics and Decolonial Thought at the University of Leeds, and Director of the Institute for Colonial and Postcolonial Studies. He is currently at work on the monograph Staging Black Futures in the Twenty-First Century.
Tennessee Williams’s Creative Frisson, Censorship, and the Queering of Theatre
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: February 2021

The world around Tennessee Williams in the 1960s, 1970s, and into the 1980s was changing at an astonishing pace, the cultural revolution of the period rendering most of his themes of sexual closeting and repression almost inconsequential. At least the entrenched cultural taboos against which he wrote seem to have disappeared by the mid-1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, Broadway productions of his work grew infrequent, while those mounted tended to have short runs. He told interviewers from Theatre Arts magazine: ‘I think my kind of literary or pseudo-literary style of writing for the theatre is on its way out.’ European productions of his work, on the other hand, seemed regenerative: Howard Davies’s Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1989), in which the director used Williams’s original third act and not the version rewritten by Elia Kazan for the New York premiere; Peter Hall’s revival of Orpheus Descending (1989–91); Benedict Andrews’s A Streetcar Named Desire (2014), followed by his 2017 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof – a revival deemed ‘so courageous’; and in Italy, Elio De Capitani’s productions of Un tram che si chiama desiderio (1995) and Improvvisamente, l’estate scorsa (2011), both in fresh, new, up-to-date translations by Masolino D’Amico – all these have maintained an edge to Williams’s theatre lost in so many American productions. All seem to suggest the continued vitality of Williams’s work in Europe by directors willing to probe and rediscover Williams’s depths, who consider him ‘a playwright worthy of further artistic investigation’, as European audiences, correspondingly, seem less inclined to dismiss him as an artist whom history has overtaken. S. E. Gontarski is Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of English at Florida State University. His critical, bilingual edition of Tennessee Williams’s A Streetcar Named Desire was published as Un tram che si chiama desiderio / A Streetcar Named Desire (Pisa: Editioni ETS, 2012). His Włodzimierz Staniewski and the Phenomenon of ‘Gardzienice’, co-edited with Tomasz Wiśniewski and Katarzyna Kręglewska, is forthcoming (Routledge).
Crystal structure of pomalidomide Form I, C13H11N3O4
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: February 2021

The crystal structure of pomalidomide Form I has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Pomalidomide Form I crystallizes in the space group P-1 (#2) with a = 7.04742(9), b = 7.89103(27), c = 11.3106(6) Å, α = 73.2499(13), β = 80.9198(9), γ = 88.5969(6)°, V = 594.618(8) Å3, and Z = 2. The crystal structure is characterized by the parallel stacking of planes parallel to the bc-plane. Hydrogen bonds link the molecules into double layers also parallel to the bc-plane. Each of the amine hydrogen atoms acts as a donor to a carbonyl group in an N–H⋯O hydrogen bond, but only two of the four carbonyl groups act as acceptors in such hydrogen bonds. Other carbonyl groups participate in C–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD® for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).
An investigation of the competencies involved in the facilitation of CBT-based group psychoeducational interventions
Authors: Noble Louise A. , Firth Nick , Delgadillo Jaime , Kellett Stephen
Published: February 2021

Background:

Whilst the delivery of low-intensity group psychoeducation is a key feature of the early steps of the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme, there is little consensus regarding the skills and competencies demanded.

Aims:

To identify the competencies involved in facilitating CBT-based group psychoeducation in order to inform future measure development.

Method:

A Delphi study in which participants (n= 36) were relevant IAPT stakeholders and then an expert panel (n= 8) review of the competencies identified within the Delphi study to create a shortened, more practical list of competencies.

Results:

After three consultation rounds, consensus was reached on 36 competencies. These competencies were assigned to four main categories: group set-up, content, process and closure. A further expert review produced a shortened 16-item set of psychoeducation group facilitation competencies.

Conclusions:

The current study has produced a promising framework for assessing facilitator competency in delivering CBT-based group psychoeducational interventions. Weaknesses in the Delphi approach are noted and directions for future measure development research are identified.
Retirement decisions in a changing labor market
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Newhouse Joseph P.
Published: February 2021

The papers in this volume examine a series of important questions that influence the transition from full time employment to complete retirement. Retirement is shown to be a process as individuals move from career jobs to bridge jobs to being out of the labor force. The articles examine the characteristics of bridge jobs and the employment conditions that older workers prefer. Analysis provided by the authors show the importance of saving throughout work life and how pension plans and retirement saving plans influence the timing of retirement.
Putting Neoliberalism in Its Place
Authors: Jackson Ben
Published: February 2021

Neoliberalism is an ideal subject for intellectual historians. It is an ideological movement that has been both theoretically sophisticatedandinfluential, ensuring that excursions along the highways and byways of neoliberal thought can always be justified practically, as disclosing the ideas that have shaped contemporary politics. There is also no shortage of source material, as the voluble characters who generated neoliberal ideology wrote innumerable books and articles and left behind extensive archival collections that preserve their correspondence, drafts and records of meetings. Furthermore, there is abundant evidence of the collaboration (and tensions) between the key neoliberal thinkers, since they worked together in their long years in the wilderness as members of the Mont Pèlerin Society (MPS), the invitation-only discussion group formed by Friedrich Hayek in 1947 to restate the case for market liberalism, and with various associated think tanks scattered across the globe. Given all this, it is surprising that more historical research hadn't focused on neoliberalism earlier, but the field was largely left clear for philosophers and social scientists until the 2000s. Much of this work was in any case historicist in character, notably the influential lectures of Michel Foucault, delivered in 1979 but only published in French in 2004 and in English in 2008, which scrutinized certain key texts of neoliberal theory some time before other scholars had focused on them. The years around the 2008–9 financial crisis—by a mixture of accident and design—marked the point at which intellectual historians (and social scientists with an interest in the history of ideas) followed Foucault by diving more systematically into tracing the origins and trajectory of neoliberal thought. Much of this research has concentrated on the MPS, although the MPS itself is probably best understood as a useful entry point for exploring several distinct strands of market liberalism that emerged in different places in the 1930s and 1940s before being woven together into a broader transnational movement of ideas in the course of the 1950s and 1960s. In spite of skeptical voices claiming either that “neoliberalism” does not exist, or that if it does exist it is best analyzed as the assertion of class interests rather than as an ideology, this work has cumulatively demonstrated that tracing the history of neoliberal thought is an indispensable exercise if we are to understand how we have reached the present conjuncture.
Characterization of flowering time response among recombinant inbred lines of WAB638-1/PRIMAVERA rice under reproductive stage drought stress
Authors: Adeboye Kehinde A. , Oduwaye Olusegun A. , Daniel Isaac O. , Fofana Mamadou , Semon Mande
Published: February 2021

Ninety-eight high-yielding recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of WAB638-1/PRIMAVERA rice were evaluated with the parents under reproductive stage drought stress. The study aimed at characterizing flowering time response under drought stress and consequently classifying the genetic resources for efficient use in breeding programmes. Two field trials were conducted during the 2016 and 2017 dry seasons using the randomized complete block design with two replications. In 2016, 12 RILs were evaluated with the parents for the rooting attributes under drought stress and well-watered treatments. Analysis of variance revealed a significant (P < 0.05) variation among the genotypes for the traits evaluated. Drought stress reduced most of the characters in this study, including grain yield. However, the inbred lines exhibited considerable tolerance to drought stress as indicated by yield-related stress indexes, including stress susceptibility and drought tolerance indexes. Delayed flowering (FD) was recorded in 75 genotypes (including WAB638-1), while 25 genotypes (including PRIMAVERA) had no delay under drought stress compared to the control. The genotypes were grouped into flowering delay (D) genotypes (FD > 1 d) and no delay (N) genotypes (FD < 1 d), which significantly differ (P ⩽ 0.05) for numbers of days to 50% flowering. The flowering delay genotypes may be suitable for intermittent drought, while genotypes with little or no delay may be selected for terminal drought conditions. There was a significant correlation (r > 0.5) between the root length and number of days to 50% flowering. The study indicated that root parameters, such as the root length, may contribute to the drought adaptation mechanisms of the RILs.
THE ROLE OF LYSIAS’ SPEECH IN PLATO'SPHAEDRUS
Authors: Bryan Jenny
Published: February 2021

This article argues that the attribution to Lysias of theerōtikos(230e6–234c5) in Plato'sPhaedrusis more significant than has generally been acknowledged. Theerōtikosis attributed to Lysias because he is a logographer, whose success is dependent on writing speeches for other people. A careful consideration of both the context and the content of the speech encourage us to consider its relevance to Socrates. By attributing an (underwhelming) attempt at Socratic rhetoric to Lysias, thePhaedrusframes his speech as an example of the potential pitfalls of putting words into Socrates’ mouth. As such, the speech has broader significance for our understanding of what it means to write Socraticlogoi.
Anstieg der Suchtpatienten in der Notfallversorgung während der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Sobetzko Alexandra , Janssen-Schauer Gesa , Schäfer Martin
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Die Datenanalyse beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung von Suchtnotfällen im Vergleich zu allgemeinpsychiatrischen Notfällen während der COVID-19 Pandemie. Methodik: Es wurden psychiatrische Notfallkontakte in der interdisziplinären Notfallaufnahme der Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte für den Zeitraum des Lockdowns vom 15.03.2020 bis zum 04.05.2020 mit den Notfällen im gleichen Zeitraum 2019 verglichen. Suchtassoziierte Notfallkontakte wurden verglichen mit allgemein-psychiatrischen Notfällen unter Berücksichtigung von Alter und Geschlecht. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungszeitraum 2020 gab es 387 psychiatrische Notfälle im Vergleich zu 374 im Jahr 2019 (+3.3 %). Die Zahl der suchtassoziierten Notfälle lag 2020 um 25 % höher als 2019, während die Zahl der allgemeinpsychiatrischen Notfälle 2020 um 8,3 % niedriger war als 2019. Der Anteil der abhängigkeitsassoziierten Notfälle, die stationär aufgenommen werden mussten, war 2020 mit 69 % ähnlich hoch wie 2019 (71 %, n. s.). Im Vergleich dazu mussten Patienten mit anderen psychiatrischen Diagnosen 2020 signifikant häufiger aufgenommen werden (65,4 % vs. 52,1 % 2019; chi2 = 7,8, p = 0.005). Schlussfolgerungen: Der Anstieg suchtassoziierter Notfälle und eine erhöhte Aufnahmenotwendigkeit der sonstigen psychiatrischen Notfälle unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, in Krisenzeiten wie der Corona-Pandemie die psychiatrische Notfallversorgung und insbesondere die Versorgung von Suchtnotfällen aufrecht zu erhalten.
Gutachten gemäß § 64 StGB
Authors: Querengässer Jan , Baur Alexander
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die Zahl der gerichtlich in der Entziehungsanstalt nach § 64 StGB Untergebrachten steigt seit Jahren. Gerichte werden dabei regelmäßig durch forensisch-psychiatrische Sachverständige beraten, für die die Auseinandersetzung mit den Voraussetzungen entsprechender Unterbringungsanordnungen mittlerweile ebenfalls zum Tagesgeschäft gehört. Zugleich stellt die Vielzahl und Komplexität dieser Eingangsvoraussetzungen eine besondere Herausforderung dar, während zur Erstellung entsprechender Eingangsgutachten bislang kein Leitfaden vorliegt. Zielsetzung: Der Beitrag kombiniert die juristische mit der praktischen Perspektive und leitet daraus konkrete Hinweise für gutachterliche Sachverständige ab, wie bei der Erstellung eines Gutachtens vorgegangen werden könnte, damit das Gericht alle nötigen Anknüpfungspunkte erhält, um über die Unterbringung in einer Entziehungsanstalt zu entscheiden. Methodik: Narrative Übersicht über empirische Literatur, Gesetzgebung und Rechtsprechung. Ergebnisse: Neben der Besonderheit einer qualifiziert negativen Risikoprognose, die auf die Begehung von Straftaten im Kontext eines Hanges zum Suchtmittelkonsum im Übermaß zu beziehen ist, stellt insbesondere die Einschätzung zum Vorliegen einer „hinreichend konkreten“ Erfolgsaussicht der Behandlung Sachverständige vor eine Herausforderung. Auch darüber können jedoch unter Einbezug der Faktoren Dissozialität und/oder kriminelle Vorbelastung, motivationaler Aspekte und der Analyse personaler und sozialer Ressourcen Aussagen getroffen werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Forensisch-psychiatrische Sachverständige haben bezüglich des § 64 StGB einen sehr großen Einfluss auf die gerichtliche Entscheidung. Die Beachtung der hier formulierten Hinweise dürfte die Gutachtenerstellung erleichtern und Missverständnissen zwischen Gericht und Sachverständigen vorbeugen.
Zur Bedeutung von akademischer Motivation und Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen für den Studienerfolg
Authors: Höyng Mona , Borchert Margret
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Angesichts der kontrovers diskutierten Bildungsbarrieren und -chancen von Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit Migrationshintergrund im deutschen Bildungssystem untersucht dieser Beitrag, inwiefern sich die Determinanten des akademischen Erfolgs hinsichtlich des Migrationshintergrundes von Studenten und Studentinnen unterscheiden. Hierbei erfolgt eine empirische Analyse des schulischen Leistungsniveaus, der akademischen Motivation sowie von ausgewählten Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen als Determinanten der akademischen Leistung von Studenten und Studentinnen mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die Stichprobe bestand aus 1854 Studenten und Studentinnen an wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten von sechs verschiedenen deutschen Universitäten, davon wiesen rund ein Drittel der Studenten und Studentinnen einen Migrationshintergrund auf. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass insbesondere die schulische Leistung sowie die Gewissenhaftigkeit die akademische Leistung beider Herkunftsgruppen determinieren. Demgegenüber beeinflussen die Dimensionen der akademischen Motivation weder die akademische Leistung von Studenten und Studentinnen ohne Migrationshintergrund noch diejenige der Studenten und Studentinnen mit Migrationshintergrund.
Nanoscale Textural and Chemical Evolution of Silica Fault Mirrors in the Wasatch Fault Damage Zone, Utah, USA
Authors: Houser L. M. , Ault A. K. , Newell D. L. , Evans J. P. , Shen F.‐A. , Van Devener B. R.
Published: February 2021

High‐spatial resolution textural and geochemical data from thin slip surfaces in exhumed fault zones archive thermal and rheological signatures of past fault slip. A network of minor, glossy, iridescent silica fault mirrors (FMs) cut Paleoproterozoic gneiss in the Wasatch fault zone (WFZ), Utah. We report field to nanoscale observations from scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy of a silica FM to infer deformation mechanisms during FM development. The FM volume comprises a ∼40–90 μm‐thick basal layer of sintered, µm‐ to nm‐diameter silica particles with polygonal to anhedral morphologies, pervasive crystalline Ti‐bearing phases containing measurable N, and µm‐ to nm‐scale void spaces. Silica particles lack shape and crystallographic preferred orientation and some are predominantly amorphous with internal crystalline domains. The basal layer is overlain by a ∼10–130 nm‐thick, chemically heterogeneous, amorphous film at the FM interface. Mass balance calculations of Ti in the basal layer and host rock indicate the FM volume can be sourced from the underlying gneiss. Multiple textural and geochemical lines of evidence, including N substitution in Ti‐bearing phases, support temperature rise during deformation, associated amorphization of host gneiss, and creation of the FM volume. During thermal decay, interstitial anatase and titanite fully crystallized, silica textures capture their incipient crystallization, and some residual elements are solidified in the nanofilm. Our results support a mechanism of weakening and re‐strengthening of silica FM during fault slip and, together with data from adjacent hematite FMs, record shallow, ancient microseismicity in the WFZ.
Along‐Stream Variations in Valley Flank Erosion Rates Measured Using 10Be Concentrations in Colluvial Deposits From Canyons in the Atacama Desert
Authors: Zavala Valeria , Carretier Sébastien , Regard Vincent , Bonnet Stéphane , Riquelme Rodrigo , Choy Sandrine
Published: February 2021

The widening and deepening of river valleys occur at different rates. This co‐evolution is largely undocumented over thousands of years. Uncertainties on incision and widening laws limit the ability of models to reproduce erosion rates and responses to tectonics and climate over geologic timescales. We studied two 1 km‐deep canyons in northern Chile, both characterized by valley widening after the upward migration of a major knickzone but with a diachronous incision initiation. We use 10Be concentrations measured in colluvial deposits to quantify the erosion rates E of along‐stream valley flanks. We observe that E increases in the knickzone, with well‐defined relationships (R2 = 0.7): E increases quasilinearly with the valley‐bed slope and decreases with the valley width (exponent ∼‐0.4). Our results suggest that E decreases with time but that valley flank weathering may sustain a significant lateral erosion rate. Our results provide data for testing erosion laws governing valley widening.
A Paleoseismic Record Spanning 2‐Myr Reveals Episodic Late Pliocene Deformation in the Western Qaidam Basin, NE Tibet
Authors: Lu Yin , Marco Shmuel , Wetzler Nadav , Fang Xiaomin , Alsop G. Ian , Hubert‐Ferrari Aurélia
Published: February 2021

The western Qaidam Basin, NE Tibet contains numerous NW‐SE‐trending thrusts that extend over a distance of ∼300 km along the Altyn Tagh Fault and north of the Kunlun Range. However, little is known about the long‐term seismo‐tectonic evolution of this active thrust zone due to the absence of an extended paleoseismic record. We present a 2‐Myr‐long disturbance record established from a core drilled on the crest of a thrust‐cored anticline. Based on detailed sedimentological analysis, the disturbances (micro‐faults, soft‐sediment deformation, slumps, and detachment surfaces) are interpreted as paleoearthquake/tectonic indicators. The core records five seismite clusters which occurred at 3.6‐3.5, 3.4‐3.2, 3.15‐3.1, 3.0‐2.9, and 2.8‐2.75 Ma. This suggests the rate of tectonic strain accommodated by the folds and thrusts in the region varies and thus reveals episodic local deformation. During the clusters, regional deformation is concentrated more in the fold‐and‐thrust system than along regional major strike‐slip faults.
Unusual Seismic Signals in the Sevier Desert, Utah Possibly Related to the Black Rock Volcanic Field
Authors: Mesimeri Maria , Pankow Kristine L. , Barnhart William D. , Whidden Katherine M. , Hale J. Mark
Published: February 2021

On September 12, 2018 and April 14, 2019 shallow (<2.5 km from the surface, <1 km relative to sea level) earthquakes (Mw 4.0 and 4.1, respectively) struck a relatively aseismic area in south‐central Utah, within the Black Rock Desert volcanic field. Seismic waveforms are dominated by long‐period energy, no clear direct S‐wave arrivals, and signal durations of ∼100 s. Using co‐seismic interferograms, we detect clear and distinguishable surface deformation confirming the shallowness of the two mainshocks, while full moment tensor solutions rule out an isotropic source, such as an explosion or collapse. For the April 2019 sequence, we build an earthquake catalog using a dense temporary geophone array. The enhanced earthquake catalog shows a rapidly decaying aftershock sequence, with 85% of aftershocks occurring during the first three hours. Combining these observations, we argue that these earthquake sequences are related to the Black Rock Desert volcanic field.
Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Formation Over the Western North Pacific by the ENSO Combination Mode
Authors: Song Jinjie , Klotzbach Philip J. , Duan Yihong , Zhuge Xiaoyong
Published: February 2021

Previous studies have shown that a combination mode (C‐mode) is formed by nonlinear interactions between the western Pacific warm pool annual cycle and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation variability. We find a significant inverse relationship between western North Pacific (WNP) tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and the C‐mode index on monthly timescales from 1970 to 2019. During positive C‐mode phases, TC formation is significantly suppressed over a region spanning 5°N‐20°N and 140°E‐175°E, primarily due to reduced 850‐hPa relative vorticity and increased 850‐200‐hPa vertical wind shear. By contrast, there is significantly enhanced TC genesis over the region spanning 25°N‐30°N and 125°E‐135°E, mainly due to increased 850‐hPa relative vorticity and 600‐hPa relative humidity. All of these changes in atmospheric conditions are further linked to an anomalous large‐scale anticyclone over the WNP generated by the C‐mode. Our results suggest that C‐mode variability can serve as a potential predictor for forecasting monthly WNP TC activity.
Shear‐Wave Velocity Structure of the Southern African Upper Mantle: Implications for Craton Structure and Plateau Uplift
Authors: White‐Gaynor A. L. , Nyblade A. A. , Durrheim R. J. , Raveloson R. , van der Meijde M. , Fadel I. , Paulssen H. , Kwadiba M. , Ntibinyane O. , Titus N. , Sitali M.
Published: February 2021

We present a 3D shear‐wave velocity model of the southern African upper mantle developed using 30–200 s period Rayleigh waves recorded on regional seismic networks spanning the subcontinent. The model shows high velocities (∼4.7–4.8 km/s) at depths of 50–250 km beneath the Archean nucleus and several surrounding Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic terranes, placing the margin of the greater Kalahari Craton along the southern boundary of the Damara Belt and the eastern boundaries of the Gariep and Namaqua‐Natal belts. At depths ≥250 km, there is little difference in velocities beneath the craton and off‐craton regions, suggesting that the cratonic lithosphere extends to depths of about 200–250 km. Upper mantle velocities beneath uplifted areas of southern Africa are higher than the global average and significantly higher than beneath eastern Africa, indicating there that is little thermal modification of the upper mantle present today beneath the Southern African Plateau.
How Do Extreme Summer Precipitation Events Over Eastern China Subregions Change?
Authors: He Linqiang , Hao Xin , Li Hua , Han Tingting
Published: February 2021

In this study, observations from the CN05.1 daily data set and K‐means clustering were used to capture spatiotemporal characteristics of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) during summer over eastern China subregions from 1961 to 2018. Five subregions including South China (SC), the Yangtze River Basin (YRB), the HeTao Area (HTA), North China (NC), and Northeast China (NEC) are identified, which is distinct from previous studies. There were significant rates of EPEs transfer from the YRB‐type to SC‐type (18%), HTA‐type to YRB‐type (16%), HTA‐type to NC‐type (22%), and NC‐type to NEC‐type (25%), and the associated processes of synoptic evolution are addressed. Within these types of regional EPEs, intrinsic relationships exist that have not been recorded by previous studies. The intraseasonal evolution of summer EPEs shows a northward migration of the rainbelt influenced by the East Asian summer monsoon system. Moreover, temporal variations of regional EPEs from interannual timescales to long‐term trends are examined.