bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neck-Tongue syndrome: A systematic review
Authors: Gelfand Amy A , Johnson Hannah , Lenaerts Marc EP , Litwin Jessica R , De Mesa Charles , Bogduk Nikolai , Goadsby Peter J
Published: January 2017

Objective

Neck-Tongue syndrome (NTS) is characterized by brief attacks of neck or occipital pain, or both, brought out by abrupt head turning and accompanied by ipsilateral tongue symptoms. As the disorder is rare, we undertook a systematic review of the literature to identify all reported cases in order to phenotype clinically the disorder and subsequently inform clinical diagnostic criteria.

Methods

Two electronic databases were searched using the search term “neck tongue syndrome”. All English language references were reviewed in full. Cases were abstracted using a standardized abstraction form and the references of the retrieved articles were reviewed by hand to identify additional references and cases. Conference proceedings from recent headache meetings were searched. We also report six new cases from our centers.

Results

There were 39 primary cases, 56% of which were female. Mean age (SD) at onset was 16 (12) years. Twenty (53%) experienced neck pain, seven (18%) occipital pain, and 11 (29%) both. Pain was most often sharp or stabbing and severe, lasting several seconds to several minutes. Eleven experienced numbness and/or tingling in the neck/occiput following the pain. Thirty-six had an accompanying tongue sensory disturbance and three a motor/posture disturbance; five had both. Thirteen had other headaches, and four a family history of Neck-Tongue syndrome.

Conclusions

Neck-Tongue syndrome typically has pediatric or adolescent onset, suggesting that ligamentous laxity during growth and development may facilitate transient subluxation of the lateral atlantoaxial joint with sudden head turning. Familial cases suggest a genetic predisposition in some individuals. Neck-Tongue syndrome should be re-instated in the International Classification of Headache Disorders.
Comorbidity between idiopathic overactive bladder and chronic migraine
Authors: Ramos Marta L , García-Cabo Carmen , Leira Rogelio , Domínguez Clara , Pozo-Rosich Patricia , Vila Carme , Laínez Miguel J , Pascual Julio
Published: January 2017

Objective

We tested whether overactive bladder (OAB) and chronic migraine (CM) could be comorbid.

Patients and methods

CM women, aged 40–69 years, answered a validated OAB questionnaire. Prevalence data were compared with those reported in our country in the general population (GP) using the same questionnaire.

Results

We interviewed 231 CM women. Eighty-four met OAB criteria. OAB prevalence in CM patients was significantly higher than that found in the GP (36.4% vs. 21.8% in the GP; p = 0.0001). There were 34 CM women aged 40–49 years (34.3% vs. 15.2%; p = 0.001), 35 aged 50–59 years (38.9% vs. 21.7%; p = 0.004) and 15 aged 60–69 years (35.7% vs. 24.5%; p = 0.15) meeting OAB criteria. Seventy-seven (33% vs. 9.9%; p = 0.002) needed more than eight micturitions/24 h, 61 (26.4% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.002) experienced nocturia and 43 (18.6% vs. 8.1%; p = 0.001) urinary incontinence.

Conclusion

In this exploratory study, at least in women, OAB and CM are comorbid, which suggests shared mechanisms.
Italian Fertility: an Historical Account
Authors: Bacci Massimo Livi , Breschi Marco
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: This article presents a brief synthesis of our knowledge about the evolution of fertility in Italy. The late start of the demographic transition in Italy, compared with other countries of western Europe, was due to the persistence of high mortality levels and Italy's particular vulnerability to fluctuations and crises up until the 1870s. This situation prevented fertility limitation, which had been practiced in small areas and groups earlier in the nineteenth century, from spreading among the rest of the population until the end of century. Once underway, fertility limitation spread from the Central-North to the South, from west to east, and from urban to rural areas. As a consequence of this process, a peak of variability in Italian fertility patterns was reached during the 1930s, when areas and categories with very low fertility levels coexisted with others in which natural fertility still prevailed.
Family Forms and Domestic Service in Southern Italy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Molin Giovanna Da
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: The relationship between form of household and the distribution of servants is examined for a sample of forty communities spread throughout mainland southern Italy for the period ranging from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The link between the nuclear family household system and the presence of widespread life course service, found elsewhere in Europe, is not found in this area. Southern Italy was characterized by a nuclear family household system, yet service as a stage of the life course was generally uncommon. Servants were largely female and involved women of all ages.
The Distinguishing Features of Domestic Service in Italy
Authors: Arru Angiolina
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: The identity of Italy's urban servants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is explored, focusing especially on the city of Rome. Of particular interest is the transformation of urban service in the eighteenth century from a primarily male occupation to one in which women were more prominent. The immigrant streams that fed the urban servant population are examined, and the place of service in the individual's life course is discussed.
Wages, Secondary Workers, and Fertility: A Working-Class Perspective of the Fertility Transition in England and Wales
Authors: Schellekens Jona
Published: January 2017

The focus of the analysis in this study is on the economic benefits parents derive from their children and the impact of these on fertility transitions. Particular attention is given to the working class in Victorian England and Wales. The life-cycle drop-off in adult productivity among this class created a need for additional income at later stages of the family life-cycle. This income was mostly generated by children and adolescents. Hence, it is suggested, that not until the substantial rise in real wages during the last quarter of the nineteenth century could fertility among the working class in England and Wales have started its decline. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with data on occupation-specific fertility levels taken from the 1911 Fertility Census.
African American Women and Work: A Socio-Historical Perspective
Authors: Burgess Norma J. , Horton Hayward Derrick
Published: January 2017

The development of work roles among African American women is discussed using a self-regenerating loop characteristic of historicist theory. The necessity of a multicultural view of women and work is essential in understanding African American women and their families. The use of past circumstances and consequences results in a more comprehensive model for African American married women in the incorporation of the interaction between work and family. Work outside the home as a significant component in the lives of African American women commands careful attention to theories and historical discussions. Different experiences by race in paid employment outside the home have implications for understanding current issues affecting all employed women.
Historical Racial Differences in Living Arrangements of Children
Authors: McDaniel Antonio
Published: January 2017

The African American family is not simply a product of existing social conditions but a reflection of a history and a culture that has been conducive to the survival of the African American population. The effect of social and economic exploitation and exclusion of the African population in America during slavery and its aftermath is summarized by a historical approach, which is sensitive to culture. The contemporary household structures of the European and African American populations differ in a similar although more extreme manner than in the past.
Health Service Utilisation, Detection Rates by Family Practitioners, and Management of Patients with Common Mental Disorders in French Family Practice
Authors: Norton Joanna , Engberink Agnès Oude , Gandubert Catherine , Ritchie Karen , Mann Anthony , David Michel , Capdevielle Delphine
Published: January 2017

Objective:

Provide up-to-date detection rates for common mental disorders (CMD) and examine patient service-use since the Preferred Doctor scheme was introduced to France in 2005, with patients encouraged to register with and consult a family practitioner (FP) of their choice.

Methods:

Study of 1133 consecutive patients consulting 38 FPs in the Montpellier region, replicating a study performed before the scheme. Patients in the waiting room completed the self-report Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and Client Service-Receipt Inventory with questions on registration with a Preferred Doctor and doctor-shopping. CMD was defined as reaching PHQ criteria for depression, somatoform, panic or anxiety disorder. For each patient, FPs completed a questionnaire capturing psychiatric caseness.

Results:

81.2% of patients were seeing their Preferred Doctor on the survey-day. Of those with a CMD, 52.6% were detected by the FP. This increased with CMD severity and comorbidity. Detected cases were more likely to be consulting their Preferred Doctor (84.7% versus 79.4% for non-detected cases, p = 0.05) rather than another FP. They declared more visits to psychiatrists (17.2% versus 6.7%, p = 0.002). There was no association with consultation frequency or doctor-shopping, which both declined between the two studies.

Conclusion:

The CMD detection rate is relatively high, with no increase compared to our previous study, despite a decline in doctor-shopping. An explanation is the same high proportion of patients visiting their usual FP on the survey-day at both periods, suggesting a limited impact of the scheme on care continuity. FP action taken highlights the importance of improving detection for providing care to patients with CMDs.
ADHD Treatment in Primary Care: Demographic Factors, Medication Trends, and Treatment Predictors
Authors: Hauck Tanya S. , Lau Cindy , Wing Laura Li Foa , Kurdyak Paul , Tu Karen
Published: January 2017

Background:

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of youth with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Ontario, Canada, and to determine the predictors of psychotropic medication prescriptions in youth with ADHD.

Method:

This is a cross-sectional retrospective chart abstraction of more than 250 000 medical records from youth aged 1 to 24 years in a large geographical region in Ontario, Canada, linked to population-based health administrative data. A total of 10 000 charts were randomly selected and manually reviewed using predetermined criteria for ADHD and comorbidities. Prevalence, comorbidities, demographic indicators, and health service utilization characteristics were calculated. Predictors of treatment characteristics were determined using logistic regression modelling.

Results:

The prevalence of ADHD was 5.4% (7.9% males, 2.7% females). Youth with ADHD had significant psychiatric comorbidities. The majority (70.0%) of ADHD patients received prescriptions for stimulant or nonstimulant ADHD medication. Antipsychotic prescriptions were provided to 11.9% of ADHD patients versus 0.9% of patients without ADHD. Antidepressant prescriptions were provided to 19.8% versus 5.4% of patients with and without ADHD, respectively. Predictors of antidepressant prescriptions were increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 1.21), psychiatric consultation (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.16 to 3.58), and diagnoses of both anxiety and depression (OR, 18.4; 95% CI, 8.03 to 42.1), whereas the only predictor of antipsychotic prescriptions was psychiatric consultation (OR, 3.85; 95% CI, 2.11 to 7.02).

Conclusions:

Youth with ADHD have more psychiatric comorbidities than youth without ADHD. The majority of youth with ADHD received stimulant medications, and a significant number received additional psychotropic medications, with psychiatric consultation predicting medication use.
Major Payoffs
Authors: Monaghan David , Jang Sou Hyun
Published: January 2017

Although the bachelor’s degree is considered the “great equalizer,” returns vary substantially by field of study, particularly in the years immediately following graduation. In the first section of our analysis, we study the varying labor market experiences of recent graduates with different majors. We build on prior research by more fully accounting for the complicating role of graduate school attendance in the relationship between majors and income. We find some majors to be distinctly “risky,” exposing their holders to heightened risk of low income and unemployment during the postcollege transition. Those who select such majors are much more likely to later enroll in graduate school. After 10 years, graduate degrees mitigate, but do not entirely erase, major-based income disparities. We use these findings in the second section to explore the determinants of major choice among first-time freshmen. Female and higher socioeconomic status (SES) students are more likely to select risky majors, but the latter relationship is entirely explained by academic and institutional variables. In contrast to prior research, we find strong institutional effects on major choice, with those attending selective colleges, smaller institutions, and institutions with fewer low-SES students more likely to select risky and graduate-school-associated majors, net of individual-level factors. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the situation of the arts and sciences fields in the era of mass enrollment.
Numerical analysis of the thermomechanical behaviour of an integrally water-heated tool for composite manufacturing
Authors: Abdalrahman Rzgar , Grove Stephen , Kyte Adam , Rizvi Md Jahir
Published: January 2017

Integrally water-heated tooling is one of the technologies available for ‘out-of-autoclave’ processing of advanced thermoset polymer composites. Temperature variation and temperature cycling, during heating and cooling, affect the properties of tool material and may produce undesirable thermal effects that degrade the tool durability and performance, especially when the tool construction involves various materials. Hence, in the current study, the performance and the thermomechanical behaviour of an integrally water-heated tool have been investigated using finite element analysis method. The intended tool, in the current study, consists different materials of composite and metals and is designed to heat up to 90℃. Linear mechanical properties, coefficient of thermal expansions and transient heating curve of each tool part are determined experimentally and set during the numerical analysis of tool structure to calculate the static thermal load effects of deformation, stress and strain. Comparing the numerical thermal effects with the ultimate stresses and strains of the tool, materials concluded that no failure occurs with regard to static thermal loads. However, the calculated stresses are as much as the lowest magnitude of safety relates to the tool mould part made of Alepoxy.
Free vibration analysis of pretwisted delaminated composite stiffened shallow shells: A finite element approach
Authors: Rout Mrutyunjay , Bandyopadhyay Tanmoy , Karmakar Amit
Published: January 2017

This paper presents the effect of stiffeners on the free vibration response of delaminated composite shallow cylindrical shells employing the finite element method. An eight-noded isoparametric shell element based on the first-order shear deformation theory is combined with a three-noded isoparametric curved beam element in the present formulation. The stiffeners follow the nodal lines of the shell wherein the stiffness and mass of the stiffeners are lumped at the corresponding nodal points of the shell elements considering curvature and eccentricity. The generalized dynamic equilibrium equation is derived from Lagrange’s equation of motion, wherein Coriolis effect for moderate rotational speeds is neglected. The multi-point constraint algorithm has been used to model delamination at the desired locations wherein the compatibility of deformation and equilibrium of stress resultants are ensured at the delamination crack front. Numerical results are presented for cantilevered long, intermediate and short cylindrical shells as defined by Aas-Jakobsen’s parameters, and the influence of important parameters like location of delamination, twist angle, rotational speed, number of layers and eccentricity of the stiffeners is studied. The mode shapes for a typical composite un-stiffened and stiffened long cylindrical shell at different rotational speeds and twist angles are also presented.
Biohydrogen production from used diapers: Evaluation of effect of temperature and substrate conditioning
Authors: Sotelo-Navarro PX , Poggi-Varaldo HM , Turpin-Marion SJ , Vázquez-Morillas A , Beltrán-Villavicencio M , Espinosa-Valdemar RM
Published: January 2017

This research assessed the viability to use disposable diapers as a substrate for the production of biohydrogen, a valuable clean-energy source. The important content of cellulose of disposable diapers indicates that this waste could be an attractive substrate for biofuel production. Two incubation temperatures (35 °C and 55 °C) and three diaper conditioning methods (whole diapers with faeces, urine, and plastics, WD; diapers without plastic components, with urine and faeces, DWP; diapers with urine but without faeces and plastic, MSD) were tested in batch bioreactors. The bioreactors were operated in the solid substrate anaerobic hydrogenogenic fermentation with intermittent venting mode (SSAHF-IV). The batch reactors were loaded with the substrate at ca. 25% of total solids and 10% w/w inoculum. The average cumulative bioH2 production followed the order WD > MSD > DWP. The bio-H2 production using MSD was unexpectedly higher than DWP; the presence of plastics in the first was expected to be associated to lower degradability and H2 yield. BioH2 production at 55 °C was superior to that of 35 °C, probably owing to a more rapid microbial metabolism in the thermophilic regime. The results of this work showed low yields in the production of H2 at both temperatures compared with those reported in the literature for municipal and agricultural organic waste. The studied process could improve the ability to dispose of this residue with H2 generation as the value-added product. Research is ongoing to increase the yield of biohydrogen production from waste disposable diapers.
Co-processing of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil via pyrolysis
Authors: Uçar Suat , Karagöz Selhan
Published: January 2017

The co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at different blend ratios was investigated at 500ºC in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of olive bagasse to crude rapeseed oil ratio on the product distributions and properties of the pyrolysis products were comparatively investigated. The addition of crude rapeseed oil into olive bagasse in the co-pyrolysis led to formation of upgraded biofuels in terms of liquid yields and properties. While the pyrolysis of olive bagasse produced a liquid yield of 52.5 wt %, the highest liquid yield of 73.5 wt % was obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at a blend ratio of 1:4. The bio-oil derived from olive bagasse contained 5% naphtha, 10% heavy naphtha, 30% gas oil, and 55% heavy gas oil. In the case of bio-oil obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil at a blend ratio of 1:4, the light naphtha, heavy naphtha, and light gas oil content increased. This is an indication of the improved characteristics of the bio-oil obtained from the co-processing. The heating value of bio-oil from the pyrolysis of olive bagasse alone was 34.6 MJ kg−1 and the heating values of bio-oils obtained from the co-pyrolysis of olive bagasse with crude rapeseed oil ranged from 37.6 to 41.6 MJ kg−1. It was demonstrated that the co-processing of waste biomass with crude plant oil is a good alternative to improve bio-oil yields and properties.
Evaluating waste printed circuit boards recycling: Opportunities and challenges, a mini review
Authors: Awasthi Abhishek Kumar , Zlamparet Gabriel Ionut , Zeng Xianlai , Li Jinhui
Published: January 2017

Rapid generation of waste printed circuit boards has become a very serious issue worldwide. Numerous techniques have been developed in the last decade to resolve the pollution from waste printed circuit boards, and also recover valuable metals from the waste printed circuit boards stream on a large-scale. However, these techniques have their own certain specific drawbacks that need to be rectified properly. In this review article, these recycling technologies are evaluated based on a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis. Furthermore, it is warranted that, the substantial research is required to improve the current technologies for waste printed circuit boards recycling in the outlook of large-scale applications.
Extending the life-cycle of reverse osmosis membranes: A review
Authors: Coutinho de Paula Eduardo , Amaral Míriam Cristina Santos
Published: January 2017

The reverse osmosis (RO) technology for desalination and demineralization serves the global water crisis context, both technically and economically, and its market is growing. However, RO membranes have a limited life-cycle and are often disposed of in landfills. The impacts caused by the disposal of thousands of tonnes per annum of RO membranes have grown dramatically around the world. Waste prevention should have a high priority and take effect before the end-of-life phase of a product is reached. In this review, a summary is presented of the main advances in the performance of the RO technology and the membrane lifespan. Afterwards, this paper reviews the most important relevant literature and summarizes the key findings of the research on reusing and recycling the discarded modules for the purpose of extending the life-cycle of the RO membranes. In addtion, there are some recent researches that indicated recycling RO membranes for use by the microfiltration or ultrafiltration separation processes is a promising solution to the disposal problem. However, there are many gaps and differences in procedures and results. This article also discusses and brings to light key parameters involved and controversies about oxidative treatment of discarded RO membranes.
System dynamics research of remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain dominated by the third party
Authors: Miao Shidi , Wang Tengfei , Chen Deyun
Published: January 2017

With the rapid development of the electronic information industry in recent years, electronic products are being updated faster and faster, and e-waste recycling has become a common problem around the world. Firstly, this article contrasts recycling at home and abroad using the predicament of Midea Corp. Based on a closed-loop supply chain with the system dynamics method, a model is constructed and simulated. In this model, the collection point coverage rate is introduced to adjust the e-waste recycling rate dynamically. Aiming at a recycling mode dominated by the third party of the closed-loop supply chain, the article mainly discusses the impact on the sales rate and market share of the recycling model by third-party enterprises and compares the total revenue of all supply chains. Simulation results show that the model is more effective and optimal than the traditional recycling model.
Inhibitory effect of high calcium concentration on municipal solid waste leachate treatment by the activated sludge process
Authors: Xia Yi , He Pin Jing , Pu Hong Xia , Lü Fan , Shao Li Ming , Zhang Hua
Published: January 2017

This research focused on the inhibitory effects of Ca on the aerobic biological treatment of landfill leachate containing extremely high Ca concentrations. When the Ca concentration in leachate to be treated was more than 4500 mg l−1, the total organic carbon removal rate was significantly reduced and the processing time to achieve the same removal efficiency was 1.4 times that in the control treatment without added Ca. In contrast, the total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+–N) removal efficiencies were positively related to the Ca concentration, increasing from 65.2% to 81.2% and from 69.2% to 83.7%, respectively, when the dosage of added Ca increased from zero to 8000 mg l−1. During aerobic treatment, the reductions of solution Ca concentration were in the range of 1003–2274 mg l−1 and were matched with increases in the Ca content in the residual sludge. The inhibition threshold of Ca in the leachate treated by the activated sludge process appeared to be 4500 mg l−1, which could be realized by controlling the influent Ca concentration and using an appropriate sludge return ratio in the activated sludge process.
Assessment and comparison of three high-aluminum fly ash utilization scenarios in Inner Mongolia, China using an eco-efficiency indicator
Authors: Yang Shuo , Lin Ling , Li Shao Peng , Li Qiang , Wang Xiu Teng , Sun Liang
Published: January 2017

Utilization of fly ash is of great importance in China in the context of resource and environmental crises. Different fly ash utilization processes are proposed, and some have been practically applied. However, none of these fly ash utilization pathways has been evaluated comprehensively by integrating both environmental and economic perspectives. In this study, three high-aluminum fly ash utilization methods in Mongolia were assessed and compared based on the concept of eco-efficiency. The environmental assessment was conducted in accordance with life-cycle assessment principles, and a monetization-weighting approach was applied to obtain social willingness-to-pay as a reflection of environmental impact. The environmental assessment results revealed that the reuse of fly ash had significant advantage for saving primary resource, while solid waste, depletion of water, and global warming were the three highest environmental impacts from the life cycle perspective. The economic performance assessment showed positive net profits for fly ash utilization, but high value-added products were not necessarily indicative of better economic performance due to the relatively high operation cost. Comparison of the eco-efficiency indicators (EEIs) implied that the process of scenario 1#, which produced mullite ceramic and active calcium silicate, was the most recommended out of the three scenarios on the present scale. This judgment was consistent with the evaluation of the resource utilization rate. The present study showed that the EEI could be used to compare different fly ash utilization processes in a comprehensive and objective manner, thus providing definitive and insightful suggestions for decision-making and technical improvement.
The Role of Destination’s Built Environment on Nonmotorized Travel Behavior: A Case of Long Beach, California
Authors: Kim Dohyung , Park Jiyoung , Hong Andy
Published: January 2017

This study examines how built environment factors at trip destinations influence nonmotorized travel behavior in the City of Long Beach, California. Using 2008–2009 National Household Travel Survey with California Add-Ons, we found that nonmotorized users tend to choose more clustered destinations than motorized users, and that density, diversity, and design at destinations significantly affect mode choice decisions. Transportation networks and nonmotorized facilities at trip destinations are especially important factors for nonmotorized mode choice. Future policy and research need to consider built environment factors at trip destinations to effectively accommodate nonmotorized travel within a city.
Letters from Readers Support Pegler's Anti-Union Crusade
Authors: Glende Philip M.
Published: January 2017

Columnist Westbrook Pegler, a writer for the Scripps-Howard and Hearst newspapers from the mid-1930s through the 1950s, was the target of complaints from labor leaders for his attacks on labor. This research examines the anti-union themes that emerged in his mail from readers.
Coverage of Guantanamo Bay Less Negative for Obama
Authors: Ha Jaesik
Published: January 2017

This study investigates how The New York Times covered Guantanamo Bay between 2004 and 2009. The findings show that The Times intensely challenged the pro-Gitmo frame advanced by the Bush administration. By contrast, since 2009 the anti-Gitmo frame became less prominent.
Photojournalists' Role Expands at Most Daily U.S. Newspapers
Authors: Santana Arthur D. , Russial John
Published: January 2017

A majority of photo editors from U.S. newspapers of more than 30,000 report photo staff members now shoot and edit video as well as provide photo galleries and slideshows; yet most have accepted their expanded role.
Journalists' Attitudes toward Narrative Writing
Authors: Beasley Benin
Published: January 2017

Reporters and editors from Gulf newspapers see a need for more narrative writing and think change is possible.
Survey Probes Status of Op-Ed Journalism and Practices of Op-Ed Editors
Authors: Ciofalo Andrew
Published: January 2017

This survey shows that almost all op-ed pages accept free-lance contributions, but fewer than 25 percent pay fees. Respondents publish only 13.9 percent of the free-lance submissions, an average of 2.72 per paper per week.
How News Gets from Paper to its Online Counterpart
Authors: Martin Shannon E.
Published: January 2017

Study finds traditional newsroom practices remain unchanged in the operation of online news services of two newspapers.
Attitudes of Northern Papers toward the Egalitarian Laws of Reconstruction
Authors: Mohamed A.N.
Published: January 2017

Both the New York Times and Chicago Tribune opposed major civil rights laws, but the Times' opposition was earlier and stronger.
How Reporters React to Knight-Ridder's 25–43 Project
Authors: Kodrich Kris
Published: January 2017

Knight-Ridder's ambitious 25/43 Project in Florida helped newspapers focus on the need to better serve readers. But the journalists involved have mixed feelings.
Journalists' Attitudes toward Civic Journalism Media Roles
Authors: Gade Peter , Abel Scott , Antecol Michael , Hsueh Hsiao-Yin , Hume Janice , Morris Jack , Packard Ashley , Willey Susan , Fraser Nancy , Sanders Keith
Published: January 2017

This Q study of journalists at two newspapers finds four different perspectives on civic journalism, but some aspects of civic journalism are widely spread.
Analyzing Newspaper Costs in Predation Lawsuits
Authors: McLeod Phillip W. , Maher Michael W.
Published: January 2017

Using relative sales value to allocate costs between circulation and advertising is safer if a newspaper faces a court challenge on pricing.
Measuring and Interpreting Productivity of Journalists
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: January 2017

This article explores the problems of using productivity measurements for individual and newsroom performance appraisals and suggests productivity can be measured through activities that contribute to journalistic quality.
Les significations des zéros dans les réseaux personnels
Authors: Ferrand Alexis
Published: January 2017

The Significance of Zero in Personal Networks: Missing ties are differently interpreted regarding various sociological paradigms and kinds of issues: some are of upmost importance while others are trivial. Furthermore, some are only weakly absent during a given period, and it should be interesting to reveal their potential existence.
“Negative Ties, Lost Ties, Latent Ties”
Authors: Chauvac Nathalie , Cloutier Laurence , Defossez Adrien , Akermann Grégori , Federico Ainhoa de
Published: January 2017

This special issue intends to bring a unique perspective on some unexplored aspects of social networks, namely the negative ties, lost ties or latent ties. The texts presented here were prepared following after a conference organized specifically on this topic. Field analyzes reflect the presence of social networks that are “inefficient”, “conflictual”, “absent” or “prohibited”, and theoretical development has begun to explore and characterize these social ties. The emphasis here is on the methods used to understand these relatively difficult-to-grasp ties, both in theory and in practice. Taking into account such links, this work opens a heuristic path in social network analysis.
Contextual Effects of Class Mobility on Voting Behaviour in 16 Western Countries: 1956-1990
Authors: Nieuwbeerta Paul
Published: January 2017

The author tests several hypotheses about the contextual effects of class mobility on the voting behaviour of intergenerationally stable class members. These hypotheses pertain to the effects of levels of outflow from and inflow mobility to a specific social class (in a certain nation and a specific year). The hypotheses are tested by multi-level modelling, and analyzing data on 20.619 respondents from 113 surveys held in sixteen industrialized democratic countries in the period 1956–1990. Despite these efforts, the analyses show no significant contextual effect of either the level of intergenerational inflow or the level of outflow social mobility in a country on the voting behaviour of intergenerationally immobile persons. In the discussion section possible explanations for these negative results are discussed. Multilevel Analyse Voting Behaviour. Social Mobility. Context Effects.
Validity, Reliability, and Insights from Applying the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire to People Living with Parkinson's Disease (MQoL-PD)
Authors: Gofton Teneille E. , Kumar Hrishikesh , Roberts-South Angela , Speechley Mark , Jog Mandar S.
Published: January 2017

Existing quality-of-life instruments for Parkinson's disease (PD) may not fully assess quality of life (QoL) for people with PD in a holistic and multidimensional manner. This study examines the subscale structure, validity, and internal-consistency reliability of the McGill Quality of Life (MQoL) Questionnaire in a sample of people with PD. This cross-sectional study evaluates the MQoL-PD by using Cronbach's alpha and principal components analysis. A total of 81 consenting people with PD from a tertiary care outpatient clinic were studied. Scores were tabulated for the motor Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (mUPDRS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), the MQoL Single-Item Scale (MQoL-SIS), and the MQoL Questionnaire (MQoL). Cronbach's alpha for the MQoL-PD was: physical symptoms, 0.83; psychological symptoms, 0.59; and existential/support symptoms, 0.76. Important contributors to QoL in PD include mobility, bowel and bladder function, fatigue, and pain. The MQoL Questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of physical, psychological, and existential/support symptoms for people with PD.
Assessment of Quality of Life of Family Members of Inpatients with End-Stage Disease
Authors: Bužngová Radka , Kozáková Radka , Sikorová Lucie
Published: January 2017

Background:

An important aim of palliative care is to ensure the highest possible quality of life (QoL) for the family members of patients.

Aim:

We aimed to determine the QoL of family members of hospitalized patients with end-stage disease, as well as differences in QoL based on socio-demographic characteristics and the patient's functional status, psychological distress, and QoL.

Methods:

Study participants were 292 family members of terminally ill patients at University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic. To evaluate family members' QoL, we used the Quality of Life in Life-Threatening Illness — Family Carer Version (QOLLTI-F). We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) Scale to assess patients' functional status and psychological distress.

Results:

A statistically significant difference was found in QoL evaluation based on family members' socio-demographic characteristics in education, employment, and age. A significantly lower QoL score was observed for patients' life partners in six domains. A correlation was found between patients' poorer functional status and family members' lower QoL. We found lower global QoL in family members of patients with depression.

Conclusion:

Family support is a cornerstone of palliative care. Palliative care professionals should focus on at-risk family members — the life partners of patients, the unemployed, younger people, and those whose ill loved one has a poor functional status.
Nutritional Assessment in Clinical Practice
Authors: Grant John P.
Published: January 2017

John P. Grant, M.D., incoming president of A.S.P.E.N., is the featured author of the lead article in this first issue of Nutrition in Clinical Practice. Dr. Grant is Associate Professor of Surgery and Director of Nutritional Support Service at Duke University Medical Center, as well as Chief of Surgery at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Durham, North Carolina. Dr. Grant is a well‐recognized expert in nutritional support and has received tremendous recognition for his Handbook of Parenteral Nutrition.

Dr. Grant received his B.S. from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and his M.D. from the University of Chicago. He did most of his medical training at the Duke University Medical Center, with a 2‐year hiatus spent at the National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch, National Institutes of Health, as a clinical associate. Dr. Grant is a fellow of the American College of Surgeons, a member of various medical and surgical societies, and the 11th president of A.S.P.E.N.
Cities, Crime, and Carcerality: Beyond the Ecological Perspective
Authors: Jefferson Brian Jordan
Published: January 2017

This article examines how urban ecology influences planning scholarship on crime and how critical carceral studies might expand it. While the ecological framework leads planners and scholars in cognate disciplines to explore the social, economic, and physical dimensions of crime, its lack of attention to criminal justice policies and practices can prove limiting. To rectify this, this article reviews critical carceral studies. It casts into relief how intensifications in criminal justice policies, transformations in their social functions, and their role in aiding redevelopment affect geographies of crime. It concludes by exploring how these insights may be incorporated in planning scholarship.
The Association Between Childhood Physical and Sexual Victimization and Health Problems in Adulthood in a Nationally Representative Sample of Women
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Arias Ileana , Basile Kathleen C. , Desai Sujata
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to test the associations between physical and sexual victimizationin childhood with seven measures of health problems in adulthood. Data were gatheredfrom8,000 women interviewed in the National Violence Against Women Survey, a nationally representativesurvey conducted from November 1995 to May 1996.Results indicated that bothphysical and sexual victimization in childhood were significantly associated with poor perceptionsof general health, sustaining a serious injury, acquiring a mental health condition, usingdrugs, and using alcohol daily in adulthood. Women who experienced both physical and sexualvictimization as children were at increased risk of health problems in adulthood compared withwomen who experienced only one type of victimization. These associations could not be attributedto victim demographics or to revictimization in adulthood. Results suggest that interveningwith child abuse victims at an early stage may reduce children's likelihood of developing long-termhealth problems.
Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Health Behaviors Between Black and Non-Black Students Participating in a School-Based Health Promotion Program
Authors: Jamerson Taylor , Sylvester Rachel , Jiang Qingmei , Corriveau Nicole , DuRussel-Weston Jean , Kline-Rogers Eva , Jackson Elizabeth A. , Eagle Kim A.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of black and non-black children participating in Project Healthy Schools (PHS), a school-based wellness program.

Design:

Participants were surveyed and participated in physiological screenings pre- and post-PHS intervention.

Setting:

Middle schools in 4 Michigan communities of varying socioeconomic status.

Participants:

A total of 3813 sixth-grade students comprised the survey sample, and 2297 sixth-grade students comprised the screening sample.

Intervention:

Project Healthy Schools is a school-based intervention designed to reduce the risk of obesity and CVD in children through the promotion of healthy eating and physical activity.

Measures:

Physical examination, blood test, and self-reported survey data on dietary habits, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors were collected pre- and post-PHS.

Analysis:

Paired and independent t tests were used for physiologic variables. Wilcoxon sign-rank and rank-sum tests were used for survey variables.

Results:

At baseline, blacks had a higher percentage of overweight/obese students (43% vs 34%; P < .0001) and demonstrated poorer health habits than non-blacks; however, non-blacks had poorer lipid profiles. At follow-up (post-PHS intervention), both groups demonstrated significant improvements in physiological measures and health behaviors.

Conclusion:

Despite disparities between the groups at both baseline and follow-up, changes seen post-PHS intervention were beneficial in both groups. These results suggest that early intervention for risk factor modification is possible and may be of great importance in the prevention of CVD, particularly in high-risk groups.
Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity and School Absenteeism Due to Illness or Injury Among Children and Adolescents: NHANES 2003 to 2006
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Frith Emily
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

To examine the association between objectively measured moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total physical activity with school absenteeism due to illness or injury among children and adolescents.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2006.

Participants:

A total of 1249 children (aged 6-11 years) and 1747 adolescents (aged 12-17 years).

Measures:

School absenteeism was categorized as no/minimal school absenteeism (0-8 missed school days in the past 12 months), moderate absenteeism (9-17 missed days), or severe absenteeism (18+ missed days). Physical activity was objectively measured via accelerometry.

Analysis:

Multinomial logistic regression.

Results:

Children in the most active quartile had 89% reduced odds of severe absenteeism relative to the least active quartile (odds ratio [OR]: 0.11; 0.95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02-0.48); results were similar for MVPA. For adolescents, those in the most active quartile for MVPA had a 41% reduced odds of having moderate (vs no/minimal) absenteeism (OR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.35-0.99). For children, a multiplicative interaction effect of MVPA and poverty level on severe absenteeism was observed (OR = 0.98, P = .02).

Conclusion:

Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower odds of severe school absenteeism. Such an observation is important, as school absenteeism strongly contributes to academic performance. Particular attention for promoting physical activity and closely monitoring school absenteeism among youth below the poverty level may be warranted.
High Amounts of Sitting, Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Low Physical Activity Levels: 3 Key Ingredients in the Recipe for Influencing Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence
Authors: Edwards Meghan K. , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Limited research has evaluated the independent and additive associations of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with metabolic syndrome, which was the purpose of this study.

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Setting:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2004.

Sample:

Three hundred seven adults aged 20 to 49 years.

Measures:

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and SB were assessed via accelerometer, whereas CRF was assessed via submaximal treadmill testing. Metabolic syndrome was assessed via the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute guidelines.

Analysis:

Multivariable logistic regression.

Results:

A 10 min/d increase in MVPA was associated with a 45% reduced odds of metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.40-0.76, P = .001), and a 10 mL/kg/min increase in CRF was associated with a 43% reduced odds of having metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.37-0.87, P = .013). Additionally, a statistically significant combined association of MVPA, SB, and CRF with metabolic syndrome was present; individuals who had below-median SB and above-median MVPA and CRF had an 88% reduced odds of metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03-0.48, P = .005) when compared to those who had below-median MVPA and CRF and above-median SB.

Conclusion:

When considering MVPA, SB, and CRF, MVPA and CRF were both independently associated with metabolic syndrome (SB was not) among this young adult population and there was also evidence to support a combined association of all 3 parameters on metabolic syndrome.
Does Organizational and Coworker Support Moderate Diabetes Risk and Job Stress Among Employees?
Authors: Wolff Marilyn B. , Gay Jennifer L. , Wilson Mark G. , DeJoy David M. , Vandenberg Robert J.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Examine the moderating role of perceived organizational and coworker support on the relationship between job stress and type 2 diabetes risk among employees.

Design:

A cross-sectional survey was administered to employees at the workplace.

Setting:

One national retail organization.

Participants:

Baseline data were obtained from 1595 employees in 21 retail stores.

Measures:

Self-reported organizational and coworker support to encourage and fulfill job responsibilities and job stress. Diabetes risk was calculated using age, gender, race/ethnicity, blood pressure, physical activity, weight status, and self-reported diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Analysis:

Multilevel multiple regression was conducted to test the interaction effect of support on the association between job stress and diabetes risk.

Results:

Mean age was 37.95 years (±12.03) and body mass index was 26.72 (±4.95). Three percent of participants reported diagnosed diabetes. Organizational support was positively associated with coworker support. Both were negatively associated with job stress. Organizational support, but not coworker support, moderated the relationship of job stress with diabetes risk. Participants with greater perceived organizational support had lower diabetes risk scores compared to those with lower perceived organizational support.

Conclusion:

Organizational support may be a key factor for workplaces to reduce stress and diabetes risk. Further testing of organizations’ supportive role on employee health may be helpful in developing future workplace programs.