Input Patterns and Pathways From the Six Semicircular Canals to Motoneurons of Neck Muscles. II. The Longissimus and Semispinalis Muscle Groups
Authors: Shinoda Y. , Sugiuchi Y. , Futami T. , Ando N. , Yagi J. 
Published: December 2017

Shinoda, Y., Y. Sugiuchi, T. Futami, N. Ando, and J. Yagi. Input patterns and pathways from the six semicircular canals to motoneurons of neck muscles. II. The longissimus and semispinalis muscle groups. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1234–1253, 1997. To reveal patterns of input from the six semicircular canals to motoneurons of various neck muscles and their relationship to the mechanical actions of individual neck muscles, patterns of input to neck motoneurons of the longissimus and the semispinalis muscle groups were investigated in the upper cervical spinal cord of anesthetized cats. Intracellular potentials were recorded from motoneurons of the longissimus muscle group (obliquus capitis superior muscle, OCS; splenius muscle, SPL; longissimus muscle, LONG) and the semispinalis muscle group (biventer cervicis muscle, BIV; complexus muscle, COMP), and effects of separate electrical stimulation of the six ampullary nerves on them were analyzed in each preparation. Neck motoneurons usually received convergent inputs from all of the six ampullary nerves, and motoneurons that supplied a particular muscle had a homogeneous pattern of input from the six ampullary nerves. Two different patterns of input were identified for motoneurons of these two muscle groups; one pattern for motoneurons of the longissimus muscle group and the other pattern for motoneurons of the semispinalis muscle group. Motoneurons of the OCS, the SPL, and the LONG muscles received excitation from the three contralateral ampullary nerves and inhibition from the three ipsilateral ampullary nerves. BIV and COMP motoneurons received excitation from the bilateral anterior canal nerves (ACNs) and the contralateral lateral canal nerve (LCN) and inhibition from the bilateral posterior canal nerves (PCNs) and the ipsilateral LCN. Latencies of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) evoked by stimulation of each of the six ampullary nerves indicated that the earliest component of excitatory PSPs (EPSPs) and inhibitory PSPs (IPSPs) was disynaptic in these motoneurons. However, trisynaptic IPSPs were evoked by stimulation of the contralateral PCN in a considerable number of BIV and COMP motoneurons. In OCS, SPL, and LONG motoneurons, all of the excitation from the contralateral and all of the inhibition from the ipsilateral ampullary nerves were mediated through the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF). In BIV and COMP motoneurons, disynaptic excitation from the contralateral ACN and LCN and disynaptic inhibition from the ipsilateral LCN and bilateral PCNs were mediated through the ipsilateral MLF, whereas disynaptic excitation from the ipsilateral ACN was mediated through the ipsilateral lateral vestibulospinal tract. The patterns of semicircular canal input to neck motoneurons of these two muscle groups are related closely to the mechanical actions of individual neck muscles and the optimal stimulus to the semicircular canals such that the connections will tend to stabilize head position in response to head perturbations.