bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROPOSAL FOR NAVIGATION AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SMALL UAV
Authors: Kopecki Grzegorz , Pieniążek Jacek , Rogalski Tomasz , Rzucidło Pawel , Tomczyk Andrzej
Published: September 2010

The article presents the project of UAV control system realized at Department of Avionics and Control Systems of Rzeszów University of Technology. The project is based on earlier experiences. In the article general structure of the onboard control system is shown as well as the structure of control station. There are described in proposed control and navigation procedures as well as human factor, failure detection and system reconfiguration.

Santrauka

Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas bepiločiu orlaiviu kontroles sistemos projekto lgyvendinimas Ržešovo technologijos universiteto Aviadjos prietaisu ir kontroles sistemu katedroje. Projektas atliktas remiantis ankstesne patirtimi. Pateikta ne tik borto sistemu bendroji struktūra, bet ir kontroles stočiu struktūra. Darbe nagrinejamas žmogaus veiksnys, gedimu aptikimas ir sistemu rekonfigūravimas pasiūlytose kontroles ir navigacijos procedūrose.
INVESTIGATION OF EUROPEAN AIR TRANSPORT TRAFFIC BY UTILITY‐BASED DECISION MODEL
Authors: Legeza Eniko , Selymes Peter , Torok Adam
Published: September 2010

Air transport was traditionally a strictly regulated industry, dominated by national flag carriers and state‐owned airports. The global deregulation and liberalisation of air transport resulted in numerous changes, including the evolution of price competition, emergence of low‐cost airlines, growth in load factor, airport and airspace capacity problems, etc. Later, the internal market eliminated all commercial restrictions for airlines flying within the European Union (EU). Constraints on routes, number of flights, regulated tariff policies, etc. were removed. Since the issue of the third liberalisation package, EU airlines are permitted to provide air services on any route within the EU. As a result, prices have fallen dramatically, especially on the most popular routes. The air transport sector has had the highest rate of development recently. These issues are discussed in the introduction of this paper. The main scope is to investigate air passenger transport within Europe and to present the mathematical formulation of a disaggregate airport choice model created by the authors. A complex utility function‐based model has been developed and verified by the authors. The results of the model are in scope with experience in the real world.

Santrauka

Pastaraisiais metais pastebimas itin intensyvus transporto sektoriaus vystymasis, pasireiškiantis mažinamomis kainomis, nauju pigiu avialiniju atsiradimu bei ivairiu komerciniu apribojimu panaikinimu. Pagrindinis šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti keleiviu pervežima oro transportu Europos Sajungos ribose ir pristatyti pasirinkto atskiro oro uosto modelio matematine formuluote. Modelis, paremtas kompleksinemis panaudojimo funkcijomis, buvo patobulintas ir patikrintas pačiu autoriu, o gauti rezultatai atitinka realia patirti.
Evidence Supporting Technology-Based Interventions for People with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Buettner Linda L. , Yu Fang , Burgener Sandra C.
Published: September 2010

Innovative uses of technology offer many exciting possibilities for better care and improved quality of life for people with Alzheimer’s disease and their families. This article provides empirical evidence through a systematic review of 10 studies involving technological advances. Although the studies reported have a small number of participants, the early results are positive. We believe the use of technology has the potential to save health care costs, ease caregiver stress, and help people with dementia live better, safer, and more fulfilling lives.
Creating a Professional Practice Model for Postacute Care
Authors: Jacelon Cynthia S. , Furman Ellen , Rea Arlene , Macdonald Barbara , Donoghue Linda C.
Published: September 2010

The Chronic Care Model (CCM), a patient-centered model for primary medical care, was adapted as a professional practice model for nursing in postacute care. The development and implementation of the middle range theory is presented. The CCM uses six constructs: community, health care system, self-management, delivery system design, decision support, and clinical information system. We added definitions of the resident and nurse. Lewin’s Change Theory was used to implement the new theory. The Jewish Geriatric Services CCM is a professional practice model that has stimulated improvements in care delivery, which will be reflected in resident outcomes.
Ophthalmic Vasculature Alterations Following Systemic Chemotherapy and Periocular Carboplatin Treatment of Advanced Retinoblastoma
Authors: Piña; Yolanda , Boutrid Hinda , Murray Timothy G. , Wolfe Stacey Quintero , Schefler Amy C. , Houston Samuel K. , Moftakhar Roham , Fernandes Cristina E. , Reichbach Jennifer , Aziz Hassan A. , Markoe Arnold M. , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to report significant alterations in orbital vasculature following combined systemic chemoreduction/laser ablation and periocular carboplatin treatment and to discuss treatment implications in two cases of advanced retinoblastoma. Assessment of orbital and ophthalmic vasculature was done following nine cycles of systemic chemotherapy. Intra-arterial chemotherapy was provided 6 months following completion of systemic chemoreduction, when the tumor was clearly active and progressive. Orbital angiography of both eyes, performed prior to the intra-arterial melphalan injection, documented sclerosis of the ophthalmic artery vasculature with delayed transit time, decreased choroidal blush, and anomalous vessels in the eye receiving periocular carboplatin injections. The orbital vasculature in the contralateral eye was not affected. Orbital and ophthalmic vascular alterations may occur with the use of combined systemic chemotherapy and periocular carboplatin. Systemic chemotherapy and focal transpupillary laser tumor ablation, alone, did not appear to impact the orbital and ophthalmic vascular supply. Impaired vascular supply may have significant influence on the impact of the efficacy of standard and future experimental therapeutic options.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:e1–e5.]
Retinal Involvement in Patients With Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Authors: Brusco Michael , Hug Denise , Lasky Andrew , Hoeltzel Mark
Published: September 2010

The authors describe the clinical presentations and ophthalmic findings of two patients with juvenile dermatomyositis. The results of their dilated eye examinations proved to influence the treatment of the disease process because retinal pathology was used as a factor to escalate the degree of anti-inflammatory therapy. Therefore, an initial ophthalmic examination may be considered in patients with new-onset juvenile dermatomyositis.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 20 0;47:e1–e4.]
Optic Nerve Findings in CHILD Syndrome
Authors: Knape Robert M. , Gandhi Kunjal B. , Tuli Sanjeev Y. , Khuddus Nausheen
Published: September 2010

Congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by birth defects of several organ systems, including the skin, viscera, musculoskeletal system, and central nervous system. The authors present the first report of CHILD syndrome with ocular manifestations in a patient with progressive bilateral optic nerve atrophy.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:e1–e3.]
Bilateral Tonic Pupil Secondary to Migraine in a Child
Authors: Millar Eoghan , Habib Maged , Gnanaraj Lawrence
Published: September 2010

Bilateral idiopathic tonic pupil is characterized by enlarged pupils, poor response to light and accommodation, strong and tonic response to near stimuli, vermiform movements of the iris on slit-lamp examination, and cholinergic super-sensitivity. The authors present a case of a 10-year-old girl who was referred with abnormal pupils and complained of headaches. After ophthalmological and neurological examination, she was diagnosed as having migraine and secondary idiopathic bilateral tonic pupils. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of a child with bilateral Adie's pupil secondary to migraine to be reported.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:e1–e2.]
Promoting Adherence to Psychotropic Medication for Youth—Part 1
Authors: McGuinness Teena M. , Worley Julie
Published: September 2010

Failure to adhere to medication regimens can lead to unnecessary disease progression, disease complications, reduced functional abilities, lower quality of life, and even death. Medication adherence for children taking psychotropic agents poses many special challenges for health care professionals, as there is a little empirical basis for improving adherence. In Part 1 of this two-part series, the limited literature on the topic of psychotropic medication adherence for youth is reviewed.
Equine-Assisted Psychotherapy in Clinical Practice
Authors: Masini Angela
Published: September 2010

Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) is an approach in which horses are an integral part of the therapeutic process. This article provides an overview of EAP, including a brief historical perspective, key definitions, and review of pertinent literature. Benefits of the approach are presented, from the standpoint of field observations, client self-reports, and formal research articles. Rather than offer a comprehensive literature review, this article is intended to help non-EAP practitioners become more familiar with the approach.
Correction of Astigmatism During Cataract Surgery: Toric Intraocular Lens Compared to Peripheral Corneal Relaxing Incisions
Authors: Poll Jed T. , Wang Li , Koch Douglas D. , Weikert Mitchell P.
Published: September 2010

Purpose:

To compare the efficacy of astigmatic correction achieved at the time of cataract surgery using toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation versus peripheral corneal relaxing incisions.

Methods:

A retrospective review assessed the outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed between January 2006 and January 2008 by a single surgeon. Patients receiving a toric IOL (toric IOL group) or peripheral corneal relaxing incisions (relaxing incisions group) were included in the study. Main outcome variables included postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and manifest refractive cylinder. Each treatment modality was stratified by amount of preoperative keratometric astigmatism into three groups (low, moderate, and high astigmatism) for comparative analysis.

Results:

A total of 192 eyes were included in the study; 77 received a toric IOL and 115 received peripheral corneal relaxing incisions. Preoperative data were not significantly different between the two groups except regarding keratometric astigmatism, which was higher in the toric IOL group (
P
<.05). Average postoperative astigmatism was 0.42 diopters (D) and 0.46 D in the toric and relaxing incisions groups, respectively. In subgroup analysis, no statistical significance separated the two treatment options in terms of amount of surgically induced astigmatism or residual astigmatism. Eyes with astigmatism ≥2.26 D were more likely to achieve 20/40 UDVA from a toric IOL.

Conclusions:

Toric IOL implantation and peripheral corneal relaxing incisions yielded similar results regarding surgical correction of astigmatism at the time of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Both treatment modalities achieved comparable results with mild-to-moderate astigmatism. Higher degrees of astigmatism favor use of a toric IOL.
Wavefront-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy with the VISX Platform for Myopia
Authors: Bababeygy Simon R. , Manche Edward E.
Published: September 2010

Purpose:

To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcome of wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the treatment of low to moderate and high myopia and compound myopic astigmatism.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 174 eyes of 102 patients with low to moderate (−0.125 to <−6.50 diopters [D]) and high (≥−6.50 D) myopia treated with wavefront-guided PRK using the VISX CustomVue S4 IR (Abbott Medical Optics) excimer laser. Eyes were analyzed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. At 3 months, 174 eyes of 102 patients were evaluated, and at 12 months, 146 eyes of 75 patients were evaluated. No eyes were retreated in the study.

Results:

Mean patient age was 38.3±8.76 years (range: 20 to 66 years), and mean preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was −5.60±2.58 D (range: −0.13 to −10.50 D). At 12 months postoperative, MRSE was −0.16±0.45 D (range: −1.50 to 1.38 D); 96.6% of eyes were within ±1.00 D of intended correction, whereas 81.5% were within ±0.50 D of intended correction. For all eyes, the safety and efficacy indexes were 1.01 and 1.02, respectively.

Conclusions:

These data support the safety and efficacy for the correction of low to moderate and high myopia and compound myopic astigmatism using wavefront-guided PRK.
Laboratory Measurement of the Absorption Coefficient of Riboflavin for Ultraviolet Light (365 nm)
Authors: Iseli Hans Peter , Popp Max , Seiler Theo , Spoerl Eberhard , Mrochen Michael
Published: September 2010

Purpose:

Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is an increasingly used treatment technique for stabilizing the cornea in keratoconus. Cross-linking (polymerization) between collagen fibrils is induced by riboflavin (vitamin B2) and ultraviolet light (365 nm). Although reported to reach a constant value at higher riboflavin concentrations, the Lambert–Beer law predicts a linear increase in the absorption coefficient. This work was carried out to determine absorption behavior at different riboflavin concentrations and to further investigate the purported plateau absorption coefficient value of riboflavin and to identify possible bleaching effects.

Methods:

The Lambert–Beer law was used to calculate the absorption coefficient at various riboflavin concentrations. The following investigated concentrations of riboflavin solutions were prepared using a mixture of 0.5% riboflavin and 20% Dextran T500 dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution: 0%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%, and were investigated with and without aperture plate implementation. An additional test series measured the transmitted power at selected riboflavin concentrations over time.

Results:

In diluted solutions, a linear correlation exists between the absorption coefficient and riboflavin concentration. The absorption coefficient reaches a plateau, but this occurs at a higher riboflavin concentration (0.1%) than previously reported (just above 0.04%). Transmitted light power increases over time, indicating a bleaching effect of riboflavin.

Conclusions:

The riboflavin concentration can be effectively varied as a treatment parameter in a considerably broader range than previously thought.
Endophthalmitis Caused by
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
Authors: Chen Kuan-Jen , Wang Nan-Kai , Sun Ming-Hui , Chen Tun-Lu , Lai Chi-Chun , Wu Wei-Chi , Tan Hsin-Yuan
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective:

The authors investigate clinical settings, antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns, and visual outcomes associated with endophthalmitis caused by
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
.

Patients and Methods:

Records of six patients with
S. maltophilia
endophthalmitis between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2007, were reviewed.

Results:

Clinical settings included post-trauma (2 eyes), post-cataract extraction (2 eyes), post-keratoplasty with keratitis (1 eye), and post-vitreous lavage (1 eye). Presenting visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to no light perception. Final visual acuity ranged from 10/20 to no light perception. Initial treatment included pars plana vitrectomy in 4 eyes and tap in 2 eyes. Most isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; however, they were resistant to ceftazidime and aminoglycosides.

Conclusion:

S. maltophilia
is an uncommon causative agent of endophthalmitis and is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, such as ceftazidime and aminoglycosides. Based on in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and new-generation fluoroquinolones may be preferable in the treatment of endophthalmitis caused by
S. maltophilia.
Staffing Levels in Rural Nursing Homes: A Mixed Methods Approach
Authors: Towsley Gail L. , Beck Susan L. , Dudley William N. , Pepper Ginette A.
Published: September 2010

This mixed methods study used multiple regression analyses to examine the impact of organizational and market characteristics on staffing hours and staffing mix, and qualitative interview to explore the challenges and facilitators of recruiting and retaining qualified staff. Rural nursing homes (NHs) certified by Medicare or Medicaid (
N
= 161) were sampled from the Online Survey Certification and Reporting system. A subsample (
n
= 23) was selected purposively for the qualitative analysis. Smaller NHs or government-affiliated homes had more total nursing hours per resident day and more hours of care by certified nursing assistants and RNs than larger and nongovernment-affiliated homes; however, almost 87% of NHs in this study were below the national recommendation for RN hours. Informants voiced challenges related to enough staff, qualified staff, and training staff. Development of nursing resources is critical, especially in rural locales where aging resources may not be well developed.
Supporting Virtual Collaborative Learning Using Collaboration Scripts and Content Schemes
Authors: Kopp Birgitta , Mandl Heinz
Published: September 2010

Collaborative learning is used as a key principle in several approaches for designing virtual learning environments (e.g. CTGV, 2000). This is due to the fact that collaboration seems to foster individual knowledge acquisition (Lou, Abrami, Spence, Poulsen, Chambers, & d‘Apollonia, 1996), improve knowledge application (De Corte, 2003), and increase social competencies. But collaborative learning is not always successful (Salomon & Globerson, 1989). Virtual learning places great and varied demands on collaboration, which means that learners often do not know how to collaborate adequately. In such cases, it is necessary to provide support. This chapter focuses specifically on two structuring methods, namely collaboration scripts and content schemes. To gain further insight into the topic, the authors will first describe the technical aspects of virtual collaborative learning. In the second section, the authors will depict the learning processes and outcomes of collaboration. Thirdly, they will discuss the theory and research on the structuring methods. The chapter ends with conclusions and practical implications.
Fostering Collaborative Problem Solving by Content Schemes
Authors: Helling Kathrin , Ertl Bernhard
Published: September 2010

This chapter focuses on the facilitation of collaborative problem solving by the method of content schemes. Content schemes are content-specific pre-structures of learners’ collaboration facilities that apply representational effects for the purpose of facilitation. They support learners to focus on particular issues of a problem solving process. The chapter presents results from two studies in the context of collaborative problem solving using videoconferencing. The first study compared learning facilitated by a content scheme and learning without facilitation; the second study compared the content scheme facilitation with facilitation by an enhanced version of this content scheme. This enhanced version focused learners on providing evidence for their claims. Results show that while the content scheme itself had a big influence on learning outcomes, the enhanced version had a rather small impact compared to the regular version. This result raises the issue about the complexity of facilitation methods. Complex facilitation may be too sophisticated for providing benefits to learning processes.
Models and Strategies to Support Students’ Initial Socialization in Web-Based Learning Environments
Authors: Manca Stefania , Vanin Luca
Published: September 2010

Entering a learning system based on CSCL models may be a challenging experience. Beginner users are required to accomplish several tasks for the first time, such as learning to communicate by written discourse in an asynchronous manner, as well as becoming familiar with communication technologies and with the learning system. In order to support their initial steps several measures, which focus mainly on socialization with peers and instructors/tutors and familiarization with the learning system, may be adopted. The focus of this chapter is to present a model and some related strategies to support students’ initial socialization and familiarization in web-based learning environments. Such strategies have been developed and implemented by the authors over several years of experience as designers and instructors in graduate and post-graduate courses in Italy.
Testing Strategies to Enhance Online Student Collaboration in a Problem-Based Learning Activity
Authors: Lobry de Bruyn Lisa
Published: September 2010

Most units of learning are being offered flexibly, either using distance education or online facilities, and often with asynchronous computer-mediated communication or online discussions. The use of asynchronous computer-mediated communication is believed to offer students the opportunity to communicate independently of time and place, and to ask questions, state opinions and offer advice when transferring interactive learning activities to an online environment. This chapter uses an action research framework to examine the quantity and nature of student engagement in a problem-based learning activity as a consequence of placing face-to-face instruction on and practice in problem-based learning prior to using asynchronous computer-mediated communication. The effectiveness of early placement of a 4-day residential component to improve student collaboration in the online problem-based learning activity was tested against six years (2001-2006) of electronically-archived online discussions in a 13-week, under- or post-graduate tertiary-level natural science unit.
Using the Four Lenses of Critical Reflection to Promote Collaboration and Support Creative Adaptations of Web 2.0 Tools in an Online Environment
Authors: González-Acquaro Katia , Preskill Stephen
Published: September 2010

This chapter offers an in-depth narrative of how one instructor in an online environment used the four lenses of critical reflection introduced by Brookfield (1995) – (1) self, (2) student reactions, (3) colleagues’ perceptions, and (4) instructional theory – to adapt the use of Web 2.0 tools that have been found to be effective in promoting collaboration and constructivist learning. These tools can provide educators with the opportunity to examine collaboration and learning from multiple perspectives, while also serving as a way to rethink preconceived notions of how power is distributed in the classroom (Brookfield, 1995). In this chapter the authors share how the four lenses were used to design Web 2.0 activities based on the specific grouping techniques, with the aim to construct a rich online experience.
Employing Collaborative Learning Strategies and Tools for Engaging University Students in Collaborative Study and Writing
Authors: Daradoumis Thanasis , Kordaki Maria
Published: September 2010

This chapter addresses several issues and challenges that one faces when carrying out a real collaborative learning experience following a blended learning design that includes a mixture of face-to-face and online collaborative learning processes. The chapter presents an experience based on a blended course on “Collaborative Educational Systems”. This scenario employed a variety of collaborative strategies, methods and tools to support and enhance debate and information exchange among peers in order to complete a specific task: writing an essay collaboratively. Carrying out this task entails a preliminary study and analysis of the subject matter, which are also performed in a collaborative manner. The authors describe the educational scenario in detail, including the structure of the activities, the rules the groups were asked to apply and the procedures the students had to follow to accomplish the task. They finally analyze and evaluate this learning experience with a critical point of view as regards the collaboration strategies adopted, the way students built their own strategies combining the ones presented in the course, and the collaborative learning process and product.
Teaching Routines to Enhance Collaboration Using Classroom Network Technology
Authors: DeBarger Angela Haydel , Penuel William R. , Harris Christopher J. , Schank Patricia
Published: September 2010

This chapter presents an argument for the use of teaching routines (pedagogical patterns) to engage students in collaborative learning activities using the Group Scribbles classroom network technology. Teaching routines are a resource for structuring student opportunities to learn within lessons. They address known challenges associated with making the most of classroom network technology by scaffolding teacher enactment, enabling contingent teaching, and providing an anchor for expanding practice. In this chapter, the authors articulate the theoretical and empirical basis for using teaching routines to support diagnostic interactive formative assessment of student learning. The authors describe the goals and features of routines, types of collaboration instantiated in the routines, technological aspects of Group Scribbles, teachers’ perceived utility of the routines, and anticipated implementation challenges of the routines within lessons designed for middle school Earth science.
Assessing the Performance of Learners Engaged in Computer-Supported Collaborative Problem-Solving Activities
Authors: Retalis Symeon , Petropoulou Ourania , Lazakidou Georgia
Published: September 2010

Teachers often utilise a Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) strategy to teach a concept, a method, a problem, and so forth. Following guidelines from a script (based on a CSCL strategy), they must ultimately assess their students’ performance during their engagement in various learning activities; however, content and process assessments differ from script to script. Thus, a teacher faces a serious problem during content and process assessment. Here, the authors present a holistic framework for performance assessment and specify indexes for it. The authors aim to facilitate the teacher/evaluator’s work by equipping him or her with easy-to-apply tools and techniques for in-depth analysis of interactions. Finally, they describe our application of the proposed framework in an exploratory case study of a problem-solving activity in which a complex collaborative strategy is applied.
Implementing Computer-Interpretable CSCL Scripts with Embedded Assessment
Authors: Villasclaras-Fernández Eloy D. , Asensio-Pérez Juan I. , Hernández-Leo Davinia , Dimitriadis Yannis , de la Fuente-Valentín Luis , Martínez-Monés Alejandra
Published: September 2010

This chapter presents a proposal for a pattern-based approach for Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) scripts that aims to integrate learning and assessment activities. After a general presentation of the approach, the chapter will focus on a case study which covers the whole life-cycle of a CSCL script with embedded assessment activities. The case, which took place in the context of a computer-mediated learning environment, includes the design, instantiation, enactment and evaluation of the script. Focusing on the relevance of the assessment activities which are integrated in the script, the case study illustrates the complexity of formalizing computer-interpretable CSCL scripts with embedded assessment. The usage of design patterns is proposed as a means of providing support and hiding the complexity of creating and enacting such scripts. The case study shows the feasibility of this approach, and provides information about the requirements of CSCL script authoring tools to employ assessment and learning design patterns to support non-expert designers in those tasks.
From Active Reading to Active Dialogue
Authors: Xin Cindy , Glass Geoffrey , Feenberg Andrew , Bures Eva , Abrami Phil
Published: September 2010

Our research aims to improve online discussion forums. The authors identify typical problems in online discussion that create difficulties for learners and describe a pedagogical approach emphasizing the importance of moderating in dealing with these problems. The usual design of discussion forums in learning management systems is not helpful but can be improved by specific add-ons. The authors describe a software add-on to the Moodle discussion forum called Marginalia that was designed to implement our preferred pedagogy. They focus on annotation, aiding the retrieval of archived material, helping participants build upon one another’s ideas, and encouraging participants to write “weaving” messages that connect ideas and summarize the discourse. Preliminary studies of this software found a number of uses, some of them unexpected. The chapter concludes with an analysis of two trial classes employing Marginalia.
Modeling, Enacting, Sharing and Reusing Online Collaborative Pedagogy with CeLS
Authors: Ronen Miky , Kohen-Vacs Dan
Published: September 2010

This chapter presents the potential and challenges of a new approach for the design of a platform aimed to foster and support the use of collaborative techniques in actual educational settings. CeLS is a web-based environment aimed to provide teachers of all subject domains and levels with a flexible tool for creating, enacting and sharing CSCL activities. CeLS special feature is the controllable data flow: the ability to selectively reuse learners‘ artifacts from previous stages according to various Social Settings in order to support design and enactment of rich multi-stage scripts. CeLS offers content free templates and a searchable repository of sample activities previously implemented with students. Teachers can explore these resources and adapt them to suit their needs, or create new scripts from basic building blocks. During the last four years the system was piloted by teachers from 13 Colleges and Universities and by school teachers. The chapter presents CeLS approach focusing on its unique features, examples of activities implemented with students and some insights on teachers as developers of online collaborative activities and as active contributors to the development of the environment.
Valosin-Containing Protein Cleavage by Granzyme K Accelerates an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Leading to Caspase-Independent Cytotoxicity of Target Tumor Cells
Authors: Guo Yuming , Chen Jun , Shi Lei , Fan Zusen
Published: September 2010

Granzyme K (GzmK) highly expressed in NK and NKT cells. We recently demonstrated that GzmK induces rapid caspase-independent cell death with ssDNA nicks. Little is known about its molecular mechanisms to mediate caspase-independent cell death. In this study, we found the valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a physiological substrate of GzmK. GzmK cleaves VCP at residue Arg713 in the D2 domain and abrogates its ATPase activity. GzmK can also target other endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex components Ufd1 and Npl4. Disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway after GzmK treatment initiates ubiquitinated protein accumulation leading to xbp1 splicing. These indicate that ubiquitinated protein accumulation triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress in target cells. In support of this, target tumor cells with silenced VCP expression are more sensitive, whereas cells overexpressing VCP are more resistant to GzmK-mediated cytotoxicity.
Joint Tissues Amplify Inflammation and Alter Their Invasive Behavior via Leukotriene B4 in Experimental Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Chen Mei , Lam Bing K. , Luster Andrew D. , Zarini Simona , Murphy Robert C. , Bair Angela M. , Soberman Roy J. , Lee David M.
Published: September 2010

Mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived tissue lineages participate in amplifying and perpetuating synovial inflammation in arthritis have been relatively underinvestigated and are therefore poorly understood. Elucidating these processes is likely to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator that initiates and amplifies synovial inflammation in the K/BxN model of arthritis. We sought to elucidate mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) perpetuate synovial inflammation. We focused on the abilities of FLSs to contribute to LTB4 synthesis and to respond to LTB4 within the joint. Using a series of bone marrow chimeras generated from 5-lipoxygenase−/− and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase−/− mice, we demonstrate that FLSs generate sufficient levels of LTB4 production through transcellular metabolism in K/BxN serum-induced arthritis to drive inflammatory arthritis. FLSs—which comprise the predominant lineage populating the synovial lining—are competent to metabolize exogenous LTA4 into LTB4 ex vivo. Stimulation of FLSs with TNF increased their capacity to generate LTB4 3-fold without inducing the expression of LTA4 hydrolase protein. Moreover, LTB4 (acting via LTB4 receptor 1) was found to modulate the migratory and invasive activity of FLSs in vitro and also promote joint erosion by pannus tissue in vivo. Our results identify novel roles for FLSs and LTB4 in joints, placing LTB4 regulation of FLS biology at the center of a previously unrecognized amplification loop for synovial inflammation and tissue pathology.
Cutting Edge: CD49d+ Neutrophils Induce FcεRI Expression on Lung Dendritic Cells in a Mouse Model of Postviral Asthma
Authors: Cheung Dorothy S. , Ehlenbach Sarah J. , Kitchens Robert T. , Riley Desiré A. , Thomas Larry L. , Holtzman Michael J. , Grayson Mitchell H.
Published: September 2010

The increasing prevalence of atopy and asthma remains unexplained but may be due to infection with respiratory viruses. In support of this hypothesis, we showed that experimental asthma after viral infection in mice depended on type I IFN-driven upregulation of FcεRI on conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the lung. In this article, we demonstrate that FcεRI expression on lung cDCs depends on an unexpected activity of a CD49d+ subset of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that are found in the lungs of wild-type C57BL6 but not mice deficient in type I IFNR. Expression of FcεRI depends in part on a CD11b-dependent interaction between PMNs and cDCs. This study demonstrates a PMN–cDC interaction in the lung that is necessary for the ability of viral infection to induce atopic disease.
High-Yield Endoglucanase Production byTrichoderma harzianumIOC-3844 Cultivated in Pretreated Sugarcane Mill Byproduct
Authors: de Castro Aline Machado , Ferreira Marcela Costa , da Cruz Juliana Cunha , Pedro Kelly Cristina Nascimento Rodrigues , Carvalho Daniele Fernandes , Leite Selma Gomes Ferreira , Pereira Nei
Published: September 2010

The low-cost production of cellulolytic complexes presenting high action at mild conditions and well-balanced cellulase activities is one of the major bottlenecks for the economical viability of the production of cellulosic ethanol. In the present paper, the filamentous fungusTrichoderma harzianumIOC-3844 was used for the production of cellulases from a pretreated sugarcane bagasse (namely, cellulignin), by submerged fermentation. This fungal strain produced high contents of endoglucanase activity (6,358 U·L−1) after 72 hours of process, and further relevantβ-glucosidase and FPase activities (742 and 445 U·L−1, resp.). The crude enzyme extract demonstrated appropriate characteristics for its application in cellulose hydrolysis, such as high thermal stability at up to50∘C, accessory xylanase activity, and absence of proteolytic activity towards azocasein. This strain showed, therefore, potential for the production of complete cellulolytic complexes aiming at the saccharification of lignocellulosic materials.
The impact of evangelical revivals on global mission: The case of North American evangelicals in Brazil in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Authors: Smither Edward L.
Published: September 2010

The aim of the current article is to show that an important element behind the establishment of evangelical missions to Brazil � particularly during the pioneering stages � was evangelical revival, especially that which occurred in North America during the nineteenth century. Following a brief introduction to the general relationship between eighteenth- and nineteenth century revivals and evangelical missions, I shall endeavour to support historically the commonly accepted, yet often unsubstantiated, correlation between such movements of revival and mission. Firstly, I will show the significant paradigm shift in missional thinking, which took place in the nineteenth century, as North American evangelicals began to regard Roman Catholic countries in Latin America as mission fields. Secondly, I shall argue that the influence of nineteenth-century revivalist evangelicalism (particularly that sourced in North America) on missions to Brazil and Latin America can best be observed in the Brazilian evangelical identity that emerged in the twentieth century, which has, in turn, propelled the Brazilian evangelical church into its own significant involvement in global missions (Noll 2009:10).
From Student to Therapist: Exploring the First Year of Practice
Authors: Tryssenaar Joyce , Perkins Janice
Published: September 2010

Objectives. The transition from classroom to clinical practice challenges many health professional students. This study used a phenomenological approach to explore the lived experience of rehabilitation students during their final placement and first year of practice.

Method. Students (n = 6) in occupational therapy and physical therapy wrote reflective journals every 2 weeks during their final fieldwork placement and first year of practice. The researchers independently analyzed the journals for common themes. An independent peer completed a blind analysis of two journals. Data were also compared with published first-person accounts of novice practitioners.

Results. The lived experience of the first year of practice included four consecutive stages: Transition, Euphoria and Angst, Reality of Practice, and Adaptation. Themes from the journals included great expectations, competence, politics, shock, education, and strategies.

Conclusion. Recognizing the stages in the process of transition from student to therapist may assist in educational curriculum development and clinical support and supervision for new graduates. Educators need to continue to make education practice relevant while maintaining a theoretical perspective.
Variables Affecting the Competency Maintenance Behaviors of Occupational Therapists
Authors: Lysaght Rosemary M. , Altschuld James W. , Grant H. Kay , Henderson Janet L.
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work environment and the competency maintenance activities of occupational therapists.

Method. A survey of 121 occupational therapists in three states and interviews with 8 occupational therapists in Ohio were used.

Results. Analysis of survey data indicated that workplace support and the degree of competency monitoring are significant determinants of competency maintenance behavior. State continuing education requirements had no impact on reported levels of competency maintenance. Personal motivation of the therapist emerged as a potentially important moderator of the relationship between environment and competency maintenance.

Conclusions. Although environmental factors enhance competency maintenance activities, active participation in competency maintenance is also related to the personal commitment of the individual therapist. Strategies that reduce barriers to effective competency maintenance and promote a culture of continuing competency in the profession merit further investigation.
Occupational Therapy Goal Achievement for Persons With Postacute Cerebrovascular Accident in an On-Campus Student Clinic
Authors: Lavelle Patsy , Tomlin George S.
Published: September 2010

Objectives. A retrospective study was conducted to determine to what extent persons with postacute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) made progress toward rehabilitation goals during occupational therapy treatment and whether age and time since CVA onset affected the rate of goal achievement.

Method. Data were collected from the admission and discharge records of persons with CVA who had received occupational therapy at a university clinic, who were at least 8 months post CVA, and who had not received therapy in the community for at least 6 months. The treatment was provided by occupational therapy students under supervision and had a mean length of 12 1-hr sessions over one semester. A sample size of 85 was obtained from 13 years of clinic records.

Results. All patients in the sample except one made progress toward at least one of their selected rehabilitation goals. The group mean score for goal progress indicated that as a whole, the patients made significant gains. In addition, independent t tests showed no significant differences in mean scores between younger and older patients, between longer and shorter times since onset, between men and women, or between right and left CVA. There was no significant linear association between mean score and the number of treatments received.

Conclusion. Patients with CVA showed progress toward rehabilitation goals during postacute treatment. Patients with recent CVA onset or of younger age did not achieve goals at a significantly higher rate than those with less recent onset or of greater age.
The Comparison of Motor Performance Between Part and Whole Tasks in Elderly Persons
Authors: Ma Hui-ing , Trombly Catherine A.
Published: September 2010

Objective. When teaching clients a multistep functional task, therapists tend to break down the task into part tasks with discrete movements. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic performance between part and whole tasks in elderly persons.

Method. A counterbalanced repeated-measures design was used. Twenty elderly persons without motor problems (7 men, 13 women) performed a signature task in two conditions. For the part-task condition, the participants did the task in a step-by-step manner: (a) reach for a pen, (b) bring the pen to the paper, and (c) sign the name. For the whole-task condition, the participants performed the task in an integrated continuous flow. Kinematic performances for two movement segments (i.e., reaching for the pen, bringing the pen to the paper) were compared between conditions.

Results. Generally, the whole-task condition elicited a more efficient, more forceful, and smoother movement than the part-task condition.

Conclusion. The results suggest the importance of keeping a multistep functional task whole.
Changes in Health Status for Persons With Wrist or Hand Impairments Receiving Occupational Therapy or Physical Therapy
Authors: Hart Dennis L. , Tepper Sherri , Lieberman Deborah
Published: September 2010

Objective. The purpose of this study was to describe changes of health status as perceived by clients with hand or wrist impairments who received rehabilitation in acute, orthopedic outpatient facilities from occupational therapy or physical therapy personnel.

Method. One thousand three hundred ninety-nine adults with wrist (n = 692) or hand (n = 707) impairments who were treated between July 1996 and June 1997 were selected from the Focus On Therapeutic Outcomes, Inc. (FOTO) national rehabilitation database. Each client completed a health status questionnaire on intake and discharge. Data consisted of number of outpatient visits, duration of treatment episode, and health status scores for six functional scales. Measures of intensity, global health status, global utilization, and client satisfaction were calculated. Outcomes were evaluated across occupational therapists and physical therapists.

Results. Clients perceived improvement (p < .05) in their health status over the course of therapy. Number of visits and measures of health status and client satisfaction were similar across type of therapist. Episode duration was longer (p < .05) and intensity was less (p < .05) for clients seen by occupational therapists.

Conclusion. Clients receiving rehabilitation in acute orthopedic outpatient centers perceived improvement in their functional abilities and health and well-being (global health status and individual functional scales) over the time during which treatment was provided. Results confirm the responsiveness of the outcomes instrument to clinical change in the clients’ perception of their health status over the course of therapy and support the use of health status as a measure of clinical outcome.
The Experience of Clinician-Researchers in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Cusick Anne
Published: September 2010

This study examined the experience of occupational therapy clinicians who do research to illuminate factors that influenced their research, the processes involved, and the outcomes. The qualitative approach of grounded theory was used. Purposive sampling of all research-productive clinicians in acute care hospitals in one Australian city occurred. Fifteen clinicians participated in in-depth interviews that explored their experiences of research. Results were analyzed with the constant comparative method, and six conceptual categories were developed. These categories were further analyzed in terms of their relationships, and a core category that explained and synthesized the data was identified—becoming a clinician-researcher. This category encompassed a process of role change during which the person changed from clinician to clinician-researcher. Conditions for this change were identified, and three key concepts were derived to elaborate the core category. In becoming a clinician-researcher, the person was active in (a) identifying research as significant, (b) constructing actions in relation to research, and (c) evaluating the experience. The findings further the understanding of clinician-researchers through the description of their experience and the empirically based theoretical formulation that explains it.
Beyond the Unobtrusive Observer: Reflections on Researcher–Informant Relationships in Urban Ethnography
Authors: Lawlor Mary C. , Mattingly Cheryl F.
Published: September 2010

Ethnographic research involves the creation and ongoing renegotiations of relationships between researchers and informants. Prolonged engagement contributes to the complexity as relationships deepen and shift over time and participants accumulate a substantial reservoir of shared experiences. Reflections about the relationships we have co-constructed with informants in several research projects have contributed to our identification of several critical aspects of building and maintaining researcher–informant relationships in cross-cultural research. Aspects of relationship work specifically related to conducting ethnography with children, within the communities in which researchers live, and within the practice of occupational therapy are discussed.