bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Concepts for Low-pressure, Low-temperature Nanodiamond Growth Using MW-linear Antenna Plasma Sources
Authors: Vlček Jan , Fendrych František , Taylor Andrew , Kratochvílová Irena , Fekete Ladislav , Nesládek Miloš , Liehr Michael
Published: March 2010

Industrial applications of PE MWCVD diamond grown on large area substrates, 3D shapes, at low substrate temperatures and on standard engineering substrate materials require novel plasma concepts. Based on the pioneering work of the group at AIST in Japan, high-density coaxial delivery type of plasmas have been explored [1]. However, an important challenge is to obtain commercially interesting growth rates at very low substrate temperatures. In the presented work we introduce the concept of novel linear antenna sources, designed at Leybold Optics Dresden, using high-frequency pulsed MW discharge. We present data on high plasma densities in this type of discharge (> 10 E11 cm-3), accompanied by data from OES for CH4 – CO2 - H2 gas chemistry and the basic properties of the nano-crystalline diamond (NCD) films grown.
Investigation of Gd2@C90, Gd2C2@C92, and Gd2@C79N by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Burke Brian G. , Chan Jack , Williams Keith A. , Ge Jiechao , Shu Chunying , Fu Wujun , Dorn Harry C. , Puretzky Alexander , Geohegan David
Published: March 2010

The structure and vibrational spectrum of Gd2 and Gd2C2 endofullerenes are studied through Raman spectroscopy and universal force field (UFF) calculations. Hindered rotations, shown by both theory and experiment, indicate the formation of a Gd–cage bond, which reduces the ideal symmetry of the cage. We have conducted Raman studies of Gd2@C90, Gd2@C79N, and Gd2C2@C92. We have also studied Y2C2@C92 for comparison. Several modes have been identified which provide information about the endohedral complex.
Plasma Synthesis: A Novel Way of Making Catalysts
Authors: Biberger Maximilian Albert , Leamon D. , Qi X. , Sawayda R. , Yin Q.
Published: March 2010

In the present paper a novel method of manufacturing mobile emission control catalysts (MECC) is presented. The manufacturing of these novel catalysts consists of three steps: In a first processing step micron sized powders consisting of an oxide powder, typically Al2O3 or SiO2 or the like, and micron sized precious metal powders, Pt, Pd, Rh or the like, are co-fed into a DC plasma gun. Inside the gun the powders are vaporized at temperatures of approximately 25,000 K. After the powders are vaporized the vapor is rapidly quenched at rates of approximately 1,000,000 K/s. This process step yields so-called Nano on Nano Catalysts™, where nano clusters of precious metals atoms are condensed onto the nano sized oxide particles. In a second processing step these Nano on Nano Catalysts™ are dispersed in water. This step is followed by a third, and final processing step, where the Nano on Nano Catalysts™ are integrated onto the final support, i.e. the monoliths (or honeycombs), which ultimately are canned and located downstream of a vehicle’s engine.
Catalysts manufactured under the above conditions are then tested against reference catalysts, both under fresh and aged conditions. Test results show that the plasma based catalysts have better light off temperatures after aging than the reference catalysts if they contain the same amount of precious metals as the reference catalyst. If the precious metal amount for the plasma based catalysts is reduced to approx. half the amount of the reference catalysts then both catalysts show approx. the same light off temperatures after aging.
Above results show that with catalysts based on plasma technology one can either lower the light off temperatures while maintaining the precious metal content compared to reference catalysts, or match the performance of the reference catalysts while reducing the precious metal content to approx. 50%, compared to the reference catalysts.
The Future of TCO Materials: Stakes and Challenges
Authors: Baraton Marie-Isabelle
Published: March 2010

The field of major applications of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) continues to expand, thus generating a growing demand for new materials with lower resistivity and higher transparency over extended wavelength ranges. Moreover, p-type TCOs are opening new horizons for high-performance devices based on p-n junctions.
Among the most commonly used TCO materials are zinc oxide (ZnO), indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide (SnO2), and indium oxide (In2O3). Still, design and synthesis of improved TCO materials leading to a marked increase in conductivity and robustness remain highly desirable while a more detailed understanding of the conductivity mechanisms is critical to further improvement. For example, there is an accelerating effort worldwide by both academia and industry to develop a transparent conductor that can meet or beat the performance of the commonly used ITO at lower costs and with more physical resilience.
This article reviews new developments in TCO materials to be used in various applications spanning from photovoltaics to lighting, smart windows, or gas sensors. The financial stakes, far from being negligible in the TCOs market, and the current scientific and technological challenges to be taken up are analyzed.
Surface Structure of Pd3Fe(111) and Effects of Oxygen Adsorption
Authors: Yang Xiaofang , Welch Lindsey A. , Fu Jie , Koel Bruce E.
Published: March 2010

Pd-Fe alloys have attracted attention in PEM fuel cell research because they were found to be comparable to Pt electrocatalysts in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at the cathode. In this study, the surface morphology of a Pd3Fe(111) single-crystal sample and oxygen reaction on the surface were investigated by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), low energy ion scattering (LEIS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. Strong segregation of Pd atoms was observed after annealing in UHV. Particularly, Pd single adatoms and dimers were found on the surface after high temperature annealing, which differs from most other well-studied binary alloy systems. Low free energy of Pd, strain relaxation, and interaction between Pd and Fe, are potentially responsible for the formation of this unusual surface. Adsorption of oxygen reversed the segregation trend and oxidized surface Fe. Ordered surface phases were observed after oxygen exposures at elevated temperatures. The reducing activity of Fe atoms in the alloy inhibited Pd oxidation, and weakened Pd-O interactions on Pd3Fe(111) are consistent with enhanced ORR kinetics.
Effect of Dilatation on the Elasto-Plastic Response of Bulk Metallic Glasses Under Indentation
Authors: Prasad Anamika , Dao Ming , Ramamurty Upadrasta
Published: March 2010

Elasto-plastic response of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) follows closely the response of granular materials through pressure dependent (or normal stress) yield locus and shear stress induced material dilatation. On a micro-structural level, material dilatation is responsible for stress softening and formation of localized shear band, however its influence on the macro-scale flow and deformation is largely unknown. In this work, we systematically analyze the effect of material dilatation on the gross indentation response of Zr-based BMG via finite element simulation. The strengthening/softening effect on the load-depth response and corresponding stress-strain profiles are presented in light of differences in elastic-plastic regimes under common indenters. Through comparison with existing experimental results, we draw conclusions regarding selection of suitable dilatation parameters for accurately predicting the gross response of BMGs
Elasticity of networks with permanent and thermoreversible cross-links
Authors: Douglas Jack F.
Published: March 2010

Simplified models of flexible chain and stiff fiber networks are introduced to address how the network elasticity becomes modified when the cross-linking is thermoreversible in nature and changes in the stability of the network with deformation. These idealized models apparently able to capture many aspects of the elastic properties of real networks.
Direct Cell Printing With Microfabricated Quill-Pen Cantilevers
Authors: Hynes William F. , Gracias Alison , Fahrenkopf Nicholas M. , Raof Nurazhani Abdul , Raja Waseem K. , Lee Katherine , Xie Yubing , Bergkvist Magnus , Cady Nathaniel C.
Published: March 2010

A novel direct cell printing technique has been developed to control and manipulate the position of cells on solid surfaces. The method utilizes microfabricated polymeric “quill-pen” cantilevers to transfer living cells onto a wide variety of surfaces. In contrast with existing cell deposition methods, such as ink jet or laser ablation methods, the quill-pen approach imparts minimal thermal and shear stress to cells, preserving cell viability and biological functionality. Deposition of both bacterial and mammalian cells into defined patterns has been demonstrated using this method. The size of printed, cell-containing droplets could be controlled by varying the geometry of the quill-pen stylus and by varying printing conditions such as contact time, relative humidity, and surface hydrophobicity. Initial experiments using 10 μm diameter polymer beads demonstrated that the number of beads per droplet could be controlled by varying spot size and particle concentration in the printing solution. Spots could be printed ranging from 20 μm and 100 μm in diameter with approximate volumes ranging from 1-250 pL. We demonstrated deposition of both cells and beads onto a variety of solid surfaces including agarose gel, polystyrene, polyethylene, and glass. Printed cells have also been immobilized on glass and polymer surfaces using biocompatible hydrogel materials (both alginic acid and hyaluronic acid-based matrices) as well as poly-L-lysine. Similar to polymer beads, the number of cells in printed droplets was shown to be dependent upon the size of the droplet, and could be varied by adjusting the concentration of cells present in the printing fluid. As few as one cell per spot could be achieved by adjusting these parameters. The viability and proliferation of printed cells has been evaluated using live optical imaging to observe cell growth and division. Both bacterial cells (Escherichia coli) and mammalian cells were able to divide and proliferate for at least 96 hr post-printing (experiments were discontinued after 96 hr). Live/dead staining was also used to confirm the viability of printed cells. Rat mammary adenocarcinoma MTLn3 cells and mouse embryonic stem cells were also shown to survive the printing process for at least 24 - 96 hr post-printing. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the printing method and its compatibility with a wide range of cell types. It is especially noteworthy that embryonic stem cells could survive the printing process (and proliferate on the printing substrate). This novel printing method has applications for tissue engineering, cell-to-cell signaling studies, and for directly interfacing cells with nanodevices and biosensors.
Biosensor for Dielectric Spectroscopy of Mitochondria and for Monitoring Ion Activities
Authors: Padmaraj Divya , Pande Rohit , Zagozdzon-Wosik Wanda , Xie Lei-Ming , Pijanowska Dorota G , Miller John H , Grabiec Piotr B , Jaroszewicz Bohdan , Widger William , Wosik Jarek
Published: March 2010

We developed a BioMEMS device to study cell- mitochondrial physiological functionalities. The pathogenesis of many diseases including obesity, diabetes, heart failure as well as aging has been linked to functional defects of mitochondria. This is understandable as the mitochondria produces up to 90% of ATP, and plays a critical role in cell signaling and apoptosis. The synthesis of ATP is determined by the electrical potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) and by the pH difference due to proton flux across it. Therefore, electrical characterization by E-fields with complementary chemical testing was used here. Mitochondrial ion channels present in the IMM control specific ion fluxes, and maintain ion homeostasis, matrix volume, IMM potential etc and thus serve a central role in cell growth and death related processes. Defects in ion channels (Channelopathies) are being attributed to many diseases like cancer, neurodegeneration, etc. Complete physiological roles of various ion channels and their interactions are still unknown, hindering the development of targeted therapeutic agents. The BioMEMS device was fabricated as an SU-8 based microfluidic system with gold electrodes on SiO2/Si wafers for electromagnetic interrogation. Ion Sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs) were incorporated for proton studies important in electron transport chain, together with monitoring Na+, K+, Ca++ions for ion channel studies. ISFETs are chemically sensitive MOSFET devices, their threshold voltage is directly proportional to the electrolytic H+ ion variation. These ISFETs (sensitivity ˜55 mV/pH for H+) were further realized as specific ion sensitive CHEMFETs by depositing a poly-HEMA layer sandwiched between the gate and a final specific ion sensitive membrane. Electrodes for dielectric spectroscopy studies of mitochondria were designed as 2- and 4-probe structures for optimized operation over a wide frequency range. In addition, to limit polarization effects (which masks actual impedance for high conductivity solutions at low frequencies), a 4-electrode set-up with unique meshed pickup electrodes (7.5×7.5 μm2 loops with 4 μm wires) was fabricated. An electrical model was developed for the mitochondrial sample, and its frequency response correlated with impedance spectroscopy experiments of sarcolemmal mitochondria. Using the mesh electrode structure, we obtained a reduction of 83.28% in impedance at 200 Hz. COMSOL simulations of selected electrical structures in this sensor were compared with experimental results to better understand the physical system. The simultaneous measurement of membrane potential, ion concentrations and pH would enhance diagnostics and studies of mitochondrial diseases.
Advanced Solid State NMR Techniques for the Investigation of the Organic-Mineral Interfaces in Biomaterials
Authors: Laurencin Danielle , Guerrero Gilles , Amalric Julien , Bonhomme Christian , Gervais Christel , Smith Mark E , Mutin Hubert
Published: March 2010

High resolution solid state NMR experiments were carried out on several compounds, to see how this technique can now be used to investigate in detail the surface structure of different biomaterials. First, because the surface of titanium implants can be functionalized by phosphonic acids, for instance to prevent bacterial adhesion,17O NMR experiments were performed on model TiO2 surfaces functionalized by 17O enriched phosphonic acids, to look at the mode of grafting of these coupling agents. Results bring clear evidence of the formation of Ti-O-P bridges and of the presence of residual P=O and P-OH groups. Second, given that calcium phosphates are widely present in biological hard tissues and synthetic biomaterials, 43Ca correlation experiments were performed on 43Ca enriched materials (hydroxyapatite and calcium benzoate), to see how the proximities between this nucleus and neighbouring atoms can be analyzed. Results show that both Ca…C and Ca…H proximities can be evidenced, and could thus help elucidate interface structures. All in all, these studies should pave the way to future investigations of biomaterials, and in particular of the structure of organic-inorganic interfaces.
Avaliação de linhas de beneficiamento e impactos de queda na qualidade de caqui "Rama Forte"
Authors: Valentini Silvia R. de T. , Ferreira Marcos D. , Atarassi Márcia E. , Benato Eliane A.
Published: March 2010

O manuseio inadequado e excessivo de frutas e de hortaliças causa alta incidência de danos físicos e, consequentemente, perdas pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a magnitude de impacto em linhas de beneficiamento e classificação para caqui "Rama Forte" e determinar, em laboratório, seus limites de impactos. Para a avaliação dos pontos críticos, foi utilizada uma esfera instrumentada de 76 mm de diâmetro (Techmark, Inc., Lansing, EUA), que registrou a magnitude dos impactos em sete equipamentos distintos de quatro unidades de beneficiamento. A determinação de danos físicos foi feita em testes laboratoriais, nos quais a queda dos frutos foi relacionada com a magnitude de impacto, incidência de danos físicos e perdas na qualidade do fruto. Nas linhas de beneficiamento, os valores de impactos encontrados variaram de 21 a 87 G nos pontos de transferência, e a maioria dos impactos registrados (acima de 94%) durante a passagem pela linha foram de valores de até 50 G. Alturas de queda a partir de 20 cm causaram aumento na perda de massa do caqui no sexto dia de armazenamento, em temperatura ambiente. As quedas de 20 e 30 cm causaram maior escurecimento da casca (menores valores de L), associada à redução da intensidade da cor (chroma). O impacto não causou efeito nas características químicas da polpa do fruto.
Isolated Limb Perfusion for Malignant Melanoma: Systematic Review on Effectiveness and Safety
Authors: Moreno-Ramirez David , Cruz-Merino Luis , Ferrandiz Lara , Villegas-Portero Roman , Nieto-Garcia Adoracion
Published: March 2010

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare the response rate of ILP with melphalan and TNF to the response rate of ILP with single-agent melphalan in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs.Compare the clinical response rates of repeated ILP after a recurrence or PR to a first ILP to clinical response rates after first ILP in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs.In patients with unresectable malignant melanoma of the limbs, consider use of ILP to avoid amputation.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) involves the administration of chemotherapy drugs directly into a limb involved by locoregional metastases. Unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs represents one of the clinical settings in which ILP has demonstrated benefits.

Methods.

A systematic review of the literature on ILP for patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs was conducted. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane database searches were conducted to identify studies fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: hyper- or normothermic ILP with melphalan with or without tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other drugs providing valid data on clinical response, survival, or toxicity. To allocate levels of evidence and grades of recommendation the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network system was used.

Results.

Twenty-two studies including 2,018 ILPs were selected with a clear predominance of observational studies (90.90%) against experimental studies (9.10%). The median complete response rate to ILP was of 58.20%, with a median overall response rate of 90.35%. ILP with melphalan yielded a median complete response rate of 46.50%, against a 68.90% median complete response rate for melphalan plus TNF ILP. The median 5-year overall-survival rate was 36.50%, with a median overall survival interval of 36.70 months. The Wieberdink IV and V regional toxicity rates were 2.00% and 0.65%, respectively.

Conclusions.

ILP is effective in achieving clinical responses in patients with unresectable locally advanced melanoma of the limbs. The disease-free and overall survival rates provided by ILP are acceptable. ILP is safe, with a low incidence of severe regional and systemic toxicity.
Briefing: Guidance on insurance issues for new developments
Authors: Surminski Swenja , Philp Arthur
Published: March 2010

Buildings will be increasingly vulnerable to the effects of severe weather due to climate change. This will impact on the cost and availability of insurance unless steps are taken to reduce the risk. The insurance industry can drive adaptation to climate change by influencing both property developers and prospective buyers. Buildings must be located and designed to ensure that they are able to withstand climate change – particularly increased flood risk. Insurers will only be able to insure buildings – vital to ensure that they are sellable – if this risk is managed to acceptable levels. The purpose of this briefing is to introduce guidance from the Association of British Insurers to help developers, planning authorities and people buying new properties to build and buy properties that rise to the challenges presented by climate change. The guidance recommends that developers follow national planning policy statements, provide buyers with information on climate risks and how they are managed, and develop publicly available standards or kitemarks that certify enhanced resilience to climate change impacts. Furthermore, before buying a property in a new development, prospective owners are advised check the flood risk and obtain information on measures taken to reduce it.
Re-engineering cities as forces for good in the environment
Authors: Beck M Bruce , Jiang Feng , Shi Feng , Walker Rodrigo Villarroel , Osidele Olufemi O , Lin Zhulu , Demir Ibrahim , Hall Jim W
Published: March 2010

Previous simulation studies, using a case study of the city of Atlanta within the Upper Chattahoochee catchment, Georgia, USA, have shown how it is possible to re-engineer the water infrastructure of a city so as to restore aquatic ecosystem services in a catchment. The results also suggest that such a re-engineered infrastructure might even enable the city to act as a force for good in its environment. Assessing the sustainability of these prospective engineering transitions depends not only upon matters such as the urban ecological footprint, but more centrally on the concept of a system's spectrum of environmental perturbations and on computation of this spectrum for pre- and post-city states. This paper begins by discussing the core concept of the city as a force for good (CFG) and defining the attributes and vital role of the unfamiliar measure of ‘spectrum’. Continuing with the case study of the Atlanta–Chattahoochee city–catchment system, an improved assembly of simulation sub-models was constructed in order to accommodate a change in climate, specified essentially as the difference between a 20-year average of annual precipitation variations across the Chattahoochee catchment for the years 1974–1993 (observed past) and 2020–2039 (forecast future). The outcome of this test is that the sustainability of previously preferred strategies for re-engineering of city wastewater infrastructure in pursuit of CFG is climate-insensitive (i.e. robust under climate change). However, climate change as such has been narrowly and rudimentarily articulated. The paper touches upon assessments geared to the behaviour of the city–catchment system at the margins (extremes) and looks forward to extensive subsequent studies designed to explore these matters much more fully.
Perspective: a vision of a low-carbon water sector in 2050
Authors: Caffoor Issy
Published: March 2010

Water is the new oil and carbon is the currency that will drive the water industry to make significant changes to reduce its carbon budgets. The industry will be a significant player in the carbon reduction commitment in 2010 and will contribute to the UK's carbon reduction targets. This paper presents a personal view of ways of driving a vision for a low-carbon water industry in 2050. It is recognised that a multi-faceted approach will be required that: builds on research, technology and skills development; requires policy and institutional reform to allow new approaches; requires cross-boundary cooperation and systems; builds stakeholder capacity to understand risk and mitigation; and provides financial support to incentivise a low-carbon approach. The paper discusses the potential business, social and infrastructure changes that may result and outlines how demand reduction, water-sensitive urban design (including community-based solutions) and significant changes to water industry operations could contribute to the low-carbon vision. The paper identifies the many barriers that inhibit a low-carbon approach and suggests that the climatic stresses of the future will contribute to the removal of these barriers and to a culture change in the stakeholder base.
KARACHI HARBOUR-EAST WHARVES, RECONSTRUCTION OF QUAYS.
Authors: IRWIN CHILDS F , HARTMANN J A H , CHILDS F I
Published: March 2010

Thirteen deep-water berths and one shallower berth, aggregating in length 6,772 ft, were rebuilt on the eastern side of Karachi Harbour between 1955 and 1960 to replace open piled structures which, after a life of over 50 years, had suffered serious and extensive deterioration. The new berths were constructed in concrete, with a closed berthing face set forwarfdr om the old line, and backfilled with sand.

The main structural members in the face are large I-section prestressed concrete pile units weighing about 50 tons each. These were placed at 9 ft 2 in. centres inside a steel cylinder which was subsequently jacked out against the piles. A special item of floating plant was used and the system enabled a range of loadings to be transmitted to the piles. Curtain slabs were inserted between the piles and provision was made to ensure a positive bearinogn the pile flanges.

A substantial concrete capping beam cast on to the heads of the piles was anchored at intervals of 32 ft by high-tensile steel cables to individual concrete monoliths. Stressing of the cable ties in stages as the filling proceeded allowed a measure to be made of the forward thrust of the filling; the final stressing mobilized the resistance of the anchor monolith and establishedi ts adequacy.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE HYDROLOGY OF THE THAMES BASIN.
Authors: ANDREWS F M
Published: March 2010

The Paper is introduced by a brief history of the earliest records of the flow of the Thames, and of the first systematic recording of the daily discharge at Teddington Weir. The surface catchment area is discussed, and reference is made to the changes that have been taking place in its character, caused by housing and other forms of development. The hydro-geology of the basin is briefly described, and an estimate is made of the true area believed to be contributing to river discharge.

The methods of obtaining rainfall statistics are discussed, and the sites of the recording stations are shown on a map. Distribution of rainfall on the catchment area is shown on a map from which mean annual rainfall on the principal geological formations within each tributary was obtained and tabulated.

The sites of observation wells are shown, in which the rest-water level in the chalk and oolites is regularly observed. Groundwater is defined and methods of estimating monthly and annual average discharges are described and the results are shown in a number of tables.

Direct or storm run-off in relation to rainfall is examined from the data of a large number of floods and lower discharges, with special referentcoe a ntecedent rainfall conditions. The unit hydrograph is discussed and comparison is made between unit hydrographs for Teddington resulting from rainfall of various durations.

Long-term averagesa re compared with thosefr om a large numbero f rivers in Great Britain, enabling mean annual losses to be deduced from a table and a graph.

Floods on the Thames and tributaries, their history and frequency are referred to, and flood frequencies are shown graphically. Some high flood discharges of a number of tributaries are tabulated, the run-off per unit area given, and comparison made with run-ofaf t Teddington.

Dry weather flows are discussed and their frequency for the Thames at Teddington is shown graphically. Comparison is made between dry weather discharges of the principal tributaries and of the Thames.
LOADS ON UNDERGROUND PIPES CAUSED BY VEHICLE WHEELS.
Authors: CLARKE N W B , YOUNG O C
Published: March 2010

A method of computing the loads imposed on an underground pipeline by several simultaneous wheel loads acting on the surface, proposed by Spangler and Hennessey2 in 1946, and to which only a brief reference could be madei n a previous Paper1 by the present Authors, is now described in detail. A modification of that method is developed by the Authors to compensate for the nonuniformity of load distribution across the pipe breadth, which occurs in some wheel positions, and adversely affects the bedding factor for wheel loads compared with fill loads. The modification takes the form of correction factors for the conversion of the non-uniform loads to equivalent uniformly distributed loads. Their use enables the same bedding factor as that adopted for the fill load to be used for concentrated surcharge loads. Graphs of these values for the usual classes of bedding are given.

The modifled method, which is applicablteo any wheel arrangement, has been used to compute the maximum loads (or load coefficients) imposed on pipes of various sizes at various depths with various beddings by:-

(i) two equal wheel loads 3 ft apart (appropriate for pipes under access roads);

(ii) the B.S.153, type HB, road load train (appropriate for pipes under roads, and carriageways, fields, and gardens);

and the results are presented in the form of design graphs.

The maximum foreseeable railway loading in England and Wales is given. It proves to be less severe than the B.S.153, type HB road loading. The design graphs may, therefore, be used for single or multiple rigid pipes of any normal size at any normal depth in trench, under roads, fields, or gardens, across railways, or under embankments, in any sort of soil and with any standard bedding and, it is hoped, will save much tedious computation.
THE SELECTION AND INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL NUCLEAR POWER STATION SITES IN SUFFOLK.
Authors: GAMMON K M , PEDGRIFT G F
Published: March 2010

This Paper deals with the engineering aspects of selecting and investigating potential nuclear power station sites in Suffolk for the Central Electricity Generating Board (C.E.G.B.). The basic technical requirements are discussed, together with the method of selection of sites worthy of investigation, and the limitations of the data available.

The potential sites were situated along 40 m i l e s of coast and their engineering assessment posed a variety of different problems. Conditions ranged from a stable estuary with deep water for cooling purposes close inshore, to an unstable coast with difficult access to adequate water; from poor to good subsoils; from sites suffering severe erosiotno one accreting;a nd with groundl evels from cliff tops to saltings.

Details are given of the methods used to overcome anticipated and encountered difficulties in investigations.

Before the decision was taken to apply for consent to develop the site at Sizewell, additional surveys of possible limitations on ultimate development were undertaken. Subsequent detailed investigations there, to provide for design purposes, involved an intensive study of local conditions and a detailed investigation both on the site and offshore.
THE BUCKLING OF A PLATE GIRDER WEB UNDER PURE BENDING WHEN REINFORCED BY A SINGLE LONGITUDINAL STIFFENER.
Authors: ROCKEY K C , LEGGETT D M A
Published: March 2010

The Paper examines the stability of a panel of a longitudinally reinforced plate-web girder underp ure bending. The edges of the panel whicha re bounded by transverse stiffeners are assumed to be simply supported; along the other two edges the flanges are assumed to prevent both rotation and deflexion. Relationships are found between the panel buckling coefficient, K, the area ratio, p, the flexural rigidity ratio, y, and the aspect ratio of the plate, a, for positions of the longitudinal stiffener which are one-fifth, onequarter, and onehalf the web depth from the compression flange. On comparing these relationships with corresponding ones which havbee en obtained for the condition when the flange members only supply a simple pin-joinst upport to the panel, it is found thatt he flexural rigidity whicht he longitudinal stiffener must possesisn order to remain straight when the plate buckles is very much reduced.

The analysis shows that from the stated edge conditions the most effective position for a single longitudinal stiffener a its the 0.226 depth position from the compression flange. This compares with the onefifth-depth position when the unloaded edges are simply supported.

The Paper also compares the theoretical relationships between K, p, and 7, with experimental results obtained from tests. Agreement is good.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE PROCESSES
Authors: Haimson Barry , Wilkinson Krista M. , Rosenquist Celia , Ouimet Carolyn , McIlvane William J.
Published: March 2010

Research reported here concerns neural processes relating to stimulus equivalence class formation. In Experiment 1, two types of word pairs were presented successively to normally capable adults. In one type, the words had related usage in English (e.g., uncle, aunt). In the other, the two words were not typically related in their usage (e.g., wrist, corn). For pairs of both types, event‐related cortical potentials were recorded during and immediately after the presentation of the second word. The obtained waveforms differentiated these two types of pairs. For the unrelated pairs, the waveforms were significantly more negative about 400 ms after the second word was presented, thus replicating the “N400” phenomenon of the cognitive neuroscience literature. In addition, there was a strong positive‐tending wave form difference post‐stimulus presentation (peaked at about 500 ms) that also differentiated the unrelated from related stimulus pairs. In Experiment 2, the procedures were extended to study arbitrary stimulus—stimulus relations established via matching‐to‐sample training. Participants were experimentally näive adults. Sample stimuli (Set A) were trigrams, and comparison stimuli (Sets B, C, D, E, and F) were nonrepresentative forms. Behavioral tests evaluated potentially emergent equivalence relations (i.e., BD, DF, CE, etc.). All participants exhibited classes consistent with the arbitrary matching training. They were also exposed also to an event‐related potential procedure like that used in Experiment 1. Some received the ERP procedure before equivalence tests and some after. Only those participants who received ERP procedures after equivalence tests exhibited robust N400 differentiation initially. The positivity observed in Experiment 1 was absent for all participants. These results support speculations that equivalence tests may provide contextual support for the formation of equivalence classes including those that emerge gradually during testing.
Water quality in a small network - problems and a proposal for their solution
Authors: Kowalski D.
Published: March 2010

The paper deals with the problem of deterioration of water quality in water supply networks. On the basis of relevant literature and his own research, the author points to a common occurrence of this phenomenon. The case study of a 3.5 km town network presented in the paper confirms the situation. The field tests of the water quality in that network detected a high concentration of iron and presence of lead contamination from PVC pipes. One of the methods of counteracting water quality deterioration used by water companies is flushing, accomplished as water outflow by fire hydrants. Unfortunately this method has several disadvantages, such as substantial water loss and the resulting costs. These factors dictate limitation of the flushing frequency as well of the duration of the process. In addition, the house pipes are not flushed at all. As a conceptual solution to this problem the author proposes, is the implementation of mobile flushing stations. The closed cycle applied during the flushing process can essentially reduce the water loss. The proposed solution has been tested by computer simulations. A simplified cost estimation of the implementation of the solution has also been presented.
Optimal Geometric Parameters in Baffled Surface Aeration Systems
Authors: Ramakrishna Rao Achanta , Kumar Patel Ajey , Kumar Bimlesh
Published: March 2010

Surface aeration systems are the most energy extensive unit. It is essential that the design of aeration systems should be as near optimal as is possible. Here, geometry of the aeration tank imparts a major effect on the system efficiency. Therefore, it is essential to have the optimal geometric conditions for the aeration tank. Optimal geometric conditions are also needed to scale up the laboratory result to the field installation. In the present work, experimental and numerical studies have been carried out on the effect of geometric parameters on oxygen transfer and macromixing time scale in baffled circular surface aeration tank to ascertain the optimal geometric conditions. Optimal geometric conditions developed in the present work may be useful in the field installation of the present systems.
Design, Development, and Field Testing of Sixteen Inch Diameter RO Modules in a Waste Water Reuse Application
Authors: Sehn P. , Zhao E. , Johnson J.E. , Hallan M.J. , Peery M.H.
Published: March 2010

Large diameter spiral wound modules enable significant reductions in reverse osmosis (RO) plant cost. A consortium of membrane manufacturers had identified sixteen inches as the optimum diameter for a new standard. In order to make full use of the cost saving potential of the large diameter, FilmTec's design considerations were based on a scale-up from the proven design of commercially available 8-inch modules. With the same materials and a leaf design as in 8-inch modules, the new 16-inch modules were built with a 4.3 times higher active membrane area and accordingly a 4.3 times higher permeate flow performance. The product water tube was designed for increased physical strength at even less permeate pressure drop. The endcaps feature interlocking technology without interconnectors and with internal brine seals for easier loading. The fiberglass shell was reinforced to resist axial compression arising from pressure drop and increased cross-section area. Sufficient safety margins were verified through extensive testing. A prototype tool for easy element loading and unloading was developed and applied to the demonstration plant at Bedok in Singapore.

This plant is in operation since October 2007 to demonstrate equivalent performance of an 8-inch and a 16-inch RO system running side-by-side on a challenging waste water reuse application. Each system has three 7-element pressure vessels in a 2:1 arrangement and was operated at a constant flux of 17.3 lmh and a recovery of 75%. After some adjustments of the scaling inhibitor dosage the plant had come to a stable operation; at the time of this writing it was approaching 3 months without cleaning or rinsing. The normalized permeate flow of the 16-inch system was 4.3 times higher than the flow of the 8-inch system. A sustainable system flow performance at a fouling factor of 0.85 was demonstrated. The measured system salt rejection indicated an average module salt rejection of 99.65%.
Longterm experiences from four SBR plants operated with cold wastewater; comparisons and synthesis
Authors: Morling Stig
Published: March 2010

An assessment of four different SBR plants in Scandinavia is presented with respect to treatment performance and especially nutrient removal. The plants have been in operation for 5 to 17 years, all under Nordic conditions of low water temperature during at least 4 months of the year. Thus, all the plants are operating at varying water temperatures, with typically low temperatures during the winter season, reaching 5 – 8 °C. Yet three of them perform quite satisfactorily, keeping to the consent values throughout the year. The fourth one suffers from a number of disturbances, resulting in poor annual performances. This paper gives not only performance figures from the plants, but describes the different operation modes that have to be exercised under the varying temperature and loading conditions. Special attention is given to the sludge quality, as these SBR plants all normally operate at low to very low SVI levels. Some comparisons with early findings and statements from other plants are shown with respect to operation modes and cycle lengths.
Water Challenges in Building a Sustainable City in the Middle East - A Masdar Perspective
Authors: Hartman M. M. , Kulaib A. A. , Drew C. R. , Witherspoon J. R.
Published: March 2010

Masdar Initiative is Abu Dhabi's multi-faceted investment to establish a centre designed to be a global focus of innovative technologies in renewable, alternative and sustainable energies as well as sustainable design. Once constructed, Masdar City's water system will use total water management principles to consider all parts of the water cycle as potential resources. This approach includes aggressive use of a variety of water sources, including groundwater, seawater, surface runoff, and rainwater, as well as reuse of greywater and blackwater. Sustainable principles will be implemented for resource recovery coupled management of by-products. Attainment of this goal requires reduction in residential water consumption and education on utilisation. Technology is a major focus of the city, and testing and implementation is critical to success. Achieving self-sufficiency and sustainability is an immense undertaking for Masdar, and water systems are a key component to its development.
Maximizing Energy Recovery from Sludge - Singapore's Approach
Authors: Oon S.W. , Koh T.G. , Ng K.S. , Ng S.W. , Wah Y.L.
Published: March 2010

Recovery of energy from sludge is an important component of PUB's drive towards zero-energy input for used water treatment in its Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs). Driven by this vision, PUB has taken steps to boost biogas production from the conventional mesophilic digestion process via 1) ultrasonic sludge disintegration and 2) co-digestion of greasy waste and used water sludge. From trials in Ulu Pandan WRP, ultrasonic sludge disintegration can boost biogas production by 35%. The paper will describe the pilot-scale trial in detail, including the operational problems that were encountered. In addition, this paper covers the operation of a centralised facility at Jurong WRP - the first of its kind in Asia that has been built to receive fats, oils and greases (FOG) from grease interceptors in Singapore. By blending FOG with thickened sludge (5% TS) before anaerobic digestion, the production of electricity from biogas at Jurong WRP has increased to almost 50% of the total energy consumption necessary for its treatment processes. These exciting initiatives form the cornerstone of PUB's current efforts to reduce the carbon footprint for used water treatment.
Blastocystis in water - Need for screening?
Authors: Suresh K. , Tan TC , illi F.
Published: March 2010

Infectious diseases caused by parasites continue to cause disease burdens which influence the quality of life, retards economic progress and dampens overall development especially in developing countries. The emerging group of protozoan parasites namely Blastocystis, Cryptosporidium, Isospora and Cyclospora causes generally diarrhea, bloating stomach, abdominal cramps and other gastrointestinal disturbances. Prevalence of these parasites varies from community to community and from country to country but they possess the same fecal-oral route of transmission. Contaminated water and food are the main causes of transmission with sporadic reports providing evidence for zoonotic transmission. High risk groups are the HIV-infected population, children and pet lovers. The presentation highlights the biology, prevalence, transmission, diagnosis and treatment on Blastocystis which is one of the most enigmatic protozoan. Blastocystis infection occurs worldwide but generally developing countries have higher prevalence of B. hominis (approximately 30 to 50%) than developed countries (approximately 1.5 to 10%).

The parasite has been incriminated to be waterborne and our findings of cysts in the lakes and rivers screened around Klang Valley, Malaysia provides further evidence of the potential of the organism to be transmitted to humans. Moreover, river isolates of Blastocystis were found to be either subtype 1, 3 or 5 which could be of human origin and may potentially result in transmission. Detection of Blastocystis cysts has been challenging using light microscopy. The presentation will highlight the technical challenges involved in enumerating the cyst collected from water sources, the density gradient centrifugation used with both Ficoll-paque and Lymphoprep and the usage of DAPI staining and in vitro culture for detecting the parasite. Results using 0.5 L water samples from rivers showed that 28% and 72% of samples were positive for Blastocystis using in vitro culture and DAPI staining respectively.

Standardization protocols involving large amount of water to be screened, the processes and steps involved especially in the centrifugation, the influence of timing of collection as well as the frequency of collection etc will be discussed.
SIX®: A New Resin Treatment Technology for Drinking Water
Authors: Galjaard Gilbert , Kamp Peer C. , Koreman Erik
Published: March 2010

The history of ion exchange is marked by many important milestones, notably the development of novel polymeric materials and considerable advances in our understanding of the underlying fundamental principles. Separately, there have been major advances in the design and development of the apparatus and equipment required to perform industrial ion exchange and also for large scale applications in the production of drinking water, like the MIEX® process from Orica. This paper reviews the progress that has been made during the last three years within the research facilities of PWN which have resulted in a new ion exchange process for the direct treatment of water containing high amounts of suspended matter such as surface waters. This new process has been called SIX® and will most likely be operational at a flow of 4000 m3/h by 2012.
Surfactant-polluted surface water treatment with Moringa oleifera seed extract
Authors: Sánchez-Martín J. , Beltrán-Heredia J.
Published: March 2010

Moringa oleifera seed extract has been tested in removing surfactants from polluted surface water. River water has been polluted with sodium lauryl sulphate, a spread surfactant, and Jar-test have been carried out in order to evaluate the effciency of this natural coagulant agent inside a real surface water matrix. Effciency has demonstrated to be very high (maximum q of about 2.5 mmol·g−1) and a high surfactant removal is achieved rapidly. Coagulation process may be modelated through Gu and Zhu adsorption hypothesis, so an acceptable r2 coeffcient is obtained (0.94).
The Role of Water Boards in Water Safety Plan Implementation in South Africa
Authors: Lubout K.L.
Published: March 2010

Water boards act as water services providers to water services authorities (local authorities) in most of the major metropolitan areas in South Africa. These water boards manage a significant portion of the water supply chain and influence both up and downstream activities in this chain. It thus stands to reason that these agencies play a pivotal role in the development and implementation of appropriate water management plans aligned to universally accepted practice.

As a leader in the water industry in South Africa, Rand Water is well advanced in implementing a “customised” water safety plan in its area of operation, and has been requested by various stakeholders in the industry to assist with a similar process in other regions.

During the development of the organisations' water safety plan it became evident that certain support systems had to be put in place to ensure successful implementation of such a plan. As a result, an additional procedure (procedure 11) was included in the water safety plan to address support activities such as communication, training/education and consumer relations.

These support systems have been developed to address specific requirements of internal and external stakeholders/customers and cover the entire supply chain to ensure a sound understanding of all aspects influencing water supply.