bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Right parietal source in Mahjong‐induced seizure: a system epilepsy of focal origin
Authors: Fukuma Kazuki , Ihara Masafumi , Miyashita Kotaro , Motoyama Rie , Tanaka Tomotaka , Kajimoto Katsufumi , Ikeda Akio , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki
Published: August 2016

Key Clinical Message

Mahjong, a game similar to bridge and chess in Western cultures, can cause reflex seizure. We report a case of Mahjong‐induced seizures with the first documentation of ictal electroencephalography (EEG) findings, which showed secondarily generalized partial seizure of the right parietal origin.
Methanation of CO2 over a (Mg,Al)Ox Supported Nickel Catalyst Derived from a (Ni,Mg,Al)‐Hydrotalcite‐like Precursor
Authors: Bette Nadine , Thielemann Jörg , Schreiner Marcus , Mertens Florian
Published: August 2016

The CO2 methanation performance of a Ni catalyst supported on a Lewis basic (Mg,Al)Ox mixed oxide derived from a (Ni,Mg,Al)‐hydrotalcite‐like (HTL) precursor was investigated. The HTL structure of the precursor, synthesized by pH‐controlled coprecipitation, was confirmed by using XRD. Reduction at 900 °C led to metallic Ni particles supported on a spinel‐type (Mg,Al)Ox matrix. Catalytic measurements between 210 and 400 °C revealed a reproducible CO2 conversion into CH4. Kinetic analysis of the data in the lower temperature range resulted in an apparent activation energy of (83±7) kJ mol−1 for this reaction. After a latency period of 10 h, the catalyst showed excellent long‐term stability for up to 50 h on stream under methanation conditions.
Zinc Homeostasis at the Bacteria/Host Interface—From Coordination Chemistry to Nutritional Immunity
Authors: Wątły Joanna , Potocki Sławomir , Rowińska‐Żyrek Magdalena
Published: August 2016

Zinc is one of the most important metal nutrients for species from all kingdoms, being a key structural or catalytic component of hundreds of enzymes, crucial for the survival of both pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. This work is an overview of the homeostasis of zinc in bacteria and humans. It explains the importance of this metal nutrient for pathogens, describes the roles of zinc sensors, regulators, and transporters, and summarizes various uptake systems and different proteins involved in zinc homeostasis—both those used for storage, buffering, and signaling inside the cell and those excreted in order to obtain ZnII from the host. The human zinc‐dependent immune system response is explained, with a special focus given to ‘zinc nutritional immunity′, a process that describes the competition between the bacteria or fungus and the host for this metal, during which both the pathogen and host make huge efforts to control zinc availability. This sophisticated tug of war over ZnII might be considered as a possible target for novel antibacterial therapies.
A Blocking Group Scan Using a Spherical Organometallic Complex Identifies an Unprecedented Binding Mode with Potent Activity In Vitro and In Vivo for the Opioid Peptide Dermorphin
Authors: Strack Martin , Bedini Andrea , Yip King T. , Lombardi Sara , Siegmund Daniel , Stoll Raphael , Spampinato Santi M. , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: August 2016

Herein, the selective enforcement of one particular receptor‐ligand interaction between specific domains of the μ‐selective opioid peptide dermorphin and the μ opioid receptor is presented. For this, a blocking group scan is described which exploits the steric demand of a bis(quinolinylmethyl)amine rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complex conjugated to a number of different, strategically chosen positions of dermorphin. The prepared peptide conjugates lead to the discovery of two different binding modes: An expected N‐terminal binding mode corresponds to the established view of opioid peptide binding, whereas an unexpected C‐terminal binding mode is newly discovered. Surprisingly, both binding modes provide high affinity and agonistic activity at the μ opioid receptor in vitro. Furthermore, the unprecedented C‐terminal binding mode shows potent dose‐dependent antinociception in vivo. Finally, in silico docking studies support receptor activation by both dermorphin binding modes and suggest a biological relevance for dermorphin itself. Relevant ligand‐protein interactions are similar for both binding modes, which is in line with previous protein mutation studies.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Silylation of Acetophenone Derivatives: Formation of Silyl Enol Ethers versus Silyl Ethers
Authors: Garcés Karin , Lalrempuia Ralte , Polo Víctor , Fernández‐Alvarez Francisco J. , García‐Orduña Pilar , Lahoz Fernando J. , Pérez‐Torrente Jesús J. , Oro Luis A.
Published: August 2016

A series of rhodium–NSiN complexes (NSiN=bis (pyridine‐2‐yloxy)methylsilyl fac‐coordinated) is reported, including the solid‐state structures of [Rh(H)(Cl)(NSiN)(PCy3)] (Cy=cyclohexane) and [Rh(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)] (coe=cis‐cyclooctene). The [Rh(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)]‐catalyzed reaction of acetophenone with silanes performed in an open system was studied. Interestingly, in most of the cases the formation of the corresponding silyl enol ether as major reaction product was observed. However, when the catalytic reactions were performed in closed systems, formation of the corresponding silyl ether was favored. Moreover, theoretical calculations on the reaction of [Rh(H)(CF3SO3)(NSiN)(coe)] with HSiMe3 and acetophenone showed that formation of the silyl enol ether is kinetically favored, while the silyl ether is the thermodynamic product. The dehydrogenative silylation entails heterolytic cleavage of the Si−H bond by a metal–ligand cooperative mechanism as the rate‐determining step. Silyl transfer from a coordinated trimethylsilyltriflate molecule to the acetophenone followed by proton transfer from the activated acetophenone to the hydride ligand results in the formation of H2 and the corresponding silyl enol ether.
Green Synthesis of Red‐Emitting Carbon Nanodots as a Novel “Turn‐on” Nanothermometer in Living Cells
Authors: Wang Chuanxi , Jiang Kaili , Wu Qian , Wu Jiapeng , Zhang Chi
Published: August 2016

Temperature measurements in biology and medical diagnostics, along with sensitive temperature probing of living cells, is of great importance; however, it still faces significant challenges. Herein, a novel “turn‐on” carbon‐dot‐based fluorescent nanothermometry device for spatially resolved temperature measurements in living cells is presented. The carbon nanodots (CNDs) are prepared by a green microwave‐assisted method and exhibit red fluorescence (λem=615 nm) with high quantum yields (15 %). Then, an on–off fluorescent probe is prepared for detecting glutathione (GSH) based on aggregation‐induced fluorescence quenching. Interestingly, the quenched fluorescence could be recovered by increasing temperature and the CNDs–GSH mixture could behave as an off–on fluorescent probe for temperature. Thus, red‐emitting CNDs can be utilized for “turn‐on” fluorescent nanothermometry through the fluorescence quenching and recovery processes, respectively. We employ MC3T3‐E1 cells as an example model to demonstrate the red‐emitting CNDs can function as “non‐contact” tools for the accurate measurement of temperature and its gradient inside a living cell.
Ate Complexes in Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Parchomyk Tobias , Koszinowski Konrad
Published: August 2016

Iron‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have an outstanding potential for sustainable organic synthesis, but remain poorly understood mechanistically. Here, we use electrospray‐ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry to identify the ionic species formed in these reactions and characterize their reactivity. Transmetalation of Fe(acac)3 (acac=acetylacetonato) with PhMgCl in THF (tetrahydrofuran) produces anionic iron ate complexes, whose nuclearity (1 to 4 Fe centers) and oxidation states (ranging from −I to +III) crucially depend on the presence of additives or ligands. Upon addition of iPrCl, formation of the heteroleptic FeIII complex [Ph3Fe(iPr)]− is observed. Gas‐phase fragmentation of this complex results in reductive elimination and release of the cross‐coupling product with high selectivity.
First Total Synthesis, Structure Revision, and Natural History of the Smallest Cytochalasin: (+)‐Periconiasin G
Authors: Zaghouani Mehdi , Kunz Caroline , Guédon Laura , Blanchard Florent , Nay Bastien
Published: August 2016

The total synthesis of the smallest cytochalasin isolated so far, periconiasin G, which bears a seven‐membered ring in lieu of the usual macrocycle, has been performed from both enantiomers of citronellal, relying on an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction in favor of the natural endo stereochemistry. We show that, among the four synthesized stereoisomers, including the exo isomers, the one matching the NMR data of the natural product was not that assigned in the original report, imposing structure revision. The natural product, previously isolated from a plant‐mutualistic fungus, was biologically investigated taking into account its natural history, showing significant effects against the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and thus opening new opportunities in combating this pest.
Intramolecular trans‐Dicarbofunctionalization of Alkynes by a Formal anti‐Carbopalladation/Stille Cascade
Authors: Milde Bastian , Reding Andreas , Geffers Finn J. , Jones Peter G. , Werz Daniel B.
Published: August 2016

An intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed trans‐dicarbofunctionalization of internal alkynes using aryl bromides and aryl stannanes is presented. Tetrasubstituted double bonds embedded in an oligocyclic ring system are obtained in a regio‐ and diastereoselective fashion. The transformation features a broad substrate scope and functional‐group tolerance.
Synergistic Diazo‐OH Insertion/Conia‐Ene Cascade Catalysis for the Stereoselective Synthesis of γ‐Butyrolactones and Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Hunter Arianne C. , Schlitzer Steven C. , Sharma Indrajeet
Published: August 2016

A novel and highly efficient diazo‐OH insertion/Conia‐ene cascade reaction of readily available homopropargylic acids and alcohols with diazo carbonyl compounds is described. The cascade reaction involves a synergistic Rh/Ag/Au catalyst cocktail and proceeds instantly with a variety of substituted diazo compounds and acids/alcohols to provide functionalized γ‐butyrolactones and tetrahydrofurans with complete regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The unprecedented rate‐enhancement, complete stereoselectivity, and the enabling of new Conia‐ene cyclizations suggest a concerted [4+1]‐cycloaddition reaction pathway under synergistic (Rh/Ag/Au)‐catalysis conditions.
Probability‐scale residuals for continuous, discrete, and censored data
Authors: Shepherd Bryan E. , Li Chun , Liu Qi
Published: August 2016

We describe a new residual for general regression models defined as, whereyis the observed outcome andis a random variable from the fitted distribution. This probability‐scale residual (PSR) can be written as, whereas the popular observed‐minus‐expected residual can be thought of as. Therefore the PSR is useful in settings where differences are not meaningful or where the expectation of the fitted distribution cannot be calculated. We present several desirable properties of the PSR that make it useful for diagnostics and measuring residual correlation, especially across different outcome types. We demonstrate its utility for continuous, ordered discrete, and censored outcomes, including current status data, and with various models including Cox regression, quantile regression, and ordinal cumulative probability models, for which fully specified distributions are not desirable or needed, and in some cases suitable residuals are not available. The residual is illustrated with simulated data and real data sets from HIV‐infected patients on therapy in the southeastern United States and Latin America.The Canadian Journal of Statistics44: 463–479; 2016 © 2016 Statistical Society of Canada
Machine learning–based 3‐D geometry reconstruction and modeling of aortic valve deformation using 3‐D computed tomography images
Authors: Liang Liang , Kong Fanwei , Martin Caitlin , Pham Thuy , Wang Qian , Duncan James , Sun Wei
Published: August 2016

To conduct a patient‐specific computational modeling of the aortic valve, 3‐D aortic valve anatomic geometries of an individual patient need to be reconstructed from clinical 3‐D cardiac images. Currently, most of computational studies involve manual heart valve geometry reconstruction and manual finite element (FE) model generation, which is both time‐consuming and prone to human errors. A seamless computational modeling framework, which can automate this process based on machine learning algorithms, is desirable, as it can not only eliminate human errors and ensure the consistency of the modeling results but also allow fast feedback to clinicians and permits a future population‐based probabilistic analysis of large patient cohorts. In this study, we developed a novel computational modeling method to automatically reconstruct the 3‐D geometries of the aortic valve from computed tomographic images. The reconstructed valve geometries have built‐in mesh correspondence, which bridges harmonically for the consequent FE modeling. The proposed method was evaluated by comparing the reconstructed geometries from 10 patients with those manually created by human experts, and a mean discrepancy of 0.69 mm was obtained. Based on these reconstructed geometries, FE models of valve leaflets were developed, and aortic valve closure from end systole to middiastole was simulated for 7 patients and validated by comparing the deformed geometries with those manually created by human experts, and a mean discrepancy of 1.57 mm was obtained. The proposed method offers great potential to streamline the computational modeling process and enables the development of a preoperative planning system for aortic valve disease diagnosis and treatment.
A Dynamic Ion–Atom Hybrid Trap for High‐Resolution Cold‐Collision Studies
Authors: Eberle Pascal , Dörfler Alexander D. , von Planta Claudio , Ravi Krishnamurthy , Willitsch Stefan
Published: August 2016

We present a dynamic ion–atom hybrid trap for studies of cold ion‐neutral collisions and reactions with a significantly improved energy resolution compared with previous experiments. Our approach is based on pushing a cloud of laser‐cooled Rb atoms through a stationary Coulomb crystal of cold ions by using precisely controlled, tunable radiation pressure forces. We demonstrate the tuning of the atom kinetic energies over an interval ranging from 30 mK up to 350 mK with energy spreads as low as 24 mK, inferred from the comparison of experimental time‐of‐flight measurements with Monte Carlo trajectory simulations. We also demonstrate the first applications of our method to the investigation of chemical reactions. Our development opens up perspectives for accurate studies of the energy dependence of the reaction rates, the dynamics, and the reaction–product ratios of the ion‐neutral processes in the cold regime. It also paves the way for the realization of fully energy‐ and state‐controlled cold‐collision experiments.
A Molecular Basis for Innovation in Drug Excipients
Authors: Irwin JJ , Pottel J , Zou L , Wen H , Zuk S , Zhang X , Sterling T , Shoichet BK , Lionberger R , Giacomini KM
Published: August 2016

Excipients are ubiquitous in drug formulation, ensuring that active ingredient drugs are properly released on dosing, retain their properties over time, and are palatable, among other roles. Despite their crucial roles, surprisingly little is known about their systemic availability and activities on molecular targets. Here we review key excipient properties, introduce a public‐accessible database that enumerates and categorizes them, and sketch a strategy for exploring their possible direct actions on molecular targets.
An International Asset Map of Clinicians, Educators, and Researchers Pursuing Better Medicine Use in Children: Initial Findings
Authors: MacLeod SM , Greff MJE , Knoppert DC , Ito S , Rieder MJ
Published: August 2016

The world's 1.89 billion children (age 0–14) too frequently receive treatments that have not been validated through clinical pharmacology research, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Initial findings from an international asset map of professionals and clinician scientists available to address the needs for education, research, and treatment support suggest a critical shortage of clinical pharmacologists, clinical pharmacists, and other professionals with advanced training in the evaluation of therapies for childhood conditions and illnesses. A total of 497 individuals responded to a survey conducted between May 2015 and February 2016. An alarming signal is apparent showing that, while the overall resource pool is unquestionably limited, 87% of relevant qualified personnel are located in high‐income countries. The data suggest an urgent need for targeted training in pediatric clinical pharmacology, with particular focus on the needs in Africa, Latin America, and most of Asia.
Activation of the Carbon Nitride Surface by Silica in a CO‐Evolving Hybrid Photocatalyst
Authors: Wada Keisuke , Eguchi Miharu , Ishitani Osamu , Maeda Kazuhiko
Published: August 2016

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO proceeded by visible light (λ>400 nm) using mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (C3N4) coupled with a RuII–ReI binuclear complex (RuRe) containing a photosensitizer and catalytic units. The selectivity to CO exceeded 90 % during the initial stage. Photocatalytic reactions (including isotope tracer experiments) and electrochemical measurements revealed that the reaction proceeded according to a two‐step photoexcitation of C3N4 and the RuII photosensitizer unit, that is, it followed the Z‐Scheme mechanism. Modification of C3N4 with highly dispersed silica was found to improve the ability of C3N4 to accommodate RuRe, which enhanced the photocatalytic activity for CO production.
Sparse least mean mixed‐norm adaptive filtering algorithms for sparse channel estimation applications
Authors: Li Yingsong , Wang Yanyan , Jiang Tao
Published: August 2016

Sparse least‐mean mixed‐norm (LMMN) algorithms are developed to improve the estimation performance for sparse channel estimation applications. Both the benefits of the least mean fourth and least mean square algorithms are utilized to exploit a type of sparse LMMN algorithms. The proposed sparse‐aware LMMN algorithms are implemented by integrating anl1‐norm or log‐sum function into the cost function of traditional LMMN algorithm so that they can exploit the sparse properties of the broadband multi‐path channel and achieve better channel estimation performance. The proposed sparse LMMN algorithms are equal to adding an amazing zero‐attractor in the update equation of the traditional LMMN algorithm, which aim to speed up the convergence. The channel estimation performance of the proposed sparse LMMN algorithms are evaluated over a sparse broadband multi‐path channel to verify their effectiveness. Simulation results depict that the sparse LMMN algorithms are superior to the previously reported sparse‐aware least mean square/fourth, least mean fourth and least mean square and their corresponding sparse‐aware algorithms in terms of both the convergence and steady‐state behavior when the broadband multi‐path channel is sparse. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Follow this advice to remain a positive academic leader
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: August 2016

Recently I endured two back‐to‐back budget hearing days. One was with the senior leadership group to balance the FY 2017 budget and one was with my academic affairs leadership team to decide how to allocate our portion of the budget. If you've been in college leadership for even a little while, you know that the budget requests are always far more than the actual amount you have to spend. Those two days left me very tired and somewhat depressed. There simply is never enough to go around, and hard decisions have to be made about what gets funded and what doesn't.
Self‐Assembly of a Trilanthanide(III) Core Sandwiched between Two Thiacalix[4]arene Ligands
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Tanaka Teppei , Hiro‐oka Shoichi , Shinoda Kozo
Published: August 2016

Thiacalix[4]arene‐p‐tetrasulfonate (TCAS) incorporated a trilanthanide(III) core to form a 3:2 Ln3TCAS2 complex in aqueous solution. The self‐assembly process was monitored at pH 9.5 and 7.4 by HPLC for all lanthanides except PmIII. Self‐assembly took place in three steps. First, TCAS and LnIII formed a 1:1 Ln1TCAS1 complex. Second, two molecules of Ln1TCAS1 condensed to form Ln2TCAS2. Finally, Ln2TCAS2 reacted with additional LnIII to form Ln3TCAS2. This self‐assembly exhibited extremely slow kinetics and required 1–4 d to reach completion. Small amounts of minor species, including Ln1TCAS1, Ln2TCAS2, and Ln4TCAS2, were observed depending on the LnIII species and pH. The generation of these species is controlled by factors such as the stability of the Ln‐TCAS species, effect of coordinated water, and size of LnIII. XAFS spectra of aqueous Gd3TCAS2 solutions established the solution structure of the tri‐LnIII cluster sandwiched by two TCAS ligands.
Detailed fatty acid profile of serum lipid classes in lactating women and their relationship with milk fat
Authors: Gómez‐Cortés Pilar , Martínez Marín Andrés L. , de la Fuente Miguel Angel
Published: August 2016

Little is known about fatty acid (FA) distribution among triacylglyceride (TG), cholesterol ester (CE), and phospholipid (PL) plasma lipid fractions in lactating women, and the relationships between these fractions and the FA profile of the milk that mothers produce. Milk fat and serum lipid FA compositions in lactating women were compared to investigate which serum lipids are the source of FA in milk fat. A TLC methodology was used to fractionate serum lipids including PL subclasses, that is, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and sphingomyelin (SM). Plasma lipids consisted of CE (36.4%), TG (19.1%), PE (1.40%), PC (39.80%), and SM (3.29%). With regard to PL fractions, PE was characterized by the highest levels of 18:0, 20:4 n‐6, 22:6 n‐3, and alkenyl ethers. PC revealed 16:0 as the predominant FA, followed by 18:2 n‐6, 18:0, cis‐9 18:1, and 20:4 n‐6, whereas saturated FA from 16:0 to 24:0 were characteristic of SM. Although n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated FA were mostly found in PE and PC, strong correlations were found for 18:2 n‐6 and 18:3 n‐3 between plasma TG and milk lipids. This study also shows that trans 18:1 isomers may be selectively incorporated into milk fat from specific serum fractions.

Practical applications:

An easy‐to‐use and inexpensive two‐stage TLC methodology to fractionate plasma lipids requiring only 1 mL of blood serum has been developed. Moreover, this study provides valuable information on the composition of serum lipids in lactating women, particularly with regard to PL classes, and their influence on the milk fat FA profile.

Fatty acid transfer from serum lipids to milk fat in lactating women.
Synthesis and application of environmental soybean oil‐based epoxidized glycidyl ester plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Chen Jie , Li Xiaoying , Wang Yigang , Huang Jinrui , Li Ke , Nie Xiaoan , Jiang Jianchun
Published: August 2016

A novel environmental soybean oil‐based plasticizer, epoxidized glycidyl ester of soybean oil fatty acids (EGESOFa), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR). Effects of EGESOFa substitution of commercial plasticizer dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films were studied. Dynamic mechanical property, thermal stability and mechanical properties of PVC films plasticized with different content of EGESOFa were investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile and hardness tests. The results indicated that soybean oil‐based plasticizer could significantly increase plasticizing effect and improve thermal stability of PVC blends when partially of completely replaced DOP. Furthermore, EGESOFa could endow PVC resin with well‐balanced properties of flexibility, strength, and hardness. Surface characterization of films and the possible interaction between plasticizers and PVC molecular were also investigated. This soybean oil‐based alternative plasticizer has the potential to be a main or secondary plasticizer in food packing, children toys, medical devices, and other environmental plastic materials.

Practical applications: An efficient alternative plasticizer was obtained in this study. The addition of EGESOFa to the PVC blends could be a potential application to manufacture high‐performance PVC products for the markets with high safety, health, and environmental demands, which are currently restricted to the petroleum‐based phthalates. This could be also a new way of soybean oil for industrial uses.

A novel soybean oil‐based alternative plasticizer, epoxidized glycidyl ester of soybean oil fatty acids (EGESOFa), is successfully prepared and applied as a main or secondary plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride).
Stereoselective and Regioselective Assembly of Spirooxindole [2,1‐b]furan Motifs through a Tandem Friedel–Crafts Alkylation/5‐exo‐dig‐Cyclization
Authors: Kumarswamyreddy Nandarapu , Kesavan Venkitasamy
Published: August 2016

3‐Alkynyl‐3‐OBoc (Boc = tert‐butoxycarbonyl) oxindole derivatives underwent a CuII‐mediated stereo‐ and regioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation/5‐exo‐dig‐cyclization with 2‐naphthols or cyclic 1,3‐diketones. This gave spirooxindole [2,1‐b]furan motifs in good to excellent yields under ambient conditions, and the process has a wide substrate scope.
Cobalt Oxide@Tin Oxide@Silver Core–Shell Nanowire Arrays as Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Wei , Wu Hao , Du Ning , Wu Man , Zhao Wenjia , Yang Deren
Published: August 2016

Three‐dimensional Co3O4@SnO2@Ag core–shell nanowire arrays are prepared by the hydrothermal synthesis of Co3O4 nanowire arrays and subsequent deposition of SnO2 and Ag by radiofrequency sputtering. When used as anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries, the Co3O4@SnO2@Ag core–shell nanowire arrays show good cycling and rate performance, compared to corresponding Co3O4 arrays, Co3O4@SnO2 arrays, and Co3O4@SnO2@Ag planar electrodes. The enhanced performance can be attributed to the three‐dimensional core‐shell nanostructures and the addition of Ag, which can improves the electrical conductivity and structure stability during the charge/discharge process.
Effect of Post‐Functionalization Conditions on the Carbon Dioxide Adsorption Properties of Aminosilane‐Grafted Zirconia/Titania/Silica‐Poly(amide‐imide) Composite Hollow Fiber Sorbents
Authors: Brennan Patrick J. , Thakkar Harshul , Li Xin , Rownaghi Ali A. , Koros William J. , Rezaei Fateme
Published: August 2016

In this study, 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS) was used as a grafting agent in three solvents with different polarities for post‐functionalization of a ZrO2–TiO2–SiO2/poly(amide‐imide) composite hollow fiber sorbent (Zr–Ti–Si/PAI‐HF) at ambient temperature. The same fiber at two different states: (i) wet (as‐spun) and (ii) dry were used for amine grafting. The influence of the polarity/nature of various solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and toluene on the CO2 sorption characteristics of wet and dry Zr–Ti–Si/PAI‐HF fibers was investigated accordingly. Several parameters such as grafting time (1–4 h), amine concentration (10–50 wt %), and solvent type (acetone, ethanol, and toluene) were systematically varied. The CO2 sorption capacity and breakthrough tests were performed under simulated flue gas conditions for grafted fiber composites. Our results indicate that the CO2 sorption capacity of amine‐grafted Zr–Ti–Si/PAI‐HF strongly depends on both the type of solvent and the state of the fibers (i.e., dryness or wetness). The APS grafting of wet fibers performed in toluene led to high amine loading and CO2 capacity (1.40 mmol g−1), whereas dry fibers gave rise to a relatively low CO2 capacity (0.90 mmol g−1). In contrast, dry fibers functionalized in either acetone or ethanol exhibited higher CO2 capacity compared to the wet fibers prepared in the same solvent. By using ethanol as a solvent, the solvolysis of the Si−O−Si linkages is much faster than the competitive condensation reaction between the silanol groups (Si−OH) of APS moieties and hydroxyl group (OH) of the ethanol, which leads to the lower siloxane formation. In the case of acetone, a dense polymeric network is formed under condensation reaction between an acetone molecule and the amine moieties, thus reducing the amount of primary amine groups available for interacting with the CO2 molecules.
A biosynthesis route to nearly spherical AgNPs using chayote fruit extract
Authors: Chelli Venkatanarasimha Rao , Bag Subhendu Sekhar , Golder Animes Kumar
Published: August 2016

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were biosynthesized using the aqueous extract of Chayote fruit that served as both reducing and capping agents. The growth of AgNPs mostly occurred during the nucleation, and afterward, the natural capping agents inhibited AgNPs destabilization. The particles were of bi‐crystalline in nature with the predominant face‐centered cubic crystal of AgNPs with more than 99% yield within 24 h of reaction. The hydrodynamic diameter of AgNPs was around 1.6 times greater than the dry particles from TEM images. AgNPs were tested for the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria using the disc diffusion method. Furthermore, AgNPs were found to be highly effective against pathogenic fungi Aspergillus thermomutans. The free radical character of AgNPs caused the microbial inactivation. The synthesis route of AgNPs reported here is rather an ecofriendly, energy‐saving and faster than many conventional techniques and, the biosynthesis process didn't need any additional chemicals apart from the metal precursor. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 192–199, 2017
Reptilian exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated effects
Authors: Zychowski Gregory V. , Godard-Codding Céline A.J.
Published: August 2016

Reptiles are an underrepresented taxon in ecotoxicological literature, and the means by which toxicants play a role in population declines are only partially understood. Among the contaminants of interest for reptiles are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a class of organic compounds that is already a concern for numerous other taxa. The objectives of the present review are to summarize the existing literature on reptilian exposure to PAHs and synthesize general conclusions, to identify knowledge gaps within this niche of research, and to suggest future directions for research. Results confirm a relative scarcity of information on reptilian exposure to PAHs, although research continues to grow, particularly after significant contamination events. The orders Testudines and Squamata are better represented than the orders Crocodilia and Rhynchocephalia. For the taxonomic orders with relevant literature (all but Rhynchocephalia), some species are more frequently represented than others. Few studies establish solid cause-effect relationships after reptilian exposure to PAHs, and many more studies are suggestive of effect or increased risk of effect. Despite the scarcity of information in this area, researchers have already employed a wide variety of approaches to address PAH-related questions for reptiles, including molecular techniques, modeling, and field surveys. As more research is completed, a thoughtful interpretation of available and emerging data is necessary to make the most effective use of this information. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:25–35. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic implications of Weitingchagan composite pluton in northern segment of the Xing‐Meng Orogenic Belt
Authors: Liu Changfeng , Zhou Zhiguang , Wu Jiangwei , Li Hongying , Wu Chen , Zhu Yan , Ye Baoying
Published: August 2016

We undertook zircon U–Pb dating and geochemical analyses of the Weitingchagan (WT) pluton in the Dong Ujimqi area, Northeast China, with an aim of determining their ages, petrogenesis and sources, which are important for understanding the Late Palaeozoic tectonic evolution of the Xing‐Meng Orogenic Belt. The WT pluton consists of coarse‐ to medium‐grained porphyritic granites in the core and medium‐ to fine‐grained monzogranites in the rim, contains abundant microgranular enclaves and is intruded by small amounts of muscovite monzogranites. The results of LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating indicate that the WT composite pluton formed during the Late Carboniferous–Early Permian with the ages ranging from 289 Ma to 312 Ma. Petrological and geochemical characteristics of the WT pluton were derived from the partial melting of crustal materials, and the AFC process played an important role in the magmatic evolution. The porphyritic granites are I‐type granite, and the monzogranites and muscovite monzogranites are highly fractionated I‐type granite. Combined with previous studies on the contemporaneous magma‐tectonic activities in the Uliastai Continental Margin, the study suggests that the WT pluton formed in an extensional environment, which may relate to the closure of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal association of delta activity at sleep onset with cognitive and affective function in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Kawai Makoto , Beaudreau Sherry A. , Gould Christine E. , Hantke Nathan C. , Cotto Isabelle , Jordan Josh T. , Hirst Rayna B. , O'Hara Ruth
Published: August 2016

Objective

This investigation sought to determine whether delta activity at sleep onset (DASO) in the sleep electroencephalography of older adults represents normal variation or is associated with clinical pathology. To this end, we examined its longitudinal associations with cognitive and affective function in older adults without dementia.

Methods

Participants were 153 community‐dwelling older adults without dementia. We evaluated polysomnography (PSG), cognitive performance, and affective function at four time points: baseline, 12, 24, and 36 months. All participants completed PSG and measures of global cognition, delayed verbal memory, information processing speed, attention, inhibition, verbal naming, visuospatial ability, and measures of anxiety and depression. DASO was defined as sequences of rhythmic anterior delta activity on PSG in the transition from awake to sleep during the baseline assessment (Figure ).

Results

At the baseline, 83 women and 70 men, mean age 71.3 ± 0.6 years participated and 19.6% of participants exhibited DASO. Age, years of education, gender, and body mass index did not differ according to DASO status. Linear mixed modeling showed that the presence of DASO was actually associated with lower levels of anxiety and depression. Further, participants with DASO, versus those without DASO, exhibited a trend towards better cognitive performance over time, although none of these associations reached statistical significance.

Conclusions

Whereas DASO was associated with better affective function, no significant association was found between DASO and cognitive change over time. These longitudinal findings support the view that the presence of DASO in healthy older adults represents normal variation rather than pathological aging. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost–benefit analysis of the intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay in primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Badii Benedetta , Staderini Fabio , Foppa Caterina , Tofani Lorenzo , Skalamera Ileana , Fiorenza Giulia , Qirici Eva , Cianchi Fabio , Perigli Giuliano
Published: August 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the routine intraoperative intact parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) assay, the role of unilateral and bilateral cervical exploration and of preoperative imaging, and to do a cost–benefit analysis in parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods

Two hundred sixty‐four patients who underwent operations between January 2000 and March 2015 were retrospectively divided into 2 groups.

Results

Group A (IOPTH) was composed of 64 patients. Ultrasonography and technetium‐99m‐sestamibi (MIBI) identified the adenoma in 38 cases. Bilateral exploration was performed in 43 patients; of which 2 failures occurred. The IOPTH false‐negative rate was 18.4%. The average cost was €1297.30. Group B (without IOPTH) was composed of 200 patients. Ultrasonography and MIBI identified the adenoma in 113 cases. Bilateral exploration was performed in 129 patients; of which 2 failures occurred. The average cost was €618.75.

Conclusion

The IOPTH assay should be used only in few selected cases because of its high cost. The experience of the team is essential to obtain a high cure rate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 241–246, 2017
Bilateral vocal fold paralysis and dysphagia secondary to diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Authors: Allensworth Jordan J. , O'Dell Karla D. , Schindler Joshua S.
Published: August 2016

Background

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is an idiopathic spinal disease common in the elderly and characterized by flowing ossification and osteophyte formation along the spinal column. Cervical hyperostosis is capable of producing dysphagia, stridor, and airway obstruction; however, there are no extant reports of true paralysis of bilateral vocal folds in patients fulfilling the criteria for DISH.

Methods and Results

We report a case of a 61‐year‐old man presenting with dysphagia and dyspnea. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed bilateral true vocal fold paralysis. Cervical radiograph showed flowing ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament with preservation of intervertebral disc height. Tracheotomy and cervical osteophytectomy were performed, after which the patient showed improved swallowing and speaking ability and was decannulated without complication.

Conclusion

In the case presented, cervical osteophytectomy dramatically reversed bilateral vocal fold paralysis and dysphagia secondary to hyperostosis, thus negating the need for prolonged tracheostomy and feeding tube dependence. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: E1–E3, 2017
Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis with ascites
Authors: Dam Gitte , Vilstrup Hendrik , Watson Hugh , Jepsen Peter
Published: August 2016

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be a risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in patients with cirrhosis, possibly through translocation of gut bacteria, which can also lead to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). We examined the associations between PPIs and development of HE or SBP in patients with cirrhosis with ascites. We used data from three 1‐year trials of satavaptan for ascites control. We used Cox regression to compare HE and SBP rates between users and nonusers of PPIs. At inclusion, 39% of the 865 patients with cirrhosis with ascites used PPIs, 52% used them at some point during the follow‐up, and the proportion of current users was always in the 30%‐39% range. There were 189 first‐time HE episodes during the follow‐up, and the cumulative 1‐year risk was 31% for those who used PPIs at baseline versus 25% for those who did not. The confounder‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of HE for current PPI use versus current nonuse was 1.36 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01‐1.84). The HR for overt HE was higher (adjusted HR = 1.88; 95% CI, 1.21‐1.91). During the follow‐up, 86 patients developed SBP. The adjusted HR of SBP for current PPI users versus nonusers was 1.72 (95% CI, 1.10‐2.69). Conclusion: PPIs were used by 52% of this international cirrhosis cohort during a 1‐year period and was a risk factor for developing HE and SBP. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PPIs may increase translocation of gut bacteria. (Hepatology 2016;64:1265‐1272)
The variable clinicopathological categories and role of human papillomavirus in cervical adenocarcinoma: A hospital based nation‐wide multi‐center retrospective study across China
Authors: Chen Wen , Molijn Anco , Enqi Wu , Zhang Xun , Jenkins David , Yu Xiaohong , Quint Wim , Schmidt Johannes E. , Li Jing , Pirog Edyta , Liu Bin , Li Qing , Liu Xiaoyang , Li Ling , Qiao Youlin ,   on behalf of Chinese HPV typing group
Published: August 2016

We investigated HPV in adenocarcinoma presenting and managed as cervical adenocarcinoma (CADC) at seven major representative regional cancer centres across China. From 1,051 CADC cases diagnosed locally in 2005–2010, 881 had available paraffin embedded tissue. Initial review excluded 154 cases as other diagnoses or inappropriate specimens. In 718 eligible cases consensus panel pathology diagnosis was made using an algorithm incorporating p16 and progesterone receptor immunohistochemistry (IHC). Classification of cervical adenocarcinoma categories was subject to substantial pathological disagreement. High‐risk human papillomaviruses (HR‐HPV) DNA was studied by the sensitive SPF10 PCR‐DEIA‐LiPA25 version 1 for L1 genes and type‐specific HR‐HPV E6/7 gene PCR's. HR‐HPV prevalence in whole tissue samples in eligible tested CADC was 74.5%: 100.0% in neuro‐endocrine carcinoma (NEC), 82.2% in classical cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC‐CX), 40.0% in adenocarcinoma‐not otherwise specified (ADC‐NOS) and 33.3% in endometrioid adenocarcinoma (ADC‐ENDO). Higher mean age at diagnosis correlated with histological categories showing low HPV prevalence (Linear regression: β= −13.794, p < 0.001). HPV‐16 and 18 were associated with early development of CADC and a lower mean age correlated with carcinogenic risk of associated HPV (β = −0.1829, p < 0.001). HPV‐16 or HPV‐18 was found in 88.2% of all HPV positive cases including multiple‐infections. HPV‐18 was the commonest HPV type in NEC (58.3%), ASC (40.2%) and ADC‐CX (40.9%). The proportion of HPV‐unrelated CADC and in different final histological categories varied geographically and by age. Although HPV negativity was predominantly associated with special categories of CADC, some HPV‐negative usual adenocarcinomas indistinguishable by adjudicated microscopic diagnosis from ADC‐CX were found and varied in frequency across China.
OBSERVING TODDLERS’ INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES IN CLASSROOMS: INITIAL USE OF THE PARENTING INTERACTIONS WITH CHILDREN: CHECKLIST OF OBSERVATIONS LINKED TO OUTCOMES
Authors: Lippard Christine N. , Riley Katie L. , Hughes‐Belding Kere
Published: August 2016

This study investigated using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO; Roggman, Cook, Innocenti, Norman, & Christiansen, 2013a) measure to assess teacher–child interactions experienced by individual toddlers within their childcare classrooms. Forty toddlers were observed, each during three 10‐min cycles, and all their interactions with adults in the classroom were coded using the PICCOLO. Results, in terms of psychometric properties, indicate promise for using this measure to observe toddlers’ individual experiences of teacher–child interactions in group settings. Furthermore, certain individual teacher–toddler interactions were associated with toddlers’ problem behavior. Implications for use of the PICCOLO in early childhood classroom research and particular findings related to toddlers’ behavior are discussed.
RNA‐sequencing analysis reveals the hepatotoxic mechanism of perfluoroalkyl alternatives, HFPO2 and HFPO4, following exposure in mice
Authors: Wang Jianshe , Wang Xiaoyang , Sheng Nan , Zhou Xiujuan , Cui Ruina , Zhang Hongxia , Dai Jiayin
Published: August 2016

The toxicological impact of traditional perfluoroalkyl chemicals has led to the elimination and restriction of these substances. However, many novel perfluoroalkyl alternatives remain unregulated and little is known about their potential effects on environmental and human health. Daily administration of two alternative perfluoroalkyl substances, HFPO2 and HFPO4 (1 mg kg−1 body weight), for 28 days resulted in hepatomegaly and hepatic histopathological injury in mice, particularly in the HFPO4 group. We generated and compared high‐throughput RNA‐sequencing data from hepatic tissues in control and treatment group mice to clarify the mechanism of HFPO2 and HFPO4 hepatotoxicity. We identified 146 (101 upregulated, 45 downregulated) and 1295 (716 upregulated, 579 downregulated) hepatic transcripts that exhibited statistically significant changes (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5, false discovery rate < 0.05) after HFPO2 and HFPO4 treatment, respectively. Among them, 111 (82 upregulated, 29 downregulated) transcripts were changed in both groups, and lipid metabolism associated genes were dominant. Thus, similar to their popular predecessors, HFPO2 and HFPO4 exposure exerted hepatic effects, including hepatomegaly and injury, and altered lipid metabolism gene levels in the liver, though HFPO4 exerted greater hepatotoxicity than HFPO2. The unregulated use of these emerging perfluoroalkyl alternatives may affect environmental and human health, and their biological effects need further exploration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Diversification of the Four MARCKS Family Members in Zebrafish Neural Development
Authors: Prieto Daniel , Zolessi Flavio R.
Published: August 2016

Myristoylated alanin‐rich C‐kinase substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS‐like 1, each encoded by a different gene, comprise a very small family of actin‐modulating proteins with essential roles in mammalian neural development. We show here that four genes (two marcks and two marcksl1) are present in teleosts including zebrafish, while ancient actinopterigians, sarcopterigian fishes, and chondrichtyans only have two. No marcks genes were found in agnaths or invertebrates. All four zebrafish genes are expressed during development, and we show here how their early knockdown causes defects in neural development, with some phenotypical differences. Knockdown of marcksa generated embryos with smaller brain and eyes, while marcksb caused different morphogenetic defects, such as larger hindbrain ventricle and folded retina. marcksl1a and marcksl1b morpholinos also caused smaller eyes and brain, although marcksl1a alone generated larger brain ventricles. At 24 hpf, marcksb caused a wider angle of the hindbrain walls, while marcksl1a showed a “T‐shaped” neural tube and alterations in neuroepithelium organization. The double knockdown surprisingly produced new features, which included an increased neuroepithelial disorganization and partial neural tube duplications evident at 48 hpf, suggesting defects in convergent extension. This disorganization was also evident in the retina, although retinal ganglion cells were still able to differentiate. marcksl1b morphants presented a unique retinal phenotype characterized by the occurrence of sporadic ectopic neuronal differentiation. Although only marcksl1a morphant had a clear “ciliary phenotype,” all presented significantly shorter cilia. Altogether, our data show that all marcks genes have functions in zebrafish neural development, with some differences that suggest the onset of protein diversification.