bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Pedagogy and the City
Authors: Shavard Galina
Published: October 2016

This paper seeks to contribute to the interdisciplinary discussion of the all-too-often- contested concept of multicultural education and, specifically, the way it is conceptualized and put into practice in city libraries, museums, cultural centers, and other emerging sites of public education. As the formal education system has so far been seen as the main venue for research on multicultural education, to date there is relatively little empirical inquiry exploring how the ideas of multicultural education play out outside the school settings. The study aims to address this gap and explore the educators’ perspective, the views of those who set the agenda for educational programs. Based on 10 in-depth interviews with the educators in Oslo and Moscow, two cities with extensive networks of public education, the study sheds light on how multicultural education is interpreted in this often-overlooked context. Drawing on the transformative approaches in multicultural education on the one hand and the concept of public pedagogy on the other, the discussion uncovers some of the potentials and limitations intrinsic to the practices of multicultural education in the settings of public education.
Russian Pre-Service and Young In-Service Teachers’ Views on Cultural Dimensions of Russian Education: Power Distance
Authors: Pogosian Victoria
Published: October 2016

The article discusses Power Distance as one of the cultural dimensions of Russian education based on the perceptions and views of Russian pre-service and young in-service teachers. These views were elicited in the context of a 2 ECTS master’s degree course, “Cultural Dimensions of Education,” offered at Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia. The course includes Hofstede’s framework of cultural dimensions and the manifestation of these dimensions in educational settings, Hall’s cultural-factors theory (particularly high- and low- context cultures and monochronic versus polychronic cultures), but the research focuses on only one of the cultural dimensions, Hofstede’s Power Distance. The students’ reflections on their own experiences presented in writing as case studies and discussed with their peer students have been analyzed. Evidence has been gained that large Power Distance is a typical feature of Russian educational settings’ attitudes and relationships among all the actors—school administration, teachers, pupils, and their parents. The article discusses some of the cases presented and analyzed by the students and their arguments supporting their points of view.
Deaf Education as Intercultural Communication: Different Discourses About Deaf Education
Authors: Skedsmo Kristian
Published: October 2016

The traditions, the development, and the objectives of deaf education in Norway and Russia are different. One of the main differences is whether deaf education is in itself seen as intercultural communication, meaning to what degrees the sign language communities are treated as linguistic and cultural minorities or simply as disabled. Neither the Russian nor the Norwegian practice is internationally unique, but the two become recognizable in light of each other, and internationally, they represent two common ways of dealing with education for the deaf today. This article will discuss what are some of the differences and similarities in deaf education between Norway and Russia related to the status of the two countries’ signed languages and whether the deaf populations are viewed either as disabled or as a linguistic minority. The discussion is based on some historical occurrences leading to the current situations in the two countries. Two different discourses, a disability discourse and a minority discourse, will be presented. The disability discourse generally seems to be the most intuitive one among adult newcomers to this field, while the minority discourse more often needs a fair bit of elaboration. Therefore, more space will be devoted to the minority discourse in this article. Furthermore, the description of the differences and similarities in deaf education will draw on the writings of the Russian scholar Lev Vygotsky on (Russian) deaf education and look at what Joseph Stalin wrote about deaf people and language. I shall argue that Vygotsky’s suggestions seem to have had more impact in Norway than in Russia, while Stalin’s writings seemingly had a great impact on the view on Russian Sign Language (RSL1) and the practice and objectives of the Russian schools for the deaf. I will argue that a hundred years of experience of attempting to make the spoken majority language the first language of deaf children should lead to a change in direction.
Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study
Authors: Lee Jin Kyu , Cheong Mi Ae , Choi Choong Hyeok
Published: October 2016

In this prospective, randomized, controlled trial we sought to evaluate the effectiveness of acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) in terms of decreasing the need for allogeneic transfusion after conventional unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). TKA is often performed with an occlusive tourniquet, and thus, it could be considered ideally suited for ANH, because the chief benefit of ANH is red blood cell loss reduction and the shedding of whole blood perioperatively at lower hematocrit levels. Between January 2012 and May 2012, 40 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo elective, primary, cemented, unilateral TKA for knee osteoarthritis were enrolled. Patients were randomized to either a study (ANH) group (n = 20; Group A) or a control group (n = 20; Group B). Units of allogeneic blood transfused was considered the primary outcome. In the ANH group, less allogeneic blood transfusion (6 units in Group A versus 15 units in Group B) was required after operation. Six patients, who required a transfusion in Group A received 1 unit of allogeneic blood. In contrast, 6 of 9 patients, who required transfusion in Group B, received at least 2 units of allogeneic blood (P < 0.05). There was no complication related to the methods of the protocol. ANH is likely to reduce postoperative allogeneic transfusion requirement in patients undergoing unilateral TKA. However, adjunctive strategies are required to further reduce allogeneic blood transfusion requirements.
Perioperative Platelet Inhibition in Elective Inguinal Hernia Surgery—Increased Rate of Postoperative Bleeding and Hematomas?
Authors: Lee Lucas D. , Hausen Gerrit zur , Aschenbrenner Katja , Stroux Andrea , Kreis Martin E. , Lauscher Johannes C.
Published: October 2016

In patients on oral antiplatelet therapy secondary to critical vascular diseases, the risk of interrupting antiplatelet therapy has to be weighed against the risk of postoperative hematoma or bleeding when surgery is planned. The goal of this study was to determine the risk of postoperative hematoma and postoperative bleeding in elective inguinal hernia surgery during continuous platelet inhibition. Patients receiving either elective total extraperitoneal hernioplasty or Lichtenstein repair for inguinal hernia were included. Patients with mere suture repair, emergency hernia repair, combination of different simultaneous operations, and patients under therapeutic anticoagulation with heparin were excluded. Postoperative bleeding/hematoma was determined by physical examination and graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Between January 2006 and December 2013, 561 patients with elective surgical repair of an inguinal hernia were included. A total of 29 patients were under continuous perioperative platelet inhibition (PI) with either aspirin or clopidogrel in addition to perioperative antithrombotic prophylaxis with subcutaneous dalteparin injections (PI group). A total of 532 patients received perioperative antithrombotic prophylaxis only (control group). The number of patients under antiplatelet therapy increased from 1.3% (Jan. 2006–Dec. 2009) to 10.0% (Jan. 2010–Dec. 2013; P < 0.0001). Postoperative hematoma/bleeding occurred in 5 PI patients (17.2%) versus 38 control patients (7.1%, P = 0.062). Rate of postoperative bleeding or hematoma is not higher under mono antiplatelet therapy for elective inguinal hernia repair. Since the majority of hematomas can be treated conservatively, it seems unnecessary to stop mono platelet inhibition perioperatively.
Laparoscopic Management of Intestinal Malrotation With Cocoon Deformity: A Case Report
Authors: Wada Yusuke , Yamashita Takeshi , Ozawa Yoshiaki , Kusano Tomokazu , Koike Reiko , Ishihara Akira , Watanabe Makoto , Ootsuka Koji , Aoki Takeshi , Murakami Masahiko
Published: October 2016

Intestinal malrotation is diagnosed and treated mostly in infancy and childhood, but it is rarely encountered in adults. Here, we present a case of adult intestinal malrotation with cocoon deformity that was managed by a laparoscopic procedure. A 71-year-old man presented with intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Preoperative findings from abdominal computed tomography, upper gastrointestinal contrast imaging, and enema examination showed intestinal malrotation without volvulus. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed nonrotation of the midgut, and most of the small bowels were contained in a large peritoneal sac without strangulation. With a definitive diagnosis of intestinal malrotation with cocoon deformity, further laparoscopic repair was performed by widely opening the peritoneal sac, and widening the base of the mesenteric pedicle to prevent future volvulus. There were no postoperative complications. The laparoscopic approach for intestinal malrotation with cocoon deformity can be a safe and useful technique. With the advantage of its minimal invasiveness, it can be an alternative to laparotomy.
The influence of IMF clock angle on the cross section of the tail bow shock
Authors: Wang M. , Lu J. Y. , Kabin K. , Yuan H. Z. , Ma X. , Liu Z.‐Q. , Yang Y. F. , Zhao J. S. , Li G.
Published: October 2016

We study effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation on the terrestrial tail bow shock location and shape by using global MHD magnetosphere model and empirical bow shock models. It is shown that the tail bow shock cross section is well approximated by an ellipse with the direction of the major axis roughly perpendicular to the IMF clock angle direction. With the increasing IMF clock angle, the eccentricity of the bow shock cross section increases for northward IMF but decreases for southward IMF.
Quiescent‐explosive transitions during dome‐forming volcanic eruptions: Using seismicity to probe the volcanic processes leading to the 29 July 2008 vulcanian explosion of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Rodgers Mel , Smith Patrick J. , Mather Tamsin A. , Pyle David M.
Published: October 2016

The July 2008 vulcanian explosion at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, was preceded by one of the largest seismic swarms observed since the start of the eruption. We analyze the spectral and waveform properties of the earthquakes in this swarm and compare these observations to models of subsurface volcanic processes. We observe an initial volcano‐tectonic (VT) swarm, followed by a large low‐frequency (LF) swarm. We observe that the spectral content of LF events changes over time to carry more energy at lower frequencies. This shift to a lower frequency spectral content is concurrent with an increase in LF event rates. Ash‐venting occurred a few hours before peak event rate. There was a subsequent increase in the higher‐frequency energy component of LF events, concurrent with a decrease in event rates. Seismic quiescence occurred in the final 7 h before the vulcanian explosion. Our observations of VT seismicity are consistent with a model of decoupled gas ascent prior to magma emplacement. Changes in spectral properties and event rates suggest changes in conduit properties and/or pressure changes during magma ascent and stalling in the few days before the explosion. This interpretation is supported by previous petrological observations. Our analysis of repeating earthquakes suggests that hybrid and long‐period events are part of the same source process and should not be considered separate classifications, at least at SHV. Our analysis highlights the potential of using simple spectral and waveform analyses for understanding changes in the magmatic system during transitions between quiescence and eruption.
Synthesizing ocean bottom pressure records including seismic wave and tsunami contributions: Toward realistic tests of monitoring systems
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Tsushima Hiroaki
Published: October 2016

The present study proposes a method for synthesizing the ocean bottom pressure records during a tsunamigenic earthquake. First, a linear seismic wave simulation is conducted with a kinematic earthquake fault model as a source. Then, a nonlinear tsunami simulation is conducted using the sea bottom movement calculated in the seismic wave simulation. By using these simulation results, this method can provide realistic ocean bottom pressure change data, including both seismic and tsunami contributions. A simple theoretical consideration indicates that the dynamic pressure change caused by the sea bottom acceleration can contribute significantly until the duration of ~90 s for a depth of 4000 m in the ocean. The performance of a tsunami monitoring system was investigated using the synthesized ocean bottom pressure records. It indicates that the system based on the hydrostatic approximation could not measure the actual tsunami height when the time does not elapse enough. The dynamic pressure change and the permanent sea bottom deformation inside the source region break the condition of a simple hydrostatic approximation. A tsunami source estimation method of tFISH is also examined. Even though the synthesized records contain a large dynamic pressure change, which is not considered in the algorithm, tFISH showed a satisfactory performance 5 min after the earthquake occurrence. The pressure records synthesized in this study, including both seismic wave and tsunami contributions, are more practical for evaluating the performance of our monitoring ability, whereas most tsunami monitoring tests neglect the seismic wave contribution.
Nonlinear Preisach maps: Detecting and characterizing separate remanent magnetic fractions in complex natural samples
Authors: Church Nathan S. , Fabian Karl , McEnroe Suzanne A.
Published: October 2016

Natural remanent magnetization carriers in rocks can contain mixtures of magnetic minerals that interact in complex ways and are challenging to characterize by current measurement techniques. Here a nonlinear mapping scheme is described that efficiently enhances sensitivity and the resolution power of remanent Preisach maps. Using this scheme a large dynamic range of magnetic moments and coercivities can be reliably resolved. The method is applied to synthetic and natural standard samples containing magnetite and hematite, as well as to natural samples from remanent magnetic anomalies where complex microstructures are observed. It is shown that certain offset high‐coercivity patterns in remanent Preisach maps may serve as fingerprints for exsolution structures of ilmenite in hematite or hematite in ilmenite and that in some magnetite‐bearing remanent anomalies the magnetite coercivity is increased beyond its intrinsic coercivity range. Experimental results and theoretical considerations indicate a minimal coercivity of about 10 mT for single‐domain (SD) magnetite, such that observation of lower coercivities implies pseudo‐SD (PSD) or multidomain grain sizes. A diagnostic hematite pattern with a peak downward offset of 17 ± 2% of the intrinsic coercivity is found that is stable over a large range of intrinsic coercivities and may be related to shielding of internal defect or lamellar moments by a spin canting response to the internal field.
DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics
Authors: Xu Li , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Russell Lynn M. , Ghan Steven J. , Liu Ying , Elliott Scott , Yang Yang , Lou Sijia , Lamjiri Maryam A. , Manizza Manfredi
Published: October 2016

We examined the multiyear mean and variability of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its relationship to sulfate aerosols, as well as cloud microphysical and radiative properties. We conducted a 150 year simulation using preindustrial conditions produced by the Community Earth System Model embedded with a dynamic DMS module. The model simulated the mean spatial distribution of DMS emissions and burden, as well as sulfur budgets associated with DMS, SO2, H2SO4, and sulfate that were generally similar to available observations and inventories for a variety of regions. Changes in simulated sea‐to‐air DMS emissions and associated atmospheric abundance, along with associated aerosols and cloud and radiative properties, were consistently dominated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in the tropical Pacific region. Simulated DMS, aerosols, and clouds showed a weak positive feedback on sea surface temperature. This feedback suggests a link among DMS, aerosols, clouds, and climate on interannual timescales. The variability of DMS emissions associated with ENSO was primarily caused by a higher variation in wind speed during La Niña events. The simulation results also suggest that variations in DMS emissions increase the frequency of La Niña events but do not alter ENSO variability in terms of the standard deviation of the Niño 3 sea surface temperature anomalies.
Reducing multisensor satellite monthly mean aerosol optical depth uncertainty: 1. Objective assessment of current AERONET locations
Authors: Li Jing , Li Xichen , Carlson Barbara E. , Kahn Ralph A. , Lacis Andrew A. , Dubovik Oleg , Nakajima Teruyuki
Published: October 2016

Various space‐based sensors have been designed and corresponding algorithms developed to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD), the very basic aerosol optical property, yet considerable disagreement still exists across these different satellite data sets. Surface‐based observations aim to provide ground truth for validating satellite data; hence, their deployment locations should preferably contain as much spatial information as possible, i.e., high spatial representativeness. Using a novel Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)‐based approach, we objectively evaluate the spatial representativeness of current Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites. Multisensor monthly mean AOD data sets from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor, Ozone Monitoring Instrument, and Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar are combined into a 605‐member ensemble, and AERONET data are considered as the observations to be assimilated into this ensemble using the EnKF. The assessment is made by comparing the analysis error variance (that has been constrained by ground‐based measurements), with the background error variance (based on satellite data alone). Results show that the total uncertainty is reduced by ~27% on average and could reach above 50% over certain places. The uncertainty reduction pattern also has distinct seasonal patterns, corresponding to the spatial distribution of seasonally varying aerosol types, such as dust in the spring for Northern Hemisphere and biomass burning in the fall for Southern Hemisphere. Dust and biomass burning sites have the highest spatial representativeness, rural and oceanic sites can also represent moderate spatial information, whereas the representativeness of urban sites is relatively localized. A spatial score ranging from 1 to 3 is assigned to each AERONET site based on the uncertainty reduction, indicating its representativeness level.
Desalination by Electrodialysis Using a Stack of Patterned Ion‐Selective Hydrogels on a Microfluidic Device
Authors: Gumuscu Burcu , Haase A. Sander , Benneker Anne M. , Hempenius Mark A. , van den Berg Albert , Lammertink Rob G. H. , Eijkel Jan C. T.
Published: October 2016

This study reports a novel approach for separation of charged species using anion‐exchange hydrogel (AEH) and cation‐exchange hydrogel (CEH) in a microfluidic device. The capillary line pinning technique, which is applied in this study, enables in situ fabrication of alternating AEH and CEH that are placed in confined compartments. Adjacent enriched and depleted streams are obtained in continuous flow when a potential difference is applied over the hydrogel stack. The desalination performance of the microchip is demonstrated at different salt concentrations (0.01 × 10−3–1× 10−3m sodium chloride), potentials (10–100 V), current densities (12–28 A m−2), and liquid flow rates (0–5 µL min−1). It is shown that the microchip is able to remove ≈75% of the salt initially present in the depleted outlet streams at inlet stream concentrations of 1 × 10−3m sodium chloride. Besides desalination, the microchip allows study of ion transport in the ion‐selective hydrogels to elucidate the interplay of transport phenomena at the electrolyte–hydrogel interface during the desalination process.
Heteroatom (N or N‐S)‐Doping Induced Layered and Honeycomb Microstructures of Porous Carbons for CO2 Capture and Energy Applications
Authors: Tian Wenjie , Zhang Huayang , Sun Hongqi , Suvorova Alexandra , Saunders Martin , Tade Moses , Wang Shaobin
Published: October 2016

Increasing global challenges such as climate change, environmental pollution, and energy shortage have stimulated the worldwide explorations into novel and clean materials for their applications in the capture of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, and toxic pollutants, energy conversion, and storage. In this study, two microstructured carbons, namely N‐doped pillaring layered carbon (NC) and N, S codoped honeycomb carbon (NSC), have been fabricated through a one‐pot pyrolysis process of a mixture containing glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and urea or thiourea. The heteroatom doping is found to induce tailored microstructures featuring highly interconnected pore frameworks, high sp2‐C ratios, and high surface areas. The formation mechanism of the varying pore frameworks is believed to be hydrogen‐bond interactions. NSC displays a similar CO2 adsorption capacity (4.7 mmol g−1 at 0 °C), a better CO2/N2 selectivity, and higher activity in oxygen reduction reaction as compared with NC‐3 (the NC sample with the highest N content of 7.3%). NSC favors an efficient four‐electron reduction pathway and presents better methanol tolerance than Pt/C in alkaline media. The porous carbons also exhibit excellent rate performance as supercapacitors.
Rational Design of High‐Mobility Semicrystalline Conjugated Polymers with Tunable Charge Polarity: Beyond Benzobisthiadiazole‐Based Polymers
Authors: Wang Yang , Hasegawa Tsukasa , Matsumoto Hidetoshi , Mori Takehiko , Michinobu Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2016

High‐mobility semiconducting polymers composed of arylene vinylene and dithiophene‐thiadiazolobenzotriazole (SN) units are developed by three powerful design strategies, namely, backbone engineering, heteroatom substitution, and side‐chain engineering. First, starting from the quaterthiophene‐SN copolymer, a vinylene spacer is inserted into the quaterthiophene unit for constructing highly‐planar backbones. Second, heteroatoms (O and N atoms) are incorporated into the thienylene vinylene moieties to tune the electronic properties and intermolecular interactions. Third, the alkyl side chains are optimized to tune the solubility and self‐assembly properties. As a consequence, a remarkable thin film transistor performance is obtained. The very high hole mobility of 3.22 cm2 V−1 s−1 is achieved for the p‐type polymer, PSNVT‐DTC8, which is the highest value ever reported for the polymers based on the benzobisthiadiazole and its analogs. Moreover, heteroatom substitution efficiently varies the charge polarity of the polymers as in the case of the N atom substituted PSNVTz‐DTC16 displaying n‐type dominant ambipolar properties with the electron mobility of 0.16 cm2 V−1 s−1. Further studies using grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and atomic force microscopy have revealed the high crystallinities of the polymer thin films with strong π–π interactions and suitable polymer packing orientations.
Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Peptide‐Docetaxel Nanoassembly Targeted to Tubulin: Toward Development of Dual Warhead Containing Nanomedicine
Authors: Mohapatra Saswat , Saha Abhijit , Mondal Prasenjit , Jana Batakrishna , Ghosh Subhajit , Biswas Atanu , Ghosh Surajit
Published: October 2016

Microtubule dynamics play a crucial role in cancer cell division. Various drugs are developed to target microtubule. Although a few of them show potential in treatment of cancer, but success rate is limited due to their poor bioavailability and lack of specificity. Thus, development of highly bioavailable and target specific anticancer drug is extremely necessary. To address these key issues, here, a combination of approaches such as development of a dodecapeptide‐docetaxel nanoassembly targeted to tubulin and MUC1 (mucin 1, cell surface associated glycoprotein) targeting oligonucleotide aptamer conjugated liposome for delivering peptide‐docetaxel nanoassembly into the breast cancer cell have been demonstrated. These studies reveal that the peptide forms nanoassembly and entraps docetaxel drug. Further, the liposomal formulation of peptide‐docetaxel exerts synergistic anticancer effect, activates key mitotic check point proteins, and inhibits bipolar spindle formation, metastatic cancer cell migration, and growth of tumor mimicking 3D multicellular spheroid.
Simple and Specific Grafting of Antibacterial Peptides on Silicone Catheters
Authors: Pinese Coline , Jebors Said , Echalier Cécile , Licznar‐Fajardo Patricia , Garric Xavier , Humblot Vincent , Calers Christophe , Martinez Jean , Mehdi Ahmad , Subra Gilles
Published: October 2016

To fight against nosocomial infection initiated by colonization of medical devices, a strategy enabling the direct and fast functionalization of silicone surfaces is proposed. This strategy proceeds in a site‐specific way using original hybrid silylated antibacterial peptides. This safe and up‐scalable method guarantees a covalent and robust immobilization with the correct orientation of the bioactive moiety. Importantly it also avoids multi‐step chemical modifications of the surface or multi‐layer polymer coatings. As proof of concept, antibacterial silicone catheter has been prepared whose immediate and long term efficiency is superior by comparison to similar silver‐embedded materials.
Review of familial cerebral cavernous malformations and report of seven additional families
Authors: de Vos Ivo J. H. M. , Vreeburg Maaike , Koek Ger H. , van Steensel Maurice A. M.
Published: October 2016

Cerebral cavernous malformations are vascular anomalies of the central nervous system characterized by clusters of enlarged, leaky capillaries. They are caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in KRIT1, CCM2, or PDCD10. The proteins encoded by these genes are involved in four partially interconnected signaling pathways that control angiogenesis and endothelial permeability. Cerebral cavernous malformations can occur sporadically, or as a familial autosomal dominant disorder (FCCM) with incomplete clinical and neuroradiological penetrance and great inter‐individual variability. Although the clinical course is unpredictable, symptoms typically present during adult life and include headaches, focal neurological deficits, seizures, and potentially fatal stroke. In addition to neural lesions, extraneural cavernous malformations have been described in familial disease in several tissues, in particular the skin. We here present seven novel FCCM families with neurologic and cutaneous lesions. We review histopathological and clinical features and provide an update on the pathophysiology of cerebral cavernous malformations and associated cutaneous vascular lesions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Camptodactyly and the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Couser Natario L. , Pande Chetna K. , Walsh Jonathan M. , Tepperberg James , Aylsworth Arthur S.
Published: October 2016

We describe a 5‐day‐old male with minor facial anomalies, a congenital laryngeal web, severe laryngomalacia, and prominent fixed flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints of digits 2 through 5 bilaterally. A whole genome SNP microarray analysis identified a 2.55 Mb interstitial deletion of 22q11.21, typical of that seen in the DiGeorge and Velocardiofacial syndromes. A review of the literature identifies 10 other cases with camptodactyly. Camptodactyly appears to be an associated but rarely reported anomaly in patients with the 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Population screening for spinal muscular atrophy: A mixed methods study of the views of affected families
Authors: Boardman Felicity K. , Young Philip J. , Griffiths Frances E.
Published: October 2016

Autosomal recessive conditions are a significant health burden with few treatments. Population carrier screening has been suggested as a means to tackle them. Little is known about the views of affected families despite the potential for direct impacts on them. Data are presented on attitudes among families affected by Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) toward two population screening programs, pre‐conception, and prenatal. Data were gathered through qualitative interviews (n = 36) and a survey (n = 337). Eighty‐two survey participants had SMA and 255 were family members. The majority were in favor of screening (75%). Reasons for supporting pre‐conception screening support were a belief that it would reduce SMA‐related terminations and raise awareness of SMA in the population. For prenatal screening, reasons for support included a belief in the importance of informed decision‐making and the need to reduce suffering. Key reasons for non‐support of pre‐conception screening included concerns about carrier stigmatization and social engineering. For prenatal screening, concerns focused on the collateral loss of high quality of life lives affected by SMA. This study highlights that those affected by SMA are predominantly in favor of screening, although pre‐conception screening is most favored. While family members and adults with SMA had largely consistent views, perceptions varied according to the severity (type) of SMA, with those affected by SMA type II the least likely to support screening. These findings suggest that screening for SMA is a complex issue for affected families, underscoring the need to consider and include their views when planning and implementing screening programs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regimes of radiative and nonradiative transitions in transport through an electronic system in a photon cavity reaching a steady state
Authors: Gudmundsson Vidar , Jonsson Thorsteinn H. , Bernodusson Maria Laura , Abdullah Nzar Rauf , Sitek Anna , Goan Hsi‐Sheng , Tang Chi‐Shung , Manolescu Andrei
Published: October 2016

We analyze how a multilevel many‐electron system in a photon cavity approaches the steady state when coupled to external leads. When a plunger gate is used to lower cavity photon dressed one‐ and two‐electron states below the bias window defined by the external leads, we can identify one regime with nonradiative transitions dominating the electron transport, and another regime with radiative transitions. Both transitions trap the electrons in the states below the bias bringing the system into a steady state. The order of the two regimes and their relative strength depends on the location of the bias window in the energy spectrum of the system and the initial conditions.

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Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Fluorination of 2‐Acyl Imidazoles via Iridium Complexes
Authors: Xu Guo‐Qiang , Liang Hui , Fang Jie , Jia Zhi‐Long , Chen Jian‐Qiang , Xu Peng‐Fei
Published: October 2016

The first highly enantioselective α‐fluorination of 2‐acyl imidazoles utilizing iridium catalysis has been accomplished. This transformation features mild conditions and a remarkably broad substrate scope, providing an efficient and highly enantioselective approach to obtain a wide range of fluorine‐containing 2‐acyl imidazoles which are found in a variety of bioactive compounds and prodrugs. A large scale synthesis has also been tested to demonstrate the potential utility of this fluorination method.
A Self‐Immobilizing and Fluorogenic Probe for β‐Lactamase Detection
Authors: Mao Wuyu , Xia Lingying , Wang Yaqun , Xie Hexin
Published: October 2016

The spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become one of the major concerns to public health. Improved monitoring of drug resistance is of high importance for infectious disease control. One of the major mechanisms for bacteria to overcome treatment of antibiotics is the production of β‐lactamases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze the β‐lactam ring of the antibiotic. In this study, we have developed a self‐immobilizing and fluorogenic probe for the detection of β‐lactamase activity. This fluorogenic reagent, upon activation by β‐lactamases, turns on a fluorescence signal and, more importantly, generates a covalent linkage to the target enzymes or the nearby proteins. The covalent labeling of enzymes was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE analysis and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The utility of this structurally simple probe was further confirmed by the fluorescent labeling of a range of β‐lactamase‐expressing bacteria.
Measuring the energy efficiency for airlines under the pressure of being included into the EU ETS
Authors: Cui Qiang , Wei Yi‐Ming , Yu Chen‐lu , Li Ye
Published: October 2016

In 2008, European Union (EU) announced that from 2012, each international flight taking off and landing in EU would be given an emission permit. Therefore, the period of 2008–2012 can be regarded as a buffer period for global airlines. Although EU formally decides to exclude non‐EU airlines from the EU Emission Trading System on March 4, 2014, it is necessary to investigate the impacts of the policy on airline energy efficiency in this period. Airline energy efficiency is divided into three stages—operations stage, service stage, and sales stage—and Greenhouse gas emission is treated as an undesirable output of service stage. Two models, network range‐adjusted measure model with weak disposability and network range‐adjusted measure model with strong disposability, are established to evaluate the efficiencies of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that (i) most airlines' efficiencies have decreased in the period, and the EU Emission Trading System is not effective for the efficiency improvement; (ii) the average efficiency of European airlines is almost the same as that of non‐European airlines; and (iii) the model with weak disposability is more reasonable in distinguishing efficiency differences, while strong disposability is a more reasonable way in treating undesirable outputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren unterstützen die Beurteilung alter Stützbauwerke aus Natursteinmauerwerk
Authors: Kister Bernd , Hugenschmidt Johannes
Published: October 2016

An der Hochschule Luzern wurde in den vergangenen zwölf Jahren ein Rating‐System zur Beurteilung alter Stützbauwerke aus Natursteinmauerwerk entwickelt und bereits bei verschiedenen Projekten angewendet. Das Ziel dieses Rating‐Systems ist es, sowohl den Zustand der Stützbauwerke als auch deren konstruktive Eigenschaften zu ermitteln und zu bewerten. Da Unterlagen zum Aufbau dieser Bauwerke in der Regel fehlen, wurde in einem Forschungsprojekt geprüft, welchen Beitrag zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren bei der Erkundung der kon struktiven Eigenschaften von alten Stützbauwerken aus Natursteinmauerwerk leisten können. Zum Einsatz kamen sowohl Verfahren mit akustischen Wellen als auch solche mit elektromagnetischen Wellen. Nachfolgend wird über die Ergebnisse verschiedener Messverfahren an einem ca. 5 m langen und 1,8 m hohen, extra für das Projekt hergestellten Mauerwerksprobekörper sowie an einer bestehenden alten Stützmauer berichtet. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wahl der Messmethode auf die Art des Mauerwerks abgestimmt werden muss.
Exposure to high‐concentration oxygen in the neonatal period induces abnormal retinal vascular patterning in mice
Authors: Morita Akane , Ushikubo Hiroko , Mori Asami , Sakamoto Kenji , Nakahara Tsutomu
Published: October 2016

The interruption of vascular development could cause structural and functional abnormalities in tissues. We have previously reported that short‐term treatment of newborn mice with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors induces abnormal retinal vascular growth and patterns. An exposure of neonatal mice to high‐concentration oxygen disturbs normal retinal vascular development. The present study aimed to determine (1) whether vascular abnormalities are observed in the retina of newborn mice exposed to high concentrations of oxygen, and (2) how astrocyte network formation is affected following the exposure to hyperoxia. Newborn (postnatal day 0) mice were exposed to 75% oxygen for 48 or 96 hr. During hyperoxia exposure, VEGF expression decreased, and the onset of retinal vascularization was completely suppressed. After completion of the hyperoxic period, retinal vascularization occurred, but it was delayed in a hyperoxic exposure duration‐dependent manner. In retinas of hyperoxia‐exposed mice, dense capillary plexuses were found, and the number of arteries and veins decreased. The astrocyte network formation was slightly delayed under hyperoxic conditions, and the network became denser in retinas of mice with an episode of hyperoxia. Expression of VEGF levels in the avascular retina of mice that were exposed to hyperoxia was higher than that of control mice. These results suggest that short‐term interruption of the onset of vascular development resulting from the reduction in VEGF signals induces abnormal vascular patterns in the mouse retina. The abnormalities in retinal astrocyte behavior might contribute to the formation of an abnormal retinal vascular growth.
Development and validation of an UPLC‐Q/TOF‐MS assay for the quantitation of neopanaxadiol in beagle dog plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Geng Cong , Wang Chun‐hong , Hu Hong , Gao Xiao‐ping , Gong Ai‐hua , Lin Ying‐wei , Fan Xiu‐shuang , Li Heng , Yin Jian‐yuan
Published: October 2016

Neopanaxadiol (NPD), the main panaxadiol constituent of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae), has been regarded as the active component for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, few references are available about pharmacokinetic evaluation for NPD. Accordingly, a rapid and sensitive method for quantitative analysis of NPD in beagle dog plasma based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was developed and validated. Analytes were extracted from plasma by liquid–liquid extraction and chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax Stable Bond C18 column. Detection was performed in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions both at m/z 461.4 → 425.4 for NPD and internal standard of panaxadiol. All validation parameters, such as lower limit of quantitation, linearity, specificity, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability, were within acceptable ranges and the method was appropriate for multitude sample determination. After oral intake, NPD was slowly absorbed and eliminated from circulatory blood system and corresponding plasma exposure was low. Application of this quantitative method will yield the first pharmacokinetic profile after oral administration of NPD to beagle dog. The information obtained here will be useful to understand the pharmacological effects of NPD.
Epidemiology of complementary and alternative medicine therapy use in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivorship patients in Australia
Authors: Lindsay Julian , Kabir Masrura , Gilroy Nicole , Dyer Gemma , Brice Lisa , Moore John , Greenwood Matthew , Hertzberg Mark , Gottlieb David , Larsen Stephen R. , Hogg Megan , Brown Louisa , Huang Gillian , Tan Jeff , Ward Christopher , Kerridge Ian
Published: October 2016

In addition to prescribed conventional medicines, many allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) survivors also use complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM), however, the frequency and types of CAMs used by allogeneic HSCT survivors remain unclear. Study participants were adults who had undergone an allogeneic HSCT between 1st January 2000 and 31st December 2012. Participants completed a 402‐item questionnaire regarding the use of CAM, medical complications, specialist referrals, medications and therapies, infections, vaccinations, cancer screening, lifestyle, and occupational issues and relationship status following stem cell transplantation. A total of 1475 allogeneic HSCT were performed in the study period. Of the 669 recipients known to be alive at study sampling, 583 were contactable and were sent study packs. Of 432 participants who returned the completed survey (66% of total eligible, 76% of those contacted), 239 (54.1%) HSCT survivors used at least one form of CAM. These included dietary modification (13.6%), vitamin therapy (30%), spiritual or mind–body therapy (17.2%), herbal supplements (13.5%), manipulative and body‐based therapies (26%), Chinese medicine (3.5%), reiki (3%), and homeopathy (3%). These results definitively demonstrate that a large proportion of HSCT survivors are using one or more form of CAM therapy. Given the potential benefits demonstrated by small studies of specific CAM therapies in this patient group, as well as clearly documented therapies with no benefit or even toxicity, this result shows there is a large unmet need for additional studies to ascertain efficacy and safety of CAM therapies in this growing population.
The role of FilGAP, a Rac‐specific Rho‐GTPase‐activating protein, in tumor progression and behavior of astrocytomas
Authors: Hara Atsuko , Hashimura Miki , Tsutsumi Koji , Akiya Masashi , Inukai Madoka , Ohta Yasutaka , Saegusa Makoto
Published: October 2016

FilGAP, a Rac‐specific Rho‐GTPase‐activating protein (GAP), acts as a mediator of Rho/ROCK‐dependent amoeboid movement, and its knockdown results in Rac‐driven mesenchymal morphology. Herein, we focused on the possible roles of FilGAP expression in astrocytomas. In clinical samples, FilGAP expression was significantly increased in grade (G) II astrocytomas as compared to normal astrocytes, but its expression strongly decreased in a grade‐dependent manner, and was positively associated with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations and inversely to cytoplasmic Rac1. Patients with astrocytoma showing a high FilGAP score had favorable overall survival as compared to the low score patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis also showed that a high FilGAP score was a significant and independent favorable prognostic factor. Moreover, patients with high FilGAP score and IDH1 mutant‐type astrocytomas had significantly the best Overall survival (OS) and Progression‐free survival (PFS), in contrast to the patients with low FilGAP score and wild‐type IDH1 tumors who had the worst prognosis. In GIV tumors (GBM: glioblastomas), elongated tumor cells with low FilGAP expression were frequently observed in tumor core lesions, whereas the rounded cells with abundant expression were found in the peripheral areas adjacent to non‐neoplastic brain tissues. In an astrocytoma cell line, suppression of endogenous FilGAP expression by siRNAs caused an increased proportion of mesenchymal elongated cells, probably through increased Rac1 activity. These findings suggest that FilGAP, as well as IDH1 status, may be useful for predicting the behavior of astrocytomas. In addition, the FilGAP/Rac1 axis may serve as an important regulator of tumor progression in GBMs, probably through alteration of cell morphology.
Upregulation of LncRNA‐HIT promotes migration and invasion of non‐small cell lung cancer cells by association with ZEB1
Authors: Jia Xiaojing , Wang Zhicheng , Qiu Ling , Yang Yanming , Wang Yunlong , Chen Zhishen , Liu Zhongshan , Yu Lei
Published: October 2016

Lung cancer is the most common solid tumor and the leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80% of all lung cancer cases. The main reason of lung cancer‐related deaths is due to tumor metastasis. But, the mechanisms of NSCLC metastasis remains poorly understood. LncRNAs play pivotal roles in multiple biological processes. LncRNA‐HIT (HOXA transcript induced by TGFβ) was recently identified. LncRNA‐HIT promotes cell migration, invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis. However, the detailed role of lncRNA‐HIT in NSCLC remains unknown. In this study, for the first time, we revealed a novel role of lncRNA‐HIT in the migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. The expression of lncRNA‐HIT was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and the expression level of lncRNA‐HIT correlates with advanced disease stage and predicts unfavorable prognosis of NSCLC patients. Functional assays demonstrated that lncRNA‐HIT markedly increased the ability of NSCLC cells to migrate and invade. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism by which lncRNA‐HIT affects NSCLC cells was associated with regulation of ZEB1 stability. LncRNA‐HIT functions as a prometastasis oncogene by directly associating with ZEB1 to regulate NSCLC. The interaction of lncRNA‐HIT and ZEB1 may be a potential target for NSCLC therapy.
Recognition: An exploration of the processes of counselling and poetry
Authors: Dorman Fingal
Published: October 2016

Background

This article recognises an affinity between the process of counselling and the creative process of writing poetry. It is an exploration into the nature of this connection as a way to get closer to the elusive internal processes of counselling.

Method

I use writing as a method of inquiry, acknowledging writing as a generative process that can make unexpected connections and go deeply into the nature of experience. Influenced by autoethnography, this writing comprises personal accounts, writing into creative and therapeutic processes, followed by an interpretation of those accounts, drawing on the literatures of poetry and counselling.

Findings

The process of staying with uncertainty is a key feature of both therapy and poetry. I identify an unclear internal sense of s‘something’ as a key part of this experience. Listening and giving credit to this allows it to develop in new directions, in a process in which play is important. The ambiguity of language opens up the unknown parts of experience rather than representing pre‐existing feelings. This space for the unexpected gives potential for creativity or a therapeutic shift.

Implications for practice

This research gets close to the nuanced and unclear internal and interpersonal space of counselling. It emphasises the need for space for ‘play’ and the unexpected. It makes links and opens connections between two different literatures and fields of practice. I invite responses from others, as a potential stimulus for dialogue about the internal processes of practice and their meaning in context.