bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Making of Modern Icons: Three Actresses of the Lianhua Film Company
Authors: Kerlan-Stephens Anne
Published: March 2012

Between 1930 and 1937, the Lianhua Film Company was one of the major studios in China, and in many ways was a symbol of modernity. The policy of the Company towards its actors was quite new and contributed to the creation of a new social status for this group, especially for the women. This paper focuses on three female stars (Wang Renmei, Chen Yanyan and Li Lili,) who worked for the Lianhua Film Company. Through a detailed analysis of the photos published in its magazine, Lianhua Huabao, as well as feature films produced by the Company, we will study Lianhua's strategies to transform these women into professional actresses. Their image was created by the entanglement of three spheres: their private lives, their public lives and their fiction lives played on screen. We will consider the sometimes conflicting relationships between these spheres by looking at the visual sources (photos and feature films) in conjunction with the actresses' biographies and movie roles. This will underline the complexity and ambiguity of a process understood by the Lianhua Film Company not only as the making of professional actresses but also as the creation of a new, modern Chinese woman.
Fama e rEputação: the Provincial Portuguese Nobility, the Challenges of the Restoration Era, and Imperial Service in the Estado Da India, Ca. 1661-1683
Authors: Ames Glenn J.
Published: March 2012

Based on extensive archival research in Lisbon and Goa, this article examines the symbiotic relationship between the newly independent Portuguese Crown and the rising provincial nobility in Portugal during the late seventeenth century. The provincial nobility had been a prime supporter of João, duke of Braganza, in his revolution against Habsburg Spain in 1640. Thereafter, the new dynasty and the provincial nobility assisted each other in meeting the political, military, economic, and imperial challenges of the post-1640 period. By examining the careers of roughly a dozen nobles originally from the pre-1640 provincial nobility, the article shows that this relationship proved to be mutually beneficial and advantageous. The house of Braganza preserved its independence and was able to overcome many daunting challenges, in particular stabilizing the precarious position of the Asian empire, the Estado da India, during these years. At the same time, the members of the provincial nobility, through their serice to the Crown at home and in the empire, were able to rise in the social hierarchy, sometimes entering the lofty ranks of the titulares or "titled ones" in the process.
The Army, Provincial Urban Communities, and Loyalist Cultures in England, c. 1714-50
Authors: Smith Hannah
Published: March 2012

Professional armies were unpopular in early eighteenth century England, the professional soldier being seen as an agent of political tyranny. However, there also existed an alternative rhetoric, which portrayed him as a soldier-citizen, who fought to defend his country’s liberties. The article begins by exploring these characterizations of professional soldiers, and goes on to examine civic-military relations in English cities and towns during the reigns of George I and George II. A culture of political loyalism, focusing on the early Georgian kings, may have assisted attempts at coexistence between soldiers and citizens in communities where the inhabitants shared a commitment to the Protestant Succession with the soldiers in their midst. Polite sociability, and all that it implied, might also act as a medium for non-confrontational interaction between the urban elites and officer corps.
Jewish Society in the Land of Israel and the Challenge of Music in the Roman Period
Authors: Friedheim Emmanuel
Published: March 2012

Abstract

During the Second Temple period, music had an important role in Jewish society. Alongside it was Greek music, which at times made inroads into Jewish cultural life. However, the Jewish institutions of the time managed to filter out the religious and cultural influences of this foreign musical tradition. After the destruction of the Temple, by contrast, Hebrew sources point to pagan ritual music that had significant, damaging influence on Jewish society. The sages tried to counter this influence through sermons, but, surprisingly, not by absolute prohibition. The influences of pagan music increased in the Talmudic period, even as the halakhic prohibitions waned. This paradox requires an explanation. This article suggests that the way the sages treated pagan music was an aspect of their complex attitude toward the Greco-Roman culture, one that alongside prohibitions increasingly tended toward leniency once it became clear that prohibitions did not provide a defense against pagan cultural influences.
Theological Roots of Pentecostalism
Authors: Dayton Donald W.
Published: March 2012

Pentecostalism has been with us now for three quarters of a century. But in spite of the scholarship of recent years, the origins and background of this movement are still unclear. This is in part due to the fact that most interpretations-whether historical, theological, psychological, or sociological-have focused on Pentecostalism's most distinctive feature, the practice of "speaking in tongues" or "glossolalia." This orientation not only obscures the fact that Pentecostalism asserts a distinctive gestalt of broader theological ideas, but makes difficult any effort to contextualize the movement-whether historically or theologically.
The New Order of the Latter Rain
Authors: Holdcroft L. Thomas
Published: March 2012

The movement that was known as the New Order of the Latter Rain is one of the few elements of the twentieth century Pentecostal revival for which Canada, for better or worse, must accept primary responsibility. Not only did the movement begin in Canada, but in Western Canada specifically. Therefore, a consideration and review of its nature and effects is particularly relevant on this occasion of the convening of the Pentecostal World Conference on Canada's west coast. In this paper we will first review some of the historical backgrounds of the movement, and then we will make an attempt to understand it and evaluate its influence upon the thinking and practices of Pentecostal Christians. In the matter of terminology, the expressions "New Order," and "Latter Rain," as well as "New Order of the Latter Rain" were variously applied by the movement to itself in its formative years. Today's writers from within the movement's ranks now use terms such as "the move," or "the Move of the Spirit," or "the move of 1948." In this paper we will use the older terms.
The Indwelling, Baptism, and Infilling With the Holy Spirit: a Differentation of Terms
Authors: Arrington French L.
Published: March 2012

The baptism with the Holy Spirit is the most distinctive and disputed doctrine of Pentecostalism. The hallmark of Pentecostalism has been the distinction made between the first and subsequent works of the Spirit in the believer. The chief aim here is the examination of the Biblical teaching of the indwelling, baptism, and infilling with the Holy Spirit. While the study of these theological concerns is only cursory, I do propose to draw some observations from our investigation of the Pentecostal doctrine of the baptism with the Holy Spirit and show its relation to the indwelling and infilling with the Spirit.
The Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources in the South East Atlantic Ocean, 2001: an Introduction
Authors: Jackson Andrew
Published: March 2012

The SEAFO Convention, signed in April 2001, is one of the first new conventions to create a regional fisheries management organisation since the adoption of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement. The negotiating history of the convention, and the way the SEAFO participants dealt with key issues in the international fisheries management, illustrates effective use of the Agreement, even before the entry into force of the Agreement, and while it remains uncertain whether all SEAFO participants will also be bound by the Agreement when it is in force. The SEAFO Convention also deals with discrete high seas stocks, not covered by the Agreement.
The New Timor Sea Arrangement 2001: Is Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits Mandated under International Law?
Authors:   Ong
Published: March 2012

A new Timor Sea Arrangement is to be adopted by Australia and East Timor upon East Timor's full independence. It is a potentially significant achievement in the prospects for joint development of the petroleum resources in the Timor Gap. This article analyses the legal implications of this latest development in the Timor Gap saga. The new Arrangement implements a modified version of the joint development principle enshrined by the earlier 1989 Timor Gap Treaty much more favourably to the imminent East Timor state. However, the uncertain legal status of the new Arrangement raises questions as to its continuing viability following East Timor's independence. Analysis of this Arrangemcnt suggests that it is sufficiently robust to stand the test of time. More generally, it can now be argued that joint development is mandated under international law as a viable legal alternative to straightforward continental shelf boundary delimitation in the presence of common hydrocarbon deposits.
Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty First Century Goals and Principles?: Part II
Authors: Birnie Patricia
Published: March 2012

Part II examines the impacts on the interpretation and application of the International Convention for Regulation of Whaling 1946 and the London Dumping Convention 1972 of the new concepts, principles and developments in international law outlined in Part I (1997) 12 IJMCL 307-39, including resultant legal disputes and the actions taken to settle them. It considers why parties to such conventions do not invoke binding dispute settlement procedures, even if established, but prefer to resolve the legal arguments by negotiation within the fora provided by these conventions, if necessary over long periods of time.
Estuaries in European Community Law: Defining Criteria
Authors: Sands Philippe , Blatch Caroline
Published: March 2012

In 1996, the English High Court quashed the Secretary of State's decisions to designate the Humber and Severn bridges as the outer limits of the Humber and Severn Estuaries, for the purposes of implementing the 1991 EC Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment. The judicial review centred around the meaning of the term "estuary" which, although well established in scientific literature, has apparently never been subject to judicial consideration in EC or international law. In the absence of a clear definition of an estuary, the court held that in designating these bodies of water under the Directive, the government must take into account all the relevant circumstances relating to their objective characteristics-including salinity and topography-having regard to the purpose of the Directive. Economic considerations may not, however, be taken into account in this exercise, in the absence of express provision in the Directive to that effect.
The 1995 United Nations Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement: Management, Enforcement and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Örebech Peter , Sigurjonsson Ketill , McDorman Ted L.
Published: March 2012

The 1995 UN Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement is designed to implement the management principles of the LOS Convention applicable to these stocks. This contribution focuses upon those aspects of the 1995 Agreement related to surveillance and enforcement, dispute settlement and the role and competence of regional fisheries management organisations (RFOs). The Agreement seeks to delegate fisheries management authority over straddling stocks to the RFOs. A key issue that will confront an RFO will be compatibility of management measures inside and outside the 200-nautical mile zone. An RFO will have to choose between a "top down" (the RFO managing the entire stock) or a "bottom up" (the coastal state having independent authority within 200 nautical miles) approach. While the 1995 Agreement is careful not to trample upon coastal state jurisdiction within 200 nautical miles, the preferred resource management approach supported by the 1995 Agreement and this contribution is the "top down" model.
The Spratly Islands Dispute: Rethinking the Interplay of Law, Diplomacy, and Geo-politics in the South China Sea
Authors: Joyner Christopher C.
Published: March 2012

The Spratly Islands archipelago has become pivotal as a strategic, economic and political asset in the South China Sea. This situation has become particularly evident since the end of the Cold War, as the Spratlys have been used by six littoral states as legal basepoints to project claims over strategic sea-lanes, fishery waters and submarine hydrocarbon resources in the South China Sea. The claimant state having predominant military and economic influence in the region is China, which has used military force on occasion to substantiate its claims. It is not inconceivable that the dispute over the Spratlys could lead to military conflict. Successful settlement of sovereignty disputes for the Timor Gap area, Antarctica and the Svalbard archipelago provide models for creating a joint resource development authority to promote regional co-operation among Spratly claimants. The most critical ingredient for mitigating tensions in the South China Sea is the political willingness of Spratly claimants, especially China, to make dispute settlement happen.
The Janus-Head of Human Rights and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation
Authors: Pedersen Ole W.
Published: March 2012

This article examines the role human rights instruments play when states seek to adopt regulatory initiatives in the name of addressing climate change. The article argues that a series of important restrictions exist. Governments responding to climate change need to take into account existing human rights. This observation is particularly relevant for countries implementing Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) projects and for countries taking part in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects under the Kyoto Protocol. The article likewise argues that special human rights obligations arise in relation to the risks associated with climate change. These place on states a responsibility to secure risk assessment and risk communication while taking steps to mitigate climate change-associated risks. While the article considers these requirements to constitute an absolute minimum, it is argued that they can offer a way of securing that national governments are accountable when it comes to climate change responses. On the other hand, it will be shown that these human rights restrictions will sometimes have the potential to run counter to the adoption of effective climate change responses.
Cosmopolitanism, Hybrid Identities, and Religion
Authors: Schreiter Robert
Published: March 2012

Cosmopolitanism and hybrid identities are often characteristics of religion today, especially in the religion of migrants. This article explores these concepts both historically and in their current usage in contemporary postmodern situations.
Attitudes Towards Human Rights Among South African Youth
Authors: Pieterse HENDRIR J C , Dreyer Jaco S , Van Der Ven Johannes A
Published: March 2012

In this article we examine the attitudes towards human rights of a group of 538 Grade 11 students from Anglican and Catholic church-affiliated schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region. A distinction is made between civil, political and judicial (first generation') human rights, socio-economic ('second generation') rights, and environmental ('thirdgeneration') rights. The frame of reference is Ricoeur's theory of human rights. This forms part of his institution theory, which in its turn is embedded in his moral theory of the good life. The students displayed positive attitudes towards socio-economic and environmental rights, ambivalent attitudes towards civil and political rights, and negative attitudes towards judicial rights. The question about where one should look for more positively, more ambivalently and more negatively oriented students, what their characteristics are, and whether religion plays any role in this regard will be explored in the next article.
Toward a Theological Theory of Everything
Authors: Barrett Peter
Published: March 2012

The emergence of a new scientific world-picture during the course of the 20thcentury has created the challenge to theology, as in the time of Aquinas, to act as the great integrating discipline, drawing upon the full range of knowledge to formulate a grand narrative of the evolving cosmos. First, key questions of the science-theology debate of the past three decades are outlined, with emphasis on the epistemic aspects. George Ellis's theistic cosmology is then presented briefly, as an example of a limited integration that brings together the realms of the physical and the moral. Using the same hypothetico-deductive approach, an axiomatic framework is proposed as a way of extending his model into a more comprehensive scheme - one that is based on a fundamental idea of trinitarian theology, the kenosis of God. This is then linked to the traditional triad of transcendental values - truth, goodness and beauty - with reference on the one hand to the neglect of beauty in modern culture, and on the other hand to the role of the Holy Spirit as the One who affirms particularity and inspires beauty.
The EU, Counter-Terrorism and the Protection of Muslims as European Minorities
Authors: Ahmed Tawhida
Published: March 2012

This article examines the EU’s promotion of the religious identity of Muslims within the context of European counter-terrorism measures. Counter-terrorism laws of the EU and its Member States impact on the religious identity of Muslims. They have an arguably disproportionate effect on the civil rights of individuals in the quest to combat terrorism and can be seen to increase Islamophobia in two ways: a rise in general discrimination against Muslims and a requirement on Muslims to distance their connection to Islamic practice and traditions. EU law dealing with terrorist offences speak little of this backlash that Muslims face in European countries. Although the EU has somewhat of a framework in place which concerns the protection of Islamic identity, the reluctance of the EU to take a determined stance on the issue of the protection of religious identity is illustrated through the ambiguous nature of its legislation.
The Notion of good in Hobbes' system
Authors: Lukac De Stier MARÍA L.
Published: March 2012

Generally, the topic of Hobbes's ethics that has received little attention is the "good"1, probably because the critical viewpoint has almost always been from politics and social philosophy; their focus is the justification of rules, obligation, the relationship between natural law and civil law and so on. This paper intends to consider different approaches to the theme of "good" given in the complete works of Hobbes, and not just the politically focused works, to explain the apparent contradictions.
Hobbes'forgotten Natural Histories
Authors: Bunce Robin
Published: March 2012

Thomas Hobbes' natural philosophy is often characterised as rationalistic in opposition to the emerging inductivist method employed by Francis Bacon and fellows of the Gresham College - later the Royal Society. Where as the inductivists researched and published a multitude of natural histories, Hobbes' mature publications contain little natural historical information. Nonetheless, Hobbes read numerous natural histories and incorporated them into his works and often used details from these histories to support important theoretical moves. He also wrote a number of natural histories, some of which remain either unpublished or untranslated. Hobbes' own mature statements about his early interest in natural histories are also misleading. This article attempts to review Hobbes' early writings on natural histories and argues that his works of the 1630s and 1640s owe a significant debt to the natural histories of Francis Bacon, Hobbes' one-time patron.
The making of the Bear: Further thoughts on the printing of the second edition of Leviathan
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: March 2012

In a previous study the author proposed that the second edition of Leviathan (the 'Bear') arose from an abortive attempt to print the text in London in 1670, and consisted partly of sheets salvaged from that attempt, and partly of new sheets printed in Amsterdam later in the 1670s. This article defends and amplifies that account of the printing. It responds to the alternative account presented by the late Karl Schuhmann, noting some problematic features of his theory; it considers the evidence of misprints and typographical changes in the Bear; it offers an analysis of the skeleton formes, which, combined with the evidence of misprints, confirms the scenario previously presented; and it also presents some new external evidence which helps to identify the publishers of the Bear edition.
Hobbes' Dialogue of the Common Laws and the difference between "natural" and "civil philosophy"
Authors: Saccone Giuseppe Mario
Published: March 2012

This article explains the apparent tension between Hobbes' late work A Dialogue between A Philosopher and A Student of the Common Laws of England and his avowed goal of a deductive philosophy which eschews rhetoric and history, by analysing the difference between Hobbes' civil and natural philosophy. A Dialogue's simultaneous use of deduction, rhetoric, and historical citation is congruent with the method applied by Hobbes in Leviathan in order to construct his "civil philosophy". This highlights Hobbes' awareness increasing with the years of the difference between the teachings of "natural philosophy" which are understood by demonstration, and once this is done are evident per se, and those of politics and jurisprudence which in order to make the people obey the sovereign maintaining peace and security, may require employing the language of persuasion before and after being demonstrated. However, I have argued that the awareness of this difference does not undermine the general unity of his philosophical system and in particular of his notion of science.
Microfinance in Yanchi, Ningxia: The Social Enterprise Perspective
Authors: Jing Peng , Donglin Li
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Social enterprise is gradually transcending the category of nonprofits; they have risen rapidly with society’s rapid growth. This article examines the case of the Ningxia Center for Environment and Poverty Alleviation [sic] and introduces its development into a social enterprise through provision of microloans. This non-governmental and public-interest form of organization combines the spirits of innovation and enterprise into one and offers a new way of thinking about resolving market failures.
Operating Mechanism of Social Capital: Perspectives from the Theory of Communicative Action
Authors: Yubao Wang
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Social Capital is used by Putnam as a key conception to explain the social change in Italy and America. But the Operating Mechanism of Social Capital is not presented clearly. This article tries to explain this mechanism in a new way by using Habermas’ theory of communicative action. Two levels (Communicative Rationality and Critical Theory) and three aspects (The Lifeworld and The Two Major Systems, Political and Economic) are provided here to reach the root substance of social capital and its Operating Mechanism. And further study on Chinese society today should be carried on in the future.
The Controversy of Shaykh Awḥad al-Dīn Kirmānī and Handsome, Moon-Faced Youths: A Case Study of Shāhid-Bāzī in Medieval Sufism
Authors: Ridgeon Lloyd
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The ability to witness the divine in creation has been one of the features that has often distinguished Sufis from non-Sufis. One of the most controversial manifestations of this was shāhid-bāzī (“playing the witness”), which was a practice of gazing at the form of young males in order to witness the inner, divine presence. Since medieval times a Persian Sufi by the name of Awḥad al-Dīn Kirmānī has been most commonly associated with shāhid-bāzī (especially during the samāʿ—or the ritual of Sufi music and dance). The controversy relating to Kirmānī seems to have focused on the homoerotic nature of shāhid-bāzī, yet a close examination of the texts reveal that the criticisms about Kirmānī relate to a wide range of Sufi practices and doctrines. An investigation of the contexts of these criticisms indicate that thirteenth–fourteenth-century Sufism was diverse and fluid, and that the systematisation of Sufism into brotherhoods (ṭarīqa) which was taking place in Kirmānī’s lifetime had not resulted in a bland conformity of faith and practice.
Reflecting on the Spirit of Sergei Diaghilev
Authors: Rand Peter , Winestein Anna
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The present article is a colloquy between the directors of Ballets Russes 2009, a festival held in Boston in 2009 to celebrate the centenary of Sergei Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. The authors reflect on the experience of organizing the festival, including the conference at Boston University that forms the basis of this volume. The article features the insights their work gave them into Diaghilev's own experience in running the Ballets Russes, as well as observations about Diaghilev as a manager and cultural entrepreneur.
Sergei Diaghilev’s “Exhibition of Historic Russian Portraits”
Authors: Bowlt John E.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The article treats of the “Exhibition of Historic Russian Portraits” which Sergei Diaghilev organzed at the Tauride Palace, St. Petersburg, in 1905. Reference is made to the precedents to the event such as Nikolai Vrangel’s exhibition “Russian Portrait Painting of the Last 150 Years” of 1902 and to the primary supporters such as Tsar Nicholas II, Alexandre Benois, and the Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich. Key works in the exhibition, especially the 18th century aristocratic portraits, promotiojnal materials, including the catalog, public and critical reaction, installation and design, and the practical role which the exhibiton played in Diaghilev’s professional life as impresaio are also described.
“My Second Son”: The Collaboration of Sergei Prokofiev and Sergei Diaghilev
Authors: Robinson Harlow
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953) and Sergei Diaghilev collaborated on three ballets (Chout, Pas d’Acier, Prodigal Son) for the Ballets Russes, and maintained a crucial personal and artistic relationship for fifteen years during a formative period in Prokofiev’s artistic life. This article traces their collaboration on the three ballets, and the production history of each.
Seven Steps, Seven Veils: Salomé in Russia
Authors: Misler Nicoletta
Published: March 2012

Abstract

The article concentrates on experimental dance movements of the outside of the Ballets Russes, especially the danse plastique, in St. Petersburg, Munich, and Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the innovative interpretations of Salomé and analogous subjects by Ida Rubinstein, Alexander Sacharoff, Lev Lukin, and Kasian Goleizovsky. Reference is made to the persistence of the Symbolist esthetic in dance of the 1910s and to pictorial renderings of the various performances by artists such as Léon Bakst, Marianne Werefkin, and Boris Erdman.
A Man for All Seasons: Enrico Cecchetti and the Ballets Russes
Authors: Poesio Giannandrea
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This article investigates the relationships between Italian ballet master Enrico Cecchetti and Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes by drawing upon a number of rare and hitherto unpublished sources.
The Musical Origins of Igor Stravinsky’s “Apollo”
Authors: Carr Maureen A.
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Insights into the musical origins of Stravinsky’s Apollo are discerned in part by applying he principles of versification to phrase structure throughout the work, but most especially in the music that accompanies the “birth of Apollo” and the “Pas de deux” as danced by Apollo and Terpsichore. In keeping with his understanding of classical ballet, Stravinsky endeavored to create a diatonic framework at the surface level. Nevertheless, vestiges of his Russian past are evident at deeper levels of his compositional process. It is as though Stravinsky was using the Greek masks of Greek antiquity to serve as filters for his Russian thumbprint that we associate with his earlier works.
Animated Stones: Giorgio de Chirico’s Le Bal and the Neo-Classical Body
Authors: Bellow Juliet
Published: March 2012

Abstract

In his set and costume designs for the 1929 production Le Bal, Giorgio de Chirico critiqued two aspects of the Ballets Russes' legacy: the troupe's increasing reliance on the Classical tradition and its longstanding allegiance to the Gesamtkunstwerk. The mismatched shards of classical architecture in de Chirico's designs undermined the corporeal harmony and grace central to the Classical ideal in art and dance. His uncanny substitution of inorganic materials for body parts undermined the belief, shared by many artists in this period, in the potential of human surrogates to aid them in their progress toward the total artwork of the future.
Restaging Works from the Ballets Russes: A Conversation between
Authors: Siegel Marcia B. , Hodson Millicent
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Critic Marcia Siegel and choreographer Millicent Hodson discuss problems of putting lost or nearly forgotten 20th century ballets back on stage, focusing on questions of authenticity, interpretation, choreographic process and documentation through direct contact with Diaghilev's dancers. The discussion refers specifically to reconstruction of ballets by Nijinsky and Balanchine which Hodson has done with scenic consultant Kenneth Archer during the last years when Ballets Russes artists still survived to pass on their knowledge. Siegel extends the discussion to Diaghilev's other choreographers, Fokine, Massine and Nijinska.
Serge Diaghilev’s Last Passion—The Book
Authors: Kasinec Edward
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This article is based on fresh archival and manuscript material found in the Library of Congress and the Harvard College Library. The author discusses the last two years in Diaghilev’s life and the beginnings of his obsessive collecting of Russian (and Rossica) rare books and manuscripts. More specifically the article treats the dealers and other sources of Diaghilev’s acquisitions, the nature of what he acquired, and the fate of his collections after his untimely passing in August, 1929.
Numerical Simulation of Episodes of Organized Convection in Tropical Northern Africa
Authors: Laing Arlene G. , Trier Stanley B. , Davis Christopher A.
Published: March 2012

A large-domain convection-permitting numerical model is used to simulate episodes of deep convection, which are generated during the day over the Ethiopian Highlands and then propagate westward over the eastern and central Sahel region (5°–20°N) of northern Africa. The simulation comprises 12.5 days within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) field campaign in 2006. During this period, long-lived precipitation episodes that survived beyond a single diurnal cycle occurred in the lee of the Ethiopian Highlands only every 2–3 days in both the simulation and observations. This contrasts with some other latitudinal corridors in the lee of major topography, such as the central United States, where long-lived heavy precipitation episodes frequently occur on successive nights.

The intermittency of long-lived events for the current case occurs despite regular daily triggering of convection along the upstream orography, and is linked to strong lower-tropospheric stabilization and reduction of daytime surface sensible heat flux due to residual cloudiness in the wake of long-lived precipitation events during the previous diurnal cycle. The vertical shear that helps organize deep convection is also weakened in the wake of the long-lived events by temporary disruptions of the midtropospheric African easterly jet.

The environments of mesoscale convection are presented for the eastern Sahel, a region where most Sahelian convection originates, but about which little is known at the mesoscale. The study describes the potential for early identification of long-lived convection episodes that are likely to have high impact on the central Sahel and West Africa.
The Meaning of Πι´στις in Philippians 1:27
Authors: Poirier John C.
Published: March 2012

The last four words of Phil 1:27 –τῃ̑ πίστει του̑ εὐαγγείου –have usually been translated as “the faith of the gospel”, with “faith” understood alternatively as referring to the content of belief or to believing itself. But in this instance, the lesser known rendering of πίστις as “stewardship” is to be preferred. Paul is referring to the Philippians’ sharing in the stewardship of the gospel with which he was entrusted.
Kafka’s mythology: Organization, bureaucracy and the limits of sensemaking
Authors: Munro Iain , Huber Christian
Published: March 2012

Franz Kafka merits special consideration among the writers of the 20th century for his portrayal of organizational life and the ambivalent character of the social institutions that ostensibly exist to help us. In this article we will draw on his works to enrich our understanding of organizations in three key respects: i) in terms of his creation of a mythology of organization; ii) by developing the concept of ‘counter-mythology’ to extend existing theory on narrative approaches to organization studies; and iii) drawing on these counter-mythologies to expose the limits of sensemaking in organizations. Using Kafka’s counter-mythologies as a framework, this analysis reveals a bias towards plausibility in the existing sensemaking literature, in contrast to which we suggest the development of more counterinductive approaches to the study of organization.
Modelling the effect of yarn twist on the tensile strength of unidirectional plant fibre yarn composites
Authors: Shah Darshil U , Schubel Peter J , Clifford Mike J
Published: March 2012

The structural potential of plant fibres as reinforcing agents can only be realized when the highest reinforcement efficiency is employed. Hence, aligned plant fibre composites are of interest. However, due to the short length of technical plant fibres, the reinforcement needs to be in the form of staple fibre yarns, which have a twisted structure. Although twist facilitates yarn processability, it has several detrimental effects on the composites produced from such twisted yarn reinforcements; one of which is fibre obliquity and misalignment. This results in a drastic drop in composite mechanical properties. No analytical model currently exists to accurately predict the effect of yarn twist on aligned plant fibre composite tensile strength. In this paper, a novel mathematical model is developed. The model is based on (i) a modified rule of mixtures for plant fibre composites, (ii) well-defined structure-property relationships in an idealised twisted staple fibre yarn and (iii) the Krenchel orientation efficiency factor. The developed model includes a corrected orientation efficiency factor of cos2(2 α), where α is the yarn surface twist angle. The model is validated with extensive experimental data from Goutianos and Peijs (Goutianos S, Peijs T (2003) Adv Compos Lett 12(6):237) and is found to be a near-perfect fit ( R2 = 0.960). Experimental data from other studies are also used for further verification.
Adaptive Programming Improves Outcomes in Drug Court
Authors: Marlowe Douglas B. , Festinger David S. , Dugosh Karen L. , Benasutti Kathleen M. , Fox Gloria , Croft Jason R.
Published: March 2012

Prior studies in drug courts have reported improved outcomes when participants were matched to schedules of judicial status hearings based on their criminological risk level. The current experiment determined whether incremental efficacy could be gained by periodically adjusting the schedule of status hearings and clinical case management sessions in response to participants’ ensuing performance in the program. The adjustments were made pursuant to a priori criteria specified in an adaptive algorithm. Results confirmed that participants in the full adaptive condition ( n = 62) were more than twice as likely as those assigned to baseline matching only ( n = 63) to be drug abstinent during the first 18 weeks of the program; however, graduation rates and the average time to case resolution were not significantly different. The positive effects of the adaptive program appear to have stemmed from holding noncompliant participants more accountable for meeting their attendance obligations in the program. Directions for future research and practice implications are discussed.
Hegemony and Frustration
Authors: Burton Guy
Published: March 2012

What is the nature of government policy making and its relations with social actors in post-1990 Chile? A case study of the education sector shows a shift in the Concertación government’s approach to participation from market (1980s) to weak representative (i.e., involvement of organized groups) (1990–2006 and since 2007) and deliberative (2006) forms. The reasons for this shift include the relative strength of (right-wing) political actors in representative institutions such as Congress and the weakness of (left-wing) social actors in organizational and electoral terms.

¿Cuál es la esencia de la creación de políticas y su relación con los actores sociales en el Chile post-1990? Un estudio de caso sobre el sector educativo muestra un cambio en el enfoque del gobierno de Concertación, de uno que se centraba en el mercado (en la década de los ochenta) a uno con representación limitada y mayor amplitud de deliberación (1990–2006) antes de volver a la representatividad restringida después de 2007. Las razones de este cambio obedecen al relativo poder que actualmente esgrimen actores de la derecha política en instituciones representativas como el Congreso y la debilidad de la izquierda en términos organizativos y electorales.
Declining Performativity
Authors: Bell Vikki
Published: March 2012

This article explores what might happen to the concept of performativity within arguments that are understood as ‘topological’. It argues that we might ‘decline’ performativity, which is to say, elaborate the concerns that are expressed in the concept, but inclining it more boldly towards the complexities of a world whose elements are always in process of constitution, of reiterative enfolding. Taking a cue from Isabelle Stengers’ recent work in which she posits the notion of ecologies of practice, on the one hand, and Whitehead’s concept of concern, on the other, the paper argues that emergent entities have differential requirements – not least according to the disciplines to which they appeal – and subtend different modes of implied obligation. An adherence to these requirements needs to be accompanied by persuasive presentation that obliges a community to affirm any entity. On many levels of abstraction, ecologies need to show concern for an entity to facilitate its emergence and to sustain its mode of being. In an expanded vision, then, human and non-human entities at all levels enter into multifarious relational modes of becoming, but these become of sustained consequence only through persuasion of communities, sometimes organized into disciplines. The survival of entities requires forms of differentiation, division and of value. The paper relates these arguments to forms of sociological enquiry that give glimpses of how sociology might respond. It ends with a hesitation around the radical anti-anthropomorphism of the stance developed, and argues that this does not entirely eclipse the importance of political hope.
Social Bias and the Development of Self-Control
Authors: Rowland Meghan W. , Schwartz Joseph A. , Nedelec Joseph L. , Beaver Kevin M.
Published: March 2012

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime has sparked a tremendous amount of research examining the link between levels of self-control and involvement in delinquent and criminal acts. Recently, studies testing this theory have begun to investigate the factors that are related to the development of self-control. The current study expands on this body of research by examining whether social bias, as measured by the ability to identify facial expressions, contributes to variation in self-control in a sample of children. Analysis of data drawn from the National Survey of Children revealed some evidence that children who had difficulty correctly identifying facial expressions depicting fear and happiness had lower levels of self-control, whereas errors in identifying faces expressing anger were related to higher levels of self-control. The authors discuss the need for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory on the development of self-control to be expanded.
Migraine-triggered hemifacial spasm: three new cases
Authors: Barahona-Hernando R , Cuadrado ML , García-Ptacek S , Marcos-de-Vega A , Jorquera M , Guerrero A , Ordás CM , Muñiz S , Porta-Etessam J
Published: March 2012

Background: The occurrence of hemifacial spasm (HFS) during an episode of migraine has been seldom reported. Here we describe three new cases presenting with HFS in association with migraine attacks.

Case results: Three patients (one woman and two men, aged 31–36 years) developed HFS in close temporal relationship with migraine headaches. All of them started having the muscle spasms after pain onset. Two of them had electromyographic evidence of facial nerve damage, and continued having HFS once the pain abated.

Conclusions: Migraine attacks may be associated with HFS. The appearance of HFS could be related to migraine activity. A mechanism of central hyperexcitability in connection with nociceptive inputs on the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and/or a dilation of vessels compressing the facial nerve at the root exit zone could lead to the development of HFS in predisposed patients. ‘Migraine-triggered hemifacial spasm’ could possibly be regarded as a complication of migraine.
Dural mast cell degranulation is a putative mechanism for headache induced by PACAP-38
Authors: Baun Michael , Pedersen Martin Holst Friborg , Olesen Jes , Jansen-Olesen Inger
Published: March 2012

Background: Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide-38 (PACAP-38) has been shown to induce migraine in migraineurs, whereas the related peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) does not. In the present study we examine the hypothesis that PACAP-38 and its truncated version PACAP-27 but not VIP cause degranulation of mast cells in peritoneum and in dura mater.

Methods: The degranulatory effects of PACAP-38, PACAP-27 and VIP were investigated by measuring the amount of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase released from isolated peritoneal mast cells and from dura mater attached to the skull of the rat in vitro. In peritoneal mast cells N-truncated fragments of PACAP-38 (PACAP(6–38), PACAP(16–38) and PACAP(28–38)) were also studied. To investigate transduction pathways involved in mast cell degranulation induced by PACAP-38, PACAP-27 and VIP, the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 and the adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ 22536 were used.

Results: The peptides induced degranulation of isolated peritoneal mast cells of the rat with the following order of potency: PACAP-38 = PACAP(6–38) = PACAP(16–38) » PACAP-27 = VIP = PACAP(28–38). In the dura mater we found that 10−5 M PACAP-38 was significantly more potent in inducing mast cell degranulation than the same concentration of PACAP-27 or VIP. Inhibition of intracellular mechanisms demonstrated that PACAP-38-induced degranulation is mediated by the phospholipase C pathway. Selective blockade of the PAC1 receptor did not attenuate degranulation.

Conclusion: These findings correlate with clinical studies and support the hypothesis that mast cell degranulation is involved in PACAP-induced migraine. PACAP-38 has a much stronger degranulatory effect on rat peritoneal and dural mast cells than VIP and PACAP-27. The difference in potency between PACAP-38- and PACAP-27/VIP-induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation is probably not related to the PAC1 receptor but is caused by a difference in efficacy on phospholipase C.
A future for the theory of multiple modernities: Insights from the new modernization theory
Authors: Fourie Elsje
Published: March 2012

Resume

In recent years, the concept of multiple modernities has emerged to challenge the perceived Eurocentrism and unilinearity of traditional theories of convergence, and has led to renewed efforts to appreciate differing trajectories of contemporary political and social development. Its exponents’ key argument – that forms of modernity are so varied and contingent on culture and historical circumstance that the term itself must be spoken of in the plural – is particularly pertinent in an era where a preoccupation with modernity in societies around the world has not lately been adequately reflected in the academic literature. This article reviews the main principles of this approach, synthesizes its evolution and analyzes its strengths and shortcomings. The article finds that the notion of multiple modernities has been useful in widening the scope of study, and that it focuses on important questions that its rivals have not yet addressed. However, three challenges continue to pose problems for the theory: it has been reluctant to engage with the complexities and evolution of the modernization theory it critiques; it has not consistently delineated and defined its major unit of analysis; and it has not yet identified the ‘core’ of modernity itself in a way that allows for ideas, movements or societies to fall outside its remit. Although theorists have begun to address the unit of analysis problem by incorporating political dynamics into the study of civilizational difference, the selective incorporation of the empirical methodology and findings of Inglehart & Welzel’s value-based, path-dependent approach offers another means by which multiple modernities theory can overcome the challenges identified.
Tendential modernity
Authors: Schifirneţ Constantin
Published: March 2012

Resume

This article approaches the concept of tendential modernity as a type of evolution towards principles and norms of modernity within societies with an insufficiently functioning capitalist economy. In these societies, there is a gap between faster institutional renewal and slower economic development. Consequently, cultural, political and intellectual modernity outrun economic modernity. Tendential modernity refers to the ideas and actions aimed at modernization which remain partial and not finalized. Modernity is more an aspiration, a societal developmental intention, a goal to be reached, but which is never fully realized. Due to the fact that modernity is merely a tendency that is never finalized, the transitions are never completed. Modernity moves slowly and with difficulty through the intricate network of socio-institutional structures of the patriarchal and traditional society. It is inlay modernity, not structured under a clear, dominant form. My thesis is applied to the study of Romanian society’s modernization through all its stages: the emergence of the national state, the period between the two World Wars, the communist period and the post-communist period. Even though these periods are not all homogeneous in their rate of development, tendential modernity characterizes the evolutionary process of modern Romania.