bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of Convection and Vertical Diffusion Schemes in the NCEP Global Forecast System
Authors: Han Jongil , Pan Hua-Lu
Published: August 2011

A new physics package containing revised convection and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s Global Forecast System is described. The shallow convection (SC) scheme in the revision employs a mass flux parameterization replacing the old turbulent diffusion-based approach. For deep convection, the scheme is revised to make cumulus convection stronger and deeper to deplete more instability in the atmospheric column and result in the suppression of the excessive grid-scale precipitation. The PBL model was revised to enhance turbulence diffusion in stratocumulus regions. A remarkable difference between the new and old SC schemes is seen in the heating or cooling behavior in lower-atmospheric layers above the PBL. While the old SC scheme using the diffusion approach produces a pair of layers in the lower atmosphere with cooling above and heating below, the new SC scheme using the mass-flux approach produces heating throughout the convection layers. In particular, the new SC scheme does not destroy stratocumulus clouds off the west coasts of South America and Africa as the old scheme does. On the other hand, the revised deep convection scheme, having a larger cloud-base mass flux and higher cloud tops, appears to effectively eliminate the remaining instability in the atmospheric column that is responsible for the excessive grid-scale precipitation in the old scheme. The revised PBL scheme, having an enhanced turbulence mixing in stratocumulus regions, helps prevent too much low cloud from forming. An overall improvement was found in the forecasts of the global 500-hPa height, vector wind, and continental U.S. precipitation with the revised model. Consistent with the improvement in vector wind forecast errors, hurricane track forecasts are also improved with the revised model for both Atlantic and eastern Pacific hurricanes in 2008.
Expecting Elections
Authors: Metternich Nils W.
Published: August 2011

International organizations (IOs) frequently link their military interventions with democratization efforts in the target state. However, existing research suggests that these attempts often fail. This article analyzes the conditions under which interventions by IOs shorten or prolong civil war dyads. When militarily strong rebel groups with low public support expect externally enforced democratization, they have incentives to continue fighting. These incentives arise when democratization leads to power shifts that cause commitment problems for belligerents with high popular support. Cox hazards models are used to test the article’s hypotheses on a new data set on African rebel leaders’ ethnicity. The results demonstrate that IO interventions with democratization mandates are only associated with shorter conflicts if rebel leaders come from ethnic groups representing more than 10 percent of a country’s population. IO interventions without democratization mandates are not associated with shorter conflict duration and show no interaction effect with the rebels’ ethnic support.
Local Convergence and Global Diversity
Authors: Flache Andreas , Macy Michael W.
Published: August 2011

How can minority cultures resist assimilation into a global monolith in an increasingly “small world”? Paradoxically, Axelrod found that local convergence can actually preserve global diversity if cultural influence is combined with homophily, the principle that “likes attract.” However, follow-up studies showed that this diversity collapses under random cultural perturbation. The authors discovered a new source of this fragility—the assumption in Axelrod’s model that cultural influence is interpersonal (dyadic). The authors replicated previous models but with the more empirically plausible assumption that influence is social—people can be simultaneously influenced by several network neighbors. Computational experiments show that cultural diversity then becomes much more robust than in Axelrod’s original model or in published variations that included either social influence or homophily but not both. The authors conclude that global diversity may be sustained not by cultural experimentation and innovation but by the ability of cultural groups to discourage those activities.
Can Cheap Talk Deter?
Authors: Tingley Dustin H. , Walter Barbara F.
Published: August 2011

What effect does cheap talk have on behavior in an entry-deterrence game? We shed light on this question using incentivized laboratory experiments of the strategic interaction between defenders and potential entrants. Our results suggest that cheap talk can have a substantial impact on the behavior of both the target and the speaker. By sending costless threats to potential entrants, defenders are able to deter opponents in early periods of play. Moreover, after issuing threats, defenders become more eager to fight. We offer a number of different explanations for this behavior. These results bring fresh evidence about the potential importance of costless verbal communication to the field of international relations.
Community College Student Engagement Patterns
Authors: Saenz Victor B. , Hatch Deryl , Bukoski Beth E. , Kim Suyun , Lee Kye-hyoung , Valdez Patrick
Published: August 2011

This study employs survey data from the Center for Community College Student Engagement to examine the similarities and differences that exist across student-level domains in terms of student engagement in community colleges. In total, the sample used in the analysis pools data from 663 community colleges and includes more than 320,000 students. Using data-mining techniques to discover a parsimonious number of natural clusters and, in turn, a k-means cluster analysis as a means of revealing a naturally occurring typology of engagement patterns, our findings reveal that support service utilization is the most distinguishing feature of the similarities and dissimilarities across student groups, suggesting areas for further theory development and testing.
The Matilda Effect—Role Congruity Effects on Scholarly Communication
Authors: Knobloch-Westerwick Silvia , Glynn Carroll J.
Published: August 2011

Using role congruity theory as the basis for the study, an analysis of 1,020 articles published 1991-2005 in Communication Research and Journal of Communication, as well as the ISI citations these articles received and the citations these articles included, was conducted. In line with a hypothesized “Matilda effect” (underrecognition of female scientists), articles authored by female communication scientists received fewer citations than articles authored by males. Hypotheses on moderating impacts of research topic, author productivity, and citing author’s sex, as well as on change in the effect’s extent across time were derived from the theoretical framework. Networking conceptualizations led to an additional hypothesis. Five of six hypotheses were supported.
Temperament styles of children from Pakistan and the United States
Authors: Oakland Thomas , Callueng Carmelo , Rizwan Muhammad , Aftab Sobia
Published: August 2011

Age, gender, and cross-national differences of children ages 9 through 16 in Pakistan ( n = 463) and the United States ( n = 500) are examined on four bipolar temperament styles: Extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible. In general, Pakistani children prefer extroverted over introverted, practical over imaginative, and organized over flexible styles. Although their preference for thinking and feeling styles is balanced, gender differences are significant. Males generally prefer a thinking style and females generally prefer a feeling style. Gender and age differences are found on practical-imaginative and organized-flexible styles. Cross-national differences are found on practical-imaginative and organized-flexible styles. In contrast to children in the US, children in Pakistan are more likely to prefer practical and organized styles.
Tax-Related Financial Statement Restatements and Auditor-Provided Tax Services
Authors: Seetharaman Ananth , Sun Yan , Wang Weimin
Published: August 2011

In this study, the authors investigate the association between auditor-provided nonaudit tax services (NATS) and financial reporting quality for public companies in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley environment. They measure the quality of financial reporting by means of appropriately screened financial statement restatements. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) restricts the scope of auditor-provided tax services and simultaneously bans other major nonaudit services by the auditor. The authors argue that the restriction limits the potential financial reporting quality benefits of NATS, while the ban simultaneously makes those services a relatively more important source of revenue to the auditor, exacerbating the potential for impairment of independence. Consequently, pre-Sarbanes-Oxley results may not hold in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley environment. On examination, they find no significant association between auditor-provided NATS and general financial statement restatements. However, they find a significant negative association between such services and tax-related financial statement restatements. Thus, in a post-Sarbanes-Oxley environment, the benefits of auditor-provided NATS seem to manifest themselves in higher quality tax-related financial statement management assertions.
Contingency Hypotheses in Strategic Management Research
Authors: Boyd Brian K. , Takacs Haynes Katalin , Hitt Michael A. , Bergh Donald D. , Ketchen David J.
Published: August 2011

The answer to many strategic management research questions is often summarized as “It depends.” Faced with the marginal results of many main effect hypothesis tests of one variable on another variable, strategy researchers began developing contingency hypotheses that explored more nuanced relationships involving multiple variables. Herein, the authors examine the development of contingency thinking in strategic management via a review of all empirical articles published in Strategic Management Journal from its inception in 1980 through 2009. Using Venkatraman’s framework, they identify all contingency studies within this sample. Their analysis reveals that, while contingency hypotheses are becoming more common, there is less diversity in the way the effects are tested. Additionally, while the framing of contingency hypotheses has become more sophisticated over time, there remain many opportunities for methodological improvements. Based on this content analysis, the authors offer both theoretical and methodological guidelines for future strategic management studies.
Communication Commoning Amidst the New Enclosures
Authors: Jeffries Fiona
Published: August 2011

This article considers autonomist practices of communication commoning amidst the neoliberal enclosures. I reflect on recent theoretical distinctions between the notion of the common and the commons and argue for an approach that brings them together both conceptually and in practice. One place where we find the common and the commons converge is in globalizing communication infrastructures. And it is through the infrastructure of global communication, I argue, that one of the principle political technologies of contemporary enclosure comes into sharpest focus: fear. If, as many observers contend, the political use of fear is instrumental to modern processes of enclosure, we can look to the urban communication infrastructure is a site of resistance to the double enclosure of the common and the commons because it is a site that encompasses both the means of mediation and the wealth of human sociality. To illustrate, I briefly discuss three examples in which the communication infrastructures are appropriated by social movements whose aim is to resist the politics of fear while they re-claim the communicational common/s.
Labor’s New Empire
Authors: Palm Michael
Published: August 2011

Within communication studies today, the term labor is being employed more often and with more variety than at any time in the discipline’s history. What role did the Empire phenomenon play in this recent promotion of labor into such a fungible and expansive category? Contemporary theories and analyses of communication are largely dispensing with traditional oppositions like production and consumption, labor and leisure, or everyday life and any of the above. The influence of Hardt and Negri has left us less inclined to describe new forms of leisure and consumption in contrast to labor and more likely to find in them new modalities of labor.
Language put to Work
Authors: Brophy Enda
Published: August 2011

This article considers the growing convergence between labor and communication in the digital economy. Taking the rapid growth of call center employment as its focus, the article argues that the approach taken by the political and theoretical tradition of post-operaismo, or autonomist Marxism, has produced promising encounters between labor activism and communication inquiry. Through its theory of cognitive capitalism and its focus on labor resistance, the article suggests, post-operaismo offers communication scholars a set of tools through which to move beyond the limits of both liberal-democratic theories of the knowledge worker and Marxist labor process theory.
Foucault and Hobbes on Politics, Security, and War
Authors: Spieker Jörg
Published: August 2011

This article engages and seeks to develop Michel Foucault’s account of the nexus between modern politics, security, and war. Focusing on his 1976 lecture series Society Must Be Defended, the article considers Foucault’s tentative hypothesis about how the logic of war becomes inscribed into modern politics through the principle of security. Contra Foucault, it is suggested that this nexus can already be found in the proto-liberal political philosophy of Thomas Hobbes. In order to make this argument, the article focuses on the ontological dimension of Hobbes' thought. It suggests that the relationship between the state of war and political order in Hobbes is more complex and more ambiguous than Foucault thought. Rather than being transcended, the Hobbesian state of war is appropriated by the state, and converted into the fundamental antagonism between reason and passion. The latter gives rise to a regime of security through which a relationship of war is inscribed into the Hobbesian commonwealth.
Toward a Development Discourse Inclusive of Music
Authors: Dankoff Joshua
Published: August 2011

This article argues for a reconceptualization of the orthodox development discourse to consider music as a form of powerful cultural expression. Elucidating the way in which musical cultural expression is an important aspect of the rich lives of those who experience development, the author illustrates the way in which orthodox development conceals culture and musical expression through nonrecognition. Drawing from Santos' sociology of absences to explain the way in which culture and music have been made actively invisible by the orthodox development discourse, the author makes a case for engaging with music in order to make explicit the limitations of rational, individualized, economic-centric development. The author argues that the practice of development is ultimately contingent upon deploying nonmaterial and nonmarket epistemes through its coercive governance. Through the use of historic examples, the author shows that music has been both a means of emancipation from domination but also instrumentalized as a tool for domination. By attempting to deny the relevance of culture and music, orthodox development is shown to contain a central contradiction, one that points to the need to account for a more inclusive conceptualization of politics.
Creating an Art Therapy Anger Management Protocol for Male Inmates Through a Collaborative Relationship
Authors: Breiner Mary J. , Tuomisto Laura , Bouyea Elizabeth , Gussak David E. , Aufderheide Dean
Published: August 2011

A training partnership was established with the Florida Department of Corrections in 2003, and over the ensuing years, art therapy graduate student interns from Florida State University’s Graduate Art Therapy Program have been placed in local prisons at different times. Recently, the art therapy interns worked closely with the supervising psychologist in one prison to alleviate and redirect aggression by integrating cognitive-behavioral techniques with art therapy directives. The art therapy interns and the psychologist developed a curriculum using a combination of workbook exercises and art tasks to develop and increase the participants’ anger management skills, the Art Therapy Anger Management Protocol. This article provides an overview of art therapy in prison, the cognitive-behavioral approach to anger management with prison inmates, and how art therapy was used to support this approach. Examples of completed art tasks designed to correspond with the workbook curriculum are presented. Overall, this article presents the successful collaboration between the psychologist and art therapists and demonstrates how they facilitated improvement in the participants’ anger management skills through this program.
U.S. Supreme Court Decisions in Fourth Amendment Cases (1961–2009)
Authors: Buckler Kevin , Davila Mario , Wilson Steve
Published: August 2011

This study explores the capacity of several different theoretical perspectives to account for variation in U.S. Supreme Court Fourth Amendment decisions (whether the case outcome favored the government or the individual). The study developed measures of Richardson and Vines and Crow and Gertz commentary on legal subculture and democratic subculture concerns of the judiciary as well as negotiation/synthesis of these concerns. The study also developed and tested measures of the resource capability thesis of Galanter and the recent work of George applying social background theory to the behavior of U.S. Supreme Court justices. The findings reveal support for each of these theoretical perspectives. Implications are discussed.
Planning Theory Education
Authors: Klosterman Richard E.
Published: August 2011

This article analyzes the results of a survey of planning theory course outlines conducted in 2009 parallel to three similar surveys that together provide a thirty-year review of a central component of planning education. The article begins by briefly reviewing the major intellectual developments that occurred in planning theory over the past thirty years. It then examines the course topics and required readings, authors, and texts for forty-eight master’s-level courses offered during the 2009-2010 academic year. The article concludes by evaluating the survey findings and the picture they paint of contemporary planning theory education.
Macroporous bioceramics: A remarkable material for bone regeneration
Authors: Lew Kien-Seng , Othman Radzali , Ishikawa Kunio , Yeoh Fei-Yee
Published: August 2011

This review summarises the major developments of macroporous bioceramics used mainly for repairing bone defects. Porous bioceramics have been receiving attention ever since their larger surface area was reported to be beneficial for the formation of more rigid bonds with host tissues. The study of porous bioceramics is important to overcome the less favourable bonds formed between dense bioceramics and host tissues, especially in healing bone defects. Macroporous bioceramics, which have been studied extensively, include hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, alumina, and zirconia. The pore size and interconnections both have significant effects on the growth rate of bone tissues. The optimum pore size of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone growth was found to be 300 µm. The existence of interconnections between pores is critical during the initial stage of tissue ingrowth on porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Furthermore, pore formation on β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds also allowed the impregnation of growth factors and cells to improve bone tissues growth significantly. The formation of vascularised tissues was observed on macroporous alumina but did not take place in the case of dense alumina due to its bioinert nature. A macroporous alumina coating on scaffolds was able to improve the overall mechanical properties, and it enabled the impregnation of bioactive materials that could increase the bone growth rate. Despite the bioinertness of zirconia, porous zirconia was useful in designing scaffolds with superior mechanical properties after being coated with bioactive materials. The pores in zirconia were believed to improve the bone growth on the coated system. In summary, although the formation of pores in bioceramics may adversely affect mechanical properties, the advantages provided by the pores are crucial in repairing bone defects.
The adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells promoted by nanoparticle surface
Authors: Chen Lian , Sun Junying , Zhu Zhansheng , Wu Kaiyun , Li Wenjie , Liu Hongming , Xu Shi
Published: August 2011

This study's aim consists of evaluating the adhesion and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from rat bone marrow on nanoparticle Titanium (Ti) surface. Hence, passage 3 MSCs were, respectively, seeded on nanoparticle Ti and pure Ti surfaces and then cultured for 32 h. Cell morphology and viability were separately examined by scanning electron microscopy and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazsol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Moreover, the mitotic rate of the attached MSCs was observed through immunocytochemistry. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was applied to determine the adhesion-associated messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), CD44 gene encoding variant isoform 6 (CD44 V6), and the integrinβ1 level. The results showed that MSCs performed better in faster extension on the nanoparticle Ti surface than on the pure Ti surface after culturing for 4 h, and were quicker in fusion patterns after 16 h. Furthermore, cell viability was significantly increased on the nanoparticle Ti surface compared to that of the pure Ti surface 16 h after initial seeding ( p < 0.05), and the mitotic rate of attached MSCs on the nanoparticle Ti surface was higher than that on the pure Ti surface after 32 h ( p < 0.05). More interestingly, the CD44 V6 and integrinβ1 mRNA in the nanoparticle Ti surface group expressed higher than that in the pure Ti surface group after 4 h ( p < 0.05), and positive correlation between CD44 V6 and integrinβ1 was found through statistical analysis (correlation coefficient rs = 0.98, p < 0.05). Our study's result indicates that a nanoparticle Ti surface can significantly promote the adhesion and proliferation of MSCs, and also improve the bioactivity of Ti surface.
Effect of β-tricalcium phosphate coated with zoledronic acid on human osteoblasts and human osteoclasts in vitro
Authors: Kadow-Romacker A , Greiner S , Schmidmaier G , Wildemann B
Published: August 2011

The combination of a bone graft material with bisphosphonates (BPs) might be advantageous for an optimal balance of material resorption and stimulation of bone formation. This study investigated the effect of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bone grafts coated with zoledronic acid (ZOL) on osteoblast-like cells and osteoclast-like cells (OLC). As a drug carrier, the polymer poly(D,L-lactide) was used and three different concentrations of ZOL were tested. β-TCP coated with ZOL stimulated the production of osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin, and sRANKL in osteoblast-like cells. The polymer coating alone caused a significant increase in collagen type 1 and OC production. OLC viability was inhibited and the tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase isoform-5b was significantly decreased after cultivation on polymer-coated β-TCP for 12 days. The three different concentrations of ZOL decreased cell viability and no TRAPiso-5b was detectable, indicating a strong reduction of the TRAPiso-5b after 12 days in culture. After 21 days in culture, only the higher ZOL concentrations significantly reduced cell viability and TRAPiso-5b. The results of this study show that coating of β-TCP with ZOL has stimulating effects on osteoblast-like cells. Additionally, an inhibition of osteoclasts was seen. The combination of this bone grafting material with BPs might, therefore, be effective in the treatment of large bone defects.
Effect of fluorine addition on the biological performance of hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti by aerosol deposition
Authors: Hahn Byung-Dong , Cho Young-Lae , Park Dong-Soo , Choi Jong-Jin , Ryu Jungho , Kim Jong-Woo , Ahn Cheol-Woo , Park Chan , Kim Hyoun-Ee , Kim Seong-Gon
Published: August 2011

Dense and well-adherent fluoridated hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2− xF x, FHA] coatings with various amounts of fluorine contents ( x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) were deposited on commercially available pure titanium by aerosol deposition using FHA powders in order to investigate the effect of fluorine content on the properties of the coatings. FHA powders with different compositions were synthesized by solid-state reactions of hydroxyapatite (HA) and fluorapatite (FA) powders at various ratios. X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that fluoride ions were successfully incorporated into the HA lattice for both the FHA powders and the FHA coatings. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed dense microstructures and good substrate adhesion of the coatings with high adhesion strengths of more than 33.1 MPa. The dissolution behavior in a tris-buffered saline solution indicated that the dissolution rate of the FHA coatings decreased as a result of increasing the fluorine content in the coatings. In addition, in vitro cellular tests, including cell attachment, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells grown on the coatings, demonstrated that an FHA coating with a moderate degree of F− substitution, x = 1.0, had a stronger stimulating effect on cell proliferation and differentiation. These results suggested that there exists an optimum fluorine content level in the FHA coatings for the best long-term stability and cellular responses.
Biocompatible, Smooth, Plasma-Treated Nickel–Titanium Surface – An Adequate Platform for Cell Growth
Authors: Chrzanowski W. , Szade J. , Hart A. D. , Knowles J. C. , Dalby M. J.
Published: August 2011

High nickel content is believed to reduce the number of biomedical applications of nickel–titanium alloy due to the reported toxicity of nickel. The reduction in nickel release and minimized exposure of the cell to nickel can optimize the biocompatibility of the alloy and increase its use in the application where its shape memory effects and pseudoelasticity are particularly useful, e.g., spinal implants. Many treatments have been tried to improve the biocompatibility of Ni–Ti, and results suggest that a native, smooth surface could provide sufficient tolerance, biologically. We hypothesized that the native surface of nickel–titanium supports cell differentiation and insures good biocompatibility. Three types of surface modifications were investigated: thermal oxidation, alkali treatment, and plasma sputtering, and compared with smooth, ground surface. Thermal oxidation caused a drop in surface nickel content, while negligible chemistry changes were observed for plasma-modified samples when compared with control ground samples. In contrast, alkali treatment caused significant increase in surface nickel concentration and accelerated nickel release. Nickel release was also accelerated in thermally oxidized samples at 600°C, while in other samples it remained at low level. Both thermal oxidation and alkali treatment increased the roughness of the surface, but mean roughness Ra was significantly greater for the alkali-treated ones. Ground and plasma-modified samples had ‘smooth’ surfaces with Ra = 4 nm. Deformability tests showed that the adhesion of the surface layers on samples oxidized at 600°C and alkali treatment samples was not sufficient; the layer delaminated upon deformation. It was observed that the cell cytoskeletons on the samples with a high nickel content or release were less developed, suggesting some negative effects of nickel on cell growth. These effects were observed primarily during initial cell contact with the surface. The most favorable cell responses were observed for ground and plasma-sputtered surfaces. These studies indicated that smooth, plasma-modified surfaces provide sufficient properties for cells to grow.
In defence of language-interpretive social science: on the critiques of Peter Winch’s conception of understanding
Authors: Sivado Akos
Published: August 2011

In his highly influential book ( The Idea of a Social Science and its Relation to Philosophy, first published in 1958), Peter Winch introduces an alternative concept of interpretive social science, in which the focus is shifted from the actors’ subjective motives to the common elements found in every understandable action: language-games and rule-following. This Wittgensteinian, linguistic version of interpretive social science has had its vast array of critics throughout the years: according to some of them, it neglects the practical side of sociology; while others claim that it fails properly to answer the questions raised by the translation from one language-game to another, or that it renders critical social theory impossible. In my article, I try to reflect critically upon these critiques themselves, showing that the Winchian theory does not overlook the practice in understanding the different forms of life; that with slight modifications it is able to cope with the problem of translation, and that it does not aspire to be the critical theory that many of its critics would like it to be.
Exact analysis of the bending of wide beams by a modified elastica approach
Authors: Campanile L F , Jähne R , Hasse A
Published: August 2011

Classical beam models do not account for partial restraint of anticlastic bending and are therefore inherently inaccurate. This article proposes a modification of the exact Bernoulli–Euler equation which allows for an exact prediction of the beam's deflection without the need of two-dimensional finite element calculations. This approach offers a substantial reduction in the computational effort, especially when coupled with a fast-solving schema like the circle-arc method.

Besides the description of the new method and its validation, this article offers an insight into the somewhat disregarded topic of anticlastic bending by a short review of the published theories and a selection of representative numerical results.
Formal syntax and semantics of basic function blocks in IEC 61499
Authors: Tu Y , Li D , Li S
Published: August 2011

The use IEC 61499 (International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC) as a modelling language for distributed industrial process measurement control systems lacks formal syntax and explicit semantics and can hardly ensure reliability and validity of systems. As the basic modelling elements in IEC 61499, syntax and semantics of basic function block (BFB) are specified informally and ambiguously. Hence, the formal syntax and explicit semantics of BFB are advanced to achieve the behavioural consistency and correct results, in this article. The formal syntax is defined by mathematical set theory and the explicit semantics are composed of two kinds of semantics: denotational and execution semantics. The denotational semantics explain the meaning of language with an extended Mealy finite-state machines for the formal verification in a formal way. The execution semantics provide execution rule and algorithm scheduling in the execution process and involve an input machine and the main part, in which input machine masters the matching relation of event and data input variables and the main part offers execution orders and algorithm computation. Besides, the execution semantics of BFB are exemplified with two events and algorithms as the execution order t1–t20, and a flowchart of BFB behaviours is given as an overview of the processing steps for implementation or code generation.
Fracture analysis of a semi-elliptical crack in a nozzle–vessel junction under external loads
Authors: Sedighiani K , Mosayebnejad J , Mafi M
Published: August 2011

In many previous investigations, the mode I stress intensity factor has been usedalone to analyse and predict the life of cracked cylindrical components. In this article, three-dimensional elastic finite element method was used to analyse semi-elliptical cracks located in the stress concentration area of a nozzle–vessel junction. Stress intensity factors and T-stresses were calculated for different geometrical configurations of a semi-elliptical crack and nozzle–vessel junction under different external loading conditions. The influence of these various parameters and loading conditions on both the stress intensity factors and T-stress is discussed. Itis shown that, for many cases, the mode II stress intensity factor and T-stress are not negligible compared to the mode I stress intensity factor.
Fire as an important factor for the genesis of boreal Picea abies swamp forests in Fennoscandia
Authors: Hörnberg Greger , Staland Hanna , Nordström Eva-Maria , Korsman Tom , Segerström Ulf
Published: August 2011

The initial establishment of Picea abies in Sweden and Norway on a landscape level, between 3000 and 1000 years ago, was often preceded by recurrent fire and thereafter the influence of fire decreased. However, in some swamp forests, the absence of fire over the last 3500 years has promoted the continuous presence of deciduous trees, i.e. Picea has not established although it has been present regionally for over 3000 years. Our objective was to study long-term vegetation development and fire history in a Picea swamp forest located close ( c. 600 m) to a deciduous swamp forest with a documented fire-free history in northernmost Sweden. The study included analyses of charred particles, pollen and ignition residues. Principal component analysis was applied to identify major changes in the pollen spectra. Our results showed that the current Picea swamp forest has developed from a deciduous fen and that fires affected the fen between 6700 and 2300 cal. yr BP. Picea abies established on the fen around 2200 cal. yr BP, following the last local on-site fire. The main factors responsible for the local vegetation development have been: fire (6700 to 2300 cal. yr BP); autogenous processes and climate (2300 to 1000 cal. yr BP); autogenous processes or anthropogenic impact (1000 to 300 cal. yr BP); anthropogenic impact through selective cutting and grazing (300 to 100 cal. yr BP); and autogenous processes and grazing (100 cal. yr BP to present). We conclude that fire facilitated the initial Picea abies establishment. Once established, Picea abies created local conditions that in combination with a colder and wetter climate prevented fire and the establishment of other tree species.
Societal Vulnerability and Troublesome Youth Group Involvement
Authors: Pauwels Lieven J. R. , Vettenburg Nicole , Gavray Claire , Brondeel Ruben
Published: August 2011

Troublesome youth groups (TYGs) or “gangs” have been a research topic in the past, especially in the United States, and an increasing number of studies are currently being conducted in European countries. However, Belgium has been rather absent from the study of TYGs. This study aims to fill that gap in the literature. In the present contribution, the authors are interested in the prevalence of Belgian adolescents' involvement in TYGs and the role of societal vulnerability in this involvement. The authors are interested in the strength of the relationship between societal vulnerability and TYG and test the hypotheses that violent values and low self-control mediate the relationship between societal vulnerability and TYG. The analyses are conducted on the Belgian sample of the second edition of the International Self-Reported Delinquency study (ISRD-2). Both violent values and self-control mediate the effect of societal vulnerability and have strong independent effects on TYG. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Knowledge, Skills, and Qualities for Effectively Facilitating an Adolescent Girls' Group
Authors: Garcia Carolyn , Lindgren Sandi , Pintor Jessie Kemmick
Published: August 2011

Nurses employed in a variety of school settings often rely on group-format approaches to support the health and well-being of adolescent girls. The process of selecting an effective facilitator, and evaluating the impact of a facilitator on intervention process and outcomes, is rarely described. The purpose of this article was to synthesize the literature regarding facilitator knowledge, skills, and qualities to provide school-based researchers and practitioners with a framework for selecting and evaluating group facilitators. Literature was reviewed between Fall of 2008 and Spring of 2011. Findings were synthesized into categories that provide the organization for this article (why groups, why a facilitator, and the knowledge, skills, and qualities of an effective girls' group facilitator). Nurses need to carefully identify, select, and equip those who serve as facilitators because group successes, evidenced in the ways girls grow and support each other in growth, are the result of a successful, well-matched facilitator-group participant experience.
Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia (PASH) of the Breast
Authors: Drinka Eva K. , Bargaje Archana , Erşahin Çağatay H. , Patel Priya , Salhadar Alia , Sinacore James , Rajan Prabha
Published: August 2011

Background. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast is a benign lesion that can present as a palpable nodule or as an incidental finding in breast biopsies. Design. The study comprised 79 cases diagnosed at Loyola University Medical Center from 2002 to 2009. The pathology slides were reviewed to document the distribution, type, and association with preneoplastic or neoplastic epithelial lesions. Z-test for independent proportions is used for analysis. Results. A total of 76 patients were female and 3 were male. In all, 59.8% of patients presented with a breast mass and in 40.2% the lesion was an incidental finding. Classical PASH morphology was seen in 97.6% and proliferative PASH in 2.4%. Associated epithelial lesions were benign proliferative changes in 60.4%, atypical ductal and atypical lobular hyperplasia in 25.6% and infiltrating carcinoma in 11% of cases. Conclusions. Based on these results, extensive sampling of biopsy specimen with PASH and appropriate clinical and radiologic follow-up is recommended.
Paper-and-Pencil and Web-Based Testing
Authors: Vecchione Michele , Alessandri Guido , Barbaranelli Claudio
Published: August 2011

This study investigates the measurement equivalence of a five-factor measure of personality across two groups applying for jobs, who completed the same questionnaire using either a paper-and-pencil ( n = 429) or a web online answer format ( n = 651). The data were collected using the Big Five Questionnaire–2 (BFQ-2; which is a measure of the Five Factor Model) of personality traits. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to test for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures of the BFQ-2. Findings suggested that the Five Factor Model scales have the same measurement unit and origin across applicants using different administration modes. However, latent means were slightly higher for applicants who responded in a web and unproctored condition than for applicants who completed a paper-and-pencil version of the same test. Practical implications for personality assessment are discussed.
Risk analysis – A field within security studies?
Authors: Petersen Karen Lund
Published: August 2011

The academic environments of risk analysis and security studies had hardly ‘spoken’ to one another until recently. The two fields of study were defined within different academic disciplines: security studies a matter for International Relations (IR), and risk studies a matter for sociology, economics and the natural sciences. Increased focus on catastrophic events (terrorism, climate change, etc.) seems to have given the fields of security studies and risk analysis a common empirical theme and highlighted the need for a common research agenda. This article explores the intersection between these two fields of study, as it investigates how the ‘old’ disciplinary debates on risk have been translated ‘into’ security studies — to predict, criticize or evaluate the current political practice of security. Such analysis provides a much-needed overview of the risk debates within security studies and brings out the limits of this debate in light of the broader and much more historically settled risk debates within sociology, economics and anthropology.
Foreign policy and political possibility
Authors: Holland Jack
Published: August 2011

This article explores the relationship between foreign policy and political possibility in two parts. First, the relationship between foreign policy and political possibility is theorized around three analytical moments: political possibility is linked to the framing of conceivable, communicable and coercive foreign policy. Second, this framework is developed and demonstrated through a brief analysis of Coalition foreign policy in the War on Terror, considering American, British and Australian foreign policy between 2001 and 2003. This analysis dissects distinct and divergent Coalition foreign policies through a linked three-part conceptualization of political possibility. It enables an understanding of how the War on Terror was rendered possible through the construction of foreign policy in thinkable, resonant and ultimately dominant terms. The article concludes by looking to the wider analytical applicability of this particular theorization of the relationship between foreign policy and political possibility.
Examining Agency Theory in Training & Development
Authors: Azevedo Ross E. , Akdere Mesut
Published: August 2011

Agency theory has been discussed widely in the business and management literature. However, to date there has been no investigation about its utility and implications for problems in training & development. Whereas organizations are still struggling to develop and implement effective training programs, there is little emphasis on the self-interest behaviors of the trainers and how these motivations may impede the training process. Agency theory can help inform our learning and understanding of possible outcomes in this scenario. Consequently, this article is the first to explore agency theory within the training & development framework and offers propositions for research and practice. Implications for organizational policy and performance outcomes are also discussed.
Reverse Mentoring
Authors: Chaudhuri Sanghamitra , Ghosh Rajashi
Published: August 2011

The aging of the workforce and the concurrent advent of the Millennials represent a major demographic and sociological phenomenon that can have dominant implications for organizations, as a whole. This presents a situation, where the Boomers and Millennials will be working together for the next decade or so. In the wake of mass scale retrenchments and economic upheaval, this is creating a greater urgency for HRD professionals to focus more attention on not only retaining this amalgamated workforce but also on keeping them actively engaged. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to propose reverse mentoring as a social exchange tool, which will leverage the expertise of both generations, that is, Boomers and Millennials, respectively, by being perceptive of their different needs, value systems, and work demands. We conclude by emphasizing different outcomes of reverse mentoring program for Boomers and Millennials and identify areas for future research.
The Use of Canonical Commonality Analysis for Quantitative Theory Building
Authors: Nimon Kim , Reio Thomas G.
Published: August 2011

When conducting canonical correlation analysis, researchers generally rely on function and structure coefficients when interpreting noteworthy canonical functions. This article describes how human resource development (HRD) researchers can use canonical commonality analysis to interpret their canonical functions more completely and thereby inform theory. Using the correlation matrix, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Dimensions of Learning Organizational Questionnaire (DLOQ) to illustrate the utility of canonical commonality analysis. Researchers will see how canonical commonality analysis can bring to light theoretically relevant relationships in canonical functions that might be left undetected by only examining function and structure coefficients.
Amelioration of Chemical-Induced Skin Carcinogenesis by Aegle marmelos, an Indian Medicinal Plant, Fruit Extract
Authors: Agrawal Annapurna , Jahan Swafiya , Soyal Dhanraj , Goyal Ekank , Goyal Pradeep Kumar
Published: August 2011

Chemoprevention is a novel approach to study the anti-initiating and anti-tumor-promoting efficacy of medicinal plants and their active principles. The present study investigated the chemopreventive potential of Aegle marmelos fruit extract in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced skin carcinogenesis and its influence on oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system. The oral administration of A marmelos at 100 mg/kg body weight/day during peri-initiational, postinitiational, and peri- & postinitiational phases of papillomagenesis showed significant reduction in tumor incidence, tumor yield, tumor burden, and cumulative number of papillomas when compared with carcinogen-treated control. The average latent period significantly increased (7.88 weeks; control group) to 9.45, 11.11, and 11.54 weeks in different A marmelos extract (AME) experimental groups. Enzyme analysis of skin and liver showed a significant elevation in antioxidant parameters such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, and vitamin C in AME-treated groups when compared with the carcinogen-treated control. The elevated level of lipid peroxidation in the positive control was significantly inhibited by AME administration. These results indicate that AME has the potential to reduce chemical-induced skin papillomas by enhancing the antioxidant defense system.
Walking a High Beam
Authors: Castillo Jason T. , Welch Greg W. , Sarver Christian M.
Published: August 2011

Compared with resident fathers, nonresident fathers are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed and less likely, when they are employed, to have access to flexible work arrangements. Although lack of employment stability is associated with lower levels of father involvement, some research shows that increased stability at work without increased flexibility is negatively related to involvement. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study ( N = 895), the authors examined the relationship between nonresident fathers’ employment stability, workplace flexibility, and father involvement. Results indicate that workplace flexibility, but not employment stability, is associated with higher levels of involvement. Policy and practice implications are discussed.
Factors Influencing Australian Construction Industry Apprentices’ Dietary Behaviors
Authors: du Plessis Karin
Published: August 2011

To date there has been a theoretical and empirical gap in workplace-centered health promotion research—particularly as it applies to blue-collar men’s diets. To begin addressing the paucity of research, five qualitative focus groups ( N = 53) were conducted in Australian training colleges to explore the dietary behaviors of apprentices. Thematic analysis was used by the researcher who concludes that although some apprentices were health conscious and attempted to eat healthy foods, many had diets high in saturated fats and sugar. These types of diets are associated with increased risks for developing chronic disease and are associated with decreased life expectancy. As such it poses a serious challenge for health promoters. Apprentices’ dietary practices were also found to be moderated by convenience, availability, and cost of foods in their environment. Their nutritional beliefs, significant others, colleagues in the workplace, and their body image also influence their food choices.