bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERBEDAAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA PASIEN CKD SEBELUM DAN SETELAH HEMODIALISIS DI RUANG HEMODIALISARS SWASTA DI SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Pasaribu Yanti Rosalina , Rompas Sefti S.J. , Kundre Rina Margaretha
Published: February 2022

Abstract: Background:CKD is a progressive and irreversible kidney function disorder in which the body fails to maintain metabolism and fluid-electrolyte balance, causing urinary retention and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in blood pressure in CKD patients before and after hemodialysis at General Hospital GMIM Bethesda Tomohon. Methods: The type of research used is analytic observational with a cross sectional design, data analysis using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test technique. Samples were taken using Total Sampling. The number of samples is 40 respondents. Instruments The data collection in this study used an observation sheet. Results: the study showed the significance level of the Z value (-3.091) and significant (p=0.002 <α = 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this study indicate that there is a difference in blood pressure in CKD patients before and after hemodialysis.Keywords: Blood Pressure, CKD, HemodialysisAbstrak: Latar Belakang:Gagal Ginjal Kronik (GGK) merupakan gangguan fungsi ginjal yang progressif dan irreversible dimana tubuh gagal untuk mempertahankan metabolism dan keseimbangan cairan elektrolit, menyebabkan retensi urin dan sampah nitrogen lain dalam darah. Tujuandaripenelitianiniadalahuntukmengetahui perbedaan tekanan darah pada pasien CKD sebelum dan setelah hemodialysis di RSU GMIM Bethesda Tomohon. Metode: Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasional analitikdengan rancangancross sectional, analisis data menggunakan teknik uji Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan Total Sampling. Jumlah sampel adalah 40 responden. Instrumen Pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan lembar observasi. Hasil:penelitian menunjukkan tingkat kemaknaan nilai Z (-3,091) dan nilai p=0,002(p≤0,05). Kesimpulan: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapatadaperbedaan tekanan darah pada pasien CKD sebelum dan setelah hemodialisis.Kata Kunci : Tekanan Darah, Gagal Ginjal Kronik, Hemodialisis.
HUBUNGAN PENGALAMAN KERJA PERAWAT DENGAN PERSPEKTIF KOLABORASI PERAWAT-DOKTER DI RSU GMIM PANCARAN KASIH
Authors: Sinubu Trisca J.V , Gannika Lenny , Buanasari Andi
Published: February 2022

AbstractCollaboration between the nursing profession and doctor profession is influenced by workexperience in the success of the quality of health services provided to patients in hospital. Thisstudy aims to to find the correlation between nurse work experience and collaborativeperspective between nurse-doctor in RSU Gmim Pancanran Kasih of manado. type of in thestudyis analytic research by using cross sectional approach. Sampling in this study usingsimple random sampling method. The sample is determined using the Slovin formula, this studyinvolved 114 respondents. The instrument in this study used questionnaire with ordinalmeasuring scale. The data analysis using the chi-square test, the results of the Chi-Square testobtained ρ value = 0.008 <0.05, indicated that there is a relationship between work experienceand a collaborative nurse-doctor perspective in RSU Gmim Pancanran Kasih of manado. Thework experience at Gmim Pancaran Kasih Hospital is categorized as good, thus, thecollaborative perspective of nurses – doctors is identified in a good level.Keywords: Keywords : Work experience; Nurse-Doctor Collaboration; NurseAbstrakKolaborasi antara profesi perawat dengan profesi dokter dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman kerjadalam keberhasilan dari kualitas pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan kepada pasien di rumahsakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengalaman kerja perawat denganperspektif berkolaborasi antara perawat-dokter di RSU Gmim Pancanran Kasih. Jenispenelitian yang digunakan,yaitu penelitian analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional.Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode simple random sampling.Sampel ditentukan menggunakan rumus Slovin, sampel yang diperoleh berjumlah 114.Instrument penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuesioner dengan skala ukur ordinal. Analisisdata menggunakan uji chi-square, hasil uji Chi-Square diperoleh ρ value = 0,008 < 0,05 makadisimpulkan terdapat Hubungan Pengalaman Kerja Perawat Dengan Perspektif BerkolaborasiPerawat – Dokter di RSU Gmim Pancaran Kasih Manado. Pengalaman kerja yang ada di RSUGmim pancaran kasih manado dikategorikan baik, sehingga Perspektif Berkolaborasi Perawat– Dokter yang di dapatkan adalah baik.Kata kunci: Pengalaman Kerja; kolaborasi perawat-dokter; Perawat
HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN IBU HAMIL TENTANG TANDA BAHAYA KEHAMILAN DENGAN KEPATUHAN MELAKUKAN ANTENATAL CARE (ANC) : SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Kolantung Priska M. , Mayulu Nelly , Kundre Rina
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground: a mother's knowledge about the danger signs of pregnancy is one of the factorsthat affect compliance in performing Antenatal Care (ANC). Good knowledge of mothers aboutthe danger signs of pregnancy will make mothers care and be motivated to check theirpregnancy. Compliance in the ANC visit aims to monitor the condition of the mother and fetus,to detect problems early and provide appropriate action or intervention, and find out if thereare complications in pregnancy. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationshipbetween the level of knowledge of pregnant women about the danger signs of pregnancy withadherence to ANC. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search for publicationresults with limitations on the cross sectional study design. Results: based on 10 articles thathave been analyzed with a sample of 639 pregnant women, it shows that there is a relationshipbetween the level of knowledge of pregnant women about danger signs of pregnancy withcompliance with Antenatal Care (ANC). Conclusion: knowledge of mothers about dangersigns of pregnancy is very important in fulfilling ANC visits. , to improve the quality of life ofthe mother and fetusKeywords: Antenatal Care, Knowledge of Pregnant Women, Danger Signs of Pregnancy.AbstrakLatar Belakang: Pengetahuan seorang ibu tentang tanda bahaya kehamilan merupakan salahsatu faktor yang mempengaruhi kepatuhan dalam melakukanAntenatal Care(ANC).Pengetahuan ibu yang baik tentang tanda bahaya kehamilan akan membuat ibu peduli dantermotivasi untuk memeriksakan kehamilannya. Kepatuhan dalam kunjungan ANC bertujuanuntuk memantau keadaan ibu dan janin, untuk mendeteksimasalah secara dini dan memberikantindakan atau intervensi yang tepat,dan mengetahui jika ada komplikasi pada kehamilan.Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamiltentang tanda bahaya kehamilan dengan kepatuhan melakukan ANC Metode: PubMed danGoogle Scholar digunakan unutk pencarian hasil publikasi dengan pembatasan pada desainpenelitian cross sectional. Hasil : berdasarkan 10 artikel yang telah di analisis dengan sampel639 ibu hamil, menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang tandabahaya kehamilan dengan kepatuhan melakukan Antenatal Care (ANC).Kesimpulan:pengetahuan ibu tentang tanda bahaya kehamilan sangat penting dalam pemenuhan kunjunganANC, untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup ibu dan janin.Kata kunci: Antenatal Care, Pengetahuan Ibu Hamil, Tanda Bahaya Kehamilan
Analysis and design considerations of coupler tuning based on improved equivalent circuit and 3D-EM simulations
Authors: Hu Tongning , Zeng Bingqian , Li Junyang , Xu Hongjie , Yang Jun
Published: February 2022

Power coupler is critical for the successful development of high-intensity linacs. As a main task in its design, pulsed heating affects the beam brightness, even might damage the structures on high-repetition rates. Although shaping the incident RF-pulse can reduce such risk by speeding up the field filling time, a complicated RF sub-system is inevitable. While another mechanism of reducing the filling time, which is increasing the coupling factor, presents its advantages. In this context, based on the analysis of temperature rise for a coupled cavity, the resonant frequency variations have been qualitatively investigated by improving the equivalent circuit via adopting a mutual inductance, the results have been verified by electro-magnetic (EM) codes. Moreover, by taking a waveguide-coupler with an inserted-post for instance, further EM simulations have demonstrated that the tunable coupler can achieve a balance among a proper coupling range, a small frequency offset and an acceptable field-asymmetry. The proposed analysis methods can be extended to provide preliminary guides in designing adjustable RF couplers.
Pelaksanaan Training Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan
Authors: Khaeruman Khaeruman , Hartoko Gatot
Published: February 2022

Abstrak Sumber daya manusia merupakan sumber daya yang paling menentukan keberhasilan suatu organisasi. Outbound training adalah kegiatan simulasi atau pelatihan yang dilakukan di lapangan terbuka, cocok untuk banyak perusahaan. Pelatihan semacam ini sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan semangat kerja karyawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan pelatihan untuk meningkatkan kinerja karyawan CV. XYZ. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif dan metode deskriptif. Dalam teknik pengumpulan data, hasil data diperoleh dari observasi, pencatatan dan wawancara. Menafsirkan hasil wawancara untuk menjelaskan hasil penelitian, dan mengajukan pertanyaan kepada karyawan dalam bentuk pertanyaan. Menurut hasil penelitian, pelatihan yang diterapkan perusahaan berada di luar pelatihan perusahaan (off-job training). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode (experiential learning) atau proses belajar melalui pengalaman. Melalui pengalaman belajar, kerja tim yang solid akan terbentuk. Pelaksanaan pelatihan pegawai ini telah merangsang semangat pegawai untuk melakukan pekerjaan dengan baik. Menjadikan kinerja pegawai dilihat dari kemampuan, tingkat pengetahuan, semangat kerja dan kelancaran kerja.Kata Kunci: Sumber Daya Manusia, Training, Kinerja, Organisasi.Abstract Human resources are the resources that most determine the success of an organization. Outbound training is a simulation or activity carried out in an open field, suitable for many companies. This kind of training is very effective in increasing employee morale. This study aims to determine how training implementation improves employee performance CV. XYZ. This study uses qualitative research and descriptive methods. In data collection techniques, the data results are obtained from observation, recording, and interviews. They were interpreting interview results to explain research results and asking employees questions in the form of questions. According to the research results, the training implemented by the company is outside the company's training (off-job training). The method used is the method (experiential learning) or the learning process through experience. Through learning experiences, solid teamwork will be formed. The implementation of this employee training has stimulated the enthusiasm of employees to do a good job. They are making employee performance seen from the ability, level of knowledge, morale, and smooth work.Keywords: Human Resources, Training, Performance, Organization.
EFEKTIFITAS KONSELING BEHAVIORAL DENGAN TEKNIK DESENSITISASI SISTEMATIS UNTUK MEREDUKSI KECEMASAN MENGHADAPI UJIAN SEMESTER MAHASISWA
Authors: Yusuf Ahmad
Published: February 2022

This study examines the application of relaxation as a technique of counseling guidance to reduce anxiety in facing semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa.  The objectives of this study were: (1) to find out how the description of the implementation of systematic desensitization behavioral counseling techniques in reducing anxiety in facing student semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa, (2) knowing how to describe the level of anxiety facing student semester exams before and after giving behavioral counseling of desensitization techniques systematic at STKIP Andi Matappa, and (3) knowing whether there is an effect of the application of systematic desensitization technique behavioral counseling on anxiety facing student semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa. The results showed: (1) The level of student anxiety in facing the semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa during the implementation of systematic desensitization technique behavioral counseling was in the very high category. (2) The level of student anxiety in facing semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa during the implementation of systematic desensitization technique behavioral counseling is in the high category. (3) there is an influence on the level of student anxiety in facing the semester exams at STKIP Andi Matappa at the time of implementing the systematic desensitization technique behavioral counseling is in the low category.
The Influence Of Parents In Increasing Learning Motivation On Student Achievement (Children)
Authors: Ernawati Ernawati , Arifin Zaenal , Mansyur Masykur
Published: February 2022

This research formulates the problem of The Influence of Parents in Increasing Learning Motivation Towards Student Achievement (Children) At Mts Miftahul Ulum, Research is carried out at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Miftahul Ulum Cikarang Bekasi which amounted to 33 students who were designated as members of the population who were also sample members after the withdrawal of samples with saturated sampling techniques, so that data was obtained using  instruments for analysis with inferential statistical techniques correlational effectiveness test. As for the students numbered 135 students for the entire population, but the authors only took samples from class VII.as a sample. The results showed that parents' motivation for their children was the highest accumulated data by 55.52% of respondents choosing categories often, so it can be concluded that students generally claim that their parents' motivation is very high in fostering their children. Student learning achievement was obtained an average of 74.96 which if interpreted according to the average categorization table of student grades then contained in the high category. Thus, H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted which means that parental motivation has a significant effect on student achievement in English in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Miftahul Ulum Cikarang Bekasi. 
Penanaman Pendidikan Karakter Bagi Anak Usia Dini Melalui Bahasa Cinta
Authors: Massang Berdinata , Manoppo Febri Kurnia , Mamonto Hasia
Published: February 2022

 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana penguatan Pendidikan Karakter bagi Anak Usia Dini melalui penggunaan Bahasa Cinta oleh orangtua di Desa Pusian Selatan Kecamatan Dumoga, Kab. Bolaang Mongondow. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan data berupa observasi langsung di lokasi penelitian, wawancara mendalam, serta studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa model penerapan bahasa cinta dalam penanaman pendidikan karakter yang diterapkan oleh orangtua bagi anak usia dini yaitu: sentuhan fisik, tindakan melayani, kata-kata peneguhan, serta model bahasa cinta yang bersyarat. Model bahasa cinta yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penguatan karakter anak usia dini di Desa Pusian Selatan adalah kata-kata peneguhan dari orangtua terhadap anak serta waktu berkualitas antara orangtua dan anak-anak.
Efek Aplikasi Jarak Tanam dan Cara Pemupukan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kedelai
Authors: Hawayanti Erni , Astuti Dessy Tri , Afrizal Hadi Ahmad , Tambunan Syariani
Published: February 2022

Kedelai merupakan sumber gizi protein yang cukup tinggi dan paling murah.Kebutuhan kedelai tidak di imbangi dengan produksinya. Riset ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui jarak tanam terbaik dan cara pemupukan yang sesuai sehingga diperoleh pertumbuhan dan hasil kedelai yang maksimal serta interaksi antara kedua perlakuan tersebut. Jarak tanam berperan penting pada periode kritis tanaman kedelai.Selain itu cara pemupukan juga harus di perhatikan, karena kesalahan cara pemupukan akan berakibat kurangbaik bagi tanah dan tanaman. Masa riset ini berawal dari Juni hingga Agustus 2020. Riset ini menggunakan desain rancangan petak terbagi (Split Plot Design ) dengan 3 repetisi sehingga menghasilkan 27 petak. Aspek perlakuannya adalah :Jarak Tanam (J), J1=40 cm x 15 cm , J2 =40 cm x 20 cm , J3 = 40cm x 25 cm. Cara Pengaplikasian Pupuk(C), C1= Larikan, C2= Tugal, C3= Sebar. Peubah yang diobservasi pada riset ini yaitu Jumlah Polong Hampa (buah), Tinggi Tanaman (cm), Jumlah Polong Pertanaman (buah). Hasil Produksi Perpetak (Kg). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa interaksi antara tingkat jarak tanam dengan tingkat cara pengaplikasian pupuk anorganik tidak berpengaruh nyata pada peubah jumlah polong hampa, tinggi tanaman (cm) dan jumlah polong per tanaman.
The Global Business Environment, European Integration and the Cultural Potential of Social-economic Development of Georgia
Authors: Bedianashvili Givi
Published: February 2022

Based on the characteristics of the global business environment, discusses the importance of the cultural factor for social and economic development of Georgia in the process of European integration today. Given the informal institutional nature of the culture, it justified its multidimensionality. Using G. Hofstede’s model, on the basis of expert measurements are shown for Georgia the status quo of cultural values and the direction of the desirable change.
European Integration and Institutional Aspects of Competition
Authors: Bedianashvili Giv , Gogiashvili Shalva , Pavliashvili Solomon
Published: February 2022

The article deals with the theoretical and practical issues of competition in Georgia. The article analyzes the problems existing within this area in Georgia as well as the dynamics of gradual improvement of the competit- ive mechanism and competition policy.

The main factors, which ensure the sustainability of the community institutional structure of both the com- petition institutional environment and the country’s overall socio-economic development, can be identified and monitored by the Economic Freedom Index. According to 2015 data, Georgia belongs mainly to the group of commonly free countries rated 23nd in the world, and in Europe it has 12th position among 43 European countries according to the Economic Freedom Index. However, there are some setbacks including the level of market openness (investment freedom and financial freedom) and development of Law and Order institutes (protection of property rights and freedom from corruption). In this respect, the impelementation of a complex of certain activities has been considered within the Georgia-EU Association Agenda, as well as in the socio-eco- nomic development strategy of Georgia (Georgia 2020).
Political Economy of Regional Identity of Georgia
Authors: Tokmazishvili Mikheil
Published: February 2022

Discusses dominant features and characteristics of regional identity of Georgia, characterizes the vectors of development of Central Caucasian counties and role of Georgia in regional cooperation, assessed the impact of the foreign trade and confl ict between the EU and the Eurasian Union and determined the geopolitical function of Georgia in the Central Caucasus.
PROCEDURAL ISSUES OF THE TAXATION OF FINANCIAL RE PORTING AND DI STRIBUTED PROFIT
Authors: Bakradze Givi , Dzimtseishvili Nanuli
Published: February 2022

The present article discuses peculiarities of existing tax legislation of Georgia. Study reviews the necessity of current tax legislation improvement towards business stimulation approach. The recommendations are given for the improvement of tax system and tax policy
CHANGES IN THE EXPORT OF POLISH FOOD INDUSTRY PRODUCTS: ON THE ISSUES OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VALUE ADDED TAX
Authors: Ambroziak Lukasz
Published: February 2022

The aim of the paper is to present changes in Polish exports of food industry products in 2000–2014 using trade statistics in value added terms. They allow to decompose gross exports by the origin of the value added content, i.e. domestic and foreign inputs. For this purpose, the World input-Output Database (WiOD Release 2016) was used to create a matrix of value added flows in the world economy.

According to the investigation carried out, in 2000–2014 the share of domestic value added content of Polish gross exports of food industry products dropped by nearly 10 pps. in 2014, slightly more than 74% of those exports was value added created in Poland, whereas foreign value added accounted for the remaining almost 26%. in comparison with other economic sectors, the share of domestic value added content of Polish exports of food industry products was relatively high. In this respect, the figure for Poland was also above the EU average.
What is the impact of Covid-19 on the Antenatal Care Services Utilization in Public-Private-Rural-Urban Hospitals of India during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period of 2020-2021 compared to pre-pandemic era 2018-2019?
Authors: Kumar Dr. Piyush
Published: February 2022

The ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is well documented to have a disastrous effect on the health-care services, particularly pregnancy-related health services. In order to provide the information to the scientific community and policy makers with accredited evidence and data in the country, this retrospective cross-sectional mixed research study aims to find out the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antenatal services utilization among pregnant women of India attending public/private/rural/urban health facilities in 36 states and union territories. Hence, the researcher hopes that result and analysis will be beneficial to important stakeholders as well as policy makers in designing strategies for prioritizing pregnancy healthcare even within the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic period.
Overall, 96990524 women registered for ANC during the study period. The analysis shows that the covid-19 pandemic era has a negative impact on several indicators. The study revealed that there is a significant increase in ANC service utilization at urban health facilities of all the services as compared to the pre-pandemic era on a cumulative all-India basis.
Enhancing women's knowledge of protective health services, prioritizing maternal care-related health services during ongoing COVID-19, and improving the accessibility of ANC service should be emphasized for getting maximum benefit to the neediest.
ANALISIS PENERJEMAHAN : STUDI KASUS PADA KEBUTUHAN PENERJEMAH BAGIAN MARKETING PT JIALE INDONESIA TEXTILE JEPARA INDONESIA
Authors: Septi Kusumaningtyas Dani Putri , Ervindio Rizky
Published: February 2022

Seorang penerjemah tidaklah cukup hanya memiliki kompetensi dalam hal penguasaan bahasa  sumber dan bahasa sasaran secara baik, namun mengembangkan kompetensi dari pribadi penerjemah juga menjadi peran penting dalam kelancaran proses penerjemahan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan menjabarkan kebutuhan seorang penerjemah bagian marketing di PT Jiale Indonesia Textile. Kebutuhan penerjemah di penelitian ini fokus pada kebutuhan kompetensi pribadi penerjemah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan beberapa kebutuhan penerjemahan dari aspek pengembangan kompetensi dan mengklasifikasikan daftar istilah kosakata yang sering digunakan dalam proses penerjemahan bidang industri tekstil di PT Jiale Indonesia Textile. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 3 kebutuhan kompetensi yang perlu dikembangkan oleh seorang penerjemah bagian marketing di PT Jiale Indonesia Textile, yaitu: 1.Kompetensi Domain/Subject Specific; 2.Kompetensi Riset; 3.Kompetensi Transfer dan dalam penelitian inijuga menghasilkan sebuah luaran daftar istilah kosakata yang sering digunakan dalam proses penerjemahan bagian marketing di PT Jiale Indonesia Textile. Daftar istilah kosakata bidang tekstil di perusahaan ini dikelompokkan menurut jenis kata yaitu, adjektiva, noun, dan verba, hal ini bertujuan untuk membantu para calon penerjemah untuk dapat mempelajari dan mempersiapkan terlebih dahulu kompetensi, serta kosa kata apa saja yang dibutuhkan dan dipelajari ketika akan terjun dalam dunia penerjemahan, khususnya pada bidang industri tekstil. Kata kunci: penerjemahan; kebutuhan penerjemah; bagian marketing; kosakata; industri tekstil
MAKNA NAMA TIONGHOA DAN HARAPAN ORANGTUA
Authors: Paramasuta S.Hum. Raditya , Kabul, S.S., M.Hum. Assa Rahmawati
Published: February 2022

Nama seseorang selain sebagai identitas diri juga mencerminkan harapan dari para orangtua. Tulisan ini membahas kaitan antara makna yang terkandung dalam nama Tionghoa dengan harapan orangtua. Delapan nama Tionghoa yang menjadi data dalam tulisan ini diperoleh melalui wawancara terhadap tiga tokoh masyarakat Tionghoa Benteng. Selain itu, studi pustaka juga dilakukan untuk pemahaman teori dan analisis makna nama. Makna nama dianalisis menggunakan teori semiotika dari Ogden & Richards. Kamus Besar Tionghoa Indonesia terbitan Pustaka Bahasa Asing, Beijing tahun 1995, dan 现代汉语词典Xiàndài Hànyǔ Cídiǎn ‘Kamus Bahasa Cina Modern’ tahun 2017’ terbitan The Commercial Press tahun 2017 digunakan untuk mencari makna kata secara leksikal. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa orangtua memberikan nama yang bermakna baik yang mencerminkan harapan mereka. Nama yang melambangkan kekuatan diberikan kepada anak laki-laki, nama yang melambangkan kecantikan diberikan kepada anak perempuan. Selain itu, nama yang melambangkan keberuntungan juga diberikan kepada anak laki-laki dan perempuan. Kata kunci: nama Tionghoa; makna; semiotika; Ogden & Richards; harapan orangtua.
TANTANGAN MAHASISWA AUTIS BELAJAR BAHASA MANDARIN DI KELAS REGULER MALAM TINGKAT 1 AKADEMI BAHASA ASING INTERNASIONAL BANDUNG
Authors: Sugiarti S.S, M.TCSOL Tati
Published: February 2022

Lembaga perguruan tinggi yang membuka jurusan bahasa Mandarin mulai banyak diminati oleh para mahasiswa di Indonesia Salah satunya di Akademi Bahasa Asing Internasional ( ABA INTER) yang membuka program studi D-III Bahasa Mandarin. Di ABA INTER dibuka kelas reguler pagi dan reguler malam.Mahasiswa yang sudah mempunyai pekerjaan tetapi masih mempunyai keinginan belajar Bahasa Mandarin akan memlilih kelas reguler malam. Di tahun akademik 2018/2019 di kelas reguler malam, salah satu mahasiswanya mempunyai kebutuhan khusus dikategorikan autis.Penulis memulai dengan mengobservasi proses pembelajaran di kelas, di luar kelas, di lingkungan keluarganya dan meneliti tantangan yang dihadapi mahasiswa autis belajar bahasa Mandarin. Dari hasil pembelajaran sehari-hari, ujian UTS,UAS selama satu semester maka akan disimpulkan bahwa mahasiswa berkebutuhan khsuus mampu atau tidak mempelajari bahasa Mandarin dan tantangan apa saja yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa tersebut.Dari hasil penelitian ini penulis berharap dalam mempelajari hal apapun baik itu bahasa asing sekalipun tidak terkecuali untuk mahasiswa berkebutuhan khusus, sebagai bekal ilmu yang akan dipergunakan oleh mahasiswa tersebut di masyarakat nantinya. Dosen sebagai pengajar akan mengetahui bagaimana cara mengajar mahasiswa yang berkebutuhan khusus serta tantangan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa tersebut dapat diselesaikan bersama baik dari dosen, mahasiswa lainnya maupun untuk orang tua mahasiswa tersebut.Penelitian ini baru pertama dilakukan oleh penulis, karena selama menjadi tenaga pengajar bahasa Mandarin baru tahun ini ada mahasiswa yang dikategorikan Autis. Hasilnya pin mungkin masih banyak yang harus di kembangkan lagi, dan kemungkinan akan berbeda hasilnya jika di dalam kelas adalah semuanya mahasiswa berkebutuhan khusus.Kata kunci: Bahasa Mandarin; Autis; ABA INTER
PENGARUH AKUN YOUTUBE “LITTLE FOX CHINESE”DALAM MEMPERKUAT LITERASI DIGITAL SISWA
Authors: Haqqie Wafda Nabila , Wijayati Primardiana Hermilia
Published: February 2022

Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian tentang pemanfaatan teknologi internet dan platform digital. Pembelajaran digital sesuai dengan prinsip era revolusi industri 4.0, yaitu dapat membentuk generasi kreatif, inovatif, serta kompetitif. Era Revolusi Industri 4.0 juga menitikberatkan pola pada digitalisasi, termasuk dalam literasi digital.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penguatan literasi digital siswa kelas X melalui pemanfaatan akun YouTube “Little Fox Chinese” pada matapelajaran bahasa Mandarin di SMAK Santa Maria Malang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif, dengan instrumen penelitian kuisioner dan angket.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa memanfaatkan akun YouTube “Little Fox Chinese” dapat memperkuat literasi digital mereka terutama learning skills. Siswa menggunakan akun YouTube “Little Fox Chinese” mengalami kesulitan dalam menjabarkan dan menyampaikan isi dari video akun YouTube “Little Fox Chinese” atau terkait dengan critical thinking skills disebabkan oleh kurangnya kemampuan menganalisis isi video, namun keterampilan learning skills lainnya sangat baik dan memanfaatkan akun YouTube “Little Fox Chinese” menuai respon positif dari siswa kelas X setelah dalam mempelajari bahasa Mandarin. Kata kunci: Literasi Digita, Learning Skill, YouTube “Little Fox Chinese”, bahasa Mandarin
The Influence of the Microenvironment on Company Value with the Macro Environment as a Moderator Variable of the Pharmaceutical Sub-Sector Listed on IDX
Authors: Fhiska Fhiska , Kurniasih Augustina
Published: February 2022

This study purposed to determine the impact of the microenvironment on firm value with the macro environment as the moderator variable. This research population is the pharmaceutical sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in terms 2015-2020. Samples that suit the criteria are eight companies. The data were analyzed using panel data regression with a multiplication interaction structure so that there were 48 observations. The results showed that the Fixed Effect is the best model. The study results simultaneously show that the microenvironment is measured using investment decision variables, market penetration, and inventory turnover. The macro-environment, as measured using the GDP variable, has a significant and positive effect on firm value. Partly, investment decisions and inventory turnover have a positive and significant effect on firm value, while market penetration has no impact on firm value. Meanwhile, GDP can only moderate investment decisions and inventory turnover and not moderate market penetration.
Partial Mullerian Agenesis with Renal and Skeletal Anomalies: An Observational Study of MURCS Association
Authors: Jahan Shirin , Akter Sumaiya
Published: February 2022

Background: Müllerian agenesis is a disorder of genital development characterized by absence of the vagina, an absent or hypoplastic uterus, and normal or hypoplastic fallopian tubes. Typically, the ovaries are entirely normal, although one or both also may be undescended, hypoplastic, or associated with an inguinal hernia. Affected patients often also have urologic anomalies (15-40) % (unilateral renal agenesis, ectopic or horseshoe kidney, and duplication of the collecting systems) and skeletal malformations (5-10) %, (e.g., hemiverterbrae and scoliosis, or the Klippel-Feil syndrome). The cause is unknown, although some cases are associated with chromosomal translocations or occur in familial aggregates, suggesting a genetic basis. Logically, müllerian agenesis might be attributed to an activating mutation in the gene encoding AMH or its receptor, causing excess AMH activity, but none have been identified. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and present rare cases of partial mullerian agenesis combined with renal and/or skeletal malformations, their causes, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment along with review of literatures. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in the department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. All four cases presented with similar type of presentation and were diagnosed as partial Mullerian aplasia (cervico-vaginal agenesis) with other associated anomalies (renal, skeletal or cardiac anomalies) ie: MURCS association. Results: We analysed four cases of mullerian agenesis with renal and/or skeletal abnormalities presented with primary amenorrhoea with cyclical lower abdominal pain. Subsequently these patients were ascertained to have cervicovaginal agenesis with renal and skeletal abnormalities by physical examination and relevant investigations. Two (50%) patients had renal anomalies in the form of renal agenesis and one small malrotated kidney while 100% patients had skeletal abnormalities. One (25%) patient had congenital cardiac anomaly, one (25%) patient had history of cleft lip and cleft palate and one (25%) patient had history of imperforated anus at birth. Evaluation included clinical examination, whole abdominal ultrasound, skeletal survey and karyotyping along with some supportive investigations. Conclusion: The management is varied but multidisciplinary approach, psychological and social supports are the key points of managing such cases.
Assessing the Rate of Successful Induction of labor Following Intra-Vaginal Administration of Misoprostol
Authors: Rahman Dr. Milia Tamanna , Sobhan Dr. Syed Abdus
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The use of prostaglandin preparations with or without oxytocin infusion is widely recognized and accepted as a standard method of induction of labor. It has been shown to reduce induction time and the risk of failed induction. But the use of prostaglandin E2 is quite expensive and is not available in many developing countries. In such cases, misoprostol can also be used as an induction agent. The aim of the study was to assess the rate of successful induction of labor following intra-vaginal administration of misoprostol. Methods: This open clinical trial study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, North East Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh. The study duration was 1 year and was conducted with a total of 100 patients who were admitted with term pregnancy and unfavorable cervix in the study hospital, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Bishop’s score was significantly raised after 6 hours vaginal misoprostol [4.63 (SD ± 1.17) VS 5.82 (SD ± 1.60); p<0.001]. The mean induction to vaginal delivery time was 14.6 (SD ± 4.6) hours (range 6 to 23 hours); the induction to vaginal delivery time was<12 hours in 44.3% and 12-24 hours in 55.7% cases. The mode of delivery was vaginal in most of the cases (70.0%) and cesarean section was in 30.0% of cases. Fetal distress was the most frequent indication of cesarean section (63.3%), followed by arrested labor (20.0%) and failed induction (16.7%). The maternal obstetric complication was postpartum hemorrhage (3.0%) without any ruptured uterus, tachysystole, hypertonus uterus, or hyperstimulation. The maternal side-effects were nausea or vomiting (5.0%), diarrhea (2.0%), and fever (1.0%). Fetal outcomes were, normal baby (65.0%), APGAR score <7 at 1 min (27.0%), resuscitation needed (27.0%), neonatal unit admission (13.0%), meconium passage (8.0%) and intrauterine Fetal death (diagnosed before induction) (8.0%). Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol seems to be a promising drug for labor induction with a high rate of success. Possible advantages of misoprostol may be the availability, ease of administration, well tolerability, and most notably its dual action in cervical ripening and labor induction. However, future studies focusing on dosing regimens and routes of application are needed.
Awareness and Practice of COVID -19 Preventive Measures among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinic in a Tertiary Health Centre in North-Western Nigeria
Authors: AT Burodo , JA Garba , AE Ukwu , AG Umar , S Bello , UN Alhassan , FA Raji
Published: February 2022

Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in death of millions of people across the world. The impact of the disease on human health and the economic hardship on the affected countries have been severe. The public must routinely practice precautionary measures to control the spread of the disease, as no antiviral treatments are currently available. However, the level of awareness and practice of these preventive measures against Covid-19 infection among pregnant women, which constitute vulnerable groups have not been evaluated in our environment. The aim of the study was to determine the awareness and knowledge of pregnant women on Covid-19, its preventive measures and the practice of those preventive measures. It was a cross-sectional study among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information on sociodemographic characteristics and also their knowledge and practice of Covid-19 preventive measures. All the respondents were aware of Covid-19 infection and the source of information was from Television. All the respondents were aware of the various preventive measures of Covid-19 and the knowledge was good among 98.7% of the respondents. However, only 19.1% had good practice of the preventive measures. Educational status of the respondents was found to have significant association with knowledge of preventive measures (χ2= 9.5, p = 0.014).
Changes in Serum Growth Hormone and Cortisol among Pregnant Women in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Caleb Amadi Nnaemeka , Chukwuemeka Chinko Bruno , Innocent Green Kinikanwo
Published: February 2022

Background: Pregnancy is associated with anatomic, physiological and metabolic adaptations to accommodate the fetus and prepare the mother for delivery. These adjustments are mediated by the hormonal influences of the placenta. The study is aimed at evaluating the pattern of changes of serum growth hormone and cortisol in normal pregnancy to access the possible effect of gestational age and parity on these parameters. Methods: A cross sectional study involving a total of 300 apparently healthy females (21-50yrs) with 200 and 100 pregnant females and non-pregnant controls respectively. The age of the subjects, last menstrual period, gestational age and parity were obtained using a simple questionnaire while the weight and height were obtained following standard protocols. Blood samples were obtained from the subjects and serum growth hormone and cortisol were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Results: Serum growth hormone was found to reduce in pregnant subjects compared to the non-pregnant control with the lowest decrease observed in the second trimester (p<0.05). Conversely, serum cortisol increased among pregnant subjects compared to the non-pregnant control, showing a gestational age-dependent increase (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that serum growth hormone and cortisol vary with gestational age with growth hormone decreasing while cortisol increases. The present study also highlights that parity appears not to have any influence on serum growth hormone and cortisol during normal pregnancy.
البناء الفني في مسرحيات جليل القيسي مسرحيته (في المقبرة مساءً) أنموذجاً
Authors: انجة م. م. كويستان نجم الدين
Published: February 2022

نهض البحث على تعريف البناء الفني للمسرح وهو الجسم النصيّ الدرامي المتكامل فى حد ذاته، والذي يتألف من عناصر واضحة مرتبة ترتبياً خاصاً، وذلك طبقاً لقواعد خاصة، كي يحدث تأثيراً معيناً في نفس المتفرج. وقد اخترت كاتبنا الكبير (جليل القيسي) للبحث عن البناء الفني في مسرحيته (في المقبرة مساء) أنموذجاً، وبعد ذلك تحدثت عن مفهوم البناء المسرحي، وإعطاء نبذة مختصرة عن المسرحية، ثم حللت شخصيتي المسرحية (الرجل، المرأة) من الناحية الفنية والجمالية، وتركز عنايتي في هذه النقطة على الجانب الاجتماعي للشخصيتين، وذلك لأن المسرحيات الواقعية تركز على هذا الجانب، لتجسد لنا من خلال شخصياته نموذجا للإنسان الذي يعيش قدره، وحاجياته، ورشاته، وصراعه بسبب الحالة التي يمر بها، فضلا عن الإحساس بالاضطراب في حالتهما النفسية لسبب معين، وبما أن شخصياته الرئيسة في مسرحيته المثقف، لابد أن تكون لهاتين الشخصيتين لغة رفيعة فى الحوار تناسبهما، وقد استخدم الكاتب القيسي لغة الحوار وظواهر الأسلوبية منها (السؤال / الجواب، المنولوج، التكرار، صور البلاغية)، ليجسد لنا من خلال هذا كله النواحي الفنية والجمالية في شخصيات مسرحيته، فضلا عن إظهارالقيسي عنايته الفائقة باللغة، وتعبيره بأسلوب سهل عن القضية أو فكرة المسرحية.
خصايص شعر ناصر خسرو و آثار خويش خصائص شعر ناصر خسرو وآثاره
Authors: العكيلى م.د. بايش جبار زيارة عبد
Published: February 2022

يعد ناصر خسرو احد كبار الشعراء والعلماء والمتكلمين الفرس بلا شك. ميزة شعره الاساسية مشتملة على المواعظ والحكم الكثيرة وكذلك ظهرت له ناحية دعوته المذهبية في اشعاره الدينية . وفي بيان اوصاف الطبيعة كالفصول والليل والسماء والنجوم وإمثال ذلك. كذلك فان قدرة الشاعر كبيرة ، ودقة عمله وافره. وقد اتصل بكبار الاسماعيليين والف كتب كثيرة وقصائد واشعار وخلق ناصر خسرو العديد من الاعمال التي لديها معلومات واسعة بالشعر الفارسي .
أثر أسلوب فيرنالد في حفظ النصوص الأدبية واستبقائها عند تلامذة الصف السادس الأساسيّ
Authors: علي أ.م. ژيان عبد الكريم
Published: February 2022

يرمي البحث الحالي معرفة أثر اسلوب فيرنالد في حفظ النصوص الادبية واستبقائها عند تلامذة الصف السادس الاساسي ويتطلب اختيار مدرسة واحدة من المدارس الاساسية المختلطة التابعة لمديرية تربية قضاء چم چمال/ السليمانية على ان لا يقل عدد شعب الصف السادس الأساسي فيها عن شعبتين، وبطريقة السحب العشوائي اختيرت مدرسة ( رزكارى) الابتدائية المختلطة لتكون عينة البحث وميدانا لتطبيق التجرية، وزارت الباحثة المدرسة المختارة، ووجدتها تضم شعبتين  للصف السادس الأساسيّ ( أ، ب) وبطريقة السحب العشوائي اختيرت شعبة (أ) لتمثل المجموعة التجريبية وعددها (٣٣) تلميذا وتلميذة، درسوا على وفق اسلوب فيرنالد، واختيرت شعبة(ب) لتمثل المجموعة الضابطة وعددها ( ٣٢) تلميذا وتلميذة درسوا على وفق الطريقة التقليدية، كافأت الباحثة بين مجموعتي البحث في عدة متغيرات( العمر الزمني، الذكاء، درجات اللغة الكردية للعام الدراسي السابق( ٢٠١٢/ ٢٠١٣)، استمرت التجربة كورسا دراسيا كاملا( الكورس الاول)، قامت خلالها معلمة المادة بتدريس مجموعتي البحث، واعدت الباحثة الخطط التدريسية اللازمة لتدريس مجموعتي البحث، كما اعدت اختبارا لحفظ النصوص واستبقائها  مكونا من (٣٠) فقرة من نوع الاختيار من متعدد والربط والترتيب والتكميل، وتم تطبيقها على تلامذة مجموعتي البحث قبل انتهاء التجربة، وبعد تحليل النتائج احصائيا باستعمال الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين اظهرت النتائج تفوق المجموعة التجريبية التي درست النصوص الادبية على وفق اسلوب فيرنالد على المجموعة الضابطة.
الهياكل المؤسسية ودورها في استدامة الموارد المائية في العراق
Authors: عبد الله د .علي ياسين
Published: February 2022

إن الاتجاهات الحديثة فى الإدارة المتكاملة للموارد المائية وضعت بشكل يستهدف جميع معوقات استدامة هذه الموارد ، ولا غرابة أن نجد انفسنا اليوم نعمل على التخطيط في ظل مثل هذه التجارب، فما تشهده إدارة الموارد المائية في العراق من معوقات شكلت تحديات تتطلب من صناع القرار والقائمين على إدارة الموارد المائية العمل على تذليل هذه المعوقات ، ونعتقد وكما جاء في بحثنا أن ضمان استدامة الموارد المائية ، لا يمكن أن يتحقق الا فى ظل هيئات ومؤسسات فاعلة لديها القدرة على فهم ادوارها ورسم السياسات والخطط المائية وتتسيق الفعاليات والبرامج بين الجهات المختلفة ذات العلاقة. ومن هنا بات التنسيق والتكامل بين الهياكل المؤسسية المسؤولة مسؤولية مباشرة أو المستفيدة أو الساندة في إدارة الموارد المائية ، ضرورة ملحة ونتيجة طبيعية لتعددية تلك المؤسسات وكمحاولة لتجاوز السلبية لتلك التعددية ، إذ إن غياب التتسيق ، ولاسيما على صعيد التخطيط والتتفيذ يفاقم المشكلة المائية، ويحد من استدامة أمدادات المياه من حيث النوع والكم.
فاعلية كل من أنموذجي فراير ودانيال في اكتساب المفاهيم العلمية وتنمية الدافع المعرفي لدى طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط
Authors: الجلبيّ م. م. محمد خالد عبد الرحمن
Published: February 2022

يرمي البحث تعّرف فاعلية كل من أنموذجي فراير ودانيال في اكتساب المفاهيم العلمية وتنمية الدافع المعرفي لدى طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط. يتطلب البحث اختيار مدرسة واحدة من المدارس الثانوية في مدينة بغداد، ومن مدارس الذكور فقط. على أن لا يقل عدد شعب الصف الثاني المتوسط فيها عن شعبتين. اختار الباحث عينة الدراسة من جميع طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط للعام الدراسي ( 2016 - ٢٠١٥ ) من ثانوية الفرات التابعة للمديرية العامة لتربية بغداد الكرخ /١ والمختارة قصديا والبالغ عددهم (٤١) طالبا موزعين بطريقة عشوائية على شعبتين هي (أ، ب). بلغ مجموع طلاب الشعبة (أ) (٢٠) طالب، ومجموع طلاب الشعبة (ب) (٢١) طالب. ولتحاشي التمييز في اختيار المجموعة التي تمثل المجموعة التجريبية الاولى والمجموعة التجريبية الثائية، كتب الباحث الشعبتين على قصاصات من الورق، واختار منها بشكل عشوائي القاعة (ب) لتمثل المجموعة التجريبية الاولى التي تدريس باستخدام أنموذج فراير، والقاعة (أ) المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي تدرس باستخدام أنموذج دانيال. تم التحقق من تكافؤ المجموعتين في بعض المتغيرات التي يعتقد أنها قد تؤثر في نتائج التجربة وهي: العمر الزمني بالأشهر، التحصيل السابق ومقياس الدافع المعرفي، اختبار المعلومات السابقة. وكانت المجموعتان متكافئتين في جميع المتغيرات. أما أداتا البحث؛ فقد أعد الباحث الاختبار التحصيلي لاكتساب المفاهيم الكيميائية والمشتمل على (٦٠) فقرة اختبارية كما اعتمد الباحث على مقياس (محمود، ٢٠٠٤) لقياس الدافع المعرفي والمشتمل على خمسة أبعاد، هي: السعي الى المعرفة، حب الاستطلاع، الاكتشاف والارتياد، الرغبة في القراءة، طرح الأسئلة. وبعد أن أكمل الباحث اجراء تجرية البحث على وفق ما تم التخطيط له والمتمثلة في الاختبار التحصيلي لاكتساب المفاهيم الكيميائية ومقياس الدافع المعرفي إن وجد.

تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الأولى التي تدرس وفق أنموذج فراير التعليمي في الاختبار البعدي لاكتساب المفاهيم الكيميائية على المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي تدرس وفق أنموذج دانيال التعليمي.

تفوق المجموعة التجريبية الأولى التي تدرس وفق أنموذج فراير التعليمي في مقياس الدافع المعرفي على المجموعة التجريبية الثانية التي تُدرَس وفق أنموذج دانيال التعليمي.
The Elephant in the Room: Helping Delaware Courts Develop Law to End Systemic Short-Term Bias in Corporate Decision-Making
Authors: McNeil Kenneth , Johnson Keith
Published: February 2022

Short-termism in corporate decision-making is as problematic for long-term investors as relying on a three-mile radar on a supertanker. It is totally inadequate for handling the long-term risks and opportunities faced by the modern corporation. Yet recent empirical research shows that up to 85% of the S&P 1500 have no long-term planning. This is costing pension funds and other long-term investors dearly. For instance, the small minority of companies that do long-term planning and risk management had a long-term profitability that was 81% higher than their peers during the 2001–2014 period—with less stock volatility that costs investors dearly as well. This corporate short-termism mindset is even more troubling given that at least half of the value of the companies in the S&P 1500 is generated by expectations for realization of future value. Long-term investors therefore face a long-term expectations pipeline of hoped-for returns without a plan by corporations to back it up. The tragic result: this short-termism mindset appears to have a substantial depressing impact on long-term market returns while increasing long-term risk exposure. Both have contributed to the significantly underfunded status of many pension funds today.

Delaware courts, the primary referees of corporate director fiduciary duties in the United States, are so frustrated with the persistent effects of short-term pressures—including corporate fraud and compliance breaches—that they are actively encouraging investors to bring the right cases to help change the rules. This Article examines the effects of short-termism and the Delaware judiciary’s responses to it. It then shows how existing Delaware law could be extended to address the underlying causes of corporate short-term bias, rather than merely imposing punishment on the symptoms.
The Pharma Barons: Corporate Law's Dangerous New Race to the Bottom in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: McCarthy Eugene
Published: February 2022

In this Article, I argue that drug companies have created a highly profitable but dangerous business model by employing the same legal tactics as the nineteenth-century “robber barons,” the group of financiers who orchestrated corporate law’s infamous race to the bottom. Like these historical financiers, drug company executives have captured the legal apparatus and regulatory bodies that oversee them. In so doing, they have transformed the law from a system of governance into a set of enabling doctrines. The pharmaceutical industry has turned legislation intended to protect the public into a legal justification for marketing ineffective and unsafe prescription drugs. Like the nineteenth-century robber barons who transformed American corporate law into a tool for maximizing wealth and limiting liability, modern-day “pharma barons” have corrupted the laws that govern the pharmaceutical industry. The law now operates in the service of the pharma barons and allows them to profit at the public’s expense.