bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wintersweet‐Flower‐Like CoFe2O4/MWCNTs Hybrid Material for High‐Capacity Reversible Lithium Storage
Authors: Wang Ying , Park Jinsoo , Sun Bing , Ahn Hyojun , Wang Guoxiu
Published: May 2012

CoFe2O4/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) hybrid materials were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed the morphology of the as‐prepared hybrid material resembling wintersweet flower “buds on branches”, in which CoFe2O4 nanoclusters, consisting of nanocrystals with a size of 5–10 nm, are anchored along carbon nanotubes. When applied as an anode material in lithium ion batteries, the CoFe2O4/MWCNTs hybrid material exhibited a high performance for reversible lithium storage. In particular, the hybrid anode material delivered reversible lithium storage capacities of 809, 765, 539, and 359 mA h g−1 at current densities of 180, 450, 900, and 1800 mA g−1, respectively. The superior performance of CoFe2O4/MWCNTs hybrid materials could be ascribed to the synergistic pinning effect of the wintersweet‐flower‐like nanoarchitecture. This strategy could also be applied to synthesize other metal oxide/CNTs hybrid materials as high‐capacity anode materials for lithium ion batteries.
Liquidity, risk, and return: specifying an objective function for the management of foreign reserves
Authors: Romanyuk Yuliya
Published: May 2012

Countries hold foreign reserves for various reasons, which include foreign‐exchange intervention and liquidity provision. To ensure that reserves can meet their objectives, reserve managers employ strategic models to determine the optimal allocations of assets and, possibly, their associated liabilities over some investment horizon. An objective function is a key component of such models, and its specification is challenging in view of the specialized function of foreign reserves as insurance in crises. To this end, the author investigates how to translate the three common policy objectives for foreign reserves (liquidity, safety, and return) into objective functions for strategic reserves management. A strategic reserves management model is illustrated that trades off expected net returns with costs and liquidity issues related to a potential liquidation of a portion of the portfolio. The model is cast in a stochastic programming framework. Results indicate that liquidity preference affects both the initial asset allocation and the composition of the reserves being sold. An important policy implication is that if a portion of reserves has to be liquidated during a crisis, it may be optimal to sell assets with higher liquidation costs so as to remain with a more liquid portfolio in an environment of great market uncertainty. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect of luteolin on the odorant‐induced cAMP level in HEK293 cells expressing the olfactory receptor
Authors: Yoon Yeo Cho , Hwang Jin‐Teak , Sung Mi‐Jeong , Wang Shuaiyu , Munkhtugs Davaatseren , Rhyu Mee‐Ra , Park Jae‐Ho
Published: May 2012

Luteolin is a flavonoid in many fruits and vegetables. Although luteolin has important biological functions, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities, little is known about the functions of luteolin in the olfactory system. Various odorants can be detected and distinguished by using several molecular processes, including the binding of odorants to odorant receptors, activation of adenylyl cyclase (AC), changes of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and Ca2+ levels in olfactory sensory neurons, as well as changes in membrane potentials and the transmission of electric signals to the brain. Because AC‐cAMP signal transduction plays a pivotal role in the olfactory system, we evaluated the effects of luteolin on the AC‐cAMP pathway that had been stimulated by the odorant eugenol. We demonstrated that eugenol caused an upregulation of the cAMP level and the phosphorylation of phosphokinase A (PKA, a downstream target of cAMP) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing the murine eugenol receptor. This upregulation significantly decreased in the presence of luteolin, suggesting that luteolin inhibited the odorant‐induced production of cAMP and affected the downstream phosphorylation of PKA.
microRNA Dysregulation in Prostate Cancer: Network Analysis Reveals Preferential Regulation of Highly Connected Nodes
Authors: Budd William T. , Weaver Danielle E. , Anderson Joe , Zehner Zendra E.
Published: May 2012

microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs shown to contribute to a number of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. MiRNAs regulate gene expression of their targets post‐transcriptionally by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA), causing translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Dysregulation of miRNA expression can promote cancer formation and progression. Research has largely focused on the function and expression of single miRNAs. However, complex physiological processes require the interaction, regulation and coordination of many molecules including miRNAs and proteins. Highly connected molecules often serve important roles in the cell. A proteinprotein interaction network of established miRNA targets confirmed these proteins to be highly connected and essential to the cell, affecting tumorigenesis, cell growth/proliferation, cellular death, cell assembly, and maintenance pathways. This analysis showed that miRNAs contribute to the overall health of the prostate, and their aberrant expression destabilized homeostatic balance. This integrative network approach can reveal important miRNAs and proteins in prostate cancer that will be useful to identify specific disease biomarkers, which may be used as targets for therapeutics or drugs in themselves.
Long‐term outcome of transcatheter polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent implantation in a giant coronary aneurysm of a child with Kawasaki disease
Authors: Waki Kenji , Arakaki Yoshio , Mitsudo Kazuaki
Published: May 2012

We report the long‐term outcome of a child with Kawasaki disease (KD), who had a giant aneurysm with stenotic lesions in the right coronary artery, resulting in the transcatheter implantation of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐covered stent at the age of 8. Quantitative coronary angiography analysis later showed the increase of the diameter stenosis at both stent edges for the first 10 months after implantation; however, the stenosis did not develop thereafter. Coronary perfusion was still well maintained at follow‐up coronary angiography 5.5 years after implantation (diameter stenosis was 36.5% at proximal and 37.4% at distal edge, respectively). Although further follow‐up is necessary, the long‐term outcome of a PTFE‐covered stent implantation for a KD patient is satisfactory in this instance. Implantation of a covered stent in a giant aneurysm is considered a promising treatment option. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initiation of Radical Chain Reactions of Thiol Compounds and Alkenes without any Added Initiator: Thiol‐Catalyzed cis/trans Isomerization of Methyl Oleate
Authors: Biermann Ursula , Butte Werner , Koch Rainer , Fokou Patrice A. , Türünç Oǧuz , Meier Michael A. R. , Metzger Jürgen O.
Published: May 2012

A kinetic study of the dodecanethiol‐catalyzed cis/trans isomerization of methyl oleate (cis‐2) without added initiator was performed by focusing on the initiation of the radical chain reaction. The reaction orders of the rate of isomerization were 2 and 0.5 for 1 and cis‐2, respectively, and an overall kinetic isotope effect kH/kD of 2.8 was found. The initiation was shown to be a complex reaction. The electron‐donor/‐acceptor (EDA) complex of dodecanethiol (1) and cis‐2 formed in a pre‐equilibrium reacts with thiol 1 to give a stearyl and a sulfuranyl radical through molecule‐assisted homolysis (MAH) of the sulfur–hydrogen bond. Fragmentation of the latter gives the thiyl radical, which catalyzes the cis/trans isomerization. A computational study of the EDA complex, MAH reaction, and the sulfuranyl radical calculated that the activation energy of the isomerization was in good agreement with the experimental result of EA=82 kJ M−1. Overall, the results may explain that the thermal generation of thiyl radicals without any initiator is responsible for many well‐known thermally initiated addition reactions of thiol compounds to alkenes and their respective polymerizations and for the low shelf‐life stability of cis‐unsaturated thiol compounds and of mixtures of alkenes and thiol compounds.
Photoreduction of Mesoporous In2O3: Mechanistic Model and Utility in Gas Sensing
Authors: Wagner Thorsten , Kohl Claus‐Dieter , Morandi Sara , Malagù Cesare , Donato Nicola , Latino Mariangela , Neri Giovanni , Tiemann Michael
Published: May 2012

A model is proposed for the drop in electronic resistance of n‐type semiconducting indium oxide (In2O3) upon illumination with light (350 nm, 3.5 eV) as well as for the (light‐enhanced) sensitivity of In2O3 to oxidizing gases. Essential features of the model are photoreduction and a rate‐limiting oxygen‐diffusion step. Ordered, mesoporous In2O3 with a high specific surface area serves as a versatile system for experimental studies. Analytical techniques comprise conductivity measurements under a controlled atmosphere (synthetic air, pure N2) and temperature‐resolved in‐situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. IR measurements reveal that oxygen vacancies form a donor level 0.18 eV below the conduction band.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Ketones to Alkylidene Malonates
Authors: Syu Siang‐En , Huang Chan‐Hui , Chen Ko‐Wei , Lee Chia‐Jui , Das Utpal , Jang Yeong‐Jiunn , Lin Wenwei
Published: May 2012

Organocatalysts bearing sulfide or sulfone functions (1a, 1b, 1c, 1d) were studied for the direct asymmetric Michael addition of ketones and alkylidene malonates. The organocatalyst (S)‐2‐((naphthalen‐2‐ylthio)methyl)pyrrolidine, bearing a pyrrolidine and a sulfide moiety, showed a very high catalytic activity in the absence of additives. The reaction condition is mild, and the Michael adducts were obtained in very good enantioselectivities (up to 96%), diastereoselectivities (up to 95:5), and chemical yields (up to 95%). Chirality 24:600–605, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chaetoglobosin Vb from Endophytic Chaetomium Globosum: Absolute Configuration of Chaetoglobosins
Authors: Xue Min , Zhang Qiang , Gao Jin‐Ming , Li He , Tian Jun‐Mian , Pescitelli Gennaro
Published: May 2012

One new cytochalasan alkaloid, chaetoglobosin Vb (1), together with two structurally related known compounds, chaetoglobosin V (2) and chaetoglobosin G (3), was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a culture of the endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum, associated with the leaves of Ginkgo biloba tree. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The absolute configuration of chaetoglobosin Vb (1) was established by means of electronic circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, on the basis of the comparison between the CD spectrum of (+)‐1 with that calculated with time‐dependent density functional theory method for a simplified model. The correlation between compounds 1diss, 2, 3 was demonstrated by a biomimetic transformation of chaetoglobosin G (3) under mild conditions in chaetoglobosins V and Vb (1 and 2). The isolated metabolites were tested against some phytopathogens. Chirality 24:668–674, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of sulindac in individuals at risk for melanoma
Authors: Curiel‐Lewandrowski Clara , Swetter Susan M. , Einspahr Janine G. , Hsu Chiu‐Hsieh , Nagle Ray , Sagerman Paul , Tangrea Joseph , Parnes Howard , Alberts David S. , Chow Hsiao‐Hui
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:

Reduced melanoma risk has been reported with regular use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, the ability of NSAIDs to reach melanocytes in vivo and modulate key biomarkers in preneoplastic lesions such as atypical nevi has not been evaluated.

METHODS:

This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of sulindac was conducted in individuals with atypical nevi (AN) to determine bioavailability of sulindac and metabolites in nevi and effect on apoptosis and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression in AN. Fifty subjects with AN ≥4 mm in size and 1 benign nevus (BN) were randomized to sulindac (150 mg twice a day) or placebo for 8 weeks. Two AN were randomized for baseline excision, and 2 AN and BN were excised after intervention.

RESULTS:

Postintervention sulindac, sulindac sulfone, and sulindac sulfide concentrations were 0.31 ± 0.36, 1.56 ± 1.35, and 2.25 ± 2.24 μg/mL in plasma, and 0.51 ± 1.05, 1.38 ± 2.86, and 0.12 ± 0.12 μg/g in BN, respectively. Sulindac intervention did not significantly change VEGFA expression but did increase expression of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase‐3 in AN (increase of 3 ± 33 in sulindac vs decrease of 25 ± 45 in the placebo arm, P = .0056), although significance was attenuated (P = .1103) after adjusting for baseline expression.

CONCLUSIONS:

Eight weeks of sulindac intervention resulted in high concentrations of sulindac sulfone, a proapoptotic metabolite, in BN but did not effectively modulate VEGFA and cleaved caspase‐3 expression. Study limitations included limited exposure time to sulindac and the need to optimize a panel of biomarkers for NSAID intervention studies. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Fractures among long‐term survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Wilson Carmen L. , Dilley Kimberley , Ness Kirsten K. , Leisenring Wendy L. , Sklar Charles A. , Kaste Sue C. , Stovall Marilyn , Green Daniel M. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Robison Leslie L. , Kadan‐Lottick Nina S.
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:

Although reductions in bone mineral density are well documented among children during treatment for cancer and among childhood cancer survivors, little is known about the long‐term risk of fracture. The objective of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of and risk factors for fractures among individuals participating in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS).

METHODS:

Analyses included 7414 ≥5‐year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986 who completed the 2007 CCSS follow‐up questionnaire and a comparison group of 2374 siblings. Generalized linear models stratified by sex were used to compare the prevalence of reported fractures between survivors and siblings.

RESULTS:

The median ages at follow‐up among survivors and siblings were 36.2 years (range, 21.2‐58.8 years) and 38.1 years (range, 18.4‐62.6 years), respectively, with a median 22.7 years of follow‐up after cancer diagnosis for survivors. Approximately 35% of survivors and 39% of siblings reported ≥1 fracture during their lifetime. The prevalence of fractures was lower among survivors than among siblings, both in males (prevalence ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.81‐0.94; P < .001) and females (prevalence ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.86‐1.04; P = .22). In multivariable analyses, increasing age at follow‐up, white race, methotrexate treatment, and balance difficulties were associated with increased prevalence of fractures among female survivors (P = .015). Among males, only smoking history and white race were associated with an increased prevalence of fracture (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Findings from this study indicated that the prevalence of fractures among adult survivors did not increase compared with that of siblings. Additional studies of bone health among aging female cancer survivors may be warranted. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Cytomorphological and molecular genetic findings in pediatric thyroid fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Monaco Sara E. , Pantanowitz Liron , Khalbuss Walid E. , Benkovich Vanessa A. , Ozolek John , Nikiforova Marina N. , Simons Jeffrey P. , Nikiforov Yuri E.
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND:

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is largely based on data from adult studies. Although thyroid nodules in children are rare, the rate of malignancy is high. The authors' aim was to analyze the cytomorphology and mutational profiles in pediatric thyroid fine‐needle aspirations (FNAs).

METHODS:

Thyroid FNAs from patients 21 years old or younger were identified from the authors' pathology archive, categorized using the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, and correlated with histological and molecular follow‐up.

RESULTS:

A total of 179 samples from 142 patients were identified, including 96 cases (54%) with histological follow‐up and 66 cases (37%) with molecular data. The diagnoses included 21 (12%) unsatisfactory, 82 (46%) negative, 43 (24%) atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 19 (11%) suspicious for follicular neoplasm, 6 (3%) suspicious for malignancy, and 8 (4%) positive for malignancy. The rate of malignancy in each category was 0%, 7%, 28%, 58%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Of the 66 FNAs with molecular data, there were 11 (17%) positive for mutations. All mutation‐positive FNAs were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) on resection. The overall sensitivity and specificity in this population were 80% and 100%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study demonstrates that thyroid FNA in children is a sensitive and highly specific tool. There was a 17% positivity rate for a genetic mutation, which correlated with malignancy in all cases. In comparison to adults, there was a higher prevalence of RET/PTC mutations and lower prevalence of BRAF mutations, which may in part explain the less aggressive nature of PTCs reported in children. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Organization of antennal lobe‐associated neurons in adult Drosophila melanogaster brain
Authors: Tanaka Nobuaki K. , Endo Keita , Ito Kei
Published: May 2012

The primary olfactory centers of both vertebrates and insects are characterized by glomerular structure. Each glomerulus receives sensory input from a specific type of olfactory sensory neurons, creating a topographic map of the odor quality. The primary olfactory center is also innervated by various types of neurons such as local neurons, output projection neurons (PNs), and centrifugal neurons from higher brain regions. Although recent studies have revealed how olfactory sensory input is conveyed to each glomerulus, it still remains unclear how the information is integrated and conveyed to other brain areas. By using the GAL4 enhancer‐trap system, we conducted a systematic mapping of the neurons associated with the primary olfactory center of Drosophila, the antennal lobe (AL). We identified in total 29 types of neurons, among which 13 are newly identified in the present study. Analyses of arborizations of these neurons in the AL revealed how glomeruli are linked with each other, how different PNs link these glomeruli with multiple secondary sites, and how these secondary sites are organized by the projections of the AL‐associated neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4067–4130, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Doublecortin and doublecortin‐like are expressed in overlapping and non‐overlapping neuronal cell population: Implications for neurogenesis
Authors: Saaltink Dirk‐Jan , Håvik Bjarte , Verissimo Carla S. , Lucassen P.J. , Vreugdenhil Erno
Published: May 2012

We have characterized the expression of doublecortin‐like (DCL), a microtubule‐associated protein involved in embryonic neurogenesis that is highly homologous to doublecortin (DCX), in the adult mouse brain. To this end, we developed a DCL‐specific antibody and used this to compare DCL expression with DCX. In the neurogenic regions of the adult brain like the subventricular zone (SVZ), the rostral migratory stream (RMS), the olfactory bulb (OB), and the hippocampus, DCL colocalizes with DCX in immature neuronal cell populations. In contrast to DCX, we also found high DCL expression in three other brain regions with suspected neurogenesis or neuronal plasticity. First, the radial glia‐like, hypothalamic tanycytes show high DCL expression that partly colocalizes with the neural stem cell marker vimentin. Second, DCL expression is found in cells of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which lacks expression of the adult neuron marker NeuN. Third, a novel region exhibiting DCL expression is part of the olfactory tubercle where DCL is found in the neuropil of the islands of Calleja (ICj). Our findings define DCL as a novel marker for specific aspects of adult neurogenesis, which partly overlap with DCX. In addition, we propose unique roles for DCL in adult neurogenesis and we suggest high levels of neuronal plasticity in tanycytes, SCN, and ICj. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2805–2823, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Forebrain GABAergic projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus identified by using GAD67–GFP knock‐in mice
Authors: Bang Sun Jung , Commons Kathryn G.
Published: May 2012

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) contains serotonergic (5‐HT) neurons that project widely throughout the forebrain. These forebrain regions also receive innervation from non–5‐HT neurons in the DR. One of the main groups of non–5‐HT neurons in the DR is γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic, but their projections are poorly understood due to the difficulty of labeling these neurons immunohistochemically. To identify GABAergic projection neurons within the DR in the current study, we used a knock‐in mouse line in which expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is controlled by the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)67 promotor. Projections of GAD67–GFP neurons to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were evaluated by using retrograde tract tracing. The location of GAD67–GFP neurons projecting to each of these areas was mapped by rostrocaudal and dorsoventral location within the DR. Overall, 16% of DR neurons projecting to either the PFC or NAC were identified as GAD67–GFP neurons. GAD67–GFP neurons projecting to the PFC were most commonly found ventrally, in the rostral two‐thirds of the DR. NAC‐projecting GAD67–GFP neurons had an overlapping distribution that extended dorsally. GAD67–GFP neurons made a larger contribution to the projection of the DR to the LH, accounting for 36% of retrogradely labeled neurons, and were widespread throughout the DR. The current data indicate that DR GABAergic neurons not only may have the capacity to influence local network activity, but also make a notable contribution to DR output to multiple forebrain targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4157–4167, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of nitric oxide signaling pathways in the mouse retina
Authors: Blom Jan , Giove Tom , Deshpande Monika , Eldred William D.
Published: May 2012

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neuromodulator with physiological functions in every retinal cell type. NO is synthesized by several nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and often functions through its second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and protein kinase G (PKG). This study combined NO imaging, immunocytochemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to localize NO and its downstream signaling pathways in the mouse retina. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) was localized primarily in puncta in the inner plexiform layer, in amacrine cells, and in somata in the ganglion cell layer. Endothelial NOS was in blood vessels. Light‐stimulated NO production imaged with diaminofluorescein was present in somata in the inner nuclear layer and in synaptic boutons in the inner plexiform layer. The downstream target of NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), was in somata in the inner and outer nuclear layers and in both plexiform layers. Cyclic GMP immunocytochemistry was used functionally to localize sGC that was activated by an NO donor in amacrine, bipolar, and ganglion cells. Cyclic GMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) Iα was found in bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and both plexiform layers, whereas PKG II was found in the outer plexiform layer, amacrine cells, and somata in the ganglion cell layer. This study shows that the NO/cGMP/PKG signaling pathway is functional and widely distributed in specific cell types in the outer and inner mouse retina. A better understanding of these signaling pathways in normal retina will provide a firm basis for targeting their roles in retinal pathology. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4204–4217, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dye fills reveal additional olfactory tracts in the protocerebrum of wild‐type Drosophila
Authors: Tanaka Nobuaki K. , Suzuki Emiko , Dye Louis , Ejima Aki , Stopfer Mark
Published: May 2012

The antennal lobe (AL) is the primary olfactory center in insect brains. It receives sensory input from the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and sends, through its projection neurons (PNs), reformatted output to secondary olfactory centers, including the mushroom body (MB) calyx and the lateral horn (LH) in the protocerebrum. By injecting dye into the AL of wild‐type Drosophila, we identified previously unknown direct pathways between the AL and the ventrolateral, superior medial, and posterior lateral protocerebra. We found that most of these areas in the protocerebrum are connected with the AL through multiple tracts, suggesting that these areas are sites of convergence for olfactory information. Furthermore, areas such as the superior medial protocerebrum now appear to receive olfactory output both directly from the AL and indirectly from lobes of the MB and the LH, suggesting a degree of functional interaction among these areas. We also analyzed the length and number of fibers in each tract. We compare our results obtained from wild‐type flies with recent results from transgenic strains and discuss how information about odorants is distributed to multiple protocerebral areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:4131–4140, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concentrations of atomoxetine and its metabolites in plasma and oral fluid from paediatric patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Papaseit Esther , Marchei Emilia , Farré Magí , Garcia‐Algar Oscar , Pacifici Roberta , Pichini Simona
Published: May 2012

Atomoxetine (ATX) is a non‐stimulant drug approved for the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We aimed to study the excretion profile of ATX and its principal metabolites 4‐hydroxyatomoxetine (4‐OH‐ATX) and N‐desmethylatomoxetine (desmethyl‐ATX) in oral fluid and plasma of ADHD paediatric subjects, after administration of different dosage regimens. Oral fluid and plasma samples were obtained from one child and five adolescents treated with different ATX doses (18–60 mg/day). ATX and its metabolites were measured in oral fluid and plasma by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS). Apparent pharmacokinetic parameters of ATX in oral fluid and plasma were estimated for each subject. All analytes under investigation were detected in plasma samples with concentrations from 0.6 to 1065.7 ng/ml for ATX, 0.7 to 17.1 ng/ml for 4‐OH‐ATX and 0.7 to 126.2 ng/ml for desmethyl‐ATX. Only ATX and 4‐OH‐ATX were detected in oral fluid samples with concentrations from 0.5 to 36.0 ng/ml and 0.5 to 4.7 ng/ml, respectively. ATX concentrations in oral fluid were between one and two orders of magnitude lower than those in plasma. 4‐OH‐ATX was found in oral fluid at a peak concentration approximately one‐fourth those in plasma with a mean tmax of 2.3 in plasma and 3.0 h in oral fluid. The correlations between ATX and 4‐OH‐ATX concentrations in the two biological fluids indicate that oral fluid concentrations of this drug and its principal metabolite may be a predictor of plasma concentrations, even if values are too low and variable to be considered an alternative to plasma. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observed connection and individuation: Relation to symptoms in families of adolescents with bulimia nervosa
Authors: Thomas Sarah A. , Hoste Renee Rienecke , Le Grange Daniel
Published: May 2012

Objective:

To examine the relation between observed familial connection and individuation and adolescent bulimia nervosa (BN) symptoms.

Method:

As part of a treatment study for adolescent BN, adolescents (n = 54) and their parents participated in a videotaped semi‐structured interview. Participants were rated on observed connection and individuation from these interviews using the Scale of Intergenerational Relationship Quality and two measures of connection.

Results:

There was a significant negative relation between individuation from parents and adolescent BN symptoms. Connection both to and from mothers and adolescents was negatively associated with BN symptoms. Increased eating concern was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of expressing a desire for more connection with the family.

Discussion:

Investigating and understanding family factors present at the time of adolescent BN may assist in providing treatment specific to the needs of the family to best aid the adolescent's recovery process. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012;45:891–899)
The role of the Ord Arid Intrusion in the historical and contemporary genetic division of long‐tailed finch subspecies in northern Australia
Authors: Rollins Lee Ann , Svedin Nina , Pryke Sarah R. , Griffith Simon C.
Published: May 2012

The effect of separation by biogeographic features followed by secondary contact can blur taxonomic boundaries and produce complex genetic signatures. We analyzed population structure and gene flow across the range of the long‐tailed finch (Poephila acuticauda) in northern Australia (1) to test the hypothesis that Ord Arid Intrusion acted as the causative barrier that led to divergence of P. acuticauda subspecies, (2) to determine whether genetic data support the presence of a gradual cline across the range or a sudden shift, both of which have been suggested based on morphological data, and (3) to estimate levels of contemporary gene flow within this species complex. We collected samples from 302 individuals from 10 localities. Analyses of 12 microsatellite loci and sequence data from 333 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region were used to estimate population structure and gene flow, using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), haplotype network analysis, frequency statistics, and clustering methods. Mitochondrial sequence data indicated the presence of three genetic groups (regions) across the range of P. acuticauda. Genetic diversity was highest in the east and lowest in the west. The Ord Arid Intrusion appears to have functioned as a biogeographic barrier in the past, according to mtDNA evidence presented here and evidence from previous studies. The absence of isolation by distance between adjacent regions and the lack of population genetic structure of mtDNA within regions indicates that genetic changes across the range of P. acuticauda subspecies are characterized by discrete breaks between regions. While microsatellite data indicate a complete absence of genetic structure across this species’ range, it appears unlikely that this results from high levels of gene flow. Mitochondrial data do not support the presence of contemporary gene flow across the range of this species.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of (N‐Heterocyclic carbene)MCl Complexes of Group 11 Metals
Authors: Landers Brant , Navarro Oscar
Published: May 2012

The use of microwave heating for the synthesis of (N‐heterocyclic carbene)‐bearing complexes of Cu, Ag and Au allows for a drastic reduction of the reaction times required by conventional heating, while affording comparable or better yields of the desired complexes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Applications of Palladium Nanoparticle‐Cored Dendrimers Stabilized by Metal–Carbon Bonds
Authors: Kumar V. K. Ratheesh , Krishnakumar Sreedevi , Gopidas Karical R.
Published: May 2012

The synthesis and characterization of four generations of palladium nanoparticle‐cored Fréchet‐type dendrimers (Pd‐Gn) possessing direct palladium–carbon bonds are reported. These core–shell materials have been synthesized by the simultaneous reduction of different generation diazodendrons and PdII in an organic medium. The resulting organic–inorganic hybrid materials were characterized by IR, NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic techniques. The formation of nearly spherical particles of 2–4 nm diameter was confirmed by TEM studies. The efficiency of one member of this series, Pd‐G1, in catalysing important C–C bond‐forming reactions such as Suzuki, Stille and Hiyama coupling reactions was investigated. The results clearly show that Pd‐G1 can efficiently catalyse the cross‐coupling of arylboronic acids, aryl stannanes and organosilicon compounds with differently substituted aryl halides in addition to efficiently catalysing hydrogenation reactions. The catalyst exhibited good recovery and recyclability in Suzuki coupling reactions. The study suggests that a single catalyst capable of catalysing several reactions can be designed.
H‐β‐Zeolite‐Catalysed Hydroarylation of Styrenes
Authors: Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Patil Rajendra D. , Adimurthy Subbarayappa
Published: May 2012

The hydroarylation of styrenes with various arene(heteroarene) compounds using H‐β‐zeolite as a green and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst under mild reaction conditions has been developed. The catalyst showed versatility and high selectivity (up to 100 %) of desired 1,1‐diarylalkanes in cyclohexane as solvent under the conditions studied. The catalyst could be reactivated by simple treatment with mineral acid at room temperature for better catalytic activity.
Palladium Paste Nanocomposite Electrode as a New Metallic Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Oxidation and Nonenzymatic Amperometric Sensor in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Safavi Afsaneh , Tohidi Maryam
Published: May 2012

Palladium paste nanocomposite electrode was employed as an efficient electrocatalyst for ethanol oxidation and nonenzymatic amperometric ethanol sensor, in alkaline media. The combined application of unique properties of nanomaterials and ionic liquids results in electrodes with interesting advantages compared to the conventional Pd disk electrodes. High tolerance towards accumulation of carbonaceous species (CO‐like intermediates) and poisoning by strongly adsorbed species suggests this electrode suitable for many applications. The sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limit (20.0 µM), wide linear range (30.0 µM–1.6 M), ease of renewing the electrode surface, good long‐term stability and reproducibility for ethanol determination.
Effects of triclosan on marine benthic and epibenthic organisms
Authors: Perron Monique M. , Ho Kay T. , Cantwell Mark G. , Burgess Robert M. , Pelletier Marguerite C.
Published: May 2012

Triclosan is an antimicrobial compound that has been widely used in consumer products such as toothpaste, deodorant, and shampoo. Because of its widespread use, triclosan has been detected in various environmental media, including wastewater, sewage sludge, surface waters, and sediments. Triclosan is acutely toxic to numerous aquatic organisms, but very few studies have been performed on estuarine and marine benthic organisms. For whole sediment toxicity tests, the sediment-dwelling estuarine amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, and the epibenthic mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, are commonly used organisms. In the present study, median lethal concentration values (LC50) were obtained for both of these organisms using water-only and whole sediment exposures. Acute 96-h water-only toxicity tests resulted in LC50 values of 73.4 and 74.3 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. For the 7-d whole sediment toxicity test, LC50 values were 303 and 257 mg/kg (dry wt) for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. Using equilibrium partitioning theory, these whole sediment values are equivalent to interstitial water LC50 values of 230 and 190 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively, which are within a threefold difference of the observed 96-h LC50 water-only values. Triclosan was found to accumulate in polychaete tissue in a 28-d bioaccumulation study with a biota-sediment accumulation factor of 0.23 kg organic carbon/kg lipid. These data provide some of the first toxicity data for triclosan with marine benthic and epibenthic species while also indicating a need to better understand the effects of other forms of sediment carbon, triclosan ionization, and organism metabolism of triclosan on the chemical's behavior and toxicity in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1861–1866. © 2012 SETAC
Nonlinear acceleration of coupled fluid–structure transient thermal problems by Anderson mixing
Authors: Ganine V. , Hills N. J. , Lapworth B. L.
Published: May 2012

Conjugate heat‐transfer problems are typically solved using partitioned methods where fluid and solid subdomains are evaluated separately by dedicated solvers coupled through a common boundary. Strongly coupled schemes for transient analysis require fluid and solid problems to be solved many times each time step until convergence to a steady state. In many practical situations, a fairly simple and frequently employed fixed‐point iteration process is rather ineffective; it leads to a large number of iterations per time step and consequently to long simulation times. In this article, Anderson mixing is proposed as a fixed‐point convergence acceleration technique to reduce computational cost of thermal coupled fluid–solid problems. A number of other recently published methods with applications to similar fluid–structure interaction problems are also reviewed and analyzed. Numerical experiments are presented to illustrate relative performance of these methods on a test problem of rotating pre‐swirl cavity air flow interacting with a turbine disk. It is observed that performance of Anderson mixing method is superior to that of other algorithms in terms of total iteration counts. Additional computational savings are demonstrated by reusing information from previously solved time steps. Copyright © All rights reserved 2012 Rolls‐Royce plc.
Trends—Legislation: Legislative environment makes compliance crucial for corporate social responsibility programs
Authors: Jaramillo Gwendolyn W.
Published: May 2012

One of the challenges of working in the field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is that there are such varied ideas of what the term means. Some view CSR as an umbrella term for philanthropic endeavors, others as a guideline for legal risk management, and others as a public relations exercise. Whatever else CSR may be, it is a powerful tool for change both within a corporation and in its operating environment. However, leveraging the potential of CSR for maximum impact within an organization requires a thoughtful and thorough approach to implementation.
FERC regulation—electricity: FERC and NERC speed processing of electric reliability violations
Authors: Art Andrew , Smith Van
Published: May 2012

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) is the organization responsible for ensuring the reliability of the bulk‐power system (BPS) in the United States, Mexico, and Canada. NERC recently received approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to streamline the process for tracking and reporting violations of electric reliability standards. On March 15, FERC issued an order conditionally approving the proposed “Find, Fix, Track, and Report” (FFTR) process to expedite the enforcement process for violations of NERC Reliability Standards that pose lesser risk to the BPS.1 In its approval of NERC's new process, however, FERC included several conditions that narrow the range of potential violations eligible for the expedited process. FERC Chairman Jon Wellinghoff hailed the new process as “a major change in how [FERC] will enforce compliance with the Reliability Standards going forward.”2
The Alluvial Geoarchaeology of the Sanyangzhuang Site on the Yellow River Floodplain, Henan Province, China
Authors: Kidder Tristram , Liu Haiwang , Xu Qinghai , Li Minglin
Published: May 2012

The Sanyangzhuang site, Henan Province, China, has a 12‐m‐deep stratigraphic sequence with remains from the Tang (A.D. 618–907), late Western Han (ca. 140 B.C.–A.D. 23), Warring States (475–221 B.C.), Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age (ca. 5000–1500 B.C.), Middle Holocene, and Early Holocene times. All of the paleosols are deeply buried. We investigate four issues relevant to the archaeology of the lower Yellow River Valley. First, we confirm that the Yellow River flowed north toward Bohai Bay throughout most of the Holocene. Second, we expand understanding of Holocene paleoenvironments. Long episodes of landscape stability punctuated by brief periods of Yellow River flooding represent the dominant environmental pattern. Third, we investigate how the complex relationships between climate, culture, and the environment affect Yellow River flooding, which in turn shapes Chinese civilization and history. Flooding in late Western Han times affected a vast area of north‐central China; this catastrophe contributed to the downfall of the late Western Han Dynasty. Finally, this research sheds light on the role of Yellow River alluviation in site burial and preservation. Rapid alluviation in the region has buried many archaeological sites. Settlement pattern research needs to take seriously the limitations placed on site visibility in quickly aggrading floodplains. However, gentle alluviation has also preserved settlements and entire landscapes providing unparalleled opportunities to explore the archaeological and historical record of the lower Yellow River Valley.
Designing and Synthesis of Novel Amidated Fentanyl Analogs
Authors: Haghighatnia Yaghoub , Balalaie Saeed , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: May 2012

Some new amidated fentanyl (=N‐[1‐(2‐phenylethyl)piperidin‐4‐yl]‐N‐phenylpropanamide) analogs with a 4‐(N‐phenylamido)piperidine scaffold and additional amide bonds have been designed and synthesized through Ugi four‐component reaction (Ugi‐4CR). Good‐to‐high yields, diversity‐oriented synthesis, and possible applications in drug discovery are advantages of this approach.
Preparation of Isotope Labeled/Unlabeled Key Intermediates in 2‐Methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐Phosphate Terpenoid Biosynthetic Pathway
Authors: Li Heng , Dai Shao‐Bo , Gao Wen‐Yun
Published: May 2012

Naturally occurring terpenes constitute one of the largest groups of natural products with complicated and variable structures, and a great number of important biological activities. The 2‐methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway is a newly found and established biosynthetic route for terpenoids, and all the enzymes involved in this pathway can be used as targets for the screening of antibiotics. Progress in chemical and enzymatic preparation of the key intermediates in this pathway is reviewed with the emphasis on the synthesis of 1‐deoxy‐D‐xylulose 5‐phosphate and 2‐methyl‐D‐erythritol 4‐phosphate with isotope labels.
X‐Ray Structure Study of an Unusual 13,14,15,16‐Tetranorlabdane Derivative Obtained in the Synthesis of (7α)‐7,8‐Dihydroxy‐14,15‐dinorlabdane‐11,13‐dione
Authors: Kravtsov Victor C. , Gorincioi Elena C. , Barba Alic N. , Aricu Aculina N. , Lipkowski Janusz , Vlad Pavel F.
Published: May 2012

The unconventional (5S,7R,8S,9R,10S)‐configurated (−)‐7‐(acetyloxy)‐12,12‐dichloro‐8‐hydroxy‐13,14,15,16‐tetranorlabdan‐11‐one (2) was synthesized via the HCl‐promoted hydrolysis of (7α)‐7,8‐(isopropylidenedioxy)‐14,15‐dinorlabdan‐11,13‐dione (5). Possible mechanistic pathways of the reaction are considered. Crystal and molecular structures of the isolated compound 2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis.
Two New Octahydronaphthalene Derivatives from Trichoderma spirale, an Endophytic Fungus Derived from Aquilaria sinensis
Authors: Li Dong‐Li , Chen Yu‐Chan , Tao Mei‐Hua , Li Hao‐Hua , Zhang Wei‐Min
Published: May 2012

Two new octahydronaphthalene derivatives, trichodermic acid A (1) and trichodermic acid B (2), along with a known analog, trichodermic acid (3), and a known modified dipeptide, trichodermamide A (4), were isolated from the extract of Trichoderma spirale, an endophytic fungus present in the medicinal plant Aquilaria sinensis. The structures of these compounds were established by extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR and MS data.
Chirality Transfer in the Formation of Poly(oxymethylene) Helices by Anionic Polymerization
Authors: Miculka Christian , Noe Christian R. , Eppacher Simon
Published: May 2012

In this article, we present the synthesis of a series of oligo(oxymethylenes) capped with 1‐phenylethanol and MeOH. The anionic condition affords enantiomerically pure oligo(oxymethylene) oligomers, while the cationic oligomerization leads to a racemic mixture of the oligo(oxymethylene) chain.
Uncertainty in floodplain delineation: expression of flood hazard and risk in a Gulf Coast watershed
Authors: Christian Jason , Duenas‐Osorio Leonardo , Teague Aarin , Fang Zheng , Bedient Philip
Published: May 2012

This paper investigates the development of flood hazard and flood risk delineations that account for uncertainty as improvements to standard floodplain maps for coastal watersheds. Current regulatory floodplain maps for the Gulf Coastal United States present 1% flood hazards as polygon features developed using deterministic, steady‐state models that do not consider data uncertainty or natural variability of input parameters. Using the techniques presented here, a standard binary deterministic floodplain delineation is replaced with a flood inundation map showing the underlying flood hazard structure. Additionally, the hazard uncertainty is further transformed to show flood risk as a spatially distributed probable flood depth using concepts familiar to practicing engineers and software tools accepted and understood by regulators. A case study of the proposed hazard and risk assessment methodology is presented for a Gulf Coast watershed, which suggests that storm duration and stage boundary conditions are important variable parameters, whereas rainfall distribution, storm movement, and roughness coefficients contribute less variability. The floodplain with uncertainty for this coastal watershed showed the highest variability in the tidally influenced reaches and showed little variability in the inland riverine reaches. Additionally, comparison of flood hazard maps to flood risk maps shows that they are not directly correlated, as areas of high hazard do not always represent high risk. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.