bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATIONS ON THE REACTION COURSE OF DIETHYL 2‐CHLORO‐6‐METHYLPYRIDINE‐3,5‐DICARBOXYLATE WITH N‐ARYL‐ AND N‐ARYL‐N′‐ALKYLTHIOUREAS
Authors: SLADOWSKA H. , ZAWISZA T.
Published: April 2016

Der Chlor‐pyridincarbonsäureester (I) reagiert mit Thioharnstoffen (II) zu den Pyrido‐pyrimidinen (III), die teilweise zu den Säuren (IV) bzw. den Pyridinen (V) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ALKOXY‐6‐ARYL‐5‐CYANO‐4(3H)‐PYRIMIDINONES
Authors: PEREZ M. A. , SOTO J. L.
Published: April 2016

Die β‐Ketoester (I) liefern mit Diazomethan die Enolether (II), die durch Reaktion mit Cyanamid in Gegenwart von Na‐methylat und anschließende Hydrolyse zu den Harnstoffen (III) füh‐ . ren und weiter zu den Pyrimidinonen (IV) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 7‐HYDROXY‐8‐PHENYLXANTHINE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. DISPROPORTIONATION TO DERIVATIVES OF 8‐PHENYLXANTHINE AND 6‐AMINO‐5‐NITROSOURACIL
Authors: ZVILICHOVSKY G. , GARBI H. , NEMES E.
Published: April 2016

Aus 6‐Amino‐5‐nitroso‐uracil (I) erhält man mit den Benzaldehyden (II) die Kondensate (III), deren Reduktion zu (IV) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: P‐CHLOROBIS(BIS(TRIMETHYLSILYL)METHYLENE)PHOSPHORANE, THE FIRST P‐CHLOROBIS(METHYLENE)PHOSPHORANE
Authors: APPEL R. , WESTERHAUS A.
Published: April 2016

Dichlorphosphine (I) reagieren mit Bis‐trimethylsily1‐lithium‐chlormethan (II) zu den Bis‐methylenphosphoranen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOELEMENT AMINE/IMINE COMPOUNDS. XXIII. ROTAMERS OF AMINOPHOSPHINES AND AMINOPHOSPHORANES
Authors: SCHERER O. J. , PUETTMANN M. + , KRUEGER C. + , WOLMERSHAEUSER G. +
Published: April 2016

Die Diazaphosphasiletidine (II) lassen sich aus dem P‐Chloro‐ Analogen (I) und entsprechenden Li‐amiden oder Dimethylamin sowie aus den Silandiamiden (III) und entsprechenden Dichloroaminophosphinen darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: LOW‐COORDINATE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS. 10. SYNTHESIS OF A 1,3‐AZAPHOSPHETIDINE WITH EXOCYCLIC (P:C) DOUBLE BOND
Authors: APPEL R. , HALSTENBERG M. , KNOCH F. , KUNZE H.
Published: April 2016

Die 1 zl‐molare Umsetzung des Disilylphosphins (I) mit Benzoylisocyanid‐dichlorid (II) führt unter Zweifachkondensation und Silylverschiebung zum Phosphinomethylenphosphin (III), das aufgrund seiner leichten Cyclisierung zum 1,3‐Azaphosphetidin (IV) nicht isolierbar ist.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF TETRAMETHYL‐1,2‐DIOXETANE WITH TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE: ACTIVATION PARAMETERS FOR THE FORMATION OF 2,2‐DIHYDRO‐4,4,5,5‐TETRAMETHYL‐2,2,2‐TRIPHENYL‐1,3,2‐DIOXAPHOSPHOLANE
Authors: BAUMSTARK A. L. , BARRETT M. , KRAL K. M.
Published: April 2016

Tetramethyl‐1 ,2‐dioxetan (I) reagiert mit Triphenylphosphin (II) zum 1,3,2‐Dioxaphospholan (III), dessen Thermolyse zu Tetramethyl‐oxiran (IV) und Triphenylphosphinoxid (V) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC DIAZASTANNYLENES. XIV. TETRAMERIC 1‐OXA‐2‐SILA‐3‐AZA‐4Λ2‐STANNETIDINES WITH S4 SYMMETRY
Authors: VEITH M. , GROSSER M.
Published: April 2016

Das Stannylen (II) setzt sich mit dem Trimethoxybenzaldehyd (I) zu dem Trimethoxybenzaldehyd‐tert.‐butylimin (IV) und der im Titel genannten Verbindung (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLATION AND VINYLATION OF IRON PORPHYRINS. DOUBLE ELECTROCHEMICAL INDUCTION OF A NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION
Authors: LEXA D. , SAVEANT J.‐M.
Published: April 2016

Mittels cyclisch‐voltammetrischer Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, daß durch Elektrolyse einer Mischung von Aryl‐ oder Vinylhalogeniden (4‐Brombenzonitril, Iodbenzol, 1‐Bromnaphtha1in, 1‐Brom‐2,2‐bis‐[4‐chlorphenyl]‐ ethylen) mit einem Eisenporphyrin 0‐Aryl‐ und o‐Vinyleisenporphyrine gebildet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(II) Complexes of o‐Dimethylaminophenyldimethylphosphine, o‐Dimethylphosphinophenyldimethylarsine and Related Ligands.
Authors: HALE A. L. , LEVASON W. , TUTTLEBEE H. E.
Published: April 2016

Der Ligand L′ bildet mit Co‐halogeniden und ‐thiocyanat in EtOH oder 2‐Propanol nur l:l‐Komplexe (Ia), die pseudo‐ tetraedrisch koordiniert sind, liefert aber in Gegenwart von Co‐perchlorat in der gleichen Reaktion fünffach‐koordinierte low‐spin‐2:1‐Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: METAL ION COMPLEXES OF AMINO ACIDS. PART II. THE COPPER COMPLEXES OF THE α‐ AND β‐ISOMERS OF N‐OXALYL‐L‐α,β‐DIAMINOPROPIONIC ACID
Authors: O'BRIEN P. , NUNN P. B.
Published: April 2016

Die Cu‐Komplexe (I) und (II) wurden durch Reaktion äquimolarer Lösungen von Cu‐acetat und den Monohydraten der beiden Aminosäuren dargestellt unddurch Absorptionsmaxima, IR‐ und ESR‐ Spektren charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexes of the Platinum Metals. Part 22. Synthesis and Molecular Dynamics of 1,3‐Diaryltriazenido Derivatives.
Authors: CRESWELL C. J. , QUEIROS M. A. M. , ROBINSON S. D.
Published: April 2016

Da bei bisher bekannten Reaktionswegen ausgehend von Metallhydriden oder Metall(0)‐Komplexen der Bereich der Triazenido‐Komplexe begrenzt ist, wurden Reaktionen mit Halogenidkomplexen als Ausgangsverbindungen in Gegenwart von NEt3 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF AJUGARIN‐IV
Authors: KENDE A. S. , ROTH B. , KUBO I.
Published: April 2016

Nach an sich bekannten Verfahren wird aus dem Octalindion (I) in 21 Stufen da‐s Insekticid Ajugarin‐IV (II) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 4‐HYDROXYESTRADIOL TRIACETATE (ESTRA‐1,3,5(10)‐TRIENE‐3,4,17β‐TRIOL TRIACETATE)
Authors: KIRK D. N. , SLADE C. J.
Published: April 2016

Östradiol (Ia) reagiert mit Quecksilber(II)‐acetat in Gegenwart von Perchlorsäure zum Quecksilberderivat (Ib), das über das Diacetat in ein Gemisch aus 4‐Hydroxy‐östradioltriacetat (II) und Östradioldiacetat (III) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS OF 19‐HYDROXYSITOSTEROL
Authors: KOLYVANOVA T. S. , BAYUNOVA B. I. , GABINSKAYA K. N. , KOROBOVA YU. N. , GRINENKO G. S.
Published: April 2016

Man erhält das 3‐Acetat des 19‐4Hydroxy‐sitosterins (V) ausgehend von Sitosterin‐3‐acetat (I) (Sitosterin ist aus Abfällen der Holzverarbeitung zugänglich) über die Zwischenstufen (II), (III) und (IV) auf dem skizzierten Weg.
ChemInform Abstract: FLUOROSTEROIDS. VII. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF 6α‐FLUORO‐16α,17α‐ISOPROPYLIDENEDIOXYPREGNA‐1,4‐DIENE‐11.BETA# .,21‐DIOL‐3,20‐DIONE DERIVATIVES.
Authors: RYZHKOVA V. M. , GUSAROVA T. I. , GRINENKO G. S. , GERASIMOVA M. L. , BYKOVA T. M. , KLUBNICHKINA G. A. , TEREKHINA A. I. , GRITSINA G. I. , KURGLOVA O. N. , ANTIPOVA L. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Einführung der Al‐Doppelbindung in das Pregnenolon (I) zu (II) gelingt mit Hilfe von Selenigsäuredimethylester oder auf mikrobiellem Wege mittels Corynebacterium simplex.
Gyration and Permittivity of Ethylenediammonium Sulfate Crystals
Authors: Nichols Shane , Martin Alexander , Choi Joshua , Kahr Bart
Published: April 2016

Ethylenediammonium sulfate (EDS) crystals were grown from aqueous solution and cleaved into thin (100–500 micron) plates. The 422 point group of EDS was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The constitutive relations of EDS crystals were determined through generalized ellipsometry with an instrument that uses four photoelastic modulators (4PEM). The optical rotation at 500 nm, for example, was + 22.9°/mm along the optic axis and − 12.1°/mm perpendicular to the optic axis for the P41212 crystals. Enantiomorphous twins frequently form across the (001) plane. Mirrored halves must be separated by cleavage in advance of optical measurements. Chirality 28:460–465, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Verbesserung von Kunstharzbeschichtungen durch Nanopartikel mit maßgeschneiderter Oberflächenmodifizierung
Authors: Kockmann Alexander , Hesselbach Jutta , Schilde Carsten , Kwade Arno , Garnweitner Georg
Published: April 2016

Polymere Nanokomposite erfahren heutzutage zunehmende Bedeutung für die Erzeugung funktioneller Beschichtungen. Zu diesem Zweck werden maßgeschneiderte modifizierte Nanopartikel in eine Harzmatrix eingebracht und die Eigenschaften einer so erzeugten Beschichtung wesentlich verbessert. In dieser Arbeit wird der Zusammenhang der gesamten Prozesskette, von der Synthese bis zur Charakterisierung der Schichten, mit besonderem Blick auf die partikuläre Oberflächenchemie untersucht. Auf diese Weise kann dieser Einfluss aus einer Hand überprüft und Randeffekte weitgehend vermieden werden.
Increased MMP‐7 expression in biliary epithelium and serum underpins native liver fibrosis after successful portoenterostomy in biliary atresia
Authors: Kerola Anna , Lampela Hanna , Lohi Jouko , Heikkilä Päivi , Mutanen Annika , Hagström Jaana , Tervahartiala Taina , Sorsa Timo , Haglund Caj , Jalanko Hannu , Pakarinen Mikko P.
Published: April 2016

The molecular mechanisms underlying progressive liver fibrosis following surgical treatment of biliary atresia (BA) remain unclear. Our aim was to address hepatic gene and protein expression and serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) after successful portoenterostomy (PE), and relate them to histological signs of liver injury, clinical follow‐up data and biochemical markers of hepatic function. LIver biopsies and serum samples were obtained from 25 children after successful PE at median age of 3.3 years. Serum MMP concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immune sorbent assay. Hepatic gene expression of MMPs and TIMPs was analyzed using real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR. Liver expression of MMP‐7 and cytokeratin‐7 was studied using immunohistochemistry. Despite effective clearance of biochemical and histological cholestasis following PE, BA patients showed increased hepatic gene expression of MMP‐7 (29‐fold, p < 0.001), MMP‐2 (3.1‐fold, p < 0.001), MMP‐14 (1.7‐fold, p = 0.007), and TIMP‐1 (1.8‐fold, p < 0.001), when compared to controls. Similar to a biliary epithelial marker cytokeratin‐7, expression of MMP‐7 localized in biliary epithelium of bile ducts and ductal proliferations and periportal hepatocytes and was increased (p < 0.001) in relation to controls. BA patients had 6‐fold higher serum levels of MMP‐7 (p < 0.001), which correlated positively with hepatic MMP‐7 gene (r = 0.548, p = 0.007) and protein (r = 0.532, p = 0.007) expression. Patients showed a positive correlation between biliary MMP‐7 expression and Metavir fibrosis stage (r = 0.605, p = 0.001) and portal fibrosis grade (r = 0.606, p = 0.001). Neither similarly increased MMP‐7 expression nor correlation with liver fibrosis was observed in patients with intestinal failure‐associated liver disease and comparable Metavir stage. In conclusion, our findings support an unique role of altered hepatic expression of MMP‐7 in the progression of liver fibrosis after successful PE and introduce a potential therapeutic target to pharmacologically extend native liver survival by inhibiting MMP‐7 hyperactivity. Serum MMP‐7 may be a valuable postoperative prognostic tool in BA.
Rab GTPase signaling in neurite outgrowth and axon specification
Authors: Villarroel‐Campos David , Bronfman Francisca C. , Gonzalez‐Billault Christian
Published: April 2016

Neurons are highly polarized cells that contain specialized subcellular domains involved in information transmission in the nervous system. Specifically, the somatodendritic compartment receives neuronal inputs while the axons convey information through the synapse. The establishment of asymmetric domains requires a specific delivery of components, including organelles, proteins, and membrane. The Rab family of small GTPases plays an essential role in membrane trafficking. Signaling cascades triggered by extrinsic and intrinsic factors tightly regulate Rab functions in cells, with Rab protein activation depending on GDP/GTP binding to establish a binary mode of action. This review summarizes the contributions of several Rab family members involved in trans‐Golgi, early/late endosomes, and recycling endosomes during neurite development and axonal outgrowth. The regulation of some Rabs by guanine exchanging factors and GTPase activating proteins will also be addressed. Finally, discussion will be provided on how specific effector‐mediated Rab activation modifies several molecules essential to neuronal differentiation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positively charged residues within the MYO19 MyMOMA domain are essential for proper localization of MYO19 to the mitochondrial outer membrane
Authors: Hawthorne Jenci L. , Mehta Prachi R. , Singh Pali P. , Wong Nathan Q. , Quintero Omar A.
Published: April 2016

Myosins are well characterized molecular motors essential for intracellular transport. MYO19 copurifies with mitochondria, and can be released from mitochondrial membranes by high pH buffer, suggesting that positively‐charged residues participate in interactions between MYO19 and mitochondria. The MYO19‐specific mitochondria outer membrane association (MyMOMA) domain contains approximately 150 amino acids with a pI approximately 9 and is sufficient for localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane. The minimal sequence and specific residues involved in mitochondrial binding have not been identified. To address this, we generated GFP‐MyMOMA truncations, establishing the boundaries for truncations based on sequence homology. We identified an 83‐amino acid minimal binding region enriched with basic residues (pI ∼ 10.5). We sequentially replaced basic residues in this region with alanine, identifying residues R882 and K883 as essential for mitochondrial localization. Constructs containing the RK882‐883AA mutation primarily localized with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To determine if ER‐associated mutant MyMOMA domain and mitochondria‐associated wild type MyMOMA display differences in kinetics of membrane interaction, we paired FRAP analysis with permeabilization activated reduction in fluorescence (PARF) analysis. Mitochondria‐bound and ER‐bound MYO19 constructs displayed slow dissociation from their target membrane when assayed by PARF; both constructs displayed exchange within their respective organelle networks. However, ER‐bound mutant MYO19 displayed more rapid exchange within the ER network than did mitochondria‐bound MYO19. Taken together these data indicate that the MyMOMA domain contains strong membrane‐binding activity, and membrane targeting is mediated by a specific, basic region of the MYO19 tail with slow dissociation kinetics appropriate for its role(s) in mitochondrial network dynamics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new device color gamut boundary description algorithm based on irregular segmentation
Authors: Yin Zhang , Yongwen Jiang , Maohai Lin
Published: April 2016

The description of device color gamut is very important for color gamut mapping, which plays an important role in cross‐media color reproduction. To get a more accurate color gamut boundary, several gamut boundary description (GBD) methods have been presented in the past; however, many problems still exist in the current algorithm (e.g., accuracy and speed). In this study, we propose a new device GBD method based on irregular segmentation and evaluate it against other GBD algorithms. In the irregular segmentation method, the device color gamut is divided into the high‐chroma and the low‐chroma color parts, and the high‐chroma parts are divided into more segments through the CIELAB a*b* plane when calculating color gamut descriptors. After that, in each segment, the radii between the color points and the center point are calculated. For the color points located in the high‐chroma parts, the color point with the biggest radius is selected as the gamut boundary descriptor, and for that in the low‐chroma parts, if the corresponding outer segments are empty, the color point with the biggest radius is selected as the gamut boundary descriptor. Then, the gamut boundary descriptors are visualized in CIELAB color space using triangulation method. Finally, the irregular segmentation method is evaluated in contrast with other GBD methods using gamut mismatch index. The results show that the irregular segmentation method performs better in accuracy and has smaller variance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 173–181, 2017
Diastereoselective Three‐Component Cascade Reaction to Construct Oxindole‐Fused Spirotetrahydro­furochroman Scaffolds for Drug Discovery
Authors: Qiu Lin , Wang Dongwei , Lei Yubing , Gao Lixin , Liu Shunying , Li Jia , Hu Wenhao
Published: April 2016

A one‐pot synthesis of new oxindole‐fused polycyclic scaffolds is reported. The process involves a three‐component [3+2] cycloaddition followed by cyclization through an intramolecular Michael addition. The reaction gives easy access to oxindole‐fused spirotetrahydrofurochromans in moderate to good yields with high regio‐ and diastereoselectivity. These compounds could be useful for for drug discovery. Further modification was achieved by reduction of the nitro group, and intramolecular amide formation to give the corresponding lactams. The resulting heterocyclic products show good inhibitory activity against the enzyme PTP1B in vitro.
Baylis–Hillman Acetates in Synthesis: Copper(I)/tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide Promoted One‐Pot Oxidative Intramolecular Cyclization Protocol for the Preparation of Pyrrole‐Fused Compounds and the Formal Synthesis of (±)‐Crispine A
Authors: Basavaiah Deevi , Lingaiah Balthu , Reddy Guddeti Chandrashekar , Sahu Bharat Chandra
Published: April 2016

A convenient one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of benzo‐fused and indole‐fused indolizines from Baylis–Hillman acetates was developed. This strategy involves CuBr/tert‐butyl hydroperoxide promoted oxidation, intramolecular cyclization, and aromatization as key steps. The efficacy of this methodology was demonstrated by the formal synthesis of (±)‐crispine A, a biologically active molecule.
Commercial Copper Foam as an Effective 3D Porous Electrode for Nonenzymatic Glucose Detection
Authors: Bie Lili , Luo Xue , Kang Luqi , He Daiping , Jiang Ping
Published: April 2016

Commercially available copper foam (CF) was used as a 3D porous electrochemical sensing platform for nonenzymatic glucose detection. CF shows high electrocatalytic activity towards glucose oxidation and can be used directly for glucose electrochemical sensing without any pretreatment. The sensor exhibits high performance towards glucose in 0.1 M NaOH solution with the linear range from 1 μM to 0.5 mM, the sensitivity of 5.85 mA mM−1 cm−2 and the detection limit of 0.5 μM (S/N=3) simultaneously. Furthermore, the sensor shows a high selectivity for glucose against the common interferences and good reliability for glucose detection in human serum samples.
Immobilization and enhanced catalytic activity of lipase on modified MWCNT for oily wastewater treatment
Authors: Jamie Ammar , Alshami Ali S. , Maliabari Zuhair O. , Ali Ateih Muataz , Al Hamouz Othman Charles S.
Published: April 2016

In this article, we report results of experiments on covalent immobilization of Candidia rugosa lipase enzyme on modified multiwall carbon nanotubes (MW‐CNTs) for oily wastewater treatment application. MWCNTs were produced using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and surface‐modified by nitric acid and organic cross‐linkers. Successful attachment and high enzyme loading up to 30 wt % was confirmed via FTIR and TGA analysis. Enzymatic activity and loading, which are dependent on the oxidized MWCNT surfaces, cross‐linker types and concentrations, resulted with high thermal and operational stability in the microenvironment conditions. This demonstrates the potential for improved resistance to the severe conditions in industrial applications. Furthermore, the CNTs‐immobilized enzyme yielded a catalytic activity about 93 times higher than those immobilized on other reported support materials. Up to 98% biological activity retention was also achieved, marking a significant improvement over literature‐reported activities (1–20%). Titrimetric analysis of hydrolyzed samples using MWCNT‐Lipase (after 1 hr reaction time at 37°C) resulted in an enzymatic activity increase of about five times over those from lyophilized lipase. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1441–1449, 2016
Structural collapse correlative analysis using phenomenological fiber hinge elements to simulate two‐directional column deteriorations
Authors: Kasai Kazuhiko , Nam Tran‐Tuan , Maison Bruce F.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents three‐dimensional nonlinear dynamic analyses of a full‐scale four‐story steel building tested to collapse in 2007 at the E‐Defense shake‐table facility in Japan, using strong ground motion. Local buckling and consequent strength deterioration of all six columns at the first‐story level were observed as the main reason for the building collapse. Fiber hinge element that consists of fibers discretizing the column cross section is used model each end of the column. It has zero length but considers finite yield‐zone length for the fiber to simulate elastoplastic behavior and local buckling. Other parts of the building are modeled by standard column, beam, truss, and spring elements. Despite the unavoidable limitation of the parameters defining the fiber hinge element's properties that are empirically determined from the behavior of the cantilever column tested using an identical steel member, the analysis using the element appears to simulate well the column behavior because of the axial load and biaxial bending moment whose relative magnitudes differ considerably because of the locations. The analysis results indicate different deterioration patterns of the columns and effects of complex loading such as compression and tensile axial load applied alternately, additional high frequency axial load caused by vertical accelerations, and shifting of the principal directions of the bending moments cycle by cycle. Responses such as story drift, accelerations, base shear, and energy dissipation are also simulated well, and progress of local deterioration in the first‐story columns and global soft‐story mechanism is clarified by the analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced CFD Analysis of an Air‐cooled PEM Fuel Cell Stack Predicting the Loss of Performance with Time
Authors: Fink C. , Karpenko‐Jereb L. , Ashton S.
Published: April 2016

The PEM fuel cell simulation package developed by AVL List GmbH is coupled with a semi‐empirical degradation model describing the dependency of material parameters on operating conditions. The CFD model calculates the 3D distributions of electronic/ionic potentials, velocity, pressure, phase volume fractions, gas species mass fractions, and temperature in all solids and fluids of PEM fuel cell stacks, as well as water concentration and hydraulic pressure in the membrane. The degradation model modifies membrane and catalyst layer parameters according to local operating conditions and given operating time during the simulation run‐time. Calculated distributions of current density and temperature are compared to experimental data of an air‐cooled PEM fuel cell stack obtained with segmented measurement plates. For the validation of the degradation model, calculated current density decay vs. operating time are compared to through‐life polarization measurements. The good agreement between measurement and simulation demonstrates the ability of the model to predict the complex physical phenomena taking place in PEM fuel cells with high accuracy.
Cell division patterns and chromosomal segregation defects in oral cancer stem cells
Authors: Kaseb Hatem O. , Lewis Dale W. , Saunders William S. , Gollin Susanne M.
Published: April 2016

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a serious public health problem caused primarily by smoking and alcohol consumption or human papillomavirus. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory posits that CSCs show unique characteristics, including self‐renewal and therapeutic resistance. Examining biomarkers and other features of CSCs is critical to better understanding their biology. To this end, the results show that cellular SOX2 immunostaining correlates with other CSC biomarkers in OSCC cell lines and marks the rare CSC population. To assess whether CSC division patterns are symmetrical, resulting in two CSC, or asymmetrical, leading to one CSC and one cancer cell, cell size and fluorescence intensity of mitotic cells stained with SOX2 were analyzed. Asymmetrical SOX2 distribution in ≈25% of the mitoses analyzed was detected. Chromosomal instability, some of which is caused by chromosome segregation defects (CSDs), is a feature of cancer cells that leads to altered gene copy numbers. We compare chromosomal instability (as measured by CSDs) between CSCs (SOX2+) and non‐CSCs (SOX2−) from the same OSCC cell lines. CSDs were more common in non‐CSCs (SOX2−) than CSCs (SOX2+) and in symmetrical CSC (SOX2+) mitotic pairs than asymmetrical CSC (SOX2+/SOX2−) mitotic pairs. CSCs showed fewer and different types of CSDs after ionizing radiation treatment than non‐CSCs. Overall, these data are the first to demonstrate both symmetrical and asymmetrical cell divisions with CSDs in OSCC CSC. Further, the results suggest that CSCs may undergo altered behavior, including therapeutic resistance as a result of chromosomal instability due to chromosome segregation defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Paleohydrological Changes in Highland Desert Rivers and Human Occupation, 7000‐3000 Cal. Yr B.P., South‐Central Andes, Argentina
Authors: Grana Lorena , Tchilinguirian Pablo , Hocsman Salomón , Escola Patricia , Maidana Nora I.
Published: April 2016

This article focuses on local paleohydrological changes experienced by the Las Pitas and Miriguaca Rivers in the south‐central Andes of Argentina and their impacts on hunter‐gatherers as they transitioned to food‐producing communities 7000–3000 cal. yr B.P. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on geomorphology, alluvial sedimentology, and diatom evidence indicates a dry phase of reduced streamflow between ca. 6700 and 4800 cal. yr B.P. for the Las Pitas River, and 6600 and 3000 cal. yr B.P. for the Miriguaca River. A phase of more humid environmental conditions commenced after ca. 4900 cal. yr B.P. along the Las Pitas River, and after 3000 cal. yr B.P. along the Miriguaca River. Differences in the chronology and magnitude of hydrological changes along both rivers are related to topographic and hydrological characteristics of their respective watersheds. Higher catchment elevation and enhanced orographic precipitation favored greater sensitivity for the Las Pitas River to short humid events during the middle‐to‐late Holocene. The archaeological evidence suggests that the paleohydrological changes within these catchments played a significant role in human occupational dynamics such that the Las Pitas River offered better environmental conditions for human occupation relative to the Miriguaca River as foragers increasingly relied on plant and animal domestication.
Cenozoic positive inversion tectonics and its migration in the East China Sea Shelf Basin
Authors: Zhang Guohua , Li Sanzhong , Suo Yanhui , Zhang Jianpei
Published: April 2016

Based on detailed analysis of the inversion tectonics in each of the secondary tectonic units of the East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), this paper suggests that the Cenozoic positive inversion tectonics in the basin are typically anticlines of various shapes associated with thrusts. Four stages of tectonic inversions are recognized in the basin related to the Oujiang Movement (T80), the Yuquan Movement (T30), the Huagang Movement (T20) and the Longjing Movement (T12), and these four inversion stages are temporally and spatially distinct. Temporally, the tectonic inversion in the West Depression Group tended to weaken, relatively, from the Oujiang Movement (T80) to the Huagang Movement (T20), while the Longjing Movement (T12) does not show an obvious inversion signature. Spatially, the Longjing Movement tectonic inversion in the Xihu and Diaobei sags of the East Depression Group shows a pronounced reduction in intensity from north to south. The tectonic inversion in the East Depression Group tended to intensify, relatively, from the Yuquan Movement (T30), through the Huagang Movement (T20) to the Longjing Movement (T12). The intensity distribution, migration and evolution of Cenozoic inversions in the ECSSB are local responses to the synthetic effect of the convergence and subduction rates, and direction changes between the Pacific and Eurasian plates and/or between the Indian and Eurasian plates. In particular, the eastward migration of positive inversion tectonics in the ECSSB is closely and successively related to the formation of the East Depression Group and the opening of the Okinawa Trough. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LSD alters eyes‐closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion
Authors: Roseman Leor , Sereno Martin I. , Leech Robert , Kaelen Mendel , Orban Csaba , McGonigle John , Feilding Amanda , Nutt David J. , Carhart‐Harris Robin L.
Published: April 2016

The question of how spatially organized activity in the visual cortex behaves during eyes‐closed, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)‐induced “psychedelic imagery” (e.g., visions of geometric patterns and more complex phenomena) has never been empirically addressed, although it has been proposed that under psychedelics, with eyes‐closed, the brain may function “as if” there is visual input when there is none. In this work, resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC) data was analyzed from 10 healthy subjects under the influence of LSD and, separately, placebo. It was suspected that eyes‐closed psychedelic imagery might involve transient local retinotopic activation, of the sort typically associated with visual stimulation. To test this, it was hypothesized that, under LSD, patches of the visual cortex with congruent retinotopic representations would show greater RSFC than incongruent patches. Using a retinotopic localizer performed during a nondrug baseline condition, nonadjacent patches of V1 and V3 that represent the vertical or the horizontal meridians of the visual field were identified. Subsequently, RSFC between V1 and V3 was measured with respect to these a priori identified patches. Consistent with our prior hypothesis, the difference between RSFC of patches with congruent retinotopic specificity (horizontal–horizontal and vertical–vertical) and those with incongruent specificity (horizontal–vertical and vertical–horizontal) increased significantly under LSD relative to placebo, suggesting that activity within the visual cortex becomes more dependent on its intrinsic retinotopic organization in the drug condition. This result may indicate that under LSD, with eyes‐closed, the early visual system behaves as if it were seeing spatially localized visual inputs. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3031–3040, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neural correlates of spatial and nonspatial attention determined using intracranial electroencephalographic signals in humans
Authors: Park Ga Young , Kim Taekyung , Park Jinsick , Lee Eun Mi , Ryu Han Uk , Kim Sun I. , Kim In Young , Kang Joong Koo , Jang Dong Pyo , Husain Masud
Published: April 2016

Few studies have directly compared the neural correlates of spatial attention (i.e., attention to a particular location) and nonspatial attention (i.e., attention to a feature in the visual scene) using well‐controlled tasks. Here, we investigated the neural correlates of spatial and nonspatial attention in humans using intracranial electroencephalography. The topography and number of electrodes showing significant event‐related desynchronization (ERD) or event‐related synchronization (ERS) in different frequency bands were studied in 13 epileptic patients. Performance was not significantly different between the two conditions. In both conditions, ERD in the low‐frequency bands and ERS in the high‐frequency bands were present bilaterally in the parietal cortex (prominently on the right hemisphere) and frontal regions. In addition to these common changes, spatial attention involved right‐lateralized activity that was maximal in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL), whereas nonspatial attention involved wider brain networks including the bilateral parietal, frontal, and temporal regions, but still had maximal activity in the right parietal lobe. Within the parietal lobe, spatial attention involved ERD or ERS in the right SPL, whereas nonspatial attention involved ERD or ERS in the right inferior parietal lobule. These findings reveal that common as well as different brain networks are engaged in spatial and nonspatial attention. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3041–3054, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coagulation parameters and major bleeding in critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Drolz Andreas , Horvatits Thomas , Roedl Kevin , Rutter Karoline , Staufer Katharina , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Holzinger Ulrike , Zauner Christian , Schellongowski Peter , Heinz Gottfried , Perkmann Thomas , Kluge Stefan , Trauner Michael , Fuhrmann Valentin
Published: April 2016

Disturbances of coagulation and hemostasis are common in patients with liver cirrhosis. The typical laboratory pattern mimics disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of routine coagulation parameters in critically ill cirrhosis patients with regard to new onset of major bleeding and outcome. A total of 1,493 critically ill patients were studied prospectively. Routine coagulation parameters were assessed, and the DIC score was calculated based on platelets, fibrinogen, d‐dimer, and prothrombin index. New onset of major bleeding during the stay at the intensive care unit and mortality were assessed. Patients were followed for 1 year. Two hundred eleven patients of the cohort had liver cirrhosis. Platelets, fibrinogen, prothrombin index, activated partial thromboplastin time, and d‐dimer as well as the DIC score differed significantly between patients with and without cirrhosis (P < 0.001 for all). Moreover, fibrinogen, platelets, and activated partial thromboplastin time (but not prothrombin index) differed significantly between cirrhosis patients with and without major bleeding (P < 0.01 for all). Bleeding on admission, platelet count <30 < 109/L, fibrinogen level <60 mg/dL, and activated partial thromboplastin time values >100 seconds were the strongest independent predictors for new onset of major bleeding in multivariate regression analysis. One‐year mortality in cirrhosis patients with and without major bleeding was 89% and 68%, respectively (P < 0.05 between groups). Conclusion: Abnormal coagulation parameters and high DIC scores (primarily due to fibrinogen and platelets) correspond to increased bleeding risk in patients with liver cirrhosis in the intensive care unit, and fibrinogen and platelet count were identified as the best routine coagulation parameters for prediction of new onset of major bleeding; however, further studies are required to evaluate the potential therapeutic implications of these findings. (Hepatology 2016;64:556‐568)
Identification of extreme events using drought indices and their impact on the Danube lower basin discharge
Authors: Mares Constantin , Mares Ileana , Mihailescu Mihaela
Published: April 2016

In this study extreme droughts and extremely wet periods in the Danube upper and middle basin (DUMB) have been highlighted with specific indices. The most widely used indices have been considered to estimate both the dry and wet phenomena severity and the frequency or spatio‐temporal extension. The climatic condition of 15 meteorological stations situated in the Danube basin has been evaluated using four indices: Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI), Weighted PDSI (WPLM) and Palmer Z‐index (ZIND). The four indices have been analysed separately for each of the four seasons between 1901 and 2000. First the internal structure of the time series of the four indices has been analysed separately. Then the overall temporal characteristic has been analysed by means of the principal component of the Multivariate Empirical Orthogonal Functions decomposition of the four indices (PC1‐MEOF). For the discharge in the Danube lower basin, station Orsova has been chosen, representing an integrator of the discharges from the DUMB. A very close connection has been found between Palmer indices and Danube discharge in all seasons (with correlation coefficients greater then 0.80) excepting the spring season. A classification in five classes of both the four indices separately and the PC1‐MEOF has been achieved in order to highlight extreme events. The impact of phenomena quantified by Palmer indices in DUMB upon discharges in Danube lower basin is evident. It was demonstrated in this study that the Greenland‐Balkan Oscillation (GBO) influences the south‐east European hydro‐climatic regime more than the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proposal of a framework for scale-up life cycle inventory: A case of nanofibers for lithium iron phosphate cathode applications
Authors: Simon Bálint , Bachtin Krystyna , Kiliç Ali , Amor Ben , Weil Marcel
Published: April 2016

Environmental assessments are crucial for the management of the environmental impacts of a product in a rapidly developing world. The design phase creates opportunities for acting on the environmental issues of products using life cycle assessment (LCA). However, the LCA is hampered by a lack of information originating from distinct scales along the product or technology value chain. Many studies have been undertaken to handle similar problems, but these studies are case-specific and do not analyze the development options in the initial design phase. Thus, systematic studies are needed to determine the possible scaling. Knowledge from such screening studies would open the door for developing new methods that can tackle a given scaling problem. The present article proposes a scale-up procedure that aims to generate a new life cycle inventory (LCI) on a theoretical industrial scale, based on information from laboratory experiments. Three techniques are described to obtain the new LCI. Investigation of a laboratory-scale procedure is discussed to find similar industrial processes as a benchmark for describing a theoretical large-scale production process. Furthermore, LCA was performed on a model system of nanofiber electrospinning for Li-ion battery cathode applications. The LCA results support material developers in identifying promising development pathways. For example, the present study pointed out the significant impacts of dimethylformamide on suspension preparation and the power requirements of distinct electrospinning subprocesses. Nanofiber-containing battery cells had greater environmental impacts than did the reference cell, although they had better electrochemical performance, such as better wettability of the electrode, improving the electrode's electrosorption capacity, and longer expected lifetime. Furthermore, material and energy recovery throughout the production chain could decrease the environmental impacts by 40% to 70%, making the nanofiber a promising battery cathode. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:465–477. © 2016 SETAC

Key Points

Scale-up procedure in life cycle assessment (LCA) is extremely important in the rapid developing technological environment in order to manage the growing environmental problems through environmentally conscious design of new materials. Recent publications and studies offer some promising techniques to handle the problem of different scales in LCA, even though they are not always feasible in low technology readiness levels (TRL 1–3). We propose a general process-scaling framework in order to gain information on theoretical large-scale production in the early development phase. We describe an example of the application of the proposed framework to scale-up the inventory of nanofiber production for a lithium iron phosphate battery cathode.
Forecasting With the Standardized Self‐Perturbed Kalman Filter
Authors: Grassi Stefano , Nonejad Nima , De Magistris Paolo Santucci
Published: April 2016

We propose and study the finite‐sample properties of a modified version of the self‐perturbed Kalman filter of Park and Jun (Electronics Letters1992;28: 558–559) for the online estimation of models subject to parameter instability. The perturbation term in the updating equation of the state covariance matrix is weighted by the estimate of the measurement error variance. This avoids the calibration of a design parameter as the perturbation term is scaled by the amount of uncertainty in the data. It is shown by Monte Carlo simulations that this perturbation method is associated with a good tracking of the dynamics of the parameters compared to other online algorithms and to classical and Bayesian methods. The standardized self‐perturbed Kalman filter is adopted to forecast the equity premium on the S&P 500 index under several model specifications, and determines the extent to which realized variance can be used to predict excess returns. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐articular Injection of platelet‐rich fibrin releasates in combination with bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of articular cartilage defects: An in vivo study in rabbits
Authors: Wu Chang‐Chin , Sheu Shi‐Yuan , Hsu Li‐Ho , Yang Kai‐Chiang , Tseng Chia‐Chuan , Kuo Tzong‐Fu
Published: April 2016

The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can be differentiated into chondrocytes under specific conditions, has been proposed for the treatment of cartilage defects. Blood‐derived platelet‐rich fibrin releasate (PRFr), which is rich in growth factors and cytokines, may improve cartilage regeneration. In this study, the therapeutic effects of PRFr in combination with bone marrow‐derived MSCs for articular cartilage regeneration were evaluated in a rabbit model. Critical osteochondral defects were surgically created in the femoral condyle of the rabbits, and 3 × 106 of MSCs, 0.8 mL of PRFr, or a combination of MSCs and PRFr were injected intra‐articularly and one week after first administration. The animals were sacrificed 12 weeks postoperatively, and the regenerated cartilages were assessed by gross inspection and histological examination. No treatment‐related adverse events were noted in any of the rabbits. The size of the defect decreased and the volume of regenerated cartilage increased in the medial femoral condyles of the MSCs + PRFr group. Relative to the MSCs or PRFr group, histological examination demonstrated that the MSCs + PRFr group had thicker hyaline‐like cartilaginous tissue with normal glycosaminoglycan production. Grading scores revealed that MSCs + PRFr injection had better matrix, cell distribution, and surface indices than other groups. The results showed that intra‐articular injections of MSCs + PRFr into the knee can reduce cartilage defects by regenerating hyaline‐like cartilage without adverse events. This approach may provide an alternative method of autologous chondrocyte implantation to repair cartilage defects with an unlimited source of cells and releasate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1536–1543, 2017.
Dual electrospinning with sacrificial fibers for engineered porosity and enhancement of tissue ingrowth
Authors: Voorneveld Jason , Oosthuysen Anel , Franz Thomas , Zilla Peter , Bezuidenhout Deon
Published: April 2016

Porosity, pore size and pore interconnectivity are critical factors for cellular infiltration into electrospun scaffolds. This study utilized dual electrospinning with sacrificial fiber extraction to produce scaffolds with engineered porosity and mechanical properties. Subsequently, scaffolds were covalently grafted with heparin, a known anti‐coagulant with growth‐factor binding properties. We hypothesized that the tissue ingrowth would correlate positively with the porosity of the scaffolds. Pellethane® (PU) was spun simultaneously with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, subsequently extracted). Low, medium and high porosity scaffolds and heparinized versions of each were characterized and implantedin vivofor evaluation of cellular infiltration and inflammation subcutaneously in male Wistar rats (7,14 and 28 days,n = 6). Average pore‐size for low (76 ± 0.2%), medium (83 ± 0.5%) and high (90 ± 1.0%) porosity scaffolds was 4.0 ± 2.3 µm, 9.9 ± 4.2 µm and 11.1 ± 5.5 µm (p < 0.0001). Heparinization resulted in increased fiber diameter (3.6 ± 1.1 µm vs. 1.8 ± 0.8 µm,p < 0.0001) but influenced neither pore‐size (p = 0.67) nor porosity (p = 0.27). Cellular infiltration for low, medium and high porosity scaffolds reached 33 ± 7%, 77 ± 20% and 98 ± 1% of scaffold width, respectively, by day 28 of implantation (p < 0001); heparinization did not affect infiltration (p = 0.89). The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (Ey) of the constructs increased linearly with increasing PU fiber fraction (UTS:r2 = 0.97,p < 0.0001,Ey:r2= 0.76,p < 0.0001) and heparinization resulted in decreased strength but increased stiffness compared to non‐heparinized scaffolds. Increased PEO to PU fraction in the scaffold resulted in predictable losses to mechanical strength and improvements to cellular infiltration, which could make PEO to PU fraction a useful optimization parameter for small diameter vascular grafts. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1559–1572, 2017.
99mTc‐labeled tetramer and pentamer of single‐domain antibody for targeting epidermal growth factor receptor in xenografted tumors
Authors: Li Chongjiao , Feng Hongyan , Xia Xiaotian , Wang Lifei , Gao Bin , Zhang Yongxue , Lan Xiaoli
Published: April 2016

The single‐domain antibody EG2 can be fused with right‐handed coiled‐coil (RHCC) and human cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), to form the multivalent antibodies EG2‐RHCC and EG2‐COMP. We labeled these two antibodies with 99mTc and assessed their targeting efficiency for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Cell binding, uptake, efflux, and blocking studies were performed with EGFR high‐ and/or low‐expressing cells with 99mTc‐labeled EG2‐RHCC or EG2‐COMP. Single photon‐emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging and biodistribution studies were further carried out. Both 99mTc‐EG2‐RHCC and 99mTc‐EG2‐COMP can specially bind to EGFR in vitro. SPECT imaging showed that A431, which expresses high levels of EGFR, was clearly visible 6 h after 99mTc‐EG2‐COMP injection; however, it was not detectable after administration of 99mTc‐EG2‐RHCC. Uptake of both antibodies by the non‐EGFR‐secreting OCM‐1 tumors was low. EG2‐COMP shows promise in identifying EGFR over‐expression in tumors; however, EG2‐RHCC may not be suitable for targeting EGFR in vivo.
Synthesis and preliminary characterization of radioiodinated benzofuran‐3‐yl‐(indol‐3‐yl)maleimide derivatives as potential SPECT imaging probes for the detection of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) in the brain
Authors: Ono Masahiro , Kitada Ayane , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Anna , Kimura Hiroyuki , Saji Hideo
Published: April 2016

We report on the synthesis and preliminary characterization of two radioiodinated benzofuran‐3‐yl‐(indol‐3‐yl)maleimides, 3‐(benzofuran‐3‐yl)‐4‐(5‐[125I]iodo‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione ([125I]5), and 3‐(5‐[125I]iodo‐1‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐4‐(6‐methoxybenzofuran‐3‐yl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2,5‐dione ([125I]6), as the first potential SPECT imaging probes targeting glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β). In this study, we used 125I as a surrogate of 123I because of its ease of use. The radioiodinated ligands were prepared from the corresponding tributyltin precursors through an iododestannylation reaction using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant with a radiochemical yield of 10–30%. In vitro binding experiments suggested that both compounds show high affinity for GSK‐3β at a level similar to a known GSK‐3β inhibitor. Biodistribution studies with normal mice revealed that the radioiodinated compounds display sufficient uptake into (1.8%ID/g at 10 min postinjection) and clearance from the brain (1.0%ID/g at 60 min postinjection). These preliminary results suggest that the further optimization of radioiodinated benzofuran‐3‐yl‐(indol‐3‐yl)maleimide derivatives may facilitate the development of clinically useful SPECT imaging probes for the in vivo detection of GSK‐3β.